,transcrib]'s ,note ,italic text is d5ot$ by und]scores & bold text by equal signs4 ,:ole numb]s ) fractional p>ts are d5ot$ z #g-c_/d4 ,e ,boy's ,me*anical ,libr>y ,illu/ration ,,motors ,e ,boy's ,me*anical ,libr>y ,by ,j4 ,s4 ,,z]be1 ,m4,e4 ,price1 p] volume1 #fj c5ts1 ,net4 ,po/age extra4 ,,automobiles ,?is is a subject 9 :i* e boy is int]e/$4 ,:ile few me*anics h ! opportunity to actually build an automobile1 x is ! k :i* he mu/ acquire ab\t e p>ticul> device us$1 t enables him to repair & put su* ma*9es 9 ord]4 ,! aim ( ?is book is to make ! boy acqua9t$ ) ea* elem5t1 s t he may und]/& :y x is made 9 t special way1 & :at ! advantages & disadvantages are ( ! diff]5t types4 ,to t end ea* /ructure is %[n 9 detail z mu* z possible1 & ! p>ts sep>at$ s z to give a cle> insight ( ! diff]5t functions1 all ( :i* are expla9$ by orig9al draw+s specially prep>$ to aid ! read]4 ,,motors ,to ! boy :o wants to "k ! !ory & ! practical work+ ( ! diff]5t k9ds ( motors1 told 9 language :i* he c und]/&1 & illu/rat$ ) cle> & explicit draw+s1 ?is volume w be appreciat$4 ,x sets =? ! gr\ndwork on :i* p[] is bas$1 & includes /eam g5]ators1 & eng9es1 z well z w9d & wat] motors1 & ?or\ghly describes ! ,int]nal ,combu/ion ,eng9e4 ,x has special *apt]s on ,c>buret]s1 ,ignition1 & ,electrical sy/ems us$1 & p>ticul>ly po9ts out ! p>ts & fitt+s requir$ ) all devices ne$$ 9 eng9]y4 ,x expla9s ! value ( comp\nd+1 cond5s+1 pre-heat+ & expansion1 toge!r ) ! me?ods us$ to calculate & transmit p[]4 ,num]\s orig9al illu/rations4 ,,a]oplanes ,?is "w is n int5d$ to set =? ! exploits ( aviators nor to give a hi/ory ( ! ,art4 ,x is a book ( in/ructions int5d$ to po9t out ! !ories ( fly+1 z giv5 by ! pione]s1 ! practical application ( p[] to ! v>i\s fly+ /ructures2 h[ !y are built2 ! diff]5t me?ods ( controll+ !m2 ! advantages & disadvantages ( ! types n[ 9 use2 & sugge/ions z to ! directions 9 :i* improvem5ts are requir$4 ,x di/9ctly po9ts out :]e9 me*anical flight diff]s f bird flight1 & :at are ! relations ( %ape1 =m1 size & weight4 ,x treats ( kites1 glid]s & model a]oplanes1 & has an int]e/+ *apt] on ! a]oplane & its uses 9 ! great w>4 ,all ! illu/rations h be5 specially prep>$ = ! "w4 ,,cupples ,,leon ,,co41 ,publi%]s1 ,,new ,,york ,illu/ration ,e ,boy's ,me*anical ,libr>y ,,motors ,,by ,j4 ,s4 ,,z]be1 ,m4,e4 ,au?or ( ,a]oplanes--,automobiles ,,illu/rat$ ,,new ,,york ,,cupples ,,leon ,,company ,copyright1 #aiae1 by ,,cupples ,,leon ,,company ,,cont5ts ,,page ,introductory #a ,! ,subject4 ,! ,inquisitive ,trait4 ,! ,reasons = ,do+ ,?+s4 ,! ,my/]y ( ,me*anism4 ,curiosity :i* prompts ,inve/igation4 ,! ,sum ( ,k4 ,*apt] ,i4 ,motors & ,motive ,p[] #e-ba ,! ,wat] ,fall4 ,wat] moves 9 ,"o ,direction only4 ,:at is ,en]gy4 ,/or$ or ,pot5tial ,en]gy4 ,k9etic ,en]gy4 ,friction4 ,resi/ance4 ,in]tia4 ,! ,law ( ,bodies4 ,int]nal & ,ext]nal ,resi/ance4 ,mom5tum4 ,en]gy ,inde/ructible4 ,w9d ,p[]4 ,rectil9e> ,motion4 ,oscillat+ ,motion4 ,movem5ts 9 ,nature4 ,h[ ,man ,utilizes ! ,v>i\s ,movem5ts4 ,k9ds ( ,pot5tial ,en]gy4 ,! ,p[] 9 ,heat4 ,en]gy 9 ,/eam4 ,en]gy f ! ,sun4 ,p[] f ,wat]4 ,! ,turb9e4 ,calculat+ ,p[] ( a ,turb9e4 ,horse ,p[]4 ,foot ,p\nds4 ,p[] & ,"t4 ,gravitation4 ,utiliz+ ! pull ( ,gravity4 ,tak+ ,advantages ( ,=ces4 ,pitt+ ,=ces ,aga9/ ea* ,o!r4 ,c5tripetal & ,c5trifugal ,=ces4 ,p[] n ,creat$4 ,develop+ ! ,p[] ( ,motors4 ,exp]im5t+4 ,*apt] ,,ii4 ,! ,/eam ,g5]ator #bb-ca ,wat] z an absorb5t ( ,heat4 ,classification ( ,boil]s4 ,mode ( apply+ ,heat4 ,! ,cyl9drical ,boil]4 ,! ,corni% ,boil]4 ,! ,wat] ,tube ,boil]4 ,v>i\s ,boil] ,types4 ,comp\nd ,/eam ,boil]4 ,locomotive ,/eam ,boil]4 ,v]tical ,/eam ,boil]4 ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,/eam ,eng9es #cb-ei ,! ,orig9al ,turb9e ,eng9e4 ,! ,reciprocat+ ,eng9e4 ,atmosph]ic ,eng9e4 ,! ,pi/on4 ,importance ( ! ,valve4 ,exp&+ ! ,/eam4 ,balanc$ ,valve4 ,rot>y ,valve4 ,eng9e ,accessories4 ,effici5cy ( ,eng9es4 ,h[ ,/eam acts 9 a ,cyl9d]4 ,indicat+ ! ,eng9e4 ,mean ,effici5cy4 ,calculat+ ,horse ,p[]4 ,cond5sation4 ,atmosph]ic ,pressure4 ,! ,cond5s]4 ,pre-heat+4 ,sup]heat]s4 ,comp\nd+4 ,triple & ,quadruple ,expansion ,eng9es4 ,! ,/eam ,turb9e4 ,pressure & ,velocity4 ,=m ( ,blades4 ,comp\nd+ ! ,jet4 ,*apt] ,,iv4 ,fuels & ,combu/ion #fj-fg ,solid ,fuels4 ,liquid ,fuels4 ,combu/ion4 ,oxidation4 ,! ,hydro-,c>bon ,gases4 ,oxyg5 & ! ,atmosph]e4 ,int]nal ,combu/ion4 ,vaporiz+ ,fuel4 ,explosion by ,heat ,compression4 ,h[ ,compression ,heats4 ,ela/icity ( ,gases4 ,advantages ( ,compression4 ,! ,necessity ( ,compression4 ,*apt] ,v4 ,! ,int]nal ,combu/ion ,eng9e #fh-hb ,fix$ ,gases4 ,gas ,eng9es4 ,en]gy ( ,c>bon & ,hydrog54 ,! ,two-,cycle ,type4 ,advantages ( ! ,two-,cycle ,eng9e4 ,! ,f\r-,cycle ,eng9e4 ,! ,f\r ,cycles4 ,ignition ,po9t4 ,advantages ( ! ,f\r-,cycle ,type4 ,! ,loss 9 ,p[]4 ,eng9e ,con/ruction4 ,valve ,gr9d+4 ,! ,crank ,%aft4 ,! ,cams4 ,*apt] ,,vi4 ,c>buret]s #hc-aja ,functions ( a ,c>buret]4 ,ri* ,mixtures4 ,lean ,mixtures4 ,types ( ,c>buret]s4 ,! ,spray]4 ,! ,surface ,type4 ,gov]n+ a ,c>buret]4 ,prim>y ,air4 ,ne$le ,valve4 ,second>y ,air4 ,requirem5ts 9 a ,c>buret]4 ,size ( a ,c>buret]4 ,rule = ,size ( ,c>buret]s4 ,! ,?rottle4 ,flood+4 ,adju/ability4 ,surface ,c>buret]s4 ,float ,*amb]4 ,*apt] ,,vii4 ,ignition1 ,l[ ,t5sion ,sy/em #ajb-abj ,electricity4 ,magnetism4 ,! ,armature4 ,*>act]i/ics ( ,electricity4 ,make & ,break ,sy/em4 ,voltage4 ,high & ,l[ ,voltage4 ,l[ ,t5sion me?od4 ,disadvantages ( ,make & ,break4 ,amp]es4 ,resi/ance4 ,direct ,curr5t4 ,alt]nat+ ,curr5t4 ,induction4 ,g5]at+ ,electricity4 ,prim>y ,batt]y4 ,mak+ a ,dry ,cell4 ,en]gy 9 a cell4 ,wir+ ,me?ods4 ,s]ies ,connection4 ,multiple ,connection4 ,s]ies ,multiple4 ,watts4 ,te/+ a ,cell4 ,te/+ ) ,in/rum5ts4 ,simple ,batt]y ,make & ,brake ,sy/em4 ,to ,advance ! ,sp>k4 ,! ,magneto 9 ! ,circuit4 ,magneto ,sp>k ,plug4 ,*apt] ,,viii4 ,ignition1 ,high ,t5sion #aba-adj ,magnetos4 ,alt]nat+ ,curr5t4 ,cutt+ ,l9es ( ,=ce4 ,plurality ( ,loops4 ,! ,electro ,magnet4 ,! ,dynamo ,=m4 ,! ,magneto ,=m4 ,advantages ( ! ,magneto4 ,induction ,coil4 ,*ang+ ! ,curr5t4 ,con/ruction ( a ,coil4 ,prim>y ,coil4 ,second>y ,coil4 ,contact ,mak]4 ,high ,t5sion ) ,batt]y & ,coil4 ,metallic ,core = ,induction ,coil4 ,! ,cond5s]4 ,op]ations ( a ,vibrator ,coil4 ,! ,di/ributor4 ,circuit+ ) ,di/ributor4 ,*apt] ,,ix4 ,me*anical ,devices ,utiliz$ 9 ,p[] #ada-aeg ,! ,unit ( ,"t4 ,horse ,p[]4 ,proney ,brake4 ,rev]s+ ,me*anism4 ,d\ble ,ecc5tric ,rev]s+ ,ge>4 ,balanc$ ,slide ,valve4 ,balanc$ ,?rottle ,valve4 ,eng9e ,gov]nors4 ,injectors4 ,fe$ ,wat] ,heat]s4 ,*apt] ,x4 ,valves & ,valve ,fitt+s #aeh-aga ,*eck ,valve4 ,gate ,valve4 ,globe ,valve4 ,! ,corliss ,valve4 ,corliss ,valve-op]at+ ,me*anism4 ,angle ,valve4 ,rot>y ,valves4 ,rotable ,eng9e ,valves4 ,?rottle ,valves4 ,bl[-(f ,valves4 ,pop-,safety ,valves4 ,*apt] ,,xi4 ,cams & ,ecc5trics #agb-agh ,simple ,cams4 ,wip] ,:eels4 ,cyl9drical ,cam ,motion4 ,ecc5trics4 ,triangul>ly-=m$ ,ecc5trics4 ,*apt] ,,xii4 ,ge>s & ,ge>+ #agi-aij ,racks & ,p9ions4 ,mangle ,rack4 ,controll+ ! ,p9ion4 ,dead ,c5t]4 ,crank ,motion ,sub/itute4 ,mangle ,:eels4 ,quick ,return ,motion4 ,accel]at$ ,motion4 ,quick-return ,ge>+4 ,scroll ,ge>+4 ,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,special ,types ( ,eng9es #aia-bja ,temp]atures4 ,artificial ,heat4 ,z]o4 ,liquids & ,gases4 ,refrig]ation4 ,rot>y ,eng9es4 ,caloric ,eng9es4 ,adhesion ,eng9es4 ,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,eng9]y 9 ! ,developm5t ( ! ,human ,race #bjb-bjg ,p[] 9 ,transportation4 ,p[] vs4 ,education & ! ,arts4 ,lack ( ,p[] 9 ! ,anci5t ,_w4 ,! ,e>ly ,days ( ! ,republic4 ,lack ( ,cohesiv5ess 9 ,c\ntries ,)\t ,p[]4 ,! ,railroad z a ,factor 9 ,civilization4 ,! ,wond]ful ,effects ( ,p[]4 ,engl& z a ,us] ( ,p[]4 ,! ,automobile4 ,high ,"* ( ,motor ,/udy4 ,! ,unlimit$ ,field ( ,p[]4 ,*apt] ,,xv4 ,! ,en]gy ( ! ,sun1 & ,h[ ,heat is ,measur$ #bjh-baf ,fuel ,economy4 ,direct ,conv]sion4 ,! ,measurem5t ( ,heat4 ,caloric4 ,mat]ial ,!ory4 ,heat ,transmitt$ 9 ,?ree ,ways4 ,conduction4 ,convection4 ,radiation4 ,gloss>y #bag ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations ,,fig4 ,,page #a4 ,und]%ot ,:eel #ac #b4 ,ov]%ot ,:eel #ad #c4 ,primitive ,boil] #bd #d4 ,return ,tubul> ,boil] #be #e4 ,corni%1 or ,scot* ,boil] #be #f4 ,wat] ,tube ,boil]4 ,end view #bg #g4 ,wat] ,tube ,boil]4 ,side view #bi #h4 ,! ,orig9al ,eng9e #cc #i4 ,horizontal ,section ( ,tube #cc #aj4 ,/eam-,atmosph]ic ,eng9e #ce #aa4 ,simple ,valve ,motion4 ,fir/ position #ch #ab4 ,simple ,valve ,motion4 ,second position #ch #ac4 ,effective pressure 9 a ,cyl9d] #db #ad4 ,indicat+ pressure l9e #dd #ae4 ,indicat+ ! ,eng9e #de #af4 ,comp\nd ,eng9e #ec #af;a4 ,relative ,pi/on ,pressures #ed #ag4 ,*ang+ ,pressure into ,velocity #ee #ah4 ,reaction aga9/ ,air #ef #ai4 ,reaction aga9/ ,surface #ef #bj4 ,turb9e4 ,/raight ,blades #eg #ba4 ,curv$ ,blades #eh #bb4 ,comp\nd ,turb9e #eh #bc4 ,two-,cycle ,eng9e4 ,fir/ position #ga #bd4 ,two-,cycle ,eng9e4 ,second position #gc #be4 ,two-,cycle ,eng9e4 ,?ird position #gc #bf4 ,f\r-,cycle ,eng9e4 ,fir/ position #ge #bg4 ,f\r-,cycle ,eng9e4 ,second position #ge #bh4 ,f\r-,cycle ,eng9e4 ,?ird position #gf #bi4 ,f\r-,cycle ,eng9e4 ,f\r? position #gf #cj4 ,valve ,gr9d+ #ha #ca4 ,c>buret] #hg #cb4 ,c>buret] #ie #cc4 ,surface ,c>buret] #ih #cd4 ,dry ,cell #ajh #ce4 ,s]ies ,connection #aji #cf4 ,multiple1 or ,p>allel ,connection #aaj #cg4 ,s]ies-,multiple ,connection #aaa #ch4 ,circuit ,te/+ #aac #ci4 ,make & ,break1 ) ,batt]y #aad #dj4 ,make & ,break1 ) ,magneto #aag #da4 ,magneto ,sp>k ,plug #aai #db4 ,illu/rat+ ,alt]nat+ ,curr5t #abb #dc4 ,alt]nat+ ,curr5t4 ,second position #abb #dd4 ,alt]nat+ ,curr5t4 ,?ird position #abc #de4 ,alt]nat+ ,curr5t4 ,f\r? position #abd #df4 ,mak+ ! ,circuit #abe #dg4 ,! ,dynamo #abf #dh4 ,! ,magneto #abf #di4 ,curr5t by ,induction #abh #ej4 ,induction ,coil #abi #ea4 ,typical ,induction ,coil #acj #eb4 ,contact ,mak] #aca #ec4 ,typical ,circuit+1 ,jump sp>k ,ignition #acb #ed4 ,metallic ,core1 ,induction ,coil #acc #ee4 ,cond5s] #acd #ef4 ,vibrator ,coil & ,connections #ace #eg4 ,! ,di/ribut] #acg #eh4 ,circuit+ ) ,di/ribut] #ach #ei4 ,illu/rat+ ! ,unit ( ,"t #adb #fj4 ,! ,proney ,brake #adc #fa4 ,d\ble ,ecc5tric ,rev]s+ ,ge> #adf #fb4 ,rev]s+ ,ge>1 ,neutral #adf #fc4 ,rev]s+ ,ge>1 ,rev]s$ #adg #fd4 ,s+le ,ecc5tric ,rev]s+ ,ge> #adg #fe4 ,balanc$ ,slide ,valve #adh #ff4 ,valve ,*e/4 ,d\ble ,port ,exhau/ #adi #fg4 ,balanc$ ,?rottle-,valve #aej #fh4 ,watt's ,gov]nor #aea #fi4 ,! ,orig9al ,injector #aeb #gj4 ,injector ) movable ,comb9+ ,tube #aed #ga4 ,fe$ ,wat] ,heat] #aef #gb4 ,*eck ,valve #aeh #gc4 ,gate ,valve #aei #gd4 ,globe ,valve #afj #ge4 ,corliss ,valve #afb #gf4 ,corliss ,valve-op]at+ ,me*anism #afc #gg4 ,angle ,valve #afd #gh4 ,rot>y-,valve #afe #gi4 ,two-way ,rot>y #afe #hj4 ,rot>y ,type #aff #ha4 ,two-,way ,rot>y ,type #aff #hb4 ,butt]fly ,?rottle #afg #hc4 ,angle ,?rottle #afg #hd4 ,slide ,?rottle #afh #he4 ,two-slide ,?rottle #afh #hf4 ,bl[-(f ,valve #afi #hg4 ,safety ,pop ,valve #agj #hh4 ,he>t ,%ap$ #agc #hi4 ,elliptic #agc #ij4 ,d\ble ,elliptic #agc #ia4 ,s+le ,wip] #agd #ib4 ,d\ble ,wip] #agd #ic4 ,tilt+ ,cam #agd #id4 ,cam ,sector #age #ie4 ,groov$ ,cam #age #if4 ,reciprocat+ ,motion #age #ig4 ,pivot$ ,foll[] = ,cam #agf #ih4 ,ecc5tric #agg #ii4 ,ecc5tric ,cam #agg #ajj4 ,triangul>ly-=m$ ,ecc5tric #agh #aja4 ,rack & ,p9ion #ahj #ajb4 ,rack ,motion #ahj #ajc4 ,pla9 ,mangle ,rack #aha #ajd4 ,mangle ,rack ,motion #aha #aje4 ,alt]nate ,circul> ,motion #aha #ajf4 ,controll+ ,p9ion = ,mangle ,rack #ahb #ajg4 ,illu/rat+ ,crank-p9 ,movem5t #ahc #ajh4 ,! ,dead ,c5t] #ahd #aji4 ,crank ,motion ,sub/itute #ahd #aaj4 ,mangle ,:eel #ahe #aaa4 ,quick ,return ,motion #ahf #aab4 ,accel]at$ ,circul> ,motion #ahg #aac4 ,quick ,return ,ge>+ #ahh #aad4 ,scroll ,ge>+ #ahi #aae4 ,simple ,rot>y ,eng9e #aif #aaf4 ,d\ble-fe$ ,rot>y ,eng9e #aih #aag4 ,adhesion ,motor #bjj ,,introductory ,! motor is ! great dom9at+ factor 9 ! _w ( indu/ry4 ,e :eel & sp9dle2 e %aft & loom1 & e piece ( me*anism :i* has motion1 d]ives x f "s sort ( motor4 ,! t]m motor has a wid] significance ?an any o!r ^w4 ,a /eam eng9e is a motor1 & s1 also1 is a dynamo1 a wat] :eel or a w9d mill4 ,x w\ld be j z descriptive to call a w9d mill a w9d motor1 or a /eam eng9e a /eam motor1 z to adh]e to ! old t]ms2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 s9ce x w\ld be out ( place to call a dynamo or a w9d mill an eng9e1 ! ^w motor seems be/ adapt$ to express ! mean+ ( e type ( me*anism :i* trans=ms en]gy into motion4 ,9 consid]+ ! subject ,i %all proce$ on ! !ory t ! boy kn[s no?+ :atsoev] ( ! subject1 nor ! t]ms us$ to designate ! v>i\s phases1 subjects & elem5ts4 ,x mu/ be elem5t>y 9 its "*1 & :olly devoid ( te*nical t]ms or s5t5ces4 ,:ile x is necess>y to give in=mation 9 a book ( ?is "*1 on ! me?ods = figur+ out p[]1 x mu/ be done )\t resort+ to ! =mulas usually employ$ 9 eng9e]+ works1 z !y are ( su* a nature t ! boy mu/ h "s k ( ! high] ma!matics to foll[ out ! calculations employ$4 ,inde$1 e phase %\ld be br\ght )9 ! m5tal view ( ! boy1 & to d ?is may occasionally necessitate :at might appe> to be long drawn out explanations1 all ( :i*1 x is hop$1 w be ! means ( m cle>ly pres5t+ ! subject4 ,! op5+ *apt]s1 :i* treat ( ! fundam5tals1 w be z ne>ly complete z possible1 & ?us lay a f\ndation = ! "w we %all be call$ ^u to p]=m1 :5 we treat ( ! /ructures ( ! diff]5t p>ts & devices 9 ! v>i\s types ( motors4 ,! object is to expla9 p[] 9 its v>i\s phases1 h[ d]iv$1 & ! mann] 9 :i* advantage is tak5 ( ! elem5ts1 & sub/ances ) :i* we are br\ght into contact4 ,! reasons = ea* /ep are pla9ly set =? ) ! view ( tea*+ ! boy :at p[] means1 r ?an to in/ruct him h[ to make "s p>ticul> "p ( ! ma*9]y4 ,! ,inquisitive ,trait4--,my exp]i5ce has impress$ me ) ! univ]sality ( "o trait 9 boys1 namely1 t ( inquisitiv5ess4 ,put a ma*9e be=e a boy & all[ him to dissect x1 & 8 curiosity w prompt him to "q ! motive = ! p>ticul> con/ruction ( ea* "p ( its make-up4 ,! ,reasons = ,do+ ,?+s4--,he is int]e/$ 9 kn[+ ! reason :y4 ,e boy has ! _s ( ! true inve/igator1--t quality :i* seeks to g beh9d or delve d[n deeply4 ,?is is a natural in/9ct4 ,! ,my/]y ( ,me*anism4--,if ?is ta/e is gratifi$1 & he !reby le>ns ! my/]y ( ! ma*9e1 :at a wond]ful _w is op5$ to him6 ,! value ( ! lesson w dep5d1 9 a l>ge measure1 on ! ?+s :i* he has f\nd out = himself4 ,x is t :i* c\nts1 because he nev] =gets t :i* he has dug out & discov]$4 ,curiosity ,:i* ,prompts ,inve/igation4--,i recall a f>m]'s boy ^: curiosity l$ him to inve/igate ! b9d+ me*anism ( a reap]4 ,x 0 a m>vel to him1 z x has be5 to _m o!rs4 ,he /udi$ x day aft] day1 & f9ally1 unaid$ ma/]$ ! art4 ,t 0 some?+ :i* c\ld n be tak5 away f him4 ,x 0 a pleasure to he> him expla9 its op]ation to a gr\p ( boys1 & m51 too1 9 :i* he us$ ! knot itself to expla9 h[ ! v>i\s f+]s & lev]s cop]at$ to p]=m _! functions4 ,x 0 an op5 book to him1 b !re 0 n "o 9 ! gr\p ( li/5]s :o c\ld repeat ! explanation4 ,! ,sum ( ,k4--,x is ! self-taught boy :o becomes ! exp]t4 ,! great inv5tors did n dep5d on explanations4 ,a book ( ?is "* has a field ( usefulness if x m]ely sets =?1 z f> z possible1 ! sum ( useful k :i* has be5 ga9$ by o!rs1 s z to enable ! boy to g =w>d f t po9t1 & ?us ga9 imm5sely 9 "t4 ,!re is s mu* t has be5 develop$ 9 ! pa/1 ) ref]5ce to ! prop]ties ( matt]1 or conc]n+ ! utility ( movem5ts1 & facts 9 ! realm ( weights1 measures1 & values ( elem5ts :i* he mu/ deal )1 t1 z he /udies ! me*anical problems1 ! book becomes a sort ( cyclop$ia1 m ?an a "w design$ to guide him 9 ! build+ ( special eng9es or motors4 ,! ,au?or4 ,,motors ,,*apt] ,i ,,motors ,,& ,,motive ,,p[] ,:at makes ! :eels turn r\nd8 ,?is simple "q is ask$ ov] & ov] aga94 ,to reply means pages ( answ]s & volumes ( explanations4 ,! ,wat] ,fall4--,g ) me to ! little /ream ,i h 9 m9d1 & /& on ! cre/ ( ! hill :]e we c see ! wat] p\r+ d[n ov] ! falls1 & wat* x :irl+ away ov] ! rocks bel[4 ,! _w 0 v1 v old1 be=e man ?\ght ( us+ ! wat] ( ! falls1 or ! ru%+ /ream bel[1 to gr9d 8 corn or to r5d] him o!r s]vice4 ,wat] ,moves 9 ,"o ,direction ,only4--,:at ! orig9al man saw 0 a body ( wat] mov+ 9 "o direction only4 ,:5 he want$ to gr9d corn he put x 9 ! holl[ ( a rock1 & !n beat x ) a /one1 :i* he rais$ by h& at ea* /roke4 ,9 do+ s two motions 7 requir$ 9 opposite directions1 & x took ?\s&s ( ye>s = him to le>n t ! wat] ru%+ along 9 "o direction1 c\ld be made to move ! /one1 or ! pe/le ( 8 primitive gr9d+ mill1 9 two directions4 ,x took him ?\s&s ( ye>s m to le>n ano!r ?+1 namely1 t ! wat] c\ld be made to turn ! /one r\nd1 or rotate x1 & ?us cause "o /one1 :5 turn+ on ano!r1 to cru% & gr9d ! gra9 betwe5 !m4 ,n[1 z we g along ) ! unfold+ ( ! great "q ( motors1 we mu/ le>n some?+ ( ! t]ms :i* are employ$1 to designate ! diff]5t ?+s we %all deal )1 & we ought to h "s und]/&+ ( ! s\rces ( p[]4 ,:at ,is ,en]gy8--,! runn+1 z well z ! fall+ wat] repres5t en]gy4 ,?is is some?+ :i* is 9 ! ?+1 ! elem5t1 or ! sub/ance itself4 ,x does n come f )\t4 ,x is n imp>t$ to x by any?+4 ,/or$ or ,pot5tial ,en]gy4--,at ! top ( ! falls1 look at t imm5se rock4 ,x has be5 !re = c5turies4 ,x1 also1 has en]gy4 ,!re is /or$ )9 x a trem5d\s p[]4 ,y smile6 ,yes1 ! p[] has be5 !re = ages1 & n[ by a slight pu% x is s5t cra%+ d[n ! precipice4 ,! p[] develop$ by t fall 0 ?\s&s ( times great] ?an ! pu% :i* dislodg$ x4 ,b1 y say1 ! pu% aga9/ ! /one repres5t$ an ext]nal =ce1 & su* be+ ! case1 :y d y say t p[] is )9 ! ?+ itself8 ,! answ] is1 t n "o iota ( ! p[] requir$ to pu% ! /one (f its seat 0 add$ to ! p[] ( ! /one :5 x fell4 ,fur!rmore1 ! p[] requir$ to dislodge ! /one came f )9 me1 & n f any outside s\rce4 ,"h we h two diff]5t =ms ( en]gy1 b bo? repres5t a mov+ =ce4 ,! p[] d]iv$ f !m is ! same4 ,k9etic ,en]gy4--,! en]gy ( ! fall+ wat] or /one is call$ ,k9etic en]gy4 ,9 bo? cases ! p[] develop$ came f )9 !mselves & n f any ext]ior s\rce4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ,pot5tial & ,k9etic ,en]gy is !re=e t ,pot5tial ,en]gy repres5ts ! capacity to d "w1 :ile ,k9etic ,en]gy is ! actual p]=mance ( "w4 ,friction4--,9 e =m ( en]gy !re is always some?+ to detract f x or take away a portion ( its full =ce1 call$ friction4 ,:5 a %aft turns1 x rubs aga9/ ! be>+s1 & m or less p[] is absorb$4 ,:5 a :eel travels ov] ! gr\nd friction is ev] pres5t4 ,! dislodg+ ( ! /one requir$ t5 p\nds ( en]gy1 b a ?\s& p\nds 0 develop$ by ! fall4 ,! wat] ru%+ along its rocky b$ has friction all along its pa?4 ,resi/ance4--,?is friction is a resi/ance to ! movem5t ( a body1 & is ev] pres5t4 ,x is necess>y to g back & exam9e ! reason = ?is4 ,z long z ! /one 0 pois$ at ! top ( ! precipice x _h lat5t or pot5tial en]gy1 :i* might be t]m$ p[] at re/4 ,:5 x fell x _h p[] 9 motion4 ,9 bo? cases gravity act$ ^u ! /one1 & 9 l mann] on ! wat] p\r+ ov] ! falls4 ,in]tia4--,in]tia or mom5tum is inh]5t 9 all ?+s & repres5ts ! resi/ance ( any body or matt]1 to *ange its condition ( re/ or /&+ /ill into motion1 & is !n call$ ,in]tia ( ,re/1 or ! resi/ance x (f]s to increase or decrease its spe$ :5 mov+1 & is !n call$ ,in]tia ( ,motion4 ,in]tia or mom5tum is compos$ by ! weight ( ! body & its spe$ & is measur$ by multiply+ its weight by its spe$4 ,! law is1 t :5 a body is at re/ x w rema9 at re/ et]nally1 & :5 9 motion x w cont9ue 9 motion =ev]1 unless act$ on by "s ext]nal =ce or resi/ance4 ,an object ly+ on ! gr\nd has ! frictional resi/ance ( ! e>? to prev5t its mov+4 ,:5 ! object is fly+ ?r\gh space x meets ! air & has also ! d[nw>d pull ( gravity1 :i* seek to br+ x to re/4 ,^! resi/+ =ces are less 9 wat]1 & /ill less 9 gases1 & !re is1 !re=e1 a /ate ( mobility 9 !m :i* is n f\nd 9 solids4 ,int]nal & ,ext]nal ,resi/ance4--,all bodies are subject to int]nal1 z well z ext]nal resi/ance4 ,! /one on ! cliff resi/$ ! movem5t to pu% x ov]4 ,weight 0 ! resi/+ int]nal =ce1 b :5 ! /one 0 mov+ ?r\gh ! air1 ! friction ) ! air creat$ ext]nal resi/ance4 ,en]gy ,inde/ructible4--,!re is ano!r ?+ :i* %\ld be und]/ood1 & t is ! absolute inde/ructibility ( en]gy4 ,matt] may be *ang$ 9 =m1 or 9 ! direction ( its motion1 by ! *ange ( k9etic into pot5tial en]gy1 or vice v]sa1 b ! sum total ( ! en]gy 9 ! _w is unalt]able or con/ant4 ,! trem5d\s p[] develop$ by ! /one :5 x plung$ ?r\gh space & /ruck ! rocks bel[1 develop$ a heat at its impact4 ,?us ! mov+ =ce :i* 0 a motion 9 "o direction 0 conv]t$ into ano!r =m ( en]gy1 heat4 ,! expansion ( ! mat]ial expos$ to ! heat also repres5t$ en]gy4 ,:5 p[d] explodes & absolutely *anges ! =m ( ! sub/ance1 its volume ( expansion1 if x %\ld be reta9$ )9 a vessel1 w\ld p]=m a c]ta9 am\nt ( "w1 & ! en]gy is ?us transf]r$ f "o =m to ano!r )\t ceas+4 ,w9d ,p[]4--,primitive man also saw & felt ! w9ds4 ,he not$ its trem5d\s p[]1 b he c\ld n see h[ a =ce mov+ 9 "o direction only c\ld be utiliz$ by him4 ,rectil9e> ,motion4--,?is movem5t ( ! w9d 9 "o direction1 l ! wat] fl[+ along ! b$ ( ! riv]1 is call$ rectil9e> motion4 ,x requir$ inv5tion to conv]t rectil9e> into circul> motion4 ,oscillat+ ,motion4--,:5 he ?re%$ 8 gra9 & w9n[$ x by %ak+ x to & fro1 to rid x ( ! *aff1 ! idea ( us+ ! w9d to produce an oscillat+ motion did n occur to him4 ,aft] circul> motion 0 produc$1 ! crank 0 =m$ & ?us ! oscillat+ movem5t 0 br\ght ab\t4 ,movem5ts 9 ,nature4--,all movem5ts 9 nature are simple ones1 ( :i* ! foll[+ are illu/rations3 #a4 ,rectil9e>1 :i*1 z /at$1 means 9 a /raight l9e4 #b4 ,circul>1 l ! motion ( ! e>? on its axis1 once e tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 #c4 ,oscillatory1 l a to & fro movem5t1 ! sway+ bran*es ( trees1 or ! sw++ ( a p5dulum4 ,h[ ,man ,utilizes ! ,v>i\s ,movem5ts4--,:at man has done is to utilize ! great natural =ces 9 nature 9 su* a way z to produce ^! movem5ts at w1 9 ei!r direction1 ) great] or less spe$1 at regul> or irregul> int]vals1 & at su* amplitudes z are requir$ to p]=m ! necess>y "w4 ,k9ds ( ,pot5tial ,en]gy4--,n[1 mat]ials h )9 !mselves pot5tial en]gy ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,?us1 p[d]1 if ignit$1 w burn1 & 9 burn+ w exp&1 or explode1 z we t]m x4 ,?is is true also ( oils & gases4 ,! expansion pressure produc$ f su* sub/ances dep5ds on ! spe$ at :i* !y w burn1 & 9 s conf9+ ! burn+ sub/ances t a great pressure is produc$4 ,! ,p[] 9 ,heat4--,! pressure ( all su* sub/ances aga9/ ! conf9+ m$ium dep5ds on heat4 ,any gas :i* has #ebc degrees ( heat imp>t$ to x w exp& d\ble its volume4 ,if "o cubic in* ( wat] is conv]t$ into /eam ! latt] w occupy "o cubic foot ( space "u atmosph]ic pressure1--t is1 x w exp& ov] #agjj times4 ,en]gy 9 ,/eam4--,if ! /eam ?us g5]at$ is n[ subject$ to #ebc degrees ( heat additional1 x w occupy ov] #cdjj cubic in*es ( space4 ,x w ?us be se5 :y /eam1 gas1 & gasol9e eng9es are call$ heat eng9es1 or heat motors4 ,en]gy ,f ! ,sun4--,_m attempts h be5 made to utilize ! heat ( ! sun1 to turn ma*9]y1 b ! difficulty has be5 to secure suffici5t heat1 on ! "o h&1 & on ! o!r to prop]ly cool d[n ! heat$ gases1 s t ! v>i\s liquid & solid fuels are requir$ to make ! heat trans=mations4 ,p[] ,f ,wat]4--,9 ! use ( wat] two =ms are available1 "o :]e ! wat] is mov+ along or fall+ 9 a con/ant op5 /ream2 & ! o!r :]e ! fl[+ wat] is conf9$ & :]e its fl[ c be regulat$ & controll$4 ,! latt] is m available = two reasons3 ,fir/3 ,economy 9 ! use ( wat]4 ,second3 ,ability to control ! spe$ or movem5t ( ! motor4 ,) runn+ or fall+ /reams a l>ge surface is requir$1 & ! :eels turn sl[ly4 ,two well-recogniz$ =ms ( :eels h be5 employ$1 "o call$ ! und]%ot1 or brea/ :eel1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #a1 & ! o!r ! ov]%ot1 illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #b4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,und]%ot ,:eel4 ,9 bo? types x is difficult to s arrange !m z to %ut (f ! p[] or wat] pressure :5 requir$1 or to regulate ! spe$4 ,! ,turb9e4--,:eels :i* dep5d on ! controllable pressure ( ! wat] are ( ! turb9e type4 ,! ^w is d]iv$ f ! ,lat9 ^w turbo1 mean+ to :irl1 l a top4 ,?is is a type ( :eel m\nt$ on ! l[] end ( a v]tical or horizontal %aft1 )91 or at ! bottom1 ( a p5/ock4 ,! p]imet] ( ! :eel has blades1 & ! :ole is enclos$ )9 a drum1 s t wat] f ! p5/ock w ru% ?r\gh ! tang5tially-=m$ conduit into ! drum1 & /rike ! blades ( ! :eel4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,ov]%ot ,:eel4 ,a column ( wat] "o in* squ>e & tw5ty-eight in*es high weighs "o p\nd1--or1 to express x 9 ano!r way1 ! pressure at ! bottom ( su* a column is "o p\nd1 & x is a p\nd = ea* additional #bh in*es4 ,if !re %\ld be a head or height ( wat] column ( sev5 feet1 ! pressure on ea* squ>e in* ( wat] at ! bottom ( ! p5/ock w\ld be ?ree p\nds to ! squ>e in*4 ,assum+ ! op5+ or duct lead+ to ! :eel blades %\ld be #ab #ab in*es1 & also ! blades be #ab #ab in*es1 ! area w\ld be equal to #add squ>e in*es1 & ?is multipli$ by ?ree p\nds w\ld equal #dcb p\nds pressure aga9/ ! blades4 ,calculat+ ,p[] ( a ,turb9e ,:eel4--,! p[] ( su* a :eel dep5ds pr9cipally on two ?+s4 ,fir/1 ! arrangem5t ( ! blades ) ref]5ce to ! infl[+ wat]2 &1 second1 ! dis*>ge port1 or ability ( ! wat] to free itself f ! :eel cas+4 ,let u assume t ! diamet] ( ! :eel at ! c5t] ( ! blades is two feet1 :i* w\ld1 r\ghly e/imat+1 give a circumf]5ce ( six feet1 or a travel ( ea* p>ticul> blade t di/ance at ea* turn ( ! :eel4 ,if ! :eel turns "o hundr$ times a m9ute1 & ?is is multipli$ by ! circumf]5ce ( ! :eel 7six feet71 ! result is #fjj feet4 ,?is1 aga91 multipli$ by #dcb p\nds 7:i* repres5ts ! pressure ( ! wat] on ! entire dis*>ge op5+71 & we h a product ( #bei1bjj1 :i* repres5ts foot p\nds4 ,?is means ! same "w z if #bei1bjj p\nds w\ld h be5 lift$ ?r\gh a space ( "o foot 9 "o m9ute ( "t4 ,to asc]ta9 h[ mu* p[] has be5 develop$ we mu/ "k h[ _m foot p\nds !re are 9 a horse p[]4 ,horse ,p[]4--,x is det]m9$ 9 ?is way3 any =ce :i* is capable ( rais+ #eej p\nds "o foot 9 "o second ( "t1 is develop+ "o horse p[]4 ,a man might h suffici5t /r5g? to raise su* a weight once1 twice1 or a doz5 times 9 succession1 b if he %\ld try to d x sixty times a m9ute he w\ld f9d x a try+1 if n impossible task4 ,foot ,p\nds4--,if he %\ld be able to lift #eej p\nds sixty times )9 a m9ute1 he w\ld h lift$ #cc1jjj p\nds "o foot 9 "o m9ute ( "t 7#eej #fj71 & ?us h develop$ "o horse p[]4 ,z ! wat] :eel1 9 our calculations above1 rais$ #bei1bjj p\nds 9 t p]iod ( "t1 ?is figure divid$ by #cc1jjj %[s t a little m ?an #g-c_/d horse p[] 0 develop$1 assum+1 ( c\rse1 t we h n tak5 into acc\nt any wa/e1 or loss by friction1 or o!rwise4 ,?is me?od ( det]m9+ "o horse p[] %\ld be c>efully /udi$4 ,always keep 9 m9d ! ma9 factor1 #cc1jjj p\nds1 & ?is multipli$ by "o foot1 ! result w be #cc1jjj foot p\nds1--t is1 "o horse p[]4 ,x w\ld be j ! same1 h[ev]1 if x 7 possible to raise "o p\nd #eej times 9 "o second1 or "o p\nd #cc1jjj times )9 a m9ute4 ,p[] & ,"t4--,y are ?us br\ght face to face ) ano!r ?+ :i* is j z important1 namely1 t1 9 consid]+ p[]1 "t1 z well z en]gy1 mu/ be consid]$4 ,if a man1 by sup]ior /r5g?1 c\ld be able to raise #eej p\nds once )9 a second1 !n skip a few seconds1 take ano!r hold1 & aga9 raise x t di/ance1 he w\ld n be develop+ "o horse p[] = a m9ute1 b only = "o second :ile he lift$ ! weight4 ,= ! :ole m9ute he w\ld only develop a c]ta9 numb] ( foot p\nds1 & less ?an #cc1jjj foot p\nds4 ,if1 )9 a m9ute1 he succe$$ 9 rais+ x "o foot = six times1 ?is w\ld be six times #eej1 equal to #c1cjj foot p\nds1 or j "o-t5? ( "o horse p[] = "o m9ute2 s "t is j z important z ! am\nt lift$ at ea* ef=t4 ,gravitation4--,n[1 let u exam9e p[] f ano!r /&po9t4 ,e attempt :i* man makes to produce motion is an ef=t to ov]come "s resi/ance4 ,9 _m cases ?is is weight or gravity4 ,:ile humanity unceas+ly antagonizes ! =ce ( gravity x is con/antly utiliz+ ! laws ( gravitation4 ,utiliz+ ! ,pull ( ,gravity4--,! boy labori\sly drags 8 sl$ to ! top ( ! hill aga9/ gravity1 & !n dep5ds on t =ce to c>ry him d[n4 ,we h le>n$ to set up "o =ce 9 nature aga9/ ! o!r4 ,! runn+ /ream2 ! mov+ w9ds2 ! tides2 ! expansive =ce ( all mat]ials "u heat1 are br\ght into play to c\nt]act ! great prevail+ ag5cy :i* seeks to hold ev]y?+ d[n to "m e>?4 ,utiliz+ ,=ces4--,! ,bible says3 ,bless$ is he :o make? two blades ( grass gr[ :]e "o grew be=e4 ,to d t means ! utilization ( =ces4 ,improv$ ma*9]y is enabl+ man to make _m blades gr[ :]e "o grew be=e4 ,new me?ods to =ce ! pl[ ?r\gh ! soil2 to dig x deep]2 to f]tilize x2 & to h>ve/ x2 all require p[]4 ,pitt+ ,=ces ,aga9/ ,ea* ,o!r4--,man has discov]$ h[ to pit ! =ces ( nature aga9/ ea* o!r1 & ! laws :i* regulate !m4 ,c5tripetal & ,c5trifugal ,=ces4--,gravity1 t action :i* seeks to draw all matt] t[>d ! c5t] ( ! e>?1 is t]m$ c5tripetal =ce4 ,b z ! e>? rotates on its axis ano!r =ce is ex]t$ :i* t5ds to ?r[ sub/ances outw>dly1 l dirt fly+ f ! rim ( a :eel4 ,?is is call$ c5trifugal =ce4 ,man utilizes ?is =ce 9 _m ways1 "o ( :i* is illu/rat$ 9 ! eng9e gov]nor1 :]e ! revolv+ balls raise ! arms on :i* !y sw+1 & by t means ! eng9e valve is regulat$4 ,p[] ,n ,creat$4--,9 tak+ up ! /udy ( ?is subject />t ) a correct und]/&+ ( ! s\rce ( all p[]4 ,x is inh]5t 9 all ?+s4 ,all we c d is to lib]ate x1 or to put ! v>i\s mat]ials 9 su* condition1 t !y w ex]t _! =ces = our uses4 7,see ,page n9e1 ,en]gy ,inde/ructible47 ,a ton ( coal1 :5 burn$1 produces a c]ta9 am\nt ( heat1 :i*1 if all[$ to escape1 w n turn a :eel4 ,b if conf9$1 x exp&s ! air1 or x may conv]t wat] into /eam :i* w turn pond]\s ma*9]y4 ,niag>a ,falls has s5t its great volume into ! *asm = untold c5turies1 b x has nev] be5 utiliz$ until )9 ! la/ tw5ty ye>s4 ,! en]gy has be5 !re1 nev]!less2 & s x is ) e sub/ance ( :i* we h k4 ,! successive /eps1 :]e9 ! exp]im5t] & ! inv5tor h greatly improv$ on ! orig9al inv5tions1 w be detail$ z we g along ?r\gh ! diff]5t types ( motors4 ,develop+ ! ,p[] ( ,motors4--,?is developm5t 9 ! art is a mo/ fasc9at+ /udy4 ,x is l ! explor]1 =c+ 8 way ?r\gh a primeval =e/4 ,he kn[s n :at is beyond4 ,(t51 l ! travel]1 he has met s]i\s ob/ructions1 & has _h to deviate f 8 c\rse1 only to le>n t he took ! wrong direction & _h to retrace 8 /eps4 ,! /udy ( motors & motive p[] is "o :i* calls = ! highe/ eng9e]+ qualities4 ,9 ?is1 z 9 e o!r ( ! me*anical arts1 !ory1 :ile x has an important function1 occupies second place4 ,exp]im5t+4--,! great improvem5ts h be5 made by build+ & te/+2 ! advance has be5 /ep by /ep4 ,sometimes a mo/ important inv5tion w loom up z a /rik+ example to %[ h[ a valuable feature lies hidd5 & undevelop$4 ,an illu/ration ( ?is may be cit$ ) respect to ! valve ( ! /eam eng9e4 ,= f\r hundr$ ye>s !re 0 no /rik+ improvem5t 9 ! valve4 ,! v>i\s types ( slid+ & rock+ valves 7 modifi$ & ref9$ until x 0 assum$ t !y typifi$ p]fection4 ,at "o /roke ! ,corliss valve made su* an imm5se improvem5t t ! m>vel 0 z mu* 9 its simplicity z 9 its p]=mance4 ,! reasons & ! explanations w be set =? 9 ! section :i* analyzes valve motion4 ,9 ?is1 z 9 o!r matt]s1 x %all be our aim to expla9 :y ! diff]5t improvem5ts 7 reg>d$ z epo*s 9 ! production ( motors4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,/eam ,,g5]ator ,! mo/ widely kn[n & utiliz$ s\rce ( p[] is ! /eam eng9e4 ,be=e its discov]y w9d & wat] 7 ! only available means1 except ! muscul> p[] ( man1 horses & o!r animals1 :i* 0 us$ ) ! crude/ sort ( contrivances4 ,9 primitive days m5 did n value _! "t1 s !y labori\sly p]=m$ ! "w :i* ma*9]y n[ does = u4 ,! /eam eng9e1 l ev]y?+ else :i* man has devis$1 0 a gr[?1 &1 s+ul> z x may seem1 ! boil]1 t vital "p ( ! organism1 01 really1 ! la/ to receive due consid]ation & improvem5t4 ,z ! boil] is dep5d$ ^u to produce ! /eam pressure1 & s9ce ! pressure dep5ds on ! rapid & economical evaporation ( wat]1 ! importance ( ! subject w be und]/ood 9 treat+ ( ! /eam eng9e4 ,wat] z an ,absorb5t ( ,heat4--,wat] has ! capacity to absorb a great] am\nt ( heat ?an any o!r sub/ance4 ,a pewt] pot1 :i* melts at #ejj degrees1 w resi/ #bjjj degrees ( heat if x is fill$ ) wat]1 s9ce ! latt] absorbs ! heat s rapidly t ! temp]ature ( ! metal is kept ne> ! boil+ po9t ( wat]1 :i* is #bab degrees4 ,not)/&+ ! great heat-absorb+ qualities ( wat]1 a l>ge portion ( ! heat ( ! fuel passes ?r\gh ! flues & escapes f ! /ack4 ,?is fact has caus$ inv5tors to devise v>i\s =ms ( boil]s1 ! object be+ to pres5t z l>ge an area ( wat] z possible to ! heat ( ! burn+ fuel4 ,h[ t 0 accompli%$ we %all try to make pla94 ,classification ( ,boil]s4--,num]\s types ( boil]s h be5 devis$1 ! object be+1 9 all cases to evaporate ! l>ge/ am\nt ( wat] ) ! m9imum quantity ( fuel4 ,all boil]s may be put "u two g5]al heads1 namely1 ^? :i* conta9 a l>ge quantity ( wat]1 & ^? :i* are int5d$ to c>ry only a small *>ge4 ,9 ! fir/ division ! boil]s are design$ to c>ry a comp>atively small pressure1 & 9 ! latt] high pressures are available4 ,mode ( ,apply+ ,heat4--,! mo/ important ?+ to fully und]/& is ! mann] 9 :i* heat is appli$ to ! boil]1 & ! diff]5t types :i* h be5 adapt$ to meet ?is requirem5t4 ,! ,cyl9drical ,boil]4--,! mo/ primitive type ( boil] is a pla9 cyl9drical %ell ,a1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #c1 9 :i* ! furnace ,b is plac$ bel[1 s t ! surface ( ! wat] 9 contact ) ! fire area is exce$+ly limit$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,primitive ,boil]4 ,9 su* a type ( boil] x w\ld be impossible = wat] to extract m ?an qu>t] ! heat ( ! fuel4 ,usually x 0 mu* less4 ,! next /ep 0 to make :at is call$ a return tubul> type 9 :i* ! heat ( ! burn+ gases is convey$ to ! re> end ( ! boil]1 & !n return$ to ! front end ?r\gh tubes4 ,fig4 #d %[s ?is con/ruction4 ,! head ( ! %ell holds ! ends ( a plurality ( tubes1 & ! products ( combu/ion pass ?r\gh ! conduit1 bel[ ! boil] to ! re> end1 & are conduct$ upw>dly to ! tubes4 ,z all ! tubes are surr\nd$ by wat]1 x w absorb a l>ge am\nt ( ! heat z ! gases move ?r\gh1 & be=e pass+ out ( ! /ack4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,return ,tubul> ,boil]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,corni%1 or ,scot* ,boil]4 ,! ,corni% ,boil]4--,"o ( ! mo/ important inv5tions 9 ! g5]ation ( /eam 0 ! ,corni% boil]1 :i* = _m ye>s 0 ! recogniz$ type = m>9e purposes4 ,x _h ! advantage t a l>ge am\nt ( wat] c\ld be c>ri$ & be subject$ to heat at all times4 ,aside f t x s\ght to avoid ! great loss due to radiation4 ,x w be se5 f an exam9ation ( ,fig4 #e t ! %ell is made v l>ge1 & its l5g? does n exce$ its diametrical measurem5t4 ,two1 & sometimes ?ree1 fire tubes are plac$ )9 ! %ell1 ^! tubes be+ secur$ to ! heads4 ,surr\nd+ ^! fire tubes1 are num]\s small tubes1 ?r\gh :i* ! products ( combu/ion pass aft] leav+ ! re> ends ( ! fire tubes4 ,9 ^! boil]s ! tubes are ! combu/ion *amb]s1 & are provid$ ) a grat+ = receiv+ ! coal1 & ! re> ends ( ! tubes are provid$ ) bridge walls1 to arre/1 9 a measure1 ! free exit ( ! heat$ gases4 ,^! boil]s w\ld be v effici5t1 if !y c\ld be made ( suffici5t l5g? to p]mit ! wat] to absorb ! heat ( ! fuel1 b x w be se5 t x w\ld be difficult to make !m ( v great l5g?4 ,if made too small diametrically ! diamet] ( ! fire boxes w\ld be r$uc$ to su* an ext5t t !re w\ld n be suffici5t grate surface4 ,x is obvi\s1 h[ev]1 t ?is =m ( boil] adds greatly to ! area ( ! wat] surface contact1 & 9 t p>ticul> is a great improvem5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,wat] ,tube ,boil]3 ,end ,view4 ,! ,wat] ,tube ,boil]4--,9 ! e>ly days ( ! developm5t ( boil]s1 ! univ]sal practice 0 to h ! products ( combu/ion pass ?r\gh ! flues or ! tubes4 ,b quick g5]ation ( /eam1 & high pressures1 necessitat$ a new type4 ,?is 0 accompli%$ by connect+ an upp]1 or /eam drum1 ) a l[]1 or wat] drum1 by a plurality ( small tubes1 & caus+ ! burn+ fuel to surr\nd ^! tubes1 s t ! wat]1 9 pass+ upw>dly1 w\ld ?us be subject$ to ! action ( ! fuel4 ,?is =m ( boil] _h two di/9ct advantages4 ,fir/1 an imm5se surface ( wat] c\ld be provid$ =2 &1 second1 ! wat] & /eam drums c\ld be made v small1 diametrically1 & ?us p]mit ( v high pressures4 ,9 ,fig4 #f1 :i* is design$ to %[ a well kn[n type ( ?is /ructure1 ,a ,a1 repres5t ! wat] drums & ,b1 ! /eam drum4 ,! wat] drums are sep>at$ f ea* o!r1 s z to provide = ! grate b>s ,c1 & ea* wat] drum is connect$ ) ! /eam drum by a plurality ( tubes ,d4 ,x w ?us be se5 t a fire box1 or combu/ion *amb]1 is =m$ betwe5 ! two sets ( tubes ,d1 & to reta9 ! heat1 or conf9e x z closely z possible to ! tubes1 a jacket ,e is plac$ ar\nd ! entire /ructure4 ,! ends ( ! wat] & /eam drums are connect$ by means ( tubes ,f1 %[n 9 side view1 ,fig4 #g1 = ! return or d[nw>d fl[ ( ! wat]4 ,! diagrams are made z simple z possible1 to %[ ! pr9cipal features only4 ,! /ructure illu/rat$ has be5 modifi$ 9 _m ways1 pr9cipally 9 simplify+ ! con/ruction1 & 9 provid+ means :]eby ! products ( combu/ion may be br\ght into m intimate contact ) ! wat] dur+ its passage ?r\gh ! /ructure4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,wat] ,tube ,boil]3 ,side ,view4 ,z h]et(ore /at$1 ?is type ( boil] is design$ to c>ry only a small quantity ( wat]1 s t x is necess>y to h practically a con/ant infl[ ( fe$ wat]1 & to economize 9 ?is respect ! exhau/ ( ! /eam eng9e is us$ to initially heat up ! wat]1 & ?us1 9 a measure1 />t ! wat] well on its way to ! evaporation po9t be=e x rea*es ! boil]4 ,v>i\s ,boil] ,types4--,! diff]5t uses h br\ght =? _m k9ds ( boil]s1 9 ord] to adapt !m = "s p>ticul> ne$4 ,x w\ld be ne$less to illu/rate !m1 b to %[ ! div]sity ( /ructures1 we may ref] to "s ( !m by _! *>act]i/ics4 ,comp\nd ,/eam-,boil]4--,?is is a batt]y ( boil]s hav+ _! /eam & wat] spaces connect$1 & act+ toge!r to supply /eam to a heat+ app>atus or a /eam eng9e4 ,^! are also made by comb9+ two or m boil]s & us+ !m z a fe$ wat] heat] or a sup]heat]1 = facilitat+ ! production ( /eam1 or to be us$ = sup]heat+ /eam4 ,! t]ms fe$ wat] heat] & sup] heat] are expla9$ 9 *apt] ,,iii4 ,locomotive ,/eam-,boil]4--,?is is a tubul> boil] :i* has a conta9$ furnace & a% pit1 & 9 :i* ! gases ( combu/ion pass f ! furnace directly into ! horizontal int]ior tubes1 & aft] pass+ ?r\gh ! tubes are convey$ directly into ! smoke box at ! opposite ends ( ! tubes4 ,! "n is d]iv$ f ! use ( su* boil]s on locomotive eng9es1 b x is typical 9 its application to all boil]s hav+ ! con/ruction describ$1 & us$ = g5]at+ /eam4 ,v]tical ,/eam-,boil]4--,?is is a =m ( con/ruction 9 :i* ! %ell1 or bo? ! %ell & ! tubes1 are v]tical1 & ! tubes !mselves may be us$ to convey ! products ( combu/ion1 or s]ve z ! means = convey+ wat] ?r\gh !m1 z 9 ! well kn[n wat] tube type4 ,?is =m ( boil] is frequ5tly us$ to good advantage :]e x is desir$ to utilize gr\nd space1 & :]e !re is suffici5t head room4 ,prop]ly con/ruct$1 x is economical z a /eam g5]ator4 ,f ! =ego+ x w be se5 t ! /ructural features ( all boil]s are s arrang$ z to provide = ! exposure ( ! l>ge/ possible area ( wat] to a heat$ surface s t ! greate/ am\nt ( heat f ! fuel may be absorb$4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,/eam ,,eng9es ,! fir/ /eam eng9e 0 an exce$+ly simple affair4 ,x _h nei!r ecc5tric1 cyl9d]1 crank1 nor valves1 & x did n dep5d ^u ! pressure ( ! /eam act+ aga9/ a pi/on to drive x back & =?1 because x _h no pi/on4 ,x is "o ( ! rem>kable ?+s 9 ! hi/ory & developm5t ( me*anism1 t 9 ?is day ( p]fect$ /eam eng9es1 ! inv5tors ( our "t %\ld g back & utilize ! pr9ciples employ$ 9 ! fir/ record$ /eam eng9e1 namely1 ! turb9e4 ,in/ead ( pressure ex]t+ a =ce aga9/ a pi/on1 z 9 ! reciprocat+ eng9e1 ! /eam act$ by impact+ aga9/ a mov+ surface1 & by obta9+ m or less reaction f air-resi/ance aga9/ a freely dis*>g+ /eam jet or jets4 ,! orig9al eng9e1 s f> z we h any k1 _h b "o mov+ "p1 namely1 a v]tical tubul> /em1 to :i* 0 atta*$ a cross or a horizontal tube4 ,! ,orig9al ,eng9e4--,figure #h is a side view ( ! orig9al eng9e4 ,! v]tical /em ,a is pivot$ to a frame ,b1 & has a bore ,c :i* leads up to a cross tube ,d4 ,! ends ( ! tube ,d are b5t 9 opposite directions1 z %[n 9 ! horizontal section1 ,fig4 #i4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,! ,orig9al ,eng9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4 ,horizontal ,section ( ,tube4 ,/eam ent]s ! v]tical /em by means ( a pipe1 & z x ru%es up & out ?r\gh ! lat]al tubes ,d1 x /rikes ! angles ,e at ! dis*>ge ends1 s t an impulse is giv5 :i* drives ! ends ( ! tube 9 opposite directions4 ,z ! fluid em]ges f ! ends ( ! tubes1 x exp&s1 & on contact+ ) ! air1 ! latt]1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 resi/s ! expansion1 & ?is reacts on ! tube4 ,?us1 bo? =ces1 namely1 impact & reaction1 s]ve to give a turn+ motion to ! turb9e4 ,! ,reciprocat+ ,eng9e4--,! inv5tion ( ?is type ( eng9e is wrapp$ 9 my/]y4 ,x has be5 attribut$ to sev]al4 ,! ,engli% ma9ta9 t x 0 ! inv5tion ( ! ,m>quis ( ,worce/]1 :o publi%$ an acc\nt ( su* an eng9e ab\t #afej4 ,! ,fr5* claim is t ,pap9 discov]$ & appli$ ! pr9ciple be=e ! ye> #afhj4 ,9 fact1 ! fir/ actual work+ /eam eng9e 0 inv5t$ & con/ruct$ by an ,engli%man1 ,capta9 ,sav]y1 :o obta9$ a pat5t = x 9 #afih4 ,?is eng9e 0 s con/ruct$ z to raise wat] by ! expansion & cond5sation ( /eam1 & mo/ eng9es ( e>ly times 7 devot$ solely to ! task ( rais+ wat]1 or 7 employ$ 9 m9es4 ,atmosph]ic ,eng9es4--,:5 we exam9e !m x is difficult to see h[ we c designate !m z /eam eng9es4 ,! /eam did n d ! actual "w1 b a vacuum 0 dep5d$ on = ! en]gy develop$ by ! atmosph]ic pressure4 ,a diagram is giv51 ,fig4 #aj1 %[+ h[ eng9es ( ?is "* 7 made & op]at$4 ,a work+ beam ,a 0 m\nt$ on a /&>d ,b1 & "o end _h a *a9 ,c on :i* 0 plac$ heavy weights ,d4 ,ne> ?is end 0 also atta*$ ! upp] end ( a rod ,e1 :i* ext5d$ d[n to a pump4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4 ,/eam-,atmosph]ic ,eng9e4 ,! o!r end ( ! work+ beam _h a *a9 ,f1 :i* support$ a pi/on ,g work+ )9 a v]tically-dispos$ cyl9d] ,h4 ,?is cyl9d] 0 locat$ directly above a boil] ,i1 & a pipe ,j1 ) a valve !re91 0 design$ to supply /eam to ! l[] end ( ! cyl9d]4 ,a wat] tank ,k 0 also m\nt$ at a po9t above ! cyl9d]1 & ?is 0 suppli$ ) wat] f ! pump ?r\gh a pipe ,l4 ,ano!r pipe ,m f ! tank conduct$ wat] f ! tank to ! bottom ( ! cyl9d]4 ,! op]ation ( ! me*anism 0 z foll[s3 ,! /eam cock ,n1 9 ! %ort pipe ,j1 0 op5$ to admit /eam to ! cyl9d]1 bel[ ! pi/on4 ,! /em ( ! /eam cock also turn$ ! cock 9 ! wat] pipe ,m1 s t dur+ ! "t ! /eam 0 admitt$ ! wat] 0 %ut (f4 ,:5 ! /eam 0 admitt$ s t x fill$ ! space bel[ ! pi/on1 ! cock ,n 0 turn$ to %ut (f ! /eam1 & 9 %utt+ (f ! /eam1 wat] 0 also admitt$4 ,! injection ( wat] at once cond5s$ ! /eam )9 ! cyl9d] s a p>tial vacuum 0 =m$4 ,x w be rememb]$ t z /eam exp&$ #agjj times1 ! cond5sation back into wat] made a v r>ifi$ area )9 ! cyl9d]1 & ! result 0 t ! pi/on 0 drawn d[n1 ?us rais+ bo? ! weight ,d & also ! pump rod ,e4 ,?is op]ation 0 repeat$ ov] & ov]1 s long z ! cock ,n 0 turn$4 ,! turn+ ( ! /em ( ?is cock 0 p]=m$ manually1--t is1 x _h to be done by h&1 & boys 7 usually employ$ = do+ ?is4 ,:51 lat] on1 "s bright g5ius discov]$ t ! valve c\ld be turn$ by ! ma*9]y itself1 x 0 reg>d$ z a mo/ wond]ful advance4 ,! discov]y ( ?is useful function has be5 attribut$ to ,watt4 ,( ?is !re is no conclusive pro(4 ,! great addition & improvem5ts made by ,watt1 & :i* s greatly simplifi$ & p]fect$ ! eng9e1 7 ?r\gh ! addition ( a sep>ate cond5s] & air pump1 & on ^! improvem5ts 8 fame re/s4 ,f ! =ego+ x w be se5 t ! weight ,d caus$ ! pi/on to travel upw>dly1 & n ! =ce ( ! /eam1 & ! suction produc$ by ! vacuum )9 ! cyl9d] did ! "w ( actuat+ ! pump pi/on1 s t x drew up ! wat]4 ,! ,pi/on4--,f ?is crude attempt to use /eam came ! next /ep1 9 :i* ! /eam 0 actually us$ to move ! pi/on back & =? & ?us actually d ! "w4 ,9 do+ s ! pond]\s walk+ beam 0 disp5s$ )1 & :ile1 = a long p]iod ! pi/ons 7 v]tically-plac$1 9 "t a s+le cyl9d] 0 us$1 & a crank employ$ to conv]t ! reciprocat+ into a circul> motion4 ,fig4 #aa %[s a simple diagram ( a /eam eng9e1 s arrang$ t ! op]ation ( ! valves may be readily und]/ood4 ,! cyl9d] ,a has a /eam *e/ ,b1 :i* conta9s !re9 a slide valve ,c to cov] ! ports at ! ends ( ! cyl9d]4 ,?is figure %[s ! crank turn+ to ! "r1 & ! ecc5tric ,d on ! eng9e %aft is s plac$1 t :ile ! crank ,e is turn+ pa/ ! dead c5t]1 f #a to #b1 ! slide valve ,c is mov$ to ! position %[n 9 ,fig4 #ab1 !reby cov]+ port ,f & op5+ port ,g4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4 ,simple ,valve ,motion4 ,fir/ position4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4 ,simple ,valve ,motion4 ,second position4 ,x w be se5 t ! slide valve is holl[$ )91 z at ,h1 & t ! exhau/ port ,i leads f ?is holl[$ portion :ile ! live /eam f ! boil] ent]s ?r\gh pipe ,j & fills ! space ,k ( ! *e/4 ,9 ,fig4 #aa live /eam has be5 ent]+ port ,f1 ?us driv+ ! pi/on to ! "r4 ,at ! same "t ! exhau/ /eam at ! "r side ( ! pi/on is dis*>g+ ?r\gh ! port ,g & ent]+ ! holl[ space )9 ! slide valve4 ,9 ,fig4 #ab ! conditions are rev]s$1 & n[ live /eam ent]s port ,g1 & ! exhau/ passes out ?r\gh port ,f4 ,:5 ! eng9e crank rea*es ! po9t #c1 :i* is directly opposite #a1 ! rev]se action takes place ) ! slide valve1 & x is aga9 mov$ to its orig9al position1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #ab4 ,importance ( ! ,valve4--,e improvem5t :i* has be5 made 9 ! eng9e has be5 direct$ to ! valve4 ,! importance ( ?is %\ld be fully und]/ood4 ,z ! ecc5tric is con/antly turn+ x is a difficult matt] to s arrange ! valve z to op5 or close x at ! correct "t1 absolutely1 & _m devices h be5 resort$ to to accompli% ?is4 ,exp&+ ! ,/eam4--,z all improvem5ts 7 9 ! direction ( economiz+ ! use ( /eam1 x 0 e>ly appreciat$ t x w\ld be a wa/e to p]mit ! /eam to ent] ! cyl9d] dur+ ! entire p]iod t ! eng9e travel$ f end to end1 s t ! valve _h to be con/ruct$ 9 su* a way t :ile x w\ld cut (f ! admission ( /eam at half or ?ree-qu>t]s /roke1 ! exhau/ w\ld rema9 on until ! entire /roke 0 complet$4 ,"s eng9es d ?is ) a fair degree ( accuracy1 b _m ( !m 7 too complicat$ = g5]al use4 ,9 ! =m ( slide valve %[n ! pressure ( ! /eam on ! upp] side1 :i* is con/ant at all times1 produces a great we>+ action on its seat4 ,?is necessitat$ ! design+ ( a type ( valve :i* w\ld h a firm be>+ & be /eam tight )\t gr9d+4 ,balanc$ ,valve4--,"o ( ! inv5tions = ?is purpose is a valve s balanc$ by ! /eam pressure t b little we> results4 ,?is has be5 ! subject ( _m pat5ts4 ,ano!r type also l>gely us$ 9 eng9es is kn[n z ! oscillat+ valve1 :i* is cyl9drical or conical 9 its /ructure1 & :i* revolves ?r\gh less ?an a complete revolution 9 op5+ & clos+ ! ports4 ,rot>y ,valve4--,! rot>y valve1 :i* con/antly turns1 is employ$ :]e l[ pressures are us$1 b x is n effectual ) high pressures4 ,?is is also cyl9drical 9 its /ructure1 & has "o or m ports ?r\gh x1 :i* co9cide ) ! ports ?r\gh ! walls ( ! eng9e1 z x turns1 & ?us op5s ! port = admitt+ live /eam & clos+ ! dis*>ge port at ! same "t or at a lat] p]iod 9 its rotation4 ,eng9e ,accessories4--,:ile ! /eam eng9e is m]ely a device = utiliz+ ! expansive =ce ( /eam1 & ?us pu% a cyl9d] back & =?1 its successful op]ation1 f ! /&po9t ( economy1 dep5ds on a numb] ( ?+s1 :i* are r>ely ev] he>d ( except by us]s & eng9e]s4 ,_m ( ^! devices are und]/ood only by ^? :o h giv5 ! matt] ?or\gh /udy & application4 ,to ! layman1 or ! ord9>y us]1 !y are1 app>5tly1 wor? b little consid]ation4 ,!y are ! ?+s1 h[ev]1 :i* h m ?an d\bl$ ! value ( ! /eam eng9e z a motor4 ,effici5cy ( ,eng9es4--,:5 x is und]/ood t ) all ! ref9em5ts ref]r$ to ! actual effici5cy ( a /eam eng9e is less ?an #cj p] c5t4 "s idea may be ga9$ ( ! value :i* ! v>i\s improvem5ts h add$ to ! motor4 ,effici5cy ref]s to ! relative am\nt ( p[] :i* is obta9$ f ! burn+ fuel4 ,= in/ance1 9 burn+ petroleum ab\t #ad1jjj heat units are develop$ f ea* p\nd4 ,if ?is is us$ to evaporate wat]1 & ! /eam !refrom drives an eng9e1 less ?an #dbjj heat units are actually utiliz$1 ! rema9+ #ihjj heat units be+ lo/ 9 ! trans=mation f ! fuel to p[]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4 ,effective pressure 9 a ,cyl9d]4 ,! value ( consid]+ & provid+ = cond5sation1 compression1 sup]heat+1 re-heat+1 comp\nd+1 & radiation1 & to prop]ly arrange ! cle>ance spaces1 ! /eam jackets1 ! valve adju/m5ts1 ! sizes ( ! ports & passages1 & ! gov]nor1 all =m p>ts ( ! k :i* mu/ be ga9$ & utiliz$4 ,h[ ,/eam ,acts 9 a ,cyl9d]4--,ref]5ce has be5 made to ! practice ( cutt+ (f /eam be=e ! pi/on has made a full /roke1 & p]mitt+ ! expansive p[] ( ! /eam to drive ! pi/on ! re/ ( ! way1 ne$s "s explanation4 ,z /at$ 9 a prec$+ *apt] ! "w done is e/imat$ 9 foot p\nds4 ,= ! purpose ( m easily compreh5d+ ! mann] 9 :i* ! /eam acts1 & ! value obta9$ by expansion1 let u take a cyl9d]1 su* z is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ac1 & assume t x has a /roke ( f\r feet4 ,let ! cyl9d] h a diamet] ( a little less ?an "o foot1 s t by us+ /eam at fifty p\nds pressure on e squ>e in* ( surface1 we %all h a pressure ( ab\t #ejjj p\nds on ! pi/on ) live /eam f ! boil]4 ,9 ! diagram ! pi/on moves =w>dly to ! "r f #j to #a1 :i* repres5ts a di/ance ( "o foot1 s t ! full pressure ( ! /eam ( ! boil]1 repres5t+ #ejjj p\nds1 is ex]t$ on ! pi/on4 ,at #a ! /eam is cut (f1 & ! pi/on is n[ p]mitt$ to cont9ue ! /roke ?r\gh ! rema9+ ?ree feet by ! action ( ! /eam )9 ! cyl9d]1 ! expansive =ce alone be+ dep5d$ on4 ,z ! pressure ( ! /eam )9 ! cyl9d] is n[ mu* less & decreases z ! pi/on moves along1 we h tak5 a !oretical indication ( ! comb9$ pressure at ea* six in* ( ! travel ( ! pi/on4 ,! result is t we h ! foll[+ figures1 namely1 #djjj1 #bgjj1 #agej1 #ajjj1 #dej & #ajj4 ,! sum ( ^! figures is #aj1jjj p\nds4 ,! pi/on1 9 mov+ f #j to #a1 mov$ "o foot1 we w say1 9 "o second ( "t1 h5ce ! "w done by ! direct boil] pressure 0 #ejjj foot p\nds2 & s9ce ! pi/on 0 mov$ ?ree feet m by ! expansion ( ! /eam only1 aft] ! /eam pressure 0 %ut (f1 ! "w done 9 ! ?ree seconds requir$ to move ! pi/on1 0 an additional #ejjj foot p\nds1 mak+ a total ( #aj1jjj foot p\nds = f\r seconds1 #aej1jjj foot p\nds p] m9ute1 or ab\t #de horse p[]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4 ,indicat+ pressure ,l9e4 ,?is movem5t ( ! pi/on to ! "r1 repres5t$ only a half revolution ( ! crank1 & ! same ?+ occurs :5 ! pi/on moves back1 to complete ! entire revolution4 ,indicat+ ! ,eng9e4--,we n[ come to ! important "p ( eng9e te/+1 namely1 to asc]ta9 h[ mu* p[] we h obta9$ f ! eng9e4 ,to d ?is an indicator c>d mu/ be furni%$4 ,a c>d to indicate ! pressure1 z we h %[n x 9 ! =ego+ diagram w\ld look l ,fig4 #ad4 ,! ess5tial ?+1 h[ev]1 is to le>n h[ to take a c>d f a /eam eng9e cyl9d]1 & we %all attempt to make ?is pla91 by a diagram ( ! me*anism s simplifi$ z to be readily und]/ood4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4 ,indicat+ ! ,eng9e4 ,9 ,fig4 #ae we h %[n a cyl9d] ,a1 hav+ )9 a pi/on ,b1 & a /eam inlet pipe ,c4 ,above ! cyl9d] is a drum ,d1 m\nt$ on a v]tical axis1 & s ge>$ up ) ! eng9e %aft t x makes "o complete turn ) ea* %aft revolution4 ,a %eet ( pap] ,e1 rul$ ) cross l9es1 is fix$ ar\nd ! drum4 ,! cyl9d] ,a has a small v]tical cyl9d] ,f connect$ !re) by a pipe ,a1 & 9 ?is cyl9d] is a pi/on ,h1 ! /em ,i ( :i* ext5ds up alongside ( ! drum1 & has a po9t$ or p5cil ,j :i* presses aga9/ ! pap] ,e4 ,n[1 :5 ! eng9e is set 9 motion ! drum turns 9 unison ) ! eng9e %aft1 & ! pressure ( ! /eam 9 ! cyl9d] ,a1 z x pu%es pi/on ,b along1 also pu%es ! pi/on ,h upw>dly1 s t ! p5cil po9t ,j traces a l9e on ! rul$ pap]4 ,x w be und]/ood t a spr+ is arrang$ on ! /em ,i 9 su* a mann] t x w always =ce ! pi/on ,h d[nw>dly aga9/ ! pressure ( ! /eam4 ,mean ,effici5cy4--,we mu/ n[ use a t]m :i* expresses ! ?+ t is at ! bottom ( all calculations 9 det]m9+ h[ mu* p[] is develop$4 ,y w note t ! pressure on ! pi/on dur+ ! fir/ foot ( its movem5t 0 #aj1jjj p\nds1 b t f ! po9t #a1 ,fig4 #ac1 to ! end ( ! cyl9d]1 ! pressure con/antly decreas$1 s t ! pressure 0 n a uni=m "o1 b v>i$4 ,suppose we divide ! cyl9d] into six in* spaces1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ac1 !n ! pressure ( ! /eam at ! end ( ea* six in*es w be ! figures giv5 at bottom ( diagram1 ! sum total ( :i* is #cj1jjj1 & ! figures at ! l[] side %[ t !re are eight factors4 ,! figure #aj1jjj repres5ts1 ( c\rse1 two six in* spaces 9 ! fir/ foot ( travel4 ,! result is1 t1 if we divide ! sum total ( ! pressures at ! eight po9ts by #h1 we w get #cgej1 z ! mean pressure ( ! /eam on ! pi/on dur+ ! full /roke ( ! pi/on4 ,9 ref]r+ to ! foot p\nds 9 a previ\s p>agraph1 x 0 assum$ t ! pi/on mov$ along ea* foot 9 "o second ( "t4 ,t 0 done to simplify ! /atem5t conc]n+ ! use ( foot p\nds1 & n to indicate ! "t t ! pi/on actually travels4 ,calculat+ ,horse ,p[]4--,we n[ h ! fir/ & mo/ important factor 9 ! problem1--t is1 h[ mu* pressure is ex]t$ aga9/ ! pi/on at e half revolution ( ! crank %aft4 ,! next factor to be det]m9$ is ! di/ance t ! pi/on travels 9 "o m9ute ( "t4 ,?is mu/ be calculat$ 9 feet4 ,let u assume t ! eng9e turns ! crank %aft at a spe$ ( #ej revolutions a m9ute4 ,z ! pi/on travels #h feet at ea* revolution1 ! total di/ance travel$ is #djj feet4 ,if1 n[1 we h a con/ant pressure ( #cgej p\nds on ! pi/on1 & x moves along at ! rate ( #djj feet p] m9ute1 x is obvi\s t by multiply+ ^! two toge!r1 we w get ! figure :i* w indicate h[ _m p\nds ! /eam has lift$ 9 t "t4 ,?is figure is f\nd to be #a1ejj1jjj1 :i* means foot p\nds1 z we h by ?is means measur$ pressure by feet1 or p\nds lift$ at ea* foot ( ! movem5t ( ! pi/on4 ,z h]et(ore /at$1 we mu/ n[ use ! value ( a horse p[]1 s t we may measure ! foot p\nds by x4 ,if we _h a lot ( :eat 9 bulk1 & we want$ to det]m9e h[ mu* we _h1 a bu%el measure w\ld be us$4 ,s ) p[]4 ,! measure1 z we h expla9$1 is #cc1jjj1 & #a1ejj1jjj foot p\nds %\ld give z a result a little ov] #de horse p[]4 ,cond5sation4--,we n[ come to ! ref9em5ts 9 eng9e con/ruction1--t :i* adds s greatly to ! economy ( op]ation4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is cond5sation4 ,! fir/ reciprocat+ eng9e dep5d$ on ?is to d ! actual "w4 ,9 ?is age x is dep5d$ ^u simply z an aid4 ,! fir/ ?+ h[ev] t ! eng9e] tries to d is to prev5t cond5sation4 ,?is is done by jacket+ ! outside ( ! cyl9d] ) "s mat]ial :i* w prev5t radiation ( heat1 or protect ! /eam )9 f be+ turn$ back into wat] by ! cool air /rik+ ! outside ( ! cyl9d]4 ,atmosph]ic ,pressure4--,on ! o!r h&1 !re is a "t :5 cond5sation c be made available4 ,! pressure ( air on e squ>e in* ( surface is #ad-c_/d p\nds4 ,:5 a pi/on moves along & /eam is be+ exhau/$ f ! cyl9d]1 x mu/ act aga9/ a pressure ( #ad-c_/d p\nds on e squ>e in* ( its surface4 ,! problem n[ is to get rid ( t back pressure1 & ! old type eng9es give a h9t h[ x may be done4 ,:y n cond5se ! /eam dis*>g$ f ! eng9e cyl9d]8 ,9 do+ s a vacuum is produc$ on ! exhau/ side ( ! pi/on1 at ! same "t a pressure is ex]t$ on its o!r side4 ,! ,cond5s]4--,?us ! cond5s] is br\ght into exi/5ce1 z an aid4 ,by jacket+ cond5sation is prev5t$2 x is f\ght z an enemy4 ,x is also utiliz$ z a fri5d4 ,x is s ) _m ( ! =ces ( nature1 :]e man = ye>s va9ly f\ght "s pr9ciple1 only to f9d1 lat] on1 t a fri5d is m valuable ?an a foe1 & to utilize a mat]ial ag5cy 9 nature is m economical ?an to fight x4 ,pre-heat+4--,! cond5s] does two ?+s1 bo? ( :i* are ( great value to ! economical op]ation ( ! eng9e4 ,= ! purpose ( rapidly conv]t+ ! /eam back into wat] z x issues f ! eng9e cyl9d]1 wat] is us$4 ,! /eam f ! cyl9d] has a temp]ature ( #bab degrees & upw>ds1 dep5d5t on its pressure4 ,wat]1 ord9>ily1 has a temp]ature ( #gj degrees1 or less1 s t :5 ! /eam /rikes a surface :i* is cool$ d[n by ! wat]1 x is conv]t$ back into liquid =m1 b at a temp]ature less ?an boil+ wat]4 ,! wat] ?us conv]t$ back f ! /eam gives up "p ( its heat to ! wat] :i* cools ! cond5s]1 & ! wat] f ! cond5s]1 z well z ! wat] us$ to cool ! cond5s]1 are ?us made available to be f$ into ! boil]1 & ?us assi/ 9 aga9 conv]t+ x into a /eam4 ,! economy ?us lies 9 help+ ! coal1 or o!r fuel1 d its "w1 or1 to put x m specifically1 x cons]ves ! heat previ\sly put out by ! coal1 & ?us saves by us+ "p ( ! heat ov] aga94 ,sup]heat]s4--,ano!r ref9em5t1 & "o :i* goes to ! v ess5ce ( a heat motor1 is ! me?od ( sup]heat+ ! /eam4 ,?is is a device locat$ betwe5 ! boil] & ! eng9e1 s t ! /eam1 9 its transit f ! boil] to ! eng9e1 w be heat$ up to a high degree1 & 9 ! do+ ( :i* ! pressure may be d\bl$1 or wond]fully increas$4 ,?is may be done 9 an economical mann] 9 v>i\s ways1 b ! usual practice is to take advantage ( ! exhau/ gases ( ! boil]1 9 ! do+ ( :i* none ( ! heat is tak5 f ! wat] 9 ! boil]4 ,! products ( combu/ion escap+ f ! /acks ( boil]s v>y4 ,sometimes ! temp]ature w be #hjj degrees & ov]1 s t if pipes are plac$ )9 ! pa? ( ! heat$ gases1 & ! supply /eam f ! boil] p]mitt$ to pass ?r\gh !m a l>ge am\nt ( heat is imp>t$ to ! /eam f a s\rce :i* is ( no fur!r use to ! wat] be+ g5]at$ 9 ! boil]4 ,comp\nd+4--,:5 ref]5ce 0 made to ! cond5sation ( /eam z x issu$ f ! boil]1 no allusion 0 made to ! pressure at :i* x em]g$4 ,if ! cyl9d] 0 well jacket$1 s t ! am\nt ( cond5sation 9 ! cyl9d] 0 small1 !n ! pressure w\ld /ill be consid]able at ! exhau/4 ,or1 ! /eam might be cut (f be=e ! pi/on _h travel$ v f> at ea* /roke1 9 :i* case ! exhau/ w\ld be v weak4 ,9 practice x has be5 f\nd to be mo/ economical to provide a high boil] pressure1 & also to sup]heat ! /eam1 b :]e x is n sup]heat$1 & a comp>atively high boil] pressure is provid$1 comp\nd+ is resort$ to4 ,to comp\nd /eam means to use ! exhau/ to drive a pi/on4 ,9 su* a case two cyl9d]s are plac$ side by side1 "o1 call$ ! high pressure cyl9d]1 be+ small] ?an ! l[ pressure cyl9d]1 :i* takes ! exhau/ f ! high pressure4 ,! exhau/ f ! second1 or l[ pressure cyl9d] may !n be suppli$ to a cond5s]1 & 9 t case ! me*anism w\ld be t]m$ a comp\nd cond5s+ eng9e4 ,if a cond5s] is n us$1 !n x is simply a comp\nd eng9e4 ,triple & ,quadruple ,expansion ,eng9es4--,in/ead ( us+ two cyl9d]s1 ?ree1 or f\r1 are employ$1 ea* succe$+ cyl9d] be+ l>g] ?an ! la/4 ,z /eam exp&s x loses its pressure1 or1 /at$ 9 ano!r way1 :5ev] x loses pressure x increases 9 volume4 ,= t reason :5 /eam ent]s ! fir/ cyl9d] at a pressure ( say #bej p\nds1 x may exhau/ !refrom into ! next cyl9d] at a pressure ( #age p\nds1 ) a correspond+ increase 9 volume4 ,to receive ?is increas$ volume1 )\t caus+ a s5sible back pressure on ! fir/ cyl9d]1 ! second cyl9d] mu/ be l>g] 9 area ?an ! fir/2 9 l mann] :5 x issues f ! exhau/ ( ! second cyl9d] at #abe p\nds pressure1 !re is aga9 an increase 9 volume1 & s on4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4 ,comp\nd ,eng9e4 ,exam9e ,fig4 #af1 :i* %[s a pair ( cyl9d]s1 ,a be+ ! high1 & ,b ! l[ pressure cyl9d]s1 ! exhau/s ( ! high pressure be+ connect$ up ) ! inlets ( ! l[ pressure1 z indicat$ by ! pipes1 ,c ,d4 ,! diagram does n %[ ! valve op]ations 9 detail1 x be+ suffici5t to expla9 t :5 ! valve ,e 9 ! pipe ,c is clos$1 ! valve ,f1 at ! o!r end ( ! cyl9d]s1 9 ! pipe ,d1 is clos$4 ,! same pr9ciple is employ$ 9 ! triple & quadruple expansion eng9es1 :]eby ! =ce ( ! /eam at ea* exhau/ is put to "w imm$iately 9 ! next cyl9d]1 until x rea*es su* a l[ pressure t cond5sation is m effective ?an its pressure4 ,! diagram1 z giv51 is m]ely !oretical1 & x %[s ! foll[+ factors3 ,fir/3 ,! diamet] ( ea* pi/on4 ,second3 ,! area ( ea* pi/on 9 squ>e in*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af;a4 ,relative ,pi/on ,pressures4 ,?ird3 ,! /eam pressure 9 ea* cyl9d]4 ,f\r?3 ,! pi/on pressure ( ea* cyl9d]4 ,x w be se5 t an eng9e s arrang$ is able to get sub/antially ! same pressure 9 ea* ( ! second1 ?ird & f\r? cyl9d]s1 z 9 ! fir/ 7see ,fig4 #af;a71 & by cond5s+ ! dis*>ge f ! f\r? cyl9d] a mo/ economical use ( /eam is provid$ =4 ,! ,/eam ,turb9e4--,we mu/ n[ consid] an entirely new use ( /eam z a motive p[]4 ,h]et(ore we h be5 consid]+ /eam z a matt] ( pressure only1 9 ! developm5t ( p[]4 ,x has be5 obs]v$ t :5 ! pressure ( /eam decreases at ! same temp]ature x is because x has a great] volume1 or a great] volume results4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4 ,*ang+ ,pressure into ,velocity ,:5 /eam issues f ! end ( a pipe its velocity dep5ds on its pressure4 ,! high] ! pressure ! great] its velocity4 ,! ela/ic "* ( /eam is %[n by its action :5 eject$ f ! end ( a pipe1 by ! gradually enl>g+ area ( ! dis*>g+ column4 ,9 a reciprocat+ eng9e ! p[] is d]iv$ f ! pressure ( ! /eam2 9 a turb9e ! p[] results f ! impact =ce ( ! /eam jet4 ,su* be+ ! case velocity 9 ! movem5t ( ! /eam is ( fir/ importance4 ,pressure & ,velocity4--,to %[ ! effectiv5ess ( velocity1 z comp>$ ) pressure1 exam9e ,fig4 #ag4 ,a is a pipe dis*>g+ /eam at a pressure ( #ajj p\nds4 ,to hold ! /eam 9 ! pipe w\ld require a pressure ( #ajj p\nds aga9/ ! disk ,b1 :5 held at #a1 ! fir/ position4 ,suppose1 n[1 ! disk is mov$ away f ! end ( ! pipe to position #b4 ,! /eam1 9 issu+ =?1 /rikes ! disk ov] a l>g] area1 & 9 escap+ x exp&s1 ) ! result t its velocity f #a to #b is great] ?an ! movem5t ( ! /eam )9 ! pipe t same di/ance4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4 ,reaction aga9/ ,air4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai4 ,reaction aga9/ ,surface4 ,! disk is n[ mov$ successively to positions #c1 #d1 #e1 & s on4 ,if we _h a measur+ device to det]m9e ! pu% aga9/ ! disk at ! v>i\s positions1 x w\ld be f\nd t !re is a po9t at "s di/ance f ! end ( ! pipe1 at :i* ! /eam has ! greate/ /rik+ =ce1 :i* might be call$ ! focal po9t4 ,a bl[ pipe exhibits ?is same phase2 ! hotte/ po9t is n at ! end ( ! pipe1 b at an area "s di/ance away1 call$ ! focal po9t ( heat4 ,! fir/ feature ( value1 !re=e1 is to und]/& t pressure c be conv]t$ into velocity1 & t to get a great impact =ce1 ! /eam mu/ be made to /rike ! h>de/ & mo/ effective bl[4 ,:5 a jet ( /eam /rikes a surface x is div]t$ or x glances 9 a direction opposite ! angle at :i* x /rikes ! object4 ,9 direct+ a jet aga9/ ! blades ( a turb9e x is impossible to make x /rike squ>ely aga9/ ! surface4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4 ,turb9e ,/raight ,blades4 ,let u assume t a :eel ,a1 ,fig4 #bj1 has a set ( blades ,b1 & a /eam jet is direct$ aga9/ x by ! pipe ,c4 ,x w be se5 t aft] ! fir/ impact ! /eam is =c$ across ! blades1 & no fur!r =ce is transf]r$ to !m4 ,=m ( ,blades4--,! blades are !re=e s curv$1 t ! /eam aft] ! fir/ impact _c freely pass along ! blade1 z x does on a /raight blade1 b imp>ts on e elem5t ( ! curv$-back blade1 !reby giv+ up cont9ually "p ( its spe$ to ! blade4 ,?is is cle>ly %[n 9 ,fig4 #ba1 :]e ! pipe ,d ejects ! /ream ( /eam aga9/ ! concav$ blades ,e4 ,_m modifications h be5 made 9 ! %apes ( ^! blades1 all design$ to take advantage ( ?is action4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba4 ,curv$ ,blades4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb4 ,comp\nd ,turb9e4 ,comp\nd+ ! ,jet4--,we may ext5d ! advantages ga9$ by ?is =m ( blades1 & div]t+ ! c\rse ( ! jet1 s t x w be direct$ ?r\gh a s]ies ( :eels1 ea* ( :i* w get ! b5efit ( ! mov+ mass f ! pipes4 ,su* a /ructure is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bb1 9 :i* ?ree blad$ :eels ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 are caus$ to rotate1 a set ( /ation>y blades ,d1 ,e1 be+ plac$ betwe5 ! ?ree mov+ :eels1 b ! /ation>y blades are dispos$ 9 rev]se directions4 ,:5 ! /eam f pipes ,f1 ,f1 imp+es aga9/ ! blades ( ! fir/ :eel ,a1 x is direct$ by ! /ation>y blade ,d to ! next :eel ,b1 & f ! /ation>y blade ,e to ! blades ( ! next :eel ,c1 ?us1 9 a mann] some:at simil> to ! comp\nd+ effect ( ! /eam eng9e1 utilizes ! pressure :i* is n us$ at ! fir/ impulse4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,fuels ,,& ,,combu/ion ,all fuels mu/ be put into a gase\s /ate be=e !y w burn4 ,?is is true ( coal z well z ( hydro-c>bon oils4 ,nei!r coal nor petroleum w burn 9 its native /ate1 )\t ! addition ( oxyg54 ,?is is absolutely necess>y to support combu/ion4 ,burn+ is caus$ by ! *emical union ( oxyg5 ) su* sub/ances z w burn4 ,?is burn+ process may be sl[1 & ext5d ov] a p]iod ( ye>s1 or x may be in/antane\s1 9 :i* latt] case ! expansion ( ! heat$ gases is s great z to cause an explosion4 ,:5 a suffici5t am\nt ( oxyg5 has be5 mix$ ) a fuel to p]mit x to burn1 a high temp]ature is necess>y to cause ! imm$iate burn+ ( ! entire mass4 ,if su* a temp]ature is n pres5t ! c\rse ( combu/ion is n arre/$1 b x w1 on its own acc\nt1 />t to oxydize1 & ev5tually be r$uc$ to ! same condition t w\ld take place if explod$ by means ( a flame4 ,solid ,fuels4--,! great fuels 9 nature are c>bon & hydrog51 c>bon be+ ! sub/ance mo/ widely kn[n & dep5d$ ^u4 ,h>d coal1 = in/ance1 is compos$ almo/ :olly ( c>bon2 :]eas s(t coal has a consid]able quantity ( hydrog54 ,z coal 0 =m$ by wood1 :i*1 ?r\gh long process ( "t became c>boniz$1 x conta9s consid]able =eign matt] :i* w n burn1 =m+ a%4 ,liquid ,fuels4--,! volatile oils1 h[ev]1 h v little non-combu/ible matt]4 ,ord9>y petroleum conta9s ab\t #hj p] c5t1 ( c>bon1 & f #ab to #ae p] c5t4 ( hydrog51 ! residue be+ =eign matt]1 all m or less susceptible ( be+ consum$ at high temp]atures4 ,combu/ion4--,! t]m combu/ion1 9 its g5]al s5se1 means ! act ( burn+2 b 9 a l>g] & m correct application x ref]s to t *ange :i* takes place 9 matt] :5 oxyg5 unites ) x4 ,oxyg5 is a wond]ful elem5t1 & w unite ) all kn[n sub/ances1 unlike all o!r elem5ts 9 ?is respect4 ,x may take ye>s = x to =m a complete unity4 ,?us1 wood1 9 "t1 w crumble1 or rot1 z x is call$4 ,?is is a sl[ process ( combu/ion1 br\ght ab\t )\t apply+ heat to x1 ! *ange tak+ place 9 a gradual way1 because oxyg5 unites ) only a small portion ( ! wood4 ,oxidation4--,iron w ru/4 ,?is is ano!r in/ance ( combu/ion1 call$ oxidation4 ,:5 oxyg5 unites ) a sub/ance x may produce an acid1 or an alkali1 or a neutral comp\nd4 ,:5 wood is burn$ x produces an a%1 & ?is a% conta9s a l>ge am\nt ( pota%1 or lye1 :i* is an alkali1 or a salt4 ,s :5 o!r sub/ances are burnt ! result may be an acid1 l sulphur1 or x may be unlike ei!r acid or ! alkali4 ,! unity ( oxyg5 ) ! food 9 ! body is ano!r in/ance ( oxidation1 :i* produces & ma9ta9s ! heat necess>y = exi/5ce4 ,c>bon or hydrog51 z a fuel1 are in]t )\t oxyg51 s t 9 consid]+ ! evolution ( a =ce :i* is dep5d5t on heat1 we %\ld "k some?+ ( its nature1 !reby enabl+ u to utilize x to ! be/ advantage4 ,! ,hydro-c>bon ,gases4--,if petroleum1 or gasol9e1 %\ld be put into ! =m ( a gas1 & z su* be conf9$ 9 a receiv]1 )\t add+ any oxyg51 x w\ld be impossible to ignite x4 ,! "* ( ! mat]ial is su* t x w\ld in/antane\sly ext+ui% any flame4 ,n[1 to make a burn+ mixture1 at lea/ ?ree p>ts ( oxyg5 mu/ be mix$ ) "o ( ! hydro-c>bon1 be=e x is combu/ible4 ,oxyg5 & ,atmosph]e4--,! atmosph]e is n oxyg54 ,only "o-fif? ( common air is oxyg51 ! residue be+1 pr9cipally1 nitrog51 :i* is n a fuel4 ,to produce ! prop] aration1 !re=e1 at lea/ fifte5 p>ts ( air mu/ be mix$ ) "o "p ( hydro-c>bon gas4 ,! t]m hydro-c>bon is appli$ to petroleum1 & its products1 because ! elem5ts c>bon & hydrog5 make up ! l>ge/ "p ( ! oil1 :]eas ?is is n ! case ) mo/ ( ! o!r oils4 ,we are n[ deal+ ) a fuel su* z is ne$$ 9 ,int]nal ,combu/ion ,eng9es1 & x is well to "k "s ( ! problems involv$ 9 ! use ( ! fuel1 z ?is w give a bett] und]/&+ ( ! /ructure ( ! devices :i* h&le & evolve ! gases1 & prop]ly burn !m )9 ! eng9e4 ,vaporiz+ ,fuel4--,z ! pure liquid w n burn 9 t /ate ! fir/ ess5tial is to put x into a gase\s =m1 or to g5]ate a vapor f x4 ,! vapor ?us made is n a gas1 9 ! true s5se ( t t]m1 b x is compos$ ( m9ute globules ( f9ely-divid$ p>ticles ( oil4 ,ne>ly all liquids w vaporize if p]mitt$ to come into contact ) air4 ,! great] ! surface expos$ to air ! m rapidly w x turn into a vapor4 ,by =cibly eject+ ! liquid f a pipe or spray+ device1 & m+l+ air ) x1 evaporation is facilitat$1 & at ! same "t ! prop] admixture ( air is provid$ to make a combu/ible sub/ance ! mom5t suffici5t heat is br\ght into contact ) x4 ,?is is :at actually takes place 9 a gasol9e eng9e1 & all ! me*anism is built ) ?is end 9 view4 ,x has be5 ! univ]sal practice to make an explosive mixture ( ?is "*1 & !n ignite x by means ( an electric sp>k1 b x is n[ kn[n t su* a fuel c be explod$ by pressure1 & ?is ne$s "s explanation4 ,explosion by ,compression4--,! /udy ( ! compressibility ( gases is an int]e/+ "o4 ,z we h previ\sly /at$1 ! atoms1 compris+ ! gases1 are con/antly mov+ among !mselves ) great rapidity1 s t !y bomb>d ! sides ( ! receiv] 9 :i* !y are conf9$1 & also contact ) ea* o!r 9 _! re/less movem5ts4 ,:5 compression takes place ! spe$ ( ! movem5ts ( ! atoms is greatly accel]at$1 ! friction ( _! movem5ts is increas$1 & heat is evolv$4 ,z ! pressure becomes great] ! heat increases until x is ( su* int5sity t ! gas ignites1 & an explosion foll[s4 ,h[ ,compression ,heats4--,! !ory ( ! compressibility ( gases may be /at$ z foll[s3 ,let u assume t ! temp]ature ( ! air is #gj degrees ,fahr5heit1 & we h a receiv] :i* holds two cubic feet ( ?is air4 ,if ! conta9$ air is n[ compress$ to a volume ( "o cubic foot1 ! temp]ature ( two cubic feet is compress$ into "o cubic foot1 & !re is n[ #adj degrees ( heat )9 ! receiv]4 ,if ?is cubic foot ( air is aga9 compress$ to half its volume1 ! temp]ature is correspond+ly increas$4 ,:ile ?is x n absolutely true 9 practice1 ow+ to ! imm5se loss caus$ by radiation1 /ill1 x w enable ! m9d to grasp ! significance ( compression1 :5 ! subject ( heat is conc]n$4 ,ela/icity ( ,gases4--,! great ela/icity ( gases1 & ! p]fect$ me*anical devices = compress+ ! same1 af=d means :]eby t5 or tw5ty atmosph]es c be =c$ into a receiv]1 & !reby produce pressures ( sev]al hundr$ p\nds1 :i* w\ld mean suffici5tly high temp]atures to ignite oils hav+ ! high] fla% po9t4 ,advantages ( ,compression4--,! compression sy/em p]mits ( ! introduction ( a l>g] quantity ( fuel ?an is usually drawn into ! cyl9d]1 & !reby a great] & m effici5t action is produc$ on ! pi/on ( ! eng9e on acc\nt ( quick] combu/ion & !re=e high] gas pressures4 ,! compression1 h[ev]1 r>ely if ev] exce$s six atmosph]es or ab\t #ij p\nds p] squ>e in*4 ,! ,necessity ( ,compression4--,!re are two reasons :y compression is necess>y be=e ignit+ x4 ,fir/1 because x is ess5tial to put suffici5t gas 9 ! cyl9d] to make ! eng9e effici5t4 ,to illu/rate3 ,suppose we h a cyl9d] capable ( draw+ 9 #aej cubic in*es ( gas1 & ?is is compress$ d[n to #be cubic in*es1 ! space !n occupi$ by ! gas w\ld repres5t :at is call$ ! cle>ance space at ! head ( ! cyl9d]4 ,to compress x to a great] degree ! cle>ance space might be made small]1 :i* c\ld be done 9 sev]al ways1 b :e!r ! gas ?us drawn 9 %\ld be compress$ to #cj1 or #be1 or ev5 #aj cubic in*es1 x is obvi\s t !re w\ld be no m fuel 9 ! cyl9d] 9 "o case ?an 9 ! o!r4 ,z h[ev] ! mean effective pressure1 :i* det]m9es ! effici5cy ( ! motor1 increases ) ! compression pressure1 ! latt] %\ld be z high z possible1 b n s high t premature explosion takes place ow+ to ! heat creat$ by compression4 ,second3 ,! m p]fect ! mixture ( ! vaporiz$ product ) ! air1 ! m vigor\s w be ! explosion4 ,! d[nw>d movem5t ( ! pi/on draws 9 ! *>ge ( air & spray$ jet ( gasol9e1 & ! only "t = mix+ x is dur+ ! p]iod t x travels f ! c>buret] ?r\gh ! pipes & manifold to ! cyl9d]4 ,hav+ 9 m9d ! /atem5t =m]ly made t compression causes a m rapid movem5t ( ! molecules ( a gas1 x is obvi\s t ! upw>d movem5t ( ! pi/on1 9 ! act ( compress+ ! gas has a m positive action 9 caus+ an intimate mixture ( ! hydro-c>bon gases ?an took place :5 ! gases 7 travel+ ?r\gh ! pipes on _! way to ! cyl9d]4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,int]nal ,,combu/ion ,,eng9e ,x w be obs]v$ t 9 a /eam eng9e ! heat is develop$ outside ( ! cyl9d]s & ! latt] us$ solely = ! purpose ( tak+ ! /eam & utiliz+ x1 by caus+ its expansion to pu% a pi/on to & fro4 ,we %all n[ consid] t type ( motor :i* creates ! heat )9 ! cyl9d] itself & causes an expansion :i* is at once us$ & dis*>g$ at ! reciprocat+ motion ( ! pi/on4 ,! orig9al me?od ( utiliz+ :at is call$ ,int]nal combu/ion ,motors1 0 to employ a fix$ gas4 ,a fix$ gas is "o :i* w rema9 p]man5tly 9 t condition1 unlike a vapor made f gasol9e4 ,! diff]5ce may be expla9$ z foll[s3 ,fix$ ,gases4--,if ! vapor ( gasol9e1 or petroleum1 is subject$ to a high heat1 upw>ds ( #aejj degrees1 x is s *ang$ *emically1 t x w n aga9 return to a liquid /ate4 ,?is is call$ fix+ x4 ,gas is made 9 t way f ! vapor ( coal1 & fix$1 produc+ :at is call$ illum9at+ gas4 ,al?\gh ! temp]ature ( fix+ x is fully ?ree times great] ?an is requir$ to explode x1 ! fact t x is heat$ 9 clos$ retorts1 & oxyg5 is prev5t$ f mix+ ) x1 prev5ts x f burn+1 or explod+4 ,gas ,eng9es4--,su* a gas has be5 us$ = _m ye>s 9 eng9es :i* 7 usually ( ! horizontal type1 & 7 made exce$+ly heavy & cumbr\s1 & provid$ ) enorm\s fly :eels4 ,gases ?us made are n z ri* z ^? g5]at$ direct f ! hydro-c>bon fuels1 because1 be+ usually made f coal !y did n h a l>ge p]c5tage ( hydrog54 ,en]gy ( ,c>bon & ,hydrog54--,:5 a p\nd ( c>bon is burn$1 x develops #ad1ejj heat units1 & a p\nd ( hydrog5 ov] #eb1jjj heat units4 ,assum+ t #he p] c5t4 ( a p\nd ( petroleum is c>bon1 & #ae p] c5t4 is hydrog51 ! heat units ( ! c>bon w\ld be #ab1bbe1 & ! heat units ( ! #ae p] c5t4 ( hydrog5 w\ld be #ab1hjj4 ,! comb9$ value is1 !re=e1 #be1jbe1 :i* is almo/ d\ble t ( coal gas4 ,?is fact makes ! gasol9e eng9e s mu* m effici5t1 & = ! same horse p[] ! cyl9d]s c be made small]1 & ! :ole /ructure mu* light] 9 e way4 ,gasol9e motors are ( two types1 "o 9 :i* an explosion takes place at e revolution ( ! crank1 call$ ! two-cycle1 & ! o!r ! f\r-cycle1 9 :i* ! explosion occurs at e o!r turn ( ! crank4 ,! t]ms two-cycle is d]iv$ f ! movem5t ( ! pi/on1 z t moves d[nw>dly dur+ ! p]iod :5 ! crank is mak+ a half turn1 & returns 9 its upw>d /roke :5 ! crank completes ! turn1 or t two half turns ( ! crank%aft complete ! cycle4 ,f\r-cycle eng9es h two su* complete movem5ts at ea* impulse1 or require f\r half turns ( ! crank%aft to complete ! cycle4 ,! ,two-,cycle ,type4--,9 ord] to cle>ly di/+ui% betwe5 ?is & ! f\r-cycle1 x w\ld be well to exam9e ! diagram1 ,fig4 #bc4 ,= a cle>] und]/&+ ! draw+ is expla9$ 9 detail4 ,! cyl9d] ,a1 )9 :i* ! pi/on works1 has a removable cap ,b1 & at its l[] end a removable crank case ,c4 ,! case is design$ to entirely close ! l[] end ( ! cyl9d] s t x is air tight1 = reasons :i* w be expla9$4 ,! out] jacket1 or cas+ ,d1 at ! upp] end ( ! cyl9d]1 is design$ to provide a space ,e1 = ! circulation ( wat]1 to cool ! cyl9d] dur+ its work+ p]iod4 ,! crank%aft ,f passes ?r\gh ! crank case1 ! latt] hav+ suitable be>+s ,g = tak+ c>e ( ! we>4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc4 ,two-cycle4 ,fir/ ,position4 ,! pi/on ,h is connect$ up ) ! rod ,i1 ! latt] be+ h+$ at a po9t )9 ! pi/on1 z %[n4 ,! crank case has an inlet port1 provid$ ) a valve :i* op5s inw>dly1 s t :5 ! pi/on moves upw>dly ! valve w op5 & air w be drawn into ! crank case & space bel[ ! pi/on4 ,at "o side is a v]tical duct ,k1 :i* ext5ds f a po9t directly above ! crank case1 to su* a position t :5 ! pi/on is at its l[e/ po9t gas c be dis*>g$ into ! space above ! pi/on4 ,on ! opposite side ( ! cyl9d]1 & a little above ! inlet port ( ! duct ,k1 is a dis*>ge port ,m4 ,! inlet port & ! dis*>ge port1 ?us describ$1 are bo? above ! l[] end ( ! pi/on :5 x is at its highe/ po9t4 ,! sp>k plug is %[n at ,n4 ,on ! upp] end ( ! pi/on1 & close to ! side wall ?r\gh :i* ! inlet port ,k is =m$1 is an upw>dly-project+ deflect+ plate ,o1 ! uses ( :i* w be expla9$ 9 ! description ( its op]ation4 ,fig4 #bc %[s ! pi/on at its highe/ po9t1 & we w n[ assume t ignition takes place1 ?us driv+ ! pi/on d[nw>dly until ! upp] end ( ! pi/on has fully uncov]$ ! dis*>ge port ,m1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bd4 ,?is p]mits ! exhau/ to comm5ce1 & z ! pi/on proce$s d[n /ill fur!r1 s z to uncov] ! inlet port ,k1 ! gas1 :i* at ! d[n /roke has be5 compress$ 9 ! space bel[ ! pi/on1 ru%es 91 & z x /rikes ! deflect+ plate ,o1 is caus$ to fl[ upw>dly1 & ?us helps to drive out ! burnt gases rema9+ at ! upp] end ( ! cyl9d]4 ,illu/ration3 ,two-cycle ,eng9e4 ,fig4 #bd4 ,second position4 ,fig4 #be4 ,?ird position4 ,?is action is call$ scav5g+ ! cyl9d]1 & ! effici5cy ( ?is type ( eng9e is l>gely due to ! mann] 9 :i* ?is is done4 ,x is obvi\s t m or less ( ! unburnt gases w rema91 or t "s ( ! unburnt c>buret$ air w pass out at ea* dis*>ge1 & ?us1 9 ei!r case1 detract f ! p[] ( ! subsequ5t explosion4 ,z ! pi/on n[ moves upw>dly to complete ! cycle1 ! pi/on closes bo? ( ! ports1 ?us conf9+ ! gas :i* 0 previ\sly p>tly compress$1 & z ! pi/on proce$s ! gas is /ill fur!r compress$ until ! pi/on aga9 rea*es ! upw>d limit ( its motion4 ,advantages ( ! ,two-,cycle ,eng9e4--,?is k9d ( eng9e has sev]al di/9ct advantages4 ,x has less weight ?an ! f\r-cycle2 x gives d\ble ! numb] ( impulses = a giv5 numb] ( revolutions ( ! crank%aft2 & x disp5ses ) valves1 spr+s1 cam-%afts1 /ems & pu% rods4 ,m or less dang]1 h[ev]1 att5ds ! op]ation ( a two-cycle eng9e1 pr9cipally f ! fact t an explosive mixture 9 a p>tially compress$ condition is =c$ into ! space :i* ! in/ant be=e 0 occupi$ by a flame1 & x is only because ! expansion ( ! bur/ gases at ! previ\s *>ge has its temp]ature decreas$ s f> bel[ ! explosion po9t1 t ! fre% gas is n ignit$1 al?\gh !re h be5 occasions :5 explosions h tak5 place dur+ ! up/roke4 ,! ,f\r-,cycle ,eng9e4--,! mo/ approv$ type is t :i* is kn[n z ! f\r-cycle4 ,?is w also be fully diagramm$ s z to enable u to po9t out ! di/9ctive diff]5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,f\r-cycle ,eng9e4 ,fig4 #bf4 ,fir/ position4 ,fig4 #bg4 ,second position4 ,figs4 #bf & #bg %[ sections ( a typical f\r-cycle eng9e1 9 :i* ! inlet & ! exhau/ valves are me*anically op]at$4 ,! cyl9d] ,a is ei!r ca/ ) or sep>ate f ! crank case ,b1 & has a removable head ,c4 ,! upp] end ( ! cyl9d] has a wat] space =m$ by ! jacket ,d4 ,! inlet port ,e & ! dis*>ge port ,f are bo? at ! upp] end ( ! cyl9d]4 ,! crank %aft ,g passes horizontally ?r\gh ! crank case1 & x is n necess>y1 z 9 ! case ( ! two-cycle-eng9e1 to h ! case clos$ tight4 ,! pi/on ,h is atta*$ to ! connect+ rod ,i1 :i* is c\pl$ to ! crank1 z %[n4 ,! crank %aft has a small ge> ,j1 :i* me%es ) two ge>s ( d\ble size on opposite sides ( ! crank %aft1 "o ( ! ge>s ,k1 be+ design$ to c>ry ! cam ,l = actuat+ ! /em ,l1 :i* op5s ! valve ,m 9 ! port t admits ! c>buret$ air4 ,illu/ration3 ,f\r-cycle ,eng9e4 ,fig4 #bh4 ,?ird position4 ,fig4 #bi4 ,f\r? position4 ,! o!r l>ge ge> ,n is m\nt$ on a %aft :i* c>ries a cam ,o t engages ! l[] end ( a pu% rod ,p1 to op5 ! valve ,q 9 ! dis*>ge port ,f4 ,x %\ld be obs]v$ t ! /ems ,l1 ,p1 are made 9 two p>ts1 ) int]pos+ spr+s ,r1 s ! valves may be firmly seat$ :5 ! /ems drop f ! cams4 ,! sp>k plug ,s is locat$ 9 ! head1 close to ! inlet port4 ,! "* ( ! ignit+ sy/em is immat]ial1 z ! object ( ! pres5t diagrams is to %[ ! cycle & me?od ( op]at+ ! eng9e at ea* explosion1 & to fully illu/rate ! mann] 9 :i* x is di/+ui%$ f ! two-cycle type4 ,a fly :eel is necess>y 9 ?is z 9 ! o!r type1 & 9 practice ! two ge> :eels1 ,k1 ,n1 are plac$ outside ( ! case ,b1 & only ! small ge>1 & ! cam %afts1 on :i* ! cams are m\nt$1 are )9 ! case4 ,! op]ation is z foll[s3 ,9 ,fig4 #bf ! pi/on is %[n 9 a position ab\t to comm5ce its d[nw>d movem5t1 & we w assume t ! ignition has j tak5 place4 ,bo? valves ,m1 ,q1 are clos$1 z x w be notic$ t ! cams ,l1 ,o1 are n 9 contact ) ! l[] ends ( ! pu% rods4 ,! explosion drives ! pi/on d[n to ! position %[n 9 ,fig4 #bg1 :5 ! cam ,o beg9s to raise ! /em ,p1 & ?us op5s ! dis*>ge valve ,q1 p]mitt+ ! burnt gases to escape z ! pi/on travels upw>dly to ! position %[n 9 ,fig4 #bh4 ,at ?is position ! valve ,q closes1 & ! cam ,l op5s ! inlet valve ,m1 s t z ! pi/on desc5ds ! second revolution1 ! c>buret$ air is drawn 9 until ! crank has j turn$ at its l[e/ limit ( movem5t1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bi4 ,! upw>d /roke ( ! pi/on n[ p]=ms ! "w ( compress+ ! c>buret$ air 9 ! cyl9d]1 & x is ready = ! ignition ! mom5t x aga9 rea*es ! position %[n 9 ,fig4 #bf4 ,! ,f\r ,cycles4--,! f\r di/9ct op]ations ?us p]=m$ are z foll[s3 ,fir/1 ! explosion1 & d[nw>d movem5t ( ! pi/on4 ,second1 ! upw>d movem5t ( ! pi/on1 & ! dis*>ge ( ! burnt gases4 ,?ird1 ! d[n /roke ( ! pi/on1 & ! indraw+ ( a fre% *>ge ( c>buret$ air4 ,f\r?1 ! upw>d movem5t ( ! pi/on1 & ! compression ( ! *>ge ( c>buret$ air4 ,! ord] ( ! eng9e p]=mance may be designat$ z foll[s3 #a4 ,impulse4 #b4 ,exhau/4 #c4 ,admission4 #d4 ,compression4 ,ignition ,po9t4--,:ile ! po9t ( ignition1 %[n 9 ! =ego+ diagrams1 repres5ts !m z tak+ place aft] ! crank has pass$ ! dead c5t]1 ! fir+1 9 practice1 is s adju/$ t ! sp>k fla%es be=e ! crank turns pa/ ! dead c5t]4 ,! reason = ?is w be app>5t on a little reflection4 ,z ! crank turns v rapidly ! sp>k %\ld be advanc$1 z x is call$1 because x takes an int]val ( "t = ! sp>k to take effect & />t ! explosion4 ,if ! sp>k+ did n take place until ! crank _h actually pass$ ! dead c5t]1 ! full effect ( ! compression & subsequ5t explosion pressure w\ld n be _h4 ,advantage ( ! ,f\r-,cycle ,type4--,! mo/ m>k$ advantage 9 ! f\r-cycle type is its effici5cy4 ,z x has "o full /roke )9 :i* to exhau/ ! burnt gases1 ! cyl9d] is 9 a prop] condition to receive a full value ( ! incom+ *>ge1 & !re is no liability ( any ( ! unburnt gases escap+ dur+ ! exhau/ f ! previ\s explosion4 ,! next important advantage ( ?is type is 9 ! fact t x c be op]at$ at a high] spe$ ?an ! two-cycle type1 & ?is is a great advantage1 not)/&+ ! less numb] ( impulses 9 ! f\r-cycle type4 ,! ,loss 9 ,p[]4--,! great disadvantage 9 all eng9es ( ?is class is ! great loss result+ f _! action4 ,! explosion :i* takes place raises ! temp]ature to fully #bjjj degrees ( heat1 & unless "s provision is made to keep ! cyl9d] d[n to a mu* l[] temp]ature ! eng9e w\ld soon be useless4 ,high temp]atures ( ?is "* absolutely prev5t lubrication1 a ?+ :i* is necess>y to insure prop] work+4 ,= ?is reason a wat] jacket is provid$1 al?\gh !re are eng9es :i* are cool$ by ! action ( air4 ,9 any ev5t1 ! heat imp>t$ to ! cyl9d] is c>ri$ away & _c be us$ effectively1 s t fully "o-half ( ! p[] is dissipat$ 9 ?is direction alone4 ,! next mo/ s]i\s loss is 9 ! escape ( heat ?r\gh ! burnt gases1 :i* am\nts to sev5te5 p] c5t4 ,if ! expansive =ce ( ! burnt gases at ! "t ( ignition is #bej p\nds p] squ>e in*1 & at ! "t ( ! dis*>ge x is fifty p\nds1 only f\r-fif?s ( its p[] is effectively us$4 ,z1 h[ev]1 ! dis*>ge is aga9/ ! air pressure ( ne>ly fifte5 p\nds p] squ>e in*1 x is obvi\s t ?irty-five p\nds p] in* is driv5 away & lo/4 ,! ?ird loss is by conduction & radiation1 :i* am\nts to fifte5 p] c5t4 or m1 s t ! total loss f all s\rces is ab\t eighty-f\r p] c5t41 leav+ n m ?an sixte5 p] c5t4 ( ! value ( ! fuel :i* is conv]t$ into p[]4 ,eng9e ,con/ruction4--,9 ! con/ruction ( eng9es ! utmo/ c>e %\ld be ex]cis$ 9 mak+ ! v>i\s p>ts4 ,! p>ticul> features :i* require special c>e are ! valves1 :i* %\ld be gr\nd to fit tightly1 ! prop] fitt+ ( ! pi/on r+s1 crank %aft & connect+ rod be>+s z well z ! accurate rel9+ ( ^! be>+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cj4 ,valve ,gr9d+4 ,valve ,gr9d+4--,fig4 #cj %[s a valve & valve seat4 ,! valve has usually a cross groove s t a screw driv] 9 a drill /ock may be us$ to turn x & to ex]t ! prop] pressure4 ,! f9e/ em]y p[d] & a fir/ class quality ( oil %\ld be us$4 ,! valve is seat$ & aft] ! oil & em]y p[d] are appli$ ! drill /ock is us$ to turn ! valve4 ,aft] tw5ty or ?irty turns1 wipe (f ! p>ts & exam9e ! contact edges1 to see :e!r ! entire surfaces are bright1 :i* w indicate t ! valve fits true on its seat4 ,nev] ov]gr9d4 ,?is is entirely unnecess>y4 ,x is bett] also to rock ! crank ( ! drill /ock back & =?1 in/ead ( turn+ x 9 "o direction only4 ,! ,crank ,%aft4--,! crank %aft is ! mo/ difficult "p ( ! eng9e to build4 ,x is usually made ( a s+le =g+ ( special /eel & ! cranks & be>+s are turn$ out ( ?is1 requir+ ! utmo/ c>e4 ,=m]ly ^! 7 subject to breakage1 b improv$ me?ods h elim9at$ all dang] 9 ?is direction4 ,! ,cams4--,not)/&+ ! ends ( ! pu% rods are provid$ ) roll]s to make ! contact ) ! cams1 ! latt] w we>1 & 9 do+ s !y w op5 ! valves too late4 ,! slighte/ we> w make consid]able diff]5ce 9 ! inlet valve1 & x requires c>e & att5tion = ?is reason1 9 prop]ly design+ ! cams1 s t we> w be br\ght to a m9imum4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,c>buret]s ,a c>buret] is a device :i* receives & mixes gasol9e & air 9 prop] proportions1 & 9 :i* a vapor is =m$ = gasol9e eng9es4 ,! product ( ! c>buret] is a mixture ( gasol9e vapor & air1 n a gas4 ,a gas1 z expla9$1 is ( su* a "* t x rema9s fix$ & w n /ratify or cond5se4 ,functions ( a ,c>buret]4--,! function ( a c>buret] is to supply air & gasol9e by means ( its adju/able features s z to make ! be/ mixture4 ,! proportions ( air & gasol9e w v>y1 b g5]ally ! av]age is fifte5 p>ts ( air to "o ( gasol9e vapor4 ,if !re is too mu* gasol9e1 proportionately1 a wa/e ( fuel results1 z a great am\nt ( soot is =m$ "u ^? conditions4 ,if !re is an excess ( air ! mixture1 :5 ignit$1 w n h su* a high temp]ature1 h5ce ! expansive =ce is less1 & ! result is a decrease ( p[]4 ,:ile x is possible to get a rapid evaporation f gasol9e by heat+ x1 exp]i5ce has %[n t x is m economical to keep ! gasol9e cool1 or at ord9>y temp]atures1 provid$ ! c>buret] is prop]ly con/ruct$1 because ! vapor1 if heat$1 :5 drawn into ! eng9e1 w be unduly exp&$1 & less fuel 9 t case is drawn 9 at ea* *>ge1 & less p[] results4 ,ri* ,mixtures4--,!re are conditions "u :i* ri* mixtures are advantage\s4 ,?is is a mixture 9 :i* !re is a l>g] p]c5tage ( gasol9e ?an is necess>y = in/antane\s combu/ion4 ,= ord9>y uses su* a mixture w\ld n be economical4 ,at l[ spe$s1 h[ev]1 or :5 c>ry+ heavy loads1 x is desirable1 = ! reasons t at a sl[ spe$ ! combu/ion is sl[]4 ,ri* mixtures are objectionable at high spe$s because1 z ! combu/ion is sl[1 incomplete combu/ion )9 ! p[] /roke results1 ! temp]ature ( ! gas at ! end ( ! /roke is v high1 & ?is w s]i\sly affect ! exhau/ valves4 ,fur!rmore1 !re is likelihood ( ! gas cont9u+ to burn aft] x is dis*>g$ f ! cyl9d]4 ,lean ,mixtures4--,su* a mixture is "o :i* has a less am\nt ( gasol9e ?an is necess>y to make a p]fectly explosive comp\nd4 ,= high spe$s a lean mixture is desirable1 pr9cipally because x burns m rapidly ?an a ri* mixture4 ,types ( ,c>buret]s4--,!re are two di/9ct types ( c>buret]s1 "o :i* sprays ! gasol9e into a conduit ?r\gh :i* air is pass+1 & ! o!r 9 :i* a l>ge surface ( gasol9e is plac$ 9 ! pa? ( ! mov+ air column1 :i* 0 orig9ally us$1 b has be5 absolutely replac$ by ! jet c>buret]s on acc\nt ( _! bett] control features4 ,x w be rememb]$ t ref]5ce 0 made to ! mann] 9 :i* vaporization takes place1 ?is t]m be+ us$ to designate t t5d5cy ( all liquids to *ange into a gase\s /ate4 ,all c>buret]s are design$ ) ! object ( me*anically pres5t+ ! l>ge/ possible area ( oil to ! air1 s t ! latt] w become impregnat$ ) ! vapor4 ,! ,spray]4--,! be/ kn[n type dep5ds on divid+ up ! gasol9e into f9e globules1 by eject+ x f a small pipe or jet4 ,! spray ?us =m$ is caught by ! air column produc$ by ! suction ( ! eng9e pi/ons1 & dur+ its passage ?r\gh ! ?rottle & ! manifold1 is 9 condition :]e a fair mixture ( air & vapor is =m$1 :i* w readily ignite4 ,! ,surface ,type4--,?is =m ( c>buret] provides a pool ( gasol9e ) a l>ge surface1 )9 ! %ell1 s arrang$ t z ! air is drawn pa/ ! pool x mu/ come into contact ) ! oil1 & ?us take up ! necess>y quantity ( evaporat$ gasol9e = *>g+ ! air4 ,! surface type has n be5 us$ to a l>ge ext5t1 b ! spray] is univ]sally us$1 & ( ?is k9d !re are _m examples ( con/ruction1 ea* hav+ "s p>ticul> m]it4 ,gov]n+ a ,c>buret]4--,x is a curi\s ?+ t "o c>buret] w "w admirably ) "o eng9e1 & be entirely useless 9 ano!r4 ,?is is due to sev]al factors1 bo? 9 ! eng9e design & 9 ! c>buret] itself4 ,! quality ( mixture t an eng9e w take dep5ds on its spe$4 ,! suction ( ! pi/ons dep5ds on ! spe$ ( ! eng9e4 ,if1 at ord9>y spe$ ! c>buret] gives a prop] mixture1 ! ?roats & passages ?r\gh ! pipes & manifold1 z well z ! valve :i* dis*>ges ! gasol9e1 may be 9 a prime condition to d good "w2 b :5 ! pi/ons "w at d\ble spe$ ! inru% ( air may n c>ry ) x ! prop] am\nt ( fuel2 or1 "u ^? conditions1 ! air may receive too great an am\nt ( gasol9e1 proportionally4 ,! latt] is usually ! case1 h5ce provision mu/ be made = su* a cont+5cy1 & we %all !re=e take up ! v>i\s features ess5tial 9 ! con/ruction ( ! c>buret]1 s z to %[ :at /eps h be5 tak5 to meet ! problems aris+ f v>y+ spe$s1 diff]5ces 9 ! "* ( ! fuel1 regulat+ ! infl[ & mixture ( gasol9e & air1 & adju/m5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ca4 ,c>buret]4 ,s _m diff]5t types ( c>buret]s h be5 devis$1 t x is difficult to select "o :i* typifies all ! be/ elem5ts ( con/ruction4 ,9 ,fig4 #ca we h %[n a well kn[n con/ruction1 & :i* w illu/rate ! features ( ! spray] type to good advantage4 ,! body ( ! device1 repres5t$ by ,a1 has a flange by means ( :i* x is secur$ to ! pipe :i* c>ries ! c>buret$ air to ! eng9e4 ,! l[] end ( ?is tubul> body is contract$1 z %[n at ,b1 s z to =m :at is call$ a v5turi tube4 ,ext]iorly ?is contract$ tube is ?read$1 z %[n at ,c1 s z to receive !reon a ?read$ body ,d1 ! l[] end ( ! body hav+ an enl>g$ disk-head ,e1 integral !re)1 & an upw>dly-project+ annul> flange ,f is =m$ ar\nd ?is disk to receive & hold a cyl9d] ,g1 :i* con/itutes ! float & fuel *amb]4 ,! upp] end ( ?is cyl9d] re/s aga9/ a seat ca/ ) ! body ,a1 & pack+ r+s are plac$ at ! ends ( ! cyl9d] to prev5t ! oil f leak+ out4 ,)9 ! tubul> body ,d is a v]tical tube ,h1 integral ) ! disk head ,e1 & oil is suppli$ to ?is tube ?r\gh ducts ,i1 :i* communicate ) ! *amb] )9 ! res]voir ,g4 ,a dra9 cock is at ! l[] end ( ?is tube1 & an adju/able cap ,k screws on ! tubul> /em ( ! dra9 tube1 ar\nd :i* air is admitt$1 ! air pass+ upw>dly ?r\gh v]tical ducts ,l1 z %[n1 & ?us mixes ) air at ! contract$ "p ( ! v5turi tube4 ,a r+-l float ,n is plac$ )9 ! glass *amb]1 & ?is is adapt$ to engage ) ! inn] end ( a lev] ,n1 ?is lev] be+ pivot$ at ,o1 )9 a side ext5sion ,p ( ! c>buret] %ell4 ,! inn] end ( ?is lev] has a l9k h+$ !reto1 ! l[] end ( :i* s]ves z a ne$le valve to close ! eject+ orifice ( ! tube ,l4 ,! out] end ( ! lev] ,n engages a %\ld] on a v]tically-dispos$ ne$le valve ,q1 :i* has its po9t 9 ! inlet op5+ ( ! pipe ,r1 ?r\gh :i* gasol9e is suppli$ to ! glass *amb]4 ,a spr+ ,t s]ves to keep ! valve /em normally on its seat4 ,directly opposite ?is *amb]$ ext5sion ,p is ano!r ext5sion ,u1 also ca/ ) ! %ell1 ?r\gh :i* is a v]tical /em ,v4 ,?is /em c>ries a d[nw>dly-op5+ valve ,w1 t seats aga9/ a plug1 & a spr+ ,x bel[ ! valve1 s]ves to keep x aga9/ its seat1 unless !re %\ld be an extraord9>ily heavy pull or suction4 ,?is is ! auxili>y air inlet1 & ! l[] spr+ is actuat$ only :5 ! eng9e is runn+ at mod]ate spe$s1 b :5 runn+ at high spe$ & an additional quantity ( air is requir$ ! upp] spr+ ,y is compress$1 & ?us a mu* great] quantity ( air is all[$ to pass 9 & m+le ) ! spray at ! ?rottle valve ,z4 ,! ?rottle valve is m\nt$ 9 ! dis*>ge op5+1 & is controll$ by a lev] on ! outside ( ! c>buret]4 ,! device op]ates z foll[s3 ,prim>y air ent]s ! op5+ betwe5 ! cup ,k & ! disk-head ,e1 pass+ up into ! space ar\nd ! oil tube ,h4 ,z ! spr+ ,t1 ar\nd ! ne$le valve ,q1 draws up ! valve f its seat1 oil is p]mitt$ to fl[ 9 ?r\gh ! duct ,r & fill ! *amb]1 until ! float engages ) ! inn] end ( ! lev] ,n1 & raises x1 ?us uncov]+ ! eject+ end ( ! tube ,h1 & at ! same "t clos+ ! inlet tube ,r4 ,! suction f ! eng9e !n draws air ?r\gh ! prim>y duct1 z /at$1 & also an additional quantity ?r\gh ! second>y s\rce1 by way ( ! valve ,w1 ?is valve be+ s regulat$ z to supply ! requisite quantity4 ,! auxili>y air s\rce s]ves ! purpose t means %\ld be provid$ to supply m ?an ! ord9>y am\nt ( air1 :5 runn+ at high spe$s4 ,f ! =ego+ x w be obs]v$ t a c>buret] mu/ be s con/ruct$ t x w p]=m a v>iety ( "w4 ,^! are3 ,fir/1 ,automatic means = fill+ ! float *amb] :5 ! gasol9e goes bel[ a c]ta9 level4 ,second1 ,cutt+ (f ! supply ( gasol9e4 ,?ird1 ,provid+ a prim>y supply ( gasol9e = spray+ purposes4 ,f\r?1 ,furni%+ an auxili>y air supply4 ,fif?1 ,?rottl+ means 9 ! dis*>ge op5+4 ,x is ?us a mo/ wond]ful contrivance1 & consid]+ t all ! elem5ts necess>y to make x "w satisfactorily are provid$ ) adju/able devices1 x may be se5 t to make x p]=m correctly requires a p]fect und]/&+ ( its v>i\s features4 ,requirem5ts 9 a ,c>buret]4--,9 view ( ! =ego+ x might be well to "k h[ to select a c>buret] t is ideal 9 its op]ation4 ,fir/4 ,! adju/m5t ( ! auxili>y valve %\ld be ( su* a "* t at ! sl[e/ spe$ ! valve %\ld n be lift$ f its seat4 ,second4 ,x mu/ be s arrang$ t x is n difficult to *ange ! relative am\nt ( air & gasol9e4 ,?ird4 ,! float+ *amb] %\ld be s arrang$ t ! float w act on ! lev] :i* lifts ! valve ( ! inject+ pipe1 ev5 ?\gh ! c>buret] body %\ld be tilt$ at an angle4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly important :5 ! c>buret] is us$ 9 automobiles4 ,f\r?4 ,! valves %\ld be 9 su* position t !y are readily accessible = clean+ or = exam9ation4 ,fif?4 ,! float %\ld be s arrang$ t x is adju/able ) ref]5ce to ! lev] t x contacts )4 ,six?4 ,a gauze /ra9] %\ld be plac$ at ! gasol9e inlet1 & x is also advisable to h a simil> /ra9] above ! mix+ *amb]1 beyond ! ?rottle4 ,sev5?4 ,!re %\ld be no pockets at any po9t 9 ! body to hold ! gasol9e :i* might cond5se4 ,eigh?4 ,! body ( ! c>buret] %\ld be s con/ruct$ t e "p is easily accessible1 & dra9+ means provid$ s t e p>ticle ( gasol9e c be )drawn4 ,n9?4 ,means = heat+ x1 9 case ( cold wea!r4 ,size ( ! ,c>buret]4--,! prop] size ( a c>buret] = an eng9e has be5 ! subject ( consid]able discussion & exp]im5t+4 ,if its passages are too l>ge1 difficulty w be exp]i5c$ 9 />t+ ! eng9e1 because ! pull+ draft ?r\gh ! prim>y w n be suffici5t to make a spray t w unite ) ! air4 ,a c>buret] too l>ge w only wa/e fuel1 ev5 aft] ! eng9e has be5 crank$ up s x w />t4 ,if ! c>buret] is too small ! eng9e w n develop its requir$ output ( p[]4 ,:ile x might "w satisfactorily at l[ spe$s x w\ld be entirely ineffici5t at high spe$s4 ,rule = ,size ( ,c>buret]4--,9 all cases ! valve op5+ & cyl9d] capacity 9 ! eng9e %\ld det]m9e ?is4 ,! size ( ! op5+ ( ! c>buret] outlet %\ld be ! same z t ( ! eng9e valve1 :i* is also ! case :]e ! c>buret] supplies a multi-cyl9d]1 z !re is only "o valve op5 at ! same "t4 ,x 0 =m]ly ! cu/om to use a c>buret] = ea* cyl9d] b ! practice has be5 ab&on$1 because x is obvi\s t a s+le c>buret] w1 ow+ to ! cont9u\s suction1 supply a mixture ( m ne>ly uni=m "* ?an two or m1 ev5 ?\gh !y %\ld supply ! mixture to a common manifold4 ,! ,?rottle4--,mu* ( ! economy 9 runn+ an eng9e dep5ds on ! manipulation ( ! ?rottle4 ,z an example1 ) a c]ta9 motor & c>buret] x w be f\nd t = maximum spe$ ! ?rottle %\ld be op5 ab\t "o-eigh? ( ! way4 ,! prop] way1 9 />t+ ! eng9e1 is to op5 ! ?rottle fully half way1 & to ret>d ! sp>k4 ,z soon z ! eng9e beg9s to run prop]ly1 ! sp>k is advanc$ & ! ?rottle clos$ d[n to ! requir$ po9t4 ,! eng9e spe$ may always be ma9ta9$ by ! ?rottle "u a con/ant v>y+ load1 by adju/+ ! ?rottle valve4 ,a ri* mixture may be obta9$ by ?rottl+ ! prim>y air supply4 ,! ?rottle may also be a mo/ effective means ( economiz+ fuel :5 ! eng9e has a fir/ class sp>k+ device1 z 9 t case ! ?rottle c be clos$ d[n to provide a v small op5+4 ,flood+4--,"o ( ! mo/ preval5t tr\bles 9 c>buret]s is ! liability to flood4 ,?is is usually caus$ by =eign matt] gett+ "u or 9 ! float valve1 s t x w n prop]ly seat4 ,sometimes ! m]e mov+ ( ! float w dislodge ! p>ticle4 ,ano!r cause ( flood+ is due1 frequ5tly1 to an improp]ly-arrang$ float1 :i*1 :5 ! eng9e is incl9$1 w prev5t improp] seat+ ( ! valve1 & flood+ foll[s4 ,! greate/ c>e %\ld be ex]cis$ 9 see+ t ! gasol9e supply is free f all impurities :5 x is p\r$ into ! tank4 ,to /ra9 x is ! be/ precaution1 & x pays to be p>ticul> 9 ?is respect4 ,x is surpris+ to see ! smalle/ speck1 ei!r /op ! fl[ entirely1 or produce an ov]fl[1 ei!r ( :i* w cause a _w ( tr\ble4 ,wat] is ano!r elem5t :i* has no place 9 a c>buret]4 ,an indication ( ?is is ! irregul> movem5t ( ! eng9e4 ,! only rem$y is to /op & dra9 ! c>buret]4 ,a few drops may cause all ! tr\ble4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cb4 ,c>buret]4 ,types ( ,c>buret]s4--,9 ,fig4 #cb we %[ ano!r type ( c>buret]1 :i* is simple 9 con/ruction1 & has _m desirable features4 ,! cyl9drical body ( ! c>buret]1 ,a1 has a d[nw>dly-project+ globul> ext5sion ,b1 at "o side ( :i* is a flange ,c to secure x to ! pipe1 & ?r\gh ?is is ! dis*>ge op5+ ,d4 ,?is globul> ext5sion s]ves z ! mix+ *amb]4 ,)9 ! cyl9drical %ell is an upw>dly-project+ circul>ly-=m$ ext5sion ,e1 & ! top or cap ,f ( ! cyl9drical body ,a has a d[nw>dly-project+ cyl9drical rim ,g :i* ov]laps ! l[] circul> ext5sion ,e1 & x is s con/ruct$ t a v ?9 annul> slit ,h is ?us =m$ betwe5 ! two p>ts1 ?r\gh :i* fuel oil fl[s f ! float *amb] ,i into ! space ar\nd ! c5tral tube ,j :i* passes d[n ?r\gh ! two circul> ext5sions ,e1 ,g4 ,?is c5tral tube ,j is design$ = ! auxili>y air supply4 ,x ext5ds d[n to ! globul> base ,b1 & has a valve ,k seat$ aga9/ its end4 ,! /em ,l ( ! valve is v]tically-movable )9 an adju/able /em ,m1 & a helical spr+ ,n1 capable ( hav+ its t5sion adju/$ by ! /em ,m1 be>s upw>dly aga9/ ! valve s z to keep x normally aga9/ ! l[] end ( ! tube ,j4 ,! auxili>y air1 !re=e1 passes d[n c5trally ?r\gh ! tube ,j1 :ile ! prim>y air supply passes ?r\gh op5+s ,o1 surr\nd+ ! tube ,j1 d[nw>dly pa/ ! slitt$ op5+ ,h1 & !nce to ! dis*>ge port ,d4 ,surr\nd+ ! tubul> projections ,e1 ,g1 & )9 ! float *amb] ,i1 is ! float ,p4 ,?is is design$ to /rike ! bifurcat$ ends ( a lev] ,q1 :i* is h+$ ne> its out] end1 z at ,r1 & has its %ort project+ end re/+ b5ea? ! coll> ( a v]tical ne$le valve ,s4 ,?is ne$le valve is v]tically plac$ )9 a *amb]$ ext5sion ,t at ! side ( ! %ell ,a1 & its l[] end re/s )9 ! op5+ ( ! inlet ,u :i* supplies ! gasol9e to ! *amb] ,i4 ,! upp] end ( ! valve /em passes ?r\gh a plug ,v1 ?r\gh :i* is a v5t hole ,w4 ,a spr+ ,x is us$ betwe5 ! plug & ! coll> on ! l[] end ( ! ne$le valve1 s t ! valve is kept on its seat !reby1 unless ! gasol9e 9 ! *amb] %\ld fall s l[ z to cause ! float to re/ on ! inn] end ( ! lev] ,q1 :5 ! ne$le valve w\ld be unseat$ !reby4 ,all ! p>ts ( ?is device seem to be accessible1 & x is pres5t$ z an example ( con/ruction t seems to meet pretty ne>ly all ( ! ideal requirem5ts ( a device = furni%+ a p]fect admixture4 ,surface ,c>buret]4--,?is type ( c>buret] also requires a float b does n h second>y air inlet me*anism4 ,x has "o /rik+ advantage ov] ! spray] sy/em1 9 ! p>ticul> t ! suction ( ! eng9e is n dep5d$ ^u to draw ! gasol9e f ! float *amb]4 ,x is mu* m s5sitive to adju/m5t 9 ! float level & ne$le valve ?an ! o!r type4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cc4 ,surface ,c>buret]4 ,! diagram1 ,fig4 #cc1 %[s a body ,a1 some:at b[l-%ap$1 ) a *amb]$ ext5sion1 ,b1 at "o side1 at ! l[] side ( :i* is ! fuel inlet duct ,c4 ,directly above ?is duct ! upp] wall ( ! ext5sion has a plug ,d1 ! l[] end ( :i* c>ries !re9 ! upp] end ( a v]tically-movable ne$le valve1 ,e1 ! l[] end ( ! valve re/+ )9 ! duct ,c4 ,a float ,f )9 ! b[l-%ap$ body is secur$ at "o side to a lev] ,g1 :i* is h+$ at a po9t ne> ! ne$le valve ,e1 & ! %ort end ( ?is lev] connects ) ?is ne$le valve 9 su* a mann] t z ! float moves upw>dly ! valve is seat$1 & :5 ! level ( ! fuel oil falls bel[ a c]ta9 po9t ! ne$le is lift$ f its seat1 & oil is p]mitt$ to fl[ into ! float *amb]4 ,! cap ,h ( ! float *amb] has ca/ !re) a ,u-%ap$ tube1 ! inlet end ,i be+ horizontally-dispos$1 :ile ! dis*>ge end ,j is v]tical4 ,directly above ! l[e/ "p ( ! b5d 9 ?is tube1 ! v]tical dim5sion ( ! tube is contract$ by a d[nw>dly-project+ wall ,k1 s z to =m a n>r[ ?roat ,l4 ,bel[ ?is contract$ po9t1 ! ,u-%ap$ tube has integral !re) a d[nw>dly-project+ /em ,m1 ! l[] end ( :i* passes ?r\gh an op5+ 9 ! float *amb]1 & is ?read$1 s z to receive a nut1 by means ( :i* ! cap ,h may be firmly fix$ to ! float *amb]4 ,?is /em ,m has a v]tical duct ,n1 :i* communicates ) ! float *amb]1 & is provid$ ) a dra9 plug ,o4 ,alongside ( ?is duct is a tube ,p :i* ext5ds up into ! ,u-%ap$ tube & is op5 at its l[] end s t ! level ( ! gasol9e )9 ! b5t tube _c ext5d above ! end ( ?is dra9 tube ,p4 ,an adju/able valve /em ,q passes ?r\gh "o side ( ! b5t tube1 ! l[] end be+ po9t$ & adapt$ to regulate ! infl[ ( gasol9e ?r\gh ! duct ,n1 & into ! ,u-%ap$ tube4 ,a ?rottle valve ,r is plac$ 9 ! dis*>ge end ( ! ,u-%ap$ tube1 :i* is susceptible ( regulation by means ( a lev] ,s4 ,! diagram %[s ! gasol9e )9 ! ,u-%ap$ tube1 s t x is on a level ) ! gasol9e 9 ! float *amb]4 ,9 op]ation a suffici5t am\nt ( gasol9e is p]mitt$ to ent] ! float *amb] s t a pool is =m$ 9 ! bottom ( ! ,u-%ap$ tube4 ,:5 suction takes place ! air ru%es ?r\gh ! tube1 at ,i1 d[n b5ea? ! wall ,k1 & 9 do+ s x sweeps pa/ ! surface ( ! pool at t po9t1 absorb+ a great] or less am\nt ( ! vapor4 ,9 ord] to adju/ ! device s t a small] am\nt ( ! liquid fuel w be expos$1 ! c>buret] is adju/$ s x w close ! ne$le valve be=e ! level ( ! liquid is s high1 & !reby a less surface ( oil is =m$ )9 ! ,u-%ap$ tube4 ,x is obvi\s t ?is type ( c>buret]1 ow+ to ! abs5ce ( ! second>y air-supply me*anism1 c be readily regulat$ & all adju/m5ts made :ile runn+1 :ile = automobile uses ! lev] ,s1 :i* controls ! ?rottle1 c be connect$ up ) a da%-bo>d control4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,ignition4 ,,l[ ,,t5sion ,,sy/em ,electricity1 t subtle =ce1 :i* manife/s itself 9 s _m ways1 is nev]!less beyond ! p[] ( man to see4 ,! only way 9 :i* we "k ( its pres5ce is by ! results produc$ by its movem5ts1 because x c make itself kn[n to our s5ses only by "s =m ( motion4 ,! au?orities reg>d light1 heat & electricity z m]ely diff]5t =ms ( motion4 ,! mo/ t c be done ) su* a =ce is to le>n ! laws gov]n+ x4 ,magnetism4--,?is is a =m ( electricity4 ,9 fact1 x is "o ( ! mo/ univ]sal manife/ations1 = )\t x electricity w\ld be useless4 ,:5 ! fir/ p]man5t magnet 0 f\nd at ,magnesia1 x 0 n consid]$ electricity4 ,! sci5ces _h n arriv$ at t po9t :]e !y 7 able to classify x z belong+ to lightn+ & o!r manife/ations ( t k9d :i* we n[ "k to be electricity4 ,! ,armature4--,b magnetism c no m be se5 ?an electricity fl[+ ?r\gh a wire4 ,if a piece ( metal has magnetism x w attract a piece ( iron or /eel plac$ 9 close proximity1 & ?us we are p]mitt$ to see ! action4 ,! lightn+ 9 ! upp] atmosph]e burns ! gases 9 its pa?4 ,?is enables u to see1 n ! curr5t1 b its action1--! result produc$ by its p[]4 ,! electric curr5t has _m peculi> manife/ations1 ! causes ( "s ( !m be+ kn[n & utiliz$4 ,9 ! use ( ?is m$ium = ignit+ ! fuel gas1 _m ( ! phases ( electrical ph5om5a are br\ght into play1 & x is necess>y1 !re=e1 to "k some?+ ( ! fundam5tals ( ! sci5ce to enable u to apply x4 ,*>act]i/ics ( ,electricity4--,:5 a curr5t passes along a wire1 x does n describe a /raight pa?1 b x moves ar\nd ! conductor 9 ! =m ( circles4 ,! curr5t is n conf9$ :olly to ! wire itself1 b x ext5ds out a c]ta9 di/ance f x at all po9ts4 ,magnetic ,field4--,e "p ( a wire :i* is c>ry+ a curr5t ( electricity has1 surr\nd+ x1 a magnetic field1 ( ! same "*1 & to all int5ts & purposes1 ( ! same nature z ! magnetic field at ! ends ( a magnet4 ,ela/icity4--,?is curr5t has also some?+ ak9 to ela/icity4 ,t is1 x surges to & fro1 p>ticul>ly :5 a curr5t is int]rupt$ 9 ! circuit4 ,at ! in/ant ( break+ a curr5t 9 an electric light circuit !re is a mom5t>y fla% :i* is mu* bright] ?an ! normal light1 :i* is due to ! regul> fl[ ( ! curr5t4 ,?is is due to ! surg+ movem5t1 or ! ela/ic t5sion1 9 ! curr5t4 ,advantage is tak5 ( ?is *>act]i/ic1 9 mak+ a sp>k4 ,?is sp>k is produc$ at ! in/ant t ! ends ( ! wires are sep>at$4 ,! ,make & ,break ,sy/em4--,no sp>k is caus$ by putt+ ! two ends toge!r1 or by mak+ ! connection1 b only by break+ x1 h5ce x is t]m$ ! make & break me?od ( ignition4 ,:5 ! connection is brok5 ! curr5t tries to leap across ! gap1 & 9 do+ s develops su* an int5se heat t ! sp>k foll[s4 ,z a result ( ! high temp]ature x is necess>y to use su* a mat]ial :]e ! gap is =m$ t x w n be burn$4 ,= ?is purpose plat9um1 & o!r metals are n[ employ$4 ,voltage4--,?is plays an important "p 9 ignition4 ,voltage is t quality :i* gives pressure or int5sity to a curr5t4 ,x is ! driv+ =ce1 j z a head ( wat] gives pressure to a /ream ( wat]4 ,high & ,l[ ,voltage4--,a high t5sion curr5t1--t is1 "o hav+ a high voltage1 w leap across a gap1 :]eas a l[ voltage mu/ h an easy pa?4 ,:5 ! ends ( a wire 9 a circuit are sep>at$1 air acts z a p]fect insulator betwe5 !m1 & ! slighte/ sep>ation w prev5t a l[ curr5t f jump+ across4 ,?is is n ! case ) a high t5sion curr5t1 :]e x w leap across & produce ! fla% kn[n z ! jump sp>k4 ,l[ ,t5sion ,sy/em4--,two di/9ct types ( ignition h gr[n out ( ! voltage ref]r$ to1 9 :i* ! make & break sy/em uses ! l[ t5sion1 because ( its simplicity 9 ! electrical equipm5t4 ,disadvantages ( ! ,make & ,break4--,!re is "o s]i\s drawback to ! ext5d$ use ( ?is sy/em1 & t is ! necessity ( us+ a mov+ "p )9 ! cyl9d]1 to make & break ! contact 9 ! conductor1 z x is obvi\s t ?is "p ( ! me*anism mu/ be plac$ )9 ! compress$ mixture 9 ord] to ignite x4 ,amp]es4--,a curr5t is also measur$ by amp]es1--t is1 ! quantity fl[+4 ,a l>ge conductor w take a great] quantity ( curr5t ?an a small "o1 j z 9 ! case ( wat] a l>ge pipe w convey a great] am\nt ( ! liquid4 ,resi/ance4--,all conductors (f] resi/ance to ! fl[ ( a curr5t1 & ?is is measur$ 9 ,ohms4 ,! be/ conductor is silv] & ! next be/ is copp]1 ?is latt] mat]ial be+ us$ univ]sally1 ow+ to its comp>ative *eapness4 ,iron is a relatively poor conductor4 ,resi/ance c be ov]come to a c]ta9 ext5t1 h[ev]1 if a l>ge conductor is us$1 b x is m economical to use a small conductor :i* has small resi/ance1 l copp]1 ?an a heavy conductor1 z iron1 ev5 ?\gh p\nd = p\nd ! latt] may be *eap]4 ,direct ,curr5t4--,!re are two k9ds ( curr5t1 "o :i* fl[s 9 "o direction only1 call$ ! ,direct4 ,x is produc$ 9 a dynamo :i* has a pair ( commutator bru%es s arrang$ t z ! armature turns & its wires move ?r\gh ! magnetic fields ( a magnet1 & h direction ( ! curr5t alt]nate1 ^! bru%es w *ange ! alt]nations s ! curr5t w travel ov] ! work+ conductors 9 "o direction only4 ,prim>y & second>y batt]ies produce a direct curr5t4 ,^! w be describ$ 9 _! appropriate places4 ,alt]nat+ ,curr5t4--,?is is a natural curr5t4 ,all dynamos orig9ally make ?is k9d ( curr5t1 b ! commutator & bru%es 9 ! direct curr5t ma*9e *ange ! output me?od only4 ,! movem5t ( ?is curr5t is lik5$ to a rapid to & fro motion1 fir/ fl[+1 = an in/ant1 to "o pole1 & !n back aga91 f :i* ! t]m alt]nat+ is d]iv$4 ,:ile ! sudd5 break+ 9 a circuit w produce a sp>k ) ei!r ! direct or ! alt]nat+ curr5ts1 ! direct is usually employ$ = ! make & break sy/em1 s9ce batt]ies are us$ z ! electrical s\rce4 ,on ! o!r h& ! jump sp>k me?od employs ! alt]nat+ curr5t1 because ! high t5sion c be mo/ effectively produc$ ?r\gh ! use ( induction coils1 :i* w be expla9$ 9 connection ) ! jump sp>k me?od ( ignition4 ,g5]at+ ,electricity4--,!re are two ways to produce a curr5t = op]at+ an ignition sy/em1 "o by a prim>y batt]y1 & ! o!r by means ( a magneto1 a special type ( dynamo1 :i* w be fully expla9$ 9 its prop] place4 ,prim>y ,batt]y4--,z we are n[ conc]n$ ) ! make & break sy/em1 ! batt]y type ( g5]ation1 & me?od ( wir+ up ! same1 %\ld fir/ be expla9$4 ,?us1 9 ,fig4 #cd1 a prim>y batt]y is %[n1 9 :i* ! z9c cell ,a has an upw>dly-project+ w+ ,b at "o side1 to :i* ! conductor is atta*$2 & )91 c5trally1 is a c>bon b> ,c4 ,an electrolyte1 :i* may be ei!r acid or alkali1 mu/ be plac$ )9 ! cell4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cd4 ,dry ,cell4 ,mak+ a ,dry ,cell4--,! z9c is ! negative1 & ! c>bon ! positive electrode4 ,! be/ mat]ial = ! electrolyte is cru%$ coke1 :i* is c>bon1 & dioxide ( manganese is us$ = ?is purpose1 & ! int]/ices are fill$ ) a solution ( sal-ammoniac4 ,! top ( ! cell is cov]$ ) asphaltum1 s z to reta9 ! moi/5$ mat]ial & ! liquid )9 ! cell1 & ?us con/itut$1 x is call$ a dry cell4 ,en]gy 9 a ,cell4--,a batt]y is made up ( a numb] ( ^! cells4 ,ea* cell has a c]ta9 electric en]gy1 usually f "o & a half to "o & ?ree-qu>t] volts1 & f tw5ty-five to =ty amp]es4 ,! amp]age ( a cell dep5ds on its size1 or r by ! area ( ! electrodes2 b ! voltage is a con/ant "o1 & is n increas$ by ! *ange1 =mation1 or size ( ! electrodes4 ,= ?is reason ! cells are us$ 9 gr\ps1 =m+1 z /at$1 a batt]y1 & to get effici5t results1 v>i\s me?ods ( connect+ !m up are employ$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ce4 ,s]ies ,connection4 ,wir+ ,me?ods4--,z at lea/ six cells are requir$ to op]ate a coil1 ! foll[+ diagrams w %[ t numb] to illu/rate ! diff]5t types ( connections4 ,s]ies ,connection4--,! six cells1 ,fig4 #ce1 %[ ! c>bon electrodes ,a1 ( "o cell1 connect$ by means ( a wire ,b ) ! z9c electrode w+ ,c ( ! next cell1 & s on1 ! cell at "o end hav+ a t]m9al wire ,d connect$ ) ! z9c1 & ! cell at ! o!r end a wire ,e connect$ ) ! c>bon electrode4 ,! curr5t1 !re=e1 fl[s directly ?r\gh ! six cells1 & ! pressure betwe5 ! t]m9al wires ,d1 ,e1 is equal to ! comb9$ pressure ( ! six cells1 namely1 #a-a_/b #f1 :i* is equal to #i volts4 ,! amp]age1 h[ev]1 is t ( "o cell1 :i*1 9 ^! diagrams1 w be assum$ to be #be4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cf4 ,multiple1 or ,p>allel ,connection4 ,p>allel ,connection4--,n[ exam9e ,fig4 #cf4 ,9 ?is case ! c>bon electrodes ,a are all connect$ up 9 s]ies1 t is1 "o foll[+ ! o!r 9 a direct l9e1 by wires ,b1 & ! z9c electrodes ,c1 are1 9 l mann]1 connect$ up 9 s]ies ) ea* o!r by wires ,d4 ,! diff]5ce 9 pot5tial at ^! t]m9als ,b1 ,d1 is ! same z t ( a s+le cell1 namely1 "o & a half volt4 ,! amp]age1 on ! o!r h&1 is t ( ! six cells comb9$1 or #aej4 ,?is me?od ( connect+ ! cells is also call$ p>allel1 s9ce ! two wires =m+ ! connections are p>allel ) ea* o!r1 & rememb]+ ?is x may be bett] to s t]m x4 ,multiple ,connections4--,?is is also designat$ z s]ies multiple s9ce ! two sets ( cells ea* h ! connections made l ! s]ies me?od1 ,fig4 #ce4 ,! p>ticul> diff]5ce be+1 t ! z9c t]m9als ( ! two sets ( cells are connect$ up ) "o t]m9al wire ,a1 & ! c>bon t]m9als ( ! two sets are jo9$ to a t]m9al ,b4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cg4 ,s]ies-,multiple ,connection4 ,! result ( ?is =m ( connection is to increase ! voltage equal to t ( "o cell multipli$ by ! numb] ( cells 9 "o set1 & ! amp]age is det]m9$ by t ( "o cell multipli$ by ! two sets4 ,ea* set ( cells 9 ?is arrangem5t is call$ a batt]y1 & we w designate !m z ,no4 #a1 & ,no4 #b4 ,ea* batt]y1 !re=e1 be+ connect$ 9 s]ies1 has a voltage equal to #d-a_/b volts1 & ! amp]age #ej1 s9ce !re are two batt]ies4 ,n[ ! diff]5t arrangem5t ( volts & amp]es does n mean t ! curr5t /r5g? is *ang$ 9 ! batt]ies or 9 ! cells4 ,if ! pressure is increas$ ! fl[ is less5$4 ,if ! curr5t fl[1 or ! quantity s5t ov] ! wires is increas$1 ! voltage is comp>atively less4 ,watts4--,?is br+s 9 ano!r elem5t t %\ld be und]/ood4 ,if ! curr5t is multipli$ by ! amp]es a factor is obta9$1 call$ ,watts4 ,?us1 z ea* cell has #a-a_/b volts & #be amp]es1 _! product is #cg-a_/b watts4 ,to %[ t ! same en]gy is pres5t 9 ea* =m ( connection let u comp>e ! watts d]iv$ f ea*3 ,s]ies connection3 #i volts #be amp]es1 equal #bbe watts4 ,p>allel connection3 #a-a_/b volts #aej amp]es1 equal #bbe watts4 ,s]ies ,multiple connection3 #d-a_/b volts #ej amp]es1 equal #bbe watts4 ,f ! =ego+1 x w be se5 t ! *anges 9 ! wir+ did n affect ! output1 b x enables ! us] ( ! curr5t to effect su* *anges t he may1 = in/ance1 9 case a batt]y %\ld be weak1 or h b little voltage1 s *ange connections z to tempor>ily increase x1 al?\gh 9 do+ s x is at ! exp5se ( ! amp]age1 :i* is correspond+ly decreas$4 ,x w\ld be well to /udy ! =ego+ comp>ative analysis ( ! ?ree =ms ( connections1 s f> z ! en]gy is conc]n$1 because !re is an impression t increas+ ! voltage1 is add+ to ! p[] ( a curr5t4 ,x does no?+ b increase ! pressure4 ,!re is n "o p>ticle ( increase 9 ! en]gy by s do+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ch4 ,circuit ,te/+4 ,te/+ a ,cell4--,! cells %\ld be frequ5tly te/$1 to %[ :at loss !re is 9 ! amp]age4 ,?is is done by putt+ an ammet] 9 ! circuit4 ,if a met] ( ?is k9d is n h&y1 a good plan is to take (f "o ( ! wire connections1 & snap ! wire on ! t]m9al1 & ! "* ( ! sp>k w %[ :at en]gy !re is 9 ! cell4 ,te/+ ,) ,in/rum5ts4--,! me?od ( te/+ ) voltmet] & ammet]1 is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ch4 ,! voltmet] is plac$ 9 a %ort circuit betwe5 ! two t]m9al wires1 :]eas ! ammet] is plac$ 9 circuit ) "o ( ! wires4 ,! reason = ?is is t ! voltmet] regi/]s ! pressure1 ! p[]1 or ! diff]5ce ( pot5tial betwe5 ! two sides ( ! cell1 & ! ammet] %[s ! quantity ( curr5t fl[+ ov] ! wire4 ,9 practice batt]ies are n us$ cont9u\sly = ignit+4 ,!y are tempor>ily employ$1 pr9cipally = />t+1 because _! cont9u$ use w\ld quickly deplete !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ci4 ,make & ,break1 ) ,batt]y4 ,simple ,batt]y ,make & ,break ,sy/em4--,9 ord] to %[ ?is me?od 9 its simple/ =m1 exam9e ,fig4 #ci1 :i* diagrams ! v>i\s p>ts belong+ to ! sy/em4 ,we h illu/rat$ x ) two cyl9d]s1 portions ( ! heads be+ %[n by ! outl9es ,a1 ,a4 ,b1 ,b repres5t t]m9als :i* project into ! cyl9d]s1 & are insulat$ f ! eng9e heads4 ,?r\gh ! sides ( ! eng9e heads are rock %afts ,c1 ! ends )9 ! cyl9d] hav+ f+]s ,d :i* are adapt$ to engage ) ! inn] ends ( t]m9als ,b1 ,b4 ,on ! ends ( ! rock %afts outside ( ! cyl9d]s1 !y are provid$ ) lev]s ,e1 ,e1 "o end ( ea* be+ atta*$ to a spr+ ,f1 s t ! t5sion ( ! spr+ w normally keep ! upp] end ( ! f+] ,d 9 contact ) ! t]m9al ,b4 ,! cut %[s "o f+] engag+ ) ,b1 & ! o!r n 9 contact4 ,! o!r end ( ! lev] ,e re/s b5ea? a coll> or %\ld] ,g on a v]tical rod ,h4 ,! l[] end ( ?is rod engages ) a cam ,i on a %aft ,j1 & :5 ! cam rotates ! rod drops (f ! elevat$ "p ( ! cam1 & 9 do+ s ! %\ld] ,g /rikes ! end ( ! lev] ,e & causes ! f+] to rapidly break away f ! t]m9al ,b1 :]e ! sp>k is produc$4 ,to ,advance ! ,sp>k4--,= ! purpose ( advanc+ or ret>d+ ! sp>k1 ?is rod has1 ne> its l[] end1 a horizontally-movable b> ,k1 :i* may be mov$ to & fro a limit$ di/ance by a lev] ,l1 ?is lev] be+ ! sub/itute 9 ?is sket* ( ! lev] on ! /e]+ :eel ( an automobile4 ,! sp>k is advanc$ or ret>d$ by caus+ ! l[] end ( ! rod ,h to be mov$ to ! left or to ! "r1 s t x w drop (f ( ! rais$ portion ( ! cam e>li] or lat]4 ,! wir+ up is a v simple matt]4 ,! batt]y ,m has "o end connect$ up ) "o t]m9al ( a swit* ,n1 :ile ! o!r t]m9al ( ! swit* has a wire connection ) ! t]m9al plugs ,b1 ,b1 9 ! cyl9d] heads4 ,! o!r end ( ! batt]y is connect$ ) ! metal ( ! eng9e1 :i* may be indicat$ by ! dott$ l9e ,o :i* runs to ! rock %aft ,c1 & ?us =ms a complete circuit4 ,! op]ation is z foll[s3 ,:5 ! key ,p ( ! swit* is mov$ ov] s t x contacts ) ! t]m9al ,n1 ! batt]y is ?r[n into ! circuit1 & ! curr5t !n passes to ! plug ,b ( ! fir/ cyl9d]1 z ! f+] ,d 9 t cyl9d] is 9 contact ) t t]m9al1 & x passes along ! f+] ,d1 & rock-%aft ,c1 to ! metal ( ! eng9e1 & passes !nce to ! batt]y1 ?is c\rse be+ indicat$ by ! dott$ l9e ,o4 ,at ! same "t1 :ile cyl9d] ,no4 #b is also connect$ up ) ! batt]y1 ! %\ld] ( ! rod ,h has drawn ! f+] ,d f its contact ) ! plug ,b1 h5ce ! curr5t _c pass 9 t direction4 ,z ! cam ,i1 ( cyl9d] ,no4 #a1 turns 9 ! direction ( ! arr[1 ! rod drops d[n & sudd5ly makes a break 9 ! t]m9al ( ?is cyl9d]1 caus+ ! ignition1 to be foll[$ by a l action 9 ,no4 #b4 ,! ,magneto 9 ! ,circuit4--,to insure ! life ( ! batt]y1 s t x may be 9 s]vice only dur+ t p]iod at ! />t+1 :5 ! magneto is n active1 ! latt] is s plac$ 9 ! circuit1 t1 at ! />t+1 :51 = in/ance1 ! automobile is be+ crank$1 x is cut out by ! swit* on ! da% bo>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dj4 ,make & ,break1 ) ,magneto4 ,9 ,fig4 #dj1 a simple two-pole swit* is us$4 ,) ! magneto x is necess>y to h a ?ree-po9t swit*1 ,r1 & a pla9 coil ,s is plac$ betwe5 ! swit* & batt]y4 ,"o side ( ! magneto ,t is connect$ by wire ,u ) "o ( ! po9ts ( ! swit* ,r1 & ! o!r side ( ! magneto is connect$ ) ! metal ( ! eng9e1 :i* is indicat$ by ! dott$ l9e ,v4 ,9 all o!r respects ! me*anism is ! same4 ,! />t+ op]ation has be5 expla9$ ) ref]5ce to ! prec$+ figure1 & :5 ! eng9e has pick$ up1 & is prop]ly />t$1 ! swit* b> is ?r[n ov] s x contacts ) ! po9t connect$ up ) ! wire ,u lead+ to ! magneto4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 cuts out ! batt]y1 & ! eng9e is n[ runn+ on ! magneto alone4 ,! object ( ! coil ,s is to oppose a rapid *ange ( ! curr5t at ! mom5t ( ! int]ruption4 ,! coil induces a c\nt] curr5t ! mom5t ! break is made1 & z ! curr5t cont9ues to fl[ = a v %ort p]iod aft] ! break a sp>k ( great] int5sity is produc$ ?an if ! circuit %\ld be p]mitt$ to g f ! batt]y to ! sp>k] directly1 z 9 ! previ\s illu/ration4 ,! be/ sp>k is produc$ by quickly mak+ ! break betwe5 ! po9ts ,b1 ,d1 s t p>ticul> att5tion has be5 giv5 to me*anism :i* w d ?is effectively4 ,magneto ,sp>k ,plug4--,"o ( ! devices to obviate ! difficulty ( provid+ mov+ me*anism outside ( ! eng9e cyl9d]1 is %[n 9 ,fig4 #da4 ,9 ?is ! coil ,a is connect$ ) a t]m9al ,b at ! head ( ! device & ! o!r is connect$ to ! plug ,c :i* screws into ! cyl9d] head4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #da4 ,magneto ,sp>k ,plug4 ,)9 ! core is a pivotally-m\nt$ lev] ,d1 ! upp] end ,e ( :i* is attract$ by ! tubul> metallic core ,f1 & ! l[] end hav+ a contact po9t ,g1 :i* is adapt$ to engage ) a /ation>y po9t ,h4 ,! pivot ,i1 on :i* ! lev] ,d is m\nt$1 provides a means :]eby ! lev] sw+s1 & a spr+ ,j is s arrang$ t :5 ! l[] end ( ! lev] is dis5gag$ f ! contact1 ! spr+ w return x to its normal position4 ,9 its op]ation :5 a contact is =m$ by ! tim+ device ( ! magneto1 s z to give a sp>k1 ! circuit passes to ! t]m9al ,b1 coil ,a1 & plug ,c1 ?us =m+ a complete circuit4 ,?is en]gizes ! core ,a1 pull+ ! upp] end ( ! lev]1 & at ! same "t causes ! l[] end to dis5gage ! two contacts ,g1 ,h1 :i* breaks ! circuit & produces a sp>k4 ,! break+ ( ! circuit den]gizes ! core1 & ! spr+ aga9 draws ! lev] back to its normal position1 ready = ! next completion ( ! circuit by ! tim+ device4 ,su* an arrangem5t is z simple z ! sp>k plug usually employ$ 9 ! use ( ! high t5sion sy/em1 al?\gh x is m exp5sive ?an ! plug4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,ignition4 ,,high ,,t5sion ,?is sy/em is us$ to ! l>ge/ ext5t1 s t we ought to h a full explanation ( ! devices :i* are requir$ to d ! "w4 ,:ile magnetos are us$ ) ! l[ t5sion sy/em1 = ! reasons /at$1 !y are especially necess>y ) ! ,jump ,sp>k me?od4 ,magnetos4--,! mo/ important elem5t 9 ?is sy/em is ! magneto1 s we %all try & make ! subject z explicit z possible4 ,z /at$1 a magneto is a special type ( dynamo :i* w n[ be expla9$4 ,= ?is purpose x w be necess>y to %[ ! elem5t>y op]ation ( an alt]nat+ curr5t dynamo4 ,alt]nat+ ,curr5t4--,9 ,fig4 #db ,a is a b> ( s(t iron1 ar\nd :i* is a coil ( wire ,b1 ! wire be+ insulat$1 s t x w n t\* ! b>4 ,!re is no magnetism 9 ?is b>1 & ?is simple =m ( /ructure is %[n1 m]ely to repres5t :at is call$ ! field ( a dynamo4 ,! object ( ! coil ( wire is to make a magnet ( ! b>1 = ! mom5t a curr5t is s5t ov] ! wire1 a magnet is =m$1 & ! magnetism leaves ! b> ! mom5t ! curr5t ceases to fl[4 ,if ?is b> %\ld be ( h>d /eel x w\ld reta9 ! magnetism4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #db4 ,illu/rat+ ,alt]nat+ ,curr5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dc4 ,alt]nat+ ,curr5t4 ,second position4 ,n[1 ! prim>y diff]5ce betwe5 ! magneto & ! dynamo1 is t ?is field b> is a p]man5t magnet 9 ! magneto1 :]eas ! field is only a tempor>y magnet 9 ! dynamo4 ,?is %\ld always be kept 9 m9d4 ,! end ( a magnet1 :e!r x is a tempor>y "o1 or p]man5t1 has a magnetic field ( =ce at ! ends z well z at all p>ts ( x1 ext]ior to ! surface ( ! b>4 ,su* a field is indicat$1 & 9 ! dynamo1 no su* field exi/s unless a curr5t is pass+ ov] ! wire ,b1 :i* is call$ ! field w9d+4 ,! ,u-%ap$ piece ( metal ,c repres5ts ! armature4 ,x is %[n h+$ to ! top ( two po/s1 = cle>ness 9 und]/&+1 & is adapt$ to turn to ! "r1 & 9 turn+ ! loop passes ! end ( ! field b> ,b1 & passes ?r\gh ! magnetic field :i* is indicat$ by ! dott$ l9es ,d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dd4 ,alt]nat+ ,curr5t4 ,?ird position4 ,n[1 if ! loop is simply p]mitt$ to rema9 9 ! position %[n 9 ,fig4 #db1 a curr5t w\ld fl[ ?r\gh ! loop1 ?is transf]5ce ( ! curr5t be+ call$ induction1 & ?is *>act]i/ic ( ! fl[ ( electricity w be expla9$ & its utility expla9$4 ,cutt+ ,l9es ( ,=ce4--,! loop w n[ be turn$ to ! "r s t x passes ! magnetic field & goes beyond x 9 its revolution4 ,?is motion ( pass+ ! armature ?r\gh ! magnetic field is call$ cutt+ ! l9es ( =ce4 ,:ile ! loop 0 ly+ )9 ! magnetic field1 & also :5 x 0 mov+ ?r\gh ! field1 ! curr5t set up 9 ! loop fl[$ 9 ! direction ( ! d>ts ,f1 or to ! "r1 ?r\gh ! pivots ,d4 ,9 ,fig4 #dc ! loop is %[n z hav+ made a qu>t] turn1 & x is n[ v]tical1 or at "r angles to its =m] position4 ,! loop 9 ?us pass+ away loses its =ce1 until x rea*es ! position %[n 9 ,fig4 #dd1 :5 !re is a surg+ back ( ! curr5t to ! opposite direction1 z indicat$ by ! arr[s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #de4 ,alt]nat+ ,curr5t4 ,f\r? position4 ,:5 ! loop rea*es ! l[e/ position1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #de1 x aga9 beg9s to get ! influ5ce ( ! magnetic field1 & a rev]sal back to its =m] direction takes place1 ?is surg+ movem5t back & =? be+ due to ! rev]sal ( ! pol>ity 9 ! coil br\ght ab\t by ! position 9 :i* x is plac$ relative to ! magnetic field4 ,x is n[ an easy matt] to connect ! ends ( ! loop ) wire conductors4 ,?is is %[n 9 ,fig4 #df1 :]e a small metal :eel ,g is plac$ on ea* end ( ! sp9dle1 & 9 hav+ a /rip ( metal be>+ ,h on ! :eel4 ,^! are n commutator bru%es1 b are m]ely wip+ bru%es to take ! curr5t f ! turn+ p>ts4 ,wires ,i connect ) ^! wip+ b>s1 & ?r\gh !m ! curr5t is transmitt$ to p]=m ! "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #df4 ,mak+ ! ,circuit4 ,plurality ( ,loops4--,! dynamo may h a plurality ( loops1 :i* are call$ coils1 & !re may be a s+le magnet or any numb] ( magnets4 ,in/ead ( driv+ ^! coils pa/ ! face ( ! magnet1 or magnets1 ! latt] may be driv5 pa/ ! coils4 ,9 fact ) mo/ ( ! alt]nat+ curr5t ma*9es ! fields are ! rotat+ p>ts & ! armatures1 or ! coils1 are fix$4 ,! voltage is increas$ if ! coils h a l>ge numb] ( turns on ! armature1 & also if ! armature1 or ! turn+ "p1 is spe$$ up4 ,voltage w also be high] if l>g] or m p[]ful magnets are us$ 9 ! magnetos4 ,! ,electro-,magnet4--,! p]man5t magnet1 su* z is us$ 9 ! magneto1 is di/+ui%$ by ! fact t x conta9s a p]man5t *>ge ( magnetism1 b ?is is n an electro-magnet4 ,?is is a magnet made ( s(t iron1 s x w be readily demagnetiz$4 ,:ile n %[n 9 ! diagrams1 an iron core may be plac$ )9 ! loop or coil1 & ?is is done 9 all dynamos1 because ! iron core acts z a c>ri] ( ! magnetism1 conc5trat+ x at ! c5t]1 because x is a mu* bett] conductor ?an air4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dg4 ,! ,dynamo4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dh4 ,! ,magneto4 ,! ,dynamo ,=m4--,consult ! diagram1 ,fig4 #dg4 ,! iron heads ,a repres5t ! b> 9 ! previ\s diagrams1 & ,b ! wire ar\nd ! b>4 ,c is ! armature1 :i* 9 ?is case repres5ts a numb] ( loops1 or coils1 & ,d is ! commutator1 :i* is us$ 9 ! direct curr5t ma*9e to correct ! alt]nations ref]r$ to 9 ! previ\s diagrams1 s z to s5d ! curr5t 9 "o direction only1 ! commutator bru%es ,e be+ us$ to c>ry (f ! curr5t = use4 ,! ,magneto ,=m4--,! metal loop ,f1 9 ,fig4 #dh1 be+ a p]man5t magnet1 ! armature1 ,g1 =m$ ( a plurality ( loops1 has no field wires to connect ) x1 z 9 ! case ( ! dynamo4 ,advantage ( ! ,magneto4--,! magneto has a pron\nc$ advantage ov] ! dynamo1 z a s\rce ( p[] = ignition purposes1 9 ! p>ticul> t ! /r5g? ( ! magnetic field is con/ant4 ,9 a dynamo ?is v>ies ) ! output1 because :5 us$ on an automobile :]e ! spe$ is irregul>1 ! voltage w v>y4 ,! voltage ( ! magneto is a con/ant "o1 & is ?us bett] adapt$ to meet ! ne$s ( ignition4 ,induction ,coil4--,! induction coil is a device :i* is design$ to produce a v high voltage f a l[ t5sion1 s t a curr5t f x w leap across a gap & make a hot sp>k4 ,we /at$ 9 a previ\s section t a curr5t leaps across f "o conductor to ano!r1 s t electricity c be transf]r$ f a wire to ano!r n t\*+ x1 by means ( induction4 ,look at ,fig4 #di1 :i* repres5ts two wires side by side4 ,! curr5t is fl[+ ov] "o wire ,a1 & by br++ wire ,b close to ,a1 b n t\*+ x1 a curr5t w be induc$ to leap across ! gap & ! wire ,b w be *>g$4 ,if ! ends ( ! wire ,b are br\ght toge!r1 s z to =m a circuit1 & a curr5t detector is plac$ 9 ! circuit x w be f\nd t a curr5t is actually fl[+ ?r\gh x1 b x is n[ mov+ 9 a direction opposite to ! curr5t fl[+ ?r\gh ,a4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #di4 ,curr5t by ,induction4 ,*ang+ ! ,curr5t4--,b we h /ill ano!r ?+ to le>n4 ,if ! two wires are n ( ! same ?ickness x w\ld n prev5t ! curr5t f leap+ across1 b ano!r a/oni%+ ?+ w\ld result4 ,fir/1 we %all use a wire ,b d\ble ! ?ickness ( wire ,a4 ,if n[1 we _h an in/rum5t to te/ ! voltage & ! amp]age1 x w\ld be f\nd t ! voltage 9 ,b is less ?an t 9 ,a1 & also t ! amp]age is great]4 ,second1 if ! conditions are rev]s$1 & ! wire ,a is ?ick] ?an ,b1 ! latt] w h an increase ( voltage1 b a l[] amp]e fl[ ?an 9 ,a4 ,n[ ?is latt] condition is j :at is necess>y to give a high t5sion4 ,voltage is necess>y to make a curr5t leap across a gap4 ,by ?is simple illu/ration we h made an induction coil :i* may be us$ = mak+ a high t5sion jump sp>k4 ,con/ruction ( a ,coil4--,two wires side by side d n h ! appe>ance ( a coil1 & ev5 ?\gh su* an arrangem5t might make a high t5sion curr5t1 x w\ld be difficult to apply4 ,to put ! device 9 su* a %ape t x c be utiliz$1 a spool is made1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ej4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ej4 ,induction ,coil4 ,?is spool ,a has a numb] ( lay]s ( ?ick1 insulat$ wire ,b fir/ w\nd ar\nd x1 ! lay]s be+ well insulat$ f ea* o!r1 & ! opposite ends br\ght out at "o end or at ! opposite ends1 z %[n at ,c1 ,d4 ,on ?is is a lay] ( f9] wire1 also insulat$1 ?is wire ,e hav+ its t]m9als also br\ght out at ! ends ( ! spool1 & aft] ! :ole is ?us w\nd1 ! outside ( ! coil is cov]$ ) a moi/ure pro( mat]ial4 ,! ,prim>y ,coil4--,! w9d+ ( ?ick wire is call$ ! prim>y coil4 ,! curr5t f ! batt]y or ! electric g5]ator is l$ to ?is inn] coil4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ea4 ,typical ,induction ,coil4 ,! ,second>y ,coil4--,! f9e wire wrapp+ repres5ts ! second>y coil1 :i* is rais$ to a high voltage1 & ?is actuates ! sp>k+ me*anism4 ,9 ! art x is cu/om>y to illu/rate ! v>i\s contrivances by c]ta9 conv5tional =ms4 ,fig4 #ea %[s ! mann] ( designat+ an induction coil 9 a diagram1 9 :i* ! heavy zig-zag l9e indicates ! prim>y1 & ! light] zig-zag l9es ! second>y coil4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eb4 ,contact ,mak]4 ,contact ,mak]4--,a simple little device us$ 9 ! prim>y circuit ( an induction coil1 is kn[n z a contact mak]4 ,?is1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #eb1 is m]ely a case ,a1 ?r\gh :i* is a %aft ,b t c>ries )9 ! %ell a cam ,c4 ,a spr+ f+] ,d has its free end normally be>+ aga9/ ! cam1 & :5 ! nose on ! cam moves out ! spr+ f+]1 ! latt] is mov$ outw>dly s x contacts ) a plug ,e 9 ! side wall ( ! case1 al?\gh x is insulat$ !refrom4 ,?is contact e/abli%es a curr5t ?r\gh ! plug1 spr+ f+] & case4 ,! diagram1 ,fig4 #ec1 illu/rates ! pr9ciples ( con/ruction & arrangem5t ( a high t5sion jump sp>k ignition1 9 :i* ! electrical s\rce is a batt]y actuat+ an induction coil4 ,high ,t5sion ,) ,batt]y & ,coil4--,! batt]y ,a has "o side connect$ up by wire ,b ) "o t]m9al ( ! prim>y ,c 9 ! induction coil1 & ! o!r side ( ! batt]y has a wire ,d lead+ to ! contact mak]4 ,a swit* ,e is plac$ 9 ! l9e ( ?is wire4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ec4 ,typical ,circuit+1 ,jump ,sp>k ,ignition4 ,! o!r t]m9al ( ! prim>y has a wire ,f lead+ to ! insulat$ contact plug ,g ( ! contact mak]4 ,?is completes ! g5]at+ circuit4 ,! cam ,h is on a %aft ,i1 :i* travels "o half ! spe$ ( ! eng9e %aft4 ,"o side ( ! second>y coil ,j has a wire ,k lead+ to ! sp>k plug1 :ile ! o!r t]m9al ( ! second>y has a wire ,l :i* is gr\nd$ on ! eng9e ,m4 ,:5 ! nose ( ! cam pu%es ov] ! spr+ f+] & closes ! cam1 ! circuit ?r\gh ! f+] fl[s ?r\gh ! prim>y coil & excites ! second>y4 ,:5 ! cam aga9 imm$iately breaks ! circuit a high t5sion curr5t is mom5t>ily induc$ 9 ! second>y1 s t ! curr5t leaps ! gap 9 ! sp>k plug & makes ! sp>k4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ed4 ,metallic ,core1 ,induction ,coil4 ,metallic ,core = ,induction ,coil4--,9 ! previ\s description ( ! induction coil x 0 /at$ t ! spool might be made ( wood4 ,^! coils are also provid$ ) metal cores1 :i* c be us$ to make :at is call$ a vibratory coil4 ,! ,cond5s]4--,a necess>y addition to ! circuit+ provid$ by an induction coil1 is a cond5s]4 ,?is is us$ 9 ! prim>y circuit to absorb ! self-induc$ curr5t ( ! prim>y & ?us cause x to oppose ! rapid fall ( ! prim>y curr5t4 ,! cond5s] is con/ruct$ ( a numb] ( t9foil %eets1 ( suitable size1 ea* %eet hav+ a w+ at "o end1 & ^! %eets are laid on top ( ea* o!r1 ) ! w+s ( ! alt]nate %eets at opposite ends4 ,v ?9 %eets ( wax$ pap] are plac$ betwe5 ! t9 foil %eets s t !y are ?us insulat$ f ea* o!r4 ,! w+s at ! ends are us$ to make connections = ! conduct+ wires4 ,! device is n design$ to conduct electricity1 b to act z a sort ( absorb5t1 if x might s be t]m$4 ,! l>ge surface af=ds a means :]e m or less ( ! curr5t moves f ! conductor at "o end to ! conductor at ! o!r end1 & z x is design$ to absorb a portion ( ! curr5t 9 ! l9e x is m]ely bridg$ across f "o side ( ! circuit to ! o!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ee4 ,cond5s]4 ,! diagram1 ,fig4 #ee1 repres5ts ! conv5tional =m ( illu/rat+ x 9 sket*+ electrical devices4 ,op]ation ( a ,vibrator ,coil4--,! illu/ration1 ,fig4 #ef1 %[s ! mann] 9 :i* a vibrator coil is con/ruct$ & op]at$4 ,! coil comprises a metal core ,a1 ! prim>y w9d+ ,b be+ connect$ at "o t]m9al1 by a wire ,c1 ) a po/ ,d1 & ! o!r t]m9al by a wire ,e ) "o side ( a batt]y ,f4 ,a swit* ,g is 9 ! l9e ( ?is conductor4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ef4 ,vibrator ,coil & ,connections4 ,! po/ ,d holds ! end ( a vibrat+ spr+ ,h1 :i* has a hamm] ,h on its free end1 :i* is adapt$ to contact ) ! end ( ! metal core ,a1 b is normally held out ( contact1 s t x re/s aga9/ ! end ( an adju/+ screw ,i :i* passes ?r\gh a po/ ,j4 ,! po/ ,j is connect$ up ) ! batt]y by a wire ,k1 & a wire ,l also runs f ! wire ,k to ! conductor ,c1 ?r\gh a cond5s] ,m4 ,! second>y coil ,n1 has ! outlet wires ,o1 ,p1 :i* run to ! sp>k plug ,q on ! eng9e4 ,! op]ation is z foll[s3 ,:5 ! swit* ,g closes ! circuit1 ! batt]y ?us ?r[n 9 ! prim>y coil magnetizes ! core ,a1 & ! hamm] ,h is attract$ to ! end ( ! core1 ?us break+ ! circuit at ! contact screw ,i4 ,! result is t ! core is imm$iately demagnetiz$1 & ! spr+ ,h draws ! hamm] back to be aga9 attract$ by ! core :i* is aga9 magnetiz$1 s t ! hamm] on ! vibrator arm ,h goes back & =? ) great rapidity4 ,f ! =ego+ explanations x w be und]/ood h[ ! prim>y induces a high t5sion curr5t 9 ! second>y1 & 9 ord] t ! sp>k may occur at ! "r "t1 a tim] = clos+ & op5+ ! prim>y circuit mu/ be provid$4 ,by ?is means an induc$ high t5sion curr5t is caus$ to fl[ at ! "t ! sp>k is ne$$ 9 ! cycle ( ! eng9e op]ation4 ,! ,di/ribut]4--,! di/ribut] is a tim+ device :i* controls bo? ! prim>y & ! second>y curr5ts1 & x also has ref]5ce to ! revolv+ swit* on ! %aft ( a magneto :]eby ! curr5t is di/ribut$ to ! v>i\s cyl9d]s 9 regul> ord]4 ,fig4 #eg %[s a =m ( di/ribut] :i* w illu/rate ! con/ruction4 ,a is ! %aft :i* is driv5 at "o half ! eng9e spe$4 ,x is usually run by suitable ge>+ direct f ! %aft ( ! magneto4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eg4 ,! ,di/ribut]4 ,its out] end re/s 9 a be>+ plate ,b1 ( insulat+ mat]ial1 :i* plate s]ves z ! disk to hold ! contact plates1 #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 to correspond ) ! f\r cyl9d]s to :i* ! curr5t is to be di/ribut$4 ,wires #e1 #f1 #g1 & #h1 run to ! respective sp>k plugs ,c f ^! contact plates4 ,! project+ end ( ! %aft ,a c>ries !reon a contact f+] ,d1 :i* is design$ to contact ) ! respective plates1 & an insulat+ r+ ,e is int]pos$ betwe5 ! %aft & f+] s z to prev5t %ort circuit+ ( ! high t5sion curr5t4 ,on ! side ( ! f+] is a hub ,f1 integral !re)1 & a wip] atta*$ to a po/ be>s aga9/ ! hub s z to =m cont9u\s contact4 ,a wire leads f ! po/ to "o t]m9al ( ! second>y coil4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eh4 ,circuit+ ) ,di/ribut]4 ,circuit+ ,) ,di/ribut]4--,! diagram ,fig4 #eh %[s ! complete connections ( a sy/em :i* comprises a magneto1 induction coil1 cond5s]1 & a di/ribut]4 ,! magneto ,a has on its armature %aft ,b two revolv+ disks ,c1 ,d1 "o ( :i* mu/ be insulat$ f ! %aft1 & "o end ( ! coil ,e ( ! armature is connect$ ) "o ( ^! disks1 & ! o!r end ( ! coil is atta*$ to ! o!r disk4 ,alongside ( ^! disks is ano!r disk ,f :i* has project+ po9ts ,g to engage ) & make tempor>y contact ) a spr+ f+] :i* actuates ! int]rupt] ,i1 ?is be+ a contact break] :i* breaks ! prim>y curr5t at ! "t a sp>k is requir$4 ,"o t]m9al ( ?is int]rupt] is connect$ by a wire ,j ) "o end ( ! prim>y w9d+ ,k1 ( ! induction coil1 & ! o!r end ( ! prim>y has a wire ,l :i* runs to ! disk ,c4 ,! o!r t]m9al ( ! int]rupt] has a wire ,m lead+ to a cond5s] ,n1 & f ! o!r side ( ! cond5s] is a wire ,o lead+ to ! wire ,j be=e describ$4 ,! wip] ( ! o!r disk ,d has a wire connection ) ! wire ,m4 ,! di/ribut] %aft ,p is s m\nt$ t x may receive its motion f ! %aft ( ! magneto1 & = ?is purpose ! latt] %aft has a ge> ,q "o half ! diamet] ( ! ge> ,r on ! di/ribut] %aft4 ,! di/ribut] ,s has be5 describ$ ) suffici5t cle>ness 9 a prec$+ diagram1 to %[ h[ ! wires ,t lead !refrom & connect up ) ! sp>k plugs ,u4 ,"o t]m9al ( ! second>y coil ,v is connect$ by a wire ,w ) ! wip] ,x :i* contacts ) ! hub ( ! di/ribut] f+] ,x1 & ! o!r t]m9al ( ! prim>y is gr\nd$ at ,y1 :i* repres5ts ! metal ( ! eng9e4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,me*anical ,,devices ,,utiliz$ ,,9 ,,p[] ,"o ( ! mo/ important ?+s 9 eng9]y is ! capacity to det]m9e ! p[] develop$4 ,al?\gh ! me?od ( asc]ta9+ ?is appe>s to be some:at complicat$1 x is really simple1 & w be compreh5d$ ! m readily if x is con/antly borne 9 m9d t a c]ta9 weight mu/ be lift$ a def9ite di/ance )9 a p>ticul> "t4 ,! ,unit ( ,"t4--,! unit ( "t is ei!r ! second1 or ! m9ute1 usually ! latt]1 because x w\ld be exce$+ly difficult to make ! calculations1 or r to note ! p]iods z %ort z a second1 & a v simple piece ( me*anism to asc]ta9 ?is1 is to m\nt a horizontal %aft ,a1 ,fig4 #ei1 9 be>+s ,b1 ,b1 & affix a crank ,c at "o end4 ,x w be assum$ t ! %aft is 9 anti-friction be>+s s t = ! pres5t we %all n take into acc\nt any loss by way ( friction4 ,a cord1 ) "o end atta*$ to ! %aft & ! o!r fix$ to a weight ,d1 ! latt] weigh+1 say #eej p\nds1 is adapt$ to be w\nd on ! %aft z x is turn$ by ! crank4 ,kn[+ ! l5g? ( ! cord & ! "t requir$ to w9d x up1 x w be an easy matt] to figure out ! p[] ex]t$ to lift ! weight1 :i* means1 ! p[] develop$ 9 do+ x4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ei4 ,illu/rat+ ! ,unit ( ,"t4 ,suppose ! cord is #ajj feet long1 & x requires "o & a half m9utes to raise ! weight ! full limit ( ! cord4 ,x is ?us rais+ #eej p\nds #ajj feet 9 #de seconds4 ,"o horse p[] means t we mu/ raise #eej p\nds "o foot 9 "o second ( "t1 h5ce we h develop$ only #a_/de? ( "o horse p[]4 ,in/ead ( us+ ! crank1 ?is %aft may be atta*$ to ! eng9e %aft s x w turn sl[ly4 ,!n add suffici5t weight s t ! eng9e w j lift x1 & w9d ! cord on ! %aft4 ,y c !n note ! "t1 =1 say1 "o m9ute1 & :5 ! weight is lift$1 make ! foll[+ calculation3 ,weight lift$ "o hundr$ feet 9 "o m9ute ( "t 0 #hbe p\nds4 ,multiply #ajj by #hbe1 :i* equals #hb1ejj4 ,?is repres5ts foot p\nds4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fj4 ,! ,proney ,brake4 ,z !re are #cc1jjj foot p\nds 9 a horse p[]1 #hb1ejj divid$ by ?is figure w %[ t #b-a_/b horse p[] 7 develop$4 ,! ,proney ,brake4--,su* a device is difficult to h&le1 b x is illu/rat$ m]ely to %[ ! simplicity ( ! calculation4 ,z a sub/itute = ?is me*anism1 a device1 call$ ! ,proney brake has be5 devis$1 :i* c be us$ )\t rew9d+ ( a cord4 ,?is is accompli%$ by frictional means to indicate ! p[]1 & by ! use ( weights to det]m9e ! lift4 ,! foll[+ is a brief description ( its con/ruction3 ,! eng9e %aft ,a1 ,fig4 #fj1 :i* is giv+ out its p[]1 & :i* we want to te/1 has !reon a pulley ,b1 :i* turns 9 ! direction ( ! arr[4 ,re/+ on ! upp] side ( ! pulley is a block ,c1 :i* is atta*$ to a horizontal lev] ,d by means ( bolts ,e1 ^! bolts pass+ ?r\gh ! block ,c & lev] ,d1 & hav+ _! l[] ends atta*$ to ! t]m9als ( a %ort sprocket *a9 ,f4 ,block segm5ts ,g are plac$ betwe5 ! *a9 & pulley ,b1 & :5 ! bolts ,e are tight5$ ! pulley is held by frictional contact betwe5 ! block ,c & ! segm5ts ,g4 ,! free end ( ! lev] has a limit$ v]tical movem5t betwe5 ! /ops ,h1 & a sw++ receptacle ,i1 on ?is end ( ! lev]1 is design$ to receive weights ,j4 ,! fir/ ?+ to d is to get ! dim5sions ( ! pulley1 its spe$1 & l5g? ( ! lev]4 ,by measurem5t1 ! diamet] ( ! pulley is six in*es4 ,to get ! circumf]5ce multiply ?is by #c4adaf4 ,! di/ance ar\nd1 !re=e1 is a little ov] #ah4hd in*es4 ,! spe$ ( ! pulley be+ #bbe times p] m9ute1 ?is figure1 multipli$ by #ah4hd1 gives ! p]imet] ( ! pulley #dbci in*es4 ,z we mu/ h ! figures 9 feet1 divid+ #dbci by #ab1 we h #cec4be feet4 ,! l5g? ( ! lev] f ! c5t] ( ! pulley to ! susp5sion po9t ( ! receptacle1 is #d feet1 & ?is divid$ by ! radius ( ! pulley 7:i* is #f in*es71 gives ! lev]age4 ,"o half ( six in*es1 is ?ree in*es1 or #a_/d ( "o foot1 & #d divid$ by ?is numb]1 is #a' #d1 or #a-a_/c feet1 :i* is ! lev]age4 ,n[1 let u suppose ! weight ,j is #abjj p\nds4 ,?is mu/ be multipli$ by ! lev]age1 #a-a_/c feet1 :i* equals #ahjj1 & ?is mu/ be multipli$ by ! feet ( travel 9 ! pulley1 namely1 #cec4be1 :i* is equal to #fce1hej4 ,?is repres5ts foot p\nds4 ,n[1 foll[+ out ! rule1 z !re are #cc1jjj foot p\nds 9 a horse p[]1 ! =ego+ figure1 #fce1hej1 divid$ by #cc1jjj1 equals #ai horse p[] )9 a fraction4 ,rev]s+ ,me*anism4--,a ?or\gh k ( ! pr9ciples und]ly+ ! v>i\s me*anical devices1 & _! con/ruction1 is a "p ( ! education belong+ to motors4 ,"o ( ! important /ructures1 al?\gh x is v simple1 :5 und]/ood1 requires "s /udy to fully ma/]4 ,?is has ref]5ce to rev]s+ me*anism1 :i* is1 9 sub/ance a controllable valve motion1 :]eby ! direction ( ! valve is regulat$ at w4 ,all motions ( ?is "* ?r[ ! valve to a neutral po9t :i* is int]m$iate ! two extremes1 & ! approa* to ! neutral means a gradual decrease 9 ! travel ( ! valve until ! reciprocat+ motion ceases entirely at ! neutral position4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fa4 ,d\ble ,ecc5tric ,rev]s+ ,ge>4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fb4 ,rev]s+ ,ge>1 ,neutral4 ,d\ble ,ecc5tric ,rev]s+ ,ge>4--,a well kn[n =m ( ge> is %[n 9 ,fig4 #fa1 9 :i* ! eng9e %aft ,a has two ecc5trics ,b1 ,c1 ! upp] ecc5tric ,b be+ connect$ ) ! upp] end ( a slott$ segm5t ,d by means ( a /em ,e1 & ! o!r ecc5tric ,c is connect$ ) ! l[] end ( ! segm5t by ! /em ,f4 ,! ecc5trics ,b1 ,c1 are m\nt$ on ! %aft s !y project 9 opposite directions4 ,! slott$ segm5t c>ries !re) ! p9 ,g ( a valve rod ,h1 & ! upp] end ( ! segm5t has an eye ,i1 to :i* eye is a rod ,j op]at$ by a lev]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fc4 ,rev]s+ ,ge>1 ,rev]s$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fd4 ,s+le ,ecc5tric ,rev]s+ ,ge>4 ,by ?is arrangem5t ! l9k may be rais$ or l[]$1 & z ! valve rod p9 has no v]tical movem5t1 ei!r ! connect+ l9k ,e or ,f may be br\ght into direct l9e ) ! valve rod ,h4 ,fig4 #fa %[s ! fir/ position1 9 :i* ! valve rod ,h is 9 direct l9e ) ! upp] connect+ rod ,e1 actuat$ by ! cam ,b4 ,fig4 #fb %[s ! neutral position4 ,"h ! p9 ,g s]ves z a fulcrum = ! rock+ movem5t ( ! segm5t2 :]eas 9 ,fig4 #fc ! valve rod ,h is 9 l9e ) ! l[] connect+ rod ,f1 s t ! valve is pu%$ to & fro by ! ecc5tric ,c4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fe4 ,balanc$ ,slide ,valve4 ,x is m desirable1 9 _m cases1 to use a s+le ecc5tric on ! eng9e %aft1 :i* c be done by pivot+ ! segm5t ,l1 ,fig4 #fd1 to a /ation>y support ,m1 & connect+ "o end ( ! segm5t by a l9k ,n ) ! s+le ecc5tric ,o4 ,9 ?is con/ruction ! valve rod ,p is %ift$ v]tically by a rod ,q1 op]at$ f ! rev]s+ lev]1 ?us provid+ a *angeable motion ?r\gh "o ecc5tric4 ,balanc$ ,slide ,valves4--,9 ! *apt] p]ta9+ to ! /eam eng9e1 a simple =m ( slide valve 0 %[n1 & x 0 /at$ !re9 t ! pressure ( ! /eam be>+ on ! valve w\ld quickly gr9d x d[n4 ,to prev5t ?is v>i\s types ( balanc$ valves h be5 made1 a sample ( :i* is %[n 9 ,fig4 #fd4 ,! valve *e/ ,a has 9 its bottom two ports ,c1 ,d1 lead+ to ! opposite ends ( ! cyl9d]1 & )9 is ! slid+ valve ,e1 :i* moves b5ea? an adju/able plate ,f connect$ ) ! top or cov] ,g ( ! valve *e/4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ff4 ,valve ,*e/4 ,d\ble ,port ,exhau/4 ,?is is also modifi$1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ff1 9 :i* case ! slide valve ,h be>s aga9/ ! cov] ,i at two po9ts1 s t z !re is /eam on ! upp] surface to a slightly great] area ?an on ! l[] side1 !re is suffici5t d[nw>d pressure to hold x firmly on its seat1 & at ! same "t n cause any undue gr9d+4 ,?is valve also has d\ble exhau/ ports ,j1 ,j4 ,balanc$ ,?rottle ,valve4--,fig4 #fg w give a fair idea ( ! con/ruction ( ?rottle valves1 ! illu/ration %[+ its connection ) a simple type ( gov]nor4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fg4 ,balanc$ ,?rottle-,valve4 ,eng9e ,gov]nors4--,probably ! olde/ & be/ kn[n gov]nor = regulat+ ! inlet ( /eam to an eng9e1 is :at is kn[n z ! ,watt design4 ,?is is %[n 9 ,fig4 #fh4 ,! p$e/al ,a :i* supports ! me*anism1 has an upw>dly-project+ /em ,b1 to ! upp] end ( :i* is a coll> ,c1 to :i* ! oppositely-project+ p5d5t arms ,d are h+$4 ,^! arms c>ry balls ,e at _! free ends4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fh4 ,watt's ,gov]nor4 ,! l[] "p ( ! /em has !reon a slid+ coll> ,f1 & l9ks ,g1 ) _! l[] ends h+$ to ! coll>1 h _! upp] ends atta*$ to ! sw++ arms ,d4 ,! coll> has an annul> groove at its l[] end1 to receive !re9 ! =k$ end ( "o limb ( a bell-crank lev] ,h1 ! o!r limb ( ?is lev] be+ connect$ up ) ! eng9e ?rottle1 by means ( a l9k ,l4 ,c5trifugal motion s]ves to ?r[ out ! balls1 z indicat$ by ! dott$ l9es ,j1 & ?is action raises ! bell-crank lev]1 & op5s ! ?rottle valve4 ,num]\s types ( gov]nors h be5 con/ruct$1 "s ( :i* op]ate by gravity1 9 connection ) c5trifugal action4 ,"s are made ) ! balls adapt$ to sw+ d[nw>dly1 & ?r[n back by ! action ( spr+s4 ,o!rs h ! balls slid+ on horizontally-dispos$ arms1 & ?r[n back by ! action ( spr+s2 & gyroscopic gov]nors are also made :i* are v effective4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fi4 ,! ,orig9al ,injector4 ,fly :eel gov]nors are n uncommon1 :i* are plac$ directly on ! eng9e %aft1 or plac$ )9 ! fly :eel itself1 ! latt] be+ a well kn[n =m = eng9es :i* move sl[ly4 ,injectors4--,! ,injector is "o ( ! anomalies 9 me*anism4 ,x actually =ces wat] into a boil] by ! action ( ! /eam itself1 aga9/ its own pressure4 ,x is ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( cond5sation t x is enabl$ to d ?is4 ,! illu/ration1 ,fig4 #fi1 :i* repres5ts ! orig9al type ( ! device1 comprises a %ell ,a1 )9 :i* is a pair ( conically =m$ tubes1 ,b1 ,c1 9 l9e ) ea* o!r1 ! small ends ( ! tubes be+ po9t$ t[>ds ea* o!r1 & slightly sep>at$4 ,! l>ge end ( ! conical tube ,c1 :i* po9ts t[>d ! pipe ,d1 :i* leads to ! wat] space ( ! boil]1 has !re9 a *eck valve ,e4 ,! /eam inlet pipe ,f1 has a contract$ nozzle ,g1 to eject /eam into ! l>ge end ( ! conical tube ,b1 & surr\nd+ ! nozzle ,f is a *amb] :i* has a pipe ,h lead+ out at "o side1 ?r\gh :i* cold wat] is drawn into ! injector4 ,surr\nd+ ! conical pipes ,b1 ,c1 is a *amb] ,i1 :i* has a dis*>ge pipe ,j4 ,! action ( ! device is v simple4 ,:5 /eam is p]mitt$ to fl[ into ! conical tube ,b1 f ! nozzle ,g1 x passes out ?r\gh ! dra9 port ,j1 & ?is produces a p>tial vacuum to =m 9 ! space surr\nd+ ! nozzle ,g4 ,z a result wat] is drawn up ?r\gh ! pipe ,h1 & meet+ ) ! /eam cond5ses ! latt]1 !reby caus+ a /ill great] vacuum1 & ?is vacuum f9ally becomes s great t1 ) ! inru%+ /eam1 & ! rapid movem5t ?r\gh ! conical tubes1 pa/ _! sep>at$ ends1 a full dis*>ge ?r\gh ! dra9 ,j is prev5t$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gj4 ,injector ) ,movable ,comb9+ ,tube4 ,z x n[ has no o!r place to g ! *eck valve ,e is unseat$1 & ! cold wat] is =c$ into ! boil] ?r\gh ! pipe ,d1 & ?is action w cont9ue z long z cond5sation takes place at ! nozzle ,g4 ,_m improvem5ts h be5 made on ! orig9al =m1 mo/ly 9 ! direction ( adju/+ ! /eam nozzle1 & to provide ! prop] proportion ( fl[ betwe5 ! /eam & wat]1 z ?is mu/ be adju/$ to a nicety to be mo/ effective4 ,an example ( a movable tube :i* closes ! outlet to ! ov]fl[1 is %[n 9 ,fig4 #gj4 ,! /eam inlet tube ,a is at "o end ( ! %ell1 & ! outlet tube ,b to ! boil]1 at ! o!r end1 & int]m$iate ! two is a tube ,c1 ) its op5 fl>+ end adapt$ to receive ! /eam f ! tube ,a4 ,?is tube is longitud9ally-movable1 s t ! controll+ lev] ,d may move x to & fro4 ,a *amb] ,e surr\nds ! nozzle ,a1 & has a wat] inlet pipe ,f1 :ile ! space ,g betwe5 ! ends ( ! pipes ,b1 ,c1 has an outlet ,h1 a s+le *eck valve ,i be+ int]pos$4 ,9 op]ation ! tube ,c may be adju/$ ! prop] di/ance f ! end ( ! pipe ,b1 & :5 ! curr5t is once e/abli%$ ?r\gh ! injector1 ! pipe ,c may be br\ght into contact ) ,b1 & ?us entirely cut out ! movem5t ( ! wat] to ! ov]fl[4 ,fe$ ,wat] ,heat]4--,an app>atus ( ?is k9d is design$ to take ! exhau/ /eam f ! eng9e & cond5se x1 & f ! cond5s] x is aga9 return$ to ! boil]4 ,! wat] ?us us$ ov] aga9 goes into ! boil] at a temp]ature ( ov] #ahj degrees1 & ?us utilizes ! heat t w\ld o!rwise be requir$ to raise ! temp]ature ( ! wat] f ! natural heat1 say #gj1 up to t po9t4 ,9 ,fig4 #ga ! illu/ration %[s a typical heat]1 :i* comprises an out] %ell ,a1 ea* end hav+ a d\ble head1 ! inn] head ,b be+ design$ to receive ! ends ( a plurality ( horizontally dispos$ pipes1 & ! out] heads ,c1 sep>at$ f ! inn] head s z to provide *amb]s1 "o end hav+ "o1 & ! o!r head be+ provid$ ) two horizontal p>titions ,d1 s ! wat] may be div]t$ back & =? ?r\gh ! ?ree sets ( pipes )9 ! %ell4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ga4 ,fe$ ,wat] ,heat]4 ,! ?ree sets ( pipes1 ,e1 ,f1 & ,g1 are s arrang$ t !y c>ry ! wat] back & =? f "o head to ! o!r1 & = ?is purpose ! wat] = cool+ ! /eam ent]s ! port ,h at "o end1 passes ?r\gh ! upp] set ( pipes ,e to ! o!r end1 !n back ?r\gh ! same set ( pipes on ! o!r side ( a p>tition1 n %[n1 & back & =? ?r\gh ! two l[] sets ( pipes ,f1 ,g4 ,! /eam ent]s at ! port ,i at ! top ( ! %ell1 & passes d[n1 z x is cond5s$1 be+ dis*>g$ at ! outlet ,j4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,valves ,,& ,,valve ,,fitt+s ,9 ! use ( /eam1 compress$ gas1 or any m$ium :i* mu/ h a controllable fl[1 valves are a necess>y elem5t2 & ! important po9t is to "k :at is be/ adapt$ = ! use :i* is requir$ 9 ea* case4 ,= ?is reason "o ( ! be/ guides is to fully und]/& ! con/ruction ( ea*4 ,! foll[+ illu/rations & descriptions w give a good idea ( ! v>i\s types 9 use4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gb4 ,*eck ,valve4 ,*eck ,valve4--,fig4 #gb %[s a longitud9al section ( a *eck valve1 :i* is design$ to prev5t ! wat] f return+ or back+ up f ! pressure side4 ,! cyl9drical body ,a is ?read$ at ea* end1 & has an incl9$ p>tition ,b !re9 :i* has a circul> ap]ture4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gc4 ,gate ,valve4 ,! upp] side ( ! %ell has an op5+1 adapt$ to be clos$ by a cap ,c1 l>ge en\gh to ins]t ! valve ,d1 :i* is h+$ to ! upp] side ( ! p>tition4 ,wat] or gas is =c$ 9 ?r\gh ! valve 9 ! direction ( ! arr[1 & ! h+$ valve is always 9 position to close ! op5+ 9 ! p>tition4 ,9 case ! valve %\ld leak x may be readily gr\nd by tak+ ! small plug ,e f ! op5+1 & ) a screw driv]1 turn+ ! valve1 & !reby fit x snugly on its seat4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gd4 ,globe ,valve4 ,gate ,valve4--,! cyl9drical %ell ,a has its ends int]nally ?read$1 & is provid$1 midway betwe5 its ends1 ) a p>tition wall ,b1 hav+ a c5tral ap]ture4 ,! upp] side ( ! %ell has an op5+ to receive ! bonnet ,c1 ?r\gh :i* ! valve /em ,d passes4 ,?is /em c>ries at its l[] end a gate ,e :i* re/s aga9/ ! p>tition ,b4 ,! /em ,d is ?read$ to screw into ! ?read$ bore ( ! gate4 ,a pack+ gl& ,f surr\nds ! /em ,d4 ,x w ?us be se5 t ! turn+ ( ! /em ,d draws ! gate up or d[n1 & ?us effects an op5+1 :i* provides a direct passage = ! wat] ?r\gh ! valve body4 ,globe ,valve4--,a globe valve has ! advantage t ! valve is =c$ aga9/ its seat by ! pressure ( ! :eel1 diff]+ f ! gate valve1 t dep5ds on ! pressure ( ! fluid to keep x tight4 ,! valve body ,a has !re9 a ,z-%ap$ p>tition ,b1 ! int]m$iate1 horizontally-dispos$ limb ( ! p>tition be+ directly bel[ ! op5+ ?r\gh ! body1 :i* is design$ to receive ! bonnet ,c4 ,! bonnet has a c5tral v]tical bore1 ! l[] end ( :i* is ?read$ to receive ! :eel sp9dle4 ,! l[] end ( ! sp9dle c>ries ! circul> valve1 :i* is seat$ 9 ! op5+ ( ! ,z-%ap$ p>tition4 ,! ,corliss ,valve4--,! valve itself is ( ! rot>y type1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ge1 9 :i* ! port ,a goes to ! cyl9d]1 & ,b is ! passage = ! /eam f ! boil]4 ,! cyl9drical valve body ,c has )9 ! ap]ture ,b a gate ,d1 "o edge ( :i* re/s aga9/ ! abutm5t ?r\gh :i* ! port ,a is =m$1 & ?is gate has )9 x ! b> ,e :i* is connect$ ) ! crank outside ( ! cas+4 ,! ,corliss ,valve-,op]at+ ,me*anism4--,z ! op]ation ( ! valves 9 ! ,corliss type ( eng9e is s radically diff]5t f ! ord9>y reciprocation eng9e1 a side view ( ! valve gr\p+ & its connect+ me*anism are %[n 9 ,fig4 #gf4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ge4 ,corliss ,valve4 ,! cyl9d] has an inlet valve ,a at ea* end1 & an outlet valve ,b at ea* end = ! dis*>ge ( ! /eam4 ,c is a valve rod f ! ecc5tric :i* op]ates ! valves1 & ,d a wri/ plate1 hav+ an oscillatory or rock+ motion ar\nd its c5t] ,e4 ,! atta*m5ts ,f ,f1 ( ! /eam rods1 op5 ! inlet ports ,a ,a1 & ,g ,g1 are ! atta*m5ts ( exhau/ rods :i* op5 & close ! exhau/ valves ,b ,b4 ,h ,h are cat*es :i* c be unhook$ f ! /ems ( ! valves ,a by ! gov]nor rods ,j ,j4 ,! v]tical l9ks ,k1 ,k are connect$ at _! l[] ends ) ! pi/ons ( da% pots1 & h _! upp] ends atta*$ to ! valve sp9dles1 & act to close ! valves ,a ,a :5 ! cat*es ,h are releas$ by ! gov]nor rods ,j by means ( ! weights ( ! pi/ons 9 ! da% pots4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gf4 ,corliss ,valve-op]at+ ,me*anism4 ,! da% pots ,l ,l act 9 su* a mann] z to cu%ion ! desc5t ( ! l9ks ,k & ?us prev5t undue %ock4 ,m is a wri/ plate p9 by :i* ! valve rod ,c c be releas$ f ! wri/ plate4 ,! :ole purpose ( ! me*anism is to provide a means = clos+ ! valves :i* are at ! /eam inlet ports1 by a sudd5 action4 ,! exhau/ valves1 on ! o!r h&1 are n s tripp$ b are connect$ directly ) ! wri/ plate :i* drives all f\r ( ! valves4 ,! wri/ plate or spid] has a rock+ motion1 be+ driv5 by an ecc5tric rod f ! eng9e-%aft4 ,! me*anism ?us describ$ gives a v>iable admission z ! load v>ies1 b a con/ant release ( ! exhau/ & a con/ant compression to act z a cu%ion4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gg4 ,angle ,valve4 ,x gives a high initial pressure 9 ! cyl9d]1 & a %>p cut (f1 h5ce x is f\nd to be v effici5t4 ,angle ,valve4--,"o ( ! mo/ useful is ! angle valve1 :i* is design$ to take ! place ( an angle b5d or knee 9 ! l9e ( ! pip+4 ,! me*anism is ! same z 9 ! well kn[n globe valve con/ruction1 ! bonnet ,a be+ on a l9e ) "o ( ! "r-angl$ limbs ( ! body4 ,! pressure ( ! fluid %\ld always be on ! l[] side ( ! valve ,c1 com+ f ! direction ( ! arr[ ,b1 = ! reason t %\ld ! /eam pressure be con/ant on ! o!r side1 x w\ld be difficult to repack ! gl& ,d )\t cutt+ (f ! /eam f ! pipe l9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gh4 ,rot>y ,valve4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gi4 ,two-way ,rot>y4 ,ref]r+ back to ! illu/ration ( ! globe valve1 x w be notic$ t ! same ?+1 s f> z x p]ta9s to ! direction ( ! /eam1 applies 9 t con/ruction1 & a common mi/ake is to p]mit ! pressure ( ! /eam to be ex]t$ s t x is con/antly act+ aga9/ ! pack+ ( ! sp9dle4 ,rot>y ,valves4--,two =ms ( rot>y valves are %[n1 "o z illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #gh1 :]e ! rotat+ "p1 or plug1 ,a has "o /raight-way op5+ ,b1 :i* co9cides ) two oppositely-project+ ports ,c1 ,d4 ,! o!r =m1 ,fig4 #gi1 has an ,l-%ap$ op5+ ,e ?r\gh ! rotat+ plug ,f1 & ! cas+1 9 :i* ! plug is m\nt$ has ?ree ports1 "o1 ,g1 be+ ! inlet1 & ! o!r two ,h1 ,i1 at "r angles = ! dis*>ge ( ! fluid4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hj4 ,rot>y ,type4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ha4 ,two-way ,rot>y ,type4 ,rotable ,eng9e ,valves4--,s _m diff]5t =ms ( ! rotable valve h be5 made1 t x is impossible to give m ?an a type ( ea*4 ,= eng9e purposes ! plugs are usually rotat$ 9 unison ) ! eng9e %aft1 & a s+le deliv]y valve ( ?is k9d is %[n 9 ,fig4 #hj4 ,?is has ?ree ports 9 ! cas+1 namely ! inlet port ,a1 & two outlet ports ,c1 ,d4 ,! plug has a curv$ cut out *annel ,e1 & ?is ext5ds ar\nd ! plug a di/ance equal to ne>ly "o-half ( ! circumf]5ce1 s t ! /eam w be div]t$ into1 say1 ,b1 = a p]iod equal to "o-qu>t] turn ( ! plug1 & !n into port ,c1 = ! same l5g? ( "t4 ,fig4 #ha %[s a valve :i* has a d\ble action4 ,! plug ,g has two oppositely-dispos$ curv$ *annels1 ,h1 ,i1 & ! cas+ has a s+le inlet port ,j1 & two oppositely-dispos$ outlet ports ,k1 ,l4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hb4 ,butt]fly ,?rottle4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hc4 ,angle ,?rottle4 ,:5 ! plug turns ! port ,l s]ves to convey ! live /eam to ! eng9e1 :ile ! o!r port ,k at ! same "t acts z ! exhau/1 & ?is condition is alt]nately rev]s$ s t ,l acts z ! dis*>ge port4 ,?rottle ,valves4--,! ?rottle valves "h illu/rat$ are ^? us$ 9 connection ) gasol9e eng9es4 ,! be/ kn[n is ! ,butt]fly valve1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #hb1 & ?is is also us$ z a damp]1 = regulat+ ! draft 9 furnaces & /oves4 ,?is type is made 9 two =ms1 "o 9 :i* ! two w+s ( ! valve are made to sw+ up or d[n 9 unison1 & ! o!r1 z illu/rat$1 :]e ! disk ,a is 9 "o piece1 & turns ) ! sp9dle ,b to :i* x is fix$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hd4 ,slide ,?rottle4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #he4 ,two-slide ,?rottle4 ,9 ,fig4 #hc ! w+ ,c is curv$1 s t by sw++ x ar\nd ! circle1 ! op5+ ( ! dis*>ge pipe ,d is op5$ or clos$4 ,ano!r design ( ?rottle is repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #hd4 ,"o side ( ! pipe ,a has a lat]al ext5sion ,b1 :i* is d\ble1 s z to receive !re9 a slid+ plate ,c1 :i* is easily controllable f ! outside4 ,fig4 #he %[s a =m ( d\ble slid+ plate1 :]e ! d\ble lat]al ext5sions project out 9 opposite directions1 z at ,d1 ,d1 & )9 ^! ext5sions are slid+ plates :i* are secur$ toge!r 9 su* a way t z "o is pu%$ 9 ! o!r also moves 91 & ?us acts 9 unison to close or to op5 ! space betwe5 !m4 ,x is ! mo/ p]fect =m ( ?rottle valve1 z x causes ! gases to op5 directly into ! c5t] ( ! outgo+ pipe4 ,bl[-(f ,valves4--,! illu/ration %[s a type ( valve :i* is us$ on /eamboats & v l>gely on f>m boil]s ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 ,! pipe ,a f ! boil] has ca/ !re)1 or o!rwise atta*$1 a coll> ,b1 :i* has a /&>d ,c project+ upw>dly at "o side1 to ! upp] end ( :i* is h+$ a horizontal lev] ,d1 :i* has a weight at its o!r end4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hf4 ,bl[-(f ,valve4 ,! upp] end ( ! pipe has a conically-gr\nd seat1 to receive a conical valve ,e1 ! /em ( :i* is h+$1 z at ,f1 to ! level4 ,! weight may be adju/$ to ! pressure desir$ be=e bl[+ out & ! only feature 9 ?is type ( valve is ! "* ( ! valve seat1 :i* is liable1 ?r\gh ru/1 & o!r causes1 to leak4 ,pop1 or ,safety ,valve4--,z x has be5 f\nd m desirable & practical to use a =m ( valve :i* is n liable to det]ioration1 & also to s arrange x t x may be manually op5$1 ! ,safety ,pop valve 0 devis$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hg4 ,safety ,pop ,valve4 ,?is is %[n 9 ,fig4 #hg1 9 :i* ! valve seat base ,a1 :i* is atta*$ to ! top ( ! boil]1 has a cup-%ap$ outlet ,b1 t is screw$ to x1 & ?is c>ries a lev] ,c1 by means ( :i* ! valve may be manually op5$4 ,a v]tical %ell ,d is atta*$ to ! cup-%ap$ portion1 & ?is has a removable cap ,e4 ,! valve ,f is seat$ )9 a socket 9 ! base1 & has a disk head1 to receive ! l[] end ( a coil$ spr+ ,g4 ,! spr+ is support$ 9 position by a /em ,h :i* ext5ds d[n f ! head1 & an adju/+ nut ,i s]ves to regulate ! pressure desir$ be=e ! /eam 9 ! boil] c act4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,cams ,,& ,,ecc5trics ,m or less confusion arises f ! t]ms cams & ecc5trics4 ,a cam is a :eel :i* may be ei!r regul> 9 %ape1 l a he>t-:eel1 or irregul>1 l a wip]-:eel4 ,! object 9 all =ms ( cams is to *ange motion f a regul> into an irregul>1 or rev]sely1 & ! motion may be accel]at$ or ret>d$ at c]ta9 po9ts1 or inv]t$ into an int]mitt5t or reciprocat+ movem5t1 dep5d5t on ! %ape ( ! cam4 ,a cam may be 9 ! %ape ( a slott$ or groov$ plate1 l ! ne$le b> ( a sew+ ma*9e1 :]e a crank p9 works 9 ! slot1 & ?is transmits an irregul> v]tical movem5t to ! ne$le4 ,a cam may h its edge provid$ ) tee?1 :i* engage ) ! tee? ( ! engag+ :eel1 & ?us imp>t1 n only an irregul> motion b also a turn+ movem5t1 su* =ms be+ l>gely us$ to give a quickly ris+ or fall+ motion4 ,:at are call$ wip]-:eels are design$ to give an abrupt motion & su* types are us$ 9 trip hamm]s1 & to op]ate /amp mills4 ,9 h>ve/]s1 pr9t+ presses1 sew+ ma*9es1 & me*anism ( t type1 ! cam is us$ 9 a v>iety ( =ms1 "s ( !m v +5i\s & complicat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hh4 ,he>t-%ap$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hi4 ,elliptic4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ij4 ,d\ble ,elliptic4 ,cams are also us$ = cutt+ ma*9es1 or 9 trac+ app>atus :]e x w\ld be impossible to use ord9>y me*anism4 ,all su* =ms are special1 requir+ c>e & /udy to make _! movem5ts co-relate ) ! o!r p>ts ( ! me*anism t !y are connect$ up )4 ,simple ,cams4--,fig4 #hh %[s a =m ( ! mo/ simple "*1 us$1 ) "s modifications1 to a l>g] ext5t ?an any o!r4 ,x is call$ ! he>t-%ap$ cam1 & is ! regul> type4 ,fig4 #hi is an elliptical cam1 :i* is also regul>4 ,:at is meant by regul> is a =m t is ! same 9 ea* half portion ( its rotation4 ,fig4 #ij is a d\ble elliptic1 :i* gives a regul> movem5t d\ble ! numb] ( times ( t produc$ by ! prec$+ figure1 & ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! measurem5ts across ! major & m9or axes may v>y1 relatively1 to any ext5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ia4 ,s+le ,wip]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ib4 ,d\ble ,wip]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ic4 ,tilt+ ,cam4 ,wip] ,:eels4--,wip] :eels are cams :i* give a quick motion to me*anism1 ! mo/ common =m be+ ! s+le wip]1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ia4 ,! d\ble wip] cam1 ,fig4 #ib1 has1 9 "s me*anism1 a pron\nc$ diff]5ce betwe5 ! l5g?s ( ! two f+]s :i* =m ! wip]s4 ,! =m ( cam %[n 9 ,fig4 #ic is "o mu* us$ 9 iron works = sett+ 9 motion ! tilt hamm]4 ,only ?ree f+]s are %[n1 & by enl>g+ ! cam at lea/ a doz5 ( ^! project+ po9ts may be employ$4 ,cam ,sectors4--,fig4 #id %[s a type ( cam :i* is design$ = rock %afts4 ,! object ( ?is =m ( cam is to imp>t a gradually increas+ motion to a %aft4 ,assum+ t ,a is ! driv+ %aft1 & ,b ! driv5 %aft1 ! cam ,c1 ) its %ort end ,d1 9 contact ) ! long end ,e ( ! sector ,f1 causes ! %aft ,b to travel at a m accel]at$ spe$ z ! o!r edges ,g1 ,h1 approa* ea* o!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #id4 ,cam ,sector4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ie4 ,groov$ ,cam4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #if4 ,reciprocat+ ,motion4 ,cyl9d] ,cam4--,fig4 #ie %[s "o =m ( cyl9d] ,a ) a groove ,b 9 x1 :i* s]ves z a means = mov+ a b> ,c back & =?4 ,! b> has a project+ p9 ,d1 :i* travels 9 ! groove4 ,?is =m ( movem5t may be modifi$ 9 _m ways1 z = in/ance 9 ,fig4 #if1 :]e ! drum ,e has a s9u\s groove ,f to reciprocate a b> ,g to & fro1 ! groove be+ ei!r regul>1 s z to give a cont9u\s back & =? movem5t ( ! b>2 or adapt$ to give an irregul> motion to ! b>4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ig4 ,pivot$ ,foll[] = ,cam4 ,d\ble ,cam ,motion4--,cams may also be s arrang$ t a s+le "o w produce motions 9 diff]5t directions successively1 z illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #ig4 ,! horizontal b> ,a1 h+$ at ,b to ! upp] end ( a l9k ,c1 has its free end re/+ on ! cam ,d4 ,! arm ,a has also a "r-angl$ arm ,e ext5d+ d[nw>dly1 & is kept 9 contact ) ! cam by means ( a spr+ ,f4 ,connect+ rods ,g1 ,h1 may be h+$ to ! arm ,e & b> ,a1 respectively1 s z to give motion to !m 9 opposite directions z ! cam revolves4 ,ecc5trics4--,an ecc5tric is "o 9 :i* ! cam or :eel itself is circul> 9 =m1 b is m\nt$ on a %aft out ( its true c5t]4 ,an ecc5tric may be a cam1 b a cam is n always ecc5tric 9 its %ape4 ,! t]m is "o 9 direct contra/ ) ! ^w ecc5tric4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ih4 ,ecc5tric4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ii4 ,ecc5tric ,cam4 ,fig4 #ih %[s ! :eel1 or ! cam1 :i* is regul> 9 outl9e1 t is circul> 9 =m1 b is m\nt$ on ! %aft out ( its true c5t]4 ,9 ?is case x is prop]ly call$ an ecc5tric cam b 9 eng9]y p>lance x is kn[n z ! ecc5tric1 z repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #ii4 ,triangul>ly-,=m$ ,ecc5tric4--,fig4 #ajj illu/rates a =m ( cam :i* has be5 us$ on eng9es4 ,! yoke ,a be+ integral ) ! b> ,b1 gives a reciprocat+ motion to ! latt]1 & ! triangul> =m ( ! cam ,c1 :i* is m\nt$ on ! %aft ,d1 makes a /op motion at ea* half-revolution1 !n produces a quick motion1 & a slight /op only1 at ! half turn1 & ! return is !n z sudd5 z ! motion 9 ! o!r direction4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajj4 ,triangul>ly-=m$ ,ecc5tric4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,ge>s ,,& ,,ge>+ ,= ! purpose ( %[+ h[ motion may be conv]t$ f a /raight l9e or f a circul> movem5t into any o!r =m or direction1 & h[ su* *ange may be v>i$ 9 spe$1 or made regul> or irregul>1 ! foll[+ examples are giv51 :i* may be an aid 9 det]m9+ o!r me*anical devices :i* c be specially arrang$ to d p>ticul> "w4 ,:ile cams & ecc5trics may be reli$ on to a c]ta9 ext5t1 !re are num]\s places :]e ! motion mu/ be made positive & cont9u$4 ,?is c be done only by us+ ge>+ 9 "s =m1 or su* devices z require tee? to transmit ! motion f "o elem5t to ! o!r4 ,! foll[+ illu/rations d n by any means %[ all ! =ms :i* h be5 con/ruct$ & us$ 9 diff]5t ma*9es1 b !y h be5 select$ z types m]ely1 9 ord] to give ! sugge/ions = o!r =ms4 ,racks & ,p9ions4--,! rack & p9ion is ! mo/ univ]sal piece ( me*anism = *ang+ motion4 ,fig4 #aja illu/rates x 9 its mo/ simple =m4 ,:5 con/ruct$ 9 ! mann] %[n 9 ?is figure x is necess>y t ! %aft :i* c>ries ! p9ion %all h a rock+ motion1 or ! rack itself mu/ reciprocate 9 ord] to imp>t a rock+ motion to ! %aft4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aja4 ,rack & ,p9ion4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajb4 ,rack ,motion4 ,?is is ! case also 9 ! device %[n 9 ,fig4 #ajb1 :]e two rack b>s are employ$4 ,a /udy ( ! cams & ecc5trics w %[ t ! transf]5ce ( motion is limit$1 ! di/ances be+ g5]ally v small2 s t ! rack & p9ions add consid]ably to ! scope ( ! movem5t4 ,! ,mangle ,rack4--,! device call$ ! mangle rack is resort$ to :]e a back & =?1 or a reciprocat+ movem5t is to be imp>t$ to an elem5t by a cont9u\s rot>y motion4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajc4 ,pla9 ,mangle ,rack4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajd4 ,mangle ,rack ,motion4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aje4 ,alt]nate ,circul> ,motion4 ,! pla9 mangle racks are %[n 9 ,figs4 #ajc & #ajd1 ! =m] ( :i* has tee? on ! inside ( ! opposite p>allel limbs1 & ! latt]1 ,fig4 #ajd1 hav+ tee? n only on ! p>allel sides1 b also ar\nd ! circul> p>ts at ! ends4 ,?is =m ( rack may be modifi$ s t an alt]nate circul> motion w be produc$ dur+ ! movem5t ( ! rack 9 ei!r direction4 ,fig4 #aje is su* an in/ance4 ,a p9ion )9 su* a rack w turn fir/ 9 "o direction1 & !n 9 ! next 9 ! o!r direction1 & s on4 ,if ! rack is drawn back & =? ! motion imp>t$ to ! p9ion w be su* z to give a cont9u\s rock+ motion to ! p9ion4 ,controll+ ! ,p9ion4--,_m devices h be5 resort$ to = ! purpose ( keep+ ! p9ion 9 engagem5t ) ! tee? ( ! mangle rack4 ,"o su* me?od is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ajf4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajf4 ,controll+ ,p9ion = ,mangle ,rack4 ,! rack ,a has at "o side a plate ,b1 )9 :i* is a groove ,c1 to receive ! end ( ! %aft ,d1 :i* c>ries ! p9ion ,e4 ,z ! mangle rack moves to su* a position t x rea*es ! end ( ! tee? ,f on "o limb1 ! groove ,c div]ts ! p9ion ov] to ! o!r set ( tee? ,g4 ,all ^! mangle =ms are sub/itutes = cranks1 ) ! advantage t ! mangle gives a uni=m motion to a b>1 :]eas ! to & fro motion ( ! crank is n ! same at all po9ts ( its travel4 ,exam9e ! diagram1 ,fig4 #ajg1 & note ! movem5t ( ! p9 ,a :i* moves along ! pa? ,b4 ,! crank ,c 9 its turn+ movem5t ar\nd ! circle ,d1 moves ! p9 ,a into ! diff]5t positions #a1 #b1 #c1 etc41 :i* correspond ) ! positions on ! circle ,d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajg4 ,illu/rat+ ,crank-p9 ,movem5t4 ,! ,dead ,c5t]s4--,!re is also ano!r advantage :i* ! rack possesses4 ,:]e reciprocat+ motion is conv]t$ into circul> motion1 z 9 ! case ( ! ord9>y /eam eng9e1 !re are two po9ts 9 ! travel ( a crank :]e ! ?ru/ ( ! pi/on is n effective1 & t is at :at is call$ ! dead c5t]s4 ,9 ! diagram1 ,fig4 #ajh1 ! ineffectiv5ess ( ! ?ru/ is %[n at ^? po9ts4 ,let ,a repres5t ! pi/on pu%+ 9 ! direction ( ! arr[ ,b aga9/ ! crank ,c4 ,:5 9 ?is position ! ?ru/ is ! mo/ effective1 & ?r\gh ! arc runn+ f ,d to ,e1 & f ,h to ,g1 ! cyl9d] does fully f\r-fif?s ( ! "w ( ! eng9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajh4 ,! ,dead ,c5t]4 ,:ile ! crank is turn+ f ,g to ,d1 or f ,i to ,j1 & f ,k to ,l1 no "w is done :i* is ( any value z p[]4 ,if1 !re=e1 a mangle b> %\ld be us$ in/ead ( ! crank x w\ld add greatly to ! effectiv5ess ( ! /eam us$ 9 ! cyl9d]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aji4 ,crank ,motion ,sub/itute4 ,crank ,motion ,sub/itute4--,9 ,fig4 #aji ! p9ion ,a is m\nt$ s t its %aft is 9 a v]tical slot ,b 9 a frame ,c4 ,! mangle rack ,d1 9 ?is case1 has tee? on its out] edge1 & is made 9 an elongat$ =m4 ,! p9ion %aft moves up & d[n ! slot & ?us guides ! p9ion ar\nd ! ends ( ! rack4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aaj4 ,mangle ,:eel4 ,mangle ,:eels4--,! =m :i* is ! mo/ univ]sal 9 its application is :at is call$ ! mangle :eel4 ,9 ,fig4 #aaj is %[n a type :]e9 ! motion 9 bo? directions is uni=m4 ,mangle :eels take _! names f ! iron+ ma*9es call$ mangles4 ,9 app>atus ( ?is k9d ! movem5t back & =? is a sl[ "o1 & ! p>ticul> =m ( :eels 0 made 9 ord] to facilitate ! op]ation ( su* ma*9es4 ,9 "s mangles ! "w betwe5 ! roll]s is uni=m back & =?4 ,9 o!rs ! "w is done 9 "o direction only1 requir+ a quick return4 ,9 /ill o!r ma*9es arrangem5ts are made to provide = %ort /rokes1 & = diff]5t spe$s 9 ! opposite directions1 "u c]ta9 conditions1 s t ?is requirem5t has call$ =? ! production ( _m =ms ( :eels1 "s ( !m v +5i\s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aaa4 ,quick ,return ,motion4 ,! figure ref]r$ to has a :eel ,a1 on "o side ( :i* is a peculi>ly-=m$ cont9u\s slot ,b1 some:at he>t-%ap$ 9 g5]al outl9e1 "o portion ( ! slot be+ conc5tric ) ! %aft ,c4 ,)9 ! convolutions ( ! groove is a set ( tee? ,d1 conc5tric ) ! %aft ,c4 ,! p9ion ,e1 :i* me%es ) ! tee? ,d1 has ! end ( its %aft ,f re/+ 9 ! groove ,b1 & x is also guid$ )9 a v]tical slott$ b> ,g4 ,! p9ion ,e1 !re=e1 travels ov] ! same tee? 9 bo? directions1 & gives a regul> to & fro motion4 ,quick ,return ,motion4--,9 contradi/9ction to ?is is a :eel ,a1 ,fig4 #aaa1 :i* has a pair ( curv$ p>allel slots1 ) tee? surr\nd+ ! slots4 ,:5 ! :eel turns ne>ly ! entire revolution1 ) ! p9ion 9 contact ) ! out] set ( tee?1 ! movem5t transmitt$ to ! mangle :eel is a sl[ "o4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aab4 ,accel]at$ ,circul> ,motion4 ,:5 ! p9ion arrives at ! turn 9 ! groove & is c>ri$ ar\nd s ! inn] tee? are 9 engagem5t ) ! p9ion1 a quick return is imp>t$ to ! :eel4 ,accel]at$ ,motion4--,aside f ! rack & mangle type ( movem5t1 are ^? :i* are /rictly ge>s1 "o ( !m be+ a volute =m1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #aab4 ,?is ge> is a face plate ,a1 :i* has tee? ,b on "o face1 :i* are spirally-=m$ ar\nd ! plate4 ,^! me% ) a p9ion ,c1 c>ri$ on a horizontal %aft ,d4 ,?is %aft is fea!r$1 z %[n at ,e1 s t x w c>ry ! ge> along f end to end4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aac4 ,quick ,return ,ge>+4 ,! ge> has *eek-pieces ,f to guide x along ! track ( tee?4 ,z ! tee? approa* ! c5t] ( ! :eel ,a1 ! latt] imp>t a motion to ! ge> :i* is m ?an twice ! spe$ t x receives at ! />t+ po9t1 ! spe$ be+ a gradually increas+ "o4 ,quick ,return ,ge>+4--,ano!r mu* m simple type ( ge>+1 :i* gives a sl[ =w>d spe$ & a quick return action1 is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #aac4 ,a is a ge> ) int]nal tee? ?r\gh "o half ( its circumf]5ce1 & its hub ,b has tee? on its half :i* is opposite ! tee? ( ! rim4 ,a p9ion ,c on a %aft ,d is s j\rnal$ t dur+ "o half ( ! rotation ( ! :eel ,a1 x engages ) ! rim tee?1 & dur+ ! o!r half ) ! hub tee?4 ,z ! hub ,b & ge> ,c are ! same diamet]1 "o half turn ( ! p9ion ,c w give a half turn to ! :eel ,a4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aad4 ,scroll ,ge>+4 ,z ! rim tee? ( ! :eel ,a are ?ree times ! diamet] ( ! p9ion ,c1 ! latt] mu/ turn once & a half ar\nd to make a half revolution ( ! :eel ,a4 ,scroll ,ge>+4--,?is is a type ( ge>+ :]eby at ! close ( ea* revolution ! spe$ may be great] or less ?an at ! beg9n+4 ,x comprises two simil>ly-con/ruct$ ge>s ,a1 ,b1 ea* ) its p]imet] scroll-%ap$1 z %[n4 ,! diagram %[s _! positions at ! beg9n+ ( ! rotation1 ! %ort radial limb ( "o ge> be+ 9 l9e ) ! long limb ( ! o!r ge>1 h5ce1 :5 ! ge>s rotate1 _! spe$s relative to ea* o!r *ange1 be+ con/antly accel]at$ 9 "o or decreas$ 9 ! o!r4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,special ,,types ,,( ,,eng9es ,9 describ+ v>i\s special types ( motors1 att5tion is fir/ direct$ to t class :i* dep5d on ! developm5t ( heat 9 v>i\s gases1 & ?is also necessitates "s explanation ( ice-mak+ ma*9]y1 & ! pr9ciples und]ly+ refrig]ation4 ,x is n an anomaly to say t to make ice requires heat4 ,ice & boil+ wat] repres5t m]ely ! opposites ( a c]ta9 scale 9 ! condition ( matt]1 j z we speak ( light & d>kness1 up & d[n1 & l expressions4 ,we are apt to ?9k z]o wea!r is v cold4 ,freez+ wea!r is a temp]ature ( #cb degrees4 ,at ! poles #gj degrees bel[ h be5 record$4 ,9 int]/ell> space1--t is1 ! region betwe5 ! planets1 x is assum$ t ! temp]ature is ab\t #eac degrees ,fahr5heit1 bel[ z]o1 call$ absolute z]o4 ,! highe/ heat :i* we are able to produce artificially1 is ab\t #aj1jjj degrees by means ( ! electric arc4 ,we ?us h a range ( ov] #aj1ejj degrees ( heat1 b x is well kn[n t heat ext5ds ov] a mu* high] range4 ,assum+1 h[ev]1 t ! figures giv5 repres5t ! limit1 x w be se5 t ! diff]5ce betwe5 ice & boil+ wat]1 namely1 #ahj degrees1 is a v small range comp>$ ) ! temp]atures ref]r$ to4 ,9 ord] to effect ?is *ange p[] is necess>y1 & p[] requires a motor ( "s k9d4 ,h5ce x is1 t to make a l[] temp]ature1 a high] degree ( heat is necess>y1 & 9 ! transit betwe5 a high & a l[ temp]ature1 !re is consid]able loss 9 ?is respect1 z 9 e o!r phase ( p[] me*anism1 z has be5 po9t$ out 9 a previ\s *apt]4 ,9 ord] t we may cle>ly und]/& ! ph5om5a ( heat & cold1 let u take a receiv] :i* holds a cubic foot ( gas or liquid1 & exhau/ all ! air f x s ! vacuum w be equival5t to ! atmosph]ic pressure1 namely1 #ad4g p\nds p] squ>e in*4 ,alongside is a small vessel conta9+ "o cubic in* ( wat]1 :i* is heat$ s t x is conv]t$ into /eam1 & is p]mitt$ to exhau/ into ! receiv]4 ,:5 all ! wat] is conv]t$ into /eam & fills ! receiv] we %all h ! same pressure inside ! receiv] z on ! outside4 ,x w be assum$1 ( c\rse1 t !re has be5 no loss by cond5sation1 & t ! cubic in* ( wat] has be5 exp&$ #agjj times by its conv]sion into /eam4 ,9 a %ort "t ! /eam w cond5se into wat]1 & we n[ h1 aga91 a p>tial vacuum 9 ! receiv]1 due1 ( c\rse1 to ! *ange 9 bulk f /eam to wat]4 ,ea* "t ! liquid is heat$ x produces a pressure1 & ! pressure indicates ! pres5ce ( heat2 & :5ev] x cools a loss ( pressure is indicat$1 & t repres5ts cold1 or ! opposite ( heat4 ,n[1 putt+ ^! two ?+s toge!r1 we get ! />t+ po9t necess>y 9 ! developm5t ( p[]4 ,let u c>ry ! exp]im5t a /ep fur!r4 ,liquids are n compressible4 ,gases are4 ,! fir/ /ep !n is to take a gas & compress x1 :i* gives x an increase ( heat temp]ature1 dep5d5t on ! pressure4 ,if ! same receiv] is us$1 & say1 two atmosph]es are compress$ )9 x1 s t x has two temp]atures1 & ! ext]ior air cools x d[n to ! same temp]ature ( ! surr\nd+ atmosph]e1 we are ready to use ! air )9 to cont9ue ! exp]im5t4 ,let u convey ?is compress$ gas ?r\gh pipes1 & ?us p]mit x to exp&2 9 do+ s ! area )9 ! pipes1 :i* is v mu* great] ?an t ( ! receiv]1 gr[s cold]1 due to ! r>efi$ gases )94 ,n[ be>+ 9 m9d ! previ\s /atem5t1 t loss ( pressure indicates a l[]+ ( temp]ature1 we c see t fir/ exp&+ ! gas1 or air1 by heat1 & !n all[+ x to cool1 or to produce ! heat by compress+ x1 & aft]w>ds p]mitt+ x to exhau/ into a space :i* r>efies x1 w make a l[] temp]ature4 ,x is ?is pr9ciple :i* is us$ 9 all refrig]at+ ma*9es1 :]eby ! cool pipes extract ! heat f ! surr\nd+ atmosph]e1 or :5 mak+ ice1 f ! wat] itself1 & ?is temp]ature may be l[]$ to any ext5t desir$1 dep5d5t on ! degree ( r>efaction produc$4 ,let u n[ see h[ ?is applies to ! g5]ation ( p[] 9 :i* we are m p>ticul>ly int]e/$4 ,all liquids d n evaporate at ! same temp]ature z wat]4 ,"s require a great deal m ?an #bab degrees2 o!rs1 l1 = in/ance1 dioxide-(-c>bon1 w evaporate at #aaj degrees1 or ab\t "o half ! heat necess>y to turn wat] into /eam4 ,on ! o!r h&1 all gases act alike s f> z _! heat absorption is conc]n$1 s t by us+ a mat]ial ) a l[ evaporative unit1 less fuel w be requir$ to get ! same expansion1 :i* means ! same p[]4 ,to illu/rate ?is1 let u assume t we h equal quantities ( wat]1 & ( dioxide-(-c>bon1 & t is to be conv]t$ into a gas4 ,x w take j d\ble ! am\nt ( fuel to conv]t ! wat] into a gase\s /ate4 ,z bo? are n[ 9 ! same condition1 ! law ( heat absorption is ! same f ?is "t on4 ,! dioxide-(-c>bon eng9e is "o1 !re=e1 :i* uses ! vapor ( ?is mat]ial1 :i*1 aft] pass+ ?r\gh ! eng9e1 is cond5s$ & pump$ back to ! boil] to be us$ ov] & ov]4 ,9 l mann]1 also1 e!r1 :i* has a l[ po9t ( vaporization1 is us$ 9 "s eng9es1 ! pr9ciple be+ ! same z ! =ego+ type4 ,rot>y ,eng9es4--,_m attempts h be5 made to produce a rot>y type ( /eam eng9e1 & also to adapt x = use z an int]nal combu/ion motor4 ,! problem is a complicat$ "o = ! foll[+ reasons3 ,fir/1 x is difficult to provide = cut-(f & expansion4 ,a rotat+ type1 to be effici5t1 mu/ turn at a high rate ( spe$1 & ?is makes ! task a m try+ "o4 ,second1 ! app>5t impossibility ( prop]ly pack+ ! pi/ons4 ,! result is a wa/e ( /eam1 or ! gas us$ to furni% ! p[]4 ,?ird1 ! difficulty 9 provid+ a suitable abutm5t s z to conf9e ! /eam or gas1 & make x op]ative aga9/ ! pi/on4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aae4 ,simple ,rot>y ,eng9e4 ,9 ,fig4 #aae is %[n a type ( rot>y :i* is a fair sample ( ! *>act]i/ics ( all motors ( ?is =m4 ,x comprises an out] cyl9drical %ell1 or cas+1 ,a1 hav+ a bore ?r\gh ! ends1 :i* is above ! true c5t] ( ! %ell1 to receive a %aft ,b4 ,?is %aft c>ries a revolv+ drum ,c ( su* dim5sions t x is 9 contact ) ! %ell at its upp] side only1 z %[n at ,d1 leav+ a *annel ,e ar\nd ! o!r portions ( ! drum4 ,! /eam inlet is at ,f1 :i* is "o-eigh? ( ! di/ance ar\nd ! cyl9d]1 & ! exhau/ is at ,g1 ! same di/ance f ! po9t ,d1 on ! o!r side4 ,! inlet & ! outlet pipes are1 !re=e1 at ! contract$ p>ts ( ! *annel4 ,! drum has a pair ( radially-movable blades ,h ,h1 :i* may move indep5d5tly ( ea* o!r1 b usually !y are connect$ toge!r1 ?us disp5s+ ) ! use ( any spr+s to keep _! ends 9 contact ) ! %ell4 ,:5 /eam ent]s ! inlet ,f ! pressure aga9/ ! blade ,h drives ! drum to ! "r1 & ! drum & %ell1 by contact+ at ,d1 =m an abutm5t4 ,ea* *>ge ( /eam drives ! drum a little ov] a half revolution4 ,a great deal ( +5uity has be5 ex]cis$ to arrange ?is abutm5t s t ! blades may pass & provide a /eam space = a new supply ( /eam4 ,9 c]ta9 types a revolv+ abutm5t is =m$1 z %[n1 = in/ance1 9 ,fig4 #aaf4 ,! %ell ,a1 9 ?is case1 has two oppositely-dispos$ inlet & outlet ports1 ,b1 ,c1 respectively1 & betwe5 ea* set ( ports is a revolv+ gate1 =m$ ( f\r w+s ,d1 m\nt$ on a %aft ,e1 9 a h\s+ outside ( ! circul> pa? ,f1 betwe5 ! drum ,g & %ell ,a4 ,! drum ,g is m\nt$ on a %aft ,h :i* is c5trally )9 ! %ell1 & x has two oppositely-project+ rigid blades ,i4 ,:5 /eam ent]s ei!r ( ! supply ports ,b1 ! drum is rotat$1 & :5 ! blades rea* ! revolv+ gates1 ! latt] are turn$ by ! blades1 or1 !y may be actuat$ by me*anism connect$ up ) ! driv+ %aft4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aaf4 ,d\ble-fe$ ,rot>y ,eng9e4 ,caloric ,eng9e4--,?is is an eng9e :i* is dep5d5t on its action ^u ! ela/ic =ce ( air :i* is exp&$ by heat4 ,! cyl9d] ( su* a motor has means = heat+ x1 & ?us exp&+ ! air1 & a compressor is usually employ$ :i* is op]at$ by ! eng9e itself1 to =ce compress$ air into ! cyl9d]4 ,x is n an economical eng9e to "w1 b x is frequ5tly us$ 9 m9es1 9 :i* case ! compressor is locat$ at ! surface1 & ! eng9e op]at$ )9 ! m9e1 ?us s]v+ a d\ble purpose1 t ( supply+ p[]1 & also furni%+ ! int]ior ) fre% air4 ,all eng9es ( ?is "* mu/ run at a sl[ spe$1 = ! reason t air does n absorb heat rapidly1 & suffici5t "t mu/ be giv5 to heat up & exp& ! air1 s z to make x effective4 ,adhesion ,eng9e4--,a curi\s exhibition ( ! action ( a gas aga9/ a solid1 is %[n 9 :at is call$ an ,adhesion ,eng9e4 ,fig4 #aag %[s its con/ruction4 ,a plurality ( disks ,a are m\nt$ on a %aft ,b1 ^! disks be+ slightly sep>at$ f ea* o!r4 ,! /eam dis*>ge pipe ,c is flatt5$ at its emission end1 z %[n at ,d1 s ! /eam w contact ) all ! disks4 ,! /eam m]ely contacts ) ! sides ( ! disks1 ! movem5t ( ! /eam be+ sub/antially on ! plane ( ! disks !mselves1 & ! action sets up a rapid rotation1 & develops a wond]ful am\nt ( p[]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aag4 ,adhesion ,motor4 ,x w be und]/ood t ! disks are enclos$ by a suitable cas+1 s t ! /eam is c>ri$ ar\nd & dis*>g$ at a po9t ab\t ?ree qu>t]s ( ! di/ance 9 ! circumf]5ce4 ,?is motor is giv5 to illu/rate a phase ( ! subject 9 ! application ( a motor fluid1 l /eam1 or heat$ gases1 t %[s great possibilities4 ,x also po9ts out a ?ird direction 9 :i* an expansive fluid may be us$4 ,?us ! two well-kn[n me?ods1 namely1 pressure1 & impact =ces1 may be supplem5t$ by ! pr9ciple ( adhesion1 9 :i* ! expansive =ce ( a gas1 pass+ alongside ( & 9 contact ) a pla9 surface1 may drag along ! surface 9 its tra94 ,su* an exhibition ( =ce has an analogy 9 nature by :at is kn[n z capill>y attraction1 :i* %[s adhesion4 ,= in/ance1 sap fl[+ up ! pores ( trees1 or wat] mov+ along ! fib]s ( blott+ pap]1 illu/rates movem5t ( liquids :5 br\ght into contact ) solids4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,eng9]y ,,9 ,,! ,,developm5t ,,( ,,! ,,human ,,race ,! en]gy ( a nation may be express$ by its horse p[]4 ,x is n numb]s1 or intellect1 or "*1 or beliefs t indicate ! progress ( a p 9 a mat]ial s5se4 ,x is curi\s h[ closely relat$ eng9]y is ) ! advancem5t ( a p4 ,no?+ c be m /rik+ to illu/rate ?is ?an railroads z a feature ( developm5t 9 any c\ntry4 ,p[] 9 ,transportation4--,)\t ! con/ruction & ma9t5ance ( me*anical p[]1 railroads w\ld be impossible4 ,to be able to quickly & *eaply move f place to place1 is ! mo/ important factor 9 human life4 ,! ability ( p to int]*ange commodities1 & to associate ) o!rs :o are n 9 _! own intimate community1 are ! greate/ civiliz+ ag5cies 9 ! _w4 ,p[] vs4 ,education & ! ,arts4--,education1 ! cultivation ( ! f9e arts1 & ! desire = luxuries1 )\t ! capacity = quickly int]*ang+ commodities & to int]m+le ) ea* o!r1 are ineffectual to advance ! int]e/s ( any nation1 or to ma9ta9 its prosp]ity4 ,lack ( ,p[] 9 ! ,anci5t ,_w4--,! ,greeks & ! ,romans _h a civilization :i* is a wond] ev5 to ! p ( our day4 ,!y _h ! arts & ar*itecture :i* are n[ reg>d$ z sup]b & incomp>able4 ,!y _h s*ools ( philosophy & academies ( le>n+2 _! sculpture excites ! admiration ( ! _w2 & !y laid ! f\ndation !ories ( gov]nm5t f :i* we h obta9$ ! basis ( our laws4 ,! ,e>ly ,days ( ! ,republic4--,:5 our =efa!rs e/abli%$ ! ,republic !re 7 _m misgiv+s z to ! wisdom ( includ+ )9 its scope su* a l>ge area z ! entire ,atlantic seacoa/4 ,f ,ma9e to ,florida ! di/ance is #abej miles2 & f ,new ,york to ! ,mississippi #ijj miles1 compris+ an area ( #a1bjj1jjj squ>e miles4 ,h[ c\ld su* an imm5se c\ntry ev] hold itself toge!r8 ,x 0 an area ne>ly z l>ge z t controll$ by ,rome :5 at ! height ( h] p[]4 ,if x 0 impossible = ! =ce ( ,roman arms to hold su* a region )9 its control1 h[ mu* m difficult x w\ld be = ! ,colonies to expect cohesion among _! scatt]$ peoples4 ,lack ( ,cohesiv5ess 9 a ,c\ntry ,)\t ,p[]4--,^? argum5ts 7 bas$ on ! k t e c\ntry 9 anci5t times broke ap>t because !re 0 no unity ( int]e/ e/abli%$1 & because ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! same empire did n become acqua9t$ or associat$ ) ea* o!r4 ,! ,railroad z a ,factor 9 ,civilization4--,! introduction ( railroads1 by virtue ( motive p[]1 *ang$ ! :ole philosophy ( hi/ory 9 ?is respect4 ,ev5 9 our own c\ntry an example ( ! value ( railroads 0 %[n 9 ! b9d+ effect :i* !y produc$ betwe5 ! ,ea/ & ! ,we/ prior to ! ,civil ,w>4 ,all railroads1 be=e t p]iod1 ran ea/ & we/4 ,few ext5d$ nor? & s\?4 ,x is popul>ly assum$ t ! antagonism betwe5 ! ,nor? & ! ,s\? grew out ( ! "q ( slav]y4 ,?is is1 no d\bt1 l>gely s1 z an imm$iate cause1 b x 0 ! direct cause :i* prev5t$ ! build+ ( railroads betwe5 ! two sections4 ,x simply ren=ces ! argum5t t ! motor1 ! great p[] ( eng9]y1 0 n br\ght into play to unite p :o 7 antagoni/ic1 & :o c\ld n1 due to imp]fect communication1 und]/& ea* o!r4 ,to-day ! ,unit$ ,/ates conta9s an area ne>ly z great z ! :ole ( ,europe1 includ+ ,russia1 ) _! tw5ty1 or m1 diff]5t gov]nm5ts4 ,"h we h a unit$ c\ntry1 ) simil> laws1 habits1 cu/oms & religions ?r\gh\t4 ,9 _m ( ^? =eign c\ntries ! p ( adjo9+ prov9ces are totally unlike 9 _! *>act]i/ics4 ,x has be5 %[n t :]ev] ?is is ! case x is due to lack ( quick & *eap int]communication4 ,! ,wond]ful ,effects ( ,p[]4--,?is rem>kable simil>ity 9 ! conditions ( ! p ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates is due to ! railroads1 t great p]sonification ( p[]1 not)/&+ ! div]se cu/oms & habits ( ! p :i* daily come to our %ores & spread out ov] our va/ c\ntry4 ,x has unifi$ ! p4 ,x has made ,san ,francisco ne>] to ,new ,york ?an ,b]l9 0 to ,p>is 9 ! "t ( ,napoleon4 ,! p 9 ,ma9e & ,texas are neighbors4 ,! results h be5 s f> rea*+ t x has giv5 /ability to ! gov]nm5t great] ?an any o!r =ce4 ,b !re is ano!r lesson j z wond]ful to contemplate4 ,engl& has an area ( only ab\t #eh1jjj squ>e miles1 ab\t ! same size z ei!r ,florida1 ,ill9ois1 or ,wiscons94 ,engl& z a ,us] ( ,p[]4--,! eng9]y )9 h] bord]s is great] ?an ! comb9$ en]gy ( all ! p on ! globe4 ,?r\gh ! wond]ful =ce ?us set 9 motion by h] rem>kable indu/ries %e has become ! great manufactur+ empire ( ! _w1 & has call$ into exi/5ce a c>ry+ fleet ( vessels1 also controll$ by motors1 s /up5d\s z to be beyond belief4 ,we may well contemplate ! great *anges :i* h be5 br\ght ab\t by ! fact t man has develop$ & is us+ p[] 9 e l9e ( "w :i* engages 8 activities4 ,! ,automobile4--,he does n1 9 progressive c\ntries1 dep5d on ! muscle ( ! man1 or on ! s9ews ( animals4 ,^! are too weak & too sl[ = 8 ne$s4 ,look at ! *anges br\ght ab\t by ! automobile indu/ry )9 ! pa/ t5 ye>s4 ,:at w ! next c5tury br+ =?8 ,artificial p[]1 if we may s t]m x1 is a late developm5t4 ,x is v "y :5 comp>$ ) ! hi/ory ( man4 ,high ,"* ( ,motor ,/udy4--,! /udy ( motors requires intellect ( a high ord]4 ,x is a !me :i* is n only int]e/+ & attractive to ! boy1 b ! ma/]y ( ! subject 9 only "o ( its _m details1 op5s up a field ( pr(it & emolum5ts4 ,! ,unlimit$ ,field ( ,p[]4--,x is a field :i* is ev] broad5+4 ,! /ud5t ne$ n fe> t competition w be too great1 or ! opportunities too limit$1 & if ^! pages w succe$1 9 only a small measure1 9 tea*+ ! fundam5tal ideas1 we %all be repaid = ! ef=ts 9 br++ toge!r ! facts pres5t$4 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,! ,,en]gy ,,( ,,! ,,sun1 ,,& ,,h[ ,,heat ,,is ,,measur$ ,9 ! fir/ *apt] we tri$ to give a cle> view ( ! prime factors necess>y to develop motion4 ,! boy mu/ ?or\ghly und]/& ! pr9ciples involv$1 be=e 8 m9d c fully grasp ! ideas ess5tial 9 ! und]tak+4 ,:ile ! /eam eng9e has be5 ! prime motor = mov+ ma*9]y1 x is f> f be+ effici5t1 ow+ to ! loss ( two-?irds ( ! en]gy ( ! fuel 9 ! v>i\s /eps f ! coal pile to ! turn+ ma*9]y4 ,fir/1 ! fuel is imp]fectly consum$1 ! am\nt ( air admitt$ to ! burn+ mass be+ inadequate to produce p]fect combu/ion4 ,second1 ! me*anical device1 kn[n z ! boil]1 is n s con/ruct$ t ! wat] is able to completely absorb ! heat ( ! fuel4 ,?ird1 ! eng9e is n able to cont9u\sly utilize ! expansive =ce ( ! /eam at e po9t 9 ! revolution ( ! crank%aft4 ,f\r?1 radiation1 ! dissipation ( heat1 & cond5sation1 are always at "w1 & ?us detract f ! effici5cy ( ! eng9e4 ,! gasol9e motor1 ! next prime motor ( importance1 is /ill less effici5t 9 po9t ( fuel economy1 s9ce less ?an "o-?ird ( ! fuel is actually repres5t$ 9 ! me*anism :i* x turns4 ,! production ( en]gy1 9 bo? cases1 involves ! con/ruction ( a multiplicity ( devices & accessories1 _m ( !m difficult to make & h>d to und]/&4 ,to produce p[] = comm]cial purposes1 at lea/ two ?+s are absolutely ess5tial4 ,fir/1 !re mu/ be uni=mity 9 ! "* ( ! p[] produc$2 &1 second1 x mu/ be available ev]y:]e4 ,wat] is ! *eape/ prime p[]1 b its use is limit$ to /reams or mov+ bodies ( wat]4 ,if d]iv$ f ! air curr5ts no dep5d5ce c be plac$ on ! regul>ity ( ! en]gy4 ,heat is ! only univ]sal p[] on ! globe4 ,! sun is ! great s\rce ( en]gy4 ,ea* ye> x exp5ds 9 heat a suffici5t =ce to consume ov] sixty lumps ( coal1 ea* equal to ! weight ( ! e>?4 ,( t va/ am\nt ! e>? receives only a small "p1 b ! portion :i* does come to x is equal to ab\t "o horse p[] act+ cont9u\sly ov] e ?irty squ>e feet ( ! surface ( our globe4 ,! great problem1 9 ! m9ds ( eng9e]s1 f ! "t ! /eam eng9e became a factor1 0 to f9d "s means :]eby t en]gy might be utiliz$1 in/ead ( gett+ x by way ( burn+ a fuel4 ,"o ( ! fir/ me?ods propos$ 0 to use a l5s or a s]ies ( mirrors1 by means ( :i* ! rays might be focus$ on "s object1 or mat]ials1 & ?us produce ! heat necess>y = expansion1 )\t ! use ( fuel4 ,wond]ful results h be5 produc$ by ?is me?od2 b "h1 aga91 man meets ) a great ob/acle4 ,! heat ( ! sun does n rea* u uni=mly 9 its int5sity2 cl\ds int]v5e & cut (f ! rays2 ! seasons modify ! temp]ature2 & ! rotation ( ! globe con/antly *anges ! direction ( ! beams :i* fall ^u ! l5s4 ,! second me?od consi/s 9 us+ boxes cov]$ ) glass1 ! int]ior be+ black5$ to absorb ! heat1 & by t means transmit ! en]gy to wat]1 or o!r sub/ances adapt$ to produce ! expansive =ce4 ,devices ( ?is "* are s effective t temp]atures mu* above ! boil+ po9t ( wat] h be5 obta9$4 ,! sy/em is1 h[ev]1 subject to ! same drawbacks t are urg$ aga9/ ! l5s1 namely1 t ! heat is irregul>1 & op5 to great v>iations4 ,^! defects1 9 "t1 may be ov]come1 9 cons]v+ ! =ce1 by us+ /orage batt]ies1 b to d s means ! *ange f "o =m ( en]gy to ano!r1 & e *ange means loss 9 p[]4 ,! great problem ( ! day is ?is "o ( ! conv]sion ( heat into "w4 ,x is be+ done daily1 b ! boy %\ld und]/& t ! direct conv]sion is :at is requir$4 ,= in/ance1 to conv]t ! en]gy1 :i* is 9 coal1 into ! light ( an electric lamp1 requires at lea/ five trans=mations 9 ! =m ( p[]1 :i* may be designat$ z foll[s3 #a4 ,! burn+ ( ! coal4 #b4 ,! conv]sion ( ! heat ?us produc$ into /eam4 #c4 ,! pressure ( ! /eam into a cont9u\s circul> motion 9 ! /eam eng9e4 #d4 ,! circul> motion ( ! /eam eng9e into an electric curr5t by means ( a dynamo4 #e4 ,! *ange f ! curr5t =m ( en]gy to ! production ( an inc&esc5t light 9 ! lamp itself1 by ! resi/ance :i* ! c>bon film (f]s to ! passage ( ! curr5t4 ,%\ld an inv5tor succe$ 9 elim9at+ only "o ( ! =ego+ /eps1 he w\ld be hail$ z a g5ius1 & millions w\ld n be suffici5t to comp5sate ! =tunate "o :o %\ld be able to disp5se ) ?ree ( ! /eps set =?4 ,! ,measurem5t ( ,heat4--,to measure heat means some?+ m ?an simply to take ! temp]ature4 ,z heat is "w1 or en]gy1 !re mu/ be a means :]eby t en]gy c be express$4 ,x has be5 said t ! basis ( all true sci5ce consi/s 9 correct def9itions4 ,! t]ms us$1 !re=e1 mu/ be uni=m1 & %\ld be us$ to express c]ta9 def9ite ?+s4 ,:5 ^? are und]/ood !n x is an easy matt] = ! /ud5t to grope 8 way along1 z he meets ! diff]5t ob/acles1 = he w "k h[ to recognize !m4 ,be=e specifically expla9+ ! measurem5t x might be well to und]/& "s ( ! t]ms us$ 9 connection ) heat4 ,! orig9al !ory ( heat 01 t x 0 compos$ ( c]ta9 mat]ial1 al?\gh t matt] 0 suppos$ to be subtle1 impond]able & p]vad+ ev]y?+4 ,?is impond]able sub/ance 0 call$ ,caloric4 ,x 0 suppos$ t ^! p>ticles mutually attract$ & repell$ ea* o!r1 & 7 also attract$ & repell$ by o!r bodies1 s t !y contract$ & exp&$4 ,! ph5om5on ( heat 0 ?us acc\nt$ = by ! explanation t ! expansion & contraction made ! heat4 ,?is 0 kn[n z ! ,mat]ial ,!ory ( ,heat4 ,b t phase ( ! explanation has n[ be5 ab&on$1 9 favor ( :at is kn[n z ! dynamical1 or me*anical !ory1 :i* is reg>d$ m]ely z a mode ( motion1 or a sort ( vibration1 :]e9 ! p>ticles move among ea* o!r1 ) great] or less rapidity or 9 "s p>ticul> mann]4 ,?us1 ! movem5ts ( ! atoms may be accel]at$1 or caus$ to act 9 a c]ta9 way1 by friction1 by p]cussion1 by compression1 or by combu/ion4 ,heat is ! univ]sal result ( ei!r ( ^? physical movem5ts4 ,not)/&+ t ! mat]ial !ory ( heat is n[ ab&on$1 sci5ti/s h reta9$1 z ! basis ( all heat measurem5ts1 ! "n :i* 0 giv5 to ! impond]able sub/ance1 namely1 ,caloric4 ,x is g5]ally writt5 ,calorie1 9 ! text books4 ,a calorie has ref]5ce to ! quantity ( heat :i* w raise ! temp]ature ( "o kilogram ( wat]1 "o degree ,c5tigrade4 ,z "o kilogram is equal to ab\t two p\nds1 ?ree & a qu>t] ounces1 & "o degree ,c5tigrade is ! same z "o & two-?irds degrees ,fahr5heit1 x w\ld be m cle>ly express$ by /at+ t a caloric is ! quantity ( heat requir$ to raise ! temp]ature ( "o & "o-fif? p\nd ( wat] "o degree ,fahr5heit4 ,?is is kn[n z ! sci5tific unit ( ! !rmal or heat value ( a caloric4 ,b ! eng9e]+ unit is :at is call$ ! ,briti% ,!rmal ,unit1 & designat$ 9 all books z ,b4 ,t4 ,u4 ,?is is calculat$ by ! am\nt ( heat :i* is necess>y to raise a kilogram ( wat] "o degree ,fahr5heit4 ,accord+ to ,b]!lot1 ! relative value ( calorics & ,b4 ,t4 ,u4 are z foll[s3 ,,heats ,,( ,,combu/ion ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,sub/ance4 ,calories4 ,b4 ,t4 ,u4 ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,hydrog5 #cd1ejj #fb1ajj ,c>bon to c>bon dioxide #h1acg #ad1fdg ,c>bon to c>bon monoxide #b1dhi #d1dhj ,c>bon monoxide #b1dce #d1chc ,me?ane #ac1cdc #bd1jag ,e?yl5e #ab1ahb #ba1hih ,cellulose #d1bjj #g1efj ,acetyl5e #ab1adb #ba1hef ,peat #e1idj #aj1fib ,naph?al5e #i1fij #aj1hdb ,sulphur #b1ejj #d1ejj ,:5 x is und]/ood t heat is transmitt$ 9 ?ree diff]5t ways1 ! value ( a measur+ in/rum5t1 or a unit1 w become app>5t4 ,?us1 heat may be transmitt$ ei!r by conduction1 convection1 or radiation4 ,conduction is ! me?od :]eby heat is transmitt$ f "o p>ticle to ano!r p>ticle1 or f "o end ( a rod1 or o!r mat]ial to ! o!r end4 ,"s mat]ials w conduct ! heat mu* quick] ?an o!rs1 b if we h a /&>d1 su* z ! calorie1 !n ! am\nt ( heat transmitt$ & also ! am\nt lo/ on ! way may be measur$4 ,convection applies to ! transmission ( heat ?r\gh liquids & gases4 ,if heat is appli$ to ! top or surface ( a liquid1 ! l[] "p w n be affect$ by x4 ,if ! heat is appli$ bel[1 !n a movem5t ( ! gas or liquid beg9s to take place1 ! heat$ "p mov+ to ! top1 & ! cool] portions go+ d[n & ?us sett+ up :at are call$ convection curr5ts4 ,radiation has ref]5ce to ! transf]5ce ( heat f "o body to ano!r1 ei!r ?r\gh a vacuum1 ! air1 or ev5 ?r\gh a solid4 ,by means ( ! =ego+ table1 :i* gives ! heats develop$ by ! pr9cipal fuels1 x is a comp>atively easy matt] to det]m9e ! calorific value ( fuels1 :i* is asc]ta9$ by mak+ an analysis ( ! fuel4 ,! elem5ts are !n tak5 toge!r1 & ! table us$ to calculate ! value4 ,suppose1 = in/ance1 t ! analysis %[s t ! fuel has sev5ty-five p] c5t4 ( c>bon & tw5ty-five p] c5t4 ( hydrog54 ,x is obvi\s t if we take sev5ty-five p] c5t4 ( #h1acg 7:i* is ! index = c>bon71 & tw5ty-five p] c5t4 ( #dc1ejj 7! index ( hydrog571 & add+ ! two toge!r1 ! result1 #ad1gbg1 w\ld repres5t ! calorific value ( ! fuel4 ,,gloss>y ,,( ,,words ,,us$ ,,9 ,,text ,,( ,,?is ,,volume ,absolute4 ,indep5d5t2 free f all limitations4 ,amplitude4 ,greatness ( ext5t2 ! /ate or quality ( be+ suffici5t4 ,absorb5t4 ,a mat]ial :i* w take up a liquid4 ,absorb+4 ,tak+ up1 or tak+ 94 ,absorption4 ,! act or process ( tak+ up or fully occupy+4 ,abutm5t4 ,a wall2 a /op4 ,accuracy4 ,correctness2 positiv5ess4 ,accession4 ,add$ to2 addition1 or increase4 ,accel]ate4 ,quick5$2 hurri$4 ,accessible4 ,available2 capable ( be+ rea*$4 ,accel]at$4 ,a quick5+1 z ( process or action4 ,actuat+4 ,mov$ or incit$ by "s motive4 ,advance ,sp>k4 ,! t]m appli$ to ! movem5t ( ! me*anism 9 an int]nal combu/ion eng9e1 :i* w cause ! electric sp>k to act be=e ! crank has pass$ ! dead c5t]4 ,a]ation4 ,to add air2 to impregnate ) oxyg54 ,alkali4 ,9 *emi/ry x is kn[n z a comp\nd ( hydrog5 & oxyg51 ) c]ta9 *emicals4 ,any?+ :i* w neutralize an acid4 ,allusion4 ,ref]r+ to2 notic$4 ,anomaly4 ,a deviation f an ord9>y rule2 irregul>4 ,adhesion4 ,to cl+ to2 to /ick toge!r4 ,adju/m5t4 ,to arrange 9 prop] ord]2 to set into work+ condition4 ,alt]nat+ ,a curr5t :i* goes back & curr5t4 =? 9 opposite directions2 unlike a direct curr5t :i* fl[s cont9u\sly 9 "o direction4 ,amp]e4 ,! unit ( curr5t2 ! t]m 9 :i* /r5g? ( curr5t is measur$4 ,an amp]e is an electromotive =ce ( "o volt ?r\gh a resi/ance ( "o ohm4 ,amplitude4 ,! /ate or quality ( be+ broad1 or full4 ,analysis4 ,! sep>ation into its primitive or orig9al p>ts4 ,annul>4 ,p]ta9+ to or =m$ l a r+4 ,armature4 ,! "p ( a dynamo or motor :i* revolves1 & on :i* ! wire coils are w\nd4 ,assum+4 ,tak+ on2 consid]$ to be correct or o!rwise4 ,asphaltum4 ,a bitum9\s composition us$ = pavem5ts1 prop]ly made f natural bitum51 or f asphalt rock4 ,atmosph]ic4 ,ref]r+ to2 notic$4 ,available4 ,capable ( be+ employ$ or us$4 ,be>+s4 ,! "p 9 me*anism 9 :i* j\rnals or sp9dles re/ & turn4 ,bifurcat$4 ,9 two p>ts2 bran*+1 l a =k4 ,bl[-(f valve4 ,a valve s arrang$ t at c]ta9 pressures ! valve w automatically op5 & all[ ! /eam to escape f ! boil]4 ,bomb>d4 ,an assault2 an attack by %ot or %ell4 ,bonnet4 ,! cap ( a valve1 :i* is s arrang$ t :ile x p]mits ! valve /em to turn1 w also prev5t leakage4 ,butt]fly-valve4 ,a =m ( valve :i* is usually flat1 & adapt$ to op5 out1 or turn )9 ! ?roat or pipe4 ,caloric4 ,p]ta9+ to heat4 ,cam4 ,a rotat+ :eel1 or piece1 ei!r regul> or irregul>1 non-circul>1 or ecc5tric4 ,c>bon4 ,a mat]ial l coke1 gr\nd or cru%$4 ,x requir$ high heat to burn x1 & x is us$ = ! burn+ mat]ial 9 electric arc lamps4 ,c>buret]4 ,! device us$ to mix air & gase\s fuel 9 an int]nal combu/ion eng9e4 ,c>boniz$4 ,put into a *>r$ =m2 coke is c>boniz$ coal2 *>coal is c>boniz$ wood4 ,c>buret$4 ,air or gas to :i* has be5 add$ ! gase\s product ( petroleum1 or "s di/illate4 ,c5tripetal4 ,t :i* draws inw>dly1 or to ! c5t]1 l ! gravitational action ( ! e>?4 ,c5trifugal4 ,t :i* ?r[s outw>dly2 ! opposite ( c5tripetal4 ,*eck valve4 ,a =m ( valve :i* w p]mit liquids to freely fl[ 9 "o direction1 b :i* w op5 automatically1 s z to all[ ! liquid to fl[ 9 ! opposite direction4 ,*emical4 ,p]ta9+ to ! composition ( matt]2 or relat+ to *emi/ry4 ,*amb]$4 ,hav+ comp>tm5ts1 or divid$ up into recesses4 ,circumf]5ce4 ,ar\nd ! outside4 ,circul>ly4 ,ar\nd2 ab\t ! circumf]5ce4 ,circulation4 ,! movem5t ( wat] to & fro ?r\gh conduits4 ,cle>ance4 ,! space at ! head ( a cyl9d] )9 :i* ! /eam or gases are compress$ by ! pi/on4 ,classification4 ,to put 9 ord] 9 a sy/ematic way4 ,co9cide4 ,to correspond ) id5tity ( p>ts4 ,cohesion4 ,to /ick toge!r4 ,! attraction ( mat]ial sub/ances ( ! same k9d = ea* o!r4 ,cop]ate4 ,to "w toge!r h>moni\sly4 ,comp\nd+4 ,compos$ ( or produc$ by ! union ( two or m p>ts1 or elem5ts4 ,complicat$4 ,v mu* involv$2 n simple4 ,commutator4 ,! revolv+ "p on ! armature ( a dynamo or motor1 :i* is divid$ up into a multiplicity ( insulat$ plates1 :i* are connect$ ) ! coils ( ! wire ar\nd ! armature4 ,combu/ion4 ,burn+2 ! action ( ! unity ( oxyg5 ) any sub/ance1 :i* causes x to be de/roy$ or *ang$4 ,commodity4 ,any product1 or k9d ( goods4 ,concav$4 ,holl[$4 ,cond5sation4 ,! *ange f a gase\s to a liquid or solid /ate4 ,cond5s]4 ,an app>atus :i* conv]ts a gas into a liquid4 ,conc5tric4 ,a l9e :i* at any po9t is at ! same di/ance f a common c5t]4 ,conductor4 ,a sub/ance :i* w convey ei!r heat or electricity f "o end to ! o!r4 ,conical4 ,9 ! =m ( a cone4 ,conically4 ,9 ! =m ( a cone4 ,conduit4 ,a tr\gh1 tube1 or o!r contrivance1 :i* w convey liquids or gases f place to place4 ,conduction4 ,! capacity to transmit f "o po9t to ano!r4 ,connect+ ,rod4 ,t "p ( me*anism :i* connects ! pi/on rod ) ! crank4 ,cons]ve4 ,to take c>e (2 to use judici\sly4 ,con/ant4 ,be+ ! same ?+ at all times2 n v>y+4 ,contrivance4 ,any me*anism1 or device :i* w s]ve a c]ta9 purpose4 ,contra- ,t :i* is opposite to1 di/9ction4 comp>atively2 tak5 9 conjunction ) = ! purpose ( comp>ison4 ,corni%4 ,a =m ( boil] :i* has ! fire tubes )9 ! wat] space4 ,contact ,break]4 ,a device :i* has ! curr5t normally 9 circuit1 & is s arrang$ t ! circuit is brok5 at c]ta9 int]vals1 & aga9 imm$iately re/abli%$4 ,co-relate4 ,belong+ to2 hav+ ref]5ce to ! same ord]4 ,conv5tional4 ,! regul> mann] or me?od4 ,contact ,mak]4 ,a device = mak+ contacts 9 an electric circuit at regul> int]vals4 ,convolution4 ,! turns or twi/s tak54 ,! *anges or movem5t or ! peculi> fl[ ( a liquid4 ,control4 ,h&l+ ) regul>ity2 ,! act ( guid+4 ,contract$4 ,made small]4 ,cont+5cy4 ,an ev5t2 "u c]ta9 conditions4 ,c\nt]act4 ,to antagonize2 to s act z to g aga9/4 ,conv]t+4 ,*ang+2 to put 9 an opposite condition4 ,cyl9drical4 ,9 ! =m ( a cyl9d]2 b>rel-%ap$4 ,cyclop$ia4 ,a "w :i* gives1 9 alphabetical ord]1 ! explanations ( t]ms & subjects4 ,cycle4 ,a p]iod ext5d+ ov] a c]ta9 "t2 a c]ta9 ord] ( ev5ts4 ,dead ,c5t]4 ,t po9t 9 ! turn ( a crank :]e ! pi/on has no effective pull 9 ei!r direction4 ,den]gize4 ,to take p[] away f4 ,deflect+4 ,to glance (f2 to *ange ! regul> or ord]ly c\rse4 ,demagnetiz$4 ,to take magnetism away f4 ,det]ioration4 ,to take away f2 to gr[ small]2 to less52 to depreciate 9 quality4 ,deviate4 ,to avoid2 to get ar\nd2 n go+ or do+ 9 ! regul> way4 ,diagram4 ,a me*anical plan or outl9e1 z di/+ui%$ f a p]spective draw+4 ,diametrically4 ,across or ?r\gh ! object2 ?r\gh ! c5t]4 ,dioxide4 ,an oxide conta9+ two atoms ( oxyg5 to ! molecule4 ,direct curr5t4 ,an electric curr5t :i* fl[s cont9u\sly 9 "o direction4 ,dissipat$4 ,*ang$1 or entirely disp5s$ )2 usually appli$ to a condition :]e mat]ials or sub/ances are scatt]$4 ,di/ribut]4 ,a piece ( me*anism 9 an electric circuit1 :i* swit*es ! curr5t f "o "p to ! o!r4 ,dissect4 ,to take ap>t4 ,dom9at+4 ,ov]p[]+2 hav+ greate/ p[]4 ,div]se4 ,diff]5t2 unlike4 ,dry ,cell4 ,a batt]y 9 :i* ! electrolyte is n 9 a fluid /ate4 ,duct4 ,ei!r an op5 tr\gh or conduit1 or a clos$ pa? = ! movem5t ( gases or liquids4 ,dynamo4 ,a me*anical device = ! purpose ( g5]at+ electricity4 ,ecc5tric4 ,a :eel hav+ its p]imet] s =m$ t ! c5t] is n 9 ! exact middle portion4 ,economy4 ,prud5ce2 c>efulness2 n dispos$ to be excessive4 ,effici5cy4 ,well adapt$ = ! situation2 me*anism :i* w d ! "w p]fectly1 or *eaply4 ,effectiv5ess4 ,well done2 to ! be/ advantage4 ,eject+4 ,?r[+ out2 s5d+ =?4 ,ela/ic4 ,t quality ( mat]ial :i* t5ds to cause x to return to its orig9al %ape :5 di/ort$4 ,elem5t>y4 ,primitive2 ! fir/2 9 ! simple/ /ate4 ,electric arc4 ,a t]m appli$ to ! curr5t :i* leaps across ! slightly sep>at$ ends ( an electric conductor4 ,electricity4 ,an ag5t1 incapable ( be+ se51 b :i* produces great en]gy4 ,electrolyte4 ,! ag5t1 or mat]ial 9 a batt]y1 usually a liquid1 :i* ! curr5t passes ?r\gh 9 go+ f "o electrode to ! o!r4 ,elliptical4 ,a =m :i* might be express$ by ! outl9e %ape ( an egg1 measur$ f end to end4 ,emolum5t4 ,pay2 remun]ation2 ! am\nt receiv$ = employm5t ( any k9d4 ,emission4 ,to s5d out f2 a s5d+ or putt+ out4 ,en]gy4 ,=ce2 p[]4 ,ess5tial4 ,! ma9 ?+2 ! important elem5t4 ,evaporate4 ,to conv]t into vapor1 usually by heat4 ,exhau/4 ,! dis*>ge "p ( an eng9e1 or o!r app>atus4 ,excessive4 ,too mu*2 m ?an is requir$4 ,expansion4 ,enl>g$2 ! occupy+ ( a great] space4 ,explicit4 ,p>ticul>ly def9ite2 c>efully expla9$ & und]/ood4 ,ext]nal4 ,outside2 ! out] surface4 ,facilitat+4 ,help+2 aid+ 9 any?+4 ,factor4 ,an elem5t 9 a problem4 ,fahr5heit4 ,"o ( ! /&>ds ( heat measurem5t4 ,a !rmomet] scale1 9 :i* ! freez+ po9t ( wat] is #cb1 & ! boil+ temp]ature is #bab4 ,fasc9at+4 ,attractiv5ess2 capacity to allure4 ,fea!r$4 ,appli$ to ! %ape ( an article1 or to a rib on ! side ( a %aft1 :i* is design$ to engage ) a groove4 ,f]tiliz]4 ,mat]ial = enri*+ soil & facilitat+ ! gr[? ( vegetables4 ,field4 ,a t]m appli$ to ! w9d+s & ! pole pieces ( a dynamo or motor1 :i* magnetically influ5ce ! armature4 ,focal4 ,! po9t2 ! place to :i* all ! elem5ts or =ces t5d4 ,foot p\nds4 ,! unit ( me*anical "w1 be+ ! "w done 9 mov+ "o p\nd ?r\gh a di/ance ( "o foot4 ,f\r-cycle4 ,a gasol9e eng9e1 9 :i* ! ignition ( ! compress$ hydro-c>bon gases takes place e o!r revolution4 ,=mation4 ,! arrangem5t ( any me*anism1 or a s]ies ( elem5ts4 ,=mula4 ,! recipe = ! do+ ( a c]ta9 ?+2 a direction4 ,friction4 ,a ret>d+ motion2 ! prev5tion ( a free movem5t4 ,function4 ,! qualities belong+ to an article1 ma*9e or ?+2 t :i* a p]son is capable ( p]=m+4 ,fundam5tal4 ,! basis2 ! gr\ndwork ( a ?+4 ,gase\s4 ,( ! nature ( a gas4 ,ge>+4 ,usually appli$ to two or m sets ( too!d :eels :i* cop]ate ) ea* o!r4 ,g5]at+4 ,produc+2 manufactur+2 br++ out (4 ,globules4 ,! small p>ticles ( liquids2 or ! molecules compris+ fluids4 ,gravitation4 ,! =ce ( ! e>? :i* causes all ?+s to move t[>d x2 ! attraction ( mass = mass4 ,he>t ,:eel4 ,a :eel hav+ ! outl9e ( a he>t4 ,helical4 ,a spirally-w\nd =m4 ,high ,t5sion4 ,a t]m appli$ to a curr5t ( electricity1 :i* has a v high voltage1 b l[ amp]age4 ,horizontal4 ,level1 l ! surface ( wat]2 at "r angles to a l9e :i* po9ts to ! c5t] ( ! e>?4 ,horse ,p[]4 ,! unit ( ! rate ( "w1 equal to #cc1jjj p\nds lift$ "o foot 9 "o m9ute4 ,hydro-c>bon4 ,a gas made f ! vaporization ( crude petroleum or ( its di/illates4 ,hydrog54 ,"o ( ! orig9al elem5ts4 ,! lighte/ ( all gases4 ,ignite4 ,to set on fire4 ,ignition4 ,! t]m appli$ to ! fir+ ( a *>ge ( gas 9 a gas or gasol9e eng9e4 ,impact4 ,a bl[2 a /rik+ =ce4 ,impregnat$4 ,to in/ill2 to add to4 ,impulse4 ,a natural t5d5cy to d a c]ta9 ?+2 det]m9ation to act 9 a c]ta9 way ?r\gh "s influ5ce4 ,imp+e4 ,to /rike aga9/2 usually to contact ) at an angle4 ,incomp>able4 ,too good or great to measure4 ,incl9$4 ,n level2 lean+2 n horizontal4 ,induction4 ,! peculi> capacity ( an electric curr5t to pass f "o conductor to ano!r ?r\gh ! air4 ,indication4 ,t :i* %[s2 to po9t out4 ,injector4 ,a device :]eby ! pressure ( ! /eam 9 a boil] w =ce wat] into ! boil]4 ,initially4 ,at fir/2 ! orig9al act4 ,injection4 ,to put into2 to eject f an app>atus1 into "s o!r elem5t4 ,insulat$4 ,s cov]$ z to prev5t loss ( curr5t by contact ) outside sub/ances or mat]ials4 ,intimate4 ,close to2 on good t]ms )4 ,integral4 ,a complete :ole2 conta9+ all ! p>ts4 ,in/9ct4 ,k )92 some?+ :i* influ5ces conduct or action4 ,int]/ell>4 ,! space beyond ! e>?2 t portion ( ! heav5s occupi$ by ! />s4 ,int]nal4 ,)92 t portion ( me*anism :i* is inside4 ,int]pos+4 ,to /ep into2 to place betwe51 or 9 ! mid/ (4 ,int5sity4 ,fi]ce2 /rong2 above ! ord9>y4 ,int]rupt$4 ,to /op2 to take advantage (4 ,int]/ices4 ,! spaces 9 betwe54 ,in/antane\s4 ,imm$iately2 at once2 )\t wait+4 ,intricate4 ,difficult2 n easy4 ,inquisitive4 ,! desire to inquire into4 ,jacket+4 ,to coat or cov] on ! outside4 ,jump ,sp>k4 ,"o ( ! me?ods ( ignit+ hydro-c>bon gases4 ,a curr5t ( suffici5tly high voltage is us$ to cause ! curr5t to jump across ! space betwe5 ! sep>at$ ends ( a conductor4 ,k9etic4 ,consi/+ 9 or dep5d+ on motion4 ,lat5t4 ,t :i* is )9 itself4 ,lat]al4 ,bran*+ out f ! sides2 usually appli$ z ! mean+ = ! direction :i* is at "r angles to a =e & aft direction4 ,l9es ( =ce4 ,appli$ to electricity1 air1 wat]1 or any mov+ elem5t1 :i* has a well direct$ movem5t 9 a def9ite direction4 ,l[ ,t5sion4 ,9 me?ods = ignit+ hydro-c>bon *>ges1 any circuit+ :i* has a l[ voltage4 ,lubrication4 ,! oil+ ( me*anical p>ts to r$uce friction4 ,mangle4 ,a ma*9e = smoo?+ out clo?+1 goods1 etc4 ,magneto4 ,a dynamo :i* has ! field pieces1 or poles made ( p]man5t magnets4 ,magnetism4 ,t quality1 or ag5cy by virtue ( :i* c]ta9 bodies are productive ( magnetic =ce4 ,manife/ation4 ,%[+ or expla9+ a /ate ( ?+s2 an outw>d %[4 ,make & ,break4 ,an ignition sy/em1 :i* provides = ?r[+ 9 & cutt+ out an electric circuit4 ,manifold4 ,a sy/em ( pip+ :]eby ! exhau/s ( a gasol9e eng9e are br\ght toge!r into "o common dis*>ge4 ,manganese4 ,a h>d1 brittle1 grayi% :ite metallic elem5t1 us$ 9 ! manufacture ( pa9ts & ( glass1 & also = alloy+ metals4 ,manually4 ,do+ ?+s by h&2 muscul> activity4 ,mat]ial4 ,sub/ances & p>ts f :i* articles are made4 ,me*anically4 ,do+ ?+s by means ( ma*9]y1 or 9 "s regul> ord]4 ,mobility4 ,! capacity to move ab\t4 ,multiple4 ,a figure us$ a c]ta9 numb] ( times1 is said to be a multiple ( a numb]1 if x w divide ! numb] equally4 ,?us #d is a multiple ( #af2 #c is a multiple ( #i1 & s on4 ,neutral4 ,nei!r2 n 9 favor ( any p>ty or ?+4 ,normal4 ,z usual2 9 ! regul> way2 )\t v>y+ f ! ord9>y mann]4 ,ohm's ,law4 ,9 electricity1 x is express$ z foll[s3 #a4 ,! curr5t /r5g? is equal to ! electromotive =ce divid$ by its resi/ance4 #b4 ,! electromotive =ce is equal to ! curr5t /r5g? multipli$ by ! resi/ance4 #c4 ,! resi/ance is equal to ! electromotive =ce divid$ by ! curr5t /r5g?4 ,oscillat+4 ,mov+ to & fro1 l a p5dulum4 ,orifice4 ,an op5+2 a hole4 ,organism4 ,any "p ( ! body1 or any small g]m or animalcule4 ,oxidation4 ,! action ( air or oxyg5 on any mat]ial1 is call$ oxidation4 ,?us ru/ on iron is call$ oxidation4 ,oxyg54 ,a colorless1 ta/eless gas1 ! mo/ important 9 nature1 call$ ! acid-mak] ( ! univ]se1 z x unites ) all sub/ances1 & produces ei!r an acid1 an alkali1 or a neutral comp\nd4 ,p>allel4 ,two l9es are said to be p>allel1 :5 !y are ly+ side by side & are equally di/ant f ea* o!r f end to end4 ,p5dulum4 ,a b> susp5d$ at "o end to a pivot p91 & hav+ its l[] end free to sw+ to & fro4 ,p5/ock4 ,a res]voir design$ to receive & dis*>ge wat] into a turb9e or o!r =m ( wat] :eel4 ,p]man5t4 ,t :i* w la/2 n easily /opp$4 ,pe/le4 ,an implem5t ( /one or metal us$ = break+ & gr9d+ up *emicals1 & o!r mat]ial 9 a mort>4 ,petroleum4 ,a liquid fuel product1 f\nd 9 _m places1 its compon5t p>ts be+ ab\t #ae p] c5t4 hydrog5 & #he p] c5t4 c>bon4 ,p]imet]4 ,! out] rim1 or circle4 ,pi/on4 ,t "p ( an eng9e :i* is atta*$ to ! pi/on rod4 ,p9ion4 ,a small ge> :eel driv5 by a l>g] ge> :eel4 ,plat9um4 ,an exce$+ly h>d metal1 us$ 9 places = electrical "w :]e ! curr5t is liable to burn out ord9>y conductors4 ,pol>ity4 ,! quality ( hav+ opposite poles4 ,pre-heat+4 ,to heat be=e ! ord9>y process ( heat+ comm5ces4 ,pond]\s4 ,l>ge2 heavy2 difficult to h&le4 ,port4 ,9 nautical p>lance ! left side ( a vessel2 ! l>bo>d side2 also an op5+1 or a conduit = ! transmission ( gas or liquid4 ,pop valve4 ,a valve design$ to op5 & all[ escape ( ! imprison$ gases :5 ! latt] rea* a c]ta9 pressure4 ,pot5tial4 ,! p[]2 ! t]m us$ 9 electricity to d5ote ! en]gy 9 a motor4 ,plurality4 ,m ?an "o2 _m4 ,precipice4 ,a high & v /eep cliff4 ,pressure4 ,! act ( "o body plac$ 9 contact ) ano!r & act+ aga9/ x or aga9/ ea* o!r4 ,precaution4 ,tak+ great c>e2 be+ assur$ ( safety4 ,prim>y ,a cell1 or a numb] ( cells1 made batt]y4 ( pairs ( metallic c\ples1 imm]s$ 9 an electrolyte ( ei!r an acid or an alkali4 ,proney ,brake4 ,a device = te/+ ma*9]y & det]m9+ p[]1 by means ( friction4 ,primeval4 ,! e>lie/2 ! fir/2 ( a l[ ord]4 ,proportion4 ,! relation ( "o ?+ or numb]1 to ano!r2 comp>ative m]it4 ,proximity4 ,close to2 ne> at h&4 ,quadruple4 ,f\r times4 ,rack4 ,a b> hav+ a numb] ( tee?1 to s]ve z a /ep or measure = a pawl1 or a too!d :eel4 ,radial4 ,ext5d+ out f ! c5t]4 ,radiation4 ,! prop]ty ( _m sub/ances to give =? heat or cold1 or to disp]se x4 ,r>ifi$4 ,made less ?an ! normal pressure1 z air1 :i* is n z d5se at a high z at a l[ altitude4 ,receiv]4 ,9 telephone app>atus1 t "p ( ! me*anism :i* transmits ! message to ! e>4 ,rectil9e>4 ,a "r l9e2 a /raight direction =w>dly4 ,reaction4 ,a =ce :i* is c\nt] to a movem5t 9 ano!r direction4 ,refrig]ation4 ,cool+ process2 ! art ( freez+4 ,ref9$4 ,purify+2 improv$4 ,re-heat+4 ,! process ( fur!r heat+ or increas+ ! temp]ature dur+ ! progress ( ! "w4 ,requisite4 ,! necess>y "p2 ! requirem5t4 ,residue4 ,! balance2 :at is left ov]4 ,resi/ance4 ,opposition2 aga9/4 ,reciprocat+4 ,"o = ! o!r2 mov+ f "o side to ! o!r4 ,ref9em5t4 ,*a/ity ( ?\ght1 ta/e1 mann]1 or actions4 ,retort4 ,a vigor\s answ]4 ,a receptacle adapt$ to /& a high heat4 ,revolution4 ,turn+1 l ! e>? 9 its orbit4 ,rock ,%aft4 ,a %aft :i* turns "p ( its rotation 9 "o direction1 & !n turns 9 ! o!r direction4 ,rotation4 ,! turn+ ( a :eel on its axle2 ! rotation ( ! e>? on its axis ea* day4 ,di/+ui%+ f revolution :i* is a sw++ ( ! entire body ( ! e>? ar\nd ! sun 9 its orbit4 ,sal-,ammoniac4 ,a :ite metallic elem5t4 ,scav5g+4 ,to clean out2 to sc\r4 ,second>y ,a batt]y :i* is *>g$ ) a ,batt]y4 curr5t1 & !n gives =? an electric curr5t ( a def9ite am\nt4 ,x is also kn[n z an accumulator1 s9ce its elem5ts cont9ue to accumulate electric en]gy4 ,second>y coil4 ,9 induction coils two wire wrapp+s are necess>y1 ! fir/ w9d+ be+1 usually1 ( heavy wire1 & call$ ! prim>y2 ! second w9d+ is ( f9] wire1 & is call$ ! second>y coil4 ,sector4 ,an ,a-%ap$ piece cut f a disk2 di/+ui% ?is f a segm5t1 :i* is a "p cut (f f a disk by a s+le /raight l9e4 ,second>y4 ,occupy+ a second place2 n ( ! fir/ k9d1 or place4 ,segm5t4 ,a "p cut (f f a disk1 by a s+le l9e2 ! "p ( a circle includ$ )9 a *ord & its arc4 ,sew]age4 ,! conveyance ( wa/e matt] f a build+4 ,s9u\s4 ,sy/ematic dra9+ by means ( pipes or conduits4 ,*>act]iz$ by b5ds1 or curves1 or a s]p5t9e curv+1 or wave-l outl9e4 ,slide ,valve4 ,a =m1 :i* moves along a flat surface ?r\gh :i* ! duct is =m$4 ,solution4 ,a liquid hav+ !re9 diff]5t sub/ances mix$ toge!r4 ,spray]4 ,to eject2 to s5d =? 9 small p>ticles4 ,/ability4 ,fix$2 /r5g? to /& )\t support4 ,/up5d\s4 ,imm5se2 l>ge2 mu* beyond ! l>ge/ ( ! k9d4 ,/&>d4 ,a sample ( ! measure or ext5t2 a type or a model4 ,/ratify4 ,to deposit1 =m1 or range 9 /rata4 ,sup] ,heat+4 ,to heat up beyond ! ord9>y or normal po9t4 ,subtle4 ,crafty2 made ( light mat]ial2 da9tily con/ruct$4 ,sup]s$e4 ,9 place (2 to take ! place (4 ,susceptible4 ,capable ( be+ *ang$ or influ5c$4 ,susp5sion4 ,hang+2 float+ ( a body 9 fluid4 ,suction4 ,! production ( a p>tial vacuum 9 a space connect$ ) a fluid "u pressure4 ,t]m9al4 ,! end2 ! la/ "p4 ,te*nical4 ,specially or exclusively p]ta9+ to "s art or subject4 ,!oretical4 ,t :i* is speculative1 z di/+ui%$ f practical4 ,?rottle ,valve4 ,a device :i* is design$ to cut (f ! fl[ ( a fluid4 ,?rottl+4 ,! clos+ ( a port2 ! cutt+ d[n ( a supply4 ,trans=mation4 ,a complete *ange2 made ov] into some?+ else4 ,transmit4 ,to convey2 to s5d to ano!r "p4 ,transf]5ce4 ,to convey to ano!r "p2 ! *ange f "o ?+ to ano!r4 ,transf]r$4 ,put ov]4 ,triple4 ,?ree2 ?rice4 ,turb9e4 ,to turn2 a =m ( wat] :eel & /eam eng9e1 :]e ! fluid imp+es aga9/ ! blades arrang$ ar\nd ! p]imet] ( ! :eel4 ,tubul>4 ,holl[$2 l a pipe4 ,two-,cycle4 ,a gasol9e eng9e1 9 :i* ! compress$ hydro-c>bon gases are fir$ e turn ( ! crank %aft4 ,typical4 ,! nature or *>act]i/ics ( a type4 ,und]%ot4 ,a type ( :eel 9 :i* ! wat] %oots pa/ & aga9/ ! blades on ! l[] side4 ,unison4 ,toge!r2 conjo9tly2 act+ ) ea* o!r4 ,univ]sally4 ,all ov] ! _w2 ?r\gh\t all space4 ,utility4 ,use2 t :i* is valuable or ( s]vice4 ,vacuum4 ,t "p f :i* all mat]ial is tak52 9 a limit$ s5se1 air1 :i* has less d5sity ?an ! normal4 ,vaporiz+4 ,to conv]t into gas1 usually by heat4 ,v>iable4 ,) diff]+ *>act]i/ics2 *angeable4 ,v5turi ,tube4 ,a =m ( tube :i* has a contract$ "p betwe5 its ends4 ,v]tical4 ,9 ! direction ( a l9e :i* po9ts to ! c5t] ( ! e>?4 ,vibrator ,coil4 ,9 electrical devices us$ 9 ! ignition sy/ems ( c]ta9 types ( gasol9e eng9es1 a w9d+ is provid$ on a metallic core1 :i* has an armature t is made s x w vibrate4 ,volt4 ,! pressure ( an electric curr5t2 ! unit ( electromotive =ce4 ,voltage4 ,electromotive =ce z express$ 9 volts4 ,volt ,met]4 ,an in/rum5t = indicat+ ! voltage ( an electric circuit4 ,watt4 ,! electrical unit ( ! rate ( work+ 9 an electric circuit1 ! rate be+ ! electromotive =ce ( "o volt1 & ! int5sity ( "o amp]e4 ,weight4 ,! measure ( ! =ce t[>d ! c5t] ( ! e>?1 due to gravity4 ,w9n[$4 ,tak5 out2 sift$ f4 ,wip+ ,b>4 ,a metallic piece :i* re/s aga9/ a mov+ :eel & design$ to take a curr5t f or to transmit x to ! :eel4 ,! ,motor ,boys ,s]ies 7,trade ,m>k1 ,reg4 ,u4 ,s4 ,pat4 ,(47 ,by ,,cl>5ce ,,"y #abmo4 ,illu/rat$4 ,price p] volume1 #fj c5ts1 po/paid4 ,illu/ration ,! ,motor ,boys or ,*ums ,?r\gh ,?ick & ,?9 ,! ,motor ,boys ,ov]l& or ,a ,lone ,trip = ,fun & ,=tune ,! ,motor ,boys 9 ,mexico4 or ,! ,secret ( ,! ,buri$ ,city ,! ,motor ,boys ,across ! ,pla9s or ,! ,h]mit ( ,lo/ ,lake ,illu/ration ,! ,motor ,boys ,afloat or ,! ,/irr+ ,cruise ( ! ,d>taway ,! ,motor ,boys on ! ,atlantic or ,! ,my/]y ( ! ,ligh?\se ,! ,motor ,boys 9 ,/range ,wat]s or ,lo/ 9 a ,float+ ,=e/ ,! ,motor ,boys on ! ,pacific or ,! ,"y ,d]elict ,hunt]s ,illu/ration ,! ,motor ,boys 9 ! ,cl\ds or ,a ,trip = ,fame & ,=tune ,! ,motor ,boys ,ov] ! ,rockies or ,a ,my/]y ( ! ,air ,! ,motor ,boys ,ov] ! ,ocean or ,a ,m>vell\s ,rescue 9 ,mid-,air ,! ,motor ,boys on ! ,w+ or ,seek+ ! ,air%ip ,treasure ,illu/ration ,! ,motor ,boys ,aft] a ,=tune or ,! ,hut on ,snake ,isl& ,! ,motor ,boys on ! ,bord] or ,sixty ,nuggets ( ,gold ,! ,motor ,boys ,"u ! ,sea or ,f ,air%ip to ,subm>9e ,! ,motor ,boys on ,road & ,riv] 7new7 or ,rac+ to ,save a ,life ,,cupples ,,leon ,,co41 ,publi%]s1 ,,new ,,york ,up-to-date ,baseball ,/ories ,baseball ,joe ,s]ies ,by ,,le/] ,,*adwick ,au?or ( ,! ,college ,sports ,s]ies #abmo4 ,illu/rat$4 ,price p] volume1 #fj c5ts1 po/paid4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration ,ev] s9ce ! success ( ,mr4 ,*adwick's ,college ,sports ,s]ies we h be5 urg$ to get him to write a s]ies deal+ exclusively ) baseball1 a subject 9 :i* he is unexcell$ by any liv+ ,am]ican au?or or coa*4 ,baseball ,joe ( ! ,silv] ,/>s or ,! ,rivals ( ,riv]side ,9 ?is volume1 ! fir/ ( ! s]ies1 ,joe is introduc$ z an ev]yday c\ntry boy :o loves to play baseball & is p>ticul>ly anxi\s to make 8 m>k z a pit*]4 ,he f9ds x almo/ impossible to get on ! local n9e1 b1 aft] a /ruggle1 he succe$s4 ,a spl5did picture ( ! great national game 9 ! small] t[ns ( our c\ntry4 ,baseball ,joe on ! ,s*ool ,n9e or ,pit*+ = ! ,blue ,bann] ,joe's great ambition 0 to g to bo>d+ s*ool & play on ! s*ool team4 ,he got to bo>d+ s*ool b f\nd x h>d] mak+ ! team !re ?an x 0 gett+ on ! n9e at home4 ,he f\ght 8 way along1 & at la/ saw 8 *ance & took x1 & made good4 ,baseball ,joe at ,yale or ,pit*+ = ! ,college ,*ampion%ip ,f a prep>atory s*ool ,baseball ,joe goes to ,yale ,univ]sity4 ,he makes ! fre%man n9e & 9 8 second ye> becomes a v>sity pit*] & pit*es 9 sev]al big games4 ,baseball ,joe 9 ! ,c5tral ,league or ,mak+ ,good z a ,pr(essional ,pit*] ,9 ?is volume ! sc5e ( action is %ift$ f ,yale ,college to a baseball league ( our c5tral /ates4 ,baseball ,joe's "w 9 ! box = ,old ,eli _h be5 not$ by "o ( ! manag]s & ,joe gets an (f] he _c resi/4 ,joe accepts ! (f] & makes good4 ,baseball ,joe 9 ! ,big ,league or ,a ,"y ,pit*]'s ,h>de/ ,/ruggle ,f ! ,c5tral ,league ,joe is draft$ into ! ,/4 ,l\is ,nationals4 ,at fir/ he has little to d 9 ! pit*]'s box1 b gradually he w9s favor4 ,a cork+ baseball /ory t fans1 bo? "y & old1 w enjoy4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,cupples ,,leon ,,co41 ,publi%]s1 ,,new ,,york ,! ,rac] ,boys ,s]ies by ,,cl>5ce ,,"y ,au?or ( ,! ,motor ,boys ,s]ies1 ,jack ,rang] ,s]ies1 etc4 etc4 ,f9e clo? b9d+4 ,illu/rat$4 ,price p] volume1 #fj;c po/paid4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration ,! ann\ncem5t ( a new s]ies ( /ories by ,mr4 ,cl>5ce ,"y is always hail$ ) delight by boys & girls ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry1 & we pr$ict an ev5 great] success = ^! new books1 ?an t n[ enjoy$ by ! ,motor ,boys ,s]ies4 ,! ,rac] ,boys or ,! ,my/]y ( ! ,wreck ,?is1 ! fir/ volume ( ! s]ies1 tells :o ! ,rac] ,boys 7 & h[ !y *anc$ to be out on ! ocean 9 a great /orm4 ,adv5tures foll[ 9 rapid succession 9 a mann] t only ,mr4 ,"y c describe4 ,! ,rac] ,boys ,at ,bo>d+ ,s*ool or ,/riv+ = ! ,*ampion%ip ,:5 ! ,rac] ,boys arriv$ at ! s*ool ev]y?+ 0 at a /&/ill1 & ! /ud5ts lack$ ambition & lead]%ip4 ,! ,rac]s took hold ) a w1 got _! fa!r to aid ! head ( ! s*ool f9ancially1 & !n reorganiz$ ! football team4 ,! ,rac] ,boys ,to ,! ,rescue or ,/irr+ ,days 9 a ,w9t] ,camp ,"h is a /ory fill$ ) ! _s ( good times 9 w9t]--skat+1 ice-boat+ & hunt+4 ,! ,rac] ,boys on ,! ,prairies or ,! ,treasure ( ,gold5 ,peak ,f _! bo>d+ s*ool ! ,rac] ,boys accept an invitation to visit a ran* 9 ! ,we/4 ,! ,rac] ,boys on ,gu>d or ,! ,rebellion ( ,riv]view ,hall ,once m ! boys are back at bo>d+ s*ool1 :]e !y h _m frolics1 & ent] m ?an "o a?letic conte/4 ,! ,rac] ,boys ,=g+ ,ahead or ,! ,rivals ( ! ,s*ool ,league ,once m ! ,rac] ,boys g back to ,riv]view ,hall1 to meet _! _m *ums z well z sev]al enemies4 ,a?letics play an important "p 9 ?is volume1 & ! rivalry is ke5 f />t to f9i%4 ,! ,rac] ,boys %[ :at !y c d "u ! mo/ try+ circum/ances4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,cupples ,,leon ,,co41 ,publi%]s1 ,,new ,,york ,! ,doro?y ,dale ,s]ies ,by ,,m>g>et ,,p5rose ,au?or ( ,! ,motor ,girls ,s]ies #abmo4 ,illu/rat$4 ,price p] volume1 #fj c5ts1 po/paid4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration ,doro?y ,dale3 ,a ,girl ( ,to-,day ,doro?y is ! daught] ( an old ,civil ,w> vet]an :o is runn+ a weekly newspap] 9 a small ,ea/]n t[n4 ,:5 h] fa!r falls sick1 ! girl %[s :at %e c d to support ! family4 ,doro?y ,dale at ,gl5wood ,s*ool ,m prosp]\s times h come to ! ,dale family1 & ,major ,dale resolves to s5d ,doro?y to a bo>d+ s*ool4 ,doro?y ,dale's ,great ,secret ,a spl5did /ory ( "o girl's devotion to ano!r4 ,h[ ,doro?y kept ! secret makes an absorb+ /ory4 ,doro?y ,dale & ,h] ,*ums ,a /ory ( s*ool life1 & ( /range adv5tures among ! gypsies4 ,doro?y ,dale's ,que] ,holidays ,relates ! details ( a my/]y t surr\nd$ ,tanglewood ,p>k4 ,doro?y ,dale's ,camp+ ,days ,_m ?+s happ51 f ! "t ,doro?y & h] *ums are met com+ d[n ! hillside on a trea*]\s load ( hay4 ,doro?y ,dale's ,s*ool ,rivals ,doro?y & h] *um1 ,tavia1 return to ,gl5wood ,s*ool4 ,a new /ud5t becomes ,doro?y's rival & tr\bles at home add to h] difficulties4 ,doro?y ,dale 9 ! ,city ,doro?y is invit$ to ,new ,york ,city by h] aunt4 ,?is tale pres5ts a clev] picture ( life 9 ,new ,york z x appe>s to "o :o has nev] be=e visit$ ! ,metropolis4 ,doro?y ,dale's ,promise ,/range inde$ 0 ! promise & giv5 "u /range circum/ances4 ,only a girl z /rong ( purpose z 0 ,doro?y ,dale w\ld h und]tak5 ! task %e set = h]self4 ,doro?y ,dale 9 ! ,we/ ,doro?y's fa!r & h] aunt inh]it$ a valuable tract ( l& 9 ! ,we/4 ,! aunt1 ,doro?y & ,tavia1 made a long j\rney to visit ! place1 :]e !y _h _m adv5tures4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,cupples ,,leon ,,co41 ,publi%]s1 ,,new ,,york ,! ,motor ,girls ,s]ies ,by ,,m>g>et ,,p5rose ,au?or ( ! highly successful ,doro?y ,dale ,s]ies #abmo4 ,illu/rat$4 ,price p] volume1 #fj c5ts1 po/paid4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration ,! ,motor ,girls or ,a ,my/]y ( ! ,road ,:5 ,cora ,kimball got h] t\r+ c> %e did n imag9e s _m adv5tures 7 9 /ore = h]4 ,a tale all wide awake girls w appreciate4 ,! ,motor ,girls on a ,t\r or ,keep+ a ,/range ,promise ,a great _m ?+s happ5 9 ?is volume4 ,a preci\s heirloom is miss+1 & h[ x 0 trac$ up is told ) absorb+ int]e/4 ,! ,motor ,girls at ,look\t ,bea* or ,9 ,que/ ( ! ,runaways ,!re 0 a great excitem5t :5 ! ,motor ,girls decid$ to g to ,look\t ,bea* = ! summ]4 ,! ,motor ,girls ,?r\gh ,new ,engl& or ,held by ! ,gypsies ,a /rong /ory & "o :i* w make ?is s]ies m popul> ?an ev]4 ,! girls g on a motor+ trip ?r\gh ,new ,engl&4 ,! ,motor ,girls on ,c$> ,lake or ,! ,h]mit ( ,f]n ,isl& ,h[ ,cora & h] *ums w5t camp+ on ! lake %ore & h[ !y took trips 9 _! motor boat1 are told 9 a way all girls w enjoy4 ,! ,motor ,girls on ! ,coa/ or ,! ,waif f ! ,sea ,! sc5e is %ift$ to ! sea coa/ :]e ! girls pay a visit4 ,!y h _! motor boat ) !m & g out = _m good times4 ,! ,motor ,girls on ,cry/al ,bay or ,! ,secret ( ! ,r$ ,o> ,m jolly times1 on ! wat] & at a cute little bungal[ on ! %ore ( ! bay4 ,a tale t w int]e/ all girls4 ,! ,motor ,girls on ,wat]s ,blue or ,! ,/range ,cruise ( ! ,t>t> ,be=e ! girls />t$ on a long cruise d[n to ! ,we/ ,indies1 !y fell 9 ) a =eign girl & %e in=m$ !m t h] fa!r 0 be+ held a political prison] on "o ( ! isl&s4 ,a /ory t is full ( fun z well z my/]y4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,cupples ,,leon ,,co41 ,publi%]s1 ,,new ,,york ,ru? ,field+ ,s]ies ,by ,,alice ,b4 ,,em]son #abmo4 ,illu/rat$4 ,price p] volume1 #dj c5ts1 po/paid4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration ,ru? ,field+ ( ,! ,r$ ,mill or ,jasp> ,p>loe's ,secret ,tell+ h[ ,ru?1 an orphan girl1 came to live ) h] mis]ly uncle1 & h[ ! girl's sunny disposition melt$ ! old mill]'s he>t4 ,ru? ,field+ at ,bri>wood ,hall or ,solv+ ! ,campus ,my/]y ,ru? 0 s5t by h] uncle to bo>d+ s*ool4 ,%e made _m fri5ds1 also "o enemy1 :o made mu* tr\ble = h]4 ,ru? ,field+ at ,sn[ ,camp or ,lo/ 9 ! ,backwoods ,a ?rill+ tale ( adv5tures 9 ! backwoods 9 w9t]1 is told 9 a mann] to int]e/ e girl4 ,ru? ,field+ at ,ligh?\se ,po9t or ,nita1 ! ,girl ,ca/away ,f bo>d+ s*ool ! sc5e is %ift$ to ! ,atlantic ,coa/1 :]e ,ru? goes = a summ] vacation ) "s *ums4 ,ru? ,field+ at ,silv] ,ran* or ,s*oolgirls ,among ! ,c[boys ,a /ory ) a we/]n flavor4 ,h[ ! girls came to ! rescue ( ,ba%ful ,ike1 ! c[boy1 is told 9 a way t is mo/ absorb+4 ,ru? ,field+ on ,cliff ,isl& or ,! ,old ,hunt]'s ,treasure ,box ,ru? & h] fri5ds g to ,cliff ,isl&1 & !re h _m good times dur+ ! w9t] season4 ,ru? ,field+ at ,sunrise ,f>m or ,:at ,became ( ! ,raby ,orphans ,jolly good times at a f>mh\se 9 ! c\ntry1 :]e ,ru? rescues two orphan *ildr5 :o ran away4 ,ru? ,field+ & ! ,gypsies or ,! ,miss+ ,pe>l ,necklace ,?is volume tells ( /irr+ adv5tures at a ,gypsy encampm5t1 ( a miss+ heirloom1 & h[ ,ru? has x re/or$ to its own]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,cupples ,,leon ,,co41 ,publi%]s1 ,,new ,,york ,! ,dave ,da%away ,s]ies ,by ,,roy ,,rockwood ,au?or ( ! ,spe$well ,boys ,s]ies & ! ,great ,m>vel ,s]ies4 #abmo4 ,illu/rat$4 ,price p] volume1 #dj c5ts1 po/paid4 99 99 99 99 99 ,nev] 0 !re a m clev] "y aviator ?an ,dave ,da%away4 ,all up-to-date lads w surely wi% to read ab\t him4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration ,dave ,da%away ! ,"y ,aviator or ,9 ! ,cl\ds = ,fame & ,=tune ,?is initial volume tells h[ ! h]o ran away f 8 mis]ly gu>dian1 fell 9 ) a successful airman1 & became a "y aviator ( note4 ,dave ,da%away & ,8 ,hydroplane or ,d>+ ,adv5tures ,ov] ! ,great ,lakes ,%[+ h[ ,dave cont9u$ 8 c>e] z a birdman & _h _m adv5tures ov] ! ,great ,lakes1 & h[ he foil$ ! plans ( "s ,canadian smuggl]s4 ,dave ,da%away & ,8 ,giant ,air%ip or ,a ,m>vell\s ,trip ,across ! ,atlantic ,h[ ! giant air%ip 0 con/ruct$ & h[ ! d>+ "y aviator & 8 fri5ds made ! haz>d\s j\rney ?r\gh ! cl\ds f ! new _w to ! old1 is told 9 a way to hold ! read] spellb\nd4 ,dave ,da%away ,ar\nd ! ,_w or ,a ,"y ,yankee ,aviator ,among ,_m ,nations ,an absorb+ tale ( a great air flight ar\nd ! _w1 ( adv5tures 9 ,alaska1 ,sib]ia & else:]e4 ,a true to life picture ( :at may be accompli%$ 9 ! ne> future4 ,dave ,da%away3 ,air ,*ampion or ,wiz>d ,"w 9 ! ,cl\ds ,dave makes sev]al d>+ trips1 & !n ent]s a conte/ = a big prize4 ,an aviation tale ?rill+ 9 ! extreme4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,cupples ,,leon ,,co41 ,publi%]s1 ,,new ,,york ,! ,spe$well ,boys ,s]ies ,by ,,roy ,,rockwood ,au?or ( ,! ,dave ,da%away ,s]ies1 ,great ,m>vel ,s]ies1 etc4 #abmo4 ,illu/rat$4 ,price p] volume1 #dj c5ts1 po/paid4 99 99 99 99 99 ,all boys :o love to be on ! g w welcome ! ,spe$well boys4 ,!y are clean cut & loyal lads4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration ,! ,spe$well ,boys on ,motor ,cycles or ,! ,my/]y ( a ,great ,conflagration ,! lads 7 poor1 b !y did a ri* man a great s]vice & he pres5t$ !m ) _! motor cycles4 ,:at a great fire l$ to is exce$+ly well told4 ,! ,spe$well ,boys & ,_! ,rac+ ,auto or ,a ,run = ! ,gold5 ,cup ,a tale ( automobil+ & ( int5se rivalry on ! road4 ,!re 0 an endurance run & ! boys ent]$ ! conte/4 ,on ! run !y r\nd$ up "s m5 :o 7 want$ by ! law4 ,! ,spe$well ,boys & ,_! ,p[] ,laun* or ,to ! ,rescue ( ! ,ca/aways ,"h is an unusual /ory4 ,!re 0 a wreck1 & ! lads1 9 _! p[] laun*1 set out to ! rescue4 ,a vivid picture ( a great /orm adds to ! int]e/ ( ! tale4 ,! ,spe$well ,boys 9 a ,subm>9e or ,! ,lo/ ,treasure ( ,rocky ,cove ,an old sailor kn[s ( a treasure lo/ "u wat] because ( a cliff fall+ into ! sea4 ,! boys get a *ance to g out 9 a subm>9e & !y make a hunt = ! treasure4 ,! ,spe$well ,boys & ,_! ,ice ,rac] or ,! ,p]ils ( a ,great ,blizz>d ,! boys _h an idea = a new sort ( iceboat1 to be run by comb9$ w9d & motor p[]4 ,h[ !y built ! craft1 & :at f9e times !y _h on bo>d ( x1 is well relat$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,cupples ,,leon ,,co41 ,publi%]s1 ,,new ,,york 99 99 99 99 99