,,monumental ,,java ,illustration ,,macmillan ,,and ,,co41 ,,limited ,,london ,,bombay ,,calcutta ,,melbourne ,,the ,,macmillan ,,company ,,new ,,york ,,boston ,,chicago ,,dallas ,,san ,,francisco ,,the ,,macmillan ,,co4 ,,of ,,canada1 ,,ltd4 ,,toronto ,illustration3 ,i4 ,,the ,,boro ,,budoor 7,cephas ,sr47 ,,monumental ,,java ,,by ,j4 ,f4 ,,scheltema1 ,m4,a4 ,unde etiam nunc est mortalibus insitus horror1 ,qui delubra dem nova toto suscitat orbi ,terrarum1 et festis cogit celebrare diebus3 ,,lucretius1 ,de ,rerum ,natura1 ,lib4 v4 ,,with ,,illustrations1 ,,and ,,vignettes ,,after ,,drawings ,,of ,,javanese ,,chandi ,,ornament ,,by ,,the ,,author ,,macmillan ,,and ,,co41 ,,limited ,,st4 ,,martin',s ,,street1 ,,london #aiab ,,copyright ,,to ,,my ,,dear ,,cousin ,,and ,,friend ,,professor ,,august ,,alleb ,,director ,,emeritus ,,of ,,the ,,netherlands ,,state ,,academy ,,of ,,the ,,fine ,,arts ,,at ,,amsterdam ,illustration ,if this book needs an apology1 it is one to myself for taking the public at large into the confidence of cherished recollections4 ,the writing was a diversion from studies in a quite different direction and letting my pen go1 while living again the happy hours ,i spent1 between arduous duties1 with the beautiful monuments of ,java's past1 ,i did nothing but seek my own pleasure4 ,should it turn out that my personal impressions1 given in black and white1 please others too--so much the better4 ,in any case they must be taken for what they are3 a beguilement of lone moments of leisure4 ,whoever find them readable1 they will not satisfy1 ,i hope1 a certain class of critics2 those1 ,i mean1 who extend the paltry rule of mutual admiration1 nul n'aura de l'esprit que nous et nos amis1 to any field they claim their own and 8of whom to be dispraised were no small praise40 ,desirous1 ,i must confess1 to stimulate their flattering disapproval1 ,i hasten to admit in advance my many shortcomings1 a full list of which they will doubtless oblige me with in due process of censorious comment4 ,my work sets up no pretence to completeness3 there is no full enumeration of all the ,hindu and ,buddhist temples known by their remains2 there are no measurements1 no technical details1 no statistics--a great recommendation to my mind1 as ,dutch ,east ,indian statistics go4 ,i am not guilty of an ambitious attempt to enrich the world with an exhaustive treatise on ancient ,javanese architecture and sculpture--far be it from me to harbour such an audacious design6 ,i disclaim even the presumption to aspire at being classed as a useful companion on a visit to the island2 ,i deny most emphatically that ,i intend to swell the disquieting number of tourists' vade-mecums already up for sale1 clamouring for recognition1 and1 horribile dictu1 scores more coming6 ,be they sufficient or insufficient1 qualitatively speaking1 ,i am not going to increase their quantity4 ,so much for what this book is not4 ,what it is1 ,i could not help making it1 choosing from the material stored in my memory2 reliving1 as fancy dictated in long northern winter evenings1 the sunny spells between #ahgd and #aijc when ,i might call ,java my home2 resuming my walks in the charming island pleasance of the ,east1 fain to leave the congested main roads and disport myself along by-paths and unfrequented lanes where solace and repose await the weary wanderer4 ,the undertaking1 somewhat too confidently indicated by the title1 tempted to excursions off the beaten historical1 geographical and archaeological tracks1 which perhaps will contribute to a better understanding of the monuments described in their proper setting1 their relations to natural scenery and native civilisation1 but certainly do not tend to conformity with the regulation style of compositions of the kind4 ,invoking the aid of ,ganesa1 the sagacious guide1 countenancer of poor mortals in creative throes--for1 thank ,heaven6 the fever of production is indissolubly one with the anguish that heightens its delights1--,i never hesitated in letting the idea of self-gratification prevail1 even when the question of illustration arose after the plan had ripened of inviting indulgent readers to partake4 ,in this respect too ,i struggled free from anxious deliberation3 ,wer gar zu viel bedenkt1 wird wenig leisten4 ,and1 ,ganesa aiding1 the following kaleidoscopic view of the land ,i love so well1 was the result of my delicious travail4 ,looking for the flowers in the ill-kept garden of ,java1 the delinquencies of the gardeners could not be ignored and here ,i touch the unpleasant side of the recreation ,i sought1 especially disagreeable when proposing to strangers that they should share2 but a picture needs shade as well as light to become intelligible4 ,and to paint true to life the picture of ,dutch ,east ,indian passivity 7activity only in vandalism67 regarding treasures of art inconvertible into cash1 shade ought to be preponderant and light relegated to the subordinate place of a little star glimmering dimly in the darkness1 a little star of hope for the future4 ,disinclined1 however1 to spoil my pleasure by dwelling on the tenebrous general aspect of governmental archaeology in the past1 ,i have no more than mentioned such disgraceful incidents as the ,mendoot squabbles1 and omitted1 e4g41 all reference to such ludicrously heated controversies as that about the kala-makara versus the garuda-naga ornament1 exhaustive of the energy which the officially learned might have employed to so much greater advantage by rescuing the venerable temples they fought over1 from decay and willful demolition4 ,the neglect of the ancient monuments of ,java has been nothing short of scandalous1 the evil effects of the habitual languid detachment of the colonial authorities from the business they are supposed to look after1 being1 in their case1 intensified by acts of dilapidation which even a ,government centuries back on the road of enlightenment would have checked1#a not to speak of downright plunder and theft4 ,the more honour deserve men like ,junghuhn among the dead and ,rouffaer among the still living1 who lifted their voice against the intolerable negligence which hastened the ruin of some of the finest existing specimens of ,hindu and ,buddhist architecture4 ,at last1 in #aija1 an ,archaeological ,commission was appointed1 whose labours were directed by ,dr4 ,j4 ,l4 ,a4 ,brandes1 their head and soul4 ,after his regretted death in #aije1 he was succeeded by ,dr4 ,n4 ,j4 ,krom1 who has no easy task in fanning the spark1 struck by his predecessor from the hard flint of official laisser-aller into a steady1 bright flame of real1 continuous solicitude for the country's antiquities4 ,antiquities1 except when sold1 do not bring money to the exchequer1 and the ,dutch ,government's most holy colonial traditions are diametrically opposed to expenses without promise of immediate pecuniary profit4 ,if sympathies in matters alien to that prime purpose are miraculously aroused1 such interest1 revealing itself at the very best by fits and starts to serve ambitious schemes1 soon flags and dies4 ,especially in ,dutch ,east ,indian enthusiasm for enterprises financially uncommendable1 the adage holds good that tout lasse1 tout casse1 tout passe4 ,the efforts of the ,archaeological ,commission can be traced only at the respectful distance of at least a couple of years1 the drowsy dignity of red-tapeism putting as long a space as possible between the vulgar gaze of the unofficially curious and the official accounts of things accomplished1 meetly compiled1 arranged1 amended1 corrected1 revised1 purged1 padded and bolstered up by the editing experts of successively the circumlocution offices at ,batavia1 ,buitenzorg and the ,hague4 ,the reports1 published in this manner1 whatever they represent as having been done1 lay no stress1 of course1 upon what has been left undone1 upon the architectural marvels unprovided for1 still suffered to crumble away1 to be stripped and demolished1 the valuable statuary and ornaments to be carried off piecemeal by unscrupulous collectors1 the lower priced stones they left1 sculptured or not1 by the builders of private dwellings and factories1 of ,government bridges1 dams and embankments4 ,the illustrations1 inserted to explain1 imperfect though it be1 the charm of the temple ruins ,i treated of1 are reproductions of photographs1 taken for the ,dutch ,east ,indian ,archaeological ,service1 ,i obtained from ,messrs4 ,charls and van ,es at ,weltevreden1 by courtesy of ,dr4 ,n4 ,j4 ,krom1 and of photographs taken for the ,centrum ,company at ,batavia1 and by ,mr4 ,c4 ,nieuwenhuis and the late ,cephas ,sr4 at ,jogjakarta4 ,the work of restoration can be appreciated from the photo-prints of the chandi ,pawon and1 with respect to the chandis ,mendoot and ,boro ,budoor1 from those facing pp4 #bae and #bhj2 they are the numbers #bd and #dj on the list of the illustrations1 and ,i owe them to ,major ,t4 van ,erp1 also through the intermediary of ,dr4 ,krom4 ,my indebtedness for the text so far as it does not rest on personal observation and information obtained in the localities referred to1 is a very large one to many authors on many subjects separately specified in the notes4 ,concerning the historical parts1 ,i beg leave to state that my readings on controversial points have been determined by a careful sifting of the most acceptable theories advanced1 at the risk of critics of the stamp alluded to1 proving my preferred records absolutely inadmissible4 ,if so1 ,i having pulled the long bow l'instar of the annalists and chroniclers of ancient ,java1 and consequently being shown up for indicating the way in which things did not happen and could not have happened1 instead of sticking to the historical truth agreed upon until one of the hall-marked omniscient makes a name for himself by inducing the others to agree upon something else1 my sin falls back on the shoulders of the savants prone to lead their admirers astray by their occasional imitation of the eminent historian at whose inborn disrespect for facts ,professor ,freeman used to poke fun4 ,i am afraid that the system of transliteration ,i adopted1 will also meet with scant recognition in the same quarter1 but finding none that1 strictly carried through1 adjusts itself equally well to the exigencies both of ,javanese and ,malay names and expressions1 ,i shall adhere to this one until taught better4 ,this must suffice for a preface if1 indeed1 it does not exceed the measure allowed by my readers' patience4 ,knowing ,java1 they will1 however1 excuse my fervour in introducing reminiscences of beauty breathing scenes which1 once enjoyed1 linger like delights in memory 444 the memory of a dream1 ,which now is sad because it hath been sweet4 ,not knowing ,java yet1 they will forgive later1 when they have visited the matchless old shrines1 images of her past and symbolic of her hopes for blessings hidden in the womb of time1 when they have tried to read the riddle of her children's destiny in the ,boro ,budoor 444 seated in an island strong1 ,abounding all with delices most rare4 ,j4 ,f4 ,s4 ,,edinburgh4 ,,footnote3 #a ,see1 e4g41 the edict1 issued more than thirteen centuries ago by the ,emperor ,majorian1 as quoted by ,gibbon3 ,antiquarum aedium dissipatur speciosa constructio2 et ut aliquid reparetur1 magna diruuntur4 ,hinc iam occasio nascitur1 etc4 ,,contents ,,page ,,chapter ,i ,,the ,,country1 ,,the ,,people ,,and ,,their ,,work #a ,,chapter ,,ii ,,west ,,java #bc ,,chapter ,,iii ,,the ,,di,,ng #dj ,,chapter ,,iv ,,prambanan #fi ,,chapter ,v ,,more ,,of ,,central ,,java #ii ,,chapter ,,vi ,,east ,,java #adj ,,chapter ,,vii ,,buddhist ,,java #agg ,,chapter ,,viii ,,the ,,approach ,,to ,,the ,,boro ,,budoor #bjg ,,chapter ,,ix ,,the ,,stones ,,of ,,the ,,boro ,,budoor #bcc ,,chapter ,x ,,the ,,soul ,,of ,,the ,,boro ,,budoor #bff ,,bibliography #bhe ,,glossary #bhi ,,index #bie ,,illustrations ,,face ,,page #a4 ,the ,boro ,budoor 7,cephas ,sr47 ,frontispiece #b4 ,chandi ,pringapoos 7,archaeological ,service through ,charls and van ,es7 #dc #c4 ,chandi ,arjuno on the ,ding ,plateau 7,archaeological ,service through ,charls and van ,es7 #eg #d4 ,chandi ,bimo or ,wergodoro on the ,ding ,plateau 7,archaeological ,service through ,charls and van ,es7 #fj #e4 ,east ,front of the ,siva 7,loro ,jonggrang7 ,temple of the ,prambanan ,group in #ahie 7,cephas ,sr47 #gj #f4 ,siva 7,loro ,jonggrang7 ,temple of the ,prambanan ,group in #aija 7,cephas ,sr47 #gh #g4 ,prambanan ,reliefs 7,c4 ,nieuwenhuis7 #ha #h4 ,prambanan ,reliefs 7,cephas ,sr47 #hd #i4 ,prambanan ,reliefs 7,centrum7 #hg #aj4 ,prambanan ,reliefs 7,centrum7 #ij #aa4 ,prambanan ,reliefs 7,centrum7 #ic #ab4 ,prambanan ,reliefs 7,centrum7 #if #ac4 ,water-,castle at ,jogjakarta 7,centrum7 #aca #ad4 ,water-,castle at ,jogjakarta 7,centrum7 #ace #ae4 ,chandi ,papoh 7,archaeological ,service through ,charls and van ,es7 #aea #af4 ,chandi ,singosari 7,archaeological ,service through ,charls and van ,es7 #aeg #ag4 ,chandi ,toompang 7,archaeological ,service through ,charls and van ,es7 #aei #ah4 ,chandi ,panataran 7,archaeological ,service through ,charls and van ,es7 #afd #ai4 ,chandi ,kalasan 7,c4 ,nieuwenhuis7 #aha #bj4 ,chandi ,sari 7,c4 ,nieuwenhuis7 #ahe #ba4 ,raksasa of the ,chandi ,sewu 7,centrum7 #aia #bb4 ,detail of the ,chandi ,sewu 7,archaeological ,service through ,charls and van ,es7 #aii #bc4 ,chandi ,mendoot before its ,restoration 7,cephas ,sr47 #baa #bd4 ,chandi ,mendoot after its ,restoration 7,archaeological ,service7 #bae #be4 ,interior of the ,chandi ,mendoot 7,cephas ,sr47 #bbc #bf4 ,the ,chandi ,pawon and the ,randu ,alas 7,c4 ,nieuwenhuis7 #bbi #bg4 ,the ,chandi ,pawon divorced and restored 7,centrum7 #bcj #bh4 ,base of the ,boro ,budoor showing the 7filled up7 lowest ,gallery 7,c4 ,nieuwenhuis7 #bdb #bi4 ,detail of the ,boro ,budoor 7,c4 ,nieuwenhuis7 #bdd #cj4 ,detail of the ,boro ,budoor 7,c4 ,nieuwenhuis7 #bdg #ca4 ,detail of the ,boro ,budoor 7,centrum7 #bdi #cb4 ,detail of the ,boro ,budoor 7,c4 ,nieuwenhuis7 #beb #cc4 ,detail of the ,boro ,budoor 7,c4 ,nieuwenhuis7 #bed #cd4 ,a ,dhyani ,buddha of the ,boro ,budoor 7,cephas ,sr47 #bef #ce4 ,reliefs of the ,boro ,budoor 7,c4 ,nieuwenhuis7 #bei #cf4 ,ascending the ,boro ,budoor 7,cephas ,sr47 #bfa #cg4 ,reaching the ,circular ,terraces of the ,boro ,budoor 7,cephas ,sr47 #bfd #ch4 ,ascending to the ,dagob of the ,boro ,budoor 7,cephas ,sr47 #bgj #ci4 ,the ,dagob of the ,boro ,budoor before its ,restoration 7,c4 ,nieuwenhuis7 #bgf #dj4 ,the ,dagob of the ,boro ,budoor after its ,restoration 7,archaeological ,service7 #bhj ,illustration ,,chapter ,i ,,the ,,country1 ,,the ,,people ,,and ,,their ,,work ,it is the crowning virtue of all great ,art that1 however little is left of it by the injuries of time1 that little will be lovely4 ,,john ,,ruskin1 ,mornings in ,florence 7,santa ,croce74 ,java's ancient monuments are eloquent evidence of that innate consciousness of something beyond earthly existence which moves men to propitiate the principle of life by sacrifice in temples as gloriously divine as mortal hand can raise4 ,fear1 however1 especially where ,buddhism moulded their thought by contemplation intent upon absorption of self1 entered little into the religion of the children of this pearl of islands4 ,nature1 beautiful1 almighty nature1 guided them and their work2 even the terror inspired by the cosmic energy throbbing under their feet1 by frequent volcanic upheavals dealing destruction and death1 flowered into promise of new joy1 thanks to the consummate art of their builders and sculptors1 whose master minds1 conceiving grandly1 devising boldly and finishing with elaborate ornament1 emphasised most cunningly the lofty yet lovely majesty of their natural surroundings4 ,they made them images of the ,supreme ,being in his different aspects and symbolised attributes1 free from the abject dread which dominated his worship by other earthlings of his fashioning in other climes1 whose notion of ,all-,power was more one of ,vengeance than of ,all-,sufficiency4 ,they lived and meditated and wrought1 impressing their mentality upon the material world given for their use2 and so they created marvels of beauty1 developed an architecture which belongs pre-eminently to their luxuriant soil under the clear blue of their sky1 in the brilliant light of their sun4 ,truly high art ever shows a natural fitness1 as we can observe in our gothic cathedrals1 in the classic remains of ,hellas1 including those of ,magna ,graecia1 the temples of ,poseidonia1 ,egesta and ,acragas1 the theatres of ,syracuse and ,tauromenium1 gates opened to the splendour of heaven and earth by the undying virtue of mortal endeavour4 ,other countries1 other revelations of the divine essence in human effort1 but not even the shrines of ,india as ,i came to know them1 born of a common origin with ,javanese religious structures in almost similar conditions of climate1 physical needs1 moral aspirations1 can equal their stately grandeur balanced by exquisite elegance1 calm yet passionate1 always in keeping with the dignified repose of landscapes which at any moment may have their charms dissolved in earthquakes1 fire and ashes4 ,angkor-,vat1 turned from the service of four-faced ,brahma to ,buddhist self-negation1 stands perhaps nearest in the happy effect produced1 if not in outline4 ,and what is the secret of that quiet1 subtle magic exercised by the builders of ,java8 ,nothing but a matter of technical skill1 of such a control over the practical details of their craft as1 for instance1 made them scorn metal bindings1 while using mortar only to a very limited extent8 ,or was it their faith1 leavening design and execution1 attaching the master's seal to general plan and minutest ornamental scroll8 ,in this connection it seems worthy of remark that architect and sculptor1 though independent in their labours 7with the exception of one or two edifices of a late date71 achieved invariably1 in the distribution of surfaces and decoration1 both as to front and side elevations1 complete unity of expression of the fundamental idea4 ,geographically1 the ancient monuments of ,java may be divided into three main groups3 a western one1 rather scanty and confined to a comparatively small area2 a central one1 rich both in ,sivate and ,buddhist temples of the highest excellence2 an eastern one1 including ,madura and ,bali1 illustrative of the island's ,hindu art in its decadence4 ,taking it roughly1 the order is also chronologically from ,west to ,east1 and to a certain extent we can trace the history of the remarkable people who improved so nobly upon the ideas they received from ,india1 in the ruins they left to our wondering gaze4 ,there has been a good deal of controversy respecting the date up to which the inhabitants of ,java developed themselves on lines of aboriginal thought before the advent of the ,hindus or1 more correctly speaking1 before ,hindu influences became prevalent4 ,in fact1 there is hardly any question regarding the history of the island and its civilisation before the white conquerors carried everything before them1 which has not given rise to controversy1 and many important points are still very far from being settled--perhaps they never will be4 ,in the face of such disagreement it behoves us to go warily and what follows hereafter rests but on arguments pro and contra deemed most plausible and founded principally on the accounts of the babads or ,javanese chronicles1#b always liable to correction when new discoveries with new wordy battles in their wake bring new light--if they do6 ,rude attempts at rock carving near ,karang ,bolong1 ,sukabumi1 and ,chitapen1 ,cheribon1 are ascribed by some to artists of the pre-,hindu period4 ,professor ,j4 ,h4 ,c4 ,kern's reading of inscriptions on four monoliths in ,batavia1 glorifications of a certain king ,purnavarman1 proves that the first ,hindus of whom we have knowledge in ,java1 were ,vaishnavas4 ,then comes a blank of several centuries while they made their way to ,central and ,east ,java where1 however1 when the veil is partly lifted1 the ,saivas predominate1 almost swamping the rival sect4 ,fa ,hien1 the ,chinese pilgrim who visited the island in #dab or #dac1 having suffered shipwreck on its coast1 speaks of ,brahmanism being in floribus and making converts1 but complains of ,buddhism as still of small account among the natives4 ,the strangers arrived in increasing numbers on the hospitable shores of the good and generous negri jawa1 whose kindly reception of those adventurers is marvellously well represented on two of the sculptured slabs of the ,boro ,budoor1 a tale of rescue from the dangers of the sea1 a picture of the past and a prophetic vision of the welcome extended in later days also to ,muhammadans and ,christians--to be how repaid6 ,the ,hindus acquitted their debt of gratitude by building and carving with an energy1 to quote ,james ,fergusson1 and to an extent nowhere surpassed in their native lands1 dignifying their new home with imperishable records of their art and civilisation4444 ,the ,venggi inscriptions of the ,ding and the ,kadu leave no doubt that the oldest manifestations of ,hindusm in ,central and ,west ,java were intimately related and that the first strong infusion of the imported creed must have operated until #hej ,saka 7,a4,d4 #ibh74 ,in #fed ,saka 7,a4,d4 #gcb71 according to an inscription found at ,changgal1 ,kadu1 the ruler of the land bore a ,sanskrit name and sacrificed to ,siva1 erecting a linga4#c ,an inscription of #gjj ,saka 7,a4,d4 #ggh71 found at ,kalasan1 ,jogjakarta1 is ,buddhistic and confirms the evidence of many other records carved in stone and copper1 of the oldest ,javanese literature1 last but not least of the temple ruins1 all concurring in this that the two religions flourished side by side1 the adoration of the ,brahman triad1 led by ,siva1 acquiring a tinge of the beatitude derived from emancipation through annihilation of self2 ,buddhism1 in its younger mahayana form1 becoming strongly impregnated with ,sivasm1 to the point even of endowing the ,adi-,buddha in his five more tangible personifications with spouses and sons4 ,between two currents of faith1 each imbued with the male and female principle in a country where the problem of sex will not be hid1 it depended often upon a trifle what kind of emblematic shape the sculptor was going to give to his block of stone1 whether he would carve a linga or a yoni1#d a ,dhyani ,buddha1 a ,bodhisatva1 a ,tara or one of her ,hindu peers4 ,subsequent waves of immigration1 the ,muhammadan invasion1 the ,christian conquests1 did little to nourish the artistic flame2 on the contrary1 they damped artistic ardour4 ,hereanent our historical data are somewhat more precise4 ,the ,islm takes its way to ,sumatra in the wake of trade2 conversions en masse seem to have first occurred in ,pasei and ,acheh1 while merchants of ,arabian and ,persian nationality prepared its advent also in other regions of the north and later of the west coast4 ,marco ,polo speaks of a ,muhammadan principality in the ,north at the end of the thirteenth century2 ,ibn ,batutah of several more in #acde2 ,acheh is fully islmised under ,sooltan ,ali ,moghayat ,shah1 #aejg-aebb2 about the same time ,menangkabau1 ruled by maharajahs proud of their descent in the right line from ,alexander the ,great1 ,iskander ,dzu'l ,karnein1 reaches its apogee as a formidable ,moslim state and remains the stronghold of ,malayan true believers until the fanaticism of the padris1 stirred by the ,wahabite movement1 ends1 in #ahcg1 in the submission of the last ,prince of ,pagar ,rujoong to the ,dutch ,government1 which annexes his already much diminished empire4 ,about #adjj the ,islm had been introduced into ,java1 ,zabej1 as the ,arabs called it1 probably via ,malacca and ,sumatra1 more especially ,palembang4 ,the oldest effort recorded was that of a certain ,haji ,poorwa in ,pajajaran1 but it appears not to have met with great success4 ,gresik in ,east ,java1 a port of call frequented by many oriental skippers1 offered a better field for the religious zeal of ,arab sailing-masters1 supercargoes and tradesmen1 every one of them a missionary too4 ,maulana ,malik ,ibrahim secured the largest following and was succeeded in his apostolic work by ,raden ,paku1 who settled at ,giri1 not far from ,gresik1 whence his title of ,susuhunan ,giri1 and by ,raden ,rahmat1 who married a daughter of ,angka ,wijaya1 ,king of ,mojopahit1 and founded a ,muhammadan school at ,ngampel1 ,surabaya4 ,their teachings resulted soon in the conversion of the population of the northeast coast of the island1 where ,demak1 ,drajat1 ,tuban1 ,kalinjamat and a few smaller vassal states of ,mojopahit made themselves independent under ,moslim princes or walis1 who at last combined for a holy war against ,hindu supremacy4 ,they wiped ,mojopahit in her idolatrous wickedness from the face of the earth and the leadership went to ,demak1 from which ,pajang derived its political ascendency to merge later in ,mataram4 ,while the ,islm spread from ,giri in ,east and ,central ,java1 even to ,mataram and1 crossing the water1 to ,madura1 by the exertions of saintly men who 8knew the future10 an ,arab sheik1 arriving at ,cheribon1 directly from foreign parts1 at some time between #adde and #adij1 ,noor ad-,din ,ibrahim bin ,maulana ,isral1 better known as ,sunan ,gunoong ,jati1 undertook the conversion of ,west ,java4 ,and of ,cheribon in her relation to the ,pasoondan may be repeated what a ,javanese historian said of ,demak1 where the ,evil ,one was outwitted by the building of a mesdjid1 a ,muhammadan house of prayer1 the oldest in the island3 two human virtues remained2 so many as embraced the true religion went after them4 ,the two remaining virtues got hard pressed when ,christian strangers came to explore and exploit3 ,portuguese1 ,english and ,dutch1 the latter dominant up to this day4 ,viewed from the standpoint of the dominated1 their god was a god of plunder2 their emblem1 to suit the symbolism of the ,hindu ,pantheon1 was a maryam1 a heavy piece of ordnance2 their vahana1 the animal representative of their most characteristic qualities1 was the tiger1 machan still being synonymous with orang wolanda 7,hollander7 in confidential1 figurative speech4 ,how ,skanda1 the deity of war1 incited and ,kuwera1 the corpulent bestower of riches1 directed their warriors and negotiators after the appearance of ,cornelis ,houtman's ships in the ,bay of ,bantam1 need not detain us4 ,that story of the past1 with a hint at the possible future1 is told in the legend of the legitimately wedded but for the time cruelly separated maryams of which one1 very appropriately1 awaits the fulfilment of a prophecy at the capital of the intruders1 and the other where they first put foot on land1 both being objects of veneration and granters of desires1 especially kind to barren women who come1 in a spirit of humiliation1 to pray for the blessing of motherhood4 ,a visit to ,batavia is not complete without a pilgrimage to the ,pinang gate1 once an approach to the ,east ,india ,company's castle1 now in its supernatural cleanness1 with its hideously black funeral urns and statues of ,mars and ,mercury or whoever they may be1 giving access to the old town1 the first public monument which attracted the attention of young ,verdant ,green in the age of sailing vessels after he had paid his due to the customs at the boom4 ,not far from that ,pinang gate1 symbolic of a colonial system under which short weight flourished with forced labour and trade carried on at the edge of the sword1 lies the man-cannon1 ,kiahi ,satomo1 whose pommel presents a hand1 closed so as to make the gesture of contempt1 la fica1 which ,vanni ,fucci of ,pistoja permitted himself when interrogated in the abode of despair by the poet1 quem genuit parvi ,florentia mater amoris1 and which accounts for the peculiar forms sacrifice assumes at this altar4 ,his favourite spouse1 discovered floating on the sea near old ,bantam1 an extraordinary thing to do for such a big heavy piece of metal1 was given a temporary home on the spot where finally she lay down to rest from her travels3 a certain ,haji ,bool built her a bambu house after the eruption of ,krakatoa in #ahhc1 her presence having saved ,karang ,antu from the fate of ,anyer and ,cheringin4 ,waiting for the great consummation1 when her reunion with her lord at ,batavia will announce the hour of the oppressors' defeat and their expulsion from ,java1 she is not less honoured than he4 ,dressed in a white cloth1 which covers the circular inscription in ,arabic characters on breech and cascabel1 while the priming hole is decorated in square ornament1 with five solid rings to facilitate conveyance if she prefers being carried to moving by her own exertion as of yore1 anointed and salved with boreh1#e the spouse1 expecting the summons in the fragrance of incense and flowers1 kananga and champaka1 is often surrounded by fervent devotees1 muttering their dzikr on their prayer-mats1 grateful for bounty received or hopeful of future delivery from bondage4 ,husband and wife will meet and then a third cannon1 far away in ,central ,java1 in the aloon aloon#f before the kraton#f of the ,susuhunan of ,surakarta1 inhabited by a ghost1 dispenser of dreams1 the sapu jagad1 will vindicate that name1 8broom of the world01 by sweeping all infidels into the sea4 ,though the scoffing unbeliever counts this a dream of dreams1 to the confiding children of the land it is a disclosure of things hidden in the womb of time1 not the less true because ,kiahi ,satomo has an older mate1 ,niahi ,satomi1 the wife of his youth1 the robed in red of the ,susuhunan's artillery park1 which glories in many maryams renowned in myth and history1 among them another married couple1 ,koomba-rawa and ,koomba-rawi1 who shielded the ancient ,sooltans of ,pajang1 being the official defenders of their palace4 ,but ,kiahi ,satomo's heart is in ,bantam1 at ,karang ,antu1 as ,niahi ,satomi has reason to suspect since she1 the more legitimate and more advanced in age1 cannot keep him at her side4 ,it avails nothing that the ,susuhunan's retainers chain the reluctant head of the family to the ,bangsal ,pangrawit1 the imperial audience-chamber constructed after a heavenly model in gold2 always and always he flies back to ,batavia1 anxious to be ready where the beloved bini muda 7lit4 young wife7 has trysted him for sweet dalliance1 from which victory will be born and release4 ,while predictions of the kind may be laughed at1 the native belief in them and the foundations on which that belief rests1 are no laughable matter by any means4 ,stories of mythical beings like ,kiahi ,satomo and ,niahi ,satomi1 transformed into pieces of ordnance connected with the legendary lore of ,trunajaya on one side and ,moslim fanaticism personified in the cannon of ,karang ,antu on the other1 prove that the native mind is still strongly imbued with pre-,muhammadan and even pre-,hindu ideas and modes of thought4 ,its imagination is fed by the fortunes 7and misfortunes67 of an island which may be compared in the heterogeneous factors of its culture with ,sicily1 where ,greek colonists built their temples in the high places of aboriginal idolatry2 and the ,saracens constructed their qubbehs overtopping the churches and cloisters into which the ,christians had transformed the cellae and colonnades consecrated to ,zeus1 ,hera1 ,poseidon1 ,aphrodite1 ,pallas ,athene1 ,artemis1 the ,dioscuri2 and the ,normans added their arched doorways and massive masonry to perplex posterity entirely4 ,in ,java the ,hindu element1 with a strong ,buddhist admixture1 predominates2 it prevails wholly in ancient architectural activity1 not to speak of ,soondanese and ,javanese folklore and literature1 while later ,christian influence is negligible if not negative4 ,everywhere in the island we find under the ,muhammadan coating the old conceptions of life from which the ,loro ,jonggrang group and the ,boro ,budoor sprang3 scratch the orang slam and the ,saiva or ,buddhist will immediately appear4 ,as the ,padang ,highlands1 which preserve the traditions of ,menangkabau1 still ring with the fame of the ,buddhist ,king ,adityawarman1 and scrupulously ,moslim ,palembang still cherishes the memory of ,buddhist ,san-bo-tsa1 while ,south ,sumatra clings to ,hindu customs and habits for all its submission to ,islm1 so ,java reveres whatever has been handed down from her pantheistic tempo dahulu 7time of yore71 however attached to the law of the ,prophet4 ,sivasm and ,buddhism were deeply rooted in the island2 if the political power of its old creeds was broken in #agfg with the taking of ,balambangan1 ,hindusm nevertheless lingering among the ,tenggerese and in ,bali1 their spirit goes on leavening the new doctrine and we meet with their symbolism at every turn4 ,not to mention ,central ,java1 where especially in ,surakarta and ,jogjakarta their tenacious sway strikes the most casual observer1 the great staircase of the ,muhammadan sanctum at ,giri is adorned with a huge naga1 the worshipful rain-cloud descending in the likeness of a serpent1 despite the ,qornic injunction to abstain from the representation of animate creation4 ,the pillars of reception-halls and audience-chambers in the houses of the high and mighty1 ,east and ,west1 bear a remarkable resemblance to the linga1 witness1 e4g41 the kedaton#g built by the ,sooltan ,sepooh ,martawijaya of ,cheribon1 a ,moslim prince who ought to have evinced the strongest repugnance to ,siva's prime attribute4 ,under the circumstances we need not wonder that the ,islm did so little to stimulate art in ,java4 ,christianity did still less1 rather clogged it in its application to native industries1 which suffered from the country being flooded with stuff as cheap as possible in every respect1 but sold at the highest possible prices to benefit manufacturers in ,europe4 ,this is not the place to expatiate on this subject nor to discuss present efforts 7in which alas6 personal ambitions play first fiddle and jeopardise results7 to revive what lies at the point of death after centuries of culpable discouragement1 the professional secrets and peculiar devices of native arts and crafts1 requiring hereditary skill and the delicate touch of experienced fingers to attain former perfection1 being now already half forgotten or altogether lost4 ,concerning the ancient monuments of ,java1 it is to the ,british ,interregnum1 to ,sir ,thomas ,stamford ,raffles that we owe the first measures for their preservation and the first systematic survey of specimens of ,hindu workmanship as beautiful as any in the world1 more in particular of the ,prambanan temples1 and also of the ,boro ,budoor1 by common consent the masterpiece of ,buddhist architecture4 ,marshalling his assistants in the archaeological field1 especially ,cornelius and ,wardenaar 7whose fruitful explorations and excavations deserved fuller acknowledgment than they received from him71 a diligent student besides of the history and literature of the island1 doing for ,java in that respect what ,marsden had done for ,sumatra1 he inspired ,dr4 ,leyden1 ,colonel ,mackenzie and his rival ,john ,crawfurd among his contemporaries1 and of younger generations now equally gone1 ,wilsen1 ,leemans1 ,brumund1 ,friederich1 ,junghuhn1 ,cohen ,stuart1 ,holle1--j'en passe et des meilleurs6 ,the value of their labours must be recognised and it is the fault of the ,dutch ,government's apathetic attitude that with such forces at its disposal1 so little has been achieved4 ,each of them1 with few exceptions1 worked independently of the other and blazed his own personal path in the wilderness of ,dutch ,east ,indian antiquities4 ,there was1 as ,fergusson complained1 no system1 no leading spirit to give unity to the whole4 ,disconnected1 sometimes misdirected investigation did not result in more than an accumulation of fragmentary material for possible future use1 rudis indigestaque moles4 ,and meanwhile the glorious remains of a lost civilisation went more and more to ruin4 ,they were drawn upon for purposes of public and private building2 statues and ornament disappeared1 not only in consequence of the unchecked1 persistent nibbling of the tooth of time1 and it seemed almost so much gained if ,doorga or ,ganesa reappeared occasionally in the function of domestic goddess or god to some ,resident or ,assistant ,resident who demonstrated his devotion to ancient art and care for the preservation of its masterpieces by a periodical process of whitewashing or tarring4 ,worse than that3 dilettantism began to tamper with the finest temples and the miserable bungling of mischievous1 quasi-scientific enthusiasts reached its climax in the sorry spectacle prepared for the visitors of the last international exhibition in ,paris 7#aijj74 ,there was to be seen in the ,dutch ,east ,indian section1 a mean1 ridiculous imitation of one of the ,buddhist jewels of ,central ,java1 a caricature of the chandi#h ,sari1 the exterior in nondescript confectioner's style1 daubed dirty white1 the interior made hideous by a purple awning1 abomination heaped on abomination4 ,and that piteous botch1 in fact an unconscious avowal of ,dutch colonial shortcomings1 did service as a sample of la magnificence d'une religion prodigue en ornaments1 en feuillages et en volupts6 ,after an era of dabbling by pseudo-,winckelmanns and ,schliemanns1 spicing their pretences with mutual admiration1 the ,government decided finally to appoint a permanent ,archaeological ,commission4 ,things1 indeed1 had come to such a pass that there was danger in delay3 the island is becoming more and more accessible to globe-trotters of all nationalities1 not a few of whom publish their impressions1 and if erring authority wields a vigorous ,press ,law to silence criticism at home1 against foreign criticism it has no weapon of the kind1 however touchy it may be4 ,so it began to move and the ,archaeological ,commission 7short for ,commission for ,archaeological ,research in ,java and ,madura71 though without a single trained archaeologist among its members1 displayed at once a good deal of activity under its first ,president1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,l4 ,a4 ,brandes1 exploring in ,east ,java1 restoring the chandi ,toompang1 attending to the ,mendoot and ,boro ,budoor in ,central ,java1 in order that1 acting upon ,king ,pururava's injunction1 at last understood and accepted1 after a fashion1 by ,batavia and the ,hague1 no monument shall be lost which has been wrought in the right spirit4 ,it can be imagined that subordinate officials1 eager to follow their superiors' lead1 now revel daily in numberless finds1 reported not only from districts1 near and remote1 in the star island1 but from the exterior possessions1 from ,soombawa1 from ,jambi in ,sumatra1 from ,kutei in ,east1 from ,sanggau and ,sakadan in ,west ,borneo1 etc4 etc4 ,like the encouraging of native art applied to weaving1 wood-carving1 the manufacture of pottery1 of household utensils of copper and bronze1 and so on1 the ferreting out of sculptural and architectural ties with the past is quite the latest craze1 a stepping-stone to preferment or at least a means of ingratiation with those who set the pace4 ,there would be no harm in this if obsequious ambition did not burgeon here and there into an excess of zeal which makes one tremble1 pregnant as it proves to be with dangers well defined by ,ruskin3 ,of all destructive manias that of restoration is the frightfullest and foolishest4 ,curiosity being excited1 there is the impulse to satisfy vulgar demands1 to cater to coarse appetites when admitting every one who knocks at the door of the treasure-house however unworthy4 ,trippers from the trading centres on the coast swarm round as their fancies guide2 tourists from distant climes scour the land1 either single spies or driven in noisy battalions of 8conducted parties04 ,travel in ,java is already assuming the character of holiday excursions pressed upon the public in bombastic handbills and posters of transportation companies4 ,revenue being the principal objective of ,dutch colonial solicitude1 the opportunity they create is gladly seized to levy gate-money from visitors to the chandi ,mendoot4#i ,and since the ,philistines1 who do not appreciate the beauties of a building they cannot comprehend1 expect something in exchange for their contribution to the upkeep1 visible tokens of their really having been there1 we shall soon hear of photographers established in the temple to perpetuate the memory of spoony couples1 giggling and offensive1 magnesium flashed at the feet of the ,most ,venerable1 or of the ,boro ,budoor in a blaze of ,bengal fire to please mediocrity1 which wants barbarous stimulants4 ,and apart from such concessions to the exigencies of inane modern travel1 how distressing the plain tokens of neglect and spoliation6 ,as ,psyche began to mourn ,love after she had come to grasp his excellence1 so the discerning one1 advancing to the apprehension of eternal truth there enshrined in beauty1 a call to heaven in stone1 laments less what is gone of material substance by the ravages of time1 than what is taken from the spiritual essence by willful mutilation2 by methods of repair embodied in iron scrapers to remove moss and weeds1 incidentally spoiling the delicate lines of reliefs and decoration2 by filling gaps with any rubbish lying about1 mending and patching la grosse morbleu2 by additions for the convenience of sightseers1 like the unsightly staircase askew near one of the original1 dilapidated approaches4 ,it is devoutly to be hoped that the overhauling now in progress will1 at least1 remove such incongruities and avoid new horrors of so-called restoration4#aj ,dr4 ,brandes1 whose learning and good sense led the ,archaeological ,commission in a track of sound activity1 died1 unfortunately1 in #aije4 ,though the theft of antiquities has been discontinued on paper1 impudent souvenir hunting is still winked at by authorities fawning on distinguished guests4 ,untitled and unofficial collectors will have some trouble perhaps1 at any rate incur a good deal more expense than formerly1 in filling their private art galleries1 but for officials of the type of ,nicolaus ,engelhard#aa no difficulties seem to exist and even the ,boro ,budoor was very recently despoiled to please a royal personage4 ,so much for ,java2 as to the exterior possessions1 the ,minahassa was plundered1 even more recently1 for the benefit of foreign explorers of name and fame4 ,since the respective ,government edicts#ab multiplied1 fixing responsibility at random1 cases of strange disappearance multiplied too1 on the principle1 it seems1 of making hay while the sun shines2 the pen-driving departments1 issuing circulars on everything1 for everything1 against everything1 about everything1 effect absolutely nothing unless their insistence be taken1 often rightly by him who reads between the lines1 for a covert invitation to do precisely the contrary1 considering friendships1 family relations1 party obligations1 etc4 etc41 of powers and dominions4 ,the force of regulations and rescripts in the ,dutch ,east ,indies is notoriously short-lived in the best of circumstances1 and we have it on the authority of ,hans ,sachs1 ,je mehr ,hrten1 je bler ,hut4 ,the very scrupulous and wise1 moreover1 drag off whatever is loose or can be detached1 separating details of ornament1 reliefs and statues from their surroundings1 which are indispensable to their proper understanding1 to hide and forget them in cellars and lofts of museums until1 the stars being favourable1 accidentally rediscovered after years and years1 and ticketed and huddled together with other ticketed objects in long1 dreary rows of forbidding1 bewildering aspect4 ,that is1 if they are rescued and classified and ticketed tant bien que mal3 the colonial section in the ,museum of ,antiquities at ,leyden1 a byword among the lovers of ,dutch ,east ,indian architecture1 shows clearly the obstruction caused by hopeless negligence in the past and lack of backbone in the present zeal1 energy1 ardour1 nay1 frenzy of investigation4 ,everything in ,dutch colonial affairs goes by fits and starts with long blanks of indifference between4 ,to give but one instance3 the ,corpus ,inscriptionum ,javanarum1 planned with flourish of trumpets in #ahdc1 still awaits the preliminaries of a beginning of execution4 ,concerning the fever of restoration which has broken out1 one feels inclined1 in support of ,ruskin's opinion quoted above1 to sound the note of warning engraved on the signet ring of ,prosper ,mrime1 ,inspector of the ,historical ,monuments of ,france almost a century ago3 ' 1 lest the last state become worse than the first1 and excess of zeal deface what time and the hand of man1 even the ,department of ,public ,works itself1 quarrying its material for bridges1 dams1 embankments and the shapeless ,government buildings of which it possesses the monopoly1 have left standing4 ,without1 however1 insisting on the dark aspect of the situation1 let us trust that a sense of shame1 if not of duty1 will sustain the interest in the old monuments of ,java now in vogue1 and may then the faddish1 pompous display1 turned into channels of quiet1 responsible1 persistent endeavour1 herald a brighter day6 ,illustration ,,footnotes3 #b ,strictly speaking1 says ,dr4 ,,brandes in his notes to his translation of the ,pararaton1 or the ,book of the ,kings of ,tumapel and ,mojopahit 7p4 #agh71 there is only one babad tanah jawi1 which received its final redaction about #agjj4 ,the other babads1 though they may contain recapitulations of the general history of ,java1 treat of local affairs or of certain selected periods1 as the babads ,surakarta1 ,diponegoro1 ,mangkunegoro1 ,paku ,alaman1 etc4 #c ,emblem of ,siva's fructifying virility4 #d ,emblem of the fecundity of ,siva's sakti or female complement1 ,parvati or ,uma1 ,doorga1 ,kali or whatever other name she goes by according to the nature of her manifestations4 #e ,generic name for ointments and salves1 used specifically for a preparation of turmeric and coco-nut oil1 which is smeared over the body on gala occasions and applied to objects held in veneration4 #f ,an aloon aloon is an open square before the dwelling of a native chief2 the kratons or palaces with their dependencies of the semi-independent princes in ,central ,java have two aloon aloons1 one to the north and one to the south1 on which no grass is allowed to grow4 #g ,kedaton has the same meaning as kraton1 but is generally used for that part of a princely residence occupied by the owner himself with his wives1 concubines and children1 as distinct from the quarters of his retinue4 #h ,chandi means in its correct1 restricted sense3 8the stones between and under which in olden times the ashes of a burnt corpse were put10 or 8a mausoleum built over the ashes of one departed0 7,,roorda and ,,gericke72 by extension1 in native speech1 any monument of the ,hindu period4 ,the chandi ,sari is supposed to have been a vihara or ,buddhist monastery4 #i ,a tax of f4 #ej 7ten pence71 the payment of which secures also admission to the chandis ,pawon and ,boro ,budoor4 #aj ,thanks to ,major ,t4 van ,erp of the ,engineers1 who conducted the work of restoration1 this pious wish has been granted4 #aa ,governor of ,java's northeast coast from #ahja to #ahjh1 in whose garden at ,samarang 8several very beautiful subjects in stone were arranged1 brought in from different parts of the country40 ,,raffles1 ,history of ,java1 vol4 ii41 ,p4 #ee4 #ab ,paraphrases of a fossil statute1 periodically paraded and then returned to its pigeon-hole1 like a relic carried round in procession on the day of the particular saint it belongs to and then shut away in its repository for the rest of the year4 ,of what avail are enactments and ordinances persistently ignored and never enforced8 ,illustration ,,chapter ,,ii ,,west ,,java ,quedaron mudos los cuerpos1 ,solas las almas se hablan1 ,que en las luces de los ojos ,iban y venian las almas4#ac ,romancero ,morisco 7,celin de ,escariche74 ,the ,batu ,tulis1 lit4 8the inscribed stone01 near ,bogor1 commemorates the feats of a certain prince1 ,parabu ,raja ,purana1 otherwise ,ratu ,dewata1 and calls him the founder of ,pakuan1 ruler1 maharajah ratu aji1 of ,pakuan ,pajajaran4 ,that kingdom is the centre of everything tradition has transmitted regarding the ,hindus in ,west ,java4 ,its origin1 according to native belief1 goes back to a settlement of princely adventurers from ,tumapel in ,east ,java1 and when ,mojopahit flourished after the fall of that mighty empire1 it rose to equal eminence at the other end of the island1 only to be destroyed by the same agency1 the growing power of ,islm4 ,the subjection of the mountain tribes of the ,priangan by the settlers from the ,east proceeded in the beginning but slowly and the children of the land1 even after they had yielded to the inevitable1 must have retained a share in the management of their affairs1 for ,soondanese pantoons#ad mention separately1 as two factors of government1 the ratu1 king of ,pakuan1 and the menak1 nobility of ,pajajaran4 ,however this may be1 from about #aajj until the beginning of the sixteenth century1 ,pajajaran was a political unity that counted4 ,she could send an army of a hundred thousand warriors into the field4 ,her kings disposed at will of large territories1 gained by conquest2 one of them conferred upon his brother ,kalayalang the dominion of ,jayakarta1 in later years better known under the name of ,yacatra1 and on his brother ,barudin the dominion of ,bantam1 principalities destined to play an important part in the overthrow of the sovereign state4 ,nothing1 save the meagre accounts of the babads and the scanty remains to be referred to at the end of this chapter1 reminds now of ,pajajaran1 except the ,badooy in ,south ,bantam1 who constitute a community apart1 entirely isolated from the rest of the population and whose peculiar customs and religious observances so far as known1 make it probable that they are the descendants of fugitives before the ,muhammadan inroad4 ,when ,noor ad-,din ,ibrahim bin ,maulana ,isral had established in ,cheribon not only his religion but also his political power1 he began1 under the name and title of ,sunan ,gunoong ,jati1 to propagate the faith by force of arms in the whole of ,west ,java4 ,first he cast his eyes on ,bantam1 then a mighty realm1 the possession or at least the control of which1 leaving spiritual motives alone1 would materially benefit ,moslim trade by securing a free passage through the ,straits of ,soonda whenever trouble with the ,portuguese made the ,straits of ,malacca unsafe4 ,the ,sivate ,prince of ,bantam1 trying to preserve his independence by fostering the commercial rivalry between his ,muhammadan and ,christian friends1 received the latter with open arms and besought their assistance against ,cheribon and ,demak1 but ,maulana ,hasan ad-,din1 a son of ,sunan ,gunoong ,jati1 defeated him none the less and introduced the ,islm among his people both in ,bantam proper and in the ,lampongs4 ,another son of ,sunan ,gunoong ,jati founded the ,muhammadan principality of ,soonda ,kalapa1 notwithstanding the fortifications erected there by the ,portuguese1 at the instance of their ,bantamese ally1 to stem the tide of ,muhammadan conquest4 ,after subjugating the vassal state1 ,maulana ,hasan ad-,din attacked1 about #aebf1 the troops of ,pajajaran under the ,king's son ,sili ,wangi1 and routed them1 taking the capital and proselytising by the sword wherever he went1 following the example set by ,raden ,patah of ,demak in ,east ,java4 ,it is probable that ,bantam1 once islmised and consequently turning against the ,portuguese1 took the side of ,cheribon in these wars4 ,at any rate1 we find ,bantam and ,cheribon together acknowledging the suzerainty of ,demak1 like the more eastern principalities of the north coast1 and when that central ,muhammadan state of ,java lost the hegemony in consequence of its breaking up after the death of ,pangeran ,tranggana1 and at last the ,sooltan of ,pajang1#ae into which it dissolved1 had to humble himself with his allies1 the ,adipati of ,surabaya and the ,sunan of ,giri1 before the ,senapati of ,mataram1 his former regent in that territory1 this valiant and clever potentate claimed the lordship over the island4 ,these were the beginnings of a glorious new ,mataram1 perhaps identical with ,mendang ,kamulan4 ,cheribon1 which had conquered ,bantam and ,pajajaran1 lost gradually her strength1 became tributary to ,mataram in #afbe and wholly dependent in #afcb4 ,she declined still more after the death of ,panambahan ,girilaya1 who divided his succession between his sons ,pangeran ,martawijaya 7later ,sooltan ,sepooh7 and ,pangeran ,kartawijaya 7later ,sooltan ,anom71 on condition of their providing for a third son1 ,pangeran ,wangsakarta of ,godong 7later ,panambahan74 ,embroiled in the rebellion of ,trunajaya against the authority of ,mataram and captured1 ,martawijaya and ,kartawijaya were kept as hostages at its capital1 ,karta4 ,released through the intervention of ,sooltan ,tirtayasa of ,bantam1 more commonly known as ,abu'l-,fatah1 they returned home only to get again mixed up in hostilities against ,mataram and the ,dutch ,east ,india ,company1 which overran ,cheribon with its soldiers and improved the opportunity by regulating the affairs of ,girilaya's three sons to its own best advantage4 ,the foundation of ,batavia on the site of old ,yacatra1 taken by ,jan ,pietersz ,coen1 ,may #cj1 #afai1 had meant1 among other things1 an always keener competition in trade with ,bantam or1 rather1 the 8establishment of a free rendezvous01 i4e4 free of bickerings with native princes and princelings1 for the fleets of the ,company on their long voyage to the ,moluccos4 ,bantam having outstripped ,cheribon by the importance she derived from ,english and ,dutch shipping1 resented the blow which threatened to relegate her to a second or third place1 and this resulted in frequent conflicts with the intruders1 though the boundary line of their settlement and their mutual relationship had been carefully defined in the treaty of #afei4 ,on the other side in occasional difficulties with ,mataram1 the ,company1 acting on the divide et impera principle1 encouraged the rivalry between the middle and western empires1 which both strove for supremacy in the ,priangan4 ,how the ,company accomplished its purpose and triumphed1 needs here no detailed examination4 ,its objects and the considerations which moved it1 are wittily discussed in a ,javanese mock-epic1 the ,serat ,baron ,sakendher1 a satire on the rise of ,dutch power at ,batavia1 the foundation of ,moor ,yang ,koong 7,jan ,pietersz ,coen74 ,if that pattern of regents outre mer1 the first ,dutch ,governor-,general in ,java1 whose motto was 8never despair01 whose grip like the grip of the tiger1 has invited comparison with ,ganesa 7firstborn of ,siva and ,parvati7 for wisdom and cautious statecraft1 with ,skanda 7also sprung from the ,mahadeva's loins but without the ,devi's collaboration7 for resolution and mettle1 here we find him as the son of ,baron ,sookmool1 ,baron ,sakendher's brother1 and ,tanaruga1#af daughter of the ,pajajaranese ,princess ,retna ,sakar ,mandhapa1 and the poet makes the personification of the ,company say to his twelve hopefuls1 the earliest ,tuan ,tuan ,edeleer1 or honourable members of the ,governor-,general's ,council3 ,good measures you will enforce1 without quarrelling amongst yourselves1 and1 even if it were larceny1 the moment you have decided upon it by common consent1 ,i give my permission1--a speech delightfully in keeping with the tactics of his father1 whose artillery prevailed1 not with iron cannon-balls1 but with golden grapeshot of ducats and doubloons4 ,the ruins of the ,fort ,speelwijck and the minaret of ,pangeran ,muhammad's mesdjid at ,old ,bantam are very illustrative of the insinuating way in which the pioneers of the ,company planted their factories2 once admitted on the strength of their promises1 they gained a firm footing by military superiority1 driving hard bargains and ousting the ,islm from what it had come to regard as its own4 ,near by is the neglected1 overgrown ,dutch cemetery1 where many of those pioneers were laid to rest1 far from home1 family and friends1 killed in the ,company's battles or by strenuous obedience to exacting orders1 bartering their health in a murderous climate for a handful of silver1 wasting body and soul to swell the ,company's dividends4 ,a tangle of weeds and briars closes over their remains2 thick moss1 covering their broken gravestones1 effaces their forgotten names2 even the mausoleums dedicated to the memory of the leaders among them1 commanders and commercial agents-in-chief1 are crumbling away1 harbouring hungry guests which leave safe lairs in the forests1 when deer and wild pigs become scarce1 to raid at night the village sheepfolds1 while snakes may dart forth from the cracks and fissures at any moment and mosquitoes swarm round in myriads1 the worst plague of all to him who seeks communion with the dead in that jungle4 ,the burial-ground of the ,sooltans of ,bantam1 gathered round ,hasan ad-,din1 the first preacher of the true faith in this region1 is in better condition4 ,though ,shafei1 to whose madsheb or school the ,moslemin of the ,dutch ,east ,indies belong1 disapproved of elaborate tombs and prescribed that sepulchral cavities1 after the deposition of the bodies1 should be filled up and made level with the ground1 memorial tokens to mark the graves of ,muhammadan saints1 famous princes and heroes1 often venerated as kramats1 are a familiar sight in ,java2 they consist generally of pieces of wood or stone1 tengger1 standing upright at both ends1 at the head and at the feet1 differently shaped for men and for women4 ,many such are found where ,pangeran ,muhammad raised his mesdjid with the minaret detached like the campanile of some mediaeval ,italian church4 ,tombs all round1 tombs of ,sooltans1 their brothers and sons and cousins1 their great councillors and generals1 a ,bantamese ,aliscamps with ,hasan ad-,din occupying the place of honour under a canopy1 prayer-mats and prayer-books lying around1 a benign breeze stirring the muslin hangings and filling the air with the fragrance of the kambojas4#ag ,whoever wants to know of the excellent deeds of the ,sooltans of ,bantam1 their acts of devotion in peace and their prowess in war1 can receive information from ,pangeran ,muhammad ,ali in kampong ,kanari1 one of their descendants1 keeper of the archives of the mesdjid and the surrounding garden of the departed4 ,he will tell furthermore of the well near the north wall of the new building1 which is fed from the well ,zemzem at ,mecca and1 thanks to the child ,ishmal1 beneath whose feet its water bubbled forth1 possesses the property of curing disease4 ,it is also connected with the miraculous source at ,luar ,batang1 whose water possesses the property of detecting perverters of the truth3 the man who tries there to slake his thirst with a falsehood on his conscience1 from a downright lie to a terminological inexactitude1 or even a little fib for the sake of domestic tranquillity1 will not be able to swallow a drop1 his throat refusing liquid comfort until expiation of guilt2 and so the devotees who flock to the shrine of the saint of ,hadramaut at ,pasar ,ikan1 ,batavia1 leave that source prudently alone--one may have sinned unwittingly or under strong provocation4 ,such holy places are thickly strewn and the last habitation of ,hasan ad-,din is one of the holiest1 being overshadowed by the venerable minaret of ,pangeran ,muhammad's mesdjid1 which signified to ,bantam what the mesdjid of ,ngampel did to the eastern and the mesdjid of ,demak to the middle states of ,moslim ,java4 ,the intact preservation of the latter as the oldest existing edifice erected#ah for ,muhammadan worship in the island1 is of high importance superstitionis causa1 and exceeding care was taken in #ahde1 when the danger of its tumbling down became imminent1 to rebuild it not all at once1 but one part after the other1 round the four principal supports of the original structure1 and to restore the beautifully carved lintels and posts exactly to their accustomed position4 ,nothing is left at ,demak of ,raden ,patah's princely dwelling1 but the graves are shown of ,panambahan ,jimboon1 ,pangeran ,sabrang ,lor and ,pangeran ,tranggana1 who was killed by one of his servants on an expedition to still ,sivatic ,pasuruan4 ,pangeran ,tranggana had auxiliaries from ,bantam among his troops and this leads us back to ,west ,java after our slight digression in favour of ,demak1 the energetic central state which1 at the time here spoken of1 ruled the roast in matters of conquest for the propagation of the faith4 ,the ,bantamese1 more than their converters1 have conserved a reputation for fanaticism and it is not yet a quarter of a century since a certain ,abool ,karim of the district ,tanara preached the holy war1 the brotherhood of the ,naqshibendyah fanning the flame of sedition he kindled4 ,his murids 7disciples7 ,tubagoos ,ismal1 ,marduki and ,wasid having spread the movement1 a mob1 led by a certain ,haji ,iskak1 massacred several ,europeans at ,chilegon 7#ahhh74 ,but for the ,government's bayonets1 rather than a course of conciliation based on a thorough knowledge of the agrarian causes at the bottom of the unrest among the population1 the whole of ,bantam might have blazed up and ,cheribon might have followed4 ,seeing that they could not prevail1 the dissatisfied betook themselves again to prayer1 there at the grave of ,hasan ad-,din1 here at the grave of ,sheik ,noor ad-,din ,ibrahim1 situated not far from the capital he founded1 on a hill near the sea1 the ,gunoong ,jati1 whence his title4 ,the terraces of the astana so called1 first home of the ,islm in this region1 much venerated however much defaced1 savour of more ancient heathen monuments in all their odour of ,muhammadan sacredness1 not otherwise than the ,kitab ,papakam1 the ,cheribon code of laws1 savours of ,indian maxims and even at this date betrays its birth from the legislation introduced by the ,hindu immigrants1 though in #agfh 7and not before that year1 more than three centuries after the introduction of the law of the ,prophet671 the ,kutara ,manawa has officially been abrogated in the ,sooltanate4 ,the lowest three terraces of the astana serve as a burial-ground for the descendants of ,sunan ,gunoong ,jati and the men of mark in the annals of his empire2 a road1 winding upward1 a ,moslim ,via delle ,tombe1 conducts the pilgrim to a mesdjid on the fourth1 not to be desecrated by the feet of unbelievers2#ai above the mesdjid1 on the fifth1 the sanctum sanctorum1 rest the mortal remains of the saint himself4 ,speaking of ,cheribon in its relations to ,hindusm and the ,islm1 a reference to ,chinese influences on ,javanese architecture cannot be omitted4 ,they are most evident1 of course1 where the sons of the ,flowery ,empire have settled earliest and in greatest numbers4 ,in several localities ,chinese temples are found for the building and decorating of which renowned architects1 wood-carvers and painters have expressly been summoned to ,java at great expense4 ,reputedly the finest is the klenteng1 situated at a stone's throw from the shed wherein ,sunan ,gunoong ,jati's grobak is kept1 the vehicle in which he descended from heaven to proclaim the ,word4 ,transplanting their curved roof-trees and gaudy ornament1 the ,chinese brought also a taste for grotto-work1 once notably conspicuous in the kraton of ,sooltan ,anom4 ,on the road to ,tagal1 near the dessa 7village7 ,sunyaragi1 lies a rocky labyrinth belonging to the pleasure-grounds of ,sooltan ,sepooh's famous country-seat4 ,among other clever devices it contains an artificial cave so constructed that the kanjeng goosti1 retiring thither on a hot afternoon for dalliance with his favourite of the hour1 might shut himself completely off from the world by a discreet artificial waterfall1 securing privacy behind its liquid screen and a refreshing atmosphere stimulative to amorous exercise4 ,the ,chinaman who elaborated the idea1 had his eyes gouged out to prevent his creating another such wonder of architecture adapted to the diversions of oriental potentates4 ,it seems fitting that in ,java1 the sweet island whose air is balm and where always the delicious sound of running water is heard1 where the cult of bathing is perfected by inclination as well as necessity of climate1 some of the oldest signs of civilisation are found in sheltered nooks and corners still frequented by those who appreciate an invigorating plunge4 ,kota ,batu1 near ,bogor1 the supposed site of the capital of ,pajajaran1 is an instance in point4 ,destroyed1 says the ,soondanese tradition1 because the illustrious ,king ,noro ,pati had lifted up his heart to boast against the message of the ,prophet1 his sons completed the calamity by their wrangling for the lordship over outlying1 as yet unsubjugated and unconverted dependencies1 and righteousness left the country4 ,the same reasons which made ,pajajaran slow to accept the ,islm1 had hindered her acceptance of ,hindusm4 ,the mountainous ,priangan was sparsely populated and1 even if we accept the statements of native historians who give ,hindu civilisation in ,west ,java a long life by dating the colonisation from ,india back to the first century of the ,christian era1#bj confined to a limited area1 as the antiquities discovered make clear1 it remained far behind that which reared the superb temples of ,central ,java4 ,to the best of our knowledge there were never any ,hindu temples at all in ,west ,java1 where the people seem to have contented themselves with prayer and sacrifice in the open4 ,while ,central ,java attained to the loftiest and noblest in art1 ,west ,java vegetated until improved communication1 stimulated by war and trade1 brought about a dissemination of more eastern artistic notions1 discernible in raised levels and terraces as those of ,gunoong ,jati1 which remind one faintly of the ,boro ,budoor2 in earthen walls as those on the ,bukit ,tronggool1 which are arranged after a plan somewhat like that of the squares enclosing the principal temple and the surrounding smaller ones of the chandi ,sewu4 ,even then ,polynesian clumsiness was not shaken off4 ,at ,batu ,tulis1 a kampong in the outskirts of ,bogor1 where the hosts of two religions fought the battle which decided the fate of ,pajajaran1 are several ungainly images and impressions of the feet of ,poorwakali1 the spouse of one of that realm's petrified kings1 who mourned him with such copious tears that she softened the very rock she stood upon1 according to one legend2 and1 according to another legend1 of the feet of a certain ,raja ,mantri who tarried so long in contemplation of the inscribed stone already mentioned1 pondering over the meaning of its strange characters1 that he sank gradually into the hard ground4 ,there are more impressions of more feet and a coarsely carved linga1 ,siva's fecundating attribute1 transformed by ,muhammadan piety into the miracle working staff of a ,moslim santon4 ,hardly greater interest is awakened by the primitive statues ,kota ,batu derives its appellation from1 8city of stones01 which form a sort of ,ruhmes ,allee1 lining the path from the main road to the bath-house1 with many of the same pattern scattered to right and left4 ,all of them are petrified worthies of ,pajajaran1 which their own mothers would not recognise1 though the natives know each of them by praenomen1 nomen1 cognomen and title4 ,king ,moonding ,wangi1 i4e4 the nice-smelling buffalo1 looking perhaps a trifle more human than the rest4 ,of a similar nature are the archadomas1 a collection of about eight hundred blocks of stone on the estate ,pondok ,gedeh1 which need a vivid imagination in the beholder to pass for the figures of men and animals4 ,a good specimen of the ,pajajaran type of sculpture1 if it deserves that name1 is the lachrymose ,poorwakali already referred to as standing1 petrified herself1 at a little distance from the ,batu ,tulis where she solaces her widowhood by keeping company with ,kidangpenanjong1 forgetting her royal husband1 after her paroxysm of grief1 in a plebeian flirtation4 ,such is woman6 ,from these crude attempts at a representation of animate creation1 sprang nevertheless an art which1 in the hands of the master-builders and sculptors of ,central ,java1 who sought the beauty of truth that is verily without a rival1 flowered out in prayers of stone1 visible tokens of their yearning for heavenly reward1 born of communion with the divine in deep reflection1 only to descend again to lower planes1 to the seeking of the praise of man1 in the decadent conventionality of the later eastern ,hindu empires4 ,the story of the development of architecture and sculpture in the island from the immaturity identified with ,pajajaran to the luxurious grandeur of the temples of ,prambanan1 the ,mendoot and the ,boro ,budoor1 hides a riddle no less strange than that of the bursting forth of ,arabic poetry1 full-blown in all its subtleness of thought1 exuberance of imagination1 perfection of language4 ,the story of decline is written in the evolution of decorative design3 the significance of motives based on the observation of the earth and her precious gifts1 evaporates gradually in nicely waving lines1 elaborate scrolls1 insipid fineries4 ,the kala-head changes into the roots of a tree1 figurative of the forest2 the trunk of ,ganapati into its bole2 at last the tree1 roots1 trunk1 branches1 foliage and all1 with the sun rising over the forest1 with mountains touching the sky1 with rivers flowing to the sea1 into conventional ornament4 ,islmic ideals were not conducive to a revival of artistic conceptions fading into nothingness2 neither was1 to repeat that too1 the painful contact with ,christian civilisation4 ,when the natives were made to toil and moil for alien masters1 their virtues and energies blighted into the defects and failings of apathy4 ,how could it be otherwise where an inefficient1 venal police and a slow1 defective administration of justice did 7and does7 not protect property against depredation2 where exertion beyond what is strictly necessary for bare subsistence1 meant 7and means7 not prosperity but increased taxation4 ,with all its pretensions to superiority and display of ethical sentiment1 the ,dutch ,government can scarcely be said to differ much from ,baron ,sookmool1 the personified ,east ,india ,company of more than three centuries ago4 ,holland's wards in her rich colonies may be moulded into men1 angels or devils1 like the ,triloka1 the triple people of the ,hindus1 according to the treatment meted out to them and the education they receive4 ,as far as ,java is concerned1 hoping in heaven's mercy1 they live in their old traditions1 the light of the past and the shadow of the present4 ,what will the future bring in advance of the day on which mankind shall be scattered abroad like moths8 ,there is no knowledge of it but with ,god and the secret lies behind the ,banaspati1#ba in the hand of him of the budding lotus-flower1 the ,deliverer from ,evil4 ,illustration ,illustration ,,footnotes3 #ac ,the bodies remained silent1 ,only the souls did commune1 ,for in the light of the eyes ,came and departed the souls4 #ad ,the oldest1 perhaps the only original form of native poetry1 happily compared1 by ,professor ,r4 ,,brandstetter1 with the ,italian stornelli4 ,in contradistinction to the sha'ir1 the charm of the pantoon lies1 or should lie1 in its being improvised4 ,it consists of four lines1 of which the third rimes with the first and the fourth with the second2 the first two contain some statement generally but loosely connected with the meaning of the last couplet1 except1 to quote ,dr4 ,j4 ,j4 ,,de ,,hollander1 that they determine the correspondence of sound4 ,here is one in translation3 ,whence come the leeches8 ,from the watered ricefield they go straight to the river4 ,whence comes love8 ,from the eyes it goes straight to the heart4 #ae ,the title of ,sooltan was assumed1 probably for the first time in the history of ,java1 by the ruler of ,pajang when1 in #aefh1 he added ,jipang to his domains4 #af ,this lady was a prisoner of the ,pangeran of ,jakarta 7,yacatra7 from whom ,baron ,sookmool1 charmed by her beauty when he arrived in ,java to trade for his father1 the wealthy merchant ,kawit ,paru1 bought her for three big guns1 whose history1 in the legendary lore of the island1 is inextricably mixed up with the mariage trois of ,kiahi ,satomo 7for the nonce taking domicile at ,cheribon71 ,niahi ,satomi and the maryam of ,karang ,antu referred to in the preceding chapter4 #ag ,plumeria acutifolia ,poir41 fam4 ,apocynaceae1 planted extensively in cemeteries2 its flowers1 for this reason called boonga kuboor 7grave-flowers71 have a very pleasant odour and are used to scent clothes1 etc4 #ah ,about #adfh1 by ,raden ,patah4 #ai ,it is told that the intrepid ,governor-,general ,daendels once tried to invade the sanctity of this house of prayer1 but even he had hastily to retire4 #bj ,venggi inscriptions1 brought to light in ,west ,java1 go back to the sixth and fifth centuries of the ,christian era and name ,kalinga in ,india as the region from which the ,hindu colonists emigrated4 #ba ,banaspati or ,wanaspati is the conventional lion's 7or tiger's7 head1 a frequent motive in the ornament of ,javanese temples1 especially of common use over their porches and gateways4 ,,chapter ,,iii ,,the ,,di,,ng ,where ,silence undisturbed might watch alone1 ,so cold1 so bright1 so still4 ,,percy ,,bysshe ,,shelley1 ,queen ,mab4 ,where five residencies--,samarang1 ,pekalongan1 ,banyumas1 the ,bagelen and the ,kadu--meet between two seas1 the wonderland of the ,ding links the eastern and western chain of volcanoes which are the vertebrae of ,java's spine4 ,the ,ding plateau1 the first part created1 as tradition goes1 and destined to remain longest above water in the island's final destruction and submersion1 is nothing but a huge crater4 ,nature1 in her most mysterious mood1 exercises here a charm of a peculiar character1 well expressed by the name1 according to the ,javanese derivation from adi ang1 i4e4 marvellously beautiful4#bb ,the temples in this region belong to the oldest and finest if by no means the largest of ,java4 ,the discovery of a stone with a ,venggi inscription has led to the conjecture that the ,hindu settlement to which we owe them1 originated from the ,priangan2 other indications point to immigration directly from ,southern ,india4 ,however this may be1 the dates ascertained 7one in an inscription reproduced by me in #ahhe for further examination at ,batavia1 leaving the stone in the place where ,i had found it7 from #gca ,saka 7,a4,d4 #hji7 on1 witness to the lost civilisation of the ,ding having reached its apogee at the time the ,abbassides flourished in ,baghdad and the ,omayyads in ,cordova4 ,how it rose1 declined and fell1 we do not know4 ,for four centuries its memory lived only as a fantastic tale1 the ,ding remaining utterly deserted1 a wilderness of mountain and forest1 inhabited by devils and demons of the ,khara and ,dushana type4 ,resettled since about #ahjj1 its villages increase in number and size1 and its wild animals1 big and small1 disappear gradually1 though the tigers are still troublesome1 evincing a growing disposition to vary their accustomed fare with domestic kine and sheep4 ,the sombre woods are gone and efforts at reafforestation gave so far no perceptible results4 ,the ground yields abundant crops of cabbage1 onions and tobacco1 in which a lively trade is done with ,chinese middlemen1 who buy for the merchants at ,pekalongan1 whence the product is shipped to larger centres of trade4 ,these middlemen congregate principally at ,batoor1 a prosperous village1 where travellers to the ,ding1 arriving from that side1 will appreciate the hospitable disposition of the wedono1 the native chief of the district4 ,many a one has been entertained under his roof1 looked down upon from the palupooh 7split bambu7 walls by the ,royal ,family of ,great ,britain and ,kaiser ,wilhelm in chromolithographic splendour1 while discussing a substantial lunch or arranging for sleeping accommodation if too tired to push on1 or desirous of visiting the ,pakaraman1 the valley of death1 at break of day when the uncanny manifestations of that place of horror are strongest4 ,another source of income for some of the ,chinamen of ,batoor and their henchmen of the ,ding is opium smuggling4 ,the geographical position1 commanding access to five administrative divisions of the island at once1 lends itself admirably to that lucrative business4 ,and if the smugglers cater to a low vice1 they can advance an excuse logically unanswerable by those in authority who punish them when caught3 they satisfy but a demand1 in competition with the ,government that created it1 introduced the drug and encourages its use1 artificially whetting a depraved appetite and demoralising the children of the land for the sake of more revenue4 ,often though ,i went up to forget the cares of exacting duties in happy holidays on the ,ding1 trying the different approaches1 the impressions of my first ascent in ,october #ahhe are freshest in my memory4 ,starting from ,wonosobo1 ,i preferred to a more direct route the roundabout way via ,temanggoong1 spending a day on the road between the twin volcanoes ,soombing and ,sindoro1 enjoying the views to right and left1 every new turn disclosing new wonders3 mountain slopes basking in the warmth which radiated triumphantly from a sky of dazzling brightness1 valleys of perfect loveliness losing their brilliant hues in the shades of evening as if a curtain fell between the world left and the world entered4 ,the following morning early ,i rode from ,temanggoong in a thick mist which1 rolling away before the sun1 uncovered a landscape more and more rugged as ,i passed ,parakan and ,ngadirejo1 but always more charming1 a feast to the eye4 ,near ,ngadirejo the chandis ,perot and ,pringapoos claimed my attention4 ,built for the worship of ,siva1 his sakti ,doorga and their eldest son1 they offered a sad spectacle of decay1 the former crumbling away in the baneful embrace of a gigantic tamarind1 one of whose branches rose from the midst of the ruin straight up to heaven1 overshadowing ,ganesa1 the conqueror of obstacles1 in his meditations2 the latter holding an image of ,siva's vahana or nandi1 the bull1 symbol of his creative power1 still an object of veneration as the boreh indicated1 the walls of the temple being decorated with splendid bas-reliefs representing a scene from ,javanese history or mythology1 analogous to the rape of the ,sabine women4#bc ,farther on1 surprise succeeding surprise1 lies ,joomprit1 another delicious spot1 sanctified by a holy grave1 at the source of the ,progo4 ,the water1 gushing forth from the mouth of a cavern and trickling down its sides1 is immediately lost to sight in a declivity among the ferns4 ,curious monkeys herd round1 led by their brawny chief1 imperious like ,hanoman1 born from the wind1 swinging through space1 commanding the simian army of ,sugriva3 they constitute one of the few colonies of sacred apes which form a living link with the ,hindu epoch2 that of ,gaja ,moongkoor on the ,ding has ceased to exist4 ,illustration3 ,,ii4 ,,chandi ,,pringapoos 7,archaeological ,service through ,charls and van ,es47 ,from ,joomprit on1 it was pretty steep climbing to a point where1 at a sudden turn1 ,i beheld the lowlands1 far beneath the clouds gathering round me1 fair plains resting under their hazy veil of midday repose1 calm and undisturbed4 ,drinking deep of the invigorating mountain air1 ,i noticed the red cheeks of the women and girls who returned from market in little groups4 ,after descending to the tea-plantations of ,tambi1 the clambering up began again1 pretty hard for my pony1 to which ,i gave an occasional rest1 looking back over hills and valleys as they dissolved in soft-melting tints1 impressing the beholder with a sense of eternal light in limitless space4 ,wonder akin to awe seized me when1 panorama-like1 a landscape of silent grandeur1 quite different from the graceful majesty of the rose-gardens of ,wonosobo and the palm-groves of ,temanggoong1 unfolded itself4 ,i was on the ,ding plateau4 ,notwithstanding the late hour1 my admiration of the scenery having made my progress slow1 ,i could not resist the temptation to dismount and follow the trail which led me down to the source of the ,serayu beside the road1 and pay my compliments to the shade of stalwart ,bimo by way of introduction to the regions resounding in its temples with his exploits and those of other worthies sung in the ,brata ,yuda4#bd ,nor indeed only in its temples3 this same delightful retreat commemorates ,bimo's prowess according to a legend which in its astonishing account of his supernatural virility cannot be repeated4 ,enough to say that ,arjuno1 making him dig up the toog ,bimo1 on the advice of ,samr1 the wily1 was the first1 by determining the course of the ,serayu1 to direct the water from the mountains of ,central ,java to the sea1 therewith obtaining the realm of ,ngastino4 ,and whoever takes a bath1 alone and at night1 in the water springing from mother earth under the pohoon chemeti1 the weeping willow of ,bimo's fountain1 will have no occasion for certain elixirs largely advertised in daily and weekly papers1 will retain youthful vigour into hoariest age4 ,it was dark when ,i arrived at the pasangrahan1 the ,government rest-house1 received first by a shaggy1 plumetailed dog of the ,ding variety1 suspicious of strangers4 ,her name proved to be ,sarama1 suggesting classical associations not sustained1 ,i am sorry to record1 by her master1 mine host1 a ,swiss1 retired from service in the ,dutch colonial army and put in charge of the place4 ,speaking innumerable languages and every one of them as if it were a lingua franca composed of all the others1 he showed me my room1 took orders for my supper and made me comfortable1 the broad1 perpetual smile on his honest face illumining our polyglot conversation4 ,alas6 ,wielandt is no more4 ,indra1 who knows men's hearts1 has certainly assigned to this diamond1 more polished1 presumably1 in its celestial than in its former terrestrial state1 a worthy station among the jewels of the city of bliss1 ,amaravati4 ,a man of family instincts1 good ,wielandt left several daughters1 at the time of my visit of initiation extremely shy little girls2 and a son1 then ,sinjo ,endrik1 the obliging and attentive1 ever ready to act as a guide to and otherwise to assist his father's guests on their excursions1 now ,tuan ,endrik1 his father's successor in the pasangrahan1 while one of his brothers-in-law keeps a small1 private hotel1 opened to meet the increasing influx of sightseers and seekers of health4 ,the ,ding plateau1 especially in the dry season1 would be an ideal site for a sanatorium4 ,the sufferer from the debilitating heat on the coast in the enervating conditions of a continuous struggle for the next dollar or official preferment with fatter salary1 may find there rest and a cool climate4 ,going to the bath-room before setting out early on some expedition1 ,i have often found miniature icicles pendent from the panchuran1 the water conduit1 and riding off1 have often heard1 in crossing a puddle1 the thin coating of ice crackle under the hoofs of my pony4 ,sometimes1 at sunrise1 the few remaining temples stand out white1 the whole plateau being covered with frost1 which makes a strange impression on one who but the day before yesterday sweltered in the fiery furnace of1 for instance1 the ,heerenstraat at ,samarang4 ,waking up the morning after my first arrival1 feeling cold1 though the scene my eyes met was not quite so severely wintry as that just described1 my dreams seemed to continue in reality4 ,i beheld a tranquil plain different in its bright serenity from everything ,i had so far seen anywhere else1 the ,bimo temple rising to the left and the ,arjuno group to the right1 sharply outlined against the hills and the sky1 their dark-gray colour in wonderful harmony with the verdure of earth and the blue expanse of heaven4 ,one moment they appeared near in the clear atmosphere as if ,i could seize them with my hand1 and then again very1 very far1 never to be approached4 ,a vapour1 clinging to the slope of the ,pangonan in the direction of the ,kawah ,kidang1 reminded me of the tremendous cosmic energy entering into the composition of this soothing stillness1 this tonic for the sick and worried1 with the certainty of annihilation as final pledge of freedom4 ,once a lake of seething lava1 the plateau lies enclosed by the tops of five mountains1 the ,prahu1 ,sroyo1 ,bismo1 ,nogosari and ,jimat1 #bjej metres above the level of the sea2 the ,pangonan and ,pagar ,kandang are old eruptive cones1 formed of the mud and sand thrown out1 which accumulated at their bases and raised the surrounding ground4 ,the plateau in its narrower sense is now a flat stretch of turf1 in places1 especially in the middle1 a morass1 called the ,rawa ,baleh ,kambang for its northern1 and the ,rawa ,glonggong for its southern part4 ,ruins have been found everywhere in the plain and up the slopes of the hills1 even up to the summit of the ,prahu4 ,here stand stone posts in a row1 used by ,arjuno1 according to the legend1 to tether his elephants1 while his cows1 after grazing on the ,pangonan1 were corralled for the night in the hollow of the ,pagar ,kandang1 lit4 8fence of the cattle-pen02 there1 as in ,ding ,kidool1 layers of ashes among the slags and other debris1 mark the situation in the past of the burning-grounds1 which yield a steady harvest of bronze and gold finger-rings1 bracelets1 anklets and other objects of personal adornment4 ,ancient aqueducts1 walls1 staircases1 foundations of secular buildings1 clustered round the temples1 remains of an important religious centre1 so various and rich that ,junghuhn did not exaggerate when calling them inexhaustible1 suggest the existence1 once upon a time1 in those mountain wilds1 of a ,javanese ,benares1 minus the ,ganges but plus a setting of unceasing volcanic activity1 which demolished it by a sudden1 violent outbreak4 ,such suggestions need only the seconding of one of the learned to be utterly ridiculed by his equally learned brethren of an opposite school4444 ,we will let the matter rest at that and simply enjoy the actual calm of a landscape evidently exposed to destruction at the shortest notice1 of nature recuperating from outrageous debauch4 ,voices solemn and sweet summon to close communion with the power behind those manifestations1 the universal soul of things human and superhuman1 infernal and divine4 ,one look more at the strip of turf which clasps the mysteries as a girdle embossed with gems1 the ,arjuno and ,bimo shrines1 shining in the splendour of early morning1--we shall return to them after our stroll of orientation4 ,in the dessa ,ding ,wetan1 close to the pasangrahan1 is1 or rather was1 the watu rawit1 a wall constructed of big blocks of stone1 two portions of which still exist with a narrow staircase1 hewn on a smaller scale1 leading to the coping4 ,the structure1 largely drawn upon for building material1 goes also by the name of benteng 7fort of7 ,buddha1 an appellation incompatible with the ,sivate origin of ,ding architecture and a contradiction in terms besides1 considering the character of ,gautama's teaching2 but in native parlance everything connected with the ,hindu period is referred to as belonging to the jaman buda1 while the expression agama buda includes every pre-,muhammadan ancestral religion4 ,via ,patak ,banteng1 ,jojogan and ,parikesit the dessa ,simboongan may be reached1 until recently the highest in ,java 7#bjgh metres74 ,founded in #ahae by the grandfather of the present lurah1 or chief of the village1 its inhabitants1 on whose stature and colour of skin the cool climate has had a visible influence1 are very prosperous1 their principal occupation being the preparation of a hair-oil from the seeds of the gandapura 7,hibiscus ,abelmoschus74 ,simboongan lies on the west bank of ,telaga ,chebong1 one of the many lakes which add to the indescribable charm of the ,ding1 some possessing uncanny echoes1 some being yellow and sulphurous1 some of ever changing hue1 some of crystalline clearness and stocked with goldfish1 while the marshy shores are a favourite haunt of meliwis1 a kind of duck much prized as food and becoming correspondingly scarce4 ,proceeding to ,sikunang we get beautiful views in the direction of ,batoor1 hidden among its ,chinese graves and orchards as in an airy robe of white and green2 along the mountain rills which hasten impetuously to the valley of ,banjarnegara1 meeting in the radiance of the sun's promise for union with the sea2 down to the ricefields of ,temanggoong1 resplendent at the feet of the high mountains which keep guard over the ,kadu1 a paradise dominated by the sister volcanoes ,soombing and ,sindoro1 a joy to behold4 ,passing ,sikunang and turning round the ,gunoong ,teroos1 a spur of the ,pakuojo1 we notice some trachyte steps1 the head of a staircase made for the convenience of pilgrims from what is now the residency ,bagelen1 to the city of temples1 an ascent of five thousand feet4 ,over a long distance1 following the course of the river ,lawang1 that gigantic roadway can be traced far below ,telaga ,menjer by stones left in holes from which it was not easy to remove them for building purposes4 ,another of these ondo buda on the north side of the plateau1 served the pilgrims coming from what is now the residency ,pekalongan1 via ,deles and ,sigamploong1 and disappeared in the same manner4 ,descending1 a smell of sulphur announces a lion of the ,ding of a less innocent1 in fact of a decidedly satanic aspect3 on this soil always the unsuspected turns up1 the remains of an ancient civilisation forcing themselves upon our attention together with impressive reminders of the subterranean forces which extinguished it4 ,from a number of cavities on the slope of the ,pangonan1 bare of vegetation1 a picture of desolation1 noxious vapours rise and bubbles of mud are blown forth and burst with a rumbling noise4 ,high above the rest works the ,kawah ,kidang1 the deer-kettle1 spouting and growling1 throwing the hot liquid round with relish1 and it is advisable to keep her well to leeward on her days of gala1 for she changes frequently her aim and her mood1 an index of ,kala's disposition when stirring the bowels of the earth4 ,being the pulse of the ,ding1 so to speak1 she is regularly excited to fiercer exertion by the rainy season1 differing also in this particular from the ,chondro di ,muka1 her rival near the ,pakaraman1 with whom she has been confused even by geographers of name1 greatly to her disparagement since she commands a considerably wider sphere of influence1 not scrupling to encroach upon the domain of her neighbours by moving about4 ,wherever one pokes into the ground within her sphere of action1 the steam rushes out and seething puddles are formed2 it is wary walking and the wise will take warning from the foolhardy ,contrleur whose curiosity prompted him a step too far3 sinking through the upper crust into the boiling mud1 he had his legs so badly burnt that he died of the consequences and was buried at ,wonosobo instead of marrying his ,resident's daughter at ,poorworejo4 ,with its mofettes1 solfataras1 steam-holes1 mud-geysers1 sulphurous lakes1 its treacherously opening and closing chasms1#be last but not least its notorious valley of death1#bf the ,ding is the region above all others in volcanic ,java1 of miracles that expound the antagonism between fratricide life and death on our turbulent planet1 which continuously prepares for or recovers from spasms of generative destruction4 ,one of these spasms1 on a grander scale than usual in the short span of human history1 was the eruption of ,krakatoa in #ahhc2 which raised and submerged islands1 shaking and altering the ,straits of ,soonda1 a resultant tidal wave razing the towns of ,anyer and ,cheringin4 ,the ,ding1 some three hundred miles off1 responded faithfully1 as might have been expected1 the ,kawah ,kidang roaring and splashing mud furiously1 the wall of the crater-lake ,chebong cracking in several places1 so that part of its water1 instead of flowing through the old channel1 now seeks its way through the fissures thus created1 remunerative tobacco-fields being transformed into swamps4 ,such disasters preach an eloquent sermon on the text1 hewn in stone by the builders of the temples here erected to ,siva as ,kala1 the ,overthrower1 and1 transmitted with the wisdom of ages by a later religion1 happily expressed by the ,german poet3 ,was hilft es ,menschen seyn1 was liebe ,blumen kssen1 ,wann sie sind schne zwar1 doch balde nichts seyn mssen8#bg ,the news that a troop of strolling players had arrived1 dispelled1 however1 ideas of that sort1 unpalatable truth never proving successful against the pleasurable excitement of the moment4 ,they were going to perform at the house of the reputedly wealthiest man of the plateau and not the less highly considered by his neighbours because caught redhanded1 not once but repeatedly1 in handling the forbidden1 as ,i heard afterwards4 ,living near one of the enclosures traditionally associated with the pyres which were extinguished when the ,hindu priests deserted their altars1 he gave the ton to the upper ten of ,ding society1 8disporting like any other fly0 unterrified by daily manifestations of cosmic potency4 ,surrounded by his ganadavatas1 gods of the second rank1 he welcomed me to the show4 ,mounted on sham horses1 the actors delighted their audience with a sham battle which soon became a single combat between two valiant knights1 encouraged by masked clowns1 funny yet exquisitely graceful in their movements3 the savoir vivre of this people is perfectly matched with their elegance of carriage and correctness of speech and innate propriety of demeanour4 ,the comedians' stage-properties did not amount to much and their inventive genius shone the more brilliantly3 a tiger 7for a hunt of his highness our common uncle#bh followed the joust7 was improvised with jute bagging and two pieces of wood1 representing the jaws1 snapping ferociously1 perhaps a compliment to the orang wolanda present1 his biped equivalent in native estimation1 as already remarked4 ,or an allusion may have been intended to local events3 not longer than a week before1 ,paman had tried to force ,wielandt's stable1 cooling his wrath1 when baffled1 on ,sarama's pups4 ,so much for my recollections of the histrionic exercises on the ,ding1 and now about the temples6 ,if ,thomas ,horsfield1 in his narrative of the tour he made through the island between #ahjb and #ahjg1 mentioned the so-called ,buddha-roads1 it was ,raffles who sent ,cornelius1 ,lieutenant in the ,corps of ,engineers1 to survey the architectural remains on the ,ding plateau proper1 which the earlier traveller had not visited4 ,according to the official account of his mission1 kept in the library of the ,museum of ,antiquities at ,leyden and still unpublished1 he found whatever was standing of some forty groups1 covered with clay and volcanic ashes up to nearly a fourth of the original height4 ,captain ,baker1 also commissioned by ,raffles1 worked three weeks on the ,ding after his examination of the ruins at ,prambanan and the ,boro ,budoor4 ,junghuhn1 whose observations date from #ahch to #ahde1 speaks of more than twenty temples in a wilderness of marshy woods4 ,the woods have disappeared1 the marshes hold their own and of his twenty temples only eight are left in a recognisable shape3 five of them belong to the ,arjuno group1 including the so-called house of ,samr2 the best preserved is the ,wergodoro or ,bimo2 the ,andorowati and ,gatot ,kocho crumble away even faster than the rest4 ,it has already been remarked that the ,ding structures belong to the oldest in the island1 the hanasima inscription1 transferred to ,batavia1 furnishing a record of the ,ding civilisation which goes back to #gca ,saka 7,a4,d4 #hji74 ,they are interesting to the ,indian antiquary1 wrote ,fergusson1 8because they are ,indian temples pure and simple1 and dedicated to ,indian gods 4442 what 7they7 tell us further is1 that if ,java got her ,buddhism from ,gujerat and the mouths of the ,indus1 she got her ,hindusm from ,telingana and the mouths of the ,kistnah4444 ,nor are 7they7 ,dravidian in any sense of the word4 ,they are in storeys1 but not with cells1 nor any reminiscences of such2 but they are ,chalukyan40 ,later learning accepts this statement only with cautious reserve4 ,whether ,chalukyan or not1 though1 it is plain even to the unlearned that1 erected to ,siva1 the ,mahadeva worshipped principally in his character of ,bhatara ,guru1 the divine teacher1 to his sakti ,doorga and their first-born ,ganesa1 these temples1 radiating the all-soul in the fierce glare of the midday sun1 unfolding their secrets in the mellow moonbeams of night1 partake fully of their mysterious surroundings1 are integral portions of the ground they occupy1 as may be said of all ancient ,javanese buildings4 ,men of great power of imagination1 deep-reasoning sentiment1 the builders of these marvels1 working their thoughts up to the sky1 rescued for us the essence of the ,ding's past existence4 ,their apprehension of universal happiness without beginning or end1 sharpened by the desire to enjoy heaven on earth1 lent immortality to the greatness of a people every vestige of whom would have disappeared but for their creative enthusiasm4 ,illustration3 ,,iii4 ,,chandi ,,arjuno ,,on ,,the ,,di,,ng ,,plateau 7,archaeological ,service through ,charls and van ,es47 ,prurient prudery1 keen on the scent of the nasty1 feels shocked at the lingas and yonis lying round1 unable in its fly-blown purity to grasp the divinity of eternal love in the poem of generation1 the union of the ,deva and the ,devi in causation and conception of life4 ,the ,philistine sees little more than rubbish1 heaps of stone of no earthly use except as havens of refuge when out shooting meliwis and overtaken by rain4 ,in the ,rawa ,baleh ,gambang we find five such clustered together1 the chandis ,arjuno with the house of ,samr1 ,srikandi 7,ongko ,wijoyo71 ,poontadewa 7,trumo ,kasumo or ,sami ,aji7 and ,sembrada 7,sepropo71 the chief hero of the ,brata ,yuda being honoured in the midst of family and friends1 including his funny and faithful servant4 ,the kala-makara#bi ornament of the entrance to the chandi ,arjuno tells its tale2 so do the empty niches designed for free-standing statuettes dissolved into space4 ,like the chandi ,srikandi it was once surrounded by a wall and another point of resemblance is the small rectangular building called the chandi ,samr1 probably destined for secular purposes2 of the ,srikandi dependency1 however1 only the base can be traced4 ,the chandi ,sembrada deviates somewhat in architectural plan and detail1 and the ground-idea of the decoration can be studied to best advantage in the chandi ,poontadewa1 finest of the group1 exquisitely graceful on its high basement4 ,here again the makara ornament prevails1 budding into leaves and flowers1 chiselled with a chaste appreciation of the esthetic principle of self-control3 ,in der ,beschrnkung zeigt sich erst der ,meister4 ,under the tapering roofs1 fallen or falling in1 which give the inner chambers an air of indescribable elegance1 notwithstanding the cramped dimensions1 images of holiness stood on pedestals2 the images have been removed1 heaven knows whither1 and even the pedestals have fared badly at the hands of sacrilegious robbers digging for hidden treasure4 ,trumo ,kasumo1 supposed to keep sentinel over his chandi 7in bas-relief1 north side71 cannot but be scandalised at modern methods of research and modern behaviour in general4 ,the morass shows1 in the dry season1 the foundations of buildings1 regularly arranged1 lining streets which intersected at right angles over a considerable part of the ,rawa ,baleh ,gambang4 ,their disposition has been advanced to support the theory that the population of the ,ding lived in wooden houses1 built on those substructures of stone4 ,the theory that the superstructures of stone have been carried away and the submerged substructures left because not so easy to get at1 is just as plausible2 perhaps a little more so4 ,but whatever they were1 temples and priestly or private dwellings of wood or stone1 the officiating clergy1 their assistants and the inhabitants of the city ministering to their fleshly needs1 must have suffered a good deal from the dampness of the soil1 the plateau offering already in those early days a field of rich promise for the experiments of hydraulic engineers4 ,among canals and ditches of less importance1 the ,guwa ,aswotomo1 a cloaca maxima some twelve centuries old1 still relieves the plain of its superfluous water4 ,according to the legend1 for nothing in this locality goes without at least one1--according to the legend then1 the subterraneous passage was dug by ,aswotomo on his expedition to the ,ding for the purpose of smashing the ,pandawas1 and nearing ,arjuno's residence he pushed his way up to the surface1 from distance to distance1 spying how far he had yet to continue his underground march4 ,descending into one of the peep-holes he made1 in a season of extreme drought1 ,i was able to crawl on to the next1 through mud and debris which blocked my further progress and1 unable to crawl out on a level fifteen or twenty feet lower1 the watercourse sloping deeper and deeper down1 ,i had to return to my point of ingress4 ,the glory of this feat diminishes in the light of my knowledge of the circumstance that the ,ding plateau harbours no snakes1#cj save the decorative nagas of temple architecture1 and that a companion followed my movements above ground2 had we been provided with ropes1 we might have carried our work of exploration much further--but that must wait for another time4 ,of the rare plant which grows nowhere but in ,aswotomo's burrow and owes its growth to his copious perspiration while at his task1 a fern possessing rare qualities1 highly beneficial to him who pulls it out by the roots1 ,i saw or1 rather1 felt nothing in groping my way through mire and darkness4 ,taking its course in a direction inverse to the mole-man's initial tunnel boring1 his ,guwa begins at the ,arjuno temples as an unpretentious drain and runs1 for about half a mile1 slanting toward the source of the river ,dolok1 where ,junghuhn has set up two lingas4 ,illustration3 ,,iv4 ,,chandi ,,bimo ,,or ,,wergodoro ,,on ,,the ,,di,,ng ,,plateau 7,archaeological ,service through ,charls and van ,es47 ,the largest remaining and most beautiful temple on the ,ding is the chandi ,wergodoro or ,bimo1#ca where the ,pangonan rises out of the ,rawa ,glonggong4 ,notwithstanding ,fergusson's opinion1 competent critics1 deriving their conclusions from the horizontal lines of the roof-storeys1 maintain its ,dravidian or ,southern ,indian instead of ,chalukyan character4#cb ,the niches with busts1 which impress one as windows with people poking out their heads to see who is disturbing their quiet1 suggest an approach to ideas further developed in the architecture of the plain of ,prambanan4 ,these curious persons look out only at the back and at the sides2 the niches of the roof in front1 over the projecting porch with kala-makara ornament1 are all empty4 ,with its entrance facing east1 in contradistinction to those of the other temples on the plateau1 which face west1 the chandi ,bimo possesses also notable peculiarities in the details of its sculpture3 the double lotus of the cornice1 lotus-buds and diminutive bo-trees of uncommon shapes1 etc41 while the upward tapering structural design displays a tendency to the slightly curved lines so dearly loved by ,greek builders of the best period and adapted by the masters of early ,gothic4 ,the larger1 lower niches have been despoiled2 architraves and mouldings1 festooned with foliage1 flowers and seed-pods1 divide the open spaces round about in a tasteful1 sober manner1 exciting without fatiguing the eye4 ,from the fact that the decoration has not been completed1 it is inferred that the sculptors were interrupted like their comrades at work on other monuments of ,central ,java1 overwhelmed perhaps by the catastrophe of volcanic or martial nature1 which depopulated the ,ding and coincided with the decline of the ancient empire of ,hindu ,mataram4 ,the miraculous voice heard in the chandi ,bimo at dead of night1 is silent on this point4 ,all temples have their shetans1 their bad1 rarely good spirits1 but the genius loci of the ,bimo excels the whole ,arjuno crowd of them in efficacy and unfailing attention to the business of the seekers of advice1 who arrive from far and wide to consult the oracle4 ,entering after dusk the gate of the ,dread ,one1 ,kala1 one with ,rudra1 the ,roarer 7the ,kawa ,kidang7 near by1 they have but to wait in prayer at the altar of the wondrous fane4 ,a strange whisper1 mounting like the odour of melati and kenanga1 tells them how to avoid the grim giant ,danger if1 on leaving1 they are firmly determined to pursue the road of ,good ,desert4 ,the chandis ,gatot ,kocho and ,andorowati1 falling into hopeless ruin1 will soon be remembered only by their location1 like the chandi ,parikesit1 and it is a pity to think of those which left no trace at all1 whose very names are forgotten4 ,the state of affairs on the ,ding plateau1 said ,captain1 now ,major ,t4 van ,erp1#cc commissioned for the restoration of the ,boro ,budoor1 leaves everything to be desired4444 ,villages came into existence and expanded4 ,the inhabitants need stone substructures in building their houses and it is a matter of course that they use temple stones for that purpose2 these are here much smaller than those of the monuments in the valley of the ,progo and the plain of ,prambanan1 easily carried off and exactly of the right size4444 ,this is the case of the spoliation of the temples on the ,ding in a nutshell4 ,but it should be added that the natives are not the only offenders4 ,so much1 indeed1 is implied in ,major van ,erp's anecdote of a tourist who1 examining the statuary adorning the grounds of the pasangrahan1 a remarkable collection formed from miscellaneous loot1 was invited to make his choice1 the selected plunder to be delivered at ,wonosobo in consideration of five guilders 7a little over eight shillings74 ,many others had the same experience3 numberless statues and stones carved into ornament have been appropriated by official and unofficial visitors to enrich museums and private collections4 ,the appointment of ,wielandt ,sr41 later of ,wielandt ,jr4 as keeper of the pasangrahan and of the antiquities in a region of archaeological interest equal to ,pompeii and ,herculaneum1 without any funds whatsoever at their disposal1 was only an incident in the continuous farce performed by the ,dutch ,east ,indian ,government in all its relations to monumental ,java up to the date of its laborious confinement of the ,archaeological ,commission--and after1 as ,i shall have abundant occasion to show3 a farce with consequences sad to contemplate4 ,this applies to antiquities of every description4 ,i turn to my diary3 ,in different places1 when digging1 layers of ashes are found with charred human bones imbedded1 and often trinkets4 ,the natives1 however1 keep their treasure-troves secret for fear of the ,government1 which has decreed1 and rightly1 reserving its rights1 that they may not sell without asking for and obtaining permission1 but appropriates everything it hears of1 at ridiculously low prices2 a good deal is therefore sold and bought privately1 notwithstanding the prohibition1 even by officials2 a systematic search never having been attempted1 none the less fine trifles are unearthed and not always trifles either2 last night1 in the pasangrahan1 some rings were shown to me2 the owner1 acting very mysteriously1 produced at last a statuette from under his baju1 about six inches of solid gold1 beautifully wrought2 its mate1 equal in height1 material and workmanship1 he had been forced to sell1 according to his story1 for seventy guilders 7less than #f72 he wanted more to part with this one and it is certainly worth many and many times that sum2 a change in the usual sordid ,government practice would result in remarkable discoveries2 recently1 as ,dr4 ,l4 told me1 an inscribed stone was laid bare2 when trying to have a look at it the same day1 his informant told him that it had already been spirited away to prevent susah 7trouble72 not much is necessary to be sentenced to krakal 7hard labour in the chain-gang7 at ,wonosobo4 ,it is true the ,government sent some one to the ,ding1 about fifty years ago1 to photograph the temples as they then existed and1 fortunately1 the operator chosen was ,i4 van ,kinsbergen who1 having made his dbut in ,java as a member of an opera-troupe1 developed a rare artistic sense in portraying the deteriorating outlines of the ancient fanes of the island4 ,but there the matter rested until the complaints became too loud and in #aiaj hopes were held out that steps would be taken to clear the ruins of parasitic vegetation1 to drain the plateau by repairing the trenches and conduits still in working order since the ,hindu period1 incidentally to consider the possibility of restoring the sanctuaries not yet tumbled down4 ,names ,i heard in connection with this charge1 make me tremble1 writes a correspondent from ,batavia1 for a repetition of the vandalism committed in the plain of ,prambanan1 particularly the criminal assaults on the chandi ,plahosan and the chandi ,sewu1 where a ,government commissioner tried to arrest further decay on the homoeopathic principle3 similia similibus curantur4 ,government solicitude for conservation proves often more destructive than simple neglect and1 to take an illustration from the ,ding itself 7others will be culled in the course of my observations1 from a plentiful supply of official btises and bvues1 if not worse1 in other localities71 no sooner was general attention drawn to the enigmatic sign1 described by ,junghuhn and copied in his standard work from a rock between the lakes ,warna and ,pengilon1 than it began to fade4 ,still quite clear in #ahhe and up to #ahie1 despite its having been exposed to wind and weather during ten centuries 7as surmised71 it became fainter and fainter after that year1 the process of a gradual loss of colour being duly noted at subsequent visits1 until in #aijb ,i found it hardly distinguishable4 ,to make up for the injury1 a ,contrleur discovered1 in #ahhi1 supplementary tokens1 not black but red1 on the same ,batu ,tulis1 or ,watu ,ketq as the natives rather call it1 8monkey-stone01 because they recognise in the figure recorded by ,junghuhn1 a likeness to the animal referred to4 ,the smaller red letters1 or whatever they were intended for1 steadily increasing in number1 appearing in places where ,i had never noticed anything before1 ,i could not help suspecting the little shepherds who look so innocent and shy and hardly venture an answer when spoken to1 of knowing more about this miraculous growth of a hieroglyphic inscription than their artlessness implied4 ,for all their stolid mien1 the natives are exceedingly fond of a joke and what greater sport can be imagined than to get the wise men of ,batavia and of ,european centres of erudition by the ears1 inciting them to raise always more learned dust in their efforts to decipher the undecipherable characters of an impossible language1 each being cocksure of the infallibility of his individual interpretation8 ,if1 however1 we have not to do with ,kromo or ,wongso his mark1 the ghost of the ,batu ,tulis must be held responsible for1 among the incorporeal inhabitants of the many caves in this neighbourhood1 the dweller beneath the monkey-stone is of greatest occult potency and the good people who come from the adjoining lowland districts1 even from ,surakarta and ,jogjakarta1 to hear and translate the voices of the ,ding1 repair hither1 after partaking of good advice in the ,bimo temple1 to sembah 7make their salutation7 before the entrance and ask slamat 7blessing and success7 on their foreshadowed undertakings4 ,nocturnal devotions inside the cave of the ,watu ,ketq on a lucky1 right lucky1 carefully calculated night1 means untold wealth1 and whoever dares to brave the resident sprite of darkness with that desire in his heart1 as very few do1 and still remains a poor devil1 has doubtless skipped a word of power in muttering his incantations or disregarded some other essential observance4 ,to the lover of mountain scenery it is far more profitable to wait for dawn near the triangulation pillar and point of junction of four residencies3 ,samarang1 ,pekalongan1 ,banyumas and the ,bagelen1 with a fifth1 the ,kadu1 only a few paces off1 when the ,eye of ,day rises to divide the waters behind the mountains and the rack of clouds1 and1 to the north and the south of the island1 the sea begins to glimmer in the azure and orange tints sent before to meet the melting gray of vanquished darkness4 ,following its course in all-compassing space1 the soul enters into silent communion with nature1 the divine creation of the supremely divine which teaches feeble men how to worship4 ,such moments bring a wholesome chastening of the flesh and as we descend1 goaded by the fierce darts of the conqueror overhead who makes the earth wrap herself in her vapoury robe of protection1 veiling the grand vision1--as we descend where the runnels descend that feed the ,serayu and the ,tulis winding its way to the ,kawah ,kidang1 we find the plain with the chandis one immense temple of adoration4 ,the ,vedic subtle body yearns to enter the sheath of prayer1 to be moulded by its creator into the form fit for union with the spirit of the world2 respiration becomes aspiration to the beatitude of manifest truth1 of final rest in extinction of sin and shame and sorrow4 ,so pass the hours in purification1 in desire of a spark of the thought which breathes life into mortification of self4 ,then1 at the passing of the light with the last flush from the ,west1 in awe-inspiring stillness1 the quivering stars lift their heads to watch the holy city of the dead2 in clear-toned stillness1 the night-wind moaning1 the ,rawa lamenting the lost civilisation of a lost religion whose symbols remain but are not understood1 a mourning for humanity labouring in vain4 ,the ,ding has been repopulated with a race between whose fanciful ideals1 rooted in a forgotten past1 and the rapacity of foreign rulers no lasting accord seems possible4 ,is it ordained that they1 the thralls and the masters1 shall continue in their present relations8 ,or will they disappear in their turn and1 to quote ,junghuhn1 this mountain region revert to its free1 natural state8 ,perhaps in the hour of upheaval native seers prophesy1 when safety shall be found by none except to whom the ,just ,reckoner grants it4 ,and mingling in one measure1 which comprises the jaman buda1 the time of bondage and the future1 their dim notions of ,mahadeva1 the ,beneficent ,destroyer1 and their conception of the dispensation of the ,book1 the leaders of religious exercise in the villages abide by their advice of submission until the true believers win the day1 a day of glory for ,islm1 sure to arrive in the circular course of existence1 which is nothing but ,sansara1 in attainment of ,moslim brotherhood1 which is nothing but ,brahma ,vihara1 the sublime condition of love4 ,meanwhile1 hearing is to be practised2 haply it will lead to the comprehension of a lesson inculcated by each of the three creeds amalgamated in the ,javanese mind and best expressed in the form borrowed from a fourth3 ,the thing that hath been1 is that which shall be2 and that which is done1 is that which shall be done1--or1 in the version of the greatest poet of our own age3 ,ci che fu1 torna e torner nei secoli4#cd ,illustration ,,footnotes3 #bb ,dr4 ,a4 ,b4 ,,cohen ,,stuart1 however1 derives ,ding from dihyang1 the name found by him in old records4 #bc ,the remains of both these exquisite little temples suffered severely from a gale in #aijg1 which blew some of the surrounding trees down1 their trunks and branches falling heavily and disjoining the still tolerably erect walls1 the chandi ,perot1 according to latest intelligence1 being wholly destroyed by the toppling of the tamarind it supported4 #bd ,the ,brata ,yuda ,yarwa is the ,javanese version of the famous ,kawi poem ,bharata ,yuddha which1 in its turn1 is founded on the ,sanskrit epos ,mahabharata4 ,the war for the possession of ,hastinapura is transplanted to ,java2 the ,sanskrit proper names have passed into the nomenclature of ,javanese history and geography2 the ,indian heroes have become the founders of ,javanese dynasties1 the progenitors of ,javanese nobility4 #be ,one of those chasms1 near the dessa ,gaja ,moongkoor1 swallowed not merely a dancing-girl1 a most common occurrence in ,javanese legendary lore1 but a whole village4 #bf ,a very active mofette which the natives call the ,pakaraman1 i4e4 the 8selected spot0 where ,king ,baladeva had his arms forged in the ,brata ,yuda war4 #bg ,what is the use of living1 of kissing lovely flowers1 ,if1 though they are beautiful1 they must soon fade into nothing8 #bh ,the native's deferential fear for the animal in question1 makes him reluctant to pronounce its name1 a liberty likely to give offence2 referring to the lord of the woods1 he speaks rather of his respected uncle 7paman7 or grandfather 7kakeh71 which satisfies1 at the same time1 his lingering belief in the transmigration of the soul4 #bi ,siva as ,kala1 the destroyer with the lion's or tiger's head1 ,banaspati1 devouring the sea-monster ,makara3 time finishing all things and alleviating all distress1 in respect of which notion ,,voltaire',s short but pointed story of ,les ,deux ,consols may be profitably read4 #cj ,query3 ,has ,st4 ,patrick ever been on the ,ding8 #ca ,or ,bhimo1 one of ,arjuno's four brothers and avenger of the honour of the family on ,kichaka1 who had fallen in love with their common wife ,draupadi4 #cb ,no buildings in the ,northern ,indian or ,indo-,arian style have been found in ,java4 #cc ,reporting to the ,batavian ,society of ,arts and ,sciences1 ,january #aa1 #aiji4 #cd ,that which has been1 returns and will return through all time4 ,illustration ,,chapter ,,iv ,,prambanan ,queen ,gertrude4444 4441 all that lives must die1 ,passing through nature to eternity4 ,,william ,,shakespeare1 ,hamlet1 ,prince of ,denmark1 ,i41 ii4 ,the vast plain of ,prambanan1 which extends southward from the foot of the ,merapi1 one of ,java's most active volcanoes1#ce is1 or rather was1 studded with ,sivate and ,buddhist temples4 ,called1 in the later days of ignorance regarding their signification1 after some outstanding feature 7,sewu1 ,loomboong1 ,asu71 after gods1 demi-gods and heroes of romance 7as on the ,ding71 after the villages near which they were found 7,kalasan or ,kali ,bening71 or after their general position1 a good many might share the appellation ,prambanan4 ,in speaking of the ,prambanan temples1 however1 the group is meant which lies beside the main road between ,surakarta and ,jogjakarta1 where the two residencies meet1 but still within the boundaries of the latter4 ,excepting the ,boro ,budoor and ,mendoot1 it comprises the finest and most famous monuments of ,central ,java1 which from olden times have been held in great veneration by the population1 even in their neglected condition1 when reduced to little more than heaps of overgrown debris1 lairs of wild animals4 ,freed from their luxurious vegetation and excavated1 architectural remains of the first order came to light with sculptured ornament nowhere else surpassed in richness of detail and correctness of execution4 ,surrounded by ruins of a mainly ,buddhist character1 these buildings were consecrated to the ,hindu ,trinity with ,siva leading the ,trimoorti as ,bhatara ,guru1 ,master and ,teacher of the ,world4 ,a date recently discovered1 #hhf ,saka 7,a4,d4 #ifd71 or1 according to another reading1 #iif ,saka 7,a4,d4 #ajgd71 points to the period when ,sivasm in ,java had already become strongly impregnated with ,buddhism1 a circumstance fully borne out by the external decoration4 ,illustration3 ,,iv4 ,,east ,,front ,,of ,,the ,,siva 7,,loro ,,jonggrang7 ,,temple ,,of ,,the ,,prambanan ,,group ,,in #ahie 7,cephas ,sr47 ,among the natives1 the ,prambanan ruins go by the name of chandi ,loro#cf ,jonggrang because of the legend connected with their origin4 ,once upon a time ,prambanan was ruled by a giant-king1 ,ratu ,boko1 possessed of an only daughter1 ,princess ,jonggrang1 and an adopted son1 ,raden ,gupolo1 whose father had been killed by command of the ,king of ,pengging4 ,having sworn revenge1 ,raden ,gupolo feigned love for the beautiful daughter of that monarch and asked ,ratu ,boko to assist him in making her his wife4 ,ambassadors were despatched with instructions to negotiate the marriage4 ,his ,majesty of ,pengging received them in a friendly manner and entertained them at his ,court but1 not wanting ,raden ,gupolo for a son-in-law1 he sent secret agents in all directions to seek and bind to his service a hero with power to resist and subdue the giants1 ,ratu ,boko's subjects1 of whom he was in mortal fear4 ,one of those emissaries1 searching the slopes of the ,soombing1 met with the recluse ,damar ,moyo of the children of ,sumendi ,petoong1 the chief of the legn-drawers4#cg ,damar ,moyo's wife had blessed him with two sons1 ,bondowoso1 a tall and strong fellow1 and ,bambang ,kandilaras1 less muscular but more favoured in outward appearance and of a gentler disposition1 whom he recommended as just the man needed for the rescue of the ,princess of ,pengging and ready for the task1 provided her royal father would consent1 in consideration of the defeat of the giants1 to give his daughter to the young man with half his kingdom as dowry and the other half to follow after his death--which conditions prove that even in those remote days the saintly did not despise worldly advantage4 ,the ,king of ,pengging consented and ,bambang ,kandilaras marched against ,prambanan1 but no weapon could harm ,ratu ,boko1 who roared so dreadfully that the sound and his breath combined were enough to knock any human foe down at a distance too far to distinguish a man from a woman or a giant from a waringin-tree4 ,bambang ,kandilaras fled1 reporting at ,damar ,moyo's cave1 and was commanded to try once more with the assistance of his brother ,bondowoso4 ,they accomplished nothing4 ,bambang ,kandilaras ran away even before the battle commenced1 to hide himself in a ravine where the troops of ,prambanan could not follow him1 and ,bondowoso1 blown off his legs by a puff from ,ratu ,boko's formidable lungs1 sought safety in precipitate retreat to the mountain ,soombing4 ,then ,damar ,moyo taught him a magical word which1 pronounced twice1 would make him big and heavy as an elephant1 and give him the strength of a thousand of those animals4 ,thus armed1 ,bondowoso returned to ,prambanan1 where he killed half of ,ratu ,boko's warriors in their sleep1 while the other half1 waking up1 concentrated backward1 with the enemy in hot pursuit1 to tell their king what had happened4 ,nobody shall stir1 said he2 ,i myself alone will settle this little business4 ,meeting ,bondowoso near the village ,tangkisan1#ch he began to roar as loud and fume as hard as he could but1 to his astonishment1 his breath lacked the accustomed power and so he had to fight for his life hand to hand4 ,it was a terrible fight3 houses and gardens were trampled down1 forests rooted up and mountains kicked over1 while the perspiration dripping from the bodies of the enraged combatants formed a large pool1 the ,telaga ,powiniyan4#ci ,to end the struggle1 ,bondowoso1 in a supreme effort1 seized ,ratu ,boko round the middle and threw him into that pool1 where he sank and1 drowning1 made the earth tremble with a last roar of anger and distress4#dj ,raden ,gupolo1 hearing the noise1 hastened to his assistance with a few drops of the water of life in a cup1 an elixir prepared by ,mboq ,loro ,jonggrang1--only a few drops1 but enough to resuscitate the dead giant-king if put to his lips4 ,bambang ,kandilaras1 however1 drew his bow and1 from the place where he had watched the fight1 shot the cup out of the hand of ,raden ,gupolo1 who thereupon attacked ,bondowoso4 ,bambang ,kandilaras let more arrows fly at the giant-warriors of ,prambanan1 who now rushed up to avenge their king's death4 ,in the general mle ,bondowoso killed also ,raden ,gupolo and cut off his head1 which he threw away in an easterly direction1 changing it into a mountain1 the ,gunoong ,gampeng2 but his brains and heart he threw away in a southwesterly direction1 changing them into another mountain1 the ,gunoong ,woongkal4 ,thereupon he defeated the remaining half of the army of ,prambanan and repaired to ,pengging1 claiming the reward for his brother4 ,the king of that country1 glad to be rid of the giants1 was as good as his word1 wedded his beautiful daughter to ,bambang ,kandilaras and appointed ,bondowoso his viceroy in ,prambanan1 with the rank and title of bupati4 ,taking up his abode in the palace of the late ,raden ,gupolo1 ,bondowoso happened to see ,mboq ,loro ,jonggrang1 who continued living in the kraton of ,ratu ,boko1 and fell in love with her4 ,he asked her hand in marriage and she1 abhorring the man who had killed her father1 and one so unprepossessing in countenance too1 but afraid to provoke his displeasure by a blank refusal1 answered that she was willing to become his wife on condition of his providing a suitable sasrahan or wedding-present1 nothing more nor less than six deep wells in six buildings1 the like of which no mortal eye had ever seen1 with a thousand statues of the former kings of ,prambanan and their divine ancestors1 the gods in heaven1 all to be dug and built and carved in one night4 ,bondowoso called in the help of his father1 the recluse ,damar ,moyo1 of the ,king of ,pengging and of his brother ,bambang ,kandilaras1 all three of whom responded1 going to ,prambanan and uniting in prayer on the day before the night agreed upon by the spirits of the lower regions1 who had been commandeered for the task by the saint of the mountain ,soombing4 ,the evening fell and as soon as darkness enveloped the earth a weird sound was heard of invisible hands busy laying foundations1 erecting walls and sculpturing statuary4 ,by half past three o'clock the six wells were dug1 the six buildings completed and nine hundred and ninety-nine statues standing in their places4 ,but ,mboq ,loro ,jonggrang1 roused from her slumbers by the hammering and chiselling1 and suspecting what was going on1 ordered her handmaidens out to stamp the padi#da and to strew the ground1 where the noise was loudest1 with flowers and to sprinkle perfume4 ,the spirits of the lower regions cannot bear the odour of flowers and perfumes1 as everybody knows2 so they had to desist and deserted their almost finished work in precipitate flight1 to the consternation of ,bondowoso1 who pronounced this curse3 ,since the girls of ,prambanan take pleasure in fooling a faithful suitor1 may the gods grant that they shall have to wait long before they become brides6#db ,having said this1 yet hoping against hope1 he called on his lady1 who asked tauntingly whether the honour of his visit meant the announcement that the task imposed upon him by way of testing his love1 had been completed4 ,this filled the measure and he answered3 ,no1 it is not and you shall complete it yourself4 ,the threat was immediately realised3 ,loro ,jonggrang changed into a statue of stone1 the thousandth1 which terminated the labour of the spirits and is still to be seen in a niche on the north side of the principal edifice4 ,the reader will recognise in this legend the hoary eastern material of many others current also in western lands4 ,it pervades the legendary lore connected with the plain of ,prambanan in widest sense1 and one of its many variations1 to be recorded farther on1 applies specially to the ,buddhist chandi ,sewu or 8thousand temples01 only a little distance from the ,loro ,jonggrang group2#dc in fact1 originally adapted to account for the many ruins scattered over a vast area in that region1 it has taken separate forms to meet the requirements of separate localities4 ,apart from tradition1 we owe the oldest extant description of the ,prambanan antiquities to the ,east ,india ,company's servant ,lons at ,samarang1 who wrote in #agcc4 ,the ,governor-,general van ,imhoff referred to them in #agdf and ,raffles1 his successor during the ,british ,interregnum1 not satisfied with writing and talking alone1 commissioned ,cornelius with ,wardenaar to survey them and make plans for reconstruction4 ,after #ahaf things returned to the accustomed neglect3 ,a short stay in the plain of ,prambanan1 says an authority already quoted1#dd is sufficient to note that thousands of valuable hewn and sculptured stones have been and still are used for all sorts of purposes 4442 from time immemorial1 great quantities of stone have been 7and still are7 taken from ,prambanan by his ,highness the ,sooltan of ,jogjakarta1 generally once or twice a year 4442 this happens1 if ,i am well informed1 in compliance with a written demand1 fiated by the local authorities4 ,the foundation1 in #ahhe1 of the ,archaeological ,society of ,jogjakarta1 which undertook the excavation of the parts of the ,loro ,jonggrang group covered with debris and vegetation1 and the clearing of the whole1 did little to ameliorate the situation with respect to the carrying away from the ,prambanan temples1 speaking collectively1 of stones for the building of houses1 factories1 etc41 and of ornament for the decoration of private grounds and gardens4 ,though bills were posted all over the ruins1 including ,doorga's1 alias ,loro ,jonggrang's sanctum1 prohibiting1 by order of that ,society1 the salving of gods and goddesses with boreh and the defacing of the walls with inscriptions1 its members themselves dragged statues away to fill a so-called museum of their contrivance at the provincial capital1 dislocating things of beauty1 ranging the disjecta membra on scaffoldings in a shed as crockery on the shelves of a cupboard4 ,the monuments of ,prambanan being primarily mausolea1 their first concern was to dig for the saptaratna1 the seven treasures buried with the ashes of the dead under the images of the deities hallowing those perishable remains4 ,the plunder consisted in urns containing1 besides the ashes1 coins1 rubies and other precious stones1 pieces of gold- and silver-leaf with cut figures 7serpents1 tortoises1 flowers71 strips of gold-foil inscribed with ancient characters1 fragments of copper and glass1 etc4 ,the mortuary pits easiest to rifle1 had already been emptied before the semi-official spoilers turned their attention to them4 ,this chapter is not the most glorious in the history of the ,archaeological ,society of ,jogjakarta which1 on the other hand1 started a work too long neglected by the ,dutch ,government1 even after ,raffles' vigorous initial effort4 ,incidentally it promoted the schemes of the superficial yet very ambitious1 pushing to the front on the strength of what should have been put to the credit of more capable but1 to their detriment1 more modest labourers in the archaeological field3 ,it is not always the most deserving horses that get the oats1 says a ,dutch proverb4 ,illustration3 ,,vi4 ,,siva 7,,loro ,,jonggrang7 ,,temple ,,of ,,the ,,prambanan ,,group ,,in #aija 7,cephas ,sr47 ,the ,sivate character of the temples of ,prambanan would be sufficiently indicated1 if there were no other proofs1 by the sepulchral cavities they inclose and which define them as the monuments of a graveyard consecrated to the memory of the great and mighty of ,hindu ,mataram1 who worshipped ,siva as ,mahadeva1 the ,supreme ,god1 ,paramesvara1 the ,maker1 the ,maintainer1 the ,marrer to make again4 ,sepulchral pits or wells are1 indeed1 the ,sivate hall-mark in the architecture of ,java and here1 at ,prambanan1 we find1 in so far as preserved1 the finest of the edifices raised to encompass and revet such pits1 temple-tombs built for the glorification of the ,creator in creative consciousness1 highest boon granted to humanity1 a glimmering of his ,all-,soul which1 leaving the dust to return to dust1 aspires to union with the ,uncreated4 ,a central group of eight shrines1 once surrounded by numberless smaller ones1 witnesses1 in soberness of well-balanced outline1 in precision of detail1 to the exquisite art of those ,hindu-,javanese master-builders who1 like the architects of our old cathedrals1 were unconcerned as to the opinion of man1 but had the adoration of the godhead in mind and made the whole world partake of the divine blessing which quickened heart and hand1 whether then descending from ,siva's nature as the essence of the ,trimoorti1 or from the sublime truth symbolised in the ,christian ,holy ,trinity4 ,the marvels of design and execution still standing at ,prambanan in their dilapidated state1 on a terrace excavated in #ahic-d1 were arranged1 with the smaller ones now altogether gone1 in a square whose sides faced the cardinal points4 ,the material used in their construction was a kind of trachyte which1 originally yellowish and hard to chisel into shape1 has assumed a dark gray colour and by the richness of the sculptured ornament gives an impression as if easily moulded like wax4 ,the three western temples1 of which the one in the middle1 consecrated to ,siva or1 according to the natives1 the chandi ,loro ,jonggrang proper1 is the largest1 correspond each with a smaller structure to the east2 still smaller chandis bound the space between the two rows to the north and south4 ,the buildings dedicated to the ,trimoorti1 set squarely with a square projection on each side1 rest on basements of the same polygonous conformation1 so much in favour with the architects of that period2 the inner rooms are on an elevated level because of their position over the vault-like compartments saved out in the substructures1 and can be reached by staircases1 once provided with porches1 leading to the storeyed galleries4 ,vestiges of #aeg diminutive chandis outside the rampart which encircled the central group1 testify to the former existence of many and many more1 shut in by a second and a third demolished wall4 ,a closer inspection of the ruins1 revealing beauties not yet departed1 leads to an apprehension of what has been irrevocably lost4 ,these temples of the three gods who are but one1 always reminded me in their pathetic desolation of the capellas imparfeitas of ,santa ,maria da ,victoria2 what is incomplete1 however1 unfinished at ,batalha1 has run to decay at ,prambanan--there the budding promise and arrested blossoming of an artistic idea1 here the scattered petals of the full-blown flower rudely broken off its stem4 ,illustration3 ,,vii4 ,,prambanan ,,reliefs 7,c4 ,nieuwenhuis47 ,siva is the keynote of the ,prambanan group1 ,siva1 the ,jagad1 the ,bhatara ,guru1 according to his prevalent title in the island4 ,in the temple which bears his name1 he appeared as the leader in the exterior chapel looking south2 his wife1 ,doorga1 looks north2 their first-born1 ,ganesa1 looks west4 ,the latter1 sitting on his lotus cushion1 is represented as the ,ekadanta1 the elephant deprived of one of his tusks when fighting ,parashu ,rama2 a third eye in his forehead betokens his keenness of sight2 he wears in his crown the emblematic skull and crescent of his father2 one of his left hands brandishes his father's battle-axe2 one of his right hands holds the string of beads suggesting prayer2 his father's upawita1 the hooded snake1 is strung round his left shoulder and breast4 ,doorga1 his mother1 born from the flames which proceeded from the mouths of the gods1 stands on the steer she killed when the terrific animal had stormed ,indra's heaven and humiliated the immortals2 her eight hands#de wield the weapons and other gifts bestowed upon her by the deities at their delivery3 ,vishnu's discus1 ,surya's arrows1 etc4 etc41 while her nethermost right hand seizes the enemy's tail and her nethermost left hand the shaggy locks of the demon ,maheso1 who tries to escape with the monster's life4 ,this magnificent piece of sculpture1 highly dramatic and yet within the limits of plastic art1 the unknown maker having instinctively obeyed the rules formulated in ,lessing's ,laokoon1 some thousand years after his labours were ended1 is the petrified ,lady ,jonggrang1 victim of ,bondowoso's revengeful love4 ,it does not matter to the native that ,siva has always claimed her as his consort1 if not under the name of ,doorga then under that of ,kali or ,uma1 ever since she1 ,parvati1 the ,mother of ,nature1 divided herself into three female entities to marry her three sons1 who are none but he who sits enthroned as ,mahadeva in the inner chamber1 looking east1 with his less placid personifications1 the dvarapalas 7doorkeepers7 ,nandisvara and ,mahakala1 the wielders of trident and cudgel1 guarding the entrance1 supported by demi-gods and heroes4 ,the colossal statue of their heavenly lord1 broken into pieces by the falling roof1 has been restored and replaced on its padmasana 7lotus cushion74 ,in this shape the god wears the makuta 7crown7 with skull and crescent1 has a third eye in his forehead and a cobra strung round his left shoulder and breast2 his body1 decked with a tiger's skin1 rests against the prabha1 his aureole2 one of his left hands holds his fly-flap1 one of his right hands his string of beads2 of his trident only the stick remains4 ,siva1 the one of dreadful charm1 is everywhere1 either personified or in his attributes3 he dominates the external decoration of the ,vishnu and the ,brahma temples too1 in the latter case as guru1 even to the exclusion of all other gods2 the middle chandi of the eastern row1 facing his principal shrine1 has his vahana1 the bull2 the one to the north his smaller image1 while in the third1 to the south1 wholly demolished1 no statuary can be traced4 ,the inner chambers of the subordinate buildings show more plainly than that of ,siva1 which is adorned with flowery ornament1 that the ,sivate style concentrated ornamentation rather on the exterior than on the interior4 ,the four statues of ,brahma1 the master of the four crowned countenances1 who lies shattered among the debris of his temple1 and the four statues of ,vishnu in his 7a large one with makuta1 prabha1 chakra and sanka1 and three smaller ones1 representing him in his fourth and fifth avatar and in his married state with his sakti ,lakshmi in miniature on his left arm71 are chastely conceived in the chaste surroundings of their chapels4 ,in addition to the sorely damaged ,ramayana reliefs1 presently to be spoken of1 they dwell1 however simple the interior arrangement of their cells may be1 among richly carved images of their peers and followers stationed outside3 ,vishnu among his own less famous avatars and supposed ,bodhisatvas between female figures2 ,brahma1 as already remarked1 among personifications of the ubiquitous ,siva in his quality of teacher1 accompanied by bearded men of holiness4 ,siva's nandi1 a beautifully moulded humped bull1 emblem of divine virility1 watches his master's abode1 attentive to the word of command1--watches day and night as symbolised by ,surya1 the beaming sun1 carrying the flowers of life when rising behind her seven horses1 and by ,chandra1 the three-eyed moon1 drawn by ten horses1 waving a banner and also presenting a flower1 but one wrapped in a cloud4 ,the chandis of the eastern row1 fortunately not yet despoiled of these striking specimens of ,sivate sculpture1 the statue of ,siva opposite the ,vishnu temple and enough to enable one to recognise that they too had once a band of ornament in high and low relief1 emphasise even in the ruinous condition of their substructures1 polygonous like those of the larger temples but on square foundations1 the mystery attaching to the fascination exercised by the main building they supplement1 and whose decoration1 strictly ,sivatic on the inside while partaking of the ,buddhistic on the outside1 has racked many brains for an explanation4 ,the bo-trees and prayer-bells1 profusely employed in its external embellishment1 together with figures agreeable to the ,bodhisatva theory1 have led some to advance the opinion that it is a purely ,buddhist creation1 though perhaps tinged with ,sivate notions4 ,they were met with the objection that there is no sign of a dagob as distinguishing ,buddhist feature2 that the riddle of the resemblance between the statuary on the outside of the ,siva temple and the conventional representation of ,bodhisatvas1 could find its solution in the canonisation or deification of kings and famous chiefs1 a practice as old as ancestor-worship1 which held its own in ,java from pre-,hindu days up to our own4 ,however this may be1 if the ,prambanan temples1 and especially the one particularly dedicated to the great god of the ,trimoorti1 preached orthodox ,sivasm to the elect of its innermost conviction1 while tainted externally with the heresy of the deniers of the existence of gods1 the indubitably ,buddhist ,mendoot reverses the process4 ,this and the syncretism discernible in nearly all the chandis of ,java1 shows the religious tolerance of the ,javanese in the ,hindu period4 ,and religiously tolerant they are still as true believers in the true faith of ,islm2 the fanaticism one occasionally hears of1 roots rather in discontent from economic causes than in bigotry or over-zealous devotion to a creed which declares rebellion for conscience' sake against a firmly established rule that recognises it1 to be unlawful4 ,illustration3 ,,viii4 ,,prambanan ,,reliefs 7,cephas ,sr47 ,the demi-gods and heroes with their followers on the outside of the ,siva temple1 occupy1 counting from the base upward1 the third tier of ornamentation1 also the highest in the roofless condition of the building3 the few niches left above are empty4 ,beneath1 the story of ,rama1 an incarnation of ,vishnu1 is told in bas-reliefs which belong to the very best ,hindu sculpture discovered in ,java or anywhere else4 ,the division of the casements is effected by bo-trees1 sitting lions and standing or dancing women in haut-relief1 especially the last being of exquisite workmanship4 ,in endlessly varying attitudes1 embracing one another or tripping the light fantastic toe1 retreating and advancing1 their measured steps being regulated by the musicians on interspersed panels1 they represent the apsaras1 nymphs of heaven1 adorning the house of prayer to acquaint mortal man with the joys in store for the doer of good4 ,the human birds and other mythical animals under the bo-trees1 the prayer-bells and flowers in the garlanded foliage1 enhance the charm of this ingenious decoration1 the splendidly limbed virgins disporting themselves in a frame of imposing magnificence1 their graceful movements being worthily seconded by the sumptuous setting4 ,nor does this wealth of detail1 this marvellous display of artistic power1 of skill perfected by imaginative thought1 divert the attention from the divine idea embodied in ,siva or from the introduction to its understanding provided by the ,ramayana1 initiating the beholder's intelligence by degrees4 ,all is so well balanced that the lower guides to the higher in whetting comprehensive desire4 ,first1 on reaching the terrace1 starting from the low level of vulgar interest1 curiosity and sympathy are awakened by the epic which shared popular favour with the ,brata ,yuda4 ,it is not known who enriched the literature of ,java with a version of the ,ramayana adapted to ,javanese requirements2 as in the case of the ,mahabharata he was probably one of the poets living at the cultured courts of the eastern part of the island4 ,whatever his name1 he made a hit with his tale of the god who descended from heaven1 bent on flirting with the daughters of men1 and won a wife1 the tenderly loving ,sita1 by drawing ,dhanusha1 the mighty bow of ,siva4 ,his success may be appraised by the circumstance that scenes taken from his poem were deemed suitable to embellish the tombs of sovereign rulers4 ,can it be called an improvement after more than a thousand years of progressive western civilisation that we1 to honour the memory of our dead1 make shift with inflated epitaphs advertising virtues in life often conspicuous by an absence which the maudlin angels of our cemeteries1 rather than shedding undeserved1 vicarious tears1 perpetually seem to bemoan on their own account8 ,illustration3 ,,ix4 ,,prambanan ,,reliefs 7,centrum47 ,the adventures of ,vishnu in his ,rama guise are told from the moment of ,dasharatha1 ,king of ,ayodhya1 invoking his aid to make the royal consorts partake of the blessing of motherhood4 ,vishnu1 resting on the seven-headed serpent of the sea1 ,sesha or ,ananta1 the one without end1 dispenses a potion which makes ,kantalya1 who drinks half of it1 conceive ,rama2 ,kaykaji1 who drinks a fourth part of it1 ,bharata2 and the third spouse1 who drinks the rest1 the twins ,lakshmana and ,shatrughna4 ,we can follow ,vishnu1 reborn from mortal woman1 on the reliefs of the ,siva temple1 which are tolerably preserved1 through the first stages of his earthly career as ,rama1 but must renounce studying his subsequent story on the exterior of the temples dedicated to himself and ,brahma1 where the third tier of sculpture has altogether disappeared1 save a few mutilated bas-reliefs4 ,that is a great pity1 for the illustration of the ,ramayana by the artists entrusted with the decoration of the chandi ,prambanan1 judging from what we still possess1 marks the apogee of ,hindu-,javanese art2 revelling in accessory ornament1 it never surfeits1 keeping the leading idea well in view1 every embellishment adding to its intrinsic value4 ,the heavy moulding above the lowest band of chiselled work of the ,siva temple has fortunately protected it from being damaged by falling stones2 here we are able to discover the sculptor's technique at close quarters and it is worthy of note that some of the curly lions are wanting in their appointed places4 ,this1 coupled with the fact that a few of the apsaras remained unfinished1 while others1 like statues of gods on higher planes1 have only been outlined1 and spaces1 evidently contrived for ornament1 present flat surfaces1 has led to the conjecture of a catastrophe which surprised the builders and made them suspend their labours as in the case of the ,bimo temple of the ,ding plateau4 ,illustration3 ,x4 ,,prambanan ,,reliefs 7,centrum47 ,one of the salient features of the decoration at ,prambanan1 indeed of all ancient ,javanese art1 ,sivate and ,buddhist1 is the representation of animal life as an important factor in human destiny4 ,if the ,buddha was called the ,sakya ,sinha1 the ,lion of the ,sakyas1 and his sylvan embodiment adorns in many reproductions the ,boro ,budoor1 his stateliest temple1 at ,sivate ,prambanan we find the king of the desert extensively utilised in the general decoration1 together with the beasts of the field under the bo-trees and fanciful combinations of man and his lowly friends1 not dumb but of different speech1 like the kinnaris1 the bird-people4 ,the ,ramayana bas-reliefs echo the kindness#df shown to those humble companions in ,indian myth1 history and present-day asylums for the aged and infirm among them4 ,attending the monkey warriors with whose help the simian deity ,hanoman restored ,king ,sugriva to the throne of his forefathers at ,kishkindhya 7an allusion1 it is thought1 to the doughty deeds of the aborigines of the ,deccan71 bajings#dg and bolooks#dg are gambolling round the house of the ,most ,awful and ,mysterious1 once worshipped here by great nations whose very names are lost1 but whose art1 giving a place to all creation in symbolic expression of the divine1 still teaches us the lesson that the animals are also children of the gods1 endowed with life not to be exterminated to serve our pleasure and our vanity1 or to be abused for our profit1 but to enjoy the fullness of the earth and the good gifts of heaven as we do ourselves1 or might do if we were wise4 ,mother ,nature1 ,siva's sakti ,doorga1 nurses at her bosom all her husband's offspring1 without distinction1 and at ,prambanan she superintends the growing world1 as the mistress of his household1 in the highly finished form the artist has given her3 ,loro ,jonggrang1 daughter of ,ratu ,boko of the ,javanese legend4 ,not in her outward character of the demon-steer subduing virago does she attract her worshippers here1 nor in that of the woman of the golden skin riding the tiger1 full of menace1 but in that of ,uma1 the gentle goddess who sheds light on perplexing problems of conduct1 to whom one turns in distress4 ,ideal of high-born loveliness1 ,loro ,jonggrang is especially venerated by those of her own sex who are in trouble or have a desire to propound in the fumes of incense they burn3 barren matrons praying for issue from their bodies to their lords and masters1 like the wives of ,king ,dasharatha2 virgins anxious to get married2 pseudo-virgins who have trusted too much in the promises of their lovers1 following the hadat established by herself at ,prambanan and diligently observed 7not only1 it should be noticed1 in that neighbourhood1 but likewise where no one ever heard of ,loro ,jonggrang and her escapades d'amour71 insisting that1 in the name of the precedent she set1 consequences shall be warded off4 ,when pasar1 i4e4 market1 falls on a ,friday1#dh her votaries are exceptionally numerous1 mostly native women entreating deliverance from female ills or help in the attainment of feminine wishes4 ,chinese1 half-caste and occasionally ,european ladies may1 however1 be observed among them3 it is said that several happy mothers of the ruling race at ,jogjakarta and ,surakarta owe their husbands and children to ,notre ,dame de ,bon ,secours of ,prambanan2 that brides having obtained their heart's desire in union with the beloved1 the bridegrooms in their turn repair to her shrine1 after a honeymoon ended in storm-clouds1 with an earnest supplication for means of release4 ,this explains the sprinkling of males among the fair devotees on ,fridays1 dejected looking persons who smear the statue of ,doorga with boreh1 despite notices to desist1 supplicating her to repeal former decrees1 having different objects in view1 of course1 with their salvings of ,ganesa and ,siva's nandi4 ,favours are requested1 pledges are given1 votive sacrifices are performed1 the gods and their attributes1 ,mboq ,loro ,jonggrang in the first place1 are wreathed and festooned with flowers in compliance with an old ,hindu custom so deeply rooted that we may notice grave1 turbaned hajis yielding to it1 unheedful of the ,prophet's anathemas against those who commit the unpardonable sin of idolatry1 straying more widely from the right path than the brute cattle1 wicked doers1 companions of hell-fire whose everlasting couch shall be on burning coals4 ,illustration3 ,,xi4 ,,prambanan ,,reliefs 7,centrum47 ,as the exhalations of the incense rise to the dying rays of the sun and mix with the scent of the kembangan telon1 the flowers of sacrifice1 melati1 kananga and kantil1 the soughing of the trees in the evening breeze repeats the lessons taught by an ancient inscription found near the temples of ,prambanan1 and a summary of which ,hindu-,javanese ,libro del ,principe1 taken from a translation by a ,panambahan of ,sumanap1 may be acceptable3 ,what has been here set down1 was in the beginning an ancestral tradition1 very useful if observed1 but1 if disregarded1 it becomes a curse4 ,this inscription was made in the year #cif 7871 in the third month1 on a ,friday in the sixth era4 ,let it inform you of the most exalted1 of the road to enlightenment and happiness1 to attain your country's progress and prosperity4 ,proof thereof will be cheap food and raiment1 and universal peace1 that those who honour the gods may lead tranquil lives4 ,honouring the gods is the perfection of conduct4 ,whosoever strives after that will be smiled upon by them1 for the practising of virtue provides access to heaven1 which shines in splendour1 and all gods will unite with the supreme ,siva ,bathara ,indra to assist the practiser of virtue4 ,but whosoever does wrong will go to perdition and his appearance will be monstrous1 his shape like the shape of a dog2 such a one acts unwisely because he turns away from virtue and obeys his passions1 which are his enemies4 ,it seems good to know this in life1 in order to practise virtue and praise the godhead1 believing in ,bhatara1 who has power over the world1 possessing heaven and earth4 ,the teachers must also be respected1 without exception1 because of their venerable charge1 and you must learn of them to honour ,bathara above all gods1 the ,omnipotent1 the ,ruler and ,maintainer of everything4 ,praise him in order that you may gain happiness and bliss even while you live on earth4 ,honour your parents and the parents of your parents and their teachings1 which are inviolable1 as they before you considered inviolable the teachings which came to them from their parents and ancestors as received from the god ,bathara1 who opened their hearts to probity4 ,know that they were allowed to adorn themselves with fragrant flower-buds wherever their influence penetrated3 this will also be your privilege after the purification of your minds4 ,conduct yourselves honestly according to divine direction1 acquire discretion and try to resemble the illustrious kings of the past who compassed the felicity of their subjects4 ,be no regarders of persons either among the good or among the bad2 all are mortals in a fleeting world4 ,this consider3 ,bathara is the ,king of ,kings who ordains the holy institutions4 ,fill the place of a father among his children4 ,if there are any of your subjects who act wickedly1 command them to mend their ways2 if they persist in evil1 teach them to distinguish between what is good and what is bad in their souls1 to the advantage of the living4 ,excellent men must be appointed to manage the affairs of the people4 ,these three things are of highest importance3 that proper instruction be given2 that your subjects become prosperous instead of poor through oppression2 that every one of them know the boundaries of his fields4 ,persevere in honouring ,bathara6 ,glorify him and inherit joy6 ,dress cleanly and keep your bodies clean4 ,acknowledge the omnipotence of ,bathara ,giri ,nata and1 protected by him1 no one can harm you4 ,may his superiority be reflected in you to confound the wicked doers4 ,if you desire a change of station1 seek seclusion to do penance in order that ,bathara's brilliancy may become visible in you4 ,nothing is so beautiful and so profitable to you as the conquest of your passions1 subduing them to a pure mind and lofty aspirations1 vanquishing the enemies of virtue who reveal themselves3 it will help to proclaim your lustrous righteousness4 ,glorify ,bathara6 ,he will descend in his beneficence to show you the way4 ,reflect seriously3 some day you must die2 ponder over the mystery of life and make the ignorant understand for their own salvation4 ,behaving in this manner1 happiness cannot escape you1 kings of good rule1 all of whose prayers will be listened to and with whom no one can be compared3 this is the sign of the eminence of the sovereign who dominates men as the tiger dominates whatever breathes in the forest4 ,the gods will protect such kings to the benefit of their subjects1 traders and carriers of merchandise and labourers in the fields4 ,nothing is denied to the obedient1 for the gods ward off evil from their thrones2 evil is known in heaven before it touches the mortals on earth4 ,glorify ,bathara6 ,the men of rank and high birth who serve kings1 must be of middle age4 ,in their fiftieth year it behoves them to retire from the world into prayerful solitude to die as a child dies2 let the body suffer for the soul1 crowning the end of life4 ,as you grow in knowledge your wishes will be fulfilled and your soul will leave its prison4 ,the token of higher knowledge is evident4 ,where does the soul go8 ,it gains in beatitude or1 if no progress has been made1 it seeks a refuge in the bodies of animals and people of mean appetites4 ,gaining in beatitude1 it reaches heaven1 the garden of rest1 but hell is the abode of sin4 ,cleanse1 therefore1 your thoughts2 eschew impurity6 ,do not favour the wealthy1 nor despise the poor2 all are equally confided to your care4 ,o ye1 who are kings and represent the gods in your kingdoms1 listen to this admonition and know your responsibility for the ultimate lot of your subjects4 ,bathara1 the lord of life and death1 will call you to account4 ,woman has been created inferior to man2 but many men are enticed to wrong-doing by the smooth speech of their women-folk1 who lack perception by the inscrutable decree of the gods4 ,woman wishes to control man1 taking her caprice for wisdom1 always pressing him to follow her fancies4 ,the chronicles1 however1 mention the names of queens like ,sri ,chitra ,wati1 ,sinta ,devi and ,sakjrevati ,drupadi4 ,in the days of ,dhipara ,jaga1 ,tirta ,jaga1 ,karta ,jaga and ,sang ,ngara bloody wars devastated the land2 kings were bewitched and changed into dragons and elephants because they disregarded the ordinances of ,bathara and also because they were weak1 not able to restrain their burning passion for beautiful women1 acting differently from that which behoves those in authority4 ,possess your souls in continence6 ,bathara watches and you are unacquainted with the hour of your death4 ,illustration3 ,,xii4 ,,prambanan ,,reliefs 7,centrum47 ,the shadows of evening thicken2 darkness gathers1 darkness in the train of ,rahu1 the devourer of sun and moon1 robing the temples in gloom4 ,fire-flies1 darting from between the sculptured bo-trees and festooned foliage1 begin to hold their nocturnal feast but subside before a red glare1 nascent in the holy of holies4 ,they return1 as if borne by strange1 wild melodies1 and grow into the luxurious forms of luminous nymphs1 the apsaras1 who leave their stations round the house of fear to dance their voluptuous dance of death1 renouncing their allegiance to the ,mahadeva to court ,kama of the flowery bow1 consumed by the desire to enjoy life and life's best before the approach of the mower cutting them down4 ,their mates1 the gandharvas1 excite them in their weird revelry with songs and the musicians urge them with the clang of tabors and cymbals4 ,shaped for the enchanting arts of love1 skilled in the wiles of female magic1 they move in a whirl of passion1 like flames of fire1 more redoubtable to man than the sword and arrows of his bitterest foe4 ,luring the unwary who tarry at ,prambanan when the fates1 weaving the web of the world1 change the colours of day into night's blackest dyes1 when the lotus-blossoms hang heavy on their stems and the air is burdened with the odour of incense and sacrificial wreaths1 they intend his subversion by a mirage of delight1 a hallucination of the senses1 and present the gratification of carnal desire as the triumph of reason4 ,woe to him if he does not resist in the delirium of his infatuation6 ,the moment he tries to grasp their flitting forms1 they evade him as a mountain stream in spate1 as the spray of its water dashing down the rocks1 as foam on the surging brine4 ,the apsaras mock1 the gandharvas hiss him1 the musicians howl1 all turning again to stone1 having instilled their subtle poison into his heart4 ,he seeks in vain the joy they held out to him1 begs in vain for a draught of the soma1 the nectar of the gods4 ,then1 shooting out from the great god's abode as a flash of lightning1 the red glare takes substance and ,siva appears in his most terrible aspect1 ,kala1 destroying time1 waving the skull which springs from the lotus stem1 menacing men and cattle1 the wild beasts of the woods1 the fowl of the air and the fish of the sea1 with the trishula1 the trident of desolation4 ,behind him the ,devi1 his spouse1 emerges from her niche1 riding ,vayu1 the stormwind1 not ,doorga or ,uma disguised as ,loro ,jonggrang1 but ,kali1 the furious1 of hideous countenance1 crowned with snakes1 dripping with blood4 ,lifting up her voice above the roaring of her steed1 she joins the ,dread ,one1 ,rudra1 the ,thunderer1 and passion and baffled desire become a portion of the tempest she raises1 the odour of the kembangan telon breathing agony4 ,mahakala1 the ,almighty ,overthrower1 deals death under his veil4 ,but if the night of terror begins in darkness1 it will end in dawn and light of day3 all that lives1 is born to die for new life to succeed1 and so teaches ,siva himself1 the ,bhatara ,guru4 ,in adoration of ,ganesa1 the fruit of his union with ,parvati1 wisdom will accrue to him who learns the lesson2 enlightenment from the spectacle of time1 the demolisher1 fortifying fecund nature1 reanimating the universe in anguish of decay4 ,wisdom is the great gift1 purification of the soul in abstinence from the pleasures which drag it down1 to keep the spark of the divine undefiled in its earthly sheath with the aid of the father and the son1 whose distinctive qualities merge in ,wighnesa1 the vanquisher of obstacles4 ,drinking their essence1 man's hearing and knowing leads to affection and commiseration1 to the second ,brahma ,vihara1 the sublime condition of sorrow at the sorrow of others1 and when dissolution arrives as a reward1 ,yama1 the judge of the dead1 will find no cause for reproach4 ,the good will enter the diamond gate1 but grievous torment awaits the foolish who pamper the flesh and are ensnared by the daughters of lust4 ,illustration ,,footnotes3 #ce ,whence its name1 derived from api 7fire74 #cf ,the title ,loro designates a lady of very high birth4 #cg ,legn is the liquor prepared by fermentation of the sap drawn from some trees of the palm family4 #ch ,from tangkis1 tinangkis1 which1 derived from nangkis1 8ward off01 means 8to repel one another40 #ci ,telaga means 8lake0 and powiniyan1 derived from winih1 8seed01 means a flooded ricefield in which the ears on the stalks1 bound in sheaves1 are put to serve for seeding4 #dj ,not the last1 as this legend has it1 for ,ratu ,boko's roaring can yet be heard on still nights1 if we may believe the people who dwell on the banks of the ,telaga ,powiniyan4 #da ,padi is rice in the hull1 shelled by the women and girls1 usually very early in the morning1 by stamping it in blocks of wood hollowed out for the purpose4 #db ,bondowoso's curse took dire effect and the ,javanese lassies of the neighbourhood1 who enter the bonds of matrimony about their fourteenth year1 comment with sarcastic pity on the fact that their sisters of ,prambanan have1 as a rule1 to wait some ten rainy seasons longer--not without seeking compensation1 it is alleged1 after the example set by their patron saint ,loro ,jonggrang1 whose maidenly life1 according to the babad chandi ,sewu1 of which more later on1 was not altogether blameless4 #dc ,the very precise ridicule this appellation1 which originated in the childish credulity of the natives1 who persist in paying homage to a statue of ,doorga as if it were actually their petrified ,mboq ,loro ,jonggrang2 but the real name of the group being unknown1 why should we reject a distinction not denoted by the less definite term ,prambanan8 #dd ,major1 then still ,captain ,t4 ,,van ,,erp in his report to the ,batavian ,society of ,arts and ,sciences1 ,january #aa1 #aiji4 #de ,the sculptor showed his independence by disregarding the more canonical number of sixteen or ten4 #df ,stimulated especially by ,buddhist and ,jan influences4 #dg ,squirrels3 ,sciurus nigrovittatus and ,pteromys elegans and nitidus4 #dh ,pasar is held once every five days and once every thirty-five days it falls1 therefore1 on a ,friday4 ,illustration ,,chapter ,v ,,more ,,of ,,central ,,java ,le bon sens nous dit que les choses de la terre n'existent que bien peu et que la vraie ralit est dans les rves4 ,,charles ,,baudelaire1 ,les ,paradis ,artificiels 7,ddication74 ,except during a period of some four centuries and a half1 from about #idj till the palmy days of ,mojopahit1 when declining ,hindu civilisation1 for reasons as yet unexplained1 sought a refuge farther east1 ,central ,java and especially that part of it known in our time as the ,principalities1 i4e4 ,surakarta and ,jogjakarta1 has always been the heart of the island4 ,there lived and live the true ,javanese1 the people of heaven's mercy1 cherishing their old traditions2 these and the beautiful scenery of their fire-mountains and fertile valleys are still theirs1 whatever else may fail3 glory1 power and freedom4 ,they lived and live in their world of custom and formality a life unintelligible in its inner workings to the western brain1 impenetrable to the western eye4 ,there are forces hidden in the ,javanese mind1 the resultant of a strangely moved past1 which we can never understand1 though we may admire their creative energy1 revealed in the now conventional designs guiding the hand of the potter1 the wood-carver1 the goldsmith1 the armourer1 the batikker1#di hereditary practisers of dying arts and crafts2 in the remains of a marvellous architecture long since altogether dead4 ,no chapter in the whole history of eastern art1 says ,fergusson1 is so full of apparent anomalies or upsets so completely our preconceived ideas of things as they ought to be1 as that which treats of the architectural history of the island of ,java 4442 the one country to which they 7the ,hindus7 overflowed1 was ,java1 and there they colonised to such an extent as for nearly a thousand years to obliterate the native arts and civilisation and supplant it by their own 4442 what is still more singular is1 that it was not from the nearest shores of ,india that these emigrants departed but from the western coast4444 ,a linga1 erected in the ,kadu in the year #fed ,saka 7,a4,d4 #gcb71 a ,sivate symbol of generation1 marks the origin of an artistic activity whose most brilliant period1 the classical one of central ,javanese architecture1 as ,g4 ,p4 ,rouffaer styles it rightly1 begins with the construction of such buildings as the ,buddhist chandi ,kalasan or ,kali ,bening4 ,the inscription of ,king ,sanjaya in ,venggi characters1 and vestiges of ,vaishnav tendencies in the ,suku and ,cheto temples of a much later date1 point to the worship of ,vishnu1 while ,brahma's four sublime conditions and more subtle transcendentalism do not seem to have attracted the ,javanese converts to ,hindusm4 ,they could grasp the unity of ,siva's threefold functions much better and accepted him as ,mahadeva at the head of the ,trimoorti4 ,the advent of ,buddhism in its mahayanistic form1 the creed of the northern church so called1 served to emphasise native tolerance4 ,sivasm and whatever there was of ,vishnusm1 harmonised with ,buddhism to the extent of borrowing and lending symbols1 emblems and divine attributes2 ,hindu gods played puss in the corner with ,bodhisatvas1 as already remarked upon in the preceding chapter2 the chandi ,chupuwatu surprises us with a stupa-linga2#ej a ,javanese prince of the thirteenth century bears the expressive name of ,siva-,buddha2 the old ,javanese ,sang ,hiang ,kamahayanikan contains the dictum3 ,siva is identical with ,buddha4#ea ,if more inscriptions had been found1 more light might have been thrown on the anomalous ornamentation of1 for instance1 the ,prambanan temples and the ,mendoot2 but ,sivate records of the kind leaving the matter unexplained1 ,buddhist information is still scantier1 perhaps a consequence of ,baghavat's followers not excelling in epigraphy or literary labours of any description4 ,if the backwash of great political events or religious discussion when the ,islm superseded older creeds1 may have aided ,kala1 the ,destroyer1 in demolishing a good many buildings of the classical period1 whose sites even are sought in vain1 it is certain that the pioneers of western civilisation1 proud of their superiority1 willfully and wantonly undid in many places work that had been spared by time and earthquakes and volcanic eruptions and enemies born of the soil1 devastating with fire and sword their brethren's hearths and houses4 ,christian zealots regarded the ancient monuments as assembly-rooms of the ,devil where the benighted heathen used to foregather in idolatry1 lodges of abomination the sooner razed the better1 a pious feeling often translated into action on grounds of utility3 the stones offered excellent building material4 ,officials and particulieren#eb of broader views1 besides acknowledging the serviceableness of chandis in this respect1 went recho-hunting#ec for the adornment of their houses and gardens4 ,quite a collection has been formed in the residency grounds at ,jogjakarta1 the nucleus of which was moved thither from the estate ,tanjong ,tirta1 whose former occupants1 like most of the landed gentry1 made exceedingly free with the temples and monasteries in that neighbourhood4 ,as neither they nor the others bothered about noting where they got this or that piece of sculpture1 we are entirely at sea concerning the meaning of several beautiful statues4 ,this is the case1 e4g41 with one of remarkably fine execution1 a crowned goddess1 sitting on a lotus cushion and encircled by a flaming aureole1 pressing her hands to her bosom4 ,she has been fortunate enough to escape the fate of some deities who shared her sequestration and were left to the care of the convicts detailed to keep the ,resident's compound in trim1 a duty performed by whitewashing or daubing them with a grayish substance1 excepting the hair of the head1 the eyebrows1 the eyeballs and the prabha1 which the gentlemen-artists of the chain-gang are in the habit of painting black1 enhancing the general effect by 8restoring0 lost hands and feet and damaged faces after methods nothing short of barbarous1 but therefore the better in keeping with the traditional attitude of those in authority4 ,for this infamous disfiguration and desecration1 which makes any one unaccustomed to ,dutch ,east ,indian processes shudder with horror1 never disturbed the aesthetic sense or equanimity of the several occupants of the residency who1 during the last thirty-five years1 saw it going on under their very eyes1 the eyes of the representatives of a ,government lavish in circulars#ed recommending the country's antiquities to their care4 ,neither are those eyes shocked by the 8museum0 adjoining the residency1 a jumble of plunder from chandis far and near2 nor by the chaotic mass of torsos1 arms and legs1 fragmentary evidence of wholesale spoliation behind that pitiful exhibition of archaeology turned topsyturvy4 ,so much for the statuary removed from the chandis1 as far as it can be traced4 ,concerning the chandis themselves1 it should be remembered that the greater part has wholly disappeared4 ,hillocks1 overspread with brushwood1 sometimes awaken hopes that by digging foundations and portions of walls may be discovered2 heaps of debris1 tenanted by lizards and snakes1 point to structures of which nothing that is left1 indicates the former use2 shattered ornamental stones speak of magnificent buildings fallen or pulled down--glimmerings of splendour that was4 ,the temples still standing are reduced to ruins and diminish almost visibly in attractiveness and size4 ,rouffaer#ee gave an interesting example of their fate in the story of the spiriting away of the chandi ,darawati3 in #ahhi tolerably well preserved1 though two large statues of the ,buddha had been dragged off to the dwelling of a ,european in the dessa ,gedaren1 it was gone in #ahid--vanished into air6 ,the temples constructed of brick1 like the chandi ,abang1 have suffered even more1 of course1 than those of stone1 the memory of whose grandeur is retained in a few ghastly wrecks4 ,reserving the ,buddhist remains for later treatment and passing by the ,sivate caves with rectangular porches in the ,bagelen1 mentioned by ,fergusson1 ,i shall deal here with the chandis ,suku and ,cheto1 and the most noteworthy ruins in the southern mountains4 ,the latter comprise the kraton of ,ratu ,boko1 ,mboq ,loro ,jonggrang's father1 as the natives call it1 and the temple group of the ,gunoong ,ijo4 ,of the legendary kingly residence little more is left than a square terrace with portions of a wall and the sill of a gate4 ,the chandi ,ijo consists of a large temple of the usual polygonal form with ten smaller ones and a pit which contained two stone receptacles and strips of gold-leaf with the image of a deity and an inscription2 the buildings are in a sad condition1 but decay has not impaired their beauteous dignity and the landscape alone repays a visit to ,soro ,gedoog1 an estate whose gradual reclamation of the jungle led to their discovery in #ahhf when ground was cleared for an extension of the plantations4 ,the chandis ,suku and ,cheto are situated respectively on the western and northern slope of the ,gunoong ,lawu1 a volcano on the boundary between ,surakarta and ,madioon1 not less expressive in its scenery of what heaven has done for this delicious island4 ,shortly after the mysterious pyramids of ,suku had drawn the attention of ,resident ,johnson1 in the ,british ,interregnum1 ,thomas ,horsfield visited them and made some drawings4 ,the inscriptions and the sculptured ornament of ,cheto were reported upon by ,c4 ,j4 van der ,vlis1 in #ahdb4 ,the groups belong to the latest1 most decadent period of ,hindu architecture in ,java and their foundation1 ,suku being a few years older than ,cheto1 must have coincided with the introduction of the ,islm4 ,bondowoso1 the son of the recluse ,damar ,moyo1 who assisted the ,king of ,pengging against ,ratu ,boko and took such signal revenge upon the latter's daughter1 ,loro ,jonggrang1 for rejecting him1 the uncouth slayer of her father1 is supposed to have erected the buildings at ,suku4 ,those at ,cheto owe their origin to a prince of ,mojopahit1 who quarrelled with his brother1 the ruler of that empire1 or1 according to another legend1 to a certain ,kiahi ,patiro1 who refused to become a convert to the new faith and repaired to the ,lawu1 where he lived as a hermit and was killed by ,pragiwongso1 an emissary of the ,moslim ,king of ,demak4 ,linga-worship returned in the temple groups of the ,lawu to its crudest modes of expression1 and ,fergusson1 who mentions the dates #adce and #addj1 speaks of a degraded form of the ,vishnute religion1 the garuda1#ef the boar1 the tortoise1 etc41 being of frequent occurrence in the ornamentation4 ,junghuhn described the staircases he found1 which connected the terraces1 and the statues1 which hardly came up to the artistic standard of ,prambanan and the ,boro ,budoor1 one of them distinguishing itself by a colossal head whose measurement from chin to crown was three feet1 half of the whole height4 ,comparing his description with the actual state of things1 much must have been removed1 heaven knows whither6 ,notwithstanding the obvious truth of ,fergusson's remark that a proper illustration of ,suku and ,cheto1 and1 ,i may be permitted to add1 of the remains on the summit of the mountain1 whether originally tree-temples or consecrated to devotional exercises in the open1 l'instar of ,west ,java1 promises to be of great importance to the history of architecture in the island1 very little has been done in that direction or even for the conservation of the ruins where recho-hunters and a luxurious vegetation vie in obliterating the traces of most interesting antiquities4 ,junghuhn sounded a note of warning apropos of the falling in of the peculiarly constructed pyramidal temple1 ,may #ahch1 but this and the other monuments have been suffered since1 as before1 to crumble quietly away and the easily removable sculpture to be carried off4 ,ganesa1 in his manifold reproductions1 seconds on the ,lawu his father ,siva1 head of the ,trimoorti1 continuing the lead obtained seven centuries earlier in the plain of ,prambanan1 and a systematic study of the reliefs1 now covered with moss and lichens1 might shed a good deal of light on several unsettled questions4 ,one of those reliefs1 blending the human and the divine in the manner of the allusions to the ,brata ,yuda on the ,ding plateau and the ,rama legend on the walls of the chandi ,loro ,jonggrang1 represents a complete armoury1 with ,ganesa1 protector of arts and crafts1 between the armourer himself and his assistant who works the bellows4 ,if1 with ,rouffaer1 we divide the long era during which the ,hindus1 first as immigrants and then as rulers1 merged gradually in the aboriginal population1 into a ,hindu-,javanese period of ,central ,java and a ,javanese-,hindu period of ,east ,java1 the monuments of ,suku and ,cheto belong evidently to the epoch of ,javanese-,hindu decline1 decadent art flowing back to its classical source1 tarnishing original ,hindu-,javanese conceptions4 ,leaving ,buddhist architecture to be dealt with in the last chapters1 and before turning to the chandis of ,east ,java1 a short historical review may aid in the appreciation of this decline and subsequent paralysis of the creative faculty4 ,kartikeya1 the god of war1 a younger son of ,siva and ,parvati1 had his strong hand in this1 and how he invested and divested mighty princes1 who conquered or were defeated and finally passed away1 causing the rise and fall of glorious kingdoms1 is written in the babads1 the ,javanese chronicles1 by no means such old wives' tales as ,dominee ,valentijn tried to make them out1 but containing in their extravagance a kernel of stern reality1 not the less explanatory of the condition of the fairy island ,java because the magnanimes mensonges of a vivid imagination animate the dull facts4 ,of the ,hindu empire ,mataram in ,central ,java nothing tangible is left except the ruins referred to1 a few objects in metal and stone1 accidentally unearthed or dug up by treasure-seekers1 and some inscriptions1 title-deeds1 etc41 the scanty 8genuine charters of ,java0 as van ,limburg ,brouwer defined them4 ,the name ,mataram has been preserved on a copper plate1 dating from about #ijj1 which agrees in this respect with four other records1 discovered in ,east ,java2 the capital of the ,maharaja i ,mataram is called ,medang4 ,for two centuries1 from the beginning of the eighth until the beginning of the tenth1 ,mataram seems to have flourished as the most powerful state in the island1 especially aggressive towards the east4 ,native tradition1 in fond exaggeration of her importance1 makes her sway the destinies of the world4 ,her star waned suddenly2 by what cause is unknown2 but whether it was the invasion of a mightier enemy or a natural catastrophe1 the same as that which overtook the builders of the ,ding and the plain of ,prambanan1 forcing them to leave their work unfinished1 ancient ,mataram sank into insignificance4 ,from the middle of the tenth until the beginning of the sixteenth century1 the successors of her former eastern vassals1 that is whichever of them happened to be on top in the continual struggle for supremacy1 did in ,east and ,central ,java as they pleased1 warring1 intermarrying1 annexing their neighbours' domains1 only to lose them again and their own kingdoms to boot1 to usurpers1 ambitious ministers1 popular governors of provinces1 enterprising condottieri or mere adventurers favoured by ,dame ,fortune4 ,in that overflowing arena of high rivalry1 dynasties succeeding one another with amazing rapidity1 ,daha1 situated in what is now ,kediri1 secured paramount influence after ,kahuripan1 situated in what is now ,southern ,surabaya2 then ,tumapel1 situated in what is now ,pasuruan1 became ascendant2 then ,daha once more and1 last of the great ,hindu empires1 ,mojopahit1 about #acjj1 to be overthrown1 after two centuries of preponderance1 by the sword of ,islm4 ,jayabaya1 ,king of ,daha1 from about #aacj till about #aafj1 has been called#eg the ,charlemagne of ,java1 in whose reign learning and letters were encouraged2 or the ,javanese ,king ,arthur1 whose life among his heroes1 in peace and war1 is reflected in the idylls of the ,panji-cycle1 at whose ,court the famous poet ,mpu ,sedah began his version of the ,mahabharata1 the ,brata ,yuda1 finished by ,mpu ,panulooh1 author of the ,gatotkachasraya1 while ,tanakoong wrote the ,wretta-,sansaya1 a sort of ,epistola de ,arte ,poetica4 ,when ,tumapel expanded1 especially under ,ken ,angrok1 troublous times arrived for ,daha1 which could hardly hold her own against the encroachments of that unscrupulous monarch4 ,ken ,angrok or ,arok1 born in #aahb at ,singosari1 had seized the royal power after assassinating the old ,king in #abbb or #abbc4 ,the kris he used1 had been ordered expressly for that deed from the famous armourer ,mpu ,gandring1 who was its first victim because he tarried in delivering it1 the tempering of the steel having taken more time than suited the usurper's patience4 ,dying under the murderous stroke1 ,mpu ,gandring uttered a prophetic curse3 ,this kris will kill ,ken ,angrok2 it will kill his children and grandchildren2 it will kill seven kings4 ,the prophecy came true with wonderful exactness4 ,ken ,angrok having married ,dedes1 the widow of the old ,king he had despatched1 was himself killed as the third victim of ,mpu ,gandring's kris in the hand of a bravo commissioned by their son ,anusapati1 the ,hamlet of ,javanese history4 ,and how blood followed blood during the hundred years of ,tumapel's hegemony1 how ,ken ,angrok's descendants harassed their neighbours before the curse took effect upon each of them1 appearing like luminous stars in the sky of politics and war1 and then disappearing behind the shadowy cloud of untimely death1 is it not written in the ,pararaton or ,book of the ,kings of ,tumapel and ,mojopahit8 ,the foundation of ,mojopahit has been attributed to scions of several royal families1 among them to ,raden ,tanduran1 a prince of ,pajajaran in ,west ,java which1 it will be remembered1 owed its origin to princes of ,tumapel4 ,the most widely accepted reading is1 however1 that a certain ,raden ,wijaya1 commander of the army of ,king ,kertanegara1 great-grandson of ,ken ,angrok1 profiting from his master's quarrels with ,jaya ,katong1 ruler of ,daha in those days1 carved out a kingdom for himself1 reclaiming1 always with that end in view1 a large area of wild land1 ,mojo ,lengko or ,mojo ,lengu1 near ,tarik in ,wirosobo1 the present ,mojokerto4 ,king ,kertanegara who1 by branding the ,chinese envoy ,meng ,ki1 had stirred up trouble with the ,flowery ,empire1 was unable to punish this act of arrogance1 and his violent death in a battle won by the legions of ,daha1 meant the inglorious end of ,tumapel4 ,this happened in #abib and the expeditionary force sent from ,china to chastise him for his ungracious treatment of ambassadors to his ,court1 consequently found their object accomplished or1 more correctly speaking1 unaccomplishable when landing in #abic4 ,but its leader indemnified his martial ardour by entering the service of ,raden ,wijaya who1 with his assistance1 subjugated ,daha1 which had tried to reassume her former precedence4 ,firmly established on the throne of the realm he had fashioned out of ,daha1 ,tumapel and his own territory near ,tarik1 he refused1 however1 to pay the price stipulated by his ,chinese ally and when the auxiliary troops asked the fulfilment of his promises1 arms in hand1 he proved to them that superior strength is the ultimate arbiter of right and sent them home much diminished in numbers and pride4 ,the ,emperor of ,china1 wroth that the beautiful princesses of ,tumapel1 daughters of the late ,king ,kertanegara1 whom he had deigned to accept as concubines1 were not forthcoming1 but stayed behind to adorn the harem of the self-made ,king of ,mojopahit1 ordered his unsuccessful generalissimo to be flogged by way of example to other commanding officers4 ,raden ,wijaya who1 with the kingly title1 had assumed the name of ,kertarajasa1 enjoyed his royal dignity only until #abie and his ashes were entombed in two places not yet located3 in the dalem 7the inner1 private part7 of his palace conformably to the ,buddhist1 and at ,simping conformably to the ,sivate ritual1 not otherwise than ,king ,kertanegara received last honours in the guise of ,siva-,buddha at ,singosari and in the guise of a ,dhyani ,buddha at ,sakala1 and the remains of ,king ,kertarajasa's successor were interred in three places according to the ,vishnute ritual1 circumstances from which we may conclude that in ,east as in ,central ,java the different creeds lived together in most amiable harmony4 ,the kris of ,mpu ,gandring might limit the earthly term of the descendants of ,ken ,angrok1 it could not check their prowess while they were still up and doing4 ,overlords of ,east and ,central ,java1 extending their rule to ,pajajaran1 they even looked for conquest to the other islands of the ,malay ,archipelago4 ,under ,hayam ,wurook or ,rajasa ,nagara1 in the latter half of the fourteenth century1 ,mojopahit reached her zenith2 a record of #achi mentions ,bali as being tributary since about #acdj2 ,aru1 ,palembang and ,menangkabau in ,sumatra1 ,pahang with ,tumanik in ,malacca1 ,tanjong ,pura in ,borneo1 ,dompo in ,soombawa1 ,ceram and the ,goram islands acknowledged ,nayam ,wurook's suzerainty too4 ,seeing no more worlds to subdue1 he died and1 as in the case of ,alexander the ,great1 his empire fell to pieces2 in ,east ,java itself ,balambangan seceded from ,mojopahit proper and the ,muhammadan propaganda1 fanning discord between the ,hindu princes of old and new dynasties1 prepared their common doom4 ,the beginnings of the ,islm in ,east ,java have already been spoken of1 with ,gresik as a missionary centre1 ,maulana ,malik ,ibrahim as the first wali in that region and the conversion into ,moslim vassal states of the dependencies of ,mojopahit1 whose princes1 combining under the auspices of ,demak against their liege lord1 sealed his fate4 ,raden ,patah of ,demak was a man of war and destiny4 ,the fire of the new faith burning fiercely within him1 he hurled his defiance at the stronghold of the heathen1 speaking to the last ,king of ,mojopahit1 his father or grandfather according to tradition1 as ,amaziah1 ,king of ,juda1 spoke to ,joash1 the son of ,jehoahaz1 the son of ,jehu1 ,king of ,isral3 ,come1 let us see one another in the face1--but with a different result3 the challenger from ,demak came out victorious and ,mojopahit ceased to exist1 an issue fraught with grave consequences4 ,this occurred about the year #aejjeh and ,raden ,patah1 pursuing the royal family on their flight1 defeated the ,king or one of his sons again at ,malang1 where a last stand was made4 ,but ,gajah ,mada1 the ,prime ,minister of ,mojopahit1 founded a new empire1 ,supit ,urang1 which comprised much of the territory once belonging to ,singosari4 ,the ,saivas also held out at ,pasuruan1 which was invested by ,pangeran ,tranggana1 a successor of ,raden ,patah1 but after his assassination by one of his servants1 the troops of ,demak returned home4 ,pasuruan and ,surabaya reverted1 later on1 to the ,regent of ,madura1 a son-in-law of ,pangeran ,tranggana4 ,yet1 ,hindusm lingered on in the island2 its political power was only broken with the conquest of ,balambangan by the ,east ,india ,company in #agfg1 and the population of the ,tengger mountain region did not commence to accept the ,islm until very recently4 ,in the confusion which resulted after the death of ,pangeran ,tranggana from the disruption of his domains into ,cheribon1 ,jayakarta and ,bantam in the western1 ,gresik and ,kediri in the eastern1 and ,demak proper and ,pajang in the central part of the island1 the latter territory absorbed ,jipang and its ,prince ,tingkir1 a scion of the royal family of ,mojopahit1 was proclaimed ,sooltan by the spiritual authority of ,gresik1 the first time we find that title mentioned in the history of ,java4 ,sooltan ,tingkir appointed one of his trusted servants1 ,kiahi ,ageng ,pamanahan1 governor of the tract of land which had preserved the name of ,mataram4 ,kiahi ,ageng ,pamanahan improved the condition of the people and his son ,suta ,wijaya1 who had married a daughter of the ,sooltan1 making himself independent by rebelling1 by poisoning his father-in-law after his having been captured and pardoned1 finally by taking possession of the regalia in the subsequent war of succession1 became master of the situation and laid in ,new ,mataram the foundation of another state which1 in the reign of his successor ,ageng1 #afac-afdf1 gained the ascendency over the rest of ,java with ,madura1 subjugating even ,sukadana in ,west ,borneo4 ,not1 however1 without strenuous exertion for ,balambangan gave a good deal of trouble in the ,east and the conquest of ,sumedang in the ,west1 in #afbf1 taxed the military strength of the rising empire to its utmost4 ,when the ,east ,india ,company began to make its influence felt1 ,moslim solidarity proved a valuable asset as1 for instance1 in the relations with ,bantam and ,cheribon1 whose ,pangeran proposed the title of ,susuhunan for ,ageng 7#afbe7 before ,mecca promoted him to the ,sooltanate 7#afcj74 ,in #afbh and #afbi he ventured to attack ,batavia1 the new settlement of the ,dutch1 but had to retire and1 what was even worse1 by provoking those upstart strangers1 he damaged his trade3 they closed the channels of export to ,malacca and other foreign ports of rice1 the principal produce of the land4 8,mataram must now become our friend10 wrote the ,governor-,general to his masters1 the ,honourable ,seventeen1 and1 indeed1 ,mangku ,rat ,i41 ,ageng's son1 found himself obliged to sign a treaty of friendship with the ,company--a dangerous friendship6 ,differences between their 8friend0 and ,bantam with ,cheribon were sedulously fostered by the authorities at ,batavia2 the ,company took a hand in the putting down of disturbances created in ,east ,java by ,taruna ,jaya of ,madura and ,krang ,galesoong of ,macassar2 the ,company patronised and protected the reigning ,sooltans1 who moved their residence from ,karta to ,kartasura1 against pretenders and exacted payment in land1 privileges1 concessions1 monopolies1 etc41 shamelessly in excess of the real or pretended assistance afforded in quelling purposely manufactured anarchy--precisely as we see it happen nowadays wherever western civilisation offers her 8disinterested0 services to eastern countries of promising complexion for exploitation by western greed4 ,mataram1 trying to escape from the extortionate friendship of the honey-tongued strangers at ,batavia1 whose thirst for gold seemed unquenchable1 has its counterparts in benighted regions now being 8civilised0 after the time-honoured recipe3 interference which upsets peace and order1 more interference to restore peace and order with the naturally opposite result1 occupation until peace and order will be restored1 gradual annexation4 ,the ,east ,india ,company's mean spirit of haggling was held in utter contempt by the native princes1 grands seigneurs in thought and action1 too proud to pay the hucksters with their own coin1 though bad forebodings must have filled the mind1 for instance1 of ,susuhunan ,puger1 recognised at ,batavia as ,mataram's figurehead under the name of ,paku ,buwono ,i41#ei when near his capital a ,dutch fort was built and garrisoned with ,dutch soldiers to back him in his exactions for the benefit of alien usurers and sharpers4 ,like the rat of ,ganesa1 they penetrated everywhere and the tale of their relations to the lords of the land is one of tortuous insinuation until they had firmly established themselves and could give the rein to their sordid commercialism in always more exorbitant claims4 ,paku ,buwono ,,ii41 feeling his end approach1 was prevailed upon1 in #agdi1 to bequeath his realm to the ,company1 but one of the most influential members of the imperial family decided that this was carrying it a little too far3 ,mangku ,bumi1#fj brother of ,paku ,buwono ,,ii41 supported by ,mas ,sad1 son of the exiled ,mangku ,negara1#fa and other pangerans 7princes of the blood71 stood up in arms to defend their country's rights and inflicted severe losses on the ,dutch troops in stubborn guerrilla warfare4 ,this led to the partition of ,mataram between ,paku ,buwono ,,iii4 and his uncle ,mangku ,bumi1 both acknowledging the supremacy of the ,company1 the latter settling at ,jogjakarta1 the old capital ,karta1 under the title and name of ,sooltan ,mangku ,buwono1#fb while ,mas ,sad1 who did not cease hostilities before #ageg1 gained also a quasi-independent position as ,pangeran ,adipati ,mangku ,negara1 which in #agif became hereditary4 ,with three reigning princes for one1 the power of ,mataram was definitely broken and ,batavia assumed the direction of her affairs quite openly1 the 8thundering field-marshal0 ,daendels emphasising her state of decline and the ,british ,interregnum bringing no change4 ,in #ahbe the divided remnant of ,mataram1 viz4 ,surakarta with the ,mangku ,negaran and ,jogjakarta with the ,paku ,alaman1#fc was deeply stirred by ,pangeran ,anta ,wiria calling upon his compatriots to chase the oppressors away4 ,born from a woman of low descent among the wives of ,mangku ,buwono ,,iii41 ,sooltan of ,jogjakarta1 it seems that1 nevertheless1 hopes of his succession to the throne had been held out to him when he assisted his father against the machinations of his grandfather1 ,sooltan ,sepooh 7,mangku ,buwono ,,ii471 banished by ,raffles in #ahab4 ,however this may be1 he resented the settlement of the ,sooltanate on the death of ,mangku ,buwono ,,iii4 upon ,jarot1 an infant son1 and other circumstances adding to his dislike of ,dutch control1 he raised the standard of revolt4 ,the ,javanese responded with alacrity to an appeal which bore good tidings of delivery as the wind1 ridden by the ,maroots who make the mountains to tremble and tear the forest into pieces1 bears good tidings of coming rain to a parched earth4 ,anta ,wiria1 under his more popular name of ,dipo ,negoro1 and his lieutenants ,ali ,bassa ,prawira ,dirja1 or ,sentot1 and ,kiahi ,maja1 gave the ,dutch troops plenty of bloody work in the five years during which the ,java war lasted1 #ahbe-ahcj4 ,it was the last eruption on a large scale of the fire imprisoned in the native's heart1 the last sustained effort at regaining his independence1 crushed by the white man's superiority in military appliances1 but occasional throbbings1 ruffling the surface as in ,bantam 7#ahhh71 the ,preanger ,regencies 7#aijb71 ,kediri 7#aiaj71 etc41 show that the volcano is by no means an extinguished one4 ,though 8kingdoms are shrunk to provinces and chains clank over sceptred cities10 the love of liberty1 laid by as a sword which eats into itself1 does not own foreign dominion1 and the native princes1 especially the ,susuhunan of ,surakarta and the ,sooltan of ,jogjakarta1 remain objects of worshipful homage4 ,their genealogy remounts to the gods whose essence took substance in the illustrious prophet ,adam who begat ,abil and ,kabil on the goddess ,kawa2 the history of their house begins with the arrival in the island1 in the ,javanese year #a1 of ,aji ,soko2 they are the panatagama and sayidin 7shah ad-din71 directors and leaders of religion2 their ,courts set the fashion in high native society1 ,solo#fd being more gay and extravagant1 ,jogja#fd more sedate and solid1 as a writer at the end of the eighteenth century already remarked4 ,the ,dutch ,government recognises the imperial or royal dignity of ,susuhunan and ,sooltan by the superior position of its ,residents in the capitals of their ,principalities1 who1 directly responsible to the ,governor-,general1 correspond in rank to the general officers of the army1 while the administrative heads of the other residencies have to content themselves with the honours due to a colonel2 also by the institution of dragoon body-guards whose ostensibly ornamental presence can be and has been turned to good account when the mental intoxication arising from meditation on gilded disgrace1 charged with the lightning of passion1 produces effects irreconcilable with the fiction that all is for the best in this best of worlds4 ,with the ,government steadily encroaching on the native princes' ancient rights1 bitterness grows apace and irritation at the recoiling weight of bondage lives on1 though colonial reports represent it as dead4 ,truly1 in the three centuries during which it pleased ,kuwera1 the fat god of wealth1 to inspire the strangers from the ,west1 rich in promise but slow in performance1 exacting and pitiless1 to deeds of unprincipled rapacity1 the people have learned to hide their thoughts that worse may not follow1 hoping that time will set things right4 ,but as everything points more clearly to the fixed purpose of the ,dutch ,government to avail themselves of every pretext for swallowing the ,principalities as all the rest has been gobbled up1 there are those who cherish the memory of ,dipo ,negoro and consider the necessity of new man-offerings3 the greater the need1 the greater must be the propitiation4 ,on the whole1 however1 better counsel prevails1 deliverance being sought on planes of mystic exercise1 silent submission being practised in expectation of the consummation of a higher will1 and this is the native's secret as he repeats the lessons inculcated in the ,wulang ,reh1 the treatise on ethics written by one of the eminent of the past1 ,sunan ,paku ,buwono ,,iv43 ,may ye imitate our ancestors1 who were endowed with supernatural strength1 and may ye qualify for penitence1 heeding closely the perfection of life2 this is my prayer for my children2 be it granted6 ,meanwhile taxation increases1 but who can object to that when in days of old the good people had to pay for the privilege of looking at the public dancers1 whether they cared to look at them or not2 when compulsory contributions to the exchequer were levied upon one-eyed persons for their being so much better off than the totally blind2 etc4444 ,fancy a ,minister of ,finance in ,holland defending a vexatious new assessment on the ground of arbitrary cesses in the ,middle ,ages6 ,hindu art had lost its vitality when the second empire of ,mataram arose in ,central ,java and the cult of the ideal was effected by modernising currents from the eastern part of the island4 ,sanskrit1 as the vehicle of thought in ,venggi and ,nagari characters1 made place for ,kawi which1 related in its oldest forms to ,pali and in its symbols to the ,indian alphabets1 evolved soon afterward into a specific ,javanese type4 ,sivate literature paved the way for the ,manik ,maya1 the ,bandoong1 the ,aji ,saka1 the ,panji- and the ,menak- or ,hamza-cycles1 the ,damar ,wulan2 as to ,buddhist literature1 ,burnouf's comment upon its inferiority holds also good for ,java3 no trace exists even of a life of the ,buddha1 of jataka-tales1 except such as have originated in the eastern kingdoms at a comparatively late date4 ,literary culture in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries was a continuation of and throve on the efforts of the great authors hospitably entertained at the ,courts of ,mojopahit and ,kediri4 ,the ,javanese language with the wealth of words it acquired and the diversity of expression it developed1#fe exercised and still exercises in its four dialects#ff a vivifying influence upon the ,soondanese speech in the west and the ,madurese in the east4 ,its script1 like the people who speak and write it1 and cling to their hadat1 the manners and customs of the jaman buda1 which1 notwithstanding their ,islmitic veneer1 they prefer to the law of the ,prophet1--its script rejects ,moslim interference and refuses to employ the ,arabic characters1 sticking to its equally beautiful aksaras and pasangans4 ,religions succeeding one another1 generally without discourteous haste1 ,muhammadanism penetrated ,central ,java but slowly from the north1 first by the conversion of the great and mighty who profited by the example of ,mojopahit1 then by grafting the idea of the one righteous god upon the godless ,buddhist or pantheistic ,hindu creed of the orang kechil1 the man of slight importance who1 up to this day1 though fervent in his outward duties as a ,moslim1 shows in every act that his individual and national temperament is rooted in pre-,islmic idiosyncrasies4 ,the heroes of the ,brata ,yuda and ,ramayana are just as dear to him as the pre-,islmic saints whose legends are gathered in the story of ,raja ,pirangon and the ,kitab ,ambia1 as the forerunners1 companions and helpers of the ,apostle of ,god4 ,the sacred waringin1 never wanting in the aloon aloon1 the open places before the dwellings of the rulers of the land and their deputies1 what is it but the bo-tree1 the tree of enlightenment8 ,one of venerable age in the imperial burial-ground of ,pasar ,gedeh1 planted1 according to tradition1 by ,kiahi ,ageng ,pamanahan or his son ,suta ,wijaya1 announces without fail the demise of a member of one of the reigning families either at ,solo or at ,jogja1 by shedding one of its branches4 ,pasar ,gedeh1 ,selo and ,imogiri are silent spots1 peopled with the dead whose lives' strength made history and is mourned as the strength of a glorious past4 ,selo1 an enclave belonging to ,surakarta1 in ,grobogan1 residency ,samarang1 contains the ancestral tombs of the rulers of ,mataram2 ,imogiri and ,pasar ,gedeh in ,jogjakarta1 which latter marks the site of the original seat of empire and was comparatively recently put to its present use1 are the cemeteries common to the royalty of both ,principalities1 and guarded by officials1 amat dalam with the title of ,raden ,tumenggoong1 appointed by mutual consent4 ,a ,polynesian bias to ancestor-worship1 unabated by ,hindusm1 ,buddhism and ,muhammadanism1 accounts for the almost idolatrous adoration#fg of the graves of the ,susuhunans and ,sooltans1 their ancestors and also their progeny that did not attain to thrones1 receptacles of once imperial dust1 feeding the four elements from which it proceeded and to which it returns like meaner human clay4 ,look1 says ,kumala in the ,buddhist parable1 all in the world must perish6 ,the religious brethren of his faith used to repair at night to the sepulchres of those taken to bliss and spend the lone hours in pondering on the instability of conscious existence1 desiring to gain the ,nirvana by their undisturbed meditations1 but ,sivate associations people the old graveyards of ,java with raksasas1 monstrous giants1 eaters of living and dead men and women1 and santons1 bent on prayer amid the last abodes of the departed1 have been terrified1 especially at ,pasar ,gedeh1 by weird noises and apparitions signalling their approach1 commending hasty retreat to the wise4 ,it is advisable to distrust darkness there and rather to choose the day for acts of devotion1 even if annoyed by worldlings who come to consult the big white tortoise in the tank1 ancient ,kiahi ,duda1 widower of ,mboq ,loro ,kuning1 presaging the better luck the farther he paddles forth from his subaqueous habitation4 ,at a little distance is the sela gilang1 a bluish stone with a more than half effaced inscription1 only the lettering of the border being legible4 ,tradition calls it the dampar 7throne7 of ,suta ,wijaya1 sitting on which he killed ,kiahi ,ageng ,mangir1 his rival and owner of the miraculous lance ,kiahi ,baru1 who had been lured into his presence by one of his daughters to do homage by means of the ujoong1 the kissing#fh of the knee2 near by are a stone mortar and large stone cannon-balls1 the largest possessing the faculty of granting untold wealth to those strong enough to carry it three times without stopping round the sela gilang1 whose legend1 carved by a prisoner of war1 either a spirit of the air or a magician1 reveals in its marginal commentary a philosophic mind coupled with linguistic talents3 zoo gaat de wereld--cos va il mondo--ita movet tuus mundus--ainsi va le monde4 ,selo1 ,imogiri and ,pasar ,gedeh3 so goes the world indeed1 and the nameless prisoner of war's motto1 preserved near the pasarahan dalam1 the imperial garden of rest1 would be hardly less appropriate over the gates leading to the kratons1 the residences#fi of the ,susuhunan of ,surakarta and the ,sooltan of ,jogjakarta1 where they do the grand in the grand old way1 cherishing the memories of a power gone by4 ,a visit to the ,principalities without an invitation to attend some function at ,court cannot be called complete and it is a treat to watch the ceremonial exercises connected with one of the three garebegs#gj or with the salutations on imperial birthdays and coronation-days in the roomy pendopos1 the open halls whose general style betrays its ,hindu origin no less than the aspect1 the dresses1 the movements of the native nobility1 officials and retainers1 an assemblage of a fairy tale1 betray their ,hindu parentage4 ,the bangsal kenchono1 the audience-chamber of the ,sooltan at ,jogja1 is a masterpiece of construction in wood1 the carved beams and joists1 richly gilt and painted in bright colours1 forming a ceiling of wonderful airiness and elegance2 in the bangsal witono the ,sooltan shows himself to the people on days of great gala2 in the bangsal kemandoongan1 a hall in one of the many open squares of the palace grounds1 seated on his dampar or throne1 he used to witness the execution of his subjects sentenced to death1 who were krissed#ga against the opposite wall2 another of these open squares was dedicated to pleasures which remind of the munera gladiatoria1 more especially of the ludi funebres1 and kindred amusements with a good deal of local colour3 we find it chronicled of ,sunan ,mangku ,rat ,i41 ,java's ,nero1 that once he beguiled a tedious afternoon in his kraton at ,kartasura by stripping a hundred young women and letting a few tigers loose among them4 ,the dining-hall 7gedong manis3 room of sweets7 in the kraton at ,jogja1 to the south of the audience-chamber1 can easily hold three hundred guests with the host of servants they require2 at ,solo the imperial stables and coach-houses#gb are scarcely inferior in interest to the friend of horses1 riding1 driving and coaching1 than the ,kaiserlich-,knigliche ,marstall at ,vienna or the ,caballerizas ,reales at ,aranjuez4 ,but of all the sights at the ,courts of the ,principalities of ,central ,java it is the human element that fascinates most1 a waving mass of silent figures in the magnificent setting which reflects centuries of ,sturm und ,drang1 the new to the visitor's eye being nothing but the very1 very old2 men taught by fate to treasure their thoughts up in their hearts1 as their mountains do the hidden fire1 worshipping tempu dahulu1 sustained by l'amour du bon vieulx tems1 l'amour antique1 even the rising generation remaining apparently unaffected by the example of western fickleness1 an inconstancy ever more pronounced since the illustrious citizen of ,florence1 of the ,porta ,san ,piera1 commented on it3 ,che l'uso de' mortali come fronda ,in ramo1 che sen va1 ed altra viene4#gc ,the country-seats of ,susuhunans and ,sooltans1 where they sought repose from cares of state1 often contained temples erected1 if not in the name then in the spirit of their kind of sacrifice1 to ,kama1 the god of love1 smuggled into the practice of a later creed4 ,they had no wish to become the victims of their virtue like the excellent ,king ,suvarnavarna2 they did not aspire to the fame accruing to ,rama in his relations to the female demon ,shoorpanakha1 personification of sublunar temptations4 ,and the manifold functions assigned to water in their pleasances1 to the limpid1 running water of the cool mountain rills1 are characteristic of an island where a bath1 at least twice a day1 preferably in the open1 is both a necessity and a luxury which the poorest does not dream of denying himself4 ,observe the crowds of men1 women and children1 always chaste and decent1 disporting themselves in lakes and rivers1 every morning and every evening2 note the names of ,pikatan1 ,kali ,bening1 ,banyu ,biru1 idyllic spots and equal to the classic chandi ,pengilon1 ,sidamookti and ,wanasari to the lover of a plunge and a swim1 screened by flowers and foliage1 with the blue heaven smiling on his joy4 ,passing by ,ambar ,winangoon and ,ambar ,rookma1 the remains of the so-called water-castle at ,jogjakarta convey some notion of the manner in which royal personages sought recreation1 amusing themselves in their parks of delight1 fragrant and tranquil like the restful ,loombini1 where ,maya gave birth to the ,buddha2 toying with their women in and round the crystalline fluid4 ,an abundant spring within the boundaries of the palace grounds led to the conception of this retreat or1 rather1 these retreats1 for there were two1 connected by a system of canals which speaks highly for native hydraulics1 though the buildings erected to obey a capricious will1 show in their present ruinous state how architecture had degraded since the ,hindu period1 its flimsy productions being unable to withstand the first serious earthquake4 ,of ,pulu ,gedong1 to the northeast of the aloon aloon kidool1 nothing is left but crumbling portions of the walls which jealously guarded the privacy of the ,sooltan's watersports4 ,of ,taman ,sari and ,taman ,ledok1 situated in the western part of the kraton1 a good deal is still recognisable1 especially the structures on ,pulu ,kenanga in the largest of the artificial lakes which are now dry ground1 the one here meant being incorporated into a kampong1 one of the several groups of native dwellings inhabited by the ,sooltan's numerous retainers4 ,the whilom islands convey in quite a picturesque way the lesson that human works must die like the hands that fashioned them4 ,illustration3 ,,xiii4 ,,water-,,castle ,,at ,,jogjakarta 7,centrum47 ,the building of the 8water-castle01 whose pavilions1 artificial lakes1 tanks and gardens spread over an area of about twenty-five acres1 was begun in #ageh by a ,buginese architect under the orders of ,mangku ,buwono ,i41 a great raiser of edifices1 as ,nicolaas ,hartingh#gd wrote in #agfa1 and maker of 8fountains1 grotto-work and conduits which1 though completed1 he orders immediately to be pulled down1 not finding them to his taste1 thus squandering some little money40 ,we possess a description#ge of the kraton at ,jogjakarta1 dated ,september #agia1 from the hand of ,carl ,friedrich ,reimer1#gf who speaks of 8a collection of gardens1 fish-ponds and pleasure-pools40 ,he probably visited ,pulu ,gedong before proceeding to ,taman ,sari#gg and expatiates on the spaciousness of the dwelling room in ,pulu ,kananga1 where it seems that the ,court could find plenty of accommodation4 ,but what made the greatest impression on the expert in hydraulics was the arrangement of passages and an apartment for prayer and meditation under water1 as if the ,sooltan deemed it an advantage to worship surrounded by the babbling stream1 light and fresh air being provided through turrets rising above the surface4 ,in the place called ,oombool ,winangoon1 situated on a low level1 with three tanks1 fed from the great lake of ,taman ,sari1 was a cool retreat where the ,sooltan used to rest a while after his bath1 refreshing himself with a cup of tea4 ,alluding to the ,sumoor ,gumuling1 ,reimer remarks that the architect must have chosen a round form for his structure to make it the better resist the pressure of the water all round4 ,the strange building which went by that name and consisted of two concentric walls with a flat roof1#gh taken for a subaqueous house of prayer by the visitor of #agia1 has also been very differently explained3 some see in its remains a dancing-school1 awakening visions of the ,sooltan's corps de ballet practising in the first storey to the dulcet tones of the gamelan1 the native orchestra1 that ascended from the basement and aided them in going through their paces2 others connect it with functions never referred to in polite society and which have nothing in common with praying1 either with the heart or with the feet1 more correctly speaking3 with the arms1 hands and hips1 for ,javanese dancing is no loose skipping and hopping about1 but a graceful and expressive play of the body and more particularly of the upper limbs in rhythmic1 undulating motion4 ,passing from one lake to the next1 the ,sooltan's means of conveyance was the prahu ,niahi ,kuning1 a gorgeously decorated barge1 given to him by the ,east ,india ,company2 other boats1 plying between ,taman ,sari and ,taman ,ledok1 were at the disposal of the ladies of the royal household desirous of an outing with their babies2 two small skiffs left their moorings every night alternately1 at a signal given on a bendeh1 to feed the fishes1 which knew the sound and assembled in shoals4 ,the guard-rooms near the northern watergate1 of which the remaining one1 i4e4 the one not altogether fallen into ruin1 shelters in the morning a motley crowd of sellers of fruit1 vegetables1 sweetmeats1 etc41 witnesses to the ,company's dragoons1 protecting and shadowing their ,highnesses of ,surakarta and ,jogjakarta with the princes of their blood1 already having been entrusted with that task in the days of ,mangku ,buwono ,i4 ,of the delicately carved woodwork hardly a trace remains1 but some foliage and birds among flowers1 executed in stucco1 give evidence of a good taste which knew how to make old motives subservient to new requirements4 ,though a ,muhammadan pleasance1 designed by a ,muhammadan architect for a ,muhammadan prince1 the garuda over one of the entrances1 the ,banaspatis on gables and fronts in ,taman ,sari and ,taman ,ledok1 the nagas coping the balustrades of the staircases1 show that ,hindu conceptions continued to leaven ,javanese art4 ,the relations with ,china and the consequent influx of ,chinamen have also borne their fruit in ,central ,java as in ,cheribon and the eastern kingdoms3 ,reimer informs us that the galleries and tops 7now gone7 of the several buildings were constructed like pointed vaults1 and were wrought 8in the manner of ,chinese roofs02 ,pulu ,gedong was famous for the lofty ,chinese tower erected near the spring which furnished the water for the 8castle01 its lakes1 ponds1 tanks and canals1 and for the irrigation of its grounds4 ,the orchards1 renowned for their mangoes and pine-apples1 the vegetable-1 sirih- and flower-gardens had a great reputation in the land2 assiduous attention was paid to horticulture on the principle1 well understood by oriental gardeners1 that flower-beds1 ornamental groves and bowers are like women2 that however much art and pains are bestowed on their make-up1 the art of arts is the concealment thereof4444 ,writing this it occurs to me how properly a western version of that universally approved maxim has been put in the mouth of ,grtnerinnen1 niedlich and galant3 ,illustration3 ,,xiv4 ,,water-,,castle ,,at ,,jogjakarta 7,centrum47 ,denn das ,naturell der ,frauen ,ist so nah mit ,kunst verwandt4#gi ,though ,mangku ,buwono ,i4 was a contemporary of ,goethe1 his knowledge of ,faust is extremely doubtful1 but being an artist in his own way1 he took care that the natural scenery1 assisted by art1 should contribute to a pleasant general impression in the distribution of the dwellings for his retinue3 native princes 7and of his rank too67 do not move an inch inside or outside their kratons without numberless attendants at their heels4 ,in the 8water-castle0 were apartments1 not only for the ,sooltan1 for the ,ratu1 his first legitimate spouse1 for his other wives and concubines1 for the little family they had presented him with1 but for the dignitaries of his ,court1 officials of all degrees1 secretaries1 servants of every description1 various artificers from the armourers down to the kebon kumukoos1 the makers of tali api 7fire-rope71 necessary for lighting his ,highness' cigars4 ,there were reception-1 dining-1 living- and sleeping-rooms for the ,sooltan1 his ,ratu and female relatives1 each apart2 common rooms for the selir 7wives of lower degree72 rooms for the instruction of their children2 rooms where his ,highness' daughters spent a few hours every day in batikking2 guard-rooms for the prajurits1 the male guards2 guard-rooms for the female guards under command of the ,niahi ,tumanggoong1 a lady of consequence1 who kept and keeps the dalam1 the interior of the kraton1 under constant observation so that no illicit amourettes shall occur in the women's quarters1 and yet--6 ,there were store-rooms1 kitchens1 workshops1 prisons1 halls set apart for the dancers1 male and female2 the cream of the female dancers1 the srimpis and girl bedoyos1 were probably housed in or near the principal pavilion on ,pulu ,kananga1 of which the ,sooltan occupied the eastern and the ,ratu the western portion4 ,above all there were the bath-rooms1 dedicated to ,kama and his wife ,rati of ,hindu memory2 and since the parrot is the vahana of that frivolous god1 many are the unspeakable tales of revived rites of his luxurious worship4 ,the etiquette at ,court is fitly illustrated by the two tea-houses of ,taman ,sari1 the eastern one for the ,grand ,pourer-out-of-,tea of the ,right1 who presided over the preparation of the delectable beverage for the ,sooltan1 and the western ditto for the ,grand ,pourer-out-of-,tea of the ,left1 who provided for the ,ratu4 ,a scrupulous punctilio is ingrained in ,javanese habits and customs1 from high to low1 on great and small occasions1 the native's mentality always reverting to things which were1 but never more can be4 ,the homage done to sacred objects1 arms1 gamelans1 etc41 by giving them a human name and a title1#hj venerating them as if endowed with supernatural faculties1 recalls ,polynesian fetishism1 ,hindusm being blended with it in ,siva's trishula1 ,vishnu's chakra1 etc41 which are still carried behind the native princes among their ampilan4#ha ,the upacharas or imperial and royal pusakas#hb are treated with the utmost reverence when shown at the appearance in public of ,susuhunan or ,sooltan1 and their bearers1 the koncho ngampil1 who hold an honoured position at the ,courts of ,solo and ,jogja1 may be considered direct successors of the envoys of ,king ,dasharatha on the reliefs of the chandi ,loro ,jonggrang1 who bore his regalia when meeting ,rama and ,lakshama4 ,the strange ceremonial1 preserved from the time when gods walked amongst men1 seems hardly antiquated1 on the contrary very germane to siti-inggil#hc surroundings4 ,one need not visit the kratons though1 to notice how the spirit of the past permeates all things ,javanese2 any well-dressed native getting out of his sado#hd at the railway station or repairing thither on foot for a journey with the fire-carriage1 will do4 ,even if he cannot afford the few doits#he necessary and must impair his dignity by going afoot1 he has his retainers to look after his box and1 stuck behind1 he has his magnificent kris in a sheath of gold1 with a beautifully carved ivory handle1 in nine cases out of ten a pusaka1 cherished like the kris ,kolo ,munyang of the ,prince of ,kudoos or1 as others allege1 of a ,susuhunan of ,surakarta1 who sent the weapon1 which killed its master's enemies without human direction1 to the assistance of ,pangeran ,bintoro1 then oppressed by a king of ,mojopahit4 ,the chronology of this legend is evidently a little faulty1 but1 ,o6 the wonders of ,java's golden age1 and1 ,o6 the superstitious honour in which their memory is held by these lovable people1 whose actual existence is a dream of days gone by4 ,and that happy dream1 they ween1 is a presage of the future1 prophesying the restoration of their fathers' heritage4 ,if1 nevertheless1 the hour draws near of unconditional surrender1 the ,dutch ,government steadily and surely arrogating to itself the externals with the substance of power in the ,principalities1 they will silently submit to the nivarana of their ancient faith1 the hindrance arising from torpor of mind appointed to them in the sansara1 the rotary sequence of the world1 and seek consolation in the promise of their new faith that the ,lord will not deal wrongly with his servants4 ,the life of nations1 like the life of men1 starts running as the mountain torrent and meets many an obstacle before it swells to a broad river in the plains and flows tranquilly and mightily to the sea2 also for ,java it is written3 444 ,non anche1 l'opra del secol non anche piena4#hf ,illustration ,,footnotes3 #di ,batikking is the art of dyeing woven goods by immersing them in successive baths of the required colour1 protecting the parts to be left undyed by applying a mixture of beeswax and resin4 #ej ,a stupa1 lit4 a mound1 a tumulus1 is a memorial structure1 sometimes raised over a relic of the ,buddha1 one of the eight thousand portions into which his ashes were divided1 or a tooth1 or any other fragment of his remains4 ,the combination of such a memento of the ,most ,chaste with the emblem of supreme virility is syncretism indeed6 #ea ,professor ,dr4 ,h4 ,h4 ,,juynboll in the ,bijdragen tot de ,taal-1 ,land- en ,volkenkunde van ,nederlandsch ,indi1 ,ser4 vii41 vol4 vi41 nr4 #a4 #eb ,those not in the ,government service3 planters1 industrials1 etc41 always of lower caste in general1 especially official esteem1 than the select who draw their salaries from ,batavia4 ,hence the native designation of such an inferior individual as a particulier saja1 8only0 a private person4 #ec ,recho or rejo is the name given to any sort of statue4 #ed ,from circulus1 circle1 something round1 which rolls easily away into oblivion as it is intended to2 but1 if nothing else1 la folie circulaire keeps the fiction of governmental guidance and control alive4 #ee ,speaking at a meeting of the ,royal ,geographical ,society of the ,netherlands1 ,december #bg1 #aijb4 #ef ,vishnu's vahana or bearer1 the monster-bird4 #eg ,by ,g4 ,p4 ,,rouffaer1 ,indische ,gids1 ,february #aijc4 #eh ,the fall of ,mojopahit has been put at #adgh 7,javanese chronicles71 #adhh 7,,veth',s ,java1 #bnd ed47 and between #aeae and #aeba 7,,rouffaer74 #ei ,paku ,buwono1 like ,paku ,alam1 means 8nail which fastens the universe40 #fj ,lit4 8the one who has the world in his lap10 i4e4 the supporter 7ruler7 of the world4 #fa ,lit4 8the one who has the empire in his lap10 i4e4 the supporter 7ruler7 of the empire4 #fb ,lit4 8the one who has the universe in his lap10 i4e4 the supporter 7ruler7 of the universe4 #fc ,a fourth semi-independent domain1 created at the expense of ,jogjakarta for the benefit of ,pangeran ,nata ,kusuma1 ally of the ,british during the troubles of #ahaa and #ahab4 #fd ,common abbreviations1 in speaking and writing1 of ,surakarta and ,jogjakarta2 ,solo is1 to put it correctly1 the name of the place where ,paku ,buwono ,,ii41 after his old kraton had been destroyed by fire in the civil war diligently fostered by the ,company1 built the present one1 ,surakarta ,hadiningrat1 i4e4 the most excellent city of heroes4 #fe ,ngoko is spoken among the common people1 among children1 by adults to children and by those of superior to those of inferior rank2 kromo by those of inferior to those of superior rank and by people of high rank amongst themselves unless differences in social degree or grades of relationship require another mode of address2 dagellan or gendaloongan 7in ,surakarta7 and madya 7in ,jogjakarta71 a mixture of ngoko and kromo1 by people of equal rank conversing in an unofficial capacity1 politely but without constraint1 by those of superior to those of inferior rank1 their seniors in years whom they wish to honour1 by merchants of equal rank and the higher servants of the nobility to one another2 kromo-inggil comprises a group of words used when referring to whatever is divine or very exalted on earth2 basa kedaton is the language of the ,court1 spoken by all males in the presence of the reigning prince or in his kraton whether he be present or not1 but in addressing him or his heir presumptive1 kromo is used2 the reigning prince employs ngoko interspersed with kromo-inggil words when referring to himself2 the women in the kraton speak kromo or kromo-madya among themselves1 basa kedaton to such men-folk as they are allowed to see and kromo to the reigning prince or his heir presumptive2 ngoko andap is a coarse sort of speech which descends to the use of words1 in relation to man1 ordinarily applied only to animals2 kromo-dessa means rustic speech in general4 #ff ,the central and most refined ,javanese of ,mataram or ,surakarta1 spoken in the ,principalities1 the ,kadu1 the ,bagelen1 ,madioon and ,kediri2 the western ,javanese1 spoken in ,cheribon and ,banyumas2 the basa or temboong pasasir 7speech of the coast71 spoken in ,tagal1 ,pekalongan1 ,samarang1 ,yapara and ,rembang2 the eastern ,javanese1 spoken in ,surabaya1 ,pasuruan1 ,probolinggo and ,besuki4 #fg ,a cult with a ritual handed down from the past and scrupulously observed4 ,cf4 the account of a visit to ,selo in #ahdi1 published from papers left by ,dr4 ,m4 ,w4 ,,scheltema1 in ,de ,gids1 ,december1 #aiji4 #fh ,the ,javanese do not kiss in the disgusting1 unwholesome1 western fashion2 they smell or sniff1 using the olfactory instead of the osculatory organs1 as sufficiently indicated by the words of the native vocabulary describing the operation referred to4 ,in this matter again1 the ,hindu immigrants may have made their influence felt4 ,cf4 ,professor ,e4 ,,washburn ,,hopkins' interesting paper on ,the ,sniff-,kiss in ,ancient ,india1 in the ,journal of the ,american ,oriental ,society1 vol4 xxviii41 first half1 #aijg4 #fi ,including1 besides the palaces and palace grounds1 thickly inhabited little towns4 ,the kraton of ,surakarta contains1 e4g41 more than ten thousand people1 all belonging to the imperial family and household1 from the princes to their dependents1 servants and hangers on3 court dignitaries1 court functionaries1 gold- and silversmiths1 wood-carvers1 carpenters1 masons1 musicians1 etc4 ,within its walls is also the imperial mesdjid1 a fine1 large building with a widely visible gilt roof4 #gj ,the garebeg mulood1 garebeg puasa and garebeg besar1 corresponding with the maulid 7feast of the ,prophet's birth71 id al-fitr 7feast of breaking the fast7 and id al-qorban 7feast of the sacrifice74 #ga ,krissing1 a form of capital punishment until recently still in use in the island of ,bali1 consisted in driving a kris to the heart of the condemned man1 sometimes under circumstances of refined cruelty1 the executioner not being permitted to put an end to his victim's agony before the prince1 presiding in person or by deputy1 had given the signal for the coup de grce4 #gb ,a story is told of a ,susuhunan of ,surakarta having ordered a magnificent landau from one of the first carrossiers in ,paris1 that the favoured industrial was advised to send some cooking-pans with it on delivery4 ,asking3 ,what for8 he got the answer3 ,to poach the eggs his ,highness' chickens will lay in your carriage4 ,splendour and squalor live near together in the households of thriftless oriental potentates4 #gc ,for usage with mortal man is like the leaf ,on the bough1 which goes and another comes4 #gd ,governor and ,director of ,java's northeast coast1 afterwards member of the ,governor-,general's ,council at ,batavia4 #ge ,published by ,h4 ,d4 ,h4 ,,bosboom from papers in the ,dutch ,national ,archives4 #gf ,titular ,major1 afterwards ,lieutenant-,colonel of the ,corps of ,engineers1 ,director of ,fortifications and ,inspector of ,canals1 ,dams1 ,dikes and ,waterways4 #gg ,,reimer',s description leaves ,taman ,ledok in dubio and a reason for his probable non-admittance there1 may be found in the circumstance that it appears to have been the part of the pleasance reserved for the recreation of the ,sooltan's concubines4 #gh ,whence the name3 oombool1 like sumoor1 means 8well0 or 8spring01 and gumuling1 derived from guling1 means 8rolled up01 8lying flat40 #gi ,for nature in woman ,is so near akin to art4 #hj ,kiahi is a very common one4 ,dr4 ,j4 ,,groneman1 whose description of the water-castle at ,jogjakarta contains a good many interesting particulars1 mentions the name of the barge of state1 presented to ,paku ,buwono ,i4 by the ,east ,india ,company1 ,niahi ,kuning1 as1 to his knowledge1 the only instance of a female appellation being given to royal paraphernalia--perhaps on the same principle as that which makes us1 too1 speak of a ship as of a 8she04 #ha ,emblems of royalty2 more strictly3 objects of virtu belonging to the reigning family4 #hb ,a pusaka is an heirloom1 generally with luck bringing properties either to the rightful owner or to any one who secures possession of it4 #hc ,lit4 8the high place0 of the kraton4 #hd ,short for dos--dos1 a kind of vehicle naturalised in ,java2 offering only problematic comfort at its very best1 the ramshackle specimens plying for hire in the streets of the capital towns of the island1 beat everything ever invented anywhere else in the world for inflicting torture on the pretext of conveyance4 #he ,doits are copper coins of endless variety1 demonetised more than half a century ago but still used by the natives almost exclusively and to the prejudice of the legal 8cent01 the hundredth part of the 8guilder0 or legal unit of the ,dutch ,east ,indian currency1 notwithstanding the ,government's efforts 7on paper7 through the medium of financial geniuses1 whose name is ,legion and whose practical performance is ,nihil1 to put the monetary system and colonial finance in general on a firm1 workable basis4 #hf 444 ,not yet1 the work of 7our7 time has not yet reached its fullness4 ,illustration ,,chapter ,,vi ,,east ,,java cosi da l'ossa dei sepolti cantano i germi de la vita e degli spiriti4#hg ,,giosu ,,carducci1 ,odi ,barbare 7,canto di marzo74 ,when1 suddenly1 for reasons still unknown1 the classic period of art in ,central ,java closed1 about #hej ,saka 7,a4,d4 #ibh71 ,east ,java awakened and entered on an era of artistic activity in every direction1 which lasted until the fall of ,mojopahit six centuries and a half later4 ,in architecture it offers nothing so grand and imposing as the ancient temples of the ,middle ,empire1 but much more diversity1 and numerous inscriptions1 resembling1 after #ijj ,saka 7,a4,d4 #igh71 in form and contents1 what we possess of old ,javanese literature1 enable us in many cases to determine the dates and also the character of the chandis1 found principally along the course of the ,brantas in the residencies ,pasuruan1 ,kediri and ,surabaya4 ,moving eastward1 it was there that ,hindu civilisation made greatest progress1 no more in the vigorous enthusiasm of a young faith eager to proselyte1 but modified by and finally succumbing to the influences of the soil1 the climate1 the idiosyncrasies of the aborigines4 ,the oldest dates 7,madioon1 ,kediri1 ,surabaya and ,pasuruan7 fall between #hij and #aadj2 then we have a good many again from ,kediri 7#aabj-abdj and #abgj-adfj7 and from ,surabaya 7#abgj-adij72 also from ,pasuruan1 ,probolinggo and ,besuki 7#acdj-adgj71 ,madura 7#abij-addj7 and ,rembang 7#acgj-acij72 finally1 the constructive energy returning to ,central ,java1 from ,samarang and ,surakarta 7#adbj-adfj71 ,suku and ,cheto bringing up the rear4 ,in the palmy days of ,daha and ,tumapel a sort of transition style was elaborated2 under ,ken ,angrok and his descendants on the throne of ,mojopahit1 ,east ,java reached its architectural zenith1 never equal in the grandeur of its conceptions to the ,boro ,budoor or even the ,prambanan temples1 to the symmetrical richness of the ,mendoot1 but making up in fantastic decoration what it had lost in sobriety of outline4 ,the builders pandered to the unwholesome demand for that perfection at any cost which ,ruskin censures as the main mistake of the ,renaissance in its early stages1 the workman losing his soul in exchange for consummate finish4 ,but1 though they bear the impress of decadence1 the products of eastern ,javanese constructive efforts are not wholly degenerate1 never coarse or vulgar and well worth looking at from more than one point of view4 ,the evolution of the ornament alone is exceedingly suggestive3 the 8recalcitrant spiral0 which in ,central ,java ascends1 decking the supports1 topples1 as it were1 in ,east ,java1 losing its character and becoming a meaningless adornment of the casements of1 e4g41 the chandi ,panataran2 the kala-heads remain but the makaras change into a flame-like embellishment2 where they are altogether dissolved1 as in the chandi ,jago or ,toompang1 it is safe to conclude with ,dr4 ,brandes to late eastern ,javanese influences4#hh ,it has been conjectured that the migration of ,hindusm to ,east ,java was the effect of ,buddhism gaining ground in the central part of the island2 that the pronounced ,sivate tendencies of ,mojopahit were a reaction against ,buddhist innovations4 ,but it remains still to be proved that ,mojopahit1 though worshipping ,siva as the supreme god of the ,trimoorti1 adhered to his overlordship in all its orthodox purity4 ,there are1 on the contrary1 indications of ,vishnute leanings1 of ,buddhist heresy1 of a syncretism no less pronounced than that of ,prambanan and the ,mendoot4 ,in the time of ,old ,mataram's hegemony1 ,buddhism must have ingratiated itself to some extent with her eastern vassals and1 though not one of the temples in ,east ,java is ,buddhist after the fashion of the chandis ,boro ,budoor1 ,mendoot and ,sewu1 vestiges of the ,bhagavat's doctrine are undeniable in ,kediri1 ,southern ,surabaya and ,northern ,pasuruan4 ,a fusion of ,sivasm and ,buddhism has continuously controlled the construction of the larger temples of the later eastern ,javanese period1 says ,rouffaer4 ,statues found in many places1 e4g4 in the chandi ,toompang1 are distinctly ,buddhist and1 what is most remarkable1 though of later workmanship than those of ,central ,java and of a different style1 tainted by decadent methods1 they possess high merits as works of art4 ,in their ,sivatic surroundings they confirm the statements of the ,chinese traveller ,hiuen ,tsiang who1 perambulating ,india between #fbi and #fde1 before the persecution of the ,buddhists commenced1 remarked upon the tolerance of the brahmins and vice versa1 a virtue the ,hindus carried with them to ,java as already observed in the chapter on ,prambanan4 ,the kings of ,mojopahit followed the example set in those regions3 they were ,saivas1 ,vaishnavas1 ,buddhists or followers of no one creed in particular1 ready to protect and prefer each of them according to circumstances4 ,in codes of law and poetry1 ,sivate priests and sugatas1 pious brethren on the ,buddhist road to perfection1 are mentioned in one breath as conductors of the religious exercises on festive occasions1 invoking the blessings of heaven on harvests and enterprises of peace and war2 the poet ,tantular calls the ,buddha one with the ,trimoorti4#hi ,the ,muhammadans were not so indulgent when the ,pangerans of ,giri increased in authority as spiritual leaders of their faith1 successors of ,maulana ,ibrahim1 its first apostle in ,east ,java4 ,the hillock of ,giri became a centre of incitement to the holy war1 particularly so under ,raden ,ratu ,paku or ,sunan ,prabu ,satmoto1 whose tomb is still an object of ,moslim pilgrimage4#ij ,with his approval1 if not on his instigation1 the ,muhammadan states on the north coast combined under ,raden ,patah of ,demak to compass the extermination of heathenism and he lived to see the overthrow of ,mojopahit1 though dying shortly afterwards4 ,if the ,moslemin yearned to gain ,paradise1 sword in hand1 martyrs for their ,prophet's dispensation1 those of the old creed remembered the power of their gods1 blowing the sanka1 the war-shell of ,vishnu1 who proved to ,sugriva and ,hanoman his superiority over ,wali by shooting his arrow through seven palm-trunks2 who1 in his fourth avatar1 as narasinha1 the man-lion1 ripped open the belly of the sacrilegious demon ,hiranya ,kasipu4 ,but ,raden ,patah1 marching with his allies1 marvellously helped in the way of the ,lord against the idolaters of ,mojopahit1 the swollen with pride1 proved to be the giant in the shape of a dwarf1 ,vamana1 known from their god's fifth avatar1 conqueror of the three worlds4 ,and ,mojopahit1 so great that the claims to the honour of her foundation1 forwarded by as many princely houses as existed in those days1 were fused in the tradition of her divine origin1 her capital with its hundred gates and shining streets and palaces1 the like of which had never been seen1 having sprung from the earth in one night as a flower at the call of the fragrant dawn1--,mojopahit was overthrown and1 laments the ,javanese chronicle1 the prosperity of the island disappeared4 ,not the last but the strongest bulwark of ,hindusm had ceased to exist1 bearing bitter fruit#ia of presumptuous pride indeed2 the later ,hindu empires1 even ,balambangan1 which gave so much trouble to ,new ,mataram and submitted only to the arms of the ,east ,india ,company1 leaving the ancient creed to die of slow exhaustion in the ,tengger mountains1 were nothing compared to her4 ,like the remains1 near the dessa ,galang1 of the kraton of the kings of the older empire of ,daha1 what has escaped total destruction of the capital of ,mojopahit is constructed of brick4 ,the ruins are situated about eight miles to the southwest of ,mojokerto#ib in the valley of the ,brantas2 near ,ngoomplak was the site of a royal residence in the building of which stone seems also to have been used4 ,raffles1 visiting those heaps of debris scattered over quite a large area1 found but scanty evidence of the fact that he trod the spot where great rulers had employed great architects1 raising great structures for posterity to remember their great deeds by2 ,wardenaar1 whom he had taken with him as a draughtsman1 might have stayed at ,batavia1 though in his ,history of ,java he gives an illustration of 8one of the gateways0 and says that the marks of former grandeur there are more manifest than at ,pajajaran1 which1 well considered1 is saying very little4 ,now1 a century later1 a century of continued neglect1 the general impression is still less calculated to prompt a vision of heroes subjecting thrones and dominions in the short space left them by their ancestor ,ken ,angrok's murderous kris1 defying the grave1 unmindful of ,mpu ,gandring's curse4 ,walking round in an effort to fit the scenery to historical dramas of love1 hate and ambition1 extreme care is necessary to avoid stepping on snakes coiled in dangerous repose or crawling among the brickbats which represent the foundations of princely mansions1 digesting their last meal or hungry after the lizards that move restlessly in and out of chinks and crannies1 lively beasties1 enjoying the sunshine until snapped up1 far more interesting really than the piles of rubbish bearing meaningless names4 ,the natives one meets1 will spin yarns ad libitum anent the numerous graves and crumbling substructures1 but few have an intelligible tale to tell4 ,here are portions of the city-wall2 there the remnant of the gate ,bajang ,ratu2 half a mile farther the aloon aloon1 the taman or pleasance1 the tanks for bathing4 ,a road1 in great need of repair1 leads through the ,trowulan1 the interior2 exterior roads may be taken through ricefields and teak-plantations to the tomb of ,ratu ,champa1 distinguished by curtains which once may have been white4 ,before a small building1 enclosed by a fence1 lies a stone supposed to cover the entrance to a subterranean apartment1 the hiding-place1 it is said1 of the last king of ,mojopahit when his capital was taken by the ,moslim enemy4 ,more graves surround that cache1 graves without and1 to intimate the pre-eminent importance of the elect thus honoured1 graves with dirty curtains1 narrow strips of soiled cloth1 sad offerings to the dead sovereigns of an empire of celestial fame4 ,one feels almost inclined to refuse credence to the grand past this ragged display tries to commemorate and1 from sheer disappointment1 to join the ranks of the sceptics who doubt of the capital of ,mojopahit ever having amounted to much1 and maintain that1 in any case1 it had come down and was of no consequence compared with ,tuban and ,gresik1 already in #adaf1 a century before its falling into the hands of the ,muhammadans4 ,at ,mojopahit it is the same old story of quarrying for building material3 several sugar-mills in the neighbourhood with the dwellings of managers and employees1 have been wholly or partly constructed of ,mojopahit bricks4 ,in #ahhg ,i saw them used for the abutments of bridges1 foremen of the ,department of ,public ,works superintending4 ,a short time before1 twelve copper plates had been found with inscriptions in ancient characters1 which disappeared in a mysterious way4 ,the rechos of ,mojopahit were mostly left alone1 a respectful treatment they owed to their general clumsiness4 ,some two or three miles from the ruins of the capital1 a goodly number stand or lie together fair samples of statuary of the first eastern ,javanese period1 in its extravagance and exaggeration a travesty of the classic art of ,central ,java1 crudity of conception floundering in a redundancy of form also observable at the chandis ,suku and ,cheto2 after the fall of ,mojopahit1 in the second period1 the sculptor reverted to a close study of nature as manifested at the chandis ,toompang and ,panataran2 in the third1 ,hindu methods getting crowded within ever narrower limits1 his fancy betrayed him again into lavish detail as exemplified in old ,balinese imagery4 ,at the gradual extinction of ,hindu ideals of beauty1 realised in decaying stone and brick1 in statues defaced and vanishing like dwindling phantoms1 a growing sensation of emptiness1 emphasised by vague reminiscences of the artistic fullness of the jaman buda1 claiming amends from succeeding creeds1 received little from ,islm and absolutely nothing from ,christianity4 ,under ,dutch rule very few attempts at style in ,java and the other islands of the ,malay ,archipelago have been made at all1 and of these few only one has resulted in an achievement not altogether ridiculous1 namely the old town-hall1 begun in #agjg and finished in #agaj1 of old ,batavia1 where the ,resident has his office1 by the natives very appropriately called rumah bichara1 i4e4 8house of talk04 ,with one or two utterly tasteless exceptions1 the rest of the ,government and private buildings1 including the palaces of the ,governor-,general at ,weltevreden and ,buitenzorg1 descend in their architecture to the lowest grade of the commonplace4 ,to his ,excellency's ill-kept country-seat in the ,preanger subverted ,mojopahit seems almost preferable1 notwithstanding the squalor of its threadbare kan klambu decoration2 the meanness of the viceregal reception- and living-rooms at ,chipanas is not even picturesque and surely some of the public money regularly paid out for the maintenance of the 8,government hotels0 might be profitably expended on the improvement of the surroundings of ,her ,majesty the ,queen of the ,netherlands' representative in the ,dutch ,east ,indies1 including the rickety furniture1 shabby napery1 etc41 which has a pitiful tale of unseemly parsimony to tell3 the superiority of high rank needs decorum and nowhere more than in oriental countries1 a truth lately too much lost sight of by officials1 high and low1 who1 following the example set at ,buitenzorg1 hoarding against the hour of their demission1 presume on their 8prestige0 without anything to back it4 ,mojopahit had ceased to exist and the ,muhammadans with the ,christians in their wake overran ,java1 despoiling the land in which toleration and art could no more flourish1 but dissension throve as the tree prophetically imaged at the ,boro ,budoor1 whose branches bear swords and daggers instead of wholesome1 luscious fruit4 ,the old quarrels over political supremacy were surpassed in violence by religious strife1 and fanaticism is still held responsible in our day for disturbances conveniently ascribed to ,moslim cussedness when the acknowledgment of the real cause1 discontent born from over-taxation1 would be tantamount to a confession of administrative impotence4 ,it was not ,hanoman1 the deliverer of ,sita1 who troubled the repose of ,ravana's garden1 but the raksasas and raksasis who kept her in bonds1 and there are two solutions of the ,dutch ,east ,indian problem1 independent of the issue celebrated in the ,ramayana and both suggested in the ornament of ,java's temples3 the devourer ,time destroying all with his sharp teeth1 and the lion1 or tiger1 to preserve the local colour1 master of the fleeting moment1 with a garland of flowers in his mouth1 image of the clouded present holding out the promise of a brighter future4 ,the two auguries1 dark yet hopeful1 belong to one old order of ideas1 prefiguring things to come in dubious language1 after the wont of oracles1 ancient and modern1 and we can choose the forecast which likes us best4 ,so did the princes of ,daha1 ,tumapel and ,mojopahit1 not to mention the lesser fry1 creatures of a breath as we deem them now1 doughty warriors and far-seeing statesmen to their contemporaries1 who consulted their soothsayers before treading the fields of fame and blood whence they were carried to their graves1 admiring nations rearing the mausoleums which now constitute the greater part of the historic monuments of ,east ,java4 ,the ,pararaton mentions no fewer than seventy-three structures of that description4 ,such as have been left are1 for various reasons1 hard to classify1 the greatest difficulty arising from their bad state of preservation1 though deciphered dates furnish important clues1 for instance regarding some chandis in ,kediri3 ,papoh 7#acja71 ,tagal ,sari 7#acji71 ,kali ,chilik 7#acdi71 ,panataran 7#acai-acge71ic the last named being probably the principal tomb of the dynasty of ,mojopahit4 ,springing from the soil in amazing dissimilitude1 their architects seeking new modes of expression in new forms and never hesitating at any oddity1 at any audacity to proclaim the message of artistic freedom from convention1 they struggled free from the sober lines and harmonious distribution of spaces always maintained in ,central ,java1 to run riot in fantastic innovations4 ,yet1 they held communion with nature and neither shirked their responsibility nor sinned against the proper relations between their purpose and the visible consummation of their task as those of our modern master-builders do who contrive churches like barns or cattle-sheds1 stables like gothic chapels1 prisons like halls of fame and cottages like mediaeval donjons4 ,from such architectural absurdities it is pleasant to turn1 e4g41 to the chandi ,papoh1 a temple whose corner-shrines might pass for daintily wrought golden reliquaries inlaid with jewels1 when the minute detail of their exquisite decoration is shone upon by the setting sun2 or to the chandi ,sangrahan1 when warmed to life from death and fearful decay1 by the blue of a measureless sky1 again budding from the earth1 lovely as the lotus in the bliss bestowing hand of one of the five finely chiselled but headless statues near by4 ,illustration3 ,,xv4 ,,chandi ,,papoh 7,archaeological ,service through ,charls and van ,es47 ,holiness in ,east ,java1 as everywhere in the island1 took naturally to bathing4 ,the retreat ,bookti in the district ,rembes1 set apart for that pastime1 according to the legend by ,semu ,mangaran1 first king of ,ngarawan 7the later ,bowerno and still later ,rembang71 had and has many rivals1 nearly all in possession of antiquities to show their sacred character and the regard in which they were held4 ,some1 like ,bookti and ,banyu ,biru1 the deservedly popular 8blue water0 of ,pasuruan1 are enlivened by colonies of monkeys1 descendants of the apes kept there in ,hindu times1 beggars by profession1 whose antics reap a rich reward4 ,sarangan in ,madioon1 ,trawulan and ,jalatoonda in ,surabaya1 ,jati ,kuwoong and ,panataran in ,kediri1 ,ngaglik and ,balahan in ,pasuruan1 shared in olden times the renown which now is principally divided between ,banyu ,biru and ,wendit1 not to forget ,oombulan1 delightful spots1 typical of a land where life is a continuous caress4 ,ngaglik has a beautiful female statue1 evidently destined to do service as a fountain-figure after the manner of the nymphs which grace ,john the ,fleming's#id ,fontana del ,nettuno in ,bologna and countless other waterworks of his and the succeeding period4 ,wendit has ,sivate remains3 the prime god's nandi1 statues of ,doorga1 ,ganesa1 etc42 most of the lingas and yonis that used to keep them company as reminders of their inmost nature1 have been carried off4 ,banyu ,biru has a statue of ,doorga1 raksasas1 fragments of ,banaspatis1 etc41 and a very remarkable image of ,ganesa with female aspect1 an object of veneration1 especially on ,friday evenings when flowers and copper1 even silver coins are strewn round to propitiate his dual spirit1 candles are lighted and sweetmeats offered to the ancient deities taken collectively4 ,the chandis ,jalatoonda and ,putri ,jawa served a double purpose3 devotion and ablution1 facilities for an invigorating bath playing a prominent part4 ,the former1 in the district ,mojokerto1 residency ,surabaya1 is the mausoleum of ,king ,udayana1 father of ,king ,erlangga1 and one of the oldest monuments in ,east ,java2 the latter1 in the district ,pandakan1 residency ,pasuruan1 has much in common1 as to ornament1 with the chandi ,surawana of the year #acfe and belongs on the contrary to the younger products of ,hindu architecture4 ,chandi ,putri ,jawa means 8temple of the ,javanese princesses01 and ,ratu ,kenya1 the ,virgin ,queen of ,mojopahit 7#acbh-acec71 who spoiled her reputation for chastity by losing her heart to a groom in her stables and making him share her throne1 as the ,damar ,wulan informs us1 may have repaired thither with her ladies-in-waiting to sacrifice and disport in the swimming-tank which is still replenished with water from the neighbouring river1 flowing through the cleverly devised conduits2 or the women of her luckless last successor1 ,king ,bra ,wijaya1 may have taken their pleasure there along with their devotional exercises before the ,moslim torrent swamped their lord and master's high estate1 harem and all4 ,cave temples have been found in ,surabaya 7,jedoong71 in ,besuki 7,salak7 and in ,kediri 7,jurang ,limas and ,sela ,mangleng74 ,the latter1 of greatest interest and ,buddhist in character1 can be divided into pairs3 ,sela ,baleh and ,guwa ,tritis1 ,joonjoong and ,jajar4 ,they are easily reached from ,tuloong ,agoong and1 though the removable statuary is gone1 except the heavy raksasas1 defaced figures on pedestals1 etc41 the sculpture of the interior walls of the caves remained in a tolerable state of preservation4 ,above on the ridge is a spot much resorted to for meditation and prayer1 where the view of the charming valley of the ,brantas1 bounded by the beetling cliffs of the south coast1 the treacherous ,keloot to the northeast and the majestic ,wilis#ie to the northwest1 prepares the soul for communion with the ,spirit of the ,universe4 ,remains of brick structures abound in ,east ,java2 besides the ruins of ,daha and ,mojopahit we have1 for instance1 the walls of the ,guwa ,tritis under the jutting ,gunoong ,budek1 the chandis ,ngetos at the foot of the ,wilis1 ,kali ,chilik near ,panataran1 ,jaboong in ,probolinggo and ,derma in ,pasuruan4 ,the chandi ,jaboong presents a remarkable instance of tower-construction applied to religious buildings in ,java as further exemplified1 conjointly with terraces1 in the chandi ,toompang4 ,the surprises offered by the chandi ,derma are no less gratifying1 firstly to travellers in general who visit ,bangil and1 approaching the temple1 which remains hidden to the last moment1 suddenly come upon it in an open space adapted to full examination2 secondly to archaeologists in particular because1 dating from the reign of ,mpu ,sindok 7#hej ,saka or before7 and therefore one of the oldest monuments in ,east ,java1 if not the oldest in a recognisable state of preservation1 it must be accepted as the prototype of ,javanese architecture bequeathed by ,old ,mataram and is a valuable help to the study of the ancient builders' technique1 showing1 among other things1 says ,dr4 ,brandes1 that the larger ornamental units are of one piece of terra-cotta1 joined to the masonry by means of tenons and mortises4 ,about a mile to the southeast of ,malang1 on the top of a hill near the kampong ,bureng1 are traces of more buildings constructed in brick1 the ruins of ,kota ,bedah4 ,the foundation of that city is attributed to a son of ,gajah ,mada1 chief minister of the last king of ,mojopahit who1 after his master's fall1 fled eastward and1 subjecting ,singosari with adjoining territories1 became the progenitor of the dynasty of ,supit ,urang4 ,the ,moslemin pushing on and harassing the ,saivas wherever met1 invested ,kota ,bedah but1 not prevailing against the strong defence of its commander ,ronga ,parmana1 they caught the citizens' pigeons which flew over their camp and1 attaching pieces of burning match-rope to the birds' wings and tail-feathers1 they set fire to the thatch of the houses within the walls and so gained their end4 ,thereupon they destroyed the royal residence ,gedondong1 to the east of ,malang1 and those of ,supit ,urang took refuge in the ,tengger mountains4 ,this is one of several traditions explaining the existence of ,sivate remains scattered in that neighbourhood3 at ,dinoyo1 ,karanglo1 ,singoro1 ,katu1 ,pakentan1 etc4 ,on the road to ,toompang stands the chandi ,kidal1 one of the best preserved in ,java1 only the upper part of the roof having fallen down4 ,it is the mausoleum of ,anusapati1 the ,hamlet of ,javanese history1 referred to in the preceding chapter1 who was killed in #abdi by his step-brother4 ,his likeness has been sought in an image of ,siva1 on the supposition that some statues of deities there erected1 which point to the use of living models1 represent the features of exalted personages4 ,an enormous ,banaspati over the entrance with smaller ones over the niches1 garudas and lions form the principal decoration in frames of highly finished ornament4 ,dr4 ,brandes remarks that in contrast to the decoration of the temples in ,central ,java1 the heavy ornament of the relief-tableaux is here distributed over the parts which carry the weight of the superstructure1 while the lighter ornament finds employment on the panels and facings4 ,the methods of construction and the treatment of details mark clearly a transition to the younger period of eastern ,javanese architecture best illustrated by the chandi ,panataran4 ,illustration3 ,,xvi4 ,,chandi ,,singosari 7,archaeological ,service through ,charls and van ,es47 ,somewhat older1 built in #abgh as a mausoleum for ,kertanegara1 the last king of ,tumapel1 who reigned from #abfd to #abib and was killed in battle by ,jaya ,katong1 ,king of ,daha1 is the chandi ,singosari1 near the railway station of that name1 an excellent starting-point for an ascension of the fire-mountain ,arjuno or ,widadaren4 ,it has been called one of the most unfortunate monuments in the island2 not1 presumably1 because it shared the common lot1 being gradually deprived of its finest ornament while its stones were freely disposed of for building material without the local authorities minding in the least1 but because the spoliation could be watched by a comparatively large number of planters and industrials1 settled in the neighbourhood1 none of them interfering unless to its detriment4 ,insurmountable difficulties of transportation opposed the removal of the colossal raksasas and so they were left with a nandi1 a sun-carriage and1 among fragments too defaced for recognition1 a ,ganesa and a female ,buddhist saint1 for this temple-tomb is of a mixed character in its religious aspect4 ,a ,javanese chronicle relates that ,kertanegara was buried at ,singosari in #abie1 three years after his death1 in the guise of ,siva-,buddha1 and at ,sakala conformably to a more pronounced ,buddhist rite4 ,he was considered a wise ruler1 notwithstanding his abusive attitude towards ,china1 which had such dire results4 ,he built an edifice1 continues the babad1 divided into two parts1 the lower one ,sivatic1 the upper one ,buddhistic1 because in his life he prided himself on being a ,saiva as well as a ,buddhist4 ,a richly ornamented kala-head in eastern ,javanese style testifies to the admirable technique of the builders and decorators4 ,according to popular belief a subterranean passage leads from ,singosari to ,polaman1 about six miles away1 a place of sacrifice in ,hindu days1 and another to ,mondoroko1 close by1 the site of a ruin with a graceful statue of a female deity1 two smaller ones which remind the beholder of ,siva's and ,doorga's creative faculties1 and sadly damaged bas-reliefs4 ,in #aijd an inscribed stone was recovered1 at the intimation of a native1 from a pond near ,singosari4 ,confirming the data furnished by the ,javanese chronicles1 the inscription states that in #acea ,gajah ,mada1 the ,prime ,minister of ,mojopahit1 acting for ,king ,wisnuwardhani1 founded a temple-tomb1 sacred to the memory of the priests1 ,saivas and ,buddhists1 who1 in the year #abib1 had followed their ,king ,kertanegara in death1 and of the old ,prime ,minister who had been killed at his feet4444 8,see here the foundation of the most honourable ,prime ,minister of ,java's sea-girt domain40 ,illustration3 ,,xvii4 ,,chandi ,,toompang 7,archaeological ,service through ,charls and van ,es47 ,finest and most interesting of the ,malang complex is the chandi ,jago1 about twelve miles to the east of the capital of the assistant-residency1 in the aloon aloon of ,toompang and hence more commonly named chandi ,toompang4 ,it was the first taken in hand by the ,commission appointed in #aija and we owe most of the information1 summarised in the following lines1 to ,dr4 ,brandes' reports on this archaeological debut4 ,a rare example of tower-construction of the kind also observed in the chandi ,jaboong1 superposed on a raised level reached by terraces like those of the chandis ,panataran and ,boro ,budoor1 the extraordinary ,javanese mixture of ,sivasm and ,buddhism with a dash of ,vishnusm has affected it to such a degree that even a recent description declares it to be a ,buddhist pit-temple--a contradiction in terms4 ,begun in the middle of the thirteenth century1 i4e4 in the time of ,tumapel's political ascendency when ,sivasm was the state religion1 if we may speak of a state religion among peoples and princes whose predominant article of faith was tolerance and concession of equal rights to all religions1 some of the learned investigators suppose with ,professor ,speyer that the ,buddhist note was a consequence of the persecution of the adherents of ,gautama's creed in ,india and the hospitality extended to the emigrants all over the island ,java4 ,however this may be1 syncretism became rampant in both the ground-plan and the decoration of the chandi ,toompang1 conceived as an elevated dodecagonal structure on the highest of three irregularly shaped terraces1 something quite exceptional in ,javanese architecture4 ,apparently while the building was in progress1 remarks ,rouffaer1 changes were made in the original project1 and the more is the pity that the temple proper has fallen into almost complete ruin3 not only that the roof is lacking1 but the toppling back wall has dragged the greater part of the north and south walls down with it4 ,the front or west wall has held out to a certain extent with the gateway1 the chief entrance1 a lofty1 rectangular1 monumental passage1 ornamented on both sides and locked with a key-stone whose smooth middle space was destined1 in the opinion of ,dr4 ,brandes1 to receive1 but never did receive1 the date of completion4 ,heaps of debris round about lead to the conjecture that the whole was encircled by a wall of brick and that the dwellings of the keepers or officiating priests were composed of the same material4 ,several of the bas-reliefs fortunately escaped destruction and found an interpreter in ,dr4 ,brandes1 to whom we also owe explanations of the stereotyped decorative scrolls and flourishes4 ,though inferior in workmanship to the reliefs of ,panataran1 those of ,toompang1 8speaking0 reliefs as he called them1 are vigorously animated1 gaining in interest to the devotee as he ascends the terraces1 their masterly treatment culminating in what has been preserved on the portion still standing of the temple-walls4 ,no better illustration of high and low life1 of the nobility and the riff-raff portrayed in classic ,javanese literature1 could be imagined2 the typical perfect knights and sly buffoons are there in crowds1 princes and courtiers1 warriors and peasants1 gallivanting beaux and love-sick maidens1 jealous husbands and frisky wives1 worldwise sages and babbling fools1 ,javanese ,don ,quijotes riding out with their trusty squires of the ,sancho ,panza species1 go-betweens neither better nor worse than ,celestina1 entangling dusky ,melibeas4 ,every honourable soul is set off by his or her vulgar counterpart1 of the earth earthy3 the panakawan 7page7 and the inya 7nurse7 play most important rles1 almost equally important with those of the hero and heroine1 and their characters are1 conformably to the requirements of ,javanese literature1 clumsy and coarse but droll2 their actions1 whether they accomplish or fail to accomplish their tasks1 reflect the performances of the born ladies and gentlemen whom they accompany1 who lose each other and are reunited1 who quarrel and make up1 always in a comely1 stately way1 proud and sensitive1 expressing their feelings in graceful gestures corresponding with the choicest words4 ,when treating of ,panataran1 the ornamentation of the ancient monuments of ,east ,java in its relation to ,javanese literature will be more fully discussed4 ,here1 however1 belongs a reference to ,dr4 ,brandes' ingenious explanation of the slanting stripes or bars1 left uncarved at irregular intervals on the narrow tiers of bas-reliefs at the chandi ,toompang2 comparing those sculptured bands with the lontar#if leaves on which the tales1 whose illustration they furnish1 were originally written1 he saw in them the finishing strokes of the different chapters4 ,the statuary of the chandi ,toompang has been removed1 for the greater part1 to the ,museum at ,batavia and1 possibly1 one or two images1 with ,professor ,reinwardt's invoice of #ahbj1 to that of ,leyden4 ,the deities are brilliantly executed1 of idealistic design1 to borrow ,rouffaer's words1 exuberant to the point of effeminacy4 ,some of them show the conventional ,hindu type and we can imagine the wonderful effect they produced among the essentially ,javanese scenes chiselled on the walls4 ,for their inscriptions ,nagari characters have been used1 a circumstance adduced to prove the predominant ,buddhist significance of this temple4 ,the principal statue seems to have been the decapitated and otherwise damaged1 eight-armed1#ig colossal ,amoghapasa1 ,lord of the ,world1 reproduced by ,raffles1 including the head1 8carried to ,malang some years ago by a ,dutchman10 he informs us1 which1 symbolic of unity with ,padmapani1 displays ,amitabha1 the ,dhyani ,buddha of the ,west1 the ,buddha of ,endless ,light1 in the manner of a frontal4 ,the goddess ,mamakhi1 scarcely less beautifully cut and also reproduced by ,raffles in his ,history of ,java1 was carried to ,england in tota by himself4 ,efforts to trace her whereabouts have not met with success2 she remains more securely hidden1 probably in one of the store-rooms of the ,british ,museum1 than the stone with inscription recording an endowment1 transported from ,java to the grounds of ,minto ,house near ,hassendean1 ,scotland4 ,talking of carrying away3 a little to the southeast of the chandi ,toompang stood a temple of which hardly a stone has been left2 a little to the south of the chandi ,singosari another is visibly melting into air4 ,the ,chinese community at ,malang1 as ,dr4 ,brandes informed the ,batavian ,society of ,arts and ,sciences1 boast of a permanent exhibition of ,hindu statuary and ornament1 consisting of more than #afj numbers1 gathered together in the neighbourhood and on view in their cemetery4 ,baba collects ,sivate and ,buddhist antiquities with great impartiality1 subordinating religious scruples to practical considerations1 as when he lights his long-stemmed pipe at one of the votive candles on the altars in his places of worship4 ,excellent opportunities for the study of ,chinese influences on ,javanese art are offered by the decoration of his temple in ,malang with its motives derived from creeping1 fluttering1 running1 pursuing and fleeing things3 tigers1 deer1 dragons1 bats1 especially bats1 shooting up and down1 flitting off1 swiftly turning back1 circling and scudding4 ,the mural paintings of a good many other klentengs1 too1 are of more than passing interest since they promote a right understanding of the development of the ,greater ,vehicle of the ,law1 which in ,java exchanged fancies and notions with both ,chinese ,buddhism and ,taosm1 discarded the classic for the romantic1 if the expression be permissible in this connection1 and still continues to live among the island's inhabitants of ,mongolian extraction1 as ,sivasm among the ,balinese1 their creative thought moulding old fundamental ideas in unexpected new forms4 ,if ,buddhism brought new elements into ,chinese art1 stimulating ideals and religious imagery1 as the ,count de ,soissons remarks1#ih leading1 for instance1 to sublime personifications of ,mercy1 ,tenderness and ,love1 the debt is repaid and emigrating ,chinese decorators shower the graces of their benign goddess ,kwan ,yin on their labours in distant climes4 ,as to ,java1 with which ,china entertained relations from the remotest ,hindu period1 they animated and reshaped in endless variation the ornament they found1 the makaras1 the kala-heads1 at last1 in their sa-shiho tracery1 being gradually supplanted by the bat-motive4 ,illustration3 ,,xviii4 ,,chandi ,,panataran 7,archaeological ,service through ,charls and van ,es47 ,the chandi ,panataran is the most beautiful1 for many reasons also the most remarkable temple in ,east ,java and1 with the exception of the ,boro ,budoor1 the largest in the whole island4 ,it was discovered by the ,american explorer ,thomas ,horsfield4 ,its foundations and the interior of its sepulchral pit are constructed in brick2 its terraces are in general design not unlike those of the chandi ,toompang2 among its statues1 stolen and scattered far and wide1 it may have contained images of ,buddhist purport and inspiration4 ,sivatic in aspect1 however1 as it stands now1 it is the only one of the monuments in ,kediri sufficiently preserved to determine its religious origin4 ,fergusson classes the chandi ,panataran with the tree- and serpent-temples whose most peculiar feature in the residencies ,malang and ,kediri consists in having 8a well-hole in the centre of their upper platform1 extending apparently to their basement10 and the suggestion occurring to him 8as at all likely to meet the case1 7is7 that they were tree-temples1 that a sacred tree was planted in these well-holes1 either in the virgin soil1 or that they were wholly or partially filled with earth and the tree planted in them40 ,he compares the chandi ,panataran with the ,naha ,vihara or ,temple of the ,bo-tree in ,ceylon and bases its claim to being called a serpent-temple on the fact that 8the whole of the basement moulding is made up of eight great serpents1 two on each face1 whose upraised breasts in the centre form the side-pieces of the steps that lead up to the central building1 whatever that was4 ,these serpents are not1 however1 our familiar seven-headed ,nagas that we meet with everywhere in ,india and ,cambodja1 but more like the fierce1 crested serpents of ,central ,america40 ,so far ,fergusson2 but the well or pit1 notwithstanding the veneration of which the bo-tree was the object1 seems rather to have been a receptacle for the ashes of the princes of ,mojopahit whose memory the founder of this mausoleum1 probably ,queen ,jayavisnuvardhani1 the above-mentioned ,ratu ,kenya1 immortalised in the ,damar ,wulan1 intended to perpetuate4 ,the raksasas1 guardians of the ruins of the principal structure1 bear the date #abdb ,saka 7,a4,d4 #acbj72 a minor temple and terrace give the dates #acfi and #acge1 from which it has been concluded that they were added in the reign of ,ratu ,kenya's son ,hayam ,wurook4 ,the edifice rose from a square base and large statues of ,siva as ,kala adorn the feet of the staircases which lead to the first and second terrace4 ,of the temple proper not a stone is left2 the walls of pit and terraces are covered with sculpture1 a sort of griffins on the highest1 scenes from the ,ramayana and illustrations of other popular poems and fables on the lower ones1 beautiful work but irreparably damaged by official bungling4 ,as if the apathy which suffered this noble monument to be despoiled and the providentially undemolished parts to crumble away1 had not done enough harm1 an amateur invested with local authority conceived a plan of restoration and preservation on official lines1 that beat even the methods of the art-connoisseurs of the chain-gang to whom the care for the antiquities at ,jogjakarta is entrusted1 which would make reconstruction impossible for all time to come and deface the ornament in the thoroughest possible way4 ,in obedience to a ,government resolution of ,june #bb1 #aijj1 ,nr4 #ah1 the ,batavian ,society of ,arts and ,sciences having been consulted with a view to save the chandi ,panataran from further decay1 the ,contrleur in charge of the administrative division within whose boundaries it is situated1 engaged native masons who1 following their instructions1 cemented1 plastered and whitewashed to the tune of fl4 #ihi4aj 7about #hb7 with the magnificent result that the upper terrace has been transformed into a thickly plastered reception-bower for picnic parties2 that everything has received a neat coat of whitewash to rejoice the hearts of housewives out for the day with their husbands1 little family and friends2 that the architectural detail has been hidden under solid layers of mortar and cement4 ,plaster1 whitewash and cement everywhere3 the noses and other extremities of the scanty statuary still in place but injured by time and hand of man1 have been touched up with it2 from top to bottom it has been smeared over whatever could be reached1 making the venerable old temple hideously ridiculous--an orgy of 8conservation0 in the pernicious official acceptance of the word1 hoary age being ravaged by cheap1 destructive 8tidying up04 ,this is how the theory of ,government solicitude for the ancient monuments of ,java works out in practice4 ,it must be considered a miracle or evidence of the native masons possessing a higher developed artistic sense than their employer1 that the bas-reliefs have suffered less than this extraordinary process of restoration and preservation portended1 though much detail has been destroyed1 thanks to their vandalism under orders from ,batavia as understood by the ,philistine of ,blitar4 ,in the first place we find again1 divided by medallions with representations of animal life1 a sculptural delineation of the ,ramayana1 the artist's buoyant fancy1 blending the celestial with the human1 shedding a divine light on acts of most common daily occurrence by making gods and semi-gods partake of man's estate in deeds sublimely natural4 ,the ,ramayana was a great favourite for the decoration of temples1 as proved by the chandis ,panataran1 ,toompang1 ,surawana and ,prambanan2 the ,mahabharata or1 rather1 its ,javanese version1 the ,brata ,yuda1 came as a good second2 the ,arjuno ,wiwaha of the poet ,mpu ,kanwa has been put to use for the embellishment of the chandis ,surawana and ,toompang2 the ,kersnayana for that of the chandis ,toompang and ,panataran4 ,we might do worse and1 in fact1 we are doing worse with our insipid epitaphs and tasteless lapidary pomposity in our cemeteries1 than adorn the tombs of our great departed with imagery taken from our poets1 tellers of good tales and fabulists1 the life they knew so well aiding us to fathom death with its mysteries and promises4 ,the promise most cherished by the ,hindu ,javanese was that personified in ,siva3 death to make new life grow and increase in beauty among mortals feeding on happiness1 by reason of ,kala's breath destroying the misery of tottering old age1 raising man to equality with the gods4 ,that is what the people1 for whom the marvellous ancient monuments of ,java were built1 loved to read in the masterpieces of their literature1 carved for their benefit on the mausoleums of their kings1 heeding the wise lessons for whoso chooses to reflect1 of their ,canterbury ,tales1 ,faerie ,queene1 ,paradise ,lost and ,paradise ,regained2 their ,narrenschiff1 ,dil ,ulenspigel and ,faust2 their ,divina ,commedia and ,decameron2 their ,romancero del ,cid and ,conde ,lucanor2 their nouvelles and joyeux devis1 their vies trs horrifiques of their ,gargantuas and ,pantagruels4 ,life in their thought being intimately connected with death1 which consequently inspired nothing of the abject terror the practice of western ,christianity clothes it with1 in curious contrast to the saving hope of its eastern origin1 we discern cheerfulness1 the effect of serene meditation1 the true amrita1 the rejuvenating nectar of self-existent immortality1 as the keynote also to sensible earthly existence in the infinitely varied forms inviting our examination on the walls of the chandi ,panataran4 ,greift nur hinein ins volle ,menschenleben6 ,if the beholder be a philosopher or an artist1 or both1 desirous to grasp the full life of man1 he will receive rare instruction2 and if a lustige ,person as well1 joy will accrue to him from the sempiternal relevancy of ,javanese allegorical humour1 at times almost prophetic3 the sculptor of the pigheaded but self-satisfied peasant who cultivates his land with a plow drawn by crabs1#ii must have had a vision of the ,dutch ,government endeavouring1 after periodical visitations of worse than customary want1 misery and famine1 to secure progress and prosperity in the island by appointing long commissions with long names1 toiling long years over long reports that leave matters exactly where they were4 ,the skies in the scenery of the bas-reliefs on the lowest terrace of the chandi ,panataran have something very peculiar1 termed cloud-faces by ,dr4 ,brandes1 who recognised in the fantastic forms of the floating vapour as reproduced in the hard stone1 demons and animals to which he drew special attention3 a kala-head1 a furious elephant threatening to charge1 etc4 ,the figures of all bas-reliefs1 mostly perhaps those of the second tier from below1 are notable for their departure from the smooth treatment generally accorded to ,javanese sculpture of the period and best defined perhaps in the phrase of one of ,canova's critics when he derided that artist's 8peeled-radish0 style4 ,angular and flat1 they remind one of the wayang-puppets1 and the obvious correspondence between the manner in which the chandi ,panataran illustrates some of the chief productions of ,javanese literature and the performances of the ,javanese national theatre1 has been cleverly insisted upon by ,rouffaer4 ,the wayang1 i4e4 the dramatic art of the island1 sprang probably from religious observances of pre-,hindu origin4 ,dr4 ,g4 ,a4 ,j4 ,hazeu#ajj is of opinion that it formed part of the ritual of the ancient faith1 and even now the hadat requires a sacrifice1 the burning of incense1 etc41 before the play commences4 ,the ,javanese word lakon1 a derivation from laku1 which signifies both 8to run0 and 8to act01 applied to stage composition1 is the exact etymological equivalent of our 8drama02 the lakon yyr 7layer or lugu7 confines itself to tradition1 the lakon karangan to subjects taken from tradition but freely handled1 the lakon sempalan to episodes from works otherwise unsuitable because of their length4 ,the wayang appears1 according to means of interpretation1 as wayang poorwa or kulit1#aja gedog1 kelitik or karucil1 golek1 topeng1 wong and bbr1 of which the wayang poorwa holds the oldest title to direct descent from the ancestral habit of invocation of the spirits of the dead4 ,the epithet poorwa has been derived from the parwas of the ,mahabharata which1 together with the ,ramayana and similar sources1 offered an abundant supply of dramatic material2 it is from the wayang poorwa that the ,javanese people derive their notions of past events1 as the inhabitants of another island did theirs from their poet and playwright ,shakespeare's histories before eminent actor-managers set to 8improve0 upon his work1 mutilating him on his country's stage in the evolution of a 7fortunately more textual7 interpretation1 pointedly designated as ,shakespearian post-impressionism4 ,a wayang poorwa performance knows nothing of the showy accessories devised by and for our histrions to hide poverty of mentality and poorness of acting1 futile attempts to make up in settings1 properties1 costumes and trappings1 tailoring1 millinery and disproportionate finery what they lack in essentials4 ,the performer sits under his lamp behind a white1 generally red-bordered piece of cloth stretched over a wooden frame on which he projects the figures4 ,he speaks for them and intersperses explanations and descriptions1 directing the musicians with his gavel of wood or horn1 striking disks of copper or brass to intimate alarums1 excursions1 etc4 ,formerly all the spectators were seated before the screen1 as they still are in ,west ,java1 ,bali and ,lombok1 but gradually the men1 separating from the women and children1 moved behind1 so that in ,central and ,east ,java they see both the puppets and their shadows4 ,the wayang gedog1 much less popular than the wayang poorwa1 evolved from it in the days of ,mojopahit as ,dr4 ,l4 ,serrurier informs us2 while the latter draws its repertory principally from ,indian epics1 the former with ,raden ,panji1 ,prince of ,jenggala1 for leading hero1 is more exclusively ,javanese and prefers the low metallic music of the gamelan pelog#ajb to that of the gamelan salendro#ajb with its high notes as of ringing glass4 ,in the wayang kelitik or karucil1 of later invention and never of a religious character1 the puppets themselves are shown3 since wayang means 8shadow01 the use of that word is here1 for that reason1 less correct1 and the same applies to the wayang golek in which the marionettes lose their spare dimensions and become stout and podgy2 to the wayang topeng#ajc and wong#ajd in which living actors perform1 an innovation not countenanced by the orthodox1 who are afraid that such deviations from the hadat may result in dread calamities2 and to the wayang bbr which consists in displaying the scenes otherwise enacted1 in the form of pictures4 ,every one finds in the wayang1 of whatever description1 an echo of his innermost self3 the high-born1 smarting under a foreign yoke1 in the penantang 7challenge and defiance71 the lowly in the banolan 7farce71 the fair ones of all classes in the prenesan 7sentimental1 gushing1 spoony speech74 ,it is a treat to look at the natives1 squatted motionless for hours and hours together1 their eyes riveted on the screen1 listening to the voice of the invisible performer1 marvelling at the adventures of the men and women who peopled the negri jawa before them and faded into nothingness1 even the mightiest among them1 whose mausolea at ,prambanan1 ,toompang1 ,panataran1 bear witness to the truth of those amazing deeds of derring-do1 love and hate1 which will remain the wonder of the world4 ,to them the phantom-shadows are reality of happiness in a dull1 vexatious life which is but the veil of death4 ,from ,java1 says ,dr4 ,juynboll1 the wayang poorwa was transplanted to ,bali1 where it is still called wayang parwa and the puppets present a more human appearance4 ,beside it thrives1 especially in ,karang ,asam1 the wayang sasak1 introduced from ,lombok and more ,muhammadan in character1 whose puppets have longer necks after the later ,javanese fashion4 ,apart from such influences1 ,balinese art1 however1 does not disown its ,hindu-,javanese origin4 ,the inhabitants of the island1 with the exception of the ,bali aga1 the aborigines in the mountains1 different in many respects1 pride themselves on the name of wong 7men of7 ,mojopahit and adhere to the ,brahman religion1 though here and there a few ,buddhists may be encountered4 ,they are divided into castes and ,sivate rites play an important part in the religious ceremonial of the upper classes4 ,the common people have adopted a sort of pantheism which makes them sacrifice in the family circle to benevolent and malevolent spirits of land and water1 domiciled in the sea1 rivers1 hills1 valleys1 cemeteries1 etc4 ,the village temples are more specifically resorted to for propitiation of the jero taktu1 a superior being entrusted with the guidance of commercial affairs and best approached through the guardian of his shrine1 who is held in greater respect than the real priests4 ,every village has also a house of the dead1 consecrated to ,doorga1 a goddess in high repute with those desirous to dispel illness1 to secure a favourable issue of some enterprise1 to learn the trend of coming events2 the heavenly lady enjoys in ,bali a far wider renomme than her lord and master ,siva1 who is honoured in six comparatively little-frequented temples4 ,as to the decadent architecture and excessive ornamentation#aje of the ,balinese houses of worship1 ,dr4 ,brandes considers both the one and the other a direct outcome of the decay of the eastern ,javanese style1 exemplified in the chandis ,kedaton 7#abib71 ,machan ,puti1#ajf ,surawana and ,tegawangi4 ,the leading ideas of the chandi bentar or entrance gate1 and of the paduraksa or middle gate1 adduces ,rouffaer1 are related respectively to those of the gate ,wringin ,lawang at ,mojopahit and of what the present day ,javanese call gapura in sacred edifices as old kratons1 old burial-grounds1 etc42 and to those of the gate ,bajang ,ratu1 also at ,mojopahit4 ,these gates ,wringin ,lawang and ,bajang ,ratu1 states the same authority further1 can teach us moreover a few things anent the architecture of the puris 7palaces74 ,the temples and princely dwellings of ,mataram in ,lombok were completely destroyed during the inglorious war of #ahid2 the country-seat of ,narmada1 however1 a fine specimen of an eastern pleasance1 has escaped demolition4 ,for how long8 ,in this respect it seems relevant to point to the circumstance that the monuments of the smaller ,soonda islands1 much more conveniently placed for the unscrupulous spoiler because under less constant observation of the general public1 are exposed to even greater danger than those in ,java1 ,government supervision counting for worse than nothing4 ,a ,batavia paper denounced quite recently a traveller who had been visiting the ,dutch ,east ,indies and1 armed with letters of recommendation from personages of the highest rank and title in the ,netherlands1 had been collecting curiosa and antiquities on a vast scale only to advertise his collection for sale as soon as unpacked after his return to ,europe4 ,it contained carved ornament from temples1 sacrificial vessels and statuary from ,bali1 besides woven goods1 implements used in batikking1 musical instruments1 wayang-puppets1 etc4 ,the profit attached to this sort of globe-trotting is enormous1 since the coveted objects can be acquired for a mere song by taking advantage of the influential assistance secured through letters of recommendation over high-sounding names4 ,a hint from those in authority goes a very long way with the docile native1 in fact goes the whole way of appropriation at a nominal value1 and the big official who left his post in the exterior possessions1 bound for home1 also quite recently1 with fifty boxes of antique ware of a different kind1 collected in his residency1 made certainly as good a haul as the distinguished1 brilliantly recommended tourist4 ,illustration ,,footnotes3 #hg ,so from the bones of those inhumed sing ,the germs of life and of the spirits4 #hh ,cf4 ,miss ,,martine ,,tonnet',s article in the ,bulletin of the ,dutch ,archaeological ,society1 #aijh1 on the work of the ,archaeological ,commission4 #hi ,cf4 ,professor ,j4 ,h4 ,c4 ,,kern',s paper on ,sivasm and ,buddhism in ,java apropos of the old ,javanese poem ,sutasoma1 ,amsterdam1 #ahhh4 #ij ,the ,pangerans of ,giri continued for almost two centuries to exercise their spiritual authority1 opposing the supremacy of the ,princes of ,new ,mataram until the ,susuhunan ,mangku ,buwono ,,ii4 had the last of them assassinated with all the male members of his family 7#afhj74 #ia ,mojo means 8fruit01 pahit means 8bitter04 #ib ,kerto means 8shining1 glittering04 #ic ,these dates are taken from ,miss ,,martine ,,tonnet',s paper in the ,bulletin of the ,dutch ,archaeological ,society already cited1 where she calls attention to the ardent religious life in that region at that time1 as also attested to by the zodiac-beakers1 mostly unearthed in ,kediri and bearing dates between #acba and #acfi4 #id ,more generally known as ,giovanni da ,bologna1 though a native of ,douay4 #ie ,on the summit of the ,wilis are four heaps of debris and two enclosed terraces2 on its eastern slope is a place of prayer1 consisting of three terraces with bas-reliefs and called ,penampihan1 where the natives still congregate for sacrifice4 #if ,borassus flabelliformis of the palm family1 which1 though hardly used in these times of cheap paper as a provider of writing material1 serves the natives for a hundred other purposes4 #ig ,two of the eight arms were already missing in #ahae to judge from ,raffles' reproduction4 #ih ,see his article1 ,pictorial ,art in ,asia1 in the ,contemporary ,review of ,may1 #aiaa4 #ii ,bas-relief on the remains of a small building detached from the chandi ,panataran proper4 #ajj ,bijdrage tot de ,kennis van het ,javaansche ,tooneel4 #aja ,kulit means leather1 the material of which the puppets are made4 #ajb ,the gamelan1 as already remarked1 is the ,javanese orchestra1 and besides the gamelan salendro and the gamelan pelog1 the gamelan miring should be mentioned1 which varies from the former in the higher pitch of one of the five notes as produced by some of the instruments4 ,the ,kiahi ,moonggang1 a relic of mighty ,mojopahit1 the oldest1 most sacred and least melodious of the royal sets of gamelan instruments1 is played every ,saturday evening and so long as its tones fill the air1 all other gamelans must remain silent4 ,cf4 ,dr4 ,j4 ,,groneman1 ,de ,gamelan te ,jogjakarta4 #ajc ,the topeng actors are masked conformably to the meaning of the word4 ,masques and masquerades seem to be of high antiquity in ,java2 the ,malat of the ,panji-cycle already mentions that kind of dramatic entertainment4 #ajd ,utilised for prose works in the langen driya1 devised by ,pangeran ,arya ,mangku ,negara ,,iv41 and in the langen asmara1 devised by ,prabu ,widaya1 a son of ,paku ,buwono ,,ix4 #aje ,in ,balinese decoration1 writes ,miss ,,martine ,,tonnet 7see her article already cited71 the naga- 7or kala-naga-7 seems to flourish beside the makara-ornament4 #ajf ,lit4 8white tiger01 situated in ,banyuwangi4 ,illustration ,,chapter ,,vii ,,buddhist ,,java ,was ist das ,heiligste8 ,das was heut' und ewig die ,geister ,tief und tiefer gefhlt1 immer nur einiger macht4#ajg ,,wolfgang ,,von ,,goethe1 ,vier ,jahreszeiten 7,herbst74 ,although the theory of ,gautama the ,sugata's life-story being only a repolished solar myth has broken down1 its vital element of emancipation from ,brahmanic bonds is certainly much older than ,buddhism and the traditional ,buddha but an incarnation of ideas long germinating and attaining fruition in his teachings1 precisely as happened with other religious reformers who came and went before and after4 ,the thirty-three gods of the three worlds1 8eleven in heaven1 eleven on earth and eleven dwelling in glory in mid-air10 with their three supreme shining ones1 ,brahma1 ,vishnu and ,siva1 creating1 maintaining1 destroying and creating anew1 began to pall on the human trimoorti of brain1 heart and bodily wants2 the moral dispensation on which the social edifice was founded1 began to need revision4 ,neither did the orthodox1 at first1 refuse admittance to the spirit of emendation4 ,at the sangharama#ajh of ,nalanda the ,vedas were taught together with the ,buddhist doctrine according to the tenets of the ,greater and the ,lesser ,vehicle choix4 ,the ,buddha had to be accepted and was accepted equally by eastern tolerance and western necessity2 while ranking as a divine teacher among his followers in the legendary development of his precepts1 he received honour as an incarnation of ,vishnu among the ,hindus1 says ,sir ,william ,w4 ,hunter1#aji and as a ,saint of the ,christian ,church1 with a day assigned to him in both the ,greek and ,roman calendars4 ,truly1 the ,hindus regarded him as the ninth and hitherto last incarnation of ,vishnu1 the ,lying ,spirit let loose to deceive man until the tenth and final descent of the god1 on the white horse1 with a flaming sword like a comet in his hand1 for the destruction of the wicked and the renovation of the world1 but he was reckoned with and acknowledged in their mythology1 and the remarkable conformity between ,prince ,sarvarthasiddha's lineage1 adventures and achievements1 and those of the seventh avatar of the ,hindu deity in the ,ramayana are certainly more than accidental4 ,the law of mercy to all1 preached by the blissful ,bhagavat1 the ,buddha1 the ,saviour1 affected the ,brahman creed profoundly2 so profoundly in its deductions1 that apprehensive priests resolved to extirpate ,buddhist heresy4 ,but since religious persecution always defeats its purpose1 ,buddhism throve with oppression and holds fully its own against the two other great religions of the present day1 al-,islm and ,christianity4 ,to define the ,buddhism which1 parallel and entwined with ,hindusm1 preceded the ,muhammadanism of ,java1 is no easy matter1 if it is possible at all4 ,for the sake of convenience ,javanese ,buddhism may be classified as mahayanistic1 conformable to the northern canon or doctrine of the ,greater ,vehicle1 versus hinayanistic1 i4e4 conformable to the southern canon or the doctrine of the ,lesser ,vehicle4 ,but the geographical division proposed by ,burnouf1 hardly meets the case of our more advanced knowledge1 which points rather to chronological distinctions4 ,javanese ,buddhism of the younger growth was strongly impregnated with modified ,brahmanic conceits1#aaj in fact a compromise between the hopeful expectation of the ,metteya ,buddha1 the ,messiah promised by ,bhagavat1 and resignation to the decrees of the ,jagad ,guru whom the ,saivas of ,hindu ,java had chosen for their ishta-devata1 the fittest form in which to adore the ,ruler of the ,universe1 ,param ,esvara4 ,siva lost under ,buddhist influences his terrorising aspect as ,kala1 and the two creeds1 giving and taking1 lived in perfect concord4 ,the statues of the ,dhyani ,buddhas partook of ,siva's attributes2 those of their sons1 the ,bodhisatvas1 the ,buddhas in evolution1 and of their saktis1 showed the characteristics of other ,hindu gods and goddesses2 ,siva1 conversely1 assumed the features of ,avalokitesvara or ,padmapani1 the ,buddhist lord of the world that is now4 ,i have already spoken of the enthroned ,bodhisatvas represented at the ,sivate temples of ,prambanan and the more or less ,sivate exterior of the ,buddhist chandi ,mendoot4 ,also of this remarkable syncretism1 born from inbred tolerance1 leading to new transactions with the ,islm1 exacting as it may be everywhere else2 of the deference still shown to deities of the ,hindu pantheon in the shape of jinn2 of the adjustment of ,muhammadan institutions to usages of ,hindu origin2 etc4 ,and ,buddhism1 doubtless1 prepared the mystically inclined mind of the ,javanese ,moslim for the acceptance of the mild ,sufism of the school of ,gazali1 which guides him in submission of will to ma'ripat1 full knowledge1 and hakakat1 most hidden truth1 while he lacks the conviction1 to quote ,professor ,l4 ,w4 ,c4 van den ,berg1 that his neglect of the prescribed daily prayers will make him lose his status as a true believer4 ,illustration3 ,,xix4 ,,chandi ,,kalasan 7,c4 ,nieuwenhuis47 ,central ,java is richer yet in the quality than in the quantity of its ,buddhist monuments1 whose builders and decorators1 like the true artists they were1 told what they knew and believed1 nothing but that1 and therefore told it so well4#aaa ,to examine their work1 beautiful even in decay1 beginning with the smaller structures1 we wend our way again to the plain of ,prambanan4 ,travelling from ,jogjakarta to ,surakarta by rail1 the first stopping-place1 reached in about twenty minutes1 is ,kalasan1 the chandi of that name1 otherwise called ,kali ,bening1 being visible from the train4 ,once it must have been one of the finest and most elaborately wrought in the island2 now only the south front1 nearly tumbling down1 witnesses to its former splendour4 ,it was built in #gjj ,saka 7,a4,d4 #ggh71 a date preserved in a ,nagari inscription which settles that point1#aab and names a ,shailandra prince as its founder in honour of his guru 7teacher71 doing homage to ,tara#aac who1 seeing the destruction of men in the sea of life1 which is full of incalculable misery1 saves them by three means 4442 it speaks of a grant of land to the monks of a neighbouring monastery1 contains several particulars of practical value with an admonition to keep a bridge or dam in repair1 etc4 ,the building1 in the form of a ,greek cross1 had four apartments1 reached by a terrace and four staircases1 the stones of which have been carried away long ago4 ,the four gates1 judging by the little left on one of them1 were profusely decorated with the kala-makara motive dominating the ornament4 ,the roof bore images of ,dhyani ,buddhas in #dd niches and was crowned with #af dagobs so called1 the principal one rising probably to a great height4 ,time and rapine have reduced this magnificent realisation of a glorious conception1 this masterpiece of measured luxury1 as ,rouffaer styles it justly1 to a melancholy heap of debris4 ,the statuary which adorned the exterior is gone1 save three images in their niches1 examples of the gorgeous but never too florid ornamentation2 the interior pictures desolation1 ruin within ruin6 ,a disfigured elephant1 driven by a horned monster1 its mahout1 protrudes from the wall above the throne it protects1 but the cushioned seat is empty4 ,the statue taken from it was presumably a representation of the beatific ,tara glorified in the inscription1 the noble and venerable one1 whose smile made the sun to shine and whose frown made darkness to envelop the terrestrial sphere4 ,it has been surmised that the mysterious female deity in the residency grounds at ,jogjakarta originally filled the throne of ,kalasan1 but the vanished ,tara left her cushion behind and the unknown goddess1 whose lovely body rivals the lotus-flower in august sweetness1 holds firmly to her padmasana in addition to her attributes defying identification as the mother of the ,buddha who is to be4 ,the short distance between the chandi ,kalasan or ,kali ,bening and the chandi ,sari must have been often traversed by the seekers of the noble eight-fold path1 inquirers into the four truths and examiners of the three signs1 mortifiers of their flesh in the practice of the ten repugnances4 ,bikshus1 living on the alms they collected without asking by word or gesture1 without unduly attracting attention1 passing in silence those inclined and those not inclined to charity1 avoiding the houses and people dangerous to virtue1 never tarrying anywhere and never presenting themselves more than three times at the doors of the uncharitable1 eating the food received in solitude before noon1 the only meal allowed to them1 they must have awakened a good deal of pity in their tattered robes1 but one suspects that the mendicant brethren of ,java1 notwithstanding their individual vows of poverty1 were exceedingly wealthy as a community after the wont of their kind everywhere and of whatever religious denomination4 ,their viharas or monasteries1 to judge from the ruins1 were well appointed and the inmates apparently well provided for by princes who took a pride or found their interest in befriending religion and the religious4 ,if strictly adhering to their monastic rules1 the ,buddhist monks had to live in the open1 but the wet monsoon is not a pleasant season in the woods without adequate protection against storm and rain1 and avec le ciel il y a des accommodements1 a motto acted upon long before le ,sieur ,poquelin formulated it4 ,the chandi ,sari is supposed to have been the main structure of the residential quarter destined for the accommodation of the clergy connected with the chandi ,kalasan1 the abode of the monks who knew the greater vehicle of discipline as the inscription has it1 the monastery built by command of the ,shailendra king for their venerable congregation and recommended to his successors in order that all who followed their teachings might understand the cause and effect of the positive condition of things and attain prosperity4 ,the rectangular building had a lower and an upper storey1 both divided into three rooms1 lighted by windows2 the absent roof had niches for statuary1 capped with diminutive domes in the manner of dagobs4 ,in the decoration extensive use has been made of the elephant and the makara1 the fabulous fish with an elephant's head2 images of saints with and without aureoles1 of celestial beings more suggestive of the ,hindu pantheon than of ,buddhist atheism1#aad of the bird-people and divers animals1 enliven the rich1 flowery ornament of the well proportioned facings1 cornices and window-frames4 ,rising gracefully from its solid yet elegant base1 the edifice creates an impression of airiness and stability cleverly combined1 the dark gray colour of the weatherbeaten andesite blending harmoniously with the tender green of the bambu-stools which transport our thoughts to the garden of ,kalandra where the ,buddha1 preaching the lotus of the good law1 made converts foreordained to rank among his most famous disciples3 ,sariputra1 ,maudgalyayana1 ,katyayana4444 ,and the officially licensed sinners against the ancient monuments of ,java1 hardened1 habitual criminals in that respect1 expressly appointed to do their worst at the ,paris ,exhibition of #aijj1 pretended their horrid botch in the ,park of the ,trocadro to be a reproduction d'une puret irrprochable of this rare gem of architectural workmanship1 the chandi ,sari6 ,illustration3 ,,xx4 ,,chandi ,,sari 7,c4 ,nieuwenhuis47 ,as in ,india1 pious foundations for the benefit of those under bond to serve religion1 disregarding worldly considerations1 must have been numerous in ,java1 especially in the plain of ,prambanan1 once studded with viharas like ,asoka's kingdom1 the 8,behar0 of to-day4 ,passing over the monastic claims advanced for some ruins in the southern mountains1 those of ,plahosan cannot be ignored4 ,there we find the remains of two buildings1 formerly enclosed by a wall1 portions of which are recognisable1 and surrounded by smaller structures arranged in three rows1 the inner ones reminding of the style conspicuous in the chandi ,sewu1 about a mile to the west-southwest4 ,close together1 but originally perhaps divided by a second wall1 they are situated due north and south from each other with their entrances to the west2 the roofs have succumbed2 of the two storeys only the lower ones1 containing sufficient space for three rooms1 are tolerably preserved4 ,of a composite nature1 the chandi ,plahosan was presumably rather a sangharama than a vihara and the doorkeeper at the gate1 when all those scattered stones and the smashed1 stolen or otherwise removed statues were still in place1 may have welcomed the wayfarer1 seeking shelter on a tempestuous night1 with such difficult questions as barred access to the hospitality of ,silabhadra1 the superior of ,nalanda1 and his flock4 ,hiuen ,tsiang1 the ,chinese pilgrim1 who could answer them all and a good many more1 has left us a description of the sangharama1 the six consolidated viharas of ,nalanda with their towers1 domes and pavilions1 embellished by the piety of the kings of the five ,indies2 their gardens1 splashing fountains and shady groves1 where he spent several years learning ,sanskrit and the wisdom of the holy books1 never thinking the days too long2 their life of ease1 scarcely conducive to the austere observance of pristine discipline by the ten thousand brethren under vows and novices who crowded thither to seek purification and deliverance from sin in study and meditation1--a description which1 for want of any better1 our fancy takes leave to apply to ,plahosan4 ,though separated by months of travel from ,bodhimanda1 where ,sakyamuni entered the state of the perfect ,buddha and the proximity of which gave ,nalanda its holy character1 the zeal of its scholars and saints1 no less tolerant than ,hiuen ,tsiang's temporary co-students1 who sifted with laudable impartiality the truth from the ,vedas1 from the doctrines of the two vehicles and from the heresies of the eighteen schismatics1 undoubtedly stimulated religious life in the best sense of the word1 religion disposing the mind to kindliness and goodwill1 as it should1 strengthening social ties1 fostering science and art4 ,the walls of the chandi ,plahosan1 in so far as preserved1 are beautifully decorated with sculpture in bas-relief4 ,the delicate tracery of the basement is divided by slender pilasters and the frieze beneath the symmetric cornice is richly festooned1 parrots nestling in the foliage among the flowers4 ,bodhisatvas1 standing between1 formed the principal ornament of panels bordered by garlands with pendent prayer-bells2 the remaining ones grasp lotus-stems springing up to their left2 gandharvas 7celestial singers7 float over the garuda-heads of the portals4 ,the reliefs represent scenes familiar to the observer of native life3 here a couple of men seated under a bo-tree or waringin and saluting a person of rank1 raising their folded hands to perform the sembah2 there a ms#aae with his attendants1 one of whom holds the payoong 7sunshade7 over his head while another carries a senteh#aaf leaf4 ,four stone figures guard the approaches to the viharas1 armed with cudgel and sword2 in one hand they hold the snake which1 after the manner of their kind1 should be worn over one shoulder and across the breast1 replacing the upawita4 ,the statuary which adorned the inner rooms1 was of large dimensions1 finely chiselled and garnished with profuse detail1 concluding from what we know of it4 ,part has been removed to the 8museum0 at ,jogja1 part has been broken to pieces by treasure-hunters who dug holes and sunk shafts1 disturbing the foundations of the chandi ,plahosan in their ignorance of the difference between ,buddhist monasteries and ,hindu mausolea built round funeral pits2 the sorely damaged images of holiness which were suffered to keep their stations by frankly destructive and even more pernicious official or semi-official soi-disant 8preservation and conservation10 are truly pitiful to behold4 ,it seems1 indeed1 as if the monuments specially recommended to official care1 are singled out for the most irreparable injury4 ,on a par with the wild feast of plaster1 cement and whitewash at ,panataran was the wonderful planning of a restoration of the chandi ,plahosan after faulty drawings and the simultaneous disappearance of the staircase and a portion of the substructure of the northern vihara4 ,less than a mile to the south of the stopping-place ,prambanan on the railroad from ,jogja to ,solo1 are the ruins of a group of chandis which may or may not have borne a monastic character1#aag ,sajiwan and ,kalongan being the names connected with it4 ,one of the structures was cleared in #ahic by the ,archaeological ,society of ,jogjakarta and to its statuary applies what has been said of the atrocities perpetrated at ,plahosan3 besides downright spoliation the same errors of omission and commission4 ,from ,prambanan proper1 i4e4 from the ,loro ,jonggrang group1 it is a short walk to the chandi ,sewu1 which means the 8thousand temples04 ,they are situated in ,surakarta1 the boundary between the ,susuhunan's and the ,sooltan's domains1 indicated by two white pillars1 running just behind the smaller structures which face the shrines of ,brahma and ,vishnu flanking that of ,siva4 ,but1 though the walk is short1 it may be a trifle too sunny for comfort even if it be morning and the roads lively with the women returning from market1 the surroundings of the houses of prayer and death gladdening the eye1 presenting a spectacle full of colour and light1 the matrons treading their way statelily and steadily1 the maidens1 decorous and modest1 gliding behind their elders like the devis1 the shining ones descended from the ,ramayana reliefs1 to exhibit their exquisite forms1 bashful however conscious of their worth in that golden1 sweet-scented atmosphere4 ,they have no business at the chandi ,sewu and on the unfrequented by-path thither we proceed alone1 save for a few children with no more to cover their nakedness than the loveliest innocence--a garment quite different from the western cache-misre of mawkish prudery--1 curious to find out what the strangers are about4 ,under their escort we reach the chandi ,loomboong 7padi-shed71 thus called from the size and form of the ruins which compose it4 ,they are sixteen in number1 arranged in a square round the principal structure1 its once octagonal roof1 shaped like a dagob1 attesting to its ,buddhist character1 though it is not unmixed with ,sivate elements as the funeral pits plainly indicate4 ,they were already empty when examined some years ago and the fine statues tradition speaks of1 can nowhere be found4 ,the little ornament left in place and one single fragment of a bas-relief give a high idea of the decoration when the beauty of these temples had not yet faded away1 exactly as in the case of the chandi ,bubrah1#aah another shrine on the via sacra which connects the ,loro ,jonggrang and ,sewu groups4 ,to quote ,major van ,erp again3 ,the state of affairs here is very sad2 of the chandis ,ngaglik1 ,watu ,gudik and ,geblak1 which the memory of the oldest inhabitants puts somewhat farther north1 even the site cannot now be located4 ,illustration3 ,,xxi4 ,,raksasa ,,of ,,the ,,chandi ,,sewu 7,centrum47 ,by the time we reach the thousand temples1 ,surya1 the sun-god1 has driven his fiery carriage to the zenith of his daily course through the air and the fire-eyed raksasas1 who guard the enclosure of holiness2 two for each of the four entrances1 stretch their gigantic limbs with dreadful menace in the warm brilliancy of indefinite space1 tangible terror4 ,down on one knee to strike1 snakes hanging from their left shoulders as poisonous baldrics1 they seem to mark the transition between the worship of ,kala1 quickening destruction personified1 and the creed which hails in death the portal to nirvanic nothingness1 the liberation from life's miseries4 ,behind them reigns the stillness of a tropical noon1 subduing heaven and earth to silent but intensely passionate day-dreams4 ,the kingly sun1 the sun of ,java1 wide-skirted ,jagannath1 having mounted to the summit of the fleckless sky1 pauses a moment before descending1 he1 the light of the world1 exciting to generative emotion all that dwells below4 ,the fructifying charm of his touch is manifest in the exuberant fertility of this island fortunate2 in the vitality of its people1 unrestrained in creative capacity by centuries of spoliation2 in their mental make-up1 revealed in their history1 their beliefs1 traditions and legends4 ,the legend of the chandi ,sewu may be adduced as an instance in point1 though nothing but a different version of the legend of the chandi ,loro ,jonggrang4 ,one ancient effort to account for architectural wonders deemed of supernatural origin1 by an explanation whose ,indian basic idea was transplanted from the fields of eastern to those of western folk-lore too1 serving at first1 perhaps1 for all the monuments in the plains of ,prambanan and ,soro ,gedoog1 became the framework of different tales adapted to the requirements of different localities4 ,here it is the story of ,mboq ,loro ,jonggrang repeated1 and her lover ,raden ,bandoong ,bondowoso is the son of the beautiful ,devi ,darma ,wati1 daughter of ,prabu ,darmo ,moyo1 king of the mighty empire of ,pengging1 whose two brothers1 ,prabu ,darmo ,haji and ,prabu ,darmo ,noto1 were kings respectively of ,slembri and ,sudhimoro4 ,the babad chandi ,sewu describes a public function at the ,court of ,prabu ,darmo ,moyo1 who sits on his throne of ivory1 inlaid with the rarest gems4 ,the aloon aloon outside swarms with his warriors and while he pronounces judgment and invests and displaces1 ambassadors from ,prambanan are announced4 ,they deliver a letter from ,prabu ,karoong ,kolo1 in which the ,boko1 the giant-king1 asks ,prabu ,darmo ,moyo's daughter1 ,devi ,darma ,wati1 in marriage4 ,the ,princess1 acquainted with his suit1 declares that she will marry no one but the man1 be he king or beggar1 able to rede a riddle which is given1 written on a lontar-leaf1 to the ambassadors who thereupon depart4 ,on their arrival at ,prambanan1 ,prabu ,karoong ,kolo breaks impatiently the seal of the communication2 learning its meaning1 his eyes dart flames1 his mouth foams and1 tearing the lontar-leaf into pieces and trampling upon it1 making the earth tremble and disturbing the sky with his noisy wrath1 he collects his army and marches against ,pengging to raze the kraton of ,prabu ,darmo ,moyo and carry ,darma ,wati off4 ,the ,king of ,pengging1 warned of the approaching danger1 implores his brother ,darmo ,noto1 ,king of ,sudhimoro1 to assist him2 with his brother ,darmo ,haji1 ,king of ,slembri1 an odious tyrant1 he has broken long ago4 ,prabu ,darmo ,noto orders his son1 the ,crown ,prince ,raden ,damar ,moyo1 to lead his troops against the giant-king4 ,traversing the woods at the head of his men1 scaling cliffs and climbing mountains1 crossing rivers and ravines1 attacked by evil spirits and wild animals1 ,damar ,moyo1 strenuous in the cause of his uncle and his fair cousin1 hastens to their defence but1 leaving every one behind1 he loses his way and1 tired out at last1 falls asleep4 ,a strange sensation of heavenly joy awakens him and1 opening his eyes1 he beholds the supreme god1 ,bathara ,naradha1 who presents him with the celestial weapons of the abode of the immortals1 ,jonggring ,saloko1 salves his forehead with the divine spittle to make him invulnerable and invincible1 and puts into his hand the flower ,sekar ,joyo ,kusumo which will enable him to rede ,devi ,darma ,wati's riddle4 ,strengthened and more enthusiastic than ever1 ,raden ,damar ,moyo1 having rejoined his army1 engages the giants of ,prambanan and defeats them1 astonishing friend and foe with his acts of superhuman prowess4 ,he redes the riddle1 marries ,darma ,wati1 and his father-in-law1 ,prabu ,darmo ,moyo1 appoints him senapati1 i4e4 commander-in-chief of the forces of ,pengging4 ,the legend being too long for insertion in full1 besides its containing details too candidly illustrative of the generative emotion engendered by the wide-skirted ,jagannath1 a summary of the events which led to the foundation of the chandi ,sewu must suffice4 ,boko ,prabu ,karoong ,kolo1 ,king of ,prambanan1 loses his life in another attempt at the subjugation of ,pengging1 and ,raden ,damar ,moyo1 having nothing more to fear from that side1 but naturally inclined to strife and contest1 resolves to take part in the wars then raging among the kings of the ,thousand ,empires1 ,sewu ,negoro4 ,so he leaves his wife and the son born to them1 ,raden ,bandoong1 who grows into a comely youth4 ,arriving at manhood and still in complete ignorance of his sire's name and lineage1 the prince questions his mother on that subject but1 in obedience to an express order from the gods1 she refuses to tell him4 ,vexed and suspicious1 he equips himself from the armoury of his grandfather1 ,prabu ,darmo ,moyo1 and eludes maternal vigilance1 escaping from the kraton in search of his father4 ,after many adventures1 culminating in a conflict with his parent in the ,sewu ,negoro1 the two meeting and exchanging hard blows and parting as strangers1 he reaches ,prambanan1 kills ,tumenggoong ,bondowoso1 left in charge of that realm1 and falls in love with ,devi ,loro ,jonggrang1 daughter of the late ,boko ,prabu ,karoong ,kolo4 ,but he has been forestalled in her favour by his cousin ,raden ,boko1 who is to become her husband on condition of the overthrow of ,pengging and ,sudhimoro4 ,suspecting a rival while maturing his plans for conquest1 this ,raden ,boko takes a mean advantage of the lady by a trick learnt from a recluse who lends him a tesbeh 7string of prayer-beads7 which possesses the power of transforming its temporary owner into a white turtle-dove4 ,so disguised1 he flies to the women's quarter of the kraton of ,prambanan and attracts the attention of ,loro ,jonggrang1 who responds to the lovely bird's advances1 puts it in her bosom and pets and fondles it to her heart's content until1 alas6 it is killed by an arrow sped from the never erring bow of ,raden ,bandoong1 thanks to the busybodies of the palace having informed him of the idyllic progressive cooing4 ,woman-like1 the bereaved ,devi submits to the inevitable after a period of passionate mourning1 and promises her heart and hand to the stronger if not more dexterous suitor on condition of his building a thousand temples in one night between the first crowing of the cock and daybreak4 ,with the help of the gods of ,jonggring ,saloko he accomplishes the task1 but at the moment that he whispers astaga#aai chandi ,sewu1 struck by the sight of the moonlit plain blossoming into a city of holiness1 the immortals change him for his arrogant prayer into a monster of horrible aspect4 ,woman-like again1 the ,devi declines to keep her promise1 pleading that she engaged herself to a man and not to a brute1 and seeks refuge on the banks of the river ,opak4 ,frightened by the persecution of ,raden ,bandoong1 who tracks her from cave to cave1 she gives untimely birth to a daughter1 the fruit of her affection for turtle-doves1 and dies4 ,the brutal1 baffled lover still haunts the neighbourhood1 which therefore native mothers-to-be scrupulously avoid1 though it is not observed that the virgins derive much instruction from the legend as far as concerns the consequences of ,devi or ,mboq ,loro ,jonggrang's amours at an earlier stage4 ,from legendary lore we return to fact in the matter of the foundation of the chandi ,sewu by taking cognisance of an inscription1 mahaprattaya sangra granting or sang rangga anting1 unearthed near one of its #bdf 7not thousand7 temples1#abj extolling the munificence of the magnanimous ,granting or ,anting4 ,the style of writing justifies the conjecture that the buildings date from about the year #hjj and are consequently of one age with the ,boro ,budoor4 ,if not erected by one architect at the command of one bounteous prince1 and the gifts of several pious souls who possessed the wherewithal for devotional works1 they were at least constructed according to one plan steadily kept in view1 a good deal more than can be said of many religious edifices in western climes1 which owe their existence less to co-operative than to contentious piety4 ,in respect of area the largest of the temple groups in ,java1 the first impression received from it is that of a chaos of ruins1 confusion being worse confounded by the quarries opened here and there1 and partly filled again with earth and rubbish1 while a luxuriant vegetation1 regaining on the inroads of mattock and pickaxe1 quickly covers what they disturbed4 ,looking closer1 the separate shrines with their elaborate tracery appear in the fiery embrace of the sun like sparkling jewels1 trembling with delight in the luminous atmosphere beneath the immaculate sky2 the very marks of decay and ravaging time are beautiful2 the weeds clustering round the broken ornament1 the toppling walls1 rouse to fanciful thought4 ,no sound is heard2 nothing stirs while we make our way to the principal structure1 once lording it over the smaller ones which stood squarely in four lines1 #bh for the inner1 #dd for the next1 #hj for the third1 #hh for the outer circumvallation4 ,excepting those of the second row1 their entrances faced inward and amidst their scanty remains the foundations have been uncovered of five somewhat larger ones3 two to the east1 two to the west and one to the north2 like the outlying buildings1 these are1 with regard to their superstructures1 as if they never existed4 ,of the terraces and staircases no other trace is left than the telltale unevenness of the ground4 ,the resemblance in constructive methods between the chandi ,sewu and the chandi ,prambanan strikes one at the first glance2 the same builders1 it is surmised1 strove here to do for the ,triratna#aba what there they did for the ,trimoorti2 and if not the same1 they discerned equally the one truth bound up in the old creed and the new1 and expressed it with equal skill and conviction in these twin litanies of stone--so the workers wrought and the work was perfected by them4 ,the decorators in charge of the finishing touches1 embellished this city of temples with a wealth of ornament which in the quivering glare of day1 despite ravage of time and pillage1 clothes sanctity in robes of encrusted winsomeness4 ,the sculpture of the chandi ,sewu1 says a visitor of a century ago1 is tasteful1 delicate and chaste4 ,much of what he based his judgment on1 has since been carried off or demolished1 but what remains fully bears him out3 foliage and festoons1 garlands and clustered flowers1 distributed over facings divided into lozenges and circles by pilasters and fantastically curved lines1 with lions1 tigers1 cattle and deer in ever varying abundance1 awaken reminiscences of the carvings which excited our admiration at ,prambanan and lead to the question3 ,did the richly framed panellings of the twenty-four external wall-spaces of the central temple exhibit scenes from the epics and fable-books1 besides this sumptuous adornment1 to match the almost uniform bas-reliefs of the lesser structures8 ,if so1 they must have rivalled the artistic excellence of the ,ramayana reliefs which beautify the shrines of ,siva1 ,brahma and ,vishnu4 ,and a second question arises3 ,was the central temple the depository of a relic8 ,in connection with this query it deserves to be noticed that1 generally speaking and excepting statuary1 the internal wall-spaces of the chandi ,sewu lack ornament1 evince a soberness in marked contrast to the extravagant representations of the abode of bitterness1 as if sign- or house-painters had been entrusted with the illustration of ,dante's ,inferno1 repulsive attempts la ,wiertz minus the talent to be admired in the ,rue ,vautier at ,brussels1 nightmares of crude drawing and cruder colouring to depict perverse torture1 ,i found in eastern edifices raised to satisfy priestly conventions1 even in ,ceylon1 the island of the doctrine that the ,buddha next to dwell on earth is the ,metteya ,buddha1 the ,buddha of ,kindness4 ,more in harmony with the soul's yearning for his kingdom to come1 is the lotus motive happily adapted to the decoration of the chandi ,sewu1 especially in one of the partially preserved small temples of the outer file1 to the east of the southern entrance3 from a strong stem which separates into three branches1 on three of the sides1 the entrance taking up the fourth1 three lotus-flowers spring from the soil to carry1 in a finely chiselled niche1 the 7vanished7 image of the expected one1 the gone-before and coming-after4 ,a few of the outlying buildings have plain facings without any ornament at all1 from which it has been concluded that here too something happened to stop the labour in progress4 ,where completed1 the plump-bellied flowerpot1 a familiar feature in ,javanese ornament1 enters largely into the decorative design and its frequent repetition bestows on the sculpture of the chandi ,sewu1 otherwise so very similar to that of ,prambanan1 a character all its own4 ,illustration3 ,,xxii4 ,,detail ,,of ,,the ,,chandi ,,sewu 7,archaeological ,service through ,charls and van ,es47 ,it has already been remarked that the interiors of the structures which together form this group1 are almost bare of decoration4 ,the recesses of the central temple1 whose external ornament surpasses in luxuriance everything met elsewhere in ,java1 three small interconnected apartments projecting on the west1 north and south1 while the eastern front is broken by the porch1 have only empty niches#abb framed by pilasters with flowery capitals4 ,the inner chamber1 no less soberly decorated and stripped of the statuary it possessed1 en nglig as it were1 ,belle sans ornement1 dans le simple appareil ,d'une beaut qu'on vient d'arracher au sommeil1 has on its western side a raised throne of ample dimensions1 once perhaps occupied by the large image without head and right hand1 dug out of the debris and carried off to the 8museum0 at ,jogja4 ,it still awaits identification and the difficulty is increased by the impropriety of speculating on the likelihood that representations of the universal spirit were admitted in a temple built for the ritual of a creed which acknowledges neither a god nor a soul aspiring to communion with the divine essence in prayer1 desiring nothing but annihilation4 ,yet the ,buddhists did learn to pray and to give transcendental ideas a tangible expression in human shape1 though they never sank to idolatry4 ,and in ,java1 mixing freely with ,brahmanism1 not impermeable to the ,sankhya doctrine1 ,buddhism seems to have swerved occasionally from its longings for extermination in the ,nirvana to entertain vague1 confused notions of something more hopeful1 witness the oft repeated ,banaspatis4 ,herein lies1 perhaps1 the explanation of otherwise embarrassing peculiarities observed in the conception1 the attributes and attitudes of many ,buddhist statues in the island which1 for the rest1 are distinguished by great simplicity of execution4 ,so is the throne which extends over half the floor of the inner room of the central temple of the chandi ,sewu1 and the same applies to the few headless ,dhyani ,buddhas lying round1 sundered from their stations where they faced the cardinal points1 the four quarters of the world1 and the first of them1 the very elevated1 facing the sky4 ,a gigantic finger of bronze1 found in the chapel of the throne1 supports the theory that the principal statue was of that alloy1 an additional incentive to plunder--ancient images of bronze have become scarce indeed3 the form of the cushioned pedestal in the chandi ,kalasan too betokens a captured metallic ,tara1 to the further detriment of the domiciliary rights there claimed for the homeless ,lady of ,mystery in the residency grounds at ,jogja4 ,although the bulky raksasas which keep her company in that place of exile1 prove that official vandalism did not hesitate to avail itself of facilities of transportation afforded by forced labour1 the uncommonly heavy guardians of the chandi ,sewu balked even the absolute decrees of local despotism4 ,everything desirable that could be detached and removed1 is1 however1 gone4 ,those in authority having exercised their privilege by helping themselves1 mere private individuals gleaned after their reaping1 with or without permission1 and exceedingly interesting collections of antiquities were formed by owners of neighbouring sugar-mills4 ,what they appropriated1 did1 at least1 remain in the country1 but1 among other sculpture1 the lion-fighting elephants which lined the fourteen staircases1 ten feet high and eight feet wide1 still in place as late as #ahda1 cannot even be traced--they are dissolved1 battling animals1 staircases and all4 ,it is always and everywhere the same story3 statuary and ornament are stolen1 treasure-seekers smash the rest1 the stones are prime building material and who cares for the preservation of worthless1 because already looted and demolished1 tumble-down temples8 ,the monuments in the plain of ,soro ,gedoog have suffered exceptional outrages2 at this moment hardly anything is left because there exists absolutely no control1 says ,major van ,erp4 ,his investigations disclosed that stones taken from the chandi ,prambanan and1 when this was stopped1 from the chandi ,sewu1 were used for the building of a dam in the river ,opak4 ,had not public opinion made itself heard1 both these temples might have shared the fate of the chandi ,singo1 once one of the finest in that region1 whose gracefully decorated walls excited the admiration of ,brumund in #ahde1 whose substructure with damaged ornament still held out until #ahhf1 while now the ground-plan cannot even be guessed at and deep holes1 dug to get at the foundations1 are the only indications of the razed building's site4 ,to give an idea of the quantity of material used for the dam in the river ,opak1 ,i transcribe the measurements of its revetments3 #ce metres on the left and from #ej to #fj metres on the right bank2 the facings1 running up to a height of #f metres1 make it evident beyond doubt where the stone for that work was quarried4 ,neither are we quite sure that such frightful spoliation belongs wholly to the past4 ,the value of ,government solicitude1 so eloquently paraded in circulars and colonial reports1 can be gauged from the fact1 stated by ,mr4 ,l4 ,serrurier1 that1 during officially sanctioned excavations among the ruins of the chandis ,plahosan and ,sewu1 the stones brought to the surface were simply thrown pell-mell on a heap without their being marked as to locality and position1 quite in keeping1 it should be added1 with the prevailing custom4 ,this accounts for the sad desolation1 more pitiful since soi-disant archaeologists got their hands in1 shone upon at the chandi ,sewu as at the chandis ,plahosan1 ,sari1 ,kalasan1 ,panataran1 to restrict myself to one name from ,east ,java1--shone upon by the sun1 the egg of the world1 whose yolk holds the germ of creation1 ,surya1 the solar orb personified1 is a companion wonderfully1 grandly suggestive among the 8thousand temples0 of life accomplished1 decaying into new birth1 whether he scorches the earth and withers the drooping flowers1 or climbs a dim1 hazy sky to attract the vapours that descend again in precious showers when the clouds collect and cover the stars1 charming from darkness the lovely dawn and budding day4 ,the meditations he disposes the mind to are mostly directed to the future1 dreams of coming happiness1 and even the contemplative ,buddhist images under the ,banaspatis seem agitated by their knowledge of a promise excelling the hope of ,nirvana1 which cannot satisfy the aspirations of the children of this island1 full of the joy of existence4 ,what will the future bring to them1 the people cradled in tempest1 who were taught forbearance by a creed profoundly imbued with the inner nature of things1 and submission when misery of war and pestilence came as the harbingers of bondage to an alien race8 ,too trustful1 they sacrificed their birthright for a mess of pottage and after the encroachments of the ,company1 past ages crowding on their memory1 the felicity of the jaman buda assumes to their imagination a tangible shape in the ancient monuments founded by the rulers of their own flesh and blood1 edifices so widely different from the meretricious ,government opium-dens and ,government pawn-shops in which the predatory instinct of the present masters manifests itself--layin dahulu1 layin sekarang4#abc ,resigned to fate1 which wills the mutability of earthly relations1 the ,javanese philosopher--and all ,javanese are philosophers in their way--takes the practical view of the ,vedantins1 considering that calamities mean purification to the victor in moral contest1 and looking for a serene morning after a night of distress4 ,he has more beliefs than one to draw upon when seeking refuge in his cherished maxim1 his phlegmatic apa boleh buwat1#abd and doubts not the possibility of obtaining a ,moslim equivalent for the ,buddhist arahat1 the perfect state1 irrespective of outward conditions1 by the help of a ,hindu deity1 ,ganesa1 who knows what is to happen and1 as ,vinayaka1 the guide1 conquers obstacles hurtful to his votaries in the course of events preordained according to their ,islmic doctrine--syncretism yet more complex than that of their forefathers of ,old ,mataram6 ,watch well the heart1 commanded the master4 ,as to the watched heart dominating the senses1 the ,javanese1 rather a mystic than an ascetic1 and predominantly a child of nature1 whence he proceeds and whither he returns in his search of the divine1 prefers enjoyment of the world's fullness to mortification of the flesh4 ,he feels much more closely drawn to ,padmapani1 the lord of the world that is1 than to any other of the emanations of the essence of the ,universe1 be it ,diansh ,pitar or the ,one1 the ,eternal1 who sent ,muhammad as a mercy to all creatures1 or the ,adi-,buddha1 the primitive1 the primordial1 the incarnate denial of god and soul together4 ,whatever he prays by1 the deity involved is one of overflowing gladness1 who presents a flower with each hand1 like ,surya when circling land and sea and air in three steps2 and1 notwithstanding his sorrows1 he rests content with his portion for1 though the light of day sets1 it will rise again in glory4 ,illustration ,,footnotes3 #ajg ,what is ,holiest8 ,that which now and ever the souls of men ,have felt deep and deeper1 will always more unite them4 #ajh ,an endowed convent whose inmates spent their lives in studious seclusion4 #aji ,the ,indian ,empire3 its ,peoples1 ,history and ,products4 #aaj ,after this was written a remarkable article by ,dr4 ,l4 ,a4 ,,waddell in ,the ,imperial and ,asiatic ,quarterly ,review 7,january1 #aiab71 insisting upon the theistic nature of ,buddhism and speaking of the profound theistic development which had taken place--about #ajj ,b4,c4--in the direction of the ,mahayana form of that faith1 pointed to the fact of ,brahmanic gods being also conspicuous in the earliest ,buddhist sculptures of ,india1 adorning1 e4g41 the stupa of ,bharhoot4 #aaa ,on rereading this sentence1 ,i see that in writing it ,i was with ,ruskin at the ,shepherd's ,tower4 ,no harm done6 ,his observations bear repetition1 notwithstanding the present fashion of pooh-poohing him1 and setting myself in the pillory as a plagiarist1 ,i improve the opportunity by making amende 7honorable1 ,i hope7 also for what this book owes to many other lovers of and thinkers on art1 not scrupulously acknowledged in every instance because ,i compose without the help of numbered and dated notes1 and memory1 though not failing in the essence of what has been stored from their treasures1 disappoints at times in the matter of chapter and verse4 #aab ,the chandi ,kalasan is the only one in ,central ,java of which we possess the exact date4 #aac ,the taras are the saktis of the five ,dhyani ,buddhas that occupy a place in ,javanese speculative philosophy1 ,vajradhatvisvari pairing with ,vajrochana1 ,lotchana with ,akshobhya1 ,mamaki with ,ratnasambhava1 ,pandara with ,amitabha1 and ,tara par excellence with ,amoghasiddha1 these unions being responsible for the ,bodhisatvas ,samantabhadra1 ,vajrapani1 ,ratnapani1 ,padmapani and the coming ,vishvapani4 #aad ,here another quotation may be permitted from ,dr4 ,l4 ,a4 ,,waddell',s article1 ,evolution of the ,buddhist ,cult1 its ,gods1 ,images and ,art 7,the ,imperial and ,asiatic ,quarterly ,review1 ,january1 #aiab73 ,and notwithstanding that the ,mahayana was primarily a nihilistic mysticism1 with a polytheism only in the background1 the latter soon came to the front and has contributed more than anything else to the materialising and popularity of ,buddhism4 #aae ,ms1 meaning 8gold01 is used as a predicate of nobility and also as a title conferred in polite address on persons of lower birth4 #aaf ,alocasia macrorrhiza ,schott of the ,aracaceae family2 the leaf1 which once betokened dignity1 is still used to protect the head and upper part of the body against rain2 other parts of the plant serve sometimes as food4 #aag ,the pit there discovered makes the monastic character more than doubtful while it accentuates the syncretism in which also the ornament of these chandis does not differ from all ,central ,javanese religious structures of the period1 except those on the ,ding plateau4 #aah ,best translated by 8ruin04 #aai ,an exclamation of wonder and surprise4 #abj ,and removed to the 8museum0 at ,jogjakarta4 #aba ,the three gems3 the ,buddha1 the law and the congregation4 #abb ,offering accommodation1 inclusive of the holy of holies1 for #db statues1 which had already flown in #ahab4 #abc ,different of yore1 different now4 #abd ,there is no help for it2 lit4 8what can be done80 ,illustration ,,chapter ,,viii ,,the ,,approach ,,to ,,the ,,boro ,,budoor ,the goodly works1 and stones of rich assay1 ,cast into sundry shapes by wondrous skill1 ,that like on earth no where ,i reckon may2 ,,edmund ,,spenser1 ,faerie ,queene1 ,canto ,x4 ,among the ancient monuments of ,insulinde#abe the chandi ,boro ,budoor stands facile princeps4 ,situated in the ,kadu1 it is easily reached from ,jogjakarta1 about twenty-five miles1 or from ,magelang1 about eighteen miles distant1 by carriage or1 still more easily1 by taking the steam-tram which connects those two provincial capitals and leaving the cars at ,moontilan where an enterprising ,chinaman provides vehicles1 at short notice1 for the rest of the journey via the chandi ,mendoot on the left bank of the ,ello1 just above its confluence with the ,progo4 ,no better approach to the most consummate achievement of ,buddhist architecture in the island or in the whole world1 can be imagined than this one1 which leads past the smaller but scarcely less nobly conceived and conscientiously executed temple1 a commensurate introduction to the wonderful1 crowning edifice across the waters1 portal to the holiest in gradation of majestic beauty4 ,the ,kadu has been well styled the garden of ,java1 as ,java the pleasance of the ,east1 full of natural charms which captivate the senses1 abounding in amenities soothing to body and soul2 but if it had nothing more to offer than the ,boro ,budoor and the ,mendoot1 it would reward the visitor to those central shrines of ,buddhism far beyond expectation4 ,behind the horses1 a mental recapitulation of the characteristics of ,hindu and ,buddhist architecture in the golden age of ,javanese art will not come amiss1 and there may be some wonder that with so much veneration for the ,bhagavat in friendly competition with the ,jagad ,guru1 nowhere in the negri ,jawa an imprint is shown of the blessed foot of promise1 with the deliverer's thirty-first sign1 the wheel of the law on the sole4 ,if1 in explanation1 it should be adduced that he never travelled to those distant shores1 what does that matter8 ,has he been in ,ceylon8 ,and how then about the sripada1 the record left there as in so many other countries1 with the sixty-five hints at good luck8 ,while we revolve such questions1 our carriage rolls on2 the coachman cracks his whip1 evidently proud of his skill in turning sharp corners without reining in2 the runners jump with amazing agility off and on the foot-board and crack their whips1 rush to the front to encourage the leaders of the team up steep inclines1 fall again to the rear when it goes down hill in full gallop4 ,the exhilarating motion makes the blood tingle in the veins4 ,how lovely the landscape1 the valley shining in the brilliant light reflected from the mountain slopes1 444 ,another turn and we dash like a whirlwind past the kachang-oil#abf and boongkil#abg mill of ,mendoot2 still another turn and1 with a magnificent display of his dexterity in pulling up1 our ,jehu brings us to a sudden standstill before the temple4 ,opposite is a mission-school conducted for many years1 with marked success1 by ,father ,p4 ,j4 ,hoevenaars1 in his leisure hours an ardent student of ,java's history and antiquities1 ever ready to apply the vast amount of learning accumulated in his comprehensive reading on a solid classical basis1 to the clearing up of disputed points1 though his modesty suffered the honours of discovery to go to the noisy players of the archaeological big drum4 ,his large stock of information was and is always at the disposal of whoever may choose to avail himself of it and1 writing of the chandis ,mendoot and ,boro ,budoor1 ,i acknowledge gratefully the benefit derived from my intercourse with this accomplished scholar1 lately transferred to ,cheribon4 ,the exact date of the birth of the chandi ,mendoot is unknown but there are reasons for believing that it was built shortly after the chandi ,boro ,budoor1 at some time between #gjj and #hej ,saka 7#ggh and #ibh of the ,christian era71 in the glorious period of ,javanese architecture to which we owe also the ,prambanan group1 the chandis ,kalasan1 ,sewu and whatever is of the best in the island4 ,there are additional reasons for believing that the splendour loving prince who ordered the ,boro ,budoor to be raised and under whose reign the work on that stupendous monument was begun1 founded the ,mendoot too as a mausoleum to perpetuate his memory1 and that his ashes were deposited in the royal tomb of his own designing before its completion4 ,if so1 he was one of the most prolific and liberal builders we have cognisance of2 but his memory is nameless and all we know of him personally1 besides the imposing evidence to his ,augustan disposition contained in the superb structures he left1 rests upon two pieces of sculpture at the entrance to the inner chamber of the mortuary chapel1 if such it be1 which represent a royal couple with a round dozen of children1 just as we find in some old western churches the carved or painted images of their founders' families4#abh ,we are perhaps indebted for the preservation of these suggestive reliefs to the circumstance of the chandi ,mendoot having been covered1 hidden from view during centuries and to a certain extent protected against sacrilegious hands by volcanic sand1 earth and vegetation4 ,almost forgotten1 its slumbers were1 however1 not wholly undisturbed for1 when ,resident ,hartman1 his curiosity being excited by wild tales1 began to clear it in #ahcf1 he found that treasure-seekers1 out for plunder1 had pierced the wall above the porch and that by way of consolation or out of vexation at missing the untold wealth reported to be buried inside1 they had carried off or smashed the smaller1 free standing statuary4 ,the process of cleaning up rather stimulated than prevented new outrages3 stripped of its covering of detritus1 which had shielded it at least against petty1 casual pilfering1 the chandi ,mendoot excited by its helpless beauty the most injurious enthusiasm4 ,fortunately1 the statues which formed its chief attraction were too big for the attentions of the long-fingered gentry whose peculiar methods in dealing with native art strongly needed but never experienced repression by the local authorities4 ,illustration3 ,,xxiii4 ,,chandi ,,mendoot ,,before ,,its ,,restoration 7,cephas ,sr47 ,speaking of the statuary and comparing it with ,indian models1 more particularly a four-armed image1 seated cross-legged on a lotus1 the stem of which is supported by two figures with seven-headed snake-hoods1 ,fergusson says3 ,the curious part of the matter is1 that the ,mendoot example is so very much more refined and perfect than that at ,karli4 ,the one seems the feeble effort of an expiring art1 the ,javan example is as refined and elegant as anything in the best age of ,indian sculpture4 ,of the ,mendoot carvings1 however1 more anon4 ,i shall first endeavour to give a general idea of this temple which1 according to the same writer1 though small1 is of extreme interest for the history of ,javanese architecture4 ,rouffaer calls it the classic model of a central shrine with substructure and churchyard1 while observing that the principal statue of the ,boro ,budoor1 the rest of whose statues are turned either towards one of the cardinal points or towards the zenith1 faces the east and the ,mendoot opens to the west1 the two temples therefore fronting each other4 ,closely observed1 the latter proved of double design since it consists of a stone outer sheath1 built round an older structure of brick1 the original form with its panellings1 horizontal and perpendicular projections1 having been scrupulously followed4 ,the neatly fitting joints1 both of the hewn stones and of the bricks of the interior filling1 show a mastery of constructive detail rarely met with at the present day and certainly not in ,java4 ,to this wonderful technique1 adding solidity to a graceful execution of the ground-plan1 belongs all the credit for the ,mendoot holding out1 notwithstanding persistent ill-usage4 ,an ecstatic thought brightly bodied forth by a daring imagination and astonishing skill1 a charming act of devotion blossoming from the flower-decked soil as the lotus of the good law did from the garden of wisdom and universal love1 it must have looked grandly beautiful in its profuse ornament1 which taught how to be precise without pettiness1 how to attain the utmost finish without sacrificing the ensemble to trivial elaboration4 ,yet this gem of ,javanese architecture seemed destined to complete destruction4 ,its pitiful decay did not touch the successors of ,resident ,hartman4 ,when1 in #ahie1 after several years' absence from the island1 ,i came to renew acquaintance1 it had visibly crumbled away2 official interference with 8collectors0 limited itself to notices1 stuck up on a bambu fence1 warning them of the danger they ran from the roof falling in4 ,it needed two years more of demolition1 the walls bulging out1 the copings tumbling down1 before the correspondence1 opened in #ahhb anent a desirable restoration1 produced some result2 before the ,mendoot1 the jewelled clasp of that string of pearls1 the ,buddhist chandis pendent on the breast of ,java from the ,boro ,budoor1 her diamond tiara1 was going to be refitted4 ,and how8 ,it is an unpleasant tale to tell3 after two decades of consideration and reconsideration1 in the fourth year of the preliminary labours of restoration1 the local representative of the ,department of ,public ,works1 put in charge of the job as a side issue of his already sufficiently exacting normal duties1 aroused suspicions concerning his competency in the archaeological line4 ,an altercation with ,dr4 ,brandes1 followed by more controversy de viva voce1 in writing and in print1 led to compliance with his request that it might please his superiors to relieve him from his additional and subordinate task as reconstructor of ancient monuments4 ,from that moment1 ,january #b1 #aija1 until ,may #a1 #aijh1 absolutely nothing was done and the scaffoldings erected all round the building were suffered to rot away1 symbolic of the extravagant impecuniosity of a ,government which never cares how money is wasted but always postpones needful and urgent improvements till the ,greek ,kalends on the plea of its chronic state of kurang wang4#abi ,when most of the fl4 #hfjj1 fl4 #gbce1 fl4 #beadb and fl4 #dbgd1 successively wrung from ,parliament for excavations and restoration1 had been squandered on what ,dr4 ,brandes considered to be bungling patchwork1 the expensive1 useless scaffoldings1 becoming dangerous to the passers-by in their neglected state1 necessitated the disbursement1 in #aijf1 of fl4 #cej for their removal4 ,on the continuation of the work1 in #aijh1 by other hands1 of course a new one1 also of teak-wood1 had to be erected4 ,and1 the restoration once more being under way on the strength of fl4 #fhjj grudgingly allotted1 ,parliament decided finally that no sufficient cause had been shown to burden the colonial budget with the sum which1 according to an estimate of #aiaj1 was required to bring it to an end6 ,the profligately penurious mandarins of an exchequer exhausted by almost limitless liberality in the matter of high bounties1 subsidies1 allowances1 grants for experiments which never lead to anything of practical value2 in the matter of schemes which cost millions and millions only to prove their utter worthlessness1--the penny-wise1 pound-foolish heads refused1 after an expenditure of fl4 #ebdja to little purpose1 to disburse fl4 #bagjj or even fl4 #gjjj more for the completion of the work commenced1 this time under guarantee of success4 ,arguments advanced to make them revoke their decision1 were met with the statement that the ,government did not intend to deviate from the line of conduct1 adopted after mature deliberation in regard to the ancient monuments of ,java1 restricting its care to preservation of the remains 444 a characteristic sample of ,governmental cant in the face of grossest carelessness and the kind of preservation inflicted on the chandi ,panataran or wherever its officials felt constrained by public opinion to act upon make-believe circulars from ,batavia and ,buitenzorg before pigeon-holing them4 ,and so the perplexing inconsistencies of ,dutch ,east ,indian finance1 parsimony playing chassez-croisez with boundless prodigality1 are faithfully mirrored in the tribulations of the chandi ,mendoot3 the reauthorised work of restoration was stopped again1 on the usual progress killing plea of kurang wang1 after the adjustment of the first tier above the cornice1 and the temple1 bereft of its crowning roof in dagob style1 calculated to fix the basic conception in the beholder's mind1 has in its stunted condition been aptly compared to a bird of gorgeous plumage1 all ruffled and with the crest-feathers pulled out4 ,illustration3 ,,xxiv4 ,,chandi ,,mendoot ,,after ,,its ,,restoration 7,archaeological ,service47 ,the operations were hampered by still other contrarieties4 ,a tremendous battle was waged apropos of the question whether or not gaps in the layers of stones of the front wall above the porch pointed to the existence of a passage or passages for the admittance of air and light to the inner chamber2 if so1 whether or not those passages inclined at an angle sufficient to let the sun's rays illumine the head of the principal statue in that inner chamber4 ,to rehearse the heated dispute is not profitable3 as usual1 after the chandi had fallen into ruin and an endless official correspondence had lifted its ruin into prominence1 archaeological faddists of every description tried to acquire fame with absurd suggestions and crazy speculations4 ,leaving their theories regarding the inclinations of the axes of probable or possible transmural apertures for what they are1 more instruction is to be derived from the decorative arrangements4 ,the inherent beauty of the ornament survived happily the injurious effects of changing monsoons1 of ruthless robbery1 of preservation in the ,government sense of the word4 ,when the sun caresses it1 the ,friendly ,day1 under the blue vault of the all-compassing sky1 smiling at this gem of human art1 offered in conjugal obedience by the earth1 which trembles at his touch1 it seems a sacrificial gift of reflowering mortality to heaven4 ,in art1 said ,lessing1 the privilege of the ancients was to give no thing either too much or too little1 and the remark of the great critic1 as here we can see1 applies to a wider range of classic activity than he had in mind4 ,wherever the ancient artist wrought1 in ,greece or in ,java1 we find moreover that he drew his inspiration directly from nature2 that his handiwork reflects his consciousness of the moving soul of the world2 that the secret of its imperishable charm lies pre-eminently in his keenness of observation4 ,to ,javanese sculpture in this period may be applied what ,fergusson remarked of ,hindu sculpture some thousand years older in date3 ,it is thoroughly original1 absolutely without a trace of foreign influence1 but quite capable of expressing its ideas and of telling its story with a distinction that never was surpassed1 at least in ,india4 ,some animals1 such as elephants1 deer and monkeys1 are better represented there than in any sculptures known in any part of the world2 so1 too1 are some trees and the architectural details are cut with an elegance and precision which are very admirable4 ,turning to the ,mendoot we notice how the sculptors charged with its decoration1 always truthful and singularly accurate in the expression of their thoughts and feelings1 portrayed their surroundings in outline and detail1 wrote in bas-reliefs1 ornament and statuary the history1 the ethics1 the philosophy1 the religion of the people they belonged to and materialised their splendid dreams for4 ,what conveys a better knowledge of the ,tripitaka1 the ,buddhist system of rules for the conduct of life1 discipline and metaphysics1 than their imagery1 coloured by the very hue of kindliness and effacement of self in daily intercourse2 what inculcates better the paramitas1 the six virtues1 and charity the first of them1 than their carved mementos of the reverence we owe to the life of all sentient creatures1 our poor relations the animals1 striving on lower planes to obtain ultimate delivery from sin and pain but no less entitled to benevolence than man8 ,as in the decoration of the younger chandis ,panataran and ,toompang1 fables occupy a prominent position in that of the chandi ,mendoot4 ,among the twenty-two scenes spread over the nearly triangular spaces to the right and left of the staircase which ascends to the entrance1 eleven on each side1 partly lost and wholly damaged1 are1 for instance1 reliefs illustrative of the popular stories of the tortoise and the geese1 of the brahman1 the crab1 the crow and the serpents1 etc4 ,of one of them only a small fragment is left1 representing a turtle with its head turned upward1 gazing at something in the air1 whence ,dr4 ,brandes infers its connection with the following tale1 inserted in the account of the concerted action of the animals which conspired to kill the elephant1 as rendered in the ,tantri1 an old ,javanese collection of fables3 ,once upon a time there were turtles who took counsel together about the depredations of a ravenous vulture and their kabayan 7chief of the community7 asked3--,what do you intend to do to escape being eaten by that bird8 ,accept my advice and lay him a wager that you can cross the sea quicker than he2 if he laughs at your conceit1 you must crawl into the sea where the big waves are1 except two of you1 one who stays to start on the race when he begins to fly1 and one who swims across the day before and waits for him at the other side4 ,what do you think1 turtles8 ,you cannot lose if you manage this well4--,your advice is excellent1 answered they1 and while the kabayan was still instructing them1 the vulture arrived and demanded a turtle to eat4--,what is your hurry1 spoke the kabayan for them all2 ,i bet you that any one of us can swim quicker across the sea than you can fly4--,i take that bet1 replied the vulture1 but what shall ,i have if ,i win8--,if you win1 you will be at liberty to eat me and my people and our children and grandchildren and great-grandchildren and so on and so on to the end of time2 but you must pledge your word that if you lose1 you will move from here and seek your food elsewhere4 ,it is now rather late but to-morrow morning you can choose any one of my people you please to match your swift flight with4--,all right1 said the vulture and he went to his nest to sleep1 but the kabayan sent one of his turtle-people across the sea4 ,the vulture showed himself again a little after dawn1 not to waste time1 for he felt pretty hungry and the sooner he could win the race1 the sooner he would have breakfast4 ,he did not even take the precaution to select an adversary among the decrepit and slow1 so sure was he of his superiority1 and1 besides1 all the turtles were so much alike4 ,the kabayan counted one1 two1 three1 go6 and the vulture heard one of them plunge into the water and he unfolded his wings and alighted at the other side in an instant1 when1 lo6 there he saw the beast calmly waiting for him4 ,the vulture felt ashamed and moved to a distant country for he did not know that he had been cheated4 ,and there was only one vulture but there were many turtles4 ,and the boar told this event to his friends1 exactly as the reverend ,basubarga saw it happen4 ,another fable1 still more widely distributed and clinching the same moral1 is that of the kanchil 7a small1 extremely fleet species of deer7 and the snail2 travelling to ,europe1 it is there best known in its ,german form recorded by ,jakob and ,wilhelm ,grimm4 ,of its many variants in the ,malay ,archipelago we may mention the wager between a snail and a tiger as to which could most easily jump a river2 the snail1 attaching herself to one of her big competitor's paws1 wins1 of course1 and convinces the terror of the woods by means of his hairs adhering to her body1 that she is accustomed to feed on his kind1 two or three per diem1 freshly killed1 whereupon the tiger leaves off blustering and sneaks away4#acj ,the prose version of the ,tantri which1 somewhat different from the two metrical readings known to us1 contains the vulture and turtle incident1 dates probably from the last half of the ,mojopahit period and is therefore at least four centuries younger than the chandi ,mendoot1 so that its author and the sculptors of the scenes from popular beast-stories on the temple's walls1 must have had access to a common stock of ancient fables4 ,all turned it to best advantage and the decorators of this splendid edifice seized their opportunity to let the men and animals they carved in illustration of their national literature1 express what they had to say in their passionate overflow of the creative instinct4 ,they gave their narrative a frame in ornament of dazzling beauty1 sweetly harmonious with the moral of the lessons they taught1 stirring to deepest emotion2 they cased thoughts of happiest purport in shrines embossed and laced with fretwork more suggestive of ivory than of stone4 ,they adorned the ,mendoot as a bride1 to be displayed before her husband1 the ,boro ,budoor1 revelling in the fanciful idea which makes the saktis of the ,dhyani ,buddhas carry budding flowers to honour incarnate love4 ,the wealth of statuary1 while orthodox ,buddhism did not admit the worship of images either of a saintly founder of temples or of his saintly followers2 the deities with the attributes of ,doorga1 ,siva and ,brahma1 who diversify the ornament of the exterior walls1 from which right distribution of lines and surfaces may be learnt in rhythmical relation to contour and dimension1 are further indications of the syncretism signalising the tolerance1 the fraternal mingling of different creeds in the distant age of ,mataram's vigour and artistic energy4 ,the religious principles underlying that empire's greatness and providing a basis for a firm sense of duty to guide a temperament of fire1 are nobly embodied in the three gigantic statues placed in the inner chamber of the ,mendoot or1 to be quite exact1 round which that chandi was reared1 for the entrance is too small to let them through1 especially the largest of them which1 miraculously undamaged save one missing finger-tip1 has slid down from its pedestal and consequently occupies a lower station between the subordinate figures than originally intended4 ,all three are seated and the first in rank1 of one piece with his unembellished throne1 measures fourteen feet2 the two to his right and left1 of less grave aspect1 wearing richly wrought necklaces1 armlets1 wristbands1 anklets and tiaras1 measure eight feet each4 ,if the oorna#aca more excellent than a crown1 identifies the master among them1 the position of whose fingers reminds of ,vajrochana1 the first ,dhyani ,buddha1 the others have been taken respectively for a ,bodhisatva and for a devotee who attained by his meritorious life a high degree of saintliness but whose ,brahmanic adornment flatly contradicts the ,buddhist character of such perfection4 ,this explanation is therefore considered unsatisfactory and unacceptable by many1 as1 for instance1 his ,majesty ,somdetch ,phra ,paramindr ,chulalongkorn1 the late ,king of ,siam1 who1 by the way1 when visiting the chandis ,mendoot and ,boro ,budoor in #ahif1 claimed those masterpieces of mahayanistic art for his own1 the southern church1 to use the incorrect but convenient distinction4 ,according to this royal interpreter1 the idea was to represent the ,buddha in the act of blessing the ,buddhist prince who ordered the ,boro ,budoor to be built1 here placed at his right with an image of the deliverer in his makuta and carrying no upawita but a monk's robe under the insignia of his dignity2 the third statue1 directly opposite1 at the ,buddha's left1 without ,buddhist accessories but with an upawita hanging down from its left shoulder1 might impersonate him again in his state before conversion1 or his unconverted father on whom1 after death1 he wished to bestow a share in the deliverer's benediction4 ,however this may be1 there is no doubt of the ,enlightened ,one's identity in one of his many personifications and1 leaving the eighty secondary marks unexplored 7three for the nails1 three for the fingers1 three for the palms of the hands1 three for the forty evenly set teeth1 one for the nose1 six for the piercing eyes1 five for the eyebrows1 three for the cheeks1 nine for the hair1 ten for the lower members in general1--without our entering into further detail671 the thirty-two primary signs are all present3 the protuberance on the top of the skull2 the crisped hair 7of a glossy black which the sculptor could not reproduce7 curling towards the right2#acb the ample forehead2 the oorna1 which sheds a white light 7also unsculpturable7 as the sheen of polished silver or snow smiled upon by the sun2 etc4 ,though the colossal statue of the welcome redeemer1 like those of the worshipping kings1 does not recommend itself by faultless modelling1 it breathes the spirit which sustains the arahat1 him who becomes worthy2 it radiates the tranquil felicity of annihilation of existence1 sin1 sorrow and pain2 it promises the final blowing out of life's candle1 the ,nirvana1 when the understanding will be reached of the ,adi-,buddha1 the primitive1 primordial1 immeasurable4 ,and the lowest of the four degrees of the ,nirvana1 it seems to say1 is already attainable on earth by emancipation from the bondage of fleshly desire and vice1 by avoidance of that which taints and corrupts4444 ,the noonday glare1 subdued by the heavy shadow of the porch1 fills the sanctuary with a golden haze and upon its dimly gleaming wings a faint music descends1 a song of deliverance4 ,the psalmist's visions of the covering of iniquity compass us about and invite to recognition of a common source of divine inspiration in mankind of whatever creed4 ,the scent of the melati and champaka flowers1 strewn at the feet and in the lap of the deity--the image of him who taught that there is none such1 and revered by professed believers in the ,book which consigns idolaters to hell-fire6--mingles with the pungent odour of the droppings of the bats1 fluttering and screeching things in the dark recesses of the roof1 disturbed in their sleep4 ,truly there ought to be a limit to syncretism and this last mentioned mixture of heterogeneous elements soon affects the visitor in a manner so offensive that retreat becomes a matter of necessity4 ,illustration3 ,,xxv4 ,,interior ,,of ,,the ,,chandi ,,mendoot 7,cephas ,sr47 ,as we step outside1 our eyes are blinded by the burning light inundating the valley1 the fiery furnace ablaze at the foot of mountains flaming up to the sky1 a terror of beauty3 ,think of the fire that shall consume all creation and early seek your rescue1 said the ,buddha4 ,it speaks to us of the cataclysm which shook ,java on her foundation in the waters and upset the work of man1 killing him in his thousands and burying his temples1 the ,mendoot and many1 many more1 under the ashes of her volcanoes1 some such upheaval as when the conflict began between the ,saviour of the ,world and the ,great ,enemy1 to quote from the sacred scriptures2 when the earth was convulsed1 the sea uprose from its bed1 the rivers turned back to their sources1 the hill-tops fell crashing to the plains2 when the day at length was darkened and a host of headless spirits rode upon the tempest4 ,though the ground has also been raised by the drift down the slopes of the ,merapi1 by the overflowing runnels discharging their load of mud into the ,ello and the ,progo1 the magnitude of volcanic devastation can be gauged from the difference in level between the base of the chandi and the site of the kampong higher up1 under which the platform extends whereon its subsidiary buildings stood4 ,excavations in the detritus have already resulted in the discovery of portions of a brick parapet once enclosing the temple grounds2 of vestiges of smaller shrines in the east corner of the terrace and of a cruciform brick substructure to the northeast with fragments of bell-shaped chaityas2#acc of a ,banaspati1 probably from the balustrade of the staircase1 and detached stones with and without sculptured ornament1 which revealed the former existence of several miniature temples surrounding the central one4 ,at the time of my last visit 7which came near terminating my career in my present earthly frame1 through the rotten scaffolding giving way under my feet when ascending to the roof71 more than half of the space conjecturally encompassed by the parapet1 still awaited exploration1 and since then restoration1 within the limits of the scanty sums allowed1 seems to have superseded excavation4 ,in connection with both1 the names should be mentioned of ,p4 ,h4 van der ,ham1 who did wonders with the little means at his disposal1 and ,c4 den ,hamer1 who showed that the decoration of the ,mendoot too was not completed before the great catastrophe which devastated ,central ,java and stopped architectural pursuits4#acd ,reviewing the history of the ancient monuments of the island1 not one can pass without a repetition of the sad tale of spoliation4 ,however unpleasant it be to record in every single instance the culpable negligence of a ,government stiffening general indifference and almost encouraging downright robbery1 the rapid deterioration of those splendid edifices allows no alternative in the matter of explanation4 ,when officials and private individuals of the ruling race set the example1 the natives saw no harm in quarrying building material on their own account for their own houses1 and they had no time to lose in the rapid process of the razing of their chandis for the adornment of residency and assistant-residency gardens1 the construction of dams1 sugar-mills and indigo factories4 ,temple stones have been found in many villages round the ,mendoot and particularly in ,ngrajeg1 about two miles distant on the main road1 there is no native dwelling in the substructure of which they have not been used4#ace ,though the wealth of the dessa ,ngrajeg in this respect may be explained by its once having boasted its own chandi1 of which nothing remains but the foundations1 there is abundant proof that the chief quarry of the neighbourhood on this side of the river was the ,mendoot as the ,boro ,budoor on the other4 ,from a juridical standpoint1 the natives in possession of such spoil1 acquired by their fathers or grandfathers1 have a prescriptive right on it not disputable in law1 averred the administration at ,batavia1 and so whatever the architects in charge of the restoration needed1 had to be bought back and diminished still further the disposable funds4 ,leaving the doubtful points of this legal question and the enforcement in practice of the theoretical decision for what they are worth to ,kromo or ,wongso1 ordered to part with his doorstep or coinings1 there is no doubt that it is illegal and highly censurable to demolish temples1 and temples like the ,mendoot at that1 to secure building material for ,government dams and bridges4 ,what happened in ,mojokerto with the bricks of ,mojopahit and has been complained of elsewhere1 ,i saw happen in #ahhe with ,mendoot stones1 freely used for abutments1 piers1 spandrel fillings1 etc41 when near by the spanning of the ,progo was in progress4 ,that bridge has since succumbed like the railway bridge then in course of construction farther down the ,progo1 a warning which1 if heeded1 might have prevented1 for instance1 the chronic misfortunes of the railway bridge in the ,anei gorge1 ,west ,coast of ,sumatra4 ,with ,government bridges lacking the strength to resist the impetuosity of more than ordinarily boisterous freshets1 there may always be a surprise in store for the pilgrim to the ,boro ,budoor who has arrived at the first station1 the ,mendoot3 will he or will he not find the means to cross8 ,for1 in time of banjir1 i4e4 when the river is in spate1 the primitive ferry which maintains the communication in lieu of better1 a bambu raft or two frail barges fastened together1 fails as to both comfort and safety1 and after heavy rains large groups of men and women can often be seen waiting for the turbulent waters to quiet down a bit4 ,lord ,kitchener visited the ,mendoot in ,december1 #aiji1 during a bridgeless spell and conditions generally inauspicious to his proceeding a mile and a half farther to the ,boro ,budoor4 ,otherwise the being ferried over in company of gaily dressed people going to or coming from market with fruit1 garden produce and all sorts of merchandise for sale or bought1 has its compensations2 rocked by the eddying stream which glides swiftly between its steep banks1 our dominating sensation is one of joy in the splendour of unstinted light1 of freedom from the petty torments of everyday routine1--and let worry take care of itself6 ,as we climb the opposite shore1 comes the mysteriously grateful feeling of being enveloped in the soil's genial exhalation of warm contentment1 the fertile earth's response to the passionate embrace of the sun4 ,their espousal1 their connubial ardour appears incorporate in the chandi ,dapoor1#acf a petrified spark of universal love1 a wonder of structural and decorative skill in a shady grove some hundred paces to the right of the road4#acg ,and again the spiritus mundi is symbolically interpreted in the story of yond temple betrothed and wedded to the tree4 ,they were very much smitten with each other1 the chandi ,pawon and a randu alas#ach living in the hamlet ,brajanala4 ,they married and the pretty comedy of affection turned into tragedy3 as chances very often in the case of a weaker and a stronger partner in the matrimonial game1 the latter throve and prospered at the expense of the former4 ,now of his brothers there were and still are many exactly like him1 but of her sisters there were only few and none of her peculiar kind of beauty1 and since it seemed a pity that she should waste her singular comeliness in supporting a husband of no particular worth for all his bigness and parade of protecting her1 a divorce was resolved upon which meant his sentence of death4 ,voices in favour of reprieve or commutation of the penalty were disregarded3 what did one randu alas more or less matter compared with the preservation of the exquisite chandi ,pawon1 sole surviving representative of her class8 ,so the tree was cut down and she escaped happily the fate which overtook the chandis ,perot and ,pringapoos4 ,the chandi ,pawon was even wholly restored2 its foundations1 sapped by a tangle of roots1 relaid2 its roof reconstructed4#aci ,in its graceful proportions a striking illustration of the truth that a great architect can show the vast range of his art in a very small building1 may it stand many centuries longer between ,mendoot and ,boro ,budoor as the typical expression of ,javanese thought in ,dravidian style6 ,illustration3 ,,xxvi4 ,,the ,,chandi ,,pawon ,,and ,,the ,,randu ,,alas 7,c4 ,nieuwenhuis47 ,all is quiet and still in the stately avenue of kanaris#adj and few wayfarers are likely to be met1 except after puasa4#ada 8,than longen folke to gon on pilgrimages10 and the ,boro ,budoor attracts a goodly crowd bent on sacrifice to the statue in the crowning dagob or to lesser images held in special veneration4 ,such travelling companions1 merrily but sedately intent on devotional exercise conformable to ancestral custom1 notwithstanding ,moslim doctrine1 their forefathers' imaginations tingeing their conceptions of life seen and unseen because of their forefathers' blood running in their veins1 increase the cheery solace of abandon to nature1 facilitate the attainment of a higher sublime condition than reached as yet1 the third ,brahma ,vihara improved upon by the ,buddha1 joy in the joy of others while earth and vapoury atmosphere mingle in fullness of delight1 ,illustration3 ,,xxvii4 ,,the ,,chandi ,,pawon ,,divorced ,,and ,,restored 7,centrum47 444 in un tepor di sole occiduo ridente a le cerulee solitudini4#adb ,we turn a corner and the road winds up a hill4 ,that hill is the base of the ,boro ,budoor1 the long desired1 suddenly extending his welcome1 majestic1 overwhelmingly beautiful4 ,it is a repetition on a much grander scale1 much more magical1 of the effect produced by the chandi ,derma bursting upon our view in its sylvan frame1 reality taking the semblance of a glorious dream4 ,in the waning light of evening the polygonous pyramid of dark trachyte appears as a powerful vision of the mystery of existence shining through a veil of translucent gold4 ,gray cupolas1 raised on jutting walls and projecting cornices1 a forest of pinnacles pointing to heaven1 gilded by the setting sun1 reveal perspectives of boundless immensity1 vistas of infinite distance4 ,the brilliancy of heaven1 reflected by this mass of forceful imagery1 this conquering thought worked in solid stone1 receives new lustre from the dome-encircled fundamental idea so mightily expressed4 ,nowhere has art more ably availed herself of the possibilities of site and more felicitously combined with natural scenery1 created a more harmonious ensemble than in the amazingly original design and delicate execution of this puissant temple1 this gift of the ,javanese ,buddhists to posterity1 a source of spiritual quickening to whoso tries to understand4 ,illustration ,,footnotes3 #abe ,the very appropriate name bestowed on the ,dutch ,east ,indies by ,,eduard ,,douwes ,,dekker 7,,multatuli71 ,holland's greatest writer of the preceding century4 #abf ,general name given to various plants of the bean family2 the kackang here meant1 is the kackang china or tanah 7,arachis kypogaea7 the oil of which is used as a substitute for olive-oil4 #abg ,the beans or nuts pressed into cakes and used as manure1 especially in the cultivation of sugar-cane4 #abh ,according to another explanation they represent ,king ,sudhodana and ,queen ,maya with ,siddhartha1 the future ,buddha1 as a baby in her arms1 which leaves us in the dark about the other children4 #abi ,lacking money and wanting money1 always more money3 a summary of ,dutch colonial policy as it strikes the native4 #acj ,the influence of eastern fables on western literature and art in all its branches cannot be overestimated as exemplified for instance1 with special relevance to the one just referred to1 by the late ,,emm4 ,,poir 7,,caran ,d',,ache7 when he made our old friend ,marius imitate the snail's braggadocio in his delightful cartoon ,les ,pantoufles en peau de tigre 7,lundis du ,figaro74 ,and the story of the vulture and the turtles found its way1 via ,american plantation legends1 into ,j4 ,c4 ,,harris' tales of ,uncle ,remus4 ,concerning the manner of the 8,migration of ,fables0 from ,east to ,west1 most interesting particulars can be found in ,,max ,m,,ller',s ,chips from a ,german ,workshop1 iv41 p4 #ade ff4 #aca ,the ,buddha's characteristic tuft or bunch of hairs between the eyebrows4 #acb ,in consequence of the young enthusiast ,sarvarthasiddha cutting his long locks with his sword when leaving his father's palace to adopt the life of a recluse as ,sakyamuni1 the solitary one of the ,sakyas1 and meditate upon the redemption of the world4 #acc ,the words chaitya and dagob are often used indiscriminately and every dagob is1 in fact1 a chaitya1 but a chaitya is a dagob only if it contains a relic4 #acd ,de ,tjandi ,mendoet vr de ,restauratie1 publication of the ,bataviaasch ,genootschap1 #aijc4 #ace ,major ,,van ,,erp1 in the ,tijdschrift voor ,indische ,taal-1 ,land- en ,volkenkunde1 #aiji4 #acf ,dapoor means 8a producer of heat01 8a place where things are produced by heat01 hence an oven1 a kitchen1 the priming-hole of a gun4 #acg ,before the road was relocated to correspond with the relocation of yet another new bridge after the last but one's tumbling down1 the chandi ,dapoor stood almost at the wayside2 its having been smuggled out of sight has not improved its chances of preservation4 #ach ,bombax malabaricum of the numerous ,malvaceae family4 #aci ,by the architect ,,van ,,der ,,ham4 #adj ,canarium commune1 fam4 ,burceraceae4 #ada ,or ramelan 7ramadhan71 the great yearly fast4 #adb 444 in the soft rays of the setting sun ,smiling at the cerulean solitudes4 ,illustration ,,chapter ,,ix ,,the ,,stones ,,of ,,the ,,boro ,,budoor 444 la vrit rendue expressive et parlante1 leve la hauteur d'une ide4 ,,ernest ,,renan1 ,vie de ,jsus 7,introduction74 ,the pasangrahan1 built for the convenience of visitors to the ,boro ,budoor1 offers fair accommodation to the student of oriental architecture and lover of art in whatever form4 ,also to a good many who feel it incumbent on them to be able to say3 8,i have taken everything in10 or who have quite other ends in view than communion with the thought of distant ages3 foreign tourists whose principal care is to exhibit trunks and travelling-bags covered with labels of out-of-the-beaten-track hotels while their brains remain hopelessly empty2 junketers of domestic growth1 often in couples whose irregular relations seek shelter behind the excuse of 8doing0 the island1 and heartily disinclined to practise the virtues preached in the reliefs of the shrine of shrines1 particularly down on continence4 ,so even the ,philistines derive advantage1 after the notions of their kind1 from the ramshackle fabric of vile heathenism1 as this magnificent temple has been called by one of their number1 and its visitors' book tells a sorry tale of irreclaimable vulgarity2 the wit1 laboriously aimed at in many entries1 but widely missed1 partakes altogether too much 7minus the element of badinage7 of the answer given by a young naval officer to an old aunt when she asked him where1 in his opinion1 the most striking natural scenery of ,java was to be found3 ,at ,petit ,trouville1#adc said he1 on ,sunday in the dry season4 ,the pasangrahan's guests of that ilk are generally no early risers and their company is therefore not likely to mar the impression received of the ,boro ,budoor at second sight after supper1 supplied by the army pensioner in charge of the place1 and a night's sound rest4 ,looking tranquillity itself1 the vast pile charms and soothes the heart1 notwithstanding its enormous size1 before the intellect1 scrutinising its outline1 begins to marvel at the unaccustomed form the builder has chosen to proclaim his idea4 ,save one or two temples in hinayanistic ,burmah1 which present a faint resemblance1 nothing else can be named as producing the same effect1 but then1 wrote ,fergusson for the land where the creed was born that inspired its founder1 it must be remembered that not a single structural ,buddhist building now exists within the cave region of ,western ,india4 ,rising light and airy for all its grandeur1 it expresses more strength than a mere massing together of the ponderous material in huge walls and buttresses and towers could have done2 its quiet consciousness of power is enhanced by its strange beauty of contour in perfect harmony with its setting of living colour4 ,there it lies1 clasping together the sapphire sky and the emerald garden of ,java4 ,the mahayanistic character of the ,boro ,budoor is well attested by the ,dhyani ,buddhas among its statuary1 despite the opinion of ,siamese connoisseurs1 and by its further ornamental sculpture1 of which more anon4 ,meant for a reliquary1 it may or may not be1 in the absence of historical proof pro or contra1 one of the #hd1jjj stupas consecrated to receive and hold a fractional portion of the ,indian ,saviour's remains after ,king ,asoka had opened seven of the depositories of his ashes in the eight towns among which his remains were originally divided1 to make the whole world share in their blessed possession4 ,who has not heard of the transfer1 in the ninth year of the reign of ,sirimeghavanna1 ,a4,d4 #caj1 of the ,dathadathu1 the holy tooth1 from ,dantapura to ,ceylon1 where it became the mascotte1 so to speak1 the pledge of undisturbed dominion to the rulers of the island who should control its guardians4 ,the sacrosanct yellow piece of dentin1 about the length of the little finger1#add enclosed in nine concentric cases of gold1 inlaid with diamonds1 rubies and pearls1 is but rarely shown1 far more rarely than even the seamless coat at ,treves1 and then under conditions of excessive adoration4 ,but1 notwithstanding all this pomp and circumstance1 who that has visited the ,dalada ,malagawa at ,kandy and the ,boro ,budoor in ,java1 can fail to prefer the latter1 though sacrilegious robbers have carried off its relic1 leaving the desecrated shrine to decay4 ,the wordy war waged around the etymology of the name ,boro ,budoor1 did not solve the mystery of its origin2 all derivations thus far suggested are mere guess-work and unsatisfactory1 whatever reasons be adduced for ,roorda van ,eysinga's explanation that it means an enclosed space1 or ,raffles' surmise that it is a corruption of ,bara 7the great7 ,buddha1 or the late ,king of ,siam's that it refers to the 7spiritual7 army of the ,buddha1 if not to the several ,buddhas1 as alleged by others4 ,one of the oldest existing monuments in the island1 the foundation of the chandi ,boro ,budoor has been attributed by native tradition to ,raden ,bandoong1 already known from the legends connected with the chandis ,prambanan and ,sewu1 who1 as ,king of ,pengging1 assumed the name of ,handayaningrat4 ,professor ,kern#ade puts the date of the substructure at about #hej1 allowing several years for its completion--if ever it was fully completed1 for this temple1 like the chandi ,mendoot near by1 the chandi ,bimo on the ,ding plateau and so many more1 shows traces of the work having been suspended before the decoration was quite finished4 ,sculpture just commenced or little further advanced than the bare outlining1 found on the walls1 especially of the covered base2 divers blocks of stone half transformed into ornament and statuary1 ,dhyani ,buddhas and lions1 very illustrative of the methods followed at different stages of the carving1 lying forsaken on the slope and summit of a neighbouring hillock1 disclose an interruption of the labour by some event of tremendous consequence4#adf ,rather than accept the theory that the ancient temples of ,java were left intentionally defective from religious motives1 viz4 to emphasise the sense of human imperfection as an incentive to humility and prostration before the divine1 we may believe in the ,merapi1 that wicked old giant1 having asserted himself in one of his destructive moods1 belching forth flames and ashes1 shaking and burying the handiwork of ,hindu and ,buddhist pygmies with strictest impartiality4 ,standing on the first of the highest terraces on the south side1 says an article#adg in the ,javapost of ,december #e1 #aijc1 one observes a bulging out of the lower terraces1 best accounted for by a violent earthquake in a southerly direction4 ,when the galleries were cleared in #ahad and #ahcd1 the volcanic character of the detritus which filled them 7ashes from the ,merapi1 wrote ,roorda van ,eysinga in #ahej7 and also forms the substratum of the rubbish still unremoved from the once enclosed grounds of the chandi ,mendoot1 furnished strong evidence in support of an eruption of the nearest fire-mountain having been the cause of the precipitate flight1 perhaps the death in harness1 of the builders4 ,of the preservation of their work too1 in so far as finished1 for1 to speak again with the writer in the ,javapost1 the very fact of its having been embedded has saved much of its artistic detail2 and the reason why some of the sculptured parts are damaged to a far greater extent than others adjoining1 is probably that they were exposed earlier and longer4 ,deterioration and demolition set in rapidly when wind and weather began to ravage the wholly unprotected edifice1 when unscrupulous collectors wrought havoc unchecked4 ,the ,boro ,budoor was never hidden from view to the point of blotting out its existence from memory4 ,i shall have occasion to refer to native chronicles mentioning it in the eighteenth century4 ,to speak of its rediscovery by ,cornelius is therefore inaccurate though we owe to that clever ,lieutenant of ,engineers1 purposely sent to the ,kadu by ,raffles1 in #ahad1 the first scientific survey and description with elucidating drawings4 ,except for the publication1 in #ahgc1 of ,dr4 ,c4 ,leemans' book with an atlas containing illustrations after drawings by ,f4 ,c4 ,wilsen1 and the mission of ,i4 van ,kinsbergen to obtain photographic reproductions of the reliefs1 the ,dutch ,government left the matchless temple entirely to its fate until very recently4 ,an official correspondence1 kept trailing indefinitely to invest ministerial promises regarding the antiquities of ,java with a semblance of sincerity1 had the usual negative effect4 ,whenever a colonial ,excellency declared with unctuous pomposity that the most conscientious care would be taken of the ,boro ,budoor1 a monument of incalculable value considered from the standpoint of science and art1 most brilliant memento of the island's historic past1 etc41 etc41 those versed in the phraseology of ,plein and ,binnenhof at the ,hague trembled in expectation of bad news of criminal negligence1 theft and mutilation to follow4 ,the later history of the 8brilliant memento0 agrees but too well with the ominous prognostics derived from such dismal parliamentary fustian4 ,a great poet sang of things of beauty scarce visible from extreme loveliness3 the readily movable things of beauty constituting the loveliness of the ,boro ,budoor1 became invisible sans phrase4 ,we are told in legendary lore of statues which flew through the air to take domicile at enormous distances from their proper homes1 or vanished altogether1 dissolving into space3 the statues of the ,boro ,budoor developed that faculty in an astonishing degree2 if handicapped by great weight or solid attachment to the main structure1 bent on travelling tout travers1 they sent their heads alone to seek recreation and instruction in the varying ways of the world1 and their heads did never return1 either because they were amusing themselves too jollily away from the austerities of the eight-fold path or because they found themselves unavoidably detained in durance vile4 ,the remaining1 mostly headless statues are sad to behold1 and the fishy account given of their defective condition1 that1 namely1 the ,buddhists1 beleaguered in the sanctuary by the ,muhammadans1 battling pro aris et focis1 drove the enemies off by bombarding them with the ,lord of ,victory's noble features1 hewn in stone1 smacks of a too ingenious evasion of the disgraceful facts4#adh ,the chronicles are silent on such a desperate struggle in that locality between the conquering hosts of ,islm and the followers of him who pleaded peace1 love and goodwill1 whose doctrine and example alike forbade strife and armed resistance4 ,not that there has been no fighting round and even within the walls of the ,boro ,budoor among the ,javanese engaged in internecine warfare and during the insurrection of ,dipo ,negoro1#adi but the story of the using up of the statuary in the shape of missiles1 has no leg to stand on4 ,in the ,java ,war 7#ahbe-ahcj7 the ,dutch troops erected a temporary fort near the temple1 but it is improbable that chandi material entered into its construction1 not because the warriors of the ,government would have scrupled to destroy any ancient monument1 but because the ,boro ,budoor stones are exceedingly heavy and earthen fortifications amply sufficed against native bands without artillery4 ,though cavalry in particular never enjoyed a high reputation in respect of their relations to art1#aej there does not seem to be any more substance in the confession of a ci-devant commander of a squadron of hussars1 cited by ,brumund1 that his men used to try the temper of their swords on the ears and noses of the silent host of ,dhyani ,buddhas when the rebels of ,sentot and ,kiahi ,maja were not available4 ,the true misfortune of the ,boro ,budoor was official indifference and negligence2 and far more injurious than the fretting tooth of time or even the merciless hand of the spoiler combined with the provoking laissez aller yawned in periodical circulars from the central administration1 from ,sleepy ,hollow at ,batavia1 was the dabbling in archaeology of ambitious persons who posed as discoverers1 the less their aptitude to digest their desultory reading1 the more arrogant their cock-sureness where famous scholars reserved their conclusions4 ,a little knowledge is a dangerous thing and might have proved disastrous to the venerable temple in combination with one of their vaunted discoveries1 which established beyond doubt what not a few knew well enough and never had doubted of1 viz4 that there was a gallery lower than its lowest uncovered terrace1 wisely filled up to increase the stability of the building1 very probably soon after or even before the erection of the upper storeys4 ,the removal of the supporting layers of stone impaired1 of course1 the general condition of the structure and the good news of its being again in its former state1 was received by many with a sigh of relief4 ,this happened in #ahhe with great flourish of trumpets1 and the only benefit derived1 certainly not of sufficient importance to balance the inevitable weakening of the foundations attendant on such excavations1 consisted in the bringing to light of rude1 scarcely decipherable inscriptions or rather scratchings1#aea and the intelligence that of the photographed sculptures1 in which1 so far1 no representation of connected events has been recognised1 twenty-four are unfinished and thirteen damaged--six wholly smashed4 ,in #aijj new shafts were sunk for new discoveries of the long and widely known1 and while this pernicious dilettantism was going on1 pseudo-archaeologists vying with professed iconoclasts who should do most harm to the ,boro ,budoor1 the ,government confined itself to antiquarian pyrotechnics at the yearly debates on the colonial budget in ,parliament4 ,illustration3 ,,xxviii4 ,,base ,,of ,,the ,,boro ,,budoor ,,showing ,,the 7,,filled ,,up7 ,,lowest ,,gallery 7,c4 ,nieuwenhuis47 ,the ,boro ,budoor being undermined and gradually scattered to the four winds1 it was but natural that the natives1 following the example set by the elect1 even by the elect of the elect acting in this or that official capacity1 who used1 for instance1 chandi stones for the flooring of the ,government pasangrahan1--that the inhabitants of the neighbouring kampongs should carry off what appeared suitable for their own ends1 and the least heavy jataka reliefs claimed their first attention4 ,so things went from bad to worse and the most disastrous year1 a veritable annus calamitatis for the ,boro ,budoor1 arrived with #ahif1 when the late ,king of ,siam paid his second visit to ,java4 ,much interested1 as was to be expected of a ruler of a ,buddhist country1 in the ,buddhist monuments of the island1 so interested1 in fact1 that his ,majesty tried to put the mahayanistic temples of the ,kadu to the credit of his own1 the hinayanistic church1 his endeavours in this kind of mental annexation inspired authorities1 eager to share in the honours of ,siamese ,knighthood 7,white ,elephant1 ,crown of ,siam1 etc47 distributed with right royal generosity1 to urge him to annexation in deed4 ,if foreign visitors of little account had been permitted to help themselves in a small way to 8souvenirs0 for a consideration to keepers' underlings left without control1 why should foreign visitors of distinction not be served wholesale8 ,his ,majesty ,chulalongkorn1 to whom no blame attaches for gratifying his desire where he found ,dutch functionaries1 high and low1 more than willing to oblige1 was invited to make his choice and we must still thank him for his moderation1 which limited the quantity of sculpture selected to eight cart-loads3 there is scarcely a doubt that if he had requested them to pull part of the ,boro ,budoor down in consideration of ,knight ,commander- or ,grand ,masterships in this or that ,order1 the official conscience would have raised no objection4 ,this came to pass1 of course1 after a more than usually fine flow1 at the ,hague1 of ministerial rhetoric anent the priceless heritage ,holland has to protect in the 8brilliant mementos of ,java's historic past10 and the lover of ancient ,buddhist architecture who wants to make a study of its acknowledged masterpiece1 must now of necessity travel on to the banks of the ,meynam to get an idea of some of its most characteristic imagery1 not to speak of fragments of ornament and statuary removed by tourists of commoner complexion and dispersed heaven knows where4 ,illustration3 ,,xxix4 ,,detail ,,of ,,the ,,boro ,,budoor 7,c4 ,nieuwenhuis47 ,this instance of the ancient monuments of ,java being officially despoiled to please crowned heads and other visitors in exalted stations1 pour le bon motif1 seemed so incredible that1 when ,i censured it in the ,dutch ,east ,indian ,press1 the ,dutch ,press1 over-zealous in hiding colonial enormities1 also pour le bon motif1 considered it an easy task to deny1 waxing eloquently indignant at the denunciation until in regular1 normal sequence1 always observable in the perennial case of ,dutch whitewashing versus colonial boldness of speech1 the correctness of the statement could no longer be assailed1 new evidence accumulating steadily1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,a4 ,n4 ,patijn1 for one1 describing1 in the ,kroniek and the ,tijdschrift voor ,nederlandsch ,indi1 a collection displayed near the ,wat ,pra ,keo at ,bangkok and brought thither from ,java in #ahif4aeb ,the frolicking monkeys doubtless1 the people of the large cheek-bones1 represented on some reliefs thus transferred1 prompted an enthusiastic1 genuine archaeologist's imprecation on the heads of the guilty official and non-official toadies1 inasmuch as he wished them1 if there be anything in the dogma of ,karma1 which provides for our sins being visited on us in lives to come1 that their least punishment might be their transformation1 when called to new birth1 into apes abandoned to ceaseless squabbles over their kanari-nuts 7honours1 dignities1 preferment with big salaries1 fat pensions1 etc471 clawing one another with their sharp nails1 to find at last that all the shells are empty4 ,desisting from a profitless discussion on the possibilities of retribution in a future existence1 it requires to be stated that the official mind needed several years' reflection in this before reaching the conclusion that really1 in the matter of the conservation of the ,boro ,budoor something more was wanted than the periodical outbursts of gushing sentiment1 grossly disregarded in practice1 which are le moyen de parvenir of ,dutch colonial politicians4 ,the independents of the colonial ,press1 however1 had at last the satisfaction that ,captain ,t4 van ,erp of the ,engineers was detailed to take the work of restoration in hand1 building himself a house in the shadow of the chandi confided to his care1 anxious to direct the necessary labours on the spot4 ,stationed there since ,august1 #aijg1 his promotion to the rank of ,major fortunately did not result in the withdrawal of his services from the archaeological field and1 the climax of laxness with regard to the ,boro ,budoor having been capped in the ,siamese episode1 brighter days may dawn for that venerable edifice4 ,illustration3 ,,xxx4 ,,detail ,,of ,,the ,,boro ,,budoor 7,c4 ,nieuwenhuis47 ,one of the rooms of the pasangrahan1 reserved1 under the old dispensation1 for the storing of detached pieces of sculpture1 was called the sample-room because1 according to current report1 orders were taken there for the delivery of such still undetached ornament and statuary as might have struck the visitors' fancy4 ,other images lined the path from the pasangrahan to the temple1 among them two ,dhyani ,buddhas1 a fine ,akshobhya and a still finer ,amitabha1 and lions1 the poor remainder of those which once adorned the steps leading to the raised level of the building1 whence the name3 ,avenue of ,lions4 ,seemingly commanded to descend from the places where they kept guard as solitary sentinels1 and to unite for defence at the point of greatest danger1 terrible havoc was wrought in their ranks by the onslaught of souvenir-hunters1 and one of their large-limbed1 beautifully chiselled chiefs1 who himself watched the entrance with a vauntful air as if proclaiming to foe and friend alike3 ,et s'il n'en reste qu'un1 moi je serai celui-l1 had to suffer the ignominy of being captured and carried off to ,siam--which proves his ,majesty ,chulalongkorn's good taste3 it was the best specimen of animal carving on that scale in ,java4 ,these are no cheerful reflections when approaching the eminence skillfully converted into a stupa whose equal1 both in originality of design and cleverness of execution1 can nowhere be found4 ,though ,india furnished its prototype1 the style here evolved baffles1 on close examination1 all comparison4 ,the only building it can be likened to is the ,taj ,mahal at ,agra1 and only in this single respect while differing in all others1 that1 conceived by a titanic intellect1 the delicate decoration suggests the minute precision of the jeweller's craft4 ,opening and closing a distinct chapter in architecture1 this admirable production rises in terraces which form galleries round the hill-top1 enclosed by walls1 spaced on the outside by #dcb niches for statues of the ,buddha with prabha 7aureole7 and padmasana 7lotus cushion71 on the inside with representations illustrating sacred and profane writings in bas-relief2 the galleries of the superstructure raised on the square ground-plan1 become circular and are bounded by #gb bell-shaped chaityas containing statues of the ,buddha without either prabha or padmasana1 or any ornament whatever4 ,the profuse decoration of their surroundings never detracts from the powerfully expressed central idea of praise to the ,enlightened ,one1 the one who has fulfilled his end2 the repetition of the motives manifesting the religious purpose1 directs rather than confuses the attention of the worshipper in their multiformity of application4 ,the spiritual father of the ,boro ,budoor must have been a man of strong mental grasp1 of honest masculine endeavour stimulated by a highly sensitive temperament2 his work1 8a goodly heap for to behold10 growing in dignity and beauty the closer it is observed1 a realisation of the sublimest aspirations of ,buddhist ,java1 will perpetuate also1 as long as it can endure1 the memory of his own superior mind4 ,illustration3 ,,xxxi4 ,,detail ,,of ,,the ,,boro ,,budoor 7,centrum47 ,the constructive ability of this gifted builder was no less wonderful than his mastery of detail in aid of his main intent4 ,a clever system of drainage attests to the foresight of his workmanship2 but the gutters remaining filled up and the gargoyles 7open-mouthed nagas7 choked after the excavation of the galleries in #ahad and #ahcd1 without any one thinking of clearing them too1 the water had to flow off as best it could in the torrential rains of successive west monsoons1 filtering through the fissures between the stones1 passing down to the foundations and adding1 in oozing out1 to the causes of decay by washing the supporting layers of earth and gravel away4 ,the staircases and passageways to the different terraces and galleries are constructed with the accurate sense of right proportion which distinguishes the natives of the island up to this day1 and their naga- and kala-makara ornament belongs to the most impressive part of the graceful decoration4 ,in our ascent from lower to higher planes of understanding1 increasing in perception of the mysteries of life and death1 the ,banaspati shows the road1 the ,hindu-,javanese ,gorgon's head as ,horsfield called it1 appropriated by ,buddhist architecture1 figurating the terrors of error it faces while budding forth in the promise of further guidance for whoso shall leave the world's delusions1 a loved wife1 a young-born son1 to seek the truth in pursuance of the ,buddha's ordinance3 no intimidation which threatens with the pains of hell all who dare to disobey the dictates of priestly ambition1 but an assurance of beatitude gained by self-purification4 ,the staircases of the superstructure correspond with the four approaches leading up the hillock to the temple-yard2 in the course of the excavations1 undertaken to facilitate the work of restoration1 one of them1 very much out of repair1 has been laid bare4 ,the reconstruction of the lower principal staircase1 whose original position has now been determined1 will result1 it is hoped1 in the removal of the unsightly flight of uneven steps masquerading as the main entrance at the corner opposite the pasangrahan2 and1 perhaps1 to provide one worthy of site and building1 the ,government will not haggle over the modest sum required for the re-erection of the monumental gate whose remains were discovered adjoining the balustrade of the spacious elevated platform4 ,on entering the galleries1 establishing contact with this symmetrical embodiment of highly spiritualised thought in the strongly knit language of chiselled stone1 to mount to the state of the perfect disciple1 spurred by the figured evolution of the four degrees of ,dhyana which lead to supreme happiness1 the pilgrim must have experienced1 as we do1 the sensation of physical well-being imparted by the splendour of nature wrapping human longings in sunshine and the delicious odour exhaled by mother earth4 ,the luxurious emotion increases1 despite nirvanic chastening1 and among the serene images of the higher terraces1 who can remain unmoved in contemplation of the ancient temple lifting its dagob to the blue heaven1 of its hoary walls touched by the golden light1 quivering in desire of sacred communion6 ,nor do we cease to marvel when turning from the general idea of universal solidarity1 enunciated in an irreproachable architectural form1 to the expository details of decoration4 ,the ornament accommodates itself with amazing facility to the characteristic tendencies of the ground-plan1 never perverting the central purpose1 which dominates in a most felicitous combination of the two principles separately developed for western ends in the classic and gothic styles3 the horizontal expansion to allow thinking space to the brain and the mystic pointing upward to satisfy the cravings of the heart4 ,both found application in the ,boro ,budoor1 their unity of thought in diversity of expression being consolidated by an inexhaustible wealth of imagery1 elucidating accessories1 filled as it is 8with sculptures rarest1 of forms most beautiful and strange40 ,faithful in choice of subject and manner of representation to the notions of its time1 bodying forth things unknown to our age1 the ornament surprises by its fanciful invention and peculiar treatment1 though always in the best of taste4 ,the heavy cornice which protects the lowest uncovered tier of external1 so far not yet satisfactorily explained reliefs1 carries the niches for the statues already mentioned4 ,the shape of these niches and of the temples delineated in the scenery of the carved tales and legends1 here as at ,prambanan1 ,toompang1 etc41 afford us material assistance in determining after what model chandis1 long fallen into ruin1 were built2 they are especially helpful in explaining the often puzzling arrangement of the superstructures1 hardly one being found1 even among those best preserved1 with the roof still intact4 ,leaving archaeological problems alone1 modern architects and decorators can further derive a good deal of profit from a study of the gradation observed in the downward radiation of both the architectural and decorative conceit centred in the crowning dagob1 or1 rather1 the upward convergence in a nobly devised distribution of spaces connected and entwined by cunning ornament1 the luxuriant fantasy of the sculptor being unerringly controlled by the staid design of the builder4 ,a fervent imagination may revel in miles of bas-reliefs without surfeit1 the salutary restraint of a sober outline and a proportional disposition of the component parts being such that the eye never gets tired or the faculty of perception cloyed4 ,fergusson1 pointing to the identity of workmen and workmanship in the sculpture and details of ornamentation at the ,boro ,budoor and at ,ajunta 7cave #bf71 ,nassick 7cave #ag71 the later caves at ,salsette1 ,kondoty1 ,montpezir and other places in that neighbourhood1 computes that at the former the decoration extends to nearly #ejjj feet1 almost an ,english mile1 and1 as there are sculptures on both faces1 we have nearly #aj1jjj lineal feet of reliefs4 ,they numbered #bada in all1 counting what is damaged and altogether lost1 but omitting the decoration of the ornamental niches3 on the lowest wall #djh in the upper and #afj in the lower tier outside1 #efh inside2 on the second wall1 #bdj outside and #aib inside2 on the third wall1 #ajh outside and #afe inside2 on the fourth wall1 #hh outside and #adj inside2 on the fifth wall1 #gb inside4 ,regarding their noble qualities of style and decorative value as a component of the general project1 the opinion of a writer in the ,quarterly ,review#aec may be quoted1 who discusses the ,boro ,budoor's straight lines1 its untroubled spaces of flat stone1 its mouldings of classic simplicity1 its intricate and elaborate bands of ornament1 held in place by the nice choice of relief1 being low and unaccented1 in opposition to the deep cutting and full modelling of the panels they surround2 and in these panels1 he continues1 in spite of the full roundness of the modelling and the wealth of ornamental detail1 the unity is maintained by a fine sense of rhythm and discreet massing and spacing4 ,the upper tier of carvings on the inner wall of the first gallery1 haut-reliefs in contradistinction to the rest1 represents the life of the ,buddha from his birth until his death and is the best preserved4 ,many of the others have suffered so badly that they baffle explanation2 taken on the whole1 they treat of traditional occurrences in connection with the ,buddha himself or his predecessors1 of gatherings under bo-trees1 pilgrimages to reliquaries1 alms-giving1 exhortations to observe the law1 admonitions to virtue3 abstinence1 tolerance and charity4 ,animal fables are interwoven with jataka-tales1 i4e4 narratives concerning the ,buddha before he appeared as the perfect man1 tracing his path to holiness in his adventures as a hare1 a fish1 a quail1 a swan1 a deer1 the king of monkeys1 an elephant1 a bull1 a wood-pecker1 a tortoise1 the horse ,balaha1 every metamorphosis serving to illustrate his zeal to sacrifice himself for his fellow-creatures and1 incidentally1 stimulating the kindness we owe to our poor relations without the power of speech4 ,professor ,speyer's translation of legends collected in the ,jatakamala 7wreath of jatakas7 enables us to recognise in a good many of the reliefs of the ,boro ,budoor the successive stages of the ,buddha on the road to supreme excellence1 the figuration of his progress being largely influenced by ancient ,hindu folk-lore4 ,illustration3 ,,xxxii4 ,,detail ,,of ,,the ,,boro ,,budoor 7,c4 ,nieuwenhuis47 ,if ,ruskin compared ,st4 ,mark's at ,venice so aptly with a vast illuminated missal1 bound with alabaster instead of parchment1 studded with porphyry pillars instead of jewels1 and written within and without in letters of enamel and gold1 in the ,boro ,budoor1 a sacred book of volcanic stone1 the life of the ,buddha1 before and after he became a son of man and man's saviour1 lies opened before us3 the flowery earth and the shining heaven are its binding2 ,surya1 the sun himself1 gilds and enamels the letters1 the images which1 in their sculptured frame1 not too deeply cut and not too rich for a setting1 but precisely adequate1 tell to all creatures the story of wisdom and elevation of spirit4 ,the illustration of the ,lalita ,vistara occupies1 as already mentioned1 the upper tier of the inner wall of the first open gallery4 ,walking round in the proper direction1 i4e4 keeping the dagob to the right while moving with the sun1 we have first a few introductory scenes1 leading up to the ,buddha's advent and preparing us for the mystic teachings of an imagery which expands simply and naturally between the flowing lines of harmonious ornament and speaks to the heart as does the sound of running water or the soughing of the wind in the tree-tops4 ,immediately after his birth1 rising from the white lotus-flower which has sprung from the earth at the place touched by his feet1 ,siddhartha1 in token of his power over the several worlds1 paces seven steps to each of the cardinal points and to the abode of sin1 announcing his mission3 ,i shall conquer the ,prince of ,darkness and the army of the ,prince of ,darkness2 to save those plunged into hell1 ,i shall cause rain to descend from the huge cloud of the law and they will be filled with joy and happiness4 ,he grows and marries and leaves his father's palace1 moved by the misery of the lowly and lost1 to gather knowledge as ,sakyamuni1 until1 compassing all wisdom1 he becomes impersonated truth and the great renunciation takes place4 ,the closing scene refers to his death1 to the adoration of the mortal remains of the immortal ,tathagata1 symbolising his course among men not as a succession of past acts but as a constant one to be imitated by whoso desires the reward4 ,increasing in excellence of design and execution the nearer we approach the ,holy of ,holies1 the touching tale of a life of sacrifice is told with that straightforward simplicity of which only the consummate artist possesses the secret4 ,all appears so human and real1 so inspiringly animated by the extreme of vital motion1 to use an oriental expression1 the individuality of the figures being always preserved in minutest personal detail without the least affectation4 ,plastic triumphs1 emphasising the lessons of the sacred books1 bring up unto us the people of jaman buda1 heroes tall and strong as palm-trees1 virgins lithe and slender as bambu-stems1 with drooping eyes1 shrinking from a too inquisitive gaze1 with limbs modelled as if they would tremble under the pressure of a caressing hand4 ,illustration3 ,,xxxiii4 ,,detail ,,of ,,the ,,boro ,,budoor 7,c4 ,nieuwenhuis47 ,the statues1 watching the ascent of the seeker of purification1 second the impulse received from the reliefs by their tranquil composure1 that is in so far as they remained at their stations1 for their ranks are sadly thinned4 ,aspiring to the holiness figured in the images of the higher terraces1 to the priceless boon of the ,nirvana as final blessing1 the ,dhyani ,buddhas1 sunk in meditation1 girding themselves with virtue1 longing for the ecstasies vouchsafed to the ,adi-,buddha's meditation1 reflect the five salient features of his understanding1 as indicated by their gestures4 ,divided into three or twice three groups1 according to the position of their hands1 and in intimate relationship with their ,bodhisatvas1 ,vajrochana1 ,akshobhya and ,ratnasambhava are supposed to have swayed1 during thousands of years1 the three worlds which successively disappeared1 as ,amitabha1 whose ,bodhisatva is ,padmapani1 sways since twenty-four centuries the present world1 in closest spiritual union with the historical ,buddha1 to be succeeded by ,amoghasiddha1 whose ,bodhisatva is ,vishvapani1 the ultimate ,buddha1 the ,buddha of universal love4 ,facing the four cardinal points and the zenith1 they sit with crossed legs1#aed clothed in a thin robe which leaves the right shoulder and arm bare1 and have the distinctive protuberance of the skull1 generally also the oorna1 the symbol of light1 be it then produced by the sun or by lightning4 ,a sixth ,buddha1 represented by the statues of the fifth and highest wall1 is supposed to refer to a power which dominates the other five1 swaying in last resort the destinies of all worlds without exception2 but this theory still needs confirmation4 ,the statues of the circular terraces stood1 or rather sat1 in bell-shaped chaityas1 four to five feet high1 capped with tapering key-stones which carry conical pinnacles--no lingas1 though this oft recurring motive of ,hindu decoration may have suggested the idea4 ,these chaityas1 #gb in number#aee and for the greater part in ruin1 shattered shells of sanctity1 were closed all round and the images inside1 without aureoles1 like the ,buddhas lower down1 only visible through openings in the form of lozenges4 ,their peculiar contour has led to the conjecture that they were constructed after the holy padma or lotus-flower1 a hypothesis to which their padmasana-like bases and the numerous peepholes1 which might figurate empty seed-lobes1 lend some colour4 ,of the #gb ,buddhas they protected1 eighteen are wholly lost and no more than ten escaped grievous hurt4 ,illustration3 ,,xxxiv4 ,a ,,dhyani ,,buddha ,,of ,,the ,,boro ,,budoor 7,cephas ,sr47 ,winding our way upward1 passing through the galleries whose profound silence1 imbued with the intensely religious spirit radiating from their sculptured walls1 becomes more and more eloquent2 circling the terraces where the attitude of ecstatic elation of the world's pre-eminently venerable ones in their chaityas exalts the mind in tremulous expectation1 we arrive at the dagob1 the shrine of shrines1 the temple's coronet1 glittering in the bright glow of day4 ,this is the reliquary proper1 the centre into which the holiness of the hallowed building converges4 ,it rises1 similar to the smaller cupolas1 but perpendicular to a height of several feet1 from a substructure in the guise of a lotus cushion2 it was also closed round about1 without any aperture so far as can be concluded from its present state1 for a portion of it has tumbled down and the base of the crowning pinnacle1 reached by ill-matched1 rickety steps1 a recent1 outrageously discordant addition1 serves for a bench1 the whole1 about #be feet above the topmost terrace1 having been transformed into a crude belvedere1 enabling visitors to enjoy the magnificent view4 ,the interior space seems originally to have been divided into an upper and a lower chamber2 there is nothing deserving mention in the matter of decoration save an inscription to remind posterity of the late ,king of ,siam's visit in the disastrous year #ahif--;a delicious memorial1 at the same time1 of official vandalism and servility4 ,the golden letters affect one unpleasantly in the spoliated sanctum1 whose ruinous condition dates from a previous call1 some sixty or seventy years ago1 permitted if not encouraged by previous authorities1 when looting pseudo-archaeologists broke into it and carried off the relic1 which consisted1 assuming the credibility of local reports regarding their disappointment1 in a small quantity of ashy substance1 enclosed in a metal urn with lid2 furthermore in a small image of metal and a few coins4 ,the large statue they unearthed too1 would have impeded the movements of the marauders on their return voyage and so it remained in place1 half hidden in the hole they had dug1 undisturbed1 for the same reason1 by subsequent collectors4 ,left unfinished by its sculptor1 designedly or not1#aef resembling in the position of its hands the ,dhyani ,buddhas which face the ,east1 does it personify the ,adi-,buddha1 a purely abstract entity1 a metaphysical conception hitherto defying even symbolic utterance8 ,the learned and especially the quasi-learned never lacked weighty arguments pro or contra1 and1 without prejudice to all they proved and disproved1#aeg it does not appear improbable that the lively imagination of the ,javanese artist aimed at a tangible expression of him who ran his course as the spirit and source of the ,buddhist conception of happiness1 resuscitated from his ashes1 dominating ,east and ,west1 ,north and ,south1 the blissful abode of those progressing in self-negation and the infernal regions of prolonged earthly existence1 by the strength of the divine rays proceeding from the oorna1 illumining the path trodden by the virtuous toward annihilation1 terrifying the children of darkness1 dwellers in passion and sin1 pervading all creation with his saintliness1 the one of the ,paranirvana whose essence flowers in the beauty of the ,boro ,budoor4 ,and the ,moslim native worships him as the god of his ancestors1 caught in stone2 smears him with boreh and performs acts of sacrifice before him in spite of the ,book fulminating against idolaters and of the almost contemptuous familiarity intimated by the otherwise very appropriate nickname bestowed on this heterodox deity1 namely recho belq1 which means 8statue in the mud04 ,illustration3 ,,xxxv4 ,,reliefs ,,of ,,the ,,boro ,,budoor 7,c4 ,nieuwenhuis47 ,the work of restoration1 started with excavations and the removal of heaps of accumulated debris1 has led to important discoveries1 also in relation to the dagob4 ,among shattered naga-gargoyles1 antefixes1 carved detail of every description1 fragments have been found of a triple payoong1 an ornament in the form of a sunshade which capped it2 of a statuette supposed to have adorned its second storey1 the upper compartment of the cella4 ,to quote from ,major van ,erp's last published report1#aeh the excavations shed new light on the design of some minor parts of the building1 the decoration1 e4g41 of the lowest three staircases on each of the four sides2 notwithstanding the existing drawings1 the kala-makara motive seems to have entered into the ornament of the entrance gate in the principal outer wall2 the design of the balustrade which enclosed the platform of the temple and disappeared altogether1 has been determined and a portion of it will be rebuilt to show how things must have looked2 slabs belonging to the different series of bas-reliefs1 mostly of the jataka variety1 have been unearthed or detected in neighbouring kampongs4 ,especial care is taken to retrieve those missing from the upper tier in the first gallery3 if the recovered reliefs are not always complete1 the recognisable principal figure explains generally the idea which the sculptor intended to convey1 with sufficient clearness to be grasped by the trained archaeologist4 ,and as to the rest of the detached pieces of architectural value1 dug up or otherwise revealed to the searching eye1 the symmetric unity of the ,boro ,budoor is such that place and position of each component part1 however subordinate in the mighty fabric1 are easily ascertained4 ,every new find discloses new excellence1 so far undreamt of1 in the constructive ability of the master-builder whose illuminated brain conceived the idea of this temple wherein he wrote the history of a religion1 ,whose goodly workmanship far past all other1 ,that ever were on earth1 all were they set together4 ,his name is unknown1 though native fancy1 descrying his likeness in the profile of the ,minoreh mountains1 a fine conceit worthy of his genius1 has baptised him ,kiahi ,guna ,darma4 ,another tradition calls him ,kiahi ,oondagi and makes him chisel the statue which1 up to the time of the late ,king of ,siam's visit in #ahif1 stood near the pasangrahan1 facing a damaged ,amitabha and seemingly heartening the diminishing ranks of the lions mounting guard4 ,it had been brought thither from a place known as ,topog1 about a mile distant1 and was certainly a portrait-statue1 beautifully cut and with its extraordinarily clever features a rare work of art4 ,the story goes that1 like ,busketus1 the architect 7with ,rainaldus7 of the ,duomo at ,pisa1 his dearest wish was to have his remains carried to rest under the stones of the edifice he had raised to the honour of the unseen2 that1 baffled in his hopes and reincarnated after his death because of some venial offence which made him fail in attaining the ,nirvana too1 he fashioned this effigy to be set up at the entrance of his magnum opus1 anticipating an idea of the equally nameless artist who put the ,byzantine stamp on ,san ,marco in ,venice4 ,it is an additional proof of the late ,king ,chulalongkorn's discrimination in favour of the very best that1 making the permitted choice1 his ,majesty included ,kiahi ,oondagi1 but ,o6 the official cringing and the little piety shown to the memory of the illustrious labourer who wrought this wonderful monument4 ,illustration3 ,,xxxvi4 ,,ascending ,,the ,,boro ,,budoor 7,cephas ,sr47 ,on the hillock of ,topog1 the deva agoong's primitive home1 two wash-basins in the form of yonis1 one of them of colossal dimensions and resting on a crouched figure1 testify to the worship of ,siva's sakti1 the female principle of life personified in the ,mahadeva's ,devi4 ,hindu motives in the ornament of the ,boro ,budoor avouch syncretism having influenced the highest expression of ,buddhism itself3 there is a four-armed image with padmasana and prabha1 which1 carrying a ,buddha in its makuta1 may hint at ,vishnu's ninth avatar2 there is a four-armed figure seated on a throne supported by ,siva's vahana1 the bull2 there is a goddess crowned with five trishulas2 etc4 ,all this illustrates again native tolerance in matters of religion as in other respects1 a result of the ancient habit of the ,javanese in particular1 to meet widely different races and civilisations half-way1 which has preserved them from the narrow-mindedness consequent on isolation1 as observed by a scholar who knows them well and whose study of special subjects has in nowise impaired his breadth of vision4#aei ,the modification of this easy-going temperament in contact with western greed1 offers abundant food for thought when we return to the cool cave of refuge from passion where the recho belq symbolises deep contemplation and meditation terminating in absorption of self by participation of the ,spirit of the ,universe1 under the gaudy memorial tablet1 ,koning van ,siam3 #ahif1 which1 in its glaring incongruity1 symbolises the inverted process4#afj ,the feeling of annoyance it produces1 soon passes when the mind begins to expand with admiration of the scene of calm splendour beheld from the dagob containing the pollen of the lotus of the law4 ,the hues and harmonies of evening dispose to a quietude nowhere else experienced or enjoyed in that measure4 ,the only sound heard is a faint humming of insects circling the pinnacles of the chaityas which divide the panorama of the plain below into views of separate interest and beauty1 bounded by the graceful outline of the terraces and the distant hills4 ,ricefields and palmgroves stretch as far as the eye can reach1 with villages between1 sheltered by their orchards1 earth's tapestry1 embroidered in all gradations of green from that of the sprouting bibit padi of the young plantations to that of the thick foliage of centenarian kanaris4 ,the shadow of the temple1 kissing the drowsy eyelids of the ,kadu1 lengthens towards the ,merapi over whose crater1 gilt by the setting sun1 hangs a cloud of dark smoke which drifts slowly in the direction of the ,merbabu1 while the ,soombing1 to the northeast1 looks tranquilly on4 ,the darkness1 ushered by the smoke of the ill-tempered old fire-mountain1 mingling with the pink and purple of the western sky1 spreads over the land1 envelops forests and gardens in gray1 hushing all that breathes to sleep4 ,one parting smile of the sun's gladness and night descends in her sable robes4 ,nothing stirs2 the toils of day are forgotten in wholesome repose2 it is the hour of ,amitabha1 ruler of the region of sunset and spiritual father of the present world's ruler1 the one whose hands rest in his lap after the completion of a laborious task4 ,morning will come and in time the creation of a new world1 the world of loving-kindness1 ,vishvapani's1 the ,metteya ,buddha's own--in time1 long time6 ,a gardu#afa strikes seven2 another answers immediately with eight strokes on the beloq2#afa far away no more than six respond1--what is time to the native6 ,silence reigns again1 silence emphasised by the high-pitched notes of a suling1#afb quavering indistinctly as the evening breeze speeds the lover's complaint or refuses its aid4 ,a noise of revelry in the pasangrahan distracts the attention from this tuneful courtship2 the visionary beings that were taking life from the germ of thought hidden in its shrine1 petrify into mute statues or vanish altogether3 the spell of the ,boro ,budoor is broken4 ,illustration3 ,,xxxvii4 ,,reaching ,,the ,,circular ,,terraces ,,of ,,the ,,boro ,,budoor 7,cephas ,sr47 ,illustration ,,footnotes3 #adc ,such is the name given to a stretch of beach1 not far from ,tanjoong ,priok1 the harbour of ,batavia1 much resorted to1 for bathing and advertisement1 by that city's frail sisterhood1 and ,batavians will appreciate the young naval officer's bon mot better than did his aunt1 a provincial spinster1 when at length she fathomed it4 #add ,a description1 dated ,october #ab1 #aheh1 informs us that the piece of ivory1 supposed to have garnished the jaw of ,gautama1 is about the size of the little finger1 of a rich yellow colour1 slightly curved in the middle and tapering4 ,the thickest end1 taken for the crown1 has a hole into which a pin can be introduced2 the thinnest end1 taken for the root1 looks as if worn away or tampered with to distribute fragments of the relic4 #ade ,reports and ,communications of the ,dutch ,royal ,academy1 #ahie4 #adf ,according to another explanation these incompleted pieces of sculpture1 found lying about1 were rejected in the building because they did not come up to the architect's requirements4 #adg ,the ,ruin of the ,boro ,budoor or ,vandalism1 signed ,,goena ,,darma4 ,it is no indiscretion1 ,i believe1 to reveal behind this significant pseudonym ,father ,p4 ,j4 ,,hoevenaars1 of whose sagacious observations ,i shall avail myself repeatedly in the following account of the temple's history4 #adh ,invention being stimulated by quasi-historical novels like ,,gramberg',s ,mojopahit4 #adi ,vide ,de ,java-,oorlog1 commenced by ,captain ,p4 ,j4 ,f4 ,,louw1 continued by ,captain ,e4 ,s4 ,,de ,,klerck and published under the auspices of the ,batavian ,society of ,arts and ,sciences1 vols4 i4 and ii4 #aej ,this holds good for western as well as eastern lands and1 whether true or false1 the story of ,napoleon's dragoons converting the refectorium of ,santa ,maria delle ,grazie at ,milan into a stable and adjusting their horses' mangers against da ,vinci's ,cena1 expresses very well what cavalry on the warpath are capable of4 #aea ,the form of the characters1 etc41 according to ,professor ,,kern1 points to about the year #hjj ,saka 7,a4,d4 #hgh74 #aeb ,see also the ,westminster ,review of ,may and ,the ,antiquary of ,august1 #aiab4 #aec ,,roger ,,fry on ,oriental ,art1 ,january1 #aiaj4 #aed ,in the position called silo by the natives1 but with the body straight1 not bent forward4 #aee ,the lowest circular terrace has or ought to have #cb1 the second or middle one #bd1 the highest and last #af of them4 #aef ,m4 ,a4 ,,foucher points out in the ,bulletin de l',ecole ,franaise d',extrme ,orient1 iii41 that the ,chinese pilgrim ,hiuen ,tsiang found another unfinished statue in the ,mahabodhi temple near the ,bo-tree of ,enlightenment1 a statue which1 according to the description1 represented the ,buddha in the same position1 his left hand resting in his lap1 his right hand hanging down1 etc4 #aeg ,the literature concerning this statue1 says ,,goena ,,darma in the ,javapost of ,december #e1 #aijc1 is extensive and rich in curious conjectures but poor as to scientific value4 #aeh ,proceedings of the ,batavian ,society of ,arts and ,sciences1 ,january #aa1 #aiaj4 #aei ,professor ,dr4 ,c4 ,,snouck ,,hurgronje1 ,nederland en de ,islm4 #afj ,since this was written1 the information reached me that the recho belq has been taken out of its hole to give it a place somewhere in the temple grounds where it will be open to inspection1 which the reconstruction of the dagob would have made impossible if left in its original station4 ,the sacrilege may be condoned to a certain extent if it implies the disappearance of the tablet intended to keep alive the memory of the disastrous royal visit4 ,the illustration opposite page #bhj shows the upper terraces and the dagob after their restoration3 the pinnacle of the dagob having been reconstructed with its crowning ornament1 this was afterwards taken away because of some uncertainty as to its original arrangement4 #afa ,gardus are guard-houses erected for the accommodation of the men who take their turn in watching the roads at night2 near the entrance of each hangs the beloq 7block71 a piece of wood which1 being hollow1 is beaten with a stick to proclaim the hour or to signal fire1 amok1 the appearance of kechus 7armed thieves71 etc4 #afb ,the ,javanese reed-pipe4 ,illustration ,,chapter ,x ,,the ,,soul ,,of ,,the ,,boro ,,budoor ,ci ch'io vedeva1 mi sembrava un riso ,dell'universo2 444#afc ,,dante ,,alighieri',s ,commedia 7,paradiso1 ,canto #bg74 ,it has already been remarked that the natives knew of the existence of the chandi ,boro ,budoor long before ,cornelius' discoveries or1 rather1 that they never lost sight of it1 and the place it occupies in the ,javanese chronicles appears from the ,babad ,tanah ,jawa4#afd ,in the early years of the eighteenth century ,ki ,mas ,dana1 son-in-law of ,ki ,gedeh ,pasukilan1 incited the people of ,mataram to a rebellion1 which broke out in the dessa ,enta ,enta1 a centre of sedition it seems1 since only a short time before a certain ,raden ,suryakusumo1 son of ,pangeran ,puger1 had chosen the same village for his headquarters when rising against ,mangku ,rat ,,ii41 who captured him and put him in an iron cage without1 however1 killing him1 because the omens were unfavourable4#afe ,ki ,mas ,dana had many followers and appointed bupatis and mantris4 ,ki ,yagawinata1 bupati of ,mataram1 marched against him but was defeated and fled to ,kartasura1 acquainting his ,majesty with what had happened4 ,thereupon ,pangeran ,pringgalaya was sent to suppress ,ki ,mas ,dana's revolt1 with instructions to capture him alive because his ,majesty had made a vow that he would exhibit him publicly as an example to the inhabitants of ,kartasura and let him be rampokked#aff with needles4 ,pangeran ,pringgalaya departed and with him half of the bupatis of ,kartasura4 ,when he arrived at ,enta ,enta the battle began4 ,many rebels were killed4 ,ki ,mas ,dana fled to the mountain ,boro ,budoor4 ,he was surrounded by the troops of ,pangeran ,pringgalaya and made a prisoner4 ,then they brought him to his ,majesty at ,kartasura1 who ordered all the inhabitants of the town to assemble in the aloon aloon1 each of them with a needle4 ,it lasted three days before all the inhabitants of ,kartasura had had their turn4 ,when he was dead1 his head was cut off and exhibited on a pole4 ,after the execution of ,ki ,mas ,dana1 the news was received that his father-in-law ,ki ,gedeh ,pasukilan had also revolted4 ,his ,majesty ordered the repression of that revolt too4 ,ki ,gedeh ,pasukilan was defeated and killed4 ,dr4 ,brandes1 observing that the chandi ,boro ,budoor must have been meant because there is no other place known of the same name and its strategical value1 given ancient modes of warfare1 is obvious1 puts the date of its investment by ,pangeran ,pringgalaya to seize ,ki ,mas ,dana1 at #agji or #agaj4 ,a native reference to the ,boro ,budoor of half a century later1 is found in a ,javanese manuscript1 used by ,professor ,c4 ,poensen for a paper on ,mangku ,bumi1 first ,sooltan of ,jogjakarta4#afg ,the conduct of the ,pangeran ,adipati1 son of that ,sooltan1 grieved his father very much4 ,besides his ignorance in literary matters1 he was proud and arrogant2 he disdained his father's advice and associated with the women of the toll-gate1 which caused all sorts of annoyance4 ,he went also to the ,boro ,budoor to see the thousand statues1 notwithstanding an old prediction that misfortune would befall the prince who beheld those images1 for one of them represented a satrya 7a noble knight7 imprisoned in a cage2 but it was the ,prince's fate that he wished to see the statue of the satrya4 ,having gratified his desire1 he remained in the ,kadu1 where he led a most dissolute life4 ,this gave great sorrow to his father1 the ,sooltan1 because the scandal reached such dimensions that the 7,dutch7 ,governor at ,samarang heard of it and reprimanded him4 ,ashamed and angry1 he sent a few bupatis with armed men to order the ,pangeran ,adipati to return to ,ngajogja 7,jogjakarta72 if he refused1 they had to use violence and were even authorised to kill him4 ,the ,pangeran ,adipati obeyed and was kindly received by his father1 but soon after he fell ill1 spat blood and died4 ,a letter of the ,governor-,general ,j4 ,mossel1 dated ,december #cj1 #ageh1afh contains the passage3 8,his ,highness' eldest son1 the pangerang ,adipatty ,hamancoenagara1 having departed this life1 4440 and the profligate ,crown ,prince's visit to the ,boro ,budoor may therefore be put at a few years less than fifty after ,ki ,mas ,dana's rebellion4 ,it is clear1 says ,dr4 ,brandes1 that at the time referred to in this second record1 the ,boro ,budoor was something more to the natives than simply a hill2 they knew of the building with the thousand statues--a round number like that of the chandi ,sewu1 the 8thousand temples0--and they knew of the images in the bell-shaped chaityas on the circular terraces4 ,and though any one of those #gb statues or even the principal statue in the central dagob may have been meant1 in which last case1 however1 another expression than kuroongan 7cage7 would appear more appropriate1 we think involuntarily of the ,sang ,bimo or ,kaki ,bimo so-called1 a statue of the ,buddha promoted or degraded by popular superstition to the rank of a ,pandawa1 ,arjuno's chivalrous brother1 seated in the chaitya of the lowest circular terrace1 next to and south of the eastern staircase1 still venerated by the natives1 by the ,chinese community and by more women and men of ,european extraction than are willing to confess it4 ,bimo or ,wergodoro1 to use the name given to him in the wayang lakons when they extol his youthful exploits1 is the archetype of the satrya1 the pattern of ancestral knighthood4 ,most probably it was ,sang ,bimo who1 conformably to the ilaila or ancient prediction1 executed the decree of fate on ,pangeran ,adipati ,hamangkunagara4 ,disregarding the example set by the invisible power which resides in the ,boro ,budoor1 a later ,crown ,prince of ,jogjakarta visited that temple in #aijj without1 so far1 coming to grief4 ,has then the ilaila under special consideration lost its efficacy8 ,we must presume so1 notwithstanding that the occult forces identified with ,sang ,bimo and other statues of the ancient fane1 are affirmed still to work miracles in plenty when propitiated by adequate sacrifice4 ,illustration3 ,,xxxviii4 ,,ascending ,,to ,,the ,,dagob ,,of ,,the ,,boro ,,budoor 7,cephas ,sr47 ,the greatest miracle of all is the elation of man's thought by the irresistible charm which goes out from it4 ,a night with the ,boro ,budoor is a night of purification1 when ,amitabha offers the lotus of the good law and the gift is accepted2 when the wonderful edifice1 rising to the star-spangled sky1 unfolds terrace after terrace and gallery after gallery between the domed and pinnacled walls1 as his flower of ecstatic meditation spreads its petals1 opens its heart of beauty to the fructifying touch of heaven2 when tranquil love descends in waves of contentment1 unspeakable satisfaction4 ,the dagob loses its sharp1 bold outline and melts into boundless space1 a vision of fading existence in consummation of wisdom4 ,a mysterious voice1 proceeding from the shrine1 urges to search out the secret it hides4 ,the summons cannot be resisted and going up1 trusting to the murky night1 mounting the steps to the first gate as in a somnambulistic trance1 the seeker of enlightenment discerns the path1 guided by his quickened perception when the voice dies of its own sweetness1 the fragrant stillness appeasing the mind and extending promise of pity for passion and fleshly desire1 the garment of sin left behind4 ,surely1 it was the supreme wisdom1 forgiving all things because it understands1 which inspired a human intellect to devise1 directed human hands to achieve in the delineation of mercy such powerful architectural unity1 sustained by such sublimely beauteous ornament4 ,aided from above1 the spirituality of the builder1 creating this masterpiece1 needed not the laborious tricks passed off on us in our days of feverish effect-hascherei by artists who dispense with the rudiments of their art to strive after the sensational4 ,neither was his originality of the cheap kind which tries to cloak crass technical ignorance and hopeless general ineptitude with paltry though pretentious artifices1 displaying a deplorable lack of the conceptive faculty into the bargain4 ,proclaiming the doctrine glorious in veracity of thought and utterance1 the ,boro ,budoor typifies honest endeavour and sincerity of purpose4 ,entering the first of the porches through which from four sides the successive galleries and terraces are reached1 we come under the spell of the rapture symbolised by those vaulted staircases1 leading upward from reason to faith1 constructed1 it seems1 to match the 8evident portals0 of the perfect state3 composure1 kindness1 modesty1 self-knowledge4 ,the ,banaspati1 terrifier of the evil spirits1 shelters him who proceeds on the path they indicate in clemency and charity4 ,as we pass on1 confiding in his protection1 the sculptured walls gleam softly1 impregnated by the sun's light embedded in the stones1 and the germ of truth1 treasured in the dagob1 radiates down in luminous substantiation of the word1 making the invisible visible by degrees4 ,the air hangs heavy and warm in the galleries and throbs with the emotion excited by the lustrous reliefs which picture the life of the ,buddha4 ,a flush of indescribable splendour1 clear exhalation of his virtue and holiness1 lifts veil after veil from the bliss this initiation portends4 ,the transparent atmosphere lends new significance to the gestures of the ,dhyani ,buddhas1 seated on their lotus cushions as stars half quenched in golden mist1 while we feel more than see the serene calmness of their features still wrapped in obscurity4 ,their contemplation is the beginning of the highest2 their ecstasy pierces eternity1 opens the regions of infinite intelligence1 complete self-effacement1 absolute nothingness4 ,too much absorbed in abstract cogitation to occupy themselves with matters of mundane interest1 they leave the government of the created worlds to their spiritual sons1 and ,padmapani is the ,mahasatva on whom our age depends4 ,out-topping human knowledge1 they teach the meaning of the universe3 the ,buddha of the ,east dreaming his dreams as the sun rises1 the ,buddha of the ,south blessing the day1 the ,buddha of the ,west unfolding the secret of the all-spirit as the sun sets1 the ,buddha of the ,north pointing the way from darkness to light1 the ,buddha of the ,zenith lifting his hands to turn the wheel of the law4 ,the statues smile beatitude in happiness at losing the consciousness of existence when they will be worthy of the ,nirvana1 the solution of life in non-being1 death which disclaims resurrection in any form4 ,and the highest attainable blessing1 the ,paranirvana1 the ,nirvana ,absolute1 is signified in the image of the central dagob3 however interpreted as solitary indweller of the shrine of shrines built over the remains of the flesh which embodied the word1 the ,tathagata1 the self-subsisting1 preceded and to be succeeded in fullness of time1 it figures the immanence in bodily imperfection of the energy for good which sanctified ,ayushmat ,gautama1 who modified his carnality by dominating his senses2 who1 when questioned by his first disciples1 could declare that he was the expected teacher of lucid perception and replete comprehension1 the discerning monitor1 the destroyer of error1 the spotless counsellor impelled to release them from the bonds of sin and make them deserve the manifest favour of annihilation4 ,the rudely interrupted sleep of the recho blt formulated1 intentionally or not1 a confession of faith in the reward of righteousness by complete dissolution1 cessation of continuance1 eternal rest undisturbed by gods or men1 by feeling or thought4 ,the pilgrim to the ,boro ,budoor1 longing for the arahatship1 accomplished in the science of conducting himself1 must have hesitated before ascending to the highest terrace and seeking direct communion with the pure spirit of the son of virtue1 born of a woman truly1 but whose mother died seven days after his birth1 in token of his eminence2 the venerable one whose moral strength stands paramount1 overcometh even the innate fear of extinction4 ,the essence of the ,triratna lies here within the grasp of the earnest inquirer1 the precious pearl whose lustre divulges the principle of causation1 the beginning and the end of all things1 the primary source of what is and shall be4 ,how to obtain it8 ,by offerings to the symbolic stone8 ,not so1 but by good works and self-examination which excels prayer and makes any place a ,bodhimanda1 a seat of intelligence4 ,the ,buddha was a man1 no god surpassing the limits of humanity1 who has to be propitiated by adoration4 ,whoso wishes the ,rescuer's saving grace1 should remember the story of ,upagoopta and the courtesan ,vasavadatta1 and ask3 ,has my hour arrived8#afi ,penance for errors committed1 not by fasting and self-torture1 but by persevering in the eight-fold path of right views1 right aspirations1 right speech1 right behaviour1 right search of sustenance1 right effort1 right mindfulness of our fellow-creatures1 right exultation1 should ward off the dire punishment of remorse which in well-balanced spirits cannot dwell4 ,self-restraint1 uprightness1 control of the organs of sense1 makes the fell fire of the three deadly sins--sensuality1 ill-will and moral sluggishness--die out in the heart by a proper arrangement of the precious vestments1 the six cardinal virtues3 charity1 cleanness1 patience1 courage1 contemplative sympathy with all creation and discrimination of good and evil4 ,this leads to perfection1 advancement to the highest of the four sublime conditions1 the ,brahma ,viharas on which ,buddhism improved by making equanimity with regard to one's own joys and sorrows the test of progress on the road which leads to bliss in extermination of pain4 ,loosen the shackles of worldly existence by constant application to escape from the fatal thraldom imposed by birth and rebirth6 ,life is continued misery2 no salvation from the distress caused by passion and sin is possible except by cessation of self1 by merging individual in universal vacancy1 mounting the four steps of the ,dhyana in contemplative evolution of the ,nirvana1 refining perception and speculation to total impassibility1 extinguishing reason itself in eternal voidness1 where we have nothing to fear and nothing to hope for1 taking refuge in non-existence1 the only conceivable verity4 ,illustration3 ,,xxxix4 ,,the ,,dagob ,,of ,,the ,,boro ,,budoor ,,before ,,its ,,restoration 7,c4 ,nieuwenhuis47 ,heart and head rebel against such a religion1 which considers conscious life the great enemy to be destroyed1 seeks life's meed in dissolution of energy1 man's best part flickering out as the flame of a spent candle4 ,with the gladdening odour of the garden of ,java in our nostrils1 rational instinct struggles free from the torment of imposed passivity and we rather take a more militant stand concordant with the ,buddha's dying words3 ,work out your salvation with diligence4 ,how is it to be done8 ,shall we turn for guidance to the creed of the men of power and pelf1 who seem to think that their best recommendation to divine favour is the defacement1 in their western theological mill1 of the gospel they received from the ,east2 whose mouths are filled with promises while their hands sow calamity2 whose moral superiority is but a delusion2 who mar impiously what they pretend to improve2 who boast of investing their moral surplus in political efficiency1 as ,king ,siladitiya did1 for the benefit of their wards1 but whose greedy immorality spoils even the reckoning of their own selfishness6 ,not so3 their deeds giving the lie to their words1 their iniquities increasing1 their trespasses growing up into the heavens1 who can wonder that the glory of the deity they profess to worship1 suffers in the estimation of the native8 ,and yet1 how might ,christianity thrive in a soil prepared by the doctrine of elimination of self1 by adherence to the three duties ,buddhism laid down as far more important than ,brahmanic sacrifice3 continence1 kindness1 reverence for the life of all creatures4 ,insisting on man's obligations to his fellow-men1 the ,buddha anticipated by six centuries the precept3 ,thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself4 ,if he did not match it with the first and greater commandment of the ,christian dispensation1 his atheism1 to quote ,hunter1 was a philosophical tenet which1 so far from weakening the sanctions of right and wrong1 gave them new strength from the doctrine of ,karma or the metempsychosis of character4 ,teaching that sin1 sorrow and deliverance1 the state of a man in this life1 in all previous and all future lives1 is the inevitable result of his own acts1 the ,buddha applied the inexorable law of cause and effect to the soul3 ,what we sow1 we must reap4 8,all spirits are enslaved which serve things evil10 as redemption flowers from straight vision1 straight thought1 straight exertion in truthful endeavour4 ,the lesson might be profitably taken to heart in furtherance of a nation's ,karma by statesmen who have no explanation for the unsatisfactory condition of dependencies oversea but evasive oratory backed by a dexterous shuffling of cooked colonial reports and doctored colonial statistics when the sinister farce of the colonial budget is on the boards4 ,and each of us1 however limited his sphere1 finds his own opportunities for individual transition to a higher state3 like ,gautama we meet every day the poor and needy1 the old and decrepit in want of assistance1 the prostrate sufferer in agony of death4 ,and1 like ,gautama1 each one who strives for enfranchisement1 must have his struggle with ,mara1 the ,prince of ,darkness4 ,after the first watch on the ,boro ,budoor1 night thickens and covers the earth as a pall2 the wan stars glimmer weakly1 shining on the misery of deficient fulfilment of intention4 ,reflecting on our errors of commission and omission1 seeing our deeds laid bare and their why and wherefore1 dejection masters hope1 though steadfast determination might take an example at the ,buddha wrestling with the ,enemy1 who offered him the kingdom of the four worlds2 though we know that the giving or withholding of the fifth1 the world of glory1 is beyond the ,enemy's power4 ,we see the contest re-enacted before us and tremble4 ,appearing bodily1 horrible to behold1 ,mara1 the god of carnal love1 passion and sin1 ,papiyan1 the very vicious1 besets the incarnate word1 surrounded by his demons of ever changing gruesome aspect1 barking dogs with enormous fangs and lolling tongues2 roaring tigers with sharp1 murderous claws and bloodshot eyes2 hissing serpents1 darting forward to strike and crush their prey4 ,while we fancy the contest raging hottest round valiant patience1 personified in the image of the dagob1 the maimed statues of the chaityas and lower niches join in the dire battle as the headless spirits that rode upon the tempest when ,evil assailed the elect's purity4 ,papiyan cannot prevail and seeing the futility of violence1 he has recourse to his daughters1 the winsome apsaras1 who dance and provoke to lascivious commerce by their seductive arts4 ,but they make no more impression than their brutish brothers and1 in spite of themselves1 they are compelled to praise the fortitude of a virtue which will not succumb even when one of them assumes the shape of a beloved youthful spouse4 ,the baffled apsaras dissolve in floating vapour1 and ,papiyan1 in despair1 traces flaming characters on the dome of the dagob with his last arrow3 ,my empire is ended4 ,the stars resume their brightness and a sense of coming light pervades the gloom of despondency4 ,it is borne toward us in the flower tendered by ,chandra1 the deity of the chaste radiance proceeding from the conqueror's crest4 ,lo1 his crown is transferred to the sky and1 climbing slowly1 the cusped moon invests the moulders of past and future worlds with halos of liquid silver4 ,this is the time1 the stilly hour before dawn1 the last watch before morning1 the chosen moment of the ,buddha's attainment to the summit of the triple science1 wherein the supernatural beauty of the ,boro ,budoor1 cleansed and reconsecrated after the white man's profanation1 by the burning fire of day and the mellow touch of night1 helps us to penetrate the meaning of his promise4 ,he who holds fast to the law and discipline and faints not1 he shall cross the ocean of life and make an end of sorrow4 ,the blitheness of spirit which consists1 because of that whereby the sun riseth and setteth1 and the moon waxeth and waneth1 in discarding the ignorance engendered by conceding to this world a reality it does not possess1 regarding as constant that which changes with every wind that blows1--the exaltation born from silent contemplation1 loses its vagueness in the manifestation of the godhead in ourselves4 ,for contemplation becomes seeded and blooms in the triad of meditation1 the recognition of the entities of time and space1 and connecting thought as the unity of universal relationship4 ,the ,dhyani ,buddhas1 wrapped in the shadows from which dawn will deliver them1 seek to comprehend1 and our mentality expanding with theirs1 looking down upon the gray waves of mist that break on the old temple as on a rock of ages in a stormy sea1 we feel the dagob rise to meet the moonbeams and soar to unutterable delight4 ,presently the first smile of day salutes and awakens mother earth2 a murmur of contentment thrills the air in harmony of praise3 the dimming1 quivering stars1 the crimson mountain-tops1 the purple and azure perspective between1 all creation combines in a song of thanksgiving4 ,the mystic planetary music1 the singing together of earth and heaven in melody of colour and sound1 welcomes the bright morning4 ,dawn1 with blushing face and heart of gold1 bewrays the glory of her eternal abode to the world of man1 sending her outriders before1 the ,asvins1 the lords of lustre1 whose shining armour1 forged of the sun's rays1 illumines the pearly sky with dazzling splendour4 ,they roll the billowy vapours together and chase them up the hill-side 8like wool of divers changing colours carded10 that the eye of the life-giver may rest on the plain where the palm-groves rise in the hazy dew as emerald islands in an opalescent lake4 ,the ,merbabu and the ,soombing are still half in darkness when the ,merapi1 flecked with orange and violet1 blazes in reflection of arial effulgence1 soon to commingle the smoke of its fiery crater with the clouds mounting its slopes4 ,the fire-mountains keep a good watch on the garden of ,java1 than which ,jatawana1 the famous pleasance where the ,buddha enounced the substance of his teachings preserved in the ,sutras1 cannot have been more delicious2 and the ,merapi in particular makes the land pass under the rod when sacred covenants are broken4 ,illustration3 ,,xl4 ,,the ,,dagob ,,of ,,the ,,boro ,,budoor ,,after ,,its ,,restoration 7,archaeological ,service47 ,the heart too is illuminated as thoughts take their hues from the skies1 knowledge clearing up the anarchy of conflicting creeds which exercised and exercise their sway over ,java4 ,brahmanic terrorism and ,buddhist despondency1 ,moslim fanaticism and ,christian dissensions vanish before her unsophisticated children's delight in life for its own sake1 as the morning dew before the warmth of the sun4 ,twining memories of the jaman buda with current happenings1 they take their spiritual nourishment directly from nature and the symbolic form of their natural religion from everywhere4 ,without troubling about erudite dissertations regarding the legend of the ,buddha as the development of an ancient solar myth1 or ,buddhism as a development of the ,sankhya system of ,kapila2 without going into abstruse speculations anent the evolution of the universe from primordial matter1 they are in constant intercourse with the surrounding worlds1 seen and unseen4 ,the virile ,surya1 impregnating air and earth1 unfailing source of plenty1 enters deep into their metaphysics as the cosmic pivot of faith4 ,when high-born dawn rouses the tillers of the soil to go forth to their work and the eye of day showers benediction1 the solar word1 spoken from the eternal throne and descending on wings of happiness1 the living word1 is found emblazoned on the sea of light which floods the ,kadu just as the fertilising water of the mountain-rills floods the sawahs2#agj is found embodied in that superb temple1 the ,boro ,budoor1 whose soul1 the soul of humanity in communion with the all-soul1 is the soul of ,java4 ,adorned with that priceless jewel of sanctity1 the plain lifts its sensuous loveliness to heaven as the bride meets the caresses of her wedded spouse1 trembling with love4 ,they obey the divine law which bids them follow nature in drinking the amrita1 gaining immortality like the gods in creation of life1 which may change1 yet never dies1 aging but reviving1 the mystery of the ,trimoorti4 ,clothed with the resplendent atmosphere1 touched by the beams of the rising sun1 its effulgent dagob a mountain of gold1 the ,boro ,budoor bursts out in the bloom of excellence1 not the sepulchre of a discarded religion1 of a fallen nation's dreams1 but a token of the germinal truth of all religion1 a prophetic expression of things to be4 ,the tide of destiny runs not always in the same channel and there is promise in the joy of day1 promise of a slaking of the thirst for freedom1 an abatement of the fever engendered by doubt of enfranchisement always deferred4 ,if hope endures in the battle with darkness1 patient fortitude will lead to victory4 ,it baulked the power of ,mara and blunted the weapons of the demons who assailed the ,buddha and turned aside the missiles which did not harm him but changed into flowers before his feet1 into garlands suspended over his head4 ,when knowledge shall cover the world at the advent of ,vishvapani1 deceit and avarice will cease tormenting and glad content will dwell in the negri jawa for ever4 ,so be it6 ,illustration ,,footnotes3 #afc ,that which ,i saw1 seemed to me ,a smile of all creation2 444 #afd ,j4 ,j4 ,,meinsma1 ,babad ,tanah ,jawa1 text and notes1 #ahgd-ahgg1 commented upon by ,dr4 ,j4 ,l4 ,a4 ,,brandes in ,het ,tijdschrift voor ,indische ,taal-1 ,land- en ,volkenkunde1 #aija4 #afe ,the insurrection headed by ,raden ,suryakusumo broke out in #agjc and1 according to letters from the ,governor-,general then in function at ,batavia1 to the ,honourable ,seventeen at home1 this ,javanese ,hotspur gave a good deal of trouble4 ,having regained his liberty1 he rebelled again at ,tagal1 was captured once more and brought to ,batavia1 whence the ,dutch authorities sent him into banishment at the ,cape of ,good ,hope1 agreeably to the request of ,mangku ,rat ,,iv4 ,cf4 ,j4 ,k4 ,j4 ,,de ,,jonge1 ,de ,opkomst van het ,nederlandsche ,gezag over ,java1 vol4 viii4 #aff ,to rampok is to attack one1 crowding on him1 generally with lances4 ,the rampokking of tigers after they are caught and again set free in a square formed by rows of men with pikes1 is still a favourite amusement4 #afg ,bijdragen tot de ,taal-1 ,land- en ,volkenkunde van ,nederlandsch ,indi1 vi41 #a and #b4 #afh ,j4 ,k4 ,j4 ,,de ,,jonge1 ,op4 cit41 vol4 x41 p4 #cbi4 #afi ,the story points a moral not less relevant to western than to eastern ethics and runs as follows3 ,once upon a time there lived in ,mathura a courtesan renowned for her beauty and her name was ,vasavadatta4 ,on a certain day her maid1 having been sent to buy perfume at a merchant's1 who had a son called ,upagoopta1 and having stayed out rather long1 she said3 --,it appears1 my dear1 that this youth ,upagoopta pleases you exceedingly well1 since you never buy in any shop but his father's4 --,daughter of my master1 answered the maid1 besides being comely1 clever and polite1 ,upagoopta1 the son of the merchant1 passes his life in observing the law4 ,these words awakened in ,vasavadatta's heart a desire to meet ,upagoopta and she bade her maid go back and make an appointment with him4 ,but the youth vouchsafed no other reply than3--,my sister1 the hour has not yet arrived4 ,vasavadatta thought that ,upagoopta refused because he could not afford to pay the high price she demanded for her favours1 and she bade her maid tell him that she did not intend to charge him a single cowry if only he would come4 ,but ,upagoopta replied in the same words3--,my sister1 the hour has not yet arrived4 ,shortly after1 the courtesan ,vasavadatta1 annoyed by the jealousy of one of her lovers1 who objected to her selling herself to a wealthy old voluptuary1 ordered her servants to kill the troublesome fellow4 ,they did so without taking sufficient precautions against discovery2 the crime became known and the ,king of ,mathura commanded the executioner to cut off her hands1 feet and nose1 and abandon her thus mutilated among the graves of the dead4 ,upagoopta hearing of it1 said to himself3 ,when she was arrayed in fine clothes and no jewels were rare and costly enough to adorn her body1 it was a counsel of wisdom for those who aspire to liberation from the bondage of sin to avoid her2 with her beauty1 however1 she has certainly lost her pride and lustfulness1 and this is the hour4 ,accordingly1 ,upagoopta went up to the cemetery where the executioner had left ,vasavadatta maimed and disfigured4 ,the maid1 having remained faithful1 saw him approach and informed her mistress who1 in a last effort at coquetterie1 told her to cover the hideous wounds with a piece of cloth4 ,then1 bowing her head before her visitor1 ,vasavadatta spoke3 --,my master1 when my body was sweet as a flower1 clothed in rich garments and decked with pearls and rubies2 when ,i was goodly to behold1 you made me unhappy by refusing to meet me4 ,why do you come now to look at one from whom all charm and pleasure has fled1 a frightful wreck1 soiled with blood and filth8 --,my sister1 answered ,upagoopta1 the attraction of your charms and the love of the pleasures they held out1 could not move me2 but the delights of this world having revealed their hollowness1 here ,i am to bring the consolation of the lotus of the law4 ,so the son of the merchant comforted the courtesan doing penance for her transgressions1 and she died in a confession of faith to the word of the ,buddha1 hopeful of rebirth on a plane of chastened existence4 #agj ,sawahs are ricefields1 terraced and diked for the purpose of copious irrigation1 in contradistinction to ladangs 7,jav4 gagas1 ,soond4 humas7 without artificial water-supply4 ,,bibliography ,it has been suggested that the practical value of this volume might be enhanced by the addition of a short bibliography indicating the works to which students1 who wish to go deeper into the subjects touched upon1 could turn for more ample information4 ,il y a l'embarras du choix and1 always abreast with latest research1 particularly the publications of learned societies as the ,royal ,institute of the ,dutch ,east ,indies1 the ,royal ,geographical ,society of the ,netherlands1 the ,batavian ,society of ,arts and ,sciences1 are rich depositories of ,dutch ,east ,indian lore1 many of the most important monographs they contain1 being available in book or pamphlet form4 ,not to speak of the specific knowledge derivable from such sources as the official ,reports of the ,archaeological ,commission for ,java and ,madura1 the ,bulletins of the ,colonial ,museum at ,haarlem1 etc41 from periodicals as ,het ,tijdschrift voor ,binnenlandsch ,bestuur 7organ of the ,dutch ,east ,indian ,civil ,service71 ,het ,indisch ,militair ,tijdschrift1 etc41 less scientifically or professionally dressed but just as weighty observations on different aspects of ,dutch rule in the ,malay ,archipelago can be found in monthlies like ,de ,gids1 ,de ,tijdspiegel and1 of course1 ,de ,indische ,gids in which ,het ,tijdschrift voor ,nederlandsch ,indi1 founded by ,w4 ,r4 ,baron van ,hovell1 has been incorporated4 ,the ,encyclopaedie van ,nederlandsch ,indi is a very serviceable storehouse of general intelligence1 though new discoveries made and old theories exploded since its appearance1 emphasise more forcibly with every year1 the necessity of its usefulness being sustained if not by occasional new editions1 revised and brought up to date1 then at least by frequent supplements4 ,the ,daghregisters of the ,castle of ,batavia1 the ,nederlandsch ,indisch ,plakaatboek 7#afjb-ahaa71 the ,realia1 a register of the ,general ,resolutions from #afcb to #ahje1 offer almost inexhaustible material for the history of ,java and the other islands in the days of the ,dutch ,east ,india ,company4 ,j4 ,c4 ,hooykaas' ,repertorium 7#aeie-ahaf71 continued by ,a4 ,hartmann up to #ahic1 and by ,w4 ,j4 ,p4 ,j4 ,schalker and ,w4 ,c4 ,muller up to #aiaj1 furnishes an excellent index to ,dutch colonial literature2 ,c4 ,m4 ,kan's ,proeve eener ,geographische ,bibliographie van ,nederlandsch ,oost-,indi 7#ahfe-ahhj7 and ,martinus ,nijhoff's ,bibliotheca ,neerlando-,indica1 #ahic1 should also be mentioned4 ,the following miscellaneous list is an attempt briefly to enumerate the works1 apart from papers accessible only in serial publications1 which seem specially adapted 7allowing a good deal in not a few of them for mutual admiration and all too courteous1 excessive panegyric7 to give interested readers further particulars1 according to each one's individual line of investigation1 with regard to various matters treated of or alluded to in ,monumental ,java4 ,a4 ,,bastian4 ,indonesien oder die ,insel des malayischen ,archipel4 #ahhd-i4 ,j4 ,g4 ,a4 ,,van ,,berckel4 ,bijdrage tot de ,geschiedenis van het ,europeesch ,opperbestuur over ,nederlandsch ,indi 7#aghj-ahjf74 #ahhj4 ,n4 ,p4 ,,van ,,den ,,berg4 ,debet of ,credit4 #ahhe4 ,n4 ,p4 ,,van ,,den ,,berg4 ,the ,financial and ,economical ,progress and ,condition of ,netherlands ,india during the last fifteen years and the ,effect of the present ,currency ,system4 #ahhg4 ,l4 ,w4 ,c4 ,,van ,,den ,,berg4 ,de ,mohammedaansche ,geestelijkheid en de ,geestelijke ,goederen op ,java en ,madoera4 #ahhb4 ,l4 ,w4 ,c4 ,,van ,,den ,,berg4 ,de ,inlandsche ,rangen en ,titels op ,java en ,madoera4 #ahhg4 ,h4 ,,borel4 ,de ,chineezen in ,nederlandsch ,indi4 #aijj4 ,j4 ,l4 ,a4 ,,brandes4 ,pararaton 7,ken ,arok7 of het ,boek der ,koningen van ,toemapl en van ,madjapat4 #ahif4 ,a4 ,,cabaton4 ,les ,indes ,nerlandaises4 #aiaj4 ,j4 ,,chailley ,,bert4 ,java et ses habitants4 #aijg 7new ed474 ,j4 ,a4 ,,van ,,der ,,chijs4 ,de ,nederlanders te ,jakatra4 #ahfj4 ,a4 ,b4 ,,cohen ,,stuart4 ,de ,kawi-,oorkonden4 #ahge4 ,j4 ,,crawfurd4 ,history of the ,indian ,archipelago4 #ahbj4 ,,clive ,,day4 ,the ,policy and ,administration of the ,dutch in ,java4 #aijd4 ,a4 ,j4 ,w4 ,,van ,,delden4 ,blik op het ,indisch ,staatsbestuur4 #ahge4 ,m4 ,l4 ,,van ,,deventer4 ,het ,nederlandsch ,gezag over ,java en ,onderhoorigheden sedert #ahaa4 #ahia 7first vol474 ,s4 ,,van ,,deventer4 ,bijdragen tot de ,kennis van het ,landelijk ,stelsel op ,java4 #ahfe4 ,e4 ,,douwes ,,dekker 7,,multatuli74 ,max ,havelaar of de ,koffieveilingen der ,nederlandsche ,handelmaatschappij4 #ahfj 7first ed474 ,j4 ,,fergusson4 ,history of ,indian and ,eastern ,architecture4 #aiaj 7new ed474 ,p4 ,w4 ,,filet4 ,de ,verhouding der ,vorsten op ,java tot de ,nederlandsch ,indische ,regeering4 #ahie4 ,p4 ,h4 ,,fromberg4 ,de ,chineesche ,beweging op ,java4 #aiaa4 ,j4 ,,groneman4 ,de ,garebegs te ,ngajogyakarta4 #ahie4 ,j4 ,,groneman4 ,boeddhistische ,tempel- en ,kloosterbouwvallen in de ,parambanan-vlakte4 #aijg4 ,j4 ,,groneman4 ,boeddhistische ,tempelbouwvallen in de ,progo-vallei1 de ,tjandis ,baraboedoer1 ,mendoet en ,pawon4 #aijg4 ,f4 ,,de ,,haan4 ,priangan4 ,de ,preanger ,regentschappen onder het ,nederlandsch ,bestuur tot #ahaa4 #aiaj 7first vol474 ,g4 ,a4 ,j4 ,,hazeu4 ,bijdrage tot de ,kennis van het ,javaansche ,tooneel4 #ahig4 ,j4 ,e4 ,,heeres4 ,bouwstoffen voor de ,geschiedenis der ,nederlanders in den ,maleischen ,archipel4 #ahie 7third vol474 ,w4 ,r4 ,,van ,,ho,,vell4 ,reis over ,java1 ,madoera en ,bali4 #ahdi-ahed4 ,j4 ,k4 ,j4 ,,de ,,jonge 7cont4 by ,m4 ,l4 ,,van ,,deventer and ,p4 ,a4 ,,tiele74 ,de ,opkomst van het ,nederlandsche ,gezag in ,oost-,indi4 #aheg4 ,f4 ,w4 ,,junghuhn4 ,topographische und naturwissenschaftliche ,reisen durch ,java4 #ahde4 ,f4 ,w4 ,,junghuhn4 ,java1 zijne ,gedaante1 zijn ,plantengroei en inwendige ,bouw4 #ahdi4 ,a4 ,g4 ,,keller4 ,colonization4 #aijf4 ,j4 ,h4 ,c4 ,,kern4 ,eene ,indische ,sage in ,javaansch ,gewaad4 #ahgf4 ,j4 ,h4 ,c4 ,,kern4 ,over de oud-,javaansche ,vertaling van het ,mahabharata4 #ahgg4 ,j4 ,h4 ,c4 ,,kern4 ,over de ,vermenging van ,ciwasme en ,boeddhisme op ,java naar aanleiding van het oud-,javaansche ,gedicht ,sutasoma4 #ahhh4 ,j4 ,h4 ,f4 ,,kohlbrugge4 ,blikken in het ,zieleleven van den ,javaan en ,zijner ,overheerschers4 #aijg4 ,c4 ,,leemans4 ,boro-boedoer op het ,eiland ,java4 #ahgc4 ,h4 ,d4 ,,levyssohn ,,norman4 ,britsche ,heerschappij over ,java en ,onderhoorigheden4 #aheg4 ,p4 ,a4 ,,van ,,der ,,lith4 ,nederlandsch ,oost-,indi4 #ahib 7second ed474 ,j4 ,a4 ,,loeb,r ,,jr4 ,het ,vlechtwerk in den ,indischen ,archipel4 #aijb4 ,j4 ,a4 ,,loeb,r ,,jr4 ,javanische ,schattenbilder4 #aijh4 ,j4 ,,de ,,louter4 ,handleiding tot de ,kennis van het ,staats- en ,administratief ,recht van ,nederlandsch ,indi4 #ahie 7new ed474 ,p4 ,j4 ,f4 ,,louw 7cont4 by ,e4 ,s4 ,,de ,,klerck74 ,de ,java-,oorlog4 #aiji 7sixth vol474 ,l4 ,,th4 ,,mayer4 ,de ,javaan als ,mensch en als ,lid van het ,javaansche ,huisgezin4 #ahid4 ,l4 ,,th4 ,,mayer4 ,een ,blik in het ,javaansche ,volksleven4 #ahig4 ,j4 ,j4 ,,meinsma4 ,geschiedenis van de ,nederlandsche ,oost-,indische ,bezittingen4 #ahgb4 ,g4 ,,nypels4 ,oost-,indische ,krijgsgeschiedenis4 #ahie4 ,t4 ,s4 ,,raffles4 ,history of ,java4 #ahag4 ,g4 ,c4 ,k4 ,,de ,,reus4 ,geschichtliche berblick der administrativen1 rechtlichen und finanziellen ,entwicklung der ,niederlndisch-,ostindischen ,compagnie4 #ahid4 ,c4 ,b4 ,h4 ,,von ,,rosenberg4 ,der malayische ,archipel4 #ahgi4 ,g4 ,p4 ,,rouffaer4 ,de voornaamste ,industrien der ,bevolking van ,java en ,madoera4 #aijd4 ,l4 ,,serrurier4 ,de ,wajang ,poerwa1 eene ,ethnologische ,studie4 #ahif4 ,c4 ,,snouck ,,hurgronje4 ,nederland en de ,islm4 #aiaa4 ,f4 ,v4 ,a4 ,,de ,,stuers4 ,mmoire sur la ,guerre de l',ile de ,java #ahbe-ahcj4 #ahcc4 ,f4 ,,valentijn4 ,oud en ,nieuw ,oost-,indin4 #agbd-fa 7#ahef-h and #ahfb new but incomplete edns474 ,r4 ,d4 ,m4 ,,verbeek4 ,oudheden van ,java4 ,lijst der voornaamste ,overblijfselen uit den ,hindoe-tijd op ,java1 met eene ,oudheidkundige ,kaart van ,java4 #ahia4 ,p4 ,j4 ,,veth4 ,java4 ,geographisch1 ethnologisch1 historisch 7#ahie1 new ed4 by ,j4 ,f4 ,,snelleman and ,j4 ,f4 ,,niermeyer74 ,e4 ,,de ,,waal4 ,nederlandsch ,indi in de ,staten ,generaal sedert de ,grondwet van #ahad4 #ahfj-a4 ,e4 ,,de ,,waal4 ,de ,koloniale ,politiek der ,grondwet en hare ,toepassing tot #a ,februari #ahfb4 #ahfc4 ,e4 ,,de ,,waal4 ,aanteekeningen over ,koloniale ,onderwerpen4 #ahfe-h4 ,a4 ,r4 ,,wallace4 ,the ,malay ,archipelago4 #ahfi4 ,a4 ,w4 ,p4 ,,weitzel4 ,de ,oorlog op ,java4 #aheb-c4 ,g4 ,a4 ,,wilken4 ,handleiding voor de vergelijkende ,volkenkunde van ,nederlandsch ,indi 7ed4 by ,c4 ,m4 ,,pleyte74 #ahic4 ,g4 ,d4 ,,willinck4 ,de ,indin en de nieuwe ,grondwet4 #aiaj4 ,a4 ,,wright and ,o4 ,t4 ,,breakspear4 ,twentieth ,century ,impressions of ,netherlands ,india 7,,pleyte1 ,,van ,,erp and ,,van ,,ronkel on ,archaeology1 etc474 #aiji4 ,,glossary 7,of the words here explained1 only the meaning or meanings are given1 attached to them in this book47 agama buda--lit4 ,buddhist creed2 in native parlance1 however1 the word includes every pre-,muhammadan religion4 aksara--character representing a ,javanese consonant4 aloon aloon--square or outer court before the dwelling of a native prince or chief4 ampilan--articles of virtu belonging to a royal family1 emblems of royalty4 amrita--immortality1 all-light2 rejuvenating nectar of the gods4 api--fire4 apsara--heavenly nymph1 produced by the churning of the ocean and living in the sky2 spouse of a gandharva4 arahat--he who has become worthy4 astana--abode of some exalted personage4 avatar--descent of a deity from heaven to assume a visible form on earth2 incarnation of a god1 especially of ,vishnu4 babad--chronicle4 banaspati 7wanaspati7--conventional lion's 7or tiger's7 head1 a frequently occurring motive in the ornament of ,javanese temples4 banjir--freshet4 batik--the art of dyeing woven goods by dipping them in successive baths of the required colour1 the parts to be left undyed being protected by applying a mixture of beeswax and resin4 batu 7watu7--stone4 bedoyo--young female or male dancer of noble birth at the ,courts of ,surakarta and ,jogjakarta4 bikshu--,buddhist mendicant monk4 bolook--squirrel of the ,pteromys nitidus and ,pteromys elegans variety4 boreh--preparation of turmeric and coconut-oil used in sacrifice and acts of adoration4 bupati--regent4 chaitya--place deserving worship or reverence4 chakra--disk1 wheel4 champaka--tree1 ,michelia ,champaca ,l41 fam4 ,magnoliaceae1 with sweet-smelling flowers4 chandi--any monument of ,hindu or ,buddhist origin4 dagob--structure raised over a relic of the ,buddha or a ,buddhist saint4 dalam--lit4 inside2 private apartments of a royal palace or the dwelling of a chief4 dessa--village4 dzikr--lit4 remembrance2 invocation of ,god4 gamelan--native orchestra4 gandharva--heavenly singer1 whose especial duty it is to guard the soma1 to regulate the course of the sun's horses1 etc4 gardu--guard-house4 garebeg besar--feast of the sacrifice 7id al-qorban74 garebeg mulood--feast of the ,prophet's birth 7maulid74 garebeg puasa--feast of the breaking of the fast 7id al-fitr74 garuda--mythical monster-bird1 enemy of the serpent-race2 bearer of ,vishnu4 grobak--cart4 gunoong--mountain4 guru--teacher4 hadat--usage1 traditional custom4 haji--one who has made the pilgrimage to ,mecca4 hinayanistic--pertaining to the canon of the southern ,buddhist church or doctrine of the ,lesser ,vehicle4 inya--nurse1 maid1 waiting-woman4 ishta devata--pre-eminent god chosen for particular worship4 jaman 7zaman7 buda--lit4 the time of the ,buddha1 pre-,muhammadan days4 jataka--birth1 nativity2 jataka-tales3 stories connected with the birth and life of the ,buddha in one of his successive existences on earth4 kabayan--chief of a community4 kakh--old man1 grandfather4 kala--time as the destroyer of all things1 the bringer of death2 destiny4 kali--river4 kamboja--tree1 ,plumeria acutifolia ,poir41 fam4 ,apocynaceae1 often found in cemeteries1 the sweet-smelling flowers of which are much used in funeral rites4 kampong--group of native dwellings4 kananga--tree1 ,cananga odorata ,hook4 f4 et ,th41 fam4 ,anonaceae1 with sweet-smelling flowers4 kanari--tree1 ,canarium commune ,l41 fam4 ,burseraceae1 frequently met in gardens and planted along roads for its shade4 kanjeng goosti--a high title of honour4 kantil--flower of the champaka4 kedaton--that part of a princely residence occupied by its owner1 his wives1 concubines and children4 kembang telon--flowers of sacrifice1 especially melati1 kananga and kantil4 ketq--monkey4 kidool--south4 kinnari--bird-people4 kitab--book4 klenteng--,chinese temple1 joss-house4 krakal 7ngrakal7--hard labour in the chain-gang4 kramat--holy grave4 kraton--residence of a reigning native prince4 kulon--west4 kurang wang--lacking money4 lakon--,javanese drama4 legn--a liquor prepared by fermentation of the sap drawn from some trees of the palm family4 linga--male organ of generation1 emblem of ,siva's fructifying power4 lontar--high-growing tree1 ,borassus flabelliformis ,l41 fam4 ,palmae1 with large fan-like leaves4 lor--north4 loro--a title designating a lady of very high birth4 machan--tiger4 mahayanistic--pertaining to the canon of the northern ,buddhist church or doctrine of the ,greater ,vehicle4 makara--a mythical sea-monster4 makuta--head-dress1 crown1 crest4 mantri--in ,malay countries a native official of high rank2 minister of state1 councillor2 in ,java a native official of lower rank4 maryam--cannon4 ms--lit4 gold2 title given to native noblemen and also1 in courteous address1 to commoners4 mboq--title given to women in courteous address4 melati--shrub1 ,jasminum ,sambac ,ait41 fam4 ,oleaceae1 with sweet- and rather strong-smelling flowers4 meliwis--a kind of duck4 mesdjid--mosque4 murid--disciple4 naga--serpent4 narasinha--man-lion4 negri jawa--country of the ,javanese1 ,java4 nirvana--extinction of existence1 the highest aim and highest good4 oombool--source1 well4 oorna--tuft or bunch of hair between the ,buddha's eyebrows4 orang kechil--lit4 the little men1 the lower classes4 orang slam--,muhammadan4 orang wolanda--,hollander4 padi--rice in the hull4 padmasana--lotus cushion or seat4 padri--one of a sect which1 in the manner of the ,wahabites1 tried to rouse the ,muhammadans of the ,padang ,highlands in ,sumatra to more orthodox zeal4 paman--uncle on the father's side2 appellation used in respectful address of any senior in years4 panakawan--page1 follower1 retainer4 panchuran--water-conduit4 pangeran--prince4 pantoon--old and still very popular form of native poetry4 pasangan--character representing a ,javanese consonant in the place or 7generally modified7 form which marks the vowelless sound of the preceding one4 pasangrahan--rest-house for officials on their tours of inspection4 pasar--market4 payoong--sunshade4 pendopo--open audience-hall in the dwellings of the great4 prabha--light1 radiance1 aureole4 pulu--island4 puri--name of the princely residences in ,bali and ,lombok4 pusaka--heirloom4 raden--title of nobility4 raksasa--evil spirit1 ogre1 generally of hideous appearance though the female 7raksasi7 sometimes allures man by her beauty2 raksasas do service as doorkeepers at the entrances of some ,javanese chandis4 ratu--title for royal personages2 king1 queen4 recho 7rejo7--any sort of statue4 sakti--personification of the energy or active power of a deity as his spouse2 a god's female complement4 sangharama--endowed convent4 sanka--conch-shell blown as a horn4 sankara--auspicious2 causation of happiness4 saptaratna--the seven treasures4 sasrahan--wedding-present4 satrya--noble knight4 sawah--watered ricefield4 selir--wife of lower degree than the padmi or first legitimate spouse4 sembah--v4 salute2 n4 7persembah'an7 salutation4 slamat 7salamat7--success1 blessing1 prosperity4 soma--beverage of the gods4 srimpi--young female dancer of noble birth at the ,courts of ,surakarta and ,jogjakarta4 stupa--mound1 tumulus2 edifice raised to commemorate some event in the life of a ,buddhist saint or to mark a sacred spot4 sugata--pious brother on the road to ,buddhist perfection4 suling--native reed-pipe4 sumoor--source1 spring4 susah--trouble4 taman--pleasance4 tara--spouse of a ,dhyani ,buddha4 telaga--lake4 tempo dahulu--olden time4 tengger--pieces of wood or stone posts set up at the head- and foot-end of graves4 tesbeh--string of prayer-beads4 trimoorti--7,hindu7 trinity4 trishula--trident4 tumenggoong--regent in an official capacity somewhat different from that of a bupati4 upachara--royal heirloom4 upawita--thread or cord worn by high-caste ,hindus over the left shoulder and passing under the right arm4 vahana--any vehicle or means of conveyance2 animal carrying a deity1 representative of his characteristic qualities4 vihara--monastery2 ,brahma ,viharas3 sublime conditions of perfection4 wali--governor or administrator of a province2 name given to those who introduced the ,muhammadan religion in the island4 waringin 7beringin7--tree of the genus ,ficus of which the most frequent types in ,java are the ,f4 consociata ,bl41 the ,f4 stupenda ,miq41 the ,f4 ,benjaminea ,l4 and the ,f4 elastica ,roxb4 wayang--lit4 shadow2 the ,javanese national theatre1 which seems to have a religious origin3 the invocation of the shades of deified ancestors4 wedono--native chief of a district4 wetan--east4 yoni--female organ of generation1 emblem of the fecundity of ,siva's sakti or female complement4 ,,index ,a ,abool ,karim1 #cb ,acheh1 #f-g ,adi-,buddha1 #bef1 #bei ,adityawarman1 ,king1 #ac ,ageng1 ,sooltan1 #aae-aaf ,ageng ,pamanahan1 ,kiahi1 #aae1 #abd ,aji ,saka1 #abb ,ajunta1 #beb ,akshobhya1 #aha 7note71 #bdf1 #bgc ,ali 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,,hellas4 ,by ,,percy ,,gardner1 ,litt4,d4 ,illustrated4 ,super ,royal #hvo4 #bes4 net4 ,,the ,,city-,,state ,,of ,,the ,,greeks ,,and ,,romans4 ,by ,w4 ,,warde ,,fowler1 ,m4,a4 ,crown #hvo4 #es4 ,,social ,,life ,,at ,,rome ,,in ,,the ,,age ,,of ,,cicero4 ,by ,w4 ,,warde ,,fowler1 ,m4,a4 ,with ,map and ,plans4 #hvo4 #ajs4 net4 ,,the ,,religious ,,experience ,,of ,,the ,,roman ,,people ,,from ,,the ,,earliest ,,times ,,to ,,the ,,age ,,of ,,augustus4 ,by ,w4 ,,warde ,,fowler1 ,m4,a4 #hvo4 #abs4 net4 ,,pompeii3 ,,its ,,life ,,and ,,art4 ,by ,auguste ,mau4 ,translated by ,,francis ,w4 ,,kelsey4 ,illustrated4 ,medium #hvo4 #bes4 net4 ,new edition1 revised4 ,illustrated4 ,extra ,crown #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,herculaneum1 ,,past1 ,,present1 ,,and ,,future4 ,by ,,sir ,,charles ,,waldstein1 ,litt4,d41 ,ph4,d41 and ,,leonard ,,shoobridge1 ,m4,a4 ,illustrated4 ,imperial #hvo4 #bas4 net4 ,,macmillan ,,and ,,co41 ,,ltd41 ,,london4 ,,handbooks ,,of ,,arch,,ology ,,antiquities ,,edited ,,by ,professor ,,percy ,,gardner1 ,litt4,d41 of the ,university of ,oxford1 and ,professor ,,francis ,w4 ,,kelsey1 of the ,university of ,michigan4 ,extra ,crown #hvo4 ,,greek ,,sculpture4 ,by ,professor ,,ernest ,a4 ,,gardner1 ,m4,a4 ,new ,edition1 with ,appendix4 ,illustrated4 ,part ,i41 #es4 ,part ,,ii41 #es4 ,complete in one vol41 #ajs4 ,,appendix separately4 #as4 net4 ,,greek ,,and ,,roman ,,coins4 ,by ,g4 ,f4 ,,hill1 of the ,coins ,department of the ,british ,museum4 ,illustrated4 #is4 ,,the ,,roman ,,festivals ,,of ,,the ,,period ,,of ,,the ,,republic4 ,by ,w4 ,,warde ,,fowler1 ,m4,a4 #fs4 ,a ,,handbook ,,of ,,greek ,,constitutional ,,history4 ,by ,a4 ,h4 ,j4 ,,greenidge1 ,m4,a4 ,with ,map4 #es4 ,,the ,,destruction ,,of ,,ancient ,,rome4 ,a ,sketch of the ,history of the ,monuments4 ,by ,professor ,,rodolfo ,,lanciani4 ,illustrated4 #fs4 ,,roman ,,public ,,life4 ,by ,a4 ,h4 ,j4 ,,greenidge1 ,m4,a4 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,,christian ,,art ,,and ,,arch,,ology4 ,a ,handbook to the ,monuments of the ,early ,church4 ,by ,w4 ,,lowrie1 ,m4,a4 ,illustrated4 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,,grammar ,,of ,,greek ,,art4 ,by ,professor ,,percy ,,gardner1 ,litt4,d4 ,illustrated4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,life ,,in ,,ancient ,,athens4 ,the ,social and ,public ,life of a ,classical ,athenian from ,day to ,day4 ,by ,professor ,t4 ,g4 ,,tucker1 ,litt4,d4 ,illustrated4 #es4 ,,the ,,monuments ,,of ,,christian ,,rome ,,from ,,constantine ,,to ,,the ,,renaissance4 ,by ,professor ,,arthur ,l4 ,,frothingham4 ,illustrated4 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,,greek ,,architecture4 ,by ,professor ,,allan ,,marquand4 ,illustrated4 #ajs4 net4 ,,greek ,,athletic ,,sports ,,and ,,festivals4 ,by ,e4 ,,norman ,,gardiner1 ,m4,a4 ,illustrated4 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,,the ,,monuments ,,of ,,ancient ,,athens4 ,by ,,charles ,h4 ,,weller1 of the ,university of ,iowa4 ,illustrated4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,macmillan ,,and ,,co41 ,,ltd41 ,,london4 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcriber's ,note ,illustrations have been moved to avoid breaking paragraphs1 and may not match the page numbers in the list of illustrations4 ,printing errors have been corrected as follows3 ,frontispiece 8,,the ,,boro ,,budoor0 changed to 8,i4 ,,the ,,boro ,,budoor0 ,illustration after p4 #gj 8,,east ,,front0 changed to 8,v4 ,,east ,,front0 ,illustration after p4 #gh 8,,siva 7,,loro ,,jonggrang70 changed to 8,,vi4 ,,siva 7,,loro ,,jonggrang70 p4 #agb 7note7 8silent4 ,cf0 changed to 8silent4 ,cf40 p4 #bhf 8#aijg 7new4 ed4740 changed to 8#aijg 7new ed4740 p4 #bhf 8#aiaj 7new4 ed4740 changed to 8#aiaj 7new ed4740 ,the following are used inconsistently in the text3 dbut and debut firstborn and first-born folklore and folk-lore kachang and kackang kakh and kakeh palmgroves and palm-groves peepholes and peep-holes