,,op9ions ,,( ,,! ,,press4 ,secul>4 ',! book is a di/9ctly readable "o4'--,glasg[ ,h]ald1 ,septemb] #ah1 #aijb4 ',really excell5t little "w4'--,daily ,news1 ,septemb] #bf1 #aijb4 ',we _c comm5d x too highly4'--,we/]n ,morn+ ,news1 ,janu>y #b1 #aijc4 ',c>efully ?\ght-out little "w 444 writt5 ) frank & tol]ant imp>tiality4'--,/&>d1 ,may #bf1 #aije4 ',! argum5ts are admirably m>%all$2 difficulties are n evad$1 b met fairly4'--,we/m9/] ,review1 ,augu/1 #aije4 ',we welcome a new edition4444 ,! appeal ( ! book is evid5tly "o to common s5se1 & ! success x has met is fully des]v$4 ,!re is a heal?y lay atmosph]e ab\t ,colonel ,turton's argum5ts :i* r5d]s !m1 we fancy1 peculi>ly effective4'--,pall ,mall ,gazette1 ,m>* #aa1 #aijg4 ',x is difficult to "k :e!r to admire mo/ ! logical precision ) :i* he m>%als 8 facts1 & en=ces 8 conclusions1 or ! *>m+ c&\r1 & fre%ness ( /yle1 :i* make 8 book s readable4'--,liv]pool ,daily ,po/1 ,m>* #ad1 #aijg4 ',?is is a new edition1 ?or\ghly revis$1 ( ,,lieut5ant-,,colonel ,,turton',s fam\s book4444 ,we are specially /ruck ) ! deta*$ mann] 9 :i* he exam9es ! case2 he holds ! scales ev5ly1 & is n rhetorical4 ,anyone :o has any p[] ( reason+ at all c foll[ him cle>ly f />t to f9i%4'--,bri/ol ,times & ,mirror1 ,febru>y #ah1 #aijg4 ',x is a book = ! h\r1 & ne$s to be circulat$ by ?\s&s 444 /raight=w>d1 manly1 & conv9c+4'--,s*oolma/]1 ,m>* #bg1 #aiji4 ,*ur* ( ,engl&4 ',! book is ( consid]able value to ev]yone :o is conc]n$ ) ! controv]sy on ,*ri/ian ,evid5ces2 x pres5ts a p]fect /oreh\se ( facts & ! conclusions :i* may be legitimately drawn f !m4'--,*ur* ,times1 ,novemb] #b1 #aijj4 ',we h already express$ our high op9ion ( ?is "w--! au?or ( :i*1 x may be m5tion$1 is s]v+ 9 ,s\? ,africa4'--,gu>dian1 ,octob] #ag1 #aijj4 ',?is ?\ghtful & conv9c+ treatise4444 ,we are glad to be able to give our good ^w = ! book1 :i* %\ld be f\nd 9 ! catalogue ( e public libr>y 9 ! k+dom4 ,x is a volume admirably suit$ = a gift-book to "y m54 ,x furni%es an arm\ry ( inv9cible weapons aga9/ ! scepticism & semi-scepticism :i* are rampant among u4'--,engli% ,*ur*man1 ,novemb] #a1 #aijj4 ',?is v excell5t volume4444 ,we /rongly recomm5d ?is book to ! cl]gy = _! own use & = l5d+ to ?\ghtful & pa9/ak+ read]s4'--,*ur* ,union ,gazette1 ,janu>y1 #aija4 ',x is "o ( ! be/ books ( its class1 readable1 c&id1 conv9c+1 & ?or\gh4 ,x w\ld be *e]+ news to he> t x _h be5 widely read4 ,! book w cont9ue to make its way2 & all ,*ri/ians w rejoice t x %\ld d s4'--,*ur* ,intellig5c]1 ,octob]1 #aije4 ',we give a he>ty welcome to ?is revis$ edition4 ,x is admirably suit$ = g5]al use4'--,*ur*man1 ,febru>y1 #aiji4 ',?is is a textbook on ,*ri/ian ,evid5ce we w\ld readily place 9 ! h&s ( ! lay work] z an ess5tial "p ( 8 equipm5t4'--,lay ,read]1 ,decemb]1 #aiab4 ',!re is no padd+1 & no unnecess>y rhetoric4 ,all ! available space is fill$ ) good solid reason+1 put 9 simple language :i* an intellig5t artisan c foll[ z easily z an educat$ p]son4'--,*ur* ,family ,newspap]1 ,octob] #c1 #aijb4 ',?r\gh\t ! book ! read] w be delight$ ) ! sanity & level-head$ness ( ! writ]1 ^: frequ5t appeals to common s5se are rem>kably tell+ & effective4'--,birm+ham ,diocesan ,magaz9e1 ,octob]1 #aijg4 ',! brilliancy ( ! au?or does n consi/ 9 8 rhetoric or appeal1 b 9 ! really brilliant fairness :i* he displays t[>ds ! o!r side1 9 ! accuracy ) :i* he analyses ea* situation1 & 9 ! cle> & simple argum5ts :i* he adduces4'--,*ur* ,/&>d1 ,janu>y1 #aijf4 ',p]sonally1 we h nev] met ) any book :i* c be m confid5tly recomm5d$4'--,*ur* ,army ,review1 ,decemb]1 #aiab4 ',?is is ! k9d ( book :i* /r5g!ns believ]s & makes conv]ts4 ,x is "o :i* %\ld be plac$ )9 ! rea* ( e lad at t p]iod ( 8 life :5 he beg9s to ?9k = himself4'--,! 7,*ur* ,lads'7 ,brigade1 ,octob]1 #aije4 ,roman ,ca?olic4 ',we mo/ he>tily wi% t a copy ( x c\ld be f\nd 9 ! libr>y ( e ,ca?olic family1 s*ool1 & in/itution4'--,ca?olic ,times1 ,janu>y1 #aiji 7six? notice74 ',?is excell5t book1 444 well writt51 attractive 9 its /yle1 cle>ly ?\ght out1 & conv9c+4'--,tablet1 ,augu/ #bi1 #aijc4 ',?is is a "w ( uncommon m]it4444 ,! /yle is cle> & makes = pleasant read+4 ,we wi% _m ( our ,ca?olic "y m5 w\ld try & analyse a *apt] 9 ,,colonel ,,turton',s helpful def5ce ( ,*ri/ianity4'--,univ]se1 ,july #ba1 #aije4 ',hav+ read & ?or\ghly approv$ e page ( ! book1 we c well believe t _m cl]gy & tea*]s are f9d+ x a useful comp5dium ( replies to all ! *ief argum5ts advanc$ aga9/ ,*ri/ianity4 ,?\gh writt5 by a non-,ca?olic1 we c mo/ /rongly recomm5d x z a book ( ! highe/ m]it4'--,ca?olic ,h]ald1 ,febru>y #ai1 #aiji4 ',a capital book already mu* us$ by prie/s 9 ?is c\ntry1 & to be f\nd ^u ! %elves ( v _m ( our cl]ical libr>ies4 ,b we wi% t ! ,ca?olic pat]familias w\ld procure x too1 & recomm5d x to 8 boys 444 ,!re is a mascul9e r+ ab\t x1 & no %uffl+ ov] difficulties4'--,ca?olic ,fireside1 ,m>* #bc1 #aijg4 ,presbyt]ian4 ',"o does n "k :at to admire mo/ 9 ! book--! accurate k ga!r$ f s _m fields1 ! cle> reason+1 ! s\nd judgm5t1 or ! f9e _s :i* animates ! :ole4'--,*ri/ian ,lead]1 ,june #ae1 #aije4 ',admirably arrang$ & cle>ly express$4'--,weekly ,lead]1 ,octob] #f1 #aijb4 ',"o ( ! be/ books ( its k9d4'--,/4 ,&rew1 ,june #a1 #aije4 ',?is is an admirable summ>y4 ,x is cle>1 simple1 & well arrang$ 444 ,! /yle also makes x extremely readable4'--,presbyt]ian1 ,m>*1 #aijf4 ,noncon=mi/4 ',he is em95tly fair to oppon5ts1 cle> 9 /atem5t1 & conv9c+ 9 argum5t = 8 own case1 & 8 /&po9t1 is unmi/akably evangelical4 ,8 /yle suits 8 "w1 be+ calm1 lucid1 & simple4'--,me?odi/ ,times1 ,augu/ #bb1 #aija4 ',is a tri$ fav\rite1 & has s]v$ ! ,k+dom 9 _m l&s4 ,!re is no book ( ! class kn[n to u s complete & conclusive4'--,me?odi/ ,record]1 ,febru>y #bh1 #aijg4 ',x des]ves all ! good t has be5 said ( x4'--,unit$ ,me?odi/1 ,novemb] #ai1 #aijh4 ',"o *>act]i/ic may be s+l$ out = notice--! writ]'s extraord9>y al]tness 9 ! use ( ! mo/ rec5t mat]ial4 ,he seems to be cont9ually on ! wat* = discov]ies & sugge/ions1 & to be able to utilise !m promptly & skilfully4'--,bapti/1 ,janu>y #ba1 #aiji4 ',on ! :ole1 x is ! be/ popul> summ>y t we h met4 ,x excels 9 def9it5ess ( purpose1 9 cle>ness ( /atem5t1 9 mod]ation1 & 9 concis5ess4'--,bapti/ ,times1 ,octob] #bd1 #aijb4 ',! book is "o t e "y man w\ld d well to read4 ,its absolute fairness1 conv9c+ logic1 & )al extreme simplicity are su* z _c fail to e/abli% ! fai? ( multitudes4' ,y4,m4,c4,a4 ,review1 ,decemb]1 #aiab4 ',! au?or's l9e ( argum5t is irresi/ible 9 its rugg$ =ce4 444 ,a fasc9at+ book4'--,social ,gazette 7,salvation ,army71 ,april #bg1 #aijg4 ,agno/ic4 ',aga91 z 9 #aijb1 we comm5d ,,lieut5ant-,,colonel ,,turton',s book z a h&y epitome ( ne>ly all conceivable argum5ts 9 support ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,! tw5ty-f\r *apt]s *ampion tw5ty-f\r propositions1 & ! :ole ?+ is work$ out z sy/ematically z a problem 9 a successful /ud5t's hon\rs pap]4 444,h[ev]1 x is ( no avail to argue su* po9ts ) our well-mean+ & unimag9ative ,lieut5ant-,colonel2 & we w m]ely rem>k t he is q a g5tleman1 & uses no disda9ful language t[>ds ! poor ,agno/ic4'--,lit]>y ,guide & ,rationali/ic ,review1 ,m>*1 #aijg4 ',?is rem>kable volume conta9s ov] #ejj pages1 ) sc>cely a dull "o among !m4 ,! au?or's easy fl[ ( unlab\r$ ?\ght1 8 facility ( expression1 & 8 f9e gift ( exposition1 c>ry ! read] on 9 spite ( himself4444 ,diff] z we may f mu* t is 9 ! gallant ,colonel's volume1 we gladly pay him ! respect due to frankness1 clev]ness1 & transp>5cy ( m9d & motive1 & ?ank him = putt+ 8 own side ( a great subject s simply & int]e/+ly1 & )\t prejudice or bitt]ness4'--,new ,age1 ,augu/ #c1 #aije4 ,,! ,,tru? ,,( ,,*ri/ianity ,,! ,,tru? ,,( ,,*ri/ianity ,,be+ ,,an ,exam9ation ( ! ,m ,important ,argum5ts ,= & ,aga9/ ,believ+ 9 t ,religion ,,compil$ ,,f ,,v>i\s ,,s\rces ,,by ,,lt4-,,col4 ,w4 ,h4 ,,turton1 ,d4,s4,o4 ,,late ,,royal ,,eng9e]s ,,n9? ,,edition ,,=tie? ,,?\s& 7,c>efully revis$ ?r\gh\t7 ,,london ,,wells ,,g>dn]1 ,,d>ton ,,co41 ,,ltd4 #c ,,& #d1 ,,pat]no/] ,,build+s1 ,e4,c4 ,,& #dd1 ,,victoria ,,/reet1 ,s4,w4 #aiai ,fir/ ,edition publi%$ ,oct41 #ahie4 #a1jjj copies4 ,*eap ,oct41 #ahig4 ,?ird c>efully revis$ ,sept41 #aijj4 #a1jjj ,f\r? ,m>41 #aijb4 #b1jjj ,fif? ,m>41 #aije4 #c1jjj ,six? ,jan41 #aijg4 #e1jjj ,sev5? ,nov41 #aijh4 #h1jjj ,eigh? ,nov41 #aiab4 #aj1jjj ,n9? ,oct41 #aiai4 #aj1jjj ,,translations3 ,japanese ,edition publi%$ ,dec41 #aiaj4 #ejj copies4 ,italian ,oct41 #aiae4 #a1jjj ,*9ese %ort5$ ,june1 #aiai4 #a1jjj ,arabic ,oct41 #aiai4 #a1jjj ,,preface ,,to ,,n9? ,,edition4 ,i h aga9 c>efully revis$ ! :ole book4 ,"s additions h be5 made "h & !re1 especially 9 ,*apt] ,,xix42 b z a rule ! alt]ations h be5 m]ely to %ort5 & cond5se ! argum5ts :]e ?is c\ld be done )\t spoil+ !m1 & to simplify ! language z mu* z possible4 ,! book is ?us %ort]1 & ,i hope simpl] ?an any previ\s edition4 ,ano!r slight improvem5t1 :i* w comm5d itself to mo/ pur*as]s1 is r$uc+ ! price to #bs4 net4 ,! "w1 z be=e /at$1 lays no claim to orig9ality1 & ,i h n hesitat$ to borr[ argum5ts & illu/rations f any s\rce4 ,! ref]5ces to ! ,bible are all to ! ,revis$ ,v]sion4 ,w4 ,h4 ,t4 #bi1 ,,cal$onia ,,place1 ,,clifton1 ,,bri/ol1 ,octob] #a1 #aiai4 ,,cont5ts ,,"p ,i4 ,,natural ,,religion4 ,,*apt] ,,page ,i4 ,,t ,,! ,,univ]se ,,_h ,a ,,creator #c ,,ii4 ,,t ,,! ,,creator ,,design$ ,,! ,,univ]se #aj ,,iii4 ,,t ,,! ,,exi/5ce ,,( ,,god ,,is ,,extremely ,,probable #cj ,,iv4 ,,t ,,man ,,is ,a ,,free ,,& ,,responsible ,,be+ #ch ,v4 ,,t ,,god ,,takes ,,an ,,int]e/ ,,9 ,,man',s ,,welf>e #eg ,,vi4 ,,t ,,god ,,might ,,make ,,"s ,,revelation ,,to ,,man #hb ,,vii4 ,,t ,a ,,miracul\s ,,revelation ,,is ,,cr$ible #ih ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,! ,,jewi% ,,religion4 ,,viii4 ,,t ,,! ,,acc\nt ,,( ,,! ,,creation ,,0 ,,div9ely ,,reveal$ #aag ,,ix4 ,,t ,,its ,,orig9 ,,0 ,,confirm$ ,,by ,,miracles #acg ,x4 ,,t ,,its ,,hi/ory ,,0 ,,confirm$ ,,by ,,miracles #afg ,,xi4 ,,t ,,its ,,hi/ory ,,0 ,,confirm$ ,,by ,,prophecies #ahf ,,xii4 ,,t ,,! ,,jewi% ,,religion ,,is ,,probably ,,true #bja ,,"p ,,iii4 ,,! ,,*ri/ian ,,religion4 ,,xiii4 ,,t ,,! ,,*ri/ian ,,religion ,,is ,,cr$ible #bba ,,xiv4 ,,t ,,! ,,f\r ,,gospels ,,are ,,g5u9e ,,f ,,ext]nal ,,te/imony #beb ,,xv4 ,,t ,,! ,,gospels ,,are ,,g5u9e ,,f ,,int]nal ,,evid5ce #bfe ,,xvi4 ,,t ,,! ,,gospels ,,are ,,g5u9e ,,f ,,! ,,evid5ce ,,( ,,! ,,acts #bhg ,,xvii4 ,,t ,,! ,,resurrection ,,( ,,*ri/ ,,is ,,probably ,,true #cja ,,xviii4 ,,t ,,! ,,failure ,,( ,,o!r ,,explanations ,,increases ,,?is ,,probability #cbd ,,xix4 ,,t ,,! ,,o!r ,,new ,,te/am5t ,,miracles ,,are ,,probably ,,true #cdi ,,xx4 ,,t ,,! ,,jewi% ,,prophecies ,,confirm ,,! ,,tru? ,,( ,,*ri/ianity #cgd ,,xxi4 ,,t ,,! ,,"* ,,( ,,*ri/ ,,confirms ,,! ,,tru? ,,( ,,*ri/ianity #cif ,,xxii4 ,,t ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,*ri/ianity ,,confirms ,,its ,,tru? #dae ,,xxiii4 ,,t ,,on ,,! ,,:ole ,,! ,,o!r ,,evid5ce ,,supports ,,?is ,,conclusion #dcf ,,xxiv4 ,,t ,,! ,,?ree ,,cre$s ,,are ,,d$ucible ,,f ,,! ,,new ,,te/am5t #deh ,,xxv4 ,,t ,,! ,,tru? ,,( ,,! ,,*ri/ian ,,religion ,,is ,,extremely ,,probable #dhc ,,index ,,( ,,texts #die ,,index ,,( ,,subjects #ejb ,,"p ,i4 ,,natural ,,religion4 ,,*ap4 ,i4 ,,t ,,! ,,univ]se ,,_h ,a ,,creator4 ,,ii4 ,,t ,,! ,,creator ,,design$ ,,! ,,univ]se4 ,,iii4 ,,t ,,! ,,exi/5ce ,,( ,,god ,,is ,,extremely ,,probable4 ,,iv4 ,,t ,,man ,,is ,a ,,free ,,& ,,responsible ,,be+4 ,v4 ,,t ,,god ,,takes ,,an ,,int]e/ ,,9 ,,man',s ,,welf>e4 ,,vi4 ,,t ,,god ,,might ,,make ,,"s ,,revelation ,,to ,,man4 ,,vii4 ,,t ,a ,,miracul\s ,,revelation ,,is ,,cr$ible4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,t ,,! ,,univ]se ,,_h ,a ,,creator 7,a47 ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,! ,,univ]se4 ,explanation ( ! univ]se1 its orig91 a ,free ,=ce4 7#a47 ,! ,philosophical ,argum5t4 ,if ! univ]se _h n an orig91 all ev5ts mu/ h occurr$ be=e1 & ?is seems incr$ible4 7#b47 ,! ,sci5tific ,argum5t4 ,f ! process ( evolution & ! degradation ( en]gy4 7,b47 ,,! ,,creator ,,( ,,! ,,univ]se4 ,! ,s+le ,sup]natural ,cause1 :i* orig9at$ x4 ,x is propos$ 9 ?is ,essay to consid] ! reasons = & aga9/ believ+ 9 ! tru? ( ,*ri/ianity1 mean+ by t t]m1 z w be expla9$ lat] on 7,*apt] ,,xiii471 ! doctr9es conta9$ 9 ! ,?ree ,cre$s4 ,= conv5i5ce ! subject has be5 divid$ into ?ree ,p>ts1 ,natural ,religion1 ! ,jewi% ,religion1 & ! ,*ri/ian ,religion2 b ! second ( ^! may be omitt$ by anyone n specially int]e/$ 9 t subject4 ,at pres5t we are consid]+ ,natural ,religion only1 :i* deals ) ! great que/ions ( ! ,exi/5ce ( ,god1 & ! probability1 or o!rwise1 ( ,8 mak+ "s ,revelation to man4 ,& we w comm5ce at ! v beg9n+1 ?\gh ! fir/ *apt] w un=tunately h to be r te*nical4 7,a47 ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,! ,,univ]se4 ,n[ by ! univ]se is meant ! mat]ial univ]se1 :i* includes ev]y?+ t exi/s 7e>?1 sun1 />s1 & all !y conta971 ) ! exception ( immat]ial or spiritual be+s1 if !re are any su*4 ,& by ?is univ]se hav+ _h an orig9 is meant t x 0 at "s "t act$ on by a ,free ,=ce1 t is to say1 by a =ce :i* does n always act ! same "u ! same circum/ances1 b :i* c act or n z x pleases4 ,no d\bt su* a =ce w\ld be totally diff]5t f all ! kn[n =ces ( nature2 b !re is no difficulty 9 und]/&+ :at is meant by ! t]m1 s9ce man himself seems to possess su* a =ce 9 8 own free w4 ,he seems = in/ance to be able to raise 8 h&1 or n1 z he likes4 ,we are n1 ( c\rse1 assum+ t man's w is really free1 b m]ely t ! idea ( a free =ce1 able to act or n z x pleases1 is well kn[n & g5]ally und]/ood4 ,h5ce ! /atem5t t ! univ]se _h an orig9 means t at "s "t or o!r x 0 act$ on by su* a ,free ,=ce2 9 o!r words1 x has n exi/$ = ev] "u ! fix$ & inv>iable =ces ( nature1 & )\t any ext]nal int]f]5ce4 ,we h n[ to consid] ! two argum5ts 9 fav\r ( ?is1 :i* may be call$ ! ,philosophical & ! ,sci5tific argum5t4 7#a47 ,! ,philosophical ,argum5t4 ,by ?is is meant t1 :5 we reflect on ! subject1 x seems inevitable t if ! univ]se _h n an orig91 all pres5t ev5ts mu/ h occurr$ be=e4 ,! reason = ?9k+ ?is is1 t if all free =ce is exclud$1 x is pla9 t matt] mu/ be et]nal1 s9ce its com+ into exi/5ce at any "t c\ld n h be5 a necessity1 & mu/ !re=e h be5 due to "s free =ce4 ,x is equally pla9 t :at we call ! =ces ( nature & ! prop]ties ( matt] mu/ also be et]nal1 s9ce any alt]ation 9 !m at any "t w\ld also h requir$ a free =ce4 ,& f ?is x foll[s t no new ev5t c happ5 n[4 ,= e ev5t :i* ! =ces ( nature c\ld possibly br+ ab\t ( !mselves w\ld1 s9ce !y h be5 act+ f et]nity1 h be5 br\ght ab\t long ago4 ,!re=e pres5t ev5ts are n new1 b mu/ h occurr$ be=e4 ,?is is no d\bt a possible !ory4 ,= example1 if we assume t ! univ]se w 9 process ( "t "w itself back into precisely ! same condition 9 :i* x 0 long ago z a nebula or any?+ else1 :5 x w beg9 aga9 precisely ! same *anges z be=e2 !n1 & only !n1 is x possible t x has be5 go+ on do+ s f all et]nity4 ,b ?is !ory1 ?\gh possible1 is c]ta9ly n cr$ible4 ,= x requires t all ev5ts1 pa/1 pres5t1 & future1 d[n to ! m9ute/ detail1 h occurr$1 & w occur1 ov] & ov] aga94 ,!y mu/1 9 fact1 =m a recurr+ s]ies4 ,& :5 appli$ to a s+le example1 say ! hi/ory ( ! human race1 ?is is se5 to be q incr$ible4 ,we mu/ h5ce conclude t ! univ]se has n exi/$ = ev] "u ! fix$ =ces ( nature1 & )\t any ext]nal int]f]5ce2 9 o!r words1 t x _h an orig94 ,no d\bt !re are difficulties 9 reg>d to ?is !ory also1 b !y are mo/ly due to our ignorance4 ,we may n "k1 = in/ance1 :e!r matt] itself is et]nal4 ,nor may we "k :y1 if a free =ce once act$ on ! univ]se1 x nev] app>5tly does s at pres5t1 & /ill less c we picture to ourselves :at su* a =ce w\ld be l2 ?\gh ! difficulty "h is no great] ?an t ( pictur+ a =ce :i* is n free1 say gravity4 ,b our ignorance ab\t all ?is is no reason = d\bt+ :at we d "k4 ,& x appe>s to ! writ] t we d "k t1 unless pres5t ev5ts h occurr$ be=e1 :i* seems incr$ible1 ! univ]se _c h exi/$ = ev] )\t "s ,free ,=ce hav+ act$ on x at "s "t4 ,9 %ort1 x seems less difficult to believe t ! univ]se _h an orig9 ?an to believe t x _h n4 7#b47 ,! ,sci5tific ,argum5t4 ,& ?is conclusion is greatly /r5g!n$ by two sci5tific !ories n[ g5]ally accept$--t ( ! process ( evolution & ! degradation ( en]gy2 bo? ( :i* seem to %[ t ! univ]se _h a beg9n+4 ,! fir/ subject1 t ( ,evolution1 w be discuss$ m fully 9 ! next *apt]4 ,all t ne$ be said "h is1 t ! atoms ( ! univ]se1 ) _! evolv+ prop]ties1 _c h exi/$ et]nally2 = !n ! c\rse ( evolution w\ld h comm5c$ 9 ! et]nal pa/1 & w\ld !re=e h be5 f9i%$ n[4 ,b ?is is c]ta9ly n ! case1 & evolution is /ill 9 progress1 or at all ev5ts 0 s a few ?\s& ye>s ago2 & a /ate ( progress _c be et]nal4 ,x ?us diff]s f a m]e /ate ( *ange :i* z we h se51 might be et]nal1 if ! *anges 7 recurr+4 ,b a /ate ( progress1 9 :i* ! *anges are n recurr+1 b all t5d 9 "o direction1 c nev] be et]nal4 ,x mu/ h _h a comm5cem5t4 ,& ?is comm5cem5t _c h be5 a necessity1 s x mu/ h be5 due to "s ,free ,=ce4 ,9 %ort1 evolution requires a previ\s ,evolv]2 s9ce x _c h be5 go+ on = ev]1 & x _c h />t$ itself4 ,! o!r !ory1 t ( ! ,degradation ( ,en]gy1 is t all en]gy 7motion1 etc47 t5ds to heat2 ! simple/ in/ance be+ t ( two bodies hitt+ ea* o!r :5 a c]ta9 am\nt ( motion is lo/1 & a correspond+ am\nt ( heat is produc$4 ,& heat t5ds to be equally di/ribut$4 ,! heat1 = in/ance1 :i* is n[ /or$ up 9 ! sun w 9 process ( "t be di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t space1 & ! same applies to ! :ole univ]se2 s t ev]y?+ w ev5tually h ! same temp]ature4 ,& ?\gh ?is may take millions ( ye>s1 !y are yet no?+ to et]nity4 ,!re=e1 if ! univ]se ) all its pres5t =ces has exi/$ f et]nity1 & )\t any ext]nal int]f]5ce1 x mu/ h be5 r$uc$ to ?is /ate long ago4 ,s if ?is !ory is correct 7& ! only reason = d\bt+ x1 is ! curi\s behavi\r ( radium71 x seems n only probable1 b c]ta91 t ! univ]se _h an orig94 ,b an objection has n[ to be consid]$4 ,x may be said t ! above reason+ is m]ely ano!r =m ( ! old argum5t1 ',ev]y?+ mu/ h a cause1 & !re=e !re mu/ h be5 a ,fir/ ,cause2' ! obvi\s answ] to :i* is1 t !n ?is ,fir/ ,cause mu/ also h _h a cause1 & s on indef9itely4 ,b ?is is n ! case2 = ! alleg$ ,fir/ ,cause is ( a diff]5t k9d f all ! o!rs4 ,x is a ,free ,cause1 :]eas natural causes are n free1 b are !mselves effects ( o!r natural causes2 & ^!1 aga91 ( previ\s ones4 ,:at we want is a cause :i* is n also an effect1 9 o!r words1 a cause :i* is n mov$ by any?+ else1 b is mov$ by itself1 or ,free4 ,:5 once we get to su* a cause z ?is1 !re is no ne$ = a previ\s "o4 ,?is objection1 !n1 _c be ma9ta9$1 & we !re=e decide t ! univ]se _h an orig94 ,& all we "k at pres5t ab\t ! ,=ce :i* orig9at$ x1 is t x 0 a ,free ,=ce4 ,& ! conclusion at :i* we h arriv$ may be concisely express$ by say+1 t be=e all natural causes :i* act$ necess>ily1 !re 0 a ,fir/ ,cause :i* act$ volunt>ily4 7,b47 ,,! ,,creator ,,( ,,! ,,univ]se4 ,we h next to consid] :at else we c asc]ta9 9 reg>d to ?is ,fir/ ,cause4 ,to beg9 ) x c sc>cely be disput$ at ! pres5t day t x 0 a ,s+le ,cause1 z mod]n sci5ce has completely e/abli%$ ! unity :i* p]vades ! univ]se4 ,we "k = in/ance t ! same mat]ials are us$ ev]y:]e1 _m ( ! elem5ts :i* exi/ on ?is e>? be+ also f\nd 9 ! sun & />s4 ,!n !re is ! =ce ( gravity1 :i* is all-embrac+1 & applies equally to ! mo/ di/ant />s1 & to ! mo/ m9ute objects on ?is e>?2 & _m o!r examples might be giv54 ,b x is sc>cely necess>y1 z ev]yone n[ admits t ! univ]se 7z ! ^w implies7 is "o :ole1 & ?is pla9ly po9ts to a ,s+le ,fir/ ,cause4 ,nor c x be disput$ t ?is ,fir/ ,cause 0 ,sup]natural1 :i* m]ely means t x diff]s f natural =ces 9 be+ free2 = ?is is exactly :at we h %[n4 ,x 0 ?us no k9d ( gravitation1 or electricity1 or any?+ ( t sort4 ,all ^! & all simil> =ces w\ld always act ! same "u ! same conditions2 :ile ! ,=ce we are consid]+ 0 ( a diff]5t k9d4 ,x 0 a ,free ,=ce1 a ,=ce :i* volunt>ily *ose to orig9ate ! univ]se at a c]ta9 "t4 ,& su* a ,=ce mu/ cle>ly h be5 ,sup]natural4 ,9 conclusion we w call ?is ,s+le ,sup]natural ,cause1 :i* orig9at$ ! univ]se1 its ,creator4 ,& if x be object$ t ! univ]se may h _h no orig91 ow+ to "s ,free ,=ce hav+ be5 always act+ on x1 su* a ,=ce mu/ also be ,s+le & ,sup]natural1 & may equally well be call$ its ,creator4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,t ,,! ,,creator ,,design$ ,,! ,,univ]se4 ,design means volunt>y action1 comb9$ ) =ekn[l$ge4 7,a47 ,,evid5ce ,,( ,,design4 ,seems ov]:elm+ ?r\gh\t organic nature2 & we are n appeal+ to x to %[ ! ,creator's exi/5ce1 b m]ely ,8 =ekn[l$ge4 7#a47 ,! example ( a wat*3 its m>ks ( design %[ t x _h a mak] :o =esaw its use4 7#b47 ,! example ( an eye3 ?is also has m>ks ( design1 & mu/ also h _h a ,design]4 7#c47 ,! evid5ce cumulative4 7,b47 ,,! ,,evolution ,,objection4 7#a47 ,! mean+ ( ,evolution3 x is a process1 n a cause4 7#b47 ,! effect ( ,evolution on ! pres5t argum5t3 x increases ! evid5ce = design4 7,c47 ,,! ,,free ,,w ,,objection4 7#a47 ,its great improbability3 = sev]al reasons4 7#b47 ,free ,w & ,=ekn[l$ge n inconsi/5t2 s ! *ief argum5t 9 its fav\r _c be ma9ta9$4 ,conclusion4 ,hav+ decid$ t ! univ]se _h a ,creator1 we h next to exam9e :e!r ! ,creator design$ ! univ]se4 ,n[ by ,design is meant any volunt>y action1 comb9$ ) =ekn[l$ge ( ! results t w foll[ f su* action4 ,s :5 ! ,creator orig9at$ ! univ]se1 if ,he =eknew ! results ( ,8 action1 x w\ld be to design ^? results1 z ! ^w is "h us$4 ,& ^! include1 ei!r directly or indirectly1 ! :ole c\rse ( ! univ]se1 ev]y?+ t exi/s1 or t ev] has exi/$ 9 ! _w4 ,by ! ^w =eknew x is n meant t ! ,creator necess>ily ?\ght ( all future ev5ts1 h[ev] insignificant1 su* z ! position ( ! leaves on ea* tree2 b m]ely t ,he 0 able to =esee any ( !m ,he wi%$1 & 9 ?is s5se =eknew !m4 ,comp>e ! case ( memory2 a man may be able to rememb] a ?\s& ev5ts 9 8 life2 b !y are n all be=e 8 m9d's eye at ! same "t1 & ! insignificant ones may nev] be4 ,9 ! same way ! ,creator may h be5 able to =esee all future ev5ts 9 ! _w's hi/ory )\t actually ?9k+ ab\t !m4 ,at all ev5ts1 ?is is ! k9d ( =esight1 or r =ekn[l$ge1 :i* is meant to be includ$ 9 ! t]m design4 7,a47 ,,evid5ce ,,( ,,design4 ,pass+ on n[ to ! evid5ce ( design1 ?is is ( ! mo/ v>i$ k9d1 especially ?r\gh\t organic nature1 :]e we f9d c\ntless objects1 :i* seem to po9t to ! =esight ( ! ,cause :i* produc$ !m4 ,! evid5ce is inde$ s va/ t x is difficult to deal ) x satisfactorily4 ,p]haps ! be/ way w be to foll[ ! well-kn[n wat* argum5t ( ,paley1 fir/ %[+ by ! example ( a wat* :at x is t con/itutes m>ks ( design2 next1 h[ a s+le organ1 say ! human eye1 possesses ^! m>ks2 & !n1 ! cumulative nature ( ! evid5ce4 7#a47 ,! example ( a wat*4 ,n[1 :5 we exam9e a wat*1 we see t x has m>ks ( design1 because ! sev]al p>ts are put toge!r = a purpose4 ,!y are s %ap$ & arrang$ z to produce motion1 & ?is motion is s regulat$ z to po9t out ! h\r ( ! day4 ,:ile1 if !y _h be5 diff]5tly %ap$ or diff]5tly arrang$1 ei!r no motion at all w\ld h be5 produc$1 or none :i* w\ld h answ]$ ! same purpose4 ,& f ?is1 we may inf] two ?+s4 ,! fir/ is t ! wat* _h a mak] some:]e & at "s "t2 & ! second is t ?is mak] und]/ood its con/ruction1 & design$ x = ! purpose :i* x actually s]ves4 ,^! conclusions1 x w be notic$1 w\ld n be alt]$ by ! fact t we _h nev] se5 a wat* made2 nev] knew a man capable ( mak+ "o2 & _h no idea h[ ! "w c\ld be done4 ,all ?is w\ld only exalt our op9ion ( ! unkn[n wat*mak]'s skill1 b w\ld raise no d\bt 9 our m9ds ei!r z to 8 exi/5ce1 or z to 8 hav+ made ! wat* = ! purpose ( tell+ ! "t4 ,nor %\ld we feel t ! wat* 0 expla9$ by be+ told t e "p ( x work$ 9 /rict accordance ) natural laws1 & c\ld n possibly move o!rwise ?an x did2 9 fact1 t !re 0 no design to acc\nt =4 ,we %\ld feel t1 ?\gh ! action ( e "p might be 9 /rict accordance ) law1 yet ! fact t all ^! p>ts agre$ 9 ?is "o p>ticul>1 t !y all help$ to enable ! wat* to tell ! "t1 did %[ design some:]e4 ,9 o!r words1 we %\ld feel t ! prop]ties ( matt] c\ld only p>tly acc\nt = ! wat*1 & t x requir$ a skilful wat*mak] z well1 :o made use ( ^! prop]ties s z to enable ! wat* to tell ! "t4 ,n[ suppose on fur!r inve/igation we f\nd t ! wat* also possess$ ! unexpect$ prop]ty ( produc+ 9 ! c\rse ( its movem5ts ano!r wat* v l itself4 ,x might1 = in/ance1 conta9 a m\ld 9 :i* ! new works 7 ca/1 & "s ma*9]y :i* fitt$ !m toge!r4 ,:at effect w\ld ?is h on our =m] conclusions8 ,x w\ld pla9ly increase our admiration = ! wat*1 & = ! skill ( its unkn[n mak]4 ,if )\t ?is extra prop]ty1 ! wat* requir$ a skilful mak]1 /ill m w\ld x d s ) x4 ,& ?is conclusion w\ld n be alt]$ by ! fact t v possibly ! wat* we 7 exam9+ 0 itself produc$ 9 ?is way f "s previ\s "o1 & p]haps t f ano!r4 ,we %\ld feel t1 ?\gh ea* wat* might be ?us produc$ f a previ\s "o1 x 0 9 no s5se design$ by x4 ,& h5ce ?is w\ld n 9 any way weak5 our conviction z to ! exi/5ce ( a wat*mak] some:]e & at "s "t :o design$ ! :ole s]ies4 ,?is1 !n1 is ! wat* argum5t4 ,:]ev] we f9d m>ks ( design1 !re mu/ be a design] some:]e2 & ?is conclusion _c be alt]$ by any o!r consid]ations :atev]4 ,if1 !n1 we f9d 9 nature any objects %[+ m>ks ( design1 ! obvi\s inf]5ce is t !y also _h a design]4 ,& ?is inf]5ce1 x %\ld be notic$1 does n dep5d on any suppos$ analogy betwe5 ! works ( man & ! works ( nature4 ,! example ( ! wat* is m]ely giv5 z an example1 to %[ cle>ly :at ! design argum5t is2 b ! argum5t itself w\ld be j z s\nd if man nev] _h made1 & nev] c\ld make1 any object %[+ m>ks ( design4 ,moreov]1 to complete ! example1 we mu/ assume t ! exi/5ce ( ! wat*mak]1 & ! fact ( 8 hav+ made ! wat*1 are already admitt$ = o!r reasons4 ,& we are only appeal+ to ^! m>ks ( design to %[ t :5 he made ! wat*1 he mu/ h kn[n t x w\ld be able to tell ! "t1 & presumably made x = t purpose4 ,& 9 ?is case ! inf]5ce seems1 if possible1 to be /ill /rong]4 7#b47 ,! example ( an eye4 ,we w next consid] ! human eye z an example ( natural organs %[+ m>ks ( design4 ,x is a well-kn[n in/ance1 b none ! worse on t acc\nt4 ,n[1 9 ord] to see any?+ cle>ly1 x is necess>y t an image or picture ( x %\ld be =m$ at ! back ( ! eye1 t is1 on ! ret9a f :5ce ! impression is communicat$ to ! bra94 ,& ! eye is an in/rum5t us$ = produc+ ?is picture1 & 9 "s respects v simil> to a telescope4 ,& its m>ks ( design are abundant & ov]:elm+4 ,to beg9 )1 9 bo? ! eye & ! telescope ! rays ( light h to be refract$1 s z to produce a di/9ct image2 & ! l5s1 & hum\rs 9 ! eye1 :i* effect ?is1 some:at resemble ! l5ses ( a telescope4 ,:ile ! diff]5t hum\rs ?r\gh :i* ! rays pass1 prev5t !m f be+ p>tly split up into diff]5t col\rs4 ,! same difficulty _h ( c\rse to be ov]come 9 telescopes1 & ?is does n seem to h be5 effect$ till x occurr$ to "s "o to imitate 9 glasses made f diff]5t mat]ials ! effect ( ! diff]5t hum\rs 9 ! eye4#a ,footnote #a3 ,encyc4 ,brit41 #i? edit41 vol4 xxiii41 p4 #acg4 ,9 ! next place1 ! eye has to be suit$ to p]ceive objects at diff]5t di/ances1 v>y+ f in*es to miles4 ,9 telescopes ?is w\ld be done ei!r by putt+ 9 ano!r l5s1 or by "s focuss+ arrangem5t4 ,9 ! eye x is effect$ by slightly alt]+ ! %ape ( ! l5s1 mak+ x m or less convex4 ,a l&scape ( sev]al miles is ?us br\ght )9 a space ( half an in* 9 diamet]1 ?\gh ! objects x conta9s1 at lea/ ! l>g] ones1 are all pres]v$1 & c ea* be di/+ui%$ 9 its size1 %ape1 col\r1 & position4 ,yet ! same eye t c d ?is c read a book at ! di/ance ( a few in*es4 ,aga91 ! eye has to be adapt$ to diff]5t degrees ( light4 ,?is is effect$ by ! iris1 :i* is a k9d ( scre5 9 ! %ape ( a r+1 capable ( exp&+ or contract+ s z to alt] ! size ( ! c5tral hole or pupil1 yet always reta9+ its circul> =m4 ,moreov]1 x is someh[ or o!r self-adju/+2 = if ! light is too /rong1 ! pupil at once contracts4 ,x is ne$less to po9t out h[ useful su* a contrivance w\ld be 9 photography1 & h[ mu* we %\ld admire ! skill ( its inv5tor4 ,aga91 ! eye c p]ceive objects 9 diff]5t directions2 = x is s con/ruct$ t x c turn ) ! greate/ rapidity "r or left1 up or d[n1 )\t mov+ ! head4 ,x is also provid$ 9 duplicate1 ! two eyes be+ s arrang$ t ?\gh ea* c see sep>ately %\ld ! o!r get injur$1 !y c1 z a rule1 see toge!r ) p]fect h>mony4 ,la/ly1 our admiration = ! eye is /ill fur!r increas$ :5 we rememb] t x 0 =m$ be=e bir?4 ,x 0 :at is call$ a prospective organ1 ( no use at ! "t :5 x 0 made2 & ?is1 :5 c>efully consid]$1 %[s design m pla9ly ?an any?+ else4 ,on ! :ole1 !n1 ! eye appe>s to be an optical in/rum5t ( great +5uity2 & ! conclusion t x mu/ h be5 made by someone1 & t :oev] made x mu/ h kn[n & design$ its use1 seems inevitable4 ,^! conclusions1 x w be notic$1 l ! simil> ones 9 reg>d to ! wat*1 are n affect$ by our ignorance on _m po9ts4 ,we may h no idea z to h[ an eye c be made1 & yet feel c]ta9 t1 z x exi/s1 x mu/ h be5 made by someone1 & t its mak] design$ x = ! purpose x s]ves4 ,nor %\ld we feel t ! eye is expla9$ by be+ told t e "p ( x has be5 produc$ 9 /rict accordance ) natural laws1 & c\ld n h be5 o!rwise2 9 fact1 t !re is no design to acc\nt =4 ,no d\bt e s+le "p has be5 ?us produc$1 & if x /ood alone !re might be little to acc\nt =4 ,b x does n /& alone4 ,all ! v>i\s & complicat$ p>ts ( ! eye agree 9 ?is "o rem>kable po9t1 & 9 ?is "o only1 t !y all help to enable man to see2 & x is ?is t requires explanation4 ,we feel t !re mu/ be "s connection betwe5 ! cause :i* br\ght all ^! p>ts toge!r & ! fact ( man's see+4 ,9 o!r words1 ! result mu/ h be5 design$4 ,nor does ! fact t e organism 9 nature is produc$ f a previ\s "o ( ! same k9d alt] ?is conclusion4 ,inde$1 z 0 %[n ) ref]5ce to ! wat*1 x c only increase our admiration = ! skill :i* mu/ h be5 sp5t on ! fir/ organism ( ea* k9d4 ,moreov]1 no "p ( ! design c be attribut$ to ! p>5ts4 ,if1 = in/ance1 ! eyes ( a *ild %[ design1 x is n due to ! intellig5ce or design+ p[] ( its fa!r & "m4 ,!y h n calculat$ ! prop] %ape = ! l5s1 or ! me*anism ( ! iris1 & z a rule "k no?+ :atev] ab\t x4 ,& ! same applies to _! p>5ts1 s t our go+ back ev] s f> 9 ?is way br+s u no ne>] to :at we are 9 se>* (4 ,! design is /ill unacc\nt$ =1 we /ill want a design]4 ,we h5ce conclude t ! m>ks ( design 9 ! eye af=d1 at all ev5ts1 :at seems to be a v /rong argum5t 9 fav\r ( a ,design]4 ,& if only "o eye exi/$ 9 ! univ]se1 & !re 7 no o!r m>k ( design 9 nature1 ?is conclusion w\ld be none ! less cle>4 7#c47 ,! evid5ce cumulative4 ,b ! argum5t is f> /rong] ?an ?is4 ,x is cumulative 9 a triple s5se4 ,to beg9 )1 an eye is f\nd n 9 "o man only1 b 9 millions ( m51 ea* sep>ately %[+ m>ks ( design1 & ea* sep>ately requir+ a design]4 ,secondly1 ! human eye is only "o example out ( hundr$s 9 ! human body4 ,! e> or ! m\? w\ld lead to ! same conclusion1 & s w\ld ! lungs or ! he>t4 ,:ile1 ?irdly1 human be+s are b "o out ( _m ?\s&s ( organisms 9 nature1 all be>+ m>ks ( design1 & %[+ 9 "s cases an ev5 great] +5uity ?an 9 ! human eye4 ,( c\rse1 z a rule1 ! l[] organisms1 be+ less complicat$ ?an ! high] ones1 h less /rik+ m>ks ( design1 b _! exi/5ce is equally cle>2 ! fl[]s ( plants af=d+ "s well-kn[n examples4 ,nor is ?is all1 = ev5 ! _w itself be>s traces ( hav+ be5 design$4 ,_h x be5 a m]e *aos1 we might h ?\ght t ! ,creator 0 unaw>e ( :at w\ld be ! result ( ,8 action4 ,b a planet l our e>?1 s admirably adapt$ = ! support ( life1 c sc>cely h be5 br\ght ab\t by accid5t4 ,we conclude !n1 on review+ ! :ole subject1 t !re are c\ntless objects 9 nature1 m especially organs l ! eye1 :i* be> /rong m>ks ( hav+ be5 design$4 ,& !n ! ,unity ( ,nature1 & ! fact t all its p>ts act on "o ano!r 9 s _m ways 7! eye = in/ance be+ useless )\t light71 %[s t if any?+ has be5 design$1 ev]y?+ has be5 design$4 ,n[ !re are two1 & only two1 important objections to ?is argum5t1 :i* may be call$ ! ,evolution & ! ,free ,w objection4 7,b47 ,,! ,,evolution ,,objection4 ,! fir/ objection is t ! :ole ( nature has be5 br\ght ab\t 9 accordance ) fix$ laws by ! process ( ,evolution4 ,!re=e1 ?\gh x is possible ! ,creator may h =ese5 ev]y?+ t exi/s2 yet ! app>5t m>ks ( design 9 nature1 be+ all ! necess>y results ( ^! laws1 d n af=d any evid5ce t ,he actually did s4 ,& be=e discuss+ ?is objection we mu/ fir/ consid] :at we mean by laws ( nature & natural =ces4 ,n[ by a law ( nature is meant any regul>1 or uni=m action :i* we obs]ve 9 nature4 ,= example1 x is call$ a law1 or rule ( nature t 7) c]ta9 exceptions7 heat %\ld exp& bodies1 :i* m]ely means t we see t x does s4 ,9 o!r words1 we obs]ve t heat is foll[$ by expansion1 & we !re=e assume t ! "o is ! cause ( ! o!r4 ,b call+ x a law ( nature = heat to exp& bodies1 does n 9 any way acc\nt = its do+ s4 ,& ! same is true 9 o!r cases1 s t a law ( nature expla9s no?+1 x is m]ely a summ>y ( ! facts to be expla9$4 ,x %\ld also be notic$ t a law ( nature effects no?+4 ,x has no co]cive1 or compell+ p[] :atev]4 ,! law ( gravitation1 = in/ance1 has nev] mov$ a planet1 any m ?an ! rules ( navigation h /e]$ a %ip4 ,9 ea* case x is "s p[] or =ce act+ accord+ to law :i* does x4 ,& natural =ces are ^? :i*1 z f> z we "k1 always act accord+ to "s fix$ law4 ,!y h no fre$om ( *oice1 !y _c act or n z !y l2 !y mu/ always & ev]y:]e act ! same "u ! same circum/ances4 ,we pass on n[ to ! subject ( ,evolution1 fir/ consid]+ its mean+1 & !n its effect on ! pres5t argum5t4 7#a47 ,! mean+ ( ,evolution4 ,n[ by ! t]m ,evolution is meant to be includ$ ! processes ( ,organic ,evolution1 ,natural ,selection1 & ! ,survival ( ! ,fitte/4 ,! =m] may be describ$ z mean+ t all ! diff]5t =ms ( life n[ exi/+1 or t ev] h exi/$ on ?is e>?1 are ! desc5dants ( e>li] & less develop$ =ms1 & ^? aga9 ( simpl] ones2 & s on1 till we get back to ! e>lie/ =m ( life1 :atev] t may h be54 ,& ! !ories ( ,natural ,selection & ! ,survival ( ! ,fitte/ expla9 h[ ?is may h tak5 place4 ,= among ! slight modifications t w\ld mo/ likely occur 9 e organism1 ^?1 & only ^?1 w\ld be p]petuat$ :i* 7 ( advantage to x 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,& !y w\ld 9 "t1 x is assum$1 become h]$it>y 9 its desc5dants1 & ?us high] =ms ( life w\ld be gradually produc$4 ,& ! value ( ^! !ories is t !y %[ h[ ,organic ,evolution may h tak5 place )\t involv+ any sudd5 *ange1 su* z a monkey giv+ bir? to a man4 ,we mu/ rememb]1 h[ev]1 t ! subject is f> f settl$2 & ev5 n[ naturali/s are beg9n+ to d\bt :e!r all ! modifications 7 9 reality v slight4 ,b /ill1 speak+ broadly1 ?is is ! !ory we h to discuss4 ,x w1 ( c\rse1 be notic$ t ,evolution is ?us a process1 & n a cause4 ,x is ! me?od 9 :i* c]ta9 *anges h be5 br\ght ab\t1 & n ! cause :i* br+s !m ab\t4 ,e slight modification mu/ h be5 caus$ someh[4 ,:5 su* modifications 7 caus$1 !n ,natural ,selection c expla9 h[ ! useful ones alone 7 p]petuat$1 b x _c expla9 h[ ! modifications !mselves arose4 ,on ! contr>y1 x supposes !m z already exi/+1 o!rwise !re w\ld be no?+ to select f4 ,natural ,selection1 !n1 r we$s ?an plants1 & w\ld be bett] describ$ z ,natural ,rejection4 ,x m]ely %[s h[1 z a rule1 among ! v>i\s modifications 9 an organism1 "s good & "s bad1 ! useless ones w\ld disappe>1 & ! useful ones w\ld rema92 9 o!r words1 h[ ! fitte/ w\ld survive4 ,b ?is survival ( ! fitte/ does n expla9 9 ! slighte/ degree h[ ! fitness arose4 ,if1 z an extreme example1 out ( a hundr$ animals1 fifty _h eyes & fifty _h n1 x is easy to und]/& h[ ^? t _h eyes w\ld be m likely to h desc5dants2 b ?is does n expla9 h[ !y fir/ got eyes4 ,& ! same applies 9 o!r cases4 ,h[1 !n1 did ! v>iations 9 ea* organism fir/ arise8 ,9 common language !y may be ascrib$ to *ance2 b1 /rictly speak+1 su* a ?+ is impossible4 ,! ^w *ance is m]ely a conv5i5t t]m = ! results ( c]ta9 =ces ( nature :5 we are unable to calculate !m4 ,*ance1 !n1 mu/ be exclud$2 & !re seem to be only two alt]natives4 ,ei!r ! organisms 9 nature possess$ free w1 & act$ z !y did volunt>ily2 or else !y did n possess free w1 & act$ z !y did necess>ily4 ,! =m] !ory w be exam9$ lat] on2 ! latt] is ! "o we are n[ consid]+4 7#b47 ,! effect ( ,evolution4 ,h[ !n w\ld ?is !ory affect our previ\s conclusion t ! ,creator design$ all ! organs ( nature1 su* z ! eye1 & h5ce presumably ! :ole ( ! univ]se8 ,z we %all see1 x only confirms x4 ,= to put x pla9ly1 if all free w on ! "p ( ! organisms is exclud$1 s t !y 7 all b\nd to act exactly z !y did1 x is cle> t ! e>? & all x conta9s is l a va/ mass ( ma*9]y4 ,& h[ev] complicat$ its p>ts1 & h[ev] mu* !y may act on "o ano!r1 & h[ev] long !y may take 9 do+ s1 yet if 9 ! end !y produce an organ %[+ design1 ?is mu/ h be5 =ese5 & int5d$ by ! ,mak] ( ! ma*9]y4 ,9 ! same way if a mass ( ma*9]y aft] work+ = a long "t ev5tually turn$ out a wat*1 we %\ld h no hesitation 9 say+ t :oev] made ! ma*9]y1 & set x go+1 int5d$ x to d s4 ,& is ! inf]5ce less cle>1 if x n only turn$ out a wat*1 b a wat*mak] z well1 & ev]y?+ else t exi/s on ?is planet8 ,all !n t evolution does is ?is4 ,x %[s t ! :ole ( nature =ms su* a long & cont9u\s process2 t if ! end has be5 =ese5 at all1 x mu/ h be5 =ese5 f ! beg9n+4 ,9 o!r words1 j z ! ,unity ( ,nature %[s t if any?+ has be5 design$1 ev]y?+ has be5 design$2 s ,evolution %[s t if x has be5 design$ at all1 x has be5 design$ f ! beg9n+4 ,we mu/ h5ce conclude t ! organs 9 nature1 su* z ! eye1 :i* und\bt$ly %[ design1 7 n design$ sep>ately or z aft]-?\ghts1 b 7 all includ$ 9 "o gr& design f ! beg9n+4 ,& ?is c only increase our admiration = ! ,design]4 ,?us evolution1 ev5 9 its mo/ extreme & automatic =m1 _c get rid ( a ,design]4 ,/ill less c x d s1 if 7z is probable7 x is n automatic at all2 b is due to ! cont9u\s action ( ! ,creator1 :o is :at is call$ imman5t 9 nature1 & directs e /ep4 ,x %\ld be notic$1 moreov]1 t 9 "o respect evolution r increases ! evid5ce ( design4 ,= if1 to take a s+le example1 a human h& has be5 evolv$ f a monkey's foot m]ely by ! monkey us+ x z a h&1 & tak+ hold ( ?+s2 x increases ! am\nt ( design :i* mu/ h be5 sp5t on ! foot to enable x to d s4 ,& if all ! organs 9 nature h be5 evolv$ 9 ?is way f simpl] ones1 x increases ! am\nt ( design :i* mu/ h be5 sp5t on ^? simpl] ones to an ext5t :i* is practically inf9ite4 ,?us ,evolution implies a previ\s ,involution2 s9ce all =ms ( life mu/ h be5 involv$ 9 ! fir/ =m be=e !y c\ld be evolv$ f x2 s t creation by evolution is m wond]ful ?an creation by direct manufacture4 ,& x seems to _m to be a f> nobl] conception ( ! ,creator t ,he %\ld obta9 all ! results ,he desir$1 by "o gr& sy/em ( evolution1 r ?an by a l>ge numb] ( sep>ate creations4 ,= !n ! me?od 9 :i* ! results 7 obta9$ w\ld be z m>vell\s1 & %[ z mu* wisdom & =esight z ! results !mselves2 & ea* w\ld be wor?y ( ! o!r4 ,evolution1 !n1 seems to be ! highe/ =m ( creation2 & s f> f de/roy+ ! pres5t argum5t1 x only de/roys its difficulties1 by %[+ t e s+le "p ( e s+le organism may h be5 design$1 & yet 9 a mann] wor?y ( ! great ,creator4 ,nor is ! conclusion alt]$ if we c>ry back ! process ( evolution1 & assume t ! e>lie/ =m ( life 0 itself evolv$ f "s previ\s =m ( inanimate matt]2 & ?is aga9 f a simpl] "o1 & s on till we get back to ! orig9al =m ( matt]1 :atev] t may h be54 ,= if ! results z we n[ see !m %[ design1 !n ! argum5t = a ,design] is n weak5$1 b our ideas ( ,8 skill are /ill fur!r increas$1 if we believe t !y 7 already secur$ :5 our e>? 0 m]ely a nebula4 7,c47 ,! ,free ,w ,objection4 ,we h1 la/ly1 to consid] ! o!r1 & m important objection1 t aris+ f ,free ,w4 ,:y1 x is urg$1 may n all organisms 9 nature h possess$ free w )9 c]ta9 limits1 & h select$ ^? =ms :i* suit$ !m be/8 ,= example1 ref]r+ to ! case ( a wat*1 if tell+ ! "t 7 ( any advantage to ! wat* itself1 & if ! spr+1 :eels1 & h&s possess$ free w2 !n x might be ?\ght t !y _h =m$ !mselves into t arrangem5t :i* suit$ !m be/4 ,& if s1 ! idea t ! wat*mak] =esaw & int5d$ !m to adopt ?is arrangem5t seems unnecess>y4 ,n[1 9 ! case be=e u1 z ! organs %[+ design 9 nature1 su* z ! eye1 always conduce to ! welf>e ( _! possessor1 ! objection is c]ta9ly wor? consid]+4 ,b z we %all see1 x is mo/ improbable1 :ile ! *ief argum5t 9 its fav\r _c be ma9ta9$4 ,x ne$ sc>cely be po9t$ out t we are n assum+ t ! organisms h free w1 b m]ely admitt+ t !y may h x2 & if anyone d5ies ?is1 ! objection1 z f> z he is conc]n$1 falls to ! gr\nd at once4 7#a47 ,its great improbability4 ,?is is app>5t because l[ d[n 9 ! scale ( nature 7plants1 trees1 etc471 ! free w ( ! organisms1 if !y h any1 mu/ be extremely limit$2 yet !y be> unmi/akable m>ks ( design4 ,:ile1 9 high] be+s :i* h 7or may h7 an und\bt$ free w1 x is h>d to believe t x c effect any?+ l :at is requir$4 ,w\ld1 = in/ance1 wi%+ to see or try+ to see1 ev5 if bl9d animals 7 capable ( ei!r1 h ev] giv5 !m eyes8 ,& ! same applies 9 o!r cases4 ,x is h5ce mo/ improbable t ! m>ks ( design 9 nature are due to ! organisms !mselves1 r ?an to _! ,creator4 ,b !re is "o important argum5t on ! o!r side1 :i*1 if x c\ld be ma9ta9$1 w\ld be suffici5t to outweigh all ?is improbability4 ,x is1 t "s be+s1 su* z man1 d1 z a matt] ( fact1 possess a free w1 & t man c & does alt] 8 condition1 to a slight ext5t1 by us+ t free w4 ,!re=e1 x is said1 x is impossible = ! ,creator to h =ekn[n :at man's condition w\ld be1 because free w & =ekn[l$ge are necess>ily inconsi/5t4 ,b ?is latt] po9t is disput$4 7#b47 ,free ,w & ,=ekn[l$ge n inconsi/5t4 ,n[1 al?\gh at fir/ sight fre$om ( action seems inconsi/5t ) any =ekn[l$ge ( :at t action w be1 yet on clos] exam9ation ?is w be f\nd to be at lea/ d\btful4 ,= our own exp]i5ce seems to %[ t 9 "s cases1 at all ev5ts1 x is n 9 ! nature ( ?+s impossible to "k h[ a free be+ w act4 ,= example1 ,i myself may "k h[1 "u giv5 ext]nal conditions1 ,i w act to-morr[4 ,nev] be+ sure ( ^!1 ,i _c be said to actually =ekn[ ! ev5t2 s t =ekn[+ ) man is nev] m ?an =eguess+4 ,b ,i may be q sure h[1 "u giv5 conditions1 ,i w act4 ,= in/ance1 ,i may "k t1 provid$ ,i keep 9 good heal?1 provid$ ,i receive no news f anyone1 provid$1 etc1 ,i w g to my (fice "s "t to-morr[ morn+4 ,yet ,i feel equally sure t ?is =ekn[l$ge ( m9e does n prev5t ! act :5 x comes f be+ q free on my "p4 ,my kn[+ ?is ev5+ :at ,i w d to-morr[ does n oblige me to d x4 ,my =ekn[l$ge ( ! ev5t does n br+ ! ev5t ab\t4 ,x is 9 no s5se its cause4 ,! act :5 x comes is due to my own free w1 ,i m]ely =ekn[ :at use ,i w make ( my fre$om4 ,& ^! are probably ! common feel+s ( mank9d on ! subject4 ,x seems1 !n1 t my =ekn[l$ge ne$ n be inconsi/5t ) my free w4 ,& h5ce1 if ,i tell someone else h[ ,i w act1 8 =ekn[l$ge w\ld n be inconsi/5t ) my free w4 ,s t 9 "s cases1 & "u giv5 conditions1 x does n seem impossible = a man to =ekn[ h[ ano!r man w act1 yet )\t int]f]+ ) 8 fre$om4 ,9 %ort1 free w does n seem to be necess>ily inconsi/5t ) ! =ekn[l$ge ev5 ( man1 ?\gh x is always practically s1 ow+ to man's imp]fect k ( ! surr\nd+ circum/ances4 ,b ! ,creator kn[s1 or may "k1 ^! circum/ances fully1 !re=e x mu/ be /ill less inconsi/5t ) ,8 =ekn[l$ge4 ,( c\rse x may be said t if ! ,creator =ekn[s h[ ,i w act to-morr[1 ,i am c]ta9 to act 9 t way2 & ?is is d\btless true4 ,b x does n foll[ t ,i ne$ act 9 t way2 = c]ta9ty is n ! same z necessity4 ,?is is obvi\s en\gh 9 reg>d to a pa/ ev5t4 ,i c]ta9ly did x1 b ,i ne$ n h done x2 & x may be equally true 9 reg>d to a future ev5t4 ,i w c]ta9ly d x1 b ,i ne$ n d x4 ,!re=e ! ,creator may "k t ,i w d x1 ?\gh x w /ill be free on my "p4 ,& ?is is /rongly confirm$ :5 we reflect t ! difficulty ( kn[+ h[ a free be+ w act1 h[ev] great 9 itself1 seems z no?+ comp>$ ) ! difficulty ( creat+ a free be+4 ,ap>t f exp]i5ce1 we %\ld probably h ?\ght ?is to be impossible4 ,yet man has be5 creat$ someh[4 ,is x !n unlikely t ! ,be+ :o 0 able to ov]come ! great] difficulty1 & create a free man1 %\ld also be able to ov]come ! less] difficulty1 & =ekn[ h[ he w\ld act8 ,moreov]1 if free w & =ekn[l$ge are always & necess>ily inconsi/5t1 !n ! ,creator _c h any =ekn[l$ge ( ,8 ,own acts1 or else !y are n free on ,8 "p2 nei!r ( :i* seems at all probable4 ,we are n1 ( c\rse1 argu+ f ?is t ,he actually does =ekn[ h[ ,he w act ,himself1 or h[ a free man w act1 b only t x is n 9 ! nature ( ?+s impossible t ,he %\ld d s2 9 o!r words1 t free w & =ekn[l$ge are n necess>ily inconsi/5t4 ,& ?is is precisely :at we _h to %[4 ,! m>ks ( design 9 nature af=d :at seems to be ov]:elm+ evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ! =ekn[l$ge ( ! ,creator4 ,! objection we are consid]+ is t1 9 spite ( all ?is evid5ce1 we mu/ /ill d5y x1 because "s ( ! organisms 9 nature1 su* z man1 possess a free w2 & !re=e any =ekn[l$ge is 9 ! nature ( ?+s impossible4 ,& ! in/ant x is %[n t su* =ekn[l$ge is n impossible1 ! objection falls to ! gr\nd4 ,we may n[ sum up ! argum5t 9 ?is *apt]4 ,we fir/ expla9$ t by ,design 0 meant any volunt>y action comb9$ ) =ekn[l$ge ( ! results ( t action4 ,we next consid]$ ! evid5ce = design 9 nature1 tak+1 z a s+le example1 ! human eye4 ,& ?is evid5ce appe>$ complete & ov]:elm+2 m especially z we 7 n appeal+ to x to %[ ! exi/5ce ( a ,creator1 :i* is already admitt$1 b m]ely ,8 =ekn[l$ge4 ,& we h s9ce consid]$ ! two app>5t objections to ?is argum5t aris+ f ,evolution & ,free ,w4 ,b :5 c>efully exam9$1 ! =m] only /r5g!ns ! argum5t1 :ile ! latt] does n weak5 x4 ,we !re=e conclude1 on review+ ! :ole subject1 t ! ,creator design$ ! univ]se4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,t ,,! ,,exi/5ce ,,( ,,god ,,is ,,extremely ,,probable4 7,a47 ,,mean+ ,,( ,,! ,,t]m ,,god4 ,! ,p]sonal ,be+ :o design$ & creat$ ! univ]se4 7,b47 ,,two ,,( ,,god',s ,,attributes4 ,wisdom & ,p[]4 ,he is also ,omnipres5t4 7,c47 ,,! ,,objection ,,t ,,god ,,is ,,unkn[able4 ,?is is p>tly true2 b ev]y?+ is unkn[able 9 its real nature1 ?\gh 9 ea* case ! p>tial k we c obta9 is all we require4 7,d47 ,,summ>y ,,( ,,argum5t4 ,! position 9 ! argum5t at :i* we h n[ arriv$ is ?is4 ,we %[$ 9 ! la/ *apt] t ! ,creator design$ ! univ]se2 9 o!r words1 t :5 he creat$ x1 ,he =eknew its future hi/ory4 ,& f ?is ! next /ep1 z to ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 is q pla92 9 fact1 x is m]ely a "q ( words4 7,a47 ,,mean+ ,,( ,,! ,,t]m ,,god4 ,n[ any be+ :o is able to design we w call a p]sonal be+4 ,& ,,god is ! "n giv5 to ! ,p]sonal ,be+ :o design$ & creat$ ! univ]se4 ,b x ought to be notic$1 be=e we pass on1 t ! t]m p]sonal be+ is also appli$ to man1 & is said by _m writ]s to involve ! ?ree ideas ( ?\ght1 desire1 & w4 ,b ^! seem to be all includ$ 9 design2 = if ,i design any?+1 ,i mu/ fir/ ( all ?9k ( x1 !n wi% x1 & !n accompli% x4 ,we w exam9e 9 ! next *apt] :e!r man is a p]sonal be+ z we h us$ ! t]m2 b if we admit t he is1 we h ano!r & indep5d5t argum5t 9 fav\r ( ! ,creator be+ s too4 ,= ! ,creator has someh[ or o!r produc$ man1 ) all 8 attributes2 s ,he _c be a m]e imp]sonal ,be+ or ,=ce1 s9ce a cause mu/ be able to acc\nt = its effect4 ,& a free & intellig5t man _c be due to a ,=ce1 :i* is nei!r free nor intellig5t4 ,!re=e1 if man is a p]sonal be+1 x foll[s t man's ,mak] mu/ be s too4 ,x %\ld also be notic$ t man's m9d & _s1 :i* make him a p]sonal be+1 _c be discov]$ by any physical means4 ,& ?is meets ! objection t we _c discov] ,god by any physical means4 ,x w\ld be mu* m surpris+ if we c\ld4 ,b ?\gh ! telescope c f9d no ,god 9 ! heav5s1 j z ! microscope c f9d no m9d 9 man1 ! exi/5ce ( ea* may be q c]ta9 = o!r reasons4 ,9 popul> language1 all we c see is ! h\se1 n ! t5ant1 9 ei!r case4 7,b74 ,,two ,,( ,,god',s ,,attributes4 ,we mu/ next notice some:at c>efully two ( ,god's attributes1 ,wisdom & ,p[]4 ,bo? ( ^! are involv$ 9 ! idea ( a ,p]sonal ,be+ able to design4 ,= design1 z us$ 9 ?is ,essay1 means orig9at+ or freely do+ any?+1 z well z previ\sly plann+ x4 ,!re=e1 if we use ! ^w1 z is (t5 done1 = plann+ alone1 we mu/ rememb] t a p]sonal be+ is "o :o c bo? design & accompli%4 ,! =m] implies a m9d able to =m "s plan1 & ! latt] a free =ce1 or w1 able to c>ry x out4 ,s a p]sonal be+ mu/ ( necessity h wisdom to design & p[] to accompli%4 ,& consid]+ ! va/ness ( ! univ]se & ! v>iety ( its organisms1 x seems only reasonable to conclude t ! ,creator possesses ^! attributes to ! greate/ possible ext5t1 s t ,he is bo? ,omnisci5t & ,omnipot5t4 ,x is important1 h[ev]1 to notice ! mean+ giv5 to ^! words4 ,by ,omnisci5t1 !n1 we mean possess+ all possible k4 ,n[ ! only k :i* might be ?\ght impossible is h[ a free be+ w\ld act 9 ! future1 & we h already %[n t su* k is n 9 ! nature ( ?+s impossible2 s !re does n seem to be any necess>y re/riction "h4 ,b ) ,omnipot5t ! case is diff]5t4 ,?is means1 z j said1 possess+ all possible p[]2 t is to say1 be+ able to d any?+ :i* is n impossible4 ,( c\rse "s ,*ri/ians may be incl9$ to answ]1 t ) ,god all ?+s are possible2 b z ,he :o said s began "o ( ,8 own pray]s ) ! words if x be possible1 ?is _c be tak5 9 its wide/ s5se4#b ,& provid$ ! ^w impossible is us$ 9 its /rict mean+1 we h no reason = ?9k+ t ,god c\ld d impossible ?+s2 su* z make a triangle ) ! prop]ties ( a circle1 or all[ a man a free *oice betwe5 two alt]natives1 & yet =ce him to *oose "o ( !m4 ,^!1 !n1 are two ( ! great attributes ( ,god1 ,wisdom & ,p[]4 ,!re is a ?ird1 :i* w be consid]$ 9 ,*apt] ,v4 ,footnote #b3 ,matt4 #ai4 #bf2 #bf4 #ci4 ,x %\ld also be notic$ t besides be+ ! ,design] & ,creator ( ! univ]se 9 ! pa/1 ,god seems to be also its ,pres]v] at ! pres5t1 be+1 9 fact1 ! ,omnipres5t ,p[] :i* is /ill work+ ?r\gh\t nature4 ,t !re is su* a ,p[] c sc>cely be d5i$ 7h[ev] h>d x may be to realise71 & t x is ! same z ! ,creat+ ,p[] is pla9ly ! mo/ probable view4 ,god is ?us ! ,cause ( all natural =ces n[1 j z ,he 0 _! ,creator 9 times pa/2 & :at are call$ second>y or natural causes1 h probably no exi/5ce4 ,!y may1 inde$1 be call$ second>y =ces1 b !y are n causes at all 9 ! /rict s5se2 = a cause mu/ be free1 x mu/ h ! p[] ( initiative4 ,?us man's free w1 if x is free1 w\ld be a real second>y cause1 b ! =ces ( nature are m]e l9ks 9 a *a9 ( ev5ts1 ea* ( :i* is b\nd to foll[ ! previ\s "o4 ,?is is (t5 spok5 ( z ! ,div9e ,imman5ce 9 nature1 & means little else ?an ! ,omnipres5ce ( a ,p]sonal ,god--! all-p]vad+ influ5ce ( ,"o ':o is nev] s f> (f z ev5 to be call$ ne>4' 7,c47 ,,! ,,objection ,,t ,,god ,,is ,,unkn[able4 ,we mu/ la/ly consid] an important objection :i* may be made to ! :ole ( ^! *apt]s4 ,x may be said t ! human m9d is unable to argue ab\t ! ,fir/ ,cause1 because we h no faculties = compreh5d+ ! ,inf9ite2 or1 z x is commonly express$1 because ,god is ,unkn[able4 ,n[ ?is objection is p>tly true4 ,!re is a s5se 9 :i* all w admit t ,god is ,unkn[able4 ,8 exi/5ce & attributes are too great = any human m9d to compreh5d entirely1 or = any human language to express completely & accurately4 ,!re=e our /atem5ts on ! subject are at be/ only approximations to ! tru?4 ,we c appreh5d ,8 exi/5ce1 b we _c compreh5d x1 & ,god 9 ,8 true nature is c]ta9ly ,unkn[able4 ,b1 /rictly speak+1 x is ! same ) ev]y?+4 ,man 9 8 true nature is also unkn[able1 yet we "k some?+ ab\t man4 ,s1 aga91 ! =ces ( nature are all unse5 & unkn[able 9 !mselves1 yet f _! effects we "k some?+ ab\t !m4 ,& ev5 matt] :5 r$uc$ to atoms1 or electrons1 or any?+ else1 is /ill a my/]y1 yet we "k a good deal ab\t matt]4 ,& 9 ea* case ?is k is n incorrect because x is incomplete4 ,:y1 !n1 %\ld ! fact ( ,god be+ 9 ,8 true nature unkn[able prev5t our hav+ "s real1 ?\gh p>tial1 k ( ,him8 ,9 %ort1 we may "k some?+ ab\t ,god1 ?\gh we _c "k ev]y?+ ab\t ,him4 ,& x %\ld be notic$ t ,natural ,religion & ,natural ,sci5ce are alike 9 ?is respect--!y are bo? f\nd$ on inf]5ces drawn f ! obs]v$ facts ( nature4 ,= example1 we obs]ve ! motion ( fall+ bodies1 & inf] ! exi/5ce ( "s =ce1 gravity1 to acc\nt = ?is4 ,simil>ly1 we obs]ve ! m>ks ( design 9 nature1 & inf] ! exi/5ce1 or at lea/ =esight1 ( "s ,be+ :o design$ !m4 ,9 nei!r case h we any direct k z to ! cause ( :at we see4 ,& 9 "s respects ,religion is n s unkn[able z ,sci5ce4 ,= our own1 real or app>5t1 m9d & free w d give u "s k9d ( idea z to ! exi/5ce ( a p]sonal be+1 ap>t f :at he does2 :ile ( a natural =ce1 su* z gravity1 ap>t f its effects1 we c =m no idea :atev]4 ,?us our k ( e subject is b p>tial1 & x f9ally leads u into ! ,unkn[able4 ,b n[ comes ! important po9t4 ,?is p>tial k1 :i* is all we c obta9 9 ei!r ,sci5ce or ,religion1 is all we require4 ,x is n a p]fect k1 b x is suffici5t = all practical purposes4 ,:atev] ! =ce ( gravity may be 9 itself1 we "k :at x is to u4 ,we "k t if we jump (f a cliff we %all fall to ! gr\nd4 ,& s 9 reg>d to ,religion4 ,:atev] ,god may be 9 ,himself1 we "k :at ,he is to u4 ,we "k t ,he is our ,mak]1 & !re=e1 z w be %[n 9 ! next *apt]1 ,he is ! ,be+ to :om we are responsible4 ,?is is ! practical k :i* we require1 & ?is is ! k :i* we c obta94 ,moreov]1 ?\gh our reason may be to "s ext5t unfit to judge ( su* matt]s1 ! va/ importance ( ! subject seems to dem& our com+ to "s conclusion "o way or ! o!r4 ,?is is especially ! case because important results affect+ a man's daily life foll[ f 8 decid+ t !re is a ,god1 & to leave ! "q undecid$ is practically ! same z decid+ t !re is n a ,god4 ,9 ! same way1 if a %ip 7 9 dang] ( s9k+1 & a /eam] also 9 di/ress (f]$ to take (f ! pass5g]s1 = "o ( !m to say t he did n "k :e!r x 0 saf] to g 9 ! /eam] or n1 & w\ld !re=e d no?+ & /ay :]e he 01 w\ld be practically ! same z decid+ n to g 9 ! /eam]4 ,s 9 ! case be=e u4 ,to refuse to decide ! "q because ( ! suppos$ inadequacy ( human reason is practically ! same z to d5y ! exi/5ce ( ,god4 ,/ill1 x may be urg$1 grant+ t our reason mu/ decide ! "q "o way or ! o!r1 & grant+ t our reason seems to =ce u to conclude 9 ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 are !re n great difficulties 9 hone/ly believ+ ?is conclusion8 ,no d\bt !re are1 & no ?\ghtful man w\ld ?9k ( ignor+ !m4 ,b aft] all x is only a *oice ( difficulties2 &1 z we h %[n1 !re is less difficulty 9 believ+ :at we h "h ma9ta9$ ?an ! contr>y4 ,x is less difficult1 = in/ance1 to believe t ! univ]se _h an orig91 ?an to believe t x _h n4 ,simil>ly z to ! exi/5ce ( ,god2 ! !ory is n free f difficulties1 b1 ) all its difficulties1 x is /ill by f> ! mo/ probable !ory to expla9 ! orig9 & pres5t /ate ( ! univ]se4 ,we !re=e decide1 judg+ by reason alone 7:i* is ! l9e adopt$ 9 ?is ,essay71 t ! exi/5ce ( ,god is extremely probable4 7,d47 ,,summ>y ,,( ,,argum5t4 ,9 conclusion1 we w repeat v briefly1 ! ma9 l9e ( argum5t ?us f>4 ,to beg9 )1 9 ! pres5t univ]se we obs]ve a succession ( *anges4 ,if ^! *anges are n recurr+1 :i* seems incr$ible1 !y mu/ h _h a comm5cem5t2 & ?is is support$ by ! !ories ( ,evolution & ! ,degradation ( ,en]gy4 ,!re=e1 z ?is comm5cem5t _c h be5 a necessity1 x mu/ h be5 due to "s ,free ,=ce4 ,& a ,free ,=ce mu/ be a ,sup]natural ,=ce1 s9ce natural =ces are n free1 b always act accord+ to "s fix$ law1 :ile ! unity ( nature po9ts to its be+ a ,s+le ,sup]natural ,=ce1 :i* we call$ ! ,creator4 ,next1 x foll[s t ! ,creator mu/ h =ekn[n ! consequ5ces ( ,8 acts1 judg+ by ! m>ks ( design :i* !y pres5t4 ,& ?is conclusion 0 %[n to be n inconsi/5t ) ei!r ! process ( evolution1 or ! exi/5ce ( free w 9 man or o!r be+s4 ,h5ce ,he mu/ h be5 a ,p]sonal ,be+1 possess+ bo? ,wisdom to design1 & ,p[] to accompli%4 ,or ! :ole argum5t may be repeat$ 9 an ev5 %ort] =m4 ,! univ]se 79 its pres5t condition7 has n exi/$ always1 x is !re=e an effect1--some?+ t has be5 effect$1 or br\ght ab\t someh[2 & !re=e l e effect1 x mu/ h _h a ,cause4 ,!n s9ce ! effect %[s a c]ta9 unity ?r\gh\t1 ! ,cause mu/ h be5 ,"o4 ,s9ce ! effect %[s 9 "s p>ts evid5ce ( hav+ be5 plann$ & arrang$1 ! capacity = plann+ & arrang+ mu/ h exi/$ 9 ! ,cause4 ,9 o!r words1 a univ]se %[+ m>ks ( design is ! effect1 & no?+ less ?an a ,p]sonal ,be+ :o design$ x c be ! ,cause4 ,& ,,god is ! "n giv5 to ?is ,p]sonal ,be+4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,t ,,man ,,is ,a ,,free ,,& ,,responsible ,,be+4 7,a47 ,,man',s ,,m5tal ,,attributes4 ,man possesses a m9d z well z a body2 ! opposite !ory1 mat]ialism1 has great difficulties4 7,b47 ,,man',s ,,moral ,,attributes4 7#a47 ,man possesses a w4 7#b47 ,man's acts are p>tly det]m9$ by 8 w4 7#c47 ,man's w is free4 7#d47 ,man kn[s t 8 w is free2 & ?is enables him to design1 & makes him a p]sonal be+4 7#e47 ,man's responsibility = 8 acts4 7#f47 ,man's moral s5se ( "r & wrong2 :i* enables him to di/+ui% ! quality ( acts1 & makes him a moral be+4 7#g47 ,man's consci5ce1 by :i* he c judge ( ?is quality 9 "s cases4 7,c47 ,,diff]5ce ,,betwe5 ,,animals ,,& ,,m54 ,!re is a great m5tal diff]5ce1 ?\gh probably only ( degree2 & entire moral diff]5ce1 s9ce animals1 ev5 if free1 d n possess a kn[n fre$om1 & are h5ce n p]sonal be+s4 7,d47 ,,conclusion4 ,man consi/s ( ?ree p>ts1 body1 m9d1 & _s3 8 unique position4 ,hav+ decid$ on ! ,exi/5ce ( ,god1 :i* is ! great tru? ( ,natural ,religion1 ! "q n[ arises :e!r1 if nature c lead u s f>1 !re is no means ( gett+ fur!r4 ,no "o w d5y t fur!r k is desirable1 bo? z to ,god1 ourselves1 & our future de/9y1 & is !re no means ( obta9+ x8 ,& ?is br+s u to ! subject ( ,reveal$ ,religion1 t is to say1 ( ,god's mak+ "s ,revelation to man4 ,& ! probability ( ?is w dep5d p>tly on ! "* ( man--is he a be+ at all wor?y ( a revelation2 & p>tly on ! ,"* ( ,god--is ,he a ,be+ at all likely to make "o8 ,! =m] "q alone w be discuss$ 9 ?is *apt]1 & we w consid] man's m5tal & moral attributes sep>ately4 ,no?+ ne$ be said ab\t 8 bodily or physical *>act]i/ics1 z !y h no be>+ on ! pres5t argum5t4 7,a47 ,,man',s ,,m5tal ,,attributes4 ,by ^! are meant man's ?\ghts & feel+s1 & t !y are diff]5t f ! matt] compos+ 8 body seems self-evid5t4 ,matt] possesses size1 weight1 col\r1 %ape1 & h>dness4 ,m9d does n possess any ( ^!4 ,!y h no conceivable mean+ :5 appli$ to ?\ghts & feel+s4 ,yet bo? m9d & matt] exi/ 9 man4 ,we ea* feel consci\s t we h some?+ :i* ?9ks1 & :i* we call m9d2 z well z some?+ :i* moves1 & :i* we call matt] 7i4e41 our bodies72 & t ^! are absolutely di/9ct f "o ano!r4 ,& f ! nature ( ! case ?is inh]5t conviction is all we c appeal to4 ,= m9d1 if x exi/s at all1 be+ diff]5t f matt]1 is beyond ! rea* ( ord9>y sci5tific discov]y4 ,we _c h[ev] be m c]ta9 ( any?+ ?an ( ^! inh]5t convictions1 :i* =m ! basis ( all our k4 ,ev5 ! propositions ( ,euclid are only d$uctions f "s o!r ( our convictions1 su* z t ! :ole is great] ?an its "p4 ,/ill ! difficulty ( und]/&+ ?is comp\nd nature 9 man1 "p m9d & "p body1 has l$ "s p]sons to adopt ! !ory ( mat]ialism4 ,accord+ to ?is !re is no su* ?+ z m9d2 :at we call ?\ghts & feel+s be+ m]ely complicat$ motions ( ! molecules ( ! bra94 ,n[1 t ! m9d & bra9 are closely associat$ toge!r none w d5y1 b x does n foll[ t !y are id5tical4 ,! bra9 may be m]ely ! in/rum5t ( ! m9d ?r\gh :i* x acts4 ,& ?\gh1 z f> z we "k1 ! m9d c nev] act )\t ! bra91 x may c]ta9ly h a sep>ate exi/5ce1 & possibly1 "u diff]5t conditions1 may be able to act sep>ately4 ,x is 9 fact no m difficult to conceive ( ?\ght )\t a bra91 ?an to conceive ( ?\ght ) a bra94 ,all we c say is1 t )9 ! range ( our exp]i5ce ! two seem to be someh[ connect$ toge!r4 ,rec5t inve/igations1 h[ev]1 9 :at is call$ telepa?y 7or ?\ght-transf]5ce7 seem to %[ t 9 "s cases "o m9d c influ5ce ano!r at a di/ance1 & )\t any mat]ial connection4 ,& ?is 7if admitt$7 proves t ! m9d is some?+ m ?an a m]e collection ( p>ticles ( matt]4 ,moreov] mat]ialism1 to be consi/5t1 mu/ d5y n only t man has a m9d1 b t he has any?+ immat]ial at all2 he mu/ be matt] 9 motion1 & no?+ else4 ,b ?is is disprov$ by our memory1 :i* conv9ces u t we are ! same p]sons n[ z we 7 t5 ye>s ago2 yet we "k t e p>ticle ( our bodies1 includ+ our bra9s1 has *ang$ 9 ! int]val4 ,we mu/ !n h some?+ immat]ial :i* survives1 9 spite ( ev]y?+ mat]ial *ang+4 ,! case1 x %\ld be notic$1 is n l t ( a tree1 :i* may be popul>ly said to be ! same n[ z x 0 t5 ye>s ago1 ?\gh e p>ticle ( x has *ang$ 9 ! int]val4 ,= z f> z we "k1 ! tree has no?+ :i* connects its pres5t /ate ) its =m] /ate1 x has no memory ( :at happ5$ to x !n4 ,we h1 t is j ! diff]5ce4 ,we c rememb] n[ :at happ5$ to u t5 ye>s ago1 ?\gh our bodies n[ d n conta9 a s+le atom or molecule :i* !y did !n4 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 h some?+ else besides atoms & molecules1 9 o!r words1 some?+ immat]ial2 & if s1 !re is an end ( mat]ialism 9 its only logical =m4 ,?is !ory !n _c possibly be accept$1 & we mu/ abide by our inh]5t conviction t we h a m9d z well z a body4 ,?is is an ultimate fact 9 human nature2 & we are z c]ta9 ( x z we are ( any?+1 ?\gh l "s o!r ultimate facts x has to be assum$1 because x c be nei!r prov$ nor d\bt$4 7,b47 ,,man',s ,,moral ,,attributes4 ,we pass on n[ to man's moral attributes1 :i* we w consid] 9 detail4 7#a47 ,man possesses a w4 ,9 ! fir/ place man possesses :at1 9 common language1 is call$ a w4 ,/rictly speak+1 ( c\rse1 ! w is n any?+ indep5d5t ( ! man1 :i* he possesses1 z he might possess a dog2 x is ! man himself :o wills1 or :o possesses ! p[] ( will+4 ,b ! common language is s g5]ally und]/ood1 t x w be us$ "h4 ,n[ ! *ief reason = believ+ t man has a w is 8 own inh]5t conviction4 ,he feels c]ta9 t he does possess a w :i* is di/9ct f 8 body & 8 m9d1 ?\gh closely associat$ ) bo?1 & app>5tly to "s ext5t controll+ bo?4 ,= example1 ,i may resolve to raise my h&1 & !n d x2 or ,i may resolve to ?9k out a problem1 & !n d x4 ,9 ea* case ! w is felt to be some?+ di/9ct f ! subsequ5t bodily or m5tal action4 7#b47 ,man's acts are p>tly det]m9$ by 8 w4 ,9 ! next place1 a man's acts 7& also 8 ?\ghts7 are p>tly det]m9$ by 8 w4 ,by ?is is meant t a man's w is able to move 8 limbs1 s t1 = in/ance1 he c raise 8 h& :5 he wi%es1 & ?is gives him ! p[] ( det]m9+ 8 acts4 ,x is n meant t a man's w c move 8 limbs directly2 8 limbs are mov$ by 8 muscles1 :i* are direct$ by 8 n]ves1 & ^! by c]ta9 motions 9 ! bra94 ,all t ! w c d is to give a p>ticul> direction to ^! motions1 :i*1 comb9$ ) v>i\s o!r =ces1 br+s ab\t ! obs]v$ result4 ,n[ we h 9 fav\r ( ?is action ( ! human w on ! human body ! univ]sal exp]i5ce ( mank9d1 :i* is t a man c someh[ or o!r move 8 limbs at pleasure4 ,inde$1 ! "q :e!r a man c walk across ! room :5 he wi%es1 seems to mo/ p to admit ( a conv9c+ answ]3 solvitur ambul&o4 ,b /ill1 ! action ( w on matt] seems s improbable1 & s difficult to und]/&1 t attempts h naturally be5 made to f9d "s o!r explanation4 ,b no satisfactory "o c be sugge/$4 ,= my wi%+ to move my body1 is foll[$ by my mov+ x s frequ5tly & s univ]sally1 t !re mu/ be "s connection betwe5 !m4 ,& ?\gh we _c imag9e h[ a m]e wi% c move p>ticles ( matt] 79 ! bra9 or any:]e else71 x is j z h>d to imag9e h[ ! movem5t ( p>ticles ( matt] c produce a wi%4 ,! latt] !ory is no easi] to und]/& ?an ! o!r2 &1 z j said1 x is oppos$ to ! daily exp]i5ce ( mank9d1 :i* is t a man's w c1 someh[ or o!r1 move 8 limbs1 & h5ce det]m9e 8 acts4 7#c47 ,man's w is free4 ,x mu/ next be notic$ t man's w is a free w1 & ?is is a mo/ important po9t4 ,x is q di/9ct f ! previ\s "q4 ,!n we decid$ t a man's rais+ 8 h&1 = in/ance1 0 ! result ( 8 wi%+ to d s4 ,we h n[ to consid] :e!r ?is wi% 0 free on ! man's "p1 or :e!r he c\ld n help x2 ! latt] view be+ call$ t ( ,necessity1 or ,det]m9ism1 & mean+ t a man's acts are necess>ily det]m9$1 & n free4 ,( c\rse ev]yone admits t !re are limits to human fre$om4 ,a man _c always raise 8 h& :5 he likes1 x may be p>alyz$4 ,! important po9t is :e!r he is ev] free2 & !re are two ma9 argum5ts on ea* side4 ,n[ ! great argum5t 9 fav\r ( free w is1 aga91 our own inh]5t conviction4 ,x is "o ( ! mo/ univ]sal1 & "o ( ! mo/ c]ta91 beliefs ( mank9d t he has free w4 ,?is belief is =c$ ^u him by 8 own daily exp]i5ce4 ,he feels1 = in/ance1 t he is free to raise 8 h& or n4 ,& :at is m1 he c v]ify ! fact by actually rais+ x1 :5ev] he likes2 s x is lit]ally true to say t ! conviction re/s on ! daily exp]i5ce ( ! human race4 ,& to _m1 ?is argum5t alone seems conclusive4 ,b1 z a matt] ( fact1 x is fully confirm$ by human conduct4 ,= a man's conduct is v>iable & q unlike ! uni=mity :i* we f9d 9 *emi/ry & physics1 :]e !re is no free =ce1 & ev]y?+ is br\ght ab\t 9 accordance ) fix$ laws4 ,s we seem to require "s free =ce 9 man to acc\nt = 8 v>iable conduct4 ,^!1 !n1 are ! two argum5ts 9 fav\r ( free w--man's inh]5t conviction1 confirm$ by 8 v>iable conduct2 & no m p[]ful argum5ts c be imag9$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! *ief argum5t aga9/ human fre$om is t x w\ld be an anomaly 9 nature2 s9ce natural =ces always act 9 ! same way1 & any free =ce1 able to act or n z x likes1 is q unkn[n4 ,if1 !n1 man possesses su* a =ce1 no matt] h[ limit$ x may be1 he is p>tly1 at lea/1 a sup]natural be+1 n b\nd by fix$ laws4 ,n[ all ?is may be admitt$1 b :at !n8 ,:y %\ld n man be a p>tly sup]natural be+8 ,god1 ,:o has made man1 is ,sup]natural2 ,he possesses free w1 & ,he might1 if ,he ?\ght fit1 be/[ "s ( ?is attribute on man1 all[+ him1 t is to say1 )9 c]ta9 limits1 to act 9 "o way or ano!r4 ,no d\bt1 to p]sons :o /udy physical sci5ce alone1 ! exi/5ce ( any free =ce 9 man seems mo/ improbable4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 to ^? :o /udy ! actions ( m51 su* z b>ri/]s1 soldi]s1 or politicians1 ! idea t man is a m]e ma*9e seems equally improbable4 ,& does n ! same pr9ciple apply 9 o!r cases8 ,suppose1 = in/ance1 t a man 7 to /udy inorganic *emi/ry alone1 liv+ on an isl& :]e vegetation 0 unkn[n1 w\ld n a tree be a complete anomaly to him8 ,yet trees exi/ & h to be all[$ =4 ,9 ! same way man's free w may be an anomaly1 b ! evid5ce = x is ov]:elm+4 ,moreov]1 ! anomaly is greatly less5$ by ! fact t man already occupies a v anomal\s position4 ,= z we h se51 8 acts are (t5 det]m9$ by 8 w1 & ?is is utt]ly unlike any?+ t we f9d else:]e 9 nature4 ,inde$ ! action ( a w is z great an anomaly z its fre$om2 & ) ! possible exception ( animals 7see fur!r on7 we h no exp]i5ce :atev] ( a w t c act & is n free4 ,!re=e claim+ fre$om = a man1 is n l claim+ fre$om = a m9]al1 or a plant4 ,he is anyh[ a unique be+1 by f> ! highe/ & mo/ important on ?is planet2 & t he %\ld be p>tly sup]natural z well does n seem s v unlikely aft] all4 ,we mu/ also rememb] t we "k m ab\t ourselves :]e we are consci\s ( fre$om1 ?an we d ab\t ! surr\nd+ univ]se1 :]e we inf] a rigid uni=mity4 ,inde$1 our own free w is ! only =ce ( :i* we h any direct k1 & ! s-call$ =ces ( nature1 su* z gravity1 are1 /rictly speak+1 only assumptions :i* we make to acc\nt = obs]v$ facts4 ,&1 z we h %[n1 ev5 ^! =ces seem to h orig9at$ 9 ! ,free ,w ( ! ,creator2 s z f> z we c judge1 free w1 ( "s k9d is ! ultimate cause ( all =ce4 ,! o!r important argum5t aga9/ free w is t x w\ld be inconsi/5t ) :at is call$ ! ,cons]vation ( ,en]gy1 s9ce x is said any volunt>y act w\ld involve ! creation ( en]gy4 ,b ?is is at lea/ d\btful2 = ! w might be free z to its acts1 7 x only able to control en]gy )\t produc+ x4 ,& x c\ld d ?is if x possess$ ! p[] ( alt]+ ei!r ! "t1 or ! direction ( =ce2 decid+1 = in/ance1 :e!r to raise my h& n[1 or a m9ute h5ce1 or :e!r to raise my "r h& or my left4 ,& if x possess$ ei!r ( ^! p[]s1 x c\ld turn ! lat5t =ce1 :i* a man possesses1 into actual motion :5 & h[ x pleas$4 ,& x w\ld ?us be free z to its acts1 )\t creat+ any en]gy at all4 ,we !re=e decide on review+ ! :ole subject1 t man's w is free2 s9ce ?is alone agrees ) 8 own inh]5t conviction1 & fully acc\nts = 8 v>iable conduct4 ,:ile1 on ! o!r h&1 ?\gh an anomaly 9 nature1 x is n on t acc\nt incr$ible2 nor is x inconsi/5t ) ! cons]vation ( en]gy4 7#d47 ,man kn[s t 8 w is free4 ,hav+ n[ decid$ t man's w is free1 little ne$ be said ab\t ! next po9t1 :i* is t man kn[s t 8 w is free1 s9ce1 z we h %[n1 ?is is ! *ief argum5t = admitt+ its fre$om4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 _m o!r argum5ts = prov+ t man believes t he has a free w1 = x is %[n by 8 acts4 ,x is ?is kn[n fre$om :i* enables a man to set be=e him an end1 & delib]ately "w t[>ds x2 9 o!r words1 x enables him to design1 & makes him a p]sonal be+1 z we h us$ ! t]m4 ,& x is ne$less to po9t out t ! evid5ce ( human design is univ]sal4 ,aga91 human language af=ds a conclusive pro( t man has always & ev]y:]e believ$ himself to be free2 = su* t]ms z ,i w1 ,i *oose1 ,i decide1 exi/ 9 all languages4 ,h[ev]1 we ne$ n pursue ?is subject1 s9ce x is undisput$ t man believes t he has a free w2 & x is tak5 = grant$ 9 all human affairs4 7#e47 ,man's responsibility = 8 acts4 ,by ?is is meant t a man is responsible = ! way 9 :i* he uses 8 fre$om2 & ?is seems to foll[ at once f 8 kn[+ t he is free4 ,moreov]1 a s5se ( responsibility is among ! inh]5t convictions ( mank9d4 ,( c\rse1 !re may be exceptions to ?is z to mo/ o!r rules2 b tak+ mank9d z a :ole1 he c]ta9ly believes 9 8 own responsibility4 ,he also believes t ?is responsibility is 9 ! fir/ place to ,god1 or "s o!r sup]natural ,be+4 ,no d\bt he is also responsible to 8 fell[-m51 m especially to ^? among :om he is liv+2 b a mom5t's reflection w %[ t ?is is n ! lead+ idea4 ,= a man mu/ 9 ! fir/ place be responsible to 8 ,mak] r ?an to 8 fell[-m54 ,9 ! same way a *ild is fir/ ( all responsible to 8 p>5ts1 & !n1 secondly & consequ5tly1 to 8 bro!rs & si/]s4 ,!re=e1 because ,god has made u1 we are responsible to ,him2 & because ,he has plac$ u among o!r m51 & presumably wi%es u to take "s "p 9 human society1 we are 9 a less] degree responsible to !m also4 ,s ! bro!rhood ( man1 z x is call$1 naturally foll[s f ! ,fa!rhood ( ,god4 7#f47 ,man's moral s5se ( "r & wrong4 ,9 ! next place1 man has ! rem>kable faculty ( di/+ui%+ ! quality ( acts :i* are free1 reg>d+ "s z "r & o!rs z wrong1 ! latt] be+ call$ s9s4 ,& x may be notic$ 9 pass+1 t ! exi/5ce ( moral evil or s9 seems to _m to be an additional argum5t 9 fav\r ( man's fre$om2 o!rwise ,god w\ld be ! sole au?or ( man's misde$s4 ,( c\rse1 9 ?is case1 !y w\ld n be really s9s1 = if man has no free w1 he is a m]e ma*9e1 & c no m s9 aga9/ ,god 7or man ei!r7 ?an a wat* c s9 aga9/ its mak]4 ,su* a man might be imp]fect1 & s might a wat*1 b he c\ld n be wick$2 yet few w say t !re are no wick$ m5 9 ! _w4 ,n[ we w call a be+ :o is ?us able to di/+ui% ! quality ( acts a moral be+4 ,man is !re=e a moral be+1 hav+ ?is moral s5se1 z x is call$1 ( di/+ui%+ "r f wrong4 ,x w p]haps make ! mean+ ( ?is moral s5se pla9] if we comp>e x ) "o ( man's o!r s5ses1 say t ( sight4 ,! "o1 !n1 di/+ui%es "r f wrong1 j z ! o!r di/+ui%es r$ f yell[1 or blue f gre54 ,& z man's s5se ( col\rs is n disprov$ by "o man ?9k+ a col\r blue :i* ano!r ?9ks gre5--or 8 s5se ( ta/e1 by "o man ?9k+ a ta/e nice1 :i* ano!r ?9ks na/y--s 8 moral s5se is n disprov$ by "o man ?9k+ an act "r :i* ano!r ?9ks wrong4 ,moreov] ?is s5se ( "r & wrong is q di/9ct f ! pleasant or unpleasant consequ5ces :i* are associat$ ) c]ta9 acts4 ,= in/ance1 ,i may avoid putt+ my h& into hot wat]1 because ,i rememb] hav+ done s be=e1 & x 0 pa9ful2 b ?is is q diff]5t f avoid+ an act because x is wrong4 ,x is also q di/9ct f exp$i5cy1 or ! idea ( b5efit+ by an act4 ,= an act may n b5efit u at all1 or may ev5 injure u1 & yet x may be "r4 ,9 %ort1 'fifty exp]i5ces ( :at is pleasant or :at is pr(itable d n1 & _c1 make "o conviction ( :at is "r'2 ! ideas diff] 9 k9d2 & n m]ely 9 degree4 7#g47 ,man's consci5ce4 ,la/ly1 z to man's consci5ce4 ,?is is (t5 confus$ ) 8 moral s5se1 b a little reflection w %[ t ! two are di/9ct4 ,= a man might possess a moral s5se1 & be able to classify acts z "r or wrong1 yet h no direct means ( kn[+ to :i* class any p>ticul> act belong$4 ,he might h to "w ?is out by reason+2 & 9 difficult cases we sometimes d s4 ,b z a rule ?is is unnecess>y4 ,= mank9d possesses a v rem>kable some?+1 call$ a consci5ce1 :i* tells him at once1 & )\t ei!r argum5t or reason+1 t c]ta9 acts are "r & o!rs wrong4 ,consci5ce is ?us l an organ ( ! moral s5se1 & may be comp>$ to ! eye or organ ( sight2 = j z ! eye p]ceives t c]ta9 col\rs are r$ & o!rs blue1 s consci5ce p]ceives t c]ta9 acts are "r & o!rs wrong4 ,9 ea* case ! p]ception is almo/ in/antane\s1 & q di/9ct f any k9d ( reason+4 ,consci5ce1 x w be notic$1 does n make ! act "r or wrong1 any m ?an ! eye makes ! col\r r$ or blue2 x m]ely tells u :at acts are "r & :at wrong4 ,x is ?us an int]m$i>y betwe5 ,someone else & ourselves2 & ?is ,someone else c only be ,god1 ,:o gave u our consci5ce1 s t 9 popul> language x may be call$ ! ,voice ( ,god4 ,& x tells u we ought to act "r1 because ?is is ! way 9 :i* ,god wi%es u to act4 ,n[ t mank9d possesses a consci5ce is indisputable4 ,x is %>$ alike by "y & old1 ri* & poor1 educat$ & un$ucat$4 ,x has exi/$ 9 all ages1 c\ntries & races4 ,we all h x1 & :at is v rem>kable x seems to be indep5d5t ( our w1 & n at our disposal4 ,we d n correct x1 b x corrects u2 = x n only tells u :at acts are "r & :at wrong1 b x approves def9itely ( our do+ ! =m]1 & disapproves j z def9itely ( our do+ ! latt]4 ,inde$1 "o ( ! mo/ /rik+ effects ( consci5ce is ?is feel+ ( remorse or self-condemnation aft] wrong-do+2 & su* a feel+ is practically univ]sal4 ,& if x be object$ t "o man's consci5ce may say t an act is "r1 :i* ano!r man's consci5ce says is wrong1 we mu/ rememb] t ! decision ( a man's consci5ce1 only ref]s to ! man himself4 ,x tells a man :at is "r = him1 ) 8 k & surr\nd+s1 & x is q possible t ?is may be wrong = ano!r man4 ,^!1 !n1 are ! moral attributes ( ! human race1 & x foll[s at once t man is a free & responsible be+4 ,b z ?is conclusion is (t5 disput$1 because ( ! simil>ity betwe5 animals & m51 & ! difficulty ( admitt+ t !y also are free & responsible be+s1 or else ( %[+ :]e ! di/9ction lies1 we mu/ exam9e ?is subject4 7,c47 ,,diff]5ce ,,betwe5 ,,animals ,,& ,,m54 ,n[ ! bodily diff]5ce betwe5 c]ta9 animals & m5 is admitt$ly small2 & ?\gh ! accompany+ m5tal diff]5ce is enorm\s1 x is probably only "o ( degree2 = all animals seem1 to "s slight ext5t1 to possess a m9d1 :i* enables !m at lea/ to feel consci\s ( pleasure & pa94 ,we mu/ !re=e pass on to ! moral attributes ( animals2 & z we "k no?+ z to _! feel+s on ! subject1 x is difficult to say 7ref]r+ to ! fir/ ?ree po9ts7 :e!r !y h a free w or n4 ,( c\rse1 if !y h n1 t w\ld be a cle> di/9ction betwe5 animals & m54 ,b we h no "r to assume ?is1 & !re is a good deal to be said on ! o!r side1 at lea/ 9 reg>d to ! high] animals1 s ! "q _h bett] be left op54 ,b ) reg>d to ! next po9t1 t ( kn[n fre$om1 we are on sur] gr\nd2 = ! pro( ( man's believ+ himself to be free does n dep5d solely on 8 own feel+s4 ,x is %[n by 8 acts1 z x enables him to design1 & x is d\btful if !re is any?+ correspond+ to ?is 9 animals4 ,= ?\gh _m ( _! works %[ design some:]e1 x does n seem to be due to !m4 ,?is k9d ( unconsci\s design+ 7:i* /range to say is mo/ app>5t 9 ! l[] =ms ( animal life7 is call$ in/9ct1 & !re are at lea/ ?ree reasons = ?9k+ t x diff]s f real design imply+ =e?\ght4 ,! fir/ is1 t1 if ^! works 7 due to ! design ( ! animals !mselves1 !y mu/ possess intellectual p[]s ( a v high ord]4 ,take1 = in/ance1 ! well kn[n example ( ! cells ( bees4 ,^! are built on ! mo/ p]fect ma!matical pr9ciples1 ! ?ree rhombs :i* close ! hexagonal columns hav+ ! exact angles s z to conta9 ! greate/ am\nt ( honey1 ) ! lea/ exp5diture ( wax4 ,& z we require advanc$ ma!matics & a book ( log>i?ms to "w out su* problems1 x is h>d to see h[ ! bees c d x4 ,nor is h]$ity ( any use1 = ! bees :i* build cells are all work]s 7z !y are call$7 & h no desc5dants2 :ile ^? :i* h desc5dants are ei!r drones or que5s1 & ^! d no build+4 ,?us ! cells are built by bees1 none ( ^: ance/ors h ev] built cells2 s ! design _c be ascrib$ to any?+ !y h inh]it$ f _! p>5ts4#c ,secondly1 animals are only able to design 9 a few special cases1 & 9 o!r respects !y (t5 act ) ! greate/ /upidity4 ,a bee1 = example1 ) all its ma!matics1 _c v (t51 if x has fl[n 9 ?r\gh an op5 w9d[1 retrace its way1 b w buzz helplessly aga9/ ano!r :i* is %ut4 ,footnote #c3 ,encyc4 ,brit41 #i? edit41 vol4 iii41 pp4 #dij1 #dhd4 ,! angles are #aji #bh' & #gj #cb'4 ,?irdly1 ! in/9cts ( animals are practically ! same1 always & ev]y:]e4 ,!y are n m advanc$ 9 "s c\ntries1 ?an 9 o!rs2 or 9 "s individuals1 ?an 9 o!rs4 ,!y are n ev5 m advanc$ z "t goes on4 ,! la/ cell built by a bee is no bett] ?an ! fir/1 & no bett]1 z f> z we "k1 ?an cells built by bees ?\s&s ( ye>s ago2 :ile ! "y ( animals1 )\t any exp]i5ce to guide !m1 h ! same in/9cts z ! old4 ,cle>ly1 !n1 an animal's in/9ct is born ) x1 & n acquir$2 & !re=e1 any app>5t design !re may be 9 :at is done by in/9ct _c be attribut$ to ! animal itself1 any m ?an ! design %[n 9 its eyes1 b to its ,mak]4 ,s f> all is pla94 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be urg$ t 9 "s ( ! high] animals1 especially ^? 9 contact ) man1 we d f9d c]ta9 acts :i* seem to imply =e?\ght & design4 ,a dog1 = example1 w bury a bone "o day1 & g & look = x ! next4 ,b :5 once x is admitt$ t :at are app>5tly f> m /rik+ in/ances ( design are to be expla9$ by in/9ct1 x seems bett] to expla9 !m all 9 ! same way4 ,& ?is is confirm$ by ! fact t ev5 ! high] animals d n appe> to h any idea ( responsibility1 or any s5se ( "r & wrong1 :i* 9 man are ! result ( 8 kn[n fre$om4 ,( c\rse1 ?is also may be disput$1 s9ce z we puni% a dog = do+ :at we dislike1 x looks z if we held x responsible = ! act4 ,b ?is does n foll[4 ,we puni% ! dog to prev5t its repeat+ ! act4 ,& x may avoid do+ s1 because its memory associates ! act ) pa91 & n because x feels responsible = x1 or consid]s x to be wrong4 ,:ile 9 ! va/ majority ( cases we nev] ?9k ( hold+ an animal responsible = its acts1 or look ^u its injur+ anyone z a s94 ,we conclude1 !n1 t moral attributes =m ! great di/9ction betwe5 animals & m52 because ?\gh animals h1 or may h1 a free w1 x is n a kn[n fre$om1 s !y are n able1 l m51 to design1 & are h5ce n p]sonal be+s4 ,two fur!r rem>ks may be made be=e leav+ ?is subject4 ,! fir/ is1 t ?\gh !re are difficulties 9 plac+ ?is kn[n fre$om z ! diff]5ce betwe5 animals & m51 !re are z great1 if n great]1 difficulties 9 plac+ x any:]e else4 ,if we say t an ape or a dog c design1 ! difficulty is n less5$2 x is m]ely transf]r$ l[] d[n ! scale4 ,c a jellyfi% design8 ,! mom5t\s attribute ( kn[n fre$om mu/ beg9 some:]e2 & x seems less difficult to place x betwe5 animals & m5 ?an any:]e else4 ,! second & m important po9t is1 t our ignorance ab\t animals is no reason = d\bt+ :at we d "k ab\t man4 ,to d ?is w\ld be mo/ illogical4 ,inde$1 we might z well d5y t a man c\ld see1 or he>1 because !re are difficulties 9 decid+ :]e sight & he>+ comm5ce 9 ! scale ( animal life4 7,d47 ,,conclusion4 ,we may n[ conclude ?is *apt]4 ,) reg>d to man1 x is cle> t 8 bodily1 m5tal1 & moral attributes are q di/9ct4 ,a man may be /rong 9 body1 yet ( weak intellectual p[]2 or he may h a great intellect1 yet be ( weak moral "*4 ,?is makes x probable t human nature consi/s ( ?ree p>ts--body1 m9d1 & _s2 ! m9d correspond+ to ! m5tal reason+ "p ( man1 & ! _s to ! free moral "p1 ! ^w s\l be+ (t5 us$ = ei!r ( ^! latt]4 ,& ! diff]5ce betwe5 animals & m5 is probably t ! =m] h no spirits1 b only bodies & 7undevelop$7 m9ds4 ,all life on ?is planet w\ld !n =m ?ree great gr\ps--vegetation1 consi/+ ( matt] alone2 animals1 ( matt] & m9d2 man1 ( matt]1 m9d1 & _s4 ,& f ?is x seems to foll[ t :ile a man's body may 7conceivably7 h be5 evolv$ f any o!r =m ( matt]1 & 8 m9d f any o!r =m ( m9d1 yet 8 _s is ess5tially di/9ct1 & _c h be5 evolv$ f any?+ else4 ,moreov]1 z a man's body & m9d are bo? 7to "s ext5t7 "u ! kn[n control ( 8 free w1 or _s1 ?is latt] mu/ be look$ ^u z 8 real self4 ,?us he is n1 /rictly speak+1 an organism at all1 b a free be+ s]v$ by organs bo? ( body & m9d4 ,!y are 82 !y d n con/itute him4 ,he is ! p]sonal be+1 :o controls bo?4 ,9 o!r words man is a _s1 & has a body & m9d4 ,& our pres5t conclusion is q pla94 ,we h %[n t man is a free be+1 8 fre$om di/+ui%+ him f natural =ces1 & mak+ him 9 "p sup]natural4 ,& he is a responsible be+1 8 responsibility be+ due to 8 kn[n fre$om1 & di/+ui%+ him f animals4 ,he has ?us a unique position4 ,no?+ else on ?is planet resembles him1 & 9 8 attribute ( kn[n fre$om :i* enables him to design1 & makes him a p]sonal be+1 he resembles ,god alone4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,t ,,god ,,takes ,,an ,,int]e/ ,,9 ,,man',s ,,welf>e4 7,a47 ,,! ,,evid5ce ,,9 ,,its ,,fav\r4 ,s9ce ,god is a ,moral z well z a ,p]sonal ,be+1 ,he mu/ be capable ( c>+ = all ,8 creatures2 & we h abundant evid5ce t ,he does s1 especially = man4 ,b !re are two great difficulties4 7,b47 ,,! ,,insignificance ,,( ,,man4 7#a47 ,"s c\nt]-argum5ts1 %[+ t ev5 if insignificant1 ,god might /ill c>e = him4 7#b47 ,man's real importance1 due to 8 m9d & _s4 7#c47 ,! suppos$ inhabitants ( o!r planets4 7,c47 ,,! ,,exi/5ce ,,( ,,evil4 7#a47 ,physical evil 9 animals4 ,! objection t x is va/ 9 am\nt1 :olly unm]it$1 & p]fectly useless1 _c be ma9ta9$4 7#b47 ,physical evil 9 man4 ,sev]al ways ( less5+ ! difficulty4 ,its explanation seems to be t ,god's design+ evil does n mean ,8 desir+ x1 z x is ess5tial = =m+ a man's "*4 7#c47 ,moral evil 9 man4 ,! possibility ( ?is is ess5tial to free w2 & wick$ m5 are z necess>y z any o!r =m ( evil4 7,d47 ,,conclusion4 ,god's ,goodness includes ,b5efic5ce & ,righte\sness4 ,hav+ discuss$ 9 ! la/ *apt] ! "* ( man1 we h next to consid]1 z f> z we h any means ( do+ s1 ! ,"* ( ,god2 m especially :e!r ,he seems to take any int]e/ 9 man's welf>e4 ,& we w fir/ exam9e ! evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ?is2 !n ! two argum5ts on ! o!r side f ! insignificance ( man1 & ! exi/5ce ( evil2 & w conclude by consid]+ 9 :at s5se ! t]m ,goodness c be ascrib$ to ,god4 7,a47 ,,! ,,evid5ce ,,9 ,,its ,,fav\r4 ,to beg9 )1 ,god is c]ta9ly capable ( tak+ an int]e/ 9 man's welf>e1 = ,he is n only a ,p]sonal ,be+1 b also a ,moral ,be+4 ,?is foll[s at once f :at may be call$ ! moral argum5t = ! ,exi/5ce ( ,god1 or t dep5d+ on man's free w4 ,x is briefly ?is1 t no comb9ation ( natural =ces1 :i* are uni=m & always act ! same "u ! same circum/ances1 c ev] produce a free =ce1 able to act or n z x likes4 ,! idea seems inconceivable4 ,if1 !n1 man possesses su* a =ce1 :i* we h already admitt$1 x _c h come f any natural =ces1 nor c x h made itself1 s x mu/ h be5 d]iv$ f "s previ\s free =ce1 & ?is1 aga91 f a previ\s "o1 & s on till we f9ally arrive at a ,free ,=ce1 :i* 0 n d]iv$ f any o!r1 b :i* exi/$ et]nally4 ,& ?is1 x w be rememb]$1 0 precisely ! conclusion we rea*$ 9 ,*apt] ,i41 ?\gh f q a diff]5t argum5t4 ,& !n x foll[s t ?is ,free ,=ce1 or ,free ,be+1 mu/ "k t ,he is free2 & mu/ !re=e be a moral ,be+1 able to di/+ui% ! quality ( acts z "r or wrong4 ,inde$1 ! m]e fact t man possesses ?is rem>kable faculty makes x c]ta9 t man's ,mak] mu/ possess x too4 ,n[ a p]sonal & moral ,god mu/ cle>ly be able to take an int]e/ 9 ! welf>e ( ,8 creatures2 & !re is abundant evid5ce t ,he actually does s4 ,= ev]y:]e 9 nature1 & especially 9 man1 we meet ) m>ks1 n only ( design1 b ( b5efic5t design--t is to say ( design t5d+ to ! welf>e & happ9ess ( ! be+s 9 "q4 ,take1 = in/ance1 ! human eye1 :i* we consid]$ 9 ,*apt] ,,ii4 ,ev]yone w admit t ?is conduces v greatly to man's happ9ess2 & !re=e ! conclusion t ,god1 :5 ,he design$ ! eye1 did s ) ! object ( b5efit+ man seems irresi/ible4 ,nor is ?is alt]$ by ! fact t ! eye has a few defects1 9 be+ liable to v>i\s k9ds ( disease4 ,= no "o c ?9k t x 0 made = ! sake ( ^! defects4 ,x 0 evid5tly made to see1 & n to a*e4 ,t x does a*e n[ & !n is 9 all probability due to its be+ su* a complicat$ in/rum5t2 & p]haps also to its be+ (t5 us$ too mu*4 ,b x may be said1 b5eficial organs l ! eye1 ?\gh !y ab\nd ?r\gh\t nature1 are n ! only ones we meet )4 ,!re are o!rs1 l ! claws & tee? ( wild animals1 :i* are j ! opposite1 & seem design$ to give pa9 to o!r creatures4 ,b ?is is q unt5able4 ,!y 7 pla9ly design$ to enable ! animal to secure its food1 & are p]haps necess>y = t purpose1 & !y all t5d to ! welf>e ( _! possessor1 & sometimes also to t ( _! victim1 z x ha/5s dea?4 ,!re is n1 9 fact1 a s+le organ 9 nature ! object ( :i* is to produce pa94 ,:]e pa9 is produc$ x is m]ely a sort ( by-product4 ,?us f> !n1 we are q ju/ifi$ 9 conclud+ t ,god takes an int]e/ 9 man's welf>e4 ,b !re are two great difficulties4 7,b47 ,,! ,,insignificance ,,( ,,man4 ,! fir/ is f ! app>5t insignificance ( man4 ,= ?\gh he is d\btless by f> ! mo/ important be+ on ?is planet1 & end[$ ) "s ( ! ,div9e attributes1 yet1 aft] all h[ utt]ly insignificant he is 9 comp>ison ) 8 ,mak]4 ,?is is no new difficulty1#d b mod]n sci5ce has increas$ its =ce by %[+ t our e>? is only "o among ! planets :i* g r\nd ! sun1 :ile ! sun itself is only "o among _m millions ( />s4 ,&1 we may ask1 is x likely t ! ,god ,:o rules ^! millions ( />s %\ld take any int]e/ 9 ! be+s on a small planet l our e>?8 ,footnote #d3 ,ps4 #h4 #c1 #d4 ,?is is ! difficulty we h to face2 b a good deal dep5ds on ! way 9 :i* x is /at$4 ,w\ld x n be bett] to argue f ! kn[n to ! unkn[n1 & ask--,is x likely t ! ,god ,:o has made ?is e>?1 & ,:o we "k 7f ! m>ks ( design7 takes an int]e/ 9 its inhabitants1 %\ld be also ! ,rul] ( ! di/ant />s8 ,& :5 s /at$1 ! unity ( nature compels u to say t x is n only likely1 b practically c]ta94 ,h[ev]1 we w discuss ! subject m 9 detail1 fir/ consid]+ "s c\nt]-argum5ts1 :i* %[ t ev5 if man 7 insignificant ,god might /ill c>e = him2 !n man's real importance2 & la/ly1 ! "q ( o!r planets be+ inhabit$4 7#a47 ,"s ,c\nt]-argum5ts4 ,to beg9 )1 ?\gh x seems unlikely t ,god %\ld take any int]e/ 9 su* insignificant be+s z u m51 x also seems unlikely t ,he %\ld ev] h design$ & creat$ su* be+s4 ,yet ,he has done s4 ,& hav+ creat$ !m1 !re is at mo/ only a slight additional improbability1 if any at all1 t ,he %\ld take an int]e/ 9 _! welf>e4 ,& ?is is especially ! case :5 we rememb] t man is n only ! highe/ & noble/ be+ on ?is planet1 b z f> z we "k on any planet4 ,!re=e ?\gh we may be q unwor?y ( ,god's c>e1 we d n "k ( any o!r be+ :o is m wor?y ( x4 ,& x is mo/ unlikely t a ,creator w\ld n take an int]e/ 9 any ( ,8 works4 ,next1 z to ! analogy ( nature4 ,"h we f9d no?+ resembl+ a neglect ( small ?+s4 ,on ! contr>y1 ev]y?+1 d[n to ! m9ute/ insect1 seems f9i%$ ) z mu* p]fection z if x alone exi/$ 9 ! univ]se4 ,& ?is is surely :at we %\ld expect4 ,= true greatness does n exi/ 9 despis+ t :i* is small2 & x may be a v "p ( ,god's inf9ite greatness t no?+ %\ld be too small = ,him to c>e ab\t1 j z no?+ is too l>ge4 ,& :ile a ,be+1 ,:o c gov]n ! univ]se1 & att5d to its millions ( />s1 is no d\bt great--inconceivably great2 yet ,he is surely great] /ill--inconceivably great]--if ,he c also att5d to our little planet1 & its inhabitants2 & c d ?is s ?or\ghly1 z n only to take an int]e/ 9 ! human race1 b 9 ! welf>e ( ea* "o ( its memb]s4 ,& ! :ole analogy ( nature is 9 fav\r ( ,8 do+ s2 = ! =ces ( nature nev] deal ) matt] 9 bulk1 b ) ea* p>ticle sep>ately4 ,a /one1 = in/ance1 is attract$ to ! gr\nd1 because1 & only because1 ea* p>ticle ( x is s attract$4 ,9 ! same way if ,god takes an int]e/ 9 ! human race 7&1 z j said1 x is h>d to imag9e ,8 n do+ s1 s9ce x is ,8 noble/ "w7 x may be because1 & only because1 ,he takes an int]e/ 9 ea* individual memb] ( x4 ,?irdly1 ! difficulty ( ?us believ+ t ,god takes an int]e/ 9 ! daily life ( an individual man1 ?\gh und\bt$ly great1 is really no m ?an t ( believ+ t ,he kn[s ab\t x4 ,= if ,he kn[s ab\t x1 :y %\ld ,he n c>e ab\t x8 ,yet1 z said 9 ,*apt] ,,ii41 a _w l ours _c h be5 made )\t bo? k1 & =ekn[l$ge1 on ! "p ( its ,mak]4 ,& ?\gh we might at fir/ be incl9$ to limit ?is to important matt]s1 a little consid]ation w %[ t su* a di/9ction is unt5able2 & t if ,god kn[s any?+1 ,he kn[s ev]y?+4 ,& if ,he kn[s ev]y?+1 :y %\ld ,he n c>e ab\t ev]y?+8 ,f\r?ly1 & ?is is v important1 :e!r we are insignificant or n1 we are ea* ( u unique4 ,we are n l p>ticles ( matt]4 ,millions ( ^! are 7or may be7 exactly alike1 b no two m5 are exactly alike2 n ev5 to ! same ext5t z plants & animals4 ,= ea* man is a sep>ate _s1 a p]sonal be+ di/9ct f all else 9 ! _w4 ,& s9ce he possesses a free w1 8 "* is also di/9ct2 = ?is dep5ds to a l>ge ext5t on h[ he uses 8 free w1 :at he says1 & :at he does1 day by day4 ,s x is out ( ! "q to ?9k t any two m5 are exactly alike4 ,& ?is is ! common belief ( mank9d1 = h[ev] mu* we may ?9k o!r p alike1 we ea* feel sure t !re is no "o else 9 ! _w exactly l ourselves4 ,nor c !re be4 ,= ?\gh ,god might1 if ,he *ose1 make two trees exactly alike1 or two m5 exactly alike 9 _! ext]nal features1 ,he c\ld n make !m alike 9 _! "*4 ,= ?is1 z j said1 dep5ds on _! own free use ( _! own free w2 & if ,god 7 to =ce !m to decide 9 ! same way1 !y w\ld cease to be free4 ,& f ?is x foll[s t ea* man is n only unique1 b irreplaceable4 ,no o!r c be made l him4 ,!re=e1 z we ea* h some?+ special ab\t u1 ,god may take a special int]e/ 9 ea* ( u4 ,d\btless su* an idea seems v wond]ful2 b no "o :o has any k ( ! m>vels ( nature w ?9k x1 on t acc\nt1 incr$ible4 ,inde$1 f "o po9t ( view1 x is only :at we %\ld expect4 ,= we all "k h[ a naturali/ w value a unique specim51 :i* _c be replac$1 9 spite ( its hav+ "s defects4 ,& if ea* man is really unique1 & irreplaceable1 :y may n ! ,god ( ,nature value him too 79 spite ( 8 faults71 & take an int]e/ 9 8 welf>e8 ,!n1 fif?ly1 z to ! discov]ies ( sci5ce1 !re is "h also a good deal to be said on ! o!r side4 ,= ?\gh ! telescope has %[n u t our _w is l a m]e drop 9 ! ocean1 ! microscope has %[n u a new _w 9 ea* drop2 & ! inf9itely little1 z x is call$1 is z wond]ful z ! inf9itely great1 & man /ill occupies a sort ( c5tral position4 ,:51 = in/ance1 we exam9e a s+le organ1 say ! human eye1 we f9d t x consi/s ( an imm5se numb] ( p>ts1 ea* ( :i* is se5 to be m & m complicat$ ! m we are able to magnify x1 & s on )\t app>5tly any limit4 ,& ?is makes x m ?an ev] likely t ! ,god1 ,:o has %[n su* m>vell\s skill 9 ! v>i\s organs ( a man's body1 %\ld c>e = ! man himself1 ! p]sonal & moral be+1 :o possesses ^! organs4 ,nor is ! argum5t weak5$ by ! fact t ! organs ( animals also %[ a wond]ful am\nt ( design1 = z f> z we "k1 9 _! case1 !re is no p]sonal & moral be+ to c>e ab\t4 ,aga91 sci5ce has n only %[n u ! magnitude ( ! univ]se1 & t !re are millions ( />s1 millions ( miles ap>t1 b x has also %[n u its unity1 & t all its p>ts are closely connect$ toge!r4 ,& c]ta9ly ! idea t ! ,god1 ,:o rules ^! />s1 %\ld take an int]e/ 9 u m51 is no h>d] to believe ?an t ! gases1 :i* are burn+ 9 ^! />s1 %\ld influ5ce our spectroscopes4 ,yet !y d2 s if ?is 7 all1 x w\ld /ill less5 ! difficulty a good deal4 7#b47 ,man's real importance4 ,b ?is is n all1 = sci5ce has also taught u a great deal ab\t man himself1 & 8 long developm5t2 :i* has a mo/ important be>+ on ! argum5t4 ,= we n[ "k t our e>? has exi/$ = ?\s&s ( c5turies1 gradually evolv+ high] & high] =ms ( life1 all lead+ up to man1 :o is ! heir ( all ! ages1 ! inh]itor ( all t is useful & be/ 9 8 long l9e ( ance/ors4 ,& 7:at is v important7 organic evolution seems oblig$ to /op "h4 ,man is n m]ely a l9k 9 a s]ies lead+ on to /ill m p]fect be+s1 b he is ! end ( ! s]ies4 ,9 all probability !re w nev] be a high] be+ on ! e>?1 = ! causes :i* h produc$ 8 evolution ?us f>1 c c>ry x no fur!r4 ,:51 = in/ance1 man acquir$ an erect position1 !re 0 an end to any fur!r improvem5t 9 t respect4 ,:5 he took to we>+ clo!s1 !re 0 an end to ! body becom+ h>di] & /rong] ?r\gh exposure4 ,:5 he took to us+ weapons & inv5t+ ma*9]y1 m]e physical /r5g? 0 no long] ess5tial1 & c\ld no long] be increas$4 ,9 %ort1 :5 ,evolution began to take a m5tal turn1 !re 0 an end to bodily developm5t4 ,h5ce=? !re 0 to be no evolution ( any high] be+1 b r ! gradual p]fect+ ( ?is "o be+1 by m5tal & moral1 & n physical improvem5ts4 ,man is ?us n only ! highe/ be+ t ev] has be5 evolv$1 b1 z f> z we c judge1 ! highe/ be+ t ev] w be evolv$ on ?is e>?4 ,s ! va/ s*eme ( evolution1 inconceivable alike 9 magnitude1 9 duration1 & 9 complexity1 is all se5 to be "o plan1 ) man app>5tly at ! end ( x4 ,& consequ5tly1 z ev]y?+ 0 design$ by ,god1 he mu/ h be5 ! =ekn[n & int5d$ end1 f ! v beg9n+2 ! fir/ ?\ght 9 creation1 z well z ! la/4 ,& :5 we ?us reg>d man z ! goal t[>ds :i* nature has all along t5d$1 & !re=e z ! *ief object :i* ,god--! ,au?or ( ,nature--_h 9 view all ! "t1 x seems to increase 8 importance t5fold2 & %[s conclusively t 9 ,god's sight he mu/ be any?+ b insignificant4 ,nor is x difficult to sugge/ a reason = ?is4 ,= man1 z we "k1 has a m9d1 z well z a body2 & ?\gh ! discov]ies ( sci5ce h 9 "s respects less5$ ! importance ( 8 body1 by %[+ its evolution f o!r animals2 !y h at ! same "t increas$ t ( 8 m9d1 = x is 8 m9d t has discov]$ !m4 ,& e fre% discov]y man makes c only exalt him /ill high] = mak+ x2 s t ! m9d ( man n[ %[s him to be a f> nobl] be+ ?an c\ld possibly h be5 imag9$ "s c5turies ago4 ,& c]ta9ly1 a m9d t c discov] ! motions ( di/ant />s1 & ! elem5ts ( :i* !y are compos$1 _c be ?\ght insignificant4 ,9 fact1 9 "o respect man is great] ?an any ( ! />s2 = he c ?9k ab\t !m1 b !y _c ?9k ab\t him4 ,moreov]1 man has n only a m9d1 b also a _s1 or free w1 able to act "r or wrong4 ,& ev5 8 act+ wrong1 h[ev] sad x may be 9 o!r respects1 is a p[]ful witness to 8 greatness2 = :o b a great be+ c\ld act 9 opposition to ! w ( ! ,almighty8 ,b !n2 if 8 act+ wrong proves 8 greatness1 /ill m does 8 act+ "r4 ,inde$ 7if we 7 n s f> f x ourselves7 we %\ld probably see t moral p]fection1 or always act+ "r1 ?\gh "o might act wrong1 is ! noble/ ?+ 9 ! :ole univ]se2 & z f> above m5tal greatness1 z ?is latt] is above m]e physical /r5g?4 ,b ?\gh we _c prop]ly appreciate x1 ,god c4 ,he is ,himself a ,_s1 & !re=e1 9 ,8 sight1 a man possess+ a m9d & _s1 & ?us made to "s ext5t 9 ,8 own image1 & capable ( develop+ moral p]fection1 may be ( m value 7because m l ,himself7 ?an a univ]se ( dead matt]4 ,9 ! same way 7to quote a well-kn[n analogy7 a k+ w value 8 *ild m ?an 8 palace3 = ! simple reason t ! *ild is m l himself4 ,?us p]sons are always m valuable ?an ?+s4 ,& !y are incomp>ably m valuable1 = !y h no?+ 9 common by :i* !y c be comp>$4 ,we _c class an a/ronom] ) 8 telescopes1 or say t "o geologi/ is wor? s _m fossils1 or "o bricklay] s _m bricks4 ,& ?is be+ s1 :at %all we say ( ! millions ( m5 :o h liv$1 & are n[ liv+1 on ?is e>?8 ,surely _! welf>e _c be ?\ght insignificant by anyone1 lea/ ( all by _! ,creator4 7#c47 ,! suppos$ inhabitants ( o!r planets4 ,b x may be said1 :at ab\t o!r planets8 ,are n "s ( ^! inhabit$1 & does n ?is weak5 ! argum5t a good deal1 & %[ t ,god _c take any special int]e/ 9 man1 or o!r be+s on ?is e>?8 ,n[ !re is1 ( c\rse1 no reason :y ,god %\ld take any special int]e/ 9 ! be+s on ?is planet1 m ?an 9 simil> be+s on o!r planets1 if su* exi/2 b ?is is v d\btful4 ,= mod]n sci5ce has %[n t n only are ! same mat]ials f\nd 9 ! o!r planets 7& also 9 ! fix$ />s7 z are f\nd "h2 b t natural laws1 su* z ^? ( gravity1 light1 & heat1 are ! same ?r\gh\t ! entire univ]se4 ,& ?is makes x probable t ! laws ( life are also ! same2 s t if liv+ be+s exi/ on o!r planets1 we %\ld expect !m to be some:at simil> to ! liv+ be+s "h2 & to h be5 evolv$ 9 a some:at simil> mann]4 ,& ?is requires t a l>ge numb] ( fav\rable circum/ances1 su* z a mod]ate temp]ature1 a suitable atmosph]e1 suffici5t wat]1 etc41 %\ld all be f\nd on "s o!r planet1 n only n[1 b dur+ ! long ages :i* 7judg+ by ?is e>?7 appe> necess>y = ! developm5t ( ! high] =ms ( life2 & ?is c]ta9ly seems unlikely4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is difficult to believe t ,god w\ld create an imm5se numb] ( suns or />s1 _m ( :i* h probably planets r\nd !m1 if only "o out ( ! :ole s]ies 0 to be inhabit$ by p]sonal be+s4 ,b h[ev] /range ?is may seem to u1 x entirely agrees ) ,god's me?ods 9 nature1 :]e :at seems to be ne$less wa/e is ! univ]sal rule4 ,s ?is is n an insup]able difficulty4 ,! "q1 h[ev]1 may well be left op51 = ev5 if o!r planets are inhabit$1 !re is no reason :y ,god %\ld n take an int]e/--& p]haps a great int]e/--9 _! inhabitants1 z well z 9 ourselves2 s9ce all ,8 capacities are b\ndless1 & ev5 ! smalle/ "p ( inf9ity may be v l>ge4 7,c47 ,,! ,,exi/5ce ,,( ,,evil4 ,we n[ come to ! o!r1 & p]haps m important1 difficulty--t aris+ f ! exi/5ce ( evil4 ,?is t]m 9 its wide/ s5se includes bo? pa91 :i* affects a man's body2 sorr[1 :i* affects 8 m9d2 & s91 :i* affects 8 _s4 ,! two =m] may be call$ physical evil1 & apply also to animals2 :ile ! latt] is moral evil1 & applies only to man4 ,& z ! _w is full ( pa91 sorr[1 & s91 "o may naturally ask h[ c\ld x h be5 design$ & creat$ by a ,god ,:o c>es = ! welf>e ( ,8 creatures8 ,or1 to put ! objection 9 o!r words1 does n ! exi/5ce ( ?is evil %[ t ,god ei!r c\ld n or w\ld n prev5t x8 ,if ,he c\ld n1 he is n ,all-,p[]ful2 if ,he w\ld n1 ,he is n ,all-,good4 ,?is is an und\bt$ difficulty2 & we w exam9e x 9 detail1 bo? z x affects animals & m54 7#a47 ,physical evil 9 animals4 ,! objection "h is t animals ( all k9ds suff] a va/ am\nt ( pa9 & mis]y1 :i* is :olly unm]it$ & p]fectly useless2 s9ce1 hav+ no moral nature1 !y c nei!r des]ve pa9 nor pr(it by x4 ,we w consid] ^! po9ts 9 turn4 ,& fir/1 z to ! am\nt :i* animals suff]4 ,"o animal does n suff] m because a million suff] likewise1 s we mu/ consid] ! suff]+ z x affects ! individual1 & n ! total am\nt4 ,& z to its ext5t we "k b little4 ,t animals appe> to suff] greatly1 e4g41 a m\se be+ caught by a cat1 is obvi\s2 b h[ f> !y really suff] is d\btful1 z _! feel+s are probably f> less s5sitive ?an ^? ( man2 s x is q mislead+ to ?9k :at we %\ld feel l 9 simil> circum/ances4 ,?is is inde$ evid5t :5 we reflect t suff]+ is connect$ ) ! bra91 z is %[n by ! fact t savages suff] mu* less ?an civilis$ nations4 ,& !re=e we %\ld expect animals1 ^: m5tal developm5t is f> less advanc$1 to suff] /ill less2 :ile ! l[] =ms ( life we %\ld n expect to suff] at all4 ,& ?is is confirm$ by obs]vation1 z sev]al facts h be5 notic$ :i* almo/ =ce u to ?is conclusion4 ,a crab1 = in/ance1 w cont9ue to eat1 & app>5tly reli%1 a small] crab1 :ile be+ itself sl[ly dev\r$ by a l>g] "o2 & ?is %[s t ! crab c feel sc>cely any pa91 s9ce ! almo/ univ]sal effect ( pa9 is to de/roy ! pleasure ( eat+4 ,& _m o!r in/ances are kn[n4#e ,footnote #e3 ,transactions ( ,victoria ,in/itute1 vol4 xxv41 #ahia1 p4 #beg4 ,moreov]1 animals1 except dome/ic ones :i* are p>tly tra9$ & civilis$1 appe> to h no anticipation ( suff]+1 & no p[] ( conc5trat+ _! ?\ghts ^u x1 :i* increases x s greatly 9 man4 ,& assum+1 ) ref]5ce to ! above example1 t ! m\se is n to live = ev]1 its be+ de/roy$ by a cat is at mo/ a v %ort mis]y1 & p]haps involv+ altoge!r less pa9 ?an if x di$ f disease or old age4 ,inde$ few ?+s c\ld be worse ?an = old & weak animals to be left to !mselves1 & gradually die ( />vation4 ,& we mu/ rememb]1 9 a /ate ( nature1 ) unc]ta9 meals ! cat w\ld nev] play at captur+ ! m\se1 ?us giv+ x ne$less & repeat$ suff]+s1 b x w\ld kill x at once4 ,!n z to ! s-call$ /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,x is no?+ l :at is commonly suppos$1 z has be5 recognis$ by lead+ naturali/s4 ,?us ,d>w9 says3--',:5 we reflect on ?is /ruggle we may console ourselves ) ! full belief t ! w> ( nature is n incessant1 t no fe> is felt1 t dea? is g5]ally prompt1 & t ! vigor\s1 ! heal?y1 & ! happy survive & multiply4' ,& ,wallace says3--',! popul> idea ( ! /ruggle = exi/5ce entail+ mis]y & pa9 on ! animal _w is ! v rev]se ( ! tru?4 ,:at x really br+s ab\t is ! maximum ( life1 & ( ! enjoym5t ( life1 ) ! m9imum ( suff]+ & pa94'#f ,on ! :ole1 !n1 x seems probable t pa9 among animals is f> less ?an is commonly assum$1 & 9 ! l[] =ms ( life almo/ entirely abs5t4 ,footnote #f3 ,c4 ,d>w94 ,orig9 ( ,species4 #f? edit41 #ahhh1 p4 #if4 ,a4 ,r4 ,wallace4 ,d>w9ism1 #ahhi1 p4 #dj4 ,/ill x may be said1 ?is only less5s ! difficulty2 = :y %\ld animals suff] pa9 at all8 ,z f> z we c judge1 x is :olly unm]it$1 s9ce1 hav+ no moral nature1 & !re=e no responsibility1 !y _c h done any?+ wrong to des]ve x4 ,b !n1 ! pleasure :i* !y enjoy is also unm]it$4 ,! two mu/ 9 all fairness be tak5 toge!r1 & z a matt] ( fact1 animals seem to h a mu* great] am\nt ( pleasure ?an ( pa94 ,_! life 7except :5 ill-treat$ by man7 is1 z a rule1 "o ( cont9ual enjoym5t1 & probably1 at any giv5 mom5t1 ! numb] ( animals ( any p>ticul> k9d t are happy is incomp>ably great] ?an ^? t are mis]able4 ,9 %ort1 heal? & happ9ess is ! rule1 sickness & pa9 ! exception4 ,nor c x be said t pa9 is useless to animals2 = ?\gh !y h no moral nature to be improv$1 !y h a physical nature to be pres]v$ & transmitt$1 & ! s5se ( pa9 may be ess5tial = ?is4 ,x is inde$ a k9d ( s5try1 w>n+ !m ( dang]s1 :i* might o!rwise lead to _! de/ruction4 ,if = example1 animals felt no pa9 f excessive heat1 !y might n escape :5 a =e/ 0 burn+2 or1 if !y felt no pa9 f hung]1 !y might die ( />vation4 ,?us pa9 is1 9 reality1 a pres]vative ( life2 & x is (t5 n an evil at all2 s no "p ( ?is objection c be ma9ta9$4 7#b47 ,physical evil 9 man4 ,we n[ pass on to ! case ( man4 ,!re is un=tunately no d\bt ab\t ! suff]+ :i* he endures4 ,! /ruggl+ lives1 ! pa9ful diseases1 ! l+]+ dea?s1 n to m5tion accid5ts ( all k9ds1 are b too evid5t4 ,& we may ask1 w\ld an ,omnipot5t ,god1 ,:o c>$ = man's welf>e1 h ev] design$ all ?is8 ,n[ x is important to rememb] t a great deal ( physical evil orig9ates 9 moral evil1 :i* w be consid]$ lat] on4 ,by f> ! great] "p ( ! pa9 & mis]y :i* m5 endure is br\ght ab\t by _! own wick$ness & folly1 or by t ( _! fell[-m54 ,! rec5t w>--worse 9 ext5t1 ?\gh n worse 9 k9d1 ?an all previ\s w>s--has be5 a t]rible example ( ?is4 ,b x 0 man's do+1 n ,god's2 & man alone mu/ be blam$ = x4 ,9 ! next place1 _m ( ! s-call$ evils ( life d n involve any actual suff]+4 ,if = in/ance a man loses ! sight ( "o eye1 he ne$ n h any pa92 & 7 he orig9ally bl9d ! possession ( ev5 "o eye w\ld h be5 ?\ght a priceless bless+4 ,aga91 h[ev] great may be ! suff]+s ( life1 !y _c be z great z its joys1 s9ce ne>ly ev]yone wi%es to g on liv+4 ,:ile x is und5iable t human pa91 l t ( animals1 is mo/ useful1 s]v+ to w>n m5 ( dang]s & diseases1 :i* w\ld o!rwise lead to _! de/ruction4 ,moreov]1 9 a mat]ial _w l ours1 if ! =ces ( nature act accord+ to fix$ laws1 a c]ta9 am\nt ( suff]+ seems inevitable4 ,if1 = example1 ! =ce ( gravity always acts z x does1 x w occasionally cause a t[] to fall & injure someone4 ,su* an ev5t c\ld only be avoid$ by ,god's cont9ually int]f]+ ) ^! =ces4 ,b ?is w\ld r5d] all human life a hopeless confusion4 ,:ile1 at pres5t1 ow+ to ^! =ces be+ inv>iable1 a great deal ( ! evil :i* might o!rwise result f !m c be =ese5 & avoid$4 ,if1 h[ev]1 m5 w n avoid x1--if1 = in/ance1 9 spite ( ! num]\s eruptions ( ,vesuvius1 !y /ill *oose to g & live on its slopes1--x is h>d to see h[ !y c blame anyone b !mselves4 ,9 ! same way1 if a man *ooses to sit on ! safety valve ( an eng9e1 x is 8 own fault if he gets bl[n up4 ,& ev5 9 o!r cases1 :5 ! evil _c be =ese51 z 9 an unexpect$ e>?quake1 x is at lea/ op5 to d\bt :e!r x is any worse = a numb] ( m5 to die l ?is1 sudd5ly & toge!r1 ?an t !y %\ld all die 9 ! usual way1 sl[ly1 "o by "o1 & (t5 aft] a long illness4 ,x ( c\rse appeals m to ! imag9ation1 b x probably involves less suff]+4 ,?us we may say t human suff]+1 exclud+ t due to man himself1 is by no means s great z x seems2 t x is1 z a rule1 m ?an c\nt]-balanc$ by human happ9ess2 & t a c]ta9 am\nt seems n only useful1 b 9 a _w l ours inevitable4 ,b ?\gh all ^! consid]ations are und\bt$ly true1 & und\bt$ly less5 ! difficulty1 !y d n remove x altoge!r4 ,! foll[+ appe>s to be ! true explanation3 t ?\gh ,god =eknew all ?is suff]+ :5 ,he creat$ ! _w1 & 9 ?is s5se design$ x1 ,he ne$ n h desir$ x1 b may h desir$ some?+ else1 = ! atta9m5t ( :i*1 ?is suff]+ 0 a necess>y condition4 ,& ?is some?+ else mu/ obvi\sly h be5 ! tra9+ & p]fect+ ( man's "*2 = :i*1 "s k9d ( suff]+ seems ess5tial4 ,= if !re 7 no suff]+ 9 ! _w1 !re c\ld be no =titude1 no brav]y1 no pati5ce1 no compassion1 no sympa?y ) o!rs1 no self-sacrifice = _! good--no?+1 9 fact1 t con/itutes ! highe/ type ( man4 ,9 o!r words1 a be+ su* z man1 c only be made p]fect ?r\gh suff]+4 ,!re=e ?is suff]+ implies no defect 9 ,god's design4 ,x is a means1 &1 z f> z we c judge1 ! only possible means = develop+ ! highe/ & noble/ "* 9 man1 su* a "* inde$ z alone makes him wor?y ( admiration4 ,moreov]1 a man's "* c only be =m$ by himself1 x _c be giv5 him ready-made1 = !n x w\ld n be 8 "* at all2 & x c only be =m$ gradually1 x _c be done all at once4 ,!re=e1 if ,god wi%es a man to h ! special "* acquir$ by con/antly be>+ suff]+1 x c only be obta9$ by con/antly giv+ him suff]+ to be>4 ,"h1 !n1 we h ! mo/ probable explanation ( ! physical evils :i* man endures4 ,_! object is to develop & p]fect 8 "*2 & z ?is is a good object1 & z x _c be obta9$ 9 any o!r way1 !y may well h be5 design$ by a good ,god4 7#c47 ,moral evil 9 man4 ,b we n[ come to ! mo/ difficult "p ( ! subject1 ! exi/5ce ( moral evil 9 man4 ,?is1 z be=e said1 is ! *ief cause ( human mis]y1 & might x n h be5 avoid$8 ,9 o!r words1 c\ld n all s9 h be5 exclud$ f ! _w8 ,b assum+ man to be a free be+1 x c\ld n h be5 avoid$1 = fre$om is always liable to abuse4 ,!re=e1 if ,god decid$ t man 0 to be free 9 "s cases to act "r or wrong1 x necess>ily foll[s t he may act wrong4 ,no ,omnipot5ce c\ld possibly alt] ?is )\t de/roy+ man's fre$om4 ,h5ce1 ?\gh ,god design$ all ! moral evil 9 ! _w1 ,he ne$ n h desir$ x1 b 7z be=e7 may h desir$ "s totally diff]5t object1 = ! atta9m5t ( :i*1 ?is evil 0 a necess>y condition4 ,nor1 aga91 is x difficult to sugge/ :at ?is object may h be54 ,= unless man is a free be+1 he c be little bett] ?an a ma*9e--a correctly-behav$ ma*9e1 no d\bt1 & "o able to talk & ?9k1 b /ill only a ma*9e4 ,& ,god may n h wi%$ t man1 :o is1 z f> z we "k1 ,8 highe/ & noble/ "w1 %\ld be only a ma*9e4 ,inde$1 ! sup]iority ( free m5 :o act "r1 ?\gh !y might act wrong1 to m]e ma*9es is obvi\s to ev]yone2 & x may f> outweigh ! disadvantage t "s ( !m %\ld act wrong4 ,!re=e1 ?\gh we h to pay de>ly = fre$om1 x is well wor? ! price2 & ! inf9ite value ( goodness1 z x is call$1 may ju/ify1 ?\gh no?+ else c\ld1 ! risks involv$ 9 giv+ man a free w4 ,nor is !re any?+ unlikely 9 ! ,creator ?us c>+ ab\t ! conduct ( ,8 creatures4 ,we c]ta9ly %\ld n admire an e>?ly rul] :o reg>d$ traitors to 8 cause1 & 8 mo/ fai?ful adh]5ts ) ! same indiff]5ce2 or an e>?ly p>5t :o did n c>e :e!r 8 *ildr5 obey$ him or n4 ,:y1 !n1 %\ld we ?9k t ,god1 ,:o has n only giv5 u free w1 b also a consci5ce by :i* to "k :at is "r 7i4e41 :at is ,8 w71 %\ld yet be indiff]5t z to :e!r we d x or n8 ,ev]y?+ po9ts ! o!r way1 t ,god1 ,:o is a ,moral ,be+1 & ,:o has made u moral be+s also1 wi%es u to freely act "r4 ,!re=e ,he all[s u to act wrong1 ) all ! mis]y x involves1 9 ord] to r5d] possible our ?us freely *oos+ to act "r4 ,or to put ! argum5t 9 o!r words1 a free be+ is f> high] ?an a be+ :o is n free1 & yet a free be+ _c exi/ )\t ! possibility ( 8 act+ wrong4 ,s1 h[ev] /range ! conclusion appe>s1 moral evil1 or at lea/ its possibility1 is ess5tial to ! univ]se1 if x is to be wor?y ( its ,creator1 if1 t is1 x is to conta9 be+s ( ! highe/ ord]--p]sons & n ?+s4 ,or1 to put x /ill %ort]1 if ,god is good1 x is only natural t ,he %\ld create be+s capable ( goodness1 & !re=e ( necessity capable ( badness1 = ! two mu/ g toge!r4 ,& if x be /ill urg$ t1 z ,god =eknew h[ m5 w\ld use _! fre$om1 ,he ne$ n h creat$ ^? :o w\ld habitually use x wrongly2 9 o!r words1 !re might be no wick$ m5 9 ! _w1 ! answ] is obvi\s4 ,wick$ m5 are z necess>y z any o!r =m ( evil to te/ a man's "*1 & to develop moral p]fection4 ,= j z physical evil1 pa91 suff]+1 etc41 c alone r5d] possible c]ta9 physical virtues1 su* z =titude & pati5ce2 s moral evil1 or s91 c alone r5d] possible c]ta9 moral virtues4 ,if1 = in/ance1 !re 7 no s9 9 ! _w !re c\ld be no =be>ance ) ! faults ( o!rs1 no moral c\rage 9 /&+ alone = an unpopul> cause1 no =giv5ess ( injuries1 nor 7:at is p]haps ! highe/ ( all virtues7 any r5d]+ good = evil4 ,^! require n m]ely ! possibility1 b ! actual exi/5ce ( s91 & !y w\ld all be unatta9able if we _h no?+ b physical evils to cont5d )1 & !re 7 only good m5 9 ! _w4 ,! case !n /&s ?us4 ,evil m5 are ess5tial to an evil _w4 ,an evil _w is ess5tial to prov+ a man's "*4 ,prov+ a man's "* is ess5tial to 8 freely *oos+ to s]ve ,god2 & 8 freely *oos+ to s]ve ,god seems ess5tial to 8 be+ su* a s]vant z ,god w\ld c>e to h4 ,"o o!r po9t %\ld be notic$ be=e we conclude4 ,x is t ) reg>d to ! conduct ( free be+s1 =ekn[+ is n ! same z =eorda9+4 ,god may h =ekn[n h[ a man w\ld use or misuse 8 fre$om1 b )\t =eorda9+ or compell+ him to d ei!r4 ,9 ! same way1 9 human affairs x is possible 9 "s cases1 & to "s ext5t1 to =ekn[ :at a man w d1 b )\t 9 any way compell+ him to d x4 ,?is is a mo/ important di/9ction1 & we h no reason = ?9k+ t ,god =eorda9$ any man to misuse 8 fre$om1 ?\gh ,he may h =ekn[n t he w\ld d s4#g ,footnote #g3 ,( c\rse if ,god creates a man1 =ekn[+ h[ he w act1 ,he may1 9 a c]ta9 s5se1 be said to =eorda9 x z well2 comp>e ,rom4 #h4 #bi4 ,:om ,he =eknew1 ,he also =eorda9$4 7,d47 ,,conclusion4 ,we may n[ sum up ! argum5t 9 ?is *apt]4 ,we fir/ %[$ t ,god is n only able to take an int]e/ 9 man's welf>e2 b t ! m>ks ( b5efic5t design af=d abundant evid5ce t ,he actually does s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! s-call$ insignificance ( man is m app>5t ?an real1 s9ce 8 position at ! end ( evolution %[s 8 great importance2 :ile 8 m9d & _s fully acc\nt = ?is1 & prove him to be an altoge!r unique be+1 c]ta9ly 9 reg>d to ?is e>?1 & p]haps 9 reg>d to ! univ]se4 ,& z to ! exi/5ce ( evil1 x is und5iable t ,god mu/ h =ekn[n all ! evil 9 ! _w :5 ,he creat$ x2 & 9 ?is s5se ,he design$ x4 ,b ,he may also h =ekn[n t x is only tempor>y1 & t x w lead to a m ?an comp5sat+ p]man5t good1 :i* c\ld n be obta9$ 9 any o!r way4 ,= ! evils 9 ?is _w ne$ n be ends1 b may be only means to ends2 &1 = all we "k1 !y may be ! v be/ means = obta9+ ! v be/ ends4 ,inde$1 z be=e said1 !y seem to be n only ! be/1 b ! only possible means = develop+ all t is highe/ & noble/ 9 man4 ,we conclude1 !n1 t ?\gh ,god design$ bo? ! evil & ! good 9 ! _w1 ,he ne$ n h desir$ bo?3 & !re are indications 9 nature suffici5t to %[ t ! good is :at ,he desir$1 & ! evil is only its inevitable companion4 ,?is conclusion is (t5 express$ by say+ t ,goodness is an attribute ( ,god2 & ! ^w may c]ta9ly be admitt$4 ,inde$ if ,god is n good1 ,he has made a be+1 9 ?is respect1 nobl] ?an ,himself2 s9ce "s m51 9 spite ( _! faults1 are und\bt$ly good4 ,b x is important to notice ! s5se 9 :i* ! ^w is us$1 & 9 :i* alone x is true4 ,by ,god's goodness1 !n1 or by ,8 tak+ an int]e/ 9 man's welf>e1 is n meant a m]e univ]sal b5efic5ce1 or wi%+ to make ev]yone z happy z possible1 )\t reg>d to 8 conduct4 ,! exi/5ce ( evil seems fatal to su* a !ory z ?is4 ,b r ,god wi%es to promote man's welf>e 9 ! true/ & be/ way1 n by giv+ him ev]y?+ he likes1 b by tra9+ & develop+ 8 "*4 ,god is ?us n only b5efic5t1 b righte\s also4 ,& ,he !re=e wi%es man to be n only happy1 b righte\s also4 ,& ,he !re=e ( necessity 7z a man _c be made righte\s aga9/ 8 w7 gives him free w1 ) ! option ( be+ unrighte\s1 & consequ5tly unhappy4 ,s ?is view ( ,god's "*1 comb9+ b5efic5ce ) righte\sness1 n only acc\nts = ! m>ks ( b5efic5t design all ?r\gh nature1 b also = ! exi/5ce ( evil1 especially moral evil1 9 man1 & seems ! only way ( reconcil+ !m4 ,9 %ort1 b5efic5ce & righte\sness are bo? good1 & ! ,goodness ( ,god includes bo?4 ,n[ if we admit t goodness is an attribute ( ,god1 ! analogy f ,8 o!r attributes w\ld %[ t ,he possesses x 9 its highe/ p]fection4 ,he is ?us a ,be+ n only ( inf9ite ,p[] & ,wisdom1 b also ( p]fect ,goodness--! ^w 'p]fect' be+ obvi\sly m suitable = a moral quality l goodness1 ?an 'inf9ite' w\ld be4 ,& x w be notic$ t ^! ?ree great attributes ( ,god correspond to ! ?ree *ief argum5ts = ,8 exi/5ce4 ,! fir/1 or t f ! univ]se requir+ an adequate ,cause1 proves an ,all-,p[]ful ,creator2 ! second1 or t f its hav+ be5 design$1 proves t ,he is ,all-,wise2 & ! ?ird1 or t f human nature1 proves t ,he is ,all-,good4 ,!y also correspond to "s ext5t to ! ?ree aspects "u :i* we consid]$ man's "* 9 ! la/ *apt]2 s we arrive at ! gr& conclusion t ,god is physically ,all-,p[]ful1 m5tally ,all-,wise1 & morally ,all-,good4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,t ,,god ,,might ,,make ,,"s ,,revelation ,,to ,,man4 ,?is dep5ds *iefly on man's future de/9y4 7,a47 ,,! ,,immortality ,,( ,,man4 ,by ?is is meant ! p]sonal immortality ( man's _s1 & !re are f\r *ief argum5ts 9 its fav\r3 7#a47 ,f 8 unique position4 7#b47 ,f 8 unju/ treatm5t4 7#c47 ,f 8 va/ capabilities4 7#d47 ,f 8 inh]5t belief4 7#e47 ,c\nt]-argum5ts4 7,b47 ,,! ,,probability ,,( ,a ,,revelation4 7#a47 ,f ,god's "*2 s9ce ,he w\ld be likely to b5efit man4 7#b47 ,f man's "*2 s9ce he desires x1 & 8 unique position makes him n altoge!r unwor?y ( x4 7#c47 ,two difficulties3 a revelation is said to be unju/1 if only giv5 to c]ta9 m52 & anyh[ incr$ible unless q conv9c+4 ,b nei!r ( ^! c be ma9ta9$4 ,we decid$ 9 ! la/ two *apt]s t man is a free & responsible be+1 & t ,god takes an int]e/ 9 8 welf>e4 ,we n[ come to ! subject ( a ,revelation1 by :i* is meant any sup]human k directly imp>t$ by ,god to man4 ,& by sup]human k is meant any k :i* man c\ld n obta9 = himself2 su* z ,god's object 9 creat+ him1 ,8 wi%es 9 reg>d to 8 conduct1 or any pa/ or future ev5ts ( :i* he w\ld o!rwise be ignorant4 ,& t ,god c\ld1 if ,he *ose1 imp>t su* k1 ei!r by visions1 or dreams1 or 9 "s o!r way1 c sc>cely be disput$4 ,nor w anyone affirm 7lea/ ( all an ,agno/ic7 t we "k en\gh ab\t ,god to be q sure t ,he nev] w\ld *oose to d s4 ,!re=e a revelation is c]ta9ly possible2 b is x at all probable8 ,?is is :at we h to exam9e4 ,& z ! answ] to x w dep5d to a great ext5t on man's future de/9y1 we w fir/ consid] ! "q ( 8 ,immortality1 & !n ! probability1 or o!rwise1 ( ,god's mak+ a ,revelation to him4 7,a47 ,,! ,,immortality ,,( ,,man4 ,by ?is is meant ! immortality ( man's _s4 ,& if we admit 7z 0 admitt$ 9 ,*apt] ,,iv47 t man is a comp\nd be+1 consi/+ ( a free & p>tly sup]natural _s1 8 real self1 :i* controls 8 body & m9d2 :at becomes ( ?is _s at dea?8 ,we "k :at becomes ( ! body3 ! v>i\s molecules are arrang$ 9 o!r gr\ps1 & ! natural =ces are *ang$ into o!r natural =ces4 ,no?+ is lo/ or annihilat$4 ,b :at becomes ( ! _s8 ,if ?is is a free sup]natural =ce1 ! idea t x %\ld p]i% altoge!r1 :5 ! accompany+ natural =ces are re-arrang$ at dea?1 is mo/ unlikely4 ,inde$ ! app>5t inde/ructibility ( matt] po9ts to a correspond+ immortality ( _s4 ,no d\bt ,god c\ld1 if ,he *ose1 de/roy ei!r1 j z ,he c\ld create ei!r2 b )\t "s sup]natural int]f]5ce1 ! creation or de/ruction ( ei!r seems incr$ible4 ,yet if a man's _s is n de/roy$1 x mu/ survive2 = x does n seem to h any sep>ate p>ts into :i* x c be split up l a man's body4 ,!re=e1 z x _c und]go ! only k9d ( dea? ( :i* we h any k 7:i* is ?is re-arrangem5t ( sep>ate p>ts71 x may survive = ev]4 ,& !re are f\r *ief argum5ts 9 fav\r ( ?is p]sonal immortality ( man2--^? d]iv$ f 8 unique position2 8 unju/ treatm5t2 8 va/ capabilities2 & 8 inh]5t belief4 ,we w consid] ea* 9 turn1 & !n see :at c be said on ! o!r side4 7#a47 ,f 8 unique position4 ,! fir/ argum5t is f man's unique position1 m especially :5 we reg>d him z ! la/ & noble/ result ( ! va/ s*eme ( evolution1 :i* has be5 9 progress "h = s _m ?\s&s ( ye>s4 ,= su* a va/ s*eme1 l ev]y?+ else1 requires n only a cause1 b a purpose2 & h[ev] mu* evolution c expla91 x _c expla9 itself4 ,:y %\ld !re h be5 any evolution at all8 ,:y %\ld a univ]se ( dead matt] h ev] produc$ life8 ,!re mu/ h be5 "s motive 9 all ?is1 & :at adequate motive c be sugge/$8 ,we c only look = an answ] 9 man1 :o is n only ! highe/ creature on ?is planet1 b z f> z we "k on any planet2 s "h if any:]e we mu/ f9d ! explanation4 ,evolution w\ld !n h ,god = its ,cause1 & man = its purpose--an und\bt$ly adequate ,cause1 b is x an adequate purpose8 ,= ! human race _c exi/ = ev] z x is4 ,ev]y?+ po9ts to ?is e>? soon] or lat] fall+ into ! sun1 :5 all =ms ( life mu/ cease4 ,!re=e1 if man is n immortal1 ! :ole ( evolution :i* has l$ up to him z its f9al end w /ill h _h no p]man5t result4 ,& no result :i* is n p]man5t seems altoge!r wor?y ( ! ,et]nal ,god1 ! ,au?or ( ?is evolution4 ,b if1 on ! o!r h&1 man is immortal2 & if ?is e>?1 ) its /range mixture ( good & evil1 is a suitable place 9 :i* to te/ & =m 8 "*2 & if p]haps ,god wi%es h]eaft] to be surr\nd$ by m5 :o h /ood ! te/1 & h =m$ _! "* 9 accordance ) ,8 ,w2 !n x may lead to a p]man5t result4 ,& !n its creation w\ld n be su* a hopeless my/]y z on ! opposite !ory2 = ! p]fect+ ( immortal be+s seems an object wor?y ev5 ( ,god4 ,?us if we d5y ! immortality ( man1 ! :ole ( evolution becomes mean+less1 & nature is a riddle )\t a solution4 ,b if we admit x1 !re is at lea/ ! possibility ( a satisfactory answ]4 ,= !n1 z j said1 nature is se5 to be only a means to an end--a tempor>y 7?\gh p]haps necess>y7 means to a p]man5t end--! end be+ to produce man 7a free be+71 & !n to provide a suitable place = 8 moral tra9+4 ,& ?is w enable him1 if he wi%es1 f be+ a free man1 to become also a righte\s man1 t is1 a man :o acts "r1 ?\gh he might act wrong1 & ?us to "s ext5t wor?y to %>e 9 8 ,mak]'s immortality4 ,& we mu/ rememb]1 man c\ld n h be5 creat$ righte\s1 us+ ! ^w 9 its /rict s5se4 ,he might h be5 creat$ p]fect 7l a ma*9e71 or innoc5t 7l a *ild71 b to be righte\s requires1 z j said1 8 own co-op]ation--8 cont9ually *oos+ to act "r1 ?\gh he might act wrong4 ,& ?is ( necessity is a sl[ process1 ) "s failures4 ,b ! end aim$ at is a p]man5t1 & !re=e p]haps an adequate1 end2 & ! pres5t _w seems exactly suit$ to atta9 ?is end1 z x af=ds a man b\ndless opportunities 7e day1 if he likes to use !m7 ( act+ "r1 ?\gh he might act wrong4 ,we ?us seem =c$ to ! conclusion--h[ev] /range x may appe>--t ! gradual tra9+ & p]fect+ ( man is ! only adequate explanation ( ! _w1 ! real object ( its long evolution4 ,yet1 if he is n immortal1 ?is object c nev] be atta9$1 = no "o rea*es moral p]fection "h2 :ile ev5 if !y did1 x w\ld only la/ = a %ort "t4 ,& we may ask1 is x likely t su* a va/ s*eme %\ld end 9 failure1 or at mo/ 9 only a tempor>y success8 ,is x n r probable t if man is ! end ( evolution1 !n ,god1 ! ,au?or ( evolution1 mu/ value him2 & if ,god values him1 ,he is n likely to let him p]i% = ev]4 ,9 %ort 7z x has be5 well put71 su* va/ progress f su* small beg9n+s po9ts to an end proportionately great1 & ?is involves ! immortality ( man4 ,on ! :ole1 !n1 we may say 9 ! words ( ,romanes1 "o ( ! great *ampions ( evolution1 t 'only by means ( ?is !ory ( probation is x possible to give any mean+ to ! _w1 i4e41 any raison d'tre ( human exi/5ce4'#h ,footnote #h3 ,?\ghts on ,religion1 #ahie1 p4 #adb4 7#b47 ,f 8 unju/ treatm5t4 ,! second argum5t is f man's unju/ treatm5t 9 ?is _w4 ,= z we saw 9 ! la/ *apt]1 ,god is a ,moral ,be+1 able to di/+ui% "r f wrong2 &1 z f> z we c judge1 ,he is ,"o ,:o w always act "r ,himself4 ,yet ,8 treatm5t ( m5 9 ?is _w seems mo/ unju/4 ,wick$ m5 are all[$ to prosp] by _! wick$ness1 good m5 suff] unju/ly1 :ile "s m5's lives seem to be no?+ b suff]+2 & h[ is ?is to be acc\nt$ =8 ,!re is "h aga9 "o1 & only "o1 satisfactory explanation1 :i* is t ?is life is n ! :ole ( man's exi/5ce1 b only a prep>ation = a future life--a %ort trial = a long h]eaft]4 ,&1 look$ at f ?is po9t ( view1 ! mo/ app>5tly mis]able lives may af=d z valuable tra9+1 p]haps m s1 ?an ! outw>dly happy ones4 ,! temptation to di%one/y1 = example1 c be z well resi/$ by a poor man :o is only tempt$ to /eal sixp5ce1 z by a ri* man :o is tempt$ to embezzle a ?\s& p\nds4 ,& if resi/+ su* a temptation helps to =m a man's "*1 z x c]ta9ly does1 & h5ce1 p]haps1 to fit him = a bett] life h]eaft]1 ?is c be z well done 9 ! "o case z 9 ! o!r4 ,& ! same pr9ciple applies univ]sally2 ev5 a *ild has 8 temptations1 :i* are v real to ! *ild1 ?\gh !y may seem ridicul\s to u4 ,s if ?is life is int5d$ z a "t ( probation 9 :i* to =m a man's "*1 we _c imag9e a bett] sy/em or "o m admirably adapt$ to ! end 9 view4 ,& we mu/ rememb] a man's "* is ! ?+ mo/ wor? =m+1 s9ce 7z f> z we c judge7 x is 8 only p]man5t possession4 ,all else w be surr5d]$ at dea?1 b 8 "* w la/ z long z ! man himself1 & h5ce p]haps = ev]4 ,nor is ?is all1 = ^! trials & suff]+s !mselves may be ! v means ( add+ to man's future happ9ess4 ,! joy ( hav+ resi/$ temptation1 = in/ance1 w\ld be impossible if m5 7 nev] tempt$2 & ! joy ( rescu+ o!rs f suff]+ & s91 & ?us p]haps mak+ ev]la/+ fri5d%ips1 w\ld be impossible if !re 7 no suff]+1 & no s94 ,& ! same applies 9 o!r cases4 ,s man's probation 9 ?is life1 ) its incessant battle aga9/ evil1 may 7= all we "k7 increase 8 future happ9ess 9 a way :i* no?+ else c\ld possibly d1 & to an ext5t ( :i* we c =m no conception4 ,no pa9 or suff]+1 !n1 c be look$ ^u z useless1 & no position 9 ?is _w z "o to be despis$2 9 %ort1 to anyone :o believes 9 a future /ate1 life is always wor? liv+4 ,& we may be sure t 9 a future /ate e inju/ice w be made good1 & all wrongs w be right$4 7#c47 ,f 8 va/ capabilities4 ,! ?ird argum5t is f man's va/ capabilities4 ,= he does n seem adapt$ to ?is life only1 b has aspirations & long+s f> beyond x4 ,8 p[]s seem capable ( cont9ual & almo/ endless developm5t4 ,ne>ly all m5 wi% = immortality4 ,?is life does n seem to satisfy !m entirely4 ,= in/ance1 m51 especially sci5tific m51 h a long+ aft] k :i* c nev] be fully realis$ 9 ?is _w4 ,a man's capacities are ?us out ( all proportion to 8 de/9y1 if ?is life is all2 & to _m x seems improbable t ! ,creator %\ld h end[$ m5 ) su* ne$less & useless capacities4 ,& ?is is /rongly confirm$ by ! analogy ( nature4 ,= example1 a bird 9 an egg %[s rudim5t>y organs :i* _c be us$ z long z x rema9s 9 ! egg2 & ?is ( itself is a pro( t x is int5d$ "s day to leave ! egg4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a full-gr[n bird seems to be entirely adapt$ to its pres5t /ate1 & n to h any long+ aft]1 or capacity =1 any high] /ate2 !re=e we may inf] t no high] /ate is int5d$ = x4 ,& by ! same reason+ we may inf] t "s high] /ate is int5d$ = man1 z 8 m5tal & spiritual nature is n entirely satisfi$ by 8 pres5t life4 ,9 %ort1 all animals seem made = ?is _w alone1 & man is ! only unsatisfi$ be+ 9 ! univ]se4 ,moreov]1 ! p]iod ( prep>ation 9 a man's life seems out ( all proportion to ! "t prep>$ =1 if dea? ends all4 ,! developm5t 9 a man's moral "* (t5 cont9ues till ne>ly ! close ( 8 life4 ,8 "* has !n rea*$ maturity4 ,b = :at is x matur$8 ,surely n = imm$iate de/ruction4 ,mu/ n ! wise ,creator1 ,:o design$ ev]y?+ else ) su* m>vell\s skill1 h int5d$ some?+ bett] = ,8 noble/ creatures ?an m]e b\ndless capabilities1 unsatisfi$ long+s1 & a lifelong prep>ation all = no?+8 7#d47 ,f 8 inh]5t belief4 ,! f\r? argum5t is f man's belief 9 immortality4 ,= su* a belief has exi/$ among m5 9 ne>ly e age & c\ntry1 le>n$ & ignorant1 civilis$ & uncivilis$4 ,x 0 impli$ by ! pre-hi/oric m5 :o buri$ food & weapons ) _! dead1 & x 0 ma9ta9$ by su* philosoph]s z ,socrates & ,plato1 & h[ are we to acc\nt = x8 ,x _c h aris5 f exp]i5ce2 & ! attempts to expla9 x z due to ! desire :i* m5 h = immortality1 or to someone occasionally dream+ t he sees a dep>t$ fri5d1 are q inadequate4 ,desire is n conviction1 & dreams are notori\sly untru/wor?y4 ,!y might acc\nt = an individual "h & !re ent]ta9+ ?is belief1 b n = mank9d always & ev]y:]e do+ s2 especially 9 face ( ! app>5t contradiction af=d$ by e grave4 ,! belief1 !n1 seems intuitive1 & an inh]5t "p ( human nature2 & we may ask1 is x likely t ,god %\ld h implant$ su* a /range belief 9 man if x 7 errone\s8 ,^!1 !n1 are ! f\r great argum5ts 9 fav\r ( man's immortality--^? d]iv$ f 8 unique position2 8 unju/ treatm5t2 8 va/ capabilities2 & 8 inh]5t belief4 ,& ) ! d\btful exception ( ! second1 n "o ( !m applies to animals2 s ! common objection1 t if man is immortal1 animals mu/ be s too1 is q unt5able4 7#e47 ,c\nt]-argum5ts4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! great & only important argum5t aga9/ man's immortality is t 8 _s seems to be insep>ably connect$ ) 8 body4 ,z f> z we c judge1 x is born ) ! body2 x (t5 inh]its ! moral "* ( its p>5ts1 j z ! body inh]its bodily diseases2 x c]ta9ly develops & matures ) ! body2 & 9 mo/ cases x seems to gradually decay ) ! body2 !re=e x is inf]r$ ! two p]i% toge!r4 ,b ?is does n foll[2 s9ce1 z said 9 ,*apt] ,,iv41 x is n ! same body 79 ! s5se ( ! same mat]ial p>ticles7 ) :i* ! _s is unit$1 ev5 9 ?is life4 ,x is unit$ to a cont9ually *ang+ body1 yet x always survives4 ,s x is n unlikely t x may survive ! /ill great] *ange at dea?4 ,moreov]1 x is unit$ to ! body z its ma/]1 n its s]vant4 ,x is1 z already %[n1 a free _s2 & x decides to a great ext5t :at ! body %all say1 & :at x %all d4 ,x ?us uses ! body z a means1 or in/rum5t1 by :i* to act 9 ! out] _w2 & !re=e1 ( c\rse1 :5 ! in/rum5t gets out ( ord]1 its actions w become confus$1 b )\t imply+ t ! _s itself is s4 ,9 ! same way1 if we %ut up a cl]k 9 a telegraph (fice1 z soon z 8 in/rum5ts get out ( ord]1 ! messages he s5ds1 :i* are 8 only means ( communicat+ ) ! out] _w1 w become confus$1 & f9ally cease1 b )\t imply+ t !re is any?+ wrong ) ! cl]k himself4 ,& ?is is confirm$ by ! fact t in/ances are kn[n 9 :i* a man's intellect & w h rema9$ q vigor\s all ?r\gh a mortal sickness1 & up to ! v mom5t ( dea?2 s ! gradual decay ( ! body does n necess>ily involve t ( ! m9d & _s4 ,:ile 9 /ates :i* some:at resemble dea?1 :51 = in/ance1 ! body is fa/ asleep1 or r5d]$ unconsci\s by an accid5t1 ! m9d & _s are (t5 peculi>ly active1 z 9 dreams4 ,!re=e1 :5 ! body is really dead1 ! _s may 7= all we "k7 n only survive1 b be end[$ ) /ill great] p[]s4 ,on ! :ole1 !n1 ?is is n an insup]able difficulty2 :ile ! previ\s argum5ts r5d] ! idea ( a future life di/9ctly probable4 ,& ?is has1 ( c\rse1 a mo/ important be>+ on our next "q2 inde$1 x is sc>cely too mu* to say t ! probability ( a revelation dep5ds on t ( a future life4 ,= if dea? ends all1 man's exi/5ce is s %ort t a revelation c sc>cely be ?\ght probable2 b if he is to live = ev]1 ! case is v diff]5t4 7,b47 ,,! ,,probability ,,( ,a ,,revelation4 ,n[ 7assum+ man to be immortal7 a revelation1 f :i*ev] side we reg>d x1 appe>s to be some:at probable4 ,= ,god is a ,be+1 ,:o seems likely to make a revelation2 & man is a be+ exactly fitt$ to receive "o2 s we w consid] ^! po9ts fir/1 & !n ! *ief difficulties4 7#a47 ,f ,god's "*4 ,n[ we h already %[n t ,god takes an int]e/ 9 man's welf>e1 be+ n only b5efic5t1 b righte\s2 & t ,he app>5tly wi%es to tra9 & develop man's "*1 s t he may be righte\s also4 ,& f ?is we may inf] t if a revelation w\ld b5efit man1 & ?us help him to be righte\s also1 x w\ld n be improbable = ,god to make "o4 ,& t ! k giv5 by a revelation might influ5ce him 9 ?is way _c be d5i$2 =1 z a matt] ( fact1 su* k1 ei!r real or pret5d$1 has _h precisely ?is effect on millions ( m54 ,we may also inf] f ,god's me?ods 9 nature1 :i* are ^? ( sl[ developm5t1 t if ,he made a revelation at all x w\ld be done gradually4 ,at fir/ x w\ld be v simple1 & su* z c\ld be transmitt$ orally4 ,!n :5 man acquir$ ! art ( writ+1 & c\ld ?us h& x on accurately1 a m def9ite revelation might be giv54 ,& ?is aga9 might become m & m p]fect1 z man himself became m p]fect4 ,we obvi\sly d n "k en\gh to speak ) confid5ce1 b /ill ,god's "*1 s f> z we c judge ( x1 seems to be 9 fav\r ( ,8 mak+ "s revelation--& t a progressive revelation--to man4 7#b47 ,f man's "*4 ,pass+ on n[ to man's "*1 we f9d t he has be5 giv5 a nature exactly fitt$ to receive a revelation4 ,= religion ( "s k9d is1 & always has be51 practically univ]sal2 & ne>ly all important religions h re/$ on real or pret5d$ revelations f ,god1 & h be5 accept$ 9 consequ5ce4 ,9 o!r words ! nature ( man has ev]y:]e l$ him to seek =1 dem&1 &1 if ne$ be1 imag9e a revelation f ,god4 ,nor is ?is 9 any way surpris+1 = a ?\ghtful man _c help wi%+ to "k :y he is plac$ 9 ?is _w2 :y he is giv5 free w2 h[ he is meant to use 8 fre$om2 & :at future1 if any1 is 9 /ore = him h]eaft]3 9 %ort1 :at 0 ,god's object 9 creat+ him4 ,x seems ( all k to be ! highe/1 ! noble/1 ! mo/ wor? kn[+4 ,& !re=e z ?is result ( man's nature 0 n only br\ght ab\t by ,god1 b mu/ h be5 =ekn[n1 & int5d$ by ,him1 x is n improbable t ,he %\ld satisfy x2 especially z x _c be satisfi$ 9 any o!r way1 = ! k be+ sup]human1 is out ( man's own rea*4 ,& x may be add$1 ! m we realise ?is1 & feel t ,god is ,unkn[able1 9 ! s5se t we c ga9 no satisfactory k ab\t ,him by human sci5ce & reason+1 s mu* ! m likely does x seem t ,he %\ld give u su* k by revelation4 ,& all ?is is /r5g!n$ :5 we consid] man's unique position to :i* we h already allud$4 ,= if we admit t ! creation & p]fect+ ( man is ! *ief object ! ,creator _h 9 view = s _m ?\s&s ( ye>s1 x does n seem unlikely t ,he might wi% to hold "s communication ) him4 ,9 fact1 z ! :ole ( nature %[s design or purpose2 & z man occupies a special place 9 nature2 we may fairly conclude t ,god has "s special purpose 9 reg>d to man1 &1 = all we "k1 ,he may h some?+ special to tell him ab\t x4 ,we conclude !n t man's "*1 & ! unique position he occupies on ?is e>?1 is a /rong argum5t 9 fav\r ( 8 receiv+ "s revelation f ,god4 7#c47 ,two difficulties4 ,b n[ = ! o!r side4 ,!re are two *ief difficulties4 ,! fir/ is on ! gr\nd ( inju/ice2 s9ce any revelation1 x is said1 w\ld imply a p>tiality to ! m5 or nation to :om x 0 giv51 & w\ld !re=e be unju/ to ! re/ ( mank9d4 ,b ?is is q unt5able1 = ,god's o!r b5efits are n be/[$ imp>tially4 ,on ! contr>y1 pleasure & pa91 good & evil1 are nev] equally di/ribut$ 9 ?is _w4 ,:at seems to be p>tiality & fav\ritism is ! rule ev]y:]e1 & ?is )\t any app>5t m]it on ! "p ( ! m5 conc]n$4 ,moreov]1 ! advantages ( a revelation may n conc]n ?is _w only4 ,& all :o believe 9 a future life are conv9c$ ( ,god's ju/ice1 & t m5 w only be judg$ accord+ to ! k ( ,8 ,w :i* !y possess$1 or might h possess$ _h !y *os51 & n accord+ to any high] /&>d :i* 0 out ( _! rea*4 ,! o!r & m important difficulty is1 t if ,god gave a revelation at all1 x w\ld be absolutely conv9c+4 ,ev]y?+ t ,god does ,he does well2 & we _c1 x is urg$1 imag9e ,8 mak+ a revelation to man1 & yet do+ x s imp]fectly z to leave m5 9 d\bt z to :e!r ,he _h done x or n4 ,= ?is w\ld imply t ,he ei!r c\ld n1 or w\ld n1 make ! evid5ce suffici5t to ensure conviction1 nei!r ( :i* is cr$ible4 ,n[1 ?\gh all ?is seems v probable1 a mom5t's reflection w %[ t x is n conclusive2 = exactly ! same may be said 9 reg>d to ! :ole ( ,natural ,religion4 ,is x likely1 = in/ance1 t ,god %\ld create free & responsible m51 & yet give !m su* insuffici5t evid5ce ab\t x1 t :ile _m are fully conv9c$1 o!rs d5y n only _! own fre$om & responsibility1 b ev5 ! exi/5ce ( ! ,god ,:o made !m8 ,yet ,he has done s4 ,!re=e !re is no?+ improbable 9 ! evid5ce = a revelation1 if "o 7 giv51 be+ ( a simil> "*4 ,inde$1 !re is mu* to be said 9 fav\r ( its be+ s1 s9ce 9 mo/ o!r matt]s man is left a free *oice4 ,he is (t5 able to f9d out h[ he ought to ?9k & h[ he ought to act1 b he is n =c$ to d ei!r4 ,& ,god may h wi%$ t ! same rule %\ld be foll[$ 9 reg>d to a revelation1 & t man %\ld be left free to believe x or n1 j z he is left free to act on x or n1 if he does believe x1 & j z he is left free to *oose "r or wrong 9 o!r cases4 ,!re=e we _c say t no revelation c come f ,god unless ! evid5ce = x is ov]:elm+4 ,x w\ld d\btless be suffici5t to conv9ce a man if he took ! tr\ble to exam9e x c>efully2 only x ne$ n be su* z to compel conviction4 ,:at k9d ( evid5ce we may expect w be consid]$ 9 ! next *apt]4 ,nei!r ( ^! difficulties1 !n1 is at all s]i\s2 & we are =c$ back to ! conclusion t1 provid$ man is immortal1 a revelation seems = sev]al reasons to be some:at probable4 ,to put x %ortly1 if ,god is good & really c>es = man's welf>e1 x seems unlikely t ,he %\ld )hold f him t k :i* is ! highe/1 ! noble/1 & ! mo/ long$ =2--! k ( ,himself4 ,:ile1 if man is a free & immortal be+1 occupy+ a unique position 9 ! _w1 & int5d$ to live = ev]1 x seems unlikely t he %\ld be told no?+1 & !re=e "k no?+1 z to :y he 0 creat$1 or :at is 8 future de/9y4 ,?us :5 we consid] bo? ,god's "* & man's "*1 x seems on ! :ole to be some:at probable1 t ,god w\ld make a revelation to man2 tell+ him h[ he ought to use 8 fre$om 9 ?is _w1 & possibly :at future is 9 /ore = him h]eaft]4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,t ,a ,,miracul\s ,,revelation ,,is ,,cr$ible4 ,a ,div9e mess5g] w\ld probably h cr$5tials4 7,a47 ,,sup]human ,,signs4 ,^! include sup]human k1 aft]w>ds v]ifi$ 7su* z prophecy71 & sup]human co9cid5ces2 & !re is no?+ incr$ible 9 ei!r4 7,b47 ,,sup]natural ,,signs1 or ,miracles4 ,^! are 'm>vels specially work$ by ,god z signs to confirm a revelation4' ,?is def9ition is ?reefold1 ref]r+ to _! outw>d appe>ance1 cause1 & purpose4 7#a47 ,miracles z m>vels3 ?\gh !y seem to be contr>y to exp]i5ce1 !y are n really s1 = we h no exp]i5ce ( ! prop] k9d to ref] to4 7#b47 ,miracles z special works ( ,god3 !y only int]f]e ) ! uni=mity ( nature 9 ! same way t human works int]f]e ) x4 7#c47 ,miracles z signs3 !re is no?+ to %[ t !y are inconsi/5t ) ,god's ,"*4 ,we decid$ 9 ! la/ *apt] t x 0 some:at probable = ,god to make a revelation to man1 t is to say1 to c]ta9 m51 = !m to make kn[n to o!rs4 ,& if s1 x is also probable t ^! m5 w\ld h "s means ( %[+ t ! k _h come f ,god & n f !mselves4 ,9 o!r words1 if ,god s5ds a message to man1 x is probable t ! mess5g] w\ld h cr$5tials4 ,& ?is is especially s :5 we rememb] t m5 h (t5 appe>$ 9 ! _w's hi/ory :o pr(ess$ to h a revelation f ,god1 & h misl$ mank9d 9 consequ5ce4 ,is x n probable1 !n1 t if ,god really did give a revelation1 ,he w\ld take c>e t ,8 true mess5g]s %\ld h cr$5tials :i* w\ld di/+ui% !m f all ! o!rs8 ,^! cr$5tials1 !n1 or signs1 mu/ pla9ly be su* z c\ld n be imitat$ by man2 & mu/ !re=e ( necessity be sup]human1 if n sup]natural4 ,s we may divide !m into ^! two classes2 & we h n[ to consid] :e!r !y are cr$ible4 ,by ?is is meant some?+ m ?an m]ely possible2 = ! possibility ( su* signs foll[s at once f ! exi/5ce ( ,god4 ,b are !y cr$ible8 is !re1 t is1 at lea/ a slight *ance t !y w\ld occur8 7,a47 ,,sup]human ,,signs4 ,^! include1 to beg9 )1 sup]human k1 :i* c be aft]w>ds v]ifi$1 su* z prophecy4 ,& !re is no difficulty "h1 provid$ we admit a revelation at all4 ,! only possible objection ref]s to prophecies reg>d+ human conduct2 :i* x may be said w\ld int]f]e ) man's fre$om4 ,b ?is is only "p ( ! m g5]al objection t any =ekn[l$ge on ,god's "p w\ld int]f]e ) man's fre$om1 :i* we h already consid]$ 9 ,*apt] ,,ii42 & !re is no special difficulty 9 reg>d to prophecies4 ,9 e case1 z said be=e1 ,god m]ely =ekn[s ! use man w make ( 8 fre$om4 ,!re=e ! ev5t w n occur because x 0 =etold1 b r x 0 =etold because ,god knew t x w\ld occur4 ,sup]human co9cid5ces =m ano!r1 & v important class ( sup]human signs4 ,9 ^! a man's acts or say+s are confirm$ by natural ev5ts co9cid+ ) !m 9 a rem>kable mann]4 ,= example1 suppose a prophet claim$ to h a revelation f ,god2 &1 z a pro( ( ?is1 invit$ ! p to witness a sacrifice on a cl\dless day4 ,he !n kill$ an animal1 & plac$ x on an alt> ( /ones1 b put no fire "u x1 & ev5 ?rew wat] ov] x4 ,sudd5ly1 h[ev]1 a ?und]/orm arose1 & ! sacrifice 0 /ruck by lightn+4 ,n[ ! ?und]/orm might h aris5 & ! lightn+ might h /ruck on t p>ticul> spot1 9 /rict accordance ) natural laws4 ,yet ! co9cid5ce ( ?is occurr+ j :5 & :]e ! prophet want$ x1 w\ld t5d /rongly to %[ t ,god1 ,:o mu/ h =ekn[n & design$ ! co9cid5ce1 meant to confirm :at ! prophet said4 ,or1 to put ! argum5t 9 o!r words1 ! lightn+ w\ld seem to h /ruck ! sacrifice on purpose2 & !re=e su* ev5ts h be5 popul>ly describ$ z natural =ces act+ rationally4 ,( c\rse1 z a rule1 ! =ces ( nature d n act rationally4 ,a fall+ meteorite1 = in/ance1 does n g a y>d out ( its way to kill anyone1 or to sp>e him4 ,man1 on ! o!r h&1 does act rationally4 ,8 acts are direct$ = a purpose1 & ?us %[ design4 ,&1 9 ! ev5ts we are consid]+1 ! =ces ( nature seem also to act ) a purpose2 & ?is makes x probable t ! ,au?or ( ^! =ces 0 really act+ ) ?is purpose4 ,9 %ort1 ! ev5ts seem to h be5 n only sup]human1 b design$ co9cid5ces4 ,& !y pres5t no difficulty :atev] f a sci5tific po9t ( view1 z !y are "p ( ! ord9>y c\rse ( nature4 ,( c\rse1 ! value ( su* co9cid5ces v>ies greatly accord+ to :e!r ! ev5t is ( a usual or unusual "*4 ,9 ! latt] case1 m especially if ! ev5t is v unusual or ! co9cid5ce v /rik+1 !y are popul>ly call$ miracles4 ,& !y may h consid]able value1 ?\gh !re is always a slight *ance ( ! agreem5t be+1 z we might say1 accid5tal4 7,b47 ,,sup]natural ,,signs4 ,we pass on n[ to sup]natural signs or ,miracles 9 ! /rict s5se2 :i* we w def9e z m>vels specially work$ by ,god z signs to confirm a revelation4 ,?is def9ition has1 ( c\rse1 be5 *os5 s z to suit ! miracles record$ 9 ! ,bible1 & x is really ?reefold4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 a miracle is describ$ z to its outw>d appe>ance4 ,x is a m>vel--t is to say1 a /range & unusual ev5t1 :i* we _c acc\nt =1 & :i* ?us attracts att5tion4 ,secondly1 x is describ$ z to its cause4 ,?is m>vel is said to h be5 specially work$ by ,god--t is to say1 by "s action on ,8 "p diff]5t f ,8 usual action 9 nature4 ,:ile1 la/ly1 x is describ$ z to its purpose2 x is a m>vel work$ by ,god z a sign to confirm a revelation4 ,! fir/ ( ^! aspects is express$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t by ! ^w wond]1 ! second by su* phrases z ,god's mighty h& or out/ret*$ arm1 & ! ?ird by ! ^w sign2 all ^! t]ms be+ (t5 us$ toge!r4 ,:ile 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t ! words us$ are wond]s1 mighty works1 & signs1 :i* aga9 exactly correspond to ^! ?ree aspects ( ! miracles4 ,& x %\ld be notic$ ^! aspects are n *os5 m]ely to suit ! pres5t argum5t1 s9ce o!r ev5ts c & ought to be look$ at 9 ! same way1 n z m]e facts1 b also ) ref]5ce to _! alleg$ cause & purpose4 ,& to %[ ! great importance ( ?is1 we w consid] an ev5t f mod]n hi/ory2 & select ! well-kn[n example ( ! ,mont ,c5is ,tunnel4 ,suppose1 !n1 t anyone he>d ( ?is z a m>vel only1 ! cause & purpose be+ left out ( acc\nt4 ,suppose1 t is1 he he>d t a small /raight cavity ( uni=m size1 & sev]al miles long1 _h be5 =m$ "u a range ( m\nta9s2 & t x _h begun z two cavities1 "o f ea* end1 :i* aft] ye>s ( gr[?1 _h exactly met 9 ! middle4 ,he w\ld at once pron\nce ! ev5t incr$ible1 = ! cavity is q unlike all natural cavities4 ,b n[ suppose ! next po9t1 z to its cause1 to be introduc$4 ,x is said to be some?+ m ?an a natural cavity1 & to be ! "w ( man4 ,all previ\s difficulties w\ld n[ vani%1 b fre% ones w\ld arise4 ,= numb]s ( m5 mu/ h work$ toge!r = ye>s to excavate su* a cavity1 & f :at we "k ( human nature1 m5 w only d ?is = comm]cial or pr(itable ends1 & n = bor+ useless holes ?r\gh m\nta9s2 s ! ev5t is /ill practically incr$ible4 ,b n[ suppose ! la/ po9t ( purpose to be introduc$4 ,x is said t ?is is n a m]e useless hole bor$ ?r\gh a m\nta92 b a hole bor$ = a p>ticul> purpose2 x is1 9 fact1 a railway tunnel4 ,!n all difficulties w\ld disappe>4 ,( c\rse1 :e!r we believe ! tunnel 0 actually made dep5ds ^u :at evid5ce we h2 b x is cle> t :5 we consid] ! cause by :i*1 & ! purpose = :i*1 x is said to h be5 made1 !re is no?+ incr$ible ab\t x4 ,n[ a simil> me?od mu/ be adopt$ 9 reg>d to miracles4 ,!y mu/ n be reg>d$ simply z m>vels1 b z m>vels said to h be5 br\ght ab\t by an adequate cause1 & = a suffici5t purpose4 ,& x is j ^! elem5ts ( cause & purpose :i* may make ! m>vels cr$ible4 ,we w consid] ^! po9ts 9 turn4 7#a47 ,miracles z m>vels4 ,! fir/ aspect ( miracles is t ( m>vels4 ,z su*1 !y are ev5ts :i* seem to be contr>y to our exp]i5ce--contr>y1 t is1 to :at our exp]i5ce ( app>5tly simil> ev5ts w\ld lead u to expect4 ,suppose1 = in/ance1 x 7 /at$ t on "o occasion ?ree m5 7 ?r[n into a furnace1 b in/ead ( be+ burnt to dea? !y walk$ ab\t1 & 9 a few m9utes came out alive & unhurt4 ,su* a m>vel w\ld be contr>y to our exp]i5ce1 & t x w\ld be !re=e v improbable is obvi\s4 ,b is ?is improbability suffici5t 9 all cases to make ! ev5t incr$ible1 no matt] :at te/imony !re may be 9 its fav\r8 ,hume's argum5t t x is suffici5t is well kn[n4 ,he says we c only judge ( ! probability ( any?+1 :e!r x be ! occurr5ce ( an ev5t1 or ! tru?fulness ( ! n>rator1 by exp]i5ce4 ,& z x is contr>y to exp]i5ce = miracles to be true1 b n contr>y to exp]i5ce = te/imony to be false1 ! balance ( probability mu/ always be aga9/ ! miracle4 ,b ( c\rse ?is reason+1 if true1 mu/ apply to all alleg$ ev5ts :i* are contr>y to exp]i5ce2 & yet su* ev5ts h occurr$ by ! ?\s&4 ,let u take a s+le example4 ,ev]yone has _h "s exp]i5ce z to h[ f> x is possible to he> ! human voice di/9ctly1 & till ! la/ half c5tury1 ! limit has always be5 fix$ at a few hundr$ y>ds4 ,n[1 suppose anyone 7 told = ! fir/ "t t x 0 possible to speak "r across ,engl&1 he w\ld ju/ly say t x 0 utt]ly contr>y to exp]i5ce4 ,no "o1 he w\ld ?9k1 c\ld possibly speak l\d en\gh to be he>d ev5 tw5ty miles away4 ,b ought he to add t x 0 !re=e incr$ible8 ,f ?is x is cle> t !re mu/ be "s flaw 9 ,hume's argum5t2 & x is easily discov]$4 ,= ! argum5t reg>ds ! ev5t only z a m>vel1 & )\t ref]5ce to its cause4 ,b we h no "r to leave ?is out ( acc\nt1 nor d we 9 ord9>y affairs4 ,:5 anyone fir/ he>s ( a m>vel1 he does n m]ely comp>e x ) 8 previ\s exp]i5ce1 & !n come to a decision2 9 :i* case1 z ,hume supposes1 x might be always aga9/ ! m>vel4 ,b he fir/ inquires h[ ?is /range ev5t is said to h be5 br\ght ab\t4 ,= if any cause is /at$ to h be5 at "w z to ! influ5ce ( :i* he kn[s no?+1 !n he has no exp]i5ce ( ! prop] k9d to appeal to4 ,!re is ! te/imony 9 fav\r ( ! ev5t z be=e2 & if he disbelieves x1 he does s1 n because x is contr>y to 8 exp]i5ce1 b because he ?9ks ! suppos$ cause ei!r did n exi/1 or w\ld n h _h ! effect ass]t$4 ,a ref]5ce to ! previ\s example w make ?is q pla94 ,:5 ! man fir/ he>d ( p]sons talk+ across ,engl&1 in/ead ( at once decl>+ x incr$ible1 he w\ld1 if a reasonable man1 inquire z to ! cause ( ?is4 ,he w\ld !n be told t a wire 0 /ret*$ across ,engl& ) an in/rum5t call$ a telephone at ea* end4 ,n[1 z to ! possibility or adequacy ( su* a contrivance he might d\bt a good deal2 b "o ?+ w\ld be q cle>1 t ?is 0 a case to :i* 8 exp]i5ce1 h[ev] l>ge1 did n apply4 ,"h1 !n1 is ! explanation ( ,hume's argum5t4 ,s long z a m>vel1 contr>y to exp]i5ce1 is reg>d$ only z a m>vel1 ! probability mu/ be always aga9/ its tru?4 ,b if we inquire z to h[ x 0 br\ght ab\t1 & f9d t "s cause is said to h be5 at "w1 z to ! influ5ce ( :i* we are ignorant1 !n ! argum5t is no long] applicable4 ,we h simply no exp]i5ce ( ! prop] k9d to appeal to4 ,n[ ?is is precisely ! case ) reg>d to miracles4 ,z m>vels !y seem contr>y to exp]i5ce2 b !y claim to h a special cause1 to be specially work$ by ,god--t is to say1 by "s action on ,8 "p diff]5t f ,8 usual action 9 nature2 & ( ! influ5ce ( ?is cause we h no exp]i5ce :atev]4 ,we may1 ( c\rse1 d5y its exi/5ce or d\bt its adequacy2 b ! argum5t1 t ! ev5t is contr>y to exp]i5ce1 vani%es4 ,x is cle> !n t ! fact ( miracles appe>+ to be contr>y to exp]i5ce is no reason = disbeliev+ !m1 ?\gh x might be a reason = disbeliev+ o!r alleg$ m>vels1 because !y claim to h a special cause1 by :i* to acc\nt = ?is special "*4 ,we h n[ to exam9e :e!r ?is special cause really exi/$--t is to say1 we pass on to ! second aspect ( ! miracles2 our conclusion ?us f> be+ t !y are cr$ible z m>vels1 if x be cr$ible t !y 7 specially work$ by ,god4 7#b47 ,miracles z special works ( ,god4 ,n[1 any special action on ,god's "p is (t5 ?\ght to pres5t great difficulties1 z int]f]+ ) ! uni=mity ( nature4 ,b1 z we %all see1 x w\ld only int]f]e ) x 9 ! same way t human action int]f]es ) x4 ,nei!r ( !m violates ! laws ( nature1 ?\gh bo? are able to br+ ab\t results :i* nature ( itself c\ld n h br\ght ab\t4 ,9 ! case ( human action ?is is q obvi\s4 ,suppose1 = example1 a clock ) an iron p5dulum is plac$ on a table & keeps p]fect "t4 ,sudd5ly1 )\t anyone t\*+ x1 x beg9s to ga9 rapidly1 & !n1 aft] a %ort "t1 goes on z be=e4 ,to anyone unacqua9t$ ) ! cause1 ?is w\ld appe> a m>vel3 & might ev5 be ?\ght incr$ible1 z 7assum+ ! clock to be prop]ly con/ruct$7 x w\ld seem to imply "s alt]ation 9 ! laws ( motion1 or ! =ce ( gravity4 ,yet we "k a man c easily produce su* a m>vel by hold+ a magnet "u ! table4 ,! di/urb+ cause1 x w be notic$1 0 n really ! magnet1 :i* always acts accord+ to law2 nor ! h& :i* held x2 b ! action ( ! human w on matt]4 ,?is took place 9 ! man's bra91 & enabl$ him to move fir/ 8 h&1 & !n ! magnet4 ,?us we may say ! m>vel 0 produc$ by natural means sup]naturally appli$2 = ! magnet 0 und\bt$ly a natural means1 yet nature ( itself w\ld nev] h us$ x 9 ! way describ$4 ,x requir$ some?+ above nature 7some?+ sup]-natural7 & ?is 0 ! free w ( man4 ,n[1 miracles claim to h be5 produc$ 9 a some:at simil>1 ?\gh to u unkn[n1 mann] by ! action ( ,god's ,w on matt]1 t is to say1 by natural means sup]naturally appli$2 &1 if s1 !y are c]ta9ly cr$ible1 "u ?is head4 ,= we "k t ,god has ! p[] ( act+ on matt]1 & t ,he us$ x once 9 creat+ ! univ]se1 s ,he might use x aga9 if ,he ?\ght fit4 ,moreov]1 ,god's k ( ! laws ( nature is complete1 :ile man's is only p>tial4 ,z1 !n1 man1 ) 8 limit$ p[] ov] nature & p>tial k ( its laws1 c produce m>vels s unlike nature's ord9>y c\rse 7a /eam eng9e1 = in/ance71 yet )\t violat+ any ( its laws2 /ill m c ,god1 ,:o has complete p[] ov] nature1 & complete k ( its laws4 ,= to d5y ?is w\ld be to d5y to ,god ! p[] :i* we conc$e to man2 & :i* we mu/ rememb]1 ,god ,himself has giv5 to man4 ,& ?is w\ld lead to ! /range conclusion t ,god has enabl$ man to d :at ,he _c d ,himself4 ,no d\bt we _c imag9e h[ ,god c ex]t ,8 ,w ov] matt]1 b nei!r c we imag9e h[ we c d x ourselves4 ,! difficulty is z great 9 ! "o case z 9 ! o!r4 ,f ?is x is cle> t miracles ne$ n violate natural laws4 ,& ?\gh at fir/ "o might be incl9$ to dispute ?is ) reg>d to p>ticul> miracles2 ! /atem5t is q correct1 provid$ we make due all[ance = our own ignorance4 ,take1 = example1 ! suppos$ case ( ! m5 9 ! furnace4 ,we c]ta9ly d n "k h[ _! bodies 7 kept cool1 b we _c say x 0 impossible4 ,= extreme heat1 & ev5 extreme cold1 may be v close toge!r1 z is %[n by ! well-kn[n exp]im5t ( freez+ m]cury inside a r$-hot crucible4 ,z a m]e m>vel ?is is q z wond]ful z ! m5 9 ! furnace2 & an ignorant man w\ld probably pron\nce bo? to be equally incr$ible4 ,or1 to take ano!r example1 suppose x 7 said t on "o occasion a few loaves ( bread 7 miracul\sly increas$ s z to fe$ "s ?\s&s ( p]sons3 c\ld we say t ?is mu/ h violat$ natural laws8 ,c]ta9ly n1 = bread is compos$ ( c>bon1 & o!r elem5ts1 :i* 7 9 abundance all r\nd4 ,& ?\gh we only "k "o way ( =m+ !m into bread1 :i* is by means ( a liv+ plant1 we _c say t ?is is ! only me?od4 ,inde$1 !re is no?+ incr$ible 9 sub/ances l bread be+ made artificially "s day4 ,( c\rse 9 all m>vels produc$ by man1 we "k ! special cause at "w1 b ?is does n ju/ify u 9 say+ t 9 a miracle1 m]ely because we d n "k x1 ! laws ( nature mu/ be violat$4 ,moreov] !re is mu* to be said 9 fav\r ( :at is usually call$ ,god's imman5ce 9 nature1 b :i* w\ld p]haps be bett] describ$ z nature's imman5ce 9 ,god4#i ,?is means t all natural =ces are due to ! pres5t & imm$iate action ( ,god's ,w2 & if x is correct1 x greatly less5s ! difficulty z to miracles4 ,= !n !re w\ld be no int]f]5ce ) nature at all1 leave alone violat+ its laws1 ,god w\ld be work+ !re all ! "t1 only 9 a miracle ,he w\ld n be work+ 9 exactly ! same way z 9 ord9>y ev5ts4 ,footnote #i3 ,acts #ag4 #bh2 ,col4 #a4 #ag4 ,b 9 any case !re is1 z we h %[n1 no?+ incr$ible 9 ! way 9 :i* miracles are said to be caus$1 provid$ x is cr$ible t ,god %\ld wi% to use ,8 p[] ov] nature 9 ! assum$ mann]2 = natural =ces are anyh[ ,8 s]vants1 n ,8 ma/]s4 ,& ?is br+s u to ! ?ird aspect ( ! miracles2 = :e!r ,god w\ld wi% to act 9 a c]ta9 way dep5ds ( c\rse on :at purpose ,he _h 9 do+ s4 7#c47 ,miracles z signs4 ,n[ ! purpose = :i* miracles are said to be work$ is z signs to confirm a revelation4 ,!re=e1 s9ce we h already %[n t x is some:at probable t ,god w\ld make a revelation1 we h n[ only to inquire :e!r miracles are suitable means = confirm+ x4 ,& !y appe> to be ! mo/ suitable means possible2 = !y w\ld bo? attract m5's att5tion to ! revelation1 & also conv9ce !m ( its sup]human "*2 :i* are precisely ! two po9ts requir$4 ,x may /ill be object$1 h[ev]1 t ,god's "*1 z %[n by nature1 is ,un*angeable2 & !re=e x is mo/ improbable t ,he w\ld at times act 9 a special mann] ) reg>d to natural ev5ts4 ,& ! m nature is /udi$ ! /rong] does ?is objection appe>2 s9ce !re are ?\s&s ( cases1 su* z /orms & e>?quakes1 :5 x seems to u t a slight int]f]5ce ) nature w\ld be mo/ b5eficial to man1 yet x nev] occurs4 ,or ! objection may be o!rwise express$ by say+ t a miracle w\ld reflect on ei!r ! ,wisdom or ! ,p[] ( ,god2 s9ce1 if ,all-,wise1 ,he w\ld h =ese5 ! occasion1 & if ,all-,p[]ful1 ,he w\ld h provid$ = x2 s any subsequ5t int]f]5ce ) nature is some?+ l hav+ to rem$y a fault4 ,?is is no d\bt ! mo/ s]i\s objection to miracles1 b x is by no means insup]able4 ,=1 to beg9 )1 ,god is a ,free ,be+1 ,:o does n always act ! same 7,*apt] ,i474 ,& :5 we turn to ! only o!r free be+ we "k (1 :i* is man himself1 :at d we f9d8 ,a man may1 z a rule1 act uni=mly1 yet on "s special occasion1 & = "s special reason1 he may1 & (t5 does1 act diff]5tly2 & :y %\ld n ,god d ! same8 ,inde$ ! only *angelessness 9 a man :i* we c\ld admire1 w\ld be t ( moral "*1 always & inv>iably act+ "r4 ,& = all we "k ! *angelessness ( ,god may be only ( su* a k9d1 & ?is c]ta9ly w\ld n prev5t ,him f act+ 9 "s special mann]1 9 ord] to obta9 "s special purpose4 ,secondly1 9 ! case be=e u1 x is ev5 probable t ,he w\ld d s1 s9ce ! *ief object ( ! miracles c\ld n h be5 obta9$ by ! ord9>y c\rse ( nature1 ?\gh _! imm$iate effects might h be54 ,= example1 in/ead ( heal+ m5 miracul\sly1 !y might be heal$ naturally2 b !n !re w\ld be no evid5ce t ! heal] 0 s5t by ,god1 & 0 speak+ 9 ,8 "n4 ,9 %ort1 ! mess5g] w\ld be )\t cr$5tials2 &1 z we h already %[n1 ?is seems unlikely4 ,?irdly1 ?\gh miracles d n %[ ,god's *angelessness 9 ! same mann] z ! un*ang+ c\rse ( nature1 !y are n inconsi/5t ) x4 ,= no "o supposes !m to be aft]-?\ghts ) ,god1 b to h be5 plann$ f ! v beg9n+4 ,& if ,god always int5d$ to make a revelation to man1 & always int5d$ t :5 ,he did s1 ,he w\ld confirm x by miracles1 !y w\ld involve no inconsi/5cy or *ange on ,8 "p4 ,f\r?ly1 !re may be "s o!r attributes ( ,god :i* miracles %[1 & :i* ! ord9>y c\rse ( nature does n2 su* z ,8 sup]iority ov] nature itself on ! "o h&1 & ! int]e/ ,he takes 9 man on ! o!r4 ,"o object ( a revelation might be to conv9ce man t ?\gh ,god 0 ! ,rul] ( ! ,univ]se1 ,he yet c>$ = man's happ9ess & valu$ 8 affections4 ,& h[ c\ld su* a revelation z ?is1 be bett] confirm$ ?an by an 7app>5t7 int]f]5ce ) nature = ! b5efit ( man4 ,= ?is w\ld %[1 z no?+ else c\ld %[1 bo? t !re 0 a ,be+ above nature1 & t ,he c>$ = man m ?an ,he c>$ = nature4 ,& x entirely agrees ) :at we decid$ 9 ! la/ *apt]1 t ! :ole ( nature seems to be only a means to an end1 ! end be+ ! moral tra9+ ( man1 enabl+1 t is1 a free man to become a righte\s man4 ,& if s1 x is out ( ! "q to ?9k t 9 ord] to fur!r ?is end--! v end = :i* nature itself exi/s--,god might n1 if ,he ?\ght fit1 int]f]e ) ! c\rse ( nature4 ,we may !re=e answ] ! objection 9 "o s5t5ce1 ,god is ,all-,good1 z well z ,all-,wise1 & ,all-,p[]ful2 & ,8 ,goodness might induce ,him to use miracles1 ?\gh by ,8 ,wisdom & ,p[] ,he might h disp5s$ ) !m4 ,we may n[ sum up ! pres5t argum5t4 ,we %[$ t miracles are cr$ible bo? z m>vels & z special works ( ,god1 if x be cr$ible t !y 7 br\ght ab\t z signs to confirm a revelation4 ,& we h n[ %[n t1 suppos+ ,god to make a revelation1 :i* we h already admitt$1 !re is no?+ inconsi/5t ) ,8 "* z f> z we "k x1 & !re=e no?+ 9 ! slighte/ degree incr$ible1 9 ,8 us+ su* signs1 z "o ( ! means ( confirm+ its tru?4 ,on ! :ole1 !n1 we conclude t a ,miracul\s ,revelation is c]ta9ly cr$ible4 ,:e!r "o has ev] be5 made w be discuss$ 9 ! foll[+ *apt]s4 ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,! ,,jewi% ,,religion4 ,,*ap4 ,,viii4 ,,t ,,! ,,acc\nt ,,( ,,! ,,creation ,,0 ,,div9ely ,,reveal$4 ,,ix4 ,,t ,,its ,,orig9 ,,0 ,,confirm$ ,,by ,,miracles4 ,x4 ,,t ,,its ,,hi/ory ,,0 ,,confirm$ ,,by ,,miracles4 ,,xi4 ,,t ,,its ,,hi/ory ,,0 ,,also ,,confirm$ ,,by ,,prophecies4 ,,xii4 ,,t ,,! ,,jewi% ,,religion ,,is ,,probably ,,true4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,t ,,! ,,acc\nt ,,( ,,! ,,creation ,,0 ,,div9ely ,,reveal$4 7,a47 ,,its ,,g5]al ,,pr9ciples4 7#a47 ,its pure ,mono!ism2 admitt$ly true4 7#b47 ,its sev5 days ne$ n be tak5 lit]ally4 7#c47 ,its gradual developm5t2 admitt$ly true4 7,b47 ,,its ,,detail$ ,,ord]4 7#a47 ,! e>lie/ /ate ( ! e>?4 7#b47 ,light4 7#c47 ,! ,firmam5t4 7#d47 ,dry ,l&4 7#e47 ,vegetation4 7#f47 ,! ,sun & ,moon4 7#g47 ,fi%es & ,birds4 7#h47 ,l& ,animals4 7#i47 ,man4 7,c47 ,,conclusion4 ,! accuracy ( ! n>rative po9ts to its hav+ be5 ,div9ely reveal$4 ,hav+ decid$ 9 ! previ\s *apt]s on ! ,exi/5ce ( ,god1 & t x 0 cr$ible t ,he might make a miracul\s ,revelation to man2 we pass on n[ to ! ,jewi% ,religion1 :i* 7z well z ! ,*ri/ian7 actually claims to be su* a ,revelation4 ,& ! fir/ argum5t we h to consid] 9 its fav\r is t af=d$ by ! op5+ *apt] ( ,g5esis4 ,x is urg$ t ?is acc\nt ( ! ,creation mu/ h be5 ,div9ely reveal$1 s9ce x conta9s a sub/antially correct acc\nt ( ev5ts :i* c\ld n h be5 o!rwise kn[n at ! "t4 ,:at !n we h to exam9e is1 :e!r ?is n>rative is ne>] ! tru?1 z we n[ "k x f geology & o!r sci5ces1 ?an c\ld h be5 ! case1 if writt5 by a man ignorant ( ^! sci5ces4 ,& ! anci5t n>ratives ( ,babylonia1 ,india1 ,p]sia1 & else:]e1 %[ h[ f> f ! tru? m]e human conjecture on su* a subject is likely to be4 ,:ile if we admit a revelation at all1 !re is no?+ improbable 9 "s acc\nt ( ! creation ( ! _w hav+ be5 reveal$ to man v e>ly 9 8 hi/ory1 & be+ accurately pres]v$ by ! ,jews1 :ile only di/ort$ v]sions ( x occur among o!r nations4 ,inde$ consid]+ ! common cu/om among anci5t nations ( wor%ipp+ ! heav5ly bodies1 animals1 etc41 no subject c\ld h be5 m suit$ = a fir/ revelation ?an ! /atem5t 9 simple language t all ^! 7 creat$ by "o supreme ,god4 ,we w n[ consid] ! g5]al pr9ciples ( ! n>rative1 & !n its detail$ ord]4 7,a47 ,,its ,,g5]al ,,pr9ciples4 ,! mo/ important ( ^! are its pure ,mono!ism1 its sev5 days1 & its gradual developm5t1 ea* ( :i* we w notice 9 turn4 7#a47 ,its pure ,mono!ism4 ,?is alone r5d]s x almo/1 if n q1 unique among simil> n>ratives4 ,accord+ to ! writ]1 ! :ole univ]se1 includ+ sun1 moon1 & />s1 0 all due to "o ,god4 ,& ?is is obvi\s en\gh n[1 b x 0 n s :5 ! n>rative 0 writt54 ,= o!r anci5t acc\nts are ei!r ,pan!i/ic1 & confuse ,god ) ! univ]se2 or ,duali/ic1 & assume two et]nal pr9ciples ( good & evil2 or ,poly!i/ic1 & make ! univ]se ! "w ( sev]al gods4 ,! ,jewi% writ]1 on ! o!r h&1 has kept cle> ( all ^! !ories2 & he is admitt$ly "r & all ! o!rs wrong4 7#b47 ,its sev5 days4 ,next z to ! sev5 days4 ,n[ x is g5]ally assum$1 d\btless f _! be+ ref]r$ to 9 ! ,f\r? ,comm&m5t1 t ! writ] int5d$ ^! days to be ord9>y days ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs ea*1 b ?is is at lea/ d\btful4 ,= ord9>y days dep5d on ! sun1 & w\ld !re=e h be5 impossible be=e ! =mation ( ! sun on ! f\r? day2 z ! writ] himself implies1 :5 he says t ! division ( "t into days & ye>s 0 due to ! sun4 ,!n !re is ! difficulty z to ! sev5? day1 :5 ,god re/$ f all ,8 "w4 ,?is1 x w be rememb]$ _h no close1 or ev5+1 & x is impli$ t x has cont9u$ ev] s9ce4 ,= if ,god only re/$ = tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 & !n set to "w aga9 x w\ld n h be5 a re/ f all ,8 "w4 ,b 9 ?is case1 ! sev5? day w\ld repres5t a long p]iod ( "t1 & if s ! o!r days w\ld probably d ! same4 ,moreov] ! writ]1 or compil]1 ( ?is v n>rative1 aft] describ+ ! creation 9 six days1 says x all occurr$ 9 "o day1#aj s he c\ld sc>cely h ?\ght ! days to be lit]al4 ,footnote #aj3 ,g54 #b4 #d4 ,!re are ?us great difficulties f ! n>rative itself 9 tak+ ! ^w day 9 its ord9>y s5se2 & x seems bett] to consid] x 7l s _m t]ms 9 ! ,bible7 z a human analogy appli$ to ,god4 ,!n ,god's days mu/ be und]/ood 9 ! same way z ,god's eyes or ,god's h&s2 & ?is removes all difficulties4 ,none ( ^! t]ms are ( c\rse lit]ally true1 b !y repres5t ! tru? to man 9 su* a way t he c to "s ext5t und]/& x4 ,= example1 ! phrase t ,god ga9$ ! victory by ,8 own "r h& cle>ly means t ,he ga9$ x n ) ! assi/ance ( o!rs1 or ) ! help ( weapons1 b simply by ,8 own unaid$ inh]5t /r5g?4 ,x 0 su* a victory z might 9 a man be describ$ z ga9$ by 8 own "r h&4 ,& ! same may be said ( ! passage1 ,! eyes ( ! ,"l are ov] ! righte\s1 & ,8 e>s are op5 unto _! pray]s1 & _m o!rs :i* occur 9 ! ,bible4 ,! t]ms h&s1 eyes1 & e>s1 :5 appli$ to ,god1 are ?us human analogies1 :i* mu/ n be tak5 lit]ally4 ,& 9 "o passage at lea/ ! ^w day is us$ 9 a simil> s5se2 = we read ,ha/ ?\ eyes ( fle% or see/ ?\ z man see?8 ,are ?y days z ! days ( man1 or ?y ye>s z man's days8#aa ,"h x w be notic$ days & ye>s are appli$ to ,god 9 precisely ! same mann] z eyes & see+4 ,footnote #aa3 ,job #aj4 #d1 #e4 ,moreov] simil> t]ms occur all ?r\gh ! pres5t n>rative4 ,ev5 ! simple words ,god said _c be tak5 lit]ally1 = !re 0 no "o to speak to4 ,!y mu/ be meant 9 ! s5se t ,god ?\ght1 or t ,god will$4 ,& we h no m "r to suppose ! days to be lit]al days ?an to suppose t ,god lit]ally spoke4 ,:at we are to suppose 9 ! "o case is t ,god--! ,almighty ,"o1 = :om no?+ is too h>d--creat$ all ?+s 9 su* a way z might to man be be/ repres5t$ by a simple ^w ( comm&4 ,& :at we are to suppose 9 ! o!r case1 is t ,god--! ,et]nal ,"o1 to :om a ?\s& ye>s are b z ye/]day--creat$ all ?+s 9 su* p]iods ( "t z might to man be be/ repres5t$ by six days4 ,va/ z ! univ]se 01 man 0 to reg>d x z be+ to ,god no m ?an a week's "w to himself4 ,9 %ort1 ! "t ( creation1 h[ev] long 9 itself1 0 utt]ly insignificant 9 its relation to ,god2 to ,him ea* /age 0 a m]e day4 ,& ?is x may be add$1 is n a purely mod]n !ory1 made to reconcile ! n>rative ) sci5ce2 = ! ,greek ,jew1 ,philo1 born ab\t ,b4,c4 #bj1 :o knew no?+ ( geology1 ridicules ! idea ( ! days ( ,g5esis be+ lit]al1 or repres5t+ any def9ite p]iods ( "t4#ab ,footnote #ab3 ,works ( ,philo ,judu1 ,fir/ book ( ,allegories ( ! ,sacr$ ,laws1 ,yonge's translation1 #ahed1 vol4 i41 p4 #eb4 7#c47 ,its gradual developm5t4 ,next1 x mu/ be notic$ t1 accord+ to ,g5esis1 ,god did n create a p]fect _w all at once1 b sl[ly built x up /ep by /ep4 ,at fir/ ! e>? 0 wa/e & void1 & only aft] x _h pass$ ?r\gh sev]al /ages did x become fully inhabit$4 ,moreov]1 at e /ep 7) two exceptions1 ! firmam5t & man1 notic$ lat] on71 ,god exam9$ ! "w & pron\nc$ x good4 ,he seems ?us to h disc]n$ a beauty & excell5ce 9 ea* /age2 ?\gh x 0 n till ! close ( ! :ole "w t ,he 0 completely satisfi$1 & pron\nc$ x all v good4 ,& ! n>rative appe>s to be q correct4 ,= geology %[s t ! =mation ( ! e>?1 ) its v>i\s inhabitants1 0 a gradual process1 n accompli%$ all at once1 b sl[ly /ep by /ep1 ?r\gh successive ages4 ,& x also %[s t ^! ages 7 ( su* magnitude & importance t we _c reg>d !m z m]e prep>ations = man's com+1 b z hav+ a beauty & excell5ce ( _! own1 s t !y well des]v$ to be call$ good4 ,b we may ask1 h[ did ! writ] ( ,g5esis "k all ?is8 ,& !n z to ! way 9 :i* ?is developm5t 0 br\ght ab\t4 ,accord+ to ,g5esis1 ea* /age 0 due to :at we may call a ,special ,div9e =ce1 repres5t$ by a ^w ( comm& f ,god4 ,& ?is also seems correct1 = we _c o!rwise acc\nt = ! fir/ appe>ance ( ! v>i\s gr\ps1 su* z plants1 animals1 & m54 ,x is n disput$ t ^! v>i\s /ages may h be5 evolv$ f ! previ\s ones1 e4g41 ! liv+ f ! n-liv+1 :i* ! n>rative itself sugge/s 9 ! words1 ,let ! e>? put =? grass2 & also at its close1 :5 x speaks ( ! g5]ations ( ! heav5 & ( ! e>?2 :i* implies "s k9d ( organic desc5t1 or evolution4 ,inde$ ! common expression t ,god made1 is probably us$ 9 ! s5se ( evolv$2 s9ce ! same ^w is employ$ 9 v]4 ,,ii ( fruit-trees mak+ fruit 7translat$ be>+ or yield+ fruit72 yet we "k !y d n make fruit sudd5ly out ( no?+1 b sl[ly produce x4 ,:at is disput$ is1 t ?is evolution took place m]ely "u ! influ5ce ( natural developm5t1 & )\t ! additional influ5ce ( a new ,div9e =ce4 ,& consid]+ t all attempts to effect a simil> transition n[ h fail$ completely1 x is n unreasonable to suppose t !re 0 "s o!r & special ,cause at "w !n4 ,nor is x easy to see h[ "s ( ! *anges c\ld h be5 o!rwise produc$4 ,take1 = in/ance1 ?is v subject ( ! orig9 ( life4 ,z f> z we "k1 ! only natural mode 9 :i* life c beg9 is f a liv+ p>5t1 yet !re 0 a "t :5 !re 7 no liv+ p>5ts on ?is e>?4 ,h[1 !n1 c\ld x h orig9at$1 except by "s process o!r ?an natural1 i4e41 sup]natural8 ,or1 aga91 to take ano!r in/ance1 :5 ! fir/ free be+1 :e!r animal or man1 appe>$ on ?is planet1 a =ce totally diff]5t f all natural =ces 0 introduc$1 & "o :i* c\ld n h be5 d]iv$ f !m alone4 ,& !n !re is ano!r1 & v int]e/+ po9t1 to notice4 ,x is t accord+ to ,g5esis1 ^! /eps 7 n all ( equal importance4 ,= :ile x describes mo/ ( !m by ! ^w made1 :i*1 z j said1 seems to mean "h evolv$2 on ?ree occasions1 & only ?ree1 x uses ! ^w create4 ,^! ref] to ! orig9 ( ! univ]se1 ( animal life 7fi%es & birds71 & ( man4 ,& ?is is v significant1 :5 we rememb] t ^! correspond to ! beg9n+ ( matt]1 m9d1 & _s2 & are !re=e 7z said 9 ,*apt] ,,iv47 j ! ?ree places :]e some?+ altoge!r new 0 introduc$2 :i* c\ld n1 z f> z we c see1 h be5 evolv$ f any?+ else4 ,& ?is d\ble me?od ( produc+1 p>tly by creat+1 & p>tly by mak+ or evolv+1 is aga9 ref]r$ to at ! close ( ! n>rative1 :]e we read t ,god re/$ f all ,8 "w1 :i* ,he _h creat$ & made4 ,s mu* = ! g5]al pr9ciples ( ! n>rative1 we pass on n[ to its detail$ ord]4 7,b47 ,,its ,,detail$ ,,ord]4 ,x w be rememb]$ t 9 ,g5esis1 aft] describ+ ! e>lie/ /ate ( ! e>?1 !re are eight /ages 9 its developm5t2 two ( :i* occurr$ on ! ?ird1 & two on ! six?1 day4 ,we h ?us altoge!r n9e subjects to exam9e4 7#a47 ,! e>lie/ /ate ( ! e>?4 ,n[ accord+ to ,g5esis1 ! e>? 0 at fir/ wa/e & void & 9 d>kness1 & app>5tly surr\nd$ by ! wat]s4 ,& if we adopt ! usual nebula !ory1 & ref] ?is to ! fir/ p]iod aft] x became a sep>ate planet1 & _h cool$ s z n to give out any light itself1 ^! /atem5ts seem q correct4 ,= we "k f geology t ! e>? 0 !n wa/e & void z f> z any =m ( life 0 conc]n$1 :ile x 0 probably surr\nd$ by a d5se mass ( cl\ds & vap\rs suffici5t to produce d>kness4 ,g5esis !n />ts f ! "r />t+-po9t1 b aga9 we mu/ ask1 h[ did ! writ] "k ?is8 7#b47 ,light4 ,! fir/ /ep 9 ! developm5t ( ! e>? 01 we are told1 ! introduction ( light4 ,t ?is is :at ,g5esis means seems pla91 = ! light mu/ ref] to ! d>kness ( ! previ\s v]se1 & t ref]r$ to ! e>?4 ,z to :e!r light previ\sly exi/$ 9 o!r p>ts ( ! univ]se1 ,g5esis says no?+1 x is only conc]n$ ) ?is e>?4 ,& 9 ! developm5t ( ?is e>?1 light 7:i* 9 nature always includes heat7 mu/ obvi\sly h come fir/4 ,= on x dep5d ! *anges 9 temp]ature1 :i* lead to ! =mation ( w9ds1 cl\ds1 & ra92 :ile x also supplies ! physical p[] t is necess>y = ! life ( plants & animals2 s 9 plac+ light z ! fir/ /ep1 ,g5esis is c]ta9ly correct4 ,( c\rse1 ! s\rce ( light at ?is e>ly p]iod 0 ! rema9d] ( ! nebula f :i* our planet 0 ?r[n (f4 ,x 0 ?us spread ov] an imm5se space1 in/ead ( be+ conc5trat$ l t ( our pres5t sun2 & probably only rea*$ ! e>? ?r\gh a p>tial cle>+ ( ! cl\ds j allud$ to4 7#c47 ,! firmam5t4 ,! next /ep 0 sep>at+ ! wat]s above 7i4e41 ^! d5se cl\ds7 f ! wat]s bel[ :i* are /at$ to be ! seas 7v4 #i-aj7 & =m+ betwe5 !m a firmam5t or expanse 7see m>g971 t is to say1 ! air4 ,! idea t ! writ] ?\ght ?is expanse meant a solid plane hold+ up ! wat]s above 7because x is p]haps d]iv$ f a ^w mean+ firm or solid7 is sc>cely t5able4 ,= ! firmam5t 0 call$ heav51 & ! upp] wat]s1 above ?is heav51 mu/ mean ! s\rces f :i* ! ra9 usually comes1 s9ce x is call$ ra9 f heav54#ac ,& ^! s\rces are easily se5 to be cl\ds2 & no "o c\ld h ?\ght t a solid firmam5t 0 betwe5 ! cl\ds1 & ! seas4 ,footnote #ac3 ,deut4 #aa4 #aa4 ,moreov] ?is same ^w heav5 7?\gh us$ 9 v>i\s s5ses7 is translat$ air lat] on 9 ?is v n>rative :5 x speaks ( f[ls ( ! air 7v]ses #bf-bh1 #cj74 ,& x also occurs 9 o!r passages1 9 "s ( :i* x _c possibly mean any?+ b ! air1 e4g41 'any w+$ f[l t flie? 9 ! heav51' & '! way ( an eagle 9 ! air1'#ad :i* is an additional reason = ?9k+ t x means ! air "h4 ,footnote #ad3 ,deut4 #d4 #ag2 ,prov4 #cj4 #ai4 ,& ! omission1 be=e notic$1 to say t ,god saw t ! firmam5t 0 good1 is q natural1 if ?is means only ! air1 i4e41 ! space betwe5 ! cl\ds & ! seas2 j z an arti/1 ?\gh he might exam9e 8 pictures to see t !y 7 good1 w\ld n exam9e ! spaces betwe5 !m4 ,b x is difficult to acc\nt =1 if x means a solid firmam5t1 :i* w\ld seem to require ,god's approval l ev]y?+ else4 ,on ! o!r side1 we h ! expression ab\t op5+ ! w9d[s ( heav5 :5 x ra9$ at ! "t ( ! ,flood1#ae :i* is sometimes ?\ght to imply op5+s 9 a solid firmam5t4 ,b x ne$ n be tak5 lit]ally1 any m ?an t ab\t ! doors ( ! sea2#af especially z 9 ano!r place ! heav5s dropp+ wat] is expla9$ z mean+ t ! cl\ds dropp$ x4#ag ,& s9ce ,god promis$ t 9 future :5 a cl\d 0 se5 x %\ld n cause ano!r flood1#ah x is cle> t ! flood 0 ?\ght to h come f ! cl\ds1 & n f any op5+s 9 a solid res]voir 9 ! sky4 ,footnote #ae3 ,g54 #g4 #aa2 #b ,k+s #g4 #b2 ,mal4 #c4 #aj4 ,footnote #af3 ,job #ch4 #h-aa4 ,footnote #ag3 ,judges #e4 #d 7,r4,v474 ,footnote #ah3 ,g54 #i4 #ad4 ,!re is also ! passage ab\t ! sun & moon be+ set 9 ! firmam5t4 ,b ! writ] _c h meant !y 7 fa/5$ to ! firmam5t1 s9ce ! moon keeps *ang+ its position relatively to ! sun1 j z a ra9b[ (t5 does 9 reg>d to ! cl\d 9 :i* x is also said to be set4#ai ,( c\rse _! be+ 9 ! firmam5t at all1 is n correct if ?is means only ! air4 ,b ! ^w may be us$ "h 9 a wid] s5se1 l ! ,engli% ^w heav51 to include bo? ! air1 & ! space beyond4 ,= we speak ( ! cl\ds ( heav51 & ! />s ( heav51 & 9 nei!r case ) any idea ( _! be+ heav$ up1 :i* is said to be ! lit]al mean+ ( ! ^w4 ,& 9 its prim>y s5se1 z we h %[n1 ! firmam5t or expanse betwe5 ! upp] & l[] wat]s 7! cl\ds & ! seas7 mu/ mean ! air4 ,& ! ord] 9 :i* ?is is plac$ aft] light1 & be=e plants & animals is obvi\sly correct4 ,footnote #ai3 ,g54 #i4 #ac4 7#d47 ,dry l&4 ,we n[ come to an important po9t1 ! appe>ance ( dry l&4 ,accord+ to ,g5esis1 !re 0 n always dry l& on ! e>?2 ! :ole ( x 0 orig9ally cov]$ by ! wat]s4 ,& sci5ce %[s t ?is 0 probably ! case2 ! e>? be+ at fir/ surr\nd$ by wat]y vap\rs1 :i* gradually cond5s$ & =m$ a k9d ( univ]sal ocean4 ,& !n1 :5 ! surface became irregul>1 ?r\gh its contract+ & crumpl+ up1 ! wat] w\ld collect 9 ! holl[s1 =m+ seas1 & dry l& w\ld appe> else:]e4 ,b h[ 0 x possible = ! writ] ( ,g5esis to "k all ?is8 ,!re is no?+ 9 ! pres5t aspect ( nature to sugge/ t !re 0 once a "t :5 !re 0 no dry l&2 & if x 0 a guess on 8 "p1 x 01 to say ! lea/1 a v rem>kable "o4 7#e47 ,vegetation4 ,we next come to vegetation2 & x is plac$ 9 exactly its "r position4 ,= x requires f\r ?+s3 soil1 air1 wat]1 & light includ+ heat2 & ^! 7 ! f\r ?+s :i* !n exi/$4 ,! n>rative1 x w be notic$1 speaks ( ?ree gr\ps1 grass1 h]bs1 & fruit-trees2 & x seems to imply t !y appe>$ at ! same "t4 ,b s9ce its g5]al plan is t ( a s]ies ( ev5ts1 ! o!r view1 t !y appe>$ successively1 is at lea/ t5able4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ?is difficulty4 ,none ( ^! gr\ps 7 complete be=e ! foll[+ p]iods4 ,"s plants1 = in/ance 7includ+ bo? h]bs & fruit-trees71 appe>$ long aft] ! comm5cem5t ( fi%es & birds1 & simil>ly "s fi%es & birds aft] ! comm5cem5t ( l&-animals4 ,b ! difficulty is due to ! fact t ! classes ov]lap to a l>ge ext5t4 ,& ! ord] giv5 9 ,g5esis is ne>] ! tru? ?an any o!r w\ld be4 ,_h ! writ]1 = example1 plac$ !m plants1 animals1 birds1 fi%es2 he w\ld h be5 q wrong4 ,z x is1 by plac+ !m plants1 fi%es1 birds1 animals1 he is z ne> ! tru? z he c be1 if classes :i* really ov]lap h to be arrang$ 9 a consecutive n>rative4 7#f47 ,! sun & moon4 ,we next come to ! =mation 7t is ! mak+1 or evolv+7 ( ! sun & moon4 ,! />s are also m5tion$1 b x is n said t !y 7 made on ! f\r? day1 & !y are n allud$ to 9 ! op5+ comm&4 ,n[1 ?is alleg$ =mation ( ! sun aft] t ( light is c]ta9ly ! mo/ /rik+ po9t 9 ! n>rative1 & 0 long ?\ght to be a difficulty4 ,b sci5ce has n[ %[n t x is correct4 ,h[ev] /range we may ?9k x1 light did und\bt$ly exi/ long be=e ! sun4 ,9 o!r words1 ! orig9al nebula ( our sol> sy/em 0 lum9\s1 & light$ ! e>?1 long be=e x contract$ into a body ) a def9ite outl9e1 & produc+ su* an int5se & conc5trat$ light1 z c\ld be call$ a sun4 ,& s9ce ! e>? w\ld cool mu* quick] ?an ! l>ge nebula f :i* x 0 ?r[n (f1 vegetation might comm5ce "h be=e ! nebula _h become a sun1 ?\gh ?is latt] po9t is d\btful4 ,two objections h n[ to be notic$4 ,! fir/ ref]s to ! moon1 :i* mu/ h be5 ?r[n (f f ! e>? long be=e ! dry l& & vegetation appe>$2 & be+ s small1 w\ld h consolidat$ soon]4 ,b :5 consid]$ only z lights1 z !y are 9 ! n>rative1 x is q correct to place ! moon ) ! sun2 s9ce moonlight is m]ely reflect$ sunlight1 & mu/ obvi\sly h comm5c$ at ! same "t4 ,! o!r objection is1 t accord+ to ,g5esis1 ! e>? seems to be ! c5tre ( ev]y?+1 & ev5 ! sun exi/s solely = ! sake ( light+ ! e>?4 ,b 7z be=e po9t$ out7 ! n>rative is only conc]n$ ) ?is e>?2 & :ile we "k t sunlight is ( use to ! inhabitants ( our planet1 we d n "k t x s]ves any o!r useful purpose4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 are b m9or matt]s2 ! important po9t1 z be=e said1 is t ,g5esis places ! =mation ( ! sun aft] t ( light4 ,?is mu/ h appe>$ :5 x 0 writt51 & = ?\s&s ( ye>s aft]w>ds1 an obvi\s absurdity1 s9ce ev]yone c\ld see t ! sun 0 ! s\rce ( light4 ,we n[ "k t x is correct4 ,b h[ c\ld ! writ] h kn[n x1 unless x _h be5 div9ely reveal$8 7#g47 ,fi%es & birds4 ,we next come to fi%es & birds1 :i* =m$ ! comm5cem5t ( animal life1 & ?us involv$ ! beg9n+ ( m9d 9 "s =m2 s ,g5esis 7z be=e said7 appropriately uses ! ^w create 9 reg>d to !m4 ,x is n cle> :e!r ! n>rative means t !y appe>$ at ! same "t1 or successively1 ?\gh "h1 z 9 o!r cases1 ! latt] is ! m probable4 ,& sci5ce entirely agrees 9 ?us plac+ fi%es be=e birds & bo? ( ^! aft] plants4 ,?is latt] po9t inde$ mu/ be obvi\s to e naturali/1 s9ce ! food ( all animals is d]iv$1 ei!r directly or indirectly1 f ! vegetable _w4 ,& ,g5esis is equally correct 9 emphasis+ ! great abundance ( m>9e life at ?is p]iod--! wat]s 7 to sw>m ) sw>ms ( liv+ creatures 7,r4,v4 ,m>g971 & also 9 specially allud+ to ! great sea-mon/]s 7wrongly translat$ :ales 9 ,a4,v471 s9ce ^! huge saurians 7 a /rik+ feature ( ! "t4 ,! ,hebrew ^w is said to mean elongat$ or /ret*$-out creatures1 & z sev]al ( !m 7 ov] #ej feet long1 no m suitable t]m c be imag9$4 ,b aga9 we mu/ ask h[ did ! writ] "k t su* creatures 7 ev] pl5tiful en\gh1 or important en\gh1 to des]ve ?is special m5tion8 ,:at are call$ inv]tebrate animals1 su* z insects1 & %ell-fi%1 d n seem to be includ$ 9 ! n>rative4 ,b x nev] claims to describe ev]y?+ t 0 creat$2 & its extreme brevity1 comb9$ ) ! insignificance ( ^! creatures1 may well acc\nt = _! be+ omitt$4 7#h47 ,l& animals4 ,we next come to l& animals1 :i* we are told ! e>? 0 to br+ =?4 ,z h[ev] x is said 9 ! next v]se t ,god made 7or evolv$7 ^! creatures1 ?is ne$ n mean t !y 7 produc$ directly f ! e>?1 z 9 ! case ( plants4 ,& ! position 9 :i* !y are plac$1 aft] fi%es & birds & be=e man1 is aga9 correct4 ,x is true t a few animals su* z kang>oos1 seem to h appe>$ z e>ly z birds1 b l& animals z a :ole und\bt$ly succe$$ !m4 ,?ree classes are m5tion$1 bea/s ( ! e>?1 cattle1 & creep+ ?+s1 probably small animals1 s9ce ano!r ,hebrew ^w is us$ = !m1 lat] on1 :i* is said else:]e to include weasels & mice4#bj ,footnote #bj3 ,g54 #g4 #ba2 ,lev4 #aa4 #bi4 7#i47 ,man4 ,la/ ( all we come to ! creation ( man4 ,f\r po9ts h to be notic$ "h4 ,! fir/ ref]s to ! "t ( man's appe>ance1 :i* ev]yone n[ admits 0 n till t[>ds ! close ( ! ,t]ti>y or mo/ rec5t gr\p ( /rata2 s ,g5esis is q correct 9 plac+ him la/ ( all4 ,z to ! actual date1 x says no?+2 = its *ronology only leads back to ! creation ( ,adam 9 *apt] #b1 & n to t ( ! human race 7male & female7 9 *apt] #a4 ,& x is impli$ 9 sev]al places1 t !re 7 m5 be=e ,adam#ba & ?is 0 9 consequ5ce ma9ta9$ by "s writ]s long be=e geology 0 ?\ght (4#bb ,we ne$ n !re=e discuss ! difficulties connect$ ) ! /ory ( ,adam & ,eve1 z to :i* ! pres5t writ] has nev] se5 a satisfactory explanation4 ,footnote #ba3 ,g54 #d4 #ac-ag1 #bf2 #f4 #b-d4 ,footnote #bb3 ,e4g41 ,peyreyrius1 ,a4,d4 #afee1 quot$ 9 ! ,speak]'s ,comm5t>y4 ,secondly1 ! creation ( man is repres5t$ z ( an altoge!r high] ord]1 ?an any ( ! previ\s ones1 s9ce ,god did n say1 ,let ! e>? br+ =? a ?9k+ animal or any?+ ( t k9d1 b ',let u make man4' ,& ?is also is q correct1 = man1 z we "k 7,*apt] ,,iv47 has a free w1 :i* makes him a p]sonal be+1 & !re=e f> above ev]y?+ else on ?is planet4 ,& :5 we consid] ! va/ possibilities1 involv$ 9 ! creation ( su* a be+1--able to act "r or wrong1 & !re=e able1 if he wi%es1 to act 9 opposition to ! w ( 8 ,mak]1 ?us br++ s9 into ! _w ) all its consequ5t mis]ies1--x seems only suitable t su* a mom5t\s /ep %\ld h be5 tak5 ) app>5t delib]ation & 9 a mann] diff]5t f all ! o!rs4 ,& x expla9s :y no su* expression z aft] its k9d1 :i* is s frequ5tly us$ ( plants & animals1 is ev] appli$ to man2 = he is n "o ( a k9d 9 ! same s5se4 ,ea* man is unique1 a sep>ate p]sonal be+1 di/9ct f all else 9 ! _w1 & n 7l a tree = in/ance7 m]ely "o example ( a c]ta9 way 9 :i* molecules may be gr\p$4 ,x also expla9s :y man 7unlike plants1 animals1 etc47 is n said to h be5 creat$ good4 ,= goodness 9 a free be+ mu/ include moral goodness1 or righte\sness2 &1 z expla9$ 9 ,*apt] ,,vi41 man c\ld n h be5 creat$ righte\s4 ,he might h be5 creat$ p]fect1 l a ma*9e1 or innoc5t1 l a *ild1 b to be righte\s requires 8 own co-op]ation1 8 freely *oos+ to act "r1 ?\gh he might act wrong4 ,no d\bt he 0 made 9 a condition p]fectly suit$ = ! ex]cise ( 8 free *oice2 b ?is seems includ$ 9 ,god's f9al approval ( ! :ole creation t x 0 all v good4 ,?irdly we are told t man 7& man alone7 0 creat$ 9 ! image ( ,god4 ,& once m ! n>rative is q correct2 = t :i* di/+ui%es man f ! re/ ( creation is 8 free w1 to :i* we h j allud$4 ,& t :i* di/+ui%es ,god's action f all natural =ces is also ,8 fre$om1 7,*apt] ,i474 ,s x is p]fectly true to say t man 0 creat$ 9 ! image ( ,god1 s9ce ! special attribute :i* sep>ates him f all else on ?is planet is precisely ! attribute ( ,god ,himself4 ,& "h we may notice 9 pass+1 t ?\gh ,god int5d$ man to be bo? 9 ,8 image & lik5ess2 ,he only creat$ him 9 ,8 image 7vv4 #bf1 #bg74 ,& ! reason is probably t :ile image means resemblance 9 nature 7possess+ free w1 etc471 lik5ess means resemblance 9 "*#bc 7always act+ "r74 ,!re=e1 ( c\rse1 ?\gh ,god wi%$ man to be bo? 9 ,8 image & lik5ess1 ,he c\ld only create him 9 ,8 image2 ! o!r po9t1 t ( lik5ess 9 "*1 dep5d+ 7z j said7 on ! free w ( ! man himself4 ,footnote #bc3 ,! ,hebrew ^w appe>s to be sometimes us$ 9 ?is s5se4 ,e4g41 ,ps4 #eh4 #d2 ,isa4 #ac4 #d4 ,9 "o brief ref]5ce 9 ,g54 #e4 #a-b1 :5 speak+ ( ,adam1 lik5ess is us$ :]e we %\ld h expect$ image2 ?\gh ev5 "h x is n said t man 0 creat$ 9 ,god's lik5ess1 b m]ely t he 0 s made4 ,! f\r?1 & la/ po9t is t ?\gh ! writ] assigns to man ?is unique position1 he does n give him1 z we might h expect$1 a day to himself1 b connects him ) l& animals1 z bo? appe>+ on ! six? day4 ,& ?is also seems correct1 = 9 spite ( 8 imm5se sup]iority1 man1 9 8 physical nature1 is closely connect$ ) animals4 ,!re=e ! writ] appropriately uses bo? words1 made & creat$1 9 reg>d to him4 ,! =m] %[s t 9 "o respect 7z to 8 body7 he 0 evolv$ l ! re/ ( nature2 ! latt]1 t 9 ano!r respect 7z to 8 _s7 he 0 ess5tially di/9ct4 7,c47 ,,conclusion4 ,we h n[ discuss$ ! n>rative at "s l5g?1 & 7omitt+ details7 x %[s ?ree great p]iods ( life4 ,ea* ( ^! has a lead+ *>act]i/ic2 t ( ! ?ird day be+ vegetation2 t ( ! fif? day fi%es & birds1 special m5tion be+ made ( great sea-mon/]s2 & t ( ! six? day l& animals1 & at its close man4 ,& ?\gh ^! gr\ps ov]lap to a l>ge ext5t1 yet speak+ broadly1 ! ?ree p]iods 9 ,geology h mu* ! same *>act]i/ics4 ,! ,prim>y is di/+ui%$ by its vegetation 7e4g41 ! coal b$s72 ! ,second>y by its saurians1 or great sea-mon/]s2 & ! ,t]ti>y by its l& animals1 & at its close 7n[ (t5 call$ ! ,quat]n>y7 by man4 ,! h>mony betwe5 ! two is1 to say ! lea/1 rem>kable4 ,& ! !ory ( ,evolution :i* l geology1 0 unkn[n :5 ! n>rative 0 writt51 also supports x1 z has be5 admitt$ by "s ( its lead+ expon5ts4 ,?us ,romanes once said1 & z if ! fact 0 undisput$1 ',! ord] 9 :i* ! flora & fauna are said1 by ! ,mosaic acc\nt1 to h appe>$ ^u ! e>? corresponds ) t :i* ! !ory ( ,evolution requires1 & ! evid5ce ( geology proves4'#bd ,we decide1 !n1 t ! ord] ( creation1 z giv5 9 ,g5esis1 is 9 mo/ cases c]ta9ly1 & 9 all cases probably1 correct4 ,footnote #bd3 ,nature1 #aa? ,augu/1 #ahha4 ,& ?is is pla9ly ( ! utmo/ importance1 = ! po9ts ( agreem5t betwe5 ,g5esis & sci5ce are f> too _m1 & f> too unlikely to be due to accid5t4 ,!y are f> too _m2 = ! *ance aga9/ eight ev5ts be+ put d[n 9 _! correct ord] by guesswork is #dj1cai to #a4 ,& !y are f> too unlikely2 = :at c\ld h induc$ an ignorant man to say t light came be=e ! sun1 or t ! e>? once exi/$ )\t any dry l&8 ,moreov]1 ! g5]al pr9ciples ( ! n>rative1 especially its pure ,mono!ism & its gradual developm5t1 are v /rongly 9 its fav\r4 ,& s are "s individual po9ts1 su* z ! idea ( creation1 9 its /rict s5se1 be+ limit$ to matt]1 m9d1 & _s4 ,:ile our admiration = x is /ill fur!r increas$ by its extreme concis5ess & simplicity4 ,seldom1 inde$1 has su* a mass ( in=mation be5 cond5s$ into z few l9es2 & seldom has su* a difficult subject be5 treat$ s accurately yet 9 su* simple & popul> language4 ,n[ :at conclusion c be drawn f all ?is8 ,!re seem to be only two alt]natives3 ei!r ! writ]1 :oev] he 01 knew z mu* ab\t sci5ce z we d1 or else ! k 0 reveal$ to him by ,god4 ,& if we admit a revelation at all1 ! latt] c]ta9ly seems ! less improbable4 ,& ?is1 x may be add$1 0 ! op9ion ( ! great geologi/ ,dana1 :o said 7aft] c>efully consid]+ ! subject7 t ! co9cid5ces betwe5 ! n>rative1 & ! hi/ory ( ! e>? z d]iv$ f nature1 7 su* z to imply its ,div9e orig94#be ,we !re=e conclude t ?is acc\nt ( ! creation 0 ,div9ely reveal$4 ,footnote #be3 ,biblio!ca ,sacra1 ,april1 #ahhe1 p4 #bbd4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,t ,,its ,,orig9 ,,0 ,,confirm$ ,,by ,,miracles4 ,importance ( ! ,p5tateu*1 z ! only record ( ! orig9 ( ! ,jewi% ,religion4 7,a47 ,,its ,,egyptian ,,ref]5ces4 ,^! are v /rongly 9 fav\r ( its e>ly date2 7#a47 ,9 ! hi/ory ( ,joseph4 7#b47 ,9 ! hi/ory ( ,moses4 7#c47 ,9 ! laws & addresses4 7,b47 ,,its ,,laws4 ,^! are also 9 fav\r ( its e>ly date3 7#a47 ,! subjects dealt )4 7#b47 ,_! connection ) ! hi/ory4 7#c47 ,_! word+4 7,c47 ,,! ,,!ory ,,( ,a ,,late-,,date4 ,!re are f\r *ief argum5ts 9 fav\r ( ?is1 b !y are n at all conv9c+3 7#a47 ,! language ( ! ,p5tateu*4 7#b47 ,its composite "*4 7#c47 ,its laws be+ unkn[n 9 lat] times4 7#d47 ,! f9d+ ( ,deut]onomy4 7,d47 ,,conclusion4 ,! ,p5tateu* 0 probably writt51 z x claims to be1 by ,moses2 & we mu/ !re=e admit ! miracles ( ! ,exodus4 ,we pass on n[ to ! orig9 ( ! ,jewi% ,religion--t is to say1 ! ev5ts connect$ ) ! ,exodus f ,egypt4 ,& z ! only acc\nt we h ( ^! is conta9$ 9 ! ,p5tateu*1 we mu/ exam9e ?is book c>efully4 ,is x a tru/wor?y1 &1 on ! :ole1 accurate acc\nt ( ! ev5ts :i* x records8 ,& ?is dep5ds *iefly on its date4 ,is x a contempor>y docum5t1 writt5 by1 or 9 ! "t (1 ,moses8 ,& mod]n discov]ies h at lea/ %[n t x may be s4 ,= ,egypt 0 !n 9 su* a civilis$ /ate1 t x is practically c]ta9 t ,moses1 & ! o!r lead]s ( ,israel1 c\ld h writt5 _h !y *os54 ,& z !y someh[ or o!r br\ght ! p out ( ,egypt1 x is extremely probable t !y w\ld h record$ x4 ,b did !y1 & d we possess ?is record 9 ! ,p5tateu*8 ,?is is ! "q we h to decide2 & we w fir/ consid] ! ,egyptian ref]5ces 9 ! ,p5tateu*1 & !n its ,laws1 bo? ( :i* are v /rongly 9 fav\r ( an e>ly date4 ,!n we w see :at c be said = ! opposite !ory1 or t ( a late-date2 & la/ly1 ! conclusion to be drawn f admitt+ its g5u95ess4 7,a47 ,,its ,,egyptian ,,ref]5ces4 ,n[ a consid]able "p ( ! ,p5tateu* deals ) ,egyptian matt]s1 & x appe>s to be writt5 ) correct details ?r\gh\t4 ,?is w\ld ( c\rse be only natural 9 a contempor>y writ] liv+ 9 ,egypt1 b w\ld be mo/ unlikely = a late writ] 9 ,canaan4 ,! "q is !re=e ( great importance 9 decid+ on ! date ( ! book2 s we w fir/ consid] ^! ,egyptian ref]5ces 7z !y are call$7 9 ! hi/ory ( ,joseph1 !n 9 t ( ,moses1 & !n 9 ! laws & addresses4 ,!y _c ( c\rse be prop]ly appreciat$ )\t "s k ( anci5t ,egypt1 b !y are f> too important to be omitt$4 ,x is disappo9t+ to h to add t ! evid5ce is almo/ entirely indirect1 b up to ! pres5t no ref]5ce to ei!r ,joseph1 or ,moses1 has be5 f\nd on ! ,egyptian monum5ts1 & none to ! ,israelites !mselves t are at all conclusive4 7#a47 ,9 ! hi/ory ( ,joseph4 ,to beg9 )1 !re are ?ree cases :]e x is sometimes said t ! writ] seems n to h be5 a contempor>y1 s9ce ,egyptian cu/oms are !re expla9$1 z if unkn[n to ! read]4 ,^! are _! eat+ at diff]5t tables f ! ,hebrews1 _! dislike ( %eph]ds1 & _! habit ( embalm+4#bf ,b ! inf]5ce f ! fir/ two is extremely d\btful2 ?\gh t f ! ?ird is r 9 fav\r ( a late date4 ,!re is n1 h[ev]1 a s+le ^w "h 7or any:]e else7 :i* is incorrect = ,egypt1 or :i* %[s t ! writ] himself 0 unaw>e ( its cu/oms4 ,footnote #bf3 ,g54 #dc4 #cb2 #df4 #cd2 #ej4 #c4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re is abundant evid5ce 9 fav\r ( a contempor>y date4 ,! ,ph>aoh is g5]ally ?\ght to be ,apepi ,,ii41 :o belong$ to a =eign dyna/y ( ,%eph]d ,k+s1 probably ,asiatic tribes l ! ,israelites !mselves4 ,& ?is w expla9 ! evid5t surprise felt by ! writ] t "o ( 8 *ief (fic]s %\ld be an ,egyptian1 :i* seems s puzzl+ to ! ord9>y read]4#bg ,x w also acc\nt = ,joseph & 8 bre?r5 be+ s well receiv$1 & = _! tell+ him s c&idly ,t !y 7 %eph]ds1 ?\gh !y knew t %eph]ds 7 hat$ by ! ,egyptians4 ,_h ! ,ph>aoh himself be5 an ,egyptian1 ?is 0 h>dly ! way to secure 8 fav\r4 ,footnote #bg3 ,g54 #ci4 #a4 ,we w n[ consid] a s+le *apt] 9 detail1 & select ,g54 #da2 ne>ly e incid5t 9 :i* %[s a k ( anci5t ,egypt3 ,v]4 #a4 ,to beg9 )1 ! words ,ph>aoh & ! riv] 7i4e41 ! ,nile71 ?\gh !y are ! prop] ,egyptian names1 seem to h be5 adopt$ 9 ,hebrew1 & occur all ?r\gh ! ,old ,te/am5t2 s !y af=d no indication ( date4 #b-d4 ,! dreams1 h[ev]1 are peculi>ly ,egyptian4 ,cattle along ! riv] bank1 & fe$+ on ! re$-grass 7an ,egyptian ^w = an ,egyptian plant71 0 a common sight 9 t c\ntry1 b mu/ h be5 almo/ unkn[n 9 ,canaan4 ,& _! com+ up out ( ! riv] 0 specially suitable1 z !y repres5t$ ! ye>s ( pl5ty & fam9e1 :i* 9 ,egypt dep5d entirely on ! rise ( ! ,nile4 #e-g4 ,9 ! same way :eat ) sev]al e>s is kn[n to h be5 produc$ 9 ,egypt2 b is n[h]e m5tion$ z gr[n 9 ,canaan4 #h4 ,moreov]1 we "k t ! ,ph>aohs atta*$ great importance to dreams1 & us$ to consult _! magicians & wise m5 :5 9 d\bt2 bo? ^! classes be+ (t5 m5tion$--& m5tion$ toge!r--on ! monum5ts4 #i-ab4 ,we also "k t !re 7 (ficials correspond+ to ! *ief butl] & ! *ief bak]4 ,& a ref]5ce has ev5 be5 f\nd to ! curi\s cu/om ( ! =m] giv+ ! ,k+ fre% grape-juice1 squeez$ into a cup 7,g54 #dj4 #aa71 :i* is n likely to h be5 kn[n to anyone out ( ,egypt4 #ac4 ,& hang+ ! *ief bak] evid5tly means1 f ,g54 #dj4 #ai1 hang+ up ! dead body1 aft] he _h be5 behead$2 :i* latt] 0 an ,egyptian1 & n a ,jewi%1 puni%m5t4 #ad4 ,next we are told1 t :5 ,joseph 0 hurri$ly s5t = by ,ph>aoh1 he yet /opp$ to %ave4 ,& ?is 0 only natural1 z ! upp] class ( ,egyptians always %av$2 b x w\ld sc>cely h occurr$ to anyone 9 ,canaan1 z ! ,israelites always wore be>ds4#bh ,footnote #bh3 #b ,sam4 #aj4 #e4 #ce4 ,s aga9 ! cu/om ( lay+ up corn 9 /oreh\ses1 to provide aga9/ ! frequ5t fam9es1 & = taxation1 0 ?or\ghly ,egyptian1 ! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,gran>ies be+ a well-kn[n (ficial4 ,b z f> z we "k no?+ ( ! k9d exi/$ 9 ,canaan4 #ci4 ,we !n come to ! promotion ( ,joseph2 & sev]al in/ances are kn[n ( =eign]s1 & ev5 slaves1 be+ promot$ to high (fices 9 ,egypt4 #dj4 ,& ! monum5ts %[ t x 0 ! regul> ,egyptian cu/om to h a ,sup]9t5d5t1 :o %\ld be ov] ! h\se4 #db4 ,joseph is !n giv5 ,ph>aoh's signet r+1 ! use ( :i*1 at ?is e>ly p]iod1 has be5 fully confirm$ by ! inscriptions4 ,& he also receives f9e l95 7an ,egyptian ^w be+ us$ = ?is7 & a gold *a9 ab\t 8 neck4 ,?is latt] 0 a peculi>ly ,egyptian decoration1 be+ call$ receiv+ gold1 & is cont9ually allud$ to on ! monum5ts4 ,& a specim5 may be se5 9 ! ,cairo ,museum1 :i* happ5s to date f ab\t ! "t ( ,joseph4 #dc-dd4 ,& ! app>5tly insignificant detail t ,joseph rode 9 a *>iot 7imply+ horses7 is also int]e/+1 s9ce1 z f> z we "k1 horses _h only rec5tly be5 introduc$ into ,egypt by ! ,%eph]d ,k+s4 ,& _h !y be5 m5tion$ e>li]--z1 = in/ance1 among ! pres5ts giv5 to ,abraham#bi--;x w\ld h be5 incorrect4 ,& ! expression ,abre*1 translat$ ,b[ ! knee1 is probably an ,egyptian ^w 7,m>g9 ,r4,v474 ,footnote #bi3 ,g54 #ab4 #af4 #de4 ,we also "k t :5 =eign]s rose to great importance 9 ,egypt !y 7 (t5 giv5 a new "n4 ,& ,joseph's new "n1 ,zaph5a?paneah1 7probably mean+ ,head ( ! ,college ( ,magicians1 a title he _h j e>n$#cj7 z well z ,as5a?1 & ,potiph]a1 are all g5u9e ,egyptian names2 ?\gh 7) ! exception ( ,as5a?7 !y h n at pres5t be5 f\nd z e>ly z ! "t ( ,joseph4 ,footnote #cj3 ,h4 ,e4 ,naville1 ,pr(essor ( ,egyptology1 at ! ,univ]sity ( ,g5eva1 ',ar*ology ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1' #aiac1 p4 #hj4 #di4 ,la/ly1 ! usual ,egyptian cu/om 7z %[n by ! monum5ts7 ( hav+ a scribe to c\nt ! quantity ( corn z x is /or$1 is incid5tally impli$ 9 ! /atem5t t on ?is occasion1 ow+ to its great abundance1 ,joseph _h to leave (f numb]+ x4 ,?us ev]y?+ 9 ?is *apt]1 & ! same may be said ( _m o!rs1 is p]fectly correct = ,egypt2 ?\gh mu* ( x w\ld be incorrect = ,canaan1 & is n likely to h be5 kn[n to anyone liv+ !re4 ,yet ! writ] n only kn[s x1 b takes = grant$ t 8 read]s "k x too1 z he nev] expla9s any?+4 ,s ! n>rative is n likely to h be5 writt5 aft] ! "t ( ,moses1 :5 ! ,israelites left ,egypt4 ,& ?is1 x may be add$1 is ! op9ion ( _m :o h made a special /udy ( anci5t ,egypt4 ,?us ,pr(4 ,naville decl>es ',i d n hesitate to say t he 7,moses7 0 ! only au?or :o c\ld h writt5 ! hi/ory ( ,joseph1 su* z we h x4'#ca ,footnote #ca3 ,transactions ( ,victoria ,in/itute1 vol4 xlvii41 #aiae1 p4 #cee4 ,!re is also evid5ce ( q ano!r k9d t ?is latt] "p ( ,g5esis 0 writt5 9 ,egypt4 ,?is is af=d$ by six passages1 :]e1 aft] ! "n ( a place1 is add$ "s su* phrase z :i* is 9 ,canaan4#cb ,yet !re d n appe> to be any o!r places ( ! same "n liable to be confus$ ) ^!4 ,:5 !n w\ld x be necess>y to expla9 to ! ,israelites t ^! places1 ,%e*em1 etc41 7 9 ,canaan8 ,c]ta9ly n aft] ! conque/1 :5 !y 7 liv+ !re1 & x 0 obvi\s to ev]yone2 s we mu/ ref] !m to ! "t :5 !y 7 9 ,egypt4 ,footnote #cb3 ,g54 #bc4 #b1 #ai2 #cc4 #ah2 #ce4 #f2 #dh4 #c2 #di4 #cj4 ,& ?is is /rongly confirm$ by a little rem>k z to ! des]t ( ,%ur1 :i* lies betwe5 ,egypt & ,canaan1 & :i* is describ$ z be+ be=e ,egypt z ?\ goe/ t[>ds ,assyria4#cc ,cle>ly !n ?is also mu/ h be5 writt5 9 ,egypt1 s9ce only to a p]son liv+ !re w\ld ,%ur be on ! way to ,assyria4 ,footnote #cc3 ,g54 #be4 #ah4 ,& ! same may be said ( ! curi\s cu/om ( fir/ ask+ aft] a p]son's heal?1 & !n1 if he is /ill alive4#cd ,?is 0 ?or\ghly ,egyptian1 z "s exactly simil> cases h be5 f\nd 9 a papyrus dat$ 9 ! eigh? ye> ( ,m5eph?ah1 g5]ally ?\ght to be ! ,ph>aoh ( ! ,exodus4#ce ,b x is sc>cely likely to h be5 adopt$ by a writ] 9 ,canaan1 z x makes ! n>rative seem s ridicul\s4 ,footnote #cd3 ,g54 #dc4 #bg-bh4 ,footnote #ce3 ,*abas1 ,mlanges gyptologiques1 ,?ird ,s]ies1 vol4 ii41 ,p>is1 #ahgc1 p4 #aeb4 7#b47 ,9 ! hi/ory ( ,moses4 ,secondly1 z to ! hi/ory ( ,moses4 ,! "n itself is ,egyptian2#cf & 8 be+ plac$ 9 an ark ( papyrus sme>$ ) bitum5 0 q suit$ to ,egypt1 :]e bo? mat]ials 7 commonly us$1 b w\ld h be5 mo/ unsuitable any:]e else4 ,& sev]al ( ! words us$ "h1 z well z 9 o!r p>ts ( ! ,p5tateu*1 %[ t ! writ] 0 well acqua9t$ ) ! ,egyptian language4 ,9 ?is s+le v]se = in/ance1 !re are z _m z six ,egyptian words1 ark1 papyrus1 pit*1 flags1 brick1 & riv]2 ?\gh "s ( ^! 7 also us$ 9 ,hebrew4#cg ,!n z to ! ,israelites mak+ bricks ) /raw4 ,?is is int]e/+1 because we "k f ! monum5ts t /raw 0 (t5 us$ = ! purpose1 ! ,nile mud n hold+ toge!r )\t x1 & t its abs5ce 0 look$ ^u z a h>d%ip4 ,s "h aga9 ! n>rative suits ,egypt1 & n ,canaan2 :]e z f> z we "k1 bricks 7 nev] made ) /raw4 ,& x s happ5s t we h a little direct evid5ce "h4 ,= "s excavations 7 made at ,tel-el-,muskhuta 9 #ahhc2 :i* turns out to be ,pi?om1 "o ( ! /ore cities said to h be5 built by ! ,israelites4#ch ,& ne>ly its :ole ext5t is occupi$ by l>ge brick /ores2 "s ( ! bricks be+ made ) /raw1 "s ) fragm5ts ( re$ or /ubble us$ in/ead1 & "s )\t any /raw at all4 ,:ile1 unlike ! usual ,egyptian cu/om1 ! walls are built ) mort>2 all ( :i* exactly agrees ) ! n>rative4#ci ,footnote #cf3 ,driv]'s ,exodus1 #aiaa1 p4 #aa4 ,footnote #cg3 ,exod4 #b4 #c4 ,footnote #ch3 ,exod4 #a4 #aa4 ,transactions ( ,victoria ,in/itute1 vol4 xviii41 p4 #he4 ,footnote #ci3 ,exod4 #a4 #ad2 #e4 #ab4 ,next1 z to ! ,t5 ,plagues4 ,!re is mu* local col\r+ "h1 & h>dly "o ( !m w\ld h be5 suitable 9 ,canaan4 ,moreov]1 ! ord] 9 :i* !y come is v significant1 z x makes !m agree ) ! natural calamities ( ,egypt4 7i47 ,! wat] be+ turn$ into blood _c1 ( c\rse1 be tak5 lit]ally1 any m ?an :5 ,joel speaks ( ! moon be+ turn$ into blood4#dj ,x ref]s to ! r$di% col\r1 :i* is (t5 se5 9 ! ,nile ab\t ! end ( ,june2 ?\gh x is n z a rule suffici5t to kill ! fi%1 or r5d] ! wat] unfit to dr9k4 ,& ! m5tion ( vessels ( wood & /one#da is int]e/+1 z x 0 ! cu/om 9 ,egypt to purify ! ,nile wat] by lett+ x /& 9 su* vessels2 & ! writ] evid5tly knew ?is1 & took = grant$ t 8 read]s knew x too1 ?\gh x seems to h be5 peculi> to t c\ntry4 ,footnote #dj3 ,joel #b4 #ca4 ,footnote #da3 ,exod4 #g4 #ai4 7ii47 ,frogs are mo/ tr\blesome 9 ,septemb]4 7iii47 ,lice1 p]haps mosquitoes or gnats1 & 7iv47 ,flies1 are usually wor/ 9 ,octob]4 7v47 ,murra9 among ! cattle1 & 7vi47 ,boils _c be id5tifi$ = c]ta91 b _! com+ on j aft] ! prec$+ plagues is mo/ natural1 consid]+ :at we n[ "k1 z to ! important "p tak5 by mosquitoes & flies 9 spread+ disease4 7vii47 ,! hail mu/ h occurr$ ab\t ! end ( ,janu>y1 z ! b>ley 0 !n 9 ! e>1 b ! :eat n gr[n up2 & sev]e hail/orms h be5 kn[n 9 ,egypt at t "t4 7viii47 ,locu/s are kn[n to h visit$ ,egypt t]ribly 9 ,m>*1 :i* seems ! "t int5d$1 z ! leaves 7 !n "y4 7ix47 ,! d>kness :i* might be felt 0 probably due to ! des]t w9d1 :i* bl[s at int]vals aft] ! end ( ,m>*1 & sometimes br+s ) x su* cl\ds ( s& z to d>k5 ! atmosph]e4#db ,& curi\sly en\gh x (t5 moves 9 a n>r[ belt1 s t ! l& may be d>k 9 "o place1 & light 9 ano!r close by1 z record$ 9 ! n>rative4 ,footnote #db3 ,i h notic$ ! same 9 ! ,transvaal1 9 p>ticul> a s&/orm at ,*ri/iana1 on #bj? ,octob]1 #aijj1 :i* s d>k5$ ! sky t = ab\t a qu>t] ( an h\r ,i _h to light a c&le4 7x47 ,! dea? ( ! fir/born1 :i* occurr$ 9 ,april 7,abib71 0 evid5tly n a natural calamity4 ,b :at is specially int]e/+ is ! /atem5t aga9/ all ! gods ( ,egypt ,i w execute judgm5ts1 )\t any explanation be+ giv5 ( :at is meant by ?is4#dc ,x ref]s to ! ,egyptian cu/om ( wor%ipp+ liv+ animals1 ! fir/born ( :i* 7 also to die2 b ?is w\ld only be famili> to a writ] 9 ,egypt1 s9ce1 z f> z we "k1 su* wor%ip 0 nev] practis$ 9 ,canaan4 ,! agreem5t all ?r\gh is mo/ rem>kable1 & /rongly 9 fav\r ( a contempor>y date4 ,footnote #dc3 ,exod4 #ab4 #ab2 ,num4 #cc4 #d4 7#c47 ,9 ! laws & addresses4 ,& ! same famili>ity ) ,egypt is %[n 9 ! subsequ5t laws & addresses ( ! ,p5tateu*4 ,?us we read ( laws be+ writt5 on ! doorpo/s & gates ( h\ses1 & on great /ones cov]$ ) pla/]1 bo? ( :i* 7 und\bt$ly ,egyptian cu/oms2 & ! latt] 0 n1 z f> z we "k1 common else:]e4#dd ,simil>ly ! ,egyptian habit ( writ+ p]sons' names on /icks1 0 evid5tly famili> to ! writ]4#de ,& s 0 ! curi\s cu/om ( plac+ food = ! dead1#df :i* 0 common 9 ,egypt1 ?\gh x nev] prevail$ among ! ,israelites4 ,footnote #dd3 ,deut4 #f4 #i2 #aa4 #bj2 #bg4 #b4 ,footnote #de3 ,num4 #ag4 #b4 ,footnote #df3 ,deut4 #bf4 #ad4 ,aga9 ! ord9>y food ( ! p 9 ,egypt is giv5 z fi%1 cucumb]s1 melons1 leeks1 onions1 & g>lic1 all ( :i* 7 commonly eat5 !re4#dg ,b z ! ,hebrew names ( f\r out ( ! five vegetables d n occur else:]e 9 ! ,bible1 !y c\ld sc>cely h be5 v common 9 ,canaan2 :ile none ( ! *>act]i/ic productions ( t l&1 su* z honey1 milk1 butt]1 figs1 rais9s1 almonds1 & olives1 are m5tion$4 ,! li/ is1 z x ought to be1 ?or\ghly ,egyptian4 ,footnote #dg3 ,num4 #aa4 #e4 ,x mu/ next be notic$ t a l>ge "p ( ! religi\s wor%ip prescrib$ 9 ! ,p5tateu* 0 obvi\sly borr[$ f ,egypt2 ! mo/ /rik+ in/ance be+ t ( ! ark4 ,a sacr$ ark is se5 on ,egyptian monum5ts long be=e ! ,exodus1 & is sometimes surm\nt$ by w+$ figures resembl+ ! *]ubim4#dh ,& ! mat]ials said to h be5 us$ = ?is wor%ip are precisely su* z ! ,israelites might h !n employ$4 ,! ark1 = in/ance1 & also ! tab]nacle 7 n made ( c$>1 or ( fir1 or ( olive1 z w\ld probably h be5 ! case 9 ,canaan 7= ^! 7 ! mat]ials us$ 9 ! ,temple7#di b ( %ittim1 i4e41 acacia :i* is v common ne> ,s9ai1 ?\gh sc>cely ev] us$ 9 ,canaan4 ,& ! o!r mat]ials 7 goats' hair1 rams' sk9s1 sealsk9s 7or porpoise sk9s7 f ! ,r$ ,sea1 & gold1 silv]1 brass1 preci\s /ones1 & f9e l95 f ! ,egyptian spoils2 ! latt]1 z be=e said1 be+ an ,egyptian ^w4#ej ,!re is no mi/ake any:]e1 su* z a late writ] might h made4 ,footnote #dh3 ,comp4 ,exod4 #be4 #ac-ah4 ,footnote #di3 #a ,k+s #f4 #ad-cf4 ,footnote #ej3 ,exod4 #be4 #c-aj4 ,moreov]1 9 o!r places1 ! writ] ( ! ,p5tateu* frequ5tly assumes t 8 read]s "k ,egypt z well z himself4 ,?us ! p are twice rem9d$ ( ! diseases !y _h 9 ,egypt--'! evil diseases ( ,egypt :i* ?\ kn[e/' or ':i* ?\ wa/ afraid ('--& !y are w>n$ t if !y des]ve x1 ,god w puni% !m ) ! same diseases aga94#ea ,b su* a w>n+ w\ld h be5 q useless _m c5turies lat] 9 ,canaan2 j z x w\ld be useless to w>n an ,engli%man n[ ( ! diseases ( ,norm&y1 :i* ?\ wa/ afraid (1 if ?is ref]r$ to "s diseases our ance/ors _h be=e !y left ,norm&y 9 ! elev5? c5tury4 ,su* words mu/ cle>ly h be5 writt5 soon aft]w>ds4 ,simil>ly ! p are urg$ to be k9d to /rang]s1 & to love !m z !mselves1 because !y knew ! he>t ( a /rang]1 hav+ be5 /rang]s 9 ! l& ( ,egypt4 ,& ?is aga9 c\ld sc>cely h be5 writt5 c5turies aft] !y left ,egypt4#eb ,footnote #ea3 ,deut4 #g4 #ae2 #bh4 #fj4 ,footnote #eb3 ,exod4 #bc4 #i2 ,lev4 #ai4 #cd4 ,else:]e ! writ] describes ! climate & productions ( ,canaan2 & ) a view to _! be+ bett] und]/ood1 he contra/s !m ) ^? ( ,egypt4#ec ,obvi\sly1 !n1 ! p are once m suppos$ to "k ,egypt1 & n to "k ,canaan4 ,= in/ance1 ,canaan is describ$ z a c\ntry ( hills & valleys1 & consequ5tly ( runn+ brooks2 & n l ,egypt :]e !y _h to wat] ! l& ) _! feet4 ,b no explanation is giv5 ( ?is4 ,x probably ref]s to ! wat]-:eels1 :i* 7 necess>y = rais+ wat] 9 a flat c\ntry l ,egypt1 & :i* 7 work$ by m5's feet4 ,b c we imag9e a late writ] 9 ,canaan us+ su* a phrase )\t expla9+ x8 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! words 7 spok5 by ,moses1 all is cle>2 no explanation 0 giv51 because 7= p]sons :o _h j left ,egypt7 none 0 ne$$4 ,footnote #ec3 ,deut4 #h4 #g-aj2 #aa4 #aj-ab4 ,on ! :ole1 !n1 x is pla9 t :5 ,egyptian matt]s are ref]r$ to 9 ! ,p5tateu*1 we f9d ! mo/ ?or\gh famili>ity ) native cu/oms1 seasons1 etc41 ?\gh ^! are (t5 q diff]5t f ^? ( ,canaan4 ,& we !re=e seem =c$ to conclude t ! writ] 0 a contempor>y :o liv$ 9 ,egypt1 & knew ! c\ntry intimately1 & z we h %[n1 he evid5tly wrote = p]sons :o _h only rec5tly come f !re4 7,b47 ,,its ,,laws4 ,we pass on n[ to ! ,laws ( ! ,p5tateu*1 :i* are f\nd 9 ! middle ( ,exodus1 & occupy ! great] "p ( ! rema9+ books4 ,& z we %all see1 !y also 7q ap>t f _! ref]5ces to ,egypt7 be> /rong m>ks ( a contempor>y orig94 7#a47 ,! subjects dealt )4 ,9 ! fir/ place sev]al ( ! laws ref] exclusively to ! "t :5 ! ,israelites liv$ 9 ! des]t1 & w\ld h be5 ( no use :atev] aft] !y settl$ 9 ,canaan4 ,among ^! are ! laws reg>d+ ! camp & ord] ( m>*4#ed ,full p>ticul>s are giv5 z to ! exact position ( e tribe1 & h[ ! ,levites 7 to c>ry ! ,tab]nacle4 ,& :at c\ld h be5 ! object ( inv5t+ su* laws 9 lat] times1 :51 z f> z we "k1 ! p nev] encamp$ or m>*$ 9 ?is mann]8 ,footnote #ed3 ,num4 #a4 #dg--d4 #di4 ,!n !re is ! extraord9>y law z to ! slaught] ( animals4 ,x is /at$ 9 ,leviticus t e ox1 lamb1 or goat1 int5d$ = food1 0 to be fir/ br\ght to ! ,tab]nacle1 z a k9d ( (f]+1 & !re kill$4 ,b pla9ly ?is c\ld only h be5 done1 :5 ! p 7 9 ! des]t1 liv+ r\nd ! ,tab]nacle4 ,s :5 ! law is aga9 ref]r$ to 9 ,deut]onomy1 j be=e !y ent]$ ,canaan1 x is modifi$ by say+ t ^? liv+ at a di/ance might kill _! animals at home4#ee ,footnote #ee3 ,lev4 #ag4 #c2 ,deut4 #ab4 #ba4 ,moreov]1 "s ( ! o!r laws1 ?\gh applicable to ,canaan1 are ( su* a "* z to be /rongly 9 fav\r ( an e>ly date4 ,take1 = in/ance1 ! rem>kable law ab\t l&1 t e p]son :o b\ght an e/ate 0 to re/ore x to its orig9al own] 9 ! ye> ( ,jubilee1 ! price decreas+ accord+ to ! ne>ness ( ?is ye>4#ef ,h[ c\ld anyone 9 lat] times h made su* a law1 & yet ass]t t x _h be5 issu$ by ,moses c5turies be=e1 ?\gh no "o _h ev] he>d ( x8 ,footnote #ef3 ,lev4 #be4 #ac4 ,or take ! law ab\t ! ,levites4#eg ,!y1 x w be rememb]$1 _h no sep>ate t]ritory l ! o!r tribes1 b 7 giv5 "s special cities4 ,& x is sc>cely likely t su* a curi\s arrangem5t c\ld h be5 made at any "t except t ( ! conque/ ( ,canaan2 /ill less t x c\ld h be5 made c5turies aft]w>ds1 & yet ascrib$ to ,moses1 )\t ev]yone at once decl>+ x to be spuri\s4 ,footnote #eg3 ,num4 #ce4 #a-h4 7#b47 ,_! connection ) ! hi/ory4 ,x mu/ next be notic$ t ! laws are n arrang$ 9 any regul> ord]1 b are closely connect$ ) ! hi/ory2 _m ( !m be+ dat$1 bo? z to "t & place4 ,= in/ance1 ',! ,"l spake unto ,moses 9 ! ,wild]ness ( ,s9ai1 9 ! fir/ mon? ( ! second ye> aft] !y 7 come out ( ! l& ( ,egypt1 say+1' etc4#eh ,& sev]al o!rs are associat$ ) ! ev5ts :i* l$ to _! be+ made2 & ^! are (t5 ( su* a trivial nature1 t x is h>d to imag9e _! be+ inv5t$4#ei ,?us ! ,p5tateu* %[s1 n a complete code ( laws1 b "o t 0 =m$ gradually1 & 9 close connection ) ! hi/ory4 ,footnote #eh3 ,num4 #i4 #a2 #a4 #a2 ,deut4 #a4 #c2 see also ,lev4 #g4 #ch2 #af4 #a2 #be4 #a2 #bf4 #df2 #bg4 #cd2 ,num4 #a4 #a2 #c4 #ad2 #cc4 #ej2 #ce4 #a2 ,deut4 #d4 #df2 #bi4 #a4 ,footnote #ei3 ,lev4 #bd4 #ae2 ,num4 #i4 #aj2 #ae4 #ce2 #bg4 #h2 #cf4 #h4 ,& ?is is confirm$ by ! fact t 9 "s cases ! same laws are ref]r$ to bo? 9 ,leviticus1 7ne> ! beg9n+7 & 9 ,deut]onomy 7at ! end7 ( ! =ty ye>s 9 ! ,des]t1 b ) slight diff]5ces betwe5 !m4 ,& ^! exactly correspond to su* a diff]5ce 9 date4 ,"o in/ance1 t ref]r+ to ! slaught] ( animals1 has be5 already allud$ to4 ,ano!r has to d ) ! animals1 :i* might1 & might n1 be eat54 ,leviticus includes among ! =m]1 sev]al k9ds ( locu/s1 & among ! latt] ! m\se1 weasel1 & liz>d2 all ( :i* ,deut]onomy omits4 ,cle>ly !n1 :5 ,leviticus 0 writt51 ! p 7 9 ! des]t1 & !re 0 a lack ( animal food1 :i* might tempt !m to eat locu/s or mice2 b :5 ,deut]onomy 0 writt51 animal food 0 pl5tiful1 & laws z to ^! 7 q unnecess>y4 ,9 ea* ( ^! cases1 !n1 & !re are o!rs l !m1 ! diff]5ces mu/ be due ei!r to ! v>i\s laws dat+ f ! times !y pr(ess to1 :5 all is pla9 & consi/5t2 or else to ! c>efully plann$ "w ( "s late writ]1 :o 0 try+ 9 ?is way to pret5d t !y did4 ,/ill m important is ! fact t 9 sev]al places /ress is laid on ! p's p]sonal k ( ! ev5ts ref]r$ to2 e4g41 ',! ,"l made n ?is cov5ant ) our fa!rs1 b ) u1 ev5 u1 :o are all ( u "h alive ?is day4'#fj ,& :at is m1 ?is p]sonal k is (t5 appeal$ to z a special reason = obey+ ! laws4#fa ,= in/ance1 ',i speak n ) y\r *ildr5 :i* h n kn[n1 & :i* h n se5 ! *a/isem5t ( ! ,"l1 444 b y\r eyes h se5 all ! great "w ( ! ,"l :i* ,he did4 ,!re=e %all ye keep all ! comm&m5ts1' etc4 ,pla9ly ?is w\ld h _h no =ce 9 lat] times2 inde$ x w\ld h provid$ an excuse = n obey+ ! laws1 s9ce ! p ( ^? days _h no p]sonal k ( ! ev5ts ref]r$ to4 ,& we may ask1 is x likely t a late au?or1 :o falsely ascrib$ 8 laws to ,moses1 9 ord] to get !m obey$1 %\ld yet put into ! m\? ( ,moses himself an excuse = n obey+ !m8 ,footnote #fj3 ,deut4 #e4 #c2 #bd4 #i1 #ah1 #bb2 #be4 #ag4 ,footnote #fa3 ,deut4 #aa4 #b-h2 #d4 #c-ae2 #bi4 #b-i4 ,moreov]1 comb9$ ) ?is assum$ p]sonal k on ! "p ( ! p !re is a cle> indication ( p]sonal au?ority on ! "p ( ! writ]4 ,! lat] prophets always speak 9 ,god's "n1 & su* expressions z ,?us sai? ! ,"l1 ,he> ye ! ^w ( ! ,"l1 are extremely common1 occurr+ altoge!r ov] #hjj times4 ,b 9 ! laws ( ! ,p5tateu* no?+ ( ! k9d is f\nd4 ,!y are deliv]$ by ,moses 9 8 own "n1 (t5 ) ! simple words1 ,i comm& !e1 :i* occur ?irty times 9 ,deut]onomy4 ,&1 ( c\rse1 if ! laws are g5u9e1 !re is no?+ surpris+ 9 ?is1 z ,moses _h be5 ! great lead] ( ! p1 = =ty ye>s2 b a late au?or w\ld sc>cely h adopt$ a /yle s diff]5t f t ( all ! o!r prophets4 7#c47 ,_! word+4 ,la/ly we mu/ consid] ! word+ ( ! laws2 & ?is also is /rongly 9 fav\r ( a contempor>y orig94 ,?us1 z _m z sixte5 ( !m1 :i* h special ref]5ce to ,canaan1 beg9 ) "s su* phrase z :5 ye be come into ! l& ( ,canaan1#fb :i* pla9ly supposes t ! p 7 n !re already4 ,& ! same may be said ( num]\s o!r laws1 :i* ! p are told to obey :5 !y ent] into ,canaan2 or are ev5 urg$ to obey 9 ord] t !y may ent] 91 bo? ( :i* aga91 imply t !y 7 n !re already4#fc ,:ile sev]al ( ! laws ref] to ! camp1 & sometimes to t5ts1 9 su* a way z to %[ t :5 !y 7 writt51 ! p 7 /ill liv+ 9 a camp4#fd ,footnote #fb3 ,exod4 #ab4 #be2 #ac4 #aa2 ,lev4 #ad4 #cd2 #ai4 #bc2 #bc4 #aj2 #be4 #b2 ,num4 #ae4 #b1 #ah2 #ce4 #aj2 ,deut4 #g4 #a2 #ab4 #a1 #aj1 #bi2 #ag4 #ad2 #ah4 #i2 #bf4 #a4 ,footnote #fc3 ,e4g41 ,deut4 #d4 #a1 #e1 #ad2 #e4 #ca2 #f4 #a1 #ah2 #h4 #a4 ,footnote #fd3 ,e4g41 ,exod4 #bi4 #ad2 ,lev4 #d4 #ab2 #f4 #aa2 #ac4 #df2 #ad4 #c2 #af4 #bf2 #ag4 #c2 ,num4 #e4 #b2 #ai4 #c1 #ad4 ,! word+1 !n1 ( all ^! laws be>s unmi/akable signs ( contempor>y orig94 ,( c\rse1 ^! signs may h be5 ins]t$ 9 lat] laws to give !m an air ( g5u95ess1 b !y _c be expla9$ 9 any o!r way4 ,!re=e ! laws mu/ be ei!r ( contempor>y date1 or else delib]ate frauds4 ,no innoc5t mi/ake 9 ascrib+ old laws to ,moses1 c possibly expla9 su* language z ?is2 ei!r x 0 ! natural result ( ! laws be+ g5u9e1 or else x 0 adopt$ on purpose to mislead4 ,nor c ! difficulty be got ov] by introduc+ a numb] ( compil]s & editors4 ,= ea* individual law1 if x falsely claims to date f be=e ! conque/ ( ,canaan 7&1 z we h se51 numb]s & numb]s ( laws d s claim1 ,:5 ye be come into ! l& ( ,canaan1 etc471 mu/ h be5 made by someone4 ,& ?is someone1 ?\gh he really wrote x aft] ! conque/ ( ,canaan1 mu/ h ins]t$ ^! words to make x appe> t x 0 writt5 be=e4 ,practically1 !n1 z j said1 !re are b two alt]natives--t ( g5u9e laws writt5 9 ! "t ( ,moses1 & t ( delib]ate frauds4 ,& be>+ ?is 9 m9d1 we mu/ ask1 is x likely t m5 ) su* a passion = tru? & righte\sness z ! ,jewi% prophets--m5 :o !mselves s d5\nc$ ly+ & deception 9 e =m#fe--%\ld h sp5t _! "t 9 compos+ su* =g]ies8 ,c\ld !y1 moreov]1 h done x s skillfully1 z ! laws conta9 ! /ronge/ m>ks ( g5u95ess2 & c\ld !y h done x s successfully z nev] to h be5 detect$ at ! "t8 ,?is is ! great moral difficulty 9 assign+ ^! laws to a lat] age1 & to _m x seems insup]able4 ,footnote #fe3 ,j]4 #h4 #h2 #ad4 #ad2 ,ezek4 #ac4 #g4 ,we h ?us two v /rong argum5ts 9 fav\r ( an e>ly date = ! ,p5tateu*3 "o d]iv$ f its ,egyptian ref]5ces1 ! o!r f its ,laws4 ,! =m] %[s t no ,israelite 9 lat] times c\ld h writt5 ! book2 & ! latt] t he w\ld n h done s1 if he c\ld4 7,c47 ,,! ,,!ory ,,( ,a ,,late ,,date4 ,we pass on n[ to ! opposite !ory1 or t ( a late date4 ,accord+ to ?is ! ,p5tateu*1 ?\gh no d\bt conta9+ old] traditions1 & fragm5ts ( old] docum5ts1 0 n writt5 till _m c5turies aft] ! dea? ( ,moses4 ,& ! f\r *ief argum5ts 9 its fav\r are bas$ on ! language ( ! ,p5tateu*1 its composite "*1 its laws be+ unkn[n 9 lat] times1 & ! f9d+ ( ,deut]onomy 9 ! reign ( ,josiah4 ,we w exam9e ea* 9 turn4 7#a47 ,! language ( ! ,p5tateu*4 ,n[ 9 g5]al "* ! language ( ! ,p5tateu* und\bt$ly resembles t ( "s ( ! prophets1 su* z ,j]emiah2 s x is assum$ t x mu/ date f ab\t ! same "t4 ,b un=tunately critics :o ma9ta9 ?is view d n admit t we h any ,hebrew docum5ts ( a mu* e>li] date1 ) :i* to comp>e x4 ,!re=e we h no means ( kn[+ h[ mu* ! language alt]$1 s ?is ( itself proves little4 ,b x is fur!r said t we h ?ree actual signs ( late date4 ,! fir/ is t ! ^w = we/ 9 ! ,p5tateu* really means ! sea1 7i4e41 ! ,m$it]ranean7 & h5ce1 x is urg$1 ! writ]'s /&po9t mu/ h be5 t ( ,canaan1 & ! books mu/ h be5 writt5 aft] ! settlem5t 9 t c\ntry4 ,b1 v possibly ! ^w 0 9 use be=e ! "t ( ,abraham1 :5 ! sea actually 0 to ! we/4 ,& 9 lat] ye>s a ,hebrew1 writ+ 9 ,egypt or any:]e else1 w\ld naturally use ! ^w1 )\t ?9k+ t x 0 inappropriate to t p>ticul> place4 ,! second expression is beyond ,jordan1 :i* is (t5 us$ to d5ote ! ea/]n bank2 s "h aga91 x is urg$1 ! writ]'s /&po9t mu/ h be5 t ( ,canaan4 ,b ?is is also unt5able4 ,= ! same t]m is also us$ = ! we/]n bank 9 sev]al places1#ff & sometimes = bo? banks 9 ! same *apt]4#fg ,! ?ird is ,joseph's speak+ ( ,canaan z ! l& ( ! ,hebrews1 long be=e !y settl$ !re1 :i* is difficult to expla9 on any !ory1 b r 9 fav\r ( a late date4#fh ,footnote #ff3 ,e4g41 ,deut4 #aa4 #cj2 ,jo%4 #ab4 #g4 ,footnote #fg3 ,e4g41 ea/]n 9 ,deut4 #c4 #h2 ,jo%4 #i4 #aj2 & we/]n 9 ,deut4 #c4 #bj1 #be2 ,jo%4 #i4 #a4 ,footnote #fh3 ,g54 #dj4 #ae4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! language conta9s sev]al signs ( e>ly date1 ?\gh mo/ ( ^! c only be und]/ood by a ,hebrew s*ol>1 :i* ! pres5t writ] does n pr(ess to be4 ,b a c\ple ( examples may be giv5 :i* are pla9 to ! ord9>y read]4 ,?us ! pron\n = he is us$ 9 ! ,p5tateu* bo? = male & female2 :ile 9 ! lat] writ+s x is conf9$ to males1 ! females be+ express$ by a d]iv$ =m :i* is v seldom us$ 9 ! ,p5tateu*4 ,simil>ly1 ! ^w = y\? is us$ 9 ! ,p5tateu* = bo? sexes1 ?\gh aft]w>ds re/rict$ to males1 ! female be+ aga9 express$ by a d]iv$ =m4 ,^! diff]5ces1 ?\gh small1 are v significant1 & !y cle>ly %[ t ! language 0 at a less develop$1 & !re=e e>li]1 /age 9 ! ,p5tateu* ?an 9 ! re/ ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 7#b47 ,its composite "*4 ,! next argum5t is t ! ,p5tateu* seems to h _h sev]al au?ors2 s9ce ! same words1 or gr\ps ( words1 occur 9 diff]5t passages all ?r\gh ! book4 ,& ?is1 comb9$ ) slight v>iations ( /yle1 & o!r peculi>ities1 h l$ "s critics to split up ! book into a numb] ( diff]5t writ+s1 :i* !y assign to a numb] ( unkn[n writ]s f ! n9? c5tury ,b4,c4 onw>ds4 ,= in/ance1 to take a passage :]e only ?ree writ]s are suppos$ to be involv$1 ,exod4 #g4 #ad-be4 ,^! twelve v]ses seem to ! ord9>y read] a /raight=w>d n>rative1 b !y h be5 ?us split up4#fi ,v]ses #ai1 #bb1 & p>ts ( #bj1 #ba1 are assign$ to ,p1 ! suppos$ writ] ( ! ,prie/ly ,code ( ,laws2 v4 #bd & p>ts ( #ag1 #bj1 #ba1 to ,e2 & ! rema9d] to ,j2 ! two latt] writ]s be+ ?us nam$ f _! g5]ally speak+ ( ! ,deity z ,elohim & ,jehovah 7translat$ ,god1 & ,"l7 respectively4 ,footnote #fi3 ,driv]'s ,introduction to ,lit]ature ( ,old ,te/am5t1 six? edition1 #ahig1 p4 #bd4 ,a slightly diff]5t division is giv5 9 8 ,exodus1 #aiaa1 p4 #ei4 ,=tunately1 we ne$ n discuss ! m9ute & complicat$ argum5ts on :i* all ?is re/s1 = ! idea ( any writ+s be+ s hopelessly mix$ toge!r is mo/ improbable4 ,:ile x has be5 %[n 9 rec5t ye>s to be v d\btful :e!r ^! names1 ,elohim & ,jehovah1 occurr$ 9 ! orig9al ,hebrew1 9 ! same places z !y d n[4#gj ,& if !y did n1 ! !ory loses "o ( its *ief supports4 ,footnote #gj3 ,! ,"n ( ,god 9 ,! ,p5tateu* by ,troel/ra2 translat$ by ,mc,clure1 #aiab ,& 9 any case !re are at lea/ f\r pla9 & simple argum5ts aga9/ x4 ,! fir/ is t ! ,egyptian ref]5ces1 to :i* we h already allud$ ext5d to all ! p>ts ,j1 ,e1 & ,p2 z well z to ,deut]onomy1 :i* ^! critics assign to yet ano!r au?or ,d4 ,!y are ?us l an ,egyptian wat]-m>k runn+ all ?r\gh ! ,p5tateu*4 ,& :ile x is difficult en\gh to believe t ev5 "o writ] 9 ,canaan %\ld h possess$ ?is intimate k ( ,egypt1 x is f> m difficult to believe t f\r %\ld h done s4 ,! second is t all ! writ]s mu/ h be5 equally di%one/1 = !y all conta9 passages1 :i* !y ass]t 7 writt5 by ,moses 7see fur!r on74 ,& "h aga9 x is h>d to believe1 t ev5 "o writ] 7leave alone f\r7 %\ld h be5 s utt]ly unscrupul\s4 ,! ?ird is t ! curi\s cu/om ( ,god speak+ ( ,himself 9 ! plural numb]1 :i* w\ld be /range 9 any case1 & is especially s consid]+ ! /rong ,mono!ism ( ! ,jews1 is also common to bo? ,j & ,p4#ga ,& s is ! puzzl+ /atem5t t x 0 ,god ,himself ,:o h>d5$ ,ph>aoh's he>t1 :i* is also f\nd 9 ,e4#gb ,footnote #ga3 ,g54 #a4 #bf 7,p73 #c4 #bb 7,j74 ,footnote #gb3 ,exod4 #d4 #ba 7,e73 #g4 #c 7,p473 #aj4 #a 7,j74 ,! f\r? is t p>allel passages to ! suppos$ two n>ratives ( ! ,flood1 ascrib$ to ,j & ,p 7& :i* are ?\ght to occur alt]nately n9ete5 times 9 ,g54 #g4 #h47 h be5 f\nd toge!r 9 an old ,babylonian /ory ( ! ,flood1 c5turies be=e ! "t ( ,moses2 & also 9 lay]s correspond+ to ,j & ,p4#gc ,& ?is alone seems fatal to ! idea t ,j & ,p 7 orig9ally sep>ate n>ratives t 7 aft]w>d comb9$ 9 our ,g5esis4 ,footnote #gc3 ,sayce's ,monum5t ,facts1 #aijd1 p4 #bj2 ,driv]'s ,book ( ,g5esis1 #aije1 pp4 #hi-ie1 #ajg4 ,( c\rse ^? :o ma9ta9 t ,moses wrote ! ,p5tateu*1 q admit t he made use ( previ\s docum5ts1 "o ( :i*1 ! book ( ! ,w>s ( ! ,"l1 he actually quotes4#gd ,nor is x d5i$ t "s additions h be5 made s9ce 8 "t1 ! mo/ important be+ ! li/ ( k+s1 :o are said to h reign$ 9 ,edom be=e !re reign$ any k+ ov] ! *ildr5 ( ,israel4#ge ,& ?is br+s ! passage d[n to ! "t ( ,saul at lea/ :o 0 ,israel's fir/ k+4 ,b x is probably a lat] ins]tion1 s9ce ^! k+s are ref]r$ to 9 a diff]5t way f ! dukes1 :o prec$e & foll[ !m4 ,& ! same may be said ( a few o!r passages#gf su* z t ! ,canaanite 0 !n 9 ! l&1 :i* mu/ cle>ly h be5 writt5 aft] ! ,israelites conqu]$ ! c\ntry4 ,b !y c all be omitt$ )\t break+ ! cont9uity ( ! n>rative4 ,footnote #gd3 ,num4 #ba4 #ad4 ,footnote #ge3 ,g54 #cf4 #ca-ci4 ,footnote #gf3 ,g54 #ab4 #f2 #ac4 #g2 ,exod4 #af4 #cf2 ,deut4 #b4 #aj-ab1 #bj-bc2 #c4 #ad4 7#c47 ,its laws be+ unkn[n 9 lat] times4 ,pass+ on n[ to ! ?ird argum5t = a late date1 x is urg$ t ! laws ( ! ,p5tateu* _c really h be5 writt5 by ,moses1 s9ce1 judg+ f ! o!r ,old ,te/am5t ,books1 !y seem to h be5 unkn[n = _m c5turies aft] 8 "t4 ,b ?is is sc>cely correct1 = ev5 ! e>lie/ books1 ,jo%ua & ,judges conta9 "s ref]5ces to a writt5 law ( ,moses2#gg :ile bo? 9 ,judges & #a ,samuel !re are num]\s agreem5ts betwe5 :at is describ$ !re1 & :at is comm&$ 9 ! ,p5tateu*4#gh ,& simil> evid5ce is af=d$ by ! lat] books1 ,david1 = in/ance1 allud+ to ! writt5 law ( ,moses1 z if x 0 well kn[n4#gi ,s 9 reg>d to ! prophets4 ,two ( ! e>lie/ ( ^! are ,hosea & ,amos2 & !y bo? conta9 frequ5t po9ts ( agreem5t2#hj z well z "o ref]5ce to a l>ge numb] ( writt5 laws4#ha ,footnote #gg3 ,jo%ua #a4 #g1 #h2 #h4 #ca1 #cb2 #bc4 #f2 #bd1 #bf4 ,judges #c4 #d4 ,footnote #gh3 ,judges #bj4 #bg1 #bh2 #ba4 #ai2 #a ,sam4 #b4 #ab-cj2 #c4 #c2 #d4 #d2 #f4 #ae2 #ad4 #c4 ,footnote #gi3 #a ,k+s #b4 #c4 #b ,k+s #ad4 #f4 ,footnote #hj3 ,hos4 #d4 #d-f2 #h4 #a1 #ac2 #i4 #d2 #ab4 #i2 ,amos #b4 #d1 #aa2 #d4 #d1 #e2 #e4 #ba-be2 #h4 #e4 ,footnote #ha3 ,hos4 #h4 #ab 7,r4,v474 ,on ! o!r side1 we h ! /atem5t 9 ,j]emiah1 t ,god did n comm& ! ,israelites conc]n+ burnt-(f]+s1 & sacrifices1 :5 ,he br\ght !m out ( ,egypt4#hb ,b ! next v]se c]ta9ly implies t x 0 plac+ ^! be=e ob$i5ce t ,god condemn$4 ,& ,hosea 9 a simil> passage decl>es ?is to be ! case1 & t ,god's n desir+ sacrifice means ,8 n c>+ s mu* ab\t x1 z ab\t o!r ?+s4#hc ,x is also urg$ t !re 7 practices :i* are inconsi/5t ) ^! laws2 ! mo/ important be+ t ! sacrifices 7 n limit$ to "o place1 or ! (f]]s to prie/s4 ,z to ! =m]1 ! pr9ciple ( ! law 0 t ! place ( sacrifice %\ld be ( ,div9e appo9tm5t1 :]e ,god _h *os5 to record ,8 "n1 7i4e41 :]e ! ark 071 & n select$ by ! wor%ipp]s !mselves4#hd ,9 ,exodus x is naturally impli$ t !re %\ld be _m su* places1 z ! ,israelites 7 !n only beg9n+ _! w&]+s2 & 9 ,deut]onomy t !re %\ld be only "o1 z !y 7 !n ab\t to ent] ,canaan4 ,footnote #hb3 ,j]4 #g4 #bb4 ,footnote #hc3 ,hosea #f4 #f2 #a ,sam4 #ae4 #bb4 ,footnote #hd3 ,exod4 #bj4 #bd2 ,deut4 #ab4 #e4 ,b = _m ye>s1 ow+ to ! unsettl$ /ate ( ! c\ntry1 & ! ark hav+ be5 captur$ by ! ,phili/9es1 ! law c\ld n be obey$4 ,:5 h[ev]1 ! p _h re/ f _! enemies 7:i* 0 ! condition laid d[n 9 ,deut]onomy7 & ! temple 0 built at ,j]usalem1 ! law 0 fully recognis$4 ,aft] ?is ! wor%ip at high places is spok5 ( z a s91 :ile ,hezekiah is comm5d$ = de/roy+ ^! places1 & = keep+ ! comm&m5ts :i* ! ,"l comm&$ ,moses4#he ,footnote #he3 #a ,k+s #c4 #b2 #bb4 #dc2 #b ,k+s #ah4 #d-f4 ,! discov]y1 h[ev] 9 #aijg1 t !re 0 a ,jewi% ,temple ( ,jehovah at ,elephant9e1 ne> ,ass\an 9 ,egypt1 ) sacrifices1 z e>ly z ! six? c5tury ,b4,c41 & t x _h app>5tly ! approval ( ! au?orities at ,j]usalem1 makes x d\btful if ! law z to ! "o sanctu>y 0 ev] ?\ght to be absolutely b9d+4 ,z to ! o!r po9t--! sacrifices n be+ (f]$ only by prie/s--!re is an app>5t discrepancy 9 ! ,p5tateu* itself2 s9ce ,deut]onomy 7unlike ! o!r books7 seems 9 "o passage to recognise t ,levites might p]=m prie/ly duties4#hf ,v>i\s explanations h be5 giv5 ( ?is1 ?\gh ,i d n "k ( "o t is q satisfactory4 ,!re are also a few cases1 :]e m5 :o 7 nei!r prie/s1 nor ,levites1 su* z ,gideon1 ,david1 & ,elijah1 are said to h (f]$ sacrifices4#hg ,b ^! 7 all "u special circum/ances1 & 9 "s ( !m ! sacrifice 0 directly ord]$ by ,god4 ,!re is ?us no?+ l suffici5t evid5ce to %[ t ! laws ( ! ,p5tateu* 7 n kn[n 9 lat] days1 b m]ely t !y 7 (t5 n obey$4 ,footnote #hf3 ,deut4 #ah4 #f-h4 ,footnote #hg3 ,e4g41 ,judges #f4 #bf2 #b ,sam4 #bd4 #ah2 #a ,k+s #ah4 #cb4 7#d47 ,! f9d+ ( ,deut]onomy4 ,la/ly we h ! f9d+ ( ! ,book ( ! ,law 7probably ,deut]onomy7 :5 ! temple 0 be+ repair$ 9 ! reign ( ,josiah1 ab\t #fba ,b4,c41 :i* is reg>d$ by "s critics z its fir/ publication4#hh ,b ?is is a ne$less assumption1 = !re is no h9t t ei!r ! k+ or ! p 7 surpris$ at su* a book be+ f\nd1 b m]ely at :at x conta9$4 ,& z !y proce$$ at once to c>ry out its directions1 x r %[s t !y knew !re 0 su* a book all ! "t1 only !y _h nev] be=e read x4 ,& ?is is easily acc\nt$ =1 z mo/ copies w\ld h be5 de/roy$ by ! previ\s wick$ k+s4#hi ,on ! o!r h&1 an altoge!r new book is n likely to h ga9$ su* imm$iate & ready ob$i5ce2 n to m5tion ! great improbability ( su* an audaci\s fraud nev] be+ detect$ at ! "t4 ,footnote #hh3 #b ,k+s #bb4 ,footnote #hi3 #b ,k+s #ba4 #b1 #ba4 ,nor is x easy to see :y1 if ,deut]onomy 0 writt5 at a late date1 x %\ld h conta9$ s _m obsolete & useless in/ructions2 su* z ! ord] to de/roy ! ,canaanites1 :5 !re 7 sc>cely any ,canaanites left to de/roy4#ij ,yet ! p are n only told to de/roy !m1 b to d x gradually1 s t ! wild bea/s may n become too num]\s2#ia :i* %[s t ! passage 0 writt5 c5turies be=e ! "t ( ,josiah1 :5 !re 0 no m dang] f wild bea/s ?an f ,canaanites4 ,nor is x likely1 if ,deut]onomy 0 writt5 at t "t1 :5 ,j]usalem claim$ to be ! c5tral sanctu>y1 t ! city itself %\ld nev] once be nam$ 9 ! book1 or ev5 allud$ to4 ,footnote #ij3 ,deut4 #g4 #b2 #bj4 #ag4 ,footnote #ia3 ,deut4 #g4 #bb4 ,moreov]1 discov]ies 9 ,egypt h %[n t 9 e>ly times religi\s writ+s 7 sometimes buri$ 9 ! f\ndations1 or l[] walls ( important temples2 :]e !y 7 f\nd c5turies aft]w>ds :5 ! temples 7 be+ repair$2 s ! acc\nt1 z we h x 9 ! ,bible1 is bo? natural & probable4#ib ,footnote #ib3 ,e4 ,naville1 ,discov]y ( ! ,book ( ! ,law1 #aiaa1 pp4 #d-aj4 ,on ! :ole1 !n1 none ( ^! argum5ts = a late date are at all conclusive1 & we !re=e decide t ?is !ory is n only v improbable 9 any case1 b q unt5able 9 face ( ! /rong evid5ce on ! o!r side4 7,d47 ,,conclusion4 ,hav+ ?us %[n t ! ,p5tateu* appe>s to date f ! "t ( ,moses1 x only rema9s to consid] its au?or%ip1 & ! witness x be>s to ! miracles ( ! ,exodus4 ,n[ t ! great] "p %\ld h be5 writt5 by ,moses himself is pla9ly ! mo/ probable view4 ,& ?is is /rongly confirm$ by ! book itself2 = a l>ge "p ( x di/9ctly claims to h be5 writt5 by ,moses4 ,x is n m]ely t ?is title is giv5 9 a head+1 or op5+ v]se1 :i* might easily h be5 add$ 9 lat] times4 ,b x is ass]t$1 positively & repeat$ly1 all ?r\gh ! book itself1 bo? 9 ,exodus1 ,numb]s1 & ,deut]onomy1 t _m ( ! ev5ts1 & laws ref]r$ to 7(t5 includ+ sev]al *apt]s7 7 actually writt5 d[n by ,moses4#ic ,?is is an important po9t1 & x mu/ be all[$ great weight4 ,footnote #ic3 ,exod4 #ag4 #ad2 #bd4 #d2 #cd4 #bg2 ,num4 #cc4 #b2 #cf4 #ac2 ,deut4 #ca4 #i1 #bb1 #bd4 ,! fir/ two passages 9 ,exod4 are assign$ to ! suppos$ ,e1 ! ?ird to ,j1 ^? 9 ,num4 to ,p1 & ^? 9 ,deut4 to ,d4 ,& ! fir/ passage1 t ,moses 0 to write ! ?reat aga9/ ,amalek 9 a book1 is specially int]e/+2 because we _c ?9k t ! book conta9$ no?+ b ?is s+le s5t5ce4 ,x evid5tly means 9 ! book 7see ,am]ican ,r4 ,v471 imply+ t a regul> j\rnal 0 kept1 9 :i* important ev5ts 7 record$4 ,& ?is is confirm$ by ano!r ( ! passages1 :i* says t ,moses wrote d[n some?+ t occurr$ ! same day2#id & by ano!r :i* gives a long & un9t]e/+ li/ ( j\rneys 9 ! ,des]t1#ie :i* c]ta9ly looks l an (ficial record kept at ! "t4 ,:ile ! conclud+ passage relates h[ ,moses1 :5 he _h f9i%$ writ+ ! book1 gave x to ! ,levites to keep beside ! ark1 9 ord] to pres]ve x1 & any?+ m precise ?an ?is c sc>cely be imag9$4#if ,footnote #id3 ,deut4 #ca4 #bb2 comp4 ,exod4 #bd4 #d4 ,footnote #ie3 ,num4 #cc4 ,footnote #if3 ,deut4 #ca4 #bd-bf4 ,moreov]1 ! frequ5t ref]5ces ( ,moses to 8 own exclusion f ,canaan1 & 8 pa!tic pray] on ! subject1 h a v g5u9e tone ab\t !m4#ig ,& 8 bitt] compla9t t ,god _h brok5 ,8 promise1 & n deliv]$ ! p1#ih c\ld sc>cely h be5 writt5 by anyone b himself2 especially aft] ! conque/ ( ,canaan1 :5 x 0 s obvi\sly untrue4 ,footnote #ig3 ,e4g41 ,deut4 #c4 #bc-bf2 #a4 #cg2 #d4 #ba2 #ca4 #b4 ,footnote #ih3 ,exod4 #e4 #bc4 ,& 8 au?or%ip is fur!r confirm$ by ! fact t s little is said 9 8 praise4 ,8 faults are inde$ n>rat$ q c&idly1 b no?+ is said 9 admiration ( ! great lead]'s c\rage1 & ability1 till ! clos+ *apt] ( ,deut]onomy4 ,?is 0 evid5tly writt5 by someone else1 & %[s :at we might h expect$ _h ! e>li] "p be5 ! "w ( anyone b ,moses himself4 ,nor is !re any?+ surpris+ 9 8 writ+ 9 ! ?ird p]son1 z numb]s ( o!r m5--,cs>1 = in/ance--h done ! same4 ,b n[ comes ! important po9t4 ,=tunately x c be /at$ 9 a few words4 ,if ! ,p5tateu* is a contempor>y docum5t1 probably writt5 by ,moses1 c we reject ! miracles :i* x records8 ,c we imag9e1 = in/ance1 a contempor>y writ] describ+ ! ,t5 ,plagues1 or ! ,passage ( ! ,r$ ,sea1 if no?+ ( ! k9d _h occurr$8 ,! ev5ts1 if true1 mu/ h be5 well kn[n at ! "t2 & if untrue1 no contempor>y w\ld h ?\ght ( inv5t+ !m4 ,we !re=e conclude1 on review+ ! :ole *apt]1 t ! orig9 ( ! ,jewi% religion 0 confirm$ by miracles4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,t ,,its ,,hi/ory ,,0 ,,confirm$ ,,by ,,miracles4 7,a47 ,,! ,,lat] ,,old ,,te/am5t ,,books4 7#a47 ,undesign$ agreem5ts2 ! rebellion ( ,korah4 7#b47 ,alleg$ mi/akes2 unimportant4 7#c47 ,mod]n discov]ies2 ^! support _! accuracy4 7,b47 ,,! ,,old ,,te/am5t ,,miracles4 7#a47 ,_! cr$ibility2 ?is c sc>cely be disput$1 if miracles at all are cr$ible2 ! sil5ce ( ! sun & moon1 two o!r difficulties4 7#b47 ,_! tru?fulness2 li/ ( eight public miracles1 two examples1 ,elijah's sacrifice on ,m\nt ,c>mel1 & ! de/ruction ( ! ,assyrian army1 consid]$ 9 detail2 conclusion4 ,hav+ n[ exam9$ ! orig9 ( ! ,jewi% ,religion1 we h next to consid] its hi/ory2 :i* also claims to h be5 confirm$ by miracles4 ,s we w fir/ notice 7v briefly7 ! ,old ,te/am5t ,books1 f ,jo%ua onw>ds2 & !n consid] "s ( ! ,miracles :i* !y record4 7,a47 ,,! ,,lat] ,,old ,,te/am5t ,,books4 ,n[1 ! argum5ts =1 & aga9/ ! g5u95ess ( ^! ,books ne$ n be discuss$ at l5g?1 s9ce we h already decid$ 9 fav\r ( t ( ! ,p5tateu*1 & mo/ critics :o admit ! "o1 admit ! o!r4 ,b a few rem>ks may be made on ?ree subjects1 ^? ( undesign$ agreem5ts1 ! importance ( :i* is n obvi\s at fir/ sight2 ! alleg$ mi/akes 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t2 & ! effect ( mod]n discov]ies4 7#a47 ,undesign$ agreem5ts4 ,n[1 if we f9d two /atem5ts reg>d+ an ev5t1 or s]ies ( ev5ts1 :i*1 ?\gh n id5tical1 are yet p]fectly consi/5t1 ?is agreem5t mu/ be ei!r accid5tal or n accid5tal4 ,& suppos+ x to be too m9ute 9 detail to be accid5tal x %[s t ! /atem5ts are someh[ connect$ toge!r4 ,( c\rse1 if ! ev5ts are true1 ea* writ] may "k !m indep5d5tly1 & _! /atem5ts w\ld ?us be 9 p]fect1 ?\gh un9t5tional agreem5t4 ,b if ! ev5ts are n true1 !n ei!r "o writ] mu/ h made 8 acc\nt agree ) ! o!r1 or else bo? mu/ h d]iv$ _! in=mation f a common s\rce4 ,9 ! =m] case1 !re w\ld be int5tional agreem5t betwe5 ! writ]s2 9 ! latt]1 betwe5 ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! orig9al acc\nt4 ,9 any case1 !re w\ld be design$ agreem5t some:]e2 =1 to put x %ortly1 ! ev5ts1 be+ imag9>y1 w\ld n fit toge!r ( necessity1 nor by accid5t1 :i* is exclud$1 & h5ce mu/ d s by design4 ,?is has be5 o!rwise express$ by say+ t tru? is necess>ily consi/5t1 b falsehood is n s2 !re=e1 :ile consi/5cy 9 tru? may be undesign$1 consi/5cy 9 falsehood c only result f design4 ,& f ?is x foll[s t an undesign$ agreem5t betwe5 two /atem5ts--provid$ ( c\rse x is too m9ute to be accid5tal--is a sure sign ( tru?fulness4 ,x %[s1 moreov]1 t bo? writ]s _h indep5d5t k ( ! ev5t1 & 7 bo? tell+ ! tru?4 ,& ( c\rse ! same argum5t applies if ! two /atem5ts are made by ! same writ]1 ?\gh 9 ?is case !re is a great] probability t ! agreem5t is n undesign$4 ,we w n[ consid] a s+le example 9 detail1 & select t ref]r+ to ! rebellion ( ,korah1 ,da?an1 & ,abiram1 z x is connect$ ) an important miracle4 ,korah1 we are told1#ii belong$ to ! family ( ,koha? & ! o!r two to t ( ,reub52 & f incid5tal notices 9 ano!r "p ( ! book1 we le>n ! position ( ! t5ts ( ^! m54 ,! =m] 0 to ! s\? ( ! c5tral ,tab]nacle1 or ,t5t ( ,meet+1 on an inn] l9e ( t5ts1 :ile ! latt] 7 also to ! s\?1 ?\gh on an out] l9e ( t5ts4 ,footnote #ii3 ,num4 #af2 #b4 #aj1 #ag2 #c4 #bi4 ,?is expla9s h[1 :5 ,moses 0 talk+ to ,korah1 he _h to s5d = ,da?an & ,abiram1 & h[ next morn+ he left ! c5tral ,tab]nacle1 :]e ! m5 _h assembl$ to (f] inc5se1 7& :]e !y 7 aft]w>ds de/roy$1 probably by lightn+7 & w5t unto ,da?an & ,abiram 7vv4 #h-be74 ,x expla9s h[1 lat] on1 ! t5ts ( ,da?an & ,abiram are twice m5tion$1 :ile t ( ! lead+ conspirator1 ,korah1 is /rangely omitt$4 ,x expla9s h[ ! families ( ^! two 7 de/roy$1 ?\gh no m5tion is made ( t ( ,korah2 s9ce ! de/ruction 0 probably limit$ to ! t5ts ( ,da?an & ,abiram1 :o 7 bro!rs1 & ! small tab]nacle !y _h erect$ alongside1 & f :i* alone ! p 7 told to dep>t 7vv4 #bf1 #bg74 ,we may !re=e conclude t ,korah's family 0 n de/roy$1 s9ce _! t5t 0 at "s di/ance4 ,& ?is acc\nts = :at "s h ?\ght to be a discrepancy 9 ano!r passage1 :]e we read t ! sons ( ,korah did n die2 z well z = ,da?an & ,abiram1 be+ m5tion$ alone lat] on4#ajj ,9 fact1 ! position ( ^! t5ts is ! key to ! :ole n>rative1 ?\gh we are left to discov] x = ourselves4 ,footnote #ajj3 ,num4 #bf4 #aa2 ,deut4 #aa4 #f4 ,n[ if ! acc\nt is true & writt5 by a contempor>y1 all is pla92 = tru?1 z said be=e1 is necess>ily consi/5t4 ,b if ! /ory is a late fiction1 all ?is agreem5t 9 v>i\s places is1 to say ! lea/1 v rem>kable4 ,c we imag9e a writ] ( fiction accid5tally arrang+ ^! details 9 diff]5t p>ts ( 8 book1 :i* fit toge!r s p]fectly8 ,or c we imag9e 8 do+ s int5tionally1 & yet nev] h9t+ at ! agreem5t himself1 b leav+ x s unapp>5t t n "o read] 9 a ?\s& ev] discov]s x8 ,?is s+le in/ance may be tak5 z a sample ( num]\s o!rs :i* h be5 notic$ all ?r\gh ! ,old ,te/am5t2 & !y c]ta9ly t5d to %[ its accuracy4 7#b47 ,alleg$ mi/akes4 ,we pass on n[ to ! alleg$ mi/akes 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & consid]+ ! long p]iod cov]$1 & ! v>iety ( subjects dealt )1 & (t5 ! same subject by v>i\s writ]s1 ! numb] ( ev5 app>5t discrepancies is n v great4 ,& x is beyond dispute t _m ( ^! c be expla9$ satisfactorily1 & d\btless _m o!rs c\ld be s1 if our k 7 m complete4 ,moreov]1 !y are1 z a rule1 num]ical mi/akes1 su* z ! incr$ibly l>ge numb]s 9 "s places1#aja & ! r discordant *ronology 9 ,k+s & ,*ronicles4 ,b ! =m] may be due to "s error 9 copy+1 & ! latt] to ! diff]5t ways ( c\nt+ a k+'s reign4 ,footnote #aja3 ,num4 #bf4 #aa2 ,deut4 #aa4 #f4 ,! only mi/ake ( any real importance ref]s to ! l>ge numb]s ( ! ,israelites1 :o are said to h left ,egypt1--"s #fjj1jjj m51 besides *ildr51 or probably ov] two million altoge!r4 ,= on two subsequ5t occasions1 :5 ! c5sus ( ! tribes is giv51 x totals up to ab\t ! same numb]4#ajb ,?is is no d\bt a s]i\s difficulty2 z anyone c see1 :o w take ! tr\ble to calculate ! space !y w\ld require on ! m>*1 or 9 camp4 ,if we assume1 = in/ance1 t !y cross$ ! arm ( ! ,r$ ,sea 91 say1 =ty p>allel columns1 ^! w\ld /ill h to be ( enorm\s l5g? to conta9 #ej1jjj p]sons ea*1 ) _! flocks & h]ds4 ,footnote #ajb3 ,exod4 #ab4 #cg4 ,num4 #a4 #bf4 ,p]haps ! be/ explanation is t sugge/$ by ,pr(essor ,fl9d]s ,petrie1 t ! ^w translat$ ?\s&s %\ld be families1#ajc s t ! tribe ( ,reub51 = in/ance1#ajd in/ead ( hav+ =ty-six ?\s& five hundr$ m51 w\ld h =ty-six families1 7mak+ ab\t7 five hundr$ m54 ,! *ief argum5ts 9 fav\r ( ?is are1 fir/1 t ! same ^w is us$ 9 ,judges #f4 #ae1 :]e x s obvi\sly means family & n ?\s&1 t x is s translat$ 9 bo? ! ,au?oris$ & ,revis$ ,v]sions4 ,footnote #ajc3 ,egypt & ,israel1 #aiaa1 p4 #dc4 ,footnote #ajd3 ,num4 #a4 #ba4 ,& secondly1 x w\ld acc\nt = ! rem>kable fact t ?\gh !re 7 twelve tribes1 & !y 7 ea* c\nt$ twice1 yet ! numb] ( ! hundr$s is nev] #j1 #a1 #h or #i2 b always "o ( ! o!r six digits4 ,x is extremely unlikely 7practically incr$ible7#aje t ?is w\ld occur 9 an ord9>y c5sus1 b ! propos$ !ory expla9s x at once4 ,= ! hundr$s c\ld sc>cely be #j1 or #a1 z ?is w\ld mean too few m5 9 a family2 or #h or #i1 :i* w\ld mean too _m2 :ile ! o!r digits always "w out to :at 7all[+ = s]vants7 is a reasonable proportion1 f #e to #ag4 ,on ?is !ory ! numb] ( m5 w\ld be r$uc$ to #e1fjj1 :i* is mu* m intelligible4 ,b "s o!r passages sc>cely seem capable ( ?is int]pretation1 s x mu/ be admitt$ t ! numb] =ms a difficulty1 :atev] view we adopt4 ,footnote #aje3 ,! *ance ( its occurr+ w\ld be only 7#f_/aj7bd or less ?an #a 9 #bjj1jjj4 7#c47 ,mod]n discov]ies4 ,la/ly1 z to ! effect ( mod]n discov]ies on ! accuracy ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,9 ! case ( ! ,p5tateu*1 z we h se51 !re is v little direct evid5ce ei!r way2 b x is diff]5t 9 reg>d to "s ( ! lat] books4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 & ?is is v important1 mod]n discov]ies h %[n t ! p]iod ( ,jewi% hi/ory f ! "t ( ,moses onw>ds 0 di/9ctly a lit]>y age4 ,9 ,egypt1 ,babylonia1 ,syria1 & else:]e1 x 0 ! cu/om1 & _h be5 = c5turies1 to record all important ev5ts1 at lea/ all ^? t 7 cr$itable to ! p conc]n$2 s x is almo/ c]ta9 t ! ,jews1 l ! surr\nd+ nations1 _h _! hi/orians4 ,9 e age conqu]ors h lov$ to record _! conque/s1 & :y %\ld ! ,jews alone h be5 an exception8 ,yet ! hi/orical books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t h no competitors4 ,if1 !n1 we d5y t ^! are 9 ! ma9 a contempor>y record1 we mu/ ei!r assume t ! ,jews1 unlike ! surr\nd+ nations1 _h no contempor>y hi/orians1 :i* is mo/ unlikely2 z well z be+ contr>y to ! ,books !mselves1 :]e ! record]s are frequ5tly m5tion$1 ev5 by "n4#ajf ,or else we mu/ assume t _! works 7 replac$ 9 lat] days by o!r & less reliable acc\nts1 :i* 7 univ]sally mi/ak5 = ! orig9als1 & ?is seems equally improbable4 ,footnote #ajf3 ,e4g41 #b ,sam4 #h4 #af2 #b ,k+s #ah4 #ah2 #b ,*ron4 #cd4 #h4 ,pass+ on n[ to ! evid5ce 9 detail1 x may be divid$ into two classes1 geographical & hi/orical4 ,9 ! fir/ place ! geography ( ,pale/9e has be5 %[n to be m9utely accurate4 ,b ?is does n prove ! ,old ,te/am5t ,books to be g5u9e1 b m]ely t !y 7 writt5 by ,jews :o knew ! c\ntry intimately4 ,x helps1 h[ev]1 9 "s cases to remove app>5t difficulties4 ,?us ! discov]ies at ,j]i*o1 9 #aijh1 h %[n t ! place 0 m]ely a small =tifi$ hill1 ! l5g? ( ! surr\nd+ wall be+ ab\t half a mile1 s !re 0 no difficulty 9 ! ,israelites walk+ r\nd x sev5 times 9 ! day4#ajg ,& mu* ! same may be said ( ! hi/orical notices4 ,! monum5tal records ( ! ,k+s ( ,judah & ,israel h n at pres5t be5 discov]$1 b we c (t5 *eck ! hi/ory by ! records ( o!r c\ntries4 ,& ^! are z a rule 9 p]fect agreem5t1 n only z to ! actual facts1 b z to ! society1 cu/oms1 & /ate ( civilisation1 ( ! p]iod4 ,inde$1 9 "s cases :]e ?is 0 =m]ly disput$1 z 9 ! importance assign$ to ! ,hittites1 x has be5 fully ju/ifi$ by mod]n discov]ies4#ajh ,b ?is aga9 does n prove ! g5u95ess ( ! ,books1 ?\gh x c]ta9ly raises a probability 9 _! fav\r4 ,footnote #ajg3 ,jo%4 #f4 #ae4 ,footnote #ajh3 #a ,k+s #aj4 #bi2 #b ,k+s #g4 #f4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 ! evid5ce is /rong] ?an ?is1 "o ( ! be/ kn[n in/ances be+ ,daniel's m5tion ( ,bel%azz>4#aji ,he /ates t ! la/ k+ ( ,babylon 0 ,nebu*adnezz>'s son1 or gr&son 7m>g91 ,a4,v47 call$ ,bel%azz>1 :o 0 sla9 at night :5 ! city 0 captur$ 7ab\t ,b4,c4 #ech74 ,b accord+ to ,b]osus1 :o wrote ab\t ! ?ird c5tury ,b4,c41 all ?is appe>s to be wrong4 ,! la/ k+ ( ,babylon 0 a usurp] call$ ,nabonidus1 & any su* p]son z ,bel%azz> is q unkn[n4 ,& s matt]s rema9$ till "s cunei=m inscriptions 7 discov]$ at ,mugheir 9 #ahed4 ,footnote #aji3 ,dan4 #e4 #a4 ,f ^! x appe>s t ,bel%azz> 0 ! elde/ son ( ,nabonidus1 & 0 app>5tly associat$ ) him 9 ! gov]nm5t4 ,& an inscription rec5tly f\nd at ,ere* %[s t ?is 0 ! case = sev]al ye>s4#aaj ,!re is no pro( t he ev] _h ! title ( ,k+1 unless he is ! same z "o ,m>duk%azz>1 ab\t ?is "t 7n o!rwise id5tifi$71 :i* is n unlikely1 z we "k ,m>duk 0 sometimes call$ ,bel--i4e41 ,baal1 or ,"l4 ,& ano!r inscription1 some:at mutilat$1 seems to %[ t he 0 sla9 at ,babylon 9 a night assault on ! city 7or "s portion ( x7 z describ$ by ,daniel1 "s mon?s aft] ,nabonidus _h be5 tak5 prison]4#aaa ,z to 8 relation%ip ) ,nebu*adnezz> p]haps 8 "m 7or gr&mo!r7 0 a royal pr9cess4 ,& !re c]ta9ly seems to h be5 "s connection betwe5 ! families1 z we "k f ! inscriptions t he _h a bro!r call$ ,nebu*adnezz>4 ,footnote #aaj3 ,expository ,times1 ,april1 #aiae4 ,comp4 ,dan4 #h4 #a4 ,footnote #aaa3 ,transactions ( ,victoria ,in/itute1 vol4 xxxviii41 #aijf1 p4 #bh2 vol4 xlvi41 #aiad1 p4 #ad4 ,n[1 ( c\rse1 if ,daniel himself wrote ! book1 he w\ld h kn[n all ab\t ,bel%azz>1 h[ev] soon aft]w>ds x 0 =gott54 ,b1 if ! book is a late fiction1 writt5 by a ,jew 9 ,pale/9e ab\t ,b4,c4 #afj1 :i* is ! rationali/ic !ory1 z ! w>s betwe5 ,egypt & ,syria up to t date are cle>ly =etold1 h[ did he "k ! "n ( ,bel%azz> at all1 or any?+ ab\t him1 :5 su* a p]son 0 unkn[n to previ\s hi/orians8 ,pla9ly !n1 ?is is a di/9ct argum5t 9 fav\r ( ! contempor>y date ( ! book4#aab ,footnote #aab3 ,x is wor? not+ t ?is rationali/ic !ory1 :i* 0 g5]ally accept$ by ! s-call$ ,high] ,critics1 has n[ become s difficult to ma9ta9 9 ! face ( ar*ology t ,dr4 ,p9*es1 ,lectur] 9 ,assyriology at ,univ]sity ,college1 ,london1 said rec5tly ',i am glad to ?9k ) reg>d to ! ,book ( ,daniel t ! ,high] ,criticism is 9 fact buri$4' ,transactions ( ,victoria ,in/itute1 vol4 xlix41 #aiag1 p4 #ace4 ,& mu* ! same may be said ( ,isaiah's m5tion ( ,s>gon ( ,assyria1 :o is /at$ to h tak5 ,a%dod4 ,yet ! v exi/5ce ( su* a k+ 0 unkn[n to secul> hi/ory1 till ! la/ c5tury2 :5 8 palace 0 discov]$ at ,khorsabad1 ) inscriptions record+1 among o!r ?+s1 8 capture ( ,a%dod4#aac ,footnote #aac3 ,isa4 #bj4 #a4 ,orr's ,problem ( ,old ,te/41 #aijf1 p4 #cii4 ,two o!r cases are ( special int]e/1 because ! monum5ts seem$ at fir/ to %[ t ! ,bible 0 wrong4 ,"o ( ^! ref]s to a s-call$ ,pul1 ,k+ ( ,assyria2#aad b :5 ! li/ ( ,assyrian mon>*s 0 discov]$1 no su* k+ c\ld be f\nd4 ,x look$ l a s]i\s discrepancy1 & 0 ev5 spok5 ( z 'almo/ ! only important hi/orical difficulty' betwe5 ! ,bible & ! monum5ts4#aae ,b x has n[ be5 discov]$ t ,pulu 0 ! orig9al "n ( a usurp]1 :o *ang$ x to ,tigla? ,piles] ,,iii4 on asc5d+ ! ?rone2 ?\gh he 0 /ill sometimes call$ ,pulu4#aaf ,?is n only removes ! difficulty1 b t5ds to %[ ! e>ly date ( ! n>rative2 = a late writ] w\ld probably h call$ him by 8 bett]-kn[n "n4 ,footnote #aad3 #b ,k+s #ae4 #ai4 ,footnote #aae3 ,rawl9son1 ,hi/orical ,illu/rations ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 #ahga1 p4 #aba4 ,footnote #aaf3 ,ha/+s1 ,dict4 ( ! ,bible1 vol4 iv41 p4 #gfa4 ,! o!r in/ance ref]s to ,jehu1 :o is /at$ 9 ! ,assyrian inscriptions to be ! son ( ,omri2 ?\gh accord+ to ! ,bible he 0 no relation :atev]4 ,b x has n[ be5 %[n t ! words translat$ son ( ,omri may only mean ( ! l& or h\se ( ,omri1 :i* is a common ,assyrian "n = ! k+dom ( ,israel4#aag ,footnote #aag3 ,driv]1 ,s*wei* ,lecture1 #aijh1 p4 #ag4 ,z a la/ example we w take ! dates giv5 = ! ,fall ( ! two capital cities1 ,sam>ia & ,j]usalem4 ,^! 7 calculat$ long ago 7m>g91 ,a4,v47 f a numb] ( /atem5ts 9 ! ,bible1 giv+ ! l5g?s ( diff]5t reigns1 etc41 at ,b4,c4 #gba & #ehh respectively4#aah ,& n[ ! inscriptions f ,assyria & ,babylonia fix ! =m] at ,b4,c4 #gbb & ! latt] at #ehf4aai ,ev]yone mu/ admit t ^! are rem>kable agreem5ts1 consid]+ ! way 9 :i* !y h _h to be calculat$4 ,footnote #aah3 #b ,k+s #ag4 #f2 #be4 #c4 ,footnote #aai3 ,ha/+s1 ,dict4 ( ! ,bible1 vol4 i41 p4 #dja4 ,we h n[ briefly consid]$ ! ,books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 bo? z to _! undesign$ agreem5ts1 :i* are v int]e/+2 _! alleg$ mi/akes1 :i* are unimportant2 & ! effect ( mod]n discov]ies1 :i* has und\bt$ly be5 to support _! accuracy4 ,:at1 !n1 is ! value ( ! evid5ce !y af=d z to ! hi/ory ( ! ,jewi% ,religion hav+ be5 confirm$ by miracles8 7,b47 ,,! ,,old ,,te/am5t ,,miracles4 ,we w include "u ?is t]m sup]human co9cid5ces z well z miracles 9 ! /rict s5se2 & !y occur all ?r\gh ! hi/orical books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,a few ( !m h be5 already notic$ 9 ! la/ *apt]1 b we mu/ n[ discuss !m m fully1 fir/ consid]+ :e!r !y are cr$ible1 & !n :e!r !y are true4 7#a47 ,_! cr$ibility4 ,n[ ?is c sc>cely be disput$1 provid$ miracles at all are cr$ible1 :i* we h already admitt$1 s9ce sci5tific difficulties affect all miracles equally2 & ( c\rse ! ,sup]human ,co9cid5ces h no difficulties ( ?is k9d :atev]4 ,among ^! may be m5tion$ mo/ ( ! ,t5 ,plagues1 ! de/ruction ( ,korah1 ! fall+ ( ! walls ( ,j]i*o1 probably due to an e>?quake2 ! lightn+ :i* /ruck ,elijah's sacrifice2 & _m o!rs4 ,! ,passage ( ! ,r$ ,sea1 = in/ance1 almo/ c]ta9ly belongs to ?is class4 ,! wat]1 we are told1 0 driv5 back by a /rong ea/ w9d1 la/+ all night2 & ?is 0 d\btless due to natural =ces1 ?\gh1 9 common ) o!r natural ev5ts 7su* z ! gr[? ( grass#abj71 x is 9 ! ,bible ascrib$ to ,god4 ,& ! /atem5t1 ! wat]s 7 a wall unto !m1 ne$ n be press$ lit]ally1 s z to mean t !y /ood upright4 ,x may only mean "h1 z x obvi\sly does 9 "s o!r cases1 t ! wat]s 7 a def5ce on ea* side1 & secur$ !m f flank attacks4#aba ,& z !y mu/ h advanc$ 9 sev]al p>allel columns1 probably half a mile wide1 ?is c]ta9ly seems ! m likely view4 ,footnote #abj3 ,ps4 #adg4 #h-i4 ,footnote #aba3 ,exod4 #ad4 #ba1 #bb2 ,nahum #c4 #h2 #a ,sam4 #be4 #af4 ,& :at makes x /ill m probable is t mu* ! same ?+ occurr$ 9 ?is v neighb\rhood 9 rec5t times4 ,= 9 ,janu>y1 #ahhb1 a l>ge expanse ( wat]1 ab\t #e feet deep1 ne> ! ,suez ,canal1 0 expos$ to su* a /rong gale 7also f ! ea/7 t next morn+ x _h be5 entirely driv5 away1 & m5 7 walk+ ab\t on ! mud1 :]e ! day be=e ! fi%+-boats _h be5 float+4#abb ,moreov]1 on ?is !ory1 ! miracle w\ld n lose any ( its evid5tial value4 ,= ! fact ( su* a /rip ( dry l& be+ =m$ j :5 & :]e ! ,israelites s mu* want$ x1 & !n be+ sudd5ly cov]$ aga91 ?r\gh ! w9d *ang+ r\nd to ! we/ 7:i* x mu/ h done = ! dead ,egyptians to h be5 ca/ up on ! ea/ side7#abc1 w\ld be a co9cid5ce f> too improbable to be accid5tal4 ,footnote #abb3 ,transactions ( ,victoria ,in/itute1 vol4 xxviii41 #ahid1 p4 #bfh4 ,x is v\*$ = by ,major-,g5]al ,tullo*1 :o 0 !re on duty at ! "t4 ,footnote #abc3 ,exod4 #ad4 #cj4 ,ano!r well kn[n miracle1 :i* probably belongs to ?is class1 is ! 'sil5ce' 7or /&+ /ill7 ( ! sun & moon4#abd ,?is is (t5 ?\ght to mean t ! e>?'s rotation 0 /opp$1 s t ! sun & moon app>5tly /ood /ill4 ,b a miracle on s va/ a scale1 0 q ne$less = ! de/ruction ( a few ,canaanites1 & !re is ano!r1 & f> bett] explanation4 ,footnote #abd3 ,jo%4 #aj4 #ab-ad4 ,x is t ! miracle1 in/ead ( be+ "o ( prolong$ light1 ! sun rema9+ visible aft] x %\ld h set1 0 really "o ( prolong$ d>kness4 ,! sun1 :i* _h be5 hidd5 by ?ick cl\ds1 0 j ab\t to %9e =?1 :5 ,jo%ua pray$ to ! ,"l t x might be sil5t1 i4e41 rema9 obscur$ beh9d ! cl\ds1 :i* x did dur+ ! re/ ( ! day4 ,! ,hebrew seems capable ( ei!r mean+4 ,= ! important ^w translat$ /& /ill is lit]ally be sil5t 7see m>g971 bo? 9 v]ses #ab & #ac2 & :ile ?is w\ld be mo/ suitable to ! sun's rema9+ obscur$ by cl\ds dur+ ! day1 x c\ld sc>cely be us$ ( its cont9u+ to %9e at night4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! re/ ( ! passage seems to fav\r ! ord9>y view4 ,b if we admit t ?is is :at ,jo%ua pray$ =1 t ! sun & moon %\ld rema9 sil5t or obscur$1 ! re/ ( ! passage c only mean t ?is is :at took place4 ,& x may be m5tion$ t1 z e>ly z ! f\rte5? c5tury1 a ,jewi% writ] ,levi b5 ,g]%on ma9ta9$ t ! words did n mean t ! sun & moon lit]ally /ood /ill1 or 9 any way alt]$ _! motion2 ?\gh x is only fair to add t ?is 0 n ! g5]al view4#abe ,footnote #abe3 ,num]\s quotations are giv5 9 ',a ,misund]/ood ,miracle1' by ,rev4 ,a4 ,s4 ,palm]1 #ahhg1 pp4 #ajc-ajg4 ,moreov]1 ev5 if ! ^w did mean /& /ill1 ,jo%ua w\ld only be likely to h ask$ = ! sun & moon to /& /ill1 if !y 7 app>5tly mov+4 ,& !y only move fa/ en\gh to be app>5t :5 !y are j com+ out f beh9d a d5se bank ( cl\ds1 due1 ( c\rse1 to ! cl\ds really mov+4 ,& to /& /ill 9 su* a case1 w\ld mean to /ay beh9d ! cl\ds1 & rema9 obscur$1 ! same s5se z be=e4 ,& ! words c\ld !n h _h an imm$iate effect2 visible at once to all ! p1 :i* c]ta9ly seems impli$ 9 ! n>rative1 & :i* w\ld n h be5 ! case on ! ord9>y view4 ,assum+1 !n1 t ei!r mean+ is possible1 a prolong$ d>kness is mu* ! m probable = ?ree reasons4 ,to beg9 )1 ! miracle mu/ h occurr$ 9 ! e>ly morn+1 ,gibeon1 :]e ! sun 01 be+ to ! s\? ea/ ( ,be?-horon1 ! sc5e ( ! incid5t4 ,& x is mo/ unlikely t ,jo%ua1 ) ! enemy already defeat$1 & ne>ly all ! day be=e him1 %\ld h wi%$ to h x prolong$4 ,secondly1 j be=e ! miracle !re _h be5 a v heavy ?und]/orm1 involv+ 7z "h requir$7 ?ick cl\ds & a d>k sky2 & ?is is /at$ to h be5 ! *ief cause ( ! enemy's defeat4 ,s ,jo%ua is m likely to h ask$ = a cont9uance ( ?is /orm1 i4e41 = prolong$ d>kness1 ?an = light4 ,?irdly1 ! moon is m5tion$ z well z ! sun1 &1 if ,jo%ua want$ d>kness1 bo? w\ld h to be sil5t2 b if he want$ light1 ! m5tion ( ! moon 0 q unnecess>y4 ,on ! :ole1 !n1 ! miracle seems to h be5 a sup]human co9cid5ce betwe5 a pray] ( ,jo%ua & an extraord9>y & unique ?und]/orm1 :i* caus$ ! sun to rema9 sil5t or invisible all day4 ,& if ! ,canaanites 7 sun-wor%ipp]s 7z _m ?9k probable71 x 0 mo/ suitable t at ! "t ( _! great battle ) ! ,israelites1 ! sun %\ld h be5 obscur$ ! :ole day1 & x naturally l$ to _! utt] confusion4 ,be=e pass+ on1 we may notice two objections ( a m g5]al "*1 t are (t5 made to ! ,jewi% miracles4 ,! fir/ is t "s ( !m 7 v trivial1 su* z ,eli%a's purify+ ! wat]s ( ,j]i*o1 increas+ ! wid['s oil1 & mak+ ! iron axe-head to float2#abf & h5ce x is urg$ !y are mo/ improbable4 ,& no d\bt !y w\ld be s1 if we reg>d !m z m]e acts ( k9dness to individual p]sons4 ,b if we reg>d !m z s _m signs to ! ,israelites 7& ?r\gh !m to ! re/ ( ! _w71 t ,eli%a 0 ,god's prophet2 & t ,god 0 n a f>-(f ,god1 b ,"o ,:o knew ab\t & c>$ ab\t ! e-day tr\bles ( ,8 p1 !y 7 c]ta9ly n inappropriate4 ,inde$1 if ?is 0 ! end 9 view1 !y 7 j ! k9d ( miracles mo/ likely to atta9 x4 ,footnote #abf3 #b ,k+s #b4 #bb2 #d4 #f2 #f4 #f4 ,! second & m important objection w\ld de/roy1 or at lea/ less51 ! value ( all ! miracles4 ,!y c\ld n1 x is urg$1 h really confirm$ a revelation f ,god1 s9ce ! same writ]s :o describe !m1 also describe o!r miracles1 :i*1 !y say1 7 work$ 9 opposition to ,god's ag5ts4 ,b if we exclude "s d\btful cases1 we h only "o in/ance to judge by4 ,x is t ( ! magicians ( ,egypt1 :o imitat$ "s ( ! e>li] miracles ( ,moses & ,a>on2 & "h ! inf]5ce is unc]ta94 ,= we are told t ?is 0 due to _! en*antm5ts 7or secret arts1 m>g9 ,r4,v471 a t]m :i* might v possibly cov] "s feat ( juggl]y2 z !y knew be=eh& :at 0 want$1 & _h "t to prep>e4 ,:ile ! fact t !y tri$ & fail$ to imitate ! next plague1 :i* !y frankly confess$ 0 a ,div9e miracle1 makes ?is a v probable solution4#abg ,footnote #abg3 ,exod4 #g4 #aa1 #bb2 #h4 #g1 #ah1 #ai4 ,we decide1 !n1 t none ( ! ,jewi% miracles c be pron\nc$ incr$ible2 ?\gh "s ( !m no d\bt seem1 at fir/ sight1 v improbable4 7#b47 ,_! tru?fulness4 ,n[1 ( c\rse1 ! miracles v>y greatly 9 evid5tial value1 ! foll[+ be+ eight ( ! mo/ important3 ,! de/ruction ( ,korah1 ,num4 #af4 ,! passage ( ! ,jordan1 ,jo%4 #c4 #ad-ag4 ,! capture ( ,j]i*o1 ,jo%4 #f4 #f-bj4 ,elijah's sacrifice on ,m\nt ,c>mel1 #a ,k+s #ah4 #ag-dj4 ,! cure ( ,naaman's leprosy1 #b ,k+s #e4 #aj-bg4 ,! de/ruction ( ! ,assyrian army1 #b ,k+s #ai4 #ce4 ,! %ad[ on ! dial1 #b ,k+s #bj4 #h-aa4 ,! ?ree m5 9 ! furnace1 ,dan4 #c4 #bj-bg4 ,we w exam9e a c\ple ( in/ances 9 detail & select fir/ ,elijah's sacrifice on ,m\nt ,c>mel4 ,?is is said to h occurr$ on ! mo/ public occasion possible1 be=e ! ,k+ ( ,israel & ?\s&s ( spectators4 ,& z a miracle1 or r sup]human co9cid5ce1 x pres5ts no difficulty :atev]4 ,! lightn+ :i* /ruck ! sacrifice 0 d\btless due to natural causes2 yet1 z be=e expla9$ 7,*apt] ,,vii471 ?is w\ld n int]f]e ) its evid5tial value4 ,moreov]1 x 0 av[$ly a te/ case to def9itely settle :e!r ,jehovah 0 ! true ,god or n4 ,! nation1 we le>n1 _h long be5 9 an undecid$ /ate4 ,"s 7 wor%ipp]s ( ,jehovah1 o!rs ( ,baal2 & ^! rival sacrifices 7 sugge/$ = ! express purpose ( settl+ ! po9t4 ,s1 if miracles at all are cr$ible1 !re c\ld n h be5 a m suitable occasion = "o2 :ile x 01 = ! "t at lea/1 ?or\ghly successful4 ,all pres5t 7 conv9c$ t ,jehovah 0 ! true ,god1 &1 9 accordance ) ! national law1 ! false prophets ( ,baal 7 imm$iately put to dea?4 ,n[ c\ld any writ] h describ$ all ?is1 ev5 a c5tury aft]w>ds1 if no?+ ( ! k9d _h occurr$8 ,! ev5t1 if true1 mu/ h be5 well kn[n1 & rememb]$2 & if untrue1 no "o liv+ ne> ! "t & place w\ld h ?\ght ( inv5t+ x4 ,& 7:at r5d]s ! argum5t /ill /rong]7 all ?is is /at$ to h occurr$1 n among savages1 b among a fairly civilis$ nation & 9 a lit]>y age4 ,next z to ! de/ruction ( ! ,assyrian army4 ,"h x w be rememb]$ t :5 ,s5na*]ib came to attack ,j]usalem1 he publicly1 & 9 ! mo/ insult+ mann]1 defi$ ! ,god ( ,israel to deliv] ! city out ( 8 h& 7probably ab\t ,b4,c4 #gja74abh ,we !n read h[ ,isaiah decl>$ t ,god accept$ ! *all5ge1 & w\ld def5d ,j]usalem1 & w\ld n all[ x to be de/roy$4 ',i w def5d ?is city to save x1 = m9e own sake1 & = my s]vant ,david's sake4' ,& ! sacr$ness ( ! city is v /rongly insi/$ on4 ,footnote #abh3 #b ,k+s #ah4 #bh-ce2 #ai4 #aj1 #cd4 ,n[ x is inconceivable t ?is c\ld h be5 writt5 aft] ,j]usalem _h be5 captur$ by ,nebu*adnezz> 9 ,b4,c4 #eih2 ?\gh !re is no real inconsi/5cy 9 ,god's pres]v+ ! city 9 ! "o case1 & n 9 ! o!r4 ,= ,nebu*adnezz> is always repres5t$ z be+1 ?\gh unconsci\sly1 ,god's s]vant 9 puni%+ ! ,jews2 :ile ,s5na*]ib op5ly defi$ ,jehovah4 ,!n comes ! sudd5 de/ruction ( ! ,assyrian army1 probably by pe/il5ce2#abi & ! extreme fitness ( ?is1 aft] ,s5na*]ib's *all5ge1 mu/ be obvi\s to ev]yone4 ,moreov]1 su* a v public ev5t1 if untrue1 c\ld n h be5 record$ till long aft]w>ds2 yet1 z we h se51 ! n>rative c\ld n h be5 writt5 long aft]w>ds4 ,s5na*]ib does n ( c\rse allude to x himself 9 8 inscriptions1 = k+s nev] l to record _! own defeats2 b ?is is no reason = d\bt+ t x occurr$1 especially z x is confirm$ by ! ,babylonian hi/orian ,b]osus4#acj ,& ev5 ,s5na*]ib himself1 ?\gh he m5tions ! campaign1 & says t he %ut up ,hezekiah 9 ,j]usalem1 nev] claims to h tak5 ! city4 ,footnote #abi3 ,comp4 #b ,k+s #ai4 #ce2 #a ,*ron4 #ba4 #ab4 ,footnote #acj3 ,quot$ by ,josephus1 ,antiq4 x4 #a4 ,we ne$ n exam9e ! o!r miracles 9 detail1 s9ce ! argum5t is mu* ! same 9 e case4 ,!y are all said to h occurr$ on important & critical occasions :51 if we admit miracles at all1 !y w\ld be mo/ suitable4 ,!y are all said to h be5 public miracles1 ei!r actually work$ be=e cr[ds ( p]sons1 or else s affect+ public m5 t _! tru? or o!rwise mu/ h be5 well-kn[n at ! "t4 ,& !y 7 all ( su* a k9d t any mi/ake or fraud z to _! occurr5ce 0 out ( ! "q4 ,x is1 !n1 on ! face ( x1 mo/ unlikely t miracles1 su* z ^!1 %\ld h be5 record$ unless !y 7 true4 ,inde$1 if ! ,old ,te/am5t books 7 writt5 by contempor>ies1 or ev5 )9 a c5tury ( ! ev5ts !y relate1 x is v difficult to d5y _! occurr5ce4 ,we decide1 !re=e1 t ! hi/ory ( ! ,jewi% ,religion 0 confirm$ by miracles4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,t ,,its ,,hi/ory ,,0 ,,confirm$ ,,by ,,prophecies4 7,a47 ,,g5]al ,,prophecies4 ,?ree examples consid]$3 7#a47 ,! desolation ( ,assyria & ,babylonia4 7#b47 ,! degradation ( ,egypt4 7#c47 ,! disp]sion ( ! ,jews1 includ+ ! ,roman siege ( ,j]usalem4 7,b47 ,,special ,,prophecies4 ,li/ ( eight important ones3 a s+le example1 ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem by ! ,babylonians consid]$ 9 detail2 "s g5]al rem>ks4 7,c47 ,,conclusion4 ,! cumulative nature ( ! evid5ce4 ,we pass on n[ to ! ,jewi% ,prophecies4 ,x %\ld be expla9$ at />t+ t ! ^w prophecy is us$ "h 9 ! s5se ( pr$iction2 & n z x (t5 is1 9 ! ,bible1 to include v>i\s k9ds ( tea*+4 ,& ! prophecies may be divid$ into two classes1 g5]al & special4 7,a47 ,,g5]al ,,prophecies4 ,we w consid] ! ,g5]al ,prophecies fir/1 ! mo/ important ( :i* conc]n ! ,jews !mselves1 & _! great neighb\rs ,assyria & ,babylonia1 on ! "o h&1 & ,egypt on ! o!r4 ,all ^! nations _h exi/$ = c5turies1 & !re 0 no?+ to indicate :at 0 to be _! future2 yet ! prophets =etold x1 & ) rem>kable accuracy4 7#a47 ,! desolation ( ,assyria & ,babylonia4 ,& fir/ z to ,assyria & ,babylonia4 ,! future ( ^! c\ntries 0 to be utt] desolation4 ,! k+doms 7 to be de/roy$1 ! l& 0 to become a wild]ness1 & ! cities to be entirely =sak54 ,we read repeat$ly t !y 7 to be desolate = ev]2 & ?\gh ?is _c be press$ z mean+ lit]ally = all et]nity1 x c]ta9ly implies a long duration4#aca ,a s+le passage ref]r+ to ea* may be quot$ at l5g?4 ,footnote #aca3 ,isa4 #ac4 #ai-bb2 #ad4 #bb1 #bc2 ,j]4 #ej4 #ac1 #ci1 #dj2 #ea4 #bf1 #cg1 #dc2 ,nahum #c4 #g2 ,zeph4 #b4 #ac-ad4 ,?us ,zephaniah says ( ,assyria1 ',& he w /ret* out 8 h& aga9/ ! nor?1 & de/roy ,assyria2 & w make ,n9eveh a desolation1 & dry l ! wild]ness4 ,& h]ds %all lie d[n 9 ! mid/ ( h]1 all ! bea/s ( ! nations2 bo? ! pelican & ! porcup9e %all lodge 9 ! *apit]s !re( ! capitals ( ! fall5 columns3 _! voice %all s+ 9 ! w9d[s2 desolation %all be 9 ! ?re%olds3 = he ha? laid b>e ! c$> "w4' ,& ,isaiah says ( ,babylon1 ',& ,babylon1 ! glory ( k+doms1 ! beauty ( ! ,*aldean's pride1 %all be z :5 ,god ov]?rew ,sodom & ,gomorrah4 ,x %all nev] be inhabit$1 nei!r %all x be dwelt 9 f g5]ation to g5]ation2 nei!r %all ! ,arabian pit* t5t !re2 nei!r %all %eph]ds make _! flocks to lie d[n !re4 ,b wild bea/s ( ! des]t %all lie !re2 & _! h\ses %all be full ( doleful creatures2 & o/ri*es %all dwell !re1 & satyrs or goats %all dance !re4 ,& wolves %all cry 9 _! ca/les1 & jackals 9 ! pleasant palaces3 & h] "t is ne> to come1 & h] days %all n be prolong$4' ,x seems ne$less to comm5t on prophecies s pla9 & /raight=w>d4 ,nor ne$ we insi/ at any l5g? on _! exact fulfilm5t2 x is obvi\s to ev]yone4 ,= two ?\s& ye>s hi/ory has v]ifi$ !m4 ,! utt] desolation ( ^! c\ntries is )\t a p>allel3 ! empires h vani%$1 ! once popul\s l& is des]t$1 & ! cities are heaps ( ru9s1 (t5 ! d5s ( wild bea/s1--lions1 hynas1 & jackals hav+ all be5 se5 among ! ru9s ( ,babylon4 ,9 %ort1 ! prophecies h be5 fulfill$ 9 a mann] :i* is1 to say ! lea/1 v rem>kable4 7#b47 ,! degradation ( ,egypt4 ,next z to ,egypt4 ,! future =etold ( ?is c\ntry 0 n desolation b degradation4 ,ezekiel tells u x 0 to become a base k+dom1 & he adds1 ',x %all be ! base/ ( ! k+doms2 nei!r %all x any m lift itself up above ! nations3 & ,i w dim9i% !m1 t !y %all no m rule ov] ! nations4'#acb ,& "h also prophecy has be5 turn$ into hi/ory4 ,! p]man5t degradation ( ,egypt is a /rik+ fact :i* _c be disput$4 ,:5 ! prophets wrote1 ,egypt _h on ! :ole be5 a p[]ful & indep5d5t k+dom = "s ?\s&s ( ye>s3 b x has nev] be5 s s9ce4 ,p]sians1 ,greeks1 ,romans1 ,byzant9e ,greeks1 ,s>ac5s1 ,memlooks1 ,turks1 & we may n[ add ,briti%1 h 9 turn be5 its ma/]s2 b x has be5 ! ma/] ( no "o4 ,x has nev] m rul$ ov] ! nations z x us$ to d = s _m c5turies4 ,its hi/ory 9 ?is respect has be5 unique--an unp>allel$ p]iod ( prosp]ity foll[$ by an unp>allel$ p]iod ( degradation4 ,footnote #acb3 ,ezek4 #bi4 #ae4 ,) su* an obvi\s fulfilm5t ( ! ma9 prophecy1 x seems ne$less to insi/ on any ( its details1 ?\gh "s ( ^! are suffici5tly /rik+4 ,?us1 we are told1 ,h] cities %all be 9 ! mid/ ( ! cities t are wa/$4#acc ,& ?\gh x is d\btful to :at p]iod ?is ref]s1 no m accurate description c be giv5 ( ! pres5t cities ( ,egypt1 su* z ,cairo1 ?an t !y are 9 ! mid/ ( ! cities t are wa/$1 su* z ,memphis1 ,buba/is1 & ,tanis4 ,:ile a few v]ses f>!r on we read1 ,!re %all be no m a pr9ce out ( ! l& ( ,egypt2 yet1 :5 ?is passage 0 writt51 !re _h be5 indep5d5t ,egyptian sov]eigns1 (f & on1 f ! v dawn ( hi/ory4 ,b !re h be5 none s9ce4 ,/ress1 h[ev]1 is n laid on details l ^!1 "s ( :i* are admitt$ly obscure1 su* z ! =ty ye>s' desolation ( ! l& ) ! scatt]+ ( its inhabitants2#acd b r on ! broad fact t ,egypt 0 n to be de/roy$ l ,assyria & ,babylonia1 b to be degrad$1 & t ?is has actually be5 its hi/ory4 ,footnote #acc3 ,ezek4 #cj4 #g1 #ac4 ,footnote #acd3 ,ezek4 #bi4 #aa-ac4 7#c47 ,! disp]sion ( ! ,jews4 ,la/ly1 z to ! ,jews4 ,_! future 0 to be nei!r desolation1 nor degradation1 b disp]sion4 ,?is is ass]t$ ov] & ov] aga94 ,!y 7 to be scatt]$ among ! nations1 & disp]s$ ?r\gh ! c\ntries2 to be w&]]s among ! nations2 sift$ among all nations2 toss$ to & fro among all ! k+doms ( ! e>?2 & scatt]$ among all peoples f "o end ( ! e>? ev5 unto ! o!r end ( ! e>?4#ace ,footnote #ace3 ,ezek4 #bb4 #ae2 ,hos4 #i4 #ag2 ,amos #i4 #i2 ,deut4 #bh4 #be1 #fd2 see also ,deut4 #d4 #bg2 ,neh4 #a4 #h2 ,j]4 #i4 #af4 ,moreov]1 9 _! disp]sion !y 7 to be subject$ to cont9ual suff]+ & p]secution4 ,!y 7 to become a prov]b1 & a byword among all p4 ,_! curses 7 to be ^u !m1 = a sign & = a wond]1 & ^u _! se$ = ev]4 ,!y 7 to h a yoke ( iron ^u _! necks2 & to h ! sword drawn out aft] !m 9 all l&s1 etc4 ,yet1 9 spite ( all ?is1 !y 7 n to be absorb$ into o!r nations1 b to rema9 di/9ct4 ,!y & _! se$ = ev] 7 to be a sep>ate p1 a sign & a wond] at all times2 & ,god w\ld nev] make a full end ( !m1 z ,he w\ld ( ! nations among :om !y 7 scatt]$4 ,inde$ heav5 & e>? 7 to pass away1 r ?an ! ,jews cease to be a di/9ct p4#acf ,footnote #acf3 ,deut4 #bh4 #cg1 #df1 #dh2 ,lev4 #bf4 #cc2 ,j]4 #bd4 #i2 #bi4 #ah2 #cj4 #aa2 #ca4 #ce-cg4 ,& "h aga9 hi/ory has exactly agre$ ) prophecy4 ,! fate ( ! ,jews1 s9ce ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem 9 ,a4,d4 #gj1 has actually be5 disp]sion1 & ?is to an ext5t :i* is q unique4 ,x has be5 comb9$1 moreov]1 ) incessant suff]+ & p]secution1 yet !y h always rema9$ a sep>ate p4 ,! ,jews are /ill ev]y:]e1 ?\gh ! ,jewi% nation is n[h]e4 ,!y are pres5t 9 all c\ntries1 b ) a home 9 none1 hav+ be5 lit]ally scatt]$ among ! nations4 ,we w n[ exam9e a s+le passage 9 detail1 & select ! latt] "p ( ,deut4 #bh4 ,! :ole *apt] is inde$ full ( prophecies z to ! future condition ( ! ,jews1 "s ( :i* seem to po9t to ! ,babylonian captivity1 7e4g41 v4 #cf72 b aft] ?is we come to ano!r & f9al cata/rophe 9 v4 #di4 ,?is evid5tly beg9s a fre% subject1 :i* is cont9u$ )\t a break till ! end ( ! *apt]4 ,& x is specially int]e/+ because1 n only is ! _w-wide disp]sion ( ! ,jews1 & _! cont9ual suff]+s1 cle>ly =etold2 b also ! previ\s w> :i* l$ up to x4 ,we h1 z is well kn[n1 a full acc\nt ( ?is 9 ! hi/ory ( ,josephus1 & z he nev] alludes to ! prophecy himself 7except 9 ! mo/ g5]al t]ms71 8 evid5ce is above suspicion4 ,v]4 #di4 ,fir/ ( all ! conqu]ors !mselves are describ$ z a nation f f>1 f ! end ( ! e>?1 z ! eagle flie?1 a nation ^: tongue ?\ %alt n und]/&1 etc4 ,& ?is is v applicable to ! ,romans1 ^: g5]al1 ,vespasian1 _h come f ,brita91 & _! troops f v>i\s c\ntries1 :o _h ! eagle z _! /&>d1 & ^: language1 ,lat91 0 unkn[n to mo/ ( ! ,jews4 #ej4 ,& ! m]ciless way 9 :i* ^! fi]ce w>riors 7 to sp>e nei!r old nor "y 0 pa9fully true 9 _! treatm5t ( ! ,jews4 #ea4 ,& !y also ( c\rse de/roy$ or confiscat$ _! prop]ty4 #eb4 ,!n ! w> is =etold z "o ( sieges 7he %all besiege !e 9 all ?y gates71 r ?an ( op5 battles4 ,& ?is 0 c]ta9ly ! case1 s9ce a l>ge numb] ( t[ns1 includ+ ,jotapata1 ,gamala1 ,masada1 & ,j]usalem itself1 suff]$ t]rible sieges4 ,& ^! 7 to be cont9u$ till ! high walls came d[n1 :i* is v appropriate to ! ,roman batt]+ rams t 7 actually us$ at all ^! places4 #ec4 ,!n we h ! dreadful fam9e1 due to ! sev]ity 7or /raitness7 ( ! siege1 evid5tly ! great siege1 t ( ,j]usalem4 ,?is is /rongly insi/$ on1 be+ repeat$ ?ree times1 & x 0 to drive ! wret*$ inhabitants to cannibalism ( ! mo/ revolt+ k9d1 :i* x actually did4 #ed4 ,x 0 also to lead to consid]able /rife )9 ! city2 ev5 betwe5 memb]s ( ! same family4 ,& ?is1 ?\gh by no means common 9 all sieges1 0 abundantly fulfill$ 9 ! case ( ,j]usalem4 #ee4 ,& !y 7 to grudge _! ne>e/ relatives a morsel ( food2 :i* aga9 exactly agrees ) ,josephus1 :o says t p>5ts w\ld fight ) _! own *ildr5 = pieces ( food4 #ef4 ,& all ?is 0 to be ! fate1 n only ( ! poor2 b1 :at is v rem>kable1 & p]haps unique 9 ! _w's hi/ory1 ( ! weal?y also4 ,x 0 ev5 to include "o in/ance at lea/ 7p]haps sev]al7 ( a lady ( high position4 ,%e is describ$ z n sett+ h] foot ^u ! gr\nd2 :i* means t %e 0 accu/om$ to be c>ri$ ab\t 9 a *air1 or ride on an ass2 & 0 !re=e ri* en\gh to buy any?+ t c\ld be b\ght4 #eg4 ,& %e 0 to eat h] own *ildr5 secretly4 ,"h 0 ! climax ( _! suff]+s4 ,yet ?is v detail1 s unlikely to h occurr$1 & s unlikely to h be5 discov]$ if x did occur 7z x 0 to be done secretly71 is fully confirm$ by ,josephus4 ,= he m5tions "o in/ance t actually 0 discov]$1 9 :i* a lady em95t = h] family & weal? 7,m>y1 ! daught] ( ,eleaz>7 _h secretly eat5 half h] own *ild4#acg ,footnote #acg3 ,w>s1 vi4 #c4 #eh4 ,& ^! mis]ies 7 to come ^u ! ,jews = _! disob$i5ce ( ,god's laws2 & aga9 ,josephus says t _! wick$ness at ?is "t 0 s great t if ! ,romans _h n de/roy$ _! city1 he ?9ks x w\ld h be5 swall[$ up by ! e>?4#ach ,footnote3 #ach3 ,w>s1 v4 #ac4 #ei4 ,moreov]1 ! plagues ( !mselves1 & ( _! se$1 7 to be wond]ful1 ev5 great plagues1 & ( long cont9uance4 ,& no "o :o has read ! acc\nt ( ! siege1 & ! subsequ5t treatm5t ( ! ,jews1 w ?9k ! description at all exagg]at$4 #fj4 ,& ! p are specially ?reat5$ ) ! diseases ( ,egypt1 :i* ?\ wa/ afraid (1 & ?is1 z said 9 ,*apt] ,,ix41 implies t ! passage 0 writt5 soon aft] ! p left ,egypt1 & !re=e c5turies be=e any siege or disp]sion4 #fa4 ,& x 0 to end1 z x actually did end1 9 ! de/ruction ( ! nation1 until ?\ be de/roy$4 #fb4 ,:ile ! ,jews t surviv$ 7 to be left comp>atively few 9 numb]2 :i* 0 c]ta9ly ! case1 ev5 all[+ t ! /atem5t ( ,josephus t #fjj1jjj p]i%$ 9 ! siege may be an exagg]ation4 #fc4 ,& ^! 7 to be =cibly expell$ f ! l& ( ,canaan1 :i* !y 7 j ab\t to conqu]4 ,& !y actually 7 s expell$ by ! ,romans1 p>tly aft] ?is w>1 & /ill m s aft] _! rebellion 9 ,a4,d4 #acd1 :5 = _m c5turies sc>cely any ,jews 7 all[$ to live 9 _! own c\ntry1 an ev5t probably unique 9 hi/ory4 #fd4 ,b in/ead ( be+ tak5 away to a s+le nation1 z at ! ,babylonian captivity1 !y 7 n[ to be scatt]$ ov] ! :ole _w1 among all peoples1 f "o end ( ! e>?1 ev5 unto ! o!r end ( ! e>?4 ,& h[ m>vell\sly ?is has be5 fulfill$ is obvi\s to ev]yone4 ,no m5tion is made ( a k+ "h1 z 9 v]4 #cf2 s :ile t suits ! ,babylonian captivity1 ?is suits ! lat] disp]sion1 ?\gh 9 ea* case !re is a ref]5ce to _! s]v+ o!r gods1 = :i* x mu/ be admitt$ !re is v little evid5ce4 #fe4 ,!n we h ! fur!r suff]+s t ! ,jews 7 to und]go 9 _! disp]sion4 ,among ^! nations !y 7 to f9d no ease1 nor re/ = ! sole ( _! foot1 b 7 to h a trembl+ he>t1 & fail+ ( eyes1 & p9+ ( s\l4 ,& "h1 aga91 ! ev5t is z /range z ! prophecy4 ,n[h]e else %all we f9d a p>allel to x4 ,= c5turies ! ,jews 7 n only p]secut$1 b 7 (t5 expell$ f "o c\ntry to ano!r1 s t !y f\nd no re/ any:]e1 b 7 driv5 f city to city1 & f k+dom to k+dom4 #ff4 ,& _! life 0 to hang 9 d\bt night & day2 #fg4 ,& !y 7 to be 9 a cont9ual /ate ( fe> & al>m2 all ( :i* 0 completely fulfill$4 #fh4 ,la/ly1 we read1 t "s ( ! ,jews1 in/ead ( be+ disp]s$1 7 to be br\ght to ,egypt aga9 ) %ips1 & to be 9 bondage !re4 ,& ?is also came true1 aft] ! siege1 :5 _m ( ! ,jews 7 sold = slaves1 & s5t to ! m9es 9 ,egypt1 probably 9 slave %ips4 ,ev]yone mu/ admit t ! agreem5t all ?r\gh is v rem>kable2 9 fact1 ! prophecies ab\t ! disp]sion ( ! ,jews--& we h only exam9$ a s+le in/ance 9 detail--are ev5 m /rik+ ?an ^? ab\t ! desolation ( ,assyria & ,babylonia1 or ! degradation ( ,egypt4 ,& to fully realise _! importance1 let u suppose t anyone n[ 7 to =etell ! future ( ?ree great nations1 say+ t "o 0 to be utt]ly de/roy$1 & ! l& desolat$2 ano!r to s9k to be a base k+dom2 & ! ?ird to be conqu]$ & its inhabitants =cibly expell$1 & scatt]$ ov] ! :ole _w4 ,:at *ance w\ld !re be ( any "o ( ! prophecies 7leave alone all ?ree7 com+ true1 & rema9+ true = two ?\s& ye>s8 ,yet ?is w\ld be b a simil> case4 ,:at conclusion1 !n1 mu/ be drawn f all ^! prophecies1 s cle> 9 _! g5]al mean+1 s di/9ctive 9 _! "*1 s m9ute 9 _m ( _! details1 s unlikely at ! "t !y 7 writt51 & yet "o & all s exactly fulfill$8 ,!re appe> to be only ?ree alt]natives4 ,ei!r !y mu/ h be5 r&om guesses1 :i* c]ta9ly seems incr$ible4 ,or else !y mu/ h be5 due to deep =esight on ! "p ( ! writ]s1 :i* seems equally s2 = ! writ]s _h _h no exp]i5ce ( ! p]man5t desolation ( great empires l ,assyria & ,babylonia1 :ile z to ! fate ( ,egypt & ! ,jews !mselves1 hi/ory af=d$ no p>allel4 ,or else1 la/ly1 ! writ]s mu/ h _h reveal$ to !m :at ! future ( ^! nations w\ld be2 9 :i* case1 & 9 :i* case alone1 all is pla94 7,b47 ,,special ,,prophecies4 ,we pass on n[ to ! ,special ,prophecies4 ,^! are f\nd all ?r\gh ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ! foll[+ be+ eight ( ! mo/ important4 ,! fact t ,david's ?rone %\ld always be held by 8 desc5dants1 i4e41 till ! captivity1 ab\t #dej ye>s2#aci & its fulfilm5t is specially rem>kable :5 contra/$ ) ! rival k+dom ( ,sam>ia1 :]e ! dyna/y *ang$ eight or n9e times 9 #bej ye>s4 ,footnote #aci3 #b ,sam4 #g4 #ab-af2 #a ,k+s #i4 #d1 #e4 ,! division ( ! k+dom into t5 & two tribes1 evid5tly ann\nc$ at ! "t1 s9ce ,j]oboam _h to g away 9 consequ5ce1 & app>5tly ! reason :y ! rebels 7 n attack$4#adj ,footnote #adj3 #a ,k+s #aa4 #ca1 #dj2 #ab4 #bd4 ,! de/ruction1 rebuild+1 & f9al de/ruction ( ! ,temple2 ! fir/ ( ^! prophecies be+ made s publicly t x caus$ q a commotion1 & ne>ly co/ ! prophet 8 life4#ada ,footnote #ada3 ,j]4 #bf4 #h-af2 ,isa4 #dd4 #bh2 ,dan4 #i4 #bf4 ,! de/ruction ( ! alt> at ,be!l1 :i* 0 set up z a rival to t at ,j]usalem2 publicly ann\nc$ "s c5turies be=e1 includ+ ! "n ( ! de/roy]4#adb ,footnote #adb3 #a ,k+s #ac4 #b2 #b ,k+s #bc4 #ae1 #af4 ,! de/ruction ( ,israel by ! ,assyrians4#adc ,footnote #adc3 #a ,k+s #ad4 #ae2 ,isa4 #h4 #d4 ,! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem by ! ,babylonians4#add ,footnote #add3 #b ,k+s #bj4 #ag4 ,! captivity ( ! ,jews1 includ+ its duration ( sev5ty ye>s1 _! mo/ unlikely re/oration1 & ! "n ( ! re/or]4#ade ,footnote #ade3 ,j]4 #bi4 #aj2 ,isa4 #dd4 #bh4 ,! w>s betwe5 ,syria & ,egypt4#adf ,footnote #adf3 ,dan4 #aa4 ,we w exam9e a s+le in/ance 9 detail1 & select t ref]r+ to ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem by ! ,babylonians1 z ?is is connect$ ) "o ( ! miracles m5tion$ 9 ! la/ *apt]1 ! %ad[ on ! dial4 ,n[1 x w be rememb]$ t1 on "o occasion1 ! ,jewi% ,k+ ,hezekiah 0 s]i\sly ill1 & on be+ told ( 8 unexpect$ recov]y1 he naturally ask$ = a sign4 ,& !n 9 accordance ) 8 dem& ! %ad[ on 8 dial w5t back t5 /eps4#adg ,footnote #adg3 #b ,k+s #bj4 #h-aa 7m>g91 ,r4,v472 ,isa4 #ch4 #h4 ,?is dial 0 evid5tly a flight ( /eps1 ) "s object on ! top1 p]haps an obelisk1 :i* ?rew a %ad[ on a gradually increas+ numb] ( ^! z ! sun set4 ,& a sudd5 vibration ( ! gr\nd1 due p]haps to an e>?quake1 & caus+ ! obelisk to slope to "o side1 w\ld q acc\nt = ! %ad[ go+ backw>d1 & leav+ "s ( ! /eps :i* x _h cov]$4 ,& ! n>rative c]ta9ly implies t ! effect 0 sudd51 & app>5tly limit$ to ?is "o dial4 ,x seems1 h[ev]1 to h attract$ consid]able att5tion2 s9ce mess5g]s came f ,babylon to enquire ab\t x1 & to congratulate ! ,k+ on 8 recov]y4#adh ,& if ! slop+ obelisk1 & p]haps brok5 /eps1 7 /ill visible1 ?is w\ld be mu* m natural ?an if !re 0 no?+ left = !m to see4 ,?\gh 9 any case1 z !y call$ x ! wond] t 0 done 9 ! l&1 x evid5tly 0 n notic$ else:]e1 & mu/ h be5 due to "s local cause4 ,& we may ask1 h[ c\ld any writ] h ass]t$ all ?is1 ev5 a c5tury aft]w>ds1 if no su* sign _h occurr$8 ,footnote #adh3 #b ,*ron4 #cb4 #bd1 #ca4 ,we are !n told t ,hezekiah %[$ ^! mess5g]s all 8 treasures1 :i* leads up to ! prophecy t ! treasures %\ld be c>ri$ away & ,j]usalem de/roy$ by ^! v ,babylonians4 ,?is is introduc$ 9 ! mo/ natural way possible1 z a rebuke to ! k+ = 8 pr\d display2 & x is difficult to consid] x a lat] ins]tion4 ,yet ! ev5t c\ld n h be5 humanly =ese54 ,= ,babylon 0 !n b a comp>atively small & fri5dly nation1 %ortly to be absorb$ into ,assyria 79 ,b4,c4 #fhi71 & only :5 x rega9$ its indep5d5ce ne>ly a c5tury lat] did x become /rong en\gh to cause any fe> to ! ,jews4 ,we ne$ n discuss ! o!r prophecies at l5g?1 s9ce t !y all ref] to ! ev5ts 9 "q is g5]ally admitt$4 ,inde$1 9 "s cases1 ow+ to ! m5tion ( names & details1 x c sc>cely be d5i$4 ,!re=e ^? :o disbelieve 9 prophecy h no alt]native b to say t !y 7 all writt5 aft] ! ev5t4 ,at ?is lapse ( "t x is difficult to prove or disprove su* a /atem5t4 ,b x mu/ be rememb]$ t to say t any app>5t prophecies 7 writt5 aft] ! ev5t is n m]ely to de/roy _! sup]human "*1 & br+ !m d[n to ! level ( ord9>y writ+s1 b f> bel[ x4 ,= ord9>y writ+s d n conta9 wilful falsehoods1 yet e pret5d$ prophecy writt5 aft] ! ev5t _c possibly be reg>d$ 9 any o!r light4 ,! *oice !n lies betwe5 real prophecies & wilful =g]ies4 ,!re is no o!r alt]native4 ,& be>+ ?is 9 m9d1 we mu/ ask1 is x likely t m5 ( su* high moral "* z ! ,jewi% prophets w\ld h be5 guilty ( su* gross impo/ure8 ,is x likely t1 if guilty ( x1 !y w\ld h be5 able to pass x (f successfully on ! :ole nation8 ,& is x likely t !y w\ld h _h any suffici5t motive to induce !m to make ! attempt8 ,moreov]1 _m ( ^! prophecies are /at$ to h be5 made 9 public1 & to h be5 talk$ ab\t1 & well kn[n long be=e _! fulfilm5t4 ,& x is h>d to see h[ ?is c\ld h be5 ass]t$ unless x 0 ! case1 or h[ x c\ld h be5 ! case unless !y 7 sup]human4 ,x %\ld also be notic$ t 9 ,deut]onomy ! occurr5ce ( "s def9ite & specifi$ ev5t is giv5 z ! te/ ( a prophet1 & "o ( ! lat] prophets 7,isaiah7 appeals to ?is v te/4 ,= he *all5ges ! false prophets to =etell future ev5ts1 & repeat$ly decl>es t ?is 0 ! m>k ( a true prophet4#adi ,& x is inconceivable t m5 %\ld ?us c\rt defeat by !mselves propos+ a te/ :i* w\ld h %[n t !y 7 no?+ m ?an impo/ors4 ,yet ?is w\ld h be5 ! case if all _! s-call$ prophecies _h be5 writt5 aft] ! ev5ts4 ,footnote #adi3 ,deut4 #ah4 #bb2 ,isa4 #da4 #bb2 #dd4 #h2 #dh4 #c-e2 see also ,deut4 #ac4 #a-c4 7,c47 ,,conclusion4 ,9 conclud+ ?is *apt]1 we mu/ notice ! cumulative nature ( ! evid5ce4 ,! prophecies we h ref]r$ to1 l ! miracles 9 ! la/ *apt]1 are b specim5s1 a few out ( _m :i* might be giv54 ,?is is v important1 & its be>+ on our pres5t argum5t is naturally tw(old4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x does n increase1 & 9 "s respects r decreases1 ! difficulty ( believ+ !m to be true1 = ?irty miracles or prophecies1 provid$ !y occur on suitable occasions1 are sc>cely m difficult to believe ?an ?ree4 ,& ! numb] record$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t %[s t1 in/ead ( be+ m]e isolat$ m>vels1 !y =m a complete s]ies4 ,_! object 0 to in/ruct ! ,jews1 & ?r\gh !m ! re/ ( ! _w1 9 ! great tru?s ( ,natural ,religion1 su* z ! exi/5ce ( ,"o ,supreme ,god1 ,:o 0 %[n to be ,all-,p[]ful by ! miracles1 ,all-,wise by ! prophecies1 & ,all-,good by ,8 rew>d+ & puni%+ m5 & nations alike = _! de$s4 ,& :5 we ?us reg>d !m z confirm+ a ,revelation1 :i* 0 = ! b5efit ( ! :ole human race1 !y lose a good deal ( _! improbability4 ,inde$ _m :o n[ believe ,natural ,religion alone1 & reject all revelation1 w\ld probably nev] h believ$ ev5 ?is1 b = ! ,bible4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! numb] & v>iety ( ^! alleg$ ev5ts greatly increases ! difficulty ( any o!r explanation2 = ?irty miracles or prophecies are f> m difficult to disbelieve ?an ?ree4 ,a successful fraud might take place once1 b n (t54 ,an imitation miracle might be practis$ once1 b n (t54 ,spuri\s prophecies might be mi/ak5 = g5u9e once1 b n (t54 ,yet1 if none ( ^! ev5ts are true1 su* frauds & su* deceptions mu/ h be5 practis$1 & practis$ successfully1 ov] & ov] aga94 ,9 fact1 ! ,old ,te/am5t mu/ be a collection ( ! mo/ di%one/ books ev] writt51 = x is full ( miracles & prophecies f beg9n+ to end2 & x is h>d to exagg]ate ! imm5se moral difficulty :i* ?is involves4 ,_m ( ! ,jewi% prophets1 z be=e said1 tea* ! highe/ moral virtues2 & ! ,jewi% religion1 especially 9 its lat] days1 is admitt$ly ( high moral "*4 ,x seems1 !n1 to be almo/ incr$ible t its sacr$ writ+s %\ld be m]ely a collection ( spuri\s prophecies utt]$ aft] ! ev5t1 & false miracles :i* nev] occurr$4 ,we !re=e decide 9 ?is *apt] t ! hi/ory ( ! ,jewi% religion 0 confirm$ by prophecies4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,t ,,! ,,jewi% ,,religion ,,is ,,probably ,,true4 ,only two subjects rema9 to be discuss$4 7,a47 ,,! ,,exi/5ce ,,( ,,angels4 ,no difficulty "h1 nor z to _! influ5ce4 7,b47 ,,! ,,"* ,,( ,,god4 ,! ,jewi% idea ( ,god (t5 ?\ght to be defective4 7#a47 ,its p>tiality2 b any revelation mu/ be m or less p>tial4 7#b47 ,its human elem5t2 we mu/1 h[ev]1 use analogies ( "s k9d :5 speak+ ( ,god1 & human analogies are ! lea/ inappropriate4 7#c47 ,its moral defects2 s9ce ,god is %[n z approv+ ( wick$ m51 ord]+ wick$ de$s1 & sanction+ wick$ cu/oms2 b ^! difficulties are n s great z !y seem4 7#d47 ,its g5]al excell5ce4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,jews firmly believ$ 9 ,mono!ism1 & _h ! highe/ m5tal & moral conception ( ,god2 s t _! ,god 0 ! true ,god1 ! ,god ( ,natural ,religion4 7,c47 ,,conclusion4 ,f\r fur!r argum5ts2 ! ,jewi% ,religion is probably true4 ,we h be5 consid]+ 9 ! previ\s *apt]s sev]al /rong argum5ts 9 fav\r ( ! ,jewi% ,religion2 & be=e conclud+ we mu/ ( c\rse notice any adv]se argum5ts :i* we h n already dealt )4 ,! only two ( any importance ref] to ! ,exi/5ce ( ,angels1 & ! ,"* ascrib$ to ,god2 s we w consid] ^! fir/1 & !n conclude ) "s g5]al rem>ks4 7,a47 ,,! ,,exi/5ce ,,( ,,angels4 ,n[ ! ,old ,te/am5t always takes = grant$ ! exi/5ce & influ5ce ( angels1 yet at ! pres5t day ?is is (t5 ?\ght to be a difficulty4 ,b z to ! m]e exi/5ce ( angels1 !re is no difficulty :atev]4 ,= ! :ole analogy ( nature w\ld tea* u t s9ce !re are num]\s be+s 9 ! scale ( life bel[ man1 s !re w\ld be "s be+s above man--t is to say1 betwe5 him & ! ,supreme ,be+4 ,& ?is is r5d]$ /ill m probable :5 we reflect on ! small int]vals !re are 9 ! desc5d+ scale1 & ! imm5se int]val !re w\ld be 9 ! asc5d+ scale if man 7 ! next highe/ be+ 9 ! univ]se to ,god4 ,& t ^! high] be+s %\ld be entirely spiritual1 i4e41 )\t mat]ial bodies1 & !re=e beyond sci5tific discov]y1 is n improbable4 ,inde$1 consid]+ t man's sup]iority to l[] be+s lies 9 ?is v fact ( 8 hav+ a p>tly spiritual nature1 ! idea t high] be+s may be entirely spiritual is ev5 probable4 ,& ?\gh x is difficult = u to imag9e h[ angels c see1 or he> )\t a mat]ial body1 x is really no m difficult ?an imag9+ h[ we c d x ) a body4 ,take = in/ance ! case ( see+4 ,nei!r ! eye nor ! bra9 sees1 !y are m]e collections ( molecules ( matt]1 & h[ c a molecule see any?+8 ,x is ! man himself1 ! p]sonal be+1 :o 9 "s my/]i\s way sees by means ( bo? eyes & bra92 & = all we "k he might see j z well )\t !m4 ,& ! same applies 9 o!r cases4 ,!n t angels %\ld h z great1 if n great]1 intellectual & moral faculties ?an man seems c]ta92 o!rwise !y w\ld n be high] be+s at all4 ,& ?is necessitates _! hav+ free w1 ) ! option ( *oos+ good or evil4 ,& t1 l m51 "s %\ld *oose "o1 & "s ! o!r1 seems equally probable4 ,h5ce ! exi/5ce ( bo? good & evil angels pres5ts no difficulty4 ,& t ! good angels %\ld h a lead]1 or capta9 7call$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ,mi*ael71 & t ! evil angels %\ld h "o too 7call$ ,satan7 is only :at we %\ld expect4 ,next1 z to _! influ5ce4 ,n[ t good angels %\ld wi% to influ5ce m5 = good1 & might occasionally be employ$ by ,god = t purpose1 sc>cely seems improbable4 ,:ile1 on ! o!r h&1 t evil angels %\ld wi% to act1 z evil m5 act1 9 tempt+ o!rs to d wrong1 is aga9 only :at we %\ld expect4 ,& t ,god %\ld all[ !m to d s is no h>d] to believe ?an t ,he %\ld all[ evil m5 to d ! same4 ,x may /ill be object$ h[ev] t we h no actual evid5ce z to ! influ5ce ( angels at ! pres5t day4 ,b ?is is at lea/ d\btful4 ,= :at evid5ce c\ld we expect to h8 ,we c\ld n expect to h any physical s5sation1 or any?+ capable ( sci5tific inve/igation1 = angels1 if !y exi/ at all1 are spiritual be+s4 ,if1 !n1 !y 7 to influ5ce man1 say1 by tempt+ him to d evil1 all we c\ld "k w\ld be ! sudd5 pres5ce ( "s evil ?\ght 9 our m9ds1 )\t1 z f> z we c\ld judge1 any previ\s cause = x4 ,& :o w ass]t t ?is is an unkn[n exp]i5ce8 ,yet if x is kn[n1 does x n con/itute all ! pro( we c\ld expect ( ! action ( an evil _s8 ,& ( c\rse ! same applies to good spirits4 ,!re is ?us no difficulty z to ! exi/5ce1 & influ5ce ( angels4 7,b47 ,,! ,,"* ,,( ,,god4 ,we pass on n[ to ! ,"* ascrib$ to ,god 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 fir/ consid]+ its difficulties1 "u ! ?ree heads ( its p>tiality1 its human elem5t1 & its moral defects2 & !n :at c be said on ! o!r side z to its g5]al excell5ce4 7#a47 ,its p>tiality4 ,! objection "h is t ,god is ! j ,god ( all mank9d1 & x is !re=e incr$ible t ,he %\ld h select$ a s+le nation l ! ,jews to be ,8 special fav\rites1 m p>ticul>ly z ,8 alleg$ attempt to make !m a holy p prov$ su* a hopeless failure4 ,:ile x is fur!r urg$ t ! v fact ( ! ,jews believ+ ,jehovah to be _! special ,god %[s t !y reg>d$ ,him z a m]e national ,god1 be>+ ! same relation to !mselves z ! gods ( o!r nations did to !m4 ,b1 z said 9 ,*apt] ,,vi41 any revelation implies a c]ta9 p>tiality to ! m5 or nation to :om x is giv52 ?\gh x is n on t acc\nt incr$ible4 ,& !re is c]ta9ly no reason :y ! ,jews %\ld n h be5 ! nation *os51 & "s slight reason :y !y %\ld2 = _! ance/or ,abraham 0 n select$ )\t a cause4 ,he did1 p>tly at lea/1 des]ve x1 s9ce1 judg+ by ! only acc\nts we h1 he %[$ ! mo/ p]fect ob$i5ce to ,god 9 8 will+ness to sacrifice ,isaac4 ,x mu/ also be rememb]$ t ,god's s-call$ p>tiality to ! ,jews did n imply any indulg5ce to !m 9 ! s5se ( ov]look+ _! faults4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,he is repres5t$ all along z blam+ & puni%+ !m1 j z mu* z o!r nations1 = _! s9s4 ,next1 z to ,god's purpose 9 reg>d to ! ,jews hav+ be5 a failure4 ,?is is only p>tly true4 ,no d\bt !y 71 on ! :ole1 a s9ful nation2 b !y 7 n worse ?an1 or ev5 s bad z1 ! nations ar\nd !m2 x 0 only ! fact ( _! be+ ! *os5 race t made _! s9s s s]i\s4 ,!y _h free w1 j z m5 h n[2 & if !y *ose to misuse _! fre$om & act wrong1 t 0 n ,god's fault4 ,moreov]1 ! ,jewi% nation 0 n select$ m]ely = its own sake1 b = ! sake ( all mank9d2 z is expressly /at$ at ! v comm5cem5t1 ',9 !e %all all ! families ( ! e>? be bless$4'#aej ,?us ,god did n select ! ,jews1 & reject o!r nations2 b ,he select$ ! ,jews 9 ord] t ?r\gh !m ,he might bless o!r nations4 ,! religi\s welf>e ( ! :ole _w 0 ,god's purpose f ! beg9n+2 & ! ,jews 7 m]ely ! means *os5 = br++ x ab\t4 ,& to a great ext5t ! purpose has be5 fulfill$2 = h[ev] s9ful ! nation may h be51 !y pres]v$ & h&$ on ,god's revelation1 & ! ,old ,te/am5t rema9s1 & w always rema91 z a p]man5t & priceless treasure ( religion4 ,footnote #aej3 ,g54 #ab4 #c4 ,! la/ "p ( ! objection may be dismiss$ at once4 ,= if ! ,jews reg>d$ ,jehovah z _! special ,god1 x 0 m]ely because ,he _h specially select$ !m to be ,8 p4 ,he mu/ !re=e h _h a p[] ( *oice1 & might1 if ,he pleas$1 h select$ "s o!r nation1 s ,he c\ld n h be5 a m]e national ,god1 b ! ,god ( all nations ) p[] to select among !m4 ,& ?is is di/9ctly ass]t$ by _m ( ! writ]s4#aea ,footnote #aea3 ,e4g41 ,exod4 #ai4 #e2 ,deut4 #cb4 #h2 #b ,*ron4 #bj4 #f2 ,isa4 #cg4 #af4 ,we conclude1 !n1 t ,god's s-call$ p>tiality to ! ,jews does n1 :5 c>efully consid]$1 =m a great difficulty4 ,to put x %ortly1 if a revelation is giv5 at all1 "s individuals mu/ be select$ to receive x2 if x is giv5 gradually 7& ,god's me?ods 9 nature are always ^? ( gradual developm5t7 ^! m5 w\ld probably belong to a s+le nation2 & if "o nation _h to be select$1 !re is no reason :y ! ,jews %\ld n h be5 ! "o *os54 ,:ile1 if !y 7 select$ = ! purpose ( h&+ on ,god's revelation to ! _w at l>ge1 ! purpose has be5 completely successful4 7#b47 ,its human elem5t4 ,! next difficulty1 is t ! ,jewi% idea ( ,god 0 ?or\ghly human1 ! ,deity be+ repres5t$ z a great ,man1 ) human =m1 feel+s1 attributes1 & imp]fections4 ,?us ,he has h&s & arms1 eyes & e>s2 ,he is at times glad or sorry1 angry or jeal\s2 ,he moves ab\t f place to place2 & sometimes rep5ts ( :at ,he has done1 ?us %[+1 x is urg$1 a want ( =esight1 on ,8 "p4 ,& all ?is is pla9ly inconsi/5t ) ! "* ( ! immat]ial1 omnipres5t1 omnisci5t ,god ( ,nature4 ,! answ] to ?is objection is tw(old4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 we mu/ ( necessity use analogies ( "s k9d :5 speak+ ( ,god1 & human analogies are n only ! easie/ to und]/&1 b are also ! lea/ inappropriate1 s9ce1 z we h %[n1 man resembles ,god 9 t he is a p]sonal & moral be+4 ,!re=e lik5+ ,god to man is n s degrad+ z lik5+ ,him to m]e natural =ces4 ,su* expressions1 !n1 mu/ always be consid]$ z descriptions drawn f human analogies1 :i* mu/ n be press$ lit]ally4 ,:ile1 secondly1 x is pla9 t ! ,jewi% writ]s !mselves s und]/ood !m1 = !y else:]e describe ! ,deity 9 ! mo/ exalt$ language1 z w be %[n lat] on4 ,& ?is is /rongly confirm$ by ! rem>kable fact t ! ,jews1 unlike o!r anci5t nations1 _h no mat]ial idol or repres5tation ( _! ,god4 ,inside bo? ! tab]nacle & ! temple !re 0 ! holy ( holies ) ! m]cy seat1 b no "o sat on x4 ,an empty ?rone 0 all t ! %r9e conta9$4 ,_! ,jehovah 0 ess5tially an invisible ,god1 :o c\ld n be repres5t$ by any human or o!r =m2 & ?is alone seems a suffici5t answ] to ! pres5t objection4 7#c47 ,its moral defects4 ,la/ly z to ! suppos$ moral defects 9 ,god's ,"*4 ,! ?ree mo/ important are t ,god is frequ5tly repres5t$ z approv+ ( wick$ m51 z ord]+ wick$ de$s1 & ev5 9 ,8 own laws z sanction+ wick$ cu/oms4 ,we w consid] ^! po9ts 9 turn4 ,& fir/ z to ,god's approv+ ( wick$ m52 t is1 ( m5 :o committ$ ! greate/ crimes1 su* z ,jacob & ,david4 ,?is is easily answ]$1 s9ce approv+ ( a man does n mean approv+ ( ev]y?+ he does4 ,! case ( ,david af=ds a conv9c+ example ( ?is2 = ?\gh he is repres5t$ z a man aft] ,god's own he>t1 yet we are told t ,god 0 s extremely displeas$ ) "o ( 8 acts t ,he puni%$ him = x sev]ely1 9 caus+ 8 *ild to die4 ,9 ! same way no "o supposes t ,god approv$ ( ,jacob because ( 8 trea*]y1 b 9 spite ( x2 & ev5 9 8 trea*]y1 he 0 only c>ry+ out 7& ) app>5t reluctance7 ! ord]s ( 8 "m4#aeb ,moreov]1 9 e/imat+ a man's "*1 8 education & surr\nd+s h always to be tak5 into acc\nt4 ,& if ! conduct ( "o man liv+ 9 an immoral age is f> bett] ?an t ( 8 contempor>ies1 he may be wor?y ( praise1 ?\gh simil> conduct at ! pres5t day might n des]ve x4 ,footnote #aeb3 ,g54 #bg4 #h-ac4 ,& if x be ask$ :at !re 0 9 ! "* ( ^! m51 & _m o!rs1 to c\nt]balance _! obvi\s crimes1 ! answ] is pla92 x 0 _! int5se belief 9 ! spiritual _w4 ,! exi/5ce ( ,"o ,supreme ,god1 & _! p]sonal responsibility to ,him1 7 realities to !m all ?r\gh life2 s1 9 spite ( _m faults1 !y /ill des]v$ to be prais$4 ,next z to ,god's ord]+ wick$ de$s4 ,9 all cases ( ?is k9d x is important to di/+ui% betwe5 a man's p]sonal acts1 & 8 (ficial ones4 ,at ! pres5t day ! judge :o condemns a crim9al1 & ! execution] :o hangs him are n look$ ^u z murd]]s4 ,& ! same pr9ciple applies univ]sally4 ,n[ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t ! ,jews are repres5t$ z liv+ "u ! imm$iate rule ( ,god4 ,!re=e :5 a man1 or body ( m51 _h to be puni%$ = _! crimes1 ,he comm&$ "s prophet or k+1 or p]haps ! :ole p1 to c>ry out ! s5t5ce4 ,& ( c\rse1 if !y fail$ to d s !y 7 blam$1 j z we %\ld blame a hangman at ! pres5t day :o fail$ to d 8 duty4 ,?us1 9 ! case ( de/roy+ ! ,canaanites1 :i* is ! in/ance mo/ (t5 object$ to1 ! p 7 told1 9 ! pla9e/ t]ms1 t !y 7 only act+ z ,god's m9i/]s1 & t if !y became z bad z ! ,canaanites1 :o 7 a horribly pollut$ race1 ,god w\ld h !m de/roy$ z well4#aec ,footnote #aec3 ,e4g41 ,lev4 #ah4 #ba-bh2 ,deut4 #i4 #e4 ,a m s]i\s objection is t ,god is occasionally repres5t$ z if ,he ,himself caus$ m5 to d wrong1 su* z ,8 h>d5+ ,ph>aoh's he>t4#aed ,b1 z we %all see lat] on1 ! ,bible (t5 speaks ( ev]y?+ t occurs1 :e!r good or evil1 z be+1 9 a c]ta9 s5se1 ,god's do+4 ,& s9ce ! writ] ass]ts m ?an once t ,ph>aoh h>d5$ 8 own he>t1 !re c be little d\bt t he int5d$ ! two expressions to mean ! same4 ,inde$ ! :ole n>rative repres5ts ,ph>aoh z extremely ob/9ate 9 ! matt]1 refus+ to li/5 ev5 to 8 own p4#aee ,footnote #aed3 ,e4g41 ,exod4 #ad4 #d4 ,footnote #aee3 ,exod4 #h4 #ae1 #cb2 #i4 #cd2 #aj4 #c1 #g4 ,?irdly1 z to ,god's sanction+ wick$ cu/oms4 ,! mo/ important is t ( human sacrifice2 b x is v d\btful :e!r ! passages reli$ on d sanction ?is cu/om2#aef s9ce x is cle>ly laid d[n else:]e t ! fir/born ( m5 are nev] to be sacrific$1 b are always to be r$eem$4#aeg ,moreov] human sacrifices among o!r nations are /rongly condemn$1 9 "o passage ,jehovah expressly say+ t !y 7 n to be (f]$ to ,him4#aeh ,x is1 h[ev]1 fur!r urg$ t we h two actual in/ances ( su* sacrifices 9 reg>d to ,isaac & ,jeph?ah4#aei ,b ,jeph?ah _h evid5tly no idea :5 he made 8 v[ t x w\ld involve ! sacrifice ( 8 daught]2 & !re is no?+ to %[ t x 0 9 any way acceptable to ,god4 ,footnote #aef3 ,exod4 #bb4 #bi1 #cj2 ,lev4 #bg4 #bh1 #bi4 ,footnote #aeg3 ,exod4 #ac4 #ac2 #cd4 #bj2 ,num4 #ah4 #ae4 ,footnote #aeh3 ,deut4 #ab4 #ca4 ,footnote #aei3 ,g54 #bb2 ,judg4 #aa4 #ci4 ,9 ! case ( ,isaac we h ! "o in/ance 9 :i* ,god did ord] a human sacrifice2 b !n ,he specially int]v5$ to prev5t ! ord] f be+ c>ri$ out4 ,& ! :ole affair1 ! comm& & ! c\nt]-comm&1 mu/ ( c\rse be tak5 toge!r4 ,x 0 requir$ to te/ ,abraham's fai? to ! utmo/1 !re=e z he mo/ valu$ 8 son1 he 0 told to (f] him4 ,& s9ce *ildr5 7 !n univ]sally reg>d$ z prop]ty1 & at ! absolute disposal ( _! p>5ts1 human sacrifices be+ by no means uncommon1 ! comm&1 h[ev] di/ress+ to 8 he>t1 w\ld h =m$ no difficulty to 8 consci5ce4 ,b :5 8 fai? 0 f\nd equal to ! trial1 ,god int]v5$1 z ,he _h ( c\rse int5d$ do+ all along1 to prev5t ,isaac f be+ actually sla94 ,) reg>d to ! o!r practices1 su* z slav]y1 & polygamy1 x is undisput$ t !y 7 recognis$ by ! ,jewi% laws2 b none ( !m 7 in/itut$ by ^! laws4 ,! ,p5tateu* nei!r comm&s !m1 nor comm5ds !m2 x m]ely m5tions !m1 &1 z a rule1 to gu>d aga9/ _! abuse4 ,take1 = in/ance1 ! case ( slav]y4 ,! cu/om 01 & _h be5 = ages1 univ]sal4 ,all t ! laws did 0 to recognise its exi/5ce & to provide c]ta9 safegu>ds2 mak+ kidnapp+1 = in/ance1 a capital (f5ce1 & 9 "s cases ord]+ ! release ( slaves e sev5? ye>4#afj ,footnote #afj3 ,exod4 #ba4 #b1 #af2 ,lev4 #be4 #da4 ,on ! o!r h&1 _m worse cu/oms exi/$ at ! "t :i* ! ,jewi% laws did absolutely =bid2#afa & !y also introduc$ a code ( morals1 summ$ up 9 ! ,decalogue1 ( su* p]man5t value t x has be5 practically accept$ by ! civilis$ _w4 ,:ile ! highe/ ( all virtues1 t ( do+ good to "o's enemies1 :i* 0 sc>cely kn[n among o!r nations1 is positively enjo9$ 9 ! ,p5tateu*4#afb ,footnote #afa3 ,e4g41 ,lev4 #ah-bj4 ,footnote #afb3 ,exod4 #bc4 #d-e4 7#d47 ,its g5]al excell5ce4 ,hav+ n[ discuss$ at "s l5g? ! alleg$ difficulties 9 ,god's "*1 x is only fair to see :at c be said on ! o!r side4 ,& mu* inde$ may be said2 = ! ,jewi% conception ( ! ,deity1 :5 consid]$ z a :ole1 & ap>t f ^! special difficulties1 0 "o ( ! noble/ ev] =m$ by man4 ,to beg9 )1 ! ,jews firmly believ$ 9 ,mono!ism1 or ! exi/5ce ( ,"o ,supreme ,god4 ,?is 0 ! ess5ce ( _! religion4 ,x is /amp$ on ! fir/ page ( ,g5esis2 x is impli$ 9 ! ,decalogue2 x occurs all ?r\gh ! hi/orical books2 & x is emphasis$ 9 ! ,psalms & ,prophets2 9 fact !y 7 nev] )\t x4 ,& 9 ?is respect ! ,jews /ood alone among ! surr\nd+ nations4 ,"s o!rs1 x is true1 believ$ 9 a god :o 0 m or less ,supreme2 b !y always associat$ ) him a numb] ( less] deities :i* really turn$ _! religion into ,poly!ism4 ,) ! ,jews x 0 n s4 ,_! ,jehovah _h nei!r rivals nor assi/ants4 ,!re 7 no inf]ior gods1 /ill less goddesses4 ,he 0 ! "o & only ,god2 & z = ! s-call$ gods ( o!r nations1 !y ei!r did n believe 9 _! exi/5ce1 or ?\ght !m utt]ly contemptible1 & ev5 ridicul$ ! idea ( _! hav+ ! slighte/ p[]4#afc ,& x may be add$1 ?is is a subject on :i* ! ,jews h become ! tea*]s ( ! _w1 = bo? ! great mono!i/ic ,religions ( ! pres5t day1 ,*ri/ianity & ,mohamm$anism1 h be5 d]iv$ f !m4 ,footnote #afc3 ,deut4 #d4 #ci2 #a ,k+s #ah4 #bg2 #b ,k+s #ai4 #ae-ah2 ,ps4 #aae4 #d-h4 ,moreov]1 ! great problem ( ! ,exi/5ce ( ,evil nev] l$ ! ,jews1 z x did "s o!r nations1 into ,dualism1 or ! belief 9 an indep5d5t ,evil ,p[]4 ,difficult z ! problem 01 ! ,jews nev] hesitat$ 9 _! belief t !re 0 b ,"o ,supreme ,god1 & t ev]y?+ t exi/$1 :e!r good or evil1 exi/$ by ,8 p]mission1 & 0 9 a c]ta9 s5se ,8 do+4#afd ,& !y gave to ,him ! v highe/ attributes4 ,footnote #afd3 ,isa4 #de4 #g2 ,prov4 #af4 #d2 ,amos #c4 #f4 ,!y describ$ ,him z ,omnipot5t2 ! ,creator1 ,pres]v]1 & ,possessor ( all ?+s1 ! ,cause ( all nature1 ! ,su/a9] ( all life1 ,almighty 9 p[]1 & = ,:om no?+ is too h>d4#afe ,footnote #afe3 ,g54 #a4 #a2 ,neh4 #i4 #f2 ,g54 #ad4 #bb2 ,amos #e4 #h2 ,job #ab4 #aj2 #a ,*ron4 #bi4 #aa2 ,j]4 #cb4 #ag4 ,!y describ$ ,him z ,omnisci5t2 inf9ite 9 und]/&+1 wond]ful 9 c\nsel1 p]fect 9 k1 decl>+ ! end f ! beg9n+1 kn[+ & =ekn[+ ev5 ! ?\ghts ( m54#aff ,footnote #aff3 ,ps4 #adg4 #e2 ,isa4 #bh4 #bi2 ,job #cg4 #af2 ,isa4 #df4 #aj2 ,ezek4 #aa4 #e4 ,ps4 #aci4 #b4 ,!y describ$ ,him z ,omnipres5t2 fill+ ,heav5 & e>?1 ?\gh conta9$ by nei!r1 exi/+ ev]y:]e1 & f ,:om escape is impossible4#afg ,footnote #afg3 ,j]4 #bc4 #bd2 #a ,k+s #h4 #bg2 ,prov4 #ae4 #c2 ,ps4 #aci4 #g4 ,!y describ$ ,him z ,et]nal2 ! ,et]nal ,god1 ! ,ev]la/+ ,god1 ,god f ev]la/+ to ev]la/+1 ,^: ye>s are unse>*able1 ! ,fir/ & ! ,la/4#afh ,footnote #afh3 ,deut4 #cc4 #bg2 ,g54 #ba4 #cc2 ,ps4 #ij4 #b2 ,job #cf4 #bf2 ,isa4 #dh4 #ab4 ,!y describ$ ,him z ,un*angeable2 ! same at all times1 rul+ nature by fix$ laws1 & ) ,:om a *ange ( purpose is impossible4#afi ,footnote #afi3 ,mal4 #c4 #f2 ,ps4 #adh4 #f2 ,num4 #bc4 #ai4 ,& la/ly1 !y describ$ ,him z 9 ,8 true nature ,unkn[able2 a hidd5 ,god1 f> above human und]/&+4#agj ,?is w be en\gh to %[ ! l(ty m5tal conception :i* ! ,jews =m$ ( ! ,deity4 ,footnote #agj3 ,isa4 #de4 #ae2 ,job #aa4 #g4 ,n[ = _! moral conception4 ,!y believ$ _! ,god to be n only inf9ite 9 p[] & wisdom1 b1 :at is m rem>kable1 !y ascrib$ to ,him ! highe/ moral "*4 ,he 0 n only a b5efic5t ,god1 ,^: bless+s 7 unnumb]$1 b ,he 0 also a righte\s ,god4 ,8 v ,"n 0 ,holy1 & ,8 hatr$ ( evil is emphasis$ all ?r\gh to su* an ext5t t at times x =ms a difficulty1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,canaanites4 ,?us ! goodness !y ascrib$ to ,god 0 a comb9ation ( b5efic5ce & righte\sness v simil> to :at we discuss$ 9 ,*apt] ,v4 ,moreov]1 9 ?is respect ! ,god ( ! ,jews 0 a /rik+ contra/ to ! gods ( o!r nations4 ,we h only to comp>e ,jehovah ) ,molo* & ,baal1 or ) ! ,egyptian gods1 ,ptah & ,ra1 or ) ! classical gods1 ,jupit] & ,saturn1 & ! sup]iority ( ! ,jewi% conception ( ! ,deity is beyond dispute4 ,9 p>ticul> x may be m5tion$ t among o!r nations1 ev5 ! god !y wor%ipp$ z ,supreme always _h a female companion4 ,?us we h ,baal & ,a/>o?1 ,osiris & ,isis1 ,jupit] & ,juno1 & _m o!rs4 ,x is ne$less to po9t out h[ easily su* an idea l$ to immorality be+ mix$ up ) religion1 a vice f :i* ! ,jews 7 absolutely free4 ,inde$1 few ?+s are m rem>kable1 ev5 ) ?is rem>kable p1 ?an t 9 ! inn]mo/ %r9e ( _! temple1 9 ! ark j bel[ ! m]cy-seat1 !re 0 a code ( moral laws1 ! ,t5 ,comm&m5ts4 ,?is 0 ! v c5tre ( _! religion1 !irgreate/ treasure2 & !y believ$ !m to h be5 writt5 by ,god ,himself4 ,nor c x be said t ?is high conception ( ! ,deity 0 conf9$ to ! lat] p]iod ( ,jewi% hi/ory4 ,= ! above texts h be5 purposely select$ f all ?r\gh ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & ev5 ,abraham1 ! remote ance/or ( ! ,jews1 seems to h look$ ^u x z self-evid5t t ,jehovah1 ! ,judge ( all ! e>?1 %\ld d "r4#aga ,no wond]1 !n1 believ+ 9 su* a p]fect ,be+ z ?is1 ! ,jews1 9 contra/ ) mo/ o!r nations1 ?\ght t _! fir/ & great comm&m5t 0 to love ,god r ?an to fe> ,him1 t !y 7 ea* individually responsible to ,him = _! conduct1 & t e s9 0 a s9 aga9/ ,god1 ,:o 0 a ,se>*] ( he>ts1 & ! imp>tial ,judge ( all m54#agb ,s mu*1 !n1 = ! ,jewi% conception ( ! ,deity :5 consid]$ z a :ole & ap>t f special difficulties4 ,footnote #aga3 ,g54 #ah4 #be4 ,footnote #agb3 ,deut4 #f4 #e2 ,eccles4 #ab4 #ad2 ,g54 #ci4 #i2 #a ,*ron4 #bh4 #i2 ,job #cd4 #ai4 ,& f ?is x foll[s t ! ,jewi% ,god1 ,jehovah1 0 ! true ,god1 ! ,god ( ,natural ,religion1 ! ,be+ ,:o is ,all-,p[]ful1 ,all-,wise1 & ,all-,good4 ,yet /range to say ! ,jews 7 n a m advanc$ nation ?an ^? ar\nd !m4 ,on ! contr>y1 9 ! arts bo? ( peace & w> !y 7 va/ly inf]ior to ! great nations ( antiquity1 b 9 _! conception ( ! ,deity !y 7 va/ly sup]ior2 or1 z x has be5 o!rwise express$1 !y 7 m5 9 religion1 ?\gh *ildr5 9 ev]y?+ else4 ,& ?is appe>s to _m to be a /rong argum5t 9 fav\r ( _! religion4 ,= unless x _h be5 reveal$ to !m1 x is n likely t ! ,jews alone among anci5t nations w\ld h _h su* a true conception ( ! ,deity4 ,& unless !y 7 9 "s special s5se ,god's p1 x is n likely t !y alone w\ld h wor%ipp$ ,him4 7,c47 ,,conclusion4 ,be=e conclud+ ?is *apt]1 we mu/ notice f\r argum5ts ( a m g5]al "*2 all ( :i* are undisput$1 & all ( :i* are di/9ctly 9 fav\r ( ! ,jewi% ,religion4 ,! fir/ is t ! ,jews are all desc5d$ f "o man1 ,abraham4 ,!y h always ma9ta9$ ?is !mselves1 & !re seems no reason to d\bt x4 ,yet x is v rem>kable4 ,!re are n[ ab\t sixte5 hundr$ million p]sons 9 ! _w1 & if !re 7 at ! "t ( ,abraham 7say7 "o million m5 7i4e41 males71 ea* ( ^! w\ld1 on an av]age1 h #a1fjj desc5dants n[4#agc ,b ! ,jews n[ numb]1 n #a1fjj1 b ov] #ab1jjj1jjj4 ,?is extraord9>y po/]ity w\ld be /range 9 any case1 b is d\bly s1 consid]+ t x 0 =etold4 ,x 0 "p ( ! great promise made to ,abraham1 = 8 great fai?1 t 8 se$ %\ld be z ! />s ( heav51 & z ! s& :i* is ^u ! sea-%ore = multitude4#agd ,footnote #agc3 ,i4e41 desc5dants 9 ! male l9e2 desc5dants ?r\gh daught]s are ( c\rse n c\nt$4 ,footnote #agd3 ,g54 #bb4 #ag4 ,! second is t ! ,jews are anyh[ a unique nation4 ,= c5turies1 ?\gh scatt]$ ?r\gh\t ! _w1 !y h be5 held toge!r by _! religion4 ,& accord+ to ! ,bible1 _! religion 0 giv5 !m = ?is v purpose1 x 0 to make !m a peculi> p1 unlike ev]yone else4#age ,if !n x 01 z f> z x w5t1 ! true religion1 reveal$ by ,god1 ! fact is explicable2 b if x 0 no?+ bett] ?an o!r anci5t & false religions1 x is hopelessly inexplicable4 ,footnote #age3 ,deut4 #ad4 #b2 #bf4 #ah4 ,! ?ird is t ! e>ly hi/ory ( ! ,jews1 ei!r real or suppos$1 has ex]t$ a great] & m b5eficial influ5ce on ! _w = ! la/ ?\s& ye>s1 ?an t ( all ! great nations ( antiquity put toge!r4 ,millions ( m5 h be5 help$ to resi/ s9 by ! ,psalms ( ,david1 & ! /ories ( ,elijah1 ,daniel1 etc41 ov] :om ! hi/ories ( ,egypt & ,assyria1 ,greece1 & ,rome1 h _h no influ5ce :atev]4 ,& ! effect ( ! ,religion be+ ?us unique1 makes x probable t its cause 0 unique also2 9 o!r words1 t x 0 ,div9ely reveal$4 ,! f\r? is t ! ,jews !mselves always prophesi$ t _! ,god1 ,jehovah1 w\ld "o day be univ]sally ackn[l$g$4#agf ,& 7h[ev] /range we may ?9k x7 ?is has actually be5 ! case2 & ! ,god ( ?is small & insignificant tribe--! ,god ( ,israel--is n[ wor%ipp$ by millions & millions ( m5 7,*ri/ians7 ( e race1 language1 & c\ntry1 ?r\gh\t ! civilis$ _w4 ,^! are facts t ne$ explanation1 & ! ,tru? ( ! ,jewi% ,religion seems alone able to expla9 !m4 ,footnote #agf3 ,e4g41 ,ps4 #bb4 #bg2 #hf4 #i2 ,isa4 #aa4 #i2 ,zeph4 #b4 #aa4 ,9 conclusion1 we w j sum up ! argum5ts 9 ^! *apt]s4 ,we h %[n t !re are /rong reasons = ?9k+ t ! acc\nt ( ! ,creation 0 ,div9ely reveal$2 t ! orig9 ( ! ,jewi% religion 0 confirm$ by miracles2 & t its hi/ory 0 confirm$ bo? by miracles & prophecies4 ,& x %\ld be notic$1 ea* ( ^! argum5ts is indep5d5t ( ! o!rs4 ,s ! evid5ce is all cumulative & f> m ?an suffici5t to outweigh ! improbability ( ! religion1 due to its app>5t p>tiality1 :i* is ! mo/ important argum5t on ! opposite side4 ,moreov]1 we "k s little z to :y man 0 creat$1 or :at future1 ,god int5d$ = him1 t x is n easy to say :e!r ! religion is really s improbable aft] all4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! evid5ce 9 its fav\r is pla91 direct1 & unmi/akable4 ,& we !re=e decide t ! ,jewi% ,religion is probably true4 ,,"p ,,iii4 ,,! ,,*ri/ian ,,religion4 ,,*ap4 ,,xiii4 ,,t ,,! ,,*ri/ian ,,religion ,,is ,,cr$ible4 ,,xiv4 ,,t ,,! ,,f\r ,,gospels ,,are ,,g5u9e ,,f ,,ext]nal ,,te/imony4 ,,xv4 ,,t ,,! ,,gospels ,,are ,,g5u9e ,,f ,,int]nal ,,evid5ce4 ,,xvi4 ,,t ,,! ,,gospels ,,are ,,g5u9e ,,f ,,! ,,evid5ce ,,( ,,! ,,acts4 ,,xvii4 ,,t ,,! ,,resurrection ,,( ,,*ri/ ,,is ,,probably ,,true4 ,,xviii4 ,,t ,,! ,,failure ,,( ,,o!r ,,explanations ,,increases ,,?is ,,probability4 ,,xix4 ,,t ,,! ,,o!r ,,new ,,te/am5t ,,miracles ,,are ,,probably ,,true4 ,,xx4 ,,t ,,! ,,jewi% ,,prophecies ,,confirm ,,! ,,tru? ,,( ,,*ri/ianity4 ,,xxi4 ,,t ,,! ,,"* ,,( ,,*ri/ ,,confirms ,,! ,,tru? ,,( ,,*ri/ianity4 ,,xxii4 ,,t ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,*ri/ianity ,,confirms ,,its ,,tru?4 ,,xxiii4 ,,t ,,on ,,! ,,:ole ,,! ,,o!r ,,evid5ce ,,supports ,,?is ,,conclusion4 ,,xxiv4 ,,t ,,! ,,?ree ,,cre$s ,,are ,,d$ucible ,,f ,,! ,,new ,,te/am5t4 ,,xxv4 ,,t ,,! ,,tru? ,,( ,,! ,,*ri/ian ,,religion ,,is ,,extremely ,,probable4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,t ,,! ,,*ri/ian ,,religion ,,is ,,cr$ible4 ,by ! ,*ri/ian ,religion is meant ! ,?ree ,cre$s1 its f\r great doctr9es4 7,a47 ,,! ,,tr9ity4 7#a47 ,its mean+2 ,?ree ,p]sons 9 ,"o ,nature4 7#b47 ,its cr$ibility2 ?is mu/ be admitt$4 7#c47 ,its probability m likely ?an simple ,!ism4 7,b47 ,,! ,,inc>nation4 7#a47 ,its difficulties2 n insup]able4 7#b47 ,its motive2 ,god1 x is said1 loves man1 & wi%es man to love ,him1 n improbable = sev]al reasons4 7#c47 ,its hi/orical position4 7,c47 ,,! ,,atonem5t4 ,! common objections d n apply because ( ! will+ness ( ! ,victim4 7#a47 ,z to ! ,victim2 x does away ) ! inju/ice4 7#b47 ,z to ! ,judge2 x appeals to ,8 m]cy n ju/ice4 7#c47 ,z to ! s9n]2 x has no bad influ5ce4 7,d47 ,,! ,,resurrection4 7#a47 ,*ri/'s ,resurrection2 n incr$ible1 = we h no exp]i5ce to judge by4 7#b47 ,man's resurrection2 n incr$ible1 = ! same body ne$ n involve ! same molecules4 7,e47 ,,conclusion4 ,?ree consid]ations :i* %[ t ! ,*ri/ian ,religion1 ?\gh improbable1 is c]ta9ly n incr$ible4 ,we pass on n[ to ! ,*ri/ian ,religion1 by :i* we mean ! facts & doctr9es conta9$ 9 ! ,?ree ,cre$s1 commonly1 ?\gh p]haps incorrectly1 call$ ! ,apo/les'1 ! ,nic5e1 & ! ,a?anasian4 ,&1 z ^! doctr9es are ( su* va/ importance1 & ( s wond]ful a "*1 we mu/ fir/ consid] :e!r !y are cr$ible4 ,is x conceivable t su* doctr9es %\ld be true1 no matt] :at evid5ce !y may h 9 _! fav\r8 ,9 ?is *apt]1 !re=e1 we %all deal *iefly ) ! difficulties ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,n[ its f\r great & *>act]i/ic doctr9es are ^? ( ! ,tr9ity1 ! ,inc>nation1 ! ,atonem5t1 & ! ,resurrection4 ,we w exam9e ea* 9 turn1 & !n conclude ) a few g5]al rem>ks4 7,a47 ,,! ,,tr9ity4 ,to beg9 )1 ! ,*ri/ian religion diff]s f all o!rs 9 its idea ( ! nature ( ,god4 ,accord+ to ,*ri/ianity1 ! ,deity exi/s 9 "s my/]i\s mann] z a ,tr9ity ( ,p]sons 9 a ,unity ( ,nature2 s we w fir/ consid] ! mean+ ( ?is doctr9e1 !n its cr$ibility1 & la/ly its probability4 ,x is n1 z "s p suppose1 a k9d ( intellectual puzzle1 b a /atem5t :i*1 :e!r true or false1 is fairly intelligible1 provid$1 ( c\rse1 due att5tion is giv5 to ! mean+ ( ! words employ$4 7#a47 ,its mean+4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 we mu/ c>efully di/+ui% betwe5 ,p]son & ,sub/ance2 ?is is ! key to ! :ole "q4 ,! =m] has be5 already consid]$ 9 ,*apt]s ,,iii4 & ,,iv41 ?\gh x mu/ be rememb]$ t ?is t]m1 l all o!rs1 :5 appli$ to ,god1 _c mean exactly ! same z x does :5 appli$ to man4 ,all we c say is t1 on ! :ole1 x seems ! lea/ inappropriate ^w4 ,! latt] is a little mislead+1 s9ce x is n ! mod]n ,engli% ^w sub/ance1 b a ,lat9 translation ( a ,greek ^w1 :i* w\ld be bett] r5d]$ by nature or ess5ce4 ,b ?\gh difficult to expla91 its mean+ is tol]ably cle>4 ,take1 = in/ance1 ?\gh ! analogy mu/ n be press$ too f>1 ! case ( ?ree m52 ea* is a di/9ct human p]son1 b !y all h a common human nature4 ,?is human nature1 :i* may also be call$ human sub/ance 79 its old s5se71 humanity1 or manhood1 has ( c\rse no exi/5ce ap>t f ! m5 ^: nature x is2 x is m]ely t :i* !y ea* possess 9 common1 & ! possession ( :i* makes ea* ( !m a man4 ,& h5ce1 any attribute belong+ to human nature w\ld belong to ea* ( ! ?ree m51 s t ea* w\ld be mortal1 ea* subject to gr[?1 etc4 ,ea* w\ld 9 fact possess ! complete human nature1 yet toge!r !re w\ld n be ?ree human natures1 b only "o4 ,be>+ ?is 9 m9d1 let u n[ turn to ! doctr9e ( ! ,tr9ity4 ,?is is express$ 9 vv4 #c-f ( ! ,a?anasian ,cre$ z foll[s3-- #c4 ',! ,ca?olic ,fai? is ?is1 t we wor%ip "o ,god 9 ,tr9ity1 & ,tr9ity 9 ,unity4 #d4 ',nei!r conf\nd+ ! ,p]sons1 nor divid+ ! ,sub/ance4 #e4 ',= !re is "o ,p]son ( ! ,fa!r1 ano!r ( ! ,son1 & ano!r ( ! ,holy ,gho/4 #f4 ',b ! ,godhead ( ! ,fa!r1 ( ! ,son1 & ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 is all "o1 ! ,glory equal1 ! ,maje/y co-et]nal4' ,"h1 x w be notic$1 vv4 #e & #f give ! reasons = v4 #d1 s t ! ,godhead 9 v4 #f is1 z we %\ld h expect$1 ! same z ! ,div9e ,sub/ance or ,nature 9 v4 #d4 ,?us ! mean+ is z foll[s3-- ,we mu/ wor%ip "o ,god 7z to ,nature7 9 ,tr9ity 7( ,p]sons7 & ,tr9ity 7( ,p]sons7 9 ,unity 7( ,nature72 nei!r confus+ ! ,p]sons1 = ea* is di/9ct2 nor divid+ ! ,nature1 = x is all "o4 ,?us f> !re is no intellectual difficulty 9 ! /atem5ts ( ! ,cre$4 ,we d n mean t !re is no difficulty 9 believ+ !m to be true1 or 9 accurately def9+ ! t]ms us$2 b t1 z /atem5ts1 _! mean+ is q intelligible4 ,we n[ pass on to ! foll[+ v]ses :i* are d$uctions f ?is1 & %[ t z ea* ( ! ?ree ,p]sons possesses ! ,div9e ,nature1 all attributes ( ! ,godhead 7i4e41 ( ?is "o ,div9e ,nature7 are possess$ by ea* ( ! ?ree4 ,ea* is !re=e et]nal1 & yet !re is only "o et]nal ,nature4 ,b ?is is express$ 9 a peculi>ly %ort & abrupt mann]4 ,no "o1 ( c\rse1 supposes t ,god is ,?ree 9 ! same s5se 9 :i* ,he is ,"o1 b ! ,cre$ does n suffici5tly gu>d aga9/ ?is1 p]haps because x nev] occurr$ to its au?or t anyone w\ld ?9k x meant su* an obvi\s absurdity4 ,moreov]1 ev5 grammatically ! v]ses are n v cle>4 ,= ! v>i\s t]ms uncreate1 incompreh5sible 7i4e41 b\ndless1 or omnipres5t71 et]nal1 almighty1 ,god1 & ,"l are us$ z if !y 7 adjectives 9 ! fir/ "p ( ea* s5t5ce1 & n\ns 9 ! latt] "p4 ,b we mu/ rememb] ^! v]ses d n /& alone4 ,if !y did1 !y might p]haps be ?\ght un9telligible4 ,b !y d n4 ,z j said1 !y are d$uctions f ! previ\s /atem5t ( ! doctr9e ( ! ,tr9ity2 &1 !re=e1 !y mu/ 9 all fairness be int]pret$ s z to agree ) t doctr9e1 n to contradict x4 ,& ! previ\s v]ses 7#c-f7 %[ cle>ly t :]e ?ree are spok5 (1 x ref]s to ,p]sons2 & :]e "o is spok5 (1 x ref]s to ,sub/ance or ,nature4 ,x mu/ h[ev] be admitt$ t ! names ( ^! ,div9e ,p]sons imply "s clos] union betwe5 !m ?an t ( m]ely possess+ 9 common "o ,div9e ,nature4 ,= !y are n indep5d5t names l ^? ( diff]5t m5 or ( hea!n gods1 ea* ( :om might exi/ sep>ately2 b !y are all relative names1 ea* imply+ ! o!rs4 ,?us ! ,fa!r implies ! ,son1 = h[ c !re be a ,fa!r1 unless !re is a ,son 7or at lea/ a *ild78 ,& ( c\rse an ,et]nal ,fa!r implies an ,et]nal ,son1 s any idea t ! ,fa!r mu/ h liv$ fir/1 z 9 ! case ( a human fa!r & son1 is out ( ! "q4 ,simil>ly ! ,son implies ! ,fa!r1 & ! ,_s implies ,him ^: ,_s ,he is4 ,& ?\gh ^! names are no d\bt v inadequate2 !y yet %[ t ! ?ree ,p]sons are ( ! same ,nature1 :i* is ! important po9t4 ,we conclude !n t ! ,doctr9e ( ! ,tr9ity means ! exi/5ce ( ?ree ,div9e ,p]sons1 ea* possess+ 9 its complet5ess ! "o ,div9e ,nature2 & closely unit$ toge!r2 ?\gh 9 a mann]1 :i* is to u unkn[n4 7#b47 ,its cr$ibility4 ,hav+ n[ discuss$ ! mean+ ( ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e1 we h next to consid] :e!r x is cr$ible4 ,x mu/ ( c\rse be admitt$ t ! doctr9e is v my/]i\s1 & ?\gh fairly intelligible z a doctr9e1 is extremely h>d to realise 7inde$ "s might say inconceivable7 :5 we try to picture to ourselves :at ! doctr9e actually means4 ,b we mu/ rememb] t ! nature ( ,god is anyh[ almo/ inconceivable1 ev5 z simple ,!ism4 ,we _c picture to ourselves a ,be+ ,:o is omnipres5t1--9 ?is room1 = in/ance1 z well z on di/ant />s4 ,nor c we imag9e a ,be+ ,:o is griev$ e "t we commit s91 = if s1 consid]+ ! numb] ( p 9 ! _w1 ,he mu/ be griev$ _m ?\s&s ( times e second2 z well z be+ glad :5ev] anyone resi/s s91 also1 let u hope1 sev]al ?\s& times a second4 ,all ?is may be true1 j z ! m>vels ( sci5ce--! e!r1 = in/ance1 :i* is also omnipres5t1 & has millions ( vibrations e second--may be true1 b our m9ds are q unable to realise any ( !m4 ,?us1 z said 9 ,*apt] ,,iii41 ?\gh we h ample means ( kn[+ :at ,god is 9 ,8 relation to u z our ,creator & ,judge1 yet z to ,8 real nature we "k next to no?+4 ,nor is ?is surpris+ :5 we rememb] t ! only be+ :o 9 any way resembles ,god is man2 & man's nature1 not)/&+ all our opportunities ( /udy+ x1 /ill rema9s a my/]y4 ,n[ ,*ri/ianity does attempt 79 its doctr9e ( ! ,tr9ity7 to /ate :at ,god is 9 ,himself1 & )\t any ref]5ce to ourselves1 or to nature2 & t ?is %\ld be to a great ext5t inconceivable to our m9ds seems inevitable4 ,= ! nature ( ,god mu/ be beyond human und]/&+1 j z ! nature ( a man is beyond ! und]/&+ ( animals2 ?\gh !y may realise :at he is to !m1 9 8 p[] or 8 k9dness4 ,& = all we "k1 ,tr9ity 9 ,unity1 l omnipres5ce1 may be "o ( ! unique attributes ( ,god1 :i* _c be und]/ood 7because x _c be %>$7 by anyone else4 ,!re=e ! my/]i\sness ( ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e is no reason = ?9k+ x incr$ible4 ,nor is x inconsi/5t ) ,natural ,religion1 = ?\gh ?is %[s ! ,unity ( ,god1 x is only a unity ( outw>d action4 ,x does n1 & _c tell u :at ?is "o ,god is 9 ,himself1 :e!r1 = in/ance1 ,he exi/s z "o or m ,p]sons4 ,9 ! same way 7if we may )\t irrev]5ce take a homely illu/ration7 a numb] ( lett]s might be s extremely alike z to %[ t !y 7 all writt5 by "o man4 ,b ?is w\ld n tell u :at ! man 0 9 himself1 :e!r1 = in/ance1 he _h a free w1 z well z a body & m9d2 or h[ ^! 7 relat$ to "o ano!r4 ,h5ce ,natural ,religion c 9 no way conflict ) ,*ri/ianity4 7#c47 ,its probability4 ,b we may g fur!r ?an ?is1 & say t ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e ( ,?ree ,div9e ,p]sons is 7:5 c>efully consid]$7 less difficult to believe ?an ! ,unit>ian doctr9e ( only ,"o4 ,= ?is latt] leads to ! conclusion1 ei!r t ,god mu/ h be5 a solit>y ,god dwell+ alone f all et]nity1 be=e ! creation ( ! _w2 or else t ! _w itself 7or "s "p ( x7 mu/ h be5 et]nal1 & h =m$ a k9d ( companion4 ,& ea* ( ^! !ories has great difficulties4 ,take = in/ance ! attributes ( ,p[] & ,wisdom1 bo? ( :i*1 z we h se51 mu/ ( necessity belong to ,god4 ,h[ c\ld a solit>y ,god dwell+ alone be=e ! ,creation ( ! _w h be5 able to ex]cise ei!r ,8 ,p[] or ,8 ,wisdom8 ,z f> z we c judge1 ,8 ,p[] c\ld h produc$ no?+1 ,8 ,wisdom c\ld h ?\ght ( no?+4 ,he w\ld h be5 a pot5tial ,god only1 ) all ,8 capacities unrealis$4 ,& su* a view seems q incr$ible4 ,yet ! only alt]native--t ! _w itself is et]nal--?\gh x gets ov] ?is difficulty1 is /ill inadequate4 ,= z we h se5 ,god possesses moral attributes z well1 su* z ,goodness4 ,& all moral attributes--ev]y?+ connect$ ) "r & wrong--c only be ?\ght ( z exi/+ betwe5 two p]sons4 ,we _c be good to an atom ( hydrog51 or unju/ to a molecule ( wat]4 ,we c x is true be k9d to animals1 b ?is is simply because !y resemble p]sonal be+s 9 hav+ a capacity = pleasure & pa94 ,b moral attributes 9 _! highe/ p]fection c only exi/ betwe5 two p]sons4 ,!re=e z ! et]nal ,god possesses1 & mu/ always h possess$1 su* attributes1 x seems to require "s o!r et]nal ,p]son4 ,! argum5t is p]haps a difficult "o to foll[1 b a s+le example w make x pla94 ,take ! attribute ( love4 ,?is requires at lea/ two p]sons--"o to love1 ! o!r to be lov$4 ,!re=e if love has always be5 "o ( ,god's attributes1 !re mu/ always h be5 "s o!r p]son to be lov$4 ,& ! idea t ,god might h be5 et]nally creat+ p]sons1 l m5 or angels1 z objects ( ,8 love1 ?\gh p]haps attractive1 is /ill inadequate4 ,= love 9 its p]fection c only exi/ betwe5 two be+s ( ! same nature4 ,a man _c love 8 dog1 9 ! same way t he c love 8 son4 ,9 %ort1 p]sonality1 involv+ z x does moral attributes l love1 implies fell[%ip1 or ! exi/5ce ( o!r & simil> p]sons4 ,yet1 :5 we ?9k ( ! mean+ ( ! t]m ,god1 ,8 omnipres5ce & omnipot5ce1 x seems impossible t !re c be m ?an "o4 ,we mu/ !n believe 9 at lea/ two ,et]nal & ,div9e ,p]sons1 yet 9 b "o ,god2 & ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e ( ! ,tr9ity 9 ,unity1 ) all its difficulties1 /ill seems ! lea/ difficult explanation4 ,b ?is is n all1 = ,natural ,religion itself leads u to look ^u ,god 9 ?ree di/9ct ways1 :i* correspond to ! ?ree *ief argum5ts = ,8 exi/5ce4 7,*aps4 ,i41 ,,ii41 & ,v47 ,?us we may ?9k ( ,him z ! ,et]nal1 ,self-,exi/5t ,"o1 altoge!r indep5d5t ( ! _w--! ,all-,p[]ful ,fir/ ,cause requir$ to acc\nt = x4 ,or we may ?9k ( ,him 9 ,8 relation to ! _w1 z its ,mak] & ,evolv]1 work+ ev]y:]e1 9 ev]y?+ & ?r\gh ev]y?+1--! ,all-,wise ,design] requir$ by nature4 ,or we may ?9k ( ,him 9 ,8 relation to ourselves z a ,_s hold+ int]c\rse ) our spirits1 & tell+ u :at is "r--! ,all-,good ,moral ,god requir$ by consci5ce4 ,& h[ well ?is agrees ) ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e sc>cely ne$s po9t+ out2 ! ,fa!r ! ,s\rce ( all1 ! ,son by ,:om all ?+s 7 made1 & ! ,_s be>+ witness ) our spirits2 & yet n ?ree ,gods1 b "o ,god4 ,on ! :ole1 !n1 we decide t ! ,doctr9e ( ! ,tr9ity is c]ta9ly cr$ible & p]haps ev5 probable4 ,= to put x %ortly1 ,nature =ces u to believe 9 a p]sonal ,god2 yet1 :5 we reflect on ! subject1 ! idea ( a p]sonal ,god1 ,:o is only "o ,p]son1 seems sc>cely t5able2 s9ce 7z said above7 p]sonality implies fell[%ip4 7,b47 ,,! ,,inc>nation4 ,we next come to ! doctr9e ( ! ,inc>nation2 :i* h[ev] is s cle>ly /at$ 9 ! ,a?anasian ,cre$1 t its mean+ is q pla94 ,god ! ,son1 we are told1 ! second ,p]son ( ! ,tr9ity1 0 pleas$ to become ,man & to be born ( ! ,virg9 ,m>y1 s t ,he is n[ bo? ,god & ,man4 ,he is ,god 7f all et]nity7 ( ! ,sub/ance or ,nature ( ,8 ,div9e ,fa!r1 & ,man 7s9ce ! ,inc>nation7 ( ! ,sub/ance or ,nature ( ,8 human ,"m4 ,he is ?us complete ,god & complete ,man2 equal to ! ,fa!r 9 reg>d to ,8 ,godhead1 = ,he is ( ! same ,nature2 & inf]ior to ! ,fa!r1 9 reg>d to ,8 ,manhood1 = human nature mu/ be inf]ior to ! ,div9e4 ,moreov]1 ?\gh ,he possesses ^! two ,natures1 !y are n *ang$ "o into ! o!r1 or confus$ toge!r2 b ea* rema9s di/9ct1 ?\gh bo? are unit$ 9 ,8 ,"o ,p]son4 ,?is is 9 brief ! doctr9e ( ! ,inc>nation2 & we w fir/ consid] its difficulties1 !n its motive1 & la/ly its hi/orical position4 7#a47 ,its difficulties4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is t ! ,inc>nation w\ld be a *ange 9 ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 ,:o is ! *angeless ,"o4 ,he1 x is urg$1 is always ! same1 :ile an ,inc>nation w\ld imply t at "s p>ticul> "t & place a mom5t\s *ange occurr$1 & = ev] aft]w>ds ,god became diff]5t f :at ,he _h be5 = ev] be=e4 ,?is is no d\bt a s]i\s difficulty1 b x mu/ n be exagg]at$4 ,= an ,inc>nation w\ld n1 /rictly speak+1 involve any *ange 9 ! ,div9e ,nature itself4 ,god ! ,son rema9$ completely & entirely ,god all ! "t1 ,he 0 n 7z j said7 9 any way *ang$ into a man1 only ,he unit$ to ,himself a human nature z well4 ,& p]haps if we knew m ab\t ! nature ( ,god1 & also ab\t t ( man 7:o we mu/ rememb] 0 made to "s ext5t 9 ,god's image1 & ?is p]haps ) a view to ! ,inc>nation71 we %\ld see t x 0 j z natural = ,god to become ,man1 z x 0 = ,god to create man4 ,we h really no?+ to argue f4 ,an ,inc>nation seems improbable1 & t is all we c say4 ,b if x took place at all1 !re is no?+ surpris+ 9 ?is planet be+ ! "o *os5 = x4 ,inde$1 z f> z we "k1 x is ! only "o t c\ld be *os51 s9ce x is ! only "o :i* conta9s p]sonal be+s 9 :om ,god c\ld become inc>nate4 ,( c\rse o!r planets may conta9 su* be+s2 b z said be=e 7,*apt] ,v47 ?is is only a conjecture1 & 9 ! light ( rec5t inve/igations n a v probable "o4 ,:ile if !y d conta9 su* be+s1 ^! may n h s9n$1 9 :i* case our little _w1 ) its err+ inhabitants1 w\ld be l ! lo/ %eep 9 ! p>able1 ! only "o :i* ! ,rul] ( ! ,univ]se _h come to save4 ,! second difficulty is1 t ! ,inc>nation w\ld lead to a comp\nd ,be+1 :o is bo? ,div9e & human at ! same "t1 & ?is is (t5 ?\ght to be incr$ible4 ,b "h ! answ] is obvi\s1 & is sugge/$ by ! ,cre$ itself4 ,man himself is a comp\nd be+2 he is ! union ( a mat]ial body & an immat]ial _s1 9 a s+le p]son4 ,8 _s is 9 fact inc>nate 9 8 body4 ,we _c expla9 x1 b s x is4 ,& ! ,inc>nation 9 :i* ,*ri/ians believe is ! union ( ! ,div9e ,nature & ! human nature 9 a s+le ,p]son4 ,bo? appe> equally improbable1 & equally inconceivable to our m9ds1 if we try & ?9k out all t !y involve2 b z ! "o is actually true1 ! o!r is c]ta9ly n incr$ible4 ,! ?ird & la/ ( ^! difficulties ref]s to ! miracul\s ,virg9-bir?4 ,b if we admit ! possibility ( an ,inc>nation1 no me?od ( br++ x ab\t c be pron\nc$ incr$ible4 ,! ev5t1 if true1 is necess>ily unique1 & _c be suppos$ to come "u ! ord9>y laws ( nature4 ,= x 0 n ! bir? ( a new be+ 7z 9 ! case ( ord9>y m571 b an already exi/+ ,be+ ent]+ into new conditions4 ,& we h no exp]i5ce ( ?is :atev]4 ,inde$1 t a *ild born 9 ! usual way %\ld be ! ,et]nal ,god1 is j z miracul\s1 & j z f> remov$ f our exp]i5ce1 z if ,he 7 born 9 any o!r way4 ,:ile consid]+ t "o object ( ! ,inc>nation 0 to promote moral virtues 9 man1 su* z purity1 ! virg9-bir? 0 mo/ suitable1 & =m$ an appropriate beg9n+ = a s9less life4 7#b47 ,its motive4 ,b we n[ come to a m important po9t1 = ! ,inc>nation1 if true1 mu/ h be5 ! mo/ mom5t\s ev5t 9 ! _w's hi/ory2 & c we ev5 imag9e a suffici5t reason = x8 ,god we may be sure does n act )\t motives1 & :at adequate motive c be sugge/$ = ! ,inc>nation8 ,n[ ! alleg$ motive1 inde$ ! v f\ndation ( ,*ri/ianity1 is t ,god loves man2 & z a natural consequ5ce wi%es man to love ,him4 ,is ?is !n incr$ible1 or ev5 improbable8 ,c]ta9ly n1 = sev]al reasons4 ,to beg9 )1 z we h already %[n1 ,god is a ,p]sonal & ,moral ,be+1 ,:o c>es = ! welf>e ( ,8 creatures1 m especially = man4 ,& ?is1 all[+ = ! imp]fection ( human language1 may be describ$ z ,god's lov+ man1 s9ce dis9t]e/$ love = ano!r _c be ?\ght an unwor?y attribute to ascribe to ,god4 ,on ! o!r h&1 man is also a p]sonal & moral be+1 able to "s ext5t to love ,god 9 return4 ,& to ?is mu/ be add$ ! fact t man1 at lea/ "s m51 d n seem altoge!r unwor?y ( ,god's love1 :ile we c]ta9ly d n "k ( any o!r be+ :o is m wor?y ( x4 ,moreov]1 consid]+ ! admitt$ resemblance betwe5 ,god & man1 ! analogy ( human p>5ts lov+ _! *ildr5 is n inappropriate4 ,inde$ x is specially suitable1 s9ce "h also we h a relation%ip betwe5 two p]sonal & moral be+s1 "o ( :om is ! produc] 7?\gh n 9 ?is case ! creator7 ( ! o!r4 ,& human p>5ts (t5 love _! *ildr5 int5sely1 & w sometimes ev5 die = !m2 :ile1 z a rule1 ! bett] ! p>5ts are ! m !y love _! *ildr51 & ?is 9 spite ( ! *ildr5 hav+ _m faults4 ,is x1 !n1 unlikely t ! ,creator may love ,8 *ildr5 also1 & t human love may be only a reflection ( ?is--ano!r in/ance ( h[ man 0 made 9 ! image ( ,god8 ,! evid5ce we h may be slight1 b x all po9ts ! same way4 ,n[1 if x be admitt$ t ,god loves man1 we h pla9ly no means ( e/imat+ ! ext5t ( ?is love4 ,b by comp>+ ! o!r attributes ( ,god1 su* z ,8 wisdom & ,8 p[]1 ) ! simil> attributes ( man1 we %\ld expect ,god's love to be inf9itely great] ?an any human love2 s great inde$ t ,he w\ld be will+ to make any sacrifice 9 ord] to ga9 :at is ! object 9 all love1 t x %\ld be return$4 ,might n !n ,god's love induce ,him to become man1 s t ,he might ! m easily w9 man's love8 ,& we mu/ rememb] t man's love1 l 8 w1 is free4 ,compulsory love is 9 ! nature ( ?+s impossible4 ,a man c only love1 :at he c if he *ooses hate4 ,!re=e ,god _c =ce man to love ,him1 ,he c only induce him2 & h[ c ,he d ?is bett] ?an by an ,inc>nation8 ,= x w\ld %[1 z no?+ else c\ld %[1 t ,god's love is a self-sacrific+ love2 & ?is is ! highe/ =m ( love4 ,inde$1 if x 7 n s1 9 o!r words1 if ,god's love co/ ,him no?+1 x w\ld be inf]ior 9 ?is respect to t ( _m m54 ,b if1 on ! o!r h&1 ,god's love involv$ self-sacrifice2--if x l$ to ,calv>y--!n x is ! highe/ possible =m ( love4 ,& !n we see t ,god's attributes are all1 s to speak1 on ! same scale2 & ,8 ,goodness is z f> above any human goodness1 z ! ,p[] :i* rules ! univ]se is above any human p[]2 or ! ,wisdom :i* design$ all nature is above any human wisdom4 ,h5ce1 if ! ,inc>nation /ill seems inconceivable1 may x n be simply because ! love ( ,god1 l ,8 o!r attributes1 is s inconceivably great] ?an any?+ we c imag9e8 ,moreov] a self-sacrific+ love is ! =m1 :i* is mo/ likely to lead to its be+ return$4 ,& exp]i5ce proves t ?is has actually be5 ! case4 ,! condesc5d+ love ( ,*ri/ 9 ,8 life1 & /ill m 9 ,8 dea?1 =ms an ov]p[]+ motive :i*1 :5 once realis$1 has always be5 irresi/ible4 ,b m ?an ?is4 ,n only does ! ,inc>nation af=d ! /ronge/ possible motive = man to love ,god1 b x enables him to d s 9 a way :i* no?+ else c\ld4 ,man1 x is true1 (t5 longs = "s means ( int]c\rse1 or communion ) 8 ,mak]1 yet ?is seems impossible4 ,! gulf :i* sep>ates ! ,creator f ! creature is inf9ite1 & c nev] be bridg$ ov] by man1 or ev5 by an angel1 or o!r int]m$iate be+4 ,= a bridge mu/ ( necessity t\* bo? sides2 s if ! gulf is to be bridg$ at all1 x c only be by ,"o ,:o is at ! same "t bo? ,god & ,man4 ,?us ! ,inc>nation br+s ,god1 if we may use ! expression1 )9 man's rea*1 s t ! latt] has no m]e ab/ract & invisible ,be+ to love1 b a def9ite ,p]son1 ,^: ,"* he c appreciate1 & ,^: conduct he c to "s ext5t foll[4 ,9 %ort1 ! ,inc>nation provides man ) a wor?y ,be+ = 8 love & devotion1 yet ) a ,be+ ,:om he c p>tly at lea/ und]/& & p>tly imitate4 ,& he is ?us able to become 9 a /ill tru] s5se a *ild ( ,god2 or1 z x is commonly express$1 ,god became ,man 9 ord] t man might become z f> z possible1 l ,god4 ,& ?is br+s u to ano!r aspect ( ! ,inc>nation4 ,*ri/'s life 0 meant to be an example to man1 & x is cle> t a p]fect example c\ld only be giv5 by a ,be+ ,:o is bo? ,god & ,man4 ,= ,god alone is above human imitation1 & ev5 ! be/ ( m5 h _m faults2 s t f ! nature ( ! case1 ,*ri/1 & ,*ri/ alone1 c provide u ) a p]fect example1 = be+ ,man ,he is capable ( imitation1 & be+ ,god ,he is wor?y ( x4 ,n[ :at foll[s f ?is8 ,if ,*ri/'s life 0 meant to be an example to man1 x 0 ess5tial t x %\ld be "o ( suff]+1 or ! example w\ld h lo/ m ?an half its value4 ,man does n want to be %[n h[ to live 9 prosp]ity1 b h[ to live 9 adv]sity1 & h[ to suff] pati5tly4 ,! des]tion ( fri5ds1 ! malice ( enemies1 & a cruel dea? are ! occasional lot ( mank9d4 ,!y are p]haps ! h>de/ ?+s a man has to be> 9 ?is _w1 & !y h (t5 _h to be borne by ! foll[]s ( ,*ri/4 ,is x incr$ible1 !n1 t ,he %\ld h giv5 !m an example ( ! p]fect way ( do+ s2 g5tly rebuk+ ,8 fri5ds1 pray+ = ,8 murd]]s1 & act+ ?r\gh\t z only a p]fect man c\ld act8 ,no d\bt su* a life & dea? seem at fir/ sight degrad+ to ! ,deity4 ,b /rictly speak+1 suff]+1 if borne volunt>ily & = ! b5efit ( o!rs1 is n degrad+2 especially if ! b5efit c\ld n be obta9$ 9 any o!r way4 ,:5 we consid] all ?is1 x is pla9 t _m reasons c be giv5 = ! ,inc>nation4 ,( c\rse x may be repli$ t !y are n adequate2 b we h no means ( kn[+ :e!r ,god w\ld consid] !m adequate or n4 ,8 ideas are n l ours2 = :at adequate motive c we sugge/ = ,8 creat+ man at all8 ,yet ,he has done s4 ,& hav+ creat$ him & giv5 him free w1 & man hav+ misus$ 8 fre$om1 all ( :i* is admitt$1 !n t ,god %\ld endeav\r to re/ore man _c be ?\ght incr$ible4 ,inde$ x seems almo/ due to ,himself t ,he %\ld try & prev5t ,8 noble/ "w f be+ a failure4 ,& if 9 addition to ?is ,god loves man /ill1 9 spite ( 8 s9s1 !n "s int]v5tion on 8 acc\nt seems almo/ probable4 7#c47 ,its hi/orical position4 ,x may /ill be object$ t if ! above reasons are really suffici5t to acc\nt = ! ,inc>nation1 x ought to h tak5 place ne> ! comm5cem5t ( man's hi/ory4 ,& no d\bt :5 we contemplate ! great antiquity ( man1 ?is (t5 seems a difficulty4 ,b we h v little to judge by1 & t little does n support ! objection4 ,= 9 nature ,god seems always to "w by ! sl[ & t$i\s process ( evolution1 n atta9+ :at ,he want$ all at once1 b by gradual developm5t4 ,!re=e1 if ,he reveal$ ,himself to man1 we %\ld expect x to be by ! same me?od4 ,at fir/ x w\ld be indi/9ctly1 z 9 ,natural ,religion2 :i* dates back to pre-hi/oric times1 s9ce ! burial cu/oms %[ a belief 9 a future life4 ,!n x w\ld be m cle>ly1 z 9 ! ,jewi% ,religion2 & f9ally x might be by becom+ ,man ,himself1 z 9 ! ,*ri/ian ,religion4 ,accord+ to ,*ri/ianity1 ! :ole previ\s hi/ory ( ! _w 0 a prep>ation = ! ,inc>nation4 ,b only :5 ! prep>ation 0 complete1 :5 ! fullness ( ! "t came1 z ,/4 ,paul expresses x1#agg did x take place4 ,& x has c]ta9ly prov$1 z we %\ld h expect$1 an epo*-mak+ ev5t4 ,9 all probability ! hi/ory ( ! _w w always be consid]$ relatively to x 9 ye>s ,b4,c4 & ,a4,d4 ,& v possibly x has a significance f> beyond man or ev5 ?is planet4 ,= we mu/ rememb]1 man is n m]ely a l9k 9 a s]ies ( creat$ be+s indef9itely improv+1 b1 z %[n 9 ,*apt] ,v41 he is ! end ( ! s]ies1 ! la/ /age 9 evolution1 ! highe/ organis$ be+ t w ev] appe> on ?is planet1 or1 z f> z we "k1 on any planet4 ,footnote #agg3 ,gal4 #d4 #d4 ,!re=e1 man's rank 9 ! univ]se is n affect$ by ! insignificance ( ?is e>?4 ,:]e else %all we f9d a p]sonal be+ ) attributes sup]ior to ^? ( man8 ,:]e else inde$ %all we f9d a p]sonal be+ at all8 ,! only answ] ,sci5ce c give is n[h]e4 ,b if s1 man's position 9 ! univ]se is "o ( unique pre-em95ce4 ,& x is ?is inh]5t greatness ( man1 z x has be5 call$1 :i* ju/ifies ! ,inc>nation4 ,he is wor?y t ,?\ %\ld'/ d ?is = him4 ,moreov] :5 we consid] ,god ! ,son z ! ,div9e ,p]son :o is specially imman5t 9 nature1 & :o has be5 evolv+ ! univ]se ?r\gh c\ntless ages f its orig9al matt] into high] & high] =ms ( life1 !re seems a special fitness 9 its lead+ up to su* a climax z ! ,inc>nation4 ,= !n by becom+ ,man1 ,he unit$ ,himself ) matt] 9 its highe/ & mo/ p]fect =m4 ,?us ! ,inc>nation1 l ! ,nebula !ory 9 a/ronomy1 or ! process ( ,evolution1 if once accept$1 ?r[s a new light on ! entire univ]se2 & x has ?us a gr&eur & impressiv5ess ab\t x1 :i* to "s m9ds is v attractive4 ,on ! :ole1 !n1 we decide t ! doctr9e is c]ta9ly n incr$ible1 ?\gh x no d\bt seems improbable4 7,c47 ,,! ,,atonem5t4 ,we pass on n[ to ! doctr9e ( ! ,atonem5t1 :i* is t ,*ri/'s dea? 0 9 "s s5se a sacrifice = s91 & ?us reconcil$ 7or made 'at-"o'7 ,god ! ,fa!r & s9ful man4 ,& ?\gh n actually /at$ 9 ! ,cre$s1 x is impli$ 9 ! words1 ,0 crucifi$ also = u1 & ,:o suff]$ = our salvation4 ,! *ief difficulty is ( c\rse on moral gr\nds4 ,! idea ( atonem5t1 x is said1 or ( "o man be+ made to suff] z a sub/itute = ano!r1 & ?us appeas+ ! ,deity1 0 well-nigh univ]sal 9 e>ly times1 & is s /ill among savage nations4 ,su* a sacrifice1 h[ev]1 is a great inju/ice to ! victim2 x ascribes an unwor?y "* to ,god1 z a ,judge1 ,:o c be satisfi$ ) ! puni%m5t ( an innoc5t man 9 place ( ! guilty "o2 & x has a bad influ5ce on ! s9n]1 all[+ him to s9 on ) impunity1 provid$ he c f9d ano!r sub/itute :5 ne$$4 ,! answ] to ?is difficulty is1 t x takes no acc\nt ( ! mo/ important "p ( ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e1 :i* is ! will+ness ( ! ,victim4 ,accord+ to ,*ri/ianity1 ,*ri/ 0 a will+ ,sacrifice1 ,:o freely laid d[n ,8 life2#agh :ile ! human sacrifices j allud$ to 7 n will+ sacrifices1 s9ce ! victims _h no option 9 ! matt]4 ,&1 z we %all see1 ?is alt]s ! case completely bo? 9 reg>d to ! victim himself1 ! judge1 & ! s9n]4 ,footnote #agh3 ,e4g41 ,john #aj4 #ah4 7#a47 ,z to ! ,victim4 ,x is pla9 t 8 will+ness does away ) ! inju/ice altoge!r4 ,!re is no inju/ice 9 accept+ a volunte] = any pa9ful (fice1 provid$ he ?or\ghly kn[s :at he is do+1 = he ne$ n und]take x unless he likes4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 we d5y ! volunt>y & sacrificial "* ( ,*ri/'s dea?1 & reg>d ,him z m]ely a good man1 !n !re c]ta9ly 0 inju/ice--& v great inju/ice too1 t su* a noble life %\ld h end$ 9 su* a %ameful dea?4 7#b47 ,z to ! ,judge4 ,next z to ! ,judge4 ,x w be se5 t a will+ sacrifice1 ?\gh x does n satisfy 8 ju/ice1 makes a /rong appeal to 8 m]cy2 at lea/ x w\ld d s 9 human cases4 ,suppose = in/ance a judge _h be=e him a crim9al :o well des]v$ to be puni%$1 b a good man1 p]haps ! judge's own son1 came =w>d1 & n only int]c$$ = ! prison]1 b 0 s devot$ly atta*$ to him z to (f] to be> 8 puni%m5t 7pay 8 f9e1 = in/ance71 ?is w\ld c]ta9ly influ5ce ! judge 9 8 fav\r4 ,x w\ld %[ t he 0 n s hopelessly bad aft] all4 ,m]cy & ju/ice are ?us bo? facts ( human nature2 & x is also a fact ( human nature1 t ! volunt>y suff]+1 or will+ness to suff]1 ( a good man = a crim9al :om he deeply loves1 does incl9e man to m]cy r ?an ju/ice4 ,n[1 h we any reason = ?9k+ t ,god also comb9es1 9 _! highe/ =ms1 ^! two attributes ( m]cy & ju/ice8 ,c]ta9ly we h2 =1 z %[n 9 ,*apt] ,v41 ! goodness ( ,god includes bo? b5efic5ce & righte\sness2 & ^! g5]al t]ms1 :5 appli$ to ! case ( judg+ s9n]s1 closely correspond to m]cy & ju/ice4 ,god1 z we h se51 comb9es bo?1 & bo? are requir$ by ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e4 ,m]cy alone w\ld h =giv5 m5 )\t any atonem5t2 ju/ice alone w\ld n h =giv5 !m at all4 ,b ,god is bo? m]ciful & j1 & !re=e ! idea t volunt>y atonem5t might incl9e ,him to m]cy r ?an ju/ice does n seem incr$ible4 ,& ?is is precisely ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e4 ,! m]cy ( ,god ! ,fa!r is obta9$ = s9ful man by ,*ri/'s g5]\s sacrifice ( ,himself on man's behalf2 s t1 to put x %ortly1 ,god =gives s9s = ,*ri/'s sake4 ,& x %\ld be notic$1 ! idea ( s9s be+ =giv5 :i* occurs all ?r\gh ! ,new ,te/am5t1 & is allud$ to 9 ! ,apo/les' ,cre$1 %[s t ,*ri/'s ,atonem5t 0 n t ( a m]e sub/itute1 = !n no =giv5ess w\ld h be5 necess>y4 ,if1 = example1 ,i owe a man a sum ( money1 & a fri5d pays x = me1 ,i d n ask ! man to =give me ! debt2 ,i h no ne$ ( any =giv5ess4 ,b if1 in/ead ( pay+ x1 he m]ely int]c$es = me1 !n ! man may =give me ! debt = my fri5d's sake4 ,& 9 ?is way1 ?\gh ,*ri/ did n1 /rictly speak+1 be> man's puni%m5t 7:i* w\ld h be5 et]nal sep>ation f ,god71 ,8 suff]+s & dea? may yet h procur$ man's p>don2 ,he suff]$ on our behalf1 ?\gh n 9 our /ead4 ,& "s ,atonem5t 0 c]ta9ly necess>y to %[ ,god's hatr$ = s91 & to prev5t ,8 ,"* f be+ misund]/ood 9 ?is respect4 ,& x probably w\ld h be5 s1 if m5 _h be5 =giv5 )\t any ,atonem5t1 :5 !y might h ?\ght t s9 0 n su* a v s]i\s affair aft] all4 7#c47 ,z to ! s9n]4 ,la/ly1 ! will+ness ( ! victim affects ! s9n] also4 ,= if ! *ang$ attitude ( ! judge is due1 n to 8 ju/ice be+ satisfi$1 b to 8 m]cy be+ appeal$ to1 ?is is pla9ly conditional on a moral *ange 9 ! s9n] himself4 ,a good man suff]+ = a crim9al w\ld n alt] our feel+s t[>ds him1 if he /ill *ose to rema9 a crim9al4 ,& ?is exactly agrees ) ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e1 :i* is t s9n]s _c expect to avail !mselves ( ,*ri/'s ,atonem5t if !y wilfully cont9ue 9 s92 s t rep5tance is a necess>y condition ( =giv5ess4 ,!re=e in/ead ( hav+ a bad influ5ce on ! s9n]s !mselves2 x has precisely ! opposite effect4 ,& :at we %\ld ?us expect !oretically has be5 amply confirm$ by exp]i5ce4 ,no "o w d5y t ,*ri/ians 9 all ages h be5 devot$ly atta*$ to ! doctr9e ( ! ,atonem5t4 ,!y h ass]t$ t x is ! cause ( all _! joy 9 ?is _w1 & all _! hope = ! next4 ,yet1 s f> f hav+ _h a bad influ5ce1 x has l$ !m to ! mo/ noble & self-sacrific+ lives4 ,x has sav$ !m f s91 & n only ! p5alties ( s91 & ?is is exactly :at 0 requir$4 ,! greatness ( man's s91 & ! mis]y x causes 9 ! _w1 are b too evid5t1 ap>t f ,*ri/ianity4 ,man is inde$ bo? ! glory & ! sc&al ( ! univ]se--! glory 9 :at he 0 evid5tly int5d$ to be1 & ! sc&al 9 :at1 ?r\gh s91 he actually became4 ,& ! ,atonem5t 0 a 'va/ rem$y = ?is va/ evil4' ,& if we admit ! end1 t man _h to be r$eem$ f s91 impress$ ) ! guilt ( s91 & help$ to resi/ s92 we _c d5y ! appropriat5ess ( ! means1 :i*1 z a matt] ( fact1 has s (t5 br\ght x ab\t4 ,?is completes a brief exam9ation ( ! moral difficulties connect$ ) ! ,atonem5t2 & x is cle> t ! will+ness ( ! ,victim makes ! :ole diff]5ce1 :e!r we reg>d !m z ref]r+ to ! ,victim himself1 ! ,judge1 or ! s9n]4 7,d47 ,,! ,,resurrection4 ,! la/ great ,*ri/ian doctr9e is t ( ! ,resurrection4 ,accord+ to ,*ri/ianity1 all m5 are to rise aga91 ) _! bodies p>tly *ang$ & r5d]$ incorruptible2 & ! ,resurrection ( ,*ri/'s ,body 0 bo? a pl$ge ( ?is1 & also to "s ext5t an example ( :at a ris5 body w\ld be l4 ,he 0 ?us1 z ! ,bible says1 ! fir/born f ! dead4#agi ,n[ ?is ^w fir/born implies1 to beg9 )1 t none _h be5 s born be=e1 ! cases ( ,laz>us1 etc41 be+ ^? ( resuscitation & n resurrection2 !y liv$ aga9 to die aga91 & _! bodies 7 un*ang$4 ,& x implies1 secondly1 t o!rs w\ld be s born aft]w>ds1 s t our ris5 bodies w resemble ,84 ,! ,resurrection ( ,*ri/ is ?us repres5t$ n z some?+ altoge!r exceptional & unique1 b r z ! fir/ in/ance ( :at w "o day be ! univ]sal rule4 ,x %[s u ! la/ /age 9 man's long developm5t1 :at he is int5d$ to become :5 he is at l5g? p]fect$4 ,we w !re=e consid] fir/ ,*ri/'s ,resurrection1 & !n man's resurrection4 ,footnote #agi3 ,col4 #a4 #ah2 ,rev4 #a4 #e2 #a ,cor4 #ae4 #bj2 ,acts4 #bf4 #bc4 7#a47 ,*ri/'s ,resurrection4 ,n[ accord+ to ! ,gospels1 ,*ri/'s ,ris5 ,body comb9$ mat]ial & immat]ial prop]ties 9 a rem>kable mann]4 ,?us ,he c\ld be t\*$ & eat food1 & yet app>5tly pass ?r\gh clos$ doors & vani% at pleasure2 & ?is is (t5 ?\ght to be incr$ible4 ,b /rictly speak+ x is n incr$ible2 s9ce no mat]ial sub/ance 7a door or any?+ else7 is solid4 ,!re are always spaces betwe5 ! molecules2 s t = "o su* body to pass ?r\gh ano!r is no m difficult to imag9e1 ?an = "o regim5t to m>* ?r\gh ano!r on p>ade4 ,& if a regim5t conta9$ any?+ l z _m m51 z !re are molecules 9 a door1 x w\ld probably look j z solid4 ,moreov] ,*ri/'s ris5 ,body1 ?\gh possess+ "s mat]ial prop]ties1 is repres5t$ to h be5 spiritual z well4 ,& ! ne>e/ approa* to a spiritual sub/ance ( :i* we h any sci5tific k is ! e!r1 & ?is also seems to comb9e mat]ial & immat]ial prop]ties1 be+ 9 "s respects m l a solid ?an a gas4 ,yet x c pass ?r\gh all mat]ial sub/ances2 & ?is c]ta9ly prev5ts u f say+ t x is incr$ible t ,*ri/'s spiritual ,body %\ld pass ?r\gh clos$ doors4 ,inde$ = all we "k1 x may be "o ( ! prop]ties ( spiritual be+s1 t !y c pass ?r\gh mat]ial sub/ances 7j z ! ,x-rays c7 & be g5]ally invisible2 yet be able1 if !y wi%1 to assume "s ( ! prop]ties ( matt]1 su* z becom+ visible or audible4 ,9 fact1 unless !y 7 able to d ?is1 x is h>d to see h[ !y c\ld manife/ !mselves at all4 ,& a slight alt]ation 9 ! waves ( light com+ f a body w\ld make x visible or n to ! human eye4 ,& x is out ( ! "q to say t ,god--! ,omnipot5t ,"o--c\ld n produce su* a *ange 9 a spiritual body4 ,:ile = su* a body to become tangible1 or to take food1 is n really m wond]ful 7?\gh x seems s7 ?an = x to become visible or audible2 s9ce :5 once we pass ! b\nd>y betwe5 ! natural & ! sup]natural ev]y?+ is my/]i\s4 ,x may ( c\rse be repli$ t ?\gh all ?is is n p]haps incr$ible1 x is /ill mo/ improbable2 & no d\bt x is4 ,b :at !n8 ,we h no adequate means ( judg+1 = ! fact1 if true1 is1 up to ! pres5t1 unique4 ,x implies a new mode ( exi/5ce :i* is nei!r spiritual nor mat]ial1 ?\gh possess+ "s ( ! prop]ties ( ea*1 & ( :i* we h no exp]i5ce :atev]4 ,s we are naturally unable to und]/& x4 ,b assum+ ! ,resurrection ( ,*ri/ to be o!rwise cr$ible1 z x c]ta9ly is if we admit ,8 ,inc>nation & ,dea?1 we _c call x incr$ible1 m]ely because ! prop]ties ( ,8 ris5 ,body are said to be diff]5t f ^? ( ord9>y human bodies1 & 9 "s respects to resemble ^? ( spirits4 ,x is 9 fact only :at we %\ld expect4 7#b47 ,man's ,resurrection4 ,next z to man's resurrection4 ,! ,*ri/ian doctr9e ( ! resurrection ( ! body mu/ n be confus$ ) t ( ! immortality ( ! _s1 discuss$ 9 ,*apt] ,,vi41 :i* is common to _m religions1 & is c]ta9ly n improbable4 ,b two objections may be made to ! resurrection ( ! body4 ,! fir/ is t x is impossible1 s9ce ! human body decomposes aft] dea?1 & its molecules may aft]w>ds =m a "p ( o!r bodies2 s1 if all m5 7 to rise aga9 at ! same "t1 ^? molecules w\ld h to be 9 two places at once4 ,b ! fallacy "h is obvi\s1 = ! molecules compos+ a man's body are cont9ually *ang+ dur+ life1 & x is probable t e "o ( !m is *ang$ 9 a few ye>s2 yet ! id5tity ( ! body is n de/roy$4 ,?is id5tity dep5ds n on ! id5tity ( ! molecules1 b on _! relative position & numb]s s t a man's body 9 ?is respect is l a :irlpool 9 a /ream1 ! wat] compos+ :i* is cont9ually *ang+1 ?\gh ! :irlpool itself rema9s4 ,!re=e ! resurrection ne$ n be a resurrection ( relics1 z x is sometimes call$4 ,no d\bt 9 ! case ( ,*ri/ x 0 s1 & p]haps x w be s 9 ! case ( "s ,*ri/ians1 only x ne$ n be s2 & ?is removes at once ! app>5t impossibility ( ! doctr9e4 ,secondly1 x may /ill be object$ t ! doctr9e is extremely improbable4 ,& no d\bt x seems s4 ,b once m we h no adequate means ( judg+4 ,ap>t f exp]i5ce1 h[ v unlikely x w\ld be t a se$ :5 buri$ 9 ! gr\nd %\ld develop into a plant2 or t plants & trees1 aft] be+ app>5tly dead all ?r\gh ! w9t]1 %\ld blossom aga9 9 ! spr+4 ,?us ev]y?+ connect$ ) life is s my/]i\s t we c decide no?+ except by exp]i5ce4 ,& !re=e we _c say :at may1 or may n happ5 9 "s future /ate1 ( :i* we h no exp]i5ce :atev]4 ,inde$1 if man's _s is immortal1 ! fact t x is associat$ ) a body dur+ its life on ?is e>? makes x n unlikely t x w be associat$ ) a body ( "s k9d dur+ its future life4 ,& t ?is body %\ld be p>tly spiritual1 & s resemble ,*ri/'s ris5 body1 is aga9 only :at we %\ld expect4 ,?us1 on ! :ole1 ! doctr9e ( ! ,resurrection is c]ta9ly cr$ible4 7,e47 ,,conclusion4 ,we h n[ exam9$ ! f\r great doctr9es ( ,*ri/ianity1 ! o!rs ei!r foll[+ directly f ^!1 or n pres5t+ any difficulty4 ,& ?\gh1 z we h %[n1 n "o ( ^! doctr9es c be pron\nc$ incr$ible1 yet "s ( !m1 especially ^? ( ! ,inc>nation & ! ,atonem5t1 c]ta9ly seem improbable4 ,?is mu/ be fully & freely admitt$4 ,at ! same "t1 x is only fair to rememb] t ?is improbability is di/9ctly less5$ by ! ?ree foll[+ consid]ations4 ,fir/1 9 reg>d to all ^! doctr9es we h no adequate means ( decid+ :at is or is n probable4 ,reason _c judge :]e x has no?+ to judge by2 & ap>t f ,*ri/ianity itself1 we "k next to no?+ z to :at 0 ,god's object 9 creat+ man4 ,if1 !n1 ^! doctr9es are true1 _! tru? dep5ds n on reason1 b on revelation4 ,all reason c d is to exam9e mo/ c>efully ! evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ! alleg$ revelation4 ,( ?is we %\ld expect x to be able to judge1 b n ( ! doctr9es !mselves4 ,we are h5ce 9 a region :]e we _c tru/ to our own s5se ( ! fitness ( ?+s2 & !re=e ! ,*ri/ian doctr9es mu/ n be condemn$ m]ely because we ?9k !m contr>y to our reason4 ,moreov] _m ?\ghtful m5 7includ+ ,agno/ics7 d n consid] !m s4 ,?us ! late ,pr(essor ,huxley once wrote1 ',i h n ! slighte/ objection to (f] a priori to all ! propositions ( ! ,?ree ,cre$s4 ,! my/]ies ( ! ,*ur* are *ild's play comp>$ ) ! my/]ies ( ,nature4'#ahj ,footnote #ahj3 ,quot$ ) 8 p]mission 9 ,bi%op ,gore's ,bampton ,lectures1 #ahia1 p4 #bdg1 #ahih edition4 ,& ?is br+s u to ! next po9t1 :i* is t _m o!r facts :i* are actually true appe> equally improbable at fir/ sight2 su*1 = in/ance1 z ! exi/5ce ( ! e!r1 or ! gr[? ( plants4 ,ap>t f exp]i5ce1 :at an ov]:elm+ argum5t c\ld be made out aga9/ su* facts z ^!4 ,yet !y conc]n subjects :i* are to a great ext5t )9 our compreh5sion1 :ile ,*ri/ianity has to d ) ! nature & "* ( a ,god ,:o is admitt$ly beyond our compreh5sion4 ,may n ! difficulties 9 bo? cases1 b especially 9 reg>d to ! latt]1 be due to our ignorance only8 ,! ,*ri/ian doctr9es1 we mu/ rememb]1 d n claim to h be5 reveal$ 9 all _! be>+s1 b only 9 s f> z !y conc]n ourselves4 ,?irdly1 x %\ld be notic$ t1 ?\gh individually ^! doctr9es may seem improbable1 yet1 :5 consid]$ z a :ole1 z 9 all fairness !y ought to be1 !re is a complete h>mony betwe5 !m4 ,_! improbability is n cumulative4 ,on ! contr>y1 "o (t5 helps to expla9 ! difficulties ( ano!r4 ,?is has be5 recognis$ by mo/ writ]s1 includ+ _m :o c sc>cely be call$ !ologians4 ,?us ! great ,napoleon is report$ to h said1 ',if once ! ,div9e "* ( ,*ri/ is admitt$1 ,*ri/ian doctr9e exhibits ! precision & cle>ness ( algebra2 s t we are /ruck ) admiration at its sci5tific connection & unity4'#aha ,footnote #aha3 ,beaut]ne1 ,s5tim5t de ,napoleon #a;er sur le ,*ri/ianisme1 new edition1 ,p>is1 #ahfd1 p4 #aaj4 ,9 conclusion1 x mu/ be aga9 po9t$ out t we are only n[ consid]+ ! cr$ibility ( ,*ri/ianity1 & n try+ to make out t x appe>s a probable religion1 at fir/ sight1 :i* x pla9ly does n4 ,only its improbability is n s extremely great z to make x useless to consid] ! evid5ce 9 its fav\r4 ,?is is especially s :5 we rememb] t ?is improbability mu/ h seem$ f> great] :5 ,*ri/ianity 0 fir/ prea*$ ?an x does n[1 :5 we are s accu/om$ to ! religion4 ,yet1 z a matt] ( fact1 ! evid5ce 9 its fav\r did outweigh e difficulty1 & f9ally conv9ce ! civilis$ _w4 ,:at ?is evid5ce is we proce$ to inquire4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,t ,,! ,,f\r ,,gospels ,,are ,,g5u9e ,,f ,,ext]nal ,,te/imony4 7,a47 ,,! ,,undisput$ ,,te/imony4 ,end ( second c5tury2 ,ir5u1 8 evid5ce ( great value4 7,b47 ,,! ,,almo/ ,,undisput$ ,,te/imony4 7#a47 ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 ,a4,d4 #aej1 ref]s to "s ,apo/olic ,memoirs1 :i* 7 publicly read among ,*ri/ians2 & 8 quotations %[ t ^! 7 our ,f\r ,gospels4 7#b47 ,tatian1 ,ju/9's disciple1 ,a4,d4 #age1 wrote ! ,diatess>on1 or h>mony ( ,f\r ,gospels4 7#c47 ,m>cion1 ,a4,d4 #adj1 wrote a ,gospel bas$ on ,/4 ,luke's4 7,c47 ,,! ,,disput$ ,,te/imony4 7#a47 ,papias1 m5tions ! fir/ two ,gospels by "n4 7#b47 ,ari/ides1 ,a4,d4 #abe1 alludes to "s ,gospel z well kn[n4 7#c47 ,! ,apo/olic ,fa!rs1 ,polyc>p1 ,ignatius1 ,clem5t1 ,b>nabas1 & ! ,tea*+ ( ! ,twelve1 seem to conta9 ref]5ces to our ,gospels4 ,hav+ %[n 9 ! la/ *apt] t ! ,*ri/ian ,religion is cr$ible1 we h next to consid] :at evid5ce !re is 9 its fav\r4 ,n[ t x 0 f\nd$ on ! alleg$ miracles & tea*+ ( ,*ri/1 & *iefly on ,8 ,resurrection1 is admitt$ by ev]yone4 ,s we mu/ fir/ exam9e :e!r we h any tru/wor?y te/imony z to ^! ev5ts2 m especially :e!r ! ,f\r ,gospels1 :i* appe> to conta9 su* te/imony1 are g5u9e4 ,by ! ,f\r ,gospels1 we ( c\rse mean ^? commonly ascrib$ to ,,ss4 ,mat!w1 ,m>k1 ,luke1 & ,john2 & by _! be+ g5u9e1 we mean t !y 7 writt51 or compil$ by ^? p]sons4 ,& we w fir/ consid] ! ext]nal te/imony borne by e>ly ,*ri/ian writ]s to ^! ,gospels1 leav+ ! int]nal evid5ce f ! ,books !mselves = ! next *apt]4 ,x may be m5tion$ at />t+ t we h no complete manuscripts ( ! ,gospels e>li] ?an ! beg9n+ ( ! f\r? c5tury2 b !re is no?+ surpris+ 9 ?is1 z = ! fir/ two c5turies books 7 g5]ally writt5 on papyrus1 an extremely fragile mat]ial4 ,!re=e1 ) ! exception ( "s fragm5ts pres]v$ 9 ,egypt1 all docum5ts ( ?is p]iod h entirely p]i%$4 ,a mu* bett] mat]ial1 vellum1 began to take ! place ( papyrus 9 ! ?ird c5tury2 b did n come into common use till ! f\r?4 ,moreov]1 dur+ ! p]secutions1 :i* occurr$ at int]vals up to ! f\r? c5tury1 all ,*ri/ian writ+s 7 specially s\ght =1 & de/roy$4 ,s ! abs5ce ( e>li] manuscripts ?\gh v un=tunate1 is n p]haps unnatural2 & x is anyh[ no worse ?an 9 ! case ( classical works4 ,i h se5 x /at$1 = in/ance1 t !re are no manuscripts ( ei!r ,cic]o1 ,cs>1 ,tacitus1 or ,josephus1 )9 #hjj ye>s ( _! "t4 7,a47 ,,! ,,undisput$ ,,te/imony4 ,pass+ on n[ to ! te/imony ( e>ly writ]s2 we ne$ n beg9 lat] ?an ! end ( ! second c5tury2 s9ce x is admitt$ by ev]yone t our ,f\r ,gospels 7 !n well kn[n4 ,!y 7 cont9ually quot$ by ,*ri/ian writ]s2 !y 7 univ]sally ascrib$ to ! au?ors we n[ ascribe !m to2 & !y 7 always consid]$ to be 9 "s s5se div9ely inspir$4 ,z ?is is undisput$1 we ne$ n discuss ! evid5ce2 b "o writ] des]ves to be m5tion$1 :i* is ,ir5u1 ,bi%op ( ,lyons4 ,8 works date f ab\t ,a4,d4 #ahe2 & he n only quotes ! ,gospels frequ5tly 7ab\t #ejj times altoge!r71 b %[s !re 7 only f\r ( ackn[l$g$ au?ority4 ,s9ce ! fanciful analogies he gives = ?is1 lik5+ ! f\r ,gospels to ! f\r riv]s 9 ,p>adise1 & ! f\r qu>t]s ( ! globe1 r5d] x c]ta9 t ! fact ( !re be+ f\r1 nei!r m nor less1 mu/ h be5 undisput$ 9 8 day4 ,moreov] he _h excell5t means ( kn[+ ! tru?2 = he 0 born 9 ,asia ,m9or1 ab\t ,a4,d4 #acj1 & br\ght up "u ,polyc>p1 ,bi%op ( ,smyrna4 ,& 9 lat] ye>s he tells u h[ well he rememb]$ 8 tea*]4 ',i c ev5 describe ! place :]e ! bless$ ,polyc>p us$ to sit & disc\rse--8 go+ out1 too1 & 8 com+ 9--8 g5]al mode ( life & p]sonal appe>ance1 toge!r ) ! disc\rses :i* he deliv]$ to ! p2 also h[ he w\ld speak ( 8 famili> int]c\rse ) ,john1 & ) ! re/ ( ^? :o _h se5 ! ,"l2 & h[ he w\ld call _! words to remembrance4'#ahb ,footnote #ahb3 ,ir5u1 ,fragm5t ( ,epi/le to ,flor9us4 ,! translations "h & else:]e are f ! ,ante-,nic5e ,*ri/ian ,libr>y4 ,! importance ( ?is passage1 especially 9 reg>d to ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 c sc>cely be exagg]at$4 ,= is x conceivable t ,ir5u w\ld h ascrib$ x to ,/4 ,john1 unless 8 tea*] ,polyc>p _h done ! same8 ,or is x conceivable t ,polyc>p1 :o p]sonally knew ,/4 ,john1 c\ld h be5 mi/ak5 9 ! matt]8 ,! difficulties ( ei!r alt]native are v great2 yet !re is no o!r1 unless we admit t ,/4 ,john 0 ! au?or4 ,x %\ld also be notic$ t ,ir5u1 :5 discuss+ two read+s ( ,rev4 #ac4 #ah1 supports "o ( !m by say+ t x is f\nd 9 all ! mo/ approv$ & anci5t copies2 & 0 also ma9ta9$ by m5 :o saw ,john face to face4#ahc ,he _h ?us "s idea z to ! value ( evid5ce2 & he is n likely to h writt5 z he did ab\t ! ,f\r ,gospels1 unless he _h se5 ( !m equally approv$ & anci5t copies4 ,footnote #ahc3 ,ir5u1 ,bk4 #e4 #cj4 7,b47 ,,! ,,almo/ ,,undisput$ ,,te/imony4 ,we next come to ! te/imony ( "s e>li] writ]s1 :i* 0 =m]ly mu* disput$1 b is n[ admitt$ by ne>ly all critics4 7#a47 ,ju/9 ,m>tyr4 ,by f> ! mo/ important ( ^! is ,ju/9 ,m>tyr2 ^: works--two ,apologies 7or books writt5 9 def5ce ( ,*ri/ianity7 & a ,dialogue--date f ab\t ,a4,d4 #ade-ej4 ,he 0 no ord9>y conv]t1 b a philosoph]1 & says t be=e he became a ,*ri/ian1 he /udi$ v>i\s philosophical sy/ems & f\nd !m unsatisfactory2 s we may be sure t he did n accept ,*ri/ianity )\t mak+ "s inquiries z to ! facts on :i* x re/$4#ahd ,& z 8 fa!r & gr&fa!r 7 natives ( ,pale/9e1 :]e he 0 born1 he _h ample means ( f9d+ out ! tru?4 ,footnote #ahd3 ,dial41 #b4 ,n[ ,ju/9 does n allude to any ( ! ,evangeli/s by "n1 b he frequ5tly quotes f ! ',memoirs ( ! ,apo/les1' :i* he says 7 sometimes call$ ,gospels1#ahe & 7 publicly read & expla9$ 9 ! *ur*es1 toge!r ) ! ,old ,te/am5t ,prophets4 ,& he gives no h9t t ?is 0 a local or rec5t practice1 b implies t x 0 ! univ]sal & well-e/abli%$ cu/om4 ,^! ,memoirs1 he tells u1#ahf 7 writt5 by ! ,apo/les & _! foll[]s1 :i* exactly suits our pres5t ,gospels1 two ( :i* are ascrib$ to ,apo/les 7,/4 ,mat!w & ,/4 ,john71 & ! o!r two to _! imm$iate foll[]s 7,/4 ,m>k & ,/4 ,luke74 ,& z ,ju/9 0 writ+ = unbeliev]s1 n ,*ri/ians1 !re is no?+ /range 9 8 n m5tion+ ! names ( ! individual writ]s4 ,footnote #ahe3 ,apol4 #a4 #ff2 ,dial41 #ajj4 ,footnote #ahf3 ,dial41 #ajc4 ,he has altoge!r ab\t sixty quotations f ^! ,memoirs1 & !y describe precisely ^? ev5ts 9 ! life ( ,*ri/2 :i* are record$ 9 our ,gospels1 ) sc>cely any addition4 ,v few ( ! quotations h[ev] are v]bally accurate1 & ?is us$ to be ?\ght a difficulty4 ,b z ,ju/9 sometimes quotes ! same passage diff]5tly1 x is cle> t he 0 rely+ on 8 memory2 & _h n look$ up ! ref]5ce1 :i* 9 ^? days ( manuscripts1 )\t concordances1 mu/ h be5 a t$i\s process4 ,also :5 quot+ ! ,old ,te/am5t1 he is almo/ equally inaccurate4 ,moreov] lat] writ]s1 su* z ,ir5u1 :o av[$ly quot$ f our ,gospels1 are also inaccurate 9 small details4 ,x is h5ce practically c]ta9 t ,ju/9 0 quot+ f ^! ,gospels4 7#b47 ,tatian4 ,& ?is is /rongly confirm$ by ,ju/9's disciple1 ,tatian4 ,he wrote a book ab\t ,a4,d4 #age1 discov]$ la/ c5tury1 call$ ! ,diatess>on1 :i*1 z its "n implies1 0 a k9d ( h>mony ( ,f\r ,gospels4 ,x 0 bas$ *iefly on ,/4 ,mat!w's1 ! ev5ts peculi> to ! o!rs be+ introduc$ 9 v>i\s places4 ,& its conta9+ ne>ly ! :ole ( ,/4 ,john's ,gospel is satisfactory2 because x s happ5s t ,ju/9 has few] quotations f t ,gospel1 ?an f ! o!r ?ree4 ,we may say !n ) confid5ce1 t our f\r ,gospels 7 well kn[n to ,*ri/ians1 & highly valu$ by !m1 9 ! middle ( ! second c5tury4 7#c47 ,m>cion4 ,ano!r important witness is ,m>cion4 ,he wrote 7n lat] ?an ,a4,d4 #adj71 a k9d ( ,gospel1 s simil> to ,/4 ,luke's t "o 0 evid5tly bas$ on ! o!r4 ,& ?\gh 8 actual "w is lo/1 ,t]tullian 7ab\t ,a4,d4 #bjj7 quotes x s fully t x is fairly well-kn[n2 & t ,/4 ,luke's is ! e>li] is n[ admitt$ by critics ( all s*ools4 ,!re=e z ,mat!w & ,m>k are g5]ally all[$ to be e>li] ?an ,luke1 ?is %[s t all ^! ,gospels 7 9 circulation be=e ,a4,d4 #adj4 7,c47 ,,! ,,disput$ ,,te/imony4 ,we pass on n[ to ! te/imony ( /ill e>li] writ]s1 all ( :i* is m or less disput$ by "s critics4 7#a47 ,papias4 ,& fir/ z to ,papias4 ,he 0 bi%op ( ,hi]apolis 9 ,asia ,m9or 7ab\t a hundr$ miles f ,ephesus7 e>ly 9 ! second c5tury2 & only a few fragm5ts ( 8 writ+s h be5 pres]v$ by ,ir5u & ,eusebius4 ,we le>n f ! =m] t he 0 a disciple ( ,/4 ,john & a companion ( ,polyc>p2 & consid]+ t ,ir5u 0 himself ,polyc>p's pupil1 !re is no reason to d\bt ?is4#ahg ,n[ ,papias tells u himself :at 7 8 s\rces ( in=mation3 ',if1 !n1 anyone :o _h att5d$ on ! eld]s came1 ,i ask$ m9utely aft] _! say+s1--:at ,&rew or ,pet] said1 or :at 0 said by ,philip1 or by ,?omas1 or by ,james1 or by ,john1 or by ,mat!w1 or by any o!r ( ! ,"l's disciples3 :i* ?+s ,ari/ion & ! presbyt] ,john1 ! disciples ( ! ,"l1 say4 ,= ,i imag9$ t :at 0 to be got f books 0 n s pr(itable to me z :at came f ! liv+ & abid+ voice4' ,footnote #ahg3 ,ir5u1 ,bk4 #e4 #cc4 ,he _h ?us v good means ( kn[+ ! tru?1 = ?\gh ! ,apo/les !mselves 7 dead1 two ( ,*ri/'s disciples 7,ari/ion & ! presbyt] ,john7 7 /ill alive :5 he made 8 inquiries4 ,& he ref]s to ! fir/ two ,gospels by "n4 ,he says1 ',mat!w put toge!r ! oracles 9 ! ,hebrew language1 & ea* "o int]pret$ !m z be/ he c\ld4' ,& ',m>k1 hav+ become ! int]pret] ( ,pet]1 wrote d[n accurately :atsoev] he rememb]$4 ,x 0 n1 h[ev]1 9 exact ord] t he relat$ ! say+s or de$s ( ,*ri/4 ,= he nei!r he>d ! ,"l nor accompani$ ,him4 ,b aft]w>ds1 z ,i said1 he accompani$ ,pet]4'#ahh ,footnote #ahh3 ,eusebius1 ,hi/41 iii4 #ci4 ,& 8 te/imony 9 reg>d to ,/4 ,mat!w is specially important1 because 9 ! passage j quot$ he says t he _h spok5 to ^? :o _h kn[n ,/4 ,mat!w p]sonally2 & _h c>efully que/ion$ !m ab\t :at he _h said4 ,& ?is makes x difficult to believe t he %\ld h be5 mi/ak5 z to 8 hav+ writt5 ! ,gospel4 ,nor is x likely t ! "w ( ,/4 ,mat!w kn[n to ,papias 0 diff]5t f ! ,gospel :i* we n[ h1 & :i* 0 s frequ5tly quot$ by ,ju/9 a few ye>s lat]4 ,:e!r ,papias 0 acqua9t$ ) ! ,?ird & ,f\r? ,gospels _c be decid$ = c]ta91 unless 8 works %\ld be recov]$2 b !re are slight indications t he knew !m4 7#b47 ,ari/ides4 ,next z to ,ari/ides4 ,he 0 a philosoph] at ,a!ns1 & address$ an ,apology to ! ,emp]or1 ,hadrian1 9 ,a4,d4 #abe1 :i* 0 recov]$ 9 #ahhi4 ,he has no quotation f ! ,gospels1 b :at is equally important1 he gives a summ>y ( ,*ri/ian doctr9e1 includ+ ! ,div9ity1 ,inc>nation1 ,virg9-,bir?1 ,resurrection & ,asc5sion ( ,*ri/2 & says t x is taught 9 ! ,gospel1 :]e m5 c read x = !mselves4 ,& ?is %[s t "s ,gospel1 conta9+ ?is tea*+1 0 !n 9 exi/5ce1 & easily accessible4 7#c47 ,! ,apo/olic ,fa!rs4 ,! la/ gr\p ( writ]s to be exam9$ are ^? :o liv$ soon aft] ! ,apo/les4 ,! *ief ( ^! are ,polyc>p ( ,smyrna1 ! disciple ( ,/4 ,john1 m>tyr$ 9 ,a4,d4 #aee1 :5 he _h be5 a ,*ri/ian #hf ye>s2 ,ignatius ( ,antio*1 also m>tyr$ 9 8 old age1 ab\t ,a4,d4 #aaj2 ,clem5t ( ,rome1 p]haps ! companion ( ,/4 ,paul2#ahi & ! writ]s ( ! s-call$ ,epi/le ( ,b>nabas1 & ,tea*+ ( ! ,twelve ,apo/les4 ,_! dates are n kn[n = c]ta91 b x is n[ g5]ally admitt$ by rationali/s z well z ,*ri/ians t !y all wrote be=e ,a4,d4 #abj1 & probably be=e #aaj4 ,?us ! ,encyclopdia ,biblica 7article ,gospels7 dates _! works1 ,polyc>p #aaj2 ,ignatius 7#g ,epi/les7 be=e #aaj2 ,b>nabas1 probably be=e #ajj2 ,clem5t #ie2 ,tea*+ #hj-ajj4 ,footnote #ahi3 ,phil4 #d4 #c4 ,n[ none ( ^! writ]s m5tion ! ,gospels by "n2 b ?is is no argum5t to %[ t !y 7 n quot+ !m1 because ! same writ]s1 :5 admitt$ly quot+ ,/4 ,paul's ,epi/les1 also d x at times1 )\t 9 any way ref]r+ to him4 ,& lat] ,*ri/ian writ]s d precisely ! same2 ! ,gospels are (t5 n quot$ by "n1 b _! language is cont9ually employ$1 mu* z x is by prea*]s at ! pres5t day4 ,if1 !n1 we f9d 9 ^! writ]s passages simil> to ^? 9 our ,gospels1 ! inf]5ce is t !y are quot+ f !m2 &1 z a matt] ( fact1 we d f9d su* passages1 ?\gh !y are n num]\s4 ,a s+le example may be giv5 f ea*4 ,polyc>p4 ',b be+ m9dful ( :at ! ,"l said 9 ,8 tea*+2 ,judge n1 t ye be n judg$2 =give1 & x %all be =giv5 unto y2 be m]ciful1 t ye may obta9 m]cy2 ) :at measure ye mete1 x %all be measur$ to y aga92 & once m1 ,bless$ are ! poor1 & ^? t are p]secut$ = righte\sness' sake1 = !irs is ! k+dom ( ,god4'#aij ,footnote #aij3 ,polyc>p1 *4 ii42 ,luke #f4 #cf-ch2 ,matt4 #e4 #c1 #aj4 ,ignatius4 ',= ,i "k t aft] ,8 ,resurrection also1 ,he 0 /ill possess$ ( fle%1 & ,i believe t ,he is s n[4 ,:51 = in/ance1 ,he came to ^? :o 7 ) ,pet]1 ,he said to !m1 ,lay hold1 h&le ,me1 & see t ,i am n an incorporeal _s4'#aia ,footnote #aia3 ,ignatius to ,smyrnans1 *4 iii42 ,luke #bd4 #ci4 ,b>nabas4 ',let u bew>e le/ we be f\nd1 z x is writt51 ,_m are call$1 b few are *os54'#aib ,footnote #aib3 ,b>nabas1 *4 iv42 ,matt4 #bb4 #ad4 ,clem5t4 ',rememb] ! words ( our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/1 h[ ,he said1 ,woe to t man6 ,x 7 bett] = him t he _h nev] be5 born1 ?an t he %\ld ca/ a /umbl+-block be=e "o ( my elect4 ,yea1 x 7 bett] = him t a mill/one %\ld be hung ab\t 78 neck71 & he %\ld be sunk 9 ! dep?s ( ! sea1 ?an t he %\ld ca/ a /umbl+-block be=e "o ( my little ones4'#aic ,footnote #aic3 ,clem5t1 *4 xlvi42 ,luke #ag4 #a4 #b4 ,tea*+4 ',hav+ said be=eh& all ^! ?+s1 baptize ye 9 ! "n ( ! ,fa!r1 & ( ! ,son1 & ( ! ,holy ,gho/ 9 liv+ wat]4'#aid ,footnote #aid3 ,tea*+1 *4 vii42 ,matt4 #bh4 #ai4 ,! passage f ,b>nabas des]ves special m5tion1 s9ce "h we h words :i* only occur 9 our ,gospels1 introduc$ ) ! phrase z x is writt51 :i* is only us$ ( ,scripture quotations4 ,& ?is %[s conclusively t at ! "t ( ! writ]1 "s ,gospel conta9+ ^! words mu/ h be5 well kn[n1 & consid]$ ( high au?ority4 ,& ! attempts to expla9 x away z be+ f ! ,book ( ,esdras1#aie :]e ! words are1 ',!re be _m creat$1 b few %all be sav$2' or else z an error on ! "p ( ! writ]1 :o ?\ght !y came some:]e 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 are q inadmissible4 ,footnote #aie3 #b ,esdr4 #h4 #c4 ,b x may be said1 may n all ^! quotations be f "s ,lo/ ,gospel8 ,( c\rse !y may4 ,x is always possible to ref] quotations n to ! only book 9 :i* we "k !y d occur1 b to "s imag9>y book 9 :i* !y might occur4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 no ne$ to d s 9 ?is case1 z all ! evid5ce po9ts ! o!r way4 ,?\gh1 ev5 if we d1 x does n mat]ially affect ! argum5t2 = :ile x weak5s ! evid5ce = our ,gospels1 x increases t = ! facts :i* !y record2 & ?is is ! important po9t4 ,suppose1 = in/ance1 ! passage 9 ,ignatius 0 n tak5 f ,/4 ,luke's1 b f "s ,lo/ ,gospel4 ,x c\ld n !n be quot$ to %[ t ,/4 ,luke's ,gospel 0 kn[n to ,ignatius4 ,b x w\ld af=d additional evid5ce t ,*ri/ really did rise f ! dead1 t :5 ,he appe>$ to ,8 ,apo/les1 !y at fir/ ?\ght ,he 0 a _s2 & t ,he took ! obvi\s means ( conv9c+ !m1 by ask+ !m to h&le ,8 ,body4 ,all ?is w\ld !n be v\*$ =1 n only by ,/4 ,luke's ,gospel2 b also by "s o!r e>ly ,*ri/ian writ+1 :i* z ,ignatius quotes x 9 ,a4,d4 #aaj mu/ c]ta9ly h be5 writt5 9 ! fir/ c5tury1 & mu/ h be5 consid]$ by him z conclusive evid5ce4 ,= he is c>eful to di/+ui% betwe5 :at he ?us kn[s 7t ,*ri/ _h a ,body aft] ,8 ,resurrection7 & :at he m]ely believes 7t ,he has "o n[74 ,& ! same applies 9 o!r cases4 ,& if x be fur!r urg$ t ^! writ]s w\ld h ref]r$ m frequ5tly to ! ,gospels1 _h !y really kn[n !m1 we mu/ rememb] t _! writ+s are g5]ally %ort2 & :ile a s+le quotation proves ! previ\s exi/5ce ( ! docum5t quot$1 t5 pages )\t a quotation d n disprove x4 ,moreov] :5 !y ref] to ! say+s ( ,*ri/1 or ! ev5ts ( ,8 life1 !y always d s )\t ! slighte/ hesitation2 z if ev]yone ackn[l$g$ !m to be true4 ,& z we h se51 _! allusions (t5 beg9 ) ! words rememb] or be m9dful (1 cle>ly %[+ t !y expect$ _! read]s to "k !m already4 ,h5ce "s books mu/ !n h exi/$ :i* 7 well kn[n1 conta9+ a life ( ,*ri/2 & ! improbability ( ^! hav+ p]i%$1 & a fre% set ( ,gospels hav+ be5 publi%$ 9 a few ye>s1 is v great4 ,& ! evid5ce 9 reg>d to ! ,?ird ,gospel is p>ticul>ly /rong1 s9ce x 0 address$ to ,!ophilus1 :o 0 cle>ly a prom95t conv]t2 & he mu/ h kn[n f :om ! book came1 ev5 if = "s reason ?is 0 n /at$ 9 ! head+4 ,& z he is n likely to h kept x secret1 ! au?or%ip ( ! book mu/ h be5 well kn[n to ,*ri/ians f ! v beg9n+4 ,!re=e ! te/imony ( e>ly writ]s1 l ,ir5u1 :o always ascrib$ x to ,/4 ,luke1 becomes ( exceptional value2 & makes x almo/ c]ta9 t he 0 ! au?or4 ,we may n[ sum up ! ext]nal te/imony to ! ,f\r ,gospels4 ,x %[s t at ! beg9n+ ( ! second c5tury !y 7 well kn[n to ,*ri/ian writ]s1 & ?is alone w\ld necessitate _! hav+ be5 writt5 9 ! fir/ c5tury1 or at all ev5ts be=e ,a4,d4 #aaj4 ,& ?anks to mod]n discov]ies1 especially t ( ! ,diatess>on1 ?is is n[ g5]ally admitt$4 ,x may inde$ be consid]$ z "o ( ! def9ite results ( rec5t controv]sies4 ,b if s1 x is1 to say ! lea/1 di/9ctly probable t !y 7 writt5 by ! m5 to :om !y h be5 univ]sally ascrib$4 ,we h ?us /rong ext]nal te/imony 9 fav\r ( ! g5u95ess ( ! ,f\r ,gospels4 ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,t ,,! ,,gospels ,,are ,,g5u9e ,,f ,,int]nal ,,evid5ce4 7,a47 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,?ree ,,gospels4 7#a47 ,_! g5]al accuracy2 ?is is %[n by secul> hi/ory1 :]e !y c be te/$4 7#b47 ,_! s\rces2 ! triple tradition2 o!r e>ly docum5ts4 7#c47 ,_! probable date2 be=e ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem1 ,a4,d4 #gj4 7,b47 ,,! ,,f\r? ,,gospel4 7#a47 ,its au?or%ip4 ,! writ] appe>s to h liv$ 9 ! fir/ c5tury1 & to h be5 an eye-witness ( :at he describes2 s probably ,/4 ,john4 7#b47 ,its connection ) ! o!r ,gospels4 ,x 0 meant to supplem5t !m2 & x does n %[ a diff]5t ,*ri/1 ei!r 9 language or "*4 7#c47 ,its connection ) ! ,book ( ,revelation4 ,?is admitt$ to be by ,/4 ,john1 & ! ,gospel 0 probably by ! same au?or4 ,hav+ decid$ 9 ! la/ *apt] t ! ,f\r ,gospels are probably g5u9e f ext]nal te/imony1 we pass on n[ to ! int]nal evid5ce1 :i*1 x w be se51 /rongly supports ?is conclusion4 ,= conv5i5ce we w exam9e ! fir/ ,?ree1 commonly call$ ! ,synoptic ,gospels1 sep>ately f ! ,f\r?1 :i* is ( a diff]5t "*4 7,a47 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,?ree ,,gospels4 ,9 deal+ ) ^! ,gospels1 we w fir/ consid] _! g5]al accuracy1 !n _! s\rces1 & !n _! probable date4 7#a47 ,_! g5]al accuracy4 ,x is n[ admitt$ by ev]yone t ! writ]s %[ a ?or\gh acqua9tance ) ,pale/9e bo? z to its geography1 hi/ory1 & p1 especially ! political & social /ate ( ! c\ntry 9 ! half-c5tury prec$+ ! fall ( ,j]usalem 7,a4,d4 #gj74 ,! ,jewi% hi/orian ,josephus1 :o wrote ab\t ,a4,d4 #ie1 gives u a vivid description ( ?is2 & ev]y?+ we read 9 ! ,gospels is 9 entire agreem5t ) x4 ,9 reg>d to ! actual ev5ts record$1 we h1 z a rule1 no o!r acc\nt1 b :]e we h1 ) ! d\btful exception ( ! enrolm5t "u ,quir9ius1 _! accuracy is fully confirm$4 ,accord+ to ,/4 ,luke#aif ?is enrolm5t occurr$ :ile ,h]od 0 k+1 & !re=e n lat] ?an :at we n[ call ,b4,c4 #d1 :5 ,h]od di$2 b1 accord+ to ,josephus & o!r au?orities1 ,quir9ius 0 ,gov]nor ( ,syria1 & c>ri$ out 8 tax+ 9 ,a4,d4 #f4 ,footnote #aif3 ,luke #b4 #b 7,r4,v474 ,?is us$ to be ?\ght "o ( ! mo/ s]i\s mi/akes 9 ! ,bible1 b mod]n discov]ies h %[n t x is probably correct4 ,to beg9 )1 an inscription 0 f\nd at ,tivoli 9 #agfd1 :i* %[s t ,quir9ius 0 twice ,gov]nor ( ,syria1 or at lea/ held "s important (fice !re4 ,& ?is has be5 confirm$ q rec5tly by an inscription f\nd at ,antio*1 :i* %[s t ! =m] "t 0 ab\t ,b4,c4 #g4aig ,!re is ?us v likely an end ( t difficulty1 ?\gh x mu/ be admitt$ t x w\ld place ! bir? ( ,*ri/ a little e>li] ?an ! usually accept$ ,b4,c4 #d1 :i* h[ev] "s critics ?9k probable = o!r reasons4 ,footnote #aig3 ,ramsay1 ',be>+ ( ,rec5t ,discov]y on ,new ,te/am5t4' #aiae1 p4 #bhe-bib4 ,next x w be notic$ t ,/4 ,luke says t ?is 0 ! fir/ enrolm5t1 imply+ t he knew ( o!rs2 & discov]ies 9 ,egypt h confirm$ ?is 9 a rem>kable mann]4 ,= !y h %[n t x 0 ! cu/om ( ! ,romans to h a p]iodical enrolm5t ( t c\ntry 7& !re=e presumably ( ! adjac5t c\ntry ( ,syria7 e f\rte5 ye>s4 ,"s ( ! actual c5sus pap]s h be5 f\nd = ,a4,d4 #bj1 #dh1 #fb1 #gf1 etc41 & x is extremely probable t ! sy/em />t$ 9 ,b4,c4 #i-h1 ?\gh ! fir/ enrolm5t may h be5 delay$ a few ye>s 9 ,pale/9e1 :i* 0 p>tly indep5d5t4 ,& ,/4 ,luke's /atem5t t ev]yone _h to g to 8 own city1 :i* 0 long ?\ght to be a difficulty1 has be5 p>tly confirm$ z well4 ,= a decree has be5 discov]$ 9 ,egypt1 dat$ 9 ! sev5? ye> ( ,trajan 7,a4,d4 #ajd71 ord]+ all p]sons to return to _! own di/ricts be=e ! approa*+ c5sus1#aih :i* is word$ z if x 7 ! usual cu/om4 ,! next c5sus 9 ,a4,d4 #f1 :i* is ! "o ref]r$ to by ,josephus1 is also m5tion$ by ,/4 ,luke2#aii b he knew1 :at 8 critics did n1 t x 0 only "o ( a s]ies1 & t ! fir/ ( ! s]ies took place at an e>li] date4 ,footnote #aih3 ,ramsay1 p4 #bei4 ,footnote #aii3 ,acts4 #e4 #cg4 ,curi\sly en\gh1 !re us$ to be a v simil> error1 *>g$ aga9/ ,/4 ,luke1 9 reg>d to ,lysanias2 :om he says 0 tetr>* ( ,abil5e1 a di/rict ne> ,damascus1 9 ! fifte5? ye> ( ,tib]ius1 ab\t ,a4,d4 #bg4bjj ,yet ! only rul] ( ?is "n kn[n to hi/ory 9 ^? p>ts 0 a k+1 :o 0 kill$ 9 ,b4,c4 #cd4 ,b inscriptions f\nd at ,baalbec1 & ,abila 7! latt] dat+ some:]e betwe5 ,a4,d4 #ad-bi7 %[ t !re 0 a second ,lysanias1 hi!rto unkn[n1 :o is expressly call$ ! tetr>* & :o is n[ admitt$ to be ! "o ref]r$ to by ,/4 ,luke4#bja ,on ! :ole !n1 ^! ,gospels1 :]ev] we h any means ( te/+ !m by secul> hi/ory1 appe> to be sub/antially accurate4 ,footnote #bjj3 ,luke #c4 #a4 ,footnote #bja3 ,boeckh's ,corp4 ,ins4 ,gr41 ,no4 #debc2 ,ramsay1 ',be>+ ( ,rec5t ,discov]y on ,new ,te/am5t4' #aiae1 p4 #bih4 ,b x may be said1 d n ! ,gospels !mselves contradict "o ano!r 9 "s places1 & if s !y _c all be correct8 ,n[ t !re are "s app>5t contradictions1 especially 9 ! n>ratives ( ! ,resurrection 7see ,*apt] ,,xvii471 mu/ ( c\rse be admitt$2 b _m ( ^! c be expla9$ satisfactorily1 & ^? :i* _c are z a rule q trivial4 ,= example1#bjb ,/4 ,mat!w relates t at ,*ri/'s ,baptism ! ,voice f ,heav5 said1 ',?is is my belov$ ,son 9 :om ,i am well pleas$2' & ! o!r ,evangeli/s1 ',?\ art my belov$ ,son1 9 !e ,i am well pleas$4' ,!re is a cle> v]bal discrepancy1 :atev] words 7 us$1 or 9 :atev] language !y 7 spok54 ,aga91 ,/4 ,mat!w records ! passage ab\t ! ,que5 ( ! ,s\? z be+ spok5 j aft]1 & ,/4 ,luke z j be=e1 ! simil> passage ab\t ! m5 ( ,n9eveh1 ?\gh bo? c h>dly be correct4 ,su* mi/akes z ^!1 h[ev]1 d n int]f]e ) ! sub/antial accuracy ( ! n>ratives4 ,footnote #bjb3 ,matt4 #c4 #ag2 #ab4 #db2 ,m>k #a4 #aa2 ,luke #c4 #bb2 #aa4 #ca4 7#b47 ,_! s\rces4 ,n[ ! fir/ ?ree ,gospels h1 z is well kn[n1 a numb] ( id5tical passages1 :i* mu/ pla9ly be due to copy+ 9 "s =m1 ei!r two ,evangeli/s copy+ ! ?ird1 or all ?ree "s e>li] docum5t4 ,! portion !y h 9 common 7(t5 call$ ! ,triple ,tradition7 includes "s ( ! p>ables ( ,*ri/1 & sev]al ( ,8 miracles1 su* z calm+ ! /orm1 fe$+ ! five ?\s&1 cur+ ! man at ,gad>a1 & rais+ ! daught] ( ,jairus4 ,if1 z is probable1 x repres5ts ! te/imony ( a s+le witness1 !re is little difficulty 9 id5tify+ him ) ,/4 ,pet]4 ,b x is mo/ unlikely = ! :ole ( ?is e>li] docum5t to h be5 includ$ 9 ?ree sep>ate ,gospels2 x is sure to h conta9$ some?+ t 0 only copi$ by "o or two4 ,!re=e mo/ s*ol>s are n[ ( op9ion t ! s-call$ ,triple ,tradition 0 m]ely our ,/4 ,m>k's ,gospel1 practically all ( :i* 0 copi$1 ei!r by ,/4 ,mat!w or ,/4 ,luke1 if n by bo?4 ,& ?is is c]ta9ly probable1 = ! _m graphic details 9 ?is ,gospel %[ t x mu/ date f an extremely e>ly "t2 s x 0 mo/ likely kn[n to ! o!r ,evangeli/s4 ,x w\ld also agree ) ! /atem5t ( ,papias 7quot$ 9 ! la/ *apt]7 t ,/4 ,m>k got 8 in=mation f ,/4 ,pet]4 ,& z "s ( x has to d ) ev5ts1 su* z ! ,transfiguration1 :5 ,/4 ,pet] 0 pres5t1 & ,/4 ,mat!w 0 n1 !re is no?+ improbable 9 ,/4 ,mat!w 7z well z ,/4 ,luke7 includ+ "p ( x 9 8 ,gospel4 ,?is h[ev] is n all2 = our fir/ & ?ird ,gospels also conta9 a good deal 9 common1 :i* is n 9 ,m>k1 & ?is looks l ano!r old] docum5t1 (t5 call$ ',q' f ! ,g]man ,quelle1 mean+ 's\rce4' ,x consi/s *iefly ( disc\rses & p>ables1 ?\gh includ+ at lea/ "o miracle1 t ( heal+ ! c5turion's s]vant1 & is admitt$ by mo/ critics to date f be=e ,a4,d4 #ej4 ,b "h aga91 x is unlikely = ! :ole ( ?is e>li] docum5t to h be5 includ$ 9 two sep>ate ,gospels1 x is sure to h conta9$ some?+ else besides4 ,moreov]1 z ?us re/or$ 7f ,mat!w & ,luke7 x is obvi\sly incomplete4 ,x conta9s sc>cely any n>rative to expla9 h[ ! disc\rses arose1 & ( necessity x omits ev]y?+ 9 ,*ri/'s life :i* is record$ by ,/4 ,m>k z well1 = ?is has be5 already assign$ to ! s-call$ ,triple ,tradition4 ,!re=e :5 x 0 complete1 x mu/ h conta9$ a good deal m1 :i* may well h be5 ! rema9d] ( our ,/4 ,mat!w's ,gospel4 ,/4 ,luke w\ld !n h only includ$ a "p ( :at ,/4 ,mat!w wrote1 j z !y bo? only includ$ a "p ( :at ,/4 ,m>k wrote4 ,& ! suppos$ second docum5t w\ld be our ,/4 ,mat!w's ,gospel1 j z ! suppos$ ,triple ,tradition is n[ ?\ght to be our ,/4 ,m>k's ,gospel4 ,!re are difficulties on e !ory1 b on ! :ole ?is seems z satisfactory z any o!r1 & x acc\nts fairly well = ! fir/ two ,gospels4 ,b ! ?ird ,gospel requires fur!r explanation1 = besides :at is copi$ f ! o!r two1 x conta9s a good deal ( additional matt]1 su* z ! p>able ( ! ,prodigal ,son1 :i* ,/4 ,luke mu/ h got f "s o!r s\rce4 ,:ile he expressly says t _m _h writt5 be=e himself2 s !re 7 sev]al su* s\rces 9 exi/5ce4 ,& ?is 0 only natural1 = ! ,*ri/ian religion spread rapidly1 & ,/4 ,luke himself %[s u :at its conv]ts 7 taught4 ,= he says t he only wrote 8 ,gospel to conv9ce ,!ophilus ( ! ?+s ab\t :i* he _h already be5 in/ruct$4#bjc ,cle>ly !n ! c\rse ( in/ruction mu/ h includ$ :at ! ,gospel includ$2 & ?is 0 ! :ole ( ,*ri/'s life1 f ,8 ,virg9-,bir? to ,8 ,asc5sion4 ,x is h5ce probable t f ! v fir/ ,*ri/ian tea*]s _h "s acc\nt ( t life4 ,footnote #bjc3 ,luke #a4 #a-d4 ,& ?is probability becomes almo/ a c]ta9ty 9 ! light ( mod]n discov]ies4 ,= quantities ( old papyri h be5 f\nd 9 ,egypt1 :i* %[ t at ! "t ( ,*ri/1 writ+ 0 9 common use among all classes2 soldi]s1 f>m]s1 s]vants1 s*oolboys1 7 all accu/om$ to write4 ,!re=e1 z x has be5 well said1 's f> z antec$5t probability goes1 f\nd$ on ! g5]al "* ( prec$+ & contempor>y society1 ! fir/ ,*ri/ian acc\nt ( ! circum/ances connect$ ) ! dea? ( ,jesus mu/ be presum$ to h be5 writt5 9 ! ye> :5 ,jesus di$4'#bjd ,& s9ce ,/4 ,luke1 :5 he 0 at ,j]usalem met sev]al ( ! eld]s !re1 includ+ ,*ri/'s bro!r1 ,/4 ,james1#bje he probably _h access to all exi/+ docum5ts4 ,footnote #bjd3 ,ramsay1 ,transactions ( ,victoria ,in/itute1 vol4 xxxix41 #aijg1 p4 #bjc4 ,footnote #bje3 ,acts #ba4 #ah4 ,!re is ?us no reason to d\bt 8 own /atem5t1 t he _h ample means ( kn[+ ! tru?1 f ! beg9n+4 ,& ?is1 he says1 0 ! v reason :y he det]m9$ to write2 s a m tru/wor?y hi/orian c sc>cely be imag9$4#bjf ,=tunately1 h[ev]1 ?\gh divid+ ! ,gospels into _! orig9al p>ts is an int]e/+ /udy1 x is 9 no way ess5tial to our pres5t argum5t4 ,footnote #bjf3 ,luke #a4 #b-c4 7#c47 ,_! probable date4 ,we n[ come to ! probable date ( ! fir/ ?ree ,gospels2 & !re are /rong reasons = fix+ ?is be=e ! fall ( ,j]usalem1 9 ,a4,d4 #gj4 ,9 ! fir/ place sev]al subjects are discuss$1 su* z ! lawfulness ( ! ,jews pay+ tribute to ,cs>1#bjg :i* w\ld h _h no int]e/ aft] t ev5t4 ,& t conv]sations on su* subjects %\ld h be5 compos$ 9 lat] days1 or ev5 ?\ght wor? record+1 is mo/ unlikely4 ,nor are ,*ri/'s in/ructions z to :at p]sons %\ld d :5 !y br+ _! gifts to ! alt>1 likely to h be5 record$ aft] ! alt>1 & ev]y?+ connect$ ) x1 _h be5 totally de/roy$4#bjh ,footnote #bjg3 ,matt4 #bb4 #ag4 ,footnote #bjh3 ,matt4 #e4 #bd4 ,secondly1 ne>ly all ! p>ables ( ,*ri/ h v /rong m>ks ( tru?fulness1 z !y are ?or\ghly natural 9 "*1 & suit ! cu/oms & sc5]y ( ,pale/9e4 ,moreov]1 !y are unique 9 ,*ri/ian lit]ature4 ,h[ev] /range we may ?9k x1 ! e>ly ,*ri/ians nev] seem to h adopt$ ,*ri/'s me?od ( tea*+ by p>ables4 ,yet1 if !y _h compos$ ^! p>ables1 in/ead ( m]ely record+ !m1 !y w\ld d\btless h compos$ o!rs l !m4 ,x is h5ce probable t ^! disc\rses are g5u9e2 &1 if s1 !y mu/ obvi\sly h be5 writt5 d[n v soon aft]w>ds4 ,?irdly1 !re are a few passages :i* des]ve special m5tion4 ,two ( ^! are ,*ri/'s say+ t 7app>5tly7 !re w\ld n be "t to g ?r\gh ! cities ( ,israel be=e ,8 ,second ,com+2 & t "s ( ,8 he>]s w\ld n die till ! end ( ! _w4#bji ,t su* /atem5ts %\ld h be5 compos$ 9 lat] ye>s is out ( ! "q2 s we c only conclude t !y 7 actually spok5 by ,*ri/4 ,& !y %[ t ! ,gospels mu/ n only h be5 writt5 :5 "s ( ,*ri/'s he>]s 7 /ill alive1 b t !y c\ld n h be5 revis$ aft]w>ds2 or ! passages w\ld n h be5 all[$ to rema9 z !y are4 ,footnote #bji3 ,matt4 #aj4 #bc2 #af4 #bh2 ,m>k #i4 #a2 ,luke #i4 #bg2 b "s o!r texts imply ! contr>y--e4g41 ,matt4 #ba4 #dc2 ,m>k #ac4 #g1 #aj2 #ad4 #i2 ,luke #ba4 #bd4 ,ano!r is ! /atem5t t ! pott]'s field 0 call$ ! field ( blood unto ?is day2#baj :i* c\ld sc>cely h be5 writt5 :5 ! :ole city 0 little m ?an a heap ( ru9s4 ,( c\rse1 on ! o!r h&1 x c\ld n h be5 writt5 imm$iately aft] ! "t ( ,*ri/1 b tw5ty ye>s w\ld probably be a suffici5t int]val4 ,footnote #baj3 ,matt4 #bg4 #h2 see also #bh4 #ae4 ,f\r?ly1 !re is ! prophetic description ( ! fall ( ,j]usalem itself1 :i* seems confus$ by ! ,evangeli/s ) t ( ! ,day ( ,judgm5t1 ,/4 ,mat!w say+1 & bo? ! o!rs imply+1 t ! "o w\ld imm$iately foll[ ! o!r4#baa ,_h ! ,gospels be5 writt5 aft] ! =m] ev5t1 x is almo/ c]ta9 t ! writ]s w\ld h di/+ui%$ betwe5 ! two2 inde$1 _! n do+ s is sc>cely intelligible1 unless we assume t :5 !y wrote1 bo? ev5ts 7 /ill future4 ,footnote #baa3 ,matt4 #bd4 #c1 #bi2 ,m>k #ac4 #bd2 ,luke #ba4 #bg4 ,& ?is is confirm$ by ! curi\s h9t giv5 to ! read]s bo? 9 ,mat!w & ,m>k to und]/&1 & act on ,*ri/'s advice1 & leave ! city & g to ! m\nta9s1 be=e ! siege became too sev]e4#bab ,pla9ly su* a w>n+ c\ld n h be5 writt5 aft] ! siege1 :5 x w\ld h be5 useless4 ,x mu/ h be5 writt5 be=e2 s if x is a lat] ins]tion1 z x seems to be1 x proves a /ill e>li] date = ! re/ ( ! *apt]4 ,moreov]1 none ( ! ,evangeli/s h alt]$ ! passage1 z lat] writ]s might h done1 to make x agree ) ! ev5t2 s9ce z f> z we "k1 ! ,*ri/ians did n g to ! m\nta9s1 b to ,pella1 a city 9 ! ,jordan valley4#bac ,footnote #bab3 ,matt4 #bd4 #af2 ,m>k #ac4 #ad2 ,luke #ba4 #ba4 ,footnote #bac3 ,eusebius1 ,hi/41 iii4 #e4 ,/4 ,luke1 x w be notic$1 omits ! h9t j ref]r$ to1 & z 8 acc\nt ( ,*ri/'s prophecy ( ! siege is r m detail$ ?an ! o!rs1 x is sometimes ?\ght to h be5 writt5 aft] ! ev5t4 ,b ?is is a ne$less assumption1 = ! h9t w\ld h be5 q useless to ,!ophilus1 to :om ! ,gospel 0 address$2 & ! prophecy is anyh[ no clos] ?an t 9 ,deut4 #bh41 :i* ev]yone admits 0 writt5 c5turies be=e 7,*apt] ,,xi474 ,on ! :ole1 !n1 ev]y?+ po9ts to our fir/ ?ree ,gospels hav+ be5 writt5 "s ye>s be=e ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem1 ,a4,d4 #gj2 & mo/ likely by ! ,evangeli/s1 to :om !y h be5 univ]sally ascrib$4 ,x may also be add$1 9 reg>d to ! ,evangeli/s !mselves1 ,/4 ,mat!w ! ,apo/le 0 a publican or tax-collector1 s j ! sort ( p]son to keep records1 9 ei!r ,greek or ,hebrew4#bad ,/4 ,m>k came ( a weal?y family1 z 8 relative1 ,b>nabas1 _h "s prop]ty2 & 8 "m1 ,m>y1 _h a l>ge h\se at ,j]usalem1 :]e ,*ri/ians us$ to assemble1 & :]e x has be5 ?\ght ! ,la/ ,supp] 0 held4#bae ,& ! "y man :o foll[$ f "h to ,ge?semane 0 probably ,/4 ,m>k himself1 or he w\ld n h record$ su* a trivial incid5t4#baf ,footnote #bad3 ,matt4 #i4 #i4 ,footnote #bae3 ,acts #d4 #cg2 #ab4 #ab2 #a4 #ac2 ,col4 #d4 #aj4 ,footnote #baf3 ,m>k #ad4 #ea4 ,& ,/4 ,luke1 z we %all see 9 ! next *apt]1 0 a doctor1 :o says he got 8 in=mation f eye-witnesses4 ,& if he 0 ! companion ( ,cleopas1 z is p]haps probable 7= su* a graphic n>rative mu/ h come f "o :o 0 pres5t1 yet ! language is ?or\ghly t ( ,/4 ,luke71 he w\ld also h _h "s slight k ( ,*ri/ himself4#bag ,& 9 simil> cases :]e ,/4 ,john speaks ( two disciples1 b gives ! "n ( only "o1 x is practically c]ta9 t he himself 0 ! o!r4#bah ,moreov] ,/4 ,luke says t 8 ,gospel1 :i* only goes z f> z ! ,asc5sion1 0 ab\t ^? matt]s :i* h be5 fulfill$ among u#bai 7i4e41 :i* h occurr$ among u71 & ?is implies t x 0 writt5 9 ,pale/9e at a v e>ly date1 & t ,/4 ,luke himself 0 !re dur+ at lea/ "p ( ! "t ref]r$ to4 ,footnote #bag3 ,luke #bd4 #ah2 ,expositor1 ,feb41 #aijd4 ,footnote #bah3 ,john #a4 #dj2 #ah4 #ae4 ,footnote #bai3 ,luke #a4 #a4 7,r4,v474 ,a %ort pap] on ,fulfill$ among u1 by ! pres5t writ]1 appe>$ 9 ! ,*ur*man1 ,aug4 #aiad4 ,all ?ree mu/ ?us h be5 well-educat$ m51 & q 9 a position to write ,gospels if !y want$ to4 ,:ile z none ( !m seem to h tak5 a prom95t "p 9 ! f\nd+ ( ,*ri/ianity1 !re 0 no reason = ascrib+ ! ,gospels to !m1 r ?an to su* great m5 z ,/4 ,pet] & ,/4 ,paul1 unless !y actually wrote !m4 7,b47 ,,! ,,f\r? ,,gospel4 ,we pass on n[ to ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 & w fir/ exam9e ! int]nal argum5ts z to its au?or%ip1 :i* are /rongly 9 fav\r ( its be+ ! "w ( ,/4 ,john2 & !n ! two argum5ts on ! opposite side1 said to be d]iv$ f its connection ) ! o!r ,gospels1 & ! ,book ( ,revelation4 7#a47 ,its au?or%ip4 ,to beg9 )1 ! writ] appe>s to h liv$ 9 ! fir/ c5tury4 ,?is is probable f 8 intimate acqua9tance ) ,j]usalem1 & z be=e said t city 0 only a heap ( ru9s aft] ,a4,d4 #gj4 ,?us he speaks ( ,be!sda1 ! pool ne> ! %eep-gate1 hav+ five por*es2 ( ,solomon's por*2 ( ! pool ( ,siloam2 & ( ! ,temple1 ) its treasury2 its ox51 %eep1 & doves = sacrifice2 & its money-*ang]s = *ang+ =eign money into ,jewi%1 9 :i* alone ! ,temple tax c\ld be paid4 ,& 8 m5tion ( ,be!sda is specially int]e/+ z he uses ! pres5t t5se1 ,!re is 9 ,j]usalem1 etc41 imply+ t ! gate & por*es 7 /ill /&+ 7& !re=e ! city n yet de/roy$7 :5 he wrote4#bbj ,footnote #bbj3 ,john #e4 #b4 ,secondly1 ! writ] appe>s to h be5 an eye-witness ( :at he describes4 ,he twice ass]ts ?is himself1 z well z 9 an ,epi/le :i* is g5]ally admitt$ to be by ! same writ]1 :]e he decl>es t he _h bo? se51 he>d1 & t\*$ 8 ,ma/]4#bba ,s1 if ?is is n true1 ! "w mu/ be a delib]ate =g]y2 :i* is c]ta9ly improbable4 ,moreov]1 he frequ5tly id5tifies himself ) ! ,twelve ,apo/les1 record+ _! feel+s & reflections 9 a way :i* w\ld be v unlikely = any late writ] to h ?\ght (4 ,w\ld a late writ]1 = in/ance1 h ?\ght ( inv5t+ que/ions :i* ! ,apo/les want$ to ask _! ,ma/]1 b 7 afraid to d s8 ,or w\ld he h ?\ght x wor? repeat+ s (t5 t !y did n und]/& at ! "t ! real significance ( ! ev5ts !y took "p 98#bbb ,footnote #bba3 ,john #a4 #ad2 #ai4 #ce2 #a ,john #a4 #a4 ,footnote #bbb3 ,e4g41 ,john #b4 #ag1 #bb2 #d4 #bg2 #ac4 #bh2 #af4 #ag4 ,! au?or is also v p>ticul> z to times & places4 ,take1 = in/ance1 ! passage #a4 #bi-b4 #ab1 ) its expressions ,on ! morr[1 ,aga9 on ! morr[1 ,ab\t ! t5? h\r1 ,on ! morr[1 ,& ! ?ird day1 ,& !re !y abode n _m days4 ,x reads l extracts f an old di>y1 & :y %\ld all ^! insignificant details be record$8 ,:at did x matt] half a c5tury lat] :e!r x 0 ! same day1 or on ! morr[1 or ! ?ird day2 or :e!r !y /ay$ _m days 9 ,cap]naum1 or only a few2 z no h9t is giv5 z to :y !y w5t !re1 or :at !y did8 ,! only reasonable explanation is t ! writ] 0 pres5t himself 7be+ ( c\rse ! unnam$ companion ( ,/4 ,&rew72 t ?is 0 ! turn+-po9t 9 8 life :5 he fir/ saw 8 ,"l2 & t !re=e he lov$ to recall e detail4 ,& x may be notic$ 9 pass+ t ?is passage expla9s an app>5t difficulty 9 ! o!r ,gospels1 :]e x is /at$ t ^! ,apo/les 7 call$ to foll[ ,*ri/1 aft] ! dea? ( ,/4 ,john ! ,bapti/2 ?\gh ) a sudd5ness & ready ob$i5ce on _! "p1 :i* is h>d to believe4#bbc ,b we "h le>n t !y _h already be5 ) ,*ri/ "s mon?s be=e1 9 company ) ! ,bapti/1 s !y 7 d\btless prep>$ = ! call :5 x came4 ,& ! passage1 l _m o!rs1 be>s int]nal m>ks ( tru?fulness4 ,9 p>ticul> may be m5tion$ ! words ( ,na?anael1 ,?\ art ! ,son ( ,god1 ?\ art ! ,k+ ( ,israel1 imply+ t ! latt] title 0 at lea/ z hon\rable z ! =m]4 ,no ,*ri/ian 9 lat] times1 :5 ,*ri/ 0 obvi\sly n ! ,k+ ( ,israel 7except 9 a purely spiritual s5se71 & :5 ! title ,son ( ,god _h come to mean s mu* m ?an x ev] did to ! ,jews1 w\ld h arrang$ x ?us4 ,footnote #bbc3 ,e4g41 ,m>k #a4 #ad-bj4 ,la/ly1 if we admit t ! writ] 0 an eye-witness1 x c h>dly be disput$ t he 0 ! ,apo/le ,/4 ,john4 ,inde$1 7 he anyone else1 x is /range t an ,apo/le ( su* importance %\ld n be once m5tion$ ?r\gh\t ! ,gospel4 ,x is also significant t ! o!r ,john1 :o is describ$ 9 ! fir/ ?ree ,gospels z ,john ! ,bapti/1 to di/+ui% him f ! ,apo/le1 is "h call$ m]ely ,john4 ,no confusion c\ld arise if1 & only if1 ! writ] himself 7 ! ,apo/le ,john4 ,:ile /ill m important is ! fact t at ! close ( ! ,gospel1 we h a solemn decl>ation made by ! au?or's own fri5ds t he 0 ! disciple :om ,jesus lov$ 7admitt$ by ne>ly ev]yone to be ,/4 ,john71 t he _h witness$ ! ?+s he wrote ab\t1 & t :at he said 0 true4 ,& te/imony m anci5t or m conclusive c sc>cely be imag9$4 ,) reg>d to ! date ( ! book1 we c say little = c]ta94 ,b ! extreme c>e :i* is tak5 9 ^! clos+ v]ses to expla9 exactly :at ,*ri/ did1 & did n say1 z to ,/4 ,john's dy+1 be=e ,8 com+ aga91 seems to imply t ! matt] 0 /ill undecid$1 9 o!r words t ,/4 ,john 0 /ill alive1 ?\gh v old1 :5 !y 7 writt54 ,& if s ! ,gospel mu/ h be5 publi%$ 7probably 9 "s ,g5tile city1 l ,ephesus1 f ! way ! ,jews are spok5 (7#bbd t[>ds ! close ( ! fir/ c5tury2 ?\gh a l>ge "p ( x may h be5 writt5 9 ! %ape ( notes1 etc41 long be=e4 ,footnote #bbd3 ,e4g41 ,john #b4 #ac2 #e4 #a2 #f4 #d4 7#b47 ,its connection ) ! o!r ,gospels4 ,b1 z be=e said1 !re are two argum5ts aga9/ ! g5u95ess ( ?is ,gospel4 ,! fir/ is t ! ,*ri/ ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel is almo/ a diff]5t p]son f ! ,*ri/ ( ! o!r ?ree4 ,! ev5ts ( ,8 life are diff]5t1 ,8 language is diff]5t1 & ,8 "* is diff]5t2 :ile1 :5 ! ,gospels cov] ! same gr\nd1 !re are discrepancies betwe5 !m4 ,b e "p ( ?is objection admits ( a satisfactory answ]4 ,to beg9 )1 ! fact t ! ,f\r? ,gospel n>rates diff]5t ev5ts 9 ! life ( ,*ri/ f :at we f9d 9 ! o!r ?ree mu/ ( c\rse be admitt$4 ,b :at !n8 ,:y %\ld n "o biography ( ,*ri/ n>rate c]ta9 ev5ts 9 ,8 life1 :i* ! writ] ?\ght important1 b :i* _h be5 omitt$ 9 previ\s acc\nts8 ,?is is :at occurs frequ5tly at ! pres5t day1 & :y %\ld x n h occurr$ !n8 ,! ,f\r? ,gospel may h be5 writt5 on purpose to supplem5t "s o!r acc\nts4 ,& !re is /rong evid5ce f ! book itself t ?is 0 actually ! case4 ,= ! writ] ref]s to _m ev5ts )\t describ+ !m1 & 9 su* a way z to %[ t he ?\ght 8 read]s knew ab\t !m4 ,he assumes1 = in/ance1 t !y "k ab\t ,/4 ,john ! ,bapti/ be+ imprison$1 ab\t ,joseph be+ ! suppos$ fa!r ( ,*ri/1 & ab\t ! appo9tm5t ( ! ,twelve4#bbe ,x is probable !n t ! ,gospel 0 writt5 = well-in/ruct$ ,*ri/ians1 :o possess$ "s o!r acc\nts ( ,*ri/'s life4 ,& ev]y?+ po9ts to ^! be+ our fir/ ?ree ,gospels4 ,footnote #bbe3 ,john #c4 #bd2 #f4 #db1 #gj4 ,!n z to ! language ascrib$ to ,*ri/ 9 ! ,f\r? ,gospel be+ diff]5t f t 9 ! o!rs4 ,?is is no d\bt p>tly true1 especially 9 reg>d to ,8 speak+ ( ,himself z ! ,son1 9 ! same way 9 :i* ,god is ! ,fa!r4 ,b x s happ5s t we h 9 ^! o!r ,gospels at lea/ ?ree simil> passages#bbf :i* %[ t ,*ri/ did occasionally speak 9 ?is way4 ,& !re is no reason :y ,/4 ,john %\ld n h pres]v$ su* disc\rses because ! o!r ,evangeli/s _h omitt$ to d s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! title ,son ( ,man 7appli$ to ,*ri/7 occurs repeat$ly 9 all ! ,gospels1 ?\gh /range to say only 9 ! m\? ( ,*ri/ ,himself4 ,?is is a /rik+ detail1 9 :i* ,/4 ,john entirely agrees ) ! o!r ,evangeli/s4 ,footnote #bbf3 ,matt4 #aa4 #be-bg2 #bd4 #cf2 #bh4 #ai2 ,m>k #ac4 #cb2 ,luke #aj4 #ba1 #bb4 ,! next "p ( ! objection is t ! ,"* assign$ to ,*ri/ 9 ! ,f\r? ,gospel is diff]5t f t 9 ! o!r ?ree2 s9ce in/ead ( tea*+ moral virtues z 9 ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 ,he keeps ass]t+ ,8 own ,div9e nature4 ,& ?is also is p>tly true1 = ! ,f\r? ,gospel %[s ! ,div9ity ( ,*ri/ m directly ?an ! o!rs1 :i* only imply x 7,*apt] ,,xxi474 ,& v probably ! writ] did s on purpose1 ?9k+ t ?is aspect ( ,*ri/'s "* _h n be5 suffici5tly emphasis$ 9 ! previ\s acc\nts4 ,inde$1 he implies x himself1 = he says t he omitt$ mu* t he might h ins]t$1 & m]ely record$ :at he did 9 ord] to conv9ce 8 read]s t ,jesus 0 ! ,*ri/1 ! ,son ( ,god4#bbg ,footnote #bbg3 ,john #bj4 #ca4 ,b no argum5t = a late date c be drawn f ?is4 ,because f\r ( ,/4 ,paul's ,epi/les 7i4e4 ,rom42 #a ,cor42 #b ,cor42 & ,gal47 :i* h be5 admitt$ to be g5u9e by critics ( all s*ools1 describe exactly ! same ,*ri/ z we f9d 9 ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 speak+ ( ,8 ,div9ity1 ,pre-exi/5ce1 & ,inc>nation 7,*apt] ,,xxi474 ,& f ! way 9 :i* ,/4 ,paul alludes to ^! doctr9es he evid5tly consid]$ !m ! common belief ( all ,*ri/ians :5 he wrote1 ab\t ,a4,d4 #ee4 ,s ! fact ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel lay+ /ress on ^! doctr9es is no reason :atev] aga9/ ei!r its g5u95ess or its e>ly date4 ,inde$1 x seems to supply j ^? disc\rses ( ,*ri/ :i* are necess>y to acc\nt = ,/4 ,paul's language4 ,la/ly1 z to ! discrepancies4 ,! "o mo/ (t5 alleg$ is t accord+ to ! fir/ ?ree ,gospels 79 opposition to ! ,f\r?7 ,*ri/'s m9i/ry nev] rea*$ ,j]usalem till j be=e ,8 dea?4 ,b ?is is a mi/ake1 = ?\gh !y d n relate ,8 att5dance at ! ,jewi% fea/s1 l ,/4 ,john does1 !y imply by ! ^w (t5 7',h[ (t5 w\ld ,i h ga!r$ ?y *ildr51'#bbh etc47 t ,he _h frequ5tly visit$ ! city1 & prea*$ !re4 ,& "o ( !m also ref]s to an e>li] visit ( ,*ri/1 to ,m>?a & ,m>y1 :i* %[s t ,he _h be5 to ,be?any 7close to ,j]usalem7 "s "t be=e4#bbi ,footnote #bbh3 ,matt4 #bc4 #cg2 ,luke #ac4 #cd4 ,footnote #bbi3 ,luke #aj4 #ch4 ,ano!r difficulty 7x is sc>cely a discrepancy7 is ! fact t su* a /rik+ miracle z ! rais+ ( ,laz>us1 :i* is describ$ 9 ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 %\ld h be5 omitt$ 9 ! o!r ?ree4 ,x is c]ta9ly /range1 b ^! ,evangeli/s !mselves tell u !re 7 o!r in/ances ( rais+ ! dead1 :i* !y d n record1#bcj & !y probably knew ( x1 z x alone expla9s ! great en?usiasm ) :i* ,*ri/ 0 receiv$ at ,j]usalem4 ,?is !y all relate1 & ,/4 ,luke's say+ t x 0 due to ! mighty works1 :i* ! p _h se51 implies t !re _h be5 "s /rik+ miracles 9 ! neighb\rhood4#bca ,footnote #bcj3 ,matt4 #aj4 #h2 #aa4 #e2 ,luke #g4 #bb4 ,footnote #bca3 ,luke #ai4 #cg4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re are sev]al undesign$ agreem5ts betwe5 ! ,gospels1 :i* are a /rong argum5t 9 fav\r ( _! accuracy4 ,take1 = in/ance1 ! accusation br\ght aga9/ ,*ri/ ( de/roy+ ! ,temple1 & rebuild+ x 9 ?ree days4 ,?is is allud$ to bo? by ,/4 ,mat!w & ,/4 ,m>k2 b ,/4 ,john alone records ! words on :i* x 0 f\nd$1 ?\gh he does n m5tion ! *>ge1 & quotes ! words 9 q a diff]5t connection4#bcb ,footnote #bcb3 ,matt4 #bf4 #fa2 ,m>k #ad4 #eh2 ,john #b4 #ai4 ,or take ! ,fe$+ ( ! five ?\s&4#bcc ,/4 ,m>k says t ?is occurr$ 9 a des]t place1 :]e ,*ri/ _h gone = a %ort re/1 & to avoid ! cr[d ( p]sons :o 7 com+ & go+ at ,cap]naum4 ,b he gives no h9t z to :y !re 0 ?is cr[d j at t "t4 ,/4 ,john says no?+ ab\t ,*ri/'s go+ to ! des]t1 nor ( ! cr[d :i* occasion$ x2 b he happ5s to m5tion1 :at fully expla9s bo?1 t x 0 %ortly be=e ! ,passov]4 ,n[ we "k t at ! "t ( ! ,passov] numb]s ( p came to ,j]usalem f all p>ts2 s ,cap]naum1 :i* lay on a ma9 road f ! nor?1 w\ld naturally be cr[d$ ) p]sons com+ & go+4 ,& ?is expla9s ev]y?+2 ev5 ,/4 ,m>k's little detail1 z to ! p sitt+ on ! gre5 grass1 = grass is only gre5 9 ,pale/9e 9 ! spr+1 i4e41 at ! "t ( ! ,passov]4 ,b c anyone ?9k t ! writ] ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel purposely made 8 acc\nt to agree ) ! o!rs1 yet did ?is 9 su* a way t n "o read] 9 a hundr$ ev] discov]s x8 ,! only reasonable explanation is t ! ev5t 0 true1 & t bo? writ]s _h indep5d5t k ( x4 ,footnote #bcc3 ,matt4 #ad4 #ac2 ,m>k #f4 #ca2 ,luke #i4 #aj2 ,john #f4 #d4 ,! objection1 !n1 z to ! connection ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel ) ! o!r ?ree mu/ be put aside4 ,x 0 pla9ly meant to supplem5t !m2 & x %[s n a diff]5t ,*ri/1 ei!r 9 language or "*1 b m]ely a diff]5t aspect ( ! same ,*ri/1 :ile ! slight discrepancies1 especially :5 comb9$ ) ! undesign$ co9cid5ces1 r support its g5u95ess4 7#c47 ,its connection ) ! ,book ( ,revelation4 ,we pass on n[ to ! o!r argum5t4 ,! ,book ( ,revelation is g5]ally admitt$ to be ! "w ( ,/4 ,john1 & x is ascrib$ to him by ,ju/9 ,m>tyr4#bcd ,its date is usually fix$ at ,a4,d4 #fh2 ?\gh _m critics pref] ,a4,d4 #ie1 :i* is ! date giv5 by ,ir5u4 ,footnote #bcd3 ,dial41 #ha4 ,yet x is said x _c be by ! same writ] z ! ,f\r? ,gospel because ! ,greek is s diff]5t1 t ( ! ,revelation be+ v abrupt1 ) num]\s faults ( gramm>1 :ile ! ,gospel is 9 good ,greek4 ,!re=e x is urg$ t a ,galilean fi%]man l ,/4 ,john1 ?\gh he might h be5 suffici5tly educat$ to h writt5 ! =m]1 z 8 fa!r 0 well (f & kept s]vants1 & he himself 0 a fri5d ( ! ,high ,prie/1#bce c\ld sc>cely h writt5 ! latt]4 ,v>i\s explanations h be5 giv5 ( ?is4 ,p]haps ! be/ is t ! ,revelation 0 writt5 by ,/4 ,john himself1 s9ce he is n likely to h _h fri5ds 9 ,patmos2 & t :5 writ+ ! ,gospel he _h ! assi/ance ( a ,greek disciple4 ,footnote #bce3 ,m>k #a4 #bj2 ,john #ah4 #ae4 ,on ! o!r side1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t ?\gh ! two books are diff]5t 9 language1 !y are ! same 9 _! tea*+2 = ! great doctr9e ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 t ( ! ,div9ity ( ,*ri/1 is ass]t$ almo/ z pla9ly 9 ! ,revelation4 ,& ev5 ! /rik+ expression t ,*ri/ is ! ,logos1 or ,^w1 occurs 9 bo? books1 ?\gh x is n f\nd else:]e 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 except 9 "o ( ,/4 ,john's ,epi/les4#bcf ,& ! same may be said ( ano!r /rik+ expression1 t ,*ri/ is ! ,lamb1 :i* also occurs 9 ! ,gospel & ,revelation1 ?\gh n else:]e 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4#bcg ,?is simil>ity 9 doctr9e is inde$ s m>k$ t x /rongly sugge/s ! same au?or%ip2 & if s1 x makes x practically c]ta9 t ! ,f\r? ,gospel 0 writt5 by ,/4 ,john4 ,footnote #bcf3 ,john #a4 #a2 #a ,john #a4 #a2 ,rev4 #ai4 #ac4 ,footnote #bcg3 ,john #a4 #bi1 #cf2 ,rev4 #f4 #a2 #ad4 #a4 ,on ! :ole1 !n1 ^! objections are n s]i\s2 :ile1 z already %[n1 ! ,f\r? ,gospel has v /rong int]nal m>ks ( g5u95ess4 ,& :5 we comb9e ^! ) ! equally /rong ext]nal te/imony1 x =ces u to conclude t ,/4 ,john 0 ! au?or4 ,?is ,gospel1 !n1 l ! o!r ?ree1 mu/ be consid]$ g5u9e2 inde$1 ! evid5ce 9 fav\r ( !m all is ov]:elm+4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,t ,,! ,,gospels ,,are ,,g5u9e ,,f ,,! ,,evid5ce ,,( ,,! ,,acts4 ,importance ( ! ,acts1 z x is by ! writ] ( ! ,?ird ,gospel4 7,a47 ,,its ,,accuracy4 ,?ree examples ( ?is3 7#a47 ,! titles ( diff]5t rul]s4 7#b47 ,! riot at ,ephesus4 7#c47 ,! agreem5t ) ,/4 ,paul's ,epi/les4 7,b47 ,,its ,,au?or%ip4 ,! writ] 0 a companion ( ,/4 ,paul1 & a m$ical man2 s probably ,/4 ,luke4 7,c47 ,,its ,,date4 ,!re are /rong reasons = fix+ ?is at ! close ( ,/4 ,paul's imprisonm5t at ,rome1 ab\t ,a4,d4 #fj2 & ?is po9ts to an e>li] date = ! fir/ ?ree ,gospels4 ,we h next to consid] an argum5t ( great importance d]iv$ f ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les4 ,?is book is univ]sally admitt$ to be by ! same writ] z ! ,?ird ,gospel1 z is inde$ obvi\s f ! mann] 9 :i* bo? are address$ to ,!ophilus1 f ! =m] treatise be+ m5tion$ 9 ! op5+ v]se ( ! ,acts1 & f ! p]fect agreem5t 9 /yle & language4 ,h5ce argum5ts = or aga9/ ! antiquity ( ! ,acts affect ! ,?ird ,gospel also1 & !re=e1 to "s ext5t1 ! ,fir/ & ,second z well4 ,s we w consid] fir/ its accuracy1 !n its au?or%ip1 & la/ly its date4 7,a47 ,,its ,,accuracy4 ,n[1 ?is book1 unlike ! ,gospels1 deals ) a l>ge numb] ( public m5 & places1 _m ( :i* are well kn[n f secul> hi/ory1 :ile inscriptions ref]r+ to o!rs h be5 rec5tly discov]$4 ,x is ?us liable to be detect$ at e /ep if inaccurate2 yet1 ) ! d\btful exception ( ! date ( ! rebellion ( ,!udas1 & "s details z to ! dea? ( ,h]od ,agrippa1 no error c be discov]$4 ,z ?is is practically undisput$1 we ne$ n discuss ! evid5ce 9 detail1 b w give ?ree examples4 7#a47 ,! titles ( diff]5t rul]s4 ,we w comm5ce ) ! titles giv5 to diff]5t rul]s4 ,z is well kn[n1 ! ,roman prov9ces 7 ( two k9ds1 "s belong+ to ! ,emp]or1 & "s to ! ,s5ate4 ,! =m] 7 gov]n$ by proprtors1 or :5 less important by procurators1 & ! latt] by proconsuls1 ?\gh !y frequ5tly *ang$ h&s4 ,moreov]1 individual places _h (t5 special names = _! rul]s2 yet 9 e case ! writ] ( ! ,acts uses ! prop] title4 ,= example1 ! rul] at ,cyprus is rightly call$ proconsul4#bch ,?is us$ to be ?\ght a mi/ake1 b we n[ "k t x is correct2 = ?\gh ,cyprus _h previ\sly belong$ to ! ,emp]or1 x _h be5 ex*ang$ ) ! ,s5ate = ano!r prov9ce be=e ! "t 9 "q4 ,& an inscription#bci f\nd !re at ,soli has ! words 9 ,greek1 ,paulus proconsul1 probably ! ,s]gius ,paulus ( ! ,acts4 ,cyprus1 x may be add$1 subsequ5tly *ang$ h&s aga94 ,footnote #bch3 ,acts4 #ac4 #g4 ,footnote #bci3 ,cyprus1 by ,cesnola 7,london1 #ahgg71 p4 #dbe4 ,9 ! same way ,gallio is correctly describ$ z proconsul ( ,a*aia4#bdj ,= ?\gh ?is prov9ce belong$ to ! ,emp]or = "s ye>s be=e ,a4,d4 #dd1 & 0 indep5d5t aft] ,a4,d4 #ff1 x belong$ to ! ,s5ate 9 ! int]val1 :5 ! writ] ref]r$ to x4 ,& an inscription1 rec5tly f\nd at ,delphi1 %[s t ,gallio 0 proconsul 9 ,a4,d4 #eb1 :i* agrees well ) ! *ronology ( ! ,acts4#bda ,equally correct is ! title ( gov]nor or procurator1 appli$ to bo? ,felix & ,fe/us4#bdb ,:ile x is satisfactory to add t ! title "l1 address$ to ! ,emp]or ,n]o1 :i* us$ to be ?\ght r a difficulty1 z x 0 n kn[n to h be5 adopt$ till ! "t ( ,domitian 7,a4,d4 #ha-if71 has n[ be5 f\nd 9 papyri ( ! age ( ,n]o4#bdc ,footnote #bdj3 ,acts #ah4 #ab4 ,footnote #bda3 ,pale/9e ,exploration ,qu>t]ly1 ,july1 #aiac4 ,footnote #bdb3 ,acts #ai4 #ch2 #bc4 #bf2 #bf4 #cj4 ,footnote #bdc3 ,acts #be4 #bf2 ,deissman1 ,new ,light on ! ,new ,te/am5t1 #aijg1 p4 #hj4 ,aga91 ,h]od 7i4e41 ,agrippa ,i47 %ortly be=e 8 dea?1 is /yl$ k+4#bdd ,n[ we le>n f o!r s\rces t he _h ?is title = ! la/ ?ree ye>s ( 8 gov]nm5t 7,a4,d4 #da-dd71 ?\gh !re _h be5 no k+ 9 ,juda = ! previ\s ?irty ye>s1 nor = _m c5turies aft]w>ds4 ,footnote #bdd3 ,acts #ab4 #a2 ,josephus1 ,antiq41 xviii4 #f1 xix4 #e4 ,moreov]1 8 son is also call$ ,k+ ,agrippa1 ?\gh x is impli$ t he 0 n k+ ( ,juda1 :i* 0 gov]n$ by ,fe/us1 b ( "s o!r prov9ce4 ,yet1 /range to say1 he seems to h held "s (ficial position 9 reg>d to ! ,jews1 s9ce ,fe/us laid ,paul's case be=e him1 z if he 7 9 "s way entitl$ to he> x4#bde ,& all ?is is q correct2 = ,agrippa1 ?\gh ,k+ ( ,*alcis1 & n ,juda1 0 yet 7be+ a ,jew7 entru/$ by ! ,emp]or ) ! managem5t ( ! ,jewi% ,temple & ,treasury1 & ! *oice ( ! ,high ,prie/s1 s he 0 a good deal mix$ up 9 ,jewi% affairs4#bdf ,& ?is1 ?\gh only a trifle1 is int]e/+2 because a late writ]1 :o _h tak5 ! tr\ble to /udy ! subject1 & f9d out ! position ,agrippa occupi$1 is n likely to h %[n 8 k 9 su* a casual way4 ,sc>cely anyone notices x4 ,& equally correct is ! rem>kable fact t 8 si/] ,b]nice us$ to act ) him on public occasions4#bdg ,footnote #bde3 ,acts #be4 #ac1 #ad4 ,footnote #bdf3 ,josephus1 ,antiq41 xx41 #a1 #h1 #i4 ,footnote #bdg3 ,acts #be4 #bc2 ,josephus1 ,w>s1 ii4 #af2 ,life1 xi4 ,aga9 at ,malta we read ( ! *ief-man ,publius2 ! accuracy ( :i* title 7= x is a title1 & does n mean m]ely ! mo/ important man7 is also prov$ by inscriptions1 ?\gh z f> z we "k x 0 peculi> to t isl&4#bdh ,at ,!ssalonica1 on ! o!r h&1 ! magi/rates h ! curi\s title ( polit>*s1 translat$ 'rul]s ( ! city4'#bdi ,?is "n does n occur 9 any classical au?or 9 ?is =m1 s ! writ] ( ! ,acts us$ to be accus$ ( a blund] "h4 ,8 critics 7 unaw>e t an old ar* 0 /&+ all ! "t at ?is v place1 ! mod]n ,salonica1 ) an inscription conta9+ ?is v ^w1 say+ x 0 built :5 c]ta9 m5 7 ! polit>*s4 ,! ar* 0 de/roy$ 9 #ahgf1 b ! /one conta9+ ! inscription 0 pres]v$1 & is n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4#bej ,& s9ce !n o!r inscriptions h be5 f\nd1 %[+ t ! t]m 0 9 use all ?r\gh ! fir/ c5tury4 ,footnote #bdh3 ,acts #bh4 #g2 ,boeckh's ,corp4 ,ins4 ,lat4 ,x41 ,no4 #gdie2 ,corp4 ,ins4 ,gr41 ,no4 #eged4 ,footnote #bdi3 ,acts #ag4 #f4 ,footnote #bej3 ,9 ! ,c5tral ,hall1 ne> ! ,libr>y4 ,nor is ?is accuracy conf9$ to well-kn[n places on ! coa/2 x ext5ds :]ev] ! n>rative ext5ds1 ev5 to ! int]ior ( ,asia ,m9or4 ,= ?\gh ! rul]s !re are n m5tion$1 ! writ] 0 evid5tly well acqua9t$ ) ! places he ref]s to4 ,take ,ly/ra1 = in/ance4#bea ,accord+ to ! writ]1 x 0 a city ( ,lycaonia1 ?\gh ! adjac5t t[n ( ,iconium 0 n1 & ?is has be5 rec5tly prov$ to be correct4 ,& x is int]e/+1 because _m classical au?ors wrongly assign ,iconium to ,lycaonia2 :ile ,ly/ra1 ?\gh belong+ to t prov9ce 9 ! fir/ c5tury1 0 sep>at$ f x e>ly 9 ! second2 s a late writ]1 or "o ignorant ( ! locality1 might easily h made a mi/ake 9 ei!r case4 ,& an inscription f\nd ne> ,ly/ra1 9 #aiji1 %[s t ! two gods1 ,jupit] & ,m]cury 7i4e41 ,zeus & ,h]mes7 7 commonly associat$ toge!r by ! inhabitants1 z !y are repres5t$ to be 9 ! ,acts4 ,footnote #bea3 ,acts #ad4 #a-ab2 ,ramsay1 ,be>+ ( ,rec5t ,discov]y on ,new ,te/am5t1 #aiae1 pp4 #dh-fc4 7#b47 ,! riot at ,ephesus4 ,z a second example we w take ! acc\nt ( ! riot at ,ephesus4 ,all ! allusions "h to ! wor%ip ( ,diana1 includ+ h] image believ$ to h fall5 f heav5 7p]haps a meteorite r\ghly cut into %ape71 h] magnific5t %r9e1 ! small silv] models ( ?is1 h] widespread wor%ip1 & ! fanatical devotion ( h] wor%ipp]s1 are all 9 /rict agreem5t ) :at we "k f o!r s\rces4 ,moreov]1 inscriptions discov]$ !re h confirm$ ! n>rative to a rem>kable ext5t4 ,!y h %[n t ! !atre 0 ! recognis$ place ( public meet+2 t !re 7 c]ta9 (fic]s 7:o presid$ at ! games1 etc47 call$ asi>*s2 t ano!r well-kn[n ,ephesian (fic] 0 call$ ! t[n-cl]k2 t ,ephesus _h ! curi\s designation ( temple-keep] ( ,diana 7long ?\ght to be a difficulty72 t temple-robb+ & blasphemy 7 bo? crimes :i* 7 specially recognis$ by ! ,ephesian laws2 & t ! t]m regul> assembly 0 a te*nical "o 9 use at ,ephesus4#beb ,! ref]5ce to ! t[n-cl]k is p>ticul>ly int]e/+1 because :at is record$ ( him is said to agree ) ! duties ( ! t[n-cl]k at ,ephesus1 ?\gh n ) ^? ( ! same (ficial else:]e4#bec ,all ?is m9ute accuracy is h>d to expla9 unless ! n>rative came f "o :o 0 pres5t dur+ ! riot1 & record$ :at he actually saw & he>d4 ,footnote #beb3 ,comp4 ,acts #ai4 #bi-ci2 ) inscriptions f\nd 9 ! ,great ,!atre4 ,wood's ,discov]ies at ,ephesus1 #ahgg1 pp4 #dc1 #dg1 #ec1 #ea1 #ae1 #ci4 ,footnote #bec3 ,h>nack1 ,! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les1 translat$ by ,wilk9son1 #aiji1 p4 #fc4 7#c47 ,! agreem5t ) ,/4 ,paul's ,epi/les4 ,our ?ird example %all be ( a diff]5t k9d4 ,x is t if we comp>e ! biography ( ,/4 ,paul giv5 9 ! ,acts ) ! lett]s ( t ,apo/le1 _m ( !m writt5 to ! v ,*ur*es & p]sons describ$ !re1 we %all f9d num]\s undesign$ agreem5ts betwe5 !m4 ,& ^!1 z be=e expla9$ 7,*apt] ,x47 =m a /rong argum5t 9 fav\r ( ! accuracy ( bo?4 ,take1 = in/ance1 ! ,epi/le to ! ,romans4 ,?\gh n dat$1 x 0 evid5tly writt5 at ! close ( ,/4 ,paul's second visit to ,greece2 & !re=e1 if m5tion$ 9 ! ,acts1 x w\ld come 9 at ,*apt] #bj4 #c4 ,& ! foll[+ are two1 out ( ! num]\s po9ts ( agreem5t4 ,! fir/ is ,/4 ,paul's say+ t he 0 go+ to ,j]usalem1 ) alms f ,mac$onia & ,a*aia = ! poor 9 t city4 ,n[ 9 ! ,acts x is /at$ t ,/4 ,paul _h j pass$ ?r\gh ^! prov9ces1 & 0 on 8 way to ,j]usalem1 ?\gh !re is no m5tion ab\t ! alms !re4 ,b x happ5s to be allud$ to "s *apt]s lat]1 )\t1 h[ev]1 m5tion+ !n :]e ! alms came f4#bed ,! agreem5t is complete ?\gh x is c]ta9ly n design$4 ,footnote #bed3 ,rom4 #ae4 #be1 #bf2 ,acts #ai4 #ba2 #bd4 #ag4 ,! o!r ref]s to ,/4 ,paul's travels1 :i* he says ext5d$ f ,j]usalem z f> z ,illyricum4 ,n[ ,illyricum is n once m5tion$ 9 ! ,acts2 s !re c be no int5tional agreem5t "h4 ,& yet !re is agreem5t4 ,= we le>n f v>i\s places t ,/4 ,paul _h gone f ,j]usalem all ?r\gh :at we n[ call ,asia ,m9or1 & j be=e ! date ( ?is ,epi/le _h pass$ ?r\gh ,mac$onia1 :i* 0 8 limit 9 ?is direction4 ,& z ?is 0 ! next prov9ce to ,illyricum1 x exactly agrees ) ! ,epi/le4#bee ,footnote #bee3 ,rom4 #ae4 #ai2 ,acts #bj4 #b4 ,we may n[ sum up ! evid5ce z to ! accuracy ( ! ,acts4 ,! above in/ances are only specim5s ( _m :i* might be giv54 ,! writ] knew ab\t ,j]usalem & ,a!ns j z well z ab\t ,ephesus4 ,:ile 8 acc\nt ( ,/4 ,paul's voyage f ,cs>ea to ,italy1 includ+ z x does1 ref]5ces to a numb] ( places2 to ! climate1 & prevail+ w9ds ( ! ,m$it]ranean2 & to ! phrases & cu/oms ( seam51 is s accurate1 t critics ( all s*ools h admitt$ t he is describ+ a voyage he _h actually made4 ,9 %ort1 ! ,book ( ! ,acts is full ( correct details ?r\gh\t1 & x is h>d to believe t anyone b a contempor>y c\ld h writt5 x4 7,b47 ,,its ,,au?or%ip4 ,n[ if we admit ! g5]al accuracy ( ! book1 !re is little difficulty 9 decid+ on its au?or%ip4 ,z is well kn[n1 c]ta9 portions ( x 7describ+ "s ( ,/4 ,paul's travels1 includ+ 8 voyage to ,italy7 are writt5 9 ! fir/ p]son plural1 & are commonly call$ ! ,we sections4#bef ,?is %[s t ! writ] 0 a companion ( ,/4 ,paul at t "t2 & !n ! great simil>ity 9 language1 betwe5 ^! sections & ! re/ ( ! book1 %[s t !y _h ! same au?or4 ,= !y are bo? writt5 9 ! same /yle1 & !y bo? conta9 ov] =ty important words & expressions1 :i* d n occur else:]e 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 except 9 ! ,?ird ,gospel4 ,?is is inde$ s /rik+ t x practically settles ! po9t4#beg ,footnote #bef3 ,acts #af4 #i-dj2 #bj4 #e-ba4 #ah2 #bg4 #a-bh4 #af4 ,footnote #beg3 ,h>nack1 ,luke ! ,physician1 translat$ by ,wilk9son1 #aijg1 p4 #ec4 ,b !re are also slight hi/orical connections betwe5 ! two portions4 ,= example1 9 ! e>li] *apt]s "s incid5ts are record$1 9 :i* a c]ta9 ,philip 7"o ( ! ,sev57 0 conc]n$2 & :y %\ld ^! h be5 select$8 ,! writ] 0 n pres5t himself1 & _m f> m important ev5ts mu/ h occurr$1 ( :i* he gives no acc\nt4 ,b a casual v]se 9 ! ,we sections expla9s ev]y?+3 ! writ]1 we are told1 /ay$ _m days ) ,philip1 & ( c\rse le>nt ^! p>ticul>s !n4 ,& z x seems to h be5 8 rule only to record :at he knew = c]ta91 he might well h left out o!r & m important ev5ts1 ( :i* he _h n su* accurate k4#beh ,& ! e>li] ref]5ce1 :i* ends ) ! app>5tly po9tless rem>k t ,philip came to ,cs>ea1 )\t say+ :y or :]e=e1 is also expla9$1 s9ce ?is 0 ! place :]e ! writ] aft]w>ds met him4 ,x is !n practically c]ta9 t ! :ole book 0 writt5 by "o man1 & t he 0 a companion ( ,/4 ,paul 9 _m ( 8 travels4 ,footnote #beh3 ,acts #f4 #e2 #h4 #e1 #bf1 #dj2 #ba4 #aj42 ,luke #a4 #c4 ,x is also practically c]ta9 t he 0 a m$ical man4 ,! evid5ce = ?is is ov]:elm+1 b z ! fact is g5]ally admitt$1 we ne$ n discuss x at l5g?4 ,all we ne$ say is t #bja places h be5 c\nt$ 9 ! ,acts1 & #beb 9 ! ,?ird ,gospel1 :]e words & expressions occur :i* are specially1 & _m ( !m exclusively1 us$ by ,greek m$ical writ]s1 & :i*1 ) few exceptions1 d n occur else:]e1 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4#bei ,= in/ance1 we read ( ! _m pro(s ( ! ,resurrection2 ! ^w translat$ pro(s be+ frequ5tly us$ by m$ical writ]s to express ! infallible symptoms ( a disease1 z di/9ct f its m]e signs1 :i* may be d\btful1 & !y expressly give x ?is mean+4 ,& we read ( ! re/oration ( all ?+s2 ! ^w translat$ re/oration be+ ! regul> m$ical t]m = a complete recov]y ( a man's body or limb4#bfj ,footnote #bei3 ,hob>t's ,m$ical ,language ( ,/4 ,luke 7#ahhb72 "s ( 8 examples are r d\btful4 ,footnote #bfj3 ,acts #a4 #c2 #c4 #ba4 ,we conclude !n1 f ! book itself1 t ! writ] 0 an intimate fri5d ( ,/4 ,paul & a m$ical man2 & f "o ( ,/4 ,paul's ,epi/les we le>n 8 "n1 ,luke ! belov$ physician4#bfa ,& ?is is confirm$ by ! fact t bo? ?is ,epi/le & t to ,philemon1 :]e ,/4 ,paul also names ,luke z 8 companion1 appe> to h be5 writt5 f ,rome1 :51 z we "k1 ! writ] ( ! ,acts 0 ) him4 ,& he seems to h rema9$ ) him to ! la/1 only ,luke is ) me4#bfb ,yet ?is belov$ & ev]-fai?ful fri5d ( ,/4 ,paul is n once nam$ 9 ! ,acts1 :i* w\ld be mo/ unlikely unless he 7 ! au?or4 ,footnote #bfa3 ,col4 #d4 #ad2 ,philemon #bd4 ,footnote #bfb3 #b ,tim4 #d4 #aa4 7,c47 ,,its ,,date4 ,! date ( ! book c also be fix$ ) tol]able c]ta9ty4 ,x is impli$ 9 its abrupt end+4 ,! la/ ?+ x n>rates is ,/4 ,paul's liv+ at ,rome1 two ye>s be=e 8 expect$ trial 7,a4,d4 #eh-fj74bfc ,x says no?+ ab\t ?is trial1 nor ( ,/4 ,paul's release1 nor ( 8 subsequ5t travels1 nor ( 8 second trial & m>tyrdom 7probably "u ,n]o1 ,a4,d4 #fd72 ?\gh _h x be5 writt5 aft] ^! ev5ts1 x c\ld h>dly h fail$ to record !m4 ,?is is especially ! case z ! m>tyrdom ( ,/4 ,pet] & ,/4 ,paul1 :i*1 accord+ to e>ly au?orities1 occurr$ toge!r at ,rome1 w\ld h =m$ su* a suitable conclusion = a "w *iefly conc]n$ ) _! lab\rs4 ,footnote #bfc3 ,rackham's ,comm5t>y on ! ,acts1 #aija1 p4 lxvii2 _m place x a ye> or two lat]1 "s a little e>li]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! abrupt end+ ( ! book is at once acc\nt$ = if x 0 writt5 at t "t1 ab\t ,a4,d4 #fj1 by ,/4 ,luke1 :o did n relate any?+ fur!r1 because no?+ fur!r _h !n occurr$4 ,& x is obvi\s t ^! two ye>s w\ld n only h =m$ a mo/ suitable p]iod = its compilation1 b t he is v likely to h s5t x to 8 fri5d ,!ophilus j be=e ! trial1 p]haps some:at hurri$ly1 n kn[+ :e!r x might n involve 8 own dea?1 z well z t ( ,/4 ,paul4 ,?is w\ld also acc\nt = ! great prom95ce giv5 to ! ev5ts ( ! imm$iately prec$+ ye>s 9 ,*apt]s #bj4 to #bh41 :i* is q un9telligible1 unless ! book 0 writt5 soon aft]w>ds4 ,!y 7 no?+ l z important z ! ev5ts ( ! next few ye>s1 ab\t :i* ! writ] says no?+4 ,& :y %\ld he g ?r\gh ! e>li] /ages ( ,/4 ,paul's arre/ & trial1 s c>efully1 /ep by /ep1 f ,lysias to ,felix1 f ,felix to ,fe/us1 & !n to ,agrippa1 & on to ,rome2 & !n :5 he comes to ! crisis1 & ! ,apo/le is ab\t to appe> be=e ,cs>1 sudd5ly break (f1 )\t giv+ a h9t z to :i* way x 0 decid$8 ,ev]yone mu/ feel h[ tantalis+ x is2 & h[ unlikely he is to h /opp$ "h1 if he c\ld h gone on4 ,?is abrupt end+1 !n1 is ! great argum5t = dat+ ! book ab\t ,a4,d4 #fj2 b x is support$ by sev]al o!rs4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! j\rney to ,rome itself1 especially ! %ipwreck1 is describ$ ) su* m9ute & graphic details1 t x seems likely to h be5 writt5 d[n v soon aft]w>ds1 probably 9 t city4 ,secondly1 ! ,roman judges & (ficials are always repres5t$ z treat+ ! ,*ri/ians ) fairness1 & ev5 k9dness2 & ! writ] leaves ,/4 ,paul appeal+ to ,cs>1 ) e hope ( a fav\rable v]dict4 ,!re is no sign ( bitt]ness or ill-feel+ any:]e4 ,& all ?is w\ld h be5 mo/ unlikely aft] ! great p]secution 9 ,a4,d4 #fd2 :5 ,*ri/ians reg>d$ ,rome ) ! utmo/ horror4#bfd ,comp>e ! some:at simil> case ( ! ,indian ,mut9y4 ,c we imag9e an ,engli%man 9 ,india writ+ soon aft] ! ,mut9y a hi/ory1 say ( ,cawnpore1 up to #ahed1 & !n clos+ x1 )\t ev] lett+ a h9t fall t he 0 aw>e ( ! t]rible trag$y :i* happ5$ 9 #aheg1 or %[+ ! slighte/ ill-feel+ t[>ds its p]petrators8 ,! only reasonable conclusion w\ld be t su* a hi/ory mu/ h be5 writt5 be=e ! ,mut9y4 ,9 ! same way ! ,acts mu/ h be5 writt5 be=e ,n]o's great p]secution4 ,footnote #bfd3 ,e4g41 ,rev4 #ag4 #f4 ,?irdly1 ! same sort ( argum5t is af=d$ by ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem 9 ,a4,d4 #gj4 ,_h ! book be5 writt5 aft] ?is1 x is /range t ! writ] %\ld seem to be entirely unaw>e ( x2 m especially z x _h s close a be>+ on ! ev5ts describ$ 9 ! ,acts1 su* z ! ,jewi% law n be+ b9d+ on ,g5tile ,*ri/ians4 ,& x is ! m significant1 because he records ! prophecy ( ! ev5t 9 8 ,gospel1#bfe b n[h]e h9ts t ! prophecy _h be5 fulfill$4 ,footnote #bfe3 ,luke #ai4 #dc4 ,la/ly1 an e>ly date is impli$ by ! passage1 :]e ,/4 ,paul tells 8 fri5ds ne> ,ephesus1 t !y w\ld n see him aga94 ,x 0 q natural = him to h said s at ! "t1 z 8 feel+s 7 v despond5t2 b no "o1 writ+ _m ye>s lat]1 w\ld h record$ x )\t comm5t2 s9ce x is almo/ c]ta9 t ,/4 ,paul1 aft] 8 release f ,rome1 did revisit ,ephesus4#bff ,footnote #bff3 ,acts #bj4 #be1 #ch2 #b ,tim4 #d4 #bj4 ,on ! :ole1 !n1 !re is v /rong evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les hav+ be5 writt5 by ,/4 ,luke ab\t ,a4,d4 #fj2 & ?is ( c\rse proves an e>li] date = ,/4 ,luke's ,gospel4 ,& ?is aga9 proves a /ill e>li] "o = ,/4 ,m>k's ,gospel1 :i* is n[ g5]ally admitt$ to h be5 writt5 be=e ,/4 ,luke's2 & probably = ,/4 ,mat!w's z well4 ,! evid5ce ( ! ,acts1 !n1 :ile confirm+ our previ\s conclusion t ! fir/ ?ree ,gospels 7 c]ta9ly writt5 be=e ,a4,d4 #gj1 enables u to add ) "s confid5ce t !y 7 also writt5 be=e ,a4,d4 #fj4 ,&1 x may be add$1 ,pr(4 ,h>nack1 :o long ma9ta9$ ! opposite view1 has at la/ accept$ ?is e>ly date = all ^! ,gospels4#bfg ,! book has ( c\rse no direct be>+ on ! date ( ,/4 ,john's ,gospel4 ,footnote #bfg3 ,date ( ,acts1 & ,synoptic ,gospels1 translat$ by ,wilk9son1 #aiaa1 pp4 #ii1 #acc1 #acd4 ,"s writ]s w\ld place !m /ill e>li]4 ,?us ,canon ,birks1 dates !m all betwe5 ,a4,d4 #db-ea1 & he gives /rong reasons = ?9k+ t ,/4 ,luke1 & 8 ,gospel1 are ref]r$ to 9 #b ,cor4 #h4 #ah4 7,hor ,evangelic1 #ahib1 edit41 pp4 #bei1 #bha1 #bic72 & ,ar*deacon ,all5 places ! second ,gospel1 ab\t ,a4,d4 #dd1 & ! fir/ ab\t ,a4,d4 #ej4 7,introduction to ! ,books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 #aiac1 p4 #ac47 ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,,t ,,! ,,resurrection ,,( ,,*ri/ ,,is ,,probably ,,true4 7,a47 ,,its ,,importance4 ,! ?ird day1 ! empty tomb4 7,b47 ,,! ,,n>ratives4 ,! v>i\s acc\nts1 table ( ,*ri/'s appe>ances1 ! ?ree gr\ps1 ! d\ble f>ewell4 7,c47 ,,_! ,,difficulties4 7#a47 ,discrepancies2 (t5 due to ! appe>ances be+ plac$ toge!r2 ! disciples go+ to ,galilee4 7#b47 ,omissions2 ! ,gospels only record select$ in/ances1 & ,/4 ,paul ref]s to !m 9 gr\ps4 7,d47 ,,_! ,,tru?fulness4 7#a47 ,agreem5ts2 v important4 7#b47 ,mutual explanations2 v num]\s4 7#c47 ,signs ( e>ly date2 v int]e/+4 ,conclusion1 ! n>ratives appe> to be ?or\ghly tru/wor?y4 ,we decid$ 9 ! previ\s *apt]s t ! ,f\r ,gospels1 & also ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les1 7 g5u9e2 t is to say1 !y 7 writt5 by ! p]sons to :om !y are commonly ascrib$4 ,& to ^! may be add$ ! f\r great ,epi/les ( ,/4 ,paul1 & ! ,revelation ( ,/4 ,john1 :i*1 z be=e said1 are admitt$ to be g5u9e by critics ( all s*ools4 ,we h ?us direct te/imony z to ! life ( ,*ri/1 t is to say1 ! te/imony ( contempor>ies1 "s ( :om mu/ h kn[n ,him well4 ,/4 ,mat!w & ,/4 ,john 7 two ( ,8 ,apo/les2 ,/4 ,m>k & ,/4 ,luke _h exceptionally good means ( kn[+ ! tru?1 & may p]haps h _h "s slight k ( ,*ri/ !mselves1 z _h also ,/4 ,paul4#bfh ,we h n[ to exam9e ! value ( ?is te/imony1 m especially z to ! ,resurrection ( ,*ri/4 ,s 9 ! pres5t *apt] we w consid] ! importance ( ! ,resurrection1 & ! n>ratives we h ( x2 bo? z to _! difficulties1 & _! tru?fulness2 & 9 ! next ! v>i\s alt]native !ories4 ,footnote #bfh3 #b ,cor4 #e4 #af4 7,a47 ,,its ,,importance4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 we _c ov]e/imate ! importance ( ! ,resurrection1 = ?is fact1 ei!r real or suppos$1 0 ! f\ndation ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,?is is pla9 n only f ! ,gospels1 b /ill m f ! ,acts1 :]e we h num]\s %ort spee*es by ! ,apo/les1 giv5 "u v>i\s circum/ances1 & to v>i\s audi5ces1 includ+ ,jewi% ,c\ncillors1 ,greek philosoph]s1 & ,roman gov]nors4 ,& 9 ne>ly all ( !m ! ,resurrection ( ,*ri/ is n only positively ass]t$1 b is emphasis$ z a fact e/abli%$ by indisputable evid5ce & z be+ ! f\ndation ( ,*ri/ianity4#bfi ,x is ev5 said t x 0 ! special duty ( an apo/le to be> witness to x2 & ,/4 ,paul seems to h be5 aw>e ( ?is1 s9ce1 :5 claim+ to be an apo/le1 he is c>eful to %[ t he 0 ?us qualifi$4 ,& = himself he makes x ! basis ( all 8 tea*+1 if ,*ri/ ha? n be5 rais$1 !n is our prea*+ va94#bgj ,x is c]ta91 !n1 t ! fir/ prea*]s ( ,*ri/ianity prea*$ ! ,resurrection ( ,*ri/4 ,footnote #bfi3 ,acts #b4 #bd2 #d4 #aj2 #e4 #cj2 #aj4 #dj2 #ac4 #cj2 #ag4 #ca2 #bf4 #bc4 ,footnote #bgj3 ,acts #a4 #bb2 #a ,cor4 #i4 #a2 #ae4 #ad-ag4 ,x is equally c]ta9 t !y prea*$ t x occurr$ on ! ?ird day1 c\nt+ f ! ,crucifixion4#bga ,?is also is /at$ n only 9 ! ,gospels1 b by ,/4 ,paul2 :o 9 "o place bases 8 :ole argum5t on ! fact t ! ,body ( ,*ri/ 7unlike t ( ,david7 saw no corruption1 a po9t also allud$ to by ,/4 ,pet]1 & imply+ a ,resurrection 9 a few days4#bgb ,:ile if fur!r evid5ce is requir$1 ! fact t ?is ?ird day 7! fir/ day ( ! week7 became ! ,"l's ,day--! ,*ri/ian ,sunday--seems to put ! matt] beyond dispute4 ,footnote #bga3 ,sometimes describ$ z aft] ?ree days1 b t ! two expressions are int5d$ to mean ! same is cle> f ,matt4 #bg4 #fc-fd1 :]e ,*ri/'s say+ t ,he w\ld rise aga9 aft] ?ree days is giv5 z ! reason = gu>d+ ! sepul*re until ! ?ird day4 ,9 ! same way aft] eight days evid5tly means on ! eigh? day 7,john #bj4 #bf74 ,footnote #bgb3 #a ,cor4 #ae4 #d2 ,acts #ac4 #ce-cg2 #b4 #ca4 ,once m x is c]ta9 t ! ,*ri/ians believ$ t ?is ,resurrection 0 "o ( ,*ri/'s ,body1 n ,8 ,_s4 ,?is aga9 is cle> n only f ! ,gospels1 :i* all speak ( ! empty tomb2 b also f ,/4 ,paul's ,epi/les4 ,= :5 he says t ,*ri/ di$1 & 0 buri$1 & 0 rais$ on ! ?ird day1 & appe>$ to ,cephas1 etc41 he mu/ mean ,*ri/'s ,body 7= a ,_s _c be buri$72 & he mu/ mean t x 0 ! same ,body t di$ & 0 buri$1 t 0 aft]w>ds rais$1 & appe>$ to !m1 includ+ himself4#bgc ,*ri/'s be+ rais$1 x w be notic$1 0 di/9ct f1 & previ\s to1 ,8 appe>+ to anyone1 j z 9 ! ,gospels ! empty tomb is always m5tion$ be=e any ( ! appe>ances4 ,footnote #bgc3 #a ,cor4 #ae4 #c-e4 ,& ev5 9 ! "o case1 :]e ,/4 ,paul alludes to :at he saw z a heav5ly vision1 he ref]s to x 9 ord] to prove t x is n incr$ible t ,god %\ld raise ! dead2#bgd :i* aga9 %[s t he ?\ght x 0 a ,body1 = a ,_s _c be rais$ f ! dead4 ,& 8 specify+ ! ?ird day makes ?is 7if possible7 /ill pla9]1 = ! life ( ! _s aft] dea? does n comm5ce on ! ?ird day2 nor w\ld x h prev5t$ ,*ri/'s ,body f see+ corruption4 ,footnote #bgd3 ,acts #bf4 #ai1 #h4 ,f all ?is x is abundantly cle> t ,/4 ,paul1 l ! ,f\r ,evangeli/s1 & ! o!r ,apo/les1 believ$ 9 :at is call$ ! physical ,resurrection1 9 ! s5se t ,*ri/'s ,body 0 re/or$ to life1 & left ! tomb4 ,?\gh l !m1 he also believ$ t x 0 no long] a natural body1 b\nd by ! ord9>y laws ( nature1 b t x _h be5 p>tly *ang$ z well1 s t x %>$ to "s ext5t ! prop]ties ( spirits4 ,nor is 8 /atem5t t fle% & blood _c inh]it ! ,k+dom ( ,god1 oppos$ to ?is4#bge ,= :5 he uses ! same expression else:]e 7e4g41 ,i conf]r$ n ) fle% & blood7#bgf x is evid5tly n us$ 9 a lit]al s5se4 ,x does n mean fle% & blood1 9 ! same way 9 :i* we might speak ( bones & muscles4 ,x means m54 ,s 8 mean+ "h is probably t m]e m5--human be+s z su*--_c inh]it ! future life ( glory4 ,_! bodies w fir/ h to be *ang$1 & made incorruptible2 b !y w /ill be bodies4 ,& z j said1 ,/4 ,paul is q def9ite z to its be+ ! ,body ( ,*ri/ t 0 buri$1 t 0 aft]w>ds rais$ on ! ?ird day4 ,footnote #bge3 ,cor4 #ae4 #ej4 ,footnote #bgf3 ,gal4 #a4 #af2 ,eph4 #f4 #ab2 comp4 ,matt4 #af4 #ag4 ,we may say1 !n1 ) confid5ce1 t :]ev] ! ,resurrection 0 believ$1 ! fact t x occurr$ on ! ?ird day1 & ! fact t x 0 a physical ,resurrection1 involv+ ! empty tomb1 0 believ$ also4 ,! ?ree inv>iably w5t toge!r4 ,b 0 ?is belief ju/ifi$8 ,?is is ! "q we h to discuss4 7,b47 ,,! ,,n>ratives4 ,n[ we h five diff]5t acc\nts ( ! ,resurrection2 & ^! are s ?or\ghly indep5d5t t n "o ( !m c be reg>d$ z ! s\rce ( any ( ! o!rs4 ,little /ress1 h[ev]1 c be laid on ! latt] "p ( ,/4 ,m>k's acc\nt1 z ! g5u95ess ( ! la/ twelve v]ses is d\btful2 b x anyh[ repres5ts a v e>ly ,*ri/ian belief1 ,ari/ion be+ sometimes nam$ z ! au?or4 ,& ev5 ! e>li] "p is conclusive z to ! empty tomb1 & ! promis$ appe>ance 9 ,galilee4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,/4 ,paul's acc\nt1 :i* is p]haps ! /ronge/1 is univ]sally all[$ to h be5 writt5 )9 ?irty ye>s ( ! ev5t2 ! mo/ probable date = :i* is ,a4,d4 #bi or #cj1 & = ! ,epi/le ,a4,d4 #ee4 ,& x %\ld be notic$ t ,/4 ,paul rem9ds ! ,cor9?ians t :at he "h says ab\t ! ,resurrection is :at he prea*$ to !m on 8 fir/ visit 7ab\t ,a4,d4 #ej71 & t z !y _h receiv$ x f him1 s he _h himself receiv$ x f o!rs at a /ill e>li] date4#bgg ,footnote #bgg3 #a ,cor4 #ae4 #a-c4 ,& we c ev5 fix ?is date approximately1 = two ( ! appe>ances he records 7 to ,/4 ,pet] & ,/4 ,james2 & he happ5s to m5tion else:]e#bgh t ^! 7 ! two ,apo/les he met at ,j]usalem1 ?ree ye>s aft] 8 conv]sion 7,a4,d4 #ce1 or e>li]72 s he d\btless he>d ! :ole acc\nt !n1 ev5 if he _h n he>d x be=e4 ,& ?is 0 c]ta9ly )9 t5 ye>s--probably )9 sev5 ye>s--( ! ,crucifixion4 ,m anci5t te/imony ?an ?is c sc>cely be desir$4 ,& if any?+ c\ld add to its importance x w\ld be ,/4 ,paul's own /atem5t t 9 ?is respect 8 tea*+ 0 ! same z t ( ! orig9al ,apo/les3 ,:e!r !n x be ,i or !y1 s we prea* & s ye believ$4#bgi ,footnote #bgh3 ,gal4 #a4 #ai4 ,footnote #bgi3 #a ,cor4 #ae4 #aa4 ,we ne$ n quote ! v>i\s acc\nts "h1 b ! accompany+ table gives !m 9 a conv5i5t =m = ref]5ce4 ,altoge!r ,*ri/ seems to h be5 se5 on ?irte5 diff]5t occasions2 & !re may h be5 o!rs1 :i* are n record$1 ?\gh !y are p]haps h9t$ at4#bhj ,footnote #bhj3 ,acts #a4 #c2 #ac4 #ca2 ,john #bj4 #cj4 ,x is d\btful h[ev] if ! eigh? appe>ance 0 sep>ate f ! n9?1 = ,/4 ,mat!w says t :5 ! ,elev5 saw ,him1 on ! m\nta9 9 ,galilee1 z ,he _h appo9t$1 !y wor%ipp$ ,him1 b "s d\bt$4 ,?is "s c sc>cely mean "s ( ! ,elev51 :o _h j wor%ipp$4 ,x probably ref]s to "s o!rs :o 7 pres5t 7i4e41 "s ( ! five hundr$7 :o d\bt$ at fir/ if x 0 really ,he1 z ,he 0 "s way (f1 & x 0 be=e ,he came to !m4 ,& s9ce ! comm& to prea* ! ,gospel to all ! _w1 :i* ,/4 ,mat!w records1 0 probably address$ to ! ,elev5 only1 x w acc\nt = 8 n m5tion+ t o!rs 7 pres5t4 ,9 ! same way ,/4 ,luke relates ! ,asc5sion1 z if only ! ,elev5 7 !re1 ?\gh x is cle> f 8 own n>rative t he knew !re 7 o!rs ) !m2 s9ce he aft]w>ds records ,/4 ,pet] z say+ s4#bha ,footnote #bha3 ,acts #a4 #a-ac2 #bb-bc4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! appe>ance to ! five hundr$ mu/ h be5 on a m\nta91 or "s o!r op5 space1 z a room w\ld n h be5 l>ge en\gh4 ,x mu/ h be5 9 ,galilee1 z !re 7 n s _m disciples 9 ,j]usalem4#bhb ,x mu/ h be5 by appo9tm5t1 z !y c\ld h>dly h come toge!r by accid5t2 & !y are n likely to h come toge!r at all unless ! ,elev5 _h collect$ !m4 ,& all ?is is an additional reason = id5tify+ x ) t record$ by ,/4 ,mat!w4 ,footnote #bhb3 ,acts #a4 #ae4 ,x mu/ next be notic$ t ! appe>ances =m ?ree gr\ps4 ,fir/ a gr\p 9 or ne> ,j]usalem1 :i* 0 *iefly to ! ,twelve ,apo/les1 & ext5d$ ov] eight days4 ,secondly a gr\p 9 ,galilee1 ! mo/ important be+ t to ! five hundr$1 :i* 0 a sort ( f>ewell to ,8 ,galilean disciples4 ,& ?irdly to a gr\p back aga9 at ,j]usalem1 *iefly to ! ,twelve1 b includ+ o!rs1 & end+ ) ! ,asc5sion1 or f>ewell to ,8 ,judan disciples4 ,,table ,,( ,,*ri/',s ,,appe>ances4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #a ,cor4,matt4 ,m>k4 ,luke4 ,john4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,empty tomb visit$ #bd4 #a-aa1 by wom5 44 #bh4 #a-haf4 #a-h #bb-bc #bj4 #a-b ,& by ,apo/les 44 44 44 #ab1 #bd #c-aj ,an appe>ance 9 ,galilee =etold 44 #g #af4 #g 44 44 ,!n ,*ri/ 0 se5 ,9 or ne> ,j]usalem1 by 7i47 ,m>y ,magdal5e 44 44 #i-aa 44 #aa-ah 7ii47 ,! two ,m>ys 44 #i-aj 44 44 44 7iii47 ,/4 ,pet] #ae4 #e 44 44 #cd 44 7 iv47 ,cleopas & ano!r1 p]haps ,/4 ,luke1 at ,emmaus 44 44 #ab-ac #ac-ce 44 7v47 ,! ,apo/les & o!rs 7)\t ,/4 ,?omas7 #e 44 #ad #cf-dc #ai-be 7vi47 ,! ,apo/les 7) ,/4 ,?omas7 44 44 44 44 #bf-bi ,9 ,galilee1 by 7vii47 ,sev5 ,apo/les on ! ,lake 44 44 44 44 #ba4 #a-bc 7viii47 ,! ,apo/les on ! m\nta9 44 #af-bj #ae-ah 44 44 7ix47 ,ov] #ejj p]sons #f 44 44 44 44 7x47 ,/4 ,james #g 44 44 44 44 ,back at ,j]usalem1 by ,acts4 7xi47 ,! ,apo/les at ,j]usalem 44 44 44 #dd-di #a4 #d-e 7xii47 ,! ,apo/les & o!rs at ,be?any #g 44 #ai-bj #ej-ec #f-aa1 #bb 7xiii47 ,/4 ,paul #h 44 44 44 #i4 #c-i ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,& ?\gh ?is d\ble f>ewell is sometimes ?\ght to be a difficulty1 yet z ,*ri/'s ,resurrection 0 meant to be ! pro( ( ,8 mission1 x seems only natural t ,he %\ld h appe>$ aga9 to all ,8 disciples1 & h tak5 leave ( !m2 bo? ^? 9 ,galilee1 & ^? at ,j]usalem1 ! ,apo/les !mselves be+ ( c\rse pres5t on ea* occasion4 ,& z ! words :5 !y 7 come toge!r imply t ! meet+ 9 ,j]usalem1 l t 9 ,galilee1 _h be5 previ\sly ann\nc$1 all ! ,judan disciples may well h be5 !re2 & ?is we "k 0 ! case ) ,mat?ias1 ,ju/us1 & o!rs4#bhc ,footnote #bhc3 ,acts #a4 #f1 #bb4 7,c47 ,,_! ,,difficulties4 ,pass+ on n[ to ! difficulties 9 ! n>ratives2 !y may be conv5i5tly plac$ "u ! two heads ( discrepancies & omissions4 7#a47 ,discrepancies4 ,^! seem to be *iefly due to two ( ! ,evangeli/s1 ,/4 ,m>k & ,/4 ,luke1 record+ sep>ate appe>ances z if !y 7 cont9u\s4 ,b x s happ5s t !y d mu* ! same 9 ! re/ ( _! ,gospels1 (t5 record+ sep>ate say+s ( ,*ri/ z if !y 7 "o disc\rse2 & ev5 9 closely-connect$ passages a break has sometimes to be assum$4#bhd ,:ile 9 ^! v n>ratives1 ,/4 ,luke describes an appe>ance at ,j]usalem 9 ,acts #a4 #d1 & cont9ues )\t any *ange ( place till v4 #ab1 :5 he says !y return$ to ,j]usalem4 ,pla9ly he is "h gr\p+ toge!r words spok5 on diff]5t occasions4 ,footnote #bhd3 ,e4g41 9 ,luke #ad4 #ba-bb4 ,!re=e he may h done ! same at ! end ( 8 ,gospel4 ,inde$1 x is almo/ c]ta9 t he did1 o!rwise we %\ld h to place ! ,asc5sion 9 ! middle ( ! night1 :i* is sc>cely probable4 ,moreov]1 9 ! ,acts he expressly says t ! appe>ances la/$ =ty days2 & he quotes ,/4 ,paul1 z say+ t !y la/$ _m days4#bhe ,he seems to h ?\ght x unnecess>y 9 8 ,gospel to expla9 t !y 7 at diff]5t times2 & if ,/4 ,m>k did ! same1 x w\ld acc\nt = mo/1 ?\gh n all1 ( ! discrepancies betwe5 !m4 ,footnote #bhe3 ,acts #a4 #c2 #ac4 #ca4 ,^! discrepancies1 h[ev]1 are (t5 mu* exagg]at$4 ,take = in/ance ! fif? appe>ance 9 ! previ\s li/4 ,/4 ,luke & ,/4 ,john evid5tly ref] to ! same occasion1 z x 0 on ! ev5+ ( ,ea/] ,day2 yet "o says ! ,apo/les 7 t]rifi$1 & ?\ght !y saw a _s2 :ile ! o!r says !y 7 glad4 ,c bo? be true8 ,c]ta9ly !y c1 if we assume 7z is mo/ natural7 t ! ,apo/les 7 at fir/ t]rifi$1 & ?\ght !y saw a _s2 b 7 aft]w>ds glad1 :5 on ,*ri/'s %[+ !m ,8 h&s & side1 !y 7 conv9c$ t x 0 really ,himself4 ,& ,he may !n h reproa*$ !m = _! unbelief z record$ by ,/4 ,m>k4 ,or take ! case ( ! ,angels at ! ,tomb4 ,^! are ref]r$ to by e ,evangeli/1 ?\gh "s call !m m5 79 :ite or dazzl+ app>el7 & o!rs angels4 ,b z ,/4 ,luke uses bo? words1#bhf & z angels are n likely to h appe>$ 9 any b a human =m1 !re is no real difficulty "h4 ,:ile if ! second angel 0 n always visible1 x w\ld acc\nt = "s ( ! ,evangeli/s speak+ ( only "o4 ,& x may be m5tion$ 9 pass+1 t "o ( ! angels is said to h be5 se5 by ! ,roman soldi]s z well1 :o w5t & told ! ,jews ab\t x4#bhg ,& ?is is n likely to h be5 ass]t$ )9 tw5ty ye>s unless x _h be5 ! case1 z ! ,jews w\ld h contradict$ x4 ,yet if x 0 ! case1 x af=ds an additional argum5t = ! ,resurrection1 & "o d]iv$ f ,*ri/'s enemies1 n ,8 fri5ds4 ,footnote #bhf3 ,luke #bd4 #d1 #bc4 ,simil>ly ,gabriel is call$ a man 9 ,dan4 #i4 #ba1 & an angel 9 ,luke #a4 #be4 ,footnote #bhg3 ,matt4 #bh4 #d1 #aa4 ,a m important difficulty is caus$ by ,*ri/'s comm& to ! wom51 t !y & ! ,apo/les 7 to proce$ to ,galilee to meet ,him1 :51 z ,he knew1 ,he 0 go+ to appe> to !m 9 ,j]usalem ! same day4 ,! mo/ probable explanation is t ! meet+ 9 ,galilee 0 ! "o int5d$ all along1 9 fact we are def9itely told s4#bhh ,b :5 ! wom51 9 consequ5ce ( ! ,angel's message1 & aft] !y _h recov]$ f _! fright 7:i* at fir/ made !m run away & say no?+ to anyone71#bhi w5t & told ! ,apo/les to g !re1 !y 7 disbeliev$4#bij ,?is naturally made ! wom5 d\bt too1 s !y return$ to ! grave to make fur!r inquiries1 none ( !m hav+ ! slighte/ int5tion ( go+ to ,galilee4 ,footnote #bhh3 ,m>k #ad4 #bh4 ,footnote #bhi3 ,m>k #af4 #h4 ,footnote #bij3 ,luke #bd4 #aa4 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 some?+ m 0 necess>y1 s ,*ri/ appe>$ fir/ to ,m>y ,magdal5e1 & !n to h] ) ! o!r ,m>y1 :5 ,he told !m ,himself to w>n ! ,apo/les to proce$ to ,galilee1 :i* !y aga9 did1 & 7 aga9 disbeliev$4#bia ,!n ,he appe>$ to ! two disciples on ! way to ,emmaus1 & :5 !y came back1 & told ! re/1 !y 7 also at fir/ disbeliev$2 ! ,apo/les1 ?\gh n[ admitt+ t ,*ri/ _h be5 se5 by ,/4 ,pet]1 /ill d5y+ su* a bodily resurrection 7able to eat food1 etc47 z !y describ$4#bib ,footnote #bia3 ,m>k #af4 #aa4 ,footnote #bib3 ,m>k #af4 #ac2 ,luke #bd4 #cd4 ,aft] ?is !re 0 no?+ = x1 b = ,*ri/ to appe> to ! ,apo/les ,himself1 & conv9ce !m p]sonally by eat+ food 9 _! pres5ce1 :i* ,he did1 :5 mo/ ( !m 7 assembl$ toge!r ! same ev5+4 ,& ,he may !n h told !m to rema9 9 ,j]usalem till !y 7 all conv9c$1 z !y c\ld sc>cely h be5 expect$ to collect ! five hundr$ = ! meet+ 9 ,galilee1 s long z !y kept disput+ among !mselves z to :e!r ,he _h really ris54 ,& x 0 ?us ano!r week be=e ! la/ sceptic 7,/4 ,?omas7 0 conv9c$1 & !y f9ally />t$ = ,galilee4 ,^! discrepancies !n are n ne>ly s s]i\s z is commonly suppos$4 7#b47 ,omissions4 ,) reg>d to ! omissions1 none ( our li/s are at all complete1 & ?is is (t5 ?\ght to be a difficulty4 ,b z f> z ! ,gospels are conc]n$1 ! writ]s n[h]e pr(ess to give a complete li/ ( ,*ri/'s appe>ances1 any m ?an ( ,8 p>ables1 or ,8 miracles2 !y only record 7z "o ( !m tells u7#bic select$ in/ances4 ,& 9 ! pres5t case _! *oice is q intelligible4 ,?us ,/4 ,mat!w closes 8 ,gospel1 :i* is conc]n$ *iefly ) ! ,galilean m9i/ry1 ) ! f>ewell meet+ 9 ,galilee2 ,/4 ,john1 ^: ,gospel is conc]n$ *iefly ) ! ,judan m9i/ry1 end$ 8 7be=e ! la/ *apt] 0 add$1 :i* seems a sort ( app5dix7 ) "s ( ! appe>ances 9 ,j]usalem4 ,:ile ,/4 ,luke1 :o 0 m ( an hi/orian1 & wrote ev]y?+ 9 ord]1#bid ?\gh he describes mo/ 9 detail ! appe>ance to ! two disciples at ,emmaus 7:i* is only natural if he 0 "o ( !m71 is yet c>eful to c>ry 8 n>rative "r on to ! ,asc5sion4 ,!re=e1 ?\gh !y only record c]ta9 appe>ances1 !y may well h kn[n ( ! o!rs2 & !re c be little d\bt t !y did4 ,footnote #bic3 ,john #bj4 #cj4 ,footnote #bid3 ,luke #a4 #c4 ,?us1 ,/4 ,mat!w speaks ( ! ,elev5 meet+ ,*ri/ by appo9tm5t1 s he mu/ h kn[n ( "s int]view :5 ?is appo9tm5t 0 made1 7p]haps ! "o on ! ,lake71 z ! messages to ! wom5 did n fix ei!r ! "t or place4#bie ,9 ! same way ,/4 ,m>k mu/ h kn[n ( a meet+ 9 ,galilee1 z he ref]s to x himself1 & ,/4 ,luke ( an appe>ance to ,/4 ,pet]4#bif ,:ile ,/4 ,john1 ?\gh he does n record ! ,asc5sion1 mu/ c]ta9ly h kn[n ( x1 z he ref]s to x twice 9 ! words1 if ye %\ld behold ! ,son ( ,man asc5d+1 & ,i asc5d unto ,my ,fa!r1 ! =m] passage cle>ly %[+ t x 0 to be a visible asc5t1 & t ! ,apo/les 7 to see x4#big ,pla9ly1 !n1 ! ,evangeli/s did n relate e appe>ance !y knew (1 & ! objection z f> z !y are conc]n$1 may be dismiss$ at once4 ,footnote #bie3 ,matt4 #bh4 #af1 #g1 #aj4 ,footnote #bif3 ,m>k #af4 #g2 ,luke #bd4 #cd4 ,footnote #big3 ,john #f4 #fb2 #bj4 #ag4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,/4 ,paul's li/ c]ta9ly looks z if x 7 meant to be complete2 & ?is is no d\bt a real difficulty4 ,surely1 x is said1 if ! o!r appe>ances _h occurr$1 or 7 ev5 suppos$ to h occurr$1 :5 ,/4 ,paul wrote1 he w\ld h he>d ( !m2 & if he _h he>d ( !m1 he w\ld h m5tion$ !m1 z he 0 evid5tly try+ to make out z /rong a case z he c\ld4 ,he might p]haps h omitt$ ! appe>ances to wom51 z _! te/imony 0 n consid]$ ( mu* value at ! "t2 & !y 7 n witnesses ( ! ,resurrection1 9 ! s5se he alludes to--i4e41 p]sons :o w5t ab\t prea*+ x2#bih b :y %\ld he h omitt$ ! re/8 ,footnote #bih3 #a ,cor4 #ae4 #aa4 ,!re is h[ev] a fairly good explanation4 ,! appe>ances x w be rememb]$ =m ?ree gr\ps4 ,n[ ,/4 ,paul m5tions two appe>ances to individual ,apo/les--,/4 ,pet] & ,/4 ,james2 & ?is 0 d\btless because he _h _h su* vivid acc\nts ( !m f ! m5 !mselves1 :5 he met !m at ,j]usalem4 ,= we may be sure t if !y _h n told him1 he w\ld n h accept$ x f anyone else4 ,b he seems to ref] to ! o!rs 9 ^! gr\ps1 fir/ to ! ,twelve 7at ,j]usalem71 !n to ! five hundr$ 79 ,galilee71 & !n to all ! ,apo/les1 evid5tly mean+ m ?an ! ,twelve 7back aga9 at ,j]usalem74 ,b by s do+1 he does n limit x to only "o appe>ance 9 ea* gr\p4 ,9 ! same way a man might say t on return+ to ,engl& he saw fir/ 8 p>5ts1 !n 8 bro!rs1 !n 8 c\s9s2 ?\gh he _h se5 8 p>5ts on two days a week ap>t1 8 bro!rs = only a few h\rs1 & 8 c\s9s = sev]al successive days4 ,& ! fact t ,/4 ,paul1 9 "o ( 8 spee*es 9 ! ,acts1#bii expressly says t ,*ri/ 0 se5 = _m days at ,j]usalem1 /rongly confirms ?is view4 ,we conclude1 !n1 t 9 8 ,epi/le he is m5tion+ ! appe>ances by gr\ps1 r ?an e s+le "o2 wi%+ to emphasise ! numb] ( m5 :o _h se5 ,*ri/1 r ?an ! numb] ( times !y _h se5 ,him2 & if s x does away ) ! difficulty4 ,none ( ^! objections1 !n1 are ( mu* importance4 ,footnote #bii3 ,acts #ac4 #ca4 7,d47 ,,_! ,,tru?fulness4 ,turn+ n[ to ! o!r side1 ! n>ratives be> abundant m>ks ( tru?fulness4 ,^! we w consid] "u ! ?ree heads ( agreem5ts1 mutual explanations1 & signs ( e>ly date4 7#a47 ,agreem5ts4 ,9 ! fir/ place x is important to notice t 9 spite ( ! discrepancies & omissions j allud$ to1 !re is an extraord9>y am\nt ( agreem5t 9 ! n>ratives4 ,= all ! m important po9ts--! ?ird day1 ! empty tomb1 ! visit ( ! wom51 ! angelic message1 ! fir/ appe>ance be+ 9 ,j]usalem1 ! incr$ulity ( "s ( ! disciples1 & ,*ri/'s n only appe>+1 b speak+ z well1 & ?is 9 ! pres5ce ( all ! ,apo/les--are all v\*$ = by e ,evangeli/4 ,!y also agree 9 say+ t ! ,apo/les rema9$ 9 ,j]usalem aft] ,*ri/'s arre/1 & did n z we might h expect$ return at once to ,galilee8 ,= ! la/ two ,gospels expressly /ate t !y 7 9 ,j]usalem on ,ea/] ,day2 & ! fir/ two imply x1 or h[ c\ld ! wom5 h be5 told to take !m a message to g to ,galilee8 ,fur!r !y all agree 9 n giv+ 7:at imag9>y acc\nts might well h conta9$7 any description ( ! ,resurrection itself1 any appe>ance ( ,*ri/ to ,8 enemies2 or any in=mation z to ! o!r _w1 ?\gh ?is la/ w\ld h be5 s eag]ly welcom$1 & c\ld h be5 s easily inv5t$4 ,moreov] ! ord] 9 :i* ! appe>ances are plac$ is also ! same 9 e acc\nt1 t to ,m>y ,magdal5e = in/ance 7:]ev] x occurs7 be+1 always plac$ fir/1 t to ,/4 ,pet] next1 t to ,cleopas next1 !n t to ! ,twelve1 etc4 ,& ?is is ! m rem>kable because ! n>ratives are s obvi\sly indep5d5t1 & ! ord] is n at all a likely "o4 ,writ]s ( fiction1 = in/ance1 w\ld nev] h made ,*ri/ fir/ appe> to s little kn[n a p]son z ,m>y ,magdal5e1 r ?an to ,8 ,"m or ,8 ,apo/les4 ,once m ! n>ratives all agree 9 ! extreme calmness ) :i* !y are writt54 ,"o w\ld h ?\ght x almo/ impossible = anyone aft] relat+ ! /ory ( ! ,cross1 to h avoid$ "s ^w ( triumph1 or exultation1 9 reg>d to ! ,resurrection & ,asc5sion4 ,b no?+ ( ! k9d is f\nd4 ,! writ]s record !m1 l ! re/ ( ! hi/ory1 z simple matt]s ( fact1 app>5tly reg>d+ !m z ! natural close = su* a ,life1 & call+ = no comm5t4 ,h[ unlikely ?is w\ld be 9 leg5d>y acc\nts sc>cely ne$s po9t+ out4 ,x may also be add$ 7?\gh x does n conc]n ^! actual n>ratives7 t ! ,evangeli/s all agree 9 say+ t ,*ri/ _h prophesi$ ,8 own ,resurrection4#cjj ,& :ile ?is does n ( c\rse prove x to h be5 true1 x yet =ms a difficulty on any o!r !ory4 ,footnote #cjj3 ,e4g41 ,matt4 #af4 #ba2 ,m>k #i4 #ca2 ,luke #ah4 #cc2 ,john #b4 #ai-ba4 7#b47 ,mutual explanations4 ,9 ! next place x is surpris+ to f9d h[ (t5 a slight rem>k 9 "o ( ! n>ratives w help to expla9 "s app>5t improbability1 or difficulty 9 ano!r4 ,& s9ce1 z j said1 ! n>ratives are q indep5d5t1 & 7 c]ta9ly n writt5 to expla9 "o ano!r2 su* indications ( tru?fulness are ( great value4 ,we w !re=e consid] sev]al examples4#cja ,footnote #cja3 ,^! & "s o!rs are discuss$ 9 a pap] 9 ! ,expositor1 ,may1 #aiji1 by ! pres5t writ]4 ,to beg9 )1 ,/4 ,john records ,m>y ,magdal5e z visit+ ! empty ,tomb1 & !n tell+ ! disciples we "k n :]e !y h laid ,him4 ,b to :om does ! we ref]1 z %e 0 app>5tly alone all ! "t8 ,/4 ,john does n expla9 matt]s2 b ! o!r ,evangeli/s d4 ,= !y say t ?\gh ,m>y ,magdal5e 0 ! lead] ( ! p>ty1 & is always nam$ fir/1 yet z a matt] ( fact !re 7 o!r wom5 ) h]2 & ?is acc\nts = ! we4 ,lat] on no d\bt %e 0 alone2 b !n %e uses ! words ,i "k n4#cjb ,footnote #cjb3 ,john #bj4 #b1 #ac4 ,secondly1 ,/4 ,luke says t ,pet] 0 ! disciple :o ran to ! tomb on he>+ ( ! ,angel's message1 )\t h[ev] giv+ any reason :y he %\ld h be5 ! "o to g4 ,b ,/4 ,m>k1 ?\gh he does n m5tion ! visit ( ,pet]1 records t ! message _h be5 specially address$ to him2 & ,/4 ,john says t ,m>y ,magdal5e _h specially in=m$ him2 & ?is ( c\rse expla9s 8 go+4 ,/4 ,luke1 x may be add$1 9 ! subsequ5t words1 c]ta9 ( !m t 7 ) u1#cjc implies t at lea/ "o o!r disciple w5t ) him1 :i* agrees ) ,/4 ,john4 ,footnote #cjc3 ,luke #bd4 #bd4 ,/4 ,luke !n says t :5 ,pet] arriv$ at ! tomb1 he saw ! l95 clo?s by !mselves1 & w5t home wond]+4 ,?is seems only a trifle1 b :at does x mean8 ,/4 ,luke does n expla9 matt]s1 b ,/4 ,john does2 = he describes h[ ! clo?s 7 arrang$4 ,?is 0 9 a way :i* %[$ t ! ,body c\ld n h be5 hurri$ly /ol51 b _h app>5tly vani%$ )\t di/urb+ !m4 ,x conv9c$ ,/4 ,john t ! disappe>ance 0 sup]natural1 & w\ld q acc\nt = ,/4 ,pet]'s wond]+4#cjd ,footnote #cjd3 ,luke #bd4 #ab2 ,john #bj4 #f-h4 ,aga91 ,/4 ,mat!w n>rates t :5 ,*ri/ appe>$ to ,m>y ,magdal5e1 & ! o!r ,m>y1 ,he 0 at once recognis$1 held by ! feet1 & wor%ipp$4 ,& !y d n seem to h be5 at all surpris$ at meet+ ,him ne> ! tomb1 9 spite ( ! ,angel's message t !y %\ld g to ,galilee to see ,him4 ,evid5tly some?+ mu/ h occurr$ betwe51 mak+ a break 9 ! n>rative aft] v4 #h1 :i* is q possible1 = ! words1 ,& behold 7,rev4 ,v]s47 d n always imply a close connection4#cje ,& f ! o!r ,evangeli/s we le>n :at ?is 04 ,= ,/4 ,john describes an appe>ance to ,m>y ,magdal5e alone1 :5 %e 0 rebuk$ = wi%+ to t\* ,him1 app>5tly 9 ! old famili> way1 & )\t any act ( rev]5ce2 & ,/4 ,m>k says ?is 0 ! fir/ appe>ance4 ,if !n a few m9utes lat]1 %e1 9 company ) ! o!r ,m>y1 saw ,*ri/ aga91 x w\ld q acc\nt = _! n be+ surpris$ at meet+ ,him1 & also = _! alt]$ behavi\r 9 pro/rat+ !mselves to ! gr\nd1 & be+ 9 consequ5ce p]mitt$ to hold ,him by ! feet1 & wor%ip ,him4 ,footnote #cje3 ,e4g41 ,matt4 #b4 #a4 ,once m ,/4 ,luke says t :5 ,*ri/ appe>$ to ! ,apo/les 9 ! ev5+1 ,he 0 mi/ak5 = a _s2 b he gives no reason = ?is1 & x 0 app>5tly ! only occasion on :i* x occurr$4 ,/4 ,john h[ev]1 ?\gh he does n m5tion ! incid5t1 fully expla9s x2 = he says t ! doors 7 %ut = fe> ( ! ,jews2 & obvi\sly if ,*ri/ sudd5ly appe>$ )9 clos$ doors1 x w\ld acc\nt = _! ?9k+ t ,he mu/ be a _s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,/4 ,john speaks ( ,*ri/'s %[+ !m ,8 h&s 7& also ,8 side7 ?\gh )\t giv+ any reason = ?is4 ,b ,/4 ,luke's /atem5t t !y at fir/ took ,him = a _s1 & t ,he did ?is to conv9ce !m ( ,8 id5tity1 q acc\nts = x2 s ea* ( ! n>ratives helps to expla9 ! o!r4 ,b ?is is n all1 = ,/4 ,luke !n adds t z !y /ill disbeliev$1 ,*ri/ ask$ if !y _h any?+ to eat 7i4e41 if !y w\ld give ,him some?+ to eat7 & !y at once (f]$ ,him a piece ( broil$ fi%4 ,b he gives no h9t z to :y !y happ5$ to h any fi% ready4 ,/4 ,m>k h[ev]1 ?\gh he does n m5tion ei!r ! reque/1 nor its response1 fully expla9s bo?2 = he says !y 7 sitt+ at meat at ! "t1 probably j conclud+ _! ev5+ meal4 ,& all ?is /ill fur!r expla9s ,/4 ,john's n>rative1 t ,*ri/ said to !m aga91 ! second "t1 ,peace be unto y2 :i* w\ld be mu* m natural if some?+ _h occurr$ betwe51 ?an if 7z ,/4 ,john implies7 x 0 j aft] ! fir/ "t4 ,aga91 ,/4 ,m>k records ,*ri/ z say+1 aft] ,8 comm& to prea* ! ,gospel to all ! _w1 ',he t believe? & is baptis$ %all be sav$1' ?\gh )\t any previ\s ref]5ce to baptism4 ,b ,/4 ,mat!w says ! comm& 0 n only to make disciples ( all nations1 b to baptise !m z well1 & ?is ( c\rse expla9s ! o!r passage1 ?\gh curi\sly en\gh ,/4 ,mat!w himself does n ref] to x4 ,& !n z to ! appe>ance to ! five hundr$ record$ by ,/4 ,paul4 ,none ( ! ,evangeli/s m5tion ?is1 b x expla9s a good deal t !y d m5tion4 ,?us ,/4 ,john alludes to ! ,apo/les be+ 9 ,galilee1 7in/ead ( /ay+ 9 ,j]usalem7 aft] ! ,resurrection1 b he gives no h9t z to :y !y w5t !re4 ,nor d ,/4 ,mat!w & ,/4 ,m>k1 :o say ,*ri/ told !m to g !re1 give any h9t z to :y ,he told !m2 b ?is appe>ance to ! five hundr$1 :o _h to be collect$ 9 ,galilee1 expla9s ev]y?+4 ,x also acc\nts = ,/4 ,mat!w's curi\s rem>k 7be=e notic$7 t :5 ! ,elev5 saw ,*ri/ 9 ,galilee1 !y wor%ipp$ ,him1 b "s d\bt$4 ,& x probably expla9s ,/4 ,luke's omission ( ,galilee among ! places :]e ! ,apo/les !mselves _h to prea* ! ,resurrection2 z !re 7 s _m witnesses !re already4#cjf ,footnote #cjf3 ,acts #a4 #h4 ,n[ ( c\rse too mu* /ress mu/ n be laid on small details l ^!1 b /ill ! fact t su* %ort & indep5d5t acc\nts %\ld expla9 "o ano!r 9 s _m ways is a di/9ct evid5ce ( tru?fulness4 ,leg5d>y acc\nts ( fictiti\s ev5ts w\ld n be likely to d s4 7#c47 ,signs ( e>ly date4 ,9 conclusion1 x is int]e/+ to note t ^! acc\nts1 especially ^? 9 ! fir/ ?ree ,gospels1 %[ signs ( an extremely e>ly1 if n a contempor>y date4 ,?us ,/4 ,pet] is /ill call$ by 8 old "n ( ,simon1#cjg & x is ! la/ occasion :5 t "n is us$1 )\t expla9+ to :om x ref]s2 ,/4 ,paul1 "s ye>s lat]1 ?\gh allud+ to ?is same appe>ance1 call+ him by :at 0 !n 8 usual "n ( ,cephas or ,pet]4 ,:il/ ,/4 ,john1 writ+ _m ye>s aft]w>ds1 ?\gh he is equally accurate z to ,simon be+ ! "n 9 use at ! "t1 ?9ks x necess>y to expla9 :o 0 meant by x 7',jesus sai? to ,simon ,pet]1 ,simon son ( ,john1 love/ ?\ ,me8'74#cjh ,footnote #cjg3 ,luke #bd4 #cd4 ,footnote #cjh3 ,john #ba4 #ae2 comp4 ,acts4 #ae4 #g1 #ad4 ,simil>ly ! ,apo/les are /ill spok5 ( z ! ,elev51 ?\gh !y c\ld only h _h ?is title = j ^! few weeks4#cji ,& ! fact ( _! hav+ _h x seems to h be5 soon =gott54 ,= ,/4 ,paul ev5 :5 allud+ to ?is v "t pref]s to call !m by ! famili> title ( ! ,twelve1 :i* 0 equally correct1 z we are specially told t ,/4 ,mat?ias1 :o 0 aft]w>ds *os5 z ! twelf?1 _h be5 ) !m all along4#caj ,footnote #cji3 ,m>k #af4 #ad2 ,luke #bd4 #i1 #cc4 ,footnote #caj3 ,acts #a4 #bb2 #a ,cor4 #ae4 #e4 ,!re are also "s incid5tal rem>ks 9 ! n>ratives1 :i* seem s natural1 & yet s unlikely to h be5 inv5t$4 ,?us we read t on "o occasion aft] ,*ri/ appe>$ to ! ,apo/les1 !y /ill disbeliev$ = joy2 & on ano!r1 t ?\gh !y knew x 0 ! ,"l1 !y yet want$ to ask ,him ,:o art ,?\8#caa ,su* bewild]$ feel+s are q intelligible at ! "t1 b are n likely to h be5 ?\ght ( aft]w>ds4 ,footnote #caa3 ,luke #bd4 #da2 ,john #ba4 #ab4 ,moreov] ! k9d ( ,resurrection ass]t$ 7?\gh no d\bt pres5t+ great difficulties7 is /rongly 9 fav\r ( a contempor>y date4 ,= x 0 n 7z said 9 ,*apt] ,,xiii47 a m]e resuscitation ( ,*ri/'s natural body1 b ,8 ris+ aga9 9 a body :i* comb9$ mat]ial & spiritual prop]ties 9 a rem>kable mann]4 ,& !re 0 no?+ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 or any:]e else1 to sugge/ su* a ,resurrection z ?is2 x 0 q unique4 ,inde$ ! comb9ation ( ^! prop]ties--& !y occur 9 ! same ,gospel--is s extremely puzzl+1 t x is h>d to see h[ any?+ b actual exp]i5ce 7or :at !y believ$ to be su*7 c\ld ev] h induc$ m5 to record x4 ,& mu* ! same may be said ( _! ascrib+ an alt]$ appe>ance to ,*ri/'s ,body1 s t ,he 0 (t5 n recognis$ at fir/4 ,late writ]s are n likely to h imag9$ ?is4 ,la/ly1 ! utt] abs5ce ( any attempt at h>monis+ ! n>ratives1 or avoid+ ! app>5t discrepancies betwe5 !m1 also po9ts to _! extreme antiquity4 ,! writ]s 9 fact seem to n>rate j :at !y believ$ to h happ5$1 (t5 m5tion+ ! mo/ trivial circum/ances1 & )\t ev] attempt+ to meet difficulties or objections4 ,& :ile su* disconnect$ acc\nts might well h be5 writt5 by ! actual witnesses ( a wond]ful miracle1 !y are n su* z w\ld h be5 delib]ately inv5t$2 nor are !y l subsequ5t leg5ds & my?s4 ,^! n>ratives !n appe> ?r\gh\t to be ?or\ghly tru/wor?y2 & we !re=e decide t ! ,resurrection ( ,*ri/ is probably true4 ,9 ! next *apt] we w consid] ! v>i\s alt]native !ories4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii ,,t ,,! ,,failure ,,( ,,o!r ,,explanations ,,increases ,,?is ,,probability4 ,! fir/ witnesses ( ! ,resurrection4 ,! value ( all te/imony dep5ds on f\r que/ions ab\t ! witnesses1 & "h ! d5ial ( ea* corresponds to ! f\r *ief alt]native !ories4 7,a47 ,,! ,,falsehood ,,!ory4 ,?is w\ld be to d5y _! v]acity1 & say t !y did n speak ! tru?1 z f> z !y knew x4 ,b x is disprov$ by _! motives1 _! conduct1 & _! suff]+s4 7,b47 ,,! ,,leg5d ,,!ory4 ,?is w\ld be to d5y _! k1 & say t !y _h n ! means ( kn[+ ! tru?4 ,b amply suffici5t means 7 )9 _! rea*1 & !y 7 q compet5t to use !m4 7,c47 ,,! ,,vision ,,!ory4 ,?is w\ld be to d5y _! inve/igation1 & say t !y 7 too excit$ to avail !mselves ( ^! means4 ,b ?is !ory has imm5se difficulties4 7#a47 ,argum5ts 9 its fav\r4 7#b47 ,argum5ts aga9/ x4 7#c47 ,its failure to acc\nt = ! facts4 7#d47 ,! !ory ( real visions4 7,d47 ,,! ,,swoon ,,!ory4 ,?is w\ld be to d5y _! reason+1 & say t !y did n draw ! "r conclusion1 s9ce ,*ri/'s appe>ances 7 due to ,8 n hav+ di$4 ,b ?is !ory also has imm5se difficulties4 7,e47 ,,conclusion4 ,! alleg$ difficulties ( ! ,*ri/ian ,!ory1 extremely /rong argum5t 9 fav\r ( ! ,resurrection4 ,we decid$ 9 ! la/ *apt] t ! ,resurrection ( ,*ri/ 0 probably true2 t is to say1 we c>efully exam9$ ! v>i\s n>ratives1 & came to ! conclusion t !y _h e appe>ance ( be+ c&idly & tru?fully writt54 ,we h n[ to consid]1 m 9 detail1 ! te/imony ( its fir/ witnesses4 ,&1 z we %all see1 ?is af=ds /rong additional evid5ce 9 its fav\r2 s9ce all attempts to acc\nt = ?is te/imony1 )\t admitt+ its tru?1 fail hopelessly4 ,by ! fir/ witnesses1 we mean ^? p]sons :o saw1 or said !y saw1 ,*ri/ alive aft] ,8 ,crucifixion4 ,?is w include ! twelve ,apo/les1 & ov] #ejj o!r ,*ri/ians1 mo/ ( :om ,/4 ,paul says 7 /ill alive :5 he wrote4 ,x w also include two p]sons1 :o at ! "t 7 n ,*ri/ians1--,/4 ,paul himself1 an av[$ enemy1 & ,/4 ,james :o1 ?\gh he 0 ,*ri/'s bro!r1 does n seem to h believ$ 9 ,him4#cab ,footnote #cab3 ,john #g4 #e4 ,& be=e discuss+ ! value ( _! te/imony1 x may be well to glance at "s g5]al rules 9 reg>d to all te/imony4 ,if1 !n1 a p]son pla9ly ass]ts t a c]ta9 ev5t took place1 be=e we believe t x did take place1 we mu/ inquire fir/ z to 8 ,v]acity3 did he speak ! tru? z f> z he knew x8 ,next z to 8 ,k3 _h he ! means ( kn[+ ! tru?8 ,next z to 8 ,inve/igation3 did he avail himself ( ^? means8 ,& la/ly1 z to 8 ,reason+3 did he draw ! "r conclusion8 ,& all possible ways ( d5y+ ! tru? ( a man's /atem5t c be br\ght "u "o or o!r ( ^! heads4 ,= if x is n true1 x mu/ be ei!r3-- ,int5tionally false want ( ,v]acity4 _h n ! means ( or kn[+ ! want ( ,k4 tru? ,un9t5tionally false1 9 :i* or did n want ( ,inve/igation4 case he ei!r use !m _h ! means1 or & ei!r us$ !m wrongly want ( ,reason+4 ,f ?is x is cle> t = anyone to d5y a man's /atem5t1 )\t disput+ ei!r 8 v]acity1 k1 inve/igation1 or reason+1 is v l d5y+ t "o angle is great] ?an ano!r1 )\t disput+ t x is nei!r equal to x1 nor less ?an x4 ,we h n[ to apply ^! g5]al rules to ! te/imony 9 fav\r ( ! ,resurrection ( ,*ri/4 ,&1 z we %all see1 ! d5ial ( ^! f\r po9ts corresponds to ! f\r *ief alt]native !ories1 :i*1 may be call$ ! ,falsehood1 ! ,leg5d1 ! ,vision1 & ! ,swoon ,!ory4 7,a47 ,,! ,,falsehood ,,!ory4 ,we w beg9 ) ! ,falsehood ,!ory4 ,?is w\ld be to d5y ! v]acity ( ! witnesses1 & say t ?\gh !y ass]t$ t ,*ri/ rose f ! dead1 & appe>$ to !m1 !y did n really believe x4 ,9 o!r words !y 7 delib]ate impo/ors1 :o1 kn[+ t _! ,ma/] did n rise f ! dead1 yet sp5t _! :ole lives 9 try+ to p]suade p t ,he did4 ,&1 z we %all see1 _! motives1 _! conduct1 & _! suff]+s1 are all /rongly oppos$ to su* a !ory4 ,& fir/ z to _! motives1 _h !y any int]e/ 9 ass]t+ t ,*ri/ rose f ! dead unless !y really believ$ x8 ,cle>ly !y _h n1 = !y 7 s few or s fa9t-he>t$ t !y c\ld n prev5t _! ,ma/] be+ crucifi$4 ,:at *ance 0 !re !n ( p]suad+ ! _w t ,he _h ris5 f ! dead1 & :y %\ld !y h emb>k$ on su* a hopeless s*eme8 ,no?+ inde$ b ! mo/ firm conviction ( _! ,"l's ,resurrection1 & !re=e ( sup]natural assi/ance1 w\ld ev] h induc$ m5 to h v5tur$ on x4 ,if !y believ$ ! ,resurrection to be true1 !n1 & only !n1 w\ld !y h _h any motive :atev] = prea*+ x4 ,next z to _! conduct1 did ?is %[ t !y really believ$ :at !y prea*$8 ,& "h also ! evid5ce is ov]:elm+4 ,:5 _! ,ma/] 0 crucifi$ ,8 foll[]s 7 naturally fill$ ) gloom & despair2 b 9 a few days ?is 0 *ang$ to int5se joy & confid5ce4 ,!y prea*$ ! ,resurrection 9 ! v place :]e ,he 0 crucifi$1 & boldly w5t =? to conv]t ! _w 9 ,8 "n4 ,x is cle> t be=e su* a m>vell\s *ange c\ld take place !y mu/ at lea/ h ?\ght !y _h1 :at ,/4 ,luke ass]ts !y actually did h1 _m pro(s ( ! ,resurrection4#cac ,to !m1 at all ev5ts1 ! evid5ce mu/ haveseem$ conclusive1 or ,*ri/ianity w\ld h p]i%$ on ,calv>y4 ,footnote #cac3 ,acts #a4 #c4 ,la/ly z to _! suff]+s4 ,?is is ! mo/ important po9t1 s9ce volunt>y suff]+ 9 any =m1 b especially 9 its extreme =m ( m>tyrdom1 seems conclusive z to a man's v]acity4 ,p]sons d n suff] = :at !y believe to be false2 !y mu/ h believ$ x to be true1 ?\gh ?is does n ( c\rse prove t x actually 0 true4 ,& "h is ! answ] to ! common objection1 t s9ce all religions h _h _! m>tyrs1 ?is k9d ( evid5ce proves no?+4 ,on ! contr>y1 x does prove some?+1 ?\gh x does n prove ev]y?+4 ,x does n prove t :at ! man di$ = 0 true1 b x does prove t he believ$ x to be true4 ,x is !re=e a conclusive te/ z to 8 v]acity4 ,:at evid5ce h we1 !n1 t ! fir/ witnesses suff]$ = ! tru? ( :at !y prea*$8 ,& once m ! evid5ce is complete & ov]:elm+1 bo? f ! ,acts & ,/4 ,paul's ,epi/les4 ,we ne$ only ref] to ^! latt]1 z _! g5u95ess is undisput$4 ,/4 ,paul !n1 9 "o place1 gives a li/ ( ! actual suff]+s he _h und]gone2 he alludes to !m 9 num]\s o!r places1 & (t5 z if !y 7 ! common exp]i5ce ( all ,*ri/ians at ! "t2 & 9 "o passage he expressly includes ! o!r ,apo/les ) himself 9 ! long li/ ( suff]+s he describes4 ,:ile he else:]e decl>es t at a /ill e>li] "t1 be=e 8 conv]sion1 he himself p]secut$ ! ,*ri/ians beyond measure4#cad ,footnote #cad3 #b ,cor4 #aa4 #bd-bg2 ,rom4 #h4 #ce2 #a ,cor4 #d4 #i-ac2 ,gal4 #a4 #ac4 ,!re c ?us be no d\bt z to ! cont9ual suff]+s ( ! fir/ witnesses1 &1 z j said1 x is a decisive pro( ( _! v]acity4 ,we conclude !re=e t :5 !y ass]t$ t ,*ri/ rose f ! dead1 !y 7 ass]t+ :at !y hone/ly believ$ :e!r rightly or wrongly1 to be true4 ,& z ?is belief 0 due1 simply to ! witnesses believ+ t !y saw ,*ri/ alive aft] ,8 dea?2 we mu/ fur!r conclude t !y hone/ly believ$ 9 ! appe>ances ( ,*ri/ z record$ by !mselves1 & _! fri5ds1 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,9 o!r words1 ^! acc\nts are n int5tionally false4 ,s mu* = ! v]acity ( ! witnesses4 ,x is n1 z a rule1 d5i$ by mod]n oppon5ts ( ! ,resurrection2 b 9 e>ly times1 :5 m5 ought to h kn[n be/1 x 0 evid5tly ?\ght to be ! only alt]native4 ,/4 ,paul decl>es emphatically t unless ,*ri/ _h ris51 he & ! o!r ,apo/les 7 false witnesses1 9 pla9 words li>s4#cae ,t 0 ! only *oice4 ,!y 7 ei!r say+ :at !y knew to be true1 or :at !y knew to be false4 ,& ! idea ( !re be+ "s mi/ake ab\t x1 due to visions1 or swoons1 or any?+ else1 nev] seems to h occurr$ to anyone4 ,footnote #cae3 #a ,cor4 #ae4 #ae4 7,b47 ,,! ,,leg5d ,,!ory4 ,we pass on n[ to ! ,leg5d ,!ory4 ,?is w\ld be to d5y ! k ( ! witnesses3 & say t our ,gospels are n g5u9e1 b m]ely record subsequ5t leg5ds2 s we _c tell :e!r ! fir/ witnesses _h1 or _h n1 ! means ( kn[+ ! tru?4 ,b if we admit ! g5u95ess ( our ,gospels1 & ! v]acity ( _! writ]s 7bo? ( :i* h be5 admitt$71 ! ,leg5d ,!ory is out ( ! "q4 ,!y ass]t$1 x w be rememb]$1 t ,*ri/'s ,body1 n ,8 ,_s1 appe>$ to !m1 aft] ! crucifixion2 & f _! own acc\nts x is cle> t !y _h ample means ( f9d+ out if ?is 0 true4 ,:e!r !y us$ ^! means1 & actually did f9d out1 is1 ( c\rse1 ano!r "q2 b z to suffici5t means be+ available1 & _! be+ q compet5t to use !m if !y lik$1 !re c be no d\bt :atev]4 ,z has be5 well said1 x 0 n "o p]son :o saw ,him1 b _m2 !y saw ,him n only sep>ately1 b toge!r2 n only = a mom5t1 b = a long "t2 n only by night1 b by day2 n only at a di/ance1 b ne>2 n only once1 b sev]al times4 ,& !y n only saw ,him1 b !y t\*$ ,him1 walk$ ) ,him1 conv]s$ ) ,him1 ate ) ,him1 & exam9$ ,8 ,body to satisfy _! d\bts4 ,9 fact1 accord+ to _! own acc\nts1 ,*ri/ seems to h conv9c$ !m 9 e way 9 :i* conviction 0 possible t ,he _h really ris5 f ! dead4 ,& ev5 ap>t f our ,gospels1 ! ,leg5d ,!ory is /ill unt5able4 ,= ,/4 ,paul m5tions sev]al ( ! appe>ances1 & z ?is 0 )9 a few ye>s ( ! ev5ts1 !re 0 no "t = ! gr[? ( leg5ds4 ,moreov] he he>d ( !m direct f ^? :o saw !m1 ,/4 ,pet]1 ,/4 ,james1 etc41 s he mu/ h kn[n ! circum/ances "u :i* !y occurr$1 &1 be+ an educat$ man1 is n likely to h be5 tak5 9 by any impo/ure4 ,:ile 8 say+ t "s ( ! five hundr$ _h di$1 ?\gh mo/ ( !m 7 /ill alive :5 he wrote1 implies t he _h also made "s enquiries ab\t t appe>ance4 ,8 te/imony is ?us v valuable f e po9t ( view1 & absolutely fatal to ! ,leg5d ,!ory4 7,c47 ,,! ,,vision ,,!ory4 ,we n[ come to ! ,vision ,!ory4 ,?is w\ld be to d5y ! inve/igation ( ! witnesses2 & say t !y 7 s excit$1 or s en?usia/ic1 or p]haps s /upid1 t !y did n avail !mselves ( ! ample means !y _h ( f9d+ out ! tru?4 ,9 o!r words !y s expect$ _! ,"l to appe> to !m aft] ,8 dea?1 & kept s dwell+ on ! ?\ght ( ,him1 z ?\gh unse51 yet p]haps v ne> to !m1 t aft] a "t !y fanci$ !y actually saw ,him1 & t ,he _h ris5 f ! dead4 ,! wi% 01 9 fact1 fa!r to ! ?\ght2 s t :5 a suppos$ appe>ance took place1 !y 7 s fill$ ) joy at _! ,ma/]'s pres5ce1 t !y neglect$ to asc]ta9 :e!r ! appe>ance !y saw 0 real1 or only due to _! own fancy4 ,su* is ! !ory2 ?\gh x is (t5 modifi$ 9 reg>d to p>ticul> appe>ances1 by ascrib+ !m to dreams1 or to someone be+ mi/ak5 = ,*ri/4 ,& z x is at pres5t ! fav\rite "o ) ^? :o reject ! ,resurrection1 we mu/ exam9e x c>efully2 fir/ consid]+ ! argum5ts 9 its fav\r1 !n ^? aga9/ x1 !n its failure to acc\nt = ! facts record$1 & la/ly :at is kn[n z ! !ory ( real visions4 7#a47 ,argum5ts 9 its fav\r4 ,n[ we mu/ at once admit t x is possible = an hone/ man to mi/ake a phantom ( 8 own bra91 aris+ f "s diseas$ /ate ( ! m9d or body1 = a reality 9 ! out] _w4 ,su* subjective visions1 z !y are call$1 are by no means unhe>d (1 ?\gh !y are n common4 ,& ( c\rse ! great1 if n ! only argum5t 9 its fav\r is t x pr(esses to acc\nt = ! alleg$ ,resurrection1 )\t on ! "o h& admitt+ its tru?1 or on ! o!r t ! witnesses 7 delib]ate impo/ors4 ,"h1 x is urg$1 is a way ( avoid+ bo? difficulties1 by all[+ t ! witnesses hone/ly believ$ all !y said1 only !y 7 mi/ak5 9 suppos+ ! appe>ances to be real1 :5 !y 7 m]ely due to _! own imag9ation4 ,& und\bt$ly ! fact t m5 h (t5 ?\ght !y saw gho/s1 visions1 etc41 :5 !re 0 really no?+ to see1 gives x "s support4 7#b47 ,argum5ts aga9/ x4 ,let u n[ consid] h[ ?is ,vision ,!ory w\ld suit ! acc\nts ( ! ,resurrection writt5 by ! witnesses !mselves1 & _! fri5ds4 ,z w be se51 we might almo/ imag9e t !y _h be5 writt5 on purpose to contradict x4 ,to beg9 )1 ! writ]s 7 n unacqua9t$ ) visions1 & occasionally record !m z happ5+ to !mselves or o!rs4 ,b !n !y always use suitable expressions1 su* z fall+ into a trance4#caf ,no su* language is us$ 9 ! ,gospels to describe ! appe>ances ( ,*ri/1 :i* are always record$ z if !y 7 actual matt]s ( fact4 ,:ile z to ,/4 ,paul1 he nev] confuses ! revelations & visions1 :i* he sometimes _h1 ) ! "o great appe>ance ( ,*ri/ to him ne> ,damascus1 :i* qualifi$ him to be an ,apo/le4#cag ,footnote #caf3 ,e4g41 ,acts #aj4 #aj2 #i4 #aj2 #af4 #i4 ,footnote #cag3 #a ,cor4 #i4 #a2 #ae4 #h2 ,gal4 #a4 #af-ag4 ,secondly1 ! appe>ances did n take place 7z visions might h be5 expect$ to d1 & g5]ally did7#cah :5 ! disciples 7 engag$ 9 pray]1 or 9 wor%ip4 ,b x 0 dur+ _! ord9>y ev]yday occupations2 :5 = in/ance !y 7 go+ = a walk1 or sitt+ at supp]1 or out fi%+4 ,& !y 7 (t5 simple1 pla91 & almo/ trivial 9 _! "*1 v diff]5t f :at en?usia/s w\ld h imag9$4 ,footnote #cah3 ,e4g41 ,acts #aj4 #cj2 #aa4 #e2 #bb4 #ag4 ,?irdly1 subjective visions due to en?usiasm1 w\ld n h />t$ s soon aft] ! ,crucifixion z ! ?ird day4 ,x w\ld h requir$ a mu* long] "t = ! disciples to h got ov] _! utt] confusion1 & to h realis$ 7p]haps by /udy+ ! old prophecies7 t ?is humiliation 01 aft] all1 "p ( ,god's s*eme1 & 0 to be foll[$ by a ,resurrection4 ,nor aga9 w\ld su* visions h only la/$ = a %ort "t2 yet ) ! s+le exception ( t to ,/4 ,paul1 !y 7 all ov] 9 a few weeks1 ?\gh ! en?usiasm ( ! witnesses la/$ ?r\gh life4 ,f\r?ly1 x is pla9 f all ! acc\nts t ! ,apo/les did n expect ! ,resurrection1 & 7 mu* surpris$ at x1 ?\gh !y aft]w>ds rememb]$ t ,*ri/ _h =etold x4 ,?is is %[n1 n only by ! ,*ri/ians br++ spices1 to embalm ! ,body1 & p]sons d n embalm a body unless !y expect x to rema9 9 ! grave2 b also by ! acc\nt ( ! appe>ances !mselves4 ,= ) ! exception ( ! two f>ewell meet+s 7& possibly t to ! two ,m>ys71 ,*ri/'s appe>ance 0 :olly unexpect$4 ,no "o 0 look+ = x1 no "o 0 anticipat+ x4 ,:5 = in/ance ,m>y ,magdal5e f\nd ! tomb empty1 x nev] ev5 occurr$ to h] t ,he _h come to life aga91 %e m]ely ?\ght ! ,body _h be5 remov$4 ,fif?ly1 & ?is is v rem>kable1 :5 ,*ri/ did appe>1 ,he 0 (t5 n recognis$4 ,?is 0 ! case ) ,m>y ,magdal5e1 ) ,cleopas & 8 companion1 & ) ! disciples at ,tib]ias4 ,b x is pla9 t1 if !y s hop$ to see _! ris5 ,ma/]1 t !y ev5tually fanci$ !y did see ,him1 !y w\ld at once h recognis$ ,him2 & _! n do+ s is q inconsi/5t ) ! ,vision ,!ory4 ,six?ly1 we are repeat$ly told t at fir/ "s ( ! disciples disbeliev$ or d\bt$ ! ,resurrection4#cai ,?is is an important po9t1 s9ce x %[s t op9ions 7 divid$ on ! subject1 & !re=e makes x almo/ c]ta9 t !y w\ld h us$ :at means !y _h ( f9d+ out ! tru?4 ,& a visit to ! grave w\ld h %[n !m at once :e!r ! ,body 0 !re1 or n3 & !y are n likely to h prea*$ ! ,resurrection1 )\t fir/ asc]ta9+ ! po9t4 ,moreov]1 "s ( !m rema9$ d\btful ev5 aft] ! o!rs 7 p]suad$1 ,/4 ,?omas 9 p>ticul> requir+ ! mo/ conv9c+ pro(4 ,8 /ate ( m9d 0 c]ta9ly n t ( an en?usia/1 s9ce1 in/ead ( be+ s conv9c$ ( ! ,resurrection z to h imag9$ x1 he c\ld ) great difficulty be got to believe x4 ,inde$1 accord+ to ^! acc\nts1 sc>cely "o ( ! witnesses believ$ ! ,resurrection till ! belief 0 almo/ =c$ on him4 ,footnote #cai3 ,matt4 #bh4 #ag2 ,m>k #af4 #aa-ad2 ,luke #bd4 #aa1 #cg2 ,john #bj4 #be4 ,sev5?ly1 subjective visions d n occur to diff]5t p]sons simultane\sly4 ,a man's private illusions 7l 8 dreams7 are 8 own4 ,a numb] ( m5 d n simultane\sly dream ! same dream1 /ill less d !y simultane\sly see ! same subjective vision--at lea/ a vision l t "h ref]r$ to1 ( a p]son mov+ ab\t among !m1 & speak+ to !m4 ,?is is q diff]5t f ,con/ant9e's army ?9k+ t !y saw a lum9\s cross 9 ! sky1 or a body ( ,spani% troops t !y saw _! patron 7,/4 ,james7 rid+ at _! head1 or any?+ ( t k9d2 sev]al in/ances ( :i* are kn[n4 ,b a subjective vision1 at all resembl+ :at is describ$ 9 ! ,gospels1 is extremely r>e4 ,x may p]haps happ5 to "o p]son 9 t5 ?\s& once 9 8 life4 ,x is difficult to believe t ev5 two p]sons %\ld h su* an exp]i5ce at ! same "t1 :ile ! idea t a doz5 or m m5 %\ld simultane\sly see su* a subjective vision is out ( ! "q4 ,& ! ,gospels1 x may be add$1 always imply t ,*ri/ 0 visible to all pres5t 7?\gh "s ( !m d\bt$ z to ,8 id5tity71 :i* 0 n1 z a rule1 ! case 9 o!r alleg$ visions4 ,eigh?ly1 h[ are we to acc\nt = vision>y conv]sations8 ,yet ^! occurr$ on e occasion4 ,*ri/ nev] m]ely appe>$1 & !n vani%$4 ,he always spoke1 & (t5 = a consid]able "t1 giv+ detail$ in/ructions2 & c we imag9e anyone believ+ a m]e vision to h done all ?is8 ,is x possible1 = in/ance1 = ,/4 ,?omas to h believ$ t ,*ri/ conv]s$ ) him1 & = ! o!r ,apo/les1 :o 7 all pres5t1 to h believ$ x too1 if ! :ole affair 0 only a vision8 ,inde$1 conv]sations 9 ! pres5ce ( o!rs seem peculi>ly h>d to expla9 z visions1 yet !y are m5tion$ m ?an once4 ,= all ^! reasons !n--because ! appe>ances are n describ$ 9 suitable language1 did n occur on suitable occasions1 began & end$ too soon1 7 n expect$1 7 n recognis$1 7 n believ$1 occurr$ simultane\sly1 & always includ$ conv]sations z well--! ,vision ,!ory is to say ! lea/ extremely improbable4 7#c47 ,its failure to acc\nt = ! facts4 ,b ?is is n all2 ! ,!ory is n only improbable1 x does n acc\nt = ! actual facts record$--facts conc]n+ :i*1 unless ! writ+s are int5tionally false1 !re c\ld be no d\bt :atev]4 ,a vision1 = in/ance1 c\ld n h roll$ away ! /one f ! door ( ! tomb1 yet ?is is v\*$ = by e ,evangeli/4 ,aga91 p]sons c\ld n h hone/ly believ$ t !y w5t to ! tomb1 & f\nd x empty1 if ! ,body 0 !re all ! "t4 ,& ?is also is v\*$ = by e ,evangeli/4 ,nor c\ld !y h ?\ght t !y t\*$ _! ,ma/]1 i4e41 took hold ( ,8 feet1 if ,he exi/$ only 9 _! imag9ation2 = ! attempt to t\* ,him w\ld at once h %[n !m _! mi/ake4#cbj ,nor c\ld !y h se5 ,him eat food1 = a vision1 l a dream1 w\ld n expla9 ! disappe>ance ( ! food4 ,nor aga9 c\ld a m]e vision take bread1 & on ano!r occasion bread & fi%1 & give x !m to eat4#cba ,9 reg>d to all ^! p>ticul>s1 !n1 ! ,vision ,!ory is hopelessly unt5able4 ,footnote #cbj3 ,matt4 #bh4 #i4 ,footnote #cba3 ,luke #bd4 #cj1 #dc2 ,john #ba4 #ac2 ,acts #aj4 #da4 ,!re is also ! great difficulty z to :at became ( ! dead ,body ( ,*ri/4 ,= if x 0 /ill 9 ! grave1 ! ,jews w\ld h produc$ x1 r ?an inv5t ! /ory ab\t its be+ /ol52 & if x 0 n 9 ! grave1 its removal c\ld n h be5 due to visions4 ,) reg>d to ?is /ory x may be notic$ t ,/4 ,mat!w says x 0 spread abroad among ! ,jews2 & ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 himself a native ( ,pale/9e1 also alludes to x4 ,= he says t ! ,jews s5t m5 all ov] ! _w to proclaim t ! disciples /ole ! ,body at night2#cbb s !re c be no d\bt t "s su* /ory exi/$4 ,footnote #cbb3 ,matt4 #bh4 #ae2 ,ju/91 ,dial41 #ajh4 ,b its weakness is self-evid5t4 ,= if ! soldi]s 7:o 7 probably po/$ on ! ,saturday ev5+1 & ?us n kn[n to ! wom57 71 z !y said1 asleep at ! "t1 h[ c\ld !y tell :e!r ! disciples _h /ol5 ! ,body1 or :e!r ,*ri/ _h come =? ( ,8 own accord8 ,moreov] t ,roman soldi]s1 ) _! /rict discipl9e1 :o 7 put !re on purpose to keep ! ,body1 %\ld really h gone to sleep1 & all[$ x to be /ol51 is mo/ improbable4 ,& ?\gh x seems unlikely t !y c\ld h be5 brib$ to say !y 7 asleep1 if !y 7 n1 z x 0 a capital (f5ce2 we mu/ rememb] t !y 7 already liable to dea?2 s9ce !y _h left ! tomb1 & ! ,body 0 gone4 ,s :e!r !y 7 asleep1 or awake1 at ! "t matt]$ little4 ,& 9 any case1 ! fact ( _! hav+ left x 7:i* is pla9 f all ! acc\nts7 %[s t some?+ v extraord9>y mu/ h happ5$4 ,all1 !n1 t ! /ory proves is ?is 7b ?is x does prove unque/ionably71 t ?\gh ! ,body 0 gu>d$1 yet :5 x 0 want$ x 0 gone1 & c\ld n be f\nd4 ,& ?is is a /rong argum5t n only aga9/ ! ,vision ,!ory1 b aga9/ e !ory except ! ,*ri/ian "o4 ,= :5 ! ,resurrection 0 fir/ ann\nc$1 ! mo/ obvi\s & decisive answ] w\ld h be5 = ! ,jews to h produc$ ! dead ,body2 & _! n do+ ?is /rongly supports ! ,*ri/ian acc\nt4 ,inde$1 ! empty tomb1 toge!r ) ! failure ( all attempts to acc\nt = x1 0 d\btless "o ( ! reasons :y ! ,apo/les ga9$ s _m conv]ts ! fir/ day !y prea*$ ! ,resurrection4#cbc ,footnote #cbc3 ,acts #b4 #da4 ,la/ly1 we mu/ rememb] t ?is ga9+ ( conv]ts1 i4e41 ! f\nd+ ( ,*ri/ianity1 is1 aft] all1 ! great fact t has to be expla9$4 ,& ev5 if ! ,vision ,!ory c\ld acc\nt = ! ,apo/les !mselves believ+ t !y _h se5 ,*ri/1 x w\ld n acc\nt = _! be+ able to conv9ce o!rs ( ?is belief1 especially if ! ,body 0 /ill 9 ! tomb4 ,= a m]e vision1 l a gho/ /ory1 w\ld beg9 & end 9 no?+2 & if ! ,resurrection also began 9 no?+1 h[ are we to acc\nt = its end+ 9 s mu*8 ,summ+ up ^! argum5ts1 !n1 we conclude t ! ,vision ,!ory is mo/ improbable 9 any case2 & c only be accept$ at all by admitt+ t ne>ly ! :ole ( our acc\nts are n only untrue1 b int5tionally s4 ,b !n x is q ne$less4 ,its object 0 to expla9 ! alleg$ ,resurrection )\t disput+ ! v]acity ( ! writ]s1 & ?is x is q unable to d4 ,9 %ort1 if ! writ]s hone/ly believ$ ! acc\nts z we h !m1 or inde$ any o!r acc\nts at all resembl+ !m1 ! ,vision ,!ory is out ( ! "q4 ,x does n ev5 acc\nt satisfactorily = ! "o appe>ance1 t to ,/4 ,paul1 :i* x might be ?\ght capable ( expla9+4 ,= 8 companions z well z himself saw ! ,light & 7app>5tly7 he>d ! ,voice1 ?\gh n ! actual words4#cbd ,& h[ c\ld a subjective vision ( ,/4 ,paul h ?us affect$ all 8 companions8 ,moreov] physical bl9dness does n result f su* a vision1 & to say t 9 8 case ! wi% 0 fa!r to ! ?\ght1 & t 8 expectation & hope ( see+ ,*ri/ ev5tually made him ?9k t he did see ,him1 is absurd4 ,= ev5 :5 he did see ,him1 he did n recognise ,him2 b _h to ask ,:o art ,?\1 ,"l8 ,"h !n 0 ! case ( an av[$ enemy1 & a man ( great intellectual p[]1 :o 0 conv]t$1 & t aga9/ 8 w1 solely by ! appe>ance ( ,*ri/4 ,& z he _h access to all exi/+ evid5ce on bo? sides1 & _h ev]y?+ to lose & no?+ to ga9 f ! *ange1 8 conv]sion alone is a /rong argum5t 9 fav\r ( ! ,resurrection1 m especially z ! fact itself is beyond dispute4 ,footnote #cbd3 ,acts #i4 #g2 #bb4 #i2 #bf4 #ac1 #ad4 7#d47 ,! ,!ory ( real visions4 ,be=e pass+ on1 we mu/ j glance at a modification ( ! ,vision ,!ory1 t has be5 sugge/$ 9 rec5t ye>s2 :i* is t ! ,apo/les saw real visions1 miracul\sly s5t by ,god1 to p]suade !m to g on prea*+ ! ,gospel4 ,& no d\bt ?is !ory avoids _m ( ! difficulties ( ! ord9>y ,vision ,!ory1 especially 9 reg>d to ! appe>ances beg9n+ s soon z ! ?ird day1 _! n be+ expect$1 & _! occurr+ simultane\sly4 ,b x has ev5 great] difficulties ( its own4 ,= x admits ! sup]natural1 & yet ^! div9ely s5t visions 7 su* z to mislead ! ,apo/les1 & to make !m ?9k t ,*ri/'s ,body _h ris5 f ! grave1 & saw no corruption1 :5 9 reality x 0 /ill decay+ 9 ! tomb4 ,& ?is alone is fatal to ! !ory4 ,= if ,god gave a sup]natural vision1 x w\ld c]ta9ly be to conv9ce m5 ( :at 0 true1 n ( :at 0 false4 ,& ev5 a real miracle is easi] to believe1 ?an t ,god %\ld f\nd ,8 ,*ur* on a false "o4 ,moreov] sup]natural visions are j z unable z natural ones to acc\nt = ! facts record$1 su* z ! roll+ away ( ! /one1 ! empty tomb1 ! hold+ ( ,*ri/ by ,8 feet1 or ! disappe>ance ( ! food4 ,:ile ! great difficulty z to :at became ( ! dead ,body1 applies to ?is z mu* z to ! ord9>y ,vision ,!ory4 7,d47 ,,! ,,swoon ,,!ory4 ,la/ly we come to ! ,swoon ,!ory4 ,?is w\ld be to d5y ! reason+ ( ! witnesses2 & say t ?\gh !y saw ,*ri/ alive aft] ,8 ,crucifixion1 !y did n draw ! "r conclusion 9 ?9k+ t ,he _h ris5 f ! dead1 s9ce z a matt] ( fact ,he _h nev] di$1 b _h only fa9t$ on ! ,cross4 ,& 9 support ( ?is1 x is urg$ t dea? aft] crucifixion did n g5]ally occur s quickly1 s9ce ,pilate m>vell$ if ,he 7 already dead2 & t ,he might easily h be5 mi/ak5 = dead1 z no accurate te/s 7 kn[n 9 ^? days4 ,:ile ! blood com+ out ( ,8 side is also appeal$ to1 because blood does n fl[ f a dead body4 ,moreov]1 z ,he 0 !n plac$ 9 a cool rock cave1 ) aromatic spices1 ,he w\ld probably recov] consci\sness2 :5 ,he w\ld come =? & visit ,8 fri5ds1 & ask = some?+ to eat3 :i* is :at ,he did accord+ to ,/4 ,luke4 ,& !y1 sup]/iti\s m51 look+ ^u _! ,ma/] z 9 "s s5se ,div9e1 & p]haps half expect+ ! ,resurrection1 w\ld at once conclude t ,he _h ris5 f ! dead2 especially if !y _h already he>d t ! tomb 0 empty4 ,& ! *ief argum5t 9 fav\r ( ! !ory is1 ( c\rse1 ! same z t 9 fav\r ( ! ,vision ,!ory4 ,x pr(esses to acc\nt = ! record$ appe>ances1 )\t admitt+ ei!r ! tru? ( ! ,resurrection1 or delib]ate falsehood on ! "p ( ! witnesses2 :o1 accord+ to ?is !ory1 7 !mselves mi/ak5 9 ?9k+ t ,*ri/ _h ris5 f ! dead1 :5 9 reality ,he _h nev] di$4 ,!y c\ld n !re=e h help$ 9 re/or+ ,him2 ,he mu/ h recov]$ by ,himself4 ,?is is ess5tial to ! !ory2 s x is q unlike a case record$ by ,josephus1 :]e a man :o _h be5 crucifi$1 & tak5 d[n alive1 0 gradually re/or$ by a doctor4#cbe ,footnote #cbe3 ,josephus1 ,life1 #ge4 ,h[ !n w\ld ?is !ory suit ! facts ( ! case8 ,:ile admitt+ its possibility1 x is h>d to f9d words to express its great improbability4 ,x has imm5se difficulties1 _m ( !m peculi>ly its own4 ,& fir/ z to ,*ri/ ,himself4 ,he mu/ h be5 extremely exhau/$ aft] all ! ill-treatm5t ,he _h receiv$1 yet ,he is suppos$ n only to h recov]$ consci\sness1 b to h come out ( ! tomb by ,himself1 roll+ away ! l>ge /one4 ,& !n1 in/ead ( creep+ ab\t weak & ill1 & requir+ nurs+ & m$ical treatm5t1 ,he mu/ h walk$ ov] twelve miles--& ?is ) pi]c$ feet#cbf--to ,emmaus & back4 ,& ! same ev5+ ,he mu/ h appe>$ to ,8 disciples s completely recov]$ t !y1 in/ead ( look+ ^u ,him z /ill half-dead1 ?\ght t ,he _h conqu]$ dea?1 & 0 inde$ ! ,pr9ce ( ,life4 ,all ?is implies su* a rapid recov]y z is q incr$ible4 ,footnote #cbf3 ,! feet be+ pi]c$ is (t5 disput$1 b ,/4 ,luke 7:o probably knew m ab\t crucifixion ?an we d7 evid5tly ?\ght !y 72 = he records ,*ri/ z say+1 ,see my h&s & my feet t x is ,i myself1 :i* implies t ,8 h&s & feet w\ld id5tify ,him4 ,next z to ! pi]c+ ( ,8 side ) a spe>4#cbg ,?is is record$ by an eye-witness1 & w\ld d\btless ( itself h caus$ dea?1 ?\gh ,/4 ,john's /atem5t t ,he 0 dead already seems ! m probable4 ,nor did ! blood com+ out1 9 any way1 disprove ?is4 ,= blood 7z long z x rema9s liquid7 w ( c\rse fl[ out d[nw>ds f any body1 j z o!r liquids w\ld d4 ,only :5 a p]son is alive1 ! action ( ! he>t w make x fl[ out upw>ds z well4 ,footnote #cbg3 ,john #ai4 #cd4 ,aga91 x is mo/ unlikely t s _m p]sons1 bo? fri5ds & foes1 %\ld h mi/ak5 ,*ri/ = dead4 ,yet accord+ to ?is !ory ! soldi]s entru/$ ) ! execution1 :o mu/ h _h a good deal ( exp]i5ce 9 su* matt]s2 ! c5turion1 :o 0 s5t = by ,pilate on purpose to asc]ta9 ?is v po9t2 ! ,*ri/ians1 :o took d[n ! ,body & wrapp$ x 9 l95 clo?s2 & ! ,jews1 :o are n likely to h left _! ,victim )\t mak+ sure ( ! fact1 mu/ all h hone/ly believ$ t ,*ri/ 0 dead :5 ,he 0 n4 ,moreov]1 ! tomb 0 c>efully gu>d$ by ,8 enemies = ! express purpose ( secur+ ! ,body4 ,h[ !n did !y let x escape8 ,if !y 7 n asleep at ! "t1 !y mu/ ei!r h done ?is will+ly1 because !y 7 brib$2 or unwill+ly1 because !y c\ld n help x1 be+ ov]come by "s sup]natural ,p[]2 & ei!r alt]native is fatal to ! ,swoon ,!ory4 ,?is !ory also requires n only t ! ,apo/les %\ld h be5 mi/ak5 9 ?9k+ t ,*ri/ _h ris5 f ! dead1 b t ,*ri/ ,himself %\ld h c\nt5anc$ ! mi/ake2 or ,he w\ld h expla9$ ! tru? to ,8 disciples4 ,he is ?us made to be a deceiv] in/ead ( ,8 ,apo/les1 :i* all w admit to be mo/ improbable4 ,& !n1 :at became ( ,him aft]w>ds8 ,if ,he di$ aga9 )9 a few weeks1 ,8 disciples c\ld sc>cely h ?\ght ,him ! ,pr9ce ( ,life1 :o _h ! keys ( ,dea? & ( ,hades2#cbh & if ,he cont9u$ to live1 :]e did ,he g to8 ,moreov] ,he mu/ h di$ aga9 at "s "t1 & ,8 real tomb is sure to h be5 mu* v5]at$ by ,8 foll[]s2 & x w\ld h prev5t$ any belief 9 ! ,asc5sion4 ,yet z said be=e 7,*apt] ,,xv471 ?is seems to h =m$ a "p ( ,*ri/ian in/ruction f ! v fir/4 ,footnote #cbh3 ,acts #c4 #ae2 ,rev4 #a4 #ah4 ,b p]haps ! *ief argum5t aga9/ ?is !ory is t x does n acc\nt = _m ( ! actual facts record$2 su* z ,*ri/ pass+ ?r\gh clos$ doors1 ,8 vani%+ at pleasure1 & ,8 ,asc5sion4 ,^! details pres5t no difficulty on ! ,vision ,!ory1 nor on t ( delib]ate falsehood2 b !y are inconsi/5t ) ! pres5t "o4 ,& ?\gh x acc\nts to "s ext5t = ! empty tomb2 x does n acc\nt = ! angels be+ !re1 ann\nc+ ! ,resurrection4 ,nor does x acc\nt = ! grave-clo!s be+ s c>efully left beh9d4 ,= if ,*ri/ _h come out ( ! tomb by ,himself1 ,he c\ld sc>cely h left ,8 clo!s beh9d2 n to m5tion ! difficulty ( tak+ !m (f1 caus$ by ! adhesive myrrh1 :i* w\ld h /uck !m toge!r1 & to ! ,body4 ,^! grave-clo!s are ?us fatal to ?is1 z to e o!r !ory1 except ! ,*ri/ian "o2 yet x 0 a simple matt] ( fact1 z to :i* !re c\ld be no possible mi/ake4 ,ei!r ! clo!s 7 !re1 or else ! p]sons :o said !y saw !m 7 tell+ a falsehood4 ,moreov]1 9 any case ,*ri/ c\ld n h walk$ to ,emmaus & back1 or appe>$ to ! ,apo/les1 or to anyone else1 9 ,8 grave-clo!s1 s ,he mu/ h obta9$ "s o!rs1 & h[ did ,he get !m8 ,8 enemies are n likely to h suppli$ !m1 & if ,8 fri5ds did1 !y mu/ h be5 aw>e ( ! fraud4 ,on ! :ole !n1 we decide t ! ,swoon ,!ory1 l ! ,vision ,!ory1 is v improbable 9 any case1 & only t5able at all by suppos+ a l>ge "p ( our n>ratives to be int5tionally false4 ,b !n x is q ne$less4 7,e47 ,,conclusion4 ,be=e conclud+ ?is *apt] a few rem>ks may be made on ! alleg$ difficulties ( ! ,*ri/ian !ory4 ,!re are only two ( any importance4 ,! fir/ is t ! ,resurrection w\ld be a miracle1 & probably n9e out ( t5 m5 :o disbelieve x1 d s = ?is reason4 ,x is n t ! evid5ce = x is insuffici5t 7!y h p]haps nev] exam9$ x7 b t no conceivable evid5ce w\ld be suffici5t to e/abli% su* an ev5t4 ,miracles1 !y say1 are incr$ible1 !y _c happ51 & t settles ! po9t2 = x is ( c\rse easi] to believe any explanation1 visions1 swoons1 or any?+ else1 ?an ! occurr5ce ( t :i* _c happ54 ,b we h already admitt$1 9 ,*apt] ,,vii41 t miracles are n incr$ible4 ,& ?\gh no d\bt1 "u ord9>y circum/ances1 a dead man com+ to life aga9 w\ld be s extremely improbable z to be practically incr$ible2 yet ^! 7 n ord9>y circum/ances1 & ,*ri/ 0 n an ord9>y man4 ,on ! contr>y1 z we %all see1 ,he 0 an absolutely unique ,man1 claim+ moreov] to be ,div9e1 & hav+ a mass ( p[]ful evid5ce bo? f ,8 own ,"*1 f previ\s ,prophecies1 & f subsequ5t ,hi/ory1 to support ,8 claims4 ,!re=e t ,he %\ld rise f ! dead1 z a pro( t ^! claims 7 well-f\nd$1 does n seem s v improbable aft] all4 ,! o!r difficulty ref]s to ,*ri/'s n appe>+ publicly to ! ,jews4 ,:y1 x is ask$1 did ,he only appe> to ,8 own disciples8 ,surely ?is is v suspici\s4 ,if ,he really did rise f ! dead1 & wi%$ ! _w to believe x1 :y did ,he n settle ! po9t by go+ publicly into ,j]usalem8 ,b we _c feel sure t ?is w\ld h settl$ ! po9t4 ,no d\bt ! ,jews :o saw ,him w\ld h be5 conv9c$1 b ! nation z a :ole might1 or might n1 h accept$ ,*ri/ianity4 ,if !y did n1 say+ = in/ance x 0 due to a pret5d]1 x w\ld h be5 worse ?an useless4 ,:ile if !y did1 ! ,romans w\ld v likely h look$ ^u x z a national insurrection1 & its progress w\ld h be5 m ?an ev] difficult4 ,x w\ld also h greatly weak5$ ! =ce ( ,prophecy2 s9ce1 9 ! abs5ce ( anci5t manuscripts1 p might ?9k t ! old ,jewi% prophecies _h be5 tamp]$ )1 to make !m suit _! ,*ri/ian int]pretation4 ,b n[ ^! prophecies1 hav+ be5 pres]v$ by m5 :o are oppos$ to ,*ri/ianity1 are above suspicion4 ,moreov]1 to get ! _w to believe 9 ! ,resurrection requir$ n only evid5ce1 b mission>ies1 t is to say1 m5 :o 7 s absolutely conv9c$ ( its tru?1 z to be will+ to sp5d _! :ole lives 9 witness+ = x1 9 all l&s & at all co/s4 ,& ! *ief object ( ! appe>ances may h be5 to produce su* m52 & x is obvi\s t 7ap>t f a miracul\s conv]sion l ,/4 ,paul's7 !re c\ld n h be5 m ?an a few ( !m4 ,= only a few c\ld h conv]s$ ) ,*ri/1 & eat5 ) ,him aft] ,8 dea?1 s z to be q c]ta9 t ,he 0 !n alive2 only a few c\ld h kn[n ,him s intimately be=e1 z to be q c]ta9 t x 0 really ,he1 & only a few _h lov$ ,him s de>ly z to be will+ to give up ev]y?+ = ,8 sake4 ,9 %ort1 !re 7 only a few suitable witnesses available4 ,& ,*ri/'s frequ5tly appe>+ to ^! few--! *os5 witnesses z !y are call$#cbi--;9 ! private & intimate mann] record$ 9 ! ,gospels1 0 evid5tly m likely to turn !m into ard5t mission>ies 7:i* x actually did7 ?an any public appe>ance4 ,inde$ x s (t5 happ5s t :at ev]ybody %\ld d1 nobody does2 t x may be d\bt$ :e!r ,*ri/'s publicly appe>+ to a numb] ( p]sons 9 ,j]usalem w\ld h induc$ ev5 "o ( !m to h fac$ a life ( suff]+1 & a dea? ( m>tyrdom1 9 spread+ ! news4 ,?is objection1 !n1 _c be ma9ta9$4 ,footnote #cbi3 ,acts #aj4 #da4 ,9 conclusion1 x seems sc>cely necess>y to sum up ! argum5ts 9 ?is *apt]4 ,we h discuss$ at "s l5g? ! v]acity1 k1 inve/igation1 & reason+ ( ! fir/ witnesses ( ! ,resurrection2 & z we h se51 n "o ( ^! po9ts c be fairly d\bt$4 ,9 fact ! evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ea* is ov]:elm+4 ,!re=e ! alt]native !ories--! ,falsehood1 ! ,leg5d1 ! ,vision1 & ! ,swoon ,!ory--:i* are f\nd$ on d5y+ ^! po9ts1 are all unt5able4 ,& ?is greatly supports ! conclusion we arriv$ at 9 ! la/ *apt]2 s t comb9+ ! two2 we h an extremely /rong argum5t 9 fav\r ( ! ,resurrection ( ,*ri/4 ,,*apt] ,,xix4 ,,t ,,! ,,o!r ,,new ,,te/am5t ,,miracles ,,are ,,probably ,,true4 7,a47 ,,_! ,,cr$ibility4 ,!y pres5t few difficulties2 ! ca/+ out ( evil spirits4 7,b47 ,,_! ,,tru?fulness4 7#a47 ,g5]al m>ks ( tru?fulness4 7#b47 ,special m>ks ( tru?fulness4 7,c47 ,,_! ,,publicity4 7#a47 ,!y occurr$ 9 public4 7#b47 ,!y 7 publicly appeal$ to4 7#c47 ,!y 7 nev] disput$4 7#d47 ,! sil5ce ( classical writ]s4 7,d47 ,,conclusion4 ,futile attempts to expla9 !m away1 ! subject ( mod]n miracles4 ,hav+ discuss$ 9 ! la/ two *apt]s ! ,resurrection ( ,*ri/1 we pass on n[ to ! o!r ,new ,te/am5t miracles1 & w consid] 9 turn _! cr$ibility1 _! tru?fulness1 & _! publicity4 7,a47 ,,_! ,,cr$ibility4 ,n[ ) "o exception1 ! ca/+ out ( evil spirits1 ! miracles pres5t sc>cely any difficulty provid$ miracles at all are cr$ible1 :i* we h already admitt$4 ,mo/ ( !m1 especially ^? ( heal+1 7 v suitable f a moral po9t ( view1 :ile t !y 7 meant to confirm ,*ri/'s tea*+ & claims is beyond dispute4 ,n only d all ! ,evangeli/s decl>e ?is1 b ,*ri/ ,himself ?\gh ,he refus$ to "w a miracle :5 *all5g$ to d s--,he w\ld n "w "o to ord]1 z we might say--yet appeal$ to ,8 public miracles 9 ! mo/ emphatic mann]4 ,?us1 :5 ,/4 ,john ! ,bapti/ s5t mess5g]s to inquire :e!r ,he 0 ! ,messiah1 ,8 only answ] 01 ',g y\r way1 & tell ,john ! ?+s :i* ye d he> & see2 ! bl9d receive _! sight1 & ! lame walk1 ! lep]s are cleans$1 & ! deaf he>1 & ! dead are rais$ up1'#ccj etc4 ,& ?is is specially important because ,*ri/ians w\ld n h inv5t$ an incid5t :i* %[s t ,*ri/'s own mess5g] _h 7app>5tly7 lo/ fai? 9 ,him4 ,yet x is n easy to sep>ate 8 "q f ! reply :i* x receiv$2 :ile if we admit t ,*ri/ gave ?is reply1 x seems to settle ! "q z to ,8 work+ miracles4 ,footnote #ccj3 ,matt4 #aa4 #d2 ,luke #g4 #bb2 see also ,m>k #b4 #aj2 ,john #e4 #cf4 ,& ,he aft]w>ds condemn$ ,*oraz91 & o!r cities1 9 ! /ronge/ t]ms1 because1 al?\gh ,he _h done s _m miracles !re1 !y _h n rep5t$2 :i* aga9 %[s bo? ! publicity ( ! miracles1 & _! int5d$ evid5tial value4#cca ,& ?is passage also is v important1 s9ce its g5u95ess is confirm$ by ! fact t n a s+le miracle is record$ z hav+ be5 work$ at ,*oraz94 ,yet1 if ! ,evangeli/s 7or anyone else7 _h inv5t$ ! say+1 !y w\ld surely h inv5t$ "s miracles !re to ju/ify x4 ,if on ! o!r h&1 !y did n inv5t x1 & ! words 7 actually spok5 by ,*ri/1 is x conceivable t ,he %\ld h blam$ ^! cities = n believ+ on ,him 9 spite ( ,8 miracles1 if ,he _h done no miracles8 ,footnote #cca3 ,matt4 #aa4 #ba-bd2 ,luke #aj4 #ac-ae4 ,bo? ?is passage1 & ! la/1 belong to ,q1 ! suppos$ e>lie/ s\rce ( our ,gospels4 ,we pass on n[ to ! ca/+ out ( evil spirits1 :i* implies t p]sons may sometimes be possess$ by su* spirits1 & ?is is (t5 ?\ght to be a difficulty4 ,b ?\gh our ignorance on ! subject is und\bt$ly great1 !re is no?+ incr$ible "h4 ,= we h already admitt$ ! influ5ce ( su* spirits 7,*apt] ,,xii471 & :at is call$ possession is m]ely an extreme =m ( influ5ce4 ,inde$1 ! acc\nts ( mesm]ism at ! pres5t day1 ?\gh !y _c always be tru/$1 seem to %[ t ev5 "o man may s entirely possess ! m9d & w ( ano!r z to make him d :atev] he wi%es4 ,& x is c]ta9ly no m difficult to believe t ?is p[] may 9 "s cases be ex]cis$ by an evil _s4 ,) reg>d to ! outw>d symptoms m5tion$ 9 ! ,gospels1 !y seem to h resembl$ c]ta9 =ms ( madness2 ?\gh1 z ! pati5ts are n[ kept "u re/ra9t 9 civilis$ c\ntries1 !y h n ! same notoriety4 ,b x may be said1 :y ascribe ?is madness to an evil _s8 ,b :y n8 ,madness (t5 foll[s ! frequ5t yield+ to c]ta9 temptations1 su* z drunk5ness or impurity2 & t x may really be due to ! action ( an evil _s 7an unclean _s is ! significant t]m us$ 9 ! ,gospels7 & be ! appropriate puni%m5t = yield+ to 8 temptation1 is c]ta9ty n incr$ible4 ,& if s1 consid]+ ! immoral /ate ( ! _w at ! "t ( ,*ri/1 we _c be surpris$ at su* cases be+ f> m common !n ?an n[4 ,& ! writ]s1 x may be add$1 d n 7l "s e>ly nations7 attribute all maladies to evil spirits1 = we read ( m5 hav+ fev] & palsy1 z well z be+ bl9d1 lame1 deaf1 & dumb1 )\t any h9t ( its be+ due to an evil _s2 s !y 7 q able to di/+ui% betwe5 ! two4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "o in/ance--! sw9e at ,gad>a--( animals be+ ?us afflict$1#ccb :i* und\bt$ly =ms a difficulty1 & ,i h nev] se5 a satisfactory explanation ( x4 ,b /ill our ignorance ab\t animals1 comb9$ ) ! fact t !y resemble man 9 s _m respects1 prev5ts u f say+ t x is absolutely incr$ible4 ,& z to ! alleg$ inju/ice ( ! miracle 7:i* is (t5 object$ to7 we mu/ rememb] t if ,*ri/ 7 ! ,div9e ,be+ ,he claim$ to be1 ! _w & all x conta9$ belong$ to ,him2 s ,8 all[+ ! sw9e to be de/roy$ by evil spirits 0 no m unju/ to _! own]s1 ?an if ,he _h all[$ !m to die by disease4 ,footnote #ccb3 ,matt4 #h4 #cj-cb2 ,m>k #e4 #aa-ac2 ,luke #h4 #cb-cc4 ,la/ly1 all ! ,*ri/ian miracles lose a great deal ( _! improbability :5 we consid] ! unique position ( ,*ri/4 ,& :at w\ld be incr$ible1 if told ( ano!r man :o _h done no?+ to alt] ! hi/ory ( ! _w1 may easily be cr$ible ( ,him4 ,we decide1 !n1 t all ! ,new ,te/am5t miracles are cr$ible3 we h next to consid] :e!r !y are true4 7,b47 ,,_! ,,tru?fulness4 ,n[ ! te/imony 9 fav\r ( ^! miracles is v simil> to t 9 fav\r ( ! ,resurrection ( ,*ri/4 ,!y are record$ by ! same writ]s & 9 ! same books1 & ev]y?+ po9ts to ^! acc\nts be+ tru/wor?y4 ,to put x %ortly1 ! writ]s _h no motive = record+ ! miracles unless !y believ$ !m to be true1 & !y _h ample means ( f9d+ out :e!r !y 7 true or n2 :ile _m ( !m are su* z _c possibly be expla9$ by want ( inve/igation1 or an error 9 reason+4 ,moreov]1 z we %all see1 !y conta9 num]\s m>ks ( tru?fulness4 ,^! may be divid$ into two classes1 g5]al1 or ^? :i* conc]n ! miracles z a :ole2 & special1 or ^? :i* conc]n individual miracles1 or say+s ab\t !m2 & we w consid] ea* 9 turn4 7#a47 ,g5]al m>ks ( tru?fulness4 ,among ^! we may notice fir/ ! extremely simple & graphic way 9 :i* _m ( ! miracles are describ$1 su* z ! cur+ ( ! man :o 0 born bl9d1 ) ! repeat$ que/ion+ ( ! man himself4#ccc ,!n !re is ! rais+ ( ! daught] ( ,jairus1 & ! cur+ ( ! man :o 0 deaf & _h a difficulty 9 speak+1 bo? ( :i* are describ$ ) ! mo/ m9ute details1 includ+ ! actual ,aramaic words spok5 by ,*ri/4#ccd ,x is difficult to ?9k t !y d n come f eye-witnesses4 ,& ! same may be said ( a l>ge numb] ( ! miracles4 ,footnote #ccc3 ,john #i4 #h-cd4 ,footnote #ccd3 ,m>k #e4 #da2 #g4 #cd4 ,secondly1 ! k9d ( miracles ascrib$ to ,*ri/ seem 7z f> z we c judge7 to be wor?y ( ,him4 ,!y 7 n = ,8 own b5efit1 b = t ( o!r p1 & !y are a great contra/ to ! imag9>y miracles ascrib$ to ,him 9 ! ,apocryphal ,gospels1 mo/ ( :i* are extremely *ildi%4 ,:5 = in/ance ,*ri/ 0 a boy1 we read ( ,8 mak+ clay birds fly2 ( ,8 turn+ *ildr5 into kids = refus+ to play ) ,him2 & ( ,8 curs+ ano!r boy :o _h run aga9/ ,him1 & :o 9 consequ5ce fell d[n dead4#cce ,h[ diff]5t su* miracles are f ^? 9 our ,gospels sc>cely ne$s po9t+ out4 ,nor is ! case ( ! b>r5 fig-tree1 s (t5 object$ to1 an exception4 ,= ! tree itself c\ld h felt no injury1 & z f> z we "k1 its de/ruction injur$ no "o else4 ,footnote #cce3 ,gospel ( ! ,infancy1 *apt]s xv41 xvii41 xix4 ,?irdly1 ! miracles are closely connect$ ) ! moral tea*+ ( ,*ri/1 & x is difficult ei!r to sep>ate ! two1 or to believe ! :ole acc\nt to be fictiti\s4 ,8 wond]ful works1 & ,8 wond]ful words involve ea* o!r1 & =m toge!r an h>moni\s :ole1 :i* is too life-l to be imag9>y4 ,inde$1 a life ( ,*ri/ )\t ,8 miracles w\ld be z un9telligible z a life ( ,napoleon )\t 8 campaigns4 ,& x is int]e/+ to note 9 ?is connection t our e>lie/ ,gospel1 ,/4 ,m>k's1 conta9s 79 proportion to its l5g?7 ! mo/ miracles4 ,z we %\ld expect1 x 0 ,*ri/'s miracles1 r ?an ,8 moral tea*+1 :i* fir/ attract$ att5tion4 ,f\r?ly1 ! miracles 7 z a rule miracles ( heal+3 t is to say1 ( re/or+ some?+ to its natural /ate1 su* z mak+ bl9d eyes see2 & n do+ some?+ unnatural1 su* z giv+ a man a ?ird eye4 ,miracles ( ei!r k9d w\ld ( c\rse %[ sup]human p[]2 b ! =m] are obvi\sly ! m suit$ to ! ,god ( ,nature4 ,& ?is naturalness ( ! miracles1 z we may call x1 seems to _m a /rong argum5t 9 _! fav\r4 ,fif?ly1 !re 7 an imm5se numb] ( miracles1 ! ones record$ be+ m]e examples ( ^? t 7 actually work$4 ,?us 9 ,/4 ,m>k's ,gospel we are told t on "o occasion1 ,*ri/ heal$ _m :o 7 sick ) div]s diseases2 on ano!r t ,he _h heal$ s _m1 t ^? ) plagues press$ ^u ,him to t\* ,him2 & on ano!r t ev]y:]e ,he w5t1 into ! villages1 cities1 or c\ntry1 ! sick 7 laid out1 s t !y might t\* ,8 g>m5t1 & z _m z t\*$ ,him 7 made :ole4#ccf ,footnote #ccf3 ,m>k #a4 #cd2 #c4 #aj2 #f4 #ef ,six?ly1 !re 0 a great v>iety 9 ! miracles4 ,!y 7 ( v>i\s k9ds1 work$ 9 v>i\s places1 be=e v>i\s witnesses1 & ) v>i\s details & *>act]i/ics4 ,!y occurr$ 9 public z well z 9 private2 9 ! t[ns z well z 9 ! c\ntry2 at sea z well z on l&2 9 gr\ps z well z s+ly2 at a di/ance z well z ne>2 aft] due notice z well z sudd5ly2 :5 wat*$ by enemies z well z among fri5ds2 unsolicit$ z well z :5 ask$ =2 9 times ( joy1 & 9 times ( sorr[4 ,!y 7 work$ on ! bl9d z well z ! deaf2 ! lame z well z ! dumb2 ! lepr\s z well z ! palsi$2 ! dead z well z ! liv+4 ,!y conc]n$ m5 z well z wom52 ! ri* z well z ! poor2 ! educat$ z well z ! ignorant2 ! "y z well z ! old2 multitudes z well z individuals2 ,g5tiles z well z ,jews2 nature z well z man--9 fact1 accord+ to our acc\nts1 x is difficult to imag9e any miracles t c\ld h be5 m absolutely conv9c+4 ,sev5?ly1 ! miracles ( ,*ri/ 7 7) trifl+ exceptions7 work$ sudd5ly4 ,!y 7 n l gradual cures1 or sl[ recov]ies1 b !y 7 done 9 a mom5t4 ,! bl9d man imm$iately receiv$ 8 sight2 ! palsi$ imm$iately took up 8 c\*3 ! lep] 0 /raightway cleans$2 ! infirm 0 /raightway made :ole2 ! dead imm$iately rose up1 etc4#ccg ,?is 0 evid5tly a /rik+ feature 9 ! miracles1 & ! ,evangeli/s seem to h be5 mu* impress$ by x4 ,footnote #ccg3 ,luke #ah4 #dc2 #e4 #be2 ,m>k #a4 #db2 ,matt4 #h4 #c2 ,john #e4 #i2 ,luke #h4 #ee4 ,eigh?ly1 _m ( ! miracles 7 ( a p]man5t "*1 & su* z c\ld be exam9$ aga9 & aga94 ,:51 = in/ance1 a man :o _h long be5 lame1 or deaf1 or bl9d1 0 re/or$ to heal?1 ! villag]s1 z well z ! man himself1 c\ld c]tify to ! cure = ye>s to come4 ,& miracles su* z ^! are obvi\sly ( mu* great] value ?an :at we may call mom5t>y miracles 7su* z ,*ri/'s calm+ ! /orm7 :]e ! only possible evid5ce is t ( ! actual spectators4 ,la/ly1 & ?is is v rem>kable1 ! ,evangeli/s ne>ly always relate t ,*ri/ work$ ,8 miracles by ,8 own au?ority3 :ile ! ,old ,te/am5t prophets1 ) sc>cely an exception1 work$ !irs by call+ ^u ,god4 ,take = in/ance ! simil> cases ( rais+ a wid['s son4#cch ,elijah prays e>ne/ly t ,god w\ld re/ore ! *ild to life2 ,*ri/ m]ely gives ! comm&1 ,i say unto !e1 ,arise4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two is v /rik+1 & is ( itself a /rong argum5t 9 fav\r ( ,*ri/'s miracles2 = _h ! ,evangeli/s inv5t$ !m1 !y w\ld c]ta9ly h made !m resemble ^? ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,b in/ead ( ?is1 !y describe !m z work$ 9 a new & unprec$5t$ mann]1 & "o :i* mu/ at ! "t h seem$ mo/ presumptu\s4 ,footnote #cch3 #a ,k+s #ag4 #ba2 ,luke #g4 #ad4 ,! ,gospel miracles !n1 f ! simple & graphic way 9 :i* !y are describ$2 _! n conta9+ any?+ *ildi% or unwor?y2 _! close connection ) ! moral tea*+ ( ,*ri/2 _! naturalness2 _! numb]2 _! v>iety2 _! sudd5ness2 _! p]man5ce2 & above all f ! au?oritative way 9 :i* !y are said to h be5 work$2 h e appe>ance ( be+ tru? fully record$4 7#b47 ,special m>ks ( tru?fulness4 ,moreov] sev]al individual miracles1 & say+s ab\t !m1 are ( su* a k9d z c\ld sc>cely h be5 inv5t$4 ,take1 = in/ance1 ! rais+ ( ! daught] ( ,jairus4#cci ,n[ ( c\rse anyone1 wi%+ to magnify ! p[] ( ,*ri/1 might h inv5t$ ?is or any o!r miracle4 ,b if s1 he is n likely to h put into ! m\? ( ,*ri/ ,himself ! words1 ,! *ild is n dead b sleepe?4 ,^! words seem to imply t ,*ri/ did n consid] x a miracle2 & ?\gh we may be able to expla9 !m1 by ! simil> words us$ 9 reg>d to ,laz>us1#cdj !y c]ta9ly be> ! m>ks ( g5u95ess4 ,footnote #cci3 ,m>k #e4 #ci4 ,footnote #cdj3 ,john #aa4 #aa4 ,we are also told1 m ?an once1 t ,*ri/'s p[] ( work+ miracles 0 conditional on ! fai? ( ! p]son to be heal$1 s t 9 "o place ,he c\ld d sc>cely any miracles because ( _! unbelief4#cda ,?is is n ! sort ( leg5d t w\ld h gr[n up r\nd a glorifi$ ,h]o2 x be>s unmi/akably ! m>k ( tru?fulness4 ,b !n if ! writ] _h good means ( kn[+ t ,*ri/ c\ld d no miracles 9 "o place1 because ( _! unbelief2 _h he n equally good means ( kn[+ t ,*ri/ c\ld1 & did1 d miracles 9 o!r places8 ,footnote #cda3 ,matt4 #ac4 #eh2 ,m>k #f4 #e-f2 ,luke #ah4 #db4 ,& :at %all we say ( ,*ri/'s frequ5t comm&s to keep ,8 miracles secret8#cdb ,!re 7 d\btless reasons = ?is 9 e case2 b ,*ri/'s foll[]s1 :o presumably record$ ! miracles 9 ord] to get !m kn[n1 are n likely to h inv5t$1 & put into ,8 m\? ! comm& to keep !m secret4 ,nor is ,*ri/ likely to h giv5 x1 _h !re be5 no miracles to keep secret4 ,nor aga9 is anyone likely to h add$1 unless x 0 ! case1 t ! comm& 0 g5]ally disobey$4 ,?is seems surpris+1 yet x is v true to human nature t a man :o _h be5 sudd5ly cur$ ( a long compla9t1 %\ld insi/ on talk+ ab\t x4 ,footnote #cdb3 ,e4g41 ,m>k #c4 #ab2 #e4 #dc2 #g4 #cf4 ,9 ! same way ! discussions ab\t work+ miracles on ! ,sabba? ,day h a v g5u9e tone ab\t !m & x is difficult to imag9e !m to be inv5tions4#cdc ,yet su* discussions c\ld n h aris51 if !re _h be5 no miracles on ! ,sabba?1 or any o!r day4 ,footnote #cdc3 ,m>k #c4 #a-e2 ,luke #ac4 #aj-ag2 ,john #e4 #i-af2 #i4 #ad-af4 ,!n !re is ! /rik+ passage :]e ,*ri/ w>n$ ,8 he>]s t ev5 work+ miracles 9 ,8 "n1 )\t a good life1 w\ld n ensure _! salvation4#cdd ,?is occurs 9 "o ( ,8 mo/ *>act]i/ic disc\rses1 ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 & x is h>d to d\bt its g5u95ess4 ,b ev5 if we d1 x is n likely t ,*ri/'s foll[]s w\ld h inv5t$ su* a w>n+1 if z a matt] ( fact no "o ev] did "w miracles 9 ,8 "n4 ,footnote #cdd3 ,matt4 #g4 #bb4 ,& mu* ! same may be said ( ano!r passage :]e ,*ri/ is record$ z say+ t all believ]s w\ld be able to "w miracles4#cde ,if ,he said s1 ,he mu/ surely h be5 able to "w !m ,himself2 & if ,he did n say s1 ,8 foll[]s mu/ h be5 able to "w !m1 or _! inv5t+ su* a promise w\ld m]ely h %[n t !y 7 n believ]s4 ,on ! :ole1 !n1 z said be=e1 ! acc\nts ( ! ,new ,te/am5t miracles h e appe>ance ( be+ ?or\ghly tru?ful4 ,footnote #cde3 ,m>k #af4 #ag4 7,c47 ,,_! ,,publicity4 ,b ! mo/ important po9t has /ill to be notic$1 :i* is ! alleg$ publicity ( ^! miracles2 & z ?is r5d]s ! te/imony 9 _! fav\r peculi>ly /rong1 we mu/ exam9e x at "s l5g?4 7#a47 ,!y occurr$ 9 public4 ,to beg9 )1 accord+ to our ,gospels1 all ! miracles ( ,*ri/ occurr$ dur+ ,8 public m9i/ry1 :5 ,he 0 well kn[n1 t at ,cana be+ def9itely call$ ! fir/4#cdf ,& z !y 7 meant to confirm ,8 tea*+ & claims1 x 0 only natural = !m to beg9 :5 ,8 tea*+ began4 ,b if !y _h be5 inv5t$1 or _h gr[n up z leg5ds1 "s at lea/ w\ld h be5 ascrib$ to ,8 e>li] ye>s 7z !y are 9 ! ,apocryphal ,gospels7 :5 !re 0 less *ance ( _! be+ disput$4 ,footnote #cdf3 ,john #b4 #aa4 ,moreov]1 _m ( !m are /at$ to h be5 work$ op5ly1 & be=e cr[ds ( p1 includ+ ,scribes1 ,ph>isees1 & lawy]s4#cdg ,& ! names ( ! places :]e !y occurr$1 & ev5 ( ! p]sons conc]n$1 are giv5 9 "s cases4 ,among ^! 7 ,jairus1 a rul] ( ! synagogue2 ,laz>us1 a well kn[n man at ,be?any2 ,mal*us1 a s]vant ( ! ,high ,prie/2 & ! c5turion at ,cap]naum1 :o1 ?\gh 8 "n is n giv51 mu/ h be5 well kn[n to ! ,jews1 z he _h built !m a synagogue4 ,:ile ! miracles record$ 9 ! ,acts conc]n su* prom95t p]sons z ! proconsul1 ,s]gius ,paulus1 at ,cyprus1 & ! *ief man1 ,publius1 at ,malta4 ,& x is h>d to ov]e/imate ! imm5se difficulty ( ?us ass]t+ public miracles1 ) ! names ( p]sons1 & places1 if none occurr$2 yet ! e>ly ,*ri/ians ass]t$ su* miracles f ! v fir/4 ,footnote #cdg3 ,e4g41 ,luke #e4 #ag-ba4 ,take = in/ance ! fe$+ ( ! five ?\s&1 ne> ! ,lake ( ,galilee4 ,?is is record$ 9 ! e>lie/ ,gospel1 ,/4 ,m>k's1 & mu/ !re=e h be5 writt5 d[n v soon aft] ! ev5t1 :5 a l>ge numb] ( ! five ?\s& 7 /ill alive4 ,n[ is x conceivable t anyone w\ld h v5tur$ to make up su* an acc\nt1 ev5 tw5ty ye>s aft]w>ds1 if no?+ ( ! k9d _h occurr$8 ,& if he _h done s1 w\ld n 8 /ory h be5 in/antly refut$8 ,or take ! case ( heal+ ! c5turion's s]vant at ,cap]naum4 ,?is1 z be=e said1 belongs to ,q1 ! suppos$ s\rce common to ,mat!w & ,luke1 & admitt$ by mo/ critics to date f be=e ,a4,d4 #ej4 ,& h[ c\ld su* a /ory h be5 curr5t )9 tw5ty ye>s ( ! ev5t1 if no?+ ( ! k9d _h occurr$8 ,x is also decl>$ t ! miracles 7 mu* talk$ ab\t at ! "t1 & caus$ widespread a/oni%m5t4 ,! p m>vell$ at !m1 !y wond]$1 !y 7 amaz$1 !y 7 beyond measure a/oni%$1 !re _h be5 no?+ l !m s9ce ! _w began4#cdh ,! miracles 7 9 fact ! talk ( ! :ole neighb\rhood4 ,& we are told t 9 consequ5ce sev]al ( ^? :i* occurr$ at ,j]usalem 7 at once (ficially inve/igat$ by ! ,jewi% rul]s1 :o made ! mo/ se>*+ inquiries ab\t !m2#cdi & 9 two in/ances1 at lea/1 publicly admitt$ !m to be true4#cej ,& ?is also is n likely to h be5 ass]t$1 unless x 0 ! case2 & n likely to h be5 ! case1 if !re _h be5 no miracles4 ,footnote #cdh3 ,matt4 #i4 #cc2 #ae4 #ca2 ,m>k #e4 #db2 #g4 #cg2 ,john #i4 #cb4 ,footnote #cdi3 ,e4g41 ,john #i4 #ac-cd2 ,acts #d4 #e-bb4 ,footnote #cej3 ,john #aa4 #dg2 ,acts #d4 #af4 7#b47 ,!y 7 publicly appeal$ to4 ,moreov]1 ^! public miracles 7 publicly appeal$ to by ! e>ly ,*ri/ians4 ,accord+ to ! ,acts1 ?is 0 done 9 ! v fir/ public address1 t at ,p5teco/1 by ,/4 ,pet]1 :o rem9ds 8 he>]s t !y _h !mselves se5 ! miracles 7ev5 z ye y\rselves "k71 z well z 9 "o o!r spee* at lea/4#cea ,& ?is is important1 because ev5 ^? critics1 :o d5y ! g5u95ess ( ! ,acts1 yet admit t ^! spee*es date f a v e>ly "t4 ,& if s1 x %[s conclusively t "s ( ,*ri/'s imm$iate foll[]s n only believ$ !mselves t ,he _h work$ miracles1 b spoke z if _! oppon5ts believ$ x too4 ,footnote #cea3 ,acts #b4 #bb2 #aj4 #ch4 ,t !y are n m frequ5tly allud$ to 9 ! ,acts is n surpris+1 :5 we rememb] t1 accord+ to ! writ]1--& he 0 an eye-witness 9 "s cases1 z !y occur 9 ! ,we sections1#ceb--! ,apo/les !mselves work$ miracles4 ,!re 0 ?us no occasion = !m to appeal to ^? ( ,*ri/ z prov+ ! tru? ( :at !y prea*$2 _! own miracles be+ q suffici5t to conv9ce anyone :o 0 op5 to ?is k9d ( pro(4 ,b /ill ! important fact rema9s t 9 ! fir/ record$ ,*ri/ian address ! public miracles ( ,*ri/ 7 publicly appeal$ to4 ,& ?is 0 )9 a few mon?s ( _! occurr5ce2 & at ,j]usalem1 :]e ! /atem5t1 if untrue1 c\ld h be5 m easily refut$ ?an any:]e else4 ,footnote #ceb3 ,acts #af4 #ah1 #bf2 #bh4 #f1 #h-i4 ,pass+ on to ,/4 ,paul's ,epi/les2 x is true t !y d n conta9 any ref]5ce to ,*ri/'s miracles1 except ( c\rse ! ,resurrection4 ,b z !y 7 n writt5 to conv]t hea!ns1 b to in/ruct ^? :o 7 already ,*ri/ians1 !re is no?+ surpris+ 9 ?is2 & !y d n m5tion any ( ,8 p>ables ei!r4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !y d conta9 direct ref]5ce to ,apo/olic miracles4 ,/4 ,paul 9 two ( 8 undisput$ ,epi/les positively ass]ts t he _h work$ miracles himself2 & he uses ! same ?ree words1 signs1 wond]s1 & mighty works1 :i* are us$ 9 ! ,gospels to describe ! miracles ( ,*ri/4#cec ,footnote #cec3 ,rom4 #ae4 #ah1 #ai2 #b ,cor4 #ab4 #ab4 ,! second passage is extremely important1 s9ce he speaks ( !m z ! signs ( an apo/le2 & calls ^u 8 oppon5ts at ,cor9? to admit t he 0 an apo/le because he _h work$ ^! miracles4 ,& ?is implies n only t ! miracles 7 done 9 public1 b t 8 read]s z well z himself believ$ t ! p[] ( work+ miracles belong$ to all ! ,apo/les4 ,& x w be notic$ t he is address+ ! v p]sons among :om he decl>es he _h work$ ! miracles2 :i* makes x almo/ inconceivable t 8 claim 0 unf\nd$1 q ap>t f ! difficulty ( believ+ t su* a man z ,/4 ,paul w\ld wilfully make a false /atem5t4 ,f all ?is x foll[s t ! fir/ prea*]s ( ,*ri/ianity n only appeal$ to ,*ri/'s miracles2 b also to _! own1 9 support ( _! claims4 ,&1 z j said1 h[ !y c\ld h done s1 if !y work$ no miracles1 is n easy to und]/&4 ,we next come to a class ( writ+s :]e we %\ld expect to f9d ,*ri/'s miracles allud$ to1 & ^! are ! fir/ ,*ri/ian ,apologies4 ,nor are we disappo9t$4 ,! ?ree e>lie/1 ( :i* we h any k1 7 by ,quadratus1 ,ari/ides1 & ,ju/92 ! fir/ two be+ pres5t$ to ! ,emp]or ,hadrian1 :5 he visit$ ,a!ns1 ,a4,d4 #abe4 ,quadratus1 9 a passage pres]v$ by ,eusebius1 lays /ress on :at we h call$ ! p]man5t "* ( ,*ri/'s miracles4 ,he says3 ',! works ( our ,savi\r 7 always conspicu\s1 = !y 7 real2 bo? !y t 7 heal$ & !y t 7 rais$ f ! dead 7 se51 n only :5 !y 7 heal$ or rais$1 b = a long "t aft]w>ds2 n only :il/ ,he dwelt on ?is e>?1 b also aft] ,8 dep>ture1 & = a good :ile aft] x1 insomu* t "s ( !m h rea*$ to our times4'#ced ,footnote #ced3 ,eusebius1 ,hi/41 iv4 #c4 ,ari/ides bases 8 def5ce ( ,*ri/ianity on its moral "*1 & does n appeal to any public miracles1 ?\gh z be=e said 7,*apt] ,,xiv47 he ass]ts ! ,div9ity1 ,inc>nation1 ,virg9-bir?1 ,resurrection1 & ,asc5sion ( ,*ri/4 ,la/ly1 ,ju/91 ab\t ,a4,d4 #aej1 n only specifies _m ( ,*ri/'s miracles2 b also says 9 g5]al t]ms t ,he 'heal$ ^? :o 7 maim$1 & deaf1 & lame 9 body f _! bir?1 caus+ !m to leap1 to he>1 & to see by ,8 ^w4 ,& hav+ rais$ ! dead1 & caus+ !m to live1 by ,8 de$s ,he compell$ ! m5 :o liv$ at t "t to recognise ,him4 ,b ?\gh !y saw su* works1 !y ass]t$ x 0 magical art4'#cee ,ju/91 h[ev]1 does n base 8 argum5t on miracles1 b on prophecy1 because1 z he tells u aga91 ! =m] might be ascrib$ to magic4 ,footnote #cee3 ,dial41 #fi2 ,apol4 #a4 #cj4 ,b /ill1 ! actual occurr5ce ( ! miracles1 he evid5tly ?\ght to be indisputable4 ,he ev5 says t ! ,emp]or & ,s5ate c le>n = !mselves t ,*ri/ work$ miracles 7heal+ ! lame1 dumb1 & bl9d1 cleans+ ! lep]s1 & rais+ ! dead7 by consult+ ! ,acts ( ,pilate4#cef ,& ?is c]ta9ly implies t su* a docum5t1 :e!r g5u9e or n1 !n exi/$ 9 ,rome2 & t x conta9$ an acc\nt ( ! miracles4 ,?us two out ( ! ?ree e>lie/ writ]s 9 def5ce ( ,*ri/ianity appeal$ to ,*ri/'s miracles1 9 ! mo/ public mann] possible1 :5 address+ ! ,emp]or4 ,footnote #cef3 ,apol4 #a4 #dh1 #ce4 7#c47 ,!y 7 nev] disput$4 ,b n[ comes ano!r important po9t4 ,?\gh ^! public miracles 7 publicly appeal$ to by ! e>ly ,*ri/ians1 & ?\gh writt5 acc\nts ( !m 7 9 circulation v soon aft] !y are /at$ to h occurr$2 yet1 z f> z we "k1 !y 7 nev] disput$4 ,& ?is is ! m rem>kable1 s9ce !y are said to h be5 work$ among enemies z well z fri5ds4 ,!y 7 ?us peculi>ly op5 to ho/ile criticism2 & we may be sure t ! bitt] oppon5ts ( ,*ri/1 :o _h br\ght ab\t ,8 dea?1 w\ld h expos$ !m if !y c\ld4 ,yet1 z j said1 !y 7 nev] disput$1 ei!r by ,jews or ,g5tiles2 ?\gh1 ( c\rse1 !y bo? d5i$ _! evid5tial value4 ,! ,jews--t is to say ! ,scribes & ,ph>isees--did ?is1 by ascrib+ !m to ! ,evil ,"o4 ,& ?\gh ?is 0 a v /range exp$i5t1 z _! effect 0 obvi\sly good1 & n evil1 !y _h really no alt]native4 ,! common p 7 mu* impress$ by ! miracles1 & 7 anxi\s to welcome ,*ri/ z _! ,messiah2#ceg yet ! ,ph>isees decid$ t su* a man z ?is--s unlike :at !y expect$--c\ld n possibly be _! ,messiah4 ,!y _h !n to expla9 away ! miracles someh[4 ,& s9ce !y d5i$ t !y 7 work$ by ,god1 !y 7 b\nd to ascribe !m to ! ,devil1 = ^! 7 ! only sup]natural p[]s !y believ$ 92 ?\gh ( c\rse bo? ( ^! _h subord9ate angels "u !m4 ,b we may ask1 w\ld ! ,jews h adopt$ su* an exp$i5t _h !re be5 any possibility ( d5y+ t ! miracles occurr$8 ,yet t !y did adopt x c sc>cely be disput$4 ,x is positively ass]t$ 9 ea* ( ! fir/ ?ree ,gospels2#ceh & ,*ri/ians are n likely to h report$ su* a horrible sugge/ion z t _! ,ma/] 0 an ag5t ( ! ,evil ,"o1 unless x _h be5 made4 ,footnote #ceg3 ,john #f4 #ae2 ,m>k #aa4 #aj4 ,footnote #ceh3 ,matt4 #i4 #cd2 #ab4 #bd2 ,m>k #c4 #bb2 ,luke #aa4 #ae4 ,! ,g5tiles on ! o!r h&1 believ$ 9 a v>iety ( gods1 _m ( :om 7 fav\rable to mank9d1 & c\ld be invok$ by magic2 s !y c\ld consi/5tly ascribe ! miracles to "s ( ^! less] deities2 or1 9 popul> language1 to magic4 ,& we h abundant evid5ce t !y did s4 ,z we h se51 x is expressly ass]t$ by ,ju/91 :o 9 consequ5ce pref]r$ ! argum5t f prophecy2 & ,ir5u did ! same1 & = av[$ly ! same reason4#cei ,footnote #cei3 ,bk4 ii4 #cb4 ,moreov]1 ,celsus1 ! mo/ important oppon5t ( ,*ri/ianity 9 ! second c5tury1 also adopt$ ?is view4 ,8 works are n[ lo/1 b ,orig5 9 answ]+ him frequ5tly & positively ass]ts x2 say+ t he (t5 spoke ( ! miracles z works ( sorc]y4#cfj ,& ?\gh ,celsus liv$ "s ye>s aft] ! "t 9 "q1 x is mo/ unlikely1 if ! e>ly oppon5ts ( ,*ri/ianity _h d5i$ t ! miracles occurr$1 t its lat] oppon5ts %\ld h giv5 up ?is /rong l9e ( def5ce1 & h adopt$ ! f> weak] "o t !y did occur1 b 7 due to magic4 ,we are q ju/ifi$1 !n1 9 say+ t ,*ri/'s miracles 7 n disput$ at ! "t1 & consid]+ _! alleg$ publicity1 ?is is a /rong additional argum5t 9 _! fav\r4 ,footnote #cfj3 ,orig5 cont4 ,cels41 i4 #ch2 ii4 #dh4 7#d47 ,! sil5ce ( classical writ]s4 ,all t c be said on ! o!r side is f ! sil5ce ( classical writ]s4 ,_h ! miracles really occurr$1 x is said1 especially 9 su* a well-kn[n place z ,pale/9e1 ! writ]s ( ! day w\ld h be5 full ( !m4 ,yet1 ) ! s+le exception ( ,tacitus1 !y d n ev5 allude to ,*ri/ianity2 & he dismisses x ) contempt z a p]nici\s sup]/ition4#cfa ,footnote #cfa3 ,tacitus ,annals4 ,bk4 xv41 *4 #dd4 ,n[ ^! words ( ,tacitus %[ t he _h nev] /udi$ ! subject1 = :atev] may be said aga9/ ! religion1 x c]ta9ly 0 n p]nici\s2 s he mu/ h reject$ ,*ri/ianity )\t exam9ation4 ,& if ! o!r classical writ]s did ! same1 !re is no?+ rem>kable 9 _! n allud+ to x4 ,alleg$ m>vels 7 common en\gh 9 ^? days1 & !y probably did n ?9k ! ,*ri/ian miracles wor? inquir+ ab\t4 ,b we d n "k ( any writ] :o did inquire ab\t !m1 & 0 n conv9c$ ( _! tru?4 ,x may1 ( c\rse1 be repli$ t "s ( ! ev5ts ought anyh[ to be allud$ to1 su* z ! d>kness ov] all ! l& at ! "t ( ! ,crucifixion4 ,& if ?is ext5d$ ov] ! :ole ( ,pale/9e1 x is c]ta9ly /range t x %\ld n be notic$4 ,b x may only ref] to ! neighb\rhood ( ,j]usalem4 ,comp>e ! expression all ! c\ntry ( ,juda#cfb 7:5 ref]r+ to ! p be+ baptiz$7 :i* is evid5tly n meant to be tak5 lit]ally4 ,& if ! d>kness 0 limit$ to ! neighb\rhood ( ,j]usalem1 !re is no?+ surpris+ 9 its n be+ record$ by any except ,*ri/ians1 = :om ( c\rse x _h a special significance4 ,footnote #cfb3 ,m>k #a4 #e4 ,x %\ld also be notic$ t 9 "s respects ! te/imony ( ,*ri/ian writ]s is m valuable ?an t ( ei!r ,jews or ,g5tiles3 s9ce none ( ! writ]s ( t c\ntry 7 br\ght up z ,*ri/ians4 ,!y 7 all unbeliev]s be=e !y 7 believ]s2 & if su* te/imony f unbeliev]s w\ld be valuable1 x is /ill m s f ^? :o %[$ h[ ?or\ghly conv9c$ !y 7 ( its tru? by becom+ believ]s4 ,inde$1 ! be/ ,jewi% or ,g5tile evid5ce conceivable is t ( well-educat$ m51 l ,/4 ,paul & ,/4 ,luke1 :o1 on ! /r5g? ( x1 became ,*ri/ians4 ,la/ly1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! argum5t f sil5ce is prov]bially uns\nd4 ,we h1 = in/ance1 ov] two hundr$ lett]s ( ! y\ng] ,pl9y1 & 9 only "o ( ^! does he m5tion ,*ri/ianity4 ,suppose ?is "o _h be5 lo/1 :at a /rong argum5t c\ld h be5 =m$ aga9/ ! spread ( ,*ri/ianity f ! sil5ce ( ,pl9y1 yet ?is "o %[s its m>vell\s progress 7see ,*apt] ,,xxii474 ,?is objection1 !n1 is q insuffici5t to outweigh ! positive te/imony 9 fav\r ( ! miracles1 to :i* we h already allud$4 7,d47 ,,conclusion4 ,9 conclusion we mu/ notice c]ta9 rationali/ic explanations :i* h be5 giv5 ( ! miracles4 ,x 0 h>dly to be expect$ t1 ) su* /rong evid5ce 9 _! fav\r1 ! mod]n oppon5ts ( ,*ri/ianity w\ld m]ely ass]t t ! acc\nts 7 pure fiction f beg9n+ to end4 ,attempts h ( c\rse be5 made to expla9 ! miracles 9 su* a way t1 :ile depriv+ !m ( any sup]natural "*1 x may yet be admitt$ t "s su* ev5ts occurr$1 :i* gave rise to ! ,*ri/ian acc\nts4 ,! miracles ( heal+ are p]haps ! easie/ to expla9 9 ?is way1 z "s wond]ful in/ances ( sudd51 ?\gh natural1 cures h be5 kn[n4 ,b x is d\btful :e!r any ( ,*ri/'s miracles 7 ( su* a k9d1 = ,/4 ,paul is c>eful to di/+ui% betwe5 gifts ( heal+ & work+ ( miracles4#cfc ,bo? 7 evid5tly kn[n to ! e>ly ,*ur*1 & kn[n to be diff]5t4 ,footnote #cfc3 #a ,cor4 #ab4 #i-aj1 #bh4 ,& ( c\rse no su* explanations w apply to mo/ ( ! miracles1 :i* h to be got rid ( 9 v>i\s o!r ways4 ,?us ,*ri/'s walk+ on ! sea is expla9$ z ,8 walk+ on a ridge ( s& or rock runn+ out j "u ! wat]2 ! rais+ ( ,laz>us z 8 hav+ _h himself buri$ alive1 s t :5 ,*ri/ came1 !re might be a pret5d$ miracle2#cfd & fe$+ ! five ?\s& z no?+ m ?an ! example ( ,*ri/ & ,8 fri5ds1 :o s freely %>$ _! small supply ) ^? ar\nd !m1 t o!rs did ! same1 & ?us ev]yone _h a little4 ,x seems sc>cely necess>y to discuss ^! !ories 9 detail1 z !y are all mo/ improbable4 ,footnote #cfd3 ,?is extraord9>y !ory 0 ma9ta9$ by ,rnan 9 ! e>li] editions ( 8 ,life ( ,jesus1 ?\gh he aft]w>ds ab&on$ x4 ,moreov]1 _! difficulties are all cumulative4 ,! ,*ri/ian explanation has b "o difficulty = all ! miracles1 :i* is t !y are miracles1 & involve ! sup]natural4 ,once admit ?is1 & tw5ty miracles 7provid$ !y occur on suitable occasions7 are no m difficult to believe ?an two4 ,b ! difficulties ( ^! explanations are all cumulative4 ,if = in/ance1 ! rais+ ( ,laz>us is expla9$ by 8 hav+ be5 buri$ alive1 x does n acc\nt = ,*ri/'s walk+ on ! sea4 ,if ?is is expla9$ by ! suppos$ ridge ( s&1 x does n acc\nt = fe$+ ! five ?\s&1 etc4 ,?us ea* difficulty has to be add$ to all ! o!rs1 s tak5 toge!r !y are q insup]able4 ,"o o!r po9t has /ill to be consid]$1 :i* is ! subject ( mod]n miracles4 ,:y1 x is said1 are !re no miracles n[1 :5 !y c\ld be prop]ly te/$8 ,if !y 7 really employ$ by ,god z helps to ! spread ( ,8 religion1 :y %\ld !y n h accompani$ x at int]vals all along1 z x is said !y did ! ,jewi% religion8 ,!y are surely want$ = ! support ( ,*ri/ianity at ! pres5t day2 & if ,god 71 aft] due w>n+1 to "w a public & indisputable miracle e half-c5tury1 all ! o!r evid5ces ( ,*ri/ianity might be disp5s$ )4 ,! answ] to ?is objection is t ! ,*ri/ian revelation does n claim to be a gradual "o1 l ! ,jewi%2 b a f9al & complete revelation1 made once = all ?r\gh ,*ri/ & ,8 ,apo/les4 ,!re=e1 z !re is to be no fre% revelation1 !re c be no fre% miracles to confirm x4 ,! "q ( o!r miracles1 su* z ^? :i* are said to h be5 work$ by ,*ri/ians at v>i\s p]iods1 ne$ n be consid]$ "h4 ,if true1 !y w\ld ( c\rse t5d to prove ! ,new ,te/am5t ones2 :ile1 if untrue1 !y w\ld n disprove !m1 any m ?an imitation diamonds w\ld disprove ! exi/5ce ( real diamonds4 ,( c\rse1 x may be repli$ t ,god might /ill "w a miracle n[ by a man1 :o /at$ t x 0 n to confirm any?+ t he said himself1 b m]ely :at ! ,f\nd] ( ,*ri/ianity _h said2 & ?is is no d\bt possible4 ,b x w\ld be a diff]5t me?od f t record$ 9 ! ,bible1 :]e a mess5g] f ,god always br+s 8 own cr$5tials1 ev5 ?\gh1 z 9 ! case ( a prophecy1 !y may n be v]ifi$ till aft]w>ds4 ,& :at reason h we = ?9k+ t ,god w\ld *ange ,8 me?od n[8 ,x is also v d\btful :e!r a public miracle at ! pres5t day1 w\ld conv9ce ev]ybody4 ,?is objection1 !n1 mu/ be put aside1 & we !re=e conclude1 on review+ ! :ole subject1 t ! ,new ,te/am5t miracles are n only cr$ible1 b t !re is extremely /rong evid5ce 9 _! fav\r4 ,inde$ _! m>ks ( tru?fulness1 comb9$ ) _! alleg$ publicity1 =m toge!r a v p[]ful argum5t4 ,& x is r5d]$ all ! /rong] by _! hav+ be5 s ?or\ghly successful4 ,_! object 0 to e/abli% ! tru? ( ,*ri/ianity1 & ?is is precisely :at !y did4 ,! evid5ce !y af=d$ 0 s decisive1 t a ho/ile _w f\nd x irresi/ible4 ,moreov] x is d\btful :e!r any o!r religion1 except1 ( c\rse1 ! ,jewi%1 has ev] claim$ to h be5 confirm$ by public miracles4 ,*ri/ianity ?us re/s ^u a unique f\ndation4 ,unlike o!r religions1 x appeal$ at fir/ n to ab/ract reason+1 or moral consci\sness1 or physical =ce1 b to miracul\s ev5ts1 ( ! tru? or falsehood ( :i* o!rs c\ld judge4 ,!y did judge1 & !y 7 conv9c$4 ,we decide1 !n1 t ! ,new ,te/am5t miracles are probably true4 ,,*apt] ,,xx4 ,,t ,,! ,,jewi% ,,prophecies ,,confirm ,,! ,,tru? ,,( ,,*ri/ianity4 7,a47 ,,isaiah',s ,,prophecy ,,( ,,! ,,"l',s ,,s]vant4 7#a47 ,! hi/orical agreem5t1 v /rik+4 7#b47 ,! doctr9al agreem5t1 equally s4 7#c47 ,! mod]n ,jewi% int]pretation1 q unt5able4 7,b47 ,,! ,,psalm ,,( ,,! ,,crucifixion4 7#a47 ,its close agreem5t1 all ?r\gh4 7#b47 ,two objections1 unimportant4 7,c47 ,,! ,,div9ity ,,( ,,! ,,messiah4 ,at lea/ ?ree prophecies ( ?is2 x is also involv$ 9 "s h9ts z to ! ,doctr9e ( ! ,tr9ity4 7,d47 ,,conclusion4 ,:y are n ! prophecies pla9]8 ,cumulative nature ( ! evid5ce4 ,we propose to consid] 9 ?is *apt] :at is call$ ! argum5t f ,prophecy1 us+ ! ^w1 z we did 9 ,*apt] ,,xi41 9 ! s5se ( pr$iction4 ,n[ x is a rem>kable & undisput$ fact t = _m c5turies be=e ! "t ( ,*ri/1 x 0 =etold t a memb] ( ! ,jewi% nation--small & insignificant ?\gh x 0--%\ld be a bless+ to all mank9d4 ,?is promise is record$ z hav+ be5 made bo? to ,abraham1 to ,isaac1 & to ,jacob2#cfe & z a matt] ( fact1 ,*ri/ianity 0 f\nd$ by a ,jew1 & has und\bt$ly be5 a bless+ to ! human race4 ,?is is at lea/ a rem>kable co9cid5ce4 ,& z we proce$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ! /atem5ts ab\t ?is future ,messiah become cle>] & full]1 till at la/1 9 ! ,prophets1 we f9d :ole *apt]s ref]r+ to ,him1 :i* ,*ri/ians ass]t 7 fulfill$ 9 ,*ri/4 ,footnote #cfe3 ,g54 #bb4 #ah2 #bf4 #d2 #bh4ad4 ,?is argum5t is pla9ly ( ! utmo/ importance4 ,=tunately x is mu* simplifi$ by ! "q ( dates be+ altoge!r exclud$4 ,z a rule1 ! mo/ important po9t 9 an alleg$ prophecy is to %[ t x 0 writt5 be=e its fulfilm5t4 ,b "h ?is is undisput$1 s9ce ev]yone admits t ! :ole ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 except "s ( ! apocryphal books1 0 writt5 be=e ! "t ( ,*ri/4 ,& z ! writ+s h be5 pres]v$ by ! ,jews !mselves1 :o are oppos$ to ! claims ( ,*ri/ianity1 we may be sure t n a s+le alt]ation 9 its fav\r has be5 made any:]e4 ,we w n[ exam9e a few ( ! /ronge/ prophecies1 avoid+ all ^? t 7 only fulfill$ 9 a figurative1 or spiritual s5se2 & select+ :ole passages r ?an s+le texts4 ,= ?\gh _m ( ^! latt] are v applicable to ,*ri/1 !y might also be applicable to someone else4 ,s we w fir/ discuss some:at fully ,isaiah's prophecy ( ! ,"l's ,s]vant1 & ! ,psalm ( ! ,crucifixion2 & !n exam9e m briefly a gr\p ( prophecies ref]r+ to ! ,div9ity ( ! ,messiah4 7,a47 ,,isaiah',s ,,prophecy ,,( ,,! ,,"l',s ,,s]vant 7#eb4 #ac-ec4 #ab74 ,x may be po9t$ out at />t+ t no "o d5ies ! antiquity ( ! passage1 ev5 if x 0 n writt5 by ,isaiah4 ,& x =ms a complete :ole1 closely connect$ toge!r & n mix$ up ) any o!r subject4 ,s 9 reg>d to its fulfilm5t1 mo/ ( ! details m5tion$ occurr$ )9 a few h\rs4 ,we w consid] fir/ ! hi/orical1 & !n ! doctr9al agreem5t4 7#a47 ,! ,hi/orical ,agreem5t4 ,) reg>d to ?is1 ! foll[+ is ! translation f ! ,revis$ ,v]sion1 toge!r ) ! correspond+ ev5ts4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! suff]+s ( ! ,s]vant are usually express$ 9 ! pa/ t5se1 & 8 triumph 9 ! future1 ! prophet plac+ himself1 z x 71 betwe5 ! two4 ,b ! ,hebrew t5ses are r unc]ta91 & :at is translat$ z pa/ 9 ! ,revis$ ,v]sion is translat$ z future 9 ! ,au?oris$ 7e4g41 #ec4 #b74 #eb4 #ac4 ',behold1 my s]vant %all deal wisely1 he %all be exalt$ & lift$ up1 & %all be v high4 ,! excell5ce ( ,*ri/'s tea*+ & conduct is n[ g5]ally admitt$2 :ile z to ,8 exalt$ position1 ,he is wor%ipp$ by millions ( m54 #ad4 ',l z _m 7 a/oni$ at !e 78 visage 0 s m>r$ m ?an any man1 & 8 =m m ?an ! sons ( m57 s %all he spr9kle _m nations2 ,yet at ! "t ( ,8 dea?1 :i* 0 public s t _m saw ,him1 ! cruel treatm5t ,he _h receiv$ mu/ h t]ribly disfigur$ ,8 face & body4 #ae4 ',k+s %all %ut _! m\?s at him3 = t :i* _h n be5 told !m %all !y see2 & t :i* !y _h n he>d %all !y und]/&4 ,b n[ ev5 ,k+s are sil5t ) rev]5ce1#cff :5 contemplat+ su* a wond]ful life4 ,footnote #cff3 ,comp4 ,job #bi4 #i4 #ec4 #a4 ',:o ha? believ$ our report8 '& to :om ha? ! arm ( ! ,"l be5 reveal$8 ,inde$ :at ! prophet is ab\t to decl>e1 is s m>vell\s t x c sc>cely be believ$4 ,! ,arm ( ! ,"l evid5tly means "s in/rum5t1 or ,p]son1 :i* ,god uses = ,8 "w1 z a man might use 8 arm4#cfg ,& "h x mu/ be a ,p]son1 f ! foll[+ words1 ',= he grew up1' etc4 ,x is ?us a mo/ suitable t]m = ! ,messiah1 :o 0 to be recognis$ by h>dly anyone4 #b4 ',= he grew up be=e him z a t5d] plant1 & z a root out ( a dry gr\nd3 he ha? no =m nor comel9ess2 & :5 we see him1 !re is no beauty t we %\ld desire him4 ,?is 0 because ,he liv$ at a place 7,naz>e?7 :i* 0 always reg>d$ z dry gr\nd s f> z any?+ good 0 conc]n$4#cfh ,moreov]1 ,8 appe>ance 0 humble1 & :5 at ,8 trial1 ,pilate pres5t$ ,him to ! p1 !y did n desire ,him4 #c4 ',he 0 despis$1 & reject$ ( m52 a man ( sorr[s1 & acqua9t$ ) grief3 & z "o f :om m5 hide _! face he 0 despis$1 & we e/eem$ him n4 ,b !y at once reject$ ,him z !y _h done (t5 be=e4 #d4 ',surely he ha? borne our griefs1 & c>ri$ our sorr[s3 yet we did e/eem him /rick51 smitt5 ( ,god1 & afflict$4 ,:ile ,8 life 0 n only "o ( grief & sorr[1 b su* a dea? seem$ to %[ t ,he 0 accurs$ ( ,god1 = ! ,jews s reg>d$ anyone :o 0 crucifi$4#cfi #e4 ',b he 0 w\nd$ = our transgressions1 he 0 bruis$ = our iniquities3 ! *a/isem5t ( our peace 0 ^u him2 & ) 8 /ripes we are heal$4 ,! sc\rg+ & o!r ill-treatm5t is "h ref]r$ to2 includ+ probably ! nails1 & spe>1 = ! ^w translat$ w\nd$ is lit]ally pi]c$4 ,footnote #cfg3 ,comp4 ,isa4 #dj4 #aj2 #ea4 #i4 ,footnote #cfh3 ,john #a4 #df4 ,footnote #cfi3 ,deut4 #ba4 #bc2 ,gal4 #c4 #ac4 #f4 ',all we l %eep h gone a/ray2 we h turn$ e "o to 8 own way2 & ! ,"l ha? laid on him ! iniquity ( u all4 #g4 ',he 0 oppress$1 yet he humbl$ himself & op5$ n 8 m\?2 z a lamb t is l$ to ! slaught]1 & z a %eep t be=e h] %e>]s is dumb2 yea1 he op5$ n 8 m\?4 ,*ri/1 :o is sometimes call$ ! ,lamb ( ,god1 n only bore ,8 ill-treatm5t pati5tly1 b refus$ to plead at ei!r ( ,8 trials 7! v]se repeats twice ,he op5$ n ,8 m\?7 to ! utt] a/oni%m5t ( ,8 judges4#cgj #h4 ',by oppression & judgm5t he 0 tak5 away2 & z = 8 g5]ation1 :o among !m consid]$ t he 0 cut (f out ( ! l& ( ! liv+8 = ! transgression ( my p 0 he /rick54 ,he 0 n kill$ accid5tally1 or by ! mob1 b _h a judicial trial2 & 0 mo/ unju/ly condemn$4 ,:ile few1 if any1 ( ,8 contempor>ies und]/ood ! real mean+ ( ,8 dea?4 #i4 ',& !y made 8 grave ) ! wick$1 & ) ! ri* 9 8 dea? 7i4e41 :5 he 0 dead4 ,comp4 ,ps4 #f4 #h72 al?\gh he _h done no viol5ce1 nei!r 0 any deceit 9 8 m\?4 ,he 0 appo9t$ to die betwe5 two robb]s1 & w\ld d\btless h be5 buri$ ) !m1 _h n ,joseph ( ,arima!a int]v5$2 :51 9 /range contra/ ) ,8 ignom9i\s dea?1 ,he 0 hon\rably buri$1 ) co/ly spices1 & 9 a ri* man's tomb4 ,al?\gh ,8 judge repeat$ly decl>$ t ,he 0 innoc5t4 #aj4 ',yet x pleas$ ! ,"l to bruise him2 he ha? put him to grief3 :5 ?\ %alt make 8 s\l an (f]+ = s91 he %all see 8 se$1 he %all prolong 8 days1 & ! pleasure ( ! ,"l %all prosp] 9 8 h&4 ,yet aft] ,8 dea? ,he 0 to see ,8 se$1 & prolong ,8 days1 i4e41 rise aga9 f ! dead4 ,! ^w se$ _c mean "h1 actual *ildr51#cga s9ce ,he 0 to obta9 !m by ,8 dea?4 ,b x may well ref] to ! disciples1 :om ,*ri/ saw aft] ,8 ,resurrection1 & call$ ,8 *ildr54#cgb ,footnote #cgj3 ,matt4 #bf4 #fb2 #bg4 #ad4 ,footnote #cga3 ,comp4 ,isa4 #a4 #d4 ,footnote #cgb3 ,m>k #aj4 #bd2 ,john #ba4 #e4 #aa4 ',he %all see ( ! travail ( 8 s\l1 & %all be satisfi$3 by 8 k %all my righte\s s]vant ju/ify _m3 & he %all be> _! iniquities4 ,& ?is is confirm$ by _! be+ spok5 ( z ! travail ( ,8 s\l1 n body4 ,:ile ! latt] expression also implies t ,he _h _h "s int5se m5tal /ruggle comp>able to ! bodily pa9s ( *ildbir?2 :i* is v suitable to ,8 m5tal agony 9 ! ,g>d5 & on ! ,cross4 #ab4 ',!re=e w ,i divide him a portion ) ! great1 & he %all divide ! spoil ) ! /rong2 because he p\r$ out 8 s\l unto dea?1 & 0 numb]$ ) ! transgressors3 yet he b>e ! s9 ( _m1 & made int]cession = ! transgressors4' ,8 subsequ5t triumph 9 ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* is "h allud$ to4 ,?is implies t ,8 suff]+s 7 ( "s duration2 & is ?us v appropriate to a l+]+ dea? l crucifixion4 ,:ile ! clos+ words exactly agree ) ,8 dy+ a %ameful dea? betwe5 two robb]s2 yet pray+ = ,8 murd]]s1 ',fa!r1 =give !m4' ,x seems h>dly necess>y to insi/ on ! agreem5t %[n above2 x is indisputable4 ,! suff]+s & ! triumph ( ! ,"l's ,s]vant are =etold ) equal confid5ce & ) equal cle>ness1 ?\gh !y might well h seem$ incompatible4 7#b47 ,! ,doctr9al ,agreem5t4 ,b ! significance ( ! passage does n dep5d on ^! prophecies alone1 ?\gh !y are suffici5tly rem>kable1 b on ! mean+ :i* ! writ] assigns to ! great trag$y4 ,x is ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e conc]n+ ,*ri/'s dea?1 & n m]ely ! ev5ts att5d+ x1 :i* is "h insi/$ on4 ,?is w be be/ %[n by adopt+ ! previ\s me?od ( p>allel columns1 %[+ 9 ! fir/ ! six *ief po9ts 9 ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e1 & 9 ! o!r ! prophet's words correspond+ to !m4 ,all mank9d are s9n]s4 ',all we l %eep h gone a/ray4' ,*ri/ alone 0 s9less4 ',my righte\s s]vant4' ',he _h done no viol5ce1 nei!r 0 any deceit 9 8 m\?4' ,he suff]$ n = ,8 own s9s1 b = ^? ( o!rs4 ,nor 0 ?is ! m]e accid5tal suff]+ ( an innoc5t man = a guilty "o2 x 0 a great "w ( atonem5t1 an (f]+ = s94 ,?is is ! c5tral feature ( ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e1 & x is ass]t$ ov] & ov] aga9 9 ! prophecy1 :i* is above all t ( a ,savi\r4 ',surely he ha? borne our griefs1 & c>ri$ our sorr[s4' ',he 0 w\nd$ = our transgressions1 he 0 bruis$ = our iniquities2 ! *a/isem5t ( 7i4e41 :i* procur$7 our peace 0 ^u him2 & ) 8 /ripes we are heal$4' ',! ,"l ha? laid on him ! iniquity ( u all4' ',= ! transgression ( my p 0 he /rick54' ',?\ %alt make 8 s\l an (f]+ = s94' ',he %all be> _! iniquities4' ',he b>e ! s9 ( _m4' ,& ?is ,atonem5t 0 ! fulfilm5t ( ! old ,jewi% sacrifices2 especially t ( ! ,pas*al ,lamb2 s !re 0 a special fitness 9 ,*ri/'s be+ put to dea? at ! "t ( ! ,passov]4 ,?is is %[n by ! language employ$1 ! (f]+ = s9 be+ ! same ^w z t us$ = ! old guilt-(f]+4#cgc ,& ! curi\s expression ,s %all he spr9kle _m nations evid5tly ref]s to ! spr9kl+ ( ! blood 9 ! ,jewi% sacrifices1 z ! same ^w is us$1 & means cleans+ !m f s94#cgd ,yet x avail$ n only = ! ,jews1 b = all mank9d4 ,! _m nations mu/ include ,g5tiles z well z ,jews4 ,la/ly1 ,*ri/'s sacrifice 0 volunt>y2 ,he freely laid d[n ',he p\r$ out 8 s\l unto dea?1' implies t ! act 0 ,footnote #cgc3 ,e4g41 ,lev4 #g4 #a4 ,footnote #cgd3 ,e4g41 ,lev4 #af4 #ai4 ,8 life1 no "o took x f ,him 7,john #aj4 #ah74 volunt>y1 & ?is is r5d]$ /ill cle>] f ! context2 = x 0 because ,he did ?is t ,he 0 to divide ! spoil1 etc4 ,& ! words ,he humbl$ ,himself1 also imply t ! humiliation 0 volunt>y4 ,all ?is1 x is pla91 exactly suits ! ,*ri/ 9 :om ,*ri/ians believe2 & x does n & _c suit anyone else1 s9ce sev]al ( ! ,*ri/ian doctr9es are q unique1 & d n occur 9 ! ,jewi% or any o!r religion4 ,?is is inde$ s /rik+1 t if anyone acqua9t$ ) ,*ri/ianity1 b unacqua9t$ ) ,isaiah1 came across ! passage = ! fir/ "t1 he w\ld probably ref] x to "o ( ,/4 ,paul's ,epi/les4 ,& e ^w ( x might be f\nd !re ) p]fect fitness4 7#c47 ,! mod]n ,jewi% int]pretation4 ,n[1 :at c be said on ! o!r side8 ,_m ( ! anci5t ,jews int]pret$ ! passage z ref]r+ to _! future ,messiah2#cge b ! mod]n ,jews 7& mo/ critics :o disbelieve 9 prophecy7 ref] x to ! ,jewi% nation1 or to ! religi\s "p ( x1 :i* !y say is "h p]sonifi$ z a s+le man1 ! ,s]vant ( ! ,"l4 ,& x mu/ ( c\rse be admitt$ t ,isaiah does frequ5tly speak ( ! ,jews z ,god's s]vant 7e4g41 ',b ?\ ,israel1 my s]vant1 & ,jacob :om ,i h *os51'7#cgf ?\gh he n[h]e else uses ! t]m 'my righte\s s]vant1' :i* he does "h1 & :i* w\ld h be5 inapplicable to ! nation4 ,footnote #cge3 ,ref]5ces are giv5 9 ,ed]%eim's ',life & ,times ( ,jesus ! ,messiah1' #aija1 vol4 ii41 p4 #gbg4 ,footnote #cgf3 ,isa4 #da4 #h4 ,b x is important to rememb] t ?is prophecy does n /& alone1 & a little be=e1 we read 9 a simil> passage1 ',x is too light a ?+ t ?\ %\lde/ be my s]vant to raise up ! tribes ( ,jacob1 & to re/ore ! pres]v$ ( ,israel3 ,i w also give !e = a light to ! ,g5tiles1 t ?\ maye/ be my salvation unto ! end ( ! e>?4 ,?us sai? ! ,"l1 ! ,r$eem] ( ,israel1 & 8 ,holy ,"o1 to him :om man despise?1 to him :om ! nation abhorre?1 to a s]vant ( rul]s3 ,k+s %all see & arise2 pr9ces1 & !y %all wor%ip4'#cgg ,footnote #cgg3 ,isa4 #di4 #f-g2 comp4 #db4 #a-f4 ,"h x w be notic$ ! ,"l's s]vant is cle>ly di/+ui%$ f bo? ,jacob & ,israel1 & evid5tly means ! ,messiah4 ,:ile ,8 br++ salvation to ! ,g5tiles1 z well z to ! ,jews2 ,8 humiliation 9 be+ despis$ by m5 & hat$ by ! ,jewi% nation2 & ,8 subsequ5t triumph1 ev5 ,k+s submitt+ !mselves to ,him2 are all allud$ to1 mu* z !y are 9 ! pres5t passage4 ,no d\bt !re is a difficulty 9 ! prophet ?us pass+ f "o mean+ ( ! ^w s]vant to ano!r 7especially1 9 a closely connect$ passage71#cgh & v>i\s attempts h be5 made to expla9 x2 b x does n alt] ! fact t he does s4 ,p]haps ! be/ explanation is t ,israel 0 int5d$ to be ,god's ,s]vant1 b ow+ to _! s9s became unfitt$2 :5 ,god promis$ 9 ! future to raise up a righte\s s]vant1 :o %\ld d all ,8 pleasure & atone = ,israel's failure4 ,&1 x may be add$1 ! t]m ,s]vant is appli$ to ! ,messiah bo? by ,ezekiel & ,ze*>iah1 z well z 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4#cgi ,footnote #cgh3 ,isa4 #di4 #c1 #e4 ,footnote #cgi3 ,ezek4 #cd4 #bc2 ,ze*4 #c4 #h2 ,acts #c4 #ac 7,r4,v474 ,moreov]1 ! ,jewi% int]pretation n only leaves all ! details ( ! prophecy unexpla9$ & inexplicable1 b ignores its v ess5ce1 :i*1 z be=e said1 is ! aton+ "* ( ! suff]+s4 ,no "o c say t ! suff]+s ( ! ,jews 7 volunt>y1 or t !y 7 n = _! own s9s1 b = ^? ( o!r p1 :i* 7 9 consequ5ce aton$ =4 ,or1 to put ! argum5t 9 o!r words1 if ! ,he ref]s to ! ,jewi% nation1 to :om does ! our ref] 9 su* s5t5ces z ,he 0 w\nd$ = our transgressions8 ,:ile v4 #h expressly says t ! ,jews 7,god's p7 7 n ! suff]]s1 b ^? = :om ,he suff]$4 7,= ! transgression ( my p 0 he /rick547 ,?is int]pretation !n is hopelessly unt5able1 & ! passage ei!r means :at ,*ri/ians ass]t1 or x means no?+4 ,9 conclusion1 x mu/ be aga9 po9t$ out t all ^! m9ute hi/orical details att5d+ ,*ri/'s dea?1 & all ^! rem>kable ,*ri/ian doctr9es conc]n+ x1 are all f\nd )9 fifte5 v]ses ( a writ+ _m c5turies old] ?an ! "t ( ,*ri/4 ,x w\ld be h>d to ov]-e/imate ! great improbability ( all ?is be+ due to *ance2 inde$1 su* a conclusion seems incr$ible4 7,b47 ,,! ,,psalm ,,( ,,! ,,crucifixion 7,ps4 #bb74chj ,footnote #chj3 ,?is is discuss$ m fully 9 an article 9 ! ,*ur*man1 ,april1 #aiab1 by ! pres5t writ]4 ,we pass on n[ to ano!r mo/ rem>kable prophecy2 = ?is well-kn[n ,psalm describes :at c only be reg>d$ z a crucifixion4 ,! decisive v]se is ( c\rse1 ,!y pi]c$ my h&s & my feet2 b ev5 ap>t f ?is1 ! v>i\s suff]+s describ$ _c all be endur$ 9 any o!r =m ( dea?1 su* z /on+ or behead+4 ,& ! ,psalm agrees ) ! ,dea? ( ,*ri/1 bo? 9 its num]\s details1 & 9 its :ole scope & mean+4 ,we w !re=e consid] ?is close agreem5t fir/1 & !n "s ( ! objections4 7#a47 ,its close agreem5t4 ,we ne$ n quote ! ,psalm1 z x is s well kn[n2 b w po9t out ! agreem5t v]se by v]se4 ,v]4 #a4 ,8 feel+ =sak5 by ,god1 & us+ ^! actual words3 ',my ,god1 my ,god1 :y ha/ ?\ =sak5 me8' #b4 z well z pray+ = deliv]ance dur+ ! previ\s night2 #c4 ?\gh 9 spite ( ,8 suff]+s1 ,he ca/s no reproa* ^u ,god4 #d4 ,8 belong+ to ,god's *os5 p1 ! ,jews1 s t ,he c\ld speak ( our fa!rs2 #e4 :o _h s (t5 be5 help$ by ,god be=e4 #f4 ,8 pitiable condition 9 be+ expos$ to ! scorn & reproa* ( m51 & despis$ by ! p4 #g4 ,8 be+ lift$ up to die 9 public1 s t ^? :o pass$ by c\ld see ,him2 & ! way 9 :i* !y mock$ ,him1 %ak+ _! heads1 etc4 #h4 ,! exact words !y us$3 ,he tru/$ on ! ,"l t ,he w\ld deliv] him1 let ,him deliv] him see+ ,he delighte? 9 him 7m>g974 ,^! words %[ t ! speak]s !mselves 7 ,jews1 & t ,he 0 ?us put to dea? among ,8 own nation4 ,& ! la/ clause c only be meant ironically 9 ! s5se t ! ,suff]] claim$ t ,god delight$ 9 him1 claim$1 t is1 9 "s special s5se to be belov$ by ,god4 #i4 ,&1 z a matt] ( fact1 ,god _h always wat*$ ov] ,him1 & _h sav$ ,him 9 ,8 infancy f be+ sla9 by ,h]od4 #aj4 ,& 9 return ,8 :ole life _h be5 d$icat$ to ,god2 s t ,he c\ld say t ,god _h be5 ,8 ,god1 ev5 f ,8 bir?4 #aa4 ,8 be+ ab&on$ by ,8 disciples1 & left )\t a help]2 #ab4 ?\gh surr\nd$ by ,8 enemies1 describ$ z bulls ( ,ba%an4 ,?is curi\s t]m is us$ else:]e = ! unju/ rul]s ( ! p1#cha & 0 !re=e v applicable to ! *ief prie/s & rul]s1 :o _h s unju/ly condemn$ ,him1 & n[ /ood r\nd ! ,cross revil+ ,him4 ,footnote #cha3 ,amos4 #d4 #a4 #ac4 ,& !y cont9ually insult$ ,him1 gap+ ) ! m\? be+ a common expression ( contempt2#chb rav5+ appropriate to ! way 9 :i* !y _h ?ir/$ = ,8 blood be=e ,pilate2 & ro>+ to ! great noise & tumult made at ! "t4 ,footnote #chb3 ,e4g41 ,job #af4 #aj4 #ad4 ,8 side be+ pi]c$1 s t !re p\r$ out a quantity ( wat]y fluid 7mix$ ) clots ( blood71 ! probable cause ( ?is--! rupture ( ! he>t#chc--;be+ also h9t$ at2 :ile ,8 bones 7 ne>ly out ( jo9t1 ?r\gh ! weight ( ! susp5d$ ,body4 ,footnote #chc3 ,see ',! ,physical ,cause ( ! ,dea? ( ,*ri/1' by ,dr4 ,symes ,?ompson1 #aijd4 #ae4 ,8 suff]+ extreme weakness1 & extreme ?ir/1 imm$iately be=e ,8 dea?4#chd ,footnote #chd3 ,lam4 #d4 #d2 ,john #ai4 #bh-cj4 #af4 ,8 be+ crucifi$ 7i4e41 ,8 h&s & feet be+ pi]c$71 ! m5 :o did ?is be+ "h call$ dogs4 ,!y seem to h be5 a special set ( m51 diff]5t f ! ,jews :o _h be=e be5 mock+ ,him4 ,& z ?is 0 ! v t]m us$ by ,*ri/ ,himself = ! ,g5tiles1 9 di/9ction to ! ,jews1#che x 0 peculi>ly appropriate to ! ,g5tile 7,roman7 soldi]s :o crucifi$ ,him4 ,footnote #che3 ,matt4 #ae4 #bf4 #ag4 ,& !y also expos$ & /ret*$ out ,8 ,body1 s t ! bones /ood out 9 relief4 ,& !y !n /ood wat*+ ,him2 #ah4 & divid$ ,8 g>m5ts among !m1 ca/+ lots = "o ( !m4 #ai4 ,!n foll[s a %ort pray]4 #bj4 ,! t]m sword1 l ! dog1 ! lion's m\?1 & ! wild ox51 ne$ n be press$ lit]ally2 b may be us$ "h 7z 9 o!r places7#chf = any viol5t dea?4 ,& 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t x seems employ$ = all puni%m5ts1 includ+ probably a dea? by crucifixion 7,/4 ,pet]'s74#chg ,footnote #chf3 ,comp4 #b ,sam4 #aa4 #bd2 #ab4 #i4 ,footnote #chg3 ,rom4 #ac4 #d2 ,matt4 #bf4 #eb4 #ba4 ,yet 9 spite ( ,8 tr\bles1 & ev5 dea?1 ,he feels sure ( deliv]ance4 #bb4 ,& n[ ! /ra9 sudd5ly *anges1 ! ,suff]] is re/or$ to life & fre$om & at once decl>es ,god's "n unto ,8 bre?r54 ,& ?is exactly agrees ) ,*ri/'s n[ decl>+ = ! fir/ "t ,god's complete ,"n (1 ,fa!r1 ,son1 & ,holy ,gho/1 unto ,8 bre?r51 z ,he calls !m1 ! ,apo/les4#chh ,:ile if we id5tify ?is appe>ance ) t to ! five hundr$1 x 0 lit]ally 9 ! mid/ ( ! congregation--9 ! pres5ce1 t is1 ( ! fir/ l>ge ,*ri/ian assembly4 ,footnote #chh3 ,matt4 #bh4 #aj1 #ai4 #bc4 ,moreov]1 ,8 deliv]ance is ( _w-wide significance1 & great bless+s are to foll[ f x4 ,^! comm5ce ) ! ,jews1 :o 7 to praise & glorify ,god2 ?\gh ) a /range feel+ ( awe & fe>2 all ( :i* 0 exactly fulfill$4#chi ,footnote #chi3 ,acts #b4 #dc-dg4 #bd4 ,& ! bless+s are someh[ connect$ ) ,god's n hav+ despis$1 b hav+ accept$1 ,8 suff]+s4 #be4 ,& !y include a ref]5ce to "s v[s 7mean+ unc]ta972 #bf4 & to a wond]ful fea/ g5]ally ?\ght to ref] to ! ,holy ,communion4 #bg4 ,& ! bless+s !n ext5d to ! ,g5tile nations also1 ev5 to ! mo/ di/ant p>ts ( ! _w1 :o are n[ to become wor%ipp]s ( ! true ,god1 ,jehovah4 ,&1 z a matt] ( fact1 ,*ri/ians exi/ 9 all kn[n c\ntries1 & :]ev] !re are ,*ri/ians1 ,jehovah is wor%ipp$4 #bh4 ,to ,:om ! :ole e>?1 bo? ! ,jewi% k+dom & ! ,g5tile nations1 really belongs4 #bi4 ,& to ,:om ev]yone w ev5tually b[ d[n4 #cj4 ,aft] ?is we read ( a se$ s]v+ ,him1 probably us$ "h1 z 9 ,isaiah1 = disciples1 ea* g5]ation ( :om is to tell ( ?is wond]ful deliv]ance to ! next4 ,& ?is !y h be5 do+ = eighte5 c5turies4 #ca4 ,& s !y w cont9ue do+ to g5]ations t are yet unborn4 ,:ile ! clos+ words1 ,he ha? done x 7,r4,v47 are (t5 tak5 z ref]r+ to ! :ole ,psalm1 mean+ t ! "w ( suff]+ & atonem5t 0 n[ complete1 ,x is done2#cij & !y w\ld ?us correspond to ,*ri/'s clos+ words on ! ,cross1 ,x x f9i%$4 ,footnote #cij3 ,h5g/5b]g1 ,comm5t>y on ,psalms1 #ahfg1 vol4 i41 #cif4 ,ev]yone mu/ admit t ! agreem5t all ?r\gh is v rem>kable2 ?\gh !re are two slight objections4 7#b47 ,two objections4 ,! fir/ is t !re is no?+ to %[ t ! writ] meant ! ,psalm to ref] to ! ,messiah at all1 ?\gh1 /range to say1 "s ( ! ,jews s int]pret$ x2#cia !re=e if !re is an agreem5t1 x is at mo/ only a *ance co9cid5ce4 ,b ! idea ( all ^! co9cid5ces be+ due to *ance is mo/ improbable4 ,& !re c]ta9ly is "s indication t x ref]s to ! ,messiah1 s9ce1 z we h se51 x leads up to ! conv]sion ( ! ,g5tiles1 :i* ! o!r ,jewi% prophets always associate ) ! times ( ! ,messiah4 ,footnote #cia3 ,ed]%eim1 #aija1 vol4 ii41 #gac4 ,moreov]1 if ! ,psalm does n ref] to ,*ri/1 x is difficult to see to :om x does ref]1 s9ce x is q inapplicable to ,david1 or ,hezekiah1 or anyone else at t "t2 z crucifixion 0 n a ,jewi% puni%m5t1 ?\gh dead bodies 7 sometimes hung on trees4 ,yet1 z j said1 v]ses #g-h %[ t ! ,suff]] 0 put to dea? among 8 own nation4 ,?is /range anomaly ( a ,jew be+ put to dea? among ,jews1 ?\gh n 9 ! ,jewi% mann] by /on+1 b by crucifixion1 exactly suits ! "t ( ,*ri/1 :5 ,juda 0 a ,roman prov9ce1 & crucifixion a ,roman puni%m5t4 ,_m ( ! details also are q inapplicable4 ,david1 = in/ance1 nev] _h 8 g>m5ts divid$ among 8 enemies2 yet 7ev5 ap>t f our ,gospels7 !re c be little d\bt t ! g>m5ts ( ,*ri/ 7 s divid$1 z ! clo!s ( a prison] 7 usually tak5 by ! gu>d :o execut$ him4 ,& any su* ref]5ce 7to ,david1 etc47 is r5d]$ /ill m improbable1 because ! suff]] appe>s to h no s5se ( s91 & nev] lam5ts 8 own wick$ness1 z ! writ]s s frequ5tly d :5 speak+ ab\t !mselves4 ,& "h also ! ,psalm is entirely applicable to ,*ri/1 s9ce 7z we %all see 9 ! next *apt]7 ,8 s9lessness 0 a /rik+ feature 9 ,8 "*4 ,nor aga9 did ! deliv]ance ( ,david 9 any way lead to ! conv]sion ( ! ,g5tiles1 :i*1 z j said1 is ! gr& climax ( ! ,psalm1 & excludes all o!r int]pretations4 ,b 9 any case ?is objection 7:i* is also made to o!r ,old ,te/am5t prophecies7 _c be ma9ta9$2 = :o1 we mu/ ask1 0 _! real au?or8 ,0 x ! human prophet1 or 0 x ,god ,:o inspir$ ! prophet to write z he did8 ,& ! prophets !mselves emphatically decl>$ t x 0 ! latt]4 ,! ^w ( ! ,"l came unto !m1 or a vision 0 grant$ unto !m1 & !y _h to proclaim x1 :e!r !y lik$ x or n4 ,9 fact1 z ,/4 ,mat!w says1 x 0 n really ! prophet :o spoke1 b ,god1 :o spoke ?r\gh ! prophet4#cib ,!re is ?us no reason = ?9k+ t !y ei!r knew1 or ?\ght !y knew1 ! :ole mean+ ( _! prophecies2 & ! objection may be dismiss$ at once4 ,footnote #cib3 ,e4g41 ,matt4 #a4 #bb4 ,! second objection is1 t "s ( ! ev5ts fulfill+ ?is1 & o!r ,old ,te/am5t prophecies1 nev] occurr$1 b 7 purposely inv5t$4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 de/roys altoge!r ! moral "* ( ! ,evangeli/s1 :o are suppos$ to tell delib]ate falsehoods1 9 ord] to get a pret5d$ fulfilm5t ( an old prophecy4 ,& ! difficulty ( admitt+ ?is is v great4 ,moreov]1 su* explanations c only apply to a v few cases2 s9ce1 z a rule1 ! ev5ts occurr$ 9 public1 & mu/ !re=e h be5 well kn[n at ! "t4 ,& ev5 9 ^? cases :]e ! ev5t 0 s trivial1 t x might possibly h be5 inv5t$1 su* an explanation is (t5 unt5able4 ,take1 = example1 ! mann] 9 :i* ,*ri/ on ! cross 0 mock$ by ,8 enemies1 :o said1 ',he tru/$ 9 ,god1 let him deliv] him n[ if he desire? him4'#cic ,a m probable incid5t "u ! circum/ances c sc>cely be imag9$1 ! *ief prie/s quot+ ! famili> language 7j z m5 sometimes quote ! ,bible n[7 )\t ?9k+ ( its real significance4 ,b1 suppos+ ! words 7 nev] utt]$1 is x conceivable t ! ,evangeli/ 7or anyone else7 w\ld h inv5t$ !m 9 ord] to get a pret5d$ fulfilm5t ( ?is ,psalm1 :]e ! ,crucifi$ ,"o is mock$ ) almo/ id5tical words2 yet h nev] po9t$ out ! fulfilm5t himself1 b h tru/$ to ! *ance ( 8 read]s discov]+ x8 ,footnote #cic3 ,matt4 #bg4 #dc4 ,nei!r ( ^! objections1 !n1 is ( mu* importance2 :ile ! agreem5t ( ! ,psalm ) ! ev5ts att5d+ ! dea? & ,resurrection ( ,*ri/1 seems1 z 9 ! previ\s case1 to be f> too exact to be accid5tal4 7,c47 ,,! ,,div9ity ,,( ,,! ,,messiah4 ,our la/ example %all be ( a diff]5t k9d f ! o!rs4 ,x is t ! ,old ,te/am5t conta9s sev]al passages :i* %[ t ! future ,messiah 0 to be n only ,sup]human1 b ,div9e4 ,& consid]+ ! /rong ,mono!ism ( ! ,jews ?is is v rem>kable4 ,! foll[+ are ?ree ( ! mo/ important3-- ',= unto u a *ild is born1 unto u a son is giv52 & ! gov]nm5t %all be ^u 8 %\ld]3 & 8 "n %all be call$ ,wond]ful1 ,c\nsellor1 ,mighty ,god1 ,ev]la/+ ,fa!r1 ,pr9ce ( ,peace4'#cid ,"h we h a pla9 /atem5t ( ! ,div9ity ( ,"o ,:o %\ld be born a *ild4 ,! two words translat$ ,mighty ,god are incapable ( any o!r translation1 & no o!r is sugge/$ = !m 9 ! m>g9 ( ei!r ! ,au?oris$ or ,revis$ ,v]sion2 :ile ! same two words occur 9 ! next *apt]1 :]e !y pla9ly mean ,mighty ,god & no?+ else4 ,moreov]1 ! t]m ,ev]la/+ ,fa!r is lit]ally ,fa!r ( ,et]nity 7see m>g97 & means ! ,et]nal ,"o4 ,?is is ano!r div9e title1 & does n conflict ) ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e t x 0 ! ,son1 & n ! ,fa!r1 ,:o became ,inc>nate4 ,:ile ! foll[+ words1 t ( ! increase ( ,8 gov]nm5t !re %all be no end1 & t x %\ld be e/abli%$ = ev]1 also po9t to a ,div9e ,rul]1 9 spite ( ! ref]5ce to ,david's ?rone4 ,& x is significant t a few v]ses be=e x is impli$ t ! ,m9i/ry ( ?is future ,messiah %\ld comm5ce 9 ! l& ( ,zebulon1 & ,naphtali1 by ! ,sea ( ,galilee2 :]e1 z a matt] ( fact1 ,*ri/'s ,m9i/ry did comm5ce4 ,footnote #cid3 ,isa4 #i4 #f2 #aj4 #ba2 #i4 #a-b4 ',b ?\1 ,be?lehem ,ephra?ah1 :i* art little to be among ! ?\s&s ( ,judah1 out ( !e %all "o come =? unto me t is to be rul] 9 ,israel2 ^: go+s =? are f ( old1 f ev]la/+4'#cie ,"h we h a prophecy ( ! bir? ( ,"o :o _h exi/$ f ev]la/+2 ?us %[+ ! ,pre-exi/5ce & app>5t ,div9ity ( ! ,messiah1 :o 0 to be born at ,be?lehem1 :]e1 aga91 z a matt] ( fact1 ,*ri/ actually 0 born4 ,footnote #cie3 ,mic4 #e4 #b4 ',awake1 ,o sword1 aga9/ my %eph]d1 & aga9/ ! man t is my fell[1 sai? ! ,"l ( ho/s4'#cif ,! ^w translat$ fell[ is only f\nd else:]e 9 ,leviticus1 :]e x is usually translat$ neighb\r1 & always implies an equality betwe5 ! two p]sons4#cig ,?us ,god speaks ( ! ,%eph]d :o 0 to be sla9 ) ! sword 7a t]m1 z be=e said1 us$ = any viol5t dea?71 z equal ) ,himself1 & yet at ! same "t ,man2 s no "o b a ,messiah :o is bo? ,god & ,man--,fell[-,god z well z fell[-man--c satisfy ! language4 ,footnote #cif3 ,ze*4 #ac4 #g4 ,footnote #cig3 ,lev4 #f4 #b2 #ah4 #bj2 #ai4 #aa1 #ae1 #ag2 #bd4 #ai2 #be4 #ad1 #ae1 #ag4 ,& "h aga9 ! ref]5ce to ,*ri/ is confirm$ by ! fact t sev]al incid5ts 9 ,8 ,passion are allud$ to1 9 "s ( :i* ,8 ,div9ity is likewise ass]t$4 ,! mo/ important are ! way 9 :i* ,he 7! ,j ,savi\r7 rode into ,j]usalem on an ass2 & ! rejoic+ ) :i* ,he 0 receiv$1 :5 ! p welcom$ ,him z _! ,k+4 ,& ! fact t ,he 7! ,"l ,jehovah7 %\ld be sold = ?irty pieces ( silv]1 ! money be+ ca/ d[n 9 ! ,h\se ( ! ,"l1 & aft]w>ds giv5 to ! pott]2 & also t ,he 7aga9 ! ,"l ,jehovah7 %\ld be pi]c$4#cih ,^! are1 x is true1 express$ 9 figurative language1 & (t5 mix$ up ) o!r subjects2 s no in/ance by itself1 af=ds a /rong argum5t4 ,b /ill _! all occurr+ s close toge!r1 & all lead+ up to ! viol5t dea? ( a man1 :o 0 yet ! fell[1 or equal1 ) ,god1 c sc>cely be accid5tal4 ,:ile ! prophecy1 l s _m o!rs1 ends ) ! conv]sion ( ! ,g5tiles1 ! ,"l ,jehovah be+ recognis$ z ,k+ ov] all ! e>?2 :i* seems to place ! ,messianic "* beyond dispute4 ,footnote #cih3 ,ze*4 #i4 #i2 #aa4 #ab-ac2 #ab4 #aj2 #ad4 #i2 ,luke #ai4 #cg-ch4 ,! ,div9ity ( ! ,messiah is also involv$ 9 "s h9ts :i* occur 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t z to ! doctr9e ( ! ,tr9ity4 ,= in/ance1 ! ,hebrew ^w = ,god1 ,elohim1 is a plural ^w1 ?\gh1 /range to say1 x g5]ally takes a s+ul> adjective1 & v]b4 ,?us if we tri$ to repres5t x 9 ,engli%1 ! fir/ v]se ( ! ,bible w\ld read1 ',9 ! beg9n+ ! ,gods1 ,he creat$ ! heav5 & ! e>?4' ,attempts h ( c\rse be5 made to r$uce ! significance ( ?is by po9t+ out t a few o!r ,hebrew words1 su* z "l & ma/]1 sometimes d ! same2 or by reg>d+ x z a survival f "s previ\s poly!i/ic religion2 or else z be+ :at is call$ ! plural ( ,maje/y1 a sort ( royal ,we4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 does n seem to h be5 9 use 9 e>ly times1 & nev] occurs 9 ! ,bible1 :]e k+s always speak ( !mselves 9 ! s+ul>4#cii ,anyh[ x is v rem>kable t ! ,jews %\ld h us$ a plural ^w = ,god ) a s+ul> v]b2 especially z ! same ^w1 :5 us$ ( false gods1 takes a plural v]b4 ,footnote #cii3 ,e4g41 ,g54 #da4 #da2 ,ezra #f4 #ab2 #g4 #ba2 ,dan4 #d4 #f4 ,moreov]1 ,god is at times repres5t$ z speak+ 9 ! plural1#djj say+1 = in/ance1 ,let u make man 9 our image1 z if consult+ ) o!r ,div9e ,p]sons2 s9ce x is obvi\s t ! expression _c ref] to angels1 :o are !mselves creat$1 & n fell[ ,creators4 ,yet j aft]w>ds we read1 ',god creat$ man 9 8 own image1' ?us imply+ t !re is /ill b "o ,god4 ,ano!r & ev5 m rem>kable expression is1 ,behold1 ! man is become z "o ( u4 ,?is _c possibly be ! plural ( ,maje/y2 = ?\gh a k+ might speak ( himself z ,we or ,u1 no k+ ev] spoke ( himself z "o ( ,u4 ,su* an expression c only be us$ :5 !re are o!r p]sons ( simil> rank ) ! speak]2 !re=e :5 us$ by ,god1 x %[s conclusively t !re are o!r ,div9e ,p]sons4 ,s aga9 :5 ,god says1 ',:om %all ,i s5d1 & :o w g = u8' x implies t ,he is bo? "o1 & m ?an "o2 :i* ! previ\s ?rice ,holy1 po9ts to z be+ a ,tr9ity4#dja ,! exi/5ce ( su* passages seems to require "s explanation1 & ,*ri/ianity alone c expla9 !m4 ,footnote #djj3 ,g54 #a4 #bf2 #c4 #bb2 #aa4 #g4 ,footnote #dja3 ,isa4 #f4 #h4 7,d47 ,,conclusion4 ,be=e conclud+ ?is *apt] !re is /ill "o objection to be consid]$4 ,:y1 x is said1 if ^! prophecies really ref] to ,*ri/1 are !y n pla9]8 ,surely if ,god wi%$ to =etell ! future1 ,he w\ld h done x bett] ?an ?is3 & a few words add$ "h & !re w\ld h made ! ref]5ce to ,*ri/ indisputable4 ,no d\bt !y w\ld2 b possibly ,god did n wi% to make ! ref]5ce indisputable4 ,moreov]1 if ! prophecies _h be5 pla9]1 !y might h prev5t$ _! own fulfilm5t4 ,_h ! ,jews kn[n = c]ta9 t ,*ri/ 0 _! ,messiah1 !y c\ld sc>cely h crucifi$ ,him2 & x seems to _m t ! prophecies are already ab\t z pla9 z !y c\ld be )\t do+ ?is4 ,! important po9t1 h[ev]1 is n :e!r ! prophecies might n h be5 pla9]1 b :e!r !y are n already too pla9 to be accid5tal4 ,la/ly1 we mu/ notice ! cumulative nature ( ! evid5ce4 ,we h only exam9$ a few in/ances1 b1 z said be=e1 ,messianic prophecies ( "s k9d m or less di/9ct1 occur at int]vals all ?r\gh ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,& ?\gh "s ( ^? commonly br\ght =w>d seem weak & fanciful1 !re are numb]s ( o!rs :i* are n4 ,& "h1 z else:]e1 ?is has a d\ble be>+ on ! argum5t4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x does n at all increase ! difficulty ( ! ,*ri/ian int]pretation2 = tw5ty prophecies are practically no m difficult to admit ?an two4 ,inde$1 ! fact t in/ead ( be+ a few isolat$ examples1 !y =m a complete s]ies1 r less5s ! difficulty ?an o!rwise4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x greatly increases ! difficulty ( any o!r int]pretation2 = tw5ty prophecies are f> m difficult to d5y ?an two4 ,if "o is expla9$ z a lucky co9cid5ce1 x w n acc\nt = ! next2 if t is got rid ( by "s unnatural int]pretation ( ! words1 x w n acc\nt = ! ?ird1 & s on indef9itely4 ,! difficulties are ?us n only great 9 !mselves1 b are all cumulative2 & h5ce toge!r !y seem insup]able4 ,anyh[1 x is cle> t ^! ,prophecies =m ano!r /rong argum5t 9 fav\r ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,,*apt] ,,xxi4 ,,t ,,! ,,"* ,,( ,,*ri/ ,,confirms ,,! ,,tru? ,,( ,,*ri/ianity4 ,! "* ( ,*ri/ c only be d$uc$ f ! ,new ,te/am5t1 any o!r ,*ri/ be+ purely imag9>y4 7,a47 ,,! ,,tea*+ ,,( ,,*ri/4 7#a47 ,its admitt$ excell5ce4 7#b47 ,two objections4 7#c47 ,8 s9lessness4 7,b47 ,,! ,,claims ,,( ,,*ri/4 7#a47 ,8 claim to be ,sup]human--decl>+ t ,he 0 ! ,rul]1 ,r$eem]1 & f9al ,judge ( ! _w4 7#b47 ,8 claim to be ,div9e--decl>+ ,8 ,equality1 ,unity1 & ,pre-exi/5ce ) ,god4 7#c47 ,h[ ^! claims 7 und]/ood at ! "t1 bo? by fri5ds & foes4 7,c47 ,,! ,,great ,,alt]native4 ,*ri/ _c1 !re=e1 h be5 m]ely a good man2 ,he 0 ei!r ,god1 z ,he claim$ to be1 or else a bad man1 = mak+ su* claims4 ,b ! latt] view is disprov$ by ,8 ,moral ,"*4 ,9 ?is *apt] we propose to consid] ! ,"* ( ,*ri/1 & its be>+ on ! tru? ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,n[ our k ( ,*ri/'s "* c only be d]iv$ f ! f\r ,gospels2 inde$1 a ,*ri/ ) any o!r "* assign$ to ,him is a purely imag9>y be+1 & might z well be call$ by "s o!r "n4 ,tak+1 !n1 ! ,gospels z our guide1 :at is ! "* ( ,*ri/8 ,cle>ly ?is c be be/ d$uc$ f ,8 own tea*+ & claims1 bo? ( :i* are =tunately giv5 at "s l5g?2 s we w consid] ^! fir/1 & !n ! great alt]native :i* !y =ce ^u u4 7,a47 ,,! ,,tea*+ ,,( ,,*ri/4 ,"u ?is head1 we w fir/ notice ! admitt$ excell5ce ( ,*ri/'s tea*+1 !n "s objections :i* are (t5 made1 & la/ly ,8 s9lessness4 7#a47 ,its admitt$ excell5ce4 ,to beg9 )1 ! excell5ce ( ,*ri/'s moral tea*+ h>dly ne$s to be insi/$ on at ! pres5t day1 & rationali/s z well z ,*ri/ians h proclaim$ its m]its4 ,= in/ance1 to quote a few examples3-- ',religion _c be said to h made a bad *oice 9 pit*+ on ?is man z ! ideal repres5tative & guide ( humanity2 nor ev5 n[ w\ld x be easy1 ev5 = an unbeliev]1 to f9d a bett] translation ( ! rule ( virtue f ! ab/ract into ! concrete1 ?an to endeav\r s to live t ,*ri/ %\ld approve our life4'--,j4 ,s4 ,mill4#djb ,footnote #djb3 ,nature1 ! ,utility ( ,religion & ,!ism1 #bnd edit41 #ahgd1 p4 #bee4 ',jesus rema9s to humanity an inexhau/ible s\rce ( moral reg5]ations4' ,& aga91 ',9 ,him is cond5s$ all t is good & l(ty 9 our nature4'--,e4 ,r5an4#djc ,footnote #djc3 ,life ( ,jesus1 translat$ by ,wilb\r1 ,new ,york1 #ahfd1 pp4 #cgj1 #cge4 ',x 0 res]v$ = ,*ri/ianity to pres5t to ! _w an ideal "*1 :i*1 ?r\gh all ! *anges ( eighte5 c5turies1 has inspir$ ! he>ts ( m5 ) an impassion$ love2 has %[n itself capable ( act+ on all ages1 nations1 temp]am5ts1 & conditions2 has be5 n only ! highe/ patt]n ( virtue1 b ! /ronge/ inc5tive to its practice2 & has ex]cis$ s deep an influ5ce t x may be truly said t ! simple record ( ?ree %ort ye>s ( active life has done m to reg5]ate & to s(t5 mank9d ?an all ! disquisitions ( philosoph]s1 & all ! exhortations ( morali/s4'--,w4 ,e4 ,h4 ,lecky4#djd ,footnote #djd3 ,hi/ory ( ,european ,morals1 #crd edit41 #ahgg1 vol4 ii41 p4 #h4 ,^! quotations are only examples ( _m :i* might be giv52 b x is practically undisput$ t ! morality taught by ,*ri/ is ! be/ ! _w has ev] se54 ,x is also undisput$ t ,8 life 0 9 entire h>mony ) ,8 tea*+4 ,he liv$1 z f> z we c judge1 a holy & blameless life1 & ,8 "* has nev] be5 surpass$ ei!r 9 hi/ory or fiction4 7#b47 ,two objections4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 two slight objections4 ,! fir/ is t ,*ri/'s tea*+ 0 n orig9al2 &1 /rictly speak+1 ?is is p]haps true4 ,some?+ simil> to all ,he taught has be5 discov]$ 9 m anci5t times1 ei!r 9 ,egypt1 ,india1 ,*9a1 or else:]e4 ,b ?is h>dly affects ! argum5t4 ,an unle>n$ ,jew liv+ at ,naz>e? _c be suppos$ to h d]iv$ 8 tea*+ f ^! s\rces2 & x is a great improvem5t on all ( !m put toge!r4 ,! important po9t is1 t !re 0 no?+ among ! ,jews ( ,8 own "t :i* c\ld h produc$1 or ev5 h inv5t$1 su* a "*4 ,he 0 immeasurably bett] ?an ,8 contempor>ies1 & all ( !m put toge!r h n ex]t$ an influ5ce on ! _w a ?\s&? "p t ( ,*ri/4 ,! second objection ref]s to c]ta9 portions ( ,*ri/'s tea*+4 ,= example1 ,he urges m5 n to resi/ evil1 & seems to place virg9ity above m>riage to an exagg]at$ ext5t4#dje ,i h nev] se5 a satisfactory explanation ( ! latt] passage2 b x is obvi\s on ! face ( x t x _c be meant = univ]sal application1 or x w\ld lead to ! ext9ction ( ! human race4 ,footnote #dje3 ,matt4 #e4 #ci2 #ai4 #ab4 ,aga91 sev]al ( ! p>ables are said to be unju/ su* z t ( ! workm5 9 ! v9ey>d1 ! unrighte\s /ew>d1 & ! w$d+ g>m5t4 ,b p>ables mu/ n be press$ lit]ally1 & v diff]5t int]pretations h be5 put on ^!4 ,h[ev]1 we w consid] ! two la/1 :i* are ^? mo/ (t5 object$ to4 ,) reg>d to ! ,unrighte\s ,/ew>d1 ?\gh app>5tly he _h be5 guilty ( di%one/y1 we are told t 8 "l comm5d$ him1 because he _h done wisely4#djf ,b no "o c ?9k t 8 "l comm5d$ him1 because he _h j *eat$ him4 ,s if 8 conduct 0 really di%one/ 7ab\t :i* s*ol>s are by no means agre$7 we c only suppose t 9 spite ( ?is1 8 "l comm5d$ him1 because ( 8 wisdom4 ,9 ! same way1 if an +5i\s robb]y 7 committ$ at ! pres5t day1 ev5 ! man robb$1 might say t he c\ld n help admir+ ! sc\ndrel = 8 clev]ness4 ,! mean+ !n appe>s to be t wisdom is s desirable t x is to be comm5d$ ev5 9 worldly matt]s1 & ev5 9 a bad cause2 & !re=e ( c\rse /ill m to be aim$ at 9 religi\s matt]s1 & 9 a good cause4 ,footnote #djf3 ,luke #af4 #h4 ,next z to ! ,w$d+ ,g>m5t4 ,x is di/9ctly impli$ t !re 0 only "o man )\t x1#djg s obvi\sly ! fir/ po9t to det]m9e is h[ ! o!r m5 got _! g>m5ts4 ,!y c\ld n h _h !m out 9 ! roads1 & !re 0 no "t to g home & get !m1 ev5 if !y possess$ any4 ,x foll[s !n t !y mu/ ea* h be5 provid$ ) a suitable g>m5t 7probably a cloak1 worn ov] _! o!r clo!s7 :5 !y rea*$ ! palace4 ,?is appe>s to h be5 an ea/]n cu/om1#djh & if "o ( !m refus$ to put x on1 he w\ld c]ta9ly des]ve to be exclud$ f ! fea/4 ,?us ! object ( ! p>able seems to be to %[ t ,god's bless+s c only be obta9$ on ,god's t]ms 7e4g4 =giv5ess on rep5tance71 ?\gh !re is no h>d%ip 9 ?is1 z ,he has ,himself giv5 u grace to comply ) ^! t]ms1 if we l4 ,nei!r ( ^! objections1 !n1 is ( mu* importance4 ,footnote #djg3 ,matt4 #bb4 #aa4 ,footnote #djh3 ,ar*b4 ,tr5*1 ,notes on ! ,p>ables1 #ahgj1 p4 #bcd4 7#c47 ,8 s9lessness4 ,a mo/ rem>kable po9t has n[ to be notic$4 ,x is t1 not)/&+ ,8 p]fect moral tea*+1 !re is n 9 ! "* ( ,*ri/ ! slighte/ consci\sness ( s94 ,9 all ,8 num]\s disc\rses1 & ev5 9 ,8 pray]s1 !re is n a s+le ^w :i* implies t ,he ?\ght ,he ev] _h done1 or ev] c\ld d1 any?+ wrong ,himself4 ,he is inde$ mo/ c>eful to avoid imply+ ?is1 ev5 incid5tally4 ,?us ,he does n tell ,8 disciples1 ',if we =give m5 _! trespasses1' etc41 b ',if ye1' z ! =m] might imply t ,he1 z well z !y1 _h ne$ ( ! ,fa!r's =giv5ess4#dji ,nor did ,he ev] regret any?+ t ,he _h done1 or ev] wi% t ,he _h act$ o!rwise4 ,& ?\gh ,he blam$ self-righte\sness 9 o!rs1 & urg$ !m to rep5tance1 ,he nev] h9t$ t ,he _h any ne$ ( x ,himself2 9 fact1 ,he expressly d5i$ x1 = ,he said t ,he always did ^? ?+s t 7 pleas+ to ,god4#daj ,footnote #dji3 ,matt4 #f4 #ad4 ,footnote #daj3 ,john #h4 #bi4 ,& ?is is ! m /rik+ :5 we reflect t good m5 are1 z a rule1 mo/ consci\s ( _! faults4 ,yet "h 0 ,"o :o c>ri$ moral goodness to its utmo/ limit1 ^: precepts are admitt$ly p]fect1 b :o nev] = a mom5t ?\ght t ,he 0 n fulfill+ !m ,himself4 ,su* a "* is absolutely unique 9 ! _w's hi/ory4 ,x c only be expla9$ by say+ t ,*ri/ 0 n m]ely a good man1 b a p]fect man1 s9ce goodness )\t p]fection w\ld only h made ,him m consci\s ( ! faults ,he _h4 ,yet if we admit ?is1 we mu/ admit m2 = p]fection is n a human attribute1 & a s9less life ne$s a good deal to acc\nt = x4 7,b47 ,,! ,,claims ,,( ,,*ri/4 ,we pass on n[ to ! claims ( ,*ri/2 & ,8 high moral "* w\ld pla9ly lead u to place ! utmo/ confid5ce 9 :at ,he said ab\t ,himself4 ,& z we %all see ,he claim$ to be bo? ,sup]human & ,div9e2 & ?is is h[ all ,8 contempor>ies1 bo? fri5ds & foes1 und]/ood ,him4 ,& ?\gh x is impossible to add to ! m>vel ( su* claims1 yet ! fact t no?+ 9 any way resembl+ !m is to be f\nd among ! ,jewi% ,prophets helps u1 at lea/1 to realise _! uniqu5ess4 ,_m ( !m are spok5 conc]n+ ! ,son ( ,man2 b !re c be no d\bt :atev] t by ?is title ,*ri/ means ,himself4#daa ,footnote #daa3 ,e4g41 ,matt4 #af4 #ac1 #af4 7#a47 ,8 ,claim to be ,sup]human4 ,?is is %[n by ?ree ma9 argum5ts1 = ,*ri/ decl>$ t ,he 0 ! ,rul]1 ,r$eem]1 & f9al ,judge ( ! _w4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ,he claim$ to be ! ,rul] ( ! _w1 say+ 9 s _m words t all ?+s _h be5 deliv]$ unto ,him1 & t ,he possess$ all au?ority1 bo? 9 heav5 & on e>?4#dab ,moreov]1 ,8 dom9ion 0 to be n only univ]sal1 b x 0 to la/ = ev]2 s9ce aft] ?is _w _h come to an end1 ! future ,k+dom ( ,heav5 0 /ill to be ,8 ,k+dom1 its angels 7 to be ,8 angels1 & its citiz5s ,8 elect4#dac ,footnote #dab3 ,matt4 #aa4 #bg2 #bh4 #ah2 ,luke #aj4 #bb4 ,footnote #dac3 ,matt4 #ac4 #da2 #bd4 #ca4 ,secondly1 ,*ri/ claim$ to be ! ,r$eem] ( ! _w4 ,he di/9ctly ass]t$ t ,he came to give ,8 life a ransom = _m1 & t ,8 blood 0 %$ = ! remission ( s9s4 ,& ! importance ,he atta*$ to ?is is %[n by ! fact t ,he in/itut$ a special rite 7! ,holy ,communion7 on purpose to commemorate x4#dad ,footnote #dad3 ,matt4 #bj4 #bh2 #bf4 #bh2 ,m>k #aj4 #de2 #ad4 #bd2 ,luke #bb4 #ai4 ,?irdly1 ,*ri/ claim$ to be ! f9al ,judge ( ! _w4 ,?is trem5d\s claim alone %[s t ,he consid]$ ,himself q above & di/9ct f ! re/ ( mank9d4 ,:ile !y 7 all to be judg$ accord+ to _! works1 ,he 0 to be ! ,judge ,himself1 com+ 9 ! cl\ds ( heav5 ) ?\s&s ( angels4 ,& ,8 decision 0 to be f9al & )\t appeal4 ,moreov]1 ?is a/oni%+ claim does n dep5d on s+le texts or passages1 b occurs all ?r\gh ! fir/ ?ree ,gospels4#dae ,dur+ ! :ole ( ,8 ,m9i/ry--f ,8 ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt to ,8 trial be=e ,caiaphas--,he p]si/5tly ass]t$ t ,he 0 to be ! f9al ,judge ( ! _w4 ,x is h>dly cr$ible t a m]e man1 h[ev] presumptu\s1 %\ld ev] h made su* a claim z ?is4 ,c we imag9e anyone do+ s at ! pres5t day8 & :at %\ld we ?9k ( him if he did8 ,footnote #dae3 ,matt4 #g4 #bb2 #aj4 #cb2 #ac4 #da2 #af4 #bg2 #ai4 #bh2 #bd4 #cj2 #be4 #ca-df2 #bf4 #fd2 & simil> passages 9 ! o!r ,gospels4 7#b47 ,8 ,claim to be ,div9e4 ,l ! prec$+1 ?is is %[n by ?ree ma9 argum5ts2 = ,*ri/ decl>$ ,8 ,equality1 ,unity1 & ,pre-exi/5ce ) ,god4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ,*ri/ claim$ ,equality ) ,god4 ,he said t ! same hon\r %\ld be giv5 to ,himself z to ,god ! ,fa!r2 t m5 %\ld believe 9 ,him z well z 9 ,god2 t ,he & ! ,fa!r w\ld toge!r dwell 9 ! s\ls ( m52 & t ,he1 l ! ,fa!r1 _h ! p[] ( s5d+ ! ,holy ,_s ( ,god4#daf ,he also comm&$ m5 to be baptiz$ into ,8 ,"n z well z into t ( ! ,fa!r2 & promis$ t :5ev] & :]ev] ,8 disciples 7 ga!r$ toge!r1 ,he w\ld be 9 ! mid/ ( !m1 ev5 unto ! end ( ! _w1 :i*1 _c be true ( anyone b ,god4#dag ,footnote #daf3 ,john #e4 #bc2 #ad4 #a1 #bc2 #af4 #g4 ,footnote #dag3 ,matt4 #ah4 #bj2 #bh4 #ai1 #bj4 ,secondly1 ,*ri/ claim$ ,unity ) ,god4 ,he did n say t ,he 0 ano!r ,god1 b t ,he & ! ,fa!r 7 ,"o2 t ,he 0 9 ! ,fa!r1 & ! ,fa!r 9 ,him2 t :oev] beheld ,him beheld ! ,fa!r2 t :oev] _h se5 ,him _h se5 ! ,fa!r4#dah ,^! latt] texts _c1 ( c\rse1 be press$ lit]ally1 z few w\ld ma9ta9 t ,*ri/ 0 really ,god ! ,fa!r4 ,b j z if a human fa!r & son 7 extremely alike1 we might say t if y _h se5 ! son1 y _h se5 ! fa!r2 s if ,*ri/ 0 truly ,god--,god ! ,son--! v image ( ,8 ,fa!r1#dai ! same language might be us$4 ,x w\ld at lea/ be intelligible4 ,b x w\ld be q un9telligible1 if ,*ri/ _h be5 m]ely a good man4 ,c we imag9e ! be/ man t ev] liv$ say+1 ,if y h se5 me1 y h se5 ,god8 ,footnote #dah3 ,john #aj4 #cj2 #ag4 #ba2 #ab4 #de2 #ad4 #i4 ,footnote #dai3 ,heb4 #a4 #c4 ,?irdly1 ,*ri/ claim$ ,pre-exi/5ce ) ,god4 ,he said t ,he _h desc5d$ out ( heav52 t ,he _h come d[n f heav52 t ,he came out f ! ,fa!r & 0 come into ! _w2 & t ev5 be=e its creation ,he _h %>$ ,god's glory4#dbj ,:ile 9 ano!r passage1 ',be=e ,abraham 01 ,i am1'#dba ,he n only said t ,he exi/$ be=e ,abraham1 b by us+ ! words ,i am in/ead ( ,i 01 ,he seem$ to id5tify ,himself ) ,jehovah1 ! great ,i am1 ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4#dbb ,footnote #dbj3 ,john #c4 #ac2 #f4 #ch2 #af4 #bh2 #ag4 #e4 ,footnote #dba3 ,john #h4 #eh4 ,footnote #dbb3 ,exod4 #c4 #ad4 ,turn+ n[ to ! o!r side1 !re are f\r passages 9 :i* ,*ri/ seems to disclaim be+ ,div9e4 ,! mo/ important is :]e ,he says t ! ,son 7i4e4 ,himself7 does n "k ! "t ( ! future ,judgm5t2#dbc & ! pres5t writ] has nev] se5 a really satisfactory explanation ( ?is4 ,b x may be po9t$ out t if we admit t ,*ri/ 0 bo? ,div9e & human1 x is only fair to ref] any p>ticul> /atem5t to t nature1 to :i* x is applicable2 ev5 ?\gh ! word+ seems to sugge/ ! opposite4 ,9 ! same way1 ! passage1 t ! ,"l ( ,glory 0 crucifi$#dbd c only ref] to ,*ri/ 9 ,8 human nature1 & n 9 ,8 ,div9e nature1 z ! ,"l ( ,glory4 ,& 9 ,8 human nature ,*ri/ may h be5 ignorant ( ! "t ( ! future ,judgm5t1 j z 9 ,8 human nature ,he increas$ 9 wisdom & /ature4#dbe ,footnote #dbc3 ,m>k #ac4 #cb4 ,footnote #dbd3 #a ,cor4 #b4 #h4 ,footnote #dbe3 ,luke #b4 #eb4 ,!n we h ! passage :]e a rul] addresses ,*ri/ z ',good ,ma/]1' & ,*ri/ demurs to ?is1 say+ t ! ^w 0 only applicable to ,god4#dbf ,& h[1 x is ask$1 c\ld ,he h done s1 if ,he _h be5 bo? good & ,god8 ,! be/ explanation seems to be t among ! ,jews1 x 0 ! cu/om nev] to address a ,tea*] 7or ,rabbi7 z ,good4 ,!y said ,god 0 '! ,good ,"o ( ! _w'2 x 0 "o ( ,8 titles4#dbg ,!re=e z ! rul] _h no means ( kn[+ t ,*ri/ 0 ,god1 he 0 n ju/ifi$ 9 ?us address+ ,him z ,good4 ,footnote #dbf3 ,m>k #aj4 #ah4 ,footnote #dbg3 ,ed]%eim's ,life & ,times ( ! ,messiah1 vol4 ii41 p4 #cci4 ,! rema9+ two passages1 ',i g unto ! ,fa!r2 = ! ,fa!r is great] ?an ,i'2 & ',i asc5d unto my ,fa!r & y\r ,fa!r1 & my ,god & y\r ,god1'#dbh are easi] to expla91 s9ce "h x is obvi\s t !y ref] to ,*ri/'s human nature alone1 z x 0 9 ,8 human nature alone t ,he 0 ev] abs5t f ! ,fa!r4 ,& ev5 "h ,he c>efully di/+ui%es ,8 own relation%ip to ,god f t ( ,8 disciples4 ,= ?\gh ,he tea*es !m to say our ,fa!r1 yet :5 includ+ ,himself ) !m1 ,he does n "h or any:]e else say our ,fa!r1 or our ,god2 b always emphasises ,8 own peculi> position4 ,:ile we may ask 9 reg>d to ! fir/ passage1 w\ld anyone b ,god h ?\ght x necess>y to expla9 t ,god ! ,fa!r 0 great] ?an ,himself8 ,anyh[1 ^! passages d n alt] ! fact t ,*ri/ did repeat$ly claim to be bo? sup]human & ,div9e4 ,footnote #dbh3 ,john #ad4 #bh2 #bj4 #ag4 7#c47 ,h[ ^! ,claims 7 und]/ood at ! "t4 ,we h n[ to consid] h[ ^! claims 7 und]/ood at ! "t4 ,& fir/1 z to ,*ri/'s fri5ds4 ,we h ov]:elm+ evid5ce t aft] ,8 ,resurrection all ! disciples & e>ly ,*ri/ians believ$ _! ,ma/] to be bo? sup]human & ,div9e4 ,& to realise ! full significance ( ?is1 we mu/ rememb] t !y 7 n poly!i/s1 :o did n m9d h[ _m gods !y believ$ 91 & 7 will+ to wor%ip ,roman ,emp]ors or anyone else2 b !y 7 /rict mono!i/s4 ,!y firmly believ$ t !re 0 only "o ,god1 yet !y firmly believ$ t ,*ri/ 0 ,div9e4 ,?is is %[n ?r\gh\t ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,?us ! writ]s ( ! fir/ ?ree ,gospels1 ?\gh !y usually record ! ev5ts ( ,*ri/'s life )\t comm5t1 yet 9 "o passage id5tify ,him ) ! ,god ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ref]r+ ! prophecy ab\t ! mess5g] ( ! ,"l our ,god to ! mess5g] ( ,*ri/4#dbi ,& z to ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 x beg9s ) ass]t+ ,*ri/'s ,div9ity 9 ! pla9e/ t]ms1 say+ t ! ,^w1 :o aft]w>ds became fle%1 0 ,god4 ,& x appropriately end$1 be=e ! la/ *apt] 0 add$1 ) ,/4 ,?omas decl>+ ?is same belief1 :5 he address$ ,*ri/ z my ,"l & my ,god1 :i* titles ,he fully accept$4#dcj ,yet imm$iately aft]w>ds1 ! au?or says he wrote 8 ,gospel to conv9ce m5 t ,jesus 0 ! ,*ri/1 ! ,son ( ,god4 ,evid5tly !n ?is expression1 ! ,son ( ,god1 meant to him1 & !re=e presumably to o!r ,new ,te/am5t writ]s1 :o use x frequ5tly1 t ,*ri/ 0 truly ,god--,god ! ,son--my ,"l & my ,god--9 ! fulle/ & mo/ complete s5se4 ,footnote #dbi3 ,isa4 #dj4 #c2 ,matt4 #c4 #c2 ,m>k #a4 #c2 ,luke #c4 #d4 ,footnote #dcj3 ,john #a4 #a2 #bj4 #bh4 ,) reg>d to ! ,acts an argum5t on ! o!r side is sometimes drawn f ,/4 ,pet]'s speak+ ( ,*ri/ z 'a man approv$ ( ,god unto y by mighty works1' ?us imply+1 x is urg$1 t ,/4 ,pet] did n "k ,him to be m ?an man4#dca ,b s9ce he says he 0 only appeal+ to :at 8 he>]s knew to be true 7ev5 z ye y\rselves "k71 h[ else c\ld he h put x8 ,8 he>]s did n "k t ,*ri/ 0 ,god2 !y did "k t ,he 0 a man approv$ ( ,god by _m wond]ful miracles1 because !y _h se5 !m4 ,moreov]1 9 o!r places ! ,acts be> /rong witness to ! ,div9ity ( ,*ri/1 z = in/ance :5 ,/4 ,paul speaks ( ! ,*ur* ( ,god :i* ,he pur*as$ ) ,8 own blood1 or ,/4 ,/eph5 says ,"l ,jesus receive my _s2 or :5 ! ,apo/les are repres5t$ z work+ _! miracles1 n 9 ! "n ( ,god ! ,fa!r1 b 9 t ( ,*ri/4#dcb ,footnote #dca3 ,acts #b4 #bb4 ,footnote #dcb3 ,acts #bj4 #bh2 #g4 #ei2 #c4 #f2 #d4 #aj4 ,next1 z to ! ,book ( ,revelation4 ,! evid5ce ?is af=ds is important1 because ne>ly all critics admit t x 0 writt5 by ,/4 ,john4 ,& if s1 x %[s conclusively t "o at lea/ ( ,*ri/'s intimate foll[]s firmly believ$ 9 ,8 ,div9ity4 ,= he n only speaks ( ,him z be+ univ]sally wor%ipp$ bo? 9 heav5 & on e>?1 b describes ,him z ! ,fir/ & ! ,la/1 :i* is a title us$ by ,god 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & is pla9ly inapplicable to anyone else4#dcc ,& we may ask1 is x conceivable t an intimate fri5d ( ,*ri/ %\ld h believ$ ,him to be ! ,ev]la/+ ,god1 unless ,he _h claim$ to be s ,himself1 & _h support$ ,8 claim by work+ miracles1 & ris+ f ! dead8 ,is x n1 r1 c]ta9 t no?+ b ! mo/ ov]:elm+ pro( w\ld ev] h conv9c$ a ,jew 7( all p]sons7 t a fell[ ,man1 ) :om he _h liv$ = ye>s1 & :om he _h !n se5 put to dea? z a malefactor1 0 ,himself ! ,"l ,jehovah1 ! ,fir/ & ! ,la/8 ,footnote #dcc3 ,rev4 #e4 #aa-ad2 #a4 #ag1 #ah2 #b4 #h2 #bb4 #ac2 ,isa4 #dd4 #f4 ,b x is urg$ on ! o!r side1 t ! writ] also calls ,him ! beg9n+ ( ! ,creation ( ,god1 z if ,he _h be5 m]ely ! fir/ ,be+ creat$4#dcd ,b ! previ\s passages cle>ly %[ t ?is 0 n 8 mean+4 ,x 0 r t ,*ri/ 0 ! beg9n+ ( creation1 because ,he 0 its ,s\rce & ,ag5t2 ,he by :om1 z ! same writ] decl>es1 all ?+s 7 made4 ,& else:]e a simil> title is giv5 ,him = ?is id5tical reason1 z ,he is call$ ! fir/-born ( all creation1 because all ?+s h be5 creat$ ?r\gh ,him4#dce ,footnote #dcd3 ,rev4 #c4 #ad2 ,footnote #dce3 ,john #a4 #c2 ,col4 #a4 #ae1 #af4 ,equally important evid5ce is af=d$ by ,/4 ,paul's ,epi/les4 ,= ?\gh he is n likely to h kn[n ,*ri/ intimately1 he mu/ h be5 acqua9t$ ) numb]s :o did1 includ+1 z he says1 ,james ! ,"l's bro!r4#dcf ,& 8 e>ly conv]sion1 be=e ,a4,d4 #ce1 toge!r ) ! fact t he _h previ\sly p]secut$ ! ,*ur* at ,j]usalem1 & aft]w>ds visit$ "s ( ! ,apo/les !re1 mu/ h made him well acqua9t$ ) ! ,*ri/ian doctr9es f ! v fir/4 ,moreov] he tells u himself t ! fai? :i* he taught 0 ! same z t :i* he _h previ\sly p]secut$2 & t :5 he visit$ ! ,apo/les he laid be=e !m ! ,gospel he prea*$1 evid5tly to make sure t x agre$ ) :at !y prea*$4#dcg ,footnote #dcf3 ,gal4 #a4 #ai4 ,footnote #dcg3 ,gal4 #a4 #bc2 #b4 #b4 ,!re c ?us be no d\bt t ! ,*ri/ianity ( ,/4 ,paul 0 ! same z t ( ! ,twelve4 ,& all ?r\gh 8 ,epi/les he be>s witness to ! sup]human "* ( ,*ri/2 decl>+1 among o!r ?+s1 ,8 s9lessness1 & t ,he is ! ,rul]1 ,r$eem]1 & f9al ,judge ( ! _w4#dch ,footnote #dch3 #b ,cor4 #e4 #ba2 ,rom4 #ad4 #i2 #a ,cor4 #ae4 #c2 #b ,cor4 #e4 #aj4 ,he also be>s witness to ,8 ,div9e "*1 say+ 9 s _m words t ,he is ov] all1 ,god bless$ = ev]2 t we %all all /& be=e ! ,judgm5t-seat ( ,god1 :i* else:]e he calls ! ,judgm5t-seat ( ,*ri/2 t ,he 0 orig9ally 9 ! =m ( ,god 7i4e41 9 a /ate ( ,deity71 & on an equality ) ,god1 be=e ,he became inc>nate1 & took ! =m ( ,man2 t 9 ,him dwells all ! fullness ( ! ,godhead bodily2 t ,he is our great ,god & ,savi\r ,jesus ,*ri/1 ,:o gave ,himself = u2 & t ! ,psalmi/ prophesi$ ( ,him :5 he said1 ',?y ?rone1 ,o ,god1 is = ev] & ev]4'#dci ,?is la/ passage1 f ! ,hebrews1 0 p]haps n writt5 by ,/4 ,paul1 b ?is makes x all ! m valuable1 z ! ,epi/le is g5]ally dat$1 f int]nal evid5ce1 be=e ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem1 ,a4,d4 #gj2 & we h ?us ano!r e>ly witness to ! ,div9ity ( ,*ri/4 ,footnote #dci3 ,rom4 #i4 #e2 #ad4 #aj2 #b ,cor4 #e4 #aj2 ,phil4 #b4 #f2 ,col4 #b4 #i2 ,titus #b4 #ac2 ,heb4 #a4 #h4 ,! mo/ important text on ! o!r side is :]e ,/4 ,paul says !re is "o ,god ! ,fa!r1 & "o ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/1#ddj :i* is quot$ 9 ! ,nic5e ,cre$4 ,b ?\gh ! /atem5t is a difficult "o1 x _c be press$ z imply+ t ,*ri/ is n ,god2 = if s x w\ld equally imply t ! ,fa!r 0 n ,"l1 :i* few w\ld cont5d 0 ,/4 ,paul's mean+4 ,footnote #ddj3 #a ,cor4 #h4 #f2 ,comp4 ,eph4 #d4 #d-f4 ,) reg>d to ! above passages1 x is important to notice t ! allusions are all incid5tal4 ,/4 ,paul does n attempt to prove ! sup]human & ,div9e "* ( ,*ri/1 b ref]s to x z if x 7 undisput$4 ,he evid5tly believ$ x himself1 & took = grant$ t 8 read]s did s too4 ,& 8 read]s includ$ n only 8 own conv]ts at ,cor9? & else:]e1 b ! conv]ts ( o!r ,apo/les at ,rome1 :i* 0 a place he _h n !n visit$1 & a /rong p>ty ( oppon5ts 9 ,galatia1 ) :om he 0 argu+4 ,x is cle>1 !n1 t ^! doctr9es 7 n peculi> to ,/4 ,paul1 b 7 ! common prop]ty ( all ,*ri/ians f ! e>lie/ times4 ,& :5 comb9$ ) ! previ\s evid5ce1 ?is leaves no d\bt z to h[ ,*ri/'s fri5ds und]/ood ,8 claims4 ,:atev] !y may h ?\ght ( !m be=e ! ,resurrection1 t ev5t conv9c$ !m t !y 7 true1 & !y nev] hesitat$ 9 ?is belief4 ,next z to ,*ri/'s foes4 ,! evid5ce "h is equally conv9c+4 ,9 ,/4 ,john's ,gospel we read t on sev]al occasions dur+ ,8 life1 :5 ,*ri/ ass]t$ ,8 sup]human & ,div9e "*1 ! ,jews want$ to kill ,him 9 consequ5ce2 (t5 av[+ _! reason = do+ s ) ! utmo/ frankness4 ',= a good "w we /one !e n1 b = blasphemy & because t ?\1 be+ a man1 make/ ?yself ,god4'#dda ,& 9 ?us do+ !y 7 only act+ 9 accordance ) _! law1 :i* comm&$ a blasphem] to be /on$4#ddb ,footnote #dda3 ,john #aj4 #cc2 #e4 #ah2 #h4 #ei2 #aa4 #h4 ,footnote #ddb3 ,lev4 #bd4 #af4 ,9 none ( ^! in/ances did ,*ri/ repudiate ! claims attribut$ to ,him1 or say ,he _h be5 misund]/ood4 ,9 fact1 only once did ,he (f] any explanation at all4 ,he !n appeal$ to ! passage 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ',i said1 ,ye are gods1'#ddc & ass]t$ t ,he 0 mu* bett] entitl$ to ! t]m1 s9ce ,he 0 s5t into ! _w by ! ,fa!r1 & did ! works ( ! ,fa!r4 ,aft] :i* ,he aga9 ass]t$ ,8 unity ) ! ,fa!r1 :i* 0 ! v po9t object$ to by ! ,jews4 ,footnote #ddc3 ,ps4 #hb4 #f4 ,moreov]1 n only dur+ ,8 life did ,*ri/ make ^! claims to be ,div9e1 b ,he p]sev]$ ) !m ev5 :5 x br\ght ab\t ,8 dea?4 ,x is undisput$ t ! ,jews condemn$ ,him = blasphemy1 & = no?+ else4 ,?is is ! tea*+ n ( "o ,gospel alone1 b ( ea* ( ! f\r4#ddd ,e biography ( ,*ri/ t we possess repres5ts ?is z ! real *>ge aga9/ ,him2 ?\gh1 ( c\rse1 :5 tri$ be=e ! ,roman gov]nor t ( disloyalty to ,cs> 0 br\ght =w>d z well4 ,footnote #ddd3 ,matt4 #bf4 #fe2 ,m>k #ad4 #fd2 ,luke #bb4 #ga2 ,john #ai4 #g4 ,!re is only "o conclusion to be drawn f all ?is4 ,x is t ,*ri/ did really claim to be bo? sup]human & ,div9e2 t ,he delib]ately & repeat$ly ass]t$ ^! claims dur+ ,8 life2 t ?is provok$ ! ho/ility ( ! ,jews1 :o frequ5tly want$ to kill ,him2 t ,he nev] repudiat$ ^! claims1 b p]sev]$ ) !m to ! end2 & 0 f9ally put to dea? 9 consequ5ce4 7,c47 ,,! ,,great ,,alt]native4 ,we pass on n[ to ! great alt]native1 :i* is =c$ ^u u by comb9+ ! tea*+ & ! claims ( ,*ri/4 ,be=e po9t+ out its importance we mu/ notice a fav\rite me?od ( try+ to get out ( ! difficulty1 :i* is by say+ t ! tea*+ ( ,*ri/ occurs 9 ! fir/ ?ree ,gospels1 & ! claims 9 ! ,f\r?2 s if we d5y ! accuracy ( ?is s+le ,gospel ! difficulty is remov$4 ,b un=tunately = ?is objection1 ?\gh ! ,div9e claims occur *iefly 9 ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 ! sup]human ones are mo/ prom95t 9 ! o!r ?ree2 & we h purposely *os5 all ! passages illu/rat+ !m f ^! ,gospels alone4 ,& :at is m1 !y occur 9 all ! suppos$ s\rces ( ^! ,gospels--! s-call$ ,triple ,tradition1 ! s\rce common to ,mat!w & ,luke1 etc4 ,ev]y:]e f ! e>lie/ record to ! late/1 ,*ri/ is repres5t$ z claim+ to be sup]human4 ,& su* claims are equally fatal to ,8 moral "* if ,he 7 only a man4 ,= no good man1 & inde$ v few bad ones1 c\ld be s fe>fully presumptu\s z to claim to be ! absolute ,rul] ( ! _w1 /ill less to be its ,r$eem]1 &1 lea/ ( all1 to be its "o & only ,judge h]eaft]4 ,?is objection1 !n1 _c be ma9ta9$1 & we are =c$ to conclude t ! p]fect moral tea*+ ( ,*ri/ 0 accompani$ by cont9ual ass]tions ( ,8 own sup]human & ,div9e "*4 ,& z ?is 0 a po9t ab\t :i* ,he mu/ h kn[n1 x is cle> t ! /atem5ts mu/ h be5 ei!r true or int5tionally false4 ,he mu/1 !re=e1 h be5 ,div9e1 or else a delib]ate impo/or4 ,9 o!r words1 ! ,*ri/ ( ! ,gospels--& hi/ory kn[s ( no o!r--c\ld n h be5 m]ely a good man4 ,he 0 ei!r ,god z ,he claim$ to be1 or else a bad man = mak+ su* claims4 ,?is is ! ,great ,alt]native4 ,moreov]1 x is absolutely unique 9 ! _w's hi/ory4 ,n[h]e else %all we f9d a p>allel to x4 ,9 ,*ri/--& 9 ,*ri/ alone--we h a ,man ,^: moral "* & tea*+ h fasc9at$ ! _w = c5turies2 & yet ,:o1 unless ,8 own claims 7 true1 mu/ h be5 guilty ( ! greate/ falsehood1 & blasphemy4 ,?is is ! only logical conclusion to be drawn f ! facts we h be5 consid]+1 & all attempts to avoid x fail hopelessly4 ,n[ :at effect has ?is on our pres5t inquiry z to ! tru? ( ,*ri/ianity8 ,pla9ly x =ms ano!r /rong argum5t 9 its fav\r4 ,= ! moral tea*+ ( its ,f\nd] is %[n to be n only ! mo/ p]fect ! _w has ev] se51 b x is comb9$ ) a s5se ( entire s9lessness :i* is absolutely unique among m54 ,bo? ( ^!1 h[ev]1 are also comb9$ ) claims to a sup]human & ,div9e "*1 :i*1 if !y are n correct1 c only be describ$ z impi\s1 & pr(ane4 ,!re=e1 unless ,*ri/ianity is true1 its ,f\nd] mu/ h be5 n only ! v be/ ( m52 b also "o ( ! v wor/2 & ?is is a dilemma f :i* !re is no escape4 ,,*apt] ,,xxii4 ,,t ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,*ri/ianity ,,confirms ,,its ,,tru?4 7,a47 ,,its ,,e>ly ,,triumphs4 7#a47 ,its imm5se difficulties4 7#b47 ,its m>vell\s success4 7#c47 ,! s-call$ natural causes ( success3 !y all imply ! tru? ( ! ,religion4 7#d47 ,contra/ ) ,mohamm$anism4 7,b47 ,,its ,,lat] ,,hi/ory4 7#a47 ,its vitality 9 ! pa/2 v rem>kable4 7#b47 ,its effect at ! pres5t2 v b5eficial4 7#c47 ,its prospects 9 ! future2 v hopeful4 7#d47 ,! spread ( ,rationalism2 b ?is is no new difficulty1 :ile x %[s ! /r5g? ( ,*ri/ianity1 & be+ only de/ructive1 c nev] take its place4 7,c47 ,,conclusion4 ,! hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity1 :i* seems to h be5 =ekn[n to its ,f\nd]1 =ms ano!r /rong argum5t 9 its fav\r4 ,! argum5t we h next to consid] is t d]iv$ f ! ,hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,?is religion1 x mu/ be rememb]$1 orig9at$1 spread ov]1 & f9ally conqu]$ ! civilis$ _w 9 an hi/orical age4 ,& s9ce ! fact ( ?is conque/ c nei!r be disput$ nor ignor$1 x mu/ be acc\nt$ =4 ,h[ is x t an obscure ,jewi% ,peasant1 :o 0 crucifi$ z a malefactor1 "s n9ete5 c5turies ago1 %\ld n[ be wor%ipp$1 by ov] five hundr$ million p]sons1 includ+ all ! mo/ civilis$ nations ( ! _w8 ,z a m]e hi/orical problem1 ?is requires "s solution1 = an effect 9 hi/ory1 z else:]e1 mu/ h an adequate cause4 ,& x is sc>cely too mu* to say t ?is is ! mo/ rem>kable effect 9 ! hi/ory ( mank9d4 ,"h1 !n1 is ! subject we h to discuss2 & we w fir/ consid] ! e>ly triumphs ( ,*ri/ianity1 & !n its lat] hi/ory4 7,a47 ,,its ,,e>ly ,,triumphs4 ,n[ x seems h>d to exagg]ate ei!r ! imm5se difficulties ! religion _h to ov]come1 or its m>vell\s success 9 ov]com+ !m4 7#a47 ,its imm5se difficulties4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 we mu/ consid] ! imm5se difficulties ( f\nd+ su* a religion z ,*ri/ianity4 ,our famili>ity ) ! subject prev5ts u f fully realis+ ?is1 s p]haps an analogy w help to make x cle>4 ,suppose1 !n1 t mission>ies n[ appe>$ 9 ! cities ( ,europe1 9 ,london & ,ed9burgh1 = example1 & prea*$ t an obscure peasant1 :o _h be5 put to dea? some:]e 9 ,p]sia z a malefactor1 _h ris5 f ! dead1 & 0 ! ,god ( heav5 & e>?4 ,:at *ance w\ld !y h ( mak+ a s+le conv]t8 ,yet ! fir/ prea*+ ( ,*ri/ianity at ,rome or ,a!ns mu/ h be5 v simil> to ?is1 only f> m dang]\s4 ,inde$1 x is h>d to ov]-e/imate ! difficulties ( f\nd+ a religion1 ! pr9cipal doctr9e ( :i*1--& "o t ! ,*ri/ians s boldly proclaim$1--0 t ( a crucifi$ ,savi\r4#dde ,footnote #dde3 #a ,cor4 #a4 #bc4 ,& all ?is took place among civilis$ nations1 & 9 a lit]>y1 "o might almo/ say a rationali/ic1 age2 :5 ! old pagan religions 7 be+ ab&on$1 because m5 c\ld no long] believe 9 !m4 ,:at1 !n1 mu/ h be5 ! difficulty ( introduc+ a new religion1 :i* 0 7app>5tly7 m absurd ?an any ( !m1 & :i* wor%ipp$ ,"o ,:o _h be5 crucifi$8 ,*ri/ianity _h1 ( c\rse1 _m o!r difficulties to cont5d ) especially 9 reg>d to its absolute claims2 = x 0 a religion :i* c\ld /& no rival1 & its success meant ! de/ruction ( e hea!n alt>4 ,b ^! s9k into insignificance1 comp>$ ) ! great difficulty ( ! ,cross4 7#b47 ,its m>vell\s success4 ,yet1 9 spite ( e difficulty1 ,*ri/ianity prevail$4 ,! new religion spread ) great rapidity4 ,?is we le>n n only f ,*ri/ian writ]s1 :o might be ?\ght to exagg]ate2 b f imp>tial m5 su* z ,suetonius & ,tacitus4 ,! =m] says t 9 ! reign ( ,claudius 7,a4,d4 #da-ed7 ! ,jews 9 ,rome1 /irr$ up by "o ,*re/us 7i4e41 ,*ri/ian ,jews71 7 s num]\s t ! ,emp]or ?\ght x exp$i5t to bani% !m2 & ! latt] t at ! "t ( ! great fire 7,a4,d4 #fd7 l>ge numb]s ( ,*ri/ians 7 discov]$ at ,rome4 ,:ile "s ye>s lat] ,pl9y1 "o ( ! ,roman gov]nors 9 ,asia ,m9or1 compla9$ to ! ,emp]or ,trajan t ! ,*ri/ians 7 s num]\s t ! temples _h long be5 des]t$1 ?\gh at ! "t he wrote 7,a4,d4 #aab7 !y 7 be+ frequ5t$ aga94 ,he also be>s witness to ! exempl>y lives ( ! ,*ri/ians1 _! /eadfa/ness 9 _! religion1 & ! div9e wor%ip !y paid to ,*ri/4 ,& z ! religion did n orig9ate 9 ei!r ,rome or ,asia ,m9or1 ,*ri/ians 7 presumably z num]\s else:]e4 ,nor c x be said t !y 7 only to be f\nd among ! poor & ignorant4 ,= ,pl9y himself admits t !y includ$ m5 ( e rank 9 life2 & ! undisput$ ,epi/les ( ,/4 ,paul1 su* z t to ! ,romans 7ab\t ,a4,d4 #ee71 %[ t he ?\ght 8 read]s well educat$1 & q able to foll[ a difficult argum5t4 ,moreov]1 accord+ to ! ,acts1 ! p 7 by no means will+ to accept ,*ri/ianity )\t inquiry2 & ,/4 ,paul 0 oblig$ 9 consequ5ce to h long discussions on ! subject4 ,?is 0 especially ! case at ,ephesus1 :]e he reason$ daily 9 "o ( ! s*ools1 = ab\t two ye>s1#ddf :i* does n look z if 8 foll[]s 7 only among ! poor & ignorant4 ,:ile else:]e we h ! names ( "s em95t conv]ts4 ,footnote #ddf3 ,acts #ai4 #i-aj2 #ag4 #ag4 ,among ^! may be m5tion$ ,era/us ! treasur] ( ! city at ,cor9?2 & ,crispus1 ! rul] ( ! ,synagogue !re2 ,dionysius1 ! ,areopagite at ,a!ns2 ,mana51 ! fo/]-bro!r ( ,h]od ! tetr>*2 ,apollos1 a le>n$ ,jew ( ,alex&ria1 :o _h made a special /udy ( ! ,scriptures2 & ,!ophilus1 a man ( high rank 7z is %[n by ! title ,mo/ excell5t71 none ( :om are likely to h accept$ ! religion ( ! ,crucifi$1 )\t v /rong evid5ce4#ddg ,& rec5t discov]ies 9 ! catacombs h made x probable t a di/+ui%$ ,roman lady1 ,pomponia ,grc9a 7wife ( ! ,g5]al ,aulus ,plautius7 :o ,tacitus says 0 accus$ 9 ,a4,d4 #eg ( hav+ adopt$ a =eign sup]/ition1 0 also a ,*ri/ian4#ddh ,footnote #ddg3 ,rom4 #af4 #bc2 ,acts #ah4 #h2 #ag4 #cd2 #ac4 #a2 #ah4 #bd2 #a4 #a2 comp4 #bc4 #bf2 #bd4 #c4 ,footnote #ddh3 ,j4 ,orr1 ,hi/4 & ,lit4 ( e>ly ,*ur*1 #aiac1 p4 #dc4 ,tacitus1 ,annals1 ,bk4 xiii41 *4 #cb4 ,n[ :at 0 ! cause ( ?is wond]ful progress8 ,x is easy to say :at 0 n its cause4 ,physical =ce & ! au?ority ( ! ,gov]nm5t _h no?+ to d ) x4 ,its mission>ies did n prea* ) sword 9 h&1 nor 7 !y back$ up by ! civil p[]4 ,all !y did1 all !y c\ld d1 0 to appeal to man's reason & consci5ce1 & ?is appeal 0 successful4 ,& we le>n f ! ,*ri/ians' !mselves1 e4g41 9 ! ,acts1 t !re 7 two ma9 reasons = ?is4 ,! fir/ 0 ! confid5t appeal to ! facts ( ,*ri/ianity1 su* z ! ,resurrection ( ,*ri/1 z undisput$ & indisputable2 & ! second 0 ! occasional aid ( miracles4 ,& ! m we reflect on ! subject1 ! m difficult x is to acc\nt = x1 )\t at lea/ "o ( ^! causes4 ,= ! spread ( ,*ri/ianity 0 n l t ( a m]e philosophy1 or sy/em ( morals4 ,x dep5d$ entirely on c]ta9 alleg$ matt]s ( fact1 :i* facts 7 q rec5t at ! "t ( its orig91 occurr$ at ! v place :]e x 0 fir/ prea*$1 & 7 op5 to ! ho/ile criticism ( an entire nation4 ,?is1 x is ne$less to say1 is )\t a p>allel 9 hi/ory4 ,b x may be said1 not)/&+ ?is rapid progress at fir/1 ,*ri/ianity took ne>ly ?ree c5turies to conqu] ! civilis$ _w4 ,und\bt$ly x did1 b ! significance ( ! conque/ is n dim9i%$ by ?is4 ,x is r increas$ :5 we rememb] t at int]vals all ?r\gh ?is p]iod ! ,religion suff]$ ! fi]ce/ p]secution4 ,t x %\ld h surviv$ su* a fe>fully prolong$ /ruggle1 & h f9ally conqu]$1 does b %[ its inh]5t /r5g?4 ,we may look 9 va9 = any?+ l ?is 9 ! re/ ( hi/ory4 ,no o!r religion has ev] )/ood su* p]si/5t attacks2 no o!r religion has ev] obta9$ su* a complete & almo/ incr$ible triumph1 ! ,emp]or ( ! civilis$ _w be+ br\ght to wor%ip ,"o ,:o _h be5 put to dea? z a malefactor4 ,9 %ort1 ! progress ( ,*ri/ianity 0 z unique z its orig91 & c only be satisfactorily acc\nt$ = by its tru?4 7#c47 ,! s-call$ natural causes ( success4 ,we mu/ next glance at "s natural causes :i* h be5 alleg$ z acc\nt+ = ! wond]ful spread ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,^? br\ght =w>d by ,gibbon 9 8 ,decl9e & ,fall ( ! ,roman ,empire 7,*apt] ,,xv47 are five 9 numb]4 ,! fir/ is ! int5se zeal ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ians4 ,& d\btless ?is 0 a mo/ important elem5t 9 spread+ _! religion4 ,b :at gave !m ?is int5se zeal8 ,:at 0 x t made !m s fe>fully 9 e>ne/ ab\t _! new religion1 t !y fac$ a life ( suff]+1 & a dea? ( m>tyrdom 9 prea*+ x8 ,!re c be b "o answ]4 ,x 0 because !y 7 s absolutely conv9c$ ( its tru?4 ,x 0 v\*$ = by :at !y consid]$ ov]:elm+ evid5ce1 s !y will+ly risk$ ev]y?+ = x4 ,_! zeal1 !n1 is b evid5ce = _! conviction1 & _! conviction is b evid5ce = ! tru? ( :at !y 7 conv9c$ (2 & valuable evid5ce too1 = !y pla9ly _h mu* bett] means ( kn[+ ab\t x1 ?an any t we c h4 ,secondly1 !re is ! doctr9e ( a future life2 & d\btless ?is also _h mu* to d ) ! success ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,a long+ = immortality seems inh]5t 9 man1 & ! vague guesses ( philosoph]s 7 q unable to satisfy ?is4 ,x might be true t m5 %\ld live aga91 b t 0 all !y c\ld say4 ,*ri/ianity alone1 re/+ on ! actual fact ( ,*ri/'s ,resurrection1 said x 0 true2 s "h m5 f\nd ! assurance !y want$4 ,b is x likely t ,*ri/ianity %\ld h s ?or\ghly satisfi$ !m 9 ?is respect1 _h !re be5 any real d\bt z to ,*ri/'s ,resurrection8 ,?irdly1 we h ! miracles ascrib$ to ! e>ly ,*ri/ians4 ,gibbon's argum5t "h is m difficult to foll[4 ,( c\rse if ^! miracles 7 true1 !y w\ld h greatly assi/$ ! new religion2 b !n !y w\ld h be51 n a natural b a sup]natural cause ( success4 ,if on ! o!r h&1 ! miracles 7 false1 x is h>d to see h[ ! e>ly ,*ri/ians c\ld h help$ _! religion by claim+ miracul\s p[]s :i* !y did n possess1 & :i* _! contempor>ies mu/ h kn[n t !y did n possess4 ,f\r?ly1 we h ! pure morality taught & practis$ by ! e>ly ,*ri/ians4 ,& no d\bt ?is _h some?+ to d ) help+ _! religion4 ,b aga9 we mu/ ask1 :at 0 x t enabl$ ! ,*ri/ians alone 9 t age ( vice & wick$ness to lead pure lives8 ,!y ascrib$ x !mselves to ! example & p[] ( _! ,f\nd]1 & no?+ else c acc\nt = x4 ,*ri/ian morality _c be a /ream )\t a s\rce1 & no o!r s\rce c be assign$ to x4 ,b c\ld a m]e human ,tea*] h _h ?is m ?an human influ5ce ov] ?\s&s ( conv]ts1 mo/ ( :om _h nev] se5 him8 ,la/ly1 comes ! union & discipl9e ( ! e>ly ,*ur*4 ,?is may h help$ ,*ri/ianity 9 ! lat] /ages ( ! /ruggle1 b c\ld obvi\sly h be5 ( little use at ! comm5cem5t4 ,moreov]1 :y %\ld ,*ri/ians ( v>i\s nations & classes h be5 s ?or\ghly unit$ on ?is "o subject1 unless !y 7 conv9c$ ( its ov]:elm+ importance8 ,on ! :ole1 !n1 ^! s-call$ natural causes ( success are at mo/ only second>y causes2 ! tru? ( ! religion is :at !y all imply1 & ?is is ! real cause :i* alone c acc\nt = its success4 ,a bett] way ( expla9+ ! spread ( ,*ri/ianity1 :i* is n[ (t5 adopt$1 is by say+ t x arose at a fav\rable crisis4 ,! disp]sion ( ! ,jews ?r\gh\t ! kn[n _w w\ld1 x is urg$1 h facilitat$ ! spread ( a religion f\nd$ by ,jews4 ,! speculations ( ! ,greeks z to a ,div9e ,^w1 or ,logos1 w\ld h prev5t$ ! doctr9es ( ! ,tr9ity1 & ! ,inc>nation1 f =m+ any great difficulty to ! le>n$ classes4 ,:ile ! mass ( ! p 7 disgu/$ ) ! old my?ologies ( ,greece & ,rome4 ,^! 7 dy+ out1 because !y fail$ to satisfy human nature1 & m5 7 long+ = some?+ bett]4 ,!y want$1 z m5 always w want1 a religion2 b !y want$ x free f ! absurdities & immoralities ( ,pagan wor%ip4 ,*ri/ianity !n appe>$1 & z x 0 f\nd by _m to meet ! dem&1 x naturally succe$$4 ,9 answ] to ?is x mu/ be rememb]$ t ,*ri/ianity 0 n a religion f\nd$ at ,rome or ,a!ns1 9 :i* case x might p]haps be said t ! dem& caus$ ! supply2 b x arose z a small ,jewi% sect 9 ,pale/9e4 ,:ile ! fi]ce p]secutions x _h to endure %[ t x did n obvi\sly meet ! requirem5ts ( ! day1 ev5 ap>t f ! trem5d\s difficulties involv$ 9 ! wor%ip ( ! ,crucifi$4 ,b n[ suppose1 = ! sake ( argum5t1 t ?is _h be5 o!rwise1 & t ! _w 0 s suit$ to receive ,*ri/ianity z to acc\nt = its rapid spread2 w\ld ! inf]5ce be aga9/ its ,div9e orig98 ,c]ta9ly n2 = ! agreem5t 9 ?is case w\ld be f> too close to be accid5tal4 ,x mu/ h be5 design$4 ,& x w\ld ?us %[ t ! ,god ,:o rules 9 hi/ory1 is also ! ,god ,:o introduc$ ,*ri/ianity4 ,s "h aga9 ! propos$ explanation1 ev5 if admitt$1 does b imply ! tru? ( ! religion4 7#d47 ,contra/ ) ,mohamm$anism4 ,& ?is conclusion is r5d]$ /ill /rong] :5 we contra/ ! progress ( ,*ri/ianity ) t ( ,mohamm$anism4 ,= "h we h ! "o example t hi/ory af=ds ( ! spread ( a religion :i* c be comp>$ ) t ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,yet ! contra/ betwe5 ! two is v m>k$1 :e!r we consid] ! means by :i* !y 7 spread1 or _! alleg$ evid5ce ( tru?fulness4 ,= ,mohamm$ did n appeal to reason1 b to =ce1 & all we h to acc\nt = is t he %\ld be able to collect an army1 t ?is army %\ld conqu]1 & t ! conqu]$ %\ld adopt ! religion ( _! conqu]ors1 ab\t :i* !y 7 (t5 giv5 no option4 ,9 ! spread ( ,*ri/ianity1 on ! o!r h&1 no =ce :atev] 0 employ$1 & x _h imm5se difficulties to cont5d )4 ,9 fact x c>ri$ a cross in/ead ( a sword4 ,?us ! contra/ betwe5 ! two is j :at we %\ld expect betwe5 ! natural & ! sup]natural spread ( a religion1 ! "o advanc+ by worldly p[]1 ! o!r 9 spite ( x4 ,b an ev5 great] contra/ has /ill to be notic$1 :i* is t ,mohamm$ did n appeal to any miracles 9 support ( 8 claims--t is1 to outw>d matt]s ( fact :i* c\ld be judg$ ( by o!r p4 ,& ?is is ! m rem>kable s9ce he ref]s to ! miracles ( previ\s prophets1 includ+ ^? ( ,*ri/1 z au!ntic1#ddi b nev] claims to h work$ any himself4 ,! obvi\s conclusion is t he felt1 z all m5 mu/ feel1 ! ov]:elm+ difficulty ( ass]t+ public miracles if none occurr$1 & he !re=e appeal$ to =ce1 because he _h no?+ bett] to appeal to4 ,yet1 z we h se51 ! e>ly ,*ri/ians ass]t$ su* miracles f ! fir/4 ,!y 7 n advocates ( a cre$1 b witnesses = c]ta9 facts1 su* z ! ,resurrection & o!r miracles :i* !y believ$ !y actually saw2 & !re is no?+ correspond+ to ?is 9 reg>d to ,mohamm$anism1 or any o!r religion4 ,x may ( c\rse be said t ,mohamm$anism %[s t a religion c make rapid progress )\t miracles4 ,no d\bt x does2 & s does ,buddhism1 :i* also spread rapidly4 ,b x does n %[ t a religion :i*1 l ,*ri/ianity1 claims to re/ on miracles1 c make its way if ^? miracles are false4 ,footnote #ddi3 ,koran1 ,sura v4 7,b47 ,,its ,,lat] ,,hi/ory4 ,we pass on n[ f ! e>ly triumphs ( ,*ri/ianity to its lat] hi/ory1 & w consid] 9 turn its pa/ vitality1 its pres5t effect1 & its future prospects4 7#a47 ,its vitality 9 ! pa/4 ,to beg9 )1 a /rong argum5t 9 fav\r ( ,*ri/ianity is its vitality4 ,x has surviv$ 9 spite ( ext]nal assaults & int]nal divisions2 & its spread & cont9uity c only be satisfactorily acc\nt$ = by its tru?4 ,?is is an argum5t ! =ce ( :i* increases z times goes on1 & fre% difficulties are enc\nt]$ & ov]come4 ,moreov]1 ! social /ate ( ! _w has *ang$ imm5sely1 yet ,*ri/ianity has always kept 9 t\* ) x4 ,x has %[n itself suitable = diff]5t ages1 c\ntries1 & social conditions2 &1 unlike o!r religions1 is /ill 9 sympa?y ) ! highe/ =ms ( civilisation4 ,9 %ort1 ,*ri/ianity has kept possession ( ! civilis$ _w = sixte5 c5turies1 & is z vigor\s 9 its age z 9 its y\?4 ,its long reign is inde$ s famili> to u t !re is a dang] ( n notic+ its importance4 ,c we imag9e a man n[ :o %\ld f\nd a religion1 :i* ne>ly two ?\s& ye>s h5ce %\ld be /ill fl\ri%+1 /ill spread+1 & /ill recognis+ him n only z its f\nd] b its ,god8 ,yet ?is w\ld be b a simil> case to t ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,amid all ! *anges 9 hi/ory x alone has rema9$ un*ang$4 ,its doctr9es1 at lea/ ! ess5tial ones1 conta9$ 9 ! ,cre$s1 h be5 ! same1 c5tury aft] c5tury1 & its ,f\nd] is /ill wor%ipp$ by millions4 7#b47 ,its effect at ! pres5t4 ,9 close connection ) ! hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity comes its effect on ! _w4 ,a religion :i* has reign$ s long1 & ov] ! mo/ civilis$ nations1 mu/ ( necessity h _h "s influ5ce = good or evil4 ,& ) reg>d to ,*ri/ianity !re c be little d\bt z to ! answ]4 ,! pres5t /ate ( ! civilis$ _w is a /&+ witness to its b5efits1 s9ce ne>ly all our moral sup]iority to ! nations ( old is due to ?is religion4 ,= example1 x has entirely alt]$ ! position ( wom51 :o are no long] look$ d[n ^u z !y us$ to be4 ,x has also alt]$ ! position ( *ildr51 :o 7 =m]ly consid]$ z prop]ty1 & at ! disposal ( _! p>5ts1 infanticide be+ ( c\rse common4 ,aga91 x has *ang$ our ideas z to ! sick1 a hospital be+ almo/ entirely a ,*ri/ian in/itution4 ,x has also *ang$ our ideas ab\t "w4 ,9 all ! nations ( antiquity1 & 9 hea!n c\ntries at ! pres5t day1 a workman is look$ d[n ^u4 ,b to ,*ri/ians1 :o believe t ,god ,himself work$ 9 a c>p5t]'s %op1 all "w is ennobl$4 ,once m1 x has creat$ a respect = human life z su*1 & ap>t f ! position ( ! individual p]son1 :i* 0 unkn[n 9 anci5t times4 ,9 %ort1 our ackn[l$gem5t ( :at are call$ ! rights ( man is almo/ entirely due to ,*ri/ianity4 ,nor is !re any?+ surpris+ 9 ?is2 = ! common ,fa!rhood ( ,god & ! common love ( ,*ri/ naturally af=d ! /ronge/ argum5t = ! common rights ( man4 ,9 ,*ri/1 z ,/4 ,paul expresses x1 !re c be nei!r bond1 nor free2 male nor female2 = all are equal4#dej ,! good :i* ,*ri/ianity has done is ?us indisputable4 ,footnote #dej3 ,gal4 #c4 #bh4 ,b x may be said1 has x n also done "s h>m8 ,:at ab\t ! religi\s w>s & p]secutions 9 ! ,middle ,ages8 ,) reg>d to ! w>s1 h[ev]1 religion 01 z a rule1 ! excuse r ?an ! cause2 = _h ,*ri/ianity nev] be5 he>d (1 !re w\ld d\btless h be5 w>s 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 z 9 all o!r ages4 ,) reg>d to ! p]secutions1 !y mu/ be bo? admitt$ & deplor$2 b we may ask1 :at religion except ,*ri/ianity c\ld h be5 mix$ up ) su* p]secutions1 & yet h escap$ ! odium ( mank9d8 ,*ri/ianity has done s1 because m5 h se5 t x 0 n ! religion itself1 b its false fri5ds :o 7 responsible = ! p]secutions4 ,! important po9t is t ! ,new ,te/am5t1 unlike ! ,koran1#dea does n au?orise1 /ill less comm&1 ! employm5t ( =ce 9 ga9+ conv]ts4 ,footnote #dea3 ,koran1 ,sura viii4 #ab2 ix4 #e2 xlvii4 #d4 ,we n[ turn to ano!r aspect ( ! subject4 ,n only has ,*ri/ianity done mu* good 9 ! pa/1 b x is do+ mu* good at ! pres5t4 ,?is also is beyond dispute2 anyone c v]ify ! fact = himself4 ,?\s&s ( m5 & wom5 sp5d _! lives 9 self-sacrifice among ! poor & sick solely = ! sake ( ,*ri/4 ,( c\rse1 x may be said t all ?is is folly & t we ought to try & b5efit our fell[-m5 = _! own sake or = ! sake ( ! ,/ate4 ,b1 :e!r folly or n1 ! fact rema9s4 ,! va/ majority ( ^? :o visit ! poor & sick 7,si/]s ( ,m]cy = in/ance7 d n d s = ! sake ( ! ,/ate1 or ev5 ma9ly = ! sake ( ! poor !mselves1 b f av[$ly ,*ri/ian motives4 ,!y believe t ,*ri/ loves ^! poor1 & !re=e !y love !m too1 & will+ly sp5d _! lives 9 try+ to help !m4 ,x is also a fact t ?is /range attraction :i* ,*ri/ ex]cises1 ov] ! he>ts ( m5 is unique 9 hi/ory4 ,c we imag9e anyone sp5d+ 8 life 9 visit+ ! sick 9 "s l>ge t[n1 & say+ t he is do+ x = ! love ( ,david1 or ( ,plato1 or ( ,mohamm$8 ,yet all ?r\gh ! civilis$ _w ?\s&s are do+ x = ! love ( ,*ri/4 ,& ?is influ5ce1 be x obs]v$1 is n l t ( o!r great m51 local & tempor>y1 b _w-wide & p]man5t4 ,*ri/ is ?us n only1 z we saw 9 ! la/ *apt]1 ! holie/ ( m51 b ! mightie/ ( m5 also2 ! ,man 9 %ort :o has mo/ influ5c$ mank9d4 ,&1 ) trifl+ exceptions1 few w dispute t ?is influ5ce has be5 :olly = good4 ,s judg$ by its fruits1 ,*ri/ianity is a religion :i* might v reasonably h _h a ,div9e orig94 ,on ! o!r h&1 x mu/ be admitt$ t ?\gh ,*ri/ianity has done s mu* good1 x has n entirely re=m$ ! _w1--x has n ev5 /opp$ w>s among ,*ri/ian nations--& its failure to d ?is1 aft] try+ = s _m c5turies1 is ?\ght by "s to be adv]se to its claims4 ,b o!rs ?9k t its p>tial success & p>tial failure are j :at we %\ld expect if x 7 true4 ,& :at is m to ! po9t1 ?is seems to h be5 expect$ by its ,f\nd]1 = ,he always impli$ t ! good & ! evil--! :eat & ! t>es--7 to be mix$ toge!r until ! end ( ! _w4 ,moreov]1 its failure has be5 due almo/ entirely to ! inconsi/5cy ( its adh]5ts4 ,if all m5 7 ,*ri/ians1 & all ,*ri/ians liv$ up to ! religion !y pr(ess$1 !re w\ld be little to compla9 (1 ev5 9 ?is imp]fect _w4 ,on ! :ole1 !n1 ! effect ( ,*ri/ianity is di/9ctly 9 its fav\r4 ,x has done mu* good1 & w probably d m z "t goes on2 ?\gh x has n entirely re=m$ ! _w1 & probably nev] w4 ,b ! good x has done is an actual fact :i* _c be disput$1 :ile ! argum5t t x ought to h done m good is at lea/ op5 to d\bt4 7#c47 ,its prospects 9 ! future4 ,la/ly1 ! spread ( ,*ri/ianity seems likely to cont9ue1 & "s day we may expect to see x univ]sally pr(ess$ 9 ! _w1 z x is 9 ,we/]n ,europe at ! pres5t "t1 ?\gh1 ( c\rse1 !re w always be individuals :o diss5t f x4 ,! reasons = ?is confid5t hope are1 t1 speak+ broadly1 ,*ri/ian nations alone are ext5d+ _! influ5ce4 ,japan may1 ( c\rse1 be quot$ z an exception1 b /range to say ,japan seems to be becom+ ,*ri/ian4 ,& to ?is mu/ be add$ ! fact t ,*ri/ian missions are n[ be+ reviv$ to a l>ge ext5t2 &1 ?\gh !y are n always successful1 yet1 tak5 toge!r1 !y secure a good _m conv]ts4 ,moreov]1 !re is no o!r side to ?is argum5t4 ,x is n t ,*ri/ianity is be+ adopt$ 9 "s c\ntries b r5\nc$ 9 o!rs4 ,! ga9s1 :e!r great or small1 are all net pr(its4 ,) "o exception1 !re is n a s+le in/ance = _m c5turies ( a nation or tribe :i* once adopt$ ,*ri/ianity *ang+ its religion to any?+ else4 ,& ! exception1 t ( ,france at ! "t ( ! ,revolution1 /rik+ly proves ! rule2 = ! *ange c\ld n be ma9ta9$1 & 9 a few ye>s ,*ri/ianity aga9 ass]t$ itself ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 7#d47 ,! spread ( ,rationalism4 ,b an important objection has n[ to be exam9$4 ,x is said t ev5 9 ,*ri/ian c\ntries an increas+ly l>ge numb] ( m5 ei!r op5ly reject ,*ri/ianity1 or give x at mo/ a m]e nom9al approval4 ,?is may be call$ ! objection f ! spread ( ,rationalism1 & x is an important "o1 because x is an attempt to meet ,*ri/ianity ) its own weapons1 by appeal+ to reason4 ,( c\rse x mu/ be rememb]$ t a great deal ( ! infidelity ( ! pres5t day is n due to reason+ at all1 b to ! want ( x2 & x is hopeless to argue aga9/ ?is4 ,= h[ c m5 be conv9c$ ( ,*ri/ianity1 or any?+ else1 if !y w n take ! tr\ble to exam9e its claims8 ,b putt+ aside ?is class1 !re are /ill _m m5 :o may fairly be call$ ,rationali/s--m51 t is1 :o h /udi$ bo? sides ( ! subject1 & ^: reason+ leads !m to reject ,*ri/ianity4 ,!y admit t !re is evid5ce 9 its fav\r1 b !y say t x is f> f conv9c+4 ,& x is believ$ by _m t ,rationalism is spread+ at ! pres5t day1 & w ev5tually become common among ?\ghtful m54 ,n[1 ( c\rse1 ! :ole ( ?is ,essay is really an attempt to meet ?is objection1 & to %[ t1 :5 c>efully consid]$1 ! argum5ts 9 fav\r ( ,*ri/ianity f> outweigh ^? aga9/ x4 ,b ?ree additional rem>ks may be made "h4 ,! fir/ is1 t ?is is no new difficulty4 ,rationalism has exi/$ ev] s9ce ! ,middle ,ages1 & 0 mo/ aggressive & mo/ confid5t 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 z a s+le quotation w %[4 ,bi%op ,butl] 9 ! preface to 8 ,analogy ( ,religion1 #agcf1 says1 ',x has come1 ,i "k n h[1 to be tak5 = grant$1 by _m p]sons1 t ,*ri/ianity is n s mu* z a subject ( inquiry1 b t x is n[ at l5g? discov]$ to be fictiti\s4 ,& accord+ly !y treat x z if1 9 ! pres5t age1 ?is 7 an agre$ po9t among all p ( disc]nm5t2 & no?+ rema9$ b to set x up z a pr9cipal subject ( mir? & ridicule1 z x 7 by way ( reprisals = its hav+ s long int]rupt$ ! pleasures ( ! _w4' ,x is n[ ne>ly two c5turies s9ce ^! words 7 writt51 & ,*ri/ianity is /ill fl\ri%+6 ,!re=e1 z all previ\s attacks h prov$ futile1 !re is no reason to believe t ! pres5t "o w be m successful4 ,secondly1 ^! cont9u$ assaults on ,*ri/ianity af=d 9 "o respect additional evid5ce 9 its fav\r2 s9ce !y %[1 z no?+ b repeat$ attacks c\ld %[1 its inde/ructibility4 ,_h ,*ri/ianity nev] be5 assail$1 its /r5g? w\ld nev] h be5 app>5t2 b n[ we "k t1 try z m5 w = c5turies1 !y _c get rid ( ?is religion4 ,?irdly1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t ,rationalism is all de/ructive & n con/ructive4 ,x c %[ _m reasons = n believ+ 9 ,*ri/ianity1 b x c give ! _w no?+ :i* c 9 any way take its place4 ,x has no satisfactory solution = ! great problems ( life4 ,:y does man exi/ at all8 ,:y has he got free w8 ,:at is ! mean+ ( s98 ,is !re any =giv5ess = s98 ,:at is ! mean+ ( dea?8 ,is !re any life beyond dea?8 ,is !re a judgm5t8 ,c we d>e to face x8 ,%all we recognise ^? :om we h lov$ on e>?8 ,9 %ort1 :at is man's de/9y "h & h]eaft]8 ,^! are ! que/ions :i* always h int]e/$1 & always w int]e/1 mank9d4 ,rationali/s may say t ! ,*ri/ian answ] to !m is incorrect2 b !y c (f] no o!r :i* is wor? a mom5t's consid]ation4 7,c47 ,,conclusion4 ,be=e conclud+ ?is *apt] "o o!r po9t ( "s importance has to be notic$4 ,x is t ! e>ly hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity ) its cont9ual triumph amid/ cont9ual p]secution1 seems to h be5 =ekn[n to its ,f\nd]2 z well z ,8 own m>vell\s influ5ce 9 ! _w4 ,^! prophecies ( ,*ri/ conc]n+ ,8 own religion are c]ta9ly v /rik+4 ,we f9d1 on ! "o h&1 a mo/ absolute conviction z to ! triumph ( ,8 ,*ur*4 ,x 0 to spread f> & wide2 its mission>ies 7 to g into all ! _w & make disciples ( all ! nations1 & its enemies w\ld nev] prevail aga9/ x4#deb ,& on ! o!r1 !re is an equally c]ta9 conviction z to ! con/ant suff]+s ( its memb]s1 :o 7 to expect life-long p]secution & ! univ]sal hatr$ ( mank9d4#dec ,footnote #deb3 ,m>k #af4 #ae2 ,matt4 #bh4 #ai2 #af4 #ah4 ,footnote #dec3 ,e4g41 ,matt4 #aj4 #ag1 #bb4 ,yet ^! /range prophecies ( cont9ual success amid/ cont9ual suff]+ 7 = ?ree c5turies z /rangely fulfill$1 includ+ ev5 ! little detail t ,*ri/'s foll[]s 7 to be hat$ = ,8 "n's sake4#ded ,s9ce z a matt] ( fact !y 7 (t5 p]secut$ = ! m]e "n1 & x 0 ?is t made !m s indignant4 ,?us ,ju/9 says1 ',y receive ! "n z pro( aga9/ u4444 ,if any d5y ! "n y acquit him z hav+ no evid5ce aga9/ him4'#dee ,z ,*ri/ =etold1 x 0 lit]ally = ,8 "n's sake4 ,footnote #ded3 ,m>k #ac4 #ac4 ,footnote #dee3 ,ju/91 ,apol4 #a4 #d2 #a ,pet] #d4 #ad4 ,moreov]1 ,*ri/'s ass]tions reg>d+ ,8 own influ5ce 9 ! _w are equally rem>kable4 ,we w give b two examples4#def ,he said1 ,& ,i1 if ,i be lift$ up f ! e>?1 w draw all m5 unto ,myself4 ,he 0 lift$ up on ! cross1 &1 h[ev] /range we may ?9k x1 millions ( m5 h 9 consequ5ce be5 drawn to ,him ) passionate devotion4 ,aga91 ,he said1 ,i am ! light ( ! _w4 ,& n[1 aft] ne>ly n9ete5 c5turies1 bo? fri5ds & foes admit t ,8 is ! tea*+ :i* has enlight5$ & purifi$ mank9d4 ,_h ,he be5 a m]e ,jewi% peasant1 ,8 mak+ su* prophecies z ^! seems almo/ z incr$ible z _! fulfilm5t4 ,b :at %all we say :5 !y 7 bo? made & fulfill$8 ,h we n "h a p[]ful argum5t 9 fav\r ( ,*ri/ianity8 ,nor c we get out ( ! difficulty by d5y+ ! g5u95ess ( ! passages2 = !y w\ld be q z rem>kable if inv5t$ by an evangeli/1 z if spok5 by ,*ri/ ,himself4 ,footnote #def3 ,john #ab4 #cb2 #h4 #ab4 ,we may n[ sum up ?is *apt] on ! ,hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,we h consid]$ 9 turn1 bo? its e>ly triumphs1 & its lat] hi/ory2 & ea* ( ^! is1 /rictly speak+1 unique1 & ea* is inexplicable on purely natural gr\nds4 ,b und\bt$ly ! m important is ! m>vell\s success ( ,*ri/ianity at fir/1 9 spite ( ! imm5se difficulties x _h to enc\nt]2 &1 z we h se51 all natural explanations ( ?is fail hopelessly4 ,! hi/orical argum5t1 !n1 leads u back to miracles2 = e o!r explanation ( ! fir/ triumph ( ,*ri/ianity is f\nd to be inadequate4 ,:ile1 on ! o!r h&1 ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,*ri/ian religion is j :at we %\ld expect if ! miracles 7 true4 ,& ( c\rse true miracles1 n false ones1 are requir$ to acc\nt = x4 ,! mo/ holy & ! mo/ p[]ful religion ! _w has ev] se5 _c h be5 f\nd$ on falsehood or fable4 ,9 o!r words1 if we d5y t ! ,*ri/ian miracles occurr$1 & take f ,*ri/ all t is sup]human1 we _c imag9e ,him z ! ,f\nd] ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,!re w\ld be an obvi\s want ( proportion betwe5 cause & effect4 ,&1 z a matt] ( fact1 x 0 n a natural ,*ri/1 b a sup]natural ,*ri/--! ,*ri/ ( ! ,gospels--:o won ! he>t ( mank9d1 & conqu]$ ! _w4 ,we seem ?us =c$ to ! conclusion t ! only ?+ :i* c acc\nt = ! hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity is its tru?4 ,anyh[1 x is pla9 t its ,hi/ory =ms ano!r /rong argum5t 9 its fav\r4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiii4 ,,t ,,on ,,! ,,:ole ,,! ,,o!r ,,evid5ce ,,supports ,,?is ,,conclusion4 ,additional argum5ts = & aga9/ ,*ri/ianity4 7,a47 ,,*ri/ianity ,,& ,,pray]4 ,its univ]sality4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 ?ree difficulties3 7#a47 ,sci5tific difficulty2 said to be incr$ible1 z int]f]+ ) ! c\rse ( nature4 7#b47 ,moral difficulty2 said to be wrong1 z inconsi/5t ) ! p[]1 wisdom1 & goodness ( ,god4 7#c47 ,practical difficulty2 said to be useless1 z %[n by obs]vation2 b none ( ^! c be ma9ta9$4 7,b47 ,,*ri/ianity ,,& ,,human ,,nature4 ,x is adapt$ to human nature2 = x meets to a great ext5t ! inh]5t crav+s ( mank9d1 especially 9 reg>d to sorr[ & s91 dea? & et]nity4 ,! objection z to selfi%ness4 7,c47 ,,*ri/ianity ,,& ,,o!r ,,religions4 ,_! comp>ative /udy2 ! ,kri%na my?2 ! ,horus my?4 ,conclusion4 ,we propose 9 ?is *apt] to consid] "s ( ! rema9+ argum5ts = & aga9/ ,*ri/ianity4 ,=tunately1 !re are only ?ree ( any?+ l suffici5t importance to affect ! g5]al conclusion4 ,^! arise f ! relation ( ,*ri/ianity to pray]1 to human nature1 & to o!r religions2 & we w exam9e ea* 9 turn4 ,we ne$ n discuss m]e ,bible difficulties1 z !y are call$2 = ?\gh "s ( ^! are fatal to ! !ory ( ,v]bal ,inspiration1 or t e ^w ( ! ,bible is true2 ?is is n[ held by sc>cely anyone4 ,& if ! ,book is z tru/wor?y a record ( ! facts x relates1 z an ord9>y ,hi/ory ( ,engl&1 t is amply suffici5t to prove ,*ri/ianity4 ,nor1 on ! o!r h&1 ne$ we discuss fur!r evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ! ,bible4 ,b z we consid]$ :at x says ab\t ! creation ( ! _w1 we may j notice 9 pass+ :at x says ab\t its end4 ,!re w be a great noise1 ! elem5ts w be dissolv$ ) f]v5t heat1 & ! e>?1 & all x conta9s w be burn$ up4#deg ,ev]yone n[ admits t ?is is true1 = our planet w1 soon] or lat]1 fall into ! sun1 :5 all ^! results w foll[4 ,b 7ap>t f ,revelation7 h[ c\ld ! writ] h kn[n x8 ,!re is no?+ 9 ! pres5t aspect ( ! e>? to sugge/ t x w "o day be burn$ up1 & consid]+ ! am\nt ( wat] x conta9s1 ! idea might well seem incr$ible4 ,we pass on n[ to ! subject ( ,pray]4 ,footnote #deg3 #b ,pet] #c4 #aj4 7,a47 ,,*ri/ianity ,,& ,,pray]4 ,n[ ! ,*ri/ian1 9 common ) mo/ o!r religions1 ass]ts ! value ( pray] n only = obta9+ :at are call$ spiritual bless+s1 b also z a means ( influ5c+ natural ev5ts4 ,yet pray] ) su* an object is said by _m to be sci5tifically incr$ible1 morally wrong1 & practically useless4 ,s we w fir/ glance at ! univ]sality ( ! cu/om1 & !n consid] ^! difficulties4 ,n[1 pray] ( "s k9d is1 & always has be51 ! univ]sal rule 9 almo/ e religion4 ,x is f\nd :]ev] mank9d is f\nd4 ,no "o c po9t to its inv5tor1 no "o c po9t to a "t :5 m5 did n pray4 ,mission>ies h n to tea* _! conv]ts to pray1 b m]ely to ,:om to pray4 ,9 %ort1 pray] ( "s k9d seems univ]sal1 j z man's s5se ( "r & wrong is univ]sal1 ?\gh ea* is capable ( be+ tra9$ & p]fect$4 ,nor is x 9 any way l an animal's cry ( pa9 :5 hurt1 :i*1 ?\gh univ]sal1 means no?+2 = ?is ( c\rse resembles a man's cry ( pa91 & has no connection ) pray] :atev]4 ,if1 !n1 pray] is a delusion1 x is to say ! lea/ a v rem>kable "o1 especially z 9 mo/ anci5t religions pray] 0 made to false gods :o c\ld n answ] x2 yet 9 spite ( e failure1 ! belief 9 pray] has always rema9$4 ,m5 h always pref]r$ to ?9k t ! failure 0 due to _! own unwor?9ess1 r ?an give up ! belief 9 a ,god ,:o answ]s pray]4 ,& ?is univ]sality ( ! cu/om is a /rong argum5t 9 its fav\r2 = x seems mo/ unlikely t ,god %\ld h implant$ 9 mank9d a univ]sal habit ( ask+ if ,he nev] int5d$ to answ]4 ,we pass on n[ to ! difficulties4 7#a47 ,sci5tific difficulty4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is said t answ]s to pray] are sci5tifically incr$ible1 s9ce !y w\ld involve ,god's int]f]+ ) ! c\rse ( nature1 or1 9 popul> language1 work+ miracles4 ,! mo/ probable explanation is1 t !y are only a p>ticul> class ( sup]human co9cid5ces 7,*apt] ,,vii474 ,accord+ to ?is !ory1 ,god1 kn[+ be=eh& t ! pray] w\ld be (f]$1 arrang$ be=eh& to answ] x4 ,?us ! pray] 0 n a direct cause ( ! ev5t :i* fulfill$ x1 b x may /ill h be5 an indirect cause4 ,= _h ! man n pray$1 ,god1 =ekn[+ ?is1 might n h arrang$ = ! ev5t to h happ5$4 ,& ! same is true ev5 :5 ! pray] is made aft] ! ev5t4 ,suppose1 = in/ance1 a man he>d ( ! loss ( a %ip 9 :i* 8 son 0 travell+1 & pray$ = 8 safety4 ,t safety1 z f> z ! %ipwreck 0 conc]n$1 mu/ h be5 decid$ be=e ! fa!r pray$4 ,yet1 z ev]y?+ 0 =ekn[n to ,god1 8 subsequ5t pray] might n h be5 useless2 s9ce1 if ,god _h n kn[n t ! fa!r w\ld h pray$1 ,he might n h br\ght ab\t ! son's safety4 ,( c\rse1 x may be said t ?is is mak+ ! cause come aft] ! effect1 & is !re=e absurd4 ,no d\bt x w\ld be s if m]ely physical =ces 7 involv$2 b :5 we are deal+ ) p]sonal be+s1 able to =esee & act accord+ly1 !re is no?+ impossible 9 a cause happ5+ aft] :at 0 9 a c]ta9 s5se its effect4 ,= in/ance1 my go+ = a holiday next week may be ! cause ( my work+ h>d ?is2 ?\gh1 /rictly speak+1 x is my =ekn[l$ge ( ! int5d$ holiday1 t leads to my work+ h>d4 ,s 9 ! case be=e u4 ,x is ,god's =ekn[l$ge t ! pray] w be (f]$1 t leads ,him to answ] x2 b = all practical purposes ?is is ! same z if ! pray] itself did s4 ,!re=e ?is !ory does n detract f ! value & importance ( pray] any m ?an ,god's =ekn[l$ge 9 o!r respects makes human conduct ( no importance4 ,9 e case ,god =ekn[s ! result1 n 9 spite (1 b because ,he also =ekn[s1 ! man's conduct on :i* x dep5ds4 ,:ile if we admit :at is call$ ,god's ,imman5ce 9 nature1 & t ev]y?+ t occurs is due to ! pres5t & imm$iate action ( ,8 ,w 7,*apt] ,,vii471 x greatly less5s any rema9+ difficulty !re may be 9 reg>d to pray]4 ,f ?is x is pla9 t answ]s to pray] may1 )\t los+ _! value1 be reg>d$ z sup]human co9cid5ces2 &1 if s1 !y d n involve any int]f]5ce ) ! ord9>y c\rse ( nature1 & all sci5tific difficulties are at an end4 7#b47 ,moral difficulty4 ,9 ! next place1 pray] is said to be morally wrong1 s9ce x is inconsi/5t ) ea* ( ! ?ree great attributes ( ,god4 ,x is inconsi/5t ) ,8 ,p[]1 by imply+ t ,he is p>tly "u ! control ( m52 ) ,8 ,wisdom1 by imply+ t ,he has to be in=m$ ( :at we want2 & ) ,8 ,goodness1 by imply+ t ,he _c be tru/$ to act = ! be/1 )\t our int]f]5ce4 ,b ) reg>d to ,god's ,p[]1 no "o :o prays supposes t ,god is "u ! control ( 8 pray]s1 b m]ely t ,he may freely *oose to be influ5c$ by !m4 ,insignificant z man is 9 comp>ison ) 8 ,mak]1 we h already %[n t ,god takes an int]e/ 9 8 welf>e4 ,& admitt+ ?is1 !re is no?+ improbable 9 ,8 be+ influ5c$ by a man's pray]4 ,nor is ?is 9 any way try+ to p]suade ,him to *ange ,8 ,w1 s9ce z ev]y?+ 0 =ekn[n to ,god1 ! pray] ) all x involv$1 may h be5 "p ( ,8 ,w f all et]nity4 ,nor does x reflect on ,8 ,wisdom1 = no "o :o prays supposes t pray] is = ! in=mation ( ,god1 b m]ely t x is ! way 9 :i* ,he wi%es u to %[ our tru/ 9 ,him4 ,& !n1 z to ,god's ,goodness4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ,god does n wait = u to pray be=e s5d+ mo/ ( ,8 bless+s2 b a few ( !m are said to be conditional on our pray+4 ,& ?is is q consi/5t ) p]fect goodness4 ,human analogy seems decisive on ! po9t4 ,a fa!r may "k :at 8 *ild wants1 may be q will+ to supply t want1 & may yet *oose to wait till ! *ild asks him4 ,& :y8 ,simply because supply+ 8 wants is n ! :ole object ! fa!r has 9 view4 ,he also wi%es to tra9 ! *ild's "*2 to tea* him to rely ^u & tru/ 8 fa!r1 & to develop 8 confid5ce & gratitude4 ,& all ?is w\ld be unatta9able if ! fa!r suppli$ 8 wants z a ma*9e w\ld d2 9 :i* case ! *ild might p]haps =get t 8 fa!r 0 n a ma*9e4 ,n[1 = all we "k1 precisely ! same may be ! case ) reg>d to pray]4 ,god may wi% n only to supply man's wants1 b also to tra9 & develop 8 "*4 ,inde$1 z %[n 9 ,*apt] ,v41 ! exi/5ce ( evil seems to =ce u to ?is v conclusion4 ,& if s1 x is out ( ! "q to say t ,8 n giv+ "s bless+s till !y are ask$ = is inconsi/5t ) p]fect goodness4 ,x may be a v pro( ( t goodness4 ,=1 z already said1 ,god's goodness does n consi/ ( simple b5efic5ce1 b also ( righte\sness4 ,&1 z a g5]al rule1 x c]ta9ly seems "r t ^? :o believe 9 ,god1 & take ! tr\ble to ask = ,8 bless+s1 %\ld be ! ones to receive !m4 ,& "h we may notice ano!r moral difficulty1 :i* is sometimes felt 9 reg>d to pray]s = o!rs4 ,!y are said to be unju/1 s9ce "o man's success w\ld (t5 mean ano!r's failure4 ,suppose1 = in/ance1 a man is go+ 9 = a competitive exam9ation1 say a s*ol>%ip or a cl]k%ip2 & a fri5d ( 8 prays t he may get x4 ,( c\rse 9 mo/ cases ?is w n affect ! issue2 b all :o believe 9 ! p[] ( pray] mu/ admit t 9 "s cases x w4 ,yet is n ?is h>d on ! next competitor1 :o loses ! s*ol>%ip 9 consequ5ce8 ,x c]ta9ly seems s4 ,b x is only "p ( a m g5]al difficulty4 ,= suppose ! man's fri5d in/ead ( pray+ = him1 s5t him "s money to enable him to h a tutor4 ,is n ?is equally h>d on ! o!r man8 ,yet no "o w say t 8 hav+ ! tutor c\ld n affect ! result2 or t 8 fri5d act$ unfairly 9 s5d+ him ! money4 ,s 9 reg>d to pray]4 ,inde$ ( all ways ( help+ a fri5d1 pray+ = him seems ! faire/2 s9ce x is appeal+ to a ,be+1 ,:o we "k w always act fairly2 & w n grant ! petition1 unless x is j & "r to d s4 ,! objection1 !n1 t pray] is morally wrong _c be ma9ta9$ f any po9t ( view4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 only fair to add t a c]ta9 class ( pray]s w\ld be wrong4 ,we h no "r to pray = miracles1 e4g41 = wat] to run uphill1 or = a dead man to come to life aga92 ?\gh we h a "r to pray = any ord9>y ev5t1 su* z ra9 or recov]y f sickness4 ,! reason = ?is di/9ction is obvi\s4 ,a miracle is1 9 popul> language1 some?+ contr>y to ! ord] ( nature2 & z ! ord] ( nature is m]ely ! ,w ( ,him :o ord]$ nature1 x w\ld be contr>y to ,god's ,w4 ,& we mu/ n ask ,god to act contr>y to :at we believe to be ,8 ,w4 ,( c\rse x may be said t to pray = ra91 :5 o!rwise x w\ld n h ra9$1 really involves a miracle4 ,b "h ev]y?+ dep5ds on ! words :5 o!rwise x w\ld n h ra9$4 ,if we knew ?is = c]ta91 x w\ld be wrong to pray = ra9 7j z x w\ld be wrong = ! fa!r to pray = 8 son's safety aft] he>+ t he _h be5 dr[n$7 n kn[+ x = c]ta91 x is n wrong4 ,!re=e z we d "k = c]ta9 t wat] w n run uphill )\t a miracle1 x is always wrong to pray = t4 ,9 ! same way we may pray = fruitful crops1 because x is pla9ly ,god's ,w t mank9d %\ld be n\ri%$2 b we may n pray to be able to live )\t food1 s9ce ?is is pla9ly n ,god's ,w4 ,no d\bt1 9 ! ,bible1 miracles 7 sometimes pray$ =1 b only by p]sons :o act$ "u special ,div9e ,guidance2 & ?is af=ds no argum5t = our do+ s4 7#c47 ,practical difficulty4 ,la/ly1 x is said1 ev5 admitt+ t pray]s might be answ]$1 yet we h abundant evid5ce t !y nev] are2 s t pray] at ! pres5t day is useless4 ,b sev]al po9ts h to be notic$ "h2 = no "o ass]ts t all pray]s are answ]$4 ,v>i\s conditions h to be fulfill$4 ,a p]son1 = in/ance1 mu/ n only believe 9 ,god1 & 9 ,8 p[] & will+ness to answ] pray]s2 b ! answ] mu/ be ( su* a k9d t x w\ld be "r to pray = x4 ,moreov]1 he mu/ be try+ to lead su* a life z ,god wi%es him to lead2 & also be hone/ly ex]t+ himself to ga9 ! requir$ end1 = pray] _c be look$ ^u z a sub/itute = "w4 ,& ?is prev5ts our decid+ ! "q by exp]im5t1 z is sometimes urg$4 ,:y n1 x is said1 settle ! "q once = all by a te/ case8 ,b ?is is impossible1 s9ce 9 ! va/ majority ( cases we _c say :e!r ! above conditions are fulfill$ or n2 & ev5 if we c\ld1 x w\ld /ill be impracticable4 ,= pray] is ! e>ne/ entreaty t ,god w\ld grant some?+ we e>ne/ly desire2 & if us$ z an exp]im5t1 x ceases to be g5u9e pray] altoge!r4 ,b x is fur!r urg$ t ?\gh we _c decide by exp]im5t we c by obs]vation4 ,! facts1 h[ev]1 c be expla9$ on ei!r !ory4 ,suppose1 = in/ance1 an epidemic breaks out1 & pray] is at once made t x may cease2 b in/ead ( ceas+1 x cont9ues = a week1 & kills a hundr$ p]sons4 ,h[ d we "k t b = ! pray]s x might n h cont9u$ = a mon? & kill$ a ?\s&8 ,& ! same argum5t applies 9 o!r cases4 ,aga9/ ^! v>i\s objections we mu/ rememb] t an imm5se numb] ( m5 ( _m ages & c\ntries1 & ( und\bt$ hone/y & intellig5ce h ass]t$ t _! pray]s h be5 answ]$2 & ! cumulative value ( ?is evid5ce is v great4 ,:ile1 to ^? :o possess x1 ! conviction t c]ta9 ev5ts happ5$1 n accid5tally1 z we might say1 b 9 answ] to "s pray]1 is absolutely conv9c+4 ,none ( ^! difficulties1 !n1 c be ma9ta9$4 ,!re is no?+ incr$ible 9 pray]s be+ answ]$1 !y are n wrong1 & _m ( ^? :o ought to "k be/ 7i4e41 ^? :o pray7 ass]t t !y are n useless4 7,b47 ,,*ri/ianity ,,& ,,human ,,nature4 ,! next subject we h to consid] is a v important "o1 ! adaptation ( ,*ri/ianity to human nature4 ,to beg9 )1 x is und5iable t ,*ri/ianity appeals v /rongly to "s1 at lea/1 among e class ( m54 ,! poor value x z mu* z ! ri*1 ! ignorant z mu* z ! le>n$2 *ildr5 c p>tly und]/& x1 & philosoph]s c d no m4 ,& ?is is n only ! case at ! pres5t "t1 b x has be5 s among all ! *ang+ conditions ( society = eighte5 c5turies4 ,n[1 :5 we inquire into ! reason ( ?is p[]ful hold :i* ,*ri/ianity has on s _m m51 we f9d x is because x meets c]ta9 inh]5t crav+s ( human nature4 ,"s ( ^!1 su* z man's belief 9 pray]1 & 8 s5se ( responsibility1 are ( c\rse satisfi$ by any =m ( ,!ism4 ,s also is 8 idea ( ju/ice1 :i* requires virtue & vice to be suitably rew>d$ h]eaft]1 s9ce !y are n "h4 ,b man's nature has _m o!r crav+s besides ^!2 yet ,*ri/ianity seems to satisfy x ev]y:]e4 ,we w consid] f\r po9ts 9 detail & select ,sorr[ & ,s91 ,dea? & ,et]nity4 ,! fir/ ?ree1 & possibly ! f\r?1 all h to be fac$2 !y are ! common h]itage ( all mank9d4 ,& :ile ,rationalism does n help u to face any ( !m1 & ,natural ,religion leaves mu* 9 unc]ta9ty1 ,*ri/ianity meets ! ne$s ( mank9d ?r\gh\t1 or at all ev5ts f> bett] ?an any o!r religion4 ,& fir/1 z to ,sorr[4 ,x is indisputable t 9 ?is life man has to be> a great deal ( sorr[ & suff]+2 & x is also indisputable t :5 9 sorr[ he longs = someone :o c bo? sympa?ise ) him1 & help him4 ,an imp]sonal ,god c1 ( c\rse1 d nei!r2 inde$1 we might z well g = com=t to ! =ce ( gravity4 ,& ?\gh a p]sonal ,god c help u1 we d n feel sure t ,he c sympa?ise ) u4 ,on ! o!r h&1 fell[-m5 c sympa?ise1 b !y _c always help4 ,9 ,*ri/ alone we h a ,be+ ,:o entirely satisfies human nature2 = be+ ,man1 ,he c sympa?ise ) human sorr[1 & be+ ,god1 ,he c alleviate x4 ,s "h ,*ri/ianity supplies a univ]sal want ,( c\rse1 ! doctr9e ( ! ,inc>nation also satisfies mank9d 9 o!r respects1 especially 9 pres5t+ him ) a wor?y ,be+ = 8 affections1 & ) a p]fect ,example2 b ^! po9ts h be5 already notic$ 9 ,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,next1 z to ,s94 ,"h aga9 ! facts are practically undisput$4 ,man's s5se ( s9 is univ]sal1 s also is 8 belief 9 ! ju/ice ( ,god2 & !re=e 9 all ages man has long$ = "s means ( appeas+ ! ,deity4 ,! widespread cu/om ( sacrifice is a conclusive pro( ( ?is4 ,yet1 :]ev] ,*ri/ianity has be5 accept$1 su* sacrifices h be5 ab&on$4 ,x is sc>cely necess>y to po9t out ! reason = ?is4 ,! ,*ri/ian doctr9e ( ! ,atonem5t entirely satisfies ^! crav+s ( mank9d4 ,x admits ! fact ( s92 x provides a suffici5t ,sacrifice = s91 :i* man c\ld nev] provide = himself1 & x ?us assures him ( complete =giv5ess4 ,yet1 z %[n 9 ,*apt] ,,xiii41 x does all ?is )\t 9 any way less5+ ! guilt ( s91 or all[+ man to s9 on ) impunity2 = x makes rep5tance an ess5tial condition ( =giv5ess4 ,moreov]1 ,*ri/ianity proves t s9 is n a necessity 9 human nature2 = x alone ( all religions c po9t to ,"o ,:o1 ?\gh tempt$ z we are1 0 yet )\t s94 ,& ,*ri/'s temptations 7 probably great] ?an any t we c h4 ,= x is only :5 a man resi/s a temptation t he feels its full =ce1 j z only ^? trees t 7 n bl[n d[n1 felt ! full =ce ( ! gale4 ,!re=e ,*ri/ alone1 because ,he 0 s9less1 c h felt ! full =ce ( e temptation4 ,& ,*ri/ians ass]t1 & !y surely ought to "k be/1 t ?is example ( ,*ri/ is a /rong help 9 enabl+ !m to resi/ temptation4 ,next1 z to ,dea?4 ,"h aga9 ! facts are undisput$4 ,few p]sons l to contemplate _! own dea?1 yet x is ! "o ev5t to :i* we may look =w>d ) c]ta9ty4 ,b is !re a life aft] dea?8 ,mo/ m5 long = x1 & mo/ religions h tri$ to satisfy ?is long+ 9 "o way or ano!r1 b only ) p>tial success4 ,! high] nature ( man revolts aga9/ any m]e mat]ial or s5sual heav51 :ile a purely spiritual heav5 does n satisfy him ei!r2 = a man longs to "k t he w be able to recognise aga9 ^? :om he has lov$ on e>?4 ,?is is inde$ "o ( our deepe/1 /ronge/1 & mo/ univ]sal long+s 7:o is !re t has n felt x871 yet !re mu/ always be "s d\bt z to recognis+ a _s4 ,& "h aga9 ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e ( ! ,resurrection ( ! ,body alone satisfies ! crav+s ( mank9d2 = all d\bt is n[ at an end4 ,! ris5 body w def9e & localise man's _s !n1 j z ! natural body does n[2 & ?\gh !re w be a great *ange1 x w n prev5t recognition4 ,ev5 ! ,apo/les1 ?\gh unprep>$ = x1 & ?\gh !mselves unaw>e ( :at a ris5 body 0 l1 7 soon able to recognise ,*ri/ aft] ,8 ,resurrection4 ,!re is1 ( c\rse1 ! well-kn[n difficulty z to ! p]iod ( life ( ! ris5 body4 ,a man1 x is said1 w\ld only be recognis$ by 8 gr&fa!r1 if he rema9$ a *ild2 & by 8 gr&son1 if he 7 an old man4 ,b ! difficulty is n s great z x seems2 = 9 ?is life a man :o has n se5 8 son1 s9ce he 0 a *ild1 may n be able to recognise him 9 lat] ye>s1 9 ! s5se ( kn[+ him by sight4 ,b he may be imm5sely pleas$ to meet him aga91 & live ne> him1 especially if 9 ! mean:ile ! son _h done well1 & be5 a cr$it to 8 fa!r4 ,moreov]1 ! ris5 body w %[ u1 = ! fir/ "t1 :at a man really is1 :5 8 accid5tal surr\nd+s1 su* z weal? or pov]ty1 h be5 remov$2 & 8 "* is at l5g? p]fect$4 ,& p]haps we %all !n see t all t is be/ 9 ! v>i\s /ates 9 :i* he has liv$ "h--! affection ( *ildhood1 ! activity ( boyhood1 & ! mature judgm5t ( manhood--w be comb9$ 9 ! ris5 body4 ,& ?\gh x is some:at tantalis+ n to "k m ab\t ?is future life1 v possibly we are n told m1 because we %\ld n be able to und]/& x if we 74 ,ev5 9 ?is _w x is d\btful if a savage or a "y *ild c\ld und]/& ! intellectual life ( a civilis$ man1 h[ev] c>efully x might be expla9$ to him2 & practically c]ta9 t an ape c\ld n4 ,& = all we "k our own future life may be z f> beyond our pres5t und]/&+4 ,x is ! ,great ,surprise 9 /ore = u all4 ,b h[ev] mu* we may be *ang$1 our p]sonal id5tity w /ill rema91 ,i %all be ,i1 & y w be y1 ) mu* ! same *>act]s z we h at pres5t4 ,?is is ! important po9t1 & ( ?is we may be q sure4 ,la/ly1 z to ,et]nity4 ,*ri/ianity1 x is true1 c say little "h1 b t little is full ( hope4 ,x op5s up b\ndless possibilities1 f> m ?an any o!r religion4 ,= by ! ,inc>nation human nature has be5 unit$ to ! ,div9e1 & ?us rais$ to a position second only to t ( ,god ,himself4 ,no de/9y1 !n1 t c be imag9$ is too great = man4 ,creat$ 9 ! image ( ! ,triune ,god1 ) a sup]natural fre$om ( *oice2 8 nature unit$ to ,god's by ! ,inc>nation2 8 s9s =giv5 ?r\gh ! ,atonem5t2 8 body purifi$ & spiritualis$ at its ,resurrection--surely ! end ( all ?is _c be any m]e monoton\s exi/5ce1 b r "o ( ceaseless joy & activity4 ,heav5 has be5 call$ ! la/ act 9 ,god's drama ( ! univ]se4 ,& consid]+ ! magnitude ( ! previ\s acts--! =mation ( ! sol> sy/em1 ! developm5t ( organic life1 etc4--we %\ld expect ?is la/ act to be on a scale equally va/ & magnific5t1 & z f> above any?+ we c imag9e z ! life ( a butt]fly is above ! imag9ation ( a *rysalis4 ,n[ ! conclusion to be drawn f all ?is is q pla94 ,*ri/ianity is s adapt$ to man's nature t x probably came f ! ,au?or ( man's nature2 j z if a complicat$ key fits a complicat$ lock1 x 0 probably made by ! same locksmi?4 ,& s9ce ,*ri/ianity is meant = all mank9d1 & ! va/ majority ( m5 h nei!r "t nor ability to exam9e its pro(s1 ! fact ( its ?us appeal+ direct to human nature is c]ta9ly a /rong argum5t 9 its fav\r4 ,b we mu/ n[ consid] an objection4 ,x is1 t ,*ri/ianity is really a selfi% religion1 look+ only = future rew>ds1 & tea*+ m5 to foll[ virtue1 n = virtue's sake1 b solely ) a view to _! own advantage4 ,b ?is is an entire mi/ake1 ?\gh a v common "o4 ,! ,*ri/ian's motive1 9 try+ to lead su* a life z ,god wi%es him to lead1 is simply love4 ,he has1 z already said1 an ov]:elm+ s5se ( ,god's love to him4 ,& ?\gh1 d\btless1 lead+ a good life w br+ ) x "s future rew>d1 yet ?is is n ! true motive = lead+ x4 ,comp>e ! case ( a "y *ild try+ to please 8 p>5ts simply because he loves !m4 ,x w\ld be unju/ to call ?is selfi%ness1 ?\gh x may be q true t ! p>5ts w d mu* = ! *ild lat] on 9 life1 :i* !y w\ld n h done _h ! *ild nev] %[n !m any affection4 ,nor1 to take ano!r example1 is x selfi%ness = a "y man to put aside a c]ta9 am\nt ( 8 e>n+s = 8 old age1 :5 he w be unable to "w1 ?\gh x w c]ta9ly be to 8 own advantage4 ,selfi%ness is hav+ reg>d to "o's self1 at ! exp5se ( o!r p4 ,b ?is does n apply to a ,*ri/ian /riv+ aft] 8 own salvation4 ,! ,great ,ambition1 z x is call$1 is "o :i* all may ent]ta91 all may "w =1 & all may realise4 ,/ill1 x may be ask$1 is n ! hope ( future rew>d meant to influ5ce m5 at all8 ,no d\bt x is to "s ext5t4 ,b :at !n8 ,hope is und\bt$ly a p[]ful motive 9 human nature1 & !re=e ,*ri/ianity1 by p>tly appeal+ to ?is motive1 does b %[ h[ fully adapt$ x is to human nature4 ,x provides ! highe/ motive ( love = ^? able to appreciate x2 ! l[] motive ( hope ( future rew>d = ! _m :o w\ld n be rea*$ by ! =m]2 & we may add1 ! /ill l[] motive ( fe> ( future puni%m5t = ^? :o c\ld n be o!rwise influ5c$4 ,?is objection1 !n1 z to selfi%ness is q unt5able4 7,c47 ,,*ri/ianity ,,& ,,o!r ,,religions4 ,we h la/ly to consid] ! relation 9 :i* ,*ri/ianity /&s to o!r religions2 s9ce an argum5t aga9/ ,*ri/ianity is (t5 drawn f _! comp>ative /udy4 ,9 f> m anci5t religions1 x is alleg$1 we f9d simil> doctr9es to ^? ( ! ,tr9ity1 ! ,inc>nation1 ! ,atonem5t1 & ! ,resurrection2 & ?is is fatal to ! claim ( ,*ri/ianity to be ! "o & only true ,religion4 ,b z to ! doctr9e ( ! ,tr9ity1 x is really unique4 ,"s o!r religions1 x is true1 _h a gr\p ( ?ree gods2 b ?is 0 m]ely a =m ( ,poly!ism4 ,& ?\gh ^! gods 7 (t5 address$ by ! same titles1 !re does n appe> to h be5 any?+ resembl+ ! ,*ri/ian idea ( ! ,triune ,god4 ,next1 z to ! ,inc>nation4 ,?is is said to resemble simil> doctr9es ( o!r anci5t religions1 m especially ! inc>nation ( ,kri%na4 ,= ?\gh he 0 n 7z is sometimes ass]t$7 born ( a virg91 be+ ! eigh? son ( 8 p>5ts2#deh he is yet believ$ to h be5 9 "s s5se an inc>nation ( ! supreme god ,vi%nu4 ,& he is record$ to h work$ v>i\s miracles simil> to ^? ( ,*ri/1 & to h claim$ an equally absolute devotion f 8 foll[]s4 ,mo/ s*ol>s1 h[ev]1 n[ place ^! leg5ds "s c5turies lat] ?an ! ,*ri/ian era2 & consid]+ ! e>ly spread ( ,*ri/ianity 9 ,india1 & ! simil>ity 9 "n betwe5 ,kri%na & ,*ri/1 !y may be only di/ort$ v]sions ( ! ,gospel /ory4 ,footnote #deh3 ,tisdall1 ,*ri/ianity & ,o!r ,fai?s1 #aiab1 p4 #hi4 ,b ev5 7 !y e>li] ?an ,*ri/ianity1 x seems impossible = !m to h influ5c$ x4 ,= n only is ,india _m hundr$s ( miles f ,pale/9e1 b !re is also a great moral difficulty4 ,s9ce ! miracles & occasional l(ty tea*+ ( ,kri%na are associat$ all along ) a mo/ immoral "*4 ,9 ! ,gospels1 on ! o!r h&1 !y occur among suitable surr\nd+s1 & =m p]fect p>ts ( a p]fect :ole4 ,a s+le example w illu/rate ?is diff]5ce4 ,on "o occasion1 ,kri%na is relat$ to h heal$ a de=m$ woman1 v simil> to ! /ory 9 ,luke #ac4 ,b x is add$ he made h] beautiful z well z :ole1 & subsequ5tly sp5t ! night ) h] 9 immorality4 ,few w cont5d t ?is 0 ! orig9 ( ! ,gospel /ory2 & x is b "o in/ance out ( _m4#dei ,footnote #dei3 ,transactions ( ,victoria ,in/itute1 vol4 xxi41 p4 #afi4 ,any resemblance1 !n1 !re may be betwe5 ! ,inc>nation ( ,kri%na & t ( ,*ri/ _c be due to ,*ri/ianity hav+ borr[$ f ! o!r religion4 ,a f> bett] explanation is to be f\nd 9 ! fact t man has almo/ always believ$ t ,god takes an int]e/ 9 8 welf>e4 ,& ?is inh]5t belief has naturally l$ him to imag9e an inc>nation1 s9ce ?is 0 ! mo/ fitt+ me?od by :i* ,god c\ld make ,himself kn[n to man4 ,& !n ?is suppos$ inc>nation 0 ( c\rse att5d$ by v>i\s miracles ( heal+1 some:at simil> to ^? ( ,*ri/1 ?\gh (t5 mix$ up ) immoral ideas1 f :i* ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e is entirely free4 ,next1 z to ! ,atonem5t1 especially ! position ( ,*ri/1 z ! ,m$iator betwe5 ,god & man4 ,?is also is said to resemble f> old] leg5ds1 su* z ! ,horus my? ( anci5t ,egypt4 ,! lead+ idea "h seems to h be5 t ,horus 0 ! only son ( ! supreme ,god ,osiris1 & came on e>? long ago1 be=e ! "t ( man4 ,he 0 always look$ ^u z ! *ampion ( "r aga9/ wrong1 & no?+ b l(ty & noble actions are ascrib$ to him4 ,) reg>d to mank9d1 he became _! deliv]] & ju/ifi]4 ,! s\l aft] dea? 0 suppos$ to pass ?r\gh a sort ( ,purgatory2 :]e v>i\s dang]s 7 ov]come by ! help ( ,horus2 & f9ally1 :5 judg$ be=e ,osiris1 he int]c$$ = ! fai?ful s\l & ensur$ its salvation4 ,& :at makes ! resemblance to ,*ri/ianity all ! m /rik+ are ! titles ascrib$ to ,horus2 su* z ! ,only ,begott5 ,son ( ! ,fa!r1 ! ,^w ( ! ,fa!r1 ! ,ju/ifi] ( ! ,righte\s1 & ! ,et]nal ,k+4 ,b ! titles ( ,horus are v num]\s1 & v contradictory2 !re=e1 :ile "s ( !m be> su* a /rik+ resemblance to ^? ( ,*ri/1 o!rs d n2 & _m ( !m are also appli$ to ! o!r gods4#dfj ,footnote #dfj3 ,transactions ( ,victoria ,in/itute1 vol4 xii41 p4 #eb4 ,b /ill ! position ( ,horus1 z a m$iator betwe5 ,god & man1 und\bt$ly resembles t ( ,*ri/4 ,b :at is ! cause ( ?is simil>ity8 ,n surely t ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e 0 f\nd$ on t ( ,horus4 ,z 9 ! previ\s case1 !re is ano!r & f> bett] solution4 ,= :at 0 ! orig9 ( ! ,egyptian doctr9e itself8 ,x 0 simply ?is4 ,! anci5t ,egyptians firmly believ$ 9 ! ju/ice ( ,god2 ! immortality ( man2 8 responsibility1 involv+ a future judgm5t2 & 8 s9fulness1 :i* naturally made him long = "s m$iator ) ! j ,judge he w\ld h to face h]eaft]4 ,giv5 ^! f\r ideas--& !y all belong to ,natural ,religion--& ,horus 0 m]ely an imag9>y be+1 :o 0 ?\ght to satisfy !m4 ,h5ce1 if ^! ideas are true1 & if ,*ri/ianity is ! true religion1 :i* really does satisfy !m1 t ,horus %\ld to "s ext5t resemble ,*ri/ seems inevitable4 ,?us ! ,horus my? only proves h[ deeply root$ 9 ! human m9d is ! idea ( a m$iator betwe5 ,god & man4 ,la/ly1 z to ! doctr9e ( ! ,resurrection1 m especially t ( ,*ri/4 ,num]\s analogies h be5 sugge/$ = ?is1 b none ( !m are at all satisfactory4 ,?us ! ,egyptian god ,osiris is record$ z do+ a great deal aft] 8 dea?2 b he is only suppos$ to h done ?is by liv+ on 9 ! _s1 & !re is no h9t t 8 body 0 re/or$ to life1 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ,*ri/'s 02 & ! same may be said 9 o!r cases4#dfa ,:ile ! way 9 :i* ! educat$ ,a!nians 7:o mu/ h kn[n a good deal ab\t hea!n religions7 treat$ ,/4 ,paul1 :5 he proclaim$ ! ,resurrection ( ,*ri/1 %[s h[ absolutely novel !y consid]$ ! doctr9e4#dfb ,footnote #dfa3 ,tisdall1 ,*ri/ianity & ,o!r ,fai?s1 #aiab1 p4 #aec4 ,footnote #dfb3 ,acts #ag4 #ai1 #cb2 #bf4h4 ,we mu/ also rememb] t ! ,*ri/ian doctr9es ( ! ,inc>nation1 ! ,atonem5t1 & ! ,resurrection1 7 n sl[ly evolv$1 b 7 ess5tial features 9 ,*ri/ianity f ! v fir/4 ,!y are all /rongly insi/$ on by ,/4 ,paul4 ,& ?is alone seems fatal to ! idea ( _! hav+ be5 d]iv$ f ! my?s ( ,india1 ,egypt1 & else:]e4 ,on ! :ole1 !n1 x is evid5t t ! comp>ative /udy ( religions1 in/ead ( be+ aga9/ ,*ri/ianity1 is di/9ctly 9 its fav\r2 = x %[s1 z no?+ b a comp>ative /udy c\ld %[1 its /rik+ sup]iority4 ,human nature is always ! same1 & 9 s f> z o!r religions h satisfi$ human nature1 !y h resembl$ ,*ri/ianity4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,*ri/ianity diff]s f !m 9 be+ free f _! v>i\s absurdities & contradictions1 z well z f _! t5d5cy to deg5]ate2 & hav+ in/ead a moral "* ( admitt$ excell5ce1 & p[]ful evid5ce by :i* to e/abli% its actual tru?4 ,9 %ort1 o!r religions are human2 & !re=e1 z man is a mixture ( good & evil1 !y conta9 "s good 7:at we n[ call ,natural ,religion7 & "s evil4 ,b ,*ri/ianity is sup]human2 & !re=e conta9s all ! good !y d1 ) mu* m besides1 & ) none ( _! evil4 ,?is completes a brief exam9ation ( ! m important additional argum5ts = & aga9/ ,*ri/ianity4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiv4 ,,t ,,! ,,?ree ,,cre$s ,,are ,,d$ucible ,,f ,,! ,,new ,,te/am5t4 ,only ?ree ,doctr9es c be disput$4 7,a47 ,,! ,,doctr9e ,,( ,,! ,,tr9ity4 ,9 addition to belief 9 ,god ! ,fa!r1 ! ,new ,te/am5t tea*es-- 7#a47 ,! ,div9ity ( ,*ri/4 7#b47 ,! ,div9ity ( ! ,holy ,_s2 s !re are 7#c47 ,?ree ,div9e ,p]sons & yet b ,"o ,god4 7,b47 ,,! ,,f9al ,,/ate ,,( ,,! ,,wick$4 ,! only alt]natives are3 7#a47 ,_! endless mis]y3 v /rong texts 9 fav\r ( ?is2 its difficulties consid]$4 7#b47 ,_! endless happ9ess3 mo/ improbable4 7#c47 ,_! de/ruction3 m likely ?an ! la/1 b /ill improbable4 ,on ! :ole ! /atem5t ( ! ,cre$ seems fully ju/ifi$4 7,c47 ,,! ,,importance ,,( ,a ,,true ,,belief4 ,?is is /rongly insi/$ on 9 ! w>n+ clauses ( ! ,a?anasian ,cre$4 7#a47 ,_! mean+4 7#b47 ,_! tru?fulness3 !y m]ely repeat simil> w>n+s 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 7#c47 ,! objection z to dogmatism4 ,we h n[ rea*$ ! la/ /age 9 our inquiry4 ,we h %[n 9 ! previ\s *apt]s t !re is v /rong evid5ce 9 fav\r ( :at may be call$ 9 a g5]al s5se1 ,*ri/ianity or ! ,*ri/ian ,religion--i4e41 ! ,religion f\nd$ by ,*ri/ & taught 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,we h1 la/ly1 to inquire1 is ?is ,religion correctly summ>is$ 9 ! doctr9es & /atem5ts ( ! ,?ree ,cre$s8 ,& ! only doctr9es t c be disput$1 are f\nd 9 ! ,a?anasian ,cre$1 & ref] to ! ,tr9ity2 ! ,f9al ,/ate ( ! ,wick$2 & ! importance ( a ,true ,belief3 ea* ( :i* we w exam9e 9 turn4 7,a47 ,,! ,,doctr9e ,,( ,,! ,,tr9ity4 ,n[1 al?\gh !re are no /atem5ts 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t id5tical ) ^? 9 ! ,cre$1 yet ! latt] are m]ely logical d$uctions f ! =m]4 ,= ! ,new ,te/am5t ass]ts t1 besides ,god ! ,fa!r1 !re are two o!r ,div9e ,p]sons1 ,*ri/ & ! ,holy ,_s1 & yet b "o ,god4 7#a47 ,! ,div9ity ( ,*ri/4 ,?is has already be5 discuss$ 9 ,*apt] ,,xxi41 :]e we %[$ t ,*ri/ claim$ to be n only ,sup]human1 b ,div9e2 & t ?is is h[ ,8 contempor>ies1 bo? fri5ds & foes1 und]/ood ,him4 ,! doctr9e is also ass]t$ by ,/4 ,paul1 z well z by ,/4 ,john1 :o 9 ! op5+ v]se ( 8 ,gospel1 /ates x v concisely1 say+ t ! ,^w 7i4e41 ,*ri/7 0 ) ,god1 imply+ a di/9ction ( ,p]sons1 & 0 ,god1 imply+ a unity ( ,nature2 :i* is ! exact doctr9e ( ! ,cre$4 7#b47 ,! ,div9ity ( ! ,holy ,_s4 ,?is also foll[s at once f ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,= ! ,holy ,_s is call$ by ,div9e names1 su* z ,god & ,"l2 ,he is giv5 ,div9e attributes1 su* z ,et]nity & ,omnisci5ce2 & ,he is id5tifi$ ) ,jehovah1 ! ,"l ( ,ho/s1 ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4#dfc ,footnote #dfc3 ,acts #e4 #c1 #d2 #b ,cor4 #c4ag2 ,heb4 #i4 #ad2 #a ,cor4 #b4 #aj2 ,acts #bh4 #be2 ,isa4 #f4 #e-aj4 ,& yet1 ,he is a di/9ct ,p]son3 =1 to quote a decisive text1#dfd ,*ri/ prays ! ,fa!r to s5d ,8 disciples ano!r ,com=t] :5 ,he goes away2 ?us %[+ t ! ,holy ,_s is a diff]5t ,p]son1 bo? f ! ,fa!r & ! ,son4 ,& else:]e we are told t ! ,_s makes int]cession = u1 :i* aga9 %[s t ,he mu/ be a diff]5t ,p]son f ! ,fa!r1 ) ,:om ,he int]c$es4#dfe ,:ile 9 ano!r passage blasphemy aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/ is said to be ! wor/ ( all s9s2#dff :i* %[s bo? t ,he is a ,p]son1 or ,he c\ld n be blasphem$2 & t ,he is ,god1 or blasphemy aga9/ ,god w\ld be a great] s94 ,footnote #dfd3 ,john #ad4 #af1 #bf2 #ae4 #bf4 ,footnote #dfe3 ,rom4 #h4 #bf4 ,footnote #dff3 ,matt4 #ab4 #ca1 #cb2 ,m>k #c4 #bh1 #bi4 ,no d\bt ! actual ^w ,p]son is n appli$ to ! ,holy ,_s 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 j z x is n appli$ to ei!r ! ,fa!r or ! ,son1 b x _c be ?\ght inappropriate1 provid$ x is n tak5 9 a lit]al1 or human s5se4 ,= ! relations betwe5 ,!m closely resemble ^? betwe5 human p]sons1 z ,!y love "o ano!r1 speak to "o ano!r1 & use ! p]sonal pron\ns ,i1 ,?\1 ,he1 & ,we4 7#c47 ,?ree ,div9e ,p]sons & yet b ,"o ,god4 ,x is cle>1 !n1 f ! ,new ,te/am5t1 t ! ,fa!r1 ! ,son1 & ! ,holy ,_s are all ,p]sons1 & all ,div9e2 & yet ! fact ( !re be+ b "o ,god is at times pla9ly ass]t$4#dfg ,n[ ! only means ( reconcil+ all ?is is by ! doctr9e ( ! ,tr9ity 9 ,unity4 ,& ?is is pla9ly h9t$ at 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t itself1 = ! ,?ree ,p]sons are (t5 closely associat$ toge!r1 z = in/ance 9 ! text j allud$ to1 :]e ,*ri/ prays ! ,fa!r to give ,8 disciples ano!r ,com=t]4 ,footnote #dfg3 ,m>k #ab4 #bi2 #a ,cor4 #h4 #d4 ,q naturally1 !n1 j be=e ,8 ,asc5sion1 ,*ri/ complet$ ?is e>li] tea*+ by f9ally1 & = ev]1 jo9+ ! ,?ree ,p]sons toge!r1 :5 ,he comm&$ ,*ri/ians to be baptiz$ into ! "n ( ! ,fa!r1 & ( ! ,son1 & ( ! ,holy ,gho/4#dfh ,& ?is alone is suffici5t to prove ! doctr9e1 = x %[s t !re are ,?ree di/9ct ,p]sons1 & t ea* is ,div9e1 = :o b ,god c\ld be ?us associat$ ) ,god8 ,:ile ! expression into ! "n & n names1 implies a unity 9 ?is ,tr9ity4 ,footnote #dfh3 ,matt4 #bh4 #ai4 ,& we happ5 to h indirect evid5ce f ! ,acts1 t baptism 0 adm9i/]$ 9 ?is way4 ,= :5 ,/4 ,paul f\nd "s disciples1 :o said !y knew no?+ ab\t ! ,holy ,gho/2 he at once ask$1 ',into :at !n 7 ye baptiz$8'#dfi ,obvi\sly1 !n1 ! baptism to :i* ,/4 ,paul 0 accu/om$ mu/ h be5 into ! "n ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 z well z into t ( ,*ri/2 & ! ,fa!r's "n c\ld sc>cely h be5 omitt$4 ,yet imm$iately aft]w>ds we are told t !y 7 baptiz$ into ! ,"n ( ! ,"l ,jesus4 ,9 ! same way ! ',tea*+ ( ! ,twelve' once speaks ( baptism z into ! ,"n ( ! ,"l2 & twice z into ! ,"n ( ! ,fa!r1 & ( ! ,son1 & ( ! ,holy ,gho/4#dgj ,! =m] seems to h be5 only a %ort way ( describ+ ,*ri/ian baptism1 79 di/9ction f t ( ! ,jews1 or ( ,/4 ,john ! ,bapti/71 :ile ! latt] repres5t$ ! actual words us$4#dga ,footnote #dfi3 ,acts #ai4 #c4 ,footnote #dgj3 ,tea*+1 *aps4 vii4 & ix4 ,footnote #dga3 ,comp4 ,acts #b4 #ch2 #h4 #af2 #ah4 #be2 ,i ,cor4 #aj4 #b4 ,simil>ly ,/4 ,paul sometimes closes 8 ,epi/les ) ! %ort] =m ( bless+4 ,! grace ( ! ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/ be ) y2 once ) an int]m$iate =m1 nam+ ! ,fa!r & ,*ri/2 & once ) ! long] =m1 ,! ,grace ( ! ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/1 & ! love ( ,god1 & ! communion ( ! ,holy ,gho/ be ) y all4#dgb ,?is latt] passage1 ! g5u95ess ( :i* is undisput$1 is ( c\rse extremely important1 9 fact l ! prec$+ "o x is practically conclusive2 = aga9 we mu/ ask1 :o b ,god c\ld be ?us associat$ ) ,god8 ,if ,*ri/ 7 a m]e human prophet1 l ,isaiah = in/ance2 & ! ,holy ,_s a m]e influ5ce = good2 :at /range language x w\ld be4 ,c we imag9e anyone bless+ 8 conv]ts )1 ,! grace ( ,isaiah1 ! love ( ,god1 & ! fell[%ip ( a holy influ5ce--,god1 x w be notic$1 be+ plac$ betwe5 ! o!r two1 s !re c be no asc5d+ or desc5d+ scale1 !y mu/ all be equal8 ,footnote #dgb3 #a ,cor4 #af4 #bc2 ,gal4 #f4 #ah2 ,eph4 #f4 #bc2 #b ,cor4 #ac4 #ad4 ,& z ,/4 ,paul takes = grant$ t 8 read]s w\ld und]/& 8 mean+1 x implies t !y _h _h "s previ\s tea*+ on ! subject1 :i* mu/ cle>ly h be5 giv5 !m by ,/4 ,paul himself on 8 fir/ visit4 ,& at t e>ly date 7ab\t ,a4,d4 #ej7 su* tea*+ c\ld sc>cely h orig9at$ except f :at ,*ri/ ,himself _h taught4 ,?is passage1 !n1 implies m ?an x says1 & ne$s explanation2 & z f> z we "k ! =m] "o alone c expla9 x4 ,& ( c\rse ! same is true1 ?\gh to a less] degree1 ( num]\s o!r ,tr9it>ian passages :i* occur all ?r\gh ! ,epi/les1 includ+ ! e>lie/ 7#a ,!ss41 ab\t ,a4,d4 #ej74dgc ,n[h]e d ! writ]s seem to be expla9+ any?+ new to _! conv]ts2 b m]ely to be t\*+ on a tru?1 ) :i* all ,*ri/ians 7 ( c\rse famili>4 ,inde$1 ! v fact ( _! nev] attempt+ to expla9 or def5d ! doctr9e1 %[s conclusively t x did n orig9ate ) !m4 ,p]sons d n prea* a new doctr9e )\t a ^w ( explanation or comm5t1 z if e "o already believ$ x4 ,footnote #dgc3 ,e4g41 ,rom4 #ae4 #cj2 ,eph4 #d4 #d-f2 #a ,!ss4 #a4 #c-e2 #a ,pet] #a4 #b2 ,jude #bj-ba4 ,?us1 to put x %ortly1 accord+ to ! ,new ,te/am5t1 !re are ,?ree di/9ct ,p]sons2 ea* is ,god1 ea* is ,"l1 ea* is ,et]nal1 ea* is ,omnisci5t1 into ! ,"n ( ea* conv]ts are baptiz$1 ea* is ref]r$ to 9 ,bless+2 & yet !re is b ,"o ,god4 ,?is is :at ! ,bible says1 & ! ,cre$ says ! same1 ?\gh x says x 9 m logical language4 7,b47 ,,! ,,f9al ,,/ate ,,( ,,! ,,wick$4 ,we pass on n[ to :at is p]haps ! mo/ difficult ( all subjects1 ! f9al /ate ( ! wick$4 ,! ,cre$ ass]ts t all m5 are to rise aga9 ) _! bodies1 & be judg$ accord+ to _! works2 & t !n1 !y t h done good %all g into life ev]la/+2 & !y t h done evil into ev]la/+ fire4 ,?is latt] expression c sc>cely be tak5 lit]ally1 s9ce x is associat$ 9 ! ,bible ) ano!r--! worm t die? n--:i* _c be lit]al1 z worms d n live = ev]1 & _c live at all 9 fire4 ,:ile x is said to h be5 prep>$ = evil spirits :o h no mat]ial bodies4 ,moreov]1 ! joys ( heav5 are also repres5t$ by t]ms :i* are cle>ly n lit]al2 su* z att5d+ a w$d+1 fea/+ ) ,abraham1 & we>+ cr[ns4 ,probably we are n at pres5t able to und]/& ! realities 9 ei!r case1 s figures ( "s k9d h to be us$2 & ^? associat$ ) gladness & happ9ess are ( c\rse *os5 = ! "o1 & ^? ) pa9 & woe = ! o!r4 ,b ! language c]ta9ly implies "s =m ( endless mis]y2 & z !re are obvi\s difficulties 9 accept+ su* a view1 we mu/ discuss ! subject c>efully4 ,x may be po9t$ out at />t+ t we h only ?ree !ories to *oose f2 = unless ! wick$ are to be 9 a cont9ual /ate ( *ange1 :i* seems almo/ incr$ible 7= a /ate ( *ange _c g on = ev]1 unless x is recurr+7 !y mu/ f9ally ei!r exi/ = ev] 9 mis]y1 or exi/ = ev] 9 happ9ess1 or be de/roy$1 & n exi/ = ev]4 7#a47 ,_! endless mis]y4 ,x w\ld be difficult to exagg]ate ! /r5g? ( ! texts 9 fav\r ( ?is4 ,we are told t ! wick$1 or at all ev5ts "s ( !m1 are to awake to %ame & ev]la/+ contempt2 t !y are to be ca/ into ! et]nal fire2 t !y are to dep>t into ! et]nal fire prep>$ = ! devil & 8 angels2 t !y are to g away into et]nal puni%m5t2 t !y are guilty ( an et]nal s92 t _! worm die? n & ! fire is n qu5*$2 & t !y are to be ca/ into ! lake ( fire1 !re to be torm5t$ day & night = ev] & ev]4#dgd ,! f\r? ( ^! texts is p]haps ! mo/ important1 s9ce ,*ri/ uses ! same ^w = et]nal puni%m5t z = et]nal life2 !re=e1 ?\gh ! ,greek ^w does n necess>ily mean endless1 x c]ta9ly seems to d s "h4 ,simil>ly 9 ,daniel ! same ,hebrew ^w is us$ = ! ev]la/+ life ( ! righte\s1 z = ! ev]la/+ contempt ( ! wick$4 ,moreov] ! doctr9e is impli$ 9 num]\s o!r passages2#dge s altoge!r ! ,new ,te/am5t tea*+ on ! subject seems ab\t z pla9 z x c be4 ,footnote #dgd3 ,dan4 #ab4 #b2 ,matt4 #ah4 #h2 #be4 #da1 #df2 ,m>k #c4 #bi2 #i4 #dh2 ,rev4 #ad4 #aa2 #bj4 #ae4 ,footnote #dge3 ,e4g41 ,matt4 #g4 #ac1 #bc2 #h4 #ab2 #aj4 #cc2 #ab4 #cb2 #ac4 #db1 #ej1 etc4 ,yet ev]yone mu/ admit t !re are great difficulties 9 accept+ x4 ,= ! endless mis]y ( ! wick$ appe>s to be inconsi/5t ) ! great attributes ( ,god1 especially ,8 p[]1 ,8 ju/ice1 & ,8 m]cy2 z well z ) ! endless happ9ess ( ! righte\s4 ,we w consid] ^! po9ts 9 turn4 ,& fir/ z to ,god's p[]4 ,! et]nal exi/5ce ( s9n]s aga9/ ,god means1 x is said1 a nev]-end+ conflict betwe5 good & evil2 & ?is is mo/ improbable4 ,no d\bt x seems s1 b !n ! exi/5ce ( evil at all is a difficulty2 yet z %[n 9 ,*apt] ,v4 x is ess5tial = free w4 ,& ! f9al /ate ( ! wick$ is b "o out ( _m difficulties connect$ ) human fre$om4 ,t ,god c\ld create a free man at all2 t ,he c\ld =esee h[ he w\ld use 8 fre$om2 t ,he %\ld all[ him to use x wrongly1 ?us involv+ himself & o!rs 9 mis]y2 & t ?is mis]y %\ld la/ = ev]2 are all to a great ext5t beyond our compreh5sion4 ,b z ! fir/ ?ree mu/ be admitt$1 ! la/ is c]ta9ly n incr$ible4 ,! second & commone/ objection ref]s to ,god's ju/ice4 ,! suff]+1 x is said1 w\ld be out ( all proportion to ! (f5ce4 ,man's life is brief at ! mo/1 & e s9 9 ?is _w _c des]ve c\ntless ye>s ( mis]y 9 ! next4 ,9 %ort1 a man's s9 "h mu/ anyh[ be f9ite1 :ile endless mis]y1 h[ev] slight1 w\ld be inf9ite4 ,b v possibly1 be+ s9n]s ourselves1 we d n realise ! magnitude ( s91 m especially its f>-rea*+ & p]man5t effect on ! "* ( o!rs1 :o 9 _! turn may influ5ce o!rs also1 & s on indef9itely4 ,9 ?is way ! consequ5ces ( ev5 a s+le s9 may be endless1 & !re=e inf9ite1 & if s its guilt may be inf9ite too4 ,& ?is also agrees ) ! analogy ( nature4 ,= 9 nature no?+ is =gott51 & ev5 a small act1 l plant+ a fl[] has 7almo/7 endless consequ5ces1 s9ce ! gr\nd w nev] be exactly ! same z if x _h n be5 plant$4 ,moreov]1 we ne$ n assume t endless mis]y is = a man's s9s "h only4 ,:y may n ! wick$ g on s9n+ = ev]8 ,!y mu/ c]ta9ly h ! p[] ( do+ s1 = ! option ( act+1 or at all ev5ts ( ?9k+ "r or wrong1 is ess5tial to free w2 & if we d5y !m _! free w1 !y are no long] m5 b m]e ma*9es4 ,& x ev5 seems probable t !y w\ld d s2 = all our exp]i5ce ( human "* is t x t5ds to a f9al p]man5ce1 ( good or bad1 :i* no?+ c alt]4 ,by do+ good1 m5 become good--evil gradually loses its influ5ce ov] !m4 ,& !n1 :5 _! "* is fix$1 !y w cease to be attract$ by evil2 & !y w 9 consequ5ce rema9 7& ?is )\t any ef=t or /ruggle on _! "p7 = ev] good1 & !re=e = ev] happy4 ,simil>ly ) reg>d to ! wick$4 ,by committ+ s9 m5 become s9ful1 & !n1 :5 _! "* is fix$1 !y may rema9 = ev] s9ful1 & !re=e = ev] mis]able4 ,9 ea* case ! man's conduct w be always free2 b 8 "*1 & !re=e ! use :i* he makes ( 8 fre$om1 w h become fix$4 ,& p]haps "o ( ! /ronge/ motives = lead+ a good life "h1 & ?us =m+ a good "*1 is ! k t1 :e!r good or bad1 x w be our "* = all et]nity4 ,no d\bt x is an ov]:elm+ ?\ght t a man's endless happ9ess1 or mis]y %\ld dep5d on 8 %ort probation 9 ?is _w2 yet z he is giv5 free w ) ! option ( *oos+ "o or ! o!r1 !re is no?+ unju/ 9 ! results be+ s p]man5t4 ,& x entirely agrees ) ,god's me?ods 9 nature1 :]e1 = in/ance1 ! %ape ( a tree = c5turies is fix$ dur+ ! %ort "t x is gr[+4 ,nor does ! fact ( ,god's =ekn[l$ge z to h[ ea* man w act alt] ! case or cause any inju/ice1 s9ce1 z said 9 ,*apt] ,,ii41 x does n int]f]e ) man's fre$om4 ,god m]ely =ekn[s ! use man w make ( 8 fre$om4 ,!re=e ,8 kn[+ be=eh& t a man w commit a murd] does n make x unju/ to puni% him = do+ s4 ,& ! same rule applies univ]sally2 s t al?\gh ,god =ekn[s t ! wick$ w be lo/1 !y w n be lo/ because ,god =ekn[s x4 ,!y w be lo/ because ( _! own wilful abuse ( _! own free w2 & ,god =ekn[s bo? ?is1 & its consequ5ces4 ,! ?ird objection ref]s to ,god's m]cy4 ,surely1 x is said1 ,god w\ld nev] puni% m5 unless !re 7 a *ance ( improv+ !m2 s x is incr$ible t ,he %\ld g on puni%+ !m = ev]4 ,b p]haps ! future mis]y ( ! wick$ may n be a puni%m5t at all1 9 ! s5se ( be+ inflict$ by ,god2 x may be ! necess>y result ( _! own acts1--! consequ5ce r ?an ! puni%m5t ( s94 ,or if we /ill use ! ^w puni%m5t1 we may say t !y w be puni%$1 n s mu* = do+ :at !y h done1 z by be+ :at !y h become4 ,x w be accord+ to _! works r ?an because ( !m4#dgf ,footnote #dgf3 ,matt4 #af4 #bg2 ,rom4 #b4 #f4 ,& !re is mu* to be said 9 fav\r ( ?is view1 s9ce x is ! way 9 :i* ,god puni%es m5 9 ?is _w4 ,suppose1 = in/ance1 a man repeat$ly gives way to dr9k1 he w h ! natural puni%m5t 7:i* is really ,god's puni%m5t1 ,:o is ! ,au?or ( ,nature7 ( be+ :at he has become1 an habitual drunk>d1 & v possibly mis]able = ! re/ ( 8 life4 ,x is ! necess>y consequ5ce ( 8 s92 & ! ext5t ( 8 mis]y w1 z a rule1 be 9 exact proportion to ! ext5t ( 8 s94 ,!re=e1 if a man is to suff] h]eaft] = o!r s9s1 we %\ld expect ?is suff]+ to come 9 ! same way2 & to be ! natural1 & p]haps unavoidable1 consequ5ce ( ! s9 itself4 ,nor is x difficult to sugge/ h[ ?is may be4 ,= ! endless mis]y ( ! wick$ may be to a great ext5t m5tal1 r ?an bodily--%ame & ev]la/+ contempt1 z ,daniel calls x4 ,!y may be torm5t$ by remorse & regret at hav+ made !mselves unfit to %>e 9 ! joys ( heav54 ,& until we "k ! greatness ( ^? joys1 we _c "k ! greatness ( ?is suff]+4 ,b if ! joys ( heav5 are endless1 & if ! exi/5ce ( ! wick$ outside heav5 is also endless1 x mu/ pla9ly be an endless s\rce ( mis]y4 ,:ile1 9 conclusion1 ! fact t x is ! same ,*ri/ :o has taught u 7m ?an anyone else7 ! m]cy & love ( ,god1 :o has also taught u ! endless mis]y ( ! wick$1 is an additional reason = ?9k+ t ! two _c really be inconsi/5t4 ,! f\r? & la/ objection ref]s to man r ?an ,god4 ,x is t ! endless mis]y ( ! wick$ w\ld de/roy ! happ9ess ( ! righte\s2 = h[ c\ld a man enjoy heav5 if he knew t 8 own fa!r & "m 7 9 endless & hopeless mis]y else:]e8 ,( c\rse1 if we d5y him 8 memory1 & say he does n rememb] !m1 x de/roys 8 id5tity1 & = all practical purposes1 he is a diff]5t man4 ,i h n met ) any satisfactory answ] to ?is difficulty4 ,b x may be po9t$ out t if he kn[s 8 p>5ts' fate1 he w c]ta9ly "k _! "* too1 & t _! fate 0 des]v$4 ,& ?is may alt] 8 feel+s 9 reg>d to !m1 z x (t5 does n[1 if we f9d t "o ( our fri5ds has behav$ 9 a mean1 & disgraceful mann]4 ,review+ all ^! objections1 x mu/ be admitt$ t ! endless mis]y ( ! wick$ seems improbable1 b x is c]ta9ly n incr$ible4 ,=1 to put x %ortly1 our k ( human nature conv9ces u t1 out ( a l>ge numb] ( wick$ m51 "s at all ev5ts w cont9ue to be wick$1 i4e4 to commit s9 z long z !y live4 ,h5ce1 if !y live = ev]1 !y w s9 = ev]4 ,& if !y s9 = ev]1 x is n only j1 b p]haps inevitable1 t !y %\ld be mis]able = ev]4 ,& if s1 ! endless mis]y ( ! wick$ does n reflect on ei!r ! p[]1 ju/ice1 or m]cy ( ,god1 &1 z said above1 is c]ta9ly n incr$ible4 7#b47 ,_! endless happ9ess4 ,we pass on n[ to ! next !ory1 t ( _! endless happ9ess4 ,accord+ to ?is1 all ! wick$ 7aft] "s suitable puni%m5t7 w at la/ be reconcil$ to ,god1 & 9 popul> language1 g to heav54 ,& !re are sev]al texts :i* are m or less 9 fav\r ( ?is view4#dgg ,b h[ are we to reconcile ^! ) ! f> /rong] ones be=e allud$ to8 ,! mo/ probable explanation is t !y are m]ely g5]al /atem5ts1 indicat+ ! f9al de/9y ( ! va/ majority ( mank9d1 b t !re are exceptions to ?is z to mo/ o!r rules4 ,& ! ,cre$ n[h]e implies t mo/ m5 w be lo/2 x may be only a few ob/9ate s9n]s4 ,footnote #dgg3 ,e4g41 ,col4 #a4 #bj2 #a ,tim4 #d4 #aj2 #a ,john #b4 #b2 ,rev4 #e4 #ac4 ,moreov]1 we _c ?9k t ! wick$ w be all[$ to g on s9n+ 9 heav51 s if !y g !re1 !y mu/ f9ally cease to commit s94 ,_m may d ?is volunt>ily1 b :at ab\t ! rema9d]8 ,if !y mu/ f9ally =sake s91 :e!r !y l x or n1 x de/roys _! free w1 & leads to compulsory goodness1 :i* is v l a contradiction 9 t]ms4 ,= goodness _c be ascrib$ to m]e ma*9es )\t free w1 :i* only act "u compulsion2 yet on ?is !ory ! m5 w\ld be no?+ m4 ,9 fact1 ! wick$ m5 w\ld 9 reality h be5 de/roy$1 & a good piece ( me*anism creat$ in/ead2 :i* sc>cely seems a probable !ory4 ,!n !re is ?is fur!r difficulty3 :at is to become ( ! evil angels8 ,if we h to admit endless mis]y = ^!1 :y n = man8 ,yet ! ,bible gives no h9t t ! ,devil w 9 ! end be reconcil$ to ,god1 & g to heav54 7#c47 ,_! de/ruction4 ,la/ly1 z to ! o!r & only possible alt]native1 ! de/ruction ( ! wick$4 ,?is may be bett] describ$ z _! failure to obta9 ev]la/+ life2 :i* is "h reg>d$ n z ! attribute ( all m51 b z be+ conditional on a man's fulfill+ c]ta9 duties & develop+ a c]ta9 "* 9 ?is life4 ,& ! wick$1 n hav+ done ?is1 w ev5tually be de/roy$ & cease to exi/4 ,num]\s texts c be quot$ 9 fav\r ( ?is !ory4#dgh ,& x is also support$ by ! analogy ( nature3 = if an organism or a species is a failure1 x ev5tually ceases to exi/2 x is n kept alive = ev] z a disfigurem5t to ! _w4 ,footnote #dgh3 ,e4g41 ,john #f4 #ea2 ,rom4 #f4 #bc2 ,matt4 #aj4 #bh4 ,?is !ory1 no d\bt1 pres5ts less moral difficulties ?an ei!r ( ! o!rs1 b x is n free f !m4 ,= are ! wick$ to be puni%$ aft] dea? previ\s to _! de/ruction8 ,if !y are n1 ju/ice is n satisfi$2 & :ile excessive puni%m5t seems a reflection on ,god's "*1 no puni%m5t at all = s9n]s :o h be5 successful 9 ?is _w1 seems equally s4 ,yet1 on ! o!r h&1 any puni%m5t :i* prec$es de/ruction seems m]ely v9dictive1 & ( no possible use4 ,ea* ( ^! !ories1 !n1 appe>s improbable1 b ! endless mis]y ( ! wick$ is sc>cely m s ?an ! o!rs1 & !re=e1 z x is ! "o mo/ /rongly support$ by ! ,bible1 we seem b\nd to accept x4 ,"o rem>k may h[ev] be made 9 conclusion1 & x br+s a little com=t into ?is sadde/ ( all tru?s4 ,x is t :atev] d\bt may exi/ z to ! future /ate ( ! wick$1 ( "o ?+ we may be q sure--t _! puni%m5t w n be 9 excess ( :at !y des]ve4 ,!y w be treat$ fairly2 & e m]ciful all[ance w be made = circum/ances1 includ+ ! inh]5t weakness ( human nature4 ,*ri/ianity inde$ seems to emphasise ?is m ?an any o!r religion1 s9ce m5 are to be judg$ n by ! ,fa!r1 b by ! ,son2 app>5tly = ?is v reason t1 be+ ,man1 ,he c sympa?ise ) human weakness4#dgi ,& aft] ! judgm5t1 p]sons w enjoy heav5 j 9 proportion z _! lives on e>? h r5d]$ !m capable ( do+ s1 :ile ! mis]y ( ! lo/ w also be 9 exact proportion to :at !y des]ve4 ,footnote #dgi3 ,john #e4 #bg4 7,c47 ,,! ,,importance ,,( ,a ,,true ,,belief4 ,! la/ doctr9e to be consid]$ is ! importance ( a ,true ,belief1 t is ( believ+ ! tru? 9 reg>d to matt]s ( religion4 ,?is is /rongly insi/$ on 9 ! w>n+ clauses ( ! ,a?anasian ,cre$2 s we w fir/ consid] _! mean+1 !n _! tru?fulness1 & la/ly1 ! objection z to dogmatism4 7#a47 ,_! mean+4 ,be=e discuss+ ?is1 x may be po9t$ out t !y are (t5 call$ ! damnatory or un*>itable clauses2 b bo? ^! t]ms are some:at mislead+4 ,= ! ,cre$ does n condemn anyone by ^! clauses1 x m]ely decl>es t c]ta9 p]sons w be condemn$ by ,god1 :i* is a v diff]5t ?+4 ,no "o desires _! condemnation1 b ! contr>y2 !re=e1 believ+ ! dang] to be a fact1 x is /at$ 9 ! hope t p]sons w 9 consequ5ce avoid x4 ,an analogy may help to illu/rate ?is di/9ction4 ,suppose a despotic rul] 9 "s isl& 7 to put up a notice t anyone walk+ along a c]ta9 "p ( ! coa/ w\ld be arre/$ & %ot2 ?is might well be call$ un*>itable4 ,b n[1 suppose ! notice 0 t1 ow+ to _! be+ quicks&s along t "p ( ! coa/1 anyone walk+ !re w\ld be dr[n$2 ?is might be untrue1 b x c\ld sc>cely be call$ un*>itable4 ,s 9 reg>d to ! ,cre$4 ,its w>n+s 7:e!r true or false7 are 9 no s5se un*>itable2 & x no m consigns m5 to p]dition 7z x is sometimes call$7 = d5y+ ! fai?1 ?an a doctor consigns m5 to die ( fev] = dr9k+ bad wat]4 ,9 ea* case !y m]ely /ate :at !y believe w 7un=tunately7 be ! result4 ,its w>n+s are also q diff]5t f ! ,let him be ana!ma ( ,/4 ,paul1 z well z f "s ( ! ,psalms1 :]e ! writ] does n m]ely /ate t ! wick$ w be mis]able1 b prays t !y may be s4#dhj ,?is no d\bt seems un*>itable1 b !re is no?+ l x 9 ! ,cre$4 ,footnote #dhj3 ,e4g41 ,gal4 #a4 #h-i2 ,ps4 #fi4 ,:at ! ,cre$ says is t hold+1 or hold+ fa/1#dha ! ,ca?olic ,fai?1 especially ! doctr9es ( ! ,tr9ity & ! ,inc>nation1 is necess>y to salvation 7vv4 #a1 #bh1 #bi1 #db72 & t ^? :o d n keep 7or hold fa/7 ?is ,fai? w p]i% ev]la/+ly 7v4 #b74 ,! ^w keep1 x %\ld be notic$1 implies previ\s possession1 s9ce a man _c keep :at he nev] _h2 s ^! v]ses are inapplicable to hea!ns1 infidels1 or ev5 nom9al ,*ri/ians :o h nev] really held ! ,fai?4 ,!y ref] only to apo/ates--to ^? :o1 hav+ once held ! ,fai?1 d n keep x4 ,footnote #dha3 ,x is s translat$ 9 ! revis$ v]sion1 issu$ 9 ,novemb]1 #aiji1 by a ,committee1 "u ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury4 ,moreov]1 !re c be little d\bt t ! apo/asy "h ref]r$ to 0 n t due to intellectual d\bt1 b to giv+ way1 "u p]secution4 ,= ! ,go?ic conqu]ors ( ,s\!rn ,europe1 :]e ! ,cre$ 0 compos$ ab\t ! fif? c5tury1 7 ,arians1 & !y mu* p]secut$ ! ,ca?olics4 ,s a /atem5t ( :at ! ,ca?olic ,fai? really 0 79 opposition to ,arianism7 might well conta9 w>n+s z to ! great dang] ( ab&on+ x "u trial & p]secution4 ,9 ! same way ,*ri/ w>n$ ,8 foll[]s t if !y d5i$ ,him be=e m51 ,he w\ld also d5y !m be=e ,8 ,fa!r4 ,& a "t ( p]secution is di/9ctly impli$ 9 ! ,cre$ itself4 ,= 9 v]4 #cj we are told t x is n en\gh to believe ! fai?1 x mu/ be publicly confess$2 & ev5 9 v]4 #a1 ! hold+ or hold+ fa/1 sugge/s a temptation to surr5d]4 ,comp>e ! passage3 ,?\ holde/ fa/ my "n1 & did/ n d5y my fai?3#dhb :]e 9 ! ,lat9 translation 7! ,vulgate7 ! same ^w is us$ = hold fa/1 z occurs 9 ! ,cre$4 ,footnote #dhb3 ,rev4 #b4 #ac1 #be2 #c4 #aa2 #b ,tim4 #a4 #ac4 ,next z to ! mean+ ( to p]i%4 ,?is is no d\bt mu* disput$1 bo? "h1 & 9 ! simil> passage 9 ! ,gospel1 :]e ,*ri/ says t all :o believe on ,him %all n p]i%1 b h et]nal 7or ev]la/+7 life2 :i* c]ta9ly implies t ^? :o disbelieve1 or cease to believe1 %all p]i%1 & %all n h ev]la/+ life1 i4e41 %all p]i% ev]la/+ly4#dhc ,b :atev] ,*ri/ meant by ^! words1 ! ,cre$ means too1 nei!r m nor less4 ,tak5 by !mselves1 !y seem to po9t to ! de/ruction ( ! wick$2 or p]haps only to _! failure to obta9 ! joys ( heav51 )\t actually ceas+ to exi/4 ,footnote #dhc3 ,john #c4 #af4 ,b h[ev] ?is may be1 "o ?+ is pla92 t1 accord+ to ! ,cre$1 ^? :o h be5 taught ! tru? ab\t ,god1 7i4e41 ! ,ca?olic ,fai?71 mu/ bo? lead a good life1 7fight+ aga9/ s91 etc471 & also hold fa/1 or keep ?is fai?1 if !y wi% to be sav$4 ,& ,/4 ,paul evid5tly reg>d$ ^! z ! two ess5tials2 = at ! close ( 8 life1 he rejoic$ because he _h f\ght ! good fight1 & kept ! fai?4#dhd ,footnote #dhd3 #b ,tim4 #d4 #g4 7#b47 ,_! tru?fulness4 ,hav+ ?us %[n :at ! w>n+ clauses actually mean1 we h next to consid] :e!r !y are true4 ,n[1 x is pla9 f ! nature ( ! case t we c "k no?+ on su* a subject1 except :at is reveal$ by ,god4 ,is !n1 ?is doctr9e /at$ or impli$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t8 ,c]ta9ly x is1 s9ce belief 9 ,*ri/ is ev]y:]e laid d[n z necess>y to salvation4 ,he is n "o ,savi\r among _m1 nor is ,*ri/ianity "o means among _m ( gett+ to heav54 ,b ,*ri/ianity is always repres5t$ z ! only means1 & ,*ri/ z ! only ,savi\r4 ,we h already allud$ to "o text on ?is subject1 t ab\t ! p]i%+2 & we w n[ quote five o!rs1 ea* f a diff]5t writ]1 ?us %[+ t ! doctr9e 0 n peculi> to any "o ,apo/le or ,evangeli/4 ,we are told !n1 t :ile he t believe? & is baptiz$ %all be sav$1 he t disbelieve? %all be condemn$2 t unless m5 believe 9 ,*ri/ !y %all die 9 _! s9s2 t ,8 is ! only ,"n "u heav5 :]e9 m5 c be sav$2 t public confession ( ,him z ,"l1 toge!r ) belief 9 ,8 ,resurrection1 leads to salvation2 & t ,8 ,blood alone c r$eem u f our s9s4#dhe ,footnote #dhe3 ,m>k #af4 #af2 ,john #h4 #bd2 ,acts #d4 #ab2 ,rom4 #aj4 #i2 #a ,pet4 #a4 #ai4 ,& ! e>ly ,*ri/ians act$ 9 entire accordance ) ?is4 ,:51 = in/ance1 ! gaol] at ,philippi ask$ ,/4 ,paul1 ,:at mu/ ,i d to be sav$8 ! answ] 01 ,believe on ! ,"l ,jesus1 & ?\ %alt be sav$4#dhf ,rep5tance1 baptism1 & am5dm5t ( life1 w\ld ( c\rse foll[ 9 due "t2 b fir/ ( all1 be=e all o!r ?+s1 x 0 necess>y t he %\ld believe 9 ,*ri/4 ,?is 0 ! great ess5tial4 ,footnote #dhf3 ,acts #af4 #ca4 ,n[ x is obvi\s t ! belief 9 ,*ri/1 :i* is ?us ev]y:]e insi/$ on1 mu/ mean believ+ ! tru? ab\t ,*ri/1 & n a false belief4 ,if1 !n1 ! /atem5ts 9 ! ,cre$ repres5t ! tru? ab\t ,*ri/1 z we h %[n !y d1 !n belief 9 ^! is necess>y to salvation4 ,& ! ,bible1 l ! ,cre$1 expressly says t ! great & fundam5tal tru? ab\t ,*ri/1 :i* we mu/ bo? believe & confess1 is ,8 ,inc>nation1 t ,he is come 9 ! fle%4#dhg ,& ?is involves ,8 relation%ip to ,god ! ,fa!r1 & ! doctr9e ( ! ,tr9ity4 ,?us ! w>n+ clauses z to ! importance ( a true belief1 especially 9 reg>d to ^! two great doctr9es1 seem fully ju/ifi$4 ,footnote #dhg3 #a ,john #d4 #b-c4 ,?ree fur!r rem>ks may be made be=e leav+ ?is subject4 ,! fir/ is t ! ,cre$ is address$ to ,*ri/ians only4 ,?is is cle> f its op5+ s5t5ce1 ,quicunque vult salvus esse1 :i* means lit]ally1 ',:oev] wi%es to be sav$'2 & ?is takes = grant$ t ! p]sons address$ h he>d ( salvation4 ,&1 z we h %[n1 ! foll[+ words1 t !y mu/ hold fa/ or keep ! ,fai?1 also imply t !y h be5 already taught x4 ,! ,cre$ _c !re=e be held to ref] to any b ,*ri/ians1 no matt] h[ g5]al ! language may be4 ,secondly1 among ,*ri/ians ! ,cre$ is meant *iefly = !ologians4 ,?is is pla9 f its te*nical language1 :i* is s word$ z to prev5t a recurr5ce ( sev]al old errors4 ,& x seems only fair to assume t *ildr5 & unle>n$ p]sons belong+ to a ,*ur* hold+ ^! doctr9es w\ld be consid]$ z believ+ !m4 ,b ?\gh a *ild's belief1#dhh :i* is m]ely tru/ & love1 may be suffici5t = a *ild1 some?+ m may reasonably be expect$ f well-in/ruct$ ,*ri/ians4 ,& ?is is t !y %\ld believe ^! doctr9es rightly 7v4 #bi71 ?\gh ?is is a mo/ un=tunate translation ( ! ,lat9 ^w fidelit]1 z x seems to connect x ) ! "r fai? 7fides recta7 ( ! foll[+ v]se4 ,x w\ld be bett] r5d]$ by fai?fully1 z x is 9 v4 #bd1 or he>tily4 ,?us a he>tfelt belief 9 ! doctr9es ( ! ,tr9ity & ! ,inc>nation--a belief :i* leads at once to wor%ip1 = '! ,ca?olic ,fai? is t we wor%ip "o ,god'3--is :at ! ,cre$ says is s ess5tial4 ,footnote #dhh3 ,matt4 #ah4 #f4 ,la/ly1 all ^! /atem5ts1 l s _m passages 9 ! ,bible1#dhi are only g5]al rules2 to :i* !re are (t5 "s exceptions4 ,& 9 ! pres5t case1 we may feel sure 7f o!r passages7#dij t ,god w make exceptions1 :]ev] unbelief or misbelief has n be5 due to a p]son's own fault4 ,our conclusion1 !n1 z to ! w>n+ clauses is ?is2 t if ! o!r /atem5ts ( ! ,cre$ are true 7z we h %[n !y are71 ^! clauses d n pres5t any great difficulty4 ,footnote #dhi3 ,e4g41 #a ,cor4 #f4 #ab4 ,footnote #dij3 ,e4g41 #a ,tim4 #a4 #ac4 7#c47 ,! objection z to dogmatism4 ,an important objection has /ill to be consid]$4 ,x is t ! ,a?anasian ,cre$ dogmatises too mu*4 ,grant+1 x is said1 t all its doctr9es are conta9$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 yet :y n be cont5t ) ! simpl] /atem5ts 9 ! ,apo/les' & ,nic5e ,cre$s8 ,^! 7 suffici5t = ! ,*ur* = sev]al c5turies1 s :y n leave o!r matt]s op5 = discussion1 in/ead ( treat+ !m z clos$ que/ions8 ,we w consid] ^! po9ts 9 turn4 ,& fir/ z to dogmatism2 by :i* is meant ! exact /atem5t ( any tru?4 ,n[ on all o!r subjects :i* influ5ce our conduct1 su* z diseases or sci5ce1 x is admitt$ to be ( great importance t we %\ld "k ! tru?1 & act accord+ly4 ,:y1 !n1 %\ld x be ?\ght t 9 ,religion alone ?is is immat]ial1 & t a false ,cre$ is z good z ! true "o1 if a man hone/ly believes x8 ,moreov]1 a c]ta9 am\nt ( dogmatism 9 matt]s ( ,religion seems ess5tial4 ,no "o c intellig5tly s]ve or pray to a ,god ( ,^: ,nature he has =m$ no idea1 & ! mom5t he beg9s to =m su* an idea he is involv$ 9 difficulties4 ,take = example :at "s w consid] a v simple pray]1 ,may ,god =give my s9s = ,*ri/'s sake4 ,:o1 we may ask1 is ,god2 :o is ,*ri/2 :at is ! relation betwe5 !m2 :y %\ld ,"o be ask$ to =give = ! sake ( ! ,o!r2 & :at w\ld happ5 if ! s9s 7 n =giv58 ,su* difficulties _c be avoid$2 & if ! /atem5ts 9 ! ,a?anasian ,cre$ are _! true explanation1 ! m cle>ly ?is is /at$ ! bett]4 ,9 ! next place1 x is v d\btful :e!r ! e>li] ,cre$s are simpl] & m easy to believe ?an ! ,a?anasian4 ,to a ?\ghtful read] x may well seem o!rwise4 ,= example1 ref]r+ to ! ,tr9ity1 ! ,apo/les' ,cre$ tea*es u to believe 9 ,god ! ,fa!r1 9 ,8 ,son ,jesus ,*ri/1 & 9 ! ,holy ,gho/1 b x does n attempt to answ] ! simple/ que/ions conc]n+ ,!m4 ,are ,!y1 = in/ance1 all ?ree ,p]sons8 if s1 are ,!y all ?ree ,div9e8 & if s1 are ,!y ?ree ,gods8 ,& ! ,nic5e ,cre$ is ev5 m puzzl+1 = x fir/ says t !re is "o ,god ! ,fa!r1 & soon aft]w>ds t ! ,son is also ,god4 ,s 9 reg>d to ! ,holy ,_s1 ,he is call$ ! ,"l1 yet x has be5 already /at$ t !re is only "o ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,h[ c all ?is be reconcil$8 ,& mu* ! same applies to ! future /ate ( ! wick$4 ,! two e>li] ,cre$s speak ( ! life ev]la/+ 7= ! good71 b :at is to become ( ! bad8 ,^! & _m o!r que/ions are sugge/$ by ! e>li] ,cre$s1 & answ]$ by ! ,a?anasian4 ,& to _m x seems easi] to believe ! ,cre$ :i* answ]s difficulties1 ?an ^? :i* m]ely sugge/ !m4 ,& x 0 = ?is v purpose ( answ]+ difficulties1 n mak+ !m1 t ! ,a?anasian ,cre$ 0 compos$4 ,its object 0 n to ass]t any new doctr9es1 or to sugge/ t ^? previ\sly receiv$ 7 n suffici5t1 b m]ely to expla9 !m1 & to prev5t !m f be+ misund]/ood4 ,all ! doctr9es1 z we h se51 are conta9$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 & !y 7 9 consequ5ce always believ$ by ,*ri/ians4 ,b x 0 n till aft] mu* controv]sy t m5 le>nt to express ?is belief ) cle>ness & precision4 ,la/ly1 z to ^! doctr9es be+ clos$ que/ions4 ,!y are clos$ que/ions 9 mu* ! same way z ! fact t ! e>? goes r\nd ! sun1 & n ! sun r\nd ! e>?1 is a clos$ "q 9 a/ronomy4 ,t is to say1 !y h be5 ?or\ghly discuss$1 & 7to ^? :o believe ! ,new ,te/am5t7 ! evid5ce 9 _! fav\r is ov]:elm+4 ,( c\rse anyone may g ov] ! pro(s aga9 = himself1 & if he wants to h an intellig5t belief he %\ld d s2 b z a rule ( conduct ! subject _c be re-op5$4 ,& x %\ld be notic$ t ! ,*ur*1 9 ?us treat+ c]ta9 que/ions z clos$ = its memb]s1 is only act+ z o!r societies w\ld d4 ,w\ld a society ( eng9e]s1 = in/ance1 all[ "o ( its memb]s to con/ruct an iron bridge on ! supposition t ! expansion ( iron by heat 0 an op5 "q2 :i* he might1 or might n1 ?9k wor? all[+ =8 ,or w\ld a society ( doctors all[ "o ( its memb]s to att5d pati5ts if he ass]t$ t :e!r sc>let fev] 0 infecti\s or n 0 an op5 "q2 :i* ea* pati5t might decide = himself8 ,9 %ort1 well-asc]ta9$ tru?1 or :at is believ$ to be su*1 9 e dep>tm5t ( k is look$ ^u z a clos$ "q2 & x mu/ rema9 s1 unless "s important fre% evid5ce is produc$4 ,b ) reg>d to ! ,cre$s1 no fre% evid5ce c be produc$1 unless ,god 7 to give a fre% ,revelation2 s1 f ! nature ( ! case1 !y are clos$ que/ions 9 an ev5 /rict] s5se ?an asc]ta9$ tru?s on o!r subjects4 ,?is concludes a brief exam9ation ( ! doctr9es ( ! ,?ree ,cre$s1 &1 z we h se51 !y are all ei!r conta9$ 91 or logically d$ucible f1 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,,*apt] ,,xxv4 ,,t ,,! ,,tru? ,,( ,,! ,,*ri/ian ,,religion ,,is ,,extremely ,,probable4 7,a47 ,,! ,,evid5ces ,,( ,,*ri/ianity4 ,"o rema9+ objection1 :y are !re s _m difficulties1 & no m obvi\s pro(8 consid]$ 9 detail4 7,b47 ,,summ>y ,,& ,,conclusion4 ,we h n[ exam9$ all ! m important argum5ts = & aga9/ ! ,tru? ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,_m ( !m1 z we h se51 involve a good deal ( /udy1 & we h (t5 be5 oblig$ to consid] a few examples only ( v>i\s classes ( facts2 b x is hop$ t no important argum5t on ei!r side has be5 entirely ov]look$4 ,"o rema9+ objection has /ill to be consid]$4 7,a47 ,,! ,,evid5ces ,,( ,,*ri/ianity4 ,does n1 x is urg$1 ?is v fact ( itself =m a difficulty8 ,c an ord9>y man be expect$ to pond] ov] argum5ts1 objections1 & c\nt]-argum5ts by ! doz51 ev5 suppos+ ! balance ( probability to be 9 fav\r ( ! ,religion8 ,surely1 if ,*ri/ianity 7 true1 & ,god wi%$ m5 to believe x1 !re w\ld n be s _m difficulties4 ,he w\ld h provid$ an easi] way ( prov+ x ?an ?is2 or1 at all ev5ts1 if ?is elaborate argum5t 7 exam9$1 ! inf]5ce 9 its fav\r w\ld be simply ov]:elm+4 ,?is is a difficulty felt p]haps by "s :o h read ! pres5t ,essay2 =tunately x c be answ]$ satisfactorily4 ,& fir/1 z to !re be+ s _m difficulties4 ,sev]al ( ^! are simply due to ! evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ,*ri/ianity be+ s /rong4 ,if1 = in/ance1 we _h only "o ,gospel in/ead ( f\r1 ! difficulties caus$ by ! discrepancies betwe5 !m w\ld disappe>1 b ! argum5t 9 fav\r ( ,*ri/ianity w\ld n be /r5g!n$ 9 consequ5ce4 ,/ill putt+ aside ^!1 x mu/ be admitt$ t !re are _m difficulties connect$ ) ! ,religion4 ,b :at is ! cause ( ?is8 ,x is ! v magnitude ( ! ,*ri/ian ,religion :i* op5s ! way = s _m attacks4 ,a religion :i* claims to be ! only true "o 9 ! _w2 to h be5 f\nd$ by ,god ,himself2 to h be5 prep>$ = by prophecies & introduc$ by miracles2 to be ! c5tre ( ! _w's hi/ory1 all previ\s hi/ory lead+ up to x1 & all subsequ5t hi/ory be+ influ5c$ by x2 to be suitable = all ages & c\ntries2 to hold ! key to all m5tal & moral problems2 to be man's guide & com=t 9 ?is life1 & 8 only hope = ! next2--su* a religion mu/ be assailable at a great _m po9ts4 ,b provid$ all ^! assaults c be repell$1 provid$ ?is long fronti]-l9e1 s to speak1 c be prop]ly def5d$1 x does n %[ ! weakness ( ! religion2 on ! contr>y1 x %[s its enorm\s /r5g?4 ,a religion :i* made less claims w\ld1 no d\bt1 h less difficulties2 b x w\ld be less likely to be ! true "o4 ,if ,god became ,inc>nate1 no claims c be too va/ = ! ,religion ,he f\nd$4 ,& to _m1 ?is unspeakable gr&eur ( ,*ri/ianity1 s f> f be+ a difficulty1 con/itutes "o ( its greate/ *>ms4 ,next1 z to !re be+ no easi] means ( pro(4 ,x is a simple matt] ( fact t ! va/ majority ( m51 bo? educat$ & un$ucat$1 :o believe 9 ,*ri/ianity1 h n arriv$ at ?is belief by a long l9e ( reason+1 su* z we h exam9$4 ,!y ass]t t !re is an easi] way4 ,!y say t ,god has giv5 !m a faculty ( ,fai?1 :i*1 ?\gh x may be h>d to expla91 j z man's free w is h>d to expla91 yet gives !m ! mo/ c]ta9 conviction ( ! tru? ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,& />t+ ) ?is inw>d conviction1 !y say x is confirm$ by _! daily exp]i5ce1 j z a man's belief 9 8 free w is confirm$ by 8 daily exp]i5ce4 ,( c\rse1 ?is appeal to fai? is no argum5t to ^? :o d n possess x4 ,on ! o!r h&1 to ^? :o d possess x1 no argum5ts c really weak5 or /r5g!n x4 ,x is a ?+ by itself1 & absolutely conv9c+4 ,x may be po9t$ out1 h[ev]1 t if man is a p>tly spiritual z well z a p>tly mat]ial be+1 :i* we h already admitt$2 !n ! exi/5ce ( "s spiritual s5se1 or faculty1 by :i* to p]ceive spiritual tru?s1 j z ! body has mat]ial s5ses by :i* to p]ceive mat]ial objects1 _c be ?\ght incr$ible4 ,& ?is is :at fai? claims to be2 x is a means to spiritual disc]nm5t1 & may be comp>$ to eyesight4 ,x does n enable u to believe :at we might o!rwise ?9k to be untrue2 b x enables u to "k = c]ta91 :at we might o!rwise ?9k to be only probable 7e4g41 ! exi/5ce ( ,god74 ,9 ! same way a bl9d man might1 by feel+1 ?9k x probable t !re 7 a c]ta9 numb] ( pictures 9 a room1 b if he c\ld see1 he w\ld "k = c]ta94 ,&1 j z a man1 :o _h always be5 bl9d1 ought n to reject ! te/imony ( ^? :o see1 s a man :o has no fai? ought n to reject ! te/imony ( ^? :o h4 ,& ! exi/5ce ( su* a faculty w acc\nt = ! v diff]5t views tak5 ( ,*ri/ianity by m5 ( app>5tly equal intellig5ce & c&\r4 ,/ill1 x may be ask$1 :y %\ld "s p]sons be giv5 ?is faculty ( fai?1 :ile o!rs are n8 ,! subject is no d\bt a difficult "o4 ,b v possibly ! faculty is lat5t 9 e "o1 only x ne$s 7l o!r faculties7 to be ex]cis$ & develop$4 ,& ! man himself may be responsible = :e!r he takes suitable means 7pray]1 etc47 = do+ ?is4 ,h[ev]1 we ne$ n pursue ?is subject1 s9ce1 z said above1 no argum5ts c prove1 or disprove ,*ri/ianity to ^? :o believe by fai?4 ,b n[ comes ! mo/ important "p ( ! objection4 ,grant+1 x is said1 t ! subject is a difficult "o1 & dem&s a long inve/igation1 yet :5 we d g ?r\gh ! argum5ts on bo? sides ! conclusion is n irresi/ible4 ,9 %ort1 :y are n ! evid5ces 9 fav\r ( ,*ri/ianity /rong]8 ,( c\rse !y might be s1 b we h no reason = ?9k+ t !y w\ld be4 ,9 our ord9>y daily life we h nev] absolute c]ta9ty to guide u1 b only v>i\s degrees ( probability4 ,& ev51 9 ,natural ,religion1 ! reasons = believ+ 9 a ,p]sonal ,god & ! fre$om & responsibility ( man1 ?\gh to mo/ p q conv9c+1 are c]ta9ly n irresi/ible2 s9ce1 z a matt] ( fact1 "s m5 resi/ !m4 ,& if ,god int5ds u to act on su* evid5ce 9 common life1 & also ) reg>d to ! great tru?s ( ,natural ,religion1 :y %\ld ,he n d ! same ) reg>d to ,*ri/ianity8 ,he seems1 if we may use ! ^w1 to respect man's mom5t\s attribute ( free w ev5 9 matt]s ( ,religion2 !re=e 9 ,8 sight a "r belief1 l "r conduct1 may be ( no value unless x is m or less volunt>y4 ,x is to be a virtue1 r ?an a necessity4 ,& ?is fully acc\nts = ! evid5ces ( ,*ri/ianity n be+ ov]:elm+4 ,!y are amply suffici5t to ju/ify anyone 9 believ+ x2 b !y are n1 & 7 probably nev] meant to be1 suffici5t to compel him to d s4 ,if1 h[ev]1--& ?is is a matt] ( practical importance--!y are /rong en\gh to %[ t ! ,religion is probably true1 a man :o admits ?is is obvi\sly b\nd to accept x4 ,he _c adopt a neutral attitude1 because ! evid5ce is n conclusive2 s9ce1 z j said1 9 e o!r subject we h only probability1 n c]ta9ty1 to guide u2 & :y %\ld religion alone be diff]5t8 ,!n1 if he accepts x1 he is obvi\sly b\nd to try & live accord+ly1 no matt] :at ! sacrifice may be2 = ,*ri/ianity1 if x is wor? any?+1 is wor? ev]y?+4 ,su* trem5d\s tru?s _c be half act$ on if believ$1 any m ?an !y c be half believ$2 x mu/ be a case ( all = all4 ,& !n1 if he tries to live accord+ly1 he may f9d 7z ,*ri/ians 9 all ages h f\nd7 t = himself ! probability becomes a c]ta9ty4 ,la/ly1 x may be po9t$ out t ?\gh p]haps ! evid5ces ( ,*ri/ianity are n s /rong z we %\ld expect1 !y are precisely ( su* a k9d z we %\ld expect2 = !y exhibit ea* ( ! ?ree great attributes ( ,god4 ,8 ,omnipot5ce is %[n 9 ! miracles1 ,8 ,omnisci5ce 9 ! prophecies1 & ,8 p]fect ,goodness 9 ! ,"* ( ,*ri/2 s t1 judg$ by its evid5ces1 ,*ri/ianity is a ,religion :i* might v reasonably h come f ! ,god ,:o is ,all-,p[]ful1 ,all-,wise1 & ,all-,good4 7,b47 ,,summ>y ,,& ,,conclusion4 ,x n[ only rema9s to give a summ>y ( ! previ\s *apt]s1 & !n po9t out ! f9al *oice ( difficulties4 ,9 ,*apt] ,,xiii4 we consid]$ ! cr$ibility ( ! ,*ri/ian ,religion1 & decid$ t "s ( its lead+ doctr9es1 especially ^? ( ! ,inc>nation & ! ,atonem5t1 seem$ v improbable4 ,all t c be said on ! o!r side is practically ?is1 t we h no adequate means ( judg+2 & t :5 we apply simil> reason+ to subjects ab\t :i* we d "k1 su* z ! fre$om ( man or ! exi/5ce ( evil1 x g5]ally leads u wrong4 ,b /ill ! fact rema9s t ! ,religion appe>s1 at fir/ sight1 v improbable4 ,9 ,*apt] ,,xiv4 we consid]$ ! ext]nal te/imony to ! ,f\r ,gospels1 & decid$ t ?is 0 v /rongly 9 _! fav\r4 ,at ! close ( ! second c5tury !y held ! same position among ,*ri/ians z !y d at pres5t2 dur+ ! middle ( t c5tury ,ju/9 %[s t !y 7 publicly read1 toge!r ) ! ,old ,te/am5t ,prophets2 :ile ! few e>li] writ]s ^: works h come d[n to u also seem to h kn[n !m4 ,9 ,*apt] ,,xv4 we consid]$ _! int]nal evid5ce1 & f\nd t x /rongly support$ ! above conclusion2 s comb9+ ! two1 we h an almo/ ov]:elm+ argum5t 9 fav\r ( _! g5u95ess4 ,9 ,*apt] ,,xvi4 we consid]$ an additional argum5t ( great importance1 d]iv$ f ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les4 ,!re are /rong reasons = dat+ ?is book ab\t ,a4,d4 #fj2 & if s x proves a /ill e>li] date = ! fir/ ?ree ,gospels4 ,9 ,*apt] ,,xvii4 we consid]$ ! ,resurrection ( ,*ri/1 & ! acc\nts we h ( x 9 ! ,f\r ,gospels4 ,& we decid$ t ^! ,n>ratives1 9 spite ( "s obvi\s discrepancies & omissions _h e appe>ance ( be+ ?or\ghly tru/wor?y4 ,inde$ _! complete agreem5t 9 important po9ts1 _! mutual explanations1 & _! signs ( e>ly date are all /rongly 9 _! fav\r4 ,9 ,*apt] ,,xviii4 we consid]$ ! te/imony ( ! ,fir/ ,witnesses1 & exam9$ 9 detail _! v]acity1 k1 inve/igation1 & reason+2 & ea* seem$ to be support$ by irresi/ible evid5ce4 ,!re=e ! opposite !ories1 :i* are bas$ on d5y+ ^! po9ts1 & are call$ respectively ! ,falsehood1 ! ,leg5d1 ! ,vision1 & ! ,swoon ,!ory1 are q unt5able4 ,s we mu/ ei!r accept ! ,resurrection ( ,*ri/2 or d5y x1 9 spite ( all ! evid5ce1 & solely because ( ! miracul\s nature ( ! ev5t4 ,9 ,*apt] ,,xix4 we consid]$ ! o!r ,new ,te/am5t ,miracles1 & came to ! conclusion t !y also occurr$4 ,inde$ _! m>ks ( tru?fulness1 & _! publicity toge!r ) ! fact t !y 7 nev] disput$ at ! "t1 make ! evid5ce 9 _! fav\r extremely /rong4 ,9 ,*apt] ,,xx4 we consid]$ ! argum5t f ,prophecy2 & discuss$ 9 detail ,isaiah's ,prophecy ( ! ,"l's ,s]vant1 & ! ,psalm ( ! ,crucifixion1 & !n glanc$ at sev]al o!rs4 ,& we po9t$ out h[ completely ^! prophecies 7 fulfill$ 9 ,*ri/1 & h[ utt]ly hopeless x 0 to f9d any o!r fulfilm5t ( !m4 ,s "h aga9 ! *oice lies betwe5 ei!r accept+ ^! prophecies1 or disput+ !m simply because !y are prophecies1 & imply sup]human k4 ,9 o!r words1 we mu/ ei!r admit ! m>vel ( a ,div9e ,revelation1 or else we mu/ face ! m5tal difficulty ( believ+ t all ^! co9cid5ces 7 due to *ance1 ! improbability ( :i* c sc>cely be calculat$4 ,9 ,*apt] ,,xxi4 we consid]$ ! ,"* ( ,*ri/2 & ! admitt$ excell5ce ( ,8 moral tea*+ seems q inconsi/5t ) delib]ate falsehood on ,8 "p4 ,yet ,he kept ass]t+ ,8 sup]human & ,div9e ,nature1 & 0 f9ally put to dea? 9 consequ5ce4 ,s "h once m we h a simil> *oice be=e u4 ,we mu/ ei!r accept ! ,div9ity ( ,*ri/1 ) all ! wond]s x involves2 or else we mu/ face ! moral difficulty ( believ+ t ! be/ moral tea*+ ! _w has ev] _h1 0 giv5 by ,"o1 ^: own life 0 full ( falsehood & presumption4 ,9 ,*apt] ,,xxii4 we consid]$ ! ,hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity1 & f\nd t its m>vell\s progress at fir/1 9 spite ( its imm5se difficulties1 & )\t ! use ( any =ce1 c\ld only be acc\nt$ = by its tru?4 ,s "h = ! la/ "t we h ! same alt]natives to *oose f4 ,we mu/ ei!r admit ! sup]natural orig9 & spread ( ,*ri/ianity2 or else we mu/ face ! hi/orical difficulty ( believ+ t its fir/ prea*]s 7 able to conv9ce m5 )\t evid5ce1 conqu] !m )\t =ce1 & f\nd ! greate/ religion ! _w has ev] se5 on claims :i* at ! "t ev]yone mu/ h kn[n to be untrue4 ,9 ,*apt] ,,xxiii4 we consid]$ ! o!r evid5ce on ! subject1 & briefly exam9$ v>i\s argum5ts = & aga9/ ,*ri/ianity1 su* z its connection ) pray]2 its adaptation to human nature1 & its relation to o!r religions2 b all ( comp>ative unimportance4 ,la/ly1 9 ,*apt] ,,xxiv4 we decid$ t ! ,?ree ,cre$s 7 d$ucible f ! ,new ,te/am5t2 s ! religion :i* has all ?is evid5ce 9 its fav\r is ! ,*ri/ian ,religion1 z we h us$ ! t]m4 ,f ! above summ>y x w be se5 t ! argum5ts aga9/ ,*ri/ianity are all :at may be call$ antec$5t 7or a priori7 ones4 ,! ,religion itself1 its doctr9es1 its claims1 its miracul\s orig91 all seem mo/ improbable4 ,?us ! objections to ,*ri/ianity all lie on ! surface4 ,!y are obvi\s & palpable to ev]yone4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! argum5ts 9 its fav\r h (t5 to be s\ght =2 b :5 f\nd !y are se5 to be /rong] & /rong] ! m !y are exam9$4 ,!re are f\r ma9 argum5ts4 ,^! are ( a widely diff]5t "*1 & ea* appeals mo/ /rongly to a c]ta9 class ( m9ds1 s ea* is (t5 said to be ! *ief argum5t = ,*ri/ianity1 b !y are probably ( equal value4 ,!y may be conv5i5tly call$ ! argum5t f ,miracles1 includ+ ( c\rse ! ,resurrection ( ,*ri/2 f ,prophecy2 f ,*ri/'s ,"*2 & f ,hi/ory4 ,& x %\ld be notic$ 9 pass+1 t !y mutually support "o ano!r4 ,miracles1 = in/ance1 are less difficult to believe :5 x is se5 t !y 7 to e/abli% a religion :i* has = c5turies ex]cis$ a great] influ5ce on mank9d ?an any?+ else2 & prophecies become /rong] :5 x is se5 t ! ,life =etold 0 "o t _h su* supreme & f>-rea*+ effects4 ,n[1 x is important to rememb] t ! actual facts on :i* ^! argum5ts re/ are 9 ea* case absolutely unique4 ,once1 & only once 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w1 h m5 appe>$ :o ass]t$ t !y 7 actual witnesses ( miracles1 & :o fac$ all =ms ( suff]+ & dea? solely 9 consequ5ce ( ?is4 ,aga91 once1 & only once 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w1 has a long s]ies ( prophecies1 utt]$ _m c5turies ap>t1 unit$ 9 a s+le ,p]son1 9 :om !y "o & all f9d a complete fulfilm5t4 ,yet aga91 once1 & only once 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w1 has a ,man appe>$ ( faultless moral "*1 :o ass]t$ t ,he 0 also ,god1 & :o boldly claim$ all t ?is trem5d\s ass]tion involv$1 & submitt$ to ! consequ5ces4 ,:ile1 la/ly1 once1 & only once 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w1 has a ,religion1 mo/ improbable 9 itself1 & )\t us+ any =ce1 succe$$ 9 conqu]+ nation aft] nation4 ,^!1 !n1 are ! f\r *ief argum5ts on ! subject1 & 9 e case we h ! same *oice be=e u4 ,we mu/ ei!r face ! antec$5t 7or a priori7 difficulties 9 accept+ ,*ri/ianity1 or ! m5tal1 moral & hi/orical difficulties 9 reject+ x4 ,!re is no neutral gr\nd1 no possibility ( avoid+ bo? sets ( difficulties4 ,b ! difficulties on ! "o side conc]n :at we d n "k--,god's purpose 9 creat+ man--& may be due to our ignorance only4 ,! difficulties on ! o!r side conc]n :at we d "k4 ,!y are practical1 !y are d]iv$ f exp]i5ce4 ,we d "k t m5 w n lay d[n _! lives = :at !y believe to be false1 & t ! fir/ prea*]s ( ,*ri/ianity mu/ h kn[n :e!r x 0 false or n4 ,we d "k t prophecies utt]$ at r&om ?r\gh c5turies w\ld n all unite 9 a s+le ,p]son4 ,we d "k t ev5 mod]ately good m5 d n make extravagant claims4 ,& we d "k t no natural causes c acc\nt = su* a religion z ,*ri/ianity obta9+ su* a triumph z x did4 ,! *oice1 !n1 seems to lie betwe5 :at we may call unkn[n difficulties & kn[n ones4 ,! unkn[n difficulty ( believ+ t ! ,et]nal ,god c\ld s love man z to humble ,himself ev5 to dea? to w9 man's love2 & ! kn[n difficulty ( believ+ t evid5ce s va/ & s v>i\s1 s cumulative & s app>5tly irresi/ible1 c\ld all unite 9 mak+ a mon/r\s falsehood appe> to be a mom5t\s tru?4 ,betwe5 ^! two sets ( difficulties we h to make our *oice4 ,b to ^? :o agree ) ! previ\s *apt]s1 ! *oice _c be d\btful2 = h[ev] h>d x is to believe ,*ri/ianity1 x is1 z we h %[n1 h>d] /ill to disbelieve x4 ,?is1 !n1 is our f9al conclusion1 t ! tru? ( ! ,*ri/ian religion is extremely probable1 because1 to put x %ortly1 ?\gh ! difficulties ( accept+ ,*ri/ianity are great1 ! difficulties ( reject+ x are f> great]4 ,,index ,,( ,,texts4 ,,page ,,g5esis4 #a4 #aag #a #bac #bf #aei1 #cic #b4 #acb #d #aai #c4 #bb #aei1 #cic #d4 #ac-ag1 #bf #acb #e4 #a-b #acd #f4 #b-d #acb #g4 #aa #abf #ba #acb #g-h4 #aei #i4 #ac-ad #abg #aa4 #g #cic #ab4 #c #bje #f #afj #af #ada #ac4 #g #afj #ad4 #bb #bac #ah4 #be #bae #ba4 #cc #bac #bb4 #baj #ag #bag #ah #cgd #bc4 #b1 #ai #adb #be4 #ah #adc #bf4 #d #cgd #bg4 #h-ac #bjh #cc4 #ah #adb #ce4 #f #adb #cf4 #ca-ci #aei #ci4 #a #aci #i #bae #dj4 #aa1 #ai #adj #ae #aef #da4 #adj #da #cic #dc4 #bg-bh #adc #cb #aci #df4 #cd #aci #dh4 #c #adb #di4 #cj #adb #ej4 #c #aci ,,exodus4 #a4 #aa #add #ad #add #b4 #c #add #c4 #ad #dje #d4 #ba #aei #e4 #ab #add #bc #afe #g4 #c #aei #aa1 #bb #ahb #ad-be #aeg #ai #ade #h4 #g1 #ah1 #ai #ahb #ae1 #cb #baj #i4 #cd #baj #aj4 #a #aei #c1 #g #baj #ab4 #ab #adf #be #aec #cg #aga #ac4 #aa #aec #ac #baj #ad4 #d #bji #ba1 #bb #agh #cj #agi #af4 #cf #afj #ag4 #ad #afd #ai4 #e #bjf #bj4 #bd #afa #ba4 #b1 #af #baa #bb4 #bi1 #cj #baj #bc4 #d-e #baa #bc4 #i #adh #bd4 #d #afd1 #afe #be4 #c-aj #adh #ac-ah #adg #bi4 #ad #aed #cd4 #bj #baj #bg #afd ,,leviticus4 #d4 #ab #aed #f4 #b #cib #aa #aed #g4 #a #chj #ch #aea #aa4 #bi #acb #ac4 #df #aed #ad4 #c #aed #cd #aec #af4 #a #aea #ai #chj #bf #aed #ag4 #c #aej1 #aed #ah-bj4 #baa #ah4 #bj #cib #ba-bh #bji #ai4 #aa1 #ae1 #ag #cib #bc #aea #cd #dab #bc4 #aj #aec #bd4 #ae #aea #af #dab #bd4 #ai #cib #be4 #a #aea #b #aec #ac #aej #ad1 #ae1 #ag #cib #da #baa #bf4 #cc #aij #bf4 #df #aea #bg4 #bh1 #bi #baj #cd #aea ,,numb]s4 #a4 #aga #a #aea #ba #aga #dg-d1 #di #aej #b4 #aj1 #ag #afi #c4 #ad #aea #bi #afi #e4 #b #aed #i4 #a #aea #aj #aea #aa4 #e #adg #ae4 #b1 #ah #aec #ce #aea #af4 #afi1 #ahc #ag4 #b #adg #ah4 #ae #baj #ai4 #c1 #ad #aed #ba4 #ad #aei #bc4 #ai #bad #bf4 #aga #aa #agj #bg4 #h #aea #cc4 #afe #b #afd #d #adf #ej #aea #ce4 #a #aea #a-h #aej #aj #aec #cf4 #h #aea #ac #afd ,,deut]onomy4 #a4 #c #aea #cg #afe #b4 #aj-ab #afj #bj-bc #afj #c4 #h1 #bj1 #be #aef #ad #afj #bc-bf #afe #d4 #a1 #e1 #ad #aed #c-ae #aeb #ag #abf #ba #afe #bg #aij #ci #bab #d4 #df #aea #e4 #c #aeb #ca #aed #f4 #a1 #ah #aed #e #bae #i #adf #g4 #a #aec #b #afc #ae #adh #bb #afc #h4 #a #aed #g-aj #adh #i4 #e #bji #aa4 #b-h #aeb #f #agj #aj-ab #adh #aa #abf #bj #adf #cj #aef #ab4 #a1 #aj1 #bi #aec #e #afa #ba #aej #ca #baj #ac4 #a-c #aii #ad4 #b #baf #ag4 #ad #aec #ah4 #f-h #afb #i #aec #bb #aii #bj4 #ag #afc #ba4 #bc #cgg #bd4 #i1 #ah1 #bb #aeb #be4 #ag #aeb #bf4 #a #aec #ad #adg #ah #baf #bg4 #b #adf #bh4 #aia #be1 #fd #aij #cg1 #df1 #dh #aij #fj #adh #bi4 #a #aea #b-i #aeb #ca4 #b1 #bb1 #bd-bf #afe #i1 #bb1 #bd #afd #cb4 #h #bjf #cc4 #bg #abc ,,jo%ua4 #a4 #g1 #h #afj #c4 #ad-ag #ahc #f4 #f-bj #ahc #f4 #ae #agc #h4 #ca1 #cb #afj #i4 #a1 #aj #aef #aj4 #ab-ad #agi #ab4 #g #aef #bc4 #bf #afj #bd4 #bf #afj ,,judges4 #c4 #d #afj #e4 #d #abg #f4 #ae #aga #bf #afb #aa4 #ci #baj #bj4 #bg1 #bh #afj #ba4 #ai #afj ,i4 ,,samuel4 #b4 #ab-cj #afj #c4 #c #afj #d4 #d #afj #f4 #ae #afj #ai #aga #ad4 #c #afj #ae4 #bb #afa #be4 #af #agh ,,ii4 ,,samuel4 #g4 #ab-af #aie #h4 #af #agc #aj4 #e #ada #aa4 #bd #chf #ab4 #i #chf #bd4 #ah #afb ,i4 ,,k+s4 #b4 #c #afj #c4 #b #afa #f4 #ad-cf #adg #h4 #bg #bac #i4 #d1 #e #aie #aj4 #bi #agd #aa4 #ca1 #dj #aie #ab4 #bd #aie #ac4 #b #aif #ad4 #ae #aif #ag4 #ba #ceg #ah4 #bg-dj #ahc #bg #bab #cb #afb #bj4 #cj #aga #bb4 #dc #afa ,,ii4 ,,k+s4 #b4 #bb #aha #d4 #f #aha #e4 #aj-bg #ahc #f4 #f #aha #g4 #b #abf #f #agd #ad4 #f #afj #ae4 #ai #agf #ag4 #f #agg #ah4 #d-f #afa #bh-ce #ahd #ah #agc #ai4 #aj1 #cd #ahd #ae-ah #bab #ce #ahc1 #ahd #bj4 #h-aa #ahc1 #aif #ag #aif #ba4 #b1 #ba #afc #bb4 #afb #bc4 #ae1 #af #aif #be4 #c #agg ,i4 ,,*ronicles4 #ba4 #ab #ahd #bh4 #i #bae #bi4 #aa #bac ,,ii4 ,,*ronicles4 #ad4 #h1 #i #aga #bj4 #f #bjf #cb4 #bd1 #ca #aig #cd4 #h #agc ,,ezra4 #f4 #ab #cic #g4 #ba #cic ,,nehemiah4 #a4 #h #aij #i4 #f #bac ,,job4 #aj4 #d1 #e #abj #aa4 #g #bad #ab4 #aj #bac #af4 #aj #che #bi4 #i #cgf #cd4 #ai #bae #cf4 #bf #bac #cg4 #af #bac #cc4 #h-aa #abg ,,psalms4 #h4 #c1 #d #fj #bb4 #chd #bb4 #bg #bah #eh4 #d #acd #fi4 #dgd #hb4 #f #dab #hf4 #i #bah #ij4 #b #bac #aae4 #d-h #bab #aci4 #b #bac #g #bac #adg4 #e #bac #h-i #agh #adh4 #f #bad ,,prov]bs4 #ae4 #c #bac #af4 #d #bac #cj4 #ai #abf ,,ecclesia/es4 #ab4 #ad #bae ,,isaiah4 #a4 #d #cgh #f4 #e-aj #dfj #h #cid #h4 #d #aif #i4 #a-b #cij #f #cij #aj4 #ba #cij #aa4 #i #bah #ac4 #d #acd #ai-bb #ahg #ad4 #bb1 #bc #ahg #bh4 #bi #bac #cg4 #af #bjf #ch4 #h #aif #dj4 #c #djg #aj #cgg #da4 #h #cha #bb #aii #db4 #a-f #chb #dd4 #f #djh #h #aii #bh #aif #de4 #g #bac #ae #bad #df4 #aj #bac #dh4 #c-e #aii #ab #bac #di4 #c-e #chb #f-g #chb #ea4 #i #cgg #eb4 #ac-ec1 #ab #cgf ,,j]emiah4 #g4 #bb #afa #h4 #h #aee #i4 #af #aij #ad4 #ad #aee #bc4 #bd #bac #bd4 #i #aij #bf4 #h-af #aif #bi4 #aj #aif #ah #aij #cj4 #aa #aij #ca4 #ce-cg #aij #cb4 #ag #bac 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#dfj ,i ,,pet]4 #a4 #b #dfc #ai #dgg #d4 #ad #dcd ,,ii ,,pet]4 #c4 #aj #dcg ,i ,,john4 #a4 #a #bgg1 #bhf #b4 #b #dga #d4 #b-c #dgh ,,jude4 #bj-ba #dfc ,,revelation4 #a4 #e #bde #ag1 #ah #djh #ah #cdd #b4 #h #djh #ac1 #be #dge #c4 #aa #dge #ad #dji #e4 #aa-ad #djh #ac #dga #f4 #a #bhf #ac4 #ah #bee #ad4 #a #bhf #aa #dfe #ag4 #f #bih #ai4 #ac #bhf #bj4 #ae #dfe #bb4 #ac #djh ,,index ,,( ,,subjects4 ,,page ,abila1 inscription at1 #bfh ,abraham1 tru/ 9 ,god1 #bje1 #baj ---- promises to1 #cgd ,acc\nt ( creation1 #aag ,acts ( ,apo/les1 #bhg ---- accuracy1 #bhh ---- au?or%ip1 #bid ---- m$ical language1 #bif ---- date1 #big ---- & ,*ri/'s ,div9ity1 #djg ---- ( ,pilate1 #cfe ,adam & ,eve1 #acb ,additions to ,p5tateu*1 #aei ,agreem5ts1 undesign$1 #afh ---- 9 ,gospels1 #cae ,agrippa1 call$ ,k+1 #bhi ,amalek1 ?reat aga9/1 #afd ,ambition1 ! great1 #dea ,amos1 #afj ,analogies & illu/rations3 ---- wat* %[+ design1 #ab ---- mass ( ma*9]y1 #bb ---- h\se & t5ant1 #ca ---- %ip 9 di/ress1 #cf ---- k+ & 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inscription at1 #bfg ,antiquity ( man1 #acb ,apocryphal ,gospels1 #ced ,apollos ( ,alex&ria1 #dah ,apo/asy1 "u trial1 #dge ,apo/olic ,fa!rs1 #bfj ,aramaic words ( ,*ri/1 #ced ,ar*ology & ,o4 ,te/1 #agb ,arianism1 #dge ,ari/ides1 #bei1 #cfd ,ari/ion1 #beh1 #cje ,ark1 #adg ,arm ( ! ,"l1 #cgg ,arti/ & pictures1 #abf ,asc5sion1 !1 #cad ---- & e>ly conv]ts1 #cdd ,a%dod1 tak5 by ,s>gon1 #agf ,assyria1 prophecies z to1 #ahg ---- army de/roy$1 #ahd ,a?anasian ,cre$1 w>n+s1 #dgc ,a?anasian ,cre$1 implies p]secution1 #dge ---- dogmatism1 #dgi ,atonem5t1 doctr9e (1 #bdj ---- prophecies z to1 #cgi ---- & human nature1 #ddg ---- & o!r religions1 #ded ,baal & ,jehovah1 #ahc ,baalbec1 inscription at1 #bfh ,babylonia1 prophecies1 #ahg ---- mess5g]s f1 #aig ,bak]1 ! *ief1 #adj ,baptismal =mula1 #dfa ---- witness ( ,/4 ,paul1 #dfa ---- ( ,tea*+1 #bfb1 #dfa ,bapti/ 7see ,john71 #bgi ,b>nabas1 epi/le (1 #bfa ,ba%an1 bulls (1 #che ,batt]+-rams1 #aib ,beaut]ne z to ,napoleon1 #bea ,bees1 cells (1 #eb ---- n due to h]$ity1 #ec ,belief1 importance ( true1 #dgc ---- virtue n necessity1 #dhg ,bel%azz>1 #agd ,b5efic5ce 9 nature1 #ei ---- & righte\sness1 #hj ---- 9 ,jewi% ,religion1 #bad ---- & 9 ,*ri/ian1 #bdb ,b]nice1 #bij ,b]osus1 z to ,nabonidus1 #agd ---- z to ,s5na*]ib1 #ahe ,be?any1 #bhc ,be!l1 alt> at1 #aif ,be!sda1 pool at1 #bgg ,be?lehem1 ,bir? at1 #cia ',beyond ,jordan'1 #aef ,bible1 mi/akes 9 ,o4 ,te/41 #agj ---- 9 ,n4 ,te/41 #bfh ---- inspiration1 #dcg ,bible & ,nat4 ,religion1 #bjj ,blasphemy aga9/ ,_s1 #dfj ---- ,*ri/ *>g$ )1 #dab ,blood & wat]1 #cdc1 #che ,book ( ! ,law1 #afb ,books buri$ 9 temples1 #afc ,bread1 miracle z to1 #ajh ,bricks ) /raw1 #add ,bro!rhood ( man1 #dh ,butl]1 #dca ,by-product1 pa9 is a1 #fj ,cs>1 no e>ly ,,mss41 #bec ,cs>ea1 ,philip at1 #bie ,calmness ( ,evangeli/s1 #cag ,canaan1 its peculi>ities1 #adh ,canaanites de/roy$1 #bji ---- b done gradually1 #afc ,cannibalism at ,j]usalem1 #aib ,cap]naum1 c5turion at1 #cfj ,cats & mice1 #gj ,cause1 mu/ be free1 #cc ,cells ( bees1 #eb ---- built by work]s1 #ec ,celsus1 ,*ri/'s miracles1 #cfg ,c5is1 tunnel 9 ,mont1 #ajb ,c5sus ( ,israelites1 #aga ---- at ,*ri/'s bir?1 #bff ,c5turion at ,cap]naum1 #cfj ,c]ta9ty n necessity1 #bg ,*abas1 #adc ,*ance1 really impossible1 #ba ,*ange ( place 9 ,acts ,i1 #caj ,*angelessness1 moral1 #aaa ,"* ( ,god1 #eh ---- ( man1 #ci ---- its p]man5ce1 #hh ,*iefman ( ,malta1 #bij1 #cfa ,*ild ( ,god1 man is a1 #bcf ,*ild's belief1 #dgh ---- temptations1 #hg ,*oraz91 its significance1 #cej ,*ri/1 ,8 "*1 #cif ---- tea*+1 #cig ---- s9lessness1 #djj ---- 9 ,old ,te/1 #chj1 #chh ---- always pleas+ ,god1 #dja ---- claims1 #dja ---- suff]+s unm]it$1 #bda ---- ,8 temptations1 #ddg ---- =etold ,resurrection1 #cag ---- beg9n+ ( creation1 #dji ---- see+ ,him see+ ,god1 #djd ---- influ5ce 9 _w1 #dcd ---- prophecies z to1 #cgd ---- ! p]fect ,example1 #bcf ---- ! ,jewi% ,messiah1 #cge ---- ! ,pas*al ,lamb1 #chj ---- ! ,"o ,m$iator1 #ded ---- ! only ,savi\r1 #dgf ---- 7see ,div9ity71 #djc1 #dei ,*ri/iana1 s& /orm1 #adf ,*ri/ianity1 mean+ (1 #c1 #bba ---- its lead+ doctr9es1 #bbb ---- its improbability1 #bdi1 #dhh ,*ri/ianity1 prep>ation =1 #dbb ---- bas$ on miracles1 #dce ---- & ! ,resurrection1 #cjb ---- its e>ly triumphs1 #daf ---- its lat] hi/ory1 #dbe ---- effect on _w1 #dbf ---- future prospects1 #dcj ---- its inde/ructibility1 #dcb ---- & pray]1 #dcg ---- & human nature1 #dde ---- & o!r religions1 #deb ---- its evid5ces1 #dhc ---- unspeakable gr&eur1 #dhe ---- no half measures1 #dhh ,classical writ]s1 miracles1 #cfh ---- no e>ly ,,mss41 #bec ,clem5t ( ,rome1 ,gospels1 #bfa ,cleopas1 #bgf ,clock & magnet1 #ajg ,clos$ que/ions1 #dha ,co9cid5ces1 sup]human1 #ajj ,communion1 ,holy1 #chf1 #djb ,consci5ce1 man has a1 #ej ---- ! ,voice ( ,god1 #ej ,cons]vation ( en]gy1 #df ,con/ant9e's vision1 #cce ,conv]sion1 ,/4 ,paul's1 #cjf ---- effect on companions1 #cci ---- ,*ri/ unrecognis$1 #cdj ,conv]ts1 e>ly1 #dah ,crabs1 & s5se ( pa91 #gj ,creation1 #d ---- acc\nt (1 9 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