file :i* includes ! orig9al illu/rations4 ,see #dbceb-;h4htm or #dbceb-;h4zip3 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/ca*e_/epub_/ #dbceb_/pg#dbceb-;images4html7 or 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/files_/#dbce b_/dbceb-;h4zip7 ,images ( ! orig9al pages are available ?r\gh ,int]net ,ar*ive4 ,see https3_/_/ar*ive4org_/details_/giottoqui l#jjri* ,transcrib]'s note3 ,text enclos$ by und]scores is 9 italics 7italics74 ,text enclos$ by equal signs is 9 bold face 7bold74 ,illu/ration3 ,,madonna ,,& ,,sa9ts1 ,,attribut$ ,,to ,,giotto ,9 ! l[] *ur* ( ,assisi ,,giotto by ,,h>ry ,,quilt] ,london ,sampson ,l[1 ,m>/on1 ,se>le1 ,riv+ton ,cr[n ,build+s4 #ahh1 ,fleet ,/reet #ahhj 7,all rights res]v$47 ,london3 ,r4 ,clay1 ,sons1 & ,taylor1 ,bread ,/reet ,hill1 ,e4,c4 ,,to ,,! ,,memory ,,( ,,elizabe? ,,h>riet ,,quilt] ,,?is ,,essay ,,is ,,lov+ly ,,d$icat$ ,,by ,,h] ,,y\nge/ ,,son4 ,,preface4 ,my only object 9 writ+ ^! few words ( preface is to /ate pla9ly ! %>e ( orig9ality :i* belongs to ?is essay4 ,?is is r5d]$ necess>y because ! subject ( ! "w has occupi$ ! att5tion ( _m au?ors ( f> great] ability & exp]i5ce ?an t ( :i* ! pres5t writ] c boa/4 ,! ext5t1 !n1 to :i* ?is essay is orig9al is z foll[s3--,! facts ( ,giotto's life h be5 tak5 f ,vas>i's ,lives ( ! ,pa9t]s & comp>$ ) ^? giv5 by all lat] writ]s on ! same subject4 ,z ^! lat] au?ors are m5tion$ ?r\gh\t ! book1 :]ev] _! op9ions are quot$1 ,i ne$ n give a li/ ( !m "h4 ,! descriptions ( ! pictures & sculptures ( ,giotto are1 9 all cases1 writt5 by myself aft] c>eful /udy ( ! orig9als4 ,9 no case :atev] is an op9ion express$ ^u ! m]it or mean+ ( a "w :i* ,i h n p]sonally exam9$2 ?is applies to all pictures & /atues m5tion$ 9 ! essay z well z to ^? ( ,giotto4 ,! descriptions ( ,padua1 ,assisi1 & ,flor5ce 7 writt5 on ! spot1 & ! vignettes ( ! two =m] t[ns are r$uc$ f sket*es made by myself on purpose = ! pres5t "w4 ,! fresco ( ! ,unkn[n ,madonna1 =m]ly attribut$ to ,giotto1 & /ill ascrib$ to him by ! monks ( ,assisi1 is reproduc$ "h1 by *romo-li?ography1 f a wat]col\r draw+ made by me at ,assisi 9 ! spr+ ( la/ ye>--its only use is to %[ read]s ! k9d ( col\r+ preval5t 9 ,giotto's "w4 ,la/ly1 = all criticisms1 !ories1 & illu/rations giv5 9 ! essay1 ,i am alone responsible1 except 9 cases :]e ! "n ( ! au?or is subjo9$ 9 a footnote4 ,,! ,,:ite ,,h\se1 ,,*elsea1 ,may1 #ahhj4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,page ,,introductory #a ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,art ,,9 ,,italy ,,9 ,,! ,,?irte5? ,,c5tury #aa ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,fresco-,,pa9t+ #bh ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,cimabue #cc ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,giotto #da ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,! ,,*ief ,,function ,,( ,,pa9t+ #ec ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,! ,,e>ly ,,"w ,,( ,,giotto ,,at ,,flor5ce ,,& ,,rome #ei ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,giotto ,,at ,,padua #fh ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,giotto',s ,,/yle #hf ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,giotto ,,at ,,assisi4 ,,! ,,upp] ,,*ur* #id ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,! ,,l[] ,,*ur* ,,( ,,assisi #aaa ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,giotto',s ,,lat] ,,"w ,,at ,,flor5ce #abh ,,illu/rations4 ,,page ,,! ,,unkn[n ,,madonna ,,at ,,assisi4 ,,attribut$ ,,to ,,giotto--,frontispiece ,,! ,,madonna ,,en?ron$4 ,,by ,,cimabue4 ,,9 ,,! ,,rucellai ,,*apel1 ,s4 ,,m>ia ,,novella1 ,,flor5ce #cf ,,pa/oral ,,life4 ,,by ,,giotto4 ,,bas-,,relief ,,on ,,! ,,campanile1 ,,flor5ce #db ,,padua4 ,,f ,a ,,draw+ ,,by ,,! ,,au?or #ga ,,p>adise4 ,,by ,,giotto4 7,,greatly ,,re/or$47 ,,9 ,,! ,,ar5a ,,*apel1 ,,padua4 ,photograph #gd ,,joa*im ,,retires ,,to ,,! ,,%eepfold4 ,,by ,,giotto4 ,,9 ,,! ,,ar5a ,,*apel1 ,,padua4 ,wood ,engrav+ #gf ,,! ,,entombm5t ,,( ,,*ri/4 ,,by ,,giotto4 ,,9 ,,! ,,ar5a ,,*apel1 ,,padua4 ,photograph #hj ,,! ,,resurrection4 ,,noli ,,me ,,tang]e4 ,,by ,,giotto4 ,,9 ,,! ,,ar5a ,,*apel1 ,,padua4 ,photograph #hb ,,ju/ice4 ,,by ,,giotto4 ,,9 ,,! ,,ar5a ,,*apel1 ,,padua4 ,photograph #hd ,,! ,,*ur* ,,at ,,assisi4 ,,f ,a ,,draw+ ,,by ,,! ,,au?or #ig ,,view ,,( ,,flor5ce1 ,,%[+ ,,giotto',s ,,campanile ,,& ,,! ,,duomo #ace ,,! ,,fir/ ,,arts4 ,,by ,,giotto4 ,,bas-,,relief ,,on ,,! ,,campanile #adj ,,rid+4 ,,by ,,giotto4 ,,bas-,,relief ,,on ,,! ,,campanile #adb ,z 9 pass+ ?r\gh life we le>n _m new ?+s1 s d we =get _m old ?+s1 & gradually ! remembrance ( !m is lo/ f among m54 ,!re=e ^? p]sons d n reason well :o d n /udy to p]petuate useful ?+s by writ+1 because 9 su* case po/]ity w h]eaft] seek 9 va9 = _! orig91 p]fection1 & use4--,tambroni4 99 99 99 99 99 ,su* z are ignorant ( ?+s done & pa/ be=e !mselves _h any be+ cont9ue /ill 9 ! e/ate ( *ildr51 able to speak & behave !mselves no o!rwise2 & ev5 )9 ! b\nds ( _! native c\ntries 79 respect ( k or manly capacity7 !y are no m ?an well-seem+ dumb images4--,f ! ,d$ication ( an anonym\s translation ( ,boccaccio's ,novels1 c4 #afcd4 99 99 99 99 99 ,& s x is ) all tru?s ( ! highe/ ord]3 !y are sep>at$ f ^? ( av]age precision by po9ts ( extreme delicacy1 :i* none b a cultivat$ eye c 9 ! lea/ feel1 & to express :i* all words are absolutely mean+less & useless4 ,two l9es are laid on canvas1 or cut on /one3 "o is "r & ano!r wrong4 ,!re is no diff]5ce betwe5 !m appreciable by ! compasses--none appreciable by ! ord9>y eye--none :i* c be po9t$ out if x is n se54 ,"o p]son feels x1 ano!r does n2 b ! feel+ or sight ( ! "o c by no words be communicat$ to ! o!r4 ,t feel+ & t sight h be5 ! rew>d ( ye>s ( lab\r4--,john ,rusk94 #ahec4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i (f] ?is little "w z long z ,i live to ! correction ( ^? :o are m le>n$4 ,if ,i h done wrong 9 any?+ ,i %all n be a%am$ to receive _! admonitions2 & if !re be any?+ :i* !y l1 ,i %all n be sl[ to furni% m4--,wilhelm ( ,bamb]g1 circa #ajjj ,a4,d4 ,,errata4 ,page #bh1 l9e #c f bottom1 = ,tambrani read ,tambroni4 #df1 #bc top h& panel4 #fh1 #f ,o'er ,o'erspread4 #gj1 #h *i *4 #gf1 #ab ,baptism ( ,laz>us ,rais+ ( ,laz>us4 #hd1 #af bottom1 ,selvatia ,selvatica4 #ie1 #a ,sulasio ,subasio4 #aje1 #c ,app5dix ,c has be5 omitt$ = want ( space4 #abc1 #h = ,scavegni read ,scrovegni4 #abh1 #e top ,l9ks ,lamps4 ,,giotto4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,introductory4 ,! biographies 9 ?is s]ies#a are int5d$ to help 9 ! pres]vation ( ! memories ( ^? great arti/s1 :o1 leav+ to ! _w ! legacies ( _! g5ius1 h n all di$1 b live to ?is h\r 9 ! f>-rea*+ influ5ce _! works ex]t4 ,t su* m5 liv$1 work$1 & p]i%$1 is almo/ ! sum ( k t mo/ ( u c boa/ ( ) reg>d to !m2 we "h try to add ! simple /ory ( _! lives1 & p]haps a few t\*es ( description z to ! fri5ds !y lov$1 ! c\ntry !y liv$ 91 & ! times 9 :i* !y work$2 s t1 p]haps1 !y may become 9 "s measure to u1 n only wield]s ( ! *isel & ! bru%1 b m5 l ourselves1 ) mom5ts ( frailty z well z exaltation1 ) lives m or less difficult ?r\gh fad+ ambitions & frequ5t failure1 b nev]!less b\nd to u by ! tie ( a common humanity1 & claim+ our sympa?y & love1 n only = ! beauty !y h left u1 b because !y also c>ri$ ! burd51 & f\ght ! fight t we are fight+ to-day4 ,if x be true1 z ,george ,eliot tells u1 t ! aspect ( affairs = ! race1 is l>gely alt]$ by ! influ5ce ( ^? :o h liv$ fai?fully hidd5 lives1 & re/ 9 unvisit$ tombs1 x is none ! less true1 t !re is "s dang] 9 reg>d+ ^? ^: a*ievem5ts are ( hi/oric magnitude1 z if !y belong$ to a sep>ate ord] ( humanity1 & 7 remov$ alike f its e-day joys & sorr[s2 & we %all ga9 a k by no means to be despis$1 if we once br+ fairly home to our consci\sness ! fact t ! se$s ( greatness fl\ri% 9 no o!r soil ?an t :i* we all possess2 t ! div9e light ( g5ius glorifies natures t are subject to ! l joys1 sorr[s1 & passions z our own1 nay1 t ev51 l ! fi]ce light t beats ^u a ?rone1 x (t5 reveals faults ( :i* ! weake/ ( u might well be a%am$1 z well z virtues ( :i* we are all capable4 ,x is n by elevat+ ! great to a passionless region ( undi/urb$ supremacy ( life & action1 t we %[ !m our true/ rev]5ce1 or le>n f !m our mo/ wor?y lesson1 b by see+ !m z !y 7 9 sob] tru?4 ,if we w\ld knit into firm] unison ! v>y+ /ruggles1 failures1 & triumphs ( our great bro!rhood1 we mu/ le>n to look ^u g5ius1 n z "s cold1 unapproa*able excell5ce t f9ds its "w 9 ali5 sph]es ( imag9ation & action1 b r z a ke5] insight into ! tru?s ( ?\ght & feel+1 ) its relations to ! ev]yday aspects ( life1 no less ?an to its mo/ exalt$ phases4 ,x w n be wa/$ "t to ! busy dwell]s 9 ! ,engl& ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 to be l$ back 9 _s to ^? old ,italian days :5 z yet civilisation doz$ ^u ! /ream ( "t1 :5 ! ,arno & ! ,tib] ran _! c\rse unspann$ by o!r bridges ?an ^? grey /one ones t rema9 to ?is day1 :5 "u ! %ad[s ( ! ,umbrian m\nta9s1 ! ru%es ( ,?rasym5e wav]$ n ) ! ru% ( ! locomotive1 b ! sigh+ ( ! breezes1 & on ! hills ( ,assisi ! bre?r5 ( ,/4 ,francis *ant$ _! e>lie/ an!ms1 & took _! fir/ solemn v[s ( pov]ty & ob$i5ce4 ,x w n be wa/$ "t1 if a ?rill ( k9dly sympa?y c be rais$ )9 u = t old life )\t ^: /ruggles our full] k c\ld nev] h exi/$1 :5 ! _w 0 pla9ly divid$ into soldi]s & s*ol>s1 rul]s & rul$1 m5 ( action & m5 ( ?\ght1 :5 ! good 0 encru/$ ) no unc]ta9ties1 & ! evil mitigat$ by no d\bts1 & all ! lives ( m5 7 p\r$ along a deep] & n>r[] *annel ?an n[4 ,?\gh we %\ld n regret1 we %\ld /ill rememb] k9dly ^? times & all t !y wr\ght = u1 & ! lessons t !y tea*1 ?\gh our lives be ca/ 9 a f> diff]5t m\ld4 ,x is n possible n[ = a new reg5]ator ( art to cause a new dep>ture = art by pla9 ref]5ce to natural fact1 z did ! subject ( ?is book six hundr$ ye>s ago2 b h[ long has x be5 impossible8 ,= little m ?an tw5ty ye>s6 ,/range z x may seem to _m ( our read]s1 a l>ge portion ( ! v be/ art ( ! pres5t day is bas$ ^u pr9ciples :i* 7 d]iv$ f ! works ( ,giotto & 8 imm$iate successors1 & su* m5 z ,millais1 ,holman ,hunt1 ,rossetti1 & ,burne ,jones1 w\ld nev] h pa9t$ z !y h done1#b _h x n be5 = ! ,umbrian %eph]d boy1 ^: /ory we are ab\t to tell4 ,! quality :i* !y f\nd 9 ,giotto's "w1 ( simple unsw]v+ tru? to ! facts ( nature & life1 ?is x is :i* lies at ! root ( all _! "w1 ?is x is :i* !y s\ght to f9d 9 va9 9 ! pictures ( lat] arti/s1 h[ev] sup]ior su* might be1 & 71 9 beauty ( =m & ref9em5t ( col\r+4 ,=c$ & ecc5tric z ! "w ( ! mod]n pre-,raphaelites at fir/ seem$1 x 0 indubitably bas$ ^u a s\nd pr9ciple--! pr9ciple ( pa9t+ :at !y saw1 & consequ5tly :at !y believ$ 91 r ?an :at !y might h se54 ,!y took up ! !ory t nature 0 ess5tially beautiful &1 c>ry+ x a /ep fur!r ?an 0 usual1 drew ! conclusion t if !y 7 absolutely fai?ful to nature1 _! "w c\ld n be ugly4#c ,x is h>dly too mu* to say t ?is pr9ciple has gone f> to effect z great a *ange 9 mod]n art z ! practice ( ,giotto effect$ 9 t ( six hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,ev5 ^? arti/s :o h be5 mo/ antagoni/ic to ! pre-,raphaelite movem5t1 z x is call$1 h _h _! practice modifi$ by x2 & ?\gh !y h cont9u$ to uphold ! necessity = foll[+ rules ( art1 conv5tionally graceful arrangem5t ( l9e1 & contra/s ( light & %ade z ! *ief elem5ts ( pictorial beauty1 h /ill be5 =c$ by _! antagoni/s into br++ _! works m into accordance ) natural fact4 ,^u ?is po9t1 h[ev]1 ?is is n ! place to dwell2 x is suffici5t to be> 9 m9d t ! influ5ce ( ,giotto1 ( :i* we h spok51 is "o :i* is ev5 n[ modify+ our art1 & t !re=e x w be no small help to ! "r und]/&+ ( pres5t pictures & picture !ories1 to und]/& cle>ly :at re=m x 0 t ,giotto introduc$ into ,italian pa9t+1 & h[ x comes ab\t t aft] s long an int]val ( "t 8 "w has come to =m a sort ( rally+ po9t = "y ,engli% arti/s ( our own day4 ,!re is /ill ano!r reason = dwell+ ^u ! "w ( ?is old pre-,raphaelite pa9t]2 :i* is1 t !re is "o consid]able section ( ! ,engli% art-_w :o unite 9 decl>+ ! ess5tial & necess>y sup]iority ( ! ,v5etian & ,flor5t9e pa9t+1 say ( ! fifte5? & sixte5? c5turies1 & 9 speak+ 9 despair+ t]ms ( ! hopeless ugl9ess ( mod]n civilisation4 ,i (t5 wond] :e!r ^? wor?y eld]s1 _h !y liv$ 9 ! times ( ,giotto1 w\ld n h ref]r$ 9 t]ms ( despair+ eulogy to ! old ,roman mosaics ( ! fif? & six? c5turies1 & contra/$ _! beauty ) ! innovat+ t5d5cy ( ! %eph]d pa9t]1 :o actually ins]t$ portraits ( liv+ p into 8 sacr$ pictures1 & vulg>is$ ! mo/ holy subjects by ! ins]tion ( p]sonages :o look$ actually glad1 or surpris$1 or sorry1 j z !y might h done 9 actual life6 ,b x surely is n ! case t art alone1 ( all ! great influ5ces ( ! _w1 rea*$ its apogee 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 & t no?+ h5ce=? rema9s = x b /agnation or decl9e4 ,c we believe t progress w g on 9 all else1 & t art alone is doom$ to /& /ill = ev]1 l a sort ( ,lot's wife1 look+ backw>d to ,v5ice & ,flor5ce1 z %e to ,sodom8 ,su* _c be ! belief ( ^? :o hold t progress is n ! result ( an accid5tal conjunction ( =tunate circum/ances1 b r t ( an univ]sal law ( nature1 :i* orda9s t we move = ev] =w>d1 ?\gh ! /eps ( our advance are r>ely p]ceptible4 ,x is possible t all ! old] =ms ( art mu/ die--z !y seem to be dy+ n[1 ( inanition--ere ! full] art be born1 b nev]!less ! full] art mu/ come 9 its season1 & :atev] be its di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ic1 ?is at lea/ is c]ta91 t x w be m 9 unison ) ! facts ( nature & life1 z we n[ "k !m1 ?an a reflection ( ! fad$ beauties ( anci5t /ory4 ,s t we are ju/ifi$ 9 look+ ) special int]e/ ^u ! works ( ! man :o fir/ ass]t$ ! pr9ciple ( ! broad relation ( art to life1 & pa9t$ leg5ds ( ! ,madonna1 or :atev] 7 8 subjects1 n 9 ! anci5t symbolical mann]1 b z incid5ts t happ5$ 9 ! "w-a-day _w1 & 7 witness$ by spectators1 su* z might h really exi/$1 "s ( :om 7 curi\s1 "s scornful1 & "s indiff]5t4 ,:atev] *anges art may und]go 9 ! future1 our debt w be none ! less to ^? :o h made x su* z we "k x n[1 to ^? e>ly work]s :o /ruggl$ aga9/ difficulties & solv$ !m = u1 & ^: imp]fections =m$ ! gr\ndwork ( our full] k4 ,& *ief ( ^!1 z ! fir/ :o introduc$ a rational & v]ifiable mann] ( pa9t+1 is ,giotto ,bondone1 ! pupil ( ,cimabue1 :o n only ca/ on "o side ! arbitr>y =ms ( repres5tation h&$ d[n f ! ,byzant9e arti/s1 b1 z we h said1 introduc$ into 8 pictures ! elem5t ( natural life1 & c>ry+ 8 re=m into ! v he>t ( 8 subject1 adopt$ = 8 *>act]s n only appropriate action & natural positions1 b made ! :ole picture tell a /ory ( human life1 in/ead ( mak+ x a composition ( m or less graceful l9es & v>iegat$ col\rs4 ,?is w be treat$ ( 9 subsequ5t portions ( ?is essay1 x is suffici5t to say "h t pa9t]s 7 n sl[ to foll[ ! example ?us set1 nor ! public to appreciate ! *ange4 ,x 0 s sudd5 & ( su* m>k$ importance1 ! advantages ga9$ 7 s great1 t ! new me?od ( pa9t+1 completely vanqui%$ ! traditional "o1 ev5 9 ! arti/'s own lifetime2 & ) ! :ole weight ( tradition1 & ) ! ,*ur*'s dislike to innovation to cont5d )1 x succe$$ 9 p]man5tly e/abli%+ itself 9 public fav\r4 ,f ! "t ( ,giotto's e>ly manhood to ! dea? ( ,titian1 ! hi/ory ( pa9t+ is ma9ly ! hi/ory ( ! pr9ciples :i* ! =m] arti/ taught 8 pupils & exemplifi$ 9 8 works4 ,ev5 9 l&scape pa9t+1 :i* 0 h>dly if at all practis$ 9 8 "t1 ! advance made by ,giotto 0 rem>kable1 z he sub/itut$ = ! ord9>y conv5tional backgr\nd1 sc5es 9 :i* nature 0 repres5t$ fai?fully1 ?\gh ) _m %ortcom+s ( p]spective & errors ( proportion su* z 7 inevitable 9 a fir/ attempt4 ,h[ev]1 = two hundr$ ye>s aft]w>ds ! advance 9 l&scape 0 v slight1#d & 9 "s respects 8 designs ( leaves & foliage1 especially "s ( ^? 9 ! sculptures on ! ,campanile at ,flor5ce1 are /ill wor?y ( our admiration = _! fidelity1 no less ?an = _! beauty4 ,& la/ly1 to conclude ?is introductory *apt]1 x may be wor? :ile to attempt to answ] ! "q ( :at analogy we c f9d betwe5 ! "w ( ,giotto & t ( ! pres5t day1 & :at lessons we c d]ive f ! =m]4 ,n[ t we h _h our road cle>$ ( ! _m difficulties t beset ! old ,italian arti/1 h we any left t he c tea* u h[ to ma/]1 & if s1 :at are !y8 ,! answ] is a v simple "o4 ,9 8 "t art 0 suff]+ its re/riction to a c]ta9 class ( subjects1 ! religi\s2 & a c]ta9 way ( repres5t+ ^? subjects1 ! conv5tional4 ,?is re/riction _h eng5d]$ a purely =mal & unemotional art1 & an almo/ total suppression 9 pictures ( ! elem5ts ( fancy & ! realisation ( natural fact4 ,9 ! pres5t day1 z 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 art suff]s f re/rictions1 ! diff]5ce be+1 t in/ead ( be+ impos$ f )\t1 !y are impos$ f )91 or 9 o!r words1 !y are developm5ts f h] own practice4 ,! effect ( ! great advance 9 art made 9 ! fifte5? & sixte5? c5turies has be5 to make mod]n arti/s look at nature 9 a p>ticul> way1 i4e41 9 ! mann] 9 :i* ! pa9t]s ( t day orig9at$2 & in/ead ( aim+ at beauty ?r\gh tru? to nature & life1 !y r aim at x ?r\gh an imitation ( ! works ( ,raphael & ,titian4 ,! p]fection ( te*nique rea*$ by ^? ma/]s & _! contempor>ies1 has rais$ ! admiration ( all lat] pa9t]s to su* a degree t !y h exalt$ ! me?ods ( ?is ,r5aissance pa9t+ into a religion1 & seek to f9d 9 ! laws ( *i>oscuro1 composition1 balance1 & h>mony ( col\r1 :i* !y c d$uce f ! pictures ( t p]iod1 ! s\rce ( ! inspiration t r5d]s ^? works immortal4 ,?us art is /ill 9 s]vice1 9 s]vice to itself2 x has b bur/ "o set ( fett]s t x might ga!r ! l9ks ( ! brok5 *a9 to fa/5 !m pr\dly r\nd h]4 ,no long] b\nd by sup]/ition & =malism2 %e is b\nd by bonds ( h] own mak+1 & falls d[n1 l ,n>cissus ( old1 9 wor%ip ( h] own fair face4 ,inde$ ! pres5t error is really a deep] "o ?an t :i* ,giotto vanqui%$1 = ?r\gh\t all ! degradation ( art 9 ! e>ly c5turies ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 !re 0 "o pr9ciple :i* _h be5 clung fa/ to1 & t 01 t pictures %\ld repres5t ?+s wor?y to be repres5t$2 x is true t ! range 0 n>r[$ & its treatm5t gov]n$ by rule1 b x may be d\bt$ :e!r ?is 0 n pref]able to our pres5t indiff]5ce ( :at x is t is pa9t$1 or :e!r any?+ %\ld be pa9t$ at all4 ,= x mu/ be notic$ t _m mod]n writ]s on art seem to hold1 & arti/s to exemplify1 ! pr9ciple1 t "o subject is z good z ano!r2 9 fact1 t ! treatm5t is ev]y?+1 ! mean+ ( ! "w :olly subsidi>y4 ,art no long] exi/s to depict wor?ily wor?y ?+s1 b r l an /hetic ,blond9 balances itself solemnly on a tight-rope ( its own con/ruction1 seem+ to pride itself ^u its removal f ! vulg> cr[d1 & moves onw>d ) ab/ract$ gaze1 he$less ( ! (t repeat$ cries ( ,come d[n4 ,yet n[1 z 9 ! old] c5turies1 m5 sorr[ & hope1 succe$ & fail1 & woman's beauty is z fair1 & h] he>t z t5d]1 z "u ! ,italian sun%9e six hundr$ ye>s ago2 !re may be at ! pres5t h\r 9 ! cottages ( ,engl&1 z !n mid ! hills ( ,vespignano1 peasants' *ildr5 9 :om ! inspiration ( art is /ruggl+ = utt]ance1 ne$+ b ! *ance t ,cimabue gave to ,giotto1 to give to mank9d new lessons ( beauty & tru?4 ,9 a ^w1 n[ z !n1 ! subjects ( art & its p[] are ! same z !y h ev] be51 & m5 h n ceas$ to be ! same because ! fa%ion ( _! dress is *ang$1 & !y no long] display _! emotions ) ! frank egotism ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,&1 z has be5 said1 ! hi/ory ( ,giotto is ! hi/ory ( ! man :o fir/ 9 pa9t+ gave expression to all ! div]se emotions ( m51 :o refus$ to believe t traditional arrangem5ts ( l9e1 & pr(us5ess ( col\r+1 c\ld be effici5t sub/itutes = ! vital facts ( nature & life2 :o taught t pa9t+ is b "o ( ! means by :i* man speaks to man1 & t !re=e ! words x says are z important1 p]haps m s1 z ! way 9 :i* !y are said4 ,s ,i repeat ! hi/ory ( ?is old pre-,raphaelite is d\bly important to u at ?is day1 n only z ! f\nd] ( ! great s*ools ( ,italian pa9t+1 b z ! en]getic re=m] 9 ^: works our arti/s may f9d an exhortation to ca/ away =mulas = facts1 & rely = ! beauty & attractiv5ess ( _! pictures1 m ^u _! correspond5ce ) nature1 ?an _! subs]vi5ce to arti/ic tradition4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,?is essay 0 orig9ally writt5 =1 & w ultimately appe> 91 ! s]ies ( ,illu/rat$ ,biographies ( ! ,great ,arti/s1 publi%$ by ,messrs4 ,sampson ,l[1 & ,co4 #b ,see ,pre-,raphaelitism1 by ,john ,rusk94 #ahfb4 #c ,9 ?is connection ! foll[+ quotation f ,mr4 ,rusk9's description ( ! orig9 ( ,engli% pre-,raphaelitism may be f\nd int]e/+4 ,he is "h speak+ ( ,messrs4 ,millais1 ,hunt1 & ,rossetti3 ,pupils 9 ! same s*ools receiv+ precisely ! same in/ruction1 :i* = s long a "t has p>alys$ e "o ( our pa9t]s2 ^! boys agree 9 dislik+ to copy ! antique /atues set be=e !m4 ,!y copy !m z !y are bid1 & !y copy !m bett] ?an anybody else2 !y c>ry (f prize aft] prize1 & yet !y hate _! "w4 ,at la/ !y are admitt$ to /udy f ! life1 !y f9d ! life v diff]5t f ! antique1 & !y say s4 ,_! tea*]s tell !m ! antique is ! be/1 & !y mu/ n copy ! life4 ,!y agree among !mselves t !y l ! life & t copy x !y w4 ,!y d copy x fai?fully1 & _! ma/]s =?) decl>e !m to be lo/ m54 ,_! fell[-/ud5ts hiss !m :5ev] !y ent] ! room4 ,!y _c help x1 !y jo9 h&s & tacitly resi/ bo? ! hiss+ & ! in/ruction4 ,accid5tally a few pr9ts ( ! works ( ,giotto1 a few ca/s f t ( ,ghib]ti1 fall into _! h&s1 & !y see 9 !m some?+ :i* !y nev] saw be=e2 some?+ et]nally & ev]la/+ly true4 #d ,f ,giotto's old age to ! y\? ( ,raphael ! advance consi/s pr9cipally 9 two great /eps3 ! fir/1 t di/ant objects 7 m or less inve/$ ) a blue col\r2 ! second1 t trees 7 no long] pa9t$ ) a black gr\nd b ) a ri* d>k br[n1 or d>k gre5 "o4--,john ,rusk94 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,art ,,9 ,,italy ,,9 ,,! ,,?irte5? ,,c5tury4 ,if we w\ld ga9 a true & adequate conception ( ! works & m]it ( any pa9t]1 x is necess>y = u n only to exam9e 8 special productions1 b to become 9 "s measure acqua9t$ ) ! /ate 9 :i* art 0 dur+ 8 "t4 ,& n only is x necess>y to take into acc\nt ! actual am\nt ( progress !n manife/$ 9 "o p>ticul> bran*1 su* z pa9t+1 b to consid] also ! t5d5cies ( ! age1 if we w\ld sep>ate ! influ5ce ex]cis$ by ! arti/'s "w1 & def9e its true significance4 ,!re=e read]s w n ?9k x irrelevant to ! "r tell+ & und]/&+ ( ! life ( ,giotto1 if !y are fir/ ask$ to consid] = a %ort "t ! condition ( art 9 ! ye> #abgf2 & 9 ord] to ?or\ghly compreh5d ?is condition1 we mu/ = a mom5t c>ry our ?\ghts back a ?\s& ye>s fur!r /ill1 & ?9k ( ^? days :5 art & paganism fl\ri%$ side by side 9 ! ,grecian republic4 ,x w\ld be difficult at any "t1 impossible 9 ! %ort space at our disposal1 to expla9 ! peculi> action & reaction ( ,greek art ^u ,greek religion2 we mu/ cont5t ourselves ) not+ ! fact t ! two 7 absolutely insep>able--t ! religion ow$ its influ5ce ov] m5's m9ds 9 no small degree to ! p[] ( art1 is z indisputable z t art ga9$ enorm\sly 9 dignity & /r5g? by be+ consid]$ z ! greate/ expon5t ( religion1 & by all its mo/ important a*ievem5ts be+ consecrat$ to t s]vice4 ,b if ! ,greek art 0 on ! "o h& indissolubly connect$ ) ! national religion1 x 01 on ! o!r1 no less connect$ ) ! national life4 ,if ! wisdom ( ,zeus1 ! pride ( ,juno1 & ! t5d]ness ( ,v5us ornam5t$ "o side ( ! amphora1 ! /ruggles ( ! *ase & ! conte/s ( ! gymnasia adorn$ ! o!r2 nor did x seem to ! p t !re 0 any?+ extraord9>y 9 ?us m+l+ ! do+s ( _! neighb\rs1 & ! actions ( _! gods4 ,:y6 _! gods1 aft] all1 7 b neighb\rs ( a high] ord]1 & _h ev5 be5 kn[n to succumb to ! craft or brav]y ( m54 ,! b>ri] betwe5 se5 & unse5 sc>cely exi/$2 b nature pass$ ?r\gh almo/ imp]ceptible gradations1 f ! dryad ( ! woodl&1 to ! rul] ( ,olympus4 ,_h _! religion1 _! art1 & _! life /ood ap>t1 z1 unhappily1 religion1 art1 & life /& ap>t n[1 ! rise ( ,*ri/ianity c\ld nev] h produc$ ! )]+ effect ^u all works ( imag9ation :i* we "k occurr$2 = x c\ld n h tak5 away1 at "o bl[1 bo? ! motives & ! subjects ( art1 h[ev] x might h *ang$ ! mode ( _! repres5tation2 nor w\ld ,*ri/ianity h be5 oppos$ to x 9 l mann]1 _h x n cle>ly p]ceiv$ t x 0 "o ( ! great in/rum5ts 9 ! h&s ( ! pagan prie/s4 ,unable to p]v]t to spiritual conceptions an art ^: only conception ( spiritual ?+s 0 ! p]fection ( bodily ones1 ascetic ,*ri/ianity _h no *oice b to disc\rage ! practice ( art altoge!r1 & ?is is :at actually happ5$4 ,gradually z ! /udy ( ! nude figure 0 ab&on$1 ! ignorance ( ! arti/s ( ! real outl9es ( ! human =m increas$2 & gradually1 z ! fir/ broad ,*ri/ian !ory ( fell[%ip & bro!rhood1 fad$ ?r\gh ! help ( ! prie/ into a /]n1 asceticism1 en=c$ by ,*ur* tradition1 all repres5tations ( vig\r & manly beauty 7 consid]$ to v]ge ^u ! pr(ane1 till at la/ we f9d 9 ! "w ( ! fif? to ! t5? c5turies1 an almo/ total abs5ce ( all /udy ( ei!r nature or man2 ! =m] be+ totally disreg>d$1 ! latt] repres5t$ "u rude types1 :i* 7 repeat$ f age to age )\t v>iety or improvem5t4 ,spl5d\r ( mat]ial & col\r+ 7 made to atone = pov]ty ( conception & abs5ce ( ?\ght1 & ! great art ( ^? ages 0 "o :i* ! ,greeks _h only consid]$ wor?y to decorate ! floors ( _! palaces4 ,?is art ( mosaic1 :i* ab\t ! f\r? c5tury#e began to sup]s$e pa9t+ 9 temp]a & encau/ic1 0 peculi>ly fitt$ to be ! s]vant ( asceticism4 ,9 ! c\rse ( its practice all ! fl[+ l9es ( drap]y became h>% & /iff1 ! limbs lo/ _! suppl5ess & movem5t1 ! face its expression & life1 & 9 fact ! :ole picture became less a repres5tation ( an occurr5ce1 ?an a type to recall "s subject to ! m9d4 ,if we rememb] t _m ( ! facts ( ! ,*ri/ian religion 7 su* z almo/ to defy absolute repres5tation1 we %all discov] ano!r reason = ! adoption ( ?is "w4 ,x is to be not$ t1 accord+ to ,pl9y1 mosaic began to be 9 vogue 9 ,rome ab\t #agj ye>s be=e ,*ri/4 ,kugl] ass]ts t ?is art 0 an inv5tion ( ! ,alex&rian age1 b 9 ?is he appe>s to be mi/ak51 & x is m probable t ! ,greeks receiv$ x f ,p]sia & ,assyria 7?r\gh _! gean colonies & ! hi/ories ( ,pho5ician m]*ants71 9 :i* c\ntries ! art seems to h be5 ( great antiquity1#f ,! f9e/ examples ( ^! wall mosaics are to be f\nd 9 ,rome & ,rav5na1 &1 at a lat] date1 9 ! decoration ( ,/4 ,m>k's1 at ,v5ice1 to :i* we %all h]eaft] h occasion to ref]4 ,ano!r k9d ( art ( great importance at ?is "t 0 ,illum9ation1 ! e>lie/ traces ( :i* are f\nd t[>ds ! close ( ! second c5tury1 :5 ! pres5t =m ( leaves sewn toge!r at ! back sup]s$$ ! roll]s :i* _h be5 previ\sly us$4 ,! fir/ embelli%m5ts 7 simple enl>gem5ts & v>iety ( col\r+ 9 ! lett]s2 f ?is1 ! advance to bord]s & illu/rative designs 0 comp>atively rapid4#g ,! e>lie/ examples ( importance rema9+ at ! pres5t day1 are ! ,dioscorides1 9 ! libr>y at ,vi5na1 & ! ,virgil1 9 ! ,vatican1 bo? ( :i* are suppos$ to be ( ! f\r? c5tury4 ,! influ5ce ( tradition1 asceticism1 & sac]dotalism1 act$ 9 a precisely simil> way to re/ra9 ! art ( illum9ation1 z x did to de/roy t ( pa9t+ & sculpture4 ,at fir/ ! ,byzant9e s*ool ( illum9ators greatly surpass$ ^? ( ! ,we/]n _w1 b1 z ,humphreys says1 ,!y belong$ to a s9k+ & n a ris+ civilisation1 & we f9d !m gradually det]iorat+ aft] ! t5? c5tury1 & nev] orig9at+ a new /yle or gradually progress+ to m intricate or beautiful treatm5t ( _! subjects1 b on ! contr>y1 un9flu5c$ by ! *ange & progress t 0 at "w 9 ,we/]n ,europe1 !y plodd$ on 9 ! traditional track2 ! anci5t co/ume & ! bright gold ( _! m9iatures ( ! fif? c5tury /ill cont9u+ 9 practice to ! lat] p]iod ( ,byzant9e illum9ation2 & ev5 9 ! ye> #ahdf1 ,m4 ,papetie f\nd ! monks ( ,m\nt ,a?os decorat+ portions ( _! mona/]y ) figures ( ! apo/les & evangeli/s ( ! old approv$ patt]n1 & pa9t$ on ! traditional gold gr\nds1 ! exact c\nt]p>t ( ^? ( ! fif? c5tury4#h ,we h spok5 ( ! ,byzant9e mosaic & illum9ation1 & h only to m5tion _! ar*itecture to complete our acc\nt1 = x mu/ be rememb]$ t almo/ e arti/ic impulse ( ^! c5turies 0 due ei!r m$iately or imm$iately to ! influ5ce ( ,con/ant9ople1 :i*1 h[ev] /ation>y1 or ev5 decl9+ 9 its civilisation1 0 yet ! great c5tre ( enlight5m5t4 ,x is q impossible ,i believe to give 9 a few l9es any description ( ! peculi>ities ( ,byzant9e ar*itecture1 dep5d5t z t /yle 0 ^u a comb9ation ( ! ,grecian1 ,roman1 & ,arabian me?ods ( build+4 ,we "k t "o elem5t 9 ! /yle 0 ! comb9ation ( ! r\nd dome ) ! anci5t temple1 & t ! %ape & size ( ! build+ 0 9 ! fir/ place det]m9$ by ! necessities ( its wor%ip4 ,z is po9t$ out by ,pr(essor ,br[n1#i ! ,*ri/ian mode ( wor%ip requir$ a /yle ( build+ consid]ably diff]5t f ! hea!n temple4 ,in/ead ( a m]e sacri/ry = ! prie/1 ! t]m at :i* ! pomp ( processions end$1 & 9 ! front ( :i*1 "u ! vault ( ! sky1 sacrifices 7 p]=m$1 %elt] 0 n[ requir$ = ! multitude (f]+ _! pray]s1 accord+ to ritual1 & receiv+ in/ruction f _! pa/ors4 ,new places = sacr$ edifices 7 !re=e requir$1 & ^? ( great dim5sions1 ) ample space & sup]ior accommodation )9 ! int]ior4 ,! result ( ?is dem& l$ to ! selection & adaptation ( ! mo/ suitable build+s :i* 7 !n available1 & ^! happ5$ to be ! anci5t basilicas or halls ( ju/ice1 ( :i*1 z !y are ! orig9 ( all ,*ri/ian *ur*es1 ! foll[+ description may be int]e/+ to "s ( my read]s3#aj ,a basilica 0 a public edifice ( ! anci5t ,romans1 consi/+ ( an oblong int]ior divid$ 9 its wid? into ?ree divisions by two r[s ( columns4 ,at ! upp] end x _h a l>ge ni*e or tribune1 :]e c\rts ( ju/ice 7 held4 ,! basilica 0 a place ( g5]al resort1 l an ex*ange ( mod]n times4 ,^! places also became to be us$ by ! ,*ri/ians = _! place ( meet+1 & aft]w>ds *ur*es 7 built on ! model ( ! basilic1 & ! "n ( basilic is /ill affix$ to ! pr9cipal *ur*es 9 ,rome4 ,to a build+ ( ?is k9d !re 0 add$ a transept1 to give a cruci=m %ape2 & s ! g5]al plan ( our *ur*es came to be adopt$4 ,if ! exig5cies ( room & ha/e l$ to ! transposition ( ^! anci5t ex*anges into *ur*es1 & fix$ ! =m ( ! ,*ri/ian ar*itecture ( ! future2 ! zeal ( ! new fai? also det]m9$ 9 no small measure ! /yle ( adornm5t ( _! int]iors4 ,=1 aga91 ! ha/e = _! decoration 0 s great t ! importation ( m>ble f ! qu>ries ne>ly tw5ty miles f ,rome 0 too sl[ a me?od = ! ,*ri/ians to adopt1 & !y imm$iately comm5c$ ! "w ( demolition among ! classic edifices ( antiquity erect$ by ! pagan ,romans1 *iefly = ! value ( ! mat]ials4#aa ,?is 0 probably ! orig9 ( ! me?od ( incru/ation1 :i* =ms su* a rem>kable feature 9 ! ,byzant9e ar*itecture1 & inde$ is1 accord+ to ,rusk91 its mo/ typical feature4 ,! process ( *ang+ a basilica into a ca!dral be+ some:at ak9 to t ( *ang+ a b>rack into a palace1 ! ri* mat]ials _h to be us$ z sp>+ly z possible1 9 ord] to make !m suffici5t = ! concealm5t ( ! orig9al pov]ty ( ! /ructure1 & ?is naturally l$ to ! blocks ( m>ble be+ divid$ into ?9 slabs1 9 ord] to ga9 z mu* surface decoration z possible1 & caus$ also ! delicate proportions ( symmetry & uni=mity 9 ! ,grecian temples to be neglect$1 s9ce ! proportions _h to be tak5 z !y 7 f\nd1 & made ! be/ (4 ,if we !n add to ?is fir/ orig9 ( ! ,*ri/ian ar*itecture1 ! influ5ces :i* 7 likely to att5d ^u its transf]5ce to ! ,ea/1 we easily p]ceive h[ its m elaborate decorations & peculi>ities arose4 ,! employm5t ( col\r$ m>bles1 :i* arose fir/ f ! necessity ( mak+ use ( ! scatt]$ fragm5ts ( ! anci5t temples1 0 cont9u$1 ?r\gh a love = ! picturesqu5ess ( ! effect produc$2 ! elem5ts ( size1 proportion1 & simplicity1 on :i* ! /ructure ( ! ,grecian temples _h be5 f\nd$1 once lo/ sight (1 ^? ( v>iety & intricacy took _! place4 ,ea/]n magnific5ce cov]$ ! walls ) gold & col\rs1 :ile ! necessities ( exclud+ ! fi]ce sun%9e ( ! ,ea/1 n>r[$ ! w9d[s1 & produc$ ! *equ]$ gloom1 ?r\gh :i* ! lu/re ( ! gold5 crucifix1 & ! silv] lamp1 alone %one cle>ly4 ,su* 0 ! rise ( ! ,byzant9e ar*itecture1 :i*1 h[ev] lack+ x may be 9 /rictness ( ta/e & correctness ( me?od1 has always be5 p[]ful ov] m5's m9ds to an almo/ unp>allel$ ext5t4#ab ,& 9 ?is ar*itecture & decoration ev]y?+ 0 subord9at$ to ! religi\s impression2 f its meane/ detail1 to ! v %ape ( ! *ur* itself1 ev]y?+ 0 a type ( ! ,*ri/ian fai? & hope1 & 0 nei!r valuable nor preci\s1 save z ! symbol ( ! unse5 div9ity4 ,x c be easily imag9$ h[ quickly art sank :olly "u ?is influ5ce1 & became ! m]e s]vant ( ! popul> sup]/ition4 ,z 9 anci5t ,greece1 s 9 ,byzantium1 ! prie/s us$ art = _! great lev] to move ! imag9ations ( ! p2 ! diff]5ce be+ only t z ! religion 0 ( a diff]5t k9d1 s 0 ! art4 ,?is _w 0 a hospital2 heal? & heav5 7 to come2#ac t 0 practically ! belief ( ^! e>ly ages ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,x is inde$ ! !ory ( ! ,*ur* at ! pres5t day4 ,s art no long] s\ght to f9d h] gods 9 an apo!o?is$ humanity1 b sub/itut$ arbitr>y types = ! ?+s unspeakable2 ?us a h& rea*+ d[n f ! sky typifi$ ! ,almighty2 a dove 0 ! recognis$ symbol ( ! _s1 & s on4#ad ,& z ! ,*ur* gradually encroa*$ m & m ^u ! lives ( ! p1 & z ) its increas+ influ5ce x ass]t$ its supremacy on e doma9 ( human life2 s x ext5d$ its p[] ( repression ^u ! subjects z well z ^u ! me?ods ( art4 ,n only 0 ! b>ri] rais$ aga9/ all repres5tations ( bodily /r5g?1 grace1 & beauty1 b ev5 9 ! del9eation ( sacr$ subjects1 ! arti/ 0 =bidd5 to r5d] !m 9 any way human by us+ 8 p[]s ( conception & modification4 ,h>dly ev5 0 a v>iation ( gr\p+ or ! introduction ( a figure all[$ 9 ! treatm5t ( ! religi\s ev5ts2 & = hundr$s ( ye>s ,/4 ,john & ! ,virg9 /ood 9 ! same attitude1 at ! "r & at ! left h& ( ! cross1 & ,*ri/1 9 ! c5tre ( ! picture1 gaz$ ^u ! spectators ) ! placid eyes ( div9e p[]1 ( :i* no agony c\ld avail to dim ! ,godhead4 ,to ! end ( ! elev5? c5tury all expression ( pa9 ^u ! face ( ! ,savi\r 0 entirely abs5t1 absolutely =bidd5 by ! prie/hood4 ,he 0 depict$ z /&+ ^u ! cross ) erect head & widely op5 eyes1#ae & 9 aspect1 z ,cr[e says1 ei!r erect or m5ac+4 ,:ile ?is _s ( repres5tation cont9u$1 x 0 manife/ly impossible = art to improve4 ,all /udy ( ! nude disc\rag$1 if n =bidd51 all ! wor? ( mat]ial beauty despis$1 all orig9ality ( conception /]nly int]dict$1 & all expression ( human emotion consid]$ z irreligi\s1 ! unhappy pa9t]s _h no op5+ left !m = any?+ b slavi% imitations ( _! pr$ecessors4 ,x w\ld take me too long to %[ h[ ?is anti-naturalism ( ! ,*ur* came to be 9 "s degree modifi$2 probably "o ( ! *ief causes 0 ! recognition by ! prie/hood ( ! progressive t5d5cy ( ! times1 & ! consequ5t relaxation ( ! h>% re/rictions :i* _h fix$ ! limits ( pictorial art4 ,9 e age ! ess5tial pr9ciple ( ! ,ca?olic religion 9 its deal+s ) secul> matt]s has be5 an adoption ( ! t5d5cies :i* x c\ld n repress1 & ! endeav\r to turn !m to its own advancem5t4 ,x may well be t ! gr[+ naturalism ( pictorial repres5tation f ! twelf? c5tury to ! end ( ! ?irte5? 0 sanction$ by ! ,*ur* f ?is cause4 ,9 any case1 dur+ ?is p]iod religi\s art took its fir/ hesitat+ /eps 9 ! "r direction4 ,sl[ly ! crucifixes repres5t$ ! ,savi\r ) d[nca/ head & clos$ eyes1 & 8 body no long] /ood erect ^u ! cross1 b sway$ outw>d 9 ! pa9 ( dea?4 ,su* 0 ! /ate ( pa9t+ at ! beg9n+ ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 purely devot$ to religi\s subjects1 & repres5t+ ^? subjects accord+ to e/abli%$ =ms--influ5c$ *iefly by ! traditions ( anci5t art :i* 7 receiv$ f ! s*ools ( ,byzantium1 b fett]$ by ^? traditions be+ embodi$ 9 ,*ri/ian types1 & complicat$ by ! introduction ( ,*ur* symbolism4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 9 ! treatm5t ( ! drap]y 9 ! mosaics execut$ at ,v5ice by ! ,greek1 ,apollonius1 some?+ ( ! anci5t mann] may be obs]v$ ?r\gh all ! figures2 b ! rigidity ( ! l9es1 ! meagr5ess ( ! bodies1 & ! lifelessness ( ! composition are entirely due to ! influ5ces ( asceticism :i* prevail$ 9 ! e>ly ,*ur*4 ,sculpture 0 9 an id5tical position till ! celebrat$ pulpit at ,pisa 0 made by ,niccola ,pisano 9 #abfj2 9 :i* ! same imitation ( ! antique1 comb9$ 9 a less] degree ) ! re/ra9+ influ5ces above m5tion$1 =ms a ne>] approa* to ! ,go?ic naturalism ( ,giotto ?an we c trace else:]e4 ,pisano's gift 9 design 0 a f> l[] "o ?an ,giotto's1 ?\gh he 0 mu* great] 9 sculptural skill1 = 9 8 works ! new elem5t is n s mu* ! rejection ( tradition = ! sake ( nature1 z ! p>tial rejection ( ascetic religion = ! sake ( imitat+ ! antique4 ,x is true t by ?is adh]5ce to ! =m ( ,grecian sculpture he f> exce$s ! works ( 8 contempor>ies & pr$ecessors ( ! ,middle ,ages1 b t is only because ! s*ools he imitat$ _h /udi$ nature s devot$ly2 !re is 9 8 "w mu* ( ! _s ( ! antique1 b little ( ! _s ( nature on :i* ! antique 0 f\nd$4 ,accord+ to ,cr[e1#af 9 ! lat] "w ( ,niccola ,pisano !re is a ref]5ce to natural models obs]vable1 b ,i h n se5 ! pulpit at ,si5a ( :i* he is speak+2 & x is notable t !re 7 sev]al pupils ( ,pisano engag$ ^u ?is "w1 & t ,cr[e admits t :]e ! ref]5ces to nature occur1 precisely !re is ! ma/]'s ability lea/ visible1 s x is at lea/ possible t !y may n h be5 ! "w ( 8 own h&4 ,_m o!r ar*itects & sculptors ( ! ?irte5? c5tury !re are2 b we _c sp>e space to d m ?an m5tion _! names4 ,arnolfo1 ,giovanni ,pisano1 ,fra ,guglielmo1 & ! ?ree ,flor5t9es1 ,lapo1 ,donato1 & ,goro are ! *ief2 _! do+s are describ$ by ,cr[e 9 8 *apt] on ! progress ( sculpture 9 ! fir/ volume ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,pa9t+ 9 ,italy1 9 :i* !re is a full description ( ! mann] ( ea*1 & an exam9ation ( ! que/ionable /atem5ts ( ,vas>i conc]n+ !m4 ,:at is int]e/+ ) reg>d to ! subject ( our biography 9 respect ( ^! sculptors is1 t !y 7 ! =]unn]s ( t revival ( ! /udy ( nature1 9 :i* he subsequ5tly play$ ! mo/ important "p4 ,x does n appe> to me t !y actually attempt$1 z is ass]t$ by ,cr[e1 to graft on ! imitation ( ! antique a /udy ( nature1 b r t _! imp]fect naturalism arose f a misrepres5tation ( ! antique "w1 & an almo/ total rejection ( ! ,byzant9e =malism4 ,x is a curi\s example ( ,rusk9's dictum t ! en]gy ( gr[? 9 any p may be almo/ directly measur$ by _! passion = sculpture or ! drama1 t j at ! "t :5 ,italy 0 beg9n+ t spl5did =w>d movem5t :i* cr[n$1 ) a blaze ( light1 ! d>k m\nta9 ( ! ,middle ,ages2 j !n sculpture %\ld h z x 7 leapt into full life aft] a sleep ( ne>ly a ?\s& ye>s4 ,accord+ to ,lanzi#ag ! improvem5t ( mosaic foll[$ t ( sculpture1 & a ,franciscan fri> nam$ ,fra ,jacopo ,torriti1 surpass$ all ! contempor>y ,greek & ,roman work]s 9 mosaics4 ,on exam9+ :at rema9s ( 8 works at ,santa ,m>ia ,maggiore at ,rome1 "o c h>dly believe t x is ! production ( s rude an age1 did n hi/ory compel u to believe x4 ,x appe>s probable t he took ! anci5ts = 8 models1 & d$uc$ 8 rules f ! m *a/e specim5s ( mosaic /ill rema9+ 9 sev]al ( ! ,roman *ur*es1 ! design ( :i* is less crude1 ! attitudes less =c$1 & ! composition m skilful1 ?an 7 exhibit$ by ! ,greeks :o ornam5t$ ! *ur* ( ,san ,m>co at ,v5ice4 ,m9o surpass$ !m 9 ev]y?+4 ,f #abbe :5 he execut$1 h[ev] feebly1 ! mosaic ( ! tribune ( ! *ur* ( ,san ,giovanni at ,flor5ce1 he 0 consid]$ at ! head ( liv+ arti/s 9 mosaic4 ,he m]it$ ?is praise mu* m by 8 works at ,rome2 & x appe>s t he long ma9ta9$ 8 reputation4 ,!re is no d\bt t ! art ( mosaic 0 9 full practice 9 ,italy at ?is p]iod1 & 0 n1 z has be5 suppos$1 conf9$ to ! ,greeks4 ,!re is a curi\s passage 9 ! "w ( ! ,abb ,montfaucon#ah :o made an ext5sive t\r ?r\gh ,italy 9 #afie1 to ! effect t 9 ! ca!dral ( ,spoleto above ! front entrance1 he saw a piece ( mosaic "w made 9 ! ye> #abjg1 ) ! foll[+ inscription3-- ,hic e/ pictura quam fecit sat placitura1 ,doctor ,solf]nus hac summo 9 arte mod]nus4 ,annis inv5tis cum septem mille duc5tis ,op]>ij ,palm5us1 c41 c4 ,translation ( ! above inscription-- ,?is picture1 :i* w please well1 0 made by ,doctor ,solf]nus1 ! able/ ( ! mod]ns 9 ?is art1 9 ! ye> #abjg4 ,! workm5 7 ,palm5ies1 c41 c4 ,i c f9d no o!r record ( ?is ,doctor ,solf]nus1 b !re c be little d\bt t ! art 0 at ?is "t g5]ally kn[n ?r\gh\t ,italy4 ,we ne$ n pause "h to exam9e ! "q ( :e!r ,kugl] is "r 9 ass]t+ t t[>ds ! close ( ! n9? c5tury ! art ( mosaic _h almo/ ceas$ 9 ,italy2 t x _h done s at ,rome appe>s c]ta92 b at ,v5ice1 & also 9 s\!rn ,italy & ,sicily1 ! art1 if discont9u$1 0 soon reviv$ by ! importation ( ,greek arti/s1 & cont9u$ 9 full practice f ! elev5? to ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 :5 x may be consid]$ to h receiv$ its dea?-bl[ f ! h& ( oil pa9t+4#ai ,x may1 ,i ?9k1 be assum$ t ! arts ( mosaic & pa9t+ 7 c>ri$ on at ,rome dur+ ! t5? c5tury1 b 7 probably 9 a v decl9+ /ate1 & 7 q sup]s$$ by ! sup]ior skill ( ! ,greek arti/s4 ,!re 0 a s*ool ( pa9t+ at ,pisa z e>ly1 accord+ to ,lanzi1 z ! beg9n+ ( ! twelf? c5tury1 & he gives an acc\nt ( a p>*m5t conta9+ ! exultet1 z usually sung ^u ,sabbato ,santo 7:i*7 is 9 ! ca!dral1 & we may "h & !re obs]ve pa9t$ on x figures 9 m9iature ) plants & animals3 x is a relique ( ! e>ly "p ( ! twelf? c5tury1 yet a specim5 ( art n altoge!r b>b>\s4 ,!re are likewise "s o!r pa9t+s ( t c5tury 9 ! same ca!dral1 conta9+ figures ( our ,lady1 ) ! ,holy ,infant on h] "r arm3 !y are rude1 b ! progress ( ! same s*ool may be trac$ f !m to ! "t ( ,giunta4 ,we may notice t ,cr[e & ,cavalcaselle give ! elev5? c5tury z ! date ( ! e>lie/ pictures 7crucifixes7 at ,pisa1 b _! only au?ority = ?is is ! negative "o ( ! ,savi\r's upright position1 :i*1 z we h m5tion$ above1 0 always obs]v$ up to ! elev5? c5tury4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 no suffici5t gr\nd = believ+ t aft] ?is date ! erect position 0 inv>iably dep>t$ f4 ,giunta ( ,pisa pa9t$ 9 ! fir/ half ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 & 0 ! be/ ( ! ,pisan s*ool z f> z is at pres5t kn[n4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 suppos$ by "s :o are mo/ conv]sant ) e>ly ,italian pa9t+1 t ?is s*ool subsequ5tly develop$ "s great arti/s ^: works are /ill to be se51 ?\gh _! names h un=tunately p]i%$2 ?is w\ld1 h[ev]1 be d5i$ by ,cavalcaselle4 ,i h spok5 z %ortly z ,i c\ld ( ! sort ( art 9 pa9t+1 mosaic1 & sculpture :i* prec$$ ,giotto2 b be=e ,i close ?is v imp]fect1 & ,i fe> confus$ & t$i\s1 hi/orical sket*1 !re is "o o!r s\rce ( arti/ic influ5ce :i* ,i mu/ briefly m5tion1 t is ! influ5ce ( ! ,lomb>dic ar*itecture ( ! twelf? c5tury1 :i* is se5 to ! greate/ p]fection 9 ! cities ( nor!rn ,italy1 & :i* ,mr4 ,rusk9 once ass]t$ to be ! root ( all ! m$ival art ( ,italy--)\t :i* no ,giottos1 no ,angelicos1 & no ,raphaels w\ld h be5 possible4 ,! influ5ce ( ?is ar*itecture ^u ,giotto1 & 8 int5se lik+ = x1 is evid5t f ! frequ5cy ) :i* he introduc$ x into ! frescoes4 ,! ,lomb>dic is ! developm5t 9 ! ,we/ ( ! ,romanesque ar*itecture1 ^: lead+ feature 0 ! r\nd ar*2 x is ! ,byzant9e /yle1 )\t "s ( its ,ea/]n *>act]i/ics1 b ) o!r peculi>ities d]iv$ f ,we/]n s\rces4 ,p]haps its mo/ special feature1 ! "o 9 :i* x has be5 )\t a rival 9 any bygone age1 & is )\t a rival /ill1 is 9 ! decorative use ( brick & t]ra-cotta4 ,! v "n has ref]5ce to ?is1 = 9 ! great pla9s ( ,lomb>dy :]e !re is little /one1 clay 0 naturally us$ z f> z x possibly c\ld be1 to supply its place2 & m\ld+s & /atues :i* w\ld h be5 c>v$ f ! solid /one or m>ble "u m fav\rable circum/ances1 7 "h m\ld$ out ( brick4 ,h5ce arose a /yle :i*1 z x c\ld n dep5d ^u ! ri*ness ( its mat]ial1 or ! difficulty ( its workman%ip1 c\ld ga9 its only rew>d f its delicacy ( inv5tion & grace ( design1 & 9 :i* ! actual build+ ( its sculptur$ tiles =m$ no inconsid]able "p4 ,?is elevation ( an ignoble mat]ial into value & dignity 01 z ,grn] says1 actually effect$ 9 ! ,lomb>dic *ur*es1 & to !m belongs t subtle *>m :i* we involunt>ily exp]i5ce on discov]+ ! p]fect adaptation ( simple ?+s to great uses4 ,?\gh n[h]e c>ri$ to su* p]fection z by ! ,lomb>ds ( ! twelf? c5tury1 ?is decorative use ( brick 0 by no means a discov]y ( ! m mod]n times1 z we see f ! foll[+ extract f ,?omas ,hope's ,hi/orical ,essay on ,ar*itecture3--,! anci5t ,romans :]ev] !y f\nd clay m abundant or easi] to "w ?an /one1 us$ x pl5tifully1 bo? 9 regul> lay]s ?r\gh\t ! body ( ! walls z we d1 & 9 an ext]nal reticulat$ coat+1 :i* has prov$ to be z durable z /one itself1 f ! f95ess ( its texture & ! firmness ( its jo9ts4 ,inde$ f> f consid]+ brick z a mat]ial fit only = ! co>se/ & mo/ indisp5sable gr\ndwork ( ar*itecture1 !y reg>d$ x z equally adapt$ = all ! elegances ( ornam5tal =m--all ! details ( ri* ar*itraves1 capitals1 friezes1 cornices1 & o!r embelli%m5ts4 ,sometimes x ow$ to ! m\ld its v>i\s =ms1 & at o!rs1 z 9 ! ,amphi!atrum ,ca/r5se1 & ! temple ( ! god ,ridiculus1 to ! *isel4#bj ,i almo/ despair ( convey+ an idea ( ! peculi>ities ( ?is ar*itecture to ^? :o h nev] se5 any examples ( x1 its *ief elem5ts be+ ^? ( simplicity & intricacy1 solidity & lightness2 x appe>+1 9 fact1 to be a mass ( contradictions4 ,its ,byzant9e orig91 or r ! influ5ce on x at "s "t ( ,byzant9e art1 is cle>ly p]ceptible 9 ! v>iety ( col\r :i* is employ$2 yell[1 & :ite1 & r$1 & gre51 & black tiles & bricks be+ us$ alt]nately1 ) ! utmo/ skill & ! greate/ v>iety ( effect4 ,b x is to ! v>ieties ( t[] & cupola & dome t ,lomb>dic ar*itecture %[s its mo/ di/9ctive "*2 e comb9ation ( r\nd ar* vault+ ) squ>e1 hexagonal1 or circul> t[]s1 0 us$ by !m ) a boldness1 & a disreg>d ( conv5tion = :i* ,i "k no p>allel4 ,& ! result ju/ifi$ _! d>+4 ,con/ruct$ fir/ simply on ! model ( ! old ,roman basilica1 !n modifi$ & ext5d$ by ! influ5ce ( ! art :i* ,greek workm5 br\ght f ,con/ant9ople1 comb9+ ! fancy ( ! ,arab1 ! r\ghness ( ! ,go?1 & ! =malism ( ! ,greek1 ?is ar*itecture grew f ! sev5? to ! twelf? c5turies1 l a fl[] or tree1 reject+ none ( ! influ5ces ) :i* x 0 surr\nd$4 ,x may be possible1 ,i h no d\bt x is1 = ^? :o are skill$ 9 ! sci5ce ( ar*itecture1 to discov] ! elem5ts ( a correct uni=m /yle 9 ^! ,lomb>dic build+s2 b ,i confess t to me x seems b z ! result ( p :o 7 prep>$ to make use ( any?+ t came 9 _! way1 & _h nev] =mulat$ a me?od ( build+ at all4 ,! ,roman ar*1 ! ,byzant9e dome1 ! ,arabian m9>et1 ! squ>e t[]1 ! mosque1 ! basilica1 & ! temple1 7 all m+l$ "h 9 a confusion ( detail1 :i* 0 yet execut$ ) ! utmo/ simplicity1 we _h almo/ said pov]ty1 ( mat]ial1 & ( :i* x is difficult to say :e!r ! fir/ impression produc$1 is wond] at ! v>iety1 indignation at ! ecc5tricity1 or delight at ! effect ( ! :ole build+4#ba ,i h n[ t\*$ on ! *ief s\rces ( arti/ic influ5ce 9 ,italy t[>ds ! middle ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 :i*1 briefly summ$ up1 are ^!--an art ( pa9t+ :i* _h become little m ?an a h&icraft1 c>ri$ on 9 ,rome aft] ! recipes ( long p]i%$ ma/]s1 & 9 o!r p>ts ( ,italy ei!r dormant1 or kept alive only by su* m5 z ,giunta ( ,pisa1 & ! pupils ( ! ,greek arti/s2 an art ( mosaic "w :i* also ow$ its *ief1 if n its only1 importance1 to ,byzant9e workm51 & :i* 0 ev5 !n engag$ 9 decorat+ ! %r9e ( ,/4 ,m>k at ,v5ice1 ) ,grecian designs4 ,9 sculpture1 ! ,pisani1 fa!r & son1 & _! pupils & fell[ work]s1 try+ to revive classicalism z a b>ri] aga9/ ! false /ate ( religi\s art1 b fail+ to see t1 aft] all1 ! /r5g? ( ! anci5ts lay n 9 _! ideal1 b 9 _! real p]fection ( nature--& s los+ itself 9 ! wilds ( imitative & traditional art2 & la/ly1 !re 7 fl\ri%+ 9 ,italy1 two great s*ools ( ar*itecture closely alli$1 ! ,byzant9e & ! ,lomb>d1 & gradually spread+ 0 a ?ird s*ool de/9$ to de/roy !m bo?1 :i* we h nicknam$ ,go?ic4 ,try to realise ! arti/ic /ate ( ! c\ntry among/ ?is m$ley ( dead & dy+ /yles1 ) ! :ole influ5ce ( ! classic pa/ 9 fav\r ( ! traditional mode ( pa9t+ & sculpture1 & ! :ole /r5g? ( ! prie/hood array$ aga9/ any attempt to make fre% inroads ^u ! sacr$ realm ( ,*ur* symbolism & scriptural =malism2 ! ,*ur* /ill hold+ fa/ to ! ascetic !ory z ! "o sav+ grace1 p]haps ev5 ! m /rongly1 because ! ascetic practice _h become a ?+ ( ! pa/4 ,,footnotes3 #e ,see ,kugl]'s ,h&book ( ,pa9t+1 edit$ by ,lady ,ea/lake1 #ahgd1 pp4 #ag & #ah1 = a description ( ! orig9 ( mosaic art4 #f ,= orig9 ( mosaic "w see ,pl9y xxv41 xxxiii41 xxxv4 ,see also ! ,iconographic ,encyclopdia1 by ,heck1 translat$ f ! ,g]man by ,sp5c] ,f4 ,baird1 ,new ,york1 #ahea1 vol4 ii4 p4 #gg1 c41 & ,fosbroke's ,cyclopdia ( ,antiquities1 #ahdj4 #g ,see ,art ( ,illum9ation1 #ahdd1 & ,illum9at$ ,books ( ! ,middle ,ages1 #ahdi4 ,by ,h5ry ,noel ,humphreys4 #h ,= m on ?is subject see ! ,n\veau ,trait de ,diplomatie ( ! ,b5$ict9es4 #i ,br[n's ,sacr$ ,ar*itecture1 #ahde1 pp4 #bd1 #be4 #aj ,br[n's ,sacr$ ,ar*itecture1 #ahde4 #aa ,cadell's ,italy1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cci4 #ab ,= a v int]e/+ description ( ?is feature 9 ,byzant9e "w see ,! ,/ones ( ,v5ice1 by ,john ,rusk91 vol4 ii4 #ac ,rusk9's ,cr[n ( ,wild ,olive1 ,introduction4 #ad ,= an acc\nt ( ,*ri/ian ,symbolism1 see ,mrs4 ,jameson's ,sacr$ & ,leg5d>y ,art4 #ae ,see ,a ,new ,hi/ory ( ,pa9t+ 9 ,italy4 ,by ,j4 ,a4 ,cr[e & ,g4 ,b4 ,cavalcaselle1 #ahfd2 vol4 i4 *ap4 #d4 #af ,"l ,l9dsay1 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ,*ri/ian ,art1 ass]ts t 9 pa9t+1 ! s*ools ( ,giotto1 ,si5a1 & ,bologna spr+ imm$iately f ! "w ( ,niccola ,pisano4 ,vol4 ii41 p4 #aac4 ,see1 = an acc\nt ( 8 pupils1 pages #aae et seq4 ( vol4 ii4 #ag ,hi/ory ( ,pa9t+ 9 ,italy1 vol4 i4 p4 #i2 ,roscoe's translation1 #ahbh4 #ah ,see ,! ,antiquities ( ,italy1 translat$ f ! orig9al ,lat9 ( ,b]n>d de ,montfaucon4 ,london1 #agbe4 #ai ,= a full discussion ( ?is "q see ,kugl]'s ,h&book ( ,pa9t+1 ,italian ,s*ools1 vol4 i4 pp4 #dc et seq4 #bj ,= an int]e/+ acc\nt ( build+ 9 t]ra-cotta1 & ! v>i\s op]ations ( dry+1 bak+ ! tiles1 c41 see ,grn]'s ,t]ra-,cotta ,ar*itecture ( ,italy4 ,introductory ,essay4 #ahfg4 #ba ,see also *apt] xxii4 ( ,hope's ,hi/orical ,essay on ,ar*itecture4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,fresco ,,pa9t+4 ,asc5d ! "r /air f ! fur!r nave ,to muse 9 a small *apel sc>cely lit ,by ,cimabue's ,virg94 ,bright & brave ,t picture 0 acc\nt$1 m>k1 ( old2 ,a k+ /ood b>e be=e its sovran grace1 ,a rev]5t p %\t$ to behold ,! picture1 n ! k+1 & ev5 ! place ,conta9+ su* a miracle grew bold4 --,,mrs4 ,,b>rett ,,br[n+4 ,z we %all h occasion1 9 ! foll[+ pages1 to speak ( fresco1 secco1 & temp]a1 z di/+ui%$ f oil pa9t+1 x w be wise to try & und]/& cle>ly :at ^! me?ods ( "w are1 & 9 :at respects !y diff] f1 exce$1 or fall %ort (1 ! mod]n practice4 ,temp]a#bb is ! old "n = any vehicle us$ 9 pa9t+4 ,! two great divisions ( pa9t+ 9 ! ,middle ,ages 7 fresco & secco2 %ortly put fresco1 mean+ ! pa9t+ on walls :5 ! pla/] 0 wet2 secco1 ! pa9t+ :5 x 0 dry4 ,9 fresco pa9t+ no vehicle 0 us$ b wat]2 9 secco pa9t+ a temp]a 0 us$ compos$ ( :ite & yolk ( egg4 ,?us1 9 ,c5n9o ,c5n9i's ,treatise on ,pa9t+1 writt5 9 #adcg1bc he says3--,two sorts are good1 b "o is bett] ?an ! o!r4 ,! fir/ temp]a consi/s 9 ! :ite & yolk ( an egg into :i* are put "s cutt+s f ! top ( a fig-tree2 beat !m well toge!r1 !n add "s ( ?is temp]a1 & n 9 too great quantity1 to ea* ( ! vases 7( col\r71 z if y 7 dilut+ !m ) wat]4 ,! second k9d ( temp]a is ! yolk ( ! egg only1 & y mu/ "k t ?is temp]a is ( univ]sal application on walls1 on pictures1 & 9 fresco1 & y _c use too mu* ( x1 b x w\ld be wise to take a middle c\rse4 ,x is to be not$ t 9 8 in/ructions = col\r+ 9 fresco1 ,c5n9i is v p>ticul> to /ate sev]al times t no vehicle is to be us$ except wat]4 ,all frescoes at ?is "t 7 re-t\*$ 9 secco1 ) temp]as su* z above describ$2 ! fresco seems to h be5 some:at simil> to ! fir/ pa9t+ 9 oil1 & to h receiv$ all its m m9ute details f ! subsequ5t "w 9 secco4 ,?is 0 almo/ inevitably ! case1 z f ! ha/e ) :i* l>ge spaces ( ! wall _h to be cov]$1 !re c\ld h>dly be "t to put 9 mu* detail1 besides1 _m ( ! col\rs employ$ c\ld n be us$ 9 fresco1#bd ?\gh all 7 us$ to f9i% works orig9ally pa9t$ 9 fresco4 ,secco _h an especial prov9ce ( its own2 all pictures1 z di/+ui%$ f wall pa9t+s1 be+ execut$ 9 x4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t 9 ! "t ( ,giotto ! use ( canvas 0 n yet introduc$1 & all small designs 7 pa9t$ ^u l95 clo?s1 /ret*$ tightly ov] ! surface ( a smoo? panel1 & cov]$ ) coats ( pla/] c>efully trimm$2#be ! next /ep 9 ! prep>ation ( ! gr\nd 0 to sub/itute p>*m5t /ret*$ ov] wood = ! prep>$ l954 ,x mu/ be notic$ t f ! "t ( ,c5n9i to t ( ,raphael1 ! practice ( complet+ ! fresco 9 secco grew gradually to be consid]$ z a m>k ( an inf]ior arti/1 ?\gh x 0 nev] :olly discont9u$ 7accord+ to ,mrs4 ,m]rifield's treatise71 except by a few v exp]t arti/s1 =m$ *iefly 9 ! s*ool ( ! ,c>racci4 ,x is p]haps n always borne 9 m9d by ^? unacqua9t$ ) pa9t+1 t ! range ( col\r+ 9 fresco is /rictly limit$2 no col\rs be+ employ$ 9 x by ! e>ly ,italians except su* z 7 natural1 & ne>ly all ! m brilliant col\rs are artificial1 su*1 = in/ance1 z lake1 v]milion1 azure4 ,! blues 7 m fugitive ?an any o!r hues1 & 9 _m cases h :olly disappe>$1 turn$ gre5 or black1 or flak$ (f f ! surface ( ! walls4 ,?us x w be cle>ly und]/ood t ! diff]5ce betwe5 pa9t+ 9 fresco & pa9t+ 9 secco1 or 7z x is m commonly call$7 9 di/emp]1 lies 9 two ?+s1 ! k9d ( vehicle employ$--wat] 9 ! fir/1 & glue ( "s sort 7*iefly ( egg7 9 ! second me?od2 & 9 ! nature ( ! col\rs us$1 ! fir/ be+ re/rict$ to t9ts comp>atively simple & elem5t>y1 ! second able to make use ( ! mo/ elaborate col\rs obta9able4 ,! fir/ me?od is em95tly suit$ to ! expression ( great ?\ghts 9 simple language1 ! second is m adapt$ to give pleasure1 f ! exquisit5ess ( ! col\rs employ$1 & ! skill ) :i* ! details are elaborat$4 ,! latt] is ! pa9t+ ( ! /udio2 ! =m] ! pa9t+ ( ! *ur*1 ! palace1 or ! m>ket-place4 ,i d n ?9k ?is diff]5ce is suffici5tly und]/ood 9 ! pres5t day2 x does n appe> z if pa9t]s _h grasp$ ! fact t ! greate/ /r5g? ( fresco lay 9 its emancipation f all ! necessities ( m9ute detail & c>eful elaboration2 a fre$om ga9$ by ! nature ( ! mat]ial4 ,x is n t 9 itself ?is fre$om is a good ?+1 b t x af=ds ! arti/ a means ( expression :i* he c h>dly ga9 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( pa9t+ 9 oil4 ,9 mu* ! same way z a mod]n d9+-room1 h[ev] p]fect 9 its decoration & gorge\s 9 its uphol/]y1 c nev] give u ! same effect z ! r\gh pill>s ( "s ru9$ temple2 s does ! comp>ative r\gh sublimity ( fresco af=d to a true arti/ a means ( express+ great ?\ghts & l(ty ideas 9 a comp>atively facile mann]4 ,= x mu/ be rememb]$ he has n only spaces to decorate ( a size comm5surate ) 8 subject1 be x ev] s important1 b he has h>dly to d m ?an to express 8 great ?\ght cle>ly1 & all small details are lo/ 9 ! spl5d\r ( 8 conception4 ,?is is ! real p[] ( size 9 pa9t+2 a l>ge picture1 if x be n f9i%$ ) ! c>e ( a small "o1 ne$s to be a repres5tation ( "s ?\ght :i* ga9s 9 gr&eur f ! size ( its canvas2 !re c be no ju/ification = cov]+ t5 feet squ>e ) ! repres5tation ( an incid5t ( no p>ticul> importance1 or a sc5e ( no p>ticul> beauty2 = ) e add$ foot ( space :i* ! arti/ takes up1 he really makes an add$ claim to importance1 & a subject :i* might h be5 ( suffici5t int]e/ to h ju/ifi$ a pa9t+ on a m9ute scale1 does b betray its insignificance :5 del9eat$ on a l>ge "o4 ,! :ole ( art be+ b ! nice/ possible adaptation ( means to ends1 x rightly %ocks & repels u :5 we f9d an arti/ wilfully violat+ ^! conditions1 &1 9 ord] to appe> ( great] importance 9 our eyes1 mak+ :at might be a tol]able molehill1 into a v indiff]5t m\nta94 ,?is 0 v cle>ly se5 by ! old ,italian ma/]s1 :o almo/ inv>iably *ose fresco z ! m$ium = _! mo/ important works1 assign+ to oil pa9t+ a l[] prov9ce4 ,9 connection ) ?is subject ! foll[+ quotation ( ,mi*elangelo's op9ion may be int]e/+3--,qu& il fut "q de pe9dre dans la ,*apelle ,sext9e1 le frre ,seba/iano1 pe9tre ,vniti5ne1 conseill] de le ,pape1 de =c] ,mi*el ,ange le faire l'huile1 et la mur fut prp> cet effet4 ,le gr& homme arrive1 et fait degrad] cet apprt1 disait firem5t que la pe9ture l'huile n'tait bonne que p\r les dames1 les p]sonnes l5tes1 et qui se pique l'adresse1 tels que le frre ,seba/iano2 et l'ouvrage fut fait fresque1 p>ce que g5re de pe9ture mprise cette att5tion manoeuvre2 va9 m]ite qui e/ p]du p\r elle4 ,la t\*e disp>ait dans l'enduit qui la dvore1 elle n'occupe pas l'me du gr& arti/e1 qui alors t\t entire aux c>actres1 aux =mes1 aux expressions1 et la saillie des corps4 ,son gt ne se manife/e pas sans sci5ce1 sa ma9 ne s'occupe que d'expri5ce1 et il se livre t\t enti] cette t*e difficile--la seule digne de lui4 ,s'il la remplie1 la spectateur e/ transport1 et comme l'auteur1 il va *]*e ri5 au-del4#bf ,we _c /ay to def9e ! limits1 )9 :i* x seems to u t ?is is a correct expression ( ! m]its ( fresco1 b t x is 9 ! ma9 true is indisputable1 & x is impossible to tell ! good effect :i* might be produc$ ^u ! art ( ! pres5t day1 by enc\rag+ our "y pa9t]s to "w 9 fresco1 simply requir+ ( !m t !y %\ld h some?+ to say1 & say x cle>ly4 ,no !ories z to ! production ( a great s*ool ( pa9t+1 w1 ,i ?9k1 be able to map out a bett] means ( atta9+ good art1 ?an ?is simple "o ( mak+ cle> expression ( a great subject ! fir/ object4 ,curi\sly en\gh1 ! only ,engli% arti/ :o seems ?or\ghly to h und]/ood ! great scope ( fresco pa9t+ 0 ,fuseli1 & 9 8 lectures at ! ,royal ,academy may be f\nd a cle> & en?usia/ic exposition ( ?is me?od4 ,,footnotes3 #bb ,?\gh frequ5tly wrongly us$ z synonym\s ) secco4 #bc ,rec5t rese>*es by ,signors ,gaetano & ,c>lo ,milanesi 7,flor5ce1 #ahei7 prove ?is date1 :i* is giv5 by ,tambroni & 9 ,mrs4 ,m]rifield's translation1 to be only t ( ! copy ( ! orig9al ,,ms4 ,c5n9i's "w 0 orig9ally writt5 9 all probability at lea/ t5 ye>s e>li]4 #bd ,9 fresco "s col\rs _c be us$1 z artiem51 c9nab>1 azuno della magna1 m9a1 biucca1 v]desume1 & lacca4--,c5n9i4 #be ,accord+ to ,mrs4 ,jameson1 ,lives ( ! ,pa9t]s1 p4 #h1 all movable pictures 71 up to #addj1 pa9t$ on panels ( prep>$ wood2 an evid5t mi/ake1 made f a sup]ficial exam9ation ( ! back ( ! pictures4 #bf ,encyclopdie ,m?odique4 ,p>is1 #aghh4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,cimabue4 ,i say ',consid] x' 9 va92 y _c consid] x1 = y _c conceive ! sickness ( he>t ) :i* a "y pa9t] ( deep feel+ toils ?r\gh 8 fir/ obscurity2 8 s5se ( ! /rong voice )9 him1 :i* y w n he>2 8 va91 fond wond]+ witness to ! ?+s y w n see2 8 f> away p]ception ( ?+s t he c\ld accompli% if he _h b peace & "t1 all unapproa*able1 & all vani%+ f him1 because no "o w leave him peace1 or grant him "t4--,,john ,,rusk91 ,political ,economy ( ,art4 ,look back six hundr$ & =ty ye>s1 & l+] 9 fancy by ! side ( ! ,arno1 :]e ,flor5ce 9 ! height ( h] p[] & beauty1 /ood !n z n[1 & y may he> ! joy-bells r++ across ! swift riv] = ! bir? ( "o ( h] pr\de/ sons4 ,?irty ye>s m1 & ! :ole city w rise 9 procession to hon\r him1 & be> 8 "w 9 triumph to ! quiet *ur* ( ,/4 ,m>y2 & six hundr$ ye>s lat]1 ! repres5tation ( t hon\r w hang on ! walls ( an ,engli% gall]y2 & p w talk1 "q1 & :isp] ab\t ,! ,cimabue ,procession4 ,!y may well admire x & ask its mean+2 = to ! pa9t] x commemorat$ we owe ! art ( ,engl& z surely1 z t to ,leighton we owe ! picture :i* repres5ts ! old ma/]'s triumph4 ,9 two ways are we indebt$ to ,cimabue = ! emancipation ( pa9t+2 fir/1 = ! "w :i* he did himself accompli%2 & second & 9 *ief1 = 8 discov]y & education ( ! %eph]d boy1 ^: fame 0 ultimately to eclipse 8 own4#bg ,i say t ! ma/]'s fame 0 to be eclips$ by 8 pupil1 b t mu/ be tak5 ) "o mo/ important res]vation4 ,h[ev] mu* we may be conv9c$ ( ,giotto's sup]iority1 we are always =c$ to be> 9 m9d ! fact1 t _h x n be5 = ,cimabue1 t sup]iority w\ld 9 all probability nev] h be5 kn[n4 ,diff]+ 9 ! p>ticul>s ( ! /ory1 all ! acc\nts ( ,giotto's e>ly life agree 9 ?is important fact1 t x 0 ,cimabue :o discov]$ 8 e>ly tal5t1 :o p]suad$ 8 fa!r to let him ent] 8 pr(ession1 & :o educat$ him z a pa9t] at 8 own exp5se1 f ! "t t he 0 t5 ye>s old4 ,is n ?is a great] monum5t to ,cimabue's "n1 ?an any am\nt ( ,madonnas c>ri$ 9 triumph ?r\gh ! /reet ( gladness8 ,rightly und]/ood1 is x n ev5 a sur] te/imony to ! fact ( 8 be+ a true arti/2 = does x n prove t ! pa9t] _h m devotion to 8 art ?an 8 fame8 ,to see 9 a y\?1 poor & unkn[n1 ! signs ( g5ius1 great] p]haps ?an y\r own1 to take him f 8 obscurity1 & to in/ruct 8 ignorance1 c>eless ( ! effect :i* may be !reby produc$ ^u y\r own reputation1 & f9ally to /& aside :ile he w9s ! hon\r :i* is 8 due1 b :i* nev]!less w\ld h fall5 to y\r %>e1 _h x n be5 = y\r own action2 ?is seems to me z great a sacrifice ( petty pride1 & z great a triumph ov] natural selfi%ness1 z c well be conceiv$4 ,& ?is is :at ,cimabue did1 urg$ by no duty1 & )\t possible rew>d1 save t ( do+ 8 be/ = 8 art & 8 pupil4 ,we owe him !n a d\ble debt3 = 8 own "w 9 loos5+ ! bonds ( tradition1 & = ! in/ruction ( ! arti/ ^: pa9t+s & sculptures 7 to inaugurate ! real me?ods ( art1 & ext5d its prov9ce1 f ! m]e expon5t ( religi\s leg5d to ! repres5tation ( ! passions ( humanity & ! beauty ( nature4 ,:at little is kn[n ( ! life ( ,cimabue we c give 9 a v few words4 ,ev5 ,vas>i1 g>rul\s z he is1 has little m to tell u1 ?an t he liv$1 pa9t$ c]ta9 pictures1 receiv$ c]ta9 hon\rs1 _h a pupil call$ ,giotto1 ^: fame eclips$ 8 own1 & di$4 ,9 ! ye> #abdj ,giovanni ,cimabue1 ( ! noble family ( t "n 0 born at ,flor5ce1 to give ! fir/ light to ! art ( pa9t+4 ,!n foll[s ! acc\nt ( 8 ,greek in/ruction 9 ! art ( pa9t+1 :i* is d\bt$ = v>i\s reasons by mo/ mod]n au?orities1 *iefly1 x appe>s because ,vas>i has made him pa9t 9 ! *apel ( ! ,gondi1 :i* 0 n built at t "t4 ,cr[e & ,cavalcaselle h[ev] d n give any o!r explanation ( ,cimabue's tea*+2 & ,l9dsay says he pa9t$ 9 ! subt]ranean *ur* "u ! in/ruction ( ! ,greeks2 :ile ,lanzi1 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ,pa9t+1 sugge/s t ! pa9t+s ( ! ,greeks :o are suppos$ to h in/ruct$ ,cimabue1 may be se5 9 ! *apels ( ! old *ur* b5ea? ! sacri/y ( ,s4 ,m>ia ,novella4 ,! po9t1 h[ev]1 is ( little importance4 ,aft] pa9t+ v>i\s works at ,flor5ce & ,pisa1 all ( :i* h n[ p]i%$1 he 0 invit$ to help 9 ! decoration ( ! *ur* at ,assisi4 ,accord+ to ,vas>i1 he !re pa9t$ 9 bo? ! upp] & l[] *ur*es1 b1 ) "s few exceptions1 little ( ^! frescoes rema92 & ! :ole "q z to ! au?or%ip ( ! five rema9+ frescoes 9 ^! *ur*es has long be5 a fav\rite battle-gr\nd = critics4 ,vas>i1 ,lanzi1 ,rumohr1 ,ea/lake1 ,cr[e & ,cavalcaselle1 & _m o!rs hav+ all !ories m or less inconsi/5t ) "o ano!r4 ,i %all cont5t myself ) notic+ ! *ief !ories on ! subject :5 ,i speak lat] on ( ! "w ( ,giotto at ,assisi4 ,aft] ?is1 ,cimabue return$ to ,flor5ce1 & execut$ 8 great panel1 ! ,virg9 ,en?ron$1 a picture ( colossal size1 :i* 0 plac$ 9 ! *ur* ( ,s4 ,m>ia ,novella2 ?is 0 ! "w :i* 0 c>ri$ ?r\gh ! city by a triumphant procession ( ! p4 ,x is fur!r report$1 & may be read 9 c]ta9 records ( old pa9t]s1 t :il/ ,cimabue 0 pa9t+ ?is picture 9 a g>d5 ne> ! gate ( ,s4 ,pietro1 ,k+ ,*>les ! ,eld] ( ,anj\ pass$ ?r\gh ,flor5ce1 & ! au?orities ( ! city1 among o!r m>ks ( respect1 conduct$ him to see ! picture ( ,cimabue4 ,:5 ?is "w 0 ?us %[n to ! ,k+ x _h n be=e be5 se5 by any "o2 :]e=e all ! m5 & wom5 ( ,flor5ce ha/5$ 9 great cr[ds to admire x1 mak+ all possible demon/rations ( delight4 ,! inhabitants ( ! neighb\rhood1 rejoic+ 9 ?is occurr5ce1 ev] aft]w>ds call$ t place ,borgo ,allegri1 & ?is "n x has ev] s9ce reta9$1 al?\gh 9 process ( "t x became enclos$ )9 ! walls ( ! city4#bh ,vas>i has little to tell u ( ! incid5ts ( ,cimabue's life1 nor c ,i f9d any o!r records likely to be au!ntic1 :i* h full] details4 ,9 a %ort "t aft] ! execution ( ?is ,madonna1 ! arti/ 0 appo9t$ to sup]9t5d ! build+ ( ,santa ,m>ia del ,fiore1 9 conjunction ) a celebrat$ ar*itect1 ,arnolfo ,lapo1 & he di$1 :il/ ! build+ 0 /ill unf9i%$1 at ! age ( sixty4#bi ,if he adopt$ ,giotto 9 #abhf1 i4e4 :5 ! latt] 0 t5 ye>s ( age 7! "t giv5 by mo/ ( ! au?orities71 8 pupil mu/1 accord+ to ! "t giv5 by ,c5n9i1 h j f9i%$ 8 novitiate :5 8 ma/] di$2 z1 9 8 treatise on pa9t+1 t au?or gives ?irte5 ye>s z ! "t 9 :i* ! art ( pa9t+ c be acquir$4 ,z x may well be t among/ my read]s !re be "s :o are desir\s ( kn[+ ! %orte/ "t 9 :i* x is possible to le>n to pa9t1 ,i w quote ! words ( ! treatise4 ,!y may p]*ance aid amateurs to ?9k a little m ju/ly ( :at ! me*anical difficulties ( pa9t+ 71 ev5 9 ! rude days ( e>ly pre-,raphaelitism3-- ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,madonna ,,en?ron$4 ,,by ,,cimabue4 ,9 ! ,rucellai ,*apel1 ,s4 ,m>ia ,novella1 ,flor5ce4 ,"k t y _c le>n to pa9t 9 less "t ?an t :i* ,i %all "n to y4 ,9 ! fir/ place y mu/ /udy draw+ = at lea/ "o ye>1 !n y mu/ rema9 ) a ma/] at ! work%op = ! space ( six ye>s1 at lea/1 t y may le>n all ! p>ts & memb]s ( ! art2 to gr9d col\rs1 to boil d[n glues1 to gr9d pla/] 7gesso71 to acquire ! practice ( lay+ gr\nds on pictures1 to "w 9 relief1 & to scrape 7or smoo?7 ! surface1 & to gild2 aft]w>ds to practise col\r+1 to adorn ) mordants1 pa9t clo?s ( gold1 & pa9t on walls = six m ye>s1 draw+ )\t int]mission on holy days & "w days4 ,& by ?is means y w acquire great exp]i5ce4 ,if y d o!rwise y w nev] atta9 p]fection4 ,!re are _m :o say y may le>n ! art )\t ! assi/ance ( a ma/]4 ,d n believe !m2 let ?is book be an example to y1 /udy+ x day & night4 ,& if y d n /udy "u "s ma/]1 y w nev] be fit = any?+2 nor w y be able to %[ y\r face among ! ma/]s4 ,!re is ano!r curi\s /atem5t ab\t ,cimabue1 & "o :i* is v significant ( 8 int5se c>e = ! be/ int]e/s ( art2 x occurs 9 an ,,ms4 comm5t>y ^u ,dante1 call$ ! ,anonimo1 & 0 writt5 :ile ,giotto 0 /ill liv+1 t is be=e #accj4cj ,! au?or says3--,cimabue ( ,flor5ce1 a pa9t] ( ! "t ( our au?or 7i4e4 ,dante7 knew m ( ! noble art 7t ( pa9t+7 ?an any o!r man1 b he 0 s arrogant & pr\d )al1 t if any "o discov]$ a fault 9 8 "w1 or if he p]ceiv$ "o himself 7z w (t5 happ5 to ! arti/ :o fails f ! defects 9 ! mat]ial t he uses1 or f insuffici5cy ( ! in/rum5t ) :i* he works71 he w\ld in/antly de/roy t "w1 h[ev] co/ly x might be4 ,!re c\ld be no sur] te/imony to ! light 9 :i* ,cimabue reg>d$ 8 pa9t+ ?an ?is ( ! old ,flor5t9e comm5tator's1 & x is amus+ to see h[1 six hundr$ ye>s ago1 arti/s 7 liable to exactly ! same am\nt ( mi/ak5 blame & misappreh5sion z !y are to-day4 ,x is n six mon?s ago s9ce ,i he>d "o ( ! greate/ ( our liv+ pa9t]s sev]ely c5sur$1 because he w\ld n "p ) a portrait :i* did n come up to 8 /&>d ( good "w1 & ?\gh ! op9ion 0 express$ 9 ! *oice/ slang ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 x 0 almo/ an exact equival5t = ! words ( ! au?or ,anonimo2 = ,i suppose he did x = swagg]1 really means mu* ! same z pr\d & arrogant4 ,! *anges introduc$ by ,cimabue into ! conv5tional repres5tations ( religi\s subjects 7 num]\s1 & ?\gh ea* slight 9 itself1 =m$1 :5 tak5 z a :ole1 a v m>k$ progression f ! ,byzant9e mann]1 b :e!r ow+ to respect = 8 e>ly ma/]s1 or f ! almo/ ov]p[]+ effect ( ,*ur* tradition1 ! arti/ nev] :olly succe$$ 9 %ak+ (f ! e/abli%$ =ms ( pa9t+ 9 ! g5]al arrangem5t ( 8 figures & backgr\nds4 ,if we comp>e 8 great picture 9 ,s4 ,m>ia ,novella ) "o ( a simil> subject by ,guido ( ,si5a1 8 pr$ecessor1#ca 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,s4 ,dom5ico at ,si5a1 we %all f9d t ! ma9 l9es ( ! composition are mu* ! same4 ,nev]!less ! advance is v cle>ly m>k$4 ,! folds ( ! drap]y h lo/ mu* ( ! /iffness & angul>ity1 & ! attitude & expression ( ! ,virg91 ?\gh /ill want+ life & en]gy1 are simple & comp>atively natural4 ,a /ill great] improvem5t may be notic$ 9 ! ge/ures ( ! angels :i* support ! ?rone1 & 9 ! action ( ! *ild ,savi\r on ! ,virg9's lap4 ,9 ?is picture !re is1 ,i ?9k1 a direct contradiction to ! ass]tion ( ,cr[e#cb t 9 ! fl[ ( 8 drap]y ,cimabue made no s5sible progress2#cc ?\gh 9 o!r respects t au?or does full ju/ice to ! improvem5ts introduc$ by ! arti/4 ,_m o!r modifications ( /yle are noticeable 9 ,cimabue's works1 especially ! mann] 9 :i* he ab&on$ :at we may call ! mosaic-l mann] ( pa9t+1 :i* _h be5 9 use = s long a "t1 & bl5d$ "o col\r ) ano!r in/ead ( leav+ x z a bright pat*1 divid$ by a %>p l9e4 ,mu* ( 8 col\r has ei!r fad$ or disappe>$ entirely1 b en\gh is left to %[ t x mu/ h be5 orig9ally v ri* 9 hue1 & ?\gh ( a deep tone1 free f ! heav9ess & obscurity :i* 0 s preval5t 9 ! "w ( ! ,byzant9e arti/s4 ,9 ! ,en?ron$ ,madonna ( ! ,l[] ,*ur* at ,assisi1 :i* is indisputably "o ( 8 works1 ! col\r+ is f> ri*] & deep] ?an any?+ rema9+ ( ,giotto's1 ?\gh x does n possess ! exquisite cle>ness & delicacy ( ! latt]2 & is comp>atively monoton\s4 ,?is picture has h[ev] suff]$ s sev]ely f damp1 t x _c be judg$ fair to say :at ! col\r has1 or has n1 be51 ?\gh x is /ill beautiful1 & =tunately unre/or$4#cd ,9 ! ,accademia ( ,flor5ce !re is ano!r colossal ,madonna by ,cimabue1 also an alt>-piece repres5t+ ! same subject z t ( ! "o 9 ,s4 ,m>ia ,novella1 ! arrangem5t1 h[ev]1 be+ slightly diff]5t4 ,in/ead ( ! six gu>dian angels :o support ! *air on :i* ! ,virg9 is seat$ 79 ! =m] picture71 !re are "h eight1 & b5ea? ! ?rone 9 ni*es /& f\r prophets2 ! ?irty m$allions ( sa9ts :i* surr\nd ! frame 9 ! =m] picture are "h abs5t4 ,i am unable to give an accurate description ( ! diff]5ces betwe5 ^! two pictures1 z ,i h only /udi$ ! "o 9 ! ,accademia2#ce b !re is1 accord+ to ,cr[e & ,cavalcaselle1 a m ob/9ate ma9t5ance ( ! old types 9 ! latt] picture3 & x is c]ta9ly true1 f my own obs]vation1 t ! col\r has su/a9$ su* injuries f re/oration & "t1 z to be almo/ entirely de/roy$4 ,?is picture 0 orig9ally ( ! gable =m1 b "s +5i\s arti/1 :o consid]$ t an unpleasant %ape = a picture1 has suppli$ ! two triangul> pieces necess>y to complete ! oblong1 & pa9t$ !reon two *]ubim1 z poor 9 conception1 col\r1 & execution z c\ld well be imag9$4 ,! old %ape ( ! "w is /ill cle>ly visible1 & 9 any o!r c\ntry ?an ,italy w\ld be at once re/or$4#cf ,,footnotes3 #bg ,i h1 ?r\gh\t ?is essay1 foll[$ ! mass ( au?ority :i* describes ,giotto's fa!r z a poor t5ant f>m]1 or l[] /ill 9 ! social scale2 b ! mo/ rec5t rese>*es g to prove t he 0 9 well-to-d circum/ances1 01 9 fact1 ( ! rank ( ,cavali]e1 & x is c]ta9 t ,giotto inh]it$ "s prop]ty f him4 #bh ,vas>i1 ,lives ( ! mo/ ,em95t ,pa9t]s1 c41 vol4 i4 p4 #db4 #bi ,"l ,l9dsay gives ! date ( 8 dea? z #acjb1 on ! au?ority ( ,ciampi4 #cj ,see notes to ,mrs4 ,fo/]'s translation ( ,vas>i4 #ca ,!re are excell5t engrav+s ( bo? ^! pictures 9 ,kugl]'s ,h&book ( ,pa9t+1 pages #aje & #aji ( ! fif? edition4 #cb ,hi/ory ( ,pa9t+ 9 ,italy1 vol4 i4 p4 #bje4 #cc ,look1 = in/ance1 at ! natural mann] 9 :i* ! bord] ( ! ,virg9's drap]y falls into its folds4 ,! woodcut ( ?is picture "h giv5 does little m ?an %[ ! arrangem5t ( ! picture2 b ev5 "h ! advance is p]ceptible4 #cd ,vol4 i4 p4 #bjf4 ,vas>i attributes ! loss ( col\r 9 ,buffulmacco's pictures to ! use ( a peculi> purple mix$ ) salt1 :i* corrod$ ! o!r col\rs2 possibly ?is may be ! case ) ,cimabue's4 #ce ,s9ce writ+ ! above s5t5ce ,i h be5 to ! ,rucellai ,*apel = ! purpose ( /udy+ ! great ,cimabue ref]r$ to above1 ! description ( :i* is accord+ly giv5 9 a lat] *apt]4 #cf ,x is noticeable t 9 ,l9dsay's ,*ri/ian ,art1 x is to ! influ5ce ( ! sculptor1 ,niccola ,pisano1 r ?an t ( ,cimabue1 t ,giotto ow$ 8 /udy ( nature1 c41 vol4 ii4 p4 #hb4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,giotto4 ,:]e ,cimabue f\nd ! %eph]d boy1 ,trac+ 8 idle fancies on ! gr\nd4 ,,rog]s's ,italy4 ,giotto 0 born#cg at ! small village ( ,vespignano1 ab\t f\rte5 miles f ,flor5ce1 amid/ surr\nd+s1 ! *ief *>act]i/ics ( :i* are v beautifully describ$ by ,mr4 ,rusk9 9 ! foll[+ p>agraph3-- ,few travell]s c =get ! peculi> l&scape ( t di/rict ( ! ,ap5n9es4 ,z !y asc5d ! hill :i* rises f ,flor5ce to ! l[e/ peak 9 ! ridge ( ,fiesole1 !y pass cont9ually b5ea? ! walls ( villas bright 9 p]fect luxury1 & beside cypress h$ges inclos+ fair t]rac$ g>d5s1 :]e ! masses ( ole&] & magnolia1 motionless z leaves 9 a picture1 inlay alt]nately ^u ! blue sky _! bran*+ lightness ( pale rose col\r & deep gre5 bread? ( %ade1 /udd$ ) walls ( gleam+ silv]2 & %9+ at int]vals ?r\gh _! framework ( ri* leaf & rubi$ fl[]1 ! f>-away b5ds ( ! ,arno b5ea? its slopes ( olive1 & ! purple peaks ( ! ,c>r>a m\nta9s toss+ !mselves aga9/ ! we/]n di/ance1 :]e ! /reaks ( motionless cl\ds hov] above ! ,pisan sea4 ,! travell] passes ! ,fiesolan ridge1 & all is *ang$4 ,! c\ntry is on a sudd5 lonely4 ,"h & !re inde$ are se5 ! scatt]$ h\ses ( a f>m gr\p$ gracefully ^u ! hill-sides2 "h & !re a fragm5t ( t[] ^u a di/ant rock2 b nei!r g>d5s nor fl[]s1 nor glitt]+ palace exi/s4 ,only a gray ext5t ( m\nta9-gr\nd tuft$ irregul>ly ) ilex & olive2 a sc5e n sublime1 = its =ms are subdu$ & l[2 n desolate1 = its valleys are full ( s[n fields & t5d$ pa/ures2 n ri* nor lovely1 b sunburnt & sorr[ful1 becom+ wild] e in/ant z ! road w9ds into its recesses1 asc5d+ /ill1 until ! high] woods1 n[ p>tly oak & p>tly p9e1 dropp+ back f ! c5tral cre/ ( ! ,ap5n9es1 leave a p>tial wild]ness ( sca!d rock & arid grass1 )]$ away "h by fro/1 & !re by /range lamb5t tongues ( e>?-f$ fire4#ch ,giotto's "n is1 accord+ to ,"l ,l9dsay1 a contraction ( ,ambrogiotto4 ,9 ! mod]n s5se ( ! ^w1 he appe>s to h _h absolutely no education1 = we f9d him :5 t5 ye>s old engag$ 9 t5d+ %eep ^u ! hill-side4 ,x is noticeable t = "o :o 0 to effect ! *ange 9 art :i* ,giotto subsequ5tly produc$1 no am\nt ( e>ly tra9+ c\ld h be5 s b5eficial1 z ! sil5t undogmatic "o1 t he receiv$ among/ ! fre% mead[s1 & "u ! blue skies4 ,! native g5ius )9 him grew gradually 9 /r5g?1 unhelp$ save by ! influ5ces ( ru/ic life1 & unh9d]$ by tradition or example4 ,x 0 no d\bt to ^! e>ly %eph]d days1 t he ow$ ! /rong sympa?y ) nature t he reta9$ dur+ 8 :ole c>e]1 & 8 p[] ( repres5t+ simple facts ( animal life4 ,?r\gh\t all 8 pictures1 ev5 ^? ( 8 late/ p]iod1 :5ev] he got a *ance ( introduc+ an animal he always seiz$ x eag]ly1 & ! little t\*es ( dog1 donkey1 & ox nature :i* may be f\nd scatt]$ "h & !re 9 8 works1 =m "o ( its mo/ peculi> & pleas+ features2 especially :5 we consid] t ?is 0 to arti/s an absolutely virg9 soil4 ,?us 9 ! fresco at ,assisi#ci repres5t+ ! bir? ( ,*ri/1 p]haps ! mo/ rem>kable portion ( ! picture is ! mann] 9 :i* ! two donkeys are pok+ _! heads ov] ! mang] to exam9e ! *ild1 ) t expression ( happy placid /upidity1 s well kn[n to all :o h ev] _h to d ) ^! animals4 ,& aga91 9 ! sculpture ( ! %eph]d1 =m+ "o ( ! s]ies r\nd ! base ( ! ,campanile at ,flor5ce1 ! expression ( ! puppy's face1 7grave consid]ation mix$ ) a s5se ( responsibility7 z he wat*es ! %eep fil+ pa/ ! %eph]d's t5t1 is wond]fully natural1 & wor?y ( ,sir ,edw9 ,l&se]1 except t x is 9 "o way mu* too good = him1 9 its ?or\gh dogg9ess2 ,l&se] always int5sifi$ 8 animals' feel+s to ! v v]ge ( c>icature4 ,h5ce "o reason :y he 0 s commonly & univ]sally popul>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pa/oral ,,life4 ,,bas-,,relief ,,design$ ,,by ,,giotto4 ,on ! ,campanile1 ,flor5ce4 ,at any rate1 su* 0 ,giotto's e>ly life1 sp5t 9 simple rural duties1 & untr\bl$ by s*ool-bo>ds & sci5ce prim]s2 b :5 he 0 ab\t t5 ye>s old1 a /range ev5t occurr$ :i* *ang$ ! :ole curr5t ( 8 hi/ory4 ,= !re came rid+ ?r\gh ! valley ! fam\s pa9t] ( ,flor5ce1 ,cimabue1 !n at ! height ( 8 reputation1 & pass$ close to :]e ! boy %eph]d 0 sitt+ neglectful ( 8 duties1 try+ to draw "o ( 8 flock ) a piece ( %>p slate ^u ! surface ( rock4 ,we may suppose t !re 0 some?+ 9 ! "w :i* ! pa9t] knew to be g5ius1 = accord+ to all ! leg5ds1 he does n appe> to h hesitat$ 9 ! lea/1 b aft] ask+ ! boy if he w\ld l to g ) him1 & receiv+ a glad answ] 9 ! affirmative1 he obta9$ ! fa!r's p]mission1 took him to ,flor5ce1 & in/all$ him 9 8 own /udio4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t an arti/'s /udio 0 a v diff]5t place 9 #abhf1 f :at we call by ! same "n at ! pres5t "t4 ,x resembl$ a work%op1 9 :i* ! pupils prep>$ & gr\nd ! col\rs "u ! ma/]'s direction1 d]iv+ :at in/ruction !y might f see+ him "w & he>+ him talk2 nor 7 !y all[$ to t\* bru% or p5cil till !y _h r5d]$ !mselves ?or\gh ma/]s ( ! prep>ation ( ! v>i\s col\rs1 temp]as1 c4 ,a ma/]y :i*1 z we h se51 0 suppos$ at t "t to take ab\t six ye>s to acquire4 ,s ! boy liv$ ) 8 ma/] 9 ,flor5ce1 & work$1 mu* z a h\se pa9t]'s appr5tice works n[2 draw+1 no d\bt1 at e odd m9ute 9 ! meantime1 9 fe> & trembl+1 & ?9k+ art 0 a v mu* long] bus9ess ?an he _h b>ga9$ =1 :5 he left 8 home to become a pa9t]4 ,_m days no d\bt he look$ out f ! r\gh build+ :]e he & 8 fell[ pupils 7 gr9d+ ! ma/]'s col\rs1 & saw ,cimabue /&+ 9 ! %ady g>d51 be=e a great glory ( crimson drap]y & gold5 backgr\nd1 & _m a "t 8 he>t sank )9 him z he look$1 & he ?\ght x impossible t he c\ld ev] acquire t m>vell\s skill4 ,b on ^! e>ly days all ! biographies are alike sil5t1 !re is n ev5 an apocryphal anecdote ( ,vas>i's to enliv5 ! d>kness2 & :atev] we may fancy1 we "k absolutely no?+4 ,! next po9t ( ,giotto's life :]e hi/ory takes up ! record is at ! incid5t ( ! ,o4 ,briefly told1 ?is is z foll[s4 ,ab\t #abif1dj accord+ to ,"l ,l9dsay1 ,boniface ,,viii4#da 0 desir\s ( add+ to ! decorations ( ,/4 ,pet]'s1 & s5t "o ( 8 c\rti]s f ,treviso to ,tuscany to asc]ta9 :at k9d ( man ,giotto might be1 & :at 7 8 works4 ,on 8 way ! mess5g] receiv$ designs f v>i\s arti/s 9 ,si5a1 & !n came to ,giotto1 told him ( 8 mission1 & no d\bt %[$ him ! elaborate designs :i* he _h receiv$ f ! ,si5ese arti/s4 ,:]eupon ,giotto drew ) "o sweep ( 8 arm a circle 9 r$ ink1 ( p]fect accuracy1 & gave x to ! mess5g]1 refus+ to s5d any o!r design1 :]eby1 says ,vas>i1 ! ,pope & su* ( 8 c\rti]s z 7 well v]s$ 9 ! subject1 p]ceiv$ h[ f> ,giotto surpass$ all ! o!r pa9t]s ( 8 "t4 ,:atev] tru? !re may be 9 ! details ( ?is incid5t1 x is1 z ,rusk9 po9ts out1#db significant 9 %[+ ! mann] 9 :i* ! ,pope & 8 c\nsellors judg$ ( art3 i4e41 t ! be/ workman 0 ! be/ man1 :i* = a r\gh & ready te/ is n altoge!r a bad "o4 ,! date ( ,giotto's visit to ,rome is /ill fur!r fix$ by an ass]tion ( ,bald9ucci's t !re is a record 9 ! ,vatican 9 a regi/]1 to ! effect t ! mosaic ( ! ,navicella 7:i* is /ill 9 ! portico ( ,/4 ,pet]'s ?\gh enorm\sly damag$71 0 execut$ at ,rome 9 #abih4 ,if ?is be true1 & ?\gh quot$ by ,cr[e x is n contradict$1 x fixes ! date ( ,giotto's visit z at all ev5ts n lat] ?an t ye>4 ,( ! works ( ,giotto at ,rome ,i %all speak 9 a subsequ5t *apt]1 9 :i* ,i %all endeav\r to fix ^u ! analogy ( /yle1 ! ord] 9 :i* ,giotto pa9t$ at ,flor5ce1 ,padua1 & ,assisi4 ,x %\ld h be5 notic$ t ,cr[e & ,cavalcaselle make ! incid5t ( ! ,o occur 9 ! "t ( ,b5$ict ,,xi1 by suppos+ t t ,pope s5t f ,avignon at ! reque/ ( ,petr>*1 to seek out ! be/ arti/s ( ,italy = ! purpose ( re/or+ & adorn+ ! *ur*es & palaces ( ,rome :i* 7 fall+ into decay4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 leaves ,giotto's fir/ visit to ,rome 9 #abih unacc\nt$ =1 & contradicts ,vas>i & ,l9dsay1 app>5tly )\t suffici5t cause1 = x seems highly improbable t if ! pa9t] _h be5 already engag$ 9 pa9t+ & design+ mosaics = ,/4 ,pet]'s1 t 9 aft] ye>s ! ,pope %\ld h ?\ght x necess>y to h a pro( ( 8 skill4 ,h[ev]1 ! date ( ?is visit to ,rome is ( little importance1 z ! :ole ( ! works ( ,giotto 9 t city h be5 long de/roy$1 ) ! exception ( ! mosaic ( ! ,navicella1 & "s small panel pictures 9 ! ,sacri/y ( ,/4 ,pet]'s4#dc ,ab\t ! ye> #acjj x seems probable t ,giotto return$ to ,flor5ce1 & 9 ! foll[+ ye> pa9t$ 9 ! ,*apel ( ! ,pode/a--commonly call$ ! ,b>gello4 ,x 0 "h t ,giotto introduc$ 7,i believe = ! fir/ "t 9 ! hi/ory ( m$ival ,italian art7 accurate portraits ( liv+ p into 8 picture ( ,p>adise4 ,x is "h t ! fam\s portrait ( ,dante 9 8 e>ly manhood 0 discov]$ aft] hav+ be5 cov]$ ) :itewa% = two hundr$ ye>s4 ,x 0 ) ! greate/ difficulty t an ,am]ican nam$ ,kirkup1 & ,signor ,bezzi obta9$ p]mission f ! ,italian gov]nm5t to remove ! :itewa% f ?is fresco ( ,p>adise at _! own exp5se4#dd ,all ! frescoes 9 ?is *apel are v greatly injur$ by "t & neglect1 :itewa% & re/oration1 & especially ! ,dante portrait1 :i* has suff]$ mo/ ( all f ! la/-m5tion$ cause4 ,z ,i %all h little occasion to ref] to ! works 9 ?is *apel 9 subsequ5t *apt]s1 ,i may "h say t 9 my op9ion ,cr[e & ,cavalcaselle h err$ 9 attribut+ all ( !m to ,giotto4#de ,!re are _m :i* %[ little1 if any1 trace ( ! ma/]'s h&1 & o!rs :i* are app>5tly imitations by pupils2 z1 h[ev]1 ! frescoes are all exce$+ly defac$1 x is n wor? :ile to dwell m9utely on ?is po9t4#df ,9 less ?an two ye>s f ! date ( ?is picture ( ! ,p>adise1 ,dante 0 exil$ to ,v]ona1 & = ?ree or f\r ye>s ,giotto did n see him aga94 ,9 ! ye> #acjf1 :5 ,giotto w5t to ,padua to pa9t ! ,ar5a ,*apel1 ,dante also settl$ 9 t t[n4#dg ,)9 a ye> f ! pa9t+ ( ! ,b>gello1 ,giotto m>ri$ a lady1 ( :om1 no matt] :at may h be5 h] virtues or attractions1 po/]ity kn[s little or no?+1 save t %e bore ! pa9t] sev]al *ildr51 & t h] "n 0 ,ciuta di ,lapo4 ,x 0 %ortly aft] ?is p]iod ( 8 life t he produc$ :at mu/ on ! :ole be consid]$ ! greate/ "w ( 8 life--! decoration ( ! ,scrovegni ,*apel at ,padua4 ,?is 0 a small b>n-l edifice ( p]fectly pla9 ext]ior1 :i* _h j be5 built by ,enrico ,scrovegni on ! site ( an old ,roman amphi!atre1 & d$icat$ to ! ,madonna4 ,accord+ to "s acc\nts1 ,giotto himself 0 its ar*itect2 b ?is has only be5 surmis$ f ! fact ( 8 decoration be+ s admirably suit$ to ! build+4 ,! fact probably be+ t _h ! build+ be5 ( a diff]5t or m elaborate %ape1 he w\ld h treat$ x 9 a diff]5t mann]4 ,z x 01 ! extreme simplicity ( ! arrangem5t ( ! frescoes1 is mo/ happily 9 h>mony ) ! simplicity ( ! ar*itecture4 ,"h he seems to h liv$ = sev]al ye>s1 & "h z we h said came ,dante 9 #acjf1 hav+ pass$ ! int]v5+ ye>s ( 8 exile at ,bologna4 ,accord+ to ,bald9ucci1 our pa9t] _h no less ?an six *ildr51 all ( :om 7 ( a surpass+ ugl9ess2 & x is record$ t ,dante rem>k$ ^u ?is circum/ance to him1 pret5d+ to be surpris$ t "o :o c\ld pa9t su* beautiful figures %\ld h su* ugly sons2 to :i* ,giotto repli$ by a je/ m suit$ to 8 own times1 ?an to ours4 ,inde$1 all t ! biography ( ,giotto am\nts to aft] ?is1 is an acc\nt ( 8 v>i\s jokes & ecc5tricities1 mo/ ( :i*1 ,i mu/ confess1 seem to me ( v poor quality1 some:at ak9 to ! pleasantries told at ! tea-table ( a humor\s s*oolma/]1 or to ^? :i* are murmur$ betwe5 ! pauses ( ! "w1 at ! weekly meet+s ( a ,dorcas society4 ,h[ev]1 all ! hi/orians agree 9 ass]t+ t he 0 a man ( inf9ite je/1 & ! hum\r ( ^! anecdotes may well h evaporat$ 9 ! c\rse ( six hundr$ ye>s4 ,! foll[+1 :i* ,i give z x occurs 9 ,vas>i1 d]ives a c]ta9 int]e/ f ! qua9t simplicity ) :i* ! biograph] tells x1 & ! nave way 9 :i* ju/ice is depict$ z ( c\rse be+ on ! side ( ! be/ speak]1 is n )\t a c]ta9 am\nt ( significance1 ev5 9 our enlight5$ n9ete5? c5tury4 ,giotto1 z we h said be=e1 0 ( an exce$+ly jocund hum\r1 & ab\nd$ 9 witty & humor\s rem>ks1 :i* are /ill well rememb]$ 9 ,flor5ce4 ,examples ( ^! may be f\nd n only 9 ! writ+s ( ,mess] ,giovanni ,boccaccio1 b also 9 ! ?ree hundr$ /ories ( ,franco ,sac*etti1 :o cites _m amus+ in/ances ( 8 tal5t 9 ?is way4 ,& "h ,i w n refuse ! lab\r ( transcrib+ "s ( ^! /ories1 giv+ !m 9 ,franco's own words1 t my read]s may be made acqua9t$ ) ! peculi> phraseology & modes ( spee* us$ 9 ^? times1 toge!r ) ! /ory itself4 ,he says !re 9 "o ( ^!1 to set x =? ) its prop] title3-- ',to ,giotto1 ! great pa9t]1 is giv5 a buckl] to pa9t by a man ( small acc\nt4 ,he1 mak+ a je/ ( ! matt]1 pa9ts 9 su* sort t ! own] is put out ( c\nt5ance4' ,e "o has long s9ce he>d ( ,giotto1 & kn[s h[ greatly he /ood above all o!r pa9t]s4 ,he>+ ! fame ( ! ma/]1 a rude artisan1 :o desir$ to h a buckl] pa9t$1 p]haps because he 0 go+ to d wat* & w>d 9 "s ca/le1 m>*$ at once to ! work%op ( ,giotto1 ) "o be>+ ! %ield beh9d him4 ,hav+ got !re he spe$ily f\nd ,giotto1 to :om he said1 ',god save !e1 ma/]6 ,i w\ld fa9 h !e pa9t me my arms on ?is %ield4' ,giotto1 hav+ obs]v$ ! man & consid]$ 8 mann]1 repli$ no?+ m ?an--',:5 wilt ?\ h x f9i%$8' :i* ! o!r hav+ told him1 he answ]$1 ',leave ! matt] to me2' & ! fell[ dep>t$4 ,!n ,giotto1 be+ left alone1 began to ?9k )9 himself1 ',:at may ?is mean8 ,ha? "s "o s5t ?is man to make a je/ ( me8 ,h[ev] x be1 no man be=e ev] br\ght me a buckl] to pa9t2 yet "h is ?is simple fell[ :o br+s me 8 %ield1 & bids me pa9t 8 arms ^u x z ?\gh he 7 ( ! royal family ( ,france4 ,( a v]ity1 ,i mu/ make him arms ( a new fa%ion4' ,?9k+ ?us )9 himself1 he takes ! said buckl]1 & hav+ design$ :at he ?\ght prop]1 call$ "o ( 8 s*ol>s & bade him complete ! pa9t+4 ,?is 0 a t9 scullcap1 a gorget1 a pair ( iron gauntlets1 ) a cuirass1 cui%es1 & g&adoes1 a sword1 a dagg]1 & a spe>4 ,our great p]sonage1 ( :om nobody knew any?+1 hav+ return$ = 8 %ield1 m>*es =w>d & inquires1 ',ma/]1 is ! %ield pa9t$8' ',to be sure x is1' repli$ ,giotto2 'br+ x d[n "h4' ,! %ield be+ br\ght1 our wise g5tleman t w\ld be1 began to op5 8 eyes & look at x1 call+ out to ,giotto1 ',:at trump]y is ?is t ?\ ha/ pa9t$ me "h8' ',w x seem to !e a trump]y matt] to pay = x8' answ]$ ,giotto4 ',i w n pay five f>?+s = x all1' return$ ! cl[n4 ',& :at did/ ?\ require me to pa9t8' ask$ ,giotto4 ',my arms4' ',& are !y n "h1' rejo9$ ! pa9t]2 'is !re "o want+8' ',good1 good1' quo? ! man4 ',nay1 v]ily1 b x is r bad1 bad1' respond$ ,giotto4 ',"l1 help !e1 = ?\ mu/ ne$s be a special simpleton2 :y1 if a man 7 to ask !e1 ,:o art ?\8 x w\ld be a h>d matt] = !e to tell him2 yet "h ?\ come/ & crie/1 ,pa9t me my arms6 ,if ?\ w]t ( ! h\se ( ! ,b>di1 t 7 en\gh2 b ?\6 :at arms do/ ?\ be>8 ,:o art ?\8 ,:o 7 ?y =efa!rs8 ,art ?\ n a%am$ ( ?yself8 ,beg9 at lea/ to come into ! _w be=e ?\ talke/ ( arms1 z ?\gh ?\ w]t ,dusnam ( ,bav>ia at ! v lea/4 ,i h made !e a :ole suit ( arm\r on ?y %ield1 if !re be any o!r piece1 tell me1 & ,i'll put t too4' ',?\ ha/ giv5 me r\gh words1 & ha/ spoil$ my %ield1' decl>$ ! o!r2 & go+ =?1 betook himself to ! ju/ice1 be=e :om he caus$ ,giotto to be call$4 ,! latt] =?) appe>$1 b on 8 side summon$ ! compla9ant = two flor9s1 ! price ( ! pa9t+1 & :i* he dem&s to be paid4 ,! plead+s be+ he>d on bo? sides1 & ,giotto's /ory be+ mu* bett] told ?an t ( our cl[n1 ! judge decid$ t ! latt] %\ld take away 8 buckl]1 & %\ld pay six livres to ,giotto1 :om !y decl>$ to h ! "r4 ,?us ! good man _h to pay & take to 8 %ield2 :]eupon he 0 bidd5 to dep>t1 & n kn[+ 8 place _h x taught to him on ?is wise4 ,9 #acjg1 ,giotto appe>s to h f9i%$ 8 "w at ! ,scrovegni ,*apel1 & remov$ to ,flor5ce1 :]e he ultimately settl$ d[n4 ,( ?is p]iod ( 8 life little1 if any?+1 is kn[n4 ,he w5t to ,assisi "s "t aft] ?is1 :5 ,i h f\nd x impossible to discov]4#dh ,he pa9t$ dur+ ^! latt] ye>s at ,flor5ce1 9 f\r *apels ( ! ,santa ,croce1 at ,rav5na 7& at ,f]r>a & ,v]ona1 accord+ to ,vas>i72 probably also he made excursions f ,flor5ce into _m ( ! neighb\r+ t[ns1 b no c]ta9 traces ( 8 "w exi/4 ,9 #acbh he 0 commission$ to pa9t ! portrait ( ,*>les ( ,calabria1 ! son ( ,rob]t ( ,naples1 & 9 #accj 0 s5t = by ! latt] to adorn "s ( ! ,neapolitan *ur*es4 ,on 8 way back to ,flor5ce1 he pa9t$ at ,gaeta & ,rim9i "s frescoes :i* h q p]i%$4 ,^! 7 8 la/ works 9 pa9t+1 ) ! exception ( "s produc$ dur+ a brief visit to ,milan 9 #acce1 = :i* he obta9$ ! p]mission ( ! gov]nm5t to abs5t himself f ! sup]9t5d5ce ( ! ,ca!dral & ,campanile4 ,! ye> previ\s he _h be5 made ma/] ( ! works ( ! ,ca!dral1 & *ief build] to ! city ( ,flor5ce2 & :ile he 0 /ill engag$ ^u 8 bell t[] & ! ca!dral faade1 be=e 8 eyes _h lo/ _! lu/re1 or 8 h& its cunn+1 he di$ sudd5ly 9 #accf4 ,su* is ! life ( our old ma/] z f> z we c ga!r x f ! scanty mat]ials be=e u3 to :at does x am\nt8 ,t a boy %[$ signs ( g5ius2 t a man fulfill$ 8 e>ly promise2 t a great pa9t] 0 = once a prophet 9 8 own c\ntry & 9 8 own "t2 & t all hi/ory c tell u ( him1 is t he made bad jokes1 & _h six ugly *ildr54 ,su*1 ,i say1 is ! hi/ory ( ,giotto z ,i h ga!r$ x f ! *ronicles ( ,vas>i1 ,bald9ucci1 & ,lanzi1 ,kugl]1 ,rumohr1 ,cr[e1 & ,jameson2 b !re is ano!r hi/ory ( ! man1 ( great] wor? & full] mean+ ?an c be f\nd 9 ^! mu/y records2 !re is t :i* ! pa9t] has writt5 ) 8 own h&1 9 col\rs :i* yet reta9 mu* ( _! pri/9e brightness4 ,! be/ record ( ! arti/ is nei!r 8 que/ionable witticisms1 nor ^! r\gh outl9es ( 8 life1 b t :i* %9es =? cle>ly /ill on ! walls ( ,santa ,croce & ! ar*es ( ,assisi4 ,:at t record means to u1 ,i w try to expla94 ,,footnotes3 #cg ,! date is disput$4 ,cr[e n[ gives #abff1 b ,i h1 ?r\gh\t1 foll[$ ,vas>i & o!r writ]s :o give #abgf4 ,all ! *ronology ( ,giotto1 except ! date ( 8 dea?1 is highly unc]ta94--,h4 ,q4 #ch ,at ,pietro ,mala4 ,! flames rise two or ?ree feet above ! /ony gr\nd out ( :i* !y spr+1 :ite & fi]ce en\gh to be visible 9 ! int5se rays ev5 ( ! morn+ sun4--,j4 ,r4 #ci ,?is fresco is1 ,i ?9k1 ! "w ( "o ( ,giotto's pupils1 b probably execut$ f ! ma/]'s design1 or "u 8 sup]9t5d5ce1 or 9 any case is an imitation ( ,giotto's me?od ( introduc+ animal life into 8 compositions4 #dj ,aft] work+ at ,assisi & ,pisa1 accord+ to ,vas>i1 :o is foll[$ by ,kugl]4 ,x is q cle> t ,kugl] is wrong 9 suppos+ t :5 ,giotto visit$ ,rome 9 #abih1 he _h previ\sly execut$ ! frescoes on ! ceil+ ( ! ,l[] ,*ur* at ,assisi1 = ^? works are evid5tly lat] ?an ^? ( ! ,upp] ,*ur*1 & ev5 9 po9t ( "t x is impossible t bo? s]ies c\ld h be5 pa9t$ prior to #abih1 :5 ! pa9t] 0 b tw5ty-two4 #da ,vas>i says ,b5$ict ,,xi41 b ,rumohr %[s x 0 ,boniface :o invit$ ,giotto to ,rome4 ,s*orn1 9 note to ,vas>i4 #db ,giotto & 8 ,works 9 ,padua4 ,publi%$ = ! ,arundel ,society4 #dc ,portions ( :at is call$ ! ,/efanes*i alt> piece2 ,i am in=m$ v f9e 9 quality1 b _c speak f exp]i5ce4 #dd ,x 0 subsequ5tly defray$ by ! ,tuscan gov]nm5t4 #de ,cr[e consid]s !m to be und\bt$ly 84 #df ,t ! l>ge fresco ( ,p>adise1 9 :i* ! portraits ( ,dante & ,corso ,donati occur is by ,giotto1 is1 ,i ?9k1 q c]ta94 #dg ,! h\se :]e ,dante liv$ is /ill %[n to /rang]s4 #dh ,i may "h say once = all t ow+ to my ignorance ( ! ,italian language1 & ! small am\nt ( "t at my disposal1 x has be5 out ( my p[] to und]take t rese>* among/ ! ,,mss4 /or$ 9 ! public libr>ies ( ,italy by :i* alone c\ld ! accurate *ronology ( ,giotto's life be det]m9$4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,! ,,*ief ,,function ,,( ,,pa9t+4 ,all hon\r & rev]5ce to ! div9e beauty ( =m6 ,let u cultivate x to ! utmo/ 9 m51 wom51 & *ildr5--9 our g>d5s & 9 our h\ses4 ,b let u love t o!r beauty too1 :i* lies 9 no secret ( proportion1 b 9 ! secret ( deep human sympa?y4 ,pa9t u an angel if y c1 ) a float+ violet robe & a face pal$ by ! cele/ial light2 pa9t u yet (t5] a ,madonna1 turn+ h] mild face upw>d & op5+ h] arms to receive ! div9e glory2 b d n impose ^u u any /hetic rules :i* %all bani% f ! region ( art1 ^? old wom5 scrap+ c>rots ) _! "w-worn h&s1 ^? heavy cl[ns tak+ holiday 9 a d+y pot h\se1 ^? r\nd$ backs & /upid wea!r-beat5 faces t h b5t ov] ! spade & done ! r\gh "w ( ! _w4--,,george ,,eliot4 ,be=e ,i speak 9 detail ( ,giotto's pictures1 x w be well to consid] v %ortly :at are ! *ief *>act]i/ics ( good pa9t+1 & 9 :at proportion ! beauty ( =m1 ( col\r1 s5tim5t & ?\ght1 %\ld be comb9$1 9 ord] to give u "w ( ! highe/ ord]4 ,& su* a prelim9>y inquiry is ! m ne$ful1 s9ce ! :ole hi/ory ( art is ! hi/ory ( ! developm5t ( "o or m ( ^! *>act]i/ics1 r ?an ! developm5t ( _! j comb9ation4 ,if we look back at ! greate/ s*ools ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 we f9d t ea* ( !m _h "o ma9 object 9 _! art1 :i* !y pursu$ to ! detrim5t ( ! o!rs4 ,h[ev] mu*1 = in/ance1 we may admire ! feel+ ( ,raphael1 we p]ceive ! lack ( ! qualities :i* we f9d 9 ,titian--h[ev] mu* we delight 9 ,titian or ,t9toretto1 we feel t !re is some?+ lack+ :i* we _h 9 ,raphael4 ,& s on ) e s*ool1 till at la/ we discov] t ! defici5cy is n "o 9 ! individual pa9t]1 b is r ow+ to ! end :i* he & ^? ( 8 s*ool propos$ to !mselves2 & :e!r x be ! ,flor5t9e /riv+ aft] expression ( emotion1 or ! ,v5etian aft] expression ( ! tru?s ( %ade & col\r1 ea* is alike defective4 ,9 lat] times ?is becomes /ill m evid5t 9 ! works ( ! ,dut* pa9t]s1 & x may be se5 at its utmo/ height 9 ! works ( ! majority ( mod]n arti/s1 ^: aim is commonly re/rict$ n only to "o phase ( feel+1 b to "o special manife/ation ( su* phase2 n to ! seek+ ( col\r1 say1 z ! ma9 object1 b to ! seek+ ( "o p>ticul> col\r4 ,if !n e art s*ool :i* ! _w has hi!rto kn[n1 has be5 9 "s way p>tial 9 its *oice ( subject & ! aims x has propos$ to itself1 let u ?9k :i* p>tiality is ! lea/ blameable1 &1 9 fact1 :at is ! be/ ?+ t a pa9t] c give u4 ,is x p]fection ( =m1 or ( col\r1 int5sity ( feel+1 or dep? ( mean+8 ,if we c't h all1 :at %\ld we *oose fir/ & cl+ to mo/ securely8 ,n[1 at ! pres5t day1 !re is among/ ^? :o c>e = art1 a rapidly-increas+ class :o give a mo/ decid$ answ] to ?is "q2 "o1 :i* if we c at all accept its reason+1 w settle ! matt] = ev]4 ,art1 !y say1 has b "o real prov9ce1 t ( ! simply s5su\s2 9 :atev] degree y admit o!r elem5ts y s f> weak5 ! art4 ,to use ! expression ( a memb] ( ?is s*ool1 :at is want$ is a solid s5su\sness4 ,n[ :atev] else is true1 ?is is false--fals] ?an all fancy pa9t$2 &1 %\ld x once come to be believ$1 w r$uce art to a worse slav]y ?an ! "o f :i* ,giotto rescu$ x4 ,x w\ld really be h>d to conceive t su* a notion 0 really abroad did we n read x 9 book1 essay1 & article1 & see ! consequ5ces ( its preval5ce 9 ! works ( our pa9t]s4 ,j ?9k3 "h we h an influ5ce notori\sly "o ( ! mo/ p[]ful 9 ! _w1 "o t appeals equally to bo? sexes1 to all classes1 ages1 & nations ( m52 & we are ask$1 or r told1 ) ! true sic volo1 sic jubeo acc5t1 t we mu/ use x = b "o ?+1 & t is ! enc\ragem5t ( s5su\s pleasure4 ,x is s utt]ly contr>y to tru?1 & productive ( su* evil results1 t ,i really lack ! pati5ce to speak ( x & its expon5ts ) common c\rtesy4 ,b leav+ on "o side ! injuri\s effects ( su* a doctr9e1 x is wor? :ile to obs]ve t x is really de/ructive ( art itself4 ,! "o vital pr9ciple ( all art is its fre$om2 its conc]n ) e fact ( nature or humanity1 :e!r x be ! =m ( a cabbage or ! suff]+s ( a ,*ri/4 ,take y\r solid s5su\s feel+ & welcome1 b don't =get t t's b "o1 & a comp>atively unimportant1 fragm5t ( m5's nature2 & give u also _! p[] ( endurance1 _! mom5ts ( rapture1 _! de$s ( h]oism1 _! e-day suff]+s1 & _! r>] joys4 ,i put t quotation f ,george ,eliot at ! top ( ! *apt]1 because x expresses f> m cle>ly & beautifully ?an any words t lie 9 my p[]1 ?is ess5tial fact1 t art is conc]n$ ) no "o phase ( human feel+ or ext]nal nature1 b f9ds adequate mat]ial 9 :atev] is connect$ ) m5's lives4 ,well1 !n1 leav+ on "o side ?is pe/il5tial h]esy ( art = art's sake1 ?is talk ab\t graci\s curves1 & s5su\s images1 secrets1 twilights1 sil5ces1 & all ! re/ ( ! j>gon2 we f9d on ?9k+ ov] ! subject c>efully1 t !re is "o tru?1 :i* art f its v nature is m fitt$ to express ?an any o!r1 & inde$ t x is a tru? :i* c & %\ld ent] into e "w ( art1 & t is ! tru? ( beauty4 ,! m we see ( ! _w & its v>y+ actions & int]e/s1 ! m c]ta9ly d we discov] "o fact1 t !re is a k]nel ( beauty b5ea? almo/ ! r\ghe/ husks & r9ds ( human nature1 & t 9 ! natural _w !re is also a beauty f> sup]ior to t :i* lies on ! surface1 a subtle ess5ce ( lovel9ess only to be p]ceiv$ by e>ne/ /ud5ts1 aft] long & pati5t /udy4 ,all ! subtl] & r>] manife/ations ( ?is beauty1 are necess>ily disreg>d$ by ! mass ( m5 engag$ 9 ! h>d /ruggle ( life1 & x is ^! :i* =m ! great prov9ce ( ! arti/4 ,8 "w is to say to u 9 8 picture ,look at ?is subject6 ,x is beautiful1 n only z y w\ld h ?\ght1 = its arrangem5t ( l9e & col\r & ! int]e/ ( its composition1 b because ,i h p5etrat$ into ! dep? ( ! mean+ involv$2 ,i h se5 some?+ :i* y w\ld n h se51 b yet some?+ :i* 0 !re1 & if y ?9k1 y w see t x mu/ h be5 s4 ,e picture wor?y ( ! "n ( great1 is ?us a record ( p5etrative insight z well z m]e skill ( pa9t+2 & ! great] x is1 ! ne>] x approa*es 9 ! complexity ( its mean+ to ! p]sonality ( a human be+1 & receives a diff]5t int]pretation f e "o :o sees x4 ,aga91 ( l&scape pa9t+1 :y is x t a picture ( any natural sc5e w move hundr$s ( p :o w\ld h d]iv$ little or no enjoym5t f ! sc5e itself8 ,:y1 = in/ance1 c\ld ,fr$ ,walk] pa9t a /reet at ,cookham or a c\ntry lane 9 a %[]1 s z to give an am\nt ( pleasure q incomm5surate ) ! importance or lovel9ess ( 8 subject8 ,x is because he saw 9 x a beauty :i* _c be se51 except ?r\gh him2 = x is a beauty made up ( ! sc5e itself & 8 actual feel+s ab\t x4 ,c\ld y photograph in/antane\sly lane & figures1 & ra9 cl\ds1 9 ! v col\rs ( nature1 y w\ld n ga9 a picture :i* w\ld affect y 9 z p[]ful a way4 ,:o ev] d]iv$ real pleasure f a photograph ( a l&scape8 ,nature is beautiful always1 b repres5tations ( nature made by ma*9]y h little beauty1 & no int]e/4 ,i _c dwell ^u ?is !me--x w\ld lead me too f> f my subject--suffice x to say1 t 9 l&scape1 no less ?an 9 figure pa9t+1 x is ! spiritual insight ( ! pa9t] :i* gives ! highe/ value to 8 "w4#di ,to sum up %ortly--tru? ( =m1 & col\r1 & expression1 w make a f9e1 p]haps ev5 an impressive picture1 b h>dly a great "o2 9 ord] to d t ! arti/ mu/ be possess$ ( ! p[] ( seiz+ ! ess5ce ( ! sc5e1 ( p5etrat+ b5ea? ! fir/ commonplace view ( ! subject1 & f9d+ e elem5t ( true mean+ & beauty :i* lies 9 8 subject4 ,if he once does ?is1 he is a true arti/1 & 8 errors ( detail w become few] & few] ) "t2 if he fails 9 ?is fir/ requisite1 if he has no /ory to tell except "o t e "o ( 8 spectators c\ld tell equally well1 !n1 no matt] :at may be 8 te*nical p]fection1 he w nev] be a great arti/ to ! end ( "t4 ,to close ?is some:at long1 b1 ,i ?9k1 necess>y digression1 j rememb] :at art 0 :5 ,giotto's "w began4 ,x 0 9 a condition ( d\ble bondage1 fir/ to ! s]vice ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 & second to itself1 9 ! p]petuation ( traditional me?ods ( "w4 ,always repres5t+ ! same ?+ 9 ! same way1 its records _h become little m ?an v>iations 9 ! arrangem5t ( col\r$ drap]ies4 ,e detail ( ! composition 0 execut$ ^u a giv5 plan2 ! v position ( ! ,virg9's head & ! ,savi\r's h&s 7 absolutely conv5tional4 ,! /udy ( animals 0 almo/ unkn[n2 t ( l&scape nature absolutely s2 all attempt at expression ( any feel+ b resignation1 devotion1 or div9e peacefulness 0 p]fectly discont9u$2 laught]1 curiosity1 or scorn1 might h _h no exi/5ce1 = any trace ( !m :i* c be f\nd 9 ! pictures ( ! "t4 ,a picture 0 !n no?+ b a composition ( traditionally graceful l9es & pleasant col\rs1 set aga9/ a gold backgr\nd1 & (f]$ g5]ally to ! s]vice ( ! ,*ur*1 9 mu* ! same _s z ! col\r$ ,g]man pr9ts ( ! ,madonna are hung up at ! little road-side %r9es 9 ,italy to ?is day4 ,9 fact1 art 0 v mu* 9 ! way to :i* "s good p ( ! pres5t day w\ld r$uce x1 & repres5t$ no?+ save 9 a p>tial & symbolical mann]4 ,x 0 :olly unconnect$ ) all ! v>y+ incid5ts & emotions ( real life1 & exi/$ only to give =m to c]ta9 traditions1 & fulfil c]ta9 prescriptive (fices4 ,its aim 0 n to become ( real use to man1 to ent] into 8 joys & griefs1 to console1 & to enlight5 him1 b only to s]ve z a fai?ful s]vant to ! ,*ur*4 ,pa9t+ _h gaz$ s long at ?+s heav5ly1 z to h almo/ =gott5 !re 0 an e>? at all1 & s to ! v ord9>y-m9d$ p :o =tunately compose n9e-t5?s ( ! _w's population1 its influ5ce 0 too remote to h mu* significance4 ,x might repres5t sa9ts1 m>tyrs1 & angels fai?fully1 b :at 0 want$ 7 true repres5tations ( m5 & wom54 ,be>+ ?is well 9 m9d1 let u exam9e ,giotto's works1 & see :at *ange1 if any1 he effect$ 9 ! popul> practice1 & :at is ! peculi> m]it ( 8 works at ?is day1 :5 we are six hundr$ ye>s fur!r on ! m>* ( progress4 ,,footnote3 #di ,^? :o are int]e/$ 9 ?is subject w f9d an article discuss+ x 9 ! ,spectator ( ,novemb] #aj?1 #ahgg1 entitl$ ,! ,human ,elem5t 9 ,l&scape ,pa9t+4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,! ,,e>ly ,,"w ,,( ,,giotto ,,at ,,flor5ce ,,& ,,rome4 ,b little rema9s to u ( ! "w ( ,giotto's /ud5t days1 & ^? ye>s imm$iately foll[+2 b suffici5t is kn[n to %[ t 8 fir/ works 71 z we %\ld naturally expect1 execut$ 9 ,flor5ce itself4 ,! foll[+ description ( "s ( ^! frescoes is tak5 f ,vas>i4 ,! fir/ pictures ( ,giotto 7 pa9t$ = ! ,*apel ( ! ,high ,alt> 9 ! ,abbey ( ,flor5ce1 :]e he execut$ _m works consid]$ extremely f9e4 ,among ^! an ,annunciation is p>ticul>ly admir$2 ! expression ( fe> & a/oni%m5t 9 ! c\nt5ance ( ! ,virg91 :5 receiv+ ! salutation ( ,gabriel1 is vividly depict$2#ej %e appe>s to suff] ! extremity ( t]ror1 & seems almo/ ready to take flight4 ,! alt>piece ( t *apel is also by ,giotto2 b ?is has be51 & cont9ues to be1 pres]v$1#ea r f ! respect felt = ! "w ( s di/+ui%$ a man1 ?an f any o!r motive4 ,! l>ge ,madonna ,en?ron$1 ( :i* we speak at l5g? a little fur!r on1 0 also execut$ at ?is p]iod4 ,?is 0 pa9t$ = ! alt> ( ! *ur* ( ! ,ognissanti1 & is probably ! fir/ q c]ta9 "w :i* n[ rema9s ( ?is ma/]4 ,!re is a ,madonna 9 ! ,br]a ,gall]y at ,milan :i*1 if ,giotto's "w1 probably belongs to an e>ly p]iod1 b is 7accord+ to ,pr(essor ,dobb]t7 ( a less =mal "*2 b ,i h n se5 ?is "w1 & _c speak z to its au!nticity or "*4 ,giotto also pa9t$ at ?is "t 9 ! *ur* ( ! ,c>m9e1#eb :i* 0 burnt 9 #agga1 b a few ( ^! frescoes 7 rescu$ & engrav$ by ,?omas ,pat*2#ec accord+ to ,waag51 two ( ^! fragm5ts are 9 ,liv]pool1 "o 9 ! collection ( ,mr4 ,rog]s1 & o!rs 9 ! ,campo ,santo ( ,pisa4 ,! picture 9 ! ,national ,gall]y attribut$ to ,giotto is a fragm5t ( "o ( ^! frescoes1 & repres5ts ! heads ( two ( ! apo/les4 ,:e!r ^! two heads are by ,giotto's own h& is almo/ impossible to say1 b !y are 9 any case works ( 8 s*ool1 & ( an e>ly p]iod4 ,judg+ by ! type ( face1 ,i %\ld ?9k x less probable ( ! two unc]ta9ties t !y 7 execut$ by ,giotto2 b ! matt] is ( little importance1 z ! qualities !y possess *iefly are n ^? we f9d 9 ,giotto's "w4 ,! two heads are g5u9e e>ly fresco at all ev5ts4 ,!re are sev]al o!r works 9 ! refectory1 ,pisa1 attribut$ to ,giotto by ,vas>i1 among/ :i* are a ,tree ( ! ,cross1 a ,la/ ,supp]1 & sc5es f ! life ( ,/4 ,l\is1 a figure ( ! ,virg91 & a ,/4 ,john & ! ,magdal5e at ! foot ( ! cross2 ! la/ ?ree ( :i* are n[ conceal$ by :itewa%1 & ! au?or%ip ( any ( ! pictures 9 ! refectory is consid]$ d\btful by ,rumohr4 ,( ! two s]ies ( panels illu/rat+ ! lives ( ,*ri/ & ,/4 ,francis1 ,i h spok5 at l5g? bel[2 x is suffici5t "h to say t ,vas>i assigns !m to ,giotto4 ,vas>i makes ,giotto execute v>i\s pa9t+s1 among/ !m ! :ole ,assisi s]ies1 & ! frescoes 7s9ce discov]$ n to be by ?is ma/]7 9 ! ,campo ,santo ( ,pisa1 betwe5 ^! e>ly works & 8 visit to ,rome4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is impossible1 f ! date ( t visit be+ fix$ by /rong evid5ce betwe5 ! ye>s #abif & #abih1 :i* leaves ! "y pa9t] ! b>e/ "t possible to execute 8 num]\s e>ly works 9 ,flor5ce aft] 8 six ye>s' appr5tice%ip to ,cimabue4 ,9 #abif1 h[ev]1 occurr$ ! incid5t ( ! ,o relat$ else:]e1 & 9 t or ! foll[+ ye> ,giotto visit$ ,rome at ! invitation ( ,pope ,boniface ,,viii4#ed ,accord+ to ,vas>i1 he "h execut$ a l>ge picture 9 ! sacri/y ( ,/4 ,pet]'s1 ) five o!rs 9 ! *ur* itself--^! la/ be+ passages f ! life ( ,*ri/2 all ( :i* he execut$ ) s mu* c>e1 t no bett] "w 9 di/emp] ev] proce$$ f 8 h&s4444 ,! ,pope hav+ se5 ^! works ( ,giotto1 ^: mann] pleas$ him inf9itely1 comm&$ t he %\ld pa9t subjects f ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts entirely ar\nd ! walls ( ,/4 ,pet]'s2 & = a comm5cem5t ! arti/ execut$ 9 fresco ! angel sev5 toreccecia high1 :i* is n[ ov] ! organ3 ?is 0 foll[$ by _m o!r pictures1 ( :i* "s h be5 re/or$ 9 our own days1 :ile m h be5 ei!r de/roy$ 9 lay+ ! f\ndations ( ! new walls1 or h be5 tak5 f ! old edifice ( ,/4 ,pet]'s & set "u ! organ1 z is ! case ) a ,madonna t 0 cut out ( ! wall t x might n totally be de/roy$1 & be+ support$ ) beams & b>s ( iron 0 ?us c>ri$ away & secur$ = its beauty 9 ! place :]e9 ! pi\s love :i* ! ,flor5t9e doctor1 ,mess] ,nicolo ,accia9oli1 has ev] borne to ! excell5t 9 art1 desir$ to see x en%r9$1 & :]e he has ri*ly adorn$ ! "w ( ,giotto ) a framework compos$ ( mod]n pictures & ( ornam5ts 9 /ucco4 ,! picture 9 mosaic kn[n z ! ,navicella1 & :i* /&s above ! ?ree doors ( ! portico 9 ! ve/ibule ( ,/4 ,pet]'s1 is also f ! h& ( ,giotto--a truly wond]ful "w1 & des]v$ly eulogis$ by all enlight5$ judges2 & ?is n only = ! m]it ( ! design1 b also = t ( ! gr\p+ ( ! apo/les1 :o lab\r 9 v>i\s attitudes to guide _! boat ?r\gh ! tempe/u\s sea1 :ile ! w9ds bl[ 9 a sail :i* is swell+ ) s vivid a reality t ! spectator c\ld almo/ believe himself to be look+ at a real sail4 ,yet x mu/ h be5 excessively difficult to produce ! h>mony & int]*ange ( light & %ad[ :i* we admire 9 ?is "w1 ) m]e pieces ( glass1 & t 9 a sail ( su* magnitude--a ?+ :i* ev5 ) ! p5cil c\ld only be equall$ by great ef=t4 ,!re is a fi%]man also /&+ on a rock & fi%+ ) a l9e1 9 ^: attitude ! extraord9>y pati5ce prop] to t occupation is mo/ obvi\s1 :ile ! hope ( prey & 8 desire = x are equally manife/ 9 8 c\nt5ance4 ,! above mu/ be tak5 = :at x is wor?1 z all ! works nam$ 9 ! quotation h p]i%$1 ) ! exception ( ! ,navicella & "o o!r4#ee ,i h pref]r$ to quote ,vas>i's description ( ! ,navicella to any m elaborate "o1 = its simplicity1 & a c]ta9 /ra9 ( hone/ en?usiasm r>e 9 contempor>y criticism4 ,! rem>k ab\t ! extraord9>y pati5ce ( ! fi%]man1 & 8 m+l$ hope & desire = prey1 is delightful 9 its unconsci\s satire4 ,?is mosaic /ill rema9s1 b s defac$ by re/oration z to h little traces ( ! orig9al :i* r\s$ ,vas>i's en?usiasm4 ,! production ( ^! v>i\s works 9 ,rome occupi$ ,giotto six ye>s1 at ! end ( :i* he return$ to ,flor5ce 9 ! ye> #acjb1 & 0 employ$ to pa9t frescoes 9 ! hall ( ! ,pode/a1 or z x is n[ m commonly call$ ! ,b>gello4 ,i f\nd x impossible1 z ,i h said above1 on exam9+ ^! frescoes c>efully1 to believe t ! great] portion ( !m 7 execut$ by ,giotto2#ef & ow+ to damp & re/oration ! majority h suff]$ s sev]ely1 z to r5d] x a "q ( little b antiqu>ian int]e/ ^: "w !y orig9ally 74 ,! l>ge fresco ( ! ,p>adise at ! end ( ! *apel1 9 :i* are ! fam\s portraits ( ,dante & ,corso ,donati1 has be5 greatly re/or$1 especially ! ,dante head1 :i* has be5 :olly re-pa9t$4 ,! portrait1 nev]!less1 is "o ( great int]e/1 & ! _s ( ! composition has be5 pres]v$ by ! re/or]1 ?\gh ! pa9t+ itself is h>d & heavy comp>$ ) ! unt\*$ "w ( our ma/]4 ,x 0 %ortly aft] ! execution ( ?is "w1 t ,giotto prep>$ ! designs = ! faade ( ! ,duomo1 :i* 7 execut$ by ,&rea ,pisano2 & 9 ! succe$+ ye> ,giotto m>ri$1 & %ortly aft]w>ds remov$ to ,padua4 ,! l>ge ,madonna ,en?ron$1 by ,giotto1 be>s ! greate/ resemblance to ! mann] ( ,cimabue ( any ( ?is ma/]'s "w4 ,be=e ! ?rone1 :i* is rais$ on two high /eps1 & surr\nd$ ) a canopy & pill>s cr[n$ by ,go?ic ar*es1 kneel two angels 9 :ite1 ea* be>+ a vase ( fl[]s 9 h] h&2 on ei!r side ( ! ?rone appe> six sa9ts & angels4 ,! ,madonna is heavily pa9t$1 & clo!d 9 a :ite "u-robe1 ) a long blue-gre5 mantle cov]+ ! l[] portion ( ! figure4 ,! ,virg9 gazes /raight out ( ! picture ) some?+ ( ! peculi> lack-lu/re gaze s inv>iably f\nd 9 ! pictures ( ! ,byzant9e ma/]s1 & :i* 0 seldom abs5t f ! faces ( ,cimabue himself4 ,! two front angels on ! ea/ side ( ! ?rone are 9 gre51 & (f] to ! ,virg9 a model ( ! *ur* 79 :i* ! picture 0 to s]ve z an alt>piece7 & a cr[n4 ,! infant ,*ri/ has 8 h& rais$ z if to address ! spectator2 9 8 face !re is little ( ! infant9e playfulness or expression :i* is to be f\nd 9 ,giotto's lat] "w1 z1 = in/ance1 9 ! fresco ( ! ,pres5tation 9 ! ,temple 9 ! ,ar5a ,*apel1 :]e ! infant ,*ri/ is /ruggl+ to escape f ! high prie/ to ! ,virg91 :o /ret*es h] arms t[>ds him4 ,inde$1 ?r\gh\t ?is picture1 !re is h>dly to be f\nd a trace ( ! *>act]i/ic m]its ( ,giotto's lat] "w1 & x mu/ h be5 execut$ 9 ! e>ly days ( 8 appr5tice%ip to ,cimabue1 ^: me?od ( arrangem5t has be5 almo/ slavi%ly copi$4 ,! type ( face1 h[ev]1 bo? ( ! ,virg9 & ! ,*ri/1 are ( a broad]1 heavi] type ?an 9 ! ,byzant9e model1 ! *9 full] & less retreat+1 ! eye less elliptical1 & ! expression1 ?\gh some:at blank1 has n t droop+1 half-dreamy look ( ! old] s*ools4 ,if we turn f ?is ,madonna1 to ! gigantic "o by ,cimabue :i* hangs on ! opposite side ( ! entrance 9 ! ,accademia1 we c see cle>ly ! advance made by ,giotto ev5 9 ?is e>ly "w4 ,besides ! diff]5ces above m5tion$1 !re is a fre%]1 m life-l air ab\t ! :ole picture2 ! figures are arrang$ less = graceful l9es1 & m 9 accordance ) nature2 ! drap]y is n s sev]ely conv5tional 9 ! arrangem5t ( its folds1 !re is a ne>] approa* to ! sweep+ curves ( nature ?an to ! =mal v]tical l9es :i* _h gr[n common f ! imitation ( ,byzant9e mosaics4 ,:51 h[ev]1 all ^! diff]5ces are not$ & all[$ _! full value1 we c only conclude t ?is "w ( ,giotto's is "o ( 8 e>lie/ & lea/ spontane\s productions1 & t ! col\r 9 x mu/ h suff]$ great det]ioration4 ,l ne>ly all ! pictures pa9t$ ^u panel ( ?is p]iod1 ! col\r has probably d>k5$ & lo/ mu* ( its orig9al beauty1 & ?is w p]haps acc\nt = ! "w hav+ little ( t purity ( t9t t is s noticeable 9 ,giotto's frescoes4 ,( ! t5 small sc5es f ! life ( ,/4 ,francis1 :i* are g5]ally attribut$ to ,giotto1 ! same rem>ks apply z to ! s]ies ( sc5es f ! ,new ,te/am5t spok5 ( bel[1 & ! ass]tion mu/ be reit]at$ t !re is no reason to attribute ei!r ( ^! s]ies to ! h& ( ,giotto1 ! col\r+ especially be+ contr>y to ! g5]al "w ( t ma/]4 ,!re is a crude v]milion t9t employ$ 9 almo/ e "o ( ^! panels t may be s\ght = 9 va9 9 any ( ! frescoes at ,padua1 ,assisi1 or 9 ! ,santa ,croce at ,flor5ce4 ,) reg>d to ! tw5ty-two small designs on panel :i* are 9 ! ,accademia "u ! title ( be+ portions ( ! great alt>piece at ,santa ,m>ia ,novella1 x sc>cely admits ( d\bt t !y are bad imitations ( ! ma/] r ?an specim5s ( ev5 8 e>lie/ "w4 ,if we take ! slighte/ ( ! draw+s 9 ! ,ar5a ,*apel & comp>e !m ) "o ( ^! panels1 we %all f9d a total dissimil>ity1 bo? 9 col\r & design4 ,^! works d n err on ! side ( incomplet5ess ( design or a t5tative me?od ( execution4 ,!y r belong to a s*ool :i* c>ries its execution f>!r ?an its ?\ght1 & is 9 fact a complac5t imitation ( ! "w ( ,giotto4 ,i see 9 ^! no traces ( ,giotto's "w1 ?\gh _m traces ( 8 mann]1 & feel sure t if ^! designs belong 9 any way to ,giotto1 !y mu/ h be5 utt]ly spoilt 9 ! re-pa9t+4 ,!y d n1 h[ev]1 seem to me to h be5 8 designs1 z ev5 9 ! sadly-spoilt frescoes 9 ! ,b>gello1 c ! traces ( ! ma/]'s h&iwork be cle>ly se51 despite damp1 :itewa%1 & re/oration1 & x is excessively improbable t ^! small] panels %\ld h ne$$ or receiv$ equal alt]ation4 ,!y are 9 all probability ! "w ( ,taddeo ,gaddi1 or "o ( 8 pupils2 b ?is is h>dly ! place to ent] ^u ! discussion ( _! au?or%ip1 fur!r ?an to expla9 x n to belong to ! h& ( ,giotto4 ,9 ! *apel ( ! ,ca/ellani1 9 ! ,santa ,croce1 is ! crucifix g5]ally ascrib$ to ,giotto by ,"l ,l9dsay & o!r writ]s1 b x is difficult to discov] any gr\nd1 save su* z is d]iv$ f popul> tradition1 = su* an assumption4 ,! l9es ( ! figure are /iff & =mal1 ! col\r lifeless & heavy1 & ! :ole "w seems to belong to ! ,si5ese s*ool 9 ! "* ( ! design4 ,x %\ld be not$ t ?is "w is set f> back beh9d a d\ble r[ ( huge pewt] c&le/icks1 & great bran*es ( artificial fl[]s1 & is plac$ imm$iately b5ea? ! only w9d[ t lights ! *apel1 s t x is impossible to speak ) c]ta9ty ( ! m]its ( ! col\r+4 ,a curi\s in/ance ( ! difficulty ( decid+ a "w to be by ,giotto on acc\nt ( ! m]it or orig9ality ( ! design is to be se5 9 ?is v *apel1 :]e !re are sev5 frescoes on ! "r ( ! crucifix1 by ,agnolo ,gaddi1 :i* are full ( s-call$ ,giottesque traits4 ,v evid5tly ,giotto's influ5ce 0 9 ! air1 & ! v w9ds ( heav5 seem to h c>ri$ ! matt]4 ,9 ! ,b>oncelli ,*apel we h an opportunity ( comp>+ und\bt$ works by ,taddeo ,gaddi ) ^? frescoes 9 ! ,upp] ,*ur* at ,assisi1 :i* ,i h refus$ to consid] z ,giotto's2 b if ^! ,flor5t9e ones be by ! same h& x has und\bt$ly advanc$ 9 skill2 ! ar*itecture1 especially1 is ( a consid]ably m elaborate "*1 & is m ak9 to t ( ! ,l[] ,*ur* at ,assisi4 ,x mu/ be notic$ too t !re is 9 ^! ,gaddi frescoes1 m obs]vation ( nature ?an 9 ^? ( ! ,upp] ,*ur*2 9 "o composition alone are !re no less ?an f\r diff]5t species ( trees introduc$ into ! backgr\nd2 orange1 palm1 a species ( laurel1 & a r\nd-topp$ tree1 :i* might be any?+ f a sycamore to a c$>4 ,v>i\s *>act]i/ics ( ,giotto's works are to be trac$ 9 ^! frescoes2 ! col\r+ is evid5tly an unsuccessful imitation1 & ge/ure & action are us$ some:at ov]mu*1 )\t help+ to tell ! /ory1 z we c fancy w\ld be done by "o try+ to foll[ ,giotto's me?od4 ,,footnotes3 #ej ,h[ a c]ta9 review] w\ld h sc(f$ at ,giotto = repres5t+ ! ,virg9 9 ?is mann]6 #ea ,x has be5 remov$ s9ce1 & its :]eab\ts is n n[ kn[n4 #eb ,!re is a dispute ab\t ! p]iod :5 ^! frescoes 7 execut$1 b ! weight ( evid5ce is 9 fav\r ( _! hav+ be5 done at ! e>lie/ p]iod ( ,giotto's arti/ic c>e]4 #ec ,mr4 ,?omas ,pat* does n seem to h appreciat$ ! ma/] mu*1 = he c see little diff]5ce betwe5 8 "w & t ( ! o!r pa9t]s ( ! same p]iod1 e4g4 ! ,si5ese & ,pisan s*ools4 #ed ,accord+ to ,bald9ucci1 ,vas>i says ,b5$ict ,,ix41 & ,cr[e & ,cavalcaselle1 ,b5$ict ,,xi 7#acjc74 ,vide supra1 p4 #ce4 #ee ,portrait ( ,boniface ,,viii4 pres]v$ "u glass 9 ! *ur*4 ,ed4 ,flor4 #ef ,i may p]haps m5tion t ,mr4 ,fairfax ,murray1 :o accompani$ me to ! ,b>gello1 & gave me 8 valuable op9ion z to ! au?or%ip ( ! frescoes1 also felt c]ta9 ( ,giotto only hav+ pa9t$ "o or two ( ! numb]4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,giotto ,,at ,,padua4 ,^! temples grew z gr[s ! grass3 ,art might obey1 b n surpass2 ,! passive ma/] l5t 8 h& ,to ! va/ s\l t o'er him plann$1 ,& ! same p[] t built ! %r9e ,o'erspread ! tribes t knelt !re94--,em]son4 ,fancy a wet1 cl\dy1 spr+ day 9 an old ,italian t[n2 ! only objects visible 9 ! little grass-gr[n squ>e :]e ! hotel /&s1 be+ two or ?ree m\rnful c>riages1 ) ! sorrie/ /e$s h>ness$ to !m1 t ev5 ,italian fe$+ c produce1 & surr\nd+ ^!1 h\ses ( mildew$ /one1 fac$ occasionally ) br[n pla/]1 l>ge flakes ( :i* are peel+ (f 9 e direction4 ,! driv]s h long s9ce giv5 up all hope ( ev5 a /ray t\ri/1 & ensconc$ !mselves 9 ! l[ w9e-%op t y may see at ! corn] ( ! squ>e1 :5ce ! s\nd ( _! voices & ! smoke ( _! cig>s1 break =? occasionally into ! heavy atmosph]e4 ,e n[ & !n a slipp]$ figure1 ) :ite /ock+s d[n at heel1 & black /uff petticoat wrapp$ c>efully ov] its head1 hurries by on "s dome/ic err&1 or a /ray dog limps deject$ly 9 & out ( ! c>riage :eels1 9 se>* ( /ray scraps ( sausage or *eese1 :i* might inde$ well be !re1 s9ce ! driv]s eat bo?1 pretty well all day long4 ,to close ! picture1 an ,engli%man 9 a twe$ suit1 />+ contemplatively at ! prospect f ! doorway ( ! pr9cipal hotel1 & wond]+ :e!r x 0 really wor? :ile to travel half across ,europe1 9 ord] to rea* su* a re/+-place3 wond]+ also :om he %all get to direct him to ! ,ar5a ,*apel1 = ?is is ,padua1 once mo/ le>n$ ( univ]sities1 & n[ dulle/ ( cities1 & x is "h t ,giotto pa9t$ ! ,scrovegni ,*apel f floor to ceil+4 ,aft] m or less contradictory directions & sev]al fruitless attempts1 ,i discov]$ ! entrance to ! enclosure :]e9 ! *apel /&s1 & be+ by ?is "t wet1 tir$1 dirty1 & consid]ably out ( temp]1 imm$iately resolv$ to leave x to ! next day to see ! pictures1 & return$ to my hotel depress$ 9 _s1 b try+ to look =w>d to ! morr[4 ,all 0 un*ang$ 9 ! squ>e1 save t ! dog _h dep>t$1 & ! vettur9i gr[n a trifle m noisy2 s aft] a solit>y d9n]1 :]e9 ! l&lord figur$ z sole att5dant1 & mac>oni =m$ ! pr9cipal di%1 ,i turn$ into my room1 & consol$ myself ) concoct+ an imag9>y lead] to ! ,times on ! fallacy ( believ+ t ,italian wea!r 0 bett] ?an ,engli%1 & s to b$4 ,nev] 0 *ange m complete ?an t ,i woke to ! next morn+4 ,a blaz+ sun1 su* z we see 9 ,july only1 %one 9 ! mid/ ( a blue sky1 & /ream$ brightly 9 ^u ! pav$ b$*amb]1 & a fre% little breeze rattl$ *e]fully to & fro ! big w9d[-%utt]s1 & h9t$ at its be+ "t to get up4 ,a glance into ! squ>e reveal$ my vettur9o fri5ds *e]fully crack+ _! :ips at imag9>y flies1 &1 seat$ by ! side ( ! f\nta91 a br[n-sk9n$ maid5 9 ! :ite/ ( l95 & heavie/ ( e>r+s1 0 amicably p>tak+ ( a *unk ( sausage1 ) ! y\nge/ ( ! p>ty4 ,! v dog _h turn$ up aga91 & look$ at lea/ twice ! size t he did ye/]day1 & 0 sitt+ at a respectful di/ance f ! la/-nam$ c\ple1 wat*+ = scraps ) *e]ful confid5ce4 ,n[1 if ev]1 x appe>$ to me 0 ! "t = a fir/ fav\rable impression ( a great arti/1 & s1 hurry+ ?r\gh dress+ & breakfa/1 ,i />t$ = ! *apel4 ,v5t+ ! cont5t ( my s\l z ,i w5t along1 9 ! solit>y ,italian phrase ,i 0 ma/] (1 ,i wav$ my h& to ! "y coa*man1 & said1 * bel' tempo4 ,he look$ d[n at 8 d>k-ey$ damsel2 %e 0 sitt+ on ! /ep ( ! c>riage by ?is "t1 & if ev] a coa*man agre$ ) any "o1 :i* is d\btful1 t "y fell[ did ) me2 ?\gh ,i ga!r$ 8 ass5t m]ely f 8 eloqu5t looks1 = ( :at he said ,i h n ! fa9te/ conception4 ,s1 l neas1 ) hope & =tune fav\r+ me1 ,i drew ne> to ! great wood5 gate :i* m>ks ! entrance to ! ,ar5a4 ,! l>ge gates are immovable1 b a little lattice door op5s if y pu% x deftly at ! "r mom5t aft] hav+ rung ! bell1 & on ent]+1 y see a long g>d51 :]e currants & apple-trees1 acacias & v9es1 almonds & popl>s1 are all mix$ toge!r 9 a confusion ( gre5]y4 ,at ! end ( ! n>r[ gravel walk rises a h\se1 n unlike an ,engli% suburban villa1 mu* out ( repair1 9 front ( :i* two or ?ree small *ildr5 are tumbl+ ab\t 9 p]il\s proximity to an old well1 :ile at :at %\ld be ! d9+-room w9d[1 /&s a girl twi/+ up h] long1 black hair1 ) ! mo/ p]fect composure4 ,any?+ m delightfully unlike ! usual aspect ( a %[ place c\ld h>dly be imag9$1 & at fir/ 7n be+ able to see ! *apel at all7 ,i ?\ght ,i _h mi/ak5 my direction = ! ?ird "t1 b !re 0 ! s]vant evid5tly gett+ ready to receive me1 &1 z ,i _h und\bt$ly rung ! bell1 ,i walk$ boldly up to ! h\se4 ,illu/ration3 ,,padua4 ,f a draw+ by ! ,au?or4 ,a few /eps expla9$ ! matt]4 ,! *apel /&s to ! "r ( ! h\se1 at ! edge ( ! or*>d1 & ! s]vant 0 do+ up h] hair previ\s to br++ out ! keys4 ,! *apel outside is simply a b>n-%ap$ build+1 ) a gable ro(1 absolutely undecorat$ 9 any way :atev]1 unless a r\nd-ar*$ door1 ) ! rema9s ( a v small fresco above x1 c be call$ decorative4 ,! entrance is at ! we/ end ( ! build+1 :i* is light$ f ! s\? side only1 by six long n>r[ w9d[s4 ,! gable ro( h>dly projects at all beyond ! walls4 ,! :ole appe>ance ( ! *apel be+ some:at l ^? box-l con/ructions drawn by *ildr51 to repres5t a h\se4 ,if x be a prop] criticism to call a ?+ ugly :i* has only be5 con/ruct$ = a c]ta9 purpose1 & :i* has fulfill$ t purpose fairly well = six hundr$ ye>s1 ! ,scrovegni ,*apel may fairly be call$ by t "n2 b p]sonally ,i mu/ confess to a feel+ ( gratification at f9d+ !re 0 absolutely no attempt at ar*itectural embelli%m5t 9 ! :ole build+1 & _m w probably %>e ?is feel+4 ,kn[+ t ! int]ior 0 absolutely cov]$ ) frescoes1 ea* ( :i* 0 almo/ priceless1 x seem$ to me appropriate1 bo? to ! pictures1 & ! simplicity ( /yle 9 ! ma/] :o execut$ !m1 t _! cov]+ %\ld be n sculptur$ m>ble or vault$ /one1 b simply pla91 hone/ build+4 ,aft] all ! *apel 0 h>dly m to ! frescoes ?an is ! canvas to ! picture1 & x af=d$ a refre%+ contra/ to ! way 9 :i* ?+s are done n[adays1 to rememb] t ,enrico ,scrovegni1#eg wi%+ to build a temple to ! hon\r1 & = ! s]vice (1 ! ,virg91 ?\ght x m necess>y to give h] ! "w ( g5ius )9 h] %r9e1 ?an to adorn its ext]ior ) co/ly mat]ials & sculptur$ ornam5t4 ,giv5 t x 0 a *oice betwe5 ,giotto's frescoes & elaborate ar*itectural design 7& we may suppose t a pla9 citiz5 c\ld n af=d bo?71 !n we c look at ?is homely build+ ) pleasure r ?an repulsion1 z we d at ! r\gh coat+ ( "s preci\s /one4 ,& if we d n grumble at ! pla9ness ( ! build+1 /ill less w we d s at its position 9 ! qua9t g>d5-close1 :]e flick]+ %ad[s f ! bright leaves ( ! acacias dot ! gravel pa?1 & :]e f beh9d ! *apel rises ! humm+ ( ! cu/odian's bee-hives4#eh ,is n ?is su* a surr\nd+ z we might be/ desire = our pa9t]'s "w8 ,9 front ( 8 ma/]pieces1 an or*>d gre5 & gay1 ) trembl+ leaves & fla%+ sun%9e1 & human ) ! s(t voices ( laugh+ *ildr52 & beh9d1 a ri* mead[1 :]e a few cattle doze lazily ?r\gh _! "t1 & long ranges ( bee-hives /& 9 ! v %ad[ ( ! *apel2 & if ! eye lifts its gaze f mead[ & or*>d1 ) a s5se ( some?+ want+ to ! full agreem5t ( ! surr\nd+s & ! pa9t]'s m9d1 x meets ! great dome ( ! neighb\r+ *ur* ris+ aga9/ ! cl\dless sky1 z x might 9 "o ( ,giotto's own frescoes1 & is satisfi$4 ,s ) ! ru/l+ ( ! leaves1 & ! murmur ( ! bees 9 our e>s1 & some?+ ( ! bright sun%9e 9 our he>ts1 we ent] ! *apel :]e ! cu/odian waits pati5tly en\gh1 hav+ _h exp]i5ce ( _m t\ri/s & _! fooli% ways4 ,a long vault$ *amb] pla9ly divid$ by a high ar* into nave & *ancel1 light$ by six high n>r[ w9d[s1 all on ! "r h& wall1 ! entire int]ior surface cov]$ ) frescoes1 ?ree ti]s ( :i* run f ! ceil+ to )9 ab\t eight feet ( ! gr\nd2 at int]vals1 bel[ ?is l[e/ ti]1 !re are o!r frescoes ( small] size 9 mono*rome1 symbolical ( ! v>i\s ,*ri/ian virtues & vices1 surr\nd$ by craftily pa9t$ bord]s1 imitat+ mosaic ( col\r$ m>bles4 ,:]ev] ! eye turns x meets a bewild]m5t ( col\r pure & radiant1 & yet re/ful to ! eye2 t9ts :i* resemble 9 _! p]fect h>mony ( brightness ! iridesc5ce ( a %ell1 & seem to be possess$ ( some?+ ( ! same /range quality ( imprison$ light4 ,f ! blue ceil+1 ) its m$allions & gold5 />s1 to ! l[e/ range ( mosaic1 !re is lit]ally n a spot :]e ! eye _c re/ ) pleasure2 & ! :ole int]ior1 ow+ p]haps to its p]fect simplicity ( =m1 & ! abs5ce ( all o!r decoration ?an ! frescoes1 pres5ts less ! aspect ( a build+ ornam5t$ ) pa9t+s1 ?an t ( "s gigantic opal 9 ! mid/ ( :i* ! spectator /&s4 ,x is difficult to speak )\t seem+ exagg]ation ( ! effect produc$1 or to attempt to convey to ^? ( my read]s :o are n famili> ) ! spot1 ! peculi> qualities ( ! col\r+ 9 ^! pa9t+s4 ,9 ,engl&1 & to ! majority ( ,engli%m51 pure col\r1 bright col\r1 & />+ col\r1 are almo/ int]*angeable t]ms1 & dep? ( col\r is b too frequ5tly und]/ood to mean dep? ( %ad[4 ,n[ y mu/ q get rid ( ! idea t ! col\r+ ( ^! frescoes is crude or viol5t1 because ,i call x pure4 ,if !re is "o quality ( our ma/]'s "w :i* is m c]ta9 ?an ano!r1 x is ! g5]al h>mony ( 8 t9ts1 ! abs5ce ( any discordant effect f 8 pa9t+s4 ,! great diff]5ce betwe5 8 sy/em ( col\r+ & t ( lat] ma/]s is1 t 8 h>mony is ga9$ by means ( ! comb9ation ( broad masses ( comp>atively simple t9ts1 :ile lat] arti/s discov]$ t by pay+ great] att5tion to ! gradation ( col\r1 its subtle v>iations ( light & %ade1 & its enhancem5t by means ( complem5t>y t9ts1 !y c\ld produce a great] tru? to nature1 z well z a great] am\nt ( col\r beauty1 ?an 9 any o!r way--& "o1 moreov]1 :i* 0 applicable to all ! v>y+ conditions ( nature4 ,giotto's sy/em 0 "o :i* he w\ld h be5 ! fir/ to disc>d1 _h x occurr$ to him to pa9t a picture save 9 full daylight1 = its beauty is incompatible ) any o!r effect4 ,x mu/ always be rememb]$ 9 ?9k+ ( 8 "w1 t he 0 ! successor ( m5 :o absolutely bani%$ %ad[ f _! pictures2 = ! gloomy hues ( ! old] ,byzant9e pictures 7 n repres5tative ( %ad[1 any m ?an _! ri* tones repres5t$ light2 & ,giotto's ma/]1 ,cimabue1 _h revolt$ f ! d>kness ( 8 pr$ecessors' pictures to comp>atively light t9ts4 ,x 01 ( c\rse1 impossible = ,giotto to "w out an entire sy/em ( *i>oscuro = himself 7z a matt] ( fact x took ano!r two hundr$ ye>s to accompli% t advance72 ! m>vel is t by 8 exquisite arrangem5t ( t9t he 0 able to compose pictures :i* are to ?is day comp>able 9 col\r beauty to ^? ( ! great ma/]s ( succe$+ ages1 ?\gh !y are n comp>able 9 subtlety ( col\r1 nor is !re ev] su* beauty ( a special col\r ga9$ z 9 ! "w ( ! lat] arti/s4#ei ,illu/ration3 ,,p>adise4 ,,fresco ,,by ,,giotto4 ,,9 ,,! ,,cappella ,,dell' ,,ar5a1 ,,padua4 7,greatly re/or$47 ,! s]ies ( pa9t+s comprises illu/rations ( ! apocryphal hi/ory ( ,joa*im & ,anna1 ! ,virg9's p>5ts1 ! life ( ! ,virg9 up to ! p]iod ( ! ,annunciation1 & f9ally1 a set ( illu/rations ( ! life & passion ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 culm9at+ 9 a fresco above ! *oir %[+ ,him en?ron$ 9 glory4 ,?us ! s]ies =ms "o connect$ hi/ory1 supplem5t+ :i* !re is on ! great wall above ! door a repres5tation ( ! la/ judgm5t4 ,e fresco is surr\nd$ by a frame1 pa9t$ 9 imitation ( col\r$ mosaic1 & at int]vals1 b5ea? ! l[e/ r[ ( ! sc5es f ! life ( ,*ri/1 !re are repres5tations ( ! ,virtues1 ea* ( :i* has its correspond+ ,vice fac+ x ^u ! opposite side ( ! *apel4 ,9 ! arrangem5t x %\ld be notic$ t ea* ,virtue has its head turn$ to ! portion ( ! ,la/ ,judgm5t fresco repres5t+ ,heav51 or to ! fresco ( ,*ri/ 9 ,glory2 ea* ,vice looks t[>ds ! portion repres5t+ ,hell4 ,^! symbolical figures are 9 greyi% gre51 ) occasionally a backgr\nd ( dull r$2 ! hi/orical works are 9 v>i\s col\rs4 ,?is arrangem5t is probably due 9 "s measure to ! rules ( ,byzant9e art1 b "h ! resemblance ends2 no?+ c be m orig9al1 ow+ less to tradition1 ?an ! composition ( ! v>i\s pictures 9 ?is s]ies4 ,!y are n s mu* an improvem5t ^u ,byzant9e art1 z a :olly new dep>ture2 ! diff]5ce is some?+ l t betwe5 ! gallop ( a horse1 & ! fi]ce ru% ( a locomotive1 n only a great] pace1 b a *ang$ mode ( progression4 ,x is difficult to see h[ ! "o c\ld h ev] develop$ into ! o!r1 & !re is no clue left1 save su* z may be f\nd 9 t lonely %eph]d life l$ by ! "y arti/1 amid/ ! olive groves & grey hills ( ,vespignano4 ,i subjo9 a table ( ! subjects ( ^! s]ies 9 ! ord] 9 :i* !y "h occur2 b ,i d n propose to we>y my read]s ) a description ( ! composition ( ea* picture2 x w be suffici5t if ,i indicate ! ma9 features ( a few ( ! mo/ important4#fj ,! ord] ( ! draw+s 9 ! ,ar5a ,*apel is z foll[s3-- #a4 ,joa*im's ,(f]+ reject$ by ! ,high ,prie/4 #b4 ,joa*im retires to ! ,%eepfold4 #c4 ,! ,angel appe>s to ,anna4 #d4 ,! ,sacrifice ( ,joa*im4 #e4 ,! ,angel appe>s to ,joa*im4 #f4 ,! ,meet+ ( ,joa*im & ,anna4 #g4 ,! ,bir? ( ! ,virg9 ,m>y4 #h4 ,! ,pres5tation ( ! ,virg94 #i4 ,! ,rods are br\ght to ! ,high ,prie/4 #aj4 ,! ,wat*+ ( ! ,rods at ! ,alt>4 #aa4 ,! ,esp\sal ( ! ,virg9 ,m>y4 #ab4 ,! ,virg9 ,m>y returns to h] ,home4 #ac4 ,! ,annunciation--! ,angel ,gabriel4 #ad4 ,! ,annunciation--! ,virg9 ,m>y4 #ae4 ,! ,m>riage ( ! ,virg94 #af4 ,! ,salutation4 #ag4 ,! ,nativity4 #ah4 ,! ,wise ,m5's ,(f]+4 #ai4 ,! ,pres5tation 9 ! ,temple4 #bj4 ,! ,flight into ,egypt4 #ba4 ,! ,massacre ( ! ,innoc5ts4 #bb4 ,! ,"y ,*ri/ 9 ! ,temple4 #bc4 ,! ,baptism ( ,*ri/4 #bd4 ,! ,m>riage 9 ,cana4 #be4 ,! ,rais+ ( ,laz>us4 #bf4 ,! ,entry into ,j]usalem4 #bg4 ,! ,expulsion f ! ,temple4 #bh4 ,! ,hir+ ( ,judas4 #bi4 ,! ,la/ ,supp]4 #cj4 ,! ,wa%+ ( ! ,feet4 #ca4 ,! ,kiss ( ,judas4 #cb4 ,*ri/ be=e ,caiaphas4 #cc4 ,! ,sc\rg+ ( ,*ri/4 #cd4 ,*ri/ be>+ ,8 ,cross4 #ce4 ,! ,crucifixion4 #cf4 ,! ,entombm5t4 #cg4 ,! ,resurrection4 #ch4 ,! ,asc5sion4 #ci4 ,! ,desc5t ( ! ,holy ,_s4 ,! fir/ ( ?is s]ies :i* des]ves especial att5tion is t numb]$ two 9 ! above table1 ! repres5tation ( ,joa*im's retirem5t to ! %eepfold1 aft] 8 (f]+ has be5 reject$ by ! high prie/4 ,?is is especially rem>kable z be+ ! fir/ ( 8 s]ies ( ! ,ar5a frescoes 9 :i* ,giotto's e>ly tra9+ %[s itself4 ,no?+ c be m m>k$ ?an ! evid5t delight ( ! pa9t] 9 depict+ any =m ( ?is %eph]d life4 ,?r\gh\t 8 works e opportunity ( introduc+ animal nature1 especially %eep nature1 is eag]ly seiz$ & made ! mo/ (1 &1 z 9 ?is fresco1 ! animals h inv>iably a "* ( _! own1 & are by no means walk+ g5tlem5 9 ! sc5e repres5t$4 ,look1 = in/ance1 at ! v>i$ action ( ! %eep 9 ?is composition1 & ! eag] welcome t ,joa*im's dog is giv+ to 8 ma/]4 ,9 ! ?ird & f\r? pictures1 too1 ( ! ,sacrifice ( ,joa*im1 & ! subsequ5t appe>ance ( ! angel1 is ! delight ( ! pa9t] 9 animal idiosyncrasies app>5t1 z 9 ! two rams butt+ at "o ano!r1 & ! air ( quiet wat*fulness 9 :i* ! dog lies d[n1 ) a s5se ( responsibility /rong ^u him4 ,illu/ration3 ,,joa*im ,,retires ,,to ,,! ,,%eepfold4 ,,by ,,giotto4 ,9 ! ,cappella dell' ,ar5a1 ,padua4 ,! ,meet+ ( ,joa*im & ,anna1 *iefly rem>kable = ! grace & beauty ( ! two lead+ figures2 x is some:at curi\s to notice h[ ! position ( ,anna's head sugge/s t ( a fam\s mod]n picture1 p]haps ! mo/ celebrat$ ev] pa9t$ 9 ,engl&1 ! ,hugu5ots1 by ,mr4 ,j4 ,e4 ,millais1 ,r4,a4 ,a propos ( ?is fresco1 ,mr4 ,rusk9 rem>ks1 t ! arti/ has height5$ ! effect ( ! lead+ figures by wilfully co>s5+ ! features ( ! subord9ate *>act]s1 & t ! horizontal l9es ( ! ar*itecture enhance by contra/ ! beauty ( ! curv$ drap]ies4 ,i am1 h[ev]1 incl9$ to ?9k t ! fir/ ( ^! contra/s is accid5tal1 z ! type ( face ( ! s]vants 9 ?is composition1 is f\nd ?r\gh\t ! m9or *>act]s 9 ,giotto's pictures2 inde$1 x may be notic$ t1 :e!r f 8 own uncomel9ess1 or "s o!r m recondite reason1 ! pa9t] _h a curi\s difficulty 9 depict+ beautiful faces1 t belongs to him alone ( contempor>y ma/]s4 ,?is does n apply to beauty ( ge/ure or l9e1 to :i* he 0 excessively s5sitive4 #h4 ,! ,pres5tation ( ! ,virg9--! ,virg9 repres5t$ n z a *ild1 b1 z ,"l ,l9dsay rem>ks1 a dw>f woman4 ,! figure ( ,anna 9 ?is picture is "o ( ! lea/ graceful 9 ,giotto's works4 #aj4 ,! ,wat*+ ( ! ,rods at ! ,alt>4--,*iefly *>act]i/ic z %[+ ,giotto's p[] ( seiz+ ! expression 9 ! simple/ actions1 :i* is mo/ *>act]i/ic ( ! subject2 9 ?is fresco ! eag]ness ( ! wat*]s is %[n ) a q unmi/akeable pla9ness1 especially 9 ! ?ree c5tre figures1 ?\gh all ( ^! h _! backs m or less turn$ to ! spectator4 #aa4 ,! ,esp\sal ( ! ,virg94--,"s ( ! figures 9 ?is composition are v f9e1 su*1 = in/ance1 z ^? ( ,joseph1 ! high prie/1 & ! y\? beh9d1 :o is 9 ! act ( break+ ! rod ov] 8 knee4 ,mr4 ,rusk9 rem>ks ( ?is la/ figure t 9 ,p]ug9o's treatm5t ( ! same subject 7at ,cannes7 !re is no?+ 9 ! action ( ! disappo9t$ suitors s p]fectly true & t\*+ z t ( ! y\? break+ 8 rod 9 ?is composition ( ,giotto4 #ab4 ,! ,return ( ! ,virg9 ,m>y to h] ,home4--,! figure ( ! viol9-play] 9 ?is composition is rem>kable1 n only = its beauty1 b = be+ id5tical ) t ( "o ( ! att5dants 9 ! fresco ( ! ,daught] ( ,h]odias danc+ be=e ,h]od1 9 ! ,santa ,croce at ,flor5ce4 ,x is a v quiet picture1 full ( sl[ movem5t & dignifi$ grace1 b a little want+ 9 ! v>iety ( action :i* is g5]ally *>act]i/ic ( ,giotto's "w1 & m sev]e 9 ! l9es ( ! drap]y4 #ac4 ,! ,annunciation--! ,angel ,gabriel & ! ,virg9 ,m>y4 ,^! are two s+le figures :i* toge!r encircle ! ar* above ! entrance to ! *oir ( ! *apel1 & are z beautiful z any ( ! compositions2 especially f9e is ! attitude ( ! l9es ( drap]y ( ! angel's figure4 ,giotto seems n to h attempt$ to r5d] ! ,virg9's face beautiful ei!r 9 expression or feature4 #af4 ,! ,salutation--almo/ ! fir/ fresco :]e ,giotto's full p[]s are se54 ,i "k no two figures m f9] 9 _! way ?an ^? ( ! ,virg9 & ,elizabe?4 ,"h ! pla9ness ( ,m>y's face seems q obscur$ by ! beauty ( its expression1 & e l9e ( ! two figures helps to tell ! /ory4 ,?is picture is small] ?an ! o!rs1 ow+ to its place b5ea? ! figure ( ! ,virg9 9 ! ,annunciation1 & is ne>ly b>e ( all backgr\nd4 #ag4 ,! ,nativity4--,?is ,nativity is d\bly int]e/+ f ! fact ( ! subject be+ repeat$ at ,assisi 9 ! l[] *ur*#fa 9 ! s]ies g5]ally attribut$ to ,giotto4 ,! "o at ,padua is z beautiful z any ( ! ,ar5a frescoes1 & 9 e way f9] ?an ! ,assisi r5d]+1 :i* latt] is almo/ c]ta9ly ! "w ( "o ( ,giotto's pupils1 & is z /iff & me*anical 9 its g5]al arrangem5t z ! =m] is easy & natural4 ,i ne$ n ent] into ! reasons :i* h conv9c$ me ( ,giotto n hav+ p]sonally execut$ ! ,assisi ,nativity1 z !y are giv5 at l5g? 9 a subsequ5t *apt]4#fb ,! v>i$ action ( ! angels1 ! natural ge/ures ( ! ,virg9 & ! %eph]ds & ! quiet h>mony ( blue & grey col\r 79 :i* ?is fresco is almo/ entirely pa9t$71 are especially wor?y ( notice4 ,v noticeable too are ! att5tive animals1 & ! natural mann] 9 :i* ! ,virg9 turns half r\nd 9 h] b$ to place ! *ild 9 its att5dant's arms4 ,on ! "r are ! %eph]ds li/5+ to ! angels1 :o fly hi!r & ?i!r above ! m\nta9 backgr\nd2 on ! left1 ! ox & ass /ret*+ _! heads t[>ds ! ,virg9's c\*4 #ah4 ,! ,adoration ( ! ,magi4--,! composition ( ?is fresco 9 its lead+ figures is v f9e1 & some:at m elaborate ?an cu/om>y 9 ?is s]ies4 ,! arti/ has tri$ v h>d to get "s expression ( int]e/ 9 ! camel1 :o is be+ held by an att5dant on ! left ( ! picture1 & has actually succe$$ to "s ext5t1 despite ! ,noah's-ark-l appe>ance ( ! animal1 caus$ no d\bt by ,giotto's insuffici5t acqua9tance ) its %ape4 #ai4 ,! ,pres5tation 9 ! ,temple4--,!re are two incid5ts 9 ?is sc5e1 = ! "r int]pretation ( ! latt] ( :i* ,i am indebt$ to ,mr4 ,rusk94 ,! fir/ ( !m is ! naturalism ( ! *ild1 :i* is evid5tly /ruggl+ to leave ! high prie/'s arms & get back to its "m1 :o holds out h] arms to receive x2 ! second be+ ! approa* ( an angel to ,simeon1 :o is suppos$ by ,mr4 ,rusk9 to typify ! angel ( dea?1 s5t 9 visible fulfilm5t ( ! ?ankful words ( ,simeon3 ',"l1 n[ lette/ ,?\ ,?y s]vant dep>t 9 peace4' ,! drap]y ( ! ,virg9 9 ?is fresco1 ?\gh simple1 is v f9e4 #bj4 ,! ,flight into ,egypt4--,"o ( ! simple/ ( ! s]ies4 ,! col\r 9 sev]al places completely gone1 z1 = in/ance1 9 ! ,virg9's robe1 :i*1 orig9ally blue1 is n[ a yell[i% :ite1 ! d>k %ad[ ( ! drap]y alone rema9+4 ,! pati5t pace ( ! tir$ ass on :i* ! ,virg9 is seat$1 if contra/$ ) t ( ! "o on :i* ,*ri/ is rid+ 9 ! fresco ( ! ,entry into ,j]usalem1 w %[ h[ m9ute 0 ,giotto's obs]vation & appreciation ( animal life4 #ba4 ,! ,murd] ( ! ,innoc5ts4--,p]haps ! lea/ pleas+ ( ! s]ies1 ?\gh no d\bt mu* ( its lack ( beauty is ow+ to ! *ange ( col\r :i* ?is fresco has su/a9$1 a *ange :i*1 f "s unkn[n cause1 has be5 mu* m radical ?an 9 mo/ ( ?is s]ies4 ,! composition c\ld1 h[ev]1 h be5 at no "t a beautiful "o1 & ! heap ( /iff wood5 dolls 7= su* !y seem7 t repres5ts ! slaught]$ innoc5ts is simply ugly4 ,! fresco1 h[ev]1 is full ( action1 & ! figure ( ! lead+ execution]1 :o /&s draw+ back 8 sword to pi]ce ! *ild1 :om he holds head d[nw>ds 9 8 left h&1 is "o ( ! mo/ vigor\s ,giotto ev] conceiv$4 #bb4 ,! ,tea*+ ( ,*ri/ 9 ! ,temple4--,?is fresco is s mu* injur$ by damp z to be practically de/roy$4 #bc4 ,! ,baptism ( ,*ri/ by ,john4--,:olly ,byzant9e 9 its arrangem5t1 especially 9 ! wat]1 :i* is depict$ z a heavy gre5 wall1 rea*+ half way up ! fresco & cov]+ ,*ri/'s body z high z ! *e/4 ,m>y & ,joseph /& on ! "r bank1 att5dants on ! left1 ,*ri/ 9 ! c5tre ( ! picture1 ) a glory /ream+ d[n ^u him4 ,x is some:at curi\s to obs]ve t ,giotto has made a compromise 9 ! g>m5ts ( ! ,apo/le ,john1 & :ile clo?+ him 9 a p9k robe1 = ! sake ( ! fresco's col\r1 has all[$ a little bit ( ! camel's-hair g>m5t to be se5 b5ea? ! long drap]y4 #bd4 ,! ,w$d+ 9 ,cana4--,a t\* ( nature 9 ! fat butl] 9 ! =egr\nd1 :o is swigg+ away at ! w9e be=e tak+ x to ! table2 o!rwise ?is fresco is "o ( ! mo/ commonplace ( ! s]ies4 ,x is wor?y ( notice t 9 all cases :]e ,giotto has to repres5t a sc5e 9 :i* ! actors are seat$1 ! arti/ seems to lose mu* ( 8 attractiv5ess2 to become m commonplace4 ,x is z if ! dramatic in/9ct 9 him refus$ to "w freely except :5 he c\ld depict v>i$ actions4 #be4 ,! ,rais+ ( ,laz>us4--,?is is ano!r fresco full ( ! v>i\s attitudes ( surprise & en]gy 9 :i* ,giotto delight$ s mu*4 ,! pose ( ! pr9cipal figure ( ! disciples %\ld be notic$1 z x is v *>act]i/ic ( our arti/1 & occurs 9 _m ( 8 frescoes :]e surprise or grief has to be indicat$4 ,! body is b5t slightly =w>d ) ! arms ?r[n abruptly back1 ! h& holl[$ ) ! palm t[>ds ! gr\nd1 ! f+]s held toge!r & ! ?umb z mu* spread out z possible4 ,! figures ( ! two att5dants 9 ?is fresco1 :o are rais+ ! heavy slab :i* cov]$ ! tomb ( ,laz>us1 are ( v m>k$ action2 ! "o on ! "r try+ to raise ! slab to 8 %\ld]1 :ile ! left-h& "o1 ) feet plant$ firmly wide ap>t1 is j b5d+ to ! /ra9 ( lift+ 8 end ( ! /one f ! gr\nd1 or z a r[+ man w\ld say1 is j gett+ 8 weight on4 #bf4 ,! ,entry into ,j]usalem4--,greatly injur$ by damp b /ill int]e/+4 ,notice ! figure ( ! woman1 ^: cloak has tumbl$ ov] h] head 9 h] excitem5t1 & ! ha/e ) :i* ! two boys 9 ! backgr\nd are climb+ ! palm-trees to get a good view4 #bg4 ,! ,expulsion ( ! ,money-*ang]s4--,l ! la/ ?is composition is "o ( v>i$ int]e/1 b ! left-h& portion ( x hav+ be5 consid]ably damag$ by damp is sc>cely intelligible4 ,! attitude ( ,*ri/ is en]getic1 & !re is a f9e contra/ 9 feel+ betwe5 ! two money-*ang]s on ! "r h& ( ! picture1 "o ( :om %r9ks away1 :ile ! o!r seems incl9$ to /& 8 gr\nd1 :ile ! precipitation ) :i* ! goat is leap+ out ( ! little p5 is "o ( ^? little semi-burlesque t\*es ( animal life :i* ,giotto introduces :5ev] he gets a *ance4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,entombm5t ,,( ,,*ri/4 ,,fresco ,,by ,,giotto4 ,,9 ,,! ,,cappella ,,dell' ,,ar5a1 ,,padua4 #bh4 ,! ,hir+ ( ,judas4--,a small composition ( f\r figures1 plac$ on ! wall b5ea? ! ar* ( ! *oir1 imm$iately b5ea? ! ,angel ( ! ,annunciation4 ,judas has already receiv$ ! bag ( money1 & ! high prie/1 ) "o f+] rais$1 l a sort ( ecclesia/ical ,dogb]ry1 is j giv+ him 8 la/ in/ructions4 ,! ,devil1 too1 9 ! %ape ( a black hobgobl91 ) claws & tail1 is also giv+ ! apo/ate advice1 :isp]+ x into 8 e>4 ,! small fresco b5ea? ?is & 9 ! correspond+ place on ! o!r side ( ! *oir is simply pa9t$ ) a repres5tation ( an ar*$ ceil+1 wall1 & w9d[1 app>5tly int5d$ to give ! impression f a di/ance ( !re be+ a side transept to ! *oir4 #bi4 ,! ,la/ ,supp]4--,9 ?is1 z 9 all 8 frescoes ( seat$ figures1 ,giotto is less at home ?an usual4 ,x is curi\s to notice t ! attitude ( ,john 9 ?is fresco is ! same z 0 adopt$ 9 all ! lat] r5d]+s ( ?is sc5e4 ,! mom5t *os5 is ! usual "o ( ! ,savi\r's spee*--,he t dippe? 8 h& 9 ! di% ) me1 ! same %all betray me4#fc #cj4 ,! ,wa%+ ( ! ,feet4--,v *>act]i/ic ( ,giotto & wond]fully true to life 9 ! positions & actions ( all conc]n$4 ,notice ! apo/le ty+ 8 s&al on ! left ( ! picture1 & ! "o :o is ab\t to h 8 feet wa%$1 hold+ up 8 long robe le/ x %\ld get wet4 #ca4 ,! ,betrayal4--,?is composition is mu* m ?ickly fill$ ) figures ?an mo/ ( ! s]ies1 & is "o ( ! f9e/1 ?\gh h>dly "o ( ! mo/ beautiful4 ,! figures ( ,*ri/ & ,judas are bo? gr& 9 _! respective ways1 & /& out vividly f ! cr[d t surr\nds !m4 ,!re is no mi/ake ab\t :at is transpir+2 "o does n h to look = ! action 9 a middle ( graceful l9es1 b x pres5ts itself /rongly & at ! fir/ glance4 ,! figure ( ! high prie/ :o po9ts out ,*ri/ to ! soldi]y is also v f9e1 dignifi$ & yet eag] 9 action1 & ) a mix$ expression ( triumph & anxiety4 ,9 col\r ?is fresco be>s comp>ison ) any 9 ! *apel4 #cb4 ,! ,trial4--,& ,pilate r5t 8 g>m5ts1 c4 ,*iefly int]e/+ = ! v beautiful figure ( ,*ri/1 :o /&s ) h&s ti$ & body slightly b5t1 half turn$ away f 8 judge1 ! face express+ resignation1 b 9 an ev5 great] degree remov$ness f ! sc5e ar\nd1 possess$ by "s ov]-ma/]+ idea4 #cc4 ,! ,cr[n ( ,?orns4--,"h ,giotto is aga9 9 a some:at burlesque hum\r3 ! delight ( ^? :o are "h mock+1 tickl+1 p9*+1 & smit+ ,*ri/ is evid5tly ! rul+ motive ( ! picture4 ,x is noticeable t "h !re are only s]vants engag$ 9 ! d]ision & torm5t+1 n soldi]s1 accord+ to ! common] r5d]+4 #cd4 ,! ,be>+ ( ! ,cross4--,9 ?is fresco ! figures ( bo? ,*ri/ & ,m>y are f9e1 t ( ,*ri/ be+ simil> to ! attitude at ! trial above ref]r$ to4 #ce4 ,! ,crucifixion4--,"o ( ! mo/ beautiful ( ! s]ies4 ,! ,magdal5 kneels at ! foot ( ! cross1 weep+ bitt]ly2 ,/4 ,john1 half fa9t+1 is support$ by two disciples on ! left ( ! picture2 on ! "r ! soldi]s squabble ov] ! division ( ,*ri/'s robe2 ! ,savi\r looks d[n ^u ! ,magdal51 & above ! cross fly "h & !re angels4 #cf & #cg4 ,! ,entombm5t & ! ,resurrection4--,^! are ! two mo/ beautiful frescoes 9 ! *apel1 s beautiful t !y ?r[ all ! o!rs into comp>ative %ade1 & =tunately !y are bo? little injur$ by damp4 ,9 ! fir/1 ,*ri/ is be+ prep>$ = burial by ! disciples & ! two ,m>ies4 ,! ,magdal5 supports 8 feet ^u h] knees2 ! ,"m lays "o arm ^u 8 brea/1 :il/ %e raises 8 head t[>ds h] ) ! o!r 9 a la/ embrace4 ,/4 ,john b5ds ov] ! body 9 ,giotto's usual attitude ( grief & horror2 o!r disciples & att5dants /& r\nd weep+ & wat*+2 9 ! backgr\nd are m\nta9s1 & above !m a *oir ( angels4 ,9 ! ,resurrection1 ! soldi]s sleep beside ! r$ porphyry tomb :]e ,*ri/ 0 laid1 & on :i*1 at head & foot1 sit ! :ite-w+$1 :ite-rob$ angels4 ,ne>ly 9 ! c5tre kneels ! ,magdal5 9 a long robe ( crimson1 :i* %r\ds h] =m f head to foot all b h] face2 to ! extreme "r ( ! picture /&s ,*ri/1 half turn+ away f ! kneel+ woman1 "o arm out/ret*$ z ?\gh w>n+ h] noli me tang]e4 #ch & #ci4 ,! ,asc5sion1 & ! ,desc5t ( ! ,holy ,_s4--,! =m] ( ^! two frescoes1 :i* =m ! conclud+ ones ( ! s]ies1 is v =mal 9 its arrangem5t--! ,*ri/ be+ 9 ! c5tre ( ! picture1 ) h&s rais$ to ! *oir ( angels1 :o hov] on bo? sides4 ,bel[1 ! disciples are also 9 two gr\ps1 nor is !re v mu* to dwell ^u 9 _! expression or ge/ures4 ,! :ole fresco seems z if ,giotto _h felt himself m fett]$ by ! traditional mann] ( repres5t+ ! sc5e1 or less at lib]ty to treat x 9 8 own peculi> fa%ion1 ?an 9 ! prec$+ sc5es ( ! s]ies4 ,! ,desc5t ( ! ,holy ,_s is v simil> 9 ! arrangem5t ( ! seat$ figures to t ( ! ,la/ ,supp]1 & is only rem>kable = its v delicate col\r+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,noli ,,me ,,tang]e4 ,,fresco ,,by ,,giotto4 ,,9 ,,! ,,cappella ,,dell' ,,ar5a1 ,,padua4 ,?is picture ( ! ,desc5t ( ! ,holy ,_s completes ! s]ies ( ! hi/ory ( ! ,virg9 & our ,savi\r1 & we h only n[ to m5tion ! symbolical figures 9 mono*rome1 :i* are pa9t$ at int]vals b5ea? ! l[e/ r[ ( frescoes1 & :i* x is probable 7 an aft] ?\ght ( ,giotto's1 possibly sugge/$ to him by ,dante1 :o1 z ,i h said1 0 liv+ at ,padua dur+ ! "t :5 ,giotto 0 occupi$ 9 pa9t+ ! ,ar5a ,*apel4 ,be t z x may1 x is ! fact t 9 no o!r place does ,giotto %[ mu* t5d5cy t[>ds symbolical repres5tation2 ^! are ! only figures ( ! k9d t we "k to h be5 execut$ by 8 h&4 ,9 ?is arrangem5t all ! ,virtues are pa9t$ ^u ! "r side ( ! *apel1 & h _! faces turn$ to ! heav5ly side ( ! great fresco above ! door2 ! ,vices are on ! left1 & look 9 l mann] to ! "p ( t fresco repres5t+ hell4 ,! li/ is z foll[s3-- ,,virtues4 #a4 ,hope4 #b4 ,*>ity4 #c4 ,fai?4 #d4 ,ju/ice4 #e4 ,temp]ance4 #f4 ,=titude4 #g4 ,prud5ce4 ,,vices4 #h4 ,folly4 #i4 ,incon/ancy4 #aj4 ,ang]4 #aa4 ,inju/ice4 #ab4 ,infidelity4 #ac4 ,av>ice4 #ad4 ,despair4 ,?is li/ is 9 ! ord] 9 :i* ! frescoes are plac$ r\nd ! *apel1 beg9n+ on ! "r h& ( ! doorway & return+ to ! left ( ! entrance2 x w be se51 !re=e1 t ! correspond+ ,virtue & ,vice face ea* o!r ?r\gh\t ! s]ies4 ,"s ( ^! allegorical figures are v beautiful2 especially !re %\ld be notic$ ,*>ity1 hold+ a basket ( fruit 9 "o h& & /ret*+ =? ! o!r to ! ,almighty1 :o b5ds d[n f heav5 to place "s fruit 9 h] h&4 ,z ,mr4 ,rusk9 has rem>k$1 ! figure is made to trample ^u money-bags1 z if 9 contempt4 ,hope also is a v beautiful figure fly+ upw>d ) out/ret*$ arms1 & an expression ( rapture & long+ ^u h] face4 ,aft] ^! ,ju/ice & ,temp]ance are ! f9e/4 ,( ! ,vices1 ,inju/ice is p]haps ! mo/ int]e/+1 if x is only = ! sake ( giv+ a cle> example ( h[ f> ,giotto und]/ood ! nature ( trees4 ,! =egr\nd ( ?is fresco be+ a wood1 beh9d :i* sits ,inju/ice 9 a cave1 ) a sword 9 8 left h& & a grappl+-hook 9 8 "r1 to cat* ! unw>y travell]1 :o is repres5t$ 9 a small pr$ella to ! picture1 be+ robb$ & /ripp$ ( 8 clo!s4 ,ang] too is a f9e figure1 r5d+ h] g>m5t ap>t 9 futile wra?1 & s is ,despair1 ) cl5*$ fi/s & d[nca/ head4 ,on ! :ole1 ?is s]ies ( ,virtues & ,vices is a rem>kable "o = ! pla9ness ) :i* ! ?+ symbolis$ is %[n1 & ! p5etration :i* has l$ ,giotto 9 almo/ e case to ! real root ( ! ,virtue or ,vice4 ,= a full description ( ^! mo/ int]e/+ frescoes ! read] _c d bett] ?an ref] to ! little book writt5 = ! ,arundel ,society by ,mr4 ,rusk91 entitl$ ,giotto & 8 ,works 9 ,padua4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,note4--,?is *apel1 built 91 or ab\t1 ! ye> #acjc1 appe>s to h be5 int5d$ to replace "o :i* _h long exi/$ ^u ! spot2 & 9 :i* f ! ye> #abgh an annual fe/ival _h be5 held on ,ladyday1 9 :i* ! ,annunciation 0 repres5t$ 9 ! mann] ( our ,engli% my/]ies 7& "u ! same title3 ',una sacra rappres5tazione di quel mi/]o'71 ) dialogue & music1 bo? vocal & in/rum5tal4 ,scrovegni's pur*ase ( ! gr\nd w\ld n be all[$ to int]f]e ) ! national cu/om2 b he is report$ by "s writ]s to h rebuilt ! *apel ) great] co/l9ess1 9 ord]1 z f> z possible1 to efface ! memory ( 8 fa!r's unhappy life4 ,b ,f$]ici1 9 8 hi/ory ( ! ,cavali]i ,god5ti1 supposes t ,scrovegni 0 a memb] ( t body1 & 0 assi/$ by !m 9 decorat+ ! new edifice4 ,! ord] ( ,cavali]i ,god5ti 0 in/itut$ 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 to def5d ! 'exi/5ce1' z ,selvatica /ates x1 b1 m accurately1 ! 'dignity' ( ! ,virg9 aga9/ ! v>i\s h]etics by :om x 0 beg9n+ to be assail$4 ,8 knights 7 at fir/ call$ ',cavali]s ( ,/4 ,m>y2' b soon increas$ 9 p[] & ri*es to su* a degree t f _! g5]al habits ( life !y receiv$ ! nickname ( ! ',m]ry ,bro!rs4' ,f$]ici gives p[]ful reasons = 8 op9ion t ! ,ar5a ,*apel 0 employ$ 9 ! c]emonies ( _! ord]2 & ,"l ,l9dsay obs]ves 't ! fulness ) :i* ! hi/ory ( ! ,virg9 is rec\nt$ on its walls1 adds to ! plausibility ( 8 supposition4' ,enrico ,scrovegni 01 h[ev]1 t[>ds ! close ( 8 life driv5 into exile1 & di$ at ,v5ice 9 #acbj4 ,b he 0 buri$ 9 ! *apel he _h built1 & has "o small monum5t 9 ! sacri/y z ! f\nd] ( ! build+1 9 :i* he is repres5t$ "u a ,go?ic ni*e1 /&+ ) 8 h&s clasp$ & 8 eyes rais$1 :ile beh9d ! alt> is 8 tomb1 on :i*1 z usual at ?is p]iod1 is a recumb5t /atue ( him4 ,! *apel itself may n unw>rantably be consid]$ z "o ( ! fir/ ef=ts ( ,pop]y 9 resi/ance to ! ,re=mation2 = ! ,re=mation1 ?\gh n victori\s till ! sixte5?1 began 9 reality 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury2 & ! remon/rances ( su* bi%ops z our own ,gros/e/e1 ! m>tyrdom ( ! ,albig5ses 9 ! ,dom9ican crusades1 & ! murmurs ( ^? 'h]etics1' aga9/ ^: asp]sions ( ! maje/y ( ! ,virg9 ?is *ivalr\s ord] ( ! ,cavali]i ,god5ti 0 in/itut$1 7 z truly ! signs ( ! new era 9 religion1 z ! oppon5t "w ( ,giotto on ! walls ( ! ,ar5a 0 a sign ( ! approa* ( a new era 9 art4--,f ,! ,ar5a ,*apel at ,padua1 by ,,john ,,rusk94 ,illu/ration3 ,,ju/icia4 ,,fresco ,,by ,,giotto4 ,,9 ,,! ,,cappella ,,dell' ,,ar5a1 ,,padua4 ,,footnotes3 #eg ,see note at ! end ( ?is *apt] = ,rusk9's acc\nt ( ! *apel's use & its f\nd]4 #eh ,i beg ! cu/odian's p>don1 = on go+ to ! *apel aga9 ?is ye>1 ,i f9d t x is ! ,royal ,society ( ,api-,culture :o are responsible = ! doz5 or s ( hives4 #ei ,x w\ld take me at lea/ a page to ju/ify & def9e ?is ass]tion4 ,i mu/ tru/ my read]s to und]/& t x is writt5 9 no depreciation ( lat] arti/s1 & t x only ref]s to col\r z se5 9 light1 sc>cely modifi$ at all by %ade4 #fj ,?r\gh\t ?is book ,i h purposely avoid$1 :]ev] x 0 possible1 long descriptions ( ! subject matt] ( ! pictures m5tion$4 ,! almo/ inevitable t5d5cy ( su* description1 unless x is done ) ! greate/ retic5ce z well z skill1 is to )draw ! read]'s att5tion f ! arti/1 ei!r to ! au?or or ! subject spok5 (1 & z my ma9 endeav\r 9 writ+ ?is book has be5 to br+ ! peculi>ities ( ! arti/ into con/ant prom95ce1 x w\ld h defeat$ my purpose to ent] into descriptive writ+4 #fa ,see ,l[] ,*ur* ( ,assisi1 ,*apt] ,x4 #fb ,see ,*apt] on ! ,l[] ,*ur* ( ,assisi1 p4 #aaa4 #fc ,almo/ ! only arti/ :o ev] ?or\ghly vanqui%$ ! difficulty ( repres5t+ ! ,la/ ,supp]1 )\t /iffness ( arrangem5t1 0 ,t9toretto 9 8 great picture 9 ! ,scuola ,san ,rocco4 ,! celebrat$ ,leon>do fresco at ,milan ( ?is subject suff]s 9 a measure f ! same difficulty z ,giotto's "w1 ?\gh 9 a less degree4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,giotto',s ,,/yle4 ,!re is 9 tru? a holy purity1 an innoc5t navet1 a *ild-l grace & simplicity1 a fre%ness1 a fe>lessness1 a ye>n+ aft] all ?+s tru?ful1 lovely1 & ( good report1 9 ! productions ( ?is e>ly "t :i* inve/ !m ) a *>m peculi> 9 its k9d1 & :i* few ev5 ( ! mo/ p]fect works ( ! matur] era c boa/ (2 & h5ce ! risk & dang] 7:i* ,i w>n y ( at ! outset7 ( becom+ too passionately atta*$ to !m1 ( los+ ! p[] ( discrim9ation1 ( admir+ & imitat+ _! defects z well z _! beauties1 ( runn+ into affectation 9 seek+ aft] simplicity1 & into exagg]ation 9 our ef=ts to be 9 e>ne/2 9 a ^w ( =gett+ t 9 art1 z 9 human nature1 x is ! balance1 h>mony & co-equal developm5t1 ( s5se1 intellect1 & _s1 :i* con/itutes p]fection4--,,"l ,,l9dsay',s ,*ri/ian ,art4 ,i feel my inability to convey to my read]s any adequate idea ( ! g5]al /yle ( ,giotto's pa9t+1 & ?is n s mu* because x is a complicat$ "o or difficult to und]/&1 z because ( its v simplicity4 ,a few po9ts may be m5tion$ 9 :i* x diff]$ f t ( 8 pr$ecessors 9 ,italy1 f ! pictures ( ! ,r5aissance p]iod1 & la/ly f ^? ( our own "t2 b :5 all is said1 ! peculi> beauty ( ! col\r+1 ! simplicity & purity ( ! feel+1 ! /r5g? & directness ( ! pa9t]'s aim1 & ! un/udi$ grace ( 8 compositions w rema9 to baffle any description t c be giv54 ,fir/ let me note t previ\s to ! "t ( ,giotto 7s9ce ! decay at lea/ ( ,greek art7 col\r 9 pa9t+ meant almo/ exclusively ! arrangem5t ( gorge\s hues on a gold5 backgr\nd4 ,! t9ts us$ be+ little1 if at all1 gradat$1 b laid on m 9 ! mann] ( a mosaic ?an a mod]n picture4 ,d]iv$1 z 7 ! traditions ( pa9t+1 f manuscripts ( ,m\nt ,a?os & mosaics ( ,byzantium1 !y 7 almo/ :olly conf9$ to ! composition ( pure col\rs 9 pleas+ juxtaposition1 & ^! col\rs 7 almo/ inv>iably full & deep4 ,x may1 p]haps1 make my mean+ cle>] if ,i take an anti!tical example f ! art ( ! pres5t day4 ,ev]ybody kn[s ! *>act]i/ics ( ,fr5* l&scape pa9t+1 a beautiful tone ( grey & black1 & p]haps a few o!r t]ti>y t9ts1 & no =m or col\r :atev]1 dep5d+ entirely on ! gradation = its beauty4 ,well1 be=e ,giotto !re 0 no su* ?+ z tone1 save 9 pure col\rs2 & gradation ( col\r 0 practically unkn[n4 ,! col\rs us$ 7 d>k & ri*1 purples & crimsons & deep blues1 & "h & !re orange & gre5 & heavy blue-blacks4 ,^!1 laid ^u a gold gr\nd1 m or less ornam5t$ ) *as$ designs1 =m$ ! *ief portion ( ! pictorial art ( ! c5turies prec$+ ,giotto4 ,look+ into "o ( ^! pictures 0 l look+ into a decay+ fire1 :]e amid/ masses ( d>k %ade !re /ill burnt gloomily "h & !re1 pat*es ( gl[+ c9d]s & bright flame4 ,hung 9 ! dim recess ( a *apel or an oratory1 light$ by ! fa9t glimm] ( ! silv] lamps1 ^! works ( ,*ri/ian art may well h h>monis$ ) ! d>k ages ( sup]/ition :i* gave !m life1 b !y 7 ess5tially unsuitable = hav+ any real effect ^u m5's m9ds1 ap>t f _! religi\s uses4 ,!y _h no connection ) ! real life ( ! _w1 full ( v>y+ emotions & conflict+ passions2 !y _h no aff9ity ) ! times :5 ! h>db\nd e>? crack$ at ! close ( w9t]1 & ! sun %one once m 9 a blue sky1 & all m5's pulses ?robb$ toge!r ) ! fulness ( ! spr+4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ *ange t ,giotto made 9 arti/ic me?od4 ,away ) ! gold backgr\nd1 he said2 let u h ! blue sky1 &1 z 9 ! days ( creation1 x 0 s4 ,?is we may fancy 0 ! fir/ /ep1 b ) x came _m o!rs4 ,) ! introduction ( ! sky came a correspond+ light5+ ( ! tones us$ ?r\gh\t ! picture1 a correspond+ increase 9 ! am\nt ( light depict$ 9 ! composition4 ,&1 z ov] ! :ole ( ,byzant9e art1 !re _h brood$ a gorge\s gloom1 ?r\gh :i* ! t9ts only reveal$ !mselves dimly & sl[ly1 z we may see at ! pres5t day1 ! hues ( tropic sea-we$ gl[ fa9t b5ea? ! waves ( ! ,*9a ,sea1 s ov] ,giotto's frescoes !re %one a calm1 full light1 n ba!d 9 sun%9e or enhanc$ by contra/$ %ade1 b a pla9 cle> bread? ( day1 suffici5t to reveal cle>ly ea* object 9 ! picture4 ,j ?9k :at a *ange ?is "o alt]ation 9 tone mu/ h br\ght ab\t6 :at an in/rum5t x 0 = ! correct+ ( ! absurd traditions :i* !n gov]n$ ! practice ( pa9t+4 ,x mu/ h be5 l t produc$ by a ,times lead] ^u ! iniquities ( local bo>ds ( gu>dians2 namely1 delight & amazem5t to ! _w at l>ge1 horror & con/]nation to ! idiots :o _h done ill by /eal? 7?\gh /rictly 9 accordance ) rule71 & blu%$ to f9d x fame4 ,s keep ?is fact well 9 view1 t ! great *ange effect$ by ,giotto 0 ! *ange f ru%-light to daylight1 & x 0 only aft] ?is t fur!r advance became possible4 ,d n run away ) ! idea t he ga9$ !reby ! :ole tru?2 f> f x4 ,!re 7 two c5turies & a half ( pa9t]s to come aft] him be=e ! :ole tru? ( light & %ade 0 ma/]$1 = ,giotto may be said to h practically ignor$ %ade altoge!r4 ,nor did he advance mu* fur!r 9 ! gradation ( col\r ?an 8 pr$ecessors _h done2 8 pa9t is g5]ally put on 9 broad flat wa%es1 ) little attempt at gradation2 its beauty dep5ds *iefly ^u ! exquisite mann] 9 :i* ^! wa%es are comb9$ ) "o ano!r4 ,?us he nev] rea*es to ! utmo/ beauty ( col\r1 :i* is only obta9able ) ! utmo/ gradation ( light & %ade2 b 8 "w pres5ts itself l a l&scape1 ere ! sun rises1 on a f9e summ]'s morn+1 :5 ea* object lies cle>ly & a little coldly def9$1 9 ! %ad[less air4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ) ! attempt to ma/] ! intricacies & gradation ( light & %ade1 came also ! use ( second>y & t]ti>y t9ts1 to an ext5t unkn[n 9 ! "t ( ,giotto1 :o may almo/ be describ$ z ! la/ ( ! pure col\ri/s1 tak+ pure 9 ! s5se ( prim>y4 ,*i>oscuro w5t on gradually advanc+ 9 importance1 relatively to col\r & subject1 till 9 ! times ( ,rembr&t we f9d x absolutely ?ru/+ col\r & subject out ( ! field altoge!r1 & mak+ ! fla% ^u a t9 pannik91 or ! obscurity ( a cottage kit*51 ( equal importance ) ! gr&e/ traditions ( our race4 ,:at is p]haps be/ kn[n z ! special quality ( ,giotto's art is 8 /udy ( nature2 & x is "r t ,i %\ld say a few words ^u ?is some:at indef9ite phrase1 & try to %[ 9 :at ,giotto's /udy ( nature consi/$1 & :]e9 x diff]$ f t ( prec$+ pa9t]s4 ,if we 7 able to return 9 reality to ! old times :5 our pa9t] liv$1 ,i d n fancy we %\ld f9d--z _m good p suppose--t ! folk ( t day 7 ignorant t !re 7 su* ?+s z dome/icat$ animals & birds1 trees & fl[]s1 cl\ds & sunsets4 ,y may be v sure t m$ival ,flor5t9es on ! ridge ( ,fiesole1 h (t5 paus$ to wat* ! sun gild+ ! spires ( ,flor5ce1 mu* z ! ,engli% travell] does2 & "y lov]s w&]+ idly among/ ! almond-trees by ! ,arno1 pluck$ ! blossoms1 & admir$ _! lovel9ess1 z we d to-day4 ,x 0 only t someh[ ! idea _h nev] occurr$ to any "o t ^! ?+s 7 suitable = pictures2 !re 0 a notion t x w\ld be a sort ( irrev]5ce to put su* vulg> details into religi\s sc5es--aris+ p]haps f a simil> feel+ to t :i* makes _m well-tra9$ ,*ri/ians dislike to pray = any specially desir$ object4 ,p]haps x 0 ow+ to ,giotto's e>ly tra9+1 or r no tra9+1 9 ! mid/ ( a wild m\nta9 c\ntry1 p]haps only to 8 r\gh humor\s1 anti-rev]5tial "*1 b probably to ! comb9ation ( circum/ance & individuality1 t made him introduce into 8 compositions all sorts ( extrane\s matt]4 ,t to ! la/ he ent]ta9$ a /rong sympa?y ) 8 e>ly %eph]d life1 x is impossible to d\bt1 & 9 ! designs = ! decoration ( ! base ( ! ,campanile1 only two ( :i* he liv$ to execute ) 8 own h&1 !re is a s+ul>ly beautiful bas-relief1 illu/rat+ ! pa/oral life1 9 :i* ! %eep1 & ! puppy wat*+ !m1 are z f9e z any?+ we h f 8 h&4 ,! great difficulty ( acc\nt+ = ,giotto's introduction ( hi!rto unus$ matt] into 8 pictures1 lies 9 ! fact t x does n seem to h be5 due especially to any p>tiality on 8 "p = ?is or t bran* ( nature1 z to a pr9ciple ( gett+ to ! bottom ( 8 subject1 :atev] x 04 ,he appe>s to h _h a p[] ( grasp+ ! _s ( :atev] sc5e he 0 engag$ ^u1 & illu/rat+ t appropriately1 :i* is1 z f> z ,i "k1 unequall$ 9 ! records ( pa9t+4 ,& x is notewor?y t ?is _s is ) him always ! rev]se ( eclectic3 no pa9t] c be m entirely free f all pr9ciples ( ari/ocracy2 8 sympa?ies are always ) ! p2 ! view he takes ( any subject is ! pla91 common-s5se view1 su* z pla91 common-s5se p c und]/&4 ,connect$ ) ?is is ! ?ird great *>act]i/ic ( ,giotto1 p]haps ! /ronge/ 9 8 :ole nature1 & c]ta9ly ! "o :i* 0 lea/ 9 accordance ) ! _s ( 8 "t4 ,?is is 8 /rong dramatic p[]4 ,?is p[] %[s itself 9 almo/ e "w ( ! ma/]'s we h left u1 & ev5 survives 8 dea?1 & lives 9 ! "w ( 8 pupils4 ,8 pictures are n alone sc5es1 !y are ,,situations1 on ea* ! curta9 might fall )\t any s5se ( incongruity4 ,besides _! appropriat5ess ( ge/ure & on5ess ( feel+1 !y possess ! great *>act]i/ic ( dramatic art1 9 mak+ ! sc5e live be=e y1 subdu+ its v>i\s incid5ts into "o /ra9 ( mean+1 yet keep+ ea* incid5t complete & individual1 z well z mak+ x help ! ma9 purpose4 ,9 mo/ ( ,giotto's pictures !re w be f\nd a div]sity ( action & expression1 all ( :i* lead up to ! ma9 action1 & help to en=ce & illu/rate x4 ,a m9or po9t 9 :i* ! same quality %[s1 is 9 ! am\nt ( emotion :i* ?is pa9t] is capable ( express+ by a s+le ge/ure1 an am\nt s great t x occasionally runs "s dang] ( laps+ into c>icature4 ,?is is especially pla9 9 su* pictures z ! ,betrayal & ! ,entombm5t1 9 ! ,ar5a ,*apel4 ,b :]e ?is dramatic quality is mo/ /rongly m>k$ is 9 ! bas-reliefs on ! base ( ! ,campanile2 9 all ^! ,giotto has succe$$1 n only 9 *oos+ ! mo/ appropriate figures = illu/rat+ 8 mean+1 b 9 seiz+ ! v mom5t :i* is mo/ significant4 ,to sum up ^! ?ree ma9 *>act]i/ics ( ,giotto's /yle1 !y are--,fir/1 a light]1 pur] tone ( col\r ?an _h be5 9 use be=e ! "t ( ,cimabue1 & a great] v>iety & purity ( t9t ?an _h be5 atta9$ by t ma/]1 especially 9 ! m di/ant portions ( ! picture4 ,second1 ! introduction into 8 compositions ( a c]ta9 am\nt ( natural detail :i* _h be5 be=e totally neglect$1 & ! sub/itution ( ! portraits ( actual m5 & wom5 = ! imag9>y be+s t _h =m]ly fill$ up ! backgr\nds ( ! ,byzant9e pictures4 ,?ird1 comes ! p[] ( illu/rat+ ! real mean+ ( 8 subject1 & n m]ely sugge/+ x1 z _h =m]ly be5 ! case1 alli$ to :i* is ! dramatic quality ( :i* ,i h j spok54 ,i feel h[ b>r5 is all ?is description to expla9 ! progress 9 art made by ?is arti/--! progress f /agnation to movem5t1 f dea? to life1 f symbolical types1 to ! ?+s !mselves4 ,x w\ld appe> unnecess>y to dwell ^u ! few po9ts 9 :i* 8 "w 0 te*nically defici5t1 or ^? 9 :i* he b repeat$ ! errors ( 8 pr$ecessors1 b ! foll[+ may j be m5tion$4 ,! comp>ative dulness ( ! r$s 9 use at t "t1 ! lack ( dep? ( hue1 & v>iation ( col\r 9 diff]+ aspects ( light & %ade2 ! comp>ative poorness ( ! drap]y1 z comp>$ ) t ( ! lat] ,v5etian & ,flor5t9e ma/]s2 ! defici5cy 9 ! r5d]+ ( =m1 & ! elem5t>y am\nt ( k ( p]spective & anatomy--on all ^! po9ts might exception be tak5 to 8 "w ) p]fect ju/ice1 & yet :5 ea* _h be5 giv5 its due am\nt ( criticism1 ! wond] w\ld /ill be t he accompli%$ s mu*1 & n s little4 ,= two hundr$ ye>s aft] ! dea? ( ,giotto ! advance 9 ! draw+ ( l&scape 0 s slight z to be almo/ imp]ceptible1 & yet1 comp>$ ) 8 l&scape1 t ( ^? t prec$$ him 0 z moonlight unto sunlight1 & z wat] unto w9e4 ,i h omitt$ 9 ?is description ! ma9 *>act]i/ic ( ,giotto's /yle1 & ,i h done s because x is s intangible t x c only be felt1 n describ$4 ,?is *>act]i/ic1 h9t$ at by ,"l ,l9dsay 9 ! quotation :i* is plac$ at ! head ( ?is *apt]1 is ! simple fai? 9 :i* ea* ( ^! compositions ab\nds2 ! feel+ convey$ to ! spectator t ?us1 & no o!rwise1 did ! occurr5ce take place1 & t ! pa9t] has n alt]$ x a jot or tittle = 8 own purposes4 ,?is mu/ be felt to be believ$1 & ,i only call att5tion to x "h le/ x %\ld be suppos$ t x has fail$ to impress me4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,giotto ,,at ,,assisi4--,,! ,,upp] ,,*ur*4 ,( all ! m9or disadvantages ( travel :i* h accompani$ ! sub/itution ( ! locomotive = ! coa*1 p]haps none is s real an evil z ! v p>tial impression an ord9>y travell] d]ives f a %ort visit to "s int]e/+ l&4 ,:5 ,rome & ,flor5ce1 = in/ance1 are br\ght )9 ! compass ( a day's j\rney1 ! t\ri/ is little likely to c>e to break 8 j\rney = comp>atively obscure cities1 mu* less villages1 scurries pa/ re$y ,?rasym5e )\t recognition1 & sc>ce notices ! t[]s & *ur*es ( ,p]ugia1 ris+ gre5 & grey on ! m\nta9 side4 ,/ill less likely is our t\ri/ to arre/ 8 comet-l progression at a r\gh c\ntry /ation1 "s f\rte5 miles f ! old ,etruscan city1 a /ation :]e v obvi\sly1 nei!r gu>d nor port] expects him to alight1 & :i* he has "s difficulty 9 id5tify+ by ! help ( a ne>ly illegible inscription1 z ,assisi4 ,& yet !re 0 a "t :5 ?is =gott5 t[n play$ no inconsid]able "p 9 ! _w's hi/ory1 & 0 ! c5tral seat ( an ,ord] t reckon$ pr9ces among its foll[]s1 & practically divid$ ) ! ,dom9icans ! spiritual sov]eignty ( ,europe4#fd ,& ev5 n[1 if any v /rong-m9d$ travell] %\ld be able to defy ! om9\s sil5ce ( ,brad%aw1#fe & ! neglect ( ,cook1 & m reg>dful ( :at has be51 ?an :at is1 sp5d a few days 9 ! home ( pov]ty1 he w n regret1 we ?9k1 9 aft] ye>s 8 deviation f ! accu/om$ r\t9e ( travel2 nay1 if he ga9 no o!r advantage1 he w at lea/ h _h a brief space 9 :i* to take quiet brea?1 ere ! r$-books & ! valet de place are aga9 9 requisition1 ere ,/4 ,pet]'s becomes ,no4 #ag 9 ! (t5 consult$ plan1 & ,rome takes at lea/ a week to see prop]ly4 ,= at ,assisi !re is no hurry1 & s /rong is ! _s ( ! place t ! mo/ en]getic t\ri/ quickly succumbs to x2 ev5 ^? :o ru% ov] "h f ,p]ugia = a day's excursion1 tread+ s(tly ere !y h be5 a c\ple ( h\rs 9 ! city ( ,/4 ,francis4 ,& n[ we w suppose t our uncomm]cial travell] has safely escap$ ! clut*es ( ! ?ree or f\r inn t\ts :om 8 arrival has r\s$ into unwont$ en]gy1 & consign+ 8 bag to ! lea/ ill-fav\r$1 has set out manfully along ! du/y road lead+ f ! /ation to ! t[n2 = be x not$ t ,assisi is n /rong 9 equipages1 & ! solit>y r\gh wood5 box d5om9at$ omnibus1 is h>dly an attractive conveyance at fir/ sight1 ?\gh ere long ! travell] beg9s to look ^u x z an old fri5d1 z x is to be f\nd dur+ ! great] "p ( ! day1 /&+ ab\t 9 v>i\s unexpect$ p>ts ( ! t[n1 be+ app>5tly left :]ev] x has tak5 a pass5g]4 ,"o fur!r viol5ce we mu/ d to ! m9d ( ! well-in/ruct$ t\ri/1 namely1 to beg t he w n accept guidance1 nor torm5t himself ) details1 ar*ological or o!rwise1 b simply op5 8 eyes to all ! quiet influ5ces ( pa/ devotion & pres5t beauty :i* he w f9d ar\nd him4 ,& fir/1 he w see by ! side ( ! road a va/ *ur*1 9 ! mo/ un9t]e/+ /yle ( ,r5aissance ar*itecture1 n unlike a small edition ( ,/4 ,pet]'s4 ,?is is ,/4 ,m>y ( ! ,angels1 little notable1 save = its size1 & a small *apel x conta9s1 :]e ,/4 ,francis fir/ assembl$ 8 few foll[]s4 ,9 x !re is only to be se5--a spoilt fresco1 by ,p]ug9o2 walls d>k ) age1 save :]e1 "h & !re1 ! dim lamplight falls ^u ! silv] (f]+s ( p5it5ce & ?anksgiv+2 & "s c>v$ doors1 m curi\s ?an beautiful4 ,^! ne$ n delay u mu* f ! /eep asc5t to ! t[n4 ,ano!r du/y mile ( road1 & ,assisi lies be=e & above u1 ris+ a confus$ mass ( til$ ro(s & massive walls1 f ! grey dep?s ( ! olive-groves :i* surr\nd x4 ,n only on a m\nta91 b ( ! m\nta91 does ! t[n seem to be built1 ! pond]\s blocks ( dim r$ & du/y yell[ /one1 sc>cely seem+ to h m ! *>act]i/ics ( h\ses ?an ( ! cliffs above1 save :]e1 "h & !re1 a squ>e t[] ( *ur* or =tification lifts itself into cle> pre-em95ce ( def9ition f ! tumbl$ confusion ( ro(s1 walls1 & buttresses4 ,ano!r turn 9 ! long1 w9d+ road1 & ! great attraction ( ! few sightse]s :o visit ,assisi1 ! ,conv5t ( ,/4 ,francis--) :at ,brad%aw calls its ?ree sup]b *ur*es1 :i* are1 9 fact1 two--/&s reveal$4 ,picture to y\rself a long mass ( build+1 /&+ ^u a d\ble range ( tall ar*es1 & pi]c$ ) a multitude ( small w9d[s4 ,?is is ! conv5t build+ itself2 beyond x1 on a level ) its ro(1 rises ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,francis1 ) its squ>e campanile4 ,( ! same dull-yell[i% col\r z ! o!r build+s ( ! t[n1 !re is little beauty 9 ! *ur* f ?is po9t ( view1 save t ( massive /r5g?1 & a c]ta9 simplicity ( design :i*1 :5 c>ri$ out ^u s l>ge a scale1 almo/ am\nts to gr&eur4 ,s1 leav+ ! conv5t on our left1 we ent] b5ea? a massive squ>e t[] ! fir/ /reet ( ! city4 ,x is difficult to say :5ce comes ! s5se ( extreme desolation :i* oppresses u1 n f ! abs5ce ( life c]ta9ly1 = at ?is po9t !re are commonly a few ( ! villag]s & t[nspeople *att+ r\nd an old f\nta91 & on e side res\nds ! squeak+ ( ! pigs1 t e well-to-d inhabitant ( ,assisi keeps te!r$ on ! gr\nd-floor ( 8 h\se4 ,nor is x t !re are no signs ( comm]cial ent]prise1 = we notice ! hamm]$ brass & copp] j>s & cauldrons glimm]+ dimly 9 ! recesses ( "o ( ! d>k %ops1 & "s /r+s ( onions & o!r vegetables 9 ano!r4 ,is x some?+1 we wond]1 9 ! con/ruction ( ! t[n itself1 9 its r\gh-hewn blocks ( du/y /one1 its huge buttresses1 its block$-up ar*es1 its wea!r-beat5 tiles1 ! defacem5t ( its ru9$ f\nta9s1 & ! g5]al appe>ance ( enorm\s toil ) :i* ! city mu/ h be5 con/ruct$8 ,or is x /ill m ! case1 t ev5 at ! fir/ glance we connect ! appe>ance ( ! t[n ) ! /ate ( ! sup]/ition to :i* x owes its exi/5ce2 ^: p[] *ang$ ! small ,etrurian village into a %r9e ( ! deepe/ sanctity & pr\de/ prie/hood1 & hav+ done its "w = good & evil1 fad$ gradually away1 & n[ f9ds voice only on ! trembl+ lips ( ! half-doz5 monks :o are all t rema9 at ,assisi ( ! fam\s ,bro!rhood8 ,= :atev] reason1 ! place is desolate--desolate z no place c be :i* has n once be5 great2 & z we asc5d ! /reet1 ! impression deep5s4 ,few ( ! h\ses h glass to _! w9d[s2 ! old ar*$ entrances are block$ up ) r\gh /one1 & l[1 squ>e doorways supply _! place2 ! gr\nd-floor ( ! h\se is commonly us$ z a /ore-room1 a /able1 or a pigg]y4 ,! upp] w9d[s %[ u no?+ )9 t we are accu/om$ to connect ) ideas ( dome/ic com=t4 ,ev5 ! massive ironwork seems to p>take ( ! g5]al desolation1 & is coat$ ) ! grey du/ ( c5turies4 ,"h & !re we pass a f\nta91 g5]ally situat$ 9 a small grass-gr[n op5 space1 ) a c\ple ( e>!n pit*]s left to fill !mselves leisurely2 & ov] all !re is /ill ! s5se ( dea? 9 life1 ne$+ a vigor\s ef=t on our "p to endure4 ,we beg9 to ?9k !re 0 "s s5se 9 t phili/9e ,am]ican we met at ,flor5ce1 :o smil$ s scornfully at our det]m9ation to visit ,assisi1 & to h ?\ghts ( ! next tra9 to a m lively spot4 ,h[ev]1 food & w9e at ! mode/ little hotel quickly dissipate our lonel9ess2 our mus+s on ,/4 ,francis & 8 monks assume a m pleasant complexion1 & by ! "t we f9d our way d[n ! long /reet to ! conv5t1 we are 9 a fit mood to appreciate any beauty or pleasure :i* we may *ance to f9d !re4 ,& inde$ he w\ld be h>d to please :o c\ld be discont5t$ ) ! enjoym5t "h provid$1 = :e!r x be ,nature or ,art = :i* 8 ?ir/y s\l do? p9e1 "h he may satiate himself at leisure4 ,illu/ration3 ,,assisi4 ,f a draw+ by ! ,au?or4 ,ev]y?+ on our way seems to tell ! same /ory ( dep>t$ gr&eur2 ! city is almo/ z des]t$ z "o ( ^? we read ( 9 ! ,arabian ,nights4 ,a beautiful arcade1 ea* capital ( ^: pill>s is c>v$ to repres5t a diff]5t species ( vegetation1 incloses no?+2 ! h\se ( ! poet ,meta/asio is fall+ into ru9s1 & sc>cely c "o deciph] 8 coat ( arms sculptur$ above ! door4 ,no dogs b>k1 nor *ildr5 scream1 nor l\ng]s />e z ! unwont$ /rang] passes ?r\gh ! m>ket-place2 ! v caf has be5 fa9 to "p ) its *airs & little tables1 & n[ is only a gaunt1 b>e room1 9 a corn] ( :i* sits1 9 half obscurity1 a melan*oly woman sew+ sl[ly4 ,! m>ket-place is c]ta9ly ! mo/ gloomy "p ( ! t[n1 7 x only f its contra/ to ! m>ket-places we are accu/om$ to see2 & s let u hurry d[n ! long1 grass-gr[n /reet1 till at la/ a sudd5 bread? ( light op5s be=e u1 & /raight 9 front1 across a pat* ( gre5 mead[1 rises ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,francis1 :ile a little to ! left a /eep incl9e leads d[n to ! entrance ( ! ,l[] ,*ur*1 call$ incorrectly1 9 "s works1 ! crypt1 z ! real crypt is b5ea? ?is l[] edifice4 ,! ,l[] ,*ur* /&s ^u a %elf ( rock1 ! side ( :i* slopes abruptly upw>d1 aga9/ :i* "o end ( ! *ur* is built4 ,! position ( ! two *ur*es may p]haps be und]/ood by ?9k+ ( !m z situat$ ^u two successive /eps ( a /aircase1 ! floor ( ! ,upp] ,*ur* be+ m]ely a cont9uation ( ! upp] /ep1 & be+ ?us imm$iately above ! ro( ( ! ,l[] ,*ur*4 ,let u pause be=e ent]+ ! *ur*1 & ca/ our eyes ov] ! sc5e be=e u4 ,we /& on a little t]race half-way up ! t[n1 look+ d[n ^u til$ ro(s1 grey walls1 & grey] olive groves1 int]sp]s$ ) "s bright] gre5s ( acacia & popl>4 ,b5ea? u1 w9d+ away 9 long p]spective1 is ! road to ! /ation1 ) ! tall dome ( ,/4 ,m>y ( ! ,angels =m+ a prom95t blot ^u ! l&scape1 & break+ ! level monotony ( ! pla94 ,on ! "r a broad riv]-b$1 ne>ly dry at ! pres5t season1 /ret*es a snake-l c\rse t[>ds ,p]ugia1 ! t[]s ( :i* are j visible 9 ! di/ance4 ,9 front ( u1 ! valley ( ! ,tib] /ret*es away = miles & miles1 brok5 only by long l9es ( popl>s & t9y villages1 :i*1 f ! height at :i* we /&1 only %[ z gleam+ spots 9 ! sun%9e4 ,9 ! extreme di/ance1 purple m\nta9s enclose ! valley on e side1 & imm$iately beh9d u rises ! m\nta9 on :i* ,assisi is built1 cr[n$ ) a ru9$ citadel1 & black aga9/ ! sky1 ! %>p p9nacles ( cypress-trees4 ,:i*ev] way "o turns1 !re is beauty--9 ! qua9t ar*itecture ( ! old t[n1 9 ! wild gr[? ( ! anci5t olive-trees1 & _! delicate t9ts ( greyi%-gre5 & silv]2 9 ! bright] col\rs ( ! pla91 ) its broad /ret*es ( sun%9e & little %ad[s ( cl\d2 9 ! ranges ( m\nta9s1 ! d>kness ( ! cypresses1 & ! brightness ( ! sky4 ,& s murmur+ )9 ourselves t ! old monk 0 no bad judge ( sc5]y1 aft] all1 we turn 9 b5ea? ! broad portico ( ! *ur*4 ,x is n kn[n :5 ?is *ur* fir/ began to receive pictorial adornm5t2 b x is probably true t ,giunta ,pisano pa9t$ !re 9 #abcf1 ?\gh !re c be little d\bt t ant]ior to ?is p]iod !re 7 pa9t+s ! au?or%ip ( :i* is unkn[n1 & ^: date is unc]ta94 ,! :ole "q ( ! au?or%ip ( ! frescoes at ,assisi is discuss$ by ,cr[e & ,cavalcaselle2#ff b x is difficult to extract _! real conclusion f ! mass ( v]biage 9 :i* x is envelop$1 & ! limitations ) :i* x is encumb]$4 ,nor c ,i atta* mu* importance to ! conclusion :i* ^! au?ors h drawn f frescoes 9 su* a t]rible /ate ( decay1 z ^? 9 ! nor!rn & s\!rn transepts ( ! ,upp] ,*ur*4 ,b ,i d n propose to ent] "h ^u ! "q ( ! au?or%ip ( any ( ^! frescoes1 except su* z are attribut$ to ,giotto2 & ev5 ?is _h bett] be def]r$ till ,i h giv5 my read]s "s idea ( ! g5]al appe>ance ( ! *ur*4 ,its %ape is ! usual ,lat9 cross =m$ by a nave & transepts1 )\t *apels or side aisles4 ,f ! entrance1 :i* is at ! ea/ end ( ! *ur*1 to ! *oir1 ! build+ is divid$ into f\r portions by gr\p$ %afts1 five 9 numb]1 only half ( :i* project f ! walls f ! capitals2 f ea* gr\p spr+ to "r & left po9t$ ar*es1 9 ! c5tre ( ea* ( :i* is a long n>r[ w9d[ rea*+ f ! ceil+ to )9 ab\t tw5ty-f\r feet ( ! gr\nd1 & f ! capitals !re also spr+ ar*es :i* cross ! build+ diagonally1 & int]sect at ! summit ( ! ceil+1 ?us =m+ triangul> op5+s ) curv$ bases1 ea* ( :i* is fill$ ) a fresco1 mo/ ( !m greatly oblit]at$4 ,! %afts & capitals h all be5 pa9t$ 9 v>i\s col\rs1 z h also ! spaces )9 ! side ar*es on ea* side ( ! n>r[ w9d[s above m5tion$1 & s h ! faces & sides ( ea* ar*4 ,! f\r ma9 portions1 into :i* ! ceil+ is ?us divid$1 are alt]nately pa9t$ blue ) gold5 />s1 or fill$ ) m$allions & figure subjects4 ,! pa9t+ ( ! ar*es is 9 imitation ( m>ble mosaic4 ,! int]sect+ ar*es ( ! ro( are r\nd 7z 9 ! ,l[] ,*ur*71 n po9t$ l ! side ar*es1 & on ! sides ( ! latt]1 :i* are d\ble 9 wid? ( ! c5tre ar*es1 !re are bu/s ( v>i\s sa9ts & m>tyrs ( ! *ur* connect$ by ri* ornam5t & involv$ geometrical design4 ,on ei!r side ( ! w9d[s1 9 ! second r[ f ! ro(1 are ! frescoes ascrib$ to ,cimabue1 all ( :i* are consid]ably defac$2 above ^! are ! ones assign$ by ,vas>i & ,"l ,l9dsay to ,giunta ,pisano4 ,! ro( 01 :ile ,i 0 !re1 9 process ( utt] de/ruction 7by re/oration71 & its ru9 is by ?is "t probably complet$4 ,und]nea? ! w9d[s !re is a ?ird r[ ( pa9t+s1 ?irty-six 9 numb]1 commonly suppos$ to be ! "w ( ,giotto1 & b5ea? ?is aga9 pa9t$ b&s ( mosaic1 & s to ! floor1 :i* is alt]nately inlaid ) squ>es & octagons ( m>ble orig9ally r$ & :ite1 b :i* has worn into ! w>m du/y yell[ :i* seems to ov]spread ! :ole ( ,assisi4 ,! *oir is built & decorat$ 9 a simil> mann]1 & its c5tre occupi$ by a v elaborately work$ iron scre5 7once bronz$ & gilt7 erect$ ^u a m>ble das1 inlaid ) glass mosaic1 ! patt]ns ( ea* /ep be+ diff]5t1 b all intricate & beautiful4 ,! das is ab\t t5 feet high & ?irty-eight feet long1 & ! scre5 ab\t n9e feet high4 ,surm\nt+ ! scre5 !re is a n>r[ m>ble canopy1 support$ ^u twelve m>ble pill>s1 ) capitals ( acan?us leaves ri*ly gilt1 ! convex side ( ! leaves 9 ! upp] portion ( ea* capital be+ v deeply cut & pa9t$ v]milion4 ,! scre5 surr\nds a pla9 m>ble alt>4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! *oir is simil> to t ( ! body ( ! *ur*1 ea* ( ! transepts be+ simil> 9 size & arrangem5t to "o ( ! f\r divisions already spok5 (2 ! only diff]5ce is 9 ! size ( ! w9d[s1 :i* are exactly d\ble ( ^? 9 ! nave1 ?\gh ( id5tical %ape1 ea* hav+ "o po9t$ ar*ivault2 b at ! *oir end ( ! *ur* ! w9d[ is treble 9 size4 ,! two sides ( ! *oir :i* h no w9d[s1 are ornam5t$ ) small gall]ies ( tre-foil$ ,go?ic ar*es support+ canopies4 ,und]nea? ^! gall]ies are a r[ ( pa9t+s correspond+ ) ! l[e/ r[ ( frescoes 9 ! nave4 ,!re is a recess ( ab\t two feet runn+ ! :ole l5g? ( ! *ur* betwe5 ! gr\ps ( %afts j above ! l[e/ r[ ( frescoes1 :i* s]ves to measure ! dep? ( ! side ar*es1 & also z a doma9 to ! two l[] r[s ( frescoes4 ,! col\r on ! %afts1 & on ! l[e/ portion ( ! side walls1 has almo/ entirely disappe>$1 & ! :ole ( ! pa9t+s 9 ! *ur* are mu* injur$ by damp4 ,s mu* is ?is ! case1 t x makes me d\bt :e!r x is wor? :ile go+ v deeply into ! "q ( _! au?or%ip1 ?\gh ?is is a fav\rite battlegr\nd ) ! biograph]s ( e>ly ,italian pa9t]s4 ,vas>i boldly ascribes ! :ole upp] portion ( ! *ur* to ,cimabue1 & ! l[] to ,giotto3 ,l9dsay ass]ts t ,giunta ,pisano _h pa9t$ ! upp]1 ,cimabue ! middle1 & ,giotto ! l[] range ( comp>tm5ts3 ,kugl]1 ?\gh some:at indef9ite1 holds t he work$ out 8 appr5tice%ip 9 ! ,upp] ,*ur* ( ,assisi1 & aft]w>ds came aga9 & lab\r$ 9 ! ,l[] "o4 ,to sum up !n ! discussion ( ?is matt]1 :i* is h>dly an int]e/+ "o to ! g5]al read]1 my explanation ( ! probable au?or%ip ( ! l[] r[ ( frescoes w\ld be ! foll[+4 ,t !y h be5 pa9t$ by a pupil ( ,giotto's at ! same "t t ! ma/] himself 0 at "w on ! frescoes 9 ! ,l[] ,*ur*1 & t ! only frescoes by ,giotto 9 ! ,upp] ,*ur*1 are ! two almo/ mono*rome compositions t are plac$ "o on ea* side ( ! pr9cipal entrance4 ,x %\ld be not$ t ^! two are f> m conspicu\s1 ow+ to _! isolat$ position1 ?an any o!r frescoes 9 ! *ur*1 :i* may well h be5 ! reason = _! execution by ! ma/] himself4 ,& x is some:at curi\s to obs]ve t !y are bo? pa9t$ 9 little m ?an two %ades ( col\r1 & are ! only frescoes 9 ! *ur* s pa9t$1 z if ,giotto 7 purposely re/ra9+ 8 h&1 s z n to spoil by contra/ ! crud] "w ( 8 pupil4 ,?is pupil ,i believe to h be5 ,taddeo ,gaddi2 b ,i h n se5 suffici5t und\bt$ works by 8 h&1 to r5d] ?is m ?an a m]e conjecture1 & !re is no evid5ce on ! subject :atev]1 save su* z may be inf]r$ f ! fact t ,gaddi 0 almo/ c]ta9ly pres5t ) ,giotto at ! "t he pa9t$ 9 ! ,l[] ,*ur*4 ,leav+ ! "q ( ! actual au?or%ip undecid$ j n[1 notice h[ f> ?is hypo!sis1 besides hav+ /rong int]nal evid5ce 9 its fav\r1 goes to solve ! difficulties ( ?is matt]2 by x we acc\nt easily & naturally = ! ,giottesque qualities :i* we f9d 9 ^! works1 & also = _! comp>ative feeble significance4 ,& by ! ef=t to comb9e ! ,byzant9e mann] ( ,cimabue ) ! simplicity ( ,giotto1 we acc\nt = all ! v inf]ior ar*itecture ) :i* ^! pictures are cr[d$3 ar*itecture :i* is to a c]ta9 ext5t ,giottesque 9 =m1 b seems to be :olly conv5tional 9 col\r+ & arrangem5t4 ,giotto w\ld naturally say to 8 pupil some?+ ( ?is sort3 ,look "h1 ,gaddi1 ?is a great *ance = y to di/+ui% y\rself2 m9d y make ! mo/ ( x4 ,don't =get t :at y h to d is to complete ,cimabue's "w2 y mu/ n make 8 compositions look m absurd & unnatural ?an y c help2 above all1 y\r "w mu/ be 9 keep+ ) 8 9 col\r1 or y'll spoil ! *ur*4 ,m9d y pres]ve ! "* ( ! ar*itecture1 & keep x uni=m ?r\gh\t2 & if y let y\r "w be a little conv5tional1 x w be all ! bett]4 ,s we may imag9e ,giotto talk+ to 8 pupil2 & ! compositions are exactly su* z might h be5 produc$ aft] su* an exhortation1 by an e>ne/1 b n v brilliant pupil1 9 attempt+ to comb9e z mu* z possible ( ! "* ( ,giotto's "w1 ) ! =m ( ,cimabue's compositions4 ,inde$1 ^! frescoes frequ5tly fall betwe5 ! two /ools ( naturalism & conv5tionalism1 & h ! m]its ( nei!r4 ,! ar*itecture is ?r\gh\t utt]ly absurd1 worse1 because n s ref9$ z t ( ! ,byzant9e1 & q )\t ! beauty ( ,giotto2 an ef=t t[>ds ! simplicity ( ! build+s 9 ! frescoes ( ! ,ar5a ,*apel be+ nev]!less obs]vable1 ?\gh x results only 9 a toy-%op ar*itecture ( ! l[e/ ord]1 yell[ & blue t[]s be+ /uck "o aga9/ ano!r4 ,! figures1 too1 %[ ! attempt to depict emotion1 b )\t success2 & la/ly1 ! col\r+1 z at pres5t se51 is crude1 to ! v]ge ( discordancy2 b ^u ?is la/ x w\ld be unsafe to lay mu* /ress1 z x is impossible to say :at det]ioration may n h result$ f ! damp1 :i* 9 "s places has actually oblit]at$ ! composition altoge!r4 ,?is execution by a pupil w\ld also acc\nt = ,giotto hav+ re/rict$ himself to %ades ( grey1 gre51 & blue 9 ! two frescoes at ! end ( ! *apel to :i* ,i h above ref]r$4 ,! subjects ( ^! are ,/4 ,francis prea*+ to ! ,birds1 & ,/4 ,francis' ,dream2 & among/ all ! ,giottos ,i h se51 !re is no m h>moni\s piece ( col\r+ ?an 9 ! la/ nam$ ( ^! works4#fg ,!re is "o piece ( corroborative evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ^! works be+ by ,taddeo ,gaddi t ,i may quote = :at x is wor?1 :i* is1 t 9 ! s]ies ( panels 9 ! ,gall]y at ,b]l9 :i* =m]ly 7 "p ( ! frescoes 9 ! ,santa ,croce ( ,flor5ce1 & :i* are c]ta9ly1 accord+ to ,cr[e & ,cavalcaselle1 ! "w ( ,gaddi2 ! subjects are1 9 fact1 m or less repetitions ( ^? 9 ! ,upp] ,*ur* ( ,assisi4 ,n[ x seems m probable t ,gaddi %\ld h repeat$ 8 own compositions ?an t he %\ld h repeat$ ^? ( "s unkn[n ma/]1 especially "o ( su* comp>atively feeble p[]s4 ,"h ,i mu/ leave ! consid]ation ( ! au?or%ip ( ^! frescoes2 z ,i said 9 ! beg9n+1 x is a mu* vex$ "q1 & "o t !re is at pres5t no positive evid5ce = decid+2 ! "o ?+ t is c]ta9 is t 9 a v %ort "t1 if x has n happ5$ already1 ! frescoes w1 to all int5ts & purposes1 h entirely vani%$4 ,cr[e & ,cavalcaselle hold t !re 7 a s]ies ( pa9t]s :o work$ at ! ,upp] ,*ur*1 & t ! :ole hi/ory ( ! revival ( e>ly ,italian art is compris$ & expla9$ 9 ^! pa9t+s1 & seem to hold t ,giotto pa9t$ only "o or two ( ^! frescoes2 :ile1 la/ly1 9 "o ( ,dr4 ,dohme's ,g]man s]ies ( biographies1 :i* is ! late/ "w issu$ on ?is subject1 we h ! au?or ma9ta9+ ! !sis t ,giotto pa9t$ all ^! frescoes 79 ! l[] r[71 & t :5 he _h f9i%$ ?is s]ies he began aga9 ^u ^? ( ! ,l[] ,*ur*4 ,( ! v>i\s op9ions1 ^? ( ,vas>i & ,l9dsay c1 ,i ?9k1 be %[n to be wrong f a comp>ison ( ! dates ( ,giotto's works4 ,9 ! fir/ place !re is no evid5ce :atev] to h9t at two visits to ,assisi1 except ,vas>i's /atem5t t ,giotto 0 invit$ to ,assisi by ,fra ,mure4 ,n[ ,fra ,mure1 :o 0 g5]al ( ! ,franciscan ord]1 only held t po/ betwe5 #abif & #acjb1 & !re=e if he invit$ ,giotto to complete ! frescoes ( ! ,upp] ,*ur*1 x mu/ h be5 betwe5 ^? ye>s2 b f a regi/] pres]v$ 9 ! ,vatican1 ! fam\s ,navicella mosaic 0 execut$ by ,giotto 9 #abih1 & t he 0 /ill at ,rome 9 #acjj1 is prov$ by a portion ( a fresco repres5t+ ,pope ,boniface ann\nc+ ! op5+ ( ! ,jubilee1 :i* took place #acjj1 & ^u ! completion ( :i* "w ,giotto betook himself to ,flor5ce1 & pa9t$ ! fam\s frescoes 9 ! ,b>gello1 9 "o ( :i* ! portrait ( ,dante occurs4 ,dante 0 exil$ 9 #acjb1 & ?is1 & _m m9or consid]ations1 po9t to ! date #acja-b = ! execution ( ^! frescoes4 ,x is !re=e easy to see t ,giotto c\ld n h _h ! possibility ( accept+ ,fra ,mure's invitation betwe5 ! dates ( #abif & #acjb4 ,! "q rema9s :e!r ! l[] r[ ( frescoes 7 execut$ by ,giotto at any subsequ5t p]iod8 ,n[ !re is a cons5sus ( te/imony t 9 ,flor5ce1 9 ! ye> #acjc1 ,giotto execut$ ! designs = ! faade ( ! ,duomo1 aft]w>ds c>ri$ out by ,&rea ,pisano2 & t 9 ! same ye> he m>ri$4 ,:at happ5$ dur+ ! next two ye>s is matt] ( conjecture3 ,vas>i /ates t he proce$$ to ,avignon1 :i* is contradict$ by ,cr[e & ,cavalcaselle on ! au?ority ( ,ab]t9i2 & we c f9d no?+ c]ta9 till we discov] our pa9t] at ,padua betwe5 #acje-f pa9t+ 9 ! ,*apel ( ! ,ar5a4 ,if ! frescoes 9 ! ,upp] ,*ur* be comp>$ at all c>efully ) ^? ( ! ,ar5a ,*apel1 x is at once evid5t t if !y be ! "w ( ! same h&1 x mu/ h work$ 9 a f> e>li] /age ( progress1 & x is equally evid5t1 t ! transition f ! frescoes ( ! ,upp] ,*ur* to ^? ( ! ,l[]1 is m>k$ by an abrupt int]val ( "t4 ,x is impossible t ,giotto c\ld h s f> fall5 away 9 skill z to execute ! frescoes 9 ! ,upp] ,*ur* subsequ5t to 8 pa9t+ ( ! ,ar5a ,*apel at ,padua2 & x is ne>ly impossible f ! dates ( 8 "w t he c\ld h f\nd "t to d !m be=e4 ,! only hypo!sis t seems to be left1 if we wi% to believe t ,giotto execut$ ?is s]ies 9 ! upp] *ur*1 is t ,giotto accompani$ ,cimabue :5 he work$ at ,assisi1 & pa9t$ ! l[] r[ ( frescoes "u ! direction ( 8 ma/]4 ,?is !ory does n seem to me likely = _m reasons2 fir/1 x w\ld h be5 mo/ probable t _h ,giotto & ,cimabue visit$ ,assisi toge!r1 "s evid5ce ( su* a visit w\ld h be5 discov]$2 secondly1 x seems improbable t ,cimabue w\ld h all[$ 8 appr5tice su* lic5se 9 composition & incid5t z is "h %[n2 & ?irdly1 ! mann] ( ! pictures is n z 0 ,giotto's e>ly mann]1 semi-,byzant9e1 b r errs 9 ! opposite direction1 & seems a co>se imitation ( ,giotto's natural me?od ( depict+ ev5ts4 ,x w be notic$1 9 c>eful exam9ation ( ^! works1 t1 z f> z c be judg$ f ! damag$ /ate 9 :i* !y at pres5t exi/1 ! composition1 & :at arti/s call motive1 ( ! pictures are1 z a rule1 v sup]ior to _! execution1 :i* is blund]+ & unma/]ly4 ,i am l$ by ?is1 & o!r consid]ations ( /yle & "t1 to come to ! conclusion t ^! works are n f ! h& ( ,giotto himself1 b 7 probably execut$ by 8 pupils1 :ile ! ma/] himself 0 pa9t+ 9 ! ,l[] ,*ur*4 ,! likelihood ( ?is hypo!sis w be great] if we rememb] t !re are 9 ! ,ca/ellani ,*apel ( ,santa ,croce1 frescoes :i* are und\bt$ly by ! h& ( ,agnolo ,gaddi1 :i* betray _m ( ! s-call$ ,giottesque traits t we f9d 9 ^! frescoes2 & inde$ ! wond] w\ld r be dem&$ if ?is 7 n ! case1 & if ! inaugurator ( a new /yle ( pa9t+ did n h 8 m]its imitat$ by ! /ud5ts work+ "u 8 tuition4 ,aga91 x seems to be a gratuit\s assumption on ! "p ( ,messrs4 ,cr[e & ,cavalcaselle to hold t ?is l[] r[ ( sc5es f ! life ( ,/4 ,francis mu/ be ! "w ( successive arti/s m]ely because !y exhibit diff]5ces ( m]it4 ,we %\ld r expect t ! same workman1 or workm51 w\ld improve 9 ! c\rse ( s long a s]ies1 especially if !y 7 pa9t$ m or less "u ! direction ( a ma/] l ,giotto4 ,9 any case1 a comp>ison ( dates r5d]s x excessively improbable t ,giotto paid two visits to ,assisi1 & if ?is be s1 we are1 ,i ?9k1 ju/ifi$ 9 conclud+ t ! utmo/ connection he _h ) ! frescoes ( ! ,upp] ,*ur* 0 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( 8 pupils4 ,:e!r or no ,cr[e & ,cavalcaselle are "r 9 believ+ t o!r pa9t]s besides ,giunta & ,cimabue _h a h& 9 ! upp] r[s ( frescoes1 &1 if s1 :o ^? pa9t]s 71 are que/ions :i* are j n[ beyond our subject2 & v soon !y w be beyond any "o's int]e/ or p[] to answ]1 = ! la/ traces ( col\r yet rema9+ 9 ^! works are rapidly fad+ away4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 impossible to imag9e ) ,vas>i t all ^! upp] r[s ( pictures 7 execut$ by "o h&1 = ! v /ronge/ diff]5ces 9 /yle1 composition1 & ev5 7traces (7 col\r exi/s betwe5 !m4 ,?us 9 ! fresco ( ! ,creation1 !re is n ! slighte/ approa* to naturalism ( treatm5t2 ! ,almighty /&s )9 a circle ( v]milion & gold surr\nd$ by a halo1 :i* is app>5tly int5d$ to repres5t ! sun2 b5ea? him is ! moon1 ) a man's face 9 x1 s t !re %\ld be no mi/ak+ :at x 0 int5d$ =2 b5ea? ! moon1 float+ 9 ! air 9 a loz5ge-%ap$ pat* ( r$1 is ,adam1 :ile b5ea? him aga9 are "s %eep1 & an animal t may be ei!r ox1 dog1 or fox1 = x p>takes ( ! "* ( all ?ree2 & to ! "r ( ! picture is ! sea1 ) sev]al gigantic fi%es half 91 half out ( ! wat]4 ,! only o!r fresco 9 ?is comp>tm5t :i* is yet deciph]able1 repres5ts ! build+ ( ! ark1 & is ( l "*4 ,comp>e1 h[ev]1 ) ^! ! picture 9 ! next comp>tm5t ea/w>ds1 repres5t+ ! sacrifice ( ,isaac4 ,l>ge portions ( ! left-h& side ( ?is "w are de/roy$1 b suffici5t are left to %[ an attempt1 r\gh1 x is true1 b q unmi/akable1 to repres5t a m\nta9 l&scape1 ) a temple 9 ! di/ance4 ,turn to ! "r h& ( ! picture3 ,isaac is half sitt+1 half ly+ on ! sacrificial alt>1 & ,abraham /&s beside him ) "o h& ^u ! *ild's head1 8 left foot firmly plant$ on ! /ep ( ! alt>1 & 8 "r arm swung up to its fulle/ height above 8 head4 ,seldom h ,i se5 a m vivid bit ( arre/$ motion depict$ 9 any "w ( art2 ! pa9t] has actually caught ! pause caus$ by ! sudd5 appe>ance ( ! angel1 bidd+ ! fa!r to /ay 8 h&4 ,! action ( all ! limbs is mo/ rem>kable 9 its int5sity1 ev5 ,abraham's long robes fly out wildly beh9d 8 out/ret*$ arm4 ,x is impossible t ^! two pictures c belong to ! same h&1 or ev5 to ! same s*ool--! fir/ is entirely ,byzant9e 9 mann]1 & might h be5 copi$ f a fif? c5tury ,,ms42 ! latt] lacks no?+ b a c]ta9 am\nt ( full] detail & a little m anatomical k1 to /& z a fai?ful repres5tation ( ! ev5t x depicts4 ,we n[ come to ! "q ( :e!r ?is fresco be "o ( ! works ( ,giotto1 & aga9 mu/ answ] x 9 ! negative4 ,9 none ( ! und\bt$ works by ?is ma/] is !re s advanc$ a naturalism z "h1 especially 9 ! treatm5t ( ! drap]y1 :i* is f> ne>] to t ( ! ,r5aissance p]iod ?an t ( ! ,byzant9e4 ,x w be f\nd on a c>eful exam9ation ( ! works 9 ! ,ar5a ,*apel at ,padua1 t ! ma9 l9es ( ! drap]y are ei!r /raight 7or v slightly curv$71 & 9 "s measure /iff2 x w\ld h be5 almo/ folly to expect t ?is %\ld be o!rwise1 rememb]+ t ant]ior to ,giotto ! treatm5t ( drap]y _h be5 exclusively f\nd$ ^u ! =mal p>allel l9es ( ! ,byzant9e mosaics4 ,9 all probability ! ,r5aissance pa9t]s h "h suppli$ ! place ( a vacant or fad$ fresco ) "o ( _! own compositions1 & ?is is r5d]$ ! m likely z !re are 9 ! ,l[] ,*ur*es sev]al wret*$ly bad ,r5aissance pictures4 ,,footnotes3 #fd ,a small portion ( ?is *apt] appe>$ 9 ! ,spectator la/ ye> "u ! title ( ,! ,%r9e ( ,pov]ty1 & is "h repr9t$ by ! k9d p]mission ( ! editors ( t pap]4 #fe ,i may z well m5tion t ! hotel giv5 by ,brad%aw1 ?\gh ! l>ge/1 is v poor 9 its accommodation1 & ! visitor w\ld probably d bett] to g to ! ,alb]go ,subasio close to ! mona/]y4 #ff ,pages #afh-agd & #baj-bbh1 vol4 i4 #fg ,9 ,app5dix ,c1 at ! end ( ?is book1 w be f\nd a li/ ( ! works attribut$ to ,giotto by ,"l ,l9dsay1 ,cr[e & ,cavalcaselle1 ,rusk91 & ,dohme4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,! ,,l[] ,,*ur* ,,( ,,assisi4 ,at fir/ sight ! *ur* seems ( small ext5t1 z ! entrance is 9 a transept at ! nor? side1 & ! eye looks across ! nave )\t p]ceiv+ x2 b a few /eps =w>d1 & an abrupt turn to ! left1 br+s ! *ur* be=e u--a va/ dim cave1 gl[+ ) ri* col\r & subdu$ light4 ,look+ up ! nave1 ! build+ appe>s to be light$ only by ! n>r[ w9d[s 9 ! ?ick wall ( ! apse1 save :]e "h & !re a dull gleam f "o ( ! side *apels /eals across1 b h>dly light5s1 ! gloom4 ,nor is x alone 9 %ape ( ro( & dimness ( light t ! resemblance to a cav]n exi/s1 = x is visible too 9 ! l[ walls1 :5ce ! ar*$ ro( spr+s 9 massive curves1 & 9 ! seem+ abs5ce ( all support = ! great ar*es1 = ! pla9 /one pill>s t support !m1 half emb$d$ 9 ! walls1 & only rea*+ to a height ( eight feet f ! gr\nd1 attract little notice1 & ! ar*es seem to gr[ out ( ! walls z if 9 a build+ ( nature's own con/ruction4 ,! division ( ! *ur*1 & ! arrangem5t ( ! ar*es1 is ! same z 9 ! ,upp] ,*ur*2 b ev]y?+ :i* is !re arrang$ s z to give appe>ance ( lightness & unsub/antiality1 is "h made z pond]\s 9 appe>ance z possible4 ,! two *ur*es might /& = embodim5ts ( light & %ade1 ( graceful symmetry & rock-hewn /r5g?4 ,& x is easy to see t ?is is no *ance contra/ caus$ by ! circum/ances ( ! case1 = :]e ! w9d[s give ^u ! *ur*1 !y are deep sunk5 9 ar*$ recesses1 :ile ! l>ge w9d[s 9 ! side *apel are m ?an half veil$ by ! ar*$ entrances to ! *apels1 :i* la/ =m almo/ a sep>ate r[ ( *amb]s1 s :olly are !y cut (f f ! nave4 ,half way up ! nave a massive iron grat+ divides ! *ur*1 & fur!r on1 b5ea? ! c5tre ( ! great ar*es t =m ! body ( ! *oir1 ! high alt> /&s ^u a das ( f\r /eps1 its only decoration be+ six massive c&le/icks1 ^: huge lights rea* almo/ to ! ro(4 ,! apse is ! usual semicircle1 pi]c$ ) n>r[ ar*$ w9d[s1 & )9 its %ad[1 are ! desks & pulpits :]e sit all t are left ( ! ,franciscan ,bre?r54 ,we w n attempt to describe m ?an its g5]al effect1 & inde$ t is be/ done by simply say+ t x closely resembles t ( ,/4 ,m>k1 at ,v5ice4 ,9 detail1 !re is h>dly ! lea/ simil>ity2 b 9 dep? ( light & %ade1 9 pr(usion ( ri* col\r gleam+ on e h&1 9 ! g5]al effect ( its r\nd ar*es1 mosaic pavem5t1 & glimm]+ lamps1 ! simil>ity is /rik+4 ,if ! lov] ( nature f\nd ! prospect )\t to 8 m9d1 ! lov] ( art c h>dly fail to be satisfi$ ) ! prospect )94 ,above ! high-alt> %9e ! f\r greate/ works ( ,giotto1 & to "r & left ( ! *oir1 ro( & wall are cov]$ ) frescoes by ,giotto1 ,cimabue1 ,memmi1 ,gaddi1 & o!rs1 e in* ( space be+ fill$ ) pa9t+s4 ,*apel aft] *apel op5s 9 long s]ies f ! *oir1 ea* ri* 9 pa9t+s1 ev5 ! huge r\nd ar*es ( ! nave are pa9t$ 9 delicately-involv$ patt]ns to repres5t mosaics ( col\r$ m>ble4 ,"h our travell] may well re/ 9 sil5t wond]1 t s mu* beauty rema9s unvisit$1 = unvisit$ x is by n9e out ( e t5 t\ri/s :o pass by ! gates ( ,assisi4 ,!re is1 p]haps--we w ev5 say probably--no build+ )9 ! limits ( ! civilis$ _w 9 :i* s mu* col\r-beauty is conc5trat$ z 9 t ( ! ,l[] ,*ur*4 ,= six hundr$ ye>s h ^! walls gl[$ l jewels ?r\gh ! dim1 religi\s light1 & ! sett+ sun has light$ up ) /ill great] glory ! gold5 halos ( _! pictur$ sa9ts2 = six hundr$ ye>s h pray] & praise rung along ^! massive ar*es & e*o$ up ! m\nta9-side2 & n[ pray] & picture are fad+ alike2 ! mo/ damag$ fresco on ! walls is h>dly s maim$ z ! rite x witnesses1 ! vile/ re/oration no great] p>ody on ! orig9al ?an are ^? few poor monks p>odies ( _! anci5t ,ord]4 ,x is1 we ?9k1 impossible = any "o ) a he>t :i* is n entirely dead to all human sympa?ies n to be some:at mov$ at ?is comb9ation ( fad+ art & fad$ fai?1 b x is a feel+ ! p[] ( :i* we c h>dly hope to expla9 to our read]s1 ap>t f ! influ5ces :i* produc$ x4 ,! religio loci is1 ( all o!r influ5ces1 ! "o :i* is lea/ capable ( delib]ate analysis1 & ! comb9ation betwe5 col\r-beauty & a peculi> solemnity ( feel+1 "o ( :i* _m p ev5 d5y ! exi/5ce4 ,x is wor? notic+ t ?\gh ! :ole effect ( ! *ur* is1 z ,i h said1 excessively simil> to t ( ,/4 ,m>k's at ,v5ice1 especially 9 ! ri*ness ( subdu$ col\r+1 ! effect :i* is produc$ 9 ,/4 ,m>k's by elaborate ,byzant9e mosaics1 & ! lavi% use ( gold & preci\s m>bles1 is "h ga9$ only by ! lovely col\r+ ( ! frescoes1 :i* cov] e available space1 & ev5 are cont9u$ on ! ar*es !mselves1 :i* are pa9t$ 9 elaborate imitations ( m>ble mosaic4 ,! ri*ness ( hue ( ^! pa9t$ mosaics is v great1 & ! patt]ns frequ5tly ( great delicacy & beauty4 ,on ! fir/ ar*1 = in/ance1 !re is a runn+ bord] ( v9e leaves drawn ) a fre$om & tru? :i* is rem>kable1 if we comp>e x ) ! repres5tation ( natural foliage 9 ! frescoes4#fh ,mo/ ( ! patt]ns1 h[ev]1 bo? on ! ar*es & ! bord]s surr\nd+ ! pictures are m or less geometrical1 & are int]sp]s$ ) m$allions ( ! heads ( v>i\s prophets & sa9ts ( ! ,*ur*4 ,! mo/ we/]ly portion ( ! build+1 includ+ ! entrance1 is de/roy$ by bad ,r5aissance "w ( ! mo/ vulg> type1 & any "o :o wi%es to see ! two /yles 7pre- & po/-,raphael7 mo/ /rongly contra/$ 9 fav\r ( ! =m]1 c\ld h>dly h a bett] opportunity ?an is giv5 by ! s]ies ( frescoes 7repres5t+ ! ,popes7 9 ?is "p ( ! *ur*4 ,let u next look 9 detail at ! arrangem5t ( ! frescoes4 ,x is 9 ! f\r triangul> spaces ( ! ro( imm$iately above ! alt>1 t ! f\r great ,giotto frescoes1 illu/rat+ ! ?ree v[s ( ! ,ord] ( ,/4 ,francis--,ob$i5ce1 ,*a/ity1 ,pov]ty1 & "o ( ! ,en?ronem5t ( ,/4 ,francis 9 ,heav51 are se54 ,9 ! "r-h& transept ( ! *oir !re are a s]ies ( designs by ,gaddi1 ,memmi1 ,cimabue1 & ,giotto1 ( v>i\s ,new ,te/am5t subjects1 ! mo/ prom95t ( :i* is a magnific5t ,en?ronem5t ( ! ,virg91 by ,cimabue1 und]nea? :i* ,giotto has pa9t$ ,/4 ,francis & f\r bre?r5 ( 8 ord]1 :o gaze at ! ,madonna ) rev]5t ec/asy4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ portion ( ! *ur* is und\bt$ly ! *oir1 ?\gh1 ow+ to ! n>r[ ar*$ w9d[s & ! alt> be+ plac$ at ! we/ in/ead ( ! ea/ end1 x is only t[>ds sund[n t !re is suffici5t light to ?or\ghly illum9ate ! frescoes on ! ro(4 ,fir/ let me give a description ( ^! f\r works1 & !n exam9e ! "q ( ! au?or%ip ( ! o!r frescoes 9 ! *oir :i* are attribut$ to ,giotto4 ,! ,frescoes above ! ,high ,alt> 9 ! ,l[] ,*ur* ( ,assisi4--,! subjects *os5 = illu/ration typify1 z might be expect$1 ! v[s & ! rew>d ( ! ,franciscan bro!rhood2 ! f\r frescoes repres5t+--fir/1 ! ,v[ ( ,pov]ty2 second1 t ( ,*a/ity2 ?ird1 ,ob$i5ce2 & f\r?1 ! ,en?ronem5t ( ,/4 ,francis 9 ,heav54 ,! fir/ ?ree ( ^! subjects are all treat$ 9 ! mann] ( allegories1 ! int]pretation ( :i* is suffici5tly obvi\s4 ,! fir/ & la/ frescoes repres5t ,/4 ,francis himself z ! protagoni/ ( ! allegory1 ! second & ?ird only introduce him incid5tally4 ,?us1 9 ! fir/ fresco1 ! subject is ,/4 ,francis w$d$ to ,pov]ty1 typify+ ! c\rse :i* mu/ be foll[$ by all disciples ( ! ord]4 ,! *ief features ( ?is composition are z foll[s3--,t[>ds ! c5tre ( ! fresco1 slightly to ! left-h& side1 are ! ?ree *ief actors 9 ! sc5e--,*ri/1 ,/4 ,francis1 & ,pov]ty1 ! sa9t 9 ! dress ( 8 ord]1 8 bride 9 a ?9 %ort robe ) nak$ feet2 ar\nd ! gr\p /& ! angels 9 ^: pres5ce ! m>riage is be+ solemnis$4 ,on ! left h& ( ! composition1 9 ! =egr\nd ( ! picture1 a begg> appeals to a "y man = alms1 9 answ] to :i* ! y\? is tak+ (f 8 cloak1 :ile 8 gu>dian angel pats him on ! %\ld] approv+ly1 & po9ts to ! m>riage c]emony z if to confirm 8 *>itable int5tion4 ,on ! "r h& ( ! picture two figures1 ) money-bags clut*$ firmly 9 _! h&s1 seem to resi/ ! plead+ ( an angel1 :o po9ts to ,/4 ,francis1 & app>5tly urges !m to foll[ 8 example4 ,! c5tre ( ! =egr\nd is occupi$ by two figures ( *ildr51 "o ( :om1 ) g>m5ts held tightly r\nd him1 is ?r[+ /ones at ,pov]ty1 :il/ ! o!r is po9t+ at h] scornfully ) a long /ick4 ,! figure ( ,pov]ty h]self1 :i* is ! c5tral "o ( ! fresco1 has at h] feet a b>k+ dog & a ?icket ( brambles1 ! ?orns ( :i* h torn r5ts 9 h] robe1 b 9 ! backgr\nd a fl[]+ rose-tree seems to symbolise ! advantages :i* ! sa9t promises to h] foll[]s4 ,! upp] "p ( ! composition repres5ts "o angel be>+ a model ( ! *ur* up to heav51 & ano!r c>ry+ ! cloak :i* ! "y man on ! left has giv5 to ! begg>1 to receive bo? ( :i* gifts ! ,almighty b5ds d[n f ! cl\ds4#fi ,!re is 9 ?is fresco a praise ( pov]ty :i* is by no means 9 accordance ) ! ideas :i* ! pa9t] himself ent]ta9$1 & mu/ h be5 a v p]functory p]=mance on 8 "p2 =1 curi\sly en\gh1 !re is 9 exi/5ce a canzone on ! subject ( pov]ty by ,giotto1 9 :i* he cle>ly /ates 8 op9ion ( x z a v dang]\s ?+1 & "o t t5d$ t[>ds vice r ?an l$ to its ab/5tion4 ,?is canzone may be f\nd 9 ,vas>i4#gj ,! ,v[ ( ,*a/ity4--,?is fresco also falls into ?ree *ief divisions1 z foll[s3--,! left-h& gr\p is compos$ ( eight figures1 ( :om ?ree are aspirants :o wi% to jo9 ! ,franciscan bro!rhood4 ,"o ( ^! is be+ welcom$ by ,/4 ,francis himself1 :ile ano!r1 a nun1 is pres5t$ ) a cross by "o ( ! att5dant female figures1 possibly int5d$ to typify ,/a4 ,*i>a2 beh9d ^! are two m figures ( sa9ts4 ,a soldi]1 ) a %ield 9 "o h& & a sc\rge 9 ! o!r1 /&s by ! side ( ,/4 ,francis1 & indicates ! /ruggle & ! means ( victory :i* ^? :o desire to excel 9 *a/ity mu/ endure--! rocky gr\nd ^u :i* ! gr\p /&s %[+ ! difficulty ( ! fir/ approa*4 ,! c5tre ( ! =egr\nd is occupi$ by a gr\p :i* has 9 its mid/ a nak$ figure 9 a font be+ baptis$ by angels1 beh9d :om /& two att5dant angels ) ! g>m5ts ( ! novice1 & two soldi]s1 hold+ sc\rges1 seem to wait = ! c]emony to be complet$4 ,! ?ird gr\p1 9 ! =egr\nd1 symbolises ! victory ( ! angels & monks ov] ! evil desires ( ! fle%1 & consi/s ( sev]al figures1 ! *ief ( :i* is a monk1 ) w+s already spr\t+ out ( 8 br[n robe & a halo r\nd 8 c[l$ head1 :o is driv+ away ) 8 trid5t a figure symbolical ( love--love z und]/ood by ! prie/s--half cupid1 half devil4 ,a w+$ bea/1 some?+ betwe5 horse & pig1 has be5 already vanqui%$ by ! same /\t monk1 & is fall+ backw>ds into an abyss ( flame2 a ?ird figure beyond1 also symbolical ( lu/1 is hav+ 8 arm seiz$ by a w+$ skeleton1 :o plants 8 foot firmly ^u ! figure's ?igh & app>5tly int5ds to kick him into ! flames bel[4 ,! backgr\nd ( ! picture is fill$ ) ! =tress 9 :i* ,*a/ity sits securely gu>d$ beh9d d\ble walls1 to :om angels are be>+ ! cr[n & palm ( heav5ly victory4 ,b5ea? h] seat two angels (f] h] bann] & %ield to ! novice bel[4 ,^! are und\bt$ly ! two f9e/ ( ! allegorical s]ies1 be+ bo? m v>i$ 9 composition & incid5t & f9] 9 individual figures ?an ! frescoes ( ,ob$i5ce & ,/4 ,francis 9 ,glory1 bo? ( :i* are a little =mal 9 _! arrangem5t4 ,9 ! ,ob$i5ce ! action takes place )9 a %r9e1 divid$ into ?ree comp>tm5ts1 to ! "r & left h& ( :i* l>ge gr\ps ( m9i/]+ angels are kneel+4 ,?is %r9e symbolises ! ,mona/]y ( ,/4 ,francis1 or ! h\se ( all ^? :o jo9 8 bro!rhood4 ,9 its left-h& comp>tm5t1 :i* is presid$ ov] by a d\ble-fac$ figure ) mirror & %ield labell$ ,prud5ce1 a sa9t ) a halo exhorts two monks1 :o seem to wait _! turn to take ! requir$ v[4 ,9 ! c5tre1 ,ob$i5ce1 a w+$ female figure 9 a man's robe1 imposes ! yoke ( ob$i5ce ^u a kneel+ figure1 lay+ at ! same "t h] f+] ^u h] lips4 ,on ! "r h& are ?ree figures--a kneel+ sa9t1 ,humility hold+ a tor* 9 h] h&1 & a c5taur1 :o1 ) arm uprais$1 is witness+ ! v[ tak5 by ! monk ) despair1 & ^: advance seems *eck$ by a reflection ca/ ^u him f ! mirror ( ,prud5ce4 ,! f\r? fresco--,/4 ,francis en?ron$ 9 ,heav5--repres5ts ! sa9t sitt+ 9 a %r9e1 a sceptre 9 "o h&1 & a brevi>y 9 ! o!r1 above him a leg5d to ! effect t ?is is 8 rew>d1 & ar\nd gr\ps ( angels be>+ lilies & palms1 trumpets & h>ps4 ,( all ! f\r frescoes1 ?is is ! lea/ int]e/+1 ,/4 ,francis himself 9 8 heavy robe1 cov]$ ) gold embroid]y1 be+ almo/ comically /iff & unnatural4 ,hav+ spok5 v briefly ( ! ma9 incid5ts ( ^! f\r great frescoes1 ,i mu/ say a few words ^u _! special *>act]i/ics4 ,!y are 9 my op9ion ! greate/ works :i* ,giotto has left to u1 ?\gh a good deal ( ! naf grace & fre%ness ( ! arti/'s e>ly "w has disappe>$4 ,?\gh s+le figures 9 ! ,santa ,croce frescoes may p]haps be fav\rably comp>$ ) any 9 ^! ,assisi compositions1 yet = scope ( imag9ation & v>iety ( detail1 !y /& easily pre-em95t1 & ow+ to _! =tunate position b5ea? ! floor ( ! ,upp] ,*ur*1 !y h be5 almo/ entirely pres]v$ f ! effects ( damp1 :i* has ru9$ ne>ly all ,giotto's lat] works 9 ,flor5ce4 ,!re is to be se5 9 ^! symbolical pa9t+s ! fulfilm5t ( all t 0 promis$ 9 ! "w ( ! ,ar5a ,*apel2 accompani$ by a m d>+ ambition1 & a f> high] p[] ( realis+ ! conceptions ( ! arti/4 ,! key ( col\r is ! same--pure & delicate2 p]haps1 z comp>$ ) lat] arti/s1 a trifle fa9t2 b x is "h mu* m ext5d$1 & !re is mu* m v>iety 9 ! individual t9ts4 ,gradation1 t great secret ( beautiful col\r1 is m dilig5tly s\ght =2 t9ts are m brok5 up1 m num]\s1 & m skilfully comb9$1 & ! effect ( ! fresco1 z a :ole1 is inf9itely ri*]4 ,simil> advance is noticeable 9 ! composition1 :i* is /udi$ ) an elaboration suitable to ! masses ( figures introduc$ into ea* "w1 & :i* ?\gh occasionally a little =mal1 is 9 ! highe/ degree excell5t1 if x be contra/$ ) t :i* 0 preval5t be=e & contempor>y ) our ,pa9t]4 ,o!r m]its !re are1 su* z might h be5 expect$ 9 an old] arti/1 ( :i* ! *ief are a full] k ( =m1 & a great] att5tion to its details1 to :i* mu/ c]ta9ly be add$ an increase 9 ! ri*ness & disposition ( ! folds ( ! drap]y1 & a little concession to ! claims ( elegance 9 ! arrangem5t ( ! attitudes & robes4 ,! old grace is /ill !re1 b x is h>dly z unconsci\s z ( old2 x owes less to feel+1 & m to skill2 x is m wond]ful1 b h>dly s *>m+4 ,^! frescoes are1 we may say 9 conclusion1 by f> ! mo/ important un9jur$ works :i* rema9 to u f ,giotto's h&1 & =tunately !y seem f _! position to /& a good *ance ( pres]vation4 ,nei!r du/ nor damp c well affect !m2 ! little light t suffices to illum9e ! poor ritual ( ,assisi1 w take _m a ye> to d>k5 ! t9ts ( ^! pictures above ! alt>2 & ! old *ur* above !m w h crumbl$ into ru9 be=e any accid5t c di/urb ! massive ar*es on ^: int]/ices ,giotto has pa9t$ ^! pictures4 ,! only o!r fresco ( ,giotto's maturity :i* ,i h he>d ( z be+ ( ne>ly equal importance ) ^!1 is "o 9 ! %op ( ,francesco ,pittipaldi1 at ,naples1 :i* 0 orig9ally a "p ( ! conv5t ( ,/a ,*i>a4 ,?is fresco 7:i* ,i h n se57 is quot$ by ,cr[e & ,cavalcaselle z be+ "o ( ^? beautiful compositions by ,giotto :i* are 8 gr& claim to ! admiration ( ! _w4 ,x repres5ts ! miracles ( ! loaves & fi%es1 & is symbolical ( ! almsgiv+ ( ! ,franciscans4 ,i may "h m5tion ! o!r lat] works ( ?is pa9t]1 :i* circum/ances h prev5t$ me f exam9+1 & ( :i* !re=e ,i h giv5 no description4 ,^! are3--#a/4 ,works 9 ! ,br]a ,gall]y at ,milan1 & 9 ! ,p9acoteca ( ,bologna--orig9ally p>ts ( an alt>piece = ! *ur* ( ,/4 ,m>ia degli ,angeli at ,bologna4 #bnd4 ,/4 ,francis receiv+ ! ,/igmata1 n[ 9 ! ,l\vre1 =m]ly belong+ to ! conv5t ( ,/4 ,francesco at ,pisa4 #crd4 ,an ,entombm5t ( ! ,virg91 belong+ to a ,mr4 ,m>t94 ,^! works are giv5 z ,giotto's on ! au?ority ( ,cr[e & ,cavalcaselle4 ,we may obs]ve g5]ally ) reg>d to ! pictures 9 ! nor? transept1 t !y are 9 e way m elaborate ?an ^? ( ! ,ar5a at ,padua1 ! drap]y especially be+ m v>i$ 9 its folds & col\rs4 ,ano!r v *>act]i/ic diff]5ce 9 ^! lat] pictures is ! great] prepond]ance ( ! ar*itectural elem5t 9 ! designs4 ,9 ! ,ar5a ,*apel :at little ar*itecture is introduc$1 is simple 9 =m & excessively pla9 9 col\r1 s]v+ = little m ?an a b>e indication ( ! mean+ ( ! composition1 & be+ 9 no wise an important portion ( ! picture4 ,b at ,assisi1 9 six at lea/ out ( ! n9e pictures attribut$ to ,giotto 9 ! nor!rn transept1 ar*itecture has a v important place assign$ to x1 & x is noticeable t ! ar*itectural portions ( ! composition are decorat$ ) mosaic bord]s 9 "s way correspond+ to ^? us$ 9 ! decoration ( ! actual *ur*4 ,! attempt seems to h be5 at ,assisi to glorify ! build+ ( ! *ur*1 & to r5d] ! pictures subord9ate to ! ar*itectural unity ( decoration1 :]eas 9 ! ,ar5a ,*apel ! attempt 0 evid5tly to oblit]ate ! build+ ?r\gh ! beauty ( ! pictures1 or r to make ! spectator =get ! pla9 %ell :i* inclos$ ! frescoes 9 trac+ ! /ory :i* _! compositions pictur$4 ,! figures1 too1 9 ^! ,assisi frescoes are comp>atively small1 & possess b slight individual int]e/2 "h & !re we see attempts at animation ( ge/ure1 b !y are comp>atively slight1 & ! *ief int]e/ ( ! frescoes dep5ds ^u ! grace ( ! composition1 & ! ri*ness ( ! col\r+ us$4 ,! col\r+1 too1 is p]ceptibly diff]5t f t ( ! ,ar5a ,*apel1 :]e1 ?\gh v delicate1 x is simple 9 ! extreme1 :ile 9 _m ( ^! pictures1 ! hues us$ are deep & ri* 9 g5]al effect1 b h lo/ mu* ( ! fre% purity :i* =m]ly di/+ui%$ !m4 ,at ! ,ar5a ,*apel ! picture /ood out at a glance1 e sup]flu\s detail giv+ in/ant place to ! ma9 _s ( ! sc5e2 "h ! treatm5t is mu* m elaborate1 b a consid]able portion ( ! e>ne/ness & on5ess ( ! ,ar5a frescoes is gone2 ! "w1 ?\gh beautiful1 is n /rik+1 n t x is exactly confus$1 b seems r to be t ( a consci5ti\s workman c>ry+ out directions fai?fully1 ) a little pa9ful ef=t4 ,( c\rse ?is alt]ation 9 ar*itecture & col\r 0 caus$ to "s consid]able ext5t by ! necessity ( ! "w be+ 9 h>mony ) ! v elaborate decoration ( ! *ur*1 & by ! fact ( ! con/ruction ( ! build+ be+ f> m intricate & elaborate ?an ! pla9 oblong box ( ! ,ar5a ,*apel4 ,! simple magnific5ce ( t9t :i* makes ea* fresco 9 ! latt] build+ tell z if x 7 ( a p]fect jewel1 & ! bread? ( composition & treatm5t1 ow+ to :i* ! picture d5otes z =cibly z possible ! fact depict$1 w\ld p]haps h be5 out ( h>mony if adopt$ "h2 b !re c be little d\bt :i* treatm5t is ! mo/ admirable 9 itself or mo/ l t ( ,giotto's usual /yle4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 !re is ano!r & a simpl] reason = ! diff]5ces we h not$1 :i* is1 t 9 all probability ! only frescoes execut$ by ,giotto's own h& 7 ^? 9 ! f\r triangul> spaces above ! *oir1 & two o!rs pres5tly to be m5tion$2 ! majority ( ! works attribut$ to him 7 probably execut$ by ,taddeo ,gaddi & ,simon ,memmi1 "u 8 sup]9t5d5ce4 ,?is w\ld r5d] x probable t great] elaboration %\ld be be/[$ ^u ! m me*anical portions ( ! composition :i* c\ld be execut$ almo/ equally well by ! pupil1 & w\ld likewise acc\nt = ! pictures be+ treat$ m f ! po9t ( view ( portions ( ! build+1 & ! figures be+ kept subord9ate1 z x w ( c\rse acc\nt = ! "w be+ bo? m v>i$ 9 col\r+1 & also = its hav+ less ( ! ma/]'s delicate beauty4 ,x mu/ be not$ t ! scale ( col\r+ 9 ! ,v[s ( ,/4 ,francis is a mu* m ext5d$ "o ?an ! pa9t] 0 possess$ ( at ! "t ( 8 decoration ( ! ,ar5a ,*apel1 & ?is alone %\ld h made ,messrs4 ,cr[e & ,cavalcaselle hesitate be=e attribut+ ^! works to an e>li] p]iod4#ga ,v c]ta9ly gr[? 9 ye>s & g5ius w\ld be likely to increase ! ri*ness & v>iety ( 8 t9ts1 & no d\bt mo/ ( ^! nor? transept frescoes 7 execut$ by 8 pupils1 & only _h ! f9al t\*es laid on by ! ma/]4 ,! mo/ noticeable quality 9 ^! frescoes1 comp>$ ) ! und\bt$ "w ( ,giotto1 bo? 9 ! ,ar5a ,*apel & ! frescoes 9 ! ceil+ ( ,assisi1 is ! lack ( t life 9 e l9e :i* 0 s excell5t a m]it 9 ,giotto's "w4 ,9 ! frescoes ( ,padua e l9e is p]fectly unfalt]+ & necess>y1 & end[$ ) a =ce & delib]ate int5tion to :i* x is difficult to f9d a p>allel 9 ! hi/ory ( art4 ,no man1 says ,mr4 ,rusk91 some:]e1 has express$ s mu* action 9 a s+le ge/ure z ,giotto has done4 ,( ?is vivid expression ! frescoes 9 ! nor? transept appe> to me to reta9 few traces2 !y h j ! same relation to ! e>ly "w t a clev] imag9>y l&scape has to a r\gh sket* f nature4 ,! fir/ may n be wrong1 b we feel t ! latt] is "r4 ,a good deal ( ! diff]5ce is no d\bt also due to ! fact ( ! influ5ce ( ,cimabue1 :o _h pa9t$ "h be=e ,giotto's "t1 & some?+ p]haps to ! g5ius loci2 ! d>k5$ air1 ! fragrant inc5se1 ! mix$ influ5ces ( prie/craft & sup]/ition1 t fill ! place4 ,a pa9t] is b a man aft] all1 & qu pa9t] he is necess>ily a m susceptible man ?an ! re/--an in/rum5t prone to e*o to v>i\s influ5ces4 ,no d\bt !re mu/ h be5 a f> diff]5t _s 9 ?is half-light$ cave to t :i* dwelt 9 ! fair op5 hall ( ! ,ar5a2 z diff]5t z ! some:at b>r5 m\nta91 on :i* ! conv5t /&s1 0 f ! bee-haunt$1 fl[]y inclosure 9 :i* /&s ,scrovegni's *apel4 ,"s or all ( ^! v>i\s reasons may s]ve to expla9 ! diff]5ce 9 feel+ betwe5 ^! works & ^? execut$ by ,giotto bo? 9 e>li] & lat] times1 especially ! excessive use ( gold & lu/r\s ri*ness2 & "s ( ! lifeless expressions ( ! figures may probably be attribut$ to ! influ5ces ( mona/ic discipl9e & want ( fre% air & sunlight4 ,! pictures 9 ! nor? transept1 attribut$ to ,giotto by ,pr(essor ,dobb]t 7! late/ writ] on ?is subject1 &1 z f> z critical op9ion goes1 little m ?an an e*o ( ,cr[e & ,cavalcaselle7 are z foll[s3--#a4 ,! ,visitation2 #b4 ,! ,adoration ( ! ,%eph]ds2 #c4 ,! ,magi2 #d4 ,! ,pres5tation 9 ! ,temple2 #e4 ,! ,flight into ,egypt2 #f4 ,! ,massacre ( ! ,innoc5ts2 #g4 ,! ,return ( ! ,family2 #h4 ,! ,crucifixion4 ,! ,salutation 7or ,visitation74--,?is composition is 9 its ma9 figures a repetition ( ! "o 9 ! ,ar5a *apel4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 m p introduc$2 ! backgr\nd is alt]$1 ! figures are slight] & /iff]1 ! l9es ( ! drap]y less fl[+1 & ) less action 9 !m4 ,! faces are ?9n] & l>g]1 & ! figures are small] 9 proportion to ! size ( ! picture4 ,! ,nativity4--,?is composition is altoge!r inf]ior 9 int]e/ & dramatic p[] to t 9 ! ,ar5a4 ,! natural action ( ! ,virg91 z %e half turns on h] b$ to place ! ,*ild 9 ! nurse's arms1 is *ang$ to a /iff sitt+ po/ure2 ! angels are arrang$ 9 f\r gr\ps1 in/ead ( fly+ hi!r & ?i!r z 9 ! ,ar5a picture4 ,inde$ ! picture is :olly symmetrical 9 its arrangem5ts1 ,joseph be+ 9 "o corn]1 ! %eph]ds & _! flocks 9 ano!r2 ! two att5dants & ! ,*ild 9 ! c5tre4 ,above ^! come aga9 ! ,virg9 & ,*ild1 ) a r[ ( angels hov]+ on ea* side2 & above ^! aga9 ! ro( ( ! %$1 ) two m gr\ps ( angels2 d[n ! c5tre ( ! picture a glory /reams ^u ! ,infant ,*ri/4 ,x may be notic$ t ! ,virg9's face 9 ?is & ! o!r pictures 9 ?is transept is mu* m ( ! ,greek type ?an t us$ by ,giotto at ,padua4 ,! only real ,giottesque traits 9 ?is composition are1 fir/1 ! natural actions & expressions ( ! two att5dants engag$ 9 purify+ ! ,*ild2 &1 second1 ! actions ( ! ox & ! ass1 :o poke _! heads across ! mang] ) ! pati5t /upidity1 & wond]-:at-x's-all-ab\t1 look ( nature4 ,! ,adoration ( ! ,magi4--,9 ?is & ! foll[+ fresco ( ! ,pres5tation 9 ! ,temple we f9d p]haps ! /ronge/ pro( ( ^! works be+ m probably imitations ( ,giotto's mann] ?an orig9al works4 ,i _c conceive h[ x is possible = any arti/ 7or inde$ any "o ) an eye = a picture at all7 to imag9e t ^! /iff1 =mal drap]ies1 fall+ 9 folds1 :i* seem z if ea* _h a lead5 weight atta*$ to x1 s /raight & /iff are !y1 & ^? inexpressive faces1 *iefly ( ! aquil9e type1 c\ld h proce$$ f ! same h& z ! frescoes ( ,ob$i5ce & ,pov]ty4 ,/&+1 z ,i did1 "h on ! /eps ( ! high alt>1 by ! side ( ! "o fresco1 & b5ea? ! o!rs1 x appe>$ inconceivable t a "q %\ld ev] h be5 rais$ z to ! au?or%ip ( ! frescoes ( ! nor? transept1 or at lea/ z to _! be+ by ,giotto's own h&4 ,! mislead+ fact has1 ,i suppose1 be5 ! reproduction ( s _m ( ! ma/]'s figures & attitudes 9 ^! frescoes2 b1 rightly und]/ood1 ?is %\ld r h creat$ ! contr>y presumption1 = x is f> m likely t a pupil %\ld repeat 8 ma/]'s figures1 ?an t a man ( su* inv5tive g5ius z ,giotto und\bt$ly 0 at a lat] "t1 %\ld delib]ately set himself to copy 8 e>li] "w1 z he mu/ h done if ^! pictures 7 by him4 ,b ap>t f all su* priori consid]ations1 ! diff]5ce 9 ! "w & ! /yle is s great z to put ! matt] beyond a "q4 ,!re is n to be f\nd 9 any ( ! hundr$s ( figures 9 ! f\r l>ge compositions 9 ! ceil+ ( ?is *ur*1 "o 9 :i* ! faces are ( ! same type1 ! figures ( ! same long1 lean k9d1 & ! drap]y ( ! /raight1 angul> nature t we f9d 9 ^! two frescoes ( ! ,adoration & ! ,pres5tation4 ,! same ?+ applies to ! ,flight into ,egypt1 ?\gh 9 ?is composition !re is a great] approa* 9 "s respects to ! ma/]'s mann]4 ,x is wor?y ( notice t ! v>i\s trees & f]ns 9 ?is picture are pa9t$ )\t ! d>k backgr\nd employ$ by ,giotto 9 8 ,ar5a pictures2 ea* leaf is n[ pa9t$ d>k aga9/ ! backgr\nd1 in/ead ( light on a backgr\nd ( a d>k pat*1 ! r\gh outside %ape ( ! tree4 ,?is is no inconsid]able advance1 & a /ill great] may be notic$ 9 ! pa9t+ ( ! bramble 9 ! fresco ( ,/4 ,francis' ,w$d+ to ,pov]ty4 ,! only o!r picture 9 ?is s]ies ( :i* x is necess>y to speak is ! ,crucifixion1 :i* is incomp>ably ! f9e/ ( ^! pa9t+s1 & be>s mo/ lik5ess to ! ma/]'s "w4 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t ?is composition 0 9 great measure1 if n :olly1 execut$ by ,giotto himself1 ?\gh ev5 ?is "w %[s traces ( inf]iority to t ( ! ,ar5a ,*apel 9 "s respects2 & ! pa9t+ has suff]$ a good deal f damp & app>5tly1 9 "s places1 f re/oration1 ?\gh be+ unable to exam9e x 9 a v good light1 ,i am n c]ta9 ^u ! latt] po9t4 ,x only rema9s to sum up my rem>ks ^u ^! works4 ,f ! consid]ations ,i h giv51 & _m o!r diff]5ces on :i* x 7 too long to ent] "h1 ,i am l$ to ! inevitable conclusion1 t ! only composition actually pa9t$ by ,giotto 9 ! ,l[] ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,francis at ,assisi1 besides ! f\r allegorical works 9 ! ceil+ ( ! *oir1 is ! ,crucifixion1 & a small pr$ella to x 9 mono*rome1 repres5t+ ,/4 ,francis & f\r monks ( ! ord] gaz+ t[>ds ! cross 9 ! above picture4 ,pr(essor ,dobb]t's conjecture1 t ,giotto visit$ ,assisi a second "t1 & !n design$ bo? ! allegorical pictures & ^? 9 ! transept1 & left !m to be execut$ by 8 pupils1 seems to be refut$ by ! excessive sup]iority ( ! ceil+ frescoes to ^? ( ! transept1 & ! unlik5ess ( ! =m] to ! "w ( any ( ,giotto's pupils4 ,x mu/ be repeat$ "h t !re is n at pres5t ! slighte/ evid5ce ( ,giotto hav+ be5 twice at ,assisi1 & t ! pr(essor's conjecture is n support$ by any?+ b ,cr[e's idea t ! transept frescoes 7 done at a lat] p]iod ?an ^? ( ! ceil+4 ,i %\ld h lik$ to dwell a little ^u ! o!r int]e/+ portions ( ! t[n1 ( its qua9t & (t5 beautiful ar*itecture1 or ( ! _m glori\s walks along ! m\nta9 to be tak5 !refrom1 b x w\ld lead me too f> f my subject1 & ,i mu/ be cont5t ) m5tion+ t x w\ld be difficult to f9d m impressive hill sc5]y ?an t :i* surr\nds ,assisi1 ?\gh x is ( a some:at gloomy "*4 ,! olive & ! cypress are almo/ ! only trees to be se5 on "o side ( ! t[n1 & ! m\nta9s slope abruptly d[n to a n>r[ valley1 ?r\gh :i* foams a m\nta9 torr5t4 ,9 ! imm$iate neighb\rhood are ! spots connect$ ) ! actual life ( ,/4 ,francis & ,/a ,*i>a 7! sa9t :o 0 ! fir/ ( 8 female foll[]s71 ! mo/ int]e/+ ( :i* is ! ,h]mitage ( ,/4 ,francesco1 ly+ 9 a cleft ( ! m\nta91 "s two miles f ! t[n4 ,_m ano!r *ur* & monum5t is !re ( int]e/ 9 ?is place1 b we h out/ay$ our space1 &1 we fe>1 our read]s' pati5ce2 s let u take ! midnight tra9 to m civilis$ ,flor5ce1 ?r[ beh9d u ! dreamy idl5ess ( ! few h\rs we h sp5t among/ traditions ( sa9t & miracle1 & leave ,assisi sleep+ ^u ! m\nta9-side 9 its accu/om$ solitude4 ,9 "o la/ look f our com=table fir/-class c>riage1 we see ! conv5t & ! %>p po9ts ( its surr\nd+ cypresses1 d>k aga9/ ! cle> />light1 & 9 ano!r in/ant ! tra9 has swept on out ( ! %ad[ ( ! m\nta91 & we are 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury once m4 ,,footnotes3 #fh ,x w\ld1 h[ev]1 be unsafe to f\nd any conclusion on ! naturalism f\nd "h1 z x is c]ta9 t pa9t]s ( _m lat] p]iods work$ 9 ?is l[] *ur*4 #fi ,accord+ to ,cr[e & ,cavalcaselle1 ! orig9al draw+ = ?is fresco is 9 ! possession ( ,h4,r4,h4 ! ,duc d',aumale4 ,x is a p5 draw+ on vellum4 #gj ,vas>i1 vol4 i4 p4 #cdh4 #ga ,x is 9 no _s ( c>p+ criticism t ,i mu/ "h express my inability to discov] cle>ly :5 ,cr[e & ,cavalcaselle d int5d to make ,giotto visit ,assisi4 ,i h f\nd s mu* difficulty 9 f9d+ any def9ite /atem5ts ?r\gh\t _! "w t ,i h almo/ ceas$ to expect !m4 ,i believe !y mean t ! ,assisi frescoes 7 previ\sly execut$ to ^? ( ,padua4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,giotto',s ,,lat] ,,"w ,,at ,,flor5ce4 ,! *>act]i/ics ( ,p[] & ,beauty occur m or less 9 diff]5t build+s1 "s 9 "o & "s 9 ano!r2 b all toge!r1 & all 9 _! highe/ possible relative degrees1 !y exi/1 z f> z ,i "k1 only 9 "o build+ 9 ! _w1 ! ,campanile ( ,giotto4--,,john ,,rusk91 ,! ,sev5 ,lamps4 ,! lat] "w ( ,giotto at ,flor5ce falls into two di/9ct divisions1 ! "o consi/+ ( 8 frescoes & 8 great panel picture ( ! ,coronation ( ! ,virg91 ! o!r ( 8 sculpture & ar*itecture1 bo? ( :i* la/ h z _! sole rema9+ example1 ! ,campanile1 9 ! ,piazza del ,duomo1 bett] kn[n z ,giotto's t[]4 ,! limits ( my space compel me to speak v briefly ^u ea* ( ^! divisions1 :i* ,i regret ! less because !y are by f> ! be/ kn[n & mo/ frequ5tly writt5 ab\t ( ,giotto's works2 & :5 ,mr4 ,rusk9 has put =? 8 :ole /r5g? 9 description1 an inf]ior writ] may be well p>don$ = unwill+ness to make 8 inf]iority manife/4 ,) ?is brief ^w ( apology !n1 ,i speak fir/ ( ! frescoes 9 ! ,santa ,croce4 ,giotto pa9t$ f\r *apels "h1 b ! only rema9+ frescoes are ^? 9 ! *apels ( ! ,p]uzzi & ! ,b>di1 ! =m] conta9+ sc5es f ! lives ( ,/4 ,john ! ,evangeli/ & ,/4 ,john ! ,bapti/1 ! latt] repres5tations ( ! life & dea? ( ,/4 ,francis4 ,bo? ^! *apels h suff]$ a good deal f re/oration1 especially t ( ! ,b>di1 :i* has be5 s co>sely repa9t$ z to h entirely lo/ all beauty ( col\r1 & :i* ,i %all n !re=e dwell ^u 9 detail4 ,! top fresco on ! "r h& wall ( ! ,p]uzzi ,*apel1 has also be5 q ru9$ by co>se repa9t+1 & :5 exam9$ ) a good glass %[s a co>se black l9e r\nd e portion ( ! composition1 n unlike t us$ by ! disciples ( a c]ta9 mod]n s*ool ( decorative pa9t+1 :o seek to ga9 ! effect :i* _! incompet5ce o!rwise d5ies !m by outl9+ _! compositions 9 ?is mann]4 ,! two l[] frescoes on ! "r h& wall1 h[ev]1 repres5t+ respectively ! ,heal+ ( ,drusiana by ,/4 ,john1 & ! ,asc5sion f ! grave ( t ,evangeli/1 ?\gh !y h be5 a good bit re/or$1 h _h ! re/oration1 c>efully & sp>+ly done1 & reta9 /ill a beauty ( col\r z great z is to be f\nd 9 any ( ,giotto's works4 ,! *ief diff]5ces obs]vable betwe5 ^! frescoes & ^? ( ! e>li] ye>s are su* z we might expect to f9d 9 ! lat] "w ( an e>ne/ pa9t]1 & are briefly z foll[s3--,fir/1 a loss ( ! semi-burlesque _s obs]vable 9 ! ,ar5a ,*apel1 & n :olly abs5t f ! f\r great frescoes ( ! ,l[] ,*ur* at ,assisi4 ,all is grave & dignifi$ 9 treatm5t2 ! action proce$s 9 a /ill vivid1 b n eag]1 mann]2 x is ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,/abat ,mat] play$ on ! organ1 & ,! ,campbells are com+1 on ! bagpipes ( a ,highl& regim5t4 ,alli$ to ?is *ange1 & dep5d5t ^u x1 is ! loss ( a good deal ( ! incid5tal drama ( ! composition1 a c]ta9 dim9ution ( int]e/ 9 ! spectators1 :o are n[ m p>ts ( ! g5]al sc5e1 & less individual *>act]s affect$ 9 diff]5t ways by :at is happ5+4 ,! composition ga9s1 p]haps1 9 dramatic unity1 ga9s c]ta9ly if judg$ by ! canons ( lat] art1 b loses 9 dramatic int5sity1 &1 x seems to me1 9 tru? to life4 ,aga91 !re is mu* m composition1 & t ( a m elaborate k9d1 ?an 9 ! ,ar5a "w3 ! figures are l>g] proportionately to ! fresco 9 :i* !y are plac$1 & possess$ ( a uni=m grace & dignity :i* 7 abs5t f ! e>li] frescoes4 ,increas$ k ( =m & p[] ( arrangem5t1 is se5 9 ! figures ( ! m51 & ! treatm5t ( ! drap]ies2 ! latt] especially1 :ile /ill be+ drawn ) comp>ative bread? & simplicity1 h ga9$ 9 beauty ( l9e1 & slightly 9 att5tion to ! =m b5ea? !m4 ,la/ly1 !re is to be notic$ an advance 9 ! treatm5t ( col\r :i* is ! mo/ important ( all ! *anges4 ,x is ) ! greate/ diffid5ce ,i speak ^u ?is po9t1 z x is ne>ly impossible1 9 ! dim light ( ?is *apel 7^: only w9d[ is cov]$ ) a yell[ curta971 to be sure ( :at is ! pa9t]'s orig9al "w & :at is re/oration2 b :ile mak+ e all[ance = error1 x seems to me t !re is "h %[n1 9 places :]e ! "w is almo/ c]ta9ly g5u9e1 a great increase 9 ! p[] ( gradation ( col\r1 a capability ( mak+ ea* portion m beautiful 9 itself1 besides be+ beautiful z a "p ( ! :ole4 ,!re is n f\nd 9 ^! frescoes 79 ! ,p]uzzi71 any long] ^? broad masses ( comp>atively ungradat$ t9t :i* are s common 9 ! ,ar5a s]ies2 & !re is fur!r to be f\nd an ext5sion ( ! scale ( col\r+1 a p[] ( comb9+ m delicate & m v>i$ hues ?an 9 ! e>li] frescoes4 ,! :ole tone ( ! picture is %>p] & m mell[ ?an be=e1 & ?\gh ?is is by no means an unmix$ ga91 = mu* ( ! cry/all9e purity & fre%ness ( ! e>li] pictures is lo/ !reby1 yet on ! :ole ! ga9 is great] ?an ! loss1 mu* 9 ! same way t ?\gh we may regret ! abs5ce ( ! bright eye & ard5t impetuosity ( y\?1 we mu/ ne$s give great] hon\r to manhood :i* has fulfill$ ! promise1 ?\gh x may h lo/ some?+ ( ! fre%ness1 ( ! wild gladness ( morn+4 ,on ! left h& wall ( ?is *apel !re are also ?ree frescoes ( :i* ! upp]mo/ is ( comp>atively little importance2 ! rema9+ two are--fir/1 ,! ,bir? ( ,john2 second1 ,! ,daught] ( ,h]odias danc+ be=e ,h]od4 ,! l[] ( ^! is a good deal fad$1 b 7,i believe7 n at all re/or$1 & bo? are ( exce$+ beauty4 ,9 ! fir/1 ! picture is divid$ into two p>ts by pill>s support+ ! section ( a h\se simil> to ^? ( :i* ,giotto g5]ally =m$ 8 int]iors4 ,! l>g] portion ( ! fresco repres5ts ! "m ( ! ,evangeli/ ly+ ^u h] b$ surr\nd$ by fri5ds & att5dants1 & 9 ! small] "p ! nurse is pres5t+ ! infant to ! fa!r1 :o is app>5tly deep 9 ?\ght4 ,! figure ( ! nurse hold+ out ! *ild1 & all ! att5dants & fri5ds :o press r\nd ! b$1 are full ( int]e/1 & ! :ole composition ( ! picture v f9e4 ,m beautiful1 h[ev]1 to me1 is ! l[e/ fresco ( ,h]odias1 if x 7 only = ! figure ( ! viol9 7= x is a sort ( viol97 play]1 a figure ^: grace & tru? ( action has1 ,i ?9k1 nev] be5 surpass$4 ,9 ?is picture ! daught] ( ,h]odias is repres5t$ twice1 ! fir/ "t 9 ! ma9 body ( ! fresco1 danc+ 9 front ( ! table at :i* ! k+ is seat$1 :ile 9 ! c5tre an att5dant br+s 9 ! ,bapti/'s head ^u a di%1 & (f]s x to ! k+2 & aga9 on ! extreme "r ( ! fresco1 :]e1 9 a sort ( inn] room1 ! danc] kneels to h] "m1 & pres5ts h] ) ! head4 ,!re are 9 ! ,b>di ,*apel frescoes ( ,/a4 ,*i>a & ,/4 ,l\is1 also by ,giotto2 b bo? h be5 re/or$ especially ! latt]1#gb :i* is :olly ru9$ !reby4 ,=m]ly 9 ! ,b>onzelli ,*apel1 b n[ 9 a small room close to ! sacri/y1 hangs ! greate/ ma/]piece ( our arti/ ^u panel2 inde$ ! only "o ( 8 works execut$ 9 t mann] :i* c fairly be call$ wor?y ( 8 p[]s4#gc ,?is is ! fam\s ,coronation ( ! ,virg91 a picture 9 five comp>tm5ts1 ! f\r out] ones ( :i* repres5t a *oir ( angels ) v>i\s musical in/rum5ts1 & an att5dant company ( sa9ts1 prophets1 & m>tyrs1 :ile ! c5tre division %[s ! ,virg9 dress$ z a bride seat$ ^u a ?rone1 & b5d+ h] head to receive ! cr[n f ,*ri/4 ,x is :olly beyond my p[] to convey to my read]s any idea ( ! exce$+ lovel9ess ( ?is "w1 & no description c\ld1 ,i ?9k1 give m ?an a fa9t %ad[ ( its beauty4 ,descriptions ( pictures are /upid ?+s at ! be/1 & :5 ! attempt is made to describe a "w ^: beauty consi/s less 9 any h>d tangible p]fection ( =m & col\r1 ?an 9 a delicate purity ( feel+ & an int5se belief 9 ! subject treat$ (1 :5 we h to catalogue z beauties1 ! expressions ( a *oir ( angels1 & ! raptures ( ! surr\nd+ sa9ts1 words seem totally inadequate to ! task4 ,p]haps "s fa9t idea ( ! picture may be ga9$ by lik5+ x to ! ,p>adise ( ,fra ,angelico1 :i* hangs 9 ! ,uffizi ,gall]y1 & :i* is probably famili> to mo/ ( my read]s1 if only ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! innum]able copies :i* h be5 made ( ! figures ( ! play+ & s++ angels :i* surr\nd its frame4 ,fancy ^! ,angelico figures enl>g$ slightly & made human1 in/ead ( angelic2 fancy !m arrang$ 9 r[s1 "o above ! o!r1 ! fir/ r[ kneel+1 & ! second /&+ beh9d !m1 :ile fur!r 9 ! backgr\nd1 ti] above ti]1 rise ! heads ( prophets & m>tyrs almo/ to ! top ( ! gold5 backgr\nd4 ,put two pictures ( ?is sort on ea* side ( a c5tral "o ( ,*ri/ & ! ,virg91 l[] ,fra ,angelico's key ( col\r j a little1 till 8 p9ks1 blues1 & yell[s h %ades ( neutral col\r ton+ !m d[n1 let ! types ( ! sa9ts & angels be r heavi] 9 ! jaw1 & broad] 9 ! face ?an 81 & !n y h ! bones1 s to speak1 ( ,giotto's ,coronation4 ,m ?an ?is ,i _c tell y ( ! beauty ( ?is picture1 & x 7 useless to dwell ^u ! t5d] gravity ( ! s++ angels1 ! devotion ( ! li/5+ sa9ts1 ! exquisite balance ( ! gr\ps1 & ! pure brightness ( ! col\r+4 ,9 a picture ! :ole ( ^: effect dep5ds ^u su* subtle comb9ation ( fai? & skill z does ?is ,coronation1 x is worse ?an useless to attempt to catalogue its m]its z if = an auctione]'s programme4 ,x is be/ to say1 simply1 t 9 a devotional age a great pa9t] put =? 8 :ole /r5g?1 to embody 8 fai? 9 ! lovelie/ design he c\ld conceive1 & t ! result 0 wor?y ( him4 ,9 ! cloi/]s ( ! ,s4 ,m>ia ,novella !re are "s frescoes attribut$ to ,giotto mu* injur$ by damp1 & "o1 ! ,bir? ( ! ,virg91 spoilt by re/oration2 "o1 h[ev]1 rema9s1 ( great beauty1 :i* 9 its lead+ figures is z f9e z any ( ,giotto's "w2 ?is is ! ,meet+ ( ,joa*im & ,anna at ! ,gold5 ,gate4 ,! lead+ figures "h are =tunately comp>atively un9jur$ by ! damp1 ?\gh ,anna's blue robe has lo/ a little ( its col\r2 ! faces are full ( expression1 t5d] & lov+ to a degree1 & ! attitudes ( bo? figures bo? graceful & natural4 ,9 ?is "w ! pa9t] has ga9$ a ne>] approa* to female beauty ?an 9 any o!r fresco :i* ,i h se54 ,aft] a long & c>eful exam9ation ( ^! frescoes ,i am unwill+ly =c$ to come to ! conclusion t !y are n by ,giotto1 b are lat] works ( 8 s*ool4 ,i say unwill+ly1 = x is ) ! greate/ reluctance t ,i diff] on ?is po9t f ,mr4 ,rusk91 :o has 9 "o ( 8 small s]ies1 call$ ,morn+s 9 ,flor5ce1 expatiat$ v en?usia/ically ^u ! m]it ( ^! works4 ,! te*nical reasons :i* h mo/ c]ta9ly lead me to ?is conclusion c h>dly be /at$ s z to int]e/ ! g5]al read]1 b ! ma9 po9ts :i* are evid5t ^u ! surface ( ! matt] are--#a/1 ! comp>ative crud5ess & poorness ( col\r 9 ?ree out ( ! f\r frescoes1 a crudity :i* is sc>cely to be acc\nt$ = by any am\nt ( re/oration4 ,! col\r is n s mu* viol5t z x is weak & un9t]e/+2 #bnd1 ! exagg]ation 9 ge/ure nev] us$ by ,giotto 9 subord9ate figures1 & a c]ta9 wilful ugl9ess ( attitude :i* ,i h nev] f\nd 9 t pa9t]'s works2 #crd1 ! diff]5ce 9 ! draw+ ( ! drap]y1 :i* is %>p & ?9 9 its folds1 ! folds be+ f> m num]\s ?an 9 ,giotto's "w1 & _! angles mu* m abrupt4 ,! la/ diff]5ce is "o ( beauty4 ,z f> z ,i "k ,giotto 0 incapable ( draw+ a face ( ! sl5d] r\nd$ type su* z ,anna's 9 ! second ( ^! frescoes :i* ,i h ref]r$ to4 ,bo? ! draw+ ( t face & its delicate modell+ belong to ano!r & a lat] h& ?an 84 ,la/ly ,i may /ate = :atev] x is wor?1 t ,i he>d only a few days s9ce t x is probably ! case1 accord+ to ! be/ op9ion ( ! ar*ologi/s1 t ! cloi/] 9 :i* ^! frescoes are1 is ( a lat] date ?an t ( ,giotto's dea?4 ,if ?is be s ( c\rse x sets ! matt] at re/1 b :e!r x be s or n ,i ?9k a c>eful exam9ation ( ! frescoes w satisfy any "o int]e/$ 9 ! matt] t !y _c fairly be attribut$ to our arti/4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! "w ( ! ,giottes*i1 z !y are call$1 is exce$+ly puzzl+ & confus$ & liable to be mi/ak5 v easily ev5 by "o :o is devot+ 8 :ole att5tion to ! subject4 ,mr4 ,rusk9 has 9 two =m] in/ances be5 l$ to attribute works to ,giotto :i* are n by t arti/ accord+ to almo/ indisputable evid5ce3 ! in/ances ,i allude to are1 "o 9 speak+ ( ! frescoes at ,avignon z by ?is arti/1 ! o!r 9 attribut+ to him a picture n[ discov]$ to be by ,lor5zo ,monaco 9 ! ,uffizi ,gall]y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,flor5ce4 ,%[+ ,giotto's ,campanile1 & ! ,duomo4 ,,! ,,campanile4 ,f my w9d[ au troisime1 9 ! ,piazza del ,duomo1 ! look-out ?is gray ,april aft]noon _c be call$ altoge!r gay4 ,! sell]s ( fl[]s & oranges h )drawn well into ! %elt] ( _! little awn+s1 ?r\gh :i* ! ra9 sl[ly trickles ^u ! bright mass ( fruit2 9 ! great squ>e1 ! re/less population ( ,flor5ce move aimlessly to & fro ) cloaks muffl+ _! faces2 !re are five close cabs /ation$ j b5ea? my w9d[1 ! driv]s ( :i* sit on _! respective boxes1 b5ea? ! %elt] ( f\r l>ge gre5 umbrellas & "o blue "o2 beh9d !m ! ,bapti/]y lifts its conical ro( by ! side ( ! scaffold+ :i* m>ks ! re/oration ( ! ca!dral1 & beyond & above ev]y?+ ! ,campanile#gd 9 ! squ>e ( ! ,signoria raises its grim ca/ellat$ head1 d>k & ?reat5+4 ,"o build+ alone refuses to succumb to ! influ5ces ( cl\d & ra91 refuses to lose its beauty or be depriv$ ( its col\rs2 its delicate trac]ies1 & its %ades ( r$1 yell[1 black1 :ite1 & gre5 m>ble /ill /&+ out cle>ly p]ceptible ?r\gh ! heavy atmosph]e4 ,?is is ! build+ ) ! acc\nt ( :i* closes ! /ory ( ,giotto's life2 ?is is ! la/ & greate/ a*ievem5t ( t great g5ius :o jo9$ to 8 skill ( h& a he>t t5d] en\gh to ent] into e human weakness1 & sympa?ies :i* ext5d$ to ! animal & vegetable creation1 & drew1 ) z mu* simple fidelity & hone/ enjoym5t ! dog wat*+ ! %eep & ! ox5 draw+ ! wa91 z ! suff]+s ( ! ,savi\r1 or ! fai? ( ! disciples4 ,9 %ape ! ,campanile is a squ>e t[] )\t buttress ( any k9d1 ris+ #bib feet /raight f ! pavem5t ( ! piazza4 ,x has f\r /ories1 b does n dim9i% t[>ds ! top1 ! only diff]5ce be+ t ! w9d[s increase 9 size1 & 9 ?is way an appe>ance ( sup]ior lightness is ga9$ by ! upp] /ories4 ,! /yle ( ! ar*itecture is ,go?ic 9 s f> z x makes use ( ! po9t$ ar*1 b c h>dly be describ$ z su* )\t giv+ a false impression to ^? :o are accu/om$ to ! ,go?ic ( ! nor?2 & :o ?9k ( t /yle z "o ( v>i$1 if some:at gloomy1 masses1 ( irregul> ar*es1 p9nacles1 & buttresses2 col\rless save = ! li*5 t gr[s betwe5 ! grey /ones1 & ow+ _! beauty m to ! unwe>i$ inv5tiv5ess ( _! build]s' fancy ?an to any symmetrical unity ( design4 ,x seems to me t ?is ,campanile1 z does ! ca!dral1 p>takes mu* m ( ! ,lomb>dic elem5t ?an ! ,go?ic1 especially 9 its use ( col\r$ m>bles1 :i* are "h employ$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole surface ( ! t[]4 ,"o ?+ is c]ta91 t :atev] be ! /yle ( ! ar*itecture x has a "* ( its own :i* r5d]s x a ?+ ap>t4 ,9 ! c\rse ( _m ye>s' travel 9 e qu>t] ( ! globe1 ,i h come ^u b "o build+ :i* _h at all ! same sort ( p[] ov] ! imag9ation :i* is possess$ by ?is t[] ( ,giotto4 ,t /ructure 0 ! ,taj1 at ,agra1 :i* 9 its exquisit5ess ( f9i%1 its delicacy ( involv$ ornam5t1 its p]fectly unsulli$ :it5ess1 & above all1 9 its complet5ess ( design1 resembl$ ! ,flor5t9e ,campanile1 ?\gh = beauty ( proportion1 no less ?an = t ( col\r1 ! ,indian tomb mu/ yield prec$5ce to ! ,italian bell-t[]4 ,! ,taj1 too1 owes mu* ( its effect to ! beauty ( its surr\nd+s2 to ! /ately entrance1 ! long pav$ approa* ( :ite m>ble1 ! great das ( ! same1 on :i* ! tomb /&s1 & la/1 n lea/1 to ?ick r[s ( d>k cypress trees :i* surr\nd x to "r & left1 & toss _! frett$ spires t[>ds ! sky1 a hundr$ feet bel[ ! great dome4 ,! ,campanile has no su* pr\d surr\nd+s1 no su* adv5titi\s helps to its beauty1 b /&s 9 simple /r5g?1 9 ! busie/ squ>e 9 ,flor5ce1 9 ! mid/ ( ! fruit-sell]s & fl[]-sell]s1 :]e ! /reet boys c play at hide-&-seek r\nd its base1 & wond] idly p]haps at ! inlaid m>bles4 ,9 ei!r case ! surr\nd+s are su* z "o %\ld be lo? to *ange2 = ! tomb :i* m>ks ! pride & love ( an ,ea/]n mon>*1 ! quiet inclos$ g>d51 ) its m>ble t]races & clu/]+ gr\ps ( cypress2 & = ! ,campanile--:i* 0 ! la/ gift ( a great arti/ to 8 native city--! busy squ>e1 ! ?rong+ p1 ! hundr$ cries ( ,flor5ce s\nd+ ab\t its base1 & fad+ into a fa9t sc>ce-he>d murmur long ere !y rea* ! great ov]hang+ battlem5ts1 r\nd ^: massive sculpture res\nd only ! :isp]+ ( ! breeze & ! flutt]+ ( :ite-w+$ birds4 ,! build+ is 9 f\r /ories1 ! two l[e/ ( :i* are entirely )\t w9d[s1 ! fir/ be+ adorn$ ) bas-reliefs by ,giotto1 & ) /atues by ,donatello & o!rs4 ,int]m$iate betwe5 ! l[e/ s]ies ( bas-reliefs & ! /atues1 are f\r s]ies ( bas-reliefs1 ea* sev5 9 numb]1 repres5t+ ! beatitudes1 ! works ( m]cy1 ! virtues1 & ! sacram5ts4 ,! second & ?ird /ories h ea* two po9t$-ar*$ w9d[s ( ! same size & design1 ea* ( :i* is divid$ 9 ! usual ,go?ic mann] by a c5tre %aft4 ,?is %aft is ( exquisite delicacy1 9 design a ri*ly c>v$ spiral1 end+ 9 a capital1 f :i* spr+ two trefoil$ ar*es4 ,! sides ( ^! w9d[s are also enri*$ ) a simil> %aft1 !n a ri* bord] ( mosaic1 inclos$ aga9 by a spiral1 t]m9at+ 9 a second po9t$ ar* :i* =ms ! out] bord] to ! w9d[1 above :i* is a triangul> canopy ?ickly c>v$4 ,! :ole ( ^! w9d[s1 ) ! exception ( ! mosaic b&1 are execut$ 9 :ite m>ble1 & surr\nd$ by slabs ( gre5 s]p5t9e & r$ porphyry4 ,! f\r? /ory has b "o w9d[1 r l>g] ?an bo? ^? 9 ! second or ?ird /ory1 & divid$ by two spirals in/ead ( "o4 ,x is noticeable t ! sides & canopy ( ?is highe/ ap]ture are comp>atively simple 9 =m & devoid ( sculpture1 :i* practically ceases ) ! ?ird /ory4 ,giotto 0 too ?or\gh an arti/ to put elaborate sculpture at a height :]e x c\ld n be se51 & pref]r$1 in/ead ( sub/itut+ co>s] "w1 to dep5d = ! beauty ( ?is upp] /ory1 almo/ entirely ^u ! effect ( boldly design$ mosaic4 ,in/ead1 !re=e1 ( a s+le n>r[ b& ( mosaic above ! ar* ( ! w9d[1 !re are 9 ! f\r? /ory f\r comp>atively wide ones1 & above ?is ! triangul> space b5ea? ! pla9 ar* is fill$ ) ! same "w1 z are also ! spaces beside & above ! canopy4 ,above ! canopy is a /ill broad] b& ( mosaic1 on :i* ! jagg$ ar*es ( ! battlem5ts seem to re/2 & above ^! aga91 a la/ b& ( mosaic is surm\nt$ by a gall]y ( :ite m>ble ab\t six feet high1 pi]c$ ) qu>tre-foils along its :ole l5g?4 ,x is :olly impossible to describe ! delicacy & f9i% :i* ! cre/ ( ?is campanile possesses2 ! eye is l$ on f /ory to /ory1 ! mosaic be+ us$ m & m freely1 ! sculpture m sp>+ly1 z ! asc5t is made1 till at la/ ! sculpture ends 9 "o p]fectly %ap$ w9d[1 & ! mosaic blossoms =? l a fl[] into fulle/ beauty4 ,gradually ! massive base1 ) its d>k bas-reliefs1 *anges into light] sculpture1 ) backgr\nds ( blue m>ble1 !n into figures ( ! sa9ts1 prophets1 & patri>*s1 break+ ! uni=mity ( :i* are two long v]tical pi]c$ panels ( qu>tre-foils 9 circles1 s]v+ to give light to ! int]ior1 b n tell+ z w9d[s1 !n two ri* b&s ( mosaic c>ry on ! effect up to ! fir/ range ( w9d[s4 ,!re is no diff]5ce betwe5 ! fir/ & second /ories1 except t ! l[] "o has a ri* b& ( sculpture b5ea? ! w9d[1 :i* is replac$ by pla9 m>ble 9 ! second2 b above ! second1 z ,i h said1 ! sculpture ceases to be ! ma9 feature1 ! mosaic takes its place1 & succe$s 9 c>ry+ out ! unison ( ri* "w & lightness ( effect 9 a way :i* is z novel z x is beautiful4 ,a few words mu/ be said ( ! fam\s range ( bas-reliefs1 ! l[e/1 all ( :i* 7 design$ by ,giotto1 ?\gh he only liv$ to execute two4 ,?is s]ies is tw5ty-eight 9 numb]1 exclusive ( ^? on ! small half t[]s :i* =m ! corn]s ( ! ,campanile4 ,!y repres5t fir/ ! creation ( man & woman1 !n ! gradual developm5t ( k1 ! gradual increase ( man's p[] ov] nature1 & discov]y ( 8 own capacities4 ,( ?ree ( ^!1 illu/rations are giv5 :i* may be reli$ ^u = fidelity to ! ma9 po9ts ( ! design1 ?\gh !y d little ju/ice to ! exquisite delicacy ( ! "w4 ,^! bas-reliefs are 9 loz5ge =m1 ab\t eighte5 in*es 9 height & slightly less 9 bread?1 & entirely surr\nd ! t[]2 ne>ly ! :ole ( ^! 7 sculptur$ by ,luca della ,robbia & ,&rea ,pisano1 to :om 0 entru/$ ! c>ry+ out ( ,giotto's designs4 ,i %all n endeav\r "h to classify ^! reliefs accord+ to _! au?or%ip = two reasons2 "o1 t ! c>ry+ out ( ,giotto's design1 :e!r by ,&rea ,pisano1 ,luca della ,robbia1 or any o!r sculptor1 is z to ea* special relief a pure matt] ( conjecture1 & is besides little connect$ ) ! subject ,i h 9 h&2 & ! o!r reason is t ?is classification1 ?\gh attempt$ ) great +5uity1 & aft] close inve/igation by ,mr4 ,rusk91 9 8 pamphlet on ! ,%eph]d's ,t[]1 appe>s to me to h yield$ no satisfactory results1 b r to h involv$ ! subject 9 fur!r obscurity1 insomu* z x has l$ him to attribute v>i\s reliefs 9 ! s]ies to ,giotto's own h&1 :olly on int]nal evid5ce1 & t moreov] 9 my judgm5t ( a mo/ unsatisfactory nature4 ,i cont5t myself1 !re=e1 ) obs]v+ t ! ?ree fir/ frescoes ( ! s]ies & ! "o repres5t+ ! drunk5ness ( ,noah are almo/ c]ta9ly ! "w ( a diff]5t h& to t ( ! re/ ( ! bas-reliefs1 & t t h& has probably modifi$ ,giotto's orig9al design to a consid]able ext5t 9 ! relative importance ( ! l&scape portions ( ! composition4 ,9 ^! la/ designs ( ,giotto's life1 !re is a curi\s recurr5ce to ! ideas ( 8 e>lie/ "t1 a curi\s delight 9 depict+ natural objects1 & treat+ 8 subject f ! humor\sly dramatic po9t ( view2 su* z inde$ he nev] altoge!r lo/1 b :i* lies v mu* 9 ! %ade 9 ! lat] frescoes ( ?is ma/]4 ,9 fact1 9 "s ( ^! bas-reliefs1 ! comic elem5t almo/ entirely pr$om9ates1 z1 = in/ance1 9 t :i* is entitl$ ,logic1 9 :i* two furi\s disputants /& face to face1 ! c\nt5ances inflam$ ) passion1 "o app>5tly be+ j on ! eve ( proce$+ to ! argum5tum ad hom9em1 ! o!r rapp+ an op5 book qu]ul\sly ) 8 f+]4 ,o!rs %[ a dep? ( p]ception ( "* :i* p]haps w\ld h>dly h be5 expect$ f ! arti/1 z 9 ! relief ( ,ari?metic1 :]e a ma/] is in/ruct+ two ( 8 pupils 9 t g5tle sci5ce4 ,"o ( ! boys is evid5tly intellig5t en\gh1 & b5ds happily ov] 8 book2 ! o!r is ( a heavy bov9e type1 & is li/5+ ) a puzzl$ expression to ! ma/]'s explanation4 ,( all ! designs1 p]haps ! f9e/ are simply n>rative1 & ( su*1 ! ?ree fir/ ( ! s]ies1 ! creation ( ,adam1 ! creation ( ,eve1 & ! relief call$ ,! ,fir/ ,arts1 are s+ul>ly beautiful4 ,x %\ld be notic$ "h t ,giotto's k (1 & skill 9 depict+1 trees1 made great advances f ! "t ( ! frescoes 9 ! ,ar5a to t ( ^! reliefs4 ,no d\bt some?+ mu/ be all[$ = ! g5ius ( ^? :o execut$ ! reliefs2 b if !y 7 done f ,giotto's designs1 & !re is a conc5sus ( op9ion t su* 0 ! case1 ! advance is a v m>k$ "o4 ,i am ! m incl9$ to believe 9 ?is progress z 9 ! draw+ ( ! brambles1 9 ! great fresco ( ,/4 ,francis w$d+ ,pov]ty 9 ! ,l[] ,*ur* ( ,assisi1 !re are ! elem5ts ( su* leaf & b\gh draw+ z are se5 "h2 & ev5 at ,assisi1 ! advance f ! ,ar5a1 9 ! draw+ is v evid5t4 ,especially f9e 9 design1 & z f> z x goes1 true to nature1 is ! draw+ ( ! v9e 9 ! relief ( ,noah's ,drunk5ness1 or z x is sometimes call$1 ! ,conv5tion ( ,w9e4 ,! draw+ ( ! leaves & grapes1 & _! disposition 9 ! panel1 is p]haps ! f9e/ piece ( good sculptural design to be f\nd at su* an e>ly date2 & ,i %\ld h select$ ?is relief = reproduction1 _h x n be51 ow+ to ,giotto's int5se p]ception ( ! ess5tial mean+ ( 8 subject1 s unpleas+ 9 ! degradation ( ! drunk5 figure1 z to unfit x = purposes ( illu/ration4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,arts4 ,,bas-,,relief ,,design$ ,,by ,,giotto4 ,on ! ,campanile1 ,flor5ce4 ,our arti/'s sympa?y ) animal life1 also revives 9 ^! works 9 its full =ce1 & may be se5 9 _m in/ances4 ,look = example at ! fresco ( pl\gh+1 :]e ! driv] is guid+ ! ox5 by ! simple1 yet p]fectly effici5t plan1 ( twi/+ ! tail r\nd 8 wri/1 & pull+ x "o way or ! o!r1 :5 he wi%es to turn4 ,or look at ! puppy 9 ! bas-relief ( ,%eph]d ,life1 z he sits outside ! patri>*'s t5t wat*+ ! %eep file pa/4 ,:at a s5se ( comical responsibility & mis*ief !re is 9 8 face1 ! qu9tess5ce1 s to speak1 ( puppydom4 ,or look1 = ano!r k9d ( tru?1 at ! action ( ! horse 9 ! fresco ( ,rid+1 & ! mann] 9 :i* ! rid] is urg+ him ) h& & voice at ! same "t1 & ! w9d is bl[+ out 8 mantle beh9d4 ,!re is a curi\s circum/ance ) reg>d to ?is la/ design1 :i* ,i discov]$ by *ance a few weeks ago :5 walk+ 9 ! sculptor's rooms ( ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,t is1 t !re is a figure 9 "o ( ! great friezes !re1 n t ( ! ,p>!non1 b ! next 9 beauty1 t ( ! ,erec!um1 :i* is almo/ id5tical 9 ! figure ( its man & 8 action ) ?is ( ,giotto's4 ,! v l9es ( ! cloak bl[+ out beh9d are almo/ id5tical1 & ! grasp ( ! rid]'s knees1 ! pose ( 8 figure & ! out/ret*$ arm 7:at is left ( x 9 ! ,greek sculpture1 x has be5 tak5 j bel[ ! elb[7 are all exactly simil>4 ,! :ole _s ( ! ,greek frieze is z vivid 9 ,giotto's "w z x is 9 ! orig9al sculpture1 execut$ m ?an a ?\s& ye>s be=e4 ,x m]ely %[s ! extraord9>y unity ( all good art1 t a m$ival ,italian1 work+ purely f nature & life1 %\ld be able to arrive by himself1 at a repres5tation :i* has all ! feel+ ( t :i* is ackn[l$g$ to be ! f9e/ art ! _w has ev] se54 ,x mu/ be notic$ t :]e ,giotto falls %ort ( 8 ,grecian pr$ecessor1 is *iefly 9 ! nobility ( ! types bo? ( man & horse4 ,giotto's horse is go+1 & 8 man is urg+ him z c]ta9ly z 9 ! frieze1 b 8 horse is comp>atively a common e-day cabhorse & is go+ 9 some?+ ( ! same rock+-"t mann] we may see 9 ,hyde ,p>k any day ( ! week4 ,& ! man is l mo/ ( ,giotto's m51 a v ord9>y individual1 some:at ( :at hunt+ m5 call a tailor1 p]haps1 ?\gh he is evid5tly accu/om$ to rid+4 ,! ,grecian sculptor has ref9$ ! types ( bo? man & horse1 & giv5 ! latt] a gr& sweep+ action1 su* z w\ld be promptly /opp$ by ! police1 if indulg$ 9 )9 ! limits ( ! p>k4 ,?is diff]5ce1 h[ev]1 is a diff]5ce 9 aim1 n a diff]5ce 9 feel+2 ! beauty ( l9e1 & ! mean+ ( ! sc5e are giv5 ) almo/ z mu* int5sity by our arti/ z by ! unkn[n sculptor :o prec$$ him4 ,mo/ un=tunately ,i only f\nd ?is simil>ity too late to p]mit me to make use ( x 9 ! book2 = a draw+ ( ^! two figures side by side w\ld h %[n ! lik5ess & dissimil>ity m ?an pages ( description4 ,illu/ration3 ,,rid+4 ,,bas-,,relief ,,design$ ,,by ,,giotto4 ,on ! ,campanile1 ,flor5ce4 ,_m o!r bas-reliefs ( ?is s]ies are ( great int]e/1 b !re is no space left = me to dwell ^u !m1 nor are _! m]its o!r ?an ^? :i* ,i h spok5 ( s frequ5tly ?r\gh\t ?is book1 ( simple tru?1 ( ke5 disc]nm5t1 & ( g5u9e feel+4 ,at e /ep ! "w seems to say to u1 ,"h is ! repres5tation ( some?+ true2 & ! arti/ seems to say1 ,i h only tri$ to give y facts 9 ! mo/ beautiful arrangem5t consi/5t ) tru?2 if y want m1 or less1 :y1 y mu/ g else:]e4 ,& s x is t f ! "t :5 he draws ! m$itations ( a puppy1 to t 9 :i* he hangs 8 massive t[] ( col\r$ m>ble1 betwe5 ! e>? & heav51 8 "w seems simple1 gr&1 & s9c]e4 ,he is n pa9t+ pictures to aggr&ise himself1 he is only lov+ly record+ :at he kn[s1 feels1 or hopes4 ,he is n above1 nor bel[ 8 "w2 8 "w is himself2 x is himself1 9 joy1 or sorr[1 or curiosity1 or surprise2 9 mir?1 or indiff]5ce4 ,he is human 9 8 fail+s z well z 9 8 greatness1 & pret5ds to no great] m]it1 ?an t ( do+ good "w 9 a /raight=w>d mann]4 ,!re=e we look back across ! c5turies ) pleasure1 to cat* a glimpse ( ! homely figure ^: dreams ( beauty 7 m+l$ ) t5d]ness & mir?1 :o liv$ 9 a co>se age1 & made co>se jokes at odd times2 b :o walk$ h& 9 h& ) ,dante1 z great1 if n z sublime a g5ius1 & ^: life1 z we c read x 9 8 pa9t+s1 0 "o ( sympa?y ) all ?+s liv+1 & p]fect devotion to 8 art4 ,nei!r a ,phili/9e1 nor a humbug1 he seems to h trod ! n>r[ pa? ( art ) secure foot/eps1 a good workman1 z well z a great imag9ative pa9t]2 a m]ry z well z an hone/ man4 ,su* are ! m5 :om ,art wants n[adays1 z x want$ !m !n1 ^? :o are m5 z well z arti/s1 :o w n dream 9 c\rtly isolation ( beauties :i* nev] exi/$1 b w g d[n into ! m>kets1 & ! /reets1 :]e m5 s9 & sorr[1 or by ! riv]s & fields1 :]e !y toil & hope1 & use _! g5ius to bright5 ! facts ( e day1 to int]pret ! /range gleams ( beauty1 :i* fall "h & !re ^u a we>y _w4 ,i l to ?9k t t ,campanile ( porphyry & jasp] 0 n rais$ by "o :o dwelt amid/ cold dreams ( ar*itectural proportion & gave 8 life to ! design+ ( geometrical ornam5t1 b by ! man :o c\ld feel ! hum\r ( ! dog1 ! pati5ce ( ! ox51 & love to h su* ?+s c>v$ ab\t ! base ( 8 t[]2 & z ,i sit "h 9 its v %ad[1 x seems to me z if ! mo/ fitt+ me$ ( praise ) :i* to conclude an essay on ! old pa9t]1 is1 n t he pa9t$ ! pure/ & lovelie/ frescoes 9 ! _w2 n t he rais$ above ,flor5ce a t[]1 :i* has be5 ! wond] & delight ( all succe$+ ages1 b t he 0 ! fir/ to %[ by 8 "w1 t ,art 0 useful to man1 n only z a tea*]1 b z a fri5d4 ,,footnotes3 #gb ,mr4 ,rusk9 has "h be5 mi/ak5 9 ass]t+ t ?is fresco has n suff]$ f re/oration2 a good op]a glass w satisfy any "o ( ?is fact1 z ! re/oration has n only be5 great 9 am\nt1 b mo/ execrable 9 ! quality ( its "w4 #gc ,among/ ^? ) :i* ,i am p]sonally acqua9t$ ,i he> on good au?ority t ! panel picture kn[n z ! ,/efanes*i alt>piece1 at ,rome1 is ( exce$+ beauty4 #gd ,( ! ,palazzo ,vec*io4 ,,index4 ,,page ,annunciation4 ,by ,giotto1 #ei ,ar5a ,*apel1 ,padua1 #fi ,frescoes 91 #gf ,note by ,mr4 ,rusk9 on1 #hd ,arnolfo di ,cambio1 #ba ,arnolfo di ,lapi 7,cambio871 #ba ,assisi1 ,l[] ,*ur* (1 #aaa ,assisi1 ,upp] ,*ur* (1 #id ,byzant9e ,ar*itecture1 #ae ,campanile1 ,!1 at ,flor5ce1 #ace ,c5n9i1 #bi ,*ri/ian ,ar*itecture1 #af ,cimabue1 #cc ,coronation ( ! ,virg94 ,by ,giotto1 #abh ,flor5ce1 ,santa ,croce1 #fe1 #ff1 #aah1 #abh ,santa ,m>ia ,novella1 #fe1 #acc ,campanile at1 #ace ,fresco ,pa9t+1 #bh ,frescoes 9 ,ar5a ,*apel1 ,padua1 #gf ,frescoes at ,assisi1 #aae1 #abd ,frescoes 9 ,santa ,croce1 #abh ,frescoes 9 ,santa ,m>ia ,novella1 #acc ,giotto1 born at ,vespignano 7#abff871 #da tak5 by ,cimabue to ,flor5ce1 #dc /ory ( 8 ,o1 #de visits ,rome1 #de returns to ,flor5ce1 #df pa9ts portrait ( ,dante1 #df m>ries ,ciuta di ,lapo1 #dg frescoes 9 ! ,ar5a ,*apel at ,padua1 #dg pa9ts a buckl]1 #di visits ,assisi1 #ea frescoes 9 ,santa ,croce1 ,flor5ce1 #ea designs ! ,campanile1 ,flor5ce1 #eb dies at ,flor5ce 9 #accf1 #eb late/ works (1 #abj ,giunta ( ,pisa1 #bc1 #ajj ,greek ,art1 #ab ,guido ( ,si5a1 #ch ,illum9at$ ,manuscripts1 #ad ,lomb>dic ,ar*itecture1 #bd ,madonna ,en?ron$4 ,by ,cimabue1 #cf ,madonna ,en?ron$4 ,by ,giotto1 #ei1 #fc ,mosaics1 #ac1 #ba ,navicella1 ,!1 #de1 #fb ,padua1 ,ar5a ,*apel at1 #fa ,pa9t+1 ,*ief function (1 #ec ,pisa1 ,campo ,santo (1 #fa ,pisano1 ,&rea1 #aci ,pisano1 ,niccolo1 #bj ,robbia1 ,luca della1 #aci ,rusk91 ,john1 #bd1 #hd ,scrovegni ,*apel at ,padua1 #fi ,v5ice1 ,sa9t ,m>k's1 #bb1 #bg1 #aab ,,! ,,end4 ,r4 ,,clay1 ,,sons1 ,,& ,,taylor1 ,,pr9t]s4 ,,bread ,,/reet ,,hill1 ,e4,c4 ,publi%$ 9 ,mon?ly ,volumes4 ,a ,,new ,,s]ies ,,( ,,illu/rat$ ,,biographies ,,( ,,! ,,great ,,arti/s4 ,! increas+ love ( art 9 our own c\ntry & ! great desire = k 9 all matt]s connect$ ) ! lit]ature ( art & ! lives ( ! ,great ,ma/]s call$ = ! publication ( ! v important in=mation :i* mod]n rese>* has ga!r$ toge!r on e side1 & :i* has n[ attract$ ! att5tion ( all /ud5ts ( art-biography bo? at home & abroad4 ,! int5tion ( ! projectors ( ?is ,s]ies has be5 to produce1 9 an easily accessible =m & at a price )9 rea* ( e "o1 ! results ( ! rec5t inve/igations :i* h be5 made by _m well-kn[n critics1 especially ^? ( ,g]many & ! ,ne!rl&s4 ,dr4 ,woltmann lately publi%$ a new edition ( 8 great "w on ,,hans ,,holbe92 ,pr(essor ,c>l ,lemcke on ,,rub5s & on ,,van ,,dyck2 ,dr4 ,anton ,spr+] on ,,raphael & ,,mi*elangelo2 ,h]r ,vosma] has issu$ a revision ( 8 celebrat$ treatise on ,,rembr&t1 & ,h]r ,?aus+ an elaborate ,life ( ,,albre*t ,d,,r]4 ,^! works correct old /atem5ts t h be5 prov$ to be untrue1 imp>t new facts1 & add mat]ially to our int]e/ 9 ! hi/ories ( ! pa9t]s4 ,_m ( ! ,italian art-critics h likewise rec5tly issu$ treatises on ! great arti/s ( _! own c\ntry2 & 9 ,france sc>cely a week passes )\t ! appe>ance ( "s new contribution to ! ,hi/ory ( ,art4 ,all ?is matt] has be5 c>efully /udi$4 ,! ,s]ies is issu$ 9 ! =m ( h&books4 ,ea* "w conta9s a monograph ( a ,,great ,,arti/--or a brief hi/ory ( a ,,gr\p ,,( ,,arti/s ( "o s*ool--a portrait ( ! ,ma/]1 & z _m examples ( 8 art z c\ld be readily procur$4 ,*eapness ( price hav+ be5 especially aim$ at1 ! introduction ( exp5sive new engrav+s 0 ?\ght to be unadvisable4 ,arrangem5ts 7 !re=e made ) ! proprietors ( ! mo/ important art publications on ! ,cont95t = ! reproduction ( _m ( _! co/ly woodcuts4 ,^! h be5 pr9t$ ) great c>e1 & ea* biography ( ! ,s]ies has be5 illu/rat$ ) at lea/ twelve to tw5ty full-page engrav+s4 ,! price ( ea* volume is #cs4 #f;d4 ,! foll[+ ,biographies are n[ ready3-- ,,italian ,,pa9t]s4 ,,leon>do ,,da ,,v9ci4 ,by ,dr4 ,j4 ,,paul ,,ri*t]1 ,au?or ( ,die ,mosaik5 von ,rav5na4 ,) #af ,illu/rations4 ,f rec5t rese>*es4 ,,mi*elangelo4 ,by ,,*>les ,,cl,,m5t1 ,au?or ( ,mi*el-,ange1 ,lon>d et ,raphael4 ,) _m l>ge ,engrav+s4 ,,raphael4 ,f ! text ( ,j4 ,d4 ,,passavant4 ,by ,n4 ,d',,anv]s1 ,au?or ( ,an ,elem5t>y ,hi/ory ( ,art4 ,) #bj ,engrav+s4 ,,titian4 ,f ! mo/ rec5t rese>*es4 ,by ,,ri*>d ,,=d ,,hea?1 ,m4,a41 ,h]t=d ,college1 ,ox=d4 ,) #af ,engrav+s4 ,,t9toretto4 ,f inve/igations at ,v5ice4 ,by ,w4 ,,roscoe ,,osl]1 ,au?or ( occasional ,essays on ,art4 ,) _m ,engrav+s4 ,,g]man1 ,,flemi%1 ,,dut*1 c4 ,,holbe94 ,f ! text ( ,dr4 ,a4 ,,woltmann4 ,by ,,joseph ,,cundall1 ,au?or ( ,life & ,g5ius ( ,rembr&t4 ,) #bj ,engrav+s4 ,,! ,,little ,,ma/]s ,,( ,,g]many4 ,by ,w4 ,b4 ,,scott1 ,au?or ( ,lectures on ,f9e ,arts4 ,) #af ,engrav+s4 999999 ,an ,edition de luxe1 conta9+ #ad extra plates f r>e engrav+s 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 & b\nd 9 ,roxburgh /yle1 may be _h1 price #ajs4 #f;d4 ,,rembr&t4 ,f ! text ( ,c4 ,,vosma]4 ,by ,j4 ,w4 ,,mollett1 ,b4,a41 ,(fici] de l',in/ruction ,publique 7,france74 ,) #af ,engrav+s4 ,,rub5s4 ,f rec5t au?orities4 ,by ,c4 ,w4 ,,kett1 ,m4,a41 ,h]t=d ,college1 ,ox=d4 ,) #af ,engrav+s4 ,,van ,,dyck & ,,hals4 ,f rec5t au?orities4 ,by ,,p]cy ,r4 ,,head1 ,l9coln ,college1 ,ox=d4 ,) #af ,engrav+s4 ,,figure ,,pa9t]s ,,( ,,holl&4 ,by ,"l ,,ronald ,,g[]1 ,tru/ee ( ,national ,portrait ,gall]y4 ,) #ah ,engrav+s4 ,,v]net ,,del>o*e4 ,f ,,*>les ,,blanc4 ,by ,j4 ,,ruutz ,,rees1 ,au?or ( v>i\s ,essays on ,art4 ,) #af ,engrav+s4 ,,engli% ,,pa9t]s4 ,,hog>?4 ,f rec5t rese>*es4 ,by ,,au/9 ,,dobson1 ,au?or ( ,vignettes 9 ,rhyme4 ,) #af ,illu/rations4 ,,reynolds4 ,f ! mo/ rec5t au?orities4 ,by ,f4 ,s4 ,,pull+1 ,m4,a41 ,exet] ,college1 ,ox=d4 ,) #af ,illu/rations4 ,,turn]4 ,f rec5t inve/igations4 ,by ,,cosmo ,,monkh\se1 ,au?or ( ,/udies ( ,sir ,e4 ,l&se]4 ,) #bj ,engrav+s4 ,,l&se]4 ,a ,memoir1 by ,,fr$]ick ,g4 ,,/eph5s1 ,au?or ( ,flemi% ,relics1 c4 ,) _m ,illu/rations4 ,! ,volumes prep>+ = ,e>ly ,publication are3-- ,,fra ,,angelico & ! ,,e>ly ,,pa9t]s ( ,,flor5ce4 ,by ,,ca!r9e ,,phillimore4 ,) #af ,illu/rations4 ,,fra ,,b>tolommeo & ,,alb]t9elli4 ,by ,,lead] ,,scott1 ,au?or ( ,a ,nook 9 ! ,ap5n9es4 ,) #af ,illu/rations4 ,,velazquez4 ,by ,,edw9 ,,/[e1 ,m4,a41 ,bras5ose ,college1 ,ox=d4 ,) _m ,illu/rations4 ,,ga9sbor\gh & ,,con/able4 ,by ,g4 ,m4 ,,brock-,,arnold1 ,h]t=d ,college1 ,ox=d4 ,) _m ,illu/rations4 ,,albre*t ,d,,r]4 ,f rec5t au?orities4 ,by ,r4 ,f4 ,,hea?1 ,m4,a41 ,h]t=d ,college1 ,ox=d4 ,) _m ,illu/rations4 ,,van ,,eyck & ,,! ,,flemi% ,,s*ool4 ,by ,,m>y ,,heaton1 ,au?or ( ,! ,hi/ory ( ,albre*t ,dr]4 ,) _m ,illu/rations4 ,,giotto4 ,by ,,h>ry ,,quilt]1 ,m4,a41 ,tr9ity ,col41 ,cambridge4 ,f rec5t inve/igations at ,padua & ,assisi4 ,) _m ,illu/rations4 ,,cornelius & ,,ov]beck4 ,by ,j4 ,,beav+ton ,,atk9son1 ,au?or ( ,! ,s*ools ( ,mod]n ,art 9 ,g]many4 ,,notices ,,( ,,! ,,press4 #a4 ,f a ,review 9 ! ,spectator1 ,july #e1 #ahgi4 ,x is high "t t "s ?or\gh & g5]al acqua9tance ) ! works ( ^! mighty pa9t]s %\ld be spread abroad1 & x is also curi\s to ?9k h[ long _! names h occupi$ sacr$ ni*es 9 ! _w's he>t1 )\t ! pres5ce ( mu* popul> k ab\t ! collective "w ( _! lives4444 ,if ! pres5t s]ies ( biographies1 :i* seems to be mo/ ?or\ghly & ta/efully edit$1 succe$s 9 respond+ to ! wants ( mode/1 if ard5t1 art-k1 its aim w be accompli%$4 #b4 ,repr9t$ f ! ,times1 ,janu>y #bb1 #ahhj4 ,few ?+s 9 ! way ( small books ^u great subjects1 av[$ly *eap & necess>ily brief1 h be5 hi!rto s well done z ^! biographies ( ! ,great ,ma/]s 9 pa9t+4 ,!y af=d j :at a v l>ge proportion ( read]s 9 ^! hurry+ times wi% to be provid$ )--a sort ( conc5trat$ food = ! m9d4 ,! ,liebigs ( lit]ature1 h[ev]1 especially 9 t ( ! f9e arts1 ne$ no small am\nt ( critical acum51 mu* exp]i5ce 9 ! art ( sy/em1 & some?+ ( ! bee-l in/9ct t guesses rightly :]e ! honey lies4 ,! m]e 'boil+ d[n' ( great books w n result 9 giv+ u a good little book1 unless ! ess5ce is prop]ly dilut$ & set be=e u 9 a =m t c be readily assimilat$1 s to speak1 & n 9 an indige/ible lump ( details4 ,! writ]s ( ^! biographies h1 on ! :ole1 succe$$ 9 giv+ an excell5t ap]u ( ! pa9t]s & _! works1 & bett] :]e !y h adh]$ to ! lives writt5 by ackn[l$g$ speciali/s--su* z ,m4 ,vosma] = ,rembr&t1 ,passavant = ,raphael1 & ,dr4 ,woltmann = ,holbe94 ,! life ( ,holbe9 is by ! editor1 ) :om ! idea ( su* a s]ies orig9at$1 & to ^: great exp]i5ce is to be attribut$ ! v valuable copies ( all ! important pictures conta9$ 9 ! diff]5t biographies4 ,^! h be5 select$ ) great ta/e & judgm5t1 & be+ tak5 g5]ally f less well-kn[n works by ! ma/]s1 !y enhance ! int]e/ & add mu* to ! practical utility ( ! books4 ,! *ronological li/s ( ! works ( ! ma/]s are also v useful additions4 #c4 ,f ,la ,*ronique des ,arts1 ,m>* #bj1 #ahhj4 ,a un prix d'extrme bon m>*1 #d francs environ1 en petits volumes jolim5t c>tonns1 et orns de qu9ze v+t plan*es1 la maison ,sampson ,l[1 ,m>/on et ,cie41 ,londres1 a entrepris de publi] une srie de biographies des gr&s arti/es1 rsumes d'aprs les travaux les plus rc5ts et les plus e/ims4 ,une bibliographie1 une li/e des gravures excutes p> ou d'aprs l'arti/e1 une li/e de ses oeuvres ou de leurs prix2 enf91 un index accompagnant ces rsums confis des criva9s di/+us v]ss dans l'hi/oire de l'art4 ,ont p>u ou sont en prp>ation dans cette srie de notices3 ,titi51 ,rembr&t1 ,raphal1 ,van ,dyck et ,hals1 ,holbe91 ,t9toret1 ,turn]1 ,rub5s1 ,mi*el-,ange1 ,lon>d1 ,giotto1 ,ga9sbor\gh1 ,velazquez1 ,prug91 ,reynolds1 ,l&se]1 ,del>o*e et ,v]net1 les ,petit ,matres1 les ,pe9tres de figure en ,holl&e4 ,peut-tre la maison ,sampson ,l[1 ,m>/on et ,cie1 devrait-elle t5t] une dition franaise de ces jolis et intressants petits volumes srieusem5t tudis1 dont la brivet sub/antielle et le bon m>* devi5n5t une bndiction p> ce temps d'normes publications prix non mo9s normes4--,,duranty4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,sampson ,,l[1 ,,m>/on1 ,,se>le ,,riv+ton1 ,,cr[n ,,build+s1 #ahh4 ,,fleet ,,/reet4 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,inconsi/5t hyph5ation & spell+ 9 ! orig9al docum5t h be5 pres]v$4 ,obvi\s typographical errors h be5 correct$4 ,! ,errata li/ has be5 correct$ 9 ?is text4