,,the ,,round ,,towers ,,of ,,ireland   
,illustration3 ,henry ,o',brien         
,author of 8,the ,round ,towers of      
,ireland40            ,,the ,,round     
,,towers ,,of ,,ireland    ,,or    ,,the
 ,,history ,,of ,,the                   
,,tuath-,,de-,,danaans        ,,by      
,,henry ,o',,brien        ,a ,,new      
,,edition      ,,with ,,introduction1   
,,synopsis1 ,,index1 ,,etc4             
,,london3 ,w4 ,,thacker  ,,co41 #b      
,,creed ,,lane1 ,e4,c4    ,,calcutta3   
,,thacker1 ,,spink  ,,co4    #ahih      
,all ,rights ,reserved          #gej    
,copies only of this ,edition have been 
printed for ,sale and the ,type         
distributed1 of which this is ,no4 #cbd4
          ,,contents                    
,,page      ,,introduction              
vii      ,,synopsis                     
xxxvii      ,,dedication 7,,first       
,,edition7                           lxi
      ,,preface 7,,first ,,edition7     
lxiii      ,,dedication 7,,second       
,,edition7                        xciii 

,,list ,,of ,,illustrations             
xcv      ,,author',s ,,text 7,,second   
,,edition7                         #a   
,,list ,,of ,,the ,,principal ,,irish   
,,towers ,,and ,,crosses       #ebe     
,,index                                 
#ebi          ,,introduction            
8,when all is dark1 who would object to 
a ray of light1 merely because      of  
the faulty or flickering medium by which
 it is transmitted8 ,and if      those  
round towers have been hitherto a dark  
puzzle and a mystery1      must we scare
 away ,o',brien1 because he approaches  
with a rude and      unpolished but     
serviceable lantern80--,fraser's        
,magazine for ,august      #ahce4       
,henry ,o',brien1 the most daring and   
ingenious explorer of that recondite    
mystery1 the origin and purpose of      
,irish ,round ,towers1 was born in      
#ahjh4  ,on both his father's and his   
mother's side he came of good descent1#a
  being connected with two of the oldest
 and most influential families in  the  

west of ,ireland4 ,at the time of his   
birth that branch of 8the  ,o',briens0  
to which he belonged were settled in    
,kerry1 where his father  resided in a  
wild1 mountainous district1 known as    
,iveragh1 forming a  portion of the     
,marquis of ,lansdowne's ,irish estates4
 ,that his family were  in affluent     
circumstances is improbable1 for up to  
the age of twelve the  boy's education  
seems to have been neglected in a way   
very uncommon with  ,irish people who   
are well off4 8,though ,i could then    
tolerably well express  myself in       
,english10 he says1#b referring to this 
portion of his life1  8the train of my  
reflections always ran in ,irish4 ,from 
infancy ,i spoke  that tongue2 it was to
 me vernacular4 ,i thought in ,irish1 ,i
 understood in  ,irish1 and ,i composed 
in ,irish02 and again1 8,i was twelve   
years of age  before ever ,i saw a      
,testament in any language40 ,from this 
unusual neglect1  coupled with the fact 
of his becoming a private tutor soon    

after he had  settled in ,london1 and an
 obscure reference to certain           
8difficulties0 at  the outset of his    
career as an author1 we are probably    
justified in  assuming that money was a 
rather scarce commodity in the paternal 
home4  ,there is1 however1 reason to    
suppose that when he had reached the age
 of  twelve1 or thereabouts1 his        
education was taken in hand1 though how1
 or by  whom1 does not appear4 ,evidence
 of his having been sent to school and  
placed under systematic and qualified   
instruction is not forthcoming4 ,in     
fact1 circumstances go to negative that 
supposition4 ,his acquaintance with     
,greek and ,latin authors seems to have 
been more extensive than accurate1  and 
his quotations from them are marked by  
solecisms which any properly  taught    
schoolboy would avoid1 but in which the 
self-educated are prone to  indulge4 ,it
 is true that 7at p4 #dha7 he describes 
in terms of unqualified  praise a       
8tutor0 with whom he commenced the study

 of the ,greek ,testament2  but there is
 internal evidence in the same passage  
that such praise was  not wholly        
deserved1 and that the tutor in question
 was certainly not the  person referred 
to in ,father ,prout's statement that   
,o',brien had been  8brought up at the  
feet of the ,rev4 ,charles ,boyton40#c  
,mr4 ,boyton was at  the time a highly  
distinguished ,fellow of ,trinity       
,college1 ,dublin1 who1 in  addition to 
holding the position of ,greek ,lecturer
 at that ,university1 was  the most     
eminent mathematical 8coach0 of his day2
 and the only connection  likely to have
 existed between him and young ,o',brien
 was that of  college-tutor and         
undergraduate in statu pupillari4 ,the  
probability is1  therefore1 that any    
instruction which the boy received at   
this early  period of his life was of a 
very elementary character1 and that his 
education was mainly conducted by       
himself1 a probability which is         
certainly not discounted by the wide and

 promiscuous character of his  reading4 
,from the outset of his introduction to 
letters he is known to  have been an    
omnivorous reader of all books that came
 in his way1 nor was  his mode of       
studying classical authors that by which
 the scholastic  proficiency essential  
to aspirants for success at college     
examinations is  usually attained4      
,o',brien did not resemble the ordinary 
boy-student1 to  whom ,roman or ,greek  
classics represent merely a given       
quantity of 8text0  possessing certain  
peculiarities of diction or allusion    
which have to be  nicely dissected1     
analysed1 and mastered1 but who regards 
the  subject-matter of each work as     
being of very minor importance4 ,on the 
contrary1 he manifestly read them as    
authors1 or rather authorities upon  the
 subjects with which they respectively  
dealt1 paying1 so far as we can         
perceive1 little or no attention to the 
diction or distinctive literary         
character of their writings4 ,the result

 was what might be expected4 ,if1       
whilst an undergraduate of ,dublin      
,university1 it be true that he was     
regarded by many of his fellow-students 
as a prodigy of learning1 their  seniors
 appear to have been less enthusiastic  
about his scholarship1 for  we have not 
been able to discover his name in the   
college archives4#d  ,still1 from the   
fact of his having obtained1 after he   
took his degree in  #ahca1 the          
appointment of private tutor to the sons
 of the then ,master of  the ,rolls1#e  
it is possible that he may have         
distinguished himself  previously4      
,what seems absolutely certain is1 that 
during his stay at the ,university  he  
must have availed himself to the full of
 opportunities presented by the  library
 for which ,trinity ,college is famous4 
,here1 no doubt1 he laid the  foundation
 of that ,oriental learning in which he 
was second to no ,irishman  of his day1 
and probably to few ,englishmen4 ,it is 
hardly too much to say  that in the     

early part of the century ,orientalism  
was comparatively  untrodden ground4    
,sir ,william ,jones had indeed1 many   
years before1  thoroughly explored this 
field of knowledge1 but the results of  
his  splendid labours had not as yet    
been properly assimilated by the general
  mass of readers1 or supplemented to   
any remarkable extent by other workers  
in the same field4 ,hence the scope of  
,european knowledge of the ,east was  by
 no means so extensive then as now2 and 
an enthusiastic student thereof1  which 
,o',brien undoubtedly was1 had it in his
 power to acquire an almost  complete   
mastery of the subject1 so far as it was
 then known4 ,it was one  peculiarly    
fitted to his ardent1 dreamy1 and       
speculative nature4 ,he read1  he       
pondered1 he divined1 he foresaw4 ,dark 
places in the history of his own        
country began to grow clear in the light
 of this ,eastern dawn4 ,hitherto1  like
 so many of his compatriots1 he had     
found no way of accounting for the      

extraordinary contrast between the      
distinctive superiority of 8the ,ireland
  that was0 and the relative obscurity  
of 8the ,ireland that is40 ,to  what1 he
 must apparently have asked himself1 was
 the fact to be  attributed1 that a     
people who in days of old were          
admittedly pre-eminent  in learning and 
civilisation1 should have afterwards    
lost all claim to  such distinction2 or 
how was it that1 in a land covered with 
the ruins of  structures evincing the   
ripest skill and most fanciful artistic 
device1  architecture should have sunk  
to a level that was almost barbarous8   
,why  was it that this decadence did not
 take place gradually1 as one would     
expect1 but was plainly the result of a 
sudden check that stopped the  erection 
of such edifices at once and for ever8  
,why were the materials1  structure1 and
 conformation of the edifices in        
question so different from  those of    
other ancient buildings found in their  
immediate neighbourhood8  ,why had their

 sculptured ornamentation reference to  
what was unconnected  with1 nay even    
opposed to1 the teachings of that       
religious faith to which  its execution 
was attributed2 and why did the         
peasantry1 inheriting the  tradition of 
bygone ages1 not recognise them as      
identified with that  religion8         
,questions like these are very          
stimulating to inquisitive young  souls1
 which usually become fired with an     
ambition to solve them2 and as          
,o',brien pored over ,sir ,william      
,jones and ,the ,asiatic                
,researches--not to  mention his        
beloved1 though decried1 ,herodotus--it 
was only natural that  he should draw   
certain conclusions from the undoubted  
affinity that exists  between the       
languages1 folk-lore1 customs1          
superstitions1 and modes of  thought of 
his own country and those of the        
,orient4 ,similar conclusions  had      
forced themselves upon older people who 
did not possess a tithe of his  ,eastern

 lore4 ,moore1 that versatile           
,anacreontic1 in his ill-fitting        
disguise of an ,edinburgh ,reviewer1    
avowed 8,that there exist strong traces 
of an ,oriental origin in the language1 
character1 and movements of the  ,irish 
people1 no fair inquirer into the       
subject will be inclined to deny20  and 
it is further instanced by the same     
reviewer how the famous traveller1      
,bishop ,pococke1 on visiting ,ireland  
after his return from the ,east1 was    
much struck with 8the amazing           
conformity0 he observed between the     
,irish  and the ,egyptians4#f ,from     
early childhood the questions to which  
we have  referred seem to have been     
present to ,o',brien--even from the time
 when he  gazed upon the stunted ruin of
 ,bally-,carbery ,round ,tower1 not far 
from his  father's house1 and had been  
told by awestruck peasants that the real
 name  of that desolate and unsightly   
object was ,cathoir ,ghall1 or 8,the    
,temple  of ,delight0 7p4 #dh74 ,since  

then he had seen other and complete     
round  towers2 had noticed that all were
 of the same peculiar shape1 and        
possibly  had detected for himself1 or  
learned from other sources1 the         
existence of  that phallic analogy upon 
which he so strongly insists4 ,he must  
have read  in ,sir ,william ,jones and  
elsewhere how1 in ,eastern lands1 the   
idea which  lay beneath this same       
analogy formed the basis of a widespread
 religious  faith1 and was expressed in 
structures devoted to public worship4   
,his next  step was1 almost inevitably1 
one of conjecture4 ,if1 as the voice of 
national tradition asserted1 the round  
towers are 8temples10 and if  certain   
analogous associations are connected    
with them1 might they not  have been    
temples of a kindred religious belief8  
,having settled this to  his own        
satisfaction1 the speculation would     
naturally rise--,how came that          
particular form of belief to prevail in 
,ireland8 ,was it native to the  soil2  

or if not1 by whom was it introduced1   
and when8 ,his book being  mainly an    
answer to these questions1 we need not  
continue to follow the  various stages  
by which conjecture may have passed into
 theory1 and theory  into conviction4   
,with men of ,o',brien's temperament the
 hypothetical  interval is rarely of    
long duration4 ,before he had assumed   
the toga  virilis of a full-fledged     
graduate1 he probably felt confident    
that in an  ,eastern origin lay the true
 solution of the mystery of the round   
towers2  and the more he studied the    
subject1 the stronger grew his belief4  
,being  an ambitious man1 too1 he had no
 intention to forego the honour which he
  was persuaded must accrue to the      
discoverer of this key to a problem that
  had baffled so many generations of    
inquirers1 and longed for an            
opportunity to display his acquisition4 
,that opportunity soon came4 ,in        
,december #ahcj1 the ,royal ,irish      
,academy  offered the prize of a gold   

medal and fifty pounds to 8the author of
 an  approved essay on the ,round       
,towers1 in which it is expected that   
the  characteristic architectural       
peculiarities belonging to all those    
ancient  buildings now existing shall be
 noticed1 and the uncertainty in which  
their origin and uses are involved be   
satisfactorily removed40                
,unfortunately1 the advertisement of    
this offer escaped ,o',brien's notice1  
and he did not join in the competition  
which it evoked4 ,but on the #bast      
,february #ahcb the advertisement was   
repeated1 and this time it caught his   
attention4 ,it declared that none of the
 essays which had been sent in          
8satisfied the conditions of the        
question10 and extended the period of   
competition for another three months    
7i4e4 until #ast ,june #ahcb71 in the   
alleged hope 8of receiving other essays 
on said subject10 and also for  allowing
 the authors of the essays already sent 
in 8to enlarge and improve  them40      

,considering the task that was set1 new 
competitors were thus placed  at a      
singular disadvantage--being expected to
 do in three months what the  others had
 been unable to accomplish in two years4
 ,with all due respect to  the ,royal   
,irish ,academy1 it is difficult to     
believe that its members can  have fully
 realised the nature of their own       
conditions4 ,there still exist  some    
scores of round towers in a more or less
 perfect state2 and they are  scattered 
all over ,ireland1 being situated for   
the most part in remote and  not easily 
accessible places4 ,the work of visiting
 and inspecting  these--which was1      
surely1 a necessary preliminary to      
describing 8the  characteristic         
architectural peculiarities belonging to
 all0--would  require much time1 after  
which candidates must apply themselves  
to the by  no means trifling task of    
dispelling 8the uncertainty in which    
their  origin and use are involved10 and
 all within three short months4#g       

,o',brien was not1 however1 to be       
deterred by considerations of time or   
space when confronted with such a chance
 of winning deathless fame4  ,besides1  
he was1 in one respect at any rate1 well
 equipped for the  enterprise1 having   
already made up his mind as to the      
8origin and uses0 of  the ,round        
,towers4 ,that he had examined them all 
is not to be supposed1 nor  is it at all
 likely that at his age he could have   
possessed sufficient  technical         
knowledge of architecture1 in its       
historical and scientific  aspects1 to  
profit much by their inspection4 ,still1
 he was probably  acquainted with       
whatever had been written on that branch
 of the subject1  and had actually made 
an examination of some towers1 which    
would give him  a fair general idea of  
the whole4 ,moreover1 he had a          
formidable quantity  of ,eastern        
learning to fall back upon1 in which    
latter respect he would  have enjoyed an
 immense advantage over all other       

possible competitors1 if  his judges had
 only been qualified to appreciate that 
learning as it  deserved4 ,be his       
equipment for the enterprise what it    
might1 the  enthusiastic young ,irishman
 saw no rocks ahead1 felt no mistrust1  
and  rushed into the fray4 8,i grappled 
with the question10 he assures us1 8with
  all the ardour of my nature2 and1     
heaven and earth1 night and day1  in    
difficulties and in sorrow1 ,i laboured 
until ,i finished my #8essay'  against  
the appointed hour1 when--a brain blow  
to their 7sc4 the  ,academy's7          
expectation--,i sent it in--fully       
satisfied1 from the  consciousness of   
its imperturbable axioms1 that all the  
powers of error  and wickedness combined
 could not withhold from it the suffrage
 of the  advertised medal40#h ,the      
meaning of this passionate reference to 
malign  influences in the background    
will appear later on2 as yet1 he had no 
cause  for misgiving on the subject of  
fair play1 and his overweening          

self-confidence precluded any           
anticipation of failure4 ,bad omens seem
 to  have attended his venture from the 
very outset4 ,the ,academy had requested
  that each essay should be inscribed   
with some motto2 and it would appear    
that the motto appended to ,o',brien's  
was 8   0 7sic#i7--;a  sorry            
introduction to the notice of learned   
,academicians4    ,the heartburnings of 
suspense1 with which most young authors 
are familiar1  soon began4 ,four days   
after his essay had been sent in1 the   
,academy issued  a third advertisement1 
requiring all the essays to be taken    
back1 and  extending the period of      
preparation by an additional month1 8so 
as to  admit of the receiving of other  
essays on said subject1 and for allowing
  the authors of essays already given in
 to improve and enlarge them40          
,o',brien afterwards saw fit to         
attribute this fresh delay to a cause   
very  different from that alleged2 but  
just then1 being persuaded that his     

triumph was merely postponed1 he        
reconciled himself as best he could to  
the infliction1 and calmly waited for   
apotheosis4 ,six months more passed     
by--wearily enough1 we may be sure2 and 
then1 one direful morning1 just at  the 
close of #ahcb1 came news that the      
premiums had been adjudged as           
follows3--8#ej and the gold medal to    
,george ,petrie1 and #bj to ,henry      
,o',brien1 ,esq40    ,it may be stated  
here that an additional premium of #ajj1
 which had been  placed by ,lord        
,cloncurry at the disposal of the       
,academy1 was also awarded  in its      
entirety to ,mr4 ,petrie1 and that the  
essay sent in by that  gentleman was1 by
 order of the ,academy1 printed in their
 ,transactions4  ,it further appears    
that ,o',brien's essay was at first     
accepted for  publication in the        
,transactions1 but afterwards rejected  
on the ground  of having been made too  
lengthy by the insertion of additional  
matter1  though in its most enlarged    

form it never attained to the dimensions
 of  ,mr4 ,petrie's work1 and1          
presumably1 must have been smaller in   
its original  than in its present shape4
 ,the true reason for its exclusion from
 the  ,transactions 7as will1 we think1 
appear from what follows7 was that the  
,academy took offence at the way in     
which ,o',brien received their decision4
  ,nor was such resentment to be        
wondered at4 ,so confidently had our    
author  reckoned upon an overwhelming   
triumph for the revelation which1 as we 
have  seen1 he believed to be not only  
unprecedented1 but given to the world   
with flawless perfection of statement1  
that the award seems to have almost     
maddened him4 ,belonging to a race which
 has never been remarkable for the      
silent endurance of wrongs1 he lost no  
time in giving expression to his        
feelings of disappointment4 ,at first   
came distant mutterings of the storm    
that was brewing4 8,on hearing of the   
decision10 he informs us1 8,i wrote  off

 to the secretary1 tendering1 in        
indignant irony1 my thanks for their    
adjudication1 taking care1 however1 to  
tell them that ,i had expected an  issue
 more flattering to my hopes40 ,this    
dignified attitude having  apparently   
failed to imbue the ,academy with a     
desire to remedy his  grievance1 he     
flung off the mask of satire1 and rushed
 into downright1  unmistakable          
personalities of a kind rarely addressed
 to august and  learned associations4   
,he declared that1 from information     
which had come to  his knowledge1 he was
 prepared to prove 8that the ,royal     
,irish ,academy1 at  the very moment in 
which they published their second       
invitation 7i4e4  that by which the time
 for receiving essays was extended to   
#ast ,june  #ahcb71 had actually        
determined to award the gold medal and  
premium to one  of their own            
,council40#aj ,he then went on to       
denounce the successful  essay as 8a    
farrago of anachronisms and historical  

falsehoods40 ,he  prophesied that when  
both essays were published1 and the     
public given an  opportunity of seeing  
8the truth10 in the shape of his own    
essay1 there  would be a general        
acclamation of 8,this alone is right40  
,he warned the  ,academy that1 8though  
separated from them by a roaring sea0   
7he was living  in ,london at the time71
 his eye was on their plans1 and he     
demanded from  them an opportunity for  
making his ascription of the ,round     
,towers 8a  mathematical demonstration  
by all the varieties and modes of       
proof02 and  further1 that upon such    
demonstration they should at once award 
him the  gold medal and premium1 8or1 if
 that could not be recalled1 an         
equivalent  gold medal and premium0--not
 that1 as he is careful to assure them1 
this  offer was to be construed as an   
admission that his original essay was   
not  8all-sufficient1 all-conclusive1   
all-illustrative1 and all-convincing40  
,as  was only to be expected1 the reply 

sent to this challenge ran to the       
effect that1 8whatever might be the     
merits of any additional matter         
supplied to them after the day appointed
 by advertisement1 the ,academy  could  
not make any alteration or revocation of
 their award40 ,then came  the          
rejoinder1--8,i do not want them either 
to #8alter' or #8revoke' their  award2  
but simply to vote me #8an equivalent   
gold medal and premium' for my  combined
 essay1 or1 if they prefer1 the new     
portion of it4 ,should this  be refused1
 ,i will put my cause into the hands of 
the great ,god who has  enlightened me1 
and make ,him the ,umpire between me and
 the ,academy40#aa  ,one is not         
surprised to learn that 8no answer was  
received to this  communication10 which1
 as already pointed out1 may have       
afforded one of  the reasons why the    
,academy declined to publish the essay  
in their  ,transactions4 ,we may        
sympathise with ,o',brien's             
disappointment1 and even  go further in 

deprecation of the attitude assumed by  
the ,academy2 but it  is impossible to  
deny that his conduct showed a want of  
dignity and common  sense1 excusable    
only on the ground of youth4    ,as     
regards the ,academy's decision1        
assuming that the competition was       
conducted fairly1--and1 a priori1       
everything seemed in favour of that     
assumption1--it is not easy to see how  
it could well have been other than  it  
was4 ,with all possible admiration for  
,o',brien's talents and learning1       
candour obliges us to own that his      
essay--taken merely as a literary       
performance--was inferior to that of his
 rival4 ,apart from the question as  to 
whether his theory was the true one1 and
 that of ,dr4 ,petrie the  reverse1 the 
,academy were in a manner bound by      
regard for their own  dignity1 and by   
the literary standard then prevailing1  
to withhold the  meed of their          
unqualified approval from a composition 
which violated in so  many respects the 

established precedents of literary      
8form10 not to  mention the canons of   
good taste4 ,besides1 ,o',brien was1 in 
archological  matters1 so far in advance
 of his generation1 that a body of      
elderly  gentlemen1 who simply          
represented the standard of knowledge   
prevalent at  the time1 might well be   
excused for declining to follow him4    
,they had1 in  fact1 to decide between  
the respective merits of two            
essays1--one of  which was well put     
together1 conforming1 at least in       
appearance1 to the  stipulated          
conditions1 expressing the most approved
 views1 bearing the  marks of careful   
and systematic investigation and of     
superior technical  knowledge1 also of  
literary skill much above the average2  
the other1  daring1 novel1 incoherent1  
propounding views which were not only   
unfamiliar1 but even shocking1 to grave 
and reverend seignors1 rambling in      
method1 deficient in proof1 and slipshod
 in language4 ,was it not1 then1  almost

 inevitable that they should have       
preferred the former8 ,but if one  has  
to pronounce upon the way in which the  
competition was started1  carried on1   
and finally decided1 we are by no means 
sure that ,o',brien had  not some reason
 to complain4 ,first of all1 with regard
 to his charge of  the ,academy having  
awarded the prize to a member of their  
own ,council1 the  evidence to support  
it is prim facie strong4 ,upon turning  
to vol4 xvi4  of the ,transactions of   
the ,royal ,irish ,academy1 we find the 
names of  8,the ,committee of           
,antiquities of the ,council0 for the   
year #ahcj 7that in  which the          
competition was first invited7 given as 
follows3--8,isaac  ,d',olier1 ,,ll4,d42 
,thomas ,herbert ,orpen1 ,m4,d42 ,hugh  
,ferguson1 ,m4,d42 ,sir  ,william       
,betham2 ,john ,d',alton1 ,esq42 ,george
 ,petrie1 ,esq42 and the ,rev4  ,csar   
,otway40 ,in the next volume of the     
,transactions1 extending to #ahcg1  the 
above list is given without any         

alteration1 except that ,mr4 ,d',alton's
  name is omitted1 that of the ,dean of 
,st4 ,patrick's being substituted4 ,from
  this the inference seems only natural 
that 8,george ,petrie1 ,esq410 was a    
member of the ,council 7being likewise1 
as we find1 8antiquarian artist to  the 
,academy07 at the time when the idea of 
offering a prize for an essay  on the   
,round ,towers was first started2 that  
he continued to be a member  while the  
competition was in progress1 and was    
actually one when the said  prize was   
adjudicated4 ,next1 as to the charge    
that the ,academy had  predetermined to 
award the prize to a member of its own  
,council1 we have  the very compromising
 letter of the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,otway        
7himself a member of  the ,council7 to  
the editor of the ,dublin ,penny        
,journal1 which is cited  in the        
,preface to the first edition of this   
work1#ab coupled with those  repeated   
postponements of the date for sending in
 essays1 which ,o',brien  assures us    

were inexplicable on any other ground   
than that of giving ,mr4  ,petrie time  
to finish his essay4 ,we are far from   
contending that the  reasons adduced in 
support of both these charges should    
weigh against the  high repute which the
 ,royal ,irish ,academy has always      
enjoyed from the time  of its           
foundation2 still1 it is impossible to  
deny that1 in the absence of  all       
satisfactory explanation1--at least so  
far as we have been able to  discover   
any1--they wear a rather ugly look4     
,o',brien was resolved that1 as the     
,academy would not publish his essay1 he
  must do so himself2 but in the        
meantime he had been engaged upon a     
translation of ,dr4 ,villanueva's       
,ibernia ,phnicia1 which appeared in    
#ahcc4 ,personal liking for the author  
must have been his motive for           
undertaking this task1 as his own views 
do not always harmonise with those  of  
the ,spanish savant2 and certain letters
 which are quoted in the  8,translator's

 ,preface0 show that the two were very  
intimate4 ,having made  this concession 
to friendship1 he busied himself with   
the production of an  enlarged and      
amended version of his essay4 ,the first
 edition of this was  published1 early  
in #ahcd1 by ,whittaker  ,co4 of        
,london1 and ,j4 ,cumming of  ,dublin4  
,it seems to have met with a ready sale1
 for a second edition  appeared during  
the same year1 bearing the imprint of   
,parbury  ,allen1  ,london1 and ,j4     
,cumming1 ,dublin4 ,both editions are in
 octavo1 and to  outward appearance     
uniform1 but differ in some respects4   
,on the title-page  of the first it is  
described as the 8,prize ,essay of the  
,royal ,irish  ,academy1 enlarged0--a   
description omitted in the second4      
,further1 the  title itself is given as 
8,the ,round ,towers of ,ireland 7or the
 ,mysteries of  ,freemasonry1 of        
,sabaism1 and of ,budhism1 for the first
 time unveiled702  but the words within 
brackets are absent from the title-page 

of the  second4 ,a few corrections1 too1
 appear in the latter edition2 but1 upon
  the whole1 it is not much more        
carefully edited than the first--the    
curious omission of chapters vii4 and   
xxxii4 being common to both4 ,what is   
known in the book-trade as 8,the ,long  
,preface10 together with an amusingly   
comprehensive 8,dedication10 is omitted 
from the second edition1 a much  more   
commonplace dedication to the ,marquis  
of ,lansdowne 7described1 of  course1 as
 8,the ,mcenas of his age07 being       
substituted for the latter4 ,as  the    
second1 and last1 edition is that which 
had the author's latest  revisions1 it  
has been thought advisable to reproduce 
it in the present  issue4 ,no           
interference with its text has been     
attempted--typography and  pagination   
being alike preserved4 ,nor has anything
 in the shape of comment  been inserted4
 ,a few supplementary additions to the  
original work will  probably not be     
considered out of place4 ,together with 

this ,introduction1  they comprise a    
8,synopsis10 of which the object is to  
assist readers in  following the track  
of the main argument--not always an easy
 task in the  face of the author's      
numerous divagations1 annotated lists of
 the  principal ,round ,towers and      
crosses1 and an ,index to the body of   
the work4    ,the reception accorded to 
the book by those whose verdict was most
  important to its success1 was         
decidedly hostile1 and--what must have  
been  especially galling to a man like  
,o',brien--took the shape of ridicule4  
,though it cannot be said that he had   
given no occasion for the latter1 it  is
 equally apparent that much of it was   
owing to ignorance2 for there is  not to
 be found among all the censorious      
judgments of those 8irresponsible       
reviewers0 a single attempt at sterling 
criticism4 ,they attacked his  style1   
and they laughed his theory out of      
court1 but they never resorted  to      
anything that deserved to be called     

refutation2 and showed plainly by  the  
character of their strictures that they 
were quite in the dark with  respect to 
the nature of the evidence which he     
adduced in support of his  statements4  
,it was profanely said of the late      
,professor ,jowett1 that  whatever he   
did not happen to know was held by him  
not to be knowledge2  and such was the  
view which his critics seem to have     
taken of ,o',brien's  dependence upon   
,eastern authorities1 with which they   
themselves were  unfamiliar4 ,as        
occasionally happens in ,irish affairs1 
a countryman of his  own led the attack4
 ,in one of the weakest articles that   
ever appeared in  the ,edinburgh        
,review1#ac ,moore1 the poet1 accused   
,o',brien of plagiarism  and other      
misdeeds4 ,considering the extent of    
,moore's acquaintance with  ,oriental   
literature1 and the character of his    
mind1 it is perhaps not  surprising that
 he mistakes the whole drift of         
,o',brien's argument1 fails  to perceive

 the force of those analogies upon which
 the latter chiefly  relied1 and1 in    
fact1 only succeeds in proving his own  
incapacity as a  critic4 ,but it is less
 conceivable that he should seek to     
overwhelm a  young aspirant for literary
 honours1 who was of his own            
nationality1 and  with whom he was on   
terms of at least nominal friendship1   
with unfounded  charges and clumsy      
ridicule4 ,the secret of this otherwise 
unaccountable  severity is disclosed to 
us by 8,father ,prout10 in his article  
on 8,the  ,rogueries of ,tom ,moore40   
,from it we learn that ,moore had       
endeavoured  unsuccessfully to secure   
the co-operation of ,o',brien in his    
forthcoming  ,history of ,ireland1 and  
that1 upon the negotiation falling      
through1 a  8coolness0 ensued between   
the two4 ,as 8,father ,prout0 had the   
whole  correspondence laid before him1  
the story does not rest upon ,o',brien's
 own  version of what took place4 ,but1 
be it reliable or not1 there is no      

denying that the poet went out of his   
way--and out of his depth1 too--in  the 
effort to crush a young author1 who     
might fairly be supposed to have  some  
claim upon his sympathy4 ,the scent     
which ,moore thus struck was  followed  
up by the whole critical pack4 ,the     
,gentleman's ,magazine1 for             
instance1#ad without attempting anything
 like serious criticism1 quizzed        
,o',brien unmercifully4 ,he committed   
the fatal indiscretion of sending a     
lengthy1 but for him most temperate1    
reply1 in which he is fain to cite  the 
,freemason's ,quarterly ,review as his  
solitary backer4 ,the  ,gentleman's     
,magazine reserved its answer until he  
was no more2 when1 in  an obituary      
notice 7,november #ahce71 it flung back 
this retort3 8,fondly  imagining that he
 was the author of most profound        
discoveries1 and as it  were the        
discoverer of a new historical creed1   
,mr4 ,o',brien was always in a  state of
 the highest excitement2 and when his   

lucubrations were treated  with ridicule
 instead of serious refutation1 he was  
acutely  irritated0--which last         
observation somehow reminds one of that 
fastidious  man-o'-war's man1 who1      
whether the bo'sun 8hit him high or hit 
him low10  took no pleasure in being    
flogged4 ,in fact1 there was no real    
scholarly  criticism of the book from   
any quarter1 though its eccentricities  
of style  and treatment received due    
attention4 ,superficially regarded1     
indeed1 it  bristled with salient points
 for attack1 and of these the gentlemen 
of the  press naturally availed         
themselves4 ,they described it as 8wild 
and  extravagant0--and no one could say 
them nay2 but they failed to point out1 
probably because they failed to see1    
that under this same wildness and       
extravagance lay profound knowledge of a
 most unusual kind1 powerful if         
somewhat erratic reasoning1 and the only
 theory as to the genesis of  ancient   
,irish proficiency in the arts of       

civilisation which is consistent  with  
the traditions1 customs1 superstitions1 
folk-lore1 and antiquities of  the      
country4    ,o',brien had now settled in
 ,london1 where such time as could be   
spared from  his tutorial duties was    
spent in the study of his favourite     
literature4 ,it  appears that he had at 
least two works then in                 
contemplation--one a  ,dissertation on  
the ,pyramids1 partly written1 and the  
other a ,celtic  ,dictionary--which     
latter project excited the ribaldry1    
altogether  unfounded1#ae of certain    
critics4 ,his health1 never strong1 was 
now such  as to cause some apprehension 
to his friends2 still he was able to    
share  the pleasures which ,london life 
affords4 ,he went into the fashionable  
world--which1 by the way1 does not      
appear to have taken him quite          
seriously1 while acknowledging his      
talents and erudition4 ,the ,marquis of 
,lansdowne's house was open to him2 and 
mainly1 no doubt1 through the  influence

 of that kindly nobleman1 he was even   
presented at ,court4 ,the  military     
career1 for which1 as he informs us 7p4 
#acj71 he had a  predilection second    
only to 8his love for truth and the     
rectification of  his country's honour10
 was no longer an object of ambition2   
and he may be  regarded as having       
resigned himself contentedly to the     
peaceful avocations  of a man of        
letters4 ,bad health1 aggravated by his 
studious habits1 seems  indeed to have  
been the only drawback from which he    
suffered2 but although  this had        
previously excited the apprehension of  
his friends1 it was  without any        
immediate warning that the end came4 ,he
 had been paying a  visit to some       
acquaintances in the suburbs of ,london2
 had spent with them  an evening1 during
 which he displayed his usual           
cheerfulness and vivacity2  had retired 
to rest without any symptoms of         
indisposition2 and the next  morning was
 found lifeless in his bed1--death      

having1 to all appearance1  taken place 
quite painlessly during sleep4 ,by those
 who knew him he was  mourned1 and by   
none more sincerely than the genial     
8,father ,prout10 who  added the        
following postscript to his article on  
8,the ,rogueries of ,tom  ,moore10      
already in print when the news of his   
young friend's death reached  him3--    
8,,mem4--,on the #bhth of ,june #ahce1  
died1 at ,the ,hermitage1 ,hanwell1     
,henry ,o',brien1 author of ,the ,round 
,towers of ,ireland4 ,his portrait      
was hung up in the gallery of ,regina on
 the #ast ,august following2 and        
the functionary who exhibits the        
#8,literary ,characters' dwelt thus on  
his merits3--        8,in the village   
graveyard of ,hanwell 7ad viii4 ab urbe 
lapidem7      sleeps the original of    
yonder sketch4444 ,some time back we had
 our      misgivings that the oil in his
 flickering lamp of life would soon dry 
up2 still we were not prepared to hear  
of his light being thus      abruptly   

extinguished4 8,one morn we missed him0 
from the accustomed      table at the   
library of the ,british ,museum1 where  
the page of      antiquity awaited his  
perusal2 8another came--nor yet0 was he 
to be      seen behind the pile of      
,asiatic ,researches1 poring over his   
favourite ,herodotus1 or deep in the    
,zendavesta4 8,the next0 brought        
tidings of his death4 ,his book on the  
,round ,towers has thrown more          
light on the early history of ,ireland1 
and on the freemasonry of those         
gigantic puzzles1 than will ever shine  
from the cracked pitchers of      the   
,royal ,irish ,academy1 or the farthing 
candle of ,tommy ,moore4444 ,no         
emblem will mark the sequestered spot   
where lies the dipus of the      ,round 
,towers riddle--no hieroglyphic4444 ,but
 ye who wish for monuments      to his  
memory1 go to his native land1 and      
there--circumspicite6--,glendalough1    
,devenish1 ,clondalkin1                 
,inis-,scattery1 rear their             

architectural cylinders2 and each       
proclaims      to the four winds of     
heaven 444 the name of him who solved   
the problem      of #cjjj years1 and who
 first disclosed the drift of these     
erections4444 ,suffice it to add that he
 fell a victim to the intense           
ardour with which he pursued the        
antiquarian researches that he          
loved40    ,one portion at least of the 
good ,father's prophecy was amply       
fulfilled4 ,in  ,irish ,graves in       
,england1 by ,michael ,m',donagh        
7,evening ,telegraph  ,reprints3        
,dublin1 #ahhh71 a chapter on ,o',brien 
contains these words3--        8,his    
grave cannot now be identified in       
,hanwell churchyard4 ,it was      never 
marked by even a rude stone4 ,in the    
register of burials the      entry is3  
#8,no4 #ebf1 ,henry ,o',brien1 ,hanwell1
 ,july #b1 years #bf4 ,charles          
,birch1 officiating clergyman4' ,tho    
number of the grave did not help        
towards its identification1 and an      

examination of every stone did not      
result in the discovery of the name of  
,o',brien40    ,so passed out of life a 
gifted young soul that had just begun to
 know the  measure of its strength4 ,had
 ,o',brien been spared1 he might have   
taken the  very highest rank among      
antiquarians and ethnologists2 as it is1
 his fame  must rest upon a single crude
 and imperfect work1 written in haste1  
before  his powers were fully ripe1 or  
his learning properly assimilated4      
,beyond  this1 and his translation of   
,villanueva1 he may be said to have left
 no  trace behind4 ,he had never        
married1 though it is highly improbable 
that1  with his ardent temperament1 and 
that almost reverential admiration for  
the sex to which he gives frequent      
expression in ,the ,round ,towers1 he   
could have reached the age of           
six-and-twenty heart-whole4 ,from his   
portrait by ,maclise 7a copy of which   
forms the frontispiece to this  volume71
 he must1 one would think1 have been a  

sufficiently personable  man--though    
somewhat frail1 and looking older than  
his years--not to have  wooed in vain4  
,but he has left no hint of a love      
affair1 beyond occasional  references to
 a mysterious 8sorrow10 which may have  
been of this nature4  ,no stain rests   
upon his memory2 his habits were        
convivial1 but not  vicious2 and he had 
a great reverence for his own religion1 
in no way  weakened by his sympathy with
 other less perfect aspects of eternal  
truth4  ,it may be said of him that he  
left the world without having done it   
any  harm1 and in the firm belief that  
he had nobly served the cause of human  
enlightenment1--which surely was no bad 
ending4           99       99       99  
99       99    ,it is one thing to admit
 the ingenuity1 or even the             
plausibility1 of a  writer's views1 and 
another to accept them as articles of   
belief4 ,so far  from claiming for      
,o',brien that he has completely solved 
the mystery of the  ,round ,towers1 we  

may even confess a doubt that the latter
 admits of any  complete solution4      
,certain links in the chain of evidence 
are wanting1  which1 to all appearance1 
are not likely to be ever supplied4     
,that1 for  instance1 the               
,tuath-de-danaans came from ,persia1    
bringing with them to  ,ireland their   
arts and their religion1 is quite       
possible2 but the absence  of any       
reference to such migration in the more 
ancient ,persian historians1  where we  
should expect to find it2 the want of   
some adequate explanation  of the       
motives which could have led a          
highly-civilised people1 accustomed  to 
a luxurious climate1 to prefer as their 
final settlement the bleak  shores of a 
remote ,atlantic island to the more     
temperate and1 to an  ,eastern eye1 more
 beautiful countries through which they 
must have passed  on their way2 the all 
but complete failure to point out the   
route which  they followed in their     
quest of an asylum--these are gaps which

 require to  be filled up before most of
 us will be prepared to accept their    
,eastern  genealogy4 ,still1 it must be 
confessed that ,o',brien's theory rests 
upon  other and surer foundations1 so   
far as its essential probability is     
concerned2 also1 that it is entertaining
 and suggestive to a degree which       
renders it1 if not a profitable1 at     
least a pleasing mental exercise4       
,the ,origin of the ,round ,towers 7the 
first branch of the question  proposed  
by the ,royal ,irish ,academy7 is really
 only part of a much wider  problem     
which had long engaged the attention of 
earnest1 capable1 and  industrious      
archologists1 with whose names the      
reader of this work is  likely to become
 only too familiar4 ,the ,round ,towers 
are merely one class  of more or less   
elaborate architectural or monumental   
remains1 scattered  all over ,ireland1  
and bearing unmistakable signs of a very
 remote  antiquity4#af ,that these      
remains are inseparably connected in    

time and  origin1 seems to be proved by 
the fact that no writer upon the subject
 of  the ,round ,towers had hitherto    
been able to treat of the latter        
exclusively1 without taking into        
consideration the 8crosses0 or          
8temples10  or other subdivisions of the
 whole1 and that neither ,dr4 ,petrie   
nor his  rival claimed exemption from   
the same necessity4 ,a great portion of 
their  respective works on the ,round   
,towers is devoted1 for instance1 to a  
consideration of other antiquities2 and 
what is perhaps the most valuable  part 
of ,o',brien's1--namely1 that upon which
 his assumption of a pagan  origin      
chiefly rests1--is the result of        
investigation into the nature of  that  
symbolism for which the sculptured      
crosses are so remarkable4 ,it  seemed1 
in fact1 impossible for those who       
studied the subject carefully to  resist
 the conclusion that all these remains  
belong to a period when  ,ireland was   
inhabited by a race which differed in   

many respects from the  ,irish of a     
later date4 ,in ,dr4 ,petrie's opinion1 
that race consisted of the  early       
,christian missionaries and their       
proselytes2 in ,o',brien's1 it  belonged
 to an era far antecedent to            
,christianity itself2 and so far1 he  is
 at one with the leading authorities who
 preceded him4 ,limiting his  statement 
to the ,round ,towers1 ,dr4 ,petrie     
informs us#ag that1 up to the  time at  
which he undertook to decide the matter1
 two theories prevailed as  to the      
8origin0 of these structures3 7#a7 ,that
 they were erected by the  ,danes2 7#b7 
that they were of ,phnician origin4 ,but
 ,o',brien discards the  ,danes         
altogether1 and only allows a very      
subordinate part indeed to the          
,phnicians1 namely1 that of having1 as  
sea-carriers1 assisted to convey  the   
,tuath-de-danaans to ,ireland4 ,for the 
grounds upon which ,dr4 ,petrie         
attributes an exclusively ,christian    
origin to the ,round ,towers inquirers  

must be referred to the body of his     
work1 where they will find it most      
ingeniously1 if not quite ingenuously1  
argued at much length that these        
structures were erected between the     
fifth and thirteenth centuries of our   
era by ,christian founders4 ,an outline 
of his rival's argument to the  contrary
 is given in the annexed 8,synopsis40   
,the difference between the  respective 
methods of the two theorists is very    
marked1 and here the  advantage does not
 rest with ,o',brien4 ,petrie is calm1  
precise1  authoritative2 ,o',brien      
fervid1 rambling1 and passionately      
expostulative4  ,that the former has    
failed to prove his case1 and that the  
latter has to  some extent succeeded in 
doing so1 may1 or may not1 be the fact2 
but it  must be admitted that1 if       
,o',brien was the more successful1 he   
was not the  more dexterous combatant4  
,it has been frequently1 and perhaps not
 without  justice1 remarked that        
8,irishmen have a way of blundering upon

 the  truth02 and from the eccentric    
fashion in which he sets about proving  
his  contention1 some may argue that    
,o',brien's success merely affords an   
instance of this national peculiarity4  
,but it would be hardly fair to do  so  
in the case of an author who is         
acknowledged to have prepared himself   
for his task by careful study of the    
authorities bearing upon its subject1   
and whose 8discovery10 as he calls it1  
is expressly founded on the results  of 
that preparation4 ,in this latter       
respect he presents a marked contrast   
to his somewhat dictatorial rival1 who  
is wont to treat the exercise of        
private judgment by those who happen to 
differ from himself as a species  of    
lse-majest4#ah ,on the other hand1      
,o',brien is always imploring the       
reader to follow his argument step by   
step4 8,here10 he ever seems to be      
urging1 8are the plain1 unvarnished     
facts2 here1 the incontestable          
authorities2 with these staring you in  

the face1 surely you cannot think  of   
denying that such and such an inference 
is unavoidable80 ,his reasons  may not  
be always of the best2 but1 such as they
 are1 he gives them  freely4 ,of the two
 methods1 the public1 who are usually   
impressed by  self-assertion1 preferred 
the former2 and 8,dr4 ,petrie's         
epoch-making book0  was by general      
consent allowed to have 8settled the    
question of the ,round  ,towers for     
ever40 ,this comforting belief remained 
undisturbed for more  than a quarter of 
a century1 when1 in the year #ahfg1 a   
book appeared which  challenged its     
infallibility4 ,the author1 a ,mr4      
,marcus ,keane1 seems to  have started  
upon an investigation of ,irish ruins   
from sheer curiosity1  and with a       
dispassionate intention to see and judge
 for himself4 ,he was  certainly not    
actuated by any wish to decry the merits
 of ,petrie's work1  to which he        
confesses his great obligations1 and    
which he appears to have  taken at first

 as his guide4 ,but1 having carefully   
examined bit by bit the  ancient        
architecture still remaining in most of 
the ,irish counties1 and  having tested 
,petrie's statements by personal        
investigation on the spot1  he          
reluctantly confessed that he had lost  
faith in the latter4 8,after much       
consideration10 he declares1#ai 8,i have
 been forced to the conclusion 444  that
 the generally received theory is not   
supported by sufficient  evidence4 ,my  
conviction of the heathen origin of     
these ruins has been  strengthened in   
proportion to the increased knowledge   
which ,i have  acquired by examination  
of the ruins themselves4444 ,not only   
the ,round  ,towers1 but also the       
crosses and stone-roofed churches are   
entirely of  heathen origin40 ,further1 
on all essential points he found himself
 in  agreement with ,o',brien1 the      
difference between them1 in respect of  
the  particular form of paganism to     
which those remains owe their existence1

  being so trifling as hardly to merit  
notice4 ,of course1 we do not  undertake
 to say that he is right3 the question  
is one upon which people  have always   
differed hitherto1 and which will       
probably be a subject of  variance until
 the end of time4 ,but it seems to us   
that the dispassionate1  almost         
reluctant1 judgment of this competent1  
methodical1 and eminently  fair         
observer1 who approached his subject1   
not when controversy was  raging1 but   
after a sufficient number of years had  
elapsed to admit of  prejudice dying    
out1 is entitled to carry more than     
ordinary weight1 where  the object is to
 arrive at a conclusion based upon a    
study of unvarnished  facts4    ,up to  
this point the question may be said to  
have been regarded solely  from the     
architectural point of view1 which is   
not the most favourable for  ,o',brien2 
though1 considering his necessarily     
limited knowledge in that  respect1 he  
must be admitted to have made out a     

fairly strong case4 ,it is  where the   
argument hinges upon analogies between  
,irish and ,eastern  symbolism that we  
have him at his best4 ,here all the     
resources of his  great ,oriental       
learning come into play1 and may be said
 fairly to have  turned the scale in his
 favour4 ,indeed1 it is perfectly       
astonishing1  considering that his book 
was written more than sixty years ago1  
when he  was himself a mere youth1 how  
nearly it reaches the level attained by 
modern research4 ,in proof of this1 it  
may be as well to refer1 by way of      
example1 to one of the latest           
authoritative treatises on the subject  
of  ,symbolism1 that written by ,count  
,goblet ,d',alviella#bj 7,hibbert       
,lecturer for #ahia1 and member of the  
,royal ,academy of ,belgium71 together  
with its learned 8,introduction0 by ,sir
 ,george ,birdwood1 ,k4,c4,i4,e42 and we
  do so with the less hesitation        
because1 as neither of these writers    
indulges in more than a passing         

reference to ,ireland1 no suspicion of a
  wish to strengthen their inferences by
 making out a pagan origin for ,irish   
antiquities can attach to them4 ,the    
reader who consults these authorities   
will find that they go far to support   
,o',brien's interpretation of the       
symbolic ornamentation of ,irish towers 
and crosses2 that they perfectly        
coincide with his views on the nature of
 ,sabaic paganism2 and generally  with  
his theory1 that where symbolism of this
 character is found existing  in        
,western lands1 it must have been       
introduced there from an ,eastern       
source4 ,a few sentences taken almost at
 random from the ,introduction to       
,count ,d',alviella's work1 as well as  
from the book itself1 may be adduced  in
 support of this assertion4 ,thus1      
having stated that 8the religious       
symbols common to the different         
historical races of mankind have not    
originated independently among them1 but
 have1 for the most part1 been  carried 

from the one to the other in the course 
of their migrations of  conquests and   
commerce02 that 8the more notable of    
these symbols were  carried over the    
world in the footsteps of ,buddhism02   
that they were at  first but 8the       
obvious ideograph of the phenomena of   
nature that made the  deepest impression
 on ,asiatic man02 that the ,sabans were
 8the ,chaldan  worshippers of the ,host
 7,saba7 of ,heaven10#ba it goes on to  
say3  8,without doubt1 the symbols that 
have attracted in the highest degree the
  veneration of the multitude have been 
the representative signs of gods1  often
 uncouth and indecent2 but what have the
 gods themselves ever been1  except the 
more or less imperfect symbols of the   
,being transcending all  definition whom
 the human conscience has more and more 
clearly divined  through and above all  
these gods80 ,how1 it may be asked1 does
 this differ  from ,o',brien's          
description of the nature of that       
8,budh0 who forms the  central idea     

around which he groups the minor        
significances of ,irish  ,sabaism8      
,again we read3 8,it is sentiment1 and1 
above all1 religious  sentiment1 that   
resorts largely to symbolism2 and in    
order to place itself  in more intimate 
communication with the being or         
abstraction it desires to  approach4 ,to
 that end men are everywhere seen either
 choosing natural or  artificial objects
 to remind them of the ,great ,hidden   
,one4#bb444 ,there  exists a symbolism  
so natural that 444 it constitutes a    
feature of  humanity in a certain phase 
of development2 444 for example1 the    
representations of the sun by a disc or 
radiating face1 of the moon by a        
crescent2 444 of the generative forces  
of nature by phallic emblems40#bc       
,might we not fancy that this was       
written by ,o',brien8 ,again3 8,what    
theories  have not been built upon the  
existence of the equilateral cross as an
  object of veneration8444 ,orthodox    
writers have protested against the claim

  of attributing a pagan origin to the  
cross of the ,christians1 because       
earlier creeds had included cruciform   
signs in their symbolism4 ,and the  same
 objection might be urged against those 
who seek for ,christian  infiltrations  
in certain other religions under the    
pretext that they  possess the sign of  
the ,redemption40 ,is not this          
,o',brien's argument in a  nutshell8    
,then we have an entire chapter 7iv471  
entitled 8,symbolism and  ,mythology of 
the ,tree10 the substance of which he   
may be said to have  anticipated2 and so
 on1 all through the book4 ,it is       
needless to multiply  quotations2 those 
already given suffice to show that1 in  
its essential  character1 ,o',brien's   
argument1 so far as it relies upon      
symbolism1 is  corroborated by those in 
the front rank of modern archologists4  
99       99       99       99       99  
,it must1 however1 be confessed that    
,o',brien is not always so much in      
harmony with modern thought1 and that   

his reasoning from analogies of         
language appears to us1 occasionally1   
neither sound nor ingenuous4 ,perhaps   
it would be more correct to say that he 
sometimes1 without meaning  deception1  
allows enthusiasm to entice him across  
the line between fact  and fiction4 ,in 
this respect he is not1 perhaps1 less   
scrupulous than the  average            
etymologist2 but even admitting the     
veniality of his offence1 it  seems to  
us that the philological is the weakest 
portion of his book4 ,in  his hands     
,grimm's then recently discovered 8law  
of the mutation of  consonants0 was1 as 
we think1 too often strained to cover   
most  questionable derivations1 nor did 
he shrink1 apparently1 from coining     
forms of words to suit his purpose4 ,as 
instances of this we may point to  his  
otherwise skilful treatment of the name 
,hibernia at p4 #abh1 where1  without   
any authority that we are aware of1 he  
employs the form  for  1 evidently with 
a view to strengthen his case2 also1 to 

his  wonderful evolution of the word    
,lingam1 at p4 #bhd4 ,but whilst the    
reader  will probably accept his        
statements on this head with caution1   
admiration  of his skill in detecting   
analogies which only require pointing   
out to  secure our assent1 cannot be    
withheld4 ,that he had in him the making
 of a  great philologist1 is beyond     
question2 and that in course of time1   
had his  life been spared1 he would have
 made this branch of his argument really
  formidable1 is very probable4 ,even as
 it stands1 we may be undervaluing  its 
merit3 philology is not an exact        
science1 and one can rarely be sure  of 
one's ground therein from day to day4   
,but1 judging the matter by such  light 
as we possess1 it seems to us that the  
least valuable part of  ,o',brien's book
 is that upon which he evidently prided 
himself most3 others  may1 possibly on  
better grounds1 be of a different       
opinion1 and we gladly  leave this      
portion of the book to speak for itself4

           99       99       99       99
       99    ,it may1 we think1 be said 
without injustice1 that when dealing    
with that  part of the question which   
related to the uses of the ,round       
,towers1  ,o',brien was more successful 
in upsetting the theories of other      
people than  in establishing his own4   
,the purposes for which preceding       
antiquarians had  severally claimed that
 the towers were built are almost       
endless2 but ,dr4  ,petrie has          
summarised the most prominent of them as
 follows3#bd--7a7  ,fire-temples2 7#b7  
places from which to proclaim the       
,druidical festivals2  7#c7 ,gnomons1 or
 astronomical observatories2 7#d7       
,phallic emblems1 or  ,buddhist temples2
 7#e7 ,anchorite towers1 or ,stylite    
columns2 7#f7  ,penitential prisons2    
7#g7 ,belfries2 7#h7 ,keeps1 or         
,monastic ,castles2 7#i7  ,beacons and  
,watch-towers4 ,both he and ,o',brien   
agree in holding that the  ,round       
,towers were not appropriated to any one

 of these purposes  exclusively1 though 
they might have been used for two or    
more of them4 ,it  is with regard to the
 selection of these latter that the     
authors  differ--,petrie adopting views 
7#g71 7#h71 7#i72 ,o',brien1 view 7#c71 
but with  much reservation2 view 7#d7   
absolutely1 and adding another view of  
his own1  namely1 that they were        
sometimes devoted to memorial or        
sepulchral uses4  ,it has been mentioned
 already that ,moore charged him with   
plagiarism in  respect of his adoption  
of view 7#d72 but1 like other charges   
from the same  quarter1 the assertion   
rests upon unstable grounds4 ,o',brien  
made no secret  of the fact that on many
 points he shared the views of ,general 
,vallancey1  for whom he invariably     
expresses respect1 and even admiration2 
but he is  careful to explain that1     
where their judgments happen to         
coincide1 it is  for very different     
reasons4 8,i wish it to be emphatically 
laid down10 he  says in one place1 8that

 ,i do not tread in ,general            
,vallancey's  footsteps4444 ,i have     
taken the liberty to chalk out my own   
road02 and1  in another1 8,though his   
perseverance had rendered him           
7,vallancey7 the best  ,irishian of his 
age1 and of many ages before him1 yet he
 has committed  innumerable blunders40  
,this goes to show that he was unlikely 
to adopt any  theory merely because     
,vallancey held it2 and to have arrived 
at the same  conclusion by a wholly     
different road was surely not           
8plagiarism40 ,what is  more1 a         
reference to the published works of     
,general ,vallancey1#be or even  to such
 extracts from them as may be found in  
,dr4 ,petrie's book1 will1 if  we are   
not mistaken1 give rise to some doubt of
 that author having ever  distinctly    
maintained the ,eastern1 or pagan1      
origin of the ,round ,towers4  ,his     
views are1 however1 so nebulous and     
shifting1 that it is difficult to  say  
whether he committed himself to any     

positive theory on the subject4         
,starting with the conjecture that the  
,round ,towers may have been the work   
of 8,phnicians or ,indo-,scythians10 he 
is soon found attributing them to       
certain 8,african sea-champions10 who1  
in his opinion1 were the 8,pheni10      
being likewise1 as he goes on to inform 
us1 8a ,pelasgic tribe40 ,next1 he      
declares that it was the ,fomorians who1
 having conquered ,ireland1  8taught the
 inhabitants to build ,round ,towers02  
but he afterwards seems to  discard this
 theory in favour of a 8,danish0 origin1
 and ends1 to all  appearance1 by       
resigning himself to the notion that    
they may1 after all1  have been built by
 8,christian0 settlers4 ,nor are his    
speculations as to  the purpose of those
 structures less varied and conflicting4
 ,at one time  he maintains that they   
were undoubtedly 8fire-temples02 at     
another1 that  they were 8belfries02 and
 yet again1 that they were 8beacons40   
,but--what  is especially remarkable in 

connection with the charge of           
plagiarism--he  never1 so far as we can 
discover1 attributes to them a 8phallic0
  significance4 ,upon the whole1 then1  
it seems rather unreasonable to accuse  
anybody of having borrowed theories from
 an author who practically had  none2   
and the probability is that1 without    
having read ,general ,vallancey's       
works1 ,moore had1 from hearsay1 formed 
a vague general notion of their         
contents1 which notion he1 in the       
capacity of an irresponsible and not    
over-scrupulous reviewer1 ventured to   
utilise for paying off old scores4  ,be 
that as it may1 we are not prepared to  
urge that1 upon the evidence1           
,o',brien's theory as to the phallic    
emblemism of the ,round ,towers--whether
  he borrowed it from ,vallancey or     
not#bf--;absolutely deserves credence4  
,like his ascription of an ,eastern     
origin to the ,tuath-de-danaans1 it is  
one of those things which1 so far as we 
can see1 are incapable of proof4        

,still1 it cannot be said that there is 
any inherent impossibility in the       
notion2 in fact1 assuming that the      
,round ,towers were built by an ,eastern
  colony1 there is much in its favour4  
,for1 as all who are acquainted with    
our ,indian ,empire must be well aware1 
phallic symbols are there regarded  with
 a veneration which in its character is 
entirely free from  associations that   
appear to be inseparable from them      
elsewhere4 ,the ,east  and ,west have   
taken different views as to the light in
 which the physical  agency by which    
divine creative power has chosen to     
perpetuate life should  be regarded2 and
 to the ,hindoo mind1 for instance1     
there is nothing  inconsistent with the 
highest moral purity in worshipping an  
idealised  representation of the        
generative principle4 ,a similar belief1
 on ,o',brien's  showing1 prevailed in  
ancient ,persia1--indeed1 but for its   
existence  there1 the ,tuath-de-danaans'
 immigration into ,ireland could hardly 

have  taken place1--so that colonisers  
from that country1 if any such          
colonisation ever took place1 were      
likely to have introduced corresponding 
typical representations wherever they   
settled4 ,hence the theory of the       
,eastern origin of the ,round ,towers   
and that of their phallic significance  
are mutually interdependent4 ,further   
than this it is useless to go4 ,the     
probability of either theory is a matter
 that1 if we are not mistaken1  most    
readers will determine for themselves1  
without much respect to  authority2 nor 
has any author who tries to establish a 
hypothesis on  evidence the bearing of  
which upon the subject is in itself     
hypothetical1  a right to complain that 
this should be so4 ,o',brien has been in
 a manner  forced to rely upon such     
evidence all through his book1 and the  
latter  suffers in consequence4 ,to our 
thinking1 those portions of it are      
usually  the most convincing where1     
discarding authority for the most part1 

he  relies upon his own native          
shrewdness4 ,his attack upon the        
8belfry0 theory  is one instance of     
this4 ,another is the way in which he   
combats  ,montmorency's notion1 that the
 towers may have been intended as places
 of  shelter1 for persons or property1  
from hostile invasion4 ,almost equally  
effective is his refutation of the      
hackneyed argument1 that because ,round 
,towers are usually 7not invariably1 as 
some assert7 found in the vicinity  of  
ecclesiastical buildings1 they must     
necessarily be of ,christian origin2    
though here1 as in the case of the      
8belfry0 theory1 he might1 we think1    
have insisted more upon the curious     
circumstance that ,christians should    
have discontinued building them as soon 
as ,christianity was firmly  established
 in ,ireland1 but before the country had
 been reduced to a  peaceful or settled 
condition4 ,if such adjuncts to churches
 were needed up  to the thirteenth      
century1 there is nothing in the history

 of ,ireland for  the next three        
centuries1 at least1 which shows that   
they might have been  dispensed with4   
,to account for their disappearance by  
representing it as a  consequence of the
 transition from ,romanesque to ,gothic 
architecture1  which took place about   
the twelfth century1 is to beg the whole
 question2  for it assumes that the     
,round ,towers are ,romanesque--a point 
on which we  take leave to think that   
opinions are much divided1 as indeed    
they appear  to be upon almost every    
topic connected with the subject-matter 
of this  very remarkable book4    ,w4   
,h4 ,c4    ,,london1 #ahig4             
,,synopsis      ,,chapter ,i    7,,pp4  
#a-ae7      ,the book opens with a      
preliminary statement1 in general terms1
 of the  object which its author has in 
view4 ,it is to prove that the round    
towers  date from a more remote         
antiquity than that usually assigned to 
them2 that  they were1 in fact1 erected 
long before ,christianity reached these 

islands1 and even before the date of the
 ,milesian and ,scandinavian  invasions4
 ,in support of this view1 he contrasts 
the materials1  architecture1 and       
costliness of their construction with   
those of the early  ,christian churches 
usually found in their vicinity 7cf4 p4 
#ead71 and  accounts for the contiguity 
of the latter by stating that the       
,christian  missionaries selected1 as   
the sites of their churches1 localities 
previously consecrated to religious use1
 in order that they might thereby       
8conciliate the prejudices of those whom
 they would fain persuade02 whilst  he  
points out that a ,christian origin has 
not been claimed for ,cromleachs  and   
,mithratic caves1 in the vicinity of    
which ecclesiastical remains  likewise  
abound4 ,on the other hand1 he insists  
that the general structure  and         
decorative symbolism of the round towers
 is clearly indicative of  pagan times  
and a pagan origin1 more especially of  
that primitive form of  paganism which1 

originating in ,chaldea1 diffused itself
 eastward until it  overspread a        
considerable part of ,asia1 and which is
 known as ,sabaism4  ,dissenting from   
the theories of his predecessors in the 
same field of  inquiry1 he rejects the  
various theories that the round towers  
were  intended as 8purgatorial columns10
 or 8beacons10 or 8belfries10 or        
8dungeons10 or 8anchorite-cells10 or    
8places of retreat0 in the case of      
hostile invasion1 or 8depositories0 for 
,state records1 ,church utensils1 or    
national treasures2 and he states as his
 conviction1 based on examination  of   
their structure1 that it was not the    
intention of their founders to  limit   
their use to any one specific purpose4  
,,chapter ,,ii    7,,pp4 #af-cb7        
,following up this line of argument1 he 
attacks ,montmorency1 who had           
maintained that the founders of the     
round towers were 8primitive ,cnobites  
and bishops1 munificently supported in  
the undertaking by the  newly-converted 

kings and toparchs2 the builders and    
architects being  those monks and       
pilgrims who1 from ,greece and ,rome1   
either preceded or  accompanied the     
early missionaries of the fifth and     
sixth centuries40  ,reserving a detailed
 refutation of this theory for          
subsequent chapters1 he  contents       
himself for the present with showing    
that it rests upon mere  assumption1    
which is not borne out by the evidence  
adduced in  corroboration thereof2 and  
exposes the fallacy of ,montmorency's   
argument1  that pre-,christian ,ireland 
was in a state of barbarism which       
precluded the  possibility of such      
structures as the round towers being    
erected by its  inhabitants4 ,he further
 deals with the objections1 that the    
bards do not  allude to these towers as 
existent in their time1 that those      
undoubtedly  ancient excavations1 the   
,mithratic caves1 are never found in the
 vicinity  of round towers1 and that the
 limited nature of their accommodation  

made  them serviceable only for some    
such purpose as that of a belfry or     
dungeon4 ,with ,vallancey's views he    
finds himself more in sympathy1 but is  
unable to adopt them                    
unreservedly--preferring1 as he puts it1
 to chalk out  his own road4            
,,chapter ,,iii    7,,pp4 #cc-dg7       
,continuing his attack upon             
,montmorency1 the author points out that
 the  towers erected elsewhere by       
,cnobite associations are always square1
 not  round1 and that any argument based
 upon the elevated position of the      
entrances to both classes of edifices   
would apply equally to the pyramids4    
,he shows that the round towers could   
not have been intended as places of     
refuge1 or as depositories of           
ecclesiastical treasures1 and adduces   
historical proof that the structures    
known as 8belfries0 were wholly         
different4 ,alluding to the supposed    
band of voluntary ,cnobite workmen      
under ,saint ,abban1 he points out that 

their building operations must          
necessarily have been carried on in the 
midst of a raging war2 that  although   
they must have availed themselves of    
native assistance in the  work1 yet the 
,irish of the early ,christian period   
betray not the slightest  knowledge of  
the art of building2 that the building  
of round towers ceased  quite suddenly1 
almost immediately after the            
introduction of ,christianity2  that the
 native ,irish have never attributed    
these towers to such an  origin2 that1  
so far from being1 as ,montmorency      
alleges1 assisted by the  munificence of
 native princes1 the ,cnobite monks must
 have had to deal  with absolute pagans1
 who would regard their labour with     
anything but  approval2 and that the    
fact of 8kills10 or remains of          
,christian churches1  being found in the
 vicinity of ,cromleachs1 ,mithratic    
caves1 and round  towers is simply the  
result of the reverence felt by the     
pagan converts  for the scenes and      

associations of their old belief1 and   
affords no ground  for supposing that   
the churches were coeval with the       
latter4 ,subsequently  7at p4 #ead7 he  
cites the instance of a round tower     
without any church near  it4            
,,chapter ,,iv    7,,pp4 #dh-fb7    ,in 
tracing the origin and purpose of the   
round towers1 our author is led  to     
consider the names given them in ancient
 records and ,irish folk-lore4  ,the    
stunted ruin of ,bally-,carbery ,round  
,tower1 near his own birthplace1  was1  
he found1 known to the peasantry as the 
8,cathoir ghall10 i4e4 8the  temple of  
brightness or delight10 whilst both in  
the ,annals of the ,four  ,masters1 the 
,ulster ,annals1 and the ,annals of     
,innisfallen these  towers are included 
in the generic name ,fiadh-,neimhedh1 as
 contrasted  with the names ,cloic      
teacha and ,erdam applied to 8belfries10
 thus  showing that the two kinds of    
structures are perfectly distinct4 ,he  
finds  that ,fiadh-,nemeadth in all     

preceding writers on the subject is held
 to  apply specifically to the round    
towers1 though some of these writers    
7e4g4 ,colgan and ,o',connor7 have      
wrested its meaning to support their own
  particular views1 and the true import 
of this term he subsequently  explains  
to be 8consecrated ,lingams0 7p4 #aje71 
or phallic temples4 ,the  8belfry0 and  
the gnomon1 or 8celestial index10       
theories are thus  exploded4 ,from      
historical evidence he is further led to
 assume that  ,ireland is identical with
 the ,insula ,hyperboreorum of the      
ancients1 and  that the legendary       
mission of the ,boreadan ,abaris#bg to  
,delos took  place during the ,scythian 
occupation of ,ireland4 ,this friendly  
communication between the ancient ,irish
 and the ,greeks he attributes to  their
 having sprung from a common stock--the 
,pelasgi and the  ,tuath-de-danaans     
belonging to 8the same time as the      
,indo-,scyth1 or  ,chaldean ,magi40 ,he 
traces briefly the relations between the

  ,tuath-de-danaan settlers in ,ireland 
and their ,scythian 7or ,milesian7      
conquerors1 and shows that to the former
 is due the high state of  civilisation 
and learning for which ancient ,ireland 
was distinguished1 and  which           
degenerated under ,scythian rule2 and   
concludes with a general  statement as  
to the prevalence of ,sabaic worship    
therein1 and the  phallic configuration 
of the round towers4      ,,chapter ,v  
7,,pp4 #fc-gf7    ,being now fairly     
launched on the subject of ,sabaism1 or 
worship of  natural manifestations of   
the divine energy1 he traces its origin1
  development1 and decadence into       
idolatry4 ,amid the heterogeneous       
confusion  of beliefs that seem to have 
sprung up among the descendants of      
,noah1  ,nimrod introduced the worship  
of the sun as a deity1 but only as a    
part of  that general ,sabaism which    
included the whole 8host of heaven0 as  
objects  of worship1 and recognised the 
,godhead1 of which they were simply     

manifestations1 under the names of ,baal
 and ,moloch4 ,gradually1 the  creature 
was substituted for the ,creator1 and   
their names1 especially the  former     
7,bolati71 were applied to the sun1 8as 
the source and dispenser  of all earthly
 favours10 while to the moon was        
attributed a corresponding  reverence   
under the name ,baaltis1 though in both 
cases the object of  internal regard was
 intended to be ,nature1 or 8the        
fructifying germ of  universal          
generativeness40 ,from the tendency of  
man to the concrete1 this  central idea 
was soon lost sight of1 and the material
 element put in its  place--hence came  
,fire-worship4 ,originating in ,chaldea1
 this degenerated  form of ,sabaism in  
course of time spread eastward until it 
reached ,persia1  where eventually there
 seems to have been a reversion to the  
principle  which underlay it1 i4e4 that 
of generation and nutrition1 in which   
form it afterwards extended to ,india4  
,though fire was the ostensible  object 

of worship1 the sun and moon1 from which
 that worship originated1  were regarded
 and reverenced as 8the procreative     
causes of general  fecundity10 with     
which was coupled the notion of         
regeneration after  dissolution of the  
body4 ,hence when1 as will appear       
hereafter1 ,eastern  ,sabaism was       
introduced into ,ireland by the         
,tuath-de-danaans1 the round  towers    
created by them as temples of their     
worship had both a phallic and          
sepulchral meaning4      ,,chapter ,,vi 
7,,pp4 #gg-ij7    ,that purer form of   
,sabaism in which the central idea of   
8the ,all-good  and ,all-great ,one0    
predominated over materialism1 seems to 
have prevailed  in ancient ,egypt1 and  
to a more definite extent in ,india1    
whilst in both  these countries1 and    
also in ,ireland1 its material side led 
to the  cultivation of astronomy4 ,hence
 the pyramids of ,egypt1 the pagodas of 
,india1 and the round towers of ,ireland
 had both a religious and a  scientific 

purpose4 ,there is no ground1 however1  
for supposing that the  round towers    
were 8fire-temples40 ,though temples of 
the latter kind  undoubtedly exist in   
,ireland1 their structure is altogether 
different1 and  they evidently belong to
 a later period1 showing1 in fact1      
traces of an  ,italian origin4          
,fire-worship was probably introduced   
into ,italy from  ,greece1 where it had 
been practised by the old ,pelasgic     
stock1 who1 on  their expulsion from    
,thessaly1 settled in ,etruria1 bringing
 their worship  with them4              
,,chapter ,,viii    7,,pp4 #ia-ajf7     
,from a careful study of ,eastern       
records and ,sabaism1 the author is led 
to  take up the position that the round 
towers were constructed by early        
,indian colonists of ,ireland 7the      
,tuath-de-danaans71 in honour of 8the   
fructifying principle of nature10 of    
which the sun and moon are              
representative4 ,the emblem of this     
principle was the phallus in the case   

of the sun1 and the crescent in that of 
the moon4 ,the round tower was  simply a
 monumental phallus1 which fact is taken
 to explain the terms  8,cathoir ghall0 
and 8,fidh-,nemphed0 to which he alludes
 in chap4 iv42  whilst the crescent     
ornament by which many of these towers  
were  surmounted is symbolical of the   
female nature4 ,a corroboration of this 
theory is found in the circumstance that
 the name ,budh1 by which these  towers 
are 8critically and accurately          
designated1 signifies in ,irish1  first1
 the sun1 and secondly1 what 1 phallus1 
does in ,greek and  ,latin10 a view     
which is supported by the analogy of    
,egyptian sun and moon  worship4        
,,chapter ,,ix    7,,pp4 #ajg-abf7      
,having thus committed himself to the   
view that the paganism which founded    
the ,irish ,round ,towers was a religion
 of which ,budh 7i4e4 the sun and  the  
phallus7 was the central idea1 and      
which1 therefore1 resembled in  its     
essence the faiths of ,india and ,egypt1

 the author proceeds to trace  the      
origin of this religion4 ,in ,india the 
latter is known as ,buddhism1  or that  
form of ,sabaism taught by ,buddha2 but 
the author is persuaded that  there     
never was such a person as ,buddha--at  
least1 when the religion first  shot    
into life1 which was almost as early as 
the creation of man--though  in later   
times several enthusiasts assumed that  
name4 ,the origin of the  religion was1 
in fact1 8an abstract thought10 which   
cannot easily be  expressed in words    
until it is reduced to the materialised 
forms of that  practical ,sabaism which 
each nation framed for itself1 and which
 consisted  in the worship of generative
 and productive power under its various 
manifestations4 ,hence the objects of   
worship ranged from the sun and moon    
even to agricultural operations1 and1 of
 course1 included sexual  physiology4   
,indian ,buddhism worshipped the ,lingam
 7or phallus7 as the  emblem of,budh    
7i4e4 the ,sun71 but without any sensual

 alloy in such  reverence1 which1 in    
fact1 necessitated the observance of a  
strict moral  code4 ,among other        
requirements of this code was the       
performance of works  of charity1 ,dana 
7i4e4 the giving of alms71 and the      
religionists were  hence called ,danaans
 or ,almoners4 ,the bearing of all this 
upon ,irish  paganism is explained by   
referring to the intimate connection    
that in  early times existed between    
,ireland and the ,east1 from whence its 
,tuath-de-danaan colonists were derived4
 ,the name ,erin1 together with its     
,greek form ,ierne1 and its ,latin      
transmutation ,hibernia1 is shown to be 
identical with ,iran1 the ancient name  
of ,persia1 which1 modified into  ,irin1
 was applied by the ,greek historians to
 the 8,sacred ,island0 of the  ,west1   
and recognised by ,gildas and ,ordericus
 ,vitalis as the established            
designation of ,ireland in their time4  
,,chapter ,x    7,,pp4 #abg-ada7        
,developing this last argument1 our     

author shows that1 while ,iran 7or  8the
 sacred land07 was a name applied to    
both ,persia and ,ireland1 the  form    
,irin 7,sacred ,island7 is exclusively  
applied to ,ireland1 and that  ,irc1    
,eri1 ,ere1 and ,erin are but           
modifications of the latter4 ,the       
,greeks commuted this name of ,irin into
 ,ierne1 which is merely a  translation 
7  72 and the ,latins1 by putting an ,h 
for the  rough breathing of 1 and       
interpolating a b for sound's sake1     
transformed the latter into ,hibernia1  
the meaning 8,sacred ,island0 being     
preserved4 ,but by its own inhabitants  
it continued to be known as  ,fuodhla1  
,fudh-,inis1 and ,inis-na-,bhfiodhbhadh1
 names associating the  worship which   
prevailed therein with the profession of
 the worshippers1  for they respectively
 denote the land or island of ,fuodh or 
,budh and  ,budhism4 ,the ,budh here    
mentioned was identical with the phallic
 deity  worshipped by the               
,tuath-de-danaans under the name of     

,buodh 7known also  as ,moriagan and    
,fareagh or ,phearagh71 which name the  
,scythian invaders  afterwards adopted  
as their war-cry 7,boo or ,a-boo74 ,the 
peculiar  tenets of ,irish ,budhism were
 embodied in a mass of literature       
committed to  the flames by ,saint      
,patrick2 but the history of pagan      
,ireland still  survives in ,,mss4      
scattered over ,europe1 whilst an image 
of ,buodh1 or  ,fareagh1 bearing a close
 resemblance to those of the ,eastern   
,buddha1  and to the idols of ,matambo  
8whose priests are sorcerers or         
magicians0  7afterwards shown to be the 
meaning of ,tuath-de-danaans71 has been 
unearthed at ,roscommon1 and is now in  
the ,museum of ,trinity ,college1       
,dublin4      ,,chapter ,,xi    7,,pp4  
#adb-aef7    ,from ,india our author now
 diverges to ,egypt4 ,the similarity    
between the  regal title 8,pharaoh0 and 
,phearagh or ,fareagh just mentioned is 
accounted for by the invasion of ,egypt 
by the ,uksi1 or ,hyksos 7,royal        

,shepherds or ,shepherd ,kings71 who1   
according to ,manetho1 came 8from the   
,east40 ,the ,indian ,vedas1 which      
corroborate his account1 term them      
,pali1 or 8shepherds02 and the rigorous 
nature of their sway accounts for  the  
dislike manifested by the ,egyptians    
towards the ,israelites1 who were a     
pastoral people4 ,that they introduced  
their form of worship into ,egypt1 is   
shown by the description which          
,herodotus gives of the rites1          
ceremonies1  and usages of the ,egyptian
 priests1 resembling those practised by 
the  ,brahmins4 ,historical evidence    
points to the erection by them of the   
greater pyramids1 also to their         
introduction of those magical arts for  
which the ,egyptians became notorious4  
,this latter fact brings the ,uksi  into
 connection with the ,tuath-de-danaans  
7whose name is indicative of            
proficiency in magic71 and serves to    
strengthen the author's opinion that    
both belonged to the same ,chaldean     

stock4      ,,chapter ,,xii    7,,pp4   
#aeg-aff7    ,the pyramids of ,egypt may
 be said to correspond1 with one        
significant  difference1 to the round   
towers of ,ireland4 ,both are           
characterised by the  highest           
architectural skill2 both are           
constructed with an evident  reference  
to astronomical purposes2 both afford   
indications that they were  inter alia  
appropriated to sepulture2 and both are 
distinctively of  phallic or1 more      
strictly1 ,sabaic import4 ,but in this  
last feature a  divergence becomes      
evident4 ,the symbolism of the principle
 of 8generative  production0 common to  
both is in the form of the pyramid more 
emblematic  of the female nature 7see   
pp4 #bfg-bfi71 whilst the round towers  
typify  the male--a divergence which the
 author subsequently treats in more     
detail4 ,to it may be due the           
circumstance that these excavations or  
8wells0 which exist beneath the pyramids
 have not hitherto been found  under    

round towers4      ,,chapter ,,xiii     
7,,pp4 #afg-agf7    ,in connection with 
the last paragraph1 attention is1       
however1 drawn to the  fact that round  
towers have usually been erected in the 
vicinity of water2  and that this may   
have been owing to a real1 though less  
dominant1  veneration of the female     
principle1 is probable from the         
extensive use of  bathing in the worship
 of ,astarte1 the representative of that
 principle  whose peculiar emblemism is 
apparent in the ornamentation of the    
round  towers4 ,traces of the apparatus 
for a bell found on the summit of one of
  the latter edifices affords no proof  
of its original purpose as a belfry4    
,for though bells were used in pagan    
ceremonials1 they were not rung to      
summon worshippers2 and the fact may    
have been that1 after their  conversion 
to ,christianity1 the ,irish applied    
round towers occasionally to  the only  
purpose for which they could then be    
used in connection with  public worship4

      ,,chapter ,,xiv    7,,pp4         
#agg-aib7    ,recurring to the affinity 
of ,ireland with ancient ,persia        
7,iran71 the  history of the latter     
country is traced from its settlement by
 the  ,aryans4 ,according to tradition  
preserved in the collection of sacred   
books known as the ,zendavesta1 the     
original seat of that people was the    
,eriene-,veedjo1 a district situated in 
the north-western highlands of  ,asia1  
of great fertility1 and enjoying a      
singularly mild climate1 having  seven  
months of summer and five of winter4    
,then 8the death-dealing ,ahriman  smote
 it with the plague of cold1 so that it 
came to have ten months of  winter and  
only two of summer02 and was in         
consequence deserted by its             
inhabitants1 who gradually overspread   
the low-lying countries1 as far  south  
as the ,indus1 including ,fars1 as      
,persia was then termed4 ,they were  a  
vigorous and energetic race these       
,aryans1 who soon became dominant in    

their new quarters1 substituting the    
name of their own country 7,iran1 or    
the sacred land1 formed from the ancient
 ,zend ,eriene7 for that of  ,fars1 and 
founding a dynasty1 or rather succession
 of dynasties1 which  superseded the    
government formerly in existence4 ,the  
mixture of races led  to a certain      
diversity of language1 and thus         
originated the ,zend and  ,pahlavi or   
,sanskrit dialects1 which bear a        
remarkable affinity to ,irish  7cf4     
,palaver74 ,there was further a         
diversity of religions1 the old         
religion of ,hushang1 a predecessor of  
,zoroaster1 being professed by many     
long after fire-worship became the      
dominant faith of ,persia4              
,,chapter ,,xv    7,,pp4 #aic-baj7      
,this ancient religion of ,hushang1     
which was doubtless that of the ,aryans1
  seems to have been of that ,sabaic    
order practised by the ,chaldeans1      
which1 as we have seen1 recognised the  
heavenly bodies as the most  imposing   

representatives of a divine power1 and  
cannot therefore be fairly  described as
 idolatry4 ,it was idealistic1 in so far
 as it regarded the  different energies 
of nature simply as manifestations of a 
great creative  power1 whereas the      
idolatrous stage did not supervene until
 this purer  faith degenerated into     
materialism4 ,with this religion that of
 the ancient  ,irish harmonized4 ,the   
dominance of sun and moon worship in the
 latter is  shown by the way in which   
the various titles of these luminaries  
are  interwoven with the language2 most 
of the ,irish local names1 as well as   
the names of traditional festivals1     
consisting of variants of different     
epithets applied to the sun and moon1   
which the pagan ,irish considered to  be
 united in matrimony1 just as the       
,egyptians did ,osiris and ,isis1  their
 equivalents4      ,,chapter ,,xvi      
7,,pp4 #baa-bbf7    ,a faith thus       
compounded of love1 religion1 and       
astrology has necessarily a  triple     

aspect2 and1 according to the particular
 component kept in view1 or  the        
etymology professed1 may be termed      
,sabaism1 ,buddhism1 or  ,phallism4 ,it 
constitutes the most primitive form of  
worship1 and is the  source from whence 
all the faiths of the world have been   
derived4 ,hence  the corresponding      
features in distinct mythologies4       
,brahminism1 for  example1 is an        
offshoot from ,buddhism1 owing to the   
apostasy of ,paramon1  the son of       
,budh-dearg2 and the essential notions  
of ,christianity1 the  doctrines of a   
virginal conception1 a vicarious        
sacrifice1 and a  resurrection1 have    
their counterparts in both these faiths4
 ,the phallic  element1 ignored by      
,christianity1 maintained its place in  
,oriental and  ,irish paganism4 ,the    
adjuncts of ,lingam worship occur in the
 worship of  ,budh4 ,the pagodas of     
,india have their counterparts in the   
round towers4  ,the symbolism expressed 
in the sculptures of ,elephanta1        

,ellora1 and  ,salsette is reflected in 
the carvings at ,clonmacnoise1          
,kilcullen1 and  ,knockmoy4 ,the ,cross 
is universal1 not distinctive2 and the  
purposely  mutilated cryptograms of the 
,crescent and the ,serpent belong to a  
paganism  long antecedent to the        
,christianity which partially effaced   
them4      ,,chapter ,,xvii    7,,pp4   
#bbg-bci7    ,researches into the       
distinctive character of ,irish paganism
 show that its  main element was the    
phallic type of ,sabaism1 the ,irish    
language  affording remarkable evidence 
of this fact4 ,many of its words and all
 its  letters embody a twofold meaning1 
denoting in the first place some        
passion1 quality1 or virtue1 and in the 
next its sensible index4 ,for  example1 
,budh or ,fiodh means primarily a       
lingam1 or phallus1 and  secondarily a  
tree2 and this peculiarity of an        
esoteric meaning known  only to the     
learned1 and an esoteric one understood 
by the masses1 it  shares with ,hebrew1 

which belongs to the same linguistic    
family4 ,of this  we have an example in 
the scriptural allegory of 8,eve and the
 tree of  knowledge10 wherein the       
esoteric import of 8tree0 is phallus4   
,we thus  arrive1 as it were1 at the    
fount of ,buddhism4 ,eve may be regarded
 as the  first ,buddhist1 and her son   
,cain1 who offered the fruits of the    
earth to  8the ,god of nature and of    
increase0 7,budh71 as the first priest  
of that  order4 ,this allegory is found 
repeated in different forms among the   
various populations of the world--in    
,egypt1 ,india1 ,persia1 and elsewhere4 
,it gave rise to many typical           
commemorations in various countries1    
such as  the 8,maypole festivals0 of    
,eastern lands1 whence the custom       
emanated to  ,ireland 7with the         
,tuath-de-danaan settlers71 where it is 
still  practised4      ,,chapter ,,xviii
    7,,pp4 #bdj-bea7    ,the scriptural 
allegory of the 8,fall of ,man10        
involving1 as it does1 the  history of  

,cain1 has an intimate bearing upon the 
ancestry of the  ,tuath-de-danaans4     
,cain had a son1 ,enoch1 whose name     
connotes as usual a  twofold meaning1   
signifying first1 ,initiation in sacred 
rites2 secondly1  an assembly of        
congregated multitudes4 ,the son of     
,enoch was named  ,irad1 i4e4           
consecrated to ,god 7,budh72 hence the  
region where he  dwelt was called ,iran1
 meaning the land of those so           
consecrated2 from  which it is argued   
that in that precise region the         
,budhists first  established the        
insignia of their empire4 ,now1 the     
,dabistan records  declare that although
 ,kaimours was generally regarded as the
 first king  of ,persia 7,iran71 he had 
many predecessors2 and that long before 
the time  of ,zoroaster the ,persians   
venerated a prophet called ,mahabad or  
,maghabad 7the ,great1 or ,good1 ,abad71
 whom they considered as 8the  ,father  
of men10 and who had thirteen successors
 of his own family1 all  styled ,abad4  

,this ,abad1 or ,maghabadean1 dynasty   
eventually became so  corrupt that it   
was banished to the woods and mountains1
 when ,kaimours  was called to the      
throne4 ,for various reasons the author 
is persuaded that  the ,maghabadeans    
were the direct descendants of ,cain4   
,their name had the  usual twofold      
signification3 first1 ,the unity of the 
,godhead2 secondly1 a  sacerdotal       
institution2 and ,tuath-de-danaan is    
simply a translation or  ampliative     
rendering of the latter--,tuath being a 
modification of  ,budh1 and also        
signifying magic2 ,de1 the vernacular   
term for the  ,deity2 and ,danaan       
signifying ,almoners--the whole thus    
meaning  ,magician-god-almoners1 or the 
,almoner-magicians of the ,deity4       
,,chapter ,,xix    7,,pp4 #beb-bfc7     
,assuming that the ,tuath-de-danaans    
originally occupied ,iran1 or ,persia1  
their migration to ,ireland is thus     
explained4 ,an internecine variance1    
arising out of a purely religious       

question1 sprang up among them4 ,they   
became divided into two sects--one      
maintaining that the male influence  was
 dominant in the production of          
offspring2 the other that female        
influence was more effective4 ,each     
adopted a distinguishing title1         
emblematic of the sex whose virtues it  
proclaimed4 ,the former did not find  it
 necessary to change the name           
,tuath-de-danaan1 since the esoteric    
meaning of ,tuath 7i4e4 ,budh7 was the  
emblem of masculinity2 but the  others  
adopted the title of ,pish-de-danaans1  
because ,pish1 or ,pith  7synonymous    
with ,yoni71 denoted that of femininity4
 ,the war which  resulted from this     
variance of opinion was waged with all  
the bitterness  which usually marks     
polemic differences2 and the            
,pish-de-danaans1  proving completely   
victorious1 expelled their rivals from  
the sacred soil  of ,iran4 ,the         
,tuath-de-danaans1 or at least a portion
 of them 7cf4 p4  #ddc71 fled westward1 

and after many vicissitudes reached     
,europe1 where  traces of them are found
 in parts of ,greece1 ,italy1 and       
,spain2 and from  the country last named
 7by help of the ,phnicians1 who were   
the great  sea-carriers of those days71 
they made their way to ,ireland4 ,it is 
remarkable that a parallel account      
appears in ,hindu records of the        
severance which took place between the  
,lingajas and the ,yonijas on a         
precisely similar question4             
,,chapter ,,xx    7,,pp4 #bfd-bhd7      
,although the ,persian historians       
maintain silence1 the evidence of other 
authorities in support of this episode  
is not wanting4 ,for instance1 when     
referring to ,buddha1 ,oriental writers 
agree that he was born in ,maghada2     
also that he was the son of             
,suad-de-dana--,suad being convertible  
with  ,tuath1 and both resolvable into  
,budh4 ,without professing to map out   
the exact route by which the            
,tuath-de-danaans made their way to     

,ireland1  the author maintains that the
 fact of their having occupied that     
country  for a considerable time is     
incontrovertible4 ,as for their rivals1 
the  ,pish-de-danaans1 it has already   
been stated that they1 in their turn1   
had to leave ,persia when ,kaimours was 
called to the throne2 and the           
presumption is that they were identical 
with those ,uksi1 or ,shepherd  ,kings1 
who overran ,egypt1 and to whom the     
erection of pyramids  emblematical of   
the female nature is ascribed4 ,their   
distinctive views  may1 it is pointed   
out1 have prevailed among them from the 
time when they  formed a portion of the 
,noachid2 for the 8,ark0 was typical of 
the  dominant idea in their belief1 and 
the same idea was typified under        
another form in the pyramids4 ,a variant
 symbol of this idea is the  crescent   
7or lunar boat71 of which certain ,irish
 ornaments are  representative4 ,it is  
further possible that the               
,pish-de-danaan tradition  of the deluge

 may have been communicated to ,moses   
during his stay in  ,egypt1 and that the
 narrative is more figurative than      
historical4      ,,chapter ,,xxi        
7,,pp4 #bhe-cjd7    ,among the          
sculptured symbols of the faith held by 
the ancient ,irish1 that  of the ,cross 
stands pre-eminent2 but it would be a   
mistake to infer from  this circumstance
 the existence of ,christianity in      
,ireland at the time  when these        
sculptures were wrought4 ,the cryptogram
 of the ,cross is found  everywhere1    
both in the ,old and ,new ,world1 among 
the relics of nations  whose paganism   
does not admit of doubt1 and it dates   
from a period long  antecedent to       
,christianity4 ,buildings of cruciform  
structure1 and  evidently devoted to    
religious uses1 exist all over the ,east
 and ,west2 and  both they and the      
,mithratic caves1 for which no one has  
ever claimed any  but a pagan origin1   
partake of the same character4 ,to aver 
that the ,cross  was emblematical of a  

vicarious sacrifice by which the        
redemption of  mankind was accomplished1
 is merely to say that it expresses a   
belief  common to many ,sabaic faiths of
 the pagan world--a belief of which it  
was  the recognised emblem in ,egypt1   
,india1 ,greece1 ,rome1 ,scandinavia1   
and  ,america1 as well as in ,ireland4  
,,chapter ,,xxii    7,,pp4 #cje-cbd7    
,the argument as to the pagan origin of 
,irish cross-symbolism is pursued  and  
developed1 and the connection of the    
symbol in question with the ,irish      
,budh-gaye 7corresponding to the ,hindu 
,budha-gaya71 or representative  of     
generative power 7gaye-phallus71        
demonstrated4 ,the symbolism of which   
it forms a type is ubiquitous1 being    
found in archaic sculpture all over  the
 ,eastern and ,western ,world3 nor did  
,plato exaggerate when he said--#8,the  
letter ,x is stamped upon the universe4'
      ,,chapter ,,xxiii    7,,pp4       
#cbe-cdj7    ,a remarkable instance of  
this widely prevalent doctrine of the   

vicarious  sacrifice of some incarnation
 of the ,deity accomplished by a purely 
virginal conception is afforded in the  
,hindu ,puranas1 which recount the      
incarnation of ,vishnu 7or ,crishna7 in 
the ,white ,island1 and the  subsequent 
crucifixion of the fruit of this        
conception1 under the name of           
,sulivahana 7cf4 the ,irish patronymic  
,sulivan71 called also  ,dhanandhara1   
i4e4 the ,sacred ,almoner 7cf4 ,danaan  
and its meaning74  ,curiously enough1   
the mystic1 or esoteric1 name of ancient
 ,ireland was  ,muc ,inis1 meaning      
,white ,island2 and the details of a    
similar  crucifixion are1 with strictly 
pagan accompaniments1 reproduced in the 
sculptures at ,knockmoy1 in ,galway1    
which further closely resemble not only 
a sculptured portrayal on the temple of 
,kalabche1 in ,nubia1 but a  distinctly 
,eastern ,buddhist group on the         
,tuath-de-danaan cross at ,old          
,kilcullen1 ,county ,kildare4           
,,chapter ,,xxiv    7,,pp4 #cda-cee7    

,a striking instance of the resemblance 
between the ,nubian and ,knockmoy       
sculptures consists in the attire of the
 principal figures4 ,in both the        
philibeg1 or kilt1 is worn2 and this    
peculiarity is reproduced in idols of   
the ,irish pagan god1 ,phearagh1 or     
,farragh1 or ,budh1 which have been     
from time to time exhumed4 ,the         
headdresses and collars also correspond4
 ,in  ,buddhist ,indian mythology ,deva 
,thot is represented as crucified2 in   
fact1 the expectation of salvation      
through the atonement of a crucified    
,mediator characterises the whole system
 of pagan 7,sabaic7 beliefs as          
thoroughly as it did ,hebraism4 ,it is  
expressed in one of the names of        
,ireland1 namely1                       
,criach-na-,fuineadhach 7meaning the    
asylum of the  expectants1 or the       
retreat of those looking forward71 which
 was given to  that country long before 
the advent of ,christianity4            
,,chapter ,,xxv    7,,pp4 #cef-cfg7     

,the round towers and crosses at        
,clonmacnoise1 ,clondalkin1 and         
elsewhere1  abound in sculptured devices
 of a similar character1 there being in 
all a  manifest reference to ,buddhist1 
or ,eastern1 ceremonial2 whilst the     
representation of a dog 7an animal      
esteemed sacred by the                  
,tuath-de-danaans7 on one of the crosses
 at ,clonmacnoise seems to exclude  the 
possibility of its relation to          
,christianity4 ,but perhaps the most    
significant feature of these sculptures 
is the profusion of snake               
ornamentation1 pointing to a time when  
that form of ,sabaism known as          
8serpent-worship0 was in the ascendant4 
,the frequency of this emblemism  was so
 obnoxious to the early ,christian      
missionaries1 on account of the  evident
 reverence with which it was regarded by
 the ,irish1 that ,st4  ,patrick thought
 it advisable to efface it when         
practicable2 and in this  sense he may  
be entitled to the credit of having     

banished snakes from  ,ireland4         
,,chapter ,,xxvi    7,,pp4 #cfh-cie7    
,reverting to his proper subject of the 
origin and purpose of the round  towers1
 our author examines the evidence       
bearing on the date of their  erection4 
,the ,ulster ,annals record the         
destruction of fifty-seven of these     
towers by an earthquake in ,a4,d4 #ddh1 
the natural inference being that they   
must have existed before the fifth      
century1 but how long before is matter  
of conjecture4 ,tradition connects them 
with a personage styled the ,goban      
,saer 7,freemason ,sage72 but this title
 being the name of a class1 not of  an  
individual1 and having no settled place 
in chronology1 does not further  the    
solution of the difficulty4 ,a better   
clue is found in the name of the  place 
whereon was fought the first decisive   
battle between the  ,tuath-de-danaan    
invaders and the ,celtic 7,firbolg7     
inhabitants1 which gave  the supremacy  
of the island to the former4 ,from the  

number of  commemorative towers erected 
there by the conquerors1 this came to be
  known as ,moytura 7in ,irish1         
,moye-tureadh1 i4e4 8the field of the   
towers072 and as the date of the second 
battle1 fought centuries later1 is      
approximately ,b4,c4 #fjj 7p4 #ddi71    
there is reason for assigning the       
erection of round towers to a period    
long preceding that of ,christianity4   
,the ascription of these towers to the  
,tuath-de-danaans is in a degree        
warranted by the fact that the word     
8,tuathan-,tower0 is a well-known       
,irish expression1 and that there seems 
to be no other word in the language     
which conveys the same idea4            
,,chapter ,,xxvii    7,,pp4 #cif-daa7   
,the identity of ,ireland with the      
,insula ,hyperboreorum is deduced from a
  description of the latter1 copied by  
,diodorus ,siculus from the writings of 
,hecatus and from a compendium by       
,marcianus ,herocleotes of the works of 
,artemidorus4 ,both ,hecatus and        

,artemidorus lived before the ,christian
 era1  and an allusion in the latter    
author to certain 8round temples10 of   
which  the officiating priests were     
called ,boreades1 that existed in       
8,juvernia1 a ,british isle1 bounded on 
the north by the ocean called the       
,hyperborean1 but on the east by the    
ocean called the ,hibernian10  coupled  
with the fact that 7with the exception  
of those at ,brechin and  ,abernethy7 no
 remains of round temples are found in  
any of the ,british  ,isles save        
,ireland1#bh goes far to prove the      
identity in question1 also  the         
pre-,christian antiquity of the round   
towers1 together with the  existence of 
an exceptional1 and therefore by natural
 inference an  imported1 civilisation in
 that island4 ,the latter inference is  
strengthened by continually-recurring   
traces of the great proficiency of  its 
inhabitants in the fine1 or useful1 arts
 at an era when the adjacent  islands   
were still plunged in barbarism4        

,,chapter ,,xxviii    7,,pp4 #dab-dca7  
,these proofs of an adventitious        
civilisation bearing the marks1 not of  
gradual growth1 but of full development1
 point to the colonisation of the       
island by a highly-cultured race1 such  
as were the ancient people of  ,iran    
7,persia74 ,the round towers1 for       
instance1 could not well have been  the 
work of the ,phnicians1 who were a      
maritime and mercantile race1 by no     
means prone to arts and letters1 and in 
none of whose admitted settlements  is  
any trace of similar buildings to be    
found4 ,neither the ,firbolgs 7or       
,celtic inhabitants of ,ireland71 nor   
the ,fomorians1 nor the ,scythians1     
,scoto-,milesians1 nor ,danish invaders1
 were at all given to the refinements   
of civilisation1 and simply regarded the
 construction of permanent  buildings as
 unworthy of a race of warriors4        
,everything1 in fact1 goes to  show that
 the ,tuath-de-danaan settlers alone    
could have erected these  towers1       

introduced the ,boreadan ceremonial1 and
 given to the country of  their adoption
 a name taken from that of their native 
land4 ,with the  ,scythian conquest1 it 
became1 of course1 inevitable that this 
name 7,irin  or ,eirin7 should be       
changed into ,scuitte or ,scotia 7the   
land of the  ,scythians71 and that there
 should have been a partial exodus of   
the  vanquished ,tuath-de-danaans--some 
of whom1 settling in what is now        
,scotland1 gave it the name of ,iran or 
,eran 7which survives in ,erne  or      
,erse71 which was afterwards changed    
into ,scoitte or ,scotia1 out  of       
compliment to the ,scythian rulers of   
the adjacent island1 with whom its      
,pictish inhabitants had formed         
alliance4      ,,chapter ,,xxix         
7,,pp4 #dcb-ddd7    ,as for the         
unfounded theory1--that ,ireland was    
colonised by ,phnicians  arriving from  
,spain1 whose last settlement in the    
island was established  by ,heber and   
,heremon1 sons of ,milesius1 and        

descendants of ,feni an fear  soid1 8the
 ,phnician wise man10--it is pointed out
 that ,heber and ,heremon  7brothers of 
,amergin1 the bard7 were in reality the 
sons of ,gallamh1 and  invaded ,ireland 
at the head of a ,scythian1 not         
,phnician1 colony 7p4 #cic74  ,upon     
historical evidence1 the date of this   
invasion is fixed at ,b4,c4 #ajjb2      
while it is agreed on all hands that the
 ,tuath-de-danaans had landed  about two
 hundred years before1 or ,b4,c4 #abjb1 
which latter date exactly  corresponds  
with that given by most ,oriental       
authorities for the exodus of  the      
,buddhists from ,india4 ,about this     
time1 indeed1 ,ireland seems to have    
borne the character of an ,oriental     
asylum--a circumstance to which may be  
attributed the ,eastern costumes and    
aspect of the figures depicted in its   
ancient sculptures1 the ,eastern        
character of traditional religious and  
ceremonial usages1 and the national     
reverence for the shamrock1             

corresponding with that shown to the    
trefoil 7or trisula7 in ,persia         
7,iran74      ,,chapter ,,xxx    7,,pp4 
#dde-dgd7    ,the duration of           
,tuath-de-danaan supremacy may have been
 some six  centuries1 dating from the   
first battle of ,moytura1 in ,b4,c4     
#abjb 7p4 #dce71  to the second battle1 
in or about ,b4,c4 #fjj1 between the    
,firbolgs1 or ,celts  7who had been     
gradually reasserting themselves71 and a
 reinforcement of  ,tuath-de-danaans1   
coming this time1 not from ,persia1 but 
from ,india1  whence they had been      
expelled by the ,brahmins 7p4 #ddc74    
,although this  second invasion proved  
successful1 the power of the            
,tuath-de-danaans was  now on the wane1 
and the height of civilisation to which 
they had raised  the island rapidly     
declined before the inroads of the      
,scythians4 ,their  ritual became merged
 in that of the ,druids1 and their taste
 for letters  vitiated4 ,possibly1 with 
a view to arrest this decadence1 they   

began to  cultivate intercourse with    
,greece1 the result being a strong      
reciprocal  influence1 exercised by the 
languages of the two countries on each  
other1  and more especially by ,irish   
upon ,greek4 ,a corresponding influence 
resulted from the migration of          
discontented ,tuath-de-danaans into     
,scotland4 ,nor was it confined to      
language2 for certain peculiarities of  
ancient ,irish architecture are found   
reproduced in ,mycenian and ,caledonian 
structures1 as1 for example1 in the     
,treasury of ,atreus 7,mycen7 and the   
,dune of ,dornadilla 7,scotland72 and   
that religion was not wholly  unaffected
 is proved by the discovery of ,irish   
relics showing that the  oracular       
superstitions of ,dodona had their      
counterpart in ,ireland4      ,,chapter 
,,xxxi    7,,pp4 #dge-dig7    ,the      
relics of ,tuath-de-danaan occupation1  
which exist in the shape of  gigantic   
crosses1 and of sculptured ornamentation
 in which cross-symbolism  is prominent1

 point to a mystery far more esoteric   
than that involved in  the ,christian   
emblem4 ,the cross had become           
representative of the number  ten1      
because in ,irish the same word1 lambh1 
denoted equally a cross  and the human  
hand1 or the number of fingers on both  
hands2 whilst the  8triangle of ten0 7p4
 #bfh7 embraced 8all that was solemn in 
religion and  in thought10 being1 in    
fact1 8the index of male and female     
united10 and  the prototype of the ark  
and pyramid4 ,this ,sabaic1 and only    
intelligible1 explanation of these      
highly figurative sculptures disposes   
of the theory that they are the product 
of a ,christianity with which they  have
 nothing in common but a shape which is 
not peculiar to any one  religion in any
 part of the world4      ,,chapter      
,,xxxiii    7,,pp4 #dih-ebd7            
,serpent-worship is perhaps the most    
significant form of ,sabaism1           
involving1 as it does1 the expression of
 its source4 ,for in the sacred         

language of ,iran1 whereof ,irish is the
 leading type1 the word ,sabh  7the root
 of ,sabaism7 has three distinct1 yet   
connected1 meanings--7#a7               
,voluptuousness1 or the ,yoni2 7#b7 a   
,snake1 or sinuosity2 7#c7 ,death4      
,through all these runs the central idea
 of sexual relation1 which1 as the  most
 elementary part of social life1 has    
been symbolised all over the  world in  
connection with religion4 ,the          
scriptural reproach1 8generation of     
vipers10 is probably equivalent to      
offspring of concupiscence1 as will     
appear from the indignant repudiation of
 those to whom it was  addressed--8,we  
were not born of fornication2 we have   
one ,father1 even  ,god40 ,the part     
which the serpent plays in ,brahminism  
is well known4 ,in  ,mexico a widespread
 faith called ,nagualism had the        
,culebra1 or snake1  for one of its     
principal deities2 whilst the ,gadelglas
 of the ancient  ,irish 7,gadelians7    
meant simply the green snake-god1 from  

which latter1  and not from the verdure 
of its soil1 ,ireland may have obtained 
the  designation of the ,emerald ,isle4 
,in fact1 ,sabaism1 ,ophiolatry1 and    
,gadelianism were one and the same2 and1
 while purporting to be the worship  of 
the serpent1 or of the stars 7vide p4   
#eje71 were in reality the  worship of  
,sabh or ,yoni1 the representative of   
female nature4 ,it was1  however1       
masculinity 7,budh7 that was typified in
 the phallic form of  those round       
towers1 which the author now proceeds to
 describe with more  minuteness of      
detail than heretofore4 ,incidentally1  
he disposes of the  argument in favour  
of the ,christian origin of these       
towers1 which is based  upon the        
assumption that remains of ,christian   
churches are invariably  found in their 
vicinity1 by adducing an instance to the
 contrary 7at  ,giant's ,ring1 ,county  
,down74#bi    ,w4 ,h4 ,c4               
,,dedication ,,of ,,the ,,first         
,,edition        ,,to    ,,the ,,learned

 ,,of ,,europe    ,,to ,,the ,,heads    
,,of ,,its ,,several ,,universities     
,,to ,,the ,,teachers ,,of ,,religion   
,,and ,,the ,,lovers ,,of ,,history     
,,more ,,especially    ,,to ,,the       
,,alibenistic ,,order ,,of ,,freemasons 
,,to ,,the ,,fellows ,,of ,,the ,,royal 
,,society    ,,to ,,the ,,members ,,of  
,,the ,,royal ,,asiatic ,,society       
,,to ,,the ,,fellows ,,of ,,the         
,,society ,,of ,,antiquaries    ,,to    
,,the ,,editors ,,of ,,the              
,,arch,,ologia ,,scotica    ,,to ,,the  
,,committees ,,of ,,the ,,societies     
,,for ,,the ,,propagation ,,of ,,the    
,,gospel ,,and ,,the ,,diffusion ,,of   
,,useful ,,knowledge    ,,and    ,,to   
,,the ,,court ,,of ,,the ,,honourable   
,,the ,,east ,,india ,,company    ,,this
 ,,volume ,,is ,,inscribed    ,,as ,a   
,,novel ,,exposition ,,of ,,literary    
,,inquiries ,,in ,,which    ,,they ,,are
 ,,severally ,,interested    ,,and ,,as 
,,an ,,intimation ,,of ,,respect ,,from 
,,the ,,author          ,,preface ,,to  

,,the ,,first ,,edition      ,in        
,fraser's ,magazine for the month just  
expired1 there has appeared an  article 
headed the 8,arcana of ,freemasonry10   
which will save me the trouble  of an   
introductory dissertation4 ,the style is
 quaint1 but that will be  overlooked2  
its author is evidently a true mason and
 a good man2 and1  initiated as he is in
 all the fundamentals of his fraternity1
 he will be  the more ready to recognise
 the truth of my disclosures1 as well as
 to  admit the originality of the proofs
 which ,i adduce4 ,to him1 therefore1   
whoever he is1 do ,i with confidence    
refer4    8,in the spirit of the mighty 
dead10 says he1 8the great ones of the  
earth1  that seem ever and anon to look 
down through the clouds of this murky   
atmosphere and to beckon us heavenward1 
nothing strikes more keenly1 in  our    
conviction1 than that passion for divine
 truth which burned  unquenchably within
 them4 ,with what hallowed devotion they
 worshipped it1  with what intense      

aspirations they loved it1 we must      
remember but too  painfully1 when we    
converse with men as they are1 and read 
the writings  they applaud4    8,yes--it
 must be so6 ,the first and noblest     
object to which the ambition of  man can
 aspire is the discovery and propagation
 of truth1 on which the  felicity of all
 created thinkers absolutely depends2   
and1 fortunately1 the  glory of its     
discovery is nothing superior to the joy
 of its  communication4 ,and therefore  
have the finest and freest souls1 that  
have  caught the brightest glimpses of  
truth's eternal radiation1 ever most    
earnestly sought to lead their brethren 
and kindred to the same difficult  and  
solitary height from which they         
themselves first witnessed the  dawnings
 of the prophetic dayspring4    8,how   
many illustrious names1 however         
venerable1 have from time's eldest      
records sought out with indefatigable   
assiduity the relics of divinest        
,wisdom6 ,how often beneath her charmed 

inspirations they wandered forth1       
exulting over the boundless fields of   
metaphysical and physical               
science--endeavouring by the things that
 are manifest to retrace the  hidden    
,divinity--to look through nature up to 
nature's ,god6 ,and if happily  they    
discover some strange and stirring      
indications of the ,almighty's          
elaborating hand1 or some bright        
testimony of ,his vivifying though      
impalpable ,spirit1 have they not       
hastened with glowing hearts1 and souls 
overcharged with adoration1 to whisper  
the mystery in secret1 or to  proclaim  
the marvel to the world8    8,the       
history of ,freemasonry being in fact   
the history of the gradual  progression 
of devotion and philosophy in the youth1
 maturity1 and  declension of our       
planet's millenary circle1 is intensely 
interesting to  the philosophic mind1 as
 the ages of the one have a thousand    
mystic  correspondences with the ages of
 the other4 ,after taking a luminous    

survey  of the advances of human        
intelligence as revealed in ,scripture1 
it traces  the perpetual tradition of   
divine wisdom among the hierophantic    
academies of classic memorial4 ,none    
understood so well the essential truth  
of their theo-astrological mythologies  
and their symbolical mysteries4  ,they  
track every subtle declension of lofty  
and bright-souled truth into  the       
shadowy circumference of hostile error2 
and thus1 establishing their  minds on  
the deepest foundations of history1 they
 continually build up  superstructures  
of all that is precious in literature or
 elegant in art4    8,in thus eulogising
 ,freemasons1 we of course allude to    
,freemasons  initiated into the deep    
spirit of divine philosophy1 and not    
mere nominal  professors4 ,true         
masons1--those who are made free by     
their free devotion  to ,god's spiritual
 service1 and accepted by emulating the 
self-immolation of their celestial      
prototype of heaven and earth for just  

and disciplined worthies1--we would     
discourse of these1 and these alone4    
,it would be as unfair to judge of      
,freemasonry in its hidden sanctuary    
within the veil1 by its irregular       
members1 as to judge of its religious   
illustration without the veil by merely 
nominal ,christians4    8,but for true1 
or free1 or speculative masons4 ,these  
are the men who1  attached to their     
celestial ,saviour with filial          
enthusiasm incommunicable1  and to each 
other by fraternal sympathies that melt 
them into beautiful  unanimity of       
immortal emulation1 these are the men   
who feel a more  especial and endearing 
interest in the whole history of        
mankind4 ,to them1  whatever is 8wisest1
 virtuousest1 discreetest1 best10 in all
 the records  of humanity1 hath a kind  
of kindred familiarity of association   
unknown to  others2 for in all true men 
they recognise their ancestry or their  
brotherhood1 and they watch the broad   
line of their genealogical descent  with

 the reverent fondness of a lineal and  
loyal progeny4 ,in their history  they  
love to contemplate the magnificent     
economy of ,providence for the  gradual 
perfectionising of all lapsed           
intelligences4 ,in this they view  every
 variation of ,churches and ,states with
 tranquil and unbroken  satisfaction1   
and from it they look forward to the    
future with that fine1  free1 and       
fearless confidence which ,christian    
philosophy alone inspires4    8,in the  
present times1 these relations to       
society have assumed a somewhat  deeper 
and still more thrilling intensity2 they
 know well enough that old  age hath    
come upon the earth1 and that the latter
 day is at hand2 and that  the          
prophecies relating to her dissolution  
and bright regeneration are1  ere long1 
to be accomplished in their fulness4    
8,they confess1 with rejoicing1 the vast
 spread of intellectual light and       
freedom that now gilds the concluding   
pages of our planet's history4 ,they    

believe that the true and venerable     
principles of ,church and ,state will be
  confirmed and illustrated in their    
breadth and length1 and height and      
depth1 by the last and prophetic        
experience of pious and patriot sages1  
ere the kindling judgment breaks out    
upon the astonished world4    8,such is 
the position of ,freemasons in society  
at present4 ,and when we  consider the  
extent of this chosen band of good and  
wise men1 bound  together by the        
fellowship of indissoluble benevolence1 
and scattered over  every kingdom and   
republic1 we cannot but observe their   
influences with  peculiar scrutiny of   
attention2 for1 by keeping fast their   
own counsel1  and preserving mutual good
 faith1 they ever possess a strong1     
though  secret domination of            
philanthropy over all the affairs of    
,church and  ,state4 ,in her peaceful   
and inviolable retirement1 ,masonry is1 
as it were1  the primum mobile and      
mainspring of society1--unseen herself1 

but urging  the whole visible mechanism 
into harmonious and musical action4     
8,in the present time1 ,freemasons      
cannot but feel that a terrible         
responsibility is committed to their    
charge4 ,the ancient interests and      
ambitions of ,churches and ,states are  
coming into perpetual and jarring       
collision with the new4 ,the ebb-tides  
of bigotry and despotism are  clashing  
with the advancing currents of          
enthusiasm and dissolute passion4  ,the 
spray of the whirling eddies already    
whitens the deep1 and the roar of  the  
conflicting breakers is heard far away  
upon the wind4 ,god saith1 #8,i  will   
overturn1 overturn1 overturn1 until ,he 
shall come whose right the  kingdom is'2
 and the sea and the waves are roaring  
upon every shore1 and  men's hearts fail
 them for fear1 and for looking on those
 things which are  coming on the earth4 
,to true masons is entrusted the        
hazardous charge of  piloting the vessel
 athwart the boiling whirlpools4 ,they  

will save1 if  they can1 earth's latest 
age from indecent strife and confusion1 
and  struggle hard against the unfilial 
and disloyal apostates1 that would      
bring down her grey hairs with sorrow to
 the grave40#cj    ,here ,i would       
willingly close my ,introduction2 but as
 it may seem strange  that a work which 
bears upon its title-page the character 
of 8,prize ,essay0  should not have been
 published by the ,society that have    
awarded it the  prize1 ,i am obliged to 
open up a statement of facts which ,i   
had rather  have concealed2 yet1 in     
doing so1 ,i shall take care1 now that  
all vexation  has passed over1 that no  
symptoms of asperity shall escape my    
pen2 all the  colouring of language ,i  
shall equally avoid2 nay1 even          
inferences1 however  obvious1 ,i shall  
not press into observation1 but confine 
myself strictly  to a matter-of-fact    
detail as to the conduct of the party in
 the case in  question4    ,in ,december
 #ahcj1 the ,royal ,irish ,academy1     

after many fruitless efforts to  obtain 
information on the subject of the ,round
 ,towers1 proposed a premium  of a gold 
medal and fifty pounds to the author of 
an approved ,essay1 in  which all       
particulars respecting them were        
expected to be explained4 ,this         
intimation ,i never saw4 ,the stipulated
 time for the composition of            
treatises--namely1 a full               
twelvemonth--expired1 and the several   
candidates  sent in their works4 ,after 
a perusal of two or three months1 the   
,council  agreed upon giving the premium
 to one of them2 but his work being     
deficient in some of the conditions     
required1#ca it was furthermore         
resolved that he should be allowed some 
additional interval for the  supplying  
of these defects1 and this determination
 they put into practice  by the         
following advertisement3--              
8,,royal ,,irish ,,academy ,,house1     
,,dublin1        8#bast ,february #ahcb4
        8,it having appeared to the     

,royal ,irish ,academy that none of the 
,essays      given in on the subject of 
the #8,round ,towers1' as advertised in 
,december #ahcj1 have satisfied the     
conditions of the question1 they        
have come to the following              
resolutions3--        8#ast4 ,that the  
question be advertised again as         
follows3--        8#8,the ,royal ,irish 
,academy hereby give notice that they   
will give a      ,premium of ,fifty     
,pounds and the ,gold ,medal to the     
author of an      approved ,essay on the
 ,round ,towers of ,ireland1 in which it
 is expected      that the              
characteristic architectural            
peculiarities belonging to all          
those ancient buildings now existing    
shall be noticed1 and the               
uncertainty in which their origin and   
uses are involved be      satisfactorily
 removed4'        8#bnd4 ,that the time 
be extended to the #ast of ,june next1  
for receiving      other ,essays on said
 subject1 and for allowing the authors  

of the      ,essays already given in to 
enlarge and improve them2 for which     
purpose      they will be returned1 on  
application at the ,academy ,house4     
8,all ,essays1 as usual1 to be sent post
 free to the ,rev4 ,j4 ,h4 ,singer1     
,d4,d41 ,secretary1 at the ,academy     
,house1 #aad ,grafton ,street1 ,dublin2 
each ,essay being inscribed with some   
motto1 and accompanied with a           
sealed billet1 superscribed with same   
motto1 in which shall be written        
the author's name and address40    ,a   
few days before this appeared1 ,i heard1
 for the first time1 of the  subject    
having been for competition4 ,wishing to
 ascertain whether it was  decided or   
not1 ,i availed myself of a pretext for 
calling upon ,dr4  ,m',donnell1 one of  
the ,secretaries to the ,academy1 when  
the following  conversation took place  
between us3--    8,i wish to know1 sir10
 said ,i1 8whether the ,council would   
patronise a  translation of ,ibernia    
,phnicia1 which ,i have just embarked   

in1 with ,dr4  ,villanueva's consent80  
8,the ,council have already subscribed  
to the original1 and ,i believe they    
feel no difficulty in understanding it  
in that form10 was the reply4    8,i do 
not at all question their competency10  
,i rejoined2 8but to the  public1       
,doctor1 it is a sealed volume2 and ,i  
cannot think it foreign from  the spirit
 of your institution to countenance such
 an idea4 ,besides1 it is  not a mere   
echo of the original that ,i intend to  
give4 ,i purpose to  enlarge it by many 
additions of my own1 accompanying it all
 through with  notes and illustrations40
    8,to what points in particular will 
those additions refer80    8,to the     
development of the mystery which        
overhangs the ,round ,towers40    8,oh6 
,on that head the ,academy have already 
made up their minds4 ,what is  your     
theory about them80    8,surely1        
,doctor1 if the ,academy have already   
made up their minds upon the  subject1  
my information can be to you of no      

value6 ,good-morning40    ,if my        
disappointment at this interview was    
great1 my delight1 a few  mornings      
after1 was incomparably greater1 on     
beholding the advertisement  above      
introduced2 and though the shortness of 
the time allowed1 with the  positiveness
 of the assertion so recently and       
reluctantly extorted1 made  me suspect  
at once that there was some management  
in the business1 yet1  having thoroughly
 assured myself1 from the wording of    
that manifesto1 that  ,i was entitled to
 enter the lists1 ,i plunged into the   
discussion without  further delay1 and  
day and night1 in sorrow and in         
difficulties1 ,i  laboured1 until ,i    
finished my ,essay against the appointed
 day1 when ,i sent  it in accordingly to
 await its chance4    ,four days1       
however1 had only passed over1 when the 
,council1 having  perceived that they   
had been taken at their word1 by the    
appearance of a  new candidate1 allowed 
their friend to take back his ,essay for

 one month  more1 to render it more     
perfect6 ,and in the exercise of their  
discretion1  they had the modesty to    
advertise1 by a document precisely      
similar to that  already inserted1 that 
their object in so doing was to 8obtain 
new  ,essays on said subject40    ,this 
last advertisement was not published for
 some days after their friend  had      
removed his work from the ,council      
,board2 so that there were no more  than
 about three weeks remaining1 for the   
inditing of new works upon a  subject   
for which lives have been found         
inadequate1 and for which their  friend 
had already been allowed a period nearly
 approaching to two years6    ,soon as  
informed of this manuvre1 ,i called upon
 ,dr4 ,singer1 as the  ,secretary1 and  
entreated of him1 with much ardour1 that
 he would put a  stop to those          
proceedings2 stated that ,i was myself  
the author of one of  the ,essays1 which
 ,i would not further particularise2 and
 that1 as ,i had  reason to apprehend   

something wrong was in contemplation1 ,i
 would feel  obliged if he exerted      
himself to have the ,essays detained1   
and determined  upon by their merits as 
they then stood4 ,he asked me to explain
 the ground  of my apprehensions4 ,i    
complied2 whereupon he assured me that  
,i was  mistaken in that quarter1 as    
8the individual10 says he1 8at whose    
request  we have extended the time is   
one for whom we all have a regard1 and  
is by  no means the person on whom your 
suspicions light60    ,it was but little
 consolation to me that the person in   
whose favour all  this partiality was   
exerted was 8not the person on whom my  
suspicions  lighted06 ,i remonstrated1  
but in vain4 ,every syllable that       
transpired  afterwards tended only to   
show that the decision was already      
pronounced--that the premium was already
 awarded4 ,i then hinted at the         
injustice of seducing me into the       
competition1 at the very risk of my     
life1 upon so short a notice1 and not   

vouchsafing now so much as to  examine  
my production4 ,this had some effect1   
and ,i left the ,doctor with an         
assurance that ,i 8should1 at all       
events1 get a hearing40    ,the day for 
the reception of the amended ,essays    
again came1 and mine  again made its    
appearance4 ,in the interim was started 
a periodical1 under  the direction of   
some members of the ,council1 the most  
prominent of whom  was the favoured     
individual himself4 ,in the second      
number of this  periodical1 on the      
,saturday after the last sending in of  
the ,essays1 there  appeared an article1
 written by the ,rev4 ,csar ,otway1 a   
member of the  ,council1 under the      
assumed name of ,terence ,o',toole1 in  
which half  playfully and half          
mysteriously1 he lets the cat out of the
 bag1 and  actually asserts1 as the     
event verified1 that the premium was    
already  determined to a member of their
 own body6    ,here are his words3--    
8,the ,round ,tower1 to the right1 is a 

prodigious puzzler to antiquarians4     
,quires of paper1 as tall as a tower1   
have been covered with as much ink as   
might form a ,liffey1 in accounting for 
their origin and use4 ,but all these    
clever and recondite conjectures are    
shortly1 as ,i understand1 to be        
completely overthrown1 and the real     
nature of these ,round ,towers clearly  
explained1 for the first time1 in a     
,prize ,essay presented to the ,royal   
,irish ,academy by an accomplished      
antiquarian of our city40#cb            
,notwithstanding the disguise here      
assumed of 8as ,i understand10 and so   
forth1 the writer of this announcement  
had1 at this moment1 not only  perused  
his colleague's ,essay1 but actually    
registered his vote in its  favour6 ,and
 as to his pretending that the          
development was a discovery1 by  saying 
8for the first time10 he betrays therein
 the extreme either of  untruth or of   
ignorance1 as the theory alluded to is  
but the echo1  in all particulars1 of   

,montmorency's book1 every sentence in  
which ,i prove  erroneous in the early  
chapters of the present volume6 ,i could
 no longer1  however1 be ignorant as to 
the identity of the person in whose     
favour  ,dr4 ,m',donnell had told me the
 ,council had 8made up their            
minds02--casually  corroborated         
afterwards by ,dr4 ,singer6--,i saw at  
once that the  8accomplished antiquarian
 of our city0 was ,mr4 ,petrie1 the     
antiquarian  artist of the ,royal ,irish
 ,academy--himself a member of their    
,council6    ,however1 ,dr4 ,singer had 
promised that ,i 8should get1 at all    
events1 a  hearing40 ,and this was      
performed with a vengeance4 ,three      
months was the  time devoted to the     
examination of all the former ,essays4  
,it remained1  therefore1 only publicly 
to announce what was privately resolved 
upon4  ,but as my ,essay1 the only new  
one1 was at all taken in1 it was        
indispensable but that they must read   
it1 and six long months did they        

appropriate thereto4 ,at the end of this
 period they saw that the position      
assumed was right1 and that ,i was      
entitled to the premium4 ,but they had  
already pledged themselves to give it to
 their friend1 whose theory was  the    
direct opposite of mine2 and1           
consequently1 every sentence in it1 or  
in mine1 must be wrong--a discrepancy1  
however1 which they thought to          
reconcile by leaving the original prize 
undisturbed1 and voting me a  separate  
one4    ,had they had the candour to    
avow that this was their dilemma1 ,i    
should  never have murmured1 but quietly
 submitted to the issue2 instead of     
which1  however1 they worded their      
resolution in such a form as led the    
public to  think that there were two    
premiums all along intended1 and that   
the  first of these was given to the    
best composition1 and the second to that
  which approached it in quality4    ,it
 was as follows3--        8,,royal      
,,irish ,,academy ,,house4        8,on  

,monday1 ,december #ag1 a meeting of the
 ,council of the ,royal ,irish          
,academy was held1 for the purpose of   
deciding on the merits of essays        
received1 pursuant to advertisement1 on 
,the ,origin and ,use of the      ,round
 ,towers of ,ireland1 when the following
 premiums were adjudged1      viz43--   
8,fifty pounds and the gold medal to    
,george ,petrie4        8,twenty pounds 
to ,henry ,o',brien1 ,esq40    ,now1 be 
it observed that it was not only of the 
gold medal and fifty  pounds that ,i was
 deprived by this manuvre1 but of the   
one hundred  additional pounds which    
,lord ,cloncurry had offered upon the   
same subject4  ,of this the ,academy    
were also the dispensers1 on the        
understanding that  whoever should get  
their gold medal and fifty pounds--the  
only premium  which they had            
offered--should also get his lordship's 
hundred2 so that  by this stratagem they
 assigned to their friend not only their
 own1 but  his lordship's patronage6    

,i was in ,london at the time1 and      
signified my dissatisfaction by letter4 
,several were interchanged1 in one of   
which ,i gave them to understand that   
,i would submit to the injustice if they
 would but publish my work in their     
,transactions simultaneously with ,mr4  
,petrie's4 ,this they declined1         
assuring me that they would publish it1 
but not simultaneously1 and not  until  
after4 ,no comment is necessary for     
this4    ,meanwhile1 their periodical1  
which1 from the first moment of its     
starting1  whenever reference was made  
to the ,round ,towers1 unqualifiedly    
asserted  that they were ,christian1 and
 only coeval with the monasteries1#cc   
thought proper now to change its tone2  
but as an open acknowledgment of  error 
would be too self-abasing for           
,academicians1 they only put forth  a   
feeler1 as if implying doubt on the     
matter1 which would have the  twofold   
effect of screening the 8,council's0    
verdict--as the result of  doubt or     

ambiguity--and of preparing the public  
mind for the altered and  novel         
conclusion to which all1 ,i trust1 will 
ere long1 as well as  themselves1 have  
arrived4    ,my eye1 however1 was on    
their plans1 though separated by 8a     
roaring sea40  ,i knew that where there 
were so many windings to mature the     
plot1 there  must be as many to prevent 
its detection2 and1 accordingly1 the    
very first  move they made in these1    
their new tactics1 ,i checkmated at once
 by  the following letter3--            
7,no4 #a47        8,,london1 ,march #af1
 #ahcc4        8,,dear ,,dr4            
,,singer1--,the ,dublin ,penny ,journal 
of ,february #bcrd1 on the      article1
 #8,devenish ,island1' contains this    
sentence1 viz43 #8,whether the          
towers are the accompaniment to the     
churches1 or the churches to the        
towers1 is a question not yet decided4' 
8,now this--coupled with the            
circumstance of the ,committee having   
awarded two premiums to two1 as ,i      

understand1 conflicting                 
ascriptions1 and that when only one was 
originally      proposed--induces me1   
with all deference1 to offer this       
memorial1      through you1 to the      
,academy4        8,as the development of
 truth in the elucidation of history is 
the      object of the antiquarian1 and1
 as the #8labourer is worthy of his     
hire1' ,i take the liberty respectfully 
to ask whether1 if ,i make my           
ascription of the ,round ,towers a      
mathematical demonstration1 with        
every other incident relating to their  
founders1 comprehending all      the    
antiquities of ,ireland1 as connected   
therewith--and this by all      the     
varieties and modes of proof--whether1  
,i say1 in that event1      will the    
,academy award me the gold medal and    
premium8 or1 if that      cannot be     
recalled1 an equivalent gold medal and  
premium4        8,my intercalary work1  
substantiating all the above1 is now    
finished1      and can be forwarded to  

the ,committee by return of the same    
post which      will favour me with your
 answer4--,i have the honour to be1 dear
 sir1      your obedient1 etc4          
8,,henry ,o',,brien4        8,to the    
,rev4 ,dr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,singer1             
8,secretary to the ,academy40    ,by the
 above proposal ,i must not be          
understood as admitting that my         
original essay 8was not sufficiently    
conclusive02 but as ,i had more         
arguments still in reserve1 ,i wanted to
 elicit from the ,academy the  admission
 that it was truth they sought after4   
,after waiting1 however1  more than     
three weeks1 and getting no reply1 ,i   
forwarded some other  proofs1           
accompanied by a letter1 of which the   
following was the  conclusion1 viz43--  
7,no4 #b47        8,these are but items 
in the great body of discoveries which  
this      intercalary work will exhibit4
 ,in truth1 ,i may without vanity assert
      that the whole ancient history of 
,ireland1 etc41 is therein              

rectified and elucidated--which it never
 was before4 ,am ,i1 therefore1         
presumptuous in appealing to the ,royal 
,irish ,academy--the heads of           
,irish literature and the avowed patrons
 of its development--for the      reward
 of my labours8        8,i shall with   
confidence rely upon their justice4--,i 
have the honour      to be1 with sincere
 regard1 etc4          8,,henry         
,o',,brien4        8,to the ,rev4 ,dr4  
,j4 ,h4 ,singer1        8,secretary to  
the ,academy40          7,no4 #c47      
8,,royal ,,irish ,,academy ,,house1     
8,april #af1 #ahcc4                     
8,,sir1--,your improved essay and letter
 were yesterday laid before             
,council1 and as ,dr ,singer is at      
present confined with the gout1 it      
devolves on me to communicate to you the
 following extract from the             
minutes3--        8#8,resolved1 that the
 ,secretary be directed to reply to ,mr4
 ,o',brien1      and to state that any  
alteration or revocation of their award 

cannot      be made1 whatever may be the
 merits of any additional matter        
supplied to them after the day appointed
 by advertisement2 but if ,mr4          
,o',brien be willing that the new matter
 be printed along with the      original
 ,essay1 the ,council will have the same
 perused1 in order to      ascertain the
 expediency of so enlarging their       
publication4'--,by      order4          
8,,rich4 ,,row1 ,clerk to the ,academy4 
8,to ,h4 ,o',brien1 ,esq40              
7,no4 #d47        8,,london1 ,april #ah1
 #ahcc4        8,,sir1--,had ,i a notion
 that the ,academy's reply would be such
 as your      letter has this day       
imparted1 ,i would never have sat down  
to indite      those additions1 much    
less have forwarded them for their      
perusal4      ,for why did ,i write to  
the ,secretary three weeks ago1 but to  
ascertain whether or not1 in the event  
of my doing so and      so1 would the   
,academy act so and so1 and thus repair 
that      injury which they had before  

inflicted8 ,what could be more easy than
      to give me a categorical answer1  
one way or the other8 ,instead of       
which1 however1 they left me to my own  
conclusions1 which1 as usual in         
such circumstances1 leading me to       
construe silence into acquiescence1     
,i transmitted my documents on the tacit
 faith that though the ,academy         
would not pledge themselves by a written
 promise1 they would1                   
notwithstanding1 if my researches proved
 adequate1 reward my industry      by a 
suitable remuneration4        8,now1    
however1 when my papers have been       
received1 and my developments           
communicated1 ,i am told that1 be their 
merits what they may1 the      award is 
irrevocable2 and ,i have no alternative1
 in the writhings      of my            
mortification1 but the consolation of   
being injured and      duped at the same
 time4        8,you will say1 perhaps1  
that my new evidences have not yet been 
read1      and that therefore my        

property is secure and sacred4 ,but has 
not the      accompanying letter been   
read8 ,and what was that but a programme
      of their contents8        8,i had 
thought that the ,royal ,irish ,academy 
were not only a      learned1 but a just
 and a patriotic ,society4 ,i had       
thought      that having marshalled     
themselves into an institution1 with the
      avowed object of resuscitating    
from death the almost despaired-of      
evidences of our national history1 they 
would not alone foster      every       
advance toward that desirable           
consummation1 but shower      honours1  
and acclamations1 and triumphs upon him 
who has not      only infused a vital   
soul into those moribund remains1 but   
made      the history of ,ireland1 at   
this moment1 the clearest1 the most     
irrefragable1 and withal the most       
interestingly comprehensive      chain  
of demonstrational proofs in the whole  
circle of universal      literature4#cd 
8,but it is not alone the being deprived

 of my reward that ,i complain      of1 
and the transferring of that reward to  
another1 every sentiment      of whose  
production must inevitably be wrong1 but
 it is the      suppression of my       
labours1 and the keeping them back from 
the public      eye1 in deference to my 
opponent's work1 lest that the          
discernment      of the public should   
bestow upon me those honours which the  
discretion of the ,academy has thought  
proper to alienate1 that      affects me
 as most severe4        8,indeed1 it has
 been stated from more quarters than    
one1 that the      withholding of the   
medal from me1 in the first instance1   
and the      substituting thereinstead a
 nominal premium of twenty pounds1      
originated from a personal pique against
 me individually4 ,such a      report ,i
 would fain disbelieve1 and yet it is   
hard not to give it some      credence1 
seeing that the irresistible cogency of 
my truths and      the indubitable value
 of my literary discoveries are not only

 not      rewarded1 but kept back from  
publication1 until someone else more    
fortunate1 or rather more favoured1     
shall run away with the credit      of  
my cherished disclosures4#ce ,i wish--,i
 desire--,i most intensely              
covet--that the ,academy would convince 
me that this is not an act of      the  
most aggravated injustice4        8,you 
will please lay this before the         
,council1 and tell them from me1        
respectfully1 that ,i do not want them  
either to #8alter' or #8revoke'         
their award1 but simply to vote me #8an 
equivalent gold medal and      premium' 
for my combined essay1 or1 if they      
prefer1 the new      portion of it4     
,should this be refused1 ,i will put my 
cause1 etc4      etc4--,i have the      
honour to be1 etc4 etc4                 
8,,henry ,o',,brien4        8,to the    
,rev4 ,richard ,row1        8,clerk to  
the ,academy40    ,they bestowed some   
days in consultation upon the above2    
meanwhile1 the  transmission of the     

,dublin ,penny ,journal to ,london was  
countermanded1  and not a copy of it was
 allowed1 for some months afterwards1 to
 come  within hundreds of miles of the  
place of my residence4 ,in the interim  
the  ingenious author of the ,celtic    
,druids1 and who had been partly in     
possession of my development of the     
8,towers0 for some time previously1     
favoured me with a visit1 during which  
we conversed principally on  historical 
questions4 ,the next day ,i addressed   
him a note1 a copy of  which1 with its  
answer1 ,i take leave to subjoin1 for   
the sake of the  terminating clause of  
the latter1 being the self-convicting   
acknowledgment of the 8,academy's0      
disingenuousness4        7,no4 #e47     
8,may #b1 #ahcc4        8,,dear         
,,sir1--,i hope you will not feel       
displeased at the frankness of      this
 question which ,i am about to propose  
to you1 viz4 have you any      objection
 to show me in manuscript1 before you   
send to print1 the      terms in which  

you speak of me1 in reference to those  
points of      information which ,i     
entrusted to your confidence--such as   
the ancient      names of ,ireland and  
their derivation1 the towers and        
founders1 dates1      etc48             
8,should you think proper to consent to 
this feeling of anxiety on my      part1
 ,i shall be most willing to share with 
you those other #8points'      which ,i 
exclusively retain4        8,to the full
 extent you shall have them4 ,the only  
condition ,i require      is1 the credit
 of originality1 which ,i have          
laboriously earned4 ,please      to drop
 me a line in reply to this1 and allow  
me to subscribe myself1      with great 
respect1--,dear sir1 your obedient1     
8,,henry ,o',,brien4        8,godfrey   
,higgins1 ,esq40          7,no4 #f47    
8,may #c1 #ahcc4        8,,my ,,dear    
,o',,brien1--,you may be perfectly      
assured ,i shall print nothing          
which ,i have learned from you without  
acknowledging it4 ,but ,i have          

really forgotten what you told me1      
because ,i considered that ,i should    
see it in print in a few days4 ,anything
 ,i shall write on the subject      will
 not be printed for years after your    
books have been before the      public4 
,you did not tell me the name of        
,buddha1 but ,i told it you1      that  
it was ,saca1 or ,saca-sa1#cf which ,i  
have already printed a      hundred     
times1 and can show you in my great     
quarto1 when you take your      tea with
 me1 as ,i hope you will to-morrow4 ,sir
 ,w4 ,betham told me of      the        
fire-towers being ,phalluses last night 
at the ,antiquarian                     
,society4--,yours truly1          8,g4  
,,higgins40    ,who1 now1 can pretend to
 think that the neutralising award of   
the  8,council0 was the effect of       
scepticism or legitimate doubt8 ,here   
,sir  ,william ,betham1 the ,ulster     
,king-at-,arms6 the ,goliath of         
antiquaries6--as  he is1 undoubtedly1 of
 pedigrees1--being himself a member of  

the  8deciding tribunal10--proclaims1 in
 the midst of a venerable literary      
assembly1 that my solution of the ,round
 ,tower enigma is accurate2 and  yet in 
the teeth of this confession1 and of the
 conviction which  extorted it1 he joins
 in voting away my medal to a           
compilation of  errors1 and in          
substituting thereinstead twenty pounds6
        7,no4 #g47        8,,london1    
,may #b1 #ahcc4        8,,dear ,,dr4    
,,singer1--,i exceedingly grieve to hear
 of your ill-health4      ,its          
announcement1 ,i assure you1 made me    
look within myself1 and for a           
moment lose sight of my own hardships4  
,i hope1 however1 that you are      now 
so far recovered as to send me a        
favourable answer to this my      last  
appeal4        8,taking it for certain  
that the ,academy's having not replied  
to the      tenor of my late intimation 
arose from the circumstance of there    
having been no #8,council day' since2   
and1 as ,i anticipate1 that on          

,monday next my question will be finally
 disposed of1 ,i am anxious1      for   
the good of all parties1 and for the    
triumph of truth1 to      show you in   
one view how ,i have amputated the last 
supports of      error1 and covered its 
advocates with ignominy and shame4      
99       99       99       99       99  
8,thus every leaf unfolds evidences to  
the realisation of my      victory4 ,i  
took my stand at the outset on the      
pedestal of truth2      and ,i challenge
 scrutiny to insinuate that1 in the     
multiplied      developments which ,i   
have since revealed1 ,i have deviated   
from my      grand position one single  
iota4        8,let it not be supposed1  
in the observation with which ,i am now 
about      to conclude1 that ,i mean    
anything disrespectful to the ,council  
of the      ,academy4 ,many years have  
not passed since ,i knew several of them
 in a      different relation2 and      
however little effect college           
associations may      produce on other  

minds1 ,i find not their influence so   
fleeting or      transient4 ,it is with 
extreme reluctance1 therefore1 that ,i  
would      split with a body who have   
lectured me as tutors4 ,but time has    
advanced2 ,i am now right1 and they are 
wrong1 and the cause which      they    
patronise will not do them much credit4 
8,i do not1 however1 yet give up my     
hopes but that the ,academy will        
wisely retrace their steps4 ,revocation 
of the former medal ,i do      not      
require--much less the exercise of a    
single grain of partiality4      ,my    
demand merely is1 as my former letters  
have indicated1 the      substitution of
 justice4        8,please receive the   
assurance of my consideration1 and in   
confident      reliance that you will   
use your influence in this matter1 and  
favour      me with the upshot instantly
 after ,monday's ,board1--,i remain1    
ever      sincerely yours1              
8,,henry ,o',,brien40          7,no4    
#h47        8,,london1 ,may #i1 #ahcc4  

8,,dear ,,dr4 ,,singer1--,my appeals are
 over2 and ,i regret to say that they   
have not been attended to4 ,the virtuous
 and enlightened part of      the       
,academy1 therefore1 cannot blame me1   
if1 in the assertion of my      honest  
right1 ,i try the effect of a public    
remonstrance4        8,in the interim1  
,i transmit to you by this night's post 
some      additional leaves1 which1 in  
the anxiety of despatch1 as well1       
indeed1      as from fear that they     
would not be inserted because they      
overwhelm      for ever the antiquarian 
pretensions of the ,dublin ,penny       
,journal1#cg      have omitted to copy4 
,however1 ,i will now forward them1 and 
claim      that they may be printed     
along with those already sent in the    
original      ,essay4        8444 ,i    
have exhausted all the forms of         
blandness and conciliation1 in      the 
vain hope of inducing the ,council to   
redeem themselves from      disgrace1 by
 doing me common justice4 ,i have strove

 in the      mildest terms of conscious 
rectitude1 invigorated by a phalanx of  
overwhelming proofs1 to make them       
reconsider their course1 and spare      
me the unpleasant task of exposing a    
deed which ,i am loth to                
characterise by its proper designation4 
,but the #8heart of ,pharaoh' was       
hardened2 the #8voice of the charmer'   
not listened to2 and to my soft         
importunities nothing was returned but  
the coldness of obduracy and            
disregard4        8,the ,rubicon1       
therefore1 is crossed2 my patience feels
 insulted2 and      the only            
consideration ,i value1 in the resolve  
to which ,i have at last      been      
driven1 is1 that you had nothing to do  
with the #8job' of the      ,round      
,towers4        8,little did the        
,academy know what arguments ,i could   
adduce in      elucidation of certain   
mysteries4 ,as little do they now dream 
what      proofs ,i can summon1 though  
you cannot have forgotten one of them1  

while ,i promise ,i shall make ,dr4     
,m',donnell recollect another2 and      
would not the ,rev4 ,csar ,otway1 with  
whom ,i have never so much as           
exchanged a look1 be surprised at my    
quoting him as a reluctant third        
witness1 to show that the gold medal and
 premium were predetermined to      ,mr4
 ,petrie before ever ,i became a        
candidate2 and that1 consequently1      
the advertisement under which ,i was    
invited to contend1 but from      which 
the ,council never expected an intruder1
 was but a specious      delusion4      
8,in this determination ,i violate no   
act of private regard1 nor set          
light by the claims of individual       
acquaintance4 ,you know yourself how    
earnestly ,i struggled1 before the      
consummation of this nefarious          
proceeding1 to stem the agency of that  
despicable under-current which      ,i  
had just detected4 ,i knew that fraud of
 some kind was at work2 and      though 
unable at the moment to fix upon the    

person in whose favour it      was set  
agoing1--nay1 though mentally fastening 
the blame thereof      upon another1    
whose name1 however1 ,i never let slip1 
and to whom1 ,i      rejoice to say ,i  
have since made more than recompense for
 this ideal      injury1--yet could ,i  
not be persuaded but that something     
sinister      was designated2 and to    
frustrate the influence of such         
prominent      deceit1 you know how     
vehement was my address4 ,i implored    
you1 ,i      besought you1 and all but  
upon my knees1 and with tears1 ,i       
invoked      you1 by your regard to     
justice and your fear of a ,creator1 to 
check      this trickery1 and allow     
merit alone and anonymous to decide the 
issue4        8,i now1 in the same      
spirit of solemn self-composure1 adjure 
the      #8,council' through you1 in the
 name of that ,god before whom they and 
,i      shall one day appear1 that they 
will have my cause redressed1 and make  
me reparation1 not only for the         

substantial injury1 but for the mental  
disquietude and agony which this        
#8business' has occasioned4 ,if they do 
not1 rest satisfied that my path is     
already chalked4 ,all the               
evolutions of the ,council1 as displayed
 upon the ,towers1 and with      which  
,i am but too familiar1 shall be        
immortalised in letterpress2 and      ,i
 do not yet despair of the hereditary   
fairness of my country but      that it 
shall register its dissent from the     
decision of that      tribunal1 which   
could have had at once the obtuseness of
 intellect      and the perverseness of 
conduct to stultify their own verdict by
 a      contradictory award2 and1 after 
inveigling me into a competition        
which they never meant to remunerate1   
deprive me of the fruits of my          
indubitable triumph1 in the pursuit of  
which ,i had almost lost my      life1  
and cut short my existence in the very  
spring of my manhood4        8,i mean no
 offence1 individually or collectively1 

to the ,academy or      its members2 but
 as they have been deaf to the justice  
of my private      #8appeals1' ,i shall 
try the effect of a public              
#8remonstrance'2 and as      to ulterior
 consequences ,i greatly err1 else the  
upshot will show      that the motto#ch 
adopted as my fictitious signature in   
the #8,essay'      was not the random   
assumption of inconsiderateness or      
accident1 but      the true index to the
 author's resources4        8,my        
proposal is this--my unshaken position  
from which ,i will not      swerve or   
retract--a gold medal and premium       
equivalent to those      originally     
advertised4--,i am1 dear sir1 yours     
sincerely1          8,,henry ,o',,brien4
        8,to the ,rev4 ,dr4 ,j4 ,h4     
,singer1        8,secretary to the      
,academy40          7,no4 #aj47         
8,,grafton ,,street1 ,,dublin1          
8,may #ac1 #ahcc4        8,,dear        
,,sir1--,i have been directed by the    
,council of the ,royal ,irish           

,academy to reply to your last letters  
on the subject of your ,essay1      and 
the additional matter recently sent     
over4 ,as to the latter1 ,i am          
directed to say that the ,council had   
engaged to examine and publish1      if 
approved1 some small additions to your  
former ,essay2 but the papers      you  
have sent are so large as to be nearly  
equal in bulk to the      original      
dissertation2 under these circumstances 
the ,council cannot      publish them as
 additional to1 or incorporated with1   
the ,essay to      which they awarded   
twenty pounds prize1 as thereby its     
character      might be so altered that 
it would not appear in print the same   
,essay      on which they had formed    
their opinion4 ,the ,council1 therefore1
 wish      to know how they may transmit
 to you the papers you have sent4 ,when 
the gentlemen to whom your ,essay has   
been submitted for examination          
report1 you shall be made aware of the  
extent of alteration they      suggest2 

and if you think that your paper        
requires the additions you      have    
sent1 and would therefore wish to       
publish it with them yourself1      ,i  
have no doubt the ,council will         
entertain any notice to that            
effect4--,i am1 dear sir1 your most     
obedient1          8,j4 ,h4 ,,singer4   
8,h4 ,o',brien1 ,esq40          7,no4   
#aa47        8,,london1 ,may #bj1 #ahcc4
        8,,dear ,,dr4 ,,singer1--,i do  
not quite understand the closing        
observation      of your last letter4   
,if the ,academy mean me a kindness1 ,i 
should trust      that my nature is too 
sensible of such advances not suitably  
to      acknowledge it2 and ,i should be
 sorry that1 either from obscurity in   
the diction1 or want of quickness in my 
perception1 ,i were to lose the         
opportunity of making a grateful return4
 ,let me1 therefore1 put the            
following interrogatory to set myself   
right1 viz43--        8,will the        
,academy procure me a publisher for my  

enlarged work8 ,and      will they      
advertise that1 having previously done  
me injustice1 by the      transfer of my
 medal1 they now1 on being convinced of 
their error1      adopt this as the only
 mode of reparation1 the award itself   
not being      to be recalled8          
8,without some such course as this1 it  
is obvious that the offer which         
they make1 instead of being a kindness1 
would be a mockery2 and1      instead of
 making amends for oppression1 would be 
adding insult to      persecution6 ,for 
who1 let me ask1 would publish a work   
which a jury      have branded with the 
stamp of inferior1 doling out their     
surreptitious twenty pounds as an       
eleemosynary deodand1 while the         
darling of their adoption1 though       
disfigured by all the      imperfections
 of blindness1 lameness1 and untruth1   
and      recommended only by a few      
painted gew-gaws1 which never entered   
into      the requisites of the original
 advertisement1 will pass current in    

,dublin amongst the creatures of party6 
8,i have already applied to ,mr4 ----1  
and he1 intimidated by the      vicious 
state of society in ,ireland1 declined  
my proposal2 but though      his        
apprehensions were sufficient to deter  
him from the speculation1      they were
 totally unfounded2 for1 despite of all 
corruption1 all      chicanery1 and all 
cabals1 the etc4 etc4 etc4        8,this
 complaint1 observe1 does not refer to  
the new papers only1 but      extends   
itself equally to the original ,essay4  
,why do the ,academy keep      it back8 
,believe me1 it is in vain for them to  
defer #8the evil day' of      their     
exposure4 ,their doom was sealed the    
very moment they did me      injustice6 
,i have watchfully reconnoitred their   
course1 and have      proofs of the     
intricacies of their internal machinery1
 ample as those      before adduced for 
the solution of the ,round ,tower       
enigma1 to effect      their overthrow2 
and if the present generation be not    

virtuous enough      to redress my      
cause1 it shall be no fault of mine if  
any future age      shall be ignorant of
 the names of the individuals who       
constitute the      present ,council2   
and in what light they shall be         
considered1 their      own conscience   
can furnish them with a tolerable       
foretaste6        8,was it not a cruelly
 perverse thing of them1 after          
determining      beforehand to award the
 medal to ,mr4 ,petrie1 to inveigle me  
into the      competition by a          
deceptious advertisement8 ,and then1    
after signally      beating them under  
all disadvantages1 to manuvre me off by 
a      beggarly cheat8 ,shame1 foul     
shame for ever upon the ,academy6       
8,why1 sir1 the very terms of your      
letter show their                       
self-convictedness1 though they have not
 honesty enough to avow it              
overboard6 ,what do they mean by saying 
that the new matter would #8make      my
 ,essay not appear in print the same as 

that on which they formed      their    
opinion'8 ,are they afraid that it would
 make it appear worse8      ,not at all2
 they would rejoice at the pretext1 and 
publish it      instanter as a cloak to 
their verdict6 ,but as they have1 in    
spite of      them1 admitted those      
additions to be an improvement1#ci why  
do they1      ,i ask1 who have          
advertised for truth1 again repress its 
effulgence8        8,it is now easy to  
see what they designed by the clauses of
      #8expediency1' #8if approved1' and
 #8subject to revisal'2 viz41 if false1 
we will insert them in self-vindication2
 but if true1 we will not1      as being
 too great a victory over our own       
ignorance and favouritism6        8,my  
,essay1 however1 does not want those new
 papers3 the ,council1      therefore1  
will please have them sealed and handed 
over to the custody      of ,mr4 ,tims1 
my bookseller1 in ,grafton ,street4 ,the
 only additions      which ,i shall     
insist upon being inserted are those    

contained in my      letters in         
appropriate places1 as ,i shall point   
out4        8,i conclude by giving      
notice that ,i shall claim ,lord        
,cloncurry's      premium2 nor do ,i    
despair of recovering that1 as ,i should
 think that      his lordship is too    
honest a man to sacrifice the interests 
of      literature to the intrigues of a
 faction6--,i have the honour to be1    
etc41          8,,henry ,o',,brien40    
7,no4 #ab47        8,,royal ,,irish     
,,academy ,,house1 ,,dublin1      8,may 
#bg1 #ahcc4        8,,sir1--,i am       
directed by the ,council of the ,royal  
,irish ,academy to      inform you that 
they feel themselves compelled1 in      
consequence of your      late letters1  
to decline the publication of your      
,essay1 or the      maintaining any     
further correspondence with you on the  
subject4        8,your ,essay and the   
additional matter will be sent1 as you  
desire1 to      ,mr4 ,tims1 ,grafton    
,street1 as soon as a copy of the former

 can be      taken4--,i am1 sir1 your   
most obedient1          8,j4 ,h4        
,,singer1 ,secretary4        8,h4       
,o',brien1 ,esq40    ,the discontinuance
 of the correspondence was to be        
expected1 but their  declining the      
publication of my ,essay in their       
,transactions1 merely  because of my    
giving utterance to some unpalatable    
truths1 was an excess  of magnanimity   
which ,i did not think that even the    
8,council0 would  personify4            
,however1 you suppose that they1 at all 
events1 returned me my ,essay1 as       
promised8 ,far from it6 ,in violation of
 all honour1 and of the written         
engagements of their ,secretary1 they   
have detained it ever since in their    
hands1 thereby putting me to the vast   
expense of procuring new plates1        
instead of those which the original     
contained--an inconvenience1 ,i must    
affirm1 which they had hoped ,i could   
never have surmounted2 while1 in the    
interim1 they should push out their     

bantling upon the public1 secure in  the
 consciousness of having cushioned my   
work1 that they should ride over  the   
market without a rival4    ,they should 
have known1 however1 that the person    
who1 at three months'  notice1 undertook
 to solve the ,towers1 and then kept    
them at bay for six  months before they 
could chouse him out of his prize1 was  
not to be  deterred by such an obstacle 
as the above4 ,and the reader may be    
satisfied  that1 though it has          
occasioned me some hardship1 he is in no
 respect  thereby a loser4    ,i have   
stated that the effect of my ,letter    
,no4 #a was to interrupt the            
transmission of the ,dublin ,penny      
,journal to ,london4 ,i have now to     
point  out the result of the menace     
conveyed in ,letter #h of my determining
 to  expose--as ,i enclosed the proofs  
that ,i could refute--the antiquarian   
errors of their organ4 ,it was that they
 instantly took the hint1 and  sold     
their interest in the concern6 ,and its 

new proprietor1 edified no  doubt by a  
friendly lesson at their hands1 very    
wisely intimates1 in his  opening       
number1 that he shall forego            
antiquities1 and make literary  jobbing 
no part of it4    ,here are his words3  
8,from the concluding paragraph of the  
last number of  this little publication1
 its readers will be aware that it is   
now in the  hands of a new editor and   
proprietor1 and they will naturally     
expect that  in the present number      
something should be said relative to its
 future  management4 #8,deeds1 not      
words1' has ever been the motto of its  
7present7  conductor1 and he will       
therefore merely say that it is his     
intention to  give his readers good     
value for their money2 that the ,dublin 
,penny  ,journal shall not be a mere    
#8catchpenny1' depending upon the number
 and  excellence of its woodcuts for    
extensive circulation1 but containing1  
as  he considers a publication of the   
kind should do1 such a variety of       

interesting and useful matter as shall  
render it really valuable4 ,in  future1 
therefore1 while the antiquities of the 
country will not be  neglected1 the work
 shall exhibit a more general character 
in the  subjects of its contents40#dj   
99       99       99       99       99  
,n4,b4--,as ,i am a member of no club1  
belong to no literary society1 and  have
 no facilities otherwise for watching   
periodicals1 whether newspapers1        
magazines1 or reviews1 ,i shall feel    
obliged if any gentleman who1 in the    
exercise of a free judgment1 should     
think proper to dissent from me1 and  to
 express such dissent in offensive      
language1 would be pleased to forward   
me a copy of the work wherein his       
strictures may appear1 and ,i promise   
that ,i shall reply to them with        
deference1 and perhaps satisfaction4 ,i 
also trust that1 from the singularity of
 my position1 ,i do not expect too  much
 when ,i express a hope that any        
publication which speaks against me     

will allow me to reply through the same 
medium--a request certainly which       
cannot be refused1 unless the design be 
hostile and factiously malicious4  ,any 
suggestions for improvement1 with a view
 to a second edition1 ,i very           
cheerfully court4    ,all communications
 addressed to me1 to the care of my     
publisher1 ,mr4  ,whittaker1 ,ave ,maria
 ,lane1 ,st4 ,paul's1 ,london1 will     
reach me1 and be  attended to4          
,,the ,,round ,,towers ,,of ,,ireland2  
,,or      ,,the ,,history ,,of ,,the    
,,tuath-,,de-,,danaans      ,,for ,,the 
,,first ,,time ,,unveiled4        ,,by  
,,henry ,o',,brien1 ,,esq41 ,a4,b4      
,illustration        8,hic sacra1 hic   
genus1 hic majorum multa vestigia40     
,,cicero4                        444    
8were of fame1    ,and had been glorious
 in another day40                       
,,byron4        ,,second ,,edition4     
,,london3    ,,parbury ,,and ,,allen1   
,,leadenhall ,,street2    ,,dublin3     
,j4 ,,cumming1 ,,lower ,,ormond ,,quay4 

,,mdcccxxxiv4          ,,to ,,the ,,most
 ,,noble ,,the ,,marquis ,,of           
,,lansdowne1 ,,etc4 ,,etc4 ,,etc4       
,,my ,,lord ,,marquis1    ,many reasons 
concur why ,i should feel ambitious to  
associate your name  with the following 
production4 ,to enumerate these would   
neither become my  humility1 nor be     
acceptable to your good taste4 ,but     
there is one motive  which1 as it is the
 offspring of the heart1 implanted there
 at a period  when adulation was not    
dreamt of1 ,i may be allowed to         
particularise1--,i  was born upon your  
estates--you are the landlord of that   
spot which  imparted my earliest        
images--the first soarings of my fancy  
were derived  from that scene--and to   
the native notes which ,i have lisped in
 that  primitive and retired region1    
more than to the vaunted advantages of a
  subsequent collegiate career1 am ,i   
beholden for the clue with which ,i have
  traversed the ancient world2 and of   
which ,envy herself must yet            

acknowledge1 that ,i have here rectified
 the history in its very widest         
amplitude--as well sacred as profane4   
,it is to do honour to this clue in the 
eyes of the ,mecnas of his age1  and1   
under the auspices of his approval1 to  
promote its revival1 that ,i  give      
utterance to this sentiment2 and so1    
hoping that you will view it in  this   
light1 and not as the empty chaunt of a 
reprehensible egotism1 ,i beg  leave to 
subscribe myself1 with the most profound
 consideration and  respect1      ,my   
,lord ,marquis1      ,your ,lordship's  
most devoted        ,and most faithful1 
humble ,servant1          ,,henry       
,o',,brien4    ,,london1 ,september     
#ahcd4          ,,list ,,of             
,,illustrations4                        
,,page      ,,portrait ,,of ,,henry     
,o',,brien1 ,,by ,,maclise              
,frontispiece      ,,devenish ,,round   
,,tower                                 
#ch      ,,ardmore                      
#ga      ,,clondalkin                   

#aja      ,,effigy ,,of ,,farragh1 ,,or 
,,moriagan                              
#ach      ,,samona ,,of ,,buddha        
#adj      ,,round ,,tower1 ,,with       
,,devotee ,,on ,,summit                 
#afi      ,,symbolic ,,sculpture ,,found
 ,,at ,,vindolana                       
#bbc      ,,palencian ,,sculpture ,,of  
,,the ,,symbolic 8,,tree10 ,,with       
,,figures             #bbi              
,,pythagorean ,,triangle ,,of ,,ten     
#bfh      ,,symbolic                    
,,crescent-,,ornaments                  
#bgc1 #bgd      ,,effigy ,,of           
,,crucified ,,buddha1 ,,saca1 ,,or      
,,macha                           #bif  
,,brechin ,,round ,,tower 7,,scotland71 
,,with ,,double-,,arch ,,and ,,effigies 
#bii      ,,obelisk ,,at ,,sandwick     
7,,ross-,,shire7                        
#cjf      ,,phoenician ,,medals1        
,,stamped ,,with ,,cross1 ,,lamb1 ,,and 
,,rosary              #cad      ,,shaft 
,,of ,,cross ,,at ,,forres 7,,scotland7 
#caf                                    

,,reverse ,,side ,,of ,,same            
#cai      ,,monolith ,,at ,,carnac      
7,,egypt7                               
#cbb      ,,sculpture ,,in ,,knockmoy   
,,abbey                                 
#cbi1 #ccj      ,,sculpture ,,on        
,,temple ,,at ,,kalabche 7,,nubia7      
#cda1 #cdb      ,,kilcullen1 ,,cross    
,,at                                    
#cch      ,,clonmacnoise1               
#ceh      ,,finglas                     
#cff      ,,kells                       
#dia      ,,facsimile ,,of ,,ms4        
,,discovered ,,at ,,icolmkill           
#dai      ,,pheeleas1 ,,or              
,,oracle-,,tube1 ,,found ,,at           
,,ballymoney                        #dfj
      ,,glendalough1 ,,curious          
,,symbolic ,,sculpture ,,on ,,ruins ,,of
                  #dfg      ,,the       
,,magi--,,woodcut ,,from ,,an ,,ancient 
,,block-,,book                          
#dhb      ,,medals ,,of ,,christ1       
,,found ,,at ,,island ,,of ,,anglesea   
,,and ,,at ,,cork            #eji       

,,the ,,round ,,towers1 c4              
,,chapter ,i4        8,a lively desire  
of knowing and recording our ancestors  
so generally      prevails1 that it must
 depend on the influence of some common 
principle in the minds of men4 ,we seem 
to have lived in the persons of      our
 forefathers2 our calmer judgment will  
rather tend to moderate than            
suppress the pride of an ancient and    
worthy race4 ,the satirist may          
laugh2 the philosopher may preach2 but  
reason herself will respect the         
prejudices and habits which have been   
consecrated by the experience of        
mankind40#da      ,of all nations on the
 globe1 the ,irish1 as a people1 are    
universally  admitted to possess1 in a  
pre-eminent degree1 those finer         
sensibilities of  the human heart1      
which1 were they but wisely controlled1 
would exalt man  above the level of     
ordinary humanity1 and make him1 as it  
were1 a being of  another species4 ,the 
numerous instances adduced in all       

periods of their  history1 of ardent and
 enterprising zeal1 in every case       
wherein personal  honour or national    
glory may be involved1 are in themselves
 sufficient to  establish this          
assertion4 ,but while granting their    
pre-eminence as to the  possession of   
those feelings1 and the capability of   
the feelings  themselves to be refined  
and sublimated to the very acme of      
cultivation1  we may still doubt whether
 the mere possession of them be not less
 a  blessing than a curse--whether1 in  
fact1 their quick perception of         
disquietudes and pains be not more than 
a counterpoise to their keen  enjoyment 
of delight or pleasure4    ,foremost1   
however1 in the train of the many       
virtues which flow  therefrom1 is that  
8amor patri10 or love of country1 which1
 unsubdued  often by the most galling   
miseries and the most hopeless wants1   
throws a  halo round the loneliness of  
their present despair in the proud      
retrospection of their former buoyancy4 

,this spirit it is which1 despite  of   
obvious advantages to be derived from   
emigration1 has riveted the ,irish      
peasant so immutably to his home1 that  
any effort on his part to dissolve      
those local fetters would be equivalent 
to the disruption of all the ties  and  
attachments which nature or habit had   
implanted within him4      8,the lofty  
scenes around their sires recall1       
,fierce in the field and generous in the
 hall2    ,the mountain crag1 the stream
 and waving tree1    ,breathe forth some
 proud and glorious history--    ,urges 
their steps where patriot virtue leads1 
,and fires the kindred souls to kindred 
deeds4    ,they tread elate the soil    
their fathers trod1    ,the same their  
country1 and the same their ,god40      
,but it may be said that this is a      
day-dream of youth--the hereditary      
vanity of one of ,iran's sons1          
arrogating antiquity and renown for an  
inconsiderable little island1 without a 
particle of proof to substantiate  their

 assumption1 or a shadow of authority to
 give colour to their claims4  ,why1    
sir1 cast your eye over the fair face of
 the land itself1 and does  not the     
scene abound with the superfluity of its
 evidences8 ,what are those  high       
aspiring edifices which rise with       
towering elevation towards the  canopy  
of the 8,most ,high08#db ,what are those
 stupendous and awful  structures of    
another form--the study at once and     
admiration of the  antiquarian and the  
philosopher1 to be found on the summits 
of our various  hills#dc as well as in  
the bowels#dd of the earth itself8--what
 are they  but the historical monuments 
of splendour departed--surviving the    
ravages  of time and decay1 not as      
,london's column1 to 8lift their heads  
and lie10  but to give the lie and      
discomfiture to those1 who1 from the    
interested  suggestions of an illiberal 
policy1 or the more pardonable delusions
 of a  beclouded judgment1 would deny   
the authenticity of our historic        

records1  and question the truth of our 
primeval civilisation8    ,it is true1  
the magnificence which those memorials  
demonstrate is but the  unenviable      
grandeur of druidical1 as it is called1 
idolatry and  unenlightened             
paganism1--when man1 relinquishing that 
supremacy consigned  to him at his      
creation1 or rather divested thereof in 
punishment for the  transgression of his
 degenerate disposition1 lost sight of  
that ,being to  whom he owed his safety 
and his life1 and bent himself in homage
 before  perishable creatures that crawl
 their ephemeral pilgrimage through the 
same scene with himself4 ,granted2 yet  
that cannot well be objected to us  as a
 disgrace1 which1 co-extensive in its   
adoption with the amplitude of  the     
earth's extension1 equally characterised
 the illiterate and the sage2  and if1  
amidst this lamentable prostration of   
the human understanding1  anything like 
redemption or feature of superiority may
 be allowed1 it must  be1               

unquestionably1 to the adherents of that
 system1 which1 excluding the  objects  
of matter and clay1 recognised1 in its  
worship of the bright  luminaries of the
 firmament1 the purity and omnipotence  
of that ,spirit  who brought all into   
existence1 and who guides and preserves 
them in their  respective spheres2--and 
when ,i shall have proved that the      
intent and  application of those        
,sabian#de ,towers1--or1 to speak more  
correctly1  those primitive ,budhist    
,temples1--which decorate our landscape 
and  commemorate our past renown1       
appertained to this species of purified 
idolatry1 which worshipped only the host
 of heaven1 the moon and the solar      
body1 which gives vigour to all things1 
,i shall1 methinks1 have removed  one   
obstacle from the elucidation of our    
antiquities1 and facilitated the  road  
to further adventure in this interesting
 inquiry4    ,let me not be supposed1   
however1 by the preceding remarks to    
restrict  their destination to one      

single purpose4 ,all ,i require of my   
readers is a  patient perusal of my     
details2 and ,i deceive myself very     
much1 and  overrate my powers of        
enunciation1 else ,i shall establish in 
their minds  as thorough a conviction of
 the development of the 8,towers0 as ,i 
am myself  satisfied with the accuracy  
of my conclusions4 ,i shall only        
entreat1 then1  of their courtesy that  
,i be not anticipated in my course1 or  
definitively  judged of by isolated     
scraps1 but that1 as my notice for this 
competition  has been limited and       
recent1 allowing but little time for the
 observance  of tactique or rules1 in   
the utterance of the novel views which  
,i now  venture to put forward1 the     
proofs of which1 however1 have been long
  registered in my thoughts1 and        
additionally confirmed by every new     
research1 the merits of the production  
may not be estimated by parcels1  but by
 the combined tendency of the parts     
altogether4    ,to begin1 therefore4    

,the origins ,i have heard assigned to  
those records  of antiquity1--however   
invidious it may appear1 at this the    
outset of my  labours1 to assume so     
self-sufficient a tone1 yet can ,i not  
avoid saying  that1 whether ,i consider 
their multiplicity or their             
extravagance1 they  have not more       
frequently excited my ridicule than my  
commiseration4 ,that  specimens of      
architecture1 so costly and so elegant1 
should be designed  for the paltry      
purposes of purgatorial columns or      
penitential heights1 to  which criminals
 should be elevated for the ablution of 
their  enormities--while the honest     
citizen1 virtuous and unstained1 should 
be  content to grovel amongst lowly     
terrestrials 'mid the dense exhalations 
of  forests and bogs1 in a mud-wall hut1
 or at best a conglomeration of  wattles
 and hurdles--is1 ,i conceive1 an       
outrage upon human reason too  palpable 
to be listened to4    ,not less         
ridiculous is the idea of their having  

been intended for beacons2  for1 were   
such their destination1 a hill or rising
 ground would have been  the proper site
 for their erection1 and not a valley or
 low land1 where it  happens that we    
generally meet them4    ,the belfry     
theory alone1 unfounded in one sense    
though it really be1 and  when confined 
to that application equally contemptible
 with the others1  is1 notwithstanding1 
free from the objection that would lie  
against the  place1 as it is well known 
that the sound of bells which hang in   
plains  and valleys is heard much       
farther than that of such as hang upon  
elevations or hills3 for1 air being the 
medium of sound1 the higher the         
sonorous body is placed1 the more       
rarefied is that medium1 and            
consequently the less proper vehicle to 
convey the sound to a distance4  ,the   
objection of situation1 therefore1 does 
not apply to this theory2 and1          
accordingly1 we shall find that the     
exercising of bells--though in a way    

and for an object little contemplated by
 our theorists--constituted part  of the
 machinery of the complicated ceremonial
 of those mysterious  edifices4    ,the 
truth is1 the 8,round ,towers0 of       
,ireland were not all intended for one  
and the same use1 nor any one of them   
limited to one single purpose2 and      
this1 ,i presume1 will account for the  
variety in their construction1 not  less
 perceptible in their diameters and     
altitudes than in other  characteristic 
bearings4 ,for ,i am not to be told that
 those varieties we  observe were       
nothing more than the capriciousness of 
taste1 when ,i find  that the indulgence
 of that caprice1 in one way1 would     
defeat the very  object to which one    
party would ascribe them1 whilst its    
extension1 in a  different way1 would   
frustrate the hopes of another set of   
speculators4    ,but what must strike   
the most cursory as irresistibly        
convincing that they  were not erected  
all with one view1 is the fact of our   

sometimes  finding two of them together 
in one and the same locality4    ,now1  
if they were intended as beacons or     
belfries1 would it not be the  most     
wasteful expenditure of time and wealth 
to erect two of them together  on almost
 the same spot8 ,and when ,i mention    
expenditure1 perhaps ,i may be  allowed1
 incidentally1 to observe1 that1 of all 
species of architecture1  this          
particular form1 as it is the most      
durable1 so is it also the most         
difficult and the most costly4    ,need 
,i name the sum of money which ,nelson's
 monument has cost in modern  times8 or 
that imperfect testimonial in the ,phnix
 ,park which commemorates  the glories  
of the hero of ,waterloo4 ,no2 but ,i   
will mention what ,herodotus  tells us  
was the purport of an inscription upon  
one of the pyramids of  ,egypt1 the form
 of some of which1 be it known1 was not 
very dissimilar to  our ,irish pyramids1
 while their intent and object were more
 congenial2  viz4 that no less a sum    

than #afjj talents of silver1 or about  
#djj1jjj of  our money1 had been        
expended upon radishes1 onions1 and     
garlic alone1 for  #cfj1jjj men1        
occupied for twenty years in bringing   
that stupendous fabric1  that combined  
instrument of religion and science1 to  
completion6    ,our ,round ,towers1 we  
may well conceive1 must have been       
attended1 at the  early period of their 
erection1 with comparatively similar    
expense3 and  assuredly1 the motive     
which could suggest such an outlay must 
have been  one of corresponding import1 
of the most vital1 paramount1 and       
absorbing  consideration4    ,would the 
receptacles for a bell be of such       
moment8 ,and that1 too1 whilst  the     
churches1 to which1 of course1 they must
 have appertained1 were  thought worthy 
of no better materials than temporary   
hurdles1 and so leave  behind them no   
vestiges of their local site1--no       
evidence or trace of  their ever having 
existed6 ,and1 indeed1 how could        

they8--for existence  they never had1   
except in the creative imagination of   
our hypothetical  antiquaries4          
,ruins1 it is true1 of chapels and      
dilapidated cathedrals are frequently   
found in the vicinity of our ,round     
,towers2 but these betray in their      
materials and architecture the stamp of 
a later age1 having been founded  by    
missionaries of the early ,christian    
,church1 and purposely thus             
collocated--contiguous to edifices long 
before hallowed by a religious  use--to 
at once conciliate the prejudices of    
those whom they would fain  persuade1   
and divert their adoration to a more    
purified worship4    ,and yet1 upon this
 single circumstance of proximity to    
ecclesiastical  dilapidations--coupled  
with the bas-relief of a crucifix which 
presents  itself over the door of the   
,budhist temple of ,donoghmore in       
,ireland1 and  that of ,brechin in      
,scotland--have the deniers of the      
antiquity of those  venerable memorials 

raised that superstructure of historical
 imposture1  which1 please ,god1 ,i     
promise them1 will soon crumble round   
their ears  before the indignant        
effulgence of regenerated veracity4     
,it might be sufficient for this        
purpose1 perhaps1 to tell them that     
similar ruins of early ,christian       
churches are to be met with abundantly  
in  the neighbourhood of ,cromleachs and
 ,mithratic caves all through the       
island2 and that they might as well1    
from this vicinity1 infer that those    
two other vestiges of heathenish        
adoration were contrived by our early   
,christians as appendages to the        
chapels1 as they would fain make out--by
  precisely the same mode of            
inference--that the ,round ,towers had  
been6    ,but this would not suit2 they 
could find no ascription associated with
  ,christianity which cave or cromleach 
could subserve2 and thus have the  poor 
missionaries escaped the cumbrous       
imputation of having those colossal     

pagan slabs and those astounding gentile
 excavations affiliated upon them4      
,not so fortunate the ,towers4 ,after   
ransacking the whole catalogue of       
available applications appertaining to  
the order of monastic institutions  with
 which to ,siamise those temples1       
,montmorency has at last hit upon  the  
noble and dignified department of a     
8dungeon-keep0 or 8lock-up60 as  the    
sole use and intention of their original
 erection6    ,as ,i intend1 however1 to
 unravel this fallacy in its proper     
quarter1 ,i  shall resume1 for the      
present1 the thread of my discourse4    
,besides the absurdity1 then1 of        
bestowing such magnificence upon so     
really  inconsiderable a thing as a     
belfry1 while the supposed churches were
  doomed to dwindle and moulder in      
decay1 is it not astonishing that we    
find  no vestiges of the like fashion1  
or structures of the like form1 in any  
of  those countries where the people to 
whom the advocates of this theory       

ascribe their erection have since and   
before exercised sway8    ,the ,danes   
had dominion in ,britain longer and more
 extensively than they  ever had in this
 island2 and yet1 in the whole compass  
of ,england1 from  one extremity to the 
other1 is there not one fragment of     
architecture  remaining to sanction the 
idea of identity or resemblance6        
,nay1 in all ,denmark and ,scandinavia1 
the original residence of the ,ostmen   
and ,danes1 there is not a single       
parallel to be found to those columnar  
edifices6    ,ireland1 on the contrary1 
exhibits them in every quarter2 in      
districts and  baronies where ,danish   
authority was never felt2 and surely our
 forefathers  were not so much in love  
with the usages and habits of their     
barbarian  intruders1 as to multiply the
 number of those stately piles1 solely  
in  imitation of such detested          
taskmasters4    ,but what renders it    
demonstrative that those professional   
pirates had no  manner of connection    

with the ,irish ,round ,towers1 is the  
glaring fact1  that in the two cities of
 ,wexford and ,waterford--where their   
power was  absolute1 their influence    
uncontrolled--there is not a solitary   
structure  that could possibly be       
ascribed to the class of those which we 
now  discuss6    ,in ,scotland alone1 of
 all ,european countries besides        
,ireland1 do we meet  with two of       
them1--one at ,brechin1 and the other at
 ,abernethy2--but they  are smaller than
 the ,irish1 and1 with other            
characteristics1 seem to have  been     
built1 after their model1 at a          
comparatively recent period1 by a       
colony from this country1 8as if marking
 the fact10 to use ,dalton's            
accidentally#df appropriate phrase1 8of 
that colonisation having taken  place   
when the rites1 for which the ,round    
,towers were erected1 in the            
mother-country1 were on the decline40   
,but1 forsooth1 they are called         
8cloghachd0 by the peasantry1 and that1 

without further dispute1 fixes their    
destination as belfries6 ,oh6 seri      
studiorum qune difficile putetis8       
,that some of them had been appropriated
 in latter times1 nay1 and still  are1  
to this purpose1 ,i very readily        
concede2 but1 8toto clo10 ,i deny  that 
such had ever entered into the          
contemplation of their constructors1  as
 ,i do1 also1 the universality of the   
very name1 which ,i myself know1 by     
popular converse1 to be but partial in  
its adoption1 extending only to  such as
 had been converted by the moderns to   
the purpose described1 or  such as may1 
originally1 have had a clogh1 or bell1  
of which ,i admit there  were some1 as  
part of their apparatus4    ,the first  
bells of which we have any mention are  
those described by ,moses1  as attached 
to the garments of the high-priest4     
,from these1 the ,gentiles1  as they    
affected to rival the ,israelites in all
 their ceremonies1 borrowed  the idea1  
and introduced its exercise into the    

celebration of their own  ritual4 ,by   
8,israelites10 however1 ,i deem it      
necessary to explain that ,i do  not    
understand those who1 in strictness of  
speech1 are so denominated as  the      
descendants of ,israel1 i4e4 ,jacob1    
who1 in fact1 were a  comparatively     
modern people2 but ,i particularise that
 old stock of  patriarchal believers    
which existed from the ,creation1 and   
upon which the  ,israelites1 rigidly so 
called1 were afterwards engrafted4      
,our ,irish history abounds with proofs 
of the 8ceol10 and 8ceolan10 the  bell  
and the little bell1 having been used by
 the pagan priests in the  ministry of  
their religious ordinances2 and to the  
fictitious sanctity  which they         
attributed to this instrument may we    
ascribe that superstitious  regard which
 the illiterate and uneducated still    
continue to entertain for  the music of 
its sound4    ,from the ,sabian         
ceremonial--succeeded by the            
,druidical--it unquestionably  was that 

the ,christian missionaries in ,ireland 
first adopted the use of  bells1        
wishing1 wisely1 therein to conform as  
much as possible to the  prejudices of  
the natives1 when they did not          
essentially interfere with  the spirit  
of their divine mission4 ,i shall       
hereafter relate the  astonishment      
excited in ,england1 at the appearance  
of one of those bells1  brought there in
 the beginning of the sixth century by  
,gildas1 who had  just returned after   
finishing his education in ,ireland2 and
 this1 in  itself1 should satisfy the   
most incredulous that the ,britons1 as  
well  pagan as ,christian1 were ever    
before strangers to such a sight2 and no
  wonder1 for they were strangers also  
to such things as ,round ,towers1 to    
which ,i shall prove those implements   
properly and exclusively belonged4      
8,clogad0 is the name1 and which        
literally signifies a 8pyramid10 that   
has  led people into this 8belfry0      
mistake4 ,to conclude1 therefore1 this  

portion of our investigation1 ,i shall  
observe1 in ,dr4 ,milner's words1  8that
 none of these towers are large enough  
for a single bell of a  moderate size to
 swing about in it2 that1 from the whole
 of their form and  dimensions1 and from
 the smallness of the apertures in them1
 they are  rather calculated to stifle  
than to transmit to a distance any sound
 that  is made in them2 lastly1 that    
though possibly a small bell may have   
been  accidentally put up in one or two 
of them at some late period1 yet we     
constantly find other belfries1 or      
contrivances for hanging bells1 in the  
churches adjoining to them40    ,i fear 
greatly ,i may have bestowed too much   
pains in dispelling the  delusion of    
this preposterous opinion4 ,but as it   
had been put forward with  so much      
confidence by a much-celebrated         
8antiquarian10--though how he  merited  
the designation ,i confess myself at a  
loss to know1--,i thought it  my duty   
not to content myself with the mere     

exposure of the fallacy1  without       
following it up with proofs1 which must 
evermore1 ,i trust1  encumber its       
advocates with shame2 and the rather1 as
 this great  champion of ,danish        
civilisation and proclaimer of his      
country's  barbarism is at no ordinary  
trouble to affect ridicule and contempt 
for a  most enlightened and meritorious 
,english officer1 who1 from the sole    
suggestion of truth1 promoted by        
observation and antiquarian research1   
stood forward as the advocate of our    
ancestral renown1 to make amends1 as  it
 were1 for the aspersions of domestic   
calumniators4    ,both parties are1     
however1 now appreciated as they ought2 
and though  ,vallancey1 certainly1 did  
not understand the purport of our ,round
 ,towers1  his view of them1 after all1 
was not far from being correct2 and the 
laborious industry with which he        
prosecuted his inquiries1 and the       
disinterested warmth with which he      
ushered them into light1 should shield  

his memory from every ill-natured sneer1
 and make every child of ,iran feel  his
 grateful debtor4    ,having given      
,milner a little while ago the          
opportunity of tolling the  death-knell 
of the belfry hypothesis1 ,i think ,i   
could not do better now  than give      
,ledwich1 in return1 a triumph1 by      
demolishing the symmetry of  the        
anchorite vagary4    8,it must require a
 warm imagination10 says this           
writer1--after quoting the  account     
given by ,evagrius of ,simeon ,stylites'
 pillar1 upon which  ,richardson1       
,harris1 and ,milner after them had     
founded the anchorite  vagary1--8to     
point out the similarity between this   
pillar and our #8tower'3  the one was   
solid1 and the other hollow--the one    
square1 and the other  circular3 the    
ascetic there was placed without on the 
pillar2 with  us enclosed in the tower4 
,he adds1 these habitations of          
anchorites  were called inclusoria1 or  
arcti inclusorii ergastula1 but these   

were  very different from our round     
towers2 for he mistakes ,raderus1 on    
whom he  depends1 and who says1 #8,the  
house of the recluse ought to be of     
stone1 the  length and breadth twelve   
feet1 with three windows1 one facing the
 choir1  the other opposite1 through    
which food is conveyed to him1 and the  
third  for the admission of light--the  
latter to be always covered with glass  
or  horn4'    8,harris1 speaking of     
,donchad ,o',brien1 ,abbot of           
,clonmacnois1 who shut  himself up in   
one of these cells1 adds1 #8,i will not 
take upon me to affirm  that it was in  
one of these towers of ,clonmacnois he  
was enclosed4' ,it  must have been the  
strangest perversion of words and ideas 
to have  attempted it4 ,is it not       
astonishing that a reverie thus         
destitute of  truth1 and founded on     
wilful mistakes of the plainest         
passages1 should  have been attended to1
 and even be1 for some time1 believed80 
,thus have ,i allowed him to retaliate  

in his own words2 but in order to       
render his victory complete1 by         
involving a greater number within his   
closing denunciation1 he should have    
waited until he had seen a note         
appended to the fourteenth of ,dr4      
,milner's ,letters1 which1              
unquestionably1 would deserve a similar 
rebuke for its gross perversion of  a   
8cell0 into a 8tower40    ,it is this3  
8,we learn from ,st4 ,bernard1 that ,st4
 ,malachy1 afterwards  ,archbishop of   
,armagh1 in the twelfth century1 applied
 for religious  instruction1 when a     
youth1 to a holy solitary by name       
,imarus1 who was shut  up in a #8cell1' 
near the cathedral of the said city1    
probably in a ,round  ,tower40 ,risum   
teneatis8    ,but ,i am tired of fencing
 with shadows and special pleading with 
casuists4  ,and yet1 as ,i would wish to
 render this ,essay systematically      
complete1 ,i  am forced1 however        
reluctant1 to notice the conjecture1    
which others have  hazarded1 of those   

,round ,towers having been places of    
retreat and security  in the event of   
invasion from an enemy2 or depositories 
and reservoirs for  the records of      
,state1 the ,church utensils and        
national treasures6    ,to the former1  
,i shall reply1 that ,stanihurst's      
description of the  8excubias in        
castelli vertice10 upon which it would  
seem to have been  founded1 does not at 
all apply to the case2 because1 while   
the 8castella0  have vanished1 the      
,round ,towers--which never belonged to 
them--do1 many of  them still firmly1   
maintain their post2 and as to the      
latter1 the  boldness with which it has 
been put forward1 by its author before  
named1#dg requires a more lengthened    
examination than its utter  instability 
could otherwise justify4                
,,chapter ,,ii4      ,this chivalrous   
son of ,mars1 more conversant1 ,i should
 hope1 with tactics  than with literary 
disquisitions1 has started with a       
position which he is  himself1 shortly  

after1 the most industrious to          
contradict2 namely1 8that  the gods1 to 
punish so much vanity and presumption1  
had consigned to  everlasting oblivion  
the founders1 names1 dates1 periods1 and
 all records  relating to them40#dh     
,surely1 if they were intended for the  
despicable dungeons which the  ,colonel 
would persuade us was their origin1     
there existed neither 8vanity0  nor     
8presumption0 in that humble design2 and
 when to this we add the  nature of that
 security1 which he tells us they were  
to establish1 one  would think that this
 should be a ground for the perpetuity  
of their  registration1 rather than for 
consigning their history to 8everlasting
  oblivion40    ,but secure in the      
consciousness of the whole history of   
those structures1  and satisfied that   
truth will never suffer anything by     
condescending to  investigation1 ,i     
will1 to put the reader in full         
possession of this  adversary's         
statement1 here capitulate his arguments

 with all the fidelity  of an honourable
 rival4    ,his object1 then1 being to  
affix the ,round ,towers to the         
,christian era1 he  begins by insisting 
that1 as 8the architects of those       
buildings were  consummate masters in   
masonic art10 it follows1 that 8a people
 so  admirably skilled in masonry never 
could have experienced any impediments  
in building substantial dwellings1      
strong castles1 palaces1 or any other   
structures of public or private         
conveniency1 some fragments of which1   
however partial and insignificant1 would
 still be likely to appear1 in  despite 
of the corroding breath of time or the  
torch of devastation40    ,his next     
argument is1 8that the busy and         
fantastic bard1 whose  occupation led   
him to interfere in private and public  
concerns1--who1 in  truth 7he adds7 is  
our oldest and most circumstantial      
annalist1--on the  subject of the       
,pillar ,tower is dumb and silent as the
 dead02 whence he  infers the           

8non-existence of those ,towers during  
the remote ages of bardic               
influence10--8and of their being utterly
 unknown to them1 and to our  ancestors1
 anterior to the reception of the       
,christian faith40    ,his third        
proposition is1 that as 8,strabo1       
,pomponius ,mela1 ,solinus1  ,diodorus  
,siculus1 and other writers of          
antiquity1 have represented the         
condition of ,ireland and its           
inhabitants to be barbarous in their    
days1--in common with their neighbours  
the ,britons1 ,gauls1 and ,germans1 to  
whom the art systematically to          
manufacture stone had been              
unknown1--ergo1 those barbarians could  
not be set up as the authors of  the    
,pillar ,tower40    ,his fourth premise 
is1 that 8wherever we chance to light   
upon a cromleach1  we seldom fail to    
find near it one of those miserable     
caves0--and which he  has described     
before as 8surpassing in dreariness     
everything in the  imagination of       

man02--whereas in the vicinity of the   
,pillar ,tower no such  thing is seen1  
unless some natural or accidental       
excavation may  happen to exist         
unaccountably in that direction4 ,his   
inference from  which is1 that 8although
 the cromleach and the cave do claim1   
the first a  ,celtic1 the second a      
,phnician origin1 and happen here to be 
united1 the  ,pillar ,tower1            
nevertheless1 disavows even the most    
distant connection with  either of      
them40    ,his fifth is a continuation  
of the foregoing1 with an erroneous     
parallelism1 viz4 8at ,bael ,heremon1 in
 ,india1 not far from ,mount ,lebanon1  
there stood a temple dedicated to ,bael1
 near to which were many caves1 of      
which one was roomy enough to admit into
 it four thousand persons40 8,the  size 
of those temples10 he adds1 8was        
regulated according to the extent or    
amount of the local population1 being   
spacious and magnificent in large       
cities1 and small and simple in the     

inferior towns and villages2 but        
nowhere1 nor in any case1 do we meet an 
example of a lofty spiral tower1        
internally too confined to admit into it
 at once a dozen bulky  persons1        
denominated a temple40    8,an edifice10
 he resumes1 8like the ,pillar ,tower1  
might easily serve for a  belfry2 and   
there are instances where it has been   
converted1 in modern  times1 to that    
use2 on the other hand1 a temple1       
properly speaking1 gives  an idea of a  
spacious edifice1 or of one calculated  
to accommodate1  withinside its walls1 a
 certain congregation of devout people1 
met to  pray4 ,should the building1 to  
answer any partial or private use1 be   
constructed upon a diminutive scale1    
like the little round temple at         
,athens1#di called ,demosthenes'1 the   
edifice10 he continues1 8in that  case1 
obtains its appropriate shape1 yet      
differing in plan1 size1 and  elevation 
from the ,irish ,pillar ,tower1 to which
 it cannot1 in any one  respect1 be     

assimilated40    8,moreover10 he says1  
8the ancients had hardly any round      
temples4  ,vitruvius barely speaks of   
two kinds1 neither of which bears the   
slightest  resemblance to a tower4 ,upon
 the whole10 concludes he1 8if we will  
but  bestow a moment's reflection on the
 geographical and political condition   
of primitive ,ireland1 and the avowed   
tardy progress towards civilisation  and
 an acquaintance with the fine arts then
 common to those nations not            
conveniently placed within the          
enlightened and enlivening pale of      
,attic  and ,roman instruction1 it will 
be impossible not to pronounce          
,vallancey's  conjectures respecting the
 ,pillar ,towers as receptacles for the 
sacred  fire altogether chimerical and  
fabulous40    ,before ,i proceed to     
demolish1 seriatim1 this tissue of      
cobwebs1 ,i wish  it to be emphatically 
laid down that ,i do not tread in       
,general  ,vallancey's footsteps4 ,to   
his undoubted services1 when temperately

  guarded1 ,i have already paid the     
tribute of my national gratitude2 but1  
pitying his mistakes1 while sick of his 
contradictions1 ,i have taken the       
liberty to chalk out my own road4       
,now for ,montmorency4 ,as to the first1
 then1 of those objections against  the 
antiquity of our ,round ,towers1 it is  
readily repelled by explaining  that1 in
 the early ages of the world1 masonic   
edifices1 of architectural  precision1  
were exclusively appropriated1 as a mark
 of deferential homage1  to the worship 
of the ,great ,architect of the         
universe2 and with this  view it was    
that the science was1 at first1 studied 
as a sort of  religious mystery1 of     
which there can be required no greater  
possible  corroboration than the        
circumstance of that ancient and        
mysterious  society who date the        
existence of their institution from     
,noah himself--and  it is incomparably  
older--still retaining1 amid the        
thousand changes which  the world has   

since undergone1 and the thousand       
attempts that have been  made to explore
 and explode their secrets1 the mystic  
denominational  ligature of 8,free and  
,accepted ,masons40#ej    ,the absence1 
therefore1 of any vestiges of other     
coeval structures1 for  private abode or
 public exhibition1 should excite in us 
no surprise2 more  especially when we   
recollect that in the ,east also--whence
 all our early  customs have been       
derived--their mud-built houses present 
the greatest  possible contrast between 
the simplicity of their domestic        
residences and  the magnificence and    
grandeur of their religious             
conventicles--,verum illi  delubra      
deorum pietate1 domos sua gloria        
decorabant4#ea    ,but though this my   
reply is triumphantly subversive of the 
,colonel's first  position1 ,i shall    
dwell upon it a little longer1 to hold  
forth1 with  merited retaliation1 either
 his disingenuousness or his            
forgetfulness2  because the same        

inference which he deduced from the     
non-appearance of  coeval architecture  
of any other class1 would apply as well 
to the  period which he wishes to       
establish as the era of the erection of 
the  ,towers1--and of which era1 he     
admits1 no other architectural monuments
 do  remain1--as to that which ,i shall 
incontrovertibly prove was their proper 
epoch4    ,then1 without having recourse
 to the impossibility--of which all     
travellers complain--to ascertain even  
the situation of those gigantic  cities 
which in other parts of the globe1 at   
equally remote periods of  time1 were   
cried up as the wonders of the age--the 
masterpieces of human  genius1 making   
their domes almost kiss the stars2      
without betaking myself1  ,i say1 to    
those1 the only memorials of which are  
now to be found in that  of the echo1   
which1 to your affrighted fancy1 asking 
inquisitively and  incredulously1       
8,where are they80 only repeats         
responsively1 8,where are               

they80--passing over this1 ,i tell him  
that1 more highly favoured than  other  
countries1 we possess1 in ,ireland1     
ample evidences of those remnants  which
 he so vauntingly challenges4 ,traverse 
the isle in its inviting  richness1 over
 its romantic mountains and its fertile 
valleys1 and there  is scarcely an old  
wall you meet1 or an old hedge you      
encounter1 that you  will not find1     
embedded among the mass1 some solitary  
specimens of  chiselled execution1      
which1 in their proud1 aristocratic     
bearing1 afford  ocular and eloquent    
demonstration of their having once      
occupied a more  respectable post4      
,not less futile than the foregoing is  
his second objection1 arising from  what
 he represents as the silence of 8the   
busy and fantastic bard40  ,doubtless he
 reckoned upon this as his most         
impregnable battery2 and ,i  readily    
believe that most of his readers        
anticipate the same result3 but  this   
little book will soon shiver the fallacy

 of such calculations1 and  adduce1 in  
its proper place1 from the very head and
 principal of the  bardic order--no less
 a personage than ,amergin himself--its 
towering  refutation2 as well as the    
final1 incontrovertible appropriation of
  those structures to their actual      
founders4    ,in the interim1 ,i must   
not let the opportunity pass of         
vindicating our  ancient bards from the 
false imputations of 8busy and          
fantastic40    ,if pride of descent be a
 weakness of ,irishmen1 it is one in    
which they are  countenanced by all the 
nations of the globe who have had       
anything like  pretensions to support   
the claim2 and ,i fearlessly affirm that
 the more  sensitive a people prove     
themselves of their national renown1    
their  hereditary honour1 and ancestral 
splendour1 the more tenacious will they 
show themselves1 in support of that     
repute1--whether as individuals or a    
community1--in every cause involving the
 far higher interests of moral          

rectitude1 of virtue1 and of religion4  
,in the legitimate indulgence of  this  
honourable emotion the ,irish have ever 
stood conspicuously high4 ,no  nation   
ever attended with more religious zeal  
to their acts and  genealogies1 their   
wars1 alliances1 and migrations1 than   
they did2 and  while no people ever     
excelled them in enterprise or heroism1 
or the wisdom  and administration of    
their legislative code1 so were they    
surpassed by  none in the number and    
capability of those who could delineate 
such  events1 and impart to reality the 
additional charm of imagery and verse4  
,the bards were a set of men exclusively
 devoted1 like the tribe of ,levi       
amongst the ,israelites1 to the         
superintendence of those subjects4      
,their  agency in this department was a 
legitimately recognised and graduate    
faculty2 and1 in accuracy of speech1 the
 only one which merited the  designation
 of learned1 being attainable only after
 the most severe  novitiate of          

preliminary study and rigid exercise of 
all the mental  powers4    ,the industry
 and patience bestowed on such a course 
were not1 however1  without their       
reward4 ,in a classical point of view   
this exhibited itself  in the high      
estimation in which they were held--both
 amongst foreigners  and natives--as    
poets1 as prophets1 and as philosophers2
 while the dignity  and emolument       
attached to their situation1 and the    
distinguished rank  assigned them1 at   
the general triennial assemblies of the 
state at  ,tara--with the endowments    
conferred upon them by the monarch and  
the  several provincial kings--were sure
 to render it1 at all times1 an object  
of ambition and pursuit to members of   
the noblest families throughout the     
various parts of the realm4    ,the     
moral deportment and personal           
correctness of those literary sages     
contributed still further to add to     
their esteem2 and1 probably1 ,i could   
not succeed better1 in depicting the    

almost sanctity of their general        
behaviour1 than by transcribing a stanza
 descriptive of the qualities  which won
 to them1 as a society1 the mingled     
sentiments of veneration and  of awe4   
,it is taken from a very ancient ,irish 
poem1 and runs thus--      8,iod na     
laimh lith gan ghuin1    ,iod na beorl  
gan ean neamhuib1    ,iod na foghlama   
gan ean ghes1    ,is iod na lanamh nas40
    ,that is--      8,theirs were the   
hands free from violence1    ,theirs the
 mouths free from calumny1    ,theirs   
the learning without pride1    ,and     
theirs the love free from venery40      
,in later times ,i admit there was a    
lamentable degeneracy in the bardic     
class1--or rather the innumerable       
pretenders to the assumption of the     
name2 and the 8fescennine               
licentiousness0 with which they violated
 the  sanctity of domestic seclusion1 in
 exposing the objects of their private  
spleen1 tended not a little to bring    
their body into disrepute1 and  subject 

them additionally to the salutary       
restrictions of legislative  severity4  
,they were not less extravagant in the  
lavishment of their  fulsome            
commendations2 so that one can hardly   
avoid drawing a parallel  between them  
and those poetasters1 formerly1 of      
,italy1 whom ,horace so  happily        
describes in those remarkable           
hexameters1 viz43--      8,fescinnina   
per hunc invecta licentia morem1        
,versibus alternis opprobria rustica    
fudit1                      444 quin    
etiam lex    ,pnaque lata malo qu mallet
 carmine quenquam1    ,describi40#eb    
,you would imagine the ,roman poet was  
speaking of the ,irish bards in the     
night of their decline2 but the         
description by no means applies to the  
original institution1 whose object it   
was to perpetuate the history and       
records of the nation1 and preserve its 
history from the intrusions of          
barbarism4 ,to this end it was that they
 met for revision at the senatorial     

synod2 and the importance of this trust 
it was that procured to their body  the 
many dignities before described1 giving 
them precedence above the  aggregate of 
the community at large1 and investing   
them with an authority  little short of 
royalty4    ,rhyme was the vehicle in   
which their lucubrations were presented2
 verse  the medium selected for their   
thoughts4 ,to gain perfection in this   
accomplishment their fancies were ever  
on the stretch2 while the varieties  of 
metre which they invented for the       
purpose1 and the facility with which    
they bent them to each application and  
use1 were not the least  astonishing    
part of their arduous avocations1 and   
leave the catalogue of  modern measures 
far away in the shade4    ,music is the 
sister of poetry1 and it is natural to  
suppose that they went  hand in hand    
here4 ,in all countries1 the voice was  
the original organ of  musical sounds4  
,with this they accompanied their       
extemporaneous hymns2  with this they   

chanted the honours of their heroes4    
,the battle-shout and  the solemnity of 
the hour of sacrifice were the usual    
scenes for the  concerts of our         
ancestors4 ,singing the glory of former 
warriors1 the  combatant was himself    
inspired2 and while the victim expired  
on the  altar of immolation1 the priest 
sang the praise of the deity he invoked4
    ,the introduction of the ,christian 
truths gave a new and elevated scope to 
the genius of the bards4 ,a new         
enthusiasm kindled up their ardour--a   
new  vitality invigorated their frames2 
and they who1 but the moment before1    
were most conspicuous in upholding the  
dogmas of the pagan creed1 became  now  
the most distinguished in proclaiming   
the blessings of the ,christian         
dispensation4 ,fiech1 ,amergin1         
,columba1 ,finan1 etc41 are glorious    
examples  of this transmuted zeal4      
,about the twelfth or thirteenth        
centuries1 however1 a change burst forth
  for the destinies of this order4      

,verse ceased to be used in their       
historical announcements4 ,prose        
succeeded1 as a more simple narrative2  
and  from that moment the respectability
 of the bards progressively evaporated4 
,the jealousy of the ,english           
,government at the martial feeling      
excited by  their effusions1 and the    
intrepid acts of heroism inculcated by  
their  example1 if not the actual cause 
of this national declension1            
preponderated very largely amongst its  
component ingredients4    ,in the height
 of the battle1 when the war-cry was    
most loud1 and the  carnage most severe1
 those poetic enthusiasts would fling   
themselves  amongst the ranks of the    
enraged contenders1 and determine the   
victory to  whatever party they chose to
 befriend4    ,when1 too1 under the     
pressure of an untoward fate1 and the   
disheartening  yoke of--what they       
deemed--a treacherous subjugation1 the  
nobles would  seem dispirited at the    
aspect of circumstances1 and all but    

subscribe to  the thraldom of slavery1  
the bards would rouse the energies of   
their  slumbering patriotism1 and1 as   
,tyrtus used the ,spartans1 enkindle in 
their bosoms a passion for war4 ,we must
 not be surprised1 therefore1 to  find  
in the preamble to some of the acts     
passed in those times for the           
suppression of this body of men1 the    
following harsh and deprecating         
allusions1 viz43--8,that those rymors   
do1 by their ditties and rymes made  to 
divers lords and gentlemen in ,ireland1 
in the commendacyon and high  praise of 
extortion1 rebellyon1 rape1 raven1 and  
outhere injustice1  encourage those     
lords and gentlemen rather to follow    
those vices than to  leave them40       
,for two centuries after the invasion of
 ,henry ,,ii41 the voice of the ,muse   
was but faintly heard in ,ireland4 ,the 
arms of ,cromwell and ,william ,,iii4   
completely swept away her feudal        
reminiscences4 ,as it was their         
country's  lustre that inspired the     

enthusiasm of the bards1 so1 on the     
tarnishing of  its honour1 did they     
become mute and spiritless4 ,they fell  
with its  fall2 and1 like the captive   
,israelites1 hanging their untuned harps
 on the  willows1 they may be supposed  
to exclaim in all the vehemence of the  
royal  psalmist--      8,now while our  
harps were hanged soe1    ,the men whose
 captives there we lay    ,did on our   
griefs insulting goe1    ,and more to   
grieve us thus did say3    ,you that of 
musique make such show1    ,come1 sing  
us now a ,zion lay4--    ,oh no6 we have
 nor voice nor hand    ,for such a song 
in such a land40    ,montmorency's third
 objection against the antiquity of the 
,round  ,towers--founded on the         
statements of those ,greek and ,latin   
writers above  named1 respecting the    
8barbarous0 condition of the then       
,irish1--,i thus  dissipate into thin   
air4    ,the inhabitants of ,ireland1 at
 the time in which those authors        
flourished1  had nothing to do with the 

erection of the ,round ,towers4 ,those  
edifices  were hoary with antiquity at  
that moment4 ,they belonged to an era   
and to a  dynasty1 not only of a more   
ancient but of a more exalted character 
in  every sense of the word1 and whose  
religious ceremonials1 for the          
celebration of which the ,round ,towers 
were constructed1 the then  inhabitants 
did not only abhor1 but did all in their
 power to efface and  obliterate4 ,nor  
was it the religion alone of this       
inoffensive and sacred  tribe that this 
new and devastating race of militants   
laboured to  extirpate2 but1 what was   
far more to be deplored1 they1 for a    
season1  extinguished their literature  
also2 until at length1 fired by the     
moral  ether which the lessons of their 
now slaves had inspired1 their souls got
  attuned to the sublimity of such      
studies1 and they sat themselves down   
accordingly to emulate their            
instructors4    ,as to the puny         
detractions1 therefore1 of either       

,greece or ,rome1 they  might well have 
been spared1 as they knew less than     
nothing of our  real history4 ,when they
 were lowly and obscure1 and immersed in
 the  darkness of circumambient         
benightment1 our high careering name1   
synonymous with civilisation1 was wafted
 by the four winds of heaven to  all the
 quarters of the world which that heaven
 irradiates4 ,the commerce  of the whole
 ,east pressed tumultuously to our      
shores--the courts of the  polished     
universe 7not including ,greece or ,rome
 amongst the number7 sent  us embassies 
of congratulation2 while the indomitable
 ardour and  public-spirited zeal of the
 8islanders0 themselves launched them   
abroad  over the bosom of the wide      
watery circumference2 exploring in every
 region  the gradations of civil        
institutes1 as well as the master       
productions of  ,nature herself2        
civilising life with the results of     
their discoveries1 and  garnishing their
 houses1 like so many museums1 with the 

fruits of their  research1 for the      
benefit1 at once1 and entertainment of  
their less  favoured1 though not less   
ambitious brethren at home4    ,think   
you that the testimony of ,festus       
,avienus1 who wrote before the          
,christian light1 and who avowedly only 
compiled his treatise from other  more  
ancient authorities--think you1 ,i say1 
that his designation of this  island as 
8sacred0--and which he says was the     
appropriate denomination by  which the  
still greater ancients used to call     
it--was an idle sobriquet or  an        
arbitrary adjective8 ,amongst the many  
discoveries which will develop          
themselves in succession1 before ,i     
shall have done with this little book1  
,i pledge myself to the public          
incontrovertibly to prove that the word 
8,hibernian0--so grossly abused and so  
malignantly vilified1 and which         
,avienus has recorded as the name of the
 islanders at the period in which  he   
wrote1 as it is still to this           

day--signifies1 in its component        
essence1 and according to the nicest    
scrutiny of etymological analysis1      
independently altogether of historical  
corroboration1 an inhabitant of  the    
sacred isle2 and has nothing on earth to
 do with ,heber or  ,heremon2 or hiar1  
the west2 or iberin1 extremes2 or any   
other such  outlandish nonsense6    ,now
 comes the ,colonel's fifth and last    
objection2 viz4 that because  there     
existed at ,baal ,heremon1 in ,india1 a 
temple sacred to ,baal1 the  capacity of
 which was sufficient to accommodate    
four thousand persons1  therefore the   
,round ,towers1 which are 8internally   
too confined to admit  into them1 at    
once1 a dozen bulky persons1 could not  
be denominated a  temple40    ,does not 
the ,colonel know that there existed a  
plurality of those ,baals8  that1 in    
fact1 they were as innumerable as the   
stars in the firmament1  resolving      
themselves--according to the character  
of every distinct  country1 and of every

 minor subdivision and canton in that   
country--into  the specific and gentile 
classifications of ,baal ,shamaim1 ,baal
 ,pheor or  ,phearagh1 ,baal ,meon1     
,baal ,zephon1 ,baal ,hemon1 etc42 while
 under the veil  of all1 the learned    
ever understood to have been solely     
personated the sun  and moon4 8,howbeit 
every nation made gods of their own1 and
 the men of  ,babylon made              
,succoth-,benoth40#ec    ,in accordance 
with the different views under which    
each people  considered the bounties of 
those luminaries1 so did their temples  
assume  a corresponding shape2 and it   
shall be my lot1 in the progress of this
  litigated research1 to show why the   
followers of one of those ,baals1       
namely1 ,baal ,phearagh1 gave their     
temples this erect1 narrow1 and         
elevated roundness4    ,i have thus     
annihilated those visionary ramparts    
which my opponent had  flattered himself
 he had raised against the intrusion of 
long-suppressed  truth2 and by the help 

of which1 as a military bastion1 he had 
fondly  hoped he might link together the
 ,church and the sword in one cemented  
bond of anachronism4 ,let us see1       
however1 how he would bring about the   
match1 with the articles of             
intermarriage1 and so forth4    ,his    
assumption is1 that 8the founders of    
those ,towers were primitive  ,cnobites 
and ,bishops1 munificently supported in 
the undertaking by the  newly-converted 
kings and toparchs2 the builders and    
architects being  those monks and       
pilgrims who1 from ,greece and ,rome1   
either preceded or  accompanied our     
early missionaries in the fifth and     
sixth centuries02  which he pretends to 
substantiate in the following manner4   
,having discovered1 by a most miraculous
 effort of penetration1 that one        
hundred and fifty ,greek and ,roman     
religionists had accompanied ,st4 ,abhan
  on his return from imperial           
,rome1--whither he had gone to complete 
his  theological studies1 towards the   

end of the fifth century1--and not      
knowing how to occupy those strangers in
 this then pagan land1 the  ,colonel1   
with his industrious habits1 well aware 
that 8idleness is the  mother of        
mischief10 sets them1 at once1 about    
building the ,towers4    ,but as it     
would be too lavish a display of        
knight-errantry to waste their  time and
 strength without some ostensible       
purpose1 he must1 of course1  find out  
for them a pretext1 at least1 for such2 
and so1 in the eagerness  of his        
milito-monastic zeal1 he flies off1 at a
 tangent1 to the top of  ,mount         
,colzoum1 near the desert of ,gebel1--8a
 short day's journey from the  ,red     
,sea10--where he thinks he has got1 in  
the monasteries of the ,egyptian  monks1
 a direct1 immediate1 and indubitable   
prototype4    ,reader1 you shall be the 
judge4 ,here is his own translation of  
,bonnani's  description of the place1   
viz43    8,there are three churches1 of 
which ,st4 ,anthony's1 which is small   

and very  old1 is the most              
distinguished2 the second is dedicated  
to the apostles  ,peter and ,paul2 and  
the third church is raised in honour of 
,st4 ,macaire1  who has been a lay      
brother in this convent4 ,all the cells 
stand separately  from each other2 they 
are ill built1 the walls being composed 
of clay1  covered in with flat roofs and
 diminutive windows only one foot       
square4  ,close to the refectory1 which 
is dark and dirty1 the monks have added 
a  rather decent apartment1 in their    
wonted hospitality1 destined to the     
reception of visitors4    8,within the  
central courtyard1 an isolated square   
tower of masonry1  which is approached  
by a drawbridge1 holds a formidable     
station4 ,here the  ,cophtes preserve   
whatever wealth or precious objects they
 possess2 and if  assailed by the       
plundering ,arabs1 defend themselves    
with stones4 ,there are  four more      
celebrated monasteries in the desert of 
,st4 ,macaire1 distant  about three     

days' journey from ,grand ,cairo4 ,the  
first is the convent of  ,st4 ,macaire1 
which is ancient and in a ruinous       
state--the bones of the  founder are    
enshrined in a stone coffin1 placed     
behind an iron gate1  enveloped in a    
chafe or pluvial 7a sort of church      
ornament71 formed into a  canopy4 ,a    
square tower of stone1 which you enter  
by a drawbridge1 is the  only solid     
building belonging to the ,abbey that   
remains4 ,the friars store  their books 
and their provisions1 and obstinately   
defend themselves in  this hold1        
whenever the wild ,arabs come to pay    
them a predatory visit4    8,there are  
similar 7square7 towers attached to the 
three other  monasteries in the desert1 
the doors of which1 and of the convent  
of ,st4  ,macaire1 are alike covered    
with iron plates10 etc4    ,to the      
candid and dispassionate reader1--who   
has gone through this  extract1 and who 
is told that this is the basis upon     
which ,colonel de  ,montmorency builds  

his superstructure of monastic          
appropriation1--to such  ,i fearlessly  
appeal whether he will not scout the    
indignity with  intellectual scorn4     
,here are edifices spread1 in numbers1  
over our island1 in unity of  design and
 elegance of execution1 admitted by this
 writer himself as 8the  most imposing  
objects of antiquity in all             
,christendom10 and 8placed by an  almost
 supernatural power to brave the stormy 
winds and the wrath of  time02 yet1 in  
the same breath1 made the counterparts  
of a few trumpery1  temporary1 and crazy
 old piles1 which were originally       
erected as  military stations1 totally  
distinct from religion or religious     
uses--similar to those erected by       
,helena1 mother to ,constantine the     
,great1  on the coast of ,syria1 against
 piratical incursions1 and analogous to 
what  we find in ,india1 viz4 a whole   
fortress converted into a conventual    
establishment4 ,the thing is absurd1--it
 is revolting to common  sense1--and    

bears on its forehead its own           
discomfiture4          ,,chapter ,,iii4 
,observe1 then1 the structures which he 
compares are altogether different2  one 
being square1 and the other round4 ,nor1
 in the whole compass of  possible      
analogies1 is there a single feature in 
which the two classes  of edifices could
 be said to correspond1 but that they   
both have their  doors--which1 by the   
way1 are different in their form--at a  
distance from  the ground4 ,the         
,pyramids of ,egypt bear the same       
correspondence1--their  entrance being  
one-third of the height from the        
surface1--and why does not  the ,colonel
 bestow them also upon the monks8 ,no2  
those poor1 denuded1  inoffensive1      
exemplary1 unearthly victims of         
maceration were incapable  of1 either   
the masonic acme1 or--at the era which  
,montmorency  particularises--of the    
corporate influence and pecuniary or    
equivalent  supplies indispensable for  
the erection of either 8pyramid0 or     

8tower02--contenting themselves rather  
with their lowly cells1 whence  they    
issued out1 at all seasons1 to diffuse  
the word of 8life10 than in  raising    
maypoles of stone1 within which to      
garrison their  inexpressible treasures4
    ,but to reconcile this discrepancy  
in exterior outfit1 he has recourse to a
  miracle1 which he thus conjures up4   
8,doubtless1 in the beginning1 when     
first those ,cnobites settled in the    
desert1 the convent-tower was round20   
then1 by a single word1 prsto1--or      
8doubtless10--right-about face1  takes  
place a metamorphosis1 from round to    
square6--the more miraculous1  in that  
the former round ones left behind them  
no vestiges6 ,upon which1  again1 a     
counter miracle is effected3 8,the      
square ones having subsequently  fallen 
into disuse1 the round tower1 in after  
ages10 he says1 8appears to  have       
acquired a degree of increased          
celebrity1 especially in ,europe1       
during the preponderance of the feudal  

system1 when every baronial castle  in  
,great ,britain1 ,ireland1 ,germany1    
,france1 etc41 was furnished with one   
or more40 ,now1 has he not before told  
us1 and told us truly1 by chance1  that 
the ,pillar ,tower scorns all kind of   
affinity with those  8barbarians02      
whereupon ,i shall merely observe with  
the poet1 that      8,if people         
contradict themselves1 can ,i    ,help  
contradicting them80#ed    ,but1 if     
intended as a place of shelter for      
either person or property1  why build   
them of such an altitude8 ,above all    
things1 why not build them  of such     
internal capacity as to accommodate the 
whole number of inmates  in each        
convent1 in case of an attack1--as1 in  
fact1 those square towers  in the desert
 used2 whereas1 8a dozen bulky persons0 
could not squeeze  together into one of 
our ,round ,towers2 and accordingly1    
with the  inconsistency inseparable from
 error1 our author himself proclaims    
that  8it has frequently occurred that  

the barbarian1 on finding that he had   
been foiled in his search after         
treasures1 though he burned the abbey1  
and  perpetrated all the mischief he was
 able1 sooner than retire empty-handed1 
the pirate seized on the abbot1 or most 
prominent member he found  belonging to 
the community1 and hurried away the     
unfortunate individual  on board his    
ship1 holding him in durance1 till1     
overcome by ill-usage1 he  besought his 
brethren to come to his relief with a   
heavy ransom for his  freedom40 8,it has
 also often happened10 he adds1 8that1  
unable to comply  with the tyrant's     
exorbitant demands1 the monks resigned  
the captive to  his fate40    ,surely1  
if they had those keeps to fly to1 the  
8unfortunate0 abbot need  not allow     
himself to be seized at all2 and surely1
 also1 if they had all  those treasures 
upon which the ,colonel insists1 they   
would not leave the  father of their    
8community0 unredeemed from so          
excruciating a degradation4  ,and hence 

we may conclude with ,dr4 ,lanigan1     
8,what little credit is due to  the     
stories of some hagiologists1 who talk  
of great estates granted to our         
monasteries and churches in those and   
even earlier times40#ee ,indeed1 for    
the two first centuries subsequent to   
the arrival of ,st4 ,patrick1 such a    
thing was incompatible with the nature  
of the 8political compact0 in  ,ireland4
    ,i do not deny1 however1 but that   
the ecclesiastics of this time did      
possess some articles of value          
appertaining to the altar1 and that     
these  were objects of unholy cupidity  
to the ,danes3 nay1 further1 ,i admit   
that1  to escape from the insatiability 
of those virulent marauders1 they used  
to  fly to the belfries1 which--from    
that mistaken regard attached to the    
edifices1 as these receptacles of those 
sonorous organs to which  superstition  
has ever clung#ef--they had hoped would 
prove an asylum  from their             
pursuits1--but in vain--neither religion

 nor superstition  opposed a barrier to 
the ,northmen1 while the frail materials
 whereof those  belfries were           
constructed afforded a ready            
gratification to their appetite  for    
destruction4    ,the ,ulster ,annals1   
year #idi1 furnish us with the following
  fact3--8,cloicteach ,slane do loscadh 
do ,gall ,athacliath4 ,bacall ind       
,erlamha1 #g cloc badec do cloccaibh1   
,caenechair ,ferleghinn1 #g sochaide mor
  inbi do loscadh40 ,that is1 the belfry
 at ,slane was set fire to by the       
foreigners 7the ,danes7 of ,dublin4 ,the
 pastor's staff or crozier1 adorned     
with precious stones1 besides the       
principal bells1 and ,canecar the       
lecturer1 with a multitude of other     
persons were burned in the flames4  ,the
 ,annals of the ,four ,masters1 noticing
 the same event1 use nearly  similar    
words3 8,cloicteach ,slaine do loscadh  
can a lan do mhionnaibh #g  deghdh      
aoninibh1 im ,chinechair ,fearleighinn  
,slaine1 ,bachall an ,eramha #g  clocc  

ba deach do chloccaibh40 ,that is1 ,the 
belfry at ,slane was burned  to the     
ground1 along with several articles of  
value which were therein1  and numbers  
of individuals1 besides the ,slane      
prlector1 the patron's  staff1 and all  
the bells1 which were there of most     
worth4    ,now take notice that within  
those 8belfries0 a 8multitude of        
persons0  used to have been collected1  
whereas the ,round ,towers could not    
accommodate above 8a dozen0 at one time4
 ,the belfries also are represented  to 
have been reduced to ashes by the       
conflagration1 which accords with the   
description given by both ,ware and     
,colgan1 of the wooden substance        
whereof they were composed2 whereas the 
,round ,towers are made of stone1  and  
cemented by a bond of such indurated    
tenacity1 that nothing short of         
lightning or earthquake has been known  
to disturb them3--and even though  other
 violence may succeed in their          
overthrow1 yet could it not be said     

with any accuracy that they were reduced
 by fire to cinders4 ,but1 above  all1  
those very ,annals which ,i have above  
quoted1 when recording a greater  and   
national calamity1 place the belfries   
and the ,round ,towers in the same      
sentence1 contradistinguished from one  
another1--the former  characterised by  
their appropriate name of ,cloicteach1  
as exhibited  before1 and the latter    
under the still more apposite           
denomination of  ,fidhnemeadh1 as we    
shall explain elsewhere4    ,again1 if  
designed as fortresses for the monks1   
and receptacles for their  riches1 is it
 not strange that in the isle of        
,hy1--which was literally a  nest of    
ecclesiastics1 and which ,columb ,kill  
himself evangelised at the  time when   
,montmorency was--in a dream--employing 
him and his coadjutors  at the erection 
of the ,round ,towers1--is it not       
strange1 ,i say1 that this  little isle1
 the most defenceless1 as it is1 and    
forlorn of all lands that  ever         

projected above the bosom of the sea1   
should yet1 in the allotment of         
monastic artillery1 be left totally     
destitute of an arial garrison8    ,and 
yet1 notwithstanding the absence of such
 defences1 the monks still  continued to
 make it their favourite abode2 of which
 we have but too  cogent an evidence in 
the record of the ,four ,masters1 under 
the year #ihe1  stating that the abbot  
and fifteen of his brethren were slain  
by the  ,northmen on ,christmas ,day1   
just as they were preparing to celebrate
 the  nativity of their ,redeemer4      
,but those monks spread themselves1 in  
shoals1 over ,england also2 and we  know
 that that country was even more        
infested than our own with both         
,northmen and ,danes4 ,is it not        
astonishing1 therefore1 that the        
,english  convents were not protected   
against the sacrilege of those savages  
by  telescopic steeples of ,babylonish  
cement8    ,this1 it may be said1 is    
applying a steam-engine to crush a      

flapwing2 yet1  as that flapwing has    
been somewhat troublesome1 and has      
contrived to  blindfold some searchers  
after antiquarian truth1 ,i may be      
excused if1  to frustrate any efforts at
 impotent revivals1 ,i shall continue   
decapitating the hydra1 until he        
disappears in his own sinuosities4      
,he tells us1 then1 with all the        
calculation of an engineer and the      
gravity  of a physician1 that a stone   
let fall from the top of one of those   
towers  would crush the 8barbarian0 to  
atoms4 ,true1 it would1 and the civilian
  also4 ,a little pebble let fall from  
an eagle's beak1 as he cuts his arial   
passage through the cloudy regions1 or  
soars aloft into the empyreal of        
interminable space1 would have a similar
 effect2 but it would puzzle the        
shrewdest engineer in ,christendom to   
place a ballast-man1 with a big stone   
on his lap1 on either the top or the    
sloping sides of the conical  8caubeen0 
which graces the summit of our careering

 cylinders4 ,this1 to use  the          
,colonel's own words1 8will be admitted 
to be contrary to all that is           
admissible in the rules of architectural
 proportions40    ,illustration3        
,,devenish4    ,next remark that the    
,colonel keeps those #aej 8volunteers0  
at work upon the  ,round ,towers in the 
midst of a raging war2--after he had    
before affirmed  that they could only be
 erected in a season of profound        
peace--for a  complete century4 ,during 
this whole time they must1 of course1   
have  availed themselves of the         
assistance of the inhabitants2 and is it
 not  marvellous that1 during that long 
time 8the ancient ,irishman0--and       
8,pat's  nae stupid fellow10 as the     
,colonel himself avows--should not have 
been  able to pick up a single insight  
into the arcana of the masonic art8--but
  that soon as ever the dear externs    
expired1--who at the period of their    
arrival must have been1 at least1 over  
twenty years of age each1 and who1  to  

accomplish ,montmorency's miracle1 must 
have every one of them lived  just one  
hundred years more1 and then died1 all  
in one day6--is it not  petrifying1 ,i  
say1 that soon as ever this appalling   
catastrophe  occurred1 every vestige of 
those 8fairy0 masons should have        
vanished along  with them8--and the     
country1 in a paralysis1 have forgotten 
to associate  them with the ,towers1 as 
if stupefied with the incantation of a  
wizard or  a talisman6    ,and yet this 
was not the greatest injustice of which 
the poor ,cnobites  got reason to       
complain2 but it is that1 when the      
people had recovered  from the delirium 
of their late trance1 and began to look 
abroad for some  8authors0 on whom to   
father those edifices1 they unanimously1
 though  unaccountably1 agreed to lay   
them at the door of the 8,o',rorkes0 and
 the  8,mac,carthy ,mores06    ,it so   
happens that the last of the ,mac,carthy
 ,mores was my own maternal             
grandfather2 and he1 venerable and      

venerated old gentleman1 apt as he was1 
in the evening of his faded life1 to    
revert to the mutability of worldly     
possessions1 never for a moment bestowed
 a solitary thought upon the  alienation
 of the property of those columnar      
masonries4 ,often used he to  mention   
the ,castles of ,palace and of ,blarney3
 ,castlemain and ,glenflesk  used still 
oftener to grace his talk2 but oftener  
still1 and with more  apparent          
delectation1 would he dilate on the     
,castle of ,macroom and the  ,abbey of  
,mucruss1--all1 as the creation of      
immediate or collateral  branches of his
 family2 but never1 in the catalogue of 
his patrimonial  spoliations did he     
enumerate a ,round ,tower1 or lay a     
shadow of claim to  their construction4 
,to the point1 however4--,the great     
miracle after all is1 that after the    
decease of those 8fairy0 masters1 no one
 of their native helpmates could  be    
found able to join together with        
mechanical skill two pieces of hewn     

stone with the intermediate amalgam of  
adhesive mortar6 ,the thing is so       
absurd as to make the ,colonel himself  
in his honesty to exclaim1 8,is this    
simple process that mighty piece of     
necromancy which1 according to some     
authors0 7forgetting that he was one of 
those himself71 8that lively  people    
were unable to comprehend80 ,it is      
amusing to see how encomiastic  and     
commendatory he is of the 8,hibernians0 
when it answers his views2 and  how     
vituperative and condemnatory when it is
 equally to his purpose4    ,the last   
assumption of this writer1 and which ,i 
have purposely reserved  until now is an
 affected parallel of the ,irish        
,culdees with the ,egyptian  ,cophtes4  
8,their great piety1 austerity1 and     
hospitality announce10 he  says1 8the   
existence of one kind of discipline and 
of kindred religions  between the       
,cophtes and the ,irish ,cnobites40     
,that is1 because they are  both pious1 
austere1 and hospitable1 they must both 

necessarily  correspond in religious    
opinions and in ,church forms6 ,the     
,indian  ,brahmins1 say ,i1 are also    
pious1 austere1 and hospitable2 and why 
are they not incorporated in this holy  
identification8 ,no1 ,colonel1 it  will 
not do2 ,i see what you are at4 ,you    
want to insinuate our obligation  to the
 ,greeks for the blessings of the       
,gospel4 ,a false zeal for mental       
emancipation--subsequent to the         
dislodgment of spiritual                
encroachment--has  forced into mushroom 
existence this spurious abortion4 ,aloof
 from the  thraldom of ,roman or other  
yoke1 the ,irish1 within themselves1    
cultivated  the principles of the       
,christian verity2 but it is1 in the    
extreme1  erroneous to say that they    
derived their faith in that verity      
through  emissaries of the ,grecian     
,church1 from whom they differed as     
substantially  as light does from       
darkness4    ,i think it very probable  
indeed that the glad tidings of         

revelation were  first imparted to      
,ireland by the lips of ,st4 ,paul      
himself4#eg ,we have the  names of many 
,christians existing amongst us before  
the arrival of either  ,pelagius or     
,patrick4 ,the very terms of the        
commission1 which ,pope  ,celestine gave
 to the former1 being addressed 8ad     
,scotos in ,christum  credentes10 to the
 ,irish who believe in ,christ1--prove  
the good seed had  been laid in the soil
 before his pontificate4 ,the nation1   
however1 was  yet too much immersed in  
its old idolatries--and the fascinations
 of  their former creed had so          
spellbound the inhabitants as a         
community--that  those who singled      
themselves out as converts to the new   
faith were  obliged1 from persecution1  
to betake themselves to other countries4
 ,and  yet this is the moment when      
paganism was omnipotent throughout this 
island1 that ,colonel de ,montmorency   
has the modesty to tell us that the     
8,round ,towers0 were erected as        

magazines for the monks6    ,to the     
,patrician ,apostle1 the beloved        
patriarch of ,ireland1 was reserved  the
 glory of maturing the fruit which his  
predecessors had planted4 ,his          
constitutional zeal and absorbing       
devotion in the service of his ,creator 
were but the secondary qualifications   
which pre-eminently marked him out  for 
so hazardous an enterprise4 ,the primary
 and grand facility which this  true    
hero possessed for the attainment of his
 great design1 was his  intimate        
converse with the manners and language  
of the natives1--obtained  during his   
captivity not long before1--which1      
making way at once to the  hearts of his
 auditory1 was an irresistible passport 
to their heads and  their               
understandings4    ,in the sequel of    
this volume it will be fully shown1 that
 when ,st4 ,patrick  entered upon his   
prescribed task1--towards the close of  
the fifth  century1--the monarch and his
 court were celebrating their pagan     

festival1  or preparing for it1 on the  
hill of ,tara4 ,can a nation be called  
,christian  where the sovereign and     
court are pagan8 ,or will a few         
exceptions from the  mass of the        
population be indulged with fortresses  
of imperishable  architecture1 while the
 nation at large took shelter within    
wattles and  walls of clay8--and that1  
too1 at a moment when ,christianity was 
considered a name of reproach1 and its  
few solitary abettors constrained  to   
exile or to degradation6    ,no sooner1 
however1 were the simplicities of       
,christianity expounded to the  natives 
through the medium of their native      
tongue1 than the refined  organism of   
the ,irish constitution1 habituated by  
discipline to sublime  pursuits1 took   
fire from the blaze of the sacred       
scintilla1 and enlisted  them as its    
heralds1 not only at home but throughout
 ,europe4    ,precisely at this instant 
it was that all the ancient names of    
places in  the island--recorded by      

,ptolemy from other foreign             
geographers--were  changed and          
new-modelled2 the converts--8ut in nova 
deditione0--not  thinking it sufficient 
to abandon the forms of their previous  
belief1 and  adopt the more pure one1 if
 they did not obliterate every vestige  
of  nominal association which could tend
 to recall their fancies to the         
religion which they relinquished4       
,accordingly1 from the names of         
,juernis1  ,macollicon1 ,rhigia1        
,nagnata1 ,rheba1 etc41 sprang up the   
names of  ,killkenny1 ,killmalloch1 and 
the thousand other names1 commencing    
with  8,kill10 to be met with in every  
district and subdivision throughout the 
country4    ,every corner was now the   
scene of ,christian zeal2 and every     
neophyte  strove to surpass his         
neighbour in evincing devotion to the   
newly-revealed  religion4 8,kills10 or  
little churches1--from the ,latin cella1
 now for  the first time                
introduced1--were built in the vicinity 

of every spot which  had before been the
 theatre of pagan adoration--whether as 
cromleachs1 as  ,mithratic caves1 or as 
,round ,towers4 ,these were the         
memorials of three  distinct species of 
paganism1 and were1 therefore1 now      
singled out as  appropriate sites for   
the erection of ,christian 8,kills10 the
 ruins of  which are still to be traced1
 contiguous to each of those idolatrous 
reminiscences1--disputing with the false
 divinities the very ground of  their   
worship1 and diverting the zeal of the  
worshippers from the creature  to the   
,creator4    ,nay1 to such a pitch did  
the crusaders1 in their conflict1 carry 
the  principle of their enthusiasm1 that
 many of them adopted the names of      
their late idols1 and intertwined those 
again--now ,christianly                 
appropriated--with the old favourite    
denominations of many of the            
localities4 ,for instance1 ,st4 ,shannon
 assumed that name from the river       
,shannon1 which was an object of        

deification some time before2 and ,st4  
,malloch adopted this name from the city
 of ,malloch1 that is1 the ,sun1 or     
,apollo1--the supreme idol of pagan     
,ireland's adoration1--from which again1
  with the prefix 8,kill10 he made the  
name ,kill-malloch1--the latter alone   
having been the ancient name of the     
place1 converted by ,ptolemy into       
8,macollicon02 which is only giving his 
,greek termination1 icon1 to the  ,irish
 word ,malloch1 and transposing1 for    
sound's sake1 the two middle  syllables4
    ,chaildee was the pious but         
appropriate epithet by which those      
patriarchs  of ,christianity thought fit
 to distinguish themselves4 ,the word   
means  associate of ,god4 ,having       
obtained the gospel from the see of     
,rome1 they  adhered implicitly--yet    
without conceding any superiority--to   
the ,roman  connection--agreeing in all 
the grand essentials of vital belief1   
and  differing only as to some minor    
points of ecclesiastical discipline4    

,this variance1 however1 has afforded   
handle to some lovers of  controversial 
doubt to maintain that ,ireland was     
never beholden to ,rome  for the gospel4
 ,the fallacy is disproved by the fact  
of all our early  neophytes betaking    
themselves1 for perfection in the       
mysteries of  revelation1 to the ,roman 
capital4 ,on one of which occasions it  
was that  ,montmorency himself brought  
over his hundred and fifty volunteers1  
to  accompany back one of those         
converted students1 who had gone there  
to  learn the very minuteness of the    
doctrine which the ,romans inculcated4  
,it was not1 remember1 for ordinary or  
secular education that they betook      
themselves to ,rome4 ,the academies of  
,ireland far surpassed it in  splendour4
 ,it was solely and exclusively to learn
 the particulars of their  faith2 and   
having once obtained this insight1 they 
continued in spiritual  unison with the 
tenets of that ,church1 as to all       
fundamental points of  doctrine2 never  

surrendering1 however1 the independence 
of their judgment1  nor bowing before   
the 8ipse dixit0 of any tribunal1--where
 reason was  to be the guide1--until    
forced by the conspiracy of ,pope       
,adrian ,,iv4 and  his countryman ,henry
 ,,ii4    ,how contemptible1 therefore1 
is the effort1 in the teeth of this     
exposure1  to identify the ,irish       
,chaildees with the ,egyptian ,cophtes6 
,there was no  one point in which they  
may be compared1 except their mutual    
poverty2  which1 however1 ,montmorency  
overlooks1 or rather contradicts1 making
 them  both wealthy1 and have banks even
 for their riches4 ,as1 however1 ,i look
  upon ,dr4 ,hurd#eh as somewhat a      
better authority1 you shall have what he
  says upon the subject--    8,among the
 ,ethiopians1 there are still to be     
found some monks1 called  ,coptics1 who 
first flourished in ,egypt1 but1 by no  
difficult sort of  gradation1 made their
 way into ,ethiopia4 ,they profess the  
utmost  contempt for all worldly things1

 and look upon themselves as a sort of  
terrestrial angels4 ,they are obliged to
 part with all their possessions  before
 they can enter upon a monastic life40  
,their discrepancy in doctrine is even  
still more notorious1 agreeing with  the
 ,chaildees only in a single instance   
also2 namely1 in both denying  the      
supremacy of the ,pope4 ,here are the   
,doctor's words3 8,they deny the  papal 
supremacy1 and1 indeed1 most parts of   
the popish doctrine1  particularly      
transubstantiation1 purgatory1 auricular
 confession1  celibacy of the clergy1   
and extreme unction20 all which1 save   
the  first1 the ,irish ,chaildees       
maintained in common with the see of    
,rome4    ,and now1 on the point of     
education1 ,i will content myself with  
,montmorency's own testimony1 which is  
to this effect1 viz43 8,only on the     
score of erudition it must be           
acknowledged that the ,irish theologian1
 as  history asserts1 did not only excel
 the modern ,greek and ,egyptian1 but   

his profound acquaintance with the      
sciences1 arts1 and laws of his         
country1 gave him an unrivalled         
superiority in the literary and         
civilised world40    ,what1 ,colonel6   
are those the 8barbarians08 ,is this    
what you mean by not  being conveniently
 situated within the enlightened and    
enlivening  influence of ,greek and     
,roman refinement8 ,alas6 you knew but  
little of the  real statement of the    
case2 whilst the illustrious ,fenelon1  
himself a  descendant of this boasted   
,rome1 thus more accurately avows1      
8that1  notwithstanding all the         
pretended politeness of the ,greeks and 
,romans1  yet1 as to moral virtue and   
religious obligations1 they were no     
better  than the savages of ,america40  
,i have been thus hurried on by the     
train of my thoughts1 without observing 
much of order or methodical arrangement4
 ,as my object is1 however1 the         
elucidation of truth1--not idle display1
 or vainglorious exhibition1--,i am     

sure my readers will scarce murmur at   
the course by which ,i shall have led   
them to that end2 in a question1        
moreover1 where so many adventurers have
  so miserably miscarried4      ,so much
 the rather1 thou celestial light1      
,shine inward1 and the mind through all 
her powers    ,irradiate4 ,there plant  
eyes2 all mist from thence    ,purge and
 disperse2 that ,i may see and tell     
,of things invisible to mortal sight4#ei
          ,,chapter ,,iv4      ,having  
thus disposed of the word               
8,cloic-teach10 which ,dr4 ,ledwich so  
relied upon1 as determining the         
character of these antique remains1 ,i  
take  leave1 evermore1 to discard the   
misnomer1 and draw attention to a name  
which ,i have never seen noticed as     
applied to any of those pyramidal       
edifices4 ,that which ,i allude to is   
8,cathoir ghall10 which means the       
8,cathedral or temple of brightness0    
78and delight0#fj72 not1 ,i must        
premise1 from any external daubing with 

which modern ,vandalism may have        
thought proper to incrust it1--as       
happened to that at ,swords1--but in    
evident reference to the solar and lunar
 light--the sources of life and         
generation--therein contemplated1 at    
once1 and interchangeably venerated4    
,the particular ,tower to which this    
epithet had been assigned--and which it 
obtained1 by way of eminence1 for its   
colossal superiority--is not now        
standing4#fa ,it rose about half a mile 
distant from the old castle of  ,bally  
,carbery1 in the barony of ,iveragh1 and
 county of ,kerry2 a place  where one   
would hope that the true designation of 
such phenomena would be  preserved most 
pure1 being aloof from the influence of 
exotic refinements1  and1 thus far1 free
 from that maudlin scepticism and       
laboured doubt  which a 8little         
learning0 too frequently superinduces4  
8,dear1 lovely bowers of innocence and  
ease1--    ,seats of my youth1 when     
ev'ry sport could please1--    ,how     

often have ,i loiter'd o'er thy green1  
,when humble happiness endear'd each    
scene6    ,how often have ,i paused on  
every charm1--    ,the shelter'd cot1   
the cultivated farm6    ,while all the  
village train1 from labour free1    ,led
 up their sports beneath the spreading  
tree40#fb    ,no combination of letters 
could possibly approach closer1 or      
convey to a  discerning mind greater    
affinity of meaning to anything1 than   
does the  above name to the description 
given of them in the twelfth century by 
,giraldus ,cambrensis1 who calls them   
8turres ecclesiasticas1 qu1 more  patri1
 arct sunt et alt1 nec non et rotund40  
,this definition1 vague as  it may seem1
 affords ample illumination1 when       
compared with the epithet  which ,i have
 above adduced1 to penetrate the        
darkness of this literary  nebula4 ,the 
word 8turres0 points out their          
constructional symmetry1 and            
8ecclesiasticas0 their appropriation to 
a religious use2 and what can  possibly 

be in stricter consonance with the tenor
 of this idea than  8,cathaoir ghall10  
or the ,temple of ,brightness1 which ,i 
have instanced  above as the vernacular 
appellation of one of those sanctuaries8
    ,should it be asked1 why did not    
,cambrensis1 at the time1 enter more    
fully  into the minuti of their detail8 
,i shall unhesitatingly answer1 it was  
because he knew nothing more about them4
 ,the ,irish had at that moment most    
lamentably dwindled into a degenerate   
race4 ,the noble spirit of their  heroic
 ancestors1 which had called forth those
 pyramids1 for the twofold  and mingled 
purpose of religion and science1 had    
already evaporated2  and all the        
historian could glean1 in prosecuting   
his inquiries as to  their era and      
cause1 was that their antiquity was so  
remote1 that some of  them may be even  
seen immersed beneath the waters of     
,lough ,neagh1#fc  which had been       
occasioned many ages before by the      
overflowing of a  fountain4#fd    ,let  

us now turn to the annals of the 8,four 
,masters10 which record the  destruction
 of ,armagh1 ,a4,d4 #iie1 by a flash of 
lightning1 and see under  what name they
 include the ,round ,towers in the      
general catastrophe4 ,here  is the      
passage at full length1 as given by     
,o',connor--8,ardmaeha do lose do  tene 
saighnein1 ettir tighib1 #gfe           
,domhuliacc1 #g ,cloic teacha1 #g       
,fiadh-,neimhedh02 that is1 ,armagh     
having been set on fire by lightning1   
its houses1 its cathedrals1 its         
belfries1 and its ,fiadh-,neimhedh1 were
  all destroyed4    ,the ,ulster ,annals
 have registered the same event in the  
following  words3--8,tene diait do      
gabail ,airdmaeha conafarcaibh ,dertach1
 na  ,damliacc1 na h ,erdam1 na         
,fidh-,nemead ann cen loscadh02 that is1
 ,lightning  seized upon ,armagh1 to so 
violent a degree1 as to leave neither   
mansion1  nor cathedral1 nor belfry1 nor
 ,fiadh-,nemeadh1 undemolished4    ,here
 we find ,fiadh-,nemeadh to occur in    

both accounts1 while the belfries  are  
represented in one place as ,cloic      
teacha1 and in the other as  ,erdam1 and
 in both are opposed to1 and            
contradistinguished from1 the           
,fiadh-,nemeadh4 ,our business now is to
 investigate what this latter word      
conveys2 and though ,i do not mean1 for 
a while1 to develop its true            
interpretation1--of which ,i am the sole
 and exclusive depositary1--yet  must ,i
 make it apparent1 that by it--whatever 
way it must be rendered--all  before me 
have understood1 were emphatically      
designated our ,sabian ,towers4  ,thus  
,colgan in his ,acts1 p4 #big1 referring
 to these words of the ,four  ,masters1 
says3 8,anno #iie1 ,ardmaeha cum        
,basilicis1 ,turribus1 aliisque  omnibus
 edificiis1 incendio ex fulmine         
generato1 tota vastatur40    ,o',connor 
also1 wishing to wrest its import to his
 favourite theory of  there having been 
gnomons1 while ignorant of its proper   
force1 indulges  in a conjecture of the 

most lunatic ostentation1 and translates
  ,fiadh-,nemeadh by celestial indexes4 
,but though the word does not literally 
signify either 8,towers0--as  ,colgan1  
for want of a better exposition1 has set
 forth--or 8celestial  indexes0--as     
,o',connor1 equally at a loss for its   
proper meaning1 has  ventured to        
promulgate1 yet is it indisputable that 
it stood as the  representative of those
 enigmatical edifices1 as well as that  
both  writers had the same structures in
 view as comprehended under the tenor of
  this mysterious denomination4#ff      
,these annals ,i look upon in three     
different lights as invaluable          
documents--firstly1 as they prove the   
existence of those edifices at the  date
 above assigned2 secondly1 as they show 
that they were distinct things  from the
 belfries--whether cloicteach or        
erdam--which shared their  disaster2    
and1 thirdly1 because that1 even        
admitting of ,o',connor's               
mistranslation1 it gives us an insight  

into their character more  fortuitous   
than he had anticipated4 ,celestial     
indexes6#fg ,could any one  be so silly 
as for a moment to suppose that this was
 a mere allusion to  the circumstance of
 their height8 ,no2 it was no such      
casual epithet1 or  witty effort of     
hyperbole2 but it was1 what ,sallust has
 so truly said of  the ,syrtes1 8nomen  
ex re inditum40    ,the identity between
 this island and the 8,insula           
,hyperboreorum0 of  ,hecatus being to be
 completely established in an ensuing   
chapter1--the  bungling of natives and  
the claims of externs                   
notwithstanding1--,i  shall not hesitate
 to assume as proved1 that ours was the 
8island0  described4    ,allow me then  
to draw your attention to an extract    
from ,diodorus's  report                
thereof3--8,they affirm also10 says he1 
8that the moon is so  seen from this    
island1 that it appears not so distant  
from the earth1  and seems to present on
 its disk certain projections like the  

mountains  of our world4 ,likewise that 
the ,god ,apollo in person visits this  
island  once in nineteen years1 in which
 the stars complete their  revolutions1 
and return into their old positions2 and
 hence this cycle  of nineteen years is 
called1 by the ,greeks1 the great year40
    ,who is it that collates this       
description with the 8celestial         
indexes0#fh  above produced1 that is    
not1 at once1 struck with the felicity  
of the  coincidence8 ,on earth1 what    
could celestial indexes mean but such as
  were appropriated to the contemplation
 of the heavenly bodies8--just as  the  
name of 8,zoroaster0--which1 in the     
,persian language1 signifies  8clorum   
observator10 that is1 star-gazer1 or    
observer of the  heavens--was given to  
,zerdust1 the great patriarch of the    
,magi1 from his  eminence and delight in
 astronomical pursuits4    ,now1 8the   
moon being so seen from this island that
 it appears not so  distant from the    
earth10 is so obvious a reference to the

 study of  astronomy that it would be   
almost an insult to go about to prove   
it2 but  when it is said that 8it       
presents on its disk certain projections
 like  the mountains of our world10 it  
not only puts that question beyond the  
possibility of dispute1 but argues      
furthermore a proficiency in that       
department1 which it is the fashion     
now-a-days to attribute only to  modern 
discoveries4    ,but have we any        
evidence of having ever had amongst us1 
in those 8olden  times10 men who by     
their talents could support this        
character8 ,hear what  ,strabo says of  
,abaris1 whom 8,hecatus and others      
mention0 as having been  sent by his    
fraternity from the 8island of the      
,hyperboreans0 to ,delos1  in ,greece1  
in the capacity of a sacred ambassador1 
where he was equally  admired for his   
knowledge1 politeness1 justice1 and     
integrity4 8,he came10  says ,strabo1   
8to ,athens1 not clad in skins like a   
,scythian1 but with a  bow in his hand1 

a quiver hanging on his shoulders1 a    
plaid wrapt about  his body1 a gilded   
belt encircling his loins1 and trousers 
reaching from  the waist down to the    
soles of his feet4 ,he was easy in his  
address1  agreeable in his conversation1
 active in his despatch1 and secret in  
his  management of great affairs2 quick 
in judging of present occurrences1 and  
ready to take his part in any sudden    
emergency2 provident withal in  guarding
 against futurity2 diligent in the quest
 of wisdom2 fond of  friendship2        
trusting very little to fortune1 yet    
having the entire  confidence of others1
 and trusted with everything for his    
prudence4 ,he  spake ,greek with a      
fluency1 that you would have thought he 
had been bred  up in the ,lyceum1 and   
conversed all his life with the ,academy
 of  ,athens40#fi    ,this embassy is   
ascertained to have taken place ,b4,c4  
#fjj2 and from what  shall be elsewhere 
said of the 8island of the              
,hyperboreans0--coupled with  the       

circumstance of the orator ,himerius    
having called this individual a         
,scythian1 which ,strabo would seem to  
have insinuated also--we can be at no   
loss in tracing him to his proper home4 
8,far westward lies an isle of ancient  
fame1    ,by nature blessed1 and ,scotia
 is her name2    ,an island             
rich--exhaustless in her store    ,of   
veiny silver and of golden ore2    ,her 
verdant fields with milk and honey flow1
    ,her woolly fleeces vie with virgin 
snow1    ,her waving furrows float with 
verdant corn1    ,and ,arms and ,arts   
her envied sons adorn40    ,such is the 
description of ,ireland given by        
,donatus1 bishop of ,etruria1 in  #hjb2 
and ,i have selected it among a thousand
 other authorities of similar  import1  
to show that ,scotia or ,scythia was    
one1 and the last1 of the  ancient names
 of this country2#gj while the name of  
8,hyperborean0 was  the distinctive     
character assigned thereto1 not only as 
descriptive of its  locality towards the

 north1 but as worshipping the wind     
,boreas4    ,did ,i not apprehend it    
might be considered irrelevant to the   
scope of this  work1 ,i could easily    
prove that the amity1 said by ,hecatus  
to have been  cemented on the occasion  
of the visit above alluded to1 was not  
that of a  mere return of courteous     
civilities for a casual intercourse1 but
 one of a  far more tender and familiar 
nature1 viz4 the recognition on both    
sides  of their mutual descent from one 
common origin3 the same people who had  
settled in this country1 and imported   
the mysteries of their magic            
priesthood1 being akin to the first     
settlers on the coasts of ,greece1      
which they impregnated with similar     
initiation4 ,i am anticipated1 of       
course1 to have meant the ,pelasgi1 who1
 under another name1 belonged to  the   
same hive as the ,indo-,scyth1 or       
,chaldean ,magi1 or                     
,tuath-de-danaan1--as the head tribe    
thereof were called1--who1 having       

effected an establishment on this happy 
isle1 aloof from the intrusion  of      
external invasion or internal           
butcheries1 were allowed to cultivate   
the  study of their favourite rites1 the
 fame and eminence of which had         
obtained for its theatre1 of all        
nations1 the designation of 8sacred40   
,but  ,i fear it would be encroaching   
upon the patience of my readers1 and    
besides anticipating1 in point of order1
 what may by and by follow4    ,an      
inconsistency1 however1 appears in the  
details1 which ,i cannot here  well     
overlook4 ,it is this4 ,himerius has    
called this our ambassador a            
8,scythian02 and ,strabo has affirmed1  
that he was 8not clad like a            
,scythian40 ,how1 then1 shall ,i cut    
this knot8 ,thus4 ,abaris1 as his name  
implies1 was one of the ,boreades1 or   
priests of ,boreas1 belonging to the    
,tuath-de-danaan colony in this island1 
who were subdued about six hundred      
years before this event by the          

,scythians1 whose dress1 as well as     
manners1  differed in all particulars   
from those of their religious and       
learned  predecessors4    ,but though   
the ,scythians1 from state policy1 had  
suppressed the  temple-worship when they
 deposed from the throne their          
antecedent  ,hyperboreans1 they were but
 too sensible of their literary value   
not to  profit by their services in the 
department of education4 ,hence it came 
to  pass1 that the ,boreades were still 
indulged with their favourite costume1  
while the inferior communities were     
obliged to conform to the rules and  the
 fashions of the ascendant dynasty4 ,in 
a short time1 however1 the  ,scythian   
,druids superseded the ,danaan          
,boreades1 by the influence of their    
own instruction2 and the consequence was
 that of that graceful garb1 in  the    
folds of which our ancient high priests 
officiated at the altar1 or  exhibited  
in the senate1 not a single vestige is  
now to be traced except  in the word    

,god1 ,phearagh1 whom ,i shall anon     
introduce1 and in the  highlands of     
,scotland1 where a remnant of those     
,hyperborean or ,danaan  priests took   
shelter from the ruthless ,picts1       
resigning to those  remorseless and     
intolerant persecutors the ground of the
 only two temples  which they were able 
there to raise1 as the last resort of   
their hopes1  and the solace of their   
exile4#ga    ,nor is it alone as        
accounting for the circumstance of      
costume that the  above explanation     
deserves the reader's regard4 ,an       
additional insight is  afforded1 by its 
enabling us to account for that         
boundless superiority  which1 the ,irish
 ,druids possessed over all other bodies
 of the same  denomination all over the 
world4 ,originally1 the ,druids were an 
humble set  of men1 without science1    
without letters1 without pretensions to 
refinement2 but having succeeded here to
 the fraternity of the  accomplished    
,danaan ,boreades1 who1 in the          

revolution of affairs1 were  forced to  
communicate their acquirements to the   
opposite but prevailing  priesthood1    
those latter so far profited by the     
ennobling opportunity1 as  to eclipse   
all other ,druids1 as well in ,europe as
 in ,africa4    ,csar1 in his           
,commentaries1 bears direct testimony to
 their astronomical  research1 saying3  
8,multa prterea de sideribus atque eorum
 motu1 de mundi  ac terrarum            
magnitudine1 de rerum natur ac deorum   
immortalium vi ac  potestate disputant  
ac juventuti transdunt40--,de ,bel4     
,gal4 lib4 #a-f1 c4  xiv4 ,pomponius    
,mela1 also confirming the fact1 says3  
8,hi terr mundique  magnitudinem ac     
forman1 motus cli ac siderum1 ac quid   
,dii velint scire1  profitentur40--,de  
,situ ,orbis1 lib4 #c1 c4 ii4 ,these two
 latter  authorities1 ,i admit1 were    
more immediately directed to the ,druids
 of  ,britain2 but as it is agreed on   
all hands that that body of             
religionists had received the seeds of  

their instruction from the ,irish       
,magi1 who were infinitely their        
superiors in all literary               
accomplishments1 ,i think we may be     
warranted in extending the commendation 
to ,ireland also1 as the writers        
indubitably included it under the       
general name of ,britain4    ,but were  
all external testimonies silent on the  
matter1 and mercenary  vouchers even    
assert the reverse1 the internal        
evidence of our language  itself1 a     
language so truly characterised as 8more
 than three thousand  years old10 would 
afford to the ingenious and             
disinterested inquirer the  most        
convincing proof of the ground which ,i 
have assumed4 ,in that  language--and   
the writer of this essay ought to know  
something of  it--there is scarcely a   
single term appertaining to time1 from  
la a day1  derived from liladh1 to turn 
round1--in allusion to the diurnal      
revolution1--up to bleain1 a year1      
compounded of ,bel1 the sun1 and  ,ain1 

a circle1 referring to its annual orbit1
 that does not1 in its  formation and   
construction1 associate the idea with   
the planetary courses1  and thereby     
evince1 not only an astronomical taste1 
but that astronomy was  the 8ruling     
passion0 of those who spoke it4    8,the
 ,irish language10 says ,davies1 an     
intelligent and respectable ,welsh      
writer1 8appears to have arrived at     
maturity amongst the ,iapetid1 while    
they were yet in contact with ,araman   
families1 and formed a powerful  tribe  
in ,asia ,minor and in ,thrace4 ,it may1
 therefore1 in particular  instances1   
have more similitude or analogy to the  
,asiatic dialects than  what appears in 
those branches of the ,celtic that were 
matured in the west  of ,europe4 ,those 
who used this language consisted partly 
of ,titans1 of  ,celto-,scythians1 or of
 those ,iapetid who assisted in building
 the city  of ,babel1 and must have been
 habituated1 after the dispersion1 to   
the  dialects of the nations through    

which they passed1 before they joined   
the  society of their brethren40 ,we    
thank this learned author for the       
flattering notice which he has been     
pleased to take of us2 and though1 in   
his subsequent remarks1 he steers far   
wide of our true pedigree1 yet a        
concession so important as that even    
here adduced1 must command at least  our
 becoming acknowledgments4    ,the      
splendid examples which we have had of  
primitive teachers of  ,christianity in 
this kingdom1 and whom ,ledwich himself1
 reluctant as he  was to afford ordinary
 justice to ,irish merit1 is obliged to 
praise1 were  not more remarkable for   
the sanctified zeal and enthusiastic    
devotion with  which they propagated the
 ,gospel1 than they were for the        
diversified range  of their literary    
acquirements1 and the moral sublimity of
 their ideas and  conceptions4#gb       
,speaking of a production belonging to  
one of these  worthies1 ,ledwich        
remarks3 8,in this tract we can discover

 ,cumman's  acquaintance with the       
doctrine of time1 and the chronological 
characters4  ,he is no stranger to the  
solar1 lunar1 and bissextile years1 to  
the  epactal days1 and embolismal       
months1 nor to the names of the ,hebrew1
  ,macedonian1 and ,egyptian months4 ,to
 examine the various cyclical systems1  
and to point out their construction and 
errors1 required no mean  abilities3 a  
large portion of ,greek and ,latin      
literature was also  necessary40#gc     
,here ,i would have it distinctly       
noticed1 that the above-mentioned       
individuals who shone in the galaxy of  
our early ,christian constellations1    
had been but just converted from        
paganism by ,st4 ,patrick1 and          
consequently  were not indebted for this
 8learned lore0 to the ,romish          
missionaries1 but  to the more elevated 
genius of their native institutions4    
,this it was that  enabled them to make 
those astronomical observations which   
our annals  commemorate2 and who can    

say1 amidst the decay of time1 the      
ravages of  persecution1 and the fury of
 fanaticism1 what tomes of such labours 
has  not the world lost8 ,some few1     
however1 remain1 of which we shall      
adduce  some by way of specimen4 ,solar 
eclipses of #die1 #ffd1 #haj1 #hhd2     
lunar1 of  #fgc1 #gag1 #gcc1 #hjg1 #hgg2
 solar and lunar1 #hfd2 a comet #iaa1   
are recorded  in our annals4    ,those  
of the 8,four ,masters0 additionally    
record certain extraordinary  celestial 
phenomena in #gdc3--8,vis sunt stell    
quasi de clo cadere40  ,again1 in #gdd1 
they observe3 8,hoc anno stell item de  
clo frequentes  deciderunt02 while it   
cannot be too diligently noted1 8that1  
when the rest  of ,europe1 as ,vallancey
 so justly remarked1 through ignorance  
or  forgetfulness1 had no knowledge of  
the true figure of the earth1 in the    
eighth century1 the rotundity and true  
formation of it should have been  taught
 in the ,irish schools10 which we shall 
by and by more pointedly  advert to4    

,it thus appears manifest that the      
,irish must1 at one time1 have not only 
possessed1 but excelled in1 the science 
of astronomy4 ,how did they acquire  it8
 is the next question4 8,ad illa mihi   
pro se quisque acriter intendat         
animum40 ,in that passage of ,diodorus1 
to which ,i have already referred1 we   
find the following appropriate          
characteristic3--8,it is affirmed that  
,latona was born there1 and that1       
therefore1 the worship of ,apollo is    
preferred to that of any other ,god2 and
 as they daily celebrate this deity     
with songs of praise1 and worship him   
with the highest honours1 they are      
considered as peculiarly the priests of 
,apollo1 whose sacred grove and         
singular temple of round form1 endowed  
with many gifts1 are there40    ,now1 it
 is universally known that ,apollo1     
which1 8according to the learned        
,pezron1 is no other than ,ap-haul1 or  
the son of the ,sun10 was understood  by
 the ancients only essentially to typify

 that powerful planet1 8which  animates 
and imparts fecundity to the universe1  
whose divinity has been  accordingly    
honoured in every quarter by temples and
 by altars1 and  consecrated in the     
religious strains of all nations0 and   
all climes4    ,his being peculiarly    
worshipped in this island only shows the
 intimate  knowledge it possessed of the
 mysteries of the solar system2 and that
  near converse which we have been      
already told it possessed with the moon1
  is confirmation the most positive of  
this explanation4    ,let me here again 
recall to the reader's mind the name of 
,cathaoir  ,ghall1 or temple of         
brightness1 which ,i have before        
adduced1 and when  we compare all with  
the celestial indexes recorded in our   
annals1 the  conclusion is inevitable1  
that the ,round ,towers of ,ireland were
  specifically constructed for the      
two-fold purpose of worshipping the ,sun
  and ,moon--as the authors of          
generation and vegetative heat--and1    

from  the nearer converse which their   
elevation afforded1 of studying the     
revolutions and properties of the       
planetary orbs4 ,let me1 however1 before
  elucidating the era of their actual   
erection1 with their ,phallic form  and 
their further use1 revert to the ,mosaic
 history for the groundwork  of my      
development4      8,and chiefly thou1 ,o
 ,spirit6 that dost prefer    ,before   
all temples th' upright heart and pure1 
,instruct me1 for thou know'st2 thou    
from the first    ,wast present1 and1   
with mighty wings outspread1            
,dove-like sat'st brooding on the vast  
abyss1    ,and mad'st it pregnant4 ,what
 in me is dark1    ,illumine6 what is   
low1 raise and support6    ,that to the 
height of this great argument    ,i may 
assert eternal ,providence1    ,and     
justify the ways of ,god to man40#gd    
,,chapter ,v4      ,nimrod1 the son of  
,cush1 8the mighty hunter before the    
,lord10 was the  first person1#ge       
according to ,vossius1#gf who introduced

 the worship of  the sun as a deity4    
,disgusted with the roving character of 
his previous  life1 and tired of        
peregrination1 he resolves to build     
himself a permanent  abode1 and         
persuades his followers to embark in the
 design1 8lest they be  scattered abroad
 upon the face of the whole earth40#gg  
,mankind had  already relapsed into the 
follies of their antediluvian ancestors4
 ,the  awful lesson of the watery       
visitation was read to them in vain1 and
 again  they verified what ,god had     
before that memorable epoch with sorrow 
declared1 8that every imagination of the
 thoughts of their hearts was only  evil
 continually40#gh    ,in ,babel1 the    
city thus agreed upon to be built1 as   
the anchor of their  stability and the  
basis of their renown1--we find a       
8,tower0 mentioned1  8whose top may     
reach10 says our version 7but should it 
not rather be  point87 towards heaven4  
,what was the object of this            
architectural elevation8    ,not        

certainly1 as some have supposed1 as a  
place of refuge in apprehension  of a   
second deluge2 for in that case1 it is  
probable1 they would have  built it on  
an eminence1 rather than on a plain1    
whereas the ,bible  expressly tells us  
they had selected the latter4    ,much  
less could it be1 what the poets have   
imagined1 for the purpose of  scaling   
the celestial abodes1 and disputing with
 ,jehovah the composure of  ,his        
sovereignty4    ,what1 then1 was it     
intended for8    ,undoubted as an       
acknowledgment1 however vitiated and    
depraved1 of  dependence upon that      
,being1 whose acts shine forth in       
universal love1 but  whose spiritual    
adoration was now partially lost sight  
of1 or merged in  the homage thus       
primarily tendered to the lucid         
offspring of his  omnipotent fiat4      
,this tower1 so erected by ,nimrod1 in  
opposition to the established system  of
 religious belief1 and which1           
therefore--but from a nobler reason than

  what was generally imagined1 viz4 his 
researches in astronomy1 and the        
application thereto of                  
instruments--procured him the           
appellation of  rebel from nemh1 heaven1
 and rodh1 an assault1 was1 ,i hesitate 
not  to say1 a temple constructed to the
 celestial host1 the sun1 moon1 and     
stars1 which constituted the substance  
of the ,sabian idolatry4#gi    ,shinaar1
 in ,mesopotamia1 was the theatre of    
this dread occurrence--this  appalling  
spectacle at once of man's weakness and 
,god's omnipotence3--,here  the ,noachid
 had been then fixed2 and the name by   
which this innovation  upon their       
previous usages is transmitted1 viz4    
,ba-,bel1 corroborates the  destination 
above assigned4#hj    ,the word 8,baal10
 in itself an appellative1 at first     
served to denote the  true ,god amongst 
those who adhered to the true religion2 
though1 when it  became common amongst  
the idolatrous nations1 and applied to  
idols1 ,he  rejected it4 8,and it shall 

be in that day that you shall call me   
,ishi1 and  shall call me no more       
,baali40#ha ,another name by which the  
,godhead was  recognised was ,moloch4   
,the latter1 indeed1 in accuracy of     
speech was the  name assigned him by the
 ,ammonites and ,moabites--both terms1  
however1  corresponded in sense1        
8,moloch0 signifying king1 and 8,baal0  
,lord1 that is1  of the heavens2 whence 
transferring the appellation to the     
,sun1 as the  source and dispenser of   
all earthly favours1 he was also called 
,bolati1 i4e41 8,baal the bestower10 as 
was the moon1 ,baaltis1 from the  same  
consideration3 whilst the direct object 
of their internal regard was  not1      
undoubtedly1 that globe of fire which   
illumines the firmament and  vivifies   
terrestrials1 but1 physically           
considered1 nature at large1 the        
fructifying germ of universal           
generativeness4    ,the ,sun1 it is     
true1 as the source of light and heat1  
came in as  representative for all this 

adoration4 ,thus viewed1 then1 it would 
appear that the origin of the           
institution may have been comparatively 
harmless4 ,god being invisible1 or only 
appearing to mortals through the  medium
 of ,his acts1 it was natural that man1 
left to the workings of  unaided reason1
 should look on yon mysterious luminary 
with mingled  sentiments of gratitude   
and awe4 ,we have every reason1         
accordingly1 to  think1 that solar      
worship at first was only emblematical1 
recognising1 in  the effulgence of the  
orb of day1 the creative power of ,him1 
the      8,father of all1 in every age1 
,in every clime adored1    ,by saint1 by
 savage1 and by sage1      ,jehovah1    
,jove1 or ,lord0--    who sent it forth 
on its beneficent errand4    ,as such1  
originally they had no temples dedicated
 to the occasion2 they  met in the open 
air1 without the precincts of any       
earthly shrine3 there  they poured forth
 their vows and their thanksgivings1    
under the arial  canopy of the vaulted  

expanse2 nor can it be denied but that  
there was  something irresistibly       
impressive in such an assemblage of     
pious votaries1  paying their adoration 
to the throne of light in the natural   
temple of his  daily splendours4#hb     
,the degeneracy of man1 however1 became 
manifest in the sequel1 and1 from  the  
frequency of the act1 the type was      
substituted in room of the thing        
typified4 8,solum in clis deum putabant 
solem10 says ,philobibliensis1 in  his  
interpretation of ,sanchoniathon4 ,nor  
did it stop here1 but1 proceeding  in   
its progress of melancholy decay1 swept 
before it the barriers of  reason and   
moral light2 and1 from the bright       
monarch of the stars1 who  rules the    
day1 the seasons1 and the year1 with    
perpetual change1 yet  uniform and      
identical1 bowed before the grosser     
element of material  fire1 as his symbol
 or corporeal representative4    ,but   
the worst and most lamentable is yet    
untold4 ,the sign again occupied  the   

place of the thing signified1 and the   
human soul was prostrated1 and  human   
life often immolated1 to propitiate the 
favour of earthly fire1 now  by         
transition esteemed a god4 ,they had1 it
 is true1 from a faint  knowledge of the
 sacred writings1 and a perverted       
exercise of that  inspired authority1   
something like an excuse for1 at least1 
a decent  attention in the ordinary     
management of that useful article4 ,in  
,lev4 vi4  #ac it is said3 8,the fire   
upon the altar shall ever be burning1 it
 shall  never go out40 ,this injunction 
given by the ,lord to ,moses1 to remind 
,his  people of the constant necessity  
of sacrifice and prayer1 the ,gentiles  
misconstrued into reverence for the fire
 itself1 and 8quoniam omnes pravi       
dociles sumus10 hence the ready         
admission with which the doctrine was   
embraced1 and the general spread of that
 which was at first but partial  and    
figurative4    ,indeed we find that ,god
 ,himself had appeared to ,moses in a   

8flame of fire  in the midst of a bush0 
7,ex4 iii4 #b71 and in presence of the  
whole  ,israelitish host 7,ex4 xix4     
#ah74 8,the ,lord descended upon ,mount 
,sinai1 as  the smoke of a furnace20    
while in ,ex4 xiii4 #ba1 it is declared 
that 8the  ,lord went before them by day
 in a pillar of a cloud1 and by night in
 a  pillar of fire1 to give them light40
 ,so accordingly we find ,elijah1 #a    
,kings xviii4 #bd1 when challenging the 
priests of the false divinities1        
propose a decision by fiery ordeal4     
8,call you on the name of your gods10   
he says1 8and ,i will call upon the name
 of the ,lord3 and the ,god that        
answereth by fire1 let him be ,god2 and 
all the people answered1 it is  well    
spoken40    ,the infidels1 therefore1   
who could not concede any superiority to
 the  religion of the ,hebrews1 and yet 
could not deny those manifestations of  
divine support1 thought they best proved
 their independence by instituting  a   
rivalship1 and got thereby the more     

confirmed in their original  idolatry4  
,their bloody sacrifices themselves     
originated1 we may suppose1  in some    
similar way4 ,god must1 undoubtedly1    
have prescribed that rite to  ,adam1    
after his fall in ,paradise1 else how   
account for the 8skins0 with  which ,eve
 and he had covered themselves8 ,the    
beasts to which they belonged  could not
 have been slain for food2 for it was   
not till a long time after  that they   
were allowed to eat the flesh of        
animals4 ,we may1 therefore1  safely    
infer that it was for a sin-offering    
they had been immolated2 and  the       
subsequent reproof given to ,cain by the
 rejection of his oblation1  evidently  
for the non-observance of the exact mode
 of sacrifice  prescribed1 coupled with 
the command issued to ,abraham1 to try  
his  obedience1 by offering up his own  
son1 are undeniable proofs of the truth 
of this inference4    ,in 8,ur0 of the  
,chaldees1 a name which literally       
signifies 8fire10 the  worship of that  

element first originated4 ,thence it    
travelled in its  contaminating course1 
until all the regions of the earth got  
impregnated  therewith4 ,in ,persia1 a  
country with which this island had1 of  
old1 the  most direct communication1 we 
also find a city denominated 8,ur02 and 
who  does not know that the ,persians1  
having borrowed the custom from the     
,chaldean priests1 regarded fire with   
the utmost veneration8 ,numerous as     
were the deities which that nation      
worshipped1 8fire10 on every occasion1  
in every sacrifice--like the ,janus of  
the ,romans--was invoked the first4     
,their ,pyrea1 in which they not only   
preserved it ever burning1 but          
worshipped it as a deity1 have been     
noticed by ,brisson--but without the    
necessary adjunct of their being an     
innovation4    ,even the ordinary fire  
for culinary or social purposes         
participated in  some measure in this   
hallowed regard2 as they durst not1     
without violating  the most sacred      

rules1 and stifling the scruples of all 
their previous  education1 offer it the 
least mark of impious disregard1 or     
pollute its  sanctity by profane        
contact4    ,it was1 however1 only as   
symbolical of the sun that they1 like   
the  ,chaldeans1 paid it this           
extraordinary reverence--a reverence not
 limited  to mere religious rules1 but  
which exercised control over and biassed
 the  decisions of their most important 
secular transactions4 ,accordingly1 we  
learn from ,herodotus1 lib4 vii41 as    
quoted by ,cicero in 8,verrem10 that    
when ,datis1 the prefect of ,xerxes'    
fleet1 flushed with the result of his   
victory over ,naxos and the city of     
,eretria in ,euba1 might easily have    
made himself master of the island of    
,delos1 he however passed it over       
untouched in honour of that divinity    
before whom his country had bowed1      
having been sacred to ,apollo or the    
sun1 and reputedly his birthplace4      
,but do ,i mean to say that the ,round  

,towers of ,ireland were intended for   
the preservation of the sacred fire8    
,far1 very far indeed1 from it4 ,that   
some few of them were therewith         
connected--,i say connected1 not        
appropriated--may1 ,i think1 be well    
allowed2 nay1 it is my candid belief1   
so far as belief is compatible with a   
matter so unauthenticated4 ,but  having 
all through maintained that they were   
not all intended for one and  the same  
object1 ,i must have been understood1 of
 course1 by the numerous  supporters of 
that fashionable proposition as         
including fire-worship  within the      
compass of my several views4 ,i put it1 
however1 frankly to the  most ardent    
supporter of that theory1 who for a     
moment considers the  different bearings
 and peculiarities of those several     
structures1  comparing them first with  
one another1 and then with the          
description of  fire-receptacles which  
we read of elsewhere1 whether he can    
dispassionately bring himself to say    

that all our ,round ,towers1 or indeed  
above two of those at present remaining1
 could have been even calculated  for   
that purpose8    ,where1 let me ask1 is 
it they will suppose the fire to have   
been placed8  ,in the bottom8 ,no2 the  
intervening floors1 of which the        
,,greater ,,portion  retain evident     
traces1 would not only endanger the     
conflagration of the  whole edifice1 as 
it is most probable that they were made 
of wood1 but  would also prevent the    
egress of the smoke through the four    
windows at the  top1 for which use1 they
 tell you1 those apertures were         
inserted4    ,but ,i am answered that   
the tower of ,ardmore1 which has within 
it no  vestiges of divisional           
compartments1 could offer no hindrance  
to the  ascent of the smoke1 or its     
consequent discharge through the four   
cardinal openings4 ,to which ,i rejoin1 
that if there had ever been a fire      
lighted within that edifice1 and        
continued for any length of time1 as the

  sacred fire is known to have been kept
 perpetually burning1 it would have     
been impossible for the inner surface of
 that stately structure to  preserve the
 beautiful and white coating which it   
still displays through  the mystic      
revolutions of so many ages4 ,the same  
conclusion applies to the  tower of     
,devenish1 which1 though it has no      
inside coating1 yet must its  elegant   
polish have been certainly deteriorated1
 if subjected to the  action of a       
perpetual smoke4    ,illustration3      
,,ardmore4    ,the instance which is    
adduced of the four temples described by
 ,hanway in  his ,travels into ,persia1 
proves nothing4 ,it certainly           
corresponds with  the architectural     
character of some of our ,round ,towers1
 but leaves us as  much in the dark as  
to the era and use of both as if he had 
never made  mention of any such         
occurrence4    ,to me it is as obvious  
as the noon-day sun that they too on    
examination  would be found of a more   

comprehensive religious tendency than   
what could  possibly relate to the      
preservation of the sacred fire2 for it 
is well  known that when temples were at
 all appropriated to this consecrated   
delusion1 it was within a small crypt or
 arched vault--over which the  temple   
was erected--that it was retained4 ,the 
,ghebres or ,parsees1 the  direct       
disciples of ,zoroaster1 the reputed    
author of this improved  institution1   
8build their temples10 says             
,richardson1#hc 8over  subterraneous    
fires40    ,whenever a deviation from   
this occurred1 it was in favour of a low
  stone-built structure1 all            
over-arched1 such as that which ,hanway 
met  with at ,baku1 and corresponding in
 every particular with the edifices  of 
this description to be seen at          
,smerwick1 county ,kerry1 and elsewhere 
throughout ,ireland4#hd    ,the         
fire-house which ,captain ,keppel       
visited at a later period at ,baku1 in  
#ahbd1 was a small square building1     

erected on a platform1 with three       
ascending steps on each side1 having a  
tall hollow stone column at every  side1
 through which the flame was seen to    
issue1 all in the middle of a           
pentagonal enclosure--comprising also a 
large altar1 whereon naphtha was  kept  
continually burning4    ,now1 could     
anything possibly correspond more       
minutely with ,strabo's  description of 
the ,pyratheia than does this last      
account8 8,they are10 he  says1 8immense
 enclosures1 in the centre of which was 
erected an altar1  where the ,magi used 
to preserve1 as well a quantity of      
ashes1 as the  ever-burning fire        
itself40 ,and could anything possibly be
 more opposite  to our ,round ,towers   
than all these accounts8    ,when1      
therefore1 we are told#he that at the   
city of ,zezd in ,persia--which  is     
distinguished by the apellation of      
,darub ,abadat1 or seat of              
religion--the ,ghebres are permitted to 
have an ,atush ,kidi1 or fire-temple1   

which they assert had the sacred fire in
 it since the days of ,zoroaster1  we   
must be prepared to understand it as    
corresponding in architectural          
proportion with one or other of the     
instances just now detailed2 and in     
truth1 from recent discovery1 ,i have   
ascertained--since the above was        
composed--that it is nothing more than a
 sorry hut4    ,but ,pennant's view of  
,hindostan is brought forward as at once
 decisive of  the matter4 ,what says    
,mr4 ,pennant1 however8 8,all the people
 of this part  of ,india are ,hindoos1  
and retain the old religion1 with all   
its  superstition4 ,this makes the      
pagodas here much more numerous than in 
any  other part of the peninsula2 their 
form too is different1 being chiefly    
buildings of a cylindrical or round     
tower shape1 with their tops  either    
pointed or truncated at the top1 and    
ornamented with something  eccentrical1 
but frequently with a round ball stuck  
on a spike3 this ball  seems intended to

 represent the sun1 an emblem of the    
deity of the  place40    ,to this       
ascription of this learned traveller ,i 
most fully1 most heartily  respond4     
,pagoda is a name invented by the       
,portuguese1 from the ,persian          
8,peutgheda10 meaning a temple of idols1
 in which they supposed them to  abound1
 but which in reality were only so many 
figures or symbols of the  8principle of
 truth10 the 8spirit of wisdom10 the    
8supreme essence10 and  other attributes
 of the ,godhead1 which1 ,i believe1    
they in a great measure  spiritually    
recognised4 ,those structures1          
therefore1 as the very word  implies1   
had no manner of relation to the sacred 
fire1 but they had to the  sun and moon1
 the supposed authors of generation and 
nutrition1 of  which fire was only the  
corrupt emblem2 and the different forms 
of their  constructural terminations1   
similar to those elsewhere described by 
,maundrell1 some being pointed1 and some
 being truncated1 harmonises  most aptly

 with the radial and hemispherical      
representations of the  two celestial   
luminaries1 as well as with that organ  
of human  procreation which we shall    
hereafter more particularly identify4   
,these  are the two ,baals dwelt so     
largely upon in the ,scriptures--,baal  
masculine1  the sun1 and ,baal feminine1
 the moon1 from both of which the       
,hindoos  derive their fabulous origin4 
,indeed it was from their extreme       
veneration  for the 8queen of night0    
that they obtained their very name2     
,hindoo  meaning1 in the ,sanscrit      
language1 the moon2 and accordingly we  
find among  them ,hindoo-buns1 that is1 
children of the moon1 as we do          
,surage-buns1  children of the sun1 the 
other parent of their fanciful          
extraction4    ,here then1 methinks1 we 
have at once a clue to the character of 
those  ,round ,towers so frequent       
throughout the ,east1 of whose history1 
however1  the ,orientals are as ignorant
 as we are here of our 8rotundities40   

,caucasus abounds in those columnar     
fanes1 and it must not be forgotten     
that ,caucasus has been claimed as the  
residence of our ancestors4 ,on ,teric  
banks1 hard by1 there is a very         
beautiful and lofty one as like as      
possible to some of ours4 ,the door is  
described as twelve feet from the       
ground1 level and rather oblong in its  
form4 ,lord ,valentia was so struck     
with the extraordinary similitude       
observable between some very elegant    
ones which he noticed in ,hindostan and 
those in this country1 that he  could   
not avoid at once making the comparison4
 ,the inhabitants1 he  observes1 paid no
 sort of regard to those venerable      
remains1 but pilgrims  from afar1 and   
chiefly from ,jynagaur1 adhering to     
their old religion1  used annually to   
resort to them as the shrines of their  
ancient worship4  ,yet in the ceremonies
 there performed we see no evidence of  
their  appropriation to the sacred      
fire--however tradition may have        

ascribed  them as once belonging to the 
,ghebres6 ,franklin mentions some he has
 seen  at ,nandukan1 as do other writers
 in other sites4 ,in short1 all through 
the  ,east they are to be met with1 and 
yet all about them is obscurity1 doubt1 
and mystery1 a proof at once of the     
antiquity of their date1 and of their   
not being receptacles for fire1 which1  
if the fact1 could be there no  secret4 
,yes1 ,i verily believe1 and ,i will as 
substantially establish1 that they      
were1 what has already been affirmed1 in
 reference to those in ,ireland1  viz4  
temples in honour of the sun and moon1  
the procreative causes of  general      
fecundity1 comprising in certain        
instances1 like them1 also the          
additional and blended purposes of      
funeral cemeteries and astronomical     
observatories4 ,the ,septuagint         
interpreters well understood their      
nature  when rendering the 8high place  
of ,baal0#hf by the ,greek   1  or      
,pillar of ,baal1 that is1 the pillar   

consecrated to the sun2 while the       
ancient ,irish themselves1 following in 
the same train1 designated those        
structures ,bail-toir1 that is1 the     
tower of ,baal1 or the sun1 and the     
priest who attended them1 ,aoi          
,bail-toir1 or superintendent of ,baal's
  tower4 ,neither am ,i without         
apprehension but that the name          
8,ardmore10  which signifies 8the great 
high place10 and where a splendid       
specimen of  those ,sabian edifices is  
still remaining1 was in direct reference
 to that  religious column2 but this en 
passant4    ,in the sepulchral opinion  
,i am not a little fortified by the     
circumstance of there being found at    
,benares pyramids corresponding in all  
respects1 save that of size1 to those in
 ,egypt1 having also subterranean       
passages beneath them1 which are said to
 extend even for miles together4 ,a     
column also1 besides a sphinx's head1   
which has been discovered not long      
since in digging amid the ruins of an   

ancient and unknown city1 on the  banks 
of the ,hypanis1 bearing an inscription 
which was found to differ on  being     
compared with ,arabic1 ,persia1         
,turkish1 ,chinese1 ,tartar1 ,greek1 and
  ,roman letters2 but bore 8a manifest  
and close similarity with the           
characters observed by ,denon on several
 of the mummies of ,egypt10 gives       
strength to the idea of the identity of 
the ,egyptian religion with that of  the
 ,indians1 as it does to the identity of
 destination of their respective        
pyramids4          ,,chapter ,,vi4      
,now if there be any one point of ,irish
 antiquity which our historians  insist 
upon more than another1 it is that of   
our ancestral connection with  the      
,egyptian kings4 ,in all their legends  
,egypt is mixed up--in all their        
romances ,egypt stands prominent1 which 
certainly could not have been so        
universal without something at least    
like foundation1 and must1  therefore1  
remove anything like surprise at the    

affinity our ancient  religion bore1 in 
many respects1 to theirs1 since they    
were both derived  from the same common 
origin4    ,i have already intimated my 
decided belief of the application of the
  ,egyptian pyramids to the combined    
purposes of religion and science4 ,the  
department of science to which ,i       
particularly referred was astronomy1 the
  cultivation of which was inseparably  
involved in all their religious  rites2 
for despite of the reverence which the  
,egyptians seemed to pay to  crocodiles1
 bulls1 and others of the brute         
creation1 in those they only  figured   
forth the several attributes1 all       
infinite1 in the divinity2 as  their    
worship1 like that of the ancient       
,irish1 was purely planetary1 or        
,sabian4    ,the ,indians too have      
images of the elephant1 horse1 and other
 such  animals1 chiselled out with the  
most studious care1 and to all intents  
and  purposes appear to pay them homage2
 but1 if questioned on the subject1     

they will tell you that in the sagacity 
of the former1 and the strength  and    
swiftness of the latter1 they only      
recognise the superior wisdom and  might
 of the ,all-good and ,all-great ,one1  
and the rapidity with which his  decrees
 are executed by his messengers4    ,if 
questioned more closely1 they will tell 
you that the ,brahmin is but  reminded  
by the image of the inscrutable         
,original1 whose pavilion is  clouds and
 darkness2 to him he offers the secret  
prayer of the heart2 and  if he neglects
 from inadvertence the external services
 required1 it is  because his mind is so
 fully occupied with the contemplation  
of uncreated  excellence1 that he       
overlooks the grosser object by which   
his impressions  were communicated4     
,then with respect to their subterranean
 temples or  ,mithratic caves1 of which 
we have so many specimens throughout    
this  island1 they affirm that the      
mysterious temple of the caverns is     
dedicated  to services which soar as    

much above the worship of the plain and 
uninstructed ,hindoo1 as ,brahma the    
invisible ,creator is above the good and
  evil genii who inhabit the region of  
the sky4 ,the world1 whose ideas are    
base and grovelling as the dust upon    
which they tread1 must be led by        
objects perceptible to the senses to    
perform the ceremonial of their         
worship2 the chosen offspring of ,brahma
 are destined to nobler and  sublimer   
hopes2 their views are bounded alone by 
the ages of eternity4    ,these         
specimens1 though brief1 will prove that
 the spirit of the religion  of ancient 
,india and ,egypt was not that farrago  
of mental prostration  which some have  
imagined4 ,no1 the stars1 as the abode1 
or immediate signal  of the ,deity1 were
 their primary study2 and even to this  
day1 depressed  and humiliated as the   
,indians are1 and aliens in their own   
country1 they  are not without some     
attention to their favourite pursuit1 or
 something  like an observatory to      

perpetuate its cultivation4 ,in ,may1   
#aggg1 a letter  from ,sir ,robert      
,baker to the ,president of the ,royal  
,society of ,london was  read before    
that body1 which details a complete     
astronomical apparatus  found at        
,benares1 belonging to the ,brahmins4   
,such is the remnant of that once       
enlightened nation1 the favourite       
retreat  of civilisation and the arts1  
which sent forth its professors into the
  most distant quarters of the world1   
and disseminated knowledge wherever     
they had arrived4 8,with the first      
accounts we have of ,hindostan10 says   
,crawford1 8a mighty empire opens to our
 view1 which in extent1 riches1 and  the
 number of its inhabitants1 has not yet 
been equalled by any one nation  on the 
globe4 ,we find salutary laws1 and an   
ingenious and refined system  of        
religion established2 sciences and arts 
known and practised2 and all of  these  
evidently brought to perfection by the  
accumulated experience of  many         

preceding ages4 ,we see a country       
abounding in fair and opulent  cities2  
magnificent temples and palaces2 useful 
and ingenious artists  employing the    
precious stones and metals in curious   
workmanship2  manufacturers fabricating 
cloths1 which in the fineness of their  
texture1  and the beauty and duration of
 some of their dyes1 have even yet been 
but  barely imitated by other nations4  
8,the traveller was enabled to journey  
through this immense country with  ease 
and safety2 the public roads were shaded
 with trees to defend him  from its     
scorching sun2 at convenient distances  
buildings were erected for  him to      
repose in1 a friendly ,brahmin attended 
to supply his wants2 and  hospitality   
and the laws held out assistance and    
protection to all  alike1 without       
prejudice or partiality4444 ,we         
afterwards see the empire  overrun by a 
fierce race of men1 who in the beginning
 of their furious  conquests            
endeavoured1 with their country1 to     

subdue the minds of the  ,hindoos4 ,they
 massacred the people1 tortured the     
priests1 threw down many  of the        
temples1 and1 what was still more       
afflicting1 converted some of  them into
 places of worship for their prophet1   
till at length1 tired with  the exertion
 of cruelties which they found to be    
without effect1 and  guided by their    
interest1 which led them to wish for    
tranquillity1 they  were constrained to 
let a religion and customs subsist which
 they found it  impossible to destroy4  
,but during these scenes of devastation 
and  bloodshed1 the sciences1 being in  
the sole possession of the priests1 who 
had more pressing cares to attend to1   
were neglected1 and are now almost      
forgotten40    ,i have dwelt thus long  
upon the article of ,india1 from my     
persuasion of  the intimate connection  
that existed at one time as to religion1
 language1  customs1 and mode of life   
between some of its inhabitants and     
those of  this western island4 ,i have  

had an additional motive1 and that was  
to  show that the same cause which      
effected the mystification that         
overhangs  our antiquities1 has operated
 similarly with respect to theirs1 and  
this brings me back to the subject of   
the ,round ,towers1 in the history1  or 
rather the mystery1 of which1 in both   
countries1 this result is most          
exemplified4    ,as to their            
appropriation1 then1 to the sacred fire1
 though ,i do not  deny that some of    
them may have been connected with it1   
yet  unquestionably too much importance 
has been attached to the vitrified      
appearance of ,drumboe tower as if      
necessarily enforcing our acquiescence  
in the universality of that doctrine4   
8,at some former time10 says the        
surveyor1 8very strong fires have been  
burned within this building1 and  the   
inside surface towards the bottom has   
the appearance of  vitrification40    ,i
 do not at all dispute the accident1 but
 while the vitrified aspect  which this 

tower exhibits is proof irresistible    
that no fire ever  entered those in     
which no such vitrification appears1 ,i 
cannot but  here too express more than a
 surmise that it was not the 8sacred    
fire10 which1 when religiously          
preserved1 was not allowed to break     
forth  in those volcanoes insinuated2   
but in a lambent1 gentle flame1         
emblematic of that emanation of the     
spirit of the ,divinity infused1 as     
light from light1 into the soul of man4 
8,hail1 holy ,light6 offspring of heaven
 first-born6    ,or of th' ,eternal     
co-eternal beam6    ,may ,i express thee
 unblamed8 ,since ,god is light1    ,and
 never but in unapproached light        
,dwelt from eternity2 dwelt then in     
thee1    ,bright effluence of bright    
essence increate6    ,or hear'st thou   
rather1 pure ethereal stream1    ,whose 
fountain who shall tell8 ,before the    
sun1    ,before the heavens1 thou wert1 
and at the voice    ,of ,god1 as with a 
mantle1 didst invest    ,the rising     

world of waters dark and deep1    ,won  
from the void and formless infinite40#hg
    ,but to prove that they were not    
appropriated to the ritual of           
fire-worship1 nay1 that their history   
and occupation had been altogether      
forgotten when that ritual now          
prevailed1 ,i turn to the glossary of   
,cormac1 first bishop of ,cashel1 who1  
after his conversion to  ,christianity1 
in the fifth century1 by ,st4 ,patrick1 
thus declares his  faith3--             
8,adhram do righ na duile    ,do dagh   
bhar din ar n' daone    ,lies gach      
dream1 leis gach dine    ,leis gach     
ceall1 leis gach caoimhe40    ,that is--
      8,i worship the ,king of the      
,elements1    ,whose fire from the      
mountain top ascends1    ,in whose hands
 are all mankind1    ,all punishment and
 remuneration40    ,no allusion here to 
8towers0 as connected with that fire so 
pointedly  adverted to4 ,and lest there 
should be any doubt as to the identity  
of  this fire with the religious element

 so frequently referred to1 we find  the
 same high authority thus critically    
explain himself in another place3  8dha 
teinne soinmech do gintis na draoithe   
con tincet laib moraib foraib1  agus do 
bordis1 na ceatra or teamandaib cacha   
bliadhna0--that is1 the  ,druids used to
 kindle two immense fires1 with great   
incantation1 and  towards them used to  
drive the cattle1 which they forced to  
pass between  them every year4    ,nay1 
when ,st4 ,bridget1 who was originally a
 pagan vestal1 and  consequently well   
versed in all the solemnities of the    
sacred fire1  wished1 upon her          
conversion to ,christianity1 ,a4,d4     
#dfg1 to retain this  favourite usage1  
now sublimated in its nature1 and       
streaming in a more  hallowed current1  
it was not in a 8tower0 that we find she
 preserved it1  but in a cell or low    
building 8like a vault10 8which10 says  
,holinshed1  whose curiosity1 excited by
 ,cambrensis's report1#hh had induced   
him to go  and visit the spot1 8to this 

day they call the fire-house40 ,it was a
  stone-roofed edifice about twenty feet
 square1 the ruins of which are  still  
visible1 and recognised by all around as
 once the preservative of  the sacred   
element4 ,when ,cambrensis made mention 
of this miraculous fire  of ,st4        
,bridget1 why did he not connect it with
 the ,round ,towers1 which  he mentions 
elsewhere8 ,he knew they had no         
connection1 and should not be           
associated4    ,but1 forsooth1 the      
,venerable ,bede has distinctly         
mentioned in the ,life of  ,st4         
,cuthbert that there were numerous fire 
receptacles1 remnants of  ancient       
paganism1 still remaining in this       
island6--,admitted4 ,but does it        
necessarily follow that they were the   
,round ,towers8#hi ,no3 here is the     
enigma solved--they were those low      
stone-roofed structures1 similar to     
what the ,persians call the             
8,atash-gah10 to be met with so commonly
  throughout all parts of this country1 

such as at ,ardmore1 ,killaloe1 ,down1  
,kerry1 ,kells1 etc4 etc4 ,the          
circumstance of ,st ,columbe having for 
a time  taken up his abode in this      
last-mentioned one1 gave rise to the    
idea that  he must have been its        
founder3 but the delusion is dispelled  
by comparing  its architecture with that
 of the churches which this             
distinguished  champion of the early    
,christian ,irish ,church had erected in
 ,iona1#ij  whose ruins are still to be 
seen1 and bear no sort of analogy with  
those  ancient receptacles4 ,struck1 no 
doubt1 with some apprehensions like the 
foregoing1 it is manifest that ,miss    
,beaufort herself1 while combating  most
 strenuously for the ,round ,towers as  
fire receptacles1 had no small          
misgiving1 nay1 was evidently divided as
 to the security of her position4       
8,from the foregoing statements10 she   
observes1 8a well-grounded conclusion   
may be drawn that these low fabrics are 
seldom found but in connection  with the

 towers1 and were designed for the      
preservation of the sacred  fire2 in    
some cases the lofty tower may have     
served for both  purposes40#ia ,the     
lofty tower1 ,i emphatically say1 was a 
distinct  edifice4    ,again1 when ,st4 
,patrick in person went round the       
different provinces to  attend the pagan
 solemnities at the respective periods  
of their  celebration1 we find no       
mention made of any such thing as a     
8tower0  occupying any part in the      
ritual of their religious exercises4    
,when he  first presented himself near  
the ,court of ,laogaire1 not far from   
the hill  of ,tara1 on the eve of the   
vernal equinox1 and lit up a fire before
 his  tent in defiance of the legal     
prohibition1 the appeal which we are    
told  his ,druids addressed to the      
monarch on that occasion was couched in 
the  following words3--8,this fire which
 has to-night been kindled in our       
presence1 before the flame was lit up in
 your palace1 unless  extinguished this 

very night1 shall never be extinguished 
at all1 but  shall triumph over all the 
fires of our ancient rites1 and the     
lighter of  it shall scatter your       
kingdom40 ,in this notification1 as ,i  
translate it  from ,o',connor's         
,prolegomena1 i4 c4 #ce1 there occur two
 terms to which ,i  would fain bespeak  
the reader's regard2 one is the word    
kindled1 which  implies the lighting up 
of a fire where there was none before2  
the second  is the word palace1 which is
 more applicable to a kingly residence  
or  private abode1 than to a columnar   
structure1 which would seem to demand  a
 characteristic denomination4           
,another objection more imposing in its 
character1 and to the local  antiquary  
offering no small difficulty to         
surmount1 is that those  above-mentioned
 low structures must have been erected  
by our first ,roman  missionaries1      
because that they bear the strongest    
possible affinity to  the finish and    
perfection of the early ,roman cloac or 

vaults4 ,this  difficulty1 however1 ,i  
thus remove3 no one in this enlightened 
age can  suppose that these stupendous  
specimens of massive and costly         
workmanship1  which we read of as being 
constructed by the ,romans in the very  
infancy of  their ,state1 could have    
been the erection of a rude people1     
unacquainted  with the arts4 ,the story 
of the wolf1 the vestal1 and the        
shepherd is no  longer credited2 ,rome  
was a flourishing and thriving city long
 before the  son of ,rhea was born1 and 
the only credit that he deserves1 as    
connected  with its history1 is that of 
uniting together under one common yoke  
the  several neighbouring communities1  
many of whom1 particularly the          
,etrurians1 were advanced in scientific 
and social civilisation1 conversant  not
 only with the researches of letters1   
and the arcana of astronomy1 but        
particularly masters of all manual      
trades1 and with none more profoundly   
than that of architecture4    ,but who1 

let me ask1 were those ,etrurians8 none 
others1 most undoubtedly1  than the     
,pelasgi or ,tyrseni1 another branch of 
our ,tuath-de-danaan  ancestors1 who1 as
 ,myrsilus informs us1 had erected the  
ancient wall  around the ,acropolis of  
,athens1 which is therefore styled1 by  
,callimachus1  as quoted in the ,scholia
 to the ,birds of ,aristophanes1 8the   
,pelasgic  ,wall of the ,tyrseni40 ,it  
is now a point well ascertained by      
historians  that what are termed by     
ancient writers ,cyclopean walls--as if 
intimating the work of a race of giants1
 while the true exposition of the  name 
is to be found in the fact of their     
having been constructed by a  caste of  
miners1 otherwise called arimaspi1 whose
 lamp1 which perhaps they  had fastened 
to their foreheads1 may be considered as
 their only  eye--were actually the     
creation of those ancient ,pelasgi1 and1
 as will  shortly appear1 should        
properly be called ,irish4#ib ,mycen1   
,argos1 and  ,tiryns1 in ,greece1 as    

well as ,etruria and other places in    
,italy1 the early  residences of this   
lettered tribe1 abound in relics of this
 ancient  masonry4 ,in all respects1 in 
all points1 and in all particulars it   
corresponds with that of those          
above-mentioned low1 stone-roofed1      
fire-receptacles1 so common in this     
island2 which must satisfactorily and   
for ever do away with the doubt as to   
why such features of similarity  should 
be observed to exist between our        
antiquities and those of ancient        
,greece and ,rome2 not less perceptible 
in the circumstance of those  edificial 
remains than in the collateral evidences
 of language and  manners4    ,the      
sacred fire1 once observed with such    
religious awe by every class1 and  in   
every quarter of this island1 was       
imported from ,greece into ,italy by    
the same people who had introduced it   
here4 ,let me not be supposed to        
insinuate that the people of the latter 
country1 modernly considered1  adopted  

the usage from those of the former      
country1 moderns also2 no1  there was no
 intercourse between these parties for  
many years after the  foundation of the 
western capital4 ,indeed it was not     
until the time of  ,pyrrhus that they   
knew anything of their respective       
existences1 whereas we  find that the   
vestal fire was instituted by ,numa1    
,a4,u4,c4 #da4 ,what ,i meant  therefore
 to say was1 that the same early people1
 viz4 the ,pelasgi1 who  had introduced 
it into ,greece1 had1 upon their        
expulsion from ,thessaly by  the        
,hellenes1 betaken themselves to        
,latium1 afterwards so called1 and      
there disseminated their doctrines not  
less prosperously than their  dominion4 
,numa was in his day profoundly skilled 
in all the mysteries of those  religious
 philosophers2 and his proffered        
elevation to the ,roman throne  was but 
the merited recompense of his venerable 
character4 ,his whole reign  was        
accordingly one continued scene of      

devotion and piety1 in which            
pre-eminently outshone his regard to    
,vesta1#ic in whose sanctuary was       
preserved the ,palladium1 8the fated    
pledge of ,roman authority10 and which  
too1 by the way1 ever connected as we   
see it was with the worship of  fire1   
would seem to make the belief respecting
 it also to be of ,oriental  origin4    
,this eastern extraction additionally   
accounts for that dexterous  ,state     
contrivance of client and patron        
established in the early ages of  the   
,roman government1 corresponding to our 
ancient clanship--both  evidently       
borrowed from the same ,indian castes4  
,i now address myself to another        
obstacle which has been advanced by an  
,irish lady1 and of the most deserved   
antiquarian repute1 whose classic  and  
elaborate treatise on this identical    
subject1 though somewhat  differently   
moulded1 has already won her the        
applause of that society  whose         
discriminating verdict ,i now           

respectfully await4 ,but as my object   
is truth1 divested as much as possible  
of worldly considerations1 and          
unshackled by systems or literary codes1
 ,i conceive that object will be  more  
effectually attained by setting inquiry 
on foot1 than by tamely  acquiescing in 
dubious asservations or abiding by      
verbal ambiguities4    ,what elicited   
this sentiment was ,miss ,beaufort's    
remark on the enactment  at ,tara1      
,a4,d4 #gi1 for the erection of a palace
 in each of the four  proportions       
subtracted by order of ,tuathal         
,teachmar1 from each of the four        
provinces to form the present county of 
,meath4 ,her words are as               
follow3--8,taking the landing of ,julius
 ,csar in ,britain1 in the year #ee     
before ,christ1 as a fixed point of     
time1 and counting back fifty years     
from that1 we shall be brought to about 
one hundred years before the  ,christian
 era1 at which time the introduction of 
the improvements and  innovations of    

,zoroaster1 and that also of fire       
towers1 may1 without  straining         
probability1 be supposed to have fully  
taken place4 ,that it  was not much     
earlier may be inferred from the        
before-mentioned ordinance  of the year 
#gi ,a4,d41 to increase the number of   
towers in the different  provinces40    
,with great submission ,i conceive that 
the error here incurred originated  on  
the lady's part1 from mistaking as      
authority the comment in the            
,statistical ,survey1 vol4 iii4 p4 #cbj1
 which runs thus3--8,it is quite        
evident from sundry authentic records1  
that these round towers were            
appropriated to the preservation of the 
,baal-thinne1 or sacred fire of  ,baal3 
first at the solemn convention at ,tara1
 in the year of ,christ #gi1 in  the    
reign of ,tuathal ,teachmar1 it was     
enacted1 that on the #cast of ,october  
annually1 the sacred fire should be     
publicly exhibited from the stately     
tower of ,tlactga1 in ,munster1 from    

whence all the other repositories of    
the ,baal-thinne were to be rekindled1  
in case they were by any accident       
allowed to go out4 ,it was also enacted1
 that a particular tower should be      
erected for that purpose in each of the 
other four provinces1 ,meath being  then
 a distinct province4 ,for this purpose 
the tax called ,scraball1 of  threepence
 per head on all adults1 was imposed40  
,well1 for this is quoted ,psalter of   
,tara1 by ,comerford1 p4 #ea2 on        
referring to which ,i find the text as  
thus3 8,he 7,tuathal7 also erected a    
stately palace in each of these         
proportions1 viz4 in that of ,munster1  
the  palace of ,tlactga1 where the fire 
of ,tlactga was ordained to be kindled  
on  the #cast of ,october1 to summon the
 priests and augurs to consume the      
sacrifices offered to their gods2 and it
 was also ordained that no other  fire  
should be kindled in the kingdom that   
night1 so that the fire to be  used in  
the country was to be derived from this 

fire2 for which privilege  the people   
were to pay a scraball1 which amounts to
 threepence every year1  as an          
acknowledgment to the ,king of ,munster4
 ,the second palace was in  that of     
,connaught1 where the inhabitants       
assembled once a year1 upon the  #ast of
 ,may1 to offer sacrifices to the       
principal deity of the island under  the
 name of ,beul1 which was called the    
,convocation of ,usneagh2 and on        
account of this meeting the ,king of    
,connaught had from every lord of a     
manor1 or chieftain of lands1 a horse   
and arms4 ,the third was at ,tailtean1  
in the portion of ,ulster1 where the    
inhabitants of the kingdom brought      
their children when of age1 and treated 
with one another about their  marriage4 
,from this custom the ,king of ,ulster  
demanded an ounce of silver  from every 
couple married here4 ,the fourth was the
 palace of ,teamor or  ,tara1 which     
originally belonged to the province of  
,leinster1 and where the  ,states of the

 kingdom met in a parliamentary way40   
,i now leave the reader to decide       
whether the word 8palace0 can be well   
used to represent an 8ecclesiastical    
tower10 or indeed any tower at all2  or 
whether it is not rather a royal        
residence for the several provincial    
princes1 that is meant to be conveyed2  
as is evident to the most  superficial1 
from the closing allusion to the palace 
of ,tara1 8where the  ,states of the    
kingdom met in a parliamentary way40    
,the impost of the  scraball1 ,i must   
not omit to observe1 has been equally   
misstated in the  survey2 for it was not
 for the purpose of erecting any        
structures1 but  as an acknowledgment of
 homage and a medium of revenue that it 
was  enforced1 as will appear most      
clearly on reverting to the original1   
and  comparing it with the other means  
of revenue1 which the other provincial  
kings were entitled to exact4 ,but what 
gives the complete overthrow to the     
doctrine which would identify those     

palaces with columnar edifices1 is  the 
fact that there are no vestiges to be   
found of ,round ,towers in any1         
certainly not in all of those four      
localities specially notified4 ,wells   
and ,donaghmore are the only ,round     
,towers now in the county ,meath1 and   
these are not included among the places 
above designated4          ,,chapter    
,,viii4      ,to wind up the matter1    
steadily and unequivocally ,i do deny   
that the ,round  ,towers of ,ireland    
were fire receptacles4 ,i go further1   
and deny that any  of those eastern     
round edifices which travellers speak   
of1 were ever  intended for fire        
receptacles3 that they were all pagan   
structures--and  temples                
too--consecrated to the most solemn and 
engrossing objects of  human pursuit1   
however erroneously that pursuit may    
have been directed1  ,i unhesitatingly  
affirm4 ,what then1 ,i shall be asked1  
was their design8 ,to  this ,i beg leave
 to offer a circumlocutory answer4      

,squeamishness may be  shocked1 and     
invidiousness receive a pretext1 but1   
the spirit being pure1  the             
well-regulated mind will always say1    
8,cur nescire1 pudens prav1 quam        
discere malo80#id    ,then be it known  
that the ,round ,towers of ,ireland were
 temples  constructed by the early      
,indian colonists of the country1 in    
honour of  that fructifying principle of
 nature1 emanating1 as was supposed1    
from  the sun1 under the denomination of
 ,sol1 ,phbus1 ,apollo1 ,abad or ,budh1 
etc4  etc42 and from the moon1 under the
 epithet of ,luna1 ,diana1 ,juno1       
,astarte1  ,venus1 ,babia or ,butsee1   
etc4 etc4 ,astronomy was inseparably    
interwoven  with this planetary         
religion2 while the religion itself was 
characterised  by enforcing almost as   
strict a regard to the body after death1
 as the  body was expected to pay to a  
,supreme ,essence before its mortal     
dissolution4 ,under this double sense   
then of funereal or posthumous  regard1 

as well as active and living devotion1  
must ,i be understood to  have used the 
expression1 when previously declaring   
that our ,sabian  rotundities were      
erected with the twofold view of        
religious culture and  the practice of  
that science with which it was so       
amalgamated4    ,to be explicit1 ,i must
 recall to the reader's mind the        
destination which  the ,brahmins        
assigned to the ,egyptian pyramids1 on  
hearing ,wilford's  description of      
them--viz4 that they were places        
appropriated to the  worship of         
,padma-devi4#ie ,before ,i proceed1     
however1 ,i must state that ,i  do not  
intend to make this the basis of what ,i
 shall designate my  disclosures4 ,it   
would be very foolish of me1 if hoping  
to dislodge a  world of long-established
 prejudice1 to use1 as my lever1 a ray  
shot  transversely from a volume which  
has been tarnished by forgery4 ,i need  
no  such aid1 as the sequel will show2  
and yet were it requisite1 no objection 

would be valid1 as the 8,pundit0 could  
have had no motive1 either of  interest 
or of vanity1 such as influenced his    
transcriptions1 here to  mislead his    
victim4 ,it was the mere utterance of a 
casual opinion1 without  reference to   
any deduction4 ,besides it was not the  
statement of the knave  at all1 but that
 of a number of religious men of        
letters1 who all agreed  in the         
ascription above laid down4 ,they spoke1
 no doubt1 from some  traditionary      
acquaintance with the use of those tall 
round buildings which  so much baffle   
antiquarians1 not more in ,ireland than 
they do in  ,hindostan3 but the         
explanation of this their answer will be
 a happy  inlet--and as such only do ,i 
mean to employ it--to the illustration  
of  what we have been so long labouring 
at4    ,the word ,padma-devi#if means   
8the deity of desire10 as instrumental  
in  that principle of universal         
generativeness diffused throughout all  
nature4 ,do ,i mean that gross          

suggestion of carnal                    
concupiscence8--that  mere propensity of
 animal appetite which is common to man 
with the brute  creation8 ,no2 it became
 redeemed1 if not justified1 by the     
religious  complexion with which it was 
intertwined1 derived1 mayhap1 originally
 from  that paradisiacal precept which  
said1 8increase and multiply02 while the
  strain of metaphor under which it was 
couched1 and the spiritual tendency  by 
which the ceremony was inculcated1      
prevented offence even to the most      
refined taste1 the most susceptible     
fancy1 or the most delicate             
sensibility4    ,the love of offspring  
has ever been a powerful ingredient in  
man's  composition4 ,the fair portion of
 the human species1 as every age and    
experience can prove1 have shown        
themselves not more exempt from the     
control of the same emotions or the     
influence of the same impulses4 ,it was 
so wisely instituted by the great       
,regulator of all things1 nor is the    

abuse of the principle any argument     
against its general utility or          
sanctified intent4 ,search the records  
of all early ,states1 and you will  find
 the legislator and the priest1 instead 
of opposing a principle so  universally 
dominant1 used their influence1 on the  
contrary1 to bring it  more into play1  
and make its exercise subservient to the
 increase of our  species2 the law lent 
its aid to enforce the theme as         
national1 and  religion sanctified it as
 a moral obligation4    ,in ,india this 
fervor was particularly encouraged3 for 
8as the ,hindoos  depend on their       
children for performing those ceremonies
 to their names1  which they believe    
tend to mitigate punishment in a future 
state1 they  consider the being deprived
 of them as a severe misfortune and the 
sign of  an offended ,god40#ig ,they    
accordingly had recourse to all the     
stratagems  which ingenuity could devise
 to recommend this passion to the inner 
senses1 and dignify its nature by the   

studied imagery of metaphor and  grace4 
,in conformity with this sentiment we   
are favoured by ,sir ,william  ,jones   
with the copy of a hymn1 which they were
 in the habit of addressing  to the     
above-mentioned 8,padma-devi10 or       
8,mollium mater sva cupidinum10  which  
he thus prefaces with her figurative    
descent3--    ,it is ,camadeva1 that is1
 the god of desire1 the opposite sex he 
speaks  of1 but the principle is the    
same4      8,peor1 his other name1 when 
he enticed    ,israel in ,sittim1 on    
their march from ,nile1    ,to do him   
wanton rites1 which cost them sore40#ih 
8,according to the ,hindu mythology1 he 
was the son of ,maya1 or the general    
attracting power2#ii that he was married
 to ,ritty1 or ,affection2 and that  his
 bosom friend is ,vassant1 or the       
,spring3 that he is represented as a    
beautiful youth1 sometimes conversing   
with his mother1 or consort1 in the     
midst of his gardens and temples2       
sometimes riding by moonlight on a      

parrot1 and attended by dancing girls1  
or nymphs1 the foremost of whom  bears  
his colours1 which are a fish on a red  
ground3 that his favourite  place of    
resort is a large tract of country round
 ,agra1 and principally  the plain of   
,mathra1 where ,kreshen also1 and the   
nine ,gopia usually spend  the night    
with music and dance3 that his bow is of
 sugar-cane or flowers1  the sting of   
bees1 and his five arrows are each      
painted with an ,indian  blossom of an  
healing quality40 ,tedious and diffuse  
as has been the  dissertation already1  
,i cannot resist the inclination of     
transcribing the  hymn also4      8,what
 potent god1 from ,agra's orient bowers1
    ,floats through the lucid air2      
whilst living flowers1    ,with sunny   
twine1 the vocal arbours wreathe1       
,and gales enamoured heavenly fragrance 
breathe8          ,hail1 ,power unknown6
 for at thy beck        ,vales and      
groves their bosoms deck1        ,and   
every laughing blossom dresses1         

,with gems of dew1 his musky tresses4   
,i feel1 ,i feel thy genial flame       
divine1    ,and hallow thee1 and kiss   
thy shrine4              ,knowest thou  
not me8--        ,yes1 son of ,maya1    
yes1 ,i know        ,thy bloomy shafts  
and cany bow1    ,thy scaly standard1   
thy mysterious arms1    ,and all thy    
pains and all thy charms4      ,almighty
 ,cama6 or doth ,smara bright1    ,or   
proud ,aranga1 give thee more delight8  
,whate'er thy seat1 whate'er thy name1  
,seas1 earth1 and air1 thy reign        
proclaim2        ,all to thee their     
tribute bring1        ,and hail thee    
universal king4      ,thy consort mild1 
,affection1 ever true1    ,graces thy   
side1 her vest of glowing hue1    ,and  
in her train twelve blooming maids      
advance1    ,touch golden strings and   
knit the mirthful dance4        ,thy    
dreadful implements they bear1          
,and wave them in the scented air1      
,each with pearls her neck adorning1    
,brighter than the tears of morning4    

,thy crimson ensign which before them   
flies1    ,decks with new stars the     
sapphire skies4      ,god of the flowery
 shafts and flowery bow1    ,delight of 
all above and all below6    ,thy loved  
companion1 constant from his birth      
,in heaven clep'd ,vassant1 and gay     
,spring on earth1        ,weaves thy    
green robe1 and flaunting bowers1       
,and from the clouds draws balmy        
showers1        ,he with fresh arrows   
fills thy quiver1        7,sweet the    
gift1 and sweet the giver17    ,and bids
 the various warbling throng    ,burst  
the pent blossoms with their song4      
,he bends the luscious cane1 and twists 
the string1    ,with bees how sweet6 but
 ah1 how keen their sting6    ,he with  
fine flowrets tips thy ruthless darts1  
,which through five senses pierce       
enraptured hearts4        ,strong       
,champa1 rich in od'rous gold1          
,warm ,amer1 nursed in heavenly mould1  
,dry ,nagkezer1 in silver smiling1      
,hot ,kiticum1 our sense beguiling1     

,and last1 to kindle fierce the         
scorching flame1    ,loveshaft1 which   
gods bright ,bela name4      ,can men   
resist thy power1 when ,krishen yields1 
,krishen1 who still in ,mathra's holy   
fields1    ,tunes harps immortal1 and to
 strains divine1    ,dances by moonlight
 with the ,gopia nine8      ,oh6 thou   
for ages born1 yet ever young1    ,for  
ages may thy ,bramin's lay be sung2     
,and when thy ,lory spreads his emerald 
wings1    ,to waft thee high above the  
tower of kings1        ,whilst o'er thy 
throne the moon's pale light            
,pours her soft radiance through the    
night1        ,and to each floating     
cloud discovers        ,the haunts of   
blest or joyless lovers1    ,thy milder 
influence to thy bard impart1    ,to    
warm1 but not consume his heart40       
,amongst the fables that are told to    
account for the origin of this amorous  
devotion1 ,sir ,william tells us1 is the
 following1 viz43--    8,certain        
devotees in a remote time had acquired  

great renown and respect2  but the      
purity of the art was wanting2 nor did  
their motives and secret  thoughts      
correspond with their professions and   
exterior conduct4 ,they  affected       
poverty1 but were attached to the things
 of this world1 and the  princes and    
nobles were constantly sending them     
offerings4 ,they seemed to  sequester   
themselves from the world2 they lived   
retired from the towns2  but their      
dwellings were commodious1 and their    
women numerous and  handsome4 ,but      
nothing can be hid from the gods1 and   
,sheevah resolved to  expose them to    
shame4 ,he desired ,prakeety#ajj to     
accompany him2 and  assumed the         
appearance of a ,pandaram of a graceful 
form4 ,prakeety appeared  as herself a  
damsel of matchless beauty4 ,she went   
where the devotees were  assembled with 
their disciples1 waiting the rising sun 
to perform their  ablutions#aja and     
religious ceremonies4 ,as she advanced  
the refreshing  breeze moved her flowing

 robe1 showing the exquisite shape which
 it seemed  intended to conceal4 ,with  
eyes cast down1 though sometimes opening
 with a  timid but a tender look1 she   
approached them1 and with a low         
enchanting  voice desired to be admitted
 to the sacrifice4 ,the devotees gazed  
on her  with astonishment4 ,the sun     
appeared1 but the purifications were    
forgotten2  the things of the           
,poojah#ajb lay neglected2 nor was any  
worship thought  of but that to her4    
,quitting the gravity of their manners1 
they gathered  round her as flies round 
the lamp at night1 attracted by its     
splendour1  but consumed by its flame4  
,they asked from whence she came2       
whither she  was going8 #8,be not       
offended with us for approaching thee2  
forgive us for  our importunities4 ,but 
thou art incapable of anger1 thou who   
art made to  convey bliss2 to thee1 who 
mayest kill by indifference1 indignation
 and  resentment are unknown4 ,but      
whoever thou mayest be1 whatever motive 

or  accident may have brought thee      
amongst us1 admit us into the number of 
thy  slaves2 let us at least have the   
comfort to behold thee4'    8,here the  
words faltered on the lip2 the soul     
seemed ready to take its  flight2 the   
vow was forgotten1 and the policy of    
years destroyed4    8,whilst the        
devotees were lost in their passions1   
and absent from their  homes1 ,sheevah  
entered their village with a musical    
instrument in his  hand1 playing and    
singing like some of those who solicit  
charity4 ,at the  sound of his voice the
 women immediately quitted their        
occupations2 they  ran to see from whom 
it came4 ,he was beautiful as ,krishen  
on the plains of  ,matra4#ajc ,some     
dropped their jewels without turning to 
look for them2  others let fall their   
garments without perceiving that they   
discovered  those abodes of pleasure    
which jealousy as well as decency has   
ordered to  be concealed4 ,all pressed  
forward with their offerings2 all wished

 to  speak2 all wished to be taken      
notice of2 and bringing flowers and     
scattering them before him1 said1       
#8,askest thou alms6 thou who art made  
to  govern hearts6 ,thou whose          
countenance is fresh as the morning6    
whose voice  is the voice of pleasure2  
and thy breath like that of ,vassant#ajd
 in the  opening rose6 ,stay with us and
 we will serve thee2 nor will we trouble
 thy  repose1 but only be jealous how to
 please thee4'    8,the ,pandaram       
continued to play1 and sung the loves of
 ,kama1#aje of  ,krishen1 and the       
,gopia1 and smiling the gentle smiles of
 fond desire1 he  led them to a         
neighbouring grove that was consecrated 
to pleasure and  retirement4 ,sour began
 to gild the western mountains1 nor were
 they  offended at the retiring day4    
8,but the desire of repose succeeds the 
waste of pleasure4 ,sleep closed the    
eyes and lulled the senses4 ,in the     
morning the ,pandaram was gone4 ,when   
they awoke they looked round with       

astonishment1 and again cast their eyes 
on the ground4 ,some directed their     
looks to those who had been formerly    
remarked for their scrupulous manners1  
but their faces were covered with  their
 veils4 ,after sitting a while in       
silence1 they arose1 and went back  to  
their houses with slow and troubled     
steps4 ,the devotees returned about  the
 same time from their wanderings after  
,prakeety4 ,the days that followed  were
 days of embarrassment and shame4 ,if   
the women had failed in their  modesty1 
the devotees had broken their vows4     
,they were vexed at their  weakness2    
they were sorry for what they had done2 
yet the tender sigh  sometimes broke    
forth1 and the eye often turned to where
 the men first saw  the maid1 the women 
the ,pandaram4    8,but the people began
 to perceive that what the devotees     
foretold came  not to pass4 ,their      
disciples in consequence neglected to   
attend them1 and  the offerings from the
 princes and the nobles became less     

frequent than  before4 ,they then       
performed various penances2 they sought 
for secret  places among the woods      
unfrequented by man2 and having at last 
shut their  eyes from the things of this
 world1 retired within themselves in    
deep  meditation1 that ,sheevah was the 
author of their misfortunes4 ,their     
understanding being imperfect1 instead  
of bowing the head with humility  they  
were inflamed with anger2 instead of    
contrition for their hypocrisy1  they   
sought for vengeance4 ,they performed   
new sacrifices and incantations1  which 
were only allowed to have effect in the 
end to show the extreme  folly of man in
 not submitting to the will of ,heaven4 
8,their incantations produced a tiger1  
whose mouth was like a cavern1 and  his 
voice like thunder among the mountains4 
,they sent him against ,sheevah1  who1  
with ,prakeety1 was amusing himself in  
the vale4 ,he smiled at their  weakness1
 and killing the tiger at one blow with 
his club1 he covered  himself with his  

skin4 ,seeing themselves frustrated in  
this attempt1 the  devotees had recourse
 to another1 and sent serpents against  
him of the  most deadly kind2 but on    
approaching him they became harmless1   
and he  twisted them round his neck4    
,they then sent their curses and        
imprecations  against him1 but they all 
recoiled upon themselves4 ,not yet      
disheartened  by all these              
disappointments1 they collected all     
their prayers1 their  penances1 their   
charities1 and other good works1 the    
most acceptable of  all sacrifices2 and 
demanding in return only vengeance      
against ,sheevah1  they sent a consuming
 fire to destroy his genital parts4     
,sheevah1  incensed at this attempt1    
turned the fire with indignation against
 the  human race2 and mankind would have
 been soon destroyed1 had not ,vishnou1 
alarmed at the danger1 implored him to  
suspend his wrath4 ,at his  entreaties  
,sheevah relented4 ,but it was ordained 
that in his temples those  parts should 

be worshipped which the false devotees  
had impiously  attempted to             
destroy40#ajf    ,illustration3         
,,clondalkin4    ,but what was the form 
under which this deity was recognised8  
8,look on  this picture and on that20   
and the answer presents itself4#ajg ,the
  eastern votaries1 suiting the action  
to the idea1 and that their vivid       
imagination might be still more         
enlivened by the very form of the       
temple in which they addressed their    
vows1 actually constructed its          
architecture after the model of the     
membrum virile1 which1 obscenity  apart1
 is the divinely-formed and             
indispensable medium selected by ,god   
,himself for human propagation and      
sexual prolificacy4    ,this was the    
,phallus1 of which we read in           
,lucian1#ajh as existing in  ,syria of  
such extraordinary height1 and which1   
not less than the ,egyptian  ,pyramids1 
has heretofore puzzled                  
antiquaries1--little dreaming that it   

was  the counterpart of our ,round      
,towers1 and that both were the         
prototypes of  the two 8,pillars0 which 
,hiram wrought before the temple of     
,solomon4    ,astarte was the divinity  
with whose worship it was thus          
associated1 and by  that being          
understood the moon1#aji it was natural 
to suppose that the  study of the stars 
would essentially enter into the        
ceremonial of her  worship4 ,another    
name by which this divinity was         
recognised1 was ,rimmon1  which1        
signifying as it does pomegranate1 was a
 very happy emblem of  fecundity1 as    
apples are known to be the most prolific
 species of fruit4    ,lingam is the    
name by which the ,indians designated   
this idol4#aaj ,those  who dedicate     
themselves to his service1 swear to     
observe inviolable  chastity4 8,they do 
not1 however10 says ,craufurd1 8like the
 priests of  ,atys1 deprive themselves  
of the means of breaking their vows2 but
 were it  discovered that they had in   

any way departed from them1 the         
punishment is  death4 ,they go naked2   
but being considered as sanctified      
persons1 the  women approach them       
without scruple1 nor is it thought that 
their modesty  should be offended by it4
 ,husbands whose wives are barren       
solicit them to  come to their houses1  
or send their wives to worship ,lingam  
at the  temples2 and it is supposed that
 the ceremonies on this occasion1 if    
performed with the proper zeal1 are     
usually productive of the desired       
effect40#aaa    ,such was the origin and
 design of the most ancient ,indian     
pagodas1 which  had no earthly          
connection with fire or                 
fire-worshippers1 as generally          
imagined4 ,and that such1 also1 was the 
use and origin of the ,irish pagodas  is
 manifest from the name by which they   
are critically and accurately           
designated1 viz4 ,budh1 which1 in the   
,irish language1 signifies not only  the
 ,sun1 as the source of generative      

vegetation1 but also as the male  organ 
of procreative generativeness1          
consecrated1 according to their  foolish
 ideas1 to ,baal-,phearagh or           
,deus-coitionis1 by and by to be        
elucidated4 ,this thoroughly explains   
the word 8,cathoir-ghall10 or 8temple   
of delight10 already mentioned as       
appropriated to one of those edifices1  
and is still further confirmed by the   
name of 8,teaumpal na greine10 or       
8temple of the sun10 by which another of
 them is called2 while the  ornament    
that has been known to exist on the top 
of many of them  represents the crescent
 of ,sheevah1 the matrimonial deity of  
the ,indians1  agreeably to what the    
,heetopades states1 viz4 8may he on     
whose diadem is a  crescent cause       
prosperity to the people of the earth40 
,but you will say that my designating   
these structures by the name of  ,budh  
is a gratuitous assumption1 for which ,i
 have no authority other  than what     
imagination may afford me2 and that1    

therefore1 however  striking may be     
appearances1 you will withhold your     
conviction until you  hear my proofs4   
,sir1 ,i advance nothing that ,i cannot 
support by arguments1  and should not   
value your adherence were it not earned 
by truth4 ,this is  too important an    
investigation to allow fancy any share  
therein4 ,it is  not the mere settlement
 of an antiquarian dispute of individual
 interest  or isolated locality that is 
involved in its adjustment1--no1 its    
bearings are as comprehensive as its    
interest should be universal2 the       
opinions of mankind to a greater extent 
than you suppose will be affected  by   
its determination2 and ,i should despise
 myself if1 by any silly effort  of     
ingenuity1 ,i should attempt to lead    
your reason captive1 or pander to  your 
credulity1 rather than storm your       
judgment4    ,this being premised1 ,i   
shall not condescend1 here or elsewhere1
 to  apologise for the freedom with     
which ,i shall express myself in the    

prosecution of my ideas4 ,the spirit    
that breathes over the face of the  work
 will protect me from the venom of      
ungenerous imputation4 ,freedom is      
indispensable to the just development of
 the subject4 ,nor do ,i dread any  bad 
results can accrue from such a course1  
knowing that it is the  vicious alone   
who can extract poison from my          
page1--and they could do it  as well in 
a museum or picture gallery1--while the 
virtuous will peruse  it in the purity  
of their own conceptions1 and if they   
rise not improved1  they will1 at least1
 not deteriorated4    ,my authority for 
assigning to the ,round ,towers the     
above designation is  nothing less than 
those annals before adduced4#aab ,where 
is it there8  you reply4 ,i rejoin in   
,fidh-,nemphed2 which1 as it has        
heretofore puzzled  all the world to    
develop1 ,i shall unfold to the reader  
with an almost  miraculous result4      
,fidh1 then--as the ,ulster ,annals1 or 
,fiadh1 as  those of the ,four ,masters 

spell it--is the plural of ,budh1 i4e4  
,lingam2 the initial ,f of the former   
being only the aspirate of the  initial 
,b of the latter1 and commutable with   
it#aac2 and ,nemphed is  an adjective1  
signifying divine or consecrated1 from  
,nemph1 the  heavens3 so that           
,fidh-,nemphed taken together will      
import the  ,consecrated ,lingams1 or   
the ,budhist ,consecrations4            
,celestial ,,indexes1 cries ,o',connor2 
following which term--but with a very   
different acceptation--the reader must  
be aware how that1 in the early  part of
 our journey1 ,i ascribed to this enigma
 an astronomical  exposition2 but herein
 ,i was supported not only by expediency
 but by  verity1 having1 all along1 not 
only connected ,solar worship1 and its  
concomitant survey of the stars--which  
is ,sabianism--with ,phallic            
worship1--beginning with the former in  
order to prepare the way for the        
latter1--but shall proceed in detail    
until ,i establish their identity4      

,the ,egyptian history1 then1 of the    
origin of this deification is what will 
put this question beyond the possibility
 of denial1 viz4 that 8,isis having     
recovered the mangled pieces of her     
husband's body1 the genitals  excepted1 
which the murderers had thrown into the 
sea1 resolving to  render him all the   
honour which his humanity had merited1  
got made as many  waxen statues as there
 were mangled pieces of his body4 ,each 
statue  contained a piece of the flesh  
of the dead monarch4 ,and ,isis1 after  
she  had summoned in her presence1 one  
by one1 the priests of all the different
  deities in her dominions1 gave them   
each a statue1 intimating that1 in so   
doing1 she had preferred them to all the
 other communities of ,egypt2 and  she  
bound them by a solemn oath that they   
would keep secret that mark of  her     
favour1 and endeavour to prove their    
sense of it by establishing a  form of  
worship1 and paying divine honours to   
their prince4 ,but that  part of the    

body of ,osiris which had not been      
discovered1 was treated  with more      
particular attention by ,isis1 and she  
ordered that it should  receive honours 
more solemn1 and at the same time more  
mysterious1  than the other             
members40#aad    ,now as ,isis#aae and  
,osiris--two deities1 by the way1 which 
comprehended  all nature and all the    
gods of the ancients--only personated   
the ,sun and  ,moon1 the sources of     
nutrition and vegetative heat1 it is    
very easy to  remove the veil of this   
affectionate mythology1 and see that it 
means  nothing more than the mutual     
dependence and attraction of the sexes  
upon1  and to1 each other2 while the    
fact of the ,egyptian 8,osiris10#aaf    
which  in their language signifies the  
,sun1 and the ,irish 8,budh10 which in  
our language signifies the same planet1 
being both represented by the  same     
emblematic sign2#aag and the name of    
that sign in both languages  signifying 
as well sign as thing signified1 gives a

 stamp to my proof  which ,i defy       
ingenuity to overthrow4                 
,,chapter ,,ix4      ,what is it1 then1 
that we see here elucidated8 ,just      
conceive4 ,for the last  three thousand 
years and more1 the learning of the     
world has been employed  to ascertain   
the origin of the doctrine of ,budhism4 
,the savants of  ,france1 the           
indefatigable inquirers of ,germany1 the
 affected pedants of  ,greece and ,rome1
 and the pure and profound philosophers 
of ancient ,india  and ,egypt1 have     
severally and ineffectually puzzled     
themselves to dive  into the secrets of 
that mystic religion4#aah    8,the      
conflicting opinions10 says ,coleman1   
8which have prevailed among the  most   
intelligent ,oriental writers1          
respecting the origin and antiquity of  
this and the ,jaina sects1 and the      
little historical light that has yet    
been afforded to disperse the darkness  
that ages have spread over them1  leave 
us1 at the end of many learned          

disquisitions1 involved in almost as    
many doubts as when we commenced upon   
them40    8,there was1 then10 adds      
,gentil1 8in those parts of ,india1 and 
principally  on the coast of            
,choromandel and ,ceylon1 a sort of     
worship the precepts of  which we are   
quite unacquainted with4 ,the god       
,baouth1 of whom at present  they know  
no more in ,india than the name1 was the
 object of this worship2  but it is now 
totally abolished1 except that there may
 possibly yet be  found some families of
 ,indians who have remained faithful to 
,baouth1 and  do not acknowledge the    
religion of the ,brahmins1 and who are  
on that  account separated from and     
despised by the other castes4444 ,i made
 various  inquiries concerning this     
singular figure1 and the ,zamulians one 
and all  assured me that this was the   
god ,baouth1 who was now no longer      
regarded1  for that his worship and his 
festivals had been abolished ever since 
the  ,brahmins had made themselves      

masters of the people's faith40    8,the
 worship of ,budha10 says ,heeren1      
8concerning the rise and progress of    
which we at present know so little1     
still flourishes in ,ceylon40 ,again1   
8,all that we know with certainty of    
,budha is1 that he was the founder of a 
sect which must formerly have prevailed 
over a considerable part of ,india1  but
 whose tenets and forms of worship were 
in direct opposition to those  of the   
,brahmins1 and engendered a deadly hate 
between the two parties1  which         
terminated in the expulsion of the      
,budhists from the country40#aai        
8,the real time10 say the ,asiat4 ,res4 
viii4 p4 #eje1 8at which ,budha         
propagated the doctrines ascribed to    
him1 is a desideratum which the  learned
 knowledge and indefatigable research of
 ,sir ,w4 ,jones have still  left to be 
satisfactorily ascertained40    8,if the
 ,budhaic religion10 says the           
,westminster ,review of ,january #ahcj1 
8really arrived at predominance in      

,india1 its rise in the first place1    
and more especially its extirpation1 are
 not merely events of stupendous        
magnitude1 but of impenetrable mystery40
    ,it will soon appear1 that however  
impenetrable heretofore1 it is so no    
longer4 ,indeed1 a great deal of the    
principle of their faith has been at    
all times understood1 but under         
different associations4 ,it was that    
which  ,job alluded to when he said1    
8,if ,i gazed upon ,orus 7the sun7 when 
he was  shining1 or upon ,jrcha 7the    
moon7 when rising in her glory2 and my  
heart  went secretly after them1 and my 
hand kissed my mouth 7in worship71 ,i   
should have denied the ,god that is     
above40    ,so far all have arrived at  
the discovery of this creed1 and        
accordingly1  if you look into any      
encyclopedia or depository of science   
for a  definition of the word           
8,budhism10 you will be told that 8it is
 the  doctrine of solar worship as      
taught by ,budha40 ,there never was such

 a  person as ,budha--,i mean at the    
outset of the religion1 when it first   
shot  into life1 and that was almost as 
early as the creation of man4 ,in later 
times1 however1 several enthusiasts     
assumed the name1 and personified in    
themselves the faith they represented4  
,but the origin of the religion was  an 
abstract thought1 which while ,creuzer  
allows1 yet he must acknowledge  his    
ignorance of what that thought was4     
,the sun and moon were the great objects
 of religious veneration to fallen  man 
in the ancient world4 ,each country     
assumed a suitable form to their        
propensities and peculiarities2 but all 
agreed in centering the essence of      
their zeal upon those resplendent orbs  
to whom they were indebted for so  many 
common benefits4 ,those mysteries of    
faith to which the 8initiated0  alone   
had access1 and which were disguised in 
the habiliments of symbols  and of      
veils1 were neither more nor less than  
representative forms of  generation and 

production4 ,these were the theme which 
made the  canopy of the firmament to    
ring with their songs2 and these the    
spring  which gave vigour and elasticity
 to those graceful displays which1 under
  the name of dances1 typified the      
circular and semicircular rotations of  
those bright objects of their           
regard4#abj    ,the ,eleusinian#aba     
rites themselves were essentially of    
this kind2 for  though the benefits of  
agriculture were said to be chiefly     
there  commemorated1 this after all     
resolves itself into the above3 for as  
the  process of the earth's bearing is  
similar to that of our own species1 and 
indeed of all creatures that rest upon  
her1--no seed bringing forth fruit      
until1 as the apostle has affirmed1#abb 
it first dies1--the  representation of  
this miracle of nature's vicissitudes   
led the mind to  the contemplation of   
general fecundity4 ,and hence the       
culture of the  ground1 and the         
propagation of human beings1 being both 

viewed in the  same light1 and sometimes
 even named by the same epithet1 viz4   
tillage1  were inculcated no less as    
beneficial exercises than as religious  
ordinances4 ,did a doubt remain as to   
the accuracy of this connection  between
 the worship of the ancients and their  
sexual correspondence1 it  would be more
 than removed by attending to the import
 of the terms by  which they mystified  
those celebrations1 and which1 with the 
sanctity  attached to the parts         
themselves1 will come consecutively     
under our  review4 ,one of them1        
however1 is too apposite to be omitted  
here1 and that  is the term by which    
they designated a certain ceremony still
 practised on  the coast of ,guinea1 and
 which neither the blandishments of     
artifice  nor the terrors of menace     
could ever prevail upon them to divulge4
  ,this ceremony they call              
,belli-,paaro4 ,the meaning they assign 
to it is  regeneration1 or the act of   
reviving from death to a new state of   

existence2 and when we see that the name
 itself is but an inflection of  the    
,baal-,peor of the ,scriptures1 the     
,baal-,phearagh of our forefathers1  and
 the ,copulative deity of the amative   
universe1 it will not be hard to  dive  
into its character1 though so shrouded  
in types4    ,but the ,budhists1 not    
content with this ordinary veneration1  
or with  paying homage in secret to that
 symbol of production which all other   
classes of idolators equally1 though    
privately1 worshipped1--,i mean the     
,lingam1--thought they could never carry
 their zeal sufficiently far1  unless   
they erected it into an idol of more    
than colossal  magnitude--and those     
idols were the ,round ,towers4 ,hence   
the name  ,budhism1 which ,i thus       
define1 viz4 that species of idolatry   
which  worshipped ,budh 7i4e4 the       
,lingam71 as the emblem of ,budh 7i4e4  
the ,sun7--,budh signifying1            
indiscriminately1 ,sun and ,lingam4     
,such was the whole substance of this   

philosophical creed1 which was  not--as 
may have been imagined--a ritual of     
sensuality1 but a manual of  devotion1  
as simple in its exercise as it was     
pious in its intent--a  ,sabian         
veneration and a symbolical gratitude4  
,i shall now give a summary  of their   
moral code1 couched in the following    
,pentalogue1 as presented by            
,zaradobeira1 chief ,rahan at ,ava1 to a
 ,catholic bishop1 who expressed a  wish
 some years ago to be favoured with a   
brief outline of their tenets2  it is   
this3--    #a4 ,thou shalt not kill any 
animal--from the meanest insect up to   
man  himself4    #b4 ,thou shalt not    
steal4    #c4 ,thou shalt not commit    
adultery4    #d4 ,thou shalt not tell   
anything false4    #e4 ,thou shalt not  
drink any intoxicating liquor4    ,the  
extension of this first commandment from
 the crime of homicide to the           
deprivation of life of any breathing    
existence1 arose from their doctrine  of
 the transmigration of souls1 which they

 believed should continue ever  in      
action1 and1 after release from one     
tenement of earthly configuration1      
enter into some other of a different    
species and order4    ,in this incessant
 alternation--which was to be one of    
ascent or of  descent1 according to the 
merits of the body1 which the spirit had
  last animated1 and which was all      
considered as a sort of lustral         
crucible1 for the refining of the vital 
spark against its reunion with the      
,godhead1 whence it had originally      
derived--it is manifest that such       
tenderness for the entire animal        
creation arose from the apprehension of 
slaying some relation in that           
disguise4--,or1 did we ascribe it to no 
higher motive than a sympathy with      
fellow-creatures1 which1 if not equally 
responsible1 are at all events          
susceptible of anguish and of pain1 this
 in  itself should teach us to suppress 
all ebullitions of irreverent sarcasm1  
and1 if we yield not our acquiescence1  

to extend to it at least our            
commiseration4      8,pain not the ant  
that drags the grain along the ground1  
,it has life1 and life is sweet and     
delightful to all to whom it            
belongs40#abc    ,the good works which  
they were additionally enjoined to      
perform were  classified under the two  
heads of ,dana and ,bavana4 ,by 8,dana0 
was  meant the giving of alms1 and hence
 the whole fraternity were called       
,danaans or ,almoners4#abd ,by 8,bavana0
 was understood the  thoughtfully       
pronouncing those three words1 ,anuzza1 
,docha1 and  ,anatta3 of which the first
 implies our liability to vicissitude2  
the  second to misfortune1 and the third
 our inability to exempt ourselves  from
 either4#abe    ,the exposition of the  
terms ,tuath and de1 as prefixes to     
,danaans1  forming with it the compound 
,tuath-de-danaan1 ,i shall reserve for a
 more  befitting place4 ,meantime ,i    
hasten to redeem my 8pledge0 as to the  
elucidation of the import of the name   

,hibernian4    ,in the wide range of    
literary disquisition there is no one   
topic which has  so engrossed the       
investigation of studious individuals as
 the origin of  the word ,hibernia4 ,the
 great ,bochart1 the uncertain          
,vallancy1 the  spiteful ,macpherson1   
the pompous ,o',flaherty1 and the       
8antiquary of  antiquaries10 ,camden    
himself1--with a thousand others        
unworthy of  recognition1--have been all
 consecutively shipwrecked upon its     
unapproachable sand-banks4 ,but the most
 miserable failure of all is that  of a 
namesake of my own1 the author of a     
dictionary upon the language of  his    
country1 who1 in his mad zeal for an    
outlandish conceit1 foists into  his    
book a term with which our language owns
 no kindred1 and then builds  upon that 
a superstructure which 8would make even 
the angels weep40    ,this gentleman    
would fain make out#abf that1 because   
those islands have  been denominated the
 ,cassiterides1 or ,tin ,reservoirs1    

therefore ,eirin1  our own one of them1 
must have been so called as an ,iron    
,store6  forgetting that the genius of  
our vocabulary has never had a term     
whereby  to express that metal at       
all1--that by which we now designate it1
  namely1 iarun1 being only a modern    
coinage from the ,english word1--as  the
 general voice of antiquity speaks      
trumpet-tongued on the point1 and  the  
fragments of our ,brehon laws give it   
insuperable confirmation1 that  iron was
 the last metal which mankind has turned
 to profit1 or even  known to exist1    
while with us it was an exotic until a  
very recent  period4#abg    ,but        
admitting that ,eirin or ,erin did      
signify the ,land of ,iron1 then  its   
,greek formation ,ierne must convey the 
same idea1 and so must  ,hibernia1 their
 ,latin inflection2 and it would afford 
me a considerable  portion of merriment 
to behold any champion for this         
iron-cased knight  buckle on his        
etymological armour1 and analyse these  

two last terms so  as to make them      
indicate the ,land of ,iron4    ,yet    
pitiable as this appears1 for the author
 of an ,irish dictionary1 its           
ingenuity1 at all events1 must screen it
 from contempt4 ,but how will the       
public estimate the brightness of that  
man's intellect1 who would state  that  
,erin is but a metempsychosis of the    
word ,green8 ,will it be  believed that 
such is the sober utterance of the      
author of the ,decline  and ,fall of the
 ,roman ,empire8 ,but lest ,i should    
misrepresent1 ,i shall let  him speak   
for himself1 viz43 8,ireland1 from its  
luxuriant vegetation1  obtained the     
epithet ,green1 and has preserved1 with 
a slight alteration1  the name          
,erin40#abh    ,so that a country which 
piques itself on its ,irishry1 has      
remained ever  without a cognomen1 until
 the ,english language has been matured2
 and  then1 in compliment to her sister1
 ,britain1 has borrowed an adjective    
from  her rainbow1 which1 however1 she  

had not the good manners to preserve    
pure1 but allowed to degenerate so far1 
that the sagacity of a conjurer  could  
not trace any resemblance between this  
vitiation and the original  epithet     
which pourtrayed her verdure6    ,have  
we not here the solution of that general
 disbelief which attaches to  proofs    
deduced from etymology8 ,it is so in all
 professions1 when quacks  break into   
the fold1 and usurp the office of the   
legitimate practitioner4  ,etymology1 in
 itself1 is an exalted science1 and an  
unerring standard2  but the mountebanks 
that have intermeddled with her holy    
tools1 and  disjointed the symmetry of  
her fair proportions1 knowing no more of
 the  foundation of languages than they 
do of the origin of spirit1 have  sunk  
it into a pandemonium of hackling1      
mangling1 and laceration1  at which 8the
 satirist10 perhaps1 may laugh1 but 8the
 philosopher10 who  has any regard for  
the right thinking of society1 and the  
implanting in  the tender mind a correct

 idea of words1 at a moment when        
impressions are  so wrought as to be    
ineffaceable1 will feel differently on  
the subject2  and1 if he cannot reform1 
do all that he can to expose it6    ,how
 opposite has been the conduct of the   
learned ,abb ,mac,geoghegan as to  the  
origin of this abstruse word6 ,after    
reviewing in his able work#abi  the     
opinions offered by the several persons 
who wrote before him upon the  question1
 and none of them giving him            
satisfaction1 he freely  acknowledges1  
when unable to supply the deficiency1   
that 8the derivation  of this name is   
unknown40 ,he was right2 but the spell  
is at last broken4    ,as a sequel to   
this avowal1 ,i must be allowed to quote
 at full length the  extract from       
,avienus1#acj which has been already    
referred to--      8,ast hinc1 duobus in
 ,sacram--sic ,insulam    ,dixere       
prisci--solibus cursus rati est2    ,hc 
inter undas multum cespitem jacit2      
,eamque lat gens ,hibernorum colit1     

,propinqua rursus insula ,albionum      
patet10--    that is1 two days' sail    
will take you thence 7from the          
,sorlings7 to the  ,sacred ,island2 as  
so denominated by the men of old4 ,a    
rich gleby soil  distinguishes this     
favourite of the waters2 and the race of
 the  ,hibernians cultivate it in its   
wide extent4 ,close by1 again1 is       
situated  the isle of the ,albiones4    
,without dwelling upon the importance   
which he attaches to this 8,sacred      
,island10 while he disposes of ,england 
in one single line1 ,i ask any person   
at all conversant with letters1 whether 
it was as a vernacular epithet1 or  not 
rather in compliance with his hexameters
 and the rules of metrical              
versification1 which rendered           
inconvenient the exhibition of the name 
itself that the poet paraphrased its    
meaning1 and gave insula sacra as  its  
equivalent8    ,is not the country      
inhabited by the ,gauls called ,gallia2 
that occupied by  the ,britons1         

,britannia2 that possessed by the       
,indians1 ,india2 that peopled  by the  
,germans1 ,germania2 and that tenanted  
by the ,arcadians1 ,arcadia8            
,consequently1 the land inhabited by the
 people styled ,hibernians must1  by    
universal analogy1 be denominated       
,hibernia4 ,and if this signifies       
8,sacred ,island10 of course            
8,hibernian0 must mean 8an inhabitant of
 the  ,sacred ,island40    ,avienus     
wrote about the three hundredth year of 
the ,christian era1 and  cites the      
authorities whence he derived his       
information to the following  purpose1  
viz43--    8,himilco1 the ,phnician1 has
 recorded that he has himself traversed 
the  ocean1 and with his own eyes and   
senses verified those facts4 ,from the  
remote annals of the ,phnicians ,i copy 
the same1 and present them to you  as   
handed down from antiquity40            
,himilco1 be it remarked1 flourished six
 hundred years before the name of       
,christianity was mentioned in the      

world2 and when his acquaintance with   
this isle1 and that of his countrymen in
 general1 is thus irrefutably  premised1
 we shall be the more ready to do       
justice to that observation  made by    
,tacitus1 when1 in his ,life of         
,agricola1 talking of ,ireland          
relatively to ,england1 he affirmed that
 8her coasts and harbours were  better  
known1 through commerce and mercantile  
negotiation10 than those of  the latter 
country4#aca    ,why do ,i introduce    
this notice here8 ,to show that it was  
not to the ,latins  ,avienus was        
indebted for his insight into that term1
 which we thus  pursue4 ,the ,romans    
knew nothing even of the situation of   
the place that  bore it1 until their    
avarice and their rapacity brought their
 eagles to  ,britain2 and1 after        
effecting the subjugation of that heroic
 island1 it is  no small incentive to   
our vanity to see their historian       
constrained to  confess that the        
exhibition of a similar project against 

the liberties of  ,ireland was more with
 a view to overawe1 than from any hopes 
of  succeeding2#acb while the ignorance 
which he evinces in another clause of   
that very sentence1 whence the above    
extract has been quoted1--placing       
,ireland midway between ,spain and      
,england1--is proof incontrovertible of 
the position which has been assumed4    
,but it is to me immaterial whether     
,avienus was aware or otherwise that    
8,hibernia0 and 8,sacred ,island0 were  
convertible and synonymous4 ,it is not  
by his authority that ,i mean to        
establish the fact2 for even admitting  
his  cognisance of the identity of these
 two terms1 he must yet of necessity  be
 unacquainted with the root whence they 
both had sprung2 and1  accordingly1 ,i  
have only put him here in the           
foreground--as has been the  plan all   
through--8to break the ice10 as it were1
 for the exordium of the  promised      
dnouement4    ,iran1 then1 and ,irin1   
or1 as more correctly spelled1 ,eirean  

and  ,eirin1 with an e prefixed to each 
of the other vowels1 as well initial  as
 intermediate1 is the characteristic    
denomination which all our ancient      
manuscripts affix to this country4      
,there is no exception to this  admitted
 rule4 ,from the romance to the annal1  
the observation holds good2  it is an   
inalienable landmark1 and of inviolable 
unanimity4    ,dionysius of ,sicily1 who
 wrote about fifty years before the     
,advent1 and  who cannot be suspected of
 much partiality towards our            
forefathers1 calls  the land they       
inhabited by the name of ,irin4#acc ,nor
 will the  circumstance of his applying 
to it in another place1 the variation   
,iris1  detract from this fact2 as it is
 evident that he only manufactured this 
latter1 having occasion to use a        
nominative case which he thought that   
,irin would not well represent1 and so1 
with the lubricity of a ,greek1  ever   
sacrificing sense to sound1#acd he gave 
birth to a conception which  strangled  

the original4#ace    ,in the ,life of   
,gildas1 an early and eminent ,english  
ecclesiastic1 we  find it called ,iren1 
when the biographer1 talking of the     
proficiency  made by his subject in     
literary pursuits1 says that he betook  
himself to  ,ireland1 which he          
designates as above1 in order to        
ascertain1 by  communion with kindred   
teachers1 the very utmost recesses of   
theology and  philosophy4#acf           
,ordericus ,vitalis1 in his             
,ecclesiastical ,history1#acg having    
occasion  to mention the ,irish1 calls  
them by the name of ,irenses1 equivalent
 to  ,iranians1 that is inhabitants of  
,iran1 ,iren1 or ,irin1 whichever  of   
them you happen to prefer4 ,and as these
 are now established as the  basis of   
our general search1 ,i shall address    
myself without further  digression to   
their syllabic analysis4    ,to do this 
the more effectually1 and at the same   
time to comprise within  one            
dissertation what otherwise might       

encroach upon two1 it is to be  noticed 
that the country known in the present   
day as ,persia1 and whither  our labours
 will be directed at no distant hour1   
was by its primitive  inhabitants called
 ,iran also1 and spelled as ours1 with  
an initial ,e4  ,the prefixing of this  
letter1 in both instances of its        
occurrence1 whether  we regard the      
,eastern or the ,western hemisphere1 was
 neither the  result of chance1 nor     
intended as an operative in the import  
of the term4  ,it was a mere dialectal  
distinction1 appertaining to the        
court-language  of the dynasty of the   
times1 and what is astoundingly         
miraculous1 retains  the same           
appellation1 with literal precision1    
unimpaired1 unadulterated1  in both     
countries1 up to the moment in which ,i 
write4    ,palahvi#ach is the           
appellation of this courtly dialect in  
,persia1 and  ,palahver is the epithet  
assigned to it in ,ireland2 and such is 
the  softness and mellifluence of its   

enchanting tones1 and its energy also1  
that to soothe care1 to excite          
sensibility1 or to stimulate heroism1 it
  may properly be designated as 8the    
language of the gods40    ,thus we see  
that ,ireland and ,persia were both     
called ,iran2 that both  equally        
admitted of the change of this name to  
,eiran2 and that the  style of this     
variation was similarly characterised in
 both4 ,how1 then1  will the empyrics of
 etymology recover their confusion3 they
 who would  persuade us that ,ireland   
was so denominated from ,iar1 the       
,west--unless1 indeed1 they can         
substitute ,east for ,west1 and show    
that ,persia was denominated from ,iar  
also4#aci ,entangled in this  dilemma1  
the amiable old ,general ,vallancy1     
without intimating1 however1  that it   
was what extorted his remark1--after    
rigidly maintaining through  a series of
 volumes1 that the word had its origin  
in the above exploded  ,western ,will o'
 the ,wisp1--exclaims1 in a sentiment of

 unconscious  self-conviction1 that     
8nothing more can be said of this       
derivation than  that the name was      
common to that part of the globe whence 
they 7who  imported it7 originally      
came40#adj    ,arrived1 then1 at length1
 at the fountain-head of our inquiry1   
how shall  we account for it in 8that   
part of the globe whence we originally  
came08 ,i  have seen but two efforts to 
develop the word1 as applied to that    
quarter3 one by ,professor ,heeren1 of  
the ,gttingen ,university2 the other  by
 8a learned priest of the ,parsees10 as 
recorded by ,sir ,john ,malcolm1 the    
late lamented author of a history of the
 place itself4 ,and as the former  of   
these is rather humorous1 and as the    
latter contains in it a small           
ingredient of truth1 it is worth while  
to parade them in the tail of  our      
inspection4    8,anciently10 says the   
professor1 8they were called by the     
,orientals  themselves by the common    
term of ,iran1 and the inhabitants1     

inasmuch as  they possessed fixed       
habitations and laws1 were styled       
,iranians1 in  opposition to the        
,turanians1 or wandering hordes of      
,central  ,asia40#ada    ,i wonder did  
the ,german historian take his cue from 
the conjecture of  the ,irish           
lexicographer8 ,it is literally         
marvellous if he did not2 for1  by a    
most unaccountable coincidence1 while   
tracing the foundation of a  name1      
descriptive of two localities at        
opposite points of this mundane  ball1  
one boldly asserts1 and the other more  
than insinuates1 that its  root is to be
 found in one and the same ,english     
word6--and this1 too1  when those       
countries were blazing in glory1 before 
three words of the  ,english language   
were broken into train6    ,a           
difference1 however1 breaks out amongst 
those partners1 which seems to  sever   
the prospects of their metallic union4  
,it is1 that though each  would make    
iron to be the substratum of their      

respective hobbies1 yet  would my       
namesake have his so called as abounding
 therein2 whereas1  the professor1 who  
betrays a respectable insight into      
geology1 and  fearing that the womb of  
,persia could not conceive so hard an   
ore1  wishes us at once to believe that 
it acquired its ancient epithet from    
the fixedness of that metal2 and thus   
would one ex abundanti1 and the  other  
ex similitudine1 have the common name of
 ,iran for ,ireland and  for ,persia be 
derived from an ,english word1 which was
 not concocted for  many centuries after
 the decay of those two regions1 when   
the very metal  it represented first    
grew into use6#adb    8,moullah ,feroze1
 an excellent ,palahvi scholar1 tells   
me10 says ,sir ,john  ,malcolm1 8that   
,iran is the plural of ,eir1 and means  
the country of  believers40 ,and again1 
when he had occasion to consult his     
oracle1 he  states the answer as        
follows3--    8,i gave this             
inscription#adc to ,moullah ,feroze1 a  

learned priest of the  ,parsees1 at     
,bombay1 and he assured me that the     
translation of ,de ,sacy was  correct4  
,feroze explained the word ,an-,iran to 
mean unbelievers4 ,eer1  he informed me1
 was a ,pehlivi word1 which signified   
believer2 ,eeran  was its plural3 in    
,pehlivi1 the a or an prefixed is a     
privative1 as in  ,greek or ,sanscrit2  
and consequently1 ,an-,eeran meant      
unbelievers4 ,the  king of ,eeran and   
,an-,eeran he interpreted to mean king  
of believers  and unbelievers2 of       
,persia and other nations4 ,it was1 he  
said1 a title  like king of the world4  
,this however10 adds ,sir ,john1 of     
himself1 8is like  all conjectures      
founded on etymology1 very uncertain40  
,it was natural enough that ,sir ,john  
should express himself slightingly as   
to a mode of proof1 the principle of    
which he must have seen violated in  so 
many instances2 and1 independently of   
this1 it is an infirmity in human       
nature to affect disregard for any      

knowledge which we do not ourselves     
understand4 ,i do not mean1 however1 to 
vindicate ,feroze's interpretation2  on 
the contrary1 ,i purpose to show that it
 is not only imperfect1 but  incorrect2 
yet while doing so1 ,i am bound to      
acknowledge1 that1 if he  has not hit   
off the whole truth1 he has a part of   
it2 and even this is  such a treat1 in  
the wilderness through which we have    
been groping for  some time back1 that  
,i welcome it as an oasis1 and offer him
 my thanks  thus beforehand4    ,to     
prove however1 that he is in error1 ,i  
need but confine myself to the          
unravelling of his own words4 ,at first 
he affirms that ,eeran is the  plural of
 ,eer1 and means the country of         
believers2 if so1 the singular  must    
mean the country of a believer2 but he  
tells us afterwards1 that  ,eer         
signifies a believer alone1 consequently
 ,eeran must believers  alone1 without  
any consideration of the word country4  
,and the same  inconsistency1 which     

manifests itself here1 applies with     
equal strictness  to ,an-,eiran also4   
,should these papers ever reach the     
observance of this distinguished        
foreigner1 whom ,i appreciate even for  
his approximation to the precincts  of  
the thought1 they will1 ,i doubt not1   
readily disabuse him of a  radical      
misconception4 ,eeran is not a plural at
 all1 but a  compound word3 its         
constituents being ,eer and ,an1#add of 
which the  former signifies ,sacred and 
the latter a ,territory4 ,so that the   
united  import will be the ,sacred      
,territory2 and ,an-,eeran1 of course1  
is but  its negative4    ,this          
exposition ,i gain from the ,irish      
language1 which ,i take to be the       
primitive ,iranian or ,persic language4 
,by it ,i am furthermore enabled to     
inform the ,german 8professor0 that     
,turan1 though now inhabited by  8,nomad
 tribes10 obtained not its name from    
that circumstance1 but from a  widely   
different one4 ,tur#ade means prolific1 

whether as regards  population or rural 
produce2 and ,an1 as before1 a          
territory--the  whole betokening a      
prolific territory4#adf ,and he should  
remember1 what  he is not at all        
unconscious of1 that eastern            
denominations are not varied  by recent 
occupants1 but continue in uninterrupted
 succession1 from age to  age1 as       
imposed at the outset4                  
,,chapter ,x4      ,thus far have       
,ireland and ,persia kept company       
together1 both equally  rejoicing in the
 common name of ,iran4 ,but now1 when we
 descend to  particulars1 this harmony  
separates4 ,ireland being an island     
surrounded  on all sides by water--which
 ,persia is not--it was necessary it    
should  obtain a denomination expressive
 of this accident2 or1 at all events1   
when  the alteration was so easily      
formed as by the change of the final an 
into in--an meaning land1 and in        
island--the transition was so  natural  
as at once to recommend its propriety4  

,hence it is that though we occasionally
 meet with ,iran1 as applied to  this   
country1 yet do we more frequently find 
,irin as its distinctive  term2 whereas 
the latter is never1 by any chance1     
assigned to ,persia1 the  former alone  
being its universal name4 ,and this is  
all conformable to the  closest logical 
argumentation1 which teaches that every 
species is  contained in its genus1 but 
that no genus is contained in its       
species2  ,irin1 therefore1 which is the
 specific term1 may also be called ,iran
  the generic1 while ,iran--except as in
 our instance1 where the  extension of  
both is identical--could never be called
 ,irin3 and so it  happens that ,ireland
 is indifferently called by the names of
 ,iran or  ,irin1 the latter alone      
marking its insular characteristic2     
whereas  ,persia1 not being so          
circumstanced1 is mentioned only by the 
general  form of ,iran4    ,to simplify 
this reasoning ,i must repeat that      
,iran#adg signifies the  ,sacred ,land1 

and ,irin1#adh the ,sacred ,island2 now 
every island is  a land1 but every land 
is not an island3 ,persia1 therefore1   
which is  not an island1 could not be   
called ,irin1 whereas ,ireland1 which   
is1  may as well be called one as the   
other4#adi    ,irin1 then1 is the true1 
appropriate1 characteristic and         
specific denomination belonging to this 
island3--and the words ,ire1 ,eri1      
,ere1#aej and ,erin1 applied also       
thereto1 are but vicious or dialectal   
modifications of this grand1 original1  
and ramifying root4    ,the import of   
this appellative having spread itself   
over the globe before  ,rome was ever   
known1 under that name1 as a city1 and  
when ,greece was but  just beginning to 
peep into the light1 the ,pelasgi--who  
were partly  ,budhists1 allied somewhat 
to them in religion1 and still more akin
 in  birth and endowments--conveyed1 in 
conjunction with the ,phnician          
merchants1 to the early ,greek          
inhabitants2#aea and they1 by a very    

easy  process1 commuted ,irin to ,irne1 
which is but a translation of the       
word-- signifying sacred1 and  an       
island4    ,of this ,greek form1 ,ierne1
 there were again various inflections   
and  depraved assimilations1 such as    
,iernis1 ,iuernia1 ,ouvernia1 ,vernia1  
etc4  ,and from one#aeb of those1 the   
,latins1 without1 perhaps1 exactly      
knowing  what it meant1 conjured up     
,hibernia1 but which1 however1 with     
soul-stirring triumph1 retains uninjured
 our original root1 the initial  ,h     
being nothing more than the aspirate of 
the ,greek 1 sacred2 1  island1         
remaining unaltered2 and the letter b   
only interposed for  sound-sake4#aec    
,so that1 whether we consider it as     
,irin1 ,ierne1 or ,hibernia1 or  under  
the multiplied variations which diverge1
 almost interminably1 from  those three 
originals1 in the several languages     
which they  respectively represent1 they
 will be found1 each and all1 to resolve
  themselves into this one1 great1      

incontrovertible position of the        
8,sacred ,island40    ,thus1 under      
heaven1 have ,i been made the humble    
instrument of redeeming my  country from
 the aspersions of calumniators4 ,i have
 shown to  demonstration the real origin
 of its sanctified renown4 ,i have      
traced  from the ,irish1 through all the
 variations of ,greek and ,latin        
capricios1 its delineatory name2 and    
have proved1 beyond the possibility  of 
rational contradiction1 that in all     
those different changes regard was      
still held to the original epithet4     
,where1 then1 are the sneers--of        
8hallucination10--of 8lunacy10--and of  
8etymological moonshine80 ,these are    
very cheap and convenient terms for     
gentlemen to adopt1 as cloaks to the    
ignorance of the purport of             
denominations imposed at a time when    
every word was a history4 ,in the  early
 ages of the world whimsicality never   
mingled with the  circumstantial        
designation of either person or         

locality4 ,every name was  the sober    
consequence of deliberate               
circumspection2 and was intended to     
transmit the memory of events1 in the   
truest colours1 as well as in the  most 
comprehensive form1 to the latest       
generation4    ,will this be considered 
the vapouring of conceit8 ,is it the    
spouting  of self-sufficient inanity8   
,let the heartless utilitarian1 unable  
to  appreciate the motives which first  
enlisted me in this inquiry1 and which  
still fascinate my zeal1 at an age      
when--did not my love for truth and  the
 rectification of my country's history  
rise superior to the  mortification of  
alienated honour--,i should have flung  
from me letters  and literature in      
disgust1 and betaken myself1 an         
adventurer for  distinction as a        
soldier1--let such1 ,i say1 conceal     
within himself his  despicable          
worldly-mindedness1 and leave me        
unmolested1 if unrewarded1 to           
posterity4      8,come thou1 my friend1 

my genius1 come along1    ,thou master  
of the poet and the song1    ,and while 
the muse now stoops1 or now ascends1    
,to man's low passions1 or his glorious 
ends1    ,teach me1 like thee1 in       
various nature wise1    ,to fall with   
dignity--with temper rise2    ,formed by
 thy converse happily to steer    ,from 
grave to gay1 from lively to severe2    
,correct with spirit1 eloquent with     
ease2    ,intent to reason1 or polite to
 please40    ,the origin of the term    
8,sacred ,island10 being now for ever   
adjudicated1  the reader will at once   
see that it belonged to an era long     
anterior to  ,christianity4 ,in         
assigning to it this date1#aed ,i       
pretend not to be  unique2 and1 as ,i   
should not wish to deprive any brow of  
the laurels  which it has earned--more  
especially1 where an undisputed         
enjoyment has  amounted to              
prescription--,i shall register1 in     
express words1 my  predecessor's own    
expos1 which is1 that 8the isle must    

have been so named  because of its      
nurturing no venomous reptile0#aee666   
,who will not  smile8    ,no1 sir1 the  
imposers of this name were too sensible 
of its value1 and too  jealous of its   
use1 to expose it to ambiguity4 ,it     
pourtrayed the sanctity  of the         
occupying proprietors2 and lest there   
should be any misconception  as to the  
species of worship whence that          
8sanctity0 had emanated1 they  gave this
 scene of its exercise three other      
names1 viz4 ,fuodhla1 ,fudh  ,inis1 and 
,inis-na-,bhfiodhbhadh#aef--which at    
once associate the  8worship0 with the  
profession of the worshippers3 for f1 or
 ph1  being only the aspirate of b1 and 
commutable with it1 ,fuodhla--which  is 
compounded of ,fuodh and ila1 this      
latter signifying land--becomes         
,buodhla--that is1 ,budhland4#aeg ,fudh 
,inis1 by the same rule1 is  reducible  
to ,budh ,inis1 of which the latter     
means island1 that is1                  
,budh-island2#aeh while                 

,inis-na-,bhfiodhbhadh requires no      
transposition1 being clear and obvious  
in itself1 as the ,island of  ,budhism4 
,now1 8to make assurance doubly sure10  
go to ,keating's ,history of  ,ireland1 
p4 #di1 and you will there find 8the    
female deities0--an  incorrect          
expression for the deities worshipped by
 the females--of the  ,tuath-de-danaans1
 to have been ,badhha1 ,macha1 and      
,moriagan4#aei ,of these  the first     
needs no exposition2 the second ,i shall
 reserve for another  place1 but the    
third ,i will here develop4 ,he was the 
military deity of  this 8sacred0 colony1
 and a personification of ,budh1 under  
the designation  of ,farragh1#afj i4e4  
,copulation2 and1 accordingly1 the      
,scythians1 who  incorporated with them1
 after first dethroning them1 adopted   
this term as  their exhilarating        
war-shout1 while under the veil of the  
epithet was  really meant the sun1 whose
 aid they invoked to give strength to   
their  loins and vigour to their        

arms4#afa    ,and yet this is the name  
which ,spenser would derive from that of
 ,fergus1  king of ,scotland6 ,fifteen  
hundred years and more before ,fergus   
was born1  which1 by the way1 was not   
until the sixth century of the          
,christian era1  the ,irish basked in   
the sunshine of their resplendent       
war-god1 who1  under another and        
equivalent denomination1 viz4 ,buodh1   
abbreviated into  ,boo1#afb and thus    
with the prefix a1 implying to1 or under
 the  auspices of--assumed by the       
different septs as their distinctive    
watchwords1 branched out into the       
national and spirit-stirring            
acclamations of ,o',brien a-,boo6#afc   
,o',neil a-,boo6 etc4 etc42 which the   
early ,english settlers1 who would fain 
become ,hibernis ipsis  ,hiberniores1   
afterwards imitated3 such as ,butler    
a-,boo2 ,shanet-a-,boo2  ,grasagh       
a-,boo2 ,crom a-,boo1 etc42 the last    
having been that adopted by             
,fitzgerald1 ,duke of ,leinster1 and    

still retained as the motto of his      
armorial escutcheon4    ,it is worth    
while to listen to ,spenser's           
gratulation1 while chuckling  himself   
with the idea of his fancied discovery3 
8,this observation of  yours10 he says  
to himself1 8is very good and           
delightful1 far beyond  the blind       
conceits of some1 who upon the same word
 ,farragh have made a  very blunt       
conjecture40 ,oh patria6 ,oh mores6 how 
little is known of  ,ireland6 ,but ,i am
 not surprised at foreigners1 when the  
very natives1  the descendants of the   
actors in those glorious scenes1 are    
ignorant of  its history6    ,take up   
any document1 purporting to give an     
account of this country1 and  you will  
find it to be composed1 either of absurd
 and nauseous  exaggerations on the one 
hand1 or of gross and calumnious        
detractions  on the other4 ,but though  
the wildness of the former cannot fail  
to  generate1 in the intellectual       
amongst all readers1 an unfavourable    

impression2 and in those of a different 
nation1 already prejudiced1 or  mayhap  
incapable of separating the gold from   
the baser metal1  incredulity and       
contempt2 yet the true ,irish searcher1 
versed in the  antiquities1 not only of 
his own dear 8father-land10 but of the  
kindred  ,east1 which maintained in the 
old world a religious and incessant     
communication with this 8,sacred ,isle10
 will glean in the distortion of  those 
maniac effusions1 the glimmerings of    
that truth whence they  originally      
emanated--while the injustice of the    
calumniator's must1  of itself bring    
dismay1 with the whole train of         
confusion and dishonour1  upon the      
mercenary instruments of those foul     
abuses1 as well as upon the  heartless  
abettors who could have enlisted their  
vassalage6    ,truth1 notwithstanding1  
obliges me to say that the blame should 
not  altogether be laid upon the        
historians4 ,they did as much as1 under 
the  circumstances1 could be expected at

 their hands4 ,two successive invasions 
having passed over1 and swept away1 in  
the whirlwind of their desolating  fury1
 all those monuments of learning to     
which the world had bowed just          
before--one from innate antipathy to the
 thing itself2 the other from           
apprehension that the contents of those 
memorials1 acting upon the              
sensibilities of a high-hearted and     
proud race1 should stimulate their      
ardour to the recovery of their lost    
rights1 and the consequent ejectment  of
 the party who had usurped them#afd--the
 patriot had little more to  guide him  
in supplying the deficiencies thus      
created1 than the rude  imagining of his
 own brain1 or the oral traditions of   
the village  schoolmaster and           
genealogist4    ,the rigour1 however1 of
 penal observances began1 in time1      
gradually to  relax2 and the people     
ventured to confess that they had still 
in their  possession such things as     
manuscripts1 illustrative of their      

lineage and  ancestral elevation4 ,this 
was the signal to some liberal          
individuals to  prosecute an inquiry for
 additional memorials2 and the result   
was1 that  they rose from the pursuit1  
if not with a connected aggregate of    
demonstrational evidence1 at least with 
a conviction on their minds1  that those
 treasured visions of primeval lustre1  
hereditary and inborn  within the breast
 of every ,irishman1 and impossible to  
be eradicated1 were  not yet1 late as   
was the hour1 without something like a  
basis to rest  upon4    ,i would be     
unjust did ,i not furthermore avow1 that
 it was not their  enemies alone that   
waged this ungenerous warfare with the  
literature of  the ,irish4 ,st4 ,patrick
 himself was the individual who1 in     
pursuance1 as he  conceived1 of his     
apostolic charge1 may be said to have   
perpetrated the  greatest outrage upon  
our antiquities2 having set fire1 in a  
paroxysm of  pious zeal1 to no less than
 one hundred and eighty volumes1 which  

he  selected from the great mass of the 
records of the nation1 as embodying  the
 tenets of ,budhism and ,astrology4 ,the
 rest1 relating to the  notification of 
national or personal achievements1 he   
left untouched and  secure4    ,yet1    
will it be believed that this was the   
severest infliction1 so far as  letters 
are concerned1 which we have sustained1 
after all8 ,for as the  religion of the 
ancient ,irish was intermingled with    
their history1 and  as the wide         
diffusion of their celebrity arose from 
the eminence of  their religious creed1 
the flames of that conflagration have   
inflicted a  loss upon the antiquarian  
which fifteen centuries of study have   
not been  able to repair6    ,despite1  
however1 the united inroads of suspicion
 and mistaken piety1 the  ,irish have   
still materials1 ample and authentic1   
for the completion of a  history1 not   
only of insular1 but1 if properly       
handled1 of almost  universal           
elucidation3#afe and of this ,toland    

himself was1 in some  measure1 aware1   
when he said that 8notwithstanding the  
long state of  barbarity in which that  
nation hath lain1 and after all the     
rebellions and  wars with which the     
kingdom has been harassed1 they 7the    
,irish7 have  incomparably more ancient 
materials of that kind for their        
history1 to  which even their mythology 
is not unserviceable1 than either the   
,english1 or the ,french1 or any other  
,european nation with whose ancient     
manuscripts ,i have any acquaintance40  
,but though resources most              
unquestionable thus notoriously still   
abounded1  yet has it not been the      
fortune of ,ireland1 hitherto1 to meet  
with any  historian gifted with the     
widely comprehensive1 philosophical     
views and  suitable education calculated
 to do her justice2 so that1 by the     
untoward  hand of fate1 and the         
iniquitous operation of the old         
political stroke1  the knowledge of the 
character in which those papers are     

couched has  become already so almost   
extinct1 that they lie on the shelves1  
to all  intents and purposes a dead     
letter4#aff    ,i now beg leave to      
introduce this identical war-god1 in his
 military  costume and hyperborean      
philabeg1 in which1 as before observed1 
the  ,scythians never invested          
themselves2 and hope the reader will    
enjoy a  hearty laugh at the expense of 
those blunderers1 who1 in their         
preposterous1 ,i had almost said        
repentant1 devotion to monastic         
refinements1 would rob the ,pagans of   
this long-cherished idol1 and  convert  
his godship into a ,christian nonentity6
    ,you will find him--name and all    
corresponding--described fully in the   
,rites and ,ceremonies of all ,nations1 
as similarly officiating and  worshipped
 in the ,east4 8,there is10 says the    
author1 8in the province of  ,matambo1  
an idol whose priests are sorcerers or  
magicians2 and this  image stands       
upright1 directly over against the      

temple dedicated to his  peculiar       
service1 in a basket made in the form of
 a bee-hive40#afg    ,illustration      
8,to this deity in particular they apply
 themselves for success when they  go   
out a hunting or fishing1 and for the   
relief of all such as are               
indisposed6#afh ,miramba always marches 
at the head of their armies2  and he is 
presented with the first delicious      
morsel1 and the first glass  of wine    
that is served up at the governor's or  
,king of ,matambo's table40    ,but a   
living traveller1 in a very interesting 
work just launched from  the press1 and 
without expecting therein to become my  
auxiliary1 decides  this ascription     
without further pains4 8,this village10 
says our author  7near ,rampore1 on the 
,himalaya range71 8instanced the care   
which the  sacerdotal orders in the     
,east take for their comfort and good4  
,it was a  neat1 clean1 and substantial 
place1 in all acceptations of the word4 
,these  ,brahmin villagers pay no rent  

of any kind to the state3 they live on  
the  granted lands1 but are obliged to  
keep the temples in repair1 to furnish  
all the implements1 and to take care of 
the godships within it--these are  small
 brass images1 with nether garments in  
the shape of petticoats4  ,they are     
carried in procession1 on certain       
occasions1 and the ceremonies  belonging
 to them are performed twice a day4     
,mahadeo is the great god of  the       
mountains40#afi    ,but if the advocates
 of modernism have cause to be annoyed  
at my depriving  them of this specimen  
of 8the ,fine ,arts in ,ireland10 which 
they thought  they had appropriated to  
the prejudice of truth1 how much greater
 must not  be their chagrin at my       
wrenching from their grasp another      
8exceedingly  curious0 and              
8richly-ornamented0 8ecclesiastic80#agj 
,ecclesiastic1  indeed6 ,yes2 but       
reverenced and revered1 by many a       
beating heart1 as the  head of all      
ecclesiastics1 for centuries upon       

centuries1 before the name  of          
monachism1 as connected with            
,christianity1 was ever articulated6    
,illustration    ,this1 ,sir1 is no less
 a personage than ,mr4 ,budha himself1  
or rather the  personified abstract1 in 
the possession of one of the last queens
 of the  ,tuath-de-danaans1 at the      
moment of the inundation of the         
,scythian dynasty4  ,i hope that1 after 
so long an obscuration1 and the         
uncourtly treatment he  has received    
during the humiliating interval of      
revolving centuries1 you  will--now that
 he chooses to reveal his proper        
character1 avow his  delegation1 and    
acknowledge the supremacy of that power 
by which his  empire had been           
overthrown--treat him as an ,irishman1  
with generous  cordiality1 and impute   
not to him a crime which belonged only  
to his  followers4    ,but his dress is 
like a ,christian4 ,so much the better1 
man3 we ought to  like him the more for 
that4 ,but to be serious1--although1 as 

my friend  ,horace formerly told me1    
8what hinders one laughing from speaking
  truth80--all our ecclesiastical       
ritual1 as well of ceremony as of       
costume1 has been borrowed from the     
,jewish1 and that again from the        
,pagans1 with such alterations only as  
the allwise ,jehovah thought  necessary 
to recommend4 ,besides1 we have the     
authority of ,dr4 ,buchanan for  stating
 that 8,samona is a title bestowed on   
the priests of ,godama  7,budha71 and is
 likewise applied to the images of the  
divinity1 when  represented1 as he      
commonly is1 in the priestly habit40#aga
          ,,chapter ,,xi4               
,pharaoh1#agb the titular appellation of
 the monarchs of ,egypt1 being  but the 
local modification of this our ,irish   
,phearagh1 the mind is  instinctively   
directed towards that great storehouse  
of bygone  consequence4 ,and as the best
 authority that we can command in       
gaining any  insight into its reverses  
is through the medium of its own        

historians1 let  us hear what ,manetho1 
a priest of the country1 thus           
transmits3--    8,we had formerly10 says
 he1 8a king named ,timus1 in whose     
reign1 ,i know  not why1 but it pleased 
,god to visit us with a blast of ,his   
displeasure2  when1 on a sudden1 there  
came upon this country a large body of  
obscure  people from the ,east1 and with
 great boldness invaded the land1 and   
took  it without opposition4 ,their     
behaviour to the natives was very       
barbarous2  for they slaughtered the    
men1 and made slaves of their wives and 
children4  ,the whole body of this      
people were called ,huksos1 or ,uksos2  
that is1  ,royal ,shepherds3 for the    
first syllable1 in the sacred dialect1  
signifies a #8king1' as the latter1 in  
the popular language1 signifies #8a     
shepherd4' ,these two compounded        
together constitute the word ,huksos4   
,these  people are said to have been    
,arabians40    8,the ,vedas1 or         
,sanscrit records of ,hindustan1        

furthermore state that these  invaders  
were the 8,pali10 or shepherds1 a       
powerful1 warlike1 and  enterprising    
,indian tribe4 ,while the deadly        
aversion which existed in the  minds of 
the ,egyptians against the name and     
office of a shepherd in  ,joseph's day1 
is a lasting memorial of their visit and
 their  severity40#agc    ,they did not 
go1 however1 without leaving behind them
 other signs4 ,the  pages of ,herodotus 
afford ample evidence of the resemblance
 between the  ,egyptian customs and     
those of the more remote ,east4 ,by his 
description of  the rites and           
ceremonies1 the mode of life1 etc41 of  
the priests of ,egypt1  they are at once
 identified with the ,brahmins of       
,india4 ,china still  celebrates that   
festival of lamps which was formerly    
universal throughout  the extent of     
,egypt2#agd and 8we have the most       
indubitable authority for  stating that 
the sepoys in the ,british overland army
 from ,india1 when they  beheld in      

,egypt the ruins of ,dendera1 prostrated
 themselves before the  remains of the  
ancient temples1 and offered up         
adoration to them2  declaring1 upon     
being asked the reason of this strange  
conduct1 that  they saw sculptured      
before them the ,gods of their          
country40#age    ,but the most          
stupendous and appalling memento of     
their dominion and  science was the     
three great pyramids of ,geeza1 the     
erection of which1  ,herodotus assures  
us 7bk4 ii4 sec4 #abh71 though the      
priests would  attribute to ,cheops1    
,cephrenes1 and ,mycerinus1 three       
,egyptian kings1 8yet  the people       
ascribed them to a shepherd named       
,philitis1 who at that  time fed his    
cattle in those places02 so consonant   
with the invasion  above authenticated4 
,this is additionally confirmed by the  
,sanscrit  records already referred to1 
informing us of three mountains1        
,rucm-adri1  8the ,mount of ,gold10     
,rajat-adri1 8the ,mount of ,silver10   

and ,retu-adri1  8the ,mount of ,gems02 
having been raised by that ,indian      
colony who had  conquered ,egypt2 which 
is only a figurative denotation of those
  factitious heights1 those astounding  
monuments of religion and  ostentation1 
which were originally cased with yellow1
 white1 and  spotted marbles1 brought   
from the quarries of ,arabia1 until     
stripped by  the rapacity of succeeding 
colonies4    ,belzoni's testimony is    
decisive on this point1 as his drawing  
of the  second pyramid represents the   
upper part of its casing remaining still
  entire1 about a third of the distance 
from the summit to the base  downwards4 
,we meet with other pyramids1 it is     
true1 chiefly dispersed  about the      
,libyan deserts1 but they are much      
inferior to the fore-mentioned  three1  
except one near the mummies1 whose      
dimensions and structure are  very      
nearly the same with the largest ,gezite
 one4 ,this latter1 according  to       
,greaves1 is #fic feet square at the    

base2 its perpendicular height #dii     
feet2 that is1 #fb feet higher than ,st4
 ,peter's at ,rome1 and #aee feet       
higher than ,st4 ,paul's in ,london2    
while the inclining height is #fic feet1
  exactly equal to the breadth of the   
base2 so that the angles and base make  
an equilateral triangle4#agf ,belzoni   
measures them all differently1 and      
gives to the second even greater        
dimensions than are usually assigned to 
the first or largest1 viz4 base1 #fhd2  
perpendicular height1 #def2 central     
line down front1 from apex to base1     
#efh2 coating1 from top to where it     
ends1 #adj4    ,the variation arises    
from the circumstance of the latter     
gentleman's  measurement having been    
taken after the base had been cleared   
away of all  sand and rubbish2 while    
those of his predecessors applied only  
as taken  from the level of the         
surrounding heap4 ,the small ones above 
noticed are  some quadrilateral1 some   
round1 terminating like a sugar-loaf1   

some  rising with a greater and some    
with a lesser inclination4 ,all commence
  immediately south of ,cairo1 but on   
the opposite side of the ,nile1 and     
extend1 in an uninterrupted range1 for  
many miles in a southerly  direction1   
parallel with the banks of the river4   
,after what has been said above1 ,i need
 scarcely allude to the ridiculous      
supposition of those having been built  
by ,joseph as granaries for his  corn6  
,their form and construction1 ill       
adapted to such an occasion1  refutes   
that absurdity1 as it does the          
derivation upon which it has been       
founded1 viz4 the ,greek words 1 wheat1 
and 1 ,i gather2 as if1  forsooth1 an   
,egyptian structure1 erected before the 
,greek language was  ever known to      
exist1 should wait for a designation    
until ,greece should be  pleased to     
christen it4 ,still more disposed must  
one be to discard with  contempt the    
usual derivation given them1 of 1 fire2 
as this not only  labours under the     

weakness of the former1 but betrays an  
ignorance of the  correct idea of the   
,greek word 1 of which 1 fire1 is the   
true  derivation1 8quia flamm instar in 
acutum tendit02#agg intimating its      
continually tapering until it ends in a 
point2 whereas the top of the  ,egyptian
 pyramids never does so end2 that of the
 largest above described  ending in a   
flat of nine stones1 besides two wanting
 at the angles1 each  side of this      
platform being about sixteen feet2 so   
that a considerable  number of people   
may stand on it1 and have1 as from most 
of ours1 one of  the most beautiful     
prospects imaginable4    ,wilkins's     
derivation from pouro1 a king1 and misi1
 a race1 would seem  plausible enough1  
being a purely ,coptic or ,egyptian     
analysis2 but when we  consider the     
general ascription of them by the people
 to the shepherd  ,philitis1 whether as 
one of the ,pali--that is1 shepherds--or
 ,uksi1  which meant the                
same--king-shepherds above adduced2 or  

as emphatically  the shepherd1 the son  
of ,israel1#agh it argues a disposition 
on the part  of the people to assign the
 honour--if taken in the latter         
light--to the  workmen employed2 if in  
the former1 to a prince of a different  
dynasty  from those whom the ,egyptian  
priests would fain associate with them4 
,this  derivation1 therefore1 will not  
stand2 and we have only to betake       
ourselves to the ingenious conjecture of
 ,lacroze1#agi which1 perhaps1  may give
 more satisfaction respecting the       
etymology of the word pyramid4  ,lacroze
 derives it from the ,sanscrit term     
,biroumas1 and traces an  analogy       
between ,brahma1 ,birma 7which the      
,indians of ,malabar pronounce          
,biroumas71 and the word ,piromis1 which
 means the same thing1 namely1 a        
virtuous and upright character--,piromia
 meaning1 according to him1 in the      
language of ,ceylon1 man in general4    
,herodotus states1#ahj that the priests 
of ,egypt kept in a spacious  building  

large images of wood1 representing all  
their preceding high  priests1 arranged 
in genealogical order1 every high priest
 placing his  image there during his    
life4 ,they mentioned to ,hecatus1 the  
historian1  when they were showing this 
edifice to him1 that each of the images 
he saw  represented a ,piromis1 begotten
 by another ,piromis1 which word1 says  
,herodotus1 signifies1 in their         
language1 a virtuous and honest man4 ,a 
passage from ,synesius1 the celebrated  
bishop of ,cyrene1 in his treatise  8on 
,providence10 at once coincides with1   
and is illustrative of this  anecdote4  
8,the father of ,osiris and ,typhon10   
says he1 8was at the same  time a king1 
a priest1 and a philosopher4 ,the       
,egyptian histories  also rank him among
 the gods2 for the ,egyptians are       
disposed to believe  that many          
divinities reigned in their country in  
succession before it was  governed by   
men1 and before their kings were        
reckoned in a genealogical  order by    

,peirom after ,peirom40    ,the         
,japanese celebrate an annual festival  
in honour of one ,pireun1 who1  they    
say1 was many ages ago king of ,formosa1
 and who1 being disgusted  with the     
abandoned morals of his                 
subjects--wealthy traders--consigned    
himself solely to the worship of the    
gods4 ,forewarned in a dream1 he took   
flight from the impending visitation1   
and had scarcely sailed ere the  island1
 with its inhabitants1 sunk to the      
bottom of the sea4 ,as for the  good    
king1 he arrived safe in ,china1 whence 
he went over to ,japan1 where  he has   
been ever since honoured by the above   
commemoration4    ,the true ,coptic name
 for those edifices is ,pire monc--which
 signifies a  sunbeam#aha--not so much  
in allusion to their form as to their   
appropriation1 which we shall make the  
subject of a separate inquiry4    ,it   
has1 ,i trust1 satisfactorily been      
proved that the erection and  nomination
 of those wondrous edifices were not of 

native growth4 ,it has1  ,i trust1      
additionally appeared that both were    
essentially ,indian4 ,it may  not now be
 8ungermane to the matter10 if we would 
for a moment digress1 to  consider the  
era of their probable date1 as          
introductory to the character  of their 
probable destination4    ,josephus      
expressly informs us that the           
,israelites were employed in the        
construction of the pyramids4 ,is there 
any reason why we should doubt so       
respectable an authority8 ,oh1 yes1 it  
is said the ,scriptures are against     
it--the task of the ,israelites during  
their bondage being exclusively         
confined to the making of brick4 ,i deny
 that the ,scriptures either allege  or 
insinuate any such thing4 ,on the       
contrary1 we may fairly infer1 from     
,ex4 ix4 #h1 #aj1 that they were engaged
 in other servile offices2 as also  from
 ,ps4 lxxxi4 #f1 where it is said1 8,i  
removed his shoulder from the  burden1  
and his hands were delivered from the   

mortar-box0--not pots1  as our          
translation has it2 and such rendering  
is supported by the  ,septuagint1       
,vulgate1 ,symmachus1 and others4#ahb   
,this ascription receives further       
countenance from a passage in ,diodorus1
  i4 #b1 where1 referring to those      
immense piles1 and the ideas of the     
,egyptians themselves respecting them1  
he adds3 8,they say the first was       
erected by ,armus1 the second by        
,amosis1 the third by ,inaron40 ,who is 
it  that pronounces the last two names1 
if only spelled1 a,mosis and in,aron1   
and recollects1 at the same time1 what  
the ,scriptures tell us of ,moses and   
,aaron1 that is not at once struck with 
the similarity of the sound8 ,and as  to
 ,armus1 why it bears so evident an     
affinity with ,aramus or ,aramean1  that
 one cannot avoid connecting it with the
 8,aramite ready to perish10  the very  
name given to ,jacob1 ,deut4 xxvi4      
#e4ahc ,nothing1 then1 prevents1  so far
 as ,i can see1 our concluding one of   

those structures at least--,i  say one  
at least to conciliate the brick-party2 
and ,i think1 besides1 ,i  have read    
somewhere1 that one of the pyramids1 the
 smaller ones no doubt1  was built of   
such material--to have been the work of 
the sons of ,israel4  ,and the rather as
 it was consonant with the uniform      
practice of the  ancient ,oriental      
nations to employ captive foreigners on 
servile and  laborious works4    ,the   
usual time1 too1 assigned to the slavery
 of the ,israelites corresponds  very   
nearly with that generally allotted to  
the erection of those masses4  ,the stay
 of the sons of ,israel in the land of  
,egypt is generally  understood to have 
been two hundred and fifteen years4 ,of 
these ,joseph  ruled seventy2 forty is a
 fair average for the generation that   
succeeded--which1 added to his seventy1 
leaves one hundred and five years  to   
the ,exodus4 ,now we learn from         
,herodotus that ,cheops1 the reputed    
founder of the first or greatest of     

these pyramids1 was the first also of   
the ,egyptian kings who oppressed1 or in
 any way tyrannised over1 his  subjects4
 ,his reign is stated to have been fifty
 years4 ,cephrenes1 who  succeeded1     
showed himself in every respect his     
brother1 barring1 as the  other before  
him1 the approach to every temple1      
stopping the performance  of the usual  
sacrifices1 and keeping his subjects all
 the while employed  in every species of
 oppressive task and laborious drudgery4
 ,the period of  his reign is stated to 
have been fifty-six years1 which1 added 
to the  preceding fifty1 make one       
hundred and six1 exactly answering to   
the above  calculation4    ,the ,exodus1
 besides1 is stated to have occurred    
,b4,c4 #agia2 and ,herodotus  and       
,diodorus together1 while acknowledging 
their ignorance of the actual  date of  
the pyramids1 and the impossibility1 on 
their part1 to ascertain  it1 declare   
also their conviction that they must    
have been built at least  about that    

period4    ,i have thus1 ,i trust1 done 
honourable justice to the testimony of  
,josephus4 ,i have done so for many     
reasons--firstly1 because of the        
importance of the subject itself2       
secondly1 from my respect for the merits
  of the writer2 and1 thirdly1 because  
that ,i think it very probable indeed   
that the ,israelites may have been      
occupied in the erection of some of the 
minor and later pyramids4 ,but          
insuperable obstacles stand in the way  
of  our associating them with the       
structure of them all2 and of these one 
is1 the improbability that the          
victorious invaders would single out the
  inoffensive ,israelites as particular 
objects of their oppression1 when       
policy should suggest to them a directly
 different course in securing  their    
adherence in opposition to the native   
residents4 ,by ,josephus's  account1    
however1 it would appear that the       
,israelites alone were engaged  upon    
those edifices2 and the ,scriptures     

themselves confine the intimation  of   
drudgery to the ,israelitish race3 it   
therefore is manifest that the          
,egyptian natives were favoured by the  
then existing dynasty1 while it  is on  
all hands agreed1 that the new-comers   
had treated during the whole  period of 
their dominion1 the entire ,egyptian    
nation with indiscriminate  rigour and  
chastisement4    ,besides this1 that    
deadly animosity existing in the        
,egyptian mind to the  name and         
profession of shepherds1 above alluded  
to1 at once identifies  their character 
with that of the 8,uksi10 or            
8,king-shepherds10 to whom we  have     
before referred1 and proves the date of 
their invasion anterior in  point of    
time to ,israel's introduction into the 
land of ,egypt4 ,joseph was  well aware 
of the particulars of this invasion1 and
 of the sting it left  behind it in the 
mind of the ,egyptians2 and accordingly 
he acquaints his  brothers1 whose 8trade
 also had been about cattle10 that      

8every shepherd  was an abomination to  
the ,egyptians40#ahd    ,manetho        
himself1 the ,egyptian priest1 is my    
voucher for this deduction1  when he    
says that1 8,after these--the           
shepherd-kings--came another set of     
people who were sojourners in ,egypt1 in
 the reign of ,amenophis4 ,these  chose 
themselves a leader one who was a priest
 of ,heliopolis1 and whose  name was    
,osarsiph2 and after he had listed      
himself with this body of men  he       
changed his name to ,moses40    ,but    
this1 it will be said1 is at variance   
with ,moses' own account1 which  states 
that he obtained his name on being      
rescued from a watery cradle by         
,pharaoh's daughter4 ,not in the least1 
,i reply2 for it is more than  probable 
that1 after his slaying the ,egyptian1  
and consequent flight1 he  dropped his  
name to ensure concealment1 and only    
resumed it on being  invested with his  
divine commission4 ,or1 what is more    
likely still1 and  perhaps the truth1   

that ,osarsiph was the name which his   
8mother0 had given  him1 and which      
adhered to him until 8he grew up10--a   
term in ,scripture  which expresses     
mature age1--until when it was not that 
the princess had  designated him as     
,moses4    ,strong1 too1 as my          
veneration is for ,josephus1 ,i cannot  
conceal either  from myself or from the 
reader1 that his testimony in this      
instance is  rather of a dubious        
character4 ,the idea of interpolation ,i
 altogether  waive--it is1 at all times1
 a contemptible subterfuge4 ,i will take
 for  granted that the text is genuine2 
and1 on the very face of it1 it bears   
the impress--in the first place1 of     
inaccuracy1 confounding the period of   
his countrymen's servitude with that of 
their actual sojourn in ,egypt2  and1 in
 the second place1 of indistinctness1   
attaching a term of obloquy  to those   
edifices1 without condescending to offer
 therefor any cause4 ,here  are his own 
words3 8,when time had obliterated the  

benefits of ,joseph1 and  the kingdom of
 ,egypt had passed into another family1 
they inhumanely  treated the            
,israelites1 and wore them down in      
various labours3 for they  ordered them 
to divert the course of the river       
7,nile7 into many ditches1  and to build
 walls1 and raise mounds by which to    
confine the inundations  of the river   
7,nile72 and1 moreover1 vexed our nation
 in constructing  ,,foolish ,,pyramids1 
forced them to learn various arts1 and  
inured them to  undergo great labours2  
and after this manner did they1 for four
 hundred  years1 endure bondage2 the    
,egyptians doing that to destroy the    
,israelites  by overmuch labour1 whilst 
we ourselves endeavoured to struggle    
against  all our difficulties40    ,now1
 it is not a little remarkable1 as      
connecting the erection of the  pyramids
 with the 8royal shepherd race10 the    
former occupants of the above  fertile  
territory1 that those immense edifices  
happen to be situated in  the very      

vicinity of ,goshen4 ,geeza1 where the  
three great ones stand1 is  universally 
allowed to have been the site whereon   
,memphis once stood2 and  as a west wind
 took away the locusts1 and cast them   
into the ,red ,sea 7,ex4  x4 #ai71      
,goshen1 which we find by ,gen4 xlv4    
#aj1 cannot have been far from          
,joseph's own residence1 will be more   
aptly fixed in the vicinity of this     
spot within the ,heliopolitan nome1 than
 within any other nome or  prfecture1   
particularly the ,tanitic1 8where the   
same wind10 as has been  justly remarked
 by ,dr4 ,shaw1 8would not have blown   
those insects into the  ,red ,sea1 but  
into the ,mediterranean1 or else into   
the land of the  ,philistines40 ,goshen1
 then1 was that part of 8the land of    
,rameses10 8the  best of the land0      
7,gen4 xlvii4 #f-aa7 which lay in the   
neighbourhood of  ,cairo1 but on the    
opposite side of the ,nile1 where1 as   
already observed1  the pyramids are     
first met with1 and whence they proceed 

in a continued  line along the banks of 
the river1 in a southerly direction for 
many miles  together4    ,after reading 
these details it will be impossible1 ,i 
conceive1 for any  dispassionate mind to
 remain longer in suspense as to the    
origin of the  pyramids4 ,the doubt1    
too1 and obscurity in which they have   
been  heretofore enveloped can be       
explained with similar ease1 if we but  
remember the execration in which their  
,cushite founders were held by the      
,egyptians1 and their consequent        
disinclination to associate their name  
with such splendid memorials4 ,with this
 view1 indeed1 it is not at all         
improbable but that active legislative  
measures were adopted to cancel and     
suppress every vestige of proof which   
could tend to perpetuate the memory  of 
the obnoxious erectors4 ,so that we must
 not wonder if1 after a lapse of  years1
 their history was as great a riddle to 
the ,egyptians themselves as  that of   
our pyramids is to the ,irish nation4   

,a collateral cause for this universal  
ignorance of their use and origin  was  
the probable absence of letters on the  
part of the ,egyptians1 until  now1 for 
the first time1 introduced by those     
learned ,arabians2 and though  any one  
who is acquainted with the oriental     
disquisitions of ,wilfrid1 and  the     
coincidences he establishes between the 
ancient history of ,egypt and  the      
account given of the customs and        
dynasties of that kingdom1 as drawn     
from the ,hindoo ,puranas1 will at once 
admit that 8there must have been a      
period when a ,hindoo power had reigned 
in ,egypt by right of conquest10 and    
established therein the peculiar rites  
of their religion with the elements  of 
literature and social civilisation1 yet 
it is probable that during  their       
sojourn1 which1 we have seen1 was a     
continued series of warfare1  they kept 
themselves aloof from all intercourse   
with the natives1 and  checked1 as much 
as possible1 the circulation of their   

science among them4    ,some sparks of  
it1 however1 must inevitably have       
transpired2 and the  ,egyptian intellect
 was too finely constituted to be       
insensible to its  value1 or allow it to
 extinguish without food2 so that1 in   
the time of  ,moses1 and long after1    
their learning and accomplishments were 
courted by  the philosophers of the day1
 and were so eminently conspicuous1 as  
to  become a proverb 7,acts ,apost4 vii4
 #bb74 ,homer1 we all know1 visited that
  favoured land--so did ,pythagoras--so 
did ,solon1 ,thales1 ,plato1 and        
,eudoxus2 in short1 all the sages of    
antiquity1 of whom we read so much1  and
 whom we peruse with such recuperative  
pleasure1 either finished  their        
education in that favoured school1 or   
conversed with those who had  themselves
 done so4    ,the ,egyptians are said to
 have been the first who brought the    
8rules of  government10 with the art of 
making 8life easy0 and 8a people        
happy0--the  true end of worldly        

politics--to a regular system4 ,but much
 as they  excelled other nations in     
scientific lore1 in nothing was their   
superiority so conspicuous as in that   
magic art which enabled them to  cope1  
for so long a time1 and under such      
trying varieties1 even with the  prophet
 and ambassador of ,god himself4        
,these exhibitions are too stubbornly   
authenticated by scriptural proofs1  as 
well in the ,old as in the ,new         
,testament1#ahe for any one to affect   
disbelief in them without at the same   
time disbelieving the authenticity  of  
the ,scriptures themselves4 ,yes1 ,i    
implicitly subscribe to the truth of    
the narration2 and as ,i mean to bring  
home their initiation in the art1  as   
well as in their other several          
accomplishments1 to the ,chaldean       
diviners1 or ,aire ,coti shepherds--a   
branch of the ,tuath-de-danaan          
colonists of this our western isle--from
 whom1 or their relatives1 under  the   
designation of ,uksi1 ,indo-,scyth1 or  

,cushite shepherds--who1 if not  all one
 and the same1 were at least mixed and  
incorporated--the ,egyptians  had       
imbibed it--this1 ,i trust1 will plead  
my excuse for obtruding its  notice     
here1 as well as for dilating so much at
 large upon the early  history of       
,egypt4#ahf          ,,chapter ,,xii4   
,i come now1 with the same view1 to     
consider the destination of their       
famous 8,pyramids40#ahg ,in this pursuit
 the first thing that strikes us is  the
 uniform precision and systematic design
 apparent in their  architecture4 ,they 
all have their sides accurately adapted 
to the four  cardinal points1 as the    
four apertures near the summit of most  
of ours  indicate a similar regard to   
fidelity to the compass4 ,in six of them
 which  have been opened1 the principal 
passage preserves the same inclination  
of  #bf to the horizon1 being directed  
towards the polar star4 ,and ,i doubt   
not1 were the ground within and around  
all of ours sufficiently  explored1     

there would be found1 in some at least1 
regular vistas to  correspond with this 
description4 ,their obliquity too being 
so adjusted as  to make the north side  
coincide with the obliquity of the sun's
 rays at  the summer's solstice1 has1   
combined with the former particulars1   
led some  to suppose they were solely   
intended for astronomical uses2 and     
certainly1 if not altogether true1 it   
bespeaks1 at all events1 an intimate    
acquaintance with astronomical          
rules1#ahh as well as a due regard to   
the principles of geometry4#ahi    ,no  
one1 ,i believe1 has ever questioned the
 latter fact4 ,some1 induced  thereby1  
have thought them to be erected for the 
purpose of establishing  the exact      
measure of the cubit2 of which they     
happen to contain both in  breadth and  
height a certain number of multiples4   
,but as they were  evidently constructed
 by persons well versed in all the      
niceties of exact  measurement1 and who 
consequently had no occasion for such   

colossal  reference to refresh their    
memories1 like the ,lancasterian        
apparatus1 it  is ridiculous to suppose 
them erected with this view1 nor should 
,i have  alluded to it but to expose its
 weakness4 ,others have fancied them    
intended for sepulchres2 and as the     
,egyptians1 taught by their ancient     
,chaldean victors1 connected astronomy  
with their funereal and  religious      
ceremonies1 they seem not in this to be 
far astray1 if we but  extend the       
application to their sacred bulls and   
other animals1 and  not merely to their 
kings1 as ,herodotus would have us      
suppose4    ,the immense sarcophagus    
lying in the interior of the first or   
,great  ,pyramid1 with the bone found by
 the ,earl of ,munster#aij in the       
second1  must put this question beyond  
the possibility of doubt2 as ,sir       
,everard  ,home1 after a laborious      
examination of the properties of this   
relic1 found  it accurately to agree    
with the lower extremity of the         

thigh-bone of an  ox1 while it          
corresponded with that of no other      
animal4    ,in conformity with this     
conclusion were the discoveries of      
,belzoni some  time before1 in ,upper   
,egypt1 which abounds in specimens of   
the most  splendid antiquities1 in a    
catacomb amongst which1 called 8,bban el
  ,moluk10 that is 8the gates of the    
king0--meaning thereby the universal    
king of the ancients1 the generating    
principle of vegetation and life1 of    
which ,apis and ,mnevis1 ,osiris and    
,typhon1 were but the  representatives  
among the ,egyptians1 as other nations  
had adopted  equivalent forms and names1
 according to the genius of their climes
 and  languages--,i mean the ,sun--well1
 in one of the numerous chambers of this
  catacomb1 ,belzoni discovered an      
exquisitely beautiful sarcophagus of    
alabaster1 #i feet #e inches long1 by #c
 feet #i inches wide1 and #b feet #a    
inch high1 covered within and without   
with hieroglyphics1 and figures in      

intaglio1 nearly in a perfect state1    
sounding like a bell1 and as            
transparent as glass3 from the          
extraordinary magnificence of which1 he 
conceives1 it must have been the        
depository of the remains of ,apis2 in  
which idea he is the more confirmed by  
having found the carcass of a  bull     
embalmed with asphaltum1 in the         
innermost chamber4    ,the passage in   
,herodotus1 to which ,i before referred1
 appears to throw  some light on the    
intricate subject which we are now      
pursuing4 ,in lib4 ii4  p4 #abd1 etc41  
8the father of historians0 tells us that
 the two kings1 who  succeeded each     
other on the throne of ,egypt1 after the
 happy reign of  ,rhampsinitus and his  
predecessors1 and to whom the building  
of those  pyramids was reputedly        
ascribed1 had shown themselves indeed   
brothers1  not more by affinity of blood
 than by the similar outlines of their  
cruelty and intolerance4 ,no species of 
oppression was by them left             

unattempted2 no extreme of rigour or    
rapacious plunder by them unenforced3   
but what peculiarly characterised the   
hardship of their tyranny was the       
restraint they put upon the religion and
 pious exercises of their  subjects2    
closing the portals of the temples where
 they were wont to  adore1 and          
preventing the oblation of their usual  
sacrifices4    ,though ,herodotus has   
been justly honoured with the           
designation of 8,father  of             
,historians10 he has also1 perhaps1 not 
so very justly been called 8the  ,father
 of ,errors02 and1 as he himself        
admitted his incapability of  obtaining 
any satisfactory insight into the       
original of those structures1  may we   
not fairly conclude that1 in the extract
 now cited1 he either  confounds those  
princes with the foreign dynasty which  
we have already  established1 or else1  
from the ignorance superinduced to      
obliterate  their memory1 mistakes the  
erection of some of the minor and later 

ones1 which this 8par nobile fratrum0   
may1 indeed1 have devised1 in  imitation
 of the three 8mountains0 built by the  
,uksi4 ,what he states1  however1 is of 
value1 as it points to a previous form  
of worship1 and a  system of government 
by an alien house4 ,the prohibition of  
sacrifices  and the closing the temple  
doors make this as clear as words can   
delineate  anything4 ,all we want1 then1
 is to be informed what the particular  
temples  alluded to were3 and that they 
were the pyramids1 will1 ,i think1 be   
conceded by everyone who has carefully  
perused the arguments here set  down1   
and who has not his judgment warped by  
favourite plans of literary  systems and
 speculative hypotheses4    ,this       
conclusion receives additional force    
from the conversation which  ,wilford1  
in his 8,dissertation upon ,egypt and   
the ,nile10#aia tells us he  had with   
several learned ,brahmins1 when1 upon   
describing to them the form  and        
bearings of the great ,egyptian pyramid1

 one of them asked if it had  not a     
communication under ground with the     
river ,cali8 ,being answered that  such 
communication was spoken of as having   
once existed1 and that a well  was still
 to be seen1 they unanimously agreed    
that it was a temple  appropriated to   
the worship of ,padma-devi1 and that the
 supposed tomb  was a trough1 which1 on 
certain festivals1 her priests used to  
fill with  the sacred water and         
lotos-flowers4    ,mr4 ,davison1        
,british ,consul to ,algiers1 when      
accompanying ,mr4 ,wortley  ,montague to
 ,egypt1 in #agfc1 discovered here a    
chamber1 before unnoticed1  and         
descended1 to a depth of #aee feet1 the 
three successive reservoirs4  ,the      
principal oblique passage has1 since    
then1 been traced by the very           
enterprising master of a merchant       
vessel1 ,captain ,caviglia1 #bjj feet   
farther down than by any former         
explorer1 and found to communicate with 
the bottom of the well1 which is now    

filled with rubbish4 ,a circulation of  
air being thus procured1 he was         
emboldened to proceed #bh feet farther1 
which brought him to a spacious hall1   
#ff feet by #bg feet1 unequal in        
altitude1 and directly under the centre 
of the pyramid4 ,in no instance yet     
recorded has any appearance presented   
itself of human remains within those    
apartments1 nor indeed was there any    
possibility of conveying such  thither1 
unless placed there before the erection 
of the pile itself2 for  the extremities
 of the gallery1 which leads into the   
great chamber1  are so narrow and       
circumscribed1 that it is with          
difficulty one can  effect an entrance  
into it1 even by creeping upon his      
belly4    ,the symbolical anatomy       
prefigured in this contrivance1 and     
which equally  exhibits itself in all   
the temples of the ancients1 as well    
under as  over ground1 is such as almost
 to have tempted me to make this the    
occasion on which ,i should uncover     

another secret of their mystic code4    
,but a more concentrated opportunity    
will occur as we advance1 and for  which
 this intimation will answer as a       
prelude2 meanwhile1 ,i would have  the  
reader soberly to bethink himself1 what 
possible use could dead  bodies have of 
wells of water8 ,is not such the type1  
as it is also  the accompaniment1 of    
life and activity8 ,and does not this1  
of  itself1 subvert the absurdity of    
those temples having been erected as    
mere  mausoleums for kings8    ,i have  
already hinted my confident belief that 
if the ground all1 within1  and around  
our pyramids were sufficiently examined1
 there would not be  wanting indications
 of subterraneous passages4 ,i am the   
more confirmed in  this1 my belief1 from
 the appearances that presented         
themselves on the  demolition of that at
 ,downpatrick1 in #agij1 8to make room  
for the  rebuilding of that part of the 
old cathedral next which it stood1 and  
from  which it was distant about forty  

feet4 ,when the tower was thrown down10 
continues ,dubourdieu1 in his           
,statistical ,survey of the county1 8and
  cleared away to the foundation1       
another foundation was discovered under 
it1 and running directly across the site
 of the tower1 which appeared to  be a  
continuation of the church wall1 which1 
at some period prior to the  building of
 the tower1 seemed to have extended     
considerably beyond it40  ,with great   
deference1 however1 to the authority of 
so respectable a  writer1 ,i hesitate   
not to proclaim that the second         
foundation so  discovered was not a     
8continuation of the church wall10 but  
the remnant  of some pagan structure1   
appertaining to the tower itself--in    
fact a  ,vihr1 or college for its       
priests--or else the vestige of some    
larger  temple1 and connected therewith1
 previously existing on the same        
locality4    ,that this announcement is 
correct will be apparent1 from the      
superiority  of masonic skill exhibited 

in this foundation1 as well as in its   
having  been upon a larger scale and    
ampler dimensions than what the         
,christian  8cathedral0 had ever        
occupied2 8in the walls of which10 says 
my authority1  8there are many pieces of
 cut stone that have evidently been used
 in some  former building4 ,the same    
circumstance may also be observed in    
several of  the ruined churches at      
,clonmacnoise40#aib    ,nor ought this  
relic of an ancient pagan edifice to    
excite our surprise1  when we are told  
that the temple of the 8,syrian         
goddess10 which existed  in the days of 
,lucian1 was not that which was         
originally erected by  ,deucalion1 but  
one built many ages after1 on the same  
site1 by ,attis1  ,bacchus1 or          
,semiramis4    ,with the church1        
therefore1 or other ,christian edifice1 
this 8foundation0  had no relation4 ,st4
 ,patrick was the first who erected one 
in that  vicinity1 to which he gave the 
name of ,sgibol ,phadruig1 or ,patrick's

  ,granary2 having been built on the    
identical spot on which ,dichu1 son of  
,trichem1 of the tribe of the           
,dalfiatachs1 and lord of the territory 
of  ,lecale1 had a granary constructed  
to preserve his corn1 before that his   
gratitude for the saint1 by whom he was 
just converted1 induced him to          
consecrate the place where that event   
occurred1 by raising thereon a house  to
 the ,god of nature and of harvests4    
,its situation1 be it observed1 was 8two
 miles from the city of ,down02#aic     
different1 therefore1 from that of the  
cathedral1 as was also its form3  having
 been built from north to south1 at the 
solicitation of ,dichu  himself1        
agreeably to the plan of the former     
storehouse4    ,this took place in      
#dcc-cd2 and though1 for concession'    
sake1 ,i may  admit1--what yet is far   
from being my conviction1--that some of 
our  ,round ,towers may have been       
erected subsequently to the ,christian  
era1  yet positive ,i must be that no   

one of them was after the successful    
mission of the ,apostle of ,ireland2 and
 the explosion of the doctrines  with   
which even the most modern of them may  
happen to be  associated1--while the    
majority1 and the real ones1 ,i shall   
prove1  belong to an infinitely earlier 
date4    ,as a further inducement to    
explore for cavities beneath1 and       
connected  with1 our ,round ,towers1 ,i 
beg leave to bring under review what    
,maundrel  relates of two ,round        
,pillars1 which he met with in his      
journey from ,aleppo  to ,jerusalem1 on 
the sea-coast1 a little to the south of 
,aradus1 in the  neighbourhood of       
,tripoli4 ,he describes one of them as  
thirty-three feet  high1 composed of a  
pedestal1 ten high and fifteen square1  
surmounted with  a tall cylindrical     
stone1 and capped with another in the   
form of a  pyramid4 ,the second was not 
quite so high--thirty feet two          
inches--its  pedestal1 which was        
supported by four lions1 rudely carved  

at each corner1  was in height six feet1
 being sixteen feet six inches square2  
the  superstructure upon which was one  
single stone cut in the shape of a      
hemisphere4 ,each of these pillars1 of  
which he gives accurate drawings1  has  
under it several catacombs or sepulchral
 chambers1 the entrances to  which lie  
on the south side4 ,he pronounces a     
third which he met with1 as  8a very    
ancient structure1 and probably a place 
of sepulchre40#aid    ,with the opinion 
of this judicious traveller ,i          
altogether concur1 provided  only1 as   
said before1 in reference to the        
pyramids1 that the application  be      
extended to the sacred bulls and        
crocodiles1 serpents1 dragons1 and      
heifers1 with the whole train of bestial
 divinities1 which both ,indians  and   
,egyptians1 and all the other polished  
nations of antiquity1 thought  proper to
 adopt as objects of their regard1 and  
treat with the  homage--though only     
commemorative1 as they will tell you--of

 the ,one  ,great ,supreme4#aie    ,this
 extension of the use will at once      
afford a solution of the otherwise      
unaccountable and unnecessary size of   
those cavities1 and is further          
supported by ,savary's remark1 made on  
occasion of his searching for the       
,egyptian ,labyrinth1 viz4 that 8amidst 
the ruins of the towns of ,caroun1  the 
attention is particularly fixed by      
several narrow1 low1 and very long      
cells1 which seem to have had no other  
use than that of containing the  bodies 
of the sacred crocodiles2 these remains 
can only correspond with  the           
labyrinth40 ,while ,herodotus's         
declaration1 of his not being allowed to
  enter its vaults1 on the score of     
their 8containing within them the bodies
  of the fifteen kings1 together with   
the sacred crocodiles10 should  afford  
it a determination no longer liable to  
doubt4    ,archer1 also1 when mentioning
 a very ancient ,hindoo temple1 at the  
south  end of the fort of ,gualior1     

resembling in shape those on the        
,coromandel  coast1 and decorated with  
much carving1 says that 8there was a    
subterranean communication with the     
plain at the north end1 but the  passage
 has been so long neglected as to be    
impassable40    ,am ,i not justified1   
therefore1 in the conviction1 from what 
,i have already  intimated1 as to the   
complicated design of those sacred      
piles1 that our  ,round ,towers would be
 found similarly furnished with         
subterranean  chambers8 ,i do           
respectfully urge that such is my firm  
belief1 and that  it would be well worth
 the while of the learned community to  
investigate  the accuracy of the surmise
 here put forward4          ,,chapter   
,,xiii4      ,another characteristic1 to
 which ,i would fain attract the        
reader's regard1  is the circumstance of
 their being erected in the vicinity of 
water4 ,at  ,glendalough1 what a        
magnificent lake salutes the ,tower8 ,in
 ,devenish and at  ,killmalloch1 is not 

the same the case8 ,in other parts of   
the country1  also1 we find them        
similarly located4 ,and even where      
nature has not been  so lavish of her   
inland seas1 yet is water1 of some      
shape1 always to be  seen contiguous to 
our towers4    ,what use1 it will be    
asked1 do ,i mean to make of this       
argument8 or how  seek support from the 
accidental propinquity of this element8 
,remember my  remark upon the article1  
before1 in connection with the ,egyptian
 ,pyramids4  ,captain ,mignan1 besides1 
tells us that a tradition1 handed down  
from time  immemorial1 says that 8near  
the foot of the ruin of ,el             
,mujellebah10 which  he takes to be that
 of the ,tower of ,babel1 8is a well1   
invisible to  mortals02 and1 as all     
,eastern heathenism1 whence ours was    
deduced1 partook  in some degree of the 
same usages and properties1 ,i think it 
very probable  the correspondence will  
apply in this as well as in other       
peculiarities2  and the rather as from  

symptoms of vaults1 which have already  
appeared1  and the hollow sounds1 or    
echoes1 which invariably accompany1 the 
proposition does not come unwarranted1  
however singly put forth or  without    
something like argument to recommend its
 trial4    ,we know that in ,hieropolis1
 or the 8,holy city10 in ,syria1 where a
  ,temple1 with a ,tower1 was erected to
 ,astarte1 there stood adjacent a  lake1
 where sacred fishes were preserved1 in 
the midst of which was a  stone altar1  
which was said1 and really appeared1 to 
float2 whither  numbers of persons used 
to swim every day to perform their      
devotions4  ,under this temple they     
showed the cleft where it was said the  
waters  drained off after ,deucalion's  
flood1 and this tradition brought on the
  extraordinary ceremony now about to be
 narrated1 something similar to  which  
our ancestors must formerly have        
practised here4    8,i have10 says      
,lucian1#aif 8myself seen this chasm1   
and it is a very  small one1 under the  

temple4 ,whether it was formerly larger 
and since  lessened ,i cannot tell1 but 
that which ,i have seen is small4 ,in   
commemoration of this history they act  
in this manner3 twice in every year     
water is brought from the sea to the    
temple1 and not by the priests only1    
but by all ,syria and ,arabia4 ,many    
come from the ,euphrates to the sea1    
and all carry water1 which they first   
pour out in the temple1 and  afterwards 
it sinks into the chasm1 which though   
small1 receives a  prodigious quantity  
of water1 and when they do so1 they say1
 ,deucalion  instituted the ceremony as 
a memorial of the calamity above named1 
and of  his deliverance from it40       
,twice a year a man went up to the top  
of the ,priap1 and there remained  seven
 days4 ,his mode of getting up was      
thus3--,he surrounded it and  himself   
with a chain1 and ascended by the help  
of that and certain  pegs1 which1 stuck 
out of its sides for the purpose1       
lifting the chain up  after him at each 

resting interval--a method of ascent    
which will be  readily understood by    
those who have seen men climb up the    
palm trees of  ,egypt and ,arabia4      
,having reached the summit he let down  
the chain1 and by  means thereof drew up
 all the necessaries in the way of food1
 and withal  prepared himself a seat1 or
 rather nest on his arial tabernacle4   
,illustration3      ,view him now       
mounted on his sacred tower1    ,he     
looks around with conscious sense of    
power4    ,on these occasions crowds    
used to come with offerings1 and the    
custom was  for each to declare his name
 to the priests2 upon which one below   
cried it  out to him on the top1 who    
thereupon muttered a prayer1 which1 in  
order to  arrest the attention of the   
congregation1 and enliven their         
devotion1 he  all the while accompanied 
by striking a bell4    ,one way of their
 sacrificing was as shocking as it would
 be otherwise  ridiculous4 ,they crowned
 victims with garlands1 then drove them 

out of the  temple-court1 on one side   
whereof was an abrupt steep1 where      
falling they  thereby perished4 ,nay1   
some tied up their very children in     
sacks1 and then  shoved them down1      
reproaching them as wild beasts1        
miserably to perish4    ,this whole     
proceeding1 only under a mythological   
garb1 was in direct  harmony with the   
directions given and the practice       
pursued by ,god's own  people4 ,the man 
ascending to the top of the tower had a 
parallel in that  declaration of the    
,lord recorded in ,ex4 xxiv4 #a1 #b1 #c1
 viz43 8,and he said  unto ,moses1 come 
up unto the ,lord1 thou1 and ,aaron1    
,nadab1 and ,abihu1 and  seventy of the 
elders of ,israel1 and worship ye afar  
off4 ,and ,moses alone  shall come near 
the ,lord2 but they shall not come nigh1
 neither shall the  people go up with   
him4 ,and ,moses came and told the      
people all the words of  the ,lord1 and 
all the judgments2 and all the people   
answered with one  voice1 and said1     

#8,all the words which the ,lord hath   
said1 will we  do4'0#aig    ,his staying
 there seven days corresponded with     
,lev4 viii4 #cc1 #cd1 #ce3 8,and  ye    
shall not go out of the door of the     
tabernacle of the congregation in  seven
 days1 until the days of your           
consecration be at an end3 for seven    
days shall ye consecrate you4 ,as he    
hath done this day1 so the ,lord hath   
commanded to do1 to make an atonement   
for you4 ,therefore shall ye abide  at  
the door of the tabernacle of the       
congregation day and night seven  days1 
and keep the charge of the ,lord1 that  
ye die not2 for so ,i am  commanded40   
,and again1 ,ezek4 xliii4 #be3 8,seven  
days shalt thou prepare  every day a    
goat for a sin-offering3 they shall also
 prepare a young  bullock and a ram out 
of the flock1 without blemish4 ,seven   
days shall they  purge the altar1 and   
purify it2 and they shall consecrate    
themselves40    ,the enrolment of their 
names was also sanctioned by ,divine    

command1 as ,ex4  xxviii4 #bi3 8,and    
,aaron shall bear the names of the      
children of ,israel in  the breastplate 
of judgment upon his heart1 when he     
goeth in unto the holy  place1 for a    
memorial before the ,lord continually40 
,whilst the ringing of  the bell is     
particularly enforced by a triple       
repetition1 ,ex4 xxviii4 #cc1  #cd3     
8,and beneath upon the hem of it thou   
shalt make pomegranates of  blue1 and of
 purple1 and of scarlet1 round about the
 hem thereof2 and  bells of gold between
 them round about4 ,a golden bell and a 
pomegranate1 a golden bell and a        
pomegranate1 upon the hem of the  robe  
round about40    ,this last-cited text  
is of the most inconceivable advantage  
in the  development of the subject which
 we thus pursue4 ,the most superficial  
must  have noticed how that1 in the     
tracing of this analogy between the     
ceremonies of the ,gentiles and the     
,hebrews1 ,i have studiously guarded    
against its appearing an imitation1 on  

the part of the former1 from the  ritual
 of the latter4 ,the priority in point  
of date will certainly appear  on the   
,gentile side4 ,meanwhile1 ere other    
links of conformity crowd upon  our     
path1 it will be well to take heed to   
the frequency of the word  pomegranate1 
as occurring in the ,scriptures4 ,it has
 already appeared  that one of the names
 of the ,syrian goddess1 in whose honour
 the  ,hieropolitan ,priaps were        
erected1 was ,rimmon4 ,this epithet you 
have had  before expounded as expressive
 of that fruit2 and as we see that1 both
  in the ,jewish and the pagan formul1  
it occupied so prominent a              
position1#aih it must occasion you no   
surprise if1 by and by1 ,i discover  it 
amongst the mouldings#aii of our        
consecrated and venerable ,round        
,towers4    ,as to their devotions at   
the lake1 and the propinquity of the    
lake itself  to the temple1 it is in    
direct similitude to the 8molten sea10  
mentioned #a  ,kings vii4 #bc1 #bd1 #be1

 #bf1 8the brim whereof was wrought like
 the brim of  a cup1 with flowers of    
lilies10 etc42--while the cruel and     
shocking  sacrifice with which the whole
 terminated1 was the exact respondent of
 the  ,mosaical scapegoat4#bjj    ,let  
it not be wondered at1 therefore1 if on 
the summit of one of our ,round  ,towers
 are to be found the traces of the      
apparatus for a bell4 ,for              
independently of what ,walsh and others 
inform us of1 viz4 that the             
,irish--enjoying tranquillity and repose
 after the expulsion of the ,ostmen1    
and so recalling their attention to the 
cultivation of ,christianity after      
their release from that                 
scourge--converted those structures of  
exploded  paganism to the only obvious  
use to which they could then be made    
subservient1 namely1 that of belfries1  
for the summoning together of the       
people to public worship1 some remnants 
of which it is but natural may yet      
remain--independently1 ,i say1 of this1 

have ,i not here shown that bells       
entered essentially into the code of the
 pagan ceremonial1 from whence it  is   
more than probable1 nay1 a downright    
certainty1 that the first  ,christian   
ecclesiastics adopted the use1 as the   
,mohammedans1 in their  minarets1 did so
 likewise4#bja    ,the instance to which
 ,i have referred in an early part of   
this volume1 of  astonishment created in
 the ,english minds1 on their first     
beholding one of  those implements1 was 
that of ,gildas1 who1 having finished   
his education  at ,armagh1 and returned 
to ,britain about the year #ejh1 was    
engaged by  ,cadoc1 abbot of the church 
of ,mancarban1 to superintend the       
studies of his  pupils during his       
absence for a twelvemonth4 ,having done 
so most  successfully1 and without      
accepting of any remuneration for his   
labour1 we  find1 in an ancient life of 
,cadoc1 in the ,tinmouth ,,ms41 ,lambeth
 observes  that 8,cadoc1 returning to   
his monastery1 found ,gildas a noble    

scholar1  with a very beautiful little  
bell1 which he brought with him from    
,ireland40    ,those bells1 then1 we may
 be sure1 appertained exclusively to the
 service  of the ,round ,towers4#bjb    
,having none of these in ,england1 of   
course they  had no bells1 and hence the
 surprise manifested on the above       
occasion4 ,in  ,ireland1 too1 they must 
have been1 now1 comparatively           
obsolete4#bjc ,and  hence we find1      
according to ,primate ,usher1 that their
 7restored7 use was  not general in the 
churches here before the latter end of  
the seventh  century2 while another     
writer assures us that it was not until 
the ninth  century that large ones were 
invented for the purpose of             
suspension4#bjd    ,the shape of the    
,irish pagan bells was precisely the    
same as of those  in the present day4   
,they were called crotals1 or           
bell-cymbals4 ,oblong  square ones1 some
 of bell-metal1 some of iron1 from      
twelve inches to  eighteen inches high1 

with a handle to sound them by1 have    
been also dug  up in our various bogs4  
,of these the museum of the ,dublin     
,society  possesses one2 another is     
preserved by the ,moira family4 ,the    
writer of  this article not having seen 
either of these relics1 is rather       
diffident  in the conjecture which he is
 now about to express2 but from the     
account  received of that in the        
possession of the house of ,moira1 he   
feels  strongly disposed to identify its
 origin with the worship of the         
above-mentioned deity1 ,astarte4 ,lucian
 expressly tells us that under the  veil
 of this goddess was really meant the   
moon2 and that 8the host of             
heaven10--including sun1 moon1 and      
stars1 and typifying the fulgor of that 
,omniscient germ whence they all had    
emanated1--constituted the object of    
the ancient ,irish adoration1 no one1 ,i
 believe1 can longer question4 ,now1  in
 ,hall's ,tour through ,ireland1 #ahac1 
,i see this bell described as  having 8a

 hole in one of its sides like a        
quarterly moon02 and not knowing        
whether this is the effect of accident  
or corrosion1 or a symbolical  property 
in its original shape1 ,i trust ,i shall
 not be deemed fanciful if  ,i ascribe  
it as a reference to that planet in     
whose vain solemnities it  had been     
primarily exercised4    ,whether this   
exposition prove eccentrical or         
otherwise1 and1 by  inspection1 it can  
be readily ascertained1 ,i cannot       
presume to determine2  nor indeed does  
it value much4#bje ,with one thing1     
however1 ,i am  gratified1 that in      
,archer's ,travels in ,upper ,india1    
published1 as before  observed1 within  
the last few weeks1 ,i find that        
distinguished soldier and  shrewd       
observer1 delineate a piece of          
architecture similar in all  particulars
 to this ,syrian ,priap--the allusion to
 which has recalled me to  ring this    
second chime upon the bells--and as the 
notice is of value1 ,i  shall give it in

 his express words3 8,a curious         
structure10 says he1 8is at  the bottom 
of the hill 7,dutteah74 ,it consists of 
five conical pillars1  with green       
painted tops1 in a line from east to    
west2 the two larger ones  in the       
centre3 the pillars have tiles stuck in 
them resembling steps4  ,we could not   
learn what was its meaning or use4 ,the 
village is wholly  ,jain1 and is named  
,serrowlee40    ,it is not difficult to 
understand why no information could be  
obtained1  from the present inhabitants1
 as to the object of those edifices4    
,their  remote antiquity is a sufficient
 reply4 ,but ,i flatter myself that the 
reader1 who has accompanied me from the 
outset of this antiquarian voyage1  can 
now supply the defect1 and explain that 
they were a series of ,round  ,towers1  
or ,phalli1 erected by the aboriginal   
,buddhists1 of whom the  ,jaina are only
 the wretched remains2 and that those   
8tiles0 which are  8stuck in them1      
resembling steps10 were for the purpose 

of ascending by  the aid of a hoop1 such
 as we have shown at ,hieropolis4 ,the  
projecting  stones in our ,priaps1 or   
the cavities that appear after their    
removal1  are thus also accounted for4  
,,chapter ,,xiv4      ,the universal    
ignorance which prevails throughout the 
,east as to the  origin of those        
antiquities which excite the wonder of  
every traveller  makes it necessary that
 we should again direct our course      
towards that  hemisphere1 to redeem1 if 
possible1 its venerable remains from    
that moral  night which successive ages 
have accumulated around them4           
,persia#bjf was the source which poured 
its vivifying light into the  mental    
obnubilation of our ,european ancestors4
 ,by a reverse of those  casualties from
 which no condition can be exempt1      
,persia has1 in her turn1  been made the
 theatre of darkness2 and though1 under 
the fostering  auspices of ,british     
institutions1 the mist has1 to a large  
amount1 been  dispelled1 yet is the     

proudest era of her splendour left still
  unexplored1 and that is the epoch     
which called forth into life those      
monuments of literature and             
philosophical eminence1 which1 resisting
 the  corrosion of time and the assaults
 of war1 still proudly elevate their    
heads towards those orbs1 with whose    
pompous ceremonial they were            
essentially connected1 and whose        
generative properties they typically    
symbolised--,i mean the ,round ,towers4 
,this was the moment of ,persia's       
halcyon pride3 this the period of her   
earthly coruscation3 to this have all   
the faculties of my ardent mind with    
vigour been addressed2 and while1 in the
 humble consciousness of  successful    
investigation1 ,i announce its issue to 
have far exceeded my  hopes1 ,i shall   
avail myself of the industry of         
preceding inquirers to  throw light upon
 the intervals of value which intervene2
 but1 lest ,i  should intrude upon the  
province of their well-earned honours1  

,i shall1 in  every such case of        
borrowed assistance1 allow the writers  
themselves to  speak2 by which it will  
additionally appear that1 with much good
 taste1  and with historical honesty1   
they have left a vacuum in their        
researches1  for which the public mind  
has been long athirst1 and which my     
exclusive  resources could alone supply4
    8,the ,persian empire10#bjg says    
,heeren1 8owed its origin to one of     
those  great political revolutions which
 are of such frequent occurrence in     
,asia1  and the rise and progress of    
which we have already considered in     
general4  ,a rude mountain tribe of     
nomad habits rushed with impetuous      
rapidity from  its fastnesses1 and      
overwhelmed all the nations of ,southern
 ,asia1 7the  ,arabians excepted71 from 
the ,mediterranean to the ,indus and    
,iaxartes4 ,the  mighty empires which   
arose in ,asia were not founded in the  
same manner  with the kingdoms of       
,europe4 ,they were generally erected by

 mighty  conquering nations1 and these1 
for the most part1 nomad nations4 ,this 
important consideration we must never   
lose sight of1 when engaged in the      
study of their history and              
institutions40    8,not only is         
,persia#bjh ,proper memorable on account
 of its historical  associations1 but   
also for the architectural remains which
 it continues to  present4 ,the ruins of
 ,persepolis are the noblest monuments  
of the most  flourishing era of this    
empire1 which have survived the lapse of
 ages4 ,as  solitary in their situation 
as peculiar in their character1 they    
rise  above the deluge of years1 which  
for centuries has overwhelmed all the   
records of human grandeur1 around them1 
or near them1 and buried all  traces of 
,susa and of ,babylon4 ,their venerable 
antiquity and majestic  proportions do  
not more command our reverence1 than the
 mystery which  involves their          
construction awakens the curiosity of   
the most unobservant  spectator4        

,pillars which belong to no known order 
of architecture2  inscriptions in an    
alphabet which continues an enigma2     
fabulous animals  which stand as guards 
at the entrance2 the multiplicity of    
allegorical  figures which decorate the 
walls1--all conspire to carry us back to
 ages  of the most remote antiquity1    
over which the traditions of the ,east  
shed a  doubtful and wandering light40  
8,the ,persians have taken more pains   
than almost any other nation to         
preserve their records in writing2 yet  
it has been their fate1 in common  with 
most other nations of antiquity1 to be  
indebted for the stability of  their    
fame to foreign historians4             
,notwithstanding the pains they took to 
register the acts of their government1  
the original documents of their         
history1 with a few accidental          
exceptions1 have altogether perished4   
,and  the inscriptions of ,persepolis1  
like the hieroglyphics of the           
,egyptians1  will1 in a manner1 have    

outlived themselves1 unless a complete  
key be  discovered to the alphabet in   
which they are composed40    ,now1 as a 
set off to these extracts1 it will be   
necessary to remark that1  though true  
in substance1 they are only so as       
descriptive of a particular  epoch4     
,empire after empire rolled over1 in    
succession1 before that which  the      
historian here delineates1 and which was
 but the motley combination of  a rugged
 swarm of mountaineers1 who stalked with
 ferocious insensibility  over the      
consecrated relics of monumental glory4 
,herodotus and ,arrian were the         
authorities that seduced him into this  
mistake1 the former of whom states that 
8the ,persians originally occupied  a   
small and craggy country1 and that it   
was proposed in the time of ,cyrus  that
 they should exchange this for one more 
fertile2 a plan which ,cyrus            
discouraged as likely to extinguish     
their hardy and warlike pursuits02 and  
the latter1 that 8the ,persians1 when1  

under ,cyrus1 they conquered all  ,asia1
 were a poor people1 inhabiting a hilly 
region02#bji but those  writers were as 
misinformed1 as to all events and       
particulars relating to  this locality1 
anterior to the time specified above1 as
 any of their  contemporaries2 and when 
we reflect how very recent an era in the
 history  of the world was that in which
 ,cyrus appeared1 it will be seen how   
fragile  a substratum was that which the
 professor had adopted for the erection 
of  his materials4 ,we read accordingly1
 in ,terceira's ,spanish history of that
  country1 that 8there was not at that  
time 7,a4,d4 #aeij7 one man in ,persia  
7these were the direct descendants of   
,cyrus's men7 that understood their     
ancient letters1 for having often seen  
some plates of metal with  ancient      
inscriptions on them1 ,i made inquiry   
after the meaning of them2  and men well
 versed in their antiquities1 and       
studious1 told me that  was ,fars       
kadeem1 ancient ,persian1 after the old 

fashion1 and therefore  ,i should find  
no man that understood it40    ,indeed  
the reasonings of ,heeren himself1--and 
learned ,i cheerfully  acknowledge      
them1--would seem to make him rise above
 the narrowness of his  ,grecian        
supporters4    8,even previous10 says   
he1 8to the time when the ,arabs1 with  
the sword in  one hand and the ,koran in
 the other1 overran and subdued ,persia1
 they were  the more open to settlers   
from the ,north and ,east1 from the     
circumstance  that ,persia was situated 
on the great highway of nations1 by     
which the  human race spread itself from
 ,east to ,west4 ,all that is meant to  
be  asserted is1 that the various races 
who successively had dominion in these  
parts1 all belonged to the same original
 stock4    8,this fact1 which the       
observations of the best modern         
travellers tend to  confirm1 may explain
 how it has come to pass that many      
districts1  anciently celebrated for    
their fertility1 are at present barren  

and  unproductive4 ,a single invasion1  
by destroying the water-courses1 is     
sufficient to reduce1 in a short time1 a
 fertile and flourishing country  to an 
arid desert2 and to how many such       
disastrous contingencies has not        
,persia at all times been exposed60     
8,another fact1 suggested by the        
languages of ,asia and the ancient      
dialects  of ,persia1 is too important  
to be passed over in silence4 ,not only 
in the  ,persian territory but in other 
parts of ,eastern ,asia1 particularly   
the two  ,indian peninsulas1 we find    
languages which still subsist1 mixed up 
with  others which are preserved to us  
only in a few written names4 ,to this   
class belong1 in ,persia1 the ,zend and 
,pahlivi1 already mentioned2 in         
,hindustan1 the celebrated ,sanscrit1 as
 well as the ,pali in the ,burman       
peninsula4    8,accordingly1 we shall   
venture to consider as the same parent  
stock the  race which bore rule in      
,iran1 comprehending all the inferior   

races1 and  which may be termed in      
general the ,persian or ,medo-,persian1 
inasmuch as  the countries in its       
occupation were termed1 in a wider      
sense1 the land of  ,persia4    8,they  
have been denominated by ,rhode         
7,heilige sagen1 etc47 the people of    
,zend1 not improperly1 if we consider   
the ,zend as the original language of   
all the race 444 not confined to        
,persis1 properly so called1 but        
extending  over the steppes of ,carmania
 and to the shores of the ,caspian4     
,even at the  present day they are      
comprised under the general name of     
,persia1 though  ,farsistan1 the        
original country of the ,persians1 forms
 a very small part  of this territory4  
8,the ,semitic and the ,persian were1   
therefore1 the principal languages of   
,asia2 the latter being spoken as far as
 the ,indus4 ,our knowledge of the      
languages prevalent on the other side of
 that river is as yet too  defective to 
enable us to speak with anything like   

certainty4 ,possibly it  may be reserved
 for our own age to arrive at important 
conclusions on this  subject1 if the    
affinity between the ,zend and the      
,sanscrit1 the sacred  languages of     
,persia and ,hindustan1 should be       
established1--if the spirit  of         
discovery which characterises the       
,british nation should succeed in       
rescuing from oblivion some more remains
 of ancient ,indian literature1 and  a  
second ,anquetil ,duperron present the  
public with the sacred books of the     
,brahmans1 with the same success that   
his predecessor has illustrated those   
of the ,parsees40    ,though ,i cannot  
avoid concurring in the laudable hope   
that 8our own age0  may witness         
important conclusions on this subject1  
still it strikes  me1--and ,i earnestly 
urge it as worthy of the notice of a    
,reform  ,ministry1 that until the      
,irish ,language be raked from its      
ashes1 no  accuracy can ever be obtained
 either in the ,zend1 ,pahlavi1 or      

,sanscrit  dialects1 which are but      
emanations from it1 or in the subject   
matter1  historical or religious1 which 
they profess to pourtray4    8,in the   
interior of these districts is situated 
a considerable lake1  called the ,lake  
,zevora1 unquestionably the ,aria ,palus
 of antiquity4 ,a  large river1         
anciently bearing the same name1 at     
present called the  ,ilmend1 empties    
itself into this inland sea from the    
deserts to the  south-east1 and         
,christie fell in with another stream   
farther to the north1  called the       
,herat1 near a town of the same name4   
8,i consider 7with ,kinneir7 the city of
 ,herat to be same with the ancient     
,aria1 or1 as it was also called1       
,artacoana4 ,we are told that ,alexander
 on  his march to ,bactriana inclined to
 the south to visit ,aria4 ,we must     
carefully distinguish between the terms 
,aria and ,ariana1 as used by the       
,greeks4 ,the former was applied to a   
province which we shall have occasion   

to describe in the sequel4 ,the latter  
is equivalent to ,iran1 and appears  to 
have been formed from the ancient term  
in the ,zend language1 ,eriene4  ,the   
whole of ,iran composes a sort of       
oblong1 the ,tigris and ,indus forming  
its sides to the east and west2 the     
,persian ,gulf and ,indian ,ocean       
bounding  it to the south2 and the      
,caspian1 with ,mount ,taurus and the   
river ,oxus1  shutting it in to the     
north4 ,these were also the limits of   
the ancient  ,ariana 7see ,strabo1 p4   
#ajdh71 except that1 towards the west1  
its boundary  was an imaginary line     
separating it from ,persia ,proper4 ,of 
this more  extensive district1 ,aria    
7according to ,strabo7 formed only a    
part1  distinguished by its superior    
fertility4 ,herodotus appears to have   
been  unacquainted with the term ,aria2 
he merely mentions the ,arii as a nation
  allied to the ,medes4    8,aria1 lying
 to the east of ,media1 derived its name
 from the river ,arius1  the modern     

,heri3 and the ,arians and ,medes were  
originally the same race2  the ,medes1  
according to ,herodotus1 having         
originally borne the name  ,arians4 ,it 
is apparent1 from the same place        
7,herod4 vii4 #fb7 that what  were      
called the ,median habits were not      
confined to ,media ,proper1 but         
extended to the countries lying         
eastward1 and as these touch on         
,bactria1  we cannot be surprised at the
 conformity which prevailed40    ,these 
latter quotations ,i have thought fit to
 introduce to show the  ignorance of the
 modern ,greeks1--those of ,cyrus and   
,herodotus's  days--compared with their 
,pelasgic predecessors--,iran1 the real 
name for  all those countries of higher 
,asia as far as the ,indus1#baj being   
called1 in the ,zend1 ,eriene1 the      
,greeks1 whose intercourse with the     
,east  now for the first time began1    
without troubling their brains to       
ascertain  what the word in either form 
meant1 transmuted this latter into      

,ariana1  whereas their forefathers1 the
 ,pelasgi1 a literary and a religious   
tribe1  changed its namesake in the     
,west1 our own ,iran--which in the      
,pahlavi  dialect was called ,erin1 and 
in the ,zend would also be called       
,eriene--into ,ierne1 thereby evincing  
their knowledge of the import of  the   
term1 and registering their subscription
 in its sacred  attributes4#baa    ,the 
following1 however1 is more to the      
point1 and in itself sufficient to      
redeem the professor's entire work from 
any occasional inclination to  ,grecian 
subserviency4    8,it cannot be doubted 
that at some remote period antecedent to
 the  commencement of historical        
records1 one mighty race possessed these
 vast  plains4    8,the traditions of   
this race preserve some very important  
particulars  respecting their descent1  
their ancient abodes1 and their gradual 
dissemination through the land of ,iran4
 ,these traditions are preserved in  the
 beginning of the ,vendidat1 the most   

important1 and it is probable1 the  most
 ancient of all their sacred books1 the 
collection of which is styled  the      
,zendavasta1 to which we shall have     
occasion to refer hereafter4 ,the  first
 two chapters of this work1 entitled    
,fargards1 contain the above            
traditions1 not wrapt up in allegory1   
but so evidently historical as to       
demand nothing more than the application
 of geographical knowledge to  explain  
them4 ,with the exception of the        
,mosaical ,scriptures1 we are           
acquainted with nothing which so plainly
 wears the stamp of remote  antiquity1  
ascending beyond the times within which 
the known empires of  the ,east         
flourished2 in which we catch1 as it    
were1 the last faint echo of  the       
history of a former world1 anterior to  
that great catastrophe of our  planet1  
which is attested in the vicinity of the
 parent country of these  legends1 by   
the remains of the elephant1 the        
rhinoceros1 and the mammoth1  and other 

countries properly belonging to the     
countries of the ,south4 ,it  would be a
 fruitless labour to attempt to assign  
dates to these remains1  but if the     
compiler of the ,vendidat himself1 who  
was long anterior to  the ,persian1 and 
as we shall have occasion to show1      
probably also to the  ,median dynasty1  
as known to us1 received them as the    
primeval traditions  of his race1 our   
opinion of their importance may be fully
 justified4    8,these legends describe 
as the original seat of the race1 a     
delicious  country1 named               
,eriene-,veedjo1 which enjoyed a climate
 singularly mild1  having seven months  
summer and five of winter4 ,such was the
 state at  first1 as created by the     
power of ,ormuzd2 but the author of     
evil1 the  death-dealing ,ahriman1 smote
 it with the plague of cold1 so that it 
came  to have ten months of winter and  
only two of summer4 ,thus the nation    
began  to desert the paradise they at   
first occupied1 and ,ormuzd successively

  created for their reception sixteen   
other places of benediction and         
abundance1 which are faithfully recorded
 in the legend4    8,what then was the  
site of the ,eriene referred to8 ,the   
editors and  commentators on the        
,zendavesta are inclined to discover it 
in ,georgia1 or  the ,caucasian         
district2 but the opinion must          
necessarily appear  unsatisfactory to   
anyone who will take into account the   
whole of the  record1 and the succession
 of places there mentioned as the abodes
 of the  race4 ,on the contrary1 we     
there trace a gradual migration of the  
nation  from east to west1 not as this  
hypothesis would tend to prove1 from    
west  to east4 ,the first abode which   
,ormuzd created for the exiled people   
was  ,soghdi1 whose identity with       
,sogdiana is sufficiently apparent2 next
 ,more1  or ,maroo1 in ,khorasan2 then  
,bakhdi1 or ,balkh 7,bactriana71 and so 
on to  ,fars itself1 and the boundaries 
of ,media or ,india4 ,the original      

country of  ,eriene must therefore lie  
to the east of ,leed1 and thus we are   
led1 by the  course of tradition1 to    
those regions which we have already     
referred to as  the scene of the        
traditions and fables of the nation1    
viz4 the mountainous  tracts on the     
borders of ,bucharia1 the chain of      
,mustag and ,beloorland1 as  far as the 
,paropamisan range on the confines of   
,hindustan1 and extending  northwards to
 the neighbourhood of the ,altain chain4
 ,this savage and  ungenial region      
enjoys at present only a short summer1  
at the same time  that it contains the  
relics of an ancient world1 which       
confirm1 by  positive proof1 the legend 
of the ,vendidat1 that anciently the    
climate  was of a totally different     
character4 ,when the altered nature of  
their  original seats compelled the race
 to quit them1 ,ormuzd prepared for them
  other places of repose and abundance1 
within the precincts of that  territory 
which has preserved to the present day  

the appellation of ,iran2  the nation   
carrying with them the name of ,eriene1 
which is obviously the  same with ,iran4
    8,jemshid1 the father of his people1
 the most glorious of mortals whom the  
sun ever beheld4 ,in his day animals    
perished not3 there was no want either  
of water or of fruit-bearing trees1 or  
of animals fit for the food of  mankind4
 ,during the light of his reign there   
was neither frost nor burning  heat1 nor
 death1 nor unbridled passions1 nor the 
work of the ,deevs4 ,man  appeared to   
retain the age of fifteen2 the children 
grew up in safety as  long as ,jemshid  
reigned the father of his people4#bab   
8,the restoration of such a golden age  
was the end of the legislation of       
,zoroaster1 who1 however1 built his code
 on a religious foundation  agreeably to
 the practice of the ,east2 and the     
multifarious ceremonies he  prescribed  
had all reference to certain doctrines  
intimately associated  with his         
political dogmata2 and it is absolutely 

necessary to bear in mind  their        
alliance1 if we would not do injustice  
to one part or other of his  system4    
8,on these principles ,zoroaster built  
his laws for the improvement of the     
soil by means of agriculture1 by tending
 of cattle and gardening1 which he      
perpetually inculcates1 as if he could  
not sufficiently impress his  disciples 
with a sense of their importance4       
8,according to his own professions he   
was only the restorer of the doctrine   
which ,ormuzd himself had promulgated in
 the days of ,jemshid3 this  doctrine1  
however1 had been misrepresented1 a     
false and delusive magia1  the work of  
,deevs1 had crept in1 which was first to
 be extinguished1 in  order to restore  
the pure laws of ,ormuzd4    8,even     
,plato1 the first ,grecian writer who   
mentions ,zoroaster1 speaks of  him as a
 sage of remote antiquity2 and the same 
is established by the  evidence of      
,hermippus and ,eudoxus1 which ,pliny   
has preserved4 ,the second  ,zoroaster1 

supposed by ,toucher to have flourished 
under ,darius ,hystaspes1  is the mere  
figment of some later ,grecian authors  
of little credit4    8,on the whole1 we 
are compelled to carry back ,zoroaster  
to the period  when ,bactriana was an   
independent monarchy1 a period anterior 
to the very  commencement of the ,median
 empire1 as related by ,herodotus1      
ascending  beyond the eighth century    
before the ,christian era4 ,whether we  
must  refer him to a still more ancient 
epoch1 prior to the ,assyrian monarchy1 
the chronological notices we have       
already given are all that can be       
afforded1 except we be prepared to      
transport the sage beyond the utmost    
limits of recorded history40    ,as ,i  
have no longer occasion1 however1 for   
the sage than to show that he  was a    
reformer2 and though at least 8eight    
7more likely eighteen7  hundred years   
before the ,christian era10--yet was he 
even then1  comparatively1 a modern1--,i
 shall now turn to other sources to     

ascend to  the dynasties that had       
preceded him4    8,the rare and         
interesting tract on twelve religions10 
says ,sir ,w4 ,jones1  8entitled the    
,dabistan1 and composed by a ,mohammedan
 traveller1 a native  of ,cashmere1     
named ,moshan1 but distinguished by the 
assumed surname of  ,fani1 or           
,perishable1 begins with a wonderfully  
curious chapter on the  religion of     
,hushang1 which was long anterior to    
,zeradust 7,zoroaster71  but had        
continued to be secretly professed by   
many learned ,persians1  even to the    
author's time2 and several of the most  
eminent of these  dissenting1 in many   
points1 from the ,ghabres1 and          
persecuted by the ruling  powers of     
their country1 had retired to ,india1   
where they compiled a  number of books1 
now extremely scarce1 which ,moshan had 
perused1 and with  the writers of which1
 or with many of them1 he had contracted
 an intimate  friendship4 ,from them he 
learned that a powerful monarchy had    

been  established for ages in ,iran for 
the accession of ,cayemurs2 that it was 
called the ,mahabadean dynasty1 for a   
reason which will soon be mentioned2    
and that many princes1 of whom seven or 
eight only are named in the  ,dabistan1 
and among them ,mahbul1 or ,maha ,beli1 
had raised the empire to  the zenith of 
human glory4 ,if we can rely on this    
evidence1--which to me  appears         
unexceptionable1--the ,iranian monarchy 
must have been the oldest  in the       
world40    ,sir ,john ,malcolm had some 
scruples as to the authenticity of this 
production1 and entered upon a very     
severe analysis of its contents2  merely
 because the idols which the ancient    
,persians are therein stated  to have   
adored1 and the mode of their adoration1
 were dissimilar to  those of ,india6   
,was it necessary that they should be   
alike8 ,it is true1  that from ,persia  
everything ,indian flowed2 but there1 on
 its importation1  it partook of the    
peculiarities of the soil and climate2  

while1 even in  ,persia itself1 a great 
degeneracy occurred2 and the            
deterioration and  moral laxity1 thus   
superinduced1 was what the virtuous     
,zeradust so  deplored1 and what kindled
 his fervour to new model the system4   
,but 8the introduction of the angel     
,gabriel10 he says1 8appears of  itself 
enough to discredit the whole work40    
,was ,sir ,john sure that this          
rendering was literal8 ,he himself      
admits that he was 8following a         
,mohammedan author1 who has certainly   
made a free translation of the  ,pahlavi
 text40 ,and1 if so in one case1 why not
 in another8 ,but even  admitting that  
there was no freedom at all used in the 
matter2 and that  ,gabriel is the rigid 
version of the name of the messenger    
employed1 this  should not1 in the      
least1 affect our reliance upon the     
,dabistan1 as ,i  shall adduce a greater
 coincidence than this1 nay1 a downright
  identity1 not only of name but of     
essence1 between the divine             

dispensation in all previous ages1 and  
the spiritual form of it with which  we 
are at present blessed4    ,but you will
 say1 perhaps1 that ,moshan ,fani's     
authorities were1 in a great  measure1  
floating1 and dependent upon histories  
of a merely oral  stamp1 which--wanting 
as they do1 the impress of lettered     
perpetuity1 and  subject1 as they are1  
to variation1 both of curtailment and of
 addition1  besides the colour of       
depreciation or enhancement1 which they 
must  furthermore undergo1 according to 
the nature of the successive media      
through which they pass1--cannot1 after 
repeated transfusions1 retain much      
similarity with the original truth1 nor 
afford to a rational and thinking  mind1
 however they may gratify selfish or    
national love1 much stability  for      
conviction or satisfactory acquiescence8
    ,to the first ,i shall reply that it
 seems not correct1 as the manuscripts  
by which he was guided appear still in  
existence2 and this was not without  its

 influence on ,sir ,john's own          
scepticism1 when he declares1 that 8the 
doubtful authority of this work has     
received some support from the recent   
discovery of a volume in the ancient    
,pahlivi1 called the ,dussadeer1 or     
,zemarawatseer1 to which its authors    
refer40    ,then1 as to the vanity      
alluded to1 the compiler may well be    
acquitted of  any1 as being of a        
different creed1 and proverbially       
intolerant1 he could  not1 did not truth
 oversway1 have felt much communion of  
pleasure in  celebrating the glories of 
a defunct religion4 ,and though ,i      
concede that  that species of           
information1 which arises from the      
traditions of  successive races of men1 
cannot be so satisfactory as that which 
is  stereotyped in alphabetic           
characters2 nay1 that1 according as it  
diverges from its first outlet1 it is   
likely to diverge also from  exactness2 
still ,i do insist1 that the prevalence 
of those traditions1  wherever they     

occur1 argues some alliance with fact   
and reality2 just  as idolatry itself1  
in all its ramifications1 is but the    
corrupt  transmission of original pure  
religion4          ,,chapter ,,xv4      
,the objections against the ,dabistan   
being thus superseded1 and the idea of  
its being an 8invention0#bac having     
never crossed anyone's thoughts1 ,i     
shall now give a bird's-eye view of its 
tenour in ,sir ,john's own summary      
thereof4    8,it has been before        
observed10 says he1 8that the idolatrous
 religion  which ,mohsin ,fani ascribes 
to the ancient ,persians1 bears no      
resemblance  to the worship of the      
,hindoos3 it seems nearest that which   
was followed by  a sect of ,sabians1    
who1 we are told1 believed in ,god1 but 
adored the  planets1 whom they deemed   
his vicegerents1 that exercised an      
influence  over all created things in   
the world4 ,this sect of ,sabians were  
said to  follow the ancient ,chaldeans1 
and to inherit their skill in astronomy1

 a  science built upon the same         
foundation as the adoration of the      
planets4#bad ,and this leads us to      
remark1 that the very title of the work 
from which ,mohsin ,fani gives an       
account of this worship1 appears more   
like  that of a treatise upon astrology1
 than upon religion4 ,he calls it       
,akheristan1 or the region of the stars4
 ,it is1 however1 impossible  to enter  
into any minute comparison of the       
religion he ascribes to the  ancient    
,persians1 and the sect of ,sabians that
 have been noticed1 because  we have    
only a very general account of the      
tenets of the latter40    ,as to the    
impossibility here complained of1 it is 
obvious that there is  none3 whoever has
 digested even the early part of this   
essay will own it  was but ideal4 ,with 
this ,i should have contented myself1   
but that ,i feel  called upon to correct
 another misconception1 which the above 
may have  produced4    ,that ,sabaism   
meant idolatry in the way there         

insinuated1 ,i utterly and  altogether  
repudiate4 ,it was the religion of the  
early ,greeks before their  degenerate  
mythology had loaded it with so many    
absurdities2#bae and that  it was so1 is
 evident from the term in their         
language1 which expresses 8to  worship10
 viz4 1 an evident derivation1 from     
which is anglicised1  ,sabaism4#baf ,the
 object of this religion was the host of
 heaven1 meaning  the sun1 moon1 and    
stars4 ,the names assigned to the       
reputed idols1 viz4  ,uranus1 i4e4      
,heaven1 and ,gea1 i4e4 ,earth1 with the
 energies of the sky  and nature        
typified under the names of the         
8,cyclops0 and 8,giants10               
incontrovertibly demonstrate the truth  
of this position4    ,i have said that  
the name ,cyclops1 in this religious    
code1 was meant to  figure forth the    
energies of the atmosphere2 ,i need but 
mention their  denominations to         
establish my proof4 ,they are           
8,steropes10 from 1  lightning2 ,argues1

 from 1 quick-flashing2 and ,brontes1   
from 1  thunder4 ,even the celebrated   
name of ,hercules#bag himself1 and the  
twelve labours poetically ascribed to   
him1--who1 we must observe1 many  ages  
before the ,tirynthian hero is fabled to
 have performed his wonders1  or his    
mother ,clymena to have been born1 had  
temples raised to him in  ,phnicia and  
,egypt1 as well as at ,cadiz and the    
,isle of ,thasos1--are  nothing more    
than a figurative denotation of the     
annual course of the  solar luminary    
through the signs of the ,zodiac4    ,in
 support of this ,i shall quote the     
authority of ,porphyry1 who was  himself
 born in ,phnicia1 and who assures us   
that 8they there gave the  name of      
,hercules to the sun1 and that the fable
 of the twelve labours  represents the  
sun's annual path in the heavens40      
,orpheus1 or the author  of the hymns   
that pass under his name1 says that     
,hercules is 8the god who  produced     
time1 whose forms vary1 the father of   

all things and destroyer of  all2 he is 
the god who brings back by turns ,aurora
 and the night1 and who  moving onwards 
from east to west1 runs through the     
career of his twelve  labours2 the      
valiant ,titan1 who chases away         
maladies1 and delivers man  from the    
evils which afflict him40 ,the scholiast
 on ,hesiod likewise  remarks1 8,the    
zodiac in which the sun performs his    
annual course is the  true career which 
,hercules traverses in the fable of the 
twelve labours2  and his marriage with  
,hbe1 the goddess of youth1 whom he     
espoused after  he had ended his        
labours1 denotes the renewal of the year
 at the end of  each solar revolution40 
,while the poet ,nonnas1 adverting to   
the sun as  adored by the ,tyrians1     
designates him ,hercules ,astrokiton 771
 or  the god clothed in a mantle of     
stars2 following up this description by 
stating that 8he is the same god whom   
different nations adore1 under a        
multitude of different names--,belus1 on

 the banks of the ,euphrates2 ,ammon1   
in ,libya2 ,apis1 at ,memphis2 ,saturn1 
in ,arabia2 ,jupiter1 in ,assyria2      
,serapis1 in ,egypt2 ,helios1 among the 
,babylonians2 ,apollo1 at ,delphi2      
sculapius1 throughout ,greece10 etc4    
etc4    ,even the father of history     
himself1 the great ,colossus of the     
,greeks1  whilst claiming for his       
countrymen the honour of instituting    
their own  theogony1 evinces in the     
attempt more of misgiving and doubt than
 was  consistent with the possession of 
authentic information4 ,his words are   
these3 8,as for the gods whence each of 
them was descended1 or whether they     
were always in being1 or under what     
shape or form they existed1 the ,greeks 
knew nothing till very lately4 ,hesiod  
and ,homer were1 ,i believe1 about  four
 hundred years older than myself1 and no
 more1 and these are the men  who made a
 theogony for the ,greeks2 who gave the 
gods their appellations1  defined their 
qualities1 appointed their honours1 and 

described their  forms2 as for the      
poets1 who are said to have lived before
 these men1 ,i am  of opinion they came 
after them40    ,but even this          
assumption1 were it conceded to the     
utmost1 would not  militate against the 
doctrine which ,i have laid down2 for   
,homer's  education was received in     
,egypt1 and ,india was the medium which 
illuminated the latter country2 nothing1
 therefore1 prevents our yielding  to   
the stream of general authority in      
ascribing the introduction to the       
,pelasgi4 ,the word  itself1 or 8the    
father of ,jove10 was nothing more  than
 an equivalent with the ,latin tempus2  
and for the very best possible  reason1 
because the revolutions of this planet1 
as of the other celestial  orbs1 came1  
from their periodical and regular       
appearances1 to be  considered the      
ordinary measurements of the parts of   
duration or time4    ,it must1 no doubt1
 appear a contradiction that            
,chronos--the 8son of  ,uranus1 and     

,terra10 as we were told at school1 and 
the first person1 as  somewhere else    
stated1 who was honoured with a         
crown--should be called an  8orb10 and  
have 8periodical appearances02 and that 
those appearances  should regulate our  
estimate of days1 weeks1 years1 and     
seasons4 ,the  difficulty1 however1 will
 cease1 when we consider that though the
 sun1  moon1 and stars were the primary 
objects of false worship1 the           
deification of dead men1 deceased       
heroes1 afterwards crept in1 the        
consequence of which was a mixed kind of
 idolatry1 consisting of stars  and     
heroes1 or heroines1 deceased--a planet 
being assigned to each as  the greatest 
possible honour4 8,that whom men could  
not honour in presence1  because they   
dwelt far off1 they took the counterfeit
 of his visage from  far1 and made an   
express image of a king1 whom they      
honoured1 to the end  that by their     
forwardness they might flatter him that 
was absent1 as if he  was present40#bah 

,let us now see how the religion of the 
ancient ,irish harmonises with that  of 
the ,dabistan1 as illustrated in the    
composition of some of our ancient      
names4 ,here ,baal1 or ,moloch1 and     
,astarte are obviously in the           
foreground2 whilst the popular and      
vernacular names for those luminaries   
amongst the peasantry themselves1       
namely1 ,grian for the sun1 ,luan  for  
the moon1 ,righ for king1 and ,rea for  
queen1 in their  appropriation to       
several localities throughout the       
country1 indicate but  too plainly the  
melancholy tale of their former         
deification4    ,to instance some few of
 those names1 that strike me as         
demonstrative of  this ,sabian worship1 
,i shall begin with                     
,baltinglas4#bai--,this name of a town  
and mountain in the county of  ,wicklow1
 and province of ,leinster1 is          
equivalent to ,baal-tinne-glass1 that   
is1 8,baal's-fire-green10 alluding to   
the colour of the grass at the spring   

season4 ,these igneous betrayals of     
human frailty and superstition were     
celebrated throughout ,ireland at both  
the vernal and autumnal  equinoxes1 in  
honour of the twin divinities so often  
adverted to in the  course of this book4
 ,the eve of the vernal one was called  
,aiche  ,baal-tinne1 that is1 the night 
of ,baal's fire1 the eve of the         
autumnal1  ,aiche ,shamain1 that is1 the
 night of the moon's solemnity2 on both 
which  occasions fires were lighted on  
all 8the high places0 dedicated to their
  worship4    ,the return of these      
respective seasons gave rise to various 
superstitions  amongst the illiterate   
populace1 one of which was that of      
borrowing a  piece of money at the first
 sight of the new-moon1 if they had it  
not  themselves1 as an omen of plenty   
throughout the month4#bbj ,and their    
praying to that luminary1 when first    
seen after its change1 is so well  known
 as to be mentioned even by a ,french   
writer1 whom ,selden1 ,de ,diis         

,syriis1 quotes in these words3--8,se   
mittent a genoux en voyant la lune      
nouvelle1 et disent en parlant a lune1  
laise nous ausi sains que tu nous  as   
trouv40#bba    ,the new moon nearest to 
the winter solstice was celebrated with 
peculiar  ceremonies4 ,on that night the
 chief ,druid1 attended by crowds of the
  people1 used to go into the woods1 and
 cut with a golden sickle a branch  of  
the mistletoe of the oak1 which he would
 carry in procession to the  sacred     
grove4 ,this golden sickle or crescent  
corresponded in form and  nature with   
that which ,aurelius ,antoninus1 the    
,roman emperor1 wore at his  coronation1
 to intimate his adherence to the       
,phnician doctrines in which  he had    
been early instructed--his adopted name 
still further intimating  that he had   
been1 what it literally signifies1      
,heliogabalus1 that is1  priest of the  
sun4#bbb ,the crescent itself is the    
favourite badge of  ,sheevah1 the       
matrimonial deity of the ,indians1 which

 he is represented  as wearing in front 
of his crown4    ,after the introduction
 of ,christianity1 its first preachers  
wishing to  defer to the prejudices of  
the inhabitants1 yet not so as to       
interfere  with the celebration of      
,easter at the vernal equinox1 with an  
accommodating policy1 retained the      
,baal-tinne ceremonial1 only            
transferring it to the saints' days2    
thus diverting their attention  from    
their former devotion1 and fixing it    
upon those who1 in their zealous        
propagation of the gospel truths1 may be
 considered as ,christian               
stars2--conformably to that gracious    
character of 8a burning and shining     
light10 which our ,saviour ,himself     
applied to ,his precursor1 ,st4 ,john4  
,in honour of this apostle1 ,june #bdth1
 the day of his nativity1 was           
substituted1 in the old ecclesiastical  
calendar1 for the pagan solstice        
festival1 and called solstitium vulgi1  
the vulgar solstice4    ,the intention  

of the transfer was1 however1 lost sight
 of by the  illiterate2 and when they   
would kindle their fires on the tops of 
mountains on those occasions1 they used 
to blend with them the features  of the 
pagan institution1 by passing children  
and cattle between them for  the purpose
 of purification4    ,the propriety1    
therefore1 of thus subserving to        
deep-rooted prejudices1  has by some    
been impugned2 but 8surely10 after all1 
to use the words of a  very able writer1
 8they were much wiser and better who1  
in those early  times1 grafted the      
evangelical upon the druidical culture1 
than they who1  in subsequent times1    
instituted a system of extirpation in   
order to  regenerate40    ,the other    
pagan solemnities were similarly        
metamorphosed1 and partook of  similar  
transmutations4 ,the #ast of ,may alone 
retained the name and  characteristics  
of its original appropriation1 being    
still called 8,la  ,beuil-tinne10 that  
is1 the day of ,baal's fire1 as         

familiarly as the name  ,christmas is   
given to the #beth of ,december4 ,on it1
 too1 fires are  kindled on 8high       
places10 as before2 and children and    
cattle purified by  passing between     
them2--                  --------8,yet1 
oh6 remember    ,oft ,i have heard thee 
say1 the secret heart    ,is fair       
,devotion's temple3 there the saint     
,even on that living altar lights the   
flame    ,of purest sacrifice1 which    
burns unseen1    ,not unaccepted40#bbc  
,i next turn to ,killmalloch1 the       
ancient name of which1 as given by      
,ptolemy1 was ,macollicon1--a metathesis
 for ,mallochicon2 and the final1  icon1
 which is only a ,greek termination1    
being taken away1 leaves  ,malloch1 that
 is1 ,moloch1 the ,apollo or great      
divinity of the ancient  universe4      
,to divert the natives from this        
misplaced enthusiasm1 one of the early  
converts to ,christianity assumed to    
himself the name of ,maloch2 and  then  
prefixing to it the adjunct ,kill1 made 

it the church of ,maloch1  instead of   
the city of ,moloch4    ,here is still  
to be seen1 careering towards the skies1
 one of those  8singular temples of     
round form10 of the existence of which  
,vitruvius  was so ignorant1 but whose  
dogmatic enunciation of 8monopteres0 and
  8peripteres10 sounds as feebly in my  
ears1 as ,montmorency's assumption  that
 the round towers were dungeons6--and   
the violence which this  structure has  
latterly undergone--by the effort made  
to incorporate it  with the ,christian  
cathedral1 built beside it in rivalship1
 after an  interval of nearly three     
thousand years--is one of the most      
triumphant  evidences which truth can   
produce in suppression of error4 ,my    
soul burned  with earnestness to visit  
this hallowed scene1 upon which ,i had  
revolved  so much1 and which ,i         
associated in my fancy with the recorded
 glories of  ,apollo4 ,i have1 at last1 
seen it2 and he must be indeed a slave  
to  faction1 or the dupe of prejudice1  

who will not subscribe to that evidence 
which the very stones proclaim4         
,apollo's ,temple1 or the ,round ,tower1
 stands at the corner of the  cathedral1
 subsequently built half-around it3 and1
 as you ascend the  parapet of the      
latter1 by an intermural staircase1     
having to pass1  afterwards1 from one   
side of this parapet to the other1 just 
at the very  corner by which the ,tower 
is girt1 the pass being very narrow1 and
 almost  terrific in dimensions1 wholly 
defenceless besides1 on the right hand  
which looks down into the body of the   
cathedral1 the constructors of this     
latter edifice were obliged1 in their   
desire to intermarry ,christianity  with
 paganism1 to scoop off1 or rather to   
file1 about six inches of the  ancient  
rotund structure1 all along1 on the     
left1 to the height of the  human       
figure1 so as to allow more room2 yet   
even thus mutilated1 ,i could  not but  
reverence and bow down before the       
,tower4      8,for1 even the faintest   

relics of a shrine1    ,of any worship1 
wake some thoughts divine40#bbd         
,after this transformation1 ,kilmalloch 
assumed an entirely ,christian  aspect2 
and the monastic buildings that crowded 
the town surpassed1 in  their style1    
anything similar throughout the island4 
,the materials1  however1 of which those
 were constructed1 being inferior in    
quality to the  ,tuathan composition1   
did not long keep place2 so that now1   
whilst the  ,round ,tower still         
maintains its bold preoccupancy1 the    
,christian churches  exhibit but a pile 
of ruins6    ,the dreariness of this    
once imperial site is a moving instance 
of worldly  vicissitudes2 and one can   
scarcely avoid1 when passing by the     
loneliness  of its dilapidated mansions1
 applying the apposite and melancholy   
apostrophe attributed to ,ossian1 8,why 
dost thou build the hall1 son of the    
winged days8 ,thou lookest from thy     
towers to-day2 yet a few years1 and the 
blast of the desert comes1 it howls in  

thy empty courts40    ,ard-,mulchan1 the
 name of a village in the barony of     
,duleck1 county ,meath1  comes from     
,ard1 the high place1 or mound1 ,mulchan
 of ,moloch4 ,and1  however             
extraordinary it may appear to some     
readers1 ,i cannot but hazard  my       
opinion1 that the name of the individual
 to whom ,st4 ,patrick had been  sold   
during his captivity in this island1    
viz4 ,milco-,mac-,huanan1 that  is1     
,milco1 the son-of-,huanan1 originated  
in the circumstance of the  family's    
devotion to the service of this idol2   
and if a doubt remained as  to the      
justness of this conclusion1 it will1   
methinks1 be removed1 when  we consider 
the close of his mortal career1 and the 
unfortunate blindness  with which he    
clung to his fatuity4    ,he was a petty
 prince of that part of the country1    
afterwards called  ,dalruadia1 or the   
principality of the ,dalruads1 from the 
prevalence of  that demi-tribe1 in      
,ulster2 and when ,patrick--in          

prosecution of that  mission of grace1  
to which he had been deputed by divine  
interposition2  and impelled1 perhaps1  
moreover1 by a compassionate zeal and   
,christian  recollection of his previous
 bondage--undertook1 amongst other      
conversions1 that of his former master1 
we find that the sentiment was not      
reciprocated on his part2 but that1     
either ashamed of allowing himself  to  
be persuaded1 in his old age1 to abandon
 the religion in which he had  been     
early initiated2 or marked out by       
,providence as an awful victim to  the  
prevailing superstition1 he plunged     
himself into a fire which had           
accidentally broken out in his castle1  
and so was consumed by that element     
which he had before worshipped as his   
,god6    ,athlone1--or as anciently and 
correctly written1 ,ath-luain1--the name
 of a  town situated on the river       
,shannon1 where it is fordable1 bounding
  ,leinster in ,westmeath1 and          
,connaught in ,galway1 is compounded of 

the words  ,ath1 which signifies a ford1
 and luain1 of the moon4 ,the common    
people  still call it ,blah-luin1 an    
evident corruption of ,baile-ath-luin1  
that  is1 the village of the ford of the
 moon2 equivalent to ,moon-ford-town4   
,this name establishes the analogy of   
the ,syrian ,astarte with the worship   
here paid to the 8queen of night10 and  
the many lunettes1 or gold  crescents1  
found buried in the neighbourhood1 are  
8confirmation strong0  of the inference 
deduced4    ,the moon1 whose course     
through the heavens regulated the months
 of the  early lunar year1 and whose    
influence was regarded by the ancients1 
in  common with that of the sun1 as one 
of the fertilising principles of        
nature1 and as exerted chiefly amid     
wilds and woods1 at a distance from  the
 crowded abodes of man1 had in this     
spot1 apparently1 a peculiar claim  for 
her special appropriation4 ,for here the
 aged majesty of the river  ,shannon1   
the ,ganges of ,ireland1--as we find    

reciprocally that ,shannon is  one of   
the ,gangian names1 and ,saor1 or ,suir1
 the name of another ,irish  river1     
meaning 8sacred0 water1 belongs also to 
the ,indus itself1--displays  its       
imposing grandeur in all the varieties  
of sublime and delightful  scenery4 ,not
 far off is one of those beautiful lakes
 into which this  monarch of waters     
expands himself1 to bask1 as it were1 in
 repose1 from  the tiresome gaze        
attending the crowded path of his       
ordinary travels--      8,tho' deep1 yet
 clear2 tho' gentle1 yet not dull2      
,strong without rage2 without           
o'erflowing full40#bbe    ,lough ,rea is
 the name of the lake above referred to1
 which1 from its  proximity to ,athlone1
 gives concurrent sanction to the       
derivation above  assigned4 ,for ,rea1  
in ,irish1 corresponds to ,malcoth1 or  
,astarte1 i4e4  queen1 that is1         
,shamaim1 of the heavens2 as ,righ does 
to ,baal1 or  ,molock1 master1 or king  
of the same2 and both re-echoed in the  

regina  and rex of the ,latins4#bbf     
,i should further notice1 that in the   
,barony of ,castle-reagh--a name1       
which1 though prefaced by a modern      
adjunct1 still testifies its  devotion1 
at one time1 to the moon--there has     
been1 some years ago1 dug up  one of    
those beautiful plates of gold1 shaped  
like a half-moon1 at once  confirmatory 
of the propriety of the local name1 and 
of the nature of the  worship of its    
primitive incumbents having been lunar  
or ,sabian4 ,this  relic is now in the  
possession of the ,downshire family4    
,in reference to ,shannon1 to which ,i  
have before adverted1 as being one  of  
the names of the ,ganges1 it is not a   
little curious that ,durga1 the         
supposed divinity of this water1 and    
whose festival is annually solemnised   
all through ,hindoostan1 should be      
represented by ,derg1 the supposed      
divinity of the ,shannon1 and should    
have its name still more perpetuated  in
 the ,irish word ,dearg-art1 that is1   

the abode of ,derg1 in ,lough ,derg1    
the lower lake upon this river4    ,from
 its mouth to its source this noble     
stream is characterised with  relics of 
primeval worship1 corresponding1 in form
 and tendency1 with  those on the banks 
of its ,indian namesake4 ,scattery      
,island1 or1 as it  should more properly
 be called1 ,inis ,catty1 situated very 
near where it  discharges itself into   
the sea1 retains a beautiful ,round     
,tower1 to which  has been afterwards   
appended1 in the ,christian times1 the  
mystical number  of seven churches1 and 
the ruins of which are still            
perceptible4 ,the  circumstance of an   
early professor of our heaven-taught    
religion having  taken up his secluded  
residence within the precincts of this  
spot1 has led  many moderns to suppose  
that the river obtained its name from   
him1 whereas  the word ,shannon is      
derived from ,shan ,aoun1 that is1 the  
8aged river02  and the saint received   
his name from that pious policy before  

explained1 as well as from the constancy
 of his abode in its vicinity--not  vice
 vers4#bbg    ,killeshandra1 the name of
 a town in the county of ,leitrim1 on   
the borders  of the county of ,cavan1   
signifies1 in ,irish1 8the temple of the
 moon's  cycle10 or circle4 ,in         
,sanscrit1 which is a dialect of the    
aboriginal  ,irish1#bbh it denotes      
exactly the same4 ,we find besides      
,herodotus making  mention1 ,b4 xi4 c4  
#ih1 of a city in ,egypt1 during the    
,persian dominion1  called ,archandra1  
that is1 8the city of the moon40 ,he    
asserts that it is  not ,egyptian1      
neither derived from the wife of        
,danaus1 the daughter of  ,archander3   
yet the opposite may be well supported  
without at the same time  injuring this 
derivation1 for the daughters of ,danaus
 were certainly  initiated in the       
,phallic rites2 nay1 they were the      
persons who first  imported them into   
,attica3 and it is eminently worth      
notice1 that this was  the very spot#bbi

 where the ,tuath-de-danaan kings       
happened to be  stationed upon the first
 ,scythian deluge2 the word 8,kill0     
having been  prefixed to it only upon   
the introduction of ,christianity4      
,granard1 the name of a town in the     
county of ,longford1 is compounded of   
the words ,grian1 the sun1 and ard1 a   
height1 that is1 the sun's  high-place4 
,nor1 ,i suspect1 will it be deemed an  
over-effort of criticism1  if ,i repeat1
 that in our ,irish ,grian is to be     
found the root of that  epithet of      
,apollo1 ,grynus1#bcj which was also the
 name of a city of  ,asia ,minor1       
consecrated to his worship1 and         
favoured1 as ,strabo informs  us1 with a
 grove1 a temple1 and an oracle of that 
deity4 ,the river  ,granicus1 too1 was  
derived therefrom1 because its source   
lay in ,mount ,ida1  sacred to ,grian1  
or the sun1 whereon was situated the    
,idean stone1  upon which1 we are told1 
,hector was wont to sacrifice2 and      
corresponding  to the ,cromleachs1 so   

common throughout this island4 ,the word
 ,carne1  also1 meaning a heap of       
stones1 on which an inferior order of   
clergy1  thence called ,carneach1 used  
to officiate1 belongs to the same root1 
as  both ,ovid and ,macrobius declare   
that it was called1 by the ancients1    
,grane4#bca    ,as ,lough ,rea had been 
dedicated to the moon1 so was the other 
luminary  also honoured with a          
lake1--called after his name1--which we 
find in the  adjoining country1 where   
,lough ,grany signifies the ,lake of the
 ,sun2 as  we do also ,beal-ath1 or     
,ath-en-righ1 that is1 the ,ford of     
,baal1 or the  ,ford of the ,king1 i4e4 
the ,sun2 corresponding to ,ath-lone1 or
  ,ford of the ,moon4    ,the above are 
but a few of those imperishable         
memorials intertwined round  those      
haunts which our forefathers have trod2 
the import of which1  however1 has been 
so perverted by modern scribblers1 as to
 give occasion  to ,o',flaherty to give 
up their solution in despair1 and1 as a 

cover to his  retreat1 to pronounce them
 8as outlandish in their sound as the   
names of  the savages in some of the    
,american forests40#bcb ,in this        
rhodomontade1  however1 he was much more
 fortunate than he had intended1 or1 as 
the  ,englishmen say of our countrymen1 
8he blundered himself into the right40  
,little did he suspect how near a       
connection there existed between the two
  people whom he affected1 thus         
ridiculously1 to associate2 and anyone  
who  attends to the position which ,i   
subjoin1 independently of many others   
that  could be brought in support of it1
 will admit the happiness of this       
unintentional coincidence4 ,the ,algan  
,kinese are the most influential and    
commanding people in the whole of ,north
 ,america2 their name in ,irish         
indicates as much1 namely1 ,algan-,kine1
 or ,kine ,algan1#bcc a noble           
community4 ,the language of this people 
is the master one of the whole  country2
 and1 what is truly remarkable1         

understood1 as ,baron de ,humboldt      
asserts1 by all the ,indian nations     
except two4 ,what then are we to infer  
from this obvious affinity8 ,most       
undoubtedly1 that a colony of the same  
people who first inhabited ,ireland1 and
 assigned to its several localities     
those characteristic names which so     
disconcerted the harmony of ,mr4        
,o',flaherty's acoustic organs1 had     
fixed themselves1 at an early date1 in  
what has been miscalled the ,new ,world4
    ,small1 however1 as is the number of
 the names here selected1 they are      
enough1 ,i flatter myself1 to establish 
the prevalence of our ,sabian  ritual4  
,but what puts this matter beyond       
anything like a question is the         
inscription upon a stone1 still extant1 
in the county of ,dublin1 evidently  a  
symbol of the ,sun and ,moon1 which1    
like ,osiris and ,isis of ,egypt1  were 
considered by the ancient ,irish as     
united in matrimony4      8,god1 in the 
nature of each being1 founds    ,its    

proper bliss1 and sets its proper       
bounds3    ,but as ,he framed a whole   
the whole to bless1    ,on mutual wants 
built mutual happiness2    ,so from the 
first1 eternal order ran1    ,and       
creature linked to creature1 man to man4
    ,whate'er of life all quickening    
ether keeps1    ,or breathes through    
air1 or shoots beneath the deeps1    ,or
 pours profuse on earth1 one nature     
feeds    ,the vital flame1 and swells   
the genial seeds4    ,not man alone1 but
 all that roam the wood1    ,or wing the
 sky1 or roll along the flood1    ,each 
loves itself1 but not itself alone1     
,each sex desires alike1 till two are   
one40--,,pope4          ,,chapter ,,xvi4
      8,woman1 the poetry of ,nature10  
says an elegant writer of the present   
day1  8has ever been the theme of the   
minstrel1 and the idol of the poet's    
devotion4 ,the only ideas we entertain  
of a celestial nature are associated    
with her2 in her praise the world has   
been exhausted of its beauties1 and  she

 is linked with the stars and the       
glories of the universe1 as if1  though 
dwelling in a lowlier sphere1 she       
belonged to a superior  world40    ,this
 deification of the female character was
 the true substance of  those imaginary 
goddesses1 so sadly disfigured by the   
circumscribed  stupidity of ,greek and  
,roman mythologists4 ,juno1 ,baaltis1   
,diana1  ,babia1 ,venus1 ,aphrodite1    
,derceto1 ,militta1 ,butsee1            
,semiramis1 ,astarte1 ,io1 ,luna1       
,rimmon1 ,lucina1 ,genitalis1  ,ourania1
 ,atargatis1 etc4 etc41 were all but    
fictitious and ideal  forms1 resolving  
themselves into one and the same        
representation of that  sweetest        
ornament of the creation1 woman2 and the
 same terms being  applied to the moon1 
with the same symbolic force and the    
same  typical significance1 illustrates 
the aptitude of that tributary          
quotation1 with which this chapter has  
commenced1 and to the beauty of  which  
the heart of every 8man that is born of 

woman0 must feelingly  respond4         
,europa itself1 now geographically      
appropriated1 as a denomination1 to one 
of the quarters of the globe1 was       
originally synonymous with any of the   
above-mentioned names2 and partook in   
the acquiescence paid by adoring        
millions to the all-fascinating object  
of so refined an allegory4    ,of all   
those various epithets1 however vitiated
 by time1 or injured by  accommodation  
to different climates and languages1 the
 import--intact and  undamaged--is still
 preserved in the primitive ,irish      
tongue1 and in that  alone2 and with the
 fertility of conception whereby it     
engendered all  myths1 and kept the     
human intellect suspended by its verbal 
phantasmagoria1 we shall find the drift 
and the design1 the type  and the thing 
typified1 united in the ligature of one 
appellative  chord1 which to the        
enlightened and the few presented a     
chastened yet  sublime and microscopic  
moral delineation2 but to the profane   

and the  many was an impenetrable night 
producing submission the most slavish1  
and mental prostration the most abject2 
or1 whenever a ray of the  equivoque did
 happen to reach their eyes--perverted1 
with that  propensity which we all have 
to the depraved1 into the most reckless 
indulgence and the most profligate      
licentiousness4    ,in the limits here  
prescribed for the development of our   
outline--which  even the most heedless  
must have observed1 instead of being    
compressed1 as  intended within the     
compass of one volume could more easily 
have been  dilated to the magnitude of  
four--it cannot be supposed that ,i     
could  dwell1 with much minuteness1 upon
 the several collateral particulars to  
which ,i may incidentally refer4 ,as1   
however1 that twofold tenour to  which  
,i have above alluded1 may require      
something more in the way of            
illustration1 ,i shall take any two of  
the aggregate of names there  collected1
 and in them exemplify what has been    

said4    ,suppose them to be ,militta   
and ,astarte4 ,of these1 then1 the first
  means appetency1 such as is natural   
between the sexes2 and the second       
dalliance1 of the same mutual sort2 and 
while both alike typify the  delights of
 love1 they both equally personate the  
mistress of the  starry firmament whose 
influence was courted for the maturity  
of all  such connection1 as the season  
of her splendour is the most suitable   
for  its gratification4    ,from        
,astarte 771 the ,greeks formed ,aster  
77 a star1  thereby retaining but one   
branch of this duplicity4 ,the ,irish   
deduced from  it the well-known         
endearment1 ,astore2 and ,i believe ,i  
do not exaggerate  when ,i affirm that1 
in the whole circuit of dialectal       
enunciations1 there  exists not another 
sound calculated to convey to a native  
of this country  so many commingling    
ideas of tender pathos1 and of exalted  
adventure1  as this syllabic            
representation of the lunar deity4#bcd  

,such was ,sabaism1--composed of love1  
religion1 and astrology3 such too  was  
,budhism1 as ,i have already shown2 and 
,phallism being but another  name1      
equivalent with this latter1 it follows 
that the whole  three--,sabaism1        
,budhism1 and ,phallism--are1 to all    
intents and  purposes1 but identically  
one4    ,this being about to be         
demonstrated1 a few pages forwards1 as  
the oldest  species of worship          
recognised upon earth1 it were needless1
 one would  hope1 to enter into a       
comparison in point of antiquity between
 it and any  of its living derivatives4 
,but as many learned men1 misled by that
 cloud  which heretofore enveloped the  
subject1 have promulgated the belief    
that  ,brahminism was the parent stock1 
whence ,budhism1 with its adjuncts1     
diverged as a scion1 ,i shall1 omitting 
others1 address myself to the           
consideration of ,mr4 ,colebrooke's     
arguments1 which ,i select from the mass
  in deference to a character so        

honourably interwoven with the revival  
of  ,eastern literature4    8,the       
mythology of the orthodox ,hindus10 says
 this venerable and good man1  8their   
present chronology1 adapted to          
astronomical periods1 their  legendary  
tales1 and their mystical allegories1   
are abundantly  extravagant1 but the    
,jains and the ,bauddhas surpass them in
 monstrous  exaggerations of the same   
kind4 ,in this rivalship of absurd      
fiction it  would not be unreasonable to
 pronounce that to be the most modern   
which  has outgone the rest40    ,his   
second position is1 that 8the ,greek    
writers who mention the ,bramins1  speak
 of them as a flourishing society1      
whereas the ,budhists they  represent as
 an inconsiderable handful3 therefore10 
etc4    ,to the first ,i shall oppose   
,dr4 ,buchanan's testimony1 who states  
that  8however idle and ridiculous the  
legends and notions of the worshippers  
of  ,bouddha may be1 they have been in a
 great measure adopted by the ,brahmins1

  but with all their defects monstrously
 aggravated40    ,and even had we not   
this rebutting evidence the inference in
 itself is  decidedly weak2 for it would
 go equally to establish that ,romanism 
is  more recent than ,protestantism1 as 
containing a greater number of          
ceremonial observances than this latter 
does3 whereas the reverse is what       
reason would lead us to conclude1       
namely1 that ritual multiplications  are
 the growth of longevity1 and that the  
retrenchment of their number  is what   
reformation aspires to4    ,i make a    
free-will offering1 unrestricted and    
unimpeded1 of all the value  that can   
belong to ,grecian historians--the      
,greeks1 whom their own  countryman1    
,lucian1 so justly banters as           
distinguished for nothing so much  as a 
total indifference to truth6 ,but       
admitting them to be as veracious as    
they were notoriously not so1 the       
intercourse1 of the very earliest of    
them1 with ,india and its dependencies1 

was much too modern1 to allow their     
statements to be further conclusive1    
than as refers to the time being3 and   
,i am very ready to allow that1 at the  
particular moment described1 the        
,budhists were in the wane1 while the   
,brahmins ruled ascendant--nay1 that    
there were but a few straggling votaries
 of the former creed then existing  at  
all in that country1 the latter1 though 
schismatics from the  ecclesiastical    
root1 having1 by gaining over the civil 
power on their  side1 effected their    
expulsion many ages before4    ,the     
subterranean temples of ,gyah1 ,ellora1 
,salsette1 ,elephanta1 and those  other 
monuments of piety and civil eminence   
which still shed a lustre over  ,india1 
and which no subsequent state of the    
arts could rival1 much less  eclipse1   
owe their existence to an era anterior  
to this catastrophe4 ,the  ,budhists    
were the architects when in the zenith  
of human power4 ,the  sculptures and    
devices establish this fact3 for of the 

whole list of  deities personated in    
those inscriptions1 the ,brahmins have  
retained none  but such as suited their 
purpose4 ,these1 in all conscience1 were
 numerous  enough2 and as the ,brahmins1
 when at the helm1 permitted not the    
introduction of 8strange gods10 it is   
evident that those1 which they have  in 
common with the ,budhists1 are but      
cullings from the 8mother-church10      
ill-understood and worse interpreted2   
the similarity1 however1 being still  so
 great as1 after a lapse of centuries1  
to give rise to the question of1        
whether the stem or the branch1 the sire
 or the offspring1 had the  priority in 
point of time6    8,j'ai remarqu10 says 
the philosopher ,bailly1 8que les       
,brames aimaient   tre appells          
,paramnes1 par respect pour la mmoire de
 leurs anctres1  qui portoient ce       
nom40#bce ,monsieur ,gebelin is more    
explicit4 8,pausanias  nous dit1 que    
,mercure1 le mme que ,butta1 ou ,budda1 
un des fondateurs de  la doctrines des  

,paramnes1 ou ,brames1 est appell       
,paramon40#bcf    ,this ,paramon1 who   
had seceded from the ,budhist doctrine1 
and placed  himself at the head of that 
sect who still bear his name1 was the   
son of  ,budh-dearg1 a religious        
denomination1 most painfully            
inexplicable to  inquirers into those   
matters1 but which one1 at least1 from  
his  acquaintance with the ,irish       
language1 should have better known4 8,i 
think10  says ,vallancey1 8dearg is a   
contraction for darioga1 rex supremus1  
which corresponds with the ,chaldan     
darag1 dux1 an epithet given to         
,budya60    ,all those words1 in fact1  
dearg1 darioga1 and darag1 are one and  
the same1 adjuncts1 it is true1 of      
,budya1 but meaning neither dux1  rex1  
nor supremus1 except inasmuch as they   
were his epithets1 the  correct         
rendering being red1 which1 added to    
,budh1 signifies the ,red  ,lingam1 the 
,sardana-palus1 the ,eocad1 the ,penis  
sanctus1 the god  of nature1 the ruber  

palus1 the ,helio-go-balus1 the         
corporeal  spirit1 the agent of         
production1 the type of life1 as it is  
also the  concurrent symbol of universal
 dissolution4    ,these several terms1  
which are1 each and all1 convertible1   
pourtray not  only the procreative      
powers of the male world personified1   
but likewise  its symbols1 which were   
the ,round ,towers2 and not these only1 
but  ,obelisks#bcg also1 and naturally  
erect stones1#bch which though not      
circularly fashioned1 yet typified1 in  
their ascension1 the upward bent of  all
 vegetable growth4    ,this is the true 
solution of those enigmatical lithoi1 by
 which the  ancients represented the    
bounty of ,providence4 ,maghody was the 
name  appropriated to him under this    
character2 and the import of this word  
conveying1 literally1 the idea of the   
,good ,god1 shows the philosophic       
feeling1 no less than it does the       
religious seriousness1 of the grateful  
contrivers4#bci ,and while reminded by  

the thought1 perhaps ,i may be          
permitted1 with humble deference1 to    
suggest to literary gentlemen  occupied 
in the translation of ,eastern          
manuscripts1 that whenever they  meet   
with any proper name of the             
inconceivable ,godhead1 or of any place 
or  temple devoted to his use1 and      
beginning with the word ,magh2 such as  
,magh-,balli-,pura2#bdj they should not 
render ,magh by great1--which  hitherto 
had been the practice1--but by good2 as 
it is not the power  of the divinity    
that is thereby meant to be signified1  
but his bounty3  such as his votaries   
chiefly supplicated1 and such as was    
most influential  to ensure their       
fealty4    8,christnah1 the ,indian     
,apollo1 is the darling10 says ,archer1 
8of the  ,hindoo ladies2 and in his     
pranks1 and the demolishing pitchers of 
milk1 or  milk-pitchers1 has acquired a 
fame infinitely surpassing that enjoyed 
by  the hero of the agreeable ditty     
entitled ,kitty of ,coleraine60    ,i   

confess ,i do not understand the levity 
of temperament which betrays  itself in 
this witticism4 ,for my part ,i cannot  
contemplate any form of  religion       
without a sensation of awe4 ,there may  
be much imposture1 much  also of        
hypocrisy1 and no small share of        
self-delusion amongst  individuals of   
every sect1 but sincerity will be found 
in the  aggregate of each3 and where    
certainty is not attainable by finite   
comprehensions1 nay1 where unity is     
incompatible with freedom of thought    
and will1 it would more become us1      
methinks1 to make allowance for each    
other's weaknesses1 than to vilify any  
worship1 which1 after all1 may only     
differ from our own as to mode4         
,christianity1 beyond a question1 does  
not  inculcate such intolerance4 ,the   
true follower of that faith recognises  
in every altar an evidence of common    
piety2 perceives in every  articulation 
of the name of ,lord1 a mutual sense of 
dependence and a  similar appeal for    

succour2 and taking these as inlets into
 the character  of the supplicant1 he   
traces an approximation to that hope    
whereby he is  himself sustained1 and   
rejoices in the discovery3 yet it is no 
less true1  that1 when superadded to    
these generalities1 he beholds the      
8image0 of his  ,creator1 acknowledging 
the mission of the second ,godhead1 and1
 by reliance  on the all-fulness of his 
immaculate atonement1 immersed in the   
waters of  regenerating grace1 his bosom
 expands with more gladness1 and he     
welcomes the stranger as a brother4     
,that the rebuke here intended is not   
gratuitous or uncalled for1 ,i refer  to
 the testimony of ,sir ,william ,jones1 
who1 with some infusion1 ,i regret1  of 
the same irony and incredulity1 offers  
the following portrait1 the  result of  
tardy conviction of the superhuman      
qualifications of this  identical       
,christnah1 viz43 8,the prolix accounts 
of his life are filled  with narratives 
of a most extraordinary kind1 and most  

strangely  variegated4 ,this incarnate  
deity of ,sanscrit romance was not only 
cradled1  but educated among shepherds4 
,a tyrant1 at the time of his birth1    
ordered  all the male infants to be     
slain4 ,he performed amazing1 but       
ridiculous  miracles1 and saved         
multitudes partly by his miraculous     
powers1 and partly  by his arms3 and    
raised the dead1 by descending for that 
purpose into the  infernal regions4 ,he 
was the meekest and best tempered of    
beings2 washed  the feet of the         
,brahmans1 and preached indeed          
sublimely1 but always in  their favour4 
,he was pure and chaste in reality1 but 
exhibited every  appearance of          
libertinism4 ,lastly1 he was benevolent 
and tender1 and yet  fomented and       
conducted a terrible war40    ,mahony1  
also1 is a reluctant witness to the same
 effect4 8,the religion of  ,bhoodha10  
says he1 8as far as ,i have had any     
insight into it1 seems to be  founded on
 a mild and simple morality4 ,bhoodha   

has taken for his  principles wisdom1   
justice1 and benevolence2 from which    
principles  emanate ten commandments1   
held by his followers as the true and   
only rule  of their conduct4 ,he places 
them under three heads1 thought1 word1  
and  deed2 and it may be said that the  
spirit of them is becoming and          
well-suited to him1 whose mild nature   
was first shocked at the sacrifice  of  
cattle40#bda    ,i have already shown   
that ,budha is but a title1 embodying an
 abstract2  that1 therefore1 it was not 
limited to one individual1 but applied  
indiscriminately to a series4 ,as ,i    
shall soon bring this succession nearer 
to our own fire-hearths1 and1 in a way1 
perhaps1 which may1 else1  electrify    
over-sensitive nerves1 it may be prudent
 that ,i should premise  another        
citation1 descriptive of an answer1 made
 by a dignitary of their  creed1 to the 
last-mentioned author upon his          
enunciating a principle of  the ,hindoo 
doctrine4 8,the ,hindoos10 rejoined the 

priest1 8must surely be  little         
acquainted with this subject1 by this   
allusion to only one  7incarnation74    
,bhoodha1 if they mean ,bhoodha ,dhannan
 ,raja1 became man1 and  appeared as    
such in the world at different periods1 
during ages before he  had qualified    
himself to be a ,bhoodha4 ,these various
 incarnations took  place by his supreme
 will and pleasure1 and in consequence  
of his superior  qualifications and     
merits4 ,i am therefore inclined to     
believe1 that the  ,hindoos1 who thus   
speak of the incarnation of a ,bhoodha1 
cannot allude to  him whose religion and
 law ,i preach1 who is now a resident of
 the hall of  glory1 situated above the 
twenty-sixth heaven40    ,now it is     
stated in the ,puranas1 that a giant1   
named ,sancha-mucha-naga1 in  the shape 
of a snake1 with a mouth like a shell1  
and whose abode was  in a shell1 having 
two countenances1 was killed by         
,christnah2 and as  this irresistibly   
directs our reflection to the early part

 of the ,book of  ,genesis1 ,i shall    
adduce what ,mr4 ,deane has set forth on
 this latter head4    8,the tradition of
 the serpent10 says he1 8is a chain of  
many links1 which1  descending from     
,paradise1 reaches1 in the energetic    
language of ,homer1      #8 ' 1   '  1' 
but conducts1 on the other hand1 upwards
 to the promise1 that #8the seed of  the
 woman should bruise the serpent's      
head4'444 ,the mystic serpent entered   
into the mythology of every nation1     
consecrated almost every temple1        
symbolised almost every deity1 was      
imagined in the heavens1 stamped upon   
the earth1 and ruled in the realms of   
everlasting sorrow4444 ,this  universal 
concurrence of traditions proves a      
common source of derivation1  and the   
oldest record of the legend must be that
 upon which they are all  founded4 ,the 
most ancient record of the history of   
the serpent-tempter is  the ,book of    
,genesis6 ,in the ,book of ,genesis1    
therefore1 is the fact from  which      

almost every superstition connected with
 the mythological serpent is            
derived40#bdb    ,that 8the oldest      
record of the legend must be that upon  
which they are  all founded10 no one can
 gainsay1 inasmuch as the parent is     
always senior  to the offspring3 but it 
is not quite such a truism that 8the    
most  ancient record of the history of  
the serpent-tempter is the ,book of     
,genesis40 ,before a line of it was ever
 written1 or its author even  conceived1
 the allegory of the serpent was        
propagated all over the world4          
,temples1 constructed thousands of years
 prior to the birth of ,moses1 bear  the
 impress of its history4 8,the extent   
and permanence of the  superstition10   
says the erudite ex-secretary of the    
,asiatic ,society1 now  ,professor of   
,sanscrit in the ,university of ,oxford1
 8we may learn from  ,abulfazl1 who     
observes that in seven hundred places   
there are carved  figures of snakes1    
which they worship4 ,there is1 likewise1

 reason to  suppose that this worship   
was diffused throughout the whole of    
,india1  as1 besides1 the numerous      
fables and traditions relating to the   
,nagas1  or snake-gods1 scattered       
through the ,puranas1 vestiges of it    
still  remain in the actual observances 
of the ,hindus40    ,to explore the     
origin1 however1 of this ,ophite        
veneration1 all the efforts  of         
ingenuity have hitherto miscarried3 and 
the combination of solar  symbols with  
it1 in some places of its appearance1   
has1 instead of  facilitating1 augmented
 the difficulty4 8,the portals of all   
the ,egyptian  temples10 observes the   
,gentleman's ,magazine1 8are decorated  
with the  same hierogram of the circle  
and the serpent4 ,we find it also upon  
the  temple of ,naki ,rustan1 in        
,persia2 upon the triumphal arch at     
,pechin1 in  ,china2 over the gates of  
the great temple of ,chaundi ,teeva1 in 
,java2 upon  the walls of ,athens2 and  
in the temple of ,minerva1 at           

,tegea--for the  ,medusa's head1 so     
common in ,grecian sanctuaries1 is      
nothing more than the  ,ophite          
hierogram1 filled up by a human face4   
,even ,mexico1 remote as it was  from   
the ancient world1 has preserved1 with  
,ophiolatreia1 its universal            
symbol40#bdc    ,how would ,mr4 ,deane  
account for this commixture8 8,the      
votaries of the  sun10 says he1 8having 
taken possession of an ,ophite temple1  
adopted some  of its rites1 and thus in 
process of time arose the compound      
religion1  whose god was named ,apollo40
    ,but1 sir1 the symbols are coeval1  
imprinted together upon those  edifices 
at the very moment of their             
construction2 and1 therefore1 8no       
process of time0 was required to        
amalgamate a religion whose god 7it is  
true7 was ,apollo1 but which was already
 inseparable1 and1 though compound1     
one4    ,illustration    ,i have before 
established the sameness of design which
 belonged1  indifferently1 to solar     

worship and to phallic4 ,i shall1 ere   
long1  prove that the same              
characteristic extends equally to       
ophiolatreia2 and  if they all three be 
identical1 as it thus necessarily       
follows1 where is  the occasion for     
surprise at our meeting the sun1        
phallus1 and  serpent1 the constituent  
symbols of each1 embossed upon the same 
table1 and grouped under the same       
architrave8    8,here10 says a          
correspondent in the supplement to the  
,gentleman's  ,magazine of ,august last1
 8we have the umbilicated moon in her   
state of  opposition to the sun1 and the
 sign of fruitfulness4 ,she was also1 in
 the  doctrines of ,sabaism1 the        
northern gate1 by which ,mercury        
conducted souls  to birth1 as mentioned 
by ,homer in his description of the     
,cave of the  ,nymphs1 and upon which   
there remains a commentary by ,porphyry4
 ,of this  cave ,homer says--           
#8,fountains it had eternal1 and two    
gates1    ,the northern one to men      

admittance gives2    ,that to the south 
is more divine--a way    ,untrod by men1
 t' immortals only known4'    8,the     
,cross1 in ,gentile rites1 was the      
symbol of reproduction and              
resurrection4 ,it was1 as ,shaw remarks1
 #8the same with the ineffable image  of
 eternity that is taken notice of by    
,suidas4' ,the ,crescent was the  lunar 
ship or ark that bore1 in ,mr4 ,faber's 
language1 the ,great ,father and  the   
,great ,mother over the waters of the   
deluge2 and it was also the emblem  of  
the boat or ship which took aspirants   
over the lakes or arms of the sea  to   
the ,sacred ,islands1 to which they     
resorted for initiation into the        
mysteries3 and over the river of death  
to the mansions of ,elysium2 the        
,cockatrice was the snake-god4 ,it was  
also the basilisk or cock-adder4        
#8,habet caudem ut coluber1 residuum    
vero corpus ut gallus4' ,the ,egyptians 
considered the basilisk as the emblem of
 eternal ages3 #8esse quia vero  videtur

    1 ex auro conformatum capitibus     
deorum  appingebant gyptii4' ,what      
relation had this with the ,nehustan or 
,brazen  ,serpent1 to which the         
,israelites paid divine honours in the  
time of  ,hezekiah8 ,what is the circle 
with the seasons at the equinoxes and   
solstices marked upon it8--the signs of 
the four great pagan festivals          
celebrated at the commencement of each  
of these seasons8 ,the corner of the    
stone which is broken off probably      
contained some symbol4 ,i am not        
hierophant enough to unriddle and       
explain the hidden tale of this         
combination of hieroglyphics4 ,we know  
that the sea-goat and the ,pegasus on   
tablets and centeviral stones1 found on 
the walls of ,severus and  ,antoninus1  
were badges of the second1 and the boar 
of the twentieth  legion2 but this      
bas-relief seems to refer1 in some dark 
manner1 to  matters connected with the  
ancient heathen mysteries4 ,the form of 
the  border around them is remarkable4  

,the stone which bears them was1 ,i     
apprehend1 brought in its present state 
from ,vindolana1 where1 as ,i have      
observed1 an inscription to the ,syrian 
goddess was formerly found4 ,the        
station of ,magna also1 a few years     
since1 produced a long inscription to   
the same goddess in the ,iambic verse of
 the ,latin comedians2 and a cave1      
containing altars to ,mithras1 and a    
bust of that god1 seated between the    
two hemispheres and surrounded by the   
twelve signs of the ,zodiac1 besides    
other signa and  of the ,persian god1   
was opened at ,borcovicus only  about   
ten years since4 ,these1 therefore1 and 
other similar remains1 found  in the    
,roman stations in the neighbourhood of 
,vindolana1 induce me to  think that the
 symbols under consideration1 and now   
for the first time  taken notice of1    
were originally placed near the altars  
of some divinity  in the station of the 
,bowers-in-the-,wood4 ,i know of no     
establishment that  the ,knights        

,templars had in this neighbourhood40   
,the modesty of 8,v4 ,w40 is not less   
than his diligence2 and both1 ,i        
consider1 exemplary and great4 ,but he  
will excuse me when ,i tell him that    
the ,cross1 the ,crescent1 and the      
,cockatrice1 are still maiden  subjects 
after his hands4 ,neither ,faber1 ,shaw1
 nor ,suidas1 pretend even to  approach 
those matters1 save in their emblematic 
sense2 and1 as every  emblem must have a
 substratum1 ,i for one1 cannot content 
myself with that  remote and secondary  
knowledge which is imparted by the      
exoteric type1  but must enter the      
penetralia1 and explore the secrets of  
the eisoteric  temple4      8,as an old 
serpent casts his scaly vest1           
,wreaths in the sun in youthful glory   
dress'd2    ,so1 when ,alcides' mortal  
mould resign'd1    ,his better part     
enlarg'd1 and grew refin'd2    ,august  
his visage shone2 almighty ,jove    ,in 
his swift car his honoured offspring    
drove3    ,high o'er the hollow clouds  

the coursers fly1    ,and lodge the hero
 in the starry sky40#bdd                
,,chapter ,,xvii4      8,chilly as the  
climate of the world is                 
growing--artificial and systematic  as  
it has become--and unwilling as we are  
to own the fact1 there are few  amongst 
us but who have had those feelings once 
strongly entwined around  the soul1 and 
who have felt how dear was their        
possession when existing1  and how acute
 the pang which their severing cost4    
,fewer still were the  labyrinths       
unclosed in which their affections lay  
folded1 but in whose  hearts the name of
 woman would be found1 although the     
rough collision  with the world may have
 partially effaced it40    ,this        
instinctive influence1 which the        
daughters of ,eve universally  exercise 
over the sons of ,adam1 is not more     
irresistible in the present  day1 than  
it proved in the case of their great    
progenitor4 ,love1 however              
disguised--and how could it be more     

beautifully than by the scriptural      
penman8--love1 in its literal and       
all-absorbing seductiveness1 was the    
simple but fascinating aberration       
couched under the figure of the         
forbidden apple4    ,all the illusions  
of fancy resolve themselves into this   
sweet abyss4 ,the  dreams of            
commentators may1 therefore1            
henceforward be spared2 the             
calculations of bookmakers1 on this     
topic1 dispensed with3 whatever be  my  
fate1 one consolation1 at least1 awaits 
me1 that in addition to the  ,towers1 ,i
 shall have expounded the mysteries of  
,genesis4    ,in the ,irish language1   
which1 as being that of ancient ,persia1
 or  ,iran1 must be the oldest in the   
world1 and of which the ,hebrew1        
brought away by ,abraham from ,ur of the
 ,chaldees1#bde is but a distant and    
imperfect branch1--well1 in this        
primordial tongue1 the nursery at once  
of  science1 of religion1 and of        
philosophy1 all mysteries1 also1 have   

been  matured3 and it will irrefutably  
manifest itself1 that in it1            
exclusively1  was woven that            
elegantly-wrought veil1 of colloquial   
illusiveness1 which  shrouds the nature 
of our first parents' downfall4    ,how1
 think you1 was this accomplished8 ,by  
assigning to certain terms a  twofold   
signification1 of which one represented 
a certain passion1  quality1 or virtue1 
and the other its sensible index4 ,to   
the latter  alone had the multitude any 
access2 while the sanctity of the former
 was  guarded against them by all the   
terrors of religious interdicts4    ,for
 instance1 in the example before us1    
,budh1 or ,fiodh1--which is the  same   
thing1--means1 primarily1 lingam1 and   
secondarily1 a tree4 ,of  these1 the    
latter1 which was the popular           
acceptation1 was only the  outward      
signal of the former1 which was the     
inward mystified  passion1 comprehended 
only by the initiated4 ,when1 therefore1
 we are  told that ,eve was desired not 

to taste of the tree1 i4e4 ,budh1 we    
are to understand that she was          
prohibited what ,budh meant in its true 
signification1 viz4 lingam3 in other    
words1 that when cautioned against  the 
,budh1 it was not an insensible tree1   
its symbolic import1 that  was meant    
thereby1 but the vital phallus1 its     
animate  prototype3--that1 in short1    
8missis ambagibus10 the word ,budh was  
to  be taken1 not figuratively1 but     
literally4#bdf    ,illustration3 ,,from 
,,the ,,ruins ,,of ,,the ,,palencian    
,,city4    ,again1 in this cradle of    
literary wonders--the ,irish            
language--every  letter in its alphabet 
expresses some particular tree2 but its 
second1  ,beth1--whence the ,beta of the
 ,greeks1 and a formative only of ,budh1
  the radix1--signifies in addition to  
the tree which it                       
represents#bdg--knowledge also6 ,and    
here1 obvious as light1 and  impregnable
 to contradiction1 you have the tree of 
knowledge1 in natural  nakedness1       

divested of all the mystery of          
pomiferous verbiage1 and  identified in 
attributes1 as in prolific import1 with 
the name and essence  of the sacred     
,budh6#bdh    ,here then we have1 at    
length1 arrived at the fountain-head and
 source  of the mystery of ,budhism4    
,eve herself1 ,i emphatically affirm1   
was the  very first ,budhist4 ,and1     
accordingly1 we find that1 in former    
ages1  women universally venerated the  
,budh1 and carried images of it1 as a   
talisman1 around their necks and in     
their bosoms6#bdi    ,but if ,eve was   
the first ,budhist1 the first priest of 
the ,budhist order  was her first-born1 
but apostate son ,cain3 and in his      
acknowledging the  bounty of ,budh1 the 
sun1 who matures the fruits of the      
earth1--and  thereby recognising        
,jehovah only as the ,god of nature and 
of  increase1--rather than in looking   
forward by faith to the redemption by   
blood1 as a different sacrifice would   
have intimated1 consisted 8the  whole   

front and bearing0 of his treason and   
offence4#bej    8,if thou doest well1   
shalt thou not be accepted8 ,and if thou
 doest not  well1 a sin offering lieth  
at the door0#bea--the means of          
propitiation  are within your immediate 
reach4    ,the endearing tone in which  
this is conveyed bespeaks an appeal to  
some  usage familiar to the party4 ,it  
betokens indisputably1 that on previous 
occasions1 when ,cain had acted 8well10 
he had met with no rejection4 ,and  for 
the truth of this ,jehovah refers to the
 defendant's own experience and         
self-convincing consciousness4    ,cain1
 therefore1 was a priest under a former 
dispensation1 and a favoured  one1 too1 
and his being deprived of this office1  
or1 in other words1 8cast  off from the 
presence of the ,lord10 was the great   
source and origin of his  present       
wretchedness4    ,but if a priest1 he   
must have been so to a larger           
congregation than his  father1 mother1  
and brother3 and besides1 he1 as well as

 ,abel1 must have  had wives2 but the   
,scriptures do not tell us that ,adam   
and ,eve1 as  individuals1 had any      
daughters2 it follows1 therefore1 that  
the consorts  of the two brothers must  
have sprung from some other parents4    
,there1  then1 were more men and women  
on the earth than ,adam and ,eve3 and   
this is  still further confirmed by the 
apprehensions expressed by ,cain        
himself1  after the murder of ,abel1    
lest he might be slain by someone       
meeting him4    ,yes1 in the            
paradisaical state1 before 8sin entered 
into the world10 the  earth was as      
crowded with population as it is at     
present1 and ,adam and ,eve  are only   
put as representatives1 male and female1
 of the entire human  species all over  
the globe4#beb    ,here ,i cannot do    
better than set the reader right as to  
the rendering of a  subsequent text1    
which says that 8,god set a mark upon   
,cain lest any one  meeting him should  
kill him02 nor can ,i recollect another 

instance wherein  human ingenuity1 while
 struggling after truth1 has been more  
directly  instrumental in the           
dissemination of error4    ,one would   
suppose that the setting 8a mark upon0 a
 person1 instead of  allaying his fears 
of being molested by those meeting him1 
should1 on the  contrary1 aggravate     
them1 from its extraordinary aspect4    
,besides1 in the  innumerable fantasies 
which commentators have conjured up as  
specifications of this 8mark10 no       
vestige whatsoever has been yet traced  
on the human form to justify the        
inference4    ,we are obliged1          
therefore1 at last1 to recur to the     
truth1 and it  fortunately happens that 
this is accessible by only translating  
the  original as it should properly be1 
thus1 viz4 8,and ,god gave ,cain a  sign
 lest any meeting him1 should kill him40
    ,the only question now is what that 
sign was1 which ,god gave to ,cain8     
,and to resolve this1 we have but to    
bethink ourselves of his                

dereliction1--namely1 the offering      
worship to ,budh1 i4e4 nature1 or  the  
sun3 and his refusing to sacrifice1 in  
consequence of such devotion1  anything 
endowed with life1 of which ,budh1 i4e4 
,lingam1--according to  the double      
acceptation of the word1--was the type1 
as it is also the  sign of ,budh1 the   
sun1--and we have infallibly developed  
the answer and  the secret4    ,stamping
 the nature of his crime1 and at the    
same time indicating that1 in  the now  
fallen condition of man1 this badge of  
his revolt would be rather  a security  
against trespass1 and a passport to     
acceptance than an  inducement to       
annoyance1 ,god shows to ,cain1 as much 
in derision as in  anger1 the           
substantial image of that deity to which
 he had but just  before done homage1   
viz4 ,budh2 and thereupon1 ,cain goes1  
and1 on 8the land  a wanderer10 he      
erects this sign into a deified ,round  
,tower4    ,perhaps the reader would    
like to have some collateral proofs for 

these  startling interpretations4 ,i    
shall give them1 as convincing as the   
solution itself is irrefutable and true4
    ,the ,maypole festival1 which the   
,rev4 ,mr4 ,maurice has so              
satisfactorily  shown to be but the     
remains of an ancient institution of    
,india and ,egypt  7he should have added
 ,persia1 and1 indeed1 placed it first71
 was1 in fact1  but part and parcel of  
this ,round ,tower worship4 ,may the    
#ast is the day on  which its orgies    
were celebrated2 nor is the custom1 even
 now1 confined to  the ,british ,isles  
alone1 but as naturally prevails        
universally throughout  the ,east1      
whence it emanated of old to us4 ,lest1 
too1 there should be  any mistake as to 
the object of adoration1 we are told in 
the second  volume of the ,asiatic      
,researches1 in a letter from ,colonel  
,pearce1 that  ,bhadani1 i4e4 ,astarte1 
i4e4 ,luna1 i4e4 ,venus1 i4e4 8,mollium 
mater  cupidinum10 was the goddess in   
whose honour those festivities were     

raised4    ,now as astronomy was        
connected with all the ceremonies of the
 ancients1  the sun's entrance into     
,taurus1 which in itself bespeaks the   
vigour of  reanimated productiveness at 
the vernal equinox1 was the symbol in   
the  heavens associated by the          
worshippers with this allegorical       
gaiety4 ,but  this event takes place a  
little earlier every year than the      
preceding one1  by reason of what       
astronomers call the precession1 so that
 at present  it occurs at a season far  
more advanced than it did at first4     
,theory and observation both concur in  
establishing that #gb years is the      
period which the equinox will take to   
precede #a degree of the #cfj into      
which the heavens are divided1--#bafj   
years #cj degrees1 that is1 one         
sign1--and #be1ibj1 #cfj degrees1 or the
 twelve signs of the ,zodiac4 ,if1      
therefore1 we compute at this rate the  
precise year at which the vernal        
equinox must have coincided with the    

#ast of ,may1--which must certainly     
have been the fact at the origin of the 
institution1--it will prove to  have    
been about the four thousandth before   
the ,christian era1 which  exactly      
corresponds with the time of ,cain1 and 
irrefutably confirms the  origin which  
,i have assigned to the worship of the  
,budh1 ,tower1 ,phallus1  or ,maypole4  
,mr4 ,maurice's position deserves to be 
remarked4 8,i have little doubt1        
therefore10 says he1 8that ,may-day1 or 
at least the day on which the sun       
entered ,taurus1 has been immemorially  
kept as a sacred festival from the      
creation of the earth and man1          
originally intended as a memorial of    
that  auspicious period and that        
momentous event40    ,it is with extreme
 reluctance that ,i would dissent from a
 writer who has  contributed so largely 
as the gentleman before us towards the  
restoration  of literature2 but since we
 agree as to the era of the origin of   
the  festival1 and substantially as to  

its design1 ,i have the less  hesitation
 in recording my belief that it was not 
the creation of the  earth or of man    
that was intended to be commemorated1   
but the  commencement of a new          
dispensation1 consequent upon man's     
defection4#bec    ,lord1 from the       
,shaster1 quotes the following abstract1
 marking the opinion  of the ,easterns  
themselves1 as to ,adam and ,eve having 
had many  contemporaries4 ,this relates 
an interview between a different couple4
  8,being both persuaded that ,god had a
 hand in this their meeting1 they took  
council from this book1 to bind         
themselves in the inviolable bond of    
marriage1 and with the courtesies       
interceding between man and wife1 were  
lodged in one another's bosoms3 for joy 
whereof the sun put on his nuptial      
lustre1 and looked brighter than        
ordinary1 causing the season to shine   
upon them with golden joy2 and the      
silver moon welcomed the evening of     
their repose1 whilst music from heaven1 

as if ,god's purpose in them had  been  
determinate1 sent forth a pleasing      
sound1 such as useth to fleet from  the 
loud trumpet1 together with the noise of
 the triumphant drum4 ,thus  proving the
 effects of generation together1 they   
had fruitful issue1 and  so peopled the 
,east1 and the woman's name was         
,sanatree40    ,this ,maypole ceremony1 
under the name of ,phallica1 ,dionysia1 
or  ,orgia1 which last word1 though     
sometimes applied to the mysteries of   
other deities1 belongs more particularly
 to those of ,bacchus1#bed was          
celebrated1 at one time1 throughout     
,attica with all the extravagance of    
religio-lascivious pomp4 ,archer1 in his
 ,travels in ,upper ,india1 arrived  at 
a village just a few hours only after   
the ,may gaieties were over1 and  found 
the pole still standing4 8,the          
occasion10 says he1 8was one of         
festivity1 for all had strings of       
flowers about their heads1 and they     
spoke of the matter as one of great     

pleasure and amusement40 ,as1 however1  
he did not come in for the actual       
observances1 ,i shall supply the        
omission  by detailing the form of its  
celebration in our own country4         
8,anciently10 says ,m',skimin1 in his   
,history of ,carrickfergus1 8a large    
company of young men assembled each     
,may-day1 who were called ,may-boys4    
,they wore above their other dress white
 linen shirts1 which were covered  with 
a profusion of various coloured ribbons1
 formed into large and  fantastic knots4
 ,one of the party was called ,king1 and
 the other ,queen1  each of whom wore a 
crown1 composed of the most beautiful   
flowers of the  season1 and was attended
 by pages who held up the train4 ,when  
met1 their  first act was dancing to    
music round the pole1 planted the       
preceding  evening2 after which they    
went to the houses of the most          
respectable  inhabitants round about1   
and having taken a short jig in front of
 each  house1 received a voluntary      

offering from those within4 ,the sum    
given was  rarely less than five        
shillings4 ,in the course of this ramble
 the ,king  always presented a rich     
garland of flowers to some handsome     
young woman1  who was hence called #8the
 ,queen of ,may' till the following     
year40    ,with this compare the        
description given by the author of the  
,rites and  ,ceremonies of all ,nations1
 of a similar worship as celebrated     
amongst the  ,banians4 8,another god10  
says he1 8much esteemed and worshipped  
by these  people1 is called ,perimal1   
and his image is that of a pole1 or the 
large mast of a ship4 ,the ,indians     
relate the following legend concerning  
this idol4 ,at ,cydambaran1 a city in   
,golcondo1 a penitent having            
accidentally pricked his foot with an   
awl1 let it continue in the wound  for  
several years together2 and although    
this extravagant method of  putting     
himself to excessive torture was        
displeasing to the god ,perimal1  yet   

the zealot swore he would not have it   
pulled out till he saw the god  dance4  
,at last1 the indulgent god had         
compassion on him1 and danced1 and  the 
sun1 moon1 and stars danced along with  
him4 ,during this celestial  movement1 a
 chain of gold dropped from either the  
sun or the god1 and the  place has been 
ever since called ,cydambaran4 ,it was  
also in memory of this  remarkable      
transaction that the image of the god   
was changed from that of  an ape to a   
pole1 thereby intimating 7adds the      
good-natured expositor of  himself7 that
 all religious worship should reach up  
towards heaven1 that  human affections  
should be placed on things above40      
,now1 this mysterious ,peri-,mal is but 
a euphony for ,peri-,bal1 that is1  the 
,baal-,peor before explained3 and when  
you remember the destination  which ,i  
have there assigned him1 you will       
perceive the propriety of his  having   
been represented by a mast or ,may-pole4
 ,as to the ,indian  legend1 it only    

shows the antiquity of the rite1        
superadded to that  religious investment
 which was meant as a shield against    
profanation4    ,vallancey also mentions
 the following additional custom1 which 
he himself  witnessed in the county of  
,waterford3--8,on the first day of ,may1
 annually1  a number of youths1 of both 
sexes1 go round the parish to every     
couple  married within the year1 and    
oblige them to give a ball4 ,this is    
ornamented with gold or silver coin4 ,i 
have been assured1 they sometimes       
expended three guineas on this ornament4
 ,the balls are suspended by a  thread1 
in two hoops placed at right angles1    
decorated with festoons of  flowers4    
,the hoops are fastened to the end of a 
long pole1 and carried  about in great  
solemnity1 attended with singing1 music1
 and dancing40    ,the mummers1 in like 
manner1 who went about upon this day1   
demanding  money1 and with similar      
solemnities1 as if for the moon in      
labour1 were  derived from the same     

origin4 ,in ,ceylon this practice is    
confined to  8women alone10#bee who1 as 
the editor of the ,rites and            
,ceremonies1  etc41 informs us1 8go from
 door to door with the image of ,buddu  
in their  hands1 calling out as they    
pass1 #8,pray1 remember ,buddu4'#bef    
,the  meaning is1 that will enable them 
to sacrifice to the god4 ,some of the   
people give them money1 others cotton   
thread1 some rice1 and others oil  for  
the lamps4 ,part of these gifts they    
carry to the priests of ,buddu1  and the
 remainder they carry home for their own
 use40    ,the money collected in       
,ireland1 on the same occasion1 would   
appear to have  been somewhat similarly 
expended1 having been 8mostly sacrificed
 to the  jolly god2 the remainder given 
to the poor in the neighbourhood40      
8,here1 for a while1 my proper cares    
resigned1    ,here let me sit in sorrow 
for mankind2    ,like yon neglected     
shrub1 at random cast1    ,that shades  
the steep1 and sighs at every           

blast40#beg          ,,chapter ,,xviii4 
,when ,i cast back my eye upon this     
narrative1 through the long perspective 
of ages which it involves1 ,i confess ,i
 feel incommoded by some misgivings  of 
self-distrust4 ,when ,i consider the    
mighty individuals1 of  transcendent    
powers and almost inexhaustible         
resources1 who1 having  reconnoitred its
 coast1 either perished in the impotency
 of effecting a  landing1 or1 more      
wisely1 receded from it as impregnable1 
,i am thrown  back1 as it were1 upon    
myself1 and impeded by the comparison of
 my own  littleness4    ,but if 8,god   
has often chosen the small things of the
 earth to confound the  great02 and if  
success in past undertakings be any     
guarantee against the  illusiveness of  
inward promise2 if the roads be all     
chalked1 the posts  lighted1 and the    
sentinels faithful1 why1 then1 allow the
 influence of  petty fears to mar1 at   
all events1 the project of an ennobling 
enterprise8    ,in that cherished       

volume1 whence our first lessons upon   
religion have been  deduced1 and which1 
as embodying the principles of our      
happiness here1  and our hopes          
hereafter1 has been honoured with the   
pre-eminent and  distinctive appellation
 of the ,bible1 or ,book1 there occur   
numerous  phrases of mysterious import1 
but pregnant significancy1 which pious  
men1 unable to solve1 have contented    
themselves with classifying as under    
the head of 8above reason0--8contrary10 
and 8according to10 being the two  other
 constituents of their predicamental    
line4    ,those conventional terms which
 expediency alone has invented are1 to  
say the least1 arbitrary2 and as all men
 have an equal right to form a          
specification of their subject-matter1  
,i shall1 without disconcerting  the    
order of the above division1 endeavour  
only to rescue the points  to which ,i  
refer from immersion in the first       
class2#beh or--if allowed  the latitude 
of parliamentary elocution--to take them

 out from the  condemnation of ,schedule
 ,a4    ,to begin1 then1 with the       
following text1 viz4 8,the sons of ,god 
saw the  daughters of men that they were
 fair1 and they took them wives of all  
which they chose40#bei    ,what do you  
understand by the expression 8sons of   
,god08    ,his peculiar people1 you     
reply2 such1 for instance1 as called    
upon ,his  name2#bfj or1 perhaps1       
,seth's descendants in opposition to    
those of  ,cain1 the unrighteous4       
,turn1 sir1 to the beginning of the     
first and second chapters of ,job1 and  
read what you are there informed of4    
8,now there was a day when the sons of  
,god came to present themselves  before 
the ,lord1 and ,satan came also among   
them40 ,and1 8,again1 there was a  day1 
when the sons of ,god came to present   
themselves before the ,lord1  and ,satan
 came also among them to present himself
 before the ,lord40    ,well1 what is   
your answer now8 or will it not be      
different from what it  was before8 ,can

 you seriously imagine that it was any  
race of  ordinary human beings that was 
thus denominated8 ,and are you not      
compelled to associate the idea with    
some one of the other superior          
productions of omnipotent agency8    ,i 
will make you1 sir1 if you have candour 
in your constitution1  acknowledge the  
fact4 ,listen--8,where wast thou when ,i
 laid the foundations  of the earth8    
,declare if thou hast understanding3    
when the morning stars  sang together1  
and all the sons of ,god shouted for    
joy40#bfa    ,here allusion is made to a
 period antecedent to the existence of  
either  ,cain or ,seth4 ,the myriads of 
revolving ages suggested by the         
interrogatory set even fancy at         
defiance2 nor are their limits demarked 
by the vague and indefinite exordium of 
even the talented and  otherwise        
highly-favoured legislator1 ,moses      
himself4#bfb ,and yet1 in this          
incomprehensible inane of time1 do we   
see the sons of ,god shouting for  joy1 

before the species of man--at least in  
his degenerate  sinfulness--had appeared
 upon this surface6    ,it is manifest1 
therefore1 that some emanation of the   
,godhead1 distinct  from mere humanity1 
is couched under the phrase of 8the sons
 of ,god02  and accordingly we perceive 
that1 when they 8went in unto the       
daughters of  men1 and they bare        
children to them10 it is emphatically   
noticed1 as an  occurrence of unusual   
impress1 that 8the same became mighty   
men1 which  were of old1 men of         
renown40#bfc    ,at the commencement of 
the verse1 whence the last extract has  
been taken1  you will find the name of  
giant mentioned2 and instantly after1 as
 if  in juxtaposition1 nay1 as if       
synonymous with it in meaning1 is       
repeated 8the sons of ,god03 thereby    
identifying both in nature and in       
character1 and proving their sameness by
 their convertibility4    ,the ,hebrew  
word from which giant has been          
translated1 signifies to  fall3 and     

what1 do you suppose1 constituted this  
apostasy8 ,in sooth1  nothing else than 
that carnal intercourse1 which they     
could not resist  indulging with the    
8daughters of men10 when their senses   
told them they  were lovely4#bfd ,thus  
do both names corroborate my truth2     
while both  reciprocally illustrate each
 other4    8,it may seem strange10 says 
,wilford1 8that the posterity of ,cain  
should be  so much noticed in the       
,puranas1 whilst that of the pious and  
benevolent  ,ruchi is in a great measure
 neglected4 ,but little is said of the  
posterity  of ,seth1 whilst the inspired
 penman takes particular notice of the  
ingenuity of the descendants of ,cain1  
and to what a high degree of  perfection
 they carried the arts of civil life4   
,the charms and  accomplishments of the 
women are particularly mentioned4 #8,the
 same became  mighty men1 which were of 
old1 men of renown4'0    ,and           
again1--8,we have been taught to        
consider the descendants of ,cain as a  

most profligate and abominable race4    
,this opinion1 however1 is not          
countenanced1 either by sacred or       
profane history4 ,that they were not    
entrusted with the sacred deposit of    
religious truths1 to transmit to  future
 ages1 is sufficiently certain4 ,they   
might1 in consequence of this1  have    
deviated gradually from the original    
belief1 and at last fallen into  a      
superstitious system of religion1 which 
seems1 also1 a natural  consequence of  
the fearful disposition of ,cain1 and   
the horrors he must  have felt1 when he 
recollected the atrocious murder of his 
brother ,abel40    ,this1 so far as it  
goes1 is satisfactory enough2 but it is 
groping in the  dark1 and without a     
pilot4 ,a few pages1 in the distance1   
will1 however1  bring us to the right   
understanding of these points also2     
meanwhile1 ,i  return to the ,mosaical  
record1 for the insight therein afforded
 into the  history of ,cain4    ,we are 
told then that he 8knew his wife1 and   

she conceived and bare  ,enoch03 and as 
this name signifies initiation in sacred
 rites1 as well  as it does an assembly 
of congregated multitudes1--in which    
latter sense  it was accurately applied 
to the 8city0 which he had              
8builded10--it shows  that the new      
religion bade fair for perpetuity4      
,irad1 the name of ,enoch's son1 proves 
the crowning finish of the matured      
ceremonial1 for intimating1 as it does1 
consecrated to ,god1 we are  naturally  
led to connect its bearer with the      
profession of that worship  which his   
name represented4    ,as ,irad signifies
 consecrated to ,god1 so ,iran does the 
land of  those so consecrated2 and      
accordingly we may be assured that it   
was in  that precise region that the    
,budhists had first established the     
insignia of their empire4#bfe    ,let us
 now inquire what light will the        
,dabistan afford to our labours4  ,it is
 known that ,sir ,john ,malcolm was no  
ready convert to its merits2 his        

abridgment of it1 therefore1 cannot be  
suspected of any colouring2 and1 as  ,i 
like the testimony of reluctant         
witnesses1 ,i shall even make him the   
interpreter of its recondite contents4  
8,in almost all the modern accounts of  
,persia10 says he1 8which have been     
translated from ,mahomedan authors1     
,kaiomurs is considered the first  king 
of that country2 but the ,dabistan1 a   
book professedly compiled from  works of
 the ancient ,guebrs1 or worshippers of 
fire1 presents us with a  chapter on a  
succession of monarchs and prophets who 
preceded ,kaiomurs4  ,according to its  
author the ,persians1 previous to the   
reign of ,kaiomurs1  and consequently   
long before the mission of ,zoroaster1  
venerated a  prophet called ,mah-abad1  
or the ,great 7rather the ,good7 ,abad1 
whom  they considered as the father of  
men4 ,we are told in the ,dabistan that 
the ancient ,persians deemed it         
impossible to ascertain who were the    
first  parents of the human race4 ,the  

knowledge of man1 they alleged1 was     
quite  incompetent to such a discovery2 
but they believed1 on the authority of  
their books1 that ,mah-abad was the     
person left at the end of the last      
great cycle1 and consequently the father
 of the present world4 ,the only        
particulars they relate of him are1 that
 he and his wife1 having survived  the  
former cycle1 were blessed with a       
numerous progeny1 who inhabited  caves  
and clefts of rocks1 and were uninformed
 of both the comforts and  luxuries of  
life2 that they were at first strangers 
to order and  government1 but that      
,mah-abad1 inspired and aided by ,divine
 ,power1  resolved to alter their       
condition2 and1 to effect that object1  
planted  gardens1 invented ornaments1   
and forged weapons4 ,he also taught men 
to take the fleece from the sheep1 and  
to make clothing2 he built cities1      
constructed palaces1 fortified towns1   
and introduced among his descendants    
all the benefits of art and commerce4   

8,mah-abad had thirteen successors of   
his own family2 all of whom are  styled 
,abad1 and deemed prophets4 ,they were  
at once the monarchs and the  high      
priests of the country2 and during their
 reigns1 the world1 we are  informed1   
enjoyed a golden age1 which was1        
however1 disturbed by an act of         
,azer-abad1 the last prince of the      
,mahabadean dynasty1 who abdicated the  
throne1 and retired to a life of        
solitary devotion4    8,by the absence  
of ,azer-abad his subjects were left to 
the free indulgence  of their passions1 
and every species of excess was the     
consequence4 ,the  empire became a scene
 of rapine and of murder4 ,to use the   
extravagant  expression of our author   
7the ,dabistan71 the mills1 from which  
men were  fed1 were turned by the       
torrents of blood that flowed from the  
veins of  their brothers2 every art and 
science fell into oblivion2 the human   
race  became as beasts of prey1 and     
returned to their former rude           

habitations in  caverns and mountains4  
8,some sages1 who viewed the state of   
the empire with compassion1 intreated   
,iy-,affram1 a saint-like1 retired man1 
to assume the government4 ,this holy    
man1 who had received the title of ,iy  
7pure71 from his pre-eminent  virtues1  
refused to attend to their request1 till
 a divine command1  through the angel   
,gabriel1 led him to consent to be the  
instrument of  restoring order1 and of  
reviving the neglected laws and         
institutions of  ,mah-abad4 ,iy-,affram 
founded a new dynasty1 which was called 
the ,iy-abad2  who1 after a long and    
prosperous reign1 suddenly disappeared1 
and the  empire fell again into         
confusion4 ,order was restored by his   
son1 ,shah  ,kisleer1 who was with      
difficulty prevailed upon to quit his   
religious  retirement to assume the     
reigns of government4 ,his successors   
were  prosperous till the elevation of  
the last prince of the dynasty1 whose   
name was ,mahabool4 ,this monarch1 we   

are told1 was compelled by the          
increasing depravity of his subjects to 
resign his crown4    8,he was succeeded 
by his eldest son1 ,yessan1 who1 acting 
under divine  influence1 supported      
himself in that condition which his     
father had  abandoned4 ,this prince     
founded a new dynasty1 which terminated 
in his  descendant1 ,yessan-,agrin4 ,at 
the end of his reign the general        
wickedness  of mankind exceeded all     
bounds1 and ,god made their mutual      
hostility the  means of the ,divine     
vengeance1 till the human race was      
nearly extinct4  ,the few that remained 
had fled to woods and mountains1 when   
the  all-merciful ,creator called       
,kaiomurs1 or ,gilshah1 to the throne40 
,we only now want a key to unlock the   
portals of this ,magh-abadean           
household2 and ,i flatter myself that   
this1 which ,i am about to tender1  will
 consummate to an accuracy that very    
desirable purpose4    ,cain's immediate 
progeny are they which are included     

under the above  denomination4 ,their   
faith and worship are exactly symbolised
 under its  derivative dress4 ,magh1 as 
before explained1 is good2 and ,abad1 a 
unit2 that is1 when combined1 the ,good 
,one1 or ,unit1 the author of           
fruitfulness and productiveness--in     
which light alone1 as all-bountiful  and
 all-generous1 was he recognised by this
 family4    ,this unity of the ,godhead 
was what was religiously comprehended   
under  the ,phallic configuration of the
 ,round ,tower erections2 and this1     
furthermore1 elucidates that heretofore 
enigmatical declaration of the          
,budhists themselves1 viz4 that the     
pyramids1 in which the sacred relics    
are deposited1 8be their shape what it  
will1 are an imitation of the  worldly  
temple of the ,supreme ,being40#bff     
,but if ,magh-abadean was the name      
adopted by them with this spiritual     
tendency1 ,tuath-de-danaan was that     
which pictured them a sacerdotal        
institution4 ,the last member of this   

compound ,i have already expounded4 ,it 
remains that ,i develop what the two    
first parts conceal4    ,tuath1 then1 is
 neither more nor less than a dialectal 
modification for  ,budh1 which1         
according to the licence of languages1  
transformed itself1  otherwise and      
indifferently1 into ,butt1 ,butta1      
,fiod1 ,fioth1 ,thot1  ,tuath1 ,duath1  
,suath1 ,pood1 ,woad2 and in the two    
last forms--of which  one is ,gothic1   
and the other ,tamulic--admitted a final
 syllable1--which  was but an           
insignificant termination1--namely1 en1 
making ,pooden and  ,woad-en2 or ,poden 
and ,woden4    ,in these several        
variations1 and the innumerable others  
which branch  therefrom1 while the      
sensible idea is preserved underneath1  
there is  superinduced another of a more
 refined complexion4 ,thus1 ,budh1 while
 it  primarily represents the sun1 its  
type1 the penis2 and again1 its  sign1 a
 tree1 expresses also the attributes of 
magic1 science1  divination1 and wisdom4

    ,these were the consequences of that
 mysterious garb in which the priests   
invested the true elements of their     
religion4 ,being themselves the sole    
possessors of its inward secrets1 and   
all literature and erudition going  hand
 in hand also therewith1 it was so      
dexterously managed1 that a sort of     
reverential feeling attached1 not only  
to those qualities in the  abstract1 but
 to the consecrated personages who were 
their depositories4  ,hence1 while ,budh
 came to signify divination and wisdom1 
,budha1  its professor1 did a divine and
 wise man2 and ,tuath1 being only a     
modification of the former epithet1     
,tuatha is the corresponding            
transmutation of the latter4    ,tuatha1
 therefore1 signifies magicians2#bfg and
 so we have the  first component of     
,tuath-de-danaans elucidated4 ,the      
second requires  no dipus to solve it1  
,de being but the vernacular term       
whereby was  expressed the ,deity2 and  
as ,i have previously established the   

import of  ,danaans to have been        
,almoners1 it follows that the aggregate
 tenour of  this                        
religious-compound-denomination is the  
,magician-god-almoners1 or  the         
,almoner-magicians of the ,deity4    ,as
 from ,budh was formed ,fiodh1 so from  
,fiodh arose ,fidhius2 and as ,i  have  
before shown that ,hercules and ,deus   
were synonymous terms1 and  both        
personifications of the ,sun1 so1       
accordingly1 we find that this          
symbolical adjunct was reciprocally     
appropriated to one as to the other4    
,i dwell upon those terms with the more 
impressive force1 because that the      
spirit of no one of them has ever before
 been developed4 ,me ,deus  ,fidhius1   
and ,me ,hercules ,fidhius1 we where    
taught at school to consider  as appeals
 to the ,god of ,truth1 and the         
,hercules of ,honour4 ,most  assuredly  
those virtues are comprehended under the
 radix of the great  mysterious         
,original2 but the dictionaries and     

lexicons that gave us  those            
significations knew no more of what that
 ,original was than they  did of the    
connection between soul and body4       
,deus ,fidhius1 then1 means ,god the    
,budha1 and as such the ,all-wise1  the 
,all-sacred1 the ,all-amiable1 and the  
,all-hospitable2 and  ,hercules         
,fidhius1 that is1 ,hercules the ,budha1
 is1 in sense and  meaning1 exactly the 
same4    ,the ,latin word ,fides1 and   
the ,english ,faith1 are but direct     
emanations  from the same communion4 ,a 
thousand other analogies must suggest   
themselves now in consequence4 ,in a    
word1 if you go through the circle of   
natural religion and artificial         
science1--if you analyse the  vocabulary
 of conventional taste and of modish    
etiquette1 you will find  the           
constituent particles of all the leading
 outlines resolve themselves  into the  
physical symbolisation of the radical   
,budh4    ,what inference1 ,i ask my    
reader1 would he draw from the above    

facts8  ,unquestionably that at the     
outset of social life1 mankind at large 
had  used but one lingual conversation2 
and as the ,irish is the only language  
in which are traced the germs of all the
 diverging radii1--nay1 as it is  the   
focus in which all amicably meet1--it   
follows inevitably that it  must have   
been the universal language of the first
 human cultivators--the  nursery of     
letters1 and the cradle of revelation4  
8,how charming is divine ,philosophy6   
,not harsh and crabbed1 as dull fools   
suppose1    ,but musical as is ,apollo's
 lute1    ,and a perpetual feast of     
nectared sweets    ,where no crude      
surfeit reigns40          ,,chapter     
,,xix4      ,the ,tuath-de-danaans1 or  
,mahabadeans1 being thus far proved as  
the first  occupiers of ,iran1 it may be
 asked1 ,how happens it that no ,persian
  historians1 anterior to ,mohsan ,fani1
 have noticed their existence8 ,in the  
first place1 ,i answer that they all    
have mentioned them1 however            

unconsciously by themselves1 or         
inadvertently by others4 ,and even had  
this not been the fact--had not a single
 syllable been recorded1 bearing        
reference to their name1 the remote era1
 in itself1 of their detachment  from   
that country1 would be the best possible
 apology for the omission4    ,the      
professed writers upon ,persia belong   
all to a recent period2 and the         
magazines which they consulted1 for the 
scanty information which they  furnish1 
were either ,arabs or ,greeks--the      
former a body of predatory  warriors1   
whose only insight into letters arose   
from the opportunities  which their     
rapines had supplied them2 and the      
latter1 a community who1  insensible to 
the beauties of moral truth1 took       
delight in distorting even  the most    
commonplace occurrences into the most   
unnatural incredibilities  and misshapen
 incongruities4    ,but independently of
 these causes1 another more powerful one
 had before  long co-operated4 ,a rival 

dynasty1 starting up from amongst       
themselves1  succeeded1 by the issue of 
a religious revolution1 to effect their 
expulsion2 and that once                
ascertained--the doors of admission ever
 after  closed against their return--the
 victors were not satisfied with the    
monopoly of civil power1 but they must  
wreak their vengeance still more1  by   
the erasure of every vestige of the     
former sway4    ,in this devastating    
course1 the ,round ,towers1 as the      
temples of their  figurative veneration1
 were particularly obnoxious2 and1      
accordingly1 we  may be assured1 that it
 was owing to the durability of those   
edifices1 and  not to the clemency of   
the assailants1 that any one of them has
 been able  to survive the hurricane4   
,who1 you will ask1 were those          
destroyers8 ,they were the              
,pish-de-danaans4  ,and so energetically
 did they prosecute their extinguishing 
plan1 aided1  besides1 by the antiquity 
of its remote occurrence1 that all      

writers upon  that country1 before the  
compilers of the ,dabistan1 have set    
them down  as its first dynasty1 making 
the ,kaianians1 the ,askanians1 and the 
,sassanians1 their successors4    ,here 
,i am obliged1 in compliance with the   
justice of my subject1 to expose  an    
error of a gentleman1 whom ,i would     
rather have overlooked4    8,the        
,tuatha-dadan of the ,irish10 says      
,vallancey1 8are the ,pish-dadan  of the
 ,persians02 which he pretends to prove 
as follows3--8,first1 then10  says he1  
8,tuath and ,pish are synonymous in the 
,chaldee1 and both  signify mystery1    
sorcery1 prophets1 etc42 they are both  
of the same  signification in the       
,irish2 therefore by ,pish-dadan and    
,tuatha-dadan1  ,i understand the       
,dadanites1 descended of ,dedan1 who had
 studied the  necromantic art1 which    
sprang from the ,chesdim1 or            
,chaldeans40    ,of a piece with this   
was his assertion that ,nuagha          
,airgiodlamh of the  ,irish1 was        

,zerdust of the ,persians6 ,and         
wherefore1 think you1 reader8  ,because1
 forsooth1 ,airgiodlamh signifies       
silver-hand1 and ,zerdust1  gold-hand6  
,yes1 but he made out another analogy1  
and it is worth while  to hear it1 viz4 
that ,nuagha had his hand cut off by a  
,fir-,bolg  general2 while ,zerdust's   
life was taken away by a ,turanian      
chieftain666    ,this is but an item in 
that great ocean of incertitude in which
 that  enterprising etymologist had1    
unfortunately1 been swallowed up4       
,having  perceived by the perusal of the
 manuscripts of our country1 that there 
must have been a time when it basked in 
the sunshine of literary  superiority2  
yet unable tangibly to grapple with it1 
having no clue into  the origin of its  
sacred repute1 or the collateral        
particulars of its  date1 nature1 or    
promoters1 he was tossed about by the   
ferment of a  parturient imagination1   
without the saving ballast of a         
discriminating  faculty4    ,the        

,general's work1 accordingly1 is one    
which must be read with great  reserve2 
not because that it does not offer many 
valuable hints1 but  because that its   
plan is so crude1 and its matter so     
ill-digested1--the same thing being     
contradicted in one place1 which  was   
affirmed in another1 or else repeated   
interminably1 without regard  to method 
or to style1--that when you have waded  
through the whole1  you feel you have   
derived from it no other benefit than   
that of whetting  your avidity for a    
correct insight into those subjects1 of 
which the  author1 you imagine1 must    
have had some idea1 but which also1 it  
is  evident1 however indefatigable he   
was in the attempt1 he had not1 himself1
  the power to penetrate4    ,the great 
praise1 therefore1 which ,i would award 
to this writer1 is that1  with one leg  
almost in the grave1 he sat down1 in the
 enthusiasm of a  youthful aspirant1 to 
master the difficulties of the ,irish   
tongue1 which1  mutilated though it be1 

and begrimed by disuse1 he knew was1    
notwithstanding1 the only sure inlet to 
the genius of the people1 as  well as to
 the arcana of their antiquities1 the   
most precious1 as they  are1 and        
fruitful1 of any country on the surface 
of the globe4    ,but though his        
perseverance had rendered him the best  
,irishian of his  age1 and of many ages 
before him1 yet has he committed        
innumerable  blunders1 even in the      
exposition of the most simple words2 and
 the  question now in point will verify 
this declaration1 with as much          
exactitude as any other that could be   
adduced4    ,tuath1 then1 and pish are  
by no means synonymous2 neither do they 
signify mystery or prophets1 except in a
 secondary light4 ,in their  original   
acceptation1 they are the antipodes of  
each other1 as much as  male is to      
female1 and as relative is to           
correlative4#bfh    ,they are the       
distinctive denominations for the       
genital organs of both  sexes1          

respectively--,tuath signifying ,lingam2
 and ,pish1 ,yoni4    ,i have already   
explained that ,tuath is but a          
modification of the word  ,budh--the    
final dh of the latter having been      
changed into the final  th of the       
former1 only for euphony2 because that  
prefixed to de-danaan  the collision of 
the two d's--as ,bud-de-danaan--would   
not sound well2  it was1 therefore1 made
 ,buth-de-danaan2 and--the initials b   
and t  being always convertible1--hence 
became ,tuath-de-danaan4    ,the case   
was exactly opposite with respect to    
pish3 ,i mean so far as  the alteration 
of two of its letters is concerned4     
,pith is the usual  method of           
pronouncing that term3 nor is it1 except
 when followed by a d1  that it assumes 
the other garb4 ,but as dh1 in the      
former instance1 was  commuted into th1 
so th1 in this latter1 is still further 
into sh2  therefore1 instead of         
,pith-de-danaan1 we make it             
,pish-de-danaan4    ,to screen those two

 ligaments of sexual familiarity from   
the peril of  profane and irreverent    
acceptations1 all the investiture of    
magic was  shrouded upon them4 ,the     
vocabulary of love and of religion      
became one  and the same3 mystery and   
enchantment were identified1 and the    
negotiations of the earth1 and the      
revolutions of the heavens1 were        
blended with the witchery of amative    
sway4    ,in this universality of       
domain1 no one of those dear helpmates  
had a  greater portion of honour        
assigned to it than the other4 ,they    
were equal  in power1 and alike in      
attributes4 ,and to set this equality   
beyond the  contingencies of doubt1 it  
was withal arranged1 that while each1   
primarily1 retained its distinct sexual 
interpretation1 they should  both1      
secondarily1 harmonise under another    
mutual exposition2 and what  more       
appropriate one could be devised than   
that of the influence which  they       
exercised8 and of the veil with which   

they were guarded8    ,magic1 therefore1
 and mystery1 were the two secondary    
imports1 in  which both were united2 and
 the ambiguity thus occasioned was what 
cast ,vallancey upon that shoal1 which  
proved similarly fatal to many a        
preceding speculator4    ,to            
exemplify--,budh1 or ,tuath1 in its     
literal and substantive  acceptation1   
implies the ,lingam2 collaterally1      
magic2 and by  convention1 mystery1     
prophets1 legislators1 etc4 ,pish1 in   
like  manner1 or ,pith1 denotes1        
literally1 the ,yoni2 collaterally1     
magic2  and by convention1 mystery1     
prophets1 legislators1 etc4 ,and the    
offshoots of either1 in an inferior and 
deteriorated view1 such as  ,budh-og    
from the former1 and ,pish-og from the  
latter1 intimate1  indiscriminately1    
witchcraft1 wizard1 or witch4    ,now   
the words ,de-danaans1 having been      
already illustrated as meaning          
,god-,almoners1 if we prefix to them1   
severally1 ,tuath and ,pish1 they  will 

become ,tuath-de-danaans1 and           
,pish-de-danaans2 the former            
expressing1 literally1                  
,lingam-,god-,almoners2 and the latter1 
literally1  ,yoni-,god-,almoners2 and   
both equally1 by convention1            
,magic-,god-,almoners4    ,as we have   
had exhibited numerous representations  
of the homage paid to  the paternal     
member of this theocracy1 perhaps ,i may
 be permitted to  adduce a single       
quotation demonstrative of the honours  
shown to his  maternal colleague4       
8,the ,chinese10 says the author of     
,rites and ,ceremonies1 8worship a      
goddess1 whom they call ,puzza1 and of  
whom their priests give the  following  
account3--,they say that three nymphs   
came down from heaven to  wash          
themselves in a river1 but scarce had   
they got into the water before  the herb
 ,lotos#bfi appeared on one of their    
garments1 with its coral  fruit upon it4
 ,they were surprised to think whence it
 could proceed2 and  the nymph upon     

whose garment it was could not resist   
the temptation of  indulging herself in 
tasting it4 ,but by thus eating some of 
it1 she  became pregnant1 and was       
delivered of a boy1 whom she brought up1
 and  then returned to heaven4 ,he      
afterwards became a great man1 a        
conqueror and  legislator1 and the nymph
 was afterwards worshipped under the    
name of  ,puzza40#bgj    ,and thus we   
see that ,budh and ,pish were the actual
 regulators of the  solar universe4     
,time1 however1 dissolved the chain     
which linked together those mysterious  
absolutes3 or1 rather1 the zealots of   
each contrived to sever an  attachment1 
which was intended by nature to be      
reciprocal and mutual4#bga  ,war1       
devastating1 desecrating war1 spread    
abroad over the plain6 ,human  energies 
were evoked into an unknown activity6   
,men's passions1 always  inflammable by 
the jealousy of partisanship1 were here 
furthermore  stimulated by the rancour  
of religion6 ,and hearts were lacerated1

 and  countries were depopulated in     
sustainment of the consequences of a    
physiological disquisition666    ,but   
what do you conceive to have been the   
topic at issue8 ,verily1 it was  whether
 the male or the female contributed more
 largely to the act of                  
generation6--those who voted for the    
female side ranging themselves  under   
the banners of ,pish1 and those for the 
male under the standard  of ,budh1 while
 both equally appealed to heaven for    
adjudication of  their suit1 by         
arrogating to themselves the adjunct of 
,de-danaans1 or  ,god-,almoners4        
8,not but the human fabric from its     
birth    ,imbibes a flavour of its      
parent earth1    ,as various tracts     
enforce a various toil1    ,the manners 
speak the idiom of the soil40           
,whether or not1 however1 the result is 
to be considered as decisive of the     
matter in dispute1 one thing at least is
 certain1 namely1 that the              
,pish-,god-,almoners obtained the       

victory2 and the ,budh-,god-,almoners   
were  thrown upon the ocean2 over whose 
bosom1 wafted to our genial shores1 they
  did not only import with them all the 
culture of the ,east1 with its          
accompanying refinement and polished    
civilisation2 but they raised the  isle 
to that pinnacle of literary and        
religious beatitude which made it       
appear to the fancies of distant and    
enraptured hearers more the day-dream   
of romance than the sober outline of an 
actual locality4    ,i shall now        
illustrate a part of those truths by the
 ,indian history of the  circumstances1 
as copied from their ,puranas1 by one   
who had no  anticipation of my          
differently-drawn conclusions1 and one1 
in fact1 who  did not know either the   
scene or the substance of the occurrence
 which  he thus transcribes4    8,yoni1 
the female nature1 is also10 says       
,wilford1 8derived from the same  root  
7yu1 to mix74 ,many ,pundits insist the 
,yavanas were so named from  their      

obstinate assertion of a superior       
influence in the female over the  linga 
or male nature1 in producing a perfect  
offspring4 ,it may seem  strange that a 
question of mere physiology should have 
occasioned not only  a vehement         
religious contest1 but even a bloody    
war2 yet the fact appears  to be        
historically true1 though the ,hindu    
writers have dressed it up1 as  usual1  
in a veil of historical allegories and  
mysteries1 which we should  call        
obscene1 but which they consider as     
awfully sacred4    8,there is a legend  
in the ,servarasa1 of which the         
figurative meaning is  more obvious4    
,when ,sati1 after the close of her     
existence as the daughter  of ,dascha1  
sprang again to life in the character of
 ,parvati1 or ,mountain  ,spring1 she   
was reunited in marriage to ,mahadeva4  
,this divine pair had  once a dispute on
 the comparative influence of the sexes 
in producing  animated beings1 and each 
resolved1 by mutual agreement1 to create

 apart a  new race of men4#bgb ,the race
 produced by ,mahadeva were very        
numerous1  and devoted themselves       
exclusively to the worship of the male  
deity2 but  their intellects were dull1 
their bodies feeble1 their limbs        
distorted1  and their complexions of    
many different hues4 ,parvati had1 at   
the same  time1 created a multitude of  
human beings1 who adored the female     
power  only1 and were all well shaped1  
with sweet aspects and fine complexions4
 ,a  furious contest ensued between the 
two races1 and the ,lingajas were       
defeated in battle2 but ,mahadeva1      
enraged against the ,yonijas1 would     
have destroyed them with the fire of his
 eye1 if ,parvati had not  interposed   
and spared them2#bgc but he would spare 
them only on  condition that they should
 instantly leave the country1 with a    
promise to  see it no more2 and from the
 ,yoni1 which they adored as the sole   
cause  of their existence1 they were    
named ,yavanas40    ,it is evident that 

a mistake has been committed in the     
above narrative1  making the victors the
 persons who were obliged to quit6 and  
we know  from testimony1 adduced upon a 
different occasion1 that instances of   
such  confusion were neither unfrequent 
nor uncommon4#bgd ,but even admitting it
  to be accurate1 the apparent          
contradiction is easily reconciled2 as  
it is  probable that the contest was    
protracted for a long period of time1   
before it was ultimately decided in     
favour of one party2 and1 in the        
alternations of success1 one side being 
up to-day1 and another uppermost        
to-morrow1 what could be more natural   
than that a colony of the ,yavanas1  or 
,pish-de-danaans1--which is the         
same1--should have fled for shelter to  
,india1 before that the auspices of     
their arms1 propelled by the fair  cause
 which they vindicated1 had1 at length1 
accomplished the overthrow  of their    
adversaries4    ,this object1 however1  
once obtained1--full masters of their   

wishes1 and  sole arbiters of           
,iran1--they were not satisfied with the
 mere extinction  of all the symbols of 
their predecessors1--save and except the
 ,towers  which stood proof to their    
attacks1--but they established there    
instead a  code1 as well political as   
moral1 more consonant with their own    
prejudices3 and the wonder would be     
great1 indeed1 if1 after this           
triumphant assertion of female power1   
gratitude and religion should not  both 
combine in making the type of that      
influence--the sacred  crescent1 or     
yoni--the personification of their      
doctrines2 and woman  herself1          
all-lovely and all-attractive1 the      
concentrated temple of their  divinity  
upon earth6    ,such was the            
commencement of the ,pish-de-danaan     
dynasty in ,persia2 and its  influence  
still operating1 after a long interval  
of time1 is what the  historian         
unconsciously describes in the following
 terms1 viz43--    8,if we give any     

credit to ,ferdosi1 most of the laws of 
modern honour  appear to have been      
understood and practised with an        
exception in favour  of the ancient     
,persians1 whose duels1 or combats      
7which were frequent71  were generally  
with the most distinguished among the   
enemies of their  country or the human  
race4 ,the great respect in which the   
female sex was  held was1 no doubt1 the 
principal cause of the progress they had
 made in  civilisation4 ,these were at  
once the cause of generous enterprise   
and its  reward4 ,it would appear that  
in former days the women of ,persia had 
an  assigned and honourable place in    
society2 and we must conclude that an   
equal rank with the male creation1 which
 is secured to them by the  ordinances  
of ,zoroaster1 existed long before the  
time of that reformer1  who paid too    
great attention to the habits and       
prejudices of his  countrymen1 to have  
made any serious alterations in so      
important a usage4  ,we are told by     

,quintus ,curtius1 that ,alexander would
 not sit in the  presence of            
,sisy-gambis till told to do so by that 
matron1 because it was  not the custom  
in ,persia for sons to sit in presence  
of their mothers4  ,there can be no     
stronger proof than this anecdote       
affords1 of the great  respect in which 
the female sex were held in that country
 at the period of  his invasion40#bge   
8,without thee1 what were unenlightened 
man8    ,a savage roaming through the   
woods and wilds    ,in quest of prey2   
and with the unfashioned fur    ,rough  
clad2 devoid of every finer art1    ,and
 elegance of life4 ,nor happiness       
,domestic1 mixed of tenderness and care1
    ,nor moral excellence1 nor social   
bliss1    ,nor grace1 nor love1 were    
his40#bgf          ,,chapter ,,xx4      
,but you will say that ,i have ventured 
nothing like proof1 of the  paradoxical 
affirmation propounded a short while    
ago1 as to the  ,tuath-de-danaans having
 been mentioned1 by all ,eastern        

writers1 in  connection with ,persia2   
and yet unnoticed1 the while1 by        
themselves1 not  less than unheeded by  
their readers8    ,true3 ,i but awaited 
the opportunity which has just arrived4 
,are you not aware1 then1 how that all  
,oriental writers1 when referring to    
,budha1 who was born at ,maghada1 in    
,south ,bahar1 state that he was the son
  of ,suad-dha-dana8 ,and have ,i not   
already shown you that ,suadh and       
,tuath were but disguises of each other1
 and both resolvable into ,budh8        
,those first components1 therefore1 in  
each being the same1 look at the  entire
 compound words1 ,tuath-de-danaan1 and  
,suad-dha-dana1 and are not  the rest1  
also1 infallibly identical8             
,admitting this1 you reply1 how could   
they1 in that early age1 make their  way
 to ,ireland8 which1 from its extreme   
position1 must have been the very  last 
place they would have thought of6    ,if
 the question refers to the route       
pursued1 ,i decline its solution1 as    

not necessary for my design4 8,a piece  
of sugar1 or a morsel of pepper1 in  a  
neglected corner of a village inn1 would
 be a certain proof10 says  ,heeren1 8of
 the trade with either ,indies1 even if 
we possessed no other  evidences of the 
commerce of the ,dutch and ,english with
 those countries40  ,and when ,i have   
already made the coincidences between   
the two ,irans and  their inhabitants1  
their forms of worship1 their language  
and mode of  life1 to be historical     
axioms1 ,i surely cannot be expected to 
waste labour  upon such a trifle1 which 
sinks into nothing against evidences of 
the  actual fact4#bgg    ,but if the    
length of the voyage be the obstacle    
insinuated1 then would ,i  find some    
difficulty to--do what8--keep my muscles
 grave3 as if1 forsooth1  the           
adventurous sons of man could only1     
slowly and imperceptibly1 and like  so  
many ants pushing a load before them1   
introduce themselves1 inch by  inch1 and
 in measured succession1 into the       

diversified terraqueous globe  spread   
abroad for their enjoyment6--when we    
have direct demonstration that  such was
 far from having been the case in the   
instance of a colony which1  starting   
from ,tyre1 and leaving behind on all   
sides the most inviting and  delicious  
countries1 planted itself down1 perhaps 
from the mere spirit of  romance1 in the
 circumscribed little island of ,cadiz1 
long before ,carthage  or ,utica had    
existence even in name6    ,no1 sir2 we 
must not be so fond of derogating from  
the ancients all  participation in those
 embellishments which promote society4  
,asia was the  cradle of the whole human
 race2 and thence1 as its population    
overflowed1  migratory herds in         
different states of civilisation1 and   
with different  forms of religious      
culture1 poured in their successive     
colonies with  multitudinous inundation 
into the other continental lands2 but   
with more  zeal1 and with stronger      
preference1 into those compact little   

nests which  have been significantly    
denominated the 8,isles of the          
,gentiles40    ,vessels rode over the   
briny surges with as proud a canvas as  
now receives  the gale4#bgh ,the model  
of the ark would be lesson sufficient to
 instruct  an enterprising generation in
 the science of naval architecture3 and 
we  may well suppose that1 of all       
pursuits cultivated by human art1 this  
would  have occupied the very foremost  
regard by a people just rescued1 through
  its salutary instrumentality1 from the
 desolating scourge of an               
all-swallowing abyss4    8,well1 then1  
at all events10--,i fancy ,i hear you   
exclaim1--8you admit the  story of the  
deluge80    ,certainly2 and that of     
,noah1 and the ark1 and the dove1 and   
the  raven4 ,but did ,i not1 also1      
concede the story of the giants1 and of 
the serpent8 of the sons of ,god1 and of
 the tree of knowledge8 ,nay1  have ,i  
not put the truth of those particulars  
beyond the possibility of  scepticism1  

much more of denial8 ,but1 believe me1  
that the liquid  which composed this    
8deluge0 was more of the colour of      
claret than it  was of water2--that     
there was no more of wood or timber in  
the  construction of this 8ark0 than    
there was in that of the 8tree of       
knowledge0--that those two latter were  
congenial and correspondent to each     
other1--in their configuration and      
intention1--and that flesh and  blood   
were the elements of which they were    
both composed4      8,for all that meets
 the bodily sense1 ,i deem              
,symbolical1 one mighty alphabet    ,for
 infant minds------0    ,could the      
coincidence of measure#bgi between the  
great ,egyptian pyramid  at its base1   
and that of the ,noachic ark1 in ancient
 cubits1#bhj have  been accidental1 do  
you imagine8 ,and if not1 what community
 of purpose1 do  you think1 had been    
subserved by such numerical analogy8    
,the triangle1 in the old world1 was a  
sacred form4 ,it represented the        

properties--capacity and dilatation--of 
the female symbol4 ,lucian1 in  his     
,auction1 states the following dialogue 
as having occurred between  ,pythagoras 
and a purchaser1 viz43--    ,,pyth4 ,how
 do you reckon8    ,,pur4 ,one1 two1    
three1 four4    ,,pyth4 ,do you see8    
,what you conceive four1 these are ten2 
and a perfect  triangle1 and our oath4  
,now1 ,pythagoras1 though a ,samian1 was
 educated in ,egypt2 and the religious  
mysteries1 with which he had been there 
imbued1 are what is so profanely        
ridiculed by this infidel scoffer4      
,it is not my province to justify the   
ceremonial of the ,egyptians1 any       
further than as indicative of gratitude 
to the ,godhead2 but the reflection     
must suggest itself to every observant  
mind1 that they are never called        
idolaters in any part of the            
,pentateuch2 and ,plutarch1 in addition1
  positively asserts that 8they had     
inserted nothing into their worship     
without a reason1--nothing merely       

fabulous1--nothing superstitious2 but   
their institutions have reference either
 to morals or something useful in  life1
 and bear a beautiful resemblance1 many 
of them1 to some facts in  history1 or  
some appearance in nature40    ,if we   
investigate the secret of this          
,pythagorean asseveration1 we shall     
find that the numbers #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1   
thrice joined1 and touching each other1 
as it were1 in three angles1 in this    
manner--    ,illustration    constitute 
an equilateral triangle1 and amount     
also1 in calculation1 to  ten4 ,while   
the inward mystery1 couched under its   
figure1 embraced all  that was solemn in
 religion and in thought1 being1 in     
fact1 the index of  male and female     
united--the unit1 in the centre1        
standing for the  ,lingam4    ,look now 
at the form of the great ,egyptian      
pyramid2 and is it not  precisely that  
of the above triangle8 ,is there not1   
also1 an aperture  into it1 about the   
middle as here8#bha ,and when to all1 we

 add the  notion of wells of water      
withinside1 is not the demonstration    
complete1  that the goddess of the      
,lotos1 the soft promoter of desire1 the
  arbitress of man1 and the compeer of  
the angels1 was the honoured  object of 
its symbolical erection8#bhb    ,in #a  
,pet4 iii4 #bj1 it is asserted that only
 8eight persons0 were preserved  in the 
ark4 ,let us suppose them to have been  
,noah and his wife1 with his  three sons
 and their wives4 ,at a comparatively   
short interval after the  date assigned 
to this event1--at most but #ceb        
years1--on ,abraham's arrival  in the   
land of ,egypt1 we find a flourishing   
kingdom1 an organised police1  a        
systematic legislature1 and             
comprehensive institutions1 diffused    
over  its surface4 ,all the other parts 
of the world1 we must be ready to       
presume1 if not equally enlightened1    
were1 at least1 as populous2 and ,i  put
 it to your good sense to decide1       
whether eight individuals could1  within

 that period1 not only procreate so     
plentifully as to replenish the  whole  
earth1 but enlighten it1 additionally1  
with such a coruscation of  science1 as 
no subsequent era has been since able to
 eclipse8    ,indeed1 the ,scriptures   
themselves give us1 elsewhere1 to       
understand that  ,st4 ,peter did not    
correctly interpret this history4 8,come
 thou10 says ,gen4  vii4 #a1 8and all   
thy house1 into the ark60 ,this gracious
 invitation1 at  so critical a juncture1
 would have been too welcome a proffer  
to be lost  sight of by anyone who could
 make it available2 and must not we     
suppose  that the domestics to whom the 
extension was addressed1 with their     
several dependants and collateral       
offspring1 would have been glad and     
happy to grasp at it with delight8      
,but the name of the type itself is     
worth a hundred deductions from         
equivocal premises4 ,the coffer of the  
law1 the coffin of ,joseph1 the  money  
chest of the temple1 are all severally  

translated ark1 and  recorded in ,hebrew
 by the word  aron3 but the 8ark of     
,noah0#bhc  and ,moses's 8ark of        
bulrushes0#bhd are peculiarly           
designated1   ,thebit1 or  tebah4#bhe   
,what is the meaning of these mysterious
 terms8      8,quo spectanda modo1 quo  
sensu credis1 et ore80    ,as the ,tau  
of the ,hebrews is1 indifferently1 in   
power1 ,t and ,th1  ,thebit has as good 
a right to be spelled with1 as without1 
an h at the  end of it1--and1 indeed1 a 
better right1 considering the elements  
whereof  it is compounded4 ,thebith1    
then1 is the proper and true sound1 and 
the  mystery of its import ,i thus      
unravel4    ,its first syllable1 ,the1  
signifies sacred or consecrated2#bhf and
  since the letters b and p are         
commutable--bith is the same as  pith1  
that is1 ,cteis or ,yoni4 ,the words    
,the-bith1 then1 together1  in all the  
attraction of truth1 intimate the       
consecrated ,cteis2 or the  sacred      
,yoni6#bhg    ,but ,pith1 itself1 is    

only a conversion of ,fidh1 the initial 
letters  ,p and ,f being always         
interchangeable1 and not more so than   
the  penultimates t and d4 ,and ,fidh1  
in its abstract and original  position1 
such as we have early seen it1 is       
masculine1 the plural of  ,budh1        
conveying variously the significations  
of ,lingams1 trees1 and  bulrushes4     
,here1 however1 where it is feminine1   
its sex reversed1  and the anatomy of   
nature pourtrayed by the physics of     
language1  the idea of the bulrushes    
alone presents itself2 and the basket in
  which ,moses was saved from the       
waters1 and which was made of such      
reeds1  was appropriately denominated by
 this mysterious symbol1 as a type of   
the  virginity in which the ,messiah was
 to be incarnated1 not less than of  the
 redemption which was to accrue from    
,his sufferings4    ,another stage has  
been thus advanced2 and lo6 the         
beautiful union which  subsists1 as to  
design1 between the results of our      

discoveries1 and the  consoling         
assurances of pure ,christianity6       
,let us now proceed a little farther in 
this course--      8,sanctos ausi       
recludere fontes10#bhh    and connect   
these truths with the ,tuath-de-danaans 
and the  ,pish-de-danaans4    8,noah was
 a just man10 observes the scriptural   
historian1 8and perfect in  his         
generations2 and ,noah walked with      
,god40#bhi    ,the name of this         
patriarch implies literally a boat3 the 
character  assigned him is not so well  
understood4    ,to succeed in the       
investigation we must have recourse to  
the context3 and  here the first thing  
that strikes us is the observation 8that
 the earth  was corrupt before ,god1 and
 filled with violence2 for all flesh had
  corrupted his way upon the earth40#bij
    ,a passage in the ,new ,testament   
will be the best comment upon this      
subject1  where the patience of ,god    
with the iniquities of mankind being at 
length  exhausted1 it is said1 that ,he 

8gave them over to a reprobate mind10   
8to  dishonour their own bodies between 
themselves40#bia    ,but ,noah did not  
participate in those unhallowed         
abominations1 and he  accordingly 8found
 grace in the eyes of the ,lord40#bib   
,we now1 therefore1 see the propriety of
 the name assigned to his               
ark2#bic--;and the intimation of        
approval conveyed by the divine command 
of 8,come thou and all thy house into   
it10 was but another form of the        
injunction elsewhere conveyed1 to the   
same effect1 in the words1 8,be ye      
fruitful and multiply40#bid    ,noah1   
then1 and ,kaiomurs#bie were one and the
 same person1 the  reformer of the human
 species1 and the first monarch of the  
,pish-de-danaan dynasty4 ,yavana was    
another name appropriated to him1 and   
equivalent with ,noah1 excepting only   
that the former is literal1 and the     
latter figurative4 ,an advantage1       
however1 arises from this difference1   
for  when we know that ,yavana means the

 yoni1 and ,noah a boat1 and that  both 
were equally characteristic of the same 
individual character1 we  conclude that 
the latter denomination was but the     
symbol of the  former--that1 in fact1 it
 was the lunar boat1#bif or the         
crescent1  the concha ,veneris1 and the 
type of comfort#big that was veiled     
under  the mystery of this ambiguous    
device4    ,illustration    ,this fact  
once explained1 you have the immediate  
solution of those  8semicircular        
implements0 so universal throughout this
 island1 and which  ,ledwich            
acknowledges 8have created more trouble 
to the antiquarians to  determine their 
use1 than all the other antiquities put 
together40    ,these are all made of the
 finest gold1 and1 as emblems of the    
yoni1  which was the ,raman palladium1  
used to have been worn as breast-plates 
by the priests and sovereigns4 ,they    
would sometimes1 also1 exhibit them as  
ornaments to the head-dress3 and when so
 designed the two terminating  angles   

used to have been furnished with        
circular cups1 whereby they would       
better adhere to the part3 of such1     
likewise1 we have the following         
specimen4#bih    ,illustration    ,yun  
is the usual mode of pronouncing        
,yavana2 and as the veneration of       
posterity for the virtues of this       
legislator1 at a moment when vice had   
threatened a general decay1#bii led them
 to consider him a god1 he hence        
obtained the prefix of ,deo or ,deu1    
which along with that of ,cali1  whose  
champion he showed himself1 make up the 
romantic1 emblematic and  nominal       
representation of ,deucaliyun4#cjj      
8,safe o'er the main of life the vessel 
rides1    ,when passion furls her sails1
 and reason guides2    ,whilst she who  
has that surest rudder lost1    ,midst  
rocks and quicksands by the waves is    
tost2    ,no certain road she keeps1 nor
 port can find1    ,toss'd up and down  
by every wanton wind40#cja    ,the      
struggles for ascendency between        

contending parties are not the growth   
of a day2 still less are they unstained 
by the effusion of blood4 ,deluge  was  
no very extravagant hyperbole to apply  
to such a carnage2 for  independently of
 our knowing that every visitation1     
whether by fire1  water1 or sword1 was  
so denominated by the ,easterns1 we have
 the  ,scriptures themselves            
illustrating this use of the term in    
applying it to  the description at a far
 later period of an equally severe and  
no less  distressing catastrophe4       
8,now1 therefore1 the ,lord bringeth    
upon him the waters of the river1       
strong and many1 even the ,king of      
,assyria and all his glory2 and he shall
  come up over all his channels1 and go 
over all his banks4 ,and he shall  pass 
through ,judah2 he shall overflow and go
 over1 he shall reach even to  the neck2
 and the stretching out of his wings    
shall fill the breadth of  ,thy land1 ,o
 ,immanuel40#cjb    ,but how1 you ask1  
account for the marine strata1 and other

 remains1 found  within the earth's     
recesses8    ,i answer they were there  
embedded and inanimate1 before ever man 
was  placed above them as a denizen4    
8,it is clearly ascertained10 says      
,cuvier 8that the oviparous quadrupeds  
are found considerably earlier1 or in   
more ancient strata than those of  the  
viviparous class4 ,thus the crocodiles  
of ,harfleur and of ,england are  found 
immediately beneath the chalk4 ,the     
great alligators and the  tortoises of  
,maestricht are found in the chalk      
formation1 but these are  both marine   
animals4 ,this earliest appearance of   
fossil bones seems to  indicate that dry
 lands and fresh waters must have       
existed before the  formation of the    
chalk strata2 yet neither of that early 
epoch1 nor during  the formation of the 
chalk strata1 nor even for a long period
 afterwards1  do we find any fossil     
remains of mammiferous land quadrupeds4 
,we begin  to find the bones of the     
mammiferous sea animals1 namely1 of the 

lamantin  and of seals1 in the course of
 shell limestone which immediately      
covers  the chalk strata in the         
neighbourhood of ,paris4 ,but no bones  
of the  mammiferous land quadrupeds are 
to be found in that formation2 and      
notwithstanding the most careful        
investigations ,i have never been able  
to  discover the slightest trace of this
 class excepting in the formations      
which lie over the coarse limestone     
strata3 but on reaching these more      
recent formations1 the bones of land    
quadrupeds are discovered in great      
abundance4    8,as it is reasonable to  
believe that shells and fish did not    
exist at the  period of the formation of
 the primitive rocks1 we are also led to
  conclude that the oviparous quadrupeds
 began to exist along with the  fishes1 
while the land quadrupeds did not begin 
to appear till long  afterwards1 and    
until the coarse shell limestone had    
been already  deposited1 which contains 
the greater part of our genera of       

shells1  although of quite different    
species from those that are now found in
 a  natural state4 ,there is also a     
determinate order observable in the     
disposition of those bones with regard  
to each other1 which indicates a  very  
remarkable succession in the appearance 
of the different species4    8,all the  
genera which are now unknown1 as the    
,palotheria1 ,anapalotheria1  and with  
the localities of which we are          
thoroughly acquainted1 are found  in the
 most ancient of the formations of which
 we are now treating1 or  those which   
are placed directly over the coarse     
limestone strata4 ,it is  chiefly they  
which occupy the regular strata which   
have been deposited  from fresh waters1 
or certain alluvial beds of very ancient
 formation1  generally composed of sand 
and rounded pebbles4    8,the most      
celebrated of the unknown species       
belonging to known genera1 or  to genera
 nearly allied to those which are known1
 as the fossil elephant1  rhinoceros1   

hippopotamos1 and mastodon1 are never   
found with the more  ancient genera1 but
 are only contained in alluvial         
formations4 ,lastly1 the  bones of      
species which are apparently the same   
with those that still  exist alive1 are 
never found except in light and alluvial
 dispositions40    ,from all which1 this
 philosopher draws the following just   
conclusion1  namely3--8,thus we have a  
collection of facts1 a series of epochs 
anterior  to the present time1 and of   
which the successive steps may be       
ascertained  with perfect certainty1    
though the periods which intervened     
cannot be  determined with any degree of
 precision4 ,these epochs form so many  
fixed  points1 answering as rules for   
directing our inquiries respecting this 
ancient chronology of the earth40    ,to
 return--8,god said unto ,noah1 the end 
of all flesh is come before ,me2  for   
the earth is filled with violence       
through them2 and1 behold1 ,i will      
destroy them with the earth40#cjc       

,now1 we see that the earth has not been
 destroyed1 and this single             
circumstance1 in itself1 ought to have  
been enough to show us that the  whole  
register was but figurative4 ,the raven 
and the dove were  indispensable        
auxiliaries to the structure of the     
allegory3 the former  typifies the      
massacre that prevailed during the      
period of the contest2  and the latter1 
in its meek and its tender constancy1   
the invariable  attendant1 besides1 of  
,venus and the boat1 characteristically 
pourtrays the overtures made for an     
accommodation1 until1 after a second    
embassy1 the olive-branch of peace was  
saluted1 and the cessation of           
hostilities was the consequence4#cjd    
,behold1 then1 the folly of those       
dreamers who would make ,thebith so     
called1 as if the ark had rested upon   
it6 ,why1 sir1 in the entire  catalogue 
of local names1 there is no one half so 
common as that of  ,thebith and ,theb6  
,and surely you will not claim for your 

ideal  man-of-war1 in addition to other 
properties1 that of ubiquity also1 by   
making it perch upon all those places1  
at one and the same time6    ,no1 these 
scenes have been all denominated from   
the form of religion which  they        
recognised1 and of which the ,pith1     
,yoni1 or sacred ,boat1 was  the        
conventional sign3 as the countries of  
,phut1 that is1 ,but1 and  ,buotan1 were
 so designated likewise1 from their     
adopting the opposite  symbol1 namely1  
the ,budh1 ,phallus1 or sacred ,lingam6 
,perplexed in this entanglement1 and    
tossed about in 8a sea of  speculation10
 ,mr4 ,jacob ,bryant1 in some respects a
 clever man1 after a  fatiguing cruise  
of somewhat more than half a century1   
fell at last a  victim in the general   
shipwreck4      8,your wise men don't   
know much of navigation40    ,the       
,gentiles1 says he1 worshipped ,noah's  
ark6 ,yes they did2 but not  in the     
sense in which he understood it4#cje    
,another axiom of his is1 that the      

,deluge must have really happened1      
because that the tradition of it is     
universal6 ,to this1 also1 ,i chime  in 
my affirmative response1 and proclaim1  
yea4 ,but the tradition of the  tree of 
knowledge is equally universal4 ,and    
though the ground work  of both         
occurred1 and was substantively true1   
yet was the  description of neither more
 than a graceful allegory2 while the    
salutary alarm imparted under this      
guise1 and the monitory lesson          
suggested by its horrors1 in amusing the
 fancy1 edified it1 at the  same moment1
 by keeping before it a picture of that 
spiritual  desolation1 which sin leaves 
in the citadel of the soul4#cjf         
8,moses10 says the apostle1 8was learned
 in all the wisdom of the  ,egyptians1  
and was mighty in words and in          
deeds40#cjg    ,now ,strabo assures us  
that the ,egyptians of his day were as  
ignorant as he  was himself of the      
origin of their religion1 of the import 
of their  symbols1 and of their national

 history4 ,they pretended to retain some
  evanescent traces thereof in the time 
of ,diodorus2 but so scrupulously  exact
 were they in the concealment of their  
tenour1 that to pry into them1          
profanely1 was morally impossible4      
,herodotus himself1 who neglected no    
channel of information1 found it no     
easy matter to glean a few initiatory   
scraps from them4 ,and even these  were 
accompanied with such solemn            
denunciations1 that his embarrassment is
  betrayed when but alluding to their   
tendency4    ,if1 during ,moses's       
residence at ,pharaoh's ,court1 his     
opportunities of  insight were greater1 
it is still self-evident that the       
accomplishments  which he obtained were 
more of a secular character than of a   
religious  cast--that the courtier was  
the first object of the young princess's
  directions1 and the qualifications of 
the statesman her next ambition  for her
 charge4 ,the mysteries of the priests  
were too awful1 and too  sanctified1 to 

be debased to the routine of a          
schoolboy's rehearsal2 and  even when   
ripening age did bespeak a more         
chastened mind1 the  communication of   
their contents was obscured by the      
interposition of an  almost impenetrable
 umbrage4    ,thus palliated by types1  
,moses did1 however1 imbibe from the    
,egyptians all  the knowledge which they
 then possessed of the nature of their  
ceremonies2  and the record of the      
,fall1 the ,deluge1 and the ,creation   
are the  direct transcripts of the      
instruction so conveyed4 ,but though it 
is  undeniable1 from their symbols1 that
 the ,egyptians must have been well     
apprised of the constitution of those   
rites1 yet am ,i as satisfied as ,i  am 
of my physical motion1 that the foldings
 of that web1 in which they  were so    
mystically doubled1 was lost to their   
grasp in the labyrinths of  antiquity4  
,moses1 therefore1 could not have       
learned from the ,egyptians more than   
the ,egyptians themselves had known4 ,he

 related the allegory as he had         
received it from them3 and it is1       
doubtless1 to his ignorance of its      
ambiguous interpretation1 accessible    
only through that language in  which it 
was originally involved1 that we are    
indebted for a  transmission1 so        
essentially ,irish4    ,the             
,pish-de-danaan dynasty which rose upon 
the ruins of the  ,tuath-de-danaans1 in 
,iran1 was itself1 in after ages1       
ejected from  that country4 ,egypt was  
the retreat of their shattered fortunes2
 and  there1 during their abode1 under  
the name of the ,shepherd-kings1 they   
erected the ,pyramids1 in honour of     
,pith1 or ,padma-devi1 but at an  age   
long anterior to what may be presumed   
from ,manetho4#cjh    ,previously1      
however1 to their arrival in ,egypt1    
,shinaar in ,mesopotamia  afforded them 
an asylum4 ,here it was that ,nimrod    
broke in3#cji and as ,i  have before but
 transiently glanced at that            
circumstance1 ,i shall now  revert to it

 with more precision4    ,between the   
tenets of the ,pish-de-danaans and those
 of their  ,tuath-de-danaan             
predecessors1 there was but a single    
point of  dissentient belief4 ,the      
language1 the customs1 the manners and  
modes of  life of both were the same4   
,to all intents and purposes they were  
one  identical people4    ,but as the   
former had imagined that the ,yoni alone
 was the author of  procreation1 while  
the others claimed that honour for their
 own symbol1  the ,lingam1 an animosity 
ensued1 which was not allayed even by   
the  consciousness1 that each1 secretly1
 worshipped the type of the other's     
creed4    ,the goddess1 however1        
prevailed in the struggle1 and her      
glories in ,iran  were great and far    
spread4 ,monarchs bowed at the nod of   
her omnipotence1  and the earth swelled 
with the gestations of her praise4#caj  
8,sed  ultima dies semper homini est    
expectanda40 ,a rude and a lawless swarm
 of  stragglers1 headed by an adventurer

 of commanding abilities and determined 
heroism1 deluged1 in turn1 the ,boatmen1
 or the ,noachid1#caa and  swamped them 
in a flood1 as sanguinary and as        
disastrous as that  which they had1     
themselves1 before1 brought upon the    
adversaries of their  zeal4    ,but it  
was not the bloodshed of the scene that 
affected them half so  much as the      
insult offered by the erection of the   
,tower6#cab ,and as  no clue can be so  
adequate for the analysis of this enigma
 as that which  they themselves have    
bequeathed1--for it was from the        
,yavanas or  ,pish-de-danaans that      
,moses had been taught the fact1--,i    
shall place such  before your eyes1 in  
all the eloquence of a self-interpreting
 dissyllable4     is the name by which  
the scriptural record perpetuates this  
structure4#cac ,if you put this into    
,english letters1 and read them         
regularly1 from left to right1 it will  
be ,lidgam4 ,but the ,hebrews read  in  
the opposite direction1 from right to   

left2 and that is the very cause  of the
 appearance of the d in the word2 for as
 ,magnil--reading  backwards--would     
produce a cacophony1 the n of the       
original was left  out1 and d           
substituted1 making ,magdil3 reinstate1 
therefore1 the n1  and enunciate the    
,hebrew word1 as you would the ,irish or
 the ,sanscrit1 and  it will not only   
unmask the secret of this long-disputed 
edifice1 but  be1 sound1 and personate1 
in all the nicety of accentuation1      
,lingam1 and thus prevent all further   
controversy about the character of  the 
,tower of ,babel4      8,the waies      
through which my weary steps ,i guide1  
,in this researche of old antiquitie1   
,are so exceeding riche1 and long1 and  
wyde1      ,and sprinkled with such     
sweet varietie1    ,of all that pleasant
 is to eare and eye1      ,that ,i1 nigh
 ravisht with rare thought's delight1   
,my tedious travel quite forgot thereby2
      ,and when ,i gin to feel decay of 
might1    ,it strength to me supplies   

and cheers my dulled spright40#cad      
,,chapter ,,xxi4      ,i have stated    
that it was from the ,pish-de-danaans or
 ,yavana  philosophers of ,egypt that   
,moses had learned the allegories of the
 ,deluge  and of the ,fall4 ,i now add1 
that it was by them also he had been    
instructed in that consolatory assurance
 which told him that the 8,seed of  the 
woman should bruise the serpent's       
head40#cae    ,in truth1 it was this    
very promise made to the ancestors of   
those people  in ,paradise1 which is but
 another name for ,iran1#caf that gave  
rise  to the schism between them and the
 ,tuath-de-danaans4    8,unto the woman 
he said1 ,i will greatly multiply thy   
sorrow and thy  conception2 in sorrow   
thou shalt bring forth children3 and thy
  desire shall be to thy husband1 and he
 shall rule over thee40#cag    ,the     
nature of the crime is here clearly     
denoted by the suitableness  of the     
punishment4#cah ,but the same           
over-ruling ,judge1 who1 in  conformity 

with ,his justice1 could not but        
chastise the violation of ,his          
injunctions1 yet1 in mercy to man's     
weakness1 and seeing that 8he also is   
flesh10 condescended to promise that the
 instrument of his seduction  should be 
also the vehicle of his redeeming       
triumph4    8,i will put enmity between 
thee 7the serpent7 and the woman1 and   
between  thy seed and her seed2 it shall
 bruise thy head1 and thou shalt bruise 
his  heel40#cai    ,pinning their faith 
upon the literal fulfilment of these    
terms1 which told  them that the female1
 as such1 would be the unaided author of
 a being1  whose healing effects would  
restore them to the inheritance so      
heedlessly  forfeited1 their veneration 
for that symbol of divine interposition 
became correspondingly unbounded2 and   
their enthusiasm for the principle  of  
its strict verification was what        
engendered the thought that in the      
general procreating scheme the yoni was 
the vivifier4    ,the ,tuath-de-danaans 

or ,lingajas1 on the other hand1 were   
not less  satisfied in their security2  
but looking upon the terms with a more  
spiritual interpretation1 and led by the
 operation of ordinary physics  to      
consider the question as a deviation    
from the general rule1 they  erected the
 symbol of male capability as the       
standard of their doctrine4  ,and thus1 
while the zeal of both parties shook the
 very framework of  society1 yet did    
they concur in all the essentials of    
their respective  religions2 and even   
the particulars of that prospect by     
which they were  both sustained1 instead
 of operating as an exception to the    
universality  of this truth1 only       
confirm its import4    ,the ,jews1 who  
were but newly brought forward upon the 
stage1 and who1 in  the inscrutable     
councils of heaven1 were selected as the
 objects of ,god's  immediate           
superintendence1 being informed of the  
tenour of the  paradisaical hope1 abused
 it more wantonly than ever did the     

,pish-de-danaans or the                 
,tuath-de-danaans4    ,unable to        
comprehend1 from their narrow mental    
calibre1 any agency in  the form of a   
divine emanation1 and yet fancying1 each
 of them1 that she  would herself be the
 mother of the expected ,redeemer1 their
 women indulged  in all the lusts of    
desire1 and1 where no opportunity       
offered for  licensed gratification1    
revelled in the arms of incest4    ,this
 alone can apologise for that intensity 
of passion1 exceeding even the  dictates
 of natural thirst1 and unrestrained by 
the consideration of  decency or        
consanguinity1 whereof we read in the   
,old ,testament1 respecting  the        
,israelitish daughters2#cbj while it    
also demonstrates that the  carnality of
 their souls did not allow them         
thoroughly to understand the  precise   
nature of the favour designed4    ,far  
otherwise the case with the intellectual
 races1 which they were now  appointed  
to supersede4    8,in order to reclaim  

the vicious1 to punish the incorrigible1
 to protect  the oppressed1 to destroy  
the oppressor1 to encourage and reward  
the good1  and to show all spirits the  
path to their ultimate happiness1 ,god  
has been  pleased to manifest ,himself1 
say the ,brahmins1 in a variety of ways1
 from  age to age1 in all parts of the  
habitable globe4 ,when ,he acts         
immediately1  without assuming a shape1 
or sending forth a new emanation1 when a
 divine  sound is heard from the sky1   
that manifestation of ,himself is called
  acasavani1 or an ethereal voice3 when 
the voice proceeds from a meteor  or a  
flame1 it is said to be agnarupi1 or    
formed of fire2 but an  avatara is a    
descent of the ,deity in the shape of a 
mortal2 and an  avantara is a similar   
incarnation of an inferior kind1        
intended to  answer some purpose of less
 moment4 ,the ,supreme ,being1 and the  
celestial  emanations from ,him1 are    
niracara1 or bodiless1 in which state   
they must  be invisible to mortals2 but 

when they are pratya-sha1 or obvious to 
sight1 they become sacara1 or embodied1 
either in shapes different from  that of
 any mortal1 and expressive of the      
divine attributes1 as ,chrishna         
revealed himself to ,arjun1 or in a     
human form1 which ,chrishna usually     
bore1 and in that mode of appearing the 
deities are generally supposed to  be   
born of women without any carnal        
intercourse40#cba    ,is this repugnant 
to the spirit of ,christianity8 ,no2 it 
is its  counterpart4 8,i know10 says    
,job1 in the moment of inspiration1     
8that my  ,redeemer liveth40#cbb        
,prophetically1 you reply2 and you back 
the opinion  by our ,saviour's own      
appeal that 8,abraham saw his day1 and  
was glad40#cbc    ,abraham certainly    
believed by anticipation1 but ,job by   
retrospection4 ,and  if you will not    
think my assertion decisive of the      
matter1 ,i will produce  an authority to
 which you will more readily subscribe4 
8,and all that dwell upon the earth     

shall worship ,him1 whose names are not 
written in the book of life of the ,lamb
 slain from the foundation of the       
world40#cbd    ,it will be in vain for  
you to attempt to parry the evidence of 
this  startling text4 ,no visionary     
foresight will accomplish its defeat3 no
  ideal substitutions will shake its    
validity4    8,how it came to pass10    
says ,skelton1 8that the ,egyptians1    
,arabians1 and  ,indians1 before ,christ
 came among us1 and the inhabitants of  
the extreme  northern parts of the      
world1 ere they had so much as heard of 
,him1 paid a  remarkable veneration to  
the sign of the cross1 is to me unknown1
 but  the fact itself is known4 ,in some
 places this sign was given to men      
accused of a crime1 but acquitted3 and  
in ,egypt it stood for the              
signification of eternal life40#cbe     
8,v4 ,w40 has asserted something        
similar2#cbf but neither one nor the    
other  has attempted to fathom its      
origin4    8,the ,druids10 adds         

,schedius1 8seek studiously for an oak  
tree1 large and  handsome1 growing up   
with two principal arms1 in form of a   
cross1 beside  the main stem upright4   
,if the two horizontal arms are not     
sufficiently  adapted to the figure1    
they fasten a cross-beam to it4 ,this   
tree they  consecrate in this manner4   
,upon the right branch1 they cut in the 
back1 in  fair characters1 the word     
,hesus3 upon the middle or upright stem1
 the  word ,taramis3 upon the left      
branch1 ,belenus3 over this1 above the  
going off of the arms1 they cut the name
 of ,god1 ,thau3 under all1 the  same   
repeated ,thau40#cbg    8,the form of   
the great temple10 observes ,dr4        
,macculloch1 8at ,loch ,bernera1  in the
 ,isle of ,lewis the chief isle of the  
,hebrides1 is that of a cross1          
containing1 at the intersection1 a      
circle with a central stone2 an         
additional line being superadded on one 
side of the longest arms1 and  nearly   
parallel to it4 ,were this line absent1 

its proportion would be  nearly that of 
the ,roman cross1 or common crucifix40  
,and then1 in reply to the supposition  
of its having been converted by the     
,christians into this form1 he avers    
that 8the whole is too consistent1  and 
too much of one age1 to admit of such2  
while at the same time1 it  could not1  
under any circumstances1 have been      
applicable to a ,christian  worship4    
,its essential part1 the circular area1 
and the number of similar  structures   
found in the vicinity1 equally bespeak  
its ancient origin4 ,it  must1          
therefore1 be concluded1 that the       
cruciform shape was given by the        
original contrivers of the fabric2 and  
it will afford an object of  speculation
 to antiquaries1 who1 if they are       
sometimes accused of heaping  additional
 obscurity on the records of antiquity1 
must also be allowed  the frequent merit
 of eliciting light from darkness4 ,to  
them ,i willingly  consign all further  
speculations concerning it40#cbh444     

8,yet it seems  unquestionable that the 
figure of a cross was known to the      
,gothic  nations1 and also used by them 
before they were converted to           
,christianity40#cbi    ,i do not know   
whether or not would the ,doctor deem me
 an 8antiquary10 or  if he did1 in which
 class would he assign me a place4 ,i   
will undertake1  notwithstanding1 to    
solve this difficulty with as much      
precision as ,i have  the others before 
it4    ,the existence of the 8cross10   
and its worship1 anterior to the        
,christian era1 being no longer liable  
to dispute1 it remains only that we     
investigate the cause which it          
commemorates4#ccj    ,our first aid in  
this research will be the notice of its 
accompaniments2  and when we find that  
it goes ever in the train of a          
particular divinity1  are we not        
compelled to connect that divinity with 
the idea of a  crucifixion8    ,taut1   
amongst the ,egyptians1 is emblemised by
 three crosses4#cca ,the  ,scandinavians

 represent their ,teutates by a cross4  
,and a cross is the  device by which the
 ,irish ,tuath is perpetuated4    ,but  
these are all one and the same name1    
varied by the genius of the  different  
countries4 ,the centre from which they  
diverge1 as well as  the focus to which 
they return1 ,i have shown to be ,budh3 
and as this  symbol of his worship is   
universally recognised1 does not the    
crucifixion thus implied identify his   
fate with that of the 8,lamb slain  from
 the beginning of the world08#ccb       
,the ,pythonic allegory which the       
,greeks have so obscured1 in reality    
originated in this religious            
transaction4 ,for what is their fable8  
,is it  not that ,apollo slew with his  
arrow the serpent ,python8 ,and as      
,apollo means son of the ,sun1 is not   
the substance of the whole1 that  the   
offspring of a virgin's womb--that is1  
an emanation of the ,sun1 or            
,budh--overcame by his own              
death--typified by an arrow--sin and    

sensuality1 of which the serpent1 i4e4  
pith1 is the symbol8    ,we are now     
prepared for the reception of that      
chronicle1 transmitted  through the     
,puranas1 and noticed already at p4     
#bba1 viz4 that a 8giant1  named        
,sancha-mucha-naga1 in the shape of a   
snake1 with a mouth like a  shell1 and  
whose abode was in a shell1 having two  
countenances1 was  killed by            
,christnah40    ,the very name of this  
allegoric 8giant0 indicates the         
mysterious  snake--his being in the form
 of a snake is but the personification  
of sensuality2 his having a mouth like a
 shell alludes to the  concha ,veneris1 
or the ,pith2 his having his abode in   
that shell  denotes its being the seat  
of temptation2 his having two           
countenances implies the disguise which 
sin assumes2 and his being  slain by    
,christnah denotes that the ,son of     
,god1 by mortification  and self-denial1
 and the most rigid abstinence from all 
worldly  pleasures1 verified in ,his own

 person the promise made in ,paradise1  
and  for the minor disquietudes which   
guilt entails--expressed by the  8heel0 
being 8bruised0 by the                  
8serpent10--inflicted a blow1 which     
laid low his empire1 and stamped the    
signal of victory over his  8head40#ccc 
8,ye search the ,scriptures10 says our  
,saviour 8for in them ye think ye have  
eternal life3 and they are they which   
testify of ,me40#ccd    ,testification  
can be made only in the case of a past  
occurrence4 ,it is  never used in the   
way of prophecy4 ,and in conformity with
 its true import1  you will find1 from  
,genesis to ,revelation1 the concurrent 
tenor of the  ,sacred ,volume giving    
proof to the fact of ,christ's former   
appearance upon  the earth as man6      
,but suppose me for a moment to descend 
from this position1 and view those      
previous manifestations as ordinary     
subjects of history1 then hear an       
outline of what is transmitted to us    
respecting one of them4    ,chanakya1   

,zacha1 or1 as our registers have it1   
,macha1#cce one of the  personifications
 of ,budh1 the general appellative of   
those heaven-sent  devotees1 was so     
startling a paragon of human            
impeccability1 as to inspire  his       
followers with the conviction of his    
being an incarnation of the  ,godhead4  
,he is stated to have been the son of   
one of the most powerful of eastern     
kings2 but1 according to their          
preconceived notions of the future      
,redeemer1 born of his mother without   
any knowledge of the other sex4    ,the 
circumstances attendant upon his        
infantine education1 and the  precocity 
of his parts1 favoured an inauguration  
upon which their fancies  had been long 
riveted4 ,after a laborious ordeal of   
pious austerity1 not  without miraculous
 proofs and other intimations of ,divine
 approval1 he was  duly admitted to the 
honour of canonisation1 and entered1    
accordingly1  upon his task of consigned
 ,saviour of the world4    ,the         

encounters with which he had to contend1
 in this uphill work1 against  flesh and
 blood1 were those which were1          
afterwards1 again combated by the       
admitted ,saviour whom he had           
personated4 ,the same faults he         
reprehended2  the same weakness he      
deplored2 the same hypocrisy he rebuked2
 and the same  virtues he inculcated4   
,the purification of the inner spirit   
was the object  which both professed1   
and the improvement of human morals in  
social  intercourse and relation1 the   
evidence in practice1 upon which both   
equally insisted4    ,if ,christ        
promised a heaven to the votaries of    
,his truths1 ,budha did a  nirwana to   
his disciples and imitators3 and though 
the former place1 to  our imagination1  
sounds replete with all delights1 while 
the latter is  merely figured as exempt 
from all painfulness1 yet both agree in 
one  particular1 not a little soothing  
to wounded hope1 in being essentially   
such1 as where 8the wicked cease from   

troubling1 and where the weary are  at  
rest40    ,but great as was the         
resemblance which the personal example  
and the  doctrinal lessons of ,macha and
 ,christ bore to one another1 it was as 
nothing compared to the almost          
incredible similitude of their          
respective  departures4 ,they both died 
the inglorious death of the cross to    
reconcile man to his offended ,creator2 
and in confident dependence upon  the   
best authenticated assurance1 exulted on
 the occasion1 however galling  the     
process1 of expiating1 by their own     
sufferings1 the accumulated sins  of    
humanity4    ,is it to be wondered at1  
therefore1 that the traces which they   
have left  behind them1 in their        
different ages1 should bear an analogy  
to one  another8 ,or would not the      
wonder rather be that they did not1 in  
all  respects1 harmonise8    8,let not  
the piety of the ,catholic ,christian10 
says the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,maurice1  8be      
offended at the preceding assertion1    

that the cross was one of the  most     
usual symbols among the hieroglyphics of
 ,egypt and ,india4 ,equally  honoured  
in the ,gentile and the ,christian      
world1 this emblem of universal  nature1
 of that world to whose quarters its    
diverging radii pointed1  decorated the 
hands of most of the sculptured images  
in the former  country1 and in the      
latter stamped its form upon the most   
majestic of the  shrines of their       
deities40#ccf    ,the fact alone is here
 attested to3 not a syllable is said as 
to the  reason why3 and though ,i cannot
 but recognise the scruples of the      
writer1 nor withhold my admiration from 
the rotundity in which the  diction has 
been cast1 yet the reader must have seen
 that1 as to actual  illustration1 it   
is--like the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,deane's        
flourish about the  worship of the      
serpent--8,vox et prterea nihil60#ccg   
8,you do err1 not knowing the           
,scriptures10#cch said a ,master1       
without  pride1 and who could not err4  

,if the remark applied in ,his day1 it  
is  not the less urgent in ours4 ,so    
astounding did the correspondence       
between  the ,christian and the ,budhist
 doctrines appear to the early          
missionaries  to ,thibet and the        
adjacent countries--a correspondence not
 limited to mere  points of faith and   
preceptorial maxims1 but exhibiting its 
operation in  all the outward details of
 form1 the inhabitants going even so far
 as to  wear crosses around their       
necks--that ,thevenot1 ,renaudot1       
,lacroze1 and  ,andrada1 have supposed  
in their ignorance of the cause of such 
affinity1  that ,budhism must have been 
a vitiation of ,christianity before     
planted2  whereas ,budhism flourished   
thousands of years before it1 or        
,brahminism  either2 and this cross was 
the symbol of ,budha crucified4    8,our
 second illustration10 says the ,dublin 
,penny ,journal1 referring to  what ,i  
have here introduced1 8belongs to a     
later period1 and will give a  good idea

 of the usual mode of representing the  
,saviour1 whether on  stone crosses1 or 
on bronze1 which prevailed from the     
sixth to the twelfth  century4 ,such    
remains however1 are valuable1 not only 
as memorials of the  arts1 but as       
preserving the ,celtic costume of a     
portion of the inhabitants  of our      
island in those remote ages4 ,it will be
 seen that in this1 as in  one of the   
shrine-figures before given1 the kilt1  
or philibeg1 is  distinctly marked1 and 
controverts the erroneous assertion of  
,pinkerton1 formerly noticed1 that 8it  
was always quite unknown amongst the    
,welsh and ,irish40#cci    ,illustration
    ,how others may receive it ,i do not
 know2 but for myself1 ,i confess1 ,i   
find  it no easy matter to maintain the 
composure of my countenance at this     
affected pomposity of censorial         
magniloquence4 ,the self-complacency  of
 the censor one could tolerate with     
ease1 if the assumption of the          
historian had aught to support it4 ,but 

alas6 every position in the  extract is 
the direct opposite of truth1 with the  
exception of that which  asserts another
 person's error2 and even this is       
beclouded with such  egregious          
observations as to show1 that leaving   
,pinkerton to ,p----#cdj  would be      
consigning the blind to a blinder       
conductor4    ,for1 in the first place1 
the philibeg was not a ,celtic costume  
at all1  but belonged to the ,de-danaan1
 or ,iranian colony1#cda who1 on their  
overthrow here1 took it with them to    
what is now called ,scotland4 ,the      
,firbolgs1 who were ,celts1 and occupied
 this island before the ,iranians1  wore
 another style of dress altogether1     
which1 on the reconquest of the  country
 by the ,scythian swarms1 ,b4,c4 #ajjj1 
became again the national  uniform4 ,for
 the ,firbolgs1 having assisted the     
,scythians in dislodging the  ,iranians 
from the throne of the kingdom1 and     
agreeing with them  furthermore in point
 of worship and of garb1 they did not   

only make their  own habits1 as well of 
religion as of dress1 universal         
throughout the  realm1 but obliterated  
every vestige of the obnoxious costume1 
and  cancelled every symptom of its     
characteristic ceremonial1 except alone 
those ,round ,temples of adamantine     
strength1 which defied the assailment of
  all violence and batteries4    ,there 
was no remnant1 therefore1 of the kilt  
to be met with in ,ireland1  either in  
the sixth century1 or in the twelfth1 or
 indeed for many  centuries before the  
,christian era at all4 ,this effigy1#cdb
 therefore1  could not have been        
intended for our ,saviour1 wanting1     
besides1 the ,i4  ,n4 ,r4 ,i41#cdc and  
wearing the ,iranian regal crown instead
 of the  ,jewish crown of thorns4       
,therefore are we justified in ascribing
 it to  its owner1 ,budha1 whom again we
 find imprinted in the same crucified   
form1 but with more irresistibility of  
identification1 over the  monuments of  
his name--over the doors and lintels of 

the temples of his  worship4            
,illustration    ,mr4 ,gough1 describing
 this edifice1 tells us that 8,on the   
west front of  the tower 7,brechin7 are 
two arches1 one within the other1 in    
relief4 ,on  the point of the outermost 
is a crucifix1 and between both1 towards
 the  middle1 are figures of the ,virgin
 ,mary and ,st4 ,john1 the latter       
holding a  cup with a lamb4 ,the outer  
arch is adorned with knobs1 and within  
both is  a slit or loop4 ,at bottom of  
the outer arch are two beasts couchant4 
,if  one of them1 by his proboscis1 was 
not evidently an elephant1 ,i should    
suppose them the supporters of the      
,scotch arms4 ,parallel with the        
crucifix  are two plain stones1 which do
 not appear to have had anything upon   
them40#cdd    ,captain ,mackenzie1 in   
his ,antiquities of the ,west and ,south
 ,coast of  ,ceylon1 which still        
professes adherence to ,budhism1 tells  
us that 8at  each side of the doorway   
7of the temple at ,calane71 inclosed in 

recesses  cut in the wall1 are two large
 figures1 the janitors of the god       
7,budh74444 ,a large elephant's tooth   
and a small elephant of brass form  the 
ornament of a lampstead4444 ,a female   
figure of the natural size1  decently   
and not ungracefully arrayed in the same
 garb1 was represented  standing in     
another quarter1 holding a lamp in the  
extended hand4 ,the  gallery was        
entirely covered with paintings1        
containing an history of the  life of   
,boodhoo--one of these seemed to        
represent the birth of the divine       
child4 ,a large white elephant made a   
conspicuous figure in most of these     
assemblies40#cde    ,scotch arms1       
indeed6 ,why1 ,sir1 those animals were  
recumbent there1 in  deified            
transfiguration1 before ever ,pict or   
,scot had planted a  profane foot within
 their neighbourhood4 ,what connection1 
let me ask1  could this elephant and    
this bull have with ,christianity1 to   
entitle  them to the honour of being    

grouped with our ,saviour8 ,or1 if any1 
how  happens it that we never see them  
enter into similar combinations1 in     
churches or chapels1 or convents or     
cathedrals8#cde    ,but if they belong  
not to the ,christian ceremonial1 they  
do to something  else4 ,they are the    
grand1 distinctive1 and indispensable   
adjuncts of  ,budhism2 being the two    
animals into which1 according to its    
doctrine  of metempsychosis1 the soul of
 ,budha had entered after his death4    
,this was the origin of the ,egyptian   
,apis3 and who is not familiar with  the
 honours lavished upon the sacred bull8 
,to this day the elephant is  worshipped
 in the ,burman empire1#cdf where the   
genius of ,budhism still  lingeringly   
tarries2 and 8,lord of the ,white       
,elephant0 is the proudest  ensign of   
power claimed by the successors to the  
throne of ,pegu4    ,the human figures1 
then1 of course1 cannot be intended for 
8,st4 ,john  or the ,virgin ,mary40     
,they represent ,budha's ,virgin        

,mother1 along with  his favourite      
disciple1 ,rama4 ,and thus does the     
testimony of  ,artemidorus1 who         
flourished #ajd years before ,christ1 a 
native himself of  ,ephesus1 and who did
 not himself understand the mystery of  
that  ,virgin whom he historically      
records1 receive illustration from my   
proof1 while it gives it confirmation in
 return4    ,his words are--8,adjacent  
to ,britain there stands an island1     
where sacred  rites are performed to    
,ceres and the ,virgin1 similar to those
 in  ,samothrace40    ,initiation in the
 principles of this ,samothracian       
ceremonial was thought  so necessary an 
accomplishment for every hero and every 
prince1 that no  aspirant to those      
distinctions ever ventured upon his     
destination1 without  first paying a    
visit to that religious rendezvous4 ,the
 solemnity1  attaching to the ritual    
there performed1 was not greater than   
the  veneration paid to the place       
itself4 ,all fugitives found shelter    

within  its privileged precincts1 and   
the name of sacred was assigned it1 as  
the  ordinary characteristic of such    
sanctuaries4#cdg    8,there are10 says  
the ,scholiast upon ,aristophanes1 8two 
orders of  mysteries celebrated in the  
course of the year1 in honour of ,ceres 
and  the ,virgin--the lesser and the    
greater2 the former being but a sort of 
purification and holy preparation for   
the latter40#cdh    ,who the ,virgin    
was1 however1 none but the initiated    
ever presumed to  investigate1 the      
practice observed in respect to her1    
being the same as  that which influenced
 the other ordinances of antiquity3 and 
which made  ,strabo himself declare1    
that 8all that can be said concerning   
the gods  must be by the exposition of  
old opinions and fables2 it being the   
custom  of the ancients to wrap up in   
enigma and allegory their thoughts and  
discourses concerning nature1 which are1
 therefore1 not easily  explained40#cdi 
,proclus also says3 8,in all initiations

 and mysteries1 the gods exhibit        
themselves under many forms1 and with a 
frequent change of shape2  sometimes as 
light defined to no particular figure2  
sometimes in a human  form2 and         
sometimes in that of some other         
creature40#cej    ,with the clue1       
however1 already afforded1 we need not  
be deterred from  approaching her fane4 
,the allegorical name1 under which they 
disguised  her1 was that of ,proserpine3
 whom they represent 8so beautiful that 
the  father of the gods himself became  
enamoured of her1 and deceived her by   
changing himself into a serpent1 and    
folding her in his wreaths40#cea        
,this was the ,greek perversion of the  
narrative4 ,they had received it  from  
the ,pelasgi1 under the garb of a       
conception1 by serpentine  insinuation1 
in a virgin womb3 and1 the grossness of 
their intellects not  allowing them to  
comprehend the possibility of an        
emanation1 yet giving  unqualified      
credence to the record1 they degraded   

altogether the  religiousness of the    
thought1 and supposed that the          
,almighty1 to  effectuate his design1   
had actually assumed the cobra di       
capello form6    ,so austere was the    
rule1 by which those mysteries were     
protected1 that  schylus but barely     
escaped discerption within the theatre1 
for an  imagined disrespect to their    
tendency4 ,nor was it but on the plea of
  ignorance and un-initiation1 that he  
did ultimately obtain pardon4#ceb       
,this insuperable barrier to the        
curiosity of the profane1 engendered in 
their conduct a corresponding reaction1 
and1 as the fox did to the  grapes1 what
 they could not themselves compass1 they
 strove all they  could to vituperate6  
8,virtue1 however1 is its own reward10  
and1 as the authority of ,cicero1       
having been himself a priest1 ought to  
have some weight in the discussion1  it 
is no small impetus to the cause of     
truth1 to hear this pre-eminent man     
assign to the efficacy of the precepts1 

inculcated in those  mysteries1--8the   
knowledge of the ,god of nature2 the    
first1 the supreme1  the intellectual2  
by which men had been reclaimed from    
rudeness and  barbarism1 to elegance and
 refinement2 and been taught1 not only  
to live  with more comfort1 but to die  
with better hopes40#cec      8,slave to 
no sect1 who takes no private road1     
,but looks through ,nature up to        
,nature's ,god2    ,pursues that chain  
which links the immense design1         
,joins heaven and earth1 and mortal and 
divine1    ,sees that no being any bliss
 can know1    ,but touches some above1  
and some below2    ,learns from this    
union of the rising whole1    ,the      
first1 last purpose of the human soul2  
,and knows where faith1 law1 morals1 all
 began1    ,all end in love of ,god and 
love of man40#ced          ,,chapter    
,,xxii4      ,i would have my reader    
pause upon the substance of the terms   
with which  the last section            
concluded--8,not only to live with more 

comfort1 but to  die with better hopes60
    ,have you read them8 ,have you      
digested them8 ,and are you not ashamed 
of  your illiberality8    ,from what    
pulpit in ,christendom will you hear    
better or more orthodox  truths8 ,where 
will you find the ,gospel more          
energetically enunciated8 ,and1  with   
this testimony staring you in the       
face--in defiance of inner  light--and  
imperiously subjugating the allegiance  
of rationality--will you  still persist 
in limiting the benevolence of your     
8,father80 and in  withholding every    
symptom of paternal regard from his own 
handiwork1 until  the beginning of the  
last two thousand years8 that is1 as it 
were1 till  yesterday8    8,i tell you1 
that if these should hold their peace1  
the stones would  immediately cry       
out40#cee    8,on a bank near the       
shore10 says ,cordiner1 in his          
,antiquities of  ,scotland1 8opposite to
 the ruins of a castellated house1      
called ,sandwick  7in ,ross-shire71 and 

about three miles east from ,ferns1 a   
very splendid  obelisk is erected1      
surrounded at the base with large1      
well-cut flag  stones1 formed like      
steps4 ,both sides of this column are   
elaborately  covered with various       
enrichments1 in well-finished carved    
work4 ,the one  face presents a         
sumptuous cross1 with a figure of ,st4  
,andrew on each hand1  and some uncouth 
animals and flowerings underneath4 ,the 
central division1  on the reverse1      
renders it a piece of antiquity well    
worthy of  preservation2 there is       
exhibited on that such a variety of     
figures1 birds1  and animals1 as seemed 
what might prove a curious subject of   
investigation2 ,i have1 therefore1 given
 a distinct delineation of them at  the 
foot of the column1 on a larger scale1  
that their shapes might be  distinctly  
ascertained1 and the more probable      
conjectures formed of their  allusion40 
,illustration    ,what1 on earth1       
business would ,st4 ,andrew have in     

company with 8uncouth  animals80 ,what  
have 8birds10 8figures10 and            
8flowerings0 to do with  ,christianity8 
,if this 8obelisk0 had not been erected 
here1 in  commemorative deification1    
centuries upon centuries before the era 
of his  ,saintship's birth1 why should  
the 8cross10 which 8one face presents10 
be  decorated with 8enrichments0 brought
 all the way from ,egypt8    ,look at   
these hieroglyphics3 and where will you 
find anything congenial to  them within 
the empire of the ,romans8 ,here is the 
,bulbul of ,iran1#cef  the boar of      
,vishnu1 the elk1 the fox1 the lamb1 and
 the dancers4 ,all the  other           
configurations1 without going through   
them in detail1 are not only1  in their 
nature and import1 essentially eastern1 
but are actually the  symbols of the    
various animal-forms under which they   
contemplated the  properties of the     
,godhead4 ,as the cross1 however1 is    
that to which we  are more immediately  
directed1 ,i shall confine myself1 for  

the present1 to  the establishment of   
its antiquity4    ,no one will question 
but that ,venus was antecedent to the   
days of ,st4  ,andrew2 and she is       
represented with a cross and a          
circle6#ceg  ,jupiter also1 it will be  
admitted1 was anterior to his time2 and 
we find  him delineated with a cross and
 a horn6 ,saturn is said to have been   
sire to the last-mentioned god1 and1 by 
the laws of primogeniture1 must  have   
been senior to him2 yet we find him also
 pictured with a cross  and horn6 ,the  
monogram of ,osiris is a cross6 ,on a   
medal of one of the  ,ptolemies is to be
 seen an eagle conveying a thunderbolt  
with the cross6  ,in short1 all through 
the ancient world this symbol was to be 
encountered1  and wherever it presented 
itself1 it was always the harbinger of  
sanctity  and of peace4    ,can we glean
 from their writings any confirmation to
 my development as to  the origin of the
 rite8 ,plato asserts1 that the form of 
the letter ,x was  imprinted upon the   

universe4#ceh ,i know how this has been 
interpreted as  a reference to the ,son 
of ,god1 and the second power of the    
,divinity4 ,i  will not make use of it  
in any such light1 preferring to avoid  
everything  that may seem equivocal1 yet
 am ,i well convinced that1 under the   
philosopher's ratiocination1 may be seen
 the twinkling trace of a previous      
incarnation of the 1 and a crucifixion1 
likewise1 as an atonement for  the sins 
of humanity4    8,surely ,he hath borne 
our griefs and carried our sorrows3 yet 
we did  esteem ,him stricken1 smitten of
 ,god1 and afflicted4    8,but ,he was  
wounded for our transgressions1 ,he was 
bruised for our  iniquities3 the        
chastisement of our peace was upon ,him2
 and with ,his  stripes we are          
healed40#cei    ,this is all in the past
 tense2 bearing reference1 irrefutably1 
to a  former occurrence1 but including  
also1 in the sequel1 the idea of a      
future reappearance4 ,and if you look   
back at the effigy1 page #bif1 will  it 

not sensitively prove him to have been  
8a man of sorrows and acquainted  with  
grief80#cfj    8,the deity ,har10 says  
an inscription at ,budda-gaya1 in       
,india1 8the lord  and possessor of all1
 appeared in this ocean of natural      
beings at the  close of the ,devapara   
and beginning of the ,cali ,yug4 ,he who
 is omnipresent  and everlastingly to be
 contemplated1 the ,supreme ,being1 the 
,eternal ,one1  the ,divinity worthy of 
mankind1 appeared here1 with a portion  
of ,his  divine nature40#cfa    ,there  
is no term so vernacular in the ,irish  
language as that of  ,budh-gaye4 ,it is 
familiar to the ears of every smatterer 
in letters2  and is in the mouth of     
every cowherd1 from ,cape ,clear to the 
,giants'  ,causeway4 ,neither class has1
 however1 had so much as a glimpse of   
what  it means3 nor did they busy       
themselves much in the pursuit1 but     
acquiesced  in that example of          
commendable resignation once practised  
by  ,strabo--when he failed to ascertain

 anything about the ,cabiri--by         
declaring that 8the name was            
mysterious60    ,a great personage1     
however1 who was not only in his habits 
wise1 but was  in himself wisdom1 has   
affirmed1 that 8there is nothing covered
 that  shall not be revealed2 nor hid   
that shall not be known40#cfb ,and as   
every  sentence recorded as emanating   
from ,his lips has with me a value more 
than what could serve to illustrate a   
momentary topic1 ,i flatter myself  that
 the result of the confidence1 thus     
humbly inspired1 will be  additionally  
verified in the instance before us4     
,budh-gaye1 then of the ,irish1 or      
,budha-gaya of the ,hindoos1 means      
,phallus#cfc telluris1 i4e4 the         
generativeness of the earth1 or the     
earth's prolific principle4 ,this ,i    
have before demonstrated to have been   
the object of adoration to the ancients2
 and have furthermore shown1 that  one  
of the individuals1 in whom this idea   
was personified1 had suffered           

crucifixion as a mediator for sin4    ,a
 new disclosure suggests itself from    
this4 ,budh and ,phallus being          
synonymous1 if you add ,gaye to each1   
then ,budh-gaye and ,gaye-phallus  will 
be identical4 ,but as the character who 
embodied the abstract virtue  of the    
former had been crucified1 his name came
 to stand1 not only for  that abstract  
virtue1 but also for a cross1#cfd or a  
crucified man2  and of course1          
,gaye-phallus1 its equivalent1          
represented the same ideas4    ,now1 as 
well the primary as secondary meaning of
 those two words was  liable to         
misconstruction2 and they were sure to  
obtain such from  ignorance and from    
depravity4 ,the pure and the sublime    
emotions1 which  the religiousness of   
the prolific principle had comprehended1
 were  perverted by malice into         
sensuality and debauchery2 while the    
idea of  a man crucified1 however       
innocent of charge1 could not be        
separated1 by  grovelling and servile   

dispositions1 from the ordinary         
accompaniments of  contempt and of      
crime4    ,hence ,budh-gaye and         
,gaye-phallus1 after a succession of    
ages1 when  their proper acceptation was
 forgotten1 were remembered only in     
their  perverted sense4 ,and accordingly
 we observe1 that1 when a ,roman        
,emperor  who had been brought up a     
priest in the ,east1 assumed1 on his    
being  appointed to the ,roman sceptre1 
the title of ,helio-ga-balus1 and       
thereby  invested himself in all the    
attributes of ,gaye-phallus1 or         
,budh-gaye1  that is1 in other words1 as
 the ,vicegerent of the ,sun1 the       
licentiousness of his life1 and the     
profligacy of his demeanour1 having     
rendered him obnoxious to his subjects1 
they amputated the prefix of his  ,solar
 majesty1 and branded him with the scorn
 of ,ga-balus4    ,the disdain intended 
in this latter abbreviation is now1     
therefore1  already solved4             
,gaye-phallus1 for sound sake1 having   

been made  ,ga-phallus1 this latter was 
still further--by reason of the         
commutability of the letters ph and     
b--reduced into ,ga-balus4    ,when the 
temple of ,serapis1 at ,alexandria1 was 
destroyed1 we are told by  ,sozomen1    
that the monogram of ,christ was        
discovered beneath the  foundation4     
,and1 though neither party knew how to  
account for the sign1  yet was it       
pleaded alike by the ,gentiles as by the
 ,christians1 in support  of the        
heavenliness of their respective        
religions4    ,the early ,roman fathers1
 very pious but very illiterate men1    
unable to  close their eyes against the 
proofs of the priority of the cross to  
the  era of the advent1 did not scruple 
to assign it to the malicious           
foreknowledge of the prince of the lower
 world4#cfe    ,but if this gentleman   
had been the author of the early cross1 
is it likely  that ,god would have      
embraced it as the signal of ,his       
protection when  dealing destruction to 

the objects of ,his divine vengeance8   
8,and the ,lord said unto him1 ,go      
through the midst of the city1 through  
the  midst of ,jerusalem1 and put a mark
 upon the foreheads of the men that     
sigh and that cry for all the           
abominations that be done in the midst  
thereof3    8,and to the others he said 
in my hearing1 ,go ye after him through 
the  city1 and smite3 let not your eye  
spare1 neither have ye pity4    8,slay  
utterly old and young1 both maids and   
little children1 and women2  but come   
not near any man upon whom is the mark2 
and begin at ,my  sanctuary40#cff       
,now this 8mark10 in the ancient ,hebrew
 original1 was the cross ,x4 ,st4       
,jerome1 the most learned by far of     
those 8fathers10 has admitted the       
circumstance4 ,and if this had been the 
device of the enemy of man1 would  the  
,author of all goodness so sanction his 
imposture1 as to adopt it as  the index 
of ,his saving love8    8,art thou a    
master of ,israel1 and knowest not these

 things80#cfg    ,but this was not the  
only invention which they attributed to 
the devil4  ,tertullian gravely assures 
us that he was the author of buskins    
also6  ,and why1 good reader1 would you 
suppose8--in sooth1 for no other reason 
than because that our ,saviour said1 in 
,his sermon upon the mountain1  8,which 
of you1 by taking thought1 can add one  
cubit unto his  stature80#cfh    ,in    
him1 also1 did they find an adequate    
excuse for those apertures1  which ,i   
shall by and by notice1 as excavated in 
rocks and mounds of clay1  calling them1
 with some compliment it must be        
admitted to his gallantry1  by the      
monopolising appellation of the ,devil's
 ,yonies4#cfi    ,but of all the        
puerilities which sully their zeal1     
there is no one half  so calculated to  
injure vital religion1 as the low       
quibbles and  dishonest quotations which
 ,justin ,martyr had recourse to1 as    
apologies  for the cross6    ,why1 ,sir1
 the greatest persecutor with which the 

,christians had ever been  cursed1      
namely1 the ,emperor ,decius1 had       
imprinted the cross upon some of  his   
coins6    ,illustration    ,here1 again1
 it is upon a medal found in the ruins  
of ,citium1 and proved  by ,dr4 ,clarke 
in his ,travels to have been ,phnician6 
,it exhibits the  lamb1 the cross1 and  
the rosary6#cgj    ,when ,john the      
,baptist first saw ,jesus beyond the    
,jordan1 in ,bethabara1 he  exclaimed1  
8,behold the ,lamb of ,god1 which taketh
 away the sins of the  world40#cga      
,this he did not apply as a novel       
designation2 but as the familiar        
epithet1 and the recognised denomination
 of the ,son of ,god1 whose  prescribed 
office it was1 in all the changes of    
past worlds1 as it was  now in this     
present1 to redress the broken-hearted  
by taking away sin4    ,he adds3 8,this 
is ,he of whom ,i said1 after me cometh 
a man which is  preferred before me2 for
 ,he was before me10#cgb not only in    
eternity1  but on this earth4    8,and  

,i knew ,him not2 but that ,he should be
 made manifest to  ,israel10#cgc as ,he 
was before to other nations1--an event  
which was but  the fulfilment of a      
prophecy ushered in many years before in
 these  remarkable words--    8,behold1 
the former things are come to pass03#cgd
 not that the  predictions formerly     
delivered had taken place1 but the      
things1 the  events1 the occurrences1   
which had been enacted before1 were now 
re-enacted6 that a renovation of the    
world was at hand1 which the  mouthpiece
 of the ,lord commences by saying--8,new
 things do ,i declare2  before they     
spring forth ,i tell you of them40      
,on turning the leaf you will see       
another of those pillars which grace a  
land of heroes1 8where stones were      
raised on high to speak to future       
times1 with their grey heads of         
moss02#cge and whose story1 though 8lost
  in the mist of years10 may yet be     
deciphered from off themselves4         
,illustration    ,this costly relic of  

religion1 erected solely in honour of   
the cross1 is  to be seen at ,forres1 in
 ,scotland1 and is thus described by    
,cordiner3--    8,on the first division1
 under the ,gothic ornaments at the top1
 are nine  horses with their riders1    
marching in order2 in the next division 
is a  line of warriors on foot1         
brandishing their weapons1 and appear to
 be  shouting for the battle4 ,the      
import of the attitudes in the third    
division  very dubious1 their expression
 indefinite4    8,the figures which form
 a square in the middle of the column   
are pretty  complex1 but distinct2 four 
serjeants1 with their halberts1 guard a 
canopy1 under which are placed several  
human heads1 which have belonged to  the
 dead bodies piled up at the left of the
 division3 one appears in the  character
 of executioner1 severing the head from 
another body2 behind him  are three     
trumpeters sounding their trumpets2 and 
before him two pair of  combatants      
fighting with sword and target4    8,a  

troop of horse next appears1 put to     
flight by infantry1 whose first  line   
have bows and arrows2 the three         
following1 swords and targets4 ,in the  
lowermost division now visible1 the     
horses seem to be seized by the         
victorious party1 their riders beheaded1
 and the head of their chief hung  in   
chains1 or placed in a frame3 the others
 being thrown together beside  the dead 
bodies1 under an arched cover40    ,with
 this compare the description given by  
,captain ,head1 of the devices          
sculptured upon one of the ,egyptian    
antiquities4    8,it would10 says he1   
8far exceed the limits of this work1 to 
attempt a  description of the ornaments 
of sculpture in this temple4 ,the most  
interesting are on the north wall1 where
 there are battle-scenes1 with          
innumerable figures of military         
combatants1 using their arms1 consisting
  of bows and arrows1 spears and        
bucklers--of prostrate enemies1 of      
war-chariots and horses4 ,the fiery     

action and elegant shape of the steeds  
are remarkable4 ,it would require a     
first-rate living genius to rival the   
variety of position1 the power of       
effect1 and fidelity of execution1 in   
which men and horses are exhibited in   
the dismay of the flight1 the agony  of 
the death-struggle1 and the exultation  
of the triumph40    ,let us take a view1
 now1 of the other side of this obelisk4
 8,the greatest  part of it10 says      
,cordiner1 8is occupied by a sumptuous  
cross1 and  covered over with an uniform
 figure1 elaborately raised1 and        
interwoven  with great mathematical     
exactness2 of this1 on account of its   
singularity1  there is given a          
representation at the foot of the       
column4 ,under the cross  are two august
 personages with some attendants1 much  
obliterated1 but  evidently in an       
attitude of reconciliation2 and if the  
monument was  erected in memory of the  
peace concluded between ,malcolm and    
,canute1  upon the final retreat of the 

,danes1 these larger figures may        
represent  the reconciled monarchs4     
8,on the edge1 below the fretwork1 are  
some rows of figures1 joined            
hand-in-hand1 which may also imply the  
new degree of confidence and  security  
which took place1 after the feuds were  
composed1 which are  characterised on   
the front of the pillar4 ,but to        
whatever particular  transaction it may 
allude1 it can hardly be imagined1 that 
in so early an  age of the arts in      
,scotland as it must have been raised1  
so elaborate a  performance would have  
been undertaken but in consequence of an
 event of  the most general importance3 
it is1 therefore1 surprising1 that no   
distincter traditions of it arrived at  
the era when letters were known40       
,illustration    ,as to 8the era when   
letters were known10 ,i shall bestow    
upon that a  sentence or two by and by4 
,for the present ,i confine myself to   
the  8surprise that no distincter       
traditions0 of this monolith temple#cgf 

has been handed down to us4    ,it was  
erected by the ,tuath-de-danaans on     
their expulsion from ,ireland4  ,the    
inscriptions upon it are the            
irresistible evidence of their          
emblematic  religion4 ,after an interval
 of some centuries1 the ,picts poured in
 upon  their quietude2 and the barbarous
 habits of those marauders1 being averse
  as much to the ritual as to the       
avocations of the ,tuath-de-danaans1    
they effaced every vestige of the       
dominion of that people1 and made them  
fly for shelter to the ,highlands4      
,in the days of ,malcolm1 therefore1 and
 of ,canute1 the history of this        
pyramid was as difficult of solution as 
it was in those of ,pennant and  of     
,cordiner4 ,and there is no question but
 that the two monarchs  looked1 with as 
much wonder1 upon the hieroglyphics     
along its sides1 as  did the two        
antiquarians1 who would fain associate  
them with them4    ,it is to me         
marvellous1 how persons1 in the         

possession of common reason  could1     
contrary to all the evidence of         
observation and history1 look  upon the 
,danish invasion as the epoch of all    
enlightenment6 and the ,danes1          
themselves1 as the heaven-sent importers
 of its blessings6 ,yet1 whatever  may  
have been the case with some hopeful    
scions of this order1 ,mr4  ,cordiner1  
at all events1 appears to have been     
honest1 and if he missed the  direction 
of historical verity1 it was less his   
fault than his misfortune4    ,who can  
say so much for ,ledwich8    ,the       
following extract will justify the      
tribute here paid to the  sincerity of  
,mr4 ,cordiner's investigations 8,these 
monuments10 says he1  8are all said to  
have been erected in memory of defeats  
of the ,danes1 but  there does not      
appear any reference that the           
hieroglyphics on them can  have to such 
events4 ,that they have been raised on  
interesting occasions  there can be     
little doubt1 perhaps in memory of the  

most renowned  chieftains and their     
exploits who first embraced             
,christianity40    ,they who first      
8embraced ,christianity0 were no        
8chieftains02 or such as  were1 had no  
8exploits0 to record4 ,but it was not so
 with the professors  of the primeval   
8cross10 in the revelation of ,budhism1 
the  transmigrations of which were but  
typically pourtrayed on this enduring   
column4 ,and in confirmation hereof1    
,mr4 ,gordon affirms that he has        
8distinguished upon it several figures  
of a monstrous form1 resembling         
four-footed beasts with human heads60   
,carnac1 in ,upper ,egypt1 retains a    
monolith of the same symbolic           
character4 ,it is eighty feet high1     
composed of a single block of black     
granite1 presenting a beautifully       
polished surface on each of its four    
sides4 ,the hieroglyphics upon it       
represent the lifetime of ,thot1 or     
,budda1 until you at last see him       
enthroned in heaven1 at the top4        

,illustration    8,he seems1 indeed10   
says ,hamilton1 8to have been considered
 either by  himself1 his subjects1 or   
his successors1 as a peculiar favourite 
of  heaven4 ,he is frequently on his    
knees1 receiving from ,isis and ,osiris1
  together with their blessing1 the     
insignia of royalty1 and even of        
divinity4 ,the hawk is always flying    
about him4 ,two priests are performing  
upon him the mysterious ceremony of     
pouring the cruces ansatas1 or  crosses 
with rings1 over his head2 at which time
 he wears a common dress  and close cap4
 ,hermes and ,osiris are pointing out to
 him a particular line  in a graduated  
scale1 allusive it may be to the        
periodical inundation of  the ,nile1 or 
the administration of strict justice3 or
 7combined with the  preceding scene7 to
 the ceremony of #8initiation into the  
religious  mysteries4'0#cgg    ,the     
number of feet in the pillar corresponds
 too1 if ,i mistake not1 with  that of  
the years of his recorded pilgrimage4   

,captain ,head describes1 in his        
splendid work1 the avenue which leads to
  the temple to which this belongs1 in  
the following terms3--8,fragments of    
sphinxes line the sides of the road at  
intervals of ten or twelve feet1  and   
usher the visitor to the magnificent    
granite propylon1 or gateway1  whose    
grandeur for a time monopolises the     
attention1 and makes him who  gazes on  
it at a loss to decide whether he shall 
remain adoring its fine  proportions1 or
 advance and examine the carvings which 
embellish its  front4 ,is this #8the    
land made waste by the hand of          
strangers1 who destroy  the walls1 and  
cause the images to cease8' ,the        
fragments of desolation  that lie       
scattered around are identified with the
 predictions of the  inspired           
historians1 by whom we are enabled to   
estimate the #8palmy state'  of this    
once mighty kingdom1 whose gigantic     
monuments fully verify all  that has    
been said or sung of its pristine       

splendour40    ,after what has been said
 above1 then1 along with what may be    
added by and  by1 may ,i not safely     
proclaim that ,m',pherson's prediction1 
that 8the  history of ,caledonia1 before
 the ,roman eagles were displayed beyond
 the  friths1 must ever remain in       
impenetrable darkness10#cgh has now been
  falsified8        8,what are ages and 
the lapse of time1    ,matched against  
truths as lasting as sublime8    ,can   
length of years on ,god ,himself exact8 
,or make that fiction which was once a  
fact8    ,no--marble and recording brass
 decay1    ,and like the graver's memory
 pass away3    ,the works of man        
inherit1 as is just1    ,their author's 
frailty1 and return to dust2    ,but    
truth divine for ever stands secure1    
,its head is guarded1 as its base is    
sure2    ,fixed in the rolling flood of 
endless years1    ,the pillar of the    
eternal plan appears1    ,the raving    
storm and dashing wave defies1    ,built
 by that ,architect who built the       

skies40#cgi          ,,chapter ,,xxiii4 
,a very industrious contributor to the  
,asiatic ,researches has afforded  scope
 for some jests at his expense1 because 
of the attempt which he has  made to    
identify the ,british islands with      
certain ,western localities             
commemorated in the writings of the     
,hindoos4 ,had he but known1 however1   
the coincidence of our monuments with   
those mysteries which the  ,puranas     
record1 how they mutually support and   
dovetail into each other1 he  could not 
only have laughed to scorn the traducers
 of his services1 but  fixed his fame   
upon a pinnacle of literary pride which 
no undergrowl of  envy could have       
subverted4    ,but as it is1            
unacquainted with the history of the    
places which he left  behind him1 and   
wading1 therefore1 through an ocean in  
which he had no  compass for his guide1 
he has1 in his puerile endeavours to    
wrest the text  of the ,puranas to      
external prejudices1 effected more      

himself towards the  disparagement of   
his reputation1 than what the combined  
influence of  interest and of scepticism
 could otherwise accomplish4    8,there 
are10 say the ,puranas1 8many           
manifestations and forms of ,bhagavan1  
,o ,muni1 but the form which resides in 
the ,white ,island is the primitive     
one4 ,vishnu10 says the author1         
8recalling all his emanations into the  
,white ,island1 went into the womb1 in  
the house of ,vasu-devi2 and on  this   
grand occasion he recalled all his      
emanations4 ,bama and ,nrisinha are     
complete forms1 ,o ,muni2 but ,crishna1 
the most powerful king of the ,white    
,island1 is the most perfect and        
complete of all ,vishnu's forms4 ,for   
this  purpose ,vishnu1 from ,potola1    
rejoins the body of ,radhiceswara1 the  
lord of  ,radha1 he who dwells in the   
,white ,island with the famous snake1 a 
portion of his essence4 ,the gods sent  
there portions of their own essences  to
 be consolidated into the person of     

,crishna1 who was going to be           
incarnated at ,gocula40#chj    ,the gist
 of the foregoing1 ,mr4 ,wilford would  
neutralise by this following  extract1  
which he gives as the substance of      
another notice in the same  documents1  
and which he considers himself as       
incredible3--    8,bali1 an             
antediluvian1 and in the fifth          
generation from the creation1  is       
introduced1 requesting the god of gods1 
or ,vishnu1 to allow him to die  by his 
hand1 that he might go into his paradise
 in the ,white ,island4  ,vishnu told   
him it was a favour not easily obtained2
 that he would however  grant his       
request4 ,but1 says ,vishnu1 you cannot 
come into my paradise now2  but you must
 wait till ,i become incarnate in the   
shape of a boar1 in  order to make the  
world undergo a total renovation1 to    
establish and  secure it upon a most    
firm and permanent footing3 and you must
 wait a  whole yuga till this takes     
place1 and then you will accompany me   

into my  paradise40    8,ganesa1 who is 
identified with ,vishnu1 and has also an
 inferior paradise  in the ,white       
,island1 and another in the ,euxine1 or 
,jeshu sea1 thus says  to a king of     
,casi1 or ,benares1 an antediluvian1 and
 who1 like ,bali1 wished  much to be    
admitted into his elysium1 8you cannot  
now enter my paradise in  the ,white    
,island2 you must wait #ejjj years2 but 
in the mean time you may  reside in my  
other paradise1 in the ,euxine ,sea40   
,now1 all these monstrosities1 as they  
presented themselves to ,mr4 ,wilford1  
gauging them with the comparisons of dry
 rule and line on the application  of   
the true touchstone1 vanish into ether4 
,the most mysterious and                
religiously-occult name given to        
,ireland in  the days of its pristine   
glory was ,muc-,inis4    ,this word has 
three interpretations--firstly1 the     
,boar ,island2 secondly1  the ,white    
,island2 and1 thirdly1 the ,sacred1 or  
rather the ,divine1  and ,consecrated   

,island of ,god4#cha    ,is it necessary
 that ,i should say one syllable more to
 authenticate the  ,puranas1 and        
identify this hallowed spot with the    
paradise of their  encomiums8 ,no3 ,i   
shall not affront your understanding by 
so supposing4 ,the  explanation of this 
single term has1 more effectually than  
could a  ship-load of folios1 set to    
flight the hobgoblins of ignorance and  
of  scepticism1 and reared the castle of
 truth on the ruins of prostrated       
error4    ,i would by no means1 however1
 be understood as intending an          
ungenerous  trophy over ,mr4 ,wilford's 
mistakes4 ,i respect the zeal with which
 he  embarked in his undertaking2 and1  
to speak over-board1 the lapses which he
  has committed were to him ethically   
unavoidable4    ,the sting1 therefore1  
of the above1 if any it convey1 must be 
directed  exclusively to the romancers  
of my own country3 a specimen of whom ,i
  shall give you in the ,rev4 ,dr4      
,keating1 who1 venturing to unveil the  

mystery of the name ,muc-,inis1 and     
account for its origin1 tells us1 with  
a serious face1 that 8when the ,danaans 
found the ,milesians attempted to  land1
 by their magical enchantments they     
threw a cloud on the island1 by  which  
it appeared no bigger than a hog's      
back6660    ,but ,ireland1 thank ,god1  
is rescued from the drivelling of such  
dotards4 ,it  will hold its place now   
amongst the nations of the earth2 and   
the result  is inevitable1 however tardy
 your compliance1 but that the truth    
will be  revived from one pole of the   
universe to the other1 that1 in the     
primeval world1 all sanctity and all    
happiness had here fixed their abode1   
that heaven was here personified1 and   
that the irradiating focus of all  moral
 enlightenment was here alone to be     
found4#chb    ,look1 ,sir1 what do you  
see before you8 ,the solution of that   
all-healing  arrow which ,abaris was    
said to have brought with him from the  
island of  the ,hyperboreans1 on his    

visit of religion to ,greece6    ,should
 you ever chance to travel as far as the
 county of ,galway1 inquire  for the    
deserted village of ,knockmoy4 ,though  
now dreary1 inconsiderable1  and        
forgotten1 it was once the theatre of   
soul-stirring impressions6              
,illustration    ,there in the remnant  
of an ancient ,tuath-de-danaan ,temple1 
vaulted with  stone1 and transformed1 in
 after ages1 to a ,christian ,abbey1 you
 will  find1 after a succession of1 at  
least1 three thousand revolving years1  
this pathetic representation of the     
youth ,apollo slaying with his arrow    
the serpent ,python#chc--;in other      
words1 overthrowing1 by  self-endurance1
 the dominion of sin6 and1 finally1 by  
immolation upon a  tree1 to which you   
perceive him pinioned1 establishing     
ascendency over  the serpent and his    
wiles1 and pointing out the road to     
eternity beyond  the grave6             
,illustration    ,in an upper range1 on 
the same compartment1 you can trace this

 other line1  consisting of three kings 
with their eastern crowns1 their eastern
  costume1 and the dove of amity        
entwining all of them as they           
superintend the spectacle1 while the    
solemnity of the whole is enhanced by   
the composure with which a ,brehon sits 
by1 in his turban of state1 after       
reading from the ,bana1 or the ,budhist 
gospel1 the sentence of  condemnation   
and of mysterious expiation1 in one and 
the same breath4    8,he was oppressed  
and ,he was afflicted2 yet ,he opened   
not ,his mouth3 ,he is  brought as a    
lamb to the slaughter1 and as a sheep   
before ,his shearers is  dumb1 so ,he   
openeth not ,his mouth40#chd    ,but    
this is not the only incident which this
 treasure of antiquity  pourtrays4      
,beside the three monarchs are skeleton 
delineations of the  three other        
divinities1 who1 before this fourth1    
assumed the form of  humanity1 and went 
through the same ordeal of atoning      
passion to reclaim  our species1 through

 ages back in the distance6#che    ,it  
will readily be believed1 that          
descriptions so mysterious1 relating to 
events so momentous1 must have attracted
 the observation of subsequent  years4  
,generation after generation gazed upon 
them with wonder6 ,generation  after    
generation spoke their ignorance in     
wonder6 ,mr4 ,ledwich1 of course1  must 
have a snap at them3 and it would make a
 cat laugh1 or ,plutarch's  boar dance a
 hornpipe1 to hear the contortions of   
history1 the  violations of nature1 the 
perversions of fact1 of date1 and of    
philosophy1 which this blot upon letters
 has strung together into a  melange1 as
 if an exposition of the above          
hieroglyphics6    ,and yet1 this is he  
who boasts of his having been 8not      
sparing of  ridicule0 in those moments  
which he tells us1 8he could steal from 
clerical and domestic avocations10--to  
tell lies of his country6    ,the       
speculation took1 however1 and he was   
fostered in his malice--riches  and     

honours were showered upon him6         
,well1 he died--a monitory pause        
accompanies the sound--but the party    
must  have a successor6    ,they 8have  
found him0 amongst themselves6--the     
author of the ,fine ,arts in  ,ireland6 
,this fine gentleman has really         
exhibited some degree of tact1 which    
shows him not unworthy of his           
appointment4 ,he begins by denouncing1  
hoof  and horn1 every position of his   
predecessor6 ,calls him1 as a salvo1 8a 
learned man60 but insists upon his being
 a 8most unskilful antiquary02 and      
though 8dogmatic10 8altogether a        
visionary40    ,these1 you would        
suppose1 were great liberties to take   
with the  foster-child of patronage4    
,they were so1 in appearance1 not in    
reality1 for      8,mutato nomine1 de te
 fabula narratur0--    he is a          
modern1#chf and though of a different   
school1 it suits their  purpose as well4
    ,but let us see how he would        
decipher 8the writing upon the wall40   

8,if we might venture a conjecture10 he 
says1 8it would be that the  living     
figures represent the most distinguished
 native princes1 who warred  with the   
adventurers in defence of their country2
 and that those of the  deceased kings  
were the patriot monarchs of earlier    
times60    ,pray1 what adventurers8     
what8--,but the farce is too absurd to  
bestow  discussion upon it4    ,come1   
however1 to the crucifixion scene1 what 
would 8,p----0 make of  this8    8,this 
appears10 he says1 8to represent the    
death of the young son of  ,dermod      
,mac,murrough1 who was delivered up to  
,roderick ,o',connor1 as a  hostage for 
his father's fidelity1 and who1         
according to ,cambrensis1 and1  we      
believe1 to our own annalists1 was      
abandoned by that inhuman and  ambitious
 parent to his fate60    ,after the     
flourish of trumpets1 with which ,mr4   
,p---- had proclaimed  independence of  
,dr4 ,ledwich1 one would have expected a
 new ascription1  or1 at least1 a       

different one1 from him4 ,this1 however1
 is but a  servile transcript from his  
predecessor's work1 and that1 too1      
without  having the candour to quote him
 as his authority6      8,but let us    
view those things with closer eyes40    
,had ,mac,murrough's son been put to    
death by ,o',connor1 in that awful      
manner  above delineated1 with such     
external parade1 and such mysterious    
pomp1  think you that ,cambrensis1 who  
never omitted even the most trivial     
feature of a narrative1 would have been 
blind to a particular1 which must  have 
interested all his readers8 ,yet1 as to 
the reality of this--,mr4  ,p----'s     
insinuation notwithstanding--,cambrensis
 is silent and mute as the  grave6    ,a
 fact which was thought worthy to be    
commemorated in fresco must have  been  
equally eligible as a phenomenon in     
writing4 ,the ,o',connors1  therefore1  
whom ,mr4 ,p---- would install as the   
authors of this device1  must have      
retained some documentary register      

thereof3 and1 though it is  well known1 
that there is not a family in the       
kingdom1 who have preserved  the records
 of their house with such industry or   
minuteness as they  have1 yet is there  
not so much as the semblance of an      
allusion to be  traced amongst them1 to 
this mysterious representation6    ,nay1
 if ,o',connor had put to death         
,mac,murrough's son1 with such          
circumstances of torture and savage     
insensibility1 is it probable that he   
would himself be the person to          
immortalise his disgrace1 by depicting  
it  upon such a chronicle8 ,and if the  
virtue of the nation were not previously
  outraged by the hellishness of the    
crime itself1 would it not now blaze    
forth in holy indignation at the        
infatuated vanity of the monster1 who1  
not satisfied with the murder of his    
innocent victim1 must deluge his        
country also in gore1 by associating it1
 to forthcoming ages1 with this  outline
 of his barbarity8    ,yes1 sir1 if they

 were silent as to the crime1 they would
 be  eloquent as to the painting6 ,and  
it is not only that they would  demolish
 the structure within which it was      
inscribed1 but every  quill within the  
realm would become a pen1 every liquid  
be converted  into ink1 and every hand  
be made that of a writer to rescue the  
island's fame from identity with the    
traitor's cause2 and confine to  his own
 and his loathed head the withering     
execrations of posterity6    ,instead of
 which1 however1 not a syllable is      
uttered1 on paper or on  parchment1     
allusive to the tragedy6 ,not a presage 
is imparted by  mournful banshee6 nor   
elegy sung by familiar mna-caointha6 ,no
  historian records the heart-rending   
tale6 nor does gipsy retail it  in      
itinerant ditty6 ,but the mystery of    
sorrow1 and the sanctity of  truth1 that
 hallowed the scene which this temple   
commemorates1 has1  still further1      
exerted its protecting instrumentality1 
and besides the  moving evidences       

imprinted upon its interior1 has added  
those also of  exclusion from without1  
and prevented the iniquity of profane   
appropriation1 by the occurrence of any 
equivocal record6    ,the devices upon  
places of worship are always of a       
religious kind4 ,would  the perpetration
 of a faithless infanticide be          
considered an act of  religion8 ,and1 if
 not1 why emblazon it within the        
tabernacle of prayer1  with all the     
circumstances of grace and of grandeur  
around it8--solemnised  by kings6       
superintended by gods6 and executed by  
judges6    ,oh6 sir1 a dire plague of   
astringent benightment has lain brooding
 over  history6 and spread1 like the    
upas1 its baleful emaciation over       
everything of culture that fell within  
its shadow6 ,but truth is  immortal3    
and1 however momentarily suppressed1    
will ultimately  recover4    8,it is a  
pleasure10 says ,bacon1 8to stand on the
 shore1 and to see ships  tossed upon   
the sea2 a pleasure to stand in the     

window of a castle1 and to  see a       
battle1 and the adventurers thereof     
below2 but no pleasure is  comparable to
 the standing on the vantage-ground of  
truth 7a hill not to  be commanded1 and 
where the air is always clear and       
serene71 and to see  the errors1 and    
wanderings and mists and tempests1 in   
the vale below2 so  always that this    
prospect be with pity1 and not with     
swelling or pride4  ,certainly it is    
heaven upon earth to have a man's mind  
move in charity1  rest in ,providence1  
and turn upon the poles of truth40      
,the very dresses1 which adorn these    
venerable delineations1 are enough to   
redeem them from the turpitude which    
,mr4 ,p---- would impute to them4       
,o',connor and ,mac,murrough were1      
neither of them1 on this earth1 for at  
least two thousand years after these    
were in vogue6 neither are they by  any 
means the habits which ,p---- would     
persuade us that 8laws were             
subsequently enacted to abolish as      

barbarous60    ,behold6 ,i show you a   
mystery6#chg    ,illustration    ,what  
do you see here8#chh ,what do you make  
of this ,mr4 ,p----4 ,or do you  think  
that ,o',connor went over into ,nubia1  
and got the impress of his  enormity    
canonised there also1 in the form of a  
cross1 within the temples  and          
sanctuaries of the adoring ,egyptians8  
,i copy this image from a work of great 
value1 lately published in ,paris by    
,monsieur ,rifaud2 which he designates  
by the title of ,voyage en ,egypte et   
en ,nubie1 et lieux circonvoisins4 ,the 
plate under notice is but part of a     
larger one1 which he describes as       
8,faade du petit temple de ,kalabche 7en
  ,nubie7 et ses dtails intrieurs10 and 
of which ,i shall1 by and by1 treat  you
 to two more compartments1 as the exact 
correspondents of the six  crowned      
figures at ,knockmoy4    ,meanwhile1 ,i 
beg leave to introduce to you on the    
next page1 some of the  sculptures on   
the ,tuath-de-danaan cross1 at old      

,kilcullen1 in the county  of ,kildare1 
,ireland4 ,here you distinguish nine    
,budhist priests in the  ,eastern       
uniform1 with bonnet1 tunic1 and        
trouser--nay1 with their  very beards   
dressed after the ,egyptian fashion4    
,other figures ,i shall leave to your   
own research to unfold4 ,but let me     
particularly fasten upon your faculty of
 comparing1 the head-gear of  the       
standing figure1 in the second division1
 and that of the crucifixion  upon the  
,nubian temple4 ,are they not           
critically1 accurately1 and  identically
 the same8    ,look next at the brute   
animals that take part in this group6   
,mind the  grotesqueness of their       
positions1 and the combination of their 
character with that of man6 then lay    
your hand upon your breast1 and1  with  
the light now streaming in upon you1 can
 you conscientiously believe  that the  
cross which exhibits itself at the other
 side1 was ever the  work of            
,christianity8#chi    ,illustration     

,but as you cannot imagine that         
,o',connor had gone over to ,nubia1 in  
the  twelfth century of the ,christian  
era1 to get his murdered hostage        
deified in a pagan temple1 built1       
perhaps1 at the very lowest1 three      
thousand years before his time1 so      
neither can you impose upon us1 that    
the ,budhists stole a march upon our    
,christian supineness1 and1 while our   
different sects were fighting for who   
should have most1 and proclaiming  8,i  
am of ,paul1 and ,i of ,apollos1 and ,i 
of ,cephas1 and ,i of ,christ10#cij     
imprinted their complexity upon our     
boasted simplicity1 and then suddenly   
again vanished without having been once 
seen1 felt1 heard1 discovered1 or       
understood666    ,what entanglements    
will not people plunge themselves into  
when supporting  a bad cause6 ,and how  
easy is the road which rectitude        
follows6    ,the ,hindoo ,puranas       
corroborate1 to an iota1 this our       
,knockmoy  crucifixion4#cia ,sulivahana 

is the name which they give to the deity
  there represented4 ,the meaning of the
 word is tree-born1 or1 who  suffered   
death upon a tree4 ,he was otherwise    
called ,dhanandhara1 that  is1 the      
sacred almoner4 ,and his fame1 say the  
,puranas1 reached even to  the ,sacred  
,island1 in the sea of milk1 that is1 of
 ,doghda1 which  signifies milk1 and    
which was the title of the tutelar      
goddess of  ,ireland4#cib    ,avaunt1   
then1 evermore1 to the humbug of        
back-reckoning1 and the charge  of      
imposture upon the ,brahmins6 ,i flatter
 myself1 ,i have laid an  extinguisher1 
for ever1 upon that pretext4    ,as ,i  
have before presumed to offer a         
suggestion to the translators of        
oriental manuscripts1 ,i shall take the 
additional liberty of intimating1  which
 ,i do with profound submission and     
respect1 to the decipherers of all      
hieroglyphics1 whether in ,ireland or in
 the ,east1 that those  arrow-headed    
characters1 to be met with at           

,persepolis1 and resembling in  their   
formation our ,irish ,oghams1 bear      
reference1 both of them1 to this        
mysterious crucifixion6 ,and that if    
,mr4 ,champollion1 and other gentlemen  
interested in the prosecution of those  
useful points1 will attend to this  my  
advice1 they will find it a more certain
 key to the attainment of  their desired
 object1 than all the labour and outlay 
of centuries  heretofore6      8,knowing
 that ,nature never did betray    ,the  
heart that loved her2 'tis her          
privilege1    ,through all the years of 
this our life1 to lead    ,from joy to  
joy3 for she can so inform    ,the heart
 that is within us1 so impress    ,with 
quietness and beauty1 and so feed       
,with lofty thoughts1 that neither evil 
tongues1    ,rash judgments1 nor the    
sneers of selfish men1    ,nor greetings
 where no kindness is1 nor all    ,the  
dreary intercourse of daily life1       
,shall e'er prevail against us1 or      
disturb    ,our cheerful faith1 that all

 which we behold    ,is full of         
blessings40--,,wordsworth4              
,,chapter ,,xxiv4      ,the regal       
figures1 which ,i promised1 as belonging
 to the ,nubian temple1  and            
corresponding to the ,knockmoy frescoes1
 are the following3--    ,illustration  
,you will1 furthermore1 observe how that
 they all wear the philibeg1 like  our  
crucified effigy at p4 #bif1 and our    
war-god1 ,phearagh1 at p4 #ach4  ,each  
of them1 also1 is adorned with the      
cross1 as the passport of their         
redemption3 while the three divinities1 
delineated in the ,irish scenes1  have  
these as their counterparts in the      
temple of ,nubia4    ,illustration      
,abbe ,pluch states1 that 8the figures  
of those gods brought from ,egypt  into 
,phnicia1 wore on their heads leaves and
 branches1 wings and globes1  which10 he
 adds1 8appeared ridiculous to those who
 did not comprehend the  signification  
of these symbols1 as happened to        
,cambyses1 ,king of ,persia1  but these 

represented ,isis1 ,osiris1 and ,horus40
    8,in the ,gentleman's ,magazine for 
,november1 #agdb1 is an account10 says  
,vallancey1 8of two silver images1 found
 under the ruins of an old tower1  which
 had raised various conjectures and     
speculations amongst the  antiquaries2  
they were about three inches in height1 
representing men in  armour1 with very  
high helmets on their heads1 ruffs round
 their necks1  and standing on a        
pedestal of silver1 holding a small     
golden spear in  their hands4 ,the      
account is taken from the ,dublin       
papers4 ,the writer  refers to          
,merrick's translation of ,tryphiodorus1
 an ,egyptian1 that  composed a ,greek  
poem on the destruction of ,troy1 a     
sequel to ,homer's  ,iliad1 to show that
 it was customary with the ancients1 at 
the  foundation of a fort or city1 to   
consecrate such images to some titular  
guardians1 and deposit them in a secret 
part of the building2 where he  also    
inserts a judicious exposition of a     

difficult text of ,scripture on  that   
subject40    ,the above extract was     
indited long before the publication of  
those ,nubian  antiquities2 and1        
consequently1 when neither the          
contributor to the  magazine1 nor the   
quoter from its columns1 had any        
knowledge of their  existence4 ,its     
production1 therefore1 must be valuable 
here1 as showing  not only the          
connection of the idols with the ,round 
,tower ceremonial1  but also that the   
helmets of the ,nubian gods had been    
adopted in the  effigies of some of     
those amongst us4    ,i terminate my    
proofs of the primeval crucifixion1 by  
the united  testimonies of the ,budhists
 and the ,free-,masons4    8,though the 
punishment of the cross10 says the      
,asiatic ,researches1 8be  unknown to   
the ,hindus1 yet the followers of       
,buddha have some knowledge of  it1 when
 they represent ,deva ,thot 7that is1   
the god ,thot7 crucified  upon an       
instrument resembling a cross1 according

 to the accounts of some  travellers to 
,siam40    8,christianity10 says        
,oliver1 8or the system of salvation    
through the  atonement of a crucified   
,mediator1 was the main pillar of       
,freemasonry ever  since the fall40     
,let me point your notice now to some   
consequences of that mysterious  fact4  
,i begin by asking--    ,how happened   
it1 that1 of all places in the world1   
,ireland was that which  gave the       
readiest countenance1 and the most      
cheering support1 to the  ,gospel of    
,christ1 on its first promulgation8     
,this question you will consider of no  
trivial tendency4 ,it is1 in itself1    
worth a thousand other arguments4 ,to   
solve it1 ,i must premise that1  besides
 the many ancient appellatives1 already 
given you1 for this  country1 there was 
one1 which characterised it1 as         
anticipating that  event8               
,crioch-na-,fuineadhach#cic was this    
name4 ,its meaning is1 the asylum of    
the expectants3 or1 the retreat of those

 looking forward4    ,to what1 you      
ask8--,to the consummation1 ,i reply1 of
 that prophecy1 which  was imparted to  
,israel through another source1 saying1 
8,the sceptre shall  not depart from    
,judah1 nor a lawgiver from between his 
feet1 until  ,shiloh come40#cid         
,numerous intimations have1 from time to
 time1 been conveyed to man as          
harbingers of an event which was to     
crown their species with universal      
blessings4 ,in the ,puranas1 it was     
prophesied1 that 8after three thousand  
and one hundred years of the ,caliyuga  
are elapsed1 will appear ,king  ,saca1  
to remove wretchedness from the         
world40#cie    ,i have given an abstract
 of the history of this remarkable      
personage at  pp4 #bic and #bid1 and    
shortly after1 at p4 #bif1 ,i presented 
you with the  effigy of his crucifixion4
 ,as to the era of his appearance1 as   
deducible  from the ,yugas1 ,i shall    
confine myself to the opinion advanced  
by ,mr4  ,davis1 in the ,asiatic        

,researches1 vol4 ix4 p4 #bdc1 where he 
states3 8,it  may further with          
confidence be inferred1 that ,mons4     
,anquetil du ,perron's  conclusion1 with
 respect to the late introduction of    
,yugas1 which are the  component parts  
of the ,calpa1 into the ,hindu          
astronomy1 is unfounded2 and  that the  
invention of those periods1 and the     
application of them to  computations by 
the ,hindus1 must be referred to an     
antiquity which has not  yet been       
ascertained40    ,in another age was    
promised another ,redeemer2 and of him  
,i copy what ,mr4  ,wilford transmits1  
as follows1 viz43--    8,a thousand     
years before that event1 the goddess    
,cali had foretold him  that he would   
reign1 or rather his posterity1         
according to several  learned           
commentators in the ,dokhin1 as         
mentioned by ,major ,mackenzie1 till  a 
divine child1 born of a virgin1 should  
put an end both to his life and         
kingdom1 or to his dynasty1 nearly in   

the words of ,jacob1 in ,genesis1  chap4
 xlix4 ver4 #aj4 ,the ,hindu traditions 
concerning this wonderful child  are    
collected in a treatise called the      
,vicrama ,chastra2 or1 ,history of      
,vicrama ,ditya4 ,this ,i have not been 
able to procure1 though many learned    
pundits have repeated to me by heart    
whole pages from them4 ,yet ,i was      
unwilling to make use of their          
traditions till ,i found them in the    
large  extracts made by the ingenious   
and indefatigable ,major ,c4 ,mackenzie 
of the  ,madras establishment1 and by   
him communicated to the ,asiatic        
,society40    ,in truth1 it was to the  
certainty of this manifestation that the
 first  couplet of an ,arabic elegy1    
preserved by ,mons4 d',herbelot in his  
account  of ,ibnuzaidun1 a celebrated   
,andalusian poet1 refers4 ,in ,roman    
letters1 the  lines run thus--          
8,jekad hen tenagikom dharmairna        
,jacdha alana alassa laula tassina40    
,that is1 8,the time will soon come when

 you will deliver us from all our       
cares2 the remedy is assured1 provided  
we have a little patience40    ,the     
learned ,president of the ,society of   
,bengal1 unaware of the drift of  this  
beautiful stanza1 and without ever      
having so much as seen the  original    
whence it was quoted1 offers to alter   
its import to the  following1 viz43     
8,when our bosoms impart their secrets  
to you1 anguish  would almost fix our   
doom1 if we were not mutually to console
 ourselves60  ,and the only reason he   
assigns for this novel interpretation   
is1 that  two individuals1 neither of   
whom1 he himself admits1 knew anything  
about its meaning1 happened1 or rather  
pretended1 to put it for him            
differently into ,arabic words6    ,on  
the pillar at ,buddal1 this emanation of
 the godhead is thus  characterised3    
8,he did not exult over the ignorant and
 ill-favoured3 but  spent his riches    
among the needy3 in short1 he was the   
wonder of all good  men40#cif ,isaiah's 

prophecy of the future ,messiah would   
appear a  verbatim1 though more poetical
 transcript of this inscription1 viz43  
8,he shall not cry1 nor lift up2 nor    
cause ,his voice to be heard in the     
street2 a bruised reed shall ,he not    
break1 and the smoking flax shall ,he   
not quench3 ,he shall bring forth       
judgment unto truth40#cig    ,at p4 #aaj
 of this volume1 ,i have promised to    
explain the origin of the  word         
,eleusinian1 as applied to the          
celebration of certain religious  rites4
 ,i have very little doubt but that1    
when reading the declaration1  the      
reader looked upon its offer as1 to say 
the least1  gratuitous--satisfied that  
the term could have no possible other   
meaning1  than as an adjective formed   
from the substantive ,eleusis6    ,well1
 the rashness of that judgment ,i very  
freely forgive2 and repay it  now by the
 verification of my contract4           
,eleusis1 the place1 and ,eleusinian1 as
 descriptive of the  mysteries therein  

solemnised1 were both denominated in    
honour of that  ,advent1 which all      
nations awaited2 and the fulfilment of  
which1 in the  person of one of the     
,budhas1 made him to be recognised on   
one occasion  as the 8source of the     
faith of the three epochs of the        
world40#cih    ,i have already redeemed 
the character of those ceremonies from  
the  sinister imputations which attached
 to their secrecy4 ,an apprehension     
that their publication would subvert the
 popular belief1 or a supposed          
indelicacy in their tenour1 were the    
mildest constructions which the         
uninitiated would afford them4 ,though  
secure in the sufficiency of my  former 
proofs1 ,i cannot avoid taking support  
from an article in a very  talented     
publication of our day1 in which the    
writer1 wholly  uninstructed1 while he  
evidently is1 as to the nature of those 
celebrations1 yet confirms the fact of  
their worth and their purity4    8,from 
the whole concurrent testimony of       

ancient history10 says he1 8we  must    
believe that the ,eleusinian mysteries  
were used for good purposes1  for there 
is not an instance on record that the   
honour of an initiation  was ever       
obtained by a very bad man4 ,the        
hierophants--the higher priests  of the 
order--were always exemplary in their   
morals1 and became sanctified  in the   
eyes of the people4 ,the high-priesthood
 of this order in ,greece was  continued
 in one family1 the ,eumolpid1 for ages4
 ,in this they resembled  both the      
,egyptians and the ,jews4    8,the      
,eleusinian mysteries in ,rome took     
another form1 and were called the  rites
 of ,bona ,dea2 but she was the same    
,ceres that was worshipped in  ,greece4 
,all the distinguished ,roman authors   
speak of these rites and in  terms of   
profound respect4 ,horace denounces the 
wretch who should attempt  to reveal the
 secrets of these rites2 ,virgil        
mentions these mysteries with  great    
respect2 and ,cicero alludes to them    

with a greater reverence than  either of
 the poets we have named4 ,both the     
,greeks and ,romans punished any  insult
 offered to these mysteries with the    
most persevering  vindictiveness4       
,alcibiades was charged with insulting  
these religious  rites2 and although the
 proof of his offence was quite         
doubtful1 yet he  suffered for it for   
years in exile and misery2 and it must  
be allowed that  he was the most popular
 man of his age40#cii    ,analogous to  
these were the solemnities at ,carthage1
 designated by the  name of ,phiditia2  
and the import of which1 as well in term
 as in  substance1 has been no less a   
riddle to antiquarians1 than was the    
sanctified commemoration which it       
disguises4 ,during the interval of their
  celebration1 the youths received      
lessons from their elders of the state1 
as to the regulation of their conduct in
 after life2 and the lustre of  truth1  
and the comeliness of virtue1 as they   
shone forth in ,budha  7which solves the

 mystery of the name71 were the         
invariable ethics  they propounded4     
,public feasts were the scene for the   
delivery of those discourses4 ,they     
found their way also to ,rome1 but the  
spirituality of ,redemption not  going  
hand-in-hand with its doctrine1 or not  
duly comprehended1 if  accompanying1 the
 joyousness of hope1 was there sunk into
 the  licentiousness of enjoyment1 and  
the innocence of mirth and of moral     
hilarity was superseded by the uproar of
 riot and of vice6 ,such were the       
,saturnalia4    ,how different was their
 celebration in our 8,sacred ,ireland60 
,the very  letters of the epithet1 by   
which our forefathers had solemnised    
them1 show  the spirituality of purpose 
which actuated their zeal4 ,nullog was  
that  epithet--it is compounded of nua1 
new2 and log 7for bullog71 a  belly1    
meaning regeneration1 or the putting    
aside of the old leaven of  sin1 and the
 assumption of the new investiture of   
righteousness1 by  justification4    ,as

 everything1 however1 in their religious
 procedure was transacted by  symbols1  
so1 in this instance1 they did not      
content themselves with the  inner      
consciousness of a new birth1#djj but   
the most go through the  outer form of  
it by typification2 and for this end it 
was that they  excavated those apertures
 in the bodies of rocks1 which ,i have  
noticed  in page #cad1 as calling forth1
 from ignorance1 the animadversion of   
the  devil's yonies1 in order that1 by  
passing themselves through them1 they   
might represent the condition of one    
issuing1 through the womb1 to a new     
scope of life4#dja    ,a nobler method  
of symbolisation1 and confined solely to
 the initiated1  was that which         
characterised the construction of their 
subterranean  temples4 ,here the        
sublimity of their worship breaks out in
 all the  grandeur and the majesty of   
awe4#djb ,the narrowness of the         
entrance1  never larger than the girth  
of the ordinary human body1 pourtrayed1 

as  well the circular passage in their  
regenerating type1#djc as the           
circumvention of temptation by which the
 faithful are ever beset2#djd  while the
 model of the cross1 which regulates    
their architecture  withinside1 attests 
the mystery and the form of their       
master's death4    ,the ,mithratic      
temple1 at ,new ,grange1 is exactly so  
constructed4 ,after  squeezing yourself1
 with much labour1 through a long       
emblematic gallery1  you arrive at a    
circular room1 or rather an irregular   
polygon or  octagon2#dje whence1 at     
measured intervals1 three other         
apartments  diverge1 forming1 with the  
inleading gut1 a perfect cross2 and     
presenting1 altogether1 to a susceptible
 mind1 the most solemn  combination of  
symbolical mysteries6#djf    ,i wonder  
why do not our moderns confer these     
subterraneous cruciform  edifices upon  
the industry of the early ,christians1  
as they have striven  to claim for them 
the corresponding structures above      

ground6 and  without half the           
probability of success6 ,for if it may  
be stated1 that the  crucifixions upon  
the towers were an interpolation1 with a
 view to  ,christianise what before was 
devoted to ,paganism1 no one1 at all    
events1 would maintain that the monks   
had gone down into the bowels of  the   
earth1 and after ejecting the inmates of
 old ,alma ,mater1 converted  their     
tabernacles into a magical cross6       
,nay1 a greater difficulty would still  
attach to this adventure4 ,the          
,pagodas#djg of ,benares and ,mathura1  
the two principal ones in all  ,india1  
are cruciformly built6 and1 in order to 
make both worlds  harmonise1 the        
advocates for the monks1 or rather their
 beliers1 would  have to transport their
 mechanics to those regions also1 and   
turn upside  down1 and sideways1 and    
every way1 whatever was the shape of the
 original  structures1 until they       
moulded them at last into this          
mysterious cross6    ,some blame1       

however1 would seem attachable to the   
superintendents of  this vision3 and it 
is that1 while imprinting this mark over
 the head of  the principal figure in   
the cave1 or ,mithratic temple1 at      
,elephanta1#djh  they neglected to      
demolish the ,lingam1 appertaining to   
the previous  worship2 and which        
actually presents itself but a little   
from it in the  front6    ,to be grave4 
,there was nothing more natural than    
that those different  symbols should be 
thus united4 ,i have shown that in the  
various copies of  our annals1 the      
,round ,towers1 or overground temples1  
are designated by  the name of          
,fidh-nemead1 the meaning of which ,i   
have elucidated to be1  the consecrated 
,lingams3 the ,mithratic caves1 or      
underground temples1  their             
correspondents1 it was to be expected1  
should be known by a  suitable          
denomination2 and1 accordingly1 you will
 find this very one at  ,new ,grange    
mentioned in the ,chronicon ,scotorum by

 the title of ,fiodh  ,aongusa2 that is1
 the ,mysterious ,cavern of ,buddh2     
while the  crucifixions upon the former1
 and the cruciform shape of the  latter1
 are the reverential memorials of his   
atoning dissolution4    ,the mysteries  
celebrated within the recesses of those 
caverns were  precisely of that         
character which are called ,freemasonic1
 or ,cabiric4  ,the signification of    
this latter epithet is1 as to written   
letters1 a  desideratum4 ,selden has    
missed it2 so has ,origen and           
,sophocles4 ,strabo1  too1 and          
,montfaucon1 have been equally astray4  
,hyde was the only one who  had any idea
 of its composition1 when he declared   
8it was a ,persian  word somewhat       
altered from ,gabri1 or ,guebri1 and    
signifying  fire-worshippers40    ,it is
 true that ,gabri now stands for        
fire-worshippers1 but that is  only     
because that they assumed to themselves 
this title1 which belonged to  another  
order of their ancestors4 ,the word is  

derived from gabh1 8a  smith10 and ir1  
8sacred10 meaning the sacred smiths2 and
 ,cabiri  being only a perversion of it 
is1 of course1 in substance1 of the very
  same import4    ,mount ,caucasus1#dji 
also1 which still1 in our language1     
retains its  original pronunciation1 of 
,gaba-casan1 or the ,smith's ,path1 was 
named  from the same root2 nor is the   
tradition of the reason altogether      
obliterated from those who dwell beside 
it1 if we may judge from a  ceremony    
described by a recent traveller1 as     
performed by them1 as  follows3--       
8,the original founders of the          
,tartarian ,mongolian ,scythians1 called
 ,cajan  and ,docos1 got embarrassed    
amongst those mountains1 then           
uninhabited4  ,after a sojourn there of 
#dej years1 having become so numerous as
 to  require other settlements1 they    
were at a loss to find a passage through
  the mountains1 when a smith1 pointing 
out to them a place very rich in  iron  
ore1 advised them to make great fires   

there1 by which means the ore  melted1  
and a broad passage was opened for them4
 ,in commemoration of which  famous     
march1 the ,mongols to this day         
celebrate an annual feast1 and  observe 
the ceremony of heating a piece of iron 
red hot1 on which the  ,ceann 7that is1 
the chief7 strikes one blow with a      
hammer1 and all the  persons of quality 
do the same after him40    ,i shall     
close this chapter by the description   
given of the destruction of  ,cambyses's
 army in the ,nubian desert1 after the  
insults offered by him to  the ,cabiri  
priests4      8,gnomes1 o'er the waste1 
you led your myriad powers1    ,climb'd 
on the whirls1 and aim'd the flinty     
showers2    ,onward resistless rolls the
 infuriate surge1    ,clouds follow     
clouds1 and mountains mountains urge2   
,wave over wave the driving desert      
swims1    ,burst o'er their heads1      
inhumes their struggling limbs2    ,man 
mounts on man1 on camels camels rush1   
,hosts march o'er hosts1 and nations    

nations crush3    ,wheeling in air1 the 
winged islands fall--    ,and one great 
sandy ocean covers all40#daj            
,,chapter ,,xxv4      ,on the east side 
of the river ,shannon1 about ten miles  
distant from  ,athlone1 in the barony of
 ,garrycastle1 and ,king's ,county1 is  
situated the  ,sanctuary of             
,clonmacnoise4 ,within the narrow limits
 of two ,irish acres1  are here         
condensed more religious ruins1 of      
antiquarian value1 than are  to be      
found1 perhaps1 in a similar space in   
any other quarter of the  habitable     
world4    ,nine churches1 built         
respectively by the individuals whose   
names they  bear1 namely3 7#a7 that of  
,macarthy ,more2 7#b7 that of           
,melaghlin2 7#c7 that  of ,mac,dermott2 
7#d7 that of ,hiorphan2 7#e7 that of    
,kieran2 7#f7 that of  ,gawney2 7#g7    
that of ,o',kelly2 and 7#h7 that of     
,o',connor2--independently of  the      
cathedral1--here moulder1 in kindred    
mortality1 with the ashes of  nobles1 of

 princes1 and of kings1 entombed beneath
 their walls2 and who1  at feud1 mayhap1
 in life1 are now content to sleep      
beside each other1  8their warfare      
o'er10 in the levelling indistinction of
 death4    ,your curiosity is1 no doubt1
 excited to know how so circumscribed a 
little  spot could have been chosen as  
the nucleus of such ecclesiastical      
ambition8 ,the answer is found in the   
circumstance of this having been one  of
 the strongholds of ,budhism1 in the    
days of its corruscations1 which  made  
it now be singled out1 in common with   
other places memorable for that  creed1 
as the appropriate locality for         
,christian superincumbency4    ,two     
,round ,towers1 the chief object of     
emulation1 are1 as you may have         
supposed1 here to be encountered3 and   
these are the very ones1 which the      
reader may recollect have been alluded  
to at p4 #ch1 as ridiculously  claimed  
by ,montmorency for ,christian--because1
 forsooth1 in the  vagueness of popular 

titles1 they are recently distinguished 
by the  names of ,mac,carthy and        
,o',rourke6    ,the ,eastern columns1   
denominated after ,pompey#daa and       
,cleopatra1#dab have been equally       
productive of historical mistakes2      
until1 at last1 it has appeared that    
those celebrated lovers have had no     
more to do with such erections1 than    
have had the ,o',rourkes or             
,mac,carthys with our ,round ,towers6   
,here also are three crosses belonging  
to the same religion1 to one of  which  
only shall ,i now direct your           
observation4 ,it is fifteen feet high1  
composed of a single stone1 and         
sculptured with imagery of the most     
elegant execution4    ,the devices upon 
this sculpture are such as you would    
have expected from  the authors of the  
,allegory of the ,paradisiacal ,fall3   
and here1  accordingly1 it presents     
itself1 just as in language they had    
clothed  it1 in all the mysteriousness  
of the figurative tree4    ,illustration

    ,immediately over the equestrian and
 chariot sports1 which decorate the     
pedestal1 you see ,adam and ,eve        
conversing at each side of this symbol  
of  their dearly-bought knowledge6      
,farther up are other emblems of        
mythological allusion3 while1 in the    
centre above1 you observe a ,cabir      
priest1 alias1 a ,freemason1 holding the
 implements of his craft--a high        
honour--in his hand2#dac and encompassed
 by a retinue of several more  persons1 
all in the glow of joy6    ,the other   
sides1 though less complex1 are not less
 graceful1 nor less  significant1 than  
the two which ,i have introduced4 ,in   
them1 also1  everything bears reference 
to the ,budhist ceremonial4 ,nor are the
  mouldings and the flowerings1 the     
networks1 and other ornaments  which    
figure upon them1 the least essential   
constituent of that fruitful            
code1#dad--while the personation of a   
dog1--an invariable  accompaniment1 as  
it is also amongst the sculptures at    

,persepolis1 and  other places in the   
,east1--would1 in itself be sufficient  
to fix the  appropriation of those      
crosses1 as that animal can have no     
possible  relation to ,christianity1    
whereas1 by the ,tuath-de-danaans1 it   
was  accounted sacred1 and its          
maintenance enjoined by the ordinances  
of the  state1 as it is still in the    
,zend books1 which remain after         
,zoroaster4    ,to ,clondalkin ,tower1  
represented at p4 #aja1 there belongs   
also a stone  cross1 and bearing its own
 history upon its ,tuath-de-danaan      
countenance4  ,in ,armagh is another4 ,i
 cannot afford time to point out any    
more1 but that  at ,finglas is too      
remarkable to be quite neglected4       
,every body is acquainted with the      
legendary tale of ,st4 ,patrick having  
banished all venomous reptiles from this
 island4 ,now1 ,i am very willing1  as  
has been shown1 to give this apostle all
 the credit which he deserves2  but ,i  
am a chronicler of truth1 and from me he

 shall have no romances4  ,solinus1 who 
flourished ,a4,d4 #aij1 that is1 above  
two centuries before ,st4  ,patrick was 
born1 has noticed the phenomenon of     
there being no vipers  here4 ,isidore   
has repeated it in the seventh century2 
as has ,bede in the  eighth2 and1 in the
 ninth1 ,donatus1 the famous bishop of  
,fesula4 ,this  exemption1 therefore1   
cannot be attributable to ,st4 ,patrick1
 whose honour  would be better consulted
 by his religious admirers in confining 
themselves to facts1 which are numerous 
enough1 than in shocking  credibility by
 their pious frauds4    ,as to the local
 phenomenon1 to which you perceive he   
can have no  pretensions1 ,i cannot     
resist bestowing upon it a passing      
observation4  ,bede1 ,i think1 has gone 
so far as to say that not only are there
 no snakes  to be found in ,ireland1 but
 that they would not live1 if imported3 
nay1  that1 when brought within sight of
 the shore1 they expire6 ,i should like 
to see this ascertained2 if the fact be 

such1 then the question is solved1  the 
air or the soil is the cause4    ,but if
 the case be otherwise1 then must we    
ascribe it to some human                
instrumentality2 and1 as there occur    
various texts in ,scripture1 allusive1  
it would seem1 to a very prevailing     
opinion in the ,east1 as to the         
manageableness of that species1 by the  
power of charms1--such as1 8,i will     
send serpents1 cockatrices1 among you1  
which will not be charmed0 7,jer4  viii4
 #ag72 and 8the deaf adder that stoppeth
 her ear1 which will not  hearken to the
 voice of charmers1 charming never so   
wisely0 7,ps4 lvii4 #d1  #e72--;and as  
our ,tuath-de-danaans1 who were an      
,eastern people1 are  recorded by all   
our early ecclesiastical writers1 and   
with no view to  encomium1 as so eminent
 for incantations1 that the island      
seemed1 during  their sway1 to have been
 one continuation of enchantment1 it is 
past  doubt1 that1 if practicable by    
man's efficacy at all1 the merit of     

extinction belongs solely to them4 ,and 
it is well worth notice1 that the       
island of ,crete1 where a colony of them
 also had settled1 is said to be  gifted
 with a similar exemption4 8,the        
professed snake-catchers in ,india10    
says ,johnson1 8are a low caste of      
,hindoos1 wonderfully clever in catching
  snakes1 as well as in practising the  
art of legerdemain2 they pretend to     
draw them from their holes by a song1   
and by an instrument resembling an      
,irish bagpipe1 on which they play a    
plaintive tune40#dae    ,every legend1  
however1 is founded upon reality1 and ,i
 will unfold to  you from what has      
,joceline concocted this about ,st4     
,patrick4 ,all the  crosses of the      
,tuath-de-danaans had snakes engraved   
upon them4 ,look  back at that at       
,killcullen1#daf and you will see them  
there still1 and  more plainly1 by and  
by1 upon that at ,kells4 ,these to the  
,irish were  objects of reverence1      
because of the passions which they      

symbolised2 and  accordingly the ,saint1
 in order to obviate the recurrence of  
such  contemplations1 effaced them1 when
 practicable1 from off the stones4#dag  
,the same precisely was the course1 but 
with a less hallowed intention1  which  
the ,moslems had pursued in the         
dissemination of their creed4           
8,whenever10 says ,archer1 8these       
figures were introduced1 the fanatic    
,moslem had hammered away all those     
within his reach2 and when this process 
was too slow for the work of demolition1
 another mode of obliteration was       
requisite4 ,whole compartments of       
sculpture were plastered over to hide   
the  profane imagery6 ,in clearing away 
the rubbish1 to bring these beautiful   
remains to light1 the engineer stumbled 
on a long frieze1 part of which  had had
 the destroying mallet passed over it2  
but this method of despatch  was not    
active enough1 and that portion which   
had escaped violence1 had  been         
plastered over with a composition of the

 colour of the stone40#dah    ,we read  
also in the ,puranas1 as an historical  
circumstance1 that the whole  serpent   
race had been destroyed by ,janamijaya1 
the son of ,parieshit1  which1 in truth1
 only implies1 as the talented professor
 of ,sanscrit in  ,oxford ,university   
has already remarked1 8the subversion of
 the local and  original superstition1  
and the erection of the system of the   
,vedas upon  its ruins40    ,st4        
,patrick1 in like manner1 having        
established ,christianity here1 in      
supercedence of a religion1 the most    
prominent symbols of which were  snakes1
 cockatrices1 and serpents1 may be truly
 said to have  extirpated their race    
from the country1 but1 as you see1 in an
  acceptation heretofore unexplained4   
,the statement given by ,major ,archer  
of the symbolic representations  upon   
one of the ,indian temples1 as well as  
the particulars of its fate1  are so    
perfectly in unison with what ,i have   
been describing1 that ,i must  be       

excused if ,i give it a place here4     
8,reached ,burwah-,saugor10 says he4    
8,immediately on the right is a ,hindoo 
temple1 which ,i think one of the rarest
 sights1 on the score of  architecture  
and sculpture1 which have gratified our 
curiosity4 ,the work  of the chisel     
would have immortalised the artist had  
he lived in the  present day4 ,i have   
never seen its execution rivalled1      
although tolerably  conversant with     
similar objects of art4 ,the elegance of
 design--the  arrangement of the        
figures1 which were too numerous to be  
computed--the  position of them--the    
sharp and bold relief--and the elaborate
 ornaments  of foliage and animals1     
render it one of the most remarkable    
monuments of art it is possible to      
conceive4 ,there are compartments on    
the lintels of the doors and the        
entablature1 four deep2 figures of the  
subordinate deities in the voluminous   
code of ,brahma1 symbols of their       
attributes1 sacred utensils1 and        

animals4 ,two vases are on the          
threshold1 which1 for shape and         
execution1 would compete the palm of    
excellence with ,grecian art4 ,wreaths  
of snakes1 and groups of men and  women1
 are on the columns1 which also have    
their ornaments1 and are  well          
proportioned4    8,i could not resist a 
second visit to this edifice1 which1 at 
the risk of  appearing opinionative1 ,i 
can seriously aver1 ,i never saw        
equalled for  richness and taste2 but   
the hand of intolerant bigotry has      
marred the work  of fair proportion4    
,the fanatical ,moslems1 who overran the
 country in the  time of ,acbar1 broke  
and defaced every image they saw2 and1  
with few  exceptions1 the head of every 
figure1 of any size or importance1 has  
been  demolished2 and nothing remains   
but relics1 which attest the advance of 
the arts at the time the structure was  
reared40    ,the effects of fanaticism  
are the same in all ages4 ,it desecrates
 alike  human and divine laws4 ,st4     

,patrick was no fanatic2 and            
accordingly1 in  his course1 what he    
could not himself comprehend1 he was    
resolved1 at  all events1 to have       
respected4 ,those crosses1 therefore1   
which had  previously been looked upon  
with an eye of veneration1 though the   
cause  had long ceased to be            
transmitted1 he literally               
,christianised1 by  removing the        
sculpture2 and thus were they made1 in  
the ritual of the new  religion1 as     
hallowedly expressive as they were ever 
before4    ,precisely similar was the   
system pursued by the missionaries in   
,india4    8,the island of ,salsette10  
says ,captain ,head1 8abounds in        
mythological  antiquities and pagan     
temples--two gigantic figures of        
,buddha1 near twenty  feet high1 of     
complete preservation1 which they owe to
 the zeal of the  ,portuguese1 who      
painted them red1 and converted the     
place they ornamented  to a ,catholic   
chapel40    ,the ,pantheon at ,rome was 

new modelled in the same manner4 ,in a  
word1 as  ,grotius has before affirmed1 
8infinite appropriations have been      
made40    ,but1 independently of this   
conversion1 the conformity itself       
between the  ,christian and the ,budhist
 religion was so great that the         
,christians1 who  rounded the ,cape of  
,good ,hope with ,vasco de ,gama1       
performed their  devotions in an ,indian
 temple1 on the shores of ,hindustan6   
,nay1 8in many  parts of the peninsula10
 say the ,asiatic ,researches1          
8,christians are  called1 and considered
 as followers of ,buddha1 and their     
divine  legislator1 whom they confound  
with the apostle of ,india1 is declared 
to  be a form of ,buddha1 both by the   
followers of ,brahma and those of ,siva2
  and the information ,i had received on
 that subject is confirmed by ,f4       
,paulino40    ,it was not so with those 
who made religion a trade1 and only the 
auxiliary  password to their selfish    
aggrandisement6 ,when the 8abomination  

of  desolation0#dai swept over this     
country1 and strewed the verdure of its 
surface with the indiscriminate         
fragments of cathedrals1 of castles1 and
  of towers1 the crosses but as little  
escaped the scourge6    ,having had     
occasion to pass through ,finglas1 on   
their march to the siege  of ,drogheda1 
and fancying the cross which stood there
 to have been  necessarily the erection 
of obnoxious ,romanism1 they gave it an 
iconoclast blow1 which broke its shaft  
into two6 ,thus decapitated1 it  fell4  
,but the citizens1 wishing to avoid     
further profanation1 soon as ever  the  
army evacuated the town1 took the       
disjointed relic and buried it very     
decorously within the confines of the   
churchyard6    ,here it remained1 in    
consecrated interment1 until the        
beginning of the  year #ahaf1 when an   
old man of the parish1 recounting       
anecdotes of bygone  times1 mentioned   
amongst others1 the particulars of this 
tradition1 and  excited some curiosity  

by the narrative4    ,illustration      
,the ,rev4 ,robert ,walsh was then      
curate of ,finglas1 and this mysterious 
history having reached his ears1 he     
determined forthwith to ascertain its   
evidences4 ,his first step was to see   
the chronicler himself4--,this          
personage's name was ,jack ,white4      
,jack1 who was himself well stricken in 
years1 told him that he had learned1 a  
long while ago1 from his father1  who   
was then himself rather elderly1 that he
 had been shown by his still  older     
grandfather the identical spot where the
 cross had been concealed1  and could   
point it out now to anyone with         
certainty and preciseness4    ,the      
proposal was accepted2 workmen were     
employed2 and1 after considerable       
perseverance1 the cross was exhumed1 its
 parts reunited by iron  cramps1 and    
re-erected1 as opposite1 within a short 
distance of the  scene of its           
subterranean slumbers1 as if in         
renascent triumph over the  destroyer6  

8,let such approach this consecrated    
land    ,and pass in peace along the    
magic waste3    ,but spare its          
relics--let no busy hand    ,deface the 
scene1 already how defaced6    ,not for 
such purpose were those altars placed3  
,revere the remnants nations once       
revered2    ,so may our country's name  
be undisgraced1    ,so may'st thou      
prosper where thy youth was reared1     
,by every honest joy of love and life   
endeared40#dbj          ,,chapter       
,,xxvi4      ,it will be borne in mind  
that everything hitherto advanced on the
 various  topics which we have been     
discussing1 was the sheer result of     
internal  reasoning and of personal     
circumspection--that1 wherever extrinsic
 aid was  brought forward in support of 
this unbeaten track1 it was uniformly in
 the  shape of conclusions deduced from 
the premises of reluctant witnesses4 ,i 
rejoice1 with delight unspeakable1 that 
,i have it at last in my power to  range
 myself side by side with an author     

whose testimony in this matter  must be 
considered decisive1 but which1 however1
 by some strange  aberration of         
intellect1 has never before been        
understood6    ,cormac1#dba the         
celebrated bishop of ,cashel1 and one of
 the first  scholars who ever flourished
 in any country1 when defining the      
,round  ,towers in his ,glossary of the 
,irish ,language1 under the name of     
,gaill#dbb says1 that they were 8,cartha
 cloacha is aire bearor gall  desucder  
,fo bith ro ceata suighedseat en        
,eire10--that is1 stone-built  monuments
 within which noble judges used to      
enclose vases containing the  relics of 
,fo 7i4e4 ,buddh71 and of which they had
 erected hundreds  throughout ,ireland6 
,knowing that the ,ceylonese ,dagobs1 a 
name which literally signifies  houses  
of relics1 were appurtenances of        
,budhism1 ,i intreated of a very        
intelligent native of that island1 who  
attended the ,vihara1 at ,exeter  ,hall1
 some time ago1 that he would favour me 

with a written outline of his  views of 
those structures4 ,after a few days1 he 
very civilly obliged me  with the       
following3--    8,travellers to the     
,eastern countries often have their     
notice attracted by  numerous buildings 
of a singular form and enormous sizes1  
both in ruins  and in preserved states1 
about the origin and objects of which   
many  inquiries have been made1 and     
various conclusions drawn4 ,these are   
monuments raised in ancient times to the
 memory of deified persons1 and  called 
,chaityas1 to which places devotees used
 to resort for meditation1  especially  
those who had any particular veneration 
for the deceased1 whose  relics are     
supposed to be deposited within1 and on 
whose virtues they  quietly reflect1    
availing themselves of the solitude of  
such places2 and  if in their own       
imaginations the personages are deified1
 they make  offerings of lamplight1 etc4
    8,in exploring the ruins of these   
pyramids1 the inside of the globes are  

found to contain loose earth1 merely    
filled up after the arches had been     
raised2 in such loose earth are found   
ancient coins of various metals1        
supposed to be thrown in1 in token of   
respect or veneration1 whilst  building2
 but in the very centre of the globe is 
always found a square  well1 paved with 
bricks1 and the mouths covered by hewn  
granite1 borne on  granite supporters1  
standing in the four corners of the     
square 7sometimes  triangular74 ,in this
 well1 if the monument of a king 7and if
 not robbed  by ancient invaders71 will 
be found the urn containing the relics  
of the  deceased1 and treasure to a     
considerable worth4 ,sometimes there may
 be  discovered a piece of beaten gold1 
or other metal1 with engravings1        
mentioning the name and other           
circumstances of the deceased4 ,if a    
,buddhist  king1 idols of ,buddha might 
be found in it--but in others1 sometimes
  earthen or metallic lamps1 and heads  
of cobra de capellas4    8,in similar   

monuments1 erected for the relics of    
,buddha1 are three  different           
compartments or depositories2 one in the
 bottom of the  foundation1 one in the  
heart of the globe1 and one at the top  
of the globe  within the column4 ,this  
column always has its basis upon the    
granite  covering of the well4 ,in      
monuments of this description are       
supposed to be  much buried treasure1   
especially in the foundations4 ,the     
,paly book1  ,toopahwanse1 gives account
 of the distribution of the ,buddha's   
relics to  the different parts of the   
world1 and the erection of such         
monuments over  them4    8,monuments of 
eminent ,buddhist high priests are      
sometimes erected very  high1 but no    
treasure is to be expected in them1     
excepting sometimes books  engraved on  
metal2 but the tomb of the poorest      
prince is never without 7at  least in   
models7 a golden crown1 a sword of the  
same metal1 a pair of  metallic shoes1  
and a similar parasol4    8,besides     

having learnt from tradition and ancient
 documents1 the writer  has seen the    
discovery of the tomb of a prince1 in   
which these articles  were found1 with a
 plate of gold1 stating the name of the 
prince1 his age1  death1 etc41 which he 
had the pleasure to transcribe2 the     
characters were  in a different form    
from those now used in the same         
language1 and hardly  intelligible4     
8,the writer had also the pleasure of   
exploring the ruins of a very lofty     
,dagob that stood opposite to the       
establishment of the ,church            
,missionaries  in ,ceylon4 ,it was found
 to have been the tomb of a monarch1 and
 had the  appearance of having been     
robbed of the wealth it very likely     
contained1  upwards of a century ago1 as
 the trees that were growing on it      
indicated4  ,a large quantity of ancient
 coins1 and metal of different kinds1   
melted  into various shapes 7perhaps    
with burning of the corpse71 were1      
however1  collected4    8,ceylon        

contains many ancient pyramids of the   
kind in a preserved state1  and         
protected by the people1 which are      
supposed to contain much wealth1  but   
the superstitious do not dare to        
explore1 and others fear the laws1      
which will permit violence to no man's  
feelings40#dbc    ,having before shown  
how that the religion of the ancients   
was interwoven  with their funeral      
observances1 this ocular testimony was  
alone requisite  to gain credence for my
 proofs4 ,i can still further adduce the
 authority  of ,dr4 ,hurd1#dbd to show  
that the ,gaurs of ,india1 to this day1 
make use  of the ,round ,towers#dbe in  
their neighbourhood as places of burial1
  lifting up the dead bodies to the     
elevated door by means of ladders and   
pulleys4 ,none of those three writers   
have attempted anything more than a     
statement of the actualities1 therefore 
will ,i be excused if1 in addition  to  
what has been already detailed1 ,i      
observe that1 sublime and philosophic   

as was the intent of the phallic        
configuration of those edifices1        
applied to religion1 it was incomparably
 more so1 considered in  reference to   
sepulture2 for while1 in the former1 it 
merely typified the  progress of        
generation and vitality1 in the latter  
it suggested the  more ennobling hope of
 a future renascence and a resurrection4
    ,that the reader1 now aware of the  
8secret0 which directed the form and    
elevation of our ,sabian ,towers1 should
 not be surprised at the affinity  which
 ,i have before pointed out between them
 and the two 8pillars0 which  stood at  
the door of ,solomon's temple1#dbf ,i   
shall tell him that the  whole internal 
construction of this latter edifice1 as 
well as those outer  and partial        
ornaments1 bore direct relation to the  
anatomical organism of  man himself4    
,to instance only the most prominent of 
those analogies1 you will find the      
8holy0 and the 8most holy0 bear the same
 relation to each other1 as the         

cerebrum and cerebellum of the human    
mechanism4 ,nor need this at all be     
wondered at1 seeing that1 from the very 
faintest reflection1 it must  suggest   
itself to the most indolent that the    
divine ingenuity most  prominently      
shines forth in the human anatomy2 and  
that1 therefore1 from  the exalted      
sentiments which this is calculated to  
inspire of the ,godhead1  8the noblest  
study of mankind is man40#dbg           
,viewing it in this light1 and coupling 
it with that piety which is known  to   
have animated the bosom of ,david's     
anointed son1 ,i cannot pass on  without
 participating in that sublime          
exclamation1 which bespoke at once  his 
gratitude and his humility1 after the   
consummation of his mighty task4  8,but 
will ,god10 said he1 8indeed dwell on   
earth6 ,behold6 the heaven and  the     
heaven of heavens cannot contain ,thee1 
how much less this house that ,i  have  
builded60#dbh    ,now to the era for the
 erection of our ,round ,towers4 8,as   

they have  neither dates nor            
inscriptions10 say ,sir ,john ,ware1    
8and as history is  silent on that head1
 it cannot be expected that ,i should   
point out the  time when they were      
erected in this country40#dbi ,a very   
cheap way1  certainly1 of getting over a
 difficulty6 ,the same was the mode     
adopted by  him1 and with equal candour1
 a few pages earlier1 as to the         
development of  their destination1 when 
he says3 8,i confess it is much easier  
to combat  and overthrow everything that
 has been hitherto advanced by writers  
in  favour of the ,danish claim to these
 monuments of antiquity and the  uses of
 them1 than to substitute anything solid
 and satisfactory in  their room40#dcj  
,but inasmuch as the latter problem has 
been solved1 one  is led to conclude    
that the obstacles to the former are but
 imaginary  also4    ,to begin then4    
,camden1 speaking of them1 in the       
thirteenth century1 says  he believes   
them to have been erected in the        

seventh1 but does not know by  whom6    
,but ,i put it to any rational thinker  
to say whether1 if they had  been a     
creation of the seventh century1 it     
would be possible for a writer  of the  
thirteenth to have been ignorant of     
their origin1 and that too at a  time   
when tradition was universal8 and every 
father made it a point to  instil into  
his son the events and circumstances    
that happened in his own  day8 ,this    
writer's testimony is sufficient1 at all
 events1 to show that  they existed in  
the seventh century4    ,bishop ,cormac1
 we have seen before1 has recorded them 
as objects of  antiquity in his own     
time2 and this being1 at the latest1    
within the ninth  century1 they must    
have had existence before the seventh2  
else they could  not well be deemed     
ancient two centuries after4    ,the    
,ulster annals record the destruction of
 fifty-seven of them by an  earthquake1 
,a4,d4 #ddh2 they must1 therefore1 have 
existed before that  century also4 ,but 

the ,royal ,irish ,academy say no2      
because that tradition  connects a      
person called the ,goban ,saer1 and 8the
 historical notices  relative to whom   
have been collected into ,mr4 ,petrie's 
essay 444 with the  erection of this    
7the ,antrim ,tower71 as well as others 
in the north of  ,ireland60#dca ,as     
every notice1 therefore1 respecting so  
important a  character must be eagerly  
sought after1 ,i shall take leave to    
transcribe  what the same high authority
 tells us of him1 in the following      
words1  namely3--    8,i have not       
learned the particular period at which  
he flourished1 but  tradition says that 
he was superior to all his              
contemporaries in the art  of building2 
even in that dark age when so little    
communication existed  between countries
 not so remotely situated1 his fame     
extended to distant  lands4 ,a ,british 
prince1 whose possessions were very     
extensive1 and who  felt ambitious of   
erecting a splendid palace to be his    

regal residence1  hearing of the high   
attainments of the ,goban ,saer in his  
sublime science1  invited him to court1 
and by princely gifts and magnificent   
promises  induced him to build a        
structure1 the splendour of which       
excelled that of  all the palaces in the
 world4 ,but the consummate skill of the
 artist had  nearly cost him his life1  
for the prince1 struck with the         
matchless beauty  of the palace1 was    
determined that it should stand         
unrivalled on the  earth1 by putting the
 architect to death1 who alone was      
capable of  constructing such another1  
after the moment the building received  
the  finishing touches of his skilful   
hand4    8,this celebrated individual   
had a son1 who was grown up to man's    
estate2  and anxious that this only     
child should possess1 in marriage1 a    
young  woman of sound sense and ready   
wit1 he cared little for the factitious 
distinctions of birth or fortune1 if he 
found her rich in the gifts of  heaven4 

,having killed a sheep1 he sent the     
young man to sell the skin at  the next 
market town1 with this singular         
injunction1 that he should bring  home  
the skin and its price at his return4   
,the lad was always accustomed  to bow  
to his father's superior wisdom1 and on 
this occasion did not stop  to question 
the good sense of his commands1 but bent
 his way to town4 ,in  these primitive  
times it was not unusual to see persons 
of the highest  rank engaged in menial  
employments1 so the townsfolk were less 
surprised  to see the young ,goban      
expose a sheep-skin for sale1 than at   
the absurdity  of the term1 #8the skin  
and the price of it4' ,he could find no 
chapman1  or rather chapwoman 7to coin a
 term71 for it was women engaged in     
domestic  business that usually         
purchased such skins for the wool4 ,a   
young woman at  last accosted him1 and  
upon hearing the terms of sale1 after   
pondering a  moment agreed to the       
bargain4 ,she took him to her house1 and

 having  stripped off all the wool1     
returned him the bare skin1 and the     
price for  which the young man          
stipulated4 ,upon reaching home1 he     
returned the skin  and its value to his 
father1 who learning that a young woman 
became the  purchaser1 entertained so   
high an opinion of her talents1 that in 
a few  days she became the wife of his  
son1 and sole mistress of ,rath ,goban4 
8,some time after this marriage1 and    
towards the period to which we before   
referred1 when the ,goban ,saer and his 
son were setting off1 at the  invitation
 of the ,british prince1 to erect his   
superb palace1 this young  woman        
exhibited considerable abilities1 and   
the keenness of her  expressions1 and   
the brilliancy of her wit1 far outdid1  
on many occasions1  the acumen of the   
,goban ,saer himself2 she now cautioned 
him1 when his old  father1 who did not1 
like modern architects1 ,bianconi it    
along macadamised  roads1 got tired from
 the length of the journey1 to shorten  

the road2  and1 secondly1 not to sleep a
 third night in any house without       
securing  the interest of a domestic    
female friend4 ,the travellers pursued  
their  way1 and after some weary walking
 over flinty roads1 and through         
intricate  passages1 the strength of the
 elder ,goban yielded to the fatigue of 
the  journey4 ,the dutiful son would    
gladly shorten the road for the wayworn 
senior1 but felt himself unequal to the 
task4 ,on acquainting his father  with  
the conjugal precept1 the old man       
unravelled the mystery by bidding  him  
commence some strange legend of romance1
 whose delightful periods  would beguile
 fatigue and pain into charmed          
attention4 ,irishmen1 ,i  believe1 are  
the cleverest in ,europe at #8throwing  
it over' females in  foreign places1 and
 it is pretty likely that the younger   
,goban did not  disobey the second      
precept of his beloved wife4 ,on the    
second night of  their arrival at the   
king's court1 he found in the person of 

a female of  very high rank 7some say   
she was the king's daughter71 a friend  
who gave  her confiding heart to all the
 dear delights that love and this ,irish
  experimentalist could bestow4 ,as the 
building proceeded under the skilful    
superintendence of the elder ,goban1 the
 son acquaints him with the  progress of
 his love1 and the ardent attachment of 
the lady4 ,the cautious  old man bade   
him beware of one capable of such       
violent passion1 and take  care lest her
 jealousy or caprice might not be       
equally ungovernable1 and  display more 
fearful effects4 ,to discover her       
temper1 the father ordered  him to      
sprinkle her face with water as he      
washed himself in the  morning--that if 
she received the aspersion with a smile1
 her love was  disinterested1 and her   
temper mild2 but if she frowned darkly1 
her love  was lust1 and her anger       
formidable4 ,the young man playfully    
sprinkled the  crystal drops on the face
 of his lover--she smiled gently--and   

the young  ,goban rested calmly on that 
tender bosom1 where true love and       
pitying  mildness bore equal sway4      
8,the wisdom of the ,goban ,saer and his
 sapient daughter-in-law was soon       
manifested2 for1 as the building        
approached its completion1 his lady-love
  communicated to the young man the     
fearful intelligence that the king was  
resolved1 by putting them to death when 
the work was concluded1 that they       
should erect no other such building1    
and1 by that means1 to enjoy the        
unrivalled fame of possessing the most  
splendid palace in the world4 ,these    
tidings fell heavily on the ear of the  
,goban ,saer1 who saw the strong        
necessity of circumventing this base    
treachery with all his skill4 ,in an    
interview with his majesty1 he acquaints
 him that the building was being        
completed2 and that its beauty exceeded 
everything of the kind he had done      
before1 but that it could not be        
finished without a certain instrument   

which he unfortunately left at home1 and
 he requested his royal permission  to  
return for it4 ,the king would by no    
means consent to the ,goban ,saer's     
departure2 but anxious to have the      
edifice completed1 he was willing to    
send a trusty messenger into ,ireland   
for that instrument upon which the      
finishing of the royal edifice depended4
 ,the other assured his majesty  that it
 was of so much importance that he would
 not entrust it into the  hands of the  
greatest of his majesty's subjects4 ,it 
was finally arranged  that the king's   
eldest son should proceed to ,rath      
,goban1 and1 upon  producing his        
credentials to the lady of the castle1  
receive the  instrument of which she had
 the keeping1 and which the ,goban ,saer
 named  #8,cur-an-aigh-an-cuim4' ,upon  
his arrival in ,ireland1 the young      
prince  proceeded to fulfil his errand2 
but the knowing mistress of ,rath       
,goban1  judging from the tenor of the  
message1 and the ambiguous expressions  

couched under the name of the pretended 
instrument1 that her husband and        
father-in-law were the victims of some  
deep treachery1 she bad him  welcome1   
inquired closely after her absent       
friends1 and told him he should  have   
the object of his mission when he had   
refreshed himself after the  fatigues of
 his long journey4 ,beguiled by the     
suavity of her manners and  the wisdom  
of her words1 the prince complied with  
her invitation to remain  all night at  
,rath ,goban4 ,but in the midst of his  
security1 the domestics1  faithful to   
the call of their mistress1 had him     
bound in chains1 and led  to the dungeon
 of the castle4 ,thus the wisdom of the 
,goban ,saer and the  discrimination of 
his daughter completely baffled the     
wicked designs of  the king1 who        
received intimation that his son's life 
would surely atone  for the blood of the
 architects4 ,he dismissed them to their
 native country  laden with splendid    
presents2 and1 on their safe arrival at 

,rath ,goban1  the prince was restored  
to liberty40#dcb    ,gentlemen of       
,england1 where is your knowledge of    
history8 which of your  famed monarchs  
was it that was going to play this      
scurvy trick upon our  ,goban1 and earn 
for himself the infamous notoriety of a 
second  ,laomedon1 by defrauding this   
architect1 who no doubt was a ,hercules1
  of his stipulated salary8 ,ye shades  
of ,alfred and of ,ethelbert1 ,i pause  
for a reply8    ,but this indignity1 if 
offered to ,goban1 would be even greater
 than that  offered by ,laomedon to     
,hercules2 for in the latter case the   
crime was only  that of                 
dishonesty--which is not uncommon in any
 age--superadded to a  spice of impiety1
 in cheating a god2 but in the former   
case1 over and  above all these1 would  
weigh a consideration which our people  
would never  forget1 namely1 a violation
 of the laws of gallantry1 this same    
,goban  8having been believed in this   
part of this country to have been a     

woman60#dcc ,and yet the same vehicle   
that puts forth this trash has  told us1
 in the preceding extract1 that he was a
 father and a husband6  7,i do not      
believe in hermaphrodites71 and1 to     
crown the climax of  absurdity1 gives us
 the following specimen of the heroism  
of his wife1  namely3--    8,the ,goban 
,saer having been barbarously murdered1 
together with his  journeymen1 by twelve
 highwaymen1 the murderers proceeded to 
his house1  and told the ,goban's wife1 
with an air of triumph1 that they had   
killed  her husband4 ,she appearing     
nowise concerned1 asked them to assist  
her in  drawing open the trunk of a     
tree1 which the ,goban had been cutting 
up into  planks4 ,they put in their     
hands for the purpose1 when1 drawing out
 a  wedge1 she left them literally in a 
cleft stick1 and taking up an axe1 cut  
off all their heads at a blow06#dcd     
,but this is ludicrously trifling with  
the time of my readers4 ,i am alive  to 
the fact1 and ,i most submissively crave

 forgiveness1 which ,i doubt not  ,i    
shall receive1 when ,i state that my    
sole object was to expose the           
flimsiness of that subterfuge by which  
the ,royal ,irish ,academy1 or  rather  
their council6 had hoped that they could
 blindfold the public as  well as they  
had succeeded in sequestrating my prize6
    ,i do not deny indeed but that there
 may have been in ,ireland at one time  
such a person as the ,goban ,saer3 but  
if ever he did belong thereto1 it  must 
have been at least sixteen hundred years
 before the epoch which the  ,academy   
sanction--and so sanction1 be it        
observed1 because that a  weak-minded   
poor monk1 when writing the biography of
 ,st4 ,abhan1 and  torturing his        
invention1 in all quarters1 for the     
purpose of conjuring up  miracles to lay
 to his score1 thought the similarity of
 sound between  ,abhan and ,gobhan so   
inviting1 that he must contrive an      
interview  between the parties2 and so1 
with 8one fell swoop10 alias1 dash of   

the  pen1 cutting off the centuries of  
separation1 he treats himself and his   
pupils to the following burlesque3--    
8,quidam famossissimus in omni arte     
lignorum et lapidum erat in  ,hibernia  
nomine ,gobbanus1 cujus artis fama usque
 in finem sculi erit in  ea4 ,ipse jam  
postquam1 aliis sanatis1 in superflua   
artis su mercede lumen  oculorum amisit1
 et erat ccus4 ,hic vocatus est ad ,s4  
,abbanum et dixit ei3  ,volo dificium in
 honorem ,dei dificare1 et tu age illud4
 ,et ille ait3  ,quomodo possum agere   
cum sim ccus8 dixit ei sanctus1 ,quamdiu
 illud  operaberis lumen oculorum       
habebis1 sed tibi postea non promitto4  
,et ita  factum est1 nam ille artifex   
apud sanctum ,dei in lumine suo operatus
 est1  et cum esset illud perfectum     
lumen oculorum amisit0#dce--that is1 in 
the  true spirit of what my countrymen  
call a sceal ,feeneechtha1 or  ,phnician
 story1 i4e4 an entertaining lie 7a     
proof1 by the way1 that  they claim no  
kindred with the ,phnicians1 else they  

would not thus  confirm the well-known  
epithet of ,punica fides72 however to   
put this  sceal ,feeneechtha into       
,english1 it runs thus3 8,once upon a   
time there  lived in ,erin a man most   
celebrated for his universal mastery    
over wood  and stone2 and whose fame1   
accordingly1 will live therein as long  
as  grass shall grow or purling streams 
flow in its enchanting scenery4  ,this  
good man's name was ,gobhan1 who1       
wallowing in wealth from the            
meritorious exertions of his abilities1 
yet incapacitated from enjoying it  by  
the deprivation of his sight1 was       
summoned before ,st4 ,abhan1 who had    
already healed the rest of the world by 
his miraculous gifts1 and who thus      
addresses him3 #8,i wish to build a     
house to the honour of ,god2 and set you
  about it4' #8,how can ,i1' says       
,gobhan1 #8seeing that ,i am blind8'    
#8,o  very well1' says ,abhan1 #8,i will
 settle that2 long as ever you are      
engaged in the business1 you shall have 

the use of your eyes2 but ,i make  no   
promises afterwards6' ,and verily it was
 so1 for long as ever he did  work with 
the saint he had the use of his sight1  
but soon as ever the work  was done he  
relapsed into his former blindness60    
,well1 you may laugh if you chose1 in   
future1 at the simplicity of the  monks2
 but here is one for you1 who1 in the   
very extravagance of his  simplicity1   
and that while bursting almost with     
risibility himself at the  speciousness 
of his conceit1 has contrived to        
bamboozle a jury of  umpires who pique  
themselves upon their contempt for      
everything  monkish1 and who actually1  
in any other case1 had they the sworn   
evidence of a monk1 would go counter    
thereto2 but here1 where an old  doting 
friar is drawing upon his ingenuity1    
every syllable that escapes  him is     
taken for gospel6    ,now1 ,i as readily
 believe1 as they would fain persuade   
me1 that 8long as  ,gobhan did work with
 ,abhan he had the use of his sight10   

and that  8soon as ever the work was    
done he relapsed into his former        
blindness40  ,and why8 because the two  
men1 living in different ages1 never    
laid eyes  upon each other at all1 and  
thus were they both1 morally and        
literally1  blind to each other6    ,the
 ,scythians1 who were masters of this   
country at the ,christian era1 and  for 
many centuries preceding1 had a         
sovereign contempt for everything like  
architecture4 8,they have no towns10    
says ,herodotus1 8no fortifications2    
their habitations they always carry with
 them40#dcf ,the principle which        
actuated them1 in this indifference to  
houses1 was precisely that which        
governed the ,britons in a similar      
taste--they were a race of warriors1    
and dreaded the imputation of cowardice 
more than they did the  inclemency of   
the weather4 ,it is not without reason1 
therefore1 that we  find ,hollingshed1  
who wrote his ,chronicles in ,queen     
,elizabeth's reign1  complaining that   

8three things were altered for the worse
 in ,england3 the  multitude of chimneys
 lately erected1 the great increase of  
lodgings1 and  the exchange of treen    
platters into pewter1 and wooden spoons 
into silver  and tin4 ,nothing but oak  
for building houses is now regarded3    
when houses  were built with willow1    
then had we oaken men2 but now our      
houses are  come to be built of oak1 our
 men are not only become willow1 but a  
great  many altogether of straw40#dcg   
,st4 ,bernard1 also1 in reference to the
 ,irish1 having mentioned that  ,malachy
 ,o',morgan1 archbishop of ,armagh1 was 
the first 7of the ,scythian  race7 who  
had erected a stone house in the island1
 introduces a native  upbraiding him    
with it1 in these terms3 8,what         
wonderful work is this8 why  this       
innovation in our country8 we are       
,scots1 and not ,gauls1 what  necessity 
have we for such durable edifices80     
,st4 ,abhan1 therefore1 who belonged to 
the sixth century1 at which time  the   

,scythians had here absolute sway1 never
 once dreamt of erecting a  stone       
edifice1 or of evoking from the grave   
the manes of ,gobhan1 who1 if  he ever  
existed1 must have been a member of the 
former dynasty4    ,those pious         
fabrications which the biographers of   
early saints had  concocted1 with a view
 to magnify the reverence due to their  
subjects1  remind me of one which was   
invented for the benefit 7but in reality
 to the  detriment7 of ,st4 ,patrick1   
and which1 even at the risk of appearing
  tedious1 ,i must detail4              
8,whereas10--you perceive the record    
begins with all the formalities of      
office1--8in the year of the world      
#aebe1 ,noah began to admonish the      
people  of vengeance to come by a       
generall deluge for the wickednesse and 
detestable sinne of man1 and continued  
his admonition for #abj years1  building
 an arke for the safeguard of himself   
and his family2 one ,csarea  7say they71
 according unto others1 ,caisarea1 a    

niece of ,noah 7when others  seemed to  
neglect this warning71 rigging a navy1  
committed herself1 with  her adherents1 
to the seas1 to seeke adventures and    
leave the plagues that  were to befall4 
,there arrived in ,ireland with her     
three men1 ,bithi1  ,largria1 and       
,fintan1 and fifty women4 ,within forty 
days after her  arrivall the universal  
flood came upon them1 and those parts1  
as well as  upon the rest of the world1 
and drowned them all2 in which          
perplexity of  mind and imminent danger1
 beholding the waves overflowing all    
things  before their eyes1 ,fintan is   
said to have been transformed into a    
salmon1 and to have swoome all the time 
of the deluge about ,ulster2 and  after 
the fall of the water1 recovering his   
former shape1 to have lived  longer than
 ,adam1 and to have delivered strange   
things to posterity1 so  that of him the
 common speech riseth1 #8,if ,i had     
lived ,fintan's years ,i  could say     
much4'0    ,well1 8to make a long story 

short10 this same ,fintan1 who was      
converted  into a salmon1 for the sole  
purpose of accounting for his appearance
 on  the same theatre with ,st4         
,patrick1 is introduced to the saint1   
when1 after  a very diverting episode   
upon his submarine adventures1 a        
miracle1 of  course1 is to be wrought2  
and1 anon1 we have the contemporary of  
,noah1  and of ,patrick1 at once a      
salmon1 a dolphin1 and a man1 renouncing
  his attachment to the waters and to   
the boat1 and devoutly embracing        
,christianity666    ,the anachronism    
committed in the instance of the ,goban 
,saer was  precisely of the same        
character6 and the very name assigned   
him1 which is  that of a class1 not of  
an individual1 exposes the counterfeit6 
,gobhan ,saer means the ,sacred ,poet1  
or the ,freemason ,sage1 one of  the    
,guabhres1 or ,cabiri1 such as you have 
seen him represented upon  the          
,tuath-de-danaan cross at ,clonmacnoise4
 ,to this colony1 therefore1 must  he   

have belonged1 and therefore the ,towers
 traditionally associated with  his     
erection must have been constructed     
anterior to the ,scythian influx4       
,but we are not left to such inferences 
to determine the point4 ,a more         
substantial ally1 the imperishable      
landmarks of history stand forward as   
my vouchers4    ,to this hour the two   
localities1--whereon the                
,tuath-de-danaans had fought  their two 
decisive battles with the ,fir-,bolgs1  
their immediate  predecessors in the    
occupation of this island1--one near    
,lough ,mask1 in  the county ,galway1   
and the other near ,lough ,arran1 in the
 county  ,roscommon1 are called by the  
name of ,moy-tura1 or more correctly1 in
  ,irish1 ,moye-tureadh6    ,the meaning
 of this compound1 beyond the           
possibility of disputation1 is  ,the    
field of the ,towers6 ,and when in both 
those places are still traced  the ruins
 of such edifices1 are we not inevitably
 forced to connect1 as  well their      

erection as the imposition of the name1 
with the fortunes  or with the feelings 
of some side of the above combatants8   
,you will say1 then1 that the           
,fir-,bolgs were as likely to have      
originated  the name1 and built those   
structures upon the site1 in reliance   
upon  their divinities1 as that the     
,tuath-de-danaans should have been the  
authors in gratitude to theirs8    ,our 
only mode1 therefore1 is to consider the
 vestiges of their respective           
religions3 and when we perceive that in 
the isles of ,aran1 whither the         
,fir-,bolgs betook themselves after     
their first defeat1 for the period      
intervening between those two battles1  
commemorated by the above name1  there  
appears not a vestige of architectural  
masonry approaching in  character to a  
,columnar temple1 while1 on the         
contrary1 they abound in  specimens of  
,druidical veneration1 is it not evident
 that they1 at all  events1 have no     
claim thereto8    ,the worship1         

therefore1 of the ,fir-,bolgs differed  
altogether from that of  the            
,tuath-de-danaans1 and so they are      
excluded from those immortal  memorials4
 ,indeed the avidity with which they    
hailed the approach of a new  conqueror1
 and tendered him their assistance for  
the reduction of the  island1 arose not 
so much from any fondly-cherished hope  
of their being  themselves restored to  
the throne they had lost1 or even       
allowed therein a  participation1 as    
from an illiberal aversion to the       
emblematic ritual of  their             
temple-serving superiors1 which their   
ignorant prejudices could not  allow    
them to appreciate6    ,we are          
warranted1 then1 ,i presume1 in         
assigning solely to the                 
,tuath-de-danaans the affixing of the   
name ,moy-tureadh to those two  scenes  
of their success4 ,and did there even a 
doubt remain on the mind  of the most   
incredulous as to the accuracy of the   
inference1 or the  correctness of that  

reasoning1 which would identify this    
people with the  erections in general of
 those rotundities1 it will hide its    
diminished  head1 and vanish with       
self-abasement1 when ,i bring forward   
the testimony  of ,amergin1 brother to  
,heremon and1 ,heber1--the immediate    
victors of this  religious order--in the
 following graphic and pictorial        
treasure1 as still  religiously         
preserved in the ,book of ,leccan1      
viz43--      8,aonoch righ ,teambrach   
,teamor ,tur ,tuatach    ,tuath ,mac    
,miledh    ,miledh ,long ,libearne40    
,that is--      ,noble is the ,king of  
,teamor1    ,teamor the ,tuathan ,tower1
    ,tuaths were the sons of ,miledh1   
,miledh of the ,libearn vessels4        
,here1 then1--a circumstance which ,i   
cannot imagine how it could have        
escaped all before me6--we have this    
disputed question at length settled1    
and incontrovertibly adjudicated by the 
very head of that body which            
,montmorency had assured us never       

alluded to those edifices as a subject  
of  national boast--,i mean the ,bards4 
,for1 whether we admit this ,amergin to 
have been the person above              
described1#dch the actual contemporary  
and  successor of the                   
,tuatha-de-danaans1 or as the other of  
that name who  belongs to the ,christian
 age1 and the time of ,st4 ,patrick1 the
 supposition  is equally valid1 to prove
 the existence of those structures      
anterior to  their respective eras6 and 
the ascription in either case remains   
unshaken and irrefragable1 which in the 
word ,tuathan ,tower unites the  ,tower 
erectors with the colony of the ,tuatha6
    ,my opponents may now demolish1 if  
they can1 all my foregoing deductions1  
as speedily as they please1--nay1 did   
the destructiveness of fire1 or  other  
untoward accident1 deprive me of the    
deductions of my preceding  labours1 to 
this one stanza would ,i cling1 as the  
palladium of my truth2  to this landmark
 would ,i adhere as my 8ne plus ultra0  

against error1 in  its encroachments    
upon history6#dci    ,in the whole      
catalogue of ,irish deposits1 there     
exists not one of more  intrinsic value 
to the lover of antiquities1 so far as  
the right  settlement of history is     
concerned1 than what those four lines   
present4  ,for1 in the first place1 we  
learn that the celebrity of ,teamor#ddj 
arose  not from any gorgeous suit of    
palaces of a castellated outline4 ,its  
renown  consisted in being the central  
convention for religious celebration to 
all  the distant provincials once in    
every year2 who1 after attending the    
games  in the adjoining district of     
,tailtine1 now ,telltown1 adjourned1 for
  legislative deliberations1 to the     
,hill of ,tarah1 where they propounded  
their plans1 not within the confined    
enclosures of any measured dome1 but    
under the open canopy of the expanded   
firmament4    ,teamor1 then1 was not a  
palace at all1 but one of the ,round    
,towers1 or  ,budhist ,temples1         

belonging to the ,tuath-de-danaans2 and 
this is further  proved by the result of
 researches1 made to explore the        
foundation of an  edifice1 confirmatory 
of a regal mansion1 having all ended in 
the most  confuting disappointment--no  
vestiges could be found save those of   
the  ,round ,tower6    ,the importance  
which attaches to the ,tailtine games   
above noticed1 makes  it necessary that 
,i should bestow upon them something    
more than a cursory  glance4 ,let me1   
therefore1 first state what other       
writers have said  respecting them4     
8,we attribute10 says ,abb ,mac         
,geoghegan1 8to ,lugha ,lamh ,fada1 one 
of their  ancient kings1 the institution
 of military exercises at ,tailton in   
,meath2  those exercises consisted in   
wrestling1 the combats of gladiators1   
tournaments1 races on foot and on       
horseback1 as we have seen them         
instituted at ,rome a long time after by
 ,romulus1 in honour of ,mars1 which    
were called #8,equitia4' ,these games at

 ,tailton1 which ,gratianus ,lucius and 
,o',flaherty call #8ludi ,taltini1' were
 celebrated every year1 during thirty   
days1 that is1 fifteen days before1 and 
fifteen days after1 the first of  our   
month of ,august4 ,on that account1 the 
first of ,august has been1 and is  still
 called in ,ireland1 #8,lah             
,lugh-,nasa1' which signifies a day in  
memory  of ,lugha4 ,these olympiads     
always continued amongst the ,milesians 
until the  arrival of the ,english4 ,we 
discover to this day some vestiges of   
them1  without any other change than    
that of time and place4 ,wrestling1     
which we  call in ,france #8le tour du  
,breton1' the exercises of gladiators1  
and races  on foot1 are still on        
festival days their common diversion in 
various  districts of ,ireland1 and the 
conquerors generally receive a prize40  
8,tailtean10 says ,seward1 8a place in  
the county of ,meath1 where the  ,druids
 sacrificed in honour of the sun and    
moon1 and heaven and  earth1 on the     

first of ,august1 being the fifth       
revolution of the moon  from the vernal 
equinox4 ,at this time the states       
assembled1 and young  people were given 
in marriage1 according to the custom of 
the eastern  nations4 ,games were also  
instituted1 resembling the ,olympic     
games of the  ,greeks1 and held fifteen 
days before and fifteen days after the  
first of  ,august4 ,this festival was   
frequently denominated ,lughaid         
,naoislean1 or the  ,matrimonial        
,assembly40    8,this chapter10 says    
,vallancey1 8might have been lengthened 
many pages1  with the description and   
etymology of the various ornaments of   
female  dress1 but enough has been said 
to convince the reader that the ancient 
,irish brought with them the ,asiatic   
dress and ornaments of their  ancestors1
 for they could not have borrowed these 
names of ,spaniards1  ,britons1 ,danes1 
or ,norwegians4    8,thus dressed and   
ornamented1 the youthful females of     
,ireland appeared at  ,tailetan1 or the 

mysteries of the sun1 on the first day  
of ,august in  each year1 when the      
ceremony of the marriage of the sun and 
moon took  place1 and the females were  
exposed to enamour the swains4 ,the day 
still  retains the name of ,luc-nasa1 or
 the ,anniversary of the ,sun4 ,and the 
name of the month of ,august1 in        
,sanscrit1 is ,lukie1 whom they make the
  wife of ,veeshnu1 the preserver and   
goddess of plenty4 ,so the ,irish poets 
have made this festival1 named          
,lucaid-lamh-fada1 i4e4 the ,festival of
  ,love1 the consecration of hands1 to  
be the feast of ,luigh-lamh-fada1 or    
,luigh-longumans1 to whom they have     
given ,tailte for wife1 who1 after his  
death1 was married to ,duach40    8,the 
,taltenean sports10 says ,sir ,james    
,ware1 8have been much celebrated by    
the ,irish historians4 ,they were a sort
 of warlike exercises1 something        
resembling the ,olympic games1          
consisting of racing1 tilts1            
tournaments1  or something like them1   

and other exercises4 ,they were held    
every year at  ,talten1 a mountain in   
,meath1 for fifteen days before and     
fifteen days  after the first of        
,august4 ,their first institution is    
ascribed to  ,lugaid-lam-fadhe1 the     
twelfth ,king of ,ireland1 who began his
 reign ,a4,m4  #bgfd1 in gratitude to   
the memory of ,tailte1 the daughter of  
,magh ,mor1 a  prince of some part of   
,spain1 who1 having been married to     
,eochaid1 ,king of  ,ireland1 took this 
,lugaidh under her protection1 and had  
the care of his  education in his       
minority4 ,from this lady both the      
sports and the place  where they were   
celebrated took their names4 ,from ,king
 ,lugaidh the first  of ,august was     
called ,lugnasa1 or the memory of       
,lugaidh1 nasa signifying  memory in    
,irish40    ,the truth is1 that those   
games were called ,tailtine 7whence the 
,english  ,tilts71 and the place        
,tailton1 from ,tailte1 which1 in our   
language1  signifies a wife2 and the    

sports1 there exhibited1 made but a     
representation of the victory which     
,budha gained over ,mara1 the great     
tempter1 who had attacked him on the day
 of his attaining to perfection1  with  
an innumerable host of demons4 ,the     
conflict is said to have lasted  for    
fifteen days1 at the end of which ,budha
 reduced them to submission1  and to the
 acknowledgment of his pretensions as   
the ,son of ,god4    ,the battle-scenes1
 therefore1 with which the              
,tuath-de-danaan crosses  and obelisks  
are decorated1 bear reference1 all of   
them1 to this religious  achievement3   
and to this hour you will find those    
identical games  celebrated in various  
parts of the east1 and for the same     
number of days6  ,in ,egypt1 also1 there
 was a place called ,tailtal1#dda and   
named from the  same cause4 ,nay1 the   
name of the ,eleusinian mysteries was   
,tailtine6 but  this the ,greeks not    
comprehending1 they bent it1 as usual1  
to some  conformity to their own        

language1 and made ,teletai of it6 and  
then they  were at no loss in making a  
reason for it in like manner1 namely1   
that  no one could be finished until    
initiated therein6    ,but it is not    
alone as assigning those edifices to    
their real proprietors  that this       
8stanza0 is of value2 but as giving us  
an insight into that  mysterious        
personage whom our modern chroniclers   
would fain represent as  the father of  
,heber and ,heremon4 ,a greater error1  
whether voluntary or  accidental1 was   
never incurred4 ,heber and ,heremon were
 the sons of  ,gallamh1 and invaded this
 island at the head of a ,scythian      
colony1#ddb  distinct in all respects1  
save that of language1#ddc from their   
,tuathan  predecessors4    ,these       
predecessors were headed by three       
brothers1 ,brien1 ,iuchordba1 and       
,iuchor1 the sons of ,king ,miledh1 a   
,fo-morian1 by a queen of the           
,tuath-de-danaan race1 agreeably to this
 record in the ,book of ,leccan1        

viz43--    8,d',hine fine ,fo-mora      
dosomh de shaorbh a athor1 agus do      
,tuathabh  ,dadanann a mhathar0--that   
is1 the father was of the race of the   
,fo-morians1 and the mother a           
,tuath-de-danaan4    ,again1 in the     
,seabright ,collection1 this genealogy  
is prosecuted further1  and from it1    
,general ,vallancey translates some     
lines1 which are by no  means           
irrelevant1 as follows1 viz43 8,cuill1  
,ceacht1 and ,grian1 were the  children 
of little ,touraine--and their          
descendants1 ,uar1 ,jurca1 ,jurcatha2   
and from ,uar was descended ,brian1 who 
was named ,touran2 and many others  not 
here enumerated40    ,but the history of
 those events having been destroyed by  
time1 the  degenerate ,pheeleas1 wishing
 to flatter the vanity of the existing  
powers1 did not hesitate to ascribe to  
the ,scythian1 or modern ,irish1        
followers of ,heber and ,heremon1 those 
brilliant features of primeval          
immortality which appertained           

exclusively to the ,irish of another    
day--the  ,hyperborean or ,iranian      
,irish6    ,the ,tuath-de-danaans having
 been proved the authors of the ,round  
,towers1  my ambition in the            
investigation is already attained4 ,but 
since we are  told1 that this people had
 claimed possession of the island as    
inheritors  of an antecedent and        
preoccupying eastern colony1 it may be  
worth while to  inquire whether we can  
discover any traces to connect those    
predecessors  with any of these         
edifices4 ,without bestowing upon it1   
however1 more  consideration than what  
the exigency demands1 ,i will briefly   
observe1 that  we are likely to find    
such in the history of the ,fo-moraice1 
who are  represented in our chronicles1 
by the party who had ejected them1 under
  the obnoxious character of monsters   
and giants4#ddd    ,it is high time to  
give up those abuses in the import of   
words4  ,fo-moraic means literally the  
mariners of ,fo1 that is1 of ,budh3 and 

their religion being thus identified    
with that of the  ,tuath-de-danaans1    
what could be more natural than that    
they should have  erected temples of the
 same shape with theirs8    ,this       
deduction will appear the more credible 
from the unanimity of all our           
historians1 on the subject of this      
people having been perfect masters of   
masonry1 as well as from the universally
 credited report in the days of         
,cambrensis1 of some of the ,towers     
being then visible beneath the          
inundation of ,lough ,neagh4#dde    ,i  
confess ,i am one of those persons who  
give faith to this tradition2 for  even 
my experience of the vicissitudes of all
 things earthly has enabled  me to say1 
in the words of the philosophic poet1   
that--      8,where once was solid land 
seas have ,i seen1    ,and solid land   
where once deep seas have been1         
,shells far from seas1 like quarries in 
the ground1    ,as anchors have in      
mountain tops been found4    ,torrents  

have made a valley of a plain1    ,high 
hills by floods transported to the main1
    ,deep standing lakes sucked dry by  
thirsty sand1    ,and on late thirsty   
earth now lakes do stand40              
,,chapter ,,xxvii4      ,having promised
 early in this volume to identify our   
island with the  ,insula ,hyperboreorum 
of antiquity1 ,i shall1 without further 
tarrying1  produce the extract referred 
to1 from ,diodorus2 and1 lest ,i may be 
suspected of adapting it to my own      
peculiar views1 it shall appear         
minutely in ,mr4 ,booth's translation1  
viz43--    8,amongst them that have     
written old stories much like fables1   
,hecatus and  some others say1 that     
there is an island in the ocean1 over   
against ,gaul1  as big as ,sicily1 under
 the arctic pole1 where the             
,hyperboreans inhabit1  so called       
because they lie beyond the breezes of  
the north wind4 ,that the  soil here is 
very rich and very fruitful1 and the    
climate temperate1  insomuch as there   

are two crops in the year4    8,they say
 that ,latona was born here1 and        
therefore that they worship  ,apollo    
above all other gods2 and because they  
are daily singing songs in  praise of   
this god1 and ascribing to him the      
highest honours1 they say  that these   
inhabitants demean themselves as if they
 were ,apollo's priests1  who has here a
 stately grove and renowned temple of   
round form1 beautified  with many rich  
gifts4 ,that there is a city likewise   
consecrated to this  god1 whose citizens
 are most of them harpers1 who1 playing 
on the harp1  chant sacred hymns to     
,apollo in the temple1 setting forth his
 glorious  acts4 ,the ,hyperboreans use 
their own natural language1 but1 of long
 and  ancient time1 have had a special  
kindness for the ,grecians2 and more    
especially for the ,athenians and them  
of ,delos2 and that some of the         
,grecians passed over to the            
,hyperboreans1 and left behind them     
divers  presents#ddf inscribed with     

,greek characters2 and that ,abaris     
formerly  travelled thence into ,greece1
 and renewed the ancient league of      
friendship  with the ,delians4    8,they
 say1 moreover1 that the moon in this   
island seems as if it were near  to the 
earth1 and represents1 on the face of   
it1 excrescences like spots  on the     
earth2 and that ,apollo once in nineteen
 years comes into the  island2 in which 
space of time the stars perform their   
courses and return  to the same point2  
and therefore the ,greeks call the      
revolution of  nineteen years the ,great
 ,year4 ,at this time of his appearance 
they say  that he plays upon the harp1  
and sings and dances all the night1 from
 the  vernal equinox#ddg to the rising  
of the ,pleiades1#ddh solacing himself  
with the praises of his own successful  
adventures4 ,the sovereignty of this    
city and the care of the temple1 they   
say1 belong to the ,boreades1 the       
posterity of ,boreas1 who hold the      
principality by descent in the direct   

line from that ancestor40    ,when      
copying this narrative from the writings
 of ,hecatus1 it is evident  that       
,diodorus did not believe one single    
syllable it contained4 ,he looked  upon 
it as a romance2 and so far was he from 
identifying it with any  actual         
locality1 that he threw over the whole  
an air of burlesque4 ,we are1           
therefore1 not at all obliged for the   
services he has rendered--yet shall  we 
make his labours subservient to the     
elucidation of truth4 ,little did he    
dream that ,ireland1 which he1 by and   
by1 expressly mentions by the name of   
,irin1 and which he calumniates as      
cannibal1 was one and the same with that
  isle of which he read such encomiums  
in the writings of former  antiquaries2 
and1 most unquestionably1 it did require
 no small portion of  research to       
reconcile the contradiction which the   
outline involves1 and  which is now     
further enhanced by his scepticism4     
,unable to solve this difficulty1 ,mr4  

,dalton--wishing to retain1 by all      
means1 the ,hyperborean isle1 which1    
indeed1 he could not well discard1  yet 
not bring it in collision with the      
,iranian libel--does not hesitate  to   
throw at once overboard into the depth  
of the ,atlantic the island of  ,irin   
7alias ,ireland71 and affirm that it    
never was the place which the  historian
 had specified4 8,it is not quite       
certain10 says he1 8what place          
,diodorus means by ,iris2#ddi from the  
turn of the expression it would  rather 
appear to be a part of                  
,britain1--perhaps the ,erne1 for which 
,mr4  ,james ,m',pherson contends in    
another place1--while the island which  
,diodorus does mention in the remarkable
 pages cited above1 and which so        
completely agrees with ,ireland1 is     
never called ,iris by him1 nor does the 
name occur again in all his work1 nor is
 it by any other author applied to      
,ireland40#dej    ,mind1 now1 reader1   
how easily ,i reconcile the conflicting 

fact of  ,diodorus's incredulity with   
his positive defamation4    ,at the     
period when he flourished as an         
accredited historian1 the occupancy  of 
,ireland had passed into new hands4 ,the
 ,scythians were the persons then       
possessed of the soil2 and they being a 
warlike tribe1 averse to letters1  to   
religion1 and to refinement1#dea--;but  
overwhelming in  numbers1--obliterated  
every vestige of that primeval renown in
 which the  island had once gloried1 and
 which afforded theme and material to   
the  learned of all countries for eulogy
 and praise4    ,hecatus was one of     
those who depicted in glowing colours   
the primitive  splendour and the        
ethereal happiness of ,ireland's first  
inhabitants4 ,he  belonged to an age    
which was well called antiquarian1 even 
in the day in  which ,diodorus wrote1   
viz4 ,b4,c4 #dd2 and when1 therefore1   
this latter1  looking over the pages of 
his venerable predecessor1 saw them so  
replete  with incidents1--at variance   

with our condition in his own degenerate
  day1--he did not only not dream of    
considering ,ireland as the place       
described1 but looked upon the whole    
story as the fiction of a dotard4       
,let us1 however1 despite of ,diodorus1 
establish the veracity of the           
antiquarian ,hecatus4 ,then behold the  
situation of this island1 just  opposite
 to ,france1--in size as large as       
,sicily1--at once corresponding to  the 
locality and size of ,ireland1 and      
subversive of the claims of those  who  
would fain make ,england1 ,anglesea1 or 
one of the ,hebrides1 the island        
specified4    ,considering further the  
prolificacy of its soil1 and with that  
compare  what the old poet has          
affirmed1--and what we know to be       
true1--of our own  country1 viz43--     
8,illic bis niveum tondetur vellus in   
anno    ,bisque die referunt ubera tenta
 greges40    ,then bring its propinquity
 to the 8arctic pole10 and the high     
northern  latitude which ,strabo#deb and

 other ancients have assigned to        
,ireland1  into juxtaposition with      
8,hyperborean10 the name given to its   
inhabitants  from the very circumstance 
of their lying so far to the north1 and 
the  identity of the isle with that in  
which each true ,irishman exults is     
infallibly complete when ,i quote from  
,marcianus ,heracleotes--who wrote in   
the third century1 and who1 as he       
himself avows1 only drew up a compendium
  from the voluminous works of          
,artemidorus1 who flourished in the     
hundred  and sixty-ninth ,olympiad1 or  
#ajd years before ,christ--the following
  description of this sacred island1    
viz4 8,iuvernia1 a ,british isle1 is    
bounded on the north 7ad ,boream7 by the
 ocean called the ,hyperborean2 but  on 
the east by the ocean which is called   
the ,hibernian2 on the south by  the    
,virginian ocean4 ,it has sixteen       
nations and eleven illustrious cities1  
fifteen remarkable rivers1 five         
remarkable promontories1 and six        

remarkable islands40    ,here the sea1  
encompassing ,ireland on the north1 is  
called the ,hyperborean  ,ocean2#dec and
 when we are told that the priests      
officiating at the round  temples of    
,apollo were called ,boreades1 we can   
readily understand the  origin of the   
name1 as derived from ,boreas1 the deity
 who presided over  the north-east wind1
 to which they offered their vows1--just
 as we find  the ,emperor ,augustus     
erecting a temple at ,rome1 many        
centuries after1 to  the wind called    
,circius4    ,to this deification of the
 energies of nature1 which1 as before   
affirmed1  was but part and parcel of   
that form of worship called ,sabaism1   
the author  of the ,book of ,enoch has  
alluded in the following mysterious     
episode3--    8,then another angel1 who 
proceeded with me1 spoke to me2 and     
showed me the  first and last secrets in
 heaven above1 and in the depths of the 
earth3 in  the extremities of heaven1   
and in the foundations of it1 and in the

  receptacle of the winds4 ,he showed me
 how their ,spirits were divided2  how  
they were balanced2 and how both the    
springs and the winds were  numbered    
according to the force of the ,spirit4  
,he showed me the power of  the moon's  
light1 that its power is a just one2 as 
well as the divisions  of the stars1    
according to their respective names2    
that every division  is divided2 that   
the lightning flashes2 that their ,host 
immediately  obey2 and that a cessation 
takes place during thunder1 in the      
continuance  of its sound4 ,nor are the 
thunder and the lightning separated2    
neither do  both of them move with one  
,spirit2 yet are they not separated4    
,for when  the lightning lightens1 the  
thunder sounds1 and the ,spirit1 at a   
proper  period1 pauses1 making an equal 
division between them2 for the          
receptacle  of their times is what sand 
is4 ,each of them at a proper season is 
restrained with a bridle1 and turned by 
the power of the ,spirit2 which  thus   

propels them according to the spacious  
extent of the earth40    ,yet beautiful 
as is the above1 it is not much more so 
than an almost  inspired little poem1   
which appeared some time ago1 in one of 
the public  prints1 as emanating from   
the pen of an ,american lady1 named     
,goold1  personifying this element1     
viz43--      8,we come6 we come6 and ye 
feel our might1    ,as we're hastening  
on in our boundless flight2    ,and over
 the mountains and over the deep1       
,our broad invisible pinions sweep4     
,like the ,spirit of ,liberty1 wild and 
free6    ,and ye look on our works1 and 
own 'tis we2    ,ye call us the winds2  
but can ye tell    ,whither we go1 or   
where we dwell8      ,ye mark as we vary
 our forms of power1    ,and fell the   
forest or fan the flower1    ,when the  
hare-bell moves1 and the rush is bent1  
,when the tower's o'erthrown and the oak
 is rent1    ,as we waft the bark o'er  
the slumbering wave1    ,or hurry its   
crew to a watery grave3    ,and ye say  

it is we6 but can ye trace    ,the      
wandering winds to their secret place8  
,and whether our breath be loud and     
high1    ,or come in a soft and balmy   
sigh1    ,our threat'nings fill the soul
 with fear1    ,as our gentle           
whisperings woo the ear    ,with music  
arial1 still 'tis we1    ,and ye list1  
and ye look2 but what do ye see8    ,can
 ye hush one sound of our voice to      
peace1    ,or waken one note when our   
numbers cease8      ,our dwelling is in 
th' ,almighty's hand1    ,we come and we
 go at ,his command2    ,though joy or  
sorrow may mark our track1    ,his will 
is our guide1 and we look not back2     
,and if1 in our wrath1 ye would turn us 
away1    ,or win us in gentlest air to  
play1    ,then lift up your hearts to   
,him who binds1    ,or frees1 as ,he    
will1 the obedient winds60    ,and now1 
as to those 8temples0 themselves1 8of   
round form10 sacred to  ,apollo1 where  
will ,borlasse in his championship for  
,england1 or ,rowland in  his claims for

 the island of ,anglesea1 or ,toland and
 ,carte for the little  ,hebrides isles1
 find a single vestige of a rotund      
edifice of antiquated  consecration1    
appertaining to the age which ,hecatus  
described8--whereas1  in ,ireland1 of   
the two hundred and upwards1 with which 
its surface was1 at  one time1 adorned1 
we have not only vestiges of each and   
all to this  day2 but1 out of the sixty 
that survive1--after an interval of more
 than  three thousand years             
standing1--about twenty still display   
their ,grynean  devotion and their      
,hyperborean tranquillity1 and are      
likely so to do for  three thousand     
years more1 should this world1 or our   
portion of it1 but  last so long6    ,to
 give soul to the solemnisation of this 
religious pomp1 the ,irish have  ever   
cultivated the mysteries of music4 ,the 
harp more particularly had  enlisted the
 energies of their devotional regard1   
and their eminence in  its management   
made ,hecatus well observe1 that 8the   

inhabitants were  almost exclusively    
harpers40 ,this was a very suitable     
accompaniment to  their worship of      
,apollo1 who was himself the reputed    
inventor of this  instrument2 and       
accordingly we find that1 even in the   
twelfth century1  broken down and       
obliterated as every vestige of the real
 ,irish then was1  by the ungenial      
amalgamation of the ,scythian and       
,danish intruders1 the  harp was still  
preserved as the last remnant of their  
glory2 while the  elegance of their     
compositions and performance upon it    
extorted this  reluctant acknowledgment 
from the prejudiced ,cambrensis3--      
8,the attention10 says he1 8of this     
people to musical instruments1 ,i find  
worthy of commendation2 their skill in  
which is1 beyond comparison1  superior  
to that of any nation ,i have seen4 ,for
 in these the modulation  is not slow   
and solemn1 as in the instruments of    
,britain1 to which we are  accustomed1  
but the sounds are rapid and            

precipitate1 yet1 at the same  time     
sweet and pleasing4 ,it is wonderful    
how1 in such precipitate rapidity  of   
the fingers1 the musical proportions are
 observed1 and1 by their art1  faultless
 throughout4    8,in the midst of their 
complicated modulations and most        
intricate  arrangement of notes1 by a   
rapidity so sweet1 a regularity so      
irregular1 a  concord so discordant1 the
 melody is rendered harmonious and      
perfect1  whether the cords of the      
diatesseron or diapente are struck      
together4 ,yet  they always begin in a  
soft mood1 and end in the same1 that all
 may be  perfected in the sweetness of  
delicious sounds4 ,they enter on1 and   
again  leave1 their modulations with so 
much subtlety1 and the tricklings of the
  small notes sport with so much freedom
 under the deep note of the bass2  they 
delight with so much delicacy1 and      
soothe so softly1 that the  excellency  
of their art seems to be in concealing  
it40#ded    ,clarsech and ,cruit were   

both names which the ,irish gave their  
harp1 from  the musical board and the   
warbling of the strings respectively4   
,but the  favourite designation was that
 of ,orphean1 an evident derivation from
  ,orpheus1 the divine musician of the  
ancients1 who is said to have stayed    
the course of rivers1 and lulled the    
listening woods1--to have moved the     
stones into prescribed positions1 and   
tamed the savage propensities of        
man--all by the instrumentality of his  
speaking lyre6    8,as regards ,orpheus 
himself10 says the learned ,barker1 8he 
is stated by  some ancient authorities  
to have abstained from eating of flesh1 
and to  have had an abhorrence of eggs1 
considered as food1 from a persuasion   
that  the egg was the principle of all  
being4 ,many other accounts are given of
  him1 which would seem to assimilate   
his character to that of the ancient    
priests of ,india1 or ,brachmani4 ,the  
ancients1 however1 unable to discover   
any mode by which he could have obtained

 his knowledge from any other  source1  
pretended that he had visited ,egypt1   
and had there been initiated  in the    
mysteries of ,isis and ,osiris4 ,this   
appears1 however1 to be a  supposition  
purely gratuitous on the part of the    
ancient writers1 since a  careful       
examination of the subject leads        
directly to the belief that  ,orpheus   
was of ,indian origin2 that he was a    
member of one of those  ,sacerdotal     
,colonies1 which professed the religion 
of ,buddha2 and who  being driven from  
their home1 in the northern parts of    
,india1 and in the  plains of ,tartary1 
by the power of the rival sect of       
,brahma1 moved  gradually onwards to the
 west1 dispensing1 in their progress1   
the benefits  of civilisation and the   
mysterious tenets of their peculiar     
faith40    ,we know little or nothing at
 this remote day of the ancient music of
 the  ,bardic order2 that it was        
eminent1 however1 and transcendently    
superior to  that of all other          

countries1 is evident from the fact of  
its having  maintained its character    
when all our other attributes had       
notoriously  vanished4 ,caradoc admits  
that his countrymen1 the ,welsh1        
borrowed all  their instruments1 tunes1 
airs1 and measures1 from our favoured   
island4  ,carr additionally says1 that  
8although the ,welsh have been for ages 
celebrated for the boldness and         
sweetness of their music1 yet it appears
  that they were much indebted to the   
superior musical talents of their       
neighbours1 the ,irish40 ,selden asserts
 8that the ,welsh music1 for the most   
part1 came out of ,ireland with         
,gruffydh ap ,tenan1 ,prince of ,north  
,wales1  who was cotemporary with ,king 
,stephen40 ,i know not whether our      
brethren of  ,scotland will be so ready 
to acknowledge the loan4 ,but if anyone 
will  compare the spirit of their music 
with that which pervades the melodies of
  our country1 the identity will be as  
obvious as the inference is             

irresistible4    ,fuller1 in his account
 of the ,crusade1 conducted by ,godfrey 
of ,boulogne1  says1 8,yea1 we might    
well think that all the concerts of     
,christendom in  this war would have    
made no music if the ,irish harp had    
been wanting40    ,and this is the      
instrument which ,ledwich asserts we    
borrowed from the  ,ostmen6 ,insolent   
presumption6 ,neither ,ostman nor ,dane 
ever laid eyes upon  such1 until they   
saw it in the sunny valleys of the      
,emerald ,island4 ,and  had they the    
shadow of a claim either to it or to the
 ,round ,towers1 to  which its services 
were consecrated1 ,cambrensis could not 
fail  ascertaining the fact from any of 
the stragglers of those uncouth         
marauders1 who--having survived the     
carnage inflicted upon their army1 in   
the plains of ,clontarf1 under the      
retributive auspices of the immortal    
,brien--were allowed to cultivate their 
mercantile avocations in the  various   
maritime cities1 where they would       

naturally be proud to perpetuate  every 
iota of demonstrative civilisation which
 they could pretend to have  imported4  
,alas6 they imparted none1 but exported 
a great deal2 and1  what is more to be  
lamented1 annihilated its evidences6    
,but it is not alone of the property of 
this national organ that the  moderns   
would deprive us1 but the very existence
 of the instrument  they affirm to be of
 recent date6 ,why1 sir1 it is as old as
 the hills4  ,open the fourth chapter of
 the ,book of ,genesis1 and you will    
find it there  recorded that 8,jubal was
 the father of all such as handle the   
harp and  organ40    ,and now to the    
empirics of the 8,fine ,arts10#dee and  
the deniers of their  antiquity1 ,i     
shall quote the next verse1 namely1     
8,zillah1 she also bare a  son1         
,tubal-,cain1 an instructor of every    
artificer in brass and iron40#def  ,and 
in ,job xxviii4 #b it is said that 8iron
 is taken out of the earth1 and  brass  
is molten out of the stone40    8,in the

 north of ,europe10 says ,herodotus1    
8there appears to be by far  the        
greatest abundance of gold2 where it is 
found ,i cannot say1 except  that the   
,arimaspians1 a race of men having only 
one eye1 are said to  purloin it from   
the griffins4#deg ,i do not1 however1   
believe that there  exists any race of  
men born with only one eye60    ,had    
this esteemed author known the          
allegorical import of the word          
,arimaspians 7from arima1 one1 and spia1
 an eye71 such as it has been  explained
 at page #hf1 he would not have         
committed himself by the  observation   
with which the above extract has        
terminated4 ,no doubt he  thought it    
extremely philosophical1 because it is  
sceptical6 but let  us see if another   
instance of his scepticism will redound 
more to his  philosophy3--8,i cannot    
help laughing10 says he elsewhere1 8at  
those who  pretend that the ocean flows 
round our continent3 no proof can be    
given of  it4444 ,i believe that ,homer 

had taken what he believes about the    
ocean  from a work of antiquity1 but it 
was without comprehending anything of   
the  matter1 repeating what he had read1
 without well understanding what he had 
read60#deh    ,now1 without disputing   
with ,siberia the honour of possessing  
all this  ancient gold1 ,i will take the
 liberty of inserting an extract from   
one  of ,mr4 ,hamilton's letters on the 
,antrim coast1 which will show1 at all  
events1 the antiquity of our mining4    
8,about the year #aggj10 says he1 8the  
miners1 in pushing forward an adit      
toward the bed of coal1 at an unexplored
 part of the ,ballycastle cliff1        
unexpectedly broke through the rock into
 a narrow passage1 so much  contracted  
and choked up with various drippings and
 deposits on its sides  and bottom1 as  
rendered it impossible for any of the   
workmen to force  through1 that they    
might examine it farther4 ,two lads     
were1 therefore1  made to creep in with 
candles1 for the purpose of exploring   

this  subterranean avenue4 ,they        
accordingly pressed forward for a       
considerable  time1 with much labour and
 difficulty1 and at length entered into 
an  extensive labyrinth1 branching off  
into numerous apartments1 in the mazes  
and windings of which they were         
completely bewildered and lost4 ,after  
various vain attempts to return1 their  
lights were extinguished1 their  voices 
became hoarse1 and exhausted with       
frequent shouting2 and1 at  length1     
wearied and spiritless1 they sat down   
together1 in utter despair  of an escape
 from this miserable dungeon4 ,in the   
meanwhile1 the workmen in  the adit     
became alarmed for their safety1 fresh  
hands were incessantly  employed1 and1  
in the course of twenty-four hours1 the 
passage was so  opened as to admit some 
of the most active among the miners2 but
 the  situation of the two unhappy      
prisoners1 who had sat down together in 
a  very distant chamber of the cavern1  
prevented them from hearing altogether  

the noise and shouts of their friends1  
who thus laboured to assist them4       
8,fortunately1 it occurred to one of the
 lads 7after his voice had become       
hoarse with shouting71 that the noise of
 miners' hammers was often heard  at    
considerable distances through the coal 
works2 in consequence of this           
reflection1 he took up a stone1 which he
 frequently struck against the  sides of
 the cavern2 the noise of this was at   
length heard by the workmen1  who1 in   
their turn1 adopted a similar artifice2 
by this means each party  was conducted 
towards the other1 and the unfortunate  
adventurers  extricated time enough to  
behold the sun risen in full splendour1 
which  they had left the morning before 
just beginning to tinge the eastern     
horizon4 ,on examining this subterranean
 wonder1 it was found to be a  complete 
gallery1 which had been driven forward  
many hundred yards to the  bed of coal3 
that it branched off into numerous      
chambers1 where miners had  carried on  

their different works3 that these       
chambers were dressed in a  workmanlike 
manner3 that pillars were left at proper
 intervals to support  the roof4 ,in    
short1 it was found to be an extensive  
mine1 wrought by a set  of people at    
least as expert in the business as the  
present generation4  ,some remains of   
the tools1 and even of the baskets used 
in the works1 were  discovered1 but in  
such a decayed state1 that on being     
touched1 they  immediately crumbled to  
pieces4 ,from the remains which were    
found1 there  is reason to believe that 
the people who wrought these collieries 
anciently1 were acquainted with the use 
of iron1 some small pieces of  which    
were found2 it appeared as if some of   
their instruments had been  thinly shod 
with that metal40    ,there is no       
question but that the era when those    
collieries were before  worked1 was that
 in which the ,tuath-de-danaans were    
masters of this  island4 ,had it been at
 any later period1 we could not fail    

having some  traditions relating        
thereto4 ,iron1 therefore1 the last     
discovered of the  metals1 as stated at 
page #aae1 must have been known to this 
people3 and  the absence of any name for
 it in our vernacular language is       
accounted for  on the same principle as 
that by which those excavations         
themselves had  been so long concealed1 
namely1 the distaste of their successors
 to such  applications1 or the          
reluctance entertained to make them     
acquainted with  their worth4    ,it is 
probable1 however1 that the little      
minikin fineries of life were not  then 
in fashion--that our loaves were not    
baked in tin shapes1 as at  present1 nor
 our carriages constructed in so many   
different varieties of  form1 excluding 
altogether those worked by steam2 that  
our gunlocks were  not prepared with    
percussion caps1 nor our sofas furnished
 with air-blown  cushions2 that the     
routine of etiquette was differently    
negotiated1 and  that twenty1 or more1  

several hands were not employed in the  
finish of a  common pin1 before it could
 be dignified with the honour of acting 
a  useful part in adjusting the         
habiliments of a modern dandy3--but in  
all  the grand essentials of life--in   
all its solid refinements and elegant   
utilities1--the scholar will confess    
that those who have gone before us  have
 been fully our equals2 and traces1 too1
 are not wanting to  countenance the    
belief that even those knick-knack      
frivolities on which we  so pique       
ourselves in the present day1 have not  
been at some period  without a          
prototype1--so that the majority of     
those boasted patents for  what are     
considered discoveries or inventions of 
something new1 should  more properly be 
for recoveries1 or unfoldings of        
something old1 and  illustrative of the 
adage1 as remarkable as it is correct1  
8that there is  nothing new under the   
sun40#dei          ,,chapter ,,xxviii4  
,you ask me for the proofs of this early

 grandeur8 ,i point you to the gold     
crowns1 the gold and silver ingots1 the 
double-headed pater or censers1  the    
anklets1 lunettes1 bracelets1 fibul1    
necklaces1 etc41 which have been        
repeatedly found throughout all parts of
 ,ireland1 evidently the relics of  that
 8,sacred0 colony who gave their name to
 this island1 and who1 to the  refined  
taste which such possessions imply1     
united also the science  which appears  
in their workmanship4#dfj    ,but these 
are scanty and insufficient memorials8  
,pray1 what greater can  you produce of 
ancient ,egypt8 ,her ,pyramids8 ,our    
,round ,towers are as old2  are likely  
to be as permanent2 and are really more 
beautiful4 ,what are  the vestiges of   
ancient ,etruria8 of ,assyria8 ,troy8   
,chaldea8 nay1 of  ,babylon the ,great1 
the queen of the world8 ,a few          
consolidations of stone  and            
mortar--disjointed rubbish--and         
incrusted pottery4 ,all these we        
retain1 in addition to the thousand     

other evidences which crowd upon the    
historian4 ,and1 while ,britain can     
adduce no single vestige of the         
,romans--who subjugated that country at 
their highest period of                 
civilisation--but what1 in the words of 
my adversaries themselves1 are  8only   
monuments of barbarism10 ,i answer--no  
wonder--for the ,romans were  never to  
be compared to the ,iranian ,budhists1  
who brought all the  splendour of the   
,east to the concentrated locality of   
this ,hyperborean  ,island4    8,infant 
colonies1 forsooth1 do not carry a      
knowledge of the #8,fine ,arts'  along  
with them2 they are only to be found    
where wealth1 luxury1 and power  have   
fixed their abode40#dfa ,most sapient   
remark6 but unluckily out of  place2 for
 the authors of our ,round ,towers were 
not 8an infant colony0 at  all2 but the 
very heads and principals of the most   
polished and  refined people on the     
bosom of the habitable earth--the       
,budhists of ,iran4  ,and1 accordingly1 

in their train not only did 8wealth1    
luxury1 and power0  abound1 but they    
seemed exclusively to have taken up     
their abode amongst  them4#dfb          
,analogous to the above was the         
rhodomontade of another pillar of the   
same  order4 8,i1 nevertheless10 says   
,montmorency1 8am disinclined to believe
  that those same persons1 had they to  
choose a residence between ,syria and   
,ireland1 would have taken the wintry   
and uncultivated wilds of  ,fidh-,inis1 
in preference to the sunny plains which 
gave them  birth40#dfc    ,in both those
 cases1 of which the former is but the  
echo1 in all  opinions1 of the latter1  
our eastern extraction is only objected 
to1  considered as ,phnician2 and there1
 ,i admit that the ,colonel and his     
pupil may get an easy triumph over their
 adversaries4 ,for had the  ,phnicians  
been the erectors of those ,round       
,towers1 what was to prevent  their     
raising similar structures in ,cornwall8
 where it is indisputable  that they had

 trafficked for tin4 ,in ,spain we are  
certain that they had  established a    
home2 and why does this appear as free  
from every  evidence of columnar        
architecture as does the former place8  
,the same may  be said of other         
countries whither this people resorted1 
,citium1 ,crete1  ,cadiz1 and all the   
islands in the ,mediterranean4 ,in no   
one of them is  there to be found a     
single edifice approaching1 either in   
design or form1  the idea of a ,round   
,tower6#dfd    ,the ,phnicians1         
therefore1 can have no pretensions to   
the honour of those  memorials2 nor1    
indeed1 can their connection with       
,ireland be at all  recognised1 further 
than that1 as having been1 at one time1 
masters of the  sea1 it is merely       
possible that the ,tuath-de-danaans may 
have availed  themselves of their       
geographical information1 and even      
consigned  themselves to their pilotage 
for a secure retreat1 aloof from the    
persecution of intolerance4    ,but as  

we see from the stanza quoted at page   
#cif1 that the  ,tuath-de-danaans were  
themselves possessed of a navy2 and as  
it is  indisputable that1 long before   
the ,phnicians1 the dynasty of the      
,persians  had swept the ocean in its   
widest breadth1 there is no need for our
 giving  the ,phnicians credit even for 
this service1 which it now appears could
  be dispensed with4    ,an effort1     
however1 has been advanced to identify  
their language with  ours1 by the       
analysis of the fragment of a speech    
which occurs in one of  the plays of    
,plautus4#dfe ,the idea was ingenious1  
but totally unfounded4  ,affinity1      
undoubtedly1 there does appear1--as     
there does between all the  ancient     
languages1--but nothing like identity2  
and the very circumstance  of its having
 a distinct denomination assigned to it 
in ,ireland1 viz4  ,bearla-na-,fene1 or 
dialect of the ,phnicians 7who traded   
here1 it is  admitted71 proves it to be 
different from our local                

phraseology--the  ,iranian ,pahlavi1 the
 polished elocution of the              
,tuath-de-danaans4    ,the ,phnicians1  
besides being a mercantile people1 never
 had any monuments  of literary value1  
whereas the ,irish are known to have    
abounded in such  from the earliest     
era4#dff    ,it is true that we have    
been denied the possession of alphabetic
  characters before the time of ,st4    
,patrick3 but by whom8 ,by ,bolandus2 on
 a  false deduction from the writings of
 ,ward1 ,colgan1 ,nennius1 etc41 who    
state that this apostle was the first   
who gave the 8abjectoria10 or  alphabet 
to our nation4 ,who says otherwise8 ,but
 what alphabet was here  meant8 ,the    
,latin1 certainly1 and no other4 ,until 
then the ,irish were  strangers to the  
,roman letters2#dfg but that they were  
not to written  characters1 or the      
cultivation of them in every variety of 
literature1  is evident from the very   
fact of ,st4 ,patrick himself having    
committed to  the flames no less than   

one hundred and eighty volumes of our   
ancient  theology2#dfh as well as from  
the recorded instance of his disciple1  
,benignus1--his successor also in the   
,see of ,armagh1--having1 according to  
,ward1 written a work on the virtues of 
the ,saint1 half ,latin and half        
,irish1 and which ,jocelyne afterwards  
availed himself of1 when more fully     
detailing his biography4    ,it has been
 the custom in all ages with those who  
would pass as the  luminaries of their  
respective generations1 to maintain that
 letters and  their application were but
 a recent discovery6 ,their antiquity1  
however1  is an historical fact1 than   
which there can be no other better      
authenticated4 ,the ,bible makes        
frequent allusion to the cultivation of 
alphabetic cyphers--thus in ,ex4 xxiv4  
#d1 it is said1 8,and ,moses wrote  all 
the words of the ,lord02 and in ,josh4  
xxiv4 #bf1 8,and ,joshua wrote  these   
words in the book of the law of ,god40  
,nor is it only to the elementary part  

of literature1 but to the very  highest 
and noblest department of literary      
research that we find the  ancients had 
arrived4 ,in the history of ,job1 an    
acquaintance with  astronomy is quite   
apparent4 ,the names of ,arcturus1      
,orion1 and the  ,pleiades1#dfi are     
distinctly notified in that elaborate   
composition4#dgj  ,could this have been 
without the aid of written characters8  
,could the  abstruse calculations       
involved in that pursuit be possibly    
carried on  without an intimate         
knowledge of notation and of numbers8   
,or1 if superior  memory may effect it  
in a few cases1 without such characters 
or legible  marks1 how could the results
 arrived at1 and the steps by which they
 had  been attained1 be for any length  
of time preserved1 and their value      
handed  down to successive              
experimentalists1 unless by the         
instrumentality of  expressive signs8   
,we find1 accordingly1 in the same      
treatise1#dga the art of writing        

expressly named3 ,thus1 8,oh that my    
words were now written6 oh that they    
were printed in a book6 that they were  
graven with an iron pen and lead in  the
 rock for ever60 ,and that it was of    
long-continued usage is evident  from a 
preceding chapter1#dgb where it is said1
 8,enquire1 ,i pray thee1  of the former
 age1 and prepare thyself for the search
 of their  fathers60    ,the alphabet   
which we had here1 before the ,roman    
abjectorium1 is still  preserved1 and   
called ,beth-luis-nion1#dgc from the    
names of its first  three letters1 just 
as the ,english is denominated ,a ,b ,c1
 from a similar  cause1 and the ,greek  
,alpha-bet from a like consideration4   
,irish4            ,latin4              
,english4       #a   ,b   ,letter       
,beithe1         ,betulla1              
,birch4     #b   ,l   ,letter     ,luis1
           ,ornus1            ,wild ash4
     #c   ,n   ,letter     ,nion1       
,fraxinus1         ,ash4     #d   ,s    
,letter     ,suil1           ,salix1    

,willow4     #e   ,f   ,letter          
,fearn1          ,alnus1                
,alder4     #f   ,h   ,letter           
,huath1          ,oxiacanthus1          
,white thorn4     #g   ,d   ,letter     
,duir1           ,ilex1             ,oak
     #h   ,t   ,letter     ,timne1      
,genist4 ,spin4     ,furze4     #i   ,c 
,letter     ,coll1           ,corylus1  
,hazel4    #aj   ,m   ,letter     ,muin1
           ,vitis1            ,vine4    
#aa   ,g   ,letter     ,gort1           
,hedera1           ,ivy4    #ab   ,p    
,letter     ,peth-bhog       ,beite1 or 
,b mollified1    #ac   ,r   ,letter     
,ruis1           ,sambucus1             
,elder4    #ad   ,a   ,letter     ,ailm1
           ,abies1            ,fir tree4
    #ae   ,o   ,letter     ,onn1        
,genista1          ,broom4    #af   ,u  
,letter     ,ur1             ,erix1 or  
,erica1   ,heath4    #ag   ,e   ,letter 
,eghadh1         ,tremula1              
,aspen4    #ah   ,i   ,letter           
,iodha1          ,taxus1                

,yew4    ,this1 you perceive1 falls     
short1 by eight letters1 of the number  
of the  ,latin cyphers1 which could not 
have occurred if borrowed from that     
people1 and will therefore stand1       
independently and everlastingly1 a      
self-evident proof of the reverse4      
,illustration    ,it is well known1 that
 long prior to the arrival of ,cadmus   
the ,greeks were  in possession of      
alphabetic writing4#dgd ,diodorus states
 so1 but adds  that a deluge had swept  
all away4 ,one thousand five hundred and
 fifty  before the era we count by1 is  
agreed upon as the year in which ,cadmus
  visited ,greece2 and you have the     
authority of ,pausanias1 that he himself
  had read an inscription upon a        
monument at ,megara1 the date of which  
was  #afgh before our epoch1 that is1   
one hundred and twenty-eight years      
before  ,cadmus's time4    ,besides     
those ordinary letters of the           
,beth-luis-nion1 the ,irish made use  of
 various other occult and secret forms  

of writing1 which they called           
ogham1#dge and of which ,i insert some  
specimens4    ,among these you perceive 
the arrow-headed figures whereof ,i have
 already  advertised you2 and the       
mysterious import of which reminded the 
initiated of the solemn purchase of     
salvation by the cross4    ,these are   
all peculiar and totally separate from  
any ,phnician alliance4  ,instead1      
therefore1 of my being adverse to the   
moderns as to the  ,phnician bubble1 ,i 
am their auxiliary4 ,but1 ,mr4          
,montmorency1 are  there not other      
places in the ,east besides ,phnicia8   
,and may not a people  leave the 8sunny 
plains that gave them birth10 from other
 motives than  those of 8choice08 ,and  
may not 8,fidh ,inis10 instead of being 
a name of  reproach1 such as you        
affected1 by associating it with 8wintry
 and  uncultivated wilds10 be one of    
distinction and of renown8 ,and though  
to  you its authors1 as well as the     
mystery of its import1 were an          

impenetrable secret1 may it not1        
notwithstanding what you see verified   
now1 be made one of the engines         
exercised in the recovery of truth1 to  
prove the splendour and the refinement  
of our venerable ancestors8    ,it is to
 be hoped1 therefore1 that after this   
explanation1 we shall hear  no more     
sarcasms upon this favoured spot4 ,nor  
would the anticipation be  too great1   
that the whole infidel host1 with the   
gallant colonel himself  at their head1 
becoming alive to the injustice of their
 former  disbelief1 would now slacken   
their virulence1 and if they will not   
join  in the acclamations of regenerated
 history1 at least decently withdraw1   
and let the lovers of truth1 in security
 and happiness1 celebrate its  triumph4 
8,the appellation of ,britain10 says    
another goodly 787 champion of this     
order1 8has been tortured for ages by   
the antiquarians1 in order to  force a  
confession of origin and import for it4 
,and erudition1 running  wild in the    

mazes of folly1 has eagerly deduced it  
from every word of a  similar sound1    
almost in every known language of the   
globe4 ,but the ,celtic  is obviously   
the only one that can lay any competent 
claim to it--and the  meaning of it may 
as easily be ascertained as its         
origin40--,and so1  accordingly1 he     
proceeds to show1 that 8,breatin1       
,brydain1 or ,britain10 is  derived from
 a 8,celtic word10 which signifies      
8separation or  division60#dgf    ,it is
 more than probable that ,i should have 
left ,mr4 ,whittaker to his  vagaries1  
or rather his clerical recreations1 if  
he had not been  propelled by his       
all-illuminating reforms1 to glance a   
ray upon us1 here1  across ,st4         
,george's ,channel4--8,this10 says he1  
8has equally given  denomination to the 
tribes of ,ireland1 the nations of      
,caledonia1 and  two or three islands on
 our coasts60    8,the original world is
 still retained in the ,welch1 ,britain2
 and the  ,irish1 ,breact1--anything    

divided or striped2 in the ,irish       
,bricth1 a  fraction2 the ,irish        
,brisead1 a rupture2 and the ,welch     
brig1 a breach4 ,and  it was equally    
pronounced ,brict1 or ,brit 7as the     
,icitus of ,csar1 or the  ,itium of     
,strabo71 ,bris and ,brig2 and appears  
with this variety of  terminations1 in  
the usual appellation of the islanders1 
,britanni1 in the  present denomination 
of the ,armorican ,britons1 and their   
language1 ,brez  and ,brezonic1 and in  
the name of ,brigantes4 ,brit is        
enlarged into ,briton1  or ,brit-an in  
the plural1 and ,britan-ec in the       
relative adjective4 ,and so  forms the  
appellation ,britones1 ,britani1 and    
,britanici2 as ,brig is either  changed 
into ,briges1 in the plural1 and makes  
,allobroges1 or ,allo-broges1  the name 
of a tribe on the continent1 and of all 
the ,belg in the island1  is altered    
into ,brigan and ,brigants1 and forms   
the denomination of  ,brigantes40 ,and  
again1 8the original word appears to    

have been equally  pronounced ,brict1   
,brits1 and ,bricth1 ,breact1 ,breac1   
and ,brig2 and appears  to be derived   
from the ,gallic ,bresche1 a rupture1   
the ,irish ,bris1 to  break1 and        
,brisead1 a breach4 ,and the word occurs
 with all this variety of  termination  
in the ,irish ,breattain or ,breatin1   
,bretam1 and in ,breathnach1            
,briotnach1 and ,breagnach1 a ,briton2  
in the ,armorican names of ,breton1     
,breiz1 and ,brezonnec1 for an          
individual1 the country1 and the        
language of  ,armorica2 in the ,welch   
,brython and ,brythoneg1 the ,britons   
and their  language2 and in the ancient 
synonymous appellations of ,brigantes   
and  ,britanni40    ,doubtless the      
reader has been highly edified by this  
,britannic  dissertation6 ,he is1 ,i am 
sure1 as thorough master of the subject1
 now1 as  ,mr4 ,whittaker himself6--can 
tell how many fractures1 cross-lines1   
and  diagonals have been made upon      
,britain ever since ,noah's flood6 ,and 

as  he cannot fail1 in consequence1     
being in love with the ,reverend        
,author1 ,i  will indulge his fondness  
by another spark of enlightenment4      
8,at this period10 he resumes 7three    
hundred years before ,christ71 8many of 
the natives relinquishing their ancient 
seats to the ,belg1 found all the       
central and northern parts of ,england  
already occupied1 and transported       
themselves into the uninhabited isle of 
,ireland60    ,i will now be understood 
as to the promise made some while       
ago1#dgg in  reference to a definition  
for the word modern4 ,a modern then1 be 
it  known1 is a philosopher 7871 who    
fancies that until three hundred years  
before ,christ1 the whole world was in  
darkness6 physical as well as           
metaphysical6 that it was even in a     
great measure uninhabited6 by other     
than the brute creation6--but that      
suddenly when ever any mighty feat was  
to be achieved 7in other words1 whenever
 a modern theory was to be  bolstered   

up7 innumerable myrmidons armed cap--pi6
 full accoutred1  booted and spurred6   
used to gush forth from some obscure    
corner of the  earth6 ,a miracle of     
production1 to which even ,cadmus's     
soldiers can  bear no parallel2 for     
while the latter are located to a       
particular  place1 and stated to have   
been generated by regular seed1 even    
though  that was nothing more than a    
tooth of a dragon1#dgh the former burst 
forward1 nobody knows whence1 nor will  
their machiners condescend to  tell even
 so much as what may have been the      
elements of their  composition6    ,to  
whom1 however1 is ,mr4 ,whittaker       
beholden for this intellectual idea8    
,verily1 to a half-senseless poor       
friar1#dgi a few centuries deceased1 who
  was no more competent--and no blame to
 him from his resources--to analyse     
this question1 than he was to stop the  
revolutions of the celestial orbs6      
,yet jejune and abortive as were        
,cirencester's cerebral conceptions1 he 

was not less dogmatic in the utterance  
of them than was his imitator4 8,it  is 
most certain10 says he1 8that the       
,damnii1 ,voluntii1 ,brigantes1 ,cangi1 
and other nations1 were descended from  
the ,britons1 and passed over  thither  
after ,divitiacus1 or ,claudius1 or     
,ostorius1 or other victorious  generals
 had invaded their original countries4  
,lastly1 the ancient  language1 which   
resembles the old ,british and ,gallic  
tongues1 affords  another argument1 as  
is well known to persons skilled in both
 languages40    ,now1 by what authority1
 may ,i ask1 is all this 8most certain80
 ,and by  authority ,i do not mean any  
quotation from previous historians4     
,that ,i  waive1 and should not here    
require it1 if either proof or          
probability  were tendered of the       
occurrence4 ,but as none such is        
vouchsafed--as all  is mere             
assertion--and as ,i can prove the exact
 contrary to have been  the actual fact1
 is not dogmatism too mild a name to    

apply to the  scribbler who propounds   
such nonsense8 ,and is not servility too
  dignified an epithet to brand upon the
 copyist1 who takes such ipse  dixit    
evidence upon so intricate a proposition
 as gospel truth8 and that  too when he 
must have absolute demonstration1 and   
canvas every other  statement1 emanating
 from that fraternity1 with the very eye
 of a  ,lynceus6    ,in the first place1
 then1 the name ,damnii 7to begin with  
the beginning7  is but a monkish        
,latinisation for ,danaans2 and these ,i
 have established  to have been an      
eastern race1 totally and universally   
distinct from  ,britain1 until upon     
their overthrow in ,ireland they fled   
for shelter to  ,scotland1 whither on   
their way some straggling parties1      
reduced and  humiliated1 took up their  
residence in the northern parts of      
,england2  where1 accordingly1 to this  
hour we find evidences of their worship1
 such  as sculptured crosses1#dhj and   
other emblematic devices1 but never a   

,round ,tower1 their impoverished       
circumstances not being now adequate to 
such an expense4    ,the ,brigantes1    
again1 is another ,latin metamorphosis  
for the inhabitants  of ,breo-cean1 in  
,spain1 where the ,phnicians had fixed a
 colony1 and  whence they doubtless had 
brought some portion with them to work  
the mines  at ,cornwall4 ,this          
,breo-cean the ,romans1 in conformity   
with the genius of  their language1     
changed into ,bri-gantia1 which1        
however1 was a very  allowable          
commutation1 the letters c and g being  
always convertible1  and tia nothing    
more than an ordinary termination4      
,seneca well knew that the ,brigantes   
thus imported were a very different     
extraction from the native ,britons4    
8,illi ,britannos ultra noti littora    
ponti1    ,et cruleos ,scuto-,brigantes 
dare ,romuleis10    says he1 in his     
satirical invective upon the death of   
,claudius4 ,here1 you  will observe1    
that the ,britons and the ,brigantes are

 opposed to one  another1 and marked out
 as distinct races4 ,and to specify     
still further  the origin of the        
,brigantes is the epithet ,scuto#dha    
prefixed thereto1  from ,scuitte1 the   
ancient mode of spelling ,scythia4      
,those ,scoto-,brigantes were the       
persons who1 having been driven from    
,spain  by the conquests of ,sesostris1 
poured in with multitudinous inundation 
upon the quietude of our                
,tuath-de-danaans1 and wrested from them
 an  island which1 during their blissful
 reign1 had eclipsed in sanctity even   
their former ,iran4#dhb    ,the language
 which they spoke differed in nothing   
from the  ,tuath-de-danaan1 but that it 
was not quite so refined2 and this      
feature of  similarity silences at once 
the conjectures of ,stillingfleet1      
,innes1  and their followers1 who would 
make those ,scythians to be             
,scandinavians1 merely because the      
letter ,s occurs as the initial and     
final of either name6    ,why1 sir1 when

 the ,scandinavians did really invade   
,ireland1 which was  not until the early
 centuries of the ,christian era1 the   
great obstruction  to their progress was
 their ignorance of our tongue2 whereas1
 when the  ,scythians arrived here1 many
 ages earlier1 our legends1 our         
traditions1  our histories1 and our     
annals1 unanimously and universally     
attest1  that they used the same        
conversable articulation with that of   
the  established dynasty4#dhc    ,where 
is the wonder1 then1 that we should find
 all the ancient names in  the north of 
,england1 correspond to a nicety with   
those of the ,irish8 ,and  which made   
,lhuydh1 the author of the ,archologia1 
himself an ,englishman1  declare1 8how  
necessary the ,irish language is to     
those who shall  undertake to write of  
the antiquity of the isle of ,britain40 
,but if ,lhuydh was thus candid in the  
avowal of his conviction1 he was  not   
equally successful in the discovery of  
the relationship4 ,from want  of the    

true touchstone1 he went on             
hypothesising6 and came at last to  the 
supposition--8that the ,irish must at   
one time have been in  possession of    
those ,english localities1 and thence   
removed themselves into  ,ireland0--the 
exact opposite having been the fact4    
,to atone for my long digression from   
,mr4 ,whittaker1 and his breakages1 ,i  
will supply to you the derivations1 as  
well of ,britain as of ,brigantia4  ,the
 former is compounded of ,bruit1 tin2   
and tan1 a country abounding  in that   
metal1 and corresponding to ,cassiteris1
 assigned to it by the  ,greeks3 and    
,brigantia1 as before explained1 being  
but a formative from  ,breo-cean1 is    
compounded of ,breo1 which signifies    
fire2 and cean1 a  head or promontory1  
meaning the head-land of fires2 or that 
whereon such  used to have been lighted 
for the convenience of mariners lying   
out at  sea4#dhd    ,neither the        
,scythians1 therefore1 nor the ,celts1  
had connection  whatsoever1 either of   

them1 with the once-envied celebrity of 
this  8island40#dhe ,the latter were the
 persons who1 under the name of         
,fir-,bolgs1 erected all the cromleachs 
spread over the country1 the            
accomplishment of which bespeaks1 it is 
true1 an acquaintance with  mechanics1  
of which the present artisans are       
altogether ignorant4 ,and as  the       
original of their denomination has never
 been elucidated1 ,i embrace  this      
opportunity of supplying the omission4  
,it comes from bolog1 which1  in the    
,irish language signifies a paunch2 and 
fir1 a man2 so that  ,fir-,bolg means   
the big-bellied man1 being an evident   
allusion to their  bodily configuration3
 and to this day ,bolcaig is the epithet
 applied1  vernacularly1 to individuals 
of large girth or corpulent robustness1 
exactly corresponding to what we are    
told by ,csar1 when describing the      
tripartite division of ,gaul1 viz4 that 
the ,belg1 who1 in fact1 were of  the   
same stock as our ,fir-,bolgs1 were the 

stoutest bodied1 and the  bravest       
otherwise of all its inhabitants4       
,the ,scythian religion1 which was      
,druidical1 accorded with that of the   
,fir-,bolgs1 which was ,celtic--not less
 as to modes of worship1 than in  mutual
 aversion to that of the ,iranians2 and1
 accordingly1 we find1 that  when both  
conspired for the recovery of this      
country from the ,iranians1  who had    
themselves wrested it from the          
,fir-,bolgs1 antecedently1 these  latter
 branching out into the septs of ,cauci 
and ,menapii1 corresponding  to the     
kindred and cognominal tribes on the    
continent2 and who1 during the          
occupancy of the ,iranians--the interval
 of ,ireland's ,hyperborean  renown--had
 retired to ,arran#dhf and the northern 
isles1 were restored to  a partnership  
in the possession of the island1 in     
return for the  assistance they lent the
 ,scythians for its conquest3 and this  
accounts for  that diversity of races   
which ,ptolemy records1 but which       

antiquarian  luminaries1 unable to      
comprehend1 took upon them to reject as 
altogether a  chimera4    ,as to the    
,iranians1 the real ,hibernians--the    
true ,hyperborean  ,tuath-de-danaans1 or
 ,magic-god ,almoners--they were hurled 
from the throne1  their sanctified      
ceremonials trampled in the dust1 their 
sacred harps1  which before used to     
swell to the praises of their ,divinity1
 were now  desecrated for the           
inspiration of the ,scythian warriors2  
and their divine  ,boreades1 who ere now
 composed canticles in adoration of     
,apollo1 were  degraded to the secular  
and half-military occupation of         
,scythian bards4    ,the name of the    
island itself1 from 8,irin10 or the     
8,sacred island10 was  changed into     
,scuitte1 that is1 ,scotia or ,scythia1 
or the land of the  ,scythians4 ,nor was
 it until the eleventh century of the   
present era1  that1 to remove the       
ambiguity which arose from the          
circumstance of there  being another    

country also called by this name1       
,ireland assumed its  former name1      
,irin1 as its people did ,irenses1      
instead of ,scoti4#dhg    ,yet in the   
general transmutation which so great a  
revolution bespeaks1 we  behold the     
strictest regard paid to the literary   
fame and the mental  acquirements of    
those sages who had been ejected4 ,they 
were retained as  the instructors of the
 new establishment2 and their refined   
precepts  tending gradually to soften   
the warlike propensities of this        
ferocious  group1 the amalgamation      
became so complete1 and the aristocracy 
of  intellect so recognised1 that when  
religious dissensions were all          
cancelled in the grave1 many of them    
were able to trace their steps          
backwards to the forfeited monarchy4    
,of this number was                     
,connachar-mor-mac-,nessan1 that is1    
,connor  the-great-son-of-,nessan1      
styled indifferently ,feidlimidh and    
,ollamh  ,fodlah1 i4e4 the erudite man  

7the ,budhist7 and the ,doctor of       
,budland2 and ,brien1 who ascended the  
,irish throne1 ,a4,d4 #ajad2 and who1   
after a succession of two thousand two  
hundred years1 was the lineal           
descendant of ,brien1 head of the       
,tuath-de-danaans2 and this very        
extraction1 in the confusion of the     
names1 was the circumstance which       
occasioned the popular belief1 not yet  
exploded1 of his having been the        
founder1 by magic creation1 in one      
single night1 of those ,round ,towers of
  his inheritance6 ,the mistake1        
however1 is of value1 as it is a        
collateral  evidence that those edifices
 have been attributed to their real     
authors2  and the anachronism will be   
excused1 seeing that there is nothing   
more  common than to assign to one      
,hercules the exploits of another4      
,others of this colony1 who could not   
brook the yoke1 betook themselves on    
their downfall to ,scotland1 and built  
there the two round temples of  ,brechin

 and ,abernethy1 besides others that    
have disappeared2 from thence1  however1
 they were again dislodged by the       
barbarous ,picts1 and obliged to  fly   
for shelter to the ,highland fastnesses4
 ,these are they whom ,macculloch  and  
others have misrepresented as ,celts4   
,during their sway in that  country1    
they called it also by the name of ,iran
 or ,eran1 as the ,scotch  language is1 
to this day1 called ,irish1 or ,erse4   
,the name of ,scoitte1  i4e4 ,scotia1   
was given it afterwards by the ,picts1  
in compliment to  this island1 which had
 furnished them with wives1 and         
otherwise joined  their fraternity4#dhh 
,,chapter ,,xxix4      8,the            
,scoto-,milesians10 says ,dr4           
,hales1#dhi 8reckon twenty-three        
generations from ,feni an fear soid1    
#8the ,phnician wise man1' their        
ancestor1 to ,heber and ,heremon1 who   
established the last settlement from    
,spain1 as observed before2 which1 at   
the usual computation of three mean     

generations to a century1 would give    
#gff years from ,fenius to ,heber4 ,but 
we learn from ,coemhain1 that the sons  
of ,milesius 7this should have been     
,gallamh7#dij were coeval with ,solomon1
 and that the ,gadelians#dia came  to   
,ireland in the middle of the reign of  
this illustrious prince10 ,b4,c4  #ajjb1
 according to the ,irish chronology4    
,counting backwards1 therefore1  from   
this date1 #gff years1 we get the time  
of ,fenius about ,b4,c4 #agfh4 ,and     
this agrees with sacred and profane     
history2 for ,joshua1 whose             
administration began ,b4,c4 #afhh1      
according to ,hales's ,chronology1      
notices  8the strong city of ,tyre0     
7,josh4 xix4 #bi72 which maintained its 
independence even in ,david's days 7#b  
,sam4 xxiv4 #g72 and in ,solomon's 7#a  
,kings ix4 #aa-ad74 ,and ,herodotus1    
that inquisitive traveller and          
intelligent historian1 who visited ,tyre
 about ,b4,c4 #ddh1 saw there the       
temple of the ,thasian ,hercules2 and   

another erected to him by the           
,phnicians at ,thasus itself1 an island 
on the coast of ,thrace1 while they     
were engaged in search of ,europa1 the  
daughter of ,agenor1 ,king of ,tyre1    
who had been carried off by some        
,greeks2 an event1 says ,herodotus1     
which  happened five generations before 
the ,grecian ,hercules1 the son of      
,amphitryon1 ,b4 ii4 sec4 #dd2 who      
flourished about #ijj years before he   
wrote1 sec4 #ade1 or about ,b4,c4 #acdh1
 to which adding #aff years for the     
five generations1 we get the rape of    
,europa about ,b4,c4 #aead4    8,but the
 deification of the ,thasian ,hercules  
must have been after his  death1 which  
may make him contemporary with ,joshua1 
or even earlier4  ,herodotus relates    
that the ,tyrians themselves boasted of 
the remote  antiquity of their city1    
founded1 as they said1 #bcjj years      
before 7,b4 xi4  #dd71 which would carry
 it higher than the deluge4 ,the high   
antiquity1  however1 of ,sidon and her  

daughter ,tyre1 was acknowledged by     
,xerxes1 king  of ,persia1 when he      
invaded ,greece1 ,b4,c4 #dhj2 and in a  
council of his  officers allowed her    
ambassadors the honour of precedence0   
7sec4 #aa74    ,he adds3 8,in order to  
determine the cardinal data of ancient  
,irish  history1 it is necessary to     
premise a synopsis of ,coemhain's       
,system of  ,chronology4                
,y4             ,b4,c4      ,creation   
#afef            #cieb    ,deluge       
#bib            #bbif    ,abraham born  
#idb            #bjjd    ,david1 king   
#dgc            #ajfb    ,babylonish    
,captivity     #ehi             #ehi    
----    ,christian ,era           #cieb 
#a    8,in this table1 the first column 
contains the years elapsed between the  
succeeding events3 thus1 from the       
creation1 #afef years to the deluge2    
from the deluge1 #bib years to the birth
 of ,abraham1 etc42 and their  amount1  
#cieb years1 gives the basis of the     
system1 or the years elapsed  from the  

creation to the vulgar ,christian era4  
,the second column gives the  dates of  
these events before the ,christian era4 
8,david began to reign ,b4,c4 #ajfb2    
from which subducting #fj years for the 
amount of his whole reign1 #dj years1   
and #bj years1 the half of ,solomon's1  
we get ,b4,c4 #ajjb1 for the date of the
 expedition of ,heber and ,heremon to   
,ireland4    8,this same number has been
 noticed by two earlier chronologers1   
,marcus  ,anchoreta1 ,a4,d4 #fdg2 and   
,nennius1 ,a4,d4 #heh2 who both date the
 arrival of  the ,scoti in ,ireland1    
#8#ajjb years after the passage of the  
,red ,sea by the  ,israelites1 in which 
the ,egyptians were drowned'            
7,o',connor1 ,proleg4 ii4  pp4 #ae-de74 
,the identity of the number #ajjb proves
 the mistake in the  reference to the   
exode of the ,israelites1 instead of to 
the ,christian era1  which depresses the
 arrival of the ,scoti five centuries   
too low4 ,for  ,coemhain reckons the    
exode #ejb years after the birth of     

,abraham1 or ,b4,c4  #aejb2 from which  
subtracting #ajjb years1 the arrival of 
the ,scoti would be  reduced to ,b4,c4  
#ejj2 or1 following ,usher's date of the
 deluge1 ,b4,c4 #adia4  ,o',connor      
reduces it still lower1 to ,b4,c4 #dhi  
7,proleg4 ii4 p4 #de74 ,upon  the       
superior authority of ,coemhain1        
therefore1 as a chronologer1 we are     
warranted to rectify this important     
error of ,nennius and ,marcus           
,anchoreta1  which even ,dr4 ,o',connor 
has failed to correct2 not adverting to 
the  foregoing inference from ,coemhain4
 ,but he has happily furnished himself  
the materials for proving the error4    
8,he states1 that one hundred and       
eighteen kings of the ,scoti reigned1   
till  the arrival of ,st4 ,patrick1     
,b4,c4 #dhi  ,a4,d4 #dce  #iba years in 
all1 which1  divided by #aah1 would give
 too short an average of reigns1 only   
#g-i_/aa  years a-piece2 whereas the    
true interval1 ,b4,c4 #ajjb  ,a4,d4 #dcb
  #adcd  years1 would give the average  

of reigns above twelve years a-piece2   
which  he justly represents as the      
standard1 from ,patrick to ,malachy     
,,ii41 viz4  forty-eight reigns in #eij 
years 7,proleg4 ii4 p4 #de740dib    ,the
 date of the ,scythian invasion1 then1  
being fixed as ,b4,c4 #ajjb1 it is      
agreed on all hands that that of the    
,tuath-de-danaans was but two  hundred  
years anterior1 or ,b4,c4 #abjb2dic with
 this exactly corresponds  the time at  
which ,marsden1 ,kmpfer1 and ,loubere   
date the arrival of the  ,buddists at   
,siam1 viz4 ,b4,c4 #abjb4 ,among the    
,japanese also1 they are  stated by     
,klaproth to have arrived not very      
distant from that era1 or ,b4,c4  #ajbi4
 ,d ,guignes and ,remusat suppose #ajbi 
as the epoch at which they  invaded     
,china4 ,b4,c4 #ajjj is the epoch       
assigned by ,symes for their descent    
upon the ,burman empire2 and ,b4,c4     
#ajbi is that fixed by ,ozeray for their
  entrance into ,ceylon2 while the      
,mogul authors and the ,bagwad ,amrita  

7,sir  ,w4 ,jones7 recognise their      
appearance respectively at ,b4,c4 #bjdd 
and ,b4,c4  #bjii4    ,now1 the extreme 
concordance amongst the calculations of 
those various  countries1 one with the  
other1 and their almost universal       
coincidence1  nay1 in the ,siamese      
authorities1 almost miraculous          
identifications1  with our ,irish       
registries1 as to the influx1 amongst   
all1 of this  singular people1 and their
 extraordinary ritual1 makes us         
associate the  phenomena with one common
 cause1 and that was the expulsion of   
the  ,budhists from ,india1 the ,rajas  
having proclaimed1 at the instigation of
  the rival ,brahmins1 that 8from the   
bridge of ,rama1 even to the snow-capped
  ,himala1 no man should spare the      
,budhists1 young or old1 on pain of     
death0  7,guigniaud's ,creuzer74    ,as 
to the ,mogul dates1 and those of the   
,bagwad ,amrita1 they evidently bear    
reference to former colonies2 nor are   
we1 in ,ireland1 without similar        

chronicles of an antecedent arrival1 and
 precisely answering to the time  of the
 first departure of the                 
,tuath-de-danaans from the borders of   
,persia4#did    ,it was1 indeed1 the    
tradition of this early invasion1 long  
mystified by  age1 that we have seen so 
perverted at p4 #che1 for the sole      
purpose of  effecting a miracle6 ,nor is
 this the only fable that fastens upon  
that  narrative3 we have that of        
,partholan and of ,nemedius1 and a      
thousand other  reminiscences1 all      
directing towards the centre of a common
 nucleus4 ,the  ,east is the point      
whither they all aim1 and the era they  
assign is  invariably that of the       
deluge6 ,is it not1 therefore1          
inevitable1 but  that the object        
recorded is our reception of the        
,tuath-de-danaans when  ejected by the  
arms of their ,pish-de-danaan           
rivals8#die    ,amongst the ,easterns   
themselves we find corresponding        
traditions1 wrapt  up1 as usual1 in     

allegory1 of this primordial departure4 
,the ,phrygians1  who were one of the   
most ancient and considerable nations of
 ,asia ,minor1  complain of ,apollo     
having wandered from them1 in company   
with ,cybele1 to  the land of the       
,hyperboreans4#dif ,the costume of the  
archers upon our  ,knockmoy frescoes is 
strictly ,phrygian1 and confirms their  
testimony  better than any written      
memorial6 8,hercules10 says ,cedrenus1  
8first taught  philosophy in the western
 parts of the world40 ,this was our     
,ogham1 which  the ,gauls had borrowed  
from us1 as you will see by note1 p4    
#dbj4 8,in  ,egypt10 says ,ausonius1    
8they called him ,osiris1 but in the    
island of  ,ogygia they gave him the    
name of ,bacchus40 ,if we will remember 
the form  under which ,osiris was       
worshipped1 viz4 that of our ,round     
,towers1#dig  and then recollect that   
the name of ,bacchus is still found     
amongst our  ancient inscriptions2#dih  
and in addition to all these1 bear in   

mind that  ,plutarch#dii expressly      
designates the island1 from its extreme 
antiquity1 as ,ogygia1 all qualms as to 
the situation alluded to by  ,ausonius  
must for ever evaporate8    ,let us now 
glance at the institutions of this      
island1 the personal  appearance of its 
inhabitants1 and their popular customs1 
as compared with  ancient ,persia4      
,to begin with the aspect1 which often  
proves decisive in more  interesting    
applications1 ,i refer you to our real  
figures at p4 #ccj1 as  a fair outline  
of ,irish contour2 with this1 if you    
will compare what  ,captain ,head       
affirms1 in reference to the settlers at
 ,bombay1 viz4 that  8the ancient       
inhabitants of ,persia were superior1   
not inferior1 in  looks1 to the present1
 who belong to a hundred mixed races1   
which have  poured upon that kingdom    
since the overthrow of ,yezdijerd10 no  
disparity  will present itself1 at least
 in that quarter4    ,as to             
institutions1 ,i will instance that of  

our ancient clans1#ejj and  place by    
them in juxtaposition what ,sir ,john   
,malcolm delivers on the  subject of    
,persia4 8,jemsheed0 7a prince of the   
,pish-de-danaan dynasty1  founder of    
,persepolis1 called after him1          
,tucht-e-jemsheed1 which1 in  ,irish1   
signifies the ,couch-of-,jemsheed7      
8divided10 says he1 8according to       
,persian authors1 his subjects into four
 classes4 ,the first was formed of      
learned and pious men1 devoted to the   
worship of ,god2 and the duty  ascribed 
to them was to make known to others what
 was lawful and what  otherwise4 ,the   
second were writers1 whose employment   
was to keep the  records and accounts of
 the state4 ,the third soldiers1 who    
were directed  to occupy themselves in  
military exercises1 that they might be  
fitted for  war4 ,the fourth class were 
artificers1 husbandmen1 and tradesmen4  
,the  authorities on which we give the  
history of ,jemsheed make no mention of 
,mah-abad2 but1 if we are to give credit

 to the ,dabistan1 the institution  of  
,jemsheed can only be deemed a revival  
of that lawgiver40#eja    ,in respect to
 religion1 ,herodotus states that1 8from
 his own  knowledge1 the ,persians had  
neither statues1 temples1 nor altars1   
but  offered on the tops of the highest 
mountains sacrifices to ,jove1 by which 
they meant the deity of the air2 that   
they adored the sun1 moon1 earth1  fire1
 water1 and the winds1 but that they    
sacrificed to these only from  of old1  
according to ancient custom1 and that   
they gave the preference to  ,trefoil1  
whereon they laid their offerings40#ejb 
,now1 two considerations are to be      
observed1 as involved in this last      
quotation3 one is1 that the historian   
attributes the usages of this nation  to
 two distinct periods of time4 ,from    
ocular inspection1 he avows that  they  
had no temples1 etc41 because such were 
long exploded4 ,and he knew  not what to
 make of the ,round ,towers4 ,part1     
however1 of the ceremonial  appertaining

 to those edifices still remained1 such 
as the worship of the  sun1 moon1 earth1
 fire1 water1 and the winds2 and 8to    
these10 he frankly  acknowledges1 8they 
sacrificed only from of old10 or in     
deference to the  practice of their     
predecessors--,i will not say           
forefathers4    ,contemplate now the    
reverence shown to the herb ,trefoil1   
our national  shamrock1 and will you not
 see another link of that great         
concatenation  uniting the two ,irans1  
and triumphing at once over supposition 
and over  scepticism8 ,i have already   
deplumed ,st4 ,patrick of the serpent   
expulsion2 or1 rather1 ,i have done     
honour to his memory1 by saving it from 
the fabrications of pious impostors4 ,i 
now continue my course of  justice1 by  
showing that he had as little to do with
 the veneration paid  to this plant4 ,it
 was worshipped in the ,emerald ,island1
 and imported1 you  perceive1 by the    
,tuath-de-danaans1 centuries upon       
centuries before the  apostle was born3 

and the cause of this devotion was1 not 
alone that it  symbolised the ,trinity1 
which was an article of ,budhist        
doctrine1 even  before the incarnation  
of ,christ1 but because that it blended 
with it1  in mystery as well as in      
gratitude1 the ,alibenistic cross1 the  
seal of  their redemption1 and their    
passport to eternity6 ,here then are the
  shamrocks1 or ,free-masonic devices1  
upon the crowns of our ,irish  kings    
explained2 and those upon the ,persian  
crowns1 by and by to be  inserted1 are  
similarly expounded6#ejc    ,lastly1 the
 funerals of the ,persians--after the   
soul's liberation from  its tenement of 
clay1 at the summons of its ,god--are   
described by  ,herodotus#ejd with so    
striking a similtude1 that you would    
imagine he had  witnessed1 and expressly
 referred to1 the like scenes in        
,ireland4#eje    ,oh6 8if the human mind
 can ever flatter itself with having    
been successful  in discovering the     
truth1 it is when many facts1 and these 

facts of  different kinds unite in      
producing the same result40#ejf    ,in  
truth1 the island was altogether an     
,oriental ,asylum1#ejg until1 for  a    
moment broken in upon by the            
,fir-,bolgs1 or ,celts4 ,their          
usurpation1  however1 was only that of a
 day1 amounting1 by all records1 but to 
fifty-six years2#ejh after which1 a new 
army of the ,tuath-de-danaans1  driven  
now1 not from ,persia1 but from ,india1 
by the ,brahmins1 laid claim  to the    
sceptre to which their brethren had     
invited them1 and reinstated  themselves
 afresh in our kindred ,iran4    ,it is 
not1 therefore1 you perceive1 our       
individual history alone that is        
rectified by this investigation4 ,it    
supplies a vacuum in the history of  the
 world3 which could not be said to have 
been correct1 so long as there  was     
nothing known on the various topics now 
explained4#eji    ,professor ,mller1#eaj
 in a very elaborate treatise upon the  
,antiquities  of the ,dorians1 has been 

pleased to affect astonishment1 through 
one of  his notes1 that ,hecatus should 
have believed in the existence of the   
,hyperboreans6 ,it became him1          
unquestionably1 so to do1 because that  
the  proofs of their existence were     
beyond his own reach4 ,but though their 
reality1 as well as locality1 have been 
already put beyond  disputation1 ,i     
will1 to justify the exclusiveness here 
proclaimed1 enter  again upon the       
subject1 and1 without following in      
detail1 show1 by the  reverse of his    
positions1 that his whole system of     
mythology is equally  erroneous4    ,in 
this determination ,i will of course be 
acquitted of any intentional  slight4   
,who could read ,professor ,mller's     
work1 and not be struck with the  labour
 and the ingenuity which distinguish its
 every page8 ,i yield to no  man in my  
respect for his abilities1 but ,i weep1 
from my soul1 that his  classic care was
 not bequeathed upon some other subject1
 rather than be  split upon a rock by an

 ignis fatuus4 ,i never saw such a waste
 of  letters as his book exhibits6 ,i   
never saw such learned research so      
miserably thrown away6 ,and how could it
 be otherwise1 his great object  having 
been to make everything square to the   
reveries of the  ,grecians6--taking them
 as his clue1 into a labyrinth of       
inextricability1  through one inch of   
which neither conductor nor traveller   
could see their  way6    ,sweet pahlavi 
of the ,hyperboreans1 ,i will take you  
as my guide6                8------,nor 
be my thoughts    ,presumptuous counted1
 if amid the calm    ,that soothes the  
vernal evening into smiles1    ,i steal 
impatient1 from the sordid haunts    ,of
 strife and low ambition1 to attend     
,thy sacred presence1 in the sylvan     
shade1    ,by their malignant footstep  
ne'er profaned40--,,thomson4            
,,chapter ,,xxx4      ,before we descend
 to language1 ,i shall collect the      
historical concordances  that bear upon 
this investigation4    ,beo1 a poetess  

of ,delphi1 mentions in the fragment of 
a poem1 quoted by  ,pausanias1 that     
three individuals1 sons of              
,hyperboreans1 and named ,olen1         
,pagasus1 and ,agyeus1 had founded the  
oracle of ,delphi4 ,will it be  credited
 that those three names are but         
representatives of three several  orders
 of our ,irish priests1 viz4 ,ollam1    
,pagoes1 and ,aghois8#eaa    ,at ,delos 
the same tradition is to be encountered1
 with but a few local  alterations3 such
 as that of ,latona having arrived there
 from the  ,hyperboreans1 in the form of
 a she-wolf2 ,apollo and ,diana1 with   
the  virgins ,arge and ,opis1 following 
afterwards4 ,two other virgins1 viz4    
,laodice and ,hyperoche1 succeeded1 and 
with them five men1 who were called     
peripherees1 or carriers1 from their    
bringing with them offerings of         
first-fruits1 wrapt in bundles of       
wheaten straw4    ,but is this embassy  
altogether a fiction8 8,there is not a  
fact in all  antiquity10 says ,carte1   

8that made a greater noise in the world1
 was more  universally known1 or better 
attested by the gravest and most ancient
  authors among the ,greeks1 than this  
of the sacred embassies of the          
,hyperboreans to ,delos1 in times       
preceding1 by an interval of ages1  the 
voyages of the ,carthaginians to the    
north of the ,straits of  ,gibraltar40  
8,no argument to the contrary10 says    
,mller1 8can be drawn from  its not     
being mentioned either in the ,iliad or 
,odyssey1 these poems  not affording an 
opportunity for its introduction3       
moreover1 the  ,hyperboreans were spoken
 of in the poem of the ,epigoni1 and by 
,hesiod4444  ,stephanus quotes here a   
supposed oracle of a prophetess named   
,asteria1  that the inhabitants and     
priests of ,delos came from the         
,hyperboreans40 ,so  that we are by no  
means dependent1 as implied before1 upon
 ,diodorus  ,siculus1 for the narrative4
    ,on this subject ,herodotus says    
that 8the suite of this ,hyperborean    

embassy  having been ill-treated by the 
,greeks1 they took afterwards another   
method  of sending their sacred presents
 to the temples of ,apollo and ,diana1  
delivering them to the nation that lay  
nearest to them on the continent of     
,europe1 with a request that they might 
be forwarded to their next  neighbour3  
and thus they were transmitted from one 
people to another1  through the western 
regions1 till they came to the          
,adriatic1 and  there1 being put into   
the hands of the ,dodoneans1 the first  
of the ,greeks  that received them1 they
 were conveyed thence by the ,melian    
,bay1 ,euba1  ,carystus1 ,andras1 and   
,tenos1 till at last they arrived at    
,delos40    ,could he1 ,i ask1 more     
geographically pourtray their route from
 ,ireland8    ,alcus1 in a hymn to      
,apollo1 says that 8,jupiter adorned the
 new-born god  with a golden fillet and 
lyre1 and sent him in a chariot drawn by
 swans to  ,delphi1 in order to         
introduce justice and law among the     

,greeks4 ,apollo1  however1 ordered the 
swans first to fly to the ,hyperboreans4
 ,the  ,delphians1 missing the god1     
instituted a pan and song1 ranged       
choruses of  young men around the       
tripod1 and invoked him to come from the
  ,hyperboreans4 ,the god remained an   
entire year with that nation1 and1 at   
the appointed time1 when the tripods of 
,delphi were destined to sound1 he      
ordered the swans to resume their       
flight4 ,the return of ,apollo takes    
place  exactly in the middle of summer2 
nightingales1 swallows1 and grasshoppers
  sang in honour of the god2 and even   
,castalia and ,cephisus heave their     
waves to salute him40    ,now ,mr4      
,bryant assures us that--      8,the    
,celtic sages a tradition hold1    ,that
 every drop of amber was a tear    ,shed
 by ,apollo1 when he fled from heaven1--
    ,for sorely did he weep1--and       
sorrowing passed    ,through many a     
doleful region1 till he reached    ,the 
sacred ,hyperboreans40#eab    ,words    

could not convey a more direct          
delineation of the first arrival of  the
 ,tuath-de-danaans amongst us1 with     
their mysterious worship1 after  their  
ejectment from ,iran1 their paradise1 or
 earthly heaven1 for the  loss of which 
they 8sorely wept10 until at length they
 found a substitute  in ,irin4 ,the lyre
 or harp which they brought with them1  
and solely  for celebrating the praises 
of ,apollo1 continues still our national
  emblem2 and those swans which are said
 to have drawn his chariot formed so    
essential a part of our ceremonial1 that
 you shall be presented by and by  with 
one of his magic implements1 to which   
they are still attached1 as  they are   
similarly figured upon the painted      
vases1 remaining after our  allied      
,etrurians in the south of ,italy4      
,as to the embassy of ,abaris1 the      
direct fact is so completely            
authenticated by our ancient records1   
which narrate the circumstance1 with  no
 view to decide an historical           

controversy1 but with indifference      
thereto1 and as in ordinary             
course1--that it is inevitable but that1
 when  the ,greeks say that this        
philosopher had gone to them from the   
,hyperboreans1--and when we produce     
proofs to show that a man of the  same  
name had repaired on the errand alluded 
to1 from our country to  ,greece1 it is 
inevitable1 ,i say1 but that1 when both 
statements so  perfectly tally1 the     
island of the ,hyperboreans and that of 
the  ,hibernians must be one and the    
same4    ,i shall now subjoin from      
,general ,vallancey's works1 as he      
translates it  from an old ,irish poem1 
the authentic narrative of this our     
,hyperborean  embassy4      8,the       
purport of the ,tuath-de-danaans journey
 was in quest of knowledge1    ,and to  
seek a proper place where they should   
improve in ,druidism4    ,these holy men
 soon sailed to ,greece4 ,the sons of   
,nirned1 son of ,adhnam1    ,descendant 
of ,baoth1 from ,botia sprung4 ,thence  

to the care of skilful          pilots1 
,this ,botian clan1 like warlike heroes1
 themselves committed1    ,and after a  
dangerous voyage1 the ships brought them
 to ,loch ,luar4    ,four cities of     
great fame1 which bore great sway1      
,received our clan1 in which they       
completed their studies4    ,spotless   
,taleas1 ,goreas1 majestic ,teneas and  
,mhuiras1    ,for sieges famed1 were the
 names of the four cities4    ,morfios  
and ,earus-,ard1 ,abhras1 and ,lemas1   
well-skilled in magic1    ,were the     
names of our ,druids2 they lived in the 
reign of ,garman the          ,happy4   
,morfios was made ,fele of ,falias1     
,earus the poet in ,gone dwelt1         
,samias dwelt at ,mhurias1 but ,abhras1 
the ,tele-fionn1 at ,teneas40    ,a     
quarrel1 it would seem1 ensued between  
them and the ,fir-,bolgs on their       
return3 and the ,seanneachees1 in their 
incapacity to separate any two  events  
of a similar character from each other1 
confounded the differences  which arose 

herefrom with the battles fought six    
hundred years before1  between the      
ancestors of both parties1 on the plains
 of ,moye-tureadh6    ,at page #fg ,i   
have stated that this event took place  
about ,b4,c4 #fjj4 ,and  this very      
circumstance it was--,i mean the        
lateness of the date--which  rendered   
the expedition at all needful4    ,the  
,tuath-de-danaans having been for a long
 time humiliated1 and allowed  but a    
mere nominal existence in a remote      
canton of the realm1 their ritual  got  
merged into that of the ,druids4 ,a     
corresponding decay had vitiated  their 
taste for letters1 while the ,greeks1 in
 proportion1 rose in the  scale4        
,pythagoras had by this time returned   
from his tour to ,egypt1 and the fame   
of his acquirements had reached the     
,tuath-de-danaans4 ,naturally solicitous
  to court the acquaintance of an       
individual who had derived his          
information  from the kindred of their  
ancestors1#eac they had address enough  

to  obtain leave from the several       
,states of the kingdom to repair to     
,greece1  on the alleged plea of        
returning the visit#ead of the          
,argonauts to our  shores many ages     
previously1#eae but actually with a view
 to gratify  their predilections by     
philosophical inquiry4    ,when the     
meteors met1 it is difficult now to     
decide which orb it was  that emitted   
the greater light4 ,but without being   
too much biassed by the  links of       
patriotism1 ,i think we may very fairly 
aver that our countryman  communicated1 
depressed even as was his order at that 
day1 as much  information as he had     
received4#eaf    ,who then can any      
longer doubt but that this was the      
island of the  ,hyperboreans8 ,even the 
peculiarity of our language mingles in  
the chain  of proof2 as ,diodorus states
 that 8the ,hyperboreans use their own  
natural tongue40 ,but were all other    
arguments wanting1 ,i would undertake   
to prove the identity by an admission   

from this transcriber himself4 8,the    
sovereignty of this city10 says he1 8and
 the care of the temple belong to  the  
,boreades40#eag    ,now1 nothing ever   
has puzzled etymologists so much to     
explore as the  origin of the ,irish    
term ,bards4#eah ,the guesses which they
 have made  thereat are so exceedingly  
amusing1 that ,i will take leave to     
refresh  myself1 exhausted and languid  
as ,i now wellnigh am1 with the outline 
of a  few4    ,first1 ,bochart would    
derive it from parat1 to speak666       
,wilford from the  ,sanscrit1 varta666  
,but 8some learned friends of his are of
 opinion that  it comes from bhardanan1 
to burthen666 because burthened with the
  internal management of the royal      
household0666    ,i shall spare my      
reader any more of those caricatures1   
and submit to his  own candour to       
adjudicate whether ,bards could1 by     
possibility1 be  anything else than the 
modern ,englification for our ancient   
,boreades8    ,doubtless1 ,professor    

,mller1 your astonishment has now       
subsided as to  ,hecatus's credulity in 
the existence of the ,hyperboreans4     
,diodorus  ,siculus1 who1 though1 as    
,granville ,penn has affirmed1 he 8has  
transmitted  to us many scattered and   
important truths10 yet does the same    
judicious  commentator add1 that it was 
in a condition 8intermixed with much    
idle  fiction1 equivocation1 and        
anachronism10#eai was herein your guide6
 ,but  the manes of the ,hyperboreans   
now speak from the tomb1 and vindicate  
their existence as well as their        
locality6    ,i come now to prove this  
by another mode4    ,plato1 in his      
,cratylus1 represents ,hermogenes as    
proposing several terms  to ,socrates   
for solution1 when the following        
acknowledgment transpires3--    8,i     
think10 says the philosopher1 8that the 
,greeks1 especially such of them  as    
lived subject to the dominion of        
foreigners1 adopted many foreign  words2
 so that1 if anyone should endeavour to 

resolve those words by  reference to the
 ,greek language1 or to any other than  
that from which  the word was received1 
he must needs be involved in error60    
,the foreign extraction1 then1 of many  
of the ,greek words being  admitted1 it 
devolves upon me to establish this      
extraction to be purely  ,irish4    ,to 
begin with ,dodona--8,in ,eustathius and
 ,steph4 ,byzantius10 says  ,vallancey1 
8we meet with three different           
conjectures in regard to the  derivation
 of the name ,dodona1 which1 they say1  
owes its origin either to  a daughter of
 ,jupiter and ,europa1 or one of the    
nymphs1 the daughter of  ,oceanus2 or1  
lastly1 to a river in ,epirus1 called   
,dodon4 ,but1 as ,mr4  ,potter observes1
 we find the ,greek authors all differ1 
both as to the  etymology of the name   
and the site of this oracle4 ,in my     
humble opinion1  ,homer and ,hesiod have
 not only agreed that it was not in     
,greece1 but in  ,ireland1 or some      
island1 at least1 as far westward40     

,the passages to which the ,general     
refers in those ancient poets are--     
8           40#ebj    ,that is1--       
,pelasgian ,jove1 who far from ,greece  
resid'st    ,in cold ,dodona4      8    
40#eba    ,that is1--      ,to ,dodona  
he came1 and the hallowed oak1 the seat 
of the ,pelasgi4    ,valuable as are    
those authorities1 the ,general needed  
not to have had  recourse to them at    
all1 had he but been apprised of the    
origin of the  word ,dodona4    ,one of 
the religious names of ,ireland1 which  
,i have purposely left  unexplained till
 now1 was ,totdana4#ebb ,this it derived
 immediately from  the                  
,tuath-de-danaans1 as indeed it did all 
its ancient names1 with the  exception  
of ,scotia4 ,tuath-de-danaans ,i have   
shown to mean the                       
,magic-,god-,almoners1#ebc and ,totdana1
 by consequence1 must denote the        
,magic-almonry4#ebd    ,now1 the        
,greeks1 having been initiated in all   
their religious mystery by  the ,irish1 

did not only enrich their language with 
the vocabulary of our  ceremonial1 but  
adopted the several epithets of our     
island as the  distinctive names for    
their various localities1 so that our   
,muc-inis#ebe became their ,myc-ene1 our
 ,tot-dana1 their ,do-dona1  etc4 etc4  
,and even the names of our lakes1 with  
all their legends of  hydras and        
enchantments1 found their way to them   
also1 so that from  our ,lough-,erne was
 formed1 by a crasis1 their ,l-,erna4   
,the change from ,tot-dana to ,do-dona  
is much more obvious than may seem  at  
first sight4 ,t and ,d being commutable1
 ,tot-dana was at once made  ,dot-dana2 
the intermediate t was then left out for
 sound's sake1  making it ,do-dana2 and1
 lastly1 the penultimate a was          
transformed into  o for the 8ore        
rotundo10#ebf completing the ,grecism of
 ,do-dona4    ,you see1 therefore1 from 
this that the origin of ,dodona was     
exclusively  ,irish6 that ,dodona and   
,ireland were1 in fact1 one and the     

same6--a  circumstance of which ,homer  
was perfectly well assured when he      
styled it   1 or the ,hyperborean       
,tot-dana4#ebg    ,neither was it in    
name only1 but in sanctity also1 that   
the ,greek  ,myc-ene strove to imitate  
our ,muc-inis4 ,to this hour is to be   
found  one of the ancient ,pelasgian    
temples1 vulgarly termed the ,treasury  
of  ,atreus1 from the mere circumstance1
 as ,dr4 ,clarke well remarks1 8of there
  being found a few brass nails within  
it1 and evidently for the purpose  of   
fastening on something wherewith the    
interior surface was formerly  lined1   
and that many a long year before ,atreus
 or ,agamemnon60 ,the  ,doctor1 however1
 was perfectly astray in supposing it a 
sepulchre6 ,in  form it is a hollow     
cone1 fifty feet in diameter1 and as    
many in height1  composed of enormous   
masses of a very hard breccia1 a sort of
  pudding-stone1 the very material      
whereof most of our ,round ,towers are  
constructed1 and the property of which  

is to indurate by time4 ,the ,dune  of  
,dornadella in ,scotland is identically 
the same kind of structure1  built by   
our ,tuath-de-danaans1 and for the      
solemn purpose of religion  alone4 ,this
 is so accurately described in an       
article in the ,edinburgh  ,magazine1   
copied into ,pennant's ,tour1 that ,i   
too will make free to  transcribe it4   
8,it is10 says the reviewer1 8of a      
circular form1 and now nearly resembling
  the frustum of a cone3 whether1 when  
perfect1 it terminated in a point1 ,i   
cannot pretend to guess2 but it seems to
 have been higher1 by the rubbish  which
 lies round it4 ,it is built of stone1  
without cement1 and ,i take it  to be   
between twenty and thirty feet still4   
,the entrance is by a low and  narrow   
door1 to pass through which one is      
obliged to stoop much2 but  perhaps the 
ground may have been raised since the   
first erection4 ,when one  is got in1   
and placed in the centre1 it is open    
overhead4 ,all round the  sides of the  

walls are ranged stone shelves1 one     
above another1 like a  circular         
beaufait1 reaching from near the bottom 
to the top4 ,the stones  which compose  
these shelves are supported chiefly by  
the stones which form  the walls1 and   
which project all round1 just in that   
place where the  shelves are1 and in no 
others2 each of the shelves is separated
 into  several divisions1 as in a       
bookcase4 ,there are some remains of an 
awkward  staircase4 ,what use the       
shelves could be applied to ,i cannot   
conceive4  ,it could not be of any      
military use1 from its situation at the 
bottom of  a sloping hill1 which wholly 
commands it4 ,the most learned amongst  
the  inhabitants1 such as the gentry and
 clergy1 who all speak the ,irish       
language1 could give no information or  
tradition concerning its use1 or  the   
origin of its name40    ,now1 our ,round
 ,towers have similar shelves1 or       
recesses in the wall1  and 8reaching1   
like a circular beaufait1 from near the 

bottom to the top06  ,wherever these do 
not appear1 their place is supplied by  
projecting  stones1 for the evident     
purpose of acting as supporters4#ebh    
,and as the  ,mycenian1 the ,caledonian1
 and the ,hibernian edifices thus far   
correspond1 the only thing that remains 
is to explain to what purpose  could    
those recesses serve4    ,i thus solve  
the question--,they were as so many     
cupboards for containing  the idols of  
,budha1 as the structures themselves for
 temples of his  worship1 etc4 ,nor is  
this their use yet forgotten1 in the    
buildings of the  like description in   
,upper ,india1 as appears from the      
following statement  by ,archer4 8,in   
the afternoon10 says he1 8,i went to    
look at a ,jain  temple4 ,it was a neat 
building1 with an upper storey4 ,the    
idol is  ,boadh4 ,there is a lattice    
verandah of brick and mortar round the  
shrine1  and there are small cupboards1 
in which numerous figures of the idol   
are  ranged on shelves40    ,arguments  

crowd upon me to establish these        
particulars2 the only  difficulty is in 
the compression4 ,i shall1 however1     
continue to prove this  from another    
source1 even by showing that when       
,ezekiel declared1 in  allusion to      
,tyre1 that 8the men of ,dedan were thy 
merchants10#ebi he  meant the men of    
,ireland4    ,first let me refer you to 
page #d1 by which you will be reminded  
of our  ancient possession of a naval   
equipment4 ,secondly1 let me quote to   
you  an extract from ,vallancey1 when   
directing the result to a different     
application4 ,his words are3 8,another  
proof of the ancient ,irish being       
skilled in the art of navigation1 ,i    
draw from a fragment of the ,brehon     
laws in my possession1 where the        
payment1 or the reward1 for the         
education  of children1 whilst under the
 care of fosterers1 is thus stipulated  
to be  paid to the ollamhs1 or          
professors1 distinguishing private      
tuition from  that of public schools4   

,the law says3 #8,if youth be instructed
 in the  knowledge of cattle1 the       
payment shall be three eneaclann and a  
seventh2  if in husbandry and farming1  
three eneaclann and three-sevenths2 if  
in  milrach1 i4e4 glais-argneadh as     
tear1 that is1 superior navigation1  or 
the best kind of knowledge1 the payment 
shall be five eneaclann and the  fifth  
of an eanmaide2 if in                   
glais-argneadhistein1 that is1 second1  
or  inferior 7branch of7 navigation1 two
 eneaclann and a seventh4' ,and this    
law is ordained because the pupils must 
have been previously instructed in      
letters1 which is the lowest education  
of all40    ,thus you see1 at all       
events1 that we were qualified for the  
duties  required4 ,now1 ,i will         
demonstrate1 and that too by the aid1 or
 rather at  the expense1 of ,mons4      
,heeren1 that we were the actual persons
 pointed to  by the prophet4            
8,deden10 says the professor1 8is one of
 the ,bahrein1 or rather more  northerly

 one of ,cathema4 ,the proofs1 which to 
detail here would be out of  place1 may 
be found in ,assemani1 ,bib4 ,orient4   
tom4 ii4 par4 ii4 pp4 #afj1  #efd1 #fjd1
 and #gdd4 ,difficulties arise here1 not
 merely from want of maps1  but also    
from the variation and confusion of     
names4 ,daden1 or ,deden1  is also      
frequently called ,dirin2 and it may be 
conjectured that from  hence arose the  
name of ,dehroon1 which is given to one 
of the ,bahrein  islands in the map of  
,delisle4 ,if that were the case1 then  
,dedan would not  be ,cathema1 as       
,assemani asserts1 but the island       
mentioned above2 and this  is rendered  
probable by the resemblance of names1   
which is a certain  guide40    ,if the  
8resemblance of names0 be 8a certain    
guide10 identity of names  must be still
 more certain2 and then must my proofs  
already prevail1 and  the professor's   
conjectures fall to the ground6 ,surely 
he cannot say  that there is any even   
resemblance between ,d-,irin and        

,dehroon6 ,but he  admits that the place
 alluded to is called indifferently     
,dedan#ecj and  ,d-,irin2 and have ,i   
not shown that each of those names1     
identical and  unadulterated1 belonged  
properly to ,ireland8 ,ireland1         
therefore1 alone  can be the country    
alluded to by the inspired penman4      
,in denying1 however1 a ,dodona to the  
,greeks1 and an oracle also1 ,general   
,vallancey was quite incorrect4 ,what he
 should have maintained was1 that  both 
name and oracle had their prototypes in 
,ireland2 but that1 so  remote was the  
date at which the transfer occurred1 all
 insight into the  mysteries had long   
since perished4    ,indeed1 their       
priests very frankly acknowledged the   
fact to ,herodotus1  when1 in his thirst
 for information1 he waited upon them at
 ,dodona4 8,we do  not10 said they1     
8know even the names of the deities to  
whom we make our  offerings--we         
distinguish them1 it is true1 by titles 
and designations2  but these are all    

adventitious and modern in comparison of
 the worship1  which is of great        
antiquity40 ,upon which the historian   
very truly  concludes1 8that their      
nature and origin had been always a     
secret2 and  that even the ,pelasgi1 who
 first introduced them and their rites1 
had been  equally unacquainted with     
their history40    ,like a true ,greek1 
however1 he must set about coining an   
origin for  them2 and so he tells us a  
cock-and-a-bull story of two pigeons    
7,peleiai7 having taken flight from     
,thebes in ,upper ,egypt1 and never     
stopped until they perched1 one upon the
 top of ,dodona1 and the other ,god     
knows where2 and then he flatters       
himself he has the allegory solved1 by  
imagining that those pigeons were       
priestesses1 or old women1  carried off 
by ,phnician pirates1 and sold into the 
land of ,greece6    ,in this he has been
 followed by thousands of imitators1 and
 quoted  miraculously at all the public 
schools4 ,nay1 his disciples would fain 

even  improve upon the thing2 and       
,servius has gone so far as to say that 
the  old woman's name was ,pelias6      
,now1 here is the whole mystery         
unravelled for you4    ,when the ,greeks
 established an oracle of their ,dodona1
 subordinate to  our master one1 they   
adopted1 at the same time1 one of the   
orders of our  priesthood4 ,this was    
that of the ,pheeleas1 the meaning of   
which being to  them an enigma1 they    
bent it1 as usual1 to some similar sound
 in their  own language4#eca ,this was  
that of ,peleiai1 in the accusative     
,peleias1 which1 in the dialect of      
,attica1 signifies pigeons1 and in  that
 of ,epirus1 old women2 and so the whole
 metamorphosis was forthwith  adjusted6 
,illustration    8,the very             
extraordinary piece of antiquity1       
represented in the annexed  woodcut1 was
 found10 says ,mr4 ,petrie1 8in a bog at
 ,ballymoney1 county of  ,antrim1 and   
exhibited to the ,royal ,irish ,academy1
 by the ,lord ,bishop of  ,down1 in     

,march #ahbi4 ,its material is that     
description of bronze of which  all the 
ancient ,irish weapons1 etc41 are       
composed1 and its actual size is  four  
times that of the representation4 ,it is
 a tube1 divided by joints at  ,a and ,b
 into three parts1 which1 on separating1
 were found to contain  brass wire1 in a
 zigzag form1 a piece of which is       
represented in ,fig4 ,g4  ,this wire    
appears to have been originally elastic1
 but when found was in a  state of      
considerable decomposition4 ,at ,e and  
,f are two holes1 about  one-eighth of  
an inch in diameter1 and seem intended  
for rivets or pins to  hold the         
instrument together4 ,the birds move on 
loose pins1 which pass  through the     
tube1 and on the other end are rings4   
,the material and style  of workmanship 
of this singular instrument leaves no   
doubt of its high  antiquity4 ,but we   
confess ourselves totally unable to form
 even a  rational conjecture as to its  
probable use1 and should feel obliged to

  any antiquary who would throw light   
upon it40#ecb    ,had the antiquarian   
high-priest to this magnanimous         
assemblage been  equally modest in      
former cases1 and courted instruction1  
instead of  erecting himself into a     
,pheelea1 he would not cut the figure   
which he  now does4 ,ignorance is no    
fault3 it is only its vagaries that are 
so  ridiculous6    ,however1 he has     
said--,i beg pardon1 he is in the plural
 number--well1  then1 they have said1   
that they would feel obliged to any     
antiquary  who would throw light upon   
the subject4    ,to be sure1 ,i am no   
antiquary4 ,the ,royal ,irish ,academy  
have made that  as clear as the sun at  
noonday4 ,nay1 they have even strove to 
make their  brethren at this side of the
 water to think so also6 ,but their     
brethren  at this side of the water are 
too honest a people1 and too noble in   
their purpose1 to make history a trade1 
and to stifle truth at the  unhallowed  
dictates of interest or partiality4     

,no matter2 ,i will tell all what this  
piece of antiquity was4 ,it was the     
actual instrument through which the     
oracle of ,dodona was announced6 ,you   
see upon it the swans by which ,apollo  
was brought to the ,hyperboreans6  ,the 
bulbul of ,iran also attends in the     
train2 and the affinity of this  latter 
bird to the species of pigeons1         
convinced the ,greeks that they  had    
really hit off the interpretation of the
 word ,pheelea6 and that  pigeons were1 
in truth1 the deliverers of the oracle4 
,this was the block upon which ,abb     
,bannier was stumbling4 ,having learned 
from some quarter1 ,i believe from      
,aristotle1 that there were some brass  
appendages contiguous to ,dodona1 he    
converts those appendages into          
kettles--a worthy friend of mine would  
add1 of fish--8which10 says he1  8being 
lashed with a whip1 clattered against   
one another until the oracle            
fulminated0666    ,as to those oracles  
themselves1 with the registries of which

 antiquity is  so replete1 ,i will here 
articulate my individual belief4 ,no one
 who knows  me can suppose that ,i am   
superstitious2 and1 for those who know  
me not1  the sentiments herein delivered
 will scarcely foster the imputation4   
,yet  am ,i as thoroughly persuaded as  
,i am of my personal consciousness1 that
  some prescience they did possess1     
conducted partly by human fraud1 and    
partly by spiritual co-operation4       
,there is no question but that there    
must have been some supernatural  agency
 in the business2 for human skill and   
human sagacity could never  penetrate   
the deep intricacies of doubt1 and the  
important pregnancies  of time which    
they have foreshown4#ecc    ,porphyry1  
in his book ,de ,dmonibus1 and          
,iamblichus in his ,de  ,mysteriis1     
expressly mention that demons were in   
every case the authors  of oracles4     
,without going all this length1 we may  
readily allow that they  had perhaps a  
great share in them2 neither will the   

ambiguity in which  their answers were  
sometimes couched detract anything from 
this admission1  because the spirits    
themselves1 when ignorant of any        
contingency1 would1  of course1 try to  
screen their defect by the vagueness of 
conjectures1 in  order that if the issue
 did not correspond with their advice1  
it may be  supposed owing to            
misinterpretation4 ,the instance of     
,crsus and the  ,delphian oracle was an 
interesting event4 ,he sent to all the  
oracles on  the same day this question  
for solution1 viz4 8,what is ,crsus1 the
 son of  ,alyattes1 ,king of ,lydia1 now
 doing80 ,that of ,delphi answered thus3
 8,i know  the number of the sand of    
,libya1 the measure of the ocean--the   
secrets of  the silent and dumb lie open
 to me--,i smell the odour of a lamb and
  tortoise boiling together in a brazen 
cauldron2 brass is under and brass      
above the flesh40    ,having heard this 
reply1 ,crsus adored the god of ,delphi1
 and owned the  oracle had spoken truth2

 for he was on that day employed in     
boiling  together a lamb and a tortoise 
in a cauldron of brass1 which had a     
cover of the same metal4 ,he next sent1 
enjoining his ambassadors to  inquire   
whether he should undertake a war       
against the ,persians8 ,the oracle      
returned answer1 8,if ,crsus passes the 
,halys1 he will put an end to a vast    
empire40    ,not failing to interpret   
this as favourable to his project1 he   
again sent  to inquire1 8,if he should  
long enjoy the kingdom80 ,the answer    
was1 8,that  he should till a mule      
reigned over the ,medes40 ,deeming this 
impossible1 he  concluded that he and   
his posterity should hold the kingdom   
for ever4  ,but the oracle afterwards   
declared that by 8a mule0 was meant     
,cyrus1  whose parents were of different
 nations--his father a ,persian1 and    
mother  a ,mede4 ,by which mule1 says a 
facetious writer1 the good man ,crsus   
was  thus made an ass6    ,that the     
priests1 however1 used much deception in

 the business1 and that  this deception 
did not escape the notice of the learned
 men of the time1  is evident from the  
charge which ,demosthenes had brought   
against the  ,pythia1 of her being      
accustomed to ,philippise1 or conform   
her notes to  the tune of the           
,macedonian emperor4 ,the knowledge of  
this circumstance  made the prudent at  
all times distrust their suggestions1   
whilst the  rabble1 without gainsay1    
acquiesced as blindly in the belief of  
their  infallibility4    ,but it was not
 only as to the meaning of the word     
,pheelea that the  ,greeks were         
unapprised1 they knew not the import of 
their own name  ,pelargi6#ecd ,it is    
compounded of this same term pheelea1 an
 augur  or a diviner2 and argh1 the     
symbolic boat1 or yoni6 ,and1 mind you1 
that this was the great difference      
between the ,pelargi--which is but      
another name for ,pish-de-danaans--and  
the ,tuath-de-danaans1 that the  latter 
venerated the male organ of energy1 and 

the former the female2  therefore in no 
country occupied by the former do you   
meet with ,round  ,towers1 though you   
invariably encounter those traces of    
art1 which  prove their descent from one
 common origin4    ,as presiding over   
the diviners of the symbolical boat1    
,jupiter was  called ,pelargicus4#ece   
,agyeus was another term in their       
religious vocabulary1 as applied to     
,apollo1 of which the ,greeks knew not  
the source4 ,they could not1 indeed1    
well mistake1 that it was derived       
immediately from 1 via2 but that  did   
not expound the fact1 and they were     
still in ignorance of its proper        
import4 ,it is merely a translation of  
our ,rudh-a-vohir1 that is1             
,apollo-of-the high-roads1 not1 what the
 ,greeks understood it1 as  stationary  
thereon1 but1 on the contrary1 as       
itinerant2 and to whom  ,venus the      
stranger corresponded on the other side2
 the especial province  of both being to
 ensure the comforts of hospitality1 of 

protection1  and of love1 to all        
emigrants and all travellers4    ,grunie
 was another epithet applied to ,apollo1
 as we may read in a hymn  composed by  
,orpheus1 which they could not          
comprehend4 ,it is derived from  ,grian1
 one of our names for the ,sun4    ,but1
 beyond comparison1 the most            
inexplicable of all the epithets applied
  to this divinity is ,lycus2 which1    
though--as has been the case1 you       
perceive1 in every subject yet          
discussed--it can be explained only in  
the ,irish6--yet1 even there1 it opposes
 some difficulties to  discourage1 but  
not more than what give way to sagacity 
and to  perseverance4    ,at            
,glendalough1 in the county ,wicklow1   
one of the proudest abodes of  ,budhism1
 are found1 amongst other sculptures1   
upon the dilapidated ruins1  those which
 you see opposite4    ,the wolf is the  
most frequent in the multitude of those 
hieroglyphics4  ,his character is       
exhibited in more attitudes than        

one--and all  mysteriously significant  
of natural designs4    ,in one place you
 observe his tail gracefully interwoven 
with the long hair  of a young man's    
head4 ,that represents the youth        
,apollo1 controlling by  his            
efficacy--alias1 the sun's genial       
rays--the most hardened hearts1 and  so 
revolutionising the tendency of the     
inborn system1 as from antipathy  often 
to produce affection and love6          
,illustration    ,of this illustration1 
the practical proof is afforded in      
,bakewell's  ,travels in the            
,tarentaise1 to the following purpose1  
viz43--    8,by way of enlivening the   
description of the structure of animals1
 he  7,m4 de ,candolle1 ,lecturer on    
,natural ,history at ,geneva71          
introduced many  interesting particulars
 respecting what he called leur morale1 
or their  natural dispositions1 and the 
changes they underwent when under the   
dominion of man4 ,among other instances 
of the affection which wolves had       

sometimes shown to their masters1 he    
mentioned one which took place in the   
vicinity of ,geneva4 ,a lady1 ,madame   
,m----1 had a tame wolf1 which seemed to
  have as much attachment to its        
mistress as a spaniel4 ,she had occasion
 to  leave home for some weeks2 the wolf
 evinced the greatest distress after    
her departure1 and at first refused to  
take food4 ,during the whole time  she  
was absent1 he remained much dejected3  
on her return1 as soon as the  animal   
heard her footsteps1 he bounded into the
 room in an ecstasy of  delight2        
springing up1 he placed one paw on each 
of her shoulders1 but the  next moment  
he fell backwards and instantly         
expired40    ,elsewhere you discern two 
wolves unmercifully tearing at a human  
head6 ,and  this is symbolical of a     
species of disease1 of which there is   
published an  account in a work called  
,the ,hospitall of ,incurable ,fooles1  
translated  from the ,italian by ,todd1 
to the following effect1 viz43--        

8,amongst these humours of ,melancholy1 
the phisitions place a kinde of  madnes1
 by the ,greeks called ,lycanthropia1   
termed by the ,latines  ,insania        
,lupina1 or ,wolves furie3 which        
bringeth a man to this point  7as       
,attomare affirmeth71 that in ,februarie
 he will goe out of the house in  the   
night like a wolfe1 hunting about the   
graves of the dead with great  howling3 
and plucke the dead men's bones out of  
the sepulchres1 carrying  them about the
 streets1 to the great fear and         
astonishment of all them  that meete    
him3 ,and the foresaide author          
affirmeth1 that melancholike  persons of
 this kinde have pale faces1 soaked and 
hollow eies1 with a weak  sight1 never  
shedding one tear to the view of the    
world10 etc4    ,and that this was      
epidemic amongst the ,irish is proved by
 ,spenser's  testimony1 when1 drawing a 
parallel between the ,scythians and the 
,irish of  his day1 he says3 8,also1 the
 ,scythians said1 that they were once a 

year  turned into wolves2 and so it is  
written of the ,irish3 though ,martin   
,camden1 in a better sense1 doth suppose
 it was a disease1 called  lycanthropia1
 so named of the wolf3 and yet some of  
the ,irish doe use to  make the wolf    
their gossip40    ,thus it appears1 that
 the ,irish were not only acquainted    
with the nature  of this sickness1 but  
also with the knack of taming that      
animal of  which it bore the name4 ,all 
this was connected with the worship of  
,apollo1  and with ,eastern mythology4  
,nay1 the very dogs1 for which our      
country  was once famous1#ecf and which 
were destined as protectors against the 
ravages of the wolf1 are clear1 from    
,ctesias1 to have had their             
correspondents in ,india4    ,the       
epithet ,lyceus1 ,i conceive1 now       
elucidated2 and so leave to yourself  to
 penetrate the rest of those devices4   
,but ,i shall not1 at the same  time1   
take leave of the 8,valley of the ,two  
,lakes40#ecg    ,on one of the loose    

stones1 which remain after this wreck of
  magnificence1 you will see a full     
delineation of 8,the history of         
,dahamsonda1 ,king of ,baranes 7modern  
,benares71 who1 as his name implies1    
was a zealous lover of religious        
knowledge2 and was incarnated1 in order 
to be tried between his attachment to   
religion and his zeal for the  salvation
 of the world on the one side1 and his  
love to his own life1  and his          
attachment to his kingdom and wealth1 as
 well as his kindred and  friends1 on   
the other2 for which purpose the gods   
had gradually and  completely withdrawn 
the light of religious knowledge from   
the world by  the time of his accession 
to the throne40#ech    ,this king1 in   
his anxiety to regain the lost condition
 of mankind--to  recover their          
literature and their ancient knowledge  
of religion1  instructs his courtiers to
 proclaim the offer of a casket of gold1
 8as a  reward to any person0 who would 
instruct his majesty in the mysteries of

  the ,bana1#eci that is1 the ,budhist  
,gospel1 with a view to its  salutary   
repropagation4    ,the officers         
proceeded in quest of such a phenomenon2
 but1 in the extent  of their own       
realms1 he was not to be found6    ,this
 excites the uneasiness of the king1 who
 8having by degrees increased  his      
offers to thousands and millions of     
money1 high titles1 possessions  of land
 and great privileges2 and1 at last1    
offering his own throne and  kingdom1   
but still finding no instructor1 leaves 
his court1 resolved to  become private  
traveller1 and not to rest till he has  
found one who could  communicate to him 
the desired knowledge4 ,having for a    
length of time  travelled through many  
kingdoms1 towns1 and villages1 enduring 
hardships1 he is1 at last1 by           
providential interference1 led through a
  delightful valley 7which affords him  
subjects for consideration and          
recreation of mind7 into a dismal       
forest1 the habitation of frightful     

demons1 venomous reptiles1 and beasts of
 prey4    8,sekkraia having on the      
occasion come down from heaven1 in the  
disguise  of a ,raksha1 meets ,bodhesat 
7the king7 in the wilderness1 who       
fearlessly enters into conversation with
 him1 and informs him of the  object of 
his wanderings4 ,the disguised deity    
undertaking to satisfy the  king1 if he 
will sacrifice to him his flesh and     
blood in exchange for the  sacred       
knowledge1 ,bodhesat cheerfully ascends 
a steep rock1 shown him by  the         
apparition1 and throws himself headlong 
to the mouth of the ,raksha4  ,the      
king's zeal being thus proved1          
,sekkraia1 in his own heavenly form1    
receives him in his arms1 as he is      
precipitating himself from the rock10   
and has him initiated in the desired    
information4#edj    ,now1 waiving for a 
moment the latter part of this          
legend--every word of  which1 however1  
is still chronicled in our country1     
though transferred by  the moderns to   

,st4 ,kevin and the monks--,i return to 
add1 that1 on  the above-mentioned      
stone1 you will see a representation of 
the  ambassadors offering this caske of 
riches to a professor of letters  seated
 in his 8doctor's chair0666    ,this    
stone itself is engraved in ,ledwich's  
,antiquities1 where in his  ignorance of
 its meaning1 as well as of everything  
else which formed the  subject of his   
libellous farrago1 he perverts it into  
the bribing of a  ,roman ,catholic      
priest6--as if the priests would so     
emblazon  themselves6--and quotes       
,chaucer to prove the fact1 when he says
 of one  them1 that--      8,he would   
suffer1 for a quart of wine1    ,a good 
fellow to have his concubine06    ,how  
inconsistent is error6 ,elsewhere this  
,reverend ,doctor has asserted1  and1   
accidentally1 with truth1 that there was
 no such thing at all to be  met with at
 this place1 as 8,christian symbols40 ,i
 wonder was he one of  those who        
consider ,roman ,catholics not to be    

,christians8    ,however1 again from    
this he diverges6 ,and1 when called upon
 to decipher  the hieroglyphics upon a  
stone-roofed ,tuath-de-danaan chapel1 of
 the same  character as that at         
,knockmoy1 and discovered here a few    
years ago1  beneath the ,christian piles
 which the early missionaries had built 
over  it1 by way of supersedence1 he    
throws himself1 in his embarrassment1   
into the arms of ,st4 ,kevin6 associates
 him with the whole6 and that1  too1    
after he had fatigued himself1 until    
half choked with spleen1 in  bellowing  
out the ideality and utter non-existence
 of such a  personage6    ,on the front 
of the cathedral erected out of the     
fragments of the  ,tuath-de-danaan      
dilapidations1 you will find ,budha     
embracing the sacred  tree1 known in our
 registries1 by the name of ,aithair    
,faodha1 which  signifies literally the 
tree of ,budha4#eda    ,the pomegranate 
of ,astarte--the medicinal apple of     
affection#edb--presents itself1 also1 in

 the foliage6 ,the mouldings  upon the  
arch of the western window refer        
likewise to her4 ,and1 to  complete the 
union of ,sabian symbolisation1 the     
serpent mingles in the  general tale6   
while the traditional story of the      
adjoining lake having  been infested by 
the presence of that reptile1 has a     
faithful parallel in  one of the lakes  
of ,syria6    ,will it not be believed1 
therefore1 that the valley at which     
,dohamsonda  had alighted1 after he had 
traversed many realms far away from his 
own1  was that of ,glendalough8 ,and    
where1 ,i ask1 would he be more likely  
to  obtain the object of his            
peregrination1 viz4 initiation into     
gospel  truth1 than in that country     
which1 from its pre-eminent effulgence  
in its  beatitudes1 was exclusively     
denominated the ,gospel-land8    ,this1 
sir1 is no rhetoric1--no declamatory    
exaggeration4 ,i will reduce  it for    
you1 in its simple elements1 to the     
perspicuity of vision4    ,bana-ba is   

one of the names of our sacred island1  
which1 like all the  rest of our        
history1 has been heretofore a mystery  
to literary  inquirers6    ,the light   
bursts upon you6--does it not already8  
,need ,i proceed to  separate for you   
the constituent parts of this word8     
,it is compounded1 then1 be it known1 of
 ,bana1 which indicates good  tidings1  
or gospel1 and aba1 land--meaning1 in   
the aggregate1 the  ,gospel-land6 ,and  
accordingly the pilgrim1 when he set out
 upon his  journey in quest of the      
,bana1 very naturally betook himself to 
,bana-ba1 or the land of the ,bana1     
where alone it was to be found6    ,and 
you presume to say that ,christianity is
 a thing which only commenced  last     
week8                          8,great  
,god6 ,i'd rather be    ,a ,pagan       
suckled in a creed outworn2    ,so might
 ,i standing on this pleasant lea1      
,have glimpses that would make me less  
forlorn2    ,have sight of ,proteus     
rising from the sea2    ,or hear old    

,triton blow his wreathed horn40        
,,wordsworth4          ,,chapter ,,xxxi4
      8,they shall be astonished1 and   
shall humble their countenances3 and    
trouble shall seize them1 when they     
shall behold the ,son of ,woman  sitting
 upon the throne of his glory4 ,then    
shall the kings1 the princes1  and all  
who possess the earth glorify him who   
has dominion over all  things--him who  
was concealed3 for1 from the beginning1 
the ,son of ,man  existed in secret1    
whom the ,most ,high preserved in the   
presence of his  power1 and revealed to 
the elect40#edc    ,so speaks one of the
 most extraordinary productions that has
 ever appeared  in ,england1 in the     
shape of literature6 ,and the commentary
 of its  translator#edd is as follows3--
    8,in both these passages10 says he1 
8the pre-existence of the ,messiah is   
asserted in language which admits not   
the slightest shade of  ambiguity--nor  
is it such a pre-existence as the       
philosophical cabalists  attributed to  

him1 who believed the souls of all men1 
and1 consequently1  that of the         
,messiah1 to have been originally       
created together1 when the  world itself
 was formed2 but an existence antecedent
 to all creation1 an  existence previous
 to the formation of the luminaries of  
heaven2 an  existence prior to all      
things visible and invisible1 before    
everything  concealed4--,it should      
likewise be remarked1 that the          
pre-existence  ascribed to him is a     
divine pre-existence40#ede    ,as to the
 pre-existence of the ,messiah1 in the  
only way in which the  ,archbishop      
affirms1 ,i did not think that the      
doctrine was so obscure as to  require  
so much stress6 ,everybody acquiesces1  
who acquiesces in  ,christianity--that  
its ,founder had existence and dominion 
with ,his ,father  before all worlds4   
,and1 therefore1 when ,his ,grace offers
 this as an  illustration of our opening
 extract1 he either unconsciously       
contradicts himself1 or1 else1 by       

dealing in generalities1 evades an      
exposition1 which he was not at liberty 
to communicate6    ,i am quite ignorant 
as to whether or not ,dr4 ,lawrence     
belongs to the order  of ,freemasons1   
but ,i confess that when first ,i       
glanced at the above  remarks ,i fancied
 he did4 ,the care with which the two   
words 8secret0 and  8concealed0 were    
distinguished by him in italics1 led me 
to this  conjecture4 ,but the indefinite
 unsubstantiality into which he         
afterwards  wandered1 made the fact of  
his initiation become1 itself1 a secret4
    ,let me1 however1 prove the above   
dilemma4    ,his ,lordship has asserted1
 that the uninspiration of 8the author0 
will  admit of no dispute3#edf and yet  
that 8author10 whom the ,archbishop     
himself acknowledges to have written1 at
 the very lowest1 antecedently  to the  
,advent1 speaks of the ,messiah as the  
8,son of ,man0 and the  8,son of        
,woman40#edg    ,either1 therefore1 the 
author was inspired1 speaking           

prospectively of  an occurrence not then
 consummated6 or else1 uninspired1 he   
historically transmits the record of an 
incarnation vouchsafed before his  time4
    ,i feel perfectly indifferent as to 
which horn of this alternative you may  
patronise4 ,they both equally make for  
me4 ,nor do ,i want either1  otherwise  
than to show1 that else the ,archbishop 
is already of my way of  thinking1 and  
restrained from avowing it1 or          
unwillingly involved  in a contradictory
 nodus1 from a partial succumbing to    
education6    ,with this ,i leave       
,enoch6 ,i have hitherto done without   
him6 ,i shall  continue still to do so6 
,but while bidding adieu1 ,i must       
disburthen  myself of the sentiments    
which his merits have inspired1 and that
 after a  very short personal           
familiarity4    ,thou art1 then1 a      
,,goodly and a ,,wise book1 ,enoch1     
stored with many and  recondite truths1 
but 8few they be who find0 them4 ,better
 for thee  it were1 however1 that thou  

hadst slept a little longer in thy      
tranquil  retirement1 than obtrude      
thyself1 unappreciated1 upon an ungenial
  world--a cold1 a calculating1 an      
adamantine world--who fancy they know   
everything1 but who1 in truth1 know     
nothing--to meet with nothing but  their
 scorn6 ,it is true1 ,enoch1 that thy   
face hath been tarnished by  many a     
blemish6 ,and that the hand of time hath
 dealt with thee1 as it doth  with the  
other works of man6 ,yet1 despite of the
 curtailments thus  sustained1 and the  
exotics incorporated1 thy magnificent   
ruin still  holds within it some gleams1
 which to the initiated and the         
sympathetic afford delight and          
gratification4      --------8,sweet as  
the ecstatic bliss    ,of souls that by 
intelligence converse60    ,doubtless1  
reader1 you are acquainted with the     
,gospel of ,st4 ,john8--and  you have a 
heart8--and you have emotions8--and you 
have  sensibilities8--and you have      
intellect8 ,well1 then1 tell me frankly1

 have  not these all been brought into  
requisition1 at the metaphysical        
sublimity and the oriental pathos of the
 opening part of that  production8      
8,he was in the world1 and the world was
 made by ,him2 and the world knew  ,him 
not4 ,he came unto ,his own1 and ,his   
own received ,him not40#edh    ,you     
surely cannot suppose this said in      
reference to the late  incarnation6     
,were it so1 why should the ,evangelist 
deliver himself in  terms so pointedly  
allusive to distant times8 ,the interval
 between  ,christ's disappearance and   
,st4 ,john's registration was but as    
yesterday1  and therefore the latter1   
when inculcating the divinity of the    
former1  upon the belief of his         
countrymen1 who were all contemporaries1
 as well of  one as of the other1 need  
not advertise them of an addition1 of   
which they  were themselves cognisant4  
,but to illustrate to you as light1 that
 it was not the recent  manifestation   
that was meant by the above text1 he    

tells us in the sequel1  when expressly 
narrating this latter fact1 that 8the   
,logos was made  flesh and dwelt among  
us02#edi where you perceive that        
8dwelling among  us0 is made a distinct 
thing from1 and posterior in eventuation
 to  8coming unto ,his own10 as before  
recorded6#eej    ,indeed1 in the        
delineation1 it is not only the order of
 time1 but the  precision of words1 that
 we see most rigidly characteristic4    
,the  ,jews1 it is certain1 could not be
 called 8,his own10 except by  adoption2
 and1 ,i am free to allow1 that from    
them1 8as concerning the  flesh1 ,christ
 came02 but by 8,his own0#eea are meant 
,his real  relations6--emanations from  
the ,godhead1 such as ,he was ,himself6 
beings  altogether separate from flesh  
and blood6 and whose mysteriousness was 
perceptible most clearly to ,st4 ,john1 
as you will perceive by the ,greek      
words from which this is rendered1 viz4 
1 having been put in the  neuter gender6
    ,but suppose them1 for an instant1  

to have been the ,jews6--,then we are   
told  that1 8to as many as received     
,him1 gave ,he power to become sons of  
,god40#eeb ,now1 the apostles were they 
who did implicitly receive ,him3  and   
why does not ,st4 ,john refer to those1 
whether living or dead1 as  admitted to 
the privilege of becoming 8sons of      
,god08 ,i will tell you3--it  was       
because that they did not answer to that
 order of beings 8which were  born not  
of blood1 nor of the will of the flesh1 
nor of the will of man1  but of         
,god40#eec    ,these were the persons to
 whom ,christ came before--these were   
8,his own10  because that1 like ,him1   
they also were of ,god4#eed ,these were 
they1  who having lapsed into sin1#eee  
and vitiated their nature1 drew down the
  vengeance of heaven upon them2 and to 
the descendants of these it was that    
8the elect0 and 8the concealed one10 in 
mercy was made manifest1 with  proposals
 of redemption to regain their lost     
state666    8,o the depth of the riches 

both of the wisdom and knowledge of     
,god6 how  unsearchable are ,his        
judgments1 and how inscrutable ,his     
ways60#eef    ,seest thou not now1      
therefore1 the propriety of ,st4 ,john's
 expression1  when ,he says1 8,and ,i   
knew ,him not1 but that ,he should be   
made manifest  to ,israel02#eeg for     
when1 before 8,he was in the world10 it 
was in  secret and concealed--as still  
and always represented in the           
mysteries6 ,the latter1 he asserts1 as a
 matter of revelation--for  the former  
he appeals to the experience of his     
auditors1 as a subject of  history3 and 
both epochs are confirmed by the 8voice 
from heaven10  which replied to         
,christ's own prayer1 as thus1 8,i have 
both glorified it10  viz4 at ,thy former
 manifestation--8and will glorify it    
again10#eeh at  this ,thy present666    
,i was myself twelve years of age before
 ever ,i saw a ,testament in any        
language4 ,the first ,i was then        
introduced to was the ,greek4 ,being in 

favour with my tutor1 he took an        
interest in my progress1 and the        
consequence was1 to my gratitude and his
 praise1 that no deviation from  the    
exactness of grammatical technicality   
could possibly escape my  observation4  
,soon as ,i arrived at the text wherein 
occurs1 its  irregularity1 at once1     
flashed across my mind4 ,i sought for an
  explanation1 but it was in vain2 my   
imagination set to work1 but it was     
equally abortive4 ,at length1 in        
despair1 ,i relinquished the pursuit1   
and  never again troubled myself with   
it1 or its solution1 until recalled by  
its connection with the present inquiry4
    ,but it was not alone the           
peculiarity of gender that excited my   
circumspection1 the phraseology1 when   
translated1 sounded so familiar to  my  
ear1 as to appear an old acquaintance   
under a new form4 ,for1 though ,i  could
 then tolerably well express myself in  
,english1 the train of my  reflections  
always ran in ,irish4 ,from infancy ,i  

spoke that tongue3 it was  to me        
vernacular4 ,i thought in ,irish1 ,i    
understood in ,irish1 and ,i  compared  
in ,irish4 ,my sentiments and my        
conceptions were filtrated  therein6    
,as to dialectal idioms or lingual      
peculiarities1 ,i had not1 of course1   
the  most remote idea4 ,whether1        
therefore1 the expression coming to     
8,his own0  were properly a ,greek or an
 ,english elocution1 ,i did not1 then1  
know  either sufficiently well to       
determine2 but that it was ,irish ,i was
  perfectly satisfied2 my ear and my    
heart1 at once1 told me so4    ,i now   
positively affirm that the phrase is    
neither ,hebrew1 ,greek1 nor  ,english6 
,and if you are not disposed to admit   
the information which it  conveys1#eei  
to be an immediate communication from   
the ,omnipotent1 ,i have  another very  
adequate mode of accounting for ,st4    
,john's having acquired  it1 and        
expressed it too in a phraseology so    
essentially ,oriental4    ,illustration 

,the three wise men--who came from the  
,east to ,jerusalem1 saying1 8,where  is
 ,he that is born ,king of the ,jews8   
for we have seen ,his star in the  east1
 and are come to worship ,him0#efj--to a
 mortal certainty imparted to  him the  
intelligence6    ,here you see them with
 crosses upon their crowns1#efa the     
religious  counterparts of our ,irish   
shamrocs6#efb ,and surely1 as ,jesus was
 then  but an infant1 those mysterious  
devices were commemorative of ,his      
crucifixion1 when 8,he came to ,his     
own10--and not to that which occurred   
while ,he 8dwelt among us10 a           
catastrophe which had not yet taken     
place6    ,nor is it alone this single  
phrase 7 7 that ,i claim as             
,oriental--the  five first verses of    
this ,gospel1 as at present arranged1   
appertain also  thereto4 ,they speak the
 doctrine alike of the ,budhists and of 
the  ,free-masons2 but in diction1 and  
in peculiarity1 in tone1 in  point1 and 
essence1 they are irrefragably          

,irish4#efc    ,that ,st4 ,john never   
wrote them is beyond all question6 but  
having found  them to his hand1 existing
 after the circuit of centuries and     
ages1 the  composition seemed so pure1  
and so consonant with ,christianity1    
nay1 its  very vitality and soul1 he    
adopted it as the preface to his own    
production1 which begins only at the    
sixth verse1 opening with1 8,there  was 
a man sent from ,god whose name was     
,john06    ,having asserted that the    
preliminary part was inalienably ,irish1
 ,i now  undertake to prove a radical   
misconception1 nay1 a derogation from   
the  majesty of the ,messiah1 to have   
crept into the text1 in consequence  of 
its having been translated by persons   
unacquainted with that language6    ,the
 term logos1 which you render word1     
means to an iota the spiritual          
flame--log1 or logh1 being the original 
denomination4 ,the ,greeks1  who had    
borrowed all their religion from the    
,irish1 adopted this also from  their   

vocabulary2 but its form not being      
suited to the genius of their  language1
 they fashioned it thereto by adding the
 termination os1 as  loghos2 and thus   
did it become identified in sound with  
the common  logos1 which they had       
before1 and which merely expresses a    
word or  term6    ,but though thus      
confounded1 their philosophers1 for a   
long time1 kept both  expressions       
distinct4 ,the former they ever         
considered a foreign  importation1      
rendering it1 as we did1 by the         
spiritual flame2 as is  evident from    
,zeno making use of the expression1    1
 that  is1 the spiritual flame1 which is
 diffused through1 and vivifies         
everything4    ,pythagoras is so        
explicit upon this spiritual flame1 that
 you would  swear he was paraphrasing   
the first five verses of ,st4 ,john4    
8,god10 says he1 8is neither the object 
of sense1 nor subject to passion1  but  
invisible1 only intelligible1 and       
supremely intelligent4 ,in ,his body1   

,he is like the light1 and in ,his soul 
,he resembles truth4 ,he is the         
universal spirit that pervades and      
diffuseth itself over all nature4 ,all  
beings receive their life from ,him4    
,there is but one only ,god1 who is     
not1 as some are apt to imagine1 seated 
above the world1 beyond the orb of  the 
universe2 but being ,himself all in all1
 ,he sees all the beings that  fill ,his
 immensity1 the only principle1 the     
light of ,heaven1 the ,father  of all4  
,he produces everything1 ,he orders and 
disposes everything2 ,he  is the reason1
 the life1 and the motion of all being40
    ,even the ,latins having borrowed   
the idea from the ,greeks1 steered clear
 of  the equivocation of the ridiculous 
word2 and the immortal ,maro1 when      
describing the quickening influence of  
this ethereal logos through all  the    
branches of nature1 interprets it as    
above1 literally1 by the  spiritual     
flame6      8,principio clum ac terras1 
camposque liquentes1    ,lucentemque    

globum ,lun1 ,titaniaque ,astra1        
,spiritus intus alit2 totamque infusa   
per artus    ,mens agitat molem1 et     
magno se corpore miscet4    ,inde       
hominum pecudumque genus1 vitque        
volantum1    ,et qu marmoreo fert       
monstra sub quore pontus40#efd    ,am   
,i1 therefore1 presumptuous in appealing
 to the community to reject  this word  
as applied to the logos8 ,a meaning1 it 
is true1 has been  trumped up for this1 
as the communicating vehicle between    
,god and ,his  creatures6 ,no doubt the 
,saviour is all that3 but logos does not
 express  it2 and the duration of an    
abuse is no reason why it should be     
perpetuated after its exposure4    ,i   
have said that it degraded the dignity  
of the ,godhead to render this          
expression by the form of word4 ,i do   
not retract the charge3 on the          
contrary1 ,i add that1 independently    
altogether of the former arguments1     
adduced to establish its inaccuracy1 it 
would be revolting to common  sense1    

were it not even thus incorrect6    ,for
 example--8,in ,him was life10 says the 
text1 8and the life was the  light of   
men40    ,now1 how could there be life  
in a word8 except by the most unnatural 
straining of metaphor4 ,or1 admitting   
that there was life1 how could  there be
 light1 except by the same8 ,whereas1 by
 substituting the proper  term1 then all
 is regular and easy2 for what could be 
more natural1 than  that there should be
 life in spirit8 and that this life     
should give  light to men8    ,you will 
observe accordingly1 that ,jesus        
,himself1 when describing ,his own      
character1 exactly states what ,i here  
rectify1 saying1 8,i am the light  of   
the world0--not the word of the         
world--or any such nonsense4 ,and ,he   
continues the idea by noting further1   
that 8he that followeth ,me shall not   
walk in darkness1 but shall have the    
light of life40#efe ,thus keeping  up an
 uninterrupted reference to logos1 or   
the spiritual flame6    ,i do1          

therefore1 humbly1 but strenuously1     
implore of the legislature that  they   
restore this epithet to its divine      
interpretation6 ,i entreat of  the      
heads1 as well of ,church as of ,state1 
that they cancel the error2 for  error  
,i unhesitatingly pronounce it to be1--a
 derogation from the  ,godhead1 and a   
perversion of the attributes of the     
,messiah6    ,i will myself show the    
way--thus3 8,in the beginning was the   
spiritual  flame3 and the spiritual     
flame was with ,god1 and the spiritual  
flame  was ,god40#eff    ,how beautiful6
 may ,i hope that it will never more be 
extinguished6    ,now1 there is another 
text in the same chapter1 which1 though 
not  incorrectly translated1 yet loses  
half its beauty as at present           
understood6 ,it will startle you when ,i
 recite it6 ,yet here it comes4         
8,behold the ,lamb of ,god1 which taketh
 away the sin of the world60#efg    ,by 
lamb1 no doubt1 you mean a young sheep3 
but let me ask you1 what  connection can

 you perceive between a young sheep and 
the taking away  of sin8 ,that of       
immolation1 you answer1 as typifying the
 grand  offering4 ,well1 then1 why add  
8of ,god08 ,why say1 the young sheep of 
,god1 if it was an ordinary animal of   
the mere ovine species that was         
intended8    ,no1 sir2 recollect the    
8,lamb slain from the beginning of the  
world10  recorded in the ,revelations1  
as quoted before4#efh    ,a deep mystery
 is involved in this expression1 which  
the ingenuity of man  could not evolve  
but through the ,irish4 ,in that        
language lambh is a word  having three  
significations4 ,the first is a hand2   
the second a young  sheep2 and the third
 a cross4#efi    ,let us now1 in        
rendering the text1 substitute this     
latter instead of the  intermediate2 and
 it will be1 8,behold the cross of ,god1
 which taketh  away the sin of the      
world60 ,by which you perceive that when
 ,john the  ,baptist1 by inspiration1   
pointed out ,jesus ,christ as the       

universal ,saviour  of the world1 his   
very words establish a previous         
crucifixion6    ,you now see how it     
happened that ten1 in numerals1 came to 
be represented  by a cross ,x4 ,this    
being the number of fingers upon each   
person's  hands3 and a hand and a cross 
being both prefigured in the sacred1    
that is1 in the ,irish language1#egj by 
the same term1 lambh1 it hence  occurred
 that in all reckoning and notation1 a  
new score should be  commenced          
therefrom--that its sanctity should be  
still further enhanced  by the epithet  
of diag1 or perfection1 which           
characterises it as a  submultiple1 and 
that the mysteriousness of the whole    
should be  additionally shrouded under  
the comprehensive symbol of a pyramid or
  triangle #ega    8,our ,hibernian     
,druids10 says ,vallancey1 8always wore 
a key1 like the  doctors of law of the  
,jews1 to show they alone had the key of
 the  sciences1 that is1 that they alone
 could communicate the knowledge of the 

doctrine they preached4 ,the name of    
this key was kire1 or cire2 and  eo1 a  
peg or pin1 being compounded with it1   
forms the modern eo-cire1  the key of a 
lock4 ,the figure of this key resembled 
a cross2 those of  the ,lacedmonians and
 ,egyptians were of the same form40     
,estimable and revered ,vallancey1 it   
pains me to say anything against you6   
but on those subjects you were quite at 
bay6 ,it was not to 8show that  they    
alone had the key of the sciences10 that
 8the doctors of law of the  ,jews      
always wore a key10 but because that    
they had seen it in the  ceremonial of  
the ,egyptians1 from whom1 like the     
,lacedmonians1 they had  borrowed its   
use1 without either of them being able  
to penetrate its  import6#egb    ,the   
origin1 then1 of this badge appearing   
amongst the habiliments of  our ancient 
priests1 is developed by the name which 
those priests  themselves bore1 viz4    
,luamh1 which1 being but a direct       
formative from  lambh1 a cross1 unlocks 

the secret of their being its           
ministers4#egc    ,the ,idi-,dactyli1   
who superintended the mysteries of      
,ceres1 obtained  their designation from
 the very same cause1 and corresponded  
literally  with our ,luamhs3 for the    
,iod of the ,chaldeans being equivalent 
to the  lambh or hand of the ,irish1 the
 number of fingers thereon were made    
religiously significant of the ,x1 or   
cross6 ,and1--what cannot fail to       
excite astonishment1 as to the          
immutability of a nation's              
character1--to this very hour1 the      
symbolical oath of the ,irish peasant   
is a transverse placing of the          
forefinger of one hand over that of the 
other1 and then uttering the words1 8,by
 the cross06    ,are not the opposers of
 my truths1 then1 as yet satisfied8 or  
will they  still persist in saying that 
it was the ,pope that sent over our     
,tuath-de-danaan crosses8#egd in the    
ship ,argho6 some thousands of years    
before ever ,pope was born4 ,i wonder   

was it ,his ,holiness that transported  
emissaries also to that ancient city in 
,america1 lately discovered in  ruins1  
near ,palenque2 amongst the sculptures  
of which we discover a  cross6 ,and the 
priority of which to the times of       
,christianity is  borne witness to by   
the gentleman who has published the     
8,description0 of  those ruins1#ege     
though glaringly ignorant as to what was
 commemorated  thereby4    8,upon one   
point1 however10 he says1 8it is deemed 
essentially necessary to  lay a stress1 
which is the representation of a ,greek 
cross1 in the  largest plate            
illustrative of the present work1 from  
whence the casual  observer might be    
prompted to infer that the ,palencian   
city flourished at  a period subsequent 
to the ,christian era2 whereas it is    
perfectly well  known to all those      
conversant with the mythology of the    
ancients1 that  the figure of a cross   
constituted the leading symbol of their 
religious  worship3 for instance1 the   

augural staff or wand of the ,romans was
 an  exact resemblance of a cross1 being
 borne as the ensign of authority by    
the community of the augurs of ,rome1   
where they were held in such high       
veneration that1 although guilty of     
flagrant crimes1 they could not be      
deposed from their offices2 and with the
 ,egyptians the staff of ,bootes  or    
,osiris is similar to the crosier of    
,catholic bishops1 which  terminated at 
the top with a cross40    ,but if the   
,pope had so great a taste for          
beautifying our valleys with  those     
costly specimens of art1 whereof some   
are at least eighteen feet in  height1  
composed of a single stone1 and         
chiselled into devices of the most      
elaborate mysteries1 is it not          
marvellous that he has not1 in the      
plenitude of his piety1 thought proper  
to adorn the neighbourhood of the  ,holy
 ,see with any similar trophies8 ,and   
why has he not preserved in the         
archives of the ,vatican any record of  

the bequest1 as he has taken care  to do
 in the case of the four palls8    ,but1
 transcendently and lastly1 why did he  
deem it necessary to depict  centaurs   
upon those crosses1 with snakes1        
serpents1 dogs and other  animals1 such 
as this following one exhibits1 which is
 that at ,kells1 and  which has been    
alluded to1 by promise1 some pages      
backwards4#egf    ,illustration    ,i   
have now done with the appropriation of 
those columns2 and shall just  whisper  
into my adversaries' ears--if they have 
but recovered from the  downcrash of    
their fabric--that so far from laying   
claim to the honour of  their erection1 
the ,pope has actually excommunicated   
all such as revered  them6 and has      
otherwise disowned all participation    
therein1 by the  fulminating of bulls   
and of anathemas6#egg    ,yet did the   
zealots of party1 after the history of  
those crosses was  forgotten1 associate 
them individually with some favourite   
saint6 8,this  notion10 says ,mosheim1  

referring to such diversions1 8rendered 
it  necessary to multiply prodigiously  
their number1 and to create daily new   
ones4 ,the clergy set their invention at
 work1 and peopled at discretion  the   
invisible world with imaginary          
protectors2 they invented the names and 
histories of saints that never existed2 
many chose their own patrons1  either   
phantoms of their own creation or       
distracted fanatics whom they  sainted40
    ,here1 however1 the historian is as 
inaccurate as he is severe3 for not     
only did the majority of those saints1  
if not all of them1 exist1 but  the     
greater part also of those exploits     
ascribed to them have actually          
occurred6 ,the imposition consisted in  
making them the heroes of events  and   
legends belonging to former actors4#egh 
,i shall now give you1 from the ,book of
 ,ballymote1 my proof for the  assertion
 before advanced as to the ,goban ,saer1
 whom they would fain  appropriate1     
having been a member of the             

,tuath-de-danaans1 viz43 8,ro  gabsat   
sartain in ,eirin ,tuatha ,dadann is deb
 ro badar na prem ealadhnaigh3          
,luchtand saer credne ceard3 ,dian      
ceachd liargh etan dan a hingeinsidhe3  
buime na filedh ,goibneadh ,gobha lug   
,mac ,eithe ,occai2 ro badar na huile   
dana ,daghadae in ,righ3 oghma brathair 
in ,righ1 is e ar arainic litri no      
,scot40 ,that is1 ,the ,tuath-de-danaans
 then ruled in ,eirin4 ,they were first 
in all sciences4 ,credne ,ceard was of  
this people2 and his daughter ,dean     
,ceachd1 who presided over physic3 she  
nursed the poet ,gohne ,gobha1 the      
,free-mason 7lug is the same as ,saer71 
son of ,occai ,esthne4 ,daghdae the     
king was skilled in all sciences3 his   
brother ,ogmus taught the ,scythians    
the use of letters4    ,thus you see    
that he could not1 by possibility1 be on
 the same theatre  with ,st4 ,abham2    
while the popular tradition is still    
substantially true  which connects his  
name with the erection of the ,round    

,towers6    ,the ,church festivals      
themselves1 in our ,christian calendar1 
are but the  direct transfers from the  
,tuath-de-danaan ritual4 ,their very    
names in  ,irish are identically the    
same as those by which they were        
distinguished  by that earlier race4 ,if
 therefore1 surprise has heretofore been
 excited  at the conformity observable  
between our ,church institutions and    
those of  the ,east1 let it in future   
subside at the explicit announcement    
that  ,christianity1 with us1 was but   
the revival of a religion imported      
amongst us1 many ages before1 by the    
,tuath-de-danaans from the ,east1 and   
not from any chimerical inundation of   
,greek missionaries--a revival upon     
which their hearts were longingly       
riveted1 and which ,fiech himself1 the  
pupil of ,st4 ,patrick1 and bishop of   
,sletty1 unconsciously registers in the 
following couplet1 viz43--      8,tuatha
 ,heren1 tarcaintais    ,dos nicfead    
sith laithaith nua40#egi    ,that is1-- 

,the ,budhists of ,irin prophesied      
,that new times of peace would come4    
,what kind of peace1 you ask8 ,is it of 
deliverance from their  ,scythian       
oppressors8 ,no1 but that spiritual     
tranquillity1 such as they  enjoyed     
before1 and at which even the angels of 
heaven rejoiced1 while  announcing the  
tidings to man#ehj--      8,and sweet1  
and with rapture o'erflowing1      ,was 
the song from that multitude heard1     
,who their heav'n for a season          
foregoing1      ,to second the ,angel   
appear'd4    #8,all glory1' the anthem  
resounding1      #8,to ,god in the      
highest1' began2    ,and the chant was  
re-echoed1 responding1      #8,peace on 
earth1 loving-kindness to man4'0#eha    
,you will remember that the ,scriptures 
themselves record1 how that the  wise   
men of the ,east foresaw this epoch2 and
 8,lo1 the star which they  saw in the  
east1 went before them1 till it came and
 stood over where the  young child      
was40#ehb    ,is it therefore to be     

wondered at that our ,tuath-de-danaans1 
who were  their brethren1 should equally
 anticipate it8    ,yes1 from the       
commencement of time1 and through all   
the changes of  humanity1 ,god had      
always witnesses to the truth in this   
nether world4    8,and ,melchizedec1    
,king of ,salem1 brought forth bread and
 wine1 and he was  the priest of the    
most high ,god4    8,and he blessed him1
 and said1 ,blessed be ,abram of the    
most high ,god1  possessor of heaven and
 earth3    8,and blessed be the most    
high ,god1 which hath delivered thine   
enemies  into thy hand4 ,and he gave him
 tithes of all40#ehc    8,now consider  
how great this man was1 unto whom even  
the patriarch ,abraham  gave the tenth  
of the spoils4    8,for this            
,melchizedec1 ,king of ,salem1 priest of
 the most high ,god1 who met  ,abraham  
returning from the slaughter of the     
kings1 and blessed him3    8,to whom    
also ,abraham gave a tenth part of all3 
first being1 by  interpretation1 king of

 righteousness1 and after that also king
 of ,salem1  which is king of peace4    
8,without father1 without mother1       
without descent1 having neither         
beginning  of days nor end of life2 but 
made like unto the ,son of ,god--abideth
 a  priest continually40#ehd    ,thus   
does the apostle proceed1 in a strain of
 the closest argumentation1  to point   
out the superiority of this king of     
peace1 over ,abraham and his  lineage3  
after which ,mr4 ,brown1 in his         
,commentary upon the ,bible1  expresses 
himself as follows1 viz43--8,who this   
,melchizedec was1 this  priest of ,god  
among the ,canaanites1 greater than     
,abraham1 the friend of  ,god1 who were 
his parents or his successors1 is on    
purpose concealed by  the ,holy ,ghost4 
,and hence he is without father or      
mother1 predecessor or  successor1 in   
his historical account1 in order that he
 might typify the  incomprehensible     
dignity1 the amazing pedigree and       
unchangeable duration  of ,jesus        

,christ1 our great ,high ,priest40      
,nobody can quarrel with the piety of   
this commentator3 but piety is  not the 
only requisite for a commentator upon   
the ,scriptures3 the absence  of        
stupidity is an essential condition4 ,it
 is not1 however1 as applied to  this   
particular passage that ,i thus express 
myself3 were this the only  instance of 
accommodating oversight it should draw  
forth no critique  from me4 ,but the    
instances are innumerable1 to verify the
 expression  that 8some persons see1 but
 perceive not40    ,mr4 ,brown had no   
idea of an emanation6 ,mr4 ,brown did   
not comprehend the  sons of ,god6 ,mr4  
,brown did not know the connection which
 existed between  the peace of ,christ  
and that which was represented by       
,melchizedec4#ehe    8,how beautiful    
upon the mountains are the feet of ,him 
that bringeth good  tidings1 that       
publisheth peace2 that bringeth good    
tidings of good1  that publisheth       
salvation2 that saith unto ,zion1 ,thy  

,god  reigneth40#ehf    8,these things  
have ,i spoken unto you1 that in ,me ye 
might have peace4 ,in  the world ye     
shall have tribulation3 but be of good  
cheer2 ,i have overcome  the world40#ehg
    8,if thou hadst known1 even thou1 at
 least in this thy day the things which 
belong unto thy peace6 but now they are 
hid from thine eyes40#ehh    8,peace ,i 
leave with you2 ,my peace ,i give unto  
you3 not as the world  giveth1 give ,i  
unto you40#ehi    8,which hope we have  
as an anchor of the soul1 both sure and 
steadfast1 and  which entereth into that
 within the veil2    8,whither the      
forerunner is for us entered1 even      
,jesus1 made an ,high  ,priest for ever 
after the order of ,melchisedec40#eij   
8,from our fathers to us the good       
tidings descend1      ,from us to our   
children agen2    ,unrestrain'd as the  
sun1 and as lasting1 they blend         
,all the nations and ages of men4       
,good news of great joy to all people1  
they speak      ,at once to the learn'd 

and the rude1    ,to barbarian and      
,scythian1 the ,jew and the ,greek1     
,nor country nor person exclude4        
,from the man who goes forth to his     
labour by day1      ,to the woman his   
help-meet at home2    ,from the child   
that delights in his infantine play1    
,to the old on the brink of the tomb2   
,from the bridal companions1 the youth  
and the maid1      ,to the train on the 
death-pomp that wait2    ,from the rich 
in fine linen and purple array'd1       
,to the beggar that lies at his gate3   
,to all is the ensign of blessedness    
shown1      ,to the dwellers in vale or 
on hill1    ,alike to the monarch who   
sits on his throne1      ,and the       
bond-man who toils at the mill2    ,high
 and low1 rich and poor1 young and old1 
one and all1      ,earth's sojourners1  
dead and alive1    ,who perish'd by     
,adam1 our forefather's fall1           
,shall in ,jesus the ,saviour revive4   
,not an ear1 that those tidings of      
welfare can meet1      ,but to it doth  

that welfare belong3    ,then those     
tidings with rapture what ear shall not 
greet1      ,what tongue shall not echo 
the song8    ,all hail to the ,saviour6 
all hail to the ,lord6      ,god and    
,man in one person combined6    ,the    
,father's ,anointed6 by ,angels adored6 
,the ,hope and ,delight of mankind60#eia
          ,,chapter ,,xxxiii4      8,yet
 once ,i was blind1 and could not see   
the light1    ,and straight to          
,jeru-salem ,i then took my flight2     
,they led me through a wilderness1 with 
a multitude of care1    ,you may know me
 by the system1 or badge ,i wear4       
,twelve dazzling lights ,i saw1 which   
did me surprise2    ,i stood in amaze   
where ,i heard a great noise2    ,a     
serpent came by me1--,i fell unto the   
ground1    ,with joy1 peace1 and comfort
 the secret ,i found40#eib      ,the    
principle of all mysteries having been  
already elucidated1 it only  remains1   
that in this concluding chapter1 ,i     
point out a few more instances  of their

 practical application4    ,in the      
,gospel1 then1 according to ,st4        
,matthew1 ,i find the words1 8,o        
generation of vipers1 who hath warned   
you to flee from the wrath to           
come80#eic ,and in that according to    
,st4 ,john1 the following1 8,we be not  
born of fornication2 we have one        
,father1 even ,god40#eid    ,the        
juxtaposition of these texts1 one with  
another1 and the comparison of  them1   
mutually1 with the explication of the   
serpent1 given at p4 #bbi1  will not    
only confirm the truth of all the       
foregoing developments1 but  satisfy you
 further1 what ,i am very certain you   
did not before identify1  viz4 that the 
phrases generation of vipers1 and the   
being born of  fornication1 are one and 
the same--the viper1 or serpent1 being  
the  symbol of lustfulness1 making the  
former equivalent to ye offspring of    
concupiscence2 that is1 in other words1 
ye born of fornication6#eie  ,and the   
very stress laid upon this mode of      

geniture1 implies not only  the         
possibility of a different sort1 but its
 frequency also6    8,in the ,purana    
prophecies concerning the expected      
,saviour10 say the  ,asiatic            
,researches1 8it is said1 that he was   
the son1 or rather the  incarnation1 of 
the great serpent3 and his mother was   
also of that tribe1  and incarnate in   
the house of a pot-maker4 ,she          
conceived1 at the age of  one year and a
 half1 the great serpent gliding over   
her while she was  asleep in the cradle3
 and his mother1 accordingly1 is        
represented as  saying to the child1    
once that she brought him to a place    
full of  serpents--#8,go and play with  
them1 they are your relations4'0        
,here it will be seen that1 under the   
form of a serpent1 is personified the   
,deity1 or the generative power4        
,nunez de la ,vega1 ,bishop of ,chiapa1 
in ,mexico1 when describing ,nagualism1 
in his ,constitutions1 as observed in   
that country1 says3 8,the ,nagualists   

practise it by superstitious calendars1 
wherein are inserted the proper  names  
of all the ,naguals1 of stars1 the      
elements1 birds1 beasts1 fishes1  and   
reptiles2 with observations upon the    
months and days2 in order that  the     
children1 as soon as they are born1 may 
be dedicated to that which1 in  the     
calendar1 corresponds with the day of   
their birth2 this is preceded by  some  
frantic ceremonies1 and the express     
consent of parents1 which is an         
explicit part between the infants and   
the ,naguals that are to be given to    
them4 ,they then appoint the melpa1 or  
place1 where1 after the completion  of  
seven years1 they are brought into the  
presence of the ,nagual to ratify  the  
engagement2 for this purpose they make  
them renounce ,god and ,his  blessed    
,mother1 instructing them beforehand not
 to be alarmed1 or sign  themselves with
 the cross3 they are afterwards to      
embrace the ,nagual  affectionately1    
which1 by some diabolical art or        

another1 appears very  tame1 and fondly 
attached to them1 although it may be a  
beast of a  ferocious nature1 as a lion1
 a tiger1 etc4 ,they persuade the       
children1 by  their infernal cunning1   
that this ,nagual is an angel sent by   
,god to  watch over their fortunes1 to  
protect1 assist1 and accompany them2 and
  that it must be invoked upon all      
occasions1 business1 or occurrences1 in 
which they may require its aid60    ,it 
is very clear1 that the ,nagualism above
 notified is but a degenerate  offshoot 
of that serpent worship1 which is coeval
 with the fall3 yet1  degenerate as it  
is1 it is equally indisputable1 that    
this good man's zeal  outsteps far his  
judgment1 the exaggerations of his fancy
 even committing  him so far1 as to make
 him imperceptibly contradict himself6  
,surely1 were it a principle of action  
with those unfortunate beings to  make  
their children1 on their entrance upon  
active life1 to renounce  ,god1 they    
would not teach them1 at the same time1 

to reverence a brute  creature1 merely  
as being a subordinate servant of that  
,god6    ,to reconcile the ,bishop1     
therefore1 to something like truth1 ,i  
will  suppose him to mean by the word   
,god1 where it first occurs1 ,christ1   
which is evident from the context1 of   
8,his blessed ,mother03 and then the    
prohibition against the sign of 8the    
cross10 must be understood  exclusively 
as in reference to him2 a conclusion    
which is confirmed by  an additional    
reference to that oath1 which ,i have   
before mentioned1 as  still prevalent   
amongst the ,irish4    ,by the cross is 
the oath1 accompanied by a transverse   
location of the  forefinger of one hand 
upon that of the other3 and the addition
 alluded to  is of ,christ1 which is    
never volunteered except when           
equivocation is  suspected2 and then it 
is exacted as a matter of distinction   
between  ,his cross and the more        
antecedent one6    ,but no further proof
 is requisite to prove the ,bishop's    

want of candour  than his withholding   
documents from the public eye1 which    
would appear  to illustrate the         
subject4--8,although in these tracts and
 papers there  are10 says he1 8many     
other things touching primitive         
paganism1 they are  not mentioned in    
this epitome1 lest1 in being brought    
into notice1 they  should be the means  
of confirming more strongly an          
idolatrous  superstition40 ,he should   
have had more confidence in his own     
cause1 and  feel that--8,if anything1 in
 consequence of this scrutiny1 totter   
and fall1  it can only be the error     
which has attached itself to truth1     
encumbering  and deforming it4 ,truth   
itself will remain unshaken1 unsullied1 
fair1  immortal60    ,now1 in the       
description of the ancient city1 near   
,palenque1 quoted before1  ,i find some 
words1 which prove an affinity between  
the worship of the  ancient inhabitants 
of ,america and those of ,ireland1 and  
which rescue both  from the imputations 

of bigotry4 8,i am ,culebra10 says      
,votan1 one of  the early princes1 ,i   
believe1 of ,mexico1 who wrote an       
historical tract in  the ,indian idiom1 
8because ,i am ,chivim40    ,the man's  
name1 you perceive1 was ,votan1 but his 
ambition was to be  considered ,culebra1
 or the snake1 that is1 the deity so    
personified3  the mode whereby he sought
 to establish it is foreign from my     
inquiry4    ,the ,gadelglas of the      
ancient ,irish was precisely similar to 
this  ,culebra of the ,americans3 gad   
signifying a snake1 or tortuosity3 el1  
god2 and glas1 green--in all1 the green 
snake-god6 ,and conformably  with this  
import1 we are assured by a man who knew
 very little as to the  reason why1 but 
whose testimony is here valuable in a   
matter of  record1 not of opinion2      
namely1 that the 8,milesians1 from the  
time  they first conquered ,ireland1    
down to the reign of ,ollamh ,fodhla1   
made use  of no other arms of           
distinction in their banners than a     

serpent twisted  round a rod1 after the 
example of their ,gadelian              
ancestors40#eif    ,you have now the    
proof of 8who puts the snakes upon our  
ancient  crosses80 ,and1 independently  
of such proof1 the antiquity itself of  
all  the traditions associating the     
serpent with the early memoirs of our   
ancestors was so great as to appal even 
the monks6 ,and as they could  not1 in  
their system of transferring our        
history1 bring down this  serpent to the
 era of the saints1 they resolved1 at   
all events1 to have  him in their       
dispensation1 and so made ,moses the    
hero6    ,this they contrived by        
inventing the name of ,gadel for one of 
our  forefathers1 and then transplanting
 him to the coast of the ,red ,sea1 just
  as the ,legislator of the ,jews was   
conducting them out of ,egypt6 ,they    
then  very unsacerdotally make a serpent
 bite him in some part of the heel1 but 
very graciously afterwards restore him  
to sanity by ,moses's interposition6    

with a stipulation1 however1 that the   
former sore should ever appear  glass or
 green6 ,and thus was he called         
,gadelglas1 or ,gadel the  ,green666    
,in truth1 it was from this green       
snake-god1 above explained1 that the    
island obtained the designation of      
,emerald2 and not from the verdure  of  
its soil1 which is not greater than that
 of other countries4    ,the ,arabians  
have a tradition1 that ,enoch was the   
first who1 after ,enos1  son of ,seth1  
son of ,adam1 wrote with a pen1 in the  
use of which he  instructed his         
children1 saying to them additionally1  
8,o1 my sons1 know  that ye are         
,sabians60    ,although the substance of
 the religion1 couched under this       
designation1  has been already          
explained1 yet the origin of the name   
itself remains yet  to be unfolded4     
,then be it known1 that in the sacred1  
i4e4 ,irish language1 the word          
,sabh1#eig has three                    
significations--firstly1 voluptuousness1

 or the  yoni2 secondly1 a snake1 or    
sinuosity2 and1 thirdly1 death or life6 
,and in accordance with this triple     
import1 if you roll back the leaves as  
far as p4 #bbi1 you will find in the    
plate inserted there1 and which has     
been transcribed from the sculptures of 
the ancient ,palencian city before      
alluded to1 those three symbols1 viz4   
the yoni1 the serpent1 and  death1 all  
united in design1 and illustrating my   
development of that  mysterious scene   
wherein--      8,eve tempting ,adam by a
 serpent was stung40#eih    ,the        
sculpture itself is intended to pourtray
 the situation of those  progenitors of 
the human species in the ,garden of     
,eden4 ,and yet1 striking  as it is1    
would its tendency remain ever a secret1
 were it not for the  instrumentality of
 the ,irish language6    8,that the     
society of free and accepted ,masons    
possess a grand secret  among themselves
 is an undoubted fact4 ,what this grand 
secret is1 or of  what unknown materials

 it consists1 mankind in general1 not   
dignified with  the order1 have made the
 most ridiculous suppositions4 ,the     
ignorant form  incoherencies1 such as   
conferring with the devil1 and many     
other  contemptible surmises1 too       
tedious to mention1 and too dull to     
laugh at4  ,while the better sort1 and  
more polished part of mankind1 puzzle   
themselves with reflections more        
refined1 though equally absurd4 ,to     
dispel  the opinionative mist from the  
eye of general error is the author's    
intention2 and however rash the step may
 be thought1 that he1 a mere atom  in   
the grand system1 should attempt so     
difficult1 so nice a task1 yet he       
flatters himself that he shall not only 
get clear over it1 but meet with  the   
united plaudits both of the public and  
of his brethren4 ,and he must  beg leave
 to whisper to the ignorant1 as well as 
the judicious1 who thus  unwarrantably  
give their judgment1 that the truth of  
this grand secret is  as delicately nice

 as the element of air2 though the      
phenomenon  continually surrounds us1   
yet human sensation can never feelingly 
touch it  till constituted to the       
impression by the masonic art4 ,the     
principal1  similar to the orb of light1
 universally warms and enlightens the   
principles1 the first of which1 virtue1 
like the moon1 is heavenly  chaste1     
attended by ten thousand star-bright    
qualifications4 ,the masonic  system is 
perfectly the emblem of the astronomic2 
it springs from the  same ,god1 partakes
 of the same originality1 still         
flourishes in immortal  youth1 and but  
with nature will expire40#eii    ,the   
contortions of the snake were easily    
transferred to the revolutions  of the  
heavenly bodies4 8,when the ancients10  
says ,boulanger1 8found out  the true   
cycle of the sun1 they coined names by a
 jeu de mots1 or words1  signifying its 
heat1 or its course1 that made up the   
number #cfe1 as they  had done before to
 make up #cfj4 ,the name ,sabasins1 that

 has so much  perplexed antiquaries and 
etymologists1 is no more than a         
numerical  name1 which was given to     
,jupiter and to ,bacchus as periodical  
deities4  ,when the suppliant was       
initiated into the mysteries of         
,sabasins1 a  serpent1 the symbol of    
revolution1 was thrown upon his breast4 
1  which the ,greeks repeated so often  
in the feasts of ,bacchus without       
understanding the meaning of the words1 
meant no more than the cycle of  the    
year1 from the ,chaldean ,sabb circuire 
vertere1 etc4 ,the ancient  religion1   
which applied entirely to the motions of
 the heavens and  periodical return of  
the stars1 was for that reason named    
,sabianism1  all derived from the       
,chaldee ,seba1 a revolution02 and this1
 though  ,boulanger knew it not1 from   
the ,irish ,sabh1 serpent1 or pith4     
,sabaism1 therefore1 and ,ophiolatreia  
were all one with ,gadelianism2 and     
while1 apparently1 purporting to be the 
worship of the serpent and the  stars1  

were in reality the worship of the ,sabh
 or ,yoni--so that the  dialogue in     
,genesis between ,eve and the serpent1  
was1 in truth1 a parley  between ,eve   
and the ,yoni3 and the materials for the
 allegory were  afforded by the fact of 
serpent and yoni being both expressed in
 the  sacred1 i4e4 ,irish language1 by  
one and the same name1 just as the      
,lingam and the ,tree of ,knowledge have
 been before identified4    ,the        
mystery1 then1 of our ancient           
escutcheon1 viz4 a serpent twisted      
round a rod1 resolves itself into the   
,yoni embracing the ,lingam4    ,hence1 
too1 it was that the portals of all the 
,egyptian temples were  decorated with  
the impress of the circle and the       
serpent4 ,you see also1  why the        
seasons1 at the equinoxes and solstices1
 should have been marked  upon the      
circle at p4 #bbe2 and you further see  
the mysterious tendency of  the         
,prophet's injunction to his children1  
when he said1 8,remember that ye  are   

,sabians10 to have been equivalent      
with--,keep constantly in view that  you
 are the offspring of concupiscence1    
and1 by the suggestion of the  serpent1 
begotten in sin1 the penalty of which1  
as a breach of the  ,creator's          
commandments1 is inevitable death1 from 
which you are only  extricated through  
the promised ,redeemer1 emanating from  
the same source  which was before       
instrumental in entailing your sorrow6  
,every syllable of this is              
hieroglyphically expressed upon the     
plate  inserted at p4 #bbc1 where you   
observe the cockatrice1 or snake-god1   
placed at the bottom2 over him the      
crescent1 or mysterious boot1  i4e4     
yoni1 the object seduced2 and1 finally1 
the cross in triumph  over both1        
intimating emancipation by the vicarious
 passion of ,god's own  ,son4    ,this1 
then1 is my answer to ,v4 ,w4's question
 at p4 #bbe1 where he asks1  8,what     
relation had this with the ,nehustan1 or
 brazen serpent1 to which the           

,israelites paid divine honours in the  
time of ,hezekiah80    ,from this       
,sabaism1 or serpent worship1 ,ireland  
obtained the name of  ,tibholas or      
,tivolas2 ,s and ,t being commutable    
letters1 ,tibholas  is the same as      
,sibholas1 and this being derived from  
sibal1 a circle1  shows the name to have
 been equivalent with the land of       
circles or  revolutions1 otherwise1 both
 to the serpent and the planets4        
,those prophetic women of ,etruria1     
designated ,sybils1 were named from the 
same cause1 being priestesses of the    
serpent1 i4e4 the ,sabh or              
,yoni--allegorically represented as     
married to ,apollo1 and gifted with a   
longevity of a thousand years4 ,here1   
again1 the same conversion of letters   
occurred1 for the place which they      
inhabited was called from themselves1   
,tivola1 corresponding to our ,tivolas1 
the ,s and ,t being1 as before          
explained1 commutable1 and b or bh being
 equivalent to v4    ,pythia is exactly 

synonymous with ,sybil1 meaning the     
priestess who  presided over the ,pith1 
which1 like ,sabhus1 means as well      
serpent as  yoni3 and the oracle which  
she attended was called ,delphi1 from   
de1  divine1 and phith1 yoni--it being  
but a cave in the shape of that         
symbol1#fjj over the orifice of which   
the priestess used to take her seat     
upon a sacred tripod1 or the religiously
 emblematic pyramid1#fja while  the     
inspiring vapour issued from beneath    
through a tube similar to that          
exhibited at p4 #dfj1 and one end of    
which1 passing through the aperture1    
held fast the tripod to which the       
priestess had been secured1 so that she 
should not1 in her delirium1 relinquish 
the position4    ,the great ,samian     
philosopher1 known as ,pythagoras1 only 
assumed this name  in deference to those
 rites3 for ,pyth-agoras means one who  
expounds  the mysteries of the pith1    
viz4 death from its weakness1 and       
redemption from its virtue4    8,behold 

a virgin shall conceive and bear a ,son1
 and shall call his name                
,immanuel10#fjb was the spiritual       
substance of those expositions3 the     
only difference being in that ,isaiah   
spoke prospectively towards a  lately   
verified issue1 whereas the initiated   
took the promise from the  moment of the
 fall3 and of its partial accomplishment
 prior to our  era1 there can be no     
doubt1 even from the writings of this   
prophet4    ,on the opposite plate are  
three profile likenesses of ,christ1 as 
,he  appeared upon earth in human       
form--the first is a facsimile from a   
brass  medal1 found at ,brein ,owyn1 in 
the ,isle of ,anglesey1 and published in
  ,rowland's ,mona ,antiqua4 ,the       
inscription upon it has been translated 
as  meaning1 8,jesus the ,mighty1 this  
is the ,christ and the ,man together40  
,the second1 likewise of brass1 and     
found at ,friar's ,walk1 near ,cork1 is 
now in the possession of a ,mr4         
,corlett4--,inscription upon one side1  

8,the  ,lord ,jesus40--,upon the other1 
8,christ the ,king came in peace1 and   
the  light from the heaven was made     
life40    ,you will please observe here1
 that he does not say the ,word was made
  life1 but the ,light was made life4   
,the third is of silver1 and the        
inscription means1 8,jesus of ,nazareth1
 the  ,christ--the ,lord and the ,man   
together40    ,the originals of these   
inscriptions are all in ,hebrew1 and the
  likenesses which accompany them1      
although on different metals1 appear    
almost copies one of another3 whereas   
the cruciform figures herein already    
inserted1 have no one feature of        
correspondence whatsoever with them1 but
  prove themselves1 on the contrary1 in 
every particular1 an antecedent         
generation4#fjc    ,illustration    ,as 
everything else appertaining to the     
history of the ,round ,towers has       
already been explained1 ,i shall now    
account for the difference of           
appropriation noticed at p4 #f4 ,having 

been all erected in honour of the       
,budh1 they all partook of the phallic  
form2 but as several enthusiasts        
personified this abstract1 which1 in    
consequence of the mysteries  involved  
in the thought and the impenetrable veil
 which shrouded it from  the vulgar1    
became synonymous with wisdom or wise   
man1 it was  necessary1 of course1 that 
the ,towers constructed in honour of    
each should  portray the distinctive    
attributes of the individuals specified4
 ,hence the  difference of apertures    
towards the prputial apex1 the          
crucifixions over  the doors1 and the   
absence or presence of internal         
compartments4#fjd    ,those venerable   
piles vary in their elevation from fifty
 to one hundred  and fifty feet4 ,at    
some distance from the summit there     
springs out a sort  of covering1        
which--accompanied as it sometimes is   
with a cornice1 richly  sculptured in   
foliage1 in imitation1 if you must have 
it1 prputii  humani1 but such also was  

the pattern of the 8nets of checker-work
 and  wreaths of chain-work10 which     
graced 8the chapiters which were upon   
the  top of the two pillars belonging to
 ,solomon's temple0--terminates above in
  a sort of sugar-loaf crown1 concave on
 the inside and convex on the  outside4 
,their diameter at the base is generally
 about fourteen feet through1 that      
inside measuring about eight1 which     
decreases gradually1 but  imperceptibly1
 to the top1 where it may be considered 
as about six feet in  the interior4     
,the distance of the door from the level
 of the ground varies from four to      
twenty-four feet4 ,the higher the door  
the more irrefragable is the  evidence  
of the appropriation of the structure to
 the purposes specified4  ,the object   
was two-fold1 at once to keep off       
profane curiosity and allow  the        
votaries the undisturbed exercise of    
their devotions2 and to save  the relics
 deposited underneath from the          
irreverent gaze of the casual           

itinerant4    ,analogous to these would 
appear to have been the edifices which  
the ,lord  had in view when ,he said1   
8,neither shalt thou go up by steps unto
 ,mine  altar1 that thy nakedness be not
 discovered thereon10#fje which         
additionally proves the antiquity of the
 ,irish philebeg2 for1 as with  any     
other costume1 such a prohibition would 
be needless1 it follows that  the       
prevailing fashion1 in the eastern      
habiliments1 must have been diffuse  and
 open in the nether extremes4    ,i beg 
the reader will now be pleased to look  
back at the ,tuath-de-danaan  cross at  
p4 #ceh1 and he will at once see how it 
happened that the ,goban  ,saer1 who is 
there represented1 has been imposed upon
 the ,royal ,irish  ,academy1 or rather 
promulgated by them1 as a woman6 viz4   
from the  peculiarity of his dress6     
being the distinctive badge of his      
sacerdotal  order4    ,nor is it only   
the character of those sculptures1 but  
the existence of any  sculptures upon   

those relics1 as well crosses as towers1
 that proves them  to have been         
,tuath-de-danaan2 for the reason why    
,jehovah forbade the  ,israelites from  
using any tools upon the stones used in 
their religious  edifices was1 that     
other nations had loaded theirs with    
sculptured images  of different gods1   
which made ,him say1 8,if thou wilt make
 ,me an altar of  stone1 thou shalt not 
build it of hewn stone1 for if thou lift
 up thy  tool upon it1 thou hast        
polluted it40    ,in their masonic      
construction there is nothing in the    
,irish ,towers  appertaining to any of  
the four orders of architecture         
prescribed by the  moderns4 ,it is so   
also with those in the ,east4 ,they     
approach nearest1  however1 to the      
,tuscan1 and the reason of that         
similarity may be imagined  from what ,i
 have already stated as to the          
,etrurians4    ,prepared stone is the   
material of which they are generally    
composed1 and  evidently1 in some       

instances1 brought from afar4 ,sometimes
 also they  appear constructed of an    
artificial substance resembling a       
reddish  brick1 squared1 and            
corresponding to the composition of the 
,round ,towers  of ,mazunderan4 ,now if 
the monks possessed this secret1 why    
were not the  monasteries1 the more     
important edifices1 according to our    
would-be  antiquarians1 composed of the 
same elements8 ,and is it not strange   
that  all elegance and extravagance     
should have been lavished upon the      
appendages1 while uncouthness1          
inelegance1 want of durability1 or      
other architectural recommendation are  
the characteristics of what they  tell  
us were the principals8 ,yet neither in 
the monasteries1 nor in any  other      
,christian building1 do we meet with    
those materials above described1  either
 generally or partially1 except where   
the ruins of a  neighbouring ,round     
,tower have made them available1 which1 
in itself1 is  sufficient to overthrow  

for ever the anachronisms of those who  
would deny  the existence of those      
temples anterior to the present era4    
,but ,christian edifices1 they say1 are 
generally found in their vicinity4      
,yes1 and as ,i have already explained  
the reason why1#fjf ,i forbear now      
rehearsing the fact4 ,but even this     
stronghold of the moderns ,i cut  away  
from them1 by stating that at the       
8,giant's ,ring10 in the county ,down1  
the indisputable scene of primordial    
veneration1 we have an instance of  a   
,round ,tower1 without any church hard  
by6 ,and while recalled by this         
circumstance1 ,i must observe that the  
vitrification manifest within the  walls
 of that structure arose from the       
burning of the dead bodies  therein1 and
 not from the indications of the sacred 
fire4    ,with three exceptions1 all    
have a row of apertures towards the top1
 just  under the projecting roof1 made  
completely after the fashion of those   
which ,solomon had built1 being windows 

of narrow lights4#fjg ,in general  the  
number is four1 and then they correspond
 to the cardinal points4 ,in  three     
instances there is one aperture towards 
the summit1 in one instance  there occur
 five1 in one six1 in one seven1 in one 
eight4    ,inside they are perfectly    
empty from the door upwards1 but most of
 them  divided1 either by rests or      
projecting stones1 into lofts or        
storeys1  varying in number from three  
to eight4 ,in the temple of ,solomon we 
find  the same1 for 8within1 in the wall
 of the house1 he made narrowed rests   
round about1 that the beams should not  
be fastened in the walls of the         
house40#fjh ,and the images which ,i    
have shown to have been cupboarded  upon
 these rests1 were nothing more than    
what ,solomon himself did1 when  8he    
carved all the walls of the house round 
about with carved figures of  cherubims1
 and palm-trees1 and open flowers1      
within and without40#fji    ,in a future
 publication ,i intend to show a more   

startling correspondence  between our   
,round ,towers and some other parts of  
,solomon's temple4  ,meanwhile ,i wish  
it to be borne in mind1--as in some     
degree accounting for  the              
correspondence1--that ,solomon's        
architect was a ,sidonian4    ,a        
striking perfection observable in their 
construction is the inimitable          
perpendicular invariably maintained4 ,no
 architect of the present day1 ,i       
venture to affirm1 could observe such   
regularity4 ,nelson's pillar itself  has
 been proved to vary somewhat from the  
perpendicular line2 but the  keenest eye
 cannot trace a deviation1 in a single  
instance1 from amongst  the whole of    
those ,sabian monuments4 ,even the tower
 of ,kilmacdugh1 one of  the largest in 
the kingdom1 having from some accident1 
earthquake1 or  other cause1 been forced
 to lean terrifically to one side2 yet1 
miraculous  to mention1 retains its     
stability as firm as before2 such was   
the accuracy  of its original           

elevation4#faj    ,if asked how it was  
,i conceive them to have been           
constructed1 ,i should  answer1 by a    
scaffolding raised gradually from       
within4 ,the expense in this  case would
 be infinitely less1 and the labour     
also4 ,it would be very easy  to let    
fall a plumb-line at various intervals  
of height1 by which at all  times the   
perpendicular may be ascertained1 and   
the masonry carried on by  what may be  
called overhanding1 while the cement    
employed in giving  solidity to the     
whole1 and which is the direct          
counterpart of the ,indian  chunan1 bids
 defiance to the efforts of man to      
dissever1 except by the  exertion of    
extraordinary power4    ,that this was  
the mode in which their erection was    
effected1 is evident in  the instance of
 ,devenish ,tower1 which1 from the      
elegance of its cut-stone  exterior1    
would seem to negative the idea of their
 being built from  within4 ,but a       
judicious eye cannot but at once discern

 that near the top1  where it is        
probable that one or two of the artists 
may have come out1 by  the help of some 
contrivance devised for the purpose1 the
 execution and  finish which the        
workmanship displays is incomparably    
superior to that of  any of the lower   
parts4 ,in other instances1 where the   
ancient top having  been removed1 a     
modern one has been substituted1 the    
case is very  different indeed4    ,the 
cohesiveness of all these columns will  
be best estimated by the fact  of the   
,round ,tower at ,clondalkin having     
firmly stood its ground when1 in  the   
year #aghf-hg1 the powder-mill          
explosion1 which took place within      
twenty-four feet of its base1 shivered  
to annihilation every other  structure  
within its influence2 nay1 extended its 
violence so far as to  shatter the      
windows in some of the streets of       
,dublin4 ,that at ,maghera also  lay    
unbroken after its fall1 exhibiting to  
the spectator the almost  appalling     

spectacle of a gigantic cannon6    ,that
 both ,indians and ,irish performed     
circular dances around them1  typical of
 the motions of the heavenly bodies1 is 
highly probable1 as we  have still the  
name of a particular movement1          
apparently that practised on  the       
occasion1 still amongst us in common    
use1 namely1 ,rinke-teumpoil1 or  the   
temple dance3 and that they otherwise   
honoured them by performing  penances   
around them1 is evident from the name of
 ,turrish1 which means  a religious     
circuit round a tower6 applied          
afterwards by the ,catholics  to any    
penitential round4 ,and we have the     
authority of ,sanchoniathon1  when      
talking of the ,creation1 for stating   
that 8the next race consecrated         
pillars--that they prostrated themselves
 before them1 and made annual  libations
 to them06#faa    ,these1 ,i conceive1  
were the halcyon days of ,ireland's     
legendary and  romantic greatness4 ,in  
this sequestered isle1 aloof from the   

tumults of a  bustling world1 this      
,tuath-de-danaan colony1 all of a       
religious race1 and  all disposed to the
 pursuits of literature1 united into a  
circle of  international love1 and      
spread the fame of their sanctity       
throughout the  remotest regions of the 
universe4 ,that its locality was        
familiar to the  ,brahmins of ,india ,i 
make no earthly question2 that it was   
that sacred  island which they eulogised
 so fondly1 and spoke of with such      
raptures1 ,i  am sanguinely satisfied2  
and equally convinced am ,i1 that it was
 that  beautifying region1 whose        
widespread holiness1 and far-famed      
renown1 made  such an impression on the 
minds of ,orpheus and of ,pindar1 when  
those  divine bards1 speaking of its    
,hyperborean inhabitants1 thus          
enchantingly  sung--    8,on sweet and  
fragrant herbs they feed1 amid verdant  
and grassy pastures1  and drink         
ambrosial dew1 divine potation3 all     
resplendent alike in coeval  youth2 a   

placid serenity for ever smiles on their
 brows and lightens in  their eyes2 the 
consequence of a just temperament of    
mind and disposition1  both in the      
parents and in the sons1 inclining them 
to do what is great1  and to speak what 
is wise4 ,neither disease nor wasting   
old age infest this  holy people1 but   
without labour1 without war1 they       
continue to live happy1  and to escape  
the vengeance of the cruel              
,nemesis40#fab    ,though clothed in the
 cadence of measured phraseology1 and   
decked in the  charms of an imaginative 
style1 this is scarely more beautiful   
than the  simple summary of the         
,tuath-de-danaan moral code1 as given   
you at page  #aab1 and of which1 in     
truth1 this is but the paraphrase4 ,for 
instance1  they fed1 it is stated1 8on  
sweet and fragrant herbs10 because they 
were  prevented by their first          
commandment from eating 8anything       
endowed with  life40#fac ,they drank    
8ambrosial dew10 because their fifth    

commandment  forbade their touching 8any
 intoxicating liquor40 ,and the         
healthful  aspects they exhibited were  
but the natural result of temperate     
habits and  virtuous demeanour4         
8,the simplest flow'ret of the vale1    
,the simplest note that swells the gale1
    ,the common air1 the earth1 the     
skies1    ,to them were opening         
,paradise60    ,five hundred years after
 the period of their dethronement1 while
 the  influence of their example still  
continued to operate1 we are told by the
  ,dinn ,seanchas1 that 8,the people    
deemed each other's voices sweeter than 
the warblings of a melodious harp1 such 
peace and concord reigned amongst  them1
 that no music could delight them more  
than the sound of each other's  voices40
    ,with these compare what            
,cambrensis1 who was no friend1 has said
 of this  island1 about two thousand    
years after4 8,of all climes10 says he1 
8,ireland  is the most temperate2       
neither ,cancer's violent heat is felt  

there in  summer1 nor ,capricorn's cold 
in winter2 but in these particulars it  
is so  blessed1 that it seems as if     
,nature looked upon this zephyric realm 
with  its most benignant eye4 ,it is so 
temperate10 he adds1 8that neither      
infectious fogs1 nor pestilential winds1
 are felt there1 so that the aid  of    
doctors is seldom looked for1 and       
sickness rarely appears except among    
the dying40    ,the repose of this happy
 people being at length disturbed by the
 ungenial  inundation of the ,scythian  
intruders1 the ritual of the temple     
worship was  precipitated apace2 and    
this1 if ,i mistake not1 8satisfactorily
 removes  the uncertainty in which the  
origin and uses of those ancient        
buildings  has been heretofore          
involved40#fad ,for the ,scythians being
 warriors#fae  rather than students1 and
 looking with distrust upon the         
emblematic images  of their             
temple-serving predecessors1 which they 
considered to be  idolatry1 did all in  

their power by legislative1 as well as  
military  enactments1 to efface every   
trace thereof2 so that in a few years   
the  temple1 or tower1 worship became   
utterly extinct1 and--more than         
annihilated--forgotten4    ,instead     
thereof1 they substituted the worship of
 fire1#faf which1  though their         
predecessors were far from recognising  
as a deity1 yet they  always showed to  
it some reverential respect3 and this   
approximation of  sentiment1 on both    
parts1 contributed to what may be called
 a passive  reconciliation2 the victors 
assuming the mastery of the soil2 and   
the  vanquished1 in deference to their  
high literary repute1 being continued as
  superintendents of the national       
education1 as well as the practical     
followers of all trades and professions4
    ,it was so also at ,rome1 when      
,romulus dislodged the ,pelasgi1 who1 we
 are  told by ,festus1 had themselves   
some time previously1 under the name of 
8,sacrani10 that is1 the religious      

caste1 corresponding to 8,irish10 which 
signifies the same thing1 drove the     
,ligures and ,siculi from ,septimontio1 
i4e4 ,rome4    ,the only use now made of
 those ,sabian edifices1 after stifling 
the  religion for which they were       
designed1 was1 we may suppose1 to       
promote the  study of astronomical      
science1 for which they were admirably  
adapted1 and  with which their original 
destination was inseparably             
interwoven4#fag  ,but as the stimulus of
 religion was wanting for the           
prosecution of those  researches1 we    
cannot be surprised that this part of   
their purpose1 too1  sharing the fate of
 its collateral helpmate1 insensibly    
repined under the  altered aspect of the
 scene2 for1 to apply to it what has    
been said of the  great scheme of the   
creation itself1 viz4 that--            
8if each system in gradation roll       
,alike essential to the amazing whole1  
,the least confusion--but in one--not   
all1    ,that system only1 but the whole

 must fall40    ,the knowledge of this  
delightful study1 however1 did not yet  
completely  die away2 it formed still an
 essential in the education of every    
,irish  youth2 and the remnant of our   
language1 at this very moment1 shows how
  piously attentive were its framers to 
that divine precept which told them1    
that the 8lights of the firmament of    
heaven were for signs and for  seasons1 
and for days and for years40    ,the    
profligate degeneracy of the ,druids1   
however1 tended to bring this  also into
 disesteem4    ,this order of priests   
got so overbearing here1 grasping at not
 only high  ecclesiastical power1 but   
also intermeddling in secular           
transactions1  that they made themselves
 obnoxious to the great body of the     
people1 and a  disregard both to the    
literature and the religion which they  
inculcated  was the inevitable result4  
,to this ,i ascribe the plebeian war of 
,ireland1  ,a4,d4 #dg1 that deplorable  
state of a country1 when faction and    

rage usurp  the place of counsel and    
discretion6 when commerce stagnates6    
confidence  decays6 when lust stalks    
abroad to desecrate everything holy6 and
 all is  doubt1 suspicion1 melancholy1  
and death6    ,how beautifully and how  
aptly1 but yet1 for himself1 how        
unwisely1 did the  philosophic          
,callisthenes apply the sentiment of    
,euripedes to ,philip of  ,macedon1 at  
,alexander's ,feast8--viz43--           
8,when civil broils declining states    
surprise1    ,there the worst men to    
highest honours rise40    ,many virtuous
 persons1 we are told1 opposed          
themselves to the  encroachments of this
 degenerate hierarchy4 ,when ,conlah1 in
 his retreat  from the glitter of life1 
betook himself to an humble cottage1 and
 devoted  the faculties of his          
comprehensive mind to philosophical     
pursuits and the  improvement of his    
species1 the greatest praise which the  
analyst1 in  recording such worth1 could
 bestow1 was1 8,she do rinni an choin   

bhliocht-ris inna ,druwdh02 that is1 ,it
 is he that disputed against the        
,druids6    ,the ,books1 however1 of    
their predecessors1 the ,boreades1 still
 remained1  and the knowledge of        
astronomy was kept alive by their       
perusal4 ,but of  these we were         
despoiled1 very shortly after1 by that  
mistaken piety  elsewhere deplored4     
,some few treatises even then must have 
escaped1 and  their effect was best     
illustrated1 as shown before1 by the    
unprecedented  success with which the   
gospel dispensation was hailed in this  
island4    ,i have before shown the     
instance of ,fergil or ,virgil1 who1 in 
the eighth  century1 maintained the     
rotund and true form of the earth1 when 
the rest  of ,europe were ignorant on   
the subject4 8,he was10 says ,sir ,james
 ,ware1  8the author of a ,discourse on 
the ,antipodes1 which he most truly     
held1  though against the received      
opinion of the ancients1 who imagined   
the  earth to be a plain40    ,in this  

sweeping ban upon the ancients1 however1
 ,sir ,james must not  include the      
ancient ,irish1 whose hereditary        
doctrine upon the subject it  is evident
 that ,fergil did here only give        
utterance to2 and dearly did he  suffer 
for it2 his life1 like that of ,galileo1
 having been forfeited  thereby1 at the 
hands of the same enlightened tribunal4 
,this was enough to  put the last       
extinguisher upon the cultivation1 or at
 least avowal1 of  the ,irish notions of
 astronomy4 ,it is astonishing1         
notwithstanding1 what  an instinctive   
thirst still lurked in the ,irish mind  
for the sublimities  of this            
pursuit4#fah ,smith mentions an instance
 of a 8poor man near  ,blackstones1 in  
the county ,kerry1 who had a tolerable  
notion of  calculating the epacts1      
golden number1 dominical letter1 the    
moon's  phases1 and even eclipses1      
although he had never been taught to    
read  ,english40 ,the author of this    
essay has known many such               

characters2--one in  particular who1    
from his great proficiency in the art1  
had obtained for  himself the honourable
 designation of the ,kerry ,star4       
,,list ,,of ,,irish ,,round ,,towers    
,,and ,,crosses4#fai    ,an asterisk    
7997 is prefixed to the names of the    
most remarkable4      ,i4 ,,towers4     
,,aghaboe 7,queen's ,co474    ,,aghadoe 
7,kerry71 only #ab or #ae feet left4    
,its masonry greatly superior to  that  
of the church near it 7#afg74           
,,aghagower 7,mayo71 near ,westport4    
,imperfect4    ,,aghaviller 7,kilkenny71
 six miles south of ,thomastown4        
,imperfect4    ,,annadown 7,galway71    
only #g feet of a very fine base left4  
99,,antrim 7,antrim71 one of the most   
perfect1 but of the smaller class4      
,,aranmore 7,galway71 base only4        
,,ardfert 7,kerry71 site only4          
,,ardkeen1 or ,,ardkyne 7,down74        
,,ardmore 7,waterford71 very perfect    
specimen1 #ig feet high by #eb feet     
round  7v4 p4 #ga74    ,,ardpatrick     

7,limerick71 imperfect4    ,,ardrahan   
7,galway71 site interesting from having 
a subterranean passage4    ,,armaghdown 
7,galway74    ,,armoy 7,antrim71 near   
,ballycastle1 #dj feet only left4       
,,assylin 7,roscommon71 site only4      
,,baal1 or ,,balla 7,mayo71 only #dj    
feet left1 but fine specimen4           
,,ballybeg 7,cork71 site only4          
,,ballycarbery 7,kerry71 alluded to by  
,o',brien as a 8,cathoir ghall0 7p4     
#dh74    ,,ballygaddy 7,galway71 near   
,kilbannon4    ,,ballyvourney 7,cork71  
site only4    ,,belturbet 7,cavan74     
,,brigoon 7,cork71 site only2 tower     
blown down in #agjd4    ,,cailtree      
,,isle1 so mentioned by ,vallancey2     
probably ,,iniscaltra 7q4v474           
,,cashel 7,tipperary71 #ij feet high by 
#db feet round4 ,sculptured doorway4    
,,castle ,,dermot 7,kildare71 imperfect1
 but with fine doorway4    ,,clareen    
7,king's ,co471 see ,,sierg ,,kieran4   
99,,clondalkin 7,dublin71 complete1 but 
renovated1 specimen1 nearly #hj feet    

high by #de feet round2 curious         
projecting base #ac feet high 7p4 #aja74
    ,,clones 7,monaghan71 imperfect4    
99,,clonmacnoise 7,king's ,co471 two    
fine1 but renovated1 specimens4         
,,cloyne 7,cork71 well preserved1 but   
tampered with in rebuilding4 ,originally
  #ib feet high1 which has been         
increased to #ajb feet4    ,,cork 7near 
,st4 ,finbar's71 site only4    ,,derry  
7city71 site only4    99,,devenish      
7,fermanagh71 the most perfect and      
highly finished of all1 #gi  feet high  
by #dh feet round 7p4 #ch74    ,,disart 
,,carrigen1 or ,,disert ,,angus         
7,limerick71 near ,adare2 about #fj feet
  left2 ornamented doorway4             
,,donoughmore 7,meath71 #gi feet left2  
fine1 but imperfect1 specimen4          
,,dromcliffe 7,clare71 very imperfect   
remains of4    ,,dromeskin 7,louth71 a  
reconstruction2 church now stands on    
original site4    ,,drumboe 7,down71    
only the base1 with quadrangular        
doorway1 remaining4    ,,drumcliffe     

7,sligo71 only #dj feet left4           
,,drumlahan1 or ,,drumlane 7,cavan71    
only #bj feet of original left1 with    
8belfry0 added4    ,,dublin 7city71 site
 on left side of ,ship ,street1 now     
built on4    ,,durrow 7,king's ,co474   
,,dysart ,,enos 7,queen's ,co471        
imperfect4    ,,dysart ,o',,dea         
7,clare71 near ,ennis2 #ej feet left1   
#fa feet in circumference4    ,,ferbane 
7,king's ,co471 ,vallancey mentions two 
specimens4    ,,ferns 7,wexford71       
evidently a modern structure made out of
 the old  materials4    99,,fertagh     
7,kilkenny71 one of the loftiest and    
most perfect4    ,,finglas 7,dublin71   
site only4    ,,giant',s ,,ring 7,down71
 a specimen 8without any church hard by0
 7,o',b471 p4  #ead4    99,,glendalough 
7,wicklow71 locality most interesting2  
contains two specimens1  one #aaj feet  
high by #ej feet round4    ,,iniscaltra 
7,galway71 probably the 8,cailtree      
,isle0 of ,vallancey4    ,,inis ,,keen  
7,monaghan71 #db feet left standing4    

,,inis ,,macnessain 7,ireland's ,eye7   
7,dublin71 site only4    ,,inis-,,mochoe
 7,down71 on shore of ,lough ,strangfal2
 imperfect4    99,,inis ,,scattery      
7,clare71 more than #ajj feet high1     
injudiciously repaired4    ,,ireland',s 
,,eye 7,dublin71 materials of tower     
taken to build ,r4,c4 church4    ,,isle 
,,of ,,aran 7,galway74    ,,kellistown  
7,carlow71 site only4    99,,kells      
7,meath71 in very good preservation1    
though unroofed2 quite  unaltered2 #ii  
feet left4    ,,kilbannon1 or           
,,ballygaddy 7,galway71 #dj feet left4  
,,kilcoona 7,galway74    ,,kilcullen    
7,kildare71 #dj feet remaining4         
99,,kildare1 very fine1 and elaborately 
ornamented2 #aje feet high1 but top     
spurious4    99,,kilkenny1 perfect1 all 
but the top #ajh feet high4 ,good       
specimen4    ,,killala 7,mayo71 good    
specimen1 judiciously repaired2 #hd feet
 high by #ej  feet round4    ,,killashee
 7,kildare71 also known as ,killossy4   
,imperfect4    ,,killeshandra 7,cavan74 

,,killeshin 7,queen's ,co471 site only4 
99,,kilmacduagh 7,galway71 fine         
,cyclopean base2 #abj feet high by #eg  
feet  round2 #c feet out of the         
perpendicular4    ,,kilmallock          
7,limerick71 very imperfect1 and much   
altered4    ,,kilnaboy 7,clare71 #ab    
feet only standing4    ,,kilrea         
7,kilkenny71 nearly perfect4            
,,kinneth1 pronounced ,,kinneigh        
7,cork71 remarkably fine hexagonal base1
  underground passage1 rock basins1 etc4
    ,,lorum 7,carlow71 site only4       
,,lusk 7,dublin71 fine ,cyclopean       
doorway2 much repaired2 #ajj feet high  
by #dc  feet round4    ,,maghera        
7,down71 only #bj feet left1 rest blown 
down in #agjd4    ,,maghturreidh        
7,sligo71 doubtful4    ,,mahee ,,island 
7,down71 imperfect4    ,,meelick        
7,mayo71 #gb feet left2 in good         
condition4    99,,monasterboice         
7,louth71 characteristic doorway1 top   
shattered by  lightning1 otherwise      
perfect2 #aaj feet high by #ej feet     

round4    ,,oran 7,roscommon71 only #ab 
feet left1 must have been one of the    
largest4    ,,oughterard 7,kildare71    
scanty remains4    ,,ram ,,island       
7,antrim71 scanty remains2 said to have 
been used as a  sepulchre4    ,,rath    
7,clare71 site only4    ,,rathmichael   
7,dublin71 stump only4    99,,rattoo    
7,kerry71 very perfect2 the loftiest and
 least injured by  renovation4          
,,roscom 7,galway71 three miles east of 
,galway4 ,imperfect4    ,,roscrea       
7,tipperary71 imperfect1 curiously      
sculptured rounded doorway4             
,,rosenallis 7,meath871 site only2 the  
subject of a bitter controversy 7v4     
,petrie1 pp4 #dj-db74    ,,rosscarbery  
7,cork71 site only4    99,,scattery     
,,island 7see ,,inis ,,scattery71 #abe  
feet high by #eb feet round4 ,the  only 
specimen having doorway level with the  
ground4    ,,sierg ,,keiran or ,,clareen
 7,king's ,co471 site only4    ,,slane  
7,meath71 very doubtful site4           
,,swords 7,dublin71 almost entirely     

rebuilt2 #gc feet high4                 
,,tamlaghtfinlogan 7,derry71 scanty     
remains4    ,,teghadoe 7,kildare71 #fj  
feet left1 in excellent preservation4   
,,temple ,,finghin 7at ,clonmacnoise74  
99,,timahoe 7,queen's ,co471 #if feet   
high by #fj feet round2 beautiful       
specimen4    ,,tomgraney 7,clare71 site 
only4    ,,tory ,,island 7,donegal71    
imperfect4    ,,trummery 7,antrim74     
,,tullagherin 7,kilkenny74              
,,tullosherin 7,waterford71 near        
,dungarvan2 mentioned by ,vallancey4    
99,,turlough 7,mayo71 good specimen1 but
 reconstructed in part4    ,,west       
,,carbery 7871 so mentioned by          
,vallancey1 but probably ,,roiscarbery  
7q4v474    ,,note4--,round ,towers1     
evidently imitations of the ,irish ,r4  
,t41 exist at  ,brechin and ,abernethy  
in ,scotland4 ,there is1 also1 a rather 
doubtful  specimen at ,peel 7,isle of   
,man71 and a still more doubtful one at 
,hythe  7,kent74      ,,ii4 ,,crosses4  
,achath1 ,abhall1 or ,aghold 7,wicklow71

 much weather-worn4    99,ardboe1 or    
,arboe 7,tyrone71 about #bj feet high1  
with remarkable  sculpture4    ,armagh1 
imperfect2 when complete1 at least #bf  
feet high2 sculptured4    ,banagher     
7,derry71 curious sculptured figure of  
man on horseback4    ,cashel            
7,tipperary71 much weather-worn4        
,castle ,dermot 7,kildare71 two         
specimens of some interest4             
,clondalkin 7,dublin71 ancient granite  
specimen1 #i feet high4    ,clones      
7,monaghan71 handsomely sculptured1 but 
weather-worn4    ,clonfeacle1 7,armagh71
 without sculpture or inscription4      
99,clonmacnoise 7,king's ,co471 two fine
 specimens 7v4 p4 #ceh74    ,cong       
7,connemara71 base only1 with           
inscription in ,erse4    ,conwall       
7,donegal71 only the socket remaining4  
,donoughmore 7,meath71 imperfect1 and   
much weather-worn4    99,drumcliffe     
7,sligo71 handsomely sculptured4        
,drumeskin 7,louth71 used as a headstone
 in burying-ground4    ,duleck 7,meath71

 handsomely sculptured4    99,durrow    
7,king's ,co471 very beautiful1 but hard
 to find1 being situated  among trees in
 an old burial-ground4    99,dysart1 or 
,disert1 ,o',dea 7,clare71 now in ruins1
 once richly  sculptured4    ,fassaroe  
7,wicklow71 in private grounds4         
,ferns 7,wexford71 remains of four      
specimens in different places4          
,finglas 7,dublin71 well cut1 but       
without ornament 7v4 p4 #cff74          
,glanculmkill 7,clare71 base only4      
,glen 7,donegal74    99,glendalough     
7,wicklow71 v4 p4 #dff4    99,kells     
7,meath71 three beautiful specimens 7v4 
p4 #dia74    ,kilclispeen 7,tipperary71 
with very remarkable sculptured base4   
99,kilcullen 7,kildare71 portions of two
 specimens 7v4 p4 #cch74                
99,killkieran 7,kilkenny71 three        
specimens4    99,killamery 7,kilkenny71 
beautiful specimen4    ,kilmacduagh     
7,galway74    ,kilnaboy 7,clare71 has   
been shifted from its original position4
    99,kilnafora 7,clare71 remains of   

five out of seven4    ,kilnafosse4      
,kilrea 7,kilkenny74    ,maheramore1 or 
,banagher 7,derry74 ,see ,banagher4     
99,monasterboice 7,louth71 the most     
perfect in ,ireland4    99,moone ,abbey1
 or ,timolin 7,kildare71 two specimens2 
one very  remarkable4    ,moville       
7,donegal71 ancient cross1 with hole in 
top of shaft4    ,nevinstown 7,meath71  
in mutilated condition4    ,old         
,leighlin 7,carlow71 only the base      
remaining4    ,oughterard 7,kildare71   
several specimens near the ,round       
,tower4    ,roscrea 7,tipperary71       
broken1 but with curious carving4       
,rosstrevor 7,down71 fine specimen in   
burying-ground4    ,temple ,cronan      
7,clare74    ,temple ,kieran 7,leitrim74
    99,termon ,fechin 7,louth71 fine    
specimen4    ,timolin1 or ,moone ,abbey 
7,kildare74    ,tory ,island 7,donegal71
 several specimens4    99,tuam          
7,galway71 8the finest monument of its  
class and age0 7,petrie74    ,tynan     
7,armagh74          ,,index4    7,r4 ,t4

 signifies ,round ,tower1 or ,towers47  
,,aaron1 or ,inaron1 #adi4      ,,abad  
7,persian dynasty71 #bdf4      ,,abaris1
 the ,boreadan2      his mission to     
,delos from the ,insula ,hyperboreorum1 
#ec-ef1 #cig1 #ddh2      why he did not 
adopt the ,scythian dress1 #ef2         
meaning of the 8arrow0 which he bore    
with him to ,delos1 #cbh4               
,,abernethy 7,r4 ,t471 #aj1 #dca4       
,,agriculture1 an object of ,sabaic     
worship1 #aaa4      ,,agnarupi1 a       
manifestation of the ,deity             
7,brahminic71 #bhh4      ,,aiche        
,,baal-,,tinne and ,,aiche-,,shamain1   
#aii1 #bjj4      ,,aithair ,,foadha1 or 
the tree of ,bhudda1 explained1 #dgb4   
,,alphabet 7,irish71 a 8tree0 code1     
#bbi1 #dah4      ,see ,,st4 ,,patrick4  
,,amergin1 the bard1 brother of ,heremon
 and ,heber1 #bb1 #chg1 #chh4           
,,annals of ,ulster and of the ,four    
,masters1 cited against the theory that 
,r4 ,t4 were belfries1 #cfd2      also  
to prove that they existed before the   

#eth century1 #cgd4      ,,anatta1      
,,anuzza1 and ,,docha1 their respective 
meanings1 #aad4      ,,apis1 the        
,egyptian deity1 what he represented1   
#aei4      ,,apollo1 meaning of the     
name1 #fa2      his alleged cyclic      
visits to the ,insula ,hyperboreorum    
7,ireland71 #eb1          #cig2         
,christnah1 the ,indian equivalent of1  
#bah1 #bai2      sculptured with the    
,python at ,knockmoy1 #ccj2      meaning
 of the ,python myth1 #bia2      the    
8great year0 of the ,greeks1 #cig2      
his musical worship in ,ireland1 #djc2  
his supposed temple at ,kilmalloch1     
#bjb2      ,phrygian account of his     
visit to the ,hyperboreans1 #dcf2       
,grynus and ,lycus explained1 #dff4     
,see ,,sun-,,worship4      ,,apple1 ,eve
 and the1 #bbg et seq4      ,,arabic    
,sabaism1 #ejc-ejf4      ,,architecture 
of the ,r4 ,t41 #eac4                   
,,ard-,,melchan1 derivation of the name1
 #bjc4      ,,ardmore 7,r4 ,t471 #ga1   
#ge2      meaning of the name1 #ge4     

,,argues1 its ,sabaic import1 #aie4     
,,arimaspi1 their connection with       
,cyclopean architecture and mining1 #hf1
          #djg4      ,,ark of           
,scripture1 what it means1 #bbd-bbf1    
#bfg1 #bgj et seq4      ,,armagh 7,r4   
,t471 destruction of1 by lightning1 #ej4
      ,,aron distinguished from ,,tebah 
7both signifying 8ark071 #bgj4          
,,arran1 meaning of the name1 #dbi n4   
,,arrowhead character1 #cdj4            
,,artemidorus cited1 #cja1 #cjb1 #djj4  
,,aryans1 site of the ancient ,aria or  
,artacoana1 #ahc2      ,aria and ,ariana
 distinguished1 #ahc1 #ahd2      the    
latter equivalent to ,iran or ,eriene1  
#ahd2      ,eriene corrupted into       
,ierne1 #ahe2      ,zendavast           
description of the ,aryan country1 #ahe 
et seq42      change in its climate1    
#ahf1 #ahg2      consequent ,western    
migration of the ,aryans1 #ahg2         
,jemshid and his times1 #ahh2           
policy of ,zoroaster1 #ahh2      laws of
 ,ormuzd corrupted1 #ahh2      two      

claimants for the name of ,zoroaster1   
#ahi2      antiquity of the original    
,zoroaster1 #ahi2      his predecessors1
 #ahi2      the ,dabistan and its       
author1 ,moshan or ,fani1 #ahi2         
religion of ,hushang1 #ahi1 #aij2       
the ,mahabadean dynasty1 #aij2          
antiquity of the ,iranian monarchy1     
#aij4      ,,asia1 the 8cradle of the   
human race10 #bfe1 #bff4      ,,astarte1
 phallic worship of1 #aja1 #ajb2        
description of her temple at            
,hieropolis1 #afh2      known also by   
the name ,rimmore1 #ajb2                
signification of the latter1 #ajb2      
perpetuation of this meaning in         
sculpture at ,glendalough1 #dgc2        
traces of her worship 7as the ,moon7 at 
,athlone1 #bjd2      the ,irish term of 
endearment1 8,astore10 derived from her 
name1 #bac2      ,astarte distinguished 
from ,militta1 #bac2      use of bells  
in her worship1 #age4      ,,astore4    
,see ,,astarte4      ,,astronomy1       
proficiency of the ancient ,irish in1   

#ei1 #fj1 #eba-c2      ,r4 ,t4 used for 
purposes connected with1 #fa1 #fb1 #eba2
      entered into the religion of the  
ancient ,egyptians and ,indians1 #gg-gi2
      connection of serpent-worship     
with1 #eae2      ,fergil and the theory 
of the earth's rotundity1 #ebc2         
predilection of the ,irish peasantry    
for1 #ebc2      malign influence of the 
,druids on1 #eba4      ,,athlone1 #bjd4 
,,atreus1 8treasury0 of1 its analogy to 
the ,round ,towers1 #ded1 #deh4         
,,augurs 7,roman71 symbolism of the     
cross connected with1 #dij4             
,,avatara and ,,avantara1 incarnations  
7,brahminical7 of the ,deity1           
distinguished1 #bhh4      ,,aventine    
7,roman71 derivation of the name1 #aih  
n4      ,,avienus on the ,insula ,sacra1
 #bh1 #bi1 #aag2      his opinion of    
,irish antiquities1 #bh2      applies   
the term 8,hibernian0 to the ,irish1    
#bh4        ,,baals1 plurality and      
divinity of1 #bi2      meaning of       
8,baal10 #bi1 #fe2      connection      

between them and the ,r4 ,t41 #bi2      
twofold signification of the word       
8,baal0 in ,scripture1 #gd2             
,septuagint rendering of the expression 
8high place of ,baal10 #ge2      the    
,irish ,bail-toir and ,aoi-,bail-toir   
distinguished1 #ge4                     
,,baal-,,phearagh1 how connected with   
the ,baal-peor of ,scripture1 and with  
the ,african ,belli-,paaro1 #aaa2       
signification of the name1 #ajc2        
form of the ,r4 ,t4 attributable to his 
influence1 #bi4      ,see ,,farragh or  
,,phearagh4      ,,baal-,,thinne1 or    
sacred fire of ,baal1 #hh-ij4           
,,baaltis1 meaning of1 #fe4             
,,babel1 tower of1 its purpose1 #fc1    
#fd2      meaning of 8,babel10 #fe2     
the ,hebrew 7scriptural7 name for1      
indicative of its phallic character1    
#bhc1 #bhd4      ,,babylonians1         
proficient in astronomy1 #fd n4         
,,bacchus1 name of1 found in ancient    
,irish inscriptions1 #dcg2      only    
another name for one of the various     

,buddhas1 #bce n42      the 8,maypole0  
ceremony specially connected with his   
worship1 #bce2      significance of the 
name ,sabasins1 #eje4      ,,badhha1    
worshipped by the ,tuath-de-danaan      
women1 #acb4      ,,baku1 description of
 fire-temple at1 #gb4                   
,,ballycarbery 7,r4 ,t471 #dh4          
,,banavan 7in ,scotland71 its connection
 with the ,tuath-de-danaans1 #aad n4    
,,bards1 nature of their office1 #bb1   
#bc2      their high reputation1 #bc1   
#bd2      their use of rhyme and verse1 
#be2      also of music1 #be1 #dje1     
#djf2      their decadence into prose   
after their conversion to ,christianity1
 #be2      suppressed by the ,english1  
#bf2      superiority of ,irish bardic  
music1 #dje1 #djf2      origin of the   
name 8,bards10 #dea2      the knowledge 
of astronomy preserved in their sacred  
books1 #ebb4      ,,basilisk1 or        
,,cockatrice1 its ,sabaic and scriptural
 significance1 #bbe1          #bbf4     
,,bavana and ,,dana1 #aac1 #aad4        

,,beaufort 7,miss71 and the enactment of
 ,tara 7,a4,d4 #gi71 #hh-if4            
,,belfries1 the ,r4 ,t4 could not have  
been intended as1 #e-ac1 #cf1 #cg2      
the names ,cloic-teacha and ,erdam      
applied to them in the ,irish           
,annals1 as distinguished from          
,fiadh-,nemeadh1 #ej1 #ea4              
,,belli-,,paaro1 or ,baal-,peor1 and    
,baal-,phearagh1 phallic nature of1     
#aaa4      ,,bells1 origin of1 #aj1 #aa2
      ,irish ,,ceol and ,ceolan date    
from pagan times1 #aa2      the ,sabian 
and ,druidic use of1 adopted by the     
,christian missionaries          to     
their own worship1 #aa1 #agj-age2       
introduced into ,england from ,ireland  
by ,gildas1 #aa1 #agc1 #agd2            
miraculous effects supposed to result   
from the tolling of1 #ce n42      date  
of their introduction into churches1    
#agd2      shape of the ,irish crotals1 
or pagan bells1 #age2      square bells1
 #age2      connection of bells with the
 worship of ,astarte1 #age2      ,st4   

,finnan's bell1 #agd n42      references
 to bells in ,scripture1 #aga2          
traces of apparatus for ringing bells   
found in some of the ,r4 ,t4            
accounted for1 #agb1 #agc2      used for
 worship in ,ceylon1 ,burmah1 and       
,china1 #agc1 #agd4      ,,belus1       
description of the tower of1 by         
,herodotus1 #bhc n4      ,,benares1     
cruciform shape of pagodas at1 #ceb2    
sepulchral pyramids at1 #ge1 #gf4       
,,beth 7,irish alphabetical letter71    
significance of1 #bbh1 #bbi4            
,,birs-,,nimrod1 or tower of ,nimrod1   
its ,sabaic character1 #fe n4           
,bleain1 the ,irish for year1 its       
meaning and derivation1 #eh4            
,,boar-,,incarnation 7of ,vishnu7 and   
the ,white ,island1 #cbf-cbh4           
,,boat 7lunar71 or crescent1 #bgc4      
,,boaz and ,,jachin 7pillars of         
,solomon's temple71 #cgb1 #eaa-ead4     
,,bolati1 meaning of1 #fe4      ,,bona  
,,dea1 ,sabaic rites of1 #cdh1 #cdi4    
,,boo and ,a-,,boo1 origin of the ,irish

 expressions1 #acb1 #acc4               
,,boreades1 or ,tuath-de-danaan priests 
of ,boreas1 superseded by the           
,scythian ,druids1 #ef2      relics of  
their costume1 #ef1 #eg2      likewise  
priests of ,apollo1 #cig-dja2           
origin of the name1 #dja2      ,irish   
astronomy preserved in their sacred     
books1 #ebb4      ,see ,,bards and      
,,insula ,,hyperboreorum4               
,,brahminism1 subsequent to and distinct
 from ,buddhism1 #ajh1 #bac-bae2        
its doctrine of multiple divine         
emanations1 #bhg1 #bhh4      ,see       
,,india4      ,,brazen ,,serpent 7of    
,scripture71 or ,nehushtan1 its relation
 to the          basilisk1 #bbe2        
also to ,sabaism generally1 and to that 
of ,ireland in particular1              
#eja-ejf4      ,see ,,serpent-,,worship4
      ,,brechin 7,r4 ,t471 #h1 #aj1     
#dca2      description and explanation  
of its symbolic sculpture1 #bii-cja4    
,,britain1 inclusive of ,ireland1 in    
ancient writings1 #eh2      derivation  

of the name1 #dbg2      ,irish etymology
 of some ,english local names accounted 
for1 #dbf1 #dbg4      ,,brontes1 ,sabaic
 import of the name1 #aie4              
,,brooches 7,irish7 of crescent form1   
their symbolism1 #bgc1 #bgd4            
,,buddhism1 speculations regarding      
nature of1 #ajg2      antecedent to     
,brahminism1 #ajh1 #bac1 #bad2          
,buddhists expelled from ,india1 #ajh1  
#aji2      date of ,buddha's ministry1  
#aji2      abstract character of his    
teaching1 #aji1 #aaj2      the ,sun and 
,moon 7i4e4 generation and production7  
as objects of          primitive        
worship1 #aji1 #aaj2      ,buddhism     
preceded ,buddha1 #aji1 #aaj2           
definition of ,bhud and ,buddhism1 #aab2
      transmigration of souls1 a tenet  
of1 #aab1 #aac2      abstract purity of1
 #aab1 #bbj2      moral code of         
,buddhists1 #aab1 #bbj2      ,dana1     
,bavana1 ,anuzza1 ,docha1 and ,anatta   
explained1 #aac1 #aad2      forbids the 
taking of animal life1 #aac2            

reverence of ,buddhists for the         
elephant1 #aac n42      ,budh-,nemph1   
,nemph-,thur1 and ,tor-,boileh          
equivalent1 #aad n42      ,badha1       
,macha1 and ,moriagan worshipped by     
,tuath-de danaans1 #aca1          #acb2 
,farragh or ,phearagh 7,irish71         
identical with ,bhud1 #acb2      origin 
of the ,irish suffixes ,boo and a-,boo1 
#acj1 #acb2      ,tuath-de-danaan effigy
 of ,buddha1 #aci1 #ada2      its       
,sabaistic and ,phallic character1 #bac1
 #bbg1 #caa2      ,colebrooke's charges 
against considered1 #bad1 #bae2         
subterranean temples for practice of1   
#bae1 #baf2      ,buddha distinct from  
,paramon1 #baf2      ,dearg1 darioga1   
and darag as epithets of ,buddha1 #baf1 
#bag2      meaning of ,magh and         
,maghody1 #bag2      ,,christnah1 or the
 8,indian ,apollo10 #bah1 #bai2         
,buddha stands for a series of          
incarnations1 #bbj1 #bba2      ,budh1   
the forbidden 8apple0 of ,scripture1    
#bbg2      twofold meaning of ,budh1 or 

,fiodh1 #bbh et seq42      ,eve1 the    
first ,buddhist1 #bcj2      ,cain1 the  
first priest of ,buddhism1 #bcj2        
,bacchus identical with ,buddha1 #bce   
n42      significance of the ,ceylon    
8,maypole0 festival1 #bch1 #bci2        
the ,palencian 8tree0-symbolism1 #bbi2  
original seat of1 #bdd1 #bfd2      ,budh
 and its derivatives1 ,fiodh1 ,fidhuis1 
,fides1 with ,deus and                  
,hercules1 #bej2      ,tuath and ,suath 
identical with ,buddha1 #bfd2           
birthplace and parentage of ,buddha1    
#bfd2      corresponding ,brahminic     
doctrine of multiple incarnation #bhg2  
its doctrine of a virginal conception1  
#bhh2      its symbolism of the cross   
compared with that of ,christianity1    
#bic1          #bid1 #bie2      ,budh   
synonymous with ,phallus1 #caa2         
also with the ,egyptian ,thot1 #cbc2    
,bhagavan1 ,crishna1 the ,white ,island1
 and snake-legend of the ,puranas       
considered1 #cbe-cbi2      connection of
 the 8boar incarnation0 with ,ireland1  

#cbf-cbh2      ,buddhist sculpture at   
,knockmoy1 #cbh-ccf2      also on ,cross
 at ,old ,kilcullen1 #ccg1 #cch2        
analogies between ,buddhism and         
,christianity1 #cfd1 #cfe2      theory  
that ,orpheus was a ,buddhist1 #dje4    
,,budh 7,irish71 or ,,fiodh1 its        
signification1 #ajc2      primary and   
secondary meaning of1 #bbh1 #bbi4       
,,budh-,,gaye 7,irish7 and              
,,budda-,,gaya 7,indian71 their phallic 
meaning1          #caj-cab4             
,,bud-,,nemph and ,,nemph-,,thur        
7birthplace of ,st4 ,patrick71 also     
,,tor ,,boileh          7,indian local  
name71 identical in meaning1 #aad n4    
,,buns 7,i4 for children71 e4g4         
,surage-buns1 or children of the sun2   
cf4 with ,hindu-,buns 7,e4 ,i471        
children of the moon1 #gd4      ,,burwah
 ,,sangor1 description of               
snake-sculpture on ,hindu temple at1    
#cfc2      its mutilation by            
,mohammedans analogous to that of the   
similar          sculpture on ,irish    

crosses by ,st4 ,patrick1 #cfd4         
,,cabiri and ,,cabiric1 origin and      
meaning of the name1 #ced2              
connected with ,freemasonry1 #ced1 #cei4
      ,,cain1 the first priest of       
,buddhism1 #bcj2      nature of his     
offence1 #bcj2      and of the          
8sin-offering0 prescribed for him1 #bcj1
 #bca2      also of the 8mark0 set upon 
him1 #bcb2      computation of the time 
at which he lived1 #bcd2      his       
predecessors1 #bda1 #bdb2      his      
immediate progeny1 #bdg4      ,,camadeva
 7,hindu god of desire71 origin and     
meaning of his name1 #id2      other    
names for1 #id2      his parentage1     
marriage1 and friendships1 #id1 #ie2    
personal aspect of1 #id1 #ie2      hymn 
to1 #ie1 #if2      his connection with  
the phallic symbolism of the ,r4 ,t41   
#ia-aja4      ,,cambrensis 7,giraldus   
,cambrensis7 on the ,r4 ,t41 #di1 #hc2  
on the climate of ,ireland1 #ebi4       
,,camden on the ,r 4,t41 #cgd4          
,,canonisation of local pagan objects of

 worship in ,ireland1 #dc1 #dd4         
,,carnac1 ,buddhist symbolism at1       
#cba-cbc4      ,,castlereagh1 evidence  
of ,sabaic worship at1 #bje1 #bjf4      
,,cathoir-,,ghall 7as a name of ,r4     
,t471 its meaning1 #dh1 #fa1 #fb1 #ajc4 
,,caucasus1 origin and meaning of the   
name1 #ced1 #cee2      existence of     
buildings similar to the ,r4 ,t4 in1    
#gd4      ,,caves4 ,see ,,mithratic     
,,caves4      ,,celestial ,,indexes1    
theory of the ,r4 ,t4 being1 considered1
 #eb4      ,,celestine 7pope71 his      
commission ,ad ,scotos1 #da4            
,,cells1 theory of the ,r4 ,t4 being1   
#ac1 #ad4      ,,ceol and ,,ceolan      
7bells71 their pagan use1 #aa4          
,,ceylon1 bells used at the ,dagob      
temples in1 #agc n42      the ,maypole  
ceremony as observed in1 #bch2          
,buddhist temple of ,calane in1         
resemblance between it and ,brechin     
,r4 ,t41 #cjj2      meaning of the name 
,dagobs1 #cfi2      description of a    
,dagob1 #cfi-cga2      sepulchral       

character of1 #cgj1 #cga4               
,,chaildees1 or ,,culdees1 not connected
 with the ,egyptian ,cophtes1 #dj1 #da2 
the latter may1 however1 have derived   
their knowledge from the                
,tuath-de-danaans1 #aee2      did not   
admit the papal supremacy1 #df2         
meaning of the name1 #dd4               
,,chaldeans1 their connection with the  
,tuath-de-danaans1 #aee4                
,,christianity1 existed in ,ireland     
before the time of ,pelagius1 or of ,st4
          ,patrick1 #da2      early     
,irish ,christians ostracised1 #db2     
,st4 ,patrick's actual share in the     
diffusion of1 #db1 #dc2                 
canonisation of objects of pagan worship
 by the apostles of1 #dd1 #dib2      to 
what its reception by the ,irish pagans1
 is attributable1 #cdd et          seq42
      prophecy in the ,hindu ,puranas of
 a coming redeemer of mankind1 #cde2    
the 8,yugas0 to the same effect1 #cde1  
#cdf2      ,hindu 8,history of ,vicrama 
,ditya10 #cdf2      ,arabic poetic      

prediction to same effect1 #cdf2        
analogous inscription on pillar at      
,buddal1 #cdf1 #cdg2      theory that1  
in its leading essentials1 it was       
introduced into ,ireland          as a  
revival of an early ,eastern religion by
 the ,tuath-de-danaans1          #dic2  
the ,greek term logos considered with   
reference to this point1 #dgh1          
#dgi2      also the reference in ,st4   
,john's gospel to ,christ's coming to   
his          8own10 #dgh2      the      
incident of the ,magi1 and the symbolism
 of the cross in its          sculptured
 representation1 #dhb1 #dhc2            
meaning of the expression 8,lamb of     
,god10 #dhf-dhi2      conformity between
 ,buddhism and ,christianity1 #cfe2     
the ,church festivals derived from the  
,tuath-de-danaan ritual1 #dic4          
,,christnah 7the ,indian ,apollo71 #bah1
 #bai2      the legend of his           
incarnation and his connection with the 
8,white          ,island0 7,muc-,inis71 
#cbf1 #cbg4      ,,chronos1 deification 

of1 accounted for1 #aig4                
,,churches1 arguments from their being  
found in the neighbourhood of ,round    
,towers1 ,cromleachs1 and ,mithratic    
caves against the pre-,christian        
antiquity of the ,r4 ,t4 considered1 #g1
 #h1 #cef1 #ceg4      ,,clement 7the    
,irish doctor71 ,german testimony to his
 learning1 #ed n4      ,,climate of     
,ireland praised by ,geraldus           
,cambrensis1 #ebi4      ,,clogad1       
meaning of1 #ab2      the name          
accountable for a mistake as to the ,r4 
,t41 #ab4      ,,cloicteach1 or belfrey1
 distinct from ,r4 ,t41 #cf1 #cg4       
,,clondalkin 7,r4 ,t471 #aja1 #cei4     
,,clonmacnoise1 antiquity of its        
crosses1 churches1 and round towers     
accounted for1 #cef1 #ceg2      once a  
stronghold of ,buddhism1 #cef1 #ceg2    
its sculptures unconnected with         
,christianity1 #ceh1 #cei2              
inferiority of the architecture of its  
churches to that of the other           
remains1 such as crosses and round      

towers1 #afc2      ,abbot ,o',brien and 
his 8cell10 #ac1 #ad4      ,,cockatrice1
 or ,,basilisk1 its symbolism1 #bbe4    
,,colebrooke',s statement regarding     
,buddhism refuted1 #bad4      ,,colgan  
on the ,r4 ,t41 #cg1 #ea4      ,,colzoum
 7,egyptian monastery71 supposed to     
resemble the ,r4 ,t41 #cj-cc4           
,,coptic1 ,hurd's description of the    
,ethiopian monks so-called1 #de1 #df2   
such monastic orders not analogous to   
the ,irish ,culdees or ,chaildees1      
#de4      ,,cormac 7bishop of ,cashel71 
his allusions to fire-worship1 #ha1 #hb2
      his description of the ,r4 ,t41   
and opinion of their great antiquity1   
#cfh1 #cid4      ,,crescent-,,worship1  
its origin and significance1 #bfa1 #bfb1
 #bgc et seq42      its symbolism       
preserved in the ,irish crescent        
brooches1 #bgc1 #bgd2      crescent on  
the summits of ,r4 ,t41 #ajc2      the  
crescent of ,sheva 7,hindu71 #ajc2      
the crescent and the 8ark10 #bbd-bbf2   
the ,pish-de-danaan votaries of1 #bfa1  

#bfb4      ,,crioch-,,na-,,fuineadhach1 
a name of ,ireland1 its meaning1 #cdd4  
,,crocodiles as objects of worship1     
#afe1 #aff2      bearing of this on the 
question of sub-pyramidal 7and ,r4 ,t47 
cavities1          #aff4                
,,cromleachs1 their ,buddhist origin1   
#b1 #c2      that churches are found in 
their vicinity no disproof of this1 #h2 
possibly the work of ,firbolgs or       
,scythians1 #dbh4                       
,,cross-,,worship1 its antiquity and    
universality1 #bhi-cjh2      ,egyptian  
interpretation of the cross symbol1     
#bhi1 #bia2      ,druidic cross worship1
 #bhi2      practised among all ancient 
,gothic peoples1 #bij2      the         
,egyptian ,taut symbol1 #bia2           
,buddhist origin of cross-worship1 #bia2
      ,greek allegory of ,apollo and the
 ,python1 #bia1 #bib2      the ,irish   
,tuath cross1 #bia2      the cross a    
symbol of universal nature1 #bid2       
,irish cross with kilted figure         
thereon--of whom8 #bie-big2      crosses

 on obelisk at ,sandwick 7,ross-shire71 
#cje-cji2      crosses in cryptograms of
 heathen deities1 #cjh2      ,plato on  
the prevalence of the cross symbol1     
#cjh2      cross symbols found at the   
temple of ,serapis1 #cab2      the      
forehead 8mark0 in ,ezekiel1 a cross1   
#cac2      cross on the coinage of the  
,emperor ,decius1 #cad2      also on    
,phnician medals1 #cad1 #cae2           
description of the great cross at       
,forres1 #cag-cbj2      the latter cross
 probably erected by ,tuath-de-danaans1 
#cbj2      theory that such crosses are 
of ,danish origin refuted1 #cba2        
cross symbols on monolith at ,carnac1   
#cba1 #cbb2      resemblance of         
sculpture on cross at ,old ,kilcullen to
 those on the          temple at        
,kalabche in ,nubia1 #ccg-cdb2          
crucificial ,buddhist effigy of ,deva   
,thot1 #cdc1 #cdd2      freemasonry and 
the crucifixion1 #cdd2      cruciform   
construction of ,mithratic temple at    
,new ,grange1 #cej2      also of the    

so-called 8,devil's ,yonies10 #cad1     
#cej1 #cea2      also of pagodas at     
,benares and ,mathura1 #ceb2      union 
of cross with lingam symbol at          
,elephanta1 #cec2      analogy between  
,irish and ,eastern cross-symbolism1    
#cec1 #ced2      snake-sculpture on     
,irish crosses1 #ejb2      the crosses  
of ,clonmacnoise1 ,clondalkin1 ,armagh1 
,finglas1 etc41          #ceg-cfg2      
cross-symbolism at ,brechin and         
,donoghmore ,r4 ,t41 #h2      its       
connection with serpent-worship1        
,freemasonry1 and ,buddhism1            
#ceh-cfg2      all ancient ,irish       
crosses the work of ,tuath-de-danaans1  
#cei-cfa2      the dog-effigy on the    
cross at ,clonmacnoise1 #cei2           
demolition and restoration of cross at  
,finglas1 #cfe-cfg2      cross-worship  
symbolised in the shamrock1 #ddj2       
meaning of the expression 8,lamb of     
,god10 #dhf-dhi2      also of the emblem
  for the number ten1 #dhg1 #dhh2       
also of the ,druidic 8key0 emblem1 #dhh1

 #dhi2      also of the ,irish cross 7or
 8finger07 oath1 #dhi2      theory of   
crosses having been introduced into     
,ireland by the ,pope1                  
#dhi-dib2      the cross-symbolism of   
,palencia1 #dij2      the cross-staff of
 the ,roman ,augurs1 #dij2      pagan   
sculpture on the cross at ,kells1 #dij1 
#dia2      how ,irish crosses became    
associated with ,christianity1 #dib-did2
      how the crosses over the doors of 
some of the round towers may be         
accounted for1 #eaa4      ,,crucifixion1
 sculpture of1 at ,knockmoy1 explained1 
#cbh-cde2      analogous sculpture on   
temple at ,kalabche 7,nubia71 #ccg2     
,hindu 7,purana7 legend of1 #cci2       
testimony of ,buddhists and of          
,freemasonry to the fact of a primeval  
crucifixion1 #cdc1 #cdd4      ,,cumman1 
the ,irish astronomer1 #ei4             
,,cycle1 of nineteen years--8the great  
year0 of the ,greeks1 #eb4              
,,cyclopean ,,walls1 their origin1 and  
derivation of the name1 #hf2      found 

wherever the ,pelasgi settled1 #hf4     
,,cyclops1 public origin of the name1   
#hf2      its ,sabaic import1 #aie1     
#aif4        ,,dagobs 7,cingalese       
temples71 analogous to the ,r4 ,t41     
#cfi-cgb4      ,,dahamsouda 7,king of   
,baranes1 or ,benares7 and the ,bana1 or
 ,buddhist          gospel1 sculpture of
 the legend at ,glendalough1 #dgj et    
seq4      ,,dalton on the date of the   
,scotch ,r4 ,t41 #aj2      his theory   
that ,iris was not ,ireland considered1 
#cih4      ,,dana1 as the root of       
,danaans1 its meaning1 #aac4            
,,dancing1 connected with ,sabaic       
worship1 #aaj2      circular dances     
performed round the ,r4 ,t41 #eag2      
,rinke-teumpoil and ,turrish dances1    
#eag4      ,,danes1 the ,r4 ,t4 could   
not have been constructed by1 #i1 #aj2  
nor have been intended as places of     
refuge from1 #ce1 #cf2      crosses not 
commemorative in any way of the1 #cba4  
,,davies on the genealogy of the ,irish 
language1 #eh4      ,,dearg1 ,,darag1   

and ,,darioga1 their origin and meaning1
 #bjf1 #baf1 #bag4      ,,decius 7,roman
 ,emperor71 the cross-emblem on his     
coinage1 #cad4      ,,delos1 visit of   
,abaris to1 #ec-ef1 #cig1 #ddh2      why
 the fleet of ,xerxes did not molest1   
#fi2      ,hyperborean embassies to1    
repulsed1 #dde1 #ddf2      account of   
the subsequent transmission of          
,hyperborean offerings to the           
shrines of ,apollo and ,diana there1    
#ddf4      ,,delphi1 poetic account of  
the foundation of the oracle by         
,hyperboreans          representative of
 the ,irish priesthood1 #dde2           
similar tradition at ,delos1 #dde2      
hymn of ,alcus commemorating the visit  
of ,apollo to the ,hyperboreans         
on his way to1 #ddf1 #ddg2              
derivation of the names ,delphi1        
,pythia1 and ,sybil1 #ejg2      whence  
the ,pythia derived her inspiration1    
#ejg4      ,,deluge1 scriptural         
narrative of1 explained1 #bff et seq42  
number of the ,noachid1 #bfi1 #bgj2     

distinction between ,aron and ,thebit   
7both signifying 8ark071 #bgj2          
meaning of the name ,noah1 and of the   
mandate1 8,come thou and all thy        
house into the ark10 #bgb2              
derivation of ,deucalion1 #bge2         
figurative character of the1 #bge1 #bgf2
      the argument from marine strata1  
#bgf-bgh2      signification of the     
raven1 dove1 and olive branch1 #bgh2    
,purana account of the1 #bgi n42        
whence the ,mosaic version may have been
 derived1 #bhj1 #bha2      ,japhet and  
,javan explained1 #bhc n42              
coincidence between the diluvian period 
and that of the                         
,tuath-de-danaan migration from the     
,east1 #dcf2      legend of ,fintan and 
,caisarea1 niece of ,noah1 #che2        
,moses and the ,pish-de-danaans1 #bhc4  
,,dendera1 resemblance between the      
respective worships of ancient ,egypt   
and ,india exemplified by conduct of    
,sepoys at1 #adc1 #add4                 
,,deucalion1 origin of the name1 #bge4  

,,deus and ,hercules synonymous1 #bej2  
meaning of ,deus ,fidhius1 #bej4        
,,deva ,,thot 7,buddhist71 represented  
as crucified1 #cdc4      ,,devenish 7,r4
 ,t471 #ch1 #ga1 #afg4      ,,devil',s  
,,yonies1 #cad1 #cej1 #cea4             
,,diodorus ,,siculus and ,iris1 or the  
,insula ,hyperboreorum1 #abj n41        
#cig-cii4      ,,dionysius ,,of         
,,sicily1 sense in which he uses ,iris  
and ,irin1 #abj4      ,,docha1 included 
with ,anuzza and ,anatta in the ,bavana1
 #aad4      ,,dog1 personified in       
sculpture at ,persepolis and            
,clonmacnoise1 #cei4      ,,doghda      
7,milk71 the title of the tutelar       
goddess of ,ireland1 #cci4              
,,donatus 7bishop of ,etruria1 #ith     
century71 his description of ,scotia1   
or ,ireland1 #ed4      ,,donoghmore 7,r4
 ,t471 bas-relief of crucifix over door 
of1 #h4      ,,dove1 its signification  
in the ,noachian allegory1 #bgh4        
,,downpatrick1 ,st ,patrick's alleged   
8granary0 near1 #afd4      ,,druids1    

superiority of the ,irish1 #eg2         
,csar and ,pomponius ,mela on the1 #eg2 
whence the ,irish ,druids derived their 
superiority1 #eg2      were             
fire-worshippers1 #hb2      significance
 of the golden 8sickle0 used by them in 
cutting mistletoe1          #bjj2       
influence of their degeneracy on the    
study of astronomy in ,ireland1         
#eba2      how that study was kept alive
 by the books of their predecessors1 the
          ,boreades1 #ebb4      ,,dumboe
 7,r4 ,t471 #ha4      ,,dune ,,of       
,,dornadella 7,scotland71 its           
resemblance to the ,r4 ,t41 #dee2       
the mystery of its stone shelves        
explained1 #def4      ,,dungeons1 theory
 of the ,r4 ,t4 being1 #af et seq4      
,,egypt1 ancestral connection of        
,ireland with1 #gg2      ,sabian        
character of its ancient worship1 #gg2  
resemblance of the latter to that of    
,india and ,china1 #adc2      remarkable
 confirmation of this in the conduct of 
,sepoys at ,dendera1          #adc2     

its ,ghizan pyramids popularly ascribed 
to ,philitis 7a shepherd71 and          
the evidence of ,sanskrit records to the
 same effect1 #add-adf2      the ,uksi1 
or shepherd kings1 #adf1 #aea2          
derivation of the word 8pyramid10       
#adf-adh2      the ,coptic name and its 
signification1 #adh2      ,armus1       
,amosis1 and ,inaron 7the supposed      
founders of the ,ghezan                 
pyramids71 who they were1 #adi2         
sojourn of the ,israelites in1 #adi2    
did not take place until after the ,uksi
 invasion1 #aea2      the dislike of the
 ,egyptians to the ,israelites accounted
 for1 #aea2      ,manetho's account of  
,osarsiph or ,moses1 #aea2              
proximity of ,goshen to ,ghiza1 #aec2   
date of the ,exodus1 #aej2              
civilisation and magic of the ,egyptians
 borrowed from the ,chaldeans1          
#aee2      connection of this           
circumstance with ,irish history1 #aee2 
the ancient ,egyptians not idolaters1   
#bfh2      indebtedness of ,moses to    

them1 #bha4      ,,elephanta            
7subterranean or ,mithratic temples of71
 ,buddhist sculptures          of1 #bae2
      their defacement by the ,brahmins1
 #bae1 #baf2      cross-symbolism in1   
#cec4      ,,elephants1 objects of      
reverence to ,buddhists1 #aac n4        
,,eleusinian mysteries1 their nature1   
#aaj1 #aaa1 #cdg1 #cdh2      kindred    
rites of ,bona ,dea and ,phiditia1 #cdh1
 #cdi2      degradation of such rites   
into the ,saturnalia1 #cdi1 #cej2       
the ,irish ,nullog1 #cej2      the      
typification of regeneration1 or the new
 birth1 #cej4      ,,ellora 7caves of71 
#bae1 #baf4      ,,emerald ,,isle1      
explanation of the name1 #ejc4          
,,england1 traces of the ,danaans in1   
#dbe4      ,,enoch 7,book of71 #dja1    
#djb1 #dge-dgh4      ,,erdam 7,irish for
 belfry71 contradistinguished from      
,fidh-,nemead1 #ej4      ,,erigena1 or  
,,scotus 7,john or ,shane71 the ,irish  
doctor1 #ed n4      ,,etrurians1 their  
origin and connection with the          

,tuath-de-danaans1 #he4      ,,eve1 the 
forbidden fruit and the serpent1        
#bbg-bcj1 #bhe et seq41 #ejf1           
#ejh4      ,,exodus4 ,see ,,egypt4      
,,farragh1 or ,,phearagh1 #ef2          
identical with ,budh and ,moriagan1     
#acb1 #ada2      meaning of the name    
#acb2      ,spencer's theory as to his  
being ,fergus1 king of ,scotland1 #acb2 
his identity with ,peor and ,priapus1   
#acb n42      his effigy in the ,museum 
of ,t4 ,c4 ,d41 #acg1 #ach2      similar
 effigies found at ,rampore             
7,himalayas71 #aci2      as to his being
 synonymous with ,pharaoh1 #adb2        
represented as wearing a kilt1 or       
philabeg1 #ada1 #cda4      ,,fenius1 or 
,,feni1 ancestor of the                 
,scoto-,milesians1 #dcb2      date of   
his era1 #dcb4      ,,fergil1 ,irish    
astronomer1 who in the #hth century     
taught the rotundity of          the    
earth1 #ebc4      ,,fidh-,,nemead1 or   
,,fidh-,,nemphed1 its meaning1 #ej1     
#aje1 #cec2      ,colgan's and          

,o',connor's errors respecting1 #ea4    
,,fine ,,arts1 existed in remote        
antiquity1 #djg2      proficiency of the
 ancient ,irish in1 #daa2      evidence 
of this proficiency1 #dab2              
,oriental character of the              
,tuath-de-danaan fine art work1 #dab1   
#dac4      ,,finger-,,oath of the ,irish
 peasantry1 its connection with         
cross-worship1          #dhi1 #eja4     
,,finglas1 old cross at1 #cfe-cfg4      
,,fiodh1 or ,,fidhuis1 its derivation   
and meaning1 #bbh1 #bej4                
,,firbolgs1 or ,celtic inhabitants of   
,ireland before the ,tuath-de-danaans1  
#big2      assisted the ,scythians to   
expel the latter1 #big1 #dbh2      their
 attire described1 #big2      could not 
have built the ,r4 ,t41 #chf1 #chg2     
but probably constructed the            
,cromleachs1 #dbh2      origin of the   
name1 #dbh2      their religion akin to 
that of the ,scythians1 #dbh2      how  
the existence of two distinct races     
7,celtic and ,scythian7 in ,arran       

and the northern isles may be accounted 
for1 #dbh1 #dbi2      duration of their 
rule between the first ,tuath-de-danaan 
emigration          7from ,persia7 and  
the second 7from ,india71 #ddb1 #ddc2   
confusion as to the battle of ,moytura1 
which they fought with the              
,tuath-de-danaans1 #chf1 #chg1 #ddh1    
#ddi4      ,,fire-,,worship1 alluded to 
in ,scripture1 #fg1 #fh2      originated
 in 8,ur of the ,chaldees10 #fh2        
spread thence to ,persia1 #fi2      the 
,persian 8,ur10 #fi2      the 8,pyrea0  
noticed by ,brisson1 its nature1 #fi2   
question as to whether the round towers 
were fire-temples1 #gj-ge1              
#hj-hb2      also as to whether the     
,ghebre or ,parsee temples were         
exclusively          devoted to this    
worship1 #ga2      structural           
peculiarities of fire-temples1 #ga1 #gb2
      the temples at ,baku and          
,smerwick1 #gb2      ,strabo's          
description of the 8,pyratheia10 #gb2   
fire-temple at ,zezd1 #gb2      pagodas 

considered and described1 #gc2          
derivation of the name 8pagoda10 #gc1   
#ceb n42      pagodas devoted to worship
 of the sun and moon1 #gc2              
significance of their form1 #gc1 #gd2   
fire-worship introduced into ,italy by  
the ,pelasgi1 #hf1 #hg1 and into        
,ireland by the ,scythians1 #ebj2       
could not have been the exclusive       
purpose of round towers1 #hj-hb2        
,cormac's allusion to1 #ha1 #hb2        
,druidic fire-worship1 #hb2      ,st4   
,bridget's fire-temple1 #hb1 #hc2       
testimony of the ,venerable ,bede to its
 existence in ,ireland1 #hc2            
structural affinity of the ,irish       
fire-temples to those of ancient        
,greece and ,rome1 #he1 #hf2      the   
vestal fire1 #hg2      the ,baal-thinne1
 ,miss ,beaufort's theory as to1 #hh-ij4
      ,,fomorians1 in what sense they   
may be regarded as builders of the ,r4  
,t41          #cid1 #cie2      their    
affinity to the ,tuath-de-danaans1      
#cic-cie2      meaning of the name1     

#cid1 #cie4      ,,forbidden ,,fruit 7of
 ,scripture71 its meaning1 #bbg1 #bbi n4
      ,,forehead-,,mark 7,ezek4 ix4 #d1 
#e1 #f71 a cross1 #cac4      ,,forres   
7,scotland71 description of sculpture on
 cross at1 #cag-cbj4      ,,four        
,,masters4 ,see ,,annals4               
,,freemasonry1 #bj2      essentially    
,christian in principle1 #cdd2      its 
,cabiric rites similar to those         
practised in the ,fiodh ,aongusa or     
the ,mithratic caves of ,budh1 #cec1    
#ced2      its connection with the ,r4  
,t41 #ai1 #bj4      ,see ,,masonic4     
,,fuller1 allusion in his writings to   
the ,irish harp1 #djf4                  
,,gadelglas1 origin of the name1 #ejb1  
#ejc2      its connection with          
serpent-worship1 #ejb4      ,,gadelians1
 ancestors of the ,milesians1 #dcb1     
#ejb4      ,,gal ,,and ,,noudabal       
7,persian legend from ,ferdosi71 its    
meaning1 #ajb n4      ,,gallamh1 father 
of ,heber and ,heremon1 #cic1 #dcb4     
,,gaur ,,towers of ,india1 similar to   

the ,r4 ,t41 #cga4                      
,,gaye-,,phallus1 twofold meaning of1   
#caa1 #cab4      8,,generation ,,of     
,,vipers10 meaning of the phrase1 #dih  
et seq4      ,,ghebres1 or ,,parsees1   
their fire-temples1 #ga4      ,,ghizeh  
and its pyramids1 #add-aec4             
,,giant',s ,,ring 7,r4 ,t471 an instance
 of a ,r4 ,t4 without a church near it1 
#ead4      ,,gildas1 introduction of    
bells into ,england by1 #aa1 #aba1 #agc1
 #agd4      ,,giraldus4 ,see            
,,cambrensis4      ,,glendalough 7,r4   
,t471 #afg1 #dfi1 #dgd4      ,see       
,,saint ,,kevin4      ,,gnomons1 theory 
that the ,r4 ,t4 were4 ,see ,,celestial 
,,indexes4      ,,goban ,,saer 7the     
supposed architect of the ,r4 ,t471     
legendary account of1          #cge-che2
      not contemporary with ,st4 ,abhan1
 #chc1 #chd1 #dic2      was a           
,tuath-de-danaan1 #chf1 #dib2           
meaning of his name1 #che1 #chf2        
his individuality1 #cgi1 #che2      his 
effigy at ,clonmacnoise1 #ceh2      the 

sacerdotal character of its attire1     
#eac4      ,,goshen1 significance of its
 situation1 #aec4      ,,granard1       
derivation of the name1 #bjh4           
,,greece1 not the source of ,irish      
religion or learning1 #da1 #dec2        
nature of ,greek ,sabaism1 #aid-aig2    
,herodotus on the ,greek theogony1 #aif2
      remarkable derivative analogy     
between ,greek and ,irish names1        
#dec-dgj4      ,,grian 7,irish71 as the 
root of ,grynus 7epithet of ,apollo71   
#bjh4      ,,gyah1 ,buddhist            
subterranean temple1 #bae4              
,,gwalior 7,hindu temple71 its          
subterranean passage1 #aff4             
,,harp1 cultivation of harp music in    
,ireland1 #djc-djf4      ,,heber and    
,,heremon1 #chg2      their parentage1  
#cic1 #dcb2      headed the ,scythian   
invasion of ,ireland1 #cic2      their  
epoch according to ,irish chronology1   
#dcb2      distinct1 except in language1
 from the ,danaans1 #cic4      ,,hebrew1
 its affinity to ,irish1 #bbh4          

,,hecat,,us on the mission of ,abaris   
from the island of the ,hyperboreans to 
,delos1 #ec-ee2      on the peculiar    
appearance of the moon as seen from the 
latter island1          #cig2      on   
the cyclic visits of ,apollo to the     
latter1 #cig2      on the prevalence of 
harpers there1 #djc4      ,,heeren on   
the history1 language1 architecture1 and
 institutions of          ancient       
,persia1 #agh-ahc4      ,,heliogabalus1 
connection of the name with the         
perverted sense of                      
,gaye-phallus1 #cab4      ,,hercules1   
and his twelve labours1 #aie2           
worshipped in ,egypt1 ,phnicia1 and     
elsewhere1 before his inclusion in      
the ,greek theogony1 #aie2      a       
personification of the sun1 #aie2       
pronounced by ,orpheus the father and   
destroyer of all things1 and the        
great deliverer of mankind1 #aie2       
explanation of the ,zodiac1 #aie1 #aif2 
,hercules ,astrokiton1 #aif2            
worshipped by different nations under a 

diversity of names1 #aif2      ,hercules
 ,fidhius1 #bej2      ,hercules and     
,deus synonymous terms1 #bej2      the  
founder of ,western philosophy1 #dcg2   
worshipped as ,osiris and ,bacchus1     
#dcg4      ,,herodotus cited1 #afj1     
#afa1 #ahj1 #aif4      ,,hibernia1      
meaning and derivation of the name1 #bh1
 #bi1 #aae-abf1 #abh1 #abi4      ,see   
,,iran1 ,,ireland1 ,,insula             
,,hyperboreorum4      ,,hindus1 their   
origin and the meaning of their name1   
#gd4      ,see ,,india4      ,,holy and 
,,most ,,holy 7places mentioned in      
,scripture71 anatomical                 
significance of1 #cgc4      ,,hypanis   
7,river71 identity of the ,egyptian and 
,indian religions1 and of          the  
destination of their respective         
pyramids1 suggested by                  
architectural remains found near1 #gf4  
,,hyperborean 7an epithet of ,ireland71 
its twofold meaning1 #ee4      ,see     
,,insula ,,hyperboreorum4               
,,inaron4 ,see ,,aaron4      ,,index    

theory of the ,r4 ,t4 ,see ,,celestial  
,,indexes4      ,,india1 idea underlying
 the morphology of ,brahminism1 #gg1    
#gh2      purpose of the ,indian        
cave-temples1 #gh2      devotion of     
,brahmins to astronomy1 #gh1 #gi2       
ancient ,hindu civilisation1 #gi1 #hj2  
its decadence under ,mohammedan rule1   
#hj2      ,sir ,w4 ,jones on the        
pantheistic idealism of1 #id n42        
,buddhism1 #ajg-aad 7and see            
,,buddhism72      identity of ancient   
,egyptian worship with ,brahminism1     
#adc2      ,sepoys worshipping in       
,egyptian temples1 #adc2      reference 
in ,sanskrit records to the ,pyramids1  
#add2      ,indian origin claimed for   
,orpheus1 #dje2      second migration of
 the ,tuath-de-danaans to ,ireland was  
from1 #ddc2      sculpture at           
,glendalough explained by reference to  
the history of1          #dfi-dgd4      
,,insula ,,hyperboreorum1 identity of   
,ireland with1 #eb1 #cif-djc1 #dcg1 #dde
          et seq42      twofold meaning 

of ,hyperborean1 #ee2      description  
by ,hecatus of1 distorted by ,diodorus1 
#cig1 #cih2      likewise by ,dalton and
 ,macpherson1 #cih2      incredulity of 
,diodorus accounted for1 #cih1 #cii2    
known also as ,ogygia1 #dcg2            
scepticism of ,mller respecting1 #ddc1  
#ddd2      mission of ,abaris from1     
#ddg1 #ddh2      ,greek evidence of its 
identity with ,ireland1 #dea sq4        
,,iona1 derivation of the name1 #hc n42 
its connection with ,st4 ,columbe       
,kille1 #hc n4      ,,iran1 the generic 
name of both ,persia and ,ireland1 #abg2
      its specific form1 ,irin1         
appropriated to ,ireland1 #abj-abg2     
meaning of both these names1 #abg2      
origin of the diverse forms1 ,ire1 ,eri1
 ,ere1 ,erin1 #abh2      how ,iran was  
metamorphosed into ,ierne and ,hibernia1
 #abh1 #abi2      its occupation by the 
,tuath-de-danaans1 and their expulsion  
by the          ,pish- 7or ,pith-7      
de-danaans1 #beb-bei2      equivalent in
 meaning to ,paradise1 #bhe2            

properly applicable to all ,india lying 
north-west of the ,indus1 #ahd2         
changed by the ,greeks into ,ariana1    
#ahe2      ,pahlavi ,erin and ,zend     
,eriene and ,pelasgic ,ierne1 #ahe2     
,irad and ,iran1 #bdd2      ,iranians   
and ,turanians1 #abc-abf4      ,see     
,,persia and ,,ireland4      ,,ireland1 
its early repute for academic learning1 
#de1 #df1 #ei n42      its learning not 
borrowed from ,greece or ,rome1 #de1    
#df2      the 8,insula ,hyperboreorum0  
of the ,ancients1 #eb1 #cif-djc1 #dde et
 seq42      alleged cyclic visits of    
,apollo to1 #eb1 #cig2      description 
of1 by ,donatus 7#ith century71 #ed2    
its identity with ,scotia1 #ed n42      
why called the 8,sacred0 ,island1 #ee1  
#aag1 #acj2      persecution in         
,scotland of exiles from1 #eg n42       
included by the ,ancients in the general
 term ,britain1 #eh2      antiquity and 
astronomic character of the ,irish      
language1 #eh1 #bej2      also of its   
alphabet1 #daf-dah2      genealogy of   

the language according to ,davies1 #eh2 
,mosheim's testimony to the learning of 
the ancient ,irish1 #ei n42      also   
that of ,henricus ,antisiodrensis1 #ei  
n42      description of ,ireland by     
,artemidorus1 #djj2      its ancestral  
religious affinity with ,egypt and      
,india1 #gg-hj2      resemblance of its 
early architecture to that of ancient   
,greece and          ,rome1 #hf2        
derivation and meaning of the name      
,hibernia1 #aae-abf2      ,tacitus on1  
#aai2      ,iran and ,irin as names for1
 #abj1 #aba-abf2      ,irenses1 #aba2   
origin of the name ,ogygia1 #aca2       
also of the names ,fuodhla1 ,fudh1      
,inis1 and                              
,inis-na-,bhfiodhbhadh1 #aca2      its  
connection with ,sabaism1 #aic-baj2     
,hebrew and ,irish1 branches of the same
 root-language1 #bbh2      twofold      
signification of ,irish letters and     
words1 #bbh1 #bbi2      the ,irish      
alphabet a 8tree0 code1 #bbi2           
,irish 7i4e4 the language of ,iran7 an  

original and universal tongue1          
#bej2      ,artemidorus on the ancient  
religion of1 #cja1 #cjb2      mentioned 
in the ,puranas as 8the white island0   
7,muc-,inis7 #cbe-cbh2      significance
 of its readiness to accept             
,christianity1 #cdd2                    
,crioch-na-,fuineadhach as a name of1   
#cdd2      ,st4 ,patrick not the        
introducer of letters into1 #daf-dai2   
proof that the ,irish is not derived    
from the ,roman alphabet1 #daf-dai2     
the ,ogham character1 #cdj1 #dai1 #dbj2 
views of ,montmorency and ,whittaker    
refuted1 #dah-dbh2      ancient         
celebrity of1 not due to the ,celts or  
,scythians1 #dbh2      resemblance of   
the ,irish1 as regards physique1        
manners1 customs1          religious    
observances1 etc41 to the ancient       
,persians1 #dcg-ddj2      in ancient    
times an 8,oriental ,asylum10 #dda2     
twice invaded by the ,tuath-de-danaans1 
#ddb1 #ddc2      ,firbolg occupation of1
 #ddb1 #ddc2      meaning of ,bana-ba as

 a name of1 #dgj-dgd2      also of its  
,sabaic name ,tibholas1 #ejg2      its  
existence known to the ,greeks and      
,brahmins1 #eag1 #eah4      ,,iris and  
,,irin and ,,iran1 names of ,ireland1   
#abj1 #aba1 #abg1 #cih4      ,,isidore  
of ,,seville1 on the identity of ,scotia
 with ,ireland1 #ed n4      ,,isis      
7,egyptian deity71 phallic worship of1  
#aje1 #ajf2      what she personified1  
#ajf4      ,,israelites1 sense in which 
the author uses the term1 #aa2          
their use of bells1 #aa4        ,,japhet
 7,noachian7 and ,,javan 7his son71     
derivation and meaning of the           
names1 #bhc n4        ,,kaiomurs 7king  
of ,persia71 #bde-bdg2      identical   
with ,noah1 #bgb4      ,,kalabche       
7,nubian temple71 resemblance of its    
sculptures to those at                  
,knockmoy and ,old ,kilcullen1 #ccg-cdb4
      ,,kells 7,r4 ,t471 #hc2      snake
 sculpture on cross at1 #cfa1 #dij4     
,,kill 7in ,irish names71 its origin and
 signification1 #dc2      existence of a

 8,kill0 evidence of previous existence 
of paganism1 #dc1          #dd4         
,,kilcullen1 or ,,old ,,kilcullen1      
remarkable ,tuath-de-danaan cross at1   
#ccg2      its ,buddhist character1     
#ccg1 #cch4      ,,killeshandra1 phallic
 meaning of the name1 #bjg4             
,,killmallock 7,r4 ,t471 #dd1 #afg1     
#bjb2      derivation of the names1     
#bja2      description of its tower as  
contrasted with the churches in its     
vicinity1 #bjb1 #bjc4      ,,kilmacdugh1
 remarkable leaning round tower at1     
#eae4      ,,kilt1 or ,,philabeg1 #ach1 
#bif2      originally a ,tuath-de-danaan
 article of attire1 not a ,celtic1 #big2
      disappeared from ,ireland before  
the introduction of ,christianity1 #bih2
      kilted figures of ,budh1 #ach1    
#bif2      antiquity of the ,irish      
philabeg1 #eab4      ,,knockmoy1        
description of supposed ,buddhist       
sculptures at1 #cbh-cce2      refutation
 of theory that they depict the death of
 ,mac,murrough's son1          #ccc1    

#ccd2      representation of the kings1 
with doves1 explained1 #ccj2            
similarity of the sculpture to that on  
temple of ,kalabche 7,nubia71           
#ccg-cda2      confirmatory ,purana     
evidence1 #cci2      ,phrygian attire of
 the subordinate figures1 #cbi1 #dcg4   
,,la-,,beuil-,,tinne 7first of ,may71 or
 day of ,baal's fire1 #bja4      ,,lambh
 and ,,luamh1 twofold meaning of1       
#dhg-dhi4      ,,lanigan on the theory  
that the round towers were repositories 
for          ecclesiastical treasure1   
#ce4      ,,ledwich',s views regarding  
the round towers1 #ac-ae2      on       
,,cumman1 #ei4      ,,lingajas          
7worshippers of the ,lingam1 or male    
nature71 #ajb1 #aac1 #bbh1              
#bei1 #bfj1 #bhb1 #cec2      their      
connection with ,babel1 #bhd4           
,,lotos1 phallic significance of1 #beg  
n42      ,chinese legend of the1 #beg1  
#beh4      ,,lough ,,derg1 meaning of   
its name1 #bjf4      ,,lough ,,neagh1   
submerged round towers of1 #ej4         

,,lough ,,rea1 and its connection with  
the worship of ,astarte1 #bjd1 #bje4    
,,lycanthropy 7or wolf-madness7 in      
,ireland1 #dfh1 #dfi4        ,,maccarthy
 ,,mores1 reputed founders of round     
towers1 #ci1 #dj4      ,,macha1 one of  
the three deities specially worshipped  
by ,tuath-de-danaan          women1     
#acb4      ,,madura1 cruciform pagoda   
at1 #ceb4      ,,magadha 7birthplace of 
,buddha71 #bfd2      its bearing on the 
question1 how the ,tuath-de-danaans made
 their way          to ,ireland8 #bfe1  
#bff n4      ,,magh-,,abadean 7name of  
,persian dynasty71 #aij1 #bdf2          
another name for ,tuath-de-danaan1 #bdh2
      its derivation1 #bdg1 #bdh4       
,,magh and ,,maghody1 representing the  
bounty of ,providence1 #bag1 #bah4      
,,mahadeva 7,hindu legend of71 and the  
,lingajas and ,yonijas or               
,yavanas1 #bfj1 #bfa4      ,,manetho1   
his account of the invasion of ,egypt by
 the ,uksi1 or shepherd          kings1 
#adb2      also of the ,israelites1     

#aea4      ,,manuscripts 7ancient       
,irish71 loss of1 #ed n42               
destruction of by ,st4 ,patrick1 #ace2  
preservation and habitat of the         
remainder1 #acf4      ,,marine ,,strata1
 their bearing on the chronology of the 
,deluge1 #bgf-bgh4      ,,masonic       
significance of the round towers1 #ai1  
#bj2      meaning of ,saer1 #bj n4      
,,maya and ,,ritty 7,hindu71 parents of 
,camadeva1 meaning of the legend1 #id4  
,,maypole ceremony 7,irish71 its        
,eastern origin1 #bcc2      its phallic 
and astronomic significance1 #bcc1 #bcd2
      what it commemorated1 #bcd2       
corresponds to the ,bacchic ,phallica1  
,donysia1 and ,orgia1 #bce2             
description of the ,irish ,maypole      
festivals1 #bcg2      mode of           
celebration at ,waterford1 #bch2        
similar ceremony at ,ceylon celebrated  
by women only1 #bch1 #bci4              
,m',,pherson',s theory of ,erne as the  
,insula ,hyperboreorum1 #cih4           
,,medal effigies of ,christ1 #ejh-eaj4  

,,melchisedec1 of what he was the type1 
#did-dig4      ,,milesians1 #cbh1 #dcb1 
#ejb2      date of their invasion of    
,ireland1 #dcb-dcd4      ,see ,,heber   
and ,,heremon4      ,,milner on the     
8belfry0 theory of the round towers1    
#ab4      ,,mining1 ,tuath-de-danaans   
proficient in1 #djh2      traces of     
their workings on the coast of ,antrim1 
#djh-daj2      their acquaintance with  
iron1 #aae1 #daj2      the ,arimaspi1 or
 ,cyclopean miners1 #hf1 #djg4          
,,mithratic ,,caves1 ,buddhist origin   
of1 #b1 #c1 #cec2      argument from the
 vicinity of churches to1 #h2      also 
from ,cromleachs being found near them1 
#ag1 #ah2      as to their ,phnician    
origin1 #ah2      ,fiodh ,aongusa as a  
designation of1 #cec2      ,mithratic   
temple at ,new ,grange1 #cea1 #ceb2     
their cruciform character1 #cec1 #ced2  
cave of ,elephanta1 #cec4      ,,moloch1
 meaning of the name1 #fe1 #bja4        
,see ,,killmallock4      ,,molten ,,sea 
at ,solomon's temple1 #agb4             

,,montmorency1 his theories as to the   
round towers refuted1 #af-ai1 #cj1      
#cd-cg1 #dac et seq4      ,,moon1       
prominences of1 strikingly visible from 
the ,insula          ,hyperboreorum1    
#eb1 #ec2      phallic worship of1 #ia1 
#ib1 #aaj2      generally an object of  
,sabaic worship1 #aaa1 #aic-baj2        
worshipped as ,astarte and ,rimmon1     
#ajb2      different names for1 as a    
fructifying power1 #ia2      connected  
with the deification of the feminine    
principle1 #baa1 #bab2      different   
names expressive of this deification1   
#baa2      dual sense of such epithets  
preserved in the primitive ,irish       
tongue1          #bab1 #bac2            
,militta1 ,,astarte1 and the ,irish     
derivative ,astore1 #bac2               
connection of the round towers with her 
worship1 #gd1 #ge1 #aab4      ,see      
,,astarte1 and #aji1 #aab4              
,,moriagan1 a deity worshipped by the   
,tuath-de-danaans1 #aca1 #acb2      his 
military character1 #acb2      a        

personification of ,budh under the name 
,,farragh1 #acb2      meaning of the    
latter name1 #acb2      ,spenser's      
theory that he was ,fergus1 king of     
,scotland1 #acb4      ,see ,,farragh4   
,,moses1 his identity with ,amosis and  
,osarsiph1 #adi-aeb2      ,manetho's    
account of1 #aea1 #aeb4      ,see       
,,deluge4      ,,moshan ,,fani1 his     
account of ancient ,persia1 #ahi et seq4
      ,,mosheim on the learning of the  
,irish schoolmen1 #ei n4      ,,moytura 
7battle71 meaning of the name1 #chf2    
first not to be confounded with another 
and subsequent battle1 #ddh1            
#ddi2      scenes of the respective     
battles1 #chf2      retreat of the      
,firbolgs to ,arran after the first     
battle1 #chf1 #chg2      cause of the   
second battle1 #ddh4      ,,muc-,,inis  
as a name of ,ireland corresponding to  
the ,white ,island          mentioned in
 the ,puranas1 #cbe2      threefold     
meaning of the name1 #cbg2      ,dr4    
,keating's interpretation of it refuted1

 #cbh4      ,m,,ller',s scepticism as to
 the ,hyperboreans1 #ddc1 #ddd4         
,,music1 antiquity of ,irish music1     
#djc2      ,hecatus cited in evidence of
 its culture by the ancient ,irish1     
#djc2      ,giraldus ,cambrensis on the 
proficiency of the ,irish harpers1 #djc1
 #djd2      ,clarsech1 ,cruit1 and      
,orphean1 as names for the harp1 #djd2  
music of the ,irish bards superior to   
that of their contemporaries1           
#dje1 #djf2      ,fuller's eulogium on  
the ,irish harp1 #djf2      a ,danish   
origin falsely ascribed to the ,irish   
harp1 #djf4      ,see ,,apollo4         
,,nagualism1 a ,mexican form of         
,sabaism1 described1 #dii et seq4       
,,navigation1 ancient ,irish skilled in 
the art of1 #deg4      ,,new ,,grange1  
,mithratic temple at1 cruciform         
character of1 #cea1 #ceb4      ,,nimrod1
 the inventor of ,sun-,worship1 #fc2    
builder of the tower of ,babel1 #fc2    
his object in building it1 #fc1 #fd2    
why called rebel1 #fd2      ,birs       

,nimrod1 or ,mujellibah1 #fe n4         
,,niracara 7,brahminic71 bodiless       
manifestations of the deity1 as opposed 
to sacara1 or visible ones1 which latter
 are1 when in a human          form1 the
 progeny of virginal conception1 #bhh4  
,,noah and the ,,noachid1 #bfi-bgc4     
,see ,,deluge and ,,ark4      ,,nubia1  
resemblance of sculptures1 found at     
temple of ,kalabche in1 to              
certain sculptures at ,old ,kilcullen   
and ,knockmoy1 #ccg-cdc4      ,,nullog  
7,irish name for ,sabaic rites71 its    
derivation and meaning1 #cej4           
,,obelisk at ,sandwick 7,ross-shire71   
description of1 #cje-cji4               
,o',,connor on the gnomon or            
celestial-index theory of the round     
towers1 #ea4      ,,ogg 7,colonel71     
phallic sculpture presented by him to   
the ,h4 ,e4 ,i4 ,c41          #bbi n4   
,,ogham character1 #dai1 #dbj1 #dcg4    
,,ogygia1 name of ,ireland1 or of the   
,insula ,hyperboreorum1 #dcg4           
,,olive ,,branch 7,noachian71 its       

significance1 #bgh4      ,,ollamh       
,,fodlah1 or ,,feidlimidh 7king of      
,ireland71 meaning of his name1 #dcj2   
date of his accession1 #dcj2      his   
ancestry1 #dcj2      reputed founder of 
the round towers1 #dcj1 #dca2      and  
see #ejb4      ,,ophiolatreia 7a form of
 ,sabaism71 identical with ,gadelianism1
 #eje2      the specific object of its  
worship1 #eje4      ,see                
,,serpent-,,worship4      ,,ordericus   
,,vitalis1 his use of the name ,irenses 
for the ,irish1 #aba4      ,o',,rorkes1 
reputed founders of the round towers1   
#ci1 #dj4      ,,orosius 7fifth century7
 on the ,scoti as being inhabitants of  
,ireland1          #ed n4      ,,orpheus
 and ,,orphean1 #djd4 #dje4             
,,osarsiph 7name for ,moses71 #aea4     
,,osiris 7,egyptian deity71 the object  
of ,sabaic and ,phallic worship1 #aje1  
#ajf2      the same as ,apollo1 #dcg2   
his staff1 #dij4      ,see ,,isis4      
,,padma-,,devi 7,brahminic71 its        
meaning1 #ic2      connection with the  

,pyramids1 #ib4      ,,pagodas 7,hindu71
 derivation of the name1 #gc1 #ceb n42  
not fire-temples1 but devoted to the    
worship of the sun and moon1 #gc2       
significance of their form1 #gc1 #gd2   
their phallic import1 #ajc2             
cruciform construction of those at      
,benares and ,madura1 #ceb4             
,,palatine 7,hill71 etymology of the    
name1 #aih n4      ,,palaver 7,i471     
identical with ,pahlavi1 the ,persian   
court dialect1 #abb4      ,,palenque1 or
 ,,palencia1 ,sabaic and ,phallic import
 of sculptures at1 #bbi2      cross     
symbolism at1 #dhi2      affinity of its
 religion to that of ancient ,ireland1  
#eja2      votan and the ,culebra1 #eja1
 #ejb2      its triple symbolism of     
yoni1 the serpent1 and death1 #bbi1     
#ejc4      ,,pali 7,hindu71 name for the
 ,uksos1 or shepherd kings1 #adb1 #adc1 
#adf4      ,,paradise1 another name for 
,iran1 #bhe4      ,,paramon 7apostate   
,buddhist71 founder of ,brahminism1     
derivation and          meaning of his  

name1 #baf1 #bag4      ,,parsees1 or    
,,ghebres1 disciples of ,zoroaster1 and 
fire-worshippers1 #ga4      ,,parvati1  
the regenerate name of ,sati 7,hindu    
goddess71 and the          ,yonijas1    
#bfj1 #bfa4      ,,peirom and ,,piromis 
7cf4 ,sanskrit ,birouma71 as the origin 
of the name          ,pyramid1 #adg4    
,,peirum 7king of ,formosa71 ,japanese  
legend of1 #adg1 #adh4      ,,pelasgi1  
sprang from the same stock as the       
,tuath-de-danaans1 #ee2      were in    
fact a branch of the latter1 #he2       
called also ,tyrseni1 #he2      the real
 builders of ,cyclopean walls1 #hf2     
correspondence of the ,cyclopean        
architecture with that of certain       
,irish remains1 #hf2      introduced    
fire-worship into ,italy1 #hg4          
,,penances 7,turrish71 performed round  
the round towers1 #eag4                 
,,persepolis1 description of1 #agi4     
,,persia1 derivation of the name1 #agg2 
the source of ,european civilisation1   
#agg2      ,heeren's account of the     

origin of the ,persian empire1 #agh-ahc2
      antiquity and grandeur of the     
remains of ,persepolis1 #agi2           
remarkable absence of ancient records   
of1 #ahj2      erroneous views of       
,herodotus and ,arrian respecting1 #ahj2
      ,terceira on the ignorance by     
,persians of their own history1 #aha2   
,heeren's classification of ancient     
eastern empires1 #ahb1 #ahc2      the   
,zend and ,pehlivi languages of ,persia1
 #ahb2      ,irish the possible key to  
both1 #ahc2      ,lake ,zevora and the  
,aria ,palus1 #ahc2      site of the    
ancient ,aria1 the latter distinct from 
,ariana1 #ahc1          #ahd1 #ahg2     
description of ancient ,aria            
7,eriene-,veedjo71 #ahf2      disastrous
 change of its climate leading to its   
desertion by the          ,arii1 #ahf1  
#ahg2      subsequent immigration of the
 latter into1 #ahg2      ,zoroaster and 
his predecessors1 #ahh-aij2      the    
,mahabadean dynasty1 #aij1 #bde1 #bdf2  
meaning of the name1 #bdg2              

antiquity of the ,iranian monarchy1     
#aij2      ,moshan ,fani's account of   
the ancient ,hushang religion1 #ahh-aic2
      ,sir ,j4 ,malcolm's description of
 the same1 #aic2      its ,sabian       
character1 #aid2      its origin1 #aid  
n42      its adoption by the early      
,greeks1 #aid2      original seat of    
,buddhism1 #bdd2      evidence of the   
,dabistan1 #bde-bdg2      the           
pre-,zoastrian dynasty founded by       
,mahabad1 #bde1 #bdf2      his ,abad    
successors1 #bdf1 #bdg2      decadence  
of the ,mahabadean dynasty1 #bdf1 #bdg2 
,iy-,affram and ,iy-abad dynasties1     
#bdf1 #bdg2      ,shah ,kisleer and     
,mahabool1 #bdg2      the ,yessan       
dynasty1 #bdg2      ,kaiomurs1 or       
,gilshah1 #bdg2      ,cain's descendants
 ,mahabadeans1 #bdg2      distinct      
position among the ,mahabadeans of the  
,tuath-de-danaans1 #bdh2      rule of   
the ,tuath-de-danaans in1 how           
terminated1 #beb-bei2      silence of   
,persian historians on this point       

accounted for1 #beb1 #bec2              
,vallancey's error1 #bec-bee2      the  
,pith- 7or ,pish-7 de-danaan dynasty1   
#beb-bei2      consequent respect for   
women in ancient ,persia1 #bfb1 #bfc2   
affinity of the ,ogham character to the 
8arrow-heads0 of ,persepolis1           
#cdj2      resemblance of the ,irish and
 ,persians in physique1 customs1 etc41  
#dcg-ddd2      the trefoil reverenced in
 ,persia as well as in ,ireland1 #dci1  
#ddj2      only the first               
,tuath-de-danaan invasion of ,ireland   
was from ,persia1          #ddc4        
,see ,,fire-,,worship and ,,iran4       
,,phallic ,,worship1 connection of the  
round towers with1 #fa1 #fb1 #ia1 #aja1 
#ajc1 #cga1 #cgb1 #eaa2      religious  
character of1 #ic1 #aje1 #bac2      as  
practised in ,india1 #id2      fable of 
devotees beguiled by ,sheeva and        
,prakeety1 #ig-aja2      phallic form of
 round towers1 #aja1 #bdh2      also of 
pillars at ,solomon's temple1 #aja2     
of ,astarte or ,rimmon1 #aja1 #ajb2     

meaning of ,toradh1 #ajb n42      fable 
of ,gal and ,noudabah1 #ajb n42      the
 lingam and its priesthood1 #ajb1 #aab2 
,indian and ,irish pagodas1 devoted to1 
#ajc2      meaning of ,budh1 #ajc1 #bbh1
 #bbi2        also of ,baal ,phearagh1  
#ajc2        also of ,cathoir-ghall and 
,teaumpal-na-greine1 #ajc2      crescent
 of ,sheeva symbolised on round towers1 
#ajc2      phallic significance of      
,fidh-,nemphed1 #aje2      identity of  
,sabianism with1 #aje2      fable of    
,isis and ,osiris1 #ajf2      of the sun
 and moon1 #ge1 #aji1 #aaj2             
extended to agriculture1 #aaa2          
,belli-,paaro1 #aaa2      identity and  
antiquity of ,buddhism1 ,phallism1 and  
,sabaism1 #bac2      what the 8forbidden
 fruit0 of ,scripture signified1 #bbg2  
,eve and the 8tree of knowledge10 #bbh1 
#bhe1 #eja1 #ejf2      ,budh1 ,fiodh1   
,beth1 their common significance1 #bbh1 
#bbi2      the ,maypole ceremonial1 #bcc
 et seq42      derivation and meaning of
 lingam and yoni1 #bei1 #bfj2      their

 secondary meaning1 also that of ,tuath 
and ,pish or ,pith1          #bef1 #beg2
      origin of ,lingajas and ,yonijas1 
according to the ,puranas1 #bfj1 #bfa2  
,chinese legend of ,puzza and the lotus1
 #beg1 #beh2      significance of the   
sacred 8crescent10 #bfa2                
introduction of crescent worship into   
,persia1 #bfa1 #bfb2      ,hebrew name  
for tower of ,babel1 phallic import of1 
#bhc1 #bhd2      significance of the    
triangle and the pyramid1 #bfg-bfi2     
,pythagorean triangle of ten1 #bfg1     
#bfh2      phallic import of the name   
,thebit for the 8ark10 #bgj1 #bga2      
the 8ark of bulrushes0 and the doctrine 
of 8virginal conception10 #bga2         
8,come thou and all thy house into the  
ark0 explained1 #bgb2      derivation of
 the symbolic 8crescent0 or lunar       
8boat10 #bgc2      the ,irish 8crescent0
 brooches1 #bgc1 #bgd2      ,delphic and
 other personifications of yoni1 #bhb   
n42      the temple of ,belus at        
,babylon1 #bhc n42      the ,ogg        

sculpture in the ,british ,museum1 its  
phallic and ,buddhistic                 
significance1 #bbi n42      ,eve and the
 8,serpent10 #bhe et seq41 #eje2        
origin of the two ,danaan sects1 i4e4   
the ,tuaths and ,piths1 #bhf2           
legend of ,apollo and the python1 #bia1 
#bib2      also of the ,purana 8,snake  
giant10 #bib2      ,proserpine and the  
8serpent10 #cjc2      identity of       
,budha-gaya and ,budh-gaye1 #caj1 #caa2 
their common and their secondary        
meaning1 #caa2      degradation of      
,phallicism1 #caa1 #cab2      how       
evinced in the title ,heliogabalus1     
#cab2      phallic character of the     
,eleusinian mysteries1 #cdi2        also
 of those of the ,bona ,dea and         
,phiditia1 #cdi2      ,phallus          
synonymous with ,budh1 also ,budh-gaye  
7,irish7 with          ,budha-gaya      
7,hindu71 meaning of both1 #caa2        
phallic configuration of the round      
towers1 #cgb1 #eaa4      ,,pharaoh1     
synonymous with ,farragh and ,phearagh1 

#adb4      ,,phearagh 7,irish pagan     
deity74 ,see ,,farragh4      ,,pheelea1 
its derivation1 meaning1 and use1       
#dei-dfa2      ,irish specimen found at 
,ballymony1 #dfa2      also1 as         
,,pheeleas1 7an order of ,irish         
priesthood71 etymology of               
connected with the ,greek oracular      
,peleiai of ,dodona1 #dei2      oracular
 tube of this nature found at           
,ballymony1 #dfj2      its uses and     
symbolism explained1 #dfa1 #dfb4        
,,phiditia1 a form of phallic worship   
practised at ,carthage1 #cdi4           
,,philabeg 7a portion of ancient ,irish 
costume74 ,see ,,kilt4                  
,,ph,,nicians1 round towers not built   
by1 #dac1 #dad2      their sole         
connection with ,ireland1 #dad1 #dbj2   
a mercantile1 not a literary1 people1   
#dae2      not connected with ,irish    
letters1 #dbj4      ,,phrygians1 their  
reference to the ,insula ,hyperboreorum1
 #dcf2      traces of their costume in  
the sculptures at ,knockmoy1 #dcg4      

,,picts1 persecution of                 
,tuath-de-danaans by1 #eg n41 #cbf1     
#dca4      ,,pire-,,monc 7,coptic name  
for pyramid71 its meaning1 #adh4        
,,piromis 7,egyptian high priest7 and   
,,piromia1 as the origin of ,pyramid1   
#adg4      ,,pish1 or ,,pith1 its       
signification1 #bee-beg4                
,,pish-,,de-,,danaans1 or               
,,pith-,,de-,,danaans1 meaning of the   
name1 #beg2      how distinguished from 
the ,tuath-de-danaans1 #bee-beg1 #bhb2  
origin of the war between the two sects1
 #beh2      victory of the              
,pish-de-danaans and consequent         
expulsion from ,persia of          their
 rivals1 #bei2      ,hindu version of a 
corresponding struggle between the      
,lingajas and          ,yonijas1 #bfj1  
#bfa2      their political and moral    
code1 and worship of the ,yoni1 or      
8sacred          crescent10 #bfa1 #bfb2 
their subsequent expulsion from ,iran1  
or ,persia1 and retreat to              
,egypt1 #bha2      known there as the   

,uksi1 or shepherd kings1 #bha2         
builders of the pyramids1 #bhb2         
dwelt in ,shinar 7,mesopotamia7 pending 
their arrival in ,egypt1 #bhb2          
communicated to ,moses the legend of the
 ,deluge1 #bhc2      known also as      
,yavanas1 #bgc1 #bhc4      ,see         
,,tuath-,,de-,,danaans4                 
,,pomegranate ,,ornament1 mentioned in  
connection with bells in ,scripture1    
#aga2      the name ,rimmon expressive  
of1 #ajb1 #agb2      its significance1  
#ajb2      depicted in the mouldings of 
the round towers1 #agb4      ,,pomponius
 ,,mela on ,druidic learning1 #eg4      
,,pope1 as to the alleged papal origin  
of the ancient ,irish crosses1          
#dhi-dib4      ,,prakeety and ,,sheeva1 
,hindu legend of1 #ig-aja4              
,,pratya-,,sha 7,brahminical71 visible  
emanations from the ,deity1 #bhh4       
,,proserpine and the ,serpent1 allegory 
of1 #cjc4      ,,prutaneion 7,greek71   
its nature1 derivation1 and applied     
meaning1 #aih n4      ,,puranas 7,hindu 

sacred writings71 cited1 #bfj1 #bgi n41 
#cbe-cbi1 #dii4      ,,puzza and the    
,,lotus1 ,chinese legend of1 #beg1 #beh4
      ,,pyramids1 cost of building1 #g2 
purpose for which they were intended1   
#gg1 #ade1 #aeg1 #aeh1 #bdh2            
whether used as sepulchres1 #ge1 #gf1   
#aeh1 #aei1 #afb2      ,brahminic theory
 respecting1 #ib1 #afa2      origin of  
those at ,ghiza1 #add-aef1 #bha1 #bhb2  
marble casing of1 #add2      dimensions 
of the great pyramid1 #ade1 #bfg2       
peculiar construction of the smaller    
ones1 #ade2      derivation of the word 
8pyramid10 #ade-adi2      images of the 
,pyromis1 #adg2      not intended as    
granaries1 #ade2      description of    
their general structure1 #aeg2          
their astronomical character1 #aeh2     
internal passage pointing to the polar  
star1 #aeg2      whether intended to be 
metrical standards1 #aeh2      or       
sepulchres1 #aeh1 #aei1 #afb2           
sarcophagus in the ,great ,pyramid1     
#aei2      sarcophagus of ,apis at      

,biban-el-,moluk1 #aei1 #afj2           
theory of ,herodotus regarding1 #afj1   
#afa2      ,brahminic theory from       
existence of wells under1 #afa1 #afb2   
probability of corresponding excavations
 under the round towers1 #afb1          
#afc2      the ,japanese ,peirum1 #adg1 
#adh2      ,coptic name for1 #adh2      
,indian origin of1 #adh2      whether   
the ,israelites were employed in        
constructing1 #adh-aef2      vicinity of
 ,ghizeh to the land of ,goshen1 #aec2  
ignorance of the ,egyptians respecting  
their origin accounted for1 #aed2       
,buddhistic doctrine of their emblemism1
 #bdh2      coincidence between         
dimensions of the ,great ,pyramid and   
those of the          8ark10 #bfg2      
probably erected by the ,uksos1 or      
shepherd kings1 i4e4 by the             
,pish-de-danaans1 #bha1 #bhb4           
,,pyratheia 7fire-temples71 ,strabo's   
description of1 opposed to the whole    
character of the round towers1 #gb4     
,,pyrea1 or fire-temples of the         

,chaldeans1 ,persians1 etc41 #fi4       
,,pythagoras and the triangle of ten1   
#bfg1 #bfh2      ,tuath-de-danaan       
mission to1 #ddi1 #dej2      meaning of 
his name1 #ejg1 #ejh4      ,,pythia1    
derivation and meaning of1 #ejg2        
transmission to the oracle of the       
inspiring vapour through pheeleas1      
#dfj1 #ejg4      ,,python1 allegory of  
,apollo and the1 its origin and meaning1
 #bia1 #bib1          #ccj2      its    
representation at ,knockmoy1 #ccj4      
,,raven 7,noachian71 sent forth from the
 ark1 what it typified1 #bgh4           
,,rimmon 7,,astarte71 its meaning and   
emblemism1 #aja1 #ajb4                  
,,rinke-,,teumpoil 7temple dance71 its  
connection with the round towers1 #eag4 
,,ritty 7wife of ,camadeva71 her place  
in the ,hindu phallic mythology1 #id4   
,,rome1 connection of the ,irish        
,chaildees with1 #dd2                   
,montmorency's theory on this point1    
#dd1 #de2      academies of ,ireland    
superior to those of1 #de2      nature  

and extent of the acknowledgment of     
,roman supremacy in ,ireland1           
#de2      ,dr4 ,hurd on the relation of 
the ,chaildees to1 #df2      ,fenelon on
 the moral and religious status of1 #df4
      ,,round ,,towers1 to be regarded  
as ,sabian towers1 #c1 #d2      or      
primitive ,buddhist temples1 #d2        
,buddhist origin claimed for them in    
common with ,cromleachs and             
,mithratic caves1 #b1 #c2      not      
designed for penitential or purgatorial 
purposes1 #e2      not specially        
intended as beacons or belfries1 #e1 #f1
 #aj1 #ab1 #ac1 #cf1          #cg2      
not limited to any special purpose1 #f2 
durability1 costliness1 and complexity  
of their structure1 #f1 #g2             
inferior construction of churches in    
their vicinity1 showing that the        
latter date from a subsequent period1   
#g1 #ead2      instance of a ,r4 ,t4    
without a church near it1 #ead2      not
 of ,danish origin1 #i1 #aj2      as to 
the alleged ,christian origin of those  

at ,brechin and ,abernethy          in  
,scotland1 #h1 #aj1 #dca2      how      
,scotch differ from ,irish ,r4 ,t41 #aj2
      the 8cell0 theory1 #ac1 #ad2      
the existence of ,r4 ,t4 in ,scotland   
accounted for1 #aj2      their being    
termed ,cloghads no proof of their being
 merely belfries1          #aj-ab2      
not intended as retreats or depositories
 in the case of a hostile               
invasion1 or as places of seclusion for 
anchorites1 #ac-ae1 #ce1 #cf2      nor  
as 8excubi0 7,stanihurst's theory71 #ad1
 #ae2      their connection with        
freemasonry1 #ai1 #bj2      and with the
 ,bards1 #bb1 #bc2      their antiquity1
 #bg1 #bh2      erected by followers of 
,baal ,phearagh1 #bi2      inference    
from the peculiar position of their     
doors1 #cc2      belfry at ,slane not a 
,r4 ,t41 #cf1 #cg2      not meant as    
monastic fortresses1 #cg1 #ch2      that
 of ,devenish1 #ch1 #ga2      allegation
 that they were founded by the          
,o',rorkes and ,m',carthys1 #ci1        

#dj2      that of ,ballycarberry1 #dh2  
described by ,giraldus ,cambrensis1 #di2
      alleged to be submerged under     
,lough ,neagh1 #ej2      the 8celestial 
index0 theory1 #eb2      twofold purpose
 of1 #fa1 #fb1 #cgb2      phallic       
significance of1 #fa1 #fb1 #ia1 #aja1   
#ajc1 #aab1 #agh1 #cgb1 #eaa2      the  
8fire-temple0 theory1 #gj1 #ga1 #gd1    
#hb1 #hc1 #ia2      ,ardmore and        
,devenish ,r4 ,t4 considered with regard
 to the latter          theory1 #ga2    
,eastern buildings similar to the ,r4   
,t41 especially in the ,caucasus and    
,hindostan1 #gd1 #ge2      ,eastern ,r4 
,t4 not necessarily fire-temples1 #ge1  
#aia2      ,drumboe ,r4 ,t4 and the     
8fire-temple0 theory1 #ha2              
structural difference between ,r4 ,t4   
and 8fire-temples10 #hc2      ,miss     
,beaufort's arguments considered1       
#hc-hi2      not 8provincial palaces0   
elected under the enactment of ,tara1   
#ij2      funeral and astronomic        
purposes of1 #ia1 #ib2      that of     

,clondalkin1 #aja2      the 8crescent of
 ,sheevah0 sculpture on the latter1     
#ajc2      symbolic of the ,lingam1     
#aab2      possibility of subterranean  
passages under1 #afb-aff2               
confirmatory evidence of this at        
,downpatrick1 #afd2      comparative    
date of structures at ,clonmacnoise1    
#afc2      must have existed before ,st4
 ,patrick's time1 #afd2      the round  
pillars of ,aradus 7,tripoli71 #afe2    
the crocodile tanks of the ,egyptian    
labyrinth1 #aff2      the 8sepulchre0   
theory1 #afb-aff2      subterranean     
passage of ,hindu temple at ,gwalior1   
#aff2      argument from water in       
vicinity of1 #afg2      ,lake of        
,astarte at ,hieropolis1 #afh2          
,solomon's 8,molten ,sea10 #agb2        
confirmatory description by ,lucian1    
#afh2      mode of ascending the ,r4    
,t41 #afh1 #afi1 #agf2      segregation 
of solitary worshippers on summit of ,r4
 ,t41 #agj2      use of bells in ,r4    
,t41 #afi1 #age2      corresponding     

usage in ,indian and ,jewish            
ceremonials1 #afi-age2      similar     
conformity in respect of sacrifices1    
#agj-agc2      pomegranate sculpture on1
 #aga1 #agb2      traces of bell        
apparatus on accounted for1 #agb1 #agc2 
corresponding bell usages in ,ceylon1   
,burmah1 and ,china1 #agc n41 #agd      
n42      traces of steps used for       
ascending ,r4 ,t41 #agf2      parallel  
instance at phallic temple of           
,serrowbee1 #agf2      ,r4 ,t4 of       
,kilmalloch1 #bja-bjc2      ,r4 ,t4 on  
,scattery ,island1 #bjf2      common    
phallic symbolism of ,r4 ,t41 obelisks  
and other lithoi1 #bag1          #bbi   
n42      connection of the ,r4 ,t4 with 
the offence of ,cain1 #bcc2      form of
 the ,r4 ,t4 significative of ,divine   
unity1 #bdh2      reason why ,r4 ,t4 are
 seldom found in ,persia1 #bec et seq42 
pseudo-,christian symbols on ,r4 ,t4 of 
,brechin1 #bii-cja2      similar emblems
 on temple in ,ceylon1 #cjj2            
,fidh-nemead as a designation of1 #cdc2 

their analogy to certain ,nubian        
antiquities1 #cdc2      ,r4 ,t4 of      
,clonmacnoise1 their vicinity to the    
churches accounted for1          #cef1  
#ceg2      ,cormac's testimony to their 
antiquity and ,buddhist origin1 #gd1    
#cfh2      their affinity to the        
,ceylonese ,dagobs1 #cfi-cga2      also 
to the ,gaur towers of ,india1 #cga2    
their twofold1 i4e4 phallic and         
sepulchral character1 #cgb2      analogy
 between them and the pillars ,jachin   
and ,boaz of ,solomon's          temple1
 #cgb1 #cgc2      era of their          
construction1 #cgc-cie2      proof in   
the annals of ,ulster that they existed 
before the fifth          century1 #cgd2
      legend of their supposed          
architect1 ,goban ,saer1 #cge1 #chc1    
#eac2      ,st4 ,abhan could have had no
 share in their construction1 #chc1     
#chd2      not of ,scythian origin1     
#chf1 #chg2      probability of their   
,tuath-de-danaan origin1 #chf-chi1 #eac2
      as to the possibility of their    

,fomorian origin1 #cid1 #cie2           
,amergin's evidence as to their         
antiquity1 #chg1 #chh2                  
corresponding ,boreadan temples of      
,apollo described by ,hecatus1 #djc2    
could not have been of ,phnician origin1
 #dac1 #dad2      why there are no ,r4  
,t4 in ,england1 #dbe2      their       
existence in ,scotland accounted for1   
#dca2      not founded by ,ollamh       
,fodlah1 #dcj2      their connection    
with the worship of ,osiris1 #dcg2      
their resemblance to the ,treasury of   
,atreus 7,greece71 #dee2      also to   
,dune of ,donadella 7,scotland71 #dee2  
certain projections from their surface  
accounted for1 #def1 #eae2              
difference of their appropriation       
accounted for1 #eab2      reason of     
their phallic shape1 #eaa2              
significance of their apertures1 #eaa2  
also of their crucificial emblems1 #eaa2
      also of the absence or presence of
 internal compartments1 #eaa2      their
 varying height1 #eaa2      shape and   

fashioning of the apex1 #eaa2      also 
of their cornices1 resembling those of  
,solomon's pillars1 #eaa1          #ead2
      their tapering diameter1 #eaa1    
#eab2      their doors1 reason of height
 from the ground1 #eab2      their      
exceptional architecture1 #eac-eaf2     
their material1 evidence of a           
pre-,christian origin1 #eac1 #ead2      
similar evidence from their decorative  
character1 #eac1 #ead2      occasional  
vitrification of their interior         
accounted for1 #ead2      absence of    
floors in1 how explicable1 #ead1 #eae2  
correspondence of their general         
construction with that of ,solomon's    
temple1 #ead1 #eae2      their          
perpendicularity1 #eae2      probable   
mode of their construction1 #eaf2       
cohesiveness of their structure         
exemplified1 #eaf2      performance of  
dances 7,rinke-teumpoil7 round them1    
#eag2      peculiar penances 7,turrish7 
observed in their vicinity1 #eag2       
the prevalent uncertainty as to their   

origin and uses explained1 #eai1        
#ebj2      their assignment to          
astronomical purposes after the         
,scythian conquest          of ,ireland1
 #eba4        ,,sabaism1 #aic-baj1      
#ejc-eaj2      not idolatry1 #aid2      
origin of1 #aid n41 #ejc2      its      
objects of worship1 #aid2      professed
 by the early ,greeks1 #aid2      its   
identity with ,phallicism1 #aje2        
significance of ,cyclops1 ,sterope1     
,argues1 ,brontes1 ,hercules1           
#aie1 #aif2      names under which      
,hercules or the ,sun was worshipped1   
#aif2      ,herodotus on the old ,greek 
theogony1 #aif2      whence ,greece     
derived ,sabaism1 #aif1 #aig2      how  
the latter degenerated into idolatry1   
#aig2      its affinity with the ancient
 religion of ,ireland1 #aig-baj2        
such affinity evident from ,irish local 
names1 #aig-baj2      ,sabaic origin of 
the names ,palatine1 ,aventine1         
,prytaneia1 #aih          n42           
,aiche-,baal-tinne and ,aiche-,shamain  

explained1 #aii1 #bjj2      ,irish      
customs and expressions indicative of1  
#aii2      existed among the ,druids1   
#aii1 #bjj2      significance of the    
,druidic 8golden sickle10 its ,indian   
equivalent1          #bjj2      adoption
 of its institutions by the early       
,christian missionaries1                
#bjj-bjb2      ,la-,beuil-tinne as a    
name for ,christmas1 #bja2              
signified in architectural remains at   
,kilmalloch1 #bja1 #bjc2      ,sabian   
origin of the names ,baltinglas1        
,athlone1 ,shannon1          ,lough     
,rea1 ,castlereagh1 ,deargart1 and      
,lough ,derg1 etc41          #bjc-bji2  
,scattery ,island and its round tower1  
#bjf2      ,killeshandra1 #bjg2         
,grian 7the ,sun71 as a root name1 #bjh1
 #bji2      ,sabian affinity of the     
,irish with the ,algan ,kinese of ,n4   
,america1 #bji2      connection between 
,sabaism1 ,buddhism1 and ,phallism1     
#bac2      deification of the energies  
of nature alluded to in the ,book of    

,enoch1 #dja1 #djb2      derivation and 
origin of the name ,sabian1 #ejc2       
triple meaning of the ,irish root1      
,sabh1 #ejc2      ,hindu equivalent of  
the latter1 #ejc n42      ,sabaism      
indicated in ,palencian remains1 #ejc2  
,ophiolatreia and the ,gadelian         
varieties of1 #eje2      8know that ye  
are ,sabians0 7,arabic prophecy7        
explained1 #ejc1 #ejf2      meaning of  
in ,bacchic rites1 #eje2      ,sabaic1  
or ,phallic1 import of ,sibyl1 ,delphi1 
,pythia1 and          ,tripod1 #ejg2    
also of the name ,pythagoras1 #ejh2     
the sacred name 8,immanuel10 and the    
medals of ,christ1 #ejc1 #eaj2          
,sabaic character of the round towers1  
#eaj et seq4      ,,sabh1 triple meaning
 of1 #ejc2      identity with ,hindu    
,seva1 #ejc n4      ,,sacara            
7,brahminical71 name for certain        
embodiments of the ,deity1 #bhh4        
,,saer1 triple meaning of1 #bj n4       
,see ,,goban ,,saer4      ,,saint       
,,abhan1 ,montmorency's view as to his  

having been the founder of the          
,r4 ,t4 considered1 #cj1 #chc2      not 
contemporary with the ,goban ,saer1     
#chc1 #chd2        and see ,,goban      
,,saer4      ,,saint ,,bridget1         
originally a pagan vestal or            
fire-worshipper1 #hb2      date of her  
conversion to ,christianity1 #hb2       
how she continued to show a leaning to  
her former faith1 #hb2      description 
of her 8fire-house0 by ,cambrensis1 #hb1
 #hc2      unconnected with the ,r4 ,t41
 #hc4      ,,saint ,,columb1 or         
,,columb-,,kill1 and the isle of ,hy1   
#cg2      not the founder of ,kells ,r4 
,t41 #hc4      ,,saint ,,kevin1 nature  
of his connection with ,glendalough1    
#dga2      ,ledwich's fallacy           
respecting1 #dgb4      ,,saint          
,,patrick1 introduction of ,christianity
 into ,ireland not due to him1          
#da2      his share in the work of      
evangelisation1 #db1 #dc1 #cfd2         
meaning of ,nemph-,thur1 the name of his
 birthplace1 #aad n42      his holocaust

 of ,irish literature1 #ace1 #dae1 #daf2
      his alleged 8granary0 at ,down1   
#afd2      his pagan master1 ,milco     
,mac-,huanan1 #bjc1 #bjd2      the only 
sense in which he can be regarded as    
having extirpated snakes          from  
,ireland1 #cfj-cfd2      analogous      
legend in the ,puranas1 #cfb1 #cfc2     
not the originator of the ,irish        
alphabet1 #daf2      nor of the national
 veneration for the shamrock1 #dci1     
#ddj4      ,,saint ,,paul1 as to the    
possibility of ,ireland having been     
evangelised by1          #da4           
,,salsette1 subterranean temple at1     
#bae1 #baf4      ,,samona1 a title for  
the priests and images of ,buddha1 #ada4
      ,,sandwick 7,ross-shire71         
description of symbolic sculpture on    
obelisk at1          #cje-i4            
,,sati1 or ,,parvati 7,hindu71 and      
,mahadeva1 parents of the ,lingajas and 
,yonijas1 #bfj4      ,,scapegoat1       
corresponding observance connected with 
,r4 ,t41 #agj1 #agb2      similar       

observance in upper ,india1 #agb n4     
,,scattery ,,island1 its round tower and
 seven churches1 #bjf4      ,,scoti and 
,,scotia1 the latter originally         
identical with ,scythia1 #ed2           
,,scoti1 a name for the ,irish1 #ed n41 
#dbi2      the ,scoto-,brigantes and    
their invasion of ,ireland1 #dbf2       
distinct from the ,scandinavian         
invasion1 #dbf2      connection of the  
,scoti with ,spain1 #dbf n42      their 
amalgamation with the ,firbolgs1 #dbh2  
change of the name ,irin into ,scotia1  
#dbi2      date at which the former name
 was resumed1 #dbi2      ,scotia ,major 
and ,scotia ,minor1 and substitution of 
the latter for          ,albania as the 
name of ,scotland1 #dbi n42             
retention of ,scoti as a name for the   
,irish1 #dbi n42      friendship between
 the ,picts and ,scots1 and adoption by 
the former of          ,scotia as a name
 for their country1 #dca2      rupture  
of this friendship1 #dca2      the      
,scoto-,milesians1 #dcb4      ,scotland1

 exile of the ,danaan ,boreades to1 #ef2
      persecution of the latter by the  
,picts1 #eg n42      round towers in1   
#aj1 #dca4      ,,scotus 7,johannes74   
,see ,,erigena4      ,,scraball         
7head-tax71 as to its levy for the      
purpose of building palaces          at 
,tara1 #hi1 #ij4      ,,scythians1 date 
of their conquest of ,ireland1 #big1    
#dce2      assisted by the ,firbolgs to 
subjugate the ,iranians                 
7,tuath-de-danaans71          #big1     
#dbh2      superseded the usages and    
dress of the latter1 #big1 #bih2        
,strabo's description of the ,scythian  
attire1 #ec2      why ,abaris did not   
wear this dress1 #ef2      their policy 
towards the ,boreades1 #ef2      their  
contempt for architecture1 #chc1 #chd2  
,o',morgan 7,archbishop of ,armagh71 the
 first ,scythian who built a stone      
house1 #chd2      ,st4 ,abhan could not 
have done so1 #chd2      ,goban ,saer   
not a ,scythian1 #chf2      could not   
have built the ,r4 ,t41 #chf1 #chg2     

spoke the language of the               
,tuath-de-danaans1 #cic2      their     
religion ,druidical1 #dbh2      name of 
,ireland changed to ,scythia 7,scuitte71
 #dbi2      their occupation of the     
country responsible for the decay of its
          grandeur and piety1 #ebj4     
,,seanneacbus1 mistake of1 respecting   
the battle of ,maytura1 #ddh1 #ddi4     
,,sepoys at ,dendera1 remarkable        
behaviour of1 #adc1 #add4               
,,sepulture1 mystic significance of the 
form of the ,r4 ,t4 in reference to1    
#cgb4      ,,serapis1 monogram of       
,christ found beneath foundation of     
temple to1 #cab4                        
,,serpent-,,worship1 general symbolism  
of the serpent1 #bba1 #bbb2      ,purana
 legend of the snake giant killed by    
,christnah1 #bba1 #bib2      antiquity  
of this worship and of its symbolism1   
#bbb1 #bbc2      symbol of circle and   
serpent explained1 #bbb1 #bbc1 #ejf2    
ubiquity of serpent-worship and of its  
peculiar symbolism1 #bbb1 #bbc2      the

 ,vindolana stone and its symbolism1    
#bbc2      identity of serpent1 sun1 and
 phallic worship1 #bbc1 #bbd2           
symbol of cross1 crescent1 and          
cockatrice explained1 #bbd-bbf1 #ejf2   
,egyptian notions regarding the         
basilisk1 #bbe2      relation of the    
latter to the brazen serpent of         
,scripture1 #bbe1 #ejf2      ,eve and   
the serpent1 #bhe et seq41 #eje1 #ejf2  
,apollo and the ,python1 #bia1 #bib1    
#ccj2      meaning of 8,python10 #ccj   
n42      ,proserpine and the serpent1   
#cjc2      snake-symbolism on ,irish    
crosses1 #ceg-cfg2      only sense in   
which ,st4 ,patrick can be allowed      
credit for the          extirpation of  
snakes from ,ireland1 #cfa-cfc2         
scriptural allusions to snake-charming1 
#cfj2      why snake-sculpture on       
crosses was revered by the ,irish1 #cfa2
      description of snake-sculpture on 
temple at ,burwah ,saugor1 #cfc2        
snake symbolism at ,glendalough1 #dgc2  
the expression 8generation of vipers0   

explained1 #dih-eje2      ,purana legend
 of ,deity assuming form of serpent1    
#dii2      ,nagualism and its doctrines1
 #dii et seq42      the ,palencian      
,culebra and the ,irish ,gadelglas1     
#ejb2      serpent insignia of the      
,milesians1 #ejb2      ,gadel1          
,gadelglas1 and the 8,emerald ,isle0    
explained1 #ejb1 #ejc2      ,vishnu1 the
 snake1 and the ,white ,island1 #cbf4   
,,serrowlee 7,india71 description of    
certain structures resembling ,r4 ,t4   
at1 #agf4      ,,shamrock1 ,irish       
national reverence for1 derived from    
ancient ,persia1          and not       
introduced by ,saint ,patrick1 #dci1    
#ddj2      imported by the              
,tuath-de-danaans1 #ddj2      reason for
 its veneration1 #ddj2      shamrock    
devices in ,freemasonry1 and upon the   
crowns of ,irish and          ,persian  
kings1 explained1 #ddj4      ,,shannon1 
a ,gangian name1 #bje1 #bjf2      its   
divinity ,derg 7,durga71 #bjf4          
,,sheeva1 or ,,seva1 the originator of  

phallic worship1 #ajj1 #aja2      his   
8crescent0 represented on the ,r4 ,t41  
#ajc2      his name identical with the  
,irish ,sabh1 #ejc2      its ,hindu     
signification1 #ejc n4      ,,shinar 7in
 ,mesopotamia71 the site of the tower of
 ,babel1 and of the          origin of  
,sabaism1 #fd2      settlement of the   
,noachid1 #fe2      its previous        
occupation by the ,pish-de-danaans      
before they went          to ,egypt1    
#bhb4      ,,siamese ,,registers1 their 
coincidence with the ,irish as to the   
date of          the ,tuath-de-danaan   
invasion1 #dce4      ,,sibyls1 why so   
called1 #ejg4      ,see ,,pheelea and   
,,pythia4      ,,sickle1 as to the      
symbolism of the golden one used by the 
,druids1 #bjj4      ,,slane1 belfry at1 
not a ,r4 ,t41 #cf1 #cg4                
,,smerwick1 ancient fire-temple at1 #gb4
      ,,solomon',s ,,temple1 ,phallic or
 ,sabian pillars at1 #aja1 #cgb1 #eaa2  
consequent affinity between them and the
 ,r4 ,t41 #cgb1 #ead2      anatomical   

significance in the construction of1    
#cgc2      correspondence of its windows
 to the apertures of ,r4 ,t41 #ead4     
,see ,,molten ,,sea4      ,,spenser1    
cited1 #dfi4      ,,stanihurst1 his     
theory of the ,r4 ,t4 being 8excubi10   
#ad1 #ae4      ,,steropes1 ,sabaic1     
import of the term1 #aie4      ,,strabo 
on ,abaris and the ,insula              
,hyperboreorum1 #ec-ee2      his        
description of ,pyratheia1 showing that 
,r4 ,t4 could not have been          the
 latter1 #gb4      ,,suad-,,dha-,,dana  
7father of ,buddha71 identical with     
,tuath-de-danaan1 #bfd4      ,,sullivan 
and ,o',,sullivan1 connected with the   
,hindu name1 ,sulivahana1          #cci2
      peculiar reverence accorded to    
families bearing this name in ,ireland1 
#cci n4      ,,sun-,,worship1 ,nimrod   
reputed to have introduced1 #fc1 #fd2   
,baal1 ,moloch1 and ,bolati as names of 
the ,sun1 #fe2      its ,sabian         
character1 #fd-ff1 #aaj2      why it    
originated1 #ff2      at first merely   

emblematical1 #ff2      not conducted   
originally in temples1 #ff2      its    
degeneration into ,materialism1 as      
fire-worship1 #fg2      allusions to    
both in ,scripture1 #fg1 #fh1 #aji2     
names for the ,sun as representative of 
the fructifying principle1 #ia2         
description of a ,mexican fire-temple1  
#aef n42      connection of the ,r4 ,t4 
with1 #ge2      connection of           
,ophiolatry 7serpent-worship7 with1     
#bbc1 #bbd4      ,see ,,apollo and      
,,fire-,,worship4        ,,tacitus      
7,agricola71 his comparison of ,ireland 
with ,england1 #aai4      ,,tailtine    
,,games1 described1 #cij-cib2           
origin of the name1 #cib2      recorded 
in sculptures on ,irish crosses and     
obelisks1 #cib2      corresponding      
observances in ,egypt and ,greece1 #cib1
 #cic2      ,buddhist significance of1  
#cib2      analogy of ,tailtine with    
,english ,tilt1 #cib2      ,telltown1   
#chi4      ,,tara1 triennial assemblies 
at1 #bc2      pagan rites celebrated at 

in the time of ,st4 ,patrick1 #db2      
,miss ,beaufort on the enactment of1    
,a4,d4 #gi1 by ,tuathal ,teachmar1 in   
connection with the purpose of the ,r4  
,t41 #hh1 #hi2      ,psalter of ,tara   
quoted in refutation of her theory1 #hi1
 #ij2      a place for legislative      
deliberations1 #chi4      ,see ,,teamor4
      ,,taut 7,egyptian71 triple-cross  
emblem of1 #bia2      its connection    
with ,freemasonry1 #bia n4      ,,teamor
 7or ,,tara71 not a palace1 but a ,r4   
,t41 #ij1 #chi4                         
,,teaumpal-,,na-,,greine 7temple of the 
,sun71 a name for ,r4 ,t41 #ajc4        
,,ten 7the number7 the ,pythagorean     
triangle of1 #bfg1 #bfh2      its       
phallic significance1 #bfh2      its    
connection with the pyramids1 #bfh1     
#bfi2      how it came to be represented
 by a cross1 #dhg-dhi2      its         
connection with the ,irish              
8finger-oath10 #dhi4      ,,terceira    
7,spanish historian of #afth cent47 on  
the decay of learning in                

,persia1 #aha4      ,,thebit1 or        
,,thebith 7name for the 8,ark071 its    
phallic import1 #bgj1 #bga4             
,,tibholas1 or ,,tivolas1 as a name of  
,ireland1 its ,sabaic origin and        
import1 #ejg4      ,,toradh 7,irish71   
curious double meaning of1 #ajb n4      
,,tor-,,boileh 7,indian local name71    
corresponding to ,irish ,nemph-,thur and
          ,budh-,nemph1 #aad n4         
,,totdana 7a religious name of          
,ireland71 explained1 #dec4      ,,tree1
 how each letter of the ,irish alphabet 
denotes some kind of1 #bbi1             
#dah4      ,,tree of ,,knowledge1       
7scriptural71 what it signified1        
#bbg-bcj4      ,see ,,eve4              
,,trefoil4 ,see ,,shamrock4             
,,triangle1 sacred character and phallic
 import of its form1 #bfg4      ,see    
,,ten4      ,,tripod 7,delphic71        
analogous symbolism of shape between it 
and the          pyramid1 #ejg4         
,,tuath1 corresponds to ,buddhist       
,suath1 and is resolvable with ,budh1   

#bfd2      device of the cross          
significant of1 #bia4                   
,,tuath-,,de-,,danaans1 origin and      
meaning of the name1 #ee1 #bdh1 #bdi1   
#beg2      a sacerdotal caste of the    
,persian ,magh-abadeans1 #bdh1 #bdi2    
derivation of ,tuath and ,tuatha1 #bdi1 
#beg2      of de and ,danaans1 #bdi2    
meaning of the whole name1 #bdi2        
distinct from the ,pish- 7or ,pith7-    
de-danaans1 #bee-beg2      origin of    
their separation from the latter1 #beh2 
war of the two sects1 and victory of the
 ,pish-de-danaans1 #bei1 #bhe2          
consequent expulsion of the             
,tuath-de-danaans from ,persia1 #bei2   
discrepant ,hindu account of the        
struggle1 #bfj1 #bfa2      their        
settlement in ,ireland1 and its         
consequences1 #bei1 #bfd-bff1 #cic2     
their leaders1 the sons of ,miledh1 the 
,fomorian1 #cic2      their existence in
 ,persia recognised by ,eastern         
historians1 #bfd2      identical with   
,suad-dha-dana 7,buddhist71 #bfd2       

,kaiomurs1 or ,yavana 7,noah71 the      
founder of their dynasty1 #bgb2         
their garb described1 #big2             
contrasted with that of the ,celts1     
#big2      their expulsion from         
,ireland1 and persecution by the ,picts 
in          ,scotland1 #cbj2      their 
battles with the ,firbolgs1 #chf1 #ddh1 
#ddi2      were a sea-going people1     
#dad2      whether carried by the       
,phnicians to their destination1 #dad2  
date of their arrival in ,ireland1 #dce1
 #dcf2      curious correspondence of   
same with that of expulsion of the      
,buddhists1 ib42      also with the     
diluvian period1 #dcf2      effected two
 distinct settlements in ,ireland1 #dcf1
 #ddc1 #ddh1 #ddi2      their expulsion 
from ,india by the ,brahmins1 #ddc2     
harassed by the ,firbolgs1 #dda1 #ddb2  
their embassy to ,greece1 and contest   
with the ,firbolgs on their             
return2 consequent battle1 #ddh1 #ddi2  
their subsequent decadence both in      
religion and learning1 #ddi2            

merging of their ritual with that of the
 ,druids1 #ddi2      their practical    
introduction of the leading tenets of   
,christianity          into ,ireland1   
#dic2      ,irish crosses1 church       
festivals1 and hagiology derived from1  
#dib-did1          #eac2      prosperity
 of ,ireland in their time1 #eag2       
effacement of their influence by the    
,scythian conquest1 #ebj2               
subsequent accommodation between victors
 and vanquished1 #ebj2      analogous   
event in ,roman history1 #ebj1 #eba2    
their connection with the round towers1 
#chf-chi1 #eac4      ,see ,,buddhism1   
,,round ,,towers1 ,,persia1 ,,ireland1  
etc4      ,,turrish1 name for           
penitential gyration round the ,r4 ,t41 
#eag4        ,,uksi1 or ,,huksos        
7shepherd kings71 ,manetho's account of1
 #adb2      called ,pali in ,vedas1     
#adc2      their invasion of ,egypt     
explains the dislike of the ,egyptians  
to the          ,israelites1 #adc1 #aea2
      evidence of ,herodotus1 #adc2     

were probably the founders of the       
,pyramids1 #add1 #aec2      the shepherd
 ,philitis1 #add1 #adf2      their      
general influence on civilisation and   
science in ,egypt1 #add-aef2      were  
antecedent to the ,israelites there1    
#aea2      were derived from the same   
stock as the ,tuath-de-danaans1 #aee4   
,,ulster 7annals of71 record the        
destruction of fifty-seven ,r4 ,t4 by an
          earthquake in the #eth cent41 
#cgd4      ,see ,,annals4      ,,ur1    
meaning of1 #fh2      ,chaldean and     
,persian cities of that name1 the former
 the original seat          of          
fire-worship1 #fh1 #fi4      ,see       
,,nimrod and ,,fire-,,worship4          
,,valentia 7,lord7 on certain edifices  
in the ,caucasus resembling ,r4 ,t41    
#gd4      ,,vallancey1 his theories as  
to the ,r4 ,t41 #ac1 #bed1 #bee2        
his confusion of the ,pish-de-danaans   
with the ,tuath-de-danaans1             
#bec2      also of ,airgiodlamh with    
,zerdust 7,zoroaster71 #bed2      his   

merits and defects1 #ai1 #bed1 #bee4    
,,vassant 7,hindu deity71 companion of  
,camadeva1 meaning of the name1 #ie1    
#if4      ,,vedas 7,sanskrit records71  
cited1 #adc4      ,,venerable ,,bede1   
evidence of1 as to the existence of     
fire-temples in          ,ireland1 not  
conclusive as to the character of the   
,r4 ,t41 #hc4      ,,vestal-,,fire1 of  
,oriental origin1 #hg4      ,,vindolana1
 remarkable ,sabaic sculpture on stone  
found at1 #bbc-bbf4      ,,vipers1 their
 place in ,sabaism1 #dih-eje2           
import of the scriptural expression1    
8generation of vipers10 #dih1 #dii4     
,see ,,serpent-,,worship4               
,,virginal ,,conception1 a doctrine not 
confined to ,christianity1 #bga1 #bhh1  
#bia-cjd4      ,,vishnu 7,hindu deity71 
phallic worship of1 identical with that 
of the          ,yonijas1 #bfj n4       
,,ware 7,sir ,john71 #cg2      on the   
chronology of the ,r4 ,t41 #cgc4        
,,waterford and ,,wexford1 argument from
 ,r4 ,t4 not being found there1 #i4     

,,wells1 existence of1 under the        
pyramids1 an argument against the theory
          that they were royal          
mausoleums1 #afb4      ,,whitaker on the
 derivation of the name ,britain1 #dba1 
#dbb2      on the ,celtic origin of     
,irish1 ,scotch1 and ,welsh local names1
 #dbb2      on a ,belgic colonisation of
 ,ireland1 #dbc2      his theories      
refuted1 #dbc-dbh4      ,,white ,,island
 7,muc-,inis71 a name of ,ireland1 #cbg2
      also the name given in the        
,puranas to the kingdom of ,crishna1 and
 the          scene of ,vishnu's        
incarnation and the abode of the        
legendary          snake-giant1         
#cbe-cbg2      triple meaning of the    
,irish name1 ,muc ,inis1 #cbg2          
,keating's theory of its origin1 #cbh2  
its real meaning1 #cci4      ,,wolf1    
representation on ancient ,irish        
sculptures of the1 #dff1 #dfg2          
meaning of the symbolism1 #dff-dfh2     
,lycanthropy1 or wolf-madness1 #dfh2    
its prevalence among the ancient ,irish1

 #dfi2      the ,irish as wolf-tamers1  
#dfi2      ,irish and ,indian wolf-dogs1
 #dfi2      meaning of ,lyceus1 #dfi4   
,,woman1 the subject of deification in  
early times1 #baa1 #bab2      typified  
by the ,moon1 #baa2      names under    
which she was worshipped1 #baa1 #bab2   
dual import of the ,irish term ,astore1 
#bab1 #bac2      nature of ,eve's fatal 
curiosity1 #bbh1 #bbi1 #bhe2      also  
how it led to ,buddhism1 #ccj2          
exalted position of woman in ancient    
,persia1 #bfb1 #bfc2      the scriptural
 penalty imposed on ,eve explains the   
nature of her          offence1 #bhe2   
the promise of virginal offspring to    
avert its consequences1 #bhe1 #bhf2     
immorality resulting from the wish to   
anticipate this promise1 #bhg2          
,buddhist recognition of its fulfilment1
 #cja2      ,artemidorus on the         
pre-,christian worship of the virgin in 
,ireland1 #cja2      ,greek perversion  
of the idea of virginal conception1     
#cjc2      meaning of the expression1   

8the son of woman0 in the ,book of      
,enoch1          #dge-dgg4              
,,yavana1 its meaning1 #bei1 #bgc2      
another name for ,pish-de-danaans1 #bhc4
      ,,yessan 7,persian dynasty71 #bdg4
      ,,yonijas1 worshippers of the     
,yoni1 or sacred emblem of female       
nature1          #bei1 #bfj1 #bhb n4    
,see also ,,devil',s ,,yonies4          
,,zezd 7,persian71 nature of fire-temple
 at1 #gb4      ,,zoroaster 7or          
,zerdust71 meaning of the name1 #eb2    
period at which he lived1 #ahi2         
nature of his teaching1 #ahh2           
anticipated by ,hushang1 #ahi1 #aij4    
,,note4--,this edition of ,o',brien's   
work on the ,round ,towers being1 as    
regards the ,author's text1 a facsimile 
of that published in #ahcd1 the  above  
,index will serve for both4             
,,printed ,,by    ,,morrison ,,and      
,,gibb ,,limited1 ,,edinburgh           
,,footnotes3    #a 8,bryan ,o',brien1 of
 the county of ,kerry1 son of ,teige1   
born #agdj1  married1 #agth ,november   

#agig1 ,ellen1 daughter of ,justin      
,mac,carthy 7by  ,joanna ,conway1 his   
wife72 and had3 ,i4 ,richard1 who died  
unmar4 in ,jan4  #ahfa2 ,,ii4 ,lucien1  
who also died unmar4 in ,america1 in    
,mar4 #ahfe2 ,,iii4  ,turlogh ,henry1   
author of ,the ,round ,towers of        
,ireland1 who died unmar4  #ahce0       
7,o',hart's ,irish ,pedigrees1 p4 #afh74
 ,at pp4 #ci1 #dj1 post1 ,o',brien      
alludes to his maternal grandfather as  
8the last of the ,mac,carthy ,mores40   
#b ,at pp4 #dhj1 #dha1 post3 thus1 by   
the way1 refuting a statement 7in  the  
,gentleman's ,magazine for #ahce7 which 
has been adopted in the  ,dictionary of 
,national ,biography1 that he was       
utterly ignorant of  ,celtic4    #c ,it 
is not to be supposed that a ,university
 ,professor of ,greek would  have had   
any difficulty in explaining to the most
 ordinary intelligence an  idiom so     
frequently occurring in the ,new        
,testament as   1 which  we meet with1  
not only in the passage referred to     

7,john i4 #aa71 but at  xvi4 #cb and    
xix4 #cg of the same ,gospel1 and at    
xxi4 #f of the ,acts of the  ,apostles4 
,nor is it likely that the exegetic     
difficulty connected with    would have 
occurred to a boy of twelve4 ,further1  
,mr4 ,boyton did not  resign his        
connection with the ,university until   
#ahcc1 whereas1 in the  passage above   
cited1 ,o',brien evidently refers to    
some time about #ahbj4    #d ,it is not 
even clear that he is identical with the
 8,henry ,o',brien0  mentioned in the   
,catalogue of the ,graduates of the     
,university of ,dublin  from #afia to   
#ahfh1 now in the ,british ,museum4 ,the
 entry is as  follows3--8,henry         
,o',brien1 ,b4,a4 7ad eundem1 ,cantab471
 #ahce40    #e ,this must have been the 
,english ,master of the ,rolls1 who at  
that time  was the ,right ,hon4 ,sir    
,john ,leach1 a judge remarkable for the
 celerity of  his decisions1 in marked  
contrast to those of his contemporary1  
,lord  ,eldon1 of whom it used to be    

said that he heard cases without        
determining  them1 whereas ,sir ,john   
,leach determined cases without hearing 
them4    #f ,edinburgh ,review1 vol4    
lix4 pp4 #adh1 #adi4    #g ,mr4 ,marcus 
,keane1 author of ,the ,temples and     
,round ,towers of ,ancient  ,ireland1   
states in his ,preface to that work that
 he spent three years1  during which he 
had to travel more than five thousand   
miles1 in the  performance of a task not
 much more exacting4    #h ,from 8,,to  
,,the ,,public10 a narrative prefixed to
 his translation of  ,villanueva's      
8,ibernia ,phnicia10 which preceded ,the
 ,round ,towers4    #i ,ibid4 p4 xxxii4 
8'0 may1 however1 be an error of the    
printer1  and the fact that it was      
subsequently corrected lends colour to  
this view4    #aj ,it must be admitted  
that a letter alluded to at p4 xix1     
post1  written by the ,rev4 ,csar       
,otway1 a member of the ,council1 lends 
some  colour to this assertion4    #aa  
,p4 xxiii of the introduction to        

,phnician ,ireland1 inscribed 8,to  the 
,public40    #ab ,this letter will be   
found at p4 lxxi1 post4    #ac ,vol4 #ei
 of the ,edinburgh ,review for #ahcd4   
#ad ,gentleman's ,magazine for ,march   
#ahcd1 p4 #bhh2 for ,oct1 #ahcd1 p4 #cfe
  f42 and for ,nov4 #ahce1 p4 #eec4 ,at 
pp4 #cdj f4 of the volume for #ahcc1 pt4
  ii41 may be found a distinctly        
unfavourable review of ,o',brien's      
translation of ,ibernia ,phnicia4    #ae
 ,vide note #b1 p4 vii1 ante4    #af ,it
 may be remarked here that an ,act for  
the protection of ancient  monuments is 
much needed in ,ireland4    #ag ,at p4  
#d of his work on the ,round ,towers    
7#bnd ed474    #ah ,amusing instances of
 this autocratic method pervade ,dr4    
,petrie's work  on the ,round ,towers4  
,thus1 at p4 #aji1 he disposes of the   
,phallic ,theory1  which had exercised  
so many noble minds1 with the single    
remark3 8,it is1  happily1 so absurd1   
and at the same time so utterly         
unsupported by  authority or evidence   

worthy of refutation1 that ,i gladly    
pass it by  without further notice1 even
 though it has found a zealous supporter
 in  the person of ,sir 8,william       
,betham0 7who1 it may be observed1 was  
not only  a member of the ,academy1 but 
one of the leading antiquarians of his  
day1  besides being ,ulster-,king-at    
,arms1 etc4 etc47 8since these pages    
were  originally written 444 and who was
 consequently not unacquainted with     
their contents40 7,the italics are      
ours47 ,no further reference to this    
much-debated theory occurs in his book2 
but there are many denunciations  of    
,sir ,w4 ,betham for presuming to differ
 from him4 ,his way of dealing with  the
 evidences and arguments in support of  
the pagan origin of the ,round  ,towers 
adduced by ,o',brien and ,sir ,w4       
,betham is simply this3 8,i have not    
thought them deserving of notice0 7p4   
#cei74    #ai ,at pp4 #a1 #b of ,the    
,towers and ,temples of ,ancient        
,ireland1 by ,marcus  ,keane1           

,m4,r4,i4,a4 7,dublin3 ,hodges1 ,smith  
,co472 a very beautiful and  interesting
 volume4 ,a still more formidable       
champion of the revolt against  ,dr4    
,petrie's sway has since appeared1 the  
,rev4 ,canon ,bourke1 ,m4,r4,i4,a41     
author of ,pre-,christian ,ireland      
7,brown  ,nolan1 ,dublin1 #ahhg74    #bj
 ,the ,migration of ,symbols3 ,archibald
 ,constable  ,co41 ,westminster1  #ahid4
    #ba ,introduction1 pp4 ix-xv4    #bb
 ,preface1 #c4    #bc ,p4 #ab4    #bd   
,at p4 #d of his work on the ,round     
,towers4    #be ,general ,vallancey's   
literary remains are preserved in seven 
octavo  volumes1 entitled ,collectanea  
de ,rebus ,hibernicis1 of which a       
complete  set is rather difficult to    
obtain4 ,the portions specifically      
relating to  the round towers will be   
found in vols4 ii41 iii41 and vii4 ,as  
regards the  other source of plagiarism 
to which ,moore refers in his article   
above  quoted1--8the remarkable work    
called ,nimrod10--it has been already   

shown1 without any attempt at           
contradiction1 that the leading idea of 
,nimrod was that the round towers were  
fire-altars1 and that 7to quote  the    
writer's words7 8,o',brien's theory is  
not to be found in any page of  it40    
#bf ,according to 8,father ,prout0      
78,rogueries of ,tom ,moore071 it was   
probably suggested to him by the study  
of ,lucian4 ,see p4 #ij of ,mr4 ,kent's 
edition of 8,the ,works of ,father      
,prout40    #bg ,alluded to in the      
,charmides of ,plato4    #bh ,this      
statement is subject to a qualification4
 ,certain structures--one  at ,peel in  
the ,isle of ,man1 and another at ,hythe
 in ,kent--are supposed1 on  grounds of 
which the validity is more or less      
questioned1 to be round  towers4    #bi 
,vide p4 #ead4 ,general ,vallancey had  
made a similar remark3 8,nor are  they  
always annexed to churches4 ,there are  
many in the fields1 where no  traces of 
the foundations of any other buildings  
can be discovered around  them0         

7,collect4 iii4 #dib1 cited at p4 #ag of
 ,dr4 ,petrie's work74 ,dr4  ,lanigan   
avowed the same2 but ,dr4 ,petrie       
declares 8they are1 without a  single   
exception1 found near old churches1 or  
where churches are known to  have       
existed02 though1 as ,mr4 ,keane points 
out1 he assumes buildings to be         
8churches0 which have no claim to that  
title4    #cj ,fraser's ,magazine1      
,november #a1 #ahcc4    #ca ,the        
characteristic architectural            
peculiarities belonging to each of  the 
towers was the omission required to be  
supplied1 and for this alone  three     
months were extended4 ,during that time 
,i wrote my entire ,essay1 and  of      
course did not omit this requisite4 ,but
 as these could give no interest  to the
 general reader1 ,i have omitted them in
 the present enlarged form4  ,if called 
for1 however1 ,i shall cheerfully supply
 them1 as an ,appendix to  another work 
which may soon appear4    #cb ,dublin   
,penny ,journal1 ,july #g1 #ahcb4    #cc

 8,kilmallock has been a place of some  
distinction from a very remote  period1 
and1 like most of our ancient towns1 is 
of ecclesiastical origin1  a monastery  
having been founded here by ,st4 ,maloch
 in the sixth century1  of which the    
original ,round ,tower still            
remains40--,dublin ,penny  ,journal1    
vol4 i4 p4 #fe4    8,these 7the ,ruins  
of ,swords7 consist of a fine and lofty 
,round ,tower1  coeval with the         
foundation of the original              
monastery40--,ibid4 vol4 i4 p4  #agg4   
#cd ,if this appear over-sanguine1 ,i   
trust it will be attributed to its  only
 cause--a strong sense of injustice     
expressed in the moment of warmth1  and 
without ever expecting that this        
expression should see the light4    #ce 
,that this was not gratuitous ,i pledge 
myself to prove1 even from              
circumstances that have already         
transpired4    #cf ,it is true ,mr4     
,higgins has told me this1 and ,i       
listened with polite  silence to what ,i

 had read 8in print0 a thousand times   
before4 ,but our  chronicles call the   
name ,macha1 and ,i abide by them4      
,enough1 however1 has  occurred between 
the date of this letter and the present 
to quiet the most  ardent disposition as
 to the pursuit of earthly clat4 ,its   
author is no  more6 ,he has reached that
 8bourne whence no traveller returns40  
,and the  warning1 ,i confess1 is to    
myself not a little pointed1 from the   
unremitting perseverance with which this
 inquiry has been prosecuted and  the   
vexatious opposition with which its     
truths have been met4    #cg ,i wish the
 reader to keep this in mind2 its       
effects will be  manifested by and by4  
#ch    4    #ci ,see ,letter ,no4 #c4   
#dj ,dublin ,penny ,journal1 ,august #c1
 #ahcc4    #da ,gibbon's ,memoirs4      
#db ,the ,budhist temples4    #dc ,the  
,cromleachs4    #dd ,the ,mithratic     
,caves4    #de ,job i4    #df ,i say    
accidentally1 because he foundered as   
well upon the actual  colony who erected

 those temples1 as upon the nature of   
the rites for  which they were erected4 
#dg ,colonel ,montmorency4    #dh       
,pliny1 lib4 lxvi4 cap4 #ab4    #di     
,this incomparably beautiful object1    
constructed of white marble1 in  the    
days of ,demosthenes1 in the second year
 of the one hundred and  eleventh       
,olympiad1 #cce years before ,christ1   
and in the year #dah of ,rome1  was     
erected in honour of some young men of  
the tribe of ,archamantide1  victors at 
the public games1 and dedicated1 it is  
supposed1 to ,hercules4    #ej ,the     
first name ever given to this body was  
,saer1 which has three                  
significations--firstly1 free2 secondly1
 mason2 and thirdly1 ,son of  ,god4 ,in 
no language could those several imports 
be united but in the  original one1 viz4
 the ,irish4 ,the ,hebrews express only 
one branch of it by  aliben2 while the  
,english join together the other two4   
#ea ,sallust1 ,cat4 ,con4    #eb ,lib4  
xi4 epist4 #aa4    #ec #b ,kings xvii4  

#bi1 #cj4    #ed ,byron4    #ee ,vol4   
iii4 p4 #gh1 note4    #ef ,the tolling  
of a bell was supposed to have had      
miraculous effects--to  keep the spirits
 of darkness from assaulting            
believers--to dispel thunder1  and      
prevent the devil from molesting either 
the church or congregation2  and hence  
they were always rung1 in time of storm 
or other attack1 to  paralyse the fiend1
 whether the elements or mortal man1 by 
the hallowed  intonation4 ,each was     
dedicated to a particular saint1--duly  
baptized and  consecrated2 and the      
inscriptions which still remain on the  
old ones that  have come down to us     
proclaim the virtue of their            
capabilities4 ,the  following distich   
will be found to sum them up1 viz43--   
8,laudo ,deum verum1 plebem voco1       
congrego clerum1    ,defunctos plero1   
pestem fugo1 festa decoro40    ,and the 
very syllables of this which follows    
form a sort of tuneful  galloping1      
viz43--      8,sabbata pango1 funera    

plango1 solemnia clango40    #eg        
4  ,,euseb4 in ,prp4 ,ev4 #a4 #c4       
,egyptum et ,libyam sortitus est alius  
,apostolorum1 extremas vero oceani      
regiones1 et ,insulas ,britannicas alius
 obtinuit4 ,,nicephor4 l4 #b1 c4 #dj4   
#eh ,religious ,rites and ,ceremonies1  
published under his name4    #ei        
,milton4    #fj ,this latter to be      
explained hereafter4    #fa ,the ruins1 
to the height of ten feet1 still remain4
    #fb ,goldsmith4    #fc ,top4 ,dist4 
ii4 c4 #i1 p4 #gbj4    #fd ,in the reign
 of ,txiacha ,labhruine1 ,a4,m4 #cagg2  
,b4,c4 #hbg4    #fe ,this mark 7#g71 in 
the ,irish language1 is an abbreviation 
for agus1  i4e4 and4    #ff ,the ,annals
 of ,inisfallen1 also1 p4 #adh1 call    
them by the same name  of               
,fiadh-,nemeadh4    #fg ,rer4 ,hib4     
,scrip4 ,vet4 iii4 p4 #ebg4    #fh      
,fidh-,nemeadh certainly admits of this 
interpretation1 but in a very  different
 sense from what its author had         
supposed4    #fi ,a ,german writer1     

contemporary with the ,emperor ,charles 
the ,great1  says of another ,irishman  
named ,clement1 at a much later period1 
8,that  through his instructions the    
,french might vie with the ,romans and  
the  ,athenians4 ,john ,erigena1 whose  
surname denoted his country 7,eri or    
,erina  being the proper name of        
,ireland71 became soon 7in the ninth    
century7  after famous for his learning 
and good parts1 both in ,england and    
,france4  ,thus did most of the lights  
which1 in those times of thick darkness1
 cast  their beams over ,europe1 proceed
 out of ,ireland4 ,the loss of the      
manuscripts is much bewailed by the     
,irish who treat of the history and     
antiquities of their country1 and which 
may well be deemed a misfortune1  not   
only to them1 but to the whole learned  
world40    #gj ,isidore of ,seville1 in 
the seventh century1 says3 8,scotia     
eadem et  ,hibernia10 that is1 ,scotia  
and ,ireland are one and the same--an   
identity1  however1 of locality1 not of 

signification4 ,and ,orosius of         
,tarracona1  still earlier in the fifth 
century1 avers that1 8,in his own time1 
,ireland  was inhabited by the nations  
of the ,scoti40 ,and were further       
evidence  required as to the point1 it  
would be found in the fact of one of our
  ,christian luminaries1 whose name was 
,shane1 i4e4 ,john1 being called by  the
 ,latin historians indifferently by the 
epithets of ,johannes ,scotus and       
,johannes ,erigena--the former          
signifying ,john the ,irishman and the  
latter1  ,john the ,scotchman4    #ga   
,the ,scots first drove them from       
,ireland to what is now called          
,scotland1 and the ,picts afterwards    
chased them from the lowlands to the    
highland fastnesses4    #gb ,henricus   
,antisiodrensis1 writing to ,charles the
 ,bald1 says3 8,why need  ,i mention all
 ,ireland1 with her crowd of            
philosophers80 8,the philosophy  and    
logic10 says ,mosheim1 a ,german        
historian1 8that were taught in the     

,european schools in the ninth century1 
scarcely deserved such honourable       
titles1 and were little better than an  
empty jargon4 ,there were1 however1  to 
be found in various places1 particularly
 among the ,irish1 men of  acute parts  
and extensive knowledge1 who were       
perfectly well entitled to  the         
appellation of philosophers40    #gc    
,antiq4 p4 #ajh4    #gd ,milton4    #ge 
,i will show1 however1 that it was much 
older4    #gf ,de ,orig4 et ,progress4  
,idolat4 ii4 #fa4    #gg ,gen4 xi4 #d4  
#gh ,gen4 vi4 #e4    #gi ,on the top was
 an observatory1 by the benefit of which
 it was that  the ,babylonians advanced 
their skill in astronomy so early2 when 
,alexander took ,babylon1 ,callisthenes 
the philosopher1 who accompanied him    
there1 found they had observations for  
#aijc years backward from that  time1   
which carries up the account as high as 
the hundred and fifteenth  year after   
the flood1 i4e4 within fifteen years    
after the tower of ,babel  was built4   

#hj ,i stop not to inquire whether or   
not this may have been the same with    
that which stood in the midst of the    
temple of ,belus1 afterwards built      
around it by ,nebuchadnezzar4 ,the      
intent ,i conceive similar in all1      
whether  the scriptural ,tower1 ,birs   
,nimrod1 or ,mujellibah2 and the rather1
 as  ,captain ,mignan tells us of the   
last1 that on its summit there are still
  considerable traces of erect building1
 and that at the western end is a       
circular mass of solid brick-work       
sloping towards the top1 and rising     
from a confused heap of rubbish2 while  
,niebuhr states that ,birs ,nimrod is   
also surmounted by a turret4 ,my object 
is to show that the same  emblematic    
design mingled in all those ancient     
edifices1 though not  identical in its  
details4    #ha ,hos4 ii4 #af4    #hb   
,st4 ,stephen1 the first martyr who     
suffered death for ,christ1 said  before
 the ,jewish ,sanhedrim1 8,god dwelleth 
not in temples made with hands0  7,acts 

vii4 #dh74    #hc ,asiatic ,researches4 
#hd ,it is most unaccountable how       
,hanway1 after seeing this evidence of  
an  actual fire-temple1 should1         
notwithstanding1 commit the egregious   
blunder of calling the ,round           
,towers--which differed from it as much 
as a  maypole does from a               
rabbit-hole--fire-temples also4 ,yet has
 he been most  religiously followed by  
,vallancey1 ,beauford1 ,dalton1 etc41   
who could not  open their eyes to the   
mistake4    #he ,pottinger's            
,belochistan4    #hf ,num4 xxii4 #da4   
#hg ,milton4    #hh ,top4 ,dist4 ii4 c4 
#cd4    #hi ,had ,bede even asserted    
that the ,round ,towers were fire       
receptacles1  it would not obtain my    
assent1 as they were as great an enigma 
in that  venerable writer's day as they 
have been ever since1 until now that    
their  secret is about to be unveiled4  
#ij ,the derivation of this word not    
being generally known1 ,i may be        
allowed to subjoin it4 ,it is the ,irish

 for dove1 as columba is the  ,latin1   
and was assigned to the above place in  
honour of ,st4 ,columbe1 who  was       
surnamed ,kille1 from the many churches 
which he had founded4    #ia ,trans4    
,roy4 ,ir4 ,acad4 vol4 xv4    #ib ,this 
adjective is not here applied to our    
western ,irin1 i4e4  ,ireland1 but to   
the eastern ,iran1 i4e4 ,persia4    #ic 
8,virginesque ,vest legit1 ,alb oriundum
 sacerdotium1 et genti  conditoris haud 
alienum0 7,livy1 lib4 i4 cap4 xx474     
#id ,horace4    #ie ,asiatic            
,researches1 ,dissert4 ,up4 ,egypt and  
,nile4    #if ,literally1 8the goddess  
of the lotos40    #ig ,craufurd's       
,sketches4    #ih ,milton4    #ii ,maya 
also signifies illusion1 of which as an 
operation of the  ,deity1 the following 
remark1 extracted elsewhere from ,sir   
,william1 may not  be                   
unseasonable3--8,the inextricable       
difficulties10 says he1 8attending the  
vulgar notion of material substances1   
concerning which #8we know this  only1  

that we know nothing1' induced many of  
the wisest among the  ancients1 and some
 of the most enlightened among the      
moderns1 to believe  that the whole     
creation was rather an energy than a    
work1 by which the  ,infinite ,being who
 is present at all times and in all     
places1 exhibits to  the minds of his   
creatures a set of perceptions1 like a  
wonderful picture  or piece of music1   
always varied1 yet always uniform2 so   
that all bodies  and their qualities    
exist1 indeed1 to every wise and useful 
purpose1 but  exist only as far as they 
are perceived--a theory no less pious   
than  sublime1 and as different from any
 principle of atheism1 as the  brightest
 sunshine differs from the blackest     
midnight40    #ajj ,nature4    #aja ,the
 ,hindoos never bathe nor perform their 
ablutions whilst the sun  is below the  
horizon4    #ajb ,poojah is properly    
worship4    #ajc ,krishen of ,matra may 
be called the ,apollo of the ,hindoos4  
#ajd ,vassant1 the spring4    #aje      

,kama1 the god of love4    #ajf         
,translated from the ,persic1 and read  
before the ,oriental ,society in        
,india4    #ajg ,the reason why the     
,egyptian ,pyramids1 though             
comprehending the  same idea1 did not   
exhibit this form1 will be assigned     
hereafter4    #ajh ,in his treatise1 ,de
 ,de ,syri4    #aji      8,astarte1     
queen of heaven1 with crescent horns1   
,to whose bright image nightly by the   
moon1    ,sidonian virgins paid their   
vows and songs40--,,milton4    #aaj     
8,les ,indiens ont le ,lingam qui ajoute
 encore quelque chose   l'infamie du    
,phallus des ,egyptiens et des ,grecs3  
ils adorent le faux dieu  ,isoir sous   
cette figure monstreuse1 et qu'ils      
exposent en procession  insultant d'une 
manire horrible  la pudeur et  la       
crdulit de la  populace0 7,la ,croze1 p4
 #dca74    #aaa ,we can now see how it  
happened that the ,irish word ,toradh1  
i4e4  8to go through the tower          
ceremony10 should signify also 8to be   

pregnant02  and we can equally unravel  
the mythos of that elegant little tale  
which  ,sir ,john ,malcolm tells us from
 ,ferdosi1 in his ,history of ,persia4  
8,it is  related10 says he1 8that ,gal1 
when taking the amusement of the chase1 
came  to the foot of a tower1 on one of 
the turrets of which he saw a young     
damsel of the most exquisite beauty4    
,they mutually gazed and loved1  but    
there appeared no mode of ascending the 
battlement4 ,after much  embarrassment1 
an expedient occurred to the fair       
maiden4 ,she loosened  her dark and     
beautiful tresses1 which fell in        
ringlets to the bottom  of the tower1   
and enabled the enamoured prince to     
ascend4 ,the lady  proved to be         
,noudabah1 the daughter of ,merab1 king 
of ,cabul1 a prince of  the race of     
,zohauk40    #aab ,chap4 iv4 p4 #dh4    
#aac ,syncellus accordingly spells      
,budh1 even in the singular number1 with
  an ,f2 and ,josephus1 from the        
,scriptures1 additionally commutes the  

final  d into t4 ,we shall see more     
inflections anon4    8   40--,syncellus1
 p4 #dg4    8,fut was the founder of the
 nations in ,libya 7,africa71 and the   
people were  from him called ,futi0     
7,josephus1 ,ant4 lib4 i4 c4 #g74       
#aad ,vide ,plutarch1 de ,isi et ,osiri4
    #aae ,eas1 in ,irish1 also means the
 moon4    #aaf ,literally the ,son of   
the ,sun1 and should properly be written
  ,o',siris1 like any of our ,irish     
names1 such as ,o',brien--and meaning   
sprung  from4    #aag ,these are the    
indexes for which ,mr4 ,o',connor could 
find no other  use than that of dials6  
#aah 8,les mystres de l'antiquit nous   
sont demeurs presqu'interdicts2  les    
vestiges de ses monuments manquent le   
plus souvent de sens pour nous1         
parceque1 de sicle en sicle1 les savants
 ont voulu leur attribuer un  sens0     
7,,de ,,sacy74    #aai ,to this         
declaration of ,mr4 ,heeren1 as ,i      
cannot now bestow upon it  a separate   
inquiry1 ,i must be allowed briefly to  

intimate that if such be  all that he   
8knows with certainty0 on the topic1 he 
had better not know it  at all1 for1    
with the exception of that part which   
avows the general  ignorance concerning 
its rise and progress1 as well as its   
expulsion by  the ,brahmins from the    
,east1 all the rest is inaccurate4 ,in  
the first  place it does not 8flourish0 
at present in ,ceylon4 ,it has sunk and 
degenerated there into an unmeaning     
tissue of hideous demonology1 if we  may
 judge by a reference to a large work   
published here some time ago1 by  ,mr4  
,upham1 which is as opposite from real  
,budhism as truth is from  falsehood4   
,in the second place its tenets were not
 8in direct opposition  to those of the 
,brahmins10 any more than those of the  
,catholics are from  the tenets of the  
,protestants2 yet have the latter       
contrived to oust the  ,catholics1 their
 predecessors1 as the ,brahmins did the 
still more  antecedent ,budhists4 ,and  
this will be sufficient to neutralise   

that  insinuation which would imply that
 ,budha was an innovator and a          
sectarian1 until ,i show by and by that 
the reverse was the fact4    #abj ,the  
,jews themselves1 so early as the time  
of ,moses1 adopted the  practice as an  
act of thanksgiving4    8,and ,miriam   
the prophetess1 the sister of ,aaron1   
took a timbrel in her  hand2 and all the
 women went out after her1 with         
timbrels1 and with  dances4    8,and    
,miriam answered them1 ,sing ye to the  
,,lord1 for ,he hath triumphed          
gloriously2 the horse and his rider hath
 ,he thrown into the sea0 7,exod4  xv4  
#bj1 #ba74    #aba ,the origin of this  
word shall be explained hereafter4      
#abb 8,verily1 verily1 ,i say unto you1 
except a corn of wheat fall  into the   
ground and die1 it abideth alone2 but if
 it die1 it bringeth  forth much fruit0 
7,john xii4 #bd74    #abc ,we are       
told--says ,sir ,john ,malcolm1 in a    
,persian work of celebrity1  the ,attash
 ,kuddah--that a person dreamt he saw   

,ferdosi composing1 and an  angel was   
guiding his pen3 he looked near1 and    
discovered that he had just  written the
 above couplet1 in which he so          
emphatically pleads for humanity  to the
 smallest insect of the creation4       
#abd ,another ,almoner was an epithet   
they assigned to ,god1 which even  the  
,brahmins retained after they had       
seceded from them1 as may be seen in    
,wilkins' translation of a ,sanscrit    
inscription on a pillar near ,buddal1   
published in the first volume of the    
,asiatic ,researches4 ,this             
inscription1 ,i must observe1 as it     
escaped that learned ,orientalist to    
perceive it1 as it equally did the      
acumen of the president1 his annotator1 
is1 with the column on which it appears1
 nothing else than a record of the      
triumphs obtained by a hero of the      
,brahminical party in exterminating the 
,budhists4 ,the frequent allusion to the
 8lustful elephants10--such as  8whose  
piles of rocks reek with the juice      

exuding from the heads of  intoxicated  
elephants10--and 8,although the prospect
 hidden by the dust  arising from the   
multitude of marching force was rendered
 clear from the  earth being watered by 
constant and abundant streams flowing   
from the  heads of lustful elephants of 
various breeds10--and still more that   
beautiful and pathetic sentiment which  
occurs in the original of the  preceding
 paper1 omitted by ,mr4 ,wilkins1 but   
supplied by the president1  viz4 8by    
whom having conquered the earth as far  
as the ocean1 it was  left as being     
unprofitably seized--so he declared2 and
 his elephants  weeping saw again in the
 forests their kindred whose eyes were  
full of  tears10--make this a           
demonstration3 yet would the beauty of  
the image be  lost to some of my        
readers1 were ,i not to explain that the
 ,budhists  treated with a sort of      
deified reverence the tribe of          
elephants1 which  now bewailed their    
extermination as above described4       

#abe ,from ,bavana was named the village
 of ,banaven1 in ,scotland1 whither     
some of the ,tuath-de-danaans had       
repaired after their retreat from       
,ireland--a very appropriate            
commemoration of their recent           
subversion2 and  a particular locality  
within its district1 where ,st4 ,patrick
 was born1 was  called ,nemph-,thur1    
that is1 the holy tower1 corresponding  
to  ,budh-,nemph1 i4e4 the holy ,lingam1
 from the circumstance of there  having 
been erected on it one of those temples 
which time has since  effaced4          
,tor-,boileh upon the ,indus1 which     
means the ,tower of ,baal1 is  in exact 
consonance with ,nemph-,thur and with   
,budh-,nemph2 and there can  be no      
question but that there also stood one  
of those edifices1 as the  ruins even of
 a city are perceptible in the          
neighbourhood4 ,mr4 ,wilford1  however1 
would translate this last name1         
,tor-,boileh1 by ,black ,beilam3  and1  
to keep this colour in countenance1 he  

invents a new name for a  place called  
,peleiam1 8which10 he says1 8appears to 
have been transposed  from ,ac ,beilam1 
or the ,white ,beilam1 sands or shores  
and now called  #8,hazren4'0 ,i am not  
surprised at the discredit brought upon 
etymology4    #abf ,and this1 too1 after
 he had admitted that 8the name is      
certainly of  the pure ,iberno-,celtic  
dialect1 and must have had some meaning 
founded in  the nature of things in its 
original and radical formation40    #abg
 ,all our ancient swords were made of   
brass4    #abh ,gibbon1 vol4 ii4 p4     
#ebg1 #dto1 #agha4    #abi ,histoire    
d',irelande1 vol4 i4 cap4 #g4    #acj   
,avienus lived in the fourth century4   
#aca 8,melius 7,hiberni quam ,britanni7 
aditus--portusque per commercia et      
negociatores cogniti0 7,tacit4 vit4     
,agricol4 #dii74    #acb 8,plus in metum
 quan in spem40    #acc 8        40     
,diod  ,sic4 lib4 v4    #acd ,in proof  
of this1 ,i aver that ,i could go       
through the whole range of  their       

language1 and prove that in its         
fabrication1 so punctilious was  their  
regard to euphony1 they scrupled not to 
cancel or otherwise  obnebulate the     
essential and significant letters of the
 primitive  words2 so that1 in a few    
generations1 their descendants were     
unable to  trace the true roots of their
 compounds4 ,hence that lamentable      
imperfection which pervades all our     
lexicons and dictionaries1 and which    
can never be rectified but by the       
revisal of the whole system1 and that by
  a thorough adept in the language of   
the ,irish4    #ace ,i say strangled1   
because ,irin is a compound word        
embracing within  its compass two       
distinct parts1 of which ,iris could    
give but the spirit  of one4    #acf    
8,iren perrexit ut et aliorum ,doctorum 
sententias in philosophicis  atque      
divinis litteris investigator curiosus  
exquireret0 7,vita ,gild1  cap4 #f74    
#acg ,lib4 x4 ,anno #ajih4    #ach      
,modern writers upon ,persia1 who would 

refine upon the matter1 have  perverted 
this word to ,pehlivi2 but look you into
 the early numbers of  the ,asiatic     
,researches1 and there you will find it 
spelled as above4    #aci ,besides1 to  
speak accurately1 this is not a western 
country at  all1 or only so relatively  
to ,britain1 ,gaul1 and that particular 
line4    #adj ,collect4 de ,reb4 ,hib4  
vol4 iv4    #ada ,antiq4 ,research4     
,pers4 vol4 i4 p4 #acg4    #adb ,if ,i  
have taken a wrong view of the          
professor's phraseology1 ,i shall  feel 
most happy to be set right2 but ,i      
submit to the critic whether ,i am  not 
justified in understanding him as ,i do4
    #adc ,to be met with at a place     
called ,tauk-e-,bostan4 ,silvestre de   
,sacy1 a  member of the ,institute at   
,paris1 had made the following          
translation of  it1 which is divided    
into two parts4    ,the first3--8,this  
figure is that of a worshipper of       
,hormuzd1 or ,god2 the  excellent       
,shahpoor2 king of kings2 of ,iran and  

,an-,iran2 a celestial  germ of a       
heavenly race2 the son of the adorer of 
,god2 the excellent  ,hormuzd2 a king of
 kings2 of ,iran and ,an-,iran2 a       
celestial germ of a  heavenly race2     
grandson of the excellent ,narses2 king 
of kings40    ,the second3--8,this      
figure is that of a worshipper of       
,hormuzd1 or ,god2 the  excellent       
,varaham2 king of kings2 king of ,iran  
and ,an-,iran2 a  celestial germ of a   
heavenly race2 son of the adorer of     
,god2 the excellent  ,shapoor2 king of  
kings2 of ,iran and ,an-,iran2 a        
celestial germ of a  heavenly race2     
grandson of the excellent ,hormuzd2 king
 of kings40    #add ,this ,an1 the      
original name for country1 was modified 
afterwards1  according to clime and     
dialect1 into tan1 as in ,aqui-tan-ia1  
,brit-tan-ia1 ,mauri-tan-ia1 etc42 and  
into stan1 as in ,curdi-stan1           
,fardi-stan1 ,hindu-stan1 etc4    #ade  
,from this was formed the ,english word 
tower1 the very idea  remaining         

unchanged4 ,as was also the ,english    
word bud1 meaning the  first shoot of a 
plant1 a germ1 from the ,irish budh1    
i4e4 the  organ of male energy4    #adf 
,the present bleak and sterile aspect of
 this region militates  nothing against 
this view1 when we consider the thousand
 alterations which  it has undergone1   
under the thousand different tribes that
 have  consecutively possessed it4      
#adg ,from ,ir or ,eer1 sacred1 and an1 
a land4    #adh ,from ,ir or ,eer1      
sacred1 and in1 an island4    #adi ,iran
 or ,irin1 i4e4 ,eeran or ,eerin4       
#aej ,each of these three preceding     
words means religion or  revelation4    
,and from them ,era1 denoting a period  
of time1--which  with the ancients was a
 sacred reckoning1--has been so         
denominated2 as  well as ,eric1 which1  
in law phraseology1 indicates a certain 
penalty  attachable to certain crimes1  
and equivalent to ,deodand1 or a        
religious  restitution--all ,irish4     
#aea ,i mean the 8,grci vetustissimi10  

not the 8,grculi esurientes40    #aeb   
,namely1 ,ivernia3--u1 v1 and b are     
commutable4    #aec ,should you hesitate
 as to this mode of accounting for the  
letter  b1 ,i can show you that the     
,greeks spelled ,albion indifferently   
with or  without a b2 as they           
indifferently used b or v in one of the 
above  names for ,ireland2 for          
instance--        1   1      ,eustath4  
ad ,dion4 ,perieg4    #aed ,it is only  
the date1 however1 that ,i will share   
with any one4 ,the  derivation of the   
word and its true exposition are        
exclusively my own4    #aee 8,quod nomen
 ob beati solum ingenium1 in quo nullum 
animal venenosum  vitale1 facile        
assentior attributum0 7,ogyg4 pt4 i4 c4 
#ba74 ,so  gratifying1 however1 has this
 been to the obsequious wisdom of       
subsequent  historians 7871 as to be    
echoed from one to the other with the   
most  commendable fidelity4 8,o         
imitatores1 servum pecus60    #aef      
,pronounced ,fiodhvadh--copied literally

 from the old manuscripts4    #aeg ,this
 corresponds to ,ir-an1 the ,sacred     
,land4    #aeh ,this answers to ,ir-in1 
the ,sacred ,island4    #aei ,the reader
 will see that1 in quoting ,dr4         
,keating1 ,i do so from no  respect for 
his discrimination or sagacity4         
,whenever he has attempted to  exert    
either1 in the way of comment or        
deduction1 he has invariably  erred3    
fortunately he has offered none in this 
instance4 ,yet is his book a  most      
valuable compilation2 and ,i now cull   
out of it those three names1  as one    
would a casket of jewels from a         
lumber-room4    #afj ,this ,farragh1    
otherwise ,phearragh1 is the ,peor of   
the  ,scriptures1 and the ,priapus of   
the ,greeks4    #afa 8,priapus1 si      
physice consideretur idem est ac sol2   
ejusque lux  primogenia unde vis omnis  
seminatrix0 7,diod4 ,sic4 lib4 i474 ,see
 also  ,num4 xxv4 #d1 where you will see
 that 8,peor0 remotely meant the sun4   
#afb ,i shall not trouble myself in     

reciting the absurd attempts that  have 
been heretofore made to expound this    
word3 it is enough to say that  they    
were all wrong4    #afc ,the motto1     
also1 of this family1 viz41 ,lamh laider
 a-,boo1 i4e4  8,the strong arm from    
,boo10 now changed to ,vigueur du       
dessus1 is in  keeping with the same    
idea4    #afd ,this is the mere         
utterance of an historical transaction  
without  reference to sect1 creed1      
party1 or politics4 ,no feelings of     
bitterness mingle therein4 ,the author  
disclaims all such1 as much as he  would
 depreciate them in others4    #afe ,in 
the library of ,trinity ,college1       
,dublin1 are several such1  collected in
 the beginning of last century1 by      
,lhuyd1 author of the  ,archologia1 and 
restored by ,sir ,john ,seabright1 at   
the instigation of  ,edmund ,burke4 ,i  
am credibly informed also1 that there   
have been lately  discovered in the     
,library at ,copenhagen certain         
documents relating to our  antiquities1 

taken away by the ,danes after their    
memorable defeat at  ,clontarf1 by ,king
 ,brian1 ,a4,d4 #ajad4 ,lombard has     
already asserted the same2  and that the
 ,king of ,denmark entreated ,queen     
,elizabeth to send him some  ,irishman1 
who could transcribe them2 that ,donatus
 ,o',daly1 a learned  antiquarian1 was  
selected for the purpose1 but that his  
appointment was  afterwards             
countermanded1 for political reasons4   
,there are1 besides1 in mostly all the  
public libraries of ,europe--without    
adverting to those which are detained in
 the ,tower of ,london--divers ,irish   
manuscripts1 presented by the various   
emigrants1 who from time to time  have  
been obliged to fly their country1 to   
seek among strangers that  shelter which
 they were denied at home2 taking with  
them1 as religious  heirlooms1 those    
hereditary relics of their pedigree and 
race4    ,one of the most beautiful and 
pathetic pieces of ,irish poetry        
remaining1  written by ,macleog1 private

 secretary to ,brian1 after the demise  
of that  monarch1 and beginning with    
this expression of his sorrow3 8,oh6    
,cencoradh  7the name of his patron's   
favourite palace71 where is ,brian80 was
 picked  up in the ,netherlands1 in     
#afej1 by ,fergar ,o',gara1 an          
,augustinian friar1  who fled from      
,ireland in the iron days of ,cromwell4 
#aff ,i rejoice to state1 that the      
present administration1 under the       
benign direction of our patriot ,king1  
have resolved1 so far as in them  lies1 
to atone for former depredators4 ,there 
is now a vigorous revisal of  those     
documents going on1 with a view1 as ,i  
understand1 to their immediate          
publication4    #afg ,the antiquarian   
luminaries of the ,royal ,irish ,academy
 would fain  make out that this was a   
,christian warrior4 ,their high priest  
has  lately proclaimed the fact1 in     
their 8collective wisdom40 ,it is       
astonishing how fond they have suddenly 
become for the memory of the  monks2    

they would now father everything like   
culture in the country upon  them4 ,it  
used not to have been so6    #afh ,this 
image was found under the root of a tree
 dug up in ,roscommon4  ,it is about the
 size of the drawing2 is made of brass1 
once gilt2 the  gilding1 however1 now   
almost worn off2 and may be seen in the 
,museum of  ,trinity ,college1 ,dublin4 
#afi ,major ,archer's ,travels in ,upper
 ,india1 vol4 i4 pp4 #chc1 #chd4 ,lond4 
#ahcc4    #agj ,so the 8collective      
wisdom10 in the true spirit of          
,christian  restitution and penitential 
contrition1 have lately pronounced him6 
,it is  delightful to see this          
solicitous zeal with which1 when it     
suits a private  purpose1 they cherish  
the memory of the monks1 being no longer
 in the  way of their secular           
perquisites3 but if the poor monks could
 speak1 or  send a voice from the tomb1 
it would be to say that they did not    
choose to  be encumbered with such      
meretricious flattery2 and that1 having 

laid no  claim to those relics1 or to   
the towers which they decorated1 during 
their lifetime1 they now in death must  
repudiate the ascription4  8,timeo      
,danaas et dona ferentes10 would be     
their answer4    #aga ,asiatic          
,researches1 vol4 vi42 where it will be 
observed that the  ,doctor was not      
writing for me4 ,he did not even suspect
 the existence of  this figure4 ,it is1 
like the preceding one1 of bronze4      
#agb ,the ,egyptian sovereign assumed   
this title1 as the highest that         
language and imagination could bestow4  
,it signifies literally the act  of     
copulation1 of which it would represent 
him as presiding genius--the  source    
whence all pleasure and happiness can   
flow--and is but faintly  re-echoed in  
the ,macedo-,syriac regal epithet of 1  
8,benefactor10  or even that by which we
 designate our king as the fountain of  
goodness4 ,there being no such letter as
 ph in the ancient alphabets1  all those
 words1 viz4 ,pheor1 ,pharaoh1 and      

,pharagh1 should properly  be spelled   
,feor1 ,faraoh1 and ,faragh4    #agc    
,gen4 xlvi4 #cd4    #agd 8,on the       
fifteenth day of the first month every  
year4 ,every person is  obliged1 on the 
evening of that day1 to set out a       
lantern before his door1  and these are 
of various sizes and prices1 according  
to the different  circumstances of those
 to whom they belong4 ,during this      
festival1 they  have all sorts of       
entertainments1 such as plays1 balls1   
assemblies1 music1  dancing1 and the    
lanterns are filled with a vast number  
of wax candles1  and surrounded with    
bonfires40    #age ,barker4--,the same  
is mentioned by ,captain ,burr1 in      
reference to the  ,indian followers who 
had attended him to the temple of ,isis4
    #agf ,mr4 ,greaves's diagonal1 in   
proportion to his base of #fid feet1 is 
#iia feet nearly2 the half of which is  
#die feet1 for the height of the        
,pyramid2 for as the radius is to the   
tangent of #de1 so is half the  diameter

 to half the diagonal1 or #g to #aj1 or 
#gjf to #ajjj4 ,say1 #g 3 #aj 33  #fid 3
 #iia_/b  #die4--;,dissertation upon the
 ,pyramids4    #agg ,schindl4    #agh   
,gen4 xlvii4    #agi ,hist4 ,christ4 des
 ,indes1 p4 #dbi4    #ahj ,lib4 ii4 p4  
#d4    #aha 1 generally rendered fire1  
is not so1 however1 in the true  import 
of the word1 but the ,sun2 fire is only 
a secondary sense of it4    #ahb        
,barker4    #ahc ,ibid4    #ahd ,gen4   
xlvi4 #cd4    #ahe ,ex4 vii4 #aa1 etc41 
and #b ,tim4 iii4 #h4    #ahf ,america  
also has had her ancient pageantry4     
,antonio de ,solis gives  the following 
description of the ,mexican             
shrine3--8,the site of that temple      
devoted to the worship of the ,sun1 and 
its altar for human sacrifices1 was  a  
large square environed by walls1        
cloisters1 and gates2 in the centre was 
raised a high tower of a pyramidical    
form1 broad at the base1 and narrowed   
towards the top1 having four equal sides
 in a sloping direction2 in one of      

which was a flight of one hundred and   
fifty steps to the top1 covered with    
the finest marble1 with a square marble 
pavement1 guarded with a  balustrade3 in
 the centre stood a large black stone1  
in manner of an  altar1 placed near the 
idol4 ,in the front of this tower1 and  
at a  convenient distance from its base1
 stood a high altar of solid masonry1   
ascended by thirty steps3 in the middle 
of it was placed a large stone1 on      
which they slaughtered the numerous     
human victims devoted for sacrifice2    
the outside being set with stakes and   
bars1 on which were fixed human         
sculls40    #ahg ,the regular pyramid is
 a section of the cube1 whose altitude  
is  equal to half the diameter of the   
base1 and is contained within a         
semicircle4 ,the great pyramid is not of
 this precise order2 its height or      
altitude being found more than half the 
diameter of its base4 ,a second  order  
is that whose altitude is equal to half 
the diagonal of the base1  and is also  

bounded and contained within a          
semicircle2 and consequently1  if the   
diagonal be given at #ajjj1 the altitude
 will be #ejj3 but the true  height of  
the ,egyptian pyramid being determined  
at less than half its  diagonal1 is     
therefore found to be not exactly of    
this order1 but nearly  approaching to  
it1 and probably aimed at in the        
original design1 though  failing in the 
execution4--,dissertation upon the      
,pyramids4    #ahh ,astronomy began very
 early to be cultivated among the       
,egyptians2 and  to them is attributed  
the discovery of the magnitude of the   
solar year1  or1 as it is distinguished1
 the ,egyptian year of #cfe days2 which 
discovery appears to be noticeable1 and 
memorialised in the construction  of    
their ,great ,pyramid4 ,the ancient     
measure of length being the cubit1 and  
that measure being determined common    
with the ,hebrews and ,egyptians1 as    
nearly as ,dr4 ,cumberland could        
determine it1 and reduced to ,english   

measure1 a certain standard is obtained3
 but we find also another1 called  the  
longer cubit1 to have obtained1 on which
 we may with equal propriety  calculate 
the measures of the ,egyptian ,pyramid1 
on which to infer the  number of days   
contained in the solar year2 the        
measures of the base of  the ,great     
,pyramid being found1 if not exactly1   
yet nearly approximating to             
it4--,dissertation upon the ,pyramids4  
#ahi ,i have not the least doubt but the
 ancient ,egyptians measured by the     
cubit1 whatever it then was2 that the   
number of cubits was designedly  fixed  
upon by them in laying the base of the  
,pyramid2 and that if we  divide the    
ascertained sum of #geb feet by #b1 the 
quotient will be #cgf1  which is a      
number exceeding #cfe by #aa3           
consequently1 if we estimate their      
ancient cubit at #b feet #g_/aj of an   
inch1 that measure will be ascertained1 
and found to approximate nearly to the  
longer ,hebrew cubit2 and so will  the  

measures of the ,pyramid be found to    
agree with the number of days in  the   
solar year4--,dissertation upon the     
,pyramids4    #aij ,then ,major         
,fitzclarence1 ,march #b1 #ahah4    #aia
 ,asiatic ,researches4    #aib          
,scientific ,tourist through ,ireland1  
p4 #cc4    #aic ,usher's ,primord1 c4   
xvii4 p4 #hdf4    #aid ,journal1 pp4    
#ba1 #bc4    #aie ,neither can ,i1 with 
him1 restrict their object to ,tombs    
alone2  their ,phallic shape bespeaks   
another allusion2 as does the style of  
architecture indicate an affinity of    
descent1 though not an identity  of     
design with that of our ,towers4    #aif
 ,in his treatise1 ,de ,de ,syri4       
#aig ,of this distant adoration we may  
still see traces in the practice of  the
 ,irish peasantry1 almost preferring to 
say their prayers outside the  precincts
 of the chapel1 or mass-house1 than     
within it1 unconsciously  derived from  
this service of the ,afrion1 or         
benediction-house1 i4e4 the  ,round     

,towers4    #aih ,the ,ghabres to this  
day chew a leaf of it in their mouths1  
while  performing their religious duties
 round the sacred fire4    #aii ,those  
are what ,montmorency would fain make   
out to have been roses  imported from   
the ,vatican4    #bjj ,a similar        
sacrifice is described by ,major ,archer
 as still practised  in the mountains of
 ,upper ,india1 which he himself        
witnessed4 8,an  unfortunate goat10 says
 he1 8lean and emaciated1 was brought as
 an  offering to the deities2 but so    
poor in flesh was he that no crow would 
have waited his death in hopes of a meal
 from his carcass40    #bja 8,round the 
tie or umbrella at the top 7of the      
,dagobs at ,ceylon7  are suspended a    
number of small bells1 which with these 
form tees of a  great quantity of       
smaller pagodas that surround the       
quatine1 being set in  motion by the    
wind1 keep up a constant tinkling1 but  
not unpleasing sound0  7,,coleman74     
,the temples of ,budh in the ,burmese   

empire are also pyramidical1 the top    
always crowned with a gilt umbrella of  
iron filagree1 hung round with          
bells4--8,the tie or umbrella is to be  
seen on every sacred building  that is  
of a spiral form2 the rising and        
consecration of this last and           
indispensable appendage is an act of    
high religious solemnity1 and a  season 
of festivity and relaxation4 ,the       
present king bestowed the tie  that     
covers ,shoemadoo3 it was made at the   
capital4 ,many of the principal         
nobility came down from ,ummerapoora to 
be present at the ceremony of its       
elevation4 ,the circumference of the tie
 is fifty-six feet2 it rests on an  iron
 axis fixed in the building1 and is     
further secured by large chains         
strongly riveted to the spire4 ,round   
the lower rim of the tie are appended  a
 number of bells1 which agitated by the 
wind make a continual jingling0         
7,,symes74    #bjb 8,it is remarked that
 in ,china they have no pyramids1 but   

pagodas  raised by galleries1 one above 
another1 to the top3 the most celebrated
 of  these is that called the ,porcelain
 ,tower1 in ,nankin1 said to be two     
hundred feet high1 and forty feet at the
 base1 built in an octagonal form4      
,these pagodas seem to have been        
designed for altars of incense1 raised  
to  their arial deities1 with which to  
appease them2 and their hanging bells1  
with their tintillations to drive away  
the demons lest they should1 by  noxious
 and malignant winds and tempests1      
disturb their serene atmosphere  and    
afflict their country0 7,dissertations  
upon the ,pyramids74    #bjc ,the reason
 of this will appear hereafter2 while in
 the interim ,i  must observe that this 
new appropriation of them to ,christian 
purposes was  what occasioned that error
 on the part of a writer some centuries 
after1  who opined that it was ,sanctus 
,patricius who first presented one to   
,sancto ,kierano4 ,i make no question of
 the present2 but does  presentation    

imply invention8    #bjd ,cambrensis    
tells rather a curious story about ,st4 
,finnan's  bell3--8,there is10 says he1 
8in the district of ,mactalewi1 in      
,leinster1 a  certain bell which1 unless
 it is adjured by its possessor every   
night in a  particular form of exorcism 
shaped for the purpose1 and tied with a 
cord  7no matter how slight71 it would  
be found in the morning at the church of
  ,st4 ,finnan1 at ,clunarech1 in       
,meath1 from whence it was brought2     
and10 adds  he1 8this sometimes         
happened40    #bje ,a communication from
 ,mr4 ,hall himself1 just imparted1     
assures me  that1 as far as he could    
judge1 the aperture was coeval with the 
instrument1 and by no means accidental4 
#bjf 8,this word is generally supposed  
to be derived from ,fars or ,pars1 a    
division of the empire of ,iran1 and    
applied by ,europeans to the whole of   
that kingdom4 ,it is certainly a word   
unknown1 in the sense we use it1 to  the
 present natives of ,iran1 though some  

,arabic writers contend that ,pars      
formerly meant the whole kingdom4 ,in   
proof of this assertion1 a passage of   
the ,koran is quoted1 in which one of   
,mohammed's companions who came from a  
village near ,isfahan is called ,telman 
of ,fars or ,pars4 ,we have also the    
authority of the ,scripture for the name
 of this kingdom being ,paras or        
,phars4 ,the authors of the ,universal  
,history1 on what authority ,i know not1
  state that the word ,iran is not a    
general name of ,persia1 but of a part  
of  the country4 ,this is certainly     
erroneous3 ,iran has1 from the most     
ancient times to the present day1 been  
the term by which the ,persians call    
their country2 and it includes1 in the  
sense they understand it1 all the       
provinces to the east of the ,tigris2   
,assyria ,proper1 ,media1 ,parthia1     
,persia1 and ,hyrcania or ,mazenderan0  
7,,sir ,,john ,,malcolm74    #bjg ,these
 quotations from the professor's book   
are not given  consecutively as he wrote

 them1 but brought together from        
detached  sections and chapters4    #bjh
 ,pars is the ,persian1 ,fars the       
,arabic1 pronunciation of the word4     
#bji ,i should have observed1 that      
,plato also1 speaking of those modern   
,persians1 says3 8,they were originally 
a nation of shepherds and herdsmen1     
occupying a rude country1 such as       
naturally fosters a hardy race of       
people1 capable of supporting both cold 
and watching1 and when needful1 of      
enduring the toils of war0 7,plato1 ,de 
,leg4 iii4 op4 ii4 p4 #fie74    #baj   '
                  4         7,,strabo1  
p4 #ajid74    #baa ,all the other       
variations are thus similarly accounted 
for2 being but  offshoots of the same   
radix1 such as ,i have already shown 7p4
 #abh7 in  reference to ,ireland--while 
the careful reader will of himself see  
that  the name of that lake in ,persia1 
of which the ,greeks and ,romans        
conjointly  manufactured ,aria ,palus1  
corresponds to our ,lough ,erne1 and    

must doubtless  have been so called in  
,persia also1 for palus is evidently but
 the  translation of lough4    #bab     
,zendavesta1 i4 #ad4    #bac 8,and what 
would hardly appear possible1 as we     
cannot discover what  purpose such a    
finished fable of idolatrous            
superstition would be meant to  answer0 
7,sir ,john ,malcolm's ,history of      
,persia1 vol4 i4 p4 #aia74    #bad ,yet 
in ,hindoostan1 also1 as we learn from  
,major ,archer1 8an  astrologer is a    
constituted authority in all the        
villages1 and nothing  pertaining to    
life and its concerns is commenced      
without his sanction40    #bae 8,tout1  
dans le systme primitif de la religion  
des ,grecs1 atteste la  transposition   
des traditions comme des principes2 tout
 y est vague1 sombre  et confus0 7,,de  
,,sacy74    #baf 8,the ,sabians         
themselves boasting the origin of their 
religion from  ,seth1 and pretending to 
have been denominated from a son of his 
called  ,sabius1 as also of having among

 them a book1 which they called the     
,book  of ,seth0 7,prideaux1 part i4    
book iii474    #bag ,this is only a     
corruption from the ,irish word ,ercol1 
the sun4    #bah ,wisdom of ,solomon1   
xiv4 #af1 #ag4    #bai ,to this exactly 
corresponds1 as well in import as in    
appropriation1  the name of one of the  
hills upon which ,rome was built1 that  
is  ,palatinus1 which--no doubt1 to the 
amazement of etymological  empirics--is 
nothing less than a compound of ,baal   
and tinne2 that is  ,baal's fire--the   
initial ,b and ,p being always          
commutable4 ,and  ,aven-tinus1 the      
epithet of another of the ,seven        
,mounts1 is derived from  ,avan1 a      
river2 and tinne1 fire1 meaning the     
fire-hill1 near the river4  ,and as the 
former was devoted to the sun1 so the   
latter was to the  moon2 in confirmation
 of which it got another name1 namely1  
,re-monius1  of which the component     
parts are ,re1 the moon1 and moin1 an   
elevation4    ,the ,pru-taneion1 also   

amongst the ,greeks1 was what8 ,a       
fire-hill4  ,startle not1 it is a       
literal truth4 ,but the dictionaries and
 lexicons say  nothing about these      
matters8 nay1 offer other explanations8 
mystifications1 ,sir1 if you please1    
whereby they implicate1 as well         
themselves as their readers1 in         
absurdities2 which could not be expected
  to be otherwise uninstructed1 as their
 authors necessarily were1 in the       
elements of that language whence all    
those words have diverged4              
,pru-taneion1 then1 is compounded of    
,bri1 a mount1 and tinne1 fire2  the ,b1
 as before observed1 being commutable   
with ,p1 particularly  amongst the      
,greeks1 who indifferently called       
,britain  and   7 being understood74    
,every community had1 of old1 one of    
those ,britennes1 or fire mounts1       
natural or artificial4 ,the guardian  of
 the sacred element therein was called1 
,bri-ses2 and the dwelling  assigned    
him1 hard by1 ,astu4 ,the number of     

those latter ,cecrops reduced1  in      
,attica from one hundred and sixty1 to  
twelve4 ,of these1 ,theseus  appointed  
the principal station at ,cecropia1 the 
name of which he  changed1 by way of    
eminence1 to ,astu2 and hence this      
latter word1  which originally but      
represented the abode of the ,sacerdos1 
came  ultimately to signify a city at   
large2 as ,prutaneion did a ,common     
,council ,hall4    #bbj ,to this day1   
the most kindly wish1 and ordinary      
salutation1 of the  ,irish peasant1     
continues to be ,bal dhia duit1 ,bal    
dhia ort1 that is the  god ,baal to you1
 or the god ,baal upon you4    #bba ,the
 ,irish mode of expressing it is ,slan  
fuar tu sin1 agus slan  adfaga tu sin4  
,the ,caffres who reside all round the  
,cape1 pay their  adoration to the moon1
 by dancing to her honour when she      
changes1 or when  she is at the full4   
,they prostrate themselves on the       
ground1 then rise up  again1 and1 gazing
 at her orb1 with loud acclamations1    

make the following  address3--8,we1 thy 
servants1 salute thee4 ,give us store of
 milk and honey2  increase our flocks   
and herds1 and we will worship thee40   
#bbb ,the word is more mysterious1 as ,i
 shall explain elsewhere4    #bbc       
,hannah ,more4    #bbd ,byron4    #bbe  
8,one superstition of the pagans never  
fails to assert its influence  upon     
spots like this--the genius loci is     
always ascendant0 7,,deane74    #bbf    
,ab-roch also1 the official title of    
,joseph1 when appointed regent  of      
,egypt1 signifies father of the king4   
#bbg 8,the ,himalaya are the peculiar   
abodes of the gods of the ,hindoos2  the
 rivers1 issuing from the eternal snows1
 are goddesses1 and are sacred  in the  
eyes of all4 ,shrines1 of the most holy 
and awful sanctity1 are at  the         
fountain-heads of the ,ganges and       
,jumna2 and on the summit of ,kedar     
,nauth1 ,cali1 that goddess of bloody   
rites1 is supposed to have taken up  her
 residence4 ,one among the numerous     

proceedings of her votaries1 is to      
scramble as high up the mountain as they
 can attain1 taking with them a  goat   
for an offering3 the animal is turned   
loose with a knife tied  round his neck2
 the belief is1 that the goddess will   
find the victim1 and  immolate it with  
her own hand0 7,,archer74    #bbh ,this 
adjective ,i apply indiscriminately to  
,persia or to ,ireland4    #bbi ,it lies
 in the district of ,ins-oin1 which     
means the abode of  ,magicians2         
corrupted now to ,inis-owen1 which would
 import ,eugene's  island4 ,an          
aggravated blunder--the place being in  
the very centre of  the country1 with   
which such an imaginary chevalier was   
never associated4    #bcj      8,his    
tibi ,gryni nemoris dicatur origo1      
,ne quis sit lucus1 qu se plus jactet   
,apollo40                               
,virg4 ,ecl4 #f4    #bca 8,granem dixere
 priores40--,,ovid4    ,although those  
heaps are now but signals of accidental 
or violent death1  for which each       

passenger bespeaks his sorrow by adding 
a small stone1  yet we see that in their
 origin they were more religiously      
designed2 and  while this latter        
practice is observed also in ,india1 it 
appears that  they have retained there  
more correctly the primitive idea1 as   
may be  inferred from these words of    
,major ,archer3--8,on the right and left
 are  several cairns of stones1 erected 
by parties of travellers as they cross1 
in acknowledgment to the deities or     
presiding spirits for their             
protection40    #bcb ,ogyg4 seu ,rer4   
,iber4 ,chron4 part i4 p4 #af4    #bcc  
,one of the ancient names of ,ireland is
 ,inis ,algan1 that is1 the  ,noble     
,island4    #bcd 8,the children gathered
 the wood1 the fathers kindled the fire1
 and  the women kneaded the dough to    
make cakes for the queen of heaven0     
7,jer4  vii4 #ah74    #bce ,lettres sur 
les ,sciences1 p4 #bjb4    #bcf ,hist4  
du ,calendrier1 ,pref4 p4 #ad4    #bcg  
8,obeliscum ,deo soli1 speciali munere1 

dedicatum fuisse0 7,,ammianus74    #bch 
8,chinenses et ,indi1 prter imagines in 
pagodis et delubris1  prgrandes         
aliquando etiam integras rupes1         
presertim si natur in  pyramidalem      
formam vergebant1 in idola formari      
solebant0 7,,hyde74    #bci ,is it not  
pitiable1 therefore1 to hear ,mr4       
,deane1 in the last volume  of the      
,transactions of the ,society of        
,antiquaries1 ,london1 ascribe the      
erection of those obelisks which he met 
in ,britanny1 to the following  text8   
namely1 8,behold ,saul lay sleeping     
within the trench1 and his spear  stuck 
in the ground at his bolster0 7#a ,sam4 
xxvi4 #g74    ,when ,captain ,pyke      
landed in the island of ,elephanta1 near
 ,bombay1 he found  in the midst of a   
,gentoo temple a low altar1 on which was
 placed a large  polished stone1 of a   
cylindrical form1 standing on its base1 
the top  rounded1 or convex3 they called
 it ,mahody1--that the name of the      
inconceivable ,god was placed under it  

aloof from profanation4    ,launder1 in 
his ,voyage to ,india1 p4 #ha1 saw one  
erected in a tank of  water4 ,herodian  
tells us he saw a similar stone1 round  
at the bottom1  diminishing towards the 
top in a conical form1 at ,emessa1 in   
,phnicia1 and  that the name they gave  
it was ,heliogabalus 7,,vallancey74     
#bdj ,i4e4 the ,good-,baal-,peor4       
#bda ,wilford1 in like manner1 after a  
more mature acquaintance with the       
system1 says1 8,i beg leave here to     
retract what ,i said in a former essay  
on ,egypt1 concerning the followers of  
,buddha40    #bdb ,observations on      
,drakontia1 ,london1 #ahcc4    #bdc ,the
 ,mexican hierogram is formed by the    
intersecting of two great  serpents1    
which describe the circle with their    
bodies1 and have each a  human head in  
its mouth4    #bdd ,ovid4    #bde ,gen4 
xi4 #ca4    #bdf ,see pages #ejc-ejf for
 the explication of the serpent and the 
rest of  the allegory4    #bdg ,the     
,betula1 or ,birch tree4    #bdh ,were  

additional proof required that this is  
the true solution of the  ,mosaic myth1 
respecting the forbidden apple1 it is   
irresistibly  offered to anyone who will
 see that relic of ,eastern idolatry1   
presented  by ,lieutenant-,colonel ,ogg 
to the ,museum of the ,east ,india      
,company1 ,london1  which consists of a 
tabular frame of white marble1 furnished
 with a  fountain1 and emblematically   
stored with religious devices2 the most 
extraordinary of which is a             
representation of the ,lingam and ,yoni 
in  conjunction1 around the bottom of   
which1 in symbolical suggestion1 is     
coiled a serpent2 while the top of      
another ,lingam1 placed underneath1 is  
embossed towards the termination1 which 
is conical and sunny1 with  four heads1 
facing the cardinal points1 and exactly 
corresponding with  those which grace   
the preputial apex of the ,round ,tower 
of ,devenish4  ,those four heads        
represent the four gods of the ,budhist 
theology1 who have  appeared in the     

present world1 and already obtained the 
perfect state of  ,nirwana1 viz4        
,charchasan1 ,gonagon1 ,gaspa1 and      
,goutama4 ,and the entire  coincidence  
between this ,lingam and the            
characteristics of our ,round  ,towers  
is such as to convince the most obdurate
 sceptics1 even had ,i not  put the     
question beyond dispute before1 that    
they were uniform in  design1 and       
identical in purpose4    #bdi ,venus    
preferred a cestus1 or a talisman of her
 own sex1 as we are  told in the        
fourteenth book of the ,iliad1 where it 
is said1 that                           
8the ,queen of ,love    ,obeyed the     
sister and the wife of ,jove1    ,and   
from her fragrant breast the zone       
unbraced1    ,with various skill and    
high embroidery graced4    ,in this was 
every art1 and every charm1    ,to win  
the wisest1 and the coldest warm3       
,fond love1 the gentle vow1 the gay     
desire1    ,the kind deceit1 the still  
reviving fire1    ,persuasive speech1   

and more persuasive sighs1    ,silence  
that spoke1 and eloquence of            
eyes40--,,homer4    #bej ,the offerings 
made at the present day are precisely of
 the same  kind4 8,boiled rice1 fruits1 
especially the cocoa-nut1 flowers1      
natural1  and artificial1 and a variety 
of curious figures made of paper1 gold  
leaf1  and the cuttings of the cocoa-nut
 kernel1 are the most common0 7,,symes74
    #bea ,gen4 iv4 #g4    #beb ,methinks
 ,i hear some wiseacre start up here and
 say this cannot be1  because man in an 
uncivilised state occupies more space   
than when  restricted by social usages4 
,pray1 sir1 who told you that man was   
then  uncivilised8 ,then1 in fact1 it   
was that he may be called truly         
civilised1 as more recent from the      
converse of his ,creator4    #bec ,in   
fig4 #a1 plate #cc1 of ,mr4 ,coleman's  
book1 8is a four-headed ,linga  of white
 marble1 on a stand of the same1        
surrounded by ,parvati1 ,durga1  ,ganes1
 and the ,bull ,nandi1 in adoration4    

,the size of the stand or tablet  is    
about two feet square1 and the whole is 
richly painted and gilt4 ,on the  crown 
of the ,linga is a refulgent sun40 ,in  
fig4 #b of same 8is a ,panch  ,muckti1  
or five-headed ,linga1 of basalt1 of    
which the fifth head rises  above the   
other four1 surmounted by the hooded    
snake4 ,each of the heads  has also a   
snake wreathed around it1 as well as    
around the ,argha4 ,the ,bull  ,nandi is
 kneeling in adoration before the spout 
of the ,yoni40    #bed ,and ,bacchus1 in
 reality1 was but another name for one  
of the  various ,budhas4 ,even under the
 name of ,dionysos we find him1 to this 
hour1 amongst ourselves4 8,on ,sliabh   
,grian1 or the ,hill of the ,sun0  says 
,tighe1 8otherwise called ,tory ,hill1  
in the county ,kilkenny1 is a  circular 
space1 sixty-four yards in              
circumference1 covered with stones4 ,in 
this stands a very large one1 and on the
 east side another1 reared on  three    
supporters1 and containing an           

inscription1 which in ,roman letter     
would exhibit 8,beli ,dinose40    #bee  
8,there are in ,india 7also7 public     
women1 called women of the idol1  and   
the origin of this custom is this3 when 
a woman has made a vow for the  purpose 
of having children1 if she brings into  
the world a pretty  daughter1 she       
carries it to ,bod1--so they call the   
idol which they adore1  and leaves it   
with him0 7,renaudot's ,anc4 ,rel4 p4   
#aji74    #bef 8,it is generally known1 
that the religion of ,boudhou is the    
religion  of the people of ,ceylon1 but 
no one is acquainted with its forms and 
precepts0 7,,joinville74    #beg        
,goldsmith4    #beh ,that is1 8above    
reason40    #bei ,gen4 vi4 #b4    #bfj  
,ibid4 iv4 #bf4    #bfa ,job xxxviii4   
#bfb 8,in the beginning ,god created0   
7,gen4 i4 #a74    #bfc ,gen4 vi4 #d4    
#bfd ,dr4 ,gill1 very innocently1 would 
account for it otherwise1 viz4  8either 
because they made their fear fall upon  
men1 or men through  fear to fall before

 them1 because of their height and      
strength--or  rather because they fell  
and rushed on men with great violence1  
and  oppressed them in a cruel and      
tyrannical manner0666    #bfe           
,philosophers will ultimately repose in 
the belief that ,asia has been  the     
principal foundry of the human kind2 and
 ,iran or ,persia will be  considered as
 one of the cradles from which the      
species took their  departure to people 
the various regions of the earth 7,dr4  
,barton1 ,trans  ,phil4 ,soc4 ,philad4  
vi4 p4 #a74    8,it follows that ,iran  
or ,persia 7,i contend for the meaning1 
not the  name7 was the central country  
which we sought0 7,sir ,w4 ,jones1      
,asiatic  ,researches74    #bff ,an     
edifice of this kind1 in which the      
relics of ,budha were kept1  near       
,benares1 is described by ,wilford as   
about fifty feet high1 of a  cylindrical
 form1 with its top shaped like a dome4 
#bfg      8,tuatha ,heren tarcaintais   
,dos nicfead sith laitaith nua40        

,that is1      ,the magicians of        
,ireland prophesied    ,that new times  
of peace would come4    ,i would point  
your attention to this stanza1 not only 
as confirmatory of  the solution above  
given for the word ,tuatha1 but as      
furnishing another  link in that great  
chain of analogy which ,i have traced   
between the names  of ,ireland and      
ancient ,persia4 ,haran1 in             
,mesopotamia1 is but the  prefixing of  
an aspirate to ,eran1 the ,pahlavi      
variation for ,iran1 the  original name 
for that ,sacred ,land4    #bfh ,general
 ,vallancey was equally ignorant as to  
the meaning of the  additional words    
,de-danaan4    #bfi ,the ,lotos was the 
most sacred plant of the ancients1 and  
typified  the two principles of the     
earth's fecundation combined--the germ  
standing for the ,lingam2 the filaments 
and petals for the ,yoni4    #bgj ,this 
,puzza is nothing more than our ,irish  
,pish3 and1 what is  miraculously       
coincident1 the title of the enthusiast 

who annually kills  somebody in honour  
of her1 under the name of the goddess   
,manepa1 at  ,tancput1 is ,phut1 or     
,buth2 that is1 the ,budh of the ,irish6
    #bga 8,therefore shall a man leave  
his father and his mother1 and shall    
cleave unto his wife2 and they shall be 
one flesh0 7,gen4 xi4 #bd74    #bgb     
8,there is a sect of ,hindus1 by far the
 most numerous of any1 who1  attempting 
to reconcile the two systems1 tell us1  
in their allegorical  style1 that       
,parvati and ,mahadeva found their      
concurrence essential to  the perfection
 of their offspring1 and that ,vishnu1  
at the request of the  goddess1 effected
 a reconciliation between them2 hence   
the navel of  ,vishnu1 by which they    
mean the os tinc1 is worshipped as one  
and the  same with the sacred ,yoni40   
#bgc ,she 8made use of the same artifice
 the old woman1 called ,baubo1 did  to  
put ,ceres in good humour1 and showed   
him the prototype of the ,lotos4        
,mahadeva smiled and relented2 but on   

the condition that they should          
instantly leave the country40    #bgd   
8,but such is the confusion and         
uncertainty of the ,hindu records1  that
 one is really afraid of forming any    
opinion whatever0 7,,wilford74    #bge  
,sir ,john ,malcolm1 vol4 i4 p4 #bgj4   
#bgf ,thomson4    #bgg 8,when history   
fails in accounting for foreign         
extraction of any  people1 or where it  
is manifestly mistaken1 how can this    
extraction be  more rationally inferred 
and determined1 or that mistake         
rectified1 than  from the analogy of    
languages8 ,and is not this at once     
sufficiently  conclusive1 if nothing    
else was left them80 7,eugene ,aram74   
#bgh 8,the merchants of ,magadha formed 
not only a particular class1 but  also a
 particular tribe4 ,it seems that they  
were bold1 enterprising1 and1  at the   
same time1 cautious and circumspect2    
hence they are said to be  merchants by 
the fathers'1 and warriors by the       
mothers' side1 according to  ,mr4       

,colebrook's account of the ,hindu      
classes0 7,asiat4 ,res4 ix4 p4 #gi74    
#bgi ,see ,a ,dissertation on the       
,antiquity1 ,origin1 and ,design of the 
principal ,pyramids of ,egypt1 etc4 etc4
    #bhj ,mersennus writes thus3--8,i   
find that the cubit 7upon which a       
learned  ,jewish writer1 which ,i       
received by the favour of the           
illustrious ,hugenius1  ,knight of the  
,order of ,st4 ,michael1 supposes the   
dimensions of the temple  were formed7  
answers to #bc of our inches2 so that it
 wants  of an inch  of two of our feet1 
and contains two ,roman feet and two    
digits1 and a  grain1 which is  of a    
digit40 ,the ,paris foot1 with which    
,mersennus  compared this cubit1 is     
equal to #a-fh_/ajjj of the ,english    
foot1 according  to ,mr4 ,greaves2 and  
consequently is to the ,roman foot as   
#ajfh to #ifg4 ,in  the same proportion1
 reciprocally1 are #bc and #be-fh_/ajj4 
,that cubit1  therefore1 is equal to    
#be-fh_/ajj unci of the ,roman foot1 and

  consequently falls within the middle  
of the limits #be-eg_/ajj and #gi_/ajj1 
with which we have just circumscribed   
the sacred cubit3 so that ,i suspect    
this cubit was taken from some authentic
 model1 preserved in a secret  manner   
from the knowledge of the ,christians   
7,,sir ,,isaac ,,newton74    #bha 8,and 
he brought me to the door of the court2 
and when ,i looked1  behold a hole in   
the wall4 ,then said he unto me1 ,son of
 man1 dig now  in the wall2 and when ,i 
had digged in the wall1 behold a door3  
and he said  unto me1 ,go in and behold 
the wicked abominations that they do    
here4 ,so ,i  went in1 and saw2 and1    
behold1 every form of creeping things1  
and  abominable beasts1 and all the     
idols of the house of ,israel1          
pourtrayed  upon the wall round about0  
7,,ezekiel74    #bhb 8,inter omnes eos1 
non constat  quibus fact sint1          
justissimo casu  obliteratis tant       
vanitatis authoribus0 7,,plin74    #bhc 
,gen4 vi4 #ad4    #bhd ,exod4 ii4 #c4   

#bhe ,the ,septuagint translators1 not  
perceiving any difference1 rendered     
all1 similarly1 by the word 6    #bhf   
,as does also ,tha1 ,to1 ,ti1 ,tho1     
,thu1 with their several  commutables1  
derivatives1 formatives1 etc4    #bhg   
,and the ,valley of ,to-phith1 in which 
human victims were  sacrificed1 thus    
discloses1 in the symbolic secret of its
 shape1 that  the propitiation of this  
instrument was the grand object of the  
sacrificers4    #bhh ,virgil4    #bhi   
,gen4 vi4 #i4    #bij ,gen4 vi4 #ab4    
#bia ,rom4 i4 #bj-bd4    #bib ,gen4 vi4 
#h4    #bic ,the-bith4    #bid ,gen4 ix4
 #a4    #bie 8,this king is stated to   
have reclaimed his subjects from a state
  of the most savage barbarity4 ,he was1
 we are told by our author1 the son  of 
,yussan-,ajum1 while others call him the
 grandson of ,noah2 all agree in        
acknowledging him as the founder of a   
dynasty1 which are known in history  as 
that of the ,paishdadian0 7,,sir ,,john 
,,malcolm74    #bif ,the ,irish name for

 a boat is baudh1 which is only a       
formative of  pith4    #big ,gen4 v4    
#bi4    #bih ,if the reader will now    
turn to p4 #bbc1 will he not think it   
probable  that the symbol contained on  
the broken-off portion of the stone1    
there  represented1 must have been the  
phallus8    #bii ,who can forget the    
fable in ,ovid1 de jactibus lapidibus8  
#cjj 8,but as his descendants gave him  
his right as to the title of ,deva1  and
 decreed divine honours to be paid to   
him1 we shall henceforth call him       
,deva-cala-,yavana2 or1 according to the
 vulgar mode of pronouncing this        
compound word1 ,deo-cal-,yun1 which     
sounds exactly like ,deucalion in       
,greek0 7,,wilford74    #cja ,fielding4 
#cjb ,isa4 viii4 #g1 #h4    #cjc ,gen4  
vii4 #b4    #cjd ,gen4 viii4 #aj1 #aa4  
#cje ,the following is an abstract of   
the ,hindoo version of this allegory1   
as copied from their                    
,puranas3--8,satyavrata1 having built   
the ark1 and  the flood increasing1 it  

was made fast to the peak of            
,nau-baudha1 with a  cable of a         
prodigious length4 ,during the flood1   
,brahma1 or the creating  power1 was    
asleep at the bottom of the abyss3 the  
generative powers of  nature1 both male 
and female1 were reduced to their       
simplest elements1  the ,linga and the  
,yoni4 ,the ,yoni assumed the shape of  
the hull of a  ship1 since typified by  
the ,argha1 whilst the ,linga became the
 mast4  ,in this manner they were wafted
 over the deep1 under the care and      
protection of ,vishnu4 ,when the waters 
had retired1 the female power of  nature
 appeared immediately in the character  
of ,capoteswari1 or the  dove1 and she  
was soon joined by her consort1 in the  
shape of  ,capoteswara40    #cjf ,see p4
 #fc4    #cjg ,acts vii4 #bb4    #cjh   
,the date of those ,uksi was not the    
only misconception this  historian has  
committed4 ,he was equally in the dark  
as to the place  whence they came1 and1 
for want of a better name1 called them1 

at a  venture1 ,arabians6    #cji ,see  
p4 #fd4    #caj ,most of the oracles in 
the ancient world were but              
personifications of this influence--the 
goddess invariably being the  sacred    
,yoni4 ,and the priestesses so far      
prevailed upon the credulous            
worshippers as to make them believe that
 she actually spoke6 ,the oracle  of    
,delphi1 the most venerable in all      
,greece1 obtained its name from the     
very thing--the first syllable ,de1     
signifying divine or sacred2  and the   
second phi1 i4e4 phith1 yoni3 the letter
 l having been  inserted only for       
euphony4 ,even in the ,greek language   
this import is not  yet lost4    #caa   
,as ,noah was himself named from the    
symbolical boat1 so was his  eldest son 
,japheth1 from its sanctified prototype4
 ,ja-,phith  signifies consecrated to   
,pith1 or the ,yoni4 ,and again1 his    
son's  name1 ,ja-van1 means consecrated 
to woman4    #cab 8,in the city of      
,babylon there is a temple with brazen  

gates1  consecrated to ,jupiter ,belus1 
being four square2 and each side being  
two  furlongs in length4 ,in the midst  
of this holy place there is a solid     
tower1 of the thickness and height of a 
furlong2 upon which there is  another   
tower placed1 and upon that another2 and
 so on1 one upon another1  insomuch that
 there are eight in all4 ,on the outside
 of these there are  steps or stairs    
placed1 by which men go up from one     
tower to another4 ,in  the middle of    
these steps there are resting-places2   
and rooms were made  for the purpose1   
that they who go to the top may have    
conveniences to sit  down and rest      
themselves0 7,,herodotus74    8',tis a  
tower exactly round1 in form of a cone1 
or round pyramid2 the  diameter1 or     
thickness at the base1 being #ha feet2  
the circumference1 or  way round1 #bed  
feet2 the height perpendicular likewise 
#ha feet1 equal to  the diameter2 the   
height likewise1 oblique1 #ij feet2 and 
the angles of  the sides equal to those 

of the former design3 the whole likewise
 a mass  of brick and bitumen work1     
amounting to #adj1ehi cubic feet1 upon  
#ebjg  square0 7,,mark ,,gregory74      
#cac ,gen4 xi4 #d4    #cad ,spenser's   
,farie ,queene4    #cae ,shiloh is an   
,irish word1 literally meaning seed1 and
  additionally showing that it was in   
our sacred language all those           
occurrences were originally named4      
#caf ,both words equally signify the    
happy country or the sacred land4       
#cag ,gen4 iii4 #ae4    #cah ,see chap4 
xvii4 p4 #bbi4    #cai ,gen4 iii4 #ae4  
#cbj ,gen4 xix4 #ca-cd4    #cba ,asiatic
 ,researches4    #cbb ,job xix4 #be4    
#cbc ,john viii4 #ef4    #cbd ,rev4     
xiii4 #h4    #cbe ,appeal to ,common    
,sense1 p4 #de4    #cbf ,see chap4 xvi4 
p4 #bbd4    #cbg ,de ,morib4 ,german4   
xxiv4    #cbh ,western ,islands1 vol4 i4
 p4 #ahd1 etc4    #cbi ,highlands1 vol4 
iii4 p4 #bcf4    #ccj 8,i inquired10    
says ,mr4 ,martin1 8of the inhabitants1 
what tradition  they had concerning     

these stones2 and they told me1 it was a
 place  appointed for worship in the    
time of heathenism2 and that the chief  
,druid  stood near the big stone in the 
centre1 from whence he addressed himself
  to the people that surrounded him40   
#cca ,united at the feet in this manner 
,illustration4 ,the jewel in the        
freemasons' royal arch is thus formed4  
,noah was a freemason2 and being the    
inventor of that mysterious and         
sacredly-religious ceremony1 called  the
 ,deluge1 we may be satisfied that all  
the secrets of that body bear  reference
 to my developments4 ,i look upon their 
institution as most  solemn and         
majestically sublime4    #ccb ,in the   
accounts transmitted to us of the       
various ,buddhas1 no term  occurs more  
commonly as descriptive of their        
innocence and their meekness  than that 
of lamb4    #ccc ,gen4 iii4 #ae4    #ccd
 ,luke iii4 #ci4    #cce ,see p4 #acb4  
#ccf ,indian ,antiquities1 vol4 ii4 p4  
#cfa4    #ccg ,see chap4 xvi4 p4 #bba4  

#cch ,matt4 xxii4 #bi4    #cci ,vol4 i4 
p4 #cjh1 on the article 8,fine ,arts40  
#cdj ,the initial subscribed to the     
article4    #cda ,see ,appendix4    #cdb
 ,like the two former effigies1 at pp4  
#ach and #adj1 it is made of  bronze1   
and found in ,ireland after the         
,tuath-de-danaans4 ,those found  after  
their brethren in the ,east are made of 
the same metal4 8,sometimes10  says     
,archer1 8the images are of wood or     
stone1 but these1 unless  possessing the
 rarity of some monkish legend1 are not 
in such repute as  their brothers of    
brass40    #cdc ,this is the only       
peculiar monogram of ,jesus ,christ--,i4
 ,h4 ,s4  belonging originally to       
,budha1 though appropriated afterwards  
to him1     was its proper form1 and it 
comprehended a mysterious number1 as    
follows3--            #djj            #h
          #bjj           ---            
#fjh    ,another monogram of ,budha was 
4 ,it composed the same numerical       
enigma1 viz4--            #ejj          

#ajj            #h           ---        
#fjh      ,salvo vera ,deum facies1     
vultusque patern1    ,octo et sexcentis 
numeris1 cui litera trina    ,conformet 
sacrum nomen1 cognomen et omen4         
,,martianus ,,capella4    #cdd ,arch4   
,soc4 ,ant4 ,lond4 vol4 ii4 p4 #hc4     
#cde ,asiatic ,researches4    #cdf 8,he 
has a separate apartment1 shrouded from 
vulgar eyes by a black  velvet curtain1 
richly embossed with gold1 in a splendid
 palace at  ,ummerapoor3 and his whole  
residence is as dazzling and sumptuous  
as gold  and silver can make it4 ,he is 
furnished with a silk bed1 adorned with 
gold  tapestry1 hangings1 and jewellery1
 and has his gold appurtenances4        
,foreign  ministers are introduced to   
his sacred person1 and he ranks before  
every  member of the royal court except 
the king0 7,,symes74    #cdg ,it was    
only as an epithet that the title sacred
 could apply to  ,samothrace3 and as    
such1 every other locality1 wherein     
those mysteries  were commemorated1     

shared it in common4 ,but in this our   
island1 to which  ,artemidorus above    
alludes1 and where superior solemnity   
attended the  celebration1 the name of  
sacred was no adventitious clause1 but1 
par  excellence1 the constituent essence
 of its proper appellation 7see  pp4    
#abh1 #abi74    #cdh      2  2          
4    #cdi ,lib4 x4 p4 #dgd4    #cej   4 
4 p4 #chj4    #cea ,see the article     
under her name in the ,classical        
,dictionary1 with  all the authorities  
there adduced4    #ceb ,clem4 ,alex4    
,strom4 ii4    #cec ,mihi cum multa     
eximia divinaque videntur ,athen tu     
peperisse--tum  nihil melius illis      
mysteriis quibus agresti immanique vit  
exculti ad  humanitatem mitigati sumus3 
initiaque1 ut appellantur1 ita revera   
principia vit cognovimus3 neque solum   
cum ltiti vivendi rationem  accepimus1  
sed etiam cum spe meliori moriendi 7,de 
,legibus1 #a4 i4 c4 #bd74    #ced ,pope4
    #cee ,luke xix4 #bj4    #cef 8,the  
,bulbul of ,iran has a passion for the  

rose1 and when he sees  any person pull 
a rose from the tree he laments and     
cries0 78,persian  ,poem10 quoted in    
,ouseley's ,oriental ,collections74     
#ceg ,basnage1 bk4 iii4 ch4 xix4 s4 xix4
    #ceh ,that phenomenon in the        
heavens1 called the 8,southern ,cross10 
appears  to me so associated with the   
mystery of redemption1 in all ages1 that
 ,i  cannot forbear drawing attention to
 the sign4 ,the following is ,captain   
,basil ,hall's description of this      
curious constellation4    8,of all the  
antarctic constellations1 the celebrated
 ,southern ,cross is  by far the most   
remarkable2 and must in every age       
continue to arrest the  attention of all
 voyagers and travellers who are        
fortunate enough to see  it4 ,i think it
 would strike the imagination even of a 
person who had never  heard of the      
,christian religion2 but of this it is  
difficult to judge1  seeing how         
inextricably our own ideas are mingled  
up with associations  linking this      

sacred symbol with almost every thought1
 word1 and deed of  our lives4    8,the 
three great stars which form the ,cross1
 one at the top1 one at the  left arm1  
and one1 which is the chief star1 called
 ,alpha1 at the foot1 are  so placed as 
to suggest the idea of a crucifix1 even 
without the help of a  small star1 which
 completes the horizontal beam4 ,when on
 the meridian1 it  stands nearly        
upright2 and as it sets1 we observe it  
lean over to the  westward4 ,i am not   
sure whether1 upon the whole1 this is   
not more striking  than its gradually   
becoming more and more erect1 as it     
rises from the  east4 ,in every         
position1 however1 it is beautiful to   
look at1 and well  calculated1 with a   
little prompting from the fancy1 to stir
 up our  thoughts to solemn purposes4   
8,i know not how others are affected by 
such things1 but for myself ,i can  say 
with truth1 that during the many nights 
,i have watched the ,southern  ,cross1  
,i remember on two occasions1 when the  

spectacle interested me  exactly in the 
same way1 nor any one upon which ,i did 
not discover the  result to be somewhat 
different1 and always more impressive   
than what ,i  had looked for4 ,this     
constellation1 being about thirty       
degrees from the  ,south ,pole1 is seen 
in its whole revolution1 and            
accordingly1 when off the  ,cape of     
,good ,hope1 ,i have observed it in     
every stage2 from its triumphant  erect 
position1 between sixty and seventy     
degrees above the horizon1 to  that of  
complete immersion1 with the top        
beneath1 and almost touching the  water4
 ,this position1 by the way1 always     
reminded me of the death of ,st4        
,peter1 who is said to have deemed it   
too great an honour to be crucified     
with his head upwards4 ,in short1 ,i    
defy the stupidest mortal that ever     
lived1 to watch these changes in the    
aspect of this splendid  constellation1 
and not to be1 in some degree1 struck by
 them0 7,fragments  of ,voyages74       

#cei ,isa4 liii4 #d1 #e4    #cfj ,isa4  
liii4 #c4    #cfa ,asiatic ,researches4 
#cfb ,matt4 x4 #bf4    #cfc ,this will  
explain a text in ,scripture never      
before understood1  namely1 8,son of    
,man1 when the land sinneth against ,me 
by tresspassing  grievously1 then will  
,i stretch out ,mine hand upon it1 and  
will break the  staff of the bread      
thereof1 and will send famine upon it1  
and cut off man  and beast from it0     
7,ezek4 xiv4 #ac74 ,fogh is another term
 equivalent to  this4    #cfd ,this will
 at once appear from ,varro1 who1 in    
,nonus ,marcellinus1 is  made to say1   
8,we are barbarians1 because that we    
crucify 7in gabalum  suffigimus7 the    
innocent2 are you not barbarians1 when  
you acquit the  guilty80 ,compare also  
,selden1 ,syntagm4 ii4 c4 #a4    #cfe   
,mithra signat illic in frontibus       
milites suos 7,tertullian1 de  ,prscrip4
 cap4 xi474    #cff ,ezek4 ix4 #d1 #e1  
#f4    #cfg ,john iii4 #aj4 ,the        
omission of this cross from the text of 

our  translation may afford some handle 
to the enemies of religion4    #cfh     
,matt4 vi4 #bg4    #cfi ,cunni ,diaboli4
    #cgj ,the rosary was also anterior  
to ,christianity4    #cga ,john i4 #bi4 
#cgb ,john i4 #cj4    #cgc ,john i4 #ca4
    #cgd ,isa4 xlii4 #i4    #cge        
,temora4    #cgf 8,and this stone1 which
 ,i have set for a pillar1 shall be     
,god's  house0 7,gen4 xxviii4 #bb74     
#cgg ,it is fit ,i should advertise that
 ,mr4 ,hamilton spoke of the  individual
 merely as a figure1 without professing 
to identify him in name  or history     
either with ,thot1 ,budha1 or anybody   
else4    #cgh ,introduction1 p4 xciii4  
#cgi ,cowper4    #chj ,from the         
,brahma-vawartta1 section of the        
,crishna-janma--c'hand'a4    #cha ,much1
 mugh1 mughsaine tra ainm sain delias do
 dheadh 7,cormac's  ,glossary74    #chb 
,the locale of that boar1 as well as the
 mystery of its  meaning1 which         
,plutarch transmitted in his allegorical
 war between  ,osiris and ,typhon1 is   

now no longer ambiguous 7see p4 #cbg74  
#chc ,i have before explained that the  
serpent ,pyth-on means the  seduction of
 sensuality--,pith itself signifying    
yoni1 the boat1 or  serpent1 the final  
on being nothing but a ,greek           
termination4    #chd ,isa4 liii4 #g4    
#che 8,the gods10 said the ,budhist     
priest to the ,catholic bishop before   
alluded to1 8who have appeared in the   
present world1 and who have obtained    
the perfect state1 niebau1 or           
deliverance from all the evils of life1 
are four1 ,chanchasam1 ,gonagom1 ,gaspa1
 and ,godama0 7,syme's ,embassy to the  
,court of ,ava74    #chf ,i shall give  
you my definition for this word by and  
by4    #chg #a ,cor4 xv4 #ea4    #chh   
,it will be perceived1 that ,i do not   
mean this to be an exact copy  of the   
,knockmoy ,crucifixion--or vice         
vers4--,the general idea is1 what ,i    
mean to substantiate1 and the identity  
of design cannot well be gainsaid4      
,this remark applies also to the kings  

about to be introduced by and by4       
#chi 8,we saw10 says ,colonel ,symes1   
alluding to the imperfect shell of a    
,budhist temple1 in the ,burman ,empire1
 8several unfinished figures of  animals
 and men in grotesque attitudes1 which  
were designed as  ornaments for         
different parts of the building0        
7,embassy to the ,court of  ,ava74      
#cij #a ,cor4 i4 #ab4    #cia ,asiatic  
,researches4    #cib ,the name of       
,sulivan in ,ireland1 than which there  
is no one more  common1 is              
unquestionably but the perpetuation of  
the above ,sulivahana4  ,and ,i can give
 a proof of the fact1 independently of  
its derivation1  which will scare       
ridicule into defiance4 ,it is that a   
particular branch of  that family called
 the ,o',sulivans1 of ,tomies1 have been
 ever looked upon  with a feeling of    
reverence by the natives1 almost        
approaching to  veneration4 ,i have in  
vain striven to ascertain from them the 
origin of  this indefinable sense of    

sanctity4 ,it was like magic upon their 
minds3  they half-worshipped them1 and  
knew not why4 ,there were but two       
individuals of this stock remaining when
 ,i was a schoolboy1 a few years  ago1  
at ,killarney4    #cic 8,that is10 says 
,keating1 8the neighbouring country0666 
as if a  country would call itself by   
such a name6 ,vallancey ridicules1 but  
bungles  himself still more4 ,and while 
reminded by this circumstance1 ,i had   
best  note1 that what this              
last-mentioned writer elsewhere         
translates as 8the  topographical names 
of ,ireland0 7,ainim abberteach an n'   
,eirean71  should have been 8the        
appellative names of ,ireland03 they are
 the  titles of the island itself1 not  
descriptions of the several  localities 
within it4    #cid ,gen4 xlix4 #aj4     
#cie ,asiatic ,researches4    #cif      
,asiatic ,researches4    #cig ,isa4     
xlii4 #b1 #c4    #cih ,retiring into a  
still more solitary place1 ,gautama and 
his  disciples sustained triumphantly an

 argument with two of their bitterest   
enemies4 ,but a severer trial exhibited 
his righteousness in a yet clearer      
light4 ,four young and beautiful        
sisters1 burning with unholy love1      
presented themselves naked before him1  
and besought him to comply with  their  
desires4 8,who1 ,o ,gautame60 said they1
 in the rage of their  disappointment1  
8who is the lying witness who dares     
attest that the  virtues of all the     
former saints are concentrated in thee80
 8,behold my  witness10 said the sage1  
striking the ground with his hand1 and  
at the  moment ,okintngu1 the tutelar   
genius of the earth1 appeared1          
proclaiming1  with a loud voice1 8,it is
 ,i who am the witness of the truth60   
,the young  women then fell upon their  
faces and adored ,gautama1 saying1 8,o  
pure and  perfect countenance1 wisdom   
more precious than gold6 majesty        
impenetrable6 honour and adoration to   
thee1 thou source of the faith of  the  
three epochs of the world60 7,abridged  

from ,,klaproth74    #cii ,chambers's   
,edinburgh ,journal1 ,october #ab1      
#ahcc4    #djj ,this is the exact       
rendering of the name by which they     
called it3  viz4 nua vreith1 or the     
being born anew by the operation of     
grace4    #dja ,it is still practised in
 the ,east4--8,for the purpose of       
regeneration  it is directed to make an 
image of pure gold of the female power  
of  nature1 in the shape either of a    
woman or of a cow4 ,in this statue the  
person to be regenerated is inclosed1   
and dragged out through the usual       
channel4 ,as a statue of pure gold1 and 
of proper dimensions1 would be too      
expensive1 it is sufficient to make an  
image of the sacred ,yoni1 through      
which the person to be regenerated is to
 pass0 7,,wilford74    #djb ,see pp4    
#c-gh and #afb4    #djc ,be it          
remembered1 that it was in consequence  
of his ignorance of the  principle of   
regeneration that our ,saviour addressed
 ,nicodemus in these  cutting words1    

viz4 8,art thou a master of ,israel1 and
 knowest not these  things80 thereby    
recognising the existence of the        
doctrine before ,his own  manifestation 
to that people4    #djd 8,enter ye in at
 the strait gate3 for wide is the gate1 
and broad  is the way1 that leadeth to  
destruction1 and many there be which go 
in thereat1 because strait is the gate1 
and narrow is the way1 which  leadeth   
unto life1 and few there be that find   
it0 7,matt4 vii4 #ac1 #ad74    #dje     
8,the dome of this1 what he calls a     
cemetery springs at various  unequal    
heights1 from eight to nine and ten feet
 on different sides1  forming at first a
 coving of eight sides4 ,at the height  
of fifteen or  sixteen feet1 the north  
and south sides of this coving run to a 
point like  a gore1 and the coving      
continues its spring with six sides2 the
 east side  coming to a point next1 it  
is reduced to five sides1 the west next2
 and  the dome ends and closes with four
 sides2 not tied with a key-stone1 but  

capped with a flag-stone of three feet  
ten inches1 by three feet five4 ,the    
construction of this dome is not formed 
by key-stones1 whose sides are the      
radii of a circle1 or of an ellipsis    
converging to a centre4 ,it is  combined
 with great long flat stones1 each of   
the upper stones projecting  a little   
beyond the end of that immediately      
beneath it2 the part  projecting1 and   
weight supported by it1 bearing so small
 a proportion to  the weight which      
presses down the part supported2 the    
greater the general  weight is which is 
laid upon such a cove1 the firmer it is 
compacted in  all its parts0            
7,,pownall74    #djf 8,the eight sides  
of this polygon are thus formed3 the    
aperture which  forms the entrance1 and 
the three niches1 or tabernacles1 make  
four sides1  and the four imposts the   
other four0 7,,pownall74    #djg ,this  
word ,i have already derived1 after the 
example of other  writers1 from         
peutgeda1 or house of idols1 so misnamed

 by ,europeans4 ,i  must state1 however1
 that another explication is also       
assigned thereto1  and that is1 a       
perversion of the term bhaga-vati1 or   
holy house4 ,but  with great respect to 
the gentlemen who incline to the latter 
opinion1 ,i  have to observe that       
bhaga-vati1 properly signifies the      
sacred ,yoni2  and1 therefore1 that     
however applicable to a subterraneous   
temple1 or  cave1 it could by no means  
represent an erect building4    #djh    
8,the entrance into this temple1 which  
is entirely hewn out of a  stone        
resembling porphyry1 is by a spacious   
front supported by two massy  pillars   
and two pilasters forming three         
openings1 under a thick and steep  rock1
 overhung by brushwood and wild shrubs4 
,the long ranges of columns  that appear
 closing in perspective on every side2  
the flat roof of solid  rock that seems 
to be prevented from falling only by the
 massy pillars1  whose capitals are     
pressed down and flattened as if by the 

superincumbent  weight2 the darkness    
that obscures the interior of the       
temple1 which is  dimly lighted only by 
the entrances2 and the gloomy appearance
 of the  gigantic stone figures ranged  
along the wall1 and hewn1 like the whole
  temple1 out of the living             
rock1--joined to the strange uncertainty
 that  hangs over the history of this   
place1--carry the mind back to distant  
periods1 and impress it with that kind  
of uncertain and religious awe with     
which the grander works of ages of      
darkness are generally contemplated0    
7,,erskine74    #dji 8,this appellation1
 ,caucasus1 at least in its present     
state1 is not  ,sanscrit2 and as it is  
not of ,grecian origin1 it is probable  
that the  ,greeks received it through   
their intercourse with the ,persians0   
7,,wilford74    #daj ,darwin4    #daa   
8,if perfection in art consist in       
affording continued pleasure1 its       
achievements1 when contemplating this   
column1 must be deemed  insurpassable4  

,a ,corinthian capital of #aj feet is   
poised on a shaft of #fg  feet1 the     
latter resting on a base of #ba feet2   
the whole rises to a  height of nearly  
#ajj feet0 7,,head74    #dab 8,or the   
obelisks1 commonly called ,cleopatra's  
,needles1 one alone is  now standing2   
the other1 lying down1 measures seven   
feet square at the  base1 and sixty-six 
feet in length4 ,they are so well known1
 that it is not  necessary to give a    
very particular description of them0    
7,,clarke74    #dac ,in confirmation of 
this1 you will find at p4 #ad of        
,seguin's  ,thessalonian ,coins1 the    
impression of a man with a hammer1 as   
above1 in  one hand1 and a key in the   
other1 and the word ,cabeiros as the    
inscription4    #dad ,on all public     
occasions displays of this kind are     
still indulged in  the ,east4 ,the      
floralia of the ,romans were adopted    
from the ,easterns4  8,every person1    
male and female1 had festoons depending 
from the top of  the cap down one side  

of the head4 ,these were composed of the
 flowers of  the wild rose and hawthorn1
 and other beautiful kinds1 which1 while
 they  set off the headpiece of the     
lieges1 literally perfumed the air      
wherever  they went0 7,,archer74    #dae
 ,sketches of ,india ,field ,sports4    
,dr4 ,shaw and ,mr4 ,forbes are even    
more conclusive4    #daf ,p4 #cch4      
#dag ,if you examine the                
,tuath-de-danaan crosses with a minute  
eye1 you  will find this exposition     
irrefutably verified4 ,though they all  
have the  traces of the ,budhist        
sculpture1 they have also the marks of  
obliteration2 and no one of them to a   
greater extent than this at  ,finglas1  
where it is known that ,st4 ,patrick    
principally resided4 ,yet even  this    
retains indistinct evidence of snakes1  
etc4    8,the body of the snake is not  
only capable of flexion1 but of close   
and  intimate application to every      
rugged inequality of a tree on the      
earth2  and this faculty is the result  

of its minute subdivisions4 ,the body of
 the  snake is never bent in acute      
angles1 but always in flowing easy      
curves or  circles4 ,from each of those 
distant bones1 so multitudinous in their
  number1 which form the vertebral      
column 7and in one species of ,pythra we
  have counted #bef1 exclusive of those 
composing the tail71 a rib arises  from 
each side1 and both together form a     
great portion of a circle1 so as  to    
embrace nearly the whole circumference  
of the body4 ,these ribs are  restricted
 to the vertebr of the body only2 they  
do not arise from those  of the tail40  
#dah ,travels in ,northern ,india4      
#dai ,oliver ,cromwell with his army of 
locusts4    #dbj ,byron4    #dba ,some  
say he belonged to the fifth century4   
,all agree that it was  not later than  
the ninth4    #dbb ,see p4 #fa4    #dbc 
,july #ahcc4--,this gentleman's name was
 ,pareira4    #dbd ,religious ,rites and
 ,ceremonies4    #dbe ,the ,gaurs       
themselves did not build those towers1  

but finding them to  their hand1 and    
knowing them to have been formerly      
reverenced1 they  converted them to this
 purpose4    #dbf ,one called ,jachen1  
that is1 he shall establish2 and the    
other  ,boaz1 or1 in it is strength4    
,this was all emblematical1 which1      
without  giving ,solomon any            
participation therein1 may be accounted 
for on the  principle that the building 
was conducted under the superintendence 
of  ,hiram1 a ,sidonian1 who naturally  
had exercised the taste of his own      
country in the discretion here allowed  
him4 ,nor will the circumstance of      
those pillars having been made of metal 
oppose any barrier--the design  is the  
thing to be considered1 not the         
material4 ,and besides1 we find  them of
 metal elsewhere also4    8,an iron     
pillar10 says ,archer1 8stands in a sort
 of courtyard1 having the  remains of   
cloisters on the four sides4 ,its       
history is veiled in darkest  night4    
,there is an inscription on it1 which   

nobody can decipher3 nor is  there any  
account1 historical or traditional1     
except we may refer to the  latter      
class1 a prevalent idea of all people1  
that the pillar is on the  most sacred  
spot of the old city1 which spot was    
also its centre4 ,it is  also said that 
as long as the pillar stood1 so long    
would ,hindustan  flourish4 ,this was   
the united dictum of the ,brahmins and  
astrologers of  the day4 ,the pillar is 
fifteen or sixteen inches in diameter40 
#dbg      7,,protagoras74    #dbh #a    
,kings viii4 #bg4    #dbi ,antiquities  
of ,ireland1 vol4 ii4 p4 #acd4    #dcj  
,antiquities of ,ireland1 vol4 ii4 p4   
#abi4    #dca ,dublin ,penny ,journal1  
#bjth ,july #ahcc4    #dcb ,dublin      
,penny ,journal1 #ajth ,june #ahcc4     
#dcc ,dublin ,penny ,journal1 #bjth     
,july #ahcc4    #dcd ,ibid4 #eth        
,october #ahcc4    #dce ,colgan4    #dcf
 ,melpomene1 ch4 #df4    #dcg 8,oppidum 
vocant ,britanni cum silvas impeditas   
vallo atque foss  munierunt4 ,the       

,britons call a town an encumbered wood1
 fenced in with a  rampart and a ditch0 
7,c,,sar',s ,comment4 lib4 #e74    #dch 
,of whom ,o',flaherty gives this        
character from an ,irish poem1 writ by  
one ,g4 ,comdeus ,o',cormaic1 which he  
thus translates into ,latin3--          
8,primus ,amerginus genu candidus anthor
 ,jern    ,historicus1 judex lege1      
poeta1 sophus40    ,that is1--          
,fair-limbed ,amergin1 venerable sage1  
,first graced ,ierne's old historic     
page2    ,judge of the laws1 for justice
 high approved1    ,and loving wisdom by
 the muse beloved4    ,and he quotes    
this hemistich as another fragment of   
his poetry--      8,eagna la heagluis   
aidir    ,agus feabtha la flaithibh40   
,that is1--      ,let those1 who o'er   
the sacred rites preside1    ,take      
wisdom for their guardian and their     
guide2    ,let those1 whose power the   
multitude obey1    ,support by conduct  
their imperial sway4    #dci ,the above 
stanza1 ,i should observe1 belongs to   

that species of  poetry called in ,irish
 con-a-clon1 wherein the final word of  
each line  is the initial one of the    
following4    #ddj ,or 8,tarah10 says   
the ,dinn ,seanchas1 compiled by        
,amergen ,mac  ,amalgaid in the year    
#edd1 8was so called from its celebrity 
for melody40    #dda 8,once occupied by 
a celebrated queen60 7,asiatic          
,researches74    #ddb 8,heremon was the 
first of the ,scots who held the        
dominion over all  ,ireland0 7,psalter  
of ,narran74    #ddc 8,for1 in the first
 place1 the general tradition of the old
 ,irish  handed down to us by all our   
historians and other writers1 imports   
that  when the ,scots arrived in        
,ireland1 they spoke the same language  
with that  of the ,tuath-de-danaans0    
7,preface to ,o',brien's ,irish         
,dictionary74    #ddd ,the ,egyptian    
epithets are not very dissimilar3       
8,besides these first  inhabitants of   
,sancha-dwipa1 who are described by the 
mythologists1 as  elephants1 demons1 and

 snakes1 we find a race called          
,shand-ha-yana1  who are the real       
,troglodites2 they were the descendants 
of ,abri1 before  named1 whose history  
being closely connected with that of the
 ,sacred  ,isles in the ,west1 deserves 
peculiar attention0 7,asiatic           
,researches74    #dde ,nearly similar   
things1 we find1 have occurred in the   
,east4 8,the  natives of the place      
7,mavalepuran1 in ,indian7 declared to  
the writer of  this account1 that the   
more aged people among them remembered  
to have seen  the tops of several       
pagodas far out in the sea2 a statement 
which was  verified by the appearance of
 one on the brink of the sea1 already   
nearly  swallowed up by that element0   
7,asiatic ,researches74    #ddf         
1--things dedicated to the gods4    #ddg
 ,in ,march4    #ddh ,in ,september4    
#ddi ,see p4 #abj4    #dej ,trans4 ,roy4
 ,ir4 ,acad4 vol4 xvi4 p4 #aff4    #dea 
,procopius calls them   1 that is1      
heedless and  indifferent to all        

culture4    ,bishop ,cormac also says   
that he 8cannot sufficiently express his
  astonishment at the indifference which
 the ,scottish nation evinced in his    
day to literature40    ,strabo calls    
them1   1 while ,m',pherson asserts of  
their brethren1 that 8nothing is more   
certain than that the ,british ,scots   
were an illiterate people1 and involved 
in barbarism1 even after the            
,patriarch's mission to the ,scots of   
,ireland40    #deb ,in fact this writer 
had no other reason for this mistake    
which he  has committed1 in describing  
it as 8scarce habitable for cold10 than 
his  knowledge of its ,hyperborean      
situation4 8,the most remote navigation 
northward from the ,celtic coast in our 
days10 says he1 8is said to be into     
,ireland 7,iern71 which being situated  
beyond ,britain1 is scarce habitable    
for cold1 so that what lies beyond that 
island is thought to be not at all      
habitable0 7,geog4 lib4 #b1 ex vers4    
,gul4 ,xylandri74    #dec ,orpheus also 

calls the sea dividing the north of     
,scotland from  ,ireland1 8,mare        
,cronium1 idem quod mare saturninum et  
oceanus  septentrionalis0 7,,vallancey74
    #ded ,gerald4 ,cambr4 ,hist4 i4 cap4
 #ai4    #dee ,a series of articles     
written under this head1 in the columns 
of the  ,dublin ,penny ,journal1 by ,mr4
 ,pebrie1 antiquarian high-priest to the
  ,royal ,irish ,academy6    #def ,this 
,tubal-,cain was evidently the person   
from whom the ,greeks  manufactured     
their mythological ,vul-can4    #deg    
8,the griffin10 says ,shaw1 copying     
,ctesias1 8is a quadruped of ,india1    
having the claws of a lion1 and wings   
upon his back4 ,his fore parts are  red1
 his wings white1 his neck blue1 his    
head and his beak resemble those  of the
 eagle2 he makes his nest among the     
mountains1 and haunts the  deserts1     
where he conceals his gold40    #deh    
8,the ignorance of the ,european ,greeks
 in geography was extreme in  all       
respects during many ages4 ,they do not 

even appear to have known the           
discoveries made in more ancient        
voyages1 which were not absolutely      
unknown to ,homer0 7,mr4 ,gouget1       
,origin of ,arts and ,sciences1 tom4 #g1
 b4  #c74    #dei 8,l'existence de ce   
peuple antrieur est prouve par le       
tableau qui  n'offre que des dbris1     
astronomie oublie1 philosophie mle  des 
absurdits1 physique dgnre en fables1    
religion pure1 mais cache  dans une     
idolatrie grossire4 ,cet ancien peuple a
 eu des sciences  perfectionnes1 une    
philosophie sublime et sage0 7,,bailly74
    #dfj ,amongst our antiquities also  
are found nose-rings 7nasc-srion71      
which1 stronger than any other          
demonstration1 shows the orientalism of 
our  ,tuath-de-danaan ancestors4 ,their 
ear-rings1 also1 are thus defined in    
,comrac's ,glossary3 8,arc nasc--vel1   
a-naisc1 bid im cluas--aibh na          
saoreland10 i4e4 a ring worn in the ears
 of our gentry4    #dfa ,dublin ,penny  
,journal4    #dfb 8,si j'ai bien prouv  

que ,butta1 ,thoth1 et ,mercure ne sont 
galement  que le mme inventeur des      
sciences et des arts0 7,,bailly74       
8,the ,buddhists insist that the        
religion of ,buddha existed from the    
beginning0 7,asiatic ,researches74      
#dfc ,gentleman's ,magazine1 ,nov4      
#ahbb4    #dfd ,in the entire land of   
,phnicia there was but one1 and that    
comparatively a modern one1 erected no  
doubt after their intercourse with  the 
,tuath-de-danaans4    #dfe ,the play    
above alluded to is that of the ,pnulus1
 or ,carthaginian1  in which ,haono is  
introduced in quest of his two          
daughters1 who1 with  their nurse1 had  
been stolen by pirates1 and conveyed to 
,calydon1 in  tolia4 ,thither the father
 repairs on receiving intelligence of   
the fact1  and addresses a supplication 
to the presiding deity of the country1  
to  restore to him his children         
unstained by pollution4 ,he is made to  
speak in  his vernacular tongue1 just as
 natives of ,france are represented in  

our  drama by ,shakespeare3 and so      
interesting is the whole--independently 
of  the curiosity attaching to so rare a
 production--that ,i shall subjoin a    
portion of it for the reader4      #a4  
8,nith al o nim1 ua lonuth secorathessi 
ma com syth4    ,an iath al a nim1      
uaillonac socruidd se me com sit40    ,o
 mighty splendour of the land1 renowned1
 powerful2 let him quiet me             
with repose4      #b4      8,chin lach  
chunyth mumys tyal myethii barii imi    
schi4    ,cim laig cungan1 muin is toil1
 mo iocd bearad iar mo sgil40    ,help  
of the weary captive1 instruct me       
according to thy will1 to recover       
my children after my fatigue4           
,n4,b4--,the first line in each of these
 triplets is ,phnician1 the second      
,irish1 and the third1 their import1 in 
,english4    #dff 8,how comes it then   
that they are so unlearned--still1 being
 so old  scholars8 for learning 7as the 
poet saith7 emollit mores nec sinit esse
  feros2 whence1 then1 ,i pray you1     

could they have those letters80 ,he     
answers1 8,it is hard to say1 for       
whether they at the first coming into   
the  land1 or afterwards by trading with
 other nations1 learned them of them1   
or devised them amongst themselves1 is  
very doubtful1 but that they had        
letters anciently is nothing doubtful1  
for the ,saxons of ,england are said  to
 have their letters and learning1 and   
learned men1 from the ,irish4 ,and  that
 also appeareth from the likeness of the
 character1 for the ,saxon's  character 
is the same with the ,irish0            
7,,spenser74    #dfg 8,having been      
always free and independent of the      
empire of the  ,romans1 they were       
unacquainted with the ,roman language   
and its characters3  there were1        
therefore1 but two courses to adopt2    
either to translate the  holy books into
 the language of the country1 and       
celebrate the divine  mysteries in it1  
which would have been contrary to the   
custom of the  ,church1 or to teach the 

characters of the ,roman language to    
those who were  to instruct others2 the 
holy apostle adopted the latter course0 
7,,abb ,,mac  ,,geohigan74    #dfh ,book
 of ,cashel4    #dfi ,job viii4 #h1 and 
xix4 #bc4    #dgj ,there is no          
,mohammedan of learning in ,persia or   
,india who is not an  astrologer3 rare  
works upon that science are more valued 
than any other2  and it is remarkable   
that on the most trivial occasions1 when
 calculating  nativities and foretelling
 events1 they deem it essential to      
describe the  planets in terms not      
unsuited to the account which the author
 of the  ,dabistan has given of these   
deities 7,,sir ,,john ,,malcolm74       
#dga ,job xix4 #bc1 #bd4    #dgb ,job   
viii4 #h4    #dgc ,since ,i have        
commenced this work1 a very ancient     
manuscript of the  abbey of ,icolmkill  
has fallen into my hands2 it was written
 by  ,cairbre-,liffeachair1 who lived   
six generations before ,st4 ,patrick1   
and  about the time of our ,saviour2 an 

exact account is given in it of ,irish  
kings1 from whence ,i infer1 that as the
 ,irish had manuscripts at that  period1
 we must certainly have possessed them  
likewise4    #dgd schylus would seem to 
refer to this1 when he makes ,prometheus
 say1  8,i invented for them the array  
of letters1 and fixed the memory1 the   
mother of knowledge1 and the soul of    
life0 7,bloomfield's edition1 v4  #dfi74
    #dge         4 ,,lucian4    #dgf    
,whittaker's1 ,manchester4    #dgg ,see 
p4 #ccb4    #dgh ,an allegory1 by the   
way1 which ,i could explain             
satisfactorily1 were  it not that it    
would detain me4    #dgi ,o ,richard of 
,cirencester1 oh6 what pleasure it      
affords me to see the  moderns running  
after the chariot wheels of the monks1  
whenever they  can pick out amongst     
their lucubrations any stray sentences  
to support  their own fantasies6    #dhj
 8,near the road 7at a place called     
,margan7 is an old cross1 bearing  an   
inscription1 which has been doomed to   

serve as a bridge for foot  passengers  
over a little rivulet2 and in the       
village are fragments of a  most        
beautiful cross richly decorated with   
fretwork40--,,cambrensis4    #dha ,some 
copies read ,scoto1 the meaning1        
however1 is the same2 the  only         
difference being that the latter        
partakes of the modern enunciations  of 
the word1 as ,scots1 instead of ,scuits 
or ,scythians4    #dhb ,in the anxiety  
with which my translation of 8,phnician 
,ireland0 was  hurried through the      
press1 it inadvertently escaped me that 
the ,scythians  had only touched at     
,spain4 ,the above will correct the     
oversight2 to  which ,i shall add that1 
8as for entitling the ,spanish-,irish   
,scots1 there  wants no authority1 the  
,irish authors having constantly called 
the ,spanish  colony ,kin-,scuit1 or the
 ,scottish nation40--,,lhuydh4    #dhc  
8,every argument of the origin of       
emigrant nations must1 after all1  be   
referred to language40--,,camden4       

#dhd ,the derivation of those two terms 
is not exclusively mine4 ,it is but  the
 repetition of the received             
interpretation of all men of letters4   
#dhe 8,for it is to be thought1 that the
 use of all ,england was in the  raigne 
of ,henry the ,second1 when ,ireland was
 planted with ,english1 very  rude and  
barbarous1 so as if the same should be  
now used in ,england by  any1 it would  
seem worthy of sharpe correction1 and of
 new lawes for  reformation1 for it is  
but even the other day since ,england   
grew civill0  7,,spenser74    #dhf ,the 
name of ,arran was given to this island 
as expressive of the  land of the       
unfaithful1 in opposition to our ,iran1 
or the land of the  faithful3 both      
corresponding to the ,iran and ,an-,iran
 of the ,persians4    #dhg ,this1       
however1 did not happen at first2 for   
the name of ,ireland was  not yet       
generally used among strangers1 as ,adam
 de ,breme1 who lived in the  eleventh  
century1 and ,nubigensis1 in the        

twelfth1 were the first who  mentioned  
it3 the name of ,scotland was by degrees
 appropriated to ,albania1  which was   
for some time called ,little ,scotland1 
8,scotia ,minor10 to  distinguish it    
from ,ireland1 which was called 8,scotia
 ,major10 whose  inhabitants did not    
lose all of a sudden the name of ,scots3
 they are so  called in the eleventh    
century by ,herman1 in the first book of
 his  chronicle2 by ,marianus ,scotus1  
,florentius ,wigorniensis1 in his       
annals1 in  which1 having inserted the  
chronicle of ,marianus1 in mentioning   
the year  #ajbh1 he says1 8,in this year
 was born ,marianus1 probably a ,scot   
from  ,ireland1 by whose care this      
excellent chronicle has been compiled   
from  several histories40 ,we discover  
the same thing in a chronicle in the    
,cottonian library 7,abb ,mac           
,geoghegan74    #dhh ,the ,picts1       
confiding in the happy omen of future   
friendship from the  ,scots1 obtained   
wives from them1 and thereby contracted 

so close an  alliance1 that they seemed 
to form but one people2 so that the     
passage  between the two countries being
 free1 a number of ,scots came and      
settled  amongst the ,picts1 who        
received them with joy 7,,buchanan74    
,britannia post ,britones et ,pictos    
tertiam ,scotorum nationem in ,pictorum 
parte1 recepit1 qui1 duce ,reuda1 de    
,hibernia progressi1 vel amiciti vel    
ferro1 sibimet inter eos sedes quas     
hactenus habent1 vindicrunt1  quo       
scilicet duce usque hodi ,dalreundini   
vocantur 7,beda1 ,hist4 ,eccles4 lib4   
i4 cap4 #a74    ,cambrensis says1 that  
in the reign of ,niall the ,great in    
,ireland1 the six  sons of ,muredus1    
,king of ,ulster1 with a considerable   
fleet1 seized on the  northern part of  
,britain1 and founded a nation1 called  
,scotia 7,topog4  ,hib4 dist4 #c1 cap4  
#af74    8,it is certain10 says ,camden1
 8that the ,scots went from ,ireland    
into  ,britain4 ,orosius1 ,bede1 and    
,eginard1 bear indisputable testimony   

that  ,ireland was inhabited by the     
,scots40 ,elsewhere he calls the ,irish 
the  ancestors of the ,scotch4 8,hiberni
 ,scotorum atavi40    #dhi ,author of   
the ,new ,analysis of ,chronology1 and  
late ,fellow of  ,trinity ,college1     
,dublin4    #dij ,see p4 #cgf4    #dia  
,this should have been ,scythians4      
#dib 8,origin and ,purity of the        
,primitive ,churches of the ,british    
,isles40    #dic ,various colonies of   
the ,tuath-de-danaans had settled here3 
but ,i  talk now of the last one1       
immediately preceding the ,scythians4   
#did ,see pp4 #bei1 #bfd1 #bfe4    #die 
,see pp4 #che1 #bhb1 and #bei4    #dif  
,euseb4 ,prpar4 ,evang4 #a4 ii4 #d4     
#dig         ' 1      4--,plut4 de      
,isid4 et ,osirid4    #dih ,see p4 #bfe4
    #dii ,de facie in orbe lun4 ,slatyr1
 also1 an ,english poet1 in his 8,pale  
,albeone10 calls our island ,ogygia4    
,rhodoganus explains the propriety of   
the word when he says1 8,ogygium        
appellant poet tanquam pervatis         

dixeres40    #ejj ,the original1 in     
fact1 of the ,feodal ,system4    #eja   
,an act of daring impiety 7not requiring
 to be added7 disgusted  ,jemsheed's    
subjects1 and encouraged the ,syrian    
prince1 ,zohauk1 to invade  ,persia4    
,the unfortunate ,jemsheed fled before a
 conqueror1 who was deemed  by all1 the 
instrument of divine vengeance4 ,the    
wanderings of the exiled  monarch are   
wrought into a tale1 which is among the 
most popular in  ,persian romance4 ,his 
first adventure was in the neighbouring 
province of  ,seistan1 where the only   
daughter of the ruling prince was led1  
by a  prophecy of her nurse1 to fall in 
love with him1 and to contract a secret 
marriage2 but the unfortunate ,jemsheed 
was pursued through ,seistan1 ,india1   
and ,china1 by the agents of the        
implacable ,zohauk1 by whom he was at   
last  seized1 and carried before his    
cruel enemy1 like a common malefactor4  
,here  his miseries closed2 for after   
enduring all that proud scorn could     

inflict  upon fallen greatness1 he was  
placed between two boards1 and sawn     
asunder  with a bone of a fish 7,,sir   
,,john ,,malcolm74    #ejb ,clio1 chap4 
#acj4    #ejc 8,now these heathens in   
,india1 believe that an atonement has   
been  made for their sins10 says ,dr4   
,hurd1 in his ,religious ,rites and     
,ceremonies4 ,had the ,doctor1 or       
whoever he was that assumed his name1   
known that this was their reliance upon 
the expiation 8of the ,lamb slain  from 
the beginning of the world10 he would   
have spared his heathens1 and  spoken   
less irreverently4    #ejd ,clio1 chap4 
#aic4    #eje ,cambrensis1 in the       
twelfth century1 says1 the ,irish then  
musically  expressed their griefs2 that 
is1 they applied the musical art1 in    
which  they excelled all others1 to the 
ordinary celebration of funeral         
obsequies1 by dividing the mourners into
 two bodies1 each alternately  singing  
their part1 and the whole1 at times1    
joining in full chorus4    8,the body of

 the deceased1 dressed in graveclothes1 
and ornamented with  flowers1 was placed
 on a bier1 or some elevated spot4 ,the 
relations and  keeners 7singing         
mourners7 then ranged themselves in two 
divisions1 one  at the head1 and the    
other at the foot of the corpse4 ,the   
bards and  croteries had before prepared
 the funeral caoinan4 ,the chief bard of
 the  head chorus began by singing the  
first stanza in a low doleful tone1     
which  was softly accompanied by the    
harp3 at the conclusion1 the foot       
semichorus  began the lamentation1 or   
ullaloo1 from the final note of the     
preceding  stanza1 in which they were   
answered by the head semichorus2 then   
both  united in one general chorus4 ,the
 chorus of the first stanza being ended1
  the chief bard of the foot semichorus 
began the second gol1 or  lamentation1  
in which they were answered by that of  
the head1 and1 as  before1 both united  
in the full chorus4 ,thus1 alternately1 
were the song  and the choruses         

performed during the night4 ,the        
genealogy1 rank1  possessions1 the      
virtues and vices of the dead were      
rehearsed1 and a  number of             
interrogations were addressed to the    
deceased3 as1 ,why did he  die8 ,if     
married1 whether his wife was faithful  
to him1 his sons dutiful1  or good      
hunters or warriors8 ,if a woman1       
whether her daughters were fair  or     
chaste8 ,if a young man1 whether he had 
been crossed in love8 or if the         
blue-eyed maids of ,erin had treated him
 with scorn80 7,transactions of the     
,royal ,irish ,academy1 vol4 iv4 note   
#i74    #ejf ,baillie4    #ejg ,a       
particular anecdote in the ,persian     
history has such claims upon  the       
feelings1 and is otherwise so           
interesting1 as being1 in fact1 the     
elucidation of the origin and era of the
 ,tyrrhenians1 ,etrurians1 or  ,tuscans1
 in ,italy1 that ,i am forced to        
transcribe it here at full length4      
8,feridoon was the son of ,ablen1 an    

immediate descendant of ,tahamurs4 ,he  
had escaped1 in almost a miraculous     
manner1 from ,zohauk1 when that prince  
had seized and murdered his father4 ,at 
the age of sixteen he joined ,kwh1  who 
had collected a large body of his       
countrymen3 these fought with           
enthusiasm under the standard of the    
blacksmith's apron1 which continually   
reminded them of the just cause of their
 revolt2 and the presence of their      
young prince made them invincible4      
,zohauk1 after numerous defeats1 was    
made prisoner1 and put to a slow and    
painful death1 as some punishment for   
his great crimes4    8,feridoon's first 
act was to convert the celebrated apron 
into the royal  standard of ,persia4 ,as
 such1 it was richly ornamented with    
jewels1 to  which every king1 from      
,feridoon to the last of the ,pehlivi   
monarchs added4  ,it was called the     
,derush-e-,kawanee1 the ,standard of    
,kawa1 and continued to  be the royal   
standard of ,persia1 till the           

,mohammedan conquest1 when it was  taken
 in battle by ,saed-e-,wukass1 and sent 
to the ,caliph ,omar4    8,a ,persian   
poet1 alluding to the victories which   
the youthful ,feridoon  obtained over   
,zohauk1 and to those enchantments by   
which the latter was  guarded1 and the  
manner in which they were overcome by   
his virtuous  antagonist1 beautifully   
exclaims1 #8,the happy ,feridoon was not
 an angel2 he  was not formed of musk or
 of amber2 it was by his justice and    
mercy that  he gained good and great    
ends4 ,be then just and merciful1 and   
thou shalt  be a ,feridoon4'    8,the   
crimes of his elder sons1 which         
embittered the latter years of          
,feridoon1 have given rise to one of the
 most affecting tales in ,persian       
romance2 and it is1 indeed1 only in that
 form that there remains any trace  of  
these events4 ,this virtuous monarch    
had1 we are told1 three sons1 ,selm1    
,toor1 and ,erii4 ,the two former were  
by one mother1 the daughter of ,zohauk2 

the latter by a princess of ,persia4    
,all these three princes had been       
united in marriage to three daughters of
 a king of ,arabia4 ,feridoon           
determined to divide his wide dominions 
among them4 ,to ,selm he gave the       
countries comprehended in modern        
,turkey2 to ,toor1 ,tartary and part of 
,china2 and to ,erii1 ,persia4 ,the     
princes departed for their respective   
governments1 but the two elder were     
displeased that ,persia1 the fairest of 
lands1 and the seat of royalty1 should  
have been given to their junior1  and   
they combined to effect the ruin of     
their envied brother4 ,they first  sent 
to their father to reproach him with his
 partiality and injustice1  and to      
demand a revision of his act1           
threatening an immediate attack if      
their request was refused4 ,the old king
 was greatly distressed2 he  represented
 to them that his days were drawing to a
 close1 and entreated  that he might be 
allowed to depart in peace4 ,erii       

discovered what was  passing1 and       
resolved to go to his brothers and to   
lay his crown at their  feet1 rather    
than continue to be the cause of a      
dissension that afflicted  his father4  
,he prevailed upon the old king to      
consent to this measure1 and  carried a 
letter from their common parent to ,selm
 and ,toor1 the purport of  which was1  
that they should live together in peace4
 ,this appeal had no  effect1 and the   
unfortunate ,erii was slain by his      
brothers who had the  hardihood to      
embalm his head and send it to          
,feridoon4 ,the old man is said  to have
 fainted at the sight4 ,when he         
recovered1 he seized with frantic  grief
 the head of his beloved son1 and1      
holding it in his raised hands1 he      
called upon heaven to punish the base   
perpetrators of so unnatural and  cruel 
a deed4 #8,may they never more1' he     
exclaimed1 #8enjoy one bright day6  ,may
 the demon remorse tear their savage    
bosoms1 till they excite  compassion    

even in the wild beasts of the forest6  
,as for me1' said the  afflicted old    
man1 #8,i only desire from the ,god that
 gave me life1 that he  will continue it
 till a descendant shall arise from the 
race of ,erii to  avenge his death3 and 
then this head will repose with joy on  
any spot that  is appointed to receive  
it4'    8,the daughter of ,erii was     
married to the nephew of ,feridoon1 and 
their  young son1 ,manucheher1 proved   
the image of his grandfather2 this child
  becoming the cherished hope of the    
aged monarch2 and when the young prince 
attained manhood he made every          
preparation to enable him to revenge the
  blood of ,erii4 ,selm and ,toor       
trembled as they saw the day of         
retribution  approach2 they sent        
ambassadors with rich presents to their 
father1 and  entreated that ,manucheher 
might be sent to them1 that they might  
stand in  his presence like slaves1 and 
wash away the remembrance of their      
crimes by  tears of contrition4         

,feridoon returned their presents2 and  
in his reply to  their message expressed
 his indignation in glowing terms4      
#8,tell the  merciless men1' he         
exclaimed1 #8that they shall never see  
,manucheher1 but  attended by armies1   
and clothed in steel4'    8,a war       
commenced2 and in the very first battle 
,toor was slain by the lance  of        
,manucheher4 ,selm retired to a         
fortress1 from whence he was drawn by a 
challenge from the youthful hero1 who   
was victorious in this combat1 and  the 
war restored tranquillity to the empire0
 7,,sir ,,john ,,malcolm74    #ejh      
8,fifty-six years the ,fir-,bolgs royal 
line were kings1 and the  sceptre they  
resigned to the ,tuath-de-danaans0      
7,,keating74    #eji ,we have as yet no 
accounts of the persecution and         
expulsion of the  ,budhists from ,india2
 and this circumstance of itself would  
allow us to  infer1 with great          
probability1 that those events must have
 taken place at  a very remote period of

 antiquity4--,asiatic ,researches4      
#eaj ,gttingen ,university4    #eaa     
,vallancey1 ,coll4 vol4 iii4 p4 #afc4   
#eab ,bryant's ,anal4 vol4 iii4 #dia-c4 
#eac 8,the first origin of the ,danavas0
 says ,wilford1 talking of the  primeval
 inhabitants of ,egypt1 8is as little   
known as that of the tribe  last        
mentioned4 ,but they came into ,egypt   
from the west of ,india1 and are        
frequently mentioned in the ,puranas1   
amongst the inhabitants near ,cali40    
,is it not manifest that they were a    
colony of our ,danaans8 ,and is not this
  still more undeniable from the        
circumstance of a part of               
,egypt--doubtless  that wherein the     
,danaans resided--having been called of 
old1 as you will  find by the same      
authority1 by the name of ,eria8 ,see p4
 #fh of present  volume4    #ead ,this  
explains what ,hecatus records1 as to   
the ancient attachment  between the     
,hyperboreans and the                   
,grecians--8deducing their friendship   

from  remote times40 ,and the offerings 
which the latter are said to have       
brought  to the former were precisely of
 that nature 77 which comports with  the
 spirit of our ,budhist pentalogue4 ,see
 p4 #aab4    #eae ,as to the actuality  
of the visit1 it is past anything like  
doubt1  from ,orpheus1 or if you prefer 
,onomacretus' poem called               
8,argonautica02 and  his conviction of  
this it was which made ,adrianus        
,junius1 quoted by ,sir  ,john ,ware1 to
 characterise ,ireland as an 8insula    
,jasoni puppis bene  cognita nautis40   
#eaf 8,abaris ex ,hyperboreis1 ipse     
quoque theologus fuit2 scripsit  oracula
 regionibus quas peragravit1 qu hodie   
extant2 prdixit is quoque  terr motus1  
pestes1 et similia ac ctera4 ,ferunt eum
 cum ,spartam  advenisset1 ,lacones     
monuisse de sacris mala avertentibus1   
quibus peractis  nulla1 postmodum       
,lacedmone pestis fuerit0 7,apollonius1 
,histor4  ,mirab474      8,they thought 
them gods and not of mortal race1       

,and gave them cities and adored their  
learning1    ,and begged them to        
communicate their art40                 
,,keating 7from an old ,irish poem74    
,turn back also to pp4 #cbh1 #fg1 and   
#ff1 and see what is there stated6      
8,an hundred and ninety-seven years     
complete    ,the ,tuath-de-danaans1 a   
famous colony1    ,the ,irish sceptre   
swayed40    #eag 8,a spiritual supremacy
 of this kind prevailed in several      
cities of  ,asia ,minor1 as1 for        
instance1 at ,pessinus1 in ,phrygia4    
,the origin of such  constitutions is   
uncertain2 but1 according to tradition1 
was of very  ancient date4 ,the same    
cities were also great resorts of       
commerce1 lying  on the highway from    
,armenia to ,asia ,minor4 ,the bond     
between commerce and  religion was very 
intimate4 ,the festivals of their       
worship were also those  of their great 
fairs1 frequented by a multitude of     
foreigners2 all of whom  7certain       
classes of females not excepted71 as    

well as everything which had  a         
reference to trade1 were considered as  
under the immediate protection of  the  
temple and the divinity4 ,the same fact 
may be remarked here1 which has         
obtained in several parts of ,central   
,africa1 namely1 that the union of      
commerce with some particular mode of   
worship gave occasion at a very  early  
period to certain political             
associations1 and introduced a          
sacerdotal government0 7,heeren1 vol4 i4
 p4 #aba74    #eah 8,this word is of    
uncertain etymology--their early history
 is  uncertain4 ,diodorus 7lib4 v4 #ca7 
tells us that the ,celts had bards who  
sung to musical instruments2 and ,strabo
 7liv4 iv47 testifies that they  were   
treated with respect approaching to     
veneration4 ,the passage of  ,tacitus   
7,germ4 #g7 is a doubtful reading0      
7,american ,encyclopdia74    #eai ,see  
,oriental ,collections4    #ebj ,homer's
 ,iliad1 4 v4 #bcc4    #eba ,hesiod1    
apud ,strabo1 #a4 #g4    #ebb ,see      

,miege's ,present ,state of ,ireland4   
#ebc ,see p4 #beg4    #ebd ,on the      
pillar at ,buddall1 before alluded to1  
are these words1  namely1 8,he had a    
womb1 but it obstinately bore him no    
fruit4 ,one like him  can have no relish
 for the enjoyments of life4 ,he never  
was blessed with  that giver of delight1
 by obtaining which a man goes to       
another  ,almoner40 ,upon which the     
learned translator 7,sir ,charles       
,wiggins7 very  correctly comments1 that
 8he had no issue to perform ,sradh for 
the  release of his soul from the bonds 
of sin40 ,see p4 #aac of this work4 ,by 
another ,almoner is meant the ,deity4   
#ebe ,see p4 #cbg4    #ebf 8,graiis1    
ingenium ,graiis3 dedit ore rotundo0    
7,,horace74    #ebg ,this is still more 
evident by his making use of the word 1 
that is1 far off1 meaning from ,greece6 
,and ,hesiod applies this  identical    
topography to the ,british ,islands1    
which he styles sacred1  describing them
 as  1 an immeasurable distance off1    

towards the  northern point of the      
ancient continent6    #ebh ,see p4 #ga4 
#ebi ,chap4 xvii4 #ae4    #ecj ,for     
,dedan1 see last two pages2 and for     
,d-,irin1 see p4 #abh4 ,the  prefixing  
of ,d to the last word arose from       
confounding it with the  former name2   
and thus it was embodied with it1 as    
seen before in ,l-,erne4    #eca ,or as 
the ,rev4 ,csar ,otway would say1 in a  
similar  embarrassment1--8,i will give  
7i4e4 invent7 you a motto and a motive  
for it40 ,ha1 ha1 ha6 7see ,dublin      
,penny ,journal1 ,july #h1 #ahcb74      
#ecb ,dublin ,penny ,journal1 ,april #f1
 #ahcc4    #ecc 8,elementorum omnium    
spiritus1 utpote perennium corporum motu
 semper1  et ubique vigens1 ex his qu   
per disciplinas varias affectamus1      
participat  nobiscum munera divinandi1  
et substantiales potestates ritu diversa
  placat1 velut ex perpetuis fontium    
venis vaticina mortalitati suppeditant  
verba0 7,ammianus ,marcellinus1 lib4    
#ba74    8,they then took wives1 each   

choosing for himself2 whom they began to
  approach1 and with whom they          
cohabited2 teaching them sorcery1       
incantations1 and the dividing of roots 
and trees0 7,book of ,enoch74    8,i    
have collected fifty words in the ,irish
 language relating to augury and        
divination3 every one of them are       
oriental1 expressing the mode of        
producing these abominable arts2 they   
are1 in fact1 the very identical        
oriental words written in ,irish        
characters0 7,,vallancey74    #ecd      
,danaus1 the sire of fifty daughters1   
leaving those fruitful regions  watered 
by the ,nile1 came to ,argos1 and       
through ,greece1 ordained that  those   
who erst were called ,pelasgi1 should by
 the name of ,danai be  distinguished   
7,,euripides74    #ece ,you will find in
 ,bruce1 the ,abyssinian traveller's    
writings1 that  those boats are still   
called1 in that country1 arghs1 as they 
were in  ours1 and the people who man   
them are styled ,phut1 corresponding to 

our  ,fo-morians4    #ecf 8,i thank     
you10 says ,symmachus to his brother    
,flavianus1 8for the  present you made  
me of some ,irish dogs 7canes ,scotici71
 which were  there exhibited at the     
,circensian ,games1 to the great        
astonishment of the  people1 who could  
not judge it possible to bring them to  
,rome otherwise  than in iron cages40   
#ecg ,this is the meaning of the name   
,glen-da-lough1 and a faithful          
portraiture it is of the situation4     
#ech ,miniature of ,budhism4    #eci    
8,the secret1 it was lost1 but surely it
 was found0 7,freemason's  ,song74      
#edj ,this account is found in          
,satdharmalankare1 a very popular       
,budhist  book1 being a collection of   
histories1 etc41 from the writings of   
the  ,rahats1 in which the original     
,paly 7,pahlavi7 texts are preserved    
with the ,singhalese 7,miniature of     
,budhism74    #eda ,buddu1 the god of   
souls1 is represented by several little 
images  made of silver1 brass1 stone1 or

 white clay1 and these are set up in    
almost every corner1 even in caverns and
 on rocks1 to all which piles the       
devotees carry a variety of provisions1 
every new and full moon throughout  the 
year2 but it is in ,march they celebrate
 the grand festival of ,buddu1  at which
 time they imagine the new year begins4 
,at this festival they go  to worship in
 two different places1 which have been  
made famous by their  legendary stories 
concerning them4 ,one of them is the    
highest mountain in  the island1 and    
called by the ,christians ,adam's ,peak2
 the other is in a  place where ,buddu  
reposed himself under a tree1 which     
planted itself  there for the more      
commodious reception of the deity1 who1 
when he was on  earth1 frequently amused
 himself under its agreeable shade1 and 
under  that tree the pagans in ,ceylon  
adore their ,buddu1 whom they really    
believe to be a god 7,,dr4 ,,hurd74     
,bodhesat receives a few handfuls of    
grass presented to him by ,soitha 7a    

,brahmin71 which grass1 when strewed on 
the ground under the ,bo tree1  there   
arise from the earth miraculously a     
throne of diamond fourteen  cubits high1
 covered externally with grass2 on which
 ,bodhesat takes his  seat1 reclining   
his back against the tree1 in order to  
accomplish his  last act of meditations4
 ,buddha having ascended into the air1  
and  displayed his glory to all the     
worlds in rays of six different colours1
 in  order to afford the gods a proof of
 his perfection1 stands seven days with 
his eyes fixed on the ,bo tree1 enjoying
 the ,dhyanes 7,miniature1  etc474      
#edb      8,yes1 love indeed is light   
from heaven1      ,a spark of that      
immortal fire1    ,with angels shared1  
by ,allah given1      ,to lift from     
earth our low desire4    ,devotion wafts
 the mind above1    ,but heaven itself  
descends in love1    ,a feeling from the
 ,godhead caught1    ,to wean from self 
each sordid thought40--,,byron4    #edc 
,book of ,enoch1 lxi4 #h-aj4    #edd    

,dr4 ,lawrence1 present ,archbishop of  
,cashel4    #ede ,preface to translation
 of the ,book of ,enoch4    #edf 8,if   
this singular book be censured as       
abounding in some parts with  fable and 
fiction1 still should we recollect that 
fable and fiction may1  occasionally1   
prove both amusing and instructive2 and 
can then only be  deemed injurious when 
pressed into the service of vice and    
infidelity4 ,nor  should we forget that 
much1 perhaps most1 of what we censure1 
was grounded  upon rational tradition1  
the antiquity of which alone1           
independent of  other considerations1   
had rendered it respectable4 ,that the  
author was  uninspired will be scarcely 
now questioned4 ,but1 although his      
production  was apocryphal1 it ought not
 therefore to be necessarily stigmatised
 as  necessarily replete with error2    
although it be on that account incapable
  of becoming a rule of faith1 it may   
nevertheless contain much moral as  well
 as religious truth1 and may be justly  

regarded as a correct standard  of the  
doctrine of the times in which it was   
composed4 ,non omnia esse  concedenda   
antiquitati is1 it is true1 a maxim     
founded upon reason and  experience2    
but1 in perusing the present relic of a 
remote age and  country1 should the     
reader discover much to condemn1 still1 
unless he be  too fastidious1 he will   
find more to approve2 if he sometimes   
frown1 he  may oftener smile2 nor seldom
 will he be disposed to admire the vivid
  imagination of a writer who transports
 him far beyond the flaming  boundaries 
of the world--                          
------#8,extra    ,processit longe      
flammantia mnia mundi'2    displaying to
 him every secret of creation2 the      
splendours of heaven1 and  the terrors  
of hell2 the mansions of departed souls1
 and the myriads of  the celestial      
hosts1 the seraphim1 cherubim1 and      
ophanim1 which surround  the blazing    
throne1 and magnify the holy name of the
 great ,lord of  ,spirits1 the ,almighty

 ,father of men and of angels0          
7,,archbishop ,,of ,,cashel74    #edg   
,see p4 #dge4    #edh ,john i4 #aj1 #aa4
    #edi ,john i4 #ad4    #eej ,p4 #dgh4
    #eea ,but cf4 ,acts 7,gr47 xxiv4    
#bc1  4    #eeb ,john i4 #ab4    #eec   
,john i4 #ac4    #eed ,see p4 #bdb4     
#eee ,see p4 #bdc4    #eef ,rom4 xi4    
#cc4    #eeg ,john i4 #ca4    #eeh ,john
 xii4 #bh4    #eei ,namely1 the secret  
of an ,antediluvian ,incarnation4       
#efj ,matt4 ii4 #a1 #b4    #efa ,this   
woodcut is copied from one of the early 
block-books4    #efb ,see p4 #ddj4      
#efc ,i need not repeat to the reader1  
that by ,irish ,i mean the  primitive   
,persic1 indiscriminately common as well
 to ,iran as to  ,irin4    #efd         
,virgil's neid1 vi4 #gbd4    #efe ,john 
viii4 #ab4    #eff ,john i4 #a4    #efg 
,john i4 #bi4 ,see also p4 #cae of this 
volume4    #efh ,see p4 #bhh4    #efi   
,in the ,tartar language1 which is a    
dialect of the ,irish1 it still  retains
 this latter import1 as appears from the

 following3--8,ce qu'il y a  de         
remarquable1 c'est que le grand prtre   
des ,tartares port le nom de  lama1 qui 
en langue ,tartare signifie la croix2 et
 les ,bogdoi qui  conquirent la ,chine  
en #afdd1 et qui sont somis au          
delae-lama dans les  choses de la       
religion1 ont toujours des croix sur    
eux1 qu'ils appellent  aussi lamas0     
7,voyage de la ,chine1 par ,avril1 lib4 
iii4 p4 #aid74    #egj ,the words ,irish
 and sacred are synonymous4 ,see p4     
#abi4    #ega ,see pp4 #bfg1 #bfh1 #bfi4
    #egb 8,the peculiar office of the   
,irumarcalim it is difficult to find    
out10 says ,lewis1 8only it is agreed   
that they carried the keys of the  seven
 gates of the court1 and one could not  
open them without the rest4  ,some add  
that there were seven rooms at the seven
 gates1 where the holy  vessels were    
kept1 and these seven men kept the keys1
 and had the charge  of them0 7,origines
 ,hebr1 vol4 i4 p4 #ig74    #egc ,see p4
 #dch1 with the note thereon also4      

#egd ,see ,dublin ,penny ,journal1 ,nov4
 #aj1 #ahcc4    #ege ,published by      
,berthoud1 #fe ,regent's ,quadrant1     
,piccadilly4    #egf ,see p4 #cfa4 ,at  
,monasterboice there are three very     
beautiful  specimens of those           
,tuath-de-danaan crosses still          
remaining1 and covered1  as usual1 with 
hieroglyphic sculpture4 8,the pillars in
 the ,palencian  city10 ,i find1 8are   
also decorated with serpents1 lizards1  
etc40    #egg ,see ,borlase1 p4 #afb4   
#egh ,see p4 #cf4 ,i must not omit to   
mention that the ,tuath-de-danaan cross 
at ,armagh1 noticed at p4 #cei1 was     
pulled down some time back1 to prevent  
the squabbles between the ,catholics and
 the ,orangemen1 neither of whom  had   
any inheritance therein6    #egi ,vita  
prima ,s4 ,patricii1 ,ap4 ,colgan4      
#ehj 8,fear not3 for1 behold1 ,i bring  
you good tidings of great joy1 which    
shall be to all people4 ,for unto you is
 born this day1 in the city of  ,david1 
a ,saviour1 which is ,christ the ,lord0 

7,luke ii4 #aj1aa74    #eha 8,and       
suddenly there was with the angel a     
multitude of the heavenly  host1        
praising ,god1 and saying1 ,glory to    
,god in the highest1 and on earth       
peace1 good will towards men0 7,luke ii4
 #ac1 #ad74    #ehb ,matt4 ii4 #i4      
#ehc ,gen4 xiv4 #ah1 #ai1 #bj4    #ehd  
,heb4 vii4 #d1 #a1 #b1 #c4 8,rex idem   
hominum1 ,phbique ,sacerdos0            
7,,virgil74    #ehe 8,holy mysteries    
must be studied with this caution1 that 
the mind  for its module be dilated to  
the amplitude of the mysteries1 and not 
the  mysteries be straitened and girt   
into the narrow compass of the mind0    
7,,bacon74    #ehf ,isa4 lii4 #g4       
#ehg ,john xvi4 #cc4    #ehh ,luke xix4 
#db4    #ehi ,john xiv4 #bg4    #eij    
,heb4 vi4 #ai1 #bj4    #eia ,christmas  
,carols4    #eib ,freemasons' ,song4    
#eic ,matt4 iii4 #g4    #eid ,john vii4 
#da4    #eie ,see p4 #bbi4    #eif      
,keating's ,history of ,ireland1 folio1 
p4 #adc4    #eig ,pronounced ,sauv4     

,this was the ,seva of the ,hindoos1 by 
which  although they understood1 indeed1
 as well generation as destruction to   
be symbolised2 yet it is clear that they
 must have long lost the method of      
accounting for the reason why1 otherwise
 than saying1 that death and  life meant
 the same thing2 that is1 that the      
cessation of existence in  one form was 
but the commencement of existence in    
another4    #eih ,freemasons' ,song4    
#eii ,ashe's ,masonic ,manual4    #fjj  
,see p4 #bhb1 note4    #fja ,see p4     
#bfh4    #fjb ,isa4 vii4 #ad4    #fjc   
8,the countenance of ,christ was placid1
 handsome1 and ruddy1 so  formed1       
however1 as to inspire the beholders1   
not so much with love and  reverence as 
with terror2 his locks were like the    
colour of a full ripe  filbert nut      
7auburn71 straight1 and entire down to  
the ears1 from thence  somewhat curled  
down to the shoulders1 but parted on the
 crown of the head  after the manner of 
the ,nazarites2 his forehead was smooth 

and shining1  his eyes blue and         
sparkling1 his nose and mouth decorous1 
and absolutely  faultless2 his beard1 in
 colour like his locks1 was forked1 and 
not long0  7,,waserus1 p4 #fc74    8,at 
this time appeared a man1 who is still  
living1 a man endowed with  great power1
 his name ,jesus ,christ4 ,the people   
say that he is a mighty  prophet2 his   
disciples call him the ,son of ,god4 ,he
 quickens the dead1 and  heals the sick 
of all manner of diseases and disorders4
 ,he is a man of  tall stature1 well    
proportioned1 and the aspect of his     
countenance  engaging1 with serenity1   
and full of expression1 so as to induce 
the  beholders to love and then to fear 
him4 ,the locks of his hair are of the  
colour of a vine-leaf1 without curl1 and
 straight to the bottom of his  ears1   
but from thence1 down to his shoulders1 
curled and glossy1 and  hanging below   
his shoulders4 ,his hair on the crown of
 the head disposed  after the manner of 
the ,nazarites4 ,his forehead smooth and

 fair4 ,his face  without spot1 and     
adorned with a certain tempered         
ruddiness4 ,his aspect  ingenuous and   
agreeable4 ,his nose and his mouth in no
 wise reprehensible4  ,his beard thick  
and forked1 of the same colour as the   
locks of his head4  ,his eyes blue and  
extremely bright4 ,in reprehending and  
improving1 awful2  in teaching and      
exhorting1 courteous and engaging2 a    
wonderful grace and  gravity of         
countenance2 none saw him laugh1 even   
once1 but rather weep4 ,in  speaking1   
accurate and impressive1 but sparing of 
speech4 ,in countenance1  the fairest   
among the children of men0 7,attributed 
to ,lentulus1  predecessor of ,pilate in
 the government of ,judea1 recorded by  
,fabricius in  his ,codex ,apocryphus   
,novi ,testamenti74    #fjd ,the        
principal one ,i conceive to have been  
at the hill of ,tara1  which means the  
hill of the ,saviour1 and synonymous    
with mount ,ida1  which means the mount 
of the cross4 ,see p4 #dec4    8,the    

predominant style and character of the  
,pillar ,tower10 says  ,montmorency1 8in
 a great measure discloses the secret of
 its origin40 ,it  is astonishing how1  
after this1 he and his pupils of the    
academy should  labour to assimilate    
that secret to a dungeon4               
8,l'oblisque que les ,phniciens ddirent 
au ,soleil dont le sommet  sphrique et  
la matire toient fort diffrens des      
oblisques d',egypte0  7,,ammian4        
,,marcel474    #fje ,ex4 xx4 #bf4 ,the  
word altar does not mean what it is     
generally  taken to express1 a platform1
 but a high place1 or standing column1  
what the ,septuagint renders by the     
,greek word 1 a pillar4 ,and this  was  
what the ,israelites were forbid        
erecting to ,jehovah1 lest that their   
nakedness should be discovered while    
ascending by steps or ladders to the    
entrance overhead4    ,the ,gaurs have  
round towers erected of stone1 and      
thither they carry  their dead on biers2
 within the tower is a staircase with   

deep steps made  in a winding form1 and 
when the bearers are got within1 the    
priests scale  the walls by the help of 
ladders2 when they have dragged the     
corpse gently  up with ropes1 they then 
let it slide down the staircase 7,dr4   
,hurd's  ,rites and ,ceremonies1 etc474 
#fjf ,see pp4 #g and #h4    #fjg #a     
,kings vi4 #d4    #fjh #a ,kings vi4 #f4
    #fji #a ,kings vi4 #bi4    #faj ,the
 ,tower of ,pisa bears no comparison to 
this edifice4    #faa ,the holy wells   
also1 with the practice of hanging      
pieces of cloth  upon the branches of an
 overhanging tree1 all belonged to the  
,tuath-de-danaan ceremonial4 ,the early 
,christians took possession each of     
them of one of these wells1 and are now1
 by prescription1 recognised as  their  
patron saints1 and even supposed to have
 been their founders8    #fab  '     1  
'            4  '                 7,pyth
  x4 #ei74    #fac ,even among the      
vegetables1 they abstained from beans1  
as did the  ,pythagoreans after them1 ob

 similitudinem virilibus genitalibus4   
#fad ,see conditions of advertisement in
 ,preface4    #fae 8,you may read in    
,lucian1 in that sweet dialogue1 which  
is entitled1  ,toxaris2 or1 of          
,friendship1 that the common oath of the
 ,scythians was by  the sword1 and by   
the fire1 for that they accounted those 
two speciall  divine powers1 which      
should worke vengeance on the perjurers4
 ,so doe the  ,irish at this day1 when  
they goe to battaile1 say certaine      
prayers or  charmes to their swords1    
making a crosse therewith upon the      
earth1 and  thrusting the points of     
their blades into the ground1 thinking  
thereby to  have the better successe    
here in fight4 ,also they use commonly  
to swear by  their swords0 7,,spenser74 
#faf ,see pp4 #ha1 #hb4    #fag ,they   
were afterwards degraded to every       
possible purpose they could  be made to 
subserve3 but ,i speak above of the time
 immediately after  their overthrow4    
#fah 8,i had not been a week landed in  

,ireland from ,gibraltar1 where ,i had  
studied ,hebrew and ,chaldaic1 under    
,jews of various countries and          
denominations1 when ,i heard a peasant  
girl say to a boor standing by her1     
,fach an maddin nag 7,behold the morning
 star71 pointing to the planet  ,venus1 
the maddin nag of the ,chaldean4        
,shortly after1 being benighted  with a 
party in the mountains of the western   
parts of the county of ,cork1  we lost  
the path1 when an aged cottager         
undertook to be our guide4 ,it was  a   
fine starry night4 ,in our way1 the     
peasant pointing to the constellation   
,orion1 he said that was ,caomai1 or the
 armed king2 and he described  the three
 upright stars to be his spear or       
sceptre1 and the three  horizontal      
stars1 he said1 were his sword-belt4 ,i 
could not doubt of this  being the      
,cimah of ,job1 which the learned       
,costard asserts to be the              
constellation ,orion0 7,,vallancey74    
#fai ,at p4 #cje of his work on the     

,towers and ,temples of ,ancient        
,ireland1 ,mr4 ,keane observes3 8,lists 
of ,irish ,round ,towers have been made 
to the number of one hundred and twenty2
 of these1 the remains of about         
sixty-six are traceable40 ,the list     
given here includes some towers of      
which the site alone remains1 as being  
possibly of interest to explorers4