,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,inconsi/5t numb]+ ( figures & ref]5ces to figures h be5 reta9$ z 9 ! orig9al publication4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,specim5 ( ,woodburytype ,pr9t+4 ,,! ,,art ,,& ,,practice ,,( ,,silv] ,,pr9t+4 ,,by ,h4 ,p4 ,,rob9son ,,capt4 ,,abney1 ,r4,e41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,,! ,,am]ican ,,edition1 ,,new ,,york3 ,e4 ,h4 ,t4 ,,an?ony ,,co41 ,,no4 #eia ,,broadway4 #ahha4 ,,preface4 ,silv] pr9t+ has be5 (t5 doom$1 b x /ill survives4 ,o!r processes ( photographic pr9t+ h be5 introduc$1 ne>ly all ( !m hav+ _! individual m]its1 especially t ( p]man5cy1 b all lack+ 9 two ess5tial qualities--ease ( production & beauty ( result4 ,9 ^! p>ticul>s no process has ev] approa*$ ! "o to ! work+ ( :i* ?is little book is devot$4 ,! "o defect ( silv] pr9t+ is ! possibility ( its results fad+2 b surely x is bett] to be beautiful1 if fad+1 ?an p]man5t & ugly4 ,x is bett] to be *>m$ ) a beautiful ?+ = a few ye>s1 ?an be bor$ by an ugly "o = ev]4 ,b is silv] pr9t+ necess>ily a fad+ process8 ,we h 9 our possession a l>ge numb] ( silv] photographs produc$ f tw5ty to tw5ty-five ye>s ago1 :i* are z p]fect 9 tone & col\r z :5 !y 7 produc$4 ,c>efully prep>$1 & prop]ly kept1 a silv] pr9t %\ld be z p]man5t z any o!r4 ,t silv] pr9ts %\ld be p]man5t z well z beautiful1 has be5 ! object ( ,,! ,,au?ors4 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts4 ,,*apt] ,,page ,i4--,prelim9>y ,exp]im5ts #a ,,ii4--,prep>ation ( ,album5iz$ ,pap] #f ,,iii4--,! ,s5sitiz+ ,ba? #ac ,,iv4--,h[ to ,keep ! ,s5sitiz+ ,ba? 9 ,ord] #bj ,v4--,silv]+ ! ,pap] #bf ,,vi4--,wa%$ ,s5sitive ,pap] #ca ,,vii4--,cutt+ ,pap] #cf ,,viii4--,pr9t+-,frames #db ,,ix4--,prep>+ ! ,l&scape ,negative #de ,x4--,pr9t+ ! ,l&scape #di ,,xi4--,prep>+ ! ,portrait ,negative #eg ,,xii4--,vignett+ #fj ,,xiii4--,pr9t+ ! ,portrait #fi ,,xiv4--,comb9ation ,pr9t+ #gd ,,xv4--,ton+ #he ,,xvi4--,fix+ ! ,pr9t #ib ,,xvii4--,wa%+ ! ,pr9t #ie ,,xviii4--,pr9t+ on ,pla9 ,pap] #ii ,,xix4--,pr9t+ on ,res9iz$ ,pap] #ajj ,,xx4--,pr9t+ on ,gelat9o-,*loride ,emulsion ,pap] #ajc ,,xxi4--,dry+ ! ,pr9ts #aje ,,xxii4--,m\nt+ ,photographs #aaj ,,xxiii4--,defects 9 ,pr9ts #aae ,,xxiv4--,encau/ic ,pa/e #aag ,,xxv4--,enamell+ ,pr9ts #aai ,,xxvi4--,cameo ,pr9ts #aba ,app5dix #abc ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,!ory ,,( ,,silv] ,,pr9t+4 ,p]haps x may be wise1 fir/ ( all1 to give ! read] "s acc\nt ( ! mann] 9 :i* ! subject ( silv] pr9t+ is to be treat$1 be=e ent]+ into v m9ute details1 s t x may be foll[$ z a :ole1 in/ead ( be+ /udi$ 9 fragm5ts1 a c\rse :i* is sure to lead to failure1 f a want ( compreh5d+ :at may h be5 skipp$4 ,to und]/& ! :y & ! :]e=e ( e detail is an ess5tial 9 mo/ occupations1 & x is wond]ful t photograph]s are satisfi$ ) ! results ( rule-(-?umb =mul1 in/ead ( reason+ out _! utility4 ,9 ! foll[+ pages mo/ ( ! !oretical consid]ations w be br\ght out 9 su* a mann] t ev]yone w be able to und]/& !m1 provid$ only t !re is a slight acqua9tance ) ! "n & prop]ties ( ! *emicals :i* are dealt )4 ,,prelim9>y ,,exp]im5ts4 ,into a glass beak] put a c\ple ( p9*es ( common salt1 :i* mu/ be dissolv$ 9 a little wat]4 ,9 a te/-tube#a dissolve ab\t an equal am\nt ( silv] nitrate 7,ag,n,o#c71 & add x to ! salt solution4 ,we %all f9d t we h an imm$iate precipitate1 = *loride ( silv] w be =m$ by :at is call$ d\ble#b decomposition1 & !re w rema9 9 solution a soluble salt kn[n z sodium nitrate4 ,:5 ! silv] *loride has settl$ d[n1 decant (f ! liquid1 & add wat] to x once or twice1 dra9+ (f ea* "t4 ,divide ! *loride into f\r p>ts1 plac+ ea* "p on a /rip ( glass4 ,on two ( !m p\r a little common salt solution1 & on ! o!r two p\r a little solution ( silv] nitrate2 take "o ( ea* pair1 & place x 9 a d>k cupbo>d 7if w>m$1 ! quick] w be ! op]ation7 to dry4 ,take ! o!r two moi/ portions ( *loride into ! op5 air1 & expose !m to daylight1 & note ! results4 ,x w be se5 t "o ( ^! w d>k5 v rapidly to a violet col\r1 :il/ ! o!r w rema9 mu* light]1 ?\gh p]ceptibly black5+4 ,aft] a "t ! latt] w appe> to gr[ deep]1 :il/ ! =m] w become a deep black4 ,! "o t black5s mo/ rapidly w be f\nd to be t "o on :i* ! silv] nitrate 0 p\r$4 ,divide ! slightly black5$ *loride on ! /rip ( glass into two portions1 & ov] "o p\r a little be]1 & ov] ! o!r a weak solution ( potassium nitrite1 & aga9 note ! diff]5ce4 ,x w be f\nd t "h ! black5+ comm5ces anew1 b proce$s mu* m rapidly on t portion ov] :i* ! nitrite 0 p\r$4 ,"h are ! exp]im5ts4 ,:at d !y tea*8 ,potassium nitrite1 & silv] nitrate1 are bo? inorganic salts1 & !y bo? h an aff9ity =--t is1 t5d to comb9e )--any ( ! halog5s 7by :i* are meant su* bodies z *lor9e1 iod9e1 brom9e1 & fluor9e74 ,9 ! =m] case we h silv] *loride =m$ ) a little hypo-*lor\s acid2 9 ! latt] we h a m difficult decomposition3 ! potassium nitrite is decompos$ into hydro*loric acid & potassium nitrate4#c ,we c tell t *lor9e is lib]at$ by ! action ( light on silv] *loride1 s9ce if we prep>e "s z above1 well wa% x1 & expose x to light 9 pure wat]1 we %all f9d t ! latt] conta9s *lor9e1 s9ce a few drops ( silv] nitrate p\r$ into x aft] exposure give a :ite precipitate4 ,if we make ! same exp]im5ts ) ! dri$ portions ( silv] *loride z we did ) ! moi/1 we %all obta9 ! same results1 ) ! exception t ) ! dri$1 9 :i* !re is excess ( salt1 !re w be h>dly any discol\ration4 ,! exp]im5tali/ %\ld also note t if ! d>k5$ *loride be brok5 up1 ! int]ior reta9s its :ite col\r 9 all its purity4 ,?is tells u t ! discol\ration is almo/ conf9$ to ! surface1 h5ce x is useless1 = pr9t+ purposes1 to h su* a mass ( *loride z w\ld be opaque1 s9ce all b a v ?9 film w\ld be unact$ ^u4 ,if ! d>k5$ *loride be exam9$ closely1 x w be se5 t ! col\r v>ies1 be+ blu] 9 ! case ( t :i* has silv] nitrate 9 contact ) x 7ei!r moi/ or dry7 z comp>$ ) t :i* is d>k5$ 9 contact ) ! potassium nitrite4 ,we h ! be/ ( reasons = believ+ t ! blue col\r is really due to a comb9ation betwe5 ! sub-*loride & ! oxyg5 conta9$ 9 ! wat] or 9 ! air4 ,! true col\r ( ! sub-*loride is t :i* is expos$ b5ea? an oxyg5 absorb5t su* z ! nitrite4 ,practical pr9t]s are aw>e t album5iz$ pap] conta9+ a *loride is employ$ = produc+ silv] pr9ts1 & ! probability is t ! album5 mu/ ex]cise "s k9d ( influ5ce on ! result+ picture4 ,let u exam9e ?is1 & see :at effect x c h4 ,c>efully break an egg1 & sep>ate ! yolk f ! :ite1 p\r+ ! latt] into a beak]4 ,beat up ! :ite ) a bundle ( quill p5s1 all[ ! fro? to subside1 & !n filt] x4 ,p\r a little ( ! filt]$ album5 7! :ite ( egg7 into a te/-tube1 & add a little silv] nitrate solution to x1 & expose ! precipitate :i* falls to light4 ,x w be se5 t x d>k5s rapidly1 assum+ a foxy r$ col\r4 ,take a c\ple ( glass plates & coat !m ) pla9 collodion1 wa% "u ! tap1 & :il/ /ill moi/ fl[ album5 ov] !m two or ?ree times1 & set !m up to dry4 ,:5 ?or\ghly dry1 plunge !m = a few seconds into a weak solution ( silv] nitrate 7#cj gra9s to ! ounce ( wat] w suffice71 wa% "o "u ! tap1 & !n all[ bo? to dry aga94 ,take bo? plates out into ! light1 & note ! results4 ,! "o f :i* ! silv] nitrate has n be5 wa%$ w d>k5 v rapidly1 ! o!r w take "s "t to />t2 b if ! exposure be suffici5tly prolong$1 x w gradually assume a hue equally z d>k z ! o!r4 ,if we repeat ^! exp]im5ts ) gelat9e1 :i* is us$ z a siz+ 9 "s pap]s1 we %all f9d v mu* ! same nature ( ?+s tak+ place1 ! diff]5ces be+ s slight1 h[ev]1 z n to require detail$ notice4 ,s f>1 !n1 we h consid]$ ! d>k5+ prop]ties ( ! silv] comp\nds :i* are to be us$ by ! pr9t]1 b x rema9s to be se5 :at p]man5cy ( d>k5+ !y possess4 ,if we treat ! d>k5$ silv] *loride solution expos$ ) ! silv] nitrate or ! potassium nitrite to a solution ( hyposulphite ( soda or ammonia1 bo? ( :i* are solv5ts ( ! :ite *loride1 we %all f9d t a residue ( metallic silv] is left beh9d4 ,if we treat ! d>k5$ album9ate ( silv] ) ! same ag5ts1 we %all f9d t v little *ange is effect$ by !m4 ,f ?is we may ga!r t ! action ( light on !m is ( a totally diff]5t nature4#d ,?is is also mo/ m>k$ if we treat ! two ) hydrosulphuric acid solution 7sulphurett$ hydrog5#e74 ,x w be f\nd t ! col\r ( ! d>k5$ silv] *loride becomes m int5se1 :ile ! o!r is blea*$1 or1 r1 becomes ( a yell[ t9t4 ,?is la/ effect has an important be>+ on ! p]man5cy ( silv] pr9ts1 z w be m fully expla9$ :5 consid]+ ! subject ( fix+ ! pr9t4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,album5iz$ ,,pap]4 ,9 pr9t+ on album5iz$ pap] we mu/ divide ! op]ations1 & give a detail$ acc\nt ( ea*4 ,9 case ! read] may desire to prep>e 8 own pap]1 we give ! foll[+ =mula & directions4 ,to prep>e ! album51 procure a suffici5t numb] ( eggs1 rememb]+ t ! :ite ( a l>ge egg w be ab\t a fluid ounce2 h a cup to collect ! yolks1 & a f\r-ounce measure at h&4 ,give ! c5tre ( ! egg a sm>t bl[ aga9/ ! top ( ! cup4 ,! %ell c n[ be readily pull$ 9 two1 ! yolk rema9+ unbrok5 ) "p ( ! album5 9 "o half1 & ! re/ ( ! album5 9 ! o!r half ( ! %ell4 ,take ! halves1 "o 9 ea* h&1 & p\r ! album5 f "o to ! o!r1 hold+ !m ov] ! small measure4 ,z ! op]ation cont9ues1 ! yolk w gradually sep>ate1 ! :ite fall+ into ! vessel bel[4 ,if conduct$ ) c>e1 ! :ole ( ! latt] w be collect$ )\t break+ ! yolk4 ,if ! yolk break1 "s w be sure to f9d its way into ! measure along ) ! :ite1 & ?is1 toge!r ) ! :ite speck kn[n z ! tread1 mu/ be rigor\sly tak5 out by means ( a spoon4 ,! uncontam9at$ :ite is !n p\r$ into a l>ge j>4 ,if ! op]ator c>efully collects ! :ite ( ea* egg into ! f\r-ounce ounce measure fir/1 he w f9d 8 lab\r mu* dim9i%$1 z x is awkw>d to get out ! small pieces ( yolk f a l>ge quantity ( album54 ,! eggs are ?us brok51 & ! :ite collect$ till !re is a suffici5t quantity = ! purpose 9 h&4 ,suppose we are go+ to make up #bj ounces ( solution1 !n ab\t #ah ounces ( :ite ( egg mu/ be f\nd 9 ! j>4 ,"o po9t to settle is ! am\nt ( salt to be us$ to ea* ounce ( album54 ,x mu/ be recollect$ t a m$ium quantity is ! be/ = m$ium negatives2 any?+ betwe5 #bj & #dj gra9s p] ounce may be us$4 ,we pref] ourselves ab\t #be4 ,suppos+ ?is quantity to be us$1 we proce$ to dissolve #ejj gra9s ( *loride ( ammonium 9 #b ounces ( wat]1 & add x to ! album54 ,x has be5 prov$ t z reg>ds col\r ( ! picture1 x does n matt] :at *loride is us$4 ,to prev5t cry/allization1 x is bett] to use ammonium1 :i* conta9s a great] am\nt ( *lor9e ?an d sodium or potassium *lorides4 ,x mu/ n[ be beat5 up till x is 9 a fro?4 ,?is breaks up ! fibr\s matt]1 & on subsid5ce ! liquid w be f\nd to be limpid4 ,! mo/ conv5i5t implem5t ) :i* to beat up ! album5 is ! ,am]ican egg-beat]4 ,?ree or f\r m9utes' "w is q suffici5t to make ! :ole into a fro?4 ,an ord9>y cul9>y :isk1 su* z is us$ 9 ! kit*51 may also be put into requisition1 or1 9 default ( t1 a bundle ( quill p5s4 ,a lesson 9 produc+ a fro? c be le>nt f ! cook ( ! e/abli%m5t4 ,:5 ! salt$ album5 has settl$ x mu/ be filt]$1 :i*1 p]haps1 is be/ effect$ ?r\gh a sponge1 ?\gh glass-wool is a capital sub/itute4 ,9 ei!r case a small1 loosely-fitt+ plug is plac$ 9 ! neck ( an ord9>y funnel1 &1 aft] r9s+ ) cold wat]1 ! album5 is p\r$ 91 & all[$ to filt] ?r\gh sl[ly4 ,x is advisable to avoid bubbles z f> z possible1 & ! accompany+ arrangem5t w be f\nd to avoid _! =mation4 ,! funnel is plac$ 9 ! position %[n 7fig4 #a72 ! capill>y attraction betwe5 x & ! glass w cause ! drops to trickle d[n ! side1 & collect1 )\t bubbles1 at ! bottom4 ,?is little contrivance w be f\nd ( use 9 o!r op]ations besides t ( silv] pr9t+1 & %\ld be made a note (4 ,! album5 may also be filt]$ ?r\gh "o1 two1 or ?ree ?icknesses ( musl91 accord+ to its f95ess1 ti$ ov] ! m\? ( a bottle or beak] ( :i* ! bottom has be5 remov$4 ,! album5 is plac$ 9 a vessel slightly l>g] ?an ! filt]1 :i* is all[$ to s9k gradually4 ,:5 full x is )drawn1 & ! fluid p\r$ into ! di%4 ,by ?is plan upw>d filtration is e/abli%$4 ,! fluid may be p\r$ into ! filt] itself1 & us$ 9 ! ord9>y mann]4#f ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,on a l>g] scale1 :ite ( eggs 9 a fre% condition c be obta9$ f egg m]*ants :o utilize ! yolks by sell+ !m to ! groc]s & confection]s4 ,album5 c be obta9$ by ! gallon 9 ?is condition1 accord+ to ! price ( eggs4 ,x w be evid5t t !re is consid]able economy 9 tak+ ! :ites :olesale4 ,z a rule1 ab\t ?ree gallons ( album5 w coat two reams ( album5iz$ pap]4 ,mr4 ,engl& 7to :om we are indebt$ = s _m ( our rem>ks on album5iz+ pap]7 procures ab\t ! latt] quantity at a "t1 & beats x up me*anically 9 a l>ge vat hold+ "s fifty gallons1 9 ord] to all[ space = ! fro?4 ,he all[s ! album5 to re/ f\r days be=e employ+ x1 & filt]s x ?r\gh ?ree ?icknesses ( flannel4 ,! quality ( pap] to be us$ v>ies consid]ably ) ! cu/om ( ! pr9t]4 ,?us1 9 "s c\ntries1 we f9d a mu* ?9n] pap] us$ ?an 9 ,engl&4 ,! great desid]atum is t x %\ld be p]fectly opaque to transmitt$ light4 ,a good te/ ( ?is is to make a c\ple ( black ink m>ks on a piece ( :ite pap]1 & !n press d[n firmly ! pap] x is propos$ to employ ov] ?is4 ,if ! black ink m>ks are indi/+ui%able1 ! pap] w d z reg>ds ?is quality1 z ! light reflect$ f ! surface :i* gives ! impression ( :it5ess to ! eye is mu* /rong] ?an ! light :i* p5etrates ?r\gh x1 & is absorb$ by ! black l9es4 ,z to quality1 x is be/ to tru/ to ! manufactur]1 ^? kn[n z ,saxe & ,rives pap]s answ]+ bett] ?an any o!r t we "k (4 ,! ,rives is1 :5 moi/1 a pap] :i* is m easily torn ?an ! ,saxe1 &1 consequ5tly1 we recomm5d t ! =m] be employ$ = small "w1 su* z portraits1 & ! latt] = l>ge l&scape pr9ts4 ,9 reg>d to ! sizes to be album5iz$1 x mu/ be left to ! op]ator to say :at w be ! mo/ useful to him4 ,x is r>ely advisable to album5ize less ?an a half %eet ( pap]1 ! :ole size ( :i* is ab\t #bb by #ah in*es2 #aa by #ah is n an inconv5i5t size to manipulate4 ,at any rate1 a di% l>g] ea* way by a c\ple ( in*es ?an ! pap] mu/ be procur$1 & put on a level table4 ,! temp]ature ( ! room %\ld be at lea/ #ij1 9 fact1 ! hott] x is ! m glossy w be ! result+ pap]4 ,! solution1 free f bubbles1 is p\r$ 91 & %\ld be ( a dep? ( at lea/ #a_/b an in*4 ,suppose ! small] size to be coat$1 be=e comm5c+1 ! pap] is tak5 by ! two opposite corn]s1 ! h&s br\ght toge!r1 & ! convex side br\ght on to ! surface ( ! fluid2 ! h&s are !n sep>at$1 & ! pap] w gradually float on ! surface4 ,"o corn] %\ld be gradually rais$ to see t all air-bubbles are abs5t4 ,if !re be any1 !y %\ld be brok5 ) ! po9t ( a glass rod1 & ! pap] aga9 l[]$4 ,bubbles c usually be se5 ?r\gh ! pap]1 &1 in/ead ( rais+ x1 a few g5tle taps ) ! f+] ov] ! spot w g5]ally move ! bubble to ! edge ( ! pap]4 ,9 practice1 "s h f\nd x well to moi/5 ! surface ( ! pap] ) a damp sponge1 & :5 q surface dry to album5ize x4 ,?is %\ld1 h[ev]1 be unnecess>y4 ,! %eet %\ld rema9 on ! album5 a little ov] a m9ute1 :5 x c\ld be g5tly rais$ by "o corn] & all[$ to dra9 ov] a bas92 x is !n caught by a c\ple ( ,am]ican clips & hung up to dry4#g ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,suppos+ a :ole %eet is to be coat$1 x w be f\nd m conv5i5t to take ! %eet by ! corn]s ( "o end1 "o 9 ea* h&1 & to l[] ! surface ne> ! end ( ! di%1 & gradually draw ! pap] ov] ! side ( ! di% till ! :ole surface is flat4 ,bubbles c be got rid ( z %[n above4 ,two l>ge di%es are usually employ$1 & by ! "t ! second %eet is float$ 9 ! second di%1 ! fir/ %eet ( pap] is ready = removal f ! fir/ di%4 ,! %eets1 :5 sl[ly remov$ f ! ba?1 are all[$ to dra9 a few seconds1 & !n ?r[n ov] wood5 rods ( "s two in*es 9 diamet]1 :i* are remov$ to a rack1 & plac$ ne> a tr\gh to collect ! dra9+s4#h ,:5 dra9$ suffici5tly ! rods are remov$ to o!r racks1 & ! pap] all[$ to dry spontane\sly4 ,x is ! practice ( "s album5iz$ pap] manufactur]s to hang ! %eets ov] a l9e1 uncoat$ side next ! l9e2 b ?is is a mi/ake1 z x w ne>ly always be f\nd1 on s5sitis+ ! pap] & expos+ x1 t a m>k is left across ! pap] correspond+ to ! "p :]e ! /r+ t\*$ ! back ( ! pap]4 ,9 practice we h f\nd t ea* %eet ( pap] takes up ab\t #a_/c oz4 ( solution1 &1 ( c\rse1 its equival5t quantity ( salt4 ,! pr9cipal difficulty 9 album5iz+ pap] is ! occurr5ce ( l9es on ! pap] 9 ! direction 9 :i* x 0 plac$ on ! surface ( ! album54 ,any arre/ ( motion 9 float+ ! pap] w cause !m1 b m usually x is due to imp]fect beat+ up ( ! solution4 ,"s pap]s are n readily coat$ ) album51 9 :i* case ! rem$y giv5 above may prove effectual2 or a little solution ( oxgall may be equally well appli$4 ,a want ( gloss 9 ! dri$ album5 may be due to too long a float+ on ! fluid1 or to float+ & dry+ ! pap] 9 too l[ a temp]ature4 ,! explanation ( ! fir/ cause is t album51 :5 fre%1 has an alkal9e reaction1 due to ! pres5ce ( a small quantity ( soda1 :i* may be said to be its base1 & any alkali w dissolve ! gelat9\s siz+ ( a pap]4 ,:5 ! siz+ is dissolv$1 in/ead ( rema9+ on ! surface1 ! album5 s9ks into ! pap]1 & !reby ! gloss is lo/4 ,:5 album5 is /ale x no long] possesses ?is alkal9e reaction1 b has an acid reaction q visible on ! application ( blue litmus pap] to x2 ! blue col\r disappe>s & is replac$ by a r$ t9t4 ,:5 9 ! alkal9e /ate1 ! pap] is mu* m difficult to coat1 b an acid condition means ! production ( inf]ior tones4 ,roll+ ! ,pap]4--,! pap]1 :5 dri$1 is (t5 roll$ ) a heavy pressure to improve ! gloss2 a copp]-plate press is f\nd to answ] admirably1 plac+ ! album5iz$ side next ! b$4 ,?is roll+ %\ld n be necess>y if att5tion be paid to ! temp]ature ( ! prep>ation room4 ,! high] ! temp]ature ! f9] w be ! gloss1 z we h already said4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,s5sitiz+ ,,ba? ,,= ,,album5iz$ ,,pap]4 ,to r5d] album5iz$ pap] s5sitive to light x has to be treat$ ) a solution ( silv] nitrate1 & ! mo/ conv5i5t me?od ( apply+ x is to float x on a di% conta9+ ! silv] salt 9 solution4 ,! fir/ po9t to consid] is ! /r5g? ( ! solution4 ,if we float album5iz$ pap] 7face d[nw>ds7 on a solution ( #aj gra9s ( silv] nitrate to ! ounce ( wat]1 we %all f9d1 :at at fir/ sight may seem to be rem>kable1 t ! album5 w be dissolv$ away f ! pap]1 & t !re w be a precipitate left 9 ! silv] solution4 ,:y is ?is8 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t album5 is soluble 9 wat]3 x is coagulat$ or insoluble 9 wat] :5 comb9$ ) silv] nitrate4 ,! fact is t ! quantity ( silv] nitrate 9 ! solution we h be5 exp]im5t+ ) is too small4 ,! wat] dissolves ! album5 fir/1 & !n ! silv] has "t to act ^u x to =m ! insoluble album9ate4 ,if we soak pap] 9 common salt1 & treat x 9 ! same way ) ! same /r5g? ( solution1 we %all f9d t ?is is n ! case3 ! silv] *loride w rema9 on ! pap]4 ,f ?is we le>n two facts4 #a/4 ,t ! silv] solution has a great] aff9ity = ! *loride ?an = ! album9ate1 & t 9 an equal mixture ( ! two m *loride w\ld be =m$ ?an album9ate2 9 o!r words1 t ! ammonium *loride w\ld be totally conv]t$ into silv] *loride long be=e ! silv] album9ate 0 =m$4 #bnd4 ,t a c]ta9 /r5g? ( silv] nitrate is necess>y to prev5t ! album5 dissolv+ f (f ! pap]4 ,?is la/ fact has fix$ ! l[e/ /r5g? ( any s5sitiz+ solution to be ?irty gra9s to ! ounce1 & ev5 if ?is be tak5 z a limit1 x is necess>y t ! wat] %\ld be r5d]$ less active by hold+ "s o!r soluble matt] 9 its embraces4 ,?is is usually effect$ by add+ "s o!r neutral & inactive nitrates4 ,!re does n seem to be any !oretical limit to ! am\nt ( silv] nitrate 9 solution1 b practically x r>ely conta9s m ?an #hj gra9s to ! ounce1 ?\gh occasionally we h he>d ( x be+ us$ ( a /r5g? ( #ajj gra9s to ! ounce4 ,! important po9t n[ pres5ts itself4 ,h[ are we to fix ! /r5g? ( ! ba?8 ,:at pr9ciples mu/ we foll[8 ,to answ] ^! que/ions we extract a passage f ano!r "w ( ?is s]ies4#i ,if a pap] be coat$ ) album5 7say7 9 :i* has be5 dissolv$ a c]ta9 quantity ( a soluble *loride1 & float$ on a silv] solution1 bo? *loride & album9ate ( silv] are =m$4 ,x dep5ds1 h[ev]1 on ! /r5g? ( ! solution z to :at proportions ( ea* are pres5t1 ow+ to ! fact t ! organic comp\nd is mu* sl[] 9 =mation ?an ! *loride1 & has less aff9ity = ! silv]4 ,if ! silv] solution be n suffici5tly /rong1 ! *loride may rob t portion ( x ) :i* x is 9 contact ( all ! silv] be=e any 7or1 at all ev5ts1 suffici5t7 album9ate has be5 =m$1 ! molecule be+ compos$ almo/ entirely ( silv] *loride4 ,! /rong] ! silv] solution ! m 'organate' w x conta92 :il/ if x be v weak1 v little w be pres5t4 ,h5ce x is ) album5iz$ pap] :i* is weakly salt$ ) a silv] *loride a weak s5sitiz+ ba? may be us$1 :il/ if x be ri* 9 ! *loride x mu/ be ( proportionate /r5g?4 ,x w n[ be se5 t ! proportion ( *loride to album5 has to settle ! po9t4 ,we next h to consid] ! "t dur+ :i* ! silv] %\ld be 9 contact ) ! pap] :5 ! float+ is comm5c$4 ,let u take ! case ( a /rong silv] solution1 & consid] ! action t w foll[4 ,imm$iately ! pap] is plac$ 9 contact ) ! solution1 silv] *loride is =m$1 & ! am\nt ( ! silv] nitrate 9 ! lay] ( fluid 9 imm$iate contact ) ! surface be+ sc>cely dim9i%$ by ! =mation ( silv] *loride1 ! album9ate is =m$ almo/ simultane\sly1 =m+ a film :i* is to a great ext5t imp]meable to ! liquid4 ,b ev5 be=e ?is lay] is coagulat$1 ! next lay] ( *loride w h be5 =m$1 s t we may say we h "o lay] ( album9ate & *loride ( silv]1 & "o lay] ( *loride ( silv] alone4 ,! fur!r p5etration ( ! silv] solution w be v sl[2 h5ce1 = fully saturat+ bo? ! album5 & ! salt ) silv]1 ! "t ( flotation mu/ be prolong$4 ,= "s purposes1 h[ev]1 ?is is n necess>y1 z w be se5 pres5tly4 ,next let u trace ! action ( a weak solution1 n weak en\gh to dissolve ! album5 (f ! pap]1 b ( ! m9imum /r5g?4 ,! solution1 z be=e1 w\ld imm$iately =m ! silv] *loride1 b be=e ! album5 _h coagulat$ at ! surface1 ! solution w\ld p5etrate to ! int]ior ( ! film1 & !n ! =mation ( ! album9ate w\ld proce$ ne>ly equally ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ! int]ior4 ,evid5tly1 !n1 9 ?is case1 ! contact ( ! silv] solution w\ld be less prolong$ ?an 9 ! =m] case4 ,if ! float+ be prolong$ ! silv] solution 9 ! int]ior w become weak5$1 & p>tially dissolve ! album5 & be c>ri$ by ! wat] into ! int]ior ( ! pap]2 x w also p>tially dissolve (f ! surface1 & a negative pr9t$ on su* a pap] w\ld h all ! appe>ance ( be+ dead 9 lu/re1 & exi/+ 9 ! pap] itself in/ead ( on ! surface4 ,we may ?us summ>ize3-- #a4 ,a pap] float$ on a /rong solution may require long float+4 #b4 ,a pap] float$ on a weak solution requires %ort float+4 #c4 ,& ! /r5g? ( ! solution may be betwe5 ! #cj gra9s & #hj gra9s to ! ounce ( silv] accord+ to ! am\nt ( soluble *loride dissolv$ 9 ! album5 on ! pap] :5 ! negative is really good z reg>ds opacity & delicacy4 ,! k ( ! am\nt ( *loride 9 ! pap] suppli$ by deal]s has to be arriv$ at someh[1 & ! foll[+ me?od w answ]4 ,cut up a qu>t] %eet ( ! pap] into small pieces1 & place !m 9 a c\ple ( ounces ( me?ylat$ _s4 ,?is w dissolve out mo/ ( ! *loride1 & %\ld be decant$ (f4 ,ano!r two ounces ( _s %\ld be add$ to ! pap]1 &1 aft] ?or\ghly soak+1 %\ld be decant$ (f1 & add$ to ! o!r _s4 ,! _s conta9+ ! *loride may !n be plac$ 9 a glass vessel /&+ 9 hot wat]1 :5 x w evaporate & leave ! *loride beh9d4 ,x may be weigh$2 b s9ce x is bett] to "k h[ mu* silv] *loride 7,ag,cl7 w\ld be =m$1 ! residue %\ld be dissolv$ 9 a few drops ( wat]1 & a little silv] nitrate add$4 ,! silv] *loride w be precipitat$1 & %\ld be c>efully wa%$ ) wat]1 & !n be filt]$1 ! pap] be+ op5$ out & dri$ be=e ! fire on filt] pap]4 ,! *loride is !n deta*$ & weigh$2 #c-a_/b gra9s ( silv] *loride w\ld %[ t a weak ba? %\ld be us$1 :il/ #aj gra9s w\ld %[ t a /rong ba? 0 requir$4 ,) mo/ br&s ( album5iz$ pap] directions are issu$ z to ! be/ /r5g? ( silv] nitrate solution = s5sitiz+1 & a fair e/imate ( ! *loride pres5t c be ga9$ f su* directions4 ,a weak solution loses mu* ( its /r5g? by ea* %eet ( pap] float$1 mu* m proportionally1 9 fact1 ?an a /rong solution1 s9ce ! same am\nt ( fluid is absorb$ by ! pap] 9 ea* case1 :il/ ! am\nt ( silv] ab/ract$ f ! :ole is also equal1 :i* r$uces ! /r5g? p] ounce m ) ! =m] ?an ) ! latt]4 ,a weak s5sitiz+ solution1 !re=e1 requires mu* m att5tion ?an a /rong "o3 cry/als ( silv] nitrate mu/ be con/antly add$ to ! =m]4 ,9 practice & = g5]al "w1 !n1 we recomm5d a mod]ately /rong ba?1 ! me?od ( mak+ up ( :i* we %all describe4 ,to make up #b p9ts ( solution ) a /r5g? ( #ej gra9s to ! ounce1 we %all require #b1jjj gra9s ( silv] nitrate4 ,?is is c>efully weigh$ out 9 ! scales1 a piece ( filt] pap] be+ plac$ 9 ea* pan4 ,by adopt+ ?is plan fre$om f all impurities t may cl+ to ! pans w be avoid$1 & ! silv] nitrate w be p]fectly pure4 ,place ! silv] salt 9 a l>ge clean bottle1 & add half-a-p9t ( wat] to x1 & %ake x to dissolve x4 ,! be/ wat] = ! purpose is di/ill$ wat]2 b filt]$ ra91 pure spr+1 or riv] wat] answ]s well4 ,if ! wat] conta9 any *lorides1 x w be %[n by a milk9ess due to a =mation ( silv] *loride4 ,?is mu/ be filt]$ out :5 ! rema9+ p9t & a-half ( wat] is add$4 ,! solution is n[ ready = use1 &1 be+ ( ! simple/ "*1 is n to be excell$1 ?\gh ! addition ( "s soluble salts may be advantage\s1 p>ticul>ly 9 dry climates or 9 v dry wea!r4 ,su* salts are f\nd 9 sodium nitrate1 or ammonium nitrate1 z mu* z equal weights ( ei!r ( ^! sub/ances be+ add$4 ,?us our =mula w\ld /& z foll[s 7 ^! additions made3-- ,orig9al ,solution4 #a4--,silv] nitrate #ej gra9s ,wat] #a ounce ,modifi$ ,solution4 #b4--,silv] nitrate #ej gra9s ,ammonium nitrate or sodium nitrate #ej ,wat] #a ounce ,! reason ( ! addition ( ! ammonium or sodium nitrate is t pr9ts are bett] obta9$ on pap] :i* is n absolutely free f wat]4 ,:5 v dry1 ! lib]at$ *lor9e 7see page #cb7 is apt to attack ! album9ate1 :]eas x is depriv$ ( mu* ( its activity :5 x is able to be absorb$ by wat]1 :i*1 9 ! pres5ce ( light1 is decompos$ into hydro*loric acid & oxyg54#aj ,hydro*loric acid c attack ! silv] nitrate pres5t 9 ! pores ( ! pap]1 & produce fre% silv] *loride4 ,if ! pap] 7 q dry1 ! lib]at$ *lor9e w\ld sc>cely be able to attack ev5 ! silv]4 ,moi/ure1 ?\gh v little1 is desirable4 ,9 ! excessively dry climate ( ,india1 c41 9 ! summ]1 "o or o!r ( ^! deliquesc5t salts %\ld be inv>iably pres5t = ! purpose indicat$1 unless fum+ be resort$ to4 ,! s5sitiz+ ba? %\ld also nev] be all[$ to be acid ) nitric acid1 s9ce ! result+ pr9ts w\ld inv>iably be poor4 ,! be/ way ( secur+ ?is neutral /ate is by keep+ a little c>bonate ( silv] at ! bottom ( ! bottle 9 :i* ! solution is kept4 ,a few drops ( a solution ( sodium c>bonate add$ to ! bottle ov]-night w secure ?is4 ,! reason :y nitric acid is to be avoid$ is %[n by plac+ a pr9t 9 dilute nitric acid4 ,x is well kn[n t d>k5$ silv] *loride is unaffect$ by x2 b ! pr9t w be f\nd to *ange col\r1 & to become dull] & r$d] ?an if wa%$ 9 wat] alone4 ,! nitric acid evid5tly attacks ! album54 ,nitric acid decomposes ! c>bonate ( silv] 7:i*1 be x rememb]$1 is an insoluble body71 =m+ silv] nitrate1 & lib]at+ c>bonic acid4#aa ,alum 9 ! pr9t+ ba? has also be5 recomm5d$ = prev5t+ ! ba? f discol\r+1 & x is effective 9 t x h>d5s ! surface ( ! album52 b ! ord9>y explanation ( its effect is defective4 ,if a solution ( common alum be add$ to ! silv] nitrate we get silv] sulphate 7:i* is be/ out ( ! ba?1 & x is slightly soluble 9 ! solution71 & alum9ium nitrate is =m$4#ab ,! same effect w\ld be produc$ if alum9ium nitrate 7 add$ to ! ba? solution4 ,we1 h[ev]1 give a means ( add+ x z recomm5d$ by "s writ]s4 ,:5 filt]+ ! solution1 put a small lump ( alum 9 ! filt] pap]1 & p\r ! solution ov] x1 or add "o gra9 ( alum to e ounce ( solution1 & !n filt]4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,keep ,,! ,,s5sitiz+ ,,ba? ,,9 ,,ord]4 ,exp]i5ce tells u1 h[ev] /rong we may make ! ba? solution to coagulate ! album5 on ! pap]1 t a c]ta9 am\nt ( organic matt] w always be c>ri$ into x4 ,at fir/ ?is is n app>5t1 s9ce x rema9s col\rless 9 ! solution2 b aft] a "t1 aft] float+ a few %eets ( pap]1 ! organic silv] comp\nd gradually decomposes1 & ! solution becomes ( a br[n or r$ t9t1 & if pap] 7 float$ on x 9 ?is condition !re w\ld be a d>k surface & unev5 s5sitiz+4 ,x is1 !re=e1 necess>y to indicate ! v>i\s means t may be employ$ to get rid ( ?is impurity4 ,! e>lie/1 if n "o ( ! be/1 is by ! addition ( :ite ,*9a clay1 :i* is kn[n 9 comm]ce z kaol94 ,a teaspoonful is plac$ 9 ! bottle conta9+ ! solution1 & well %ak5 up2 ! organic matt] adh]es to x1 & precipitates to ! bottom1 & ! liquid c be filt]$ ?r\gh filt]-pap] or wa%$ cotton-wool1 :5 x w be f\nd decol\riz$4 ,ano!r mode ( gett+ ! liquid out ( ! bottle is to syphon x (f by any syphon arrangem5t1 & ?is prev5ts a wa/e 9 ! solution f ! absorption ( ! filt]+ m$ium4 ,! accompany+ arrangem5t 7fig4 #d7 w be f\nd useful = ! purpose1 & c be appli$ to o!r solutions :]e decantation is necess>y4 ,a is a wide-m\!d bottle hold+ ! solution4 ,b is a cork fitt+ ! m\?1 9 :i* two holes h be5 bor$ to fit ! two tubes1 ,d & ,c1 :i* are b5t to ! =m %[n4 ,:5 ! kaol9 has subsid$ to ! bottom1 air is =c$ by ! m\? into ! bottle ?r\gh ,c1 ! liquid rises ov] ! b5d ( ! tube ,d1 & syphons (f to ! level ( ! bottom ( ! tube ins]t$ into ! liquid1 provid$ ! end ( ,d1 outside ! bottle1 comes bel[ x4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,to b5d a tube1 a common gas flame is sup]ior to a ,buns5 burn]4 ,! tube is plac$ 9 ! bright "p ( ! flame 9 ! position %[n2 by ?is means a good l5g? ( x gets heat$1 & a g5tle b5d is made )\t *ok+ ! bore1 :i* w\ld be ! case 7 a po9t ( a flame us$4 ,ano!r me?od ( purify+ ! solution is by add+ a few drops ( hydro*loric 7muriatic7 acid to x4 ,*loride ( silv] is =m$1 & :5 well %ak5 up1 c>ries d[n ) x mo/ ( ! organic matt]1 b leaves ! ba? acid f ! =mation ( nitric acid4#ac ,?is mu/ be neutraliz$ unless a little silv] c>bonate is left at ! bottom ( ! bottle z describ$ at page #bj4 ,a camphor solution may also be add$ = ! same purpose4 ,make a saturat$ solution ( camphor 9 spirits ( w9e1 & add a c\ple ( dra*ms to ! solution1 & %ake well up4 ,! camphor w collect ! album51 & x c be filt]$ out4 ,9 case ! fir/ dose does n decol\rize x1 ano!r "o mu/ be add$4 ,ano!r plan is to add potassium p]manganate 7p]manganate ( pota%7 to x1 till su* "t z ! solution takes a fa9t p]man5t rose t9t4 ,! !ory is t ! organic matt] is oxidiz$ by ! oxyg5 lib]at$ f ! p]manganate1 & falls to ! bottom4 ,x is n /rictly true1 h[ev]1 & ! solution w nev] be z free f organic matt] z :5 ! o!r me?ods are employ$4 ,! f9al & be/ me?od is to add a small quantity ( sodium c>bonate 7say #e gra9s71 & expose x to daylight4 ,:5 ! organic matt] becomes oxidiz$ at ! exp5se ( ! silv] nitrate1 ! metallic silv] ) ! oxidiz$ organic matt] w fall to ! bottom4 ,?is plan answ]s admirably :5 "t is no object1 b 9 dull wea!r ! action is sl[4 ,:5 once ! precipitation fairly comm5ces x goes on quickly1 & if a little fre%ly precipitat$ metallic silv] be left at bottom ( ! bottle ! action is mu* m rapid4 ,?is is a wr9kle wor? rememb]+ 9 all photographic op]ations :]e precipitation is resort$ to4 ,we h hi!rto suppos$ t ! only contam9ation ( ! ba? is organic matt]1 b x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ea* %eet ( pap] float$ on ! solution transf]s a c]ta9 am\nt ( nitrate ( ! alkali#ad ) :i* ! album5 is salt$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,x w ?us be se5 t 9 an old ba? !re w be no ne$ to add ! soluble nitrates giv5 9 page #ag1 s9ce !y w be already =m$4 ,:5 !y are 9 excess ! be/ plan is to precipitate ! silv] by "s means1#ae b we select "o :i* is easy ( application1 s9ce x requires no wat*+4 ,evaporate ! solution to half its bulk1 & slightly acidify x ) nitric acid 7#aj drops to ! p9t ( solution w suffice72 ?r[ "s ord9>y granulat$ z9c into ! j> or bottle conta9+ x2 ! silv] w n[ be rapidly ?r[n d[n 9 ! metallic /ate1 & 9 ! c\rse ( two or ?ree h\rs ! action w be complete4 ,next c>efully p\r (f all ! fluid z close z possible to ! residue4 ,pick out all ! lumps ( z9c1 & add a little dilute hydro*loric acid to dissolve up all ! small p>ticles ( z9c :i* may be among/ ! precipitat$ silv]4 ,filt] ! solution away1 & wa% ! residue once or twice ) wat]4 ,take out ! filt] pap]1 & dry x be=e a fire1 or 9 an ov51 & !n deta* ! silv]1 & transf] x to a small crucible1 :i* place1 ) its cont5ts1 ov] a ,buns5 burn] or _s lamp flame till x is r$ hot4 ,! heat w de/roy all organic matt]1 leav+ a residue ( c>bon\s matt] beh9d1 :i*1 aft] subsequ5t op]ations1 w be elim9at$ by filtration4 ,next cov] ! silv] ) nitric acid1#af & 9 an evaporat+ di% slightly w>m x ov] a _s lamp or ,buns5 burn]4 ,r$ fumes w appe>1 & :5 all action has ceas$1 m acid mu/ be add$ till su* a "t t v ne>ly 7b n q7 all ! silv] is dissolv$ up4 ,!n evaporate (f all ! fluid & all[ x to cool1 :5 wat] c be add$ to su* an ext5t t x is ov] /r5g? = ! ba?4 ,n[ measure ! :ole bulk ( ! solution 9 a glass measure1 & te/ by ! arg5tomet] = /r5g?4 ,an arg5tomet] is1 9 reality1 an in/rum5t = tak+ ! specific gravity ( a liquid4 ,x is z %[n 9 ! figure4 ,a ,b is a glass tube1 inside ( :i* is a graduat$ scale %[+ gra9s2 ,c is a holl[ glass cyl9d]1 :i* has a little glass ball fill$ ) m]cury4 ,:5 imm]s$ 9 wat]1 ! in/rum5t s9ks till ! scale reads #j--t is1 ,a ,b is deeply imm]s$4 ,:5 any soluble salt is dissolv$ 9 ! wat]1 ! /em rises fur!r4 ,if ! soluble salt be silv] nitrate1 ! scale is made to read gra9s p] ounce4 ,x is !n evid5t1 if ! ba? conta9s any o!r soluble salt besides ! nitrate ( silv]1 ! read+s w be untru/wor?y4 ,suppos+ y h a total quantity ( #aj-a_/d ounces ( solution1 & ! arg5tomet] tells y x is ( a /r5g? ( #aje gra9s to ! ounce1 y mu/ make a small calculation to see h[ mu* wat] y mu/ add4 ,9 #aj-a_/d ounces ( solution !re w be #aj-a_/d #aje or #ajgf-a_/d gra9s ( silv] nitrate4 ,if y want to make ! ba? #dj gra9s to ! ounce1 y mu/ divide ?is quantity by #dj1 :i* is v ne>ly #bg4 ,! orig9al am\nt ( fluid 7#aj-a_/d ounces71 :5 d$uct$ f ?is numb] ( 7#bg7 ounces1 w give y ! am\nt 7#af-c_/d ounces7 ( wat] t is to be add$ to give y a ba? ( ! requir$ /r5g?4 ,:5 ! wat] is add$1 ! solution %\ld be filt]$ f ! c>bonace\s matt]1 & ! ba?1 aft] neutraliz+ ) sodium c>bonate1 w be ready = use4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,apply+ ,,! ,,silv]+ ,,solution ,,to ,,! ,,album5iz$ ,,pap]4 ,z ea* piece ( pap] takes some:]e ab\t five m9utes to s5sitize & hang up to dry1 x is evid5t t ! l>g] ! piece ( pap] s5sitis$ ! great] w be ! sav+ 9 "t 9 ?is op]ation4 ,practically a :ole %eet ( pap]1 :i* is ab\t #bb in*es by #ah1 is ! maximum ord9>y size1 :il/ x may be conv5i5t to float a piece z small z #c-a_/d by #d-a_/d4 ,!re is n mu* difficulty 9 float+ ei!r "o or ! o!r if ord9>y c>e be tak51 b x is no use disguis+ ! fact t l>ge %eets are sometimes faultily s5sitiz$ ev5 by exp]i5c$ h&s1 if ! solution be n 9 a prop] /ate4 ,! great enemy to success is ! =mation ( bubbles on ! surface ( ! solution1 & if x be at all contam9at$ ) organic matt] !y are m liable to be met ) ?an if ! ba? be new4 ,x may be tak5 z a maxim t no pap] %\ld be float$ if1 to comm5ce )1 ! ba? be n purifi$4 ,a flat di% ( ab\t #b-a_/b in*es 9 height1 & an in* l>g] 9 bread? & l5g? ?an ! pap] to be float$1 is us$1 & ! solution p\r$ 9 to a dep? ( #a_/b in*4 ,! pap] is grasp$ by ! two h&s z %[n at page #aj1 s t a convex album5 surface is =m$ d[nw>ds1 :i* is plac$ diagonally across ! di% & l[]$ on to ! surface ( ! solution2 ! h&s are at ! same "t sep>at$ outw>ds1 s t ! :ole surface ( ! pap] is caus$ to float on x )\t any arre/4 ,by ?is means all air is =c$ out be=e ! pap]1 & no bubbles %\ld be b5ea?4 ,to make assurance d\ble sure1 ! pap] is rais$ f ! corn]s :i* 7 n grasp$ by ! h&s1 & if by any *ance a small bubble %\ld be f\nd1 x is imm$iately brok5 by ! po9t ( a clean quill p5 or glass rod4 ,be=e float+ ! pap] ! surface ( ! solution %\ld be exam9$ = scum or bubbles1 bo? ( :i* may be remov$ by pass+ a /rip ( clean blott+-pap] across x4 ,! di% employ$ %\ld be scrupul\sly clean1 & 9 cold wea!r x is a good plan to w>m bo? x & ! solution be=e ! fire previ\s to use4 ,9 w>m wea!r1 ! album5 ( ! pap] may be 9 a v horny condition1 :i* increases ! liability to =m bubbles4 ,! writ]s h f\nd t if ! %eet ( pap] be expos$ to ! /eam pass+ f a kettle ( boil+ wat] = a few seconds 7mov+ x s t e portion %all come 9 contact ) x7 j be=e s5sitis+1 ! surface becomes m tractable1 & 9 a bett] condition = s5sitiz+2 keep+ ! pap] 9 a moi/ atmosph]e effects ! same end4 ,! l5g? ( "t = float+ ! pap] dep5ds on ! subjects to be pr9t$1 b1 z a rule1 ?ree m9utes ) ! #ej-;gra9 ba? w be f\nd to answ] = ! majority ( negatives4 ,:5 ! prop] "t has elaps$1 a corn] ( ! pap] is rais$ f ! solution by means ( a glass rod1 & grasp$ by ! ?umb & =ef+] ( ! "r h&4 ,x is !n rais$ v sl[ly f (f ! solution till ano!r corn] is cle>1 :5 t is grasp$ by ! =ef+] & ?umb ( ! left h&2 & x is f9ally )drawn entirely1 & dra9$ a m9ute f ! l[e/ corn] into ! di%4 ,x is next hung up to dry by a corn] :i* %\ld be fa/5$ to an ,am]ican clip 7fig4 #g7 susp5d$ f a l9e /ret*$ across ! d>k room1 tak+ c>e to keep ! corn] :i* la/ left ! solution ! l[e/4 ,a piece ( clean blott+-pap] ab\t "o in* long by #a_/b an in* wide is br\ght 9 contact ) ?is latt] corn]1 & adh]es to x f ! moi/ure4 ,?is collects ! dra9+ f ! pap] :il/ dry+1 & prev5ts a loss ( silv]1 s9ce x c subsequ5tly be deta*$ & plac$ among/ ! residues = burn+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,!re is ano!r mode ( float+ l>ge %eets ( pap]1 :i* is sometimes recomm5d$4 ,"o corn] is turn$ up ab\t a qu>t] ( an in*4 ,?is is held by ! =ef+] & ?umb ( ! left h&1 & ! opposite corn] ( ! diagonal held by ! "r h&4 ,! fir/ corn] is br\ght on ! solution ne> ! opposite corn] ( ! di% to t t[>ds :i* x w ev5tually be ne>4 ,! %eet1 hav+ assum$ a convex =m1 is drawn by ! left h& across ! di%1 ! "r h& be+ gradually turn$ to all[ ! :ole surface to come sl[ly 9 contact ) ! solution4 ,air-bubbles are said to be avoid$ by ?is means1 ?\gh = our own "p we see no practical advantage 9 x ov] ! la/ me?od4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4 ,"s op]ators also1 :5 lift+ ! pap] f ! di%1 pass x ov] a glass rod plac$ z 9 ! figure1 9 ord] to get rid ( all sup]flu\s fluid f ! surface4 ,?is is a poor sub/itute = )draw+ ! pap] sl[ly f ! di%1 s9ce capill>y attraction is mu* m effective & ev5 9 its action ?an ?is rude me*anical means4 ,by ^? :o d n possess pati5ce1 h[ev]1 x may be tri$4 ,"s practical photograph]s also blot (f ! excess ( silv]1 b ?is is a dang]\s practice unless !re is a c]ta9ty t no anti-*lor has be5 us$ 9 prep>+ ! blott+-pap]4 ,= our own "p we recomm5d ! usual mode ( dra9+ ! pap]4 ,:5 surface dry1 x c be dri$ 9 a dry+ box4 ,! foll[+ is a k9d :i* has be5 adopt$ by "o em95t photograph]1 & is excell5t 9 pr9ciple4 ,ov] a flat & clos$ galvaniz$ iron ba? erect a cupbo>d4 ,fig4 #aj gives ! elevation1 & fig4 #aa ! section4 ,a is ! ba?1 ,d ! cupbo>d1 :i* may conv5i5tly be clos$ ) a roll] %utt]1#ag ,b1 pass+ ov] c c1 & is weight$ by a b> ( lead1 s z to ne>ly balance ! weight ( ! %utt] :5 clos$4 ,a c\ple ( ,buns5 gas-burn]s1 ,e ,e1 heat ! wat] 9 ,a2 ! /eam g5]at$ is c>ri$ up ! flue ,f1 :i* also c>ries (f ! products ( ! combu/ion ( ! gas4 ,! pap] may be susp5d$ f la?s tack$ at ! top ( ! cupbo>d by means ( ,am]ican clips4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,wa%$ ,,s5sitive ,,pap]4 ,= "s classes ( "w s5sitiz$ pap] may be wa%$ ) advantage previ\s to dry+1 & !re is mu* economy 9 ?is plan1 p>ticul>ly 9 hot wea!r1 s9ce x keeps ( a pur] :ite = a mu* long] p]iod ?an :]e ! silv] nitrate is all[$ to dry on ! surface4 ,x may n be out ( place to call att5tion to ! action ( silv] nitrate on ! pap]4 ,if a /ick ( lun> cau/ic be appli$ to ! sk9 :5 dri$1 !re is a peculi> burn+ effect produc$1 & ev5 9 ! d>k ! cuticle becomes discol\r$1 ?\gh n black4 ,9 ! album5iz$ pap] we h album5 & ! gelat9e siz+1 & ^! sub/ances behave some:at l ! sk94 ,! gelat9e p>ticul>ly w become oxidiz$ at ! exp5se ( ! silv]1 a r$di% organic oxide be+ =m$2 & aga91 if ! silv] nitrate be alkal9e or /rictly neutral1 we h ! same action occurr+ z :5 we precipitate metallic silv] by means ( an alkali1 & an organic body su* z sug> ( milk4 ,! gelat9e takes ! place ( ! latt]4 ,:5 ! free silv] nitrate is remov$1 ! t5d5cy = ! spontane\s d>k5+ ( ! pap] is mu* dim9i%$1 s9ce ! *loride & album9ate ( silv] are mu* less readily r$uc$ ?an ! nitrate4 ,! foll[+ plan is adopt$ = wa%+ ! pap]3--,! pap]1 aft] float+1 is drawn twice rapidly ?r\gh a di% ( ra9 or di/ill$ wat]1 &1 unless "s o!r sub/ance :i* c absorb *lor9e be add$ to ! la/ wa% wat]1 c>e %\ld be tak5 n to soak out all ! free nitrate1 z !n ! pap] w\ld produce flat pr9ts4 ,x is !n hung up to dry z be=e4 ,imm$iately be=e use x mu/ be fum$ ) ammonia1 9 ord] t ! pr9ts may be plucky1 & free f t peculi> speck9ess ( surface :i* is kn[n to ! silv] pr9t] z measles4 ,we c readily trace ! measles to _! s\rce4 ,suppose all free silv] nitrate is wa%$ away1 & ! pap] be !n expos$ to light1 ! *loride is rapidly conv]t$ into sub*loride1 & *lor9e is giv5 (f 7see page #e72 if !re be no?+ to absorb x at once x w attack ! album9ate1 :i* is black5$ at ! same "t1 & fre% *loride w be =m$ 9 little m9ute spots4 ,^! discol\r1 & are ( diff]5t t9t to ! re/ ( ! pr9t1 & give rise to ! appe>ance ( measles4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 is n s m>k$ :5 a little free silv] nitrate is left 9 ! pap]2 b z :at is remov$ is pr9cipally remov$ f ! surface1 x may /ill be unpleasantly disc]nible4 ,fum+ obviates x entirely if prop]ly p]=m$1 = *lor9e & ammonia comb9e to =m f9ally ammonium *loride1 a neutral & inactive salt4 ,any o!r *lor9e absorb] may be sub/itut$2 ?us citric acid1 potassium nitrite1 & _m o!rs are effective1 & cause vigor\s pr9ts to be produc$4 ,p]haps ! easie/ way ( giv+ ! pap] ! necess>y am\nt ( ammonia is t recomm5d$ by ,colonel ,wortley4 ,?is is to place ov]night ! pads ( ! pr9t+-frame1 if !y be ( felt1 into a clos$ box 9 :i* is plac$ a sauc] conta9+ a c\ple ( dra*ms ( liquor ammoni1 & to )draw !m z requir$ = ! pr9t+-frames4 ,! pads w be ?or\ghly impregnat$ ) ! vap\r ( ammonia1 & a c\ple or m pr9ts1 9 succession1 may be made be=e x is necess>y to *ange !m4 ,! ord9>y me?od ( fum+ is t us$ 9 ,am]ica4 ,he>n describes a box1 :i* is v conv5i5t & simple 9 con/ruction4 ,he says3 ,take any common wood5 box1 l>ge en\gh = ! purpose1 & make a door ( suitable size = x1 :i*1 :5 %ut1 w totally exclude all light4 ,make a false bottom 9 ?is ab\t six in*es1 or s1 f ! real "o1 & p]=ate x ) holes ( ab\t ! same size t a gimlet w\ld make4 ,^! holes %\ld be v num]\s1 & at ! c5tre !re %\ld be1 if any?+1 a small] numb] ( !m1 because ! sauc] conta9+ ! liquor ammonia is g5]ally plac$ at ! c5tre ( ! real bottom ( ! box4 ,= our own "p we dislike ! false bottom z con/ruct$1 & recomm5d "o ( f9e gauze1 &1 in/ead ( plac+ half-an-ounce ( ammonia 9 ! sauc] z ,he>n directs1 we pref] to soak half-a-doz5 %eets ( blott+-pap] 9 ammonium *loride solution1 ab\t #bj gra9s to ! ounce1 & ! same numb] ( %eets soak$ 9 lime wat]2 "o %eet ( ea* are plac$ toge!r1 & ammonia is lib]at$ by d\ble decomposition2 calcium *loride be+ also =m$4 ,?is me?od is excell5t 9 hot1 dry wea!r1 s9ce x imp>ts a c]ta9 am\nt ( moi/ure to ! pap]4 ,9 damp wea!r x is a good plan to dry ! vap\r by spr9kl+ on ! gauze calcium *loride1 :i* w rapidly absorb ! aque\s vap\r1 & w all[ ! ammonia to pass on unimp$$4 ,! %eets ( pap] are held at ! top ( ! box by ,am]ican clips1 susp5d$ f la?s ab\t ?ree in*es ap>t1 & x is n a bad plan to fa/5 a la? on to _! bottom edge by ! same means1 to d away ) _! curl+4 ,to fume a s+le piece ( pap] x may be p9n$ up to ! inside ( ! top ( ! lid ( a box1 & a dra*m ( ammonia spr9kl$ on cotton wool di/ribut$ at ! bottom4 ,! po9t to be att5d$ to is t ! fum+ %all be ev51 & x is evid5t t ! ammonia %\ld rise equally f any "p ( ! bottom ( ! box4 ,9 ! plan ( ! box giv5 above1 ! bottom ( ! %eet is apt to get a little m ammonia ?an ! top4 ,! "t ( fum+ dep5ds on s _m ?+s t a rule c sc>cely be giv5 = x2 tw5ty m9utes may be consid]$ ab\t ! extreme limit4 ,if ?is s5sitiz+ ba? be acid1 ! "t mu/ evid5tly be long] ?an :5 x is /rictly neutral or slightly alkal9e2 & if ! negative be h>d1 x w require to be less fum$ ?an if x be ( a weak nature1 s9ce ! action ( ammonia is to cause rapid d>k5+ 9 ! deep %ad[s4 ,9 hot wea!r ! fum+ %\ld be %ort] ?an 9 cold1 s9ce ! ammonia volatilizes mu* m rapidly :5 ! temp]ature is high4 ,on ! :ole1 we recomm5d ,colonel ,wortley's plan ( fum+ ! pads 9 pref]5ce to fum+ ! pap]4 ,ano!r mode ( pres]v+ ! pap] f discol\ration is to add citric acid to ! pr9t+ ba?1 :i* is effective ow+ to ! fact giv5 at page #cb4 ,! foll[+ =mula is a good "o1 & has answ]$ ) ! writ]4 ,x is-- ,silv] nitrate #ej gra9s ,citric acid #bj ,wat] #a ounce ,! pap] is float$ = ! ord9>y l5g? ( "t1 :5 x is dri$ ?or\ghly & plac$ betwe5 %eets ( pure blott+-pap]4 ,x w keep 9 its pri/9e /ate = mon?s1 if exclud$ f ! air4 ,x is bett] to fume ?is pap] /rongly be=e use1 or ! ton+ becomes a difficult matt]4 ,ord9>y s5sitiz$ pap] may be pres]v$ = a consid]able "t if1 :5 dry1 x is plac$ betwe5 %eets ( blott+-pap] saturat$ ) a solution ( c>bonate ( soda1 & dri$4 ,wa%$ s5sitiz$ pap] is also improv$ 9 s5sitiv5ess by float+ x = a few seconds on-- ,citric acid #bj gra9s ,potassium nitrite #aj ,wat] #a ounce ,x c be fum$1 :5 dri$1 9 ! usual mann]4 ,9 ! ,,ye>-,,book ,,( ,,photography = #ahhj ,mr4 ,a4 ,borl& recomm5ds ! foll[+ modification3-- ,he floats ! pap] on nitrate ( silv]1 z usual1 & aft] x has dra9$ surface dry1 blots (f any drops t may rema9 at ! edges1 & !n floats ! back ( ! pap] = ab\t ?ree m9utes on ! foll[+ ba?3-- ,nitrate ( soda #a ounce ,di/ill$ wat] #af ounces ,?is is r5d]$ slightly acid by a little solution ( fre%ly prep>$ citric acid 9 wat]4 ,! degree ( acidity is regulat$ by litmus pap] 7! blue specim571 :i* %\ld be slightly r$d5$ by x4 ,aft] ?is solution has be5 mix$ ab\t t5 m9utes1 x is filt]$1 & ! pap] float$4 ,mr4 ,borl& says ! pap] keeps well1 & pr9ts ! same z ord9>y pap]1 & any tone may be produc$4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,cutt+ ,,pap]4 ,we h (t5 come across op]ators :o h no really def9ite plan on :i* !y cut up _! pap] = a day's "w1 & !y h little idea ( ! mo/ economical place ( divid+ ! %eets4 ,! foll[+ rem>ks by ,mr4 ,he>n1 :i* appe>$ 9 ! ,,photographic ,,news1 #ahgd1 w be useful to ! pr9t]1 &1 be+ s extremely well describ$1 we take ! lib]ty ( reproduc+ !m4 ,9 cutt+ up ! pap] = pr9t+1 due reg>d %\ld be giv5 to ! mat]ials employ$4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! f+]s %\ld be free f any?+ t w /a9 or soil ! pap]1 & !y %\ld nev] t\* ! silv]$ side1 b always ! back4 ,! h&s %\ld be p]fectly dry1 free ev5 f any p]spiration1 = if ?is is n /rictly reg>d$ 9 ! h&l+ ( ! pap]1 'f+] /a9s' w appe> on ^? p>ts ( ! pap] ) :i* ! f+]s come 9 contact4 ,to gu>d aga9/ ?is1 a r\gh t[el %\ld be susp5d$ 9 a conv5i5t place1 & ! h&s wip$ ^u x z (t5 z may be f\nd necess>y--say once 9 e five or t5 m9utes4 ,an ivory newspap] cutt]1 ab\t eight in*es long & an in* wide1 toge!r ) a suitable siz$ pair ( %e>s1 w be all ( ! in/rum5ts necess>y4 ,9 cutt+ ! pap] = v l>ge pr9ts1 su* z #ac by #af1 #ad by #ah1 #af by #bj1 c41 ! beg9n] _h be/ 7to obta9 ! "r size7 lay ov] ! s5sitive pap] ! prop] siz$ mat t is to be plac$ ov] ! pr9t :5 f9i%$1 & !n cut accord+ly4 ,consid]able pap] c be sav$ 9 ?is way1 & pr9t$ 9 c>d size4 ,!re %\ld always be an assortm5t ( diff]5t siz$ mats 9 ! pr9t+ room2 "o ( ea* size w d1 :i* %\ld be kept expressly = ?is purpose4 ,9 cutt+ ! pap] = an #aa by #ad pr9t1 ! l5g? ( ! %eet is g5]ally plac$ be=e ! pr9t]1 & ! pap] b5t ov] to ! fur!r edge ( ! %eet1 & !n creas$1 & ?us cut into two equal pieces1 "o ( :i* c be us$ = ! contemplat$ pr9t4 ,i w\ld recomm5d t in/ead ( tak+ exactly "o half ( ! %eet ( pap]1 z describ$ above1 to take ab\t an in* m ?an ! half1 s z to all[ = any slight te> t may happ5 along ! edges ( ! pap] dur+ ! wa%+1 ton+1 c41 & also s z to be sure ( hav+ ! pap] wide en\gh = ! diff]5t siz$ mats4 ,i h se5 "s nice pr9ts pr9t$ ^u ! exact half ( a %eet ( pap]1 :i*1 :5 tak5 f ! f9al wa%+ 7& ! edges trimm$1 be+ slightly torn71 7 !n too n>r[ to be cov]$ ) ! prop] siz$ mats1 & _h to be reject$2 :]eas1 if 9 cutt+ ?is pap] all[ance _h be5 made = ?is f9al trimm+1 ! pr9ts w\ld h be5 sav$4 ,! re/ ( ! %eet c be cut v well into sixte5 or eighte5 c>te pieces4 ,9 cutt+ cab9ets out ( a %eet1 fifte5 is all t c v well be obta9$1 & to get t numb] lay ! %eet on a wide table1 or pr9t+ b5* 7) ! l5g? ( x runn+ f "r to left71 & divide x into ?ree equal p>ts4 ,by lay+ ! cab9et glass on ^! /rips ( pap]1 & cutt+ ! pap] a little wid] ?an ! glass1 five cab9ets c be obta9$ f ea* /rip1 & fifte5 out ( ! :ole4 ,^! pieces w be pl5ty l>ge en\gh1 bo? 9 l5g? & wid?2 besides1 ?is is a v conv5i5t & economical way to cut ! pap] )\t wa/e4 ,illu/ration3 #bb in*es ------------------------- ------------------------- #ah in*es4 ------------------------- #d-b_/e #f in*4 in* ------------------------- ,fig4 #ab4 ,by a glance at ! cut 7fig4 #ab7 x w be se5 t ! size ( ! pieces w be #d-b_/e by #f in*es1 & consequ5tly !re w be m room = ! wid? ?an !re w be = ! l5g?4 ,! edges ( ! wid? side ( ! pap] c be trimm$ a little1 z !re is usually "s little te>1 or "s o!r defect1 t c ?us advantage\sly be got rid (4 ,(t51 :5 !re are only a few cab9ets to be pr9t$1 ,i take a qu>t]-%eet1 & b5d ov] ! l5g? ( x to ab\t ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* ( ! opposite side1 crease x1 & !n cut ) ! pap]-knife4 ,y ?us obta9 a l>ge & small piece2 ! small] "o ( ^! c be cut into f\r c>ds1 & ! l>g] "o c be cut 9 two1 & ?us obta9 two g5]\s size cab9ets2 or ! pr9t] c use ! l>g] ( ! two pieces = pr9t+ ! #d by #d size4 ,?is is ! way ,i obta9 my #d by #d pieces :5 ,i wi% !m4 ,! beg9n] mu/ rememb] t 9 b5d+ ov] ! l5g? ( a %eet ( pap] #ah by #bb in*es 9 size1 ! divid$ pap] w be #aa by #ah in*es 9 size1 :i* is t]m$1 9 ! language ( ! pr9t+ room1 half-%eet4 ,to obta9 ! qu>t]-%eet1 ! l5g? ( ! half-%eet is cut equally 9 two pieces1 & !n ! size w be #i by #aa in*es4 ,a glance at fig4 #ac w %[ t ei!r a g5]\s size #d by #d1 or a c\ple ( nice cab9et pieces1 toge!r ) f\r c>tes1 c be easily obta9$ f a qu>t]-%eet4 ,to obta9 ?irty-two c>tes1 qu>t] ! %eet1 & divide ea* qu>t] into eight equal pieces4 ,illu/ration3 #i in*es4 ----------- #dd ,cab4 ,cab4 ----------- #aa in*es4 #a #b ----------- #c #d ----------- ,fig4 #ac4 ,illu/ration3 #i in*es4 --------------- #cc --------------- #aa in*es4 --------------- #ci in*es1 ,/]eoscope4 --------------- ,fig4 #ad4 ,to obta9 ?irty-six pieces out ( a %eet1 x is necess>y1 = conv5i5ce1 to fir/ qu>t] x1 & !n divide x into ?ree equal /rips 7fig4 #ad7 tak5 f ! l5g? ( ! pap]4 ,! pieces1 z ?us cut1 w measure #c-b_/c by #i in*es1 :i* w answ] admirably = ! /]eoscopic size4 ,ea* "o ( ^! /rips ( pap] c be cut into ?ree good siz$ c>tes1 mak+ n9e out ( a qu>t]1 & ?irty-six out ( a :ole %eet4 ,=ty-two c>tes c be obta9$ v neatly by lay+ ! %eet be=e y 7fig4 #d71 & divid+ ! l5g? into sev5 equal p>ts2 :5 done1 ea* /rip %\ld measure #c-a_/g by #ah in*es 9 size4 ,! :ole numb] ( pieces w be =ty-two4 ,x w be se5 t ! size ( ! c>te pieces 7#c by #c-a_/g in*es7 only all[s v little room = wa/e pap] 9 trimm+ aft] pr9t+1 & ?us x w be f\nd necess>y to ex]cise "s c>e 9 plac+ ^! pieces on ! negative = pr9t+4 ,illu/ration3 #ah in*es4 ------------------------------ ------------------------------ ------------------------------ ------------------------------ #bb in*es4 ------------------------------ ------------------------------ ------------------------------ ------------------------------ ,fig4 #ae4 ,to obta9 ! =ty-two c>te pieces f ! %eet )\t wa/e1 great c>e is requir$ 9 s5sitiz+ ! pap] to prev5t te>+1 & also to prev5t silv] f gett+ on ! back ( x2 9 cutt+ x ei!r ! %e>s or ! pap]-knife %\ld be us$ ) c>e4 ,d n te> ! pap] ) ! h&s1 z is v (t5 done1 especially :5 ! pr9t] is 9 a hurry4 ,9 mak+ out ! above1 ,i h consid]$ ! %eet ( pap] to be #ah by #bb in*es 9 size1 b x is seldom t ! %eet measures exactly ?is1 = ! l5g? (t5 measures f "o qu>t] to "o in* m1 b nev] less1 :ile ! wid? is inv>iably ! same4 ,:5 ?is is ! case1 a little bett] m>g9 is all[$ 9 cutt+ ! %eet up1 :i* is a good ?+1 especially :5 a l>ge numb] ( small pieces are to be obta9$ f ! %eet4 ,=ty-two pieces is all t %\ld be obta9$ f a %eet ( pap] :i* measures #ah by #bb 7or #ah by #bb-a_/b1 c47 in*es1 because ! pieces ( pap] are n[ z small z !y %\ld be ) safe results to ! pr9ts1 on acc\nt ( bad edges1 c41 :i* x is (t5 necess>y to trim aft] pr9t+4 ,!re is a way to obta9 =ty-eight1 & ev5 fifty-two pieces ( pap] f ! %eet1 b ,i w\ld n advise any ( my read]s to try to obta9 t quantity1 z !re are _m disadvantages connect$ ) x t m ?an neutralize ! b5efits4 ,! pap] is sometimes cut up to ! exact c>te size1 & !n pr9t$ up z x is1 ?us sav+ ! trimm+ ( ! pr9ts aft] pr9t+4 ,?is is1 p]haps 7871 a good way1 b = ! beg9n] x is v risky1 because ! pap] w h to be plac$ exactly on ! negative1 or else ! pr9t w be wor?less4 ,ev5 to ! exp]i5c$ pr9t] ?is is v difficult1 because ! greate/ c>e & skill are requir$ to d x z x %\ld be done2 !n ! inexp]i5c$ pr9t] c\ld n hope to d x successfully4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,pr9t+-,,frames4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4 ,!re are a v>iety ( pr9t+-frames 9 ! m>ket1 ea* ( :i* may h some?+ to recomm5d x2 & yet1 z a rule1 ! simpl] & m uni=m ! frames are1 ! m h&y are !y = ! pr9t]1 s9ce he rapidly becomes accu/om$ to h&l+ !m1 & kn[s _! peculi>ities4 ,! simple/ patt]n is "o introduc$ by ,meagh]1 z %[n 9 fig4 #af4 ,! negative re/s on india-rubb] /rips :i* l9e a framework ( its exact size1 & a fold+ back1 z %[n1 cov]s x4 ,! pap] is press$ on to ! negative by a pad1 & ! back on t by means ( two brass spr+s4 ,?is is a v excell5t patt]n = cab9et pictures & c>tes1 b we c sc>cely recomm5d x = any?+ l>g]1 s9ce ev5 if x 7 possible to supply suffici5t pressure to secure prop] contact ( ! pap]1 ! negative w\ld be 9 dang] ( be+ crack$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4 ,= all sizes above cab9et1 ! pr9t+ frame z giv5 9 ! figure is ! be/4 ,! con/ruction w be se5 at once4 ,9 ! front "p ( ! frame is a piece ( ?ick plate glass 7dep5d+ = its ?ickness on ! size ( ! frame74 ,on ?is ! negative re/s1 & ov] ?is aga9 are ! necess>y pads & backbo>d1 :i* is clamp$ d[n by means ( two cross-b>s1 on :i* spr+s are fix$4 ,an increase ( pressure may be giv5 by increas+ ! ?ickness ( ! pad 7:i* may consi/ ( smoo? felt7 next ! negative1 or by %eets ( ?ick blott+-pap] q free f all fold+ m>ks4 ,sometimes ! back ( ! frame is h+$ 9 ?ree pieces1#ah & ?is is almo/ ess5tial = l>ge pr9ts 7say #b feet by #a foot #f in*es71 s9ce e "p ( ! picture %\ld be capable ( exam9ation dur+ ! progress 9 pr9t+4 ,) a simple s+le h+$ backbo>d ?is is impossible4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4 ,:5 l>ge negatives are to be pr9t$1 ! plate glass front %\ld always h at lea/ an in* cle> all r\nd4 ,= small] negatives 7say #ab by #aj & "u7 half-an-in* cle> is suffici5t4 ,?is all[s a c]ta9 latitude 9 ! position ( ! negative1 & enables ! f+]s to get at ! pap] )\t inconv5i5ce4 ,9 ! frames 9 :i* ! front ( ! negative is unsupport$ ?is _c be ! case1 & = ?is reason 7z well z ^? giv5 above7 !y are n recomm5d$ = l>ge pr9ts4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,prep>+ ,a ,,l&scape ,,negative ,,= ,,pr9t+4 ,l&scape negatives are r>ely ev] 9 p]fect h>mony = pr9t+1 & mu* may be done by judici\s doctor+ ( ! be/ ( negatives to secure ! be/ ( pr9ts4 ,) mod]ate negatives x is absolutely ess5tial t !y %\ld be improv$4 ,let u take ! example ( a h>d l&scape negative1 :i* if pr9t$ s t ! deep %ades %\ld %[ detail1 w\ld %[ none 9 ! high lights4 ,a piece ( ?9 tissue pap] 7! k9d kn[n z papi] m9]ale is ! be/71 ( ! size ( ! negative1 is damp$ ev5ly ) a sponge1 & c>efully pa/$ on ! back ( ! negative4 ,! negative is !n held up to ! light1 & ! high lights c>efully trac$ ) a fa9t l9e by means ( a p5cil4 ,^! are !n cut out by means ( a %>p p5knife1 & a trial pr9t tak5 9 ! %ade4 ,if x be f\nd t ! %ad[s /ill pr9t too deeply :5 ! detail 9 ! high light is visible1 ano!r ?ickness ( tissue pap] may be appli$1 cutt+ out ?is "t1 p]haps1 ! high lights & ! half tones4 ,ano!r trial pr9t w %[ :e!r ! object is atta9$4 ,if /ill n satisfactory1 crayon 9 p[d] f ! scrap+s ( a /ick ( crayon1 or blacklead1 may be appli$ by a /ump to ! p>ts requir+ x4 ,x may happ5 t ! effects ( ! tissue pap] may be se5 9 ! pr9t by ! light p5etrat+ b5ea? x1 & caus+ ! edges ( ! %ad[s to pr9t too d>k4 ,9 ?is case1 :i* may arise f ! negative be+ tak5 on a ?9 glass plate1 ! p>ts cov]+ ! high lights1 & :i* 7 cut out1 %\ld be ind5t$ ) a jagg$ edge su* z ?is1 ! dott$ l9e %[+ :]e ! cut w\ld come if x _h be5 cut out 9 a clean %>p l9e4 ,ano!r mode :i* we h sometimes f\nd successful1 ?\gh c>e is requir$ 9 employ+ x1 is to coat ! back ( ! plate ) a v dilute emulsion ( a qu>t] ! ord9>y consi/5cy1 !n to expose x1 ?r\gh ! negative1 & develop ) "o ( ! ord9>y alkal9e develop]s 7we pref] ! f]r\s oxalate71#ai & !n fix4 ,?is la/ film may be protect$ ) a lay] ( album5 #a "p ( album5 to #be p>ts ( wat]4 ,by ?is means ! %ad[s become subdu$ & ! contra/s dim9i%$1 & !re is no dang] ( any %>p dem>cations 9 ! %ades be+ app>5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4 ,!re is "o way ( improv+ a h>d negative1 if tak5 on a gelat9e plate1 :i* w\ld probably be dang]\s 9 ! h&s ( a novice1 b :i* is mo/ effective :5 us$ ) skill & judgm5t1 b mu/ be appli$ be=e ! plate is v>ni%$4 ,"o ( ! mo/ popul> me?ods ( r$uc+ ! d5sity ( an ov]-int5sifi$ gelat9e negative is ) a v weak solution ( p]*loride ( iron4 ,! writ]s h f\nd t ! r$uc+ ag5t may be appli$ locally4 ,let u suppose ! case ( a figure 9 a l&scape 9 a light dress1 :i* produces a :ite pat* 9 ! pr9t4 ,! negative %\ld be plac$ 9 a di% ( wat]1 !n lift$ up until ! "p to be r$uc$ is j above ! level ( ! wat]2 a solution ( p]*loride ( iron %\ld !n be appli$ to ! "p ) a camel's-hair p5cil1 c>e be+ tak5 t x does n spread ov] ! edges or run d[n ! negative4 ,:5 ?is is f\nd to be tak+ place1 ! plate %\ld be all[$ to fall into ! wat]2 x c !n be lift$ aga91 & ! op]ation proce$$ )4 ,x is n easy to give any /r5g? = ! solution ( p]*loride ( iron1 b x is be/ to beg9 weak1 & /r5g!n z requir$4 ,a saturat$ solution has be5 us$ 9 an ob/9ate case )\t any mis*ief be+ done1 b ?is requir$ v c>eful wat*+4 ,= l&scapes1 ,mr4 ,engl& has successfully us$ a /rong solution ( cyanide ( potassium ) ! same object4 ,he moi/5s ! p>ts ( ! gelat9e plates :i* require r$uction ) wat] appli$ by a pa9t-bru%1 & aft]w>ds1 ) ano!r1 applies ! cyanide4 ,! r$uction c be wat*$ z x progresses1 & by a judici\s use ( ! bru% no %>p l9e ( dem>cation betwe5 ! r$uc$ & unalt]$ p>ts is visible4 ,) a ?9 negative ! tissue pap] may be appli$ z be=e1 only 9 ?is case ! %ad[s are left b>e1 ! half tones h "o ?ickness ( tissue pap] ov] !m1 ! highe/ lights two or ?ree4 ,an emulsion may be us$ 9 ?is case z well1 only in/ead ( fix+ ! transp>5cy :i* is at ! back1 ! precipitat$ silv] is dissolv$ away by nitric acid1 & ! develop] appli$ aga94 ,by ?is means1 ! d5sity 9 ! high lights may be d\bl$ if requir$4 ,x mu/ aga9 be repeat$1 t 9 all cases ! use ( emulsion requires great c>e1 see+ t if any get on ! v>ni%$ surface1 m>k+s are sure to occur4 ,x sometimes happ5s1 especially ) gelat9e plates1 t ! corn]s ( "o side ( a negative pr9t too d>k4 ,?is is v visible 9 sky & sea pictures4 ,! c>eful application ( blacklead on ! tissue pap] on ! back ( ! plate may (t5 save a beautiful negative t w\ld be o!rwise useless4 ,9 mo/ l&scape negatives !re is a want ( atmosph]e 7by :i* we mean ! haze always pres5t 9 ! air7 9 ! di/ance & middle di/ances1 & we h f\nd t by apply+ "o piece ( tissue-pap] to ! back ( ! negative to cov] ! middle di/ance & di/ances1 & ano!r to cov] ! di/ance alone1 atmosph]ic effect is produc$4 ,! effect ( atmosph]e is usually %[n by grey tones z comp>$ ) ^? ( ! =egr\nd1 & ! grey] !y are ! m di/ant %\ld ! objects be away 9 nature4 ,?is effect is accompli%$ by ! tissue-pap]4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be rememb]$ t ! lights ( di/ant objects are grey] ?an ^? ( ! =egr\nd1 h5ce ! tissue pap] mu/ be us$ ) judgm5t to prev5t ! di/ant lights f appe>+ too :ite4 ,?is sometimes is effect$ by giv+ ! lights 9 ! =egr\nd a cov]+ ( tissue pap]4 ,we v mu* d\bt if !re exi/s any l&scape negative :i* w\ld n be improv$ by ! use ( tissue pap]1 s9ce photography (t5 t5ds to d away ) atmosph]e4 ,we h1 9 "s cases1 /r5g!n$ ! high lights on ! film side ) ! pa9t-bru% & ,prussian blue4 ,?is requires skill1 & %\ld be done v sp>+ly4 ,x may be object$ t :5 ^! artifices are resort$ to1 t ! photograph mu/ ( necessity fail 9 reg>d to tru?fulness4 ,! answ] to ?is objection is q easy to give4 ,if a photograph 7 true 9 itself1 !y %\ld nev] be resort$ to1 b s9ce x always falls %ort ( ! tru?1 x is q legitimate to give x ! effect t a p]fect process w\ld d1 by :i* we mean "o 9 :i* ! int5sity ( ! negative is exactly proportional to ! int5sity ( ! light produc+ x4 ,x has be5 %[n 9 ! ,,photographic ,,news ( #ahgg1 t ! gradations ( a negative are nev] p]fect1 & ! use ( ! tissue pap]1 c41 makes x m ne>ly 9 accord ) nature4 ,^! rem>ks1 ( c\rse1 h ref]5ce only to :at we might call a good pr9t+ negative2 ! advisability ( doctor+ poor negatives is sc>cely op5 to argum5t4 ,improve z mu* z y l1 b be v c>eful n to ov]do x4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,pr9t+ ,,! ,,l&scape ,,picture4 ,a trial pr9t f a negative %\ld fir/ ( all be tak51 to enable ! op]ator to gauge z to h[ mu* is requir$ to be done to x4 ,a piece ( s5sitiz$ pap] ( ! exact size ( ! plate is tak5 & exam9$ by transmitt$ light 9 ! d>k room4 ,if !re be any appe>ance ( m>k+s due to bubbles1 or ( />-l metallic spots1 probably due to small p>ticles ( iron be+ 9 ! album51 x ne$ n be reject$ altoge!r4 ,%\ld !re be any ( ^! defects1 ! %eet %\ld be plac$ on "o side to cut up into small] sizes4 ,we w suppose t we are go+ to pr9t a #ae by #ab negative4 ,a /rong frame 7( ! description giv5 at page #dd7 mu/ be employ$1 & ! ?ick plate glass c>efully fre$ f all du/1 grit1 or /a9s4 ,! back ( ! negative is !n plac$ 9 contact ) x1 s z to occupy ! c5tre ( ! frame4 ,! piece ( s5sitive pap] is plac$ ov] x1 & ! back plac$ loosely ov] x1 & is !n c>ri$ face d[nw>d into ! place :]e ! pr9t+ is to be done1 & ! frame is plac$ face d[nw>ds on ! floor1 & left = a few m9utes4 ,by ?is artifice ! pap] takes ! same degree ( humidity z ! atmosph]e1 & !re w be no dang] ( any cockl+1 & consequ5t 7z x is t]m$7 want ( contact1 betwe5 ! pap] & ! negative4 ,?is is only necess>y :5 !re is any v great diff]5ce 9 ! temp]ature ( ! dry+ room & ! place :]e ! pr9ts are to be expos$1 & 9 "s e/abli%m5ts ! difficulty is met by c>ry+ ! :ole supply ( pap] 9 a clos$ box into ! latt] place1 & all[+ x to absorb any moi/ure t x c take up4 ,9 any case1 ! pap] is next to be plac$ 9 absolute contact ) ! negative1 & we /rongly recomm5d ! use ( %eets ( blott+-pap] cut to ! prop] size 7ab\t f\r ?icknesses w be suffici5t71 & back$ by a ?ick pad ( closely wov5 & v smoo? felt4 ,^! latt] are r exp5sive1 b are v durable if ord9>y c>e be tak5 ( !m4 ,! blott+-pap] is useful 9 caus+ contact1 & also because any accid5tal pres5ce ( silv] nitrate solution on ! back ( ! s5sitive pap] is imm$iately detect$1 & !re is1 consequ5tly1 no dang] ( c>ry+ x to ano!r pr9t & spoil+ x1 :i* x might d 7 x absorb$ by ! felt pad4 ,! back ( ! frame is !n plac$ 9 situ1 & ! h+$ cross-piece br\ght d[n & secur$ by ! fa/5]s4 ,if ! spr+s be suffici5tly /rong1 ! film ( ! negative %\ld n[ be 9 absolute contact ) ! s5sitive pap]4 ,if !re be any grit on ! plate glass1 or adh]+ to ! back ( ! negative1 x is highly probable t ! glass plate w crack1 & if ! plate on :i* ! negative is tak5 be v curv$1#bj ! same disa/] may be expect$4 ,suppose ! day to be bright1 & ! negative fairly d5se1 ! frame may be plac$ = ! trial pr9t fac+ away f ! sun 7if !re be any7 s t x receives m]ely skylight1 & no direct rays4 ,:5 ! transp>5t p>ts ( ! negative seem to h tak5 a fairly black or br[n col\r1 ! pr9t %\ld be exam9$4 ,9 practice we h f\nd 7suppos+ ! pr9t+ room be away f ! d>k room7 t a clo? ( ?9 yell[ calico is a useful adjunct dur+ ! exam9ation4 ,! clo? is l>ge en\gh to cov] ! frame & also ! head ( ! op]ator4 ,"o half ( ! back is loos5$ & rais$1 ! half pieces are pull$ back1 & ! pap] w probably be f\nd adh]+ to ! negative1 & may require a little manoeuvr+ to sep>ate x4 ,a v ?9 slip 7( ! size ( a too?pick7 ( s(t wood1 %>p5$ at "o end1 is a good implem5t to employ1 z by ins]t+ x ! pap] c be sep>at$ at "o corn]1 & !n be rais$ by ! f+]s4 ,we h se5 "s pr9t]s bl[ aga9/ ! pap]1 z if !y 7 sep>at+ ! leaves ( a book f "o ano!r1 b ?is me?od is to be deprecat$1 s9ce p>ticles ( saliva are apt to be c>ri$ on to ! pap] ) ! brea?1 & to cause spots1 :i* (t5 appe> unacc\ntable4 ,%\ld ! pr9t appe> slightly deep] ?an x is requir$ to rema91 x is probably ready to be )drawn f ! action ( light1 b ! rema9+ half ( ! pap] mu/ next be exam9$ to see :e!r su* is ! case4 ,to d ?is ! fir/ half ( ! pressure-bo>d ( ! frame :i* is loose mu/ be press$ d[n once m into position1 ! frame rev]s$ end = end1 & ! o!r half ( ! bo>d op5$4 ,if ! pr9t is l>ge 7say #ae by #ab7 x is n advisable to look at mu* ( x at once1 or = a long] "t ?an c be avoid$4 ,x con/antly happ5s t on a w>m day ! pap] contracts dur+ ! %ort "t necess>y = a prop] exam9ation ( ! pr9t2 ! consequ5ce is1 t ! pap] does n fall on ! same place on ! negative :5 reflect$1 & ! result is a d\ble pr9t on ! pap]4 ,! pr9t+ be+ judg$ to be complete1 ! pap] is )drawn by tak+ (f pressure-bo>d & pads1 & put away = ! fur!r op]ations ( ton+ & fix+4 ,9 "o e/abli%m5t we are acqua9t$ )1 ! pr9ts :5 tak5 f ! frame are plac$ 9 a box ! lid ( :i* is pi]c$ by a hole cov]$ ) a d>k clo?2 :il/ o!rs keep !m 9 a press ( blott+-pap]4 ,! great po9t to att5d to1 h[ev]1 is to keep !m away f all act9ic light2 & we %\ld say1 fur!r1 f all light1 s9ce d>k5$ silv] *loride becomes oxidiz$ 9 light :i* is usually consid]$ to be non-act9ic4 ,no d\bt e pr9t] is aw>e t ! pr9ts produc$ f ! same negative & on ! same sample ( album5is$ pap] simil>ly s5sitiz$ v>y consid]ably 9 ri*ness & dep? on diff]5t days4 ,= in/ance1 :5 ! light is bad1 & :51 consequ5tly1 ! pr9t+ takes a long "t1 ! col\r ( ! d>k5$ surface w be f\nd to be mu* dull] ?an on a day :5 ! light is p[]ful4 ,silv] album9ate is mu* less s5sitive to feeble light1 :il/ 9 bright light ! diff]5ce 9 s5sitiv5ess is n ne>ly s m>k$1 & ?is may acc\nt 9 a c]ta9 degree = ! diff]5ce2 b if any "o takes ! tr\ble to expose s5sitis$ album5iz$ pap] to bright light s z to d>k51 & !n to cov] up half1 leav+ ! o!r half to be expos$ to ! light com+ ?r\gh ruby-glass1 x w be f\nd t !re is a diff]5ce 9 col\r betwe5 ! two portions1 & on ton+ ! diff]5ces w be /ill m m>k$4 ,9 dull wea!r ! r$ & yell[ rays be> a great] proportion to ! blue & violet rays 7all ( :i* ent] into ! composition ( :ite light7 ?an !y d on a bright day4 ,x is ! blue & violet rays t r$uce ! silv] *loride to ! /ate ( sub-*loride1 & !n oxidize ! latt]2 yet x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! r$ & yell[ also oxidize ! sub-*loride )\t be+ able prim>ily to produce x4 ,h5ce on a bright day1 :5 ! pr9t+ is quick1 ! r$ & yell[ rays h b little "t to d any "w1 :il/ on a dull day !y h pl5ty ( opportunity ( oxidiz+ ! sub-*loride z fa/ z x is =m$4 ,! oxidiz$ image is always m difficult to tone ?an "o :i* is unoxidiz$1 h5ce ! advantage ( pr9t+ 9 a good light if possible4 ,! writ]s believe t "o ( ! pr9cipal causes ( ! v>iation 9 tone ( silv] pr9ts1 :i* is only too (t5 to be se51 is caus$ by ?is diff]5ce 9 l5g? ( exposure to ! light4 ,! op]ator mu/ n[ be suppos$ to be cognizant ( ! op]ations ( ton+ & fix+ :i* are to be describ$ 9 subsequ5t *apt]s1 & t he has ! f9i%$ trial pr9t ( ! p>ticul> l&scape negative be=e him4 ,he sees :e!r ! middle di/ance or f> di/ance is obtrusive1 & notes :i* portions require to be s(t5$ d[n by tissue pap]1 or to be br\ght ne>] by /r5g!n+ ! high-lights1 & ev5tually =ms a picture ( x z x %\ld be1 c5tr+ 8 imag9ation 9 x z built up r\nd ! po9t ( pr9cipal int]e/4 ,he endeav\rs to see :e!r ! sweeps ( light & %ade lead up to ?is pr9cipal object 9 ! view1 & :e!r1 if light1 x is 9 contra/ ) an imm$iate d>k "p ( ! picture1 or vice v]sa4 ,kn[+ t ?is is "o ( ! laws ( art1 he next %\ld endeav\r practically to give effect to 8 imag9ative picture by ! judici\s manipulation ( tissue pap]1 ! crayon1 & ! pa9t1 su* z describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,,ix4 ,! next po9t to att5d to is z to :e!r ! picture requires cl\ds or n1 & if he h a /ock ( cl\d negatives ( ! "r size1 he mu/ endeav\r to pick out "o1 a portion ( :i* w compose well ) ! l9es ( ! picture1#ba & at ! same "t be correct z reg>ds light & %ade4 ,:5 su* a negative is select$1 x rema9s to pr9t x 94 ,a :ite sky is an abom9ation1 & a pla9 t9t$ "o )\t gradation is ne>ly z bad4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! op]ator has ! he>t & means to d ?is d\ble pr9t+1 he %\ld nev] neglect to d x4 ,b we w\ld "h rem9d him t :5 a sky-negative has be5 us$ ) a p>ticul> view1 x %\ld always be devot$ to t l&scape4 ,no?+ c\ld be 9 worse ta/e1 or fur!r f nature1 ?an to use ! same sky ) diff]5t l&scapes4 ,we once saw a frame ( sixte5 views1 ?irte5 ( :i* 7 back$ ) ! same sky2 ?is 0 bad en\gh1 b ! absurdity w5t fur!r1 & 9 ! same exhibition 7 l&scapes by ano!r photograph] ) ! same sky6 ,! inf]5ce is t bo? ^! photograph]s b\ght _! sky negatives1 pr9t$ !m1 & exhibit$ !m z _! own--a proce$+ to :i* a h>% "n might be giv54 ,to use a cl\d negative prop]ly1 ! read] %\ld consult ! *apt] on ,comb9ation ,pr9t+4 ,!re is ano!r artifice1 h[ev]1 t does away ) ! blank sky4 ,x is practis$ by "s ( ! lead+ photograph]s 9 ,engl&1 & may be put 9 requisition in/ead ( ! m elaborate d\ble pr9t+4 ,9 ord] to d ?is1 a n q opaque sky--t is1 "o :i* pr9ts 9 a little--is necess>y4 ,v effective cl\ds may be produc$ by a pa9t-bru% & lamp-black1 ,indian ink1 or gamboge1 by pa9t+ !m arti/ically at ! back ( ! negative4 ,x matt]s n if ! cl\ds s =m$ %[ %>p l9es & dots1 s9ce1 if ! pr9t+ be done 9 diffus$ light1 ! ?ickness ( ! glass plate on :i* ! negative is tak5 %ades ^! (f1 & gives !m ! s(t edges :i* are natural to cl\ds4 ,! cl\ds may take any ( ! usual %apes z se5 9 nature1 & ! pa9t %\ld n be appli$ too /rongly1 b %\ld h a c]ta9 am\nt ( transp>5cy4 ,9 "s negatives we h se5 tak5 on dry plates1 ! sky 0 v transp>5t1 &1 :5 pr9t$ 9 ! ord9>y mann]1 %[$ a good deal m ?an p]ceptible t9t4 ,yet1 by a judici\s mask+1 fleecy cl\ds float+ 9 a light sky 7 produc$1 :i* deceiv$ ! greate/ connoisseurs 9 su* matt]s4 ,we w n[ describe h[ su* a negative %\ld be prep>$ = pr9t+4 ,black v>ni% %\ld be c>efully run r\nd ! sky-l9e on ! face ( ! negative1 = ab\t a qu>t] ( an in*4 ,on ! back ( ! negative ! m$ium %\ld cov] ! sky to )9 "o-eigh? ( an in* ( ! sky-l9e1 & by ?is means a %>p b slightly s(t5$ edge ( ! di/ant l&scape 0 project$4 ,! bread? ( ! black v>ni% bord] on ! back 0 slightly great] ?an t on ! film side ( ! negative1 be+ ab\t an in*4 ,a piece ( c>dbo>d 0 also r\ghly cut out to ! sky-l9e1 & left suffici5tly broad s z to m ?an cov] ! sky :5 laid flat on x4 ,! negative ) ! cl\ds pa9t$ on x 0 n[ plac$ 9 ! pressure-frame1 ) ! s5sitive pap] 9 contact ) x4 ,outside ! frame1 & correspond+ ) ! sky-l9e1 ! edge ( ! c>dbo>d 0 plac$1 a small b> to act z a weight 0 plac$ across x z %[n 9 ! figure1 & ! top end support$ by a c\ple ( wood5 pegs4 ,! pr9t+ took place 9 diffus$ light4 ,:5 ! picture 0 )drawn f ! frame1 ! sky1 be+ %ad$ gradually by ! c>d1 0 pr9t$ 9 lightly1 :il/ ! rema9+ portion ( ! negative receiv$ ! full light2 ! sky1 z is "r x %\ld be1 0 d>k] ne> ! z5i? ?an t[>d ! horizon1 :]e x 01 9 fact1 :ite2 b s9ce ! cl\ds 7 pr9t$ 9 at ! top1 ! baldness ( ! :ite sky 0 avoid$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4 ,excell5t cl\ds may also be produc$ by ! /ump & crayon on tissue pap]1 _m ( ! effects ( delicate cl\ds be+ capable ( be+ produc$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,a c]ta9 am\nt ( skill is requir$ 9 produc+ !m1 b no?+ beyond t :i* a little practice c give4 ,we may add t1 in/ead ( us+ ?is c>dbo>d %ade1 "s pr9t]s pref] fir/ to entirely mask ! sky & pr9t 9 ! l&scape1 ?an to mask ! l&scape1 & to use a movable scre5 ov] ! negative1 draw+ x backw>ds & =w>ds dur+ exposure1 tak+ ! precaution t ! top ( ! sky receives ! mo/ exposure4 ,! me?od ( us+ ! cl\d negative1 we h already said1 w be f\nd 9 ! *apt] on ,comb9ation ,pr9t+4 ,above all ?+s1 ! pr9t] mu/ be> 9 m9d t if !re be any di/ance 9 ! picture1 ! sky1 :5 x meets ! m>g91 mu/ be only v delicately t9t$4 ,let x be rememb]$ t a picture is (t5 spoilt by pr9t+ 9 cl\ds too heavily4 ,! cl\ds = an effect %\ld be mo/ delicate1 ) no heavy massive %ad[s :i* ov]:elm ^? ( ! l&scape itself4 ,we are only talk+ ( ! ord9>y l&scape :5 ! effect ( /orms is n desir$4 ,x is n )9 ! scope ( ?is "w to %[ h[ a l&scape & a sky negative may be pr9t$ into "o plate to =m a transp>5cy f :i* a new negative may be made2 suffice x to say t1 by us+ collodio-*loride1 or by ! use ( a sl[ dry plate & expos+ to c&le light1 ! =m] may be produc$ 9 almo/ ! same way t ! pr9t is produc$1 & a negative may !n be produc$ 9 ! cam]a or by a dry plate4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,prep>+ ,,! ,,portrait ,,negative4 ,s mu* has be5 writt5 on ! subject ( :at is call$ ret\*+ ! negative1 t x w\ld be a wa/e ( space to ent] v fully into details "h4 ,x is n[ g5]ally admitt$ t work+ on ! negative is n only legitimate1 b t x is absolutely necess>y1 if a pres5table portrait is to be pr9t$4 ,! only "q is1 :]e to /op4 ,pr(essional ret\*]s1 9 too _m cases1 d too mu*1 & by do+ s !y ov]/ep ! mode/y ( nature1 & turn ! lovely delicacy1 s(tness1 & texture ( liv+ nature into ! appe>ance ( h>d & cold m>ble /atu>y4 ,ev]y?+ t is necess>y to d to a portrait negative is v simple2 x %\ld be correct$1 n remodell$4 ,freckles & accid5tal spots %\ld be /opp$ out1 high lights may be /r5g!n$1 & %ad[s s(t5$4 ,we may "h briefly indicate ! te*nical me?ods ( p]=m+ ^! op]ations4 ,"s op]ators p\r a solution ( gum ov] ! negative aft] fix+1 & :5 x is dry "w ^u ! surface ( ! gum2 b x is bett] & saf] to ret\* ! negative aft] x has be5 v>ni%$4 ,! v>ni% mu/ be all[$ to become ?or\ghly h>d be=e any work+ ^u x is attempt$4 ,a negative v>ni%$ at night %\ld be ready to be ret\*$ ! next morn+4 ,if v little has to be done to ! negative1 x may be done at once )\t prep>ation2 b x is (t5 advisable to prep>e ! surface ( ! v>ni% to take ! lead p5cil1 ) :i* ! great] "p ( ! "w is done4 ,?is is done ) ret\*+ m$ium4 ,sev]al prep>ations "u ?is or simil> names are sold by /ock deal]s1 all ( !m giv+1 z f> z we h tri$ !m1 equally good results4 ,if ! photograph] pref]s to make 8 own m$ium1 he may d s by dilut+ ma/ic1 or any simil> v>ni%1 su* z copal1 ) turp5t9e4 ,apply ! m$ium to ! p>ts t x is int5d$ to "w on ) ! f+]1 & all[ to dry1 :i* x does 9 a few m9utes4 ,place ! negative on a ret\*+ desk1 & comm5ce to fill up ) ! po9t ( ! p5cil all spots t are n requir$1 su* z freckles or unev5 m>ks4 ,"s op]ators beg9 at ! top ( a face & "w ev5ly d[nw>ds4 ,?is is a bad plan1 & usually results 9 a me*anical flatt5+ ( ! face2 x is bett] to fill 9 "h & !re z necessity appe>s to arise4 ,! high lights may n[ be /r5g!n$1 tak+ c>e n to make !m viol5t or spotty4 ,! %ad[s ( ! face w be f\nd to require s(t5+1 b ! g5]al %ape ( ! %ad[s mu/ n be alt]$1 & 9 modify+ l9es--su* z ! l9es 9 ! =ehead & "u ! eye--take c>e n to remove !m altoge!r4 ,an old man )\t wr9kles is an unnatural & gha/ly object--! m>ble br[ ( ! poet %\ld be left to lit]ature4 ,! be/ p5cils to use are ,fab]'s ,sib]ian lead1 ! h>d ones 9 pref]5ce4 ,,hh & ,,hhh are ! sorts usually employ$4 ,! p5cils mu/ be kept v f9ely po9t$4 ,to ensure ?is1 a piece ( wood cov]$ ) glass clo? %\ld be kept always at h& on :i* to gr9d ! leads to a po9t4 ,sometimes !re are portions ( a negative t require m fill+ up ?an c be done ) a p5cil2 9 ?is case wat]-col\r mu/ be employ$4 ,indigo or ,prussian blue is1 p]haps1 be/ = ! purpose1 because ^! pigm5ts all[ a m appreciable or visible quantity to be laid on )\t becom+ opaque ?an any ( ! w>m col\rs4 ,sometimes p>ts--su* z ! arm ( a *ild--w pr9t too d>k :5 9 contra/ ) a :ite dress2 9 ?is case x w be necess>y to pa9t ov] ! "p on ! back ( ! negative1 or to cut out a piece ( papi] m9]ale to ! %ape1 & pa/e x ov] ! d>k "p1 also on ! glass side ( ! negative4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,vignett+ ,( ! _m v>ieties ( small portraiture1 ! vignette is1 p]haps1 ! mo/ popul>1 &1 :5 well done1 is c]ta9ly ! mo/ ref9$ & delicate4 ,two ?+s are to be especially avoid$ 9 vignett+4 ,! =m ( ! vignette %\ld n foll[ ! =m ( ! figure closely1 z x is too (t5 made to d1 & d>k backgr\nds %\ld n be employ$4 ,! qualities to endeav\r to atta9 are s(tness ( gradation1 & an arrangem5t ( ! =ms ( ! vignette t %all ?r[ out ! head & figure1 & ! result+ pr9t %\ld some:at resemble a sket*1 f9i%$ if y l1 b sket*y 9 effect4 ,al?\gh ! backgr\nd %\ld be light1 x ought n to be :ite1 b ( a t9t t w\ld j ?r[ up ! :ite ( a lady's head-dress4 ,if ! backgr\nd scre5 c\ld be pa9t$ s t a little %ade %\ld appe> ov] ! %\ld]s ( a sitt] = a head1 or r d>k] beh9d ! l[] "p ( a ?ree-qu>t] figure1 s mu* ! bett] w\ld be ! effect4 ,x w\ld be difficult to f9d a case :]e gradation c\ld n be ( advantage 9 a backgr\nd2 h[ev] slight1 x conduces especially to relief4 ,hav+ /at$ :at %\ld be aim$ at 9 vignettes1 we n[ come to ! te*nical me?ods ( produc+ !m4 ,9 _m cases vignett+ is consid]$ to be a m]ely me*anical op]ation1 & v (t5 looks l x4 ,p]haps ! trade h m to answ] = ?an ! pr9t]1 s9ce ! qualities ( ! w>es adv]tis$ = ! use ( ! vignett] are (t5 exagg]at$ to su* a degree t !y are suppos$ to be suitable to any pictures4 ,vignette glasses are n s common z !y us$ to be1 b !y c]ta9ly are useful 9 "s in/ances2 we almo/ ?9k t ! me?ods ( produc+ vignett+ app>atus :i* w be describ$ %ortly1 sup]ior to !m4 ,9 case ! pr9t] %\ld wi%1 h[ev]1 to use ^! glasses1 "h is a me?od by :i* he may produce !m4 ,h a piece ( orange glass1 fla%$ on "o side only1 r l>g] ?an ! size ( ! picture to be vignett$4 ,take a r\gh pr9t1 & trace r\nd1 9 ! prop] position on ! glass ) an ink l9e1 ! po9t to :i* ! picture %\ld ext5d4 ,?is %\ld be m>k$ on ! unfla%$ surface ( ! glass--t is1 ! surface on :i* ! glass is uncol\r$4 ,place ! plate s m>k$ on a :ite surface1 fla%$ side upp]mo/1 & make a solution ( hydr(luoric acid & wat]1 #a "p ( ! =m] to #c ( ! latt]1 9 a gutta-p]*a di% or bottle4#bb ,make a pad ( flannel & cotton wool at ! end ( a /ick1 ab\t ! size ( a l>ge nut1 & drop ?is into ! solution4 ,dab ?is on ! col\r$ surface ( ! glass 9 ! c5tral portions :]e ! pr9t is to be completely pr9t$ 91 gradually work+ out to ! ink$ l9e4 ,always "w f ! c5tre to ! edges1 & dilute ! acid ) a little wat] z x approa*es ! m>g9s4 ,by degrees ! fla%+ w be dissolv$ away 9 ! c5tre1 &1 if prop]ly p]=m$1 ! col\r w gradually be eat5 away1 till ! glass is col\rless 9 ! c5tre1 & keep+ its full %ade ( orange at ! ink l9es4 ,! glass is !n wa%$1 & is ready = use4 ,! mo/ popul> plan ( vignett+ is ) cotton-wool4 ,we believe t ! great] "p ( ! vignett+ done 9 ,engl& is by ?is clumsy1 co/ly1 & difficult me?od4 ,x requires m "t & att5tion ?an any o!r way ( produc+ ! same results4 ,its advantages are1 t x is m ela/ic1 & all[s ! op]ator m scope = att5tion ?an o!r me?ods4 ,9 ! h&s ( a p]son :o has v great skill1 ta/e1 & pati5ce1 x is und\bt$ly mo/ useful2 b :5 us$ by any?+ l[] ?an ! highe/ skill1 ! results are almo/ always h>d & in>ti/ic4 ,! op]ation is ?us p]=m$4 ,a hole is cut 9 a piece ( c>dbo>d1 :i* is plac$ ov] ! negative4 ,"u ! edges ( ! c>dbo>d is plac$ cotton-wool1 :i* is lightly pull$ out1 s z to slightly %ade ! vignette1 & produce ! vignett+ gradation4 ,! next me?ods ( vignett+ are dep5d5t on simple laws ( optics4 ,suppose y cut a r\nd hole 9 a c>d1 say1 half-in* 9 diamet]1 & s arrange x t all ! light gett+ to a s5sitive pap] comes ?r\gh ?is hole1 & t ! c>d is = our exp]im5t plac$ half-an-in* f ! pap]4 ,n[ place ! hole s z to face ! sky1 b s z ! sun has no direct rays fall+ ?r\gh ! hole4 ,x w be f\nd t ! greate/ d>k5+ w n occupy a space exactly opposite ! hole1 b be away f ! side on :i* ! light is brighte/4 ,! d>k r\nd pat* w be %ad$ gradually (f till a l9e is rea*$ :]e1 practically1 ! light has no effect--t is1 if ! surface ( ! c>d next ! pap] be black5$4 ,x w be not$1 h[ev]1 t ! %ad+ is n equal on bo? sides1 b t ! gradation is mo/ ext5d$ away f ! side on :i* ! light is brighte/4 ,a good example ( :at is meant w be to try ! exp]im5t ( plac+ ! pap] & c>d flat on ! gr\nd 9 ! angle betwe5 two walls1 bo? ( :i* are 9 %ad[4 ,x w be se5 t ! brighte/ gradation takes place 9 ! direction exactly away f ! angle ( ! walls4 ,next repeat ! exp]im5t1 mak+ ! hole po9t to ! sky1 :i* is equally illum9at$ & po9t+ well away f ! sun4 ,x w be f\nd t ! gradations are equal1 & ! greate/ d>k5+ exactly opposite ! hole4 ,raise ! c>d next to ! height ( "o in*1 & ! gradations w be f\nd to be m ext5d$ & s(t]4 ,! reason ( ?is c be well und]/ood by a glance at ! figures4 ,9 bo?1 suppose ,a ,b to repres5t ! section ( ! c>d1 & ,c ,d ! hole 9 x1 & ! dott$ circle ! sky1 & ,e ,f ! pap]4 ,take ! po9ts a1 b1 & c on ! pap]1 & let u 9 ! ?ree in/ances see :at relative illum9ation !y w receive4 a is opposite ! hole1 & receives ! light f a circle ( sky ( :i* d e is diamet]1 & b f an ellipse ( :i* h k is "o diamet]1 & e f an ellipse ( :i* f g is "o diamet]4 ,9 ! fir/ case1 :]e ! c>d is #a_/b in* f ! pap]1 h k is ab\t "o-fif? ( d e1 & g f ab\t "o-?ird ( d f1 & s9ce ! ellipses v>y z _! two diamet]s multipli$ toge!r1 ! po9t b w\ld receive only "o-tw5ty-fif? ! light t a receiv$1 & c ab\t "o-n9?4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb4 ,9 fig4 #ba ! c>d is rais$ "o in* f ! pap]1 & "h f g is ab\t ?ree-qu>t]s ( d e1 & h k ab\t two-fif?s2 !re=e1 9 ?is case1 ! light on ,b w\ld be only f\r-tw5ty-fif?s1 or ab\t "o-six? ( t act+ on a1 & ab\t n9e-sixte5?s or "o-half ne>ly on c4 ,x is ?us evid5t t ! fur!r away ! c>d is1 ! m ext5d$ w be ! gradations4 ,aga91 suppose1 9 ! la/ figure1 ! bit ( sky at g f 0 twice z bright z at d e1 !n ! am\nt ( light act+ on c w\ld be ! same z t act+ on a4 ,x w ?us be se5 h[ important x is = prop] gradation t ! hole 9 ! c>d %\ld be expos$ to an equally illum9at$ sky1 or t "s artifice %\ld be employ$ to r5d] ! illum9ation equal4 ,if we pa/e a bit ( tissue pap] ov] ,c ,d1 ?is is accompli%$1 = !n x becomes ! s\rce ( illum9ation1 & x is illum9at$ equally all ov]1 s9ce on e "p x receives ! light ( ! :ole sky2 b ?is is n ! case if x is transp>5t to diffus$ light1 & is nev] ! case if x is expos$ to direct sunlight1 s9ce a %ad[ ( ! hole is always ca/ on ! pap] b5ea?4 ,if y *oose to put ano!r piece ( tissue pap]1 7say7 "o in* above ! hole1 & ext5d+ ov] ! :ole l5g? ( ! c>d1 ?is difficulty is got rid (1 & ?is la/ piece ( tissue pap] illum9ates t pa/$ ov] ! hole ,c ,d1 & ! gradations w !n be ne>ly p]fect4 ,n[ to apply ! above to =m+ a vignett+ block4 ,suppose we h a "o-in* head to vignette & to %[ ! %\ld]s & *e/1 to be ( ! size ( a c>te-de-visite1 t ! backgr\nd is ab\t a half-tone betwe5 black & :ite1 & t b a trace ( x %all appe> above ! head4 ,to make a good vignette1 ! graduation f black to p]fect :ite %\ld lie )9 a limit ( half an in* = a c>te size portrait4 ,! "q !n arises at :at di/ance f ! plate %\ld a vignett+ c>d be cut to help ?is object1 & :at %ape %\ld be made ! hole 9 ! c>d4 ,we take x t "o-fif? ( ! light necess>y to produce a full black tone w\ld h>dly produce any effect on ! s5sitis$ pap]2 kn[+ ?is & ! size ( ! ap]ture1 we c calculate exactly :at height ! c>d c\ld be rais$4 ,take ! bread? betwe5 ! %\ld]s t is to be fully pr9t$ z #a-a_/b in*es1 !n by con/ruct+ a figure simil> to figures #ah or #ai we %all f9d t ! necess>y height is ab\t "o-?ird ( an in*4#bc ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc4 ,by judici\sly cutt+ out an ap]ture 9 ! c>d & vignett+1 defects 9 a backgr\nd may (t5 be entirely elim9at$ f ! pr9t4 ,proce$ 9 ?is way3 ,take a pr9t ( ! portrait1 & cut out ! figure 9 su* a way z to get rid ( ! defective backgr\nd1 & !n place ?is on a piece ( ?ick c>d 7we pref] a ?ick c>d1 s9ce x w n sag easily1 & ?us alt] ! gradation71 & cut out an ap]ture correspond+ to x4 ,! outsides ( mo/ c>te-de-visite frames are rais$ f ! glass ab\t "o-?ird ( an in*2 place ! c>d on ! front s t ! ap]ture corresponds to ! figure on ! negative1 & tack x on to ! frame4 ,! dott$ l9es 7fig4 #bc7 %[ ! c>d fa/5$ on to ! frame1 & ! op5+ left4 ,?is latt] may be cov]$ ) tissue pap]1 & ! frame plac$ 9 diffus$ light f ! sky4 ,9 "s cases x may be necess>y to use a l>g] pr9t+ frame ?an ! ord9>y c>te frame1 9 :i* case ! op]ator %\ld be able to make a vignett+ app>atus rais$ at a prop] height f ! glass4 ,suppose x is requir$ to raise ! op5+ half an in* above ! glass1 & t ! c>d is #d-a_/d by #c-a_/b4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd4 ,take ! c>d & rule rectangles z %[n 7fig4 #bd71 ! inn] "o be+ #d-a_/d by #c-a_/b in*es1 ! next "o #a_/b an in* outside t1 & ! ?ird #a_/b an in* outside t aga94 ,cut out ! out] rectangle entirely1 s t we h a piece ( c>d ( ! size ,,abcd4 ,take a ne$le po9t1 & prick ?r\gh ! c>d at ! po9ts ,,efgh & jo9 ^! po9ts at ! back ( ! c>d by l9es4 ,n[ take a %>p p5knife1 &1 hav+ laid a flat edge along1 cut ! c>d half ?r\gh its ?ickness along ,,kl1 ,,lm1 ,,mn1 & ,,nk4 ,turn ! c>d ov]1 & cut along ! l9es correspond+ to ,,eh1 ,,hg1 ,,ge1 & ,,fe1 also half way ?r\gh ! ?ickness ( ! c>d4 ,turn ! c>d ov] once m1 & cut out ! %ad$ pieces at ! corn]s4 ,n[ b5d ! c>d along ! cuts1 & a rais$ block w result ( ?is %ape4 ,! corn]s are held toge!r by pieces ( gumm$ or album5iz$ pap]1 & ! block is ready = an ap]ture to be cut 9 x accord+ to ! portrait to be pr9t$4 ,wood5 grooves may be glu$ along ! top ( ! vignett+ frame1 into :i* c>ds conta9+ o!r ap]tures c be slipp$4#bd ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be4 ,! mo/ practical me?od ( vignett+1 a modification ( ! above1 & ! "o we always pref] 9 our own practice1 is z foll[s3-- ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf4 ,take a piece ( s(t wood1 half an in* ?ick = a cab9et size--a ?9n] piece %\ld be select$ = a small] picture--( a l>g] dim5sion ?an ! negative2 9 ! c5tre ( ?is cut a hole ( ! %ape (1 b mu* small] ?an1 ! desir$ vignette4 ,"o side ( ! hole %\ld be v mu* bevell$ away1 z repres5t$ 9 ?is section 7fig4 #bf74 ,place ?is block on ! glass ( ! pr9t+-frame1 bevell$ side "u1 ! hole be+ exactly ov] ! "p ( ! negative f :i* ! vignette is to be pr9t$4 ,! hole mu/ n[ be cov]$ ) tissue pap] or gr\nd glass1 & ! frame plac$ flat on a table to pr9t4 ,! size ( ! hole 9 relation to ! size ( ! vignette w be easily asc]ta9$ by a little exp]i5ce )\t ! lab\r ( elaborate calculations4 ,on dull days ! tissue pap] or gr\nd glass may be omitt$4 ,?is me?od is v simple & effective4 ,a quantity ( vignett+ blocks ( v>i\s sizes & %apes c\ld be made by a c>p5t]1 or by ! pr9t]1 & %\ld be always at h&4 ,a vignett+ block %\ld nev] be less ?an a qu>t] ( an in* away f ! glass1 o!rwise ! gradations w be too abrupt4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,arti/ic ,,me?ods ,,( ,,pr9t+ ,,! ,,portrait4 ,hav+ describ$ 9 ! la/ *apt] ! v>i\s me*anical arrangem5ts by :i* a simple vignette is produc$1 we w n[ proce$ to give "s acc\nt ( h[ t & o!r =ms ( pr9t+ c be turn$ to ! mo/ arti/ic acc\nt 9 portraiture4 ,! idea t pr9t+ is a m]e me*anical op]ation 0 explod$ long ago4 ,x is n[ recogniz$ t ! f9al result owes a good deal ( its arti/ic effect to ! way 9 :i* ! negative is dealt ) aft] x is v>ni%$1 & especially to its treatm5t by ! pr9t]4 ,!re are _m v>ieties ( vignettes1 & ! me?od is useful 9 v>i\s ways4 ,pla9 ,vignettes4--,! usual vignett$ portrait is t :i* repres5ts a good-siz$ head & %\ld]s 9 ! space allott$ to ! picture4 ,= a c>te-de-visite1 a head measur+ ab\t #a-a_/d in*es f ! top ( ! head to ! *9 is a good proportion4 ,l>g] sizes are (t5 made1 b !y look co>se & vulg>1 z if ! photograph] _h tri$ h[ mu* quantity he c\ld give = ! money1 reg>dless ( quality2 & ev5 if ! quality is good1 ! vulg> effect is /ill !re4 ,= a cab9et size a head ( #a-c_/d or #a-g_/h in*es is q l>ge en\gh4 ,a v pretty /yle is t 9 :i* ! gradation is c>ri$ out s gradually z only to end ) ! edge ( ! pap]4 ,?ree-qu>t] ,l5g? ,vignettes4--,a ?ree-qu>t] l5g? figure ( a lady1 ei!r /&+ or sitt+1 makes a pretty picture2 = g5tlem51 a ?ree-qu>t] vignette is n s good1 al?\gh x is admissible4 ,x is difficult to make ! legs look any?+ b awkw>d :5 !y are vignett$ into empty space at ! knee4 ,= ?ree-qu>t] vignettes a light1 sket*y l&scape backgr\nd may be us$ ) effect4 ,!re are _m v>ieties ( :at may be call$ fancy pr9t+1 9 :i* ! vignette takes a conspicu\s "p4 ,! fir/ /yle t we w consid] is t ( ,vignettes on a ,t9t$ ,gr\nd4--,pr9t a vignette 9 ! usual way4 ,take x out ( ! frame1 & place x on a bo>d cov]$ ) velvet or flannel1 to prev5t ! pap] %ift+4 ,cov] ! pr9t ) glass1 & place ov] ! pr9t$ "p a piece ( black pap] r\ghly torn to ! %ape1 & r small] ?an ! vignette4 ,place ! :ole 9 ! light until ! :ite m>g9 is slightly t9t$1 or blu%$1 z x is sometimes call$4 ,! edges ( ! black mask %\ld be slightly turn$ up or kept mov+ to prev5t ! junction ( ! t9t+ & ! vignette be+ visible4 ,! above me?od repres5ts a vignett$ head on smoo? grey pap]1 & is useful to %[ up ! high lights on ! face2 b !re is a modification ( ?is effect1 9 :i* ! appe>ance ( a sket* on r\gh draw+-pap] is produc$4 ,vignettes on ,r\gh ,draw+-pap]4--,if1 in/ead ( plac+ a piece ( pla9 glass ov] ! mask$ pr9t1 a ?9 negative ( "s diap] or patt]n _h be5 us$1 ! design c\ld h be5 pr9t$ on ! pap] in/ead ( ! ev5 t9t4 ,a v good negative = ?is purpose is made z foll[s3--,obta9 a %eet ( ! r\ghe/ draw+-pap]1 take a camel-hair bru% dipp$ 9 ?9 sepia1 & bru% x ev5ly ov] ! pap]2 ! col\r w fall into ! depressions ( ! pap]1 & make ! r\ghness /ill m visible4 ,?is %\ld n[ be plac$ :]e a side light falls ^u x1 & photograph$4 ,a v ?9 negative is all t is requir$4 ,?is negative %\ld be us$ 9 place ( ! pla9 glass1 &1 if n pr9t$ too d>k1 ! effect ( ! delicate vignette inside ! r\gh t9t is v pleas+4 ,x is bett] :5 us+ negatives = ?is purpose to place !m 9 pressure-frames1 in/ead ( m]ely plac+ !m or ! pr9t on ! velvet bo>d1 to pr9t1 or p]fect contact may n be obta9$4 ,m$allions4--,m$allions ( oval & o!r =ms are n[ a good deal us$ = small portraits4 ,^! are simply produc$ by gumm+ a mask1 made ( black or yell[ pap]1 ) an oval or o!r-%ap$ ap]ture1 on to ! negative1 ! mask pres]v+ ! "p x cov]s :ite4 ,^! masks c be b\ght f ! deal]s *eap] & bett] ?an !y c be made4 ,ecc5tric %apes are1 usually1 9 bad ta/e2 ! oval & dome are q suffici5t = all purposes4 ,if1 in/ead ( leav+ ! outside ( ! pr9t--t protect$ by ! mask--:ite1 x c\ld be t9t$1 ! lights 9 ! picture w\ld h great] value1 & ! effect be improv$4 ,to d ?is1 ! pr9t$ "p %\ld be cov]$ ) a black-pap] disc correspond+ ) ! mask us$ 9 pr9t+1 ! pr9t cov]$ ) glass1 & expos$ to ! light until pr9t$ ! requir$ dep?4 ,9 p]=m+ ?is op]ation x w be f\nd conv5i5t to gum ! disc to ! cov]+-glass4 ,if texture c\ld be add$ to ?is t9t$ m>g91 !n ano!r elem5t ( beauty w\ld be add$4 ,?is may be done 9 a simil> mann] to t describ$ = vignettes1 by us+ a negative made f r\gh draw+-pap]2 b1 9 ?is case1 !re is opportunity = a great] *oice ( objects f :i* to make ! t9t+ negative1 su* z gra9$ lea!r1 m>ble ( v>i\s k9ds1 pap]-hang+s--:5 suitable patt]ns c be obta9$--& f ! bord]s ( old pr9ts4 ,9 ?is1 z 9 _m o!r ?+s connect$ ) photography1 !re is a good deal ( room = bad ta/e1 :i* ! photograph] mu/ try to avoid4 ,he mu/ rememb] t all ^! surr\nd+ designs %\ld assi/ ! portrait1 & n di/ract ! att5tion f x4 ,vignettes 9 ,ornam5tal ,bord]s4--,! writ] has lately produc$ "s effects t h giv5 mu* pleasure by us+ designs specially drawn = ! purpose4 ,! designs pr9cipally consi/ ( an oval 9 ! c5tre = ! portrait1 & a tablet und]nea?1 on :i* ! orig9al ( ! portrait may sign 8 "n4 ,^! =ms are surr\nd$ by fl[]s & o!r objects conv5tionally treat$4 ,! spaces = ! portrait & "n %\ld be /opp$ out ) black v>ni%1 s z to pr9t :ite4 ,! easie/ way to use ^! ornam5tal bord] negatives is z foll[s3--,fir/ pr9t ! bord] negative2 y w !n h a pr9t ) a :ite oval space 9 ! c5tre4 ,place ?is pr9t on ! portrait negative1 tak+ c>e t x occupies ! prop] position 9 ! oval4 ,?is is easily asc]ta9$ by hold+ ! pr9t & negative up to ! light4 ,x %\ld !n be plac$ 9 ! frame & pr9t$1 c>e be+ tak5 t ! vignett$ gradation does n spread beyond its limits ov] ! bord]4 ,!re is a good deal ( v>iety to be got out ( ! comb9ation ( ! mask & vignette4 ,"h is "o ( !m4 ,comb9ation ( ,m$allion & ,vignette4--,vignette a head into ! c5tre ( ! pap]2 :5 ?is is done1 place ov] x a black pap] oval disc1 tak+ c>e t ! head comes 9 ! c5tre "u ! mask4 ,place a piece ( glass ov] ! :ole1 & pr9t4 ,:5 ! disc is remov$1 ! pr9t w repres5t a vignette surr\nd$ by a d>k oval4 ,_m v>iations may be made ( ?is =m ( picture1 & !re is mu* scope = skill & ta/e4 ,any ( ! t9t+ negatives above describ$ may be us$1 or !y c be made f designs drawn on pap] z we h already /at$1 or f natural objects4 ,b if our read] has foll[$ u cle>ly ?us f>1 he is n[ 9 a position to =m comb9ations = himself4 ,?is we recomm5d him to d1 = !re is an additional beauty 9 any?+ 9 art t indicates a di/9ctive /yle or %[s ?\ght & orig9ality4 ,!re is too mu* t5d5cy 9 portraiti/s to run 9 grooves1 :i* ! univ]sal preval5ce ( ! two /yles1 c>d & cab9et1 help to promote4 ,b we mu/ caution ! "y photograph] aga9/ ! mi/ake ( mak+ *anges = ! sake ( *ange4 ,! l\d1 & ! biz>re1 may attract fooli% p1 b x is only ! beautiful t w secure ! att5tion ( ! cultivat$ & ref9$4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,comb9ation ,,pr9t+4 ,! scope ( photography is wid] ?an ^? :o h only tak5 a simple portrait or l&scape suppose4 ,x is almo/ impossible to design a gr\p t c\ld n h be5 reproduc$ f life by ! means our art places at our disposal4 ,we d n mean to ass]t t su* subjects z ,mi*ael ,angelo's ,la/ ,judgm5t1 or ,raphael's ,transfiguration1 = in/ance1 h ev] be5 done 9 photography2 b x is n s mu* ! fault ( ! art1 z ( ! arti/s1 t v elaborate pictures h n be5 successfully attempt$4 ,x has n be5 ! fail+ ( ! mat]ials1 unpla/ic z !y are :5 comp>$ ) pa9t & p5cils2 x has be5 ! abs5ce ( ! requisite am\nt ( skill 9 ! photograph] 9 ! use ( !m1 t w acc\nt = ! de>? ( great works 9 photography4 ,! means by :i* ^! pictures c\ld h be5 accompli%$ is ,comb9ation ,pr9t+1 a me?od :i* enables ! photograph] to repres5t objects 9 diff]5t planes 9 prop] focus1 to keep ! true atmosph]ic & l9e> relation ( v>y+ di/ances1 & by :i* a picture c be divid$ into sep>ate portions = execution1 ! p>ts to be aft]w>ds pr9t$ toge!r on "o pap]1 ?us enabl+ ! op]ator to devote all 8 att5tion to a s+le figure or sub-gr\p at a "t1 s t if any "p be imp]fect1 f any cause1 x c be sub/itut$ by ano!r )\t ! loss ( ! :ole picture1 z w\ld be ! case if tak5 at "o op]ation4 ,by ?us devot+ ! att5tion to individual p>ts1 indep5d5tly ( ! o!rs1 mu* great] p]fection c be obta9$ 9 details1 su* z ! arrangem5t ( drap]ies1 ! ref9em5t ( pose1 & expression4 ,! mo/ simple =m ( comb9ation pr9t+1 & ! "o mo/ easy ( accompli%m5t & mo/ 9 use by photograph]s1 is t by :i* a natural sky is add$ to a l&scape4 ,x is well-kn[n to all photograph]s t x is almo/ impossible to obta9 a good & suitable sky to a l&scape "u ord9>y circum/ances4 ,natural skies are occasionally se5 9 /]eoscopic slides & v small views2 b ,i am n[ writ+ ( pictures1 & n ( toys4 ,x r>ely happ5s t a sky q suitable to ! l&scape occurs 9 ! "r place at ! "t x is tak51 &1 if x did1 ! exposure necess>y = ! view w\ld be suffici5t to q oblit]ate ! sky2 & if ?is difficulty 7 obviat$ by any ( ! sun-%ades1 cl\d-/ops1 or o!r ineffici5t dodges occasionally propos$1 ! movem5t ( ! cl\ds dur+ ! few seconds necess>y = ! l&scape w\ld q alt] ! =ms & light & %ade1 mak+ :at %\ld be ! sky--(t5 %>p & crisp 9 effect--a m]e smudge1 )\t "* or =m4 ,all ^! difficulties are got ov] by comb9ation pr9t+1 ! only objections be+ t a little m c>e & tr\ble are requir$1 & "s ?\ght & k dem&$4 ,! latt] %\ld be consid]$ an advantage1 = photographs1 ( a k9d1 are already too easy to produce4 ,( c\rse1 :5 a l&scape is tak5 ) a blank sky1 & t blank is fill$ up ) cl\ds f ano!r negative1 ! result w dep5d1 to a v great degree1 ^u ! art k ( ! photograph] 9 select+ a suitable sky1 z well z ^u 8 skill 9 ov]com+ ! me*anical difficulties ( ! pr9t+4 ,x is n necess>y "h to ent] into a description ( ! art aspect ( ! matt]1 z t has (t5 be5 discuss$2 s we w conf9e ourselves to ! me*anical details4 ,! l&scape negative mu/ h a d5se sky1 or1 if x be weak1 or h any defects1 x mu/ be /opp$ out ) black v>ni%4 ,9 ?is case1 x is bett] to apply ! v>ni% to ! back ( ! glass2 by ?is means a s(t] edge is produc$ 9 pr9t+ ?an if pa9t$ on ! v>ni%$ surface4 ,) "s subjects1 su* z ^? t h a tol]ably level horizon1 x is suffici5t to cov] ov] "p ( ! sky :ile pr9t+1 leav+ t "p ne> ! horizon gradat$ f ! horizon into :ite4 ,x may "h be rem>k$ t 9 apply+ black v>ni% to ! back ( a negative1 occasions w (t5 be f\nd :]e a s(t5$ or vignett$ edge is requir$ = jo9+1 :]e a vignette glass or cotton wool _c be appli$2 9 su* cases ! edge ( ! v>ni% may be s(t5$ (f by dabb+ slightly1 be=e x is set1 ) ! f+]1 or1 if a broad] & m delicately gradat$ edge be requir$1 a dabb] made ) wa%-lea!r may be employ$ ) great effect4 ,illu/ration ,:5 an impression is tak51 ! place :]e ! sky ought to be w1 ( c\rse1 be pla9 :ite pap]2 a negative ( cl\ds is !n plac$ 9 ! pr9t+-frame1 & ! l&scape is laid d[n on x1 s arrang$ t ! sky w pr9t on to ! :ite pap] 9 its prop] place2 ! frame is !n expos$ to ! light1 & ! l&scape "p ( ! picture is cov]$ up ) a mask edg$ ) cotton wool4 ,! sky is vignett$ into ! l&scape1 & x w be f\nd t ! slight lapp+ ov] ( ! vignett$ edge ( ! sky negative w n be notic$ 9 ! f9i%$ pr9t4 ,!re is ano!r way ( vignett+ ! sky into ! l&scape1 :i* is1 p]haps1 bett] & m conv5i5t4 ,in/ead ( ! mask edg$ ) cotton wool1 :i* requires mov+ occasionally1 a curv$ piece ( z9c or c>dbo>d is us$4 ,"h is a section ( ! arrangem5t4 ,! /raight l9e repres5ts ! sky negative1 & ! "p :]e x jo9s ! l&scape is p>tly cov]$ ) ! curv$ %ade4 ,skies s treat$ mu/ n1 ( c\rse1 be pr9t$ 9 sunlight4 ,x is sometimes necess>y to take a panoramic view4 ,?is is usually done1 :5 ! pantascopic cam]a is n employ$1 by m\nt+ two pr9ts toge!r1 s t ! objects 9 ! l&scape %all co9cide2 b ?is is an awkw>d me?od ( do+ :at c\ld be mu* bett] accompli%$ by comb9ation pr9t+4 ,! jo9+ ( ! two pr9ts is always disagreeably visible1 & q spoils ! effect4 ,to pr9t ! two halves ( a l&scape1 tak5 on two plates1 toge!r1 ! foll[+ precautions mu/ be obs]v$3 bo? negatives mu/ be tak5 be=e ! cam]a-/& is mov$1 ! cam]a1 :i* mu/ be q horizontal1 po9t+ to "o half ( ! sc5e = ! fir/ negative1 & !n turn$ to ! rema9+ half ( ! view = ! second negative4 ,! two negatives %\ld be obta9$ "u exactly ! same conditions ( light1 or !y w n mat*2 !y %\ld also be s tak5 t a m>g9 ( an in* & a-half or two in*es is all[$ to ov]lap ea* o!r2 t is to say1 ab\t two in*es ( ea* negative mu/ conta9 ! same or c5tre portion ( ! sc5e4 ,x is advisable1 also1 t !y %\ld be ( ! same d5sity2 b ?is is n ( v great consequ5ce1 because any slight discrepancy 9 ?is respect c be all[$ = 9 pr9t+4 ,9 pr9t+ vignettes ) cotton wool1 or a /raight-edg$ vignette glass1 ! edge ( ! left-h& negative on ! side t is to jo9 ! o!r1 tak+ c>e to cov] up ! "p ( ! pap] t w be requir$ = ! companion negative2 :5 suffici5tly pr9t$1 take ! pr9t out ( ! frame1 & sub/itute ! "r-h& negative2 lay d[n ! pr9t s t x exactly falls on ! correspond+ p>ts ( ! fir/ "p pr9t$ 7?is w be f\nd less difficult1 aft] a little practice1 ?an x appe>s71 & expose to ! light1 vignett+ ! edge ( ?is negative1 also1 s t ! vignett$ "p exactly falls on ! s(t5$ edge ( ! impression already done4 ,if great c>e be tak5 to pr9t bo? plates exactly alike 9 dep?1 x w be impossible to discov] ! jo9 9 ! f9i%$ pr9t4 ,if ?\ght necess>y1 a sky may be add$1 z be=e describ$1 or x may be gradat$ 9 ! light1 all[+ ! horizon to be light] ?an ! upp] "p ( ! sky4 ,p]haps ! greate/ use to :i* comb9ation pr9t+ is n[ put is 9 ! production ( portraits ) natural l&scape backgr\nds4 ,_m beautiful pictures1 *iefly cab9ets & c>d1 h be5 done 9 ?is way by sev]al photograph]s4 ,! easie/ k9d ( figure = a fir/ attempt w\ld be a ?ree-qu>t] l5g? ( a lady1 because y w\ld !n get rid ( ! =egr\nd1 & h to conf9e y\r att5tion to ! upp] "p ( ! figure & ! di/ance4 ,pictures ( ?is k9d h a v pleas+ effect4 ,9 ! figure negative1 ev]y?+ %\ld be /opp$ out1 ) ! exception ( ! figure1 ) black v>ni%2 ?is %\ld be done on ! back ( ! glass :5 practicable1 :i* produces a s(t] jo92 b = delicate p>ts--su* z d[n ! face--:]e ! jo9s mu/ be v close1 & d n admit ( any?+ approa*+ to vignett+1 ! v>ni% mu/ be appli$ on ! front4 ,a mu* bett] effect ?an pa9t+ out ! backgr\nd ( ! figure negative is obta9$ by tak+ ! figure ) a :ite or v light scre5 beh9d x2 ?is plan all[s suffici5t light to pass ?r\gh ! backgr\nd to give an agreeable atmosph]ic t9t to ! di/ant l&scape2 & /opp+ out %\ld only be resort$ to :5 ! backgr\nd is too d>k1 or :5 /a9s or blemi%es occur1 t w\ld injure ! effect4 ,an impression mu/ n[ be tak5 :i* is n to be ton$ or fix$4 ,cut out ! figure1 & lay x1 face d[nw>ds1 on ! l&scape negative 9 ! position y wi% x to occupy 9 ! f9i%$ pr9t4 ,x may be fix$ 9 its position by gumm+ ! corn]s ne> ! l[] edge ( ! plate4 ,x is n[ ready = pr9t+4 ,x is usually f\nd mo/ conv5i5t to pr9t ! figure negative fir/4 ,:5 ?is has be5 done1 ! pr9t mu/ be laid d[n on ! l&scape negative s t ! figure exactly cov]s ! place prep>$ = x by ! cut-out mask4 ,:5 pr9t$1 ! picture %\ld be c>efully exam9$1 to see if ! jo9s may be improv$ or made less visible4 ,x w be f\nd t1 9 _m places1 ! effect c be improv$ & ! junctions made m p]fect1 especially :5 a light comes aga9/ a d>k--su* z a di/ant l&scape aga9/ ! d>k "p ( a dress--by te>+ away ! edge ( ! mask cov]+ ! d>k1 & supply+ its place by t\*es ( black v>ni% at ! back ( ! negative2 ?is1 9 pr9t+1 w cause ! l9e to be less def9$1 & ! edges to s(t5 into ea* o!r4 ,if ! backgr\nd ( ! figure negative has be5 pa9t$ out1 ! sky w be repres5t$ by :ite pap]2 & z :ite pap] skies are nei!r natural nor pleas+1 x w be advisable to sun x d[n4 ,if a full-l5g? figure be desir$1 x w be necess>y to photograph ! gr\nd ) ! figure1 z x is almo/ impossible to make ! %ad[ ( a figure mat* ! gr\nd on :i* x /&s 9 any o!r way4 ,?is may be done ei!r out ( doors or 9 ! /udio4 ,! figure tak5 out ( doors w\ld1 p]haps1 to ! critical eye1 h ! mo/ natural effect1 b ?is _c always be done1 nei!r c x be1 9 _m respects1 done s well4 ,! light is m unmanageable out ( doors1 & ! difficulty aris+ f ! effect ( w9d on ! dress is v s]i\s4 ,a slip ( natural =egr\nd is easily made up 9 ! /udio2 ! error to be avoid$ is ! mak+ too mu* ( x4 ,! simpl] a =egr\nd is 9 ?is case1 ! bett] w be ! effect4 ,! composition ( a gr\p %\ld next engage ! /ud5t's att5tion4 ,9 mak+ a photograph ( a l>ge gr\p1 z _m figures z possible %\ld be obta9$ 9 ea* negative1 & ! position ( ! jo9s s contriv$ t !y %all come 9 places :]e !y %all be lea/ notic$1 if se5 at all4 ,x w be f\nd conv5i5t to make a sket* 9 p5cil or *>coal ( ! composition be=e ! photograph is comm5c$4 ,! te*nical work+ out ( a l>ge gr\p is ! same z = a s+le figure2 x is1 !re=e1 n necess>y to repeat ! details2 b we give a r$uc$ copy1 z a frontispiece to ?is volume1 ( a l>ge comb9ation picture1 entitl$ ,:5 ! ,day's ,"w is ,done1 by ,mr4 ,h4 ,p4 ,rob9son1 a description ( ! progress & plann+ ( :i* may be ( use to ! /ud5t4 ,a small r\gh sket* 0 fir/ made ( ! idea1 irrespective ( any consid]ations ( ! possibility ( its be+ c>ri$ out4 ,o!r small sket*es 7 !n made1 modify+ ! subject to suit ! figures available z models1 & ! accessories accessible )\t v mu* go+ out ( ! way to f9d !m4 ,f ^! r\gh sket*es a m elaborate sket* ( ! composition1 pretty mu* z x /&s1 & ( ! same size1 #cb by #bb in*es1 0 made1 ! arrangem5t be+ divid$ s t ! diff]5t portions may come on #bc by #ah plates1 & t ! junctions may come 9 unimportant plates1 easy to jo91 b n easy to be detect$ aft]w>ds4 ,! sep>ate negatives 7 !n tak54 ,! picture is divid$ z foll[s3-- ,! fir/ negatives tak5 7 ! two ( :i* ! backgr\nd is compos$4 ,! division runs d[n ! c5tre1 :]e ! light wall is reliev$ by ! d>k beyond x4 ,^! two negatives 7 n pr9t$ sep>ately--x is advisable to h z few pr9t+s z possible--b 7 c>efully cut d[n ) a diamond1 & m\nt$ on a piece ( glass r l>g] ?an ! :ole picture1 ! edges be+ plac$ 9 contact1 mak+1 9 fact1 "o l>ge negative ( ! int]ior ( ! cottage1 into :i* x w\ld be comp>atively easy to put almo/ any?+4 ,! next negative 0 ! old man4 ,?is includ$ ! table1 *air1 & matt+ on :i* 8 feet re/4 ,?is matt+ is r\ghly vignett$ into ! adjo9+ gr\nd ( ! cottage negative4 ,! great difficulty at fir/ ) ?is figure 0 ! impossibility ( jo9+ ! light head to ! d>k backgr\nd2 no am\nt ( c>eful regi/ration seem$ equal to effect ?is difficult op]ation2 b if x c\ld n be done1 x c\ld be evad$4 ,sev]al clev] p h be5 able to po9t out ! jo9 r\nd ! head1 d[n ! =ehead1 & along ! nose1 b we h nev] be5 able to see x ourselves1 because we "k x is n !re4 ,?is is h[ ! difficulty 0 got ov]4 ,! figure 0 tak5 ) a backgr\nd t w\ld pr9t z ne>ly z possible z d>k z ! d>k ( ! cottage4 ,! jo9 is n[h]e ne> ! head1 b runs up ! squ>e back ( ! old woman's *air1 !n up ! wall1 & across ! picture1 ov] ! head 9 an irregul> l9e1 & desc5ds on ! old man's back1 :5ce x 0 easy to c>ry x d[n ! d>k edge ( 8 dress & ! *airs till x comes to ! gr\p ( baskets1 pails1 c41 t fill up ! corn]4 ,on ! o!r side1 ! jo9 runs along ! edge ( ! table1 & f9ds its way out :]e ! floor cov]+s come toge!r4 ,! old lady 0 !n photograph$1 & is simply jo9$ r\nd ! edge2 s also 0 ! gr\p 9 ! corn]1 & ! glimpse ( ! village se5 ?r\gh ! w9d[4 ,at fir/ sight1 x w appe> difficult to place ! p>tly-pr9t$ pictures 9 ! prop] place on ! correspond+ negative4 ,!re are _m ways ( do+ ?is1 ei!r ( :i* may be *os5 to suit ! subject4 ,sometimes a ne$le may be run ?r\gh "s "p ( ! pr9t1 ! po9t be+ all[$ to re/ on ! correspond+ "p ( ! second negative4 ,! pr9t w !n fall 9 its place at t po9t4 ,"s o!r po9t has !n to be f\nd at a di/ance f ! fir/2 ?is may be done by turn+ up ! pap] to any kn[n m>k on ! negative1 & all[+ ! pr9t to fall ^u x2 if ! two sep>ate po9ts fall on ! "r places1 all ! o!rs mu/ be correct4 ,ano!r way ( jo9+ ! pr9ts f ! sep>ate negatives is by plac+ a c&le or lamp "u ! glass ( ! pr9t+-frame--practically1 to use a glass table--& ?r[+ a light ?r\gh ! negative & pap]2 ! jo9 c !n be se5 ?r\gh4 ,b ! be/ me?od is to make regi/] m>ks on ! negatives4 ,?is is done 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,we w suppose t we wi% to pr9t a figure ) a l&scape backgr\nd f two negatives1 ! =egr\nd hav+ be5 tak5 ) ! figure4 ,at ! two bottom corn]s ( ! figure negative make two m>ks ) black v>ni%1 ?us 2 ^!1 ( c\rse1 w pr9t :ite 9 ! picture4 ,a pro( is n[ tak51 & ! outl9e ( ! figure cut out accurately4 ,:]e ! =egr\nd & backgr\nd jo91 ! pap] may be torn across1 & ! edges aft]w>ds vignett$ ) black v>ni% on ! back ( ! negatives4 ,?is m>k is n[ fitt$ 9 its place on ! l&scape negative4 ,ano!r pr9t is n[ tak5 ( ! figure negative1 & ! :ite corn] m>ks cut away v accurately ) a pair ( scissors4 ,! pr9t is n[ c>efully appli$ to ! l&scape negative1 s t ! m>k entirely cov]s ^? p>ts ( ! pr9t already f9i%$4 ,! l&scape is !n pr9t$ 94 ,be=e1 h[ev]1 x is remov$ f ! pr9t+-frame1 if1 on p>tial exam9ation1 ! jo9s appe> to be p]fect1 two lead p5cil or black v>ni% m>ks are made on ! m>k r\nd ! cut-out corn]s at ! bottom ( ! pr9t4 ,aft] ! fir/ successful pro( !re is no ne$ = any measurem5t or fitt+ to get ! two p>ts ( ! picture to jo9 p]fectly2 all t is necess>y is m]ely to cut out ! little :ite m>ks1 & fit ! corn]s to ! correspond+ m>ks on ! mask2 & !re is no ne$ to look if ! jo9s co9cide at o!r places1 because1 if two po9ts are "r1 x foll[s t all mu/ be s4 ,?is me?od c be appli$ 9 a v>iety ( ways to suit diff]5t circum/ances4 ,x is always well to h z few pa9t+s z possible1 & x frequ5tly happ5s t two or m negatives c be pr9t$ toge!r4 ,= in/ance1 ! picture we h be5 discuss+--,:5 ! ,day's ,"w is ,done--is produc$ f six negatives1 b x only took ?ree pr9t+s4 ,! two negatives ( :i* ! cottage is compos$ 01 z already expla9$1 set up on a l>ge %eet ( glass1 & pr9t$ at once2 ! old man 0 also set ^u ano!r glass ( ! same size1 ) ! negative ( ! glimpse ?r\gh ! w9d[2 & ! old woman 0 pr9t$ 9 l mann]1 ) ! corn] gr\p ( baskets1 c4 ,s t "h 7 practically ?ree negatives only4 ,^! 7 regi/]$ ) corn] m>ks s accurately t n a s+le copy has be5 lo/ ?r\gh bad jo9s4 ,!re are "o or two ?+s to consid] briefly be=e conclud+ ?is subject4 ,x is true t comb9ation pr9t+--all[+1 z x does1 mu* great] lib]ty to ! photograph]1 & mu* great] facilities = repres5t+ ! tru? ( nature--also admits1 f ^! v facts1 ( a wide latitude = abuse2 b ! photograph] mu/ accept ! conditions at 8 own p]il4 ,if he f9ds t he is n suffici5tly advanc$ 9 k ( art1 & has n suffici5t rev]5ce = nature1 to all[ him to make use ( ^! lib]ties1 let him put on 8 fett]s aga91 & conf9e himself to "o plate4 ,x is c]ta9 7& ?is we put 9 italics1 to impress x m /rongly on ! memory7 t a photograph produc$ by comb9ation pr9t+ mu/ be deeply /udi$ 9 e p>ticul>1 s t no dep>ture f ! tru? ( nature %all be discov]$ by ! close/ scrut9y4 ,no two ?+s mu/ occur 9 "o picture t _c happ5 9 nature at ! same "t4 ,if a sky is add$ to a l&scape1 ! light mu/ fall on ! cl\ds & on ! e>? f ! same s\rce & 9 ! same direction4 ,?is is a matt] t %\ld n be done by judgm5t alone1 b by judgm5t guid$ by obs]vation ( nature4 ,effects are (t5 se51 especially 9 cl\d-l&1 v puzzl+ to ! calm reason] :5 he sees !m 9 a picture2 b ^! are ! effects t are (t5 be/ wor? pres]v+1 & :i* %\ld nev] be neglect$1 because x may possibly happ5 t somebody w n und]/& x1 &1 !re=e1 say x is false1 &1 argu+ /ill fur!r on ! wrong track1 w say t comb9ation pr9t+ always produces falsehoods1 & mu/ be condemn$4 ,a %ort anecdote may1 p]haps1 be all[$ "h4 ,"s "t ago a photograph ( a l&scape & sky 0 s5t to a g5tleman ^: g5]al judgm5t 9 art 0 admitt$ to be excell5t2 b he knew t comb9ation pr9t+ 0 sometimes employ$4 ,9 ackn[l$g+ ! receipt he said1 ,?ank y = ! photograph2 x is a mo/ extraord9>y effect2 s5sational1 c]ta9ly1 b v beautiful2 b x %[s1 by :at x is1 :at photography _c d2 y\r sky does n mat* y\r l&scape2 x mu/ h be5 tak5 at a diff]5t "t ( day1 at ano!r p]iod ( ! ye>4 ,a photograph is no?+ if n true4 ,n[ x s happ5$ t ! l&scape & sky 7 tak5 at ! same "t1 ! only diff]5ce be+ t ! sky _h a %ort] exposure ?an ! l&scape1 :i* 0 absolutely necess>y to get ! cl\ds at all1 & does n affect ! result4 ,ano!r in/ance arose 9 connection ) a picture repres5t+ a gr\p ( figures ) a l&scape backgr\nd4 ,f\r ( ! figures 7 tak5 on "o plate1 at "o op]ation2 yet a w\ld-be critic wrote at "s l5g? to prove t ^! figures did n agree "o ) ano!r2 t ! light fell on !m f diff]5t qu>t]s2 t ! p]spective ( ea* _h diff]5t po9ts ( sight2 & t ea* figure 0 tak5 f a diff]5t po9t ( view6 ,^! two cases are m5tion$ to %[ t x is sometimes a k ( ! means employ$1 r ?an a k ( nature--a =egone conclusion t ! ?+ mu/ be wrong1 r ?an a conviction1 f obs]vation1 t x is n "r--t influ5ces ! judgm5t ( ^? :o are n /rong en\gh to say1 ,?is ?+ is "r1 or ,?is ?+ is wrong1 no matt] by :at means x may h be5 produc$4 ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,ton+ ,,! ,,pr9t4 ,if a pr9t on album5iz$ pap] be fix$ )\t any int]m$iate process1 ! result is t ! image is ( a r$1 disagreeable tone1 & unsightly4 ,moreov]1 x w be f\nd t1 if su* a pr9t be expos$ to ! atmosph]e1 x rapidly loses its fre%ness1 & fades4 ,9 ord] to avoid ?is unsightl9ess1 resort is _h to ton+1 ! ton+1 9 reality1 be+ ! sub/itution ( "s less attackable metal = ! metallic silv] :i* =ms a portion ( ! pr9t4 ,! usual metal us$ = sub/itution is gold appli$ 9 ! /ate ( ! t]-*loride4 ,x is n v easy to tell precisely h[ ! sub/itution is effect$2 ! "q is1 at pres5t1 sub judice1 &1 !re=e1 we propose to omit any !ory t may h be5 broa*$4 ,x is suffici5t to say t x is believ$ ! fir/ /ep t[>ds ! r$uction ( ! gold is ! production ( a hydrat$ oxide1 & nev] metallic gold4 ,be t z x may1 if a f9ely-divid$ silv] be plac$ 9 a solution ( *loride ( gold1 ! silv] becomes conv]t$ into ! *loride1 & ! gold is quickly r$uc$ to ! metallic /ate2 & s9ce gold comb9es ) m *loride ?an does silv]1 x is manife/ t :5 ! sub/itution takes place1#be ! metallic gold deposit$ mu/ be v mu* less ?an ! silv]4 ,! col\r+ p[] ( gold is1 h[ev]1 v great1 :5 9 ! f9e /ate ( division 9 :i* we h x1 be+ an int5se purple to blue col\r1 & a v little ( ?is mix$ visually ) ! ruddy or br[n col\r ( ! album9ate :i* has be5 discol\r$ by light gives1 aft] fix+1 a pleas+ tone4 ,a picture1 :5 ton$ ?us1 is compos$ ( silv] sub*loride1 metallic gold1 & an organic comp\nd ( silv]4 ,if a pr9t be kept 9 ! ton+ ba? too long1 we are all aw>e t ! image becomes blue & feeble1 & ! same disa/] happ5s :5 a ton+ ba? is too /rong1 i4e41 is too ri* 9 gold solution4 ,! reason ( ?is is1 t too mu* gold is sub/itut$ = ! silv] 9 ! sub-*loride1 & !re is 9 consequ5ce too great a col\r ( ! f9ely-precipitat$ gold se54 ,to make a ton+ ba?1 ! fir/ ?+ is to look aft] ! gold4 ,!re is a good deal ( *loride ( gold sold1 :i* is1 9 reality1 n *loride ( gold1 b a d\ble *loride ( gold & ( "s su* o!r base z potassium1 & if x be paid = z pure *loride ( gold1 x is manife/ t ! price w be excessive4 ,x is be/ to pur*ase pure *loride ( gold1 ?\gh x may be slightly acid1 s9ce subsequ5t op]ations correct ! acidity4 ,9 our own practice we get fifte5-gra9 tubes1 & break !m op51 & add to ea* gra9 "o dra*m ( wat]1 & 9 ?is /ate x is conv5i5t to measure out4 ,?us1 = e gra9 ( gold to be us$1 x is only necess>y to measure out "o dra*m into a measure4 ,9 delicate *emical op]ations1 ?is w\ld rightly be consid]$ a r\gh me?od2 b = a practical photograph] x is suffici5tly precise4 ,n[ if *loride ( gold alone 7 us$1 x w\ld be f\nd t ! pr9ts1 aft] imm]sion 9 a dilute solution1 7 poor & measley1 & practice has told u t we mu/ add some?+ to ! solution to enable x to act gradually & ev5ly4 ,fir/ ( all1 ! gold solution mu/ be p]fectly neutral1 & we "k no bett] plan ?an add+ to x a little p[d]$ *alk1 :i* at once neutralizes any free acid4 ,x is n a matt] ( indiff]5ce :at fur!r ret>d] is add$1 = ! reason t ! m y ret>d ! action1 ! m ruby-col\r$ becomes ! gold1 & less blue4 ,a well-kn[n exp]im5t is to dissolve a little phosphorus 9 e!r1 & add x to a gallon ( wat]1 & !n to drop 9 & /ir ab\t half a gra9 ( *loride ( gold4 ,phosphorus r$uces ! gold into ! metallic /ate1 b :5 s dilute ! r$uction takes place v sl[ly4 ,! gold w1 h[ev]1 precipitate gradually1 b x w be 9 su* a f9e /ate ( division t x is a bright ruby col\r4 ,a v common addition to make to a ton+ ba? is acetate ( soda1 & if ! gold be 9 defect1 ! same appe>ance w take place 9 ! solution4 ,if *loride ( lime1 h[ev]1 be add$ in/ead1 & a comm5cem5t ( precipitation ( gold be br\ght ab\t1 ! gold w be ( a blue col\r1 hav+ a slight t5d5cy to purple4 ,9 ?is case1 ! gra9s ( gold deposit$ are l>g] ?an :5 x is 9 ! ruby /ate4 ,! tone ( ! pr9t !n dep5ds 9 a l>ge measure on ! degree ( rapidity ) :i* ! gold is deposit$4 ,! quick] ! deposit1 ! l>g] & blu] ! gold1 :il/ an extremely sl[ deposition w give ! r$ =m4 ,x (t5 happ5s t no matt] h[ long a pr9t is imm]s$ 9 a ton+ ba?1 x nev] takes a blue tone4 ,! reason w be obvi\s f ! above rem>ks4 ,we n[ give "s ton+ ba?s :i* are mu* us$4 ,no4 #a4--;,gold tri-*loride #a gra9 ,sodium c>bonate #aj gra9s ,wat] #aj ounces ,?is ba? mu/ be us$ imm$iately aft] mix+1 s9ce ! gold is precipitat$ by ! c>bonate4 ,! tones giv5 by ?is ba? are purple & black4 ,! pr9ts %\ld be ton$ to d>k br[n = ! purple tone1 & a slightly blue tone = ! black tone4 ,no4 #b4--;,gold tri-*loride #b gra9s ,saturat$ solution ( *loride ( lime #b drops ,*alk a p9* ,wat] #af ounces ,! saturat$ solution ( *loride ( lime is made by tak+ ! common dis9fect+ p[d]1 & %ak+ a teaspoonful up 9 a p9t bottle4 ,:5 ! solids h settl$1 ! cle> liquid c be decant$ (f1 & cork$ up till requir$4 ,?is is ! solution us$ above4 ,x is z well to keep ?is solution 9 ! d>k room4 ,! wat] ) ?is ba? %\ld be hot 7boil+ bett] /ill71 & ! ba? may be us$ :5 x is ?or\ghly cool4 ,x is bett]1 h[ev]1 to keep x a day be=e us+1 s9ce1 :5 fre%1 ! action is apt to be too viol5t1 & ! pr9ts are readily ov]-ton$4 ,! tone ) ?is ba? is a deep sepia to black4 ,to get ! fir/ tone a v %ort imm]sion is necess>y2 ! pr9ts %\ld be almo/ r$4 ,= a black tone ! pr9ts %\ld be left 9 ! solution till !y are induc$ to be ( a purple hue4 ,no4 #c is made z foll[s3-- ,sodium acetate #a dra*m ,gold tri*loride #e m9im ,di/ill$ wat] #ab ounces ,?is ba? is a mo/ excell5t "o 9 _m respects1 & %\ld n be us$ "u a week to get ! be/ result4 ,z ?is is a long "t to keep a ba?1 x is z well to h two always on /ock4 ,x keeps indef9itely if prop] c>e be tak5 ( x4 ,?is produces a purple or br[n tone1 accord+ to ! l5g? ( "t ! pr9t is imm]s$ 9 x4 ,n[1 z to ton+ ! pr9t4 ,aft] ! day's pr9t+ is done1 ! pr9ts %\ld be plac$ 9 a pan ( good fre% wat]1 9 ord] to dissolve out all or a c]ta9 am\nt ( silv] nitrate t is inv>iably left 9 !m4 ,a pun*eon1 su* z is us$ 9 dairies1 is v conv5i5t4 ,x %\ld be fill$ ) wat]1 & ! pr9ts plac$ 9 "o by "o1 tak+ c>e t no "o /icks to its neighb\r1 z ?is w\ld be a fruitful s\rce ( unequal ton+4 ,mo/ wat] conta9s a little c>bonate ( lime & *loride ( sodium1 c42 ! wat] w !re=e become milky4 ,:5 ! pr9ts h be5 9 ! fir/ wat] = t5 m9utes1 !y %\ld be remov$ to ano!r vessel ( wat]1 "o by "o4 ,! fir/ wa% wat] %\ld be plac$ 9 a wood5 tub1 ) a tap let into x ab\t six in*es above ! base1 toge!r ) a little common salt4 ,! salt =ms *loride ( silv]1 :i* gradually precipitates1 & ! cle> wat] is !n drawn (f on ! next day1 & ! s$im5t is left undi/urb$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bg4 ,x n[ rema9s to see :i* ton+ ba? is to be us$4 ,if ,no4 #a or #c1 ! :ole ( ! free silv] %\ld z f> z possible be wa%$ away1 :i* may entail ?ree or f\r *anges ( wat]2 ! la/ two wa%+s x w h>dly repay to place 9 ! tub2 ! second wa%+ %\ld c]ta9ly be add$ to x4 ,if ,no4 #b ton+ ba? be us$1 a little free silv] %\ld rema9 9 ! pr9t2 9 fact1 ! wa%+ %\ld be conf9$ to two *anges ( wat]4 ,:5 ton+ op]ations are comm5c$1 ! ton+ solution is p\r$ (f f any s$im5t t may be 9 ! bottle conta9+ x into a di% a c\ple ( in*es wid] ea* way ?an ! l>ge/ pr9t :i* has to be ton$4 ,if big pr9ts h to be ton$1 x is inadvisable to place m ?an a c\ple 9 ! di% at ! same "t1 s9ce !re is a c]ta9 awkw>dness 9 judg+ ( ! am\nt ( tone giv5 to a pr9t :i* is 7say7 betwe5 two or ?ree4 ,! pr9ts %\ld be plac$ face up 9 ! solution1 & great c>e %\ld be tak5 t liquid sep>ates ea* pr9t f ! next "o to x1 o!rwise !re w be pat*es ( unequal ton+4 ,! di% conta9+ ! pr9ts 9 ! solution %\ld be g5tly rock$ to secure a prop] mixture ( ! solution :i* may h be5 robb$ ( its gold 9 ^? /rata next surface ( ! pr9ts4 ,! rock+ is also advisable to cause any adhesion betwe5 two deep-ton+ pr9ts impossible4 ,if ! pr9ts be ( small size1 a doz5 or m may be ton$ at "o op]ation4 ,ea* pr9t %\ld be frequ5tly br\ght to ! surface ( ! liquid1 & exam9$ 9 ord] to see h[ ! ton+ action is progress+4 ,:5 "o pr9t is judg$ suffici5tly ton$1 x is remov$ to a di% conta9+ pure wat]1 & ano!r unton$ pr9t plac$ 9 ! di% 9 its /ead4 ,?is op]ation is cont9u$ till all ! pr9ts are ton$4 ,we h he>d t x has be5 sugge/$ to place ! pr9ts 9 wat] conta9+ a little acetic acid or common salt1 9 ord] to /op ! ton+ action cont9u+ f ! solution :i* may be held 9 ! pap]4 ,! =m] is mo/ undesirable1 acetic acid1 z we %all see pres5tly1 decompos+ ! fix+ ba?4 ,z to ! addition ( common salt1 we c sc>cely give a fav\rable op9ion reg>d+ x4 ,! addition ( a *loride does1 9 tru?1 alt] ! col\r ( ! deposit$ gold 7see ante71 & x may be ?is t gives rise to ! op9ion t x corrects ton+ action4 ,( "o ?+ we h little d\bt1 h[ev]1 & t is1 t ! addition ( any l>ge am\nt ( common salt w t5d to turn ! album5ate ( silv] into *loride1 :i* 9 fix+ w mat]ially weak5 ! pr9t4 ,:5 giv+ ! =mula ( ! ton+ ba?s1 we h indicat$ ! dep? to :i* ton+ %\ld take place4 ,"o great po9t to att5d to is1 t a pr9t %\ld n be a slatey col\r :5 fix$1 & t c only be avoid$ by /opp+ ! ton+ action :5 ! pr9t arrives at a blue-purple /age4 ,! ton+ ba?1 :5 us$1 %\ld be replac$ 9 ! bottle1 & we recomm5d t x be kept 9 a d>k place1 o!rwise any *loride ( silv] :i* f9ds its way into ! solution w d>k5 & be a nucleus = ! precipitation ( gold f ! solution4 ,! en]gy ( ! ton+ ba? w\ld1 9 consequ5ce1 be :olly gone4 ,x w be f\nd t 9 v cold solutions =m$ 9 w9t] ! ton+ action is mu* sl[] ?an 9 summ]1 & we ne$ sc>cely po9t out t ?is due to ! fact t cold inv>iably ret>ds *emical action4 ,?is ret>dation is n advantage\s1 & x w be f\nd positively hurtful z to ! col\r ( ! precipitat$ gold4 ,we !re=e recomm5d t ! ton+ solution & ! di% 9 :i* x is to be p\r$ %\ld be w>m$ be=e ! fire1 ! =m] to a temp]ature ( ab\t #gj;,f41 & ! latt] a little high]4 ,by ?is means ! ton+ action w take place z rapidly z 9 w>m wea!r1 & ! same tones be produc$4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ we are writ+ = all2 n = ^? alone :o h an elaborate arrangem5t = keep+ _! op]at+ rooms at a good temp]ature 9 all wea!rs1 b also = ^? :o _c af=d ! luxury4 ,x is = ?is reason t we h giv5 ! above directions4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,fix+ ,,! ,,pr9t4 ,sir ,j4 ,h]s*el 0 ! fir/ to po9t out t hyposulphite ( soda w\ld dissolve *loride ( silv]1 & subsequ5tly x has be5 f\nd t x dissolves almo/ e organic salt ( silv]4 ,9 our e>ly *apt]s we gave "s examples ( ?is4 ,:5 we add hyposulphite to a salt ( silv]1 su* z ! *loride1 we get "o ( two reactions1 ! =mation ( a ne>ly insoluble d\ble hyposulphite ( soda & silv]1 or a readily soluble "o4 ,silv] ,sodium ,*loride & ,hyposulphite ,ag,cl ,na#b,s#b,o#c =m ,insoluble ,d\ble ,sodium ,hyposulphite ( & ,*loride4 ,silv] & ,sodium ,ag,na,s#b,o#c ,na,cl ,& ,silv] ,sodium ,*loride & ,hyposulphite #b;,ag,cl #c,na#b,s#b,o#c =m ,soluble ,d\ble ,sodium ,hyposulphite ( & ,*loride4 ,silv] & ,sodium ,ag#b,na#dc7,s#b,o#c7 #b,na,cl ,! fir/ insoluble d\ble hyposulphite is =m$ :5 !re is only a small quantity ( sodium hyposulphite pres5t2 ! soluble k9d :5 ! sodium hyposulphite is 9 excess4 ,s9ce x is ! soluble k9d :i* we wi% to =m1 x is manife/ t ! pres5ce ( a suffici5cy ( hyposulphite 9 ! fix+ ba? is necess>y4 ,if n1 we h left ! insoluble =m on ! pap]4 ,if ei!r ( ^! two k9ds ( hyposulphite be made 9 a te/-tube1 we c readily simulate ! effect ( atmosph]ic exposure4 ,if slightly acid wat] be add$ to ! hyposulphite1 x w be se51 :5 *loride ( silv] has be5 dissolv$ by ! hyposulphite1 t ! precipitate or solution comm5ces to black51 sulphide ( silv] be+ =m$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if we take album5ate ( silv]1 & dissolve x 9 hyposulphite ( soda1 we %all f9d t ! addition ( acid gradually causes a yell[-look+ comp\nd to sep>ate out1 & x is probably ?is body =m$ 9 ! pap] :i* causes ! gradual yell[+ ( ! :ites ( silv] pr9ts4 ,:at is taught u1 !n1 by ?is obs]vation is1 t by ?or\gh wa%+ we mu/ try & elim9ate all traces ( hyposulphite ( silv]1 &1 inde$1 ( ! hyposulphite ( soda1 s9ce ! latt] decomposes z rapidly 9 ! pres5ce ( acid z does ! silv] comp\nd4 ,! =mula = ! fix+ ba? :i* we recomm5d is3-- ,sodium hyposulphite #d ounces ,wat] #a p9t ,ammonia #a_/b dra*m ,! addition ( ! ammonia prev5ts any possibility ( an acid reaction aris+1 & o!rwise s(t5s ! film ( album5 & ! size ( ! pap]1 caus+ m rapid fixation & m ?or\gh wa%+4 ,ano!r ?+ ! ammonia does is1 t x prev5ts1 9 a great measure1 bli/]+ ( ! film ( album51 :i* is common 9 "s highly-album5iz$ pap]4 ,exp]i5ce has %[n t "o ounce ( solid hyposulphite w fix ) safety ?ree %eets ( pap]1 s t an idea c be =m$ ( h[ mu* mu/ be us$ = a day's pr9t+4 ,! hyposulphite ba? :i* has be5 us$ "o day %\ld nev] be us$ ! next1 s9ce x inv>iably conta9s ! g]ms ( decomposition 9 x f "s cause or ano!r4 ,inde$1 ! appe>ance ( ! solution indicates ?is is s1 s9ce x is usually ( a yell[ or br[ni% appe>ance4 ,! "t requir$ = fix+ a pr9t v>ies ) ! ?ickness ( ! pap] us$4 ,z a rule1 pr9ts on ! m$ium-siz$ pap] require t5 m9utes' soak+ 9 ! ba?1 :il/ ?ick-size requires fifte5 m9utes4 ,:il/ ton+1 ! di% conta9+ ! hyposulphite %\ld be kept 9 a g5tle rock+ motion1 z 9 ton+1 & = ! same reasons4 ,pr9ts may be exam9$ f "t to "t1 to see h[ ! fix+ progresses4 ,:5 a pr9t is n q fix$1 small spots ( d>k appe>ance w be se5 :5 x is exam9$ by transmitt$ light4 ,! op]ation ( fix+ %\ld be cont9u$ aft] ^! disappe> = at lea/ ?ree or f\r m9utes1 9 ord] t ! hyposulphite ( soda 9 ! di% may get impregnat$ ) ! d\ble silv] & sodium salt :i* is 9 ! pr9t1 & ?us r5d] wa%+ m effectual4 ,x %\ld be not$ t ! di% = fix+ %\ld be at lea/ z long & wide z ! di% us$ = ton+2 t x %\ld be deep] :51 z a rule1 all ! pr9ts are fix$ at "o "t4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 t di%es :i* are us$ = s5sitiz+1 ton+1 or fix+1 %\ld n be us$ = any?+ else4 ,! glaze ( porcela9 di%es is (t5 s(t1 & frequ5tly absorbs a c]ta9 am\nt ( ! solutions us$4 ,?us1 if a porcela9 di% be us$ = a solution ( any anil9e dye1 x w (t5 be f\nd t x is p]man5tly /a9$4 ,col\r 9 ?is la/ is m]ely indication ( :at happ5s ) any o!r solution4 ,x w ?us be se5 t x is a mi/ake to use a di% = fix+ :5 ! glaze is crack$1 s9ce old hyposulphite mu/ f9d its way into ! body ( ! fre% solution t may be us$1 & ?us in/itute a spontane\s decomposition1 & a consequ5t want ( p]man5ce 9 ! pr9t4 ,= our own "p1 we believe t a gutta-p]*a di% is a saf] di% to use ?an any o!r1 s9ce x is imp]vi\s to any solution1 & c be well sc\r$ aft] fix+1 & be=e be+ aga9 br\ght into use4 ,we believe t mu* ( ! fad+ ( pr9ts may be trac$ to ! use ( unsuitable di%es = fix+4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,,wa%+ ,,! ,,pr9t4 ,!re are v _m app>atus design$ = wa%+ pr9ts2 b we believe t1 :]e few pr9ts h to be treat$1 c>eful h&-wa%+ is z sup]ior to ma*9e-wa%+1 z h&-made pap] is to ma*9e-made4 ,9 our own practice we take ! pr9ts f ! fix+-di%1 & imm]se !m 9 a l>ge pun*eon ( wat]1 & all[ !m to soak = five m9utes1 aft] :i* we c>efully p\r (f all ! wat]1 & repl5i% ) fre%1 9 :i* we leave !m = a qu>t]-(-an-h\r4 ,aft] t we take ! pr9ts & place !m on a glass slab1 &1 ) a squeegee1 squeeze z mu* wat] z possible out ( ea* sep>ately2 ?is we repeat twice4 ,aft] two m wa%+s ( a qu>t]-(-an-h\r1 we !n wa% = half-an-h\r1 &1 ) a sponge1 dab !m z dry z possible1 & aga9 imm]se = half-an-h\r4 ,aft] repeat+ ?is op]ation twice1 we all[ a /ream ( runn+ wat] to p\r into ! pun*eon = a c\ple ( h\rs1 c>ry+ ! /ream ?r\gh an india-rubb] pipe1 at ! end ( :i* is a glass tube1 to ! bottom ( ! pun*eon1 & s t ! p\r ( wat] goes aga9/ ! side4 ,by ?is means !re is a con/ant /ir 9 ! wat]1 & ! wat] fl[s ov] ! edge ( ! pun*eon4 ,x is conv5i5t to cut a not* 9 ! top rim ( ! pun*eon1 s t ! wat] may f9d an exit be=e rea*+ ! level ( ! rim4 ,! pr9ts are !n tak5 out1 spong$ once m1 & dri$4 ,by ?is arrangem5t we h got pr9ts :i* are p]fectly unfad$1 ?\gh !y h be5 9 exi/5ce eighte5 ye>s1 & h be5 to ! tropics1 & 9 ! dampe/ climates4 ,?is me?od ( wa%+1 ?\gh t$i\s1 %\ld be appli$ to all pr9ts2 b1 9 ! pres5t day1 x c h>dly be hop$ t x c be imm$iately adopt$1 on acc\nt ( ! att5tion x requires2 we !re=e describe an app>atus :i* c be us$4 ,x 0 design$ by ,mr4 ,engl&1 & consi/s ( a work+ tr\gh1 z %[n 9 ! figure1 :i* is automatically work$ by an ov]%ot :eel4 ,we ne$ n ent] into ! details ( ! inv5tion1 z !y are self-evid5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bh4 ,?is wa%+ arrangem5t causes ! pr9ts to be alt]nately soak+ 9 wat]1 & dra9+4 ,:il/ 9 ! wat] !y are p]petually be+ %ak5 ap>t by ! movem5t ( ! tray1 & ?us e "p ( ! pr9t gets wa%$1 & x is almo/ impossible = two pr9ts to /ick toge!r4 ,9 all wa%+ app>atus !re is a dang] ( air-bells =m+ on ! surface ( ! pr9ts :ile 9 ! wat]1 b 9 ?is =m !re is ! advantage t :il/ dra9+ ! air-bells mu/ break1 & s wat] on ris+ to ! level ( ! pr9ts c oblit]ate any ( ! evil effects :i* w\ld be caus$ by _! be+ p]petually rema9+ on "o spot4 ,x is useless to attempt to describe o!r =ms ( ! app>atus1 s9ce !re are s _m2 we h *os5 "o :i* appe>s to u to be a satisfactory =m4 ,! foll[+ te/s = ! elim9ation ( hyposulphite are tak5 f ano!r "w ( ?is s]ies4#bf ,! foll[+ is a mo/ delicate te/4 ,make ! foll[+ te/ solution3-- ,potassium p]manganate #b gra9s ,potassium c>bonate #bj ,wat] #a qu>t ,! addition ( a few drops ( ?is rose-col\r$ solution to a p9t ( wat] w yield a slightly p9k t+e4 ,if !re be any trace ( sodium hyposulphite pres5t1 ?is col\r w give place to "o ( a gre5i% hue4 ,if ! p]manganate be n at h&1 ! foll[+ well-kn[n />* iodide te/ may be adopt$3-- ,take ab\t two dra*ms ( wat] & a small piece ( />* ab\t ! size ( a small pea2 p[d] & boil ! />* 9 ! wat] till ! solution is q cle>2 add "o drop ( a saturat$ solution ( iod9e 9 alcohol to ?is cle> liquid4 ,x w n[ become d>k blue4 ,( ?is solution drop two drops into two clean te/ tubes1 & fill up "o ) di/ill$ wat] & ! o!r ) ! wat] to be te/$2 a fa9t blue col\r %\ld be p]ceptible 9 ! fir/ te/ tube4 ,9 ! second te/ tube1 %\ld hyposulphite be pres5t1 ?is blue col\r w h disappe>$1 ! iodide ( />* becom+ col\rless 9 its pres5ce4 ,! be/ mode ( comp>+ ! two wat]s is by plac+ a piece ( :ite pap] beh9d ! te/ tubes4 ,x frequ5tly occurs t ?\gh sodium hyposulphite _c be detect$ 9 ! wa%+ wat]1 x may be pres5t 9 ! pap] itself4 ,! pap] on :i* mo/ pr9ts are tak5 be+ siz$ ) />*1 if a v weak solution ( iod9e be appli$ ) a bru% across ! back ( a pr9t1 a blue m>k w indicate ! abs5ce ( ! hyposulphite4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 t ! iod9e solution is v weak1 o!rwise a "p ( ! iod9e w fir/ de/roy ! trace ( ! salt1 & !n ! rema9d] w br+ out ! blue re-action4 ,we f9i% ?is *apt] by quot+ our maxims to be obs]v$ 9 pr9t+4 ,maxims = ,pr9t+4 #a4 ,! pr9ts %\ld h ! highe/ lights ne>ly :ite1 & ! %ad[s v]g+ on a bronz$ col\r be=e ton+4 #b4 ,place ! pr9ts1 be=e ton+1 9 ! wat]1 face d[nw>ds1 & d n wa% away too mu* ( ! free nitrate ( silv]4 #c4 ,! ton+ solution mu/ be neutral or slightly alkal9e1 & n cold] ?an #fj4 #d4 ,tone ! pr9ts to purple or sepia1 accord+ z w>m or br[n pr9ts are requir$4 #e4 ,move ! pr9ts1 9 bo? ! ton+ & fix+ solutions1 repeat$ly1 tak+ c>e t no air-bubbles =m on ! surface4 #f4 ,take c>e t ! fix+ ba? is n acid4 #g4 ,use fre% sodium hyposulphite solution = ea* bat* ( pr9ts to be fix$4 #h4 ,wa% ?or\ghly aft] & be=e fix+4 #i4 ,make a s5sitiz+ ba? ( a /r5g? likely to give ! be/ results ) ! negatives to be pr9t$4 #aj4 ,pr9t 9 ! %ade1 or direct sun%9e1 accord+ to ! d5sity ( ! negative4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,,pr9t+ ,,on ,,pla9 ,,pap]4 ,pr9ts on pla9 pap] are sometimes ( use2 = in/ance1 !y =m an excell5t basis on :i* to col\r4 ,!y are ( c\rse dull] ?an an album5iz$ pr9t1 s9ce ! image is =m$ m 9 ! body ( ! pap] ?an on ! surface4 ,! foll[+ =mula may be us$3-- ,ammonium *loride #fj to #hj gra9s ,sodium citrate #ajj ,sodium *loride #bj to #cj ,gelat9e #aj ,di/ill$ wat] #aj ounces ,or1 ,ammonium *loride #ajj gra9s ,gelat9e #aj ,wat] #aj ounces ,! gelat9e is fir/ swell$ 9 cold wat]1 & !n dissolv$ 9 hot wat]1 & ! rema9+ compon5ts ( ! =mul are add$4 ,x is !n filt]$1 & ! pap] is float$ = ?ree m9utes1 foll[+ ! directions giv5 on page #aj4 ,if x be requir$ to obta9 a pr9t on pla9 pap] 9 a hurry1 a wa% ( citric acid & wat] 7"o gra9 to ! ounce7 may be bru%$ ov] ! back ( ord9>y album5iz$ pap]1 &1 :5 dri$1 t side ( ! pap] may be s5sitiz$ & pr9t$ 9 ! ord9>y mann]4 ,= cold tones ! wa% ( ! citric acid may be omitt$4 ,! ton+ & fix+ are ! same z describ$ 9 ,*apt]s ,,xii4 & ,,xiii4 ,,*apt] ,,xix4 ,,pr9t+ ,,on ,,res9iz$ ,,pap]4 ,! foll[+ is tak5 f ano!r volume ( ?is s]ies4#bg ,to ,mr4 ,h5ry ,coop] we are indebt$ = a valuable pr9t+ process1 f\nd$ on sub/itut+ res9s = album5 or o!r siz+ matt]4 ,! pr9ts obta9$ by ?is process are v beautiful1 & lack t gloss ( album5 :i* is (t5 call$ vulg> & in>ti/ic4 ,! foll[+ are ! two =mul :i* ,mr4 ,coop] has communicat$ to ! writ]3-- ,frank9c5se #aj gra9s ,ma/ic #h ,calcium *loride #e to #aj ,alcohol #a ounce ,:5 ! res9s are dissolv$ 9 ! alcohol1 ! pap] is imm]s$ 9 ! solution1 !n dri$ & roll$4 ,! s5sitiz+ ba? recomm5d$ is z foll[s 7?\gh ! /rong ba? giv5 at page #abf w answ]73-- ,silv] nitrate #fj gra9s ,wat] #a ounce ,to ! wat] is add$ z mu* gelat9e z x w be> )\t gelat9iz+ at #fj ,fah4 ,! second =mula gives v beautiful pr9ts1 s(t & delicate 9 gradation4 ,! pap] is fir/ coat$ ) an emulsion ( :ite lac 9 gelat9e1 :i* is prep>$ z foll[s3-- #c ounces ( fre% :ite lac are dissolv$ 9 #a p9t ( /rong alcohol1 & aft] filt]+ or decant+1 z mu* wat] is add$ z x w be> )\t precipitat+ ! lac2 #a ounce ( good gelat9e is soak$ & dissolv$ 9 ! p9t ( boil+ wat]1 & ! lac solution is add$ ) frequ5t /irr+4 ,if1 at any /age ( ?is op]ation1 ! gelat9e is precipitat$1 a little m hot wat] mu/ be add$4 ,! p9t ( lac solution ought1 h[ev]1 to be emulsifi$ 9 ! gelat9e solution4 ,to use ! emulsion1 x is w>m$1 & ! pap] imm]s$ 9 or float$ on x = ?ree m9utes4 ,:5 dry1 ! coat$ surface is float$ 9 ! foll[+ = a c\ple ( m9utes3-- ,ammonium *loride #aj gra9s #bh,magnesium lactate #aj ,:5 dry1 x is s5sitiz$ on a mod]ately /rong ba? 7t giv5 on ! la/ page w answ]74 ,if m vig\r 9 ! result+ pr9ts be requir$1 x is float$ on3-- ,citric acid #e gra9s ,:ite sug> #e ,?is la/ ba? improves by use1 probably by ! accumulation ( silv] nitrate f ! s5sitiz$ pap]4 ,any ( ! ton+ ba?s giv5 9 ,*apt] ,,xii4 w answ]1 ?\gh ,mr4 ,coop] recomm5ds3-- ,solution ( gold tri-*loride 7#a gr4 to #a dr4 ( wat]7 #b dr4 ,pure precipitat$ *alk a p9* ,hot wat] #aj ounces #b dr4 ( sodium acetate are to be plac$ 9 ! /ock-bottle1 & ! above solution filt]$ on to x4 ,?is is made up to #bj ounces1 & is fit = use 9 a few h\rs2 b x improves by keep+4 ,9 comm5c+ to tone1 place a few ounces ( wat] 9 ! di%1 & add an equal quantity ( ! /ock solution1 & if ! ton+ beg9s to flag a little1 add m ( x f "t to "t4 ,) ! res9 processes ov]-ton+ is to be c>efully avoid$4 ,res9iz$ pap] may be obta9$ f mo/ photographic deal]s1 we believe1 & = "s purposes is an admirable sub/itute = album5iz$ pap]4 ,,*apt] ,,xx4 ,,pr9t+ ,,on ,,gelat9o-,,*loride ,,emulsion ,,pap]4 ,mr4 ,w4 ,t4 ,wilk9son has rec5tly br\ght =w>d ! notion ( us+ gelat9e in/ead ( album5 z a m$ium = hold+ ! silv] *loride 9 pr9t+4 ,he uses ! foll[+ =mula3-- ,b>ium *loride #b1ddj gra9s ,gelat9e #b1jjj ,wat] #bj ounces ,! gelat9e is all[$ to swell 9 ! wat]1 &1 by ! aid ( heat1 is dissolv$2 ! b>ium *loride is !n add$4 ,next he prep>es-- ,silv] nitrate #a1gjj gra9s ,wat] #e ounces & adds ?is to ! =m]1 little by little1 9 a l>ge bottle ) mu* %ak+1 or p\rs x sl[ly into ! =m] 9 a l>ge j>1 /irr+ briskly ! :ole "t4 ,?is makes an emulsion ( silv] *loride1 & is us$ )\t wa%+4 ,:5 requir$ = use1 ! gelat9e1 :i* w h set :5 cold1 is swell$ by plac+ ! j> conta9+ x 9 hot wat]1 & is !n transf]r$ to a di%4 ,! di% %\ld be kept w>m by be+ plac$1 support$ on small blocks1 9 a t9 tray 7ab\t two in*es l>g] 9 dim5sions e way ?an ! di%7 fill$ ) hot wat]1 ! temp]ature ( :i* %\ld be ab\t #aej ,f4 to comm5ce )4 ,saxe or ,rive pap] may be coat$ by roll+ ! %eet face outw>ds1 & plac+ ! edge ( ! roll ^u ! gelat9e4 ,! two corn]s ( ! pap] 9 contact ) ! solution are !n tak5 hold ( by ! f+]s1 & rais$4 ,! pap] w unroll ( itself1 & take up a ?9 lay] ( ! gelat9e emulsion4 ,! %eet ( pap] is !n susp5d$ to dry4 ,all ^! op]ations are1 ( c\rse1 conduct$ 9 ! d>k room4 ,! behavi\r ( ! pap] 9 ! pr9t+-frame is precisely ! same z album5iz$ pap]1 & ! wa%+ & ton+ are conduct$ 9 ! same way4 ,= a fix+ ba? is us$-- ,sodium hyposulphite #b ounces ,wat] #bj ,! wa%+ aft] fix+ is m rapid ?an ) album5iz$ pap]4 ,x is wa%$ 9 t5 or twelve *anges ( wat] = t5 m9utes1 & !n plac$ = five m9utes 9 an alum ba? made z foll[s3-- ,pota% alum #e ounces ,wat] #bj ,! pr9t is wa%$ 9 a few *anges ( wat]1 & ! pr9ts are ready = dry+ & m\nt+4 ,! advantage ( ! alum ba? is t ! hyposulphite is de/roy$ into h>mless products1 & ! gelat9e is r5d]$ insoluble by x4 ,9 ! =mula giv5 !re is l>ge excess ( *loride1 & we recomm5d t in/ead ( us+ #b1ddj gra9s ( b>ium *loride1 #b1jej gra9s be us$4 7,mr4 ,wilk9son has us$ t am\nt ( ! b>ium salt t w\ld be requir$ exactly to conv]t #a1gjj gra9s ( silv] nitrate into silv] *loride1 if ! =mula = b>ium *loride 7 ,ba,cl#c in/ead ( ,ba,cl#b47 ,x w be se5 t :i*ev] =mula is us$1 !re is no silv] left to comb9e ) ! gelat9e1 & h5ce ! image w be entirely =m$ by metallic silv]1 & n an organic salt ( silv]4 ,,*apt] ,,xxi4 ,,dry+ ,,! ,,pr9ts4 ,9 _m e/abli%m5ts ! pr9ts are tak5 direct f ! wa%+ wat]1 & hung up by ,am]ican clips1 & ?us all[$ to dry4 ,:5 ?is is done1 ! pr9ts curl up z ! wat] leaves ! pap]1 & !y become some:at unmanageable4 ,if pr9ts h to be dri$ at all be=e m\nt+--& !y mu/1 unless !y are trimm$ be=e ton+--a bett] plan is to make a neat heap ( "s fifty or sixty ( ! same size 7say c>tes71 place !m on blott+-pap]1 & dra9 = a "t1 & !n 9 a screw-press 7su* z is us$ to press table-clo?s1 = in/ance7 to squeeze out all sup]flu\s wat]4 ,aft] a good h>d squeeze ! pr9ts %\ld be sep>at$1 & ! plan adopt$ by ,mr4 ,engl& c>ri$ out4 ,he has frames ( light la?s made1 ( ab\t #f feet by #c feet1 & ov] ?is frame is /ret*$ ord9>y pap]hang]'s canvas4 ,! pr9ts are laid on ?is to dry spontane\sly1 & !y cockle up b v little4 ,! frames1 be+ light1 are easily h&l$4 ,aft] ! squeez+ is done1 suppos+ ! room 9 :i* !y are plac$ be n v damp or v cold1 ! pr9ts w be ready = trimm+ & m\nt+ 9 a c\ple ( h\rs4 ,to our m9ds !re is no?+ sup]ior to ?is mode ( dry+1 s9ce ! squeez+ 9 ! press t5ds to elim9ate e slight trace ( hyposulphite :i* might be left 9 !m4 ,trimm+ ! ,pr9ts4--,p]haps m pr9ts are ru9$ 9 trimm+ ?an 9 any o!r way1 :5 ! op]ator is inexp]i5c$1 s9ce x requires judgm5t to "k :i* "p ( ! pr9t to trim (f1 s t a "r balance %all be kept4 ,9 trimm+ l&scape pr9ts1 x is impossible to give any set rules2 ! judgm5t z to :at is arti/ic mu/ be ! guide4 ,( "o ?+ we may be c]ta91 t1 unless ! op]ator :o took ! orig9al negative kn[s exactly h[ to balance 8 picture on ! focuss+-scre51 ! pr9t w always be> cutt+ d[n 9 "o direction or ! o!r4 ,su* a clipp+1 ( c\rse1 alt]s ! size ( ! pr9t1 :i*1 if x be "o ( a s]ies1 w be a mis=tune2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 ! arti/ic value ( ! individual pr9t w be increas$4 ,= portraits !re are "s few rules :i* %\ld be foll[$ 9 trimm+4 ,always all[ ! c5tre ( ! face to be a little out f ! c5tral l9e ( ! pr9t1 mak+ m space on ! side t[>ds :i* ! sitt] is look+4 ,all[ a c>te or cab9et to be cut 9 su* a way t1 if ! sitt] has be5 lean+ on some?+1 x does n seem z if he _h be5 lean+ on no?+4 ,%\ld !re be an un9t5tional lean on ! "p ( ! sitt]1 trim ! pr9t s t he appe>s 9 an upright position4 ,to trim ! pr9t1 !re %\ld be ! v>i\s siz$ %apes 9 glass us$4 ,?us !re %\ld be glasses ) bevell$ edges = ! c>te1 ! cab9et1 & o!r sizes1 :i* c be laid on ! pr9t z a guide to ! trimm+4 ,! absolute trimm+ may be done ei!r by %e>s or by a knife1 a lea!r cutt]s' knife be+ excell5t1 s9ce x is r\nd$1 & c be br\ght to a ke5 edge v readily4 ,:5 ! knife is us$1 ! pr9t is plac$ on a l>ge glass %eet ( good ?ickness1 ! patt]n plac$ ov] x1 &1 :il/ ?is is held d[n by ! left h&1 ! knife is us$ by ! "r1 keep+ x close to ! edge ( ! patt]n glass4 ,:5 %e>s are us$1 ! pr9t is held aga9/ ! patt]n glass by ! left h&1 & ea* side trimm$ by "o clip1 tak+ c>e to make ! cut p>allel to ! edges ( ! patt]n glass4 ,x requires a little practice to prev5t clipp+ ! glass z well z ! pap]1 b = small siz$ pr9ts1 su* z ! c>te1 ! %e>s h a decid$ advantage ov] ! knife4 ,= cutt+ out ovals1 ,rob9son's trimm] is an excell5t adjunct to ! m\nt+-room1 & 9 ?is case ovals /amp$ out ( %eet brass are us$ z guides4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bi4 ,! figure w %[ ! action ( ! trimm]4 ,! small :eel is ! cutt]1 &1 be+ pivott$1 x foll[s ! curve aga9/ :i* x is held4 ,x is bett] to cut out pr9ts ) ?is trimm] on %eet z9c 9 pref]5ce to glass1 ! edge ( ! :eel be+ kept %>p = a long] "t ?an :]e ! h>d] glass is us$4 ,to use ! trimm]1 ! pr9t is plac$ on ! %eet ( z9c1 ! oval mask 7or squ>e mask1 ) slightly r\nd$ corn]s7 is plac$ 9 position on x4 ,! :eel ( ! trimm] is br\ght p>allel to1 & aga9/1 ! edge ( ! mask1 ! h&le be+ grasp$ by ! "r h&1 ! ?umb to ! left1 & ! f+]s on ! "r4 ,a fairly heavy d[nw>d pressure is br\ght to be> on ! trimm]1 & at ! same "t ! :eel is caus$ to run along ! edge ( ! mask4 ,! cut %\ld be clean1 & ! jo9 p]fect1 if prop] c>e be tak54 ,x is desirable to practise on ord9>y writ+ pap] be=e x is tak5 into use = pr9ts4 ,squ>e masks ) v slightly r\nd$ corn]s c be us$2 ! small] ! :eel1 ! less curv$ ! corn]s ne$ be4 ,x w be se5 t !re is a limit to smallness ( ! :eel us$1 s9ce1 if too small1 ! /irrup on :i* x is pivot$ w\ld re/ ^u ! mask4 ,! l>g] ! :eel ! easi] is ! cutt+4 ,) l>g] sizes ?an ! c>te or ! cab9et1 m\nt+ may (t5 h to be delay$1 s9ce x is easi] to keep a /ock ( unm\nt$ pr9ts 7say l&scapes7 unm\nt$ ?an x is :5 !y are m\nt$4 ,9 ?is case ! pr9ts %\ld be put away z flat z possible4 ,! plan ( dry+ we h indicat$ takes out ! curl1 b ev5 !n !y w n be flat en\gh to be h&ily put away4 ,we !re=e recomm5d ! practice ( /rok+ ! pr9ts4 ,a flat piece ( h>d wood1 ab\t #a foot long & #a-a_/b in* broad1 & ! ?ickness ( a m>quoise scale1 has its edges c>efully r\nd$ (f4 ,! pr9t is seiz$ by "o corn] 9 "o h& & unroll$2 ! face ( ! pr9t is br\ght 9 contact ) a piece ( plate glass4 ,! /rok]1 held by ! o!r h&1 is br\ght ) its r\nd$ edge on to ! back ( ! pr9t ne> ! corn] held by ! fir/ h&4 ,consid]able pressure is br\ght ^u ! /rok]1 & ! pr9t is drawn ?r\gh betwe5 x & ! plate4 ,! pr9t is !n seiz$ by ano!r corn] & simil>ly treat$4 ,by ?is means a gloss is put ^u ! pr9t1 & ! creases & cockles are oblit]at$4 ,! pr9t is n[ ready = trimm+4 ,x is well to h a squ>e ( glass ) true edges cut to ! size ( ! pictures4 ,! pr9ts %\ld be trimm$ ^u a %eet ( plate glass1 a %>p p5knife be+ us$ to cut !m4 ,a r\gh te/ = asc]ta9+ if ! opposite sides are equal is to br+ !m toge!r1 & see if bo? corn]s co9cide4 ,x may sometimes be f\nd useful to cut out a pr9t into an oval4 ,! foll[+ me?od = trac+ any ellipse may be employ$3--,on a ?icki% piece ( clean pap] draw a l9e ,a ,b1 mak+ x ! extreme wid? ( ! oval requir$4 ,bisect x at ,o1 & draw ,d ,o ,c at "r angles to ,a ,b4 ,make ,o ,c equal to half ! smalle/ diamet] ( ! ellipse4 ,) ! c5tre ,c & ! di/ance ,o ,b1 draw an arc ( a circle1 cutt+ ,a ,b 9 ,e & ,f4 ,place ! pap] on a flat bo>d1 & at ,e & ,f fix two draw+-p9s4 ,take a piece ( ?read & knot x toge!r 9 su* a mann] t half its l5g? is equal to ,a ,f4 ,place ! ?read r\nd ! two p9s at ,e & ,f1 & /ret* x out to tightness by ! po9t ( a lead p5cil4 ,move ! p5cil guid$ by ! cotton1 tak+ c>e to keep x upright4 ,! result+ figure w be an ellipse4 ,modifications ( ?is figure may be made by mak+ a second knot beyond ! fir/ knot1 & plac+ ! po9t ( ! p5cil 9 ! loop =m$4 ,:5 ! figure has be5 trac$ 9 p5cil on pap]1 x %\ld be c>efully cut out ) a %>p p5knife1 & plac$ on ! pr9t :i* is to be trimm$ into an oval4 ,:5 s plac$1 a fa9t p5cil l9e is run r\nd on ! pr9t1 & ! cutt+ out proce$s ei!r by scissors or p5knife4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cj4 ,,*apt] ,,xxii4 ,,m\nt+ ,,photographs4 ,!re are _m photograph]s :o1 un=tunately1 are q indiff]5t z to ! m$ium !y use 9 m\nt+ ! trimm$ photographs4 ,s long z ! m$ium w cause ! adh]5ce ( ! back ( ! pr9t to ! c>dbo>d employ$1 !y are p]fectly satisfi$1 :e!r x be pa/e fre% or s\r1 or />* or gelat9e 9 a simil> condition4 ,if any ( our read]s h _h ! mis=tune to h _! rooms pap]$ ) rancid pa/e1 !y w h notic$ t ! unpleasant smell att5d+ x has n be5 remov$ f ! room = weeks1 & t !re is a liability ( ! return ( ! disgu/+ od\r :5 ! air is at all damp4 ,9 ?is case ! fact t decomposition is go+ on is detect$ by ! olfactory n]ves1 because ! quantity is consid]able4 ,x is none ! less true1 h[ev]1 t e squ>e in* ( ! surface ( ! wall pap] is und]go+ ! same ordeal1 & t if x conta9s any col\r1 c41 :i* w\ld be affect$ by decompos+ organic matt]1 !re w\ld be b small *ance ( ! pap] reta9+ its fre% appe>ance4 ,7 a silv] pr9t m\nt$ ) ! same pa/e1 we ne$ sc>cely po9t out t dang] to its p]man5cy is to be appreh5d$4 ,pa/e1 we "k1 is z a rule taboo$1 b !re is no occasion = x to be s if c>e be tak5 t x is absolutely fre% :5 employ$ 9 m\nt+4 ,9 look+ = a m\nt+ mat]ial1 we %\ld endeav\r to f9d some?+ :i* does n readily take up moi/ure4 ,glue1 gelat9e1 dextr9e1 & gum are all inadmissible on ?is acc\nt2 on ! o!r h&1 />*1 arr[root1 cornfl\r1 & gum tragacan?1 :5 once dry1 d n seem to attract moi/ure4 ,ref]r+ to glue1 ,mr4 ,w4 ,brooks says#bi t he has rec5tly se5 _m photographs :i* h be5 m\nt$ ) t m$ium1 & 9 "s cases1 :]e ! glue has be5 put on too ?ickly1 x swells up into ridges1 %[+ m>ks ( ! bru% ) :i* x is appli$1 & ea* ridge aft] a "t turns br[n4 ,! same writ] is n :olly 9 fav\r ( />*1 b 9 our own op9ion pure :ite />* is z good a mat]ial z c be met )4 ,to prep>e x = use z a m\ntant1 a l>ge teaspoonful ( />* is plac$ 9 ! bottom ( a cup1 ) j suffici5t cold wat] to cov] x4 ,?is is all[$ to rema9 = a c\ple ( m9utes1 aft] :i* ! cup is fill$ ) boil+ wat]1 & well /irr$2 ! />* %\ld !n be fairly ?ick1 b n s ?ick z to prev5t a bru% tak+ up a prop] supply = a good siz$ pr9t4 ,we w suppose t we are go+ to m\nt a day's "w ( c>te-de-visite pr9ts4 ,9 a =m] *apt] we h said t x is desirable t ! pr9ts %\ld be left damp4 ,if !y are dri$1 !y %\ld be slightly moi/5$1 & plac$ 9 a heap "o above ! o!r1 z by s do+ ! moi/ure is conf9$1 & "o damp+ ( all ! pr9ts is suffici5t4 ,9 our own practice we h1 z is natural1 all ! pr9ts ) ! faces d[nw>ds4 ,a /iff bri/le bru% is !n dipp$ into ! pot conta9+ ! />*1 & ! />* bru%$ ov] ! back ( ! top pr9t4 ,?is "o is !n c>efully rais$ f ! pr9t b5ea? x1 &1 suppos+ x to h be5 prop]ly trimm$1 x is laid ^u ! c>d1 & press$ d[n by means ( a s(t clo?1 & plac$ on "o side to dry4 ,! next pr9t is !n treat$ 9 ! same mann]1 & s on4 ,by ?is plan no />* gets on ! face ( ! pr9ts1 :i* is a desid]atum4 ,) a little practice1 j suffici5t />* w be bru%$ on ea* c>te1 & no m4 ,"y h&s1 h[ev]1 are sometimes apt to give m ?an a fair %>e to !m2 9 ?is case1 aft] press+ ! pr9t d[n ) ! s(t clo?1 x may be useful to place on ! pr9t a piece ( writ+ pap]1 & press all sup]flu\s />* out by a r\nd$ /raight-edge1 or an ivory or wood5 pap] knife4 ,! c>d 9 ?is case %\ld be plac$ on a slab ( ?ick glass1 s z give an ev5 pressure4 ,! />*1 :i* w exude beyond ! edges ( ! c>d1 %\ld be c>efully wip$ (f ) a clean clo?4 ,?is is ( c\rse a me?od to be adopt$ only 9 ! case ( bungl+ m\nt+1 b x is useful !n1 & may save a c>te4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$ t ! less m\nt+ m$ium us$1 ! great] is ! *ance ( a silv] pr9t n fad+4 ,to m\nt l>g] pr9ts1 ! back %\ld be slightly damp$1 & ! bru% ) ! />* appli$ ) cross /rokes1 s t e "p is cov]$4 ,p>ticul> c>e %\ld be tak5 t ! corn]s & edges are n miss$1 s9ce x (t5 necessitates re-m\nt+ ! pr9t1 :i* is to be avoid$ z f> z possible1 s9ce x is a tr\blesome matt]4 ,! r\nd$-edg$ rul]1 & ! %eet ( :ite pap]1 is also useful "h1 s9ce ov] a l>ge surface !re is m difficulty 9 gett+ ev5 lay]s ( />*1 ?an ov] small] ones4 ,:5 a pr9t has to be m\nt$ ) a m>g91 ! places :]e ! top corn]s h to come %\ld be m>k$ ) a f9e p5cil po9t4 ,by a little dext]ity1 ! top edge ( ! pr9t1 ! back ( :i* has be5 cov]$ ) />* 9 ! mann] describ$1 c be br\ght into ! position indicat$ by ^! dots1 & be !n l[]$ )\t puck]s or folds4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$ t ! pr9t %\ld j cov] ! p5cil m>ks1 s9ce x is almo/ impossible to erase blacklead ) india-rubb]1 if any />* %\ld by accid5t get on x4 ,x is well to dry ^! pr9ts "u pressure1 s9ce ! c>dbo>d is apt to cockle4 ,a c\ple ( bo>ds r long] ?an ! pr9ts suffice = ! purpose4 ,! m\nt$ pr9ts are laid betwe5 !m1 a %eet ( clean blott+-pap] sep>at+ ea*1 & a few weights plac$ on ! top bo>d4 ,= pr9ts ( mod]ate size1 a table-clo? press is an excell5t sub/itute4 ,z to ! k9d ( m\nts to be us$1 op9ions v>y4 ,to our m9d1 ! simpl] !y are1 ! bett] !y look4 ,x is n r>e to f9d a regul> adv]tisem5t ( ! photographic e/abli%m5t bel[ a c>te or cab9et pr9t4 ,to say ! lea/ ( x1 ?is is bad ta/e1 & we are sure x is bad art4 ,if ! "w be good1 x ne$s no recomm5dation2 & if x be bad1 ! less ( an adv]tisem5t t appe>s1 ! bett] x is = ! photograph]4 ,at ! back ( a c>te or cab9et is ! place :]e any adv]tisem5t %\ld appe>2 b ev5 "h x may be ov]done4 ,:5 we f9d ! back ( ! c>te got up ) any am\nt ( gold-lett]+ fl\ri%es1 & no blank space on :i* ! eye c re/ )\t enc\nt]+ "s "o especial m]it ( ! arti/1 we may expect to f9d on ! front ( ! c>d ! same k9d ( tawdry "w4 ,x is seldom advisable to h ! m\nt ( a :ite col\r1 ?\gh = c>tes or cab9ets1 9 :i* ! m>g9 w be hidd5 9 ! album1 ?is is n ( mu* consequ5ce2 b = pr9ts 9 :i* ! m>g9 %[s1 x is g5]ally advisable to h "s slight t9t visible1 pref]ably ( a cream or buff col\r4 ,!re are "s classes ( "w :i* w1 h[ev]1 be> a :ite m>g91 b x is r>ely ! case2 & we advise1 z a g5]al rule1 t !re %\ld be "s tone on x1 to prev5t its attract+ ! eye away f ! picture by its :it5ess4 ,black m\nts are mu* 9 vogue at ! pres5t "t1 & !y are effective & arti/ic2 b *emical analysis has %[n !m n to be safe1 s9ce !y are enamell$ ) sub/ances :i* are apt to induce fad+4 ,a good & /able black m\nt is a desid]atum1 :i* x is to be hop$ w be f\nd be=e long4 ,not)/&+ our pref]5ce = />* z a m\ntant1 we give a me?od ( prep>+ glue = ! same purpose4 ,! glue us$ %\ld be light1 & z clean z possible4 ,x %\ld be %r$d$ & soak$ 9 suffici5t clean wat] to cov] x = five or six h\rs2 any du/ :i* may h adh]$ to x w f9d its way into ! wat]4 ,! wat] %\ld be p\r$ (f & replac$ by an equal quantity ( fre%4 ,! vessel conta9+ x is heat$ ov] a small gas jet or _s lamp until solution takes place4 ,! liquid is !n ?9n$ d[n ) w>m wat] till x is ( prop] consi/5cy1 a po9t :i* is soon le>n$ by a little practice4 ,an ord9>y small glue pot w be f\nd conv5i5t4 ,x is sometimes useful to h at h& a m\nt+ solution :i* w n cockle ! m\nt1 & ! late ,mr4 ,g4 ,:>ton ,simpson gave a =mula :i* is v good 9 ?is respect4 ,f9e cut gelat9e or %r$d$ glue is swoll5 9 ! lea/ possible quantity ( wat]1 & ?is is boil$ ) alcohol1 ) mu* /irr+4 ,if #hj gra9s ( ,nelson's ,no4 #a f9e cut gelat9e are tak51 #c dr4 ( wat] %\ld be us$ = mak+ x1 & to x #b oz4 ( alcohol be add$4 ,:5 cool ?is sets into a jelly1 & c be us$ by lett+ ! bottle into :i* x has be5 transf]r$ /& 9 hot wat]4 ,pr9ts c be m\nt$ on foolscap pap] ) ?is m$ium )\t any s]i\s cockl+ be+ app>5t4 ,x %\ld be recollect$ t no two bat*es ( pap] w m\nt exactly alike1 "s exp&+ m ?an o!rs4 ,x is well to m\nt a trial pr9t be=e do+ _m1 to see exactly h[ ! pap] "u manipulation behaves4 ,roll+ ! ,pr9ts4--,aft] ! pr9ts h be5 "u ! h&s ( ! ret\*]1 !y %\ld be roll$ 9 a roll+-press 9 ord] to give a brightness to ! pr9t$ image4 ,x w\ld be invidi\s to po9t out any p>ticul> press t %\ld be us$4 ,suffice x to say1 !re are _m excell5t ones 9 ! m>ket4 ,! directions = clean+ & us+ ! press are suppli$ ) ea* ma*9e2 we !re=e refra9 f say+ any?+ ab\t !m4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiii4 ,,defects ,,9 ,,pr9ts4 ,! ba? solution is sometimes repell$ by ! pap]1 & ?is is f\nd *iefly 9 highly album5iz$ pap]1 & is g5]ally caus$ by ! pap] be+ too dry4 ,pass+ ! %eet ( pap] ov] ! /eam f a saucepan w g5]ally effect a cure4 ,small :ite spots1 ) a black c5tral p9-po9t1 are (t5 met ) 9 pr9ts4 ,du/ on ! pap] dur+ s5sitiz+ w cause !m1 ! grit =m+ a nucleus = a m9ute bubble4 ,all pap] %\ld be ?or\ghly du/$ be=e be+ float$ on ! s5sitiz+ ba?4 ,grey1 />-l spots arise f small p>ticles ( inorganic matt]1 su* z f]ric oxide1 lime1 c41 :i* are pres5t 9 ! pap]4 ,!y become m app>5t by decomposition dur+ ! pr9t+ op]ations4 ,!y may g5]ally be disc]nible by exam9+ ! pap] by transmitt$ light4 ,bronze l9es 7/raight7 occur ?r\gh a /oppage dur+ float+ ! pap] 9 ! s5sitiz+ solution4 ,%\ld ! l9es be irregul>1 =m+ angles & curves1 x is probable t a scum ( silv] oxide1 c41 may be detect$ on ! surface ( ! s5sitiz+ solution4 ,a /rip ( blott+-pap] drawn across ! ba? w remove ! cause ( ! defect4 ,%\ld ! pr9t appe> m>bl$1 x may be surmis$ t ! s5sitiz+ solution is weak1 or t ! pap] has n be5 float$ suffici5tly4 ,9 "s cases x may arise f imp]fect album5iz+2 b 9 ord9>y comm]cial samples ! cause c be easily trac$4 ,r$ m>ks on ! %ad[s may appe> dur+ ton+1 & are v conspicu\s aft] fix+4 ,!y g5]ally arise f h&l+ ! pap] ) hot1 moi/ f+]s aft] s5sitiz+2 greasy matt] be+ deposit$ on ! surface1 prev5ts ! ton+ ba? act+ prop]ly on su* p>ts4 ,weak pr9ts are g5]ally caus$ by weak negatives4 ,su* c be p>tially rem$i$ by pay+ att5tion to ! /r5g? ( ! s5sitiz+ ba? 7see ,app5dix71 & by us+ wa%$ pap]4 ,h>% pr9ts are due to h>% negatives4 ,!y c g5]ally be rem$i$ by pay+ att5tion to ! mode ( pr9t+1 z giv5 9 ,*apt] ,,ix4 ,if ! negative be "u-expos$ & want+ 9 detail1 !re is1 h[ev]1 no cure = ?is defect4 ,a r$ tone is due to insuffici5t ton+2 :il/ a poor & blue tone is due to an excess ( ton+4 ,! :ites may appe> yell[ f imp]fect wa%+1 imp]fect ton+1 imp]fect fix+1 or f ! use ( old s5sitiz$ pap]4 ,%\ld pr9ts refuse to tone1 ei!r ! gold has be5 exhau/$1 or else a trace ( sodium hyposulphite has be5 c>ri$ into ! ton+ ba? by ! f+]s or o!r means4 ,a trace ( hyposulphite is mu* m injuri\s to ! pr9t ?an a fair quantity ( x4 ,%\ld ! ton+ ba? refuse to tone aft] ! addition ( gold1 x may be presum$ t x is contam9at$ by a trace ( sodium hyposulphite4 ,a d>k mottl$ appe>ance 9 ! body ( ! pap] indicates imp]fect fix+1 comb9$ ) ! action ( light on ! unalt]$ *loride dur+ fix+4 ,if ! fix+ ba? be acid1 ! excess ( acid comb9es ) ! sulphur1 & =ms hydrosulphuric acid1 :i* w also cause ! defect4 ,! cause ( meal9ess or measles 9 ! pr9t has be5 expla9$ 9 page #cb4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiv4 ,,encau/ic ,,pa/e4 ,! value ( an encau/ic pa/e 9 improv+ ! effect ( photographic pr9ts has become v g5]ally recognis$ among/ photograph]s4 ,a good encau/ic conf]s ?ree special b5efits on ! pr9t3 x gives dep?1 ri*ness1 & transp>5cy to ! %ad[s2 x r5d]s app>5t delicate detail 9 ! lights :i* w\ld o!rwise rema9 imp]ceptible2 & x aids 9 protect+ ! surface1 & s t5ds to p]man5cy4 ,"o ( ! writ]s has 9 8 possession pr9ts t 7 treat$ ) an encau/ic pa/e ?irte5 ye>s ago1 :i* reta9 all _! orig9al fre%ness & purity1 :ile pr9ts done at ! same "t f ! same negatives h gone1 to say ! lea/ ( x1 (f col\r4 ,v>i\s =mul = ! prep>ation ( encau/ic pa/es h be5 publi%$1 & _m ( !m v excell5t4 ,! qualities requir$ are1 eas9ess ( application1 & ! capacity ( giv+ ri*ness & dep? )\t too mu* gloss1 & ( yield+ a h>d1 firm1 p]man5t surface4 ,= a prop] comb9ation ( all ^! qualities1 no?+ has ev] approa*$ ! pa/e ( ! late ,adam-,salomon1 ( :i* ! foll[+ is ! =mula3-- ,pure :ite wax #ejj gra9s ,gum elemi #aj ,b5zole #bjj ,ess5ce ( lav5d] #cjj ,oil ( spike #ae ,! wax is cut into %r$s1 & melt$ 9 a capsule ov] a wat] ba?4 ,plac+ x 9 a j>1 & ! latt] 9 a pan ( hot wat]1 w s]ve4 ,p[d] ! elemi1 & dissolve x 9 ! solv5t1 us+ g5tle heat4 ,"s samples ( elemi are s(t & t\gh1 & w n admit ( p[d]+1 9 :i* case x may be r\ghly divid$ into small portions1 & plac$ 9 a bottle ) ! solv5ts4 ,/ra9 ?r\gh musl91 & add ! cle> solution to ! melt$ wax1 & /ir well4 ,x is !n p\r$ into a wide-m\!d bottle1 & all[$ to cool4 ,! encau/ic pa/e is put on ! pr9ts 9 pat*es1 & !n rubb$ ) a light1 quick motion1 ) a piece ( flannel1 until a firm1 f9e surface is obta9$4 ,we give ano!r simple =mula :i* is effici5t1 ?\gh we ourselves pref] ! above4 ,:ite wax cut into %r$s #a ounce ,turp5t9e #a & ?9n$ d[n1 if necess>y1 till x has ! consi/5cy ( cold cream4 ,yet ano!r is-- ,:ite wax #a ounce ,b5zole #b ounces4 ,,*apt] ,,xxv4 ,,enamell+ ,,pr9ts4 ,!re are sev]al modes ( enamell+ pr9ts1 b !re is none bett] ?an t describ$ by ,mr4 ,w4 ,engl&1 :i* we quote 9 8 words4 ,i h a glass hav+ a good poli%$ surface 7pat5t plate is n necess>y71 & rub ov] x "s p[d]$ ,fr5* *alk ti$ up 9 a musl9 bag4 ,du/ (f ! sup]flu\s *alk ) a camel's hair bru%1 & coat ) enamel collodion4 ,i f9d x an improvem5t to add to ! collodion usually sold = ! purpose #b dr4 ( ca/or oil to ! p9t4 ,:5 ! collodion is well set1 imm]se ! plate 9 a di% ( wat]4 ,:5 sev]al pr9ts are requir$ to be enamell$1 a suffici5t numb] ( plates may be prep>$ & put 9 di%es2 ?is w save "t4 ,n[ take ! fir/ plate1 & well wa% "u a tap till all greas9ess has disappe>$2 place x on a levell+ /&1 & p\r on z mu* wat] z ! plate w hold4 ,!n lay ! pr9t on ! top1 squeeze out all ! wat]1 & place ! plate & pr9t betwe5 sev]al ?icknesses ( blott+-pap] to remove all sup]flu\s moi/ure4 ,! plate1 ) ! pr9t 9 contact1 %\ld n[ be plac$ 9 a w>m room to dry spontane\sly1 :5 ! pr9t w come easily f ! glass4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 n to attempt to remove ! pr9t till q dry4 ,if ! pictures requir$ to be enamell$ h be5 dri$1 x w be necess>y to rub ov] !m "s ox-gall ) a plug ( s(t rag2 o!rwise ! wat] w run 9 globules on ! surface1 & make bli/]s :5 laid on ! collodion4 ,i may m5tion t pr9ts done 9 ?is way lose _! v glossy surface on be+ m\nt$1 b reta9 _! brilliancy1 :i* ,i ?9k is an improvem5t1 z ,i dislike ! poli%$ surface usually giv5 to ! pr9t :5 gelat9e is employ$4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvi4 ,,cameo ,,pr9ts4 ,at "o "t !re 0 a rage among/ photograph]s to produce cameos1 &1 = ?is purpose1 a special piece ( app>atus 0 requir$ to produce ! emboss+4 ,! figure w expla9 x4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ca4 ,! pr9t1 aft] m\nt+1 0 enamell$ by coat+ a plate ) collodion--z describ$ above--& a ?9 film ( liquid gelat9e appli$4 ,9 "s cases ! c>te itself 0 gelat9iz$1 dri$1 & damp$1 & plac$ 9 contact ) ! collodion film4 ,! c>te 0 plac$ face d[nw>ds on ! gelat9e1 & plac$ "u pressure till q dry4 ,x 0 !n remov$1 & bore on its surface a high gloss caus$ by ! collodion4 ,x 0 !n ready = emboss+1 :i* 0 effect$ by plac+ x 9 ! above app>atus4 ,"s p l ! /yle2 & x w be se5 t great v>iety 9 x may be made by pr9t+ suffici5t dep? ( bord] r\nd ! cameo2 b1 = our own "p1 we ?9k t1 9 an art po9t ( view1 !y are decid$ly vulg>2 & besides :i*1 ! surface ( ! cameo is readily scrat*$1 s9ce x is rais$4 ,we only give a brief acc\nt ( :at has be5 done 9 ?is direction1 n to enc\rage its adoption1 b r to caution ! photograph]4 ,,app5dix4 ,,r$uction ,,( ,,ov]-,,expos$ ,,pr9ts4 ,mr4 ,engl& writes z foll[s to ! ,photographic ,j\rnal1 & we c unhesitat+ly say t ! me?od ( r$uc+ an ov]-pr9t$ pro( is excell5t4 ,a simple & c]ta9 me?od ( r$uc+ ov]-pr9t$ pro(s has be5 "o ( ! wants long felt by all photograph]s4 ,x is well kn[n t 9 e photographic e/abli%m5t ev5 ! mo/ c>eful pr9t]s _c always be sure ( gett+ ! exact dep? ( tone requir$1 & pro(s occasionally get ov]-pr9t$4 ,( c\rse prev5tion is bett] ?an cure2 b1 :5 a rem$y is necess>y1 ! me?od ,i am ab\t to describe answ]s admirably4 ,i tri$ a great _m exp]im5ts be=e ,i succe$$ to my satisfaction4 ,i f\nd t cyanide ( potassium totally de/roy$ ! pr9t1 ev5 :5 us$ mod]ately /rong4 ,by us+ a weak] solution x 0 well "u control1 & ! exact dep? c\ld be readily obta9$2 b dur+ ! wa%+ to remove ! cyanide ! action ( ! latt] cont9u$1 & spoil$ e pro(4 ,i !n tri$ sev]al me?ods to arre/ ! action ( ! cyanide1 b )\t success4 ,x !n occurr$ to me to use ! cyanide 9 su* a weak /ate t b little %\ld be held 9 ! pap]1 only suffici5t to r$uce ! pr9t to ! requir$ dep?2 = ?is purpose ,i made a ba? ( only f\r drops ( saturat$ solution ( cyanide to a p9t ( wat]4 ,! pr9ts imm]s$ at fir/ %[$ no signs ( gett+ light]1 b aft] ab\t an h\r ! mo/ p]fect results _h be5 obta9$ ) pr9ts consid]ably ov]-pr9t$4 ,) light] pictures a less "t is requir$4 ,pro(s treat$ 9 ?is way lose no?+ ( _! tone dur+ ! aft]-wa%+1 :i* %\ld be ?or\ghly done1 &1 :5 dry1 reta9 all ! brilliancy ( an ord9>y pr9t4 ,! plan ( us+ cyanide has1 we "k1 (t5 be5 propos$1 b ) no success until1 we believe1 ,mr4 ,w4 ,brooks gave a =mula :i* work$ successfully ) him4 ,ano!r plan1 propos$ by ,mr4 ,l4 ,w>n]ke1 = effect+ ! same ?+ is ! use ( f]ric sulphate4 ,a weak solution is prep>$1 & ! pr9t imm]s$ 9 x4 ,! r$uction takes place rapidly1 b ev5ly4 ,we ne$ sc>cely say t x is bett] n to h to use ei!r ( ^! rem$ies1 by avoid+ ov]-pr9t+2 b z mi/akes w occur1 x is evid5t t ! above w be ( use at times4 ,,utilization ,,( ,,silv] ,,residues4 ,all pap] or solutions 9 :i* !re is silv] %\ld be sav$1 z x has be5 prov$ by exp]i5ce t f #ej to #ge p] c5t4 ( ! :ole ( ! silv] us$ c be recov]$ by rigid adh]5ce to ! c>eful /orage ( wa/es4 #a4 ,all pr9ts %\ld be trimm$1 if practicable1 be=e ton+ & fix+2 9 all cases ^! clipp+s %\ld be collect$4 ,:5 a good basketful ( !m is collect$1 ^!1 toge!r ) ! bits ( blott+-pap] atta*$ to ! bottom end ( s5sitiz$ pap] dur+ dry+1 & t us$ = ! dra9+ ( plates1 %\ld be burnt 9 a /ove1 & ! a%es collect$4 ,^! a%es w naturally occupy b a small space 9 comp>ison ) ! pap] itself4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 t ! draught f ! fire is n /rong en\gh to c>ry up ! a%es4 #b4 ,all wa%+s f pr9ts1 wat]s us$ 9 ! prep>ation ( dry plates1 all ba?s1 develop+ solutions 7aft] use71 & old ton+ ba?s1 %\ld be plac$ 9 a tub1 & common salt add$4 ,?is w =m silv] *loride4 #c4 ,! old hyposulphite ba?s us$ 9 pr9t+ %\ld be plac$ 9 ano!r tub4 ,to ?is ! potassium sulphide ( comm]ce may be add$4 ,silv] sulphide is ?us =m$4 #d4 ,to ,no4 #a nitric acid may be add$1 & ! a%es boil$ 9 x till no m silv] is extract$ by x4 ,! solution ( silv] nitrate ?us produc$ is filt]$ (f ?r\gh :ite musl91 & put aside = fur!r treatm5t1 :5 common salt is add$ to x to =m *loride1 & add$ to ,no4 #b4 #e4 ,! a%es may /ill conta9 silv] *loride4 ,?is may be dissolv$ out by add+ a solution ( sodium hyposulphite1 & add+ ! filtrate ,no4 #c4 #f4 ,no4 #b1 aft] ?or\ghly dry+1 may be r$uc$ to metallic silv] 9 a r$uc+ crucible#cj by addition ( two p>ts ( sodium c>bonate & a little borax to "o ( ! silv] *loride4 ,^! %\ld be well mix$ toge!r1 & plac$ 9 ! cov]$ crucible 9 a coke fire1 & gradually heat$4 ,if ! op]ator be 9 possession ( "o ( ,flet*]'s gas furnaces he c employ x economically1 & ) f> less tr\ble ?an us+ ! fire4 7,x is suppli$ ) an arrangem5t = hold+ crucibles1 :i* is useful = ! purpose47 ,aft] a "t1 on lift+ (f ! cov]1 x w be f\nd t ! silv] is r$uc$ to a metallic /ate4 ,aft] all see?+ has f9i%$1 ! crucible %\ld be heat$ to a :ite heat = a qu>t] ( an h\r4 ,! molt5 silv] %\ld be turn$ out into an iron pan 7previ\sly rubb$ ov] ) plumbago to prev5t ! molt5 metal spirt+71 & imm]s$ 9 a pail ( wat]4 ,! wa%+ %\ld be repeat$ till no?+ b ! pure silv] rema9s4 ,! silv] hyposulphite1 hav+ be5 r$uc$ to ! sulphide by ! addition ( ! potassium sulphide1 is plac$ 9 a crucible1 & subject$ to a :ite heat2 ! sulphur is driv5 (f1 & ! silv] rema9s beh9d4 ,ano!r me?od ( r$uc+ silv] *loride to ! metallic /ate is by plac+ x 9 wat] slightly acidulat$ ) sulphuric acid toge!r ) granulat$ z9c4 ,! z9c is attack$1 evolv+ hydrog51 :i*1 9 its turn1 r$uces ! silv] *loride to ! metallic /ate1 & =m+ hydro*loric acid4 ,aft] well wa%+1 ! silv] may be dissolv$ up 9 nitric acid4 ,yet ano!r me?od is to take sug> ( milk & a solution ( crude pota%1 :5 ! silv] is rapidly r$uc$4 ,?is requires c>eful wa%+1 & x is well to heat ! metal to a dull r$ heat to get rid ( any adh]5t & insoluble organic matt] :i* may h be5 =m$1 be=e dissolv+ x 9 nitric acid4 ,,to ,,pr9t ,,f ,,weak ,,& ,,h>d ,,negatives4 ,%\ld a negative be f\nd v h>d1 a slight modification ( ! s5sitiz+ solution w be f\nd b5eficial1 suppos+ ! ord9>y pap] is to be us$4 ,silv] nitrate #cj gra9s ,wat] #a ounce ,! negative %\ld 9 ?is case be pr9t$ 9 ! sun4 ,! m int5se ! light1 ! less contra/ !re w be 9 ! pr9t1 z ! /rong] light m rapidly effects a *ange 9 ! album9ate ?an if subject$ to weak] diffus$ light4 ,! reason = ! r$uction 9 quantity ( ! silv] nitrate 9 ! solution is giv5 on page #ae4 ,to pr9t f a weak negative1 ! s5sitiz+ solution %\ld be3-- ,silv] nitrate #hj gra9s ,wat] #a ounce ,! pr9t+ %\ld take place 9 ! %ade2 ! weak] ! negative1 ! m diffus$ ! light %\ld be4 ,if a negative be d5se1 b all ! gradations ( light & %ade be p]fect1 ! /rong ba?1 &1 if1 possible1 a /rongly-salt$ pap]1 %\ld be us$4 ,! pr9t+ %\ld take place 9 sunlight4 ,,to ,,make ,,gold ,,tri-,,*loride ,,au ,,cl#c4 ,place a half-sov]eign 7:i* may conta9 silv] z well z copp]7 9 a conv5i5t vessel2 p\r on x half a dra*m ( nitric acid1 & mix ) x two-&-a-half dra*ms ( hydro*loric acid2 dige/ at a g5tle heat1 b d n boil1 or probably ! *lor9e w be driv5 (f4 ,at ! expiration ( a few h\rs add a simil> quantity ( ! acids4 ,probably ?is w be suffici5t to dissolve all ! gold4 ,if n1 add acid ! ?ird "t2 all w h be5 dissolv$ by ?is addition1 except+1 p]haps1 a trace ( silv]1 :i* w h be5 deposit$ by ! excess ( hydro*loric acid z silv] *loride4 ,if a precipitate %\ld h be5 =m$1 filt] x out1 & wa% ! filt] pap] well ) di/ill$ wat]4 ,take a filt]$ solution ( f]r\s sulphate 7eight p>ts wat] to "o ( iron7 acidulat$ ) a few drops ( hydro*loric acid1 & add ! gold solution to x2 ! iron w cause ! gold alone to deposit z metallic gold1 leav+ ! copp] 9 solution4 ,by add+ ! gold solution to ! iron ! precipitate is n s f9e z if add$ vice v]sa4 ,let ! gold settle1 & p\r (f ! liquid2 add wat]1 & dra9 aga91 & s on till no acid is left1 te/+ ! wa%+s by litmus pap]4 ,take ! metallic gold :i* has be5 precipitat$1 re-dissolve 9 ! acids z be=e1 evaporate to dryness on a wat] ba? 7t is1 at a heat n exce$+ #bab ,f47 ,! result+ sub/ance is ! gold tri-*loride4 ,to be kept 9 cry/als ?is %\ld be plac$ 9 glass tubes h]metically seal$4 ,= non-comm]cial purposes x is conv5i5t to dissolve x 9 wat] 7"o dra*m to a gra9 ( gold74 ,t5 gra9s ( gold dissolv$ yield #ae4d gra9s ( ! salt4 ,h5ce if t5 gra9s h be5 dissolv$1 #ae4d dra*ms ( wat] mu/ be add$ to give ! above /r5g?4 ,,to ,,make ,,silv] ,,nitrate4 ,silv] co9s are mo/ly alloy$ ) t9 or copp]4 ,9 bo? cases ! co9 %\ld be dissolv$ 9 nitric acid dilut$ ) twice its bulk ( wat]4 ,if t9 be pres5t !re w be an insoluble residue left ( /annic oxide4 ,! solution %\ld be evaporat$ d[n to dryness1 re-dissolv$ 9 wat]1 filt]$1 & aga9 evaporat$ to dryness4 ,x w !n be fit = mak+ up a ba?4 ,if copp] be pres5t1 ! solution mu/ be treat$ ) silv] oxide4 ,! silv] oxide ?us =m$ is add$1 little by little1 till ! blue or gre5i% col\r has entirely disappe>$4 ,?is w precipitate ! copp] oxide f ! copp] nitrate1 sett+ free ! nitric acid1 :i*1 9 its turn1 w comb9e ) ! silv] oxide4 ,! copp] w fall z a black p[d] mix$ ) any excess ( silv] oxide !re may be4 ,take "o or two drops ( ! solution 9 a measure1 & add a dra*m ( wat]1 & !n add ammonia to x till ! precipitate fir/ =m$ is re-dissolv$4 ,if no blue col\r is app>5t1 ! sub/itution ( ! silv] = ! copp] is complete2 if n1 m silv] oxide mu/ be add$ till ! desir$ end is atta9$4 ,di/ill$ wat] mu/ next be add$ till ! /r5g? ( ! ba? is t requir$4 ,?is c be te/$ by ! arg5tomet]4 ,if to a solution ( silv] nitrate a solution ( pota% be add$1 a precipitate w be =m$4 ,?is is ! silv] oxide4 ,! pota% %\ld be add$ till no fur!r precipitation takes place4 ,! oxide %\ld be all[$ to settle1 ! sup]natant fluid be decant$ (f 7a syphon arrangem5t is v conv5i5t71 & fre% di/ill$ wat] add$ to x4 ,?is1 9 its turn1 aft] ! oxide has be5 well /irr$1 %\ld be decant$ (f4 ,! op]ation %\ld be repeat$ five or six times1 to ensure all nitrate ( pota% be+ abs5t1 ?\gh its pres5ce does n matt] = a pr9t+ ba?1 s9ce ?is or "s o!r nitrate is =m$ :5 ! pap] is float$4 ,,! ,,end4 ,,= ,photographic ,/ock & ,app>atus1 ,arti/s' ,mat]ials1 etc41 ,s5d y\r ord]s to ! ,,mammo? ,,/ock ,,h\se ,,( ,w4 ,r4 ,,reid1 #ceb #ced ,euclid ,av5ue1 ,,clevel&1 ,,ohio4 ,entrek9's ,enamell]s1 ,we/on's ,burni%]s1 ,magee's ,nitrate ,silv]1 & o!r ,*emicals1 ,photo-,*rome ,outfits1 ,convex ,glass1 oval & squ>e1 ,c>d size to #aj x #ab1 ,web/]'s ,transp>5t ,wat] ,colors1 ,p>lor ,pa/e1 ,velvet ,frames1 ,squ>e & ,oval ,walnut ,frames1 ,m\ld+s & ,l9+s4 ,,sol> ,,pr9t+4 ,,manufactur] ,,( ,reid's ,new ,negative & ,f]rotype ,collodion1 ,reid's ,new ,negative & ,f]rotype ,v>ni%1 ,reid's ,brilliant & ,extra ,brilliant ,non-bli/]+ ,album5 ,pap]4 ,no *>ge = pack+ boxes4 ,write = price-li/4 ,special prices to l>ge buy]s & ca% cu/om]s4 ,,jas4 ,h4 ,,smi? ,:olesale ,deal] 9 ,,photographic ,,goods1 ,picture ,frames1 ,m\ld+s4 ,albums1 ,brackets1 ,mats1 ,picture ,cord1 ,glass1 ,pat5t ,w9d[ ,cornices1 etc4 ,,outfits ,a ,,specialty4 ,second-h& ,app>atus1 ,l5ses etc41 ,b\ght1 ,sold or ,ex*ang$4 ,,be/ ,,goods ,,at ,,l[e/ ,,prices4 #bf ,,s\? ,,fif? ,,/reet1 ,,qu9cy1 ,,ill4 ,s5d = ,price-,li/s4 ,a4 ,m4 ,,coll9s1 ,,son ,,co4 ,manufactur]s ( all k9ds ( ,,c>ds ,,& ,,c>dbo>ds ,,= ,,photograph]s ,,w>eh\se3 ,no4 #ebg ,ar* ,/reet ,,philadelphia #bh1jjj squ>e feet ( ,floor room4 ,! l>ge/ =ce ( ,employees4 ,l>ge/ ,/ock 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,,hiram ,j4 ,,?ompson1 ,,jobb] ,,9 ,,picture ,,frames1 ,,m\ld+s1 ,,mirrors1 ,,albums1 ,,pictures1 ,,& ,,photographic ,,mat]ials4 ,no4 #bei ,waba% ,ave41 ,,*icago4 ,s5d = my late ,catalogue4 ,photographic ,enl>gem5ts ,,by ,,! ,,plat9otype ,,process4 ,,done ,,) ,,! ,electric ,light4 ,! ,plat9otype ,pr9ts are *>act]iz$ by a ,beautiful ,tone1 ,p]fection ( ,detail1 ,pure ,:ites1 & ,,absolute ,,p]man5ce4 ,by ! use ( ! ,electric ,light we are enabl$ to proce$ )\t reg>d to ! wea!r1 & c fill ord]s promptly )\t ! delays usually att5d+ ,sol> ,pr9t+4 ,s5d = ,price-,li/s4 ,,?os4 ,h4 ,mc,c,o,l,l,i,n1 #fca ,,ar* ,,/reet1 7,deal] 9 all ,photographic ,supplies47 ,,pa4 ,,philadelphia1 ,,pa4 ,,! ,,old ,,reliable6 ,p4 ,,smi? ,,co41 ,,no4 #aba ,,we/ ,,fif? ,,/reet1 ,,c9c9nati1 ,,ohio4 ,,& ,,bran* ,,at ,,no4 #f ,,ea/ ,,broad ,,/reet1 ,,columbus1 ,,ohio4 ,,:]e ,! ,amateur & ! ,pr(essional ,photograph] ,,w ,,f9d ,,ev]y?+ ,requisite = ei!r ! ,,wet or ! ,,dry ,,plate ,,process4 ,dry ,plates & ,outfits 9 ,great ,v>iety4 ,velvet ,frames1 etc41 etc41 etc4 ,,mullett ,,bros41 ,,deal]s ,,9 ,photographic ,supplies4 #eah ,,walnut ,,/41 ,,kansas ,,city1 ,,mo4 ,we/]n ,photograph]s6 look to y\r int]e/s1 & pur*ase y\r /ock & app>atus at ! ,kansas ,city ,/ock ,h\se1 !reby avoid+ heavy freight bills & a great loss ( "t4 ,9 addition to a full l9e ( ,photo4 ,supplies1 we h also a l>ge v>iety ( ,,albums1 ,,silk ,,velvet ,,frames1 ,,picture ,,cord ,,& ,,nails1 ,,convex ,,glass1 ,,matts1 ,,etc41 ,,etc4 ,photograph]s 9 ! ,ea/ contemplat+ mov+ ,we/ w f9d x to _! int]e/s to pur*ase _! goods "h1 !reby sav+ a great exp5se 9 %ipp+4 ,hav+ m ?an d\bl$ our capital & room1 we are n[ able to compete 9 price & v>iety ( goods ) any h\se ,we/ ( ,n4 ,y4 ,s5d a trial ord] & be conv9c$4 ,prompt & c>eful att5tion to all ord]s4 ,,milwaukee4 ,,gu/avus ,,bode1 ,nor?we/]n ,photographic ,w>eh\se & ,*emical ,laboratory1 #aa ,spr+ ,/41 ,milwaukee1 ,wis4 ,a ,,full ,,l9e ,,( ,,photographic ,,goods ,,& ,,arti/s' ,,mat]ials1 --,,embrac+-- ,app>atus1 ,*emicals1 ,glass1 ,album5iz$ ,pap]s1 ,frames1 ,albums1 ,views1 etc4 ,engli%1 ,g]man & ,am]ican ,oil ,colors1 & all ,mat]ials us$ 9 ! ,f9e ,arts4 ,,specialty4 ,nitrate ( ,silv] & ,*loride ( ,gold made = photographic purposes4 ,gold & ,silv] ,wa/es ref9$4 ,satisfaction gu>ante$4 ,,s5d ,,= ,,price-,,li/4 ,,buffalo ,,photographic ,,w>eh\se4 ,david ,tuck] ,co4 ,photograph]s' ,supplies4 #daj ,,ma9 ,,/4 ,,buffalo1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,david ,,tuck]4 ,s4 ,b4 ,,butts #ahfj ,national ,photographic ,emporium4 #ahha #bje ,w4 ,baltimore ,/reet1 ,,baltimore1 ,,md4 ,,ri*>d ,,walzl1 ,proprietor4 ,dry ,plate ,outfits a ,specialty1 ,all ! late/ novelties 9 connection ) ! improv$ ,dry-plate ,processes furni%$ at ! %orte/ notice4 ,any ,photograph] :o wants ,l5ses1 ,cam]as1 ,cam]a ,/&s1 ,backgr\nds1 ,*emicals1 ,glass1 ,album5 ,pap] or 9 fact any ,photographic ,goods1 %\ld s5d = our price-li/ & be conv9c$ t x is to _! int]e/ to s5d _! ord]s to u direct4 ,a trial ord] w conv9ce ! mo/ skeptical4 ,photography 9 all its ,bran*es = ! ,trade4 ,exp]t ,arti/s employ$ on ! premises enable u to make ?is bran* a great feature1 & we c always gu>antee satisfaction4 ,our ,practical ,photographic ,publications are unequall$4 ,see te/imonials 9 ,photograph]'s ,fri5d4 ,price-li/ s5t free to any photograph]4 ,,our ,,new ,,l5ses ,,are ,,! ,,s5sation ,,( ,,! ,,day--& ! prices are s mod]ate !y w a/oni% y4 ,y c try our l5ses be=e y buy !m4 ,if y want any?+ 9 ! photographic l9e1 address ,,ri*>d ,,walzl1 ,,baltimore1 ,,md4 ,,pa4 ,,pittsburgh1 ,,pa4 ,,john ,i4 ,,%aw1 ,successor to ,j4 ,w4 ,morrison1 ,,manufactur] ,,& ,,deal] ,,9 ,photographic ,mat]ials1 ,cam]as1 etc41 etc41 ,nos4 #aj #ab ,six? ,/reet1 ,,pittsburgh1 ,,pa4 ,m\ld+s1 ,albums1 ,oval1 ,squ>e & ,ar* ,top ,frames1 ,velvet & ,comb9ation ,frames4 ,photographic ,dry ,plates & ,outfits = ,amateurs & ,pr(essionals4 ,ev]y?+ requir$ 9 ! practice ( ,photography 9 all its =ms4 ,,john ,i4 ,,%aw1 ,,pittsburgh1 ,,pa4 ,w4 ,j4 ,,haz5/ab',s ,,new ,,photographic ,,/ock ,,h\se1 #djf ,m>ket ,/reet1 ,/4 ,l\is1 ,mo4 ,is n[ op5$ & prep>$ to fill all ord]s = ,,photographic ,,goods1 ,at ,b$ ,rock ,prices = ,ca%4 ,g5]al ,outfits = ,gall]ies a ,specialty4 ,rememb] ,i ,c>ry 9 ,/ock3 ,am4 ,opt4 ,co's ,cam]a ,boxes & ,/&1 ,success ,cam]a ,boxes1 ,sam4 ,peck ,co4's ,cam]a ,boxes1 ,voigtl&] ,son's ,portrait ,l5ses1 ,d>lot's ,portrait ,l5ses1 ,d>lot's ,quick-,work+ ,portrait ,l5ses1 ,d>lot's ,view ,l5ses1 ,also ! ,celebrat$ ,pe]less ,portrait ,l5ses1 kn[n = _! ,rapidity & ,dep?4 ,& a ,l>ge ,assortm5t ( ,,c>d ,,/ock4 ,,also ,,ag5t ,,= ,,cram] ,,nord5',s ,,dry ,,plates1 ,,ea/man',s ,,dry ,,plates1 ,,c>butt',s ,,dry ,,plates4 ,l>ge ,assortm5t ( ,frames & ,mats at v l[ prices4 ,small ,exp5se 9 c>ry+ on my bus9ess enables me to sell = less money4 -- ,i ,att5d to ,all ,ord]s ,p]sonally4 -- ,s5d = ,trial ,ord]4 ,price-li/s s5t on ,application4 ,,wm4 ,j4 ,,haz5/ab1 ,photograph]s' ,supply ,h\se1 #djf ,m>ket ,/reet1 ,/4 ,l\is1 ,mo4 ,n4 ,b4--,rememb] ,i give #e p] c5t4 disc\nt = ca% on all ord]s ( #aj #jj or ov]4 ,e4 ,weiskopf1 ,manufactur] ( ,optical ,l5ses1 ,specialties3 ,cond5s]s1 ,cosmorama ,l5ses1 & ,magnify+ ,mirrors1 ,no4 #ahb ,c5tre ,/reet1 ,new ,york4 ,,new ,,york1 ,oct4 #aj1 #ahha4 ,9 view ( ! fact t ! und]sign$ has aid$ 9 ! production ( _m ( ! mo/ arti/ic photographic pictures produc$ 9 ?is c\ntry dur+ ! la/ t5 ye>s1 pictures :i* h receiv$ gold & silv] m$als at ,philadelphia1 ,london1 ,p>is1 ,am/]dam & o!r cities ( ! _w1 he feels w>rant$ 9 solicit+ ! patronage ( photograph]s unacqua9t$ ) 8 works4 -- ,my rec5tly introduc$ ,backgr\nds comprise ^? suitable = ! /ock+ ( a ,new ,gall]y1 z well z sev]al suitable = mak+ special ,exhibition pictures4 ,no4 ---- ,vi5na ,tape/ry4 ,no4 #dci4 ,new ,ea/lake4 ,no4 #ddj4 ,! ,villa1 7,summ]74 ,no4 #dce4 ,! ,w9t] ,road1 ,no4 #dcc4 ,! ,ru/ic ,wall4 ,no4 #dbf4 ,! ,palisades4 ,my ,?ree-,qu>t] ,l5g? ,backgr\nds are1 viz3 ,nos4 #dce1 #dcg1 #dch4 ,= ,special ,pictures ,i recomm5d my new ,portrait ,plaques--an entirely new article 9 ,portraiture4 ,sev]al ,designs4 ,= susp5d+ on ,backgr\nds1 ornam5t+ ,fireplaces & ,sidebo>ds1 my ,imitation ,dut* ,plaques are desirable & v popul>4 ,,my ,,late ,,accessories ,,are3 ,no4 #cif4 ,! ,gambi] ,rock4 ,no4 #cii4 ,ea/lake ,fireplace & ,cab9et ,comb9$1 7v ri*71 sev]al movable p>ts4 ,no4 #cig4 ,! ,c\* & set piece4 ,no4 #dad4 ,seavey's ,ea/lake ,cottage & ,balcony4 ,no4 #dda4 ,! ,g>d5 ,wall1 7#c p>ts74 ,no4 ---- ,! ,new ,g>d5 ,seat1 7#c *anges74 99 4 ,ye ,mon?lie ,bullet9 4 ,a4,d4 ( ,l4 ,w4 ,seavey 8 ,worke%op4 #ahha ,"u ! =ego+ head+1 9 ! ,specialty columns ( ! sev]al ,photographic ,j\rnals ( ,am]ica1 w appe> f mon? to mon? brief ann\ncem5ts ( my new productions4 ,,lafayette ,w4 ,,seavey1 ,no4 #h ,lafayette ,place1 ,,new ,,york1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,,photograph]s' ,,supplies4 ,,frames1 ,,albums1 ,,velvet ,,goods4 ,,l[e/ ,,prices4 ,s5d ,= ,our ,b>ga9 ,li/4 ,,eureka4 ,,cram] ,,nord5 ,,& ,,ea/man',s ,,dry ,,plates4 ,,am]ican ,,opt4 ,,co4 ,,dry ,,plate ,,cam]as1 ,,& ,,g5]al ,,app>atus4 ,j4 ,c4 ,,som]ville1 #ajji ,,olive ,,/reet1 ,ne> ,s*olt5's ,gall]y1 ,,/4 ,,l\is1 ,,mo4 ,,wilson',s ,,photographics4 ,a ,p>tial ,photographic ,encyclop$ia4 ,by ,e4 ,l4 ,,wilson1 ,editor ,phila4 ,photograph]1 ,photo4 ,mosaics1 etc4 ,a ,,/&>d ,,book = ,,all ,work]s 9 ,photography4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,lesson ,a4 ,treatm5t ( ! ,subject--,b4 ,! ,ne$ful ,app>atus--,c4 ,! ,objective or ,l5s--,d4 ,! ,d>k-,room--,e4 ,prep>ation ( ! ,glass--,f4 ,*emicals & ,solutions--,g4 ,! ,manipulations--,h4 ,manipulatory ,mis]ies--,i4 ,ret\*+ ! ,negative--,j4 ,! ,glass ,/udio--,k4 ,accessories & ,light--,l4 ,manag+ ! ,model--,m4 ,pr9t+ on ,album5 ,pap]--,n4 ,pr9t+ on ,pla9 ,pap]--,o4 ,g5]al ,rem>ks on ,pr9t+--,p4 ,pr9t+ on ,v>i\s ,surfaces--,q4 ,pr9t+ ,p]plexities--,r4 ,art 9 ,pr9t+--,s4 ,m\nt+ & ,f9i%+--,t4 ,photography ,outside--,u4 ,bromo-,gelat9e ,emulsion ,"w--,v4 ,vogel's ,collodion ,emulsion--,w4 ,enl>gem5ts & ,lant]n ,slides--,x4 ,phototypes1 ,plat9otypes1 & ,collodion ,transf]s--,y4 ,wa/es & ,_! ,wor?--,z4 ,metrical ,measur+--4 ,conclud+ ,confab--,index 7,six ,pages47 ,x is believ$ t ?is is ! mo/ valuable "w ev] (f]$ to ! work+ photograph]4 ,x conta9s #ceb pages2 #g x #h-c_/d in* cov]1 & is #a-a_/b in*es ?ick4 ,m ?an #ajj illu/rations4 ,x gives full details ( all practical ,processes1 ,old & ,new1 ,public & ,secret4 ,among ! latt] are ! ,phototype1 sometimes call$ ! ,artotype process1 ) examples2 _m ( ! ,lightn+ processes2 ! ,plat9otype process2 ! ,collodion ,transf] or ,megatype process1 & _m o!rs4 #eh pages are devot$ to ,pos+ & ,light+2 #cg pages give in/ructions 9 ,emulsion ,dry ,"w2 #bi pages %[ h[ to ,build & ,use ,skylights2 #ajh pages furni% in/ructions = ,manipulat+ ,negatives2 #cg pages are appli$ to ,pr9t+ ,=mula & ,dodges2 #age pages gives ,notes f ,au?ors all ov] ! _w4 ,x is pr9t$ on f9e :ite pap]1 made especially = x1 & sold at ! l[ price ( #d #jj ,,po/-,,paid #d #jj4 ,= ! beg9n]1 = ! amateur1 = ! photographic work]1 x is believ$ to be mo/ complete4 ,no live photograph] %\ld fail to get x soon1 be=e 8 neighbor is ahead4 ,,edw>d ,l4 ,,wilson1 ,publi%] & ,proprietor1 ,nos4 #iab #iad ,*e/nut ,/reet1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,,d\glass1 ,,?ompson ,,co41 ,m]*ants 9 all ,requisites p]ta9+ to ! ,art-,sci5ce ( ,photography1 ,photograph]s' ,booksell]s1 ,/ation]s ,newsdeal]s1 #bbi #bca ,,/ate ,,/reet1 ,,*icago1 ,,ill4 ,a practical k ( ! ,art-,sci5ce ( ,photography gives u a special advantage 9 meet+ ! dem&s ( ! ,pr(ession4 ,ev]y?+ us$ 9 ,silv] ,pr9t+ select$ ) greate/ c>e & gu>ante$ ( ! highe/ ord] ( excell5ce4 ,,prices ,,l[4 ,all ! ,,/&>d ,,br&s ( ,,album5 ,,pap] we furni% "u g5u9e m>ks & at l[e/ prices4 ,x w pay y to s5d = our ,catalogues1 ,bureau ( ,in=mation1 ,h9ts on ,burni%+1 etc1 ,,gayton ,a4 ,,d\glass4 ,,all ,,free4 ,,h5ry ,g4 ,,?ompson4 ,,att5tion ,,photograph]s6 ,brooklyn's ,head-,qu>t]s --,,=-- ,photographic ,/ock ,( ,e ,description1 ,at ! ,,l[e/ possible ,c4 ,o4 ,d4 ,prices4 ,s5t all ov] ! ,unit$ ,/ates at ! %orte/ notice4 ,all ! be/ ,br&s ( ,album5 ,pap]s & ,c>d ,/ock1 etc41 etc41 kept con/antly on h&4 --,s5d a ,trial ,ord] & be ,conv9c$4-- ,l4 ,h4 ,,wilcox1 #bcf ,fulton ,/reet1 ,,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y4 ,! ,,be/ is ! ,,*eape/4 ,li/5 n to ! cries ( v5d]s ( wor?less imitations1 b buy ! g5u9e1 & receive ,,full ,,value = y\r money4 ,dallmey] ,l5ses1 ,success ,cam]as1 ,climax ,cam]as1 ,e4 ,a41 ,g4 ,c4 & ,platyscope ,l5ses1 ,h&y ,head-,re/s4 ,g5u9e ,n4 ,p4 ,a4 ,s4 ,m4 ,album5 ,pap]s1 ,) ,! ,,wat]-,,m>k ,brilliant ,swiss ,album5 ,pap]s1 ,a4 ,d4 ,swiss ,album5 ,pap]s1 ,hovey's1 ,morgan's1 ,pe]less1 ,clemons' ,hail ,columbia ,album5 ,pap]s4 ,,rapid ,,pr9t+ ,,pap]1 ,,ea/man',s ,,dry ,,plates1 ,,an?ony',s ,,dry ,,plate ,,outfits4 ,*emicals ( ,gu>ante$ ,purity & ,/r5g?4 ,e ,requisite = ! ,/udio & ,field4 ,,s5d ,,= ,,illu/rat$ ,,catalogue ,,& ,,price-,,li/4 ,! ,mo/ ,ext5sive ,l9e ( ,velvet1 ,plu% & ,ebony ,frames1 ,easels1 ,albums1 ,/]eoscopes1 ,graphoscopes1 ,portraits ( ,celebrities1 ,/]eo4 ,views1 etc41 on ?is ,cont95t4 ,e4 ,h4 ,t4 ,,an?ony ,,co41 #eia ,,broadway1 ,,new ,,york ,,city4 #eia ,h4 ,,extra ,,brilliant4 ,h4 ,,extra ,,& ,,morgan',s ,album9iz$ ,,pap]s ,fully #b1ejj reams ( ,morgan's ,pap] has be5 made & sold )9 ! la/ ye>--equal to tw5ty million cab9et size pictures4 ,we expect to increase its sale ! com+ ye> to almo/ d\ble ! above1 judg+ f ! dem& ( ! la/ few mon?s4 ,! pe>l t9t is us$ 9 great] quantities ?an ! o!r t9ts4 ,s5d y\r ord]s = ?is br& ( pap] to ,j4 ,,hawor?1 ,,deal] ,,9 ,,photo4 ,,supplies4 #fbf ,ar* ,/reet1 ,,philadelphia1 ,,pa4 ,,ea/man',s ,gelat9o-,bromide ,,dry ,,plates4 ,,reliable1 ,,rapid1 ,,in/antane\s4 ,,! ,,be/6 ,us$ by all ,pr(essionals & ,amateurs 9 pref]5ce to any o!rs4 ,complete ,in/ructions accompany ,ea* ,package4 ,ea/man's ,gelat9o-,bromide ,pellicle1 ,= ^? :o wi% to prep>e _! own ,plates4 ,manufactur$ only by ! ,,ea/man ,,dry ,,plate ,,co41 ,ro*e/]1 ,n4 ,y4 ,e4 ,h4 ,t4 ,an?ony ,co41 #eia ,broadway1 ,new ,york1 ,,s5d ,,= ,,circul>4 ,,trade ,,ag5ts4 ,&rew ,j4 ,smi?1 ,,photographic ,,/ock ,,depot4 ,,we ,,keep ,a ,,full ,,l9e ,,( ,photographic ,mat]ials1 ,:i* we are ,sell+ z ,l[ z any h\se 9 ,new ,york or ,bo/on4 ,,deal] ,,9 ,n4 ,p4 ,a4 & ,s4 ,m4 ,dresd51 ,hovey1 ,b]l91 ,morgan's & ,clemons' ,d\ble ,album5iz$ ,pap]1 ,nixon ,/okes' ,f]rotype ,hold]s1 ,coll9s1 ,son ,co's ,c>d ,/ock ( e description1 ,tab] ,co's ,pebble ,mats1 etc41 ,p[]s ,weigtman's ,silv] & ,*emicals1 ,an?ony's ,e!r1 ,iodides1 ,collodion & ,v>ni%es1 ,atwood's ,alcohol1 ,hyposulphite ( ,soda1 ,sulphate ( ,iron1 ,acetic ,acid1 & ,glass 9 any quantity4 ,dry ,plate ,outfits = ,amateurs ,photograph]s4 ,ev]y?+ p]ta9+ to ! ,trade4 ,john ,dean ,co's ,plates4 ,l>ge ,assortm5t ( ,frames1 ,convex ,glass1 ,arti/s' ,mat]ials1 etc41 etc4 ,n4 ,b4--,no *>ge = box+4 ,y\r ord]s are solicit$4 ,no4 #id ,we/m9/] ,/reet1 ,,provid5ce1 ,r4 ,i4 ,illu/ration3 ,,am]ican ,,in/itute ,,new-,,york ,,highe/ ,,m$al4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,m$al ( ,sup]iority ,,aw>d$ ,,to ,wm ,f4 ,a%e ,,= ,a ,,photographic ,,backgr\nd ,,comb4 ,,/aircase1 ,,balu/rade ,,p$e/al #ahgh4 ,,backgr\nds ,= ,ev]ybody6 ,fancy1 ,pla91 ,rembr&t1 etc41 etc4 ,,floor ,,clo?s1 pa9t$ 9 ,oil1 ,suitable = ,int]iors & ,ext]iors1 ,,a%e',s ,,comb9ation ,,/aircase ,,balu/rade ,,& ,,p$e/al4 ,,a%e',s ,,pat5t ,telescopic ,,or ,ext5sion ,p$e/als4 ,,& ,,! ,,foll[+ ,,accessories3 ,,rocks1 ,,v9es1 ,,bridges1 ,,vases1 ,,cab9ets1 & ,,mantel-,,pieces 9 ,papi] ,ma* & 9 ,pr(ile1 ! latt] int]*angeable & ) practical p>ts1 ,,doorways1 ,,cottage ,,w9d[s1 ,,/airways1 ,,balu/rades1 ,,sleighs1 ,,boats1 ,,vases1 ,,etc41 ,,etc41 9 pr(ile4 ,no extra *>ge to p>ties :o furni% _! own designs4 ,samples free4 ,w4 ,f4 ,,a%e1 #ajf ,,bleeck] ,,/reet1 ,,new ,,york ,,city4 ,,! ,,m\nd ,,city ,,c5tral ,photographic ,/ock ,h\se1 7,h4 ,a4 ,,hyatt1 ,proprietor71 ,,no4 #daa ,,nor? #d? ,,/reet1 ,,/4 ,,l\is1 ,,mo4 ,head-qu>t]s 9 ,/4 ,l\is = ,,all ,photograph]s4 ,we keep on h& ev]y?+ new & ( int]e/ to ! ,frat]nity1 to be se5 & exam9$ at pleasure4 ,our /ock is always complete & 9 keep+ ) ! times4 ,x embraces1 ) ! ,,l>ge & ,,v>i$ assortm5t ( ,,g5]al ,,photographic ,,requisites1 ! foll[+ ,,/&>d ,,br&s ,,( ,,album5 ,,pap]1 :i* y c always dep5d ^u gett+ ,,fre% ,hovey's1 ,pe]less1 ,eagle ,br& 7,dresd571 ,s4 ,m4 ,dresd51 ,morgan's1 ,clemons1 ,trapp ,mun*1 --,,also-- ,pla9 & ,salt$ ,pap]s4 ,we c>ry ! ,/&>d ,br&s only4 ,!re is no ,extra we _c duplicate ) "s ,,regul> ,,br&4 ,please rememb] ?is1 & if y desire fair treatm5t1 & l[ prices1 j s5d u a trial ord]1 note h[ promptly we s]ve y1 & ! quality ( goods y receive1 & we w be assur$ ( y\r future favors4 ,our ,motto is to please1 & we gu>antee satisfaction4 --,,outfits ,a ,,specialty4-- ,s5d = ,illu/rat$ ,catalogue4 ,h4 ,a4 ,,hyatt1 #daa ,nor? #d? ,/reet1 ,/4 ,l\is1 ,mo4 ,jno4 ,g4 ,hood4 ,,e/abli%$ #ahfe4 ,wm4 ,d4 ,h4 ,wilson4 ,,wilson1 ,,hood ,,co41 ,no4 #hbe ,,ar* ,,/41 ,,philadelphia1 ,deal 9 all v>ieties ( ,,photo4 ,,goods1 ,& solicit y\r ord]s1 = any article y may ne$1 includ+ ! foll[+3 ,s4 ,m41 ,n4 ,p4 ,a41 ,c4 ,s4 ,d\ble ,alb4 ,pap]1 p] ream1 #ce cts4 ,s+le #be ,morgan's ,d\ble ,alb4 ,pap]1 #cd ,s+le #cj ,all o!r br&s suppli$4 ,magee's ,nitrate ,silv]1 ,magee's ,*loride ( ,gold1 ,be/ ,hypo4 ( ,soda1 keg #aab lbs4 #d #dh1 ,am]ican ,optical ,co4 ,pr9t+ ,frames1 ,am]ican ,optical ,co4 ,negative ,boxes1 ,am]ican ,optical ,co4 ,ret\*+ ,frames1 ,negative ,racks1 ,pans1 ,trays1 etc41 ,waym\?'s ,vignette ,pap]s1 #a #jj p] pack1 ,onion ,sk9 ,pap]1 p] doz51 #be cts4 ,s+hi's ,vig4 ,atta*m5t1 #a #ej4 ,todd's ,vig4 ,atta*m5t1 #a #ej4 ,he>n's ,arti/ic ,pr9t+ #c #jj4 ,he>n's ,practical ,pr9t] #b #ej4 ,,complete ,,price-,,li/s ,,free4 ,,sole ,,ag5ts ,,9 ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,= ,,! ,,ross ,,& ,,/e9heil ,,l5ses4 #ahgh ,,eagle ,,/ock ,,h\se4 #ahha ,,george ,,murphy1 ,no4 #i ,we/ ,f\r? ,/reet1 ,n4 ,y4 ,photo4 ,f]ro4 ,mat]ials4 ,,outfits ,a ,,specialty4 ,all ,goods sold = ,ca%4 ,,manufactur] ,,( ,eagle ,negative & ,positive ,collodions1 ,eagle ,negative & ,f]ro4 ,v>ni%es1 ,eagle ,ret\*+ ,fluid1 ,eagle ,gr\nd ,glass ,v>ni%4 ,,sole ,,ag5t ,,= ,hamm5/$e's ,collodions & ,v>ni%es1 ,photo4 ,*emicals ( be/ quality4 ,,! ,,ret\*]',s ,,outfit3 ,eagle ,new ,metallic ,p5cil1 h>d1 ,eagle ,new ,metallic ,p5cil1 s(t1 ,m$ium ,sib]ian ,lead1 ,arti/s' ,hold]1 to fit all1 ,! mo/ complete set (f]$4 ,,= ,,! ,,pr9t]',s ,,dep>tm5t is (f]$ ,eagle ,photo-,pr9t+ ,masks1 ,engli% ,:ite ,tissue ,pap]1 ,?ick ,yell[ ,pap]1 ,onion-,sk9 ,pap]1 ,heavy ,blott+ ,pap]1 ,pla9 ,pap]s1 ,album5 ,pap]s ( all br&s4 ,am also ,ag5t = ,,br5gel',s ,,salt$ ,,pap]4 ,emulsion & ,gelat9e ,dry ,plate ,mat]ials1 ,emulsion & ,gelat9e ,dry ,plates1 be/ br&s1 ,backgr\nds1 ,*airs1 ,accessories1 etc4 ,b>ga9s 9 ,c>d ,/ock4 ,b>ga9s 9 ,app>atus1 ,l5ses1 etc4 ,dome/ic & ,=eign ,,ca% ,,ord]s ,%ipp$ ,promptly4 ,f\r ,doors ,we/ ( ,b'way4 ,,new ,,york4 ,,e/abli%$ ,,9 #ahjb4 ,,factories3 ,wat]bury1 ,conn41 ,new ,hav51 ,conn41 ,new ,york ,city4 ,scovill ,manufactur+ ,co41 ,,manufactur]s ,,& ,,deal]s ,,9 ,,all ,,articles ,,us$ ,,9 ,,photography1 ,w>eh\se1 ,no's #dai #dba ,broome ,/41 ,,new ,,york4 ,w4 ,irv+ ,adams1 ,ag5t4 ,irv+ & all br&s ( ,album5 ,pap]s1 ,ph5ix ,collodion1 ,ph5ix ,v>ni%4 ,fr5* & o!r ,*emicals4 ,scovill's ,new ,solid ,glass ,ba?s1 w>rant$4 ,osborne's ,picturesque ,=egr\nds1 ,am]ican ,optical ,co's ,celebrat$ ,cam]as1 ,dry ,plates & ,dry ,plate ,app>atus1 ,l5ses1 ,p>lor ,pa/e1 ,etc41 ,etc41 ,etc41 ,etc4 ,,publi%]s ,photographic ,times & ,am]ican ,photograph]4 ,subscription price1 #b #jj p] annum4 ,among its contributors are ! lead+ m5 9 ! pr(ession4 ,,f\nd$ ,,9 #ahdb4 ,,! ,,new ,,engl& ,photographic ,/ock ,h\se4 ,l>ge/ v>iety 9 ! ,,unit$ ,,/ates4 ,e ,article requir$ by ! ,amateur1 ,photograph]1 ,picture & ,frame ,deal]1 ,frame ,mak] & ,crayon ,arti/4 ,,specialties4 ,orig9al ,import]s ( ,imitation ,dallmey] ,tubes4 ,sole ,ag5ts = ,william's ,mit]+ ,ma*9es4 ,n4 ,e4 ,ag5ts = ,bryant's ,accessories4 ,sole ,ag5ts = ! celebrat$ ,b]l9 ,pap]4 ,sole ,ag5ts = ! celebrat$ ,gem ,pap]4 ,sole ,ag5ts = ,burrill's ,portrait ,bu/ ,p$e/al4 ,sole ,ag5t = ,burrill's ,neg4 ,high ,light ,r$uc]4 ,bryant's ,quick ,collodion1 ,celebrat$ = ,ye>s4 ,dry ,plate ,outfits = ,amateurs4 ,e ,v>iety ,dry ,plate ,app>atus & ,mat]ials4 ,an?ony's & ,am]ican ,optical ,co's ,manufactures4 ,dallmey]1 ,morrison & ,voigtl&] ,tubes on ,sale4 ,c4 ,h4 ,,codman ,,co41 ,=m]ly ,,geo4 ,s4 ,,bryant ,,co41 #cd ,bromfield ,/41 ,,bo/on4 ,,an?ony',s ,,dry ,,plate ,,outfits ,mo/ ,complete ,assortm5t 9 ,m>ket4 ,illu/ration ,,light1 ,,portable ,,& ,,inexp5sive4 ,,firm1 ,,sub/antial ,,& ,,practical4 ,! ,l5ses suppli$ ) ^! are sup]ior to ^? furni%$ by ,any o!r ,h\se4 ,s5d = ,descriptive ,circul>4 ,an?ony's ,pat5t ,p]fect ,dry ,plate-hold] ,,be/ ,,9 ,,! ,,_w6 ,e4 ,h4 ,t4 ,,an?ony ,,co4 #eia ,b'way1 ,,new ,,york4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #a3 ,su* ?+s z te/-tubes %\ld be f\nd 9 e photograph]'s "w room2 !y co/ little1 & are always useful = work+ solutions4 ,! sizes recomm5d$ are #c_/h-;in*1 #a_/b-;in*1 & #a-;in* diamet]4 ,a doz5 ( ea* w n be out ( ! way4 ,footnote #b3 ,sodium ,silv] ,silv] ,sodium ,*loride & ,nitrate =m ,*loride & ,nitrate4 ,na,cl ,ag,n,o#c ,ag,cl ,na,n,o#c ,footnote #c3 ,potassium ,*lor9e & ,nitrite & ,wat] #b;,cl ,,kno#b ,h#b,o give ,hydro*loric ,potassium ,acid & ,nitrate #b;,h,cl ,,kno#c & ,silv] ,*lor9e1 ,nitrate1 & ,wat] #b;,cl ,ag,n,o#c ,h#b,o give ,silv] ,hydro*lor\s ,nitric ,*loride1 ,acid & ,acid4 ,ag,cl ,h,cl,o ,,hno#c ,footnote #d3 ,) ! =m] we h ?is action-- ,silv] ,silv] ,lib]at$ ,*loride gives ,sub-*loride & ,*loride4 ,ag#b;,cl#b ,ag#b;,cl ,cl ,) ! latt] ! silv] 9 comb9ation ) ! organic matt]1 :i* is 9 a /ate ( oxide1 is probably r$uc$ to ! /ate ( sub-oxide4 ,footnote #e3 ,sulphurett$ hydrog5 may be prep>$ by p\r+ dilute sulphuric acid on f]ric sulphide4 ,! *loride or ! silv] comp\nd1 :5 damp$1 may be held ov] x1 tak+ c>e t no liquid is spirt$ up on to x4 ,footnote #f3 ,^? :o prep>e collodio-album5 plates w f9d ! upw>d filtration arrangem5t ( imm5se value1 z bubbles are unkn[n by x4 ,footnote #g3 ,if bubbles are se51 !y mu/ be brok51 & ! %eet float$ aga9 = ano!r m9ute4 ,footnote #h3 ,! dra9+s are add$ to ! next bat* ( album5 :i* is prep>$4 ,footnote #i3 ,in/ruction 9 ,photography1 #d? edition1 page #aba4 ,footnote #aj3 ,hydro*loric ,*lor9e & ,wat] give acid & ,oxyg54 ,cl ,h#b,o ,h,cl ,o ,footnote #aa3 ,nitric ,silv] ,silv] ,c>bonic ,acid & ,c>bonate give ,nitrate & ,acid & ,wat]4 #b;,,hno#c ,ag#b;,,co#c #b;,ag,n,o#c ,,co#b ,h#b,o ,footnote #ab3 ,silv] ,alum9ium ,nitrate & ,sulphate 7,alum7 #f;,ag,n,o#c ,al#b7,,s#d7c give ,silv] ,alum9ium ,sulphate & ,nitrate4 #c7;,ag#b,,s#d7 #b;,al7,,no#b7c ,footnote #ac3 ,silv] ,hydro*loric ,silv] ,nitrate & ,acid give ,*loride & ,nitric ,acid4 ,ag,n,o#c ,h,cl ,ag,cl ,,hno#c ,footnote #ad3 ,suppose x is salt$ ) ammonium *loride1 we h-- ,ammonium ,silv] ,ammonium ,silv] ,*loride & ,nitrate give ,nitrate & ,*loride4 ,,nh#d;,cl ,ag,n,o#c ,,nh#d,,no#c ,ag,cl ,footnote #ae3 ,sev]al o!r me?ods are giv5 9 ,in/ruction 9 ,photography1 9 ! ,app5dix4 ,footnote #af3 ,"o "p ( nitric acid to #d p>ts ( wat]4 ,footnote #ag3 ,! %utt] may be made ( ,am]ican lea!r1 cov]$ ov] ) "o qu>t]-in* /rips ( oak or well-season$ p9e4 ,! %utt] %\ld fit into a groove =m$ along ! sides & bottom ( ! front ( ! cupbo>d4 ,footnote #ah3 ,9 fig4 #ah ! fa/5+ = only "o ( ! pressure-b>s is giv51 to avoid complication4 ,footnote #ai3 ,see ,in/ruction 9 ,photography 7page #fg71 f\r? edition4 ,footnote #bj3 ,= ?is reason1 among/ o!rs1 x is desirable t photograph]s %\ld use glass = _! negatives :i* is at lea/ tol]ably flat4 ,footnote #ba3 ,see ,pictorial ,effect 9 ,photography 7,pip] & ,c>t]74 ,footnote #bb3 ,hydr(luoric acid is always suppli$ by *emi/s 9 gutta-p]*a bottles1 z x attacks glass4 ,a sp>e gutta-p]*a bottle c easily be procur$4 ,footnote #bc3 ,?is calculation is ne> en\gh = our purpose4 ,!re are c]ta9 niceties :i* might be introduc$1 su* z ! critical angle ( ! glass4 ,footnote #bd3 ,! boxes 9 :i* *ildr5's puzzles are (t5 pack$ w give an idea ( :at is meant4 ,footnote #be3 ,silv] sub*loride & gold tri*loride #c;,ag#b;,cl ,au,cl#c give silv] *loride & gold4 #f;,ag,cl ,au ,footnote #bf3 ,in/ruction 9 ,photography1 #d? edition4 ,footnote #bg3 ,in/ruction 9 ,photography1 #d? edition4 ,footnote #bh3 ,or t5 m9ims ( ammonium lactate4 ,footnote #bi3 ,see ,mr4 ,w4 ,brooks' article 9 ,photographic ,almanac1 #ahha4 ,footnote #cj3 ,! crucible %\ld be ( ,/\rbridge clay4 ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,hyph5ation1 v>iations 9 spell+ & inconsi/5t numb]+ (1 & ref]5ces to1 figures h be5 reta9$ z 9 ! orig9al publication4 ,ap>t f spaces )9 comp\nds 7:i* h be5 remov$71 =mulae h be5 reta9$ z orig9ally publi%$1 except$ :]e not$ bel[4 ,on page #ha1 symbols resembl+ ! left- & "r-h& corn]s ( a frame h be5 repres5t$ z & z 9 v>ni%1 ?us 2 ,*anges h be5 made z foll[s3 ,page #c ,nitric ,acid *ang$ to ,potassium ,nitrate ,page #f ,if ! op]ator c>efully collect ! :ite *ang$ to ,if ! op]ator c>efully collects ! :ite ,page #ad !oretical limit to am\nt *ang$ to !oretical limit to ! am\nt ,page #ai #b;,,agno#c *ang$ to #b;,ag,n,o#c ,nitratem *ang$ to ,nitrate4 ,page #bb ,ag,no#c *ang$ to ,ag,n,o#c ,page #bc ,ammonium ,nitrate ,silv] ,*loride *ang$ to ,ammonium ,nitrate & ,silv] ,*loride ,,nh#d1,,no#c *ang$ to ,,nh#d,,no#c ,ag,no#c *ang$ to ,ag,n,o#c ,page #dj #h in*es4 *ang$ to #ah in*es4 ,page #da pr9t] c\ld n hope to d x successfully4 *ang$ to pr9t] c\ld n hope to d x successfully4 ,page #df ! ord9>y consi/5cy1 ?an *ang$ to ! ord9>y consi/5cy1 !n ,page #di enable ! op]ator to guage *ang$ to enable ! op]ator to gauge ,page #ec c5tre+ 8 imag9ation 9 *ang$ to c5tr+ 8 imag9ation 9 ,page #fd light on ,b w\ld be only f\r tw5ty-fif?s *ang$ to light on ,b w\ld be only f\r-tw5ty-fif?s ,page #fe & cut out an ap]ature correspond+ *ang$ to & cut out an ap]ture correspond+ ,page #ff at a prop] heig? f *ang$ to at a prop] height f ,page #fi ,hav+ discrib$ 9 ! la/ *ang$ to ,hav+ describ$ 9 ! la/ ,page #gj z x sometimes call$ *ang$ to z x is sometimes call$ ,page #ga & ! effect be improv$44 *ang$ to & ! effect be improv$4 ,page #hc ,if he f9d t he is n *ang$ to ,if he f9ds t he is n ,page #hg s dilute ! r$uction takes places v sl[ly *ang$ to s dilute ! r$uction takes place v sl[ly ,page #hh common des9fect+ p[d] *ang$ to common dis9fect+ p[d] x z z well to h two *ang$ to x is z well to h two ,page #ij a littl] acetic acid or common salt *ang$ to a little acetic acid or common salt ,page #ia mu/ be rememb]d we are *ang$ to mu/ be rememb]$ we are ,page #ib :5 ! sodium hypsulphite is *ang$ to :5 ! sodium hyposulphite is ,page #ie &1 ) a squegee *ang$ to &1 ) a squeegee ,page #aja float$ on-- *ang$ to float$ on3-- ,la/ page ( adv]tisem5ts ,,be/ ,,9 ,,! ,,^w6 *ang$ to ,,be/ ,,9 ,,! ,,_w6