,an ,essay on ! ,pr9ciple ( ,population 
,?omas ,mal?us    #agih      ,,an       
,,essay ,,on ,,! ,,pr9ciple ,,(         
,,population1 ,,z ,,x ,,affects ,,!     
,,future ,,improvem5t ,,( ,,society ,,) 
,,rem>ks ,,on ,,! ,,speculations ,,(    
,,mr4 ,,godw91 ,m4 ,,condorcet1 ,,&     
,,o!r ,,writ]s4  ,,london1 ,,pr9t$ ,,=  
,j4 ,,johnson1 ,,9 ,,/4 ,,paul',s       
,,*ur*-,,y>d1 #agih4     ,preface   ,!  
foll[+ ,essay owes its orig9 to a       
conv]sation ) a fri5d1 on ! subject (   
,mr ,godw9's essay on av>ice & pr(usion1
 9 8 ,enquir]4 ,! discussion />t$ !     
g5]al "q ( ! future improvem5t (        
society1 & ! ,au?or at fir/ sat d[n ) an
 int5tion ( m]ely /at+ 8 ?\ghts to 8    
fri5d1 ^u pap]1 9 a cle>] mann] ?an he  
?\ght he c\ld d 9 conv]sation4 ,b z !   
subject op5$ ^u him1 "s ideas occurr$1  
:i* he did n recollect to h met ) be=e2 
& z he conceiv$ t e lea/ light1 on a    
topic s g5]ally int]e/+1 might be       
receiv$ ) c&\r1 he det]m9$ to put 8     
?\ghts 9 a =m = publication4  ,! ,essay 

might1 und\bt$ly1 h be5 r5d]$ mu* m     
complete by a collection ( a great]     
numb] ( facts 9 elucidation ( ! g5]al   
argum5t4 ,b a long & almo/ total        
int]ruption f v p>ticul> bus9ess1 jo9$  
to a desire 7p]haps imprud5t7 ( n delay+
 ! publication mu* beyond ! "t t he     
orig9ally propos$1 prev5t$ ! ,au?or f   
giv+ to ! subject an undivid$ att5tion4 
,he presumes1 h[ev]1 t ! facts :i* he   
has adduc$ w be f\nd to =m no           
inconsid]able evid5ce = ! tru? ( 8      
op9ion respect+ ! future improvem5t (   
mank9d4 ,z ! ,au?or contemplates ?is    
op9ion at pres5t1 little m appe>s to him
 to be necess>y ?an a pla9 /atem5t1 9   
addition to ! mo/ cursory view (        
society1 to e/abli% x4  ,x is an obvi\s 
tru?1 :i* has be5 tak5 notice ( by _m   
writ]s1 t population mu/ always be kept 
d[n to ! level ( ! means ( subsi/5ce2 b 
no writ] t ! ,au?or recollects has      
inquir$ p>ticul>ly into ! means by :i*  
?is level is effect$3 & x is a view ( ^!
 means :i* =ms1 to 8 m9d1 ! /ronge/     

ob/acle 9 ! way to any v great future   
improvem5t ( society4 ,he hopes x w     
appe> t1 9 ! discussion ( ?is int]e/+   
subject1 he is actuat$ solely by a love 
( tru?1 & n by any prejudices aga9/ any 
p>ticul> set ( m51 or ( op9ions4 ,he    
pr(esses to h read "s ( ! speculations  
on ! future improvem5t ( society 9 a    
temp] v diff]5t f a wi% to f9d !m       
vision>y1 b he has n acquir$ t comm& ov]
 8 und]/&+ :i* w\ld enable him to       
believe :at he wi%es1 )\t evid5ce1 or to
 refuse 8 ass5t to :at might be         
unpleas+1 :5 accompani$ ) evid5ce4  ,!  
view :i* he has giv5 ( human life has a 
melan*oly hue1 b he feels consci\s t he 
has drawn ^! d>k t9ts f a conviction t  
!y are really 9 ! picture1 & n f a      
jaundic$ eye or an inh]5t sple5 (       
disposition4 ,! !ory ( m9d :i* he has   
sket*$ 9 ! two la/ *apt]s acc\nts to 8  
own und]/&+ 9 a satisfactory mann] = !  
exi/5ce ( mo/ ( ! evils ( life1 b :e!r x
 w h ! same effect ^u o!rs mu/ be left  
to ! judgem5t ( 8 read]s4  ,if he %\ld  

succe$ 9 draw+ ! att5tion ( m able m5 to
 :at he conceives to be ! pr9cipal      
difficulty 9 ! way to ! improvem5t (    
society & %\ld1 9 consequ5ce1 see ?is   
difficulty remov$1 ev5 9 !ory1 he w     
gladly retract 8 pres5t op9ions &       
rejoice 9 a conviction ( 8 error4       
#g ,june #agih     ,,*apt] #a  ,"q      
/at$--,little prospect ( a det]m9ation (
 x1 f ! enmity ( ! oppos+ p>ties--,!    
pr9cipal argum5t aga9/ ! p]fectibility (
 man & ( society has nev] be5 fairly    
answ]$--,nature ( ! difficulty aris+ f  
population--,outl9e ( ! pr9cipal argum5t
 ( ! ,essay   ,! great & unlook$ =      
discov]ies t h tak5 place ( late ye>s 9 
natural philosophy1 ! increas+ diffusion
 ( g5]al k f ! ext5sion ( ! art ( pr9t+1
 ! ard5t & un%ackl$ _s ( inquiry t      
prevails ?r\gh\t ! lett]$ & ev5 unlett]$
 _w1 ! new & extraord9>y lights t h be5 
?r[n on political subjects :i* dazzle & 
a/oni% ! und]/&+1 & p>ticul>ly t        
trem5d\s ph5om5on 9 ! political horizon1
 ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 :i*1 l a blaz+    

comet1 seems de/9$ ei!r to inspire )    
fre% life & vig\r1 or to scor* up &     
de/roy ! %r9k+ inhabitants ( ! e>?1 h   
all concurr$ to lead _m able m5 into !  
op9ion t we 7 t\*+ on a p]iod big ) !   
mo/ important *anges1 *anges t w\ld 9 "s
 measure be decisive ( ! future fate (  
mank9d4  ,x has be5 said t ! great "q is
 n[ at issue1 :e!r man %all h5ce=? />t  
=w>ds ) accel]at$ velocity t[>ds        
illimitable1 & hi!rto unconceiv$        
improvem5t1 or be condemn$ to a p]petual
 oscillation betwe5 happ9ess & mis]y1 & 
aft] e ef=t rema9 /ill at an            
immeasurable di/ance f ! wi%$-= goal4   
,yet1 anxi\sly z e fri5d ( mank9d mu/   
look =w>ds to ! t]m9ation ( ?is pa9ful  
susp5se1 & eag]ly z ! inquir+ m9d w\ld  
hail e ray ( light t might assi/ its    
view into futurity1 x is mu* to be      
lam5t$ t ! writ]s on ea* side ( ?is     
mom5t\s "q /ill keep f> alo( f ea* o!r4 
,_! mutual argum5ts d n meet ) a c&id   
exam9ation4 ,! "q is n br\ght to re/ on 
few] po9ts1 & ev5 9 !ory sc>cely seems  

to be approa*+ to a decision4  ,!       
advocate = ! pres5t ord] ( ?+s is apt to
 treat ! sect ( speculative philosoph]s 
ei!r z a set ( artful & design+ knaves  
:o prea* up ard5t b5evol5ce & draw      
captivat+ pictures ( a happi] /ate (    
society only ! bett] to enable !m to    
de/roy ! pres5t e/abli%m5ts & to =w>d _!
 own deep-laid s*emes ( ambition1 or z  
wild & mad-head$ en?usia/s ^: silly     
speculations & absurd p>adoxes are n    
wor?y ! att5tion ( any reasonable man4  
,! advocate = ! p]fectibility ( man1 & (
 society1 retorts on ! def5d] (         
e/abli%m5ts a m ?an equal contempt4 ,he 
br&s him z ! slave ( ! mo/ mis]able &   
n>r[ prejudices2 or z ! def5d] ( !      
abuses ( civil society only because he  
pr(its by !m4 ,he pa9ts him ei!r z a "* 
:o pro/itutes 8 und]/&+ to 8 int]e/1 or 
z "o ^: p[]s ( m9d are n ( a size to    
grasp any ?+ great & noble1 :o _c see   
above five y>ds be=e him1 & :o mu/ !re=e
 be utt]ly unable to take 9 ! views ( ! 
enlight5$ b5efactor ( mank9d4  ,9 ?is   

unamicable conte/ ! cause ( tru? _c b   
suff]4 ,! really good argum5ts on ea*   
side ( ! "q are n all[$ to h _! prop]   
weight4 ,ea* pursues 8 own !ory1 little 
solicit\s to correct or improve x by an 
att5tion to :at is advanc$ by 8         
oppon5ts4  ,! fri5d ( ! pres5t ord] (   
?+s condemns all political speculations 
9 ! gross4 ,he w n ev5 condesc5d to     
exam9e ! gr\nds f :i* ! p]fectibility ( 
society is inf]r$4 ,mu* less w he give  
himself ! tr\ble 9 a fair & c&id mann]  
to attempt an exposition ( _! fallacy4  
,! speculative philosoph] equally (f5ds 
aga9/ ! cause ( tru?4 ,) eyes fix$ on a 
happi] /ate ( society1 ! bless+s ( :i*  
he pa9ts 9 ! mo/ captivat+ col\rs1 he   
all[s himself to indulge 9 ! mo/ bitt]  
invectives aga9/ e pres5t e/abli%m5t1   
)\t apply+ 8 tal5ts to consid] ! be/ &  
safe/ means ( remov+ abuses & )\t seem+ 
to be aw>e ( ! trem5d\s ob/acles t      
?reat51 ev5 9 !ory1 to oppose ! progress
 ( man t[>ds p]fection4  ,x is an       
ackn[l$g$ tru? 9 philosophy t a j !ory w

 always be confirm$ by exp]im5t4 ,yet s 
mu* friction1 & s _m m9ute circum/ances 
occur 9 practice1 :i* x is next to      
impossible = ! mo/ enl>g$ & p5etrat+ m9d
 to =esee1 t on few subjects c any !ory 
be pron\nc$ j1 till all ! argum5ts aga9/
 x h be5 maturely weigh$ & cle>ly &     
consi/5tly refut$4  ,i h read "s ( !    
speculations on ! p]fectibility ( man & 
( society ) great pleasure4 ,i h be5    
w>m$ & delight$ ) ! en*ant+ picture :i* 
!y hold =?4 ,i ard5tly wi% = su* happy  
improvem5ts4 ,b ,i see great1 &1 to my  
und]/&+1 unconqu]able difficulties 9 !  
way to !m4 ,^! difficulties x is my     
pres5t purpose to /ate1 decl>+1 at !    
same "t1 t s f> f exult+ 9 !m1 z a cause
 ( triumph ov] ! fri5ds ( innovation1   
no?+ w\ld give me great] pleasure ?an to
 see !m completely remov$4  ,! mo/      
important argum5t t ,i %all adduce is   
c]ta9ly n new4 ,! pr9ciples on :i* x    
dep5ds h be5 expla9$ 9 "p by ,hume1 & m 
at l>ge by ,dr ,adam ,smi?4 ,x has be5  
advanc$ & appli$ to ! pres5t subject1   

?\gh n ) its prop] weight1 or 9 ! mo/   
=cible po9t ( view1 by ,mr ,wallace1 & x
 may probably h be5 /at$ by _m writ]s t 
,i h nev] met )4 ,i %\ld c]ta9ly !re=e n
 ?9k ( advanc+ x aga91 ?\gh ,i mean to  
place x 9 a po9t ( view 9 "s degree     
diff]5t f any t ,i h hi!rto se51 if x _h
 ev] be5 fairly & satisfactorily answ]$4
  ,! cause ( ?is neglect on ! "p ( !    
advocates = ! p]fectibility ( mank9d is 
n easily acc\nt$ =4 ,i _c d\bt ! tal5ts 
( su* m5 z ,godw9 & ,condorcet4 ,i am   
unwill+ to d\bt _! c&\r4 ,to my und]/&+1
 & probably to t ( mo/ o!rs1 !          
difficulty appe>s insurm\ntable4 ,yet ^!
 m5 ( ackn[l$g$ ability & p5etration    
sc>cely deign to notice x1 & hold on _! 
c\rse 9 su* speculations ) unabat$ ard\r
 & undim9i%$ confid5ce4 ,i h c]ta9ly no 
"r to say t !y purposely %ut _! eyes to 
su* argum5ts4 ,i ought r to d\bt !      
validity ( !m1 :5 neglect$ by su* m51   
h[ev] =cibly _! tru? may /rike my own   
m9d4 ,yet 9 ?is respect x mu/ be        
ackn[l$g$ t we are all ( u too prone to 

err4 ,if ,i saw a glass ( w9e repeat$ly 
pres5t$ to a man1 & he took no notice ( 
x1 ,i %\ld be apt to ?9k t he 0 bl9d or 
uncivil4 ,a ju/] philosophy might tea*  
me r to ?9k t my eyes deceiv$ me & t !  
(f] 0 n really :at ,i conceiv$ x to be4 
,9 ent]+ ^u ! argum5t ,i mu/ premise t  
,i put out ( ! "q1 at pres5t1 all m]e   
conjectures1 t is1 all suppositions1 !  
probable realization ( :i* _c be inf]r$ 
^u any j philosophical gr\nds4 ,a writ] 
may tell me t he ?9ks man w ultimately  
become an o/ri*4 ,i _c prop]ly          
contradict him4 ,b be=e he c expect to  
br+ any reasonable p]son ov] to 8       
op9ion1 he ought to %ew t ! necks (     
mank9d h be5 gradually elongat+1 t !    
lips h gr[n h>d] & m prom95t1 t ! legs &
 feet are daily alt]+ _! %ape1 & t !    
hair is beg9n+ to *ange into /ubs (     
fea!rs4 ,& till ! probability ( s       
wond]ful a conv]sion c be %ewn1 x is    
surely lo/ "t & lo/ eloqu5ce to         
expatiate on ! happ9ess ( man 9 su* a   
/ate2 to describe 8 p[]s1 bo? ( runn+ & 

fly+1 to pa9t him 9 a condition :]e all 
n>r[ luxuries w\ld be contemn$1 :]e he  
w\ld be employ$ only 9 collect+ !       
necess>ies ( life1 & :]e1 consequ5tly1  
ea* man's %>e ( lab\r w\ld be light1 & 8
 portion ( leisure ample4  ,i ?9k ,i may
 fairly make two po/ulata4  ,fir/1 ,t   
food is necess>y to ! exi/5ce ( man4    
,secondly1 ,t ! passion betwe5 ! sexes  
is necess>y & w rema9 ne>ly 9 its pres5t
 /ate4  ,^! two laws1 ev] s9ce we h _h  
any k ( mank9d1 appe> to h be5 fix$ laws
 ( our nature1 &1 z we h n hi!rto se5   
any alt]ation 9 !m1 we h no "r to       
conclude t !y w ev] cease to be :at !y  
n[ are1 )\t an imm$iate act ( p[] 9 t   
,be+ :o fir/ arrang$ ! sy/em ( !        
univ]se1 & = ! advantage ( 8 creatures1 
/ill executes1 accord+ to fix$ laws1 all
 its v>i\s op]ations4  ,i d n "k t any  
writ] has suppos$ t on ?is e>? man w    
ultimately be able to live )\t food4 ,b 
,mr ,godw9 has conjectur$ t ! passion   
betwe5 ! sexes may 9 "t be ext+ui%$4 ,z1
 h[ev]1 he calls ?is "p ( 8 "w a        

deviation into ! l& ( conjecture1 ,i w n
 dwell long] ^u x at pres5t ?an to say t
 ! be/ argum5ts = ! p]fectibility ( man 
are drawn f a contemplation ( ! great   
progress t he has already made f !      
savage /ate & ! difficulty ( say+ :]e he
 is to /op4 ,b t[>ds ! ext9ction ( !    
passion betwe5 ! sexes1 no progress     
:atev] has hi!rto be5 made4 ,x appe>s to
 exi/ 9 z mu* =ce at pres5t z x did two 
?\s& or f\r ?\s& ye>s ago4 ,!re are     
individual exceptions n[ z !re always h 
be54 ,b1 z ^! exceptions d n appe> to   
increase 9 numb]1 x w\ld surely be a v  
unphilosophical mode ( argu+ to inf]1   
m]ely f ! exi/5ce ( an exception1 t !   
exception w\ld1 9 "t1 become ! rule1 & !
 rule ! exception4  ,assum+ !n my       
po/ulata z grant$1 ,i say1 t ! p[] (    
population is indef9itely great] ?an !  
p[] 9 ! e>? to produce subsi/5ce = man4 
,population1 :5 un*eck$1 increases 9 a  
geometrical ratio4 ,subsi/5ce increases 
only 9 an ari?metical ratio4 ,a slight  
acqua9tance ) numb]s w %ew ! imm5sity ( 

! fir/ p[] 9 comp>ison ( ! second4  ,by 
t law ( our nature :i* makes food       
necess>y to ! life ( man1 ! effects ( ^!
 two unequal p[]s mu/ be kept equal4    
,?is implies a /rong & con/antly op]at+ 
*eck on population f ! difficulty (     
subsi/5ce4 ,?is difficulty mu/ fall     
some:]e & mu/ necess>ily be sev]ely felt
 by a l>ge portion ( mank9d4  ,?r\gh !  
animal & vegetable k+doms1 nature has   
scatt]$ ! se$s ( life abroad ) ! mo/    
pr(use & lib]al h&4 ,%e has be5         
comp>atively sp>+ 9 ! room & ! n\ri%m5t 
necess>y to re> !m4 ,! g]ms ( exi/5ce   
conta9$ 9 ?is spot ( e>?1 ) ample food1 
& ample room to exp& 91 w\ld fill       
millions ( worlds 9 ! c\rse ( a few ?\s&
 ye>s4 ,necessity1 t imp]i\s all p]vad+ 
law ( nature1 re/ra9s !m )9 ! prescrib$ 
b\nds4 ,! race ( plants & ! race (      
animals %r9k "u ?is great re/rictive    
law4 ,& ! race ( man _c1 by any ef=ts ( 
reason1 escape f x4 ,among plants &     
animals its effects are wa/e ( se$1     
sickness1 & premature dea?4 ,among      

mank9d1 mis]y & vice4 ,! =m]1 mis]y1 is 
an absolutely necess>y consequ5ce ( x4  
,vice is a highly probable consequ5ce1 &
 we !re=e see x abundantly prevail1 b x 
ought n1 p]haps1 to be call$ an         
absolutely necess>y consequ5ce4 ,!      
ordeal ( virtue is to resi/ all         
temptation to evil4  ,?is natural       
inequality ( ! two p[]s ( population & (
 production 9 ! e>?1 & t great law ( our
 nature :i* mu/ con/antly keep _!       
effects equal1 =m ! great difficulty t  
to me appe>s insurm\ntable 9 ! way to ! 
p]fectibility ( society4 ,all o!r       
argum5ts are ( slight & subord9ate      
consid]ation 9 comp>ison ( ?is4 ,i see  
no way by :i* man c escape f ! weight ( 
?is law :i* p]vades all animat$ nature4 
,no fanci$ equality1 no agr>ian         
regulations 9 _! utmo/ ext5t1 c\ld      
remove ! pressure ( x ev5 = a s+le      
c5tury4 ,& x appe>s1 !re=e1 to be       
decisive aga9/ ! possible exi/5ce ( a   
society1 all ! memb]s ( :i* %\ld live 9 
ease1 happ9ess1 & comp>ative leisure2 & 

feel no anxiety ab\t provid+ ! means (  
subsi/5ce = !mselves & families4        
,consequ5tly1 if ! premises are j1 !    
argum5t is conclusive aga9/ !           
p]fectibility ( ! mass ( mank9d4  ,i h  
?us sket*$ ! g5]al outl9e ( ! argum5t1 b
 ,i w exam9e x m p>ticul>ly1 & ,i ?9k x 
w be f\nd t exp]i5ce1 ! true s\rce &    
f\ndation ( all k1 inv>iably confirms   
its tru?4     ,,*apt] #b  ,! diff]5t    
ratio 9 :i* population & food           
increase--,! necess>y effects ( ^!      
diff]5t ratios ( increase--,oscillation 
produc$ by !m 9 ! condition ( ! l[]     
classes ( society--,reasons :y ?is      
oscillation has n be5 s mu* obs]v$ z    
might be expect$--,?ree propositions on 
:i* ! g5]al argum5t ( ! ,essay          
dep5ds--,! diff]5t /ates 9 :i* mank9d h 
be5 kn[n to exi/ propos$ to be exam9$ ) 
ref]5ce to ^! ?ree propositions4   ,i   
said t population1 :5 un*eck$1 increas$ 
9 a geometrical ratio1 & subsi/5ce = man
 9 an ari?metical ratio4  ,let u exam9e 
:e!r ?is position be j4 ,i ?9k x w be   

all[$1 t no /ate has hi!rto exi/$ 7at   
lea/ t we h any acc\nt (7 :]e ! mann]s 7
 s pure & simple1 & ! means ( subsi/5ce 
s abundant1 t no *eck :atev] has exi/$  
to e>ly m>riages1 among ! l[] classes1 f
 a fe> ( n provid+ well = _! families1  
or among ! high] classes1 f a fe> ( l[]+
 _! condition 9 life4 ,consequ5tly 9 no 
/ate t we h yet kn[n has ! p[] (        
population be5 left to ex]t itself )    
p]fect fre$om4  ,:e!r ! law ( m>riage be
 in/itut$ or n1 ! dictate ( nature &    
virtue seems to be an e>ly atta*m5t to  
"o woman4 ,suppos+ a lib]ty ( *ang+ 9 ! 
case ( an un=tunate *oice1 ?is lib]ty   
w\ld n affect population till x arose to
 a height greatly vici\s2 & we are n[   
suppos+ ! exi/5ce ( a society :]e vice  
is sc>cely kn[n4  ,9 a /ate !re=e (     
great equality & virtue1 :]e pure &     
simple mann]s prevail$1 & :]e ! means ( 
subsi/5ce 7 s abundant t no "p ( !      
society c\ld h any fe>s ab\t provid+    
amply = a family1 ! p[] ( population be+
 left to ex]t itself un*eck$1 ! increase

 ( ! human species w\ld evid5tly be mu* 
great] ?an any increase t has be5 hi!rto
 kn[n4  ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica1   
:]e ! means ( subsi/5ce h be5 m ample1 !
 mann]s ( ! p m pure1 & consequ5tly !   
*ecks to e>ly m>riages few]1 ?an 9 any (
 ! mod]n /ates ( ,europe1 ! population  
has be5 f\nd to d\ble itself 9          
tw5ty-five ye>s4  ,?is ratio ( increase1
 ?\gh %ort ( ! utmo/ p[] ( population1  
yet z ! result ( actual exp]i5ce1 we w  
take z our rule1 & say1 t population1 :5
 un*eck$1 goes on d\bl+ itself e        
tw5ty-five ye>s or increases 9 a        
geometrical ratio4  ,let u n[ take any  
spot ( e>?1 ?is ,isl& = in/ance1 & see 9
 :at ratio ! subsi/5ce x af=ds c be     
suppos$ to increase4 ,we w beg9 ) x "u  
its pres5t /ate ( cultivation4  ,if ,i  
all[ t by ! be/ possible policy1 by     
break+ up m l& & by great enc\ragem5ts  
to agriculture1 ! produce ( ?is ,isl&   
may be d\bl$ 9 ! fir/ tw5ty-five ye>s1  
,i ?9k x w be all[+ z mu* z any p]son c 
well dem&4  ,9 ! next tw5ty-five ye>s1 x

 is impossible to suppose t ! produce   
c\ld be quadrupl$4 ,x w\ld be contr>y to
 all our k ( ! qualities ( l&4 ,! v     
utmo/ t we c conceive1 is1 t ! increase 
9 ! second tw5ty-five ye>s might equal !
 pres5t produce4 ,let u !n take ?is =   
our rule1 ?\gh c]ta9ly f> beyond ! tru?1
 & all[ t1 by great ex]tion1 ! :ole     
produce ( ! ,isl& might be increas$ e   
tw5ty-five ye>s1 by a quantity (        
subsi/5ce equal to :at x at pres5t      
produces4 ,! mo/ en?usia/ic speculator  
_c suppose a great] increase ?an ?is4 ,9
 a few c5turies x w\ld make e acre ( l& 
9 ! ,isl& l a g>d54  ,yet ?is ratio (   
increase is evid5tly ari?metical4  ,x   
may be fairly said1 !re=e1 t ! means (  
subsi/5ce increase 9 an ari?metical     
ratio4 ,let u n[ br+ ! effects ( ^! two 
ratios toge!r4  ,! population ( ! ,isl& 
is comput$ to be ab\t sev5 millions1 &  
we w suppose ! pres5t produce equal to !
 support ( su* a numb]4 ,9 ! fir/       
tw5ty-five ye>s ! population w\ld be    
f\rte5 millions1 & ! food be+ also      

d\bl$1 ! means ( subsi/5ce w\ld be equal
 to ?is increase4 ,9 ! next tw5ty-five  
ye>s ! population w\ld be tw5ty-eight   
millions1 & ! means ( subsi/5ce only    
equal to ! support ( tw5ty-"o millions4 
,9 ! next p]iod1 ! population w\ld be   
fifty-six millions1 & ! means (         
subsi/5ce j suffici5t = half t numb]4 ,&
 at ! conclusion ( ! fir/ c5tury !      
population w\ld be "o hundr$ & twelve   
millions & ! means ( subsi/5ce only     
equal to ! support ( ?irty-five         
millions1 :i* w\ld leave a population ( 
sev5ty-sev5 millions totally unprovid$  
=4  ,a great emigration necess>ily      
implies unhapp9ess ( "s k9d or o!r 9 !  
c\ntry t is des]t$4 ,= few p]sons w     
leave _! families1 connections1 fri5ds1 
& native l&1 to seek a settlem5t 9      
untri$ =eign climes1 )\t "s /rong       
subsi/+ causes ( uneas9ess :]e !y are1  
or ! hope ( "s great advantages 9 !     
place to :i* !y are go+4  ,b to make !  
argum5t m g5]al & less int]rupt$ by !   
p>tial views ( emigration1 let u take ! 

:ole e>?1 in/ead ( "o spot1 & suppose t 
! re/ra9ts to population 7 univ]sally   
remov$4 ,if ! subsi/5ce = man t ! e>?   
af=ds 0 to be increas$ e tw5ty-five ye>s
 by a quantity equal to :at ! :ole _w at
 pres5t produces1 ?is w\ld all[ ! p[] ( 
production 9 ! e>? to be absolutely     
unlimit$1 & its ratio ( increase mu*    
great] ?an we c conceive t any possible 
ex]tions ( mank9d c\ld make x4  ,tak+ ! 
population ( ! _w at any numb]1 a ?\s&  
millions1 = in/ance1 ! human species    
w\ld increase 9 ! ratio (--#a1 #b1 #d1  
#h1 #af1 #cb1 #fd1 #abh1 #bef1 #eab1    
etc4 & subsi/5ce z--#a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 
#f1 #g1 #h1 #i1 #aj1 etc4 ,9 two        
c5turies & a qu>t]1 ! population w\ld be
 to ! means ( subsi/5ce z #eab to #aj3 9
 ?ree c5turies z #djif to #ac1 & 9 two  
?\s& ye>s ! diff]5ce w\ld be almo/      
incalculable1 ?\gh ! produce 9 t "t w\ld
 h increas$ to an imm5se ext5t4  ,no    
limits :atev] are plac$ to ! productions
 ( ! e>?2 !y may increase = ev] & be    
great] ?an any assignable quantity1 yet 

/ill ! p[] ( population be+ a p[] ( a   
sup]ior ord]1 ! increase ( ! human      
species c only be kept comm5surate to ! 
increase ( ! means ( subsi/5ce by !     
con/ant op]ation ( ! /rong law (        
necessity act+ z a *eck ^u ! great] p[]4
  ,! effects ( ?is *eck rema9 n[ to be  
consid]$4  ,among plants & animals !    
view ( ! subject is simple4 ,!y are all 
impell$ by a p[]ful in/9ct to ! increase
 ( _! species1 & ?is in/9ct is int]rupt$
 by no reason+ or d\bts ab\t provid+ =  
_! (fspr+4 ,:]ev] !re=e !re is lib]ty1 !
 p[] ( increase is ex]t$1 & !           
sup]abundant effects are repress$       
aft]w>ds by want ( room & n\ri%m5t1 :i* 
is common to animals & plants1 & among  
animals by becom+ ! prey ( o!rs4  ,!    
effects ( ?is *eck on man are m         
complicat$4 ,impell$ to ! increase ( 8  
species by an equally p[]ful in/9ct1    
reason int]rupts 8 c>e] & asks him :e!r 
he may n br+ be+s into ! _w = :om he _c 
provide ! means ( subsi/5ce4 ,9 a /ate (
 equality1 ?is w\ld be ! simple "q4 ,9 !

 pres5t /ate ( society1 o!r             
consid]ations occur4 ,w he n l[] 8 rank 
9 life8 ,w he n subject himself to      
great] difficulties ?an he at pres5t    
feels8 ,w he n be oblig$ to lab\r h>d]8 
& if he has a l>ge family1 w 8 utmo/    
ex]tions enable him to support !m8 ,may 
he n see 8 (fspr+ 9 rags & mis]y1 &     
clam\r+ = bread t he _c give !m8 ,& may 
he n be r$uc$ to ! grat+ necessity (    
=feit+ 8 indep5d5ce1 & ( be+ oblig$ to !
 sp>+ h& ( *>ity = support8  ,^!        
consid]ations are calculat$ to prev5t1 &
 c]ta9ly d prev5t1 a v great numb] 9 all
 civiliz$ nations f pursu+ ! dictate (  
nature 9 an e>ly atta*m5t to "o woman4  
,& ?is re/ra9t almo/ necess>ily1 ?\gh n 
absolutely s1 produces vice4 ,yet 9 all 
societies1 ev5 ^? t are mo/ vici\s1 !   
t5d5cy to a virtu\s atta*m5t is s /rong 
t !re is a con/ant ef=t t[>ds an        
increase ( population4 ,?is con/ant ef=t
 z con/antly t5ds to subject ! l[]      
classes ( ! society to di/ress & to     
prev5t any great p]man5t amelioration ( 

_! condition4  ,! way 9 :i*1 ^! effects 
are produc$ seems to be ?is4 ,we w      
suppose ! means ( subsi/5ce 9 any c\ntry
 j equal to ! easy support ( its        
inhabitants4 ,! con/ant ef=t t[>ds      
population1 :i* is f\nd to act ev5 9 !  
mo/ vici\s societies1 increases ! numb] 
( p be=e ! means ( subsi/5ce are        
increas$4 ,! food !re=e :i* be=e        
support$ sev5 millions mu/ n[ be divid$ 
among sev5 millions & a half or eight   
millions4 ,! poor consequ5tly mu/ live  
mu* worse1 & _m ( !m be r$uc$ to sev]e  
di/ress4 ,! numb] ( lab\r]s also be+    
above ! proportion ( ! "w 9 ! m>ket1 !  
price ( lab\r mu/ t5d t[>d a decrease1  
:ile ! price ( provisions w\ld at ! same
 "t t5d to rise4 ,! lab\r] !re=e mu/ "w 
h>d] to e>n ! same z he did be=e4 ,dur+ 
?is season ( di/ress1 ! disc\ragem5ts to
 m>riage1 & ! difficulty ( re>+ a family
 are s great t population is at a /&4 ,9
 ! mean "t ! *eapness ( lab\r1 ! pl5ty (
 lab\r]s1 & ! necessity ( an increas$   
indu/ry among/ !m1 enc\rage cultivators 

to employ m lab\r ^u _! l&1 to turn up  
fre% soil1 & to manure & improve m      
completely :at is already 9 tillage1    
till ultimately ! means ( subsi/5ce     
become 9 ! same proportion to !         
population z at ! p]iod f :i* we set    
out4 ,! situation ( ! lab\r] be+ !n aga9
 tol]ably com=table1 ! re/ra9ts to      
population are 9 "s degree loos5$1 & !  
same retrograde & progressive movem5ts )
 respect to happ9ess are repeat$4  ,?is 
sort ( oscillation w n be rem>k$ by     
sup]ficial obs]v]s1 & x may be difficult
 ev5 = ! mo/ p5etrat+ m9d to calculate  
its p]iods4 ,yet t 9 all old /ates "s   
su* vibration does exi/1 ?\gh f v>i\s   
transv]se causes1 9 a mu* less m>k$1 & 9
 a mu* m irregul> mann] ?an ,i h        
describ$ x1 no reflect+ man :o consid]s 
! subject deeply c well d\bt4  ,_m      
reasons occur :y ?is oscillation has be5
 less obvi\s1 & less decid$ly confirm$  
by exp]i5ce1 ?an might naturally be     
expect$4  ,"o pr9cipal reason is t !    
hi/ories ( mank9d t we possess are      

hi/ories only ( ! high] classes4 ,we h b
 few acc\nts t c be dep5d$ ^u ( ! mann]s
 & cu/oms ( t "p ( mank9d :]e ^!        
retrograde & progressive movem5ts *iefly
 take place4 ,a satisfactory hi/ory (   
?is k9d1 on "o p1 & ( "o p]iod1 w\ld    
require ! con/ant & m9ute att5tion ( an 
obs]v+ m9d dur+ a long life4 ,"s ( !    
objects ( inquiry w\ld be1 9 :at        
proportion to ! numb] ( adults 0 ! numb]
 ( m>riages1 to :at ext5t vici\s cu/oms 
prevail$ 9 consequ5ce ( ! re/ra9ts ^u   
matrimony1 :at 0 ! comp>ative mortality 
among ! *ildr5 ( ! mo/ di/ress$ "p ( !  
community & ^? :o liv$ r m at _! ease1  
:at 7 ! v>iations 9 ! real price (      
lab\r1 & :at 7 ! obs]vable diff]5ces 9 !
 /ate ( ! l[] classes ( society )       
respect to ease & happ9ess1 at diff]5t  
times dur+ a c]ta9 p]iod4  ,su* a hi/ory
 w\ld t5d greatly to elucidate ! mann] 9
 :i* ! con/ant *eck ^u population acts &
 w\ld probably prove ! exi/5ce ( !      
retrograde & progressive movem5ts t h   
be5 m5tion$1 ?\gh ! times ( _!          

vibrations mu/ necess>ily be r5d]$      
irregul> f ! op]ation ( _m int]rupt+    
causes1 su* z ! introduction or failure 
( c]ta9 manufactures1 a great] or less  
preval5t _s ( agricultural ent]prise1   
ye>s ( pl5ty1 or ye>s ( sc>city1 w>s &  
pe/il5ce1 poor laws1 ! inv5tion (       
processes = %ort5+ lab\r )\t !          
proportional ext5sion ( ! m>ket = !     
commodity1 &1 p>ticul>ly1 ! diff]5ce    
betwe5 ! nom9al & real price ( lab\r1 a 
circum/ance :i* has p]haps m ?an any o!r
 contribut$ to conceal ?is oscillation f
 common view4  ,x v r>ely happ5s t !    
nom9al price ( lab\r univ]sally falls1 b
 we well "k t x frequ5tly rema9s ! same1
 :ile ! nom9al price ( provisions has   
be5 gradually increas+4 ,?is is1 9      
effect1 a real fall 9 ! price ( lab\r1 &
 dur+ ?is p]iod ! condition ( ! l[]     
ord]s ( ! community mu/ gradually gr[   
worse & worse4 ,b ! f>m]s & capitali/s  
are gr[+ ri* f ! real *eapness ( lab\r4 
,_! increas$ capitals enable !m to      
employ a great] numb] ( m54 ,"w !re=e   

may be pl5tiful1 & ! price ( lab\r w\ld 
consequ5tly rise4 ,b ! want ( fre$om 9 !
 m>ket ( lab\r1 :i* occurs m or less 9  
all communities1 ei!r f p>i% laws1 or ! 
m g5]al cause ( ! facility ( comb9ation 
among ! ri*1 & its difficulty among !   
poor1 op]ates to prev5t ! price ( lab\r 
f ris+ at ! natural p]iod1 & keeps x d[n
 "s "t long]2 p]haps till a ye> (       
sc>city1 :5 ! clam\r is too l\d & !     
necessity too app>5t to be resi/$4  ,!  
true cause ( ! advance 9 ! price ( lab\r
 is ?us conceal$1 & ! ri* affect to     
grant x z an act ( compassion & fav\r to
 ! poor1 9 consid]ation ( a ye> (       
sc>city1 &1 :5 pl5ty returns1 indulge   
!mselves 9 ! mo/ unreasonable ( all     
compla9ts1 t ! price does n aga9 fall1  
:5 a little rejection w\ld %ew !m t x   
mu/ h ris5 long be=e b f an unju/       
conspiracy ( _! own4  ,b ?\gh ! ri* by  
unfair comb9ations contribute frequ5tly 
to prolong a season ( di/ress among !   
poor1 yet no possible =m ( society c\ld 
prev5t ! almo/ con/ant action ( mis]y ^u

 a great "p ( mank9d1 if 9 a /ate (     
inequality1 & ^u all1 if all 7 equal4   
,! !ory on :i* ! tru? ( ?is position    
dep5ds appe>s to me s extremely cle> t  
,i feel at a loss to conjecture :at "p (
 x c be d5i$4  ,t population _c increase
 )\t ! means ( subsi/5ce is a           
proposition s evid5t t x ne$s no        
illu/ration4  ,t population does        
inv>iably increase :]e !re are ! means (
 subsi/5ce1 ! hi/ory ( e p t h ev] exi/$
 w abundantly prove4  ,& t ! sup]ior p[]
 ( population _c be *eck$ )\t produc+   
mis]y or vice1 ! ample portion ( ^! too 
bitt] +r$i5ts 9 ! cup ( human life & !  
cont9uance ( ! physical causes t seem to
 h produc$ !m be> too conv9c+ a         
te/imony4  ,b1 9 ord] m fully to asc]ta9
 ! validity ( ^! ?ree propositions1 let 
u exam9e ! diff]5t /ates 9 :i* mank9d h 
be5 kn[n to exi/4 ,ev5 a cursory review 
w1 ,i ?9k1 be suffici5t to conv9ce u t  
^! propositions are incontrov]tible     
tru?s4     ,,*apt] #c  ,! savage or     
hunt] /ate %ortly review$--,! %eph]d    

/ate1 or ! tribes ( b>b>ians t ov]ran ! 
,roman ,empire--,! sup]iority ( ! p[] ( 
population to ! means ( subsi/5ce--!    
cause ( ! great tide ( ,nor!rn          
,emigration4   ,9 ! rude/ /ate ( mank9d1
 9 :i* hunt+ is ! pr9cipal occupation1 &
 ! only mode ( acquir+ food2 ! means (  
subsi/5ce be+ scatt]$ ov] a l>ge ext5t (
 t]ritory1 ! comp>ative population mu/  
necess>ily be ?94 ,x is said t ! passion
 betwe5 ! sexes is less ard5t among !   
,nor? ,am]ican ,indians1 ?an among any  
o!r race ( m54 ,yet1 not)/&+ ?is apa?y1 
! ef=t t[>ds population1 ev5 9 ?is p1   
seems to be always great] ?an ! means to
 support x4 ,?is appe>s1 f !            
comp>atively rapid population t takes   
place1 :5ev] any ( ! tribes happ5 to    
settle 9 "s f]tile spot1 & to draw      
n\ri%m5t f m fruitful s\rces ?an t (    
hunt+2 & x has be5 frequ5tly rem>k$ t :5
 an ,indian family has tak5 up its abode
 ne> any ,european settlem5t1 & adopt$ a
 m easy & civiliz$ mode ( life1 t "o    
woman has re>$ five1 or six1 or m       

*ildr52 ?\gh 9 ! savage /ate x r>ely    
happ5s t above "o or two 9 a family gr[ 
up to maturity4 ,! same obs]vation has  
be5 made ) reg>d to ! ,hott5tots ne> !  
,cape4 ,^! facts prove ! sup]ior p[] (  
population to ! means ( subsi/5ce 9     
nations ( hunt]s1 & t ?is p[] always    
%ews itself ! mom5t x is left to act )  
fre$om4  ,x rema9s to inquire :e!r ?is  
p[] c be *eck$1 & its effects kept equal
 to ! means ( subsi/5ce1 )\t vice or    
mis]y4  ,! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians1     
consid]$ z a p1 _c ju/ly be call$ free &
 equal4 ,9 all ! acc\nts we h ( !m1 &1  
inde$1 ( mo/ o!r savage nations1 ! wom5 
are repres5t$ z mu* m completely 9 a    
/ate ( slav]y to ! m5 ?an ! poor are to 
! ri* 9 civiliz$ c\ntries4 ,"o half !   
nation appe>s to act z ,helots to ! o!r 
half1 & ! mis]y t *ecks population falls
 *iefly1 z x always mu/ d1 ^u t "p ^:   
condition is l[e/ 9 ! scale ( society4  
,! infancy ( man 9 ! simple/ /ate       
requires consid]able att5tion1 b ?is    
necess>y att5tion ! wom5 _c give1       

condemn$ z !y are to ! inconv5i5ces &   
h>d%ips ( frequ5t *ange ( place & to !  
con/ant & unremitt+ drudg]y ( prep>+ e  
?+ = ! reception ( _! tyrannic lords4   
,^! ex]tions1 sometimes dur+ pregnancy  
or ) *ildr5 at _! backs1 mu/ occasion   
frequ5t misc>riages1 & prev5t any b !   
mo/ robu/ infants f gr[+ to maturity4   
,add to ^! h>d%ips ( ! wom5 ! con/ant w>
 t prevails among savages1 & ! necessity
 :i* !y frequ5tly lab\r "u ( expos+ _!  
ag$ & helpless p>5ts1 & ( ?us violat+ ! 
fir/ feel+s ( nature1 & ! picture w n   
appe> v free f ! blot ( mis]y4 ,9       
e/imat+ ! happ9ess ( a savage nation1 we
 mu/ n fix our eyes only on ! w>rior 9 !
 prime ( life3 he is "o ( a hundr$3 he  
is ! g5tleman1 ! man ( =tune1 ! *ances h
 be5 9 8 fav\r & _m ef=ts h fail$ ere   
?is =tunate be+ 0 produc$1 ^: gu>dian   
g5ius %\ld pres]ve him ?r\gh ! numb]less
 dang]s ) :i* he w\ld be surr\nd$ f     
infancy to manhood4 ,! true po9ts (     
comp>ison betwe5 two nations seem to be 
! ranks 9 ea* :i* appe> ne>e/ to answ]  

to ea* o!r4 ,& 9 ?is view1 ,i %\ld      
comp>e ! w>riors 9 ! prime ( life ) !   
g5tlem51 & ! wom51 *ildr51 & ag$1 ) !   
l[] classes ( ! community 9 civiliz$    
/ates4  ,may we n !n fairly inf] f ?is  
%ort review1 or r1 f ! acc\nts t may be 
ref]r$ to ( nations ( hunt]s1 t _!      
population is ?9 f ! sc>city ( food1 t x
 w\ld imm$iately increase if food 0 9   
great] pl5ty1 & t1 putt+ vice out ( ! "q
 among savages1 mis]y is ! *eck t       
represses ! sup]ior p[] ( population &  
keeps its effects equal to ! means (    
subsi/5ce4 ,actual obs]vation & exp]i5ce
 tell u t ?is *eck1 ) a few local &     
tempor>y exceptions1 is con/antly act+  
n[ ^u all savage nations1 & ! !ory      
indicates t x probably act$ ) ne>ly     
equal /r5g? a ?\s& ye>s ago1 & x may n  
be mu* great] a ?\s& ye>s h5ce4  ,( !   
mann]s & habits t prevail among nations 
( %eph]ds1 ! next /ate ( mank9d1 we are 
ev5 m ignorant ?an ( ! savage /ate4 ,b t
 ^! nations c\ld n escape ! g5]al lot ( 
mis]y aris+ f ! want ( subsi/5ce1       

,europe1 & all ! faire/ c\ntries 9 ! _w1
 be> ample te/imony4 ,want 0 ! goad t   
drove ! ,scy?ian %eph]ds f _! native    
haunts1 l s _m fami%$ wolves 9 se>* (   
prey4 ,set 9 motion by ?is all p[]ful   
cause1 cl\ds ( ,b>b>ians seem$ to       
collect f all po9ts ( ! nor!rn          
hemisph]e4 ,ga!r+ fre% d>kness & t]ror z
 !y roll$ on1 ! congregat$ bodies at    
l5g? obscur$ ! sun ( ,italy & sunk !    
:ole _w 9 univ]sal night4 ,^! trem5d\s  
effects1 s long & s deeply felt ?r\gh\t 
! faire/ portions ( ! e>?1 may be trac$ 
to ! simple cause ( ! sup]ior p[] (     
population to ! means ( subsi/5ce4  ,x  
is well kn[n t a c\ntry 9 pa/ure _c     
support s _m inhabitants z a c\ntry 9   
tillage1 b :at r5d]s nations ( %eph]ds s
 =midable is ! p[] :i* !y possess ( mov+
 all toge!r & ! necessity !y frequ5tly  
feel ( ex]t+ ?is p[] 9 se>* ( fre%      
pa/ure = _! h]ds4 ,a tribe t 0 ri* 9    
cattle _h an imm$iate pl5ty ( food4 ,ev5
 ! p>5t /ock might be dev\r$ 9 a case ( 
absolute necessity4 ,! wom5 liv$ 9      

great] ease ?an among nations ( hunt]s4 
,! m5 bold 9 _! unit$ /r5g? & confid+ 9 
_! p[] ( procur+ pa/ure = _! cattle by  
*ange ( place1 felt1 probably1 b few    
fe>s ab\t provid+ = a family4 ,^! comb9$
 causes soon produc$ _! natural &       
inv>iable effect1 an ext5d$ population4 
,a m frequ5t & rapid *ange ( place      
became !n necess>y4 ,a wid] & m ext5sive
 t]ritory 0 successively occupi$4 ,a    
broad] desolation ext5d$ all ar\nd !m4  
,want p9*$ ! less =tunate memb]s ( !    
society1 &1 at l5g?1 ! impossibility (  
support+ su* a numb] toge!r became too  
evid5t to be resi/$4 ,"y scions 7 !n    
pu%$ out f ! p>5t-/ock & in/ruct$ to    
explore fre% regions & to ga9 happi]    
seats = !mselves by _! swords4 ',! _w 0 
all be=e !m :]e to *oose4' ,re/less f   
pres5t di/ress1 flu%$ ) ! hope ( fair]  
prospects1 & animat$ ) ! _s ( h>dy      
ent]prise1 ^! d>+ adv5tur]s 7 likely to 
become =midable adv]s>ies to all :o     
oppos$ !m4 ,! peaceful inhabitants ( !  
c\ntries on :i* !y ru%$ c\ld n long )/& 

! en]gy ( m5 act+ "u su* p[]ful motives 
( ex]tion4 ,& :5 !y fell 9 ) any tribes 
l _! own1 ! conte/ 0 a /ruggle =        
exi/5ce1 & !y f\ght ) a desp]ate c\rage1
 inspir$ by ! rejection t dea? 0 !      
puni%m5t ( defeat & life ! prize (      
victory4  ,9 ^! savage conte/s _m tribes
 mu/ h be5 utt]ly ext]m9at$4 ,"s1       
probably1 p]i%$ by h>d%ip & fam9e4      
,o!rs1 ^: lead+ /> _h giv5 !m a happi]  
direction1 became great & p[]ful tribes1
 &1 9 _! turns1 s5t (f fre% adv5tur]s 9 
se>* ( /ill m f]tile seats4 ,! prodigi\s
 wa/e ( human life occasion$ by ?is     
p]petual /ruggle = room & food 0 m ?an  
suppli$ by ! mighty p[] ( population1   
act+1 9 "s degree1 un%ackl$ f ! cons5t  
habit ( emigration4 ,! tribes t migrat$ 
t[>ds ! ,s\?1 ?\gh !y won ^! m fruitful 
regions by cont9ual battles1 rapidly    
increas$ 9 numb] & p[]1 f ! increas$    
means ( subsi/5ce4 ,till at l5g? ! :ole 
t]ritory1 f ! conf9es ( ,*9a to ! %ores 
( ! ,baltic1 0 peopl$ by a v>i\s race ( 
,b>b>ians1 brave1 robu/1 & ent]pris+1   

inur$ to h>d%ip1 & delight+ 9 w>4 ,"s   
tribes ma9ta9$ _! indep5d5ce4 ,o!rs     
rang$ !mselves "u ! /&>d ( "s b>b>ic    
*iefta9 :o l$ !m to victory aft]        
victory1 & :at 0 ( m importance1 to     
regions ab\nd+ 9 corn1 w9e1 & oil1 !    
long wi%$ = consummation1 & great rew>d 
( _! lab\rs4 ,an ,al>ic1 an ,attila1 or 
a ,z+is ,khan1 & ! *iefs ar\nd !m1 might
 fight = glory1 = ! fame ( ext5sive     
conque/s1 b ! true cause t set 9 motion 
! great tide ( nor!rn emigration1 & t   
cont9u$ to propel x till x roll$ at     
diff]5t p]iods aga9/ ,*9a1 ,p]sia1      
,italy1 & ev5 ,egypt1 0 a sc>city (     
food1 a population ext5d$ beyond ! means
 ( support+ x4  ,! absolute population  
at any "o p]iod1 9 proportion to ! ext5t
 ( t]ritory1 c\ld nev] be great1 on     
acc\nt ( ! unproductive nature ( "s ( ! 
regions occupi$2 b !re appe>s to h be5 a
 mo/ rapid succession ( human be+s1 & z 
fa/ z "s 7 m[$ d[n by ! scy! ( w> or (  
fam9e1 o!rs rose 9 increas$ numb]s to   
supply _! place4 ,among ^! bold &       

improvid5t ,b>b>ians1 population 0      
probably b little *eck$1 z 9 mod]n      
/ates1 f a fe> ( future difficulties4 ,a
 prevail+ hope ( bett]+ _! condition by 
*ange ( place1 a con/ant expectation (  
plund]1 a p[] ev51 if di/ress$1 ( sell+ 
_! *ildr5 z slaves1 add$ to ! natural   
c>elessness ( ! b>b>ic "*1 all conspir$ 
to raise a population :i* rema9$ to be  
repress$ aft]w>ds by fam9e or w>4  ,:]e 
!re is any inequality ( conditions1 &   
among nations ( %eph]ds ?is soon takes  
place1 ! di/ress aris+ f a sc>city (    
provisions mu/ fall h>de/ ^u ! lea/     
=tunate memb]s ( ! society4 ,?is di/ress
 also mu/ frequ5tly h be5 felt by !     
wom51 expos$ to casual plund] 9 ! abs5ce
 ( _! husb&s1 & subject to cont9ual     
disappo9tm5ts 9 _! expect$ return4  ,b  
)\t kn[+ en\gh ( ! m9ute & intimate     
hi/ory ( ^! p1 to po9t out precisely on 
:at "p ! di/ress = want ( food *iefly   
fell1 & to :at ext5t x 0 g5]ally felt1  
,i ?9k we may fairly say1 f all !       
acc\nts t we h ( nations ( %eph]ds1 t   

population inv>iably increas$ among !m  
:5ev]1 by emigration or any o!r cause1 !
 means ( subsi/5ce 7 increas$1 & t a    
fur!r population 0 *eck$1 & ! actual    
population kept equal to ! means (      
subsi/5ce1 by mis]y & vice4  ,=1        
indep5d5tly ( any vici\s cu/oms t might 
h prevail$ among/ !m ) reg>d to wom51   
:i* always op]ate z *ecks to population1
 x mu/ be ackn[l$g$1 ,i ?9k1 t !        
commission ( w> is vice1 & ! effect ( x 
mis]y1 & none c d\bt ! mis]y ( want (   
food4     ,,*apt] #d  ,/ate ( civiliz$  
nations--,probability t ,europe is mu* m
 popul\s n[ ?an 9 ! "t ( ,julius        
,caes>--,be/ crit]ion (                 
population--,probable error ( ,hume 9 "o
 ! crit]ions t he proposes z assi/+ 9 an
 e/imate ( population--,sl[ increase (  
population at pres5t 9 mo/ ( ! /ates (  
,europe--,! two pr9cipal *ecks to       
population--,! fir/1 or prev5tive *eck  
exam9$ ) reg>d to ,engl&4   ,9 exam9+ ! 
next /ate ( mank9d ) relation to ! "q   
be=e u1 ! /ate ( mix$ pa/ure & tillage1 

9 :i* ) "s v>iation 9 ! proportions !   
mo/ civiliz$ nations mu/ always rema91  
we %all be assi/$ 9 our review by :at we
 daily see ar\nd u1 by actual exp]i5ce1 
by facts t come )9 ! scope ( e man's    
obs]vation4  ,not)/&+ ! exagg]ations (  
"s old hi/orians1 !re c rema9 no d\bt 9 
! m9d ( any ?9k+ man t ! population ( ! 
pr9cipal c\ntries ( ,europe1 ,france1   
,engl&1 ,g]many1 ,russia1 ,pol&1 ,sw$51 
& ,d5m>k is mu* great] ?an ev] x 0 9 =m]
 times4 ,! obvi\s reason ( ^!           
exagg]ations is ! =midable aspect t ev5 
a ?9ly peopl$ nation mu/ h1 :5 collect$ 
toge!r & mov+ all at once 9 se>* ( fre% 
seats4 ,if to ?is trem5d\s appe>ance be 
add$ a succession at c]ta9 int]vals (   
simil> emigrations1 we %all n be mu*    
surpris$ t ! fe>s ( ! timid nations ( ! 
,s\? repres5t$ ! ,nor? z a region       
absolutely sw>m+ ) human be+s4 ,a ne>] &
 ju/] view ( ! subject at pres5t enables
 u to see t ! inf]5ce 0 z absurd z if a 
man 9 ?is c\ntry1 :o 0 cont9ually meet+ 
on ! road droves ( cattle f ,wales & !  

,nor?1 0 imm$iately to conclude t ^!    
c\ntries 7 ! mo/ productive ( all ! p>ts
 ( ! k+dom4  ,! reason t ! great] "p (  
,europe is m popul\s n[ ?an x 0 9 =m]   
times1 is t ! indu/ry ( ! inhabitants   
has made ^! c\ntries produce a great]   
quantity ( human subsi/5ce4 ,= ,i       
conceive t x may be laid d[n z a        
position n to be controv]t$1 t1 tak+ a  
suffici5t ext5t ( t]ritory to include )9
 x exportation & importation1 & all[+ "s
 v>iation = ! preval5ce ( luxury1 or (  
frugal habits1 t population con/antly   
be>s a regul> proportion to ! food t !  
e>? is made to produce4 ,9 ! controv]sy 
conc]n+ ! popul\sness ( anci5t & mod]n  
nations1 c\ld x be cle>ly asc]ta9$ t !  
av]age produce ( ! c\ntries 9 "q1 tak5  
altoge!r1 is great] n[ ?an x 0 9 ! times
 ( ,julius ,caes>1 ! dispute w\ld be at 
once det]m9$4  ,:5 we are assur$ t ,*9a 
is ! mo/ f]tile c\ntry 9 ! _w1 t almo/  
all ! l& is 9 tillage1 & t a great "p ( 
x be>s two crops e ye>1 & fur!r1 t ! p  
live v frugally1 we may inf] ) c]ta9ty t

 ! population mu/ be imm5se1 )\t busy+  
ourselves 9 inquiries into ! mann]s &   
habits ( ! l[] classes & ! enc\ragem5ts 
to e>ly m>riages4 ,b ^! inquiries are ( 
! utmo/ importance1 & a m9ute hi/ory ( !
 cu/oms ( ! l[] ,*9ese w\ld be ( !      
greate/ use 9 asc]ta9+ 9 :at mann] !    
*ecks to a fur!r population op]ate2 :at 
are ! vices1 & :at are ! di/resses t    
prev5t an increase ( numb]s beyond !    
ability ( ! c\ntry to support4  ,hume1 9
 8 essay on ! popul\sness ( anci5t &    
mod]n nations1 :5 he int]m+les1 z he    
says1 an inquiry conc]n+ causes ) t     
conc]n+ facts1 does n seem to see ) 8   
usual p5etration h[ v little "s ( !     
causes he alludes to c\ld enable him to 
=m any judgem5t ( ! actual population ( 
anci5t nations4 ,if any inf]5ce c be    
drawn f !m1 p]haps x %\ld be directly ! 
rev]se ( :at ,hume draws1 ?\gh ,i       
c]ta9ly ought to speak ) great diffid5ce
 9 diss5t+ f a man :o ( all o!rs on su* 
subjects 0 ! lea/ likely to be deceiv$  
by fir/ appe>ances4 ,if ,i f9d t at a   

c]ta9 p]iod 9 anci5t hi/ory1 !          
enc\ragem5ts to h a family 7 great1 t   
e>ly m>riages 7 consequ5tly v preval5t1 
& t few p]sons rema9$ s+le1 ,i %\ld inf]
 ) c]ta9ty t population 0 rapidly       
increas+1 b by no means t x 0 !n        
actually v great1 r2 inde$1 ! contr>y1 t
 x 0 !n ?9 & t !re 0 room & food = a mu*
 great] numb]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ,i f9d t
 at ?is p]iod ! difficulties att5d+ a   
family 7 v great1 t1 consequ5tly1 few   
e>ly m>riages took place1 & t a great   
numb] ( bo? sexes rema9$ s+le1 ,i inf] )
 c]ta9ty t population 0 at a /&1 &1     
probably1 because ! actual population 0 
v great 9 proportion to ! f]tility ( !  
l& & t !re 0 sc>cely room & food = m4 ,!
 numb] ( footm51 h\semaids1 & o!r p]sons
 rema9+ unm>ri$ 9 mod]n /ates1 ,hume    
all[s to be r an argum5t aga9/ _!       
population4 ,i %\ld r draw a contr>y    
inf]5ce & consid] x an argum5t ( _!     
fullness1 ?\gh ?is inf]5ce is n c]ta91  
because !re are _m ?9ly inhabit$ /ates t
 are yet /ation>y 9 _! population4 ,to  

speak1 !re=e1 correctly1 p]haps x may be
 said t ! numb] ( unm>ri$ p]sons 9      
proportion to ! :ole numb]1 exi/+ at    
diff]5t p]iods1 9 ! same or diff]5t     
/ates w enable u to judge :e!r          
population at ^! p]iods 0 increas+1     
/ation>y1 or decreas+1 b w =m no        
crit]ion by :i* we c det]m9e ! actual   
population4  ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a          
circum/ance tak5 notice ( 9 mo/ ( !     
acc\nts we h ( ,*9a t x seems difficult 
to reconcile ) ?is reason+4 ,x is said t
 e>ly m>riages v g5]ally prevail ?r\gh  
all ! ranks ( ! ,*9ese4 ,yet ,dr ,adam  
,smi? supposes t population 9 ,*9a is   
/ation>y4 ,^! two circum/ances appe> to 
be irreconcilable4 ,x c]ta9ly seems v   
little probable t ! population ( ,*9a is
 fa/ increas+4 ,e acre ( l& has be5 s   
long 9 cultivation t we c h>dly conceive
 !re is any great ye>ly addition to !   
av]age produce4 ,! fact1 p]haps1 ( !    
univ]sality ( e>ly m>riages may n be    
suffici5tly asc]ta9$4 ,if x be suppos$  
true1 ! only way ( acc\nt+ = !          

difficulty1 ) our pres5t k ( ! subject1 
appe>s to be t ! r$undant population1   
necess>ily occasion$ by ! preval5ce (   
e>ly m>riages1 mu/ be repress$ by       
occasional fam9es1 & by ! cu/om ( expos+
 *ildr51 :i*1 9 times ( di/ress1 is     
probably m frequ5t ?an is ev] ackn[l$g$ 
to ,europeans4 ,relative to ?is b>b>\s  
practice1 x is difficult to avoid       
rem>k+1 t !re _c be a /rong] pro( ( !   
di/resses t h be5 felt by mank9d = want 
( food1 ?an ! exi/5ce ( a cu/om t ?us   
violates ! mo/ natural pr9ciple ( !     
human he>t4 ,x appe>s to h be5 v g5]al  
among anci5t nations1 & c]ta9ly t5d$ r  
to increase population4  ,9 exam9+ !    
pr9cipal /ates ( mod]n ,europe1 we %all 
f9d t ?\gh !y h increas$ v consid]ably 9
 population s9ce !y 7 nations ( %eph]ds1
 yet t at pres5t _! progress is b sl[1 &
 in/ead ( d\bl+ _! numb]s e tw5ty-five  
ye>s !y require ?ree or f\r hundr$ ye>s1
 or m1 = t purpose4 ,"s1 inde$1 may be  
absolutely /ation>y1 & o!rs ev5         
retrograde4 ,! cause ( ?is sl[ progress 

9 population _c be trac$ to a decay ( ! 
passion betwe5 ! sexes4 ,we h suffici5t 
reason to ?9k t ?is natural prop5sity   
exi/s /ill 9 undim9i%$ vig\r4 ,:y !n d n
 its effects appe> 9 a rapid increase ( 
! human species8 ,an intimate view ( !  
/ate ( society 9 any "o c\ntry 9        
,europe1 :i* may s]ve equally = all1 w  
enable u to answ] ?is "q1 & to say t a  
=esight ( ! difficulties att5d+ ! re>+ (
 a family acts z a prev5tive *eck1 & !  
actual di/resses ( "s ( ! l[] classes1  
by :i* !y are disabl$ f giv+ ! prop]    
food & att5tion to _! *ildr51 act z a   
positive *eck to ! natural increase (   
population4  ,engl&1 z "o ( ! mo/       
fl\ri%+ /ates ( ,europe1 may be fairly  
tak5 = an example1 & ! obs]vations made 
w apply ) b little v>iation to any o!r  
c\ntry :]e ! population increases sl[ly4
  ,! prev5tive *eck appe>s to op]ate 9  
"s degree ?r\gh all ! ranks ( society 9 
,engl&4 ,!re are "s m51 ev5 9 ! highe/  
rank1 :o are prev5t$ f m>ry+ by ! idea (
 ! exp5ses t !y mu/ retr5*1 & ! fanci$  

pleasures t !y mu/ deprive !mselves (1  
on ! supposition ( hav+ a family4 ,^!   
consid]ations are c]ta9ly trivial1 b a  
prev5tive =esight ( ?is k9d has objects 
( mu* great] weight = its contemplation 
z we g l[]4  ,a man ( lib]al education1 
b ) an income only j suffici5t to enable
 him to associate 9 ! rank ( g5tlem51   
mu/ feel absolutely c]ta9 t if he m>ries
 & has a family he %all be oblig$1 if he
 mixes at all 9 society1 to rank himself
 ) mod]ate f>m]s & ! l[] class (        
tradesm54 ,! woman t a man ( education  
w\ld naturally make ! object ( 8 *oice  
w\ld be "o br\ght up 9 ! same ta/es &   
s5tim5ts ) himself & us$ to ! famili>   
int]c\rse ( a society totally diff]5t f 
t to :i* %e mu/ be r$uc$ by m>riage4 ,c 
a man cons5t to place ! object ( 8      
affection 9 a situation s discordant1   
probably1 to h] ta/es & incl9ations8    
,two or ?ree /eps ( desc5t 9 society1   
p>ticul>ly at ?is r\nd ( ! ladd]1 :]e   
education ends & ignorance beg9s1 w n be
 consid]$ by ! g5]ality ( p z a fanci$ &

 *im]ical1 b a real & ess5tial evil4 ,if
 society be held desirable1 x surely mu/
 be free1 equal1 & reciprocal society1  
:]e b5efits are conf]r$ z well z        
receiv$1 & n su* z ! dep5d5t f9ds ) 8   
patron or ! poor ) ! ri*4  ,^!          
consid]ations und\bt$ly prev5t a great  
numb] 9 ?is rank ( life f foll[+ ! b5t (
 _! incl9ations 9 an e>ly atta*m5t4     
,o!rs1 guid$ ei!r by a /rong] passion1  
or a weak] judgem5t1 break ?r\gh ^!     
re/ra9ts1 & x w\ld be h>d inde$1 if !   
gratification ( s delightful a passion z
 virtu\s love1 did n1 sometimes1 m ?an  
c\nt]balance all its att5dant evils4 ,b 
,i fe> x mu/ be own$ t ! m g5]al        
consequ5ces ( su* m>riages are r        
calculat$ to ju/ify ?an to repress !    
=ebod+s ( ! prud5t4  ,! sons ( tradesm5 
& f>m]s are exhort$ n to m>ry1 & g5]ally
 f9d x necess>y to pursue ?is advice    
till !y are settl$ 9 "s bus9ess or f>m t
 may enable !m to support a family4 ,^! 
ev5ts may n1 p]haps1 occur till !y are  
f> advanc$ 9 life4 ,! sc>city ( f>ms is 

a v g5]al compla9t 9 ,engl&4 ,& !       
competition 9 e k9d ( bus9ess is s great
 t x is n possible t all %\ld be        
successful4  ,! lab\r] :o e>ns eighte5  
p5ce a day & lives ) "s degree ( com=t z
 a s+le man1 w hesitate a little be=e he
 divides t pittance among f\r or five1  
:i* seems to be b j suffici5t = "o4     
,h>d] f>e & h>d] lab\r he w\ld submit to
 = ! sake ( liv+ ) ! woman t he loves1 b
 he mu/ feel consci\s1 if he ?9ks at    
all1 t %\ld he h a l>ge family1 & any   
ill luck :atev]1 no degree ( frugality1 
no possible ex]tion ( 8 manual /r5g?    
c\ld pres]ve him f ! he>t-r5d+ s5sation 
( see+ 8 *ildr5 />ve1 or ( =feit+ 8     
indep5d5ce1 & be+ oblig$ to ! p>i% = _! 
support4 ,! love ( indep5d5ce is a      
s5tim5t t surely none w\ld wi% to be    
eras$ f ! brea/ ( man1 ?\gh ! p>i% law (
 ,engl&1 x mu/ be confess$1 is a sy/em (
 all o!rs ! mo/ calculat$ gradually to  
weak5 ?is s5tim5t1 & 9 ! end may        
eradicate x completely4  ,! s]vants :o  
live 9 g5tlem5's families h re/ra9ts t  

are yet /rong] to break ?r\gh 9 v5tur+  
^u m>riage4 ,!y possess ! necess>ies1 & 
ev5 ! com=ts ( life1 almo/ 9 z great    
pl5ty z _! ma/]s4 ,_! "w is easy & _!   
food luxuri\s comp>$ ) ! class (        
lab\r]s4 ,& _! s5se ( dep5d5ce is weak5$
 by ! consci\s p[] ( *ang+ _! ma/]s1 if 
!y feel !mselves (f5d$4 ,?us com=tably  
situat$ at pres5t1 :at are _! prospects 
9 m>ry+8 ,)\t k or capital1 ei!r =      
bus9ess1 or f>m+1 & unus$ & !re=e       
unable1 to e>n a subsi/5ce by daily     
lab\r1 _! only refuge seems to be a     
mis]able ale-h\se1 :i* c]ta9ly (f]s no v
 en*ant+ prospect ( a happy ev5+ to _!  
lives4 ,by mu* ! great] "p1 !re=e1      
det]r$ by ?is un9vit+ view ( _! future  
situation1 cont5t !mselves ) rema9+ s+le
 :]e !y are4  ,if ?is sket* ( ! /ate (  
society 9 ,engl& be ne> ! tru?1 & ,i d n
 conceive t x is exagg]at$1 x w be all[$
 t ! prev5tive *eck to population 9 ?is 
c\ntry op]ates1 ?\gh ) v>i$ =ce1 ?r\gh  
all ! classes ( ! community4 ,! same    
obs]vation w hold true ) reg>d to all   

old /ates4 ,! effects1 inde$1 ( ^!      
re/ra9ts ^u m>riage are b too conspicu\s
 9 ! consequ5t vices t are produc$ 9    
almo/ e "p ( ! _w1 vices t are          
cont9ually involv+ bo? sexes 9          
inextricable unhapp9ess4     ,,*apt] #e 
,! second1 or positive *eck to          
population exam9$1 9 ,engl&--,! true    
cause :y ! imm5se sum collect$ 9 ,engl& 
= ! poor does n bett] _! condition--,!  
p[]ful t5d5cy ( ! poor laws to defeat _!
 own purpose--,palliative ( ! di/resses 
( ! poor propos$--,! absolute           
impossibility1 f ! fix$ laws ( our      
nature1 t ! pressure ( want c ev] be    
completely remov$ f ! l[] classes (     
society--,all ! *ecks to population may 
be resolv$ into mis]y or vice4   ,!     
positive *eck to population1 by :i* ,i  
mean ! *eck t represses an increase :i* 
is already begun1 is conf9$ *iefly1 ?\gh
 n p]haps solely1 to ! l[e/ ord]s (     
society4  ,?is *eck is n s obvi\s to    
common view z ! o!r ,i h m5tion$1 &1 to 
prove di/9ctly ! =ce & ext5t ( its      

op]ation w\ld require1 p]haps1 m data   
?an we are 9 possession (4 ,b ,i believe
 x has be5 v g5]ally rem>k$ by ^? :o h  
att5d$ to bills ( mortality t ( ! numb] 
( *ildr5 :o die annually1 mu* too great 
a proportion belongs to ^? :o may be    
suppos$ unable to give _! (fspr+ prop]  
food & att5tion1 expos$ z !y are        
occasionally to sev]e di/ress & conf9$1 
p]haps1 to un:olesome habitations & h>d 
lab\r4 ,?is mortality among ! *ildr5 ( !
 poor has be5 con/antly tak5 notice ( 9 
all t[ns4 ,x c]ta9ly does n prevail 9 an
 equal degree 9 ! c\ntry1 b ! subject   
has n hi!rto receiv$ suffici5t att5tion 
to enable anyone to say t !re are n m   
dea?s 9 proportion among ! *ildr5 ( !   
poor1 ev5 9 ! c\ntry1 ?an among ^? ( !  
middl+ & high] classes4 ,inde$1 x seems 
difficult to suppose t a lab\r]'s wife  
:o has six *ildr51 & :o is sometimes 9  
absolute want ( bread1 %\ld be able     
always to give !m ! food & att5tion     
necess>y to support life4 ,! sons &     
daught]s ( peasants w n be f\nd su* rosy

 *]ubs 9 real life z !y are describ$ to 
be 9 romances4 ,x _c fail to be rem>k$  
by ^? :o live mu* 9 ! c\ntry t ! sons ( 
lab\r]s are v apt to be /unt$ 9 _! gr[?1
 & are a long :ile arriv+ at maturity4  
,boys t y w\ld guess to be f\rte5 or    
fifte5 are1 ^u inquiry1 frequ5tly f\nd  
to be eighte5 or n9ete54 ,& ! lads :o   
drive pl\gh1 :i* mu/ c]ta9ly be a heal?y
 ex]cise1 are v r>ely se5 ) any         
appe>ance ( calves to _! legs3 a        
circum/ance :i* c only be attribut$ to a
 want ei!r ( prop] or ( suffici5t       
n\ri%m5t4  ,to rem$y ! frequ5t di/resses
 ( ! common p1 ! poor laws ( ,engl& h   
be5 in/itut$2 b x is to be fe>$1 t ?\gh 
!y may h alleviat$ a little ! int5sity (
 individual mis=tune1 !y h spread !     
g5]al evil ov] a mu* l>g] surface4 ,x is
 a subject (t5 />t$ 9 conv]sation &     
m5tion$ always z a matt] ( great        
surprise t1 not)/&+ ! imm5se sum t is   
annually collect$ = ! poor 9 ,engl&1 !re
 is /ill s mu* di/ress among !m4 ,"s ?9k
 t ! money mu/ be embezzl$1 o!rs t !    

*ur*-w>d5s & ov]se]s consume ! great] "p
 ( x 9 d9n]s4 ,all agree t someh[ or o!r
 x mu/ be v ill-manag$4 ,9 %ort ! fact t
 ne>ly ?ree millions are collect$       
annually = ! poor & yet t _! di/resses  
are n remov$ is ! subject ( cont9ual    
a/oni%m5t4 ,b a man :o sees a little    
bel[ ! surface ( ?+s w\ld be v mu* m    
a/oni%$ if ! fact 7 o!rwise ?an x is    
obs]v$ to be1 or ev5 if a collection    
univ]sally ( eighte5 %ill+s 9 ! p\nd1   
in/ead ( f\r1 7 mat]ially to alt] x4 ,i 
w /ate a case :i* ,i hope w elucidate my
 mean+4  ,suppose t by a subscription ( 
! ri* ! eighte5 p5ce a day :i* m5 e>n n[
 0 made up five %ill+s1 x might be      
imag9$1 p]haps1 t !y w\ld !n be able to 
live com=tably & h a piece ( meat e day 
= _! d9n]s4 ,b ?is w\ld be a v false    
conclusion4 ,! transf] ( ?ree %ill+s &  
sixp5ce a day to e lab\r] w\ld n        
increase ! quantity ( meat 9 ! c\ntry4  
,!re is n at pres5t en\gh = all to h a  
dec5t %>e4 ,:at w\ld !n be ! consequ5ce8
 ,! competition among ! buy]s 9 ! m>ket 

( meat w\ld rapidly raise ! price f     
sixp5ce or sev5p5ce1 to two or ?ree     
%ill+s 9 ! p\nd1 & ! commodity w\ld n be
 divid$ among _m m ?an x is at pres5t4  
,:5 an article is sc>ce1 & _c be        
di/ribut$ to all1 he t c %ew ! mo/ valid
 pat5t1 t is1 he t (f]s mo/ money1      
becomes ! possessor4 ,if we c suppose ! 
competition among ! buy]s ( meat to     
cont9ue long en\gh = a great] numb] (   
cattle to be re>$ annually1 ?is c\ld    
only be done at ! exp5se ( ! corn1 :i*  
w\ld be a v disadvantag\s ex*ange1 = x  
is well kn[n t ! c\ntry c\ld n !n       
support ! same population1 & :5         
subsi/5ce is sc>ce 9 proportion to !    
numb] ( p1 x is ( little consequ5ce :e!r
 ! l[e/ memb]s ( ! society possess      
eighte5 p5ce or five %ill+s4 ,!y mu/ at 
all ev5ts be r$uc$ to live ^u ! h>de/   
f>e & 9 ! smalle/ quantity4  ,x w be    
said1 p]haps1 t ! increas$ numb] (      
pur*as]s 9 e article w\ld give a spur to
 productive indu/ry & t ! :ole produce (
 ! isl& w\ld be increas$4 ,?is might 9  

"s degree be ! case4 ,b ! spur t ^!     
fanci$ ri*es w\ld give to population    
w\ld m ?an c\nt]balance x1 & ! increas$ 
produce w\ld be to be divid$ among a m  
?an proportionably increas$ numb] ( p4  
,all ?is "t ,i am suppos+ t ! same      
quantity ( "w w\ld be done z be=e4 ,b   
?is w\ld n really take place4 ,! receipt
 ( five %ill+s a day1 in/ead ( eighte5  
p5ce1 w\ld make e man fancy himself     
comp>atively ri* & able to indulge      
himself 9 _m h\rs or days ( leisure4    
,?is w\ld give a /rong & imm$iate *eck  
to productive indu/ry1 &1 9 a %ort "t1 n
 only ! nation w\ld be poor]1 b ! l[]   
classes !mselves w\ld be mu* m di/ress$ 
?an :5 !y receiv$ only eighte5 p5ce a   
day4  ,a collection f ! ri* ( eighte5   
%ill+s 9 ! p\nd1 ev5 if di/ribut$ 9 !   
mo/ judici\s mann]1 w\ld h a little !   
same effect z t result+ f ! supposition 
,i h j made1 & no possible contributions
 or sacrifices ( ! ri*1 p>ticul>ly 9    
money1 c\ld = any "t prev5t ! recurr5ce 
( di/ress among ! l[] memb]s ( society1 

:oev] !y 74 ,great *anges might1 inde$1 
be made4 ,! ri* might become poor1 & "s 
( ! poor ri*1 b a "p ( ! society mu/    
necess>ily feel a difficulty ( liv+1 &  
?is difficulty w naturally fall on !    
lea/ =tunate memb]s4  ,x may at fir/    
appe> /range1 b ,i believe x is true1 t 
,i _c by means ( money raise a poor man 
& enable him to live mu* bett] ?an he   
did be=e1 )\t proportionably depress+   
o!rs 9 ! same class4 ,if ,i retr5* !    
quantity ( food consum$ 9 my h\se1 &    
give him :at ,i h cut (f1 ,i !n b5efit  
him1 )\t depress+ any b myself & family1
 :o1 p]haps1 may be well able to be> x4 
,if ,i turn up a piece ( uncultivat$ l&1
 & give him ! produce1 ,i !n b5efit bo? 
him & all ! memb]s ( ! society1 because 
:at he be=e consum$ is ?r[n into !      
common /ock1 & probably "s ( ! new      
produce ) x4 ,b if ,i only give him     
money1 suppos+ ! produce ( ! c\ntry to  
rema9 ! same1 ,i give him a title to a  
l>g] %>e ( t produce ?an =m]ly1 :i* %>e 
he _c receive )\t dim9i%+ ! %>es ( o!rs4

 ,x is evid5t t ?is effect1 9 individual
 in/ances1 mu/ be s small z to be       
totally imp]ceptible2 b /ill x mu/ exi/1
 z _m o!r effects d1 :i*1 l "s ( !      
insects t p ! air1 elude our gross]     
p]ceptions4  ,suppos+ ! quantity ( food 
9 any c\ntry to rema9 ! same = _m ye>s  
toge!r1 x is evid5t t ?is food mu/ be   
divid$ accord+ to ! value ( ea* man's   
pat5t1 or ! sum ( money t he c af=d to  
sp5d on ?is commodity s univ]sally 9    
reque/4 7,mr ,godw9 calls ! weal? t a   
man receives f 8 ance/ors a m\ldy pat5t4
 ,x may1 ,i ?9k1 v prop]ly be t]m$ a    
pat5t1 b ,i h>dly see ! propriety (     
call+ x a m\ldy "o1 z x is an article 9 
su* con/ant use47 ,x is a demon/rative  
tru?1 !re=e1 t ! pat5ts ( "o set ( m5   
c\ld n be increas$ 9 value )\t dim9i%+ !
 value ( ! pat5ts ( "s o!r set ( m54 ,if
 ! ri* 7 to subscribe & give five %ill+s
 a day to five hundr$ ?\s& m5 )\t       
retr5*+ _! own tables1 no d\bt c exi/1 t
 z ^! m5 w\ld naturally live m at _!    
ease & consume a great] quantity (      

provisions1 !re w\ld be less food rema9+
 to divide among ! re/1 & consequ5tly   
ea* man's pat5t w\ld be dim9i%$ 9 value 
or ! same numb] ( pieces ( silv] w\ld   
pur*ase a small] quantity ( subsi/5ce4  
,an increase ( population )\t a         
proportional increase ( food w evid5tly 
h ! same effect 9 l[]+ ! value ( ea*    
man's pat5t4 ,! food mu/ necess>ily be  
di/ribut$ 9 small] quantities1 &        
consequ5tly a day's lab\r w pur*ase a   
small] quantity ( provisions4 ,an       
increase 9 ! price ( provisions w\ld    
arise ei!r f an increase ( population   
fa/] ?an ! means ( subsi/5ce1 or f a    
diff]5t di/ribution ( ! money ( !       
society4 ,! food ( a c\ntry t has be5   
long occupi$1 if x be increas+1         
increases sl[ly & regul>ly & _c be made 
to answ] any sudd5 dem&s1 b v>iations 9 
! di/ribution ( ! money ( a society are 
n infrequ5tly occurr+1 & are und\bt$ly  
among ! causes t occasion ! cont9ual    
v>iations :i* we obs]ve 9 ! price (     
provisions4  ,! poor laws ( ,engl& t5d  

to depress ! g5]al condition ( ! poor 9 
^! two ways4 ,_! fir/ obvi\s t5d5cy is  
to increase population )\t increas+ !   
food = its support4 ,a poor man may m>ry
 ) little or no prospect ( be+ able to  
support a family 9 indep5d5ce4 ,!y may  
be said !re=e 9 "s measure to create !  
poor :i* !y ma9ta91 & z ! provisions ( !
 c\ntry mu/1 9 consequ5ce ( ! increas$  
population1 be di/ribut$ to e man 9     
small] proportions1 x is evid5t t !     
lab\r ( ^? :o are n support$ by p>i%    
assi/ance w pur*ase a small] quantity ( 
provisions ?an be=e & consequ5tly m ( !m
 mu/ be driv5 to ask = support4         
,secondly1 ! quantity ( provisions      
consum$ 9 workh\ses ^u a "p ( ! society 
t _c 9 g5]al be consid]$ z ! mo/        
valuable "p dim9i%es ! %>es t w\ld      
o!rwise belong to m indu/ri\s & m wor?y 
memb]s1 & ?us 9 ! same mann] =ces m to  
become dep5d5t4 ,if ! poor 9 ! workh\ses
 7 to live bett] ?an !y n[ d1 ?is new   
di/ribution ( ! money ( ! society w\ld  
t5d m conspicu\sly to depress !         

condition ( ^? out ( ! workh\ses by     
occasion+ a rise 9 ! price ( provisions4
  ,=tunately = ,engl&1 a _s ( indep5d5ce
 /ill rema9s among ! peasantry4 ,! poor 
laws are /rongly calculat$ to eradicate 
?is _s4 ,!y h succe$$ 9 "p1 b _h !y     
succe$$ z completely z might h be5      
expect$ _! p]nici\s t5d5cy w\ld n h be5 
s long conceal$4  ,h>d z x may appe> 9  
individual in/ances1 dep5d5t pov]ty     
ought to be held disgraceful4 ,su* a    
/imulus seems to be absolutely necess>y 
to promote ! happ9ess ( ! great mass (  
mank9d1 & e g5]al attempt to weak5 ?is  
/imulus1 h[ev] b5evol5t its app>5t      
int5tion1 w always defeat its own       
purpose4 ,if m5 are induc$ to m>ry f a  
prospect ( p>i% provision1 ) little or  
no *ance ( ma9ta9+ _! families 9        
indep5d5ce1 !y are n only unju/ly tempt$
 to br+ unhapp9ess & dep5d5ce ^u        
!mselves & *ildr51 b !y are tempt$1 )\t 
kn[+ x1 to injure all 9 ! same class )  
!mselves4 ,a lab\r] :o m>ries )\t be+   
able to support a family may 9 "s       

respects be consid]$ z an enemy to all 8
 fell[-lab\r]s4  ,i feel no d\bt :atev] 
t ! p>i% laws ( ,engl& h contribut$ to  
raise ! price ( provisions & to l[] !   
real price ( lab\r4 ,!y h !re=e         
contribut$ to impov]i% t class ( p ^:   
only possession is _! lab\r4 ,x is also 
difficult to suppose t !y h n p[]fully  
contribut$ to g5]ate t c>elessness &    
want ( frugality obs]vable among ! poor1
 s contr>y to ! disposition frequ5tly to
 be rem>k$ among petty tradesm5 & small 
f>m]s4 ,! lab\r+ poor1 to use a vulg>   
expression1 seem always to live f h& to 
m\?4 ,_! pres5t wants employ _! :ole    
att5tion1 & !y seldom ?9k ( ! future4   
,ev5 :5 !y h an opportunity ( sav+ !y   
seldom ex]cise x1 b all t is beyond _!  
pres5t necessities goes1 g5]ally speak+1
 to ! ale-h\se4 ,! poor laws ( ,engl&   
may !re=e be said to dim9i% bo? ! p[] & 
! w to save among ! common p1 & ?us to  
weak5 "o ( ! /ronge/ inc5tives to       
sobriety & indu/ry1 & consequ5tly to    
happ9ess4  ,x is a g5]al compla9t among 

ma/] manufactur]s t high wages ru9 all  
_! workm51 b x is difficult to conceive 
t ^! m5 w\ld n save a "p ( _! high wages
 = ! future support ( _! families1      
in/ead ( sp5d+ x 9 drunk5ness &         
dissipation1 if !y did n rely on p>i%   
assi/ance = support 9 case ( accid5ts4  
,& t ! poor employ$ 9 manufactures      
consid] ?is assi/ance z a reason :y !y  
may sp5d all ! wages !y e>n & enjoy     
!mselves :ile !y c appe>s to be evid5t f
 ! numb] ( families t1 ^u ! failure (   
any great manufactory1 imm$iately fall  
^u ! p>i%1 :5 p]haps ! wages e>n$ 9 ?is 
manufactory :ile x fl\ri%$ 7 suffici5tly
 above ! price ( common c\ntry lab\r to 
h all[$ !m to save en\gh = _! support   
till !y c\ld f9d "s o!r *annel = _!     
indu/ry4  ,a man :o might n be det]r$ f 
go+ to ! ale-h\se f ! consid]ation t on 
8 dea?1 or sickness1 he %\ld leave 8    
wife & family ^u ! p>i% might yet       
hesitate 9 ?us dissipat+ 8 e>n+s if he 7
 assur$ t1 9 ei!r ( ^! cases1 8 family  
mu/ />ve or be left to ! support (      

casual b\nty4 ,9 ,*9a1 :]e ! real z well
 z nom9al price ( lab\r is v l[1 sons   
are yet oblig$ by law to support _! ag$ 
& helpless p>5ts4 ,:e!r su* a law w\ld  
be advisable 9 ?is c\ntry ,i w n pret5d 
to det]m9e4 ,b x seems at any rate      
highly improp]1 by positive in/itutions1
 :i* r5d] dep5d5t pov]ty s g5]al1 to    
weak5 t disgrace1 :i* = ! be/ & mo/     
humane reasons ought to atta* to x4  ,! 
mass ( happ9ess among ! common p _c b be
 dim9i%$ :5 "o ( ! /ronge/ *ecks to     
idl5ess & dissipation is ?us remov$1 &  
:5 m5 are ?us allur$ to m>ry ) little or
 no prospect ( be+ able to ma9ta9 a     
family 9 indep5d5ce4 ,e ob/acle 9 ! way 
( m>riage mu/ und\bt$ly be consid]$ z a 
species ( unhapp9ess4 ,b z f ! laws (   
our nature "s *eck to population mu/    
exi/1 x is bett] t x %\ld be *eck$ f a  
=esight ( ! difficulties att5d+ a family
 & ! fe> ( dep5d5t pov]ty ?an t x %\ld  
be enc\rag$1 only to be repress$        
aft]w>ds by want & sickness4  ,x %\ld be
 rememb]$ always t !re is an ess5tial   

diff]5ce betwe5 food & ^? wr\ght        
commodities1 ! raw mat]ials ( :i* are 9 
great pl5ty4 ,a dem& = ^! la/ w n fail  
to create !m 9 z great a quantity z !y  
are want$4 ,! dem& = food has by no     
means ! same creative p[]4 ,9 a c\ntry  
:]e all ! f]tile spots h be5 seiz$1 high
 (f]s are necess>y to enc\rage ! f>m] to
 lay 8 dress+ on l& f :i* he _c expect a
 pr(itable return = "s ye>s4 ,& be=e !  
prospect ( advantage is suffici5tly     
great to enc\rage ?is sort (            
agricultural ent]prise1 & :ile ! new    
produce is ris+1 great di/resses may be 
suff]$ f ! want ( x4 ,! dem& = an       
increas$ quantity ( subsi/5ce is1 ) few 
exceptions1 con/ant ev]y:]e1 yet we see 
h[ sl[ly x is answ]$ 9 all ^? c\ntries t
 h be5 long occupi$4  ,! poor laws (    
,engl& 7 und\bt$ly in/itut$ = ! mo/     
b5evol5t purpose1 b !re is great reason 
to ?9k t !y h n succe$$ 9 _! int5tion4  
,!y c]ta9ly mitigate "s cases ( v sev]e 
di/ress :i* might o!rwise occur1 yet !  
/ate ( ! poor :o are support$ by p>i%es1

 consid]$ 9 all its circum/ances1 is v  
f> f be+ free f mis]y4 ,b "o ( !        
pr9cipal objections to !m is t = ?is    
assi/ance :i* "s ( ! poor receive1 9    
itself almo/ a d\btful bless+1 ! :ole   
class ( ! common p ( ,engl& is subject$ 
to a set ( grat+1 inconv5i5t1 &         
tyrannical laws1 totally inconsi/5t ) ! 
g5u9e _s ( ! con/itution4 ,! :ole       
bus9ess ( settlem5ts1 ev5 9 its pres5t  
am5d$ /ate1 is utt]ly contradictory to  
all ideas ( fre$om4 ,! p>i% p]secution (
 m5 ^: families are likely to become    
*>geable1 & ( poor wom5 :o are ne>      
ly+-91 is a mo/ disgraceful & disgu/+   
tyranny4 ,& ! ob/ructions cont9uity     
occasion$ 9 ! m>ket ( lab\r by ^! laws h
 a con/ant t5d5cy to add to !           
difficulties ( ^? :o are /ruggl+ to     
support !mselves )\t assi/ance4  ,^!    
evils att5dant on ! poor laws are 9 "s  
degree irrem$iable4 ,if assi/ance be to 
be di/ribut$ to a c]ta9 class ( p1 a p[]
 mu/ be giv5 some:]e ( discrim9at+ !    
prop] objects & ( manag+ ! conc]ns ( !  

in/itutions t are necess>y1 b any great 
int]f]5ce ) ! affairs ( o!r p is a      
species ( tyranny1 & 9 ! common c\rse ( 
?+s ! ex]cise ( ?is p[] may be expect$  
to become grat+ to ^? :o are driv5 to   
ask = support4 ,! tyranny ( ,ju/ices1   
,*ur*-w>d5s1 & ,ov]se]s1 is a common    
compla9t among ! poor1 b ! fault does n 
lie s mu* 9 ^! p]sons1 :o probably1 be=e
 !y 7 9 p[]1 7 n worse ?an o!r p1 b 9 ! 
nature ( all su* in/itutions4  ,! evil  
is p]haps gone too f> to be rem$i$1 b ,i
 feel little d\bt 9 my own m9d t if !   
poor laws _h nev] exi/$1 ?\gh !re might 
h be5 a few m in/ances ( v sev]e        
di/ress1 yet t ! aggregate mass (       
happ9ess among ! common p w\ld h be5 mu*
 great] ?an x is at pres5t4  ,mr ,pitt's
 ,poor ,bill has ! appe>ance ( be+ fram$
 ) b5evol5t int5tions1 & ! clam\r rais$ 
aga9/ x 0 9 _m respects ill direct$1 &  
unreasonable4 ,b x mu/ be confess$ t x  
possesses 9 a high degree ! great &     
radical defect ( all sy/ems ( ! k9d1 t (
 t5d+ to increase population )\t        

increas+ ! means = its support1 & ?us to
 depress ! condition ( ^? t are n       
support$ by p>i%es1 &1 consequ5tly1 to  
create m poor4  ,to remove ! wants ( !  
l[] classes ( society is inde$ an ardu\s
 task4 ,! tru? is t ! pressure ( di/ress
 on ?is "p ( a community is an evil s   
deeply seat$ t no human +5uity c rea* x4
 ,7 ,i to propose a palliative1 &       
palliatives are all t ! nature ( ! case 
w admit1 x %\ld be1 9 ! fir/ place1 !   
total abolition ( all ! pres5t          
p>i%-laws4 ,?is w\ld at any rate give   
lib]ty & fre$om ( action to ! peasantry 
( ,engl&1 :i* !y c h>dly be said to     
possess at pres5t4 ,!y w\ld !n be able  
to settle )\t int]ruption1 :]ev] !re 0 a
 prospect ( a great] pl5ty ( "w & a     
high] price = lab\r4 ,! m>ket ( lab\r   
w\ld !n be free1 & ^? ob/acles remov$   
:i*1 z ?+s are n[1 (t5 = a consid]able  
"t prev5t ! price f ris+ accord+ to !   
dem&4  ,secondly1 premiums might be giv5
 = turn+ up fre% l&1 & x possible       
enc\ragem5ts held out to agriculture    

above manufactures1 & to tillage above  
graz+4 ,e endeav\r %\ld be us$ to weak5 
& de/roy all ^? in/itutions relat+ to   
corporations1 appr5tice%ips1 etc41 :i*  
cause ! lab\rs ( agriculture to be worse
 paid ?an ! lab\rs ( trade &            
manufactures4 ,= a c\ntry c nev] produce
 its prop] quantity ( food :ile ^!      
di/9ctions rema9 9 fav\r ( artisans4    
,su* enc\ragem5ts to agriculture w\ld   
t5d to furni% ! m>ket ) an increas+     
quantity ( heal?y "w1 & at ! same "t1 by
 augm5t+ ! produce ( ! c\ntry1 w\ld     
raise ! comp>ative price ( lab\r &      
ameliorate ! condition ( ! lab\r]4 ,be+ 
n[ 9 bett] circum/ances1 & see+ no      
prospect ( p>i% assi/ance1 he w\ld be m 
able1 z well z m incl9$1 to ent] into   
associations = provid+ aga9/ ! sickness 
( himself or family4  ,la/ly1 = cases ( 
extreme di/ress1 c\nty workh\ses might  
be e/abli%$1 support$ by rates ^u ! :ole
 k+dom1 & free = p]sons ( all c\nties1 &
 inde$ ( all nations4 ,! f>e %\ld be    
h>d1 & ^? t 7 able oblig$ to "w4 ,x w\ld

 be desirable t !y %\ld n be consid]$ z 
com=table asylums 9 all difficulties1 b 
m]ely z places :]e sev]e di/ress might  
f9d "s alleviation4 ,a "p ( ^! h\ses    
might be sep>at$1 or o!rs built = a mo/ 
b5eficial purpose1 :i* has n be5        
infrequ5tly tak5 notice (1 t ( provid+ a
 place :]e any p]son1 :e!r native or    
=eign]1 might d a day's "w at all times 
& receive ! m>ket price = x4 ,_m cases  
w\ld und\bt$ly be left = ! ex]tion (    
individual b5evol5ce4  ,a plan ( ?is    
k9d1 ! prelim9>y ( :i* %\ld be an       
abolition ( all ! pres5t p>i% laws1     
seems to be ! be/ calculat$ to increase 
! mass ( happ9ess among ! common p (    
,engl&4 ,to prev5t ! recurr5ce ( mis]y1 
is1 alas6 beyond ! p[] ( man4 ,9 ! va9  
endeav\r to atta9 :at 9 ! nature ( ?+s  
is impossible1 we n[ sacrifice n only   
possible b c]ta9 b5efits4 ,we tell !    
common p t if !y w submit to a code (   
tyrannical regulations1 !y %all nev] be 
9 want4 ,!y d submit to ^! regulations4 
,!y p]=m _! "p ( ! contract1 b we d n1  

nay _c1 p]=m ours1 & ?us ! poor         
sacrifice ! valuable bless+ ( lib]ty &  
receive no?+ t c be call$ an equival5t 9
 return4  ,not)/&+1 !n1 ! in/itution ( !
 poor laws 9 ,engl&1 ,i ?9k x w be all[$
 t consid]+ ! /ate ( ! l[] classes      
altoge!r1 bo? 9 ! t[ns & 9 ! c\ntry1 !  
di/resses :i* !y suff] f ! want ( prop] 
& suffici5t food1 f h>d lab\r &         
un:olesome habitations1 mu/ op]ate z a  
con/ant *eck to incipi5t population4    
,to ^! two great *ecks to population1 9 
all long occupi$ c\ntries1 :i* ,i h     
call$ ! prev5tive & ! positive *ecks1   
may be add$ vici\s cu/oms ) respect to  
wom51 great cities1 un:olesome          
manufactures1 luxury1 pe/il5ce1 & w>4   
,all ^! *ecks may be fairly resolv$ into
 mis]y & vice4 ,& t ^! are ! true causes
 ( ! sl[ increase ( population 9 all !  
/ates ( mod]n ,europe1 w appe>          
suffici5tly evid5t f ! comp>atively     
rapid increase t has inv>iably tak5     
place :5ev] ^! causes h be5 9 any       
consid]able degree remov$4     ,,*apt]  

#f  ,new colonies--,reasons = _! rapid  
increase--,nor? ,am]ican                
,colonies--,extraord9>y in/ance (       
increase 9 ! back settlem5ts--,rapidity 
) :i* ev5 old /ates recov] ! ravages (  
w>1 pe/il5ce1 fam9e1 or ! convulsions ( 
nature4   ,x has be5 univ]sally rem>k$ t
 all new colonies settl$ 9 heal?y       
c\ntries1 :]e !re 0 pl5ty ( room & food1
 h con/antly increas$ ) a/oni%+ rapidity
 9 _! population4 ,"s ( ! colonies f    
anci5t ,greece1 9 no v long p]iod1 m ?an
 equall$ _! p>5t /ates 9 numb]s & /r5g?4
 ,& n to dwell on remote in/ances1 !    
,european settlem5ts 9 ! new _w be>     
ample te/imony to ! tru? ( a rem>k1 :i*1
 inde$1 has nev]1 t ,i "k (1 be5 d\bt$4 
,a pl5ty ( ri* l&1 to be _h = little or 
no?+1 is s p[]ful a cause ( population z
 to ov]come all o!r ob/acles4 ,no       
settlem5ts c\ld well h be5 worse manag$ 
?an ^? ( ,spa9 9 ,mexico1 ,p]u1 &       
,quito4 ,! tyranny1 sup]/ition1 & vices 
( ! "m-c\ntry 7 introduc$ 9 ample       
quantities among h] *ildr54 ,exorbitant 

taxes 7 exact$ by ! ,cr[n4 ,! mo/       
arbitr>y re/rictions 7 impos$ on _!     
trade4 ,& ! gov]nors 7 n beh9d h& 9     
rapacity & extortion = !mselves z well z
 _! ma/]4 ,yet1 "u all ^! difficulties1 
! colonies made a quick progress 9      
population4 ,! city ( ,lima1 f\nd$ s9ce 
! conque/1 is repres5t$ by ,ulloa z     
conta9+ fifty ?\s& inhabitants ne> fifty
 ye>s ago4 ,quito1 :i* _h be5 b a hamlet
 ( indians1 is repres5t$ by ! same au?or
 z 9 8 "t equally popul\s4 ,mexico is   
said to conta9 a hundr$ ?\s&            
inhabitants1 :i*1 not)/&+ ! exagg]ations
 ( ! ,spani% writ]s1 is suppos$ to be   
five times great] ?an :at x conta9$ 9 ! 
"t ( ,montezuma4  ,9 ! ,portuguese      
colony ( ,brazil1 gov]n$ ) almo/ equal  
tyranny1 !re 7 suppos$ to be1 ?irty ye>s
 s9ce1 six hundr$ ?\s& inhabitants (    
,european extraction4  ,! ,dut* & ,fr5* 
colonies1 ?\gh "u ! gov]nm5t ( exclusive
 companies ( m]*ants1 :i*1 z ,dr ,adam  
,smi? says v ju/ly1 is ! wor/ ( all     
possible gov]nm5ts1 /ill p]si/$ 9 ?riv+ 

"u e disadvantage4  ,b ! ,engli% ,nor?  
,am]ican colonies1 n[ ! p[]ful p ( !    
,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica1 made by f> !   
mo/ rapid progress4 ,to ! pl5ty ( good  
l& :i* !y possess$ 9 common ) ! ,spani% 
& ,portuguese settlem5ts1 !y add$ a     
great] degree ( lib]ty & equality4 ,?\gh
 n )\t "s re/rictions on _! =eign       
comm]ce1 !y 7 all[$ a p]fect lib]ty (   
manag+ _! own int]nal affairs4 ,!       
political in/itutions t prevail$ 7      
fav\rable to ! ali5ation & division (   
prop]ty4 ,l&s t 7 n cultivat$ by !      
proprietor )9 a limit$ "t 7 decl>$      
grantable to any o!r p]son4 ,9          
,p5nsylvania !re 0 no "r ( primog5iture1
 & 9 ! prov9ces ( ,new ,engl& ! elde/ _h
 only a d\ble %>e4 ,!re 7 no ti!s 9 any 
( ! ,/ates1 & sc>cely any taxes4 ,& on  
acc\nt ( ! extreme *eapness ( good l& a 
capital c\ld n be m advantage\sly       
employ$ ?an 9 agriculture1 :i* at ! same
 "t t x supplies ! greate/ quantity (   
heal?y "w af=ds mu* ! mo/ valuable      
produce to ! society4  ,! consequ5ce (  

^! fav\rable circum/ances unit$ 0 a     
rapidity ( increase probably )\t p>allel
 9 hi/ory4 ,?r\gh\t all ! nor!rn        
colonies1 ! population 0 f\nd to d\ble  
itself 9 tw5ty-five ye>s4 ,! orig9al    
numb] ( p]sons :o _h settl$ 9 ! f\r     
prov9ces ( new ,engl& 9 #afdc 0         
#ba1bjj47;,i take ^! figures f ,dr      
,price's two volumes ( ,obs]vations2 n  
hav+ ,dr ,/yles' pamphlet1 f :i* he     
quotes1 by me47 ,aft]w>ds1 x is suppos$ 
t m left !m ?an w5t to !m4 ,9 ! ye>     
#agfj1 !y 7 increas$ to half a million4 
,!y _h !re=e all along d\bl$ _! own     
numb] 9 tw5ty-five ye>s4 ,9 ,new ,j]sey 
! p]iod ( d\bl+ appe>$ to be tw5ty-two  
ye>s2 & 9 ,rhode isl& /ill less4 ,9 !   
back settlem5ts1 :]e ! inhabitants      
appli$ !mselves solely to agriculture1 &
 luxury 0 n kn[n1 !y 7 f\nd to d\ble _! 
own numb] 9 fifte5 ye>s1 a mo/          
extraord9>y in/ance ( increase4 ,along !
 sea coa/1 :i* w\ld naturally be fir/   
inhabit$1 ! p]iod ( d\bl+ 0 ab\t        
?irty-five ye>s2 & 9 "s ( ! m>itime     

t[ns1 ! population 0 absolutely at a /&4
  7,9 in/ances ( ?is k9d ! p[]s ( ! e>? 
appe> to be fully equal to answ] x !    
dem&s = food t c be made ^u x by man4 ,b
 we %\ld be l$ into an error if we 7    
!nce to suppose t population & food ev] 
really increase 9 ! same ratio4 ,! "o is
 /ill a geometrical & ! o!r an          
ari?metical ratio1 t is1 "o increases by
 multiplication1 & ! o!r by addition4   
,:]e !re are few p1 & a great quantity (
 f]tile l&1 ! p[] ( ! e>? to af=d a     
ye>ly increase ( food may be comp>$ to a
 great res]voir ( wat]1 suppli$ by a    
mod]ate /ream4 ,! fa/] population       
increases1 ! m help w be got to draw (f 
! wat]1 & consequ5tly an increas+       
quantity w be tak5 e ye>4 ,b ! soon]1   
und\bt$ly1 w ! res]voir be exhau/$1 & ! 
/reams only rema94 ,:5 acre has be5 add$
 to acre1 till all ! f]tile l& is       
occupi$1 ! ye>ly increase ( food w dep5d
 ^u ! amelioration ( ! l& already 9     
possession2 & ev5 ?is mod]ate /ream w be
 gradually dim9i%+4 ,b population1 c\ld 

x be suppli$ ) food1 w\ld g on )        
unexhau/$ vig\r1 & ! increase ( "o p]iod
 w\ld furni% ! p[] ( a great] increase !
 next1 & ?is )\t any limit47  ,^! facts 
seem to %ew t population increases      
exactly 9 ! proportion t ! two great    
*ecks to x1 mis]y & vice1 are remov$1 & 
t !re is n a tru] crit]ion ( ! happ9ess 
& innoc5ce ( a p ?an ! rapidity ( _!    
increase4 ,! un:olesom5ess ( t[ns1 to   
:i* "s p]sons are necess>ily driv5 f !  
nature ( _! trades1 mu/ be consid]$ z a 
species ( mis]y1 & e ! slighte/ *eck to 
m>riage1 f a prospect ( ! difficulty (  
ma9ta9+ a family1 may be fairly class$  
"u ! same head4 ,9 %ort x is difficult  
to conceive any *eck to population :i*  
does n come "u ! description ( "s       
species ( mis]y or vice4  ,! population 
( ! ?irte5 ,am]ican ,/ates be=e ! w> 0  
reckon$ at ab\t ?ree millions4 ,nobody  
imag9es t ,great ,brita9 is less popul\s
 at pres5t = ! emigration ( ! small p>5t
 /ock t produc$ ^! numb]s4 ,on !        
contr>y1 a c]ta9 degree ( emigration is 

kn[n to be fav\rable to ! population ( !
 "m c\ntry4 ,x has be5 p>ticul>ly rem>k$
 t ! two ,spani% prov9ces f :i* !       
greate/ numb] ( p emigrat$ to ,am]ica1  
became 9 consequ5ce m popul\s4 ,:atev] 0
 ! orig9al numb] ( ,briti% emigrants t  
increas$ s fa/ 9 ! ,nor? ,am]ican       
,colonies1 let u ask1 :y does n an equal
 numb] produce an equal increase 9 !    
same "t 9 ,great ,brita98 ,! great &    
obvi\s cause to be assign$ is ! want (  
room & food1 or1 9 o!r words1 mis]y1 & t
 ?is is a mu* m p[]ful cause ev5 ?an    
vice appe>s suffici5tly evid5t f !      
rapidity ) :i* ev5 old /ates recov] !   
desolations ( w>1 pe/il5ce1 or !        
accid5ts ( nature4 ,!y are !n = a %ort  
"t plac$ a little 9 ! situation ( new   
/ates1 & ! effect is always answ]able to
 :at might be expect$4 ,if ! indu/ry ( !
 inhabitants be n de/roy$ by fe> or     
tyranny1 subsi/5ce w soon increase      
beyond ! wants ( ! r$uc$ numb]s1 & !    
inv>iable consequ5ce w be t population  
:i* be=e1 p]haps1 0 ne>ly /ation>y1 w   

beg9 imm$iately to increase4  ,! f]tile 
prov9ce ( ,fl&]s1 :i* has be5 s (t5 !   
seat ( ! mo/ de/ructive w>s1 aft] a     
respite ( a few ye>s1 has appe>$ always 
z fruitful & z popul\s z ev]4 ,ev5 !    
,palat9ate lift$ up its head aga9 aft] !
 execrable ravages ( ,l\is ! ,f\rte5?4  
,! effects ( ! dreadful plague 9 ,london
 9 #afff 7 n p]ceptible fifte5 or tw5ty 
ye>s aft]w>ds4 ,! traces ( ! mo/        
de/ructive fam9es 9 ,*9a & ,indo/an are 
by all acc\nts v soon oblit]at$4 ,x may 
ev5 be d\bt$ :e!r ,turkey & ,egypt are  
^u an av]age mu* less popul\s = !       
plagues t p]iodically lay !m wa/e4 ,if !
 numb] ( p :i* !y conta9 be less n[ ?an 
=m]ly1 x is1 probably1 r to be attribut$
 to ! tyranny & oppression ( ! gov]nm5t 
"u :i* !y groan1 & ! consequ5t          
disc\ragem5ts to agriculture1 ?an to !  
loss :i* !y su/a9 by ! plague4 ,! mo/   
trem5d\s convulsions ( nature1 su* z    
volcanic eruptions & e>?quakes1 if !y d 
n happ5 s frequ5tly z to drive away !   
inhabitants1 or to de/roy _! _s (       

indu/ry1 h b a trifl+ effect on ! av]age
 population ( any /ate4 ,naples1 & !    
c\ntry "u ,vesuvius1 are /ill v popul\s1
 not)/&+ ! repeat$ eruptions ( t m\nta94
 ,& ,lisbon & ,lima are n[1 probably1   
ne>ly 9 ! same /ate ) reg>d to          
population z !y 7 be=e ! la/ e>?quakes4 
,,*apt] #g  ,a probable cause (         
epidemics--,extracts f ,mr ,suessmil*'s 
tables--,p]iodical returns ( sickly     
seasons to be expect$ 9 c]ta9           
cases--,proportion ( bir?s to burials = 
%ort p]iods 9 any c\ntry an inadequate  
crit]ion ( ! real av]age increase (     
population--,be/ crit]ion ( a p]man5t   
increase ( population--,great frugality 
( liv+ "o ( ! causes ( ! fam9es ( ,*9a &
 ,indo/an--,evil t5d5cy ( "o ( ! clauses
 9 ,mr ,pitt's ,poor ,bill--,only "o    
prop] way ( enc\rag+ population--,causes
 ( ! ,happ9ess ( nations--,fam9e1 ! la/ 
& mo/ dreadful mode by :i* nature       
represses a r$undant population--,! ?ree
 propositions consid]$ z e/abli%$4   ,by
 great att5tion to cleanl9ess1 ! plague 

seems at l5g? to be completely expell$ f
 ,london4 ,b x is n improbable t among !
 second>y causes t produce ev5 sickly   
seasons & epidemics ought to be rank$ a 
cr[d$ population & un:olesome &         
insuffici5t food4 ,i h be5 l$ to ?is    
rem>k1 by look+ ov] "s ( ! tables ( ,mr 
,suessmil*1 :i* ,dr ,price has extract$ 
9 "o ( 8 notes to ! po/script on !      
controv]sy respect+ ! population (      
,engl& & ,wales4 ,!y are consid]$ z v   
correct1 & if su* tables 7 g5]al1 !y    
w\ld ?r[ great light on ! diff]5t ways  
by :i* population is repress$ & prev5t$ 
f increas+ beyond ! means ( subsi/5ce 9 
any c\ntry4 ,i w extract a "p ( !       
tables1 ) ,dr ,price's rem>ks4     ,,9  
,,! ,,k+dom ,,( ,,prussia1 ,,& ,,duk$om 
,,( ,,li?uania                          
,proportion   ,proportion               
,bir?s  ,burials ,m>riages ( ,bir?s to (
 ,bir?s to                              
,m>riages     ,burials   #aj ,yrs to    
#agjb   #ba1ifc  #ad1gah   #e1ibh       
#cg to #aj    #aej to #ajj   #e ,yrs to 

#agaf    #ba1fjb  #aa1ihd   #d1ifh      
#cg to #aj    #ahj to #ajj   #e ,yrs to 
#agef    #bh1cib  #ai1aed   #e1eii      
#ej to #aj    #adh to #ajj  ,n4,b4 ,9   
#agji & #agaj1 a pe/il5ce c>ri$ (f      
#bdg1gcc ( ! inhabitants ( ?is c\ntry1 &
 9 #agcf & #agcg1 epidemics prevail$1   
:i* aga9 *eck$ its increase4   ,x may be
 rem>k$1 t ! greate/ proportion ( bir?s 
to burials1 0 9 ! five ye>s aft] ! great
 pe/il5ce4     ,,du*y ,,( ,,pom]ania    
,proportion   ,proportion   ,annual     
,av]age   ,bir?s  ,burials ,m>riages (  
,bir?s to ( ,bir?s to                   
,m>riages     ,burials   #f yrs to #agjb
   #f1edj     #d1fdg   #a1haj      #cf  
to #aj    #adj to #ajj   #f yrs to #agjh
   #g1dee     #d1bjh   #a1hge      #ci  
to #aj    #agg to #ajj   #f yrs to #agbf
   #h1dcb     #e1fbg   #b1aca      #ci  
to #aj    #aej to #ajj   #f yrs to #agef
  #ab1gfg     #i1bha   #b1ieg      #dc  
to #aj    #acg to #ajj  ,9 ?is in/ance !
 inhabitants appe> to h be5 almo/ d\bl$ 
9 fifty-six ye>s1 no v bad epidemics    

hav+ once int]rupt$ ! increase1 b ! ?ree
 ye>s imm$iately foll[ + ! la/ p]iod 7to
 #agei7 7 s sickly t ! bir?s 7 sunk to  
#aj1bbi & ! burials rais$ to #ae1jfh4   
,is x n probable t 9 ?is case ! numb] ( 
inhabitants _h increas$ fa/] ?an ! food 
& ! accommodations necess>y to pres]ve  
!m 9 heal?8 ,! mass ( ! p w\ld1 ^u ?is  
supposition1 be oblig$ to live h>d]1 & a
 great] numb] w\ld be cr[d$ toge!r 9 "o 
h\se1 & x is n surely improbable t ^! 7 
among ! natural causes t produc$ ! ?ree 
sickly ye>s4 ,^! causes may produce su* 
an effect1 ?\gh ! c\ntry1 absolutely    
consid]$1 may n be extremely cr[d$ &    
popul\s4 ,9 a c\ntry ev5 ?9ly inhabit$1 
if an increase ( population take place1 
be=e m food is rais$1 & m h\ses are     
built1 ! inhabitants mu/ be di/ress$ 9  
"s degree = room & subsi/5ce4 ,7 !      
m>riages 9 ,engl&1 = ! next eight or t5 
ye>s1 to be m prolifick ?an usual1 or   
ev5 7 a great] numb] ( m>riages ?an     
usual to take place1 suppos+ ! numb] (  
h\ses to rema9 ! same1 in/ead ( five or 

six to a cottage1 !re mu/ be sev5 or    
eight1 & ?is1 add$ to ! necessity ( h>d]
 liv+1 w\ld probably h a v unfav\rable  
effect on ! heal? ( ! common p4         
,,neum>k ,,( ,,br&5burgh                
,proportion   ,proportion   ,annual     
,av]age   ,bir?s  ,burials ,m>riages (  
,bir?s to ( ,bir?s to                   
,m>riages    ,burials   #e yrs to #agja 
#e1dcc    #c1dhc  #a1dcf      #cg to #aj
    #aee to #ajj   #e yrs to #agbf      
#g1jab    #d1bed  #a1gac      #dj to #aj
    #afd to #ajj   #e yrs to #agef      
#g1igh    #e1efg  #a1hia      #db to #aj
    #adc to #ajj  ,epidemics prevail$ = 
six ye>s1 f #agcf1 to #agda1 :i* *eck$ !
 increase4     ,,duk$om ,,( ,,magdeburgh
                                        
,proportion   ,proportion   ,annual     
,av]age   ,bir?s  ,burials ,m>riages (  
,bir?s to ( ,bir?s to                   
,m>riages    ,burials   #e yrs to #agjb 
#f1dca   #d1ajc   #a1fha      #ch to #aj
    #aef to #ajj   #e yrs to #agag      
#g1eij   #e1cce   #b1jgf      #cf to #aj

    #adb to #ajj   #e yrs to #agef      
#h1hej   #h1jfi   #b1aic      #dj to #aj
    #aji to #ajj  ,! ye>s #agch1 #agdj1 
#agej1 & #agea1 7 p>ticul>ly sickly4    
,= fur!r in=mation on ?is subject1 ,i   
ref] ! read] to ,mr ,suessmil*'s tables4
 ,! extracts t ,i h made are suffici5t  
to %ew ! p]iodical1 ?\gh irregul>1      
returns ( sickly seasons1 & x seems     
highly probable t a scant9ess ( room &  
food 0 "o ( ! pr9cipal causes t         
occasion$ !m4  ,x appe>s f ! tables t ^!
 c\ntries 7 increas+ r fa/ = old /ates1 
not)/&+ ! occasional seasons t prevail$4
 ,cultivation mu/ h be5 improv+1 &      
m>riages1 consequ5tly1 enc\rag$4 ,= !   
*ecks to population appe> to h be5 r ( !
 positive1 ?an ( ! prev5tive k9d4 ,:5 f 
a prospect ( increas+ pl5ty 9 any       
c\ntry1 ! weight t represses population 
is 9 "s degree remov$1 x is highly      
probable t ! motion w be cont9u$ beyond 
! op]ation ( ! cause t fir/ impell$ x4  
,or1 to be m p>ticul>1 :5 ! increas+    
produce ( a c\ntry1 & ! increas+ dem& = 

lab\r1 s f> ameliorate ! condition ( !  
lab\r] z greatly to enc\rage m>riage1 x 
is probable t ! cu/om ( e>ly m>riages w 
cont9ue till ! population ( ! c\ntry has
 gone beyond ! increas$ produce1 &      
sickly seasons appe> to be ! natural &  
necess>y consequ5ce4 ,i %\ld expect1    
!re=e1 t ^? c\ntries :]e subsi/5ce 0    
increas+ suffici5cy at times to enc\rage
 population b n to answ] all its dem&s1 
w\ld be m subject to p]iodical epidemics
 ?an ^? :]e ! population c\ld m         
completely accommodate itself to !      
av]age produce4  ,an obs]vation !       
conv]se ( ?is w probably also be f\nd   
true4 ,9 ^? c\ntries t are subject to   
p]iodical sicknesses1 ! increase (      
population1 or ! excess ( bir?s above ! 
burials1 w be great] 9 ! int]vals ( ^!  
p]iods ?an is usual1 caet]is p>ibus1 9 !
 c\ntries n s mu* subject to su*        
disord]s4 ,if ,turkey & ,egypt h be5    
ne>ly /ation>y 9 _! av]age population = 
! la/ c5tury1 9 ! int]vals ( _!         
p]iodical plagues1 ! bir?s mu/ h exce$$ 

! burials 9 a great] proportion ?an 9   
su* c\ntries z ,france & ,engl&4  ,!    
av]age proportion ( bir?s to burials 9  
any c\ntry = a p]iod ( five to t5 ye>s1 
w h5ce appe> to be a v inadequate       
crit]ion by :i* to judge ( its real     
progress 9 population4 ,?is proportion  
c]ta9ly %ews ! rate ( increase dur+ ^?  
five or t5 ye>s2 b we c by no means !nce
 inf] :at _h be5 ! increase = ! tw5ty   
ye>s be=e1 or :at w\ld be ! increase = !
 tw5ty ye>s aft]4 ,dr ,price obs]ves t  
,sw$51 ,norway1 ,russia1 & ! k+dom (    
,naples1 are increas+ fa/2 b ! extracts 
f regi/]s t he has giv5 are n = p]iods (
 suffici5t ext5t to e/abli% ! fact4 ,x  
is highly probable1 h[ev]1 t ,sw$51     
,norway1 & ,russia1 are really increas+ 
_! population1 ?\gh n at ! rate t !     
proportion ( bir?s to burials = ! %ort  
p]iods t ,dr ,price takes w\ld seem to  
%ew4 7,see ,dr ,price's ,obs]vations1   
,vol4 ii1 po/script to ! controv]sy on !
 population ( ,engl& & ,wales47 ,= five 
ye>s1 end+ 9 #aggg1 ! proportion ( bir?s

 to burials 9 ! k+dom ( ,naples 0 #add  
to #ajj1 b !re is reason to suppose t   
?is proportion w\ld indicate an increase
 mu* great] ?an w\ld be really f\nd to h
 tak5 place 9 t k+dom dur+ a p]iod ( a  
hundr$ ye>s4  ,dr ,%ort comp>$ ! regi/]s
 ( _m villages & m>ket t[ns 9 ,engl& =  
two p]iods2 ! fir/1 f ,que5 ,elizabe? to
 ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury1 & ! second1 f 
diff]5t ye>s at ! end ( ! la/ c5tury to 
! middle ( ! pres5t4 ,& f a comp>ison ( 
^! extracts1 x appe>s t 9 ! =m] p]iod ! 
bir?s exce$$ ! burials 9 ! proportion ( 
#abd to #ajj1 b 9 ! latt]1 only 9 !     
proportion ( #aaa to #ajj4 ,dr ,price   
?9ks t ! regi/]s 9 ! =m] p]iod are n to 
be dep5d$ ^u1 b1 probably1 9 ?is in/ance
 !y d n give incorrect proportions4 ,at 
lea/ !re are _m reasons = expect+ to f9d
 a great] excess ( bir?s above ! burials
 9 ! =m] p]iod ?an 9 ! latt]4 ,9 !      
natural progress ( ! population ( any   
c\ntry1 m good l& w1 caet]is p>ibus1 be 
tak5 into cultivation 9 ! e>li] /ages ( 
x ?an 9 ! lat]4 7,i say 'caet]is        

p>ibus'1 because ! increase ( ! produce 
( any c\ntry w always v greatly dep5d on
 ! _s ( indu/ry t prevails1 & ! way 9   
:i* x is direct$4 ,! k & habits ( ! p1 &
 o!r tempor>y causes1 p>ticul>ly !      
degree ( civil lib]ty & equality exi/+  
at ! "t1 mu/ always h great influ5ce 9  
excit+ & direct+ ?is _s47 ,& a great]   
proportional ye>ly increase ( produce w 
almo/ inv>iably be foll[$ by a great]   
proportional increase ( population4 ,b1 
besides ?is great cause1 :i* w\ld       
naturally give ! excess ( bir?s above   
burials great] at ! end ( ,que5         
,elizabe?'s reign ?an 9 ! middle ( !    
pres5t c5tury1 ,i _c help ?9k+ t !      
occasional ravages ( ! plague 9 ! =m]   
p]iod mu/ h _h "s t5d5cy to increase ?is
 proportion4 ,if an av]age ( t5 ye>s _h 
be5 tak5 9 ! int]vals ( ! returns ( ?is 
dreadful disord]1 or if ! ye>s ( plague 
_h be5 reject$ z accid5tal1 ! regi/]s   
w\ld c]ta9ly give ! proportion ( bir?s  
to burials too high = ! real av]age     
increase ( ! population4 ,= "s few ye>s 

aft] ! great plague 9 #afff1 x is       
probable t !re 0 a m ?an usual excess ( 
bir?s above burials1 p>ticul>ly if ,dr  
,price's op9ion be f\nd$1 t ,engl& 0 m  
popul\s at ! revolution 7:i* happ5$ only
 tw5ty-two ye>s aft]w>ds7 ?an x is at   
pres5t4  ,mr ,k+1 9 #afic1 /at$ !       
proportion ( ! bir?s to ! burials       
?r\gh\t ! ,k+dom1 exclusive ( ,london1 z
 #aae to #ajj4 ,dr ,%ort makes x1 9 !   
middle ( ! pres5t c5tury1 #aaa to #ajj1 
includ+ ,london4 ,! proportion 9 ,france
 = five ye>s1 end+ 9 #aggd1 0 #aag to   
#ajj4 ,if ^! /atem5ts are ne> ! tru?2 & 
if !re are no v great v>iations at      
p>ticul> p]iods 9 ! proportions1 x w\ld 
appe> t ! population ( ,france & ,engl& 
has accommodat$ itself v ne>ly to !     
av]age produce ( ea* c\ntry4 ,!         
disc\ragem5ts to m>riage1 ! consequ5t   
vici\s habits1 w>1 luxury1 ! sil5t ?\gh 
c]ta9 depopulation ( l>ge t[ns1 & !     
close habitations1 & insuffici5t food ( 
_m ( ! poor1 prev5t population f        
increas+ beyond ! means ( subsi/5ce2 &1 

if ,i may use an expression :i* c]ta9ly 
at fir/ appe>s /range1 sup]c$e !        
necessity ( great & ravag+ epidemics to 
repress :at is r$undant4 ,7 a wa/+      
plague to sweep (f two millions 9       
,engl&1 & six millions 9 ,france1 !re c 
be no d\bt :atev] t1 aft] ! inhabitants 
_h recov]$ f ! dreadful %ock1 !         
proportion ( bir?s to burials w\ld be   
mu* above :at x is 9 ei!r c\ntry at     
pres5t4  ,9 ,new ,j]sey1 ! proportion ( 
bir?s to dea?s on an av]age ( sev5 ye>s1
 end+ 9 #agdc1 0 z #cjj to #ajj4 ,9     
,france & ,engl&1 tak+ ! highe/         
proportion1 x is z #aag to #ajj4 ,great 
& a/oni%+ z ?is diff]5ce is1 we ought n 
to be s wond]-/ruck at x z to attribute 
x to ! miracul\s int]position ( heav54  
,! causes ( x are n remote1 lat5t &     
my/]i\s2 b ne> u1 r\nd ab\t u1 & op5 to 
! inve/igation ( e inquir+ m9d4 ,x      
accords ) ! mo/ lib]al _s ( philosophy  
to suppose t n a /one c fall1 or a plant
 rise1 )\t ! imm$iate ag5cy ( div9e p[]4
 ,b we "k f exp]i5ce t ^! op]ations (   

:at we call nature h be5 conduct$ almo/ 
inv>iably accord+ to fix$ laws4 ,& s9ce 
! _w began1 ! causes ( population &     
depopulation h probably be5 z con/ant z 
any ( ! laws ( nature ) :i* we are      
acqua9t$4  ,! passion betwe5 ! sexes has
 appe>$ 9 e age to be s ne>ly ! same t x
 may always be consid]$1 9 algebraic    
language1 z a giv5 quantity4 ,! great   
law ( necessity :i* prev5ts population f
 increas+ 9 any c\ntry beyond ! food :i*
 x c ei!r produce or acquire1 is a law s
 op5 to our view1 s obvi\s & evid5t to  
our und]/&+s1 & s completely confirm$ by
 ! exp]i5ce ( e age1 t we _c = a mom5t  
d\bt x4 ,! diff]5t modes :i* nature     
takes to prev5t or repress a r$undant   
population d n appe>1 inde$1 to u s     
c]ta9 & regul>1 b ?\gh we _c always     
pr$ict ! mode we may ) c]ta9ty pr$ict ! 
fact4 ,if ! proportion ( bir?s to dea?s 
= a few ye>s indicate an increase (     
numb]s mu* beyond ! proportional        
increas$ or acquir$ produce ( ! c\ntry1 
we may be p]fectly c]ta9 t unless an    

emigration takes place1 ! dea?s w %ortly
 exce$ ! bir?s2 & t ! increase t _h tak5
 place = a few ye>s _c be ! real av]age 
increase ( ! population ( ! c\ntry4 ,7  
!re no o!r depopulat+ causes1 e c\ntry  
w\ld1 )\t d\bt1 be subject to p]iodical 
pe/il5ces or fam9e4  ,! only true       
crit]ion ( a real & p]man5t increase 9 !
 population ( any c\ntry is ! increase (
 ! means ( subsi/5ce4 ,b ev51 ?is       
crit]ion is subject to "s slight        
v>iations :i* are1 h[ev]1 completely op5
 to our view & obs]vations4 ,9 "s       
c\ntries population appe>s to h be5 =c$1
 t is1 ! p h be5 habituat$ by degrees to
 live almo/ ^u ! smalle/ possible       
quantity ( food4 ,!re mu/ h be5 p]iods 9
 su* c\nties :5 population increas$     
p]man5tly1 )\t an increase 9 ! means (  
subsi/5ce4 ,*9a seems to answ] to ?is   
description4 ,if ! acc\nts we h ( x are 
to be tru/$1 ! l[] classes ( p are 9 !  
habit ( liv+ almo/ ^u ! smalle/ possible
 quantity ( food & are glad to get any  
putrid (fals t ,european lab\r]s w\ld r 

/>ve ?an eat4 ,! law 9 ,*9a :i* p]mits  
p>5ts to expose _! *ildr5 has t5d$      
pr9cipally ?us to =ce ! population4 ,a  
nation 9 ?is /ate mu/ necess>ily be     
subject to fam9es4 ,:]e a c\ntry is s   
popul\s 9 proportion to ! means (       
subsi/5ce t ! av]age produce ( x is b   
b>ely suffici5t to support ! lives ( !  
inhabitants1 any defici5cy f ! badness (
 seasons mu/ be fatal4 ,x is probable t 
! v frugal mann] 9 :i* ! ,g5toos are 9 !
 habit ( liv+ contributes 9 "s degree to
 ! fam9es ( ,indo/an4  ,9 ,am]ica1 :]e !
 rew>d ( lab\r is at pres5t s lib]al1 ! 
l[] classes might retr5* v consid]ably 9
 a ye> ( sc>city )\t mat]ially di/ress+ 
!mselves4 ,a fam9e !re=e seems to be    
almo/ impossible4 ,x may be expect$ t 9 
! progress ( ! population ( ,am]ica1 !  
lab\r]s w 9 "t be mu* less lib]ally     
rew>d$4 ,! numb]s w 9 ?is case p]man5tly
 increase )\t a proportional increase 9 
! means ( subsi/5ce4  ,9 ! diff]5t /ates
 ( ,europe !re mu/ be "s v>iations 9 !  
proportion betwe5 ! numb] ( inhabitants 

& ! quantity ( food consum$1 aris+ f !  
diff]5t habits ( liv+ t prevail 9 ea*   
/ate4 ,! lab\r]s ( ! ,s\? ( ,engl& are s
 accu/om$ to eat f9e :eat5 bread t !y w 
suff] !mselves to be half />v$ be=e !y w
 submit to live l ! ,scot* peasants4 ,!y
 might p]haps 9 "t1 by ! con/ant        
op]ation ( ! h>d law ( necessity1 be    
r$uc$ to live ev5 l ! ,l[] ,*9ese1 & !  
c\ntry w\ld !n1 ) ! same quantity (     
food1 support a great] population4 ,b to
 effect ?is mu/ always be a mo/         
difficult1 &1 e fri5d to humanity w     
hope1 an abortive attempt4 ,no?+ is s   
common z to he> ( enc\ragem5ts t ought  
to be giv5 to population4 ,if ! t5d5cy (
 mank9d to increase be s great z ,i h   
repres5t$ x to be1 x may appe> /range t 
?is increase does n come :5 x is ?us    
repeat$ly call$ =4 ,! true reason is t !
 dem& = a great] population is made )\t 
prep>+ ! funds necess>y to support x4   
,increase ! dem& = agricultural lab\r by
 promot+ cultivation1 & ) x consequ5tly 
increase ! produce ( ! c\ntry1 &        

ameliorate ! condition ( ! lab\r]1 & no 
appreh5sions :atev] ne$ be ent]ta9$ ( ! 
proportional increase ( population4 ,an 
attempt to effect ?is purpose 9 any o!r 
way is vici\s1 cruel1 & tyrannical1 & 9 
any /ate ( tol]able fre$om _c !re=e     
succe$4 ,x may appe> to be ! int]e/ ( ! 
rul]s1 & ! ri* ( a /ate1 to =ce         
population1 & !reby l[] ! price ( lab\r1
 & consequ5tly ! exp5se ( fleets &      
armies1 & ! co/ ( manufactures = =eign  
sale2 b e attempt ( ! k9d %\ld be       
c>efully wat*$ & /r5u\sly resi/$ by !   
fri5ds ( ! poor1 p>ticul>ly :5 x comes  
"u ! deceitful g>b ( b5evol5ce1 & is    
likely1 on t acc\nt1 to be *e]fully &   
cordially receiv$ by ! common p4  ,i    
entirely acquit ,mr ,pitt ( any s9i/]   
int5tion 9 t clause ( 8 ,poor ,bill :i* 
all[s a %ill+ a week to e lab\r] = ea*  
*ild he has above ?ree4 ,i confess1 t   
be=e ! bill 0 br\ght into ,p>liam5t1 & =
 "s "t aft]1 ,i ?\ght t su* a regulation
 w\ld be highly b5eficial1 b fur!r      
reflection on ! subject has conv9c$ me t

 if its object be to bett] ! condition (
 ! poor1 x is calculat$ to defeat ! v   
purpose :i* x has 9 view4 ,x has no     
t5d5cy t ,i c discov] to increase !     
produce ( ! c\ntry1 & if x t5d to       
increase ! population1 )\t increas+ !   
produce1 ! necess>y & inevitable        
consequ5ce appe>s to be t ! same produce
 mu/ be divid$ among a great] numb]1 &  
consequ5tly t a day's lab\r w pur*ase a 
small] quantity ( provisions1 & ! poor  
!re=e 9 g5]al mu/ be m di/ress$4  ,i h  
m5tion$ "s cases :]e population may     
p]man5tly increase )\t a proportional   
increase 9 ! means ( subsi/5ce4 ,b x is 
evid5t t ! v>iation 9 diff]5t /ates1    
betwe5 ! food & ! numb]s support$ by x1 
is re/rict$ to a limit beyond :i* x _c  
pass4 ,9 e c\ntry1 ! population ( :i* is
 n absolutely decreas+1 ! food mu/ be   
necess>ily suffici5t to support1 & to   
cont9ue1 ! race ( lab\r]s4  ,o!r        
circum/ances be+ ! same1 x may be       
affirm$ t c\ntries are popul\s accord+  
to ! quantity ( human food :i* !y       

produce1 & happy accord+ to ! lib]ality 
) :i* t food is divid$1 or ! quantity   
:i* a day's lab\r w pur*ase4 ,corn      
c\ntries are m popul\s ?an pa/ure       
c\ntries1 & rice c\ntries m popul\s ?an 
corn c\ntries4 ,! l&s 9 ,engl& are n    
suit$ to rice1 b !y w\ld all be>        
potatoes2 & ,dr ,adam ,smi? obs]ves t if
 potatoes 7 to become ! fav\rite        
vegetable food ( ! common p1 & if ! same
 quantity ( l& 0 employ$ 9 _! culture z 
is n[ employ$ 9 ! culture ( corn1 !     
c\ntry w\ld be able to support a mu*    
great] population1 & w\ld consequ5tly 9 
a v %ort "t h x4  ,! happ9ess ( a c\ntry
 does n dep5d1 absolutely1 ^u its pov]ty
 or its ri*es1 ^u its y\? or its age1 ^u
 its be+ ?9ly or fully inhabit$1 b ^u ! 
rapidity ) :i* x is increas+1 ^u !      
degree 9 :i* ! ye>ly increase ( food    
approa*es to ! ye>ly increase ( an      
unre/rict$ population4 ,?is             
approximation is always ! ne>e/ 9 new   
colonies1 :]e ! k & indu/ry ( an old    
/ate op]ate on ! f]tile unappropriat$ l&

 ( a new "o4 ,9 o!r cases1 ! y\? or !   
age ( a /ate is n 9 ?is respect ( v     
great importance4 ,x is probable t !    
food ( ,great ,brita9 is divid$ 9 z     
great pl5ty to ! inhabitants1 at !      
pres5t p]iod1 z x 0 two ?\s&1 ?ree ?\s&1
 or f\r ?\s& ye>s ago4 ,& !re is reason 
to believe t ! poor & ?9ly inhabit$     
tracts ( ! ,scot* ,highl&s are z mu*    
di/ress$ by an ov]*>g$ population z !   
ri* & popul\s prov9ce ( ,fl&]s4  ,7 a   
c\ntry nev] to be ov]run by a p m       
advanc$ 9 arts1 b left to its own       
natural progress 9 civilization2 f ! "t 
t its produce might be consid]$ z an    
unit1 to ! "t t x might be consid]$ z a 
million1 dur+ ! lapse ( _m hundr$ ye>s1 
!re w\ld n be a s+le p]iod :5 ! mass ( !
 p c\ld be said to be free f di/ress1   
ei!r directly or indirectly1 = want (   
food4 ,9 e /ate 9 ,europe1 s9ce we h    
fir/ _h acc\nts ( x1 millions & millions
 ( human exi/5ces h be5 repress$ f ?is  
simple cause2 ?\gh p]haps 9 "s ( ^!     
/ates an absolute fam9e has nev] be5    

kn[n4  ,fam9e seems to be ! la/1 ! mo/  
dreadful res\rce ( nature4 ,! p[] (     
population is s sup]ior to ! p[] 9 ! e>?
 to produce subsi/5ce = man1 t premature
 dea? mu/ 9 "s %ape or o!r visit ! human
 race4 ,! vices ( mank9d are active &   
able m9i/]s ( depopulation4 ,!y are !   
precursors 9 ! great army ( de/ruction2 
& (t5 f9i% ! dreadful "w !mselves4 ,b   
%\ld !y fail 9 ?is w> ( ext]m9ation1    
sickly seasons1 epidemics1 pe/il5ce1 &  
plague1 advance 9 t]rific array1 & sweep
 (f _! ?\s&s & t5 ?\s&s4 ,%\ld success  
be /ill incomplete1 gigantic inevitable 
fam9e /alks 9 ! re>1 & ) "o mighty bl[  
levels ! population ) ! food ( ! _w4    
,mu/ x n !n be ackn[l$g$ by an att5tive 
exam9] ( ! hi/ories ( mank9d1 t 9 e age 
& 9 e /ate 9 :i* man has exi/$1 or does 
n[ exi/4  ,t ! increase ( population is 
necess>ily limit$ by ! means (          
subsi/5ce4  ,t population does inv>iably
 increase :5 ! means ( subsi/5ce        
increase4 ,& t ! sup]ior p[] (          
population x repress$1 & ! actual       

population kept equal to ! means (      
subsi/5ce1 by mis]y & vice8     ,,*apt] 
#h  ,mr ,wallace--,error ( suppos+ t !  
difficulty aris+ f population is at a   
great di/ance--,mr ,condorcet's sket* ( 
! progress ( ! human m9d--,p]iod :5 !   
oscillation1 m5tion$ by ,mr ,condorcet1 
ought to be appli$ to ! human race4     
,to a p]son :o draws ! prec$+ obvi\s    
inf]5ces1 f a view ( ! pa/ & pres5t /ate
 ( mank9d1 x _c b be a matt] ( a/oni%m5t
 t all ! writ]s on ! p]fectibility ( man
 & ( society :o h notic$ ! argum5t ( an 
ov]*>g$ population1 treat x always v    
slightly & inv>iably repres5t !         
difficulties aris+ f x z at a great &   
almo/ immeasurable di/ance4 ,ev5 ,mr    
,wallace1 :o ?\ght ! argum5t itself ( s 
mu* weight z to de/roy 8 :ole sy/em (   
equality1 did n seem to be aw>e t any   
difficulty w\ld occur f ?is cause till !
 :ole e>? _h be5 cultivat$ l a g>d5 & 0 
incapable ( any fur!r increase (        
produce4 ,7 ?is really ! case1 & 7 a    
beautiful sy/em ( equality 9 o!r        

respects practicable1 ,i _c ?9k t our   
ard\r 9 ! pursuit ( su* a s*eme ought to
 be damp$ by ! contemplation ( s remote 
a difficulty4 ,an ev5t at su* a di/ance 
might fairly be left to provid5ce1 b !  
tru? is t if ! view ( ! argum5t giv5 9  
?is ,essay be j ! difficulty1 s f> f be+
 remote1 w\ld be imm95t & imm$iate4 ,at 
e p]iod dur+ ! progress ( cultivation1 f
 ! pres5t mom5t to ! "t :5 ! :ole e>? 0 
become l a g>d51 ! di/ress = want ( food
 w\ld be con/antly press+ on all mank9d1
 if !y 7 equal4 ,?\gh ! produce ( ! e>? 
might be increas+ e ye>1 population w\ld
 be increas+ mu* fa/]1 & ! r$undancy mu/
 necess>ily be repress$ by ! p]iodical  
or con/ant action ( mis]y or vice4  ,mr 
,condorcet's ,esquisse d'un ,tableau    
,hi/orique des ,progres de l',esprit    
,huma91 0 writt51 x is said1 "u !       
pressure ( t cruel proscription :i*     
t]m9at$ 9 8 dea?4 ,if he _h no hopes (  
its be+ se5 dur+ 8 life & ( its int]e/+ 
,france 9 8 fav\r1 x is a s+ul> in/ance 
( ! atta*m5t ( a man to pr9ciples1 :i* e

 day's exp]i5ce 0 s fatally = himself   
contradict+4 ,to see ! human m9d 9 "o ( 
! mo/ enlight5$ nations ( ! _w1 & aft] a
 lapse ( "s ?\s& ye>s1 debas$ by su* a  
f]m5tation ( disgu/+ passions1 ( fe>1   
cruelty1 malice1 rev5ge1 ambition1      
madness1 & folly z w\ld h disgrac$ ! mo/
 savage nation 9 ! mo/ b>b>\s age mu/ h 
be5 su* a trem5d\s %ock to 8 ideas ( !  
necess>y & inevitable progress ( ! human
 m9d t no?+ b ! firme/ conviction ( !   
tru? ( 8 pr9ciples1 9 spite ( all       
appe>ances1 c\ld h )/ood4  ,?is po/hum\s
 publication is only a sket* ( a mu*    
l>g] "w1 :i* he propos$ %\ld be execut$4
 ,x necess>ily1 !re=e1 wants t detail & 
application :i* c alone prove ! tru? (  
any !ory4 ,a few obs]vations w be       
suffici5t to %ew h[ completely ! !ory is
 contradict$ :5 x is appli$ to ! real1 &
 n to an imag9>y1 /ate ( ?+s4  ,9 ! la/ 
division ( ! "w1 :i* treats ( ! future  
progress ( man t[>ds p]fection1 he says1
 t comp>+1 9 ! diff]5t civiliz$ nations 
( ,europe1 ! actual population ) ! ext5t

 ( t]ritory1 & obs]v+ _! cultivation1 _!
 indu/ry1 _! divisions ( lab\r1 & _!    
means ( subsi/5ce1 we %all see t x w\ld 
be impossible to pres]ve ! same means ( 
subsi/5ce1 &1 consequ5tly1 ! same       
population1 )\t a numb] ( individuals :o
 h no o!r means ( supply+ _! wants ?an  
_! indu/ry4 ,hav+ all[$ ! necessity (   
su* a class ( m51 & adv]t+ aft]w>ds to !
 prec>i\s rev5ue ( ^? families t w\ld   
dep5d s entirely on ! life & heal? ( _! 
*ief1 he says1 v ju/ly3 ',!re exi/s !n1 
a necess>y cause ( inequality1 (        
dep5d5ce1 & ev5 ( mis]y1 :i* m5aces1 )\t
 ceas+1 ! mo/ num]\s & active class (   
our societies4' 7,to save "t & long     
quotations1 ,i %all "h give ! sub/ance (
 "s ( ,mr ,condorcet's s5tim5ts1 & hope 
,i %all n misrepres5t !m4 ,b ,i ref] !  
read] to ! "w itself1 :i* w amuse1 if x 
does n conv9ce him47 ,! difficulty is j 
& well /at$1 & ,i am afraid t ! mode by 
:i* he proposes x %\ld be remov$ w be   
f\nd inefficaci\s4 ,by ! application (  
calculations to ! probabilities ( life &

 ! int]e/ ( money1 he proposes t a fund 
%\ld be e/abli%$ :i* %\ld assure to !   
old an assi/ance1 produc$1 9 "p1 by _!  
own =m] sav+s1 &1 9 "p1 by ! sav+s (    
individuals :o 9 mak+ ! same sacrifice  
die be=e !y reap ! b5efit ( x4 ,! same1 
or a simil> fund1 %\ld give assi/ance to
 wom5 & *ildr5 :o lose _! husb&s1 or    
fa!rs1 & af=d a capital to ^? :o 7 ( an 
age to f\nd a new family1 suffici5t = ! 
prop] developm5t ( _! indu/ry4 ,^!      
e/abli%m5ts1 he obs]ves1 might be made 9
 ! "n & "u ! protection ( ! society4    
,go+ /ill fur!r1 he says t1 by ! j      
application ( calculations1 means might 
be f\nd ( m completely pres]v+ a /ate ( 
equality1 by prev5t+ cr$it f be+ !      
exclusive privilege ( great =tunes1 &   
yet giv+ x a basis equally solid1 & by  
r5d]+ ! progress ( indu/ry1 & ! activity
 ( comm]ce1 less dep5d5t on great       
capitali/s4  ,su* e/abli%m5ts &         
calculations may appe> v promis+ ^u     
pap]1 b :5 appli$ to real life !y w be  
f\nd to be absolutely nugatory4 ,mr     

,condorcet all[s t a class ( p :i*      
ma9ta9s itself entirely by indu/ry is   
necess>y to e /ate4 ,:y does he all[    
?is8 ,no o!r reason c well be assign$   
?an t he conceives t ! lab\r necess>y to
 procure subsi/5ce = an ext5d$          
population w n be p]=m$ )\t ! goad (    
necessity4 ,if by e/abli%m5ts ( ?is k9d 
( spur to indu/ry be remov$1 if ! idle &
 ! neglig5t are plac$ ^u ! same foot+ ) 
reg>d to _! cr$it1 & ! future support ( 
_! wives & families1 z ! active &       
indu/ri\s1 c we expect to see m5 ex]t t 
animat$ activity 9 bett]+ _! condition  
:i* n[ =ms ! ma/] spr+ ( public         
prosp]ity8 ,if an inquisition 7 to be   
e/abli%$ to exam9e ! claims ( ea*       
individual & to det]m9e :e!r he _h or _h
 n ex]t$ himself to ! utmo/1 & to grant 
or refuse assi/ance accord+ly1 ?is w\ld 
be little else ?an a repetition ^u a    
l>g] scale ( ! ,engli% poor laws & w\ld 
be completely de/ructive ( ! true       
pr9ciples ( lib]ty & equality4  ,b      
indep5d5t ( ?is great objection to ^!   

e/abli%m5ts1 & suppos+ = a mom5t t !y   
w\ld give no *eck to productive indu/ry1
 by f> ! greate/ difficulty rema9s yet  
beh9d4  ,7 e man sure ( a com=table     
provision = 8 family1 almo/ e man w\ld h
 "o1 & 7 ! ris+ g5]ation free f ! 'kill+
 fro/' ( mis]y1 population mu/ rapidly  
increase4 ,( ?is ,mr ,condorcet seems to
 be fully aw>e himself1 & aft] hav+     
describ$ fur!r improvem5ts1 he says3  ,b
 9 ?is process ( indu/ry & happ9ess1 ea*
 g5]ation w be call$ to m ext5d$        
enjoym5ts1 & 9 consequ5ce1 by ! physical
 con/itution ( ! human frame1 to an     
increase 9 ! numb] ( individuals4 ,mu/ n
 !re arrive a p]iod !n1 :5 ^! laws1     
equally necess>y1 %all c\nt]act ea* o!r8
 ,:5 ! increase ( ! numb] ( m5 surpass+ 
_! means ( subsi/5ce1 ! necess>y result 
mu/ be ei!r a cont9ual dim9ution (      
happ9ess & population1 a movem5t truly  
retrograde1 or1 at lea/1 a k9d (        
oscillation betwe5 good & evil8 ,9      
societies arriv$ at ?is t]m1 w n ?is    
oscillation be a con/antly subsi/+ cause

 ( p]iodical mis]y8 ,w x n m>k ! limit  
:5 all fur!r amelioration w become      
impossible1 & po9t out t t]m to !       
p]fectibility ( ! human race :i* x may  
rea* 9 ! c\rse ( ages1 b c nev] pass8   
,he !n adds1  ,!re is no p]son :o does n
 see h[ v di/ant su* a p]iod is f u1 b  
%all we ev] arrive at x8 ,x is equally  
impossible to pron\nce = or aga9/ !     
future realization ( an ev5t :i* _c take
 place b at an era :5 ! human race w h  
atta9$ improvem5ts1 ( :i* we c at pres5t
 sc>cely =m a conception4  ,mr          
,condorcet's picture ( :at may be       
expect$ to happ5 :5 ! numb] ( m5 %all   
surpass ! means ( _! subsi/5ce is ju/ly 
drawn4 ,! oscillation :i* he describes w
 c]ta9ly take place & w )\t d\bt be a   
con/antly subsi/+ cause ( p]iodical     
mis]y4 ,! only po9t 9 :i* ,i diff] f ,mr
 ,condorcet ) reg>d to ?is picture is ! 
p]iod :5 x may be appli$ to ! human     
race4 ,mr ,condorcet ?9ks t x _c        
possibly be applicable b at an era      
extremely di/ant4 ,if ! proportion      

betwe5 ! natural increase ( population &
 food :i* ,i h giv5 be 9 any degree ne> 
! tru?1 x w appe>1 on ! contr>y1 t !    
p]iod :5 ! numb] ( m5 surpass _! means (
 subsi/5ce has long s9ce arriv$1 & t ?is
 necessity oscillation1 ?is con/antly   
subsi/+ cause ( p]iodical mis]y1 has    
exi/$ ev] s9ce we h _h any hi/ories (   
mank9d1 does exi/ at pres5t1 & w = ev]  
cont9ue to exi/1 unless "s decid$ *ange 
take place 9 ! physical con/itution (   
our nature4  ,mr ,condorcet1 h[ev]1 goes
 on to say t %\ld ! p]iod1 :i* he       
conceives to be s di/ant1 ev] arrive1 ! 
human race1 & ! advocates = !           
p]fectibility ( man1 ne$ n be al>m$ at  
x4 ,he !n proce$s to remove ! difficulty
 9 a mann] :i* ,i pr(ess n to und]/&4   
,hav+ obs]v$1 t ! ridicul\s prejudices (
 sup]/ition w\ld by t "t h ceas$ to ?r[ 
ov] morals a corrupt & degrad+ au/]ity1 
he alludes1 ei!r to a promiscu\s        
concub9age1 :i* w\ld prev5t bre$+1 or to
 some?+ else z unnatural4 ,to remove !  
difficulty 9 ?is way w1 surely1 9 !     

op9ion ( mo/ m51 be to de/roy t virtue &
 purity ( mann]s1 :i* ! advocates (     
equality1 & ( ! p]fectibility ( man1    
pr(ess to be ! end & object ( _! views4 
,,*apt] #i  ,mr ,condorcet's conjecture 
conc]n+ ! organic p]fectibility ( man1 &
 ! indef9ite prolongation ( human       
life--,fallacy ( ! argum5t1 :i* inf]s an
 unlimit$ progress f a p>tial           
improvem5t1 ! limit ( :i* _c be         
asc]ta9$1 illu/rat$ 9 ! bre$+ ( animals1
 & ! cultivation ( plants4   ,! la/ "q  
:i* ,mr ,condorcet proposes = exam9ation
 is ! organic p]fectibility ( man4 ,he  
obs]ves t if ! pro(s :i* h be5 already  
giv5 & :i*1 9 _! developm5t w receive   
great] =ce 9 ! "w itself1 are suffici5t 
to e/abli% ! indef9ite p]fectibility (  
man ^u ! supposition ( ! same natural   
faculties & ! same organization :i* he  
has at pres5t1 :at w be ! c]ta9ty1 :at !
 ext5t ( our hope1 if ?is organization1 
^! natural faculties !mselves1 are      
susceptible ( amelioration8  ,f !       
improvem5t ( m$ic9e1 f ! use ( m        

:olesome food & habitations1 f a mann] (
 liv+ :i* w improve ! /r5g? ( ! body by 
ex]cise )\t impair+ x by excess1 f !    
de/ruction ( ! two great causes ( !     
degradation ( man1 mis]y1 & too great   
ri*es1 f ! gradual removal (            
transmissible & contagi\s disord]s by ! 
improvem5t ( physical k1 r5d]$ m        
efficaci\s by ! progress ( reason & (   
social ord]1 he inf]s t ?\gh man w n    
absolutely become immortal1 yet t !     
duration betwe5 8 bir? & natural dea? w 
increase )\t ceas+1 w h no assignable   
t]m1 & may prop]ly be express$ by ! ^w  
'indef9ite'4 ,he !n def9es ?is ^w to    
mean ei!r a con/ant approa* to an       
unlimit$ ext5t1 )\t ev] rea*+ x1 or an  
increase4 ,9 ! imm5sity ( ages to an    
ext5t great] ?an any assignable         
quantity4  ,b surely ! application ( ?is
 t]m 9 ei!r ( ^! s5ses to ! duration (  
human life is 9 ! highe/ degree         
unphilosophical & totally unw>rant$ by  
any appe>ances 9 ! laws ( nature4       
,v>iations f diff]5t causes are         

ess5tially di/9ct f a regul> &          
unretrograde increase4 ,! av]age        
duration ( human life w to a c]ta9      
degree v>y f heal?y or unheal?y         
climates1 f :olesome or un:olesome food1
 f virtu\s or vici\s mann]s1 & o!r      
causes1 b x may be fairly d\bt$ :e!r !re
 is really ! smalle/ p]ceptible advance 
9 ! natural duration ( human life s9ce  
fir/ we h _h any au!ntic hi/ory ( man4  
,! prejudices ( all ages h inde$ be5    
directly contr>y to ?is supposition1 &  
?\gh ,i w\ld n lay mu* /ress ^u ^!      
prejudices1 !y w 9 "s measure t5d to    
prove t !re has be5 no m>k$ advance 9 an
 opposite direction4  ,x may p]haps be  
said t ! _w is yet s "y1 s completely 9 
its infancy1 t x ought n to be expect$ t
 any diff]5ce %\ld appe> s soon4  ,if   
?is be ! case1 !re is at once an end (  
all human sci5ce4 ,! :ole tra9 (        
reason+s f effects to causes w be       
de/roy$4 ,we may %ut our eyes to ! book 
( nature1 z x w no long] be ( any use to
 read x4 ,! wilde/ & mo/ improbable     

conjectures may be advanc$ ) z mu*      
c]ta9ty z ! mo/ j & sublime !ories1     
f\nd$ on c>eful & reit]at$ exp]im5ts4   
,we may return aga9 to ! old mode (     
philosophis+ & make facts b5d to sy/ems1
 in/ead ( e/abli%+ sy/ems ^u facts4 ,!  
gr& & consi/5t !ory ( ,newton w be plac$
 ^u ! same foot+ z ! wild & ecc5tric    
hypo!ses ( ,desc>tes4 ,9 %ort1 if ! laws
 ( nature are ?us fickle & incon/ant1 if
 x c be affirm$ & be believ$ t !y w     
*ange1 :5 = ages & ages !y h appe>$     
immutable1 ! human m9d w no long] h any 
incitem5ts to inquiry1 b mu/ rema9 fix$ 
9 inactive torpor1 or amuse itself only 
9 bewild]+ dreams & extravagant fancies4
  ,! con/ancy ( ! laws ( nature & (     
effects & causes is ! f\ndation ( all   
human k1 ?\gh f> be x f me to say t !   
same p[] :i* fram$ & executes ! laws (  
nature may n *ange !m all '9 a mom5t1 9 
! tw9kl+ ( an eye4'  ,su* a *ange may   
und\bt$ly happ54 ,all t ,i mean to say  
is t x is impossible to inf] x f        
reason+4 ,if )\t any previ\s obs]vable  

symptoms or indications ( a *ange1 we c 
inf] t a *ange w take place1 we may z   
well make any ass]tion :atev] & ?9k x z 
unreasonable to be contradict$ 9 affirm+
 t ! moon w come 9 contact ) ! e>?      
tomorr[1 z 9 say+ t ! sun w rise at its 
usual "t4  ,) reg>d to ! duration (     
human life1 !re does n appe> to h exi/$ 
f ! e>lie/ ages ( ! _w to ! pres5t mom5t
 ! smalle/ p]man5t symptom or indication
 ( increas+ prolongation4 ,! obs]vable  
effects ( climate1 habit1 diet1 & o!r   
causes1 on l5g? ( life h furni%$ !      
pretext = ass]t+ its indef9ite ext5sion2
 & ! s&y f\ndation on :i* ! argum5t re/s
 is t because ! limit ( human life is   
undef9$2 because y _c m>k its precise   
t]m1 & say s f> exactly %all x g & no   
fur!r2 t !re=e its ext5t may increase = 
ev]1 & be prop]ly t]m$ indef9ite or     
unlimit$4 ,b ! fallacy & absurdity ( ?is
 argum5t w suffici5tly appe> f a slight 
exam9ation ( :at ,mr ,condorcet calls ! 
organic p]fectibility1 or deg5]ation1 ( 
! race ( plants & animals1 :i* he says  

may be reg>d$ z "o ( ! g5]al laws (     
nature4  ,i am told t x is a maxim among
 ! improv]s ( cattle t y may bre$ to any
 degree ( nicety y please1 & !y f\nd ?is
 maxim ^u ano!r1 :i* is t "s ( ! (fspr+ 
w possess ! desirable qualities ( !     
p>5ts 9 a great] degree4 ,9 ! fam\s     
,leice/]%ire bre$ ( %eep1 ! object is to
 procure !m ) small heads & small legs4 
,proce$+ ^u ^! bre$+ maxims1 x is evid5t
 t we might g on till ! heads & legs 7  
evanesc5t quantities1 b ?is is s        
palpable an absurdity t we may be q sure
 t ! premises are n j & t !re really is 
a limit1 ?\gh we _c see x or say exactly
 :]e x is4 ,9 ?is case1 ! po9t ( !      
greate/ degree ( improvem5t1 or !       
smalle/ size ( ! head & legs1 may be    
said to be undef9$1 b ?is is v diff]5t f
 unlimit$1 or f indef9ite1 9 ,mr        
,condorcet's acceptation ( ! t]m4 ,?\gh 
,i may n be able 9 ! pres5t in/ance to  
m>k ! limit at :i* fur!r improvem5t w   
/op1 ,i c v easily m5tion a po9t at :i* 
x w n arrive4 ,i %\ld n scruple to ass]t

 t 7 ! bre$+ to cont9ue = ev]1 ! head & 
legs ( ^! %eep w\ld nev] be s small z ! 
head & legs ( a rat4  ,x _c be true1    
!re=e1 t among animals1 "s ( ! (fspr+ w 
possess ! desirable qualities ( ! p>5ts 
9 a great] degree1 or t animals are     
indef9itely p]fectible4  ,! progress ( a
 wild plant to a beautiful g>d5 fl[] is 
p]haps m m>k$ & /rik+ ?an any?+ t takes 
place among animals1 yet ev5 "h x w\ld  
be ! height ( absurdity to ass]t t !    
progress 0 unlimit$ or indef9ite4  ,"o (
 ! mo/ obvi\s features ( ! improvem5t is
 ! increase ( size4 ,! fl[] has gr[n    
gradually l>g] by cultivation4 ,if !    
progress 7 really unlimit$ x might be   
increas$ ad inf9itum1 b ?is is s gross  
an absurdity t we may be q sure t among 
plants z well z among animals !re is a  
limit to improvem5t1 ?\gh we d n exactly
 "k :]e x is4 ,x is probable t ! g>d5]s 
:o cont5d = fl[] prizes h (t5 appli$    
/rong] dress+ )\t success4 ,at ! same "t
 x w\ld be highly presumptu\s 9 any man 
to say t he _h se5 ! f9e/ c>nation or   

anemone t c\ld ev] be made to gr[4 ,he  
might h[ev] ass]t )\t ! smalle/ *ance ( 
be+ contradict$ by a future fact1 t no  
c>nation or anemone c\ld ev] by         
cultivation be increas$ to ! size ( a   
l>ge cabbage2 & yet !re are assignable  
quantities mu* great] ?an a cabbage4 ,no
 man c say t he has se5 ! l>ge/ e> (    
:eat1 or ! l>ge/ oak t c\ld ev] gr[2 b  
he might easily1 & ) p]fect c]ta9ty1 "n 
a po9t ( magnitude at :i* !y w\ld n     
arrive4 ,9 all ^! cases !re=e1 a c>eful 
di/9ction %\ld be made1 betwe5 an       
unlimit$ progress1 & a progress :]e !   
limit is m]ely undef9$4  ,x w be said1  
p]haps1 t ! reason :y plants & animals  
_c increase indef9itely 9 size is1 t !y 
w\ld fall by _! own weight4 ,i answ]1 h[
 d we "k ?is b f exp]i5ce8--f exp]i5ce (
 ! degree ( /r5g? ) :i* ^! bodies are   
=m$4 ,i "k t a c>nation1 long be=e x    
rea*$ ! size ( a cabbage1 w\ld n be     
support$ by its /alk1 b ,i only "k ?is f
 my exp]i5ce ( ! weakness & want (      
t5acity 9 ! mat]ials ( a c>nation /alk4 

,!re are _m sub/ances 9 nature ( ! same 
size t w\ld support z l>ge a head z a   
cabbage4  ,! reasons ( ! mortality (    
plants are at pres5t p]fectly unkn[n to 
u4 ,no man c say :y su* a plant is      
annual1 ano!r bi5nial1 & ano!r endures =
 ages4 ,! :ole affair 9 all ^! cases1 9 
plants1 animals1 & 9 ! human race1 is an
 affair ( exp]i5ce1 & ,i only conclude t
 man is mortal because ! inv>iable      
exp]i5ce ( all ages has prov$ !         
mortality ( ^? mat]ials ( :i* 8 visible 
body is made3  ,:at c we reason1 b f :at
 we "k8  ,s\nd philosophy w n au?orize  
me to alt] ?is op9ion ( ! mortality (   
man on e>?1 till x c be cle>ly prov$ t !
 human race has made1 & is mak+1 a      
decid$ progress t[>ds an illimitable    
ext5t ( life4 ,& ! *ief reason :y ,i    
adduc$ ! two p>ticul> in/ances f animals
 & plants 0 to expose & illu/rate1 if ,i
 c\ld1 ! fallacy ( t argum5t :i* inf]s  
an unlimit$ progress1 m]ely because "s  
p>tial improvem5t has tak5 place1 & t ! 
limit ( ?is improvem5t _c be precisely  

asc]ta9$4  ,! capacity ( improvem5t 9   
plants & animals1 to a c]ta9 degree1 no 
p]son c possibly d\bt4 ,a cle> & decid$ 
progress has already be5 made1 & yet1 ,i
 ?9k1 x appe>s t x w\ld be highly absurd
 to say t ?is progress has no limits4 ,9
 human life1 ?\gh !re are great         
v>iations f diff]5t causes1 x may be    
d\bt$ :e!r1 s9ce ! _w began1 any organic
 improvem5t :atev] 9 ! human frame c be 
cle>ly asc]ta9$4 ,! f\ndations1 !re=e1  
on :i* ! argum5ts = ! organic           
p]fectibility ( man re/1 are unusually  
weak1 & c only be consid]$ z m]e        
conjectures4 ,x does n1 h[ev]1 by any   
means seem impossible t by an att5tion  
to bre$1 a c]ta9 degree ( improvem5t1   
simil> to t among animals1 might take   
place among m54 ,:e!r intellect c\ld be 
communicat$ may be a matt] ( d\bt3 b    
size1 /r5g?1 beauty1 complexion1 &      
p]haps ev5 longevity are 9 a degree     
transmissible4 ,! error does n seem to  
lie 9 suppos+ a small degree (          
improvem5t possible1 b 9 n discrim9at+  

betwe5 a small improvem5t1 ! limit ( :i*
 is undef9$1 & an improvem5t really     
unlimit$4 ,z ! human race1 h[ev]1 c\ld n
 be improv$ 9 ?is way1 )\t condemn+ all 
! bad specim5s to celibacy1 x is n      
probable t an att5tion to bre$ %\ld ev] 
become g5]al2 inde$1 ,i "k ( no         
well-direct$ attempts ( ?is k9d1 except 
9 ! anci5t family ( ! ,bick]/affs1 :o   
are said to h be5 v successful 9 :it5+ !
 sk9s & increas+ ! height ( _! race by  
prud5t m>riages1 p>ticul>ly by t v      
judici\s cross ) ,maud1 ! milk-maid1 by 
:i* "s capital defects 9 ! con/itutions 
( ! family 7 correct$4  ,x w n be       
necess>y1 ,i ?9k1 9 ord] m completely to
 %ew ! improbability ( any approa* 9 man
 t[>ds immortality on e>?1 to urge ! v  
great additional weight t an increase 9 
! duration ( life w\ld give to ! argum5t
 ( population4  ,_m1 ,i d\bt n1 w ?9k t 
! attempt+ gravely to controv]t s absurd
 a p>adox z ! immortality ( man on e>?1 
or inde$1 ev5 ! p]fectibility ( man &   
society1 is a wa/e ( "t & words1 & t su*

 unf\nd$ conjectures are be/ answ]$ by  
neglect4 ,i pr(ess1 h[ev]1 to be ( a    
diff]5t op9ion4 ,:5 p>adoxes ( ?is k9d  
are advanc$ by +5i\s & able m51 neglect 
has no t5d5cy to conv9ce !m ( _!        
mi/akes4 ,prid+ !mselves on :at !y      
conceive to be a m>k ( ! rea* & size (  
_! own und]/&+s1 ( ! ext5t &            
compreh5siv5ess ( _! views1 !y w look ^u
 ?is neglect m]ely z an indication (    
pov]ty1 & n>r[ness1 9 ! m5tal ex]tions (
 _! contempor>ies1 & only ?9k t ! _w is 
n yet prep>$ to receive _! sublime      
tru?s4  ,on ! contr>y1 a c&id           
inve/igation ( ^! subjects1 accompani$ )
 a p]fect read9ess to adopt any !ory    
w>rant$ by s\nd philosophy1 may h a     
t5d5cy to conv9ce !m t 9 =m+ improbable 
& unf\nd$ hypo!ses1 s f> f enl>g+ !     
b\nds ( human sci5ce1 !y are contract+  
x1 s f> f promot+ ! improvem5t ( ! human
 m9d1 !y are ob/ruct+ x2 !y are ?r[+ u  
back aga9 almo/ into ! infancy ( k &    
weak5+ ! f\ndations ( t mode (          
philosophis+1 "u ! auspices ( :i* sci5ce

 has ( late made su* rapid advances4 ,! 
pres5t rage = wide & unre/ra9$          
speculation seems to be a k9d ( m5tal   
intoxication1 aris+1 p]haps1 f ! great &
 unexpect$ discov]ies :i* h be5 made (  
late ye>s1 9 v>i\s bran*es ( sci5ce4 ,to
 m5 elate & giddy ) su* successes1 e ?+ 
appe>$ to be )9 ! grasp ( human p[]s2 &1
 "u ?is illusion1 !y conf\nd$ subjects  
:]e no real progress c\ld be prov$ ) ^? 
:]e ! progress _h be5 m>k$1 c]ta91 &    
ackn[l$g$4 ,c\ld !y be p]suad$ to sob]  
!mselves ) a little sev]e & *a/is$ ?9k+1
 !y w\ld see1 t ! cause ( tru?1 & ( s\nd
 philosophy1 _c b suff] by sub/itut+    
wild flights & unsupport$ ass]tions =   
pati5t inve/igation1 & well au!nticat$  
pro(s4  ,mr ,condorcet's book may be    
consid]$ n only z a sket* ( ! op9ions ( 
a celebrat$ individual1 b ( _m ( !      
lit]>y m5 9 ,france at ! beg9n+ ( !     
,revolution4 ,z su*1 ?\gh m]ely a sket*1
 x seems wor?y ( att5tion4     ,,*apt]  
#aj  ,mr ,godw9's sy/em (               
equality--,error ( attribut+ all ! vices

 ( mank9d to human in/itutions--,mr     
,godw9's fir/ answ] to ! difficulty     
aris+ f population totally              
insuffici5t--,mr ,godw9's beautiful     
sy/em ( equality suppos$ to be          
realiz$--,its utt] de/ruction simply f !
 pr9ciple ( population 9 s %ort a "t z  
?irty ye>s4   ,9 read+ ,mr ,godw9's     
+5i\s & able "w on political ju/ice1 x  
is impossible n to be /ruck ) ! _s &    
en]gy ( 8 /yle1 ! =ce & precision ( "s (
 8 reason+s1 ! ard5t tone ( 8 ?\ghts1 & 
p>ticul>ly ) t impressive e>ne/ness (   
mann] :i* gives an air ( tru? to ! :ole4
 ,at ! same "t1 x mu/ be confess$ t he  
has n proce$$ 9 8 inquiries ) ! caution 
t s\nd philosophy seems to require4 ,8  
conclusions are (t5 unw>rant$ by 8      
premises4 ,he fails sometimes 9 remov+ !
 objections :i* he himself br+s =w>d4   
,he relies too mu* on g5]al & ab/ract   
propositions :i* w n admit (            
application4 ,& 8 conjectures c]ta9ly f>
 out/rip ! mode/y ( nature4  ,! sy/em ( 
equality :i* ,mr ,godw9 proposes is1 )\t

 d\bt1 by f> ! mo/ beautiful & engag+ ( 
any t has yet appe>$4 ,an amelioration (
 society to be produc$ m]ely by reason &
 conviction we>s mu* m ! promise (      
p]man5ce ?an any *ange effect$ & ma9ta9$
 by =ce4 ,! unlimit$ ex]cise ( private  
judgem5t is a doctr9e inexpressibly gr& 
& captivat+ & has a va/ sup]iority ov]  
^? sy/ems :]e e individual is 9 a mann] 
! slave ( ! public4 ,! sub/itution (    
b5evol5ce z ! ma/]-spr+ & mov+ pr9ciple 
( society1 in/ead ( self-love1 is a     
consummation dev\tly to be wi%$4 ,9     
%ort1 x is impossible to contemplate !  
:ole ( ?is fair /ructure )\t emotions ( 
delight & admiration1 accompani$ ) ard5t
 long+ = ! p]iod ( its accompli%m5t4 ,b1
 alas6 t mom5t c nev] arrive4 ,! :ole is
 little bett] ?an a dream1 a beautiful  
phantom ( ! imag9ation4 ,^! 'gorge\s    
palaces' ( happ9ess & immortality1 ^!   
'solemn temples' ( tru? & virtue w      
dissolve1 'l ! baseless fabric ( a      
vision'1 :5 we awak5 to real life &     
contemplate ! true & g5u9e situation (  

man on e>?4 ,mr ,godw91 at ! conclusion 
( ! ?ird *apt] ( 8 eigh? book1 speak+ ( 
population1 says3  ,!re is a pr9ciple 9 
human society1 by :i* population is     
p]petually kept d[n to ! level ( ! means
 ( subsi/5ce4 ,?us among ! w&]+ tribes (
 ,am]ica & ,asia1 we nev] f9d ?r\gh !   
lapse ( ages t population has s increas$
 z to r5d] necess>y ! cultivation ( !   
e>?4  ,?is pr9ciple1 :i* ,mr ,godw9 ?us 
m5tions z "s my/]i\s & occult cause &   
:i* he does n attempt to inve/igate1 w  
be f\nd to be ! gr9d+ law ( necessity1  
mis]y1 & ! fe> ( mis]y4  ,! great error 
"u :i* ,mr ,godw9 lab\rs ?r\gh\t 8 :ole 
"w is ! attribut+ almo/ all ! vices &   
mis]y t are se5 9 civil society to human
 in/itutions4 ,political regulations & !
 e/abli%$ adm9i/ration ( prop]ty are )  
him ! fruitful s\rces ( all evil1 !     
hotb$s ( all ! crimes t degrade mank9d4 
,7 ?is really a true /ate ( ! case1 x   
w\ld n seem a hopeless task to remove   
evil completely f ! _w1 & reason seems  
to be ! prop] & adequate in/rum5t =     

effect+ s great a purpose4 ,b ! tru? is1
 t ?\gh human in/itutions appe> to be ! 
obvi\s & obtrusive causes ( mu* mis*ief 
to mank9d1 yet 9 reality !y are light & 
sup]ficial1 !y are m]e fea!rs t float on
 ! surface1 9 comp>ison ) ^? deep] seat$
 causes ( impurity t corrupt ! spr+s &  
r5d] turbid ! :ole /ream ( human life4  
,mr ,godw91 9 8 *apt] on ! b5efits      
att5dant on a sy/em ( equality1 says3   
,! _s ( oppression1 ! _s ( s]vility1 & !
 _s ( fraud1 ^! are ! imm$iate gr[? ( ! 
e/abli%$ adm9i/ration ( prop]ty4 ,!y are
 alike ho/ile to intellectual           
improvem5t4 ,! o!r vices ( envy1 malice1
 & rev5ge are _! insep>able companions4 
,9 a /ate ( society :]e m5 liv$ 9 ! mid/
 ( pl5ty & :]e all %>$ alike ! b\nties (
 nature1 ^! s5tim5ts w\ld inevitably    
expire4 ,! n>r[ pr9ciple ( selfi%ness   
w\ld vani%4 ,no man be+ oblig$ to gu>d 8
 little /ore or provide ) anxiety & pa9 
= 8 re/less wants1 ea* w\ld lose 8      
individual exi/5ce 9 ! ?\ght ( ! g5]al  
good4 ,no man w\ld be an enemy to 8     

neighb\r1 = !y w\ld h no subject (      
cont5tion1 &1 ( consequ5ce1 philan?ropy 
w\ld resume ! empire :i* reason assigns 
h]4 ,m9d w\ld be deliv]$ f h] p]petual  
anxiety ab\t corporal support1 & free to
 expatiate 9 ! field ( ?\ght1 :i* is    
cong5ial to h]4 ,ea* w\ld assi/ !       
inquiries ( all4  ,?is w\ld1 inde$1 be a
 happy /ate4 ,b t x is m]ely an imag9>y 
picture1 ) sc>cely a feature ne> ! tru?1
 ! read]1 ,i am afraid1 is already too  
well conv9c$4  ,man _c live 9 ! mid/ (  
pl5ty4 ,all _c %>e alike ! b\nties (    
nature4 ,7 !re no e/abli%$ adm9i/ration 
( prop]ty1 e man w\ld be oblig$ to gu>d 
) =ce 8 little /ore4 ,selfi%ness w\ld be
 triumphant4 ,! subjects ( cont5tion    
w\ld be p]petual4 ,e individual m9d w\ld
 be "u a con/ant anxiety ab\t corporal  
support1 & n a s+le intellect w\ld be   
left free to expatiate 9 ! field (      
?\ght4  ,h[ little ,mr ,godw9 has turn$ 
! att5tion ( 8 p5etrat+ m9d to ! real   
/ate ( man on e>? w suffici5tly appe> f 
! mann] 9 :i* he endeav\rs to remove !  

difficulty ( an ov]*>g$ population4 ,he 
says3  ,! obvi\s answ] to ?is objection1
 is1 t to reason ?us is to =esee        
difficulties at a great di/ance4 ,?ree  
f\r?s ( ! habitable globe is n[         
uncultivat$4 ,! p>ts already cultivat$  
are capable ( immeasurable improvem5t4  
,myriads ( c5turies ( /ill increas+     
population may pass away1 & ! e>? be    
/ill f\nd suffici5t = ! subsi/5ce ( its 
inhabitants4  ,i h already po9t$ out !  
error ( suppos+ t no di/ress &          
difficulty w\ld arise f an ov]*>g$      
population be=e ! e>? absolutely refus$ 
to produce any m4 ,b let u imag9e = a   
mom5t ,mr ,godw9's beautiful sy/em (    
equality realiz$ 9 its utmo/ purity1 &  
see h[ soon ?is difficulty might be     
expect$ to press "u s p]fect a =m (     
society4 ,a !ory t w n admit (          
application _c possibly be j4  ,let u   
suppose all ! causes ( mis]y & vice 9   
?is isl& remov$4 ,w> & cont5tion cease4 
,un:olesome trades & manufactories d n  
exi/4 ,cr[ds no long] collect toge!r 9  

great & pe/il5t cities = purposes ( c\rt
 intrigue1 ( comm]ce1 & vici\s          
gratifications4 ,simple1 heal?y1 &      
rational amusem5ts take place ( dr9k+1  
gam+1 & debau*]y4 ,!re are no t[ns      
suffici5tly l>ge to h any prejudicial   
effects on ! human con/itution4 ,!      
great] "p ( ! happy inhabitants ( ?is   
t]re/rial p>adise live 9 hamlets &      
f>mh\ses scatt]$ ov] ! face ( ! c\ntry4 
,e h\se is clean1 airy1 suffici5tly     
roomy1 & 9 a heal?y situation4 ,all m5  
are equal4 ,! lab\rs ( luxury are at    
end4 ,& ! necess>y lab\rs ( agriculture 
are %>$ amicably among all4 ,! numb] (  
p]sons1 & ! produce ( ! isl&1 we suppose
 to be ! same z at pres5t4 ,! _s (      
b5evol5ce1 guid$ by imp>tial ju/ice1 w  
divide ?is produce among all ! memb]s ( 
! society accord+ to _! wants4 ,?\gh x  
w\ld be impossible t !y %\ld all h      
animal food e day1 yet vegetable food1 )
 meat occasionally1 w\ld satisfy !      
desires ( a frugal p & w\ld be suffici5t
 to pres]ve !m 9 heal?1 /r5g?1 &        

spirits4  ,mr ,godw9 consid]s m>riage z 
a fraud & a monopoly4 ,let u suppose !  
comm]ce ( ! sexes e/abli%$ ^u pr9ciples 
( ! mo/ p]fect fre$om4 ,mr ,godw9 does n
 ?9k himself t ?is fre$om w\ld lead to a
 promiscu\s int]c\rse1 & 9 ?is ,i       
p]fectly agree ) him4 ,! love ( v>iety  
is a vici\s1 corrupt1 & unnatural ta/e &
 c\ld n prevail 9 any great degree 9 a  
simple & virtu\s /ate ( society4 ,ea*   
man w\ld probably select himself a      
p>tn]1 to :om he w\ld adh]e z long z t  
adh]5ce cont9u$ to be ! *oice ( bo?     
p>ties4 ,x w\ld be ( little consequ5ce1 
accord+ to ,mr ,godw91 h[ _m *ildr5 a   
woman _h or to :om !y belong$4          
,provisions & assi/ance w\ld            
spontane\sly fl[ f ! qu>t] 9 :i* !y     
ab\nd$1 to ! qu>t] t 0 defici5t4 7,see  
,bk ,,viii1 *4 #h2 9 ! ?ird edition1    
,vol ,,ii1 p4 #eab7 ,& e man w\ld be    
ready to furni% in/ruction to ! ris+    
g5]ation accord+ to 8 capacity4  ,i _c  
conceive a =m ( society s fav\rable ^u !
 :ole to population4 ,! irrem$iabl5ess (

 m>riage1 z x is at pres5t con/itut$1   
und\bt$ly det]s _m f ent]+ into t /ate4 
,an un%ackl$ int]c\rse on ! contr>y w\ld
 be a mo/ p[]ful incitem5t to e>ly      
atta*m5ts1 & z we are suppos+ no anxiety
 ab\t ! future support ( *ildr5 to exi/1
 ,i d n conceive t !re w\ld be "o woman 
9 a hundr$1 ( tw5ty-?ree1 )\t a family4 
,) ^! extraord9>y enc\ragem5ts to       
population1 & e cause ( depopulation1 z 
we h suppos$1 remov$1 ! numb]s w\ld     
necess>ily increase fa/] ?an 9 any      
society t has ev] yet be5 kn[n4 ,i h    
m5tion$1 on ! au?ority ( a pamphlet     
publi%$ by a ,dr ,/yles & ref]r$ to by  
,dr ,price1 t ! inhabitants ( ! back    
settlem5ts ( ,am]ica d\bl$ _! numb]s 9  
fifte5 ye>s4 ,engl& is c]ta9ly a m      
heal?y c\ntry ?an ! back settlem5ts (   
,am]ica1 & z we h suppos$ e h\se 9 !    
isl& to be airy & :olesome1 & !         
enc\ragem5ts to h a family great] ev5   
?an ) ! back settl]s1 no probable reason
 c be assign$ :y ! population %\ld n    
d\ble itself 9 less1 if possible1 ?an   

fifte5 ye>s4 ,b to be q sure t we d n g 
beyond ! tru?1 we w only suppose ! p]iod
 ( d\bl+ to be tw5ty-five ye>s1 a ratio 
( increase :i* is well kn[n to h tak5   
place ?r\gh\t all ! ,nor!rn ,/ates (    
,am]ica4  ,!re c be little d\bt t !     
equalization ( prop]ty :i* we h suppos$1
 add$ to ! circum/ance ( ! lab\r ( !    
:ole community be+ direct$ *iefly to    
agriculture1 w\ld t5d greatly to augm5t 
! produce ( ! c\ntry4 ,b to answ] !     
dem&s ( a population increas+ s rapidly1
 ,mr ,godw9's calculation ( half an h\r 
a day = ea* man w\ld c]ta9ly n be       
suffici5t4 ,x is probable t ! half ( e  
man's "t mu/ be employ$ = ?is purpose4  
,yet ) su*1 or mu* great] ex]tions1 a   
p]son :o is acqua9t$ ) ! nature ( ! soil
 9 ?is c\ntry1 & :o reflects on !       
f]tility ( ! l&s already 9 cultivation1 
& ! b>r5ness ( ^? t are n cultivat$1 w  
be v mu* dispos$ to d\bt :e!r ! :ole    
av]age produce c\ld possibly be d\bl$ 9 
tw5ty-five ye>s f ! pres5t p]iod4 ,!    
only *ance ( success w\ld be ! pl\gh+ up

 all ! graz+ c\ntries & putt+ an end    
almo/ entirely to ! use ( animal food4  
,yet a "p ( ?is s*eme might defeat      
itself4 ,! soil ( ,engl& w n produce mu*
 )\t dress+1 & cattle seem to be        
necess>y to make t species ( manure :i* 
be/ suits ! l&4 ,9 ,*9a x is said t !   
soil 9 "s ( ! prov9ces is s f]tile z to 
produce two crops ( rice 9 ! ye> )\t    
dress+4 ,none ( ! l&s 9 ,engl& w answ]  
to ?is description4  ,difficult1 h[ev]1 
z x might be to d\ble ! av]age produce (
 ! isl& 9 tw5ty-five ye>s1 let u suppose
 x effect$4 ,at ! expiration ( ! fir/   
p]iod !re=e1 ! food1 ?\gh almo/ entirely
 vegetable1 w\ld be suffici5t to support
 9 heal? ! d\bl$ population ( f\rte5    
millions4  ,dur+ ! next p]iod ( d\bl+1  
:]e w ! food be f\nd to satisfy !       
importunate dem&s ( ! increas+ numb]s8  
,:]e is ! fre% l& to turn up8 ,:]e is ! 
dress+ necess>y to improve t :i* is     
already 9 cultivation8 ,!re is no p]son 
) ! smalle/ k ( l& b w\ld say t x 0     
impossible t ! av]age produce ( ! c\ntry

 c\ld be increas$ dur+ ! second         
tw5ty-five ye>s by a quantity equal to  
:at x at pres5t yields4 ,yet we w       
suppose ?is increase1 h[ev] improbable1 
to take place4 ,! exub]ant /r5g? ( !    
argum5t all[s ( almo/ any concession4   
,ev5 ) ?is concession1 h[ev]1 !re w\ld  
be sev5 millions at ! expiration ( !    
second t]m unprovid$ =4 ,a quantity (   
food equal to ! frugal support (        
tw5ty-"o millions1 w\ld be to be divid$ 
among tw5ty-eight millions4  ,alas6 :at 
becomes ( ! picture :]e m5 liv$ 9 ! mid/
 ( pl5ty1 :]e no man 0 oblig$ to provide
 ) anxiety & pa9 = 8 re/less wants1 :]e 
! n>r[ pr9ciple ( selfi%ness did n exi/1
 :]e ,m9d 0 deliv]$ f h] p]petual       
anxiety ab\t corporal support & free to 
expatiate 9 ! field ( ?\ght :i* is      
cong5ial to h]4 ,?is beautiful fabric ( 
imag9ation vani%es at ! sev]e t\* (     
tru?4 ,! _s ( b5evol5ce1 *]i%$ &        
invigorat$ by pl5ty1 is repress$ by !   
*ill+ brea? ( want4 ,! hateful passions 
t _h vani%$ reappe>4 ,! mighty law (    

self-pres]vation expels all ! s(t] & m  
exalt$ emotions ( ! s\l4 ,! temptations 
to evil are too /rong = human nature to 
resi/4 ,! corn is pluck$ be=e x is ripe1
 or secret$ 9 unfair proportions1 & !   
:ole black tra9 ( vices t belong to     
falsehood are imm$iately g5]at$4        
,provisions no long] fl[ 9 = ! support (
 ! "m ) a l>ge family4 ,! *ildr5 are    
sickly f insuffici5t food4 ,! rosy flu% 
( heal? gives place to ! pallid *eek &  
holl[ eye ( mis]y4 ,b5evol5ce1 yet l+]+ 
9 a few bosoms1 makes "s fa9t expir+    
/ruggles1 till at l5g? self-love resumes
 8 wont$ empire & lords x triumphant ov]
 ! _w4  ,no human in/itutions "h exi/$1 
to ! p]v]s5ess ( :i* ,mr ,godw9 ascribes
 ! orig9al s9 ( ! wor/ m54 7,bk ,,viii1 
*4 #c2 9 ! ?ird edition1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 
#dfb7 ,no opposition _h be5 produc$ by  
!m betwe5 public & private good4 ,no    
monopoly _h be5 creat$ ( ^? advantages  
:i* reason directs to be left 9 common4 
,no man _h be5 goad$ to ! brea* ( ord]  
by unju/ laws4 ,b5evol5ce _h e/abli%$ h]

 reign 9 all he>ts3 & yet 9 s %ort a    
p]iod z )9 fifty ye>s1 viol5ce1         
oppression1 falsehood1 mis]y1 e hateful 
vice1 & e =m ( di/ress1 :i* degrade &   
sadd5 ! pres5t /ate ( society1 seem to h
 be5 g5]at$ by ! mo/ imp]i\s            
circum/ances1 by laws inh]5t 9 ! nature 
( man1 & absolutely indep5d5t ( x human 
regulations4  ,if we are n yet too well 
conv9c$ ( ! reality ( ?is melan*oly     
picture1 let u b look = a mom5t into !  
next p]iod ( tw5ty-five ye>s2 & we %all 
see tw5ty-eight millions ( human be+s   
)\t ! means ( support2 & be=e !         
conclusion ( ! fir/ c5tury1 ! population
 w\ld be "o hundr$ & twelve millions1 & 
! food only suffici5t = ?irty-five      
millions1 leav+ sev5ty-sev5 millions    
unprovid$ =4 ,9 ^! ages want w\ld be    
inde$ triumphant1 & rap9e & murd] mu/   
reign at l>ge3 & yet all ?is "t we are  
suppos+ ! produce ( ! e>? absolutely    
unlimit$1 & ! ye>ly increase great] ?an 
! bolde/ speculator c imag9e4  ,?is is  
und\bt$ly a v diff]5t view ( !          

difficulty aris+ f population f t :i*   
,mr ,godw9 gives1 :5 he says1 ',myriads 
( c5turies ( /ill increas+ population   
may pass away1 & ! e>? be /ill f\nd     
suffici5t = ! subsi/5ce ( its           
inhabitants4'  ,i am suffici5tly aw>e t 
! r$undant tw5ty-eight millions1 or     
sev5ty-sev5 millions1 t ,i h m5tion$1   
c\ld nev] h exi/$4 ,x is a p]fectly j   
obs]vation ( ,mr ,godw91 t1 ',!re is a  
pr9ciple 9 human society1 by :i*        
population is p]petually kept d[n to !  
level ( ! means ( subsi/5ce4' ,! sole "q
 is1 :at is ?is pr9ciple8 is x "s       
obscure & occult cause8 ,is x "s my/]i\s
 int]f]5ce ( heav5 :i*1 at a c]ta9      
p]iod1 /rikes ! m5 ) impot5ce1 & ! wom5 
) b>r5ness8 ,or is x a cause1 op5 to our
 rese>*es1 )9 our view1 a cause1 :i* has
 con/antly be5 obs]v$ to op]ate1 ?\gh ) 
v>i$ =ce1 9 e /ate 9 :i* man has be5    
plac$8 ,is x n a degree ( mis]y1 !      
necess>y & inevitable result ( ! laws ( 
nature1 :i* human in/itutions1 s f> f   
aggravat+1 h t5d$ consid]ably to        

mitigate1 ?\gh !y nev] c remove8  ,x may
 be curi\s to obs]ve1 9 ! case t we h   
be5 suppos+1 h[ "s ( ! laws :i* at      
pres5t gov]n civiliz$ society1 w\ld be  
successively dictat$ by ! mo/ imp]i\s   
necessity4 ,z man1 accord+ to ,mr       
,godw91 is ! creature ( ! impressions to
 :i* he is subject1 ! goad+s ( want c\ld
 n cont9ue long1 be=e "s violations (   
public or private /ock w\ld necess>ily  
take place4 ,z ^! violations increas$ 9 
numb] & ext5t1 ! m active & compreh5sive
 intellects ( ! society w\ld soon       
p]ceive1 t :ile population 0 fa/        
increas+1 ! ye>ly produce ( ! c\ntry    
w\ld %ortly beg9 to dim9i%4 ,! urg5cy ( 
! case w\ld sugge/ ! necessity ( "s     
m$iate measures to be tak5 = ! g5]al    
safety4 ,"s k9d ( conv5tion w\ld !n be  
call$1 & ! dang]\s situation ( ! c\ntry 
/at$ 9 ! /ronge/ t]ms4 ,x w\ld be       
obs]v$1 t :ile !y liv$ 9 ! mid/ ( pl5ty1
 x 0 ( little consequ5ce :o lab\r$ !    
lea/1 or :o possess$ ! lea/1 z e man 0  
p]fectly will+ & ready to supply ! wants

 ( 8 neighb\r4 ,b t ! "q 0 no long] :e!r
 "o man %\ld give to ano!r t :i* he did 
n use himself1 b :e!r he %\ld give to 8 
neighb\r ! food :i* 0 absolutely        
necess>y to 8 own exi/5ce4 ,x w\ld be   
repres5t$1 t ! numb] ( ^? t 7 9 want v  
greatly exce$$ ! numb] & means ( ^? :o  
%\ld supply !m2 t ^! press+ wants1 :i* f
 ! /ate ( ! produce ( ! c\ntry c\ld n   
all be gratifi$1 _h occasion$ "s        
flagrant violations ( ju/ice2 t ^!      
violations _h already *eck$ ! increase (
 food1 & w\ld1 if !y 7 n by "s means or 
o!r prev5t$1 ?r[ ! :ole community 9     
confusion2 t imp]i\s necessity seem$ to 
dictate t a ye>ly increase ( produce    
%\ld1 if possible1 be obta9$ at all     
ev5ts2 t 9 ord] to effect ?is fir/1     
great1 & indisp5sable purpose1 x w\ld be
 advisable to make a m complete division
 ( l&1 & to secure e man's /ock aga9/   
violation by ! mo/ p[]ful sanctions1 ev5
 by dea? itself4  ,x might be urg$      
p]haps by "s objectors t1 z ! f]tility (
 ! l& increas$1 & v>i\s accid5ts        

occurr$1 ! %>e ( "s m5 might be mu* m   
?an suffici5t = _! support1 & t :5 !    
reign ( self-love 0 once e/abli%$1 !y   
w\ld n di/ribute _! surplus produce )\t 
"s comp5sation 9 return4 ,x w\ld be     
obs]v$1 9 answ]1 t ?is 0 an inconv5i5ce 
greatly to be lam5t$2 b t x 0 an evil   
:i* bore no comp>ison to ! black tra9 ( 
di/resses t w\ld inevitably be occasion$
 by ! insecurity ( prop]ty2 t ! quantity
 ( food :i* "o man c\ld consume 0       
necess>ily limit$ by ! n>r[ capacity ( !
 human /oma*2 t x 0 n c]ta9ly probable t
 he %\ld ?r[ away ! re/2 b t ev5 if he  
ex*ang$ 8 surplus food = ! lab\r ( o!rs1
 & made !m 9 "s degree dep5d5t on him1  
?is w\ld /ill be bett] ?an t ^! o!rs    
%\ld absolutely />ve4  ,x seems highly  
probable1 !re=e1 t an adm9i/ration (    
prop]ty1 n v diff]5t f t :i* prevails 9 
civiliz$ /ates at pres5t1 w\ld be       
e/abli%$1 z ! be/1 ?\gh inadequate1     
rem$y = ! evils :i* 7 press+ on !       
society4  ,! next subject t w\ld come "u
 discussion1 intimately connect$ ) !    

prec$+1 is ! comm]ce betwe5 ! sexes4 ,x 
w\ld be urg$ by ^? :o _h turn$ _!       
att5tion to ! true cause ( !            
difficulties "u :i* ! community lab\r$1 
t :ile e man felt secure t all 8 *ildr5 
w\ld be well provid$ = by g5]al         
b5evol5ce1 ! p[]s ( ! e>? w\ld be       
absolutely inadequate to produce food = 
! population :i* w\ld inevitably ensue2 
t ev5 if ! :ole att5tion & lab\r ( !    
society 7 direct$ to ?is sole po9t1 &   
if1 by ! mo/ p]fect security ( prop]ty1 
& e o!r enc\ragem5t t c\ld be ?\ght (1 !
 greate/ possible increase ( produce 7  
ye>ly obta9$2 yet /ill1 t ! increase (  
food w\ld by no means keep pace ) ! mu* 
m rapid increase ( population2 t "s *eck
 to population !re=e 0 imp]i\sly call$  
=2 t ! mo/ natural & obvi\s *eck seem$  
to be to make e man provide = 8 own     
*ildr52 t ?is w\ld op]ate 9 "s respect z
 a measure & guide 9 ! increase (       
population1 z x might be expect$ t no   
man w\ld br+ be+s into ! _w1 = :om he   
c\ld n f9d ! means ( support2 t :]e ?is 

not)/&+ 0 ! case1 x seem$ necess>y1 = ! 
example ( o!rs1 t ! disgrace &          
inconv5i5ce att5d+ su* a conduct %\ld   
fall ^u ! individual1 :o _h ?us         
inconsid]ately plung$ himself & innoc5t 
*ildr5 9 mis]y & want4  ,! in/itution ( 
m>riage1 or at lea/1 ( "s express or    
impli$ obligation on e man to support 8 
own *ildr51 seems to be ! natural result
 ( ^! reason+s 9 a community "u !       
difficulties t we h suppos$4  ,! view ( 
^! difficulties pres5ts u ) a v natural 
orig9 ( ! sup]ior disgrace :i* att5ds a 
brea* ( *a/ity 9 ! woman ?an 9 ! man4 ,x
 c\ld n be expect$ t wom5 %\ld h        
res\rces suffici5t to support _! own    
*ildr54 ,:5 !re=e a woman 0 connect$ ) a
 man1 :o _h ent]$ into no compact to    
ma9ta9 h] *ildr51 &1 aw>e ( !           
inconv5i5ces t he might br+ ^u himself1 
_h des]t$ h]1 ^! *ildr5 mu/ necess>ily  
fall = support ^u ! society1 or />ve4 ,&
 to prev5t ! frequ5t recurr5ce ( su* an 
inconv5i5ce1 z x w\ld be highly unju/ to
 puni% s natural a fault by p]sonal     

re/ra9t or infliction1 ! m5 might agree 
to puni% x ) disgrace4 ,! (f5ce is      
besides m obvi\s & conspicu\s 9 ! woman1
 & less liable to any mi/ake4 ,! fa!r ( 
a *ild may n always be kn[n1 b ! same   
unc]ta9ty _c easily exi/ ) reg>d to !   
"m4 ,:]e ! evid5ce ( ! (f5ce 0 mo/      
complete1 & ! inconv5i5ce to ! society  
at ! same "t ! greate/1 !re x 0 agre$ t 
! l>ge %>e ( blame %\ld fall4 ,!        
obligation on e man to ma9ta9 8 *ildr51 
! society w\ld en=ce1 if !re 7 occasion2
 & ! great] degree ( inconv5i5ce or     
lab\r1 to :i* a family w\ld necess>ily  
subject him1 add$ to "s portion (       
disgrace :i* e human be+ mu/ incur :o   
leads ano!r into unhapp9ess1 might be   
consid]$ z a suffici5t puni%m5t = ! man4
  ,t a woman %\ld at pres5t be almo/    
driv5 f society = an (f5ce :i* m5 commit
 ne>ly ) impunity1 seems to be und\bt$ly
 a brea* ( natural ju/ice4 ,b ! orig9 ( 
! cu/om1 z ! mo/ obvi\s & effectual     
me?od ( prev5t+ ! frequ5t recurr5ce ( a 
s]i\s inconv5i5ce to a community1 appe>s

 to be natural1 ?\gh n p]haps p]fectly  
ju/ifiable4 ,?is orig91 h[ev]1 is n[ lo/
 9 ! new tra9 ( ideas :i* ! cu/om has   
s9ce g5]at$4 ,:at at fir/ might be      
dictat$ by /ate necessity is n[ support$
 by female delicacy1 & op]ates ) !      
greate/ =ce on t "p ( society :]e1 if ! 
orig9al int5tion ( ! cu/om 7 pres]v$1   
!re is ! lea/ real occasion = x4  ,:5 ^!
 two fundam5tal laws ( society1 !       
security ( prop]ty1 & ! in/itution (    
m>riage1 7 once e/abli%$1 inequality (  
conditions mu/ necess>ily foll[4 ,^? :o 
7 born aft] ! division ( prop]ty w\ld   
come into a _w already possess$4 ,if _! 
p>5ts1 f hav+ too l>ge a family1 c\ld n 
give !m suffici5t = _! support1 :at are 
!y to d 9 a _w :]e ev]y?+ is            
appropriat$8 ,we h se5 ! fatal effects t
 w\ld result to a society1 if e man _h a
 valid claim to an equal %>e ( ! produce
 ( ! e>?4 ,! memb]s ( a family :i* 0    
gr[n too l>ge = ! orig9al division ( l& 
appropriat$ to x c\ld n !n dem& a "p ( !
 surplus produce ( o!rs1 z a debt (     

ju/ice4 ,x has appe>$1 t f ! inevitable 
laws ( our nature "s human be+s mu/     
suff] f want4 ,^! are ! unhappy p]sons  
:o1 9 ! great lott]y ( life1 h drawn a  
blank4 ,! numb] ( ^! claimants w\ld soon
 exce$ ! ability ( ! surplus produce to 
supply4 ,moral m]it is a v difficult    
di/+ui%+ crit]ion1 except 9 extreme     
cases4 ,! own]s ( surplus produce w\ld 9
 g5]al seek "s m obvi\s m>k ( di/9ction4
 ,& x seems bo? natural & j t1 except ^u
 p>ticul> occasions1 _! *oice %\ld fall 
^u ^? :o 7 able1 & pr(ess$ !mselves     
will+1 to ex]t _! /r5g? 9 procur+ a     
fur!r surplus produce2 & ?us at once    
b5efit+ ! community1 & enabl+ ^!        
proprietors to af=d assi/ance to great] 
numb]s4 ,all :o 7 9 want ( food w\ld be 
urg$ by imp]i\s necessity to (f] _!     
lab\r 9 ex*ange = ?is article s         
absolutely ess5tial to exi/5ce4 ,! fund 
appropriat$ to ! ma9t5ance ( lab\r w\ld 
be ! aggregate quantity ( food possess$ 
by ! own]s ( l& beyond _! own           
consumption4 ,:5 ! dem&s ^u ?is fund 7  

great & num]\s1 x w\ld naturally be     
divid$ 9 v small %>es4 ,lab\r w\ld be   
ill paid4 ,m5 w\ld (f] to "w = a b>e    
subsi/5ce1 & ! re>+ ( families w\ld be  
*eck$ by sickness & mis]y4 ,on !        
contr>y1 :5 ?is fund 0 increas+ fa/1 :5 
x 0 great 9 proportion to ! numb] (     
claimants1 x w\ld be divid$ 9 mu* l>g]  
%>es4 ,no man w\ld ex*ange 8 lab\r )\t  
receiv+ an ample quantity ( food 9      
return4 ,lab\r]s w\ld live 9 ease &     
com=t1 & w\ld consequ5tly be able to re>
 a num]\s & vigor\s (fspr+4  ,on ! /ate 
( ?is fund1 ! happ9ess1 or ! degree (   
mis]y1 prevail+ among ! l[] classes ( p 
9 e kn[n /ate at pres5t *iefly dep5ds4  
,& on ?is happ9ess1 or degree ( mis]y1  
dep5ds ! increase1 /ation>9ess1 or      
decrease ( population4  ,& ?us x appe>s1
 t a society con/itut$ accord+ to ! mo/ 
beautiful =m t imag9ation c conceive1 ) 
b5evol5ce = its mov+ pr9ciple1 in/ead ( 
self-love1 & ) e evil disposition 9 all 
its memb]s correct$ by reason & n =ce1  
w\ld1 f ! inevitable laws ( nature1 & n 

f any orig9al depravity ( man1 9 a v    
%ort p]iod deg5]ate into a society      
con/ruct$ ^u a plan n ess5tially diff]5t
 f t :i* prevails 9 e kn[n /ate at      
pres5t2 ,i mean1 a society divid$ into a
 class ( proprietors1 & a class (       
lab\r]s1 & ) self-love ! ma9-spr+ ( !   
great ma*9e4  ,9 ! supposition ,i h     
made1 ,i h und\bt$ly tak5 ! increase (  
population small]1 & ! increase (       
produce great]1 ?an !y really w\ld be4  
,no reason c be assign$ :y1 "u !        
circum/ances ,i h suppos$1 population   
%\ld n increase fa/] ?an 9 any kn[n     
in/ance4 ,if !n we 7 to take ! p]iod (  
d\bl+ at fifte5 ye>s1 in/ead (          
tw5ty-five ye>s1 & reflect ^u ! lab\r   
necess>y to d\ble ! produce 9 s %ort a  
"t1 ev5 if we all[ x possible1 we may   
v5ture to pron\nce ) c]ta9ty t if ,mr   
,godw9's sy/em ( society 0 e/abli%$ 9   
its utmo/ p]fection1 in/ead ( myriads ( 
c5turies1 n ?irty ye>s c\ld elapse be=e 
its utt] de/ruction f ! simple pr9ciple 
( population4  ,i h tak5 no notice (    

emigration = obvi\s reasons4 ,if su*    
societies 7 in/itut$ 9 o!r p>ts (       
,europe1 ^! c\ntries w\ld be "u ! same  
difficulties ) reg>d to population1 &   
c\ld admit no fre% memb]s into _!       
bosoms4 ,if ?is beautiful society 7     
conf9$ to ?is isl&1 x mu/ h deg5]at$    
/rangely f its orig9al purity1 & adm9i/]
 b a v small portion ( ! happ9ess x     
propos$2 9 %ort1 its ess5tial pr9ciple  
mu/ be completely de/roy$1 be=e any (   
its memb]s w\ld volunt>ily cons5t to    
leave x1 & live "u su* gov]nm5ts z at   
pres5t exi/ 9 ,europe1 or submit to !   
extreme h>d%ips ( fir/ settl]s 9 new    
regions4 ,we well "k1 f repeat$         
exp]i5ce1 h[ mu* mis]y & h>d%ip m5 w    
und]go 9 _! own c\ntry1 be=e !y c       
det]m9e to des]t x2 & h[ (t5 ! mo/      
tempt+ proposals ( emb>k+ = new         
settlem5ts h be5 reject$ by p :o appe>$ 
to be almo/ />v+4     ,,*apt] #aa  ,mr  
,godw9's conjecture conc]n+ ! future    
ext9ction ( ! passion betwe5 !          
sexes--,little app>5t gr\nds = su* a    

conjecture--,passion ( love n inconsi/5t
 ei!r ) reason or virtue4   ,we h       
support$ ,mr ,godw9's sy/em ( society   
once completely e/abli%$4 ,b x is       
suppos+ an impossibility4 ,! same causes
 9 nature :i* w\ld de/roy x s rapidly1 7
 x once e/abli%$1 w\ld prev5t !         
possibility ( its e/abli%m5t4 ,& ^u :at 
gr\nds we c presume a *ange 9 ^! natural
 causes1 ,i am utt]ly at a loss to      
conjecture4 ,no move t[>ds ! ext9ction (
 ! passion betwe5 ! sexes has tak5 place
 9 ! five or six ?\s& ye>s t ! _w has   
exi/$4 ,m5 9 ! decl9e ( life h 9 all    
ages declaim$ aga9/ a passion :i* !y h  
ceas$ to feel1 b ) z little reason z    
success4 ,^? :o f coldness (            
con/itutional temp]am5t h nev] felt :at 
love is1 w surely be all[$ to be v      
incompet5t judges ) reg>d to ! p[] ( ?is
 passion to contribute to ! sum (       
pleasurable s5sations 9 life4 ,^? :o h  
sp5t _! y\? 9 crim9al excesses & h      
prep>$ = !mselves1 z ! com=ts ( _! age1 
corporeal debility & m5tal remorse may  

well inveigh aga9/ su* pleasures z va9 &
 futile1 & unproductive ( la/+          
satisfaction4 ,b ! pleasures ( pure love
 w be> ! contemplation ( ! mo/ improv$  
reason1 & ! mo/ exalt$ virtue4 ,p]haps  
!re is sc>cely a man :o has once        
exp]i5c$ ! g5u9e delight ( virtu\s love1
 h[ev] great 8 intellectual pleasure may
 h be51 t does n look back to ! p]iod z 
! sunny spot 9 8 :ole life1 :]e 8       
imag9ation loves to bask1 :i* he        
recollects & contemplates ) ! fonde/    
regrets1 & :i* he w\ld mo/ wi% to live  
ov] aga94 ,! sup]iority ( intellectual  
to s5sual pleasures consi/s r 9 _! fill+
 up m "t1 9 _! hav+ a l>g] range1 & 9 _!
 be+ less liable to satiety1 ?an 9 _!   
be+ m real & ess5tial4  ,intemp]ance 9 e
 enjoym5t defeats its own purpose4 ,a   
walk 9 ! f9e/ day ?r\gh ! mo/ beautiful 
c\ntry1 if pursu$ too f>1 ends 9 pa9 &  
fatigue4 ,! mo/ :olesome & invigorat+   
food1 eat5 ) an unre/ra9$ appetite1     
produces weakness in/ead ( /r5g?4 ,ev5  
intellectual pleasures1 ?\gh c]ta9ly    

less liable ?an o!rs to satiety1 pursu$ 
) too little int]mission1 debilitate !  
body1 & impair ! vig\r ( ! m9d4 ,to     
argue aga9/ ! reality ( ^! pleasures f  
_! abuse seems to be h>dly j4 ,morality1
 accord+ to ,mr ,godw91 is a calculation
 ( consequ5ces1 or1 z ,ar*deacon ,paley 
v ju/ly expresses x1 ! w ( ,god1 z      
collect$ f g5]al exp$i5cy4 ,accord+ to  
ei!r ( ^! def9itions1 a s5sual pleasure 
n att5d$ ) ! probability ( unhappy      
consequ5ces does n (f5d aga9/ ! laws (  
morality1 & if x be pursu$ ) su* a      
degree ( temp]ance z to leave ! mo/     
ample room = intellectual atta9m5ts1 x  
mu/ und\bt$ly add to ! sum ( pleasurable
 s5sations 9 life4 ,virtu\s love1 exalt$
 by fri5d%ip1 seems to be t sort (      
mixture ( s5sual & intellectual enjoym5t
 p>ticul>ly suit$ to ! nature ( man1 &  
mo/ p[]fully calculat$ to awak5 !       
sympa?ies ( ! s\l1 & produce ! mo/      
exquisite gratifications4  ,mr ,godw9   
says1 9 ord] to %ew ! evid5t inf]iority 
( ! pleasures ( s5se1 ',/rip ! comm]ce (

 ! sexes ( all its att5dant             
circum/ances1 & x w\ld be g5]ally       
despis$' 7,bk4 ,i1 *4 #e2 9 ! ?ird      
edition1 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #ga-gb74 ,he     
might z well say to a man :o admir$     
trees3 /rip !m ( _! spread+ bran*es &   
lovely foliage1 & :at beauty c y see 9 a
 b>e pole8 ,b x 0 ! tree ) ! bran*es &  
foliage1 & n )\t !m1 t excit$           
admiration4 ,"o feature ( an object may 
be z di/9ct1 & excite z diff]5t         
emotions1 f ! aggregate z any two ?+s ! 
mo/ remote1 z a beautiful woman1 & a map
 ( ,madagasc>4 ,x is '! symmetry (      
p]son1 ! vivacity1 ! voluptu\s s(tness (
 temp]1 ! affectionate k9dness ( feel+s1
 ! imag9ation & ! wit' ( a woman t      
excite ! passion ( love1 & n ! m]e      
di/9ction ( h] be+ female4 ,urg$ by !   
passion ( love1 m5 h be5 driv5 into acts
 highly prejudicial to ! g5]al int]e/s (
 society1 b probably !y w\ld h f\nd no  
difficulty 9 resi/+ ! temptation1 _h x  
appe>$ 9 ! =m ( a woman ) no o!r        
attractions :atev] b h] sex4 ,to /rip   

s5sual pleasures ( all _! adjuncts1 9   
ord] to prove _! inf]iority1 is to      
deprive a magnet ( "s ( its mo/ ess5tial
 causes ( attraction1 & !n to say t x is
 weak & ineffici5t4  ,9 ! pursuit ( e   
enjoym5t1 :e!r s5sual or intellectual1  
reason1 t faculty :i* enables u to      
calculate consequ5ces1 is ! prop]       
corrective & guide4 ,x is probable !re=e
 t improv$ reason w always t5d to prev5t
 ! abuse ( s5sual pleasures1 ?\gh x by  
no means foll[s t x w ext+ui% !m4  ,i h 
endeav\r$ to expose ! fallacy ( t       
argum5t :i* inf]s an unlimit$ progress f
 a p>tial improvem5t1 ! limits ( :i* _c 
be exactly asc]ta9$4 ,x has appe>$1 ,i  
?9k1 t !re are _m in/ances 9 :i* a      
decid$ progress has be5 obs]v$1 :]e yet 
x w\ld be a gross absurdity to suppose t
 progress indef9ite4 ,b t[>ds !         
ext9ction ( ! passion betwe5 ! sexes1 no
 obs]vable progress :atev] has hi!rto   
be5 made4 ,to suppose su* an ext9ction1 
!re=e1 is m]ely to (f] an unf\nd$       
conjecture1 unsupport$ by any           

philosophical probabilities4  ,x is a   
tru?1 :i* hi/ory ,i am afraid makes too 
cle>1 t "s m5 ( ! highe/ m5tal p[]s h   
be5 addict$ n only to a mod]ate1 b ev5  
to an immod]ate indulg5ce 9 ! pleasures 
( s5sual love4 ,b all[+1 z ,i %\ld be   
incl9$ to d1 not)/&+ num]\s in/ances to 
! contr>y1 t great intellectual ex]tions
 t5d to dim9i% ! empire ( ?is passion   
ov] man1 x is evid5t t ! mass ( mank9d  
mu/ be improv$ m highly ?an ! brighte/  
ornam5ts ( ! species at pres5t be=e any 
diff]5ce c take place suffici5t s5sibly 
to affect population4 ,i w\ld by no     
means suppose t ! mass ( mank9d has     
rea*$ its t]m ( improvem5t1 b ! pr9cipal
 argum5t ( ?is essay t5ds to place 9 a  
/rong po9t ( view ! improbability t !   
l[] classes ( p 9 any c\ntry %\ld ev] be
 suffici5tly free f want & lab\r to     
obta9 any high degree ( intellectual    
improvem5t4     ,,*apt] #ab  ,mr        
,godw9's conjecture conc]n+ ! indef9ite 
prolongation ( human life--,improp]     
inf]5ce drawn f ! effects ( m5tal       

/imulants on ! human frame1 illu/rat$ 9 
v>i\s in/ances--,conjectures n f\nd$ on 
any indications 9 ! pa/ n to be consid]$
 z philosophical conjectures--,mr       
,godw9's & ,mr ,condorcet's conjecture  
respect+ ! approa* ( man t[>ds          
immortality on e>?1 a curi\s in/ance ( !
 inconsi/5cy ( scepticism4   ,mr        
,godw9's conjecture respect+ ! future   
approa* ( man t[>ds immortality on e>?  
seems to be r oddly plac$ 9 a *apt] :i* 
pr(esses to remove ! objection to 8     
sy/em ( equality f ! pr9ciple (         
population4 ,unless he supposes !       
passion betwe5 ! sexes to decrease fa/] 
?an ! duration ( life increases1 ! e>?  
w\ld be m encumb]$ ?an ev]4 ,b leav+ ?is
 difficulty to ,mr ,godw91 let u exam9e 
a few ( ! appe>ances f :i* ! probable   
immortality ( man is inf]r$4  ,to prove 
! p[] ( ! m9d ov] ! body1 ,mr ,godw9    
obs]ves1 ,h[ (t5 d we f9d a piece ( good
 news dissipat+ a di/emp]8 ,h[ common is
 ! rem>k t ^? accid5ts :i* are to !     
indol5t a s\rce ( disease are =gott5 &  

extirpat$ 9 ! busy & active8 ,i walk    
tw5ty miles 9 an indol5t & half det]m9$ 
temp] & am extremely fatigu$4 ,i walk   
tw5ty miles full ( ard\r1 & ) a motive t
 engrosses my s\l1 & ,i come 9 z fre% & 
z al]t z :5 ,i began my j\rney4 ,emotion
 excit$ by "s unexpect$ ^w1 by a lett] t
 is deliv]$ to u1 occasions ! mo/       
extraord9>y revolutions 9 our frame1    
accel]ates ! circulation1 causes ! he>t 
to palpitate1 ! tongue to refuse its    
(fice1 & has be5 kn[n to occasion dea?  
by extreme angui% or extreme joy4 ,!re  
is no?+ inde$ ( :i* ! physician is m    
aw>e ?an ( ! p[] ( ! m9d 9 assi/+ or    
read+ convalesc5ce4  ,! in/ances "h     
m5tion$ are *iefly in/ances ( ! effects 
( m5tal /imulants on ! bodily frame4 ,no
 p]son has ev] = a mom5t d\bt$ ! ne>1   
?\gh my/]i\s1 connection ( m9d & body4  
,b x is argu+ totally )\t k ( ! nature (
 /imulants to suppose1 ei!r t !y c be   
appli$ cont9ually ) equal /r5g?1 or if  
!y c\ld be s appli$1 = a "t1 t !y w\ld n
 exhau/ & we> out ! subject4 ,9 "s ( !  

cases "h notic$1 ! /r5g? ( ! /imulus    
dep5ds ^u its novelty & unexpect$ness4  
,su* a /imulus _c1 f its nature1 be     
repeat$ (t5 ) ! same effect1 z x w\ld by
 repetition lose t prop]ty :i* gives x  
its /r5g?4  ,9 ! o!r cases1 ! argum5t is
 f a small & p>tial effect1 to a great &
 g5]al effect1 :i* w 9 numb]less        
in/ances be f\nd to be a v fallaci\s    
mode ( reason+4 ,! busy & active man may
 9 "s degree c\nt]act1 or :at is p]haps 
ne>] ! tru?1 may disreg>d ^? slight     
disord]s ( frame :i* fix ! att5tion ( a 
man :o has no?+ else to ?9k (2 b ?is    
does n t5d to prove t activity ( m9d w  
enable a man to disreg>d a high fev]1 ! 
smallpox1 or ! plague4  ,! man :o walks 
tw5ty miles ) a motive t engrosses 8 s\l
 does n att5d to 8 slight fatigue ( body
 :5 he comes 92 b d\ble 8 motive1 & set 
him to walk ano!r tw5ty miles1 quadruple
 x1 & let him />t a ?ird "t1 & s on2 & !
 l5g? ( 8 walk w ultimately dep5d ^u    
muscle & n m9d4 ,p[ell1 = a motive ( t5 
gu9eas1 w\ld h walk$ fur!r probably ?an 

,mr ,godw91 = a motive ( half a million4
 ,a motive ( uncommon p[] act+ ^u a     
frame ( mod]ate /r5g? w\ld1 p]haps1 make
 ! man kill himself by 8 ex]tions1 b x  
w\ld n make him walk a hundr$ miles 9   
tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,?is /atem5t ( ! case   
%ews ! fallacy ( suppos+ t ! p]son 0    
really n at all tir$ 9 8 fir/ walk (    
tw5ty miles1 because he did n appe> to  
be s1 or1 p]haps1 sc>cely felt any      
fatigue himself4 ,! m9d _c fix its      
att5tion /rongly on m ?an "o object at  
once4 ,! tw5ty ?\s& p\nds s engross$ 8  
?\ghts t he did n att5d to any slight   
sor5ess ( foot1 or /iffness ( limb4 ,b  
_h he be5 really z fre% & z al]t1 z :5  
he fir/ set (f1 he w\ld be able to g !  
second tw5ty miles ) z mu* ease z !     
fir/1 & s on1 ! ?ird1 c4 ,:i* leads to a
 palpable absurdity4 ,:5 a horse ( _s is
 ne>ly half tir$1 by ! /imulus ( ! spur1
 add$ to ! prop] managem5t ( ! bit1 he  
may be put s mu* ^u 8 mettle1 t he w\ld 
appe> to a /&]by1 z fre% & z high       
spirit$ z if he _h n gone a mile4 ,nay1 

probably1 ! horse himself1 :ile 9 ! heat
 & passion occasion$ by ?is /imulus1    
w\ld n feel any fatigue2 b x w\ld be    
/rangely contr>y to all reason &        
exp]i5ce1 to argue f su* an appe>ance t1
 if ! /imulus 7 cont9u$1 ! horse w\ld   
nev] be tir$4 ,! cry ( a pack ( h\nds w 
make "s horses1 aft] a j\rney ( =ty     
miles on ! road1 appe> z fre%1 & z      
lively1 z :5 !y fir/ set out4 ,7 !y !n  
to be hunt$1 no p]ceptible abatem5t w\ld
 at fir/ be felt by _! rid]s 9 _! /r5g? 
& spirits1 b t[>ds ! end ( a h>d day1 ! 
previ\s fatigue w\ld h its full weight &
 effect1 & make !m tire soon]4 ,:5 ,i h 
tak5 a long walk ) my gun1 & met ) no   
success1 ,i h frequ5tly return$ home    
feel+ a consid]able degree (            
uncom=tabl5ess f fatigue4 ,ano!r day1   
p]haps1 go+ ov] ne>ly ! same ext5t (    
gr\nd ) a good deal ( sport1 ,i h come  
home fre%1 & al]t4 ,! diff]5ce 9 !      
s5sation ( fatigue ^u com+ 91 on !      
diff]5t days1 may h be5 v /rik+1 b on ! 
foll[+ morn+s ,i h f\nd no su* diff]5ce4

 ,i h n p]ceiv$ t ,i 0 less /iff 9 my   
limbs1 or less footsore1 on ! morn+ aft]
 ! day ( ! sport1 ?an on ! o!r morn+4   
,9 all ^! cases1 /imulants ^u ! m9d seem
 to act r by tak+ (f ! att5tion f !     
bodily fatigue1 ?an by really & truly   
c\nt]act+ x4 ,if ! en]gy ( my m9d _h    
really c\nt]act$ ! fatigue ( my body1 :y
 %\ld ,i feel tir$ ! next morn+8 if !   
/imulus ( ! h\nds _h z completely       
ov]come ! fatigue ( ! j\rney 9 reality1 
z x did 9 appe>ance1 :y %\ld ! horse be 
tir$ soon] ?an if he _h n gone ! =ty    
miles8 ,i happ5 to h a v bad fit ( !    
too?a*e at ! "t ,i am writ+ ?is4 ,9 !   
eag]ness ( composition1 ,i e n[ & !n1 = 
a mom5t or two1 =get x4 ,yet ,i _c help 
?9k+ t ! process1 :i* causes ! pa91 is  
/ill go+ =w>ds1 & t ! n]ves :i* c>ry !  
in=mation ( x to ! bra9 are ev5 dur+ ^! 
mom5ts dem&+ att5tion & room = _!       
appropriate vibrations4 ,! multiplicity 
( vibrations ( ano!r k9d may p]haps     
prev5t _! admission1 or ov]come !m = a  
"t :5 admitt$1 till a %oot ( extraord9>y

 en]gy puts all o!r vibration to ! r\t1 
de/roys ! vividness ( my argum5tative   
conceptions1 & rides triumphant 9 !     
bra94 ,9 ?is case1 z 9 ! o!rs1 ! m9d    
seems to h little or no p[] 9 c\nt]act+ 
or cur+ ! disord]1 b m]ely possesses a  
p[]1 if /rongly excit$1 ( fix+ its      
att5tion on o!r subjects4  ,i d n1      
h[ev]1 mean to say t a s\nd & vigor\s   
m9d has no t5d5cy :atev] to keep ! body 
9 a simil> /ate4 ,s close & intimate is 
! union ( m9d & body t x w\ld be highly 
extraord9>y if !y did n mutually assi/  
ea* o!r's functions4 ,b1 p]haps1 ^u a   
comp>ison1 ! body has m effect ^u ! m9d 
?an ! m9d ^u ! body4 ,! fir/ object ( ! 
m9d is to act z purveyor to ! wants ( ! 
body4 ,:5 ^! wants are completely       
satisfi$1 an active m9d is inde$ apt to 
w&] fur!r1 to range ov] ! fields (      
sci5ce1 or sport 9 ! regions (4         
,imag9ation1 to fancy t x has '%uffl$ (f
 ?is mortal coil'1 & is seek+ its k9dr$ 
elem5t4 ,b all ^! ef=ts are l ! va9     
ex]tions ( ! h>e 9 ! fable4 ,! sl[ly    

mov+ tortoise1 ! body1 nev] fails to    
ov]take ! m9d1 h[ev] widely & ext5sively
 x may h rang$1 & ! brighte/ & mo/      
en]getic intellects1 unwill+ly z !y may 
att5d to ! fir/ or second summons1 mu/  
ultimately yield ! empire ( ! bra9 to ! 
calls ( hung]1 or s9k ) ! exhau/$ body 9
 sleep4  ,x seems z if "o might say )   
c]ta9ty t if a m$ic9e c\ld be f\nd to   
immortalize ! body !re w\ld be no fe> ( 
its n be+ accompani$ by ! immortality ( 
! m9d4 ,b ! immortality ( ! m9d by no   
means seems to inf] ! immortality ( !   
body4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! greate/          
conceivable en]gy ( m9d w\ld probably   
exhau/ & de/roy ! /r5g? ( ! body4 ,a    
temp]ate vig\r ( m9d appe>s to be       
fav\rable to heal?1 b v great           
intellectual ex]tions t5d r1 z has be5  
(t5 obs]v$1 to we> out ! scabb>d4 ,mo/ (
 ! in/ances :i* ,mr ,godw9 has br\ght to
 prove ! p[] ( ! m9d ov] ! body1 & !    
consequ5t probability ( ! immortality ( 
man1 are ( ?is latt] description1 & c\ld
 su* /imulants be cont9ually appli$1    

in/ead ( t5d+ to immortalize1 !y w\ld   
t5d v rapidly to de/roy ! human frame4  
,! probable increase ( ! volunt>y p[] ( 
man ov] 8 animal frame comes next "u ,mr
 ,godw9's consid]ation1 & he concludes  
by say+1 t ! volunt>y p[] ( "s m51 9 ?is
 respect1 is f\nd to ext5d to v>i\s     
articles 9 :i* o!r m5 are impot5t4 ,b   
?is is reason+ aga9/ an almo/ univ]sal  
rule f a few exceptions2 & ^! exceptions
 seem to be r tricks1 ?an p[]s t may be 
ex]t$ to any good purpose4 ,i h nev]    
he>d ( any man :o c\ld regulate 8 pulse 
9 a fev]1 & d\bt mu*1 if any ( ! p]sons 
"h allud$ to h made ! smalle/ p]ceptible
 progress 9 ! regul> correction ( !     
disord]s ( _! frames & ! consequ5t      
prolongation ( _! lives4  ,mr ,godw9    
says1 ',no?+ c be m unphilosophical ?an 
to conclude1 t1 because a c]ta9 species 
( p[] is beyond ! tra9 ( our pres5t     
obs]vation1 t x is beyond ! limits ( !  
human m9d4' ,i own my ideas ( philosophy
 are 9 ?is respect widely diff]5t f ,mr 
,godw9's4 ,! only di/9ction t ,i see1   

betwe5 a philosophical conjecture1 & !  
ass]tions ( ! ,prophet ,mr ,bro!rs1 is1 
t "o is f\nd$ ^u indications aris+ f !  
tra9 ( our pres5t obs]vations1 & ! o!r  
has no f\ndation at all4 ,i expect t    
great discov]ies are yet to take place 9
 all ! bran*es ( human sci5ce1          
p>ticul>ly 9 physics2 b ! mom5t we leave
 pa/ exp]i5ce z ! f\ndation ( our       
conjectures conc]n+ ! future1 &1 /ill m1
 if our conjectures absolutely          
contradict pa/ exp]i5ce1 we are ?r[n ^u 
a wide field ( unc]ta9ty1 & any "o      
supposition is !n j z good z ano!r4 ,if 
a p]son 7 to tell me t m5 w\ld          
ultimately h eyes & h&s beh9d !m z well 
z be=e !m1 ,i %\ld admit ! usefulness ( 
! addition1 b %\ld give z a reason = my 
disbelief ( x1 t ,i saw no indications  
:atev] 9 ! pa/ f :i* ,i c\ld inf] !     
smalle/ probability ( su* a *ange4 ,if  
?is be n all[$ a valid objection1 all   
conjectures are alike1 & all equally    
philosophical4 ,i own x appe>s to me t 9
 ! tra9 ( our pres5t obs]vations1 !re   

are no m g5u9e indications t man w      
become immortal ^u e>? ?an t he w h f\r 
eyes & f\r h&s1 or t trees w gr[        
horizontally in/ead ( p]p5dicul>ly4  ,x 
w be said1 p]haps1 t _m discov]ies h    
already tak5 place 9 ! _w t 7 totally   
un=ese5 & unexpect$4 ,?is ,i grant to be
 true2 b if a p]son _h pr$ict$ ^!       
discov]ies )\t be+ guid$ by any         
analogies or indications f pa/ facts1 he
 w\ld des]ve ! "n ( se] or prophet1 b n 
( philosoph]4 ,! wond] t "s ( our mod]n 
discov]ies w\ld excite 9 ! savage       
inhabitants ( ,europe 9 ! times ( ,!seus
 & ,a*illes1 proves b little4 ,p]sons   
almo/ entirely unacqua9t$ ) ! p[]s ( a  
ma*9e _c be expect$ to guess at its     
effects4 ,i am f> f say+1 t we are at   
pres5t by any means fully acqua9t$ ) !  
p[]s ( ! human m9d2 b we c]ta9ly "k m ( 
?is in/rum5t ?an 0 kn[n f\r ?\s& ye>s   
ago2 & !re=e1 ?\gh n to be call$        
compet5t judges1 we are c]ta9ly mu*     
bett] able ?an savages to say :at is1 or
 is n1 )9 its grasp4 ,a wat* w\ld /rike 

a savage ) z mu* surprise z a p]petual  
motion2 yet "o is to u a mo/ famili>    
piece ( me*anism1 & ! o!r has con/antly 
elud$ ! ef=ts ( ! mo/ acute intellects4 
,9 _m in/ances we are n[ able to p]ceive
 ! causes1 :i* prev5t an unlimit$       
improvem5t 9 ^? inv5tions1 :i* seem$ to 
promise fairly = x at fir/4 ,! orig9al  
improv]s ( telescopes w\ld probably ?9k1
 t z long z ! size ( ! specula & ! l5g? 
( ! tubes c\ld be increas$1 ! p[]s &    
advantages ( ! in/rum5t w\ld increase2 b
 exp]i5ce has s9ce taught u1 t !        
smallness ( ! field1 ! defici5cy (      
light1 & ! circum/ance ( ! atmosph]e be+
 magnifi$1 prev5t ! b5eficial results t 
7 to be expect$ f telescopes (          
extraord9>y size & p[]4 ,9 _m p>ts ( k1 
man has be5 almo/ con/antly mak+ "s     
progress2 9 o!r p>ts1 8 ef=ts h be5     
inv>iably baffl$4 ,! savage w\ld n      
probably be able to guess at ! causes ( 
?is mighty diff]5ce4 ,our fur!r exp]i5ce
 has giv5 u "s little insight into ^!   
causes1 & has !re=e enabl$ u bett] to   

judge1 if n ( :at we are to expect 9    
future1 at lea/ ( :at we are n to       
expect1 :i*1 ?\gh negative1 is a v      
useful piece ( in=mation4  ,z !         
necessity ( sleep seems r to dep5d ^u ! 
body ?an ! m9d1 x does n appe> h[ !     
improvem5t ( ! m9d c t5d v greatly to   
sup]s$e ?is 'conspicu\s infirmity'4 ,a  
man :o by great excitem5ts on 8 m9d is  
able to pass two or ?ree nights )\t     
sleep1 proportionably exhau/s ! vig\r ( 
8 body1 & ?is dim9ution ( heal? & /r5g? 
w soon di/urb ! op]ations ( 8 und]/&+1 s
 t by ^! great ef=ts he appe>s to h made
 no real progress :atev] 9 sup]s$+ !    
necessity ( ?is species ( re/4  ,!re is 
c]ta9ly a suffici5tly m>k$ diff]5ce 9 ! 
v>i\s *>act]s ( :i* we h "s k1 relative 
to ! en]gies ( _! m9ds1 _! b5evol5t     
pursuits1 etc41 to enable u to judge    
:e!r ! op]ations ( intellect h any      
decid$ effect 9 prolong+ ! duration (   
human life4 ,x is c]ta9 t no decid$     
effect ( ?is k9d has yet be5 obs]v$4    
,?\gh no att5tion ( any k9d has ev]     

produc$ su* an effect z c\ld be con/ru$ 
into ! smalle/ semblance ( an approa*   
t[>ds immortality1 yet ( ! two1 a c]ta9 
att5tion to ! body seems to h m effect 9
 ?is respect ?an an att5tion to ! m9d4  
,! man :o takes 8 temp]ate meals & 8    
bodily ex]cise1 ) scrupul\s regul>ity1 w
 g5]ally be f\nd m heal?y ?an ! man :o1 
v deeply engag$ 9 intellectual pursuits1
 (t5 =gets = a "t ^! bodily crav+s4 ,!  
citiz5 :o has retir$1 & ^: ideas1       
p]haps1 sc>cely so> above or ext5d      
beyond 8 little g>d51 puddl+ all ! morn+
 ab\t 8 bord]s ( box1 w1 p]haps1 live z 
long z ! philosoph] ^: range ( intellect
 is ! mo/ ext5sive1 & ^: views are !    
cle>e/ ( any ( 8 contempor>ies4 ,x has  
be5 positively obs]v$ by ^? :o h att5d$ 
to ! bills ( mortality t wom5 live long]
 ^u an av]age ?an m51 &1 ?\gh ,i w\ld n 
by any means say t _! intellectual      
faculties are inf]ior1 yet1 ,i ?9k1 x   
mu/ be all[$ t1 f _! diff]5t education1 
!re are n s _m wom5 z m51 :o are excit$ 
to vigor\s m5tal ex]tion4  ,z 9 ^! &    

simil> in/ances1 or to take a l>g]      
range1 z 9 ! great div]sity ( *>act]s t 
h exi/$ dur+ "s ?\s& ye>s1 no decid$    
diff]5ce has be5 obs]v$ 9 ! duration (  
human life f ! op]ation ( intellect1 !  
mortality ( man on e>? seems to be z    
completely e/abli%$1 & exactly ^u ! same
 gr\nds1 z any "o1 ! mo/ con/ant1 ( !   
laws ( nature4 ,an imm$iate act ( p[] 9 
! ,creator ( ! ,univ]se might1 inde$1   
*ange "o or all ( ^! laws1 ei!r sudd5ly 
or gradually1 b )\t "s indications ( su*
 a *ange1 & su* indications d n exi/1 x4
 ,is j z unphilosophical to suppose t ! 
life ( man may be prolong$ beyond any   
assignable limits1 z to suppose t !     
attraction ( ! e>? w gradually be *ang$ 
into repulsion & t /ones w ultimately   
rise in/ead ( fall or t ! e>? w fly (f  
at a c]ta9 p]iod to "s m g5ial & w>m]   
sun4  ,! conclusion ( ?is *apt] pres5ts 
u1 und\bt$ly1 ) a v beautiful &         
desirable picture1 b l "s ( ! l&scapes  
drawn f fancy & n imag9$ ) tru?1 x fails
 ( t int]e/ 9 ! he>t :i* nature &       

probability c alone give4  ,i _c quit   
?is subject )\t tak+ notice ( ^!        
conjectures ( ,mr ,godw9 & ,mr          
,condorcet conc]n+ ! indef9ite          
prolongation ( human life1 z a v curi\s 
in/ance ( ! long+ ( ! s\l aft]          
immortality4 ,bo? ^! g5tlem5 h reject$ !
 light ( revelation :i* absolutely      
promises et]nal life 9 ano!r /ate4 ,!y h
 also reject$ ! light ( natural         
religion1 :i* to ! able/ intellects 9   
all ages has indicat$ ! future exi/5ce (
 ! s\l4 ,yet s cong5ial is ! idea (     
immortality to ! m9d ( man t !y _c      
cons5t entirely to ?r[ x out ( _!       
sy/ems4 ,aft] all _! fa/idi\s           
scepticisms conc]n+ ! only probable mode
 ( immortality1 !y introduce a species (
 immortality ( _! own1 n only completely
 contradictory to e law ( philosophical 
probability1 b 9 itself 9 ! highe/      
degree n>r[1 p>tial1 & unju/4 ,!y       
suppose t all ! great1 virtu\s1 & exalt$
 m9ds t h ev] exi/$ or t may exi/ = "s  
?\s&s1 p]haps millions ( ye>s1 w be sunk

 9 annihilation1 & t only a few be+s1 n 
great] 9 numb] ?an c exi/ at once ^u !  
e>?1 w be ultimately cr[n$ )            
immortality4 ,_h su* a t5et be5 advanc$ 
z a t5et ( revelation ,i am v sure t all
 ! enemies ( religion1 & probably ,mr   
,godw9 & ,mr ,condorcet among ! re/1    
w\ld h exhau/$ ! :ole =ce ( _! ridicule 
^u x1 z ! mo/ pu]ile1 ! mo/ absurd1 !   
poore/1 ! mo/ pitiful1 ! mo/ iniquit\sly
 unju/1 &1 consequ5tly1 ! mo/ unwor?y ( 
! ,deity t ! sup]/iti\s folly ( man c\ld
 inv5t4  ,:at a /range & curi\s pro( d  
^! conjectures exhibit ( ! inconsi/5cy (
 scepticism6 ,= x %\ld be obs]v$1 t !re 
is a v /rik+ & ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 
believ+ an ass]tion :i* absolutely      
contradicts ! mo/ uni=m exp]i5ce1 & an  
ass]tion :i* contradicts no?+1 b is     
m]ely beyond ! p[] ( our pres5t         
obs]vation & k4 ,s div]sifi$ are !      
natural objects ar\nd u1 s _m in/ances (
 mighty p[] daily (f] !mselves to our   
view1 t we may fairly presume1 t !re are
 _m =ms & op]ations ( nature :i* we h n 

yet obs]v$1 or :i*1 p]haps1 we are n    
capable ( obs]v+ ) our pres5t conf9$    
inlets ( k4 ,! resurrection ( a         
spiritual body f a natural body does n  
appe> 9 itself a m wond]ful in/ance (   
p[] ?an ! g]m9ation ( a blade ( :eat f !
 gra91 or ( an oak f an acorn4 ,c\ld we 
conceive an intellig5t be+1 s plac$ z to
 be conv]sant only ) inanimate or full  
gr[n objects1 & nev] to h witness$ !    
process ( vegetation & gr[?2 & 7 ano!r  
be+ to %ew him two little pieces (      
matt]1 a gra9 ( :eat1 & an acorn1 to    
desire him to exam9e !m1 to analyse !m  
if he pleas$1 & endeav\r to f9d out _!  
prop]ties & ess5ces2 & !n to tell him1 t
 h[ev] trifl+ ^! little bits ( matt]    
might appe> to him1 t !y possess$ su*   
curi\s p[]s ( selection1 comb9ation1    
arrangem5t1 & almo/ ( creation1 t ^u be+
 put into ! gr\nd1 !y w\ld *oose1 among/
 all ! dirt & moi/ure t surr\nd$ !m1 ^? 
p>ts :i* be/ suit$ _! purpose1 t !y w\ld
 collect & arrange ^! p>ts ) wond]ful   
ta/e1 judgem5t1 & execution1 & w\ld rise

 up into beautiful =ms1 sc>cely 9 any   
respect analog\s to ! little bits (     
matt] :i* 7 fir/ plac$ 9 ! e>?4 ,i feel 
v little d\bt t ! imag9>y be+ :i* ,i h  
suppos$ w\ld hesitate m1 w\ld require   
bett] au?ority1 & /rong] pro(s1 be=e he 
believ$ ^! /range ass]tions1 ?an if he  
_h be5 told1 t a be+ ( mighty p[]1 :o _h
 be5 ! cause ( all t he saw ar\nd him1 &
 ( t exi/5ce ( :i* he himself 0         
consci\s1 w\ld1 by a great act ( p[] ^u 
! dea? & corruption ( human creatures1  
raise up ! ess5ce ( ?\ght 9 an          
incorporeal1 or at lea/ invisible =m1 to
 give x a happi] exi/5ce 9 ano!r /ate4  
,! only diff]5ce1 ) reg>d to our own    
appreh5sions1 t is n 9 fav\r ( ! latt]  
ass]tion is t ! fir/ miracle we h       
repeat$ly se51 & ! la/ miracle we h n   
se54 ,i admit ! full weight ( ?is       
prodigi\s diff]5ce1 b surely no man c   
hesitate a mom5t 9 say+ t1 putt+        
,revelation out ( ! "q1 ! resurrection (
 a spiritual body f a natural body1 :i* 
may be m]ely "o among ! _m op]ations (  

nature :i* we _c see1 is an ev5t        
indef9itely m probable ?an ! immortality
 ( man on e>?1 :i* is n only an ev5t (  
:i* no symptoms or indications h yet    
appe>$1 b is a positive contradiction to
 "o ( ! mo/ con/ant ( ! laws ( nature t 
has ev] come )9 ! obs]vation ( man4  ,:5
 we ext5d our view beyond ?is life1 x is
 evid5t t we c h no o!r guides ?an      
au?ority1 or conjecture1 & p]haps1      
inde$1 an obscure & undef9$ feel+4 ,:at 
,i say "h1 !re=e1 does n appe> to me 9  
any respect to contradict :at ,i said   
be=e1 :5 ,i obs]v$ t x 0 unphilosophical
 to expect any specifick ev5t t 0 n     
indicat$ by "s k9d ( analogy 9 ! pa/4 ,9
 rang+ beyond ! b\rne f :i* no travell] 
returns1 we mu/ necess>ily quit ?is     
rule2 b ) reg>d to ev5ts t may be       
expect$ to happ5 on e>?1 we c seldom    
quit x consi/5tly ) true philosophy4    
,analogy has1 h[ev]1 z ,i conceive1     
great latitude4 ,= in/ance1 man has     
discov]$ _m ( ! laws ( nature3 analogy  
seems to indicate t he w discov] _m m2 b

 no analogy seems to indicate t he w    
discov] a six? s5se1 or a new species ( 
p[] 9 ! human m9d1 entirely beyond !    
tra9 ( our pres5t obs]vations4  ,! p[]s 
( selection1 comb9ation1 &              
transmutation1 :i* e se$ %ews1 are truly
 miracul\s4 ,:o c imag9e t ^! wond]ful  
faculties are conta9$ 9 ^! little bits (
 matt]8 ,to me x appe>s mu* m           
philosophical to suppose t ! mighty ,god
 ( nature is pres5t 9 full en]gy 9 all  
^! op]ations4 ,to ?is all p[]ful ,be+1 x
 w\ld be equally easy to raise an oak   
)\t an acorn z ) "o4 ,! prep>atory      
process ( putt+ se$s into ! gr\nd is    
m]ely orda9$ = ! use ( man1 z "o among !
 v>i\s o!r excitem5ts necess>y to awak5 
matt] into m9d4 ,x is an idea t w be    
f\nd consi/5t1 equally ) ! natural      
ph5om5a ar\nd u1 ) ! v>i\s ev5ts ( human
 life1 & ) ! successive revelations (   
,god to man1 to suppose t ! _w is a     
mighty process = ! creation & =mation ( 
m9d4 ,_m vessels w necess>ily come out (
 ?is great furnace 9 wrong %apes4 ,^! w 

be brok5 & ?r[n aside z useless2 :ile ^?
 vessels ^: =ms are full ( tru?1 grace1 
& lovel9ess1 w be waft$ into happi]     
situations1 ne>] ! pres5ce ( ! mighty   
mak]4  ,i ought p]haps aga9 to make an  
apology to my read]s = dwell+ s long ^u 
a conjecture :i* _m1 ,i "k1 w ?9k too   
absurd & improbable to require ! lea/   
discussion4 ,b if x be z improbable & z 
contr>y to ! g5u9e _s ( philosophy z ,i 
own ,i ?9k x is1 :y %\ld x n be %ewn to 
be s 9 a c&id exam9ation8 ,a conjecture1
 h[ev] improbable on ! fir/ view ( x1   
advanc$ by able & +5i\s m51 seems at    
lea/ to des]ve inve/igation4 ,= my own  
"p ,i feel no dis9cl9ation :atev] to    
give t degree ( cr$it to ! op9ion ( !   
probable immortality ( man on e>?1 :i* !
 appe>ances t c be br\ght 9 support ( x 
des]ve4 ,be=e we decide ^u ! utt]       
improbability ( su* an ev5t1 x is b fair
 imp>tially to exam9e ^! appe>ances2 & f
 su* an exam9ation ,i ?9k we may        
conclude1 t we h r less reason = suppos+
 t ! life ( man may be indef9itely      

prolong$1 ?an t trees may be made to gr[
 indef9itely high1 or potatoes          
indef9itely l>ge4 ,?\gh ,mr ,godw9      
advances ! idea ( ! indef9ite           
prolongation ( human life m]ely z a     
conjecture1 yet z he has produc$ "s     
appe>ances1 :i* 9 8 conception fav\r !  
supposition1 he mu/ c]ta9ly int5d t ^!  
appe>ances %\ld be exam9$ & ?is is all t
 ,i h meant to d4     ,,*apt] #ac       
,error ( ,mr ,godw9 is consid]+ man too 
mu* 9 ! light ( a be+ m]ely rational--,9
 ! comp\nd be+1 man1 ! passions w always
 act z di/urb+ =ces 9 ! decisions ( !   
und]/&+--,reason+s ( ,mr ,godw9 on !    
subject ( co]cion--,"s tru?s ( a nature 
n to be communicat$ f "o man to ano!r4  
,9 ! *apt] :i* ,i h be5 exam9+1 ,mr     
,godw9 pr(esses to consid] ! objection  
to 8 sy/em ( equality f ! pr9ciple (    
population4 ,x has appe>$1 ,i ?9k       
cle>ly1 t he is greatly errone\s 9 8    
/atem5t ( ! di/ance ( ?is difficulty1 & 
t in/ead ( myriads ( c5turies1 x is     
really n ?irty ye>s1 or ev5 ?irty days1 

di/ant f u4 ,! supposition ( ! approa* (
 man to immortality on e>? is c]ta9ly n 
( a k9d to s(t5 ! difficulty4 ,! only   
argum5t1 !re=e1 9 ! *apt] :i* has any   
t5d5cy to remove ! objection is !       
conjecture conc]n+ ! ext9ction ( !      
passion betwe5 ! sexes1 b z ?is is a m]e
 conjecture1 unsupport$ by ! smalle/    
%ad[ ( pro(1 ! =ce ( ! objection may be 
fairly said to rema9 unimpair$1 & x is  
und\bt$ly ( suffici5t weight ( itself   
completely to ov]turn ,mr ,godw9's :ole 
sy/em ( equality4 ,i w1 h[ev]1 make "o  
or two obs]vations on a few ( ! prom95t 
p>ts ( ,mr ,godw9's reason+s :i* w      
contribute to place 9 a /ill cle>] po9t 
( view ! little hope t we c reasonably  
ent]ta9 ( ^? va/ improvem5ts 9 ! nature 
( man & ( society :i* he holds up to our
 admir+ gaze 9 8 ,political ,ju/ice4    
,mr ,godw9 consid]s man too mu* 9 !     
light ( a be+ m]ely intellectual4 ,?is  
error1 at lea/ su* ,i conceive x to be1 
p]vades 8 :ole "w & mixes itself ) all 8
 reason+s4 ,! volunt>y actions ( m5 may 

orig9ate 9 _! op9ions1 b ^! op9ions w be
 v diff]5tly modifi$ 9 creatures        
comp\nd$ ( a rational faculty & corporal
 prop5sities f :at !y w\ld be 9 be+s    
:olly intellectual4 ,mr ,godw91 9 prov+ 
t s\nd reason+ & tru? are capable ( be+ 
adequately communicat$1 exam9es !       
proposition fir/ practically1 & !n adds1
 ',su* is ! appe>ance :i* ?is           
proposition assumes1 :5 exam9$ 9 a loose
 & practical view4 ,9 /rict consid]ation
 x w n admit ( debate4 ,man is a        
rational be+1 etc4' 7,bk4 ,i1 *4 #e2 9 !
 ?ird edition ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #hh74 ,s f> f
 call+ ?is a /rict consid]ation ( !     
subject1 ,i own ,i %\ld call x ! loose/1
 & mo/ errone\s1 way possible1 (        
consid]+ x4 ,x is ! calculat+ ! velocity
 ( a fall+ body 9 vacuo1 & p]si/+ 9 x1 t
 x w\ld be ! same ?r\gh :atev] resi/+   
m$iums x might fall4 ,?is 0 n ,newton's 
mode ( philosophiz+4 ,v few g5]al       
propositions are j 9 application to a   
p>ticul> subject4 ,! moon is n kept 9 h]
 orbit r\nd ! e>?1 nor ! e>? 9 h] orbit 

r\nd ! sun1 by a =ce t v>ies m]ely 9 !  
inv]se ratio ( ! squ>es ( ! di/ances4   
,to make ! g5]al !ory j 9 application to
 ! revolutions ( ^! bodies1 x 0 necess>y
 to calculate accurately ! di/urb+ =ce (
 ! sun ^u ! moon1 & ( ! moon ^u ! e>?2 &
 till ^! di/urb+ =ces 7 prop]ly e/imat$1
 actual obs]vations on ! motions ( ^!   
bodies w\ld h prov$ t ! !ory 0 n        
accurately true4  ,i am will+ to all[ t 
e volunt>y act is prec$$ by a decision (
 ! m9d1 b x is /rangely opposite to :at 
,i %\ld conceive to be ! j !ory ^u !    
subject1 & a palpable contradiction to  
all exp]i5ce1 to say t ! corporal       
prop5sities ( man d n act v p[]fully1 z 
di/urb+ =ces1 9 ^! decisions4 ,! "q1    
!re=e1 does n m]ely dep5d ^u :e!r a man 
may be made to und]/& a di/9ct          
proposition or be conv9c$ by an         
unansw]able argum5t4 ,a tru? may be     
br\ght home to 8 conviction z a rational
 be+1 ?\gh he may det]m9e to act contr>y
 to x1 z a comp\nd be+4 ,! crav+s (     
hung]1 ! love ( liquor1 ! desire (      

possess+ a beautiful woman1 w urge m5 to
 actions1 ( ! fatal consequ5ces ( :i*1  
to ! g5]al int]e/s ( society1 !y are    
p]fectly well conv9c$1 ev5 at ! v "t !y 
commit !m4 ,remove _! bodily crav+s1 &  
!y w\ld n hesitate a mom5t 9 det]m9+    
aga9/ su* actions4 ,ask !m _! op9ion ( !
 same conduct 9 ano!r p]son1 & !y w\ld  
imm$iately reprobate x4 ,b 9 _! own     
case1 & "u all ! circum/ances ( _!      
situation ) ^! bodily crav+s1 ! decision
 ( ! comp\nd be+ is diff]5t f !         
conviction ( ! rational be+4  ,if ?is be
 ! j view ( ! subject1 & bo? !ory &     
exp]i5ce unite to prove t x is1 almo/   
all ,mr ,godw9's reason+s on ! subject (
 co]cion 9 8 sev5? *apt]1 w appe> to be 
f\nd$ on error4 ,he sp5ds "s "t 9 plac+ 
9 a ridicul\s po9t ( view ! attempt to  
conv9ce a man's und]/&+ & to cle> up a  
d\btful proposition 9 8 m9d1 by bl[s4   
,und\bt$ly x is bo? ridicul\s & b>b>\s1 
& s is cock-fight+1 b "o has little m to
 d ) ! real object ( human puni%m5ts ?an
 ! o!r4 ,"o frequ5t 7inde$ mu* too      

frequ5t7 mode ( puni%m5t is dea?4 ,mr   
,godw9 w h>dly ?9k ?is int5d$ =         
conviction1 at lea/ x does n appe> h[ ! 
individual or ! society c\ld reap mu*   
future b5efit f an und]/&+ enlight5$ 9  
?is mann]4  ,! pr9cipal objects :i*     
human puni%m5ts h 9 view are und\bt$ly  
re/ra9t & example2 re/ra9t1 or removal1 
( an individual memb] ^: vici\s habits  
are likely to be prejudicial to !       
society'2 & example1 :i* by express+ !  
s5se ( ! community ) reg>d to a p>ticul>
 crime1 & by associat+ m ne>ly & visibly
 crime & puni%m5t1 holds out a moral    
motive to dissuade o!rs f ! commission (
 x4  ,re/ra9t1 ,mr ,godw9 ?9ks1 may be  
p]mitt$ z a tempor>y exp$i5t1 ?\gh he   
reprobates solit>y imprisonm5t1 :i* has 
c]ta9ly be5 ! mo/ successful1 &1 inde$1 
almo/ ! only attempt t[>ds ! moral      
amelioration ( (f5d]s4 ,he talks ( !    
selfi% passions t are fo/]$ by solitude 
& ( ! virtues g5]at$ 9 society4 ,b      
surely ^! virtues are n g5]at$ 9 !      
society ( a prison4 ,7 ! (f5d] conf9$ to

 ! society ( able & virtu\s m5 he w\ld  
probably be m improv$ ?an 9 solitude4 ,b
 is ?is practicable8 ,mr ,godw9's +5uity
 is m frequ5tly employ$ 9 f9d+ out evils
 ?an 9 sugge/+ practical rem$ies4       
,puni%m5t1 = example1 is totally        
reprobat$4 ,by endeav\r+ to make        
examples too impressive & t]rible1      
nations h1 inde$1 be5 l$ into ! mo/     
b>b>\s cruelties1 b ! abuse ( any       
practice is n a good argum5t aga9/ its  
use4 ,! indefatigable pa9s tak5 9 ?is   
c\ntry to f9d out a murd]1 & ! c]ta9ty (
 its puni%m5t1 has p[]fully contribut$  
to g5]ate t s5tim5t :i* is frequ5t 9 !  
m\?s ( ! common p1 t a murd] w soon] or 
lat] come to light2 & ! habitual horror 
9 :i* murd] is 9 consequ5ce held w make 
a man1 9 ! agony ( passion1 ?r[ d[n 8   
knife = fe> he %\ld be tempt$ to use x 9
 ! gratification ( 8 rev5ge4 ,9 ,italy1 
:]e murd]]s1 by fly+ to a sanctu>y1 are 
all[$ m frequ5tly to escape1 ! crime has
 nev] be5 held 9 ! same dete/ation & has
 consequ5tly be5 m frequ5t4 ,no man1 :o 

is at all aw>e ( ! op]ation ( moral     
motives1 c d\bt = a mom5t1 t if e murd] 
9 ,italy _h be5 inv>iably puni%$1 ! use 
( ! /iletto 9 transports ( passion w\ld 
h be5 comp>atively b little kn[n4  ,t   
human laws ei!r d1 or c1 proportion !   
puni%m5t accurately to ! (f5ce1 no p]son
 w h ! folly to ass]t4 ,f !             
inscrutability ( motives ! ?+ is        
absolutely impossible1 b ?is            
imp]fection1 ?\gh x may be call$ a      
species ( inju/ice1 is no valid argum5t 
aga9/ human laws4 ,x is ! lot ( man1 t  
he w frequ5tly h to *oose betwe5 two    
evils2 & x is a suffici5t reason = !    
adoption ( any in/itution1 t x is ! be/ 
mode t sugge/s itself ( prev5t+ great]  
evils4 ,a cont9ual endeav\r %\ld        
und\bt$ly prevail to make ^! in/itutions
 z p]fect z ! nature ( !m w admit4 ,b   
no?+ is s easy z to f9d fault ) human   
in/itutions2 no?+ s difficult z to      
sugge/ adequate practical improvem5ts4  
,x is to be lam5t$1 t m m5 ( tal5ts     
employ _! "t 9 ! =m] occupation ?an 9 ! 

latt]4  ,! frequ5cy ( crime among m51   
:o1 z ! common say+ is1 "k bett]1       
suffici5tly proves1 t "s tru?s may be   
br\ght home to ! conviction ( ! m9d )\t 
always produc+ ! prop] effect ^u !      
conduct4 ,!re are o!r tru?s ( a nature t
 p]haps nev] c be adequately communicat$
 f "o man to ano!r4 ,! sup]iority ( !   
pleasures ( intellect to ^? ( s5se1 ,mr 
,godw9 consid]s z a fundam5tal tru?4    
,tak+ all circum/ances into             
consid]ation1 ,i %\ld be dispos$ to     
agree ) him2 b h[ am ,i to communicate  
?is tru? to a p]son :o has sc>cely ev]  
felt intellectual pleasure8 ,i may z    
well attempt to expla9 ! nature & beauty
 ( col\rs to a bl9d man4 ,if ,i am ev] s
 labori\s1 pati5t1 & cle>1 & h ! mo/    
repeat$ opportunities ( expo/ulation1   
any real progress t[>d ! accompli%m5t ( 
my purpose seems absolutely hopeless4   
,!re is no common measure betwe5 u4 ,i  
_c proce$ /ep by /ep44 ,x is a tru? ( a 
nature absolutely incapable (           
demon/ration4 ,all t ,i c say is1 t !   

wise/ & be/ m5 9 all ages _h agre$ 9    
giv+ ! pref]5ce1 v greatly1 to !        
pleasures ( intellect2 & t my own       
exp]i5ce completely confirm$ ! tru? ( _!
 decisions2 t ,i _h f\nd s5sual         
pleasures va91 transi5t1 & cont9ually   
att5d$ ) t$ium & disgu/2 b t            
intellectual pleasures appe>$ to me ev] 
fre% & "y1 fill$ up all my h\rs         
satisfactorily1 gave a new ze/ to life1 
& diffus$ a la/+ s]5ity ov] my m9d4 ,if 
he believe me1 x c only be f respect &  
v5]ation = my au?ority4 ,x is cr$ulity1 
& n conviction4 ,i h n said any ?+1 nor 
c any ?+ be said1 ( a nature to produce 
real conviction4 ,! affair is n an      
affair ( reason+1 b ( exp]i5ce4 ,he w\ld
 probably obs]ve 9 reply1 :at y say may 
be v true ) reg>d to y\rself & _m o!r   
good m51 b = my own "p ,i feel v        
diff]5tly ^u ! subject4 ,i h v frequ5tly
 tak5 up a book & almo/ z frequ5tly gone
 to sleep ov] x2 b :5 ,i pass an ev5+ ) 
a gay p>ty1 or a pretty woman1 ,i feel  
alive1 & 9 spirits1 & truly enjoy my    

exi/5ce4  ,"u su* circum/ances1 reason+ 
& argum5ts are n in/rum5ts f :i* success
 c be expect$4 ,at "s future "t p]haps1 
real satiety ( s5sual pleasures1 or "s  
accid5tal impressions t awak5$ ! en]gies
 ( 8 m9d1 might effect t1 9 a mon?1 :i* 
! mo/ pati5t & able expo/ulations might 
be incapable ( effect+ 9 =ty ye>s4      
,,*apt] #ad  ,mr ,godw9's five          
propositions respect+ political tru?1 on
 :i* 8 :ole "w h+es1 n                  
e/abli%$--,reasons we h = suppos+1 f !  
di/ress occasion$ by ! pr9ciple (       
population1 t ! vices & moral weakness (
 man c nev] be :olly                    
eradicat$--,p]fectibility1 9 ! s5se 9   
:i* ,mr ,godw9 uses ! t]m1 n applicable 
to man--,nature ( ! real p]fectibility (
 man illu/rat$4   ,if ! reason+s ( !    
prec$+ *apt] are j1 ! coroll>ies        
respect+ political tru?1 :i* ,mr ,godw9 
draws f ! proposition1 t ! volunt>y     
actions ( m5 orig9ate 9 _! op9ions1 w n 
appe> to be cle>ly e/abli%$4 ,^!        
coroll>ies are1 ,s\nd reason+ & tru?1 :5

 adequately communicat$1 mu/ always be  
victori\s ov] error3 ,s\nd reason+ &    
tru? are capable ( be+ s communicat$3   
,tru? is omnipot5t3 ,! vices & moral    
weakness ( man are n inv9cible3 ,man is 
p]fectible1 or 9 o!r words1 susceptible 
( p]petual improvem5t4  ,! fir/ ?ree    
propositions may be consid]$ a complete 
syllogism4 ,if by adequately            
communicat$1 be meant su* a conviction z
 to produce an adequate effect ^u !     
conduct1 ! major may be all[$ & ! m9or  
d5i$4 ,! consequ5t1 or ! omnipot5ce (   
tru?1 ( c\rse falls to ! gr\nd4 ,if by  
'adequately communicat$' be meant m]ely 
! conviction ( ! rational faculty1 !    
major mu/ be d5i$1 ! m9or w be only true
 9 cases capable ( demon/ration1 & !    
consequ5t equally falls4 ,! f\r?        
proposition ,mr ,godw9 calls ! prec$+   
proposition1 ) a slight v>iation 9 !    
/atem5t4 ,if s1 x mu/ accompany ! prec$+
 proposition 9 its fall4 ,b x may be    
wor? :ile to inquire1 ) ref]5ce to !    
pr9cipal argum5t ( ?is essay1 into !    

p>ticul> reasons :i* we h = suppos+ t ! 
vices & moral weakness ( man c nev] be  
:olly ov]come 9 ?is _w4  ,man1 accord+  
to ,mr ,godw91 is a creature =m$ :at he 
is by ! successive impressions :i* he   
has receiv$1 f ! fir/ mom5t t ! g]m f   
:i* he sprung 0 animat$4 ,c\ld he be    
plac$ 9 a situation1 :]e he 0 subject to
 no evil impressions :atev]1 ?\gh x     
might be d\bt$ :e!r 9 su* a situation   
virtue c\ld exi/1 vice w\ld c]ta9ly be  
bani%$4 ,! great b5t ( ,mr ,godw9's "w  
on ,political ,ju/ice1 if ,i und]/& x   
rightly1 is to %ew t ! great] "p ( !    
vices & weaknesses ( m5 proce$ f !      
inju/ice ( _! political & social        
in/itutions1 & t if ^! 7 remov$ & !     
und]/&+s ( m5 m enlight5$1 !re w\ld be  
little or no temptation 9 ! _w to evil4 
,z x has be5 cle>ly prov$1 h[ev]1 7at   
lea/ z ,i ?9k7 t ?is is entirely a false
 conception1 & t1 indep5d5t ( any       
political or social in/itutions :atev]1 
! great] "p ( mank9d1 f ! fix$ &        
unalt]able laws ( nature1 mu/ ev] be    

subject to ! evil temptations aris+ f   
want1 besides o!r passions1 x foll[s f  
,mr ,godw9's def9ition ( man t su*      
impressions1 & comb9ations (            
impressions1 _c be afloat 9 ! _w )\t    
g5]at+ a v>iety ( bad m54 ,accord+ to   
,mr ,godw9's own conception ( ! =mation 
( "*1 x is surely z improbable t "u su* 
circum/ances all m5 w be virtu\s z t    
sixes w come up a hundr$ times foll[+ ^u
 ! dice4 ,! great v>iety ( comb9ations  
^u ! dice 9 a repeat$ succession ( ?r[s 
appe>s to me n inaptly to repres5t !    
great v>iety ( "* t mu/ necess>ily exi/ 
9 ! _w1 suppos+ e individual to be =m$  
:at he is by t comb9ation ( impressions 
:i* he has receiv$ s9ce 8 fir/ exi/5ce4 
,& ?is comp>ison w1 9 "s measure1 %ew ! 
absurdity ( suppos+1 t exceptions w ev] 
become g5]al rules2 t extraord9>y &     
unusual comb9ations w be frequ5t2 or t !
 individual in/ances ( great virtue :i* 
_h appe>$ 9 all ages ( ! _w w ev]       
prevail univ]sally4  ,i am aw>e t ,mr   
,godw9 might say t ! comp>ison is 9 "o  

respect inaccurate1 t 9 ! case ( ! dice1
 ! prec$+ causes1 or r ! *ances respect+
 ! prec$+ causes1 7 always ! same1 & t1 
!re=e1 ,i c\ld h no good reason =       
suppos+ t a great] numb] ( sixes w\ld   
come up 9 ! next hundr$ times ( ?r[+ ?an
 9 ! prec$+ same numb] ( ?r[s4 ,b1 t man
 _h 9 "s sort a p[] ( influ5c+ ^? causes
 t =m$ "*1 & t e good & virtu\s man t 0 
produc$1 by ! influ5ce :i* he mu/       
necess>ily h1 r increas$ ! probability t
 ano!r su* virtu\s "* w\ld be g5]at$1   
:]eas ! com+ up ( sixes ^u ! dice once1 
w\ld c]ta9ly n increase ! probability ( 
_! com+ up a second "t4 ,i admit ?is    
objection to ! accuracy ( ! comp>ison1 b
 x is only p>tially valid4 ,repeat$     
exp]i5ce has assur$ u1 t ! influ5ce ( ! 
mo/ virtu\s "* w r>ely prevail aga9/ v  
/rong temptations to evil4 ,x w         
und\bt$ly affect "s1 b x w fail ) a mu* 
great] numb]4 ,_h ,mr ,godw9 succe$$ 9 8
 attempt to prove t ^! temptations to   
evil c\ld by ! ex]tions ( man be remov$1
 ,i w\ld give up ! comp>ison2 or at lea/

 all[1 t a man might be s f> enlight5$ )
 reg>d to ! mode ( %ak+ 8 elb[1 t he    
w\ld be able to ?r[ sixes e "t4 ,b z    
long z a great numb] ( ^? impressions   
:i* =m "*1 l ! nice motions ( ! arm1    
rema9 absolutely indep5d5t ( ! w ( man1 
?\gh x w\ld be ! height ( folly &       
presumption to attempt to calculate !   
relative proportions ( virtue & vice at 
! future p]iods ( ! _w1 x may be safely 
ass]t$ t ! vices & moral weakness (     
mank9d1 tak5 9 ! mass1 are inv9cible4   
,! fif? proposition is ! g5]al d$uction 
f ! f\r =m] & w consequ5tly fall1 z !   
f\ndations :i* support x h giv5 way4 ,9 
! s5se 9 :i* ,mr ,godw9 und]/&s ! t]m   
'p]fectible'1 ! p]fectibility ( man _c  
be ass]t$1 unless ! prec$+ propositions 
c\ld h be5 cle>ly e/abli%$4 ,!re is1    
h[ev]1 "o s5se1 :i* ! t]m w be>1 9 :i* x
 is1 p]haps1 j4 ,x may be said ) tru? t 
man is always susceptible ( improvem5t1 
or t !re nev] has be51 or w be1 a p]iod 
( 8 hi/ory1 9 :i* he c be said to h     
rea*$ 8 possible acme ( p]fection4 ,yet 

x does n by any means foll[ f ?is1 t our
 ef=ts to improve man w always succe$1  
or ev5 t he w ev] make1 9 ! greate/     
numb] ( ages1 any extraord9>y /rides    
t[>ds p]fection4 ,! only inf]5ce t c be 
drawn is t ! precise limit ( 8          
improvem5t _c possibly be kn[n4 ,& ,i _c
 help aga9 rem9d+ ! read] ( a di/9ction 
:i*1 x appe>s to me1 ought p>ticul>ly to
 be att5d$ to 9 ! pres5t "q3 ,i mean1 ! 
ess5tial diff]5ce !re is betwe5 an      
unlimit$ improvem5t & an improvem5t !   
limit ( :i* _c be asc]ta9$4 ,! =m] is an
 improvem5t n applicable to man "u !    
pres5t laws ( 8 nature4 ,! latt]1       
und\bt$ly1 is applicable4  ,! real      
p]fectibility ( man may be illu/rat$1 z 
,i h m5tion$ be=e1 by ! p]fectibility ( 
a plant4 ,! object ( ! ent]pris+ flori/ 
is1 z ,i conceive1 to unite size1       
symmetry1 & beauty ( col\r4 ,x w\ld     
surely be presumptu\s 9 ! mo/ successful
 improv] to affirm1 t he possess$ a     
c>nation 9 :i* ^! qualities exi/$ 9 !   
greate/ possible /ate ( p]fection4      

,h[ev] beautiful 8 fl[] may be1 o!r c>e1
 o!r soil1 or o!r suns1 might produce "o
 /ill m beautiful4  ,yet1 al?\gh he may 
be aw>e ( ! absurdity ( suppos+ t he has
 rea*$ p]fection1 & ?\gh he may "k by   
:at means he atta9$ t degree ( beauty 9 
! fl[] :i* he at pres5t possesses1 yet  
he _c be sure t by pursu+ simil> means1 
r increas$ 9 /r5g?1 he w obta9 a m      
beautiful blossom4 ,by endeav\r+ to     
improve "o quality1 he may impair !     
beauty ( ano!r4 ,! ri*] m\ld :i* he w\ld
 employ to increase ! size ( 8 plant    
w\ld probably bur/ ! calyx1 & de/roy at 
once its symmetry4 ,9 a simil> mann]1 ! 
=c+ manure us$ to br+ ab\t ! ,fr5*      
,revolution1 & to give a great] fre$om &
 en]gy to ! human m9d1 has bur/ ! calyx 
( humanity1 ! re/ra9+ bond ( all        
society2 &1 h[ev] l>ge ! sep>ate petals 
h gr[n1 h[ev] /rongly1 or ev5           
beautifully1 a few ( !m h be5 m>k$1 !   
:ole is at pres5t a loose1 de=m$1       
disjo9t$ mass1 )\t union1 symmetry1 or  
h>mony ( col\r+4  ,7 x ( consequ5ce to  

improve p9ks & c>nations1 ?\gh we c\ld h
 no hope ( rais+ !m z l>ge z cabbages1  
we might und\bt$ly expect1 by successive
 ef=ts1 to obta9 m beautiful specim5s   
?an we at pres5t possess4 ,no p]son c   
d5y ! importance ( improv+ ! happ9ess ( 
! human species4 ,e ! lea/ advance 9 ?is
 respect is highly valuable4 ,b an      
exp]im5t ) ! human race is n l an       
exp]im5t ^u inanimate objects4 ,! bur/+ 
( a fl[] may be a trifle4 ,ano!r w soon 
succe$ x4 ,b ! bur/+ ( ! bonds ( society
 is su* a sep>ation ( p>ts z _c take    
place )\t giv+ ! mo/ acute pa9 to ?\s&s3
 & a long "t may elapse1 & mu* mis]y may
 be endur$1 be=e ! w\nd gr[s up aga94   
,z ! five propositions :i* ,i h be5     
exam9+ may be consid]$ z ! corn] /ones (
 ,mr ,godw9's fanciful /ructure1 &1     
inde$1 z express+ ! aim & b5t ( 8 :ole  
"w1 h[ev] excell5t mu* ( 8 deta*$       
reason+ may be1 he mu/ be consid]$ z    
hav+ fail$ 9 ! great object ( 8         
und]tak+4 ,besides ! difficulties aris+ 
f ! comp\nd nature ( man1 :i* he has by 

no means suffici5tly smoo!d1 ! pr9cipal 
argum5t aga9/ ! p]fectibility ( man &   
society rema9s :ole & unimpair$ f any ?+
 t he has advanc$4 ,& z f> z ,i c tru/  
my own judgem5t1 ?is argum5t appe>s to  
be conclusive1 n only aga9/ !           
p]fectibility ( man1 9 ! enl>g$ s5se 9  
:i* ,mr ,godw9 und]/&s ! t]m1 b aga9/   
any v m>k$ & /rik+ *ange = ! bett]1 9 ! 
=m & /ructure ( g5]al society2 by :i* ,i
 mean any great & decid$ amelioration ( 
! condition ( ! l[] classes ( mank9d1 ! 
mo/ num]\s1 &1 consequ5tly1 9 a g5]al   
view ( ! subject1 ! mo/ important "p ( !
 human race4 ,7 ,i to live a ?\s& ye>s1 
& ! laws ( nature to rema9 ! same1 ,i   
%\ld little fe>1 or r little hope1 a    
contradiction f exp]i5ce 9 ass]t+ t no  
possible sacrifices or ex]tions ( ! ri*1
 9 a c\ntry :i* _h be5 long inhabit$1   
c\ld = any "t place ! l[] classes ( !   
community 9 a situation equal1 ) reg>d  
to circum/ances1 to ! situation ( !     
common p ab\t ?irty ye>s ago 9 ! nor!rn 
,/ates ( ,am]ica4  ,! l[] classes ( p 9 

,europe may at "s future p]iod be mu*   
bett] in/ruct$ ?an !y are at pres5t2 !y 
may be taught to employ ! little sp>e "t
 !y h 9 _m bett] ways ?an at ! ale-h\se2
 !y may live "u bett] & m equal laws ?an
 !y h ev] hi!rto done1 p]haps1 9 any    
c\ntry2 & ,i ev5 conceive x possible1   
?\gh n probable t !y may h m leisure2 b 
x is n 9 ! nature ( ?+s t !y c be aw>d$ 
su* a quantity ( money or subsi/5ce z w 
all[ !m all to m>ry e>ly1 9 ! full      
confid5ce t !y %all be able to provide )
 ease = a num]\s family4     ,,*apt] #ae
  ,models too p]fect may sometimes r    
imp$e ?an promote improvem5t--,mr       
,godw9's essay on ',av>ice &            
,pr(usion'--,impossibility ( divid+ !   
necess>y lab\r ( a society amicably     
among all--,invectives aga9/ lab\r may  
produce pres5t evil1 ) little or no     
*ance ( produc+ future good--,an        
accession to ! mass ( agricultural lab\r
 mu/ always be an advantage to ! lab\r]4
   ,mr ,godw9 9 ! preface to 8 ,enquir]1
 drops a few expressions :i* seem to h9t

 at "s *ange 9 8 op9ions s9ce he wrote !
 ,political ,ju/ice2 & z ?is is a "w n[ 
( "s ye>s /&+1 ,i %\ld c]ta9ly ?9k t ,i 
_h be5 argu+ aga9/ op9ions :i* ! au?or  
_h himself se5 reason to alt]1 b t 9 "s 
( ! essays ( ! ,enquir]1 ,mr ,godw9's   
peculi> mode ( ?9k+ appe>s 9 z /rik+ a  
light z ev]4  ,x has be5 frequ5tly      
obs]v$ t ?\gh we _c hope to rea*        
p]fection 9 any ?+1 yet t x mu/ always  
be advantage\s to u to place be=e our   
eyes ! mo/ p]fect models4 ,?is          
obs]vation has a plausible appe>ance1 b 
is v f> f be+ g5]ally true4 ,i ev5 d\bt 
its tru? 9 "o ( ! mo/ obvi\s            
exemplifications t w\ld occur4 ,i d\bt  
:e!r a v "y pa9t] w\ld receive s mu*    
b5efit1 f an attempt to copy a highly   
f9i%$ & p]fect picture1 z f copy+ "o :]e
 ! outl9es 7 m /rongly m>k$ & ! mann] ( 
lay+ on ! col\rs 0 m easily discov]able4
 ,b 9 cases :]e ! p]fection ( ! model is
 a p]fection ( a diff]5t & sup]ior      
nature f t t[>ds :i* we %\ld naturally  
advance1 we %all n always fail 9 mak+   

any progress t[>ds x1 b we %all 9 all   
probability imp$e ! progress :i* we     
might h expect$ to make _h we n fix$ our
 eyes ^u s p]fect a model4 ,a highly    
intellectual be+1 exempt f ! infirm     
calls ( hung] or sleep1 is und\bt$ly a  
mu* m p]fect exi/5ce ?an man1 b 7 man to
 attempt to copy su* a model1 he w\ld n 
only fail 9 mak+ any advances t[>ds x2 b
 by unwisely /ra9+ to imitate :at 0     
inimitable1 he w\ld probably de/roy !   
little intellect :i* he 0 endeav\r+ to  
improve4  ,! =m & /ructure ( society :i*
 ,mr ,godw9 describes is z ess5tially   
di/9ct f any =ms ( society :i* h hi!rto 
prevail$ 9 ! _w z a be+ t c live )\t    
food or sleep is f a man4 ,by improv+   
society 9 its pres5t =m1 we are mak+ no 
m advances t[>ds su* a /ate ( ?+s z he  
pictures ?an we %\ld make approa*es     
t[>ds a l9e1 ) reg>d to :i* we 7 walk+  
p>allel4 ,! "q1 !re=e1 is :e!r1 by look+
 to su* a =m ( society z our pol> />1 we
 are likely to advance or ret>d !       
improvem5t ( ! human species8 ,mr ,godw9

 appe>s to me to h decid$ ?is "q aga9/  
himself 9 8 essay on ',av>ice &         
,pr(usion' 9 ! ,enquir]4  ,dr ,adam     
,smi? has v ju/ly obs]v$ t nations z    
well z individuals gr[ ri* by p>simony &
 poor by pr(usion1 & t1 !re=e1 e frugal 
man 0 a fri5d & e sp5d?rift an enemy to 
8 c\ntry4 ,! reason he gives is t :at is
 sav$ f rev5ue is always add$ to /ock1 &
 is !re=e tak5 f ! ma9t5ance ( lab\r t  
is g5]ally unproductive & employ$ 9 !   
ma9t5ance ( lab\r t realizes itself 9   
valuable commodities4 ,no obs]vation c  
be m evid5tly j4 ,! subject ( ,mr       
,godw9's essay is a little simil> 9 its 
fir/ appe>ance1 b 9 ess5ce is z di/9ct z
 possible4 ,he consid]s ! mis*ief (     
pr(usion z an ackn[l$g$ tru?1 & !re=e   
makes 8 comp>ison betwe5 ! av>ici\s man1
 & ! man :o sp5ds 8 income4 ,b !        
av>ici\s man ( ,mr ,godw9 is totally a  
di/9ct "*1 at lea/ ) reg>d to 8 effect  
^u ! prosp]ity ( ! /ate1 f ! frugal man 
( ,dr ,adam ,smi?4 ,! frugal man 9 ord] 
to make m money saves f 8 income & adds 

to 8 capital1 & ?is capital he ei!r     
employs himself 9 ! ma9t5ance (         
productive lab\r1 or he l5ds x to "s o!r
 p]son :o w probably employ x 9 ?is way4
 ,he b5efits ! /ate because he adds to  
its g5]al capital1 & because weal?      
employ$ z capital n only sets 9 motion m
 lab\r ?an :5 sp5t z income1 b ! lab\r  
is besides ( a m valuable k9d4 ,b !     
av>ici\s man ( ,mr ,godw9 locks up 8    
weal? 9 a *e/ & sets 9 motion no lab\r (
 any k9d1 ei!r productive or            
unproductive4 ,?is is s ess5tial a      
diff]5ce t ,mr ,godw9's decision 9 8    
essay appe>s at once z evid5tly false z 
,dr ,adam ,smi?'s position is evid5tly  
true4 ,x c\ld n1 inde$1 b occur to ,mr  
,godw9 t "s pres5t inconv5i5ce might    
arise to ! poor f ?us lock+ up ! funds  
de/9$ = ! ma9t5ance ( lab\r4 ,! only    
way1 !re=e1 he _h ( weak5+ ?is objection
 0 to comp>e ! two *>act]s *iefly )     
reg>d to _! t5d5cy to accel]ate !       
approa* ( t happy /ate ( cultivat$      
equality1 on :i* he says we ought always

 to fix our eyes z our pol> />4  ,i ?9k 
x has be5 prov$ 9 ! =m] p>ts ( ?is essay
 t su* a /ate ( society is absolutely   
impracticable4 ,:at consequ5ces !n are  
we to expect f look+ to su* a po9t z our
 guide & pol> /> 9 ! great sea (        
political discov]y8 ,reason w\ld tea* u 
to expect no o!r ?an w9ds p]petually    
adv]se1 con/ant b fruitless toil1       
frequ5t %ipwreck1 & c]ta9 mis]y4 ,we    
%all n only fail 9 mak+ ! smalle/ real  
approa* t[>ds su* a p]fect =m ( society2
 b by wa/+ our /r5g? ( m9d & body1 9 a  
direction 9 :i* x is impossible to      
proce$1 & by ! frequ5t di/ress :i* we   
mu/ necess>ily occasion by our repeat$  
failures1 we %all evid5tly imp$e t      
degree ( improvem5t 9 society1 :i* is   
really atta9able4  ,x has appe>$ t a    
society con/itut$ accord+ to ,mr        
,godw9's sy/em mu/1 f ! inevitable laws 
( our nature1 deg5]ate into a class (   
proprietors & a class ( lab\r]s1 & t !  
sub/itution ( b5evol5ce = self-love z ! 
mov+ pr9ciple ( society1 in/ead (       

produc+ ! happy effects t might be      
expect$ f s fair a "n1 w\ld cause ! same
 pressure ( want to be felt by ! :ole ( 
society1 :i* is n[ felt only by a "p4 ,x
 is to ! e/abli%$ adm9i/ration ( prop]ty
 & to ! app>5tly n>r[ pr9ciple (        
self-love t we are indebt$ = all !      
noble/ ex]tions ( human g5ius1 all ! f9]
 & m delicate emotions ( ! s\l1 =       
ev]y?+1 inde$1 t di/+ui%es ! civiliz$ f 
! savage /ate2 & no suffici5t *ange has 
z yet tak5 place 9 ! nature ( civiliz$  
man to enable u to say t he ei!r is1 or 
ev] w be1 9 a /ate :5 he may safely ?r[ 
d[n ! ladd] by :i* he has ris5 to ?is   
em95ce4  ,if 9 e society t has advanc$  
beyond ! savage /ate1 a class (         
proprietors & a class ( lab\r]s mu/     
necess>ily exi/1 x is evid5t t1 z lab\r 
is ! only prop]ty ( ! class ( lab\r]s1 e
 ?+ t t5ds to dim9i% ! value ( ?is      
prop]ty mu/ t5d to dim9i% ! possession (
 ?is "p ( society4 ,! only way t a poor 
man has ( support+ himself 9 indep5d5ce 
is by ! ex]tion ( 8 bodily /r5g?4 ,?is  

is ! only commodity he has to give 9    
ex*ange = ! necess>ies ( life4 ,x w\ld  
h>dly appe> !n t y b5efit him by n>r[+ !
 m>ket = ?is commodity1 by decreas+ !   
dem& = lab\r1 & less5+ ! value ( ! only 
prop]ty t he possesses4  ,x %\ld be     
obs]v$ t ! pr9cipal argum5t ( ?is ,essay
 only goes to prove ! necessity ( a     
class ( proprietors1 & a class (        
lab\r]s1 b by no means inf]s t ! pres5t 
great inequality ( prop]ty is ei!r      
necess>y or useful to society4 ,on !    
contr>y1 x mu/ c]ta9ly be consid]$ z an 
evil1 & e in/itution t promotes x is    
ess5tially bad & impolitic4 ,b :e!r a   
gov]nm5t c\ld ) advantage to society    
actively int]f]e to repress inequality (
 =tunes may be a matt] ( d\bt4 ,p]haps !
 g5]\s sy/em ( p]fect lib]ty adopt$ by  
,dr ,adam ,smi? & ! ,fr5* economi/s w\ld
 be ill ex*ang$ = any sy/em ( re/ra9t4  
,mr ,godw9 w\ld p]haps say t ! :ole     
sy/em ( b>t] & ex*ange is a vile &      
iniquit\s traffic4 ,if y w\ld ess5tially
 relieve ! poor man1 y %\ld take a "p ( 

8 lab\r ^u y\rself1 or give him y\r     
money1 )\t exact+ s sev]e a return = x4 
,9 answ] to ! fir/ me?od propos$1 x may 
be obs]v$1 t ev5 if ! ri* c\ld be       
p]suad$ to assi/ ! poor 9 ?is way1 !    
value ( ! assi/ance w\ld be comp>atively
 trifl+4 ,! ri*1 ?\gh !y ?9k !mselves ( 
great importance1 be> b a small         
proportion 9 po9t ( numb]s to ! poor1 & 
w\ld1 !re=e1 relieve !m b ( a small "p (
 _! burd5s by tak+ a %>e4 ,7 all ^? t   
are employ$ 9 ! lab\rs ( luxuries add$  
to ! numb] ( ^? employ$ 9 produc+       
necess>ies1 & c\ld ^! necess>y lab\rs be
 amicably divid$ among all1 ea* man's   
%>e might inde$ be comp>atively light2 b
 desirable z su* an amicable division   
w\ld und\bt$ly be1 ,i _c conceive any   
practical pr9ciple accord+ to :i* x c\ld
 take place4 ,x has be5 %ewn1 t ! _s (  
b5evol5ce1 guid$ by ! /rict imp>tial    
ju/ice t ,mr ,godw9 describes1 w\ld1 if 
vigor\sly act$ ^u1 depress 9 want &     
mis]y ! :ole human race4 ,let u exam9e  
:at w\ld be ! consequ5ce1 if !          

proprietor 7 to reta9 a dec5t %>e =     
himself1 b to give ! re/ away to ! poor1
 )\t exact+ a task f !m 9 return4 ,n to 
m5tion ! idl5ess & ! vice t su* a       
proce$+1 if g5]al1 w\ld probably create 
9 ! pres5t /ate ( society1 & ! great    
risk !re w\ld be1 ( dim9i%+ ! produce ( 
l&1 z well z ! lab\rs ( luxury1 ano!r   
objection yet rema9s4  ,mr ,godw9 seems 
to h b little respect = practical       
pr9ciples2 b ,i own x appe>s to me1 t he
 is a mu* great] b5efactor to mank9d1 :o
 po9ts out h[ an inf]ior good may be    
atta9$1 ?an he :o m]ely expatiates on ! 
de=mity ( ! pres5t /ate ( society1 & !  
beauty ( a diff]5t /ate1 )\t po9t+ out a
 practical me?od1 t might be imm$iately 
appli$1 ( accel]at+ our advances f ! "o1
 to ! o!r4  ,x has appe>$ t f ! pr9ciple
 ( population m w always be 9 want ?an c
 be adequately suppli$4 ,! surplus ( !  
ri* man might be suffici5t = ?ree1 b f\r
 w be desir\s to obta9 x4 ,he _c make   
?is selection ( ?ree out ( ! f\r )\t    
conf]r+ a great fav\r on ^? t are !     

objects ( 8 *oice4 ,^! p]sons mu/       
consid] !mselves z "u a great obligation
 to him & z dep5d5t ^u him = _! support4
 ,! ri* man w\ld feel 8 p[] & ! poor man
 8 dep5d5ce1 & ! evil effects ( ^! two  
impressions on ! human he>t are well    
kn[n4 ,?\gh ,i p]fectly agree ) ,mr     
,godw9 !re=e 9 ! evil ( h>d lab\r1 yet  
,i /ill ?9k x a less evil1 & less       
calculat$ to debase ! human m9d1 ?an    
dep5d5ce1 & e hi/ory ( man t we h ev]   
read places 9 a /rong po9t ( view !     
dang] to :i* t m9d is expos$ :i* is     
entru/$ ) con/ant p[]4  ,9 ! pres5t /ate
 ( ?+s1 & p>ticul>ly :5 lab\r is 9      
reque/1 ! man :o does a day's "w = me   
conf]s full z great an obligation ^u me 
z ,i d ^u him4 ,i possess :at he wants1 
he possesses :at ,i want4 ,we make an   
amicable ex*ange4 ,! poor man walks     
erect 9 consci\s indep5d5ce2 & ! m9d ( 8
 employ] is n vitiat$ by a s5se ( p[]4  
,?ree or f\r hundr$ ye>s ago !re 0      
und\bt$ly mu* less lab\r 9 ,engl&1 9    
proportion to ! population1 ?an at      

pres5t1 b !re 0 mu* m dep5d5ce1 & we    
probably %\ld n n[ enjoy our pres5t     
degree ( civil lib]ty if ! poor1 by !   
introduction ( manufactures1 _h n be5   
enabl$ to give some?+ 9 ex*ange = !     
provisions ( ! great ,lords1 in/ead (   
be+ dep5d5t ^u _! b\nty4 ,ev5 ! greate/ 
enemies ( trade & manufactures1 & ,i d n
 reckon myself a v det]m9$ fri5d to !m1 
mu/ all[ t :5 !y 7 introduc$ into       
,engl&1 lib]ty came 9 _! tra94  ,no?+ t 
has be5 said t5ds 9 ! mo/ remote degree 
to und]value ! pr9ciple ( b5evol5ce4 ,x 
is "o ( ! noble/ & mo/ godlike qualities
 ( ! human he>t1 g5]at$1 p]haps1 sl[ly &
 gradually f self-love1 & aft]w>ds      
int5d$ to act z a g5]al law1 ^: k9d     
(fice x %\ld be1 to s(t5 ! p>tial       
de=mities1 to correct ! asp]ities1 & to 
smoo? ! wr9kles ( its p>5t3 & ?is seems 
to be ! analog ( all nature4 ,p]haps !re
 is no "o g5]al law ( nature t w n      
appe>1 to u at lea/1 to produce p>tial  
evil2 & we frequ5tly obs]ve at ! same   
"t1 "s b\ntiful provision :i*1 act+ z   

ano!r g5]al law1 corrects ! inequalities
 ( ! fir/4  ,! prop] (fice ( b5evol5ce  
is to s(t5 ! p>tial evils aris+ f       
self-love1 b x c nev] be sub/itut$ 9 its
 place4 ,if no man 7 to all[ himself to 
act till he _h completely det]m9$ t !   
action he 0 ab\t to p]=m 0 m conducive  
?an any o!r to ! g5]al good1 ! mo/      
enlight5$ m9ds w\ld hesitate 9 p]plexity
 & amazem5t2 & ! un5light5$ w\ld be     
cont9ually committ+ ! grosse/ mi/akes4  
,z ,mr ,godw91 !re=e1 has n laid d[n any
 practical pr9ciple accord+ to :i* !    
necess>y lab\rs ( agriculture might be  
amicably %>$ among ! :ole class (       
lab\r]s1 by g5]al invectives aga9/      
employ+ ! poor he appe>s to pursue an   
unatta9able good ?r\gh mu* pres5t evil4 
,= if e man :o employs ! poor ought to  
be consid]$ z _! enemy1 & z add+ to !   
weight ( _! oppressions1 & if ! mis] is 
= ?is reason to be pref]r$ to ! man :o  
sp5ds 8 income1 x foll[s t any numb] (  
m5 :o n[ sp5d _! incomes might1 to !    
advantage ( society1 be conv]t$ into    

mis]s4 ,suppose !n t a hundr$ ?\s&      
p]sons :o n[ employ t5 m5 ea* 7 to lock 
up _! weal? f g5]al use1 x is evid5t1 t 
a million ( work+ m5 ( diff]5t k9ds w\ld
 be completely ?r[n out ( all employm5t4
 ,! ext5sive mis]y t su* an ev5t w\ld   
produce 9 ! pres5t /ate ( society ,mr   
,godw9 himself c\ld h>dly refuse to     
ackn[l$ge1 & ,i "q :e!r he might n f9d  
"s difficulty 9 prov+ t a conduct ( ?is 
k9d t5d$ m ?an ! conduct ( ^? :o sp5d _!
 incomes to 'place human be+s 9 !       
condition 9 :i* !y ought to be plac$4'  
,b ,mr ,godw9 says t ! mis] really locks
 up no?+1 t ! po9t has n be5 rightly    
und]/ood1 & t ! true developm5t &       
def9ition ( ! nature ( weal? h n be5    
appli$ to illu/rate x4 ,hav+ def9$ !re=e
 weal?1 v ju/ly1 to be ! commodities    
rais$ & fo/]$ by human lab\r1 he obs]ves
 t ! mis] locks up nei!r corn1 nor ox51 
nor clo!s1 nor h\ses4 ,und\bt$ly he does
 n really lock up ^! articles1 b he     
locks up ! p[] ( produc+ !m1 :i* is     
virtually ! same4 ,^! ?+s are c]ta9ly   

us$ & consum$ by 8 contempor>ies1 z     
truly1 & to z great an ext5t1 z if he 7 
a begg>2 b n to z great an ext5t z if he
 _h employ$ 8 weal? 9 turn+ up m l&1 9  
bre$+ m ox51 9 employ+ m tailors1 & 9   
build+ m h\ses4 ,b suppos+1 = a mom5t1 t
 ! conduct ( ! mis] did n t5d to *eck   
any really useful produce1 h[ are all ^?
 :o are ?r[n out ( employm5t to obta9   
pat5ts :i* !y may %ew 9 ord] to be aw>d$
 a prop] %>e ( ! food & raim5t produc$  
by ! society8 ,?is is ! unconqu]able    
difficulty4  ,i am p]fectly will+ to    
conc$e to ,mr ,godw9 t !re is mu* m     
lab\r 9 ! _w ?an is really necess>y1 &  
t1 if ! l[] classes ( society c\ld agree
 among !mselves nev] to "w m ?an six or 
sev5 h\rs 9 ! day1 ! commodities        
ess5tial to human happ9ess might /ill be
 produc$ 9 z great abundance z at       
pres5t4 ,b x is almo/ impossible to     
conceive t su* an agreem5t c\ld be adh]$
 to4 ,f ! pr9ciple ( population1 "s w\ld
 necess>ily be m 9 want ?an o!rs4 ,^? t 
_h l>ge families w\ld naturally be      

desir\s ( ex*ang+ two h\rs m ( _! lab\r 
= an ampl] quantity ( subsi/5ce4 ,h[ are
 !y to be prev5t$ f mak+ ?is ex*ange8 x 
w\ld be a violation ( ! fir/ & mo/ sacr$
 prop]ty t a man possesses to attempt1  
by positive in/itutions1 to int]f]e ) 8 
comm& ov] 8 own lab\r4  ,till ,mr       
,godw91 !re=e1 c po9t out "s practical  
plan accord+ to :i* ! necess>y lab\r 9 a
 society might be equitably divid$1 8   
invectives aga9/ lab\r1 if !y 7 att5d$  
to1 w\ld c]ta9ly produce mu* pres5t evil
 )\t approximat+ u to t /ate ( cultivat$
 equality to :i* he looks =w>d z 8 pol> 
/>1 & :i*1 he seems to ?9k1 %\ld at     
pres5t be our guide 9 det]m9+ ! nature &
 t5d5cy ( human actions4 ,a m>9] guid$  
by su* a pol> /> is 9 dang] ( %ipwreck4 
,p]haps !re is no possible way 9 :i*    
weal? c\ld 9 g5]al be employ$ s         
b5eficially to a /ate1 & p>ticul>ly to !
 l[] ord]s ( x1 z by improv+ & r5d]+    
productive t l& :i* to a f>m] w\ld n    
answ] ! exp5se ( cultivation4 ,_h ,mr   
,godw9 ex]t$ 8 en]getic eloqu5ce 9 pa9t+

 ! sup]ior wor? & usefulness ( ! "* :o  
employ$ ! poor 9 ?is way1 to him :o     
employ$ !m 9 n>r[ luxuries1 e enlight5$ 
man mu/ h applaud$ 8 ef=ts4 ,! increas+ 
dem& = agricultural lab\r mu/ always t5d
 to bett] ! condition ( ! poor2 & if !  
accession ( "w be ( ?is k9d1 s f> is x f
 be+ true t ! poor w\ld be oblig$ to "w 
t5 h\rs = ! same price t !y be=e work$  
eight1 t ! v rev]se w\ld be ! fact2 & a 
lab\r] might !n support 8 wife & family 
z well by ! lab\r ( six h\rs z he c\ld  
be=e by ! lab\r ( eight4  ,! lab\r      
creat$ by luxuries1 ?\gh useful 9       
di/ribut+ ! produce ( ! c\ntry1 )\t     
vitiat+ ! proprietor by p[]1 or debas+ !
 lab\r] by dep5d5ce1 has n1 inde$1 !    
same b5eficial effects on ! /ate ( !    
poor4 ,a great accession ( "w f         
manufactur]s1 ?\gh x may raise ! price (
 lab\r ev5 m ?an an increas+ dem& =     
agricultural lab\r1 yet1 z 9 ?is case ! 
quantity ( food 9 ! c\ntry may n be     
proportionably increas+1 ! advantage to 
! poor w be b tempor>y1 z ! price (     

provisions mu/ necess>ily rise 9        
proportion to ! price ( lab\r4 ,relative
 to ?is subject1 ,i _c avoid v5tur+ a   
few rem>ks on a "p ( ,dr ,adam ,smi?'s  
,weal? ( ,nations1 speak+ at ! same "t )
 t diffid5ce :i* ,i ought c]ta9ly to    
feel 9 diff]+ f a p]son s ju/ly         
celebrat$ 9 ! political _w4     ,,*apt] 
#af  ,probable error ( ,dr ,adam ,smi? 9
 repres5t+ e increase ( ! rev5ue or /ock
 ( a society z an increase 9 ! funds = !
 ma9t5ance ( lab\r--,in/ances :]e an    
increase ( weal? c h no t5d5cy to bett] 
! condition ( ! lab\r+ poor--,engl& has 
increas$ 9 ri*es )\t a proportional     
increase 9 ! funds = ! ma9t5ance (      
lab\r--,! /ate ( ! poor 9 ,*9a w\ld n be
 improv$ by an increase ( weal? f       
manufactures4   ,! pr(ess$ object ( ,dr 
,adam ,smi?'s inquiry is ! nature &     
causes ( ! weal? ( nations4 ,!re is     
ano!r inquiry1 h[ev]1 p]haps /ill m     
int]e/+1 :i* he occasionally mixes ) x2 
,i mean an inquiry into ! causes :i*    
affect ! happ9ess ( nations or !        

happ9ess & com=t ( ! l[] ord]s (        
society1 :i* is ! mo/ num]\s class 9 e  
nation4 ,i am suffici5cy aw>e ( ! ne>   
connection ( ^! two subjects1 & t !     
causes :i* t5d to increase ! weal? ( a  
/ate t5d also1 g5]ally speak+1 to       
increase ! happ9ess ( ! l[] classes ( ! 
p4 ,b p]haps ,dr ,adam ,smi? has        
consid]$ ^! two inquiries z /ill m ne>ly
 connect$ ?an !y really are2 at lea/1 he
 has n /opp$ to take notice ( ^?        
in/ances :]e ! weal? ( a society may    
increase 7accord+ to 8 def9ition (      
'weal?'7 )\t hav+ any t5d5cy to increase
 ! com=ts ( ! lab\r+ "p ( x4 ,i d n mean
 to ent] into a philosophical discussion
 ( :at con/itutes ! prop] happ9ess (    
man1 b %all m]ely consid] two univ]sally
 ackn[l$g$ +r$i5ts1 heal?1 & ! comm& ( !
 necess>ies & conv5i5ces ( life4        
,little or no d\bt c exi/ t ! com=ts ( !
 lab\r+ poor dep5d ^u ! increase ( !    
funds de/9$ = ! ma9t5ance ( lab\r1 & w  
be v exactly 9 proportion to ! rapidity 
( ?is increase4 ,! dem& = lab\r :i* su* 

increase w\ld occasion1 by creat+ a     
competition 9 ! m>ket1 mu/ necess>ily   
raise ! value ( lab\r1 &1 till !        
additional numb] ( h&s requir$ 7 re>$1 !
 increas$ funds w\ld be di/ribut$ to !  
same numb] ( p]sons z be=e ! increase1 &
 !re=e e lab\r] w\ld live comp>atively  
at 8 ease4 ,b p]haps ,dr ,adam ,smi?    
errs 9 repres5t+ e increase ( ! rev5ue  
or /ock ( a society z an increase ( ^!  
funds4 ,su* surplus /ock or rev5ue w1   
inde$1 always be consid]$ by !          
individual possess+ x z an additional   
fund f :i* he may ma9ta9 m lab\r3 b x w 
n be a real & effectual fund = !        
ma9t5ance ( an additional numb] (       
lab\r]s1 unless ! :ole1 or at lea/ a    
great "p ( ?is increase ( ! /ock or     
rev5ue ( ! society1 be conv]tible into a
 proportional quantity ( provisions2 & x
 w n be s conv]tible :]e ! increase has 
aris5 m]ely f ! produce ( lab\r1 & n f !
 produce ( l&4 ,a di/9ction w 9 ?is case
 occur1 betwe5 ! numb] ( h&s :i* ! /ock 
( ! society c\ld employ1 & ! numb] :i*  

its t]ritory c ma9ta94  ,to expla9      
myself by an in/ance4 ,dr ,adam ,smi?   
def9es ! weal? ( a nation to consi/4 ,9 
! annual produce ( its l& & lab\r4 ,?is 
def9ition evid5tly includes manufactur$ 
produce1 z well z ! produce ( ! l&4 ,n[ 
suppos+ a nation = a c\rse ( ye>s 0 to  
add :at x sav$ f its ye>ly rev5ue to its
 manufactur+ capital solely1 & n to its 
capital employ$ ^u l&1 x is evid5t t x  
might gr[ ri*] accord+ to ! above       
def9ition1 )\t a p[] ( support+ a great]
 numb] ( lab\r]s1 &1 !re=e1 )\t an      
increase 9 ! real funds = ! ma9t5ance ( 
lab\r4 ,!re w\ld1 not)/&+1 be a dem& =  
lab\r f ! p[] :i* ea* manufactur] w\ld  
possess1 or at lea/ ?9k he possess$1 (  
ext5d+ 8 old /ock 9 trade or ( sett+ up 
fre% works4 ,?is dem& w\ld ( c\rse raise
 ! price ( lab\r1 b if ! ye>ly /ock (   
provisions 9 ! c\ntry 0 n increas+1 ?is 
rise w\ld soon turn out to be m]ely     
nom9al1 z ! price ( provisions mu/      
necess>ily rise ) x4 ,! dem& =          
manufactur+ lab\r]s might1 inde$1 entice

 _m f agriculture & ?us t5d to dim9i% ! 
annual produce ( ! l&1 b we w suppose   
any effect ( ?is k9d to be comp5sat$ by 
improvem5ts 9 ! in/rum5ts ( agriculture1
 & ! quantity ( provisions !re=e to     
rema9 ! same4 ,improvem5ts 9 manufactur+
 ma*9]y w\ld ( c\rse take place1 & ?is  
circum/ance1 add$ to ! great] numb] (   
h&s employ$ 9 manufactures1 w\ld cause !
 annual produce ( ! lab\r ( ! c\ntry to 
be ^u ! :ole greatly increas$4 ,! weal? 
!re=e ( ! c\ntry w\ld be increas+       
annually1 accord+ to ! def9ition1 &     
might n1 p]haps1 be increas+ v sl[ly4   
,! "q is :e!r weal?1 increas+ 9 ?is way1
 has any t5d5cy to bett] ! condition ( !
 lab\r+ poor4 ,x is a self-evid5t       
proposition t any g5]al rise 9 ! price (
 lab\r1 ! /ock ( provisions rema9+ !    
same1 c only be a nom9al rise1 z x mu/ v
 %ortly be foll[$ by a proportional rise
 9 ! price ( provisions4 ,! increase 9 !
 price ( lab\r1 !re=e1 :i* we h suppos$1
 w\ld h little or no effect 9 giv+ !    
lab\r+ poor a great] comm& ov] !        

necess>ies & conv5i5ces ( life4 ,9 ?is  
respect !y w\ld be ne>ly 9 ! same /ate z
 be=e4 ,9 "o o!r respect !y w\ld be 9 a 
worse /ate4 ,a great] proportion ( !m   
w\ld be employ$ 9 manufactures1 & few]1 
consequ5tly1 9 agriculture4 ,& ?is      
ex*ange ( pr(essions w be all[$1 ,i ?9k1
 by all1 to be v unfav\rable 9 respect (
 heal?1 "o ess5tial +r$i5t ( happ9ess1  
besides ! great] unc]ta9ty ( manufactur+
 lab\r1 aris+ f ! caprici\s ta/e ( man1 
! accid5ts ( w>1 & o!r causes4  ,x may  
be said1 p]haps1 t su* an in/ance z ,i h
 suppos$ c\ld n occur1 because ! rise 9 
! price ( provisions w\ld imm$iately    
turn "s additional capital into ! *annel
 ( agriculture4 ,b ?is is an ev5t :i*   
may take place v sl[ly1 z x %\ld be     
rem>k$ t a rise 9 ! price ( lab\r _h    
prec$$ ! rise ( provisions1 & w\ld1     
!re=e1 imp$e ! good effects ^u          
agriculture1 :i* ! increas$ value ( !   
produce ( ! l& might o!rwise h          
occasion$4  ,x might also be said1 t !  
additional capital ( ! nation w\ld      

enable x to import provisions suffici5t 
= ! ma9t5ance ( ^? :om its /ock c\ld    
employ4 ,a small c\ntry ) a l>ge navy1 &
 great inl& accommodations = c>riage1   
su* z ,holl&1 may1 inde$1 import &      
di/ribute an effectual quantity (       
provisions2 b ! price ( provisions mu/  
be v high to make su* an importation &  
di/ribution answ] 9 l>ge c\ntries less  
advantage\sly circum/anc$ 9 ?is respect4
  ,an in/ance1 accurately su* z ,i h    
suppos$1 may n1 p]haps1 ev] h occurr$1 b
 ,i h little d\bt t in/ances ne>ly      
approximat+ to x may be f\nd )\t any v  
labori\s se>*4 ,inde$ ,i am /rongly     
incl9$ to ?9k t ,engl& h]self1 s9ce !   
,revolution1 af=ds a v /rik+ elucidation
 ( ! argum5t 9 "q4  ,! comm]ce ( ?is    
c\ntry1 int]nal z well z ext]nal1 has   
c]ta9ly be5 rapidly advanc+ dur+ ! la/  
c5tury4 ,! ex*angeable value 9 ! m>ket (
 ,europe ( ! annual produce ( its l& &  
lab\r has1 )\t d\bt1 increas$ v         
consid]ably4 ,b1 ^u exam9ation1 x w be  
f\nd t ! increase has be5 *iefly 9 !    

produce ( lab\r & n 9 ! produce ( l&1 & 
!re=e1 ?\gh ! weal? ( ! nation has be5  
advanc+ ) a quick pace1 ! effectual     
funds = ! ma9t5ance ( lab\r h be5       
increas+ v sl[ly1 & ! result is su* z   
might be expect$4 ,! increas+ weal? ( ! 
nation has _h little or no t5d5cy to    
bett] ! condition ( ! lab\r+ poor4 ,!y h
 n1 ,i believe1 a great] comm& ( !      
necess>ies & conv5i5ces ( life1 & a mu* 
great] proportion ( !m ?an at ! p]iod ( 
! ,revolution is employ$ 9 manufactures 
& cr[d$ toge!r 9 close & un:olesome     
rooms4  ,c\ld we believe ! /atem5t ( ,dr
 ,price t ! population ( ,engl& has     
decreas$ s9ce ! ,revolution1 x w\ld ev5 
appe> t ! effectual funds = ! ma9t5ance 
( lab\r _h be5 decl9+ dur+ ! progress ( 
weal? 9 o!r respects4 ,= ,i conceive t x
 may be laid d[n z a g5]al rule t if !  
effectual funds = ! ma9t5ance ( lab\r   
are increas+1 t is1 if ! t]ritory c     
ma9ta9 z well z ! /ock employ a great]  
numb] ( lab\r]s1 ?is additional numb] w 
quickly spr+ up1 ev5 9 spite ( su* w>s z

 ,dr ,price enum]ates4 ,&1 consequ5tly1 
if ! population ( any c\ntry has be5    
/ation>y1 or decl9+1 we may safely inf]1
 t1 h[ev] x may h advanc$ 9 manufactur+ 
weal?1 its effectual funds = ! ma9t5ance
 ( lab\r _c h increas$4  ,x is          
difficult1 h[ev]1 to conceive t !       
population ( ,engl& has be5 decl9+ s9ce 
! ,revolution1 ?\gh e te/imony concurs  
to prove t its increase1 if x has       
increas$1 has be5 v sl[4 ,9 ! controv]sy
 :i* ! "q has occasion$1 ,dr ,price     
und\bt$ly appe>s to be mu* m completely 
ma/] ( 8 subject1 & to possess m        
accurate in=mation1 ?an 8 oppon5ts4     
,judg+ simply f ?is controv]sy1 ,i ?9k  
"o %\ld say t ,dr ,price's po9t is ne>] 
be+ prov$ ?an ,mr ,h[lett's4 ,tru?1     
probably1 lies betwe5 ! two /atem5ts1 b 
?is supposition makes ! increase (      
population s9ce ! ,revolution to h be5 v
 sl[ 9 comp>ison ) ! increase ( weal?4  
,t ! produce ( ! l& has be5 decreas+1 or
 ev5 t x has be5 absolutely /ation>y    
dur+ ! la/ c5tury1 few w be dispos$ to  

believe4 ,! enclosure ( commons & wa/e  
l&s c]ta9ly t5ds to increase ! food ( ! 
c\ntry1 b x has be5 ass]t$ ) confid5ce t
 ! enclosure ( common fields has        
frequ5tly _h a contr>y effect1 & t l>ge 
tracts ( l& :i* =m]ly produc$ great     
quantities ( corn1 by be+ conv]t$ into  
pa/ure bo? employ few] h&s & fe$ few]   
m\?s ?an be=e _! enclosure4 ,x is1      
inde$1 an ackn[l$g$ tru?1 t pa/ure l&   
produces a small] quantity ( human      
subsi/5ce ?an corn l& ( ! same natural  
f]tility1 & c\ld x be cle>ly asc]ta9$ t 
f ! increas$ dem& = but*]s' meat ( ! be/
 quality1 & its increas$ price 9        
consequ5ce1 a great] quantity ( good l& 
has annually be5 employ$ 9 graz+1 !     
dim9ution ( human subsi/5ce1 :i* ?is    
circum/ance w\ld occasion1 might h      
c\nt]balanc$ ! advantages d]iv$ f !     
enclosure ( wa/e l&s1 & ! g5]al         
improvem5ts 9 husb&ry4  ,x sc>cely ne$  
be rem>k$ t ! high price ( but*]s' meat 
at pres5t1 & its l[ price =m]ly1 7 n    
caus$ by ! sc>city 9 ! "o case or !     

pl5ty 9 ! o!r1 b by ! diff]5t exp5se    
su/a9$ at ! diff]5t p]iods1 9 prep>+    
cattle = ! m>ket4 ,x is1 h[ev]1         
possible1 t !re might h be5 m cattle a  
hundr$ ye>s ago 9 ! c\ntry ?an at       
pres5t2 b no d\bt c be ent]ta9$1 t !re  
is mu* m meat ( a sup]ior quality br\ght
 to m>ket at pres5t ?an ev] !re 04 ,:5 !
 price ( but*]s' meat 0 v l[1 cattle 7  
re>$ *iefly ^u wa/e l&s2 & except = "s (
 ! pr9cipal m>kets1 7 probably kill$ ) b
 little o!r fatt+4 ,! veal t is sold s  
*eap 9 "s di/ant c\nties at pres5t be>s 
little o!r resemblance ?an ! "n1 to t   
:i* is b\ght 9 ,london4 ,=m]ly1 ! price 
( but*]s1 meat w\ld n pay = re>+1 &     
sc>cely = fe$+1 cattle on l& t w\ld     
answ] 9 tillage2 b ! pres5t price w n   
only pay = fatt+ cattle on ! v be/ l&1 b
 w ev5 all[ ( ! re>+ _m1 on l& t w\ld   
be> good crops ( corn4 ,! same numb] (  
cattle1 or ev5 ! same weight ( cattle at
 ! diff]5t p]iods :5 kill$1 w h consum$ 
7if ,i may be all[$ ! expression7 v     
diff]5t quantities ( human sub/ance4 ,a 

fatt$ bea/ may 9 "s respects be         
consid]$1 9 ! language ( ! ,fr5*        
economi/s1 z an unproductive lab\r]3 he 
has add$ no?+ to ! value ( ! raw produce
 t he has consum$4 ,! pres5t sy/em (    
grat+1 und\bt$ly t5ds m ?an ! =m] sy/em 
to dim9i% ! quantity ( human subsi/5ce 9
 ! c\ntry1 9 proportion to ! g5]al      
f]tility ( ! l&4  ,i w\ld n by any means
 be und]/ood to say t ! =m] sy/em ei!r  
c\ld or ought to h cont9u$4 ,! increas+ 
price ( but*]s' meat is a natural &     
inevitable consequ5ce ( ! g5]al progress
 ( cultivation2 b ,i _c help ?9k+1 t !  
pres5t great dem& = but*]s' meat ( ! be/
 quality1 & ! quantity ( good l& t is 9 
consequ5ce annually employ$ to produce  
x1 toge!r ) ! great numb] ( horses at   
pres5t kept = pleasure1 are ! *ief      
causes t h prev5t$ ! quantity ( human   
food 9 ! c\ntry f keep+ pace ) ! g5]ally
 increas$ f]tility ( ! soil2 & a *ange (
 cu/om 9 ^! respects w\ld1 ,i h little  
d\bt1 h a v s5sible effect on ! quantity
 ( subsi/5ce 9 ! c\ntry1 & consequ5tly  

on its population4  ,! employm5t ( mu* (
 ! mo/ f]tile l& 9 grat+1 ! improvem5ts 
9 agricultural in/rum5ts1 ! increase (  
l>ge f>ms1 & p>ticul>ly ! dim9ution ( ! 
numb] ( cottages ?r\gh\t ! k+dom1 all   
concur to prove1 t !re are n probably s 
_m p]sons employ$ 9 agricultural lab\r  
n[ z at ! p]iod ( ! ,revolution4 ,:atev]
 increase ( population1 !re=e1 has tak5 
place1 mu/ be employ$ almo/ :olly 9     
manufactures1 & x is well kn[n t !      
failure ( "s ( ^! manufactures1 m]ely f 
! caprice ( fa%ion1 su* z ! adoption (  
musl9s in/ead ( silks1 or ( %oe-/r+s &  
cov]$ buttons1 in/ead ( buckles & metal 
buttons1 comb9$ ) ! re/ra9ts 9 ! m>ket (
 lab\r aris+ f corporation & p>i% laws1 
h frequ5tly driv5 ?\s&s on *>ity =      
support4 ,! great increase ( ! poor     
rates is1 inde$1 ( itself a /rong       
evid5ce t ! poor h n a great] comm& ( ! 
necess>ies & conv5i5ces ( life1 & if to 
! consid]ation1 t _! condition 9 ?is    
respect is r worse ?an bett]1 be add$ ! 
circum/ance1 t a mu* great] proportion (

 !m is employ$ 9 l>ge manufactories1    
unfav\rable bo? to heal? & virtue1 x mu/
 be ackn[l$g$1 t ! increase ( weal? (   
late ye>s has _h no t5d5cy to increase !
 happ9ess ( ! lab\r+ poor4  ,t e        
increase ( ! /ock or rev5ue ( a nation  
_c be consid]$ z an increase ( ! real   
funds = ! ma9t5ance ( lab\r &1 !re=e1 _c
 h ! same good effect ^u ! condition ( !
 poor1 w appe> 9 a /rong light if !     
argum5t be appli$ to ,*9a4  ,dr ,adam   
,smi? obs]ves t ,*9a has probably long  
be5 z ri* z ! nature ( h] laws &        
in/itutions w admit1 b t ) o!r laws &   
in/itutions1 & if =eign comm]ce 7 _h 9  
hon\r1 %e might /ill be mu* ri*]4 ,! "q 
is1 w\ld su* an increase ( weal? be an  
increase ( ! real funds = ! ma9t5ance ( 
lab\r1 & consequ5tly t5d to place ! l[] 
classes ( p 9 ,*9a 9 a /ate ( great]    
pl5ty8  ,x is evid5t1 t if trade & =eign
 comm]ce 7 held 9 great hon\r 9 ,*9a1 f 
! pl5ty ( lab\r]s1 & ! *eapness ( lab\r1
 %e might "w up manufactures = =eign    
sale to an imm5se am\nt4 ,x is equally  

evid5t t f ! great bulk ( provisions & !
 amaz+ ext5t ( h] inl& t]ritory %e c\ld 
n 9 return import su* a quantity z w\ld 
be any s5sible addition to ! annual /ock
 ( subsi/5ce 9 ! c\ntry4 ,h] imm5se     
am\nt ( manufactures1 !re=e1 %e w\ld    
ex*ange1 *iefly1 = luxuries collect$ f  
all p>ts ( ! _w4 ,at pres5t1 x appe>s1 t
 no lab\r :atev] is sp>$ 9 ! production 
( food4 ,! c\ntry is r ov]-p 9          
proportion to :at its /ock c employ1 &  
lab\r is1 !re=e1 s abundant1 t no pa9s  
are tak5 to abridge x4 ,! consequ5ce (  
?is is1 probably1 ! greate/ production (
 food t ! soil c possibly af=d1 = x w be
 g5]ally obs]v$1 t processes = abridg+  
lab\r1 ?\gh !y may enable a f>m] to br+ 
a c]ta9 quantity ( gra9 *eap] to m>ket1 
t5d r to dim9i% ?an increase ! :ole     
produce2 & 9 agriculture1 !re=e1 may1 9 
"s respects1 be consid]$ r z private ?an
 public advantages4  ,an imm5se capital 
c\ld n be employ$ 9 ,*9a 9 prep>+       
manufactures = =eign trade )\t tak+ (f s
 _m lab\r]s f agriculture z to alt] ?is 

/ate ( ?+s1 & 9 "s degree to dim9i% !   
produce ( ! c\ntry4 ,! dem& =           
manufactur+ lab\r]s w\ld naturally raise
 ! price ( lab\r1 b z ! quantity (      
subsi/5ce w\ld n be increas$1 ! price ( 
provisions w\ld keep pace ) x1 or ev5 m 
?an keep pace ) x if ! quantity (       
provisions 7 really decreas+4 ,! c\ntry 
w\ld be evid5tly advanc+ 9 weal?1 !     
ex*angeable value ( ! annual produce (  
its l& & lab\r w\ld be annually augm5t$1
 yet ! real funds = ! ma9t5ance ( lab\r 
w\ld be /ation>y1 or ev5 decl9+1 &1     
consequ5tly1 ! increas+ weal? ( ! nation
 w\ld r t5d to depress ?an to raise !   
condition ( ! poor4 ,) reg>d to ! comm& 
ov] ! necess>ies & com=ts ( life1 !y    
w\ld be 9 ! same or r worse /ate ?an    
be=e2 & a great "p ( !m w\ld h ex*ang$ !
 heal?y lab\rs ( agriculture = !        
unheal?y occupations ( manufactur+      
indu/ry4  ,! argum5t1 p]haps1 appe>s    
cle>] :5 appli$ to ,*9a1 because x is   
g5]ally all[$ t ! weal? ( ,*9a has be5  
long /ation>y4 ,) reg>d to any o!r      

c\ntry x might be always a matt] (      
dispute at :i* ( ! two p]iods1 comp>$1  
weal? 0 increas+ ! fa/e/1 z x is ^u !   
rapidity ( ! increase ( weal? at any    
p>ticul> p]iod t ,dr ,adam ,smi? says ! 
condition ( ! poor dep5ds4 ,x is evid5t1
 h[ev]1 t two nations might increase    
exactly ) ! same rapidity 9 !           
ex*angeable value ( ! annual produce (  
_! l& & lab\r1 yet if "o _h appli$      
itself *iefly to agriculture1 & ! o!r   
*iefly to comm]ce1 ! funds = ! ma9t5ance
 ( lab\r1 & consequ5tly ! effect ( !    
increase ( weal? 9 ea* nation1 w\ld be  
extremely diff]5t4 ,9 t :i* _h appli$   
itself *iefly to agriculture1 ! poor    
w\ld live 9 great pl5ty1 & population   
w\ld rapidly increase4 ,9 t :i* _h      
appli$ itself *iefly to comm]ce1 ! poor 
w\ld be comp>atively b little b5efit$ & 
consequ5tly population w\ld increase    
sl[ly4     ,,*apt] #ag  ,"q ( ! prop]   
def9ition ( ! weal? ( a /ate--,reason   
giv5 by ! ,fr5* economi/s = consid]+ all
 manufactur]s z unproductive lab\r]s1 n 

! true reason--,! lab\r ( artific]s &   
manufactur]s suffici5tly productive to  
individuals1 ?\gh n to ! /ate--,a       
rem>kable passage 9 ,dr ,price's two    
volumes ( ,obs]vations--,error ( ,dr    
,price 9 attribut+ ! happ9ess & rapid   
population ( ,am]ica1 *iefly1 to its    
peculi> /ate ( civilization--,no        
advantage c be expect$ f %utt+ our eyes 
to ! difficulties 9 ! way to !          
improvem5t ( society4   ,a "q seems     
naturally to arise "h :e!r ! ex*angeable
 value ( ! annual produce ( ! l& & lab\r
 be ! prop] def9ition ( ! weal? ( a     
c\ntry1 or :e!r ! gross produce ( ! l&1 
accord+ to ! ,fr5* economi/s1 may n be a
 m accurate def9ition4 ,c]ta9 x is t e  
increase ( weal?1 accord+ to ! def9ition
 ( ! economi/s1 w be an increase ( !    
funds = ! ma9t5ance ( lab\r1 &          
consequ5tly w always t5d to ameliorate !
 condition ( ! lab\r+ poor1 ?\gh an     
increase ( weal?1 accord+ to ,dr ,adam  
,smi?'s def9ition1 w by no means        
inv>iably h ! same t5d5cy4 ,& yet x may 

n foll[ f ?is consid]ation t ,dr ,adam  
,smi?'s def9ition is n j4 ,x seems 9 _m 
respects improp] to exclude ! clo?+ &   
lodg+ ( a :ole p f any "p ( _! rev5ue4  
,mu* ( x may1 inde$1 be ( v trivial &   
unimportant value 9 comp>ison ) ! food (
 ! c\ntry1 yet /ill x may be fairly     
consid]$ z a "p ( its rev5ue2 &1 !re=e1 
! only po9t 9 :i* ,i %\ld diff] f ,dr   
,adam ,smi? is :]e he seems to consid] e
 increase ( ! rev5ue or /ock ( a society
 z an increase ( ! funds = ! ma9t5ance (
 lab\r1 & consequ5tly z t5d+ always to  
ameliorate ! condition ( ! poor4  ,! f9e
 silks & cottons1 ! laces1 & o!r        
ornam5tal luxuries ( a ri* c\ntry1 may  
contribute v consid]ably to augm5t !    
ex*angeable value ( its annual produce2 
yet !y contribute b 9 a v small degree  
to augm5t ! mass ( happ9ess 9 ! society1
 & x appe>s to me t x is ) "s view to ! 
real utility ( ! produce t we ought to  
e/imate ! productiv5ess or              
unproductiv5ess ( diff]5t sorts ( lab\r4
 ,! ,fr5* economi/s consid] all lab\r   

employ$ 9 manufactures z unproductive4  
,comp>+ x ) ! lab\r employ$ ^u l&1 ,i   
%\ld be p]fectly dispos$ to agree ) !m1 
b n exactly = ! reasons :i* !y give4 ,!y
 say t lab\r employ$ ^u l& is productive
 because ! produce1 ov] & above         
completely pay+ ! lab\r] & ! f>m]1 af=ds
 a cle> r5t to ! l&lord1 & t ! lab\r    
employ$ ^u a piece ( lace is            
unproductive because x m]ely replaces ! 
provisions t ! workman _h consum$1 & !  
/ock ( 8 employ]1 )\t af=d+ any cle> r5t
 :atev]4 ,b suppos+ ! value ( ! wr\ght  
lace to be su* z t1 besides pay+ 9 ! mo/
 complete mann] ! workman & 8 employ]1 x
 c\ld af=d a cle> r5t to a ?ird p]son1 x
 appe>s to me t1 9 comp>ison ) ! lab\r  
employ$ ^u l&1 x w\ld be /ill z         
unproductive z ev]4 ,?\gh1 accord+ to ! 
reason+ us$ by ! ,fr5* economi/s1 ! man 
employ$ 9 ! manufacture ( lace w\ld1 9  
?is case1 seem to be a productive       
lab\r]4 ,yet accord+ to _! def9ition ( !
 weal? ( a /ate1 he ought n to be       
consid]$ 9 t light4 ,he w h add$ no?+ to

 ! gross produce ( ! l&3 he has consum$ 
a portion ( ?is gross produce1 & has    
left a bit ( lace 9 return2 & ?\gh he   
may sell ?is bit ( lace = ?ree times !  
quantity ( provisions t he consum$ :il/ 
he 0 mak+ x1 & ?us be a v productive    
lab\r] ) reg>d to himself1 yet he _c be 
consid]$ z hav+ add$ by 8 lab\r to any  
ess5tial "p ( ! ri*es ( ! /ate4 ,! cle> 
r5t1 !re=e1 t a c]ta9 produce c af=d1   
aft] pay+ ! exp5ses ( procur+ x1 does n 
appe> to be ! sole crit]ion1 by :i* to  
judge ( ! productiv5ess or              
unproductiv5ess to a /ate ( any p>ticul>
 species ( lab\r4  ,suppose t two hundr$
 ?\s& m51 :o are n[ employ$ 9 produc+   
manufactures t only t5d to gratify !    
vanity ( a few ri* p1 7 to be employ$ ^u
 "s b>r5 & uncultivat$ l&s1 & to produce
 only half ! quantity ( food t !y       
!mselves consum$2 !y w\ld be /ill m     
productive lab\r]s ) reg>d to ! /ate ?an
 !y 7 be=e1 ?\gh _! lab\r1 s f> f af=d+ 
a r5t to a ?ird p]son1 w\ld b half      
replace ! provisions us$ 9 obta9+ !     

produce4 ,9 _! =m] employm5t !y consum$ 
a c]ta9 portion ( ! food ( ! c\ntry &   
left 9 return "s silks & laces4 ,9 _!   
latt] employm5t !y consum$ ! same       
quantity ( food & left 9 return         
provision = a hundr$ ?\s& m54 ,!re c be 
little d\bt :i* ( ! two legacies w\ld be
 ! mo/ really b5eficial to ! c\ntry1 & x
 w1 ,i ?9k1 be all[$ t ! weal? :i*      
support$ ! two hundr$ ?\s& m5 :ile !y 7 
produc+ silks & laces w\ld h be5 m      
usefully employ$ 9 support+ !m :ile !y 7
 produc+ ! additional quantity ( food4  
,a capital employ$ ^u l& may be         
unproductive to ! individual t employs x
 & yet be highly productive to !        
society4 ,a capital employ$ 9 trade1 on 
! contr>y1 may be highly productive to !
 individual1 & yet be almo/ totally     
unproductive to ! society3 & ?is is !   
reason :y ,i %\ld call manufactur+ lab\r
 unproductive1 9 comp>ison ( t :i* is   
employ$ 9 agriculture1 & n = ! reason   
giv5 by ! ,fr5* economi/s4 ,x is1 inde$1
 almo/ impossible to see ! great =tunes 

t are made 9 trade1 & ! lib]ality ) :i* 
s _m m]*ants live1 & yet agree 9 !      
/atem5t ( ! economi/s1 t manufactur]s c 
only gr[ ri* by depriv+ !mselves ( !    
funds de/9$ = _! support4 ,9 _m bran*es 
( trade ! pr(its are s great z w\ld all[
 ( a cle> r5t to a ?ird p]son2 b z !re  
is no ?ird p]son 9 ! case1 & z all !    
pr(its c5tre 9 ! ma/] manufactur]1 or   
m]*ant1 he seems to h a fair *ance (    
gr[+ ri*1 )\t mu* privation2 & we       
consequ5tly see l>ge =tunes acquir$ 9   
trade by p]sons :o h n be5 rem>k$ = _!  
p>simony4  ,daily exp]i5ce proves t !   
lab\r employ$ 9 trade & manufactures is 
suffici5tly productive to individuals1 b
 x c]ta9ly is n productive 9 ! same     
degree to ! /ate4 ,e accession to ! food
 ( a c\ntry t5ds to ! imm$iate b5efit ( 
! :ole society2 b ! =tunes made 9 trade 
t5d b 9 a remote & unc]ta9 mann] to !   
same end1 & 9 "s respects h ev5 a       
contr>y t5d5cy4 ,! home trade (         
consumption is by f> ! mo/ important    
trade ( e nation4 ,*9a is ! ri*e/ c\ntry

 9 ! _w1 )\t any o!r4 ,putt+ !n1 = a    
mom5t1 =eign trade out ( ! "q1 ! man :o1
 by an +5i\s manufacture1 obta9s a d\ble
 portion out ( ! old /ock ( provisions1 
w c]ta9ly n to be s useful to ! /ate z !
 man :o1 by 8 lab\r1 adds a s+le %>e to 
! =m] /ock4 ,! consumable commodities ( 
silks1 laces1 tr9kets1 & exp5sive       
furniture1 are und\bt$ly a "p ( ! rev5ue
 ( ! society2 b !y are ! rev5ue only ( !
 ri*1 & n ( ! society 9 g5]al4 ,an      
increase 9 ?is "p ( ! rev5ue ( a /ate1  
_c1 !re=e1 be consid]$ ( ! same         
importance z an increase ( food1 :i* =ms
 ! pr9cipal rev5ue ( ! great mass ( ! p4
  ,=eign comm]ce adds to ! weal? ( a    
/ate1 accord+ to ,dr ,adam ,smi?'s      
def9ition1 ?\gh n accord+ to ! def9ition
 ( ! economi/s4 ,its pr9cipal use1 & !  
reason1 probably1 t x has 9 g5]al be5   
held 9 su* high e/imation is t x adds   
greatly to ! ext]nal p[] ( a nation or  
to its p[] ( comm&+ ! lab\r ( o!r       
c\ntries2 b x w be f\nd1 ^u a ne>       
exam9ation1 to contribute b little to ! 

increase ( ! int]nal funds = ! ma9t5ance
 ( lab\r1 & consequ5tly b little to !   
happ9ess ( ! greate/ "p ( society4 ,9 ! 
natural progress ( a /ate t[>ds ri*es1  
manufactures1 & =eign comm]ce w\ld      
foll[1 9 _! ord]1 ! high cultivation ( !
 soil4 ,9 ,europe1 ?is natural ord] (   
?+s has be5 inv]t$1 & ! soil has be5    
cultivat$ f ! r$undancy ( manufactur+   
capital1 in/ead ( manufactures ris+ f ! 
r$undancy ( capital employ$ ^u l&4 ,!   
sup]ior enc\ragem5t t has be5 giv5 to ! 
indu/ry ( ! t[ns1 & ! consequ5t high]   
price t is paid = ! lab\r ( artific]s   
?an = ! lab\r ( ^? employ$ 9 husb&ry1   
are probably ! reasons :y s mu* soil 9  
,europe rema9s uncultivat$4 ,_h a       
diff]5t policy be5 pursu$ ?r\gh\t       
,europe1 x might und\bt$ly h be5 mu* m  
popul\s ?an at pres5t1 & yet n be m     
incumb]$ by its population4  ,i _c quit 
?is curi\s subject ( ! difficulty aris+ 
f population1 a subject t appe>s to me  
to des]ve a m9ute inve/igation & able   
discussion mu* beyond my p[] to give x1 

)\t tak+ notice ( an extraord9>y passage
 9 ,dr ,price's two volumes (           
,obs]vations4 ,hav+ giv5 "s tables on ! 
probabilities ( life1 9 t[ns & 9 !      
c\ntry1 he says 7,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bdc73  
,f ?is comp>ison1 x appe>s ) h[ mu* tru?
 great cities h be5 call$ ! graves (    
mank9d4 ,x mu/ also conv9ce all :o      
consid] x1 t accord+ to ! obs]vation1 at
 ! end ( ! f\r? essay1 9 ! =m] volume1 x
 is by no means /rictly prop] to consid]
 our diseases z ! orig9al int5tion (    
nature4 ,!y are1 )\t d\bt1 9 g5]al our  
own creation4 ,7 !re a c\ntry :]e !     
inhabitants l$ lives entirely natural & 
virtu\s1 few ( !m w\ld die )\t measur+  
out ! :ole p]iod ( pres5t exi/5ce       
allott$ to !m2 pa9 & di/emp] w\ld be    
unkn[n among !m1 & dea? w\ld come ^u !m 
l a sleep1 9 consequ5ce ( no o!r cause  
?an gradual & unavoidable decay4  ,i own
 t ,i felt myself oblig$ to draw a v    
opposite conclusion f ! facts advanc$ 9 
,dr ,price's two volumes4 ,i _h = "s "t 
be5 aw>e t population & food increas$ 9 

diff]5t ratios1 & a vague op9ion _h be5 
float+ 9 my m9d t !y c\ld only be kept  
equal by "s species ( mis]y or vice1 b !
 p]usal ( ,dr ,price's two volumes (    
,obs]vations1 aft] t op9ion _h be5      
conceiv$1 rais$ x at once to conviction4
 ,) s _m facts 9 8 view to prove !      
extraord9>y rapidity ) :i* population   
increases :5 un*eck$1 & ) su* a body (  
evid5ce be=e him to elucidate ev5 !     
mann] by :i* ! g5]al laws ( nature      
repress a r$undant population1 x is     
p]fectly inconceivable to me h[ he c\ld 
write ! passage t ,i h quot$4 ,he 0 a   
/r5u\s advocate = e>ly m>riages1 z ! be/
 pres]vative aga9/ vici\s mann]s4 ,he _h
 no fanciful conceptions ab\t !         
ext9ction ( ! passion betwe5 ! sexes1 l 
,mr ,godw91 nor did he ev] ?9k ( elud+ !
 difficulty 9 ! ways h9t$ at by ,mr     
,condorcet4 ,he frequ5tly talks ( giv+ !
 prolifick p[]s ( nature room to ex]t   
!mselves4 ,yet ) ^! ideas1 t 8 und]/&+  
c\ld escape f ! obvi\s & necess>y       
inf]5ce t an un*eck$ population w\ld    

increase1 beyond comp>ison1 fa/] ?an !  
e>?1 by ! be/ direct$ ex]tions ( man1   
c\ld produce food = its support1 appe>s 
to me z a/oni%+ z if he _h resi/$ !     
conclusion ( "o ( ! pla9e/ propositions 
( ,euclid4  ,dr ,price1 speak+ ( !      
diff]5t /ages ( ! civiliz$ /ate1 says1  
',! fir/1 or simple /ages (             
civilization1 are ^? :i* fav\r mo/ !    
increase & ! happ9ess ( mank9d4' ,he !n 
in/ances ! ,am]ican colonies1 z be+ at t
 "t 9 ! fir/ & happie/ ( ! /ates t he _h
 describ$1 & z af=d+ a v /rik+ pro( ( ! 
effects ( ! diff]5t /ages ( civilization
 on population4 ,b he does n seem to be 
aw>e t ! happ9ess ( ! ,am]icans dep5d$  
mu* less ^u _! peculi> degree (         
civilization ?an ^u ! peculi>ity ( _!   
situation1 z new colonies1 ^u _! hav+ a 
great pl5ty ( f]tile uncultivat$ l&4 ,9 
p>ts ( ,norway1 ,d5m>k1 or ,sw$51 or 9  
?is c\ntry1 two or ?ree hundr$ ye>s ago1
 he might h f\nd p]haps ne>ly ! same    
degree ( civilization1 b by no means !  
same happ9ess or ! same increase (      

population4 ,he quotes himself a /atute 
( ,h5ry ! ,eigh?1 compla9+ ( ! decay (  
tillage1 & ! enhanc$ price ( provisions1
 ':]eby a m>vell\s numb] ( p 7 r5d]$    
incapable ( ma9ta9+ !mselves &          
families4' ,! sup]ior degree ( civil    
lib]ty :i* prevail$ 9 ,am]ica           
contribut$1 )\t d\bt1 its %>e to promote
 ! indu/ry1 happ9ess1 & population ( ^! 
/ates1 b ev5 civil lib]ty1 all p[]ful z 
x is1 w n create fre% l&4 ,! ,am]icans  
may be said1 p]haps1 to enjoy a great]  
degree ( civil lib]ty1 n[ !y are an     
indep5d5t p1 ?an :ile !y 7 9 subjection 
9 ,engl&1 b we may be p]fectly sure t   
population w n long cont9ue to increase 
) ! same rapidity z x did !n4  ,a p]son 
:o contemplat$ ! happy /ate ( ! l[]     
classes ( p 9 ,am]ica tw5ty ye>s ago    
w\ld naturally wi% to reta9 !m = ev] 9 t
 /ate1 & might ?9k1 p]haps1 t by prev5t+
 ! introduction ( manufactures & luxury 
he might effect 8 purpose1 b he might z 
reasonably expect to prev5t a wife or   
mi/ress f gr[+ old by nev] expos+ h] to 

! sun or air4 ,! situation ( new        
colonies1 well gov]n$1 is a bloom ( y\? 
t no ef=ts c arre/4 ,!re are1 inde$1 _m 
modes ( treatm5t 9 ! political1 z well z
 animal1 body1 t contribute to accel]ate
 or ret>d ! approa*es ( age1 b !re c be 
no *ance ( success1 9 any mode t c\ld be
 devis$1 = keep+ ei!r ( !m 9 p]petual   
y\?4 ,by enc\rag+ ! indu/ry ( ! t[ns m  
?an ! indu/ry ( ! c\ntry1 ,europe may be
 said1 p]haps1 to h br\ght on a         
premature old age4 ,a diff]5t policy 9  
?is respect w\ld infuse fre% life &     
vig\r into e /ate4 ,:ile f ! law (      
primog5iture1 & o!r ,european cu/oms1 l&
 be>s a monopoly price1 a capital c nev]
 be employ$ 9 x ) mu* advantage to !    
individual2 &1 !re=e1 x is n probable t 
! soil %\ld be prop]ly cultivat$4 ,&1   
?\gh 9 e civiliz$ /ate a class (        
proprietors & a class ( lab\r]s mu/     
exi/1 yet "o p]man5t advantage w\ld     
always result f a ne>] equalization (   
prop]ty4 ,! great] ! numb] (            
proprietors1 ! small] mu/ be ! numb] (  

lab\r]s3 a great] "p ( society w\ld be 9
 ! happy /ate ( possess+ prop]ty3 & a   
small] "p 9 ! unhappy /ate ( possess+ no
 o!r prop]ty ?an _! lab\r4 ,b ! be/     
direct$ ex]tions1 ?\gh !y may alleviate1
 c nev] remove ! pressure ( want1 & x w 
be difficult = any p]son :o contemplates
 ! g5u9e situation ( man on e>?1 & !    
g5]al laws ( nature1 to suppose x       
possible t any1 ! mo/ enlight5$1 ef=ts  
c\ld place mank9d 9 a /ate :]e 'few w\ld
 die )\t measur+ out ! :ole p]iod (     
pres5t exi/5ce allott$ to !m2 :]e pa9 & 
di/emp] w\ld be unkn[n among !m2 & dea? 
w\ld come ^u !m l a sleep1 9 consequ5ce 
( no o!r cause ?an gradual & unavoidable
 decay4'  ,x is1 und\bt$ly1 a mo/       
di%e>t5+ reflection t ! great ob/acle 9 
! way to any extraord9>y improvem5t 9   
society is ( a nature t we c nev] hope  
to ov]come4 ,! p]petual t5d5cy 9 ! race 
( man to increase beyond ! means (      
subsi/5ce is "o ( ! g5]al laws ( animat$
 nature :i* we c h no reason to expect w
 *ange4 ,yet1 disc\rag+ z !             

contemplation ( ?is difficulty mu/ be to
 ^? ^: ex]tions are laudably direct$ to 
! improvem5t ( ! human species1 x is    
evid5t t no possible good c arise f any 
endeav\rs to slur x ov] or keep x 9 !   
backgr\nd4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! mo/ baleful 
mis*iefs may be expect$ f ! unmanly     
conduct ( n d>+ to face tru? because x  
is unpleas+4 ,indep5d5tly ( :at relates 
to ?is great ob/acle1 suffici5t yet     
rema9s to be done = mank9d to animate u 
to ! mo/ unremitt$ ex]tion4 ,b if we    
proce$ )\t a ?or\gh k & accurate        
compreh5sion ( ! nature1 ext5t1 &       
magnitude ( ! difficulties we h to      
enc\nt]1 or if we unwisely direct our   
ef=ts t[>ds an object 9 :i* we _c hope =
 success1 we %all n only exhau/ our     
/r5g? 9 fruitless ex]tions & rema9 at z 
great a di/ance z ev] f ! summit ( our  
wi%es1 b we %all be p]petually cru%$ by 
! recoil ( ?is rock ( ,sisyphus4        
,,*apt] #ah  ,! con/ant pressure (      
di/ress on man1 f ! pr9ciple (          
population1 seems to direct our hopes to

 ! future--,/ate ( trial inconsi/5t )   
our ideas ( ! =ekn[l$ge ( ,god--,! _w1  
probably1 a mighty process = awak5+     
matt] into m9d--,!ory ( ! =mation (     
m9d--,excitem5ts f ! wants ( !          
body--,excitem5ts f ! op]ation ( g5]al  
laws--,excitem5ts f ! difficulties (    
life aris+ f ! pr9ciple ( population4   
,! view ( human life :i* results f !    
contemplation ( ! con/ant pressure (    
di/ress on man f ! difficulty (         
subsi/5ce1 by %ew+ ! little expectation 
t he c reasonably ent]ta9 (             
p]fectibility on e>?1 seems /rongly to  
po9t 8 hopes to ! future4 ,& !          
temptations to :i* he mu/ necess>ily be 
expos$1 f ! op]ation ( ^? laws ( nature 
:i* we h be5 exam9+1 w\ld seem to       
repres5t ! _w 9 ! light 9 :i* x has be5 
frequ5tly consid]$1 z a /ate ( trial &  
s*ool ( virtue prep>atory to a sup]ior  
/ate ( happ9ess4 ,b ,i hope ,i %all be  
p>don$ if ,i attempt to give a view 9 "s
 degree diff]5t ( ! situation ( man on  
e>?1 :i* appe>s to me to be m consi/5t )

 ! v>i\s ph5om5a ( nature :i* we obs]ve 
ar\nd u & m consonant to our ideas ( !  
p[]1 goodness1 & =ekn[l$ge ( ! ,deity4  
,x _c be consid]$ z an unimprov+ ex]cise
 ( ! human m9d to endeav\r to 'v9dicate 
! ways ( ,god to man' if we proce$ ) a  
prop] di/ru/ ( our own und]/&+s & a j   
s5se ( our insuffici5cy to compreh5d !  
reason ( all we see1 if we hail e ray ( 
light ) gratitude1 &1 :5 no light       
appe>s1 ?9k t ! d>kness is f )9 & n f   
)\t1 & b[ ) humble def]5ce to ! supreme 
wisdom ( him ^: '?\ghts are above our   
?\ghts' 'z ! heav5s are high above !    
e>?4'  ,9 all our feeble attempts1      
h[ev]1 to 'f9d out ! ,almighty to       
p]fection'1 x seems absolutely necess>y 
t we %\ld reason f nature up to nature's
 ,god & n presume to reason f ,god to   
nature4 ,! mom5t we all[ ourselves to   
ask :y "s ?+s are n o!rwise1 in/ead (   
endeav\r+ to acc\nt = !m z !y are1 we   
%all nev] "k :]e to /op1 we %all be l$  
into ! grosse/ & mo/ *ildi% absurdities1
 all progress 9 ! k ( ! ways (          

,provid5ce mu/ necess>ily be at an end1 
& ! /udy w ev5 cease to be an improv+   
ex]cise ( ! human m9d4 ,inf9ite p[] is s
 va/ & incompreh5sible an idea t ! m9d (
 man mu/ necess>ily be bewild]$ 9 !     
contemplation ( x4 ,) ! crude & pu]ile  
conceptions :i* we sometimes =m ( ?is   
attribute ( ! ,deity1 we might imag9e t 
,god c\ld call into be+ myriads &       
myriads ( exi/5ces1 all free f pa9 &    
imp]fection1 all em95t 9 goodness &     
wisdom1 all capable ( ! highe/          
enjoym5ts1 & unnumb]$ z ! po9ts ?r\gh\t 
inf9ite space4 ,b :5 f ^! va9 &         
extravagant dreams ( fancy1 we turn our 
eyes to ! book ( nature1 :]e alone we c 
read ,god z he is1 we see a con/ant     
succession ( s5ti5t be+s1 ris+ app>5tly 
f s _m specks ( matt]1 go+ ?r\gh a long 
& sometimes pa9ful process 9 ?is _w1 b  
_m ( !m atta9+1 ere ! t]m9ation ( x1 su*
 high qualities & p[]s z seem to        
indicate _! fitness = "s sup]ior /ate4  
,ought we n !n to correct our crude &   
pu]ile ideas ( inf9ite ,p[] f !         

contemplation ( :at we actually see     
exi/+8 ,c we judge ( ! ,creator b f 8   
creation8 ,&1 unless we wi% to exalt !  
p[] ( ,god at ! exp5se ( 8 goodness1    
ought we n to conclude t ev5 to ! great 
,creator1 almighty z he is1 a c]ta9     
process may be necess>y1 a c]ta9 "t 7or 
at lea/ :at appe>s to u z "t7 may be    
requisite1 9 ord] to =m be+s ) ^? exalt$
 qualities ( m9d :i* w fit !m = 8 high  
purposes8  ,a /ate ( trial seems to     
imply a previ\sly =m$ exi/5ce t does n  
agree ) ! appe>ance ( man 9 infancy &   
indicates some?+ l suspicion & want (   
=ekn[l$ge1 inconsi/5t ) ^? ideas :i* we 
wi% to *]i% ( ! ,supreme ,be+4 ,i %\ld  
be incl9$1 !re=e1 z ,i h h9t$ be=e1 to  
consid] ! _w & ?is life z ! mighty      
process ( ,god1 n = ! trial1 b = !      
creation & =mation ( m9d1 a process     
necess>y to awak5 in]t1 *aotic matt]    
into _s1 to sublimate ! du/ ( ! e>? into
 s\l1 to elicit an e!real sp>k f ! clod 
( clay4 ,& 9 ?is view ( ! subject1 !    
v>i\s impressions & excitem5ts :i* man  

receives ?r\gh life may be consid]$ z ! 
=m+ h& ( 8 ,creator1 act+ by g5]al laws1
 & awak5+ 8 sluggi% exi/5ce1 by !       
animat+ t\*es ( ! ,div9ity1 into a      
capacity ( sup]ior enjoym5t4 ,! orig9al 
s9 ( man is ! torpor & corruption ( !   
*aotic matt] 9 :i* he may be said to be 
born4  ,x c\ld answ] no good purpose to 
ent] into ! "q :e!r m9d be a di/9ct     
sub/ance f matt]1 or only a f9] =m ( x4 
,! "q is1 p]haps1 aft] all1 a "q m]ely (
 words4 ,m9d is z ess5tially m9d1 :e!r  
=m$ f matt] or any o!r sub/ance4 ,we "k 
f exp]i5ce t s\l & body are mo/         
intimately unit$1 & e appe>ance seems to
 indicate t !y gr[ f infancy toge!r4 ,x 
w\ld be a supposition att5d$ ) v little 
probability to believe t a complete &   
full =m$ _s exi/$ 9 e infant1 b t x 0   
clogg$ & imp$$ 9 its op]ations dur+ !   
fir/ tw5ty ye>s ( life by ! weakness1 or
 hebetude1 ( ! organs 9 :i* x 0 enclos$4
 ,z we %all all be dispos$ to agree t   
,god is ! creator ( m9d z well z ( body1
 & z !y bo? seem to be =m+ & unfold+    

!mselves at ! same "t1 x _c appe>       
inconsi/5t ei!r ) reason or revelation1 
if x appe> to be consi/5t ) ph5om5a (   
nature1 to suppose t ,god is con/antly  
occupi$ 9 =m+ m9d out ( matt] & t !     
v>i\s impressions t man receives ?r\gh  
life is ! process = t purpose4 ,!       
employm5t is surely wor?y ( ! highe/    
attributes ( ! ,deity4  ,?is view ( !   
/ate ( man on e>? w n seem to be        
unatt5d$ ) probability1 if1 judg+ f !   
little exp]i5ce we h ( ! nature ( m9d1 x
 %all appe> ^u inve/igation t ! ph5om5a 
ar\nd u1 & ! v>i\s ev5ts ( human life1  
seem peculi>ly calculat$ to promote ?is 
great end1 & especially if1 ^u ?is      
supposition1 we c acc\nt1 ev5 to our own
 n>r[ und]/&+s1 = _m ( ^? r\ghnesses &  
inequalities 9 life :i* qu]ul\s man too 
frequ5tly makes ! subject ( 8 compla9t  
aga9/ ! ,god ( nature4  ,! fir/ great   
awak5]s ( ! m9d seem to be ! wants ( !  
body4 7,x 0 my int5tion to h ent]$ at "s
 l5g? into ?is subject z a k9d ( second 
"p to ! ,essay4 ,a long int]ruption1 f  

p>ticul> bus9ess1 has oblig$ me to lay  
aside ?is int5tion1 at lea/ = ! pres5t4 
,i %all n[1 !re=e1 only give a sket* ( a
 few ( ! lead+ circum/ances t appe> to  
me to fav\r ! g5]al supposition t ,i h  
advanc$47 ,!y are ! fir/ /imulants t    
r\se ! bra9 ( infant man into s5ti5t    
activity1 & su* seems to be !           
sluggi%ness ( orig9al matt] t unless by 
a peculi> c\rse ( excitem5ts o!r wants1 
equally p[]ful1 are g5]at$1 ^! /imulants
 seem1 ev5 aft]w>ds1 to be necess>y to  
cont9ue t activity :i* !y fir/ awak5$4  
,! savage w\ld slumb] = ev] "u 8 tree   
unless he 7 r\s$ f 8 torpor by ! crav+s 
( hung] or ! p9*+s ( cold1 & ! ex]tions 
t he makes to avoid ^! evils1 by procur+
 food1 & build+ himself a cov]+1 are !  
ex]cises :i* =m & keep 9 motion 8       
faculties1 :i* o!rwise w\ld s9k into    
li/less inactivity4 ,f all t exp]i5ce   
has taught u conc]n+ ! /ructure ( !     
human m9d1 if ^? /imulants to ex]tion   
:i* arise f ! wants ( ! body 7 remov$ f 
! mass ( mank9d1 we h mu* m reason to   

?9k t !y w\ld be sunk to ! level (      
brutes1 f a defici5cy ( excitem5ts1 ?an 
t !y w\ld be rais$ to ! rank (          
philosoph]s by ! possession ( leisure4  
,9 ^? c\ntries :]e nature is ! mo/      
r$undant 9 spontane\s produce !         
inhabitants w n be f\nd ! mo/ rem>kable 
= acut5ess ( intellect4 ,necessity has  
be5 ) great tru? call$ ! "m ( inv5tion4 
,"s ( ! noble/ ex]tions ( ! human m9d h 
be5 set 9 motion by ! necessity (       
satisfy+ ! wants ( ! body4 ,want has n  
unfrequ5tly giv5 w+s to ! imag9ation ( !
 poet1 po9t$ ! fl[+ p]iods ( ! hi/orian1
 & add$ acut5ess to ! rese>*es ( !      
philosoph]1 & ?\gh !re are und\bt$ly _m 
m9ds at pres5t s f> improv$ by ! v>i\s  
excitem5ts ( k1 or ( social sympa?y1 t  
!y w\ld n relapse into li/lessness if _!
 bodily /imulants 7 remov$1 yet x c     
sc>cely be d\bt$ t ^! /imulants c\ld n  
be )drawn f ! mass ( mank9d )\t produc+ 
a g5]al & fatal torpor1 de/ructive ( all
 ! g]ms ( future improvem5t4  ,locke1 if
 ,i recollect1 says t ! endeav\r to     

avoid pa9 r ?an ! pursuit ( pleasure is 
! great /imulus to action 9 life3 & t 9 
look+ to any p>ticul> pleasure1 we %all 
n be r\s$ into action 9 ord] to obta9 x1
 till ! contemplation ( x has cont9u$ s 
long z to am\nt to a s5sation ( pa9 or  
uneas9ess "u ! abs5ce ( x4 ,to avoid    
evil & to pursue good seem to be ! great
 duty & bus9ess ( man1 & ?is _w appe>s  
to be peculi>ly calculat$ to af=d       
opportunity ( ! mo/ unremitt$ ex]tion ( 
?is k9d1 & x is by ?is ex]tion1 by ^!   
/imulants1 t m9d is =m$4 ,if ,locke's   
idea be j1 & !re is great reason to ?9k 
t x is1 evil seems to be necess>y to    
create ex]tion1 & ex]tion seems evid5tly
 necess>y to create m9d4  ,! necessity (
 food = ! support ( life gives rise1    
probably1 to a great] quantity ( ex]tion
 ?an any o!r want1 bodily or m5tal4 ,!  
,supreme ,be+ has orda9$ t ! e>? %all n 
produce good 9 great quantities till mu*
 prep>atory lab\r & +5uity has be5      
ex]cis$ ^u its surface4 ,!re is no      
conceivable connection to our           

compreh5sions1 betwe5 ! se$ & ! plant or
 tree t rises f x4 ,! ,supreme ,creator 
might1 und\bt$ly1 raise up plants ( all 
k9ds1 = ! use ( 8 creatures1 )\t !      
assi/ance ( ^? little bits ( matt]1 :i* 
we call se$1 or ev5 )\t ! assi/+ lab\r &
 att5tion ( man4 ,! processes ( pl\gh+ &
 cle>+ ! gr\nd1 ( collect+ & s[+ se$s1  
are n surely = ! assi/ance ( ,god 9 8   
creation1 b are made previ\sly necess>y 
to ! enjoym5t ( ! bless+s ( life1 9 ord]
 to r\se man into action1 & =m 8 m9d to 
reason4  ,to furni% ! mo/ unremitt$     
excitem5ts ( ?is k9d1 & to urge man to  
fur!r ! graci\s designs ( ,provid5ce by 
! full cultivation ( ! e>?1 x has be5   
orda9$ t population %\ld increase mu*   
fa/] ?an food4 ,?is g5]al law 7z x has  
appe>$ 9 ! =m] p>ts ( ?is ,essay7       
und\bt$ly produces mu* p>tial evil1 b a 
little reflection may1 p]haps1 satisfy  
u1 t x produces a great ov]balance (    
good4 ,/rong excitem5ts seem necess>y to
 create ex]tion1 & to direct ?is        
ex]tion1 & =m ! reason+ faculty1 x seems

 absolutely necess>y1 t ! ,supreme ,be+ 
%\ld act always accord+ to g5]al laws4  
,! con/ancy ( ! laws ( nature1 or !     
c]ta9ty ) :i* we may expect ! same      
effects f ! same causes1 is ! f\ndation 
( ! faculty ( reason4 ,if 9 ! ord9>y    
c\rse ( ?+s1 ! f+] ( ,god 7 frequ5tly   
visible1 or to speak m correctly1 if    
,god 7 frequ5tly to *ange 8 purpose 7= !
 f+] ( ,god is1 inde$1 visible 9 e blade
 ( grass t we see71 a g5]al & fatal     
torpor ( ! human faculties w\ld probably
 ensue2 ev5 ! bodily wants ( mank9d w\ld
 cease to /imulate !m to ex]tion1 c\ld  
!y n reasonably expect t if _! ef=ts 7  
well direct$ !y w\ld be cr[n$ ) success4
 ,! con/ancy ( ! laws ( nature is !     
f\ndation ( ! indu/ry & =esight ( !     
husb&man1 ! indefatigable +5uity ( !    
artific]1 ! skilful rese>*es ( !        
physician & anatomi/1 & ! wat*ful       
obs]vation & pati5t inve/igation ( !    
natural philosoph]4 ,to ?is con/ancy we 
owe all ! greate/ & noble/ ef=ts (      
intellect4 ,to ?is con/ancy we owe !    

immortal m9d ( a ,newton4  ,z ! reasons1
 !re=e1 = ! con/ancy ( ! laws ( nature  
seem1 ev5 to our und]/&+s1 obvi\s &     
/rik+2 if we return to ! pr9ciple (     
population & consid] man z he really is1
 in]t1 sluggi%1 & av]se f lab\r1 unless 
compell$ by necessity 7& x is surely !  
height ( folly to talk ( man1 accord+ to
 our crude fancies ( :at he might be71  
we may pron\nce ) c]ta9ty t ! _w w\ld n 
h be5 peopl$1 b = ! sup]iority ( ! p[] (
 population to ! means ( subsi/5ce4     
,/rong & con/antly op]ative z ?is       
/imulus is on man to urge him to !      
cultivation ( ! e>?1 if we /ill see t   
cultivation proce$s v sl[ly1 we may     
fairly conclude t a less /imulus w\ld h 
be5 insuffici5t4 ,ev5 "u ! op]ation (   
?is con/ant excitem5t1 savages w inhabit
 c\ntries ( ! greate/ natural f]tility =
 a long p]iod be=e !y betake !mselves to
 pa/urage or agriculture4 ,_h population
 & food increas$ 9 ! same ratio1 x is   
probable t man might nev] h em]g$ f !   
savage /ate4 ,b suppos+ ! e>? once well 

peopl$1 an ,alex&]1 a ,julius ,caes>1 a 
,tamb]lane1 or a bloody revolution might
 irrecov]ably ?9 ! human race1 & defeat 
! great designs ( ! ,creator4 ,! ravages
 ( a contagi\s disord] w\ld be felt =   
ages2 & an e>?quake might unpeople a    
region = ev]4 ,! pr9ciple1 accord+ to   
:i* population increases1 prev5ts !     
vices ( mank9d1 or ! accid5ts ( nature1 
! p>tial evils aris+ f g5]al laws1 f    
ob/ruct+ ! high purpose ( ! creation4 ,x
 keeps ! inhabitants ( ! e>? always     
fully up to ! level ( ! means (         
subsi/5ce2 & is con/antly act+ ^u man z 
a p[]ful /imulus1 urg+ him to ! fur!r   
cultivation ( ! e>?1 & to enable x1     
consequ5tly1 to support a m ext5d$      
population4 ,b x is impossible t ?is law
 c op]ate1 & produce ! effects app>5tly 
int5d$ by ! ,supreme ,be+1 )\t occasion+
 p>tial evil4 ,unless ! pr9ciple (      
population 7 to be alt]$ accord+ to !   
circum/ances ( ea* sep>ate c\ntry 7:i*  
w\ld n only be contr>y to our univ]sal  
exp]i5ce1 ) reg>d to ! laws ( nature1 b 

w\ld contradict ev5 our own reason1 :i* 
sees ! absolute necessity ( g5]al laws =
 ! =mation ( intellect71 x is evid5t t !
 same pr9ciple :i*1 second$ by indu/ry1 
w p a f]tile region 9 a few ye>s mu/    
produce di/ress 9 c\ntries t h be5 long 
inhabit$4  ,x seems1 h[ev]1 e way       
probable t ev5 ! ackn[l$g$ difficulties 
occasion$ by ! law ( population t5d r to
 promote ?an imp$e ! g5]al purpose (    
,provid5ce4 ,!y excite univ]sal ex]tion 
& contribute to t inf9ite v>iety (      
situations1 & consequ5tly ( impressions1
 :i* seems ^u ! :ole fav\rable to ! gr[?
 ( m9d4 ,x is probable1 t too great or  
too little excitem5t1 extreme pov]ty1 or
 too great ri*es may be alike           
unfav\rable 9 ?is respect4 ,! middle    
regions ( society seem to be be/ suit$  
to intellectual improvem5t1 b x is      
contr>y to ! analogy ( all nature to    
expect t ! :ole ( society c be a middle 
region4 ,! temp]ate zones ( ! e>? seem  
to be ! mo/ fav\rable to ! m5tal &      
corporal en]gies ( man1 b all _c be     

temp]ate zones4 ,a _w1 w>m$ & enlight5$ 
b by "o sun1 mu/ f ! laws ( matt] h "s  
p>ts *ill$ by p]petual fro/s & o!rs     
scor*$ by p]petual heats4 ,e piece (    
matt] ly+ on a surface mu/ h an upp] &  
an "u side1 all ! p>ticles _c be 9 !    
middle4 ,! mo/ valuable p>ts ( an oak1  
to a timb] m]*ant1 are n ei!r ! roots or
 ! bran*es1 b ^! are absolutely necess>y
 to ! exi/5ce ( ! middle "p1 or /em1 :i*
 is ! object 9 reque/4 ,! timb] m]*ant  
c\ld n possibly expect to make an oak   
gr[ )\t roots or bran*es1 b if he c\ld  
f9d out a mode ( cultivation :i* w\ld   
cause m ( ! sub/ance to g to /em1 & less
 to root & bran*1 he w\ld be "r to ex]t 
himself 9 br++ su* a sy/em into g5]al   
use4  ,9 ! same mann]1 ?\gh we _c       
possibly expect to exclude ri*es &      
pov]ty f society1 yet if we c\ld f9d out
 a mode ( gov]nm5t by :i* ! numb]s 9 !  
extreme regions w\ld be less5$ & !      
numb]s 9 ! middle regions increas$1 x   
w\ld be und\bt$ly our duty to adopt x4  
,x is n1 h[ev]1 improbable t z 9 ! oak1 

! roots & bran*es c\ld n be dim9i%$ v   
greatly )\t weak5+ ! vigor\s circulation
 ( ! sap 9 ! /em1 s 9 society ! extreme 
p>ts c\ld n be dim9i%$ beyond a c]ta9   
degree )\t less5+ t animat$ ex]tion     
?r\gh\t ! middle p>ts1 :i* is ! v cause 
t !y are ! mo/ fav\rable to ! gr[? (    
intellect4 ,if no man c\ld hope to rise 
or fe> to fall1 9 society1 if indu/ry   
did n br+ ) x its rew>d & idl5ess its   
puni%m5t1 ! middle p>ts w\ld n c]ta9ly  
be :at !y n[ are4 ,9 reason+ ^u ?is     
subject1 x is evid5t t we ought to      
consid] *iefly ! mass ( mank9d & n      
individual in/ances4 ,!re are und\bt$ly 
_m m9ds1 & !re ought to be _m1 accord+  
to ! *ances out ( s great a mass1 t1    
hav+ be5 vivifi$ e>ly by a peculi> c\rse
 ( excitem5ts1 w\ld n ne$ ! con/ant     
action ( n>r[ motives to cont9ue !m 9   
activity4 ,b if we 7 to review ! v>i\s  
useful discov]ies1 ! valuable writ+s1 & 
o!r laudable ex]tions ( mank9d1 ,i      
believe we %\ld f9d t m 7 to be         
attribut$ to ! n>r[ motives t op]ate ^u 

! _m ?an to ! app>5tly m enl>g$ motives 
t op]ate ^u ! few4  ,leisure is1 )\t    
d\bt1 highly valuable to man1 b tak+ man
 z he is1 ! probability seems to be t 9 
! great] numb] ( in/ances x w produce   
evil r ?an good4 ,x has be5 n           
infrequ5tly rem>k$ t tal5ts are m common
 among y\ng] bro!rs ?an among eld]      
bro!rs1 b x c sc>cely be imag9$ t y\ng] 
bro!rs are1 ^u an av]age1 born ) a      
great] orig9al susceptibility ( p>ts4 ,!
 diff]5ce1 if !re really is any         
obs]vable diff]5ce1 c only arise f _!   
diff]5t situations4 ,ex]tion & activity 
are 9 g5]al absolutely necess>y 9 "o    
case & are only optional 9 ! o!r4  ,t ! 
difficulties ( life contribute to g5]ate
 tal5ts1 e day's exp]i5ce mu/ conv9ce u4
 ,! ex]tions t m5 f9d x necess>y to     
make1 9 ord] to support !mselves or     
families1 frequ5tly awak5 faculties t   
might o!rwise h la9 = ev] dormant1 & x  
has be5 commonly rem>k$ t new &         
extraord9>y situations g5]ally create   
m9ds adequate to grapple ) !            

difficulties 9 :i* !y are involv$4      
,,*apt] #ai  ,! sorr[s ( life necess>y  
to s(t5 & humanize ! he>t--,! excitem5t 
( social sympa?y (t5 produce *>act]s ( a
 high] ord] ?an ! m]e possessors (      
tal5ts--,moral evil probably necess>y to
 ! production ( moral                   
excell5ce--,excitem5ts f intellectual   
wants cont9ually kept up by ! inf9ite   
v>iety ( nature1 & ! obscurity t        
involves metaphysical subjects--,!      
difficulties 9 revelation to be acc\nt$ 
= ^u ?is pr9ciple--,! degree ( evid5ce  
:i* ! scriptures conta91 probably1 be/  
suit$ to ! improvem5ts ( ! human        
faculties1 & ! moral amelioration (     
mank9d--,! idea t m9d is creat$ by      
excitem5ts seems to acc\nt = ! exi/5ce (
 natural & moral evil4   ,! sorr[s &    
di/resses ( life =m ano!r class (       
excitem5ts1 :i* seem to be necess>y1 by 
a peculi> tra9 ( impressions1 to s(t5 & 
humanize ! he>t1 to awak5 social        
sympa?y1 to g5]ate all ! ,*ri/ian       
virtues1 & to af=d scope = ! ample      

ex]tion ( b5evol5ce4 ,! g5]al t5d5cy (  
an uni=m c\rse ( prosp]ity is r to      
degrade ?an exalt ! "*4 ,! he>t t has   
nev] kn[n sorr[ itself w seldom be      
feel+ly alive to ! pa9s & pleasures1 !  
wants & wi%es1 ( its fell[ be+s4 ,x w   
seldom be ov]fl[+ ) t w>m? ( bro!rly    
love1 ^? k9d & amiable affections1 :i*  
dignify ! human "* ev5 m ?an !          
possession ( ! highe/ tal5ts4 ,tal5ts1  
inde$1 ?\gh und\bt$ly a v prom95t & f9e 
feature ( m9d1 c by no means be consid]$
 z con/itut+ ! :ole ( x4 ,!re are _m    
m9ds :i* h n be5 expos$ to ^? excitem5ts
 t usually =m tal5ts1 t h yet be5       
vivifi$ to a high degree by ! excitem5ts
 ( social sympa?y4 ,9 e rank ( life1 9 !
 l[e/ z frequ5tly z 9 ! highe/1 *>act]s 
are to be f\nd ov]fl[+ ) ! milk ( human 
k9dness1 brea?+ love t[>ds ,god & man1  
&1 ?\gh )\t ^? peculi> p[]s ( m9d call$ 
tal5ts1 evid5tly hold+ a high] rank 9 ! 
scale ( be+s ?an _m :o possess !m4      
,evangelical *>ity1 meekness1 piety1 &  
all t class ( virtues di/+ui%$          

p>ticul>ly by ! "n ( ,*ri/ian virtues d 
n seem necess>ily to include abilities2 
yet a s\l possess$ ( ^! amiable         
qualities1 a s\l awak5$ & vivifi$ by ^! 
delightful sympa?ies1 seems to hold a   
ne>] comm]ce ) ! skies ?an m]e acut5ess 
( intellect4  ,! greate/ tal5ts h be5   
frequ5tly misappli$ & h produc$ evil    
proportionate to ! ext5t ( _! p[]s4 ,bo?
 reason & revelation seem to assure u t 
su* m9ds w be condemn$ to et]nal dea?1 b
 :ile on e>?1 ^! vici\s in/rum5ts p]=m$ 
_! "p 9 ! great mass ( impressions1 by !
 disgu/ & abhorr5ce :i* !y excit$4 ,x   
seems highly probable t moral evil is   
absolutely necess>y to ! production (   
moral excell5ce4 ,a be+ ) only good     
plac$ 9 view may be ju/ly said to be    
impell$ by a bl9d necessity4 ,! pursuit 
( good 9 ?is case c be no indication (  
virtu\s prop5sities4 ,x might be said1  
p]haps1 t inf9ite ,wisdom _c want su* an
 indication z outw>d action1 b w\ld     
=ekn[ ) c]ta9ly :e!r ! be+ w\ld *oose   
good or evil4 ,?is might be a plausible 

argum5t aga9/ a /ate ( trial1 b w n hold
 aga9/ ! supposition t m9d 9 ?is _w is 9
 a /ate ( =mation4 ,^u ?is idea1 ! be+ t
 has se5 moral evil & has felt          
disapprobation & disgu/ at x is         
ess5tially diff]5t f ! be+ t has se5    
only good4 ,!y are pieces ( clay t h    
receiv$ di/9ct impressions3 !y mu/1     
!re=e1 necess>ily be 9 diff]5t %apes2   
or1 ev5 if we all[ !m bo? to h ! same   
lovely =m ( virtue1 x mu/ be ackn[l$g$ t
 "o has und]gone ! fur!r process1       
necess>y to give firmness & durability  
to its sub/ance1 :ile ! o!r is /ill     
expos$ to injury1 & liable to be brok5  
by e accid5tal impulse4 ,an ard5t love &
 admiration ( virtue seems to imply !   
exi/5ce ( some?+ opposite to x1 & x     
seems highly probable t ! same beauty ( 
=m & sub/ance1 ! same p]fection ( "*1   
c\ld n be g5]at$ )\t ! impressions (    
disapprobation :i* arise f ! spectacle (
 moral evil4  ,:5 ! m9d has be5 awak5$  
into activity by ! passions1 & ! wants (
 ! body1 intellectual wants arise2 & !  

desire ( k1 & ! impati5ce "u ignorance1 
=m a new & important class ( excitem5ts4
 ,e "p ( nature seems peculi>ly         
calculat$ to furni% /imulants to m5tal  
ex]tion ( ?is k9d1 & to (f] inexhau/ible
 food = ! mo/ unremitt$ inquiry4 ,our   
mortal ,b>d says ( ,cleopatra3    ,cu/om
 _c /ale   ,h] inf9ite v>iety4  ,!      
expression1 :5 appli$ to any "o object1 
may be consid]$ z a poetical            
amplification1 b x is accurately true :5
 appli$ to nature4 ,inf9ite v>iety      
seems1 inde$1 em95tly h] *>act]i/ic     
feature4 ,! %ades t are "h & !re bl5d$ 9
 ! picture give _s1 life1 & prom95ce to 
h] exub]ant beauties1 & ^? r\ghnesses & 
inequalities1 ^? inf]ior p>ts t support 
! sup]ior1 ?\gh !y sometimes (f5d !     
fa/idi\s microscopic eye ( %ort-sight$  
man1 contribute to ! symmetry1 grace1 & 
fair proportion ( ! :ole4  ,! inf9ite   
v>iety ( ! =ms & op]ations ( nature1    
besides t5d+ imm$iately to awak5 &      
improve ! m9d by ! v>iety ( impressions 
t x creates1 op5s o!r f]tile s\rces (   

improvem5t by (f]+ s wide & ext5sive a  
field = inve/igation & rese>*4 ,uni=m1  
undiv]sifi$ p]fection c\ld n possess !  
same awak5+ p[]s4 ,:5 we endeav\r !n to 
contemplate ! sy/em ( ! univ]se1 :5 we  
?9k ( ! />s z ! suns ( o!r sy/ems       
scatt]$ ?r\gh\t inf9ite space1 :5 we    
reflect t we d n probably see a million?
 "p ( ^? bright orbs t are beam+ light &
 life to unnumb]$ worlds1 :5 our m9ds1  
unable to grasp ! immeasurable          
conception1 s9k1 lo/ & conf\nd$1 9      
admiration at ! mighty incompreh5sible  
p[] ( ! ,creator1 let u n qu]ul\sly     
compla9 t all climates are n equally    
g5ial1 t p]petual spr+ does n reign     
?r\gh\t ! ye>1 t ,god's creatures d n   
possess ! same advantages1 t cl\ds &    
tempe/s sometimes d>k5 ! natural _w &   
vice & mis]y ! moral _w1 & t all ! works
 ( ! creation are n =m$ ) equal         
p]fection4 ,bo? reason & exp]i5ce seem  
to indicate to u t ! inf9ite v>iety (   
nature 7& v>iety _c exi/ )\t inf]ior    
p>ts1 or app>5t blemi%es7 is admirably  

adapt$ to fur!r ! high purpose ( !      
creation & to produce ! greate/ possible
 quantity ( good4  ,! obscurity t       
involves all metaphysical subjects      
appe>s to me1 9 ! same mann]1 peculi>ly 
calculat$ to add to t class ( excitem5ts
 :i* arise f ! ?ir/ ( k4 ,x is probable 
t man1 :ile on e>?1 w nev] be able to   
atta9 complete satisfaction on ^!       
subjects2 b ?is is by no means a reason 
t he %\ld n engage 9 !m4 ,! d>kness t   
surr\nds ^! int]e/+ topics ( human      
curiosity may be int5d$ to furni%       
endless motives to intellectual activity
 & ex]tion4 ,! con/ant ef=t to dispel   
?is d>kness1 ev5 if x fail ( success1   
invigorates & improves ! ?9k+ faculty4  
,if ! subjects ( human inquiry 7 once   
exhau/$1 m9d w\ld probably /agnate2 b ! 
inf9itely div]sifi$ =ms & op]ations (   
nature1 toge!r ) ! endless food =       
speculation :i* metaphysical subjects   
(f]1 prev5t ! possibility t su* a p]iod 
%\ld ev] arrive4  ,x is by no means "o (
 ! wise/ say+s ( ,solomon t '!re is no  

new ?+ "u ! sun4' ,on ! contr>y1 x is   
probable t 7 ! pres5t sy/em to cont9ue =
 millions ( ye>s1 cont9ual additions    
w\ld be mak+ to ! mass ( human k1 & yet1
 p]haps1 x may be a matt] ( d\bt :e!r   
:at may be call$ ! capacity ( m9d be 9  
any m>k$ & decid$ mann] increas+4 ,a    
,socrates1 a ,plato1 or an ,ari/otle1   
h[ev] confess$ly inf]ior 9 k to !       
philosoph]s ( ! pres5t day1 d n appe> to
 h be5 mu* bel[ !m 9 intellectual       
capacity4 ,intellect rises f a speck1   
cont9ues 9 vig\r only = a c]ta9 p]iod1 &
 w n p]haps admit :ile on e>? ( above a 
c]ta9 numb] ( impressions4 ,^!          
impressions may1 inde$1 be inf9itely    
modifi$1 & f ^! v>i\s modifications1    
add$ probably to a diff]5ce 9 !         
susceptibility ( ! orig9al g]ms1 arise !
 endless div]sity ( "* t we see 9 ! _w2 
b reason & exp]i5ce seem bo? to assure u
 t ! capacity ( individual m9ds does n  
increase 9 proportion to ! mass ( exi/+ 
k4 7,x is probable t no two gra9s ( :eat
 are exactly alike4 ,soil und\bt$ly     

makes ! pr9cipal diff]5ce 9 ! blades t  
spr+ up1 b probably n all4 ,x seems     
natural to suppose "s sort ( diff]5ce 9 
! orig9al g]ms t are aft]w>ds awak5$    
into ?\ght1 & ! extraord9>y diff]5ce (  
susceptibility 9 v "y *ildr5 seems to   
confirm ! supposition47  ,! f9e/ m9ds   
seem to be =m$ r by ef=ts at orig9al    
?9k+1 by endeav\rs to =m new            
comb9ations1 & to discov] new tru?s1 ?an
 by passively receiv+ ! impressions (   
o!r m5's ideas4 ,c\ld we suppose ! p]iod
 arriv$1 :5 !re 0 n fur!r hope ( future 
discov]ies1 & ! only employm5t ( m9d 0  
to acquire pre-exi/+ k1 )\t any ef=ts to
 =m new & orig9al comb9ations1 ?\gh !   
mass ( human k 7 a ?\s& times great] ?an
 x is at pres5t1 yet x is evid5t t "o ( 
! noble/ /imulants to m5tal ex]tion w\ld
 h ceas$2 ! f9e/ feature ( intellect    
w\ld be lo/2 ev]y?+ alli$ to g5ius w\ld 
be at an end2 & x appe>s to be          
impossible1 t1 "u su* circum/ances1 any 
individuals c\ld possess ! same         
intellectual en]gies z 7 possess$ by a  

,locke1 a ,newton1 or a ,%akespe>e1 or  
ev5 by a ,socrates1 a ,plato1 an        
,ari/otle or a ,hom]4  ,if a revelation 
f heav5 ( :i* no p]son c\ld feel !      
smalle/ d\bt 7 to dispel ! mi/s t n[    
hang ov] metaphysical subjects1 7 to    
expla9 ! nature & /ructure ( m9d1 !     
affections & ess5ces ( all sub/ances1 ! 
mode 9 :i* ! ,supreme ,be+ op]ates 9 !  
works ( ! creation1 & ! :ole plan &     
s*eme ( ! ,univ]se1 su* an accession ( k
 s obta9$1 in/ead ( giv+ additional     
vig\r & activity to ! human m9d1 w\ld 9 
all probability t5d to repress future   
ex]tion & to damp ! so>+ w+s (          
intellect4  ,= ?is reason ,i h nev]     
consid]$ ! d\bts & difficulties t       
involve "s p>ts ( ! sacr$ writ+s z any  
ard5t aga9/ _! div9e orig9al4 ,!        
,supreme ,be+ might1 und\bt$ly1 h       
accompani$ 8 revelations to man by su* a
 succession ( miracles1 & ( su* a       
nature1 z w\ld h produc$ univ]sal       
ov]p[]+ conviction & h put an end at    
once to all hesitation & discussion4 ,b 

weak z our reason is to compreh5d !     
plans ( ! great ,creator1 x is yet      
suffici5tly /rong to see ! mo/ /rik+    
objections to su* a revelation4 ,f !    
little we "k ( ! /ructure ( ! human     
und]/&+1 we mu/ be conv9c$ t an ov]p[]+ 
conviction ( ?is k9d1 in/ead ( t5d+ to !
 improvem5t & moral amelioration ( man1 
w\ld act l ! t\* ( a torp$o on all      
intellectual ex]tion & w\ld almo/ put an
 end to ! exi/5ce ( virtue4 ,if !       
scriptural d5unciations ( et]nal        
puni%m5t 7 br\ght home ) ! same c]ta9ty 
to e man's m9d z t ! night w foll[ !    
day1 ?is "o va/ & gloomy idea w\ld take 
su* full possession ( ! human faculties 
z to leave no room = any o!r            
conceptions1 ! ext]nal actions ( m5 w\ld
 be all ne>ly alike1 virtu\s conduct    
w\ld be no indication ( virtu\s         
disposition1 vice & virtue w\ld be bl5d$
 toge!r 9 "o common mass1 & ?\gh !      
all-see+ eye ( ,god might di/+ui% !m !y 
mu/ necess>ily make ! same impressions  
on man1 :o c judge only f ext]nal       

appe>ances4 ,"u su* a disp5sation1 x is 
difficult to conceive h[ human be+s c\ld
 be =m$ to a dete/ation ( moral evil1 & 
a love & admiration ( ,god1 & ( moral   
excell5ce4  ,our ideas ( virtue & vice  
are n1 p]haps1 v accurate & well-def9$2 
b few1 ,i ?9k1 w\ld call an action      
really virtu\s :i* 0 p]=m$ simply &     
solely f ! dread ( a v great puni%m5t or
 ! expectation ( a v great rew>d4 ,! fe>
 ( ! ,"l is v ju/ly said to be ! beg9n+ 
( wisdom1 b ! end ( wisdom is ! love ( !
 ,"l & ! admiration ( moral good4 ,!    
d5unciations ( future puni%m5t conta9$ 9
 ! scriptures seem to be well calculat$ 
to arre/ ! progress ( ! vici\s & awak5 !
 att5tion ( ! c>eless1 b we see f       
repeat$ exp]i5ce t !y are n accompani$ )
 evid5ce ( su* a nature z to ov]p[] !   
human w & to make m5 lead virtu\s lives 
) vici\s dispositions1 m]ely f a dread (
 h]eaft]4 ,a g5u9e fai?1 by :i* ,i mean 
a fai? t %ews itself 9 x ! virtues ( a  
truly ,*ri/ian life1 may g5]ally be     
consid]$ z an indication ( an amiable & 

virtu\s disposition1 op]at$ ^u m by love
 ?an by pure unmix$ fe>4  ,:5 we reflect
 on ! temptations to :i* man mu/        
necess>ily be expos$ 9 ?is _w1 f !      
/ructure ( 8 frame1 & ! op]ation ( !    
laws ( nature1 & ! consequ5t moral      
c]ta9ty t _m vessels w come out ( ?is   
mighty creative furnace 9 wrong %apes1 x
 is p]fectly impossible to conceive t   
any ( ^! creatures ( ,god's h& c be     
condemn$ to et]nal suff]+4 ,c\ld we once
 admit su* an idea1 x our natural       
conceptions ( goodness & ju/ice w\ld be 
completely ov]?r[n1 & we c\ld no long]  
look up to ,god z a m]ciful & righte\s  
,be+4 ,b ! doctr9e ( life & ,mortality  
:i* 0 br\ght to light by ! gospel1 !    
doctr9e t ! end ( righte\sness is       
ev]la/+ life1 b t ! wages ( s9 are dea?1
 is 9 e respect j & m]ciful1 & wor?y ( !
 great ,creator4 ,no?+ c appe> m        
consonant to our reason ?an t ^? be+s   
:i* come out ( ! creative process ( ! _w
 9 lovely & beautiful =ms %\ld be cr[n$ 
) immortality1 :ile ^? :i* come out     

mis%ap51 ^? ^: m9ds are n suit$ to a    
pur] & happi] /ate ( exi/5ce1 %\ld p]i% 
& be condemn$ to mix aga9 ) _! orig9al  
clay4 ,et]nal condemnation ( ?is k9d may
 be consid]$ z a species ( et]nal       
puni%m5t1 & x is n wond]ful t x %\ld be 
repres5t$1 sometimes1 "u images (       
suff]+4 ,b life & dea?1 salvation &     
de/ruction1 are m frequ5tly oppos$ to   
ea* o!r 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t ?an happ9ess &
 mis]y4 ,! ,supreme ,be+ w\ld appe> to u
 9 a v diff]5t view if we 7 to consid]  
him z pursu+ ! creatures t _h (f5d$ him 
) et]nal hate & torture1 in/ead ( m]ely 
condemn+ to _! orig9al ins5sibility ^?  
be+s t1 by ! op]ation ( g5]al laws1 _h n
 be5 =m$ ) qualities suit$ to a pur]    
/ate ( happ9ess4  ,life is1 g5]ally     
speak+1 a bless+ indep5d5t ( a future   
/ate4 ,x is a gift :i* ! vici\s w\ld n  
always be ready to ?r[ away1 ev5 if !y  
_h no fe> ( dea?4 ,! p>tial pa91 !re=e1 
t is inflict$ by ! supreme ,creator1    
:ile he is =m+ numb]less be+s to a      
capacity ( ! highe/ enjoym5ts1 is b z ! 

du/ ( ! balance 9 comp>ison ( ! happ9ess
 t is communicat$1 & we h e reason to   
?9k t !re is no m evil 9 ! _w ?an :at is
 absolutely necess>y z "o ( ! +r$i5ts 9 
! mighty process4  ,! /rik+ necessity ( 
g5]al laws = ! =mation ( intellect w n 9
 any respect be contradict$ by "o or two
 exceptions1 & ^! evid5tly n int5d$ =   
p>tial purposes1 b calculat$ to op]ate  
^u a great "p ( mank9d1 & ?r\gh _m ages4
 ,^u ! idea t ,i h giv5 ( ! =mation (   
m9d1 ! infr+em5t ( ! g5]al law ( nature1
 by a div9e revelation1 w appe> 9 !     
light ( ! imm$iate h& ( ,god mix+ new   
+r$i5ts 9 ! mighty mass1 suit$ to !     
p>ticul> /ate ( ! process1 & calculat$  
to give rise to a new & p[]ful tra9 (   
impressions1 t5d+ to purify1 exalt1 &   
improve ! human m9d4 ,! miracles t      
accompani$ ^! revelations :5 !y _h once 
excit$ ! att5tion ( mank9d1 & r5d]$ x a 
matt] ( mo/ int]e/+ discussion1 :e!r !  
doctr9e 0 f ,god or man1 _h p]=m$ _! "p1
 _h answ]$ ! purpose ( ! ,creator1 & ^! 
communications ( ! div9e w 7 aft]w>ds   

left to make _! way by _! own intr9sic  
excell5ce2 &1 by op]at+ z moral motives1
 gradually to influ5ce & improve1 & n to
 ov]p[] & /agnate ! faculties ( man4  ,x
 w\ld be1 und\bt$ly1 presumptu\s to say 
t ! ,supreme ,be+ c\ld n possibly h     
effect$ 8 purpose 9 any o!r way ?an t   
:i* he has *os51 b z ! revelation ( !   
div9e w :i* we possess is att5d$ ) "s   
d\bts & difficulties1 & z our reason    
po9ts out to u ! /ronge/ objections to a
 revelation :i* w\ld =ce imm$iate1      
implicit1 univ]sal belief1 we h surely j
 cause to ?9k t ^! d\bts & difficulties 
are no argum5t aga9/ ! div9e orig9 ( !  
scriptures1 & t ! species ( evid5ce :i* 
!y possess is be/ suit$ to ! improvem5t 
( ! human faculties & ! moral           
amelioration ( mank9d4  ,! idea t !     
impressions & excitem5ts ( ?is _w are ! 
in/rum5ts ) :i* ! ,supreme ,be+ =ms     
matt] into m9d1 & t ! necessity (       
con/ant ex]tion to avoid evil & to      
pursue good is ! pr9cipal spr+ ( ^!     
impressions & excitem5ts1 seems to smoo?

 _m ( ! difficulties t occur 9 a        
contemplation ( human life1 & appe>s to 
me to give a satisfactory reason = !    
exi/5ce ( natural & moral evil1 &1      
consequ5tly1 = t "p ( bo?1 & x c]ta9ly  
is n a v small "p1 :i* arises f !       
pr9ciple ( population4 ,b1 ?\gh1 ^u ?is 
supposition1 x seems highly improbable t
 evil %\ld ev] be remov$ f ! _w2 yet x  
is evid5t t ?is impression w\ld n answ] 
! app>5t purpose ( ! ,creator2 x w\ld n 
act s p[]fully z an excitem5t to        
ex]tion1 if ! quantity ( x did n dim9i% 
or increase ) ! activity or ! indol5ce (
 man4 ,! cont9ual v>iations 9 ! weight &
 9 ! di/ribution ( ?is pressure keep    
alive a con/ant expectation ( ?r[+ x (f4
    ,hope spr+s et]nal 9 ! ,human brea/1
   ,man nev] is1 b always to be ble/4   
,evil exi/s 9 ! _w n to create despair b
 activity4 ,we are n pati5tly to submit 
to x1 b to ex]t ourselves to avoid x4 ,x
 is n only ! int]e/ b ! duty ( e        
individual to use 8 utmo/ ef=ts to      
remove evil f himself & f z l>ge a      

circle z he c influ5ce1 & ! m he        
ex]cises himself 9 ?is duty1 ! m wisely 
he directs 8 ef=ts1 & ! m successful ^! 
ef=ts are2 ! m he w probably improve &  
exalt 8 own m9d1 & ! m completely does  
he appe> to fulfil ! w ( 8 ,creator4