,transcriber's ,note3 ,every effort has been made to replicate this text as faithfully as possible4 ,italic text has been marked with underscores4 ,superscript letters are preceded by 4 ,,oe ligatures have been expanded4 ,the ,geologists' ,association4 ,,on ,,the ,,red ,,chalk ,,of ,,england4 ,,by ,,the ,,rev4 ,,thos4 ,,wiltshire1 ,m4,a4 ,f4,g4,s4 ,,president ,,of ,,the ,,geologists' ,,association4 ,a ,,paper ,,read ,,at ,,the ,,general ,,meeting1 #d,,th ,,april1 #ahei4 ,,london3 ,,printed ,,for ,,the ,,association1 ,,and ,,published ,,at ,,the ,,office ,,of ,,the ,,geologist1 #aed1 ,,strand4 #ahei4 ,,list ,,of ,,plates4 ,,plate ,i4 ,fig4 #a4 ,inoceramus ,coquandianus1 from ,speeton4 #b4 ,fragment of ,inoceramus1 striated by glacial action1 ,muswell ,hill4 #c4 ,nautilus simplex1 ,hunstanton4 #d4 ,inoceramus ,crispii1 ,hunstanton4 #e4 ,i4 tenuis1 ,hunstanton4 ,,plate ,,ii4 #a4 ,spongia paradoxica1 ,hunstanton4 #b4 ,siphonia pyriformis1 ,hunstanton4 #c4 ,cardiaster suborbicularis1 ,hunstanton4 #d4 ,ostrea frons1 ,muswell ,hill4 #e4 ,o4 vesicularis1 ,hunstanton4 #f4 ,exogyra haliotoidea1 ,hunstanton4 #g4 ,cytherella ovata1 ,speeton4 #h4 ,cristellaria rotulata1 ,speeton4 #i4 ,trochocyathus 787 ----1 ,hunstanton4 ,,plate ,,iii4 #a1 #a;a4 ,vermicularia elongata4 ,upper and under surface of two different specimens1 ,speeton4 #b4 ,vermicularia umbonata1 ,hunstanton4 #c4 ,serpula irregularis1 ,hunstanton4 #d4 ,s4 antiquata1 ,hunstanton4 #e4 ,bourgueticrinus rugosus1 ,hunstanton4 #f4 ,diadema tumidum1 ,hunstanton4 #g4 ,cidaris ,gaultina 7871 ,hunstanton4 ,,plate ,,iv4 #a4 ,terebratula biplicata1 #a;a4 mag4 surface1 ,hunstanton4 #b4 ,t4 semiglobosa1 #b;a4 mag4 surface1 ,speeton4 #c4 ,kingena lima1 #c;a4 mag4 surface1 ,hunstanton4 #d4 ,terebratula capillata1 #d;a4 mag4 surface1 ,hunstanton4 #e4 ,belemnites attenuatus1 ,hunstanton4 #f4 ,b4 ,listeri1 ,speeton4 #g4 ,b4 ultimus1 ,speeton4 #h4 ,b4 minimus1 ,speeton4 ,,on ,,the ,,red ,,chalk ,,of ,,england ,a ,paper read #dth ,april1 by ,rev4 ,,thomas ,,wiltshire1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,g4,s41 ,etc41 ,president4 ,persons in general take as the type or representative of chalk the material which mechanics employ for tracing out rough lines and figures4 ,it is a substance of a bright white colour1 somewhat yielding to the touch1 and capable of being very easily abraded or rubbed down4 ,but the geologist gives a much wider interpretation to the term1 not limiting it by these few characteristics2 and1 accordingly1 he includes under the same title many strata which would hardly be so grouped together by the uninitiated4 ,for instance1 there is at the base of the upper portion of the cretaceous system a certain hard1 often pebbly1 and highly coloured band1 which1 notwithstanding its great departure from the popular type1 is nevertheless styled in geological language the ,red ,chalk4 ,this stratum1 the subject of the present paper1 nowhere forms a mass of any great thickness or extent2 perhaps if thirty feet be taken as its maximum of thickness1 four feet as its minimum1 and one hundred miles as its utmost extent in length1 the truth will be arrived at4 ,it may be said1 also1 to be peculiar to ,england1 for the ,scaglia1 or ,red ,chalk of the ,italians1 has little in common with that of our country4 ,the two differ widely in appearance1 in situation1 and in fossils4 ,the first view of the seam in the north is to be obtained about six miles north-west of ,flamborough ,head1 in ,yorkshire1 near the village of ,speeton1 where its structure1 dip1 and general appearance can be remarkably well studied4 ,speeton is a small village1 a place of no great note in the business-world1 yet of much fame amongst the lovers of geology1 inasmuch as in its neighbourhood there are several interesting formations1 to one of which--the ,speeton clay--it gives a name4 ,in these days of rapid travelling1 the village has the great convenience of a railway-station1 from whence the cliffs below can be reached without the slightest difficulty4 ,illustration3 ,lign4 #a4--,map of ,part of ,yorkshire1 ,lincolnshire1 and ,norfolk1 showing the ,outcrop and ,range of the ,red ,chalk4 ,as ,i wish to conduct the members of the ,association to the ,red ,chalk in sit1 let us suppose that1 starting from some locality near the ,hull and ,scarborough ,railway1 we have taken tickets for ,speeton station1 and have in due time arrived at that latter place4 ,on alighting from the train we must direct our steps to the houses in front1 and then inquire the way to the sea-shore1 above which we shall be standing at some considerable height--say four hundred feet4 ,we shall be told to walk by the church1 to turn to the right along a little lane1 and then to look for an obscure path which passes across the fields4 ,we shall soon afterwards1 being on high ground1 be able1 by the light of nature1 to find a way down to the sands below4 ,whilst descending1 let us survey the scene that lies before us4 ,it is a grand one1 rendered picturesque by the broken ground1 the solitude1 and the sounding of the waves4 ,right ahead1 there is the open ,bay of ,filey2 on the left hand1 the town of ,filey and its ,brig2 not a ship1 as one might imagine1 but a huge mass of rocks of the coralline oolite1 jutting out to sea at right angles from the shore1 like a pier formed by human hands1 and crowned on the land-side by strangely cut pinnacles of pink and rugged drift4 ,on the right hand there are the high and perpendicular white chalk cliffs of the ,flamborough range4 ,as we pass down we shall meet with a gulley or bed of a small stream1 in all probability quite dry1 by following the winding course of which we shall reach the shore4 ,this gulley passes over an escarpment of diluvial matter 7the whole place being in confusion through the effects of small landslips71 and traverses the ,red ,chalk itself1 the first trace of which will be rendered visible by means of rolled fragments1 which the force of the stream has at different times detached4 ,it will be only here and there that we shall find the ,red ,chalk in sit1 because sometimes vegetation1 sometimes diluvium1 sometimes fallen masses1 entirely conceal its real position4 ,however1 there will be plenty of rounded pieces at the feet4 ,some of these had better be examined on the spot1 in order that we may gain a clear perception of the appearance of the bed1 should we meet with it again4 ,these pieces are found to be hard and rough to the touch1 and of a bright red tinge1 though occasionally marked with streaks of white4 ,most likely on some of their sides a fossil or two will be seen peeping out2 a blow from a hammer will divulge still more4 ,so plentiful are the rolled fragments1 that a few hours' work will satisfy the conscience1 and fill the pockets of the traveller4 ,if ,i might be permitted to give advice to any member of our ,association who should hereafter visit the place1 it would be this--that it would be well for him to carry away moderate sized boulders entire1 rather than to break them on the spot4 ,the fossils will best be developed at leisure4 ,the material is so hard1 and the fossils so brittle 7especially the belemnites and serpul71 that imperfect specimens only will result from the quick and rough treatment of the hammer4 ,the find will not produce any very great variety1 only numbers2 terebratul1 serpul1 and belemnites will be all that will be obtained4 ,having now procured specimens1 we had better walk southward along the shore2 after a short time will be seen a fine perpendicular section of this particular stratum2 we shall notice it is bounded on the one side by the ,white ,chalk1 to which it is parallel2 on the other by the ,speeton clay1 which is not conformable to it1 that is1 not parallel4 ,the thickness of the bed of the ,red ,chalk is at this place1 as ,i said just now1 about thirty feet4 ,first of all1 taking it in descending order1 that is to say1 having reached its limit at the ,white ,chalk1 and retracing our steps in the direction of ,filey1 we notice about twelve feet of red matter containing serpul1 and we note that the upper portion of this division is much filled with greyish nodules1 showing that the change from the ,white ,chalk to the ,red is gradual4 ,next comes a bed of about seven feet thick1 of darkish ,white ,chalk2 and finally1 another bed of about twelve feet thick1 of bright ,red ,chalk1 containing belemnites and terebratul4 ,the whole is followed by the ,speeton clay1 of which a short and accurate account will be found in ,no4 #ac of ,,the ,,geologist magazine4 ,the line of division between these two being well marked by runs of water1 which are caused by the percolation through the chalk being stopped by the impervious clay4 ,the ,speeton clay is singular in some of its characteristics4 ,at its upper portion1 in contact with the ,red ,chalk1 it contains fossils belonging to the ,neocomian or ,greensand era1 whilst at the lower part there are the representatives of the ,kimmeridge clay4 ,and thus it would appear to be one of those peculiar formations which have resulted from a number of beds thinning out1 and becoming absorbed into each other4 ,three of the well-marked fossils of the ,speeton clay may be adduced3 ,belemnites jaculum2 a small crustacean1 ,astacus ornatus2 and a large hamite1 called ,hamites ,beanii4 ,to the south of the ,red ,chalk at ,speeton1 and adjoining it1 occurs1 as ,i lately mentioned1 the ,white ,chalk4 ,the fossils in this part are not numerous2 an inoceramus1 a terebratula1 and rarely an ammonite1 are found4 ,but the ,white ,chalk higher up1 that is1 farther south1 below ,flamborough ,head1 near ,bridlington ,quay1 is very fossiliferous1 containing corals1 echini1 a bed of marsupites1 as well as that very remarkable and extensive collection of marine forms1 the silicified sponges1 thousands of which can be seen at low water scattered up and down1 and imbedded in the scars1 or rocks4 ,this chalk1 however1 has its drawbacks1 for being very hard--indeed1 so much so as to ring under the strokes of a hammer--specimens cannot be obtained without much trouble4 ,i must make an exception with regard to the sponges4 ,they are composed of silex2 hence1 long soaking in very dilute hydrochloric acid will do more and better work after the fossils have been brought home1 than fifty chisels4 ,the calcareous matter is slowly dissolved away1 and then forms come into view as delicate and lovely as any that can be noted in the modern sponge tribe4 ,most of the common kinds of the ,flamborough sponges will be found figured and named in ,professor ,phillips' ,geology of ,yorkshire2 the rarer in the ,magazine of ,natural ,history for #ahci4 ,let us now return to the village of ,speeton1 and endeavour to follow the winding course of the ,red ,chalk to its visible termination1 some hundred miles to the south-east1 in the county of ,norfolk4 ,by a reference to the map 7page #b71 where the bed is laid down1 it is seen that the ,red ,chalk adjoins the ,white ,chalk during its entire length2 that it first takes a westerly direction for about twenty miles1 and then suddenly turning at a sharp angle proceeds south-east for the remainder of its course4 ,some persons might suppose when they see the map1 that if they were to travel to any of the towns or villages near the line1 they would of necessity be able to see the ,red ,chalk in sit4 ,no such thing2 the upper soil1 or vegetation1 or man's work1 may quite conceal all traces4 ,it is only at natural sections like the cliffs just spoken of1 or by other means1 such as wells1 c41 that we can acquire a true idea of the ground beneath us4 ,who1 for example1 that lives in the ,city of ,london1 could imagine1 unless he had seen the fact for himself1 when sewers were opened1 or foundations cut1 that he was dwelling over beds of gravel as bright and yellow as any that cover the paths of a flower-garden8 ,when1 therefore1 the nature of the surface of the ground is such that the eyes cannot detect traces of any particular formation we may be in search of1 we must seek other testimony1 we must ask what have other men seen1 and what have they recorded1 and in whose custody have they placed the keeping of those facts4 ,in the present case ,i can refer to two excellent works1 to help us1--,professor ,phillips' ,geology of ,yorkshire1 and ,young and ,bird's ,survey of the ,yorkshire ,coast4 ,let us turn to the latter4 ,the authors write that in the year #ahai a ,mr4 ,george ,rivis1 of ,sherburn1 bored for coal in a deep dale about a mile and a half south of ,staxton2 the boring was continued for some considerable depth4 ,first they passed through the ,white ,chalk1 next came upon the ,red seam1 and finally1 at the depth of #bhh feet from the mouth of the bore1 reached the ,speeton clay4 ,thus then near ,staxton1 a few miles west of ,speeton1 the ,red ,chalk exists2 there it is1 though it may not be visible4 ,if we proceed still farther west along the northern foot of the ,yorkshire ,wolds1 it is possible that at ,knapton we shall actually see the ,red and ,white ,chalk again in sit2 for ,young and ,bird tell us that1 at a clay-pit near that village1 it was to be seen in their day4 ,at ,north ,grimston1 they add1 the coloured chalk seems to be wanting1 for at a copious spring issuing on the hill-side1 about a mile above the village1 the ,white ,chalk is seen lying immediately over the blue clay4 ,this statement is not to be wondered at4 ,look at the map 7page #b74 ,not far from ,north ,grimston there must evidently be great unconformity of strata4 ,notice several of the formations1 instead of running parallel to one another1 actually are at right angles4 ,for instance1 we have the ,speeton clay1 the oolites1 and the lias1 almost perpendicular in direction to the ,white ,chalk1 a little to the west of ,great ,driffield4 ,such a condition of affairs must have resulted from great disturbances1 and there would be nothing strange in a part of the series being displaced or altogether wanting4 ,some miles to the south1 near the town of ,pocklington1 the strata are again parallel in direction to each other1 and accordingly the ,red ,chalk is found1 as before1 at the base of the ,wolds4 ,professor ,phillips1 in his work on the ,geology of ,yorkshire1 figures some ,red ,chalk fossils from ,goodmanham1 near ,market ,weighton1 and alludes to their also occurring at ,brantingham1 not far from the ,river ,humber1 the boundary of the county4 ,thus1 then1 the ,red ,chalk has been traced through ,yorkshire2 speaking roughly one might say1 that it for the most part takes an undulating course at the base of the ,wolds2 that it rises with a very gentle inclination from the sea near the village of ,speeton2 that it proceeds nearly due west until it approaches the neighbourhood of ,malton1 that it then suddenly changes its direction1 and advances south-east until it sinks below the marsh-land six or seven miles to the west of ,hull1 having occupied a distance of about fifty miles4 ,we now cross the river ,humber1 and find the ,red ,chalk again near the banks at a place called ,ferraby1 to the west of ,barton in ,lincolnshire4 ,the ,museum of the ,geological ,society of ,london possesses specimens taken from that part1 and in a note attached to them there is this remark1 that first came ,white ,chalk1 then ,red ,chalk1 then a blue clay2 thus it is evident there is the same state of things prevailing as we had at ,speeton2 and the same observation will apply to the appearance of the specimens themselves4 ,but as we travel along the western base of the ,lincolnshire ,wolds1 or ,chalk ,downs 7for ,londoners would so term them71 although we find the ,red ,chalk underneath the ,white1 yet the blue clay beneath the ,red ,chalk is wanting2 its place is supplied by a thick series of brown coloured sands1 with included beds of sandy limestone1 full of fossils like the ,kentish ,rag1 only not possessing echini and belemnites4 ,these beds have been referred to the lower greensand4 ,only a few remarks can be offered in reference to ,lincolnshire4 ,my intention was to have visited the base of the chalk-hills1 and have gathered together new facts2 ,i have not been able to do so2 neither have ,i been successful in discovering any authors who have written much about that county4 ,there is a great geological darkness over that land1 and much remains to be done in working out its fossiliferous deposits4 ,i can1 however1 speak confidently regarding ,louth4 ,one might fancy1 as the town is placed to the right of the dark line on the map1 which marks the position of the ,red ,chalk1 that ,louth could have nothing to do with the latter4 ,but a friend who made some inquiries for me on the spot has forwarded two specimens1 and says he saw them taken out of a chalk-pit at that town4 ,they ran in veins1 he writes1 the lighter coloured over the darker1 and were dug at no great distance below the surface4 ,the bright red piece was just above where the springs arise--facts which correspond with evidence in other places4 ,as the inclination of the plane of the strata is small1 and rising towards the south-west 7the direction of the strata being north-west71 it is easily comprehended that the ,red ,chalk may exist under ,louth1 and yet not appear at the surface of the ground until at some distance to the west of the town4 ,at ,brickhill1 near ,harrington1 the seam also has been met with2 a specimen of it can be seen in the ,museum of the ,geological ,society of ,london4 ,this last and those from ,louth differ little in appearance or character from what may be obtained at the ,speeton beds4 ,i have no more to say about ,lincolnshire1 except that1 according to the authority of geological maps1 the ,red ,chalk of that county sinks and disappears below the marsh-lands1 a few miles before reaching the sea4 ,and now it is time to cross the ,wash1 that great sea-bay1 and land at ,hunstanton1 a little village on the north-western coast of ,norfolk4 ,as ,i am addressing a company of working geologists1 ,i ought perhaps to say how in practice the locality can be arrived at1 for it is not quite so easy to reach a place in reality as it is to see it on a map4 ,to go to ,hunstanton1 in the most ready way1 a person must first reach ,lynn2 whence an omnibus1 starting in the afternoon1 at three or four o'clock1 from the ,lynn station1 will convey passengers to the village4 ,at ,hunstanton there are two hotels1 and several lodging-houses4 ,i should recommend the ,le ,strange ,arms1 as being an old-fashioned comfortable inn1 and nearer than the other to the section we are in quest of4 ,perhaps it may be thought1 ,why dwell so much upon ,hunstanton--its hotel--and its omnibus8 ,i do so because at that village there is a most excellent natural section of the ,red ,chalk1 better almost than at ,speeton1 and different certainly in many respects4 ,we will suppose that we have arrived at ,hunstanton1 and are walking towards the shore in front of the ,le ,strange ,arms4 ,a very few minutes will convey us to the wonderful cliff4 ,i say wonderful1 not from its height or length2 for at its greatest height1 under the lighthouse1 it is not more than sixty feet2 and it extends little more than a mile in length2 but wonderful from its curious colour and general effect4 ,illustration3 ,lign4 #b4--;,hunstanton ,cliff 7looking to the ,north7 ,the woodcut1 copied from a water-colour drawing1 made last autumn by a friend1 will afford an idea of its appearance2 but in it the absence of colour1 of course1 takes away from the beauty of the scene4 ,the cliff itself may be divided into five portions3 first1 ,white ,chalk1 forty feet thick2 secondly1 bright ,red ,chalk1 four feet2 thirdly1 a yellow sandy mass1 ten feet2 fourthly1 a dark brown pebbly stratum1 forty feet2 and1 lastly1 twenty feet of a bed almost black4 ,these divisions do not run one into the other1 as is the case in most geological strata1 but keep quite distinct4 ,thus the ,red ,chalk is as clearly separated from the ,white1 as though the one had been covered by a broad band of paint4 ,the same observation will hold good with respect to the others4 ,it will readily be understood that when the sun shines upon the cliff1 and lights up the bright white1 the bright red1 the pale yellow1 and the dark brown and black1 and casts a shadow over the mass of gaily tinted materials at the base1 a picture is produced not easy to be surpassed in beauty1 and certainly not to be fully appreciated unless it be actually seen4 ,the bed of ,white ,chalk above the ,red is1 at ,hunstanton1 very fossiliferous2 though rendered somewhat useless1 like that of ,yorkshire1 to the geologist1 from its extreme hardness4 ,amongst other shells1 may be mentioned several kinds of serpul1 belemnites1 and ammonites4 ,these last are occasionally very large3 when ,i was at ,hunstanton1 in the autumn1 ,i found an example two feet in diameter2 with great difficulty ,i extricated it from its matrix1 breaking it in half during the operation2 and1 finally1 had the mortification of discovering that its weight was so great ,i could not carry it away4 ,the ,red ,chalk beneath1 which is nearly four feet in thickness1 is very full of fossils3 belemnites1 serpul1 terebratul1 corals1 and many others1 not to mention bones4 ,the number of specimens on the table will testify to its richness in organic remains4 ,sometimes it is soft and crumbling2 but1 generally speaking1 it is very hard1 gritty1 of a bright red shade1 and full of small dark-coloured siliceous pebbles2 in this respect differing considerably from the ,red ,chalk of ,speeton--in which ,i have not seen pebbles4 ,professor ,tennant1 who has examined the ,hunstanton pebbles1 informs me that they consist of chalcedony1 quartz1 flint1 slate1 and brown spar or carbonate of iron4 ,it also contains a great quantity of fragments of inocerami1 and a curious ramifying sponge-like structure 7there is one on the table71 which also occurs in the ,white ,chalk above4 ,something very similar to the ramifying sponge is seen on the surface of blocks on the sea-shore at the back of the ,isle of ,wight in the greensand formation1 and one very like it on the calcareous grit of the ,yorkshire shore4 ,you will observe these last to the north of ,filey1 but nothing of the same appearance exists in the ,white ,chalk at ,speeton4 ,underneath the ,red ,chalk of ,hunstanton occurs a yellow and brown pebbly sandstone1 which was formerly supposed to contain no organic remains4 ,mr4 ,c4 ,b4 ,rose of ,yarmouth1 however1 has obtained many4 ,this bed is termed in those parts carstone1 and much employed as a building-material4 ,the cottages in that neighbourhood and on the road from ,lynn seem at a distance as though they had been constructed of masses of gingerbread1 so great is the similarity in colour and appearance4 ,the length of the ,red ,chalk1 from end to end1 at the ,hunstanton ,cliff is about #a1jjj yards1 and its greatest elevation at the point where it attains the top and quits the cliff is thirty-seven feet2 hence its rise is very gradual1 since its first appearance is nearly on a level with the beach4 ,there are two other things worth observing at ,hunstanton4 ,one is the lighthouse1 which is upon the dioptric principle1 the light being transmitted out to sea by means of glass prisms instead of the ordinary metal reflectors2 and the other is a vestige of a raised sea-beach on the cliffs composed of rounded fragments of ,white and ,red ,chalk immediately reposing on the greensand4 ,it is situated at the southward of the point where the ,red ,chalk crops out4 ,we will now1 if you please1 quit ,hunstanton1 and proceed towards ,lynn1 keeping in the neighbourhood of the coach-road4 ,if we could dig up the ground when we were within eight or nine miles of ,lynn1 we should still see our old companion at our feet1 for the ,red ,chalk has been recognised at the villages of ,ingoldsthorpe and ,dersingham4 ,we shall soon meet it no more4 ,at ,leziate1 a little to the north-east of ,lynn1 it becomes extinct4 ,mr4 ,c4 ,b4 ,rose1 who always thought the ,red ,chalk would prove to be the equivalent of the gault1 and who argued from the evidence of fossils and from the direction of the outcrops that the true gault and the ,red ,chalk must ultimately meet1--,mr4 ,rose1 ,i say1 has informed me that he has observed the ,red ,chalk and the gault incorporated together at ,leziate4 ,henceforward to the south the ,red ,chalk is no more seen4 ,thus1 then1 we have come to the termination of our journey4 ,we have noted the beginning and the ending of the ,red ,chalk1 we have also taken some account of its neighbours4 ,we have noticed1 too1 that in ,yorkshire it for the most part reposes on the ,speeton clay1 though in certain localities it is next the lias and ,kimmeridge clay1 and that in ,lincolnshire and ,norfolk it rests on a dark brown pebbly mass supposed to belong to the lower greensand formation of the south of ,england4 ,the ,red ,chalk has also been discovered in a very unexpected place1 although not in sit4 ,i allude to the drift of ,muswell ,hill4 ,in that collection of different materials1 comprising examples from every formation from the ,london clay to the mountain limestone in a stratum of eighteen feet1 the ,red ,chalk has been seen in a bouldered condition4 ,by the kindness of ,mr4 ,wetherell of ,highgate1 ,i am enabled to exhibit specimens from the drift of ,muswell ,hill4 ,any person who compares them with others from ,hunstanton1 would declare they came from the same bed1 so alike are they in appearance4 ,there was a time no doubt when this ,red ,chalk had a more extended range3 its presence in the drift of ,muswell ,hill1 as well as in the drift of other places1 implies as much4 ,perhaps it may still exist elsewhere1 deep down in the earth4 ,in a well sunk at ,stowmarket a red substance was found under the ,white ,chalk1 at a depth of #ijj feet2 and in another well sunk at ,kentish ,town1 the workmen met1 at a depth of #a1aac feet below the surface1 beneath the gault1 a bed of red matter #ahh feet thick--some of this red matter appeared to contain belemnites4 ,geologists are divided in opinion with respect to this deep-sunk red bed1 which certainly is not always continuous 7for instance1 it was not found at a boring at ,harwich71 and some incline to the opinion that it belongs to the ,new ,red1 others that it is the equivalent of what is styled the ,red ,chalk4 ,but it is difficult to give a solution at present4 ,it is certain that in the gault formation1 or near it1 beds of a red colour are occasionally found4 ,near ,dorking the lower greensand is capped by a local bed of bright red clay1 eight feet thick4 ,and examples of red clays from the gault of ,ringmer in ,sussex and ,charing in ,kent can be seen in the ,museum of the ,geological ,society of ,london4 ,whether they have any relation with the ,red ,chalk proper of ,england depends upon the position which is given to that formation4 ,geologists generally consider the ,red ,chalk as really equal to the ,gault4 ,many of the fossils certainly are gault species2 others no doubt belong to the ,lower ,chalk2 and1 therefore1 probably it is better to regard it as an intermediate formation between the ,lower ,chalk and the ,lower ,greensand1 which comes into being when the ,gault and ,upper ,greensand have almost thinned out4 ,one of the members of our ,committee1 ,mr4 ,rickard1 has been good enough to make me an analysis of the ,red ,chalk of ,speeton and ,hunstanton4 ,the ,speeton is as follows3-- ,carbonate of lime1 with a little alumina #ha4b ,peroxide of iron #d4c ,silica #ad4e ----- #ajj4 ----- ,from ,hunstanton-- ,carbonate of lime1 with a little alumina #hb4c ,peroxide of iron #f4d ,silica #aa4c ----- #ajj4 ----- ,the latter of which agrees remarkably well with the colour of the specimen1 for the ,red ,chalk of ,hunstanton is brighter than that of ,speeton4 ,two specimens of the borings of ,kentish ,town1 one a red argillaceous and the other a siliceous mass1 gave the following results3-- ,argillaceous-- ,peroxide of iron #f4e ,carbonate of lime #ac4e ,silica and alumina 7chiefly the latter7 #hj4j ----- #ajj4 ----- ,siliceous-- ,peroxide of iron #b4e ,carbonate of lime #bc4e ,silica1 with a little alumina #gd4j ----- #ajj4 ----- ,whether any connexion can be traced between these last two and the two former1 ,i leave for others to decide4 ,the following list of books may perhaps be useful to those who wish to further investigate the subject3--,in ,professor ,phillips' ,geology of ,yorkshire1 ,young and ,bird's ,survey of the ,yorkshire ,coast1 ,dr4 ,fitton's ,memoir of the ,strata below the ,chalk1 ,taylor's ,hunstanton ,cliff 7,phil4 ,mag4 vol4 lxi471 ,woodward's ,geology of ,norfolk1 ,rose on the ,geology of ,west ,norfolk 7,phil4 ,mag4 for the years #ahce and #ahcf71 will be found some account of the ,english ,red ,chalk4 ,and in ,sedgwick and ,murchison on the ,structure of the ,eastern ,alps 7,geol4 ,soc4 ,trans4 vol4 iii4 ,second ,series71 ,sir4 ,r4 ,i4 ,murchison on the ,geological ,structure of the ,alps 7,quart4 ,geol4 ,journal1 vol4 v471 ,prof4 ,t4 ,a4 ,catullo on the ,epiolitic ,rocks of the ,venetian ,alps 7,quart4 ,geol4 ,journal1 vol4 vii71 ,count ,a4 de ,zigno on the ,stratified ,formations of the ,venetian ,alps 7,quart4 ,journal ,geol4 ,soc4 vol4 vi471 will be seen an outline of the ,scaglia or ,red ,chalk of ,italy4 ,by the kindness of ,dr4 ,bowerbank1 ,messrs4 ,wetherell1 ,bean1 ,leckenby1 and ,rose1 in permitting me to see the specimens in their respective cabinets1 and to whom1 as well as to ,mr4 ,rupert ,jones1 ,i must express great obligations for much valuable information1 the accompanying list of the ,red ,chalk fossils of ,speeton1 ,hunstanton1 and ,muswell ,hill has been compiled4 ,to the ,council of the ,geological ,society1 ,i am also indebted for permission to figure from the ,society's ,museum the ,inoceramus ,crispii1 on pl4 i4 fig4 #d4 ,,list ,,of ,,fossils ,,from ,,the ,,red ,,chalk4 ,key to ,table ,columns3 ,s3 ,speeton ,h3 ,hunstanton ,,mh3 ,muswell ,hill ,s ,h ,,mh ,cristellaria rotulata1 ,d',orb4 ,pl4 ,,ii4 fig4 #h ,sowerby's ,min4 ,conchology1 tab4 #aba1 page #de4 7,in the collection of ,mr4 ,jones47 ,siphonia pyriformis4 ,pl4 ,,ii4 fig4 #b ,goldfuss ,petrifacta1 tab4 #f1 fig4 #g1 page #af4 7,in the collection of ,mr4 ,rose47 ,this is probably the head of the next4 ,spongia paradoxica4 ,pl4 ,,ii4 fig4 #a ,geol4 ,trans4 #b1 tab4 #bg1 fig4 #a1 page #cgg4 7,in the collections of ,mr4 ,rose and ,author47 ,bourgueticrinus rugosus4 ,pl4 ,,iii4 fig4 #e ,d',orbigny's ,hist4 des ,crinoides1 tab4 #ag1 fig4 #af-ai4 7,in the collections of ,mr4 ,rose and ,author47 ,pentacrinites ,fittonii ,austin's ,crinoids1 page #abe4 7,in the collections of ,mr4 ,rose1 ,author1 and ,mr4 ,wetherell47 ,cardiaster suborbicularis1 ,forbes4 ,pl4 ,,ii4 fig4 #c ,gold4 tab4 #de1 fig4 #e1 page #adh4 7,in the collections of ,mr4 ,rose and ,author47 ,mr4 ,rose's specimen is far better than the one figured4 ,cidaris ,gaultina 7871 ,forbes1 ,dec4 v4 ,pl4 ,,iii4 fig4 #g 7,in the collection of ,mr4 ,rose47 ,spines with #h ridges1 #aj ridges1 and #bj ridges 7,in the collections of ,mr4 ,rose and ,mr4 ,wetherell47 ,diadema tumidum1 ,forbes1 ,dec4 v4 ,pl4 ,,iii4 fig4 #f 7,in the collection of ,mr4 ,rose47 ,serpula antiquata4 ,pl4 ,,iii4 fig4 #d ,sow4 ,min4 ,con4 tab4 #eih1 fig4 #d1 page #bjb4 7,in the collection of ,mr4 ,rose47 ,serpula irregularis4 ,pl4 ,,iii4 fig4 #c 7,in the collection of ,author47 ,serpula triserrata4 ,see notice1 page #ah 7,in the collection of ,mr4 ,rose47 ,vermicularia umbonata4 ,pl4 ,,iii4 fig4 #b ,mantell's ,geol4 of ,sussex1 tab4 #ah1 fig4 #bd1 page #aaa4 7,in the collections of ,mr4 ,rose and ,author47 ,vermicularia elongata1 ,bean ,,ms4 ,pl4 ,,iii4 fig4 #a1 #a;a 7,in the collections of ,mr4 ,bean1 ,dr4 ,bowerbank1 and ,author47 ,cytherella ovata1 ,roemer4 ,pl4 ,,ii4 fig4 #g ,jones1 ,cretaceous ,entomostraca4 ,pal4 ,soc4 page #bi4 7,in the collection of ,mr4 ,jones47 ,idmonea dilatata ,d',orbigny's ,terrains ,crtacs1 tab4 #fcb4 7,in the collection of ,mr4 ,bean47 ,diastopora ramosa1 ,dixon ,geol4 ,suss4 page #bie4 7,in the collection of ,mr4 ,bean47 ,ceriopora spongites ,goldfuss1 page #be1 tab4 #aj1 fig4 #ad4 7,in the collection of ,author47 ,terebratula capillata4 ,pl4 ,,iv4 fig4 #d1 #d;a1 mag4 surface ,davidson's ,cretaceous ,brachiopoda1 plate #e1 fig4 #ab1 page #df4 7,in the collections of ,mr4 ,rose and ,author47 ,terebratula biplicata4 ,pl4 ,,iv4 fig4 #a1 #a;a1 mag4 surface ,david4 plate #f1 fig4 #cd4 7,in the collections of ,dr4 ,bowerbank1 ,mr4 ,rose1 and ,author47 ,terebratula ,dutempleana ,david4 #f1 fig4 #a4 7,in the collection of ,mr4 ,rose47 ,terebratula semiglobosa4 ,pl4 ,,iv4 fig4 #b1 #b;a1 mag4 surface ,david4 plate #h1 fig4 #ag4 7,in the collections of ,dr4 ,bowerbank1 ,mr4 ,bean1 and ,author47 ,kingena lima4 ,pl4 ,,iv4 fig4 #c1 #c;a1 mag4 surface ,david4 plate #e1 fig4 #c1 page #db4 7,in the collections of ,mr4 ,rose and ,author47 ,avicula1 cast of4 7,in the collection of ,mr4 ,bean47 ,exogyra haliotoidea4 ,pl4 ,,ii4 fig4 #aj ,sow4 ,m4 ,c4 tab4 #be1 page #fg4 7,in the collections of ,mr4 ,rose and ,author47 ,inoceramus ,coquandianus4 ,pl4 ,i4 fig4 #a ,d',orb4 ,ter4 ,crt4 tab4 #djc1 fig4 #f-h4 7,in the collection of ,author47 ,i4 ,crispii4 ,pl4 ,i4 fig4 #d ,mant4 ,g4 ,s4 tab4 #bg1 fig4 #aa1 page #acc4 7,in the collections of ,mr4 ,rose and ,geol4 ,soc47 ,i4 tenuis4 ,pl4 ,i4 fig4 #e 8 ,mant4 ,g4 ,s4 page #acb4 7,in the collections of ,mr4 ,rose and ,mr4 ,wetherell47 ,i4 gryphoides ,sow4 ,m4 ,c4 tab4 #ehd1 fig4 #a1 page #afa4 7,in the collection of ,mr4 ,rose47 ,i4 lviusculus1 ,bean 7,in the collection of ,mr4 ,bean47 ,i4 sulcatus ,sow4 ,m4 ,c4 tab4 #cjf1 page #ahd4 7,in the collection of ,mr4 ,rose47 ,ostrea frons4 ,park4 ,pl4 ,,ii4 fig4 #d ,sow4 ,m4 ,c4 tab4 #cfe1 page #hi4 7,in the collection of ,mr4 ,wetherell47 ,o4 vesicularis1 ,lam4 ,pl4 ,,ii4 fig4 #e ,sow4 ,m4 ,c4 tab4 #cib1 page #abg4 7,in the collection of the ,author47 ,o4 ,normaniana ,d',orb4 tab4 #dhh1 fig4 #a-c1 page #gdf4 7,in the collection of ,mr4 ,rose47 ,pecten ,beaveri ,sow4 ,m4 ,c4 tab4 #aeh1 page #aca4 7,in the collection of ,mr4 ,rose47 ,spondylus latus ,sow4 ,m4 ,c4 tab4 #hj1 fig4 #b1 page #ahd4 7,in the collection of ,mr4 ,rose and ,author47 ,ammonites alternatus 8 ,woodward1 ,geol4 ,norfolk1 tab4 #f1 fig4 #bc4 ,ammonites complanatus ,sow4 ,m4 ,c4 tab4 #efg1 fig4 #a4 7,in the collection of ,mr4 ,rose47 ,a4 rostratus ,sow4 ,m4 ,c4 tab4 #agc1 page #afc4 7,in the collection of ,mr4 ,rose47 ,a4 serratus1 ,parkinson ,sow4 ,m4 ,c4 tab4 #cjh1 page #c4 7,in the collection of ,mr4 ,rose47 ,belemnites attenuatus4 ,pl4 ,,iv4 fig4 #e ,sow4 ,m4 ,c4 tab4 #eih1 fig4 #b1 page #agf4 7,in the collection of ,author47 ,b4 minimus4 ,pl4 ,,iv4 fig4 #h ,sow4 ,m4 ,c4 tab4 #eih1 fig4 #a1 page #age4 7,in the collections of ,messrs4 ,bowerbank1 ,bean1 ,rose1 ,wetherell1 and ,author47 ,belemnites ,listeri4 ,pl4 ,,iv4 fig4 #f ,phil4 ,geol4 ,york4 tab4 #a1 fig4 #ah4 7,in the collection of ,author47 ,b4 ultimus1 ,d',orb4 ,pl4 ,,iv4 fig4 #g ,sharpe1 ,chalk ,moll4 tab4 #a1 fig4 #ag4 7,in the collections of ,mr4 ,bean and ,author47 ,nautilus simplex4 ,pl4 ,i4 fig4 #c ,sow4 ,m4 ,c4 tab4 #abb1 page #abb4 7,in the collections of ,mr4 ,rose1 ,mr4 ,wetherell1 and ,author47 ,otodus appendiculatus ,ag4 vol4 iii41 page #bgj1 tab4 #cb4 7,in the collection of ,mr4 ,wetherell47 ,tooth of ,saurian 7,in the collection of ,mr4 ,bean47 ,vertebra of ,polyptychodon 787 7,in the collection of ,author47 ,siphonia pyriformis is probably the head of ,spongia paradoxica4 ,in the cabinet of ,mr4 ,rose is a mass of the latter1 to which a head similar to the one figured is attached4 ,bourgueticrinus rugosus4 ,the diameter of the specimen figured is #c_/d of an inch1 the depth of each plate #c_/af4 ,the surface of attachment is covered with very fine mamill1 in rays of seven in number2 a smaller specimen in possession of the author measures #c_/h of an inch in diameter and #a_/h in depth4 ,the serpula represented in ,plate ,,iii4 fig4 #c varies in its irregular growth from the specimens figured on the same plate4 ,this character perhaps can scarcely be regarded as a specific difference2 both ,v4 elongata and the serpula under consideration have the same thickness of the calcareous tube4 ,the former occurs only at ,speeton and the latter at ,hunstanton2 in order to distinguish the two1 the title irregularis may be applied to the latter as a variety4 ,serpula triserrata1 a species found on a specimen of ,ammonites complanatus1 is distinguishable by its three serrate longitudinal ridges4 ,a similar form occurs on ostre from the ,kimmeridge clay of ,west ,norfolk4 ,terebratula semiglobosa is common at ,speeton1 but very rare at ,hunstanton4 ,t4 biplicata is very common at ,hunstanton1 but is not known at ,speeton4 ,inoceramus lviusculus1 ,bean1 a large smooth species something like ,i4 ,cuvieri4 ,the ,ammonites alternatus of ,woodward is now lost2 it was probably a variety of ,a4 serratus1 ,park4 ,belemnites minimus is sometimes two inches long in the ,hunstanton ,cliff4 ,the vertebra of ,polyptychodon would be1 if perfect1 about six inches in diameter and three in thickness4 ,the small specimen shown in ,plate ,,ii4 fig4 #i evidently belongs to the ,turbinolian family of corals1 and possibly to the genus ,trochocyathus instituted by ,messrs4 ,milne-,edwards and ,j4 ,haime1 in #ahdh4 ,the specimens as yet obtained are not sufficiently numerous nor perfect for a rigid comparison with other forms1 or to admit of a sufficiently detailed description should the species prove to be new4 ,the constricted form of growth is very common in the ,parasmilia of the ,upper ,chalk1 and has no specific value4 ,the characteristic fossils of the ,red ,chalk at ,speeton are ,terebratula semiglobosa1 ,belemnites minimus1 and ,vermicularia elongata2 and at ,hunstanton1 ,terebratula biplicata1 ,belemnites minimus1 and ,spongia paradoxica4 ,in conclusion1 ,i have endeavoured all along to confine myself to facts1 and to abstain from theories1 because ,i think the ,geologists' ,association ought rather to follow in the steps of learned men than to wish to take the lead4 ,i am sure by doing so we shall gain respect4 ,if the strictly scientific workers see we wish to acquire information1 rather than to purchase an empty name1 they will hold out the right hand of fellowship and help us mightily2 whilst1 on the contrary1 if they perceive we aspire too much1 and attempt to grasp what we cannot hold1 then well-merited ridicule will undoubtedly be ours4 ,the ,geologists' ,association was only formed to bring amateurs together1 to give them a place to meet in1 and a room where they could speak on kindred subjects4 ,i trust the members will always use the opportunity1 and not be afraid to speak1 ever remembering that each one has some little knowledge which his neighbour has not1 and that when each helps his fellow1 much must be the gain at last4 ,illustration3 ,pl4 ,i4 ,illustration3 ,pl4 ,,ii4 ,illustration3 ,pl4 ,,iii4 ,illustration3 ,pl4 ,,iv4