,transcrib]'s notes3 7#a7 ,numb]s foll[+ lett]s 7)\t space7 l ,c#b 7 orig9ally pr9t$ 9 subscript4 ,lett] subscripts are prec$$ by an und]score1 l ,cn4 7#b7 ,*>act]s foll[+ a c>at 77 7 pr9t$ 9 sup]script4 7#c7 ,side-notes 7 relocat$ to function z titles ( _! respective p>agraphs4 7#d7 ,macrons & breves above lett]s & dots bel[ lett]s 7 n ins]t$4 7#e7 root /&s = ! root symbol2 alpha1 beta1 etc4 = greek lett]s4 7#f7 ,! foll[+ typographical errors h be5 correct$3 ,,article ,,log>i?m3 444 tang5ts & secants = e m9ute ( ! quadrant to #aj places2 ^! 7 obta9$ by calculat+ ! log>i?ms ( ! natural s9es1 c4 giv5 9 ! ,!saurus ma!maticus ( ,pitiscus 7#afac74 '^!' am5d$ f '!re'4 ,,article ,,log>i?m3 ,! f9al /ep 0 made by ,john ,newton 9 8 ,trigonometria ,britannica 7#afeh7 444 ',trigonometria' am5d$ f ',trigononometria'4 ,,article ,,logic3 ,s is n ,p4 ',p' am5d$ f ',m'4 ,,article ,,logic3 444 ,jevons proce$$ to confuse analytic d$uction f consequ5ce to gr\nd ) hypo!tical d$uction f gr\nd to consequ5ce "u ! common t]m 'inv]se d$uction4' 'consequ5ce' am5d$ f 'consegu5ce'4 ,,article ,,logic3 ,b 9 induction ! giv5 p>ticul>s are ! evid5ce by :i* we discov] ! univ]sal1 e4g4 p>ticul> magnets attract+ iron are ! orig9 ( an inf]5ce t all d 444 'attract+' am5d$ f 'attrac+'4 ,,article ,,logic3 444 b :i* is to o!r reg>ds d$uctive z syllogism1 is set up 9 contra/ to syllogism #ijf & enum]ation alike4 'contra/' am5d$ f 'con/ra/' ,,article ,,logic3 #fg;a #ci-fc4 '-#fc'-fc' am5d$ f '-b #c'4 ,,article ,,loire3 ,ow+ to ! extreme irregul>ity ( ! riv] 9 diff]5t seasons ^! canals =m ! only c]ta9 navigable way4 'extreme' am5d$ f 'exteme'4 ,,article ,,loll>ds3 ,he summ$ up _! doctr9es "u elev5 heads3 !y condemn ! hav+ & us+ ( images 9 ! *ur*es 444 add$ '('4 ,,article ,,lomb>dy3 ,g4 ,t4 ,rivoira 9 ,orig9i dell' ,ar*itettura ,lomb>da 7#b vols4 ,rome1 #aija-aijg7 444 ',ar*itettura' am5d$ f ',ar*itetturo'4 ,,article ,,londond]ry3 ,! sc5]y ( ! ,roe valley1 ) ! picturesque t[ns ( ,limavady & ,dungiv51 is also attractive1 & ! roads f ! latt] place to ,drap]/[n & to ,magh]a 444 'attractive' am5d$ f 'atrractive'4 ,,article ,,longomontanus3 444 ,problemata duo ,geometrica 7#afch7 444 ',geometrica' am5d$ f ',goemetrica'4 ,,article ,,loom3 444 &1 z appe>s f ,grew 7,mus4 ,reg4 ,soc4 p4 #fi71 x 0 =m]ly giv5 to ! little grebe or dab*ick 7,p4 fluviatilis or m9or74 'z' am5d$ f 'ns'4 ,,encyclopa$ia ,,britannica ,a ,,diction>y ,,( ,,arts1 ,,sci5ces1 ,,lit]ature ,,& ,,g5]al ,,in=mation ,,elev5? ,,edition ,,volume ,,xvi1 ,,slice ,,viii ,log>i?m to ,"l ,advocate ,,articles ,,9 ,,?is ,,slice3 ,,log>i?m ,,long1 ,,john ,,davis ,,logau1 ,,fri$ri* ,,long ,,bran* ,,logia ,,longclo? ,,logic ,,long ,,eaton ,,logocyclic ,,curve1 ,,/rophoid ,,longevity ,,logographi ,,longfell[1 ,,h5ry ,,wadswor? ,,logos ,,long ,,fives ,,logo!te ,,long=d 7c\nty ( ,irel&7 ,,logro,o 7prov9ce ( ,spa97 ,,long=d 7t[n ( ,irel&7 ,,logro,o 7,spani% t[n7 ,,longhi1 ,,pietro ,,logrosc9o1 ,,nicola ,,long9us1 ,,cassius ,,logwood ,,long ,,isl& ,,loh>u ,,long ,,isl& ,,city ,l,,he1 ,,johann ,,konrad ,,wilhelm ,,longitude ,,loh5gr9 ,,longley1 ,,*>les ,,?omas ,,lo9 ,,longmans ,,loire 7riv] ( ,france7 ,,longomontanus1 ,,*ri/ian ,,sev]9 ,,loire 7dep>tm5t ( ,france7 ,,long/reet1 ,,james ,,loire-,,inf,,rieure ,,longton ,,loiret ,,longueville ,,loir-,,et-,,*] ,,longueville1 ,,anne ,,g5evi,,ve ,,loisy1 ,,alfr$ ,,firm9 ,,longus ,,loja ,,longwy ,,lok]5 ,l,,nnrot1 ,,elias ,,lokoja ,,lonsdale1 ,,e>ls ,,( ,,loll>ds ,,lonsdale1 ,,william ,,lollius1 ,,m>cus ,,lons-,,le-,,sauni] ,,lolos ,,loo ,,lomb>d ,,league ,,looe ,,lomb>do ,,loom 7wat]-birds7 ,,lomb>ds ,,loom 7weav+ ma*9e7 ,,lomb>dy ,,lo,n ,,lombok ,,loop ,,lombroso1 ,,ces>e ,,loose/rife ,,lom,,nie1 ,,ti5ne ,,*>les ,,de ,,loot ,,lomond1 ,,lo* ,,lopes1 ,,f]n,o ,,lomon,,sov1 ,,mikhail ,,vasilievi* ,,lopez1 ,,c>los ,,antonio ,,lomza 7gov]nm5t ( ,russian7 ,,lopez ,,de ,g,,m>a1 ,,francisco ,,lomza 7t[n ( ,russia7 ,,lop-,,nor ,,lonauli ,,loquat ,,london 7,canada7 ,,lora9 ,,london 7capital ( ,engl&7 ,,loralai ,,london ,,clay ,,lorca ,,londond]ry1 ,,e>ls ,,( ,,lor* 7,prussian t[n7 ,,londond]ry1 ,,/ew>t 7,,vane7 ,,lor* 7t[n ( k+dom ( ,wrttemb]g7 ,,londond]ry1 ,,rob]t ,,/ew>t ,,"l1 ,,john ,,londond]ry 7c\nty ( ,irel&7 ,,"l ,,londond]ry 7t[n ( ,irel&7 ,,"l ,,advocate ,,long1 ,,george ,,log>i?m 7f ,gr4 ,greek3 logos1 ^w1 ratio1 & ,greek3 ari?mos1 numb]71 9 ma!matics1 a ^w inv5t$ by ,john ,napi] to d5ote a p>ticul> class ( function discov]$ by him1 & :i* may be def9$ z foll[s3 if a1 x1 m are any ?ree quantities satisfy+ ! equation ax m1 !n a is call$ ! base1 & x is said to be ! log>i?m ( m to ! base a4 ,?is relation betwe5 x1 a1 m1 may be express$ also by ! equation x log7a7 m4 ,prop]ties4--,! pr9cipal prop]ties ( log>i?ms are giv5 by ! equations log7a7 7mn7 log7a7m log7a7n1 log7a77m_/n7 log7a7m - log7a7n1 log7a7m7r7 r log7a7m1 log7a7root rm 7#a_/r7log7a7m1 :i* may be readily d$uc$ f ! def9ition ( a log>i?m4 ,x foll[s f ^! equations t ! log>i?m ( ! product ( any numb] ( quantities is equal to ! sum ( ! log>i?ms ( ! quantities1 t ! log>i?m ( ! quoti5t ( two quantities is equal to ! log>i?m ( ! num]ator dim9i%$ by ! log>i?m ( ! d5om9ator1 t ! log>i?m ( ! r? p[] ( a quantity is equal to r times ! log>i?m ( ! quantity1 & t ! log>i?m ( ! r? root ( a quantity is equal to 7#a_/r7? ( ! log>i?m ( ! quantity4 ,log>i?ms 7 orig9ally inv5t$ = ! sake ( abbreviat+ ari?metical calculations1 z by _! means ! op]ations ( multiplication & division may be replac$ by ^? ( addition & subtraction1 & ! op]ations ( rais+ to p[]s & extraction ( roots by ^? ( multiplication & division4 ,= ! purpose ( ?us simplify+ ! op]ations ( ari?metic1 ! base is tak5 to be #aj1 & use is made ( tables ( log>i?ms 9 :i* ! values ( x1 ! log>i?m1 correspond+ to values ( m1 ! numb]1 are tabulat$4 ,! log>i?m is also a function ( frequ5t occurr5ce 9 analysis1 be+ reg>d$ z a kn[n & recogniz$ function l s9 x or tan x2 b 9 ma!matical inve/igations ! base g5]ally employ$ is n #aj1 b a c]ta9 quantity usually d5ot$ by ! lett] e1 ( value #b4gahbh #ahbhd4444 ,?us 9 ari?metical calculations if ! base is n express$ x is und]/ood to be #aj1 s t log m d5otes log#aj m2 b 9 analytical =mulae x is und]/ood to be e4 ,! log>i?ms to base #aj ( ! fir/ twelve numb]s to #g places ( decimals are log #a #j4jjjjjjj log #e #j4fihigjj log #i #j4iedbdbe log #b #j4cjajcjj log #f #j4gghaeac log #aj #a4jjjjjjj log #c #j4dggabac log #g #j4hdejihj log #aa #a4jdacibg log #d #j4fjbjfjj log #h #j4ijcjijj log #ab #a4jgiahab ,! mean+ ( ^! results is t #a #ajj1 #b #aj7j4cjajcjj71 #c #aj7j4dggabac71 444 #aj #aja1 #aa #aj7a4jdacibg71 #ab #aj7a4jgiahab74 ,! integral "p ( a log>i?m is call$ ! index or *>act]i/ic1 & ! fractional "p ! mantissa4 ,:5 ! base is #aj1 ! log>i?ms ( all numb]s 9 :i* ! digits are ! same1 no matt] :]e ! decimal po9t may be1 h ! same mantissa2 ?us1 = example1 log #b4efac #j4djhdfjd1 log #be4fac #a4djhdfjd1 log #befacjj #f4djhdfjd1 c4 ,9 ! case ( fractional numb]s 7i4e4 numb]s 9 :i* ! integral "p is #j7 ! mantissa is /ill kept positive1 s t1 = example1 log 4#befac #a4djhdfjd1 log 4#jjbefac #c4djhdfjd1 c4 ! m9us sign be+ usually writt5 ov] ! *>act]i/ic1 & n be=e x1 to indicate t ! *>act]i/ic only1 & n ! :ole expression1 is negative2 ?us #a4djhdfjd /&s = -#a 4#djhdfjd4 ,! fact t :5 ! base is #aj ! mantissa ( ! log>i?m is indep5d5t ( ! position ( ! decimal po9t 9 ! numb] af=ds ! *ief reason = ! *oice ( #aj z base4 ,! explanation ( ?is prop]ty ( ! base #aj is evid5t1 = a *ange 9 ! position ( ! decimal po9ts am\nts to multiplication or division by "s p[] ( #aj1 & ?is corresponds to ! addition or subtraction ( "s integ] 9 ! case ( ! log>i?m1 ! mantissa !re=e rema9+ intact4 ,x %\ld be m5tion$ t 9 mo/ tables ( trigonometrical functions1 ! numb] #aj is add$ to all ! log>i?ms 9 ! table 9 ord] to avoid ! use ( negative *>act]i/ics1 s t ! *>act]i/ic #i d5otes 9 reality #a1 #h d5otes #b1 #aj d5otes #j1 c4 ,log>i?ms ?us increas$ are frequ5tly ref]r$ to = ! sake ( di/9ction z tabul> log>i?ms1 s t ! tabul> log>i?m ! true log>i?m #aj4 ,9 tables ( log>i?ms ( numb]s to base #aj ! mantissa only is 9 g5]al tabulat$1 z ! *>act]i/ic ( ! log>i?m ( a numb] c always be writt5 d[n at sight1 ! rule be+ t1 if ! numb] is great] ?an unity1 ! *>act]i/ic is less by unity ?an ! numb] ( digits 9 ! integral portion ( x1 & t if ! numb] is less ?an unity ! *>act]i/ic is negative1 & is great] by unity ?an ! numb] ( ciph]s betwe5 ! decimal po9t & ! fir/ significant figure4 ,x foll[s v simply f ! def9ition ( a log>i?m t log7a7 b log7b7 a #a1 log7b7 m log7a7 m 7#a_/log7a7 b74 ,! second ( ^! relations is an important "o1 z x %[s t f a table ( log>i?ms to base a1 ! correspond+ table ( log>i?ms to base b may be d$uc$ by multiply+ all ! log>i?ms 9 ! =m] by ! con/ant multipli] #a_/log7a7b1 :i* is call$ ! modulus ( ! sy/em ^: base is b ) respect to ! sy/em ^: base is a4 ,! two sy/ems ( log>i?ms = :i* ext5sive tables h be5 calculat$ are ! ,napi]ian1 or hyp]bolic1 or natural sy/em1 ( :i* ! base is e1 & ! ,briggian1 or decimal1 or common sy/em1 ( :i* ! base is #aj2 & we see t ! log>i?ms 9 ! latt] sy/em may be d$uc$ f ^? 9 ! =m] by multiplication by ! con/ant multipli] #a_/log7e7#aj1 :i* is call$ ! modulus ( ! common sy/em ( log>i?ms4 ,! num]ical value ( ?is modulus is #j4dcdbi #ddhai #jcbea #hbgfe #aabhi 4441 & ! value ( its reciprocal1 log7e7 #aj 7by multiplication by :i* ,briggian log>i?ms may be conv]t$ into ,napi]ian log>i?ms7 is #b4cjbeh #ejibi #idjde #fhdja #giiad 4444 ,! quantity d5ot$ by e is ! s]ies1 #a #a #a #a #a --- --- ----- ------- 444 #a #ab #abc #abcd ! num]ical value ( :i* is1 #b4gahbh #ahbhd #eijde #bcecf #jbhgd 4444 ,! log>i?mic ,function4--,! ma!matical function log x or log7e7 x is "o ( ! small gr\p ( transc5d5tal functions1 consi/+ only ( ! circul> functions 7direct & inv]se7 s9 x1 cos x1 c41 arc s9 x or s9-#a x1c41 log x & e7x7 :i* are univ]sally treat$ 9 analysis z kn[n functions4 ,! notation log x is g5]ally employ$ 9 ,engli% & ,am]ican works1 b on ! cont95t ( ,europe writ]s usually d5ote ! function by lx or lg x4 ,! log>i?mic function is mo/ naturally introduc$ into analysis by ! equation _/ x dt log x ---1 7x #j74 _/ #a t ,?is equation def9es log x = positive values ( x2 if x #j ! =mula ceases to h any mean+4 ,?us log x is ! integral function ( #a_/x1 & x c be %[n t log x is a g5u9ely new transc5d5t1 n expressible 9 f9ite t]ms by means ( functions su* z algebraical or circul> functions4 ,a connexion ) ! circul> functions1 h[ev]1 appe>s lat] :5 ! def9ition ( log x is ext5d$ to complex values ( x4 ,a relation :i* is ( hi/orical int]e/ connects ! log>i?mic function ) ! quadrature ( ! hyp]bola1 =1 by consid]+ ! equation ( ! hyp]bola 9 ! =m xy con/41 x is evid5t t ! area includ$ betwe5 ! arc ( a hyp]bola1 its ne>e/ asymptote1 & two ord9ates drawn p>allel to ! o!r asymptote f po9ts on ! fir/ asymptote di/ant a & b f _! po9t ( int]section1 is proportional to log b_/a4 ,! foll[+ fundam5tal prop]ties ( log x are readily d$ucible f ! def9ition 7i47 log xy log x log y4 7ii47 ,limit ( 7x7h7-#a7_/;h log x1 :5 h is indef9itely dim9i%$4 ,ei!r ( ^! prop]ties might be tak5 z itself ! def9ition ( log x4 ,!re is no s]ies = log x proce$+ ei!r by asc5d+ or desc5d+ p[]s ( x1 b !re is an expansion = log 7#a x71 viz4 log 7#a x7 x - #a_/b x#b #a_/c x#c - #a_/d x#d 4442 ! s]ies1 h[ev]1 is conv]g5t = real values ( x only :5 x lies betwe5 #a & -#a4 ,o!r =mulae :i* are d$ucible f ?is equation are giv5 9 ! portion ( ?is article relat+ to ! calculation ( log>i?ms4 ,! function log x z x increases f #j t[>ds oo /eadily increases f -oo t[>ds oo4 ,x has ! important prop]ty t x t5ds to inf9ity ) x1 b m sl[ly ?an any p[] ( x1 i4e4 t x-m log x t5ds to z]o z x t5ds to oo = e positive value ( m h[ev] small4 ,! expon5tial function1 exp x1 may be def9$ z ! inv]se ( ! log>i?m3 ?us x exp y if y log x4 ,x is positive = all values ( y & increases /eadily f #j t[>d oo z y increases f -oo t[>ds oo4 ,z y t5ds t[>ds oo1 exp y t5ds t[>ds oo m rapidly ?an any p[] ( y4 ,! expon5tial function possesses ! prop]ties 7i47 exp 7x y7 exp x exp y4 d 7ii47 --- exp x exp x4 dx 7iii47 exp x #a x x_/#b6 x_/#c6 444 ,f 7i47 & 7ii47 x may be d$uc$ t exp x 7#a #a #a_/b6 #a_/c6 444 7x :]e ! "r-h& side d5otes ! positive x? p[] ( ! numb] #a #a #a_/b6 #a_/c6 444 usually d5ot$ by e4 ,x is cu/om>y1 !re=e1 to d5ote ! expon5tial function by ex & ! result ex #a x x_/#b6 x_/#c6 444 is kn[n z ! expon5tial !orem4 ,! def9itions ( ! log>i?mic & expon5tial functions may be ext5d$ to complex values ( x4 ,?us if x xi ieta _/ x dt log x --- _/ #a t :]e ! pa? ( integration 9 ! plane ( ! complex v>iable t is any curve :i* does n pass ?r\gh ! orig92 b n[ log x is n a uni=m function1 t is to say1 if x describes a clos$ curve x does n foll[ t log x also describes a clos$ curve3 9 fact we h log 7xi ieta7 log root7xi eta7 i7alpha #bnpi71 :]e alpha is ! num]ically lea/ angle ^: cos9e & s9e are xi_/root7xi eta7 & eta_/root7xi eta71 & n d5otes any integ]4 ,?us ev5 :5 ! argum5t is real log x has an inf9ite numb] ( values2 = putt+ eta #j & tak+ xi positive1 9 :i* case alpha #j1 we obta9 = log xi ! inf9ite sy/em ( values log xi #bnpii4 ,x foll[s f ?is prop]ty ( ! function t we _c h = log x a s]ies :i* %all be conv]g5t = all values ( x1 z is ! case ) s9 x & cos x1 = su* a s]ies c\ld only repres5t a uni=m function1 & 9 fact ! equation log7#a x7 x - x#b #a_/cx#c - x#d 444 is true only :5 ! analytical modulus ( x is less ?an unity4 ,! expon5tial function1 :i* may /ill be def9$ z ! inv]se ( ! log>i?mic function1 is1 on ! o!r h&1 a uni=m function ( x1 & its fundam5tal prop]ties may be /at$ 9 ! same =m z = real values ( x4 ,also exp 7xi - ieta7 exi7cos eta i s9 eta74 ,an alt]native me?od ( develop+ ! !ory ( ! expon5tial function is to />t f ! def9ition exp x #a x x_/#b6 x_/#c6 4441 ! s]ies on ! "r-h& be+ conv]g5t = all values ( x & !re=e def9+ an analytical function ( x :i* is uni=m & regul> all ov] ! plane4 ,inv5tion & ,e>ly ,hi/ory ( ,log>i?ms4--,! inv5tion ( log>i?ms has be5 accord$ to ,john ,napi]1 b>on ( ,m]*i/on 9 ,scotl&1 ) a unanimity :i* is r>e ) reg>d to important sci5tific discov]ies3 9 fact1 ) ! exception ( ! tables ( ,ju/us ,byrgius1 :i* w be ref]r$ to fur!r on1 !re seems to h be5 no o!r ma!matician ( ! "t ^: m9d _h conceiv$ ! pr9ciple on :i* log>i?ms dep5d1 & no p>tial anticipations ( ! discov]y are met ) 9 previ\s writ]s4 ,! fir/ ann\ncem5t ( ! inv5tion 0 made 9 ,napi]'s ,mirifici ,log>i?morum ,canonis ,descriptio 444 7,ed9burgh1 #afad74 ,! "w is a small qu>to conta9+ fifty-sev5 pages ( explanatory matt] & a table ( n9ety pages 7see ,,napi]1 ,,john74 ,! nature ( log>i?ms is expla9$ by ref]5ce to ! motion ( po9ts 9 a /raight l9e1 & ! pr9ciple ^u :i* !y are bas$ is t ( ! correspond5ce ( a geometrical & an ari?metical s]ies ( numb]s4 ,! table gives ! log>i?ms ( s9es = e m9ute ( sev5 figures2 x is arrang$ semi-quadrantally1 s t ! diff]5tiae1 :i* are ! diff]5ces ( ! two log>i?ms 9 ! same l9e1 are ! log>i?ms ( ! tang5ts4 ,napi]'s log>i?ms are n ! log>i?ms n[ t]m$ ,napi]ian or hyp]bolic1 t is to say1 log>i?ms to ! base e :]e e #b4gahbhah4442 ! relation betwe5 ,n 7a s9e7 & ,l its log>i?m1 z def9$ 9 ! ,canonis ,descriptio1 be+ ,n #ajg;e-,l_/7l#jg71 s t 7ignor+ ! factors #ajg1 ! effect ( :i* is to r5d] s9es & log>i?ms integral to #g figures71 ! base is e-l4 ,napi]'s log>i?ms decrease z ! s9es increase4 ,if l d5otes ! log>i?m to base e 7t is1 ! s-call$ ,napi]ian or hyp]bolic log>i?m7 & ,l d5otes1 z above1 ,napi]'s log>i?m1 ! connexion betwe5 l & ,l is express$ by ,l #ajg log7e7 #ajg - #ajg l or e7l7 #ajg e7-,l_/#ajg7 ,napi]'s "w 7:i* w h5ce=? 9 ?is article be ref]r$ to z ! ,descriptio7 imm$iately on its appe>ance 9 #afad attract$ ! att5tion ( p]haps ! two mo/ em95t ,engli% ma!maticians !n liv+--,edw>d ,wright & ,h5ry ,briggs4 ,! =m] translat$ ! "w into ,engli%2 ! latt] 0 conc]n$ ) ,napi] 9 ! *ange ( ! log>i?ms f ^? orig9ally inv5t$ to decimal or common log>i?ms1 & x is to him t ! orig9al calculation ( ! log>i?mic tables n[ 9 use is ma9ly due4 ,bo? ,napi] & ,wright di$ soon aft] ! publication ( ! ,descriptio1 ! date ( ,wright's dea? be+ #afae & t ( ,napi] #afag1 b ,briggs liv$ until #afca4 ,edw>d ,wright1 :o 0 a fell[ ( ,caius ,college1 ,cambridge1 occupies a conspicu\s place 9 ! hi/ory ( navigation4 ,9 #aeii he publi%$ ,c]ta9e errors 9 ,navigation detect$ & correct$1 & he 0 ! au?or ( o!r works2 to him also is *iefly due ! inv5tion ( ! me?od kn[n z ,m]cator's sail+4 ,he at once saw ! value ( log>i?ms z an aid to navigation1 & lo/ no "t 9 prep>+ a translation1 :i* he submitt$ to ,napi] himself4 ,! preface to ,wright's edition consi/s ( a translation ( ! preface to ! ,descriptio1 toge!r ) ! addition ( ! foll[+ s5t5ces writt5 by ,napi] himself3 ,b n[ "s ( our c\ntreym5 9 ?is ,isl& well affect$ to ^! /udies1 & ! m publique good1 procur$ a mo/ le>n$ ,ma!matician to translate ! same into our vulg> ,engli% tongue1 :o aft] he _h f9i%$ x1 s5t ! ,coppy ( x to me1 to bee se5e & consid]$ on by myselfe4 ,i hav+ mo/ will+ly & gladly done ! same1 f9de x to bee mo/ exact & precisely con=mable to my m9de & ! orig9all4 ,!re=e x may please y :o are incl9$ to ^! /udies1 to receive x f me & ! ,translator1 ) z mu* good w z we recomm5d x unto y4 ,!re is a %ort preface to ! read] by ,briggs1 & a description ( a triangul> diagram inv5t$ by ,wright = f9d+ ! proportional p>ts4 ,! table is pr9t$ to "o figure less ?an 9 ! ,descriptio4 ,edw>d ,wright di$1 z has be5 m5tion$1 9 #afae1 & 8 son1 ,samuel ,wright1 9 ! preface /ates t 8 fa!r gave mu* comm5dation ( ?is "w 7& (t5 9 my he>+7 z ( v great use to m>9]s2 & ) respect to ! translation he says t %ortly aft] he _h x return$ out ( ,scotl&1 x pleas$ ,god to call him away a=e he c\ld publi% x4 ,! translation 0 publi%$ 9 #afaf4 ,x 0 also reissu$ ) a new title-page 9 #afah4 ,h5ry ,briggs1 !n pr(essor ( geometry at ,gre%am ,college1 ,london1 & aft]w>ds ,savilian pr(essor ( geometry at ,ox=d1 welcom$ ! ,descriptio ) en?usiasm4 ,9 a lett] to ,ar*bi%op ,u%]1 dat$ ,gre%am ,h\se1 ,m>* #aj1 #afae1 he wrote1 ,napp]1 "l ( ,m>k9/on1 ha? set my head & h&s a "w ) 8 new & admirable log>i?ms4 ,i hope to see him ?is summ]1 if x please ,god1 = ,i nev] saw book :i* pleas$ me bett]1 or made me m wond]4#a ,i purpose to disc\rse ) him conc]n+ eclipses1 = :at is !re :i* we may n hope = at 8 h&s1 & he also /ates t he 0 :olly tak5 up & employ$ ab\t ! noble inv5tion ( log>i?ms lately discov]$4 ,briggs accord+ly visit$ ,napi] 9 #afae1 & /ay$ ) him a :ole mon?4#b ,he br\ght ) him "s calculations he _h made1 & sugge/$ to ,napi] ! advantages t w\ld result f ! *oice ( #aj z a base1 an improvem5t :i* he _h expla9$ 9 8 lectures at ,gre%am ,college1 & on :i* he _h writt5 to ,napi]4 ,napi] said t he _h already ?\ght ( ! *ange1 & po9t$ out a fur!r improvem5t1 viz41 t ! *>act]i/ics ( numb]s great] ?an unity %\ld be positive & n negative1 z sugge/$ by ,briggs4 ,9 #afaf ,briggs aga9 visit$ ,napi] & %[$ him ! "w he _h accompli%$1 &1 he says1 he w\ld gladly h paid him a ?ird visit 9 #afag _h ,napi]'s life be5 sp>$4 ,briggs's ,log>i?morum *ilias prima1 :i* conta9s ! fir/ publi%$ table ( decimal or common log>i?ms1 is only a small octavo tract ( sixte5 pages1 & gives ! log>i?ms ( numb]s f unity to #ajjj to #ad places ( decimals4 ,x 0 publi%$1 probably privately1 9 #afag1 aft] ,napi]'s dea?1#c & !re is no au?or's "n1 place or date4 ,! date ( publication is1 h[ev]1 fix$ z #afag by a lett] f ,sir ,h5ry ,b\r*i] to ,u%]1 dat$ ,decemb] #f1 #afag1 conta9+ ! passage--,our k9d fri5d1 ,mr ,briggs1 ha? lately publi%$ a supplem5t to ! mo/ excell5t tables ( log>i?ms1 :i* ,i presume he has s5t to y4 ,briggs's tract ( #afag is extremely r>e1 & has g5]ally be5 ignor$ or incorrectly describ$4 ,hutton errone\sly /ates t x conta9s ! log>i?ms to #h places1 & 8 acc\nt has be5 foll[$ by mo/ writ]s4 ,!re is a copy 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,briggs cont9u$ to lab\r assidu\sly at ! calculation ( log>i?ms1 & 9 #afbd publi%$ 8 ,ari?metica log>i?mica1 a folio "w conta9+ ! log>i?ms ( ! numb]s f l to #bj1jjj1 & f #ij1jjj to #ajj1jjj 7& 9 "s copies to #aja1jjj7 to #ad places ( decimals4 ,! table occupies #cjj pages1 & !re is an introduction ( #hh pages relat+ to ! mode ( calculation1 & ! applications ( log>i?ms4 ,!re 0 ?us left a gap betwe5 #bj1jjj & #ij1jjj1 :i* 0 fill$ up by ,adrian ,vlacq 7or ,ulaccus71 :o publi%$ at ,g\da1 9 ,holl&1 9 #afbh1 a table conta9+ ! log>i?ms ( ! numb]s f unity to #ajj1jjj to #aj places ( decimals4 ,hav+ calculat$ #gj1jjj log>i?ms & copi$ only #cj1jjj1 ,vlacq w\ld h be5 q entitl$ to h call$ 8 a new "w4 ,he designates x1 h[ev]1 only a second edition ( ,briggs's ,ari?metica log>i?mica1 ! title runn+ ,ari?metica log>i?mica sive ,log>i?morum ,*iliades c5tum1 444 editio secunda aucta p] ,adrianum ,vlacq1 ,g\danum4 ,?is table ( ,vlacq's 0 publi%$1 ) an ,engli% explanation prefix$1 at ,london 9 #afca "u ! title ,log>i?micall ,ari?metike 444 ,london1 pr9t$ by ,george ,mill]1 #afca4 ,!re are also copies ) ! title-page & introduction 9 ,fr5* & 9 ,dut* 7,g\da1 #afbh74 ,briggs _h himself be5 engag$ 9 fill+ up ! gap1 & 9 a lett] to ,john ,pell1 writt5 aft] ! publication ( ,vlacq's "w1 & dat$ ,octob] #be1 #afbh1 he says3-- ,my desire 0 to h ^? *iliades t are want+e betwixt #bj & #ij calculat$ & pr9t$1 & ,i _h done !m all almo/ by my selfe1 & by "s fr5des :om my rules _h suffici5tly in=m$1 & by agreem5t ! bus9es 0 conv5i5tly p>t$ among/ u2 b ,i am eas$ ( t *>ge & c>e by "o ,adrian ,vlacque1 an ,holl&]1 :o ha! done all ! :ole hundr$ *iliades & pr9t$ !m 9 ,lat91 ,dut*e & ,fr5*e1 #ajjj bookes 9 ^! #c languages1 & ha! s\ld !m almo/ all4 ,b he ha! cutt (f #d ( my figures ?r\gh\t2 & ha! left out my d$ication1 & to ! read]1 & two *apt]s ! #ab & #ac1 9 ! re/ he ha? n v>i$ f me at all4 ,! orig9al calculation ( ! log>i?ms ( numb]s f unity to #aja1jjj 0 ?us p]=m$ by ,briggs & ,vlacq betwe5 #afae & #afbh4 ,vlacq's table is t f :i* all ! hundr$s ( tables ( log>i?ms t h subsequ5tly appe>$ h be5 d]iv$4 ,x conta9s ( c\rse _m errors1 :i* 7 gradually discov]$ & correct$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! next two hundr$ & fifty ye>s4 ,! fir/ calculation or publication ( ,briggian or common log>i?ms ( trigonometrical functions 0 made 9 #afbj by ,edmund ,gunt]1 :o 0 ,briggs's colleague z pr(essor ( a/ronomy 9 ,gre%am ,college4 ,! title ( ,gunt]'s book1 :i* is v sc>ce1 is ,canon triangulorum1 & x conta9s log>i?mic s9es & tang5ts = e m9ute ( ! quadrant to #g places ( decimals4 ,! next publication 0 due to ,vlacq1 :o app5d$ to 8 log>i?ms ( numb]s 9 ! ,ari?metica log>i?mica ( #afbh a table giv+ log s9es1 tang5ts & secants = e m9ute ( ! quadrant to #aj places2 ^! 7 obta9$ by calculat+ ! log>i?ms ( ! natural s9es1 c4 giv5 9 ! ,!saurus ma!maticus ( ,pitiscus 7#afac74 ,dur+ ! la/ ye>s ( 8 life ,briggs devot$ himself to ! calculation ( log>i?mic s9es1 c4 & at ! "t ( 8 dea? 9 #afca he _h all b complet$ a log>i?mic canon to e hundr$? ( a degree4 ,?is "w 0 publi%$ by ,vlacq at 8 own exp5se at ,g\da 9 #afcc1 "u ! title ,trigonometria ,britannica4 ,x conta9s log s9es 7to #ad places7 & tang5ts 7to #aj places71 besides natural s9es1 tang5ts & secants1 at int]vals ( a hundr$? ( a degree4 ,9 ! same ye> ,vlacq publi%$ at ,g\da 8 ,trigonometria artificialis1 giv+ log s9es & tang5ts to e #aj seconds ( ! quadrant to #aj places4 ,?is "w also conta9s ! log>i?ms ( numb]s f unity to #bj1jjj tak5 f ! ,ari?metica log>i?mica ( #afbh4 ,briggs appreciat$ cle>ly ! advantages ( a c5tesimal division ( ! quadrant1 & by divid+ ! degree into hundr$? p>ts in/ead ( into m9utes1 made a /ep t[>ds a re=mation 9 ?is respect1 & b = ! appe>ance ( ,vlacq's "w ! decimal division ( ! degree might h become recogniz$1 z is n[ ! case ) ! correspond+ division ( ! second4 ,! calculation ( ! log>i?ms n only ( numb]s b also ( ! trigonometrical functions is !re=e due to ,briggs & ,vlacq2 & ! results conta9$ 9 _! f\r fundam5tal works--,ari?metica log>i?mica 7,briggs71 #afbd2 ,ari?metica log>i?mica 7,vlacq71 #afbh2 ,trigonometria ,britannica 7,briggs71 #afcc2 ,trigonometria artificialis 7,vlacq71 #afcc--;h n be5 sup]s$$ by any subsequ5t calculations4 ,9 ! prec$+ p>agraphs an acc\nt has be5 giv5 ( ! actual ann\ncem5t ( ! inv5tion ( log>i?ms & ( ! calculation ( ! tables4 ,x n[ rema9s to ref] 9 m detail to ! inv5tion itself & to exam9e ! claims ( ,napi] & ,briggs to ! capital improvem5t involv$ 9 ! *ange f ,napi]'s orig9al log>i?ms to log>i?ms to ! base #aj4 ,! ,descriptio conta9$ only an explanation ( ! use ( ! log>i?ms )\t any acc\nt ( ! mann] 9 :i* ! canon 0 con/ruct$4 ,9 an ,admonitio on ! sev5? page ,napi] /ates t1 al?\gh 9 t place ! mode ( con/ruction %\ld be expla9$1 he proce$s at once to ! use ( ! log>i?ms1 ut praelibatis prius usu1 et rei utilitate1 caet]a aut magis placeant po/hac ed5da1 aut m9us saltem displiceant sil5tio sepulta4 ,he awaits !re=e ! judgm5t & c5sure ( ! le>n$ priusquam caet]a 9 lucem tem] prolata lividorum detrectationi exponantur2 & 9 an ,admonitio on ! la/ page ( ! book he /ates t he w publi% ! mode ( con/ruction ( ! canon si huius inv5ti usum eruditis gratum =e intellex]o4 ,napi]1 h[ev]1 did n live to keep ?is promise4 ,9 #afag he publi%$ a small "w entitl$ ,rabdologia relat+ to me*anical me?ods ( p]=m+ multiplications & divisions1 & 9 ! same ye> he di$4 ,! propos$ "w 0 publi%$ 9 #afai by ,rob]t ,napi]1 8 second son by 8 second m>riage1 "u ! title ,mirifici log>i?morum canonis con/ructio4444 ,x consi/s ( two pages ( preface foll[$ by sixty-sev5 pages ( text4 ,9 ! preface ,rob]t ,napi] says t he has be5 assur$ f und\bt$ au?ority t ! new inv5tion is mu* ?\ght ( by ! able/ ma!maticians1 & t no?+ w\ld delight !m m ?an ! publication ( ! mode ( con/ruction ( ! canon4 ,he !re=e issues ! "w to satisfy _! desires1 al?\gh1 he /ates1 x is manife/ t x w\ld h se5 ! light 9 a f> m p]fect /ate if 8 fa!r c\ld h put ! f9i%+ t\*es to x2 & he m5tions t1 9 ! op9ion ( ! be/ judges1 8 fa!r possess$1 among o!r mo/ excell5t gifts1 9 ! highe/ degree ! p[] ( expla9+ ! mo/ difficult matt]s by a c]ta9 & easy me?od 9 ! fewe/ possible words4 ,x is important to notice t 9 ! ,con/ructio log>i?ms are call$ artificial numb]s2 & ,rob]t ,napi] /ates t ! "w 0 compos$ sev]al ye>s 7aliquot annos7 be=e ,napi] _h inv5t$ ! "n log>i?m4 ,! ,con/ructio !re=e may h be5 writt5 a good _m ye>s previ\s to ! publication ( ! ,descriptio 9 #afad4 ,pass+ n[ to ! inv5tion ( common or decimal log>i?ms1 t is1 to ! transition f ! log>i?ms orig9ally inv5t$ by ,napi] to log>i?ms to ! base #aj1 ! fir/ allusion to a *ange ( sy/em occurs 9 ! ,admonitio on ! la/ page ( ! ,descriptio 7#afad71 ! conclud+ p>agraph ( :i* is ,v]m si huius inv5ti usum eruditis gratum =e intellex]o1 dabo =tasse brevi 7,deo aspirante7 rationem ac me?odum aut hunc canonem em5d&i1 aut em5datiorem de novo cond5di1 ut ita plurium ,logi/>um dilig5tia1 limatior t&em et accuratior1 qum unius op]a fi]i potuit1 9 lucem prodeat4 ,nihil 9 ortu p]fectum4 ,9 "s copies1 h[ev]1 ?is ,admonitio is abs5t4 ,9 ,wright's translation ( #afaf ,napi] has add$ ! s5t5ce--,b because ! addition & subtraction ( ^! =m] numb]s may seeme some:at pa9full1 ,i int5d 7if x %all please ,god7 9 a second ,edition1 to set out su* ,log>i?mes z %all make ^? numb]s above writt5 to fall ^u decimal numb]s1 su* z #ajj1jjj1jjj1 #bjj1jjj1jjj1 #cjj1jjj1jjj1 c41 :i* are easie to be add$ or abat$ to or f any o!r numb] 7p4 #ai72 & 9 ! d$ication ( ! ,rabdologia 7#afag7 he wrote ,quorum quidem ,log>i?morum speciem aliam mult prae/antiorem nunc etiam inv5imus1 cre&i me?odum1 un cum eorum usu 7si ,deus longiorem vitae valetud9is usuram concess]it7 evulg>e /atuimus2 ipsam autem novi canonis supputationem1 ob infirmam corporis no/ri valetud9em1 viris 9 hoc /udii g5]e v]satis rel9quimus3 imprimis v] doctissimo viro ,d4 ,h5rico ,briggio ,lond9i publico ,geometriae ,pr(essori1 et amico mihi long *>issimo4 ,briggs 9 ! %ort preface to 8 ,log>i?morum *ilias 7#afag7 /ates t ! reason :y 8 log>i?ms are diff]5t f ^? introduc$ by ,napi] sp]&um1 ejus librum po/humum1 abunde nobis prop$iem satisfacturum4 ,! lib] po/humus 0 ! ,con/ructio 7#afai71 9 ! preface to :i* ,rob]t ,napi] /ates t he has add$ an app5dix relat+ to ano!r & m excell5t species ( log>i?ms1 ref]r$ to by ! inv5tor himself 9 ! ,rabdologia1 & 9 :i* ! log>i?m ( unity is #j4 ,he also m5tions t he has publi%$ "s rem>ks ^u ! propositions 9 sph]ical trigonometry & ^u ! new species ( log>i?ms by ,h5ry ,briggs1 qui novi hujus ,canonis supput&i laborem gravissimum1 pro s+ul>i amiciti quae illi cum ,patre meo ,l4 ,m4 int]cessit1 animo lib5tissimo 9 se suscepit2 cre&i me?odo1 et usuum explanatione ,inv5tori relictis4 ,nunc autem ipso ex hc vit evocato1 totius negotii onus doctissimi ,briggii hum]is incumb]e1 et ,sp>ta haec orn&a illi sorte quadam obtigisse videtur4 ,9 ! address prefix$ to ! ,ari?metica log>i?mica 7#afbe7 ,briggs bids ! read] n to be surpris$ t ^! log>i?ms are diff]5t f ^? publi%$ 9 ! ,descriptio3-- ,ego enim1 cum meis auditoribus ,lond9i1 publice 9 ,collegio ,gre%am5si horum doctr9am explic>em2 animadv]ti multo futurum commodius1 si ,log>i?mus s9us totius s]v>etur #j 7ut 9 ,canone mirifico71 ,log>i?mus autem p>tis decimae ejusdem s9us totius1 nempe s9us #e graduum1 #dd1 m4 #ba1 s41 esset #ajjjjjjjjjj4 atque ea de re scripsi /atim ad ipsum au?orem1 et quamprimum p] anni tempus1 et vacationem a publico doc5di mun]e licuit1 pr(ectus sum ,ed9burgum2 ubi humanissime ab eo acceptus haesi p] integrum m5sem4 ,cum autem int] nos de horum mutatione s]mo hab]etur2 ille se idem dudum s5sisse1 et cupivisse dicebat3 v]untam5 i/os1 quos jam p>av]at ed5dos curasse1 donec alios1 si p] negotia et valetud9em lic]et1 magis commodos confecisset4 ,i/am autem mutationem ita faci5dam c5sebat1 ut #j esset ,log>i?mus unitatis1 et #ajjjjjjjjjj s9us totius3 quod ego longe commodissimum esse non potui non agnosc]e4 ,coepi igitur1 ejus hortatu1 rejectis illis quos ante p>av]am1 de horum calculo s]io cogit>e2 et sequ5ti ae/ate it]um pr(ectus ,ed9burgum1 horum quos hic exhibeo praecipuos1 illi o/5di1 idem etiam t]tia ae/ate lib5tissime facturus1 si ,deus illum nobis tamdiu sup]/item esse voluisset4 ,!re is also a ref]5ce to ! *ange ( ! log>i?ms on ! title-page ( ! "w4 ,^! extracts conta9 all ! orig9al /atem5ts made by ,napi]1 ,rob]t ,napi] & ,briggs :i* h ref]5ce to ! orig9 ( decimal log>i?ms4 ,x w be se5 t !y are all 9 p]fect agreem5t4 ,briggs po9t$ out 9 8 lectures at ,gre%am ,college t x w\ld be m conv5i5t t #j %\ld /& = ! log>i?m ( ! :ole s9e z 9 ! ,descriptio1 b t ! log>i?m ( ! t5? "p ( ! :ole s9e %\ld be #aj1jjj1jjj1jjj4 ,he wrote also to ,napi] at once2 & z soon z he c\ld he w5t to ,ed9burgh to visit him1 :]e1 z he 0 mo/ hospitably receiv$ by him1 he rema9$ = a :ole mon?4 ,:5 !y conv]s$ ab\t ! *ange ( sy/em1 ,napi] said t he _h p]ceiv$ & desir$ ! same ?+1 b t he _h publi%$ ! tables :i* he _h already prep>$1 s t !y might be us$ until he c\ld con/ruct o!rs m conv5i5t4 ,b he consid]$ t ! *ange ought to be s made t #j %\ld be ! log>i?m ( unity & #aj1jjj1jjj1jjj t ( ! :ole s9e1 :i* ,briggs c\ld n b admit 0 by f> ! mo/ conv5i5t ( all4 ,reject+ !re=e1 ^? :i* he _h prep>$ already1 ,briggs began1 at ,napi]'s advice1 to consid] s]i\sly ! "q ( ! calculation ( new tables4 ,9 ! foll[+ summ] he w5t to ,ed9burgh & %[$ ,napi] ! pr9cipal portion ( ! log>i?ms :i* he publi%$ 9 #afbd4 ,^! probably includ$ ! log>i?ms ( ! fir/ *iliad :i* he publi%$ 9 #afag4 ,x has be5 ?\ght necess>y to give 9 detail ! facts relat+ to ! conv]sion ( ! log>i?ms1 z un=tunately ,*>les ,hutton 9 8 hi/ory ( log>i?ms1 :i* 0 prefix$ to ! e>ly editions ( 8 ,ma!matical ,tables1 & 0 also publi%$ z "o ( 8 ,ma!matical ,tracts1 has *>g$ ,napi] ) want ( c&\r 9 n tell+ ! _w ( ,briggs's %>e 9 ! *ange ( sy/em1 & he expresses ! suspicion t ,napi] 0 desir\s t ! _w %\ld ascribe to him alone ! m]it ( ?is v useful improvem5t ( ! log>i?ms4 ,accord+ to ,hutton's view1 ! words1 x is to be hop$ t 8 po/hum\s "w 444 :i* occur 9 ! preface to ! ,*ilias1 7 a mode/ h9t t ! %>e ,briggs _h _h 9 *ang+ ! log>i?ms %\ld be m5tion$1 & t1 z no att5tion 0 paid to x1 he himself gave ! acc\nt :i* appe>s 9 ! ,ari?metica ( #afbd4 ,!re seems1 h[ev]1 no gr\nd :atev] = suppos+ t ,briggs meant to express any?+ beyond 8 hope t ! reason = ! alt]ation w\ld be expla9$ 9 ! po/hum\s "w2 & 9 8 own acc\nt1 writt5 sev5 ye>s aft] ,napi]'s dea? & five ye>s aft] ! appe>ance ( ! "w itself1 he %[s no injur$ feel+ :atev]1 b ev5 goes out ( 8 way to expla9 t he ab&on$ 8 own propos$ alt]ation 9 fav\r ( ,napi]'s1 &1 reject+ ! tables he _h already con/ruct$1 began to consid] ! calculation ( new ones4 ,! facts1 z /at$ by ,napi] & ,briggs1 are 9 complete accordance1 & ! fri5d%ip exi/+ betwe5 !m 0 p]fect & unbrok5 to ! la/4 ,briggs assi/$ ,rob]t ,napi] 9 ! edit+ ( ! po/hum\s "w1 ! ,con/ructio1 & 9 ! acc\nt he gives ( ! alt]ation ( ! log>i?ms 9 ! ,ari?metica ( #afbd he seems to h be5 m anxi\s t ju/ice %\ld be done to ,napi] ?an to himself2 :ile on ! o!r h& ,napi] receiv$ ,briggs mo/ hospitably & ref]s to him z amico mihi long *>issimo4 ,hutton's sugge/ions are all ! m to be regrett$ z !y occur z a hi/ory :i* is ! result ( a good deal ( inve/igation & :i* = ye>s 0 ref]r$ to z an au?ority by _m writ]s4 ,8 prejudice aga9/ ,napi] naturally produc$ retaliation1 & ,m>k ,napi] 9 def5d+ 8 ance/or has fall5 into ! opposite extreme ( attempt+ to r$uce ,briggs to ! level ( a m]e comput]4 ,9 connexion ) ?is controv]sy x %\ld be notic$ t ! ,admonitio on ! la/ page ( ! ,descriptio1 conta9+ ! ref]5ce to ! new log>i?ms1 does n occur 9 all ! copies4 ,x is pr9t$ on ! back ( ! la/ page ( ! table itself1 & s _c h be5 torn out f ! copies t are )\t x4 ,z !re c\ld h be5 no reason = omitt+ x aft] x _h once appe>$1 we may assume t ! copies :i* d n h x are ^? :i* 7 fir/ issu$4 ,x is probable1 !re=e1 t ,briggs's copy conta9$ no ref]5ce to ! *ange1 & x is ev5 possible t ! ,admonitio may h be5 add$ aft] ,briggs _h communicat$ ) ,napi]4 ,z special att5tion has n be5 drawn to ! fact t "s copies h ! ,admonitio & "s h n1 diff]5t writ]s h assum$ t ,briggs did or did n "k ( ! promise conta9$ 9 ! ,admonitio accord+ z x 0 pres5t or abs5t 9 ! copies !y _h !mselves ref]r$ to1 & ?is has giv5 rise to "s confusion4 ,x may also be rem>k$ t ! date frequ5tly assign$ to ,briggs's fir/ visit to ,napi] is #afaf1 & n #afae z /at$ above1 ! reason be+ t ,napi] 0 g5]ally suppos$ to h di$ 9 #afah until ,m>k ,napi] %[$ t ! true date 0 #afag4 ,:5 ! ,descriptio 0 publi%$ ,briggs 0 fifty-sev5 ye>s ( age1 & ! rema9+ sev5te5 ye>s ( 8 life 7 devot$ ) /eady en?usiasm to ext5d ! utility ( ,napi]'s great inv5tion4 ,! only o!r ma!matician besides ,napi] :o grasp$ ! idea on :i* ! use ( log>i?m dep5ds & appli$ x to ! con/ruction ( a table is ,ju/us ,byrgius 7,job/ ,brgi71 ^: "w ,ari?metis*e und geometris*e ,progress-,tabul5 444 0 publi%$ at ,prague 9 #afbj1 six ye>s aft] ! publication ( ! ,descriptio ( ,napi]4 ,?is table di/9ctly involves ! pr9ciple ( log>i?ms & may be describ$ z a modifi$ table ( antilog>i?ms4 ,x consi/s ( two s]ies ( numb]s1 ! "o be+ an ari?metical & ! o!r a geometrical progression3 ?us #j1 #a1jjjj #jjjj #aj1 #a1jjja #jjjj #bj1 l1#jjjb #jjja 4 4 4 4 #iij1 l1#jjii #difg 4 4 4 4 ,9 ! ari?metical column ! numb]s increase by #aj1 9 ! geometrical column ea* numb] is d]iv$ f its pr$ecessor by multiplication by #a4jjja4 ,?us ! numb] #ajx 9 ! ari?metical column corresponds to #ajh 7#a4jjja7x 9 ! geometrical column2 ! int]m$iate numb]s be+ obta9$ by int]polation4 ,if we divide ! numb]s 9 ! geometrical column by #ajh ! correspond5ce is betwe5 #ajx & 7#a4jjja7x1 & ! table !n becomes "o ( antilog>i?ms1 ! base be+ 7#a4jjja7a_/aj1 viz4 = example 7l4#jjja7a_/ajiij #a4jjiidifg4 ,! table ext5ds to #bcjbgj 9 ! ari?metical column1 & x is %[n t #bcjbgj4jbb corresponds to #i4iiii #iiii or #aji 9 ! geometrical column2 ?is la/ result %[+ t 7#a4jjja7bcjbg4jbb #aj4 ,! fir/ contempor>y m5tion ( ,byrgius's table occurs on page #aa ( ! ,praecepta prefix$ to ,kepl]'s ,tabulae ,radolph9ae 7#afbg72 8 words are3 apices logi/ici ,j4 ,byrgio multis annis ante editionem ,nep]ianam viam praeiv]5t ad hos ipsissimos log>i?mos4 ,etsi homo cunctator et secretorum suorum cu/os foetum 9 p>tu de/ituit1 non ad usus publicos educavit4 ,ano!r ref]5ce to ,byrgius occurs 9 a "w by ,b5jam9 ,bram]1 ! bro!r-9-law & pupil ( ,byrgius1 :o1 writ+ 9 #afcj1 says t ! latt] con/ruct$ 8 table tw5ty ye>s ago or m4#d ,z reg>ds priority ( publication1 ,napi] has ! advantage by six ye>s1 & ev5 fully accept+ ,bram]'s /atem5t1 !re are gr\nds = believ+ t ,napi]'s "w dates f a /ill e>li] p]iod4 ,! p[] ( #aj1 :i* occurs z a factor 9 ! tables ( bo? ,napi] & ,byrgius1 0 r5d]$ necess>y by ! fact t ! decimal po9t 0 n yet 9 use4 ,omitt+ ?is factor 9 ! case ( bo? tables1 ! connexion betwe5 ,n a numb] & ,l its log>i?m is ,n 7e-#a7,l 7,napi]71 ,l 7#a4jjja77a_/aj7,n 7,byrgius71 viz4 ,napi] gives log>i?ms to base e-#a1 ,byrgius gives antilog>i?ms to base 7#a4jjja7a_/aj4 ,!re is indirect evid5ce t ,napi] 0 occupi$ ) log>i?ms z e>ly z #aeid1 = 9 a lett] to ,p4 ,crg]us f ,kepl]1 dat$ ,septemb] #i1 #afbd 7,fris*'s ,kepl]1 vi4 #dg71 !re occurs ! s5t5ce3 ,nihil autem supra ,nep]ianam rationem esse puto3 etsi quidem ,scotus quidam lit]is ad ,ty*onem #aeid scriptis jam spem fecit ,canonis illius ,mirifici4 ,x is "h di/9ctly /at$ t "s ,scotsman 9 ! ye> #aeid1 9 a lett] to ,ty*o ,brahe1 gave him "s hope ( ! log>i?ms2 & z ,kepl] jo9$ ,ty*o aft] 8 expulsion f ! isl& ( ,hu51 & _h be5 s closely associat$ ) him 9 8 "w1 he w\ld be likely to be correct 9 any ass]tion ( ?is k9d4 ,9 connexion ) ,kepl]'s /atem5t ! foll[+ /ory1 told by ,an?ony wood 9 ! ,a!nae ,oxoni5ses1 is ( "s importance3-- ,x mu/ be n[ kn[n1 t "o ,dr ,craig1 a ,scot*man 444 com+ out ( ,d5m>k into 8 own c\ntry1 call$ ^u ,joh4 ,nep]1 ,b>on ( ,m]*e/on1 ne> ,ed9burgh1 & told him1 among o!r disc\rses1 ( a new inv5tion 9 ,d5m>k 7by ,longomontanus1 z 'tis said71 to save ! t$i\s multiplication & division 9 a/ronomical calculations4 ,nep] be+ solicit\s to "k f>!r ( him conc]n+ ?is matt]1 he c\ld give no o!r acc\nt ( x ?an t x 0 by proportional numb]s4 ,:i* h9t ,nep] tak+1 he desir$ him at 8 return to call ^u him aga94 ,craig1 aft] "s weeks _h pass$1 did s1 & ,nep] !n %[$ him a rude draught ( :at he call$ ,canon mirabilis log>i?morum4 :i* draught1 ) "s alt]ations1 he pr9t+ 9 #afad1 x came =?) into ! h&s ( our au?or ,briggs1 & into ^? ( ,w4 ,oughtr$1 f :om ! relation ( ?is matt] came4 ,?is /ory1 ?\gh obvi\sly untrue 9 "s respects1 gives valuable in=mation by connect+ ,dr ,craig ) ,napi] & ,longomontanus1 :o 0 ,ty*o ,brahe's assi/ant4 ,dr ,craig 0 ,john ,craig1 ! ?ird son ( ,?omas ,craig1 :o 0 "o ( ! colleagues ( ,sir ,ar*ibald ,napi]1 ,john ,napi]'s fa!r1 9 ! (fice ( ju/ice-depute4 ,betwe5 ,john ,craig & ,john ,napi] a fri5d%ip sprang up :i* may h be5 due to _! common ta/e = ma!matics4 ,!re are extant ?ree lett]s f ,dr ,john ,craig to ,ty*o ,brahe1 :i* %[ t he 0 on ! mo/ fri5dly t]ms ) him4 ,9 ! fir/ lett]1 ( :i* ! date is n giv51 ,craig says t ,sir ,william ,/u>t has safely deliv]$ to him1 ab\t ! beg9n+ ( la/ w9t]1 ! book :i* he s5t him4 ,n[ ,m>k ,napi] f\nd 9 ! libr>y ( ! univ]sity ( ,ed9burgh a ma!matical "w be>+ a s5t5ce 9 ,lat9 :i* he translates1 ,to ,doctor ,john ,craig ( ,ed9burgh1 9 ,scotl&1 a mo/ illu/ri\s man1 highly gift$ ) v>i\s & excell5t le>n+1 pr(essor ( m$ic9e1 & exce$+ly skill$ 9 ! ma!matics1 ,ty*o ,brahe ha? s5t ?is gift1 & ) 8 own h& writt5 ?is at ,uraniburg1 #b;d ,novemb] #aehh4 ,z ,sir ,william ,/u>t 0 s5t to ,d5m>k to arrange ! prelim9>ies ( ,k+ ,james's m>riage1 & return$ to ,ed9burgh on ! #ae? ( ,novemb] #aehh1 x w\ld seem probable t ?is 0 ! volume ref]r$ to by ,craig4 ,x appe>s f ,craig's lett]1 to :i* we may !re=e assign ! date #aehi1 t1 five ye>s be=e1 he _h made an attempt to rea* ,urani5burg1 b _h be5 baffl$ by ! /orms & rocks ( ,norway1 & t ev] s9ce !n he _h be5 long+ to visit ,ty*o4 ,n[ ,john ,craig 0 physician to ! k+1 & 9 #aeij ,james ,,vi4 sp5t "s days at ,urani5burg1 be=e return+ to ,scotl& f 8 matrimonial exp$ition4 ,x seems n unlikely !re=e t ,craig may h accompani$ ! k+ 9 8 visit to ,urani5burg4#e ,9 any case x is c]ta9 t ,craig 0 a fri5d & correspond5t ( ,ty*o's1 & x is probable t he 0 ! ,scotus quidam4 ,we may inf] !re=e t z e>ly z #aeid ,napi] _h communicat$ to "s "o1 probably ,john ,craig1 8 hope ( be+ able to effect a simplification 9 ! processes ( ari?metic4 ,ev]y?+ t5ds to %[ t ! inv5tion ( log>i?ms 0 ! result ( _m ye>s ( lab\r & ?\ght1#f und]tak5 ) ?is special object1 & x w\ld seem t ,napi] _h se5 "s prospect ( success ne>ly tw5ty ye>s be=e ! publication ( ! ,descriptio4 ,x is v evid5t t no m]e h9t ) reg>d to ! use ( proportional numb]s c\ld h be5 ( any s]vice to him1 b x is possible t ! news br\ght by ,craig ( ! difficulties plac$ 9 ! progress ( a/ronomy by ! lab\r ( ! calculations may h /imulat$ him to p]sev]e 9 8 ef=ts4 ,! new inv5tion 9 ,d5m>k to :i* ,an?ony ,wood ref]s z hav+ giv5 ! h9t to ,napi] 0 probably ! me?od ( calculation call$ pro/hapha]esis 7(t5 writt5 9 ,greek lett]s ,greek3 pro/haphairesis71 :i* _h its orig9 9 ! solution ( sph]ical triangles4#g ,! me?od consi/s 9 ! use ( ! =mula s9 a s9 b cos 7a - b7 - cos 7a b71 by means ( :i* ! multiplication ( two s9es is r$uc$ to ! addition or subtraction ( two tabul> results tak5 f a table ( s9es2 &1 z su* products occur 9 ! solution ( sph]ical triangles1 ! me?od af=ds ! solution ( sph]ical triangles 9 c]ta9 cases by addition & subtraction only4 ,x seems to be due to ,witti* ( ,breslau1 :o 0 assi/ant = a %ort "t to ,ty*o ,brahe2 & x 0 us$ by !m 9 _! calculations 9 #aehb4 ,witti* 9 #aehd made kn[n at ,cassel ! calculation ( "o case by ?is pro/hapha]esis2 & ,ju/us ,byrgius prov$ x 9 su* a mann] t f 8 pro( ! ext5sion to ! solution ( all triangles c\ld be d$uc$4#h ,clavius g5]aliz$ ! me?od 9 8 treatise ,de a/rolabio 7#aeic71 lib4 i4 lemma liii4 ,! lemma is enunciat$ z foll[s3-- ,quae/iones omnes1 quae p] s9us1 tang5tes1 atque secantes absolvi sol5t1 p] solam pro/hapha]esim1 id e/1 p] solam additionem1 subtractionem1 s9e laboriosa num]orum multiplicatione divisioneque exp$ire4 ,clavius !n ref]s to a "w ( ,raym>us ,ursus ,di?m>sus z conta9+ an acc\nt ( a p>ticul> case4 ,! "w is probably ! ,fundam5tum a/ronomicum 7#aehh74 ,longomontanus1 9 8 ,a/ronomia ,danica 7#afbb71 gives an acc\nt ( ! me?od1 /at+ t x is n to be f\nd 9 ! writ+s ( ! ,arabs or ,regiomontanus4 ,z ,longomontanus is m5tion$ 9 ,an?ony ,wood's anecdote1 & z ,witti* z well z ,longomontanus 7 assi/ants ( ,ty*o1 we may inf] t ,witti*'s pro/hapha]esis is ! me?od ref]r$ to by ,wood4 ,x is evid5t t ,witti*'s pro/hapha]esis c\ld n be a good me?od ( practically effect+ multiplications unless ! quantities to be multipli$ 7 s9es1 on acc\nt ( ! lab\r ( ! int]polations4 ,x satisfies ! condition1 h[ev]1 equally ) log>i?ms1 ( enabl+ multiplication to be p]=m$ by ! aid ( a table ( s+le entry2 &1 analytically consid]$1 x is n s diff]5t 9 pr9ciple f ! log>i?mic me?od4 ,9 fact1 if we put xy phi7,x ,y71 ,x be+ a function ( x only & ,y a function ( y only1 we c %[ t we mu/ h ,x ,ae7qx71 y ,be7qy72 & if we put xy phi7,x ,y7 - phi7,x - ,y71 ! solutions are phi7,x ,y7 7x y71 & x s9 ,x1 y s9 ,y1 phi7,x ,y7 -cos7,x ,y74 ,! =m] solution gives a me?od kn[n z t ( qu>t]-squ>es2 ! latt] gives ! me?od ( pro/hapha]esis4 ,an acc\nt has n[ be5 giv5 ( ,napi]'s inv5tion & its publication1 ! transition to decimal log>i?ms1 ! calculation ( ! tables by ,briggs1 ,vlacq & ,gunt]1 z well z ( ! claims ( ,byrgius & ! me?od ( pro/hapha]esis4 ,to complete ! e>ly hi/ory ( log>i?ms x is necess>y to return to ,napi]'s ,descriptio 9 ord] to describe its reception on ! cont95t1 & to m5tion ! o!r log>i?mic tables :i* 7 publi%$ :ile ,briggs 0 occupi$ ) 8 calculations4 ,john ,kepl]1 :o has be5 already quot$ 9 connexion ) ,craig's visit to ,ty*o ,brahe1 receiv$ ! inv5tion ( log>i?ms almo/ z en?usia/ically z ,briggs4 ,8 fir/ m5tion ( ! subject occurs 9 a lett] to ,s*ikh>t dat$ ! #aa? ( ,m>* #afah1 9 :i* he writes-,extitit ,scotus ,b>o1 cujus nom5 mihi excidit1 qui praecl>i quid prae/itit1 necessitate omni multiplicationum et divisionum 9 m]as additiones et subtractiones commutata1 nec s9ibus utitur2 at tam5 opus e/ ipsi tang5tium canone3 et v>ietas1 crebritas1 difficultasque additionum subtractionumque alicubi laborem multiplic&i et divid5di sup]at4 ,?is errone\s e/imate 0 =m$ :5 he _h se5 ! ,descriptio b _h n read x2 & 8 op9ion 0 v diff]5t :5 he became acqua9t$ ) ! nature ( log>i?ms4 ,! d$ication ( 8 ,ephem]is = #afbj consi/s ( a lett] to ,napi] dat$ ! #bh? ( ,july #afai1 & he !re congratulates him w>mly on 8 inv5tion & on ! b5efit he has conf]r$ ^u a/ronomy g5]ally & ^u ,kepl]'s own ,rudolph9e tables4 ,he says t1 al?\gh ,napi]'s book _h be5 publi%$ five ye>s1 he fir/ saw x at ,prague two ye>s be=e2 he 0 !n unable to read x1 b la/ ye> he _h met ) a little "w by ,b5jam9 ,urs9us#i conta9+ ! sub/ance ( ! me?od1 & he at once recogniz$ ! importance ( :at _h be5 effect$4 ,he !n expla9s h[ he v]ifi$ ! canon1 & s f\nd t !re 7 no ess5tial errors 9 x1 al?\gh !re 7 a few inaccuracies ne> ! beg9n+ ( ! quadrant1 & he proce$s1 ,haec te obit] scire volui1 ut quibus tu me?odis incess]is1 quas non dubito et plurimas et +5iosissimas tibi 9 promptu esse1 eas publici juris fi]i1 mihi saltem 7puto et caet]is7 scires =e gratissimum2 eoque p]cepto1 tua promissa folio #eg1 9 debitum cecidisse intellig]es4 ,?is lett] 0 writt5 two ye>s aft] ,napi]'s dea? 7( :i* ,kepl] 0 unaw>e71 & 9 ! same ye> z t 9 :i* ! ,con/ructio 0 publi%$4 ,9 ! same ye> 7#afbj7 ,napi]'s ,descriptio 7#afad7 & ,con/ructio 7#afai7 7 repr9t$ by ,b>?olomew ,v9c5t at ,lyons & issu$ toge!r4#aj ,napi] calculat$ no log>i?ms ( numb]s1 &1 z already /at$1 ! log>i?ms inv5t$ by him 7 n to base e4 ,! fir/ log>i?ms to ! base e 7 publi%$ by ,john ,speidell 9 8 ,new ,log>i?mes 7,london1 #afai71 :i* conta9s hyp]bolic log s9es1 tang5ts & secants = e m9ute ( ! quadrant to #e places ( decimals4 ,9 #afbd ,b5jam9 ,urs9us publi%$ at ,cologne a canon ( log>i?ms exactly simil> to ,napi]'s 9 ! ,descriptio ( #afad1 only mu* enl>g$4 ,! int]val ( ! argum5ts is #aj1 & ! results are giv5 to #h places2 9 ,napi]'s canon ! int]val is #a'1 & ! numb] ( places is #g4 ,! log>i?ms are /rictly ,napi]ian1 & ! arrangem5t is id5tical ) t 9 ! canon ( #afad4 ,?is is ! l>ge/ ,napi]ian canon t has ev] be5 publi%$4 ,9 ! same ye> 7#afbd7 ,kepl] publi%$ at ,m>burg a table ( ,napi]ian log>i?ms ( s9es ) c]ta9 additional columns to facilitate special calculations4 ,! fir/ publication ( ,briggian log>i?ms on ! cont95t is due to ,w+ate1 :o publi%$ at ,p>is 9 #afbe 8 ,ari?mtique log>i?mtique1 conta9+ sev5-figure log>i?ms ( numb]s up to #ajjj1 & log s9es & tang5ts f ,gunt]'s ,canon 7#afbj74 ,9 ! foll[+ ye>1 #afbf1 ,d5is ,h5rion publi%$ at ,p>is a ,traict des ,log>i?mes1 conta9+ ,briggs's log>i?ms ( numb]s up to #bj1jja to #aj places1 & ,gunt]'s log s9es & tang5ts to #g places = e m9ute4 ,9 ! same ye> de ,deck] also publi%$ at ,g\da a "w entitl$ ,nieuwe ,telkon/1 inh\d5de de ,log>i?mi voor de ,ghetall5 beg9n5de van #a tot #aj1jjj1 :i* conta9$ log>i?ms ( numb]s up to #aj1jjj to #aj places1 tak5 f ,briggs's ,ari?metica ( #afbd1 & ,gunt]'s log s9es & tang5ts to #g places = e m9ute4#aa ,vlacq r5d]$ assi/ance 9 ! publication ( ?is "w1 & ! privilege is made out to him4 ,! inv5tion ( log>i?ms & ! calculation ( ! e>li] tables =m a v /rik+ episode 9 ! hi/ory ( exact sci5ce1 &1 ) ! exception ( ! ,pr9cipia ( ,newton1 !re is no ma!matical "w publi%$ 9 ! c\ntry :i* has produc$ su* important consequ5ces1 or to :i* s mu* int]e/ atta*es z to ,napi]'s ,descriptio4 ,! calculation ( tables ( ! natural trigonometrical functions may be said to h =m$ ! "w ( ! la/ half ( ! #af? c5tury1 & ! great canon ( natural s9es = e #aj seconds to #ae places :i* _h be5 calculat$ by ,rheticus 0 publi%$ by ,pitiscus only 9 #afac1 ! ye> be=e t 9 :i* ! ,descriptio appe>$4 ,9 ! con/ruction ( ! natural trigonometrical tables ,great ,brita9 _h tak5 no "p1 & x is rem>kable t ! discov]y ( ! pr9ciples & ! =mation ( ! tables t 7 to revolutionize or sup]s$e all ! me?ods ( calculation !n 9 use %\ld h be5 s rapidly effect$ & develop$ 9 a c\ntry 9 :i* s little att5tion _h be5 previ\sly devot$ to su* que/ions4 ,= m detail$ in=mation relat+ to ,napi]1 ,briggs & ,vlacq1 & ! inv5tion ( log>i?ms1 ! read] is ref]r$ to ! life ( ,briggs 9 ,w>d's ,lives ( ! ,pr(essors ( ,gre%am ,college 7,london1 #agdj72 ,?omas ,smi?'s ,vitae quorundam eruditissimorum et illu/rium virorum 7,vita ,h5rici ,briggii7 7,london1 #agjg72 ,m>k ,napi]'s ,memoirs ( ,john ,napi] already ref]r$ to1 & ! same au?or's ,nap]i libri qui sup]sunt 7#ahci72 ,hutton's ,hi/ory2 de ,morgan's article already ref]r$ to2 ,delambre's ,hi/oire de l',a/ronomie mod]ne2 ! report on ma!matical tables 9 ! ,report ( ! ,briti% ,association = #ahgc2 & ! ,philosophical ,magaz9e = ,octob] & ,decemb] #ahgb & ,may #ahgc4 ,x may be rem>k$ t ! date usually assign$ to ,briggs's fir/ visit to ,napi] is #afaf & n #afae z /at$ above1 ! reason be+ t ,napi] 0 g5]ally suppos$ to h di$ 9 #afah2 b x 0 %[n by ,m>k ,napi] t ! true date is #afag4 ,9 ! ye>s #agia-ahjg ,francis ,mas]es publi%$ at ,london1 9 six volumes qu>to ,scriptores ,log>i?mici1 or a collection ( sev]al curi\s tracts on ! nature & con/ruction ( log>i?ms1 m5tion$ 9 ,dr ,hutton's hi/orical introduction to 8 new edition ( ,%]w9's ma!matical tables 4441 :i* conta9s repr9ts ( ,napi]'s ,descriptio ( #afad1 ,kepl]'s writ+s on log>i?ms 7#afbd-afbe71 c4 ,9 #ahhi a translation ( ,napi]'s ,con/ructio ( #afai 0 publi%$ by ,walt] ,rae ,macdonald4 ,"s valuable notes are add$ by ! translator1 9 "o ( :i* he %[s ! accuracy ( ! me?od employ$ by ,napi] 9 8 calculations1 & expla9s ! orig9 ( a small error :i* occurs 9 ,napi]'s table4 ,app5d$ to ! ,catalogue is a full & c>eful bibliography ( all ,napi]'s writ+s1 ) m5tion ( ! public libr>ies1 ,briti% & =eign1 :i* possess copies ( ea*4 ,a facsimile reproduction ( ,b>?olomew ,v9c5t's ,lyons edition 7#afbj7 ( ! ,con/ructio 0 issu$ 9 #ahie by ,a4 ,h]mann at ,p>is 7?is impr9t occurs on page #fb aft] ! ^w ,f9is74 ,x n[ rema9s to notice briefly a few ( ! m important ev5ts 9 ! hi/ory ( log>i?mic tables subsequ5t to ! orig9al calculations4 ,common or ,briggian ,log>i?ms ( ,numb]s4--,na?aniel ,roe's ,tabulae log>i?micae 7#afcc7 0 ! fir/ complete sev5-figure table t 0 publi%$4 ,x conta9s sev5-figure log>i?ms ( numb]s f #a to #ajj1jjj1 ) *>act]i/ics unsep>at$ f ! mantissae1 & 0 =m$ f ,vlacq's table 7#afbh7 by leav+ out ! la/ ?ree figures4 ,all ! figures ( ! numb] are giv5 at ! head ( ! columns1 except ! la/ two1 :i* run d[n ! extreme columns--#a to #ej on ! left-h& side1 & #ej to #ajj on ! "r-h& side4 ,! fir/ f\r figures ( ! log>i?ms are pr9t$ at ! top ( ! columns4 ,!re is ?us an advance half way t[>ds ! arrangem5t n[ univ]sal 9 sev5-figure tables4 ,! f9al /ep 0 made by ,john ,newton 9 8 ,trigonometria ,britannica 7#afeh71 a "w :i* is also noticeable z be+ ! only ext5sive eight-figure table t until rec5tly _h be5 publi%$2 x conta9s log>i?ms ( s9es1 c41 z well z log>i?ms ( numb]s4 ,9 #agje appe>$ ! orig9al edition ( ,%]w9's tables1 ! fir/ ( ! s]ies ( ord9>y sev5-figure tables ( log>i?ms ( numb]s & trigonometrical functions su* z are 9 g5]al use n[4 ,! "w w5t ?r\gh sev]al editions dur+ ! #ah? c5tury1 & 0 at l5g? sup]s$$ 9 #aghe by ,hutton's tables1 :i* cont9u$ 9 successive editions to ma9ta9 _! position = a c5tury4 ,9 #agag ,abraham ,%>p publi%$ 9 8 ,geometry ,improv'd ! ,briggian log>i?ms ( numb]s f #a to #ajj1 & ( primes f #ajj to #aajj1 to #fa places2 ^! 7 copi$ into ! lat] editions ( ,%]w9 & o!r works4 ,9 #agdb a sev5-figure table 0 publi%$ 9 qu>to =m by ,g>d9]1 :i* is celebrat$ on acc\nt ( its accuracy & ( ! elegance ( ! pr9t+4 ,a ,fr5* edition1 :i* closely resembles ! orig9al1 0 publi%$ at ,avignon 9 #aggj4 ,9 #aghc appe>$ at ,p>is ! fir/ edition ( ,franois ,callet's tables1 :i* correspond to ^? ( ,hutton 9 ,engl&4 ,^! tables1 :i* =m p]haps ! mo/ complete & practically useful collection ( log>i?ms = ! g5]al comput] t has be5 publi%$1 pass$ ?r\gh _m editions4 ,9 #agid ,vega publi%$ 8 ,!saurus log>i?morum completus1 a folio volume conta9+ a repr9t ( ! log>i?ms ( numb]s f ,vlacq's ,ari?metica log>i?mica ( #afbh1 & ,trigonometria artificialis ( #afcc4 ,! log>i?ms ( numb]s are arrang$ z 9 an ord9>y sev5-figure table4 ,9 addition to ! log>i?ms repr9t$ f ! ,trigonometria1 !re are giv5 log>i?ms = e second ( ! fir/ two degrees1 :i* 7 ! result ( an orig9al calculation4 ,vega devot$ great att5tion to ! detection & correction ( ! errors 9 ,vlacq's "w ( #afbh4 ,vega's ,!saurus has be5 reproduc$ photographically by ! ,italian gov]nm5t4 ,vega also publi%$ 9 #agig1 9 #b vols4 #hvo1 a collection ( log>i?mic & trigonometrical tables :i* has pass$ ?r\gh _m editions1 a v useful "o volume /]eotype edition hav+ be5 publi%$ 9 #ahdj by ,hlsse4 ,! tables 9 ?is "w may be reg>d$ z to "s ext5t supplem5t>y to ^? 9 ,callet4 ,if we consid] only ! log>i?ms ( numb]s1 ! ma9 l9e ( desc5t f ! orig9al calculation ( ,briggs & ,vlacq is ,roe1 ,john ,newton1 ,%]w91 ,g>d9]2 !re are !n two bran*es1 viz4 ,hutton f\nd$ on ,%]w9 & ,callet on ,g>d9]1 & ! editions ( ,vega =m a sep>ate (f%oot f ! orig9al tables4 ,among ! mo/ useful & accessible ( mod]n ord9>y sev5-figure tables ( log>i?ms ( numb]s & trigonometrical functions may be m5tion$ ^? ( ,bremik]1 ,s*rn & ,bruhns4 ,= log>i?ms ( numb]s only p]haps ,babbage's table is ! mo/ conv5i5t4#ab ,9 #ahga ,edw>d ,sang publi%$ a sev5-figure table ( log>i?ms ( numb]s f #bj1jjj to #bjj1jjj1 ! log>i?ms betwe5 #ajj1jjj & #bjj1jjj be+ ! result ( a new calculation4 ,by beg9n+ ! table at #bj1jjj in/ead ( at #aj1jjj ! diff]5ces are halv$ 9 magnitude1 :ile ! numb] ( !m 9 a page is qu>t]$4 ,9 ?is table multiples ( ! diff]5ces1 in/ead ( proportional p>ts1 are giv54#ac ,john ,?omson ( ,gre5ock 7#aghb-ahee7 made an indep5d5t calculation ( log>i?ms ( numb]s up to #abj1jjj to #ab places ( decimals1 & 8 table has be5 us$ to v]ify ! errata already f\nd 9 ,vlacq & ,briggs by ,le=t 7see ,mon?ly ,n4 ,r4,a4,s4 vol4 #cd1 p4 #ddg74 ,a table ( t5-figure log>i?ms ( numb]s up to #ajj1jji 0 calculat$ by ,w4 ,w4 ,duffield & publi%$ 9 ! ,report ( ! ,u4,s4 ,coa/ & ,geodetic ,survey = #ahie-ahif z ,app5dix #ab1 pp4 #cie-gbb4 ,! results 7 comp>$ ) ,vega's ,!saurus 7#agid7 be=e publication4 ,common or ,briggian ,log>i?ms ( ,trigonometrical ,functions4--,! next great advance on ! ,trigonometria artificialis took place m ?an a c5tury & a half aft]w>ds1 :5 ,mi*ael ,taylor publi%$ 9 #agib 8 sev5-decimal table ( log s9es & tang5ts to e second ( ! quadrant2 x 0 calculat$ by int]polation f ! ,trigonometria to #aj places & !n contract$ to #g4 ,on acc\nt ( ! great size ( ?is table1 & = o!r reasons1 x nev] came into v g5]al use1 ,bagay's ,n\velles tables a/ronomiques 7#ahbi71 :i* also conta9s log s9es & tang5ts to e second1 be+ pref]r$2 ?is latt] "w1 :i* = _m ye>s 0 difficult to procure1 has be5 repr9t$ ) ! orig9al title-page & date un*ang$4 ,! only o!r log>i?mic canon to e second t has be5 publi%$ =ms ! second volume ( ,%ortr$e's ,log>i?mic ,tables 7#ahdi74 ,9 #aghd ! ,fr5* gov]nm5t decid$ t new tables ( s9es1 tang5ts1 c41 & _! log>i?ms1 %\ld be calculat$ 9 relation to ! c5tesimal division ( ! quadrant4 ,prony 0 *>g$ ) ! direction ( ! "w1 & 0 expressly requir$ non seulem5t compos] des tables qui ne laissass5t ri5 dsir] quant l'exactitude1 mais en faire le monum5t de calcul le plus va/e et le plus imposant qui et jamais t excut ou mme conu4 ,^? engag$ ^u ! "w 7 divid$ into ?ree sections3 ! fir/ consi/$ ( five or six ma!maticians1 includ+ ,leg5dre1 :o 7 engag$ 9 ! purely analytical "w1 or ! calculation ( ! fundam5tal numb]s2 ! second section consi/$ ( sev5 or eight calculators possess+ "s ma!matical k2 & ! ?ird compris$ sev5ty or eighty ord9>y comput]s4 ,! "w1 :i* 0 p]=m$ :olly 9 duplicate1 & indep5d5tly by two divisions ( comput]s1 occupi$ two ye>s4 ,z a consequ5ce ( ! d\ble calculation1 !re are two manuscripts1 "o deposit$ at ! ,obs]vatory1 & ! o!r 9 ! libr>y ( ! ,in/itute1 at ,p>is4 ,ea* ( ! two manuscripts consi/s ess5tially ( sev5te5 l>ge folio volumes1 ! cont5ts be+ z foll[s3-- ,log>i?ms ( numb]s up to #bjj1jjj #h vols4 ,natural s9es #a ,log>i?ms ( ! ratios ( arcs to s9es f #jq4#jjjjj to #jq4#jejjj1 & log s9es ?r\gh\t ! quadrant #d ,log>i?ms ( ! ratios ( arcs to tang5ts f #jq4#jjjjj to #jq4#jejjj1 & log tang5ts ?r\gh\t ! quadrant #d ,! trigonometrical results are giv5 = e hundr$-?\s&? ( ! quadrant 7#aj c5tesimal or #c4bd sexagesimal74 ,! tables 7 all calculat$ to #ad places1 ) ! int5tion t only #ab %\ld be publi%$1 b ! twelf? figure is n to be reli$ ^u4 ,! tables h nev] be5 publi%$1 & are g5]ally kn[n z ! ,tables du ,cada/re1 or1 9 ,engl&1 z ! great ,fr5* manuscript tables4 ,a v full acc\nt ( ^! tables1 ) an explanation ( ! me?ods ( calculation1 =mulae employ$1 c41 0 publi%$ by ,le=t 9 vol4 iv4 ( ! ,annales de l'obs]vatoire de ,p>is4 ,! pr9t+ ( ! table ( natural s9es 0 once begun1 & ,le=t /ates t he has se5 six copies1 all incomplete1 al?\gh includ+ ! la/ page4 ,babbage comp>$ 8 table ) ! ,tables du ,cada/re1 & ,le=t has giv5 9 8 pap] j ref]r$ to mo/ important li/s ( errors 9 ,vlacq's & ,briggs's log>i?ms ( numb]s :i* 7 obta9$ by comp>+ ! manuscript tables ) ^? conta9$ 9 ! ,ari?metica log>i?mica ( #afbd & ( #afbh4 ,z ! ,tables du ,cada/re rema9$ unpubli%$1 o!r tables appe>$ 9 :i* ! quadrant 0 divid$ c5tesimally1 ! mo/ important ( ^! be+ ,hob]t & ,idel]'s ,n\velles tables trigonomtriques 7#agii71 & ,borda & ,delambre's ,tables trigonomtriques dcimales 7#ahjj-ahja71 bo? ( :i* are sev5-figure tables4 ,! latt] "w1 :i* 0 mu* us$1 be+ difficult to procure1 & great] accuracy be+ requir$1 ! ,fr5* gov]nm5t 9 #ahia publi%$ an eight-figure c5tesimal table1 = e t5 seconds1 d]iv$ f ! ,tables du ,cada/re4 ,decimal or ,briggian ,antilog>i?ms4--,9 ! ord9>y tables ( log>i?ms ! natural numb]s are all integ]s1 :ile ! log>i?ms tabulat$ are incomm5surable4 ,9 an antilog>i?mic table1 ! log>i?ms are exact quantities su* z 4#jjjja1 4#jjjjb1 c41 & ! numb]s are incomm5surable4 ,! e>lie/ & l>ge/ table ( ?is k9d t has be5 con/ruct$ is ,dodson's ,antilog>i?mic canon 7#agdb71 :i* gives ! numb]s to #aa places1 correspond+ to ! log>i?ms f 4#jjjja to 4#iiiii at int]vals ( 4#jjjja4 ,antilog>i?mic tables are few 9 numb]1 ! only o!r ext5sive tables ( ! same k9d t h be5 publi%$ occurr+ 9 ,%ortr$e's ,log>i?mic tables already ref]r$ to1 & 9 ,filip[ski's ,table ( antilog>i?ms 7#ahdi74 ,bo? are simil> to ,dodson's tables1 f :i* !y 7 d]iv$1 b !y only give numb]s to #g places4 ,hyp]bolic or ,napi]ian log>i?ms 7i4e4 to base e74--,! mo/ elaborate table ( hyp]bolic log>i?ms t exi/s is due to ,wolfram1 a ,dut* lieut5ant ( artill]y4 ,8 table gives ! log>i?ms ( all numb]s up to #bbjj1 & ( primes 7& also ( a great _m composite numb]s7 f #bbjj to #aj1jji1 to #dh decimal places4 ,! table appe>$ 9 ,s*ulze's ,neue und erweit]te ,sammlung log>i?mis*] ,tafeln 7#aggh71 & 0 repr9t$ 9 ,vega's ,!saurus 7#agid71 already ref]r$ to4 ,six log>i?ms omitt$ 9 ,s*ulze's "w1 & :i* ,wolfram _h be5 prev5t$ f comput+ by a s]i\s illness1 7 publi%$ subsequ5tly1 & ! table z giv5 by ,vega is complete4 ,! l>ge/ hyp]bolic table z reg>ds range 0 publi%$ by ,za*>ias ,dase at ,vi5na 9 #ahej "u ! title ,tafel d] natrli*5 ,log>i?m5 d] ,zahl54 ,hyp]bolic antilog>i?ms are simple expon5tials1 i4e4 ! hyp]bolic antilog>i?m ( x is ex4 ,su* tables c sc>cely be said to come "u ! head ( log>i?mic tables4 ,see ,,tables1 ,,ma!matical3 ,expon5tial ,functions4 ,logi/ic or ,proportional ,log>i?ms4--,! old "n = :at are n[ call$ ratios or fractions are logi/ic numb]s1 s t a table ( log 7a_/x7 :]e x is ! argum5t & a a con/ant is call$ a table ( logi/ic or proportional log>i?ms2 & s9ce log 7a_/x7 log a - log x x is cle> t ! tabul> results diff] f ^? giv5 9 an ord9>y table ( log>i?ms only by ! subtraction ( a con/ant & a *ange ( sign4 ,! fir/ table ( ?is k9d appe>$ 9 ,kepl]'s "w ( #afbd :i* has be5 already ref]r$ to4 ,! object ( a table ( log 7a_/x7 is to facilitate ! work+ out ( proportions 9 :i* ! ?ird t]m is a con/ant quantity a4 ,9 mo/ collections ( tables ( log>i?ms1 & especially ^? int5d$ = use 9 connexion ) navigation1 !re occurs a small table ( logi/ic log>i?ms 9 :i* a #cfjj 7 #a or #a;h71 ! table giv+ log #cfjj - log x1 & x be+ express$ 9 m9utes & seconds4 ,x is also common to f9d tables 9 :i* a #ajhjj 7 #c or #c;h71 & x is express$ 9 degrees 7or h\rs71 m9utes & seconds4 ,su* tables are g5]ally giv5 to #d or #e places4 ,! usual practice 9 books seems to be to call log>i?ms logi/ic :5 a is #cfjj1 & proportional :5 a has any o!r value4 ,addition & ,subtraction1 or ,gaussian ,log>i?ms4--,gaussian log>i?ms are int5d$ to facilitate ! f9d+ ( ! log>i?ms ( ! sum & diff]5ce ( two numb]s ^: log>i?ms are kn[n1 ! numb]s !mselves be+ unkn[n2 & on ?is acc\nt !y are frequ5tly call$ addition & subtraction log>i?ms4 ,! object ( ! table is 9 fact to give log 7a b7 by only "o entry :5 log a & log b are giv54 ,! utility ( su* log>i?ms 0 fir/ po9t$ out by ,leonelli 9 a book entitl$ ,supplm5t log>i?mique1 pr9t$ at ,bordeaux 9 ! ye> ,,xi4 7#ahjb_/c72 he calculat$ a table to #ad places1 b only a specim5 ( x :i* appe>$ 9 ! ,supplm5t 0 pr9t$4 ,! fir/ table t 0 actually publi%$ is due to ,gauss1 & 0 pr9t$ 9 ,za*'s ,monatli*e ,correspond5z1 xxvi4 #dih 7#ahab74 ,correspond+ to ! argum5t log x x gives ! values ( log 7#a x-#a7 & log 7#a x74 ,dual ,log>i?ms4--,?is t]m 0 us$ by ,oliv] ,byrne 9 a s]ies ( works publi%$ betwe5 #ahfj & #ahgj4 ,dual numb]s & log>i?ms dep5d ^u ! expression ( a numb] z a product ( #a4a1 #a4ja1 #a4jja 444 or ( 4#i1 4#ii1 4#iii4444 ,9 ! prec$+ rsum only ^? publications h be5 m5tion$ :i* are ( hi/oric importance or int]e/4#ad ,= full] details ) respect to "s ( ^! works1 = an acc\nt ( tables publi%$ 9 ! latt] "p ( ! #ai? c5tury1 & = ^? :i* w\ld n[ be us$ 9 actual calculation1 ref]5ce %\ld be made to ! article ,,tables1 ,,ma!matical4 ,calculation ( ,log>i?ms4--,! "n log>i?m is d]iv$ f ! words ,greek3 logon ari?mos1 ! numb] ( ! ratios1 & ! way ( reg>d+ a log>i?m :i* ju/ifies ! "n may be expla9$ z foll[s4 ,suppose t ! ratio ( #aj1 or any o!r p>ticul> numb]1 to #a is comp\nd$ ( a v great numb] ( equal ratios1 z1 = example1 #a1jjj1jjj1 !n x c be %[n t ! ratio ( #b to #a is v ne>ly equal to a ratio comp\nd$ ( #cja1jcj ( ^! small ratios1 or ratiunculae1 t ! ratio ( #c to #a is v ne>ly equal to a ratio comp\nd$ ( #dgg1aba ( !m1 & s on4 ,! small ratio1 or ratiuncula1 is 9 fact t ( ! million? root ( #aj to unity1 & if we d5ote x by ! ratio ( a to #a1 !n ! ratio ( #b to #a w be ne>ly ! same z t ( a#cja1jcj to #a1 & s on2 or1 9 o!r words1 if a d5otes ! million? root ( #aj1 !n #b w be ne>ly equal to a#cja1jcj1 #c w be ne>ly equal to a#dgg1aba1 & s on4 ,napi]'s orig9al "w1 ! ,descriptio ,canonis ( #afad1 conta9$1 n log>i?ms ( numb]s1 b log>i?ms ( s9es1 & ! relations betwe5 ! s9es & ! log>i?ms 7 expla9$ by ! motions ( po9ts 9 l9es1 9 a mann] n unlike t aft]w>ds employ$ by ,newton 9 ! me?od ( fluxions4 ,an acc\nt ( ! processes by :i* ,napi] con/ruct$ 8 table 0 giv5 9 ! ,con/ructio ,canonis ( #afai4 ,^! me?ods apply1 h[ev]1 specially to ,napi]'s own k9d ( log>i?ms1 & are diff]5t f ^? actually us$ by ,briggs 9 ! con/ruction ( ! tables 9 ! ,ari?metica ,log>i?mica1 al?\gh "s ( ! latt] are ! same 9 pr9ciple z ! processes describ$ 9 an app5dix to ! ,con/ructio4 ,! processes us$ by ,briggs are expla9$ by him 9 ! preface to ! ,ari?metica ,log>i?mica 7#afbd74 ,8 me?od ( f9d+ ! log>i?ms ( ! small primes1 :i* consi/s 9 tak+ a great numb] ( cont9u$ geometric means betwe5 unity & ! giv5 primes1 may be describ$ z foll[s4 ,he fir/ =m$ ! table ( numb]s & _! log>i?ms3-- ,numb]s4 ,log>i?ms4 #aj #a #c4afbbgg444 #j4e #a4gghbgi444 #j4be #a4ccceba444 #j4abe #a4aedgha444 #j4jfbe ea* quantity 9 ! left-h& column be+ ! squ>e root ( ! "o above x1 & ea* quantity 9 ! "r-h& column be+ ! half ( ! "o above x4 ,to con/ruct ?is table ,briggs1 us+ ab\t ?irty places ( decimals1 extract$ ! squ>e root ( #aj fifty-f\r times1 & ?us f\nd t ! log>i?m ( #a4jjjjj #jjjjj #jjjjj #abgha #iadic #bjjcb #ce 0 #j4jjjjj #jjjjj #jjjjj #jeeea #aaeab #cabeg #hbgjb1 & t = numb]s ( ?is =m 7i4e4 = numb]s beg9n+ ) #a foll[$ by fifte5 ciph]s1 & !n by sev5te5 or a less numb] ( significant figures7 ! log>i?ms 7 proportional to ^! significant figures4 ,he !n by means ( a simple proportion d$uc$ t log 7#a4jjjjj #jjjjj #jjjjj #a7 #j4jjjjj #jjjjj #jjjjj #jdcdb #iddha #ijcbe #ahjd1 s t1 a quantity #a4jjjjj #jjjjj #jjjjj x 7:]e x consi/s ( n m ?an sev5te5 figures7 hav+ be5 obta9$ by repeat$ extraction ( ! squ>e root ( a giv5 numb]1 ! log>i?m ( #a4jjjjj #jjjjj #jjjjj x c\ld !n be f\nd by multiply+ x by 4#jjjjj #jjjjj #jjjjj #jdcdb4444 ,to f9d ! log>i?m ( #b1 ,briggs rais$ x to ! t5? p[]1 viz4 #ajbd1 & extract$ ! squ>e root ( #a4jbd =ty-sev5 times1 ! result be+ #a4jjjjj #jjjjj #jjjjj #afhea #fjegj #ecidi #gg4 ,multiply+ ! significant figures by #dcdb 444 he obta9$ ! log>i?m ( ?is quantity1 viz4 #j4jjjjj #jjjjj #jjjjj #jgcah #eeicf #ijfbc #iccf1 :i* multipli$ by #bdg gave #j4jajbi #iieff #cihaa #iebfe #bggddd1 ! log>i?m ( #a4jbd1 true to #ag or #ah places4 ,add+ ! *>act]i/ic #c1 & divid+ by #aj1 he f\nd 7s9ce #b is ! t5? root ( #ajbd7 log #b 4#cjajb #iiief #fciha #aie4 ,briggs calculat$ 9 a simil> mann] log #f1 & !nce d$uc$ log #c4 ,x w be obs]v$ t 9 ! fir/ process ! value ( ! modulus is 9 fact calculat$ f ! =mula4 h #a -------- ---------1 #aj;h - #a log7e7 #aj ! value ( h be+ #a_/bed1 & 9 ! second process log#aj #b is 9 effect calculat$ f ! =mula4 #a #bdg log7#aj7 #b #b7aj_/bdg7 - #a --------- ----4 log7e7 #aj #aj ,briggs also gave me?ods ( =m+ ! mean proportionals or squ>e roots by diff]5ces2 & ! g5]al me?od ( con/ruct+ log>i?mic tables by means ( diff]5ces is due to him4 ,! foll[+ calculation ( log #e is giv5 z an example ( ! application ( a me?od ( mean proportionals4 ,! process consi/s 9 tak+ ! geometric mean ( numb]s above & bel[ #e1 ! object be+ to at l5g? arrive at #e4jjjjjj4 ,to e geometric mean 9 ! column ( numb]s !re corresponds ! ari?metical mean 9 ! column ( log>i?ms4 ,! numb]s are d5ot$ by ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 c41 9 ord] to indicate _! mode ( =mation4 ,numb]s4 ,log>i?ms4 ,a #a4jjjjjj #j4jjjjjjj ,b #aj4jjjjjj #a4jjjjjjj ,c root7,,ab7 #c4afbbgg #j4ejjjjjj ,d root7,,bc7 #e4fbcdac #j4gejjjjj ,e root7,,cd7 #d4bafifd #j4fbejjjj ,f root7,,de7 #d4hfifgd #j4fhgejjj ,g root7,,df7 #e4bcbiia #j4gahgejj ,h root7,,fg7 #e4jdhjfe #j4gjcabej ,i root7,,fh7 #d4iehjfi #j4fiecabe ,k root7,,hi7 #e4jjbhfe #j4fiibahg ,l root7,,ik7 #d4ihjdaf #j4figbfef ,m root7,,kl7 #d4iiafbg #j4fihbdba ,n root7,,km7 #d4iigbdb #j4fihgcjd ,o root7,,kn7 #e4jjjjeb #j4fihigde ,p root7,,no7 #d4iihfdg #j4fihhebe ,q root7,,op7 #d4iiicej #j4fihiace ,r root7,,oq7 #d4iiigja #j4fihiddj ,s root7,,or7 #d4iiihgf #j4fihieib ,t root7,,os7 #d4iiiifc #j4fihiffh ,v root7,,ot7 #e4jjjjjh #j4fihigjg ,w root7,,tv7 #d4iiiihd #j4fihifhg ,x root7,,wv7 #d4iiiiig #j4fihifig ,y root7,,vx7 #e4jjjjjc #j4fihigjb ,z root7,,xy7 #e4jjjjjj #j4fihigjj ,great att5tion 0 devot$ to ! me?ods ( calculat+ log>i?ms dur+ ! #ag? & #ah? c5turies4 ,! e>li] me?ods propos$ 71 l ^? ( ,briggs1 purely ari?metical1 & = a long "t log>i?ms 7 reg>d$ f ! po9t ( view indicat$ by _! "n1 t is to say1 z dep5d+ on ! !ory ( comp\nd$ ratios4 ,! introduction ( inf9ite s]ies into ma!matics effect$ a great *ange 9 ! modes ( calculation & ! treatm5t ( ! subject4 ,besides ,napi] & ,briggs1 special ref]5ce %\ld be made to ,kepl] 7,*ilias1 #afbd7 & ,m]cator 7,log>i?mote*nia1 #affh71 ^: me?ods 7 ari?metical1 & to ,newton1 ,gregory1 ,halley & ,cotes1 :o employ$ s]ies4 ,a full & valuable acc\nt ( ^! me?ods is giv5 9 ,hutton's ,con/ruction ( ,log>i?ms1 :i* occurs 9 ! introduction to ! e>ly editions ( 8 ,ma!matical ,tables1 & also =ms tract #ba ( 8 ,ma!matical ,tracts 7vol4 i41 #ahab74 ,_m ( ! e>ly works on log>i?ms 7 repr9t$ 9 ! ,scriptores log>i?mici ( ,b>on ,mas]es already ref]r$ to4 ,9 ! foll[+ acc\nt only ^? =mulae & me?ods w be ref]r$ to :i* w\ld n[ be us$ 9 ! calculation ( log>i?ms4 ,s9ce log7e77#a x7 x - x 7#a_/c7x - x#d c41 we h1 by *ang+ ! sign ( x1 log7e77#a - x7 -x - x - 7#a_/c7x - x#d - c42 :5ce #a x log7e7 ----- #b7x 7#a_/c7x 7#a_/e7x#e c471 #a - x p - q &1 !re=e1 replac+ x by -----1 p q p p - q _/p - q _/p - q#e log7e7 --- #b ----- 7#a_/c77 ----- 7 7#a_/e77 ----- 7 c4 1 q p q p q_/ p q_/ 9 :i* ! s]ies is always conv]g5t1 s t ! =mula af=ds a me?od ( d$uc+ ! log>i?m ( "o numb] f t ( ano!r4 ,z p>ticul> cases we h1 by putt+ q #a1 p - #a _/p - #a _/p - #ae log7e7 p #b ----- 7#a_/c77 ----- 7 7#a_/e77 ----- 7 c4 1 p #a p #a_/ p #a_/ & by putt+ q p #a1 #a #a #a log7e77p #a7 - log7e77p7 #b ------ 7#a_/c7--------- 7#a_/e7----------- c4 2 #bp #a 7#bp #a7 7#bp #a7e ! =m] ( ^! equations gives a conv]g5t s]ies = log7e7p1 & ! latt] a v conv]g5t s]ies by means ( :i* ! log>i?m ( any numb] may be d$uc$ f ! log>i?m ( ! prec$+ numb]4 ,f ! =mula = log7e77p_/q7 we may d$uce ! foll[+ v conv]g5t s]ies = log7e7#b1 log7e7#c & log7e7#e1 viz43-- log7e7#b #b7 #g,p #e,q #c,r71 log7e7#c #b7aa,p #h,q #e,r71 log7e7#e #b7af,p #ab,q #g,r71 :]e #a #a #a ,p -- 7#a_/c7 ------ 7#a_/e7 ------ c4 #ca 7#ca7c 7#ca7e #a #a #a ,q -- 7#a_/c7 ------ 7#a_/e7 ------ c4 #di 7#di7c 7#di7e #a #a #a ,r --- 7#a_/c7 ------- 7#a_/e7 ------- c4 #afa 7#afa7c 7#afa7e ,! foll[+ /ill m conv5i5t =mulae = ! calculation ( log7e7#b1 log7e7#c1 c4 7 giv5 by ,j4 ,c\* ,adams 9 ! ,proc4 ,roy4 ,soc41 #ahgh1 #bg1 p4 #ia4 ,if #aj _/ #a #be _/ #d a log -- -log 7 #a - -- 71 b log -- -log 7 #a - --- 71 #i #aj _/ #bd #ajj _/ #ha _/ #a #ej _/ #b c log -- log 7 #a -- 71 d log -- -log 7 #a - --- 71 #hj #hj _/ #di #ajj _/ #abf _/ #h e log --- log 7 #a ---- 71 #abe #ajjj _/ !n log #b #g;a - #b;b #c;c1 log #c #aa;a - #c;b #e;c1 log #e #af;a - #d;b #g;c1 & log #g 7#ci;a - #aj;b #ag;c - d7 or #ai;a - #d;b #h;c e1 & we h ! equation ( condition1 a - #b;b c d #b;e4 ,by means ( ^! =mulae ,adams calculat$ ! values ( log7e7#b1 log7e7#c1 log7e7#e1 & log7e7#g to #bgf places ( decimals1 & d$uc$ ! value ( log7e7#aj & its reciprocal ,m1 ! modulus ( ! ,briggian sy/em ( log>i?ms4 ,! value ( ! modulus f\nd by ,adams is ,mo #j4dcdbi #ddhai #jcbea #hbgfe #aabhi #ahiaf #fjejh #bbidc #igjje #hjcff #feffa #addec #ghcaf #ehfdf #dibjh #hgjgg #dgbib #bdidi #cchdc #agdhc #ahgjf #ajfgd #dgffc #jcgcc #fdafg #ibhga #ehifc #ijfef #ibbaj #fdffb #habbf #eheba #bgjhf #efhfg #jcbie #iccgj #hfife #hhbff #hhcca #afcfj #ggchd #ijead #bhddc #dhfff #gfhfd #fehfj #heace #efadh #babcd #hgfec #dcedc #dcegc #agbec #hcefb #bahfh #be :i* is true c]ta9ly to #bgb1 & probably to #bgc1 places 7,proc4 ,roy4 ,soc41 #ahhf1 #db1 p4 #bb1 :]e also ! values ( ! o!r log>i?ms are giv574 ,if ! log>i?ms are to be ,briggian all ! s]ies 9 ! prec$+ =mulae mu/ be multipli$ by ,m1 ! modulus2 ?us1 log7#aj7 7#a x7 ,m 7x - x 7#a_/c7x - x#d c471 & s on4 ,z has be5 /at$1 ,abraham ,%>p's table conta9s #fa-;decimal ,briggian log>i?ms ( primes up to #aajj1 s t ! log>i?ms ( all composite numb]s ^: greate/ prime factor does n exce$ ?is numb] may be f\nd by simple addition2 & ,wolfram's table gives #dh-;decimal hyp]bolic log>i?ms ( primes up to #aj1jji4 ,by means ( ^! tables & ( a factor table we may v readily obta9 ! ,briggian log>i?m ( a numb] to #fa or a less numb] ( places or ( its hyp]bolic log>i?m to #dh or a less numb] ( places 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,suppose ! hyp]bolic log>i?m ( ! prime numb] #dc1hfg requir$4 ,multiply+ by #ej1 we h #ej #dc1hfg #b1aic1cej1 & on look+ 9 ,burckh>dt's ,table des diviseurs = a numb] ne> to ?is :i* %all h no prime factor great] ?an #aj1jji1 x appe>s t #b1aic1cdi #bc #dg #bjbi2 ?us #dc1hfg 7#a_/ej77bc #dg #bjbi #a71 & !re=e log7e7 #dc1hfg log7e7 #bc log7e7 #dg log7e7 #bjbi - log7e7 #ej #a #a #a --------- - ------------ 7#a_/c7 ---------- - c4 #b1aic1cdi 7#b1aic1cdi7 7#aic1cdi7 ,! fir/ t]m ( ! s]ies 9 ! second l9e is #j4jjjjj #jdeei #bcgie #jgcai #fbhf2 divid+ ?is by #b #b1aic1cdi we obta9 #j4jjjjj #jjjjj #jjajc #iccbe #cdeg1 & ! ?ird t]m is #j4jjjjj #jjjjj #jjjjj #jjjjc #aeij1 s t ! s]ies #j4jjjjj #jdeei #bcfia #aciig #ddai2 :5ce1 tak+ out ! log>i?ms f ,wolfram's table1 log7e7 #dc1hfg #aj4fhhia #gfjgi #fjefh #ajaia #cffa4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! me?od is to multiply ! giv5 prime 7suppos$ to consi/ ( #d1 #e or #f figures7 by su* a factor t ! product may be a numb] )9 ! range ( ! factor tables1 & su* t1 :5 x is increas$ by #a or #b1 ! prime factors may all be )9 ! range ( ! log>i?mic tables4 ,! log>i?m is !n obta9$ by use ( ! =mula d d d log7e77x d7 log7e7x --- - -- 7#a_/c7 -- - c41 x x x 9 :i* ( c\rse ! object is to r5d] d_/x z small z possible4 ,if ! log>i?m requir$ is ,briggian1 ! value ( ! s]ies is to be multipli$ by ,m4 ,if ! numb] is incomm5surable or consi/s ( m ?an sev5 figures1 we c take ! fir/ sev5 figures ( x 7or multiply & divide ! result by any factor1 & take ! fir/ sev5 figures ( ! result7 & proce$ z be=e4 ,an application to ! hyp]bolic log>i?m ( pi is giv5 by ,burckh>dt 9 ! introduction to 8 ,table des diviseurs = ! second million4 ,! be/ g5]al me?od ( calculat+ log>i?ms consi/s1 9 its simple/ =m1 9 resolv+ ! numb] ^: log>i?m is requir$ into factors ( ! =m #a - 4#a7r7n1 :]e n is "o ( ! n9e digits2 & mak+ use ( subsidi>y tables ( log>i?ms ( factors ( ?is =m4 ,= example1 suppose ! log>i?m ( #edchci requir$ to twelve places4 ,divid+ by #aje & by #e ! numb] becomes #a4jhgfgh1 & resolv+ ?is numb] into factors ( ! =m #a - 4#a7r7n we f9d t #edchci #aje #e7a-4ah77a-4a7d7f77a-4a7e7f77a-4a7f7c77 a-4a7g7c7 7#a-4a7h7e77a-4a7i7g77a-4a7aj7i77a-4a7aa 7c77a-4a7ab7b71 :]e #a-ah d5otes #a-4jh1 #a-4a7d7f d5otes #a-4jjjf1 c41 & s on4 ,all t is requir$ !re=e 9 ord] to obta9 ! log>i?m ( any numb] is a table ( log>i?ms1 to ! requir$ numb] ( places1 ( 4n1 4#in1 4#iin1 4#iiin1 c41 = n #a1 #b1 #c1 444 #i4 ,! resolution ( a numb] into factors ( ! above =m is easily p]=m$4 ,tak+1 = example1 ! numb] #a4jhgfgh1 ! object is to de/roy ! significant figure #h 9 ! second place ( decimals2 ?is is effect$ by multiply+ ! numb] by #a-4jh1 t is1 by subtract+ f ! numb] eight times itself advanc$ two places1 & we ?us obta9 #a4jjjffcgf4 ,to de/roy ! fir/ #f multiply by #a - 4#jjjf giv+ #a4jjjjfccfagdd1 & multiply+ successively by #a - 4#jjjjf & #a - 4#jjjjjc1 we obta9 #a4jjjjjjcegicb1 & x is cle> t ^! la/ six significant figures repres5t )\t any fur!r "w ! rema9+ factors requir$4 ,9 ! correspond+ antilog>i?mic process ! numb] is express$ z a product ( factors ( ! =m #a 4#a7n7x4 ,?is me?od ( calculat+ log>i?ms by ! resolution ( numb]s into factors ( ! =m #a - 4#a7r7n is g5]ally kn[n z ,w$dle's me?od1 hav+ be5 publi%$ by him 9 ,! ,ma!matician = ,novemb] #ahde1 & ! correspond+ me?od = antilog>i?ms by means ( factors ( ! =m #a 74#a77r7n is kn[n by ! "n ( ,he>n1 :o publi%$ x 9 ! same j\rnal = #ahdg4 ,9 #ahdf ,pet] ,gray con/ruct$ a new table to #ab places1 9 :i* ! factors 7 ( ! =m #a-74ja77r7n1 s t n _h ! values #a1 #b1 444 #ii2 & subsequ5tly he con/ruct$ a simil> table = factors ( ! =m #a 74#ja77r7n4 ,he also devis$ a me?od ( apply+ a table ( ,he>n's =m 7i4e4 ( factors ( ! =m #a 4#a7r7n7 to ! con/ruction ( log>i?ms1 & calculat$ a table ( log>i?ms ( factors ( ! =m #a 74#jja77r7n to #bd places4 ,?is 0 publi%$ 9 #ahgf "u ! title ,tables = ! =mation ( log>i?ms & antilog>i?ms to tw5ty-f\r or any less numb] ( places1 & conta9s ! mo/ complete & useful application ( ! me?od1 ) _m improvem5ts 9 po9ts ( detail4 ,tak+ z an example ! calculation ( ! ,briggian log>i?m ( ! numb] #dc1hfg1 ^: hyp]bolic log>i?m has be5 calculat$ above1 we multiply x by #c1 giv+ #aca1fja1 & f9d by ,gray's process t ! factors ( #a4cafja are 7#a7 #a4caf 7#e7 #a47jja77d7jjb 7#b7 #a4jjjjjg 7#f7 #a47jja77e7fjb 7#c7 #a47jja7eih 7#g7 #a47jja77f7dab 7#d7 #a47jja7ghj 7#h7 #a47jja77g7cdj ,tak+ ! log>i?ms f ,gray's tables we obta9 ! requir$ log>i?m by addition z foll[s3-- #ebb #hgh #gde #bhj #ccg #efb #gjd #igb colog #c #aai #bee #hhi #bgg #icf #fhe #eec #iac log 7#a7 #c #jdj #jej #gcc #aeg #faj #bci log 7#b7 #bei #gjh #jbb #ebe #dec #eig log 7#c7 #cch #gdi #fie #geb #dbd log 7#d7 #hfh #ehh #ifd log 7#e7 #bfa #dde #bgh log 7#f7 #agh #ibi log 7#g7 #adh log 7#h7 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- #d4fdb #acg #icd #fee #ghj #geg #bhh #dfd log7#aj7dc1hfg ,9 ,%ortr$e's ,tables !re are tables ( log>i?ms & factors ( ! =m #a 74#ja77r7n to #af places & ( ! =m #a 74#a77r7n to #be places2 & 9 8 ,tables de ,log>i?mes #bg ,dcimales 7,p>is1 #ahfg7 ,fdor ,?oman gives tables ( log>i?ms ( factors ( ! =m #a 4#a7r7n4 ,9 ! ,mess5g] ( ,ma!matics1 vol4 iii4 pp4 #ff-ib1 #ahgc1 ,h5ry ,wace gave a simple & cle> acc\nt ( bo? ! log>i?mic & antilog>i?mic processes1 ) tables ( bo? ,briggian & hyp]bolic log>i?ms ( factors ( ! =m #a 4#a7r7n to #bj places4 ,al?\gh ! me?od is usually kn[n by ! names ( ,w$dle & ,he>n1 x is really1 9 its ess5tial features1 due to ,briggs1 :o gave 9 ! ,ari?metica log>i?mica ( #afbd a table ( ! log>i?ms ( #a 4#a7r7n up to r #i to #ae places ( decimals4 ,x 0 fir/ =mally propos$ z an indep5d5t me?od1 ) great improvem5ts1 by ,rob]t ,fl[] 9 ,! ,radix1 a new way ( mak+ ,log>i?ms1 :i* 0 publi%$ 9 #agga2 & ,leonelli1 9 8 ,supplem5t log>i?mique 7#ahjb-ahjc71 already notic$1 ref]r$ to ,fl[] & reproduc$ "s ( 8 tables4 ,a complete bibliography ( ?is me?od has be5 giv5 by ,a4 ,j4 ,ellis 9 a pap] on ! pot5tial radix z a means ( calculat+ log>i?ms1 pr9t$ 9 ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,royal ,society1 vol4 xxxi41 #ahha1 pp4 #dja-djg1 & vol4 xxxii41 #ahha1 pp4 #cgg-cgi4 ,ref]5ce %\ld also be made to ,hoppe's ,tafeln zur dreissig/ellig5 log>i?mis*5 ,re*nung 7,leipzig1 #ahgf71 :i* give 9 a some:at modifi$ =m a table ( ! hyp]bolic log>i?m ( #a 4#a7r7n4 ,! prec$+ me?ods are only appropriate = ! calculation ( isolat$ log>i?ms4 ,if a complete table _h to be recon/ruct$1 or calculat$ to m places1 x w\ld und\bt$ly be mo/ conv5i5t to employ ! me?od ( diff]5ces4 ,a full acc\nt ( ?is me?od z appli$ to ! calculation ( ! ,tables du ,cada/re is giv5 by ,le=t 9 vol4 iv4 ( ! ,annales de l',obs]vatoire de ,p>is4 7,j4 ,w4 ,l4 ,g47 ,,footnotes3 #a ,dr ,?omas ,smi? ?us describes ! ard\r ) :i* ,briggs /udi$ ! ,descriptio3 ,hunc 9 deliciis habuit1 9 s9u1 9 manibus1 9 pectore ge/avit1 oculisque avidissimis1 et m5te att5tissima1 it]um it]umque p]legit1444 ,vitae quorundam eruditissimorum et illu/rium virorum 7,london1 #agjg74 #b ,william ,lilly's acc\nt ( ! meet+ ( ,napi] & ,briggs at ,m]*i/on is quot$ 9 ! article ,,napi]4 #c ,x 0 c]ta9ly publi%$ aft] ,napi]'s dea?1 z ,briggs m5tions 8 librum po/humum4 ,?is lib] po/humus 0 ! ,con/ructio ref]r$ to lat] 9 ?is article4 #d ,fris*'s ,kepl]i op]a omnia1 ii4 #hcd4 ,fris* ?9ks ,bram] possibly reli$ on ,kepl]'s /atem5t quot$ 9 ! text 7,quibus =te confisus ,kepl]i v]bis ,b5j4 ,bram]444474 ,see also vol4 vii4 p4 #bih4 ,! claims ( ,byrgius are discuss$ 9 ,k/n]'s ,ges*i*te d] ,ma!matik1 ii4 #cge1 & iii4 #ad2 ,montucla's ,hi/oire des ma?matiques1 ii4 #aj2 ,delambre's ,hi/oire de l'a/ronomie mod]ne1 i4 #efj2 de ,morgan's article on ,tables 9 ! ,engli% ,cyclopa$ia2 ,m>k ,napi]'s ,memoirs ( ,john ,napi] ( ,m]*i/on 7#ahcd71 p4 #cib1 & ,cantor's ,ges*i*te d] ,ma!matik1 ii4 7#ahib71 #ffb4 ,see also ,gieswald1 ,ju/us ,byrg als ,ma!matik] und dess5 ,e9leitung 9 se9e ,log>i?m5 7,danzig1 #ahef74 #e ,see ,m>k ,napi]'s ,memoirs ( ,john ,napi] ( ,m]*i/on 7#ahcd71 p4 #cfb4 #f ,9 ! ,rabdologia 7#afag7 he speaks ( ! canon ( log>i?ms z a me longo tempore elaboratum4 #g ,a c>eful exam9ation ( ! hi/ory ( ! me?od is giv5 by ,s*eibel 9 8 ,e9leitung zur ma!matis*5 ,b*]k5ntniss1 ,/ck vii4 7,breslau1 #agge71 pp4 #ac-bj2 & !re is also an acc\nt 9 ,k/n]'s ,ges*i*te d] ,ma!matik1 i4 #eff-efi 7#agif72 9 ,montucla's ,hi/oire des ma?matiques1 i4 #ehc-ehe & #fag-fai2 & 9 ,klgel's ,wrt]bu* 7#ahjh71 article ,pro/hapha]esis4 #h ,besides 8 connexion ) log>i?ms & improvem5ts 9 ! me?od ( pro/hapha]esis1 ,byrgius has a %>e 9 ! inv5tion ( decimal fractions4 ,see ,cantor1 ,ges*i*te1 ii4 #efg4 ,cantor attributes to him 79 ! use ( 8 pro/hapha]esis7 ! fir/ introduction ( a subsidi>y angle into trigonometry 7vol4 ii4 #eij74 #i ,! title ( ?is "w is--,b5jam9is ,urs9i 444 cursus ma!matici practici volum5 primum cont95s illu/r4 g5]osi ,dn4 ,dn4 ,johannis ,nep]i ,b>onis ,m]*i/onij c4 ,scoti trigonometriam log>i?micam usibus disc5tium accommodatam 444 ,coloniae 444 ,,ci,c ,i,c,c ,,xix4 ,at ! end1 ,napi]'s table is repr9t$1 b to two figures less4 ,?is "w =ms ! e>lie/ publication ( log>i?ms on ! cont95t4 #aj ,! title is ,log>i?morum canonis descriptio1 seu ari?metic>um supputationum mirabilis abbreviatio4 ,ejusque usus 9 utraque trigonometria ut etiam 9 omni logi/ica ma!matica1 amplissimi1 facillimi exp$itissimi explicatio4 ,au?ore ac inv5tore ,ioanne ,nep]o1 ,b>one ,m]*i/onii1 c4 ,scoto4 ,lugduni4444 ,x w be se5 t ?is title is diff]5t f t ( ,napi]'s "w ( #afad2 _m writ]s h1 h[ev]1 errone\sly giv5 x z ! title ( ! latt]4 #aa ,9 describ+ ! cont5ts ( ! works ref]r$ to1 ! language & notation ( ! pres5t day h be5 adopt$1 s t = example a table to radius #aj1jjj1jjj is describ$ z a table to #g places1 & s on4 ,also1 al?\gh log>i?ms h be5 spok5 ( z to ! base e1 c41 x is to be notic$ t nei!r ,napi] nor ,briggs1 nor any ( _! successors till long aft]w>ds1 _h any idea ( connect+ log>i?ms ) expon5ts4 #ab ,! smalle/ numb] ( entries :i* are necess>y 9 a table ( log>i?ms 9 ord] t ! int]m$iate log>i?ms may be calculable by proportional p>ts has be5 inve/igat$ by ,j4 ,e4 ,a4 ,/eggall 9 ! ,proc4 ,ed94 ,ma?4 ,soc41 #ahib1 #aj1 p4 #ce4 ,?is numb] is #agjj 9 ! case ( a sev5-figure table ext5d+ to #ajj1jjj4 #ac ,acc\nts ( ,sang's calculations are giv5 9 ! ,trans4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,ed941 #ahgb1 #bf1 p4 #eba1 & 9 subsequ5t pap]s 9 ! ,proce$+s ( ! same society4 #ad ,9 vol4 xv4 7#ahge7 ( ! ,v]h&el+5 ( ! ,am/]dam ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 ,bi]5s de ,haan has giv5 a li/ ( #eec tables ( log>i?ms4 ,a previ\s pap] ( ! same k9d1 conta9+ notices ( "s ( ! tables1 0 publi%$ by him 9 ! ,v]slag5 en ,m$$eel+5 ( ! same academy 7,afd4 ,natuurkunde7 deel4 iv4 7#ahfb71 p4 #ae4 ,,logau1 ,,fri$ri*1 ,,freih]r ,,von 7#afjd-afee71 ,g]man epigrammati/1 0 born at ,brockut1 ne> ,nimpts*1 9 ,silesia1 9 ,june #afjd4 ,he 0 educat$ at ! gymnasium ( ,brieg & subsequ5tly /udi$ law4 ,he !n ent]$ ! s]vice ( ! duke ( ,brieg4 ,9 #afdd he 0 made ducal c\ncillor4 ,he di$ at ,liegnitz on ! #bd? ( ,july #afee4 ,logau's epigrams1 :i* appe>$ 9 two collections "u ! pseudonym ,salomon von ,golaw 7an anagram ( 8 real "n7 9 #afch 7,er/es ,hund]t ,teuts*] ,reim5spr*e7 & #afed 7,deuts*] ,s9ng$i*te drei ,taus5d71 %[ a m>vell\s range & v>iety ( expression4 ,he _h suff]$ bitt]ly "u ! adv]se conditions ( ! "t2 b 8 satire is n m]ely ! outcome ( p]sonal feel+4 ,9 ! turbul5t age ( ! ,?irty ,ye>s' ,w> he 0 "o ( ! few m5 :o pres]v$ intact 8 intellectual integrity & judg$ 8 contempor>ies fairly4 ,he satiriz$ ) unsp>+ h& ! c\rt life1 ! useless blood%$ ( ! w>1 ! lack ( national pride 9 ! ,g]man p1 & _! slavi% imitation ( ! ,fr5* 9 cu/oms1 dress & spee*4 ,he belong$ to ! ,fru*tbr+5de ,gesells*aft "u ! "n ,d] ,v]kle9]nde1 & reg>d$ himself z a foll[] ( ,m>t9 ,opitz2 b he did n all[ su* ties to influ5ce 8 indep5d5ce or orig9ality4 ,logau's ,s9ng$i*te 7 edit$ 9 #agei by ,g4 ,e4 ,less+ & ,k4 ,w4 ,raml]1 :o fir/ drew att5tion to _! m]its2 a second edition appe>$ 9 #agia4 ,a critical edition 0 publi%$ by ,g4 ,eitn] 9 #ahgb1 :o also edit$ a selection ( ,logau's epigrams = ! ,deuts*e ,di*t] des ,,xvii4 ,jahrhund]ts 7vol4 iii41 #ahgj72 !re is also a selection by ,h4 ,oe/]ley 9 ,krs*n]'s ,deuts*e ,nationallit]atur1 vol4 xxviii4 7#ahhe74 ,see ,h4 ,d5k]1 ,beitrge zur lit]>is*5 ,wrdigung ,logaus 7#ahhi72 ,w4 ,heus*kel1 ,unt]su*ung5 b] ,rnd]s und ,less+s ,be>beitung ,logaus*] ,s9ng$i*te 7#aija74 ,,logia1 a title us$ to describe a collection ( ! say+s ( ,jesus ,*ri/ 7,greek3 logia ,is\7 & !re=e g5]ally appli$ to ! ,say+s ( ,jesus discov]$ 9 ,egypt by ,b4 ,p4 ,gr5fell & ,a4 ,s4 ,hunt4 ,!re is "s "q z to :e!r ! t]m is rightly us$ = ?is purpose4 ,x does n occur 9 ! ,papyri 9 ?is s5se4 ,ea* say+ is introduc$ by ! phrase ,jesus says 7,greek3 legei7 & ! collection is describ$ 9 ! introductory words ( ! #aijc s]ies z ,greek3 logoi n z ,greek3 logia4 ,"s ju/ification = ! employm5t ( ! t]m is f\nd 9 e>ly ,*ri/ian lit]ature4 ,sev]al writ]s speak ( ! ,greek3 logia t\ kuri\ or ,greek3 ta kuriaka logia1 i4e4 oracles ( 7or conc]n+7 ! ,"l4 ,polyc>p1 = in/ance1 speaks ( ^? :o p]v]t ! oracles ( ! ,"l4 7,philipp4 #g71 & ,papias1 z ,eusebius tells u1 wrote a "w ) ! title ,expositions ( ! ,oracles ( ! ,"l4 ,! expression has be5 v>i\sly int]pret$4 ,x ne$ mean no m 7,lightfoot1 ,essays on ,sup]natural ,religion1 #agb seq47 ?an n>ratives ( 7or conc]n+7 ! ,"l2 on ! o!r h&1 ! phrase is capable ( a mu* m def9ite mean+1 & !re are _m s*ol>s :o hold t x ref]s to a docum5t :i* conta9$ a collection ( ! say+s ( ,jesus4 ,"s su* docum5t1 we "k1 mu/ lie at ! base ( our ,synoptic ,gospels1 & x is q possible t x may h be5 kn[n to & us$ by ,papias4 ,x is only on ?is assumption t ! use ( ! t]m ,logia 9 ! s5se describ$ above c be ju/ifi$4 ,! ,say+s1 to :i* ! t]m ,logia is g5]ally appli$1 consi/ ( 7a7 a papyrus leaf conta9+ sev5 or eight say+s ( ,jesus discov]$ 9 #ahig1 7b7 a second leaf conta9+ five m say+s discov]$ 9 #aijc1 7c7 two fragm5ts ( unkn[n ,gospels1 ! =m] publi%$ 9 #aijc1 ! latt] 9 #aijg4 ,all ^! 7 f\nd among/ ! great mass ( papyri acquir$ by ! ,egyptian ,exploration ,fund f ! ru9s ( ,oxyrhyn*us1 "o ( ! *ief e>ly ,*ri/ian c5tres 9 ,egypt1 situat$ "s #abj m4 ,s4 ( ,cairo4 ,! eight say+s discov]$ 9 #ahig are z foll[s3-- #a4 444 ,greek3 kai tote diablepseis ekbale9 to k>phos to en t oph?alm t\ adelph\ s\4 #b4 ,greek3 ,legei ,is\s ean m n/euste ton kosmon ou m eurte tn basileian t\ !\4 kai ean m sabbatiste to sabbaton ouk opse/he ton pat]a4 #c4 ,greek3 ,legei ,is\s estn en mes t\ kosm\ kai en s>ki p/hn autois1 kai euron pantas me?uontas kai oud5a euron dipsnta en autois1 kai ponei psy* m\ epi tois huiois tn an?rpn1 hoti typhloi eis9 t k>dia autn kai ou blep\s94444 #d4 ,illegible3 possibly jo9s on to #c 444 ,greek3 tn pt*eian4 #e4 ,greek3 ,legei ,is\s hopou ean s9 b1 ouk eisin a!oi kai hop\ eis e/9 monos1 leg1 eg eimi met autou egeiron ton li?on kakei heurseis me1 s*ison to xylon kag ekei eimi4 #f4 ,greek3 ,legei ,is\s ouk e/9 dektos prophts en t patridi autou1 oude iatpos poiei !rapeias eis t\s g9skontas auton4 #g4 ,greek3 ,legei ,is\s polisoi kodomm5 ep' akron or\s hypsl\ kai e/rigm5 oute pese9 dynatai oute krybnai4 #h4 ,greek3 ,legei ,is\s ak\eis eis to h5 tion s\ to de et]on synekleisas4 ,lett]s 9 brackets are miss+ 9 ! orig9al3 lett]s :i* are dott$ b5ea? are d\btful4 #a4 444 & !n %alt ?\ see cle>ly to ca/ out ! mote t is 9 ?y bro!r's eye4 #b4 ,jesus sai?1 ,except ye fa/ to ! _w1 ye %all 9 no wise f9d ! k+dom ( ,god2 & except ye make ! sabba? a real sabba?1 ye %all n see ! ,fa!r4 #c4 ,jesus sai?1 ,i /ood 9 ! mid/ ( ! _w & 9 ! fle% 0 ,i se5 ( !m1 & ,i f\nd all m5 drunk51 & none f\nd ,i a?ir/ among !m1 & my s\l grieve? ov] ! sons ( m51 because !y are bl9d 9 _! he>t1 & see n4444 #d4 444 pov]ty4444 #e4 ,jesus sai?1 ,:]ev] !re are two1 !y are n )\t ,god1 & :]ev] !re is "o alone1 ,i say1 ,i am ) him4 ,raise ! /one & !re ?\ %alt f9d me1 cleave ! wood & !re am ,i4 #f4 ,jesus sai?1 ,a prophet is n acceptable 9 8 own c\ntry1 nei!r do? a physician "w cures ^u !m t "k him4 #g4 ,jesus sai?1 ,a city built ^u ! top ( a high hill & /abli%$ c nei!r fall nor be hid4 #h4 ,jesus sai?1 ,?\ he>e/ ) "o e> b ! o!r e> ha/ ?\ clos$4 ,! say+s ( #aijc 7 prefac$ by ! foll[+ introductory /atem5t3-- ,greek3 hoi toioi hoi logoi hoi 444 h\s elals5 ,i7s\7s ho zn kyrios8 444 kai ,?ma kai eip5 autois2 pas ho/is an tn logn t\tn ak\s ?anat\ ou m geustai4 ,^! are ! 7wond]ful87 words :i* ,jesus ! liv+ 7,"l7 spake to 444 & ,?omas & he said unto 7!m7 e "o t he>k5s to ^! words %all nev] ta/e ( dea?4 ,! say+s !mselves are z foll[s3-- 7#a7 ,greek3 legei ,i7s\7s m pausa/h ho ztn444 hes an heur kai hotan heur ?amb?setai kai ?amb!is basileusei kai basileusas anapasetai4 7#b7 ,greek3 legei ,i7s\s 444 t9es 444 hoi helkontes hmas eis tn basileian ei h basileia en ouran e/92 ta pete9a t\ ouran\ kai tn ?rin ho ti hypo tn gn e/9 epi ts gs kai hoi i*?yes ts ?alasss h\toi hoi helkon- tes hymas kai h basileia tn ourann entos hymn e/i kai ho/is an heauton gn tautn heursei444 heaut\s gnse/he kai eidsete hoti huioi e/e humeis t\ patros t\ t444 gns7es7! heaut\s en444 kai hu eis e/e pto 7#c7 ,greek3 legei ,i7s\7s ouk apoknsei an?rpos444 rn ep]tsai pa444 rn p]i t\ top\ ts444 sete hoti polloi esontai prtoi es*atoi kai hoi es*atoi prtoi kai 444 s94 7#d7 ,greek3 legei ,i7s\7s pan to m empros- !n ts opses s\ kai to kekrumm5on apo s\ apokalyph7?7setai soi4 ou g> es- t9 krypton ho ou phaneron g5setai kai te?amm5on ho ouk eg]?setai4 7#e7 ,greek3 ex etaz\s9 auton hoi ma?tai aut\ kai leg\s92 ps n/eusom5 kai ps444 444 me?a kai ps 444 444 kai ti p>atrsom5444 444 n8 legei ,i7s\7s2 444 444 eitai m poeite444 444 s al!ias an 444 444 n apokekry444 444 ma k>ios e/9 444 444 e/i444 444 9 444 #a4 ,jesus sai?1 ,let n him :o seeks 444 cease until he f9ds & :5 he f9ds he %all be a/oni%$2 a/oni%$ he %all rea* ! k+dom & hav+ rea*$ ! k+dom he %all re/4 #b4 ,jesus sai? 7ye ask8 :o are ^?7 t draw u 7to ! k+dom if7 ! k+dom is 9 ,heav58 444 ! f[ls ( ! air & all bea/s t are "u ! e>? or ^u ! e>? & ! fi%es ( ! sea 7^! are !y :i* draw7 y & ! k+dom ( ,heav5 is )9 y & :osoev] %all "k himself %all f9d x4 7,/rive !re=e87 to "k y\rselves & ye %all be aw>e t ye are ! sons ( ! 7,almighty87 ,fa!r2 7&87 ye %all "k t ye are 9 7! city ( ,god87 & ye are 7! city874 #c4 ,jesus sai?1 ,a man %all n hesitate 444 to ask conc]n+ 8 place 79 ! k+dom4 ,ye %all "k7 t _m t are fir/ %all be la/ & ! la/ fir/ & 7!y %all h et]nal life874 #d4 ,jesus sai?1 ,ev]y?+ t is n be=e ?y face & t :i* is hidd5 f !e %all be reveal$ to !e4 ,= !re is no?+ hidd5 :i* %all n be made manife/ nor buri$ :i* %all n be rais$4 #e4 ,8 disciples "q him & say1 ,h[ %all we fa/ & h[ %all we 7pray87 444 & :at 7comm&m5t7 %all we keep 444 ,jesus sai? 444 d n 444 ( tru? 444 bless$ is he 444 ,! fragm5t ( a lo/ ,gospel :i* 0 discov]$ 9 #aijc conta9$ orig9ally ab\t fifty l9es1 b _m ( !m h p]i%$ & o!rs are undeciph]able4 ,! translation1 z f> z x c be made out1 is z foll[s3-- #a-g4 7,take no ?\ght7 f morn+ until ev5 nor f ev5+ until morn+ ei!r = y\r food :at ye %all eat or = y\r raim5t :at ye %all put on4 #g-ac4 ,ye are f> bett] ?an ! lilies :i* gr[ b sp9 n4 ,hav+ "o g>m5t :at d ye 7lack78444 #ac-ae4 ,:o c\ld add to y\r /ature8 #ae-af4 ,he himself w give y y\r g>m5t4 #ag-bc4 ,8 disciples say unto him1 ,:5 wilt ?\ be manife/ unto u & :5 %all we see !e8 ,he sai?1 ,:5 ye %all be /ripp$ & n be a%am$ 444 #da-df4 ,he said1 ,! key ( k ye hid3 ye ent]$ n 9 y\rselves1 & to !m t 7 ent]+ 91 ye op5$ n4 ,! second ,gospel fragm5t discov]$ 9 #aijg consi/s ( a s+le vellum leaf1 practically complete except at "o ( ! l[] corn]s & "h mo/ ( ! lacunae admit ( a satisfactory solution4 ,! translation is z foll[s3-- 444 be=e he does wrong makes all mann] ( subtle excuse4 ,b give he$ le/ ye also suff] ! same ?+s z !y3 = ! evil do]s among m5 receive _! rew>d n among ! liv+ only1 b also await puni%m5t & mu* torm5t4 ,& he took !m & br\ght !m into ! v place ( purification & 0 walk+ 9 ! temple4 ,& a c]ta9 ,ph>isee1 a *ief prie/1 ^: "n 0 ,levi1 met !m & said to ! ,savi\r1 ,:o gave !e leave to walk 9 ?is place ( purification1 & to see ^! holy vessels :5 ?\ ha/ n wa%$ nor yet h ?y disciples ba!d _! feet8 ,b defil$ ?\ ha/ walk$ 9 ?is temple1 :i* is a pure place1 :]e9 no o!r man walks except he has wa%$ himself & *ang$ 8 g>m5ts nei!r does he v5ture to see ^! holy vessels4 ,& ! ,savi\r /raightway /ood /ill ) 8 disciples & answ]$ him1 ,art ?\ !n1 be+ "h 9 ! temple1 clean8 ,he sai? unto him1 ,i am clean2 = ,i wa%$ 9 ! pool ( ,david & hav+ desc5d$ by "o /aircase1 ,i asc5d$ by ano!r & ,i put on :ite & clean g>m5ts1 & !n ,i came & look$ ^u ^! holy vessels4 ,! ,savi\r answ]$ & said unto him1 ,woe ye bl9d1 :o see n4 ,?\ ha/ wa%$ 9 ^! runn+ wat]s :]e9 dogs & sw9e h be5 ca/ night & day & ha/ cleans$ & wip$ ! outside sk9 :i* also ! h>lots & flute-girls ano9t & wa% & wipe & beautify = ! lu/ ( m52 b )9 !y are full ( scorpions & all wick$ness4 ,b ,i & my disciples :o ?\ saye/ h n ba!d h be5 dipp$ 9 ! wat]s ( et]nal life :i* come f4444 ,b woe unto !e4444 ,^! docum5ts h naturally excit$ consid]able int]e/ & rais$ _m que/ions4 ,! papyri ( ! say+s date f ! #crd c5tury & mo/ s*ol>s agree t ! say+s !mselves g back to ! #bnd4 ,! ye> ,a4,d4 #adj is g5]ally assign$ z ! t]m9us ad quem4 ,! problem z to _! orig9 has be5 ke5ly discuss$4 ,!re are two ma9 types ( !ory4 7#a7 ,"s suppose t !y are exc]pts f an uncanonical ,gospel4 7#b7 ,o!rs ?9k t !y repres5t an indep5d5t & orig9al collection ( say+s4 ,! fir/ !ory has assum$ ?ree ma9 =ms4 7a7 ,h>nack ma9ta9s t !y 7 tak5 f ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,egyptians4 ,?is !ory1 h[ev]1 is bas$ ^u a hypo!tical recon/ruction ( ! ,gospel 9 "q :i* has f\nd v few support]s4 7b7 ,o!rs h advocat$ ! ,gospel ( ! ,hebrews z ! s\rce ( ! say+s1 on ! gr\nd ( ! resemblance betwe5 ! fir/ say+ ( ! #aijc s]ies & a well-au!nticat$ fragm5t ( t ,gospel4 ,! resemblance1 h[ev]1 is n suffici5tly cle> to support ! conclusion4 7c7 ,a ?ird view supposes t !y are extracts f ! ,gospel ( ,?omas--an apocryphal ,gospel deal+ ) ! boyhood ( ,jesus4 ,beyond ! allusion to ,?omas 9 ! introductory p>agraph to ! #aijc s]ies1 !re seems to be no tangible evid5ce 9 support ( ?is view4 ,! second !ory1 :i* ma9ta9s t ! papyri repres5t an indep5d5t collection ( say+s1 seems to be ! op9ion :i* has f\nd greate/ fav\r4 ,x has won ! support ( ,w4 ,s&ay1 ,h4 ,b4 ,swete1 ,r5del ,h>ris1 ,w4 ,lock1 ,he9rici1 c4 ,!re is a consid]able div]sity ( judgm5t1 h[ev]1 ) reg>d to ! value ( ! collection4 7a7 ,"s s*ol>s ma9ta9 t ! collection goes back to ! #a/ c5tury & repres5ts "o ( ! e>lie/ attempts to con/ruct an acc\nt ( ! tea*+ ( ,jesus4 ,!y are !re=e dispos$ to admit to a great] or less ext5t & ) widely v>y+ degrees ( confid5ce ! pres5ce ( g5u9e elem5ts 9 ! new matt]4 7b7 ,s&ay & _m o!rs reg>d ! say+s z orig9at+ e>ly 9 ! #bnd c5tury & ?9k t1 ?\gh n directly dep5d5t on ! ,canonical ,gospels1 !y h _! orig9 "u conditions ( ?\ght :i* ^! ,gospels _h creat$4 ,! say+s mu/ be reg>d$ z expansions ( ! true tradition1 & little value is !re=e to be atta*$ to ! new mat]ial4 ,) ! k at our disposal1 x is impossible to rea* an assur$ conclusion betwe5 ^! two views4 ,! real problem1 to :i* at pres5t no solution has be5 f\nd1 is to acc\nt = ! new mat]ial 9 ! say+s4 ,!re seems to be no motive suffici5t to expla9 ! additions t h be5 made to ! text ( ! ,gospels4 ,x _c be prov$ t ! expansions h be5 made 9 ! int]e/s ( any sect or h]esy4 ,unless new discov]ies provide ! clue1 or "s reasonable explanation c o!rwise be f\nd1 !re seems to be no reason :y we %\ld n reg>d ! say+s z conta9+ mat]ial :i* ought to be tak5 into acc\nt 9 ! critical /udy ( ! tea*+ ( ,jesus4 ,! #aijc ,gospel fragm5t is s mutilat$ 9 _m ( its p>ts t x is difficult to decide ^u its "* & value4 ,x appe>s to be e>li] ?an #aej1 & to be tak5 f a ,gospel :i* foll[$ m or less closely ! v]sion ( ! tea*+ ( ,jesus giv5 by ,mat!w & ,luke4 ,! phrase :5 ye %all be /ripp$ & n be a%am$ conta9s an idea :i* has "s aff9ity ) two passages f\nd respectively 9 ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,egyptians & ! s-call$ ,second ,epi/le ( ,clem5t4 ,! resemblance1 h[ev]1 is n suffici5tly close to w>rant ! d$uction t ei!r ! ,gospel ( ! ,egyptians or ! ,gospel f :i* ! citation 9 #b ,clem5t is tak5 7if ^! two are di/9ct7 is ! s\rce f :i* our fragm5t is d]iv$4 ,! second ,gospel fragm5t 7#aijg7 seems to be ( lat] orig9 ?an ! docum5ts already m5tion$4 ,gr5fell & ,hunt date ! ,gospel1 f :i* x is an exc]pt1 ab\t #bjj4 ,!re is consid]able difficulty ) reg>d to "s ( ! details4 ,! /atem5t t an ord9>y ,jew 0 requir$ to wa% & *ange 8 clo!s be=e visit+ ! inn] c\rt ( ! temple is q unsupport$ by any o!r evid5ce4 ,no?+ is kn[n ab\t ! place ( purification 7,greek3 agneutrion7 nor ! pool ( ,david 7,greek3 limn t\ ,daueid74 ,nor does ! /atem5t t ! sacr$ vessels 7 visible f ! place :]e ,jesus 0 /&+ seem at all probable4 ,gr5fell & ,hunt conclude !re=e--,s great inde$ are ! div]g5ces betwe5 ?is acc\nt & ! extant & no d\bt well-in=m$ au?orities ) reg>d to ! topography & ritual ( ! ,temple t x is h>dly possible to avoid ! conclusion t mu* ( ! local col\r is due to ! imag9ation ( ! au?or :o 0 aim+ *iefly at dramatic effect & 0 n really well acqua9t$ ) ! ,temple4 ,b if ! inaccuracy ( ! fragm5t 9 ?is important respect is admitt$ ! hi/orical "* ( ! :ole episode breaks d[n & x is probably to be reg>d$ z an apocryphal elaboration ( ,matt4 xv4 #a-bj & ,m>k vii4 #a-bc4 ,see ! ,oxyrhyn*us ,papyri1 "p i4 7#ahig71 "p iv4 7#aijd71 "p v4 7#aijh74 7,h4 ,t4 ,a47 ,,logic 7,greek3 logik1 sc4 ,greek3 te*n1 ! art ( reason+71 ! "n giv5 to "o ( ! f\r ma9 dep>tm5ts ( philosophy1 ?\gh its sph]e is v v>i\sly delimit$4 ,! pres5t article is divid$ into #a4 ,! ,problems ( ,logic1 ,,ii4 ,hi/ory4 ,i4 ,! ,problems ( ,logic4 ,introduction4--,logic is ! sci5ce ( ! processes ( inf]5ce1 :at1 !n1 is inf]5ce8 ,x is t m5tal op]ation :i* proce$s by comb9+ two premises s z to cause a consequ5t conclusion4 ,"s suppose t we may inf] f "o premise by a s-call$ imm$iate inf]5ce4 ,b "o premise c only reproduce itself 9 ano!r =m1 e4g4 all m5 are "s animals2 !re=e "s animals are m54 ,x requires ! comb9ation ( at lea/ two premises to inf] a conclusion diff]5t f bo?4 ,!re are z _m k9ds ( inf]5ce z !re are diff]5t ways ( comb9+ premises1 & 9 ! ma9 ?ree types3-- #a4 ,analogical ,inf]5ce1 f p>ticul> to p>ticul>3 e4g4 bord]-w> betwe5 ,!bes & ,phocis is evil2 bord]-w> betwe5 ,!bes & ,a!ns is simil> to t betwe5 ,!bes & ,phocis2 !re=e1 bord]-w> betwe5 ,!bes & ,a!ns is evil4 #b4 ,inductive ,inf]5ce1 f p>ticul> to univ]sal3 e4g4 bord]-w> betwe5 ,!bes & ,phocis is evil2 all bord]-w> is l t betwe5 ,!bes & ,phocis2 !re=e1 all bord]-w> is evil4 #c4 ,d$uctive or ,syllogi/ic ,inf]5ce1 f univ]sal to p>ticul>1 e4g4 all bord]-w> is evil2 bord]-w> betwe5 ,!bes & ,a!ns is bord]-w>2 !re=e bord]-w> betwe5 ,!bes & ,a!ns is evil4 ,9 ea* ( ^! k9ds ( inf]5ce !re are ?ree m5tal judgm5ts capable ( be+ express$ z above 9 ?ree l+ui/ic propositions2 & ! two fir/ are ! premises :i* are comb9$1 :ile ! ?ird is ! conclusion :i* is consequ5t on _! comb9ation4 ,ea* proposition consi/s ( two t]ms1 ! subject & its pr$icate1 unit$ by ! copula4 ,ea* inf]5ce conta9s ?ree t]ms4 ,9 syllogi/ic inf]5ce ! subject ( ! conclusion is ! m9or t]m1 & its pr$icate ! major t]m1 :ile betwe5 ^! two extremes ! t]m common to ! two premises is ! middle t]m1 & ! premise conta9+ ! middle & major t]ms is ! major premise1 ! premise conta9+ ! middle & m9or t]ms ! m9or premise4 ,?us 9 ! example ( syllogism giv5 above1 bord]-w> betwe5 ,!bes & ,a!ns is ! m9or t]m1 evil ! major t]m1 & bord]-w> ! middle t]m4 ,us+ ,s = m9or1 ,p = major & ,m = middle1 & pres]v+ ^! signs = correspond+ t]ms 9 analogical & inductive inf]5ces1 we obta9 ! foll[+ =mula ( ! ?ree inf]5ces3-- ,analogical4 ,inductive4 ,d$uctive or ,syllogi/ic4 ,s#a is ,p ,s is ,p ,e ,m is ,p ,s#b is simil> ,e ,m is ,s is ,m to ,s#a simil> to ,s 34 ,s#b is ,p4 34 ,e ,m is ,p4 34 ,s is ,p4 ,! love ( unity has (t5 made logicians attempt to resolve ^! ?ree processes into "o4 ,b ea* process has a peculi>ity ( its own2 !y are simil>1 n ! same4 ,analogical & inductive inf]5ce alike beg9 ) a p>ticul> premise conta9+ "o or m in/ances2 b ! =m] adds a p>ticul> premise to draw a p>ticul> conclusion1 ! latt] requires a univ]sal premise to draw a univ]sal conclusion4 ,a citiz5 ( ,a!ns1 :o _h kn[n ! evils ( ! bord]-w> betwe5 ,!bes & ,phocis1 w\ld readily p]ceive ! analogy ( a simil> w> betwe5 ,!bes & ,a!ns1 & conclude analog\sly t x w\ld be evil2 b he w\ld h to g5]alize ! simil>ity ( all bord]-w>s 9 ord] to draw ! inductive conclusion t all alike are evil4 ,induction & d$uction diff] /ill m1 & are 9 fact oppos$1 z "o makes a p>ticul> premise ! evid5ce ( a univ]sal conclusion1 ! o!r makes a univ]sal premise evid5ce ( a p>ticul> conclusion4 ,yet !y are alike 9 requir+ ! g5]alization ( ! univ]sal & ! belief t !re are classes :i* are :ole numb]s ( simil>s4 ,on ?is po9t bo? diff] f inf]5ce by analogy1 :i* proce$s entirely f p>ticul> premises to a p>ticul> conclusion4 ,h5ce we may r$ivide inf]5ce into p>ticul> inf]5ce by analogy & univ]sal inf]5ce by induction & d$uction4 ,univ]sal inf]5ce is :at we call reason+2 & its two species are v closely connect$1 because univ]sal conclusions ( induction become univ]sal premises ( d$uction4 ,inde$1 we (t5 induce 9 ord] to d$uce1 asc5d+ f p>ticul> to univ]sal & desc5d+ f univ]sal to p>ticul> 9 "o act z x 72 s t we may proce$ ei!r directly f p>ticul> to p>ticul> by analogical inf]5ce1 or indirectly f p>ticul> ?r\gh univ]sal to p>ticul> by an inductive-d$uctive inf]5ce :i* might be call$ p]duction4 ,on ! :ole1 !n1 analogical1 inductive & d$uctive inf]5ces are n ! same b ?ree simil> & closely connect$ processes4 ,! ?ree processes ( inf]5ce1 ?\gh diff]5t f "o ano!r1 re/ on a common pr9ciple ( simil>ity ( :i* ea* is a diff]5t application4 ,analogical inf]5ce requires t "o p>ticul> is simil> to ano!r1 induction t a :ole numb] or class is simil> to its p>ticul> in/ances1 d$uction t ea* p>ticul> is simil> to ! :ole numb] or class4 ,n t ^! inf]5ces require u to believe1 or assume1 or premise or =mulate ?is pr9ciple ei!r 9 g5]al1 or 9 its appli$ =ms3 ! premises are all t any inf]5ce ne$s ! m9d to assume4 ,! pr9ciple ( simil>ity is us$1 n assum$ by ! inf]r+ m9d1 :i* 9 accordance ) ! simil>ity ( ?+s & ! p>ity ( inf]5ce spontane\sly concludes 9 ! =m t simil>s are simil>ly det]m9$ 7similia similibus conv5ire74 ,9 apply+ ?is pr9ciple ( simil>ity1 ea* ( ! ?ree processes 9 its own way has to premise bo? t some?+ is someh[ det]m9$ & t some?+ is simil>1 & by comb9+ ^! premises to conclude t ?is is simil>ly det]m9$ to t4 ,?us ! v pr9ciple ( inf]5ce by simil>ity requires x to be a comb9ation ( premises 9 ord] to draw a conclusion4 ,! ?ree processes1 z diff]5t applications ( ! pr9ciple ( simil>ity1 consi/+ ( diff]5t comb9ations ( premises1 cause diff]5t degrees ( cog5cy 9 _! sev]al conclusions4 ,analogy h>dly requires z mu* evid5ce z induction4 ,m5 speculate ab\t ! analogy betwe5 ,m>s & ! e>?1 & inf] t x is inhabit$1 )\t tr\bl+ ab\t all ! planets4 ,induction has to consid] m in/ances1 & ! simil>ity ( a :ole numb] or class4 ,ev5 s1 h[ev]1 x />ts f a p>ticul> premise :i* only conta9s _m in/ances1 & leaves room to d\bt ! univ]sality ( its conclusions4 ,b d$uction1 />t+ f a premise ab\t all ! memb]s ( a class1 compels a conclusion ab\t e & ea* ( necessity4 ,"o bord]-w> may be simil> to ano!r1 & ! :ole numb] may be simil>1 )\t be+ simil>ly evil2 b if all alike are evil1 ea* is evil ( necessity4 ,d$uction or syllogism is sup]ior to analogy & induction 9 comb9+ premises s z to involve or conta9 ! conclusion4 ,= ?is reason x has be5 elevat$ by "s logicians above all o!r inf]5ces1 & = ?is v same reason attack$ by o!rs z no inf]5ce at all4 ,! tru? is t1 ?\gh ! premises conta9 ! conclusion1 nei!r premise alone conta9s x1 & a man :o kn[s bo? b does n comb9e !m does n draw ! conclusion2 x is ! syn!sis ( ! two premises :i* at once conta9s ! conclusion & advances our k2 & z syllogism consi/s1 n inde$ 9 ! discov]y1 b ess5tially 9 ! syn!sis ( two premises1 x is an inf]5ce & an advance on ea* premise & on bo? tak5 sep>ately4 ,z aga9 ! syn!sis conta9s or involves ! conclusion1 syllogism has ! advantage ( compell+ ass5t to ! consequ5ces ( ! premises4 ,inf]5ce 9 g5]al is a comb9ation ( premises to cause a conclusion2 d$uction is su* a comb9ation z to compel a conclusion involv$ 9 ! comb9ation1 & foll[+ f ! premises ( necessity4 ,nev]!less1 d$uction or syllogism is n indep5d5t ( ! o!r processes ( inf]5ce4 ,x is n ! prim>y inf]5ce ( its own premises1 b con/antly conv]ts analogical & inductive conclusions into its p>ticul> & univ]sal premises4 ,( itself x causes a necessity ( consequ5ce1 b only a hypo!tical necessity2 if ^! premises are true1 !n ?is conclusion necess>ily foll[s4 ,to elim9ate ?is if ultimately requires o!r inf]5ces be=e d$uction4 ,especially1 induction to univ]sals is ! w>rant & measure ( d$uction f univ]sals4 ,s f> z x is inductively true t all bord]-w> is evil1 x is d$uctively true t a giv5 bord]-w> is !re=e evil4 ,n[1 z an inductive comb9ation ( premises does n necess>ily involve ! inductive conclusion1 induction normally leads1 n to a necess>y1 b to a probable conclusion2 & :5ev] its probable conclusions become d$uctive premises1 ! d$uction only involves a probable conclusion4 ,c we !n inf] any c]ta9ty at all8 ,9 ord] to answ] ?is "q we mu/ rememb] t !re are _m degrees ( probability1 & t induction1 & !re=e d$uction1 draw conclusions m or less probable1 & rise to ! po9t at :i* probability becomes moral c]ta9ty1 or t high degree ( probability :i* is suffici5t to guide our lives1 & ev5 condemn murd]]s to dea?4 ,b c we rise /ill high] & inf] real necessity8 ,?is is a difficult "q1 :i* has receiv$ _m answ]s4 ,"s nologi/s suppose a m5tal p[] ( =m+ necess>y pr9ciples ( d$uction a priori2 b fail to %[ h[ we c apply pr9ciples ( m9d to ?+s beyond m9d4 ,"s empirici/s1 on ! o!r h&1 suppose t induction only inf]s probable conclusions :i* are premises ( probable d$uctions2 b !y give up all exact sci5ce4 ,betwe5 ^! extremes !re is room = a ?ird !ory1 empirical yet provid+ a k ( ! really necess>y4 ,9 "s cases ( induction conc]n$ ) objects capable ( ab/raction & simplification1 we h a p[] ( id5tification1 by :i*1 n a priori b 9 ! act ( induc+ a conclusion1 we appreh5d t ! ?+s signifi$ by its subject & pr$icate are "o & ! same ?+ :i* _c exi/ ap>t f itself4 ,?us by comb9$ induction & id5tification we appreh5d t "o & "o are ! same z two1 t !re is no diff]5ce betwe5 a triangle & a ?ree-sid$ rectil9eal figure1 t a :ole mu/ be great] ?an its "p by be+ ! :ole1 t int]-resi/+ bodies necess>ily =ce "o ano!r ap>t1 o!rwise !y w\ld n be int]-resi/+ b occupy ! same place at ! same mom5t4 ,necess>y pr9ciples1 discov]$ by ?is process ( induction & id5tification1 become premises ( d$uctive demon/ration to conclusions :i* are n only necess>y consequ5ts on ! premises1 b also equally necess>y 9 reality4 ,induction ?us is ! s\rce ( d$uction1 ( its tru?1 ( its probability1 ( its moral c]ta9ty2 & induction1 comb9$ ) id5tification1 is ! orig9 ( ! necess>y pr9ciples ( demon/ration or d$uction to necess>y conclusions4 ,analogical inf]5ce 9 its turn is z closely alli$ ) induction4 ,l induction1 x />ts f a p>ticul> premise1 conta9+ "o or m examples or in/ances2 b1 z x is easi] to inf] a p>ticul> ?an a univ]sal conclusion1 x supplies p>ticul> conclusions :i* 9 _! turn become fur!r p>ticul> premises ( induction4 ,its second premise is inde$ m]ely a p>ticul> appreh5sion t "o p>ticul> is simil> to ano!r1 :]eas ! second premise ( induction is a univ]sal appreh5sion t a :ole numb] ( p>ticul>s is simil> to ^? f :i* ! inf]5ce />ts2 b at bottom ^! two appreh5sions ( simil>ity are s alike z to sugge/ t ! univ]sal premise ( induction has aris5 z a g5]aliz$ analogy4 ,x seems likely t man has arriv$ at ! appreh5sion ( a :ole individual1 e4g4 a :ole animal includ+ all its p>ts1 & !nce has inf]r$ by analogy a :ole numb]1 or class1 e4g4 ( animals includ+ all individual animals2 & accord+ly t ! p>ticul> analogy ( "o individual to ano!r has giv5 rise to ! g5]al analogy ( e to ea* individual 9 a class1 or :ole numb] ( individuals1 conta9$ 9 ! second premise ( induction4 ,9 ?is case1 analogical inf]5ce has l$ to induction1 z induction to d$uction4 ,fur!r1 analogical inf]5ce f p>ticul> to p>ticul> sugge/s inductive-d$uctive inf]5ce f p>ticul> ?r\gh univ]sal to p>ticul>4 ,newton1 accord+ to ,dr ,pemb]ton1 ?\ght 9 #afff t ! moon moves s l a fall+ body t x has a simil> c5tripetal =ce to ! e>?1 #bj ye>s be=e he demon/rat$ ?is conclusion f ! laws ( motion 9 ! ,pr9cipia4 ,9 fact1 analogical1 inductive & d$uctive inf]5ces1 ?\gh diff]5t processes ( comb9+ premises to cause diff]5t conclusions1 are s simil> & relat$1 s unit$ 9 pr9ciple & int]dep5d5t1 s consolidat$ into a sy/em ( inf]5ce1 t !y _c be completely inve/igat$ ap>t1 b toge!r con/itute a s+le subject ( sci5ce4 ,?is sci5ce ( inf]5ce 9 g5]al is logic4 ,logic1 h[ev]1 did n beg9 z a sci5ce ( all inf]5ce4 ,r x began z a sci5ce ( reason+ 7,greek3 logos71 ( syllogism 7,greek3 syllogismos71 ( d$uctive inf]5ce4 ,ari/otle 0 its f\nd]4 ,he 0 anticipat$ ( c\rse by _m g5]ations ( spontane\s ?9k+ 7logica naturalis74 ,_m ( ! high] animals inf] by analogy3 o!rwise we _c expla9 _! ?9k+4 ,man s inf]s at fir/3 o!rwise we _c expla9 ! actions ( "y *ildr51 :o be=e !y beg9 to speak give no evid5ce ( univ]sal ?9k+4 ,x is likely t man began ) p>ticul> inf]5ce & ) p>ticul> language2 & t1 gradually g5]aliz+ ?\ght & language1 he le>nt at la/ to ?9k & say all1 to inf] univ]sally1 to induce & d$uce1 to reason1 9 %ort1 & raise himself above o!r animals4 ,9 anci5t times1 & especially 9 ,egypt1 ,babylon & ,greece1 he w5t on to develop reason into sci5ce or ! sy/ematic inve/igation ( def9ite subjects1 e4g4 ari?metic ( numb]1 geometry ( magnitude1 a/ronomy ( />s1 politics ( gov]nm5t1 e?ics ( goods4 ,9 ,greece he became m & m reflective & consci\s ( himself1 ( 8 body & s\l1 8 mann]s & morals1 8 m5tal op]ations & especially 8 reason4 ,"o ( ! *>act]i/ics ( ,greek philosoph]s is _! gr[+ t5d5cy1 9 inve/igat+ any subject1 to turn r\nd & ask !mselves :at %\ld be ! me?od ( inve/igation4 ,9 ?is way ! ,presocratics & ,sophi/s1 & /ill m ,socrates & ,plato1 ?rew out h9ts on s5se & reason1 on inf]5tial processes & sci5tific me?ods :i* may be call$ anticipations ( logic4 ,b ,ari/otle 0 ! fir/ to conceive ( reason+ itself z a def9ite subject ( a special sci5ce1 :i* he call$ analytics or analytic sci5ce1 specially design$ to analyse syllogism & especially demon/rative syllogism1 or sci5ce1 & to be 9 fact a sci5ce ( sci5ces4 ,he 0 !re=e ! f\nd] ( ! sci5ce ( logic4 ,among ! ,ari/otelian treatises we h ! foll[+1 :i* toge!r con/itute ?is new sci5ce ( reason+3-- #a4 ,! ,categories1 or names signify+ ?+s :i* c become pr$icates2 #b4 ,! ,de ,int]pretatione1 or ! enum]ation ( conceptions & _! comb9ations by 7#a7 n\ns & v]bs 7names71 7#b7 enunciations 7propositions72 #c4 ,! ,prior ,analytics1 on syllogism2 #d4 ,! ,po/]ior ,analytics1 on demon/rative syllogism1 or sci5ce2 #e4 ,! ,topics1 on dialectical syllogism2 or argum5t2 #f4 ,! ,sophi/ical ,el5*i1 on sophi/ical or cont5ti\s syllogism1 or sophi/ical fallacies4 ,s f> z we "k1 ,ari/otle _h no "o "n = all ^! inve/igations4 ,analytics is only appli$ to ! ,prior & ,po/]ior ,analytics1 & logical1 :i* he oppos$ to analytical1 only suits ! ,topics & at mo/ ! ,sophi/ical ,el5*i2 secondly1 :ile he analyz$ syllogism into premises1 major & m9or1 & premises into t]ms1 subject & pr$icate1 he attempt$ no division ( ! :ole sci5ce2 ?irdly1 he attempt$ no ord] & arrangem5t ( ! treatises into a sy/em ( logic1 b only ( ! ,analytics1 ,topics & ,sophi/ical ,el5*i into a sy/em ( syllogisms4 ,nev]!less1 :5 8 foll[]s _h arrang$ ! treatises into ! ,organon1 z !y call$ x to express t x is an in/rum5t ( sci5ce1 !n !re gradually em]g$ a sy/em ( syllogi/ic logic1 arrang$ 9 ! triple division--t]ms1 propositions & syllogisms--:i* has surviv$ to ?is day z te*nical logic1 & has be5 ! f\ndation ( all o!r logics1 ev5 ( ^? :i* aim at its de/ruction4 ,! ma9 problem :i* ,ari/otle set be=e him 0 ! analysis ( syllogism1 :i* he def9$ z reason+ 9 :i* c]ta9 ?+s hav+ be5 posit$ some?+ diff]5t f !m ( necessity foll[s by _! be+ ^? ?+s 7,prior ,analytics1 i4 #a74 ,:at !n did he mean by reason+1 or r by ! ,greek ^w ,greek3 logos ( :i* reason+ is an approximate r5d]+8 ,x 0 meant 7cf4 ,po/4 ,an4 i4 #aj7 to be bo? int]nal1 9 ! s\l 7,greek3 ho es logos1 en t psy*71 & ext]nal1 9 language 7,greek3 ho exo logos73 h5ce aft] ,ari/otle ! ,/oics di/+ui%$ ,greek3 logos endia!tos & ,greek3 prophorikos4 ,x meant1 !n1 bo? reason & disc\rse ( reason 7cf4 ,%akespe>e1 ,hamlet1 i4 #b74 ,on its m5tal side1 z reason x meant comb9ation ( ?\ghts4 ,on its l+ui/ic side1 z disc\rse x 0 us$ = any comb9ation ( names to =m a phrase1 su* z ! def9ition rational animal1 or a book1 su* z ! ,iliad4 ,x _h also ! ma!matical mean+ ( ratio2 & 9 its use = def9ition x is sometimes transf]r$ to ess5ce z ! object ( def9ition1 & has a mix$ mean+1 :i* may be express$ by acc\nt4 ,9 all its uses1 h[ev]1 ! common mean+ is comb9ation4 ,:5 ,ari/otle call$ syllogism ,greek3 logos1 he meant t x is a comb9ation ( premises involv+ a conclusion ( necessity4 ,moreov]1 he t5d$ to conf9e ! t]m ,greek3 logos to syllogi/ic inf]5ce4 ,n t he omitt$ o!r inf]5ces 7,greek3 pi/eis74 ,on ! contr>y1 to him 7cf4 ,prior ,analytics1 ii4 #bd7 we owe ! triple di/9ction into inf]5ce f p>ticul> to p>ticul> 7,greek3 p>adeigma1 example1 or :at we call analogy71 inf]5ce f p>ticul> to univ]sal 7,greek3 epagg1 induction71 & inf]5ce f univ]sal to p>ticul> 7,greek3 syllogismos1 syllogism1 or d$uction74 ,b he ?\ght t inf]5ces o!r ?an syllogism are imp]fect2 t analogical inf]5ce is rhetorical induction2 & t induction1 ?r\gh ! necess>y prelim9>y ( syllogism & ! sole process ( asc5t f s5se1 memory & exp]i5ce to ! pr9ciples ( sci5ce1 is itself nei!r reason+ nor sci5ce4 ,to be p]fect he ?\ght t all inf]5ce mu/ be r$uc$ to syllogism ( ! fir/ figure1 :i* he reg>d$ z ! specially sci5tific inf]5ce4 ,accord+ly1 ! syllogism appe>$ to him to be ! rational process 7,greek3 meta log\71 & ! demon/rative syllogism f inductively discov]$ pr9ciples to be sci5ce 7,greek3 epi/m74 ,h5ce1 )\t 8 say+ x 9 s _m words1 ,ari/otle's logic p]=ce became a logic ( d$uctive reason+1 or syllogism4 ,z x happ5$ ?is d$uctive t5d5cy help$ ! developm5t ( logic4 ,! obscur] premises ( analogy & induction1 toge!r ) ! paucity ( exp]i5ce & ! backw>d /ate ( physical sci5ce 9 ,ari/otle's "t w\ld h baffl$ ev5 8 analytical g5ius4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! demon/rations ( ma!matical sci5ces ( 8 "t1 & ! logical =ms ( d$uction ev9c$ 9 ,plato's dialogues1 provid$ him ) admirable examples ( d$uction1 :i* is also ! inf]5ce mo/ capable ( analysis4 ,ari/otle's analysis ( ! syllogism %[$ man h[ to advance by comb9+ 8 ?\ghts 9 tra9s ( d$uctive reason+4 ,nev]!less1 ! wid] "q rema9$ = logic3 :at is ! nature ( all inf]5ce1 & ! special =m ( ea* ( its ?ree ma9 processes8 ,z !n ! reason+ ( ! syllogism 0 ! ma9 problem ( ,ari/otle's logic1 :at 0 8 analysis ( x8 ,9 di/+ui%+ inn] & out] reason1 or reason+ & disc\rse1 he add$ t x is n to out] reason b to inn] reason 9 ! s\l t demon/ration & syllogism are direct$ 7,po/4 ,an4 i4 #aj74 ,"o w\ld expect1 !n1 an analysis ( m5tal reason+ into m5tal judgm5ts 7,greek3 kriseis7 z premises & conclusion4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 he analys$ x into premises1 b !n analys$ a premise into t]ms1 :i* he divid$ into subject & pr$icate1 ) ! addition ( ! copula is or is n4 ,?is analysis1 reg>d$ z a :ole & z x is appli$ 9 ! ,analytics & 9 ! o!r logical treatises1 0 evid5tly int5d$ z a l+ui/ic analysis4 ,s 9 ! ,categories1 he fir/ divid$ ?+s said 7,greek3 ta legom5a7 into uncomb9$ & comb9$1 or names & propositions1 & !n divid$ ! =m] into categories2 & 9 ! ,de int]pretatione he expressly exclud$ m5tal conceptions & _! comb9ations1 & conf9$ himself to n\ns & v]bs & enunciations1 or1 z we %\ld say1 to names & propositions4 ,ari/otle app>5tly int5d$1 or at all ev5ts has giv5 logicians 9 g5]al ! impression1 t he int5d$ to analyse syllogism into propositions z premises1 & premise into names z t]ms4 ,8 logic !re=e exhibits ! curi\s p>adox ( be+ an analysis ( m5tal reason+ into l+ui/ic elem5ts4 ,! explanation is t out] spee* is m obvi\s ?an inn] ?\ght1 & t gramm> & poetic criticism1 rhetoric & dialectic prec$$ logic1 & t out ( ^? arts ( language arose ! sci5ce ( reason+4 ,! sophi/ ,protagoras _h di/+ui%$ v>i\s k9ds ( s5t5ces1 & ,plato _h divid$ ! s5t5ce into n\n & v]b1 signify+ a ?+ & ! action ( a ?+4 ,rhetoricians _h enum]at$ v>i\s means ( p]suasion1 "s ( :i* are logical =ms1 e4g4 probability & sign1 example & en?ymeme4 ,among ! dialecticians1 ,socrates _h us$ inductive argum5ts to obta9 def9itions z data ( d$uctive argum5ts aga9/ 8 oppon5ts1 & ,plato _h insi/$ on ! processes ( asc5d+ to & desc5d+ f an unconditional pr9ciple by ! p[] ( giv+ & receiv+ argum5t4 ,all ^! po9ts ab\t spee*1 eloqu5ce & argum5t betwe5 man & man 7 absorb$ into ,ari/otle's !ory ( reason+1 & 9 p>ticul> ! gramm> ( ! s5t5ce consi/+ ( n\n & v]b caus$ ! logic ( ! proposition consi/+ ( subject & pr$icate4 ,at ! same "t1 ,ari/otle 0 well aw>e t ! sci5ce ( reason+ is no art ( language & mu/ take up a diff]5t position t[>ds spee* z ! expression ( ?\ght4 ,9 ! ,categories he classifi$ names1 n1 h[ev]1 z a gramm>ian by _! /ructure1 b z a logician by _! signification4 ,9 ! ,de int]pretatione1 hav+ di/+ui%$ ! enunciation1 or proposition1 f o!r s5t5ces z t 9 :i* !re is tru? or falsity1 he relegat$ ! re/ to rhetoric or poetry1 & f\nd$ ! logic ( ! proposition1 9 :i*1 h[ev]1 he reta9$ ! grammatical analysis into n\n & v]b4 ,9 ! ,analytics he took ! f9al /ep ( orig9at+ ! logical analysis ( ! proposition z premise into subject & pr$icate z t]ms m$iat$ by ! copula1 & analys$ ! syllogism into ^! elem5ts4 ,?us did he become ! f\nd] ( ! logical b l+ui/ic analysis ( reason+ z disc\rse 7,greek3 ho ex logos7 into propositions & t]ms4 ,nev]!less1 ! deep] "q rema9$1 :at is ! logical b m5tal analysis ( reason+ itself 7,greek3 ho es logos7 into its m5tal premises & conclusion8 ,ari/otle ?us 0 ! f\nd] ( logic z a sci5ce4 ,b he laid too mu* /ress on reason+ z syllogism or d$uction1 & on d$uctive sci5ce2 & he laid too mu* /ress on ! l+ui/ic analysis ( rational disc\rse into proposition & t]ms4 ,^! two defects rema9 +ra9$ 9 te*nical logic to ?is day4 ,b 9 ! c\rse ( ! developm5t ( ! sci5ce1 logicians h endeav\r$ to correct ^? defects1 & h div]g$ into two s*ools4 ,"s h devot$ !mselves to induction f s5se & exp]i5ce & wid5$ logic till x has become a g5]al sci5ce ( inf]5ce & sci5tific me?od4 ,o!rs h devot$ !mselves to ! m5tal analysis ( reason+1 & h n>r[$ logic into a sci5ce ( conception1 judgm5t & reason+4 ,! =m] belong to ! s*ool ( empirical logic1 ! latt] to ! s*ool ( conceptual & =mal logic4 ,bo? h />t$ f po9ts :i* ,ari/otle indicat$ )\t develop+ !m4 ,b we %all f9d t 8 true desc5dants are ! empirical logicians4 ,ari/otle 0 ! fir/ ( ! empirici/s4 ,he consi/5tly ma9ta9$ t s5se is k ( p>ticul>s & ! orig9 ( sci5tific k ( univ]sals4 ,9 8 view1 s5se is a cong5ital =m ( judgm5t 7,greek3 dynamis symphytos kritik1 ,po/4 ,an4 ii4 #ai72 a s5sation ( ea* ( ! five s5ses is always true ( its prop] object2 )\t s5se !re is no sci5ce2 s5se is ! orig9 ( induction1 :i* is ! orig9 ( d$uction & sci5ce4 ,! ,analytics end 7,po/4 ,an4 ii4 #ai7 ) a detail$ sy/em ( empiricism1 accord+ to :i* s5se is ! prim>y k ( p>ticul>s1 memory is ! ret5tion ( a s5sation1 exp]i5ce is ! sum ( _m memories1 induction inf]s univ]sals1 & intellig5ce is ! true appreh5sion ( ! univ]sal pr9ciples ( sci5ce1 :i* is rational1 d$uctive1 demon/rative1 f empirical pr9ciples4 ,?is empirical gr\ndwork ( ,ari/otle's logic 0 accept$ by ! ,epicureans1 :o enunciat$ mo/ di/9ctly ! fundam5tal doctr9e t all s5sations are true ( _! imm$iate objects1 & falsity beg9s ) subsequ5t op9ions1 or :at ! mod]ns call int]pretation4 ,b5ea? d$uctive logic1 9 ! logic ( ,ari/otle & ! canonic ( ! ,epicureans1 !re already lay ! basis ( empirical logic3 s5sory exp]i5ce is ! orig9 ( all inf]5ce & sci5ce4 ,x rema9$ = ,francis ,bacon to develop ^! beg9n+s into a new logic ( induction4 ,he did n inde$ accept ! infallibility ( s5se or ( any o!r op]ation unaid$4 ,he ?\ght1 r1 t e op]ation becomes infallible by me?od4 ,foll[+ ,ari/otle 9 ?is ord]--s5se1 memory1 intellect--he resolv$ ! :ole process ( induction into ?ree m9i/rations3-- #a4 ,! m9i/ration to s5se1 aid$ by obs]vation & exp]im5t4 #b4 ,! m9i/ration to memory1 aid$ by regi/]+ & arrang+ ! data1 ( obs]vation & exp]im5t 9 tables ( in/ances ( agreem5t1 diff]5ce & concomitant v>iations4 #c4 ,! m9i/ration to intellect or reason1 aid$ by ! negative elim9ation by means ( contradictory in/ances ( :atev] 9 ! in/ances is n always pres5t1 abs5t & v>y+ ) ! giv5 subject inve/igat$1 & f9ally by ! positive inf]5ce t :atev] 9 ! in/ances is always pres5t1 abs5t & v>y+ ) ! subject is its ess5tial cause4 ,bacon1 l ,ari/otle1 0 anticipat$ 9 ?is or t po9t2 b1 z ,ari/otle 0 ! fir/ to con/ruct a sy/em ( d$uction 9 ! syllogism & its ?ree figures1 s ,bacon 0 ! fir/ to con/ruct a sy/em ( induction 9 ?ree m9i/rations1 9 :i* ! requisites ( induction1 hi!rto recogniz$ only 9 sporadic h9ts1 7 comb9$ = ! fir/ "t 9 "o logic ( induction4 ,bacon taught m5 to lab\r 9 inf]r+ f p>ticul> to univ]sal1 to lay z mu* /ress on induction z on d$uction1 & to ?9k & speak ( inductive reason+1 inductive sci5ce1 inductive logic4 ,moreov]1 :ile ,ari/otle _h ! m]it ( disc]n+ ! triplicity ( inf]5ce1 to ,bacon we owe ! m]it ( di/+ui%+ ! ?ree processes )\t r$uction3-- #a4 ,inf]5ce f p>ticul> to p>ticul> by ,exp]i5tia ,lit]ata1 9 plano2 #b4 ,inf]5ce f p>ticul> to univ]sal by ,inductio1 asc5d5do2 #c4 ,inf]5ce f univ]sal to p>ticul> by ,syllogism1 desc5d5do4 ,9 %ort1 ! compreh5sive g5ius ( ,bacon wid5$ logic into a g5]al sci5ce ( inf]5ce4 ,on ! o!r h&1 z ,ari/otle ov]-emphasiz$ d$uction s ,bacon ov]-emphasiz$ induction by cont5d+ t x is ! only process ( discov]+ univ]sals 7axiomata71 :i* d$uction only applies to p>ticul>s4 ,j4 ,s4 ,mill 9 8 ,logic po9t$ out ?is defect1 & )\t dep>t+ f ,baconian pr9ciples rem$i$ x by quot+ sci5tific examples1 9 :i* d$uction1 />t+ f inductive pr9ciples1 applies m g5]al to less g5]al univ]sals1 e4g4 :5 ! m g5]al law ( gravitation is %[n to include ! less g5]al laws ( planet>y gravitation4 ,mill's logic has ! great m]it ( copi\sly exemplify+ ! pr9ciples ( ! v>iety ( me?od accord+ to subject-matt]4 ,x tea*es u t sci5tific me?od is sometimes induction1 sometimes d$uction1 & sometimes ! consili5ce ( bo?1 ei!r by ! inductive v]ification ( previ\s d$uctions1 or by ! d$uctive explanation ( previ\s inductions4 ,x is also mo/ int]e/+ to notice t ,ari/otle saw fur!r ?an ,bacon 9 ?is direction4 ,! f\nd] ( logic anticipat$ ! late/ logic ( sci5ce1 :5 he recogniz$1 n only ! d$uction ( ma!matics1 b also ! exp]i5ce ( facts foll[$ by d$uctive explanations ( _! causes 9 physics4 ,! consili5ce ( empirical & d$uctive processes 0 an ,ari/otelian discov]y1 elaborat$ by ,mill aga9/ ,bacon4 ,on ! :ole1 h[ev]1 ,ari/otle1 ,bacon & ,mill1 purg$ f _! errors1 =m "o empirical s*ool1 gradually gr[+ by adapt+ itself to ! advance ( sci5ce2 a s*ool 9 :i* ,ari/otle 0 mo/ influ5c$ by ,greek d$uctive ,ma!matics1 ,bacon by ! rise ( empirical physics at ! ,r5aissance1 & ,mill by ! ,newtonian comb9ation ( empirical facts & ma!matical pr9ciples 9 ! ,pr9cipia4 ,f /udy+ ?is succession ( empirical logicians1 we _c d\bt t s5se1 memory & exp]i5ce are ! real orig9 ( inf]5ce1 analogical1 inductive & d$uctive4 ,! deepe/ problem ( logic is ! relation ( s5se & inf]5ce4 ,b we mu/ fir/ consid] ! m5tal analysis ( inf]5ce1 & ?is br+s u to conceptual & =mal logic4 ,ari/otle's logic has (t5 be5 call$ =mal logic2 x 0 really a te*nical logic ( syllogism analys$ into l+ui/ic elem5ts1 & ( sci5ce re/$ on an empirical basis4 ,at ! same "t 8 psy*ology1 ?\gh ma9ta9+ 8 empiricism1 conta9$ "s se$s ( conceptual logic1 & indirectly ( =mal logic4 ,intellectual developm5t1 :i* accord+ to ! logic ( ! ,analytics consi/s ( s5se1 memory1 exp]i5ce1 induction & intellect1 accord+ to ! psy*ology ( ! ,de ,anima consi/s ( s5se1 imag9ation & intellect1 & "o division ( intellect is into conception ( ! undivid$ & comb9ation ( conceptions z "o 7,de ,an4 iii4 #f74 ,! ,de ,int]pretatione op5s ) a ref]5ce to ?is psy*ological di/9ction1 imply+ t names repres5t conceptions1 propositions repres5t comb9ations ( conceptions4 ,b ! same passage relegates conceptions & _! comb9ations to ! ,de ,anima1 & conf9es ! ,de ,int]pretatione to names & propositions 9 con=mity ) ! l+ui/ic analysis :i* p]vades ! logical treatises ( ,ari/otle1 :o nei!r br\ght 8 psy*ological di/9ction betwe5 conceptions & _! comb9ations into 8 logic1 nor advanc$ ! comb9ations ( conceptions z a def9ition ( judgm5t 7,greek3 krisis71 nor employ$ ! m5tal di/9ction betwe5 conceptions & judgm5ts z an analysis ( inf]5ce1 or reason+1 or syllogism3 he 0 no conceptual logician4 ,! hi/ory ( logic %[s t ! l+ui/ic di/9ction betwe5 t]ms & propositions 0 ! sole analysis ( reason+ 9 ! logical treatises ( ,ari/otle2 t ! m5tal di/9ction betwe5 conceptions 7,greek3 ennoiai7 & judgm5ts 7,greek3 aximata 9 a wide s5se7 0 import$ into logic by ! ,/oics2 & t ?is m5tal di/9ction became ! logical analysis ( reason+ "u ! au?ority ( ,/ ,?omas ,aqu9as4 ,9 8 comm5t>y on ! ,de ,int]pretatione1 ,/ ,?omas1 aft] cit+ f ! ,de ,anima ,ari/otle's duplex op]atio intellectus1 said1 ,additur autem et t]tia op]atio1 scilicet ratioc9&i1 & conclud$ t1 s9ce logic is a rational sci5ce 7rationalis sci5tia71 its consid]ation mu/ be direct$ to all ^! op]ations ( reason4 ,h5ce arose conceptual logic2 accord+ to :i* conception is a simple appreh5sion ( an idea )\t belief 9 be+ or n be+1 e4g4 ! idea ( man or ( runn+2 judgm5t is a comb9ation ( conceptions1 add+ be+ or n be+1 e4g4 man is runn+ or n runn+2 & reason+ is a comb9ation ( judgm5ts3 conv]sely1 !re is a m5tal analysis ( reason+ into judgm5ts1 & judgm5t into conceptions1 b5ea? ! l+ui/ic analysis ( rational disc\rse into propositions1 & propositions into t]ms4 ,logic1 accord+ to ?is new s*ool1 :i* has by our "t become an old s*ool1 has to co-ord9ate ^! ?ree op]ations1 direct !m1 &1 beg9n+ ) conceptions1 comb9e conceptions into judgm5ts1 & judgm5ts into inf]5ce1 :i* ?us becomes a complex comb9ation ( conceptions1 or1 9 mod]n p>lance1 an ext5sion ( our ideas4 ,conceptual logicians 71 inde$1 f ! fir/ aw>e t s5se supplies ! data1 & t judgm5t & !re=e inf]5ce conta9s belief t ?+s are or are n4 ,b !y held1 & /ill hold t s5sation & conception are alike m]e appreh5sions1 & t ! belief t ?+s are or are n arises someh[ aft] s5sation & conception 9 judgm5t1 f :i* x passes into inf]5ce4 ,at fir/1 !y 7 m sangu9e ( extract+ f ^! unpromis+ beg9n+s "s k ( ?+s beyond ideas4 ,b at l5g? _m ( !m became =mal logicians1 :o held t logic is ! inve/igation ( =mal ?9k+1 or consi/5t conception1 judgm5t & reason+2 t x %[s h[ we inf] =mal tru?s ( consi/5cy )\t mat]ial tru? ( signify+ ?+s2 t1 z ! sci5ce ( ! =m or process1 x mu/ entirely ab/ract f ! matt]1 or objects1 ( ?\ght2 & t x does n tell u h[ we inf] f exp]i5ce4 ,?us has logic drift$ fur!r & fur!r f ! real & empirical logic ( ,ari/otle ! f\nd] & ,bacon ! re=m] ( ! sci5ce4 ,! great m]it ( conceptual logic 0 ! dem& = a m5tal analysis ( m5tal reason+1 & ! direct analysis ( reason+ into judgm5ts :i* are ! sole premises & conclusions ( reason+ & ( all m5tal inf]5ces4 ,ari/otle _h fall5 into ! p>adox ( resolv+ a m5tal act into v]bal elem5ts4 ,! ,s*oolm51 h[ev]1 gradually came to realize t ! result to _! logic 0 to make x a s]mocionalis sci5tia1 & to _! metaphysics ! dang] ( nom9alism4 ,/ ,?omas made a great advance by mak+ logic ?r\gh\t a rationalis sci5tia2 & logicians are n[ agre$ t reason+ consi/s ( judgm5ts1 disc\rse ( propositions4 ,?is di/9ction is1 moreov]1 vital to ! :ole logic ( inf]5ce1 because we always ?9k all ! judgm5ts ( :i* our inf]5ce consi/s1 b seldom /ate all ! propositions by :i* x is express$4 ,we omit propositions1 curtail !m1 & ev5 express a judgm5t by a s+le t]m1 e4g4 ,good6 ,fire64 ,h5ce ! l+ui/ic expression is n a true measure ( inf]5ce2 & to say t an inf]5ce consi/s ( two propositions caus+ a ?ird is n /rictly true4 ,b to say t x is two judgm5ts caus+ a ?ird is always true1 & ! v ess5ce ( inf]5ce1 because we mu/ ?9k ! two to conclude ! ?ird 9 ! sessions ( sweet sil5t ?\ght4 ,inf]5ce1 9 %ort1 consi/s ( actual judgm5ts capable ( be+ express$ 9 propositions4 ,inf]5ce always consi/s ( judgm5ts4 ,b judgm5t does n always consi/ ( conceptions4 ,x is n a comb9ation ( conceptions2 x does n arise f conceptions1 nor ev5 at fir/ require conception4 ,s5se is ! orig9 ( judgm5t4 ,"o :o feels pa9$ or pleas$1 :o feels hot or cold or resi/+ 9 t\*1 :o ta/es ! flav\r$1 :o smells ! odor\s1 :o he>s ! s\nd+1 :o sees ! col\r$1 or is consci\s1 already believes t some?+ s5sible exi/s be=e conception1 be=e inf]5ce1 & be=e language2 & 8 belief is true ( ! imm$iate object ( s5se1 ! s5sible ?+1 e4g4 ! hot felt 9 t\*4 ,b a belief 9 ! exi/5ce ( some?+ is a judgm5t & a categorical judgm5t ( exi/5ce4 ,s5se1 !n1 out] & inn]1 or s5sation & consci\sness1 is ! orig9 ( s5sory judgm5ts :i* are true categorical beliefs 9 ! exi/5ce ( s5sible ?+s2 & prim>y judgm5ts are su* true categorical s5sory beliefs t ?+s exi/1 & nei!r require conception nor are comb9ations ( conceptions4 ,aga91 s9ce s5se is ! orig9 ( memory & exp]i5ce1 memorial & exp]i5tial judgm5ts are categorical & exi/5tial judgm5ts1 :i* s f> z !y report s5sory judgm5ts are always true4 ,f9ally1 s9ce s5se1 memory & exp]i5ce are ! orig9 ( inf]5ce1 prim>y inf]5ce is categorical & exi/5tial1 />t+ f s5sory1 memorial & exp]i5tial judgm5ts z premises1 & proce$+ to inf]5tial judgm5ts z conclusions1 :i* are categorical & exi/5tial1 & are true1 s f> z !y dep5d on s5se1 memory & exp]i5ce4 ,s5se1 !n1 is ! orig9 ( judgm5t2 & ! consequ5ce is t prim>y judgm5ts are true1 categorical & exi/5tial judgm5ts ( s5se1 & prim>y inf]5ces are inf]5ces f categorical & exi/5tial premises to categorical & exi/5tial conclusions1 :i* are true s f> z !y arise f out] & inn] s5se1 & proce$ to ?+s simil> to s5sible ?+s4 ,all o!r judgm5ts & inf]5ces ab\t exi/+ ?+s1 or ideas1 or names1 :e!r categorical or hypo!tical1 are aft]?\ghts1 p>tly true & p>tly false4 ,s5se1 !n1 because x involves a true belief 9 exi/5ce is fitt$ to be ! orig9 ( judgm5t4 ,conception on ! o!r h& is ! simple appreh5sion ( an idea1 p>ticul> or univ]sal1 b )\t belief t any?+ is or is n1 & !re=e is unfitt$ to beget judgm5t4 ,nor c\ld a comb9ation ( conceptions make a diff]5ce s fundam5tal z t betwe5 conceiv+ & believ+4 ,! mo/ t x c\ld d w\ld be to cause an ideal judgm5t1 e4g4 t ! idea ( a c5taur is ! idea ( a man-horse2 & ev5 "h "s fur!r orig9 is ne$$ = ! addition ( ! copula is4 ,s f> f be+ a cause1 conception is n ev5 a condition ( all judgm5ts2 a s5sation ( hot is suffici5t evid5ce t hot exi/s1 be=e ! idea ( hot is ei!r pres5t or want$4 ,conception is1 h[ev]1 a condition ( a memorial judgm5t3 9 ord] to rememb] be+ hot1 we require an idea ( hot4 ,memory1 h[ev]1 is n t idea1 b involves a judgm5t t !re previ\sly exi/$ ! hot n[ repres5t$ by ! idea1 :i* is ab\t ! s5sible ?+ beyond ! conceiv$ idea2 & ! cause ( ?is memorial judgm5t is pa/ s5se & pres5t memory4 ,s s5se1 memory & exp]i5ce1 ! sum ( s5se & memory1 ?\gh requir+ conception1 are ! causes ( ! exp]i5tial judgm5t t !re exi/ & h exi/$ _m simil>1 s5sible ?+s1 & ^! s5sory1 memorial & exp]i5tial judgm5ts ab\t ! exi/5ce ( pa/ & pres5t s5sible ?+s beyond conceiv$ ideas become ! p>ticul> premises ( prim>y inf]5ce4 ,/>t+ f !m1 inf]5ce is enabl$ to draw conclusions :i* are inf]5tial judgm5ts ab\t ! exi/5ce ( ?+s simil> to s5sible ?+s beyond conceiv$ ideas4 ,9 ris+1 h[ev]1 f p>ticul> to univ]sal inf]5ce1 induction1 z we h se51 adds to its p>ticul> premise1 ,s is ,p1 a univ]sal premise1 e ,m is simil> to ,s1 9 ord] to inf] ! univ]sal conclusion1 e ,m is ,p4 ,?is univ]sal premise requires a univ]sal conception ( a class or :ole numb] ( simil> p>ticul>s1 z a condition4 ,b ! premise is n t conception2 x is a belief t !re is a :ole numb] ( p>ticul>s simil> to ^? already exp]i5c$4 ,! g5]alization ( a class is n1 z ! conceptual logic assumes1 ! ab/raction ( a g5]al idea1 b an inf]5ce f ! analogy ( a :ole individual ?+1 e4g4 a :ole man1 to a :ole numb] ( simil> individuals1 e4g4 ! :ole ( m54 ,! g5]al idea ( all m5 or ! comb9ation t ! idea ( all m5 is simil> to ! idea ( p>ticul> m5 w\ld n be en\gh2 ! univ]sal premise t all m5 9 fact are simil> to ^? :o h di$ is requir$ to induce ! univ]sal conclusion t all m5 9 fact die4 ,univ]sal inf]5ce ?us requires p>ticul> & univ]sal conceptions z its condition2 b1 s f> z x arises f s5se1 memory1 exp]i5ce1 & involves g5]alization1 x consi/s ( judgm5ts :i* d n consi/ ( conceptions1 b are beliefs 9 ?+s exi/+ beyond conception4 ,inf]5ce !n1 s f> z x />ts f categorical & exi/5tial premises1 causes conclusions1 or inf]5tial judgm5ts1 :i* require conceptions1 b are categorical & exi/5tial judgm5ts beyond conception4 ,moreov]1 z x becomes m d$uctive1 & causes conclusions fur!r f s5sory exp]i5ce1 ^! inf]5tial judgm5ts become causes ( inf]5tial conceptions4 ,= example1 f ! evid5ce ( mol> *anges due to ! obvi\s p>ts ( bodies1 sci5ce fir/ comes to believe 9 molecul> *anges due to imp]ceptible p>ticles1 & !n tries to conceive ! ideas ( p>ticles1 molecules1 atoms1 electrons4 ,! conceptual logic supposes t conception always prec$es judgm5t2 b ! tru? is t s5sory judgm5t beg9s & inf]5tial judgm5t ends by prec$+ conception4 ,! suppos$ triple ord]--conception1 judgm5t1 reason+--is defective & false4 ,! real ord] is s5sation & s5sory judgm5t1 conception1 memory & memorial judgm5t1 exp]i5ce & exp]i5tial judgm5t1 inf]5ce1 inf]5tial judgm5t1 inf]5tial conception4 ,?is is n all3 inf]5tial conceptions are inadequate1 & f9ally fail4 ,!y are (t5 symbolical2 t is1 we conceive "o ?+ only by ano!r l x1 e4g4 atoms by m9ute bodies n ne>ly small en\gh4 ,(t5 ! symbol is n l4 ,:at idea c ! physici/ =m ( intraspatial e!r8 ,:at believ] 9 ,god pret5ds to conceive ,him z ,he really is8 ,we believe _m ?+s t we _c conceive2 z ,mill said1 ! inconceivable is n ! incr$ible2 & ! po9t ( sci5ce is n :at we c conceive b :at we %\ld believe on evid5ce4 ,conception is ! weake/1 judgm5t ! /ronge/ p[] ( man's m9d4 ,s5se be=e conception is ! orig9al cause ( judgm5t2 & inf]5ce f s5se enables judgm5t to cont9ue aft] conception ceases4 ,f9ally1 z !re is judgm5t )\t conception1 s !re is conception )\t judgm5t4 ,we (t5 say ,i und]/&1 b d n decide4 ,b ?is susp5sion ( judgm5t is a highly ref9$ act1 unfitt$ to ! beg9n+ ( ?\ght4 ,conception beg9s z a condition ( memory1 & aft] a long cont9u\s process ( inf]5ce ends 9 m]e ideation4 ,! conceptual logic has made ! mi/ake ( mak+ ideation a /age 9 ?\ght prior to judgm5t4 ,x 0 natural en\gh t ! orig9ators ( conceptual logic1 see+ t judgm5ts c be express$ by propositions1 & conceptions by t]ms1 %\ld fall into ! error ( suppos+ t1 z propositions consi/ ( t]ms1 s judgm5ts consi/ ( conceptions1 & t !re is a triple m5tal ord]--conception1 judgm5t1 reason+--p>allel to ! triple l+ui/ic ord]--t]m1 proposition1 disc\rse4 ,!y ov]look$ ! fact t man ?9ks long be=e he speaks1 makes judgm5ts :i* he does n express at all1 or expresses !m by int]jections1 names & phrases1 be=e he uses regul> propositions1 & t he does n beg9 by conceiv+ & nam+1 & !n proce$ to believ+ & propos+4 ,feel+ & s5sation1 involv+ believ+ or judg+1 come be=e conception & language4 ,z conceptions are n always pres5t 9 judgm5t1 z !y are only occasional conditions1 & z !y are unfitt$ to cause beliefs or judgm5ts1 & especially judgm5ts ( exi/5ce1 & z judgm5ts bo? prec$e conceptions 9 s5se & cont9ue aft] !m 9 inf]5ce1 x foll[s t conceptions are n ! con/itu5ts ( judgm5t1 & judgm5t is n a comb9ation ( conceptions4 ,is !re !n any analysis ( judgm5t8 ,p>adoxical z x may s\nd1 ! tru? seems to be t prim>y judgm5t1 beg9n+ z x does ) ! simple/ feel+ & s5sation1 is n a comb9ation ( two m5tal elem5ts into "o1 b is a division ( "o s5sible ?+ into ! ?+ itself & its exi/5ce & ! belief t x is det]m9$ z exi/+1 e4g4 t hot exi/s1 cold exi/s1 ! pa9$ exi/s1 ! pleas$ exi/s4 ,su* a judgm5t has a cause1 namely s5se1 b no m5tal elem5ts4 ,aft]w>ds come judgm5ts ( complex s5se1 e4g4 t ! exi/+ hot is burn+ or becom+ m or less hot1 c4 ,?us !re is a comb9ation ( s5sations caus+ ! judgm5t2 b ! judgm5t is /ill a division ( ! s5sible ?+ into itself & its be+1 & a belief t x is s det]m9$4 ,aft]w>ds foll[ judgm5ts aris+ f m complex causes1 e4g4 memory1 exp]i5ce1 inf]5ce4 ,b h[ev] complicat$ ^! m5tal causes1 !re /ill rema9 ^! po9ts common to all judgm5t3--7#a7 ,! m5tal causes ( judgm5t are s5se1 memory1 exp]i5ce & inf]5ce2 :ile conception is a condition ( "s judgm5ts4 7#b7 ,a judgm5t is n a comb9ation ei!r ( its causes or ( its conditions1 e4g4 x is n a comb9ation ( s5sations any m ?an ( ideas4 7#c7 ,a judgm5t is a unit>y m5tal act1 divid+ n itself b its object into ! object itself & itself z det]m9$1 & signify+ t x is s det]m9$4 7#d7 ,a prim>y judgm5t is a judgm5t t a s5sible ?+ is det]m9$ z exi/+2 b lat] judgm5ts are conc]n$ ) ei!r exi/+ ?+s1 or ) ideas1 or ) words1 & signify t !y are det]m9$ 9 all sorts ( ways4 7#e7 ,:5 a judgm5t is express$ by a proposition1 ! proposition expresses ! results ( ! division by two t]ms1 subject & pr$icate1 & by ! copula t :at is signifi$ by ! subject is :at is signifi$ by ! pr$icate2 & ! proposition is a comb9ation ( ! two t]ms2 e4g4 bord] w> is evil4 7#f7 ,a complex judgm5t is a comb9ation ( two judgm5ts1 & may be copulative1 e4g4 y & ,i are m51 or hypo!tical1 or disjunctive1 c4 ,empirical logic1 ! logic ( ,ari/otle & ,bacon1 is on ! "r way4 ,x is ! bus9ess ( ! logician to f9d ! causes ( ! judgm5ts :i* =m ! premises & ! conclusions ( inf]5ce1 reason+ & sci5ce4 ,:at k d we get by s5se1 memory & exp]i5ce1 ! fir/ m5tal causes ( judgm5t8 ,:at is judgm5t1 & :at its v>i\s k9ds8 ,:at is inf]5ce1 h[ does x proce$ by comb9+ judgm5ts z premises to cause judgm5ts z conclusions1 & :at are its v>i\s k9ds8 ,h[ does inf]5ce draw conclusions m or less probable up to moral c]ta9ty8 ,h[ does x by ! aid ( id5tification conv]t probable into necess>y conclusions1 :i* become necess>y pr9ciples ( demon/ration8 ,h[ is categorical succe$$ by conditional inf]5ce8 ,:at is sci5tific me?od z a sy/em ( inf]5ces ab\t def9ite subjects8 ,h[ does inf]5ce become ! s\rce ( error & fallacy8 ,h[ does ! :ole process f s5se to inf]5ce discov] ! real tru? ( judgm5ts1 :i* are true s f> z !y signify ?+s kn[n by s5se1 memory1 exp]i5ce & inf]5ce8 ,^! are ! fundam5tal que/ions ( ! sci5ce ( inf]5ce4 ,conceptual logic1 on ! o!r h&1 is false f ! />t4 ,x is n ! fir/ bus9ess ( logic to direct u h[ to =m conceptions signifi$ by t]ms1 because s5se is a prior cause ( judgm5t & inf]5ce4 ,x is n ! second bus9ess ( logic to direct u h[ out ( conceptions to =m judgm5ts signifi$ by propositions1 because ! real causes ( judgm5ts are s5se1 memory1 exp]i5ce & inf]5ce4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 ! ma9 bus9ess ( logic to direct u h[ out ( judgm5ts to =m inf]5ces signifi$ by disc\rse2 & ?is is ! "o po9t :i* conceptual logic has contribut$ to ! sci5ce ( inf]5ce4 ,b :y spoil ! fur!r m5tal analysis ( inf]5ce by suppos+ t conceptions are con/itu5ts ( judgm5t & !re=e ( inf]5ce1 :i* ?us becomes m]ely a complex comb9ation ( conceptions1 an ext5sion ( ideas8 ,! mi/ake has be5 to conv]t ?ree op]ations ( m9d into ?ree processes 9 a fix$ ord]--conception1 judgm5t1 inf]5ce4 ,conception & judgm5t are decisions3 inf]5ce alone is a process1 f decisions to decision1 f judgm5ts to judgm5t4 ,s5se1 n conception1 is ! orig9 ( judgm5t4 ,inf]5ce is ! process :i* f judgm5ts ab\t s5sible ?+s proce$s to judgm5ts ab\t ?+s simil> to s5sible ?+s4 ,?\gh "s conceptions are its conditions & "s judgm5ts its causes1 inf]5ce itself 9 its conclusions causes _m m judgm5ts & conceptions4 ,f9ally1 inf]5ce is an ext5sion1 n ( ideas1 b ( beliefs1 at fir/ ab\t exi/+ ?+s1 aft]w>ds ab\t ideas1 & ev5 ab\t words2 ab\t any?+ 9 %ort ab\t :i* we ?9k1 9 :at is too fancifully call$ ! univ]se ( disc\rse4 ,=mal logic has aris5 out ( ! n>r[ness ( conceptual logic4 ,! sci5ce ( inf]5ce no d\bt has to deal prim>ily ) =mal tru? or ! consi/5cy ( premises & conclusion4 ,b z all tru?1 real z well z =mal1 is consi/5t1 =mal rules ( consi/5cy become real rules ( tru?1 :5 ! premises are true & ! consi/5t conclusion is !re=e true4 ,! sci5ce ( inf]5ce aga9 rightly emphasizes ! =mal ?9k+ ( ! syllogism 9 :i* ! comb9ation ( premises involves ! conclusion4 ,b ! comb9ations ( premises 9 analogical & inductive inf]5ce1 al?\gh ! comb9ation does n involve ! conclusion1 yet causes u to inf] x1 & 9 s simil> a way t ! sci5ce ( inf]5ce is n complete )\t inve/igat+ all ! comb9ations :i* *>act]ize diff]5t k9ds ( inf]5ce4 ,! "q ( logic is h[ we inf] 9 fact1 z well z p]fectly2 & we _c und]/& inf]5ce unless we consid] inf]5ces ( probability ( all k9ds4 ,moreov]1 ! /udy ( analogical & inductive inf]5ce is necess>y to t ( ! syllogism itself1 because !y discov] ! premises ( syllogism4 ,! =mal ?9k+ ( syllogism alone is m]ely necess>y consequ5ce2 b :5 its premises are necess>y pr9ciples1 its conclusions are n only necess>y consequ5ts b also necess>y tru?s4 ,h5ce ! mann] 9 :i* induction aid$ by id5tification discov]s necess>y pr9ciples mu/ be /udi$ by ! logician 9 ord] to decide :5 ! syllogism c really arrive at necess>y conclusions4 ,aga91 ! sci5ce ( inf]5ce has = its subject ! =m1 or processes1 ( ?\ght1 b n its matt] or objects4 ,b x does n foll[ t x c inve/igate ! =m] )\t ! latt]4 ,=mal logicians say t1 if !y _h to consid] ! matt]1 !y mu/ ei!r consid] all ?+s1 :i* w\ld be impossible1 or select "s1 :i* w\ld be arbitr>y4 ,b !re is an int]m$iate alt]native1 :i* is nei!r impossible nor arbitr>y2 namely1 to consid] ! g5]al di/9ctions & pr9ciples ( all ?+s2 & )\t ?is g5]al consid]ation ( ! matt] ! logician _c "k ! =m ( ?\ght1 :i* consi/s 9 draw+ inf]5ces ab\t ?+s on ^! g5]al pr9ciples4 ,la/ly1 ! sci5ce ( inf]5ce is n inde$ ! sci5ce ( s5sation1 memory & exp]i5ce1 b at ! same "t x is ! sci5ce ( us+ ^? m5tal op]ations z data ( inf]5ce2 &1 if logic does n %[ h[ analogical & inductive inf]5ces directly1 & d$uctive inf]5ces indirectly1 arise f exp]i5ce1 x becomes a sci5ce ( m]e ?9k+ )\t k4 ,logic is relat$ to all ! sci5ces1 because x consid]s ! common inf]5ces & v>y+ me?ods us$ 9 inve/igat+ diff]5t subjects4 ,b x is mo/ closely relat$ to ! sci5ces ( metaphysics & psy*ology1 :i* =m ) x a triad ( sci5ces4 ,metaphysics is ! sci5ce ( be+ 9 g5]al1 & !re=e ( ! ?+s :i* become objects appreh5d$ by our m9ds4 ,psy*ology is ! sci5ce ( m9d 9 g5]al1 & !re=e ( ! m5tal op]ations1 ( :i* inf]5ce is "o4 ,logic is ! sci5ce ( ! processes ( inf]5ce4 ,^! ?ree sci5ces1 ( ! objects ( m9d1 ( ! op]ations ( m9d1 ( ! processes us$ 9 ! inf]5ces ( m9d1 are diff]5tly1 b closely relat$1 s t !y are con/antly confus$4 ,! real po9t is _! int]dep5d5ce1 :i* is s intimate t "o sign ( great philosophy is a consi/5t metaphysics1 psy*ology & logic4 ,if ! _w ( ?+s is kn[n to be p>tly mat]ial & p>tly m5tal1 !n ! m9d mu/ h p[]s ( s5se & inf]5ce enabl+ x to "k ^! ?+s1 & !re mu/ be processes ( inf]5ce c>ry+ u f & beyond ! s5sible to ! ins5sible _w ( matt] & m9d4 ,if ! :ole _w ( ?+s is matt]1 op]ations & processes ( m9d are !mselves mat]ial4 ,if ! :ole _w ( ?+s is m9d1 op]ations & processes ( m9d h only to recognize _! l all ! _w ov]4 ,x is cle> !n t a man's metaphysics & psy*ology mu/ col\r 8 logic4 ,x is accord+ly necess>y to ! logician to "k be=eh& ! g5]al di/9ctions & pr9ciples ( ?+s 9 metaphysics1 & ! m5tal op]ations ( s5se1 conception1 memory & exp]i5ce 9 psy*ology1 s z to discov] ! processes ( inf]5ce f exp]i5ce ab\t ?+s 9 logic4 ,! int]dep5d5ce ( ?is triad ( sci5ces has sometimes l$ to _! confusion4 ,hegel1 hav+ id5tifi$ be+ ) ?\ght1 m]g$ metaphysics 9 logic4 ,b he divid$ logic into objective & subjective1 & ?us practically confess$ t !re is "o sci5ce ( ! objects & ano!r ( ! processes ( ?\ght4 ,psy*ologi/s1 see+ t inf]5ce is a m5tal op]ation1 (t5 extemporize a !ory ( inf]5ce to ! neglect ( logic4 ,b we h a d\ble consci\sness ( inf]5ce4 ,we are consci\s ( x z "o op]ation among _m1 & ( its omnipres5ce1 s to speak1 to all ! re/4 ,b we are also consci\s ( ! processes ( ! op]ation ( inf]5ce4 ,to a c]ta9 ext5t ?is second consci\sness applies to o!r op]ations3 = example1 we are consci\s ( ! process ( association by :i* v>i\s m5tal causes recall ideas 9 ! imag9ation4 ,b h[ little does ! psy*ologi/ "k ab\t ! association ( ideas1 comp>$ ) :at ! logician has discov]$ ab\t ! processes ( inf]5ce6 ,! fact is t our prim>y consci\sness ( all m5tal op]ations is h>dly equal to our second>y consci\sness ( ! processes ( ! "o op]ation ( inf]5ce f premises to conclusions p]meat+ long tra9s & p]vad+ :ole sci5ces4 ,?is elaborate consci\sness ( inf]5tial process is ! ju/ification ( logic z a di/9ct sci5ce1 & is ! fir/ /ep 9 its me?od4 ,b x is n ! :ole me?od ( logic1 :i* also & rightly consid]s ! m5tal process necess>y to language1 )\t sub/itut+ l+ui/ic = m5tal di/9ctions4 ,nor are consci\sness & l+ui/ic analysis all ! in/rum5ts ( ! logician4 ,logic has to consid] ! ?+s we "k1 ! m9ds by :i* we "k !m f s5se1 memory & exp]i5ce to inf]5ce1 & ! sci5ces :i* sy/ematize & ext5d our k ( ?+s2 & hav+ consid]$ ^! facts1 ! logician mu/ make su* a sci5ce ( inf]5ce z w expla9 ! p[] & ! pov]ty ( human k4 ,,g5]al ,,t5d5cies ,,( ,,mod]n ,,logic ,!re are sev]al gr\nds = hope 9 ! logic ( our day4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x t5ds to take up an int]m$iate position betwe5 ! extremes ( ,kant & ,hegel4 ,x does n1 ) ! =m]1 reg>d logic z purely =mal 9 ! s5se ( ab/ract+ ?\ght f be+1 nor does x foll[ ! latt] 9 amalgamat+ metaphysics ) logic by id5tify+ be+ ) ?\ght4 ,secondly1 x does n cont5t itself ) ! m]e =mulae ( ?9k+1 b pu%es =w>d to !ories ( me?od1 k & sci5ce2 & x is a hopeful sign to f9d ?is epi/emological _s1 to :i* ,engl& 0 accu/om$ by ,mill1 animat+ ,g]man logicians su* z ,lotze1 ,dhr+1 ,s*uppe1 ,sigw>t & ,wundt4 ,?irdly1 !re is a det]m9ation to reveal ! psy*ological basis ( logical processes1 & n m]ely to describe !m z !y are 9 adult reason+1 b to expla9 also h[ !y arise f simpl] m5tal op]ations & prim>ily f s5se4 ,?is attempt is connect$ ) ! psy*ological turn giv5 to rec5t philosophy by ,wundt & o!rs1 & is dang]\s only s f> z psy*ology itself is hypo!tical4 ,un=tunately1 h[ev]1 ^! m]its are usually connect$ ) a less admirable *>act]i/ic--contempt = tradition1 ,writ+ 8 preface to 8 second edition 9 #ahhh1 ,sigw>t says3 ,important works h appe>$ by ,lotze1 ,s*uppe1 ,wundt & ,bradley1 to "n only ! mo/ em95t2 & all />t f ! conception :i* has guid$ ?is attempt4 ,t is1 logic is gr\nd$ by !m1 n ^u an effete tradition b ^u a new inve/igation ( ?\ght z x actually is 9 its psy*ological f\ndations1 9 its significance = k1 & its actual op]ation 9 sci5tific me?ods4 ,h[ /range6 ,! _s ( e "o ( ! ?ree re=ms above enum]at$ is an unconsci\s return to ,ari/otle's ,organon4 ,ari/otle's 0 a logic :i* /e]$1 z ,tr5del5burg has %[n1 betwe5 ,kantian =malism & ,hegelian metaphysics2 x 0 a logic :i* 9 ! ,analytics inve/igat$ ! syllogism z a means to und]/&+ k & sci5ce3 x 0 a logic :i*1 />t+ f ! psy*ological f\ndations ( s5se1 memory & exp]i5ce1 built up ! logical /ructure ( induction & d$uction on ! pr(\ndly ,ari/otelian pr9ciple t !re is no process f univ]sals )\t induction1 & none by induction )\t s5se4 ,wundt's compreh5sive view t logic looks backw>ds to psy*ology & =w>d to epi/emology 0 hundr$s ( ye>s ago "o ( ! _m discov]ies ( ,ari/otle4 ,,judgm5t #a4 ,judgm5t & ,conception4--,! emphasis n[ laid on judgm5t1 ! recov]y f ,hume's confusion ( beliefs ) ideas & ! association ( ideas1 & ! di/9ction ( ! m5tal act ( judg+ f its v]bal expression 9 a proposition1 are all heal?y signs 9 rec5t logic4 ,! mo/ fundam5tal "q1 be=e proce$+ to ! inve/igation ( inf]5ce1 is n :at we say b :at we ?9k 9 mak+ ! judgm5ts :i*1 :e!r we express !m 9 propositions or n1 are bo? ! premises & ! conclusion ( inf]5ce2 &1 z ?is "q has be5 dilig5tly /udi$ ( late1 b has be5 v>i\sly answ]$1 x w be well to give a li/ ( ! m important !ories ( judgm5t z foll[s3-- a4 ,x expresses a relation betwe5 ! cont5t ( two ideas1 n a relation ( ^! ideas 7,lotze74 b4 ,x is consci\sness conc]n+ ! objective validity ( a subjective comb9ation ( ideas1 i4e4 :e!r betwe5 ! correspond+ objective elem5ts an analog\s comb9ation exi/s 7,ueb]weg74 c4 ,x is ! syn!sis ( ideas into unity & consci\sness ( _! objective validity1 n 9 ! s5se ( agreem5t ) ext]nal reality b 9 ! s5se ( ! logical necessity ( _! syn!sis 7,sigw>t74 d4 ,x is ! analysis ( an aggregate idea 7,gesammtvor/ellung7 into subject & pr$icate2 bas$ on a previ\s association ( ideas1 on relat+ & comp>+1 & on ! app]ceptive syn!sis ( an aggregate idea 9 consequ5ce2 b itself consi/+ 9 an app]ceptive analysis ( t aggregate idea2 & requir+ w 9 ! =m ( app]ception or att5tion 7,wundt74 e4 ,x requires an idea1 because e object is conceiv$ z well z recogniz$ or d5i$2 b x is itself an ass]tion ( actual fact1 e p]ception c\nts = a judgm5t1 & e categorical is *angeable into an exi/5tial judgm5t )\t *ange ( s5se 7,br5tano1 :o d]ives 8 !ory f ,mill except t he d5ies ! necessity ( a comb9ation ( ideas1 & r$uces a categorical to an exi/5tial judgm5t74 f4 ,x is a decision ( ! validity ( an idea requir+ w 7,b]gmann1 foll[+ ,br5tano74 g4 ,judgm5t 7,ur!il7 expresses t two ideas belong toge!r3 by-judgm5t 7,beur!ilung7 is ! reaction ( w express+ ! validity or invalidity ( ! comb9ation ( ideas 7,w9delb&1 foll[+ ,b]gmann1 b di/+ui%+ ! decision ( validity f ! judgm5t74 h4 ,judgm5t is consci\sness ( ! id5tity or diff]5ce & ( ! causal relations ( ! giv52 nam+ ! actual comb9ations ( ! data1 b also requir+ a priori categories ( ! und]/&+1 ! notions ( id5tity1 diff]5ce & causality1 z pr9ciples ( ?\ght or laws1 to comb9e ! plurality ( ! giv5 into a unity 7,s*uppe74 i4 ,judgm5t is ! act :i* ref]s an ideal cont5t recogniz$ z su* to a reality beyond ! act1 pr$icat+ an idea ( a reality1 a :at ( a t2 s t ! subject is reality & ! pr$icate ! mean+ ( an idea1 :ile ! judgm5t ref]s ! idea to reality by an id5tity ( cont5t 7,bradley & ,bosanquet74 k4 ,judgm5t is an ass]tion ( reality1 requir+ comp>ison & ideas :i* r5d] x directly expressible 9 words 7,hobh\se1 ma9ly foll[+ ,bradley74 ,^! !ories are ( v>y+ value 9 proportion to _! proximity to ,ari/otle's po9t t pr$ication is ab\t ?+s1 & to ,mill's po9t t judgm5ts & propositions are ab\t ?+s1 n ab\t ideas4 ,! ess5ce ( judgm5t is belief t some?+ is 7or is n7 det]m9$1 ei!r z exi/+ 7e4g4 ,i am1 ,a c5taur is n7 or z some?+ 9 p>ticul> 7e4g4 ,i am a man1 ,i am n a monkey74 ,nei!r ,mill1 h[ev]1 nor any ( ! lat] logicians ^: !ories we h quot$1 has be5 able q to deta* judgm5t f conception2 !y all suppose t an idea1 or ideas1 is a condition ( all judgm5t4 ,b judgm5t />ts f s5sation 7,empf9dung7 & feel+ 7,gefhl71 & n f idea 7,vor/ellung74 ,:5 ,i feel pleas$ or pa9$1 or :5 ,i use my s5ses to p]ceive a pressure1 a temp]ature1 a flav\r1 an od\r1 a col\r1 a s\nd1 or :5 ,i am consci\s ( feel+ & p]ceiv+1 ,i _c resi/ ! belief t some?+ s5sible is pres5t2 & ?is belief t some?+ exi/s is already a judgm5t1 a judgm5t ( exi/5ce1 &1 s f> z x is limit$ to s5se )\t inf]5ce1 a true judgm5t4 ,x is a matt] ( words :e!r or n we %\ld call ?is s5sory belief a judgm5t2 b x is no matt] ( *oice to ! logician1 :o reg>ds all ! con/itu5ts ( inf]5ce z judgm5ts2 = ! fundam5tal con/itu5ts are s5sory beliefs1 :i* are !re=e judgm5ts 9 ! logical s5se4 ,s5se is ! evid5ce ( inf]5ce2 directly ( analogical & inductive1 directly or indirectly ( d$uctive1 inf]5ce2 & !re=e1 if logic refuses to include s5sory beliefs among judgm5ts1 x w omit ! fundam5tal con/itu5ts ( inf]5ce1 inf]5ce w no long] consi/ ( judgm5ts b ( s5sory beliefs plus judgm5ts1 & ! second "p ( logic1 ! logic ( judgm5t1 ! purpose ( :i* is to inve/igate ! con/itu5ts ( inf]5ce1 w be l ,hamlet )\t ! pr9ce ( ,d5m>k4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 all ! con/itu5ts ( inf]5ce are judgm5ts1 !re are judgm5ts ( s5se2 & ! evid5ce ( ! s5ses means t a judgm5t ( s5se is true1 :ile a judgm5t ( inf]5ce is true s f> z x is directly or indirectly conclud$ f judgm5ts ( s5se4 ,n[ a s5sory judgm5t1 e4g4 t a s5sible pressure is exi/+1 is expla9$ by none ( ! =ego+ !ories1 because x requires no?+ b s5sation & belief4 ,x requires no w1 b is usually involunt>y1 = ! /imulus =ces "o's att5tion1 :i* is n always volunt>y2 n all judgm5t !n requires w1 z ,wundt supposes4 ,x requires no ref]5ce to reality beyond ! s5sible pressure1 because x is m]ely a belief t ?is exi/s )\t inf]5ce ( ! ext]nal /imulus or any inf]5ce at all3 n all judgm5t !n requires ! ref]5ce ( subjective to objective suppos$ by ,ueb]weg1 or ! consci\sness ( logical necessity suppos$ by ,sigw>t4 ,x requires 9 addition to ! belief t some?+ exi/s1 no consid]ation z to :e!r ! belief itself be true1 because a man :o feels pressure believes 9 ! ?+ )\t fur!r "q ab\t ! belief3 n all judgm5t !n requires a decision ( validity1 z ,b]gmann supposes4 ,x requires no?+ beyond ! s5sation & belief 9 ! giv5 exi/5ce ( ! giv5 pressure3 n all judgm5t !n requires categories ( und]/&+1 or notions ( id5tity1 diff]5ce & causality1 or ev5 ( exi/5ce1 su* z ,s*uppe supposes4 ,x requires no comp>ison 9 ord] to express x 9 words1 = a judgm5t ne$ n be express$1 & a s5sory judgm5t ( pressure is an irresi/ible belief t a real pressure exi/s1 )\t wait+ = words1 or = a comp>ison :i* is want$ n to make a s5sation a judgm5t1 b to turn a judgm5t into language3 n all judgm5t !n requires comp>ison ) a view to its expression1 z suppos$ by ,hobh\se4 ,la/ly1 all ! au?ors ( ! above-quot$ !ories err 9 suppos+ t all judgm5t requires conception2 = ev5 ,mill ?9ks a comb9ation ( ideas necess>y1 & ,br5tano1 :o comes /ill ne>] to ! nature ( s5sory judgm5t :5 he says1 ,e p]ception c\nts = a judgm5t1 yet ?9ks t an idea is necess>y at ! same "t 9 ord] to und]/& ! ?+ judg$4 ,9 reality1 ! s5sation & ! belief are suffici5t2 :5 ,i feel a s5sible pressure1 ,i _c help believ+ 9 its reality1 & !re=e judg+ t x is real1 )\t any t]tium quid--an idea ( pressure1 or ( exi/5ce or ( pressure exi/+--int]v5+ betwe5 ! s5sation & ! belief4 ,only aft] s5sation has ceas$ does an idea1 or repres5tation ( :at is n pres5t$1 become necess>y z a sub/itute = a s5sation & z a condition n ( ! fir/ judgm5t t !re is1 b ( a second judgm5t t !re 01 some?+ s5sible4 ,o!rwise !re w\ld be no judgm5t ( s5sible fact1 = ! fir/ s5sation w\ld n give x1 & ! idea foll[+ ! s5sation w\ld be /ill f>!r (f4 ,! s5sory judgm5t !n1 :i* is no?+ b a belief t at ! mom5t ( s5se some?+ s5sible exi/s1 is a pro( t n all judgm5t requires conception1 or syn!sis or analysis ( ideas1 or decision ab\t ! cont5t1 or ab\t ! validity1 ( ideas1 or ref]5ce ( an ideal cont5t to reality1 z commonly1 ?\gh v>i\sly1 suppos$ 9 ! logic ( our day4 ,n1 h[ev]1 t all judgm5t is s5sory3 aft] ! fir/ judgm5ts ( s5se foll[ judgm5ts ( memory1 & memory requires ideas4 ,yet memory is n m]e conception1 z ,ari/otle1 & ,mill aft] him1 h p]ceiv$4 ,to rememb]1 we mu/ h a pres5t idea2 b we mu/ also h a belief t ! ?+1 ( :i* ! idea is a repres5tation1 0 7or 0 n7 det]m9$2 & ?is belief is ! memorial judgm5t4 ,orig9ally su* judgm5ts arise f s5sory judgm5ts foll[$ by ideas1 & are judgm5ts ( memory aft] s5se t some?+ s5sible exi/$1 e4g4 pressure exi/$3 aft]w>ds come judgm5ts ( memory aft] inf]5ce1 e4g4 ,caes> 0 murd]$4 ,f9ally1 mo/ judgm5ts are inf]5tial4 ,^! are conclusions :i* prim>ily are inf]r$ f s5sory & memorial judgm5ts2 & s f> z inf]5ce />ts f s5se ( some?+ s5sible 9 ! pres5t1 & f memory aft] s5se ( some?+ s5sible 9 ! pa/1 & concludes simil> ?+s1 inf]5tial judgm5ts are indirect beliefs 9 be+ & 9 exi/5ce beyond ideas4 ,:5 f ! s5sible pressures betwe5 ! p>ts ( my m\?1 :i* ,i feel & rememb] & judge t !y exi/ & h exi/$1 ,i inf] ano!r simil> pressure 7e4g4 ( ! food :i* presses & is press$ by my m\? 9 eat+71 ! inf]5tial judgm5t ) :i* ,i conclude is a belief t ! latt] exi/s z well z ! =m] 7e4g4 ! pressure ( food )\t z well z ! s5sible pressures )974 ,inf]5ce1 no d\bt1 is closely involv$ ) conception4 ,s f> z x dep5ds on memory1 an inf]5tial judgm5t presupposes memorial ideas 9 its data2 & s f> z x inf]s univ]sal classes & laws1 x produces g5]al ideas4 ,b ev5 s ! "p play$ by conception is q subord9ate to t ( belief4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! rememb]$ datum1 f :i* an inf]5ce ( pressure />ts1 is n ! conceiv$ idea1 b ! belief t ! s5sible pressure exi/$4 ,secondly1 ! conclusion 9 :i* x ends is n ! g5]al idea ( a class1 b ! belief t a class1 repres5t$ by a g5]al idea1 exi/s1 & is 7or is n7 o!rwise det]m9$ 7e4g4 t ?+s press+ & press$ exi/ & move74 ,two ?+s are c]ta9 ab\t inf]5tial judgm5t3 "o1 t :5 inf]5ce is bas$ on s5se & memory1 inf]5tial judgm5t />ts f a comb9ation ( s5sory & memorial judgm5t1 bo? ( :i* are beliefs t ?+s exi/2 ! o!r1 t 9 consequ5ce inf]5tial judgm5t is a belief t simil> ?+s exi/4 ,!re are ?us ?ree prim>y judgm5ts3 judgm5ts ( s5se1 ( memory aft] s5se1 & ( inf]5ce f s5se4 ,all ^! are beliefs 9 be+ & exi/5ce1 & ?is exi/5tial belief is fir/ 9 s5se1 & aft]w>ds transf]r$ to memory & inf]5ce4 ,moreov]1 x is transf]r$ 9 ! same irresi/ible way3 frequ5tly we _c help ei!r feel+ pressure1 or rememb]+ x1 or inf]r+ x2 & z !re are involunt>y s5sation & att5tion1 s !re are involunt>y memory & inf]5ce4 ,aga91 9 a prim>y judgm5t exi/5ce ne$ n be express$2 b if express$1 x may be express$ ei!r by ! pr$icate1 e4g4 ,i exi/1 or by ! subject1 e4g4 ,i :o exi/ ?9k4 ,!re are inde$ diff]5ces betwe5 prim>y judgm5ts1 9 t ! s5sory is a belief 9 pres5t1 ! memorial 9 pa/1 & ! inf]5tial 9 pres5t1 pa/ & future exi/5ce4 ,b ^! diff]5ces 9 detail d n alt] ! ma9 po9t t all ^! are beliefs 9 ! exi/+1 9 ! real z oppos$ to ! ideal1 9 actual ?+s :i* are n ideas4 ,9 %ort1 a prim>y judgm5t is a belief 9 some?+ exi/+ ap>t f our idea ( x2 & n because we h an idea ( x1 or by comp>+ an idea )1 or ref]r+ an idea to1 reality2 b because we h a s5sation ( x1 or a memory ( x or an inf]5ce ( x4 ,s5sation1 n conception1 is ! orig9 ( judgm5t4 #b4 ,diff]5t ,significations ( ,be+ 9 diff]5t ,k9ds ( ,judgm5t4--,z ,ari/otle rem>k$ bo? 9 ! ,de ,int]pretatione & 9 ! ,sophi/ici ,el5*i1 n-be+ is ?9kable does n mean n-be+ exi/s4 ,9 ! latt] treatise he add$ t x is a fallacia a dicto secundum quid ad dictum simplicit] to argue f ! =m] to ! latt]2 =1 z he says1 x is n ! same ?+ to be some?+ & to exi/ absolutely4 ,)\t realiz+ _! debt to tradition1 ,h]b>t1 ,mill & rec5tly ,sigw>t1 h repeat$ ,ari/otle's sep>ation ( ! copula f ! v]b ( exi/5ce1 z if x 7 a mod]n discov]y t is is n ! same z exi/s4 ,x may be add$ t !y d n q realize :at ! copula exactly signifies3 x does n signify exi/5ce1 b x does signify a fact1 namely1 t some?+ is 7or is n7 det]m9$1 ei!r absolutely 9 a categorical judgm5t1 or conditionally 9 a conditional judgm5t4 ,n[ we h se5 t all prim>y judgm5ts signify m ?an ?is fact2 !y are also beliefs 9 ! exi/5ce ( ! ?+ signifi$ by ! subject4 ,b1 9 ! fir/ place1 prim>y judgm5ts signify ?is exi/5ce nev] by ! copula1 b sometimes by ! pr$icate1 & sometimes by ! subject2 &1 secondly1 x does n foll[ t all judgm5ts :atev] signify exi/5ce4 ,besides inf]5ce ( exi/5ce !re is inf]5ce ( non-exi/5ce1 ( ?+s inconsi/5t ) ! objects ( prim>y judgm5ts4 ,h5ce second>y judgm5ts1 :i* no long] conta9 a belief t ! ?+ exi/s1 e4g4 ! judgm5t1 n-be+ is ?9kable1 cit$ by ,ari/otle2 ! judgm5t1 ,a squ>e circle is impossible1 cit$ by ,h]b>t2 ! judgm5t1 ,a c5taur is a fiction ( ! poets1 cit$ by ,mill4 ,^! second>y judgm5ts ( non-exi/5ce are p>tly l & p>tly unlike prim>y judgm5ts ( exi/5ce4 ,!y resemble !m 9 t !y are beliefs 9 be+ signifi$ by ! copula4 ,!y are beliefs 9 ?+s ( a sort2 =1 aft] all1 ideas & names are ?+s2 _! objects1 ev5 ?\gh non-exi/5t1 are at all ev5ts ?+s conceivable or nameable2 & !re=e we are able to make judgm5ts t ?+s1 non-exi/5t b conceivable or nameable1 are 7or are n7 det]m9$ 9 a p>ticul> mann]4 ,?us ! judgm5t ab\t a c5taur is ! belief1 ,a conceivable c5taur is a fiction ( ! poets1 & ! judgm5t ab\t a squ>e circle is ! belief1 ,a s-call$ squ>e circle is an impossibility4 ,b1 ?\gh beliefs t ?+s ( "s sort are 7or are n7 det]m9$1 ^! second>y judgm5ts fall %ort ( prim>y judgm5ts ( exi/5ce4 ,:]eas 9 a prim>y judgm5t !re is a fur!r belief1 signifi$ by subject or pr$icate1 t ! ?+ is an exi/+ ?+ 9 ! s5se ( be+ a real ?+ 7e4g4 a man71 diff]5t f ! idea ( x z well z f ! "n = x2 9 a second>y judgm5t !re is no fur!r belief t ! ?+ has any exi/5ce beyond ! idea 7e4g4 a c5taur71 or ev5 beyond ! "n 7e4g4 a squ>e circle73 ?\gh ! idea or "n exi/s1 !re is no belief t any?+ repres5t$ by idea or "n exi/s4 ,/>t+1 !n1 f ?is fundam5tal di/9ction betwe5 judgm5ts ( exi/5ce & judgm5ts ( non-exi/5ce1 we may hope to /e] our way betwe5 two extreme views :i* emanate f two important ?9k]s1 ea* ( :om has produc$ a fl\ri%+ s*ool ( psy*ological logic4 ,on ! "o h&1 e>ly 9 ! #ai? c5tury ,h]b>t />t$ ! view t a categorical judgm5t is nev] a judgm5t ( exi/5ce1 b always hypo!tical2 on ! o!r h&1 9 ! latt] "p ( ! c5tury ,br5tano />t$ ! view t all categorical judgm5ts are exi/5tial4 ,! tru? lies betwe5 ^! contr>ies4 ,! view ( ,h]b>t & 8 s*ool is contradict$ by our prim>y judgm5ts ( & f s5se1 9 :i* we _c help believ+ exi/5ce2 & x gives an inadequate acc\nt ev5 ( our second>y judgm5ts 9 :i* we no long] inde$ believe exi/5ce1 b d frequ5tly believe t a non-exi/5t ?+ is 7or is n7 someh[ det]m9$ unconditionally4 ,x is true1 z ,h]b>t says1 t ! judgm5t1 ,a squ>e circle is an impossibility1 does n conta9 ! belief1 ,a squ>e circle is exi/5t2 b :5 he goes on to argue t x means1 ,if a squ>e circle is ?\ght1 ! conception ( impossibility mu/ be add$ 9 ?\ght1 he falls into a non-sequitur4 ,to be categorical1 a judgm5t does n require a belief 9 exi/5ce1 b only t some?+1 exi/5t or n1 is 7or is n7 det]m9$2 & !re are two q diff]5t attitudes ( m9d ev5 to a non-exi/5t ?+1 su* z a squ>e circle1 namely1 unconditional & conditional belief4 ,! judgm5t1 ,a non-exi/5t b s-call$ squ>e circle is an impossibility1 is an unconditional1 or categorical judgm5t ( non-exi/5ce1 q diff]5t f any hypo!tical judgm5t1 :i* dep5ds on ! conditions if x is ?\ght1 or if x exi/s1 or any o!r if4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! view ( ,br5tano & 8 s*ool is contradict$ by ^! v categorical judgm5ts ( non-exi/5ce2 & :ile x applies only to categorical judgm5ts ( exi/5ce1 x does s inadequately4 ,to beg9 ) ! latt] objection1 ,br5tano propos$ to *ange ! f\r ,ari/otelian =ms ( judgm5t1 ,a1 ,e1 ,i1 ,o1 into ! foll[+ exi/5tial =ms3-- ,a4 ,!re is n an immortal man4 ,e4 ,!re is n a live /one4 ,i4 ,!re is a sick man4 ,o4 ,!re is an unle>n$ man4 ,?is recon/ruction1 :i* m]ges subject & pr$icate 9 "o expression1 9 ord] to comb9e x ) ! v]b ( exi/5ce1 is repeat$ 9 simil> proposals ( rec5t ,engli% logicians4 ,v5n1 9 8 ,symbolic ,logic1 proposes ! f\r =ms1 xy #j1 xy #j1 xy #j1 xy #j 7:]e y means n-y71 b only z alt]native to ! ord9>y =ms4 ,bradley says t ',s-,p is real' attributes ,s-,p1 directly or indirectly1 to ! ultimate reality1 & agrees ) ,br5tano t 'is' nev] /&s = any?+ b 'exi/s'2 :ile ,bosanquet1 :o foll[s ,bradley1 goes s f> z to def9e a categorical judgm5t z t :i* affirms ! exi/5ce ( its subject1 or1 9 o!r words1 ass]ts a fact4 ,n[ x is true t our prim>y judgm5ts d conta9 a belief 9 exi/5ce2 b !y d n all conta9 x 9 ! same way1 b are beliefs sometimes t some?+ is det]m9$ z exi/+1 & sometimes t some?+ exi/+ is p>ticul>ly det]m9$4 ,br5tano's =ms d n express su* a judgm5t ( exi/5ce1 z ,all exi/+ m5 are mortal3 nor does ,bradley's =m1 ,reality includes ,s-,p4 ,metaphysically1 all realities are p>ts ( "o ultimate reality2 b logically1 ev5 philosoph]s ?9k m (t5 only ( f9ite realities1 exi/+ m51 dogs1 horses1 c42 & *ildr5 "k t _! p>5ts exi/ long be=e !y appreh5d ultimate reality4 ,! normal =m1 !n1 ( a judgm5t ( exi/5ce is ei!r ,s is a real ,p1 or ,a real ,s is ,p4 ,h5ce ! recon/ruction ( all categorical judgm5ts by m]g+ subject & pr$icate1 ei!r on ,br5tano's or on ,bradley's plan1 is a misrepres5tation ev5 ( normal categorical judgm5ts ( exi/5ce4 ,secondly1 x is mu* m a misrepres5tation ( categorical judgm5ts ( non-exi/5ce4 ,no exi/5tial =m suits a judgm5t su* z ,a c5taur is a fiction1 :5 we d n believe t !re is a c5taur1 or t reality includes a c5taur4 ,z ,mill po9t$ out1 x _c be impli$ t a c5taur exi/s1 s9ce ! v ?+ ass]t$ is t ! ?+ has no real exi/5ce4 ,9 a correspond5ce ) ,mill1 ,br5tano rejo9$ t ! c5taur exi/s 9 imag9ation2 ,bradley says1 inside our heads4 ,accord+ to "o1 !n1 ! judgm5t becomes ,!re is an imag9>y c5taur2 accord+ to ! o!r ,reality includes an imag9>y c5taur4 ,! rejo9d]1 h[ev]1 ?\gh p>tly true1 is n to ! po9t4 ,! idea ( ! c5taur does exi/ 9 our imag9ation1 & inside our heads1 & ! "n ( x 9 our m\?s4 ,b ! po9t is t ! c5taur conceiv$ & nam$ does n exi/ beyond ! idea ( x & ! "n = x2 x is n1 l a man1 a real ?+ :i* is nei!r ! idea ( x nor ! "n = x4 ,no am\nt ( subtlety w remove ! diff]5ce betwe5 a categorical judgm5t ( exi/5ce1 e4g4 ,an exi/+ man is mortal1 & a categorical judgm5t ( non-exi/5ce1 e4g4 ,a conceivable c5taur is a fiction1 because 9 ! =m] we believe & mean t ! ?+ exi/s beyond ! idea1 & 9 ! latt] we d n4 ,if1 contr>y to usage1 we *oose to call ! latt] a judgm5t ( exi/5ce1 !re is no use 9 qu>rell+ ab\t words2 b we mu/ insi/ t new t]ms mu/ 9 t case be inv5t$ to express s fundam5tal a diff]5ce z t betwe5 judgm5ts ab\t real m5 & judgm5ts ab\t ideal c5taurs4 ,s long1 h[ev]1 z we use words 9 ! natural s5se1 & call ! =m] judgm5ts ( exi/5ce1 & ! latt] judgm5ts ( non-exi/5ce1 !n is w n be1 z ,bradley supposes1 ! same z exi/s1 = we use is 9 bo? judgm5ts1 b exi/s only 9 ! fir/ k9d4 ,bosanquet's def9ition ( a categorical judgm5t conta9s a simil> confusion4 ,to ass]t a fact & to affirm ! exi/5ce ( a subject are n1 z he makes out1 ! same ?+3 a judgm5t (t5 ass]ts a fact & d5ies exi/5ce 9 ! same brea?1 e4g4 ,jupit] is non-exi/5t4 ,"h1 z usual 9 logic1 tradition is bett] ?an innovation4 ,all categorical judgm5t is an unconditional belief 9 ! fact1 signifi$ by ! copula1 t a ?+ ( "s sort is 7or is n7 det]m9$2 b "s categorical judgm5ts are also beliefs t ! ?+ is an exi/+ ?+1 signifi$ ei!r by ! subject or by ! pr$icate1 :ile o!rs are n beliefs t ! ?+ exi/s at all1 b are only beliefs 9 some?+ conceivable1 or nameable1 or 9 some?+ or o!r1 )\t p>ticul>iz+ :at4 ,judgm5t !n always signifies be+1 b n always exi/5ce4 #c4 ,p>ticul> & ,univ]sal ,judgm5ts4--,ari/otle1 by di/+ui%+ affirmative & negative1 p>ticul> & univ]sal1 made ! f\rfold classification ( judgm5ts1 ,a1 ,e1 ,i & ,o1 ! f\ndation bo? ( opposition & ( inf]5ce4 ,) reg>d to inf]5ce1 he rem>k$ t a univ]sal judgm5t means by all1 n e individual we "k1 b e individual absolutely1 s t1 :5 x becomes a major premise1 we "k !re9 e individual univ]sally1 n individually1 & (t5 d n "k a giv5 individual individually until we add a m9or premise 9 a syllogism4 ,:]eas1 !n1 a p>ticul> judgm5t is a belief t "s1 a univ]sal judgm5t is a belief t all1 ! individuals ( a k9d or total ( simil> individuals1 are simil>ly det]m9$1 :e!r !y are kn[n or unkn[n individuals4 ,n[1 z we h already se51 :at is signifi$ by ! subject may be exi/+ or n1 & 9 ei!r case a judgm5t rema9s categorical s long z x is a belief )\t conditions4 ,?us1 ,"s exi/+ m5 are poets1 ,all exi/+ m5 are mortal1 ,"s conceivable c5taurs are human 9 _! =equ>t]s1 ,all conceivable c5taurs are equ9e 9 _! h9dqu>t]s1 are all categorical judgm5ts1 :ile ! two fir/ are also categorical judgm5ts ( exi/5ce4 ,nev]!less ^! obvi\s applications ( ,ari/otelian traditions h be5 rec5tly *all5g$1 especially by ,sigw>t1 :o holds 9 8 ,logic 7secs4 #bg1 #cf7 t1 :ile a p>ticul> is a categorical judgm5t ( exi/5ce1 a univ]sal is hypo!tical1 on ! gr\nd t x does n ref] to a def9ite numb] ( individuals1 or to individuals at all1 b r to g5]al ideas1 & t ! appropriate =m ( all ,m is ,p is if any?+ is ,m x is ,p4 ,?is view1 :i* has influ5c$ n only ,g]man b also ,engli% logicians1 su* z ,v5n1 ,bradley & ,bosanquet1 de/roys ! fabric ( inf]5ce1 & r$uces sci5tific laws to m]e hypo!ses4 ,9 reality1 h[ev]1 p>ticul> & univ]sal judgm5ts are too closely connect$ to h su* diff]5t imports4 ,9 opposition1 a categorical p>ticul> is ! contradictory ( a univ]sal1 :i* is also categorical1 n hypo!tical1 e4g41 n all ,m is ,p is ! contradictory ( all ,m is ,p1 n ( if any?+ is ,m x is ,p4 ,9 inf]5ce1 a p>ticul> is an example ( a univ]sal :i* 9 its turn may become a p>ticul> example ( a high] univ]sal4 ,= in/ance1 9 ! hi/ory ( me*anics x 0 fir/ inf]r$ f "s t all t]re/rial bodies gravitate1 & !n f ^! z "s t all pond]able bodies1 t]re/rial & cele/ial1 gravitate4 ,h[ absurd to suppose t "h we pass f a p>ticul> categorical to a univ]sal hypo!tical1 & !n treat ?is v conclusion z a p>ticul> categorical to pass to a high] univ]sal hypo!tical6 ,sigw>t1 inde$1 is deceiv$ bo? ab\t p>ticul>s & univ]sals4 ,on ! "o h&1 "s p>ticul>s are n judgm5ts ( exi/5ce1 e4g4 "s imag9>y deities are goddesses2 on ! o!r h&1 "s univ]sals are n judgm5ts ( non-exi/5ce1 e4g4 e exi/+ man is mortal4 ,nei!r k9d is always a judgm5t ( exi/5ce1 b ea* is sometimes ! "o & sometimes ! o!r4 ,9 no case is a univ]sal hypo!tical1 unless we ?9k x "u a condition2 = 9 a univ]sal judgm5t ab\t ! non-exi/+1 e4g4 ab\t all conceivable c5taurs1 we d n ?9k1 ,if any?+ is a c5taur1 because we d n believe t !re are any2 & 9 a univ]sal judgm5t ab\t ! exi/5t1 e4g4 ab\t all exi/+ m51 we d n ?9k1 ,if any?+ is a man1 because we believe t !re is a :ole class ( m5 exi/+ at diff]5t times & places4 ,! cause ( ,sigw>t's error is 8 misconception ( all4 ,s f> z he foll[s ,ari/otle 9 say+ t all does n mean a def9ite numb] ( individuals he is "r2 b :5 he says t we mean no individuals at all he des]ts ,ari/otle & goes wrong4 ,by all we mean e individual :atev] ( a k9d2 & :5 f ! exp]i5ce ( s5se & memory we />t ) p>ticul> judgm5ts ( exi/5ce1 & inf] univ]sal judgm5ts ( exi/5ce & sci5tific laws1 we fur!r mean ^? exi/+ individuals :i* we h exp]i5c$1 & e individual :atev] ( ! k9d :i* exi/s4 ,we mean nei!r a def9ite numb] ( individuals1 nor yet an inf9ite numb]1 b an incalculable numb]1 :e!r exp]i5c$ or inf]r$ to exi/4 ,we d n mean exi/+ "h & n[1 nor yet out ( "t & place1 b at any "t & place 7semp] et ubique7--pa/1 pres5t & future be+ treat$ z simply exi/+1 by :at logicians us$ to call suppositio naturalis4 ,we mean !n by all exi/+ e simil> individual :atev]1 :5ev]1 & :]ev] exi/+4 ,h5ce ,sigw>t is "r 9 say+ t ,all bodies are ext5d$ means ,:atev] is a body is ext5d$1 b wrong 9 id5tify+ ?is =m ) ,if any?+ is a body x is ext5d$4 ,:atev] is n if any?+4 ,= ! same reason x is errone\s to confuse all exi/+ ) a g5]al idea4 ,nor does ! use ( ab/ract ideas & t]ms make any diff]5ce4 ,:5 ,bosanquet says t 9 ,heat is a mode ( motion !re is no ref]5ce to individual objects1 b a pure hypo!tical =m :i* absolutely neglects ! exi/5ce ( objects1 he falls f> %ort ( express+ ! nature ( ?is sci5tific judgm5t1 = 9 8 ,!ory ( ,heat ,cl]k ,maxwell describes x z believ+ heat z x exi/s 9 a hot body to be 9 ! =m ( k9etic en]gy4 ,z ,bacon w\ld say1 x is a belief t all individual bodies qua hot are individually b simil>ly mov+ 9 _! p>ticles4 ,:51 aga91 ,bradley & ,bosanquet speak ( ! univ]sal z if x always meant "o ideal cont5t ref]r$ to reality1 !y =get t 9 univ]sal judgm5ts ( exi/5ce1 su* z ,all m5 exi/+ are mortal1 we believe t e individually exi/+ man dies 8 own dea? individually1 ?\gh simil>ly to o!r m52 & t we are ?9k+ nei!r ( ideas nor ( reality2 b ( all exi/5t individual m5 be+ individually b simil>ly det]m9$4 ,a univ]sal is inde$ "o :ole2 b x is "o :ole ( _m simil>s1 :i* are n ! same ) "o ano!r4 ,?is is inde$ ! v ess5ce ( di/ribution1 t a univ]sal is pr$icable1 n s+ly or collectively1 b sev]ally & simil>ly ( ea* & e individual ( a k9d1 or total ( simil> individuals4 ,s also ! ess5ce ( a univ]sal judgm5t is t e individual ( ! k9d is sev]ally b simil>ly det]m9$4 ,f9ally1 a univ]sal judgm5t is (t5 exi/5tial2 b :e!r x is s or n x rema9s categorical1 s long z x introduces no hypo!tical antec$5t ab\t ! exi/5ce ( ! ?+ signifi$ by ! subject4 ,x is true t ev5 9 univ]sal judgm5ts ( exi/5ce !re is (t5 a hypo!tical elem5t2 = example1 ,all m5 are mortal conta9s a d\bt :e!r e man :atev]1 :5ev] & :]ev] exi/+1 mu/ die4 ,b ?is is only a d\bt :e!r all ! ?+s signifi$ by ! subject are simil>ly det]m9$ z signifi$ by ! pr$icate1 & n a d\bt :e!r !re are su* ?+s at all4 ,h5ce ! hypo!tical elem5t is n a hypo!tical antec$5t ,if any?+ is a man1 b an unc]ta9 conclusion t ,all exi/+ m5 are mortal4 ,9 o!r words1 a categorical univ]sal is (t5 problematic1 b a problematic is n ! same z a hypo!tical judgm5t4 #d4 ,! ,judgm5t & ! ,proposition4--,judgm5t 9 g5]al is ! m5tal act ( believ+ t some?+ is 7or is n7 det]m9$4 ,a proposition is ! consequ5t v]bal expression ( su* a belief1 & consi/s 9 ass]t+ t ! ?+ z signifi$ by ! subject is 7or is n7 det]m9$ z signifi$ by ! pr$icate4 ,b ! expression is n necess>y4 ,s5sation irresi/ibly produces a judgm5t ( exi/5ce )\t ne$+ language4 ,*ildr5 ?9k long be=e !y speak2 & inde$1 z m]e vocal s\nds are n spee*1 & z ! appreh5sion t a ^w signifies a ?+ is a judgm5t1 judgm5t is orig9ally n an effect1 b a cause ( significant language4 ,at any rate1 ev5 :5 we h le>nt to speak1 we d n express all we ?9k1 z we may see n only f ! fewness ( words kn[n to a *ild1 b also f our own adult consci\sness4 ,! pr9ciple ( ?\ght is to judge en\gh to conclude4 ,! pr9ciple ( language is to speak only s f> z to und]/& & be und]/ood4 ,h5ce spee* is only a curtail$ expression ( ?\ght4 ,sometimes we express a :ole judgm5t by "o ^w1 e4g4 ,fire6 or by a phrase1 e4g4 ,:at a fire6 & only usually by a proposition4 ,b ev5 ! normal proposition 9 ! syllogi/ic =m t]tii adjac5tis1 ) subject1 pr$icate & copula1 is seldom a complete expression ( ! judgm5t4 ,! consequ5ce is t ! proposition1 be+ diff]5t f a judgm5t aris+ aft] a judgm5t1 & rema9+ an imp]fect copy ( judgm5t1 is only a sup]ficial evid5ce ( its real nature4 ,=tunately1 we h m pr(\nd evid5ces1 & at lea/ ?ree evid5ces 9 all3 ! l+ui/ic expression ( belief 9 ! proposition2 ! consci\sness ( :at we m5tally believe2 & ! analysis ( reason+1 :i* %[s :at we mu/ believe1 & h believ$1 z data = inf]5ce4 ,9 ^! ways we f9d t a judgm5t is bo? diff]5t f1 & m ?an1 a proposition4 ,b rec5t logicians1 al?\gh !y p]ceive ! diff]5ce1 nev]!less t5d to make ! proposition ! measure ( ! judgm5t4 ,?is makes !m omit s5sory judgm5ts1 & c\nt only ^? :i* require ideas1 & ev5 g5]al ideas express$ 9 g5]al t]ms4 ,sigw>t1 = example1 gives z in/ances ( our mo/ elem5t>y judgm5ts1 ,?is is ,socrates1 ,?is is sn[--beliefs 9 ?+s exi/+ beyond ourselves :i* require consid]able inf]5ces f _m previ\s judgm5ts ( s5se & memory4 ,worse /ill1 logicians seem unable to keep ! judgm5t ap>t f ! proposition4 ,h]b>t says t ! judgm5t ,a is ,b does n conta9 ! usually add$ ?\ght t ,a is1 because !re is no /atem5t ( ,a's exi/5ce2 z if ! /atem5t matt]$ to ! ?\ght4 ,s ,sigw>t1 9 ord] to r$uce univ]sals to hypo!ticals1 :ile admitt+ t exi/5ce is usually ?\ght1 argues t x is n /at$ 9 ! univ]sal judgm5t2 s also ,bosanquet4 ,b 9 ! judgm5t ! po9t is n :at we /ate1 b :at we ?9k2 & s long z ! exi/5ce ( ,a is add$ 9 ?\ght1 ! judgm5t 9 "q mu/ conta9 ! ?\ght t ,a exi/s z well z t ,a is ,b1 & !re=e is a judgm5t t some?+ is det]m9$ bo? z exi/+ & 9 a p>ticul> mann]4 ,! /atem5t only affects ! proposition2 & :5ev] we believe ! exi/5ce ( ! ?+1 ! belief 9 exi/5ce is "p ( ! judgm5t ?\ght1 :e!r x is "p ( ! proposition /at$ or n4 ,"h ,sir ,william ,hamilton did a real s]vice to logic 9 po9t+ out t ,logic po/ulates to be all[$ to /ate explicitly 9 language all t is implicitly conta9$ 9 ! ?\ght4 ,n t m5 %\ld or c c>ry ?is logical po/ulate out 9 ord9>y life2 b x is necess>y 9 ! logical analysis ( judgm5ts1 & yet logicians neglect x4 ,?is is :y !y confuse ! categorical & ! univ]sal ) ! hypo!tical4 ,tak+ ! c>elessly express$ propositions ( ord9>y life1 !y d n p]ceive t simil> judgm5ts are (t5 diff]5tly express$1 e4g4 ,i1 be+ a man1 am mortal1 & ,if ,i am a man1 ,i am mortal2 & conv]sely1 t diff]5t judgm5ts are (t5 simil>ly express$4 ,9 ord9>y life we may say1 ,all m5 are mortal1 ,all c5taurs are figm5ts1 ,all squ>e circles are impossibilities1 ,all c&idates arriv+ five m9utes late are f9$ 7! la/ proposition be+ an example ( ! id5tification ( categorical ) hypo!tical 9 ,keynes's ,=mal ,logic74 ,b ( ^! univ]sal propositions ! fir/ imp]fectly expresses a categorical belief 9 exi/+ ?+s1 ! second 9 ?9kable ?+s1 & ! ?ird 9 nameable ?+s1 :ile ! f\r? is a slip%od categorical expression ( ! hypo!tical belief1 ,if any c&idates arrive late !y are f9$4 ,! f\r judgm5ts are diff]5t1 & !re=e logically ! propositions fully express+ !m are also diff]5t4 ,! judgm5t1 !n1 is ! measure ( ! proposition1 n ! proposition ! measure ( ! judgm5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we may g too f> 9 ! opposite direction1 z ,hamilton did 9 propos+ ! univ]sal quantification ( ! pr$icate4 ,if ! quantity ( ! pr$icate 7 always ?\ght1 x ought logically to be always /at$4 ,b we only sometimes ?9k x4 ,usually we leave ! pr$icate indef9ite1 because1 z long z ! ?+ 9 "q is 7or is n7 det]m9$1 x does n matt] ab\t o!r ?+s1 & x is va9 = u to try to ?9k all ?+s at once4 ,x is rem>kable t 9 ,b>b>a1 & !re=e 9 _m sci5tific d$uctions1 to ?9k ! quantity ( ! pr$icate is n to ! po9t ei!r 9 ! premises or 9 ! conclusion2 s t to quantify ! propositions1 z ,hamilton proposes1 w\ld be to express m ?an a rational man ?9ks & judges4 ,9 judgm5ts1 & !re=e 9 propositions1 indef9ite pr$icates are ! rule1 quantifi$ pr$icates ! exception4 ,consequ5tly1 ,a ,e ,i ,o are ! normal propositions ) indef9ite pr$icates2 :]eas propositions ) quantifi$ pr$icates are only occasional =ms1 :i* we %\ld use :5ev] we require to ?9k ! quantity ( ! pr$icate1 e4g4 7#a7 9 conv]sion1 :5 we mu/ ?9k t all m5 are "s animals1 9 ord] to judge t "s animals are m52 7#b7 9 syllogisms ( ! #crd figure1 :5 ! pr$icate ( ! m9or premise mu/ be p>ticul>ly quantifi$ 9 ?\ght 9 ord] to become ! p>ticul>ly quantifi$ subject ( ! conclusion2 7#c7 9 id5tical propositions includ+ def9itions1 :]e we mu/ ?9k bo? t #a #a are #b & #b are #a #a4 ,b ! normal judgm5t1 & !re=e ! normal proposition1 d n require ! quantity ( ! pr$icate4 ,x foll[s also t ! normal judgm5t is n an equation4 ,! symbol ( equality 77 is n ! same z ! copula 7is72 x means is equal to1 :]e equal to is "p ( ! pr$icate1 leav+ is z ! copula4 ,n[1 9 all judgm5t we ?9k is1 b 9 few judgm5ts pr$icate equal to4 ,9 quantitative judgm5ts we may ?9k x y1 or1 z ,boole proposes1 x vy 7#j_/j7y or1 z ,jevons proposes1 x xy1 or1 z ,v5n proposes1 x :i* is n y #j2 & equational symbolic logic is useful :5ev] we ?9k 9 ?is quantitative way4 ,b x is a byway ( ?\ght4 ,9 mo/ judgm5ts all we believe is t x is 7or is n7 y1 t a ?+ is 7or is n7 det]m9$1 & t ! ?+ signifi$ by ! subject is a ?+ signifi$ by ! pr$icate1 b n t x is ! only ?+1 or equal to ev]y?+ signifi$ by ! pr$icate4 ,! symbolic logic1 :i* confuses is ) is equal to1 hav+ introduc$ a p>ticul> k9d ( pr$icate into ! copula1 falls into ! mi/ake ( r$uc+ all pr$ication to ! "o category ( ! quantitative2 :]eas x is m (t5 9 ! sub/antial1 e4g4 ,i am a man1 n ,i am equal to a man1 or 9 ! qualitative1 e4g4 ,i am :ite1 n ,i am equal to :ite1 or 9 ! relative1 e4g4 ,i am born 9 s91 n ,i am equal to born 9 s94 ,pr$ication1 z ,ari/otle saw1 is z v>i\s z ! categories ( be+4 ,f9ally1 ! great difficulty ( ! logic ( judgm5t is to f9d ! m5tal act beh9d ! l+ui/ic expression1 to ascribe to x exactly :at is ?\ght1 nei!r m nor less1 & to apply ! judgm5t ?\ght to ! logical proposition1 )\t expect+ to f9d x 9 ord9>y propositions4 ,b5ea? ,hamilton's po/ulate !re is a deep] pr9ciple ( logic--,a rational be+ ?9ks only to ! po9t1 & speaks only to und]/& & be und]/ood4 ,,inf]5ce ,! nature & analysis ( inf]5ce h be5 s fully treat$ 9 ! ,introduction t "h we may cont5t ourselves ) "s po9ts ( detail4 #a4 ,false ,views ( ,syllogism aris+ f ,false ,views ( ,judgm5t4--,! false views ( judgm5t1 :i* we h be5 exam9+1 h l$ to false views ( inf]5ce4 ,on ! "o h&1 hav+ r$uc$ categorical judgm5ts to an exi/5tial =m1 ,br5tano proposes to re=m ! syllogism1 ) ! results t x mu/ conta9 f\r t]ms1 ( :i* two are oppos$ & two appe> twice2 t1 :5 x is negative1 bo? premises are negative2 & t1 :5 x is affirmative1 "o premise1 at lea/1 is negative4 ,9 ord] to inf] ! univ]sal affirmative t e pr(essor is mortal because he is a man1 ,br5tano's exi/5tial syllogism w\ld run z foll[s3-- ,!re is n a n-mortal man4 ,!re is n a n-human pr(essor4 34 ,!re is n a non-mortal pr(essor4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if on ! plan ( ,sigw>t categorical univ]sals 7 r$ucible to hypo!tical1 ! same inf]5ce w\ld be a pure hypo!tical syllogism1 ?us3-- ,if any?+ is a man x is mortal4 ,if any?+ is a pr(essor x is a man4 34 ,if any?+ is a pr(essor x is mortal4 ,b bo? ^! unnatural =ms1 :i* are c]ta9ly n analyses ( any consci\s process ( categorical reason+1 break d[n at once1 because !y _c expla9 ^? moods 9 ! ?ird figure1 e4g4 ,d>apti1 :i* reason f univ]sal premises to a p>ticul> conclusion4 ,?us1 9 ord] to inf] t "s wise m5 are good f ! example ( pr(essors1 ,br5tano's syllogism w\ld be ! foll[+ non-sequitur3-- ,!re is n a n-good pr(essor4 ,!re is n a n-wise pr(essor4 ,!re is a wise good 7non-sequitur74 ,s ,sigw>t's syllogism w\ld be ! foll[+ non-sequitur3-- ,if any?+ is a pr(essor1 x is good4 ,if any?+ is a pr(essor1 x is wise4 ,some?+ wise is good 7non-sequitur74 ,b z by ! admission ( bo? logicians ^! recon/ructions ( ,d>apti are illogical1 x foll[s t _! respective r$uctions ( categorical univ]sals to exi/5tials & hypo!ticals are false1 because !y d n expla9 an actual inf]5ce4 ,sigw>t does n inde$ %r9k f ?is & great] absurdities2 he r$uces ! fir/ figure to ! modus pon5s & ! second to ! modus toll5s ( ! hypo!tical syllogism1 & !n1 f9d+ no place = ! ?ird figure1 d5ies t x c inf] necessity2 :]eas x really inf]s ! necess>y consequ5ce ( p>ticul> conclusions4 ,b ! cr[n+ absurdity is t1 if all univ]sals 7 hypo!tical1 ,b>b>a 9 ! fir/ figure w\ld become a purely hypo!tical syllogism--a consequ5ce :i* seems innoc5t en\gh until we rememb] t all univ]sal affirmative conclusions 9 all sci5ces w\ld ) _! premises dissolve into m]e hypo!sis4 ,no logic c be s\nd :i* leads to ! foll[+ analysis3-- ,if any?+ is a body x is ext5d$4 ,if any?+ is a planet x is a body4 34 ,if any?+ is a planet x is ext5d$4 ,sigw>t1 inde$1 has miss$ ! ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 ! categorical & ! hypo!tical con/ruction ( syllogisms4 ,9 a categorical syllogism ( ! fir/ figure1 ! major premise1 ,e ,m :atev] is ,p1 is a univ]sal1 :i* we believe on acc\nt ( previ\s evid5ce )\t any condition ab\t ! ?+ signifi$ by ! subject ,m1 :i* we simply believe sometimes to be exi/5t 7e4g4 ,e man exi/5t71 & sometimes n 7e4g41 ,e c5taur conceivable72 & ! m9or premise1 ,s is ,m1 e/abli%es no "p ( ! major1 b adds ! evid5ce ( a p>ticul> n ?\ght ( 9 ! major at all4 ,b 9 a hypo!tical syllogism ( ! ord9>y mix$ type1 ! fir/ or hypo!tical premise is a conditional belief1 e4g4 ,if any?+ is ,m x is ,p1 conta9+ a hypo!tical antec$5t1 ,if any?+ is ,m1 :i* is sometimes a hypo!sis ( exi/5ce 7e4g4 ,if any?+ is an angel71 & sometimes a hypo!sis ( fact 7e4g4 ,if an exi/+ man is wise72 & ! second premise or assumption1 ,some?+ is ,m1 e/abli%es "p ( ! fir/1 namely1 ! hypo!tical antec$5t1 :e!r z reg>ds exi/5ce 7e4g4 ,some?+ is an angel71 or z reg>ds fact 7e4g4 ,?is exi/+ man is wise74 ,^! v diff]5t relations ( premises are oblit]at$ by ,sigw>t's false r$uction ( categorical univ]sals to hypo!ticals4 ,b ev5 ,sigw>t's errors are outdone by ,lotze1 :o n only r$uces ,e ,m is ,p s ,if ,s is ,m1 ,s is ,p1 b proce$s to r$uce ?is hypo!tical to ! disjunctive1 ,if ,s is ,m1 ,s is ,p or ,p or ,p1 & f9ds fault ) ! ,ari/otelian syllogism because x cont5ts itself ) inf]r+ ,s is ,p )\t %[+ :at ,p4 ,n[ !re are occasions :5 we want to reason 9 ?is disjunctive mann]1 to consid] :e!r ,s is ,p or ,p or ,p1 & to conclude t ,s is a p>ticul> ,p2 b ord9>ily all we want to "k is t ,s is ,p2 e4g4 9 ari?metic1 t #b #b are #d1 n any p>ticul> #d1 & 9 life t all our contempor>ies mu/ die1 )\t enum]at+ all _! p>ticul> sorts ( dea?s4 ,lotze's mi/ake is ! same z t ( ,hamilton ab\t ! quantification ( ! pr$icate1 & t ( ^? symboli/s :o held t reason+ ought always to exhau/ all alt]natives by equations4 ,x is ! mi/ake ( exagg]at+ exceptional into normal =ms ( ?\ght1 & ignor+ ! pr9ciple t a rational be+ ?9ks only to ! po9t4 #b4 ,quasi-syllogisms4--,besides recon/ructions ( ! syllogi/ic fabric1 we f9d 9 rec5t logic attempts to ext5d ! figures ( ! syllogism beyond ! syllogi/ic rules4 ,an old error t we may h a valid syllogism f m]ely negative premises 7ex omnibus negativis71 long ago answ]$ by ,alex&] & ,boe?ius1 is n[ reviv$ by ,lotze1 ,jevons & ,bradley1 :o d n p]ceive t ! suppos$ second negative is really an affirmative conta9+ a n :i* c only be c>ri$ ?r\gh ! syllogism by sep>at+ x f ! copula & atta*+ x to "o ( ! extremes1 ?us3-- ,! j are n unhappy 7negative74 ,! j are n-recogniz$ 7affirmative74 34 ,"s n-recogniz$ are n unhappy 7negative74 ,"h ! m9or be+ ! inf9ite t]m n-recogniz$ 9 ! conclusion1 mu/ be ! same t]m also 9 ! m9or premise4 ,s*uppe1 h[ev]1 :o is a f]tile creator ( quasi-syllogisms1 has manag$ to inv5t "s examples f two negative premises ( a diff]5t k9d3-- 7#a7 7#b7 7#c7 ,no ,m is ,p4 ,no ,m is ,p4 ,no ,p is ,m4 ,s is n ,p4 ,s is n ,m4 ,s is n ,m4 34 ,nei!r ,s nor ,m 34 ,s may be ,p4 34 ,s may be ,p4 is ,p4 ,b 7#a7 concludes ) a m]e repetition1 7#b7 & 7#c7 ) a cont+5t may be1 :i*1 z ,ari/otle says1 also may n be1 & !re=e nihil c]to colligitur4 ,! same answ] applies to ,s*uppe's suppos$ syllogisms f two p>ticul> premises3-- 7#a7 7#b7 ,"s ,m is ,p4 ,"s ,m is ,p4 ,"s ,s is ,m4 ,"s ,m is ,s4 34 ,"s ,s may be ,p4 34 ,"s ,s may be ,p4 ,! only diff]5ce betwe5 ^! & ! previ\s examples 7#b7 & 7#c7 is t1 :ile ^? break ! rule aga9/ two negative premises1 ^! break t aga9/ undi/ribut$ middle4 ,equally fallaci\s are two o!r attempts ( ,s*uppe to produce syllogisms f invalid moods3-- 7#a7 #a/ ,fig4 7#b7 #bnd ,fig4 ,all ,m is ,p4 ,p is ,m4 ,no ,s is ,m4 ,s is ,m4 34 ,s may be ,p4 34 ,s is p>tially id5tical ) ,p4 ,9 ! fir/ ! fallacy is ! indiff]5t cont+5cy ( ! conclusion caus$ by ! non-sequitur f a negative premise to an affirmative conclusion2 :ile ! second is ei!r a m]e repetition ( ! premises if ! conclusion means ,s is l ,p 9 be+ ,m1 or1 if x means ,s is ,p1 a non-sequitur on acc\nt ( ! undi/ribut$ middle4 ,x mu/ n be ?\ght t ?is trifl+ ) logical rules has no effect4 ,! la/ suppos$ syllogism1 namely1 t hav+ two affirmative premises & entail+ an undi/ribut$ middle 9 ! second figure1 is accept$ by ,wundt "u ! title ,inf]5ce by ,comp>ison 7,v]glei*ungss*luss71 & is suppos$ by him to be useful = ab/raction & subsidi>y to induction1 & by ,bosanquet to be useful = analogy4 ,wundt1 = example1 proposes ! foll[+ premises3-- ,gold is a %9+1 fusible1 ductile1 simple body4 ,metals are %9+1 fusible1 ductile1 simple bodies4 ,b to say f ^! premises1 ,gold & metal are simil> 9 :at is signifi$ by ! middle t]m1 is a m]e repetition ( ! premises2 to say1 fur!r1 t ,gold may be a metal is a non-sequitur1 because1 ! middle be+ undi/ribut$1 ! logical conclusion is ! cont+5t ,gold may or may n be a metal1 :i* leaves ! "q q op51 & !re=e !re is no syllogism4 ,wundt1 :o is aga9 foll[$ by ,bosanquet1 also supposes ano!r syllogism 9 ! ?ird figure1 "u ! title ( ,inf]5ce by ,connexion 7,v]b9dungss*luss71 to be useful = induction4 ,he proposes1 = example1 ! foll[+ premises3-- ,gold1 silv]1 copp]1 lead1 are fusible4 ,gold1 silv]1 copp]1 lead1 are metals4 ,"h !re is no syllogi/ic fallacy 9 ! premises2 b ! "q is :at syllogi/ic conclusion c be drawn1 & !re is only "o :i* foll[s )\t an illicit process ( ! m9or1 namely1 ,"s metals are fusible4 ,! mom5t we /ir a /ep fur!r ) ,wundt m ! direction ( a m g5]al conclusion 7e9 allgeme9]] ,satz71 we _c inf] f ! premises ! conclusion desir$ by ,wundt1 ,metals & fusible are connect$2 nor c we inf] ,all metals are fusible1 nor ,metals are fusible1 nor ,metals may be fusible1 nor ,all metals may be fusible1 nor any ass]tory conclusion1 det]m9ate or indet]m9ate1 b ! indiff]5t cont+5t1 ,all metals may or may n be fusible1 :i* leaves ! "q undecid$1 s t !re is no syllogism4 ,we d n mean t 9 ,wundt's suppos$ inf]5ces ( relation by comp>ison & connexion ! premises are ( no fur!r use2 b ^? ( ! fir/ k9d are ( no syllogi/ic use 9 ! second figure1 & ^? ( ! second k9d ( no syllogi/ic use beyond p>ticul> conclusions 9 ! ?ird figure4 ,:at !y really are 9 ! inf]5ces propos$ by ,wundt is n premises = syllogism1 b data = induction p>ad+ z syllogism4 ,we mu/ pass ! same s5t5ce on ,lotze's attempt to ext5d ! second figure ( ! syllogism = inductive purposes1 ?us3-- ,s is ,m4 ,q is ,m4 ,r is ,m4 34 ,e ,sigma1 :i* is common to ,s1 ,q1 ,r1 is ,m4 ,we c\ld n h a m flagrant abuse ( ! rule ,ne e/o plus m9usque 9 conclusione quam 9 praemissis4 ,z we see f ,lotze's own def5ce1 ! conclusion _c be drawn )\t ano!r premise or premises to ! effect t ,s1 ,q1 ,r1 are ,sigma1 & ,sigma is ! "o real subject ( ,m4 ,b h[ is all ?is to be got into ! second figure8 ,aga91 ,wundt & ,b4 ,erdmann propose new moods ( syllogism ) conv]tible premises1 conta9+ def9itions & equations4 ,wundt's ,logic has ! foll[+ =ms3-- 7#a7 #a/ ,fig4 7#b7 #bnd ,fig4 7#c7 #crd ,fig4 ,only ,m is ,p4 x y4 y x4 ,no ,s is ,m4 z y4 y z4 34 ,no ,s is ,p4 34 x z4 34 x z4 ,n[1 !re is no d\bt t1 especially 9 ma!matical equations1 univ]sal conclusions are obta9able f conv]tible premises express$ 9 ^! ways4 ,b ! "q is h[ ! premises mu/ be ?\ght1 & !y mu/ be ?\ght 9 ! conv]se way to produce a logical conclusion4 ,?us1 we mu/ ?9k 9 7#a7 ,all ,p is ,m to avoid illicit process ( ! major1 9 7#b7 ,all y is z to avoid undi/ribut$ middle1 9 7#c7 ,all x is y to avoid illicit process ( ! m9or4 ,inde$1 x is ! v ess5ce ( a conv]tible judgm5t to ?9k x 9 bo? ord]s1 & especially to ?9k x 9 ! ord] necess>y to an inf]5ce f x4 ,accord+ly1 h[ev] express$1 ! syllogisms quot$ above are1 z ?\ght1 ord9>y syllogisms1 7#a7 be+ ,came/res 9 ! second figure1 7#b7 & 7#c7 ,b>b>a 9 ! fir/ figure4 ,ari/otle1 inde$1 0 z well aw>e z ,g]man logicians ( ! =ce ( conv]tible premises2 b he 0 also aw>e t !y require no special syllogisms1 & made x a po9t t1 9 a syllogism f a def9ition1 ! def9ition is ! middle1 & ! def9itum ! major 9 a conv]tible major premise ( ,b>b>a 9 ! fir/ figure1 e4g43-- ,! int]position ( an opaque body is 7ess5tially7 deprivation ( light4 ,! moon suff]s ! int]position ( ! opaque e>?4 34 ,! moon suff]s deprivation ( light4 ,x is ! same ) all ! rec5t attempts to ext5d ! syllogism beyond its rules1 :i* are n liable to exceptions1 because !y foll[ f ! nature ( syllogi/ic inf]5ce f univ]sal to p>ticul>4 ,to give ! "n ( syllogism to inf]5ces :i* infr+e ! g5]al rules aga9/ undi/ribut$ middle1 illicit process1 two negative premises1 non-sequitur f negative to affirmative1 & ! introduction ( :at is n 9 ! premises into ! conclusion1 & :i* consequ5tly infr+e ! special rules aga9/ affirmative conclusions 9 ! second figure1 & aga9/ univ]sal conclusions 9 ! ?ird figure1 is to op5 ! door to fallacy1 & at be/ to confuse ! syllogism ) o!r k9ds ( inf]5ce1 )\t enabl+ u to und]/& any "o k9d4 #c4 ,analytic & ,syn!tic ,d$uction4--,alex&] ! ,comm5tator def9$ syn!sis z a progress f pr9ciples to consequ5ces1 analysis z a regress f consequ5ces to pr9ciples2 & ,lat9 logicians pres]v$ ! same di/9ction betwe5 ! progressus a pr9cipiis ad pr9cipiata1 & ! regressus a pr9cipiatis ad pr9cipia4 ,no di/9ction is m vital 9 ! logic ( inf]5ce 9 g5]al & ( sci5tific inf]5ce 9 p>ticul>2 & yet none has be5 s little und]/ood1 because1 ?\gh analysis is ! m usual ord] ( discov]y1 syn!sis is t ( in/ruction1 & !re=e1 by becom+ m famili>1 t5ds to replace & obscure ! previ\s analysis4 ,! di/9ction1 h[ev]1 did n escape ,ari/otle1 :o saw t a progressive syllogism c be rev]s$ ?us3-- #a4 ,progression4 #b4 ,regression4 7#a7 7#b7 ,all ,m is ,p4 ,all ,p is ,m4 ,all ,s is ,p4 ,all ,s is ,m4 ,all ,s is ,p4 ,all ,m is ,s4 34 ,all ,s is ,p4 34 ,all ,s is ,m4 34 ,all ,m is ,p4 ,proce$+ f "o ord] to ! o!r1 by conv]t+ "o ( ! premises1 & sub/itut+ ! conclusion z premise = ! o!r premise1 s z to d$uce ! latt] z conclusion1 is :at he calls circul> inf]5ce2 & he rem>k$ t ! process is fallaci\s unless x conta9s propositions :i* are conv]tible1 z 9 ma!matical equations4 ,fur!r1 he p]ceiv$ t ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! progressive & regressive ord]s ext5ds f ma!matics to physics1 & t !re are two k9ds ( syllogism3 "o progress+ a priori f real gr\nd to consequ5t fact 7,greek3 ho t\ dioti syllogismos71 & ! o!r regress+ a po/]iori f consequ5t fact to real gr\nd 7,greek3 ho t\ hoti syllogismos74 ,= example1 z he says1 ! sph]icity ( ! moon is ! real gr\nd ( ! fact ( its light wax+2 b we c d$uce ei!r f ! o!r1 z foll[s3-- #a4 ,progression4 #b4 ,regression4 ,:at is sph]ical waxes4 ,:at waxes is sph]ical4 ,! moon is sph]ical4 ,! moon waxes4 34 ,! moon waxes4 34 ,! moon is sph]ical4 ,^! two k9ds ( syllogism are syn!sis & analysis 9 ! anci5t s5se4 ,d$uction is analysis :5 x is regressive f consequ5ce to real gr\nd1 z :5 we />t f ! proposition t ! angles ( a triangle are equal to two "r angles & d$uce analytically t !re=e 7#a7 !y are equal to equal angles made by a /raight l9e /&+ on ano!r /raight l9e1 & 7#b7 su* equal angles are two "r angles4 ,d$uction is syn!sis :5 x is progressive f real gr\nd to consequ5ce1 z :5 we />t f ^! two results ( analysis z pr9ciples & d$uce syn!tically ! proposition t !re=e ! angles ( a triangle are equal to two "r angles1 9 ! ord] famili> to ! /ud5t ( ,euclid4 ,b ! full value ( ! anci5t !ory ( ^! processes _c be appreciat$ until we recognize t z ,ari/otle plann$ !m ,newton us$ !m4 ,mu* ( ! ,pr9cipia consi/s ( syn!tical d$uctions f def9itions & axioms4 ,b ! discov]y ( ! c5tripetal =ce ( ! planets to ! sun is an analytic d$uction f ! facts ( _! motion discov]$ by ,kepl] to _! real gr\nd1 & is s /at$ by ,newton 9 ! fir/ regressive ord] ( ,ari/otle--,p-,m1 ,s-,p1 ,s-,m4 ,newton did inde$ fir/ %[ syn!tically :at k9d ( motions by me*anical laws h _! gr\nd 9 a c5tripetal =ce v>y+ inv]sely z ! squ>e ( ! di/ance 7all ,p is ,m72 b 8 next /ep 01 n to d$uce syn!tically ! planet>y motions1 b to make a new />t f ! planet>y motions z facts e/abli%$ by ,kepl]'s laws & z examples ( ! k9d ( motions 9 "q 7all ,s is ,p72 & !n1 by comb9+ ^! two premises1 "o me*anical & ! o!r a/ronomical1 he analytically d$uc$ t ^! facts ( planet>y motion h _! gr\nd 9 a c5tripetal =ce v>y+ inv]sely z ! squ>es ( ! di/ances ( ! planets f ! sun 7all ,s is ,m74 7,see ,pr9cipia ,i4 prop4 #b2 #d coroll4 #f2 ,,iii4 ,pha5om5a1 #d-e2 prop4 #b47 ,:at ,newton did1 9 %ort1 0 to prove by analysis t ! planets1 revolv+ by ,kepl]'s a/ronomical laws r\nd ! sun1 h motions su* z by me*anical laws are consequ5ces ( a c5tripetal =ce to ! sun4 ,?is done1 z ! major is conv]tible1 ! analytic ord]--,p-,m1 ,s-,p1 ,s-,m--0 easily inv]t$ into ! syn!tic ord]--,m-,p1 ,s-,m1 ,s-,p2 & 9 ?is progressive ord] ! d$uction z n[ taught beg9s ) ! c5tripetal =ce ( ! sun z real gr\nd1 & d$uces ! facts ( planet>y motion z consequ5ces4 ,!reupon ! ,newtonian analysis :i* prec$$ ?is syn!sis1 became =gott52 until at la/ ,mill 9 8 ,logic1 neglect+ ! ,pr9cipia1 _h ! tem]ity to di/ort ,newton's discov]y1 :i* 0 really a pure example ( analytic d$uction1 into a m]e hypo!tical d$uction2 z if ! au?or ( ! say+ ,hypo!ses non f+o />t$ f ! hypo!sis ( a c5tripetal =ce to ! sun1 & !nce d$uctively expla9$ ! facts ( planet>y motion1 :i* reciprocally v]ifi$ ! hypo!sis4 ,?is gross misrepres5tation has made hypo!sis a k9d ( logical fa%ion4 ,worse /ill1 ,jevons proce$$ to confuse analytic d$uction f consequ5ce to gr\nd ) hypo!tical d$uction f gr\nd to consequ5ce "u ! common t]m inv]se d$uction4 ,wundt attempts1 b 9 va91 to make a compromise betwe5 ! old & ! new4 ,he re-def9es analysis 9 ! v opposite way to ! anci5ts2 :]eas !y def9$ x z a regressive process f consequ5ce to gr\nd1 accord+ to ,wundt x is a progressive process ( tak+ = grant$ a proposition & d$uc+ a consequ5ce1 :i* be+ true v]ifies ! proposition4 ,he !n divides x into two species3 "o categorical1 ! o!r hypo!tical4 ,by ! categorical he means ! anci5t analysis f a giv5 proposition to m g5]al propositions4 ,by ! hypo!tical he means ! new-fangl$ analysis f a giv5 proposition to m p>ticul> propositions1 i4e4 f a hypo!sis to consequ5t facts4 ,b 8 acc\nt ( ! fir/ is imp]fect1 because 9 anci5t analysis ! m g5]al propositions1 ) :i* x concludes1 are n m]e consequ5ces1 b ! real gr\nds ( ! giv5 proposition2 :ile 8 addition ( ! second r$uces ! nature ( analysis to ! utmo/ confusion1 because hypo!tical d$uction is progressive f hypo!sis to consequ5t facts :]eas analysis is regressive f consequ5t facts to real gr\nd4 ,!re is inde$ a s5se 9 :i* all inf]5ce is f gr\nd to consequ5ce1 because x is f logical gr\nd 7pr9cipium cognosc5di7 to logical consequ5ce4 ,b 9 ! s5se 9 :i* d$uctive analysis is oppos$ to d$uctive syn!sis1 analysis is d$uction f real consequ5ce z logical gr\nd 7pr9cipiatum z pr9cipium cognosc5di7 to real gr\nd 7pr9cipium ess5di71 e4g4 f ! consequ5tial facts ( planet>y motion to _! real gr\nd1 i4e4 c5tripetal =ce to ! sun4 ,h5ce ,sigw>t is und\bt$ly "r 9 di/+ui%+ analysis f hypo!tical d$uction1 = :i* he proposes ! "n r$uction4 ,we h only fur!r to add t _m sci5tific discov]ies ab\t s\nd1 heat1 light1 col\r & s =?1 :i* x is ! fa%ion to repres5t z hypo!ses to expla9 facts1 are really analytical d$uctions f ! facts to _! real gr\nds 9 accordance ) me*anical laws4 ,rec5t logic does scant ju/ice to sci5tific analysis4 #d4 ,induction4--,z induction is ! process f p>ticul>s to univ]sals1 x might h be5 ?\ght t x w\ld always h be5 oppos$ to syllogism1 9 :i* "o ( ! rules is aga9/ us+ p>ticul> premises to draw univ]sal conclusions4 ,yet su* is ! passion = "o type t f ,ari/otle's "t till n[ con/ant attempts h be5 made to r$uce induction to syllogism4 ,ari/otle himself inv5t$ an inductive syllogism 9 :i* ! major 7,p7 is to be ref]r$ to ! middle 7,m7 by means ( ! m9or 7,s71 ?us3-- ,a1 ,b1 ,c magnets 7,s7 attract iron 7,p74 ,a1 ,b1 ,c magnets 7,s7 are all magnets :atev] 7,m74 34 ,all magnets :atev] 7,m7 attract iron 7,p74 ,z ! second premise is suppos$ to be conv]tible1 he r$uc$ ! inductive to a d$uctive syllogism z foll[s3-- ,e ,s is ,p4 ,e ,s is ,p4 ,e ,s is ,m 7conv]tibly74 ,e ,m is ,s4 34 ,e ,m is ,p4 34 ,e ,m is ,p4 ,9 ! r$uc$ =m ! inductive syllogism 0 describ$ by ,aldri* z ,syllogismus 9 ,b>b>a cujus m9or 7i4e4 e ,m is ,s7 reticetur4 ,:ately1 on ! o!r h&1 propos$ an inductive syllogism ) ! major suppress$1 t is1 in/ead ( ! m9or premise above1 he suppos$ a major premise1 ,:atev] belongs to ,a1 ,b1 ,c magnets belongs to all4 ,mill !reupon suppos$ a /ill m g5]al premise1 an assumption ( ! uni=mity ( nature4 ,s9ce ,mill's "t1 h[ev]1 ! logic ( induction t5ds to rev]t t[>ds syllogisms m l t ( ,ari/otle4 ,jevons suppos$ induction to be inv]se d$uction1 di/+ui%$ f direct d$uction z analysis f syn!sis1 e4g4 z division f multiplication2 b he really meant t x is a d$uction f a hypo!sis ( ! law ( a cause to p>ticul> effects :i*1 be+ true1 v]ify ! hypo!sis4 ,sigw>t decl>es himself 9 agreem5t ) ,jevons2 except t1 be+ aw>e ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 hypo!tical d$uction & ma!matical analysis1 & see+ t1 :]eas analysis 7e4g4 9 division7 leads to c]ta9 conclusions1 hypo!tical d$uction is n c]ta9 ( ! hypo!sis1 he arrives at ! m def9ite view t induction is n analysis prop] b hypo!tical d$uction1 or r$uction1 z he proposes to call x4 ,r$uction he def9es z ! fram+ ( possible premises = giv5 propositions1 or ! con/ruction ( a syllogism :5 ! conclusion & "o premise is giv54 ,on ?is view induction becomes a r$uction 9 ! =m3 all ,m is ,p 7hypo!sis71 ,s is ,m 7giv571 34 ,s is ,p 7giv574 ,! views ( ,jevons & ,sigw>t are 9 agreem5t 9 two ma9 po9ts4 ,accord+ to bo?1 induction1 in/ead ( inf]r+ f ,a1 ,b1 ,c magnets ! conclusion ,!re=e all magnets attract iron1 inf]s f ! hypo!sis1 ,let e magnet attract iron1 to ,a1 ,b1 ,c magnets1 ^: giv5 attraction v]ifies ! hypo!sis4 ,accord+ to bo?1 aga91 ! hypo!sis ( a law ) :i* ! process />ts conta9s m ?an is pres5t 9 ! p>ticul> data3 accord+ to ,jevons1 x is ! hypo!sis ( a law ( a cause f :i* induction d$uces p>ticul> effects2 & accord+ to ,sigw>t1 x is a hypo!sis ( ! gr\nd f :i* ! p>ticul> data necess>ily foll[ accord+ to univ]sal laws4 ,la/ly1 ,wundt's view is an int]e/+ piece ( eclecticism1 = he supposes t induction beg9s 9 ! =m ( ,ari/otle's inductive syllogism1 ,s-,p1 ,s-,m1 ,m-,p1 & becomes an inductive me?od 9 ! =m ( ,jevons's inv]se d$uction1 or hypo!tical d$uction1 or analysis1 ,m-,p1 ,s-,m1 ,s-,p4 ,9 detail1 he supposes t1 :ile an inf]5ce by comp>ison1 :i* he errone\sly calls an affirmative syllogism 9 ! second figure1 is prelim9>y to induction1 a second inf]5ce by connexion1 :i* he errone\sly calls a syllogism 9 ! ?ird figure ) an indet]m9ate conclusion1 is ! inductive syllogism itself4 ,?is is l ,ari/otle's inductive syllogism 9 ! arrangem5t ( t]ms2 b1 :ile on ! "o h& ,ari/otle did n1 l ,wundt1 confuse x ) ! ?ird figure1 on ! o!r h& ,wundt does n1 l ,ari/otle1 suppose x to be practicable to get inductive data s wide z ! conv]tible premise1 ,all ,s is ,m1 & all ,m is ,s1 :i* w\ld at once e/abli% ! conclusion1 ,all ,m is ,p4 ,wundt's po9t is t ! conclusion ( ! inductive syllogism is nei!r s mu* z all1 nor s little z "s1 b r ! indet]m9ate ,m & ,p are connect$4 ,! "q !re=e arises1 h[ we are to discov] ,all ,m is ,p1 & ?is "q ,wundt answ]s by add+ an inductive me?od1 :i* involves inv]t+ ! inductive syllogism 9 ! /yle ( ,ari/otle into a d$uctive syllogism f a hypo!sis 9 ! /yle ( ,jevons1 ?us3-- 7#a7 7#b7 ,s is ,p4 ,e ,m is ,p4 ,s is ,m4 ,s is ,m4 34 ,m & ,p are connect$4 34 ,s is ,p4 ,he agrees ) ,jevons 9 call+ ?is second syllogism analytical d$uction1 & ) ,jevons & ,sigw>t 9 call+ x hypo!tical d$uction4 ,x is1 9 fact1 a common po9t ( ,jevons1 ,sigw>t & ,wundt t ! univ]sal is n really a conclusion inf]r$ f giv5 p>ticul>s1 b a hypo!tical major premise f :i* giv5 p>ticul>s are inf]r$1 & t ?is major conta9s presuppositions ( causation n conta9$ 9 ! p>ticul>s4 ,x is noticeable t ,wundt quotes ,newton's discov]y ( ! c5tripetal =ce ( ! planets to ! sun z an in/ance ( ?is suppos$ hypo!tical1 analytic1 inductive me?od2 z if ,newton's analysis 7 a hypo!sis ( ! c5tripetal =ce to ! sun1 a d$uction ( ! giv5 facts ( planet>y motion1 & a v]ification ( ! hypo!sis by ! giv5 facts1 & z if su* a process ( hypo!tical d$uction c\ld be id5tical ) ei!r analysis or induction4 ,! abuse ( ?is in/ance ( ,newtonian analysis betrays ! :ole orig9 ( ! curr5t confusion ( induction ) d$uction4 ,"o confusion has l$ to ano!r4 ,mill confus$ ,newton's analytical d$uction ) hypo!tical d$uction2 & !reupon ,jevons confus$ induction ) bo?4 ,! result is t bo? ,sigw>t & ,wundt trans=m ! inductive process ( adduc+ p>ticul> examples to induce a univ]sal law into a d$uctive process ( presuppos+ a univ]sal law z a gr\nd to d$uce p>ticul> consequ5ces4 ,b we c easily extricate ourselves f ^! confusions by comp>+ induction ) diff]5t k9ds ( d$uction4 ,! po9t ab\t induction is t x />ts f exp]i5ce1 & t1 ?\gh 9 mo/ classes we c exp]i5ce only "s p>ticul>s individually1 yet we inf] all4 ,h5ce induction _c be r$uc$ to ,ari/otle's inductive syllogism1 because exp]i5ce _c give ! conv]tible premise1 ,e ,s is ,m1 & e ,m is ,s2 t ,all ,a1 ,b1 ,c are magnets is1 b t ,all magnets are ,a1 ,b1 ,c is n1 a fact ( exp]i5ce4 ,= ! same reason induction _c be r$uc$ to analytical d$uction ( ! second k9d 9 ! =m1 ,s-,p1 ,m-,s1 34 ,m-,p2 because1 ?\gh bo? end 9 a univ]sal conclusion1 ! limits ( exp]i5ce prev5t induction f su* inf]5ce z3-- ,e exp]i5c$ magnet attracts iron4 ,e magnet :atev] is e exp]i5c$ magnet4 34 ,e magnet :atev] attracts iron4 ,/ill less c induction be r$uc$ to analytical d$uction ( ! fir/ k9d 9 ! =m--,p-,m1 ,s-,p1 34 ,s-,m1 ( :i* ,newton has left s conspicu\s an example 9 8 ,pr9cipia4 ,z ! example %[s1 t analytic process />ts f ! sci5tific k ( a univ]sal & conv]tible law 7e ,m is ,p1 & e ,p is ,m71 e4g4 a me*anical law ( all c5tripetal =ce1 & ends 9 a p>ticul> application1 e4g4 ?is c5tripetal =ce ( planets to ! sun4 ,b induction _c />t f a kn[n law4 ,h5ce x is t ,jevons1 foll[$ by ,sigw>t & ,wundt1 r$uces x to d$uction f a hypo!sis 9 ! =m ,let e ,m be ,p1 ,s is ,m1 34 ,s is ,p4 ,!re is a sup]ficial resemblance betwe5 induction & ?is hypo!tical d$uction4 ,bo? 9 a way use giv5 p>ticul>s z evid5ce4 ,b 9 induction ! giv5 p>ticul>s are ! evid5ce by :i* we discov] ! univ]sal1 e4g4 p>ticul> magnets attract+ iron are ! orig9 ( an inf]5ce t all d2 9 hypo!tical d$uction1 ! univ]sal is ! evid5ce by :i* we expla9 ! giv5 p>ticul>s1 z :5 we suppose undulat+ ae!r to expla9 ! facts ( heat & light4 ,9 ! =m] process1 ! giv5 p>ticul>s are ! data f :i* we inf] ! univ]sal2 9 ! latt]1 !y are only ! consequ5t facts by :i* we v]ify x4 ,or r1 !re are two uses ( induction3 inductive discov]y be=e d$uction1 & inductive v]ification aft] d$uction4 ,b nei!r use ( induction is ! same z ! d$uction itself3 ! =m] prec$es1 ! latt] foll[s x4 ,la/ly1 ! !ory ( ,mill1 ?\gh frequ5tly adopt$1 e4g4 by ,b4 ,erdmann1 ne$ n deta9 u long4 ,mo/ inductions are made )\t any assumption ( ! uni=mity ( nature2 =1 :e!r x is itself induc$1 or a priori or po/ulat$1 ?is l e assumption is a judgm5t1 & mo/ m5 are incapable ( judgm5t on s univ]sal a scale1 :5 !y are q capable ( induction4 ,! fact is t ! uni=mity ( nature /&s to induction z ! axioms ( syllogism d to syllogism2 !y are n premises1 b conditions ( inf]5ce1 :i* ord9>y m5 use spontane\sly1 z 0 po9t$ out 9 ,physical ,realism1 & aft]w>ds 9 ,v5n's ,empirical ,logic4 ,! axiom ( contradiction is n a major premise ( a judgm5t3 ! dictum de omni et nullo is n a major premise ( a syllogism3 ! pr9ciple ( uni=mity is n a major premise ( an induction4 ,induction1 9 fact1 is no species ( d$uction2 !y are opposite processes1 z ,ari/otle reg>d$ !m except 9 ! "o passage :]e he 0 r$uc+ ! =m] to ! latt]1 & z ,bacon always reg>d$ !m4 ,b x is easy to confuse !m by mi/ak+ examples ( d$uction = inductions4 ,?us ,:ewell mi/ook ,kepl]'s inf]5ce t ,m>s moves 9 an ellipse = an induction1 ?\gh x requir$ ! comb9ation ( ,ty*o's & ,kepl]'s obs]vations1 z a m9or1 ) ! laws ( conic sections discov]$ by ! ,greeks1 z a major1 premise4 ,jevons1 9 8 ,pr9ciples ( ,sci5ce1 con/antly makes ! same sort ( mi/ake4 ,= example1 ! inf]5ce f ! simil>ity betwe5 sol> spectra & ! spectra ( v>i\s gases on ! e>? to ! exi/5ce ( simil> gases 9 ! sun1 is call$ by him an induction2 b x really is an analytical d$uction f effect to cause1 ?us3-- ,su* & su* spectra are effects ( v>i\s gases4 ,sol> spectra are su* spectra4 34 ,sol> spectra are effects ( ^? gases4 ,9 ! same way1 to inf] a ma*9e f he>+ ! regul> tick ( a clock1 to inf] a play] f f9d+ a pack ( c>ds arrang$ 9 suits1 to inf] a human orig9 ( /one implem5ts1 & all su* inf]5ces f pat5t effects to lat5t causes1 ?\gh !y appe> to ,jevons to be typical inductions1 are really d$uctions :i*1 besides ! m9or premise /at+ ! p>ticul> effects1 require a major premise discov]$ by a previ\s induction & /at+ ! g5]al k9d ( effects ( a g5]al k9d ( cause4 ,b4 ,erdmann1 aga91 has inv5t$ an induction f p>ticul> pr$icates to a totality ( pr$icates :i* he calls ergnz5de ,induction1 giv+ z an example1 ,?is body has ! col\r1 ext5sibility & specific gravity ( magnesium2 !re=e x is magnesium4 ,b ?is inf]5ce conta9s ! tacit major1 ,:at has a giv5 col\r1 c41 is magnesium1 & is a syllogism ( recognition4 ,a d$uction is (t5 l an induction1 9 inf]r+ f p>ticul>s2 ! diff]5ce is t d$uction comb9es a law 9 ! major ) ! p>ticul>s 9 ! m9or premise1 & inf]s syllogi/ically t ! p>ticul>s ( ! m9or h ! pr$icate ( ! major premise1 :]eas induction uses ! p>ticul>s simply z in/ances to g5]alize a law4 ,an infallible sign ( an induction is t ! subject & pr$icate ( ! univ]sal conclusion are m]ely ^? ( ! p>ticul> in/ances g5]aliz$2 e4g4 ,^! magnets attract iron1 34 all d4 ,?is br+s u to ano!r s\rce ( error4 ,z we h se51 ,jevons1 ,sigw>t & ,wundt all ?9k t induction conta9s a belief 9 causation1 9 a cause1 or gr\nd1 :i* is n pres5t 9 ! p>ticul> facts ( exp]i5ce1 b is contribut$ by a hypo!sis add$ z a major premise to ! p>ticul>s 9 ord] to expla9 !m by ! cause or gr\nd4 ,n s2 :5 an induction is causal1 ! p>ticul> in/ances are already beliefs 9 p>ticul> causes1 e4g4 ,my "r h& is ex]t+ pressure reciprocally ) my left1 ,a1 ,b1 ,c magnets attract iron2 & ! problem is to g5]alize ^! causes1 n to introduce !m4 ,induction is n introduction4 ,x w\ld make no diff]5ce to ! =m ( induction1 if1 z ,kant ?\ght1 ! notion ( causality is a priori2 = ev5 ,kant ?\ght t x is already conta9$ 9 exp]i5ce4 ,b :e!r ,kant be "r or wrong1 ,wundt & 8 s*ool are decid$ly wrong 9 suppos+ supplem5t>y notions :i* are n conta9$ 9 exp]i5ce itself1 b are ga9$ by a process ( logical treatm5t ( ?is exp]i5ce2 z if our behalf 9 causality c\ld be nei!r a po/]iori nor a priori1 b beyond exp]i5ce wake up 9 a hypo!tical major premise ( induction4 ,really1 we fir/ exp]i5ce t p>ticul> causes h p>ticul> effects2 !n induce t causes simil> to ^? h effects simil> to ^!2 f9ally1 d$uce t :5 a p>ticul> cause ( ! k9d occurs x has a p>ticul> effect ( ! k9d by syn!tic d$uction1 & t :5 a p>ticul> effect ( ! k9d occurs x has a p>ticul> cause ( ! k9d by analytic d$uction ) a conv]tible premise1 z :5 ,newton f planet>y motions1 l t]re/rial motions1 analytically d$uc$ a c5tripetal =ce to ! sun l c5tripetal =ces to ! e>?4 ,moreov]1 causal induction is itself bo? syn!tic & analytic3 accord+ z exp]im5t comb9es elem5ts into a comp\nd1 or resolves a comp\nd into elem5ts1 x is ! orig9 ( a syn!tic or an analytic g5]alization4 ,n1 h[ev]1 t all induction is causal2 b :]e x is n1 !re is /ill less reason = mak+ x a d$uction f hypo!sis4 ,:5 f ! fact t ! _m cr[s 9 our exp]i5ce are black1 we induce ! probability t all cr[s :atev] are black1 ! belief 9 ! p>ticul>s is q indep5d5t ( ?is univ]sal4 ,h[ !n c ?is univ]sal be call$1 z ,sigw>t1 = example1 calls x1 ! gr\nd f :i* ^! p>ticul>s foll[8 ,i d n believe t ! cr[s ,i h se5 are black because all cr[s are black1 b vice v]sa4 ,sigw>t simply inv]ts ! ord] ( our k4 ,9 all induction1 z ,ari/otle said1 ! p>ticul>s are ! evid5ce1 or gr\nd ( our k 7pr9cipium cognosc5di71 ( ! univ]sal4 ,9 causal induction1 ! p>ticul>s fur!r conta9 ! cause1 or gr\nd ( ! be+ 7pr9cipium ess5di71 ( ! effect1 z well z ! gr\nd ( our induc+ ! law4 ,9 all induction ! univ]sal is ! conclusion1 9 none a major premise1 & 9 none ! gr\nd ( ei!r ! be+ or ! kn[+ ( ! p>ticul>s4 ,induction is g5]alization4 ,x is n syllogism 9 ! =m ( ,ari/otle's or ,wundt's inductive syllogism1 because1 ?\gh />t+ only f "s p>ticul>s1 x concludes ) a univ]sal2 x is n syllogism 9 ! =m call$ inv]se d$uction by ,jevons1 r$uction by ,sigw>t1 inductive me?od by ,wundt1 because x (t5 uses p>ticul> facts ( causation to inf] univ]sal laws ( causation2 x is n syllogism 9 ! =m ( ,mill's syllogism f a belief 9 uni=mity ( nature1 because few m5 h believ$ 9 uni=mity1 b all h induc$ f p>ticul>s to univ]sals4 ,bacon alone 0 "r 9 altoge!r oppos+ induction to syllogism1 & 9 f9d+ inductive rules = ! inductive process f p>ticul> in/ances ( pres5ce1 abs5ce 9 simil> circum/ances1 & comp>ison4 #e4 ,inf]5ce 9 ,g5]al4--,!re are1 z we h se5 7ad init471 ?ree types--syllogism1 induction & analogy4 ,diff]5t z !y are1 ! ?ree k9ds h some?+ 9 common3 fir/1 !y are all processes f simil> to simil>2 secondly1 !y all consi/ 9 comb9+ two judgm5ts s z to cause a ?ird1 :e!r express$ 9 s _m propositions or n2 ?irdly1 z a judgm5t is a belief 9 be+1 !y all proce$ f premises :i* are beliefs 9 be+ to a conclusion :i* is a belief 9 be+4 ,nev]!less1 simple z ?is acc\nt appe>s1 x is oppos$ 9 e po9t to rec5t logic4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! po9t ( ,bradley's logic is t simil>ity is n a pr9ciple :i* works4 ,:at op]ates is id5tity1 & t id5tity is a univ]sal4 ,?is view makes inf]5ce easy3 induction is all ov] be=e x beg9s2 =1 accord+ to ,bradley1 e "o ( ! in/ances is already a univ]sal proposition2 & x is n a p>ticul> fact or ph5om5on at all1 s t ! mom5t y obs]ve t ?is magnet attracts iron1 y ipso facto "k t e magnet does s1 & all t rema9s = d$uction is to id5tify a second magnet z ! same ) ! fir/1 & conclude t x attracts iron4 ,9 deal+ ) ,bradley's works we feel incl9$ to repeat :at ,ari/otle says ( ! disc\rses ( ,socrates3 !y all exhibit excell5ce1 clev]ness1 novelty & inquiry1 b _! tru? is a difficult matt]2 & ! ,socratic p>adox t virtue is k is n m difficult ?an ! ,bradleian p>adox t z two diff]5t ?+s are ! same1 inf]5ce is id5tification4 ,! basis ( ,bradley's logic is ! fallaci\s dialectic ( ,hegel's metaphysics1 f\nd$ on ! supposition t two ?+s1 :i* are diff]5t1 b h some?+ 9 common1 are ! same4 ,= example1 accord+ to ,hegel1 be+ & n-be+ are bo? indet]m9ate & !re=e ! same4 ,if1 says ,bradley1 ,a & ,b1 = in/ance1 bo? h lungs or gills1 !y are s f> ! same4 ,! answ] to ,hegel is t be+ & n-be+ are at mo/ simil>ly indet]m9ate1 & to ,bradley t ea* animal has its own diff]5t lungs1 :]eby !y are only simil>4 ,if !y 7 ! same1 !n 9 desc5d+1 two ?+s1 "o ( :i* has heal?y & ! o!r diseas$ lungs1 w\ld be ! same2 & 9 asc5d+1 two ?+s1 "o ( :i* has lungs & ! o!r has n1 b bo? ( :i* h life1 e4g4 plants & animals1 w\ld be s f> ! same4 ,!re w\ld be no limit to id5tity ei!r d[nw>ds or upw>ds2 s t a man w\ld be ! same z a man-(-w>1 & all ?+s w\ld be ! same ?+1 & n diff]5t p>ts ( "o univ]se4 ,b a ?+ :i* has heal?y lungs & a ?+ :i* has diseas$ lungs are only simil> individuals num]ically diff]5t4 ,ea* individual ?+ is ! same only ) itself1 al?\gh relat$ to o!r ?+s2 & ea* individual ( a class has its own individual1 ?\gh simil>1 attributes4 ,! consequ5ce ( ?is true metaphysics to logic is tw(old3 on ! "o h&1 "o s+ul> or p>ticul> judgm5t1 e4g4 ?is magnet attracts iron1 is n ano!r1 e4g4 t magnet attracts iron1 & nei!r is univ]sal2 on ! o!r h&1 a univ]sal judgm5t1 e4g4 e magnet attracts iron1 means1 di/ributively1 t ea* individual magnet ex]ts its individual attraction1 ?\gh x is simil> to o!r magnets ex]t+ simil> attractions4 ,a univ]sal is n "o id5tical po9t1 b "o di/ributive :ole4 ,h5ce 9 a syllogism1 a middle t]m1 e4g4 magnets1 is absolutely ! same1 n 9 ! s5se ( "o id5tical po9t mak+ ea* individual ! same z any o!r1 z ,bradley supposes1 b only 9 ! s5se ( "o :ole class1 or total ( _m simil> individuals1 e4g4 magnets1 ea* ( :i* is sep>ately ?\gh simil>ly a magnet1 n magnet 9 g5]al4 ,h5ce also induction is a real process1 because1 :5 we "k t ?is individual magnet attracts iron1 we are v f> f kn[+ t all alike d s simil>ly2 & ! "q ( inductive logic1 h[ we get f "s simil>s to all simil>s1 rema9s1 z be=e1 a difficulty1 b n to be solv$ by ! fallacy t inf]5ce is id5tification4 ,secondly1 a subord9ate po9t 9 ,bradley's logic is t !re are inf]5ces :i* are n syllogisms2 & ?is is true4 ,b :5 he goes on to propose1 z a complete indep5d5t inf]5ce1 ,a is to ! "r ( ,b1 ,b is to ! "r ( ,c1 !re=e ,a is to ! "r ( ,c1 he confuses two diff]5t op]ations4 ,:5 ,a1 ,b & ,c are objects ( s5se1 _! relative positions are matt]s1 n ( inf]5ce1 b ( obs]vation2 :5 !y are n1 !re is an inf]5ce1 b a syllogi/ic inf]5ce ) a major premise induc$ f previ\s obs]vations1 :5ev] ( ?ree ?+s ! fir/ is to ! "r ( ! second1 & ! second to ! "r ( ! ?ird1 ! fir/ is to ! "r ( ! ?ird4 ,to reply t ?is univ]sal judgm5t is n express$1 or t its expression is cumbr\s1 is no answ]1 because1 :e!r express$ or n1 x is requir$ = ! ?\ght4 ,z ,ari/otle puts x1 ! syllogism is direct$ n to ! out]1 b to ! inn] disc\rse1 or z we %\ld say1 n to ! expression b to ! ?\ght1 n to ! proposition b to ! judgm5t1 & to ! inf]5ce n v]bally b m5tally4 ,bradley seems to suppose t ! major premise ( a syllogism mu/ be explicit1 or else is no?+ at all4 ,b x is (t5 ?\ght )\t be+ express$1 & to judge ! syllogism by its m]e explicit expression is to commit an ignoratio el5*i2 = x has be5 kn[n all along t we express less ?an we ?9k1 & ! v purpose ( syllogi/ic logic is to analyse ! :ole ?\ght necess>y to ! conclusion4 ,9 ?is syllogi/ic analysis two po9ts mu/ always be consid]$3 "o1 t we usually use premises 9 ?\ght :i* we d n express2 & ! o!r1 t we sometimes use !m unconsci\sly1 & !re=e inf] & reason unconsci\sly1 9 ! mann] excell5tly describ$ by ,zell] 9 8 ,vortrge1 iii4 pp4 #bdi-bee4 ,inf]5ce is a deep] ?9k+ process f judgm5ts to judgm5t1 :i* only occasionally & p>tially em]ges 9 ! l+ui/ic process f propositions to proposition4 ,we may n[ !n reass]t two po9ts ab\t inf]5ce aga9/ ,bradley's logic3 ! fir/1 t x is a process f simil> to simil>1 & n a process ( id5tification1 because two diff]5t ?+s are n at all ! same ?+2 ! second1 t x is ! m5tal process f judgm5ts to judgm5t r ?an ! l+ui/ic process f propositions to proposition1 because1 besides ! judgm5ts express$ 9 propositions1 x requires judgm5ts :i* are n always express$1 & are sometimes ev5 unconsci\s4 ,our ?ird po9t is t1 z a process ( judgm5ts1 inf]5ce is a process ( conclud+ f two beliefs 9 be+ to ano!r belief 9 be+1 & n an ideal con/ruction1 because a judgm5t does n always require ideas1 b is always a belief ab\t ?+s1 exi/+ or n4 ,?is po9t is *all5g$ by all ! _m ideal !ories ( judgm5t already quot$4 ,if1 = example1 judgm5t 7 an analysis ( an aggregate idea z ,wundt supposes1 x w\ld c]ta9ly be true ) him to conclude t z judgm5t is an imm$iate1 inf]5ce is a m$iate1 ref]5ce ( ! memb]s ( an aggregate ( ideas to "o ano!r4 ,b really a judgm5t is a belief t some?+1 exi/+1 or ?9kable1 or nameable or :at n1 is 7or is n7 det]m9$2 & inf]5ce is a process f & to su* beliefs 9 be+4 ,h5ce ! fallacy ( ^? :o1 l ,bosanquet1 or l ,pauls5 9 8 ,e9leitung 9 die ,philosophie1 repres5t ! reali/ic !ory ( inf]5ce z if x meant t k />ts f ideas & !n inf]s t ideas are copies ( ?+s1 & :o !n object1 rightly en\gh1 t we c\ld n 9 t case comp>e ! copy ) ! orig9al1 b only be able to inf] f idea to idea4 ,b !re is ano!r realism :i* holds t inf]5ce is a process nei!r f ideas to ideas1 nor f ideas to ?+s1 b f beliefs to beliefs1 f judgm5ts ab\t ?+s 9 ! premises to judgm5ts ab\t simil> ?+s 9 ! conclusion4 ,logical inf]5ce nev] goes ?r\gh ! impossible process ( premis+ no?+ b ideas1 & conclud+ t ideas are copies ( ?+s4 ,moreov]1 z we h %[n1 our prim>y judgm5ts ( s5se are beliefs f\nd$ on s5sations )\t requir+ ideas1 & are beliefs1 n m]ely t some?+ is det]m9$1 b t x is det]m9$ z exi/+2 &1 accord+ly1 our prim>y inf]5ces f ^! s5sory judgm5ts ( exi/5ce are inf]5ces t o!r ?+s beyond s5se are simil>ly det]m9$ z exi/+4 ,fir/ press y\r lips toge!r & !n press a p5 betwe5 !m3 y w n be consci\s ( p]ceiv+ any ideas3 y w be consci\s fir/ ( p]ceiv+ "o exi/+ lip ex]t+ pressure reciprocally ) ! o!r exi/+ lip2 !n1 on putt+ ! p5 betwe5 y\r lips1 ( p]ceiv+ ea* lip simil>ly ex]t+ pressure1 b n ) ! o!r2 & consequ5tly ( inf]r+ t ea* exi/+ lip is ex]t+ pressure reciprocally ) ano!r exi/+ body1 ! p54 ,inf]5ce !n1 ?\gh x is accompani$ by ideas1 is n an ideal con/ruction1 nor a process f idea to idea1 nor a process f idea to ?+1 b a process f direct to indirect beliefs 9 ?+s1 & orig9ally 9 exi/+ ?+s4 ,logic _c1 x is true1 decide :at ^! ?+s are1 nor :at ! s5ses "k ab\t !m1 )\t appeal+ to metaphysics & psy*ology4 ,b1 z ! sci5ce ( inf]5ce1 x c make sure t inf]5ce1 on ! "o h&1 />ts f s5sory judgm5ts ab\t s5sible ?+s & logically proce$s to inf]5tial judgm5ts ab\t simil> ?+s beyond s5se1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 _c logically g beyond ! simil>4 ,^! are ! limits )9 :i* logical inf]5ce works1 because its nature ess5tially consi/s 9 proce$+ f two judgm5ts to ano!r ab\t simil> ?+s1 exi/+ or n4 #f4 ,tru?4--,f9ally1 ?\gh s5sory judgm5t is always true ( its s5sible object1 inf]5tial judgm5ts are n always true1 b are true s f> z !y are logically inf]r$1 h[ev] indirectly1 f s5se2 & k consi/s ( s5se1 memory aft] s5se & logical inf]5ce f s5se1 :i*1 we mu/ rememb]1 is n m]ely ! out] s5se ( our five s5ses1 b also ! inn] s5se ( ourselves z consci\s ?9k+ p]sons4 ,we come !n at la/ to ! old "q--:at is tru?8 ,tru? prop]1 z ,ari/otle said 9 ! ,metaphysics1 is 9 ! m9d3 x is n be+1 b "o's signification ( be+4 ,its requisites are t !re are ?+s to be kn[n & p[]s ( kn[+ ?+s4 ,x is an attribute ( judgm5ts & d]ivatively ( propositions4 ,t judgm5t is true :i* appreh5ds a ?+ z x is capable ( be+ kn[n to be2 & t proposition is true :i* s ass]ts ! ?+ to be4 ,or1 to comb9e tru? 9 ?\ght & 9 spee*1 ! true is :at signifies a ?+ z x is capable ( be+ kn[n4 ,second>ily1 ! ?+ itself is ambigu\sly said to be true 9 ! s5se ( be+ signifi$ z x is4 ,= example1 z ,i am we>y & am consci\s ( be+ we>y1 my judgm5t & proposition t ,i am we>y are true because !y signify :at ,i am & "k myself to be by direct consci\sness2 & my be+ we>y is ambigu\sly said to be true because x is s signifi$4 ,b x w be said t ,kant has prov$ t real tru?1 9 ! s5se ( ! agreem5t ( k ) ! object1 is unatta9able1 because we c\ld comp>e k ) ! object only by kn[+ bo?4 ,sigw>t1 inde$1 adopt+ ,kant's argum5t1 concludes t we mu/ be satisfi$ ) consi/5cy among ! ?\ghts :i* presuppose an exi/5t2 ?is1 too1 is ! reason :y he ?9ks t induction is r$uction1 on ! !ory t we c %[ ! necess>y consequ5ce ( ! giv5 p>ticul>1 b t tru? ( fact is unatta9able4 ,b ,kant's criticism & ,sigw>t's coroll>y only d]ive plausibility f a false def9ition ( tru?4 ,tru? is n ! agreem5t ( k ) an object beyond itself1 & !re=e ex hypo!si unkn[able1 b ! agreem5t ( our judgm5ts ) ! objects ( our k4 ,a judgm5t is true :5ev] x is a belief t a ?+ is det]m9$ z x is kn[n to be by s5se1 or by memory aft] s5se1 or by inf]5ce f s5se1 h[ev] indirect ! inf]5ce may be1 & ev5 :5 9 ! =m ( inf]5ce ( non-exi/5ce x ext5ds consequ5tly f prim>y to second>y judgm5ts4 ,?us ! judgm5ts ?is s5sible pressure exi/s1 t s5sible pressure exi/$1 o!r simil> pressures exi/1 a conceivable c5taur does n exi/ b is a figm5t1 are all equally true1 because !y are 9 accordance ) "o or o!r ( ^! k9ds ( k4 ,consequ5tly1 z k is atta9able by s5se1 memory & inf]5ce1 tru? is also atta9able1 because1 ?\gh we _c te/ :at we "k by some?+ else1 we c te/ :at we judge & ass]t by :at we "k4 ,n t all inf]5ce is k1 b x is sometimes4 ,! aim ( logic 9 g5]al is to f9d ! laws ( all inf]5ce1 :i*1 s f> z x obeys ^? laws1 is always consi/5t1 b is true or false accord+ to its data z well z its consi/5cy2 & ! aim ( ! special logic ( k is to f9d ! laws ( direct & indirect inf]5ces f s5se1 because z s5se produces s5sory judgm5ts :i* are always true ( ! s5sible ?+s actually p]ceiv$1 inf]5ce f s5se produces inf]5tial judgm5ts :i*1 s f> z !y are consequ5t on s5sory judgm5ts1 are always true ( ?+s simil> to s5sible ?+s1 by ! v consi/5cy ( inf]5ce1 or1 z we say1 by p>ity ( reason+4 ,we return !n to ! old view ( ,ari/otle1 t tru? is believ+ 9 be+2 t s5se is true ( its imm$iate objects1 & reason+ f s5se true ( its m$iate objects2 & t logic is ! sci5ce ( reason+ ) a view to tru?1 or ,logica e/ ars ratioc9&i1 ut disc]natur v]um a falso4 ,all we aspire to add is t1 9 ord] to atta9 to real tru?1 we mu/ proce$ gradually f s5se1 memory & exp]i5ce ?r\gh analogical p>ticul> inf]5ce1 to inductive & d$uctive univ]sal inf]5ce or reason+4 ,logic is ! sci5ce ( all inf]5ce1 beg9n+ f s5se & end+ 9 reason4 ,9 conclusion1 ! logic ( ! la/ qu>t] ( ! #ai? c5tury may be said to be animat$ by a _s ( inquiry1 m>r$ by a love ( p>adox & a correspond+ hatr$ ( tradition4 ,b we h f\nd1 on ! :ole1 t logical tradition rises sup]ior to logical innovation4 ,!re are two old logics :i* /ill rema9 indisp5sable1 ,ari/otle's ,organon & ,bacon's ,novum ,organum4 ,if1 & only if1 ! /udy ( d$uctive logic beg9s ) ,ari/otle1 & ! /udy ( inductive logic ) ,ari/otle & ,bacon1 x w be pr(itable to add ! works ( ! foll[+ rec5t ,g]man & ,engli% au?ors3-- ,,au?orities4--,j4 ,b]gmann1 ,re9e ,logik 7,b]l91 #ahgi72 ,die ,grundprobleme d] ,logik 7#bnd ed41 ,b]l91 #ahie72 ,b4 ,bosanquet1 ,logic 7,ox=d1 #ahhh72 ,! ,ess5tials ( ,logic 7,london1 #ahie72 ,f4 ,h4 ,bradley1 ,! ,pr9ciples ( ,logic 7,london1 #ahhc72 ,f4 ,br5tano1 ,psy*ologie vom empiris*5 ,/&punkte 7,vi5na1 #ahgd72 ,r4 ,f4 ,cl>ke1 ,logic 7,london1 #ahhi72 ,w4 ,l4 ,davidson1 ,! ,logic ( ,def9ition 7,london1 #ahhe72 ,e4 ,dhr+1 ,logik und ,wiss5s*aft/heorie 7,leipzig1 #ahgh72 ,b4 ,erdmann1 ,logik 7,halle1 #ahib72 ,t4 ,f[l]1 ,bacon's ,novum ,organum1 edit$1 ) introduction1 notes1 c4 7#bnd ed41 ,ox=d1 #ahhi72 ,t4 ,h4 ,gre51 ,lectures on ,logic1 9 ,works1 vol4 iii4 7,london1 #ahhf72 ,j4 ,g4 ,hibb51 ,inductive ,logic 7,ed9burgh & ,london1 #ahif72 ,f4 ,hillebr&1 ,die neu5 ,!ori5 d] kategoris*5 ,s*lsse 7,vi5na1 #ahia72 ,l4 ,t4 ,hobh\se1 ,! ,!ory ( ,k 7,london1 #ahif72 ,h4 ,hughes1 ,! ,!ory ( ,inf]5ce 7,london1 #ahid72 ,e4 ,huss]l1 ,logis*e ,unt]su*ung5 7,halle1 #ahia1 #aija72 ,w4 ,j]usalem1 ,die ,ur!ilsfunction 7,vi5na & ,leipzig1 #ahie72 ,w4 ,/anley ,jevons1 ,! ,pr9ciples ( ,sci5ce 7#crd ed41 ,london1 #ahgi72 ,/udies 9 ,d$uctive ,logic 7,london1 #ahhj72 ,h4 ,w4 ,b4 ,joseph1 ,introduction to ,logic 7#aijf72 ,e4 ,e4 ,con/ance ,jones1 ,elem5ts ( ,logic 7,ed9burgh1 #ahij72 ,g4 ,h4 ,joyce1 ,pr9ciples ( ,logic 7#aijh72 ,j4 ,n4 ,keynes1 ,/udies & ,ex]cises 9 ,=mal ,logic 7#bnd ed41 ,london1 #ahhg72 ,f4 ,a4 ,lange1 ,logis*e ,/udi5 7#bnd ed41 ,leipzig1 #ahid72 ,t4 ,lipps1 ,grundzge d] ,logik 7,hamburg & ,leipzig1 #ahic72 ,r4 ,h4 ,lotze1 ,logik 7#bnd ed41 ,leipzig1 #ahha1 ,engli% translation edit$ by ,b4 ,bosanquet1 ,ox=d1 #ahhd72 ,grundzge d] ,logik 7,diktate7 7#crd ed41 ,leipzig1 #ahia1 ,engli% translation by ,g4 ,t4 ,ladd1 ,bo/on1 #ahhg72 ,w]n] ,lu!1 ,beitrge zur ,logik 7,b]l91 #ahgb1 #ahgg72 ,memb]s ( ,johns ,hopk9s ,univ]sity1 ,/udies 9 ,logic 7edit$ by ,c4 ,s4 ,peirce1 ,bo/on1 #ahhc72 ,j4 ,b4 ,mey]1 ,ueb]weg's ,sy/em d] ,logik1 fnfte v]mehrte ,auflage 7,bonn1 #ahhb72 ,max ,mll]1 ,sci5ce ( ,?\ght 7,london1 #ahhg72 ,c>ve? ,read1 ,on ! ,!ory ( ,logic 7,london1 #ahgh72 ,logic1 ,d$uctive & ,inductive 7#bnd ed41 ,london1 #aija72 ,e4 ,s*rd]1 ,vorlesung5 b] die ,algebra d] ,logik 7,leipzig1 #ahij1 #ahia1 #ahie72 ,w4 ,s*uppe1 ,erk5ntni/heoretis*e ,logik 7,bonn1 #ahgh72 ,grundriss d] ,erk5ntni/heorie und ,logik 7,b]l91 #ahid72 ,r4 ,%ute1 ,a ,disc\rse on ,tru? 7,london1 #ahgg72 ,alfr$ ,sidgwick1 ,fallacies 7,london1 #ahhc72 ,! ,use ( ,words 9 ,reason+ 7,london1 #aija72 ,c4 ,sigw>t1 ,logik 7#bnd ed41 ,freiburg-i4-,br4 & ,leipzig1 #ahhi-ahic1 ,engli% translation by ,hel5 ,d5dy1 ,london1 #ahie72 ,k4 ,uphues1 ,grundlehr5 d] ,logik 7,breslau1 #ahhc72 ,j4 ,veit*1 ,in/itutes ( ,logic 7,ed9burgh & ,london1 #ahhe72 ,j4 ,v5n1 ,symbolic ,logic 7#bnd ed41 ,london1 #ahid72 ,! ,pr9ciples ( ,empirical or ,inductive ,logic 7,london1 #ahhi72 ,j4 ,volkelt1 ,erfahr5 und ,d5k5 7,hamburg & ,leipzig1 #ahhf72 ,t4 ,welton1 ,a ,manual ( ,logic 7,london1 #ahia1 #ahif72 ,w4 ,w9delb&1 ,prludi5 7,freiburg-i4-,br41 #ahhd72 ,w4 ,wundt1 ,logik 7#bnd ed41 ,/uttg>t1 #ahic-ahie74 ,text-books are n compris$ 9 ?is li/4 7,t4 ,ca47 ,,ii4 ,,hi/ory ,logic _c disp5se ) ! light af=d$ by its hi/ory s long z c\nt]-solutions ( ! same fundam5tal problems cont9ue to hold ! field4 ,a critical review ( "s ( ! *ief types ( logical !ory1 ) a view to det]m9e developm5t1 ne$s no fur!r ju/ification4 ,logic arose1 at lea/ = ! ,we/]n _w1 9 ! gold5 age ( ,greek speculation :i* culm9at$ 9 ,plato & ,ari/otle4 ,!re is an ,indian logic1 x is true1 b its priority is m ?an disputable4 ,9 any case no influ5ce ^u ,greek ?\ght c be %[n4 ,! movem5t :i* ends 9 ! logic ( ,ari/otle is demon/rably self-conta9$4 ,:5 we h %ak5 ourselves free ( ! prejudice t all />s are fir/ se5 9 ! ,ea/1 ,ori5tal attempts at analysis ( ! /ructure ( ?\ght may be treat$ z negligible4 ,x is ) ,ari/otle t ! booki% tradition beg9s to dom9ate ! evolution ( logic4 ,! te*nical p]fection ( ! analysis :i* he (f]s is1 grant$ ! circle ( presuppositions )9 :i* x works1 s decisive1 t :at prec$es1 ev5 ,plato's logic1 is n unnaturally reg>d$ z m]ely prelim9>y & subsidi>y to x4 ,:at foll[s is inevitably1 :e!r directly or indirectly1 by sympa?y or by antagonism1 affect$ by ! ,ari/otelian tradition4 ,a4 ,,greek ,,logic i4 ,be=e ,ari/otle ,! physical philosoph]s4 ,logic ne$s z its presuppositions t ?\ght %\ld di/+ui% itself f ?+s & f s5se1 t ! problem ( validity %\ld be se5 to be rais$ 9 ! field ( ?\ght itself1 & t analysis ( ! /ructure ( ?\ght %\ld be recogniz$ z ! "o way ( solution4 ,?\ght is some:at late 9 com+ to self-consci\sness4 ,impli$ 9 e contra/ ( pr9ciple & fact1 ( rule & application1 involv$ z we see aft] ! ev5t1 mo/ decisively :5 we react correctly ^u a _w incorrectly p]ceiv$1 ?\ght is yet n reflect$ on 9 ! common exp]i5ce4 ,its s-call$ natural logic is only ! pot5tiality ( logic4 ,! same ?+ is true ( ! fir/ /age ( ,greek philosophy4 ,9 seek+ = a s+le mat]ial pr9ciple und]ly+ ! multiplicity ( ph5om5a1 ! fir/ nature-philosoph]s1 ,?ales & ! re/1 did inde$ raise ! problem ( ! "o & ! _m1 ! endeav\r to answ] :i* mu/ at la/ lead to logic4 ,b x is only f a po9t ( view won by lat] speculation t x c be said t !y s\ght to det]m9e ! pr$icates ( ! s+le subject-reality1 or to e/abli% ! p]man5t subject ( v>i$ & v>y+ pr$icates4#a ,! direction ( _! inquiry is p]si/5tly outw>d4 ,!y hope to expla9 ! oppos$ appe>ance & reality :olly )9 ! _w ( ?+s1 & irrespective ( ! ?\ght t ?9ks ?+s4 ,_! univ]sal is /ill a mat]ial "o4 ,! level ( ?\ght on :i* !y move is /ill cle>ly pre-logical4 ,x is an advance on ?is :5 ,h]aclitus#b opposes to ! eyes & e>s :i* are bad witnesses = su* z und]/& n _! language a common some?+ :i* we w\ld d well to foll[2 or aga9 :5 9 ! incomm5surability ( ! diagonal & side ( a squ>e ! ,py?agoreans /umbl$ ^u :at 0 cle>ly nei!r ?+ nor image ( s5se1 b yet 0 end[$ ) mean+1 & h5ce=? 7 increas+ly at home ) symbol & =mula4 ,s f>1 h[ev]1 x might well be t ?\ght1 contradi/+ui%$ f s5se ) its illusions1 0 itself infallible4 ,a fur!r /ep1 !n1 0 necess>y1 & x 0 tak5 at any rate by ! ,eleatics1 :5 !y oppos$ _! ?\ght to ! ?\ght ( o!rs1 z ! way ( tru? 9 contra/ to ! way ( op9ion4 ,if ,eleatic ?\ght /&s ov] aga9/ ,py?agorean ?\ght z :at is valid or gr\nd$ aga9/ :at is ungr\nd$ or invalid1 we are emb>k$ ^u dialectic1 or ! debate 9 :i* ?\ght is c\nt]$ by ?\ght4 ,claims to a fav\rable v]dict mu/ n[ be sub/antiat$ 9 ?is field & 9 ?is field alone4 ,x 0 ,z5o1 ! controv]siali/ ( ! ,eleatic s*ool1 :o 0 reg>d$ 9 aft] times z ! discov]] ( dialectic4#c ,z5o's amaz+ skill 9 argum5tation & 8 p>adoxical conclusions1 p>ticul> & g5]al1 inaugurate a new era4 ,! philosophical m9d1 says wait] ,pat]1#d w p]haps nev] be q 9 heal?1 q sane or natural aga94 ,! give & take ( ?\ght _h by a swift trans=mation ( values come by some?+ m ?an its own4 ,z5o's p>adoxes1 notably1 = example1 ! puzzle ( ,a*illes & ! ,tortoise1 are /ill capable ( amus+ ! mod]n _w4 ,9 8 own age !y f\nd him imitators4 ,& !re foll[s ! sophi/ic movem5t4 ,! ,sophi/s4 ,! sophi/s h o!r claims to consid]ation ?an _! s]vice to ! developm5t ( logic4 ,9 ! hi/ory ( ! orig9s ( logic ! sophi/ic age is simply ! age ( ! free play ( ?\ght 9 :i* m5 7 aw>e t 9 a s5se any?+ c be debat$ & n yet aw>e ( ! s5se 9 :i* all ?+s _c be s4 ,x is ! age ( discussion us$ z a univ]sal solv5t1 be=e x has be5 br\ght to book by a delib]ate unfold+ ( ! pr9ciples ( ! /ructure ( ?\ght det]m9+ & limit+ ! movem5t ( ?\ght itself4 ,! sophi/s fur!r$ ! transition f dialectic to logic 9 two ways4 ,9 ! fir/ place !y made x possible4 ,incessant que/ion+ leads to answ]s4 ,hair-splitt+1 ev5 :5 mis*iev\s 9 int5t1 leads to di/9ctions ( value4 ,p>adoxical insi/5ce on ! accid5ts ( spee*-=ms & ?\ght-=ms leads 9 ! end to p]ception ( ! ess5tials4 ,secondly !y made x necess>y4 ,! _s ( debate run riot evokes a c\nt]-_s to ord] & control x4 ,! result is a self-limit+ dialectic4 ,?is high] dialectic is a logic4 ,x is no accid5t t ! fir/ ( ! philosophical sophi/s1 ,gorgias1 on ! "o h&1 is ,eleatic 9 8 aff9ities1 & on ! o!r raises 9 ! *>act]i/ic =mula ( 8 intellectual nihilism#e issues :i* are z mu* logical & epi/emological z ontological4 ,! mean+ ( ! copula & ! relation ( ?\ghts to ! objects ( :i* !y are ! ?\ghts are z mu* involv$ z ! nature ( be+4 ,x is equally no accid5t t ! "n ( ,protagoras is to be connect$1 9 ,plato's view at lea/1 ) ! rival s*ool ( ,h]acliteans4 ,! problems rais$ by ! relativism ( ,protagoras are no less fundam5tally problems ( ! nature ( k & ( ! /ructure ( ?\ght4 ,! ,!aetetus inde$1 9 :i* ,plato essays to deal ) !m1 is 9 ! broad s5se ( ! ^w logical1 ! fir/ di/9ctively logical treatise t has come d[n to u4 ,o!r sophi/s1 ( c\rse1 ) m practical int]e/s1 or ( humbl] atta9m5ts1 7 cont5t to move on a l[] plane ( philosophical speculation4 ,z pres5t$ to u1 = example1 9 ,plato's surely n altoge!r ho/ile c>icature 9 ! ,eu?ydemus1 !y m>k ! intellectual prep>ation =1 & ! moral ne$ =1 ! advance ( ! next g5]ation4 ,socrates4 ,among ! pione]s ( ! sophi/ic age ,socrates /&s ap>t4 ,he has no o!r in/rum5t ?an ! dialectic ( 8 compe]s1 & he is z f> (f z ! re/ f a criticism ( ! in/rum5t1 b he uses x diff]5tly & ) a diff]5ce ( aim4 ,he con/rues ! give & take ( ! debate-game ) extreme rig\r4 ,! rhetorical elem5t mu/ be exorcis$4 ,! set h>angue ( tea*] to pupil1 9 :i* /eps 9 argum5t are slurr$ & ! semblance ( co-inquiry is r5d]$ nugatory1 mu/ be elim9at$4 ,! int]locutors mu/ 9 tru? r5d] an acc\nt "u ! /imulus ( organiz$ heckl+ f _! equals or sup]iors 9 debat+ ability4 ,& ! aim is heuri/ic1 ?\gh (t5 en\gh ! se>* ends 9 no ov]t positive conclusion4 ,some?+ c be f\nd & some?+ is f\nd4 ,common names are fitt$ = use by ! w\ld-be us]s be+ fir/ deliv]$ f abortive conceptions1 & !reupon enabl$ to br+ to ! bir? liv+ & organic notions4 ,ari/otle w\ld assign to ,socrates ! elaboration ( two logical functions3--g5]al def9ition & inductive me?od4#f ,rightly1 if we add t he gives no !ory ( ei!r1 & t 8 practical use ( ! latt] dep5ds = its value on selection4#g ,x is r 9 virtue ( 8 g5]al fai? 9 ! possibility ( con/ruction1 :i* he /ill does n und]take1 & because ( 8 consequ5t insi/5ce on ! elucidation ( g5]al concepts1 :i* 9 common ) "s ( 8 contempor>ies1 he may h ?\ght ( z endu$ ) a c]ta9 objectivity1 t he induces ! controv]sies ( :at are call$ ! ,socratic s*ools z to ! nature ( pr$ication4 ,^! result 9 ! =mulation ( a new dialectic or logic by ,plato4 ,manife/ly ,socrates' use ( c]ta9 =ms ( argum5tation1 l _! abuse by ! sophi/s1 t5d$ to evoke _! logical analysis4 ,! use & abuse1 confront$ "o ) ! o!r1 c\ld n b evoke x4 ,anti/h5es4 ,! "o 9 ! _m1 ! =mula :i* lies at ! base ( ! possibility ( pr$ication1 is involv$ 9 ! ,socratic doctr9e ( g5]al concepts or ideas4 ,! nihilism ( ,gorgias f ! ,eleatic po9t ( view ( b>e id5tity1 & ! spee*lessness ( ,cratylus f ! ,h]aclitean gr\nd ( absolute diff]5ce1 are alike dis[n$4 ,b ! "o 9 ! _m1 ! id5tity 9 diff]5ce1 is s f> only po/ulat$1 n e/abli%$4 ,:5 ! p]sonality ( ,socrates is remov$1 ! difficulty z to ! nature ( ! ,socratic univ]sal1 develop$ 9 ! m$ium ( ! individual processes ( individual m9ds1 c>ries disciples ( div]se g5]al sympa?ies1 unit$ only ?r\gh ! practical inspiration ( ! ma/]'s life1 t[>ds ! id5tity-=mula or ! diff]5ce-=mula ( o!r tea*]s4 ,! p>adox ( pr$ication1 t x seems to d5y id5tity1 or to d5y diff]5ce1 becomes a pons as9orum4 ,k involves syn!sis or nexus4 ,yet f ! po9ts ( view alike ( an absolute pluralism1 ( a flux1 & ( a =mula ( b>e id5tity--& a =tiori ) any bl5d+ ( ^! pr9ciples suffici5tly )9 ! b\nds ( plausibility to f9d an expon5t--all k1 because all pr$ication ( unity1 9 diff]5ce1 mu/ be held to be impossible4 ,plato's problem 0 to f9d a way ( escape f ?is impasse1 & among 8 ,socratic contempor>ies he seems to h s+l$ out ,anti/h5es#h z mo/ 9 ne$ ( refutation4 ,anti/h5es1 />t+ ) ! doctr9e ( id5tity )\t diff]5ce1 recognizes z ! only expression prop] to any?+ its own peculi> sign1 its "n4 ,?is extreme ( nom9alism = :i* pr$ication is impossible is1 h[ev]1 compromis$ by two concessions4 ,a ?+ c be describ$ z l some?+ else4 ,& a comp\nd c h a ,greek3 logos or acc\nt giv5 ( x by ! 7lit]ally7 adequate enum]ation ( ! names ( its simple elem5ts or ,greek3 prta4#i ,?is analytical ,greek3 logos he (f]s z 8 sub/itute = k4#aj ,! simple elem5ts /ill rema91 s5s$ & nam$ b n kn[n4 ,! expressions ( !m are simply ! spee*-signs = !m4 ,! acc\nt ( ! comp\nd simply sets itself tak5 piecemeal z equival5t to itself tak5 z aggregate4 ,! subject-pr$icate relation fails really to arise4 ,euclides#aa f\nd no difficulty 9 fix+ ,anti/h5es' mode ( illu/rat+ 8 simple elem5ts by comp>ison1 & !re) p]haps ! induction ( ,socrates1 ) ! dilemma2 s f> z ! example is dissimil>1 ! comp>ison is invalid2 s f> z x is simil>1 x is useless4 ,x is bett] to say :at ! ?+ is4 ,betwe5 ,euclides & ,anti/h5es ! ,socratic induction & univ]sal def9ition 7 alike discr$it$ f ! po9t ( view ( ! ,eleatic logic4 ,x is ) ! o!r po9t ( doctr9e t ,plato comes to grips1 t :i* all[s ( a c]ta9ty or k consi/+ 9 an analysis ( a comp\nd into simple elem5ts !mselves n kn[n4 ,! syllable or comb9ation is1 he %[s1 n kn[n by resolution ( x into lett]s or elem5ts !mselves n kn[n4 ,an aggregate analys$ into its me*anical p>ts is z mu* & z little kn[n z !y4 ,a :ole :i* is m ?an its p>ts is f ,anti/h5es' po9t ( view inconceivable4 ,propositions analytical ( a comb9ation 9 ! s5se alleg$ d n give k4 ,yet k is possible4 ,! developm5t ( a positive !ory ( pr$ication has become q crucial4 ,plato4 ,plato's logic supplies a !ory ( univ]sals 9 ! doctr9e ( ideas4 ,^u ?is x bases a !ory ( pr$ication1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is compatible ) m ?an "o read+ ( ! metaphysical import ( ! ideas4 ,& x sets =? a dialectic ) a tw(old movem5t1 t[>ds diff]5tiation & integration sev]ally1 :i* am\nts to a =mulation ( inf]5ce4 ,! m fully analys$ movem5t1 t :i* proce$s d[nw>d f less det]m9ate to m det]m9ate univ]sals1 is nam$ ,division4 ,its associations1 accord+ly1 are to ! mod]n e> almo/ inevitably ^? ( a doctr9e ( classification only4 ,ari/otle1 h[ev]1 treats x z a dialectical rival to syllogism1 & x influ5c$ ,galilei & ,bacon 9 _! views ( inf]5ce aft] ! ,r5aissance4 ,if we add to ?is logic ( idea1 judgm5t & inf]5ce1 a doctr9e ( categories 9 ! mod]n s5se ( ! ^w :i* makes ! ,!aetetus1 9 :i* x fir/ occurs1 a =]unn] ( ,kant's ,critique ( ,pure ,reason1 we h cle>ly a v significant contribution to logic ev5 9 te*nical reg>d4 ,its g5]al philosophical sett+ may be said to enhance its value ev5 z logic4 ,! ,idea4 7a7 ,( ! idea we may say t :atev] else x is1 & ap>t f all puzzles z to ideas ( relations su* z smallness1 ( negative qualities su* z inju/ice1 or ( human inv5tions su* z b$s1 x is oppos$ to t ( :i* x is ! idea z its intelligible =mula or law1 ! tru? or validity--,h]b>t's ^w--( ! ph5om5on f ! po9t ( view ( nexus or sy/em4 ,! ?+ ( s5se 9 its relative isolation is un/able4 ,x is & is n4 ,:at gives /ability is ! ins5sible pr9ciple or pr9ciples :i* x holds1 z x 71 9 solution4 ,^! are ! ideas1 & _! mode ( be+ is naturally q o!r ?an t ( ! s5sible ph5om5a :i* !y ord]4 ,! =mula = an indef9ite numb] ( p>ticul> ?+s 9 p>ticul> places at p>ticul> times1 & all ( !m pres5table 9 s5su\s imag]y ( a giv5 "t & place1 is n itself pres5table 9 s5su\s imag]y side by side ) ! individual memb]s ( ! gr\p x ord]s4 ,! law1 e4g41 ( ! equality ( ! radii ( a circle _c be exhibit$ to s5se1 ev5 if equal radii may be s exhibit$4 ,x is ! weal? ( illu/ration ) :i* ,plato expresses 8 mean+1 & ! range ( application :i* he gives ! idea--to ! class-concepts ( natural gr\ps objectively reg>d$1 to categories1 to ae/hetic & e?ical ideals1 to ! concrete aims ( ! craftsman z well z to sci5tific laws--t h obscur$ 8 doctr9e1 viz4 t :]ev] !re is law1 !re is an idea4 ,! "o 9 ! _m4 7b7 ,! p>adox ( ! "o 9 ! _m is none1 if ! idea may be reg>d$ z supply+ a pr9ciple ( nexus or organization to an indef9ite multiplicity ( p>ticul>s4 ,b if ,anti/h5es is to be answ]$1 a fur!r /ep mu/ be tak54 ,! pr9ciple ( diff]5ce mu/ be c>ri$ into ! field ( ! ideas4 ,n only s5se is a pr9ciple ( diff]5ce4 ,! ideas are _m4 ,! multiplicity 9 unity mu/ be e/abli%$ )9 ?\ght itself4 ,o!rwise ! objection /&s3 man is man & good is good1 b to say t man is good is cle>ly to say ! ?+ t is n4 ,plato replies ) ! doctr9e ( ! int]p5etration ( ideas1 obvi\sly n ( all ) all1 b ( "s ) "s1 ! =mula ( id5tity 9 diff]5ce )9 ?\ght itself4 ,nor c ! oppon5t fairly refuse to admit x1 if he affirms ! p>ticipation ( ! id5tical ) be+1 & d5ies ! p>ticipation ( diff]5ce ) be+1 or affirms x ) n-be+4 ,! ,sophi/es %[s among o!r ?+s t an id5tity-philosophy breaks d[n into a dualism ( ?\ght & expression1 :5 x applies ! pr$icate ( unity to ! real1 j z ! absolute pluralism on ! o!r h& collapses into unity if x affirms or admits any =m ( relation :atsoev]4 ,id5tity & diff]5ce are all-p]vasive categories1 & ! spee*-=m & ! correspond+ ?\ght-=m involve bo?4 ,= proposition & judgm5t involve subject & pr$icate & exhibit :at a mod]n writ] calls id5tity ( ref]5ce ) div]sity ( *>act]ization4 ,plato proce$s to expla9 by 8 pr9ciple ( diff]5ce bo? privative & negative pr$icates1 & also ! possibility ( false pr$ication4 ,x is obvi\s t )\t ! pr9ciple ( diff]5ce error is inexplicable4 ,ev5 ,plato1 h[ev]1 p]haps sc>cely %[s t ) x1 & no?+ else b x1 error is expla9$4 ,division4 7c7 ,plato's ,division1 or ! articulation ( a relatively indet]m9ate & g5]ic concept into species & sub-species ) resultant det]m9ate judgm5ts1 presumes ( c\rse ! doctr9e ( ! int]p5etration ( ideas laid d[n 9 ! ,sophi/es z ! basis ( pr$ication1 b its use prec$es ! positive developm5t ( t =mula1 ?\gh n1 save v vaguely1 ! exhibition ( x1 negatively1 9 ! ant9omies ( ! "o & ! _m 9 ! ,p>m5ides4 ,x is its use1 h[ev]1 n ! !ory ( x1 t prec$es4 ,! latt] is exp\nd$ 9 ! ,politicus 7#bfj sqq47 & ,philebus 7#af;c sqq474 ,! ideal is progressively to det]m9e a univ]se ( disc\rse till true infimae species are rea*$1 :5 no fur!r di/9ction 9 ! det]m9ate _m is possible1 ?\gh !re is /ill ! num]ical diff]5ce ( ! indef9ite plurality ( p>ticul>s4 ,! process is to take z f> z possible ! =m ( a cont9u\s disjunction ( contr>ies4 ,we mu/ bisect z f> z may be1 b ! division is aft] all to be into limbs1 n p>ts4 ,! lat] examples ( ! ,politicus %[ t ! p]mission ( ?ree or m co-ord9ate species is n nugatory1 & t ! precept ( di*otomy is m]ely 9 ord] to secure z little ( a saltus z possible2 to avoid e4g4 ! division ( ! animal _w into m5 & brutes4 ,x is ! middle range ( ! ,greek3 mesa ( ,philebus #ag;a t appeals to ,bacon1 n only ?is b _! m$iat+ quality t appeals to ,ari/otle4 ,! m$ia axiomata ( ! "o & ! middle t]m ( ! o!r lie 9 ! phrase4 ,plato's division is nev]!less nei!r syllogism nor exclusiva4 ,x is n syllogism because x is bas$ on ! disjunctive1 n on ! hypo!tical relation1 & s ext5ds horizontally :]e syllogism /rikes v]tically d[nw>d4 ,aga9 x is n syllogism because x is necess>ily & f9ally dialectical4 ,x br+s 9 ! *oice ( an int]locutor at ea* /age1 & s dep5ds on a concession = :at x %\ld prove4#ab ,nor is x ,bacon's me?od ( exclusions1 :i* escapes ! imputation ( be+ dialectical1 if n t ( be+ unduly cumbr\s1 9 virtue ( ! cog5cy ( ! negative in/ance4 ,! ,platonic division 01 h[ev]1 (f]$ z ! sci5tific me?od ( ! s*ool4 ,a fragm5t ( ! comic poet ,epicrates gives a picture ( x at "w4#ac ,& ! movem5t ( disjunction z truly has a place 9 ! sci5tific specification ( a concept 9 all its diff]5ces z ! l9k+ ( l[] to high] 9 syllogism4 ,! two are complem5t>y1 & ! re9/atem5t ( ! disjunctive judgm5t to ! m hon\rable rle 9 inf]5ce has be5 made by s notable a mod]n logician z ,lotze4 ,comb9ation4 7d7 ,! correlative process ( ,comb9ation is less elaborately sket*$1 b 9 a lum9\s passage 9 ! ,politicus 7 #bgh71 9 expla9+ by means ( an example ! nature & use ( examples1 ,plato repres5ts x z ! br++ ( "o & ! same elem5t se5 9 div]se sett+s to consci\s realization1 ) ! result t x is view$ z a s+le tru? ( :i* ! t]ms comp>$ are n[ accept$ z ! diff]5ces4 ,! le>n] is to be l$ =w>d to ! unkn[n by be+ made to h>k back to m famili> gr\p+s ( ! alphabet ( nature :i* he is com+ to recognize ) "s c]ta9ty4 ,to lead on1 ,greek3 epage91 is to ref] back1 ,greek3 anage91#ad to :at has be5 correctly div9$ ( ! same elem5ts 9 cle>] cases4 ,introduction to unfamili> collocations foll[s ^u ?is1 &1 only s1 is x possible f9ally to ga!r scatt]$ examples into a conspectus z in/ances ( "o idea or law4 ,?is is n only ( importance 9 ! hi/ory ( ! t]m9ology ( logic1 b supplies a philosophy ( induction4 ,m5tal syn!sis4 7e7 ,back ( ,plato's illu/ration & explanation ( pr$ication & dialectical inf]5ce !re lies n only ! "q ( _! metaphysical gr\nd+ 9 ! int]connexion ( ideas1 b t ( _! epi/emological presuppositions4 ,?is is dealt ) 9 ! ,!aetetus 7#ahd;b sqq474 ,! manifold affections ( s5se are n simply aggregat$ 9 ! individual1 l ! h]oes 9 ! ,trojan horse4 ,!re mu/ be conv]g5ce 9 a unit>y pr9ciple1 s\l or consci\sness1 :i* is t :i* really functions 9 p]ception1 ! s5ses & _! organs be+ m]ely its in/rum5ts4 ,x is ?is unity ( app]ception :i* enables u to comb9e ! data ( m ?an "o s5se1 to affirm reality1 unreality1 id5tity1 diff]5ce1 unity1 plurality & s =?1 z also ! good1 ! beautiful & _! contr>ies4 ,plato calls ^! p]vasive factors 9 k ,greek3 ko9a1 & describes !m z develop$ by ! s\l 9 virtue ( its own activity4 ,!y are objects ( its reflection & made explicit 9 ! few ) pa9s & gradually4#ae ,t !y are n1 h[ev]1 psy*ological or acquir$ categories1 due to ! workman%ip ( ! m9d z conceiv$ by ,locke1 is obvi\s f _! attribution to ! /ructure ( m9d#af & f _! correlation ) imman5t pr9ciples ( ! objective ord]4 ,consid]$ f ! epi/emological po9t ( view1 !y are ! implicit presuppositions ( ! con/ruction or ,greek3 syllogismos#ag 9 :i* k consi/s4 ,b z ideas1#ah ?\gh ( a type q ap>t1#ai !y h also a con/itutive application to reality4 ,accord+ly1 ( ! select$ k9ds by means ( :i* ! int]p5etration ( ideas is exp\nd$ 9 ! ,sophi/es1 only motion & re/1 ! ultimate k9ds 9 ! physical _w1 h no c\nt]p>ts 9 ! categories ( ! ,!aetetus4 ,9 8 doctr9e z to ,greek3 en to poi\n or ,greek3 kr9on1 z g5]ally 9 t ( ! activity ( ! ,greek3 n\s apa?s1 ,ari/otle 9 ! de ,anima#bj is 9 ! ma9 b e*o+ ! tea*+ ( ,plato4#ba ii4 ,ari/otle4 ,plato's episodic use ( logical di/9ctions#bb is frequ5t4 ,8 rec\rse to su* logical analysis z w\ld meet ! requirem5ts ( ! problem 9 h&#bc is n r>e4 ,9 ! dialectical dialogues ! "q ( me?od & ( ! ju/ification ( its po/ulates atta9s at lea/ a l prom95ce ) ! o/5sible subject matt]4 ,!re is ev5 =mal recognition ( ! fact t to advance 9 dialectic is a great] ?+ ?an to br+ any special inquiry to a successful issue4#bd ,b to ! end !re is a lack ( int]e/ 91 & !re=e a relative immaturity (1 te*nique z su*4 ,9 ! =c+ atmosph]e1 h[ev]1 ( t age ( controv]sy1 se$ su* z t s[n 9 ! ma/]'s treatm5t ( ! utt]$ ,greek3 logos#be quickly g]m9at$4 ,plato's successors 9 ! ,academy mu/ h develop$ a sy/em ( grammatico-logical categories :i* ,ari/otle c\ld make 8 own4 ,else mu* ( 8 criticism ( ,platonic doctr9e#bf does1 inde$1 miss fire4 ,! gulf too1 :i* ! ,philebus#bg app>5tly left unbridg$ betwe5 ! s5su\s appreh5sion ( p>ticul>s & ! k ( univ]sals ( ev5 m9imum g5]ality l$ ) ,speusippus to a =mula ( k 9 p]ception 7,greek3 epi/monik ai/hsis74 ,^! & l developm5ts1 :i* are to be div9$ f ref]5ces 9 ! ,ari/otelian writ+s1 jejune1 &1 = ! mo/ "p1 ( probable int]pretation only1 complete ! mat]ial :i* ,ari/otle c\ld utilize :5 he sec$$ f ! ,platonic s*ool & emb>k$ ^u 8 own c\rse ( logical inquiry4 ,syllogism4 ,?is is embodi$ 9 ! gr\p ( treatises lat] kn[n z ! ,organon#bh & culm9ates 9 ! !ory ( syllogism & ( demon/rative k 9 ! ,analytics4 ,all else is f9ally subsidi>y4 ,9 ! well-kn[n s5t5ces ) :i* ! ,organon closes#bi ,ari/otle has be5 suppos$ to lay claim to ! discov]y ( ! pr9ciple ( syllogism4 ,he at lea/ claims to h be5 ! fir/ to dissect ! proc$ure ( ! debate-game1 & ! l>g] claim may be ?\ght to foll[4 ,9 ! c\rse ( inquiry into ! =mal consequ5ces f probable premises1 ! pr9ciple ( m$iation or l9k+ 0 s laid b>e t ! advance to ! analytic det]m9ation ( ! species & v>ieties ( syllogism 0 natural4 ,once emb>k$ ^u su* an analysis1 :]e valid process f assur$ pr9ciples gave tru?1 ,ari/otle c\ld f9d little difficulty 9 det]m9+ ! =mula ( demon/rative k or sci5ce4 ,x mu/ be gr\nd$ 9 pr9ciples ( assur$ c]ta9ty & mu/ demon/rate its conclusions ) ! use ( su* middle or l9k+ t]ms only z x is possible to equate ) ! real gr\nd or cause 9 ! object ( k4 ,h5ce ! acc\nt ( axioms & ( def9itions1 bo? ( sub/ances & ( d]ivative attributes4 ,h5ce ! importance ( det]m9+ h[ fir/ pr9ciples are e/abli%$4 ,x is1 !n1 a fair work+ hypo!sis z to ! /ructure ( ! ,organon to place ! ,topics1 :i* deal ) dialectical reason+1 be=e ! ,analytics4#cj ,( ! rema9+ treatises no?+ ( fundam5tal import dep5ds on _! ord]4 ,"o1 h[ev]1 ! ,categories1 may be reg>d$ ) an anci5t comm5tator1#ca z prelim9>y to ! dialectical inquiry 9 ! ,topics4 ,! o!r1 on ?\ght z express$ 9 language 7,greek3 ,p]i ermneias7 is possibly spuri\s1 ?\gh 9 any case a compilation ( ! ,ari/otelian s*ool4 ,if g5u9e1 its nave !ory t ?\ght copies ?+s & o!r features ( its cont5ts w\ld t5d to place x among ! e>lie/ works ( ! philosoph]4 ,! logical treatises4 ,production 9 ! =m ( a s]ies ( relatively self-conta9$ treatises acc\nts = ! abs5ce ( a "n & g5]al def9ition ( _! common field ( inquiry4 ,a m important lack :i* results is t ( any cle> intimation z to ! relation 9 :i* ,ari/otle suppos$ x to /& to o!r discipl9es4 ,9 8 def9ite classification ( ! sci5ces1#cb into ,fir/ ,philosophy1 ,ma!matics & ,physics1 x has no place4 ,its axioms1 su* z ! law ( contradiction1 belong to fir/ philosophy1 b ! doctr9e z a :ole falls nei!r "u ?is head nor yet1 ?\gh ! ?\ght has be5 ent]ta9$1 "u t ( ma!matics1 s9ce logic ord]s ma!matical reason+ z well z all o!r4 ,! speculative sci5ces1 inde$1 are classifi$ accord+ to _! relation to =m1 pure1 ab/ract or concrete1 i4e4 accord+ to _! objects4 ,! logical inquiry seems to be conceiv$ z deal+ ) ! ?\ght ( :i* ! objects are objects4 ,x is to be reg>d$ z a propa$eutic1#cc :i*1 al?\gh x is 9 contact ) reality 9 & ?r\gh ! metaphysical import ( ! axioms1 or aga9 9 ! fact t ! categories1 ?\gh prim>ily tak5 z =ms ( pr$ication1 mu/ also be reg>d$ z k9ds ( be+1 is n directly conc]n$ ) object-reality1 b ) ! det]m9ation = ! ?9k+ subject ( :at con/itutes ! k correlative to be+4 ,logic1 !re=e1 is n class$ z "o1 /ill less z a bran* ( "o1 among ! 'ologies1 ontology n except$4 ,! way 9 :i* logical doctr9e is develop$ 9 ! ,ari/otelian treatises fits 9 ) ?is view4 ,d\btless :at we h is 9 ! ma9 a reflex ( ! heuri/ic "* ( ,ari/otle's own "w z pione]4 ,b x at lea/ satisfies ! requirem5t t ! inquiry %all c>ry ! pla9 man along ) x4 ,actual modes ( expression are %[n to embody di/9ctions :i* av]age intellig5ce c easily recognize & w readily ackn[l$ge1 ?\gh !y may t5d by progressive rectification fundam5tally to modify ! assumption natural to ! level ( ?\ght f :i* he beg9s4 ,?us we />t#cd f ! po9t ( view ( a _w ( sep>ate p]sons & ?+s1 9 :i* ?\ght mirrors ^! concrete realities1 tak5 z ultimate subjects ( pr$icates4 ,x is a _w ( communication ( ?\ght1 :]e p]sons z ?9k]s ne$ to utt] 9 language tru?s objectively valid = ! mundus communis4 ,9 ^! tru?s pr$icates are accept$ or reject$ by subjects1 & !re=e dep5d on ! reflection ( fact 9 ,greek3 logoi 7propositions74 ,^! are comb9atory ( p>ts1 atta*+ or deta*+ pr$icates1 & s involv+ subject1 pr$icate & copula4#ce ,at ?is /age we are z mu* conc]n$ ) spee*-=ms z ! ?\ght-=ms ( :i* !y are conv5tional symbols1 ) ,plato's analysis1 = in/ance1 into a n\n & a v]b1 ^: connotation ( "t is z yet a difficulty4 ,! univ]sal ( ?is /age is ! univ]sal ( fact1 :at is recogniz$ z pr$icable ( a plurality ( subjects4 ,! dialectical doctr9e ( judgm5t z ! decl>ation ( "o memb] ( a disjunction by contradiction1 :i* is lat] s important1 is /ruggl+ ) "o ( its initial difficulties1#cf viz4 ! cont+5cy ( p>ticul> ev5ts future1 ! solution ( :i* rema9s imp]fect4#cg ,! ,categories4 ,! doctr9e ( ! ,categories is /ill on ! same level ( ?\ght1#ch ?\gh its grammatico-logical analysis is ! m advanc$ "o :i* _h probably be5 develop$ by ! ,academy be=e ,ari/otle came to ?9k ( 8 fri5ds !re z !m r ?an u4 ,x is :at 9 "o direction gave ! n[ famili> classification ( p>ts ( spee*1 9 ! o!r t ( ?\ght-categories und]ly+ !m4 ,if we ab/ract f any actual comb9ation ( subject & pr$icate & proce$ to det]m9e ! types ( pr$icate ass]t$ 9 simple propositions ( fact1 we h on ! "o h& a subject :i* is nev] object1 a fir/ sub/ance or concrete ?+1 ( :i* may be pr$icat$ 9 ! fir/ place second sub/ance express+ t x is a memb] ( a concrete class1 & 9 ! second place quantity1 quality1 correlation1 action & ! l4 ,! li/ foll[s ! =ms ( ! ,greek language s closely t a category em]ges appropriat$ to ! use ( ! p]fect t5se ( ! middle voice to express ! relation ( ! subject to a g>b t x dons4 ,9 all ?is ! individual is ! sole self-subsi/5t reality4 ,tru? & error are ab\t ! individual & atta* or deta* pr$icates correctly & incorrectly4 ,!re is no committal to ! metaphysics 9 ! light ( :i* ! logical inquiry is at la/ to f9d its complete ju/ification4 ,! po9t ( view is to be modifi$ pr(\ndly by :at foll[s--by ! doctr9e ( ! class-concept beh9d ! class1 ( ! =m or idea z ! con/itutive =mula ( a sub/ance1 or1 aga91 by ! requirem5t t an ess5tial attribute mu/ be gr\nd$ 9 ! nature or ess5ce ( ! sub/ance ( :i* x is pr$icat$1 & t su* attributes alone are admissible pr$icates f ! po9t ( view ( ! /rict ideal ( sci5ce4 ,b we are /ill on ! gr\nd ( common op9ion1 & ^! doctr9es are n yet laid d[n z fundam5tal to ! developm5t4 ,! ,topics4 ,dialectic !n1 ?\gh x may prove to be ! ultimate me?od ( e/abli%+ pr9ciples 9 philosophy1#ci />ts f probable & conc$$ premises1#dj & deals ) !m only 9 ! light ( common pr9ciples su* z may be reasonably appeal$ to or easily e/abli%$ aga9/ *all5ge4 ,to ! exp]t1 9 any /udy :i* involves cont+5t matt]1 i4e4 an irr$ucible elem5t ( indet]m9ation1 e4g4 to ! physician1 !re is a specific =m ( ?is1 b ! reflection t ?is is s is some?+ ( an aft]?\ght4 ,we />t ) :at is prima facie giv51 to return ^u x f ! gr\nd ( pr9ciples cl>ifi$ by ! sift+ process ( dialectic#da & c]tifi$ by ,greek3 n\s4 ,! ,topics deal ) dialectic & con/itute an anatomy ( argum5tation1 or1 accord+ to :at seems to be ,ari/otle's own metaphor1 a survey ( ! tactical vantage-po9ts 7,greek3 topoi7 = ! conflict ( wits 9 :i* ! prize is prim>ily victory1 ?\gh x is a b>r5 victory unless x is also k4 ,x is 9 ?is treatise t :at h be5 call$ ! conceptual categories#db em]ge1 viz4 ! pr$icables1 or heads ( pr$ication z x is analys$ 9 relation to ! provisional !ory ( def9ition t dialectic all[s & requires4 ,a pr$icate ei!r is expressive ( ! ess5ce or "p ( ! ess5ce ( ! subject1 viz4 t orig9al gr\p ( mutually und]ivable attributes ( :i* ! abs5ce ( any "o de/roys its "r to ! class-"n1 or x is n4 ,ei!r x is conv]tible ) ! subject or x is n4 ,"h !n judgm5t1 ?\gh /ill view$ z comb9atory1 has ! types :i* belong to coh]5t sy/ems ( implication discrim9at$ f ^? t pr$icate co9cid5ce or accid5t1 i4e4 any happ5+ n ev5 d]ivatively ess5tial f ! po9t ( view ( ! gr\p+ 9 :i* ! subject has f\nd a place4 ,9 ! !ory ( dialectic any pr$icate may be sugge/$ = a subject1 & if n affirm$ ( x1 mu/ be d5i$ ( x1 if n d5i$ mu/ be affirm$4 ,! developm5t ( a !ory ( ! gr\nd on :i* subjects claim _! pr$icates & dis[n ali5 pr$icates c\ld n be long po/pon$4 ,9 practical dialectic ! unlimit$ possibility 0 r$uc$ to manageable proportions 9 virtue ( ! gr\ndwork ( receiv$ op9ion ^u :i* ! op]ation proce$$4 ,x is 9 ! ,topics1 fur!r1 t we cle>ly h a fir/ treatm5t ( syllogism z =mal implication1 ) ! sugge/ion t advance mu/ be made to a view ( its use = mat]ial implication f true & necess>y pr9ciples4 ,x is 9 ! ,topics1#dc aga91 t we h h9ts at ! devices ( an inductive process1 :i*1 z dialectical1 ?r[ ! burd5 ( produc+ contradictory in/ances ^u ! o!r p>ty to ! discussion4 ,9 virtue ( ! common-/ock ( op9ion among ! int]locutors & _! pot5tially controll+ audi5ce1 ?is process 0 m valuable ?an appe>s on ! face ( ?+s4 ,obvi\sly t5tative1 & ) limits & ultimate int]pretation to be det]m9$ else:]e1 x fail$ to be> fruit till ! ,r5aissance1 & !n by ! irony ( fate to ! discr$it+ ( ,ari/otle4 ,9 any case1 h[ev]1 def9ition1 syllogism1 induction all invit$ fur!r det]m9ation1 especially if !y 7 to take _! place 9 a doctr9e ( tru? or k4 ,! problem ( analytic1 i4e4 ( ! resolution ( ! v>i\s =ms ( inf]5ce into _! equival5ts 9 t gr\p+ ( t]ms or premises :i* 0 mo/ obvi\sly cog5t1 0 a legacy ( ! ,topics4 ,! debate-game _h s\ght = div]sion & f\nd tru?1 & tru? rais$ ! logical problem on a diff]5t plane4 ,class concept4 ,! ,prior ,analytics4 ,at fir/ ! problem ( =mal analysis only4 ,we proce$ ) ! talk ( in/ances & conc]n ourselves fir/ ) relations ( inclusion & exclusion4 ,! "q is z to memb]%ip ( a class1 & ! dom9ant =mula is ! dictum de omni et nullo4 ,until ! view ( ! individual units ) :i* we are s f> famili> has und]gone radical revision1 ! prim>y inquiry mu/ be into ! =ms ( a class-calculus4 ,individuals fall into gr\ps 9 virtue ( ! possession ( c]ta9 pr$icates4 ,does "o gr\p include1 or exclude1 or int]sect ano!r ) :i* x is comp>$8 ,we are cle>ly 9 ! field ( ! diagrams ( ! text-books1 & mu* ( ! phraseology is bas$ ^u an orig9al graphic repres5tation 9 ext5sion4 ,! middle t]m1 ?\gh conceiv$ z an int]m$i>y or l9k+ t]m1 gets its "n z int]m$iate 9 a homog5e\s s*eme ( quantity1 :]e x _c be ( n>r[] ext5sion ?an ! subject nor wid] ?an ! pr$icate ( ! conclusion4#dd ,x is also1 z ,ari/otle adds1#de middle 9 position 9 ! syllogism t concludes to a univ]sal affirmative4#de ,aga91 s long z we keep to ! syllogism z complete 9 itself & )\t ref]5ce to its place 9 ! great /ructure ( k1 ! n]ve ( pro( _c be conceiv$ 9 o!r ?an a =mal mann]4 ,9 analytic we "w ) an e?os diff]5t f t ( dialectic4 ,we presume tru? & n probability or concession1 b a true conclusion c foll[ f false premises1 & x is only 9 ! attempt to d]ive ! premises 9 turn f _! gr\nds t we unmask ! deception4 ,! passage to ! conception ( sy/em is /ill requir$4 ,! ,prior ,analytics !n are conc]n$ ) a =mal logic to be knit into a sy/em ( k ( ! real only 9 virtue ( a =mula :i* is at ?is /age /ill to seek4 ,! =ms ( syllogism1 h[ev]1 are track$ successfully ?r\gh _! figures1 i4e4 ?r\gh ! positions ( ! middle t]m t ,ari/otle recognizes z ( actual employm5t1 & all _! moods1 i4e4 all diff]5ces ( affirmative & negative1 univ]sal & p>ticul> )9 ! figures1 ! cog5t or legitimate =ms are alone left /&+1 & ! =mal doctr9e ( syllogism is complete4 ,syllogism already def9$#df becomes ?r\gh exhibition 9 its valid =ms cle> 9 its pr9ciple4 ,x is a spee*-&-?\ght-=m 7,greek3 logos7 9 :i* c]ta9 matt]s be+ posit$ some?+ o!r ?an ! matt]s posit$ necess>ily results because ( !m1 &1 ?\gh x /ill ne$s to receive a deep] mean+ :5 presum$ tru? gives way to necess>y tru? ( premises1 ! notion ( ! class to t ( ! class-concept1 collective fact to univ]sal law1 its =mal claim is manife/4 ,c]ta9 matt]s be+ posit$4 ,subject & pr$icate n already se5 to be conjo9$ mu/ be sev]ally kn[n to be 9 relation ) t :i* jo9s !m1 s t m ?an "o direct conjunction mu/ be giv54 ,( necessity4 ,if :at are to be conjo9$ are sev]ally 9 relation to a common ?ird x does p]=ce relate or conjo9 !m4 ,some?+ o!r4 ,! conjunction 0 by hypo!sis n giv51 & is a new result by no means to be rea*$1 ap>t f direct p]ception save by use ( at lea/ two giv5 conjunctions4 ,because ( !m1 !re=e4 ,yet s long z ! class-view is prom95t1 !re is a sugge/ion ( a begg+ ( ! "q4 ,! class is ei!r con/itut$ by enum]ation ( its memb]s1 &1 pass+ by ! difficulty involv$ 9 ! ?\ght ( its memb]s1 is an empirical univ]sal ( fact m]ely1 or x is gr\nd$ 9 ! class-concept4 ,9 ! fir/ case x is a =mal s*eme :i* helps k & ! !ory ( k n at all4 ,we ne$ !n to develop ! alt]native1 & to pass f ! ext]nal aspect ( all-ness to ! intr9sic gr\nd ( x 9 ! univ]sal ,greek3 ka?' auto kai auto1 :i*1 :atsoev] ! assi/ance x receives f induction 9 "s s5se ( ! ^w1 9 ! c\rse ( its developm5t = ! individual m9d1 is secur$ aga9/ dep5d5ce on in/ances by ! decisive fiat or gu>antee ( ,greek3 n\s1 insight into ! sy/ematic nexus ( ?+s4 ,! conception ( l9kage ne$s to be deep5$ by ! realization ( ! middle t]m z ! gr\nd ( nexus 9 a real ord] :i* is also rational4 ,problem ( inf]5ce4 ,n\s4 ,ari/otle's solution ( ! p>adox ( inf]5ce1 viz4 ( ! fact t 9 "o s5se to g beyond :at is 9 ! premises is fallacy1 :ile 9 ano!r s5se n to g beyond !m is futility1 lies 9 8 =mula ( implicit & explicit1 pot5tial & actual4#dg ,! real nexus und]ly+ ! ?\ght-process is to be articulat$ 9 ! light ( ! v\*] by intellig5ce z to ! tru? ( ! pr9ciples ( ! v>i\s dep>tm5ts ( k :i* we call sci5ces1 & at ! ideal limit x is possible to trans=m syllogism into sy/ematic pres5tation1 s t1 diff]5tly writt5 d[n1 x is def9ition4 ,b = human ?\ght s5se1 ) its accid5tal sett+ 9 matt] itself incognizable is always ) u4 ,! activity ( ,greek3 n\s is nev] s p]fectly realiz$ z to m]ge implication 9 intuition4 ,syllogism mu/ inde$ be objective1 i4e4 valid = any ?9k]1 b x is also a process 9 ! m$ium ( individual ?9k+1 :]eby new tru? is rea*$4 ,a man may "k t mules are /]ile & t ! bea/ be=e him is a mule1 & yet believe h] to be 9 foal n view+ ! sev]al tru?s 9 connexion4#dh ,! doctr9e1 !n1 t ! univ]sal premise conta9s ! conclusion n o!rwise ?an pot5tially is ) ,ari/otle c>d9al4 ,! datum ( s5se is only reta9$ ?r\gh ! univ]sal4#di ,x is possible to take a univ]sal view ) "s at lea/ ( ! p>ticul> in/ances left un9ve/igat$4#ej ,recognition t ! class-concept is applicable may be indep5d5t ( k ( mu* t x involves4 ,k ( ! implications ( x does n dep5d on obs]vation ( all memb]s ( ! class4 ,syllogism z =mula = ! exhibition ( tru? atta9$1 & con/ruction or :at n z ! in/rum5tal process by :i* we rea* ! tru?1 h ) writ]s s9ce ,hegel & ,h]b>t t5d$ to fall ap>t4 ,ari/otle's view is o!r4 ,bo? are syllogisms1 ?\gh 9 diff]5t po9ts ( view4 ,= ?is reason1 if = no o!r1 ! conception ( movem5t f ! pot5tial possession ( k to its actualization rema9s indisp5sable4 ,:e!r ?is is explanation or description1 a problem or its solution1 is ( c\rse ano!r matt]4 ,po/]ior ,analytics4 ,9 ! ,po/]ior ,analytics ! syllogism is br\ght into decisive connexion ) ! real by be+ set )9 a sy/em 9 :i* its function is t ( mat]ial implication f pr9ciples :i* are prim>y1 imm$iate & necess>y tru?s4 ,hi!rto ! assumption ( ! probable z true r ?an z :at w be conc$$ 9 debate#ea has be5 ! ma9 di/9ction ( ! /&po9t ( analytic f t ( dialectic4 ,b ! true is true only 9 ref]5ce to a coh]5t sy/em 9 :i* x is an imm$iate asc]ta9m5t ( ,greek3 n\s1 or to be d$uc$ f a gr\nd :i* is su*4 ,! ideal ( sci5ce or demon/rative k is to exhibit z fl[+ f ! def9itions & po/ulates ( a sci5ce1 f its special pr9ciples1 by ! help only ( axioms or pr9ciples common to all k1 & ^! n z premises b z guid+ rules1 all ! prop]ties ( ! subject-matt]1 i4e4 all ! pr$icates t belong to x 9 its own nature4 ,9 ! case ( any subject-k9d1 its def9ition & its exi/5ce be+ av\*$ by ,greek3 n\s1 heav5ly body = example1 ! problem is1 giv5 ! fact ( a non-self-subsi/5t *>act]i/ic ( x1 su* z ! eclipse ( ! said body1 to f9d a gr\nd1 a ,greek3 meson :i* express$ ! ,greek3 aition1 9 virtue ( :i* ! adjectival concept c be exhibit$ z belong+ to ! subject-concept ,greek3 ka? auto 9 ! /rictly adequate s5se ( ! phrase 9 :i* x means also ,greek3 h auto4#eb ,we are "u ! necessity !n ( revis+ ! po9t ( view ( ! syllogism ( all-ness4 ,we disc>d ! conception ( ! univ]sal z a pr$icate applicable to a plurality1 or ev5 to all1 ( ! memb]s ( a gr\p4 ,to "k m]ely ,greek3 kata pantos is n to "k1 save accid5tally4 ,! exhau/ive judgm5t1 if atta9able1 c\ld n be kn[n to be exhau/ive4 ,! univ]sal is ! gr\nd ( ! empirical all & n conv]sely4 ,a =mula su* z ! equality ( ! int]ior angles ( a triangle to two "r angles is only sci5tifically kn[n :5 x is n ( isosceles or scal5e triangle t x is kn[n1 nor ev5 ( all ! sev]al types ( triangle collectively1 b z a pr$icate ( triangle recogniz$ z ! wide/ class-concept ( :i* x is true1 ! fir/ /age 9 ! progressive diff]5tiation ( figure at :i* x c be ass]t$4#ec ,?ree po9ts obvi\sly ne$ developm5t1 ! nature ( def9ition1 its connexion ) ! syllogism 9 :i* ! middle t]m is cause or gr\nd1 & ! way 9 :i* we h assurance ( our pr9ciples4 ,def9ition4 ,! middle t]m4 ,def9ition is ei!r ( ! subject-k9d or ( ! prop]ty t is gr\nd$ 9 x4 ,( ! self-subsi/5t def9ition is ,greek3 ousias tis gnrismos#ed by exposition ( g5us & diff]5tia4#ee ,x is indemon/rable4 ,x presumes ! reality ( its subject 9 a po/ulate ( exi/5ce4 ,x belongs to ! pr9ciples ( demon/ration4 ,summa g5]a & gr\ps bel[ infimae species are indef9able4 ,! =m] are susceptible ( elucidation by indication ( :at falls "u !m4 ,! latt] are only describable by _! accid5ts4 ,!re c "h be no true diff]5tia4 ,! artificiality ( ! limit to ! articulation ( species 0 "o ( ! po9ts to :i* ! d[nfall ( ,ari/otle's influ5ce 0 l>gely due4 ,( a non-self-subsi/5t or attributive conception def9ition 9 its highe/ atta9able =m is a reca/+ ( ! syllogism1 9 :i* x 0 %[n t ! attribute 0 gr\nd$ 9 ! sub/ance or self-subsi/5t subject ( :i* x is4 ,eclipse ( ! moon1 e4g4 is privation ( light f ! moon by ! int]position ( ! e>? betwe5 x & ! sun4 ,9 ! sci5tific syllogism ! int]position ( ! e>? is ! middle t]m1 ! cause or because 7,greek3 dioti71 ! residue ( ! def9ition is conclusion4 ,! diff]5ce !n is 9 v]bal expression1 way ( putt+1 inflexion4#ef ,if we pluck ! fruit ( ! conclusion1 sev]+ its nexus ) ! /ock f :i* x spr+s1 we h an imp]fect =m ( def9ition1 :ile1 if fur!r we ab&on all idea ( mak+ x adequate by exhibition ( its gr\nd1 we h1 ) /ill ! same =m ( words1 a def9ition m]ely nom9al or lexicographical4 ,9 ! aporematic treatm5t ( ! relation ( def9ition & syllogism id5tical z to "o =m & 9 "o view1 di/9ct z to ano!r =m & 9 ano!r view1 mu* ( ,ari/otle's discussion consi/s4 ,! re/ is a consid]ation ( sci5tific inquiry z conv]g+ 9 ,greek3 mes\ ztsis1 ! inve/igation ( ! l9k or because z gr\nd 9 ! nature ( ?+s4 ,greek3 ,to m5 g> aition to meson#eg real gr\nd & ?\ght l9k fall toge!r4 ,! advance f syllogism z =mal implication is a notable "o4 ,x is n en\gh to h = middle t]m a causa cognosc5di m]ely4 ,we mu/ h a causa ess5di4 ,! planets are ne>1 & we "k x by _! n tw9kl+1#eh b sci5ce mu/ conceive _! ne>ness z ! cause ( _! n tw9kl+ & make ! prius 9 ! real ord] ! middle t]m ( its syllogism4 ,9 ?is irrev]sible cat5a proce$+ f gr\nd to consequ5t1 we h left f> beh9d su* ?+s z ! =mal p>ity ( g5us & diff]5tia consid]$ z fall+ "u ! same pr$icable1#ei & h5ce ju/ifi$ 9 "p ,porphyry's div]g5ce f ! s*eme ( pr$icables4 ,we ne$ devices1 inde$1 to det]m9e priority or sup]ior claim to be bett] kn[n absolutely or 9 ! ord] ( nature1 b on ! :ole ! problem is fairly fac$4#fj ,( sci5ce ,ari/otle takes = 8 examples sometimes cele/ial physics1 m (t5 geometry or ari?metic1 sometimes a concrete sci5ce1 e4g4 botany4#fa ,9 ! field ( pure =m1 free f ! disconc]t+ surprises ( s5sible matt] & s ( absolute necessity1 no difficulty arises z to ! d$ucibility ( ! :ole body ( a sci5ce f its fir/ pr9ciples4 ,9 ! sph]e ( ab/ract =m1 ma!matics1 ! l may be all[$1 ab/raction be+ treat$ z an elim9ation ( matt] f ! ,greek3 synolon by "o act4 ,:5 we take into acc\nt relative matt]1 h[ev]1 & traces ( a conception ( ab/raction z admitt+ ( degree1#fb ! "q is n free f difficulty4 ,9 ! sph]e ( ! concrete sci5ces :]e law obta9s only ,greek3 hs epi to polu ?is ideal ( sci5ce c cle>ly f9d only a relative satisfaction ) l>ge res]ves4 ,9 any case1 h[ev]1 ! problem z to fir/ pr9ciples rema9s fundam5tal4 ,=mal & sci5tific pr9ciples4 ,induction & dialectic4 ,k & reality4 ,conclusions z to induction4 ,if we reject ! inf9ite regress & ! circle 9 pro( 7circulus 9 prob&o7 :i* resolves itself ultimately into prov+ ,a by ,b & ,b by ,a1#fc we are confront$ by ! ne$ = pr9ciples ( two k9ds1 ^? :i* condition all se>* = tru?1 & ^? :i* are ! peculi> or prop] pr9ciples ( special sci5ces1 _! positions1 viz4 ! def9itions ( _! subjects & ! po/ulates ( ! exi/5ce ( ^!4 ,all are indemon/rable & _c be less sure ?an ! body ( doctr9e t fl[s f !m4 ,!y mu/ inde$ be recogniz$ z true1 prim>y1 causative & ! l4 ,b#fd !y are n cong5itally pres5t 9 ! individual 9 a det]m9ate %ape4 ,! doctr9e ( lat5cy is my/ical & sav\rs ( ,plato's rem9isc5ce 7anamnesis74 ,yet !y mu/ h some?+ to develop f1 & !reupon ,ari/otle gives an acc\nt ( a process 9 ! psy*ological me*anism :i* he illu/rates by comp>ative psy*ology1 :]e9 a ,greek3 logos or mean+ em]ges1 a fir/ univ]sal recogniz$ by induction4 ,yet ,greek3 n\s1 intellig5ce1 is ! pr9ciple ( fir/ pr9ciples4 ,x is infallible1 :ile1 :atev] ! case ) p]ception ( ! special s5sibles1#fe ! process :i* comb9es p>ticul>s is n4 ,on ! side ( induction we f9d t exp]i5ce is said to give ! specific pr9ciples1#ff ! ph5om5a be+ appreh5d$ 9 suffici5cy4 ,on ! side ( intuition1 self-evid5ce ( sci5tific pr9ciples is spok5 (4#fg ,yet dialectic is auxili>y & ( me?odological importance 9 _! e/abli%m5t4#fh ,mutually limit+ /atem5ts occur almo/ or q side by side4 ,we _c take fir/ pr9ciples z ! b>e precipitate ( a progressively ref9$ analysis#fi nor on ! o!r z con/itutive a priori =ms4 ,! solution seems to lie 9 ! conception ( a process t has a d\ble aspect4 ,on ! "o h& we h confrontation ) fact1 9 :i*1 9 virtue ( ! rational pr9ciple :i* is ! f9al cause ( ! ph5om5al ord]1 intellig5ce w f9d satisfaction4 ,on ! o!r we h a /age at :i* ! rational b z yet n reason$ concepts develop$ 9 ! m$ium ( ! psy*ological me*anism are subject$ to processes ( reflective comp>ison & analysis1 &1 ) "s modification1 ma9ta9$ aga9/ *all5ge1 till at l5g? ! ultimate univ]sals em]ge1 :i* rational insight c posit z c]ta91 & ! :ole hi]>*y ( concepts f ! fir/ univ]sals to ,greek3 ta am] are intuit$ 9 a coh]5t sy/em4 ,ari/otle's t]m9ology is highly te*nical1 b1 z has (t5 be5 obs]v$1 n !re=e cle>4 ,"h two words at lea/ are ambigu\s1 pr9ciple & induction4 ,by ! fir/ he means any />t+-po9t1 t f :i* ! matt] 9 "q is prim>ily to be kn[n1#gj p>ticul> facts !re=e1 premises1 & :at n4 ,:at !n is meant by pr9ciples :5 we ask 9 ! clos+ *apt] ( 8 logic h[ !y become kn[n8 ,! data ( s5se are cle>ly n ! pr9ciples 9 "q "h4 ,! premises ( sci5tific syllogisms may equally be dismiss$4 ,:]e !y are n d]ivative !y cle>ly are def9itions or imm$iate transcripts f def9itions4 ,!re rema91 !n1 prim>y def9itions & ! po/ulates ( _! realization1 & ! axioms or common pr9ciples1 :i* he mu/ ne$s h :o is to rea* any k4#ga ,9 ! case ( ! =m]1 special ea* to its own sci5ce1 ,ari/otle may be ?\ght to hold t !y are ! product ( ! psy*ological me*anism1 b are asc]ta9$ only :5 !y h fac$ ! fire ( a critical dialectic & h be5 accept$ f ! po9t ( view ( ! integral rationality ( ! sy/em ( concepts4 ,axioms1 on ! o!r h&1 9 :i* ! sci5ces int]connect#gb ?r\gh ! employm5t ( !m 9 a p>ity ( relation1 seem to be implicit inde$ 9 ! psy*ological me*anism1 b to come to a k9d ( explicitness 9 ! fir/ reflective reaction ^u x1 & )\t ref]5ce to any p>ticul> cont5t ( x4 ,!y are n to be us$ z premises b z imman5t laws ( ?\ght1 save only :5 an inf]5ce f true or admitt$ premises & correct 9 =m is *all5g$4 ,! *all5ge mu/ be c\nt]$ 9 a r$uctio ad impossibile 9 :i* ! dilemma is put4 ,ei!r ?is conclusion or ! d5ial ( rationality4 ,ev5 ^! pr9ciples1 h[ev]1 may get a great] explicitness by dialectical treatm5t4#gc ,! relation1 !n1 ( ! two ord]s ( pr9ciple to ! psy*ological me*anism is diff]5t4 ,! k9d ( w>rant t intellig5ce c give to specific pr9ciples falls %ort ( infallibility4 ,cele/ial physics1 ) its pure =ms & void ( all matt] save ext5sion1 is n su* an exempl>y sci5ce aft] all4 ,rationality is cont9u\s ?r\gh\t4 ,a ,greek3 logos em]ges ) "s be+s 9 direct sequ5ce ^u ! p]si/5ce ( impressions4#gd ,s5se is ( ! fir/ univ]sal1 ! =m1 ?\gh n ( ! ultimate univ]sal4 ,! rally f ! r\t 9 ,ari/otle's fam\s metaphor is ( units t already belong toge!r1 t are ( ! same regim5t or ord]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 rationality has two /ages4 ,9 ! "o x is relatively imm]s$ 9 s5se1 9 ! o!r relatively free4 ,! same break is to be f\nd 9 ! conception ( ! relation ( receptive to active m9d 9 ! treatise ,( ! ,s\l4#ge ,! "o is impress$ by ?+s & receives _! =m )\t _! matt]4 ,! o!r is free f impression4 ,x ?9ks its sy/em ( concepts freely on ! occasion ( ! affections ( ! receptivity4 ,ari/otle is fond ( decl>+ t k is ( ! univ]sal1 :ile exi/5ce or reality is individual4 ,x seems to foll[ t ! cleavage betwe5 k & reality is n bridg$ by ! function ( ,greek3 n\s 9 relation to induction4 ,:at is kn[n is n real1 & :at is real is n kn[n4 ,! nodus#gf has its cause 9 ! d\ble s5se ( ! ^w univ]sal & a possible solution 9 ! doctr9e ( ,greek3 eidos4 ,! =m ( a ?+ con/itutes x :at x is1 & at ! same "t1 !re=e1 is con/itutive ( ! gr\p to :i* x belongs4 ,x has bo? individual & univ]sal ref]5ce4 ,! individual is kn[n 9 ! ,greek3 eidos1 :i* is also ! fir/ univ]sal 9 :i* by analysis high] univ]sals are discov]able4 ,^! are pr$icates ( ! object kn[n1 ways ( kn[+ x1 r ?an ! object itself4 ,! sugge/$ solution removes c]ta9 difficulties1 b sc>cely all4 ,on see+ ,callias my p]ception is ( man1 n ,callias1 or ev5 man-,callias4 ,! recognition ( ! individual is a matt] ( 8 accid5ts1 to :i* ev5 sex belongs1 & ! gap f l[e/ univ]sal to individual may /ill be conceiv$ z unbridg$4 ,x is 9 induction1 :i* claims to />t f p>ticul>s & end 9 univ]sals1#gg t we mu/1 if any:]e )9 ! conf9es ( logical inquiry1 expect to f9d ! requir$ bridge4 ,! ,ari/otelian conception ( induction1 h[ev]1 is some:at ambigu\s4 ,he _h ab&on$ = ! mo/ "p ! ,platonic s5se ( ! correspond+ v]b1 viz4 to lead =w>d to ! z yet unkn[n1 & 8 sub/itute is n q cle>4 ,x is sc>cely ! milit>y metaphor4 ,! adduc+ ( a witness = :i* he uses ! v]b#gh is n an idea t cov]s all ! uses4#gi ,p]haps confrontation ) facts is ! g5]al mean+4 ,b h[ does he conceive ( its op]ation8 ,!re is 9 ! fir/ place ! action ( ! psy*ological me*anism 9 ! process f discrim9ative s5se upw>ds :]e9 we realize fir/ univ]sals4#hj ,?is is cle>ly an unreflective1 pre-logical process1 n altoge!r light$ up by our retrojection ^u x ( our view ( dialectical induction bas$ !reon4 ,! imman5t rationality ( ?is fir/ =m1 9 virtue ( :i* at ! /age :5 intellig5ce acts freely on ! occasion ( ! datum suppli$ x recognizes cont9uity ) its own self-consci\s process1 is :at gives ! dialectical type its mean+4 ,secondly we h ?is dialectical induction z to p>ticul>s by gr\p+ ( simil>s#ha ^: liability to rebuttal by an exception has be5 already not$ 9 connexion ) ! limits ( dialectic4 ,?is is ! incomplete induction by simple enum]ation :i* has s (t5 be5 laugh$ to scorn4 ,x is a heuri/ic process liable to failure1 & its application by a nation ( talk]s ev5 to physics :]e non-exp]t op9ion is wor?less some:at discr$it$ x4 ,yet x 0 ! fundam5tal =m ( induction z x 0 conceiv$ ?r\gh\t ! s*ola/ic p]iod4 ,?irdly we h ! limit+ cases ( ?is 9 ! inductive syllogism ,greek3 dia pantn1#hb a syllogism 9 ! ?ird figure conclud+ univ]sally1 & yet valid because ! copula expresses equival5ce1 & 9 analogy#hc 9 :i*1 x has be5 well said1 in/ances are weigh$ & n c\nt$4 ,9 ! =m] x has be5 not$#hd t ,ari/otle's illu/ration does n comb9e p>ticul> facts into a l[e/ concept1 b specific concepts into a g5]ic concept1 &#he t 9 ! con/ruction ( def9ite inductions ! rul+ ?\ght ) ,ari/otle is already1 ?\gh vaguely1 t ( causal relation4 ,x appe>s saf]1 not)/&+1 to take ! less subtle int]pretation#hf t dialectical induction /ruggl+ ) in/ances is =mally ju/ifi$ only at ! limit1 & t ?is1 :]e we h exhau/$ & "k t we h exhau/$ ! cases1 is 9 reg>d to individual subjects r>ely & accid5tally rea*$1 s t we p]=ce illu/rate r f ! def9ite class-concepts fall+ "u a high] notion4 ,aft] all1 ,ari/otle mu/ h _h means by :i* he rea*$ ! conclusions t horses are long-liv$ & lack gall4 ,x is only !n 9 ! r my/ical relation ( ,greek3 n\s to ! fir/ type ( induction z ! process ( ! psy*ological me*anism t an indication ( ! direction 9 :i* ! bridge f individual be+ to univ]sal k is to be f\nd c be held to lie4 ,summ>y4 ,en\gh has be5 said to ju/ify ! great place assign$ to ,ari/otle 9 ! hi/ory ( logic4 ,)\t press+ metaphysical =mulae 9 logic prop]1 he analys$ =mal implication gr\nd$ implication z a mode ( k 9 ! rationality ( ! real1 & develop$ a ju/ificatory metaphysic4 ,he laid d[n ! programme :i* ! aft] hi/ory ( logic 0 to c>ry out4 ,we h ( c\rse ab&on$ p>ticul> logical positions4 ,?is is especially to be not$ 9 ! !ory ( ! proposition4 ,! individualism ) :i* he />ts1 h[soev] aft]w>ds mitigat$ by 8 doctr9e ( ,greek3 to ti n e9ai or ,greek3 eidos con/itut+ ! individual 9 a sy/em ( intelligible relations1 conf9$ him 9 an inadmissible way to ! subject-attribute =mula4 ,he c\ld n recognize su* vocables z ! imp]sonals = :at !y 71 & _h p]=ce to ignore ! logical significance ( purely reciprocal judgm5ts1 su* z ^? ( equality4 ,!re 0 necess>ily a s5se or direction 9 e proposition1 ) m ?an ! purely psy*ological import t ! advance 0 f ! already ma/]$ & famili> tak5 z relatively /able1 to ! new & /range4 ,_m attributes1 too1 7 pr$icable1 ev5 to ! end1 9 an ext]nal & accid5tal way1 n be+ d]ivable f ! ess5ce ( ! subject4 ,! ?\ght ( cont+5cy 0 too easily appli$ to ^! attributes1 & an unsatisfactory treatm5t ( modality foll[$4 ,x is inde$ ! doctr9e ( ! intractability ( matt] to =m t lies at ! base ( ! p>adox z to ! disp>at5ess ( k & ! real already not$4 ,on ! "o h& ,ari/otle by 8 doctr9e ( matt] admitt$ a surd into 8 sy/em4 ,on ! o!r1 he assign$ to ,greek3 n\s ) its insight into rationality too high a function ) reg>d to ! concrete 9 :i* ! surd 0 pres5t1 a p[] to c]tify ! tru? ( sci5tific pr9ciples4 ,! example ( ,ari/otle's view ( cele/ial physics z a sci5ce ( pure =ms exhibits bo? po9ts4 ,on ! ,cop]nican *ange ! heav5ly bodies 7 recogniz$ z concrete & yet subject to calculable law4 ,intellig5ce _h w>rant$ false pr9ciples4 ,! moral is t ( ! /ory ( ! heel ( ,a*illes4 ,to return to logic prop]4 ,! ,ari/otelian !ory ( ! univ]sal ( sci5ce z secure f dep5d5ce on its in/ances & ! !ory ( l9k+ 9 syllogism rema9 a h]itage = all lat] logic1 :e!r accept$ 9 precisely ,ari/otle's =mula or no4 ,x is because ! int]v5+ c5turies _h ! ,ari/otelian basis to "w on1 sometimes 9 r$uc$ quantity & corrupt =m1 b always 9 "s quantity & "s =m1 t ! re/ ( our logical tradition is :at x is4 ,we /& ^u 8 %\ld]s4 iii4 ,lat] ,greek ,logic4 ,aft] ,ari/otle we h1 z reg>ds logic1 :at ! v]dict ( aft] times has rightly *>act]iz$ z an age ( ,epigoni4 ,s f> z ! ,ari/otelian framework is accept$ we meet only m9or corrections & ext5sions ( a =mal k9d4 ,if !re is consci\s & purpos$ div]g5ce f ,ari/otle1 inquiry moves1 on ! :ole1 )9 ! circle ( ideas :]e ,ari/otelianism _h f\ght its fight & won its victory4 ,:]e new conceptions em]ge1 ! imp]fection ( ! in/rum5ts1 me*anical & me?odological1 ( ! sci5ces r5d]s !m unfruitful1 until _! r$iscov]y 9 a lat] age4 ,we h activity )\t advance1 div]sity )\t developm5t4 ,attempts at compreh5siv5ess end 9 ! compromises ( eclecticism4 ,! ,p]ipatetics4 ,illu/rations are n f> to seek4 ,!ophra/us & 9 g5]al ! eld] ,p]ipatetics1 be=e ! rise ( new s*ools ) new l9es ( cleavage & new int]e/s _h l$ to new antagonisms & new alliances1 d n break away f ! ,ari/otelian metaphysic4 ,_! int]e/s1 h[ev]1 lie 9 ! sublun>y sci5ces 9 :i* ! sub/antive a*ievem5t ( ! s*ool 0 to be f\nd4 ,) ,!ophra/us1 accord+ly1 9 8 botanical inquiries1 = example1 ! alt]natives ( classification1 ! normal sequ5ce ( su* & su* a "* ^u su* ano!r1 ! conclusion ( rational probability1 are :at c\nts4 ,x is p]haps n :olly fanciful to connect ) ?is attitude ! fact t ,ari/otle's pupils dealt ) a sur] h& ?an ! ma/] ) ! conclusions f premises ( unlike modality1 & t a =mal advance ( "s significance attributable to ,!ophra/us & ,eudemus is ! doctr9e ( ! hypo!tical & disjunctive syllogisms4 ,! ,/oics4 ,! ,/oics are ( m importance4 ,despite ! fact t _! philosophic int]e/s lay r 9 e?ics & physics1 _! activity 9 :at !y classifi$ z ! ?ird dep>tm5t ( speculation 0 enorm\s & has at lea/ left ineffaceable traces on ! t]m9ology ( philosophy4 ,logic is _! ^w1 & consci\sness1 impression & o!r te*nical words come to u1 at lea/ z te*nical words1 f ,roman ,/oicism4 ,ev5 inf]5ce1 ?\gh app>5tly n a classical ^w1 ?r[s back to ! ,/oic "n = a conclusion4#hg ,9 ! second place1 x is 9 ! =m 9 :i* x 0 rais$ 9 connexion ) ! individuali/ic !ory ( p]ception ) :i* ! ,/oics />t$1 t "o "q ( fundam5tal importance1 viz4 t ( ! crit]ion ( tru?1 ex]cis$ its influ5ce on ! individuali/s ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,p]ception1 9 ! view ( ! ,/oics1 at its highe/ bo? reveal$ & gu>ante$ ! be+ ( its object4 ,its hold ^u ! object involv$ ! disc]nm5t t x c\ld b be t :i* x purport$ to be4 ,su* psy*ological c]ta9ty 0 d5i$ by _! agno/ic oppon5ts1 & 9 ! hi/ory ( ,/oicism we h app>5tly a modification ( ! doctr9e ( ,greek3 phantasia katalptik ) a view to meet ! critics1 an approximation to a recognition t ! prim>y conviction might meet ) a c\nt]-conviction1 & mu/ !n p]si/ undissipat$ 9 face ( ! *all5ge & 9 ! la/ resort f9d v]ification 9 ! haphaz>d in/ance1 "u v>y+ conditions1 9 actual work+4 ,! controv]sy z to ! self-evid5ce ( p]ception 9 :i* ! ,new ,academy effect$ "s sort ( conv]sion ( ! y\ng] ,/oics1 & 9 :i* ! ,sceptics oppos$ bo?1 is "o ( ! really vital issues ( ! decad5ce4 ,ano!r doctr9e ( ! ,/oics :i* has int]e/ 9 ! light ( c]ta9 mod]n developm5ts is _! insi/5ce on ! place ( ! ,greek3 lekton 9 k4 ,di/9ct alike f ?+ & m5tal happ5+1 x seems to correspond to mean+ z x is us$ z a te*nical phrase n[-a-days4 ,?is anticipation 0 app>5tly /]ile4 ,along ! same l9es is _! use ( ! hypo!tical =m = ! univ]sal judgm5t1 & _! treatm5t ( ! hypo!tical =m z ! typical =m ( inf]5ce4 ,! ,/oical categories1 too1 h an hi/orical significance4 ,!y are app>5tly (f]$ 9 place ( ^? ( ,ari/otle1 an acqua9tance ) ^: di/9ctions !y cle>ly presume4 ,recogniz+ a l+ui/ic side to logical !ory ) a natural developm5t 9 rhetoric1 ! ,/oics endeav\r to exorcise consid]ations ( language f ! contra/$ side4 ,!y (f] pure categories aris+ 9 s]ies1 ea* successive "o presuppos+ ^? t h gone be=e4 ,yet ! sub/ance1 quality1 condition absolute 7,greek3 ps e*on7 & condition relative ( ,/oicism h no endur+ influ5ce outside ! s*ool1 ?\gh !y recur ) eclectics l ,gal54 ,! ,/oics 7 too s*ola/ic 9 _! speculations4 ,epicureans4 ,9 ,epicureanism logic is /ill less 9 hon\r4 ,! practical end1 fre$om f ! bondage ( ?+s ) ! peace x br+s1 is all 9 all1 & ev5 sci5tific inquiry is only 9 place z a means to ?is end4 ,( ! app>atus ( me?od ! less ! bett]4 ,we are 9 ! pres5ce ( a necess>y evil4 ,yet1 9 fall+ back1 ) a diff]5ce1 ^u ! atomism ( ,democritus1 ,epicurus _h to face "s que/ions ( logic4 ,9 ! inf]5ce f ph5om5a to fur!r ph5om5a positive v]ification mu/ be insi/$ on4 ,9 ! inf]5ce f ph5om5a to _! non-ph5om5al causes1 ! atoms ) _! inaccessibility to s5se1 a diff]5t canon ( validity obta9s1 t ( non-contradiction4#hh ,he di/+ui%es too betwe5 ! inf]5ce to comb9ation ( atoms z univ]sal cause1 & inf]5ce to special causes beyond ! range ( s5se4 ,9 ! latt] case alt]natives may be acquiesc$ 94#hi ,! practical aim ( sci5ce is z well a*iev$ if we set =? possible causes z 9 %[+ ! actual cause4 ,?is pococurantism might easily be int]pret$ z an insight into ! limitations ( inv]se me?od z su* or z a belief 9 ! plurality ( causes 9 ,mill's s5se ( ! phrase4 ,m probably x reflects ! fact t ,epicurus 01 accord+ to tradition ?r\gh ,nausiphanes1 on ! :ole dom9at$ by ! influ5ces t produc$ ,pyrrhonism4 ,democritean physics )\t a calculus _h necess>ily prov$ /]ile ( det]m9ate concrete results1 & ?is 0 m ?an en\gh to rip5 ! naturalism ( ! utilit>ian s*ool into scepticism4 ,"s read+ betwe5 ! l9es ( ,lucretius has l$ ! logic ( ,epicurus to h an effect on ! mod]n _w1 b sc>cely because ( its des]ts4 ,! ,sceptics4 ,! s*ool ( ,pyrrho has ex]cis$ a m legitimate influ5ce4 ,_m ( ! argum5ts by :i* ! ,sceptics en=c$ _! advocacy ( a susp5se ( judgm5t are antiquat$ 9 type1 b _m also are1 )9 ! limits ( ! individuali/ic !ory ( k1 q unansw]able4 ,hume _h con/ant rec\rse to ?is arm\ry4 ,! major premise ( syllogism1 says ! ,pyrrhoni/1 is e/abli%$ inductively f ! p>ticul> in/ances4 ,if !re be b "o ( ^! uncov]$ by ! g5]alization1 ?is _c be s\nd4 ,if ! crocodile moves its upp]1 n its l[]1 jaw1 we may n say t all animals move ! l[] jaw4 ,! conclusion !n is really us$ to e/abli% ! major premise1 & if we /ill w inf] x !refrom we fall into ! circul> pro(4#ij ,c\ld ,mill say m8 ,b aga94 ,! inductive enum]ation is ei!r ( all cases or ( "s only4 ,! =m] is 9 an indet]m9ate or inf9ite subject-matt] impossible4 ,! latt] is invalid4#ia ,less famili> to mod]n e>s is ! cont5tion t pro( ne$s a /&>d or crit]ion1 :ile ?is /&>d or crit]ion 9 turn ne$s pro(4 ,or /ill m ! dialectical device by :i* ! sceptic claims to escape ! ripo/e t 8 v argum5t presumes ! validity ( ?is or t pr9ciple1 viz4 ! doctr9e ( ! equipoll5ce ( c\nt]-argum5ts4 ,( c\rse ! c\nt]-cont5tion is no less valid6 ,s too :5 ! reflection is made t scepticism is aft] all a m$ic9e t purges out itself ) ! disease1 ! disciple ( ,pyrrho & ,a5esidemus b[s & says1 ,precisely6 ,! sceptical susp5sion ( judgm5t has its limits1 h[ev]4 ,! ,pyrrhoni/ w act ^u a basis ( probabilities4 ,nay1 he ev5 treats ! idea ( cause#ib z probable en\gh s long z no?+ m ?an action ^u expectation is 9 "q4 ,he adds1 h[ev]1 t any attempt to e/abli% x is involv$ 9 "s sort ( dilemma4 ,t1 = in/ance1 cause z ! correlate ( effect only exi/s ) x1 & accord+ly1 cause :i* is come :ile effect is /ill to come is inconceivable4#ic ,f ! subjectivi/ po9t ( view1 :i* is manife/ly fundam5tal ?r\gh mo/ ( ?is1 su* argum5ts suasory ( ! ,pyrrhoni/ susp5se ( judgm5t 7,greek3 epo*7 are inde$ h>d to answ]4 ,x is natural1 !n1 t ! c5tral contribution ( ! ,sceptics to ! k controv]sy lies 9 ! modes 7,greek3 tropoi7 9 :i* ! relativity ( ph5om5a is made good1 t ^! are elaborat$ ) extreme c>e1 & t !y h a mod]n r+ & are full ( in/ruction ev5 to-day4 ,scepticism1 x mu/ be confess$1 0 at ! lea/ well equipp$ to expose ! bankruptcy ( ! po/-,ari/otelian dogmatism4 ,x 0 only gradually t ! ,sceptic's art ( f5ce 0 develop$4 ,f ! "t ( ,pyrrho ov]lapp+ ,ari/otle himself1 :o seems to h be5 well cont5t to use ! fe9ts ( m ?an "o s*ool among 8 pr$ecessors1 :ile %[+ t none ( !m c\ld claim to get pa/ 8 gu>d1 d[n ?r\gh a p]iod 9 :i* ! decad5t academy "u ,c>neades1 o!rwise dogmatic 9 its negations1 suppli$ new ?ru/s & p>ries1 to ,a5esidemus 9 ! late ,cic]onian age1 & aga9 to ,sextus ,empiricus1 !re seems to h be5 some?+ ( pla/icity & cont9u\s progress4 ,9 ?is matt] ! dogmatic s*ools (f] a m>k$ contra/4 ,9 especial x is an out/&+ *>act]i/ic ( ! y\ng] rivals to ,ari/otelianism t z !y sprang up sudd5ly into be+ to conte/ ! claims ( ! ,ari/otelian sy/em 9 ! mom5t ( its triumph1 s !y rea*$ maturity v sudd5ly1 & !reaft] p]si/$ = ! mo/ "p 9 a /]eotyp$ tradition1 modifi$ only :5 convict$ ( indef5sible weakness4 ,! #crd c5tury ,b4,c4 saw 9 its fir/ half ! close ( ,epicurus' activity1 & ! life-"w ( ,*rysippus1 ! ref\nd] ( ,/oicism1 is complete be=e its close4 ,& subsequ5t v>iations seem to h be5 ( a negligible :]e n ( an eclectic "*4 ,9 ! case ( ,epicureanism we c happily judge ( ! tyranny ( ! lit]al tradition by a comp>ison ( ,lucretius ) ! record$ doctr9e ( ! ma/]4 ,b ! rule app>5tly obta9s ?r\gh\t t /]eotype & compromise (f] !mselves z ! exhau/ive alt]native4 ,?is is p]haps =tunate = ! hi/ory ( doctr9e1 = x produces ! comm5tator1 y\r ,aspasius or ,alex&] ( ,aphrodisias1 & ! sub/itute = ! critic1 y\r ,cic]o1 or y\r ,gal5 ) 8 attempt at compreh5sion ( ! ,/oic categories & ! l :ile />t+ f ,ari/otelianism4 ,cic]o 9 p>ticul> is important z %[+ ! effect or philosophical eclecticism ^u ,roman cultivation1 & z ! (t5 au?or & always popul>iz] ( ! ,lat9 t]m9ology ( philosophy4 ,! cause ( ! /]eotyp+ ( ! sy/ems1 ap>t f political conditions1 seems to h be5 ! b>r5ness ( sci5ce4 ,logic & !ory ( k g toge!r1 & )\t liv+ sci5ce1 !ory ( k loses t\* ) life1 & logic becomes a p]functory ?+4 ,"u su* circum/ances speculative int]e/ fritt]s itself & soon] or lat] ! sceptic has 8 way4 ,plato is full ( ! fai? ( ma!matical physics4 ,ari/otle is optimi/ic ( a*ievem5t ov] ! :ole range ( ! sci5ces4 ,b ! divorce ( sci5ce ( nature f ma!matics1 ! failure ( biological inquiry to rea* s elem5t>y a conception z t ( ! n]ves1 ! abs5ce ( *emi/ry f ! circle ( ! sci5ces1 disappo9t$ ! promise ( ! dawn & ! relative a*ievem5t ( ! noon-day4 ,!re is no developm5t4 ,physical sci5ce rema9s dialectical1 & a physical exp]im5t is z r>e 9 ! age ( ,lucretius z 9 t ( ,emp$ocles4 ,! cause ( eclecticism is ! unsatisfy+ "* ( ! cre$s ( su* sci5ce1 9 conjunction ) ! famili> law t1 9 triangul> or plusquam-triangul> controv]sies a common hatr$ w produce an alliance bas$ on compromise4 ,a ba/>d ,platonism ?r\gh ho/ility to ,/oicism may become agno/ic4 ,/oicism ?r\gh ho/ility to its sceptical critics may pref] to accept "s ( ! positions ( ! dogmatic nihili/4 ,neoplatonism4 ,( ! lat] s*ools ! la/ to arise 0 ,neoplatonism4 ,! ma!matical sci5ces1 at lea/1 _h n prov$ disappo9t+4 ,= ^? ( ! s*ool ( ,plato :o refus$ ! apo/asy ( ! new academy1 !re 0 hope ei!r 9 ! ma!matical side ( ! ,py?agoreo-,platonic tradition1 or 9 its ritual & !ological side4 ,neoplatonism is philosophy become !osophy1 or x is ! s]mon on ! text t ,god geometrizes4 ,x is ( significance 9 ! g5]al hi/ory ( ?\ght z ! "o great s*ool t develop$ aft] ! decad5ce _h set 94 ,9 its metaphysic x %[$ no failure 9 dialectical con/ructiv5ess4 ,9 ! hi/ory ( logic x is ( importance because ( its production ( a :ole s]ies ( comm5tators on ! ,ari/otelian logic4 ,n only ! ,introduction ( ,porphyry1 :i* _h la/+ effects on ! ,s*ola/ic tradition1 b ! comm5t>ies ( ,!mi/ius1 & ,simplicius4 ,x 0 ! acceptance ( ! ,ari/otelian logic by ,neoplatonism t det]m9$ ! ,ari/otelian complexion ( ! logic ( ! next age4 ,if ,alex&] is responsible = su* doctr9es z t ( ! intellectus acquisitus1 x is to ,porphyry1 ) 8 *>act]i/ically ,platoni/ pref]5ce = ! doctr9e ( univ]sals1 & = classification1 t we owe ! s*ola/ic preoccupation ) ! reali/ controv]sy1 & ) ! qu9que voces1 i4e4 ! ,ari/otelian pr$icables z re/at$ by ,porphyry4 ,b4 ,,s*ola/icism ,! liv+ =ce 9 ! spiritual life ( ! ,roman empire 01 aft] all1 n philosophy1 b religion1 & specifically ,*ri/ianity4 ,) ! ext5sion ( ,*ri/ianity to ! ,g5tile _w x at l5g? became necess>y = x to ori5tate itself t[>ds :at 0 be/ 9 ,greek culture4 ,!re is a ,/oic elem5t 9 ! e?ic ( ! ,paul9e epi/les1 b ! !ological aff9ity t ! ,johann9e gospel1 ) its backgr\nd ( philosophic ideas1 exhibits to ,platonic & ,neoplatoni/ tea*+ caus$ ! ef=t at absorption to be direct$ r 9 t direction4 ,neoplatonism _h accept$ ! ,ari/otelian logic ) its %>p] def9ition ?an any?+ h&$ d[n f ,plato1 &1 except ! logic ( ! ,sceptics1 !re 0 no long] any rival discipl9e ( ! l pre/ige4 ,! logic ( ! ,/oics _h be5 discr$it$ by ! sceptical onset1 b 9 any case !re 0 no organon ( a fitness ev5 comp>able to ,ari/otle's = ! task ( draw+ out ! implications ( dogmatic premises4 ,ari/otelian logic secur$ ! imprimatur ( ! reviv$ ,platonism1 & x 0 prim>ily because ( ?is t x pass$ into ! s]vice ( ,*ri/ian !ology4 ,! contact ( ! ,*ur* ) ,platonism 0 on ! my/ical side4 ,or?odoxy ne$$ to c\nt] h]etical logic n ) my/icism1 itself ! fruitful "m ( h]esies1 b ) argum5t4 ,ari/otelianism approv$ itself z ! controv]sial in/rum5t1 & 9 due c\rse held ! field alone4 ,! up%ot is :at is call$ ,s*ola/icism4 ,s*ola/icism is ! ,ari/otelianism ( m$ieval or?odoxy z taught 9 ! s*ools or univ]sities ( ,we/]n ,europe4 ,x takes =m z a body ( doctr9e draw+ its premises f au?ority1 sometimes 9 secul> matt]s f t ( ,ari/otle1 b normally f t ( ! docum5ts & traditions ( sy/ematic !ology1 :ile its me?od x draws f ,ari/otle1 z kn[n 9 ! ,lat9 v]sions1#id ma9ly by ,boe?ius1 ( "s few treatises ( ! ,organon toge!r ) ! ,isagoge ( ,porphyry4 ,x dom9ates ! c5tres ( intellectual life 9 ! ,we/ because1 despite its claim to f9ality 9 its pr9ciples or premises1 & to univ]sality = its me?od1 x repres5ts ! only culture ( a philosophic k9d available to ! adolesc5t peoples ( ! ,we/]n nations j becom+ consci\s ( _! ignorance4 ,*ri/ianity 0 ! "o organiz+ pr9ciple t puls$ ) spiritual life4 ,! vocation ( ! /ud5t c\ld f9d fulfilm5t only 9 ! religi\s ord]s4 ,s*ola/icism embodi$ :at ! ,*ri/ian community _h sav$ f ! wreckage ( ,greek dialectic4 ,yet ) all its effective manipulation ( ! =mal te*nique ( its translat$ & mutilat$ ,ari/otle1 ,s*ola/icism w\ld h gone "u long be=e x did ?r\gh ! weakness intr9sic to its divorce ( ! =m & ! matt] ( k1 b = two reasons4 ,! fir/ is ! filt]+ ?r\gh ( "s sci5ce & "s new ,ari/otelian le>n+ f ! ,arabs4 ,! second is ! spread ( ,greek s*ol>%ip & ,greek manuscripts we/w>d1 :i* 0 consequ5t on ! ,lat9 occupation ( ,con/ant9ople 9 #abjd4 ,x 0 respit$ by ! opportunity :i* 0 af=d$ x ( fre% draughts f ! ,ari/otle ( a less p>tial & pur] tradition1 & we h1 accord+ly1 a gold5 age ( reviv$ ,s*ola/icism beg9n+ 9 ! #ac? c5tury1 admitt+ n[ )9 itself m diff]5ces ?an be=e4 ,x is to ! s*oolm5 ( ! two c5turies prec$+ ! ,turki% capture ( ,con/ant9ople t ! controv]sial ref9em5ts usually associat$ ) ! "n ( ,s*ola/icism are attributable4 ,! ,analytics ( ,ari/otle n[ ent]$ q def9itely into ! logical ?\ght ( ,s*ola/icism & we h ! contra/ ( a logica vetus & logica nova4 ,t o!r matt]s1 ! p>va logicalia & ,mnemonics adapt$ f ,psellus & possibly ( ,/oic orig91 ent]$ too did n outweigh ?is advantage4 ,confrontation ) ! hi/orical ,ari/otle may h br\ght b little com=t to ! or?odox sy/em1 b x 0 a /imulus to dialectical activity )9 ! s*ools4 ,x provok$ ! di/9ction ( :at 0 true secundum fidem & :at 0 true secundum rationem among ev5 s9c]e *ampions ( or?odoxy1 & _! oppon5ts accept$ ) a smile s admirable a mask = t ?9k+ = !mselves to :i* ! revival ( hope ( progress _h spurr$ !m4 ,! pione]s ( ! ,r5aissance owe some?+ ( _! /r5g? to _! tra9+ 9 ! developm5ts :i* ! sy/em t !y ov]?rew und]w5t dur+ ?is p]iod4 ,! respite1 h[ev]1 0 %ort4 ,! flight ( ,byzant9e s*ol>%ip we/w>d 9 ! #ae? c5tury reveal$1 & f9ally1 t ! philosophic cont5t ( ! ,s*ola/ic tea*+ 0 z ali5 f ,ari/otle z f ! _s ( ! contempor>y revolt ( sci5ce1 ) its cry = a new m$ic9e1 a new nautical a/ronomy & ! l4 ,! doom ( ! ,s*ola/ic ,ari/otle 0 nev]!less n ! rehabilitation ( ! ,greek ,ari/otle4 ,betwe5 him & ! tide ( feel+ at ! ,r5aissance lay ! :ole a*ievem5t ( ,arab sci5ce4 ,t impati5ce ( au?ority to :i* we owe ! ,r5aissance1 ! ,re=mation & ! bir? ( ,nationalism1 is n /ill$ by ! d[nfall ( ,ari/otle z ! nom5 appellativum ( ! s*ools4 ,! appeal is to exp]i5ce1 some:at vaguely def9$1 z aga9/ all au?ority1 to ! book ( nature & no o!r4 ,at la/ ! _w und]takes to enl>ge ! circle ( its ideas4 ,c4 ,,! ,,r5aissance ,accord+ly :at is 9 "o s5se ! revival ( classical le>n+ is 9 ano!r a rec\rse to :at inspir$ t le>n+1 & s is a new beg9n+4 ,!re is no place = a re=m$ ,ari/otelian logic1 ?\gh ! g5ius ( ,zab>ella 0 !re to attempt x4 ,nor = revivals ( ! compet+ sy/ems1 ?\gh all h _! advocates4 ,sci5tific discov]y 0 9 ! air4 ,! tradition ( ! old _w 0 too heavily weight$ ) ! ,ptolemaic a/ronomy & ! l to be reg>d$ z o!r ?an a b> to progress4 ,b f ! new po9t ( view its me?od 0 inadequate too1 its cont5tm5t ) an induction t m]ely leaves an oppon5t sil5t1 :5 exp]im5t & ! application ( a calculus 7 )9 ! possibilities4 ,! trans=mation ( logic lay ) ! man ( sci5ce1 h9d]$ ?\gh he might be by ! en?usiasm ( "s ( ! philosoph]s ( nature4 ,h5ce=? ! ,ari/otelian logic1 ! g5u9e no less ?an ! traditional1 0 to lie on ! o!r side ( ! ,cop]nican *ange4 ,! dem& is = a new organon1 a sci5tific me?od :i* %all face ! facts ( exp]i5ce & ju/ify itself by its a*ievem5t 9 ! r$uction ( !m to control4 ,x is a notable feature ( ! new movem5t1 t except v]bally1 9 a c]ta9 lic5ce ( nom9ali/ expression1 due to ! sw+ ( ! p5dulum away f ! reali/ doctr9e ( univ]sals1 !re is little t we c *>act]ize z ,empiricism4 ,facts are oppos$ to ab/ract univ]sals4 ,yes4 ,p>ticul>s to controll+ =mulae4 ,no4 ,exp]i5ce is appeal$ to z fruitful :]e ! =mal employm5t ( syllogism is b>r54 ,b x is n m]e induction1 ) its unanalys$ concretes tak5 z ultimate t is set up z ! sub/itute = d$uction4 ,r a sci5tific process1 :i* z exp]i5tial may be call$ inductive1 b :i* is to o!r reg>ds d$uctive z syllogism1 is set up 9 contra/ to syllogism & enum]ation alike4 ,?is is to be se5 9 ,zab>ella1#ie 9 ,galilei1#if & 9 ,bacon4 ,! re=m$ ,ari/otelian logic ( ! fir/-nam$ ) its inductio demon/rativa1 ! ma!matico-physical analysis foll[$ by syn!sis ( ! second1 ! exclusiva1 or me?od ( exclusions ( ! la/1 agree at lea/ 9 ?is1 t ! me?od ( sci5ce is "o & indivisible1 :ile conta9+ bo? an inductive & a d$uctive mom5t4 ,t :at1 e4g41 ,bacon says ( 8 me?od may run c\nt] to ?is is an accid5t ( ! tradition ( ! qu>rel ) realism4 ,s1 too1 ) ! s*ola/ic univ]sals4 ,ari/otle's =ms _h be5 correlat$1 ?\gh inadequately1 ) ! idea ( function4 ,divorc$ f ?is !y are fairly /igmatiz$ z m5tal figm5ts or br&$ z gho/ly entities t c b block ! pa?4 ,b consid] ,bacon's own doctr9e ( =ms4 ,or wat* ! ma!matical physici/ ) 8 =mulae4 ,! fai? ( sci5ce looks outw>d z 9 ! dawn ( ,greek philosophy1 & subjectivism su* z ,hume's has z yet no hold4 ,bacon summ+ up ! movem5t s f> z he und]/ood x1 9 a r belat$ way1 has no !ory ( k beyond ! metaphor ( ! mirror held up to nature4 ,yet he (f]s an ambiti\s logic ( sci5ce1 & ! case is typical4 ,galilei4 ,! sci5ce ( ! ,r5aissance diff]s f t ( ! false dawn 9 ,greek times 9 ! fact ( fruitfulness4 ,x _h ! a*ievem5t ( ! old _w 9 ! field ( ma!matics ^u :i* to build4 ,x 0 9 reaction aga9/ a dialectic & n imm$iately to be aga9 entrapp$4 ,9 sci5tific me?od1 !n1 x c\ld b advance1 provid$ physics & ma!matics did n aga9 fail ( accord4 ,kepl] & ,galilei secur$ x aga9/ t disa/]4 ,! ubi mat]ia ibi geometria ( ! "o is ! battle-cry ( ! ma!matico-physical advance4 ,! sci5tific in/rum5t ( ! o!r1 ) its mom5ts ( analysis & con/ruction1 metodo risolutivo & metodo compositivo1 eng9e]s ! road = ! advance4 ,! new me?od ( physics is v]ifiable by its fruitfulness1 & s free ( any imm$iate dang] f dialectic4 ,its g]m9al ?\ght may n h be5 new1 b1 if n new1 x _h at lea/ ne$$ r$iscov]y f ! beg9n+4 ,= x 0 to be at once c]ta9 & exp]i5tial4 ,a ma!matico-physical calculus t w\ld "w 0 9 "q4 ,! epi/emological problem z su* 0 out ( ! purview4 ,! relation ( physical laws to ! m9d t ?\ght !m 0 = ! "t a negligible con/ant4 ,:5 ,desc>tes1 hav+ fai?fully & successfully foll[$ ! ma!matico-physical inquiry ( 8 m /rictly sci5tific pr$ecessors1 f\nd himself compell$ to raise ! "q h[ x 0 possible = him to "k :at 9 tru? he seem$ to "k s c]ta9ly1 ! problem ent]$ on a new phase4 ,! sci5tific movem5t _h happily be5 cont5t = ! "t ) a half :i*1 !n & !re at lea/1 0 m ?an ! :ole4 ,bacon4 ,bacon 0 no ma!matician1 & s 0 out ( t\* ) ! ma9 army ( progress4 ,by temp]am5t he 0 r ) ! ,humani/s4 ,he 0 cont5t to voice ! cry = ! ov]?r[ ( ! dom9ant sy/em z su*1 & to call = a new beg9n+1 ) no reali/ presuppositions4 ,he is ) ! nom9ali/s ( ! lat] ,s*ola/icism & ! naturali/s ( ! e>ly ,r5aissance4 ,he e*oes ! cry = rec\rse to nature1 = induction1 = exp]im5t4 ,he calls = a logic ( discov]y4 ,b at fir/ sight !re is little sign ( any great] contribution to ! recon/ruction ?an is to be f\nd 9 ,ramus or _m ano!r dead ?9k]4 ,! syllogism is ineffective1 belong+ to argum5tation1 & con/ra9+ ass5t :]e :at we want is control ( ?+s4 ,x is a me*anical comb9ation ( propositions z ^! ( t]ms :i* are c\nt]s to express concepts (t5 ill-def9$4 ,! flight f a cursory survey ( facts to wide s-call$ pr9ciples mu/ give way to a gradual progress upw>d f propositions ( m9imum to ^? ( m$ium g5]ality1 & 9 ^! consi/s ! fruitfulness ( sci5ce4 ,yet ! induction ( ! ,ari/otelians1 ! dialectical induction ( ! ,topics1 cont5t ) imp]fect enum]ation & ) %[+ ! burd5 ( dispro( ^u ! critic1 is pu]ile1 & at ! m]cy ( a s+le in/ance to ! contr>y4 ,9 all ?is !re is b little promise = a new organon4 ,x is nei!r novel nor in/rum5tal4 ,on a sudd5 ,bacon's conception ( a new me?od beg9s to unfold itself4 ,x is inductive only 9 ! s5se t x is id5tical 9 purpose ) ! asc5t f p>ticul>s4 ,x 7 bett] call$ exclusiva or elim9ation ( ! alt]native1 :i* ,bacon proposes to a*ieve1 & !reby gu>antee 8 conclusion aga9/ ! possibility ( in/ance to ! contr>y4 ,8 ?ree ,me?ods4 ,bacon's me?od beg9s ) a dige/ into ?ree tables ( ! facts relevant to any inquiry4 ,! fir/ conta9s cases ( ! occurr5ce ( ! quality "u inve/igation1 col\r1 e4g41 or heat1 9 v>y+ comb9ations4 ,! second notes its abs5ce 9 comb9ations s alli$ to c]ta9 ( ^! t its pres5ce might fairly h be5 look$ =4 ,! ?ird regi/]s its quantitative v>iation accord+ to quantitative *anges 9 its concomitants4 ,! me?od n[ proce$s on ! basis ( ! fir/ table to set =? ! possible sugge/ions z to a g5]al explanatory =mula = ! quality 9 "q4 ,9 virtue ( ! rema9+ tables x rejects any sugge/ion qualitatively or quantitatively inadequate4 ,if "o sugge/ion1 & "o alone1 survives ! process ( attempt$ rejection x is ! explanatory =mula requir$4 ,if none1 we mu/ beg9 afre%4 ,if m ?an "o1 rec\rse is to be _h to c]ta9 devices ( me?od1 9 ! enum]ation ( :i* ! me?ods ( agreem5t1 diff]5ce & concomitant v>iations#ig f9d a place1 beside ! crucial exp]im5t1 ! gl>+ in/ance & ! l4 ,an appeal1 h[ev]1 to su* devices1 ?\gh a p]missible fir/ v9tage is relatively an imp]fection ( me?od1 & a pro( t ! tables ne$ revision4 ,! positive proc$ure by hypo!sis & v]ification is reject$ by ,bacon1 :o ?9ks ( hypo!sis z ! w o' ! wisp ( sci5ce1 & pref]s ! cumbr\s ma*9]y ( negative reason+4 ,hi/orically he appe>s to h be5 "u ! dom9ance ( ! ,platonic metaphor ( an alphabet ( nature1 ) a consequ5t belief 9 ! relatively small numb] ( ultimate pr9ciples to be det]m9$1 & ( ,plato's conception ( ,division1 cle>$ ( its dialectical associations & us$ exp]i5tially 9 application to 8 own molecul> physics4 ,true x is t ! rejection ( all ! cospecies is a long process1 b :at if !re9 _! simultane\s or subsequ5t det]m9ation is help$ =w>d8 ,!y1 too1 mu/ fall to be det]m9$ sometime1 & ! ideal ( sci5ce is fully to det]m9e all ! species ( ! g5us4 ,?is w ne$ co-op]ative ef=t z describ$ 9 ! acc\nt ( ,solomon's ,h\se 9 ! ,new ,atlantis4#ih ,b once introduce ! conception ( division ( lab\r z betwe5 ! collector ( data on ! "o h& & ! exp]t ( me?od1 ! int]pret] ( nature at headqu>t]s1 on ! o!r1 & ,bacon's attitude to hypo!sis & to negative reason+ is at lea/ 9 "p expla9$4 ,! hypo!sis ( ! collector1 ! man :o keeps a ra9-gauge1 or ! mission>y among savages1 is to be disc\nt$ f z a s\rce ( error4 ,! exp]t on ! o!r h& may be suppos$1 9 ! case ( facts ov] :i* he has n himself brood$ 9 ! c\rse ( _! acquisition1 to approa* !m )\t any presumption ?is way or t4 ,he w1 too1 h no int]e/ 9 ! isolation ( any "o ( sev]al co-ord9ate inquiries4 ,t ,bacon und]e/imates ! importance ( selective & ( provisional explanatory hypo!ses ev5 9 su* fields z t ( *emi/ry1 & t te*nically he is op5 to "s criticism f ! po9t ( view t negative judgm5t is d]ivate z necess>ily re/+ on positive presuppositions1 may be true en\gh4 ,x seems1 h[ev]1 no less true t ! greatness ( 8 conception ( organiz$ common ef=t 9 sci5ce has b r>ely met ) due appreciation4 ,=ms4 ,9 8 doctr9e ( =ms1 too1 ! univ]sals ( 8 logic1 ,bacon mu/ at lea/ be held to h be5 on a pa? :i* l$ =w>d & n back4 ,8 =ms are pr9ciples ^: function falls entirely )9 k4 ,!y are =mulae = ! control ( ! activities & ! production ( ! qualities ( bodies4 ,=ms are qualities & activities express$ 9 t]ms ( ! ultimates ( nature1 i4e4 normally 9 t]ms ( collocations ( matt] or modes ( motion4 7,! human s\l is /ill an exception47 ,=m is b\nd up ) ! molecul> /ructure & *ange ( /ructure ( a body1 "o ( ^: qualities or activities x expresses 9 wid] relations4 ,a mode ( motion1 = in/ance1 ( a c]ta9 def9ite k9d1 is ! =m ( heat4 ,x is ! recipe =1 & at ! same "t is1 heat1 mu* z ,h#b,o is ! =mula = & is wat]4 ,_h ,bacon analys$ bodies into _! elem5ts1 in/ead ( _! qualities & ways ( behavi\r1 he w\ld h be5 ! logician ( ! *emical =mula4 ,"h1 too1 he has sc>cely receiv$ 8 me$ ( appreciation4 ,8 influ5ce on 8 successors has r la9 9 ! g5]al /imulus ( 8 en?usiasm = exp]i5ce1 or 9 ! success ) :i* he repres5ts ! cause ( nom9alism & 9 c]ta9 special devices ( me?od h&$ d[n till1 ?r\gh ,hume or ,h]s*el1 !y affect$ ! ?\ght ( ,mill4 ,= ! re/ he 0 too ,ari/otelian1 if we take ! ^w broadly en\gh1 or1 z ! result ( 8 ,cambridge /udies1 too ,rami/1#ii :5 ! int]e/ 9 s*ola/ic issues 0 fad+1 to br+ 8 orig9al ideas to a successful m>ket4 ,bacon's ,logic1 !n1 l ,galilei's1 int5d$ z a contribution to sci5tific me?od1 a sy/ematization ( discov]y by :i*1 giv5 ! fact ( k1 new items ( k may be acquir$1 fail$ to conv9ce contempor>ies & successors alike ( its effici5cy z an in/rum5t4 ,x 0 an ideal t fail$ to embody itself & ju/ify itself by its fruits4 ,x 0 o!rwise ) ! ma!matical in/rum5t ( ,galilei4 ,desc>tes4 ,desc>tes /&s 9 ! foll[+ ( ,galilei4 ,x is concurr5tly ) signal success 9 ! "w ( a pione] 9 ! ma!matical advance t he comes to reflect on me?od1 g5]alizes ! me?od ( ma!matics to embrace k z a :ole1 & raises ! ultimate issues ( its presuppositions4 ,9 ! ma!matics we det]m9e complex problems by a con/ruction l9k by l9k f axioms & simple data cle>ly & di/9ctly conceiv$4 ,?ree mom5ts are involv$4 ,! fir/ is an induction1 i4e4 an exhau/ive enum]ation ( ! simple elem5ts 9 ! complex ph5om5on "u inve/igation4 ,?is resolution or analysis into simple1 because cle> & di/9ct1 elem5ts may be br\ght to a /&/ill aga9 & aga9 by obscurity & indi/9ctness1 b pati5t & repeat$ revision ( all t is includ$ 9 ! problem %\ld br+ ! analytic process to fruition4 ,x is impati5ce1 a p]v]sity ( w1 t is ! cause ( error4 ,^u ! analysis !re results intuition ( ! simple data4 ,) ,desc>tes intuition does n connote giv5ness1 b its objects are evid5t at a glance :5 induction has br\ght !m to light4 ,la/ly we h d$uction ! det]m9ation ( ! mo/ complex ph5om5a by a cont9u\s syn!sis or comb9ation ( ! simple elem5ts4 ,syn!sis is demon/rative & complete4 ,x is 9 virtue ( ?is view ( d]iv$ or m$iate k t ,desc>tes speaks ( ! 7subsumptive7 syllogism z ( avail r 9 ! communication ( :at we already "k4 ,syllogism is n ! syn!sis :i* toge!r ) analysis goes to con/itute ! new in/rum5t ( sci5ce4 ,! celebrat$ ,regulae ( ,desc>tes are precepts direct$ to ! a*ievem5t ( ! new me?odological ideal 9 any & e subject matt]1 h[ev] reluctant4 ,x is ! p>adox involv$ 9 ! function ( intuition1 ! acceptance ( ! psy*ological *>act]s ( cle>ness & di/9ctness z w>ranty ( a tru? presum$ to be trans-subjective1 t leads to ,desc>tes's di/9ctive contribution to ! !ory ( k4 ,9 ord] to lay b>e ! gr\nd ( c]ta9ty he raises ! univ]sal d\bt1 &1 al?\gh1 foll[+ ,augu/9e1#ajj he f9ds its limit 9 ! ?\ght ( ! d\bt]1 ?is ( itself is n en\gh4 ,cogito1 ergo sum4 ,t ,i ?9k may be admitt$4 ,:at ,i ?9k may /ill ne$ validation4 ,desc>tes's gu>antee ( ! validity ( my cle> & di/9ct p]ceptions is ! v]acity ( ,god4#aja ,does ! exi/5ce ( ,god 9 turn call = pro(8 ,an effect _c conta9 m ?an its cause1 nor ! idea ( a p]fect ,be+ f9d adequate s\rce save 9 ! actuality ( su* a ,be+4 ,?us ! intuition ( ! casual axiom is us$ to prove ! exi/5ce ( t :i* alone gives validity to intuitions4 ,?\gh ! logical me?od ( ,desc>tes has a great & endur+ influ5ce1 x is ! dualism & ! ne$ ( ,god to bridge x1 ! doctr9e ( innate ideas1 i4e4 ( ideas n due to ext]nal causes nor to volition b only to our capacity to ?9k1 our disposition to develop !m1 & f9ally ! ontological pro(1 t affect ! ?\ght ( ! next age mo/ deeply4 ,t ess5ce 9 ! supreme case involves exi/5ce is a ?\ght :i* comes to ,sp9oza m easily1 toge!r ) ! tradition ( ! ordo geometricus4 ,d4 ,,mod]n ,,logic i4 ,! ,logic ( ,empiricism ,! pa? foll[$ by ,engli% ?\ght 0 a diff]5t "o4 ,hobbes develop$ ! nom9alism :i* _h be5 ! hallm>k ( revolt aga9/ s*ola/ic or?odoxy1 &1 :5 he br+s ?is into relation ) ! analysis & syn!sis ( sci5tific me?od1 x is at ! exp5se ( ! latt]4#ajb ,locke1 :5 ,c>tesianism _h rais$ ! problem ( ! cont5ts ( consci\sness1 & ! _s ( ,baconian positivism c\ld n accept ( any?+ t bore ! ill-om5$ "n ( innate ideas1 elaborat$ a !ory ( k :i* is psy*ological 9 ! s5se t its problem is h[ ! simple data ) :i* ! individual is 9 contact 9 s5sation are work$ up into a sy/em4 ,?\gh he makes 8 b[ to ma!matical me?od1 he1 ev5 m ?an ,hobbes1 misses its con/ructive "*4 ,! clue ( ma!matical c]ta9ty is disc>d$ 9 sub/ance 9 ! ,engli% =m ( ! new way ( ideas4 ,hobbes4 ,) ,hobbes logic is a calculus ( m>ks & signs 9 ! =m ( names4 ,nam+ is :at di/+ui%es man f ! brutes4 ,x enables him to fix fleet+ memories & to communicate ) 8 fell[s4 ,he alone is capable ( tru? 9 ! due conjunction or disjunction ( names 9 propositions4 ,syllogism is simply summation ( propositions1 its function be+ communication m]ely4 ,analysis is ! sole way ( inv5tion or discov]y4 ,!re is m1 h[ev]1 9 ,hobbes1 ?an ! p>adox ( nom9alism4 ,sp9oza c\ld draw ^u him = ! notion ( g5etic def9ition4#ajc ,leibnitz probably owes to him ! ?\ght ( a calculus ( symbols1 & ! conception ( demon/ration z ess5tially a *a9 ( def9itions4#ajd ,8 psy*ological acc\nt ( syllogism#aje is tak5 ov] by ,locke4 ,hume d]iv$ f him ! explanatory =mula ( ! association ( ideas1#ajf :i* is1 h[ev]1 /ill ) ,hobbes a fact to be acc\nt$ =1 n a !ory to acc\nt = facts1 be+ gr\nd$ physically 9 coh]5ce ( ! matt] mov$4 ,f9ally ,mill took f him 8 def9ition ( cause z sum ( conditions1#ajg :i* play$ no small "p 9 ! appli$ logic ( ! #ai? c5tury4 ,locke4 ,locke is ( m importance1 if n = 8 logical doctr9e1 at lea/ = ! !ory ( k f :i* x fl[s4 ,) ,locke ! m9d is comp>able to :ite pap] on :i* ! _w ( ?+s records itself 9 ideas ( s5sation4 ,simple ideas ( s5sation are ! only po9ts ( contact we h ) ?+s4 ,!y are ! atomic elem5ts :i* ! workman%ip ( ! und]/&+ c !reaft] d no m ?an sy/ematically comp\nd & ! l4 ,x is ,locke's initial attribution ( ! prim>y rle 9 m5tal process to ! simple ideas ( s5sation t precludes him f ! developm5t ( ! conception ( ano!r sort ( ideas1 or m5tal cont5ts t he notes1 :i* are produc$ by reflection on ! op]ations ( our own m9d )9 u4 ,x is 9 ! latt] gr\p t we h ! explanation ( all t m>ks ,locke z a =]unn] ( ! critical philosophy4 ,x conta9s 9 g]m a doctr9e ( categories discov]$ b n g5]at$ 9 ! psy*ological processes ( ! individual4 ,locke1 h[ev]1 fails to d$uce 8 categories4 ,he has read ,plato's ,!aetetus 9 ! light ( ,baconian & individuali/ preconceptions4 ,reflection rema9s a sort ( int]nal s5se1 ^: ideas are ( lat] orig9 ?an ^? ( ! ext]nal s5se4 ,8 successors emphasize ! s5sationi/ elem5ts1 n ! workman%ip ( ! m9d4 ,:5 ,b]keley has elim9at$ ! lit]al mat]ialism ( ,locke's metaphors ( s5se-p]ception1 ,hume f9ds no difficulty 9 accept+ ! s5sations z pres5t virtually 9 _! own "r1 any nons5sible gr\nd be+ altoge!r unkn[n4 ,f a po9t ( view purely subjectivi/ he is prep>$ to expla9 all t is to be left /&+ ( :at ,locke ascribes to ! workman%ip ( ! m9d by ! pr9ciple ( association or cu/om>y conjunction ( ideas1 :i* ,locke _h add$ a *apt] to a lat] edition ( 8 ,essay explicitly to reject z an explanatory =mula4 ,condillac goes a /ep f>!r1 & sees no necessity = ! sup]/ructure at all1 ) its ne$ ( explanation valid or invalid4 ,draw+ ^u ,gass5di = 8 psy*ological atomism & ^u ,hobbes = a ?or\ghgo+ nom9alism1 he reproduces1 z ! logical conclusion f ,locke's premises1 ! position ( ,anti/h5es4 ,! la/ ^w is t une sci5ce bi5 traite n'e/ qu'une langue bi5 faite4#ajh ,locke's logic comprises1 amid mu* else1 a !ory ( g5]al t]ms#aji & ( def9ition1 a view ( syllogism#aaj & a decl>ation z to ! possibility ( inf]5ce f p>ticul> to p>ticul>1#aaa a di/9ction betwe5 propositions :i* are c]ta9 b trifl+1 & ^? :i* add to our k ?\gh unc]ta91 & a doctr9e ( ma!matical c]ta9ty4#aab ,z to ! fir/1 words become g5]al by be+ made ! signs ( g5]al ideas1 & ideas become g5]al by sep>at+ f !m all t may det]m9e !m to ?is or t p>ticul> exi/5ce4 ,by ?is way ( ab/raction !y are made capable ( repres5t+ m individuals ?an "o4 ,?is doctr9e has f\nd no acceptance4 ,n f ! po9t ( view = :i* idea means image4 ,b]keley1 ?\gh at l5g? ! notions ( spirits1 acts & relations#aac give him pause1 pref]s ! =mula :i* ,hume expresses 9 ! phrase t "s ideas are p>ticul> 9 _! nature b g5]al 9 _! repres5tation1#aad & ! aft]-hi/ory ( ab/raction is a discussion ( ! conditions "u :i* "o idea /&s = a gr\p4 ,n f ^? = :om g5]al ideas mean s*ematic concepts1 n imageable4 ,! critic f ?is side has little difficulty 9 %[+ t ab/raction ( ! k9d alleg$ /ill leave ! residuum p>ticul> ?is r$ness1 e4g4 n r$ness4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 ( ! sorts con/itut$ by ! repres5tation :i* 8 ab/raction makes possible t def9ition is giv51 ei!r by enum]ation ( ! simple ideas comb9$ 9 ! significance ( ! sortal "n1 or to save ! lab\r ( enum]at+1 & = quickness & despat* sake1 by giv+ ! next wid] g5]al "n & ! proximate diff]5ce4 ,we def9e ess5ces ( c\rse 9 a s5se1 b ! ess5ces ( :i* m5 talk are ab/ractions1 creatures ( ! und]/&+4 ,man det]m9es ! sorts or nom9al ess5ces1 nature ! similitudes4 ,! fundam5tally enum]ative "* ( ! process is cle>ly n cancell$ by ! recognition t x is possible to abbreviate x by means ( te*nique4 ,s long z ! relation ( ! nom9al to ! real ess5ce has no o!r backgr\nd ?an ,locke's doctr9e ( p]ception1 ! conclusion t :at ,kant aft]w>ds calls analytical judgm5ts a priori & syn!tic judgm5ts a po/]iori exhau/ ! field foll[s inevitably1 ) its coroll>y1 :i* ,locke himself has ! c\rage to draw1 t ! natural sci5ces are 9 /rictness impossible4 ,ma!matical k is n involv$ 9 ! same condemnation1 solely because ( ! ar*etypal "*1 :i*1 n )\t indebt$ness to ,cumb]l&1 ,locke attributes to its ideas4 ,! reality ( ma!matics1 equally ) t ( ! ideals ( morals drawn f )91 does n ext5d to ! ectypes ( ! out] _w4 ,! view ( reason+ :i* ,locke enunciates coh]es ) ^! views4 ,reason+ f p>ticul> to p>ticul>1 i4e4 )\t ! necessity ( a g5]al premise1 mu/ be possible1 & ! possibility f9ds w>ranty 9 a consid]ation ( ! psy*ological ord] ( ! t]ms 9 syllogism4 ,z to syllogism specifically1 ,locke 9 a passage1#aae :i* has an obvi\sly ,c>tesian r+1 lays d[n f\r /ages or degrees ( reason+1 & po9ts out t syllogism s]ves u 9 b "o ( ^!1 & t n ! all-important "o ( f9d+ ! int]m$iate ideas4 ,he is prep>$ readily to own t all "r reason+ may be r$uc$ to ,ari/otle's =ms ( syllogism1 yet holds t a man kn[s fir/1 & !n he is able to prove syllogi/ically4 ,! di/ance f ,locke to ,/u>t ,mill along ?is l9e ( ?\ght is obvi\sly b small4 ,hume4 ,ap>t f ! adoption by ,hume ( ! association ( ideas z ! explanatory =mula ( ! s*ool--x _h be5 all[$ by ,malebran*e )9 ! framework ( 8 my/icism & employ$ by ,b]keley 9 8 !ory ( vision--!re are few fre% notes /ruck 9 ! logic ( s5sationalism4 ,! mo/ notable ( ^! are ,b]keley's treatm5t ( ab/ract ideas & ,hume's *ange ( front z to ma!matical c]ta9ty4 ,:at1 h[ev]1 ,hume describes z all ! logic ,i ?9k prop] to employ 9 my reason+1 viz4 8 rules by :i* to judge cause & effects1#aaf _h1 p]haps1 f>!r-rea*+ hi/orical effects ?an ei!r4 ,9 ^! ! s+le me?od ( ,bacon is already split up into sep>ate modes4 ,we h ,mill's inductive me?ods 9 ! g]m1 ?\gh ) an emphasis q old] ?an ,mill's4 ,bacon's =m has already 9 transmission ?r\gh ,hobbes be5 transmut$ into cause z antec$5t 9 ! "t s]ies4 ,x may1 p]haps1 be acc\nt$ to ,hume = righte\sness t he decl>es--:e!r consi/5tly or n is ano!r matt]--t ! same effect nev] arises b f ! same cause1 & t he /ill foll[s ,bacon 9 ! conception ( abs5tia 9 proximo4 ,x is :5 9 any in/ance we f9d our expectation disappo9t$ t ! effect ( "o ( two resembl+ objects w be l t ( ! o!r t ,hume proposes to apply 8 me?od ( diff]5ce4 ,no sci5tific discipl9e1 h[ev]1 ) ! d\btful exception ( descriptive psy*ology1 /&s to ga9 any?+ f a temp] l t ( ,hume4 ,! :ittl+ away ( its =mal or organiz+ rubrics1 z e4g41 sam5ess into lik5ess1 is disconc]t+ to sci5ce :]ev] ! significance ( ! process is realiz$4 ,x 0 because ! aft]ma? ( ,newtonian sci5ce 0 s ri* t ! sci5tific fai? ( naturalism 0 able to reta9 a place besides its epi/emological cre$ t a logician ( ! s*ool c\ld arise ^: _s 0 9 "s sort ,baconian1 b :o1 unlike ,bacon1 _h ent]$ ! mod]n _w1 & fac$ ! problems /at$ = x by ,hume & by ,newton4 ,j4 ,s4 ,mill4 ,/u>t ,mill's ,sy/em ( ,logic m>k$ a fre% /age 9 ! hi/ory ( empiricism1 = ! reason t x made ! ef=t to hold an ev5 balance betwe5 ! two mom5ts 9 ! ?\ght ( ! s*ool4 ,agreem5t 9 ! use ( a common wat*word _h mask$ z x seems a real div]g5ce ( mean+ & purpose4 ,! apo/les ( inductive me?od _h prea*$ rec\rse to exp]i5ce1 b _h meant !reby nature z a con/itut$ ord]4 ,!y _h devis$ canons = ! inve/igation ( ! concrete problems ( ?is1 b _h ei!r ignor$ altoge!r ! ne$ to give an acc\nt ( ! mirror+ m9d1 or1 9 ! alt]native _h be51 ) "s navet1 cont5t to assume t _! nom9ali/ fri5ds1 consi/5tly _! allies 9 ! long /ruggle ) traditionalism1 _h adequately suppli$ or c\ld adequately supply ! ne$4 ,! expon5ts ( psy*ological atomism1 on ! o!r h&1 ) ! association ( ideas = _! "o pr9ciple ( agglut9ation _h come to mean by exp]i5ce ! m5tal phantasmagoria ( ! individual4 ,!y _h und]m9$ ! f\ndations ( sci5tific c]ta9ty1 & s f> z ! fecundity ( contempor>y sci5ce did n give !m pause1 7 ready1 not)/&+ ! diff]5ce ( _! />t+-po9t1 to acquiesce 9 ! =mula z well z ! temp] ( ,pyrrhonism4 ,!y c\ld conc$e ! triumphant a*ievem5t ( sci5ce only ) ! proviso t x mu/ be assum$ to fall )9 ! framework ( _! nom9alism4 ,mill aspir$ aft] a doctr9e ( me?od su* z %\ld satisfy ! ne$s ( ! natural sci5ces1 notably exp]im5tal physics & *emi/ry z und]/ood 9 ! fir/ half ( ! #ai? c5tury &1 mutatis mut&is1 ( ! moral sci5ces naturali/ically con/ru$4 ,9 unit+ ) ?is ! ,associationism :i* he inh]it$1 ?r\gh 8 fa!r1 f ,hume1 he reveal$ at once ! /r5g? & weakness ( ! dual conception ( naturalism4 ,8 r>e ?or\ghness & r>] c&\r made x at once unnecess>y & impossible t ! "w %\ld be done aga94 ,if judg$ by :at he d5ies1 viz4 ! =mal logic ( ,hamilton & ,mansel1 ^: ,ari/otelian & s*ola/ic le>n+ did b acc5tuate _! traditionalism1 & ^: acquiesc5ce 9 consi/5cy con/itut$ 9 ,mill's view a disc\ragem5t ( rese>*1 su* z m5 n[ incl9e to attribute at ! lea/ equally to ,hume's idealism1 ,mill is only negatively ju/ifi$4 ,if judg$ by 8 positive contribution to ! !ory ( me?od he may claim to f9d a m ?an negative ju/ification = 8 tea*+ 9 its success4 ,9 ! field cov]$ by s*ola/ic logic ,mill is frankly associationi/4 ,he aims at describ+ :at he f9ds giv51 )\t ref]5ce to ins5sible implications ( d\btful validity & value4 ,! up%ot is a psy*ological acc\nt ( :at f "o aspect is evid5ce1 f ! o!r1 belief4 ,s he expla9s concepts or g5]al notions#aag by an ab/raction :i* he repres5ts z a sort ( alt-relief op]at$ by att5tion & fix$ by nam+1 association ) ! "n giv+ to a set ( attributes a unity !y o!rwise lack4 ,?is is manife/ly1 :5 all is said1 a p>ticul> psy*ological ev5t1 a collective fact ( ! associative consci\sness4 ,x c ex]cise no organiz+ or controll+ function 9 k4 ,s aga9 9 det]m9+ ! import ( propositions1 x is no accid5t t 9 all save exi/5tial propositions x is to ! famili> rubrics ( associationism--co-exi/5ce1 sequ5ce1 causation & resemblance--t he ref]s = classification1 :ile 8 g5]al =mula z to ! conjunctions ( connotations is associationi/ ?r\gh & ?r\gh4 ,x foll[s consi/5tly en\gh t inf]5ce is f p>ticul> to p>ticul>4 ,mill holds ev5 ! ideas ( ma!matics to be hypo!tical1 & 9 !ory kn[s no?+ ( a non-enum]ative or non-associative univ]sal4 ,a premise t has ! utmo/ univ]sality consi/5t ) ?is view c cle>ly be ( no s]vice = ! e/abli%m5t ( a proposition t has gone to ! mak+ ( x4 ,nor aga9 ( "o t has n4 ,its use1 !n1 c only be z a memor&um4 ,x is a %or?& =mula ( regi/ration4 ,mill's view ( ratioc9ative process cle>ly /&s & falls ) ! presum$ impossibility ( e/abli%+ ! necessity = univ]sals ( ano!r type ?an 81 = :at may be call$ pr9ciples ( con/ruction4 ,8 critics incl9e to press ! po9t t association itself is only intelligible s f> z x is se5 to dep5d on univ]sals ( ! k9d t he d5ies4 ,9 ,mill's inductive logic1 ! nom9ali/ic conv5tion has1 ?r\gh 8 t5d5cy to ?9k 9 relatively wat]tight comp>tm5ts1#aah fad$ some:at into ! backgr\nd4 ,normally he ?9ks ( :at he calls ph5om5a no long] z psy*ological gr\p+s ( s5sations1 z /ates ( m9d1 b z ?+s & ev5ts 9 a physical _w h[soev] con/itut$ & appreh5d$4 ,8 free use ( relat+ concepts1 t ( sam5ess1 = in/ance1 be>s no impress ( 8 !ory ( ! g5]al notion1 & x is possible to put out ( sight ! fact t1 tak5 9 conjunction ) 8 nom9alism1 x raises ! :ole issue ( ! possibility ( ! equivocal g5]ation ( =mative pr9ciples f ! giv5 cont5ts ( ! individual consci\sness1 9 any manipulation ( :i* !y are already impli$4 ,equally1 too1 ! d$uctive "*1 app>5tly 9 int5tion z well z 9 actual fact1 ( ,mill's exp]im5tal me?ods fails to recall ! po9t ( !ory t ! process is ess5tially "o f p>ticul> to p>ticul>4 ,! n]ve ( pro( 9 ! processes by :i* he e/abli%es causal conjunctions ( unlimit$ application is naturally ?\ght to lie 9 ! special canons ( ! sev]al processes & ! axioms ( univ]sal & uni=m causation :i* =m _! backgr\nd4 ,! conclusions seem n m]ely to fall )91 b to dep5d on ^! organic & controll+ =mulae4 ,!y foll[ n m]ely accord+ to !m b f !m4 ,! ref]5ce to ! rule is n "o :i* may be made & normally is made z a safegu>d1 b "o :i* mu/ be made1 if ?\ght is engag$ 9 a =w>d & con/ructive movem5t at all4 ,yet ,mill's view ( ! function ( univ]sal propositions _h be5 hi/orically sugge/$ by a !ory--,dugald ,/ew>t's--( ! use ( axioms6#aai ,once m1 x w\ld be possible to =get t ,mill's ultimate laws or axioms are n 9 8 view intuitions1 nor =ms con/itutive ( ! rational ord]1 nor po/ulates ( all rational con/ruction1 7 x n t he has made ! endeav\r to e/abli% !m on associationi/ l9es4 ,x is because ( ! failure ( ?is endeav\r to br+ ! te*nique ( induction )9 ! sett+ ( 8 ,humian psy*ology ( belief t ! sep>ation ( 8 contribution to ! appli$ logic ( sci5ce f 8 s5sationism became necess>y1 z x happily 0 easy4 ,mill's device re/$ special inductions ( causation ^u ! laws t e ev5t has a cause1 & e cause has always ! same effect4 ,x re/$ ^! 9 turn ^u a g5]al induction enum]ative 9 "* ( enorm\s & practically inf9ite range & always uncontradict$4 ,?\gh obvi\sly n exhau/ive1 ! unique ext5t ( ?is induction 0 held to r5d] x compet5t to give practical c]ta9ty or psy*ological necessity4 ,a vici\s circle is obvi\sly involv$4 ,x is true1 ( c\rse1 t ultimate laws ne$ discov]y1 t !y are discov]$ 9 "s s5se 9 ! m$ium ( ! psy*ological me*anism1 & t !y are nev]!less ! gr\nds ( all specific inf]5ces4 ,b t tru? is n :at ,mill exp\nds1 nor is x capable ( developm5t )9 ! limits impos$ by ! associationi/ =mula4 ,x is des]v$ly1 nev]!less1 t ,mill's appli$ logic has reta9$ its pride ( place amid :at has be5 h&$ on1 if 9 modifi$ %ape1 by writ]s1 e4g41 ,sigw>t1 & ,pr(essor ,bosanquet1 ^: !ory ( k is q ali5 f 84 ,he prescrib$ regulative or limit+ =mulae = rese>* z x 0 actually conduct$ 9 8 _w4 ,8 grasp ( ! proc$ure by :i* ! man ( sci5ce manipulat$ 8 p>ticul> concrete problems 0 admirable4 ,9 especial he %[$ cle> und]/&+ ( ! functions ( hypo!sis & v]ification 9 ! inve/igations ( ! solit>y work]1 ) 8 facts /ill 9 c\rse ( accumulation & ne$+ to be light$ up by ! sci5tific imag9ation4 ,he 0 !re=e enabl$ to =mulate ! me?od ( :at ,bacon _h t5d$ to despise z m]ely ! fir/ v9tage4 ,bacon sp5t 8 /r5g? ^u a dream ( organization = all future discov]y4 ,mill 0 cont5t to codify4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ,bacon & ,mill lies *iefly 9 ?is1 & x is because ( ?is diff]5ce t ,mill's contribution1 spite ( its debt to ! ,baconian tradition1 rema9s bo? *>act]i/ic & valuable4 ,x is ( c\rse possible to criticise ev5 ! exp]im5tal canons ) "s sev]ity4 ,! caveats1 h[ev]1 :i* are relevant )9 ! circle ( ideas )9 :i* ,mill's lesson c be le>n$ & improv$ on1#abj seem to admit ( be+ satisfi$ by relatively slight modifications 9 detail1 or by explanations (t5 suppli$ or easily to be suppli$ f po9ts br\ght out amid ! weal? ( illu/ration ) :i* ,mill accompani$ 8 =mal or sy/ematic exposition ( me?od4 ,! critic has ! "r ( x :5 he po9ts out1 = example1 t ! practical difficulty 9 ! ,me?od ( ,agreem5t is n due to plurality ( causes1 z ,mill /ates1 b r to int]mixture ( effects1 :ile1 if ! canon c\ld be satisfi$ exactly1 ! result w\ld n be r5d]$ unc]ta9 9 ! mann] or to ! ext5t :i* he supposes4 ,aga9 ! =mula ( ! ,jo9t-,me?od1 :i* contemplates ! enum]ation ( cases :i* h no?+ 9 common b ! abs5ce ( "o circum/ance1 is ridicul\sly uns\nd z x /&s4 ,or1 on r a diff]5t l9e ( criticism1 ! use ( correspond+ lett]s 9 ! two s]ies ( antec$5ts & consequ5ts raises1 x is said1 a false presumption ( correlation4 ,nay1 ev5 ! use ( lett]s at all sugge/s t ! sort ( analysis t actually breaks up its subject-matt] is univ]sally or all b univ]sally applicable 9 nature1 & ?is is n ! case4 ,f9ally1 ! conditions ( ! me?ods are ei!r realiz$ or n4 ,if !y are realiz$1 ! "w ( ! sci5ti/ falls entirely )9 ! field ( ! processes prelim9>y to ! satisfaction ( ! canon4 ,! latt] becomes a m]e memor&um or =mula ( regi/ration4 ,s is x possible to h ! eng9] hoi/ ) 8 own pet>4 ,b ! conditions are n realiz$1 & 9 an exp]i5tial subject-matt] are n realizable4 ,n "o circum/ance only 9 common b app>5tly "o relevant circum/ance only 9 common is :at we are able to ass]t4 ,if we add ! qualification ( relevance we de/roy ! cog5cy ( ! me?od4 ,if we fail to add x1 we de/roy ! applicability4 ,! objections turn on two ma9 issues4 ,"o is ! exagg]ation ( ! possibilities ( resolution into sep>ate elem5ts t is due to ! acceptance ( ! po/ulate ( an alphabet ( nature4 ,?is s soon z not$ c be all[$ =4 ,x is to ! comb9ation ( ?is doctr9e ) a t5d5cy to ?9k *iefly ( exp]im5t1 ( ! controll$ addition or subtraction ( ^! elem5ts "o at a "t1 t we owe ! !oretically premature l9k+ ( a z effect to ,a z cause4 ,?is too c be met by a modification ( =m4 ,! o!r issue is p]haps ( m significance4 ,x is ! oscillation :i* ,mill manife/s betwe5 ! conception ( 8 =mula z x is actually applicable to concrete problems 9 practice1 & ! conception ( x z an expression ( a !oretical limit to practical proc$ure4 ,mill seems mo/ (t5 to ?9k ( ! =m]1 :ile t5d+ to =mulate 9 t]ms ( ! latt]4 ,at any rate1 if relevance 9 proximo is int]polat$ 9 ! peccant clause ( ! canon ( ! ,jo9t-,me?od1 ! practical utility ( ! me?od is rehabilitat$4 ,s too1 if ! canon ( ! ,me?od ( ,agreem5t is nev] m ?an approximately satisfi$1 int]mixture ( effects w 9 practice mean t we at lea/ (t5 d n "k ! cause or antec$5t equival5t ( a giv5 effect1 )\t ! possibility ( an alt]native4 ,f9ally1 x is on ! :ole 9 keep+ ) ,mill's presuppositions to admit ev5 9 ! case ( ! me?od ( diff]5ce t 9 practice x is approximative & in/ructive1 :ile ! !oretical =mula1 to :i* x aims at approa*+ asymptotically z limit1 if exact1 is 9 "s s5se /]ile4 ,mill may well h himself conceiv$ 8 me?ods z practically fruitful & normally conv9c+ ) ! limit+ =mula 9 ea* case m cog5t 9 =m b !re) m]ely ! skeleton ( ! process t b n[ puls$ ) life4 ,en\gh has be5 said to %[ :y ! advance beyond ! lett] ( ,mill 0 inevitable :ile mu* 9 ! _s ( ,mill mu/ necess>ily affect deeply all lat] exp]i5tialism4 ,aft] ,mill exp]i5tialism takes ess5tially new =ms4 ,9 "p because ( :at ,mill _h done4 ,9 "p also because ( :at he _h left undone4 ,aft] ,mill means aft] ,kant & ,hegel & ,h]b>t1 & x means aft] ! em]g5ce ( evolution>y naturalism4 ,mill1 !n1 m>ks ! f9al /age 9 ! a*ievem5t ( a great s*ool ( ?\ght4 ii4 ,! ,logic ( ,rationalism4 ,sp9oza4 ,a fundam5tal contra/ to ! s*ool ( ,bacon & ( ,locke is af=d$ by ! great sy/ems ( reason1 own+ ,c>tesian inspiration1 :i* are id5tifi$ ) ! names ( ,sp9oza & ,leibnitz4 ,9 ! hi/ory ( logic ! latt] ?9k] is ( ! m importance4 ,sp9oza's philosophy is exp\nd$ ord9e geometrico & ) ,euclidean cog5cy f a relatively small numb] ( def9itions1 axioms & po/ulates4 ,b h[ we rea* our assurance ( ! necessity ( ^! pr9ciples is n made specifically cle>4 ,! invaluable tractate ,de ,intellectus em5datione1 9 :i* ! agreem5t ) & div]g5ce f ,desc>tes on ! "q ( me?od c\ld h be5 fully elucidat$1 is unhappily n f9i%$4 ,we "k t we ne$ to pass f :at ,sp9oza t]ms exp]i5tia vaga1#aba :]e imag9ation ) its fragm5t>y appreh5sion is liable to error & nei!r necessity nor impossibility c be pr$icat$1 "r up to t :i* fictionem t]m9at--namely1 intellectio4 ,& :at ,sp9oza has to say ( ! requisites ( def9ition & ! m>ks ( intellection makes x cle> t insight comes ) coh]5ce1 & t ! "w ( me?od on ! inductive side is by means ( ! unravell+ ( all t makes = artificial limitation to lay b>e :at c !n be se5 to exhibit nexus 9 ! "o great sy/em4 ,:5 all is said1 h[ev]1 ! geometric me?od z univ]saliz$ 9 philosophy is r us$ by ,sp9oza ?an exp\nd$4 ,leibnitz4 ,) ,leibnitz1 on ! o!r h&1 ! logical problem holds ! =emo/ place 9 philosophical inquiry4#abb ,f ! purely logical !sis1 develop$ at q an e>ly /age ( 8 ?9k+1#abc t 9 any true proposition ! pr$icate is conta9$ 9 ! subject1 ! ma9 pr9ciples ( 8 doctr9e ( ,monads are d]ivable ) ! m9imum ( help f 8 philosophy ( dynamics4 ,pra$icatum ine/ subjecto4 ,all valid propositions express 9 ! la/ resort ! relation ( pr$icate or pr$icates to a subject1 & ?is ,leibnitz holds aft] consid]+ ! case ( relational propositions :]e ei!r t]m may hold ! position ( grammatical subject1 ,a ,b & ! l4 ,!re is a subject !n1 or !re are subjects :i* mu/ be recogniz$ z n possible to be pr$icat$1 b z absolute4 ,= reasons n purely logical ,leibnitz decl>es = ! plurality ( su* subjects4 ,ea* conta9s all its pr$icates3 & ?is is true n only 9 ! case ( tru?s ( reason1 :i* are necess>y1 & ultimately to be exhibit$ z com+ "u ! law ( contradiction1 or1 :at comes to ! same ?+1 t ( id5tity1 b also 9 ! case ( tru?s ( fact :i* are cont+5t1 ?\gh a suffici5t reason c be giv5 = !m :i* incl9es )\t import+ necessity4 ,! extreme case ( c\rse is ! human subject4 ,! individual notion ( ea* p]son includes once = all :at is to befall x1 _w )\t end1 & x w\ld n h be5 our ,adam b ano!r1 if he _h _h o!r ev5ts4 ,exi/5t subjects1 conta9+ et]nally all _! successive pr$icates 9 ! "t-s]ies1 are sub/ances1 :i* :5 ! problems connect$ ) _! activity1 or dynamically speak+ _! =ce1 h be5 resolv$1 dem&--& supply--! metaphysic ( ! ,monadology4 ,complex tru?s ( reason or ess5ce raise ! problem ( def9ition1 :i* consi/s 9 _! analysis into simpl] tru?s & ultimately into simple--i4e4 indef9able ideas1 ) prim>y pr9ciples ( ano!r k9d--axioms1 & po/ulates t nei!r ne$ nor admit ( pro(4 ,^! are id5tical 9 ! s5se t ! opposite conta9s an express contradiction4#abd ,9 ! case ( non-id5tical tru?s1 too1 !re is a priori pro( drawn f ! notion ( ! t]ms1 ?\gh x is n always 9 our p[] to arrive at ?is analysis1#abe s t ! "q arises1 specially 9 connexion ) ! possibility ( a calculus1 :e!r ! cont+5t is r$ucible to ! necess>y or id5tical at ! ideal limit4 ,) mu* t sugge/s an affirmative answ]1 ,leibnitz gives ! negative4 ,ev5 9 ! case ( ! ,div9e w1 ?\gh x be always = ! be/ possible1 ! suffici5t reason w incl9e )\t necessitat+4 ,! propositions :i* deal ) actual exi/5ce are /ill ( a unique type1 ) :atev] limitation to ! calculus4 ,leibnitz's treatm5t ( ! prim>y pr9ciples among tru?s ( reason z id5tities1 & 8 examples drawn int] alia f ! fir/ pr9ciples ( ma!matics1 influ5c$ ,kant by antagonism4 ,id5tities "s ( !m manife/ly 7 n4 ,! =mula ( id5tity pass$ 9 ano!r =m to ,h]b>t & !re=e to ,lotze4 ,9 recogniz+1 fur!r1 t ! relation ( an actual individual fact to its suffici5t gr\nd 0 n r$ucible to id5tity1 he set a problem div]sely treat$ by ,kant & ,h]b>t4 ,he br\ght exi/5tial propositions1 inde$1 )9 a rational sy/em ?r\gh ! pr9ciple t x mu/ be feasible to assign a suffici5t reason = !m1 b he refus$ to br+ !m "u ! conception ( id5tity or necessity1 i4e4 to treat _! opposites z =mally self-contradictory4 ,?is bore int]e/ 9 ! ,kantian age 9 ! treatm5t alike ( cause & effect1 & ( ! ontological pro( ( exi/5ce f ess5ce4 ,n t ! ,law ( ,suffici5t ,reason is q free f equivoque4 ,propositions conc]n+ ! possible exi/5ce ( individuals put ,leibnitz to "s %ifts1 & ! difficulty acc\nts = ! close connexion e/abli%$ 9 reg>d to our actual _w betwe5 ! law ( suffici5t reason & ! doctr9e ( ! f9al cause4 ,?is connexion is some?+ ( an aft]?\ght to di/+ui% f ! pot5tial cont+5cy ( ! objectively possible ! real cont+5cy ( ! actual1 = :i* ! cause or reason ( ,sp9oza#abf c\ld n acc\nt4 ,! law1 h[ev]1 is n invalidat$ by ^! consid]ations1 & ) ! degree ( emphasis & ! special sett+ t ,leibnitz gives ! law1 x is def9itely 8 own4 ,if we may pass by ! doctr9e ( ! ,id5tity ( ,indisc]nibles1 :i* play$ a "p ( "s importance 9 subsequ5t philosophy1 & ! ,law ( ,cont9uity1 :i* z ,leibnitz repres5ts x is1 if n %e] dogma1 rea*$ by some?+ v l a fallacy1 we h z ,leibnitz's rema9+ legacy to lat] logicians ! conception ( ,*>act]i/ica ,univ]salis & ,ars ,comb9atoria1 a univ]sal d5ot+ by symbols & a calculus work+ by sub/itutions & ! l4 ,! two positions t a subject conta9s all its pr$icates & t all non-cont+5t propositions--i4e4 all propositions n conc]n$ ) ! exi/5ce ( individual facts ultimately analyse out into id5tities--obvi\sly l5d !mselves to ! design ( ?is algebra ( ?\ght1 ?\gh ! ma!matician 9 ,leibnitz %\ld h be5 aw>e t a significant equation is nev] an id5tity4 ,leibnitz1 fre% f ! battle ( ! calculus 9 ! ma!matical field1 & ) 8 conception ( logic1 at lea/ 9 "s ( its aspects1 z a g5]aliz$ ma!matic1#abg f\nd a fruitful inspiration1 h>moniz+ well ) 8 own metaphysic1 9 ,bacon's alphabet ( nature4 ,he1 too1 0 prep>$ to (f] a new in/rum5t4 ,t ! mo/ important section1 ! li/ ( =ms ( comb9ation1 0 nev] a*iev$--?is too 0 aft] ! ,baconian example :ile ! mode ( symbolization 0 crude ) a ab & ! l--matt]s little4 ,a new te*nique ( manipulation--x is1 ( c\rse1 no m--_h be5 evolv$4 ,x may be said t among ,leibnitz's successors !re is no ,leibnitzian4 ,! sy/em z a :ole is some?+ too artificial to secure :ole-he>t$ allegiance4 ,wolff's =malism is ! ba/>d outcome ( ! speculation ( ,leibnitz1 & is relat$ to x z remotely z ,s*ola/icism is to ,ari/otle4 ,wolff f\nd a suffici5t reason = ev]y?+ & embodi$ ! results ( 8 inquiries 9 sy/ematic treatises1 sometimes 9 ! v]nacul>4 ,he also1 by a transp>5t petitio pr9cipii1 br\ght ! law ( ! suffici5t reason "u t ( non-contradiction4 ,wolff & 8 num]\s foll[]s acc\nt = ! *>ge ( dogmatism aga9/ ! ,leibnitzio-,wolffian s*ool4 ,!y are ( importance 9 ! hi/ory ( logic = two reasons only3 !y affect$ /rongly ! ,g]man vocabul>y ( philosophy & !y con/itut$ ! intellectual environm5t 9 :i* ,kant grew to manhood4 ,a tru] cont9uator ( ,leibnitz 9 ! _s 0 ,h]b>t4 iii4 ,kant's ,logic4 ,h]b>t's admitt$ allegiance1 h[ev]1 0 ,kantian ) ! qualification1 at a relatively advanc$ /age ( 8 ?9k+1 t x 0 ( ! ye> #ahbh--t is1 aft] controv]sy _h br\ght out implications ( ,kant's tea*+ n :olly contemplat$ by ,kant himself4 ,! critical philosophy _h inde$ made x impossible to h>k back to ,leibnitz or any o!r ma/] o!rwise ?an ) a diff]5ce4 ,yet x is n a s+le & unambigu\s logical movem5t t d]ives f ,kant4 ,kant's lesson 0 v>i\sly und]/ood4 ,diff]5t mom5ts 9 x 7 emphasiz$1 ) a l>ge div]sity ( result4 ,z int]pret$ x 0 acquiesc$ 9 or revolt$ f & revolt rang$ f a desire = "s modifications ( detail or expression to ! call = a radical trans=mation4 ,gr\nds = a v>iety ( developm5ts are to be f\nd 9 ! imp]fect h>monization ( ! rationali/ic h]itage f ! ,wolffian tradition :i* /ill dom9ates ,kant's pure g5]al logic ) ! manife/ epi/emological int5tion ( 8 transc5d5tal !ory4 ,or aga91 )9 ! latt] 9 8 admission ( a duality ( ?\ght & ! giv5 9 k1 :i* )9 k 0 app>5tly irr$ucible1 concurr5tly ) h9ts z to ! possibility1 ^u a wid] view1 ( ! sublation ( _! disp>at5ess at lea/ hypo!tically & speculatively4 ,! s5se 9 :i* !re mu/ be a gr\nd ( ! unity ( ! sup]s5sible#abh :ile yet ! transc5d5t use ( ,reason--i4e4 its use beyond ! limits ( exp]i5ce 0 d5i$ !oretical validity--0 n unnaturally reg>d$ z obscure4 ,=mal ,logic4 ,kant's treatm5t ( te*nical logic 0 :olly traditional1 & 9 itself is almo/ negligible4 ,x is compris$#abi 9 an e>ly essay on ! mi/ak5 subtlety ( ! syllogi/ic figures1 & a late compilation by a pupil f ! introductory matt] & runn+ annotations ) :i* ! ma/] _h enri*$ 8 int]leav$ lecture-room copy ( ,mey]'s ,comp5dium ( #ageb4 ,wolff's g5]al logic1 ! be/1 said ,kant1 t we possess1 _h be5 abridg$ by ,baumg>t5 & ! abridgm5t !n subject$ to comm5tation by ,mey]4 ,) ?is traditional body ( doctr9e ,kant 01 save = matt]s ( m9or detail1 q cont5t4 ,logic 0 ( necessity =mal1 deal+ z x mu/ ) ^? rules )\t :i* no ex]cise ( ! und]/&+ w\ld be possible at all4 ,^u ab/raction f all p>ticul> me?ods ( ?\ght ^! rules 7 to be disc]n$ a priori or )\t dep5d5ce on exp]i5ce by reflection solely ^u ! use ( ! und]/&+ 9 g5]al4 ,! sci5ce ( ! =m ( ?\ght ab/ract$ 9 ?is way f its matt] or cont5t 0 reg>d$ z ( value bo? z propa$eutic & z canon4 ,x 0 manife/ly "o ( ! discipl9es 9 :i* a position ( f9ality 0 atta9able4 ,ari/otle might be all[$1 inde$1 to h omitt$ no ess5tial po9t ( ! und]/&+1 :at ! mod]ns _h a*iev$ consi/$ 9 an advance 9 accuracy & me?odical complet5ess4 ,inde$1 we d n require any new discov]]s 9 logic1#acj said ! discov]] ( a priori syn!sis1 s9ce x conta9s m]ely ! =m ( ?\ght4 ,appli$ logic is m]ely psy*ology1 & n prop]ly to be call$ logic at all4 ,! te*nical logic ( ,kant1 !n1 ju/ifies lit]ally a movem5t among 8 successors 9 fav\r ( a =mal conception ( logic ) ! law ( contradiction & ! doctr9e ( =mal implication = its equipm5t4 ,unless ! doctr9e ( ,kant's transc5d5tal logic mu/ be held to supply a po9t ( view f :i* a logical developm5t ( q ano!r k9d is inevitable1 ,kant's mantle1 s f> z logic is conc]n$1 mu/ be reg>d$ z hav+ fall5 ^u ! =mal logicians4 ,def9ition ( ,transc5d5tal4 ,kant's transc5d5tal tea*+ is summ>ily z foll[s3 ,transc5d5tal is 8 epi!t = :at is nei!r empirical--i4e4 to be d]iv$ f exp]i5ce--nor yet transc5d5t--i4e4 applicable beyond ! limits ( exp]i5ce1 ! m>k ( exp]i5ce be+ ! implication ( s5se or ( some?+ :i* ?\ght contra-di/+ui%es f its own spontane\s activity z 9 "s s5se ! giv54 ,^? features 9 our organiz$ exp]i5ce are to be reg>d$ z transc5d5tally e/abli%$ :i* are ! presuppositions ( our hav+ t exp]i5ce at all4 ,s9ce !y are n empirical !y mu/ be /ructural & belong to ! m9d--i4e4 ! normal human intellig5ce1 & to l intellig5ce s f> z l4 ,if we set aside su* transc5d5tal conditions z belong to s5sibility or to ! receptive phase ( m9d & are ! presuppositions ( juxtaposition ( p>ts1 ! rema9d] are ascribable to spontaneity or und]/&+1 to ?\ght ) its unify+1 organiz+ or focuss+ function1 & _! elucidation is ! problem ( transc5d5tal analytic4 ,x is /ill logic1 inde$1 :5 we are occupi$ ) ! transc5d5t objects ( ! discursive faculty z x is employ$ beyond ! limits ( exp]i5ce :]e x _c validate its ideas4 ,su* a logic1 h[ev]1 is a dialectic ( illusion1 p]plex$ by p>alogisms & helpless 9 ! face ( ant9omies4 ,9 transc5d5tal analytic on ! o!r h& we conc]n ourselves only ) ! transc5d5tal d$uction or v9dication ( ! conditions ( exp]i5ce1 & we h a logic ( cognition 9 :i* we may e/abli% our epi/emological categories ) complete validity4 ,categories are ! =ms accord+ to :i* ! comb9+ unity ( self-consci\sness 7syn!tic unity ( app]ception7 pluralizes itself ?r\gh ! v>i\s functions involv$ 9 ! con/itution ( objectivity 9 diff]5t types ( ! "o act ( ?\ght1 viz4 judgm5t4 ,! clue to ! discov]y ( transc5d5tal conditions ,kant f9ds 9 ! exi/5ce ( judgm5ts1 mo/ manife/ 9 ma!matics & 9 ! pure sci5ce ( nature1 :i* are c]ta91 yet n trifl+1 necess>y & yet n r$ucible to id5tities1 syn!tic !re=e & a priori1 & s acc\nt$ = nei!r by ,locke nor by ,leibnitz4 ,!re lies a transc5d5tal condition at ! basis ( e necessity4 ,=m ( ,matt] ( ,?\ght4 ,kant's mode ( conceiv+ ! activity ( ?\ght 9 ! con/itution ( objects & ( _! connexion 9 exp]i5ce 0 ?\ght to lie op5 to an int]pretation 9 con=mity ) ! _s ( 8 logic1 9 ! s5se t ! =m & ! cont5t 9 k are n m]ely di/+ui%able functions )9 an organic :ole1 b ei!r sep>able1 or at lea/ indiff]5t "o to ! o!r 9 su* a way z to be cle>ly indep5d5t4 ,?\ght z =m w\ld ?us be a factor or an elem5t 9 a composite unit4 ,x w\ld cle>ly h its own laws4 ,x w\ld be ! :ole conc]n ( logic1 :i*1 s9ce 9 x ?\ght has itself = object1 w\ld h no ref]5ce to ! o!r t]m ( ! anti!sis1 nor prop]ly & imm$iately to ! k :i* is compact ( ?\ght 9 conjunction ) some?+ :i*1 :atev] x may be1 is prima facie o!r ?an ?\ght4 ,!re is too mu* textual w>rant = ?is int]pretation ( ,kant's mean+4 ,d\btless !re are passages :i* make aga9/ an extreme duali/ic int]pretation4 ,ev5 9 8 logic ,kant speaks ( ab/raction f all p>ticul> objects ( ?\ght r ?an ( a resolution ( concrete ?9k+ into ?\ght & its o!r z sep>able co-op]at+ factors 9 a jo9t product4 ,he spoke ?r\gh\t1 h[ev]1 z if =m & cont5t 7 mutually indiff]5t1 s t ! ab/raction ( =m f cont5t impli$ no?+ ( falsification or mutilation4 ,! res]ve1 !re=e1 t x 0 ab/raction & n a decompos+ t 0 9 "q rema9$ to ! admir]s ( 8 logic q nugatory4 ,!y fail$ to realize t p]missible ab/raction f specific cont5ts or me?ods ( k does n oblit]ate ref]5ce to matt] or cont5t4 ,!y pass$ easily f ! acceptance ( a priori =ms ( ?9k+ to t ( =ms ( a priori ?9k+1 & c\ld plead ! example ( ,kant's logic4 ,kant's !ory ( k1 !n1 ne$$ to be press$ to o!r consequ5ces = logic :i* 7 m consonant ) ! _s ( ! ,critique4 ,! =ms ( ?\ght & :at gives ?\ght its p>ticul> cont5t 9 concrete acts ( ?9k+ c\ld n be reg>d$ z subsi/+ 9 a purely ext]nal & indiff]5t relation "o to ! o!r4 ,laws accord+ to :i* ! subject ?9ks & laws accord+ to :i* ! object is kn[n _c be ! conc]n ( sep>ate dep>tm5ts ( inquiry4 ,z soon divorce ! inve/igation ( ! %ape & mat]ial ( a mirror f ! laws ( ! incid5ce ( ! rays t =m images 9 x1 & call x a sci5ce ( reflection6 ,an important gr\p ( writ]s develop$ ! conception ( an adaptation betwe5 ! two sides ( ,kant's anti!sis1 & made ! endeav\r to e/abli% "s k9d ( correlation betwe5 logical =ms & ! process ( ! giv54 ,!re 0 a t5d5cy to fall back ^u ! conception ( "s k9d ( p>allelism1 :e!r x 0 tak5 to be int]pretative or r corrective ( ,kant's mean+4 ,?is device 0 nev] remote f ! con/ructions ( writ]s = :om ! tea*+ ( ,sp9oza & ,leibnitz 0 an integral "p ( _! intellectual equipm5t4 ,o!r modes ( correlation1 h[ev]1 f9d fav\r also1 & 9 "s v>iety4 ,kant is seldom ! sole s\rce ( inspiration4 ,8 unresolv$ anti!sis#aca is int]pret$ ei!r div]sely or ) a diff]5ce ( emphasis4 ,& ! light t lat] writ]s br+ to be> on ,kant's logic & epi/emology f o!r sides ( 8 speculation v>ies 9 k9d & 9 degree4 ,ano!r logical movem5t spr+s f ^? :om a correlation ( fact )9 ! unity ( a sy/em altoge!r fail$ to satisfy4 ,!re mu/ also be developm5t ( ! correlat$ t]ms f a s+le pr9ciple4 ,=m & cont5t mu/ n only correspond "o to ! o!r4 ,!y mu/ be exhibit$ z di/+ui%able mom5ts )9 a unity :i* c at "o & ! same "t be se5 to be ! gr\nd f :i* ! di/9ction spr+s & ! gr\nd 9 virtue ( :i* x is ov]-rul$4 ,along ?is l9e ( speculation we h a logic :i* claims t :atsoev] is 9 "o plane or at "o /age 9 ! developm5t ( ?\ght a residuum t app>5tly defies analysis mu/ at ano!r /age & on a high] plane be %[n s to be absorb$ z to fall altoge!r )9 ?\ght4 ,?is is ! view ( ,hegel ^u :i* logic comes to co9cide ) ! progressive self-unfold+ ( ?\ght 9 t type ( metaphysic :i* is kn[n z absolute1 i4e4 all-inclusive idealism4 ,! expon5t ( logic z metaphysic1 = :om ! rational is ! real is necess>ily 9 revolt aga9/ all t is *>act]i/ically ,kantian 9 ! !ory ( k1 aga9/ ! transc5d5tal me?od itself & aga9/ ! doctr9e ( limits :i* con/itutes ! n]ve ( criticism4 ,/ress 0 to be laid ^u ! con/ructive "* ( ! act ( ?\ght :i* ,kant _h recogniz$1 & )\t ,kant's qualifications ( x4 ,9 all else ! claim is made to h left ! ,kantian tea*+ beh9d z a cancell$ level ( speculation4 ,limitation ( ,transc5d5tal ,me?od4 ,transc5d5tal me?od is inde$ n invuln]able4 ,a pr9ciple is transc5d5tally d$uc$ :5 x & only x c expla9 ! validity ( "s phase ( exp]i5ce1 "s ord] ( tru?s4 ,! ord] ( tru?s1 ! phase ( exp]i5ce & its c]ta9ty _h to be tak5 = grant$4 ,! s5se1 = example1 9 :i* ! irrev]sibility ( sequ5ce :i* is ! m kn[n 9 ord9e ad hom9em 9 ! case ( ! causal pr9ciple diff]s f m]ely psy*ological conviction is n made fully cle>4 ,ev5 s ! inf]5ce to ! a priori gr\nd ( its necessity is1 x has be5 (t5 po9t$ out1 subject to ! limitation inh]5t 9 any process ( r$uction1 9 any regress1 t is1 f conditionate to condition1 viz4 t 9 !ory an alt]native is /ill possible4 ,! inf]r$ pr9ciple may hold ! field z explanation )\t obvi\s competitor pot5tial or actual4 ,nev]!less its claim to be ! sole possible explanation c 9 n[ise be validat$4 ,x has be5 e/abli%$ aft] all by dialectic 9 ! ,ari/otelian s5se ( ! ^w4 ,b if transc5d5tal me?od has no special pride ( place1 ,kant's conclusion z to ! limits ( ! compet5ce ( intellectual faculty falls ) x4 ,cognition manife/ly ne$s ! help ( ,reason ev5 9 its !oretical use4 ,its speculation c no long] be /igmatiz$ z vatic9ation 9 vacuo1 nor its results z illusory4 ,logic & ,psy*ology4 ,f9ally1 to logic z metaphysic ! pol> anti!sis is psy*ology z logic4 ,! turn ( ?is also 0 to come aga94 ,if logic 7 treat$ z m]ely =mal1 ! /ress ( ! problem ( k fell ^u ! det]m9ation ( ! processes ( ! psy*ological me*anism4 ,if alleg$ a priori con/itu5ts ( k--su* rubrics z sub/ance1 prop]ty1 relation--come to be expla9$ psy*ologically1 ! =mal logic t has p]=ce to ignore all t belongs to psy*ology is conf9$ )9 too n>r[ a range to be able to ma9ta9 its place z an indep5d5t discipl9e1 & t5ds to be m]g$ 9 psy*ology4 ,?is t5d5cy is to be se5 9 ! activity ( ,fries & ,h]b>t & ,b5eke1 & 0 actualiz$ z ! aft]ma? ( _! speculation4 ,x is no accid5t t x 0 ! psy*ology ( app]ception & ! volunt>yi/ !ory or practice ( ,h]b>t1 ^: logical !ory 0 s closely alli$ to t ( ! =mal logicians prop]1 t contribut$ mo/ to ! developm5t ( ! po/-,kantian psy*ological logic4 ,ano!r movem5t help$ also2 ! expon5ts ( naturali/ic evolution 7 prep>$ ) ,sp5c] to expla9 ! s-call$ a priori 9 k z 9 tru? a po/]iori1 if n to ! individual at any rate to ! race4 ,x is ( c\rse a new] type ( psy*ological logic t is 9 "q1 "o t is aw>e ( ,kant's answ] to ,hume4 ,/u>t ,mill1 despite ( 8 relation ( antagonism to ,hamilton & ,mansel1 :o held !mselves to be ,kantian 9 _s1 is /ill :olly pre-,kantian 9 8 outlook4 ,summ>y4 ,kant's influ5ce1 !n1 ^u subsequ5t logic is lea/ ( all to be measur$ by 8 a*ievem5t 9 8 pr(ess$ contribution to te*nical logic4 ,x may be attribut$ 9 "s slight degree1 p]haps1 to incid5tal fla%es ( logical insight :]e 8 ?\ght is lea/ ( :at he himself calls logic1 e4g4 8 exposition ( ! significance ( syn!tic judgm5ts a priori1 or 8 explanation ( ! function ( imag]y 9 relation to ?\ght1 :]eby he (f]s a solution ( ! problem ( ! conditions "u :i* "o memb] ( a gr\p unifi$ ?r\gh a concept c be tak5 to /& = ! re/1 or aga9 ! way 9 :i* he puts 8 f+] on ! vital issue 9 reg>d to ! alleg$ pro( f ess5ce to exi/5ce1 & illu/rations c\ld be multipli$4 ,b mu* m x belongs to 8 trans=mation ( ! epi/emological problem1 & to ! sugge/iv5ess ( 8 philosophy z a :ole = an advance 9 ! direction ( a speculative con/ruction :i* %\ld be able to cancel all ,kant's surds1 & 9 p>ticul> v9dicate a gr\nd ( ! unity ( ! sup]s5sible :i* lies back ( nature ) t :i* ! concept ( fre$om implies 9 ! sph]e ( practice1#acb :i* is :at ,kant f9ally ass]ts4 iv4 ,aft] ,kant4 ,/>t+ f ! obvi\s anti!sis ( ?\ght & t ( :i* x is ! ?\ght1 x is possible to view ! ultimate relation ( its t]m z t ( mutual indiff]5ce or1 secondly1 z t ( a correspond5ce su* t :ile !y reta9 _! di/9ct "* modification ( ! "o implies modification ( ! o!r1 or ?irdly & la/ly1 z t ( a m]g5ce ( "o 9 ! o!r ( su* a nature t ! m]g$ t]m1 :i*ev] x be1 is fully acc\nt$ = 9 a complete !ory ( t 9 :i* x is m]g$4 ,! ,=mal ,logicians4 ,! fir/ way is t ( ! purely =mal logicians1 ( :om ,twe/5#acc & 9 ,engl& ,h4 ,l4 ,mansel may be reg>d$ z typical4 ,!y take ?\ght & ! giv5 z self-conta9$ units :i*1 if n 9 fact sep>able1 are at any rate susceptible ( an ab/raction ! "o f ! o!r s decisive z to con/itute an ideal sep>ation4 ,! laws ( ! pure activity ( ?\ght mu/ be indep5d5tly det]m9$1 & s9ce ! contribution ( ?\ght to k is =m !y mu/ be =mal only4 ,!y _c g beyond ! limits ( =mal consi/5cy or analytic correctness4 ,!y are conf9$ to ! det]m9ation ( :at ! tru? ( any matt] ( ?\ght1 tak5 = grant$ ^u gr\nds psy*ological or o!r1 :i* are extrane\s to logic1 includes or excludes4 ,! unit = logic is ! concept tak5 = grant$4 ,! function ( logic is to exhibit its =mal implications & repulsions4 ,x is que/ionable :e!r ev5 ?is mode/ task c\ld be really a*iev$ )\t o!r ref]5ce to ! cont5t ab/ract$ f ?an ,mansel1 = example1 all[s4 ,! analogy ( ! resolution ( a *emical comp\nd ) its elem5ts :i* is (t5 on ! lips ( ^? :o w\ld ju/ify ! indep5d5ce ( ?\ght & ! real _w1 ) an agno/ic conclusion z to non-ph5om5al or trans-subjective reality1 is n really applicable4 ,! oxyg5 & hydrog51 = example1 into :i* wat] may be resolv$ are n 9 /rictness indiff]5t "o to ! o!r1 s9ce bo? are memb]s ( an ord] regulat$ accord+ to laws ( comb9ation 9 def9ite ratios4 ,or1 if applicable1 x is d\ble-edg$4 ,suppose oxyg5 to be f\nd only 9 wat]4 ,7 x to become consci\s1 w\ld x !re=e foll[ t x c\ld inf] ! laws ( a sep>ate or indep5d5t activity ( its own8 ,simil>ly =ms ( ?9k+1 ! law ( contradiction n except$1 h _! mean+ only 9 ref]5ce to det]m9ate cont5t1 ev5 ?\gh di/ributively all det]m9ate cont5ts are disp5sable4 ,! extreme =mali/ is guilty ( a fallacy ( composition 9 reg>d to ab/raction4 ,x does n foll[1 h[ev]1 t ! laws ass]t$ by ! =mal logicians are invalid or unimportant4 ,!re is a p]missible ab/raction1 & 9 g5]al !y practise ?is1 & al?\gh !y n>r[ its range unduly1 x is legitimately to be appli$ to c]ta9 *>act]s ( ?9k+4 ,z ! liv+ organism includes some?+ ( me*anism--! skeleton1 = example--s an organic logic d\btless includes det]m9ations ( =mal consi/5cy4 ,! skeleton is mean+less ap>t f ref]5ce to its function 9 ! life ( an organism1 yet !re are laws ( skeleton /ructure :i* c be /udi$ ) mo/ advantage if o!r *>act]s ( ! organism are relegat$ to ! backgr\nd4 ,to all[1 h[ev]1 t ab/raction admits ( degrees1 & t x nev] oblit]ates all ref]5ce to t f :i* x is ab/ract$1 is to take a /ep =w>d 9 ! direction ( ! correlation ( logical =ms ) ! concrete processes ( actual ?9k+4 ,:at 0 true 9 =mal logic t5d$ to be absorb$ 9 ! correlationi/ !ories4 ,^? =mal logicians ( ! ,kantian s*ool1 !n1 may be summ>ily dismiss$1 ?\gh _! und]tak+ 0 a necess>y "o1 :o fail$ to raise ! epi/emological issue at all1 or :o1 rais+ x1 acquiesc$ 9 a nave dualism agno/ic ( ! real _w z ,kant's ess5tial lesson4 ,!y fail$ to develop any view :i* c\ld s]ve ei!r 9 fact or 9 !ory z a corrective to ! effect ( _! =malism4 ,:at !y said ) ju/ice 0 said z well or bett] else:]e4 ,among !m x is on ! :ole impossible n to include ! names ( ,hamilton & ,mansel4 ,! =m]1 :ile 8 erudition 9 respect to ! hi/ory ( philosophical op9ion has r>ely be5 equall$1 0 n a cle> ?9k]4 ,8 g5]al !ory ( k d]iv+ f ,kant & ,reid1 & includ+ among o!r ?+s a contam9atio ( _! !ories ( p]ception1#acd 9 no way su/a9s or mitigates 8 n>r[ view ( logic4 ,he makes no effective use ( 8 g5]al =mula t to ?9k is to condition4 ,he appeals to ! direct te/imony ( consci\sness 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ! appeal involves a fallacy4 ,he accepts an ultimate ant9omy z to ! f9it5ess or inf9ity ( ! uncondition$1 yet applies ! law ( ! exclud$ middle to insi/ t "o ( ! two alt]natives mu/ be true1 :]e=e we mu/ make ! *oice4 ,& :at is to be said ( ! judgm5t ( a writ] :o consid]s ! relativity ( ?\ght demon/rat$ by ! fact t e judgm5t unites two memb]s8 ,hamilton's significance = ! hi/ory ( logic lies 9 ! /imulus t he gave to ! developm5t ( symbolic logic 9 ,engl& by 8 new analytic bas$ ^u 8 discov]y or adoption ( ! pr9ciple ( ! quantification ( ! pr$icate4 ,mansel1 too1 0 le>n$1 specially 9 matt]s ( ,ari/otelian exegesis1 & mu* t is ( value lies buri$ 9 8 comm5tation ( ! dry bones ( ! ,artis ,logicae ,rudim5ta ( ,locke's contempor>y ,aldri*4 ,& he 0 a cle>] ?9k] ?an ,hamilton4 ,=mal logic ( ! extreme/ rig\r is n[h]e to be f\nd m adequately express$ 9 all its /r5g?1 & x mu/ be add$ 9 all its weakness1 ?an 9 ! writ+s ( ,mansel4 ,b if ! view ma9ta9$ above t =mal logic mu/ compromise or mitigate its rig\r & s fail to ma9ta9 its indep5d5ce1 be correct1 ! logical consi/5cy ( ,mansel's logic ( consi/5cy does b emphasize its b>r5ness4 ,x conta9s no g]m = fur!r developm5t4 ,x is ! end ( a movem5t4 ,h]b>t4 ,! brief logic ( ,h]b>t#ace is altoge!r =mal too4 ,logical =ms h = him nei!r psy*ological nor metaphysical ref]5ce1 we are conc]n$ 9 logic solely ) ! sy/ematic cl>ification ( concepts :i* are :olly ab/ract1 s t !y are n m]ely n ultimate realities1 b also 9 no s5se actual mom5ts ( our concrete ?9k+4 ,! fir/ task ( logic is to di/+ui% & gr\p su* concepts accord+ to _! m>ks1 & f _! classification !re naturally foll[s _! connexion 9 judgm5t4 ,x is 9 ! logic ( judgm5t t ,h]b>t inaugurates a new era4 ,he is n1 ( c\rse1 ! fir/ to note t ev5 categorical judgm5ts d n ass]t ! realization ( _! subject4 ,t is a ?\ght :i* lies v ne> ! surface = =mal logic4 ,he _h be5 prec$$ too by ,maimon 9 ! attempt at a r$uction ( ! traditional types ( judgm5t4 ,he 01 h[ev]1 ! fir/ ^: analysis 0 suffici5tly conv9c+ to exorcise ! tyranny ( grammatical =ms4 ,! categorical & disjunctive judgm5t r$uce to ! hypo!tical4 ,by means ( ! doctr9e ( ! quantification ( ! pr$icate1 9 :i* ) 8 ,leibnitzian conception ( id5tity he anticipat$ ,b5eke & ,hamilton alike1 univ]sal & p>ticul> judgm5ts are made to pull toge!r4 ,modal1 imp]sonal1 exi/5tial judgm5ts are all acc\nt$ =4 ,only ! di/9ction ( affirmative & negative judgm5ts rema9s unresolv$1 & ! exception is a natural "o f ! po9t ( view ( a philosophy ( pluralism4 ,!re 0 little left to be done "h save 9 ! way ( an inevitable mutatis mut&is1 ev5 by ,lotze & ,f4 ,h4 ,bradley4 ,f ! judgm5t view$ z hypo!tical we pass by affirmation ( ! antec$5t or d5ial ( ! consequ5t to inf]5ce4 ,?is po9t ( dep>ture is notewor?y1 z also is ! treatm5t ( ! inductive syllogism z "o 9 :i* ! middle t]m is resoluble into a gr\p or s]ies 7,reihe74 ,9 indicat+ specifically1 too1 ! case ( conclusion f a copulative major premise ) a disjunctive m9or1 ,h]b>t seems to h sugge/$ ! cue = ,sigw>t's exposition ( ,bacon's me?od ( exclusions4 ,t x 0 ! =mal "* ( ,h]b>t's logic :i* 0 ultimately fatal to its acceptance outside ! s*ool z an indep5d5t discipl9e is n to be d\bt$4 ,x /&s1 h[ev]1 on a diff]5t foot+ f t ( ! =mal logic hi!rto discuss$1 & is n to be condemn$ ^u q ! same gr\nds4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ,h]b>t is q aw>e ( ! nature ( ab/raction4 ,9 ! second1 !re is no claim t ?\ght at "o & ! same "t imposes =m on ! giv5 & is susceptible ( treatm5t 9 isolation by logic4 ,) ,h]b>t ! =ms ( common exp]i5ce1 & inde$ all t we c reg>d z 8 categories1 are products ( ! psy*ological me*anism & de/itute ( logical import4 ,& la/ly1 ,h]b>t's logic con=ms to ! exig5cies ( 8 sy/em z a :ole & ! pr9ciple ( ! b>e or absolute self-id5tity ( ! ultimate reals 9 p>ticul>4 ,x is = ?is reason t x f9ally lacks real aff9ity to ! pure logic ( ,fries4 ,= at ! basis ( ,h]b>t's speculation !re lies a conception ( id5tity =eign to ! ?\ght ( ,kant ) 8 /ress on syn!sis1 9 8 ?or\ghgo+ metaphysical use ( :i* ,h]b>t goes back n m]ely to ,wolff b to ,leibnitz4 ,x is no m]e co9cid5ce t 8 treatm5t ( all =ms ( cont9uance & ev5 8 positive metaphysic ( reals %[ aff9ity to ,leibnitz4 ,x 0 9 ! press+ to its extreme consequ5ces ( ! conception ( uncompromis+ id5tity :i* is to be f\nd 9 ,leibnitz1 t ! contradictions took _! rise :i* ,h]b>t aim$ at solv+1 by ! me?od ( relations & 8 doctr9e ( ! ultimate plurality ( reals4 ,! logic ( relations betwe5 conceptual units1 !mselves unalt]$ by ! relation1 seems a k9d ( reflection ( 8 metaphysical me?od4 ,to ^?1 ( c\rse1 = :om ! only real id5tity is id5tity 9 diff]5ce1 :ile id5tity )\t diff]5ce1 l diff]5ce )\t id5tity1 is simply a limit or a vani%+ po9t1 ,h]b>t's logic & metaphysic w alike lack plausibility4 ,! sett+ ( ,h]b>t's logic 9 8 ?\ght z a :ole might ( itself p]haps ju/ify sep>ate treatm5t4 ,8 f>-rea*+ influ5ce 9 ! developm5t ( lat] logic mu/ c]ta9ly d s4 ,directly he affect$ a s*ool ( ?\ght :i* conta9$ "o logician ( fir/-rate importance 9 ,moritz ,wilhelm ,drobis* 7#ahjb-ahif71 pr(essor at ,leipzig4 ,9 less direct relation /&s ,lotze1 :o1 al?\gh "u o!r influ5ces he develop$ a diff]5t view ev5 9 logic1 c]ta9ly let no po9t 9 ! doctr9e ( 8 great pr$ecessor at ,gtt+5 escape him4 ,a ,h]b>tian /ra9 is to be met ) also 9 ! ?\ght ( writ]s mu* fur!r afield1 = example ,f4 ,h4 ,bradley1 f> ?\gh 8 metaphysic is remov$ f ,h]b>t's4 ,h]b>t's influ5ce is surely to be f\nd too 9 ! evolution ( :at is call$ ,geg5/&/heorie4 ,nor did he affect ! logic ( 8 successors ?r\gh 8 logic alone4 ,ref]5ce has be5 made above to ! effect ^u ! rise ( ! lat] psy*ological logic produc$ by ,h]b>t's psy*ology ( app]ception1 :5 dis5gag$ f ! backgr\nd ( 8 metaphysic tak5 9 conjunction ) 8 treatm5t 9 8 practical philosophy ( ! judgm5t ( value or :at he calls ! ae/hetic judgm5t4 ,em]son's v]dict ^u a great] ?9k]--t 8 0 n a m9d to ne/le 9--may be true ( ,h]b>t1 b !re c be no d\bt z to ! /imulat+ =ce ( ?is ma/]4 ,logic z ! rationale ( k4 ,s*lei]ma*]4 ,! second way ( int]pret+ ! anti!sis ( ?\ght to :at is ?\ght (1 0 tak5 by a gr\p ( ?9k]s among :om a c5tral & inspir+ figure 0 ,s*lei]ma*]4 ,!y 9 no s5se con/itute a s*ool & manife/ radical diff]5ces among !mselves4 ,!y are agre$1 h[ev]1 9 ! rejection1 on ! "o h&1 ( ! subjectivi/ logic ) its intr9sic implication t k veils r ?an reveals ! real _w1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 ( ! logic ( ! speculative con/ruction ) its pret5sion to d$uce1 to det]m9e1 & f9ally at once to cancel & cons]ve any anti!sis 9 its all-embrac+ dialectic4 ,!y agree1 !n1 9 a ma9t5ance ( ! critical po9t ( view1 :ile all alike recognize ! necessity ( br++ ! ?\ght-function 9 k into m intimate relation ) its o!r ?an ,kant _h done1 by means ( "s =mula ( correlation or p>allelism4 ,su* an advance might h tak5 its cue directly f ,kant himself4 ,z an hi/orical fact x t5d$ r to =mulate itself z a reaction t[>ds ,kant 9 view ( ! c\rse tak5 by ! speculative movem5t4 ,?us ,s*lei]ma*]'s po/hum\sly publi%$ ,dialektik 7#ahci7 may be *>act]iz$ z an appeal f ! absoluti/ elem5t 9 ,s*ell+'s philosophy to ! conception ( t correlation or p>allelism :i* ,s*ell+ _h exhibit$ z fl[+ f & subsi/+ )9 8 absolute1 & !re9 z a return ^u ,kant's doctr9e ( limits4 ,s*lei]ma*]'s conception ( dialectic is to ! effect t x is conc]n$ ) ! pr9ciples ( ! art ( philosophiz+1 z ^! are susceptible ( a relatively indep5d5t treatm5t by a p]missible ab/raction4 ,pure ?9k+ or philosophiz+ is ) a view to philosophy or k z an int]connect$ sy/em ( all sci5ces or dep>tm5tal =ms ( k1 ! m>k ( k be+ its id5tity = all ?9k+ m9ds4 ,dialectic !n inve/igates ! nexus :i* mu/ be held to obta9 betwe5 all ?\ghts1 b also t agreem5t ) ! nexus 9 be+ :i* is ! condition ( ! validity ( ! ?\ght-nexus4 ,9 kn[+ !re are two functions involv$1 ! organic or animal function ( s5su\s exp]i5ce 9 virtue ( :i* we are 9 t\* ) be+1 directly 9 inn] p]ception1 m$iately 9 out] exp]i5ce1 & ! intellectual function ( con/ruction4 ,ei!r is indisp5sable1 ?\gh 9 diff]5t dep>tm5ts ( k ! pr$om9ant rle falls to "o or o!r1 e4g4 we are m dep5d5t 9 physics1 less s 9 e?ics4 ,! idea ( a p]fect h>mony ( ?9k+ & be+ is a presupposition t und]lies all kn[+ b _c itself be realiz$ 9 k4 ,9 t]ms ( ! agreem5t ( ?\ght & be+1 ! logical =ms ( ! "p ( dialectic correspond5t to k /atically consid]$ h p>allels & analogies 9 be+1 ! concept be+ correlat$ to sub/ance1 ! judgm5t to causal nexus4 ,inf]5ce1 curi\sly en\gh1 falls "u ! te*nical side ( dialectic conc]n$ ) k 9 process or becom+1 a l9e ( cleavage :i* ,ueb]weg has rightly *>act]iz$ z con/itut+ a rift )9 ,s*lei]ma*]'s p>allelism4 ,s*lei]ma*]'s =mula obvi\sly ascribes a function 9 k to ?\ght z su*1 & describes 9 a sugge/ive mann] a duality ( ! intellectual & organic functions1 re/+ on a p>allelism ( ?\ght & be+ ^: collapse into id5tity x is beyond human capacity to grasp4 ,x is r1 h[ev]1 a /atem5t ( a way 9 :i* ! relations ( ! t]ms ( ! problem may be conceiv$ ?an a sy/em ( necessity4 ,x may inde$ be p]mitt$ to d\bt :e!r its influ5ce ^u subsequ5t !ory w\ld h be5 a great "o ap>t f ! spiritual =ce ( ,s*lei]ma*]'s p]sonality4 ,"s sort ( correlationi/ conception1 h[ev]1 0 an inevitable developm5t1 & ! li/#acf ( ^? :o accept$ x 9 some?+ ( ! _s ( ,s*lei]ma*] is a long "o & conta9s _m di/+ui%$ names1 notably ^? ( ,tr5del5burg & ,ueb]weg4 ,! gr\p is loosely con/itut$ h[ev]4 ,!re 0 scope = div]sity ( view & !re 0 div]sity ( view1 accord+ z ! vital issue ( ! =mula 0 held to lie 9 ! relation ( intellectual function to organic function or 9 ! n q equival5t relation ( ?9k+ to be+4 ,moreov]1 few ( ! writ]s :o1 :atsoev] x 0 t !y baptiz$ ) ! "n ( logic1 7 at lea/ e>ne/ly engag$ 9 an endeav\r to solve ! problem ( k )9 a circle ( ideas :i* 0 on ! :ole ,kantian1 7 "u ! dom9ance ( a s+le inspiration4 ,b5eke's philosophy is a /rik+ in/ance ( ?is1 ) application to ,fries & aff9ity to ,h]b>t conjo9$ ) obligations to ,s*ell+ bo? directly & ?r\gh ,s*lei]ma*]4 ,lotze aga9 wove toge!r _m ?reads ( e>li] ?\ght1 ?\gh ! web 0 assur$ly 8 own4 ,f9ally x mu/ n be =gott5 t ! ho/ ( writ]s :o 7 9 reaction aga9/ ,hegelianism t5d$ to take refuge 9 "s =mula ( correlation1 z a half-way h\se betwe5 t & =malism or psy*ologism or bo?1 )\t ref]5ce to1 & (t5 p]haps )\t consci\sness (1 ! way 9 :i* hi/orically x _h tak5 %ape to meet ! problem held to h be5 left unresolv$ by ,kant4 ,lotze4 ,lotze on ! "o h& held ! ,hegelian d$uction to be unt5able1 & class$ himself ) ^? :o 9 8 own phrase pass$ to ! ord] ( ! day1 :ile on ! o!r h& he def9itely rais$ ! "q1 h[ an object c\ld be br\ght into =ms to :i* x 0 n 9 "s s5se adapt$4 ,accord+ly1 ?\gh he reg>ds logic z =mal1 its =ms come into relation to objectivity 9 "s sort ev5 )9 ! logical field itself1 :ile :5 tak5 9 ! sett+ ( 8 sy/em z a :ole1 its =mal "* is n ( a k9d t ultimately excludes psy*ological & metaphysical ref]5ce1 at lea/ speculatively4 ,z a logician ,lotze /&s among ! ma/]s4 ,8 flair = ! ess5tials 9 8 problem1 8 subtlety ( analysis1 8 pati5t will+ness to return ^u a difficulty f a fre% & /ill a fre% po9t ( view1 & f9ally 8 f95ess ( judgm5t1 make 8 logic#acg s ess5tially logic ( ! pres5t1 & ( its k9d n soon to be sup]s$$1 t no?+ m ?an an indication ( ! hi/orical significance ( "s ( its *>act]i/ic features ne$ be attempt$ "h4 ,9 ,lotze's pure logic x is ! ,h]b>tian elem5t t t5ds to be disconc]t+4 ,logic is =mal4 ,its unit1 ! logical concept1 is a manipulat$ product & ! process ( manipulation may be call$ ab/raction4 ,processes ( ! psy*ological me*anism lie bel[ x4 ,! p>adox ( ! !ory ( judgm5t is due to ! ideal ( id5tity1 & ! way 9 :i* ?is is evad$ by supplem5tation to produce a non-judgm5tal id5tity1 foll[$ by translation ( ! introduc$ accessories ) conditions 9 ! hypo!tical judgm5t1 is ?or\ghly 9 ,h]b>t's mann]4 ,! r$uction ( judgm5ts is on l9es already famili>4 ,syllogism is no in/rum5tal me?od by :i* we compose our k1 b an ideal to ! =m ( :i* x %\ld be br\ght4 ,x is1 z x 71 a s*$ule to be fill$ 91 & is connect$ ) ! disjunctive judgm5t z a s*ematic sett+ =? ( alt]natives1 n ) ! hypo!tical1 & ultimately ! apodictic judgm5t ) _! sugge/ion t x is ! real movem5t ( ?\ght t is subject$ to analysis4 ,yet ! resultant impression left by ! :ole treatm5t is n ,h]b>tian4 ,! concept is acc\nt$ = 9 ,kantian t]ms4 ,!re is no discont9uity betwe5 ! pre-logical or sub-logical conv]sion ( impressions into fir/ univ]sals & ! =mation ( ! logical concept4 ,ab/raction proves to be syn!sis ) comp5satory univ]sal m>ks 9 ! place ( ! p>ticul> m>ks ab/ract$ f4 ,syn!sis z ! "w ( ?\ght always supplies1 beside ! m]e conjunction or disjunction ( ideas1 a gr\nd ( _! coh]5ce or non-coh]5ce4 ,x is evid5t t ?\ght1 ev5 z dealt ) 9 pure logic1 has an objectify+ function4 ,its univ]sals h objective validity1 ?\gh ?is does n involve direct real ref]5ce4 ,! =mal conception ( pure logic1 !n1 is modifi$ by ,lotze 9 su* a way z n only to be compatible ) a view ( ! /ructural & functional adequacy ( ?\ght to t :i* at e po9t at :i* we take ?9k+ is /ill di/+ui%able f ?\ght1 b ev5 inevitably to sugge/ x4 ,t ! unit = logic is ! concept & n ! judgm5t has prov$ a /umbl+-block to ^? ( ,lotze's critics :o are accu/om$ to ?9k 9 t]ms ( ! act ( ?\ght z unit4 ,lotze's proc$ure is1 inde$1 analog\s to ! way 9 :i*1 9 8 philosophy ( nature1 he />ts f a plurality ( real be+s1 b by means ( a r$uctive movem5t1 an application ( ,kant's transc5d5tal me?od1 arrives at ! po/ulate or fact ( a law ( _! reciprocal action :i* calls = a moni/ic & ideali/ int]pretation4 ,he />ts1 t is 9 logic1 ) conceptual units app>5tly self-conta9$ & admitt+ ( no?+ b ext]nal relation1 b proce$s to ju/ify ! intr9sic relation betwe5 ! matt] ( 8 units by an appeal to ! fact ( ! coh]5ce ( all cont5ts ( ?\ght4 ,inde$1 if ?\ght admits irr$ucible units1 :at c unite8 ,yet he is left committ$ to 8 puzzle z to a r$uction ( judgm5t to id5tity1 :i* p>tially vitiates 8 treatm5t ( ! !ory ( judgm5t4 ,! out/&+ feature ( ?is is1 nev]!less1 n affect$1 viz4 ! attempt t he makes1 inspir$ cle>ly by ,hegel1 to develop ! v>i\s =ms ( judgm5t sy/ematically z memb]s ( a s]ies ( op]ations1 ea* ( :i* leaves a "p ( its problem unma/]$ & !reby gives rise to ! next4#ach ,z to inf]5ce1 f9ally1 ! ideal ( ! articulation ( ! univ]se ( disc\rse1 z x is = complete k1 :5 its disjunctions h be5 ?or\ghly foll[$ out & x is exhau/ively det]m9$1 c>ri$ ! day ) him aga9/ ! view t ! organon = ga9+ k is syllogism4 ,! ,ari/otelian =mula is m]ely ! expression1 =mally exp&$ & complete1 ( ! tru? already embodi$ 9 disjunctive judgm5t1 namely1 t e ,s :i* is a specific =m ( ,m possesses z its pr$icate a p>ticul> modification ( ea* ( ! univ]sal pr$icates ( ,m to ! exclusion ( ! re/4 ,s*lei]ma*]'s sep>ation ( inf]5ce f judgm5t & 8 attribution ( ! p[] to k 9 process _c f9d acceptance ) ,lotze4 ,! psy*ologi/ & ! =mal logician d inde$ jo9 h&s 9 ! d5ial ( a real movem5t ( ?\ght 9 syllogism4 ,lotze's logic !n1 is =mal 9 a s5se 9 :i* a logic :i* does n f9d ! conception ( syn!tic tru? emb>rass+ is n s4 ,x is canon & n organon4 ,9 ! "o case1 h[ev]1 :]e x recognizes :at is truly syn!sis1 i4e4 9 its acc\nt ( ! concept1 x br+s ! /atics ( k1 s to speak1 into integral relation ) ! dynamics4 ,& ?r\gh\t1 :]ev] ! survival f #ahdc1 ! id5tity bug-be>1 is = ! mom5t got rid ( 9 :at is really a m lib]al conception1 ! /atical doctr9e is develop$ 9 a brilliant & in=m+ mann]4 ,yet x is 9 ! detail ( 8 logical inve/igations1 some?+ too volatile to fix 9 summ>y1 t ,lotze's greatness z a logician m especially lies4 ,) ,lotze ! ideal t at la/ ! =ms ( ?\ght %all be realiz$ to be adequate to t :i* at any /age ( actual k always proves relatively intractable is an illum9at+ projection ( fai?4 ,he takes c\rage f ! reflection t to accept scepticism is to presume ! compet5ce ( ! ?\ght t accepts4 ,he w1 h[ev]1 take no easy way ( p>allelism4 ,our human ?\ght pursues devi\s & circuit\s me?ods4 ,its =ms are n unseldom scaffold+ = ! h\se ( k r ?an ! framework ( ! h\se itself4 ,our task is n to realise correspond5ce ) some?+ o!r ?an ?\ght1 b to make explicit ^? ju/ificatory notions :i* condition ! =m ( our appreh5sion4 ,h[ev] mu* we may presuppose an orig9al ref]5ce ( ! =ms ( ?\ght to t nature ( ?+s :i* is ! goal ( k1 we mu/ be prep>$ to f9d 9 !m _m elem5ts :i* d n directly reproduce ! actual reality to ! k ( :i* !y are to lead u4#aci ,! impulse ( ?\ght to r$uce co9cid5ce to coh]5ce rea*es imm$iately only to objectivity or validity4 ,! s5se 9 :i* ! presupposition ( a fur!r ref]5ce is to be int]pret$ & 9 :i* ju/ificatory notions = x c be adduc$ is only det]m9able 9 a philosophic sy/em z a :ole1 :]e feel+ has a place z well z ?\ght1 value equally ) validity4 ,lotze's logic !n repres5ts ! /atical aspect ( ! function ( ?\ght 9 k1 :ile1 s f> z we g 9 k ?\ght is always engag$ 9 ! unification ( a manifold1 :i* rema9s contradi/+ui%$ f x1 ?\gh n1 ( c\rse1 completely ali5 to & unadapt$ to x4 ,! fur!r /ep to ! det]m9ation ( ! gr\nd ( h>mony is n to be tak5 9 logic1 :]e limits are pres5t & untransc5d$4 ,logic z ,metaphysic4 ,! position ( ! se>* = tru?1 = :i* k is a gr[+ organism 9 :i* ?\ght ne$s1 s to speak1 to fe$ on some?+ o!r ?an itself1 is condition$ 9 ! po/-,kantian p]iod by antagonism to ! speculative movem5t :i* culm9at$ 9 ! dialectic ( ,hegel4 ,! radical ?\ght ( ?is movem5t 0 voic$ 9 ! dem& ( ,re9hold#adj t philosophy %\ld d$uce x all f a s+le pr9ciple & by a s+le me?od4 ,kant's limits t mu/ ne$s be ?\ght & yet _c be ?\ght mu/ be ?\ght away4 ,an e>ne/ attempt to satisfy ?is dem& 0 made by ,fi*te ^: s+le pr9ciple 0 ! activity ( ! pure ,ego1 :ile 8 s+le me?od 0 ! ass]tion ( a tru? reveal$ by reflection on ! cont5t ( consci\s exp]i5ce1 ! *>act]ization ( ?is z a half tru? & ! supplem5tation ( x by its o!r1 & f9ally ! h>monization ( bo?4 ,! pure ego is inf]r$ f ! fact t ! non-ego is realiz$ only 9 ! act ( ! ego 9 posit+ x4 ,! ego posits itself1 b reflection on ! giv5 %[s t we mu/ add t x posits also ! non-ego4 ,! two positions are to be conciliat$ 9 ! ?\ght ( reciprocal limitation ( ! posit$ ego & non-ego4 ,& s =?4 ,fi*te _c be said to h develop$ a logic1 b ?is rhy?m ( !sis1 anti!sis & syn!sis1 =e%ad[$ 9 "p = ,fi*te 9 ,sp9oza's =mula1 omnis det]m9atio e/ negatio & significantly 9 ,kant's triadic gr\p+ ( 8 categories1 gave a cue to ! ?\ght ( ,hegel4 ,s*ell+1 too1 call$ = a s+le pr9ciple & claim$ to h f\nd x 9 8 ,absolute1 ! night said ,hegel1 9 :i* all c[s are black1 b 8 hi/orical influ5ce lay1 z we h se51 9 ! direction ( a p>allelism )9 ! unity1 & he also develop$ no logic4 ,x is altoge!r o!rwise ) ,hegel4 ,hegel4 ,hegel's logic1#ada ?\gh x involves inquiries :i* cu/om reg>ds z metaphysical1 is n to be *>act]iz$ z a metaphysic ) a me?od4 ,x is logic or a rationale ( ?\ght by ?\ght1 ) a full developm5t among o!r matt]s ( all t ! mo/ sep>ati/ ( logicians reg>ds z ?\ght =ms4 ,x (f]s a solution ( :at has ?r\gh\t appe>$ z ! logical problem4 ,t solution lies d\btless 9 ! evolution ( ! ,idea1 i4e4 an all-inclusive 9 :i* m]e or pure ?\ght is cancell$ 9 its sep>at5ess by a transfiguration1 :ile logic is no?+ b ! sci5ce ( ! ,idea view$ 9 ! m$ium ( pure ?\ght4 ,b1 :atev] else x be1 ?is ,panlogismus1 to use ! ^w ( ,j4 ,e4 ,erdmann1 is at lea/ a logic4 ,?\ght 9 its progressive unfold+1 ( :i* ! hi/ory ( philosophy tak5 9 its broad outl9e (f]s a pageant1 necess>ily _c f9d any?+ ext]nal to or ali5 f itself1 ?\gh t !re is some?+ ext]nal = x is ano!r matt]4 ,z ,fi*te's ,ego f9ds t its non-ego spr+s f & has its home )9 its v self1 s ) ,hegel ?\ght f9ds itself 9 its o!r1 bo? subsi/+ 9 ! ,idea :i* is bo? & nei!r4 ,ei!r ( ! two is ! all1 z1 = example1 ! law ( ! convexity ( ! curve is ! law ( ! curve & ! law ( its concavity4 ,! process ( ! developm5t ( ! ,idea or ,absolute is 9 "o reg>d ! imman5t process ( ! all4 ,logically reg>d$1 i4e4 9 ! m$ium ( m]e ?\ght1 x is dialectical me?od4 ,any ab/ract & limit$ po9t ( view c>ries necess>ily to its contradictory4 ,?is c only be aton$ ) ! orig9al det]m9ation by fre% negation 9 :i* a new ?\ght-det]m9ation is born1 :i* is yet 9 a s5se ! old1 ?\gh enri*$1 & valid on a high] plane4 ,! limitations ( ?is 9 turn cause a contradiction to em]ge1 & ! process ne$s repetition4 ,at la/1 h[ev]1 no sw+ into ! opposite1 ) its prim>ily conflict+1 if ultimately complem5t>y function1 is any long] possible4 ,t 9 :i* no fur!r contradiction is possible is ! absolute ,idea4 ,b>e or indet]m9ate be+1 = in/ance1 ! fir/ ( ! det]m9ations ( ,hegel's logic1 z ! be+ ( t :i* is n any?+ det]m9ate1 ( ,kant's ?+-9-itself1 = example1 positively und]/ood1 implicat$ at once ! notion ( n-be+1 :i* negates x1 & is "o ) x1 yet ) a diff]5ce1 s t we h ! transition to det]m9ate be+1 ! transition be+ baptiz$ z becom+4 ,& s =?4 ,x is easy to raise difficulties n only 9 reg>d to ! detail 9 ,hegel's developm5t ( 8 categories1 especially ! high] ones1 b also 9 reg>d to ! ess5tial rhy?m ( 8 me?od4 ,! consid]ation t m]e d\ble negation leaves u precisely :]e we 7 & n ^u a high] plane :]e ! dom9ant concept is ri*]1 is1 ( c\rse1 fatal only to c]ta9 v]bal expressions ( ,hegel's int5t4 ,!re is a diff]5tiation 9 type betwe5 ! two negations4 ,b if we grant ?is x is no long] obvi\sly ! simple logical op]ation indicat$4 ,x is inf]r$ !n t ,hegel complem5ts f ! /uff ( exp]i5ce1 & fails to make good ! pret5sion ( 8 me?od to be by itself & ( itself ! means ( advance to high] & /ill high] concepts till x c re/ 9 ! ,absolute4 ,he disc>ds1 z x 71 & takes 9 f ! /ock :ile pr(ess+ to play f :at he has orig9ally 9 8 h&4 ,he po/ulates 8 unity 9 s5ses & at /ages 9 :i* x is inadmissible1 & s supplies only a s*ema ( relations o!rwise won1 a view support$ by ! way 9 :i* he injects c]ta9 det]m9ations 9 ! process1 e4g4 ! category ( *emism4 ,has he n cook$ ! process 9 ! light ( ! result8 ,9 tru? ! ,hegelian logic suff]s f ! fact t ! good to be rea*$ is presuppos$ 9 ! beg9n+4 ,nature1 e4g41 is n d$uc$ z real because rational1 b be+ real its rationality is presum$ &1 v imp]fectly1 exhibit$ 9 a way to make x possible to conceive x z 9 its ess5ce ! reflex ( ,reason4 ,x is a vision r ?an a con/ruction4 ,x is a !osophical logic4 ,consid] ! rational-real 9 ! unity t mu/ be1 & ?is is ! way ( x1 or an approximation to ! way ( x6 ,x 0 inevitable t ! epi/emologi/s ( ! se>* = tru? w\ld h none ( x4 ,! ideal 9 :atsoev] s5se real /ill ne$s to be realiz$4 ,x is f ! human /&po9t regulative & only hypo!tically or =mally con/itutive4 ,we mu/ n confuse ,greek3 ousia ) ,greek3 e9ai1 nor ,greek3 e9ai ) ,greek3 gigne/hai4 ,yet 9 a less ambiti\s =m ! fundam5tal cont5tions ( ,hegel's me?od t5d to f9d a qualifi$ acceptance4 ,9 any piece ( presum$ k its p>tial or ab/ract "* involves ! pres5ce ( loose edges :i* =ce ! conviction ( inadequacy & ! developm5t ( contradictions4 ,contradictions mu/ be annull$ by complem5tation1 ) resultant increas+ coh]5ce 9 asc5d+ /ages4 ,at ea* successive /age 9 our progress fre% contradictions break out1 b ! ideal ( a /ation at :i* ! ?\ght-process & its o!r1 if n "o1 are at "o1 is p]missible z a limit+ conception4 ,yet if ,hegel meant only ?is he has inde$ succe$$ 9 conceal+ 8 mean+4 ,hegel's treatm5t ( ! categories or ?\ght det]m9ations :i* arise 9 ! developm5t ( ! imman5t dialectic is ri* 9 fla%es ( insight1 b mo/ ( !m are 9 ! ord9>y view ( logic :olly metaphysical4 ,9 ! /age1 h[ev]1 ( 8 process 9 :i* he is conc]n$ ) ! notion are to be f\nd concept1 judgm5t1 syllogism4 ,( ! la/ he decl>es t x is ! reasonable & ev]y?+ reasonable 7,encyk4 #aha71 & has ! phantasy to speak ( ! def9ition ( ! ,absolute z be+ at ?is /age simply ! syllogism4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 ! rhy?m ( ! syllogism t attracts him4 ,! concept goes out f or utt]s itself 9 judgm5t to return to an enhanc$ unity 9 syllogism4 ,ueb]weg 7,sy/em #aja7 is1 on ! :ole1 ju/ifi$ 9 exclaim+ t ,hegel's rehabilitation ( syllogism did b slight s]vice to ! ,ari/otelian !ory ( syllogism1 yet 8 treatm5t ( syllogism mu/ be reg>d$ z an acute contribution to logical criticism 9 ! te*nical s5se4 ,he insi/s on its objectivity4 ,! transition f judgm5t is n br\ght ab\t by our subjective action4 ,! syllogism ( all-ness is convict$ ( a petitio pr9cipii 7,encyk4 #aij71 ) consequ5t lapse into ! inductive syllogism1 &1 f9ally1 s9ce inductive syllogism is involv$ 9 ! inf9ite process1 into analogy4 ,! syllogism ( necessity1 on ! contr>y1 does n presuppose its conclusion 9 its premises4 ,! detail1 too1 ( ! :ole discussion is ri* 9 sugge/ion1 & subsequ5t logicians--,ueb]weg himself p]haps1 ,lotze c]ta9ly 9 8 g5etic scale ( types ( judgm5t & inf]5ce1 ,pr(essor ,bosanquet notably 9 8 sy/ematic developm5t ( ! morphology ( k1 & o!rs--h ) reason exploit$ x4 ,hegel's logic z a :ole1 h[ev]1 /&s & falls n ) 8 ?\ghts on syllogism1 b ) ! claim made = ! dialectical me?od t x exhibits logic 9 its integral unity ) metaphysic1 ! ?\ght-process z ! self-revelation ( ! ,idea4 ,! claim 0 disall[$4 ,to ! =mali/ prop] x 0 self-condemn$ 9 its pret5sion to develop ! cont5t ( ?\ght & its rejection ( ! =mula ( b>e-id5tity4 ,to ! epi/emologi/ x seem$ to confuse f\ndation & key/one1 & to suppose itself to build ^u ! latt] 9 a con/ruction illegitimately appropriative ( mat]ials o!rwise accumulat$4 ,at mo/ x 0 ?\ght to e/abli% a s*ema ( =mal unity :i* might s]ve z a regulative ideal4 ,to ! me?odologi/ ( sci5ce 9 g5esis x appe>$ altoge!r to fail to satisfy any practical int]e/4 ,f9ally1 to ! psy*ologi/ x spelt ! failure ( intellectualism1 & enc\rag$1 !re=e1 "s =m ( rehabilitat$ exp]i5tialism4 ,9 ! ,hegelian s*ool 9 ! n>r[] s5se ! logic ( ! ma/] receives "s exegesis & def5ce ^u s+le po9ts ( doctr9e r ?an z a :ole4 ,its effect ^u logic is r to be se5 9 ! re?9k+ ( ! traditional body ( logical doctr9e 9 ! light ( an absolute presuppos$ z ideal1 ) ! po/ulate t a regulative ideal mu/ ultimately exhibit itself z con/itutive1 ! ju/ification ( ! po/ulate be+ held to lie 9 ! coh]5ce & all-inclusiv5ess ( ! result4 ,9 su* a logic1 if & s f> z coh]5ce %\ld be atta9$1 w\ld be f\nd some?+ ak9 to ! _s ( :at ,hegel a*ieves1 ?\gh d\btless ali5 to ! lett] ( :at x is 8 pret5sion to h a*iev$4 ,!re is p]haps no s]i\s misrepres5tation involv$ 9 reg>d+ a key-?\ght ( ?is type1 ?\gh n necess>ily express$ 9 ^? v]bal =ms1 z p]vad+ su* logic ( ! pres5t z coh]es ) a philosophy ( ! absolute conceiv$ f a po9t ( view t is intellectuali/ ?r\gh\t4 ,all o!r contempor>y movem5ts may be said to be 9 revolt f ,hegel4 v4 ,logic f #ahhj-aiaj ,logic 9 ! pres5t exhibits1 ?\gh 9 *>act]i/ically modifi$ %apes1 all ! ma9 types t h be5 f\nd 9 its pa/ hi/ory4 ,!re is an intellectuali/ logic coalesc5t ) an absoluti/ metaphysic z a=esaid4 ,!re is an epi/emological logic ) sometimes =mali/1 sometimes me?odological lean+s4 ,!re is a =mal-symbolic logic engag$ ) ! elaboration ( a relational calculus4 ,f9ally1 !re is :at may be t]m$ psy*ological-volunt>yi/ logic4 ,x is 9 ! rapidity ( developm5t ( logical inve/igations ( ! ?ird & f\r? types & ! gr[+ numb] ( _! expon5ts t ! pres5t %[s mo/ cle>ly ! hi/ory ( logic 9 ! mak+4 ,all ^! movem5ts are logic ( ! pres5t1 & a v brief indication may be add$ ( po9ts ( hi/orical significance4 ,( intellectuali/ logic ,francis ,h]b]t ,bradley#adb 7b4 #ahdf7 & ,b]n>d ,bosanquet#adc 7#ahdh7 may be tak5 z typical expon5ts4 ,! philosophy ( ! =m] concludes to an ,absolute by ! annulm5t ( contradictions1 ?\gh ! ladd] ( ,hegel is conspicu\s by its abs5ce4 ,8 metaphysical me?od1 h[ev]1 is l ,h]b>t's1 n id5tifiable ) 8 logic1 & ! latt] has = its c5tral *>act]i/ic its ?or\gh re/atem5t ( ! logical =ms traditional 9 language & ! text-books1 9 su* a way z to h>monize ) ! doctr9e ( a reality ^: organic unity is all-inclusive4 ,! ?or\gh reca/+ t ?is involves1 ev5 ( ! ?\ght ( ! ma/]s :5 x occasionally e*oes !m1 has result$ 9 a phras+ unc\? to ! e> ( ! pla9 man ) 8 _w ( p]sons & ?+s 9 :i* ! =m] simply ?9k ab\t ! latt]1 b x is fundam5tally necess>y = ,bradley's purpose4 ,! negative judgm5t1 = example1 _c be held 9 "o & ! same undivid$ act to presuppose ! unity ( ! real1 project an adjective z conceivably applicable to x & ass]t its rejection4 ,we ne$1 !re=e1 a re/atem5t ( x4 ,) ,bradley reality is ! "o subject ( all judgm5t imm$iate or m$iate4 ,! act ( judgm5t :i* ref]s an ideal cont5t 7recogniz$ z su*7 to a reality beyond ! act is ! unit = logic4 ,grammatical subject & pr$icate necess>ily bo? fall "u ! rubric ( ! adjectival1 t is1 )9 ! logical idea or ideal cont5t ass]t$4 ,?is is a mean+ or univ]sal1 :i* c h no deta*$ or ab/ract self-subsi/5ce4 ,z f\nd 9 judgm5t x may exhibit diff]5ces )9 itself1 b x is n two1 b "o1 an articulation ( unity1 n a fusion1 :i* c\ld only be a confusion1 ( diff]5ces4 ,) a brilliant subtlety ,bradley analyses ! v>i\s types ( judgm5t 9 8 own way1 ) results t mu/ be tak5 into acc\nt by all subsequ5t logicians ( ?is type4 ,! view ( inf]5ce ) :i* he complem5ts x is only less satisfactory because ( a failure to di/+ui% ! pr9ciple ( nexus 9 syllogism f its traditional =mulation & rules1 & because he is hamp]$ by ! intractability :i* he f9ds 9 c]ta9 =ms ( relational con/ruction4 ,bosanquet _h ! advantage t 8 logic 0 a "w ( a slightly lat] date4 ,he is1 p]haps1 m able ?an ,bradley has %[n himself1 to use mat]ial f ali5 s\rces & to p5etrate to :at is ( value 9 ! ?\ght ( writ]s f :om1 :e!r on ! :ole or on p>ticul> issues1 he disagrees4 ,he treats ! book-tradition1 h[ev]1 a debt to :i*1 n[adays inevitable1 he is g5]\s 9 ackn[l$g+1#add ) a judici\s ex]cise ( fre$om 9 adaptation1 i4e4 con/ructively z datum1 nev] eclectically4 ,9 8 fundam5tal !ory ( judgm5t 8 obligation is to ,bradley4 ,x is to ,lotze1 h[ev]1 t he owes mo/ 9 ! *>act]i/ic feature ( 8 logic1 viz41 ! sy/ematic developm5t ( ! types ( judgm5t1 & inf]5ce f less adequate to m adequate =ms4 ,8 fundam5tal cont9uity ) ,bradley may be illu/rat$ by 8 def9ition ( inf]5ce4 ,inf]5ce is ! indirect ref]5ce to reality ( diff]5ces )9 a univ]sal1 by means ( ! exhibition ( ?is univ]sal 9 diff]5ces directly ref]r$ to reality4#ade ,bosanquet's ,logic w long reta9 its place z an au?oritative exposition ( logic ( ?is type4 ,( epi/emological logic 9 "o s5se ( ! phrase ,lotze is /ill to be reg>d$ z a typical expon5t4 ,( ano!r type ,*r4 ,sigw>t 7q4v47 may be nam$ z repres5tative4 ,sigw>t's aim 0 to recon/ruct logic f ! po9t ( view ( me?odology4 ,8 problem 0 ! claim to arrive at propositions univ]sally valid1 & s true ( ! object1 :osoev] ! individual ?9k]4 ,8 solution1 )9 ! ,kantian circle ( ideas1 0 t su* pr9ciples z ! ,kantian pr9ciple ( causality 7 ju/ifi$ z po/ulates ( ! endeav\r aft] complete k4 ,:at ,kant has %[n is n t irregul> fleet+ *anges c nev] be ! object ( consci\sness1 b only t ! ideal consci\sness ( complete sci5ce w\ld be impossible )\t ! k ( ! necessity ( all ev5ts4#adf ,! univ]sal presuppositions :i* =m ! outl9e ( our ideal ( k are n s mu* laws :i* ! und]/&+ prescribes to nature 444 z laws :i* ! und]/&+ lays d[n = its own regulation 9 its inve/igation & consid]ation ( nature4 ,!y are a priori because no exp]i5ce is suffici5t to reveal or confirm !m 9 unconditional univ]sality2 b !y are a priori 444 only 9 ! s5se ( presuppositions )\t :i* we %\ld "w ) no hope ( success & m]ely at r&om & :i* !re=e we mu/ believe4 ,f9ally !y are ak9 to our e?ical pr9ciples4 ,) ?is coh]es 8 dictum1 ) its f>-rea*+ consequ5ces = ! philosophy ( induction1 t ! logical ju/ification ( ! inductive process re/s ^u ! fact t x is an inevitable po/ulate ( our ef=t aft] k1 t ! giv5 is necess>y1 & c be kn[n z proce$+ f its gr\nds accord+ to univ]sal laws4#adg ,x is *>act]i/ic ( ,sigw>t's po9t ( view t he ackn[l$ges obligation to ,mill z well z to ,ueb]weg4 ,! transmutation ( ,mill's induction ( inductions into a po/ulate is an advance ( :i* ! psy*ological s*ool ( logicians h n be5 sl[ to make use4 ,! comp>ison ( ,sigw>t ) ,lotze is in/ructive1 9 reg>d bo? to _! agreem5t & _! div]g5ce z %[+ ! range ( ! epi/emological =mula4 ,( ! =mal-symbolic logic all t falls to be said "h is1 t f ! po9t ( view ( logic z a :ole1 x is to be reg>d$ z a legitimate praxis z long z x %[s itself aw>e ( ! s5se 9 :i* alone =m is susceptible ( ab/raction1 & is aw>e t 9 itself x (f]s no solution ( ! logical problem4 ,x is n an algebra1 said ,kant#adh ( 8 te*nical logic1 & ! k9d ( support l5t rec5tly to symbolic logic by ! ,geg5/&/heorie id5tifi$ ) ! "n ( ,alexius ,me9ong 7b4 #ahec7adi is qualifi$ by ! w>n+ t ! real activity ( ?\ght t5ds to fall outside ! calculus ( relations & to atta* r to ! subsidi>y function ( d5ot+4 ,! future ( symbolic logic z coh]5t ) ! re/ ( logic1 9 ! s5se :i* ! ^w has borne ?r\gh\t its hi/ory seems to be b\nd up ) ! "q ( ! nature ( ! analysis t lies beh9d ! symbolism1 & ( ! way 9 :i* ?is is ju/ifi$ 9 ! sett+ ( a doctr9e ( validity4 ,! !ory ( ! object1 itself1 :ile affect+ logic alike 9 ! =mal & 9 ! psy*ological conception ( x v deeply1 does n claim to be reg>d$ z logic or a logic1 ap>t f a sett+ suppli$ f else:]e4 ,f9ally we h a logic ( a type fundam5tally psy*ological1 if x be n m prop]ly *>act]iz$ z a psy*ology :i* claims to cov] ! :ole field ( philosophy1 includ+ ! logical field4 ,! c5tral & organiz+ pr9ciple ( ?is is t k is 9 g5esis1 t ! g5esis takes place 9 ! m$ium ( individual m9ds1 & t ?is fact implies t !re is a necess>y ref]5ce ?r\gh\t to int]e/s or purposes ( ! subject :i* ?9ks because x wills & acts4 ,hi/orically ?is doctr9e 0 =mulat$ z ! decl>ation ( indep5d5ce ( ! insurg5ts 9 revolt aga9/ ! pret5sions ( absoluti/ logic4 ,x drew = support ^u ! psy*ological movem5t t beg9s ) ,fries & ,h]b>t4 ,x has be5 *iefly indebt$ to writ]s1 :o 7 n1 or 7 n prim>ily1 logicians1 to ,av5>ius1 = example1 = ! law ( ! economy ( ?\ght1 to ,wundt1 ^: sy/em1 & !re) 8 logic1#aej is a p5dant to 8 psy*ology1 = ! volitional "* ( judgm5t1 to ,h]b]t ,sp5c] & o!rs4 ,a judgm5t is practical1 & n to be divorc$ )\t improp] ab/raction f ! purpose & w t in=ms x4 ,a concept is in/rum5tal to an end beyond itself1 )\t any validity o!r ?an its value = action4 ,a situation involv+ a ne$ ( adaptation to environm5t arises & ! problem x sets mu/ be solv$ t ! w may control environm5t & be ju/ifi$ by success4 ,tru? is ! improvis$ ma*9]y t is int]ject$1 s f> z ?is works4 ,x is cle> t we are 9 ! pres5ce ( :at is at lea/ an important half-tru?1 :i* intellectuallism ) its /atics ( ! rational ord] view$ z a completely articulate sy/em has t5d$ to ignore4 ,x ?r[s light on _m phases ( ! se>* = tru?1 ^u ! pla9 man's claim to />t ) a subject :i* he kn[s ^: pr$icate :i* he does n "k is /ill to be develop$1 or aga9 ^u 8 use ( ! negative =m ( judgm5t1 :5 ! fur!r det]m9ation ( 8 purposive sy/em is s]v$ by a positive judgm5t f )\t1 ! positive cont5t ( :i* is yet to be dropp$ z irrelevant to ! matt] 9 h&4 ,! movem5t has1 h[ev]1 sc>cely develop$ its logic#aea except z polemic4 ,:at seems cle> is t x _c be ! :ole solution4 ,:ile man mu/ confront nature f ! human & l>gely ! practical /&po9t1 yet 8 control is a*iev$ only by ! increas+ recognition ( objective controls4 ,he conqu]s by ob$i5ce4 ,s tru? works & is economical because x is tru?4 ,work+ is proportion$ to inn] coh]5ce4 ,x is well t ! view %\ld be develop$ into all its consequ5ces4 ,! result w be to limit x1 ?\gh p]haps also to ju/ify x1 save 9 its claim to reign alone4 ,!re is1 p]haps1 an increas+ t5d5cy to recognize t ! organism ( k is a ?+ :i* f any s+le viewpo9t mu/ be se5 9 p]spective4 ,x is ( c\rse a po/ulate t all tru?s h>monize1 b to give ! h>moni\s :ole 9 a projection 9 "o plane is an und]tak+ ^: adequacy 9 "o s5se involves an inadequacy 9 ano!r4 ,no human ar*itect c hope to take up 9 succession all ess5tial po9ts ( view 9 reg>d to ! =m ( k or to logic4 ,! great campanile is /ill to f9i%4 ,,bibliography4--,hi/orical3 ,no complete hi/ory ( logic 9 ! s5se 9 :i* x is to be di/+ui%$ f !oretical philosophy 9 g5]al has z yet be5 writt54 ,! hi/ory ( logic is inde$ s little intelligible ap>t f con/ant ref]5ce to t5d5cies 9 philosophical developm5t z a :ole1 t ! hi/orian1 :5 he has made ! requisite prep>atory /udies1 incl9es to essay ! m ambiti\s task4 ,yet !re are1 ( c\rse1 works devot$ to ! hi/ory ( logic prop]4 ,( ^! ,prantl's ,ges*i*te d] ,logik im ,ab5dl&e 7#d vols41 #ahee-ahgj71 :i* traces ! rise1 developm5t & =tunes ( ! ,ari/otelian logic to ! close ( ! middle ages1 is monum5tal4 ,next 9 importance are ! works ( ,l4 ,rabus1 ,logik und ,metaphysik1 i4 7#ahfh7 7pp4 #abc-bdb hi/orical1 pp4 #dec-eah bibliographical1 pp4 #ead sqq4 a section on app>atus = ! /udy ( ! hi/ory ( logic71 ,die neue/5 ,be/rebung5 auf dem ,gebiete d] ,logik bei d5 ,deuts*5 7#ahhj71 ,logik 7#ahie71 especially = lat] writ]s #ag4 ,ueb]weg's ,sy/em d] ,logik und ,ges*i*te d] logis*5 ,lehr5 7#d? ed4 & la/ revis$ by ! au?or1 #ahgd1 ?\gh x has be5 reissu$ lat]1 ,eng4 trans41 #ahga7 is alone to be nam$ ) ^!4 ,h>ms' po/hum\sly publi%$ ,ges*i*te d] ,logik 7#ahha7 7,die ,philosophie 9 ihr] ,ges*i*te1 ii47 0 complet$ by ! au?or only s f> z ,leibnitz4 ,blakey's ,hi/orical ,sket* ( ,logic 7#ahea71 ?\gh1 l all ?is writ]'s works1 clos+ ) a bibliography ( "s pret5sions1 is n[ negligible4 ,franck1 ,esquisse d'une hi/oire de la logique 7#ahch7 is ! *ief ,fr5* contribution to ! subject z a :ole4 ,( contributions t[>ds ! hi/ory ( special p]iods or s*ools ( logical ?\ght ! li/1 f ! op5+ *apt]s ( ,ramus's ,s*olae ,dialecticae 7#aefi7 d[nw>ds 7v4 ,rabus loc4 cit47 w\ld be endless4 ,:at is ( value 9 ! e>li] works has n[ be5 absorb$4 ,! ,sy/em d] ,logik 7#ahbh7 ( ,ba*mann 7a ,kantian logician ( di/9ction7 conta9s a hi/orical survey 7pp4 #efi-fdd71 z does ! ,d5klehre 7#ahbb7 ( van ,calk] 7alli$ 9 ?\ght to ,fries7 pp4 #ab sqq42 ,eb]/e9's ,ges*i*te d] ,logik und ,metaphysik bei d5 ,deuts*5 von ,leibniz bis auf geg5wrtige ,zeit 7late/ edition1 #agii7 is /ill ( importance 9 reg>d to logicians ( ! s*ool ( ,wolff & ! orig9es ( ,kant's logical ?\ght4 ,h(fmann1 ! editor & disciple ( von ,baad]1 publi%$ ,grundzge e9] ,ges*i*te d] ,begriffe d] ,logik 9 ,deuts*l& von ,kant bis ,baad] 7#ahea74 ,wallace's prolegom5a & notes to 8 ,logic ( ,hegel 7#ahgd1 revis$ & augm5t$ #ahib-ahid7 are ( use = ! hi/ory & t]m9ology1 z well z ! !ory4 ,riehl's article entitl$ ,logik 9 ,die ,kultur d] ,geg5w>t1 vi4 #a4 ,sy/ematis*e ,philosophie 7#aijg71 is excell5t1 & t\*es on q mod]n developm5ts4 ,li>d1 ,les ,logici5s ,anglais ,contempora9s 7#e? ed41 #aijg71 deals only ) ! #ai?-c5tury inductive & =mal-symbolic logicians d[n to ,jevons1 to :om ! book 0 orig9ally d$icat$4 ,v5n's ,symbolic ,logic 7#ahha7 gave a c>eful hi/ory & bibliography ( t developm5t4 ,! hi/ory ( ! m rec5t *anges is z yet to be f\nd only 9 ! =m ( un%ap$ mat]ial 9 ! pages ( review & ,jahresb]i*t4 7,h4 ,w4 ,b4997 ,,footnotes3 #a ,cf4 ,heidel1 ,! ,logic ( ! ,pre-,socratic ,philosophy1 9 ,dewey's ,/udies 9 ,logical ,!ory 7,*icago1 #aijc74 #b ,h]aclitus1 ,fragmm4 #ajg 7,diels1 ,fragm5te d] ,vorsokratik]7 & #b1 on :i* see ,burnet1 ,e>ly ,greek ,philosophy1 p4 #aec note 7ed4 #b74 #c e4g4 ,diog4 ,lart4 ix4 #be1 f ! lo/ ,sophi/es ( ,ari/otle4 #d ,plato & ,platonism1 p4 #bd4 #e ,no?+ is4 ,if any?+ is1 x _c be kn[n4 ,if any?+ is kn[n x _c be communicat$4 #f ,metaphys4 mu4 #ajgh;b #bh sqq4 #g ,cf4 ,ari/4 ,top4 !ta4 i4 #a ad f94 #h ,= :om see ,dmml]1 ,anti/h5ica 7#ahhb1 repr9t$ 9 8 ,kle9e ,s*rift51 #aija74 #i ,ari/otle1 ,metaphys4 #ajbd;b #cb sqq4 #aj ,plato1 ,!aetetus1 #bja ,e4 sqq41 :]e1 h[ev]1 ,anti/h5es is n nam$1 & ! ref]5ce to him is sometimes d\bt$4 ,b cf4 ,ari/otle1 ,met4 ,h #c4 #ajdc;b #bd-bh4 #aa ,diog4 ,lart4 ii4 #ajg4 #ab ,ari/otle1 ,an4 ,pr4 i4 #ca1 #df;a #cb sqq42 cf4 #ia;b #ab sqq4 #ac ,a!naeus ii4 #ei;c4 ,see ,us5]1 ,organisation d] wiss5s*aftl4 ,arbeit 7#ahhd2 repr9t$ 9 8 ,vortrge und ,aufstze1 #aijg74 #ad ,socrates' ref]5ce ( a discussion to its presuppositions 7,x5ophon1 ,mem4 iv4 #f1 #ac7 is n relevant = ! hi/ory ( ! t]m9ology ( induction4 #ae ,!aetetus1 #ahf;c4 #af ,timaeus1 #cg;a1 b 7quot$ 9 ,h4 ,f4 ,c>lill's translation ( ! ,!aetetus1 p4 #fj74 #ag ,!aetetus1 #ahf;d4 #ah ,sophi/es1 #bec;d4 #ai ,ib4 id42 cf4 ,!aetetus1 #aig;d4 #bj ,ari/otle1 de ,an4 #dcj;b #e1 & g5]ally iii4 #b1 iii4 #e4 #ba ,= ,plato's ,logic1 ! controv]sies z to ! g5u95ess ( ! dialogues may be treat$ summ>ily4 ,! ,!aetetus lab\rs "u no suspicion4 ,! ,sophi/es is app>5tly matt] = animadv]sion by ,ari/otle 9 ! ,metaphysics & else:]e1 b d]ives /rong] support f ! te/imonies to ! ,politicus :i* presumes x4 ,! ,politicus & ,philebus are gu>ante$ by ! use made ( !m 9 ,ari/otle's ,e?ics4 ,! rejection ( ! ,p>m5ides w\ld involve ! p>adox ( a nameless contempor>y ( ,plato & ,ari/otle :o 0 inf]ior z a metaphysician to nei!r4 ,no o!r dialogue adds any?+ to ! logical cont5t ( ^!4 ,grant$ _! g5u95ess1 ! relative dat+ ( ?ree ( !m is giv51 viz4 ,!aetetus1 ,sophi/es & ,politicus 9 ! ord] nam$4 ,! ,philebus seems to presuppose ,politicus1 #bhc-bhd1 b if ?is be an error1 x w affect ! logical !ory n at all4 ,!re rema9s ! ,p>m5ides4 ,x c sc>cely be lat] ?an ! ,sophi/es4 ,! ant9omies ) :i* x concludes are m naturally tak5 z a prelude to ! discussion ( ! ,sophi/es ?an z an unnecess>y retreatm5t ( ! doctr9e ( ! "o & ! _m 9 a m negative =m4 ,x may well be e>li] ?an ! ,!aetetus 9 its pres5t =m4 ,! /yli/ic argum5t %[s ! ,!aetetus relatively e>ly4 ,! maturity ( its philosophic outlook t5ds to give x a place relatively advanc$ 9 ! ,platonic canon4 ,to meet ! problem "h rais$1 ! !ory has be5 devis$ ( an e>li] & a lat] v]sion4 ,! fir/ may h l9k$ on to ! s]ies ( ,plato's dialogues ( se>*1 & to put ! ,p>m5ides be=e x is impossible4 ,! second1 ?\gh x might /ill h prec$$ ! ,p>m5ides might equally well h foll[$ ! negative criticism ( t dialogue1 z ! beg9n+ ( recon/ruction4 ,= ,plato's logic ?is "q only has int]e/ on acc\nt ( ! introduction ( an ,greek3 ,ari/otels 9 a non-speak+ "p 9 ! ,p>m5ides4 ,if ?is be press$ z sugge/+ t ! philosoph] ,ari/otle 0 already 9 full activity at ! date ( writ+1 x is ( importance to "k :at ,platonic dialogues 7 lat] ?an ! db ( 8 critical pupil4 ,on ! /yli/ic argum5t z appli$ to ,platonic controv]sies ,janell's ,quae/iones ,platonicae 7#aija7 is important4 ,on ! :ole "q ( g5u95ess & dates ( ! dialogues1 ,h4 ,ra$]1 ,platons philosophis*e ,entwickelung 7#aije71 gives an excell5t conspectus ( ! views held & ! gr\nds alleg$4 ,see also ,,plato4 #bb ,e4g4 t ( ess5ce & accid5t4 ,republic1 #ded4 #bc ,e4g4 ! discussion ( correlation1 ib4 #dcg sqq4 #bd ,politicus1 #bhe;d4 #be ,sophi/es1 #bfa;c sqq4 #bf ,e4g4 9 ,nic4 ,e?4 i4 #f4 #bg ,philebus1 #af;d4 #bh ,pr9cipal edition /ill t ( ,waitz1 ) ,lat9 comm5t>y1 7#b vols41 #ahdd-ahdf74 ,among ! innum]able writ]s :o h ?r[n light ^u ,ari/otle's logical doctr9e1 ,/ ,hilaire1 ,tr5del5burg1 ,ueb]weg1 ,hamilton1 ,mansel1 ,g4 ,grote may be nam$4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 o!rs ( equal di/9ction4 ,ref]5ce to ,prantl1 op4 cit41 is indisp5sable4 ,zell]1 ,die philosophie d] ,grie*51 ii4 #b1 ,ari/oteles 7#crd ed41 #ahgi71 pp4 #ahe-beg 7!re is an ,eng4 trans471 & ,mai]1 ,die ,syllogi/ik des ,ari/oteles 7#b vols41 #ahif1 #aijj7 7"s #ijj pp471 are also ( fir/-rate importance4 #bi ,sophi/4 ,el5*4 #ahd1 espec4 b #a-c1 b see ,mai]1 loc4 cit4 i4 #a4 #cj ,ref]5ces su* z #ah;b #ab are ! result ( subsequ5t edit+ & prove no?+4 ,see1 h[ev]1 ,,ari/otle4 #ca ,adra/us is said to h call$ !m ,greek3 pro tn topikn4 #cb ,metaphys4 ,e4 #a4 #cc ,de ,"p4 ,animal4 ,a4 #a1 #fci;a #a sqq42 cf4 ,metaphys4 #ajje;b #b sqq4 #cd ,de ,int]pretatione #af;a sqq4 #ce ,de ,int]pretatione #af;a #bd-be4 #cf ,ib4 #ah;a #bh sqq4 #cg ,ib4 #ai;a #bh-bi4 #ch ,z %[n e4g4 by ! way 9 :i* ! relativity ( s5se & ! object ( s5se is conceiv$1 #g;b #ce-cg4 #ci ,topics #aja;a #bg & #cf-;b #d4 #dj ,topics #ajj4 #da ,politics #abhb;a #a sqq4 #db #ajc;b #ba4 #dc ,topics #afj;a #cg-;b #e4 #dd ,?is is ! explanation ( ! =mal def9ition ( induction1 ,prior ,analytics1 ii4 #bc1 #fh;b #ae sqq4 #de #be;b #cf4 #df ,prior ,analytics1 i4 #a4 #bd;a #ah-bj1 ,greek3 ,syllogismos de e/i logos en te!ntn t9n et]on ti tn keim5n ex ananks snmba9ei t tauta e9ai4 ,! equival5t previ\sly 9 ,topics #ajj;a #be sqq4 #dg ,prior ,analytics1 ii4 #ba2 ,po/]ior ,analytics1 i4 #a4 #dh #fg;a #cc-cg1 ,greek3 m syn!rn to ka?' ekat]on4 #di #fg;a #ci-fc4 #ej #gi;a #d-e4 #ea #bd;b #aj-aa4 #eb ,po/]ior ,analytics1 i4 #d ,greek3 ka? auto means 7#a7 conta9$ 9 ! def9ition ( ! subject2 7#b7 hav+ ! subject conta9$ 9 its def9ition1 z be+ an alt]native det]m9ation ( ! subject1 crook$1 e4g4 is p] se ( l9e2 7#c7 self-subsi/5t2 7#d7 connect$ ) ! subject z consequ5t to gr\nd4 ,its ne$s /rict] det]m9ation !re=e4 #ec #gc;b #bf sqq41 #gd;a #cg sqq4 #ed #ij;b #af4 #ee ,metaphys4 ,z4 #ab1 ,h4 #f gr\nd ?is =mula metaphysically4 #ef #id;a #ab1 #ge;b #cb4 #eg #ij;a #f4 ,cf4 ,ueb]weg1 ,sy/em d] ,logik1 #aja4 #eh #gh;a #cj sqq4 #ei ,topics1 #aja;b #ah1 #ai4 #fj ,po/]ior ,analytics1 ii4 #ac4 #fa ,po/]ior ,analytics1 ii4 #af4 #fb ,po/]ior ,analytics1 i4 #ac ad4 f941 & i4 #bg4 ,! =m :i* a ma!matical sci5ce treats z relatively self-subsi/5t is c]ta9ly n ! con/itutive idea4 #fc ,po/]ior ,analytics1 i4 #c4 #fd ,po/]ior ,analytics1 ii4 #ai4 #fe ,de ,anima1 #dbh;b #ah1 #ai4 #ff ,prior ,analytics1 i4 #cj1 #df;a #ah4 #fg ,topics1 #ajj;b #bj1 #ba4 #fh ,topics1 #aja;a #be1 #cf-cg1 b#a-d1 c4 #fi ,zell] 7loc4 cit4 p4 #aid71 :o puts ?is =mula 9 ord] to reject x4 #gj ,metaphys4 ,delta #a1 #ajac;a #ad4 #ga ,po/]ior ,analytics1 #gb;a #af seq4 #gb ,po/]ior ,analytics1 #gg;a #bf1 #gf;a #cg sqq4 #gc ,metaphys4 ,gamma4 #gd ,po/]ior ,analytics1 ii4 #ai4 #ge de ,anima1 iii4 #d-f4 #gf ,metaphys4 ,m4 #ajhg;a #aj-ab2 ,zell] loc4 cit4 #cjd sqq42 ,mc,leod ,innes1 ,! ,univ]sal & ,p>ticul> 9 ,ari/otle's ,!ory ( ,k 7#ahhf74 #gg ,topics1 #aje;a #ac4 #gh ,metaphys4 #iie;a #h4 #gi ,e4g41 ,topics1 #ajh;b #aj1 to induce ! univ]sal4 #hj ,po/]ior ,analytics1 ii4 #ai1 #ajj;b #c1 #d4 #ha ,topics1 i4 #ah1 #ajh;b #aj4 #hb ,prior ,analytics1 ii4 #bc4 #hc ,greek3 ,p>adeigma1 ,prior ,analytics1 ii4 #bd4 #hd ,sigw>t1 ,logik1 ,eng4 trans4 vol4 ii4 p4 #bib & else:]e4 #he ,ueb]weg1 ,sy/em1 #abg1 ) a ref4 to de ,p>tibus ,animalium1 #ffg;a4 #hf ,see #fg;a #ag ,greek3 ex hapantn tn atomn4 #hg ,greek3 ,epiphora4 ,greek3 ,epi 9 z 9 ,greek3 epagg1 inductio1 & ,greek3 -phora -f]5tia1 z 9 ,greek3 diaphora1 diff]5tia4 #hh ,diog4 ,lart4 x4 #cc seq42 ,sext4 ,emp4 ,adv4 ,ma?4 vii4 #baa4 #hi ,diog4 ,lart4 x4 #hg2 cf4 ,lucretius1 vi4 #gjc sq41 v4 #ebf sqq4 7ed4 ,munro74 #ij ,sextus ,empiricus1 ,pyrrhon4 ,hypotyp4 ii4 #aie1 #aif4 #ia ,sextus1 op4 cit4 ii4 #bjd4 #ib ,op4 cit4 iii4 #ag sqq41 & especially #bh4 #ic ,! po9t is rais$ by ,ari/otle1 #ie;,a4 #id ,see ,j\rda91 ,re*]*es critiques sur l'ge et l'orig9e des traductions lat9es d',ari/ote 7#ahdc74 #ie ,see ,e4 ,cassir]1 ,das ,erk5ntnisproblem1 i4 #acd seq41 & ! ju/ificatory exc]pts1 pp4 #eci sqq4 #if ,see ,riehl 9 ,vi]teljahrs*r4 f4 wiss4 ,philos4 7#ahic74 #ig ,bacon1 ,novum ,organum1 ii4 #bb1 #bc2 cf4 also ,ari/otle1 ,topics i4 #ab4 #ac1 ii4 #aj4 #aa 7,/ew>t1 ad ,nic4 ,e?4 #aaci;b #bg7 & ,sextus ,empiricus1 ,pyrr4 ,hypot4 iii4 #ae4 #ih ,bacon's ,works1 ed4 ,ellis & ,sp$d+1 iii4 #afd-afe4 #ii ,a notable =mula ( ,bacon's ,novum ,organum ii4 #d #c turns out1 ,val]ius ,t]m9us1 cap4 #aa1 to come f ,ari/otle1 ,po/4 ,an4 i4 #d via ,ramus4 ,see ,ellis 9 ,bacon's ,works1 iii4 #bjc sqq4 #ajj ,de ,civitate ,dei1 xi4 #bf4 ,c]tum e/ me esse1 si fallor4 #aja ,cf4 ,plato1 ,republic1 #cha;,e seq4 #ajb ,elem5ta ,philosophi1 i4 #c4 #bj1 i4 #f4 #ag seq4 #ajc ,hobbes1 ,elem5ta ,philosophi1 i4 #a4 #e4 #ajd ,id4 ib4 i4 #f4 #af4 #aje ,id4 ib4 i4 #d4 #h2 cf4 ,locke's ,essay ( ,human ,und]/&+1 iv4 #ag4 #ajf ,id4 ,levia?an1 i4 #c4 #ajg ,id4 ,elem4 ,philos4 i4 #f4 #aj4 #ajh ,condillac1 ,langue des ,calculs1 p4 #g4 #aji ,locke1 ,essay1 iii4 #c4 #aaj ,id4 ib4 iv4 #ag4 #aaa ,loc4 cit4 #h4 #aab ,id4 ib4 iv4 #d1 #f sqq4 #aac ,b]keley1 ,( ! ,pr9ciples ( ,human ,k1 #adb4 #aad ,hume1 ,treatise ( ,human ,nature1 i4 #a4 #g 7f ,b]keley1 op4 cit41 introd41 #ae-af74 #aae ,essay1 iv4 #ag1 #c4 #aaf ,hume1 ,treatise ( ,human ,nature1 i4 #c4 #ae4 #aag ,mill1 ,exam9ation ( ,sir ,william ,hamilton's ,philosophy1 cap4 #ag4 #aah ,cf4 ,mill1 ,autobiography1 p4 #aei4 ,i grappl$ at once ) ! problem ( ,induction1 po/pon+ t ( ,reason+4 ,ib4 p4 #ahb 7:5 he is preoccupi$ ) syllogism71 ,i c\ld make no?+ satisfactory ( ,induction at ?is "t4 #aai ,autobiography1 p4 #aha4 #abj ,! insight1 = in/ance1 ( ,f4 ,h4 ,bradley's criticism1 ,pr9ciples ( ,logic1 ,,ii4 ii4 #c1 is some:at dimm$ by a lack ( sympa?y due to extreme diff]5ce 9 ! po9t ( view adopt$4 #aba ,bacon1 ,novum organum1 i4 #ajj4 #abb ,russell's ,philosophy ( ,leibnitz1 capp4 #a-e4 #abc ,see especially rem>ks on ! lett] ( ,m4 ,arnauld 7,g]h>dt's edition ( ! philosophical works1 ii4 #cg sqq474 #abd ,g]h>dt1 vi4 #fab1 quot$ by ,russell1 loc4 cit41 p4 #ai4 #abe ,ibid41 ii4 #fb1 ,russell1 p4 #cc4 #abf ,sp9oza1 ed4 van ,vlot5 & ,l&1 i4 #df 7,e?ica1 i4 #aa74 #abg ,n\veaux essais1 iv4 #b #i1 #ag #d 7,g]h>dt v4 #cea1 #dfj74 #abh ,critique ( ,judgm5t1 ,introd4 #b1 ad4 f94 7,w]ke1 ,b]l9 ,academy edition1 vol4 v4 p4 #agf1 l4 #aj74 #abi ,kant's ,introduction to ,logic & 8 ,essay on ! ,mi/ak5 ,subtlety ( ! ,f\r ,figures1 trans4 ,t4 ,k4 ,abbott 7#ahhe74 #acj ,loc4 cit41 p4 #aa4 #aca ,or anti!ses4 ,kant foll[s1 = example1 a diff]5t l9e ( cleavage betwe5 =m & cont5t f t develop$ betwe5 ?\ght & ! giv54 ,& ^! are n 8 only unresolv$ dualities1 ev5 9 ! ,critique ( ,pure ,reason4 ,= ! logical inquiry1 h[ev]1 x is p]missible to ignore or r$uce ^! diff]5ces4 ,! det]m9ation too ( ! s5se 9 :i* ,kant's !ory ( k involves an unresolv$ anti!sis is = ! logical purpose necess>y s f> only z x ?r[s light ^u 8 logic & 8 influ5ce ^u logical developm5ts4 ,hi/orically ! "q ( ! ext5t to :i* writ]s adopt$ ! duali/ic int]pretation or "o t _h ! l consequ5ces is ( great] importance4 ,x may be said summ>ily t ,kant holds ! anti!sis betwe5 ?\ght & ! giv5 to be unresolv$ & )9 ! limits ( !ory ( k irr$ucible4 ,! dove ( ?\ght falls lifeless if ! resi/ant atmosph]e ( ! giv5 be )drawn 7,critique ( ,pure ,reason1 ed4 #b ,introd4 ,kant's ,w]ke1 ed4 ( ! ,prussian ,academy1 vol4 iii4 p4 #cb1 ll4 #aj sqq474 ,nev]!less ! ?+-9-itself is a problematic conception & ( a limit+ or negative use m]ely4 ,he _h wov51 accord+ to an (t5 quot$ phrase ( ,goe!1 a c]ta9 sly elem5t ( irony into 8 me?od2 444 he po9t$ z x 7 ) a side ge/ure beyond ! limits :i* he himself _h drawn4 ,?us 7loc4 cit4 p4 #df1 ll4 #h1 #i7 he decl>es t !re are two l9eages unit$ 9 human k1 :i* p]haps spr+ f a common /ock1 ?\gh to u unkn[n--namely s5se & und]/&+4 ,"s indication ( ! way 9 :i* he w\ld hypo!tically & speculatively mitigate ! anti!sis is p]haps af=d$ by ! reflection t ! di/9ction ( ! m5tal & :at appe>s z mat]ial is an ext]nal di/9ction 9 :i* ! "o appe>s outside to ! o!r4 ,yet :at z ?+-9-itself lies back ( ! ph5om5on may p]haps n be s :olly disp>ate aft] all 7ib4 p4 #bgh1 ll4 #bf sqq474 #acb ,critique ( ,judgm5t1 ,introd4 #b 7,w]ke1 v41 #bgf ll4 #i sqq472 cf4 ,b]n>d's ,prolegom5a to 8 translation ( ?is1 7pp4 xxxviii4 sqq474 #acc ,die ,logik1 insbesond]e die ,analytik 7,s*leswig1 #ahbe74 ,augu/ ,detlev ,*ri/ian ,twe/5 7#aghi-ahgf71 a ,prote/ant !ologian1 succe$$ ,s*lei]ma*] z pr(essor 9 ,b]l9 9 #ahce4 #acd ,see ,sir ,william ,hamilton3 ,! ,philosophy ( ,p]ception1 by ,j4 ,hut*ison ,/irl+4 #ace ,hauptpunkte d] ,logik1 #ahjh 7,w]ke1 ed4 ,h>t5/e91 i4 #dfe sqq471 & specially ,lehrbu* d] ,e9leitung 9 die ,philosophie 7#ahac71 & subsequ5tly #cd sqq4 7,w]ke1 i4 #gg sqq474 #acf ,see ,ueb]weg1 ,sy/em ( ,logic & ,hi/ory ( ,logical ,doctr9es1 #cd4 #acg ,drei ,b*] d] ,logik1 #ahgd 7,e4,t41 #ahhd74 ,! ,book on ,pure ,logic foll[s 9 ess5tials ! l9e ( ?\ght ( an e>li] "w 7#ahdc74 #ach ,logic1 ,eng4 trans4 #ce ad4 f94 #aci ,logic1 ,introd4 ix4 #adj ,= :om see ,hffd+1 ,hi/ory ( ,mod]n ,philosophy1 ,eng4 trans41 vol4 ii4 pp4 #abb sqq42 invaluable = ! logical me?ods ( mod]n philosoph]s4 #ada ,wiss5s*aft d] ,logik 7#ahab-ahaf71 9 c\rse ( revision at ,hegel's dea? 9 #ahca 7,w]ke1 vols4 iii4-v471 & ,encyklopdie d] philosophis*5 ,wiss5s*aft51 i42 ,die ,logik 7#ahag2 #crd ed41 #ahcj72 ,w]ke1 vol4 vi41 ,eng4 trans41 ,wallace 7#bnd ed41 #ahib74 #adb ,! ,pr9ciples ( ,logic 7#ahhc74 #adc ,logic1 or ,! ,morphology ( ,?\ght 7#b vols41 #ahhh74 #add ,logic1 ,pref4 pp4 #f seq4 #ade ,id4 vol4 ii4 p4 #d4 #adf ,logik 7#ahgc1 #ahhi71 ,eng4 trans4 ii4 #ag4 #adg ,op4 cit4 ii4 #bhi4 #adh ,introd4 to ,logic41 trans4 ,abbott1 p4 #aj4 #adi ,ueb] ,annahm5 7#aijb1 c47 #aej ,logik 7#ahhj1 & 9 lat] editions74 #aea ,yet see ,/udies 9 ,logic1 by ,john ,dewey & o!rs 7#aijc74 ,,logocyclic ,,curve1 ,,/rophoid or ,,foliate1 a cubic curve g5]at$ by increas+ or dim9i%+ ! radius vector ( a v>iable po9t ,q on a /raight l9e ,,ab by ! di/ance ,,qc ( ! po9t f ! foot ( ! p]p5dicul> drawn f ! orig9 to ! fix$ l9e4 ,! pol> equation is r cos!ta a7#a s9!ta71 ! upp] sign ref]r+ to ! case :5 ! vector is increas$1 ! l[] :5 x is dim9i%$4 ,bo? bran*es are includ$ 9 ! ,c>tesian equation 7x y77#b;a - x7 ax1 :]e a is ! di/ance ( ! l9e f ! orig94 ,if we take = axes ! fix$ l9e & ! p]p5dicul> ?r\gh ! initial po9t1 ! equation takes ! =m y root7a - x7 x root7a x74 ,! curve resembles ! folium ( ,desc>tes1 & has a node betwe5 x #j1 x a1 & two bran*es asymptotic to ! l9e x #b;a4 ,illu/ration4 ,,logographi 7,greek3 logos1 ,greek3 graph1 writ]s ( prose hi/ories or tales71 ! "n giv5 by mod]n s*ol>s to ! ,greek hi/oriograph]s be=e ,h]odotus4#a ,?ucydides1 h[ev]1 applies ! t]m to all 8 own pr$ecessors1 & x is !re=e usual to make a di/9ction betwe5 ! old] & ! y\ng] logograph]s4 ,_! repres5tatives1 ) "o exception1 came f ,ionia & its isl&s1 :i* f _! position 7 mo/ fav\rably situat$ = ! acquisition ( k conc]n+ ! di/ant c\ntries ( ,ea/ & ,we/4 ,!y wrote 9 ! ,ionic dialect1 9 :at 0 call$ ! unp]iodic /yle1 & pres]v$ ! poetic "* ( _! epic model4 ,_! criticism am\nts to no?+ m ?an a crude attempt to rationalize ! curr5t leg5ds & traditions connect$ ) ! f\nd+ ( cities1 ! g5ealogies ( rul+ families1 & ! mann]s & cu/oms ( individual peoples4 ,( sci5tific criticism !re is no trace :atev]4 ,! fir/ ( ^! hi/orians 0 probably ,cadmus ( ,miletus 7:o liv$1 if at all1 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! #f? c5tury71 ! e>lie/ writ] ( prose1 au?or ( a "w on ! f\nd+ ( 8 native city & ! colonization ( ,ionia 7s ,sudas72 ,ph]ecydes ( ,l]os1 :o di$ ab\t #djj1 is g5]ally consid]$ ! la/4 ,m5tion may also be made ( ! foll[+3 ,hecataeus ( ,miletus 7#eej-dgf72 ,acusilaus ( ,argos1#b :o p>aphras$ 9 prose 7correct+ ! tradition :]e x seem$ necess>y7 ! g5ealogical works ( ,hesiod 9 ! ,ionic dialect2 he conf9$ 8 att5tion to ! prehi/oric p]iod1 & made no attempt at a real hi/ory2 ,*>on ( ,lampsacus 7c4 #dej71 au?or ( hi/ories ( ,p]sia1 ,libya1 & ,e?iopia1 ( annals 7,greek3 hroi7 ( 8 native t[n ) li/s ( ! prytaneis & ar*ons1 & ( ! *ronicles ( ,lac$aemonian k+s2 ,xan?us ( ,s>dis 9 ,lydia 7c4 #dej71 au?or ( a hi/ory ( ,lydia1 "o ( ! *ief au?orities us$ by ,nicolaus ( ,damascus 7fl4 dur+ ! "t ( ,augu/us72 ,hellanicus ( ,mytil5e2 ,/esimbrotus ( ,?asos1 oppon5t ( ,p]icles & reput$ au?or ( a political pamphlet on ,!mi/ocles1 ,?ucydides & ,p]icles2 ,hippys & ,glaucus1 bo? ( ,rhegium1 ! fir/ ! au?or ( hi/ories ( ,italy & ,sicily1 ! second ( a treatise on anci5t poets & musicians1 us$ by ,h>pocration & ,plut>*2 ,dama/es ( ,sigeum1 pupil ( ,hellanicus1 au?or ( g5ealogies ( ! combatants be=e ,troy 7an e?nographic & /ati/ical li/71 ( %ort treatises on poets1 sophi/s1 & geographical subjects4 ,on ! e>ly ,greek hi/orians1 see ,g4 ,busolt1 ,grie*is*e ,ges*i*te 7#ahic71 i4 #adg-aec2 ,c4 ,wa*smu?1 ,e9leitung 9 das ,/udium d] alt5 ,ges*i*te 7#ahie72 ,a4 ,s*f]1 ,abriss d] ,quell5kunde d] grie*is*5 und rmis*5 ,ges*i*te 7ed4 ,h4 ,niss51 #ahhi72 ,j4 ,b4 ,bury1 ,anci5t ,greek ,hi/orians 7#aiji71 lecture i42 hi/ories ( ,greek lit]ature by ,mll]-,donaldson 7*4 #ah7 & ,w4 ,mure 7bk4 iv4 *4 #c71 :]e ! little t is kn[n conc]n+ ! life & writ+s ( ! logograph]s is exhau/ively discuss$4 ,! fragm5ts w be f\nd1 ) ,lat9 notes1 translation1 prolegom5a1 & copi\s indexes1 9 ,c4 ,w4 ,mll]'s ,fragm5ta hi/oricorum ,graecorum 7#ahda-ahgj74 ,see also ,,greece3 ,hi/ory1 ,anci5t 7section1 ,au?orities74 ,,footnotes3 #a ,! ^w is also us$ ( ! writ]s ( spee*es = ! use ( ! cont5d+ p>ties 9 ! law c\rts1 :o 7 =bidd5 to employ advocates4 #b ,!re is "s d\bt z to :e!r ?is ,acusilaus 0 ( ,peloponnesian or ,boeotian ,argos4 ,possibly !re 7 two ( ! "n4 ,= an example ( ! me?od ( ,acusilaus see ,bury1 op4 cit4 p4 #ai4 ,,logos ,greek3 logos1 a common t]m 9 anci5t philosophy & !ology4 ,x expresses ! idea ( an imman5t reason 9 ! _w1 &1 "u v>i\s modifications1 is met ) 9 ,indian1 ,egyptian & ,p]sian sy/ems ( ?\ght4 ,b ! idea 0 develop$ ma9ly 9 ,hell5ic & ,hebrew philosophy1 & we may di/+ui% ! foll[+ /ages3 #a4 ,! ,hell5ic ,logos4--,to ! ,greek m9d1 :i* saw 9 ! _w a ,greek3 kosmos 7ord]$ :ole71 x 0 natural to reg>d ! _w z ! product ( reason1 & reason z ! rul+ pr9ciple 9 ! _w4 ,s we f9d a ,logos doctr9e m or less prom95t f ! dawn ( ,hell5ic ?\ght to its eclipse4 ,x rises 9 ! realm ( physical speculation1 passes ov] into ! t]ritory ( e?ics & !ology1 & makes its way ?r\gh at lea/ ?ree well-def9$ /ages4 ,^! are m>k$ (f by ! names ( ,h]aclitus ( ,ephesus1 ! ,/oics & ,philo4 ,x acquires its fir/ importance 9 ! !ories ( ,h]aclitus 7#f? c5tury ,b4,c471 :o1 try+ to acc\nt = ! ae/hetic ord] ( ! visible univ]se1 broke away to "s ext5t f ! purely physical conceptions ( 8 pr$ecessors & disc]n$ at "w 9 ! cosmic process a ,greek3 logos analog\s to ! reason+ p[] 9 man4 ,on ! "o h& ! ,logos is id5tifi$ ) ,greek3 gnm & connect$ ) ,greek3 dik1 :i* latt] seems to h ! function ( correct+ deviations f ! et]nal law t rules 9 ?+s4 ,on ! o!r h& x is n positively di/+ui%$ ei!r f ! e!real fire1 or f ! ,greek3 heim>m5 & ! ,greek3 anank accord+ to :i* all ?+s occur4 ,h]aclitus holds t no?+ mat]ial c be ?\ght ( )\t ?is ,logos1 b he does n conceive ! ,logos itself to be immat]ial4 ,:e!r x is reg>d$ z 9 any s5se possess$ ( intellig5ce & consci\sness is a "q v>i\sly answ]$4 ,b !re is mo/ to say = ! negative4 ,?is ,logos is n "o above ! _w or prior to x1 b 9 ! _w & insep>able f x4 ,man's s\l is a "p ( x4 ,x is relation1 !re=e1 z ,s*lei]ma*] expresses x1 or reason1 n spee* or ^w4 ,& x is objective1 n subjective1 reason4 ,l a law ( nature1 objective 9 ! _w1 x gives ord] & regul>ity to ! movem5t ( ?+s1 & makes ! sy/em rational4#a ,! failure ( ,h]aclitus to free himself entirely f ! physical hypo!ses ( e>li] times prev5t$ 8 speculation f influ5c+ 8 successors4 ,) ,anaxagoras a conception ent]$ :i* gradually triumph$ ov] t ( ,h]aclitus1 namely1 ! conception ( a supreme1 intellectual pr9ciple1 n id5tifi$ ) ! _w b indep5d5t ( x4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 0 ,greek3 n\s1 n ,logos4 ,9 ! ,platonic & ,ari/otelian sy/ems1 too1 ! !ory ( ideas involv$ an absolute sep>ation betwe5 ! mat]ial _w & ! _w ( high] reality1 & ?\gh ! t]m ,logos is f\nd ! conception is vague & undevelop$4 ,) ,plato ! t]m select$ = ! expression ( ! pr9ciple to :i* ! ord] visible 9 ! univ]se is due is ,greek3 n\s or ,greek3 sophia1 n ,greek3 logos4 ,x is 9 ! pseudo-,platonic ,ep9omis t ,greek3 logos appe>s z a synonym = ,greek3 n\s4 ,9 ,ari/otle1 aga91 ! pr9ciple :i* sets all nature "u ! rule ( ?\ght1 & directs x t[>ds a rational end1 is ,greek3 n\s1 or ! div9e _s itself2 :ile ,greek3 logos is a t]m ) _m s5ses1 us$ z m or less id5tical ) a numb] ( phrases1 ,greek3 ou h5eka1 ,greek3 en]geia1 ,greek3 entele*eia1 ,greek3 ousia1 ,greek3 eidos1 ,greek3 morph1 c4 ,9 ! reaction f ,platonic dualism1 h[ev]1 ! ,logos doctr9e reappe>s 9 great bread?4 ,x is a capital elem5t 9 ! sy/em ( ! ,/oics4 ,) _! teleological views ( ! _w !y naturally pr$icat$ an active pr9ciple p]vad+ x & det]m9+ x4 ,?is op]ative pr9ciple is call$ bo? ,logos & ,god4 ,x is conceiv$ ( z mat]ial1 & is describ$ 9 t]ms us$ equally ( nature & ( ,god4 ,!re is at ! same "t ! special doctr9e ( ! ,greek3 logos sp]matikos1 ! sem9al ,logos1 or ! law ( g5]ation 9 ! _w1 ! pr9ciple ( ! active reason work+ 9 dead matt]4 ,?is p>ts into ,greek3 logoi sp]matikoi1 :i* are ak91 n to ! ,platonic ideas1 b r to ! ,greek3 logoi enuloi ( ,ari/otle4 ,9 man1 too1 !re is a ,logos :i* is 8 *>act]i/ic possession1 & :i* is ,greek3 endia!tos1 z long z x is a ?\ght resid5t )9 8 brea/1 b ,greek3 prophorikos :5 x is express$ z a ^w4 ,?is di/9ction betwe5 ,logos z ratio & ,logos z oratio1 s mu* us$ subsequ5tly by ,philo & ! ,*ri/ian fa!rs1 _h be5 s f> anticipat$ by ,ari/otle's di/9ction betwe5 ! ,greek3 ex logos & ! ,greek3 logos en t psy*4 ,x =ms ! po9t ( atta*m5t by :i* ! ,logos doctr9e connect$ itself ) ,*ri/ianity4 ,! ,logos ( ! ,/oics 7q4v47 is a reason 9 ! _w gift$ ) intellig5ce1 & analog\s to ! reason 9 man4 #b4 ,! ,hebrew ,logos4--,9 ! lat] ,judaism ! e>li] an?ropomorphic conception ( ,god & ) x ! s5se ( ! div9e ne>ness _h be5 succe$$ by a belief :i* plac$ ,god at a remote di/ance1 sev]$ f man & ! _w by a deep *asm4 ,! old famili> "n ,yahweh became a secret2 its place 0 tak5 by su* g5]al expressions z ! ,holy1 ! ,almighty1 ! ,maje/y on ,high1 ! ,k+ ( ,k+s1 & also by ! simple ^w ,heav54 ,in/ead ( ! once p[]ful confid5ce 9 ! imm$iate pres5ce ( ,god !re grew up a mass ( speculation reg>d+ on ! "o h& ! di/ant future1 on ! o!r ! di/ant pa/4 ,v>i\s attempts 7 made to bridge ! gulf betwe5 ,god & man1 includ+ ! angels1 & a numb] ( o!r hybrid =ms ( :i* x is h>d to say :e!r !y are p]sonal be+s or ab/ractions4 ,! wisdom1 ! ,%ek9ah or ,glory1 & ! ,_s ( ,god are int]m$iate be+s ( ?is k9d1 & ev5 ! ,law came to be reg>d$ z an indep5d5t spiritual entity4 ,among ^! conceptions t ( ! ^w ( ,god _h an important place1 especially ! creative ^w ( ,g5esis i4 ,"h z 9 ! o!r cases we _c always say :e!r ! ,^w is reg>d$ z a m]e attribute or activity ( ,god1 or an indep5d5t be+1 ?\gh !re is a cle> t5d5cy t[>ds ! latt]4 ,! ambiguity lies 9 ! tw(old purpose ( ^! activities3 7#a7 to e/abli% communication ) ,god2 7#b7 to prev5t direct connexion betwe5 ,god & ! _w4 ,! ^w ( ! ,god ( revelation is repres5t$ z ! creative pr9ciple 7e4g4 ,g54 i4 #c2 ,psalm xxxiii4 #f71 z ! executor ( ! div9e judgm5ts 7,hosea vi4 #e71 z heal+ 7,psalm cvii4 #bj71 z possess$ ( almo/ p]sonal qualities 7,isaiah lv4 #aa2 ,psalm cxlvii4 #ae74 ,along ) ?is comes ! doctr9e ( ! angel ( ,yahweh1 ! angel ( ! cov5ant1 ! angel ( ! pres5ce1 9 :om ,god manife/s ,himself1 & :o is sometimes id5tifi$ ) ,yahweh or ,elohim 7,g54 xvi4 #aa1 #ac2 xxxii4 #bi-ca2 ,exod4 iii4 #b2 xiii4 #ba71 sometimes di/+ui%$ f ,him 7,g54 xxii4 #ae1 c42 xxiv4 #g2 xxviii4 #ab1 c471 & sometimes pres5t$ 9 bo? aspects 7,judges ii41 vi42 ,ze*4 i474 ,to ?is mu/ be add$ ! doctr9e ( ,wisdom1 giv5 9 ! books ( ,job & ,prov]bs4 ,at "o "t x is exhibit$ z an attribute ( ,god 7,prov4 iii4 #ai74 ,at ano!r x is /rongly p]sonifi$1 s z to become r ! creative ?\ght ( ,god ?an a quality 7,prov4 viii4 #bb74 ,aga9 x is describ$ z proce$+ f ,god z ! pr9ciple ( creation & objective to ,him4 ,9 ^! & k9dr$ passages 7,job xv4 #g1 c47 x is on ! way to become hypo/atiz$4 ,! ,hebrew conception is p>tially associat$ ) ! ,greek 9 ! case ( ,ari/obulus1 ! pr$ecessor ( ,philo1 &1 accord+ to ! fa!rs1 ! f\nd] ( ! ,alex&rian s*ool4 ,he speaks ( ,wisdom 9 a way rem9d+ u ( ! book ( ,prov]bs4 ,! pseudo-,solomonic ,book ( ,wisdom 7g5]ally suppos$ to be ! "w ( an ,alex&rian fl\ri%+ some:]e betwe5 ,ari/obulus & ,philo7 deals bo? ) ! ,wisdom & ) ! ,logos4 ,x fails to hypo/atize ei!r4 ,b x repres5ts ! =m] z ! fram] ( ! _w1 z ! p[] or _s ( ,god1 active alike 9 ! physical1 ! intellectual1 & ! e?ical doma91 & app>5tly objective to ,god4 ,9 ! ,t>gums1 on ! o!r h&1 ! ?ree doctr9es ( ! ^w1 ! angel1 & ! wisdom ( ,god conv]ge 9 a v def9ite conception4 ,9 ! ,jewi% !ology ,god is repres5t$ z purely transc5d5t1 hav+ no lik5ess ( nature ) man1 & mak+ no p]sonal entrance into hi/ory4 ,in/ead ( ! imm$iate relation ( ,god to ! _w ! ,t>gums introduce ! ideas ( ! ,memra 7^w7 & ! ,%e*9a 7real pres5ce74 ,?is ,memra 7 ,ma'am>7 or1 z x is also designat$1 ,dibbura1 is a hypo/asis t takes ! place ( ,god :5 direct int]c\rse ) man is 9 view4 ,9 all ^? passages ( ! ,old ,te/am5t :]e an?ropomorphic t]ms are us$ ( ,god1 ! ,memra is sub/itut$ = ,god4 ,! ,memra proce$s f ,god1 & reta9s ! creaturely relation to ,god4 ,x does n seem to h be5 id5tifi$ ) ! ,messiah4#b #c4 ,philo4--,9 ! ,alex&rian philosophy1 z repres5t$ by ! ,hell5iz$ ,jew ,philo1 ! ,logos doctr9e assumes a lead+ place & %apes a new c>e] = itself4 ,philo's doctr9e is m\ld$ by ?ree =ces--,platonism1 ,/oicism & ,hebraism4 ,he deta*es ! ,logos idea f its connexion ) ,/oic mat]ialism & atta*es x to a ?or\ghgo+ ,platonism4 ,x is ,plato's idea ( ! ,good reg>d$ z creatively active4 ,h5ce1 in/ead ( be+ m]ely imman5t 9 ! ,cosmos1 x has an indep5d5t exi/5ce4 ,platonic too is ! doctr9e ( ! div9e ar*itect :o seeks to realize 9 ! visible univ]se ! ar*etypes already =m$ 9 8 m9d4 ,philo 0 ?us able to make ! ,logos !ory a bridge betwe5 ,judaism & ,greek philosophy4 ,x pres]v$ ! mono!i/ic idea yet af=d$ a description ( ! ,div9e activity 9 t]ms ( ,hell5ic ?\ght2 ! ^w ( ! ,old ,te/am5t is "o ) ! ,greek3 logos ( ! ,/oics4 ,& ?us 9 ,philo's conception ! ,logos is mu* m ?an ! pr9ciple ( reason1 in=m+ ! inf9ite v>iety ( ?+s1 & s creat+ ! ,_w-,ord]2 x is also ! div9e dynamic1 ! en]gy & self-revelation ( ,god4 ,! ,/oics inde$ s\ght1 m or less consci\sly1 by _! doctr9e ( ! ,logos z ! ,inf9ite ,reason to escape f ! belief 9 a div9e ,creator1 b ,philo1 ,jew to ! core1 />ts f ! ,jewi% belief 9 a supreme1 self-exi/+ ,god1 to :om ! reason ( ! _w mu/ be subord9at$ ?\gh relat$4 ,! conflict ( ! two conceptions 7! ,greek & ! ,hebrew7 l$ him into "s difficulty2 sometimes he repres5ts ! ,logos z an indep5d5t & ev5 p]sonal be+1 a second ,god1 sometimes z m]ely an aspect ( ! div9e activity4 ,& ?\gh passages ( ! fir/ class mu/ no d\bt be expla9$ figuratively--= ,philo w\ld n ass]t ! exi/5ce ( two ,div9e ag5ts--x rema9s true t ! two conceptions _c be fus$4 ,! ,alex&rian philosoph] wav]s betwe5 ! two !ories & has to accord to ! ,logos ( ,hellas a semi-indep5d5t position beside ! supreme ,god ( ,judaea4 ,he speaks ( ! ,logos 7#a7 z ! ag5cy by :i* ,god reveals ,himself1 9 "s measure to all m51 9 great] degree to *os5 s\ls4 ,! appe>ances record$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t are manife/ations ( ! ,logos1 & ! k ( ,god possess$ by ! great lead]s & tea*]s ( ,israel is due to ! same s\rce2 7#b7 z ! ag5cy :]eby man1 enme%$ by illusion1 lays hold ( ! high] spiritual life & ris+ above 8 p>tial po9t ( view p>ticipates 9 ! univ]sal reason4 ,! ,logos is ?us ! means ( r$emption2 ^? :o realize its activity be+ emancipat$ f ! tyranny ( circum/ance into ! fre$om ( ! et]nal4 #d4 ,! ,f\r? ,gospel4--,among ! influ5ces t %ap$ ! ,f\r? ,gospel t ( ! ,alex&rian philosophy mu/ be assign$ a di/9ct1 ?\gh n an exagg]at$ importance4 ,!re are o!r books 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t t be> ! same impress1 ! epi/les to ! ,ephesians & ! ,colossians1 & to a mu* great] degree ! epi/le to ! ,hebrews4 ,! developm5t t _h ?us begun 9 ! "t ( ,paul rea*es maturity 9 ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 ^: dep5d5ce on ,philo appe>s 7#a7 9 ! use ( ! allegorical me?od1 7#b7 9 _m co9cid5t passages1 7#c7 9 ! dom9ant conception ( ! ,logos4 ,! writ] n>rates ! life ( ,*ri/ f ! po9t ( view furni%$ him by ,philo's !ory4 ,true1 ! ,logos doctr9e is only m5tion$ 9 ! prologue to ! ,gospel1 b x is presuppos$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole book4 ,! au?or's task inde$ 0 some:at ak9 to t ( ,philo1 to transplant into ! _w ( ,hell5ic culture a revelation orig9ally giv5 ?r\gh ,judaism4 ,?is is n to say t he holds ! ,logos doctr9e 9 exactly ! same =m z ,philo4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! fact t he />ts f an actual k ( ! e>?ly life ( ,jesus1 :ile ,philo1 ev5 :5 ascrib+ a real p]sonality to ! ,logos1 keeps )9 ! b\nds ( ab/ract speculation1 leads him s]i\sly to modify ! ,philonic doctr9e4 ,?\gh ! ,alex&rian idea l>gely det]m9es ! evangeli/'s treatm5t ( ! hi/ory1 ! hi/ory simil>ly reacts on ! idea4 ,! prologue is an organic portion ( ! ,gospel & n a preface writt5 to conciliate a philosophic public4 ,x assumes t ! ,logos idea is famili> 9 ,*ri/ian !ology1 & vividly summ>izes ! ma9 features ( ! ,philonic conception--! et]nal exi/5ce ( ! ,logos1 its relation to ,god 7,greek3 pros ton !on1 yet di/9ct71 its creative1 illum9ative & r$emptive activity4 ,b ! adaptation ( ! idea to ,john's acc\nt ( a hi/orical p]son involv$ at lea/ ?ree pr(\nd modifications3--7#a7 ! ,logos1 in/ead ( ! ab/raction or semi-p]sonification ( ,philo1 becomes fully p]sonifi$4 ,! ^w t became fle% subsi/$ f all et]nity z a di/9ct p]sonality )9 ! div9e nature4 7#b7 ,mu* great] /ress is laid ^u ! r$emptive ?an ^u ! creative function4 ,! latt] inde$ is glanc$ at 7,all ?+s 7 made by him71 m]ely to provide a l9k ) e>li] speculation1 b :at ! writ] is conc]n$ ab\t is n ! mode 9 :i* ! _w came into be+ b ! spiritual life :i* resides 9 ! ,logos & is communicat$ by him to m54 7#c7 ,! idea ( ,greek3 logos z ,reason becomes subord9at$ to ! idea ( ,greek3 logos z ,^w1 ! expression ( ,god's w & p[]1 ! outgo+ ( ! div9e en]gy1 life1 love & light4 ,?us 9 its fundam5tal ?\ght ! prologue ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel comes ne>] to ! ,old ,te/am5t 7& especially to ,g54 i47 ?an to ,philo4 ,z spee* goes out f a man & reveals 8 "* & ?\ght1 s ,*ri/ is s5t out f ! ,fa!r1 & z ! div9e ^w is also1 9 accordance ) ! ,hebrew idea1 ! m$ium ( ,god's quick5+ p[]4 ,:at ,john ?us does is to take ! ,logos idea ( ,philo & use x = a practical purpose--to make m intelligible to himself & 8 read]s ! div9e nature ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,t ?is endeav\r to "w into ! hi/orical tradition ( ! life & tea*+ ( ,jesus--a hypo!sis :i* _h a di/9ctly =eign orig9--l$ him into s]i\s difficulties is a consid]ation t mu/ be discuss$ else:]e4 #e4 ,! ,e>ly ,*ur*4--,9 _m ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ian writ]s1 z well z 9 ! het]odox s*ools1 ! ,logos doctr9e is influ5c$ by ! ,greek idea4 ,! ,syrian ,gno/ic ,basilides held 7accord+ to ,ir5aeus i4 #bd7 t ! ,logos or ,^w emanat$ f ! ,greek3 n\s1 or p]sonifi$ reason1 z ?is latt] emanat$ f ! unbegott5 ,fa!r4 ,! complete/ type ( ,gno/icism1 ! ,val5t9ian1 reg>d$ ,wisdom z ! la/ ( ! s]ies ( aeons t emanat$ f ! orig9al ,be+ or ,fa!r1 & ! ,logos z an emanation f ! fir/ two pr9ciples t issu$ f ,god1 ,reason 7,greek3 n\s7 & ,tru?4 ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 ! fir/ ( ! sub-apo/olic fa!rs1 taught t ,god produc$ ( ,8 own nature a rational p[]7,greek3 dynam9 t9a logikn71 ,8 ag5t 9 creation1 :o n[ became man 9 ,jesus 7,dial4 c4 ,tryph4 *ap4 #dh1 #fj74 ,he affirm$ also ! action ( ! ,greek3 logos sp]matikos1 7,apol4 i4 #df2 ii4 #ac1 c474 ,) ,tatian 7,cohort4 ad4 ,gr4 *ap4 #e1 c47 ! ,logos is ! beg9n+ ( ! _w1 ! reason t comes into be+ z ! %>] ( ,god's rational p[]4 ,) ,a!nagoras 7,suppl4 *ap4 #i1 #aj7 ,he is ! prototype ( ! _w & ! en]giz+ pr9ciple 7,greek3 idea kai en]geia7 ( ?+s4 ,!ophilus 7,ad ,autolyc4 ii4 #aj1 #bd7 taught t ! ,logos 0 9 et]nity ) ,god z ! ,greek3 logos endia!tos1 ! c\nsellor ( ,god1 & t :5 ! _w 0 to be creat$ ,god s5t =? ?is c\nsellor 7,greek3 symb\los7 f ,himself z ! ,greek3 logos prophorikos1 yet s t ! begott5 ,logos did n cease to be a "p ( ,himself4 ,) ,hippolytus 7,refut4 x4 #cb1 c47 ! ,logos1 produc$ ( ,god's own sub/ance1 is bo? ! div9e intellig5ce t appe>s 9 ! _w z ! ,son ( ,god1 & ! idea ( ! univ]se imman5t 9 ,god4 ,! e>ly ,sabellians 7comp4 ,eusebius1 ,hi/4 ,eccl4 vi4 #cc2 ,a?anasius1 ,contra ,arian4 iv47 held t ! ,logos 0 a faculty ( ,god1 ! div9e reason1 imman5t 9 ,god et]nally1 b n 9 di/9ct p]sonality prior to ! hi/orical manife/ation 9 ,*ri/4 ,orig51 ref]r+ ! act ( creation to et]nity in/ead ( to "t1 affirm$ ! et]nal p]sonal exi/5ce ( ! ,logos4 ,9 relation to ,god ?is ,logos or ,son 0 a copy ( ! orig9al1 & z su* inf]ior to t4 ,9 relation to ! _w he 0 its prototype1 ! ,greek3 idea iden & its r$eem+ p[] 7,contra ,cels4 v4 #fjh2 ,frag4 de pr9cip4 i4 #d2 ,de pr9cip4 i4 #aji1 #cbd74 ,9 ! lat] developm5ts ( ,hell5ic speculation no?+ ess5tial 0 add$ to ! doctr9e ( ! ,logos4 ,philo's di/9ction betwe5 ,god & ,8 rational p[] or ,logos 9 contact ) ! _w 0 g5]ally ma9ta9$ by ! eclectic ,platoni/s & ,neo-,platoni/s4 ,by "s ( ^! ?is di/9ction 0 c>ri$ out to ! ext5t ( pr$icat+ 7z 0 done by ,num5ius ( ,apamea7 ?ree ,gods3--! supreme ,god2 ! second ,god1 or ,demiurge or ,logos2 & ! ?ird ,god1 or ! _w4 ,plot9us expla9$ ! logoi z con/ructive =ces1 proce$+ f ! ideas & giv+ =m to ! dead matt] ( s5sible ?+s 7,enneads1 v4 #a4 #h & ,ri*t]'s ,neu-,plat4 ,/udi574 ,see ! hi/ories ( philosophy & !ology1 & works quot$ "u ,,h]aclitus1 ,,/oics1 ,,philo1 ,,john1 ,,! ,,gospel ,,(1 c41 & = a g5]al summ>y ( ! gr[? ( ! ,logos doctr9e1 ,e4 ,caird1 ,evolution ( ,!ology 9 ! ,greek ,philosoph]s 7#aijd71 vol4 ii42 ,a4 ,h>nack1 ,hi/ory ( ,dogma2 ,e4 ,f4 ,scott1 ,! ,f\r? ,gospel1 *4 v4 7#aijf72 ,j4 ,m4 ,he9ze1 ,die ,lehre vom ,logos 9 d] grie*4 ,philosophie 7#ahgb72 ,j4 ,rville1 ,la ,doctr9e du ,logos 7#ahha72 ,aal1 ,ges*4 d4 ,logos-,idee 7#ahii72 & ! ,hi/ories ( ,dogma1 by ,a4 ,h>nack1 ,f4 ,lo(s1 ,r4 ,seeb]g4 7,s4 ,d4 ,f4 ,s42 ,a4 ,j4 ,g47 ,,footnotes3 #a ,cf4 ,s*lei]ma*]'s ,h]akleitos d] ,dunkle2 art4 ,,h]aclitus & au?orities !re quot$4 #b ,cf4 ! ,t>gum ( ,onkelos on ! ,p5tateu* "u ,g54 vii4 #af1 xvii4 #b1 xxi4 #bj2 ,exod4 xix4 #af1 etc42 ! ,j]usalem ,t>gum on ,numb4 vii4 #hi1 c4 ,= fur!r in=mation reg>d+ ! ,hebrew ,logos see1 beside ,dr ,kaufmann ,kohl]1 s4v4 ,memra1 ,jewi% ,encyc4 viii4 #dfd-dfe1 ,b\sset1 ,die ,religion des ,jud5?ums 7#aijc71 p4 #cda1 & ,web]1 ,jdis*e ,!ologie 7#ahig71 pp4 #ahj-ahd4 ,! hypo/atiz+ ( ! ,div9e ^w 9 ! doctr9e ( ! ,memra 0 probably lat] ?an ! "t ( ,philo1 b x 0 ! outcome ( a mode ( ?9k+ already common 9 ,jewi% !ology4 ,! same t5d5cy is ( c\rse express$ 9 ! ,logos ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel4 ,,logo!te 7,m$4 ,lat4 logo!ta1 ,gr4 ,greek3 logo!ts1 f ,greek3 logos1 ^w1 acc\nt1 calculation1 & ,greek3 ti!nai1 to set1 i4e4 "o :o acc\nts1 calculates or ratioc9ates71 orig9ally ! title ( a v>iety ( adm9i/rative (ficials 9 ! ,byzant9e ,empire1 e4g4 ! ,greek3 logo!ts t\ drom\1 :o 0 practically ! equival5t ( ! mod]n po/ma/]-g5]al2 & ! ,greek3 logo!ts t\ /ratitik\1 ! logo!te ( ! milit>y *e/4 ,gibbon def9es ! great ,logo!te z ! supreme gu>dian ( ! laws & rev5ues1 :o is comp>$ ) ! *ancellor ( ! ,lat9 mon>*ies4 ,f ! ,ea/]n ,empire ! title 0 borr[$ by ! we/1 ?\gh x only became firmly e/abli%$ 9 ,sicily1 :]e ! logo!ta occupi$ ! position ( *ancellor else:]e1 8 (fice be+ equal if n sup]ior to t ( ! magnus cancell>ius4 ,?us ! title 0 borne by ,pietro della ,vigna1 ! all-p[]ful m9i/] ( ! emp]or ,fr$]ick ,,ii41 k+ ( ,sicily4 ,see ,,du ,,cange1 ,gloss>ium1 s4v4 ,logo!ta4 ,,logro,o1 an inl& prov9ce ( nor!rn ,spa91 ! smalle/ ( ! eight prov9ces =m$ 9 #ahcc out ( ,old ,ca/ile2 b\nd$ ,n4 by ,burgos1 lava & ,nav>re1 ,w4 by ,burgos1 ,s4 by ,soria & ,e4 by ,nav>re & ,s>agossa4 ,pop4 7#aijj7 #ahi1cgf2 area1 #aidf sq4 m4 ,logroo belongs entirely to ! bas9 ( ! riv] ,ebro1 :i* =ms its nor!rn b\nd>y except = a %ort di/ance ne> ,san ,vic5te2 x is dra9$ *iefly by ! riv]s ,tiron1 ,oja1 ,naj]illa1 ,iregua1 ,leza1 ,cidacos & ,alhama1 all fl[+ 9 a nor?-ea/]ly direction4 ,! portion skirt+ ! ,ebro =ms a spaci\s & = ! mo/ "p f]tile undulat+ pla91 call$ ,la ,rioja1 b 9 ! s\? ,logroo is consid]ably brok5 up by (f%oots f ! si]ras :i* sep>ate t riv] f ! ,d\ro4 ,9 ! we/ ! ,c]ro de ,san ,lor5zo1 ! culm9at+ po9t ( ! ,si]ra de la ,dem&a1 rises #gefb ft41 & 9 ! s\? ! ,pico de ,urbion rea*es #gchh ft4 ,! products ( ! prov9ce are *iefly c]eals1 good oil & w9e 7especially 9 ! ,rioja71 fruit1 silk1 flax & honey4 ,w9e is ! pr9cipal export1 al?\gh aft] #ahib ?is indu/ry suff]$ greatly f ! protective duties impos$ by ,france4 ,great ef=ts h be5 made to keep a hold ^u ,fr5* & ,engli% m>kets ) light r$ & :ite ,rioja w9es4 ,no less ?an #abh1jjj acres are cov]$ ) v9es1 & #ba1jjj ) olive groves4 ,iron & arg5tif]\s lead are m9$ 9 small quantities & o!r ores h be5 discov]$4 ,! manufactur+ indu/ries are insignificant4 ,a railway along ! "r bank ( ! ,ebro connects ! prov9ce ) ,s>agossa1 & f ,mir&a !re is railway communication ) ,madrid1 ,bilbao & ,france2 b !re is no railway 9 ! s\!rn di/ricts1 :]e trade is mu* ret>d$ by ! lack ev5 ( good roads4 ,! t[n ( ,logroo 7pop4 #aijj1 #ai1bcg7 & ! city ( ,calahorra 7#idge7 are sep>ately describ$4 ,! only o!r t[ns ) upw>ds ( #ejjj inhabitants are ,h>o 7#giad71 ,alf>o 7#eich7 & ,c]v]a del ,ro ,alhama 7#eicj74 ,,logro,o1 ! capital ( ! ,spani% prov9ce ( ,logroo1 on ! "r bank ( ! riv] ,ebro & on ! ,s>agossa-,mir&a de ,ebro railway4 ,pop4 7#aijj7 #ai1bcg4 ,logroo is an anci5t wall$ t[n1 f9ely situat$ on a hill #abjd ft4 high4 ,its bridge ( twelve ar*es across ! ,ebro 0 built 9 #aach1 b has frequ5tly be5 re/or$ aft] p>tial de/ruction by floods4 ,! ma9 /reet1 arcad$ on bo? sides1 & ! crook$ b highly picturesque alleys ( ! old] qu>t]s are 9 /rik+ contra/ ) ! broad1 tree-%ad$ av5ues & squ>es laid out 9 mod]n times4 ,! *ief build+s are a bull-r+ :i* accommodates #aa1jjj spectators1 & a *ur*1 ,santa ,m>ia de ,palacio1 call$ ! imp]ial1 f ! tradition t its f\nd] 0 ,con/ant9e ! ,great 7#bgd-ccg74 ,z ! comm]cial c5tre ( ! f]tile & well-cultivat$ pla9 ( ! ,rioja1 ,logroo has an important trade 9 w9e4 ,! di/rict ( ,logroo 0 9 anci5t times inhabit$ by ! ,b]ones or ,v]ones ( ,/rabo & ,pl9y1 & _! ,v>ia is to be id5tifi$ ) ! mod]n suburb ( ! city ( ,logroo n[ kn[n z ,v>ea ( ,b>ea4 ,logroo 0 nam$ by ! ,romans ,juliobriga & aft]w>ds ,lucronius4 ,x fell into ! h&s ( ! ,moors 9 ! #h? c5tury1 b 0 spe$ily retak5 by ! ,*ri/ians1 & "u ! "n ( ,lucronius appe>s ) frequ5cy 9 m$ieval hi/ory4 ,x 0 unsuccessfully besieg$ by ! ,fr5* 9 #aeba1 & occupi$ by !m f #ahjh to #ahac4 ,x 0 ! bir?place ( ! dumb pa9t] ,juan ,f]n&ez ,nav>rete 7#aebf-aegi74 ,,logrosc9o 7or ,,lo ,,grosc9o71 ,,nicola 7#agjj8-agfc871 ,italian musical compos]1 0 born at ,naples & 0 a pupil ( ,durante4 ,9 #agch he collaborat$ ) ,leo & o!rs 9 ! ha/y production ( ,demetrio2 9 ! autumn ( ! same ye> he produc$ a comic op]a ,l'+anno p] +anno1 ! fir/ ( a long s]ies ( comic op]as1 ! success ( :i* won him ! "n ( il ,dio dell' op]a buffa4 ,he w5t to ,pal]mo1 probably 9 #agdg1 z a tea*] ( c\nt]po9t2 z an op]a compos] he is la/ he>d ( 9 #agfj1 & is suppos$ to h di$ ab\t #agfc4 ,logrosc9o has be5 cr$it$ ) ! inv5tion ( ! conc]t$ op]atic f9ale1 b z f> z c be se5 f ! score ( ,il ,gov]natore & ! few rema9+ fragm5ts ( o!r op]as1 8 f9ales %[ no advance ^u ^? ( ,leo4 ,z a musical humori/1 h[ev]1 he des]ves remembrance1 & may ju/ly be class$ alongside ( ,ross9i4 ,,logwood 7s call$ f ! =m 9 :i* x is import$71 ! he>t-wood ( a legum9\s tree1 ,haematoxylon campe*ianum1 native ( ,c5tral ,am]ica1 & gr[n also 9 ! ,we/ ,indian ,isl&s4 ,! tree atta9s a height n exce$+ #dj ft41 & is said to be ready = fell+ :5 ab\t t5 ye>s old4 ,! wood1 depriv$ ( its b>k & ! sap-wood1 is s5t into ! m>ket 9 ! =m ( l>ge blocks & billets4 ,x is v h>d & d5se1 & ext]nally has a d>k br[ni%-r$ col\r2 b x is less deeply col\r$ )94 ,! be/ qualities come f ,campea*y1 b x is obta9$ !re only 9 small quantity4 ,logwood is us$ 9 dye+ 7q4v471 9 microscopy1 9 ! prep>ation ( ink1 & to a small ext5t 9 m$ic9e on acc\nt ( ! tannic acid x conta9s1 ?\gh x has no special m$ic9al value1 be+ mu* inf]ior to k9o & cate*u4 ,! wood 0 introduc$ into ,europe z a dye+ sub/ance soon aft] ! discov]y ( ,am]ica1 b f #aeha to #affb its use 9 ,engl& 0 prohibit$ by legislative enactm5t on acc\nt ( ! inf]ior dyes :i* at fir/ 7 produc$ by its employm5t4 ,! col\r+ pr9ciple ( logwood exi/s 9 ! timb] 9 ! =m ( a glucoside1 f :i* x is lib]at$ z haematoxyl9 by f]m5tation4 ,haematoxyl91 ,c#af;,h#ad,o#f1 0 isolat$ by ,m4 ,e4 ,*evreul 9 #ahaj4 ,x =ms a cry/all9e hydrate1 ,c#af;,h#ad,o#f #c;,h#b,o1 :i* is a col\rless body v sp>+ly soluble 9 cold wat]1 b dissolv+ freely 9 hot wat] & 9 alcohol4 ,by exposure to ! air1 especially 9 alkal9e solutions1 haematoxyl9 is rapidly oxidiz$ into haemate91 ,c#af;,h#ab,o#f1 ) ! developm5t ( a f9e purple col\r4 ,?is reaction ( haematoxyl9 is exce$+ly rapid & delicate1 r5d]+ t body a laboratory te/ = alkalis4 ,by ! action ( hydrog5 & sulphur\s acid1 haemate9 is easily r$uc$ to haematoxyl94 ,x is *emically relat$ to brazil91 f\nd 9 brazil-wood4 ,haematoxyl9 & brazil91 & also _! oxidation products1 haemat9 & brazil91 h be5 elucidat$ by ,w4 ,h4 ,p]k9 & 8 pupils 7see ,j\r4 ,*em4 ,soc41 #aijh1 #aiji74 ,,loh>u1 a native /ate ( ,india1 9 ! s\?-ea/ corn] ( ! ,punjab1 betwe5 ,hiss> di/rict & ,rajputana4 ,area1 #bbb sq4 m42 pop4 7#aija7 #ae1bbi2 e/imat$ gross rev5ue1 #dhjj4 ,! *ief1 ^: title is nawab1 is a ,mahomm$an1 ( ,afghan desc5t4 ,! nawab ,sir ,amir-ud-d9-,ahmad ,khan1 ,k4,c4,i4,e41 :o is a memb] ( ! vic]oy's legislative c\ncil1 0 until #aije adm9i/rator & advis] ( ! /ate ( ,mal] ,kotla4 ,! t[n ( ,loh>u _h a population 9 #aija ( #bage4 ,l,,he1 ,,johann ,,konrad ,,wilhelm 7 #ahjh-ahgb71 ,g]man div9e & philan?ropi/1 0 born on ! #ba/ ( ,febru>y #ahjh 9 ,fr? ne> ,nuremb]g1 & 0 educat$ at ! univ]sities ( ,erlang5 & ,b]l94 ,9 #ahca he 0 appo9t$ vic> at ,kir*5lamitz1 :]e 8 f]v5t evangelical prea*+ attract$ l>ge congregations & puzzl$ ! ecclesia/ical au?orities4 ,a simil> exp]i5ce ensu$ at ,nuremb]g1 :]e he 0 assi/ant pa/or ( ,/ ,egidia4 ,9 #ahcg he became pa/or 9 ,neu5dettelsau1 a small & unattractive place1 :]e 8 life's "w 0 done1 & :i* he trans=m$ into a busy & influ5tial community4 ,he 0 int]e/$ 9 ! spiritual condition ( ,g]mans :o _h emigrat$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & built two tra9+ homes = mission>ies to !m4 ,9 #ahdi he f\nd$ ! ,lu!ran ,society ( ,home ,missions & 9 #ahec an in/itution ( deaconesses4 ,o!r in/itutions 7 add$ to ^!1 includ+ a lunatic asylum1 a ,magdal5 refuge1 & hospitals = m5 & wom54 ,9 !ology ,lhe 0 a /rict ,lu!ran1 b 8 piety 0 ( a mo/ attractive k9d4 ,orig9ality ( conception1 vividness ( pres5tation1 f]tility ( imag9ation1 wide k ( ,scripture & a happy faculty ( apply+ x1 int5se spiritual f]v\r1 a /rik+ physique & a p[]ful voice made him a great pulpit =ce4 ,he wrote a good deal1 among/ 8 books be+ ,drei ,b*] von d] ,kir*e 7#ahde71 ,sam5krn] des ,gebetes 7ov] #cj editions7 & sev]al volumes ( s]mons4 ,he di$ on ! #bnd ( ,janu>y #ahgb4 ,see 8 ,life1 by ,j4 ,de9z] 7#c vols41 ,gt]sloh1 #ahgc1 #crd ed41 #aija74 ,,loh5gr91 ! h]o ( ! ,g]man v]sion ( ! leg5d ( ! knight ( ! swan4 ,! /ory ( ,loh5gr9 z we "k x is bas$ on two pr9cipal motives common en\gh 9 folklore3 ! metamorphosis ( human be+s into swans1 & ! curi\s wife ^: "q br+s disa/]4 ,loh5gr9's guide 7! swan7 0 orig9ally ! little bro!r :o1 9 "o v]sion ( ! ,sev5 ,swans1 0 compell$ ?r\gh ! de/ruction ( 8 gold5 *a9 to rema9 9 swan =m & atta*$ himself to ! =tunes ( "o ( 8 bro!rs4 ,! swan play$ a "p 9 classical my?ology z ! bird ( ,apollo1 & 9 ,sc&9avian lore ! swan maid5s1 :o h ! gift ( prophecy & are sometimes confus$ ) ! ,valkyries1 reappe> aga9 & aga94 ,! wife's desire to "k h] husb&'s orig9 is a p>allel ( ! my? ( ,cupid & ,psy*e1 & bore 9 m$ieval times a simil> my/ical int]pretation4 ,! ,loh5gr9 leg5d is localiz$ on ! ,l[] ,rh9e1 & its incid5ts take place at ,antw]p1 ,nijmweg51 ,cologne & ,ma9z4 ,9 its application x falls into %>p division 9 ! h&s ( ,g]man & ,fr5* poets4 ,by ! ,g]mans x 0 turn$ to my/ical use by be+ atta*$ loosely to ! ,grail leg5d 7see ,,grail & ,,p]ceval72 9 ,france x 0 adapt$ to glorify ! family ( ,godfrey de ,b\illon4 ,! ,g]man /ory makes its appe>ance 9 ! la/ /anzas ( ,wolfram von ,es*5ba*'s ,p>zival1 :]e x is relat$ h[ ,p>zival's son1 ,loh]angrn1#a 0 s5t f ! ca/le ( ! ,grail to ! help ( ! "y du*ess ( ,brabant4 ,guid$ by ! swan he rea*$ ,antw]p1 & m>ri$ ! lady on condition t %e %\ld n ask 8 orig94 ,on ! brea* ( ?is condition ye>s aft]w>ds ,loh]angrn dep>t$1 leav+ sword1 horn & r+ beh9d him4 ,betwe5 #abhc & #abij1 a ,bav>ian disciple ( ,wolfram's#b adopt$ ! /ory & develop$ x into an epic poem ( ne>ly #hjjj l9es1 incorporat+ episodes ( ,loh5gr9's pr[ess 9 t\rnam5t1 8 w>s ) ,h5ry ,i4 aga9/ ! hea!n ,hung>ians & ! ,s>ac5s1#c & incid5tally provid+ a detail$ picture ( ! ev]yday life ( p ( high condition4 ,! epic ( ,loh5gr9 is put by ! anonym\s writ] into ! m\? ( ,wolfram1 :o is made to relate x dur+ ! ,conte/ ( ! ,s+]s at ! ,w>tburg 9 pro( ( 8 sup]iority 9 k ( sacr$ ?+s ov] ,kl+sor ! magician1 & ! poem is ?us l9k$ on to ,g]man tradition4 ,its connexion ) ,p>zival implies a my/ic application4 ,! consecrat$ waf] %>$ by ,loh5gr9 & ! swan on _! voyage is "o ( ! m obvi\s means tak5 by ! poet to give ! tale ! "* ( an allegory ( ! relations betwe5 ,*ri/1 ! ,*ur* & ! human s\l4 ,! /ory 0 foll[$ closely 9 its ma9 outl9es by ,ri*>d ,wagn] 9 8 op]a ,loh5gr94 ,! ,fr5* leg5d ( ! knight ( ! swan is atta*$ to ! h\se ( ,b\illon1 & al?\gh ,william ( ,tyre ref]s to x ab\t #aagj z fable1 x 0 incorporat$ )\t "q by lat] annali/s4 ,x =ms "p ( ! cycle ( ! *ansons de ge/e deal+ ) ! ,crusade1 & relates h[ ,helyas1 knight ( ! swan1 is guid$ by ! swan to ! help ( ! du*ess ( ,b\illon & m>ries h] daught] ,ida or ,beatrix 9 circum/ances exactly p>allel to ! adv5tures ( ,loh5gr9 & ,elsa ( ,brabant1 & ) ! l result4 ,_! daught] m>ries ,eu/a*e1 c\nt ( ,b\logne1 & _h ?ree sons1 ! elde/ ( :om1 ,godefroid 7,godfrey71 is ! future k+ ( ,j]usalem4 ,b 9 ,fr5* /ory ,helyas is n ! son ( ,p>zival1 b ( ! k+ & que5 ( ,lille=t1 & ! /ory ( 8 bir?1 ( himself1 8 five bro!rs & "o si/] is1 ) v>iations1 t ( ! sev5 swans p]secut$ by ! wick$ gr&mo!r1 :i* figures 9 ! pages ( ,grimm & ,hans ,&]s54 ,! h\se ( ,b\illon 0 n alone 9 claim+ ! knight ( ! swan z an ance/or1 & ! tradition probably orig9ally belong$ to ! h\se ( ,cleves4 ,g]man ,v]sions4--,see ,loh5gr91 ed4 ,rck]t 7,qu$l9burg & ,leipzig1 #aheh72 ano!r v]sion ( ! tale1 ,lor5gel1 is edit$ 9 ! ,zeits*r4 fr deuts*es ,alt]tum 7vol4 #ae72 mod]n ,g]man translation ( ,loh5gr91 by ,h4 ,a4 ,junghaus 7,leipzig1 #ahgh72 ,conrad von ,wrzburg's fragm5t>y ,s*wanritt]1 ed4 ,f4 ,ro? 7,frankfurt1 #ahfa74 ,cf4 ,el/]1 ,beitrge zur ,kritik des ,loh5gr9 7,halle1 #ahhd71 & ,r4 ,he9ri*s1 ,die ,loh5gr9di*tung und ihre ,deutung 7,hamm i4 ,we/41 #aije74 ,fr5* ,v]sions4--,b>on de ,reiff5b]g1 ,le ,*evali] au cygne et ,godfrey de ,b\illon 7,brussels1 #b vols41 #ahdf-ahdh71 9 ,mon4 p\r s]vir l'hi/4 de la prov9ce de ,namur2 ,c4 ,hippeau1 ,la ,*anson du *evali] au cygne 7#ahgd72 ,h4 ,a4 ,todd1 ,la ,naissance du *evali] au cygne1 an in$it$ ,fr5* poem ( ! #ab? c5t4 7,mod4 ,lang4 ,assoc41 ,baltimore1 #ahhi72 cf4 ! ,lat9 tale by ,jean de ,haute ,seille 7,johannes de ,alta ,silva7 9 8 ,dolopa?os 7ed4 ,oe/]ley1 ,/rassburg1 #ahgc74 ,engli% ,v]sions4--,9 ,engl& ! /ory fir/ appe>s 9 a %ort poem pres]v$ among ! ,cotton ,,mss4 ( ! ,briti% ,museum & entitl$ ,*evel]e assigne4 ,?is 0 edit$ by ,g4 ,e4 ,v4 ,utt]son 9 #ahbj = ! ,roxburghe ,club1 & aga9 by ,h4 ,h4 ,gibbs 9 #ahfh = ! ,e>ly ,engli% ,text ,society4 ,! ,e4,e4,t4,s4 edition is accompani$ by a set ( photographs ( a #ad?-c5tury ivory casket1 on :i* ! /ory is depict$ 9 #cf comp>tm5ts4 ,an ,engli% prose romance1 ,helyas ,knight ( ! ,swan1 translat$ by ,rob]t ,copl&1 & pr9t$ by ,w4 ,copl& ab\t #aeej1 is f\nd$ on a ,fr5* romance ,la ,gnealogie 444 de ,godeffroy de ,b\l9 7pr9t$ #aejd7 & is repr9t$ by ,w4 ,j4 ,?oms 9 ,e>ly ,prose ,romances1 vol4 iii4 ,x 0 also pr9t$ by ,wynkyn de ,worde 9 #aeab4 ,a mod]n edition 0 issu$ 9 #aija f ! ,groli] ,club1 ,new ,york4 ,,footnotes3 #a i4e4 ,g>9 le ,loh]9 7q4v471 or ,g>9 ( ,lorra9e4 #b ,el/] 7,beitrge7 says t ! poem is ! "w ( two poets3 ! fir/ "p by a ,?ur+ian w&]+ m9/rel1 ! second--:i* diff]s 9 /yle & dialect--by a ,bav>ian (ficial4 #c ,bas$ on mat]ial borr[$ f ! ,s*sis*e ,welt*ronik 7=m]ly call$ ,repg[is*e ,*ronik f its dubi\s assignm5t to ,eime von ,repg[71 ! olde/ prose *ronicle ( ! _w 9 ,g]man 7c4 #abdh or #abfj74 ,,lo9 7?r\gh ,o4 ,fr4 loigne or logne1 mod4 longe1 f ,lat4 lumbus71 t "p ( ! body 9 an animal :i* lies betwe5 ! upp] "p ( ! hip-bone & ! la/ ( ! false ribs on ei!r side ( ! back-bone1 h5ce 9 ! plural ! g5]al t]m = ! l[] "p ( ! human body at ! junction ) ! legs1 cov]$ by ! lo9-clo?1 ! almo/ univ]sal g>m5t among primitive peoples4 ,!re are also figurative uses ( ! ^w1 *iefly biblical1 due to ! lo9s be+ ! suppos$ seat ( male vig\r & p[] ( g5]ation4 ,ap>t f ^! uses ! ^w is a but*]'s t]m = a jo9t ( meat cut f ?is "p ( ! body4 ,! upp] "p ( a lo9 ( beef is kn[n z ! surlo9 7,fr4 surlonge1 i4e4 upp] lo974 ,?is has be5 commonly corrupt$ into sirlo91 & a leg5d inv5t$1 to acc\nt = ! "n1 ( a k+1 ,james ,i4 or ,*>les ,,ii41 knight+ a prime jo9t ( beef ,sir ,lo9 9 pleasure at its excell5ce4 ,a d\ble surlo91 undivid$ at ! back-bone1 is kn[n z a b>on ( beef1 probably f an expansion ( ! leg5d ( ! ,sir ,lo94 ,,loire1 ! longe/ riv] ( ,france1 ris+ 9 ! ,g]bi] de ,jonc 9 ! dep>tm5t ( ,ard*e1 at a height ( #dejj ft4 & fl[+ nor? & we/ to ! ,atlantic4 ,aft] a c\rse ( #ah m4 9 ,ard*e x ent]s ,haute-,loire1 9 :i* x foll[s a picturesque *annel along ! foot ( basaltic rocks1 ?r\gh n>r[ gorges & small pla9s4 ,at ,vorey1 :]e x is jo9$ by ! ,arzon1 x becomes navigable = rafts4 ,f\r miles bel[ its entrance into ! dep>tm5t ( ,loire1 at ,la ,noirie1 riv] navigation is (ficially reckon$ to beg91 & break+ ?r\gh ! gorges ( ,sa9t ,victor1 ! ,loire ent]s ! wide & swampy pla9 ( ,=ez1 aft] :i* x aga9 p5etrates ! hills & fl[s out into ! pla9 ( ,roanne4 ,z 9 ,haute-,loire1 x is jo9$ by a l>ge numb] ( /reams1 ! mo/ important be+ ! ,coise on ! "r & ! ,lignon du ,nord or du ,=ez & ! ,aix on ! left4 ,bel[ ,roanne ! ,loire is accompani$ on its left bank by a canal to ,digo9 7#ce m47 9 ,sane-et-,loire1 !nce by ! s-call$ lat]al canal ( ! ,loire to ,bri>e 9 ,loiret 7#abb m474 ,ow+ to ! extreme irregul>ity ( ! riv] 9 diff]5t seasons ^! canals =m ! only c]ta9 navigable way4 ,at ,digo9 ! ,loire receives ! ,arr\x1 & gives (f ! canal du ,c5tre 7:i* utilizes ! valley ( ! ,b\rb9ce7 to ,*alon-sur-,sane4 ,at ?is po9t its nor!rly c\rse beg9s to be int]rupt$ by ! m\nta9s ( ,morvan1 & fl[+ nor?-we/ x ent]s ! dep>tm5t ( ,nivre4 ,j beyond ,nev]s x is jo9$ by ! ,alli]2 ?is riv] rises #cj m4 ,s4,w4 ( ! ,loire 9 ! dep>tm5t ( ,lozre1 & foll[+ an almo/ p>allel c\rse has at ! conflu5ce a volume equal to two-?irds ( t ( ! ma9 /ream4 ,above ,nev]s ! ,loire is jo9$ by ! ,aron1 along :i* ! canal du ,niv]nais proce$s nor?w>d1 & ! ,nivre1 & bel[ ! conflu5ce ( ! ,alli] gives (f ! canal du ,b]ry to ,b\rges & ! navigable "p ( ! ,*]4 ,ab\t ?is po9t ! valley becomes m ample & at ,bri>e 79 ,loiret7 ! riv] leaves ! highl&s & fl[s betwe5 ! plateaus ( ,gat9ais & ! ,beauce on ! "r & ! ,sologne on ! left4 ,9 ,loiret x gives (f ! canal de ,bri>e nor?w>d to ! ,se9e & itself b5ds nor?-we/ to ,orlans1 :5ce ! canal d',orlans1 foll[+ ! little riv] ,c5s1 communicates ) ! ,bri>e canal4 ,at ,orlans ! riv] *anges its nor?-we/]ly = a s\?-we/]ly c\rse4 ,a /rik+ peculi>ity ( ! afflu5ts ( ! ,loire 9 ,loiret & ! ?ree subsequ5t dep>tm5ts is t !y frequ5tly fl[ 9 a p>allel *annel to ! ma9 /ream & 9 ! same valley4 ,pass+ ,blois 9 ,loir-et-,*]1 ! ,loire ent]s ,indre-et-,loire & receives on ! "r ! ,cisse1 &1 aft] pass+ ,t\rs1 ! ?ree important left-h& tribut>ies ( ! ,*]1 ,indre & ! ,vi5ne4 ,at ! conflu5ce ( ! ,vi5ne ! ,loire ent]s ,ma9e-et-,loire1 9 its c\rse ?r\gh :i* dep>tm5t x is frequ5tly divid$ by long s&y isl&s fr+$ ) osi]s & will[s2 :ile ^u arriv+ at ,les ,ponts-de-,c x is split into sev]al di/9ct bran*es4 ,! pr9cipal tribut>ies are3 left1 ! ,?\et at ,saumur1 ! ,layon & ! ,evre2 "r3 ! ,au?ion1 &1 mo/ important tribut>y ( all1 ! ,ma9e1 =m$ by ! junction ( ! riv]s ,may5ne1 ,s>! & ,loir4 ,?r\gh ,loire-,infrieure ! riv] is /udd$ ) isl&s until bel[ ,nantes1 :]e ! l>ge/ ( !m1 call$ ,belle-,ile1 is f\nd4 ,x receives ! ,erdre on ! "r at ,nantes & on ! opposite %ore ! ,svre-,nantaise1 & f>!r on ! canaliz$ ,a*5au on ! left & ! navigable ,eti] de ,man on ! "r ne> ,sa9t ,nazaire4 ,bel[ ,nantes1 betwe5 :i* po9t & ,la ,m>t9ire 7bel[ ,pell]97 ! *annel is embank$1 ! riv] is kn[n z ! ,loire ,m>itime & wid5s out betwe5 m>%y %ores1 pass+ ,paimboeuf on ! left & f9ally ,sa9t-,nazaire1 :]e x is #a m4 broad4 ,! l5g? ( ! *annel ( ! ,loire is ab\t #fbe m42 its dra9age area is #df1gjj sq4 m4 ,a lat]al canal 7built 9 #ahha-ahib at a co/ ( ab\t #a1jjj1jjj7 kn[n z ! ,m>itime ,canal ( ! ,loire betwe5 ,le ,c>net & ,la ,m>t9ire enables l>ge %ips to asc5d to ,nantes4 ,x is #i m4 long1 & #ai 7capable ( be+ increas$ to #bd7 ft4 deep4 ,at ea* end is a lock #dje ft4 long by #ei ft4 wide4 ,! canal de ,nantes ,bre/ connects ?is city ) ,bre/4 ,! ,loire is navigable only 9 a v limit$ s5se4 ,dur+ ! dr\ght ( summ] ?9 & feeble /reams ?read _! way betwe5 ! s&banks ( ! *annel2 :ile at o!r times a /up5d\s flood subm]ges wide rea*es ( l&4 ,9 ! middle "p ( its c\rse ! ,loire trav]ses ! we/]n portion ( ! undulat+ ,p>is bas91 ) its ,t]ti>y m>ls1 s&s & clays1 & ! alluvium c>ri$ (f f ^! r5d]s its l[] *annel incon/ant2 ! re/ ( ! dra9age area is occupi$ by cry/all9e rocks1 ov] ! h>d surface ( :i* ! wat]1 undim9i%$ by absorption1 fl[s rapidly into ! /reams4 ,:5 ! flood wat]s ( two or m tribut>ies arrive at ! same "t s]i\s inundations result4 ,attempts to control ! riv] mu/ h begun at a v e>ly date1 & by ! close ( ! middle ages ! b$ betwe5 ,orlans & ,ang]s 0 enclos$ by dykes #aj to #ac ft4 high4 ,9 #aghc a d\ble l9e ( dykes or turcies #bc ft4 high 0 complet$ f ,bec d',alli] d[nw>ds4 ,! *annel 01 h[ev]1 s mu* n>r[$ t ! embankm5ts are almo/ c]ta9 to give way z soon z ! wat] rises #af ft4 7! av]age rise is ab\t #ad1 & 9 #ahdf & #ahef x 0 m ?an #bb74 ,9 mod]n times embankm5ts1 aid$ by dr$g+ op]ations ext5d+ ov] a l>ge numb] ( ye>s1 h ensur$ a dep? ( #ah ft4 9 ! *annel betwe5 ,la ,m>t9ire & ,nantes4 ,sev]al t[ns h con/ruct$ special works to def5d !mselves aga9/ ! floods2 ,t\rs1 ! mo/ expos$ ( all1 is surr\nd$ by a circul> dyke4 ,v>i\s s*emes = ! sy/ematic regulation ( ! ,loire h be5 discuss$4 ,x has be5 propos$ to con/ruct 9 ! upp] valleys ( ! sev]al afflu5ts a numb] ( gigantic dams or res]voirs f :i* ! wat]1 /or$ dur+ flood1 c\ld be let (f into ! riv] z requir$4 ,a dam ( ?is k9d 7built 9 #agaa7 at ! village ( ,p9ay1 ab\t #ah m4 above ,roanne1 & capable ( reta9+ f #cej to #dej million cub4 ft4 ( wat]1 has greatly dim9i%$ ! =ce ( ! floods at ,roanne1 & ma9ta9$ ! comp>ative equilibrium ( ! curr5t dur+ ! dry season4 ,?ree o!r dams ( mod]n con/ruction are also 9 exi/5ce1 "o ne> ,firm9y1 ! o!r two ne> ,/ ti5ne4 ,,loire1 a dep>tm5t ( c5tral ,france1 made up 9 #agic ( ! old di/rict ( ,=ez & portions ( ,beaujolais & ,lyonnais1 all =m]ly includ$ 9 ! prov9ce ( ,lyonnais4 ,pop4 7#aijf7 #fdc1idc4 ,area #ahec sq4 m4 ,x is b\nd$ ,n4 by ! dep>tm5t ( ,sane-et-,loire1 ,e4 by ^? ( ,rhne & ,isre1 ,s4 by ,ard*e & ,haute-,loire1 & ,w4 by ,puy-de-,dme & ,alli]4 ,f #agij to #agic x con/itut$1 along ) t ( ,rhne1 a s+le dep>tm5t 7,rhne-et-,loire74 ,x takes its "n f ! riv] :i* bisects x f s\? to nor?4 ,! ,rhone skirts ! ,s4,e4 ( ! dep>tm5t1 ab\t "o-eigh? ( :i* belongs to its bas94 ,aft] cross+ ! s\!rn bord] ! ,loire runs ?r\gh wild gorges1 pass+ ! picturesque crag cr[n$ by ! old =tress ( ,/ ,paul-en-,cornillon4 ,at ,/ ,ramb]t x issues into ! broad pla9 ( ,fotez1 fl[s nor? z f> z its conflu5ce ) ! ,aix :]e ! pla9 ends1 & !n aga9 trav]ses gorges till x ent]s ! less ext5sive pla9 ( ,roanne 9 ! extreme nor? ( ! dep>tm5t4 ,^! two pla9s1 ! b$s ( anci5t lakes1 are enclos$ ea/ & we/ by *a9s ( m\nta9s runn+ p>allel ) ! riv]4 ,9 ! we/ are ! ,=ez m\nta9s1 :i* sep>ate ! ,loire bas9 f t ( ! ,alli]2 _! highe/ po9t 7,pi]re sur ,haute1 #echa ft47 is #ab m4 ,w4 ( ,montbrison4 ,!y s9k gradually t[>ds ! nor?1 & are successively call$ ,bois ,noirs 7#dbci ft471 f _! woods1 & ,monts de la ,madele9e 7#chbb to #afdj ft474 ,9 ! ea/ ! ,rhone & ,loire bas9s are sep>at$1 by ,mont ,pilat 7#dgje ft47 at ! nor? extremity ( ! ,cv5nes1 & by ! hills ( ,lyonnais1 ,t>>e1 ,beaujolais & ,*>olais1 none ( :i* rise high] ?an #cbid ft4 ,( ! afflu5ts ( ! ,loire ! mo/ important are ! ,lignon du ,nord1 ! beautiful valley ( :i* has be5 call$ ,la ,suisse ,=ezi5ne1 & ! ,aix on ! left1 & on ! "r ! ,onda9e 7on :i* /& ! indu/rial t[ns ( ,*ambon-,feug]olles & ,firm9y71 ! ,fur5s & ! ,rh94 ,! ,gi] =ms a navigable *annel to ! ,rhone at ,givors1 & has on its banks ! indu/rial t[ns ( ,/ ,*amond & ,rive-de-,gi]4 ,f ,mont ,pilat desc5ds ! ,dme1 9 ! valley ( :i* are ! work%ops ( ,annonay 7q4v474 ,! climate on ! heights is cold & heal?y1 x is un:olesome 9 ! m>%y pla9 ( ,=ez1 mild 9 ! valley ( ! ,rhone4 ,! annual ra9fall v>ies f #ci to #dh 94 on ! ,=ez m\nta9s1 b only rea*es #bj to #bd 94 9 ! vic9ity ( ,montbrison4 ,! pla9s ( ,=ez & ,roanne are ! two mo/ important agricultural di/ricts1 b ! total production ( gra9 )9 ! dep>tm5t is insuffici5t = ! requirem5ts ( ! population4 ,! pa/ure l&s ( ! pla9 ( ,=ez1 ! we/]n portion ( :i* is irrigat$ by ! canal ( ,=ez1 support a l>ge numb] ( live /ock4 ,good pa/urage is also f\nd on ! high] levels ( ! ,=ez m\nta9s1 on ! nor?-ea/]n plateaus1 :]e ox5 ( ! fam\s ,*>olais bre$ are rais$1 & on ! upl&s g5]ally4 ,:eat & rye are ! lead+ c]eal crops2 oats come next 9 importance1 b>ley & colza occupy+ a relatively small area4 ,! v9e is cultivat$ 9 ! valley ( ! ,rhone1 on ! l[] slopes ( ! ,=ez m\nta9s & on ! hills we/ ( ! pla9 ( ,roanne4 ,! =e/s ( ,mont ,pilat & ! ,=ez *a9 yield good-siz$ p9es & wood = m9+ purposes4 ,! s-call$ ,lyons *e/nuts are to a l>ge ext5t obta9$ f ,=ez2 ! woods & pa/ure l&s ( ,mont ,pilat yield m$ic9al plants1 su* z m9t4 ,p\ltry-re>+ & bee-keep+ are consid]able indu/ries4 ,! dep>tm5t is ri* 9 m9]al spr+s1 ! wat]s ( ,/ ,galmi]1 ,sail-s\s-,c\zan1 ,/ ,roma9-le-,puy & ,/ ,alban be+ l>gely export$4 ,! *ief weal? ( ! dep>tm5t lies 9 ! coal deposits ( ! bas9 ( ,/ ti5ne 7q4v471 ! second 9 importance 9 ,france1 qu>ry+ is also active4 ,metal-work+ indu/ries are c5tr$ 9 ! ,s4,e4 ( ! dep>tm5t1 :]e are ! great manufactur+ t[ns ( ,/ ti5ne1 ,rive-de-,gi]1 ,/ ,*amond & ,firm9y4 ,at ,/ ti5ne !re is a national factory ( arms1 9 :i* z _m z #aj1jjj h be5 employ$2 ap>t f o!r factories ( ! same k9d c>ri$ on by private individuals1 ! production ( h>dw>e1 locks1 edge-tools1 common cutl]y1 *a9 cables = ! m9es1 files1 rails1 c41 occupies ?\s&s ( h&s4 ,ca/ /eel is l>gely manufactur$1 & ! work%ops ( ! dep>tm5t supply ! heavie/ con/ructions requir$ 9 naval ar*itecture1 z well z w> mat]ial & ma*9]y ( e description4 ,! glass indu/ry is c>ri$ on at ,rive-de-,gi] & ,/ ,galmi]4 ,/ ti5ne & ,/ ,*amond are c5tres = ! fabrication ( silk ribbons1 ela/ic ribbons & laces1 & ! dress+ ( raw silks4 ,betwe5 #ej1jjj & #fj1jjj p are employ$ 9 ! la/-nam$ indu/ries4 ,! arrondissem5t ( ,roanne manufactures cotton /uffs1 musl9s & ! l4 ,t ( ,montbrison produces table l954 ,! dep>tm5t has num]\s dye-works1 fl\r-mills1 pap] works1 tany>ds1 brick-works1 silk-sp9n+ works & hat factories4 ,x is s]v$ by ! ,p>is-,lyon railway1 ,roanne be+ ! junction ( important l9es f ,p>is to ,lyons & ,/ ti5ne4 ,)9 ! dep>tm5t ! ,loire is h>dly us$ = comm]cial navigation2 ! *ief wat]ways are ! canal f ,roanne to ,digo9 7#ac m4 9 ! dep>tm5t71 t f ,givors to ,rive-de-,gi] 7#g m47 & ! ,rhone 7#g m474 ,loire comprises ?ree arrondissem5ts--,/ ti5ne1 ,montbrison & ,roanne--) #ca cantons & #cce communes4 ,x falls )9 ! region ( ! ,,xiii4 army corps & ! diocse & acadmie 7educational circumscription7 ( ,lyons1 :]e also is its c\rt ( appeal4 ,/ ti5ne is ! capital1 o!r lead+ t[ns be+ ,roanne1 ,montbrison1 ,rive-de-,gi]1 ,/ ,*amond1 ,firm9y & ,le ,*ambon1 all sep>ately notic$4 ,/ ,bonnet-le-,*teau1 besides old h\ses1 has a *ur* ( ! #ae? & #af? c5turies1 conta9+ pa9t+s ( ! #ae? c5tury2 ,/ ,ramb]t & ,/ ,roma9-le-,puy h priory *ur*es ( ! #aa? & #ab? c5turies2 & at ,*>lieu !re are rema9s ( a ,b5$ict9e abbey f\nd$ 9 ! #i? c5tury1 includ+ a por* decorat$ ) f9e ,romanesque c>v+4 ,,loire-,,inf,,rieure1 a m>itime dep>tm5t ( we/]n ,france1 made up 9 #agij ( a portion ( ,brittany on ! "r & ( ! di/rict ( ,retz on ! left ( ! ,loire1 & b\nd$ ,w4 by ! ocean1 ,n4 by ,morbihan & ,ille-et-,vila9e1 ,e4 by ,ma9e-et-,loire & ,s4 by ,v5de4 ,pop4 7#aijf7 #fff1gdh4 ,area #bfid sq4 m4 ,! surface is v flat1 & ! highe/ po9t1 9 ! nor? on ! bord]s ( ,ille-et-,vila9e1 rea*es only #cgg ft4 ,! l9e ( hillocks skirt+ ! "r bank ( ! ,loire1 & kn[n z ! sillon de ,bretagne1 sc>cely exce$s #bej ft42 bel[ ,sav5ay !y rec$e f ! riv]1 & mead[s give place to peat bogs4 ,nor? ( ,/ ,nazaire & ,gr&e ,brire1 measur+ #i m4 by #f1 & ris+ h>dly #aj ft4 above ! sea-level1 /ill supplies old trees :i* c be us$ = jo9]s' "w4 ,a few scatt]$ villages occur on ! m elevat$ spots1 b communication is effect$ *iefly by ! canals :i* int]sect x4 ,! di/rict s\? ( ! ,loire lies equally l[2 its mo/ sali5t feature is ! lake ( ,gr&lieu1 cov]+ #bg sq4 m41 & surr\nd$ by l[ & m>%y gr\nd1 b s %all[ 7#f ft4 at mo/7 t dra9age w\ld be comp>atively easy4 ,! ,loire 7q4v47 has a c\rse ( #gj m4 )9 ! dep>tm5t4 ,on ! left bank a canal /ret*es = #i m4 betwe5 ,pell]91 :]e ! dikes :i* protect ! ,loire valley f inundation t]m9ate1 & ,paimboeuf1 & vessels draw+ #ag or #ah ft4 c rea* ,nantes4 ,! pr9cipal t[ns on ! riv] )9 ! dep>tm5t are ,anc5is1 ,nantes & ,/ ,nazaire 7"o ( ! mo/ important comm]cial ports ( ,france7 on ! "r1 & ,paimboeuf on ! left4 ,! *ief afflu5ts are1 on ! "r ! ,erdre & on ! left ! ,svre1 bo? deb\*+ at ,nantes4 ,! ,erdre 9 its l[] c\rse broad5s 9 places into lakes :i* give x ! appe>ance ( a l>ge riv]4 ,f\r miles bel[ ,nort x coalesces ) ! canal f ,nantes to ,bre/4 ,! ,svre is hemm$ 9 by picturesque hills2 at ! po9t :]e x ent]s ! dep>tm5t x fl[s pa/ ! beautiful t[n ( ,clisson ) its impos+ ca/le ( ! #ac? c5tury4 ,ap>t f ! ,loire1 ! only navigable *annel ( importance )9 ! dep>tm5t is ! ,nantes & ,bre/ canal1 f$ by ! ,isac1 a tribut>y ( ! ,vila9e1 :i* sep>ates ,loire-,infrieure f ,ille-et-,vila9e & ,morbihan4 ,! climate is humid1 mild & equable4 ,at ,nantes ! mean annual temp]ature is #ed4g ,fahr41 & !re are "o hundr$ & tw5ty-two ra9y days1 ! annual ra9fall be+ #be4f 94 ,horse & cattle rais+ prosp]s1 be+ c>ri$ on *iefly 9 ! we/ ( ! dep>tm5t & 9 ! ,loire valley4 ,good butt] & *eese are produc$4 ,p\ltry also is re>$1 & !re is a good deal ( bee-keep+4 ,:eat1 oats1 buck:eat & potatoes are produc$ 9 great abundance2 legum9\s plants are also l>gely cultivat$1 especially ne> ,nantes4 ,w9e1 cid] & =age crops are ! *ief rema9+ agricultural products4 ,! woods are ( oak 9 ! int]ior & p9e on ! coa/4 ,! dep>tm5t has deposits ( t91 lead & iron4 ,n4,w4 ( ,anc5is coal is obta9$ f a b$ :i* is a prolongation ( t ( ,anj\4 ,! salt m>%es1 ab\t #fjjj acres 9 all1 occur = ! mo/ "p betwe5 ! m\? ( ! ,vila9e & ! ,loire1 & on ! ,bay ( ,b\rgneuf1 & salt-ref9+1 ( :i* ,gur&e is ! c5tre1 is an important indu/ry4 ,! granite ( ! sea-coa/ & ( ! ,loire up to ,nantes is qu>ri$ = l>ge blocks4 ,/eam-eng9es are built = ! gov]nm5t at ,indret1 a few miles bel[ ,nantes2 ! =ges ( ,basse-,indre are 9 good repute = ! quality ( _! iron2 & ! production ( ! lead-smelt+ works at ,c\ron am\nts to sev]al millions ( francs annually4 ,!re are also consid]able f\ndries at ,nantes1 ,*ant5ay1 close to ,nantes1 & ,/ ,nazaire1 & %ipbuild+ y>ds at ,nantes & ,/ ,nazaire4 ,among o!r indu/ries may be m5tion$ ! prep>ation ( pickles & pres]v$ meats at ,nantes1 ! cur+ ( s>d9es at ,le ,croisic & 9 ! neighb\r+ communes1 ! manufacture ( sug>1 bru%es1 tobacco1 mac>oni & simil> foods1 soap & *emicals at ,nantes1 & ( pap]1 sug> & soap at ,*ant5ay4 ,fi%+ is prosecut$ along ! entire coa/1 p>ticul>ly at ,le ,croisic4 ,among ! seaside resorts ,le ,croisic1 ,porni*et & ,pornic1 :]e !re are megali?ic monum5ts1 may be m5tion$4 ,! dep>tm5t is trav]s$ by ! railways ( ! /ate1 ! ,orlans company & ! ,we/]n company4 ,! dep>tm5t is divid$ into five arrondissem5ts--,nantes1 ,anc5is1 ,*teaubriant1 ,paimboeuf & ,/ ,nazaire--#de cantons & #bai communes4 ,x has its appeal c\rt at ,r5nes1 :i* is also ! c5tre ( ! acadmie 7educational division7 to :i* x belongs4 ,! pr9cipal places are ,nantes1 ! capital1 ,/ ,nazaire & ,*teaubriant1 :i* receive sep>ate treatm5t4 ,on ! we/ coa/ ! t[n ( ,batz1 & ! neighb\r+ villages1 situat$ on ! p59sula ( ,batz1 are inhabit$ by a small community possess$ ( a di/9ct co/ume & dialect1 & claim+ desc5t f a ,saxon or ,sc&9avian /ock4 ,its memb]s are employ$ = ! mo/ "p 9 ! salt m>%es ,n4,e4 ( ! t[n4 ,gur&e has well-pres]v$ ramp>ts & gates ( ! #ae? c5tury1 a *ur* dat+ f ! #ab? to ! #af? c5turies1 & o!r old build+s4 ,at ,/ ,philb]t-de-,gr&lieu !re is a *ur*1 rebuilt 9 ! #af? & #ag? c5turies1 b pres]v+ rema9s ( a previ\s edifice belong+ at lea/ to ! beg9n+ ( ! #aa? c5tury4 ,,loiret1 a dep>tm5t ( c5tral ,france1 made up ( ! ?ree di/ricts ( ! anci5t prov9ce ( ,orlanais--,orlanais prop]1 ,gt9ais & ,dunois--toge!r ) portions ( ^? ( le-de-,france & ,b]ry4 ,x is b\nd$ ,n4 by ,se9e-et-,oise1 ,n4,e4 by ,se9e-et-,m>ne1 ,e4 by ,yonne1 ,s4 by ,nivre & ,*]1 ,s4,w4 & ,w4 by ,loir-et-,*] & ,n4,w4 by ,eure-et-,loir4 ,area1 #bfbi sq4 m4 ,pop4 7#aijf7 #cfd1iii4 ,! "n is borr[$ f ! ,loiret1 a /ream :i* issues f ! gr\nd "s miles to ! s\? ( ,orlans1 & aft] a c\rse ( ab\t #g m4 falls into ! ,loire2 its l>ge volume gives rise to ! belief t x is a subt]ranean bran* ( t riv]4 ,! ,loire trav]ses ! s\? ( ! dep>tm5t by a broad valley :i*1 ?\gh frequ5tly deva/at$ by disa/r\s floods1 is fam$ = its ri* till$ l&s1 its ca/les1 its t[ns & its v9e-clad slopes4 ,to ! nor? ( ! ,loire are ! ,gt9ais 7capital ,mont>gis7 & ! ,beauce2 ! =m] di/rict is s nam$ f its gt9es or wild]nesses1 ( :i* saffron is1 along ) honey1 ! mo/ notewor?y product2 ! ,beauce 7q4v471 a monoton\s tract ( corn-fields )\t ei!r tree or riv]1 has be5 call$ ! gran>y ( ,france4 ,betwe5 ! ,beauce & ! ,loire is ! ext5sive =e/ ( ,orlans1 :i* is sl[ly disappe>+ be=e ! advances ( agriculture4 ,s\? ( ! ,loire is ! ,sologne1 long b>r5 & unheal?y f ! imp]meability ( its subsoil1 b n[ mu* improv$ 9 bo? respects by means ( p9e plantation & dra9+ & manur+ op]ations4 ,! highe/ po9t 7on ! bord]s ( ,*]7 is #ijj ft4 above sea-level1 & ! l[e/ 7on ! bord]s ( ,se9e-et-,m>ne7 is #bbj ft4 ,! wat]%$ on ! plateau ( ,orlans betwe5 ! bas9s ( ! ,se9e & ,loire1 :i* divide ,loiret almo/ equally betwe5 !m1 is almo/ imp]ceptible4 ,! lat]al canal ( ! ,loire f ,roanne /ops at ,bri>e2 f ! latt] t[n a canal 7canal de ,bri>e7 connects ) ! ,se9e by ! ,lo+ valley1 :i* is jo9$ by ! ,orlans canal bel[ ,mont>gis4 ,! only important tribut>y ( ! ,loire )9 ! dep>tm5t is ! ,loiret2 ! ,lo+1 a tribut>y ( ! ,se9e1 has a c\rse ( #dj m4 f s\? to nor?1 & is accompani$ fir/ by ! ,bri>e canal & aft]w>ds by t ( ! ,lo+4 ,! ,essonne1 ano!r important afflu5t ( ! ,se9e1 leav+ ,loiret bel[ ,male%]bes1 takes its rise on ! plateau ( ,orlans1 z also does its tribut>y ! ,ju9e4 ,! dep>tm5t has ! climate ( ! ,sequanian region1 ! mean temp]ature be+ a little above t ( ,p>is2 ! ra9fall v>ies f #ah4e to #bg4e 941 accord+ to ! di/rict1 t ( ! expos$ ,beauce be+ l[] ?an t ( ! well-wood$ ,sologne4 ,hail/orms cause mu* de/ruction 9 ! ,loire valley & ! neighb\r+ regions4 ,! dep>tm5t is ess5tially agricultural 9 "*4 ,a l>ge numb] ( %eep1 cattle1 horses & pigs are re>$2 p\ltry1 especially geese1 & bees are pl5tiful4 ,! yield ( :eat & oats is 9 excess ( ! consumption2 rye1 b>ley1 mesl91 potatoes1 beetroot1 colza & =age plants are also cultivat$4 ,w9e 9 abundance1 b ( inf]ior quality1 is gr[n on ! hills ( ! ,loire valley4 ,buck:eat supports bees by its fl[]s1 & p\ltry by its se$s4 ,saffron is ano!r s\rce ( pr(it4 ,! woods consi/ ( oak1 elm1 bir* & p9e2 fruit trees ?rive 9 ! dep>tm5t1 & ,orlans is a great c5tre ( nurs]y g>d5s4 ,! indu/ries are brick & tile mak+1 & ! manufacture ( fai5ce1 = :i* ,gi5 is "o ( ! mo/ important c5tres 9 ,france4 ,! ,bri>e manufacture ( porcela9 buttons & pe>ls employs _m workm54 ,fl\r-mills are v num]\s4 ,!re are iron & copp] f\ndries1 :i*1 ) agricultural implem5t mak+1 bell-f\nd+ & ! manufacture ( p9s1 nails & files1 repres5t ! *ief metal-work+ indu/ries4 ,! production ( hosi]y1 wool-sp9n+ & v>i\s =ms ( wool manufacture are also engag$ 94 ,a l>ge quantity ( ! w9e gr[n is made into v9eg> 7v9aigre d',orlans74 ,! tann]ies produce excell5t lea!r2 & pap]-mak+1 sug>-ref9+1 wax-blea*+ & ! manufacture ( ca\t*\c complete ! li/ ( indu/ries4 ,! f\r arrondissem5ts are ^? ( ,orlans1 ,gi51 ,mont>gis & ,pi?ivi]s1 ) #ca cantons & #cdi communes4 ,! dep>tm5t =ms "p ( ! acadmie 7educational division7 ( ,p>is4 ,besides ,orlans1 ! capital1 ! m notewor?y places1 ,gi51 ,mont>gis1 ,beaug5cy1 ,pi?ivi]s1 ,bri>e & ,/ ,b5ot-sur-,loire1 are sep>ately notic$4 ,outside ^! t[ns notable examples ( ar*itecture are f\nd 9 ! *ur*es ( ,clry 7#ae? c5tury71 ( ,f]rires 7#ac? & #ad? c5turies71 ( ,puiseaux 7#ab? & #ac? c5turies7 & ,meung 7#ab? c5tury74 ,at ,g]migny-des-,prs !re is a *ur* built orig9ally at ! beg9n+ ( ! #i? c5tury & rebuilt 9 ! #ai? c5tury1 on ! old plan & to "s ext5t ) ! old mat]ials4 ,yvre-le-,*tel has an int]e/+ *teau ( ! #ac? c5tury1 & ,sully-sur-,loire ! f9e m$ieval *teau rebuilt at ! beg9n+ ( ! #ag? c5tury by ,maximili5 de ,b?une1 duke ( ,sully1 ! fam\s m9i/] ( ,h5ry ,,iv4 ,!re are rema9s ( a ,gallo-,roman t[n 7p]haps ! anci5t ,vellaunodunum7 at ,trigures & ( a ,roman amphi!atre ne> ,montb\y4 ,,loir-,,et-,,*]1 a dep>tm5t ( c5tral ,france1 =m$ 9 #agij f a small portion ( ,t\ra9e1 ! ,p]*e1 b *iefly f ! ,dunois1 ,v5dmois & ,blsois1 portions ( ,orlanais4 ,x is b\nd$ ,n4 by ,eure-et-,loir1 ,n4,e4 by ,loiret1 ,s4,e4 by ,*]1 ,s4 by ,indre1 ,s4,w4 by ,indre-et-,loire & ,n4,w4 by ,s>!4 ,pop4 7#aijf7 #bgf1jai4 ,area1 #bdgi sq4 m4 ,! dep>tm5t takes its "n f ! ,loir & ! ,*] by :i* x is trav]s$ 9 ! nor? & s\? respectively4 ,! ,loir rises on ! ea/]n bord] ( ! ,p]*e & jo9s ! ,ma9e aft] a c\rse ( #aie m42 ! ,*] rises on ! ,c5tral ,plateau ne> ,aubusson1 & rea*es ! ,loire aft] a c\rse ( #bai m4 ,! ,loire fl[s ?r\gh ! dep>tm5t f nor?-ea/ to s\?-we/1 & divides x into two ne>ly equal portions4 ,to ! s\?-ea/ is ! di/rict ( ! ,sologne1 to ! nor?-we/ ! ri* :eat-gr[+ c\ntry ( ! ,beauce 7q4v47 :i* /ret*es to ! ,loir4 ,beyond t riv] lies ! ,p]*e4 ,! surface ( ?is region1 :i* conta9s ! highe/ altitude 9 ! dep>tm5t 7#hdj ft471 is v>i$ by hills1 valleys1 h$g$ fields & or*>ds4 ,! ,sologne 0 =m]ly a region ( =e/s1 ( :i* ^? 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,*ambord are ! la/ rema9s4 ,its soil1 once b>r5 & m>%y1 has be5 consid]ably improv$ by dra9+ & af=e/ation1 ?\gh pools are /ill v num]\s4 ,! di/rict is mu* frequ5t$ by sportsm54 ,! ,*] & ,loir trav]se pleasant valleys1 occasionally b\nd$ by walls ( tufa 9 :i* dwell+s h be5 excavat$1 z at ,les ,ro*es 9 ! ,loir valley2 ! /one1 h>d5$ by exposure to ! air1 is also us$ = build+ purposes4 ,! ,loire &1 ) ! help ( ! ,b]ry canal1 ! ,*] are navigable4 ,! *ief rema9+ riv]s ( ! dep>tm5t are ! ,beuvron1 :i* fl[s into ! ,loire on ! left1 & ! ,sauldre1 a "r-h& afflu5t ( ! ,*]4 ,! climate is temp]ate & mild1 ?\gh t ( ! ,beauce t5ds to dryness & t ( ! ,sologne to dampness4 ,! mean annual temp]ature is betwe5 #eb & #ec ,f4 ,! dep>tm5t is prim>ily agricultural1 yield+ abundance ( :eat & oats4 ,besides ^! ! *ief products are rye1 :eat & potatoes4 ,v9es ?rive on ! valley slopes1 ! v9ey>ds fall+ into f\r gr\ps--^? ( ! ,*]1 :i* yield f9e r$ w9es1 ! ,sologne1 ! ,blsois & ! ,v5dmois4 ,9 ! valleys fruit-trees & nurs]y g>d5s are num]\s2 ! asp>agus ( ,romorant9 & ,v5dme is well-kn[n4 ,! ,sologne supplies p9e & bir* = fuel1 & !re are ext5sive =e/s ar\nd ,blois & on bo? sides ( ! ,loir4 ,pa/ure is ( good quality 9 ! valleys4 ,%eep are ! *ief /ock2 ! ,p]*e bre$ ( horses is mu* s\ght aft] = its comb9ation ( lightness & /r5g?4 ,bee-f>m+ is ( "s importance 9 ! ,sologne4 ,=m]ly ! speciality ( ,loir-et-,*] 0 ! production ( gun-fl9ts4 ,/one-qu>ries are num]\s4 ,! *ief indu/ries are ! clo?-manufacture ( ,romorant91 & lea!r-dress+ & glove-mak+ at ,v5dme2 & lime-burn+1 fl\r-mill+1 di/ill+1 saw-mill+1 pap]-mak+ & ! manufacture ( sabots & boots & %oes1 hosi]y & l95 goods1 are c>ri$ on4 ,! dep>tm5t is s]v$ *iefly by ! ,orlans railway4 ,! arrondissem5ts are ^? ( ,blois1 ,romorant9 & ,v5dme1 ) #bd cantons & #big communes4 ,loir-et-,*] =ms "p ( ! educational division 7acadmie7 ( ,p>is4 ,its c\rt ( appeal & ! headqu>t]s ( ! ,v4 army corps1 to ! regions ( :i* x belongs1 are at ,orlans4 ,blois1 ! capital1 ,v5dme1 ,romorant9 & ,*ambord are notic$ sep>ately4 ,9 addition to ^? ( ,blois & ,*ambord !re are num]\s f9e *teaux 9 ! dep>tm5t1 ( :i* t ( ,montri*>d ) its donjon ( ! #aa? c5tury1 t ( ,*aumont dat+ f ! #ae? & #af? c5turies1 & t ( ,*ev]ny 7#ag? c5tury7 9 ! late ,r5aissance /yle are ! mo/ important4 ,^? at ,/ ,aignan1 ,lassay1 ,lav>d9 & ,cellettes may also be m5tion$4 ,*ur*es :olly or 9 "p ( ,romanesque ar*itecture are f\nd at ,fav]olles1 ,selles-sur-,*]1 ,/ ,aignan & ,suvres4 ,! village ( ,tro is built close to anci5t tumuli & has an int]e/+ *ur* ( ! #ab? c5tury1 & among o!r rema9s ^? ( a laz>-h\se ( ! ,romanesque p]iod4 ,at ,pontlevoy are ! *ur*1 consi/+ ( a f9e *oir 9 ! ,go?ic /yle1 & ! build+s ( a ,b5$ict9e abbey4 ,at ,la ,poissonnire 7ne> ,montoire7 is a small ,r5aissance manor-h\se1 9 :i* ,rons>d 0 born 9 #aebd4 ,,loisy1 ,,alfr$ ,,firm9 7#aheg- 71 ,fr5* ,ca?olic !ologian1 0 born at ,ambrires 9 ,fr5* ,lorra9e ( p>5ts :o1 desc5d$ f a long l9e ( resid5t peasantry1 till$ !re ! soil !mselves4 ,! physically delicate boy 0 put into ! ecclesia/ical s*ool ( ,/ ,dizi]1 )\t any int5tion ( a cl]ical c>e]2 b he decid$ = ! prie/hood1 & 9 #ahgd ent]$ ! ,gr& ,sem9aire ( ,*alons-sur-,m>ne4 ,mgr ,meignan1 !n bi%op ( ,*alons1 aft]w>ds c>d9al & ar*bi%op ( ,t\rs1 orda9$ him prie/ 9 #ahgi4 ,aft] be+ cur successively ( two villages 9 t diocese1 ,loisy w5t 9 ,may #ahha1 to /udy & take a !ological degree1 to ! ,in/itut ,ca?olique 9 ,p>is4 ,"h he 0 influ5c$1 z to biblical languages & textual criticism1 by ! le>n$ & loyal-m9d$ ,abb ,paul9 ,m>t91 & z to a vivid consci\sness ( ! true nature1 gravity & urg5cy ( ! biblical problems & an ,attic s5se ( =m by ! hi/orical intuition & ! mordant irony ( ,abb ,l\is ,du*esne4 ,at ! gov]nm5tal in/itutions1 ,pr(essors ,opp]t & ,halvy help$ fur!r to tra9 him4 ,he took 8 !ological degree 9 ,m>* #ahij1 by ! oral def5ce ( =ty ,lat9 s*ola/ic !ses & by a ,fr5* diss]tation1 ,hi/oire du canon de l'anci5 te/am5t1 publi%$ z 8 fir/ book 9 t ye>4 ,pr(essor n[ at ! ,in/itut ,ca?olique1 he publi%$ successively 8 lectures3 ,hi/oire du canon du ,n4,t4 7#ahia72 ,hi/oire critique du texte et des v]sions de la ,bible 7#ahib72 & ,les vangiles synoptiques 7#ahic1 #ahid74 ,! two latt] works appe>$ successively 9 ! bi-mon?ly ,l',enseignem5t biblique1 a p]iodical writt5 ?r\gh\t & publi%$ by himself4 ,b already1 on ! occasion ( ! dea? ( ,erne/ ,r5an1 ,octob] #ahib1 ! attempts made to cle> up ! ma9 pr9ciples & results ( biblical sci5ce1 fir/ by ,mgr d',hul/1 rector ( ! ,in/itut ,ca?olique1 9 8 article ,la ,"q biblique 7,le ,correspondant1 ,jan4 #be?1 #ahic71 & !n by ,loisy himself1 9 8 pap] ,la ,"q biblique et l'inspiration des critures 7,l',enseignem5t biblique1 ,nov4-,dec4 #ahic71 promptly l$ to s]i\s tr\ble4 ,! latt] article 0 imm$iately foll[$ by ,loisy's dismissal1 )\t fur!r explanation1 f ! ,in/itut ,ca?olique4 ,& a few days lat] ,pope ,leo ,,xiii4 publi%$ 8 encyclical ,provid5tissimus ,deus1 :i* inde$ directly condemn$ n ,abb ,loisy's b ,mgr d',hul/'s position1 yet r5d]$ ! cont9u$ publication ( consi/5tly critical "w s difficult t ,loisy himself suppress$ 8 ,enseignem5t at ! end ( #ahic4 ,five fur!r in/alm5ts ( 8 ,synoptiques 7 publi%$ aft] ?is1 br++ ! "w d[n to ! ,confession ( ,pet] inclusively4 ,loisy next became *apla9 to a ,dom9ican conv5t & girls' s*ool at ,neuilly-sur-,se9e 7,oct4 #ahid-,oct4 #ahii71 & "h matur$ 8 apologetic me?od1 resum+ 9 #ahih ! publication ( long] articles1 "u ! pseudonyms ( ,desprs & ,firm9 9 ! ,revue du cl]g franais1 & ( ,jacques ,simon 9 ! lay ,revue d'hi/oire et de littrature religieuses4 ,9 ! =m] review1 a /rik+ pap] ^u developm5t ( doctr9e 7,dec4 #a/1 #ahih7 head$ a s]ies ( /udies app>5tly tak5 f an already extant l>ge apologetic "w4 ,9 ,octob] #ahii he resign$ 8 *apla9cy = reasons ( heal?1 & settl$ at ,bellevue1 some:at f>!r away f ,p>is4 ,8 notable pap]1 ,la ,religion d',isral 7,revue du cl]g franais1 ,oct4 #ae?1 #aijj71 ! fir/ ( a s]ies int5d$ to correct & replace ,r5an's pres5tation ( t great subject1 0 promptly c5sur$ by ,c>d9al ,ri*>d1 ar*bi%op ( ,p>is2 & ?\gh s*ol>ly & zeal\s ecclesia/ics1 su* z ! ,jesuit ,pre ,dur& & ,monseigneur ,mignot1 ar*bi%op ( ,albi1 def5d$ ! g5]al me?od & sev]al conclusions ( ! article1 ! ag$ c>d9al nev] re/$ h5ce=w>d till he _h secur$ a papal condemnation also4 ,at ! end ( #aijj ,loisy secur$ a gov]nm5t lecture%ip at ! cole des ,hautes tudes ,pratiques1 & deliv]$ !re 9 succession c\rses on ! ,babylonian my?s & ! fir/ *apt]s ( ,g5esis2 ! ,gospel p>ables2 ! n>rative ( ! m9i/ry 9 ! synoptic ,gospels2 & ! ,passion n>ratives 9 ! same4 ,! fir/ c\rse 0 publi%$ 9 ! ,revue d'hi/oire et de littrature religieuses2 & "h also appe>$ in/alm5ts ( 8 comm5t>y on ,/ ,john's ,gospel1 8 critically important ,notes sur la ,g5se1 & a ,*ronique biblique unmat*$ 9 its ma/]y ( its numb]less subjects & its fe>less yet delicate p5etration4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 two less erudite little books t br\ght him a ,european lit]>y reputation & ! culm9ation ( 8 ecclesia/ical tr\bles4 ,l'vangile et l'glise appe>$ 9 ,novemb] #aijb 7,eng4 trans41 #aijc74 ,its introduction & six *apt]s pres5t ) r>e lucidity ! e>lie/ conceptions ( ! ,k+dom ( ,heav51 ! ,son ( ,god1 ! ,*ur*1 ,*ri/ian dogma & ,ca?olic wor%ip2 & toge!r =m a sev]ely critico-hi/orical yet /rongly ,ca?olic answ] to ,h>nack's /ill l>gely pieti/ic ,wes5 des ,*ri/5tums4 ,x develops ?r\gh\t ! pr9ciples t :at is ess5tial 9 ,jesus' ,gospel is :at occupies ! fir/ & l>ge/ place 9 ,8 au!ntic tea*+1 ! ideas = :i* ,he f\ght & di$1 & n only t idea :i* we may consid] to be /ill a liv+ =ce to day2 t x is supremely arbitr>y to decree t ,*ri/ianity mu/ be ess5tially :at ! ,gospel did n borr[ f ,judaism1 z ?\gh :at ! ,gospel owes to ,judaism 7 necess>ily ( second>y wor?2 t :e!r we tru/ or di/ru/ tradition1 we "k ,*ri/ only by means (1 a?w>t & )9 ! ,*ri/ian tradition2 t ! ess5ce ( ,*ri/ianity resides 9 ! fulness & totality ( its life2 & t ! adaptation ( ! ,gospel to ! *ang+ conditions ( humanity is to-day a m press+ ne$ ?an ev]4 ,! second edition 0 enl>g$ by a prelim9>y *apt] on ! s\rces ( ! ,gospels1 & by a ?ird section = ! ,son ( ,god *apt]4 ,! little book promptly ar\s$ widespread int]e/1 "s cordial sympa?y & mu* vehem5t opposition2 :il/ its l>ge companion ! tudes vangliques1 conta9+ ! c\rse on ! p>ables & f\r sections ( 8 com+ comm5t>y on ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 pass$ almo/ unnotic$4 ,on ! #ba/ ( ,janu>y #aijc ,c>d9al ,ri*>d publicly condemn$ ! book1 z n furni%$ ) an imprimatur1 & z calculat$ gravely to tr\ble ! fai? ( ! fai?ful 9 ! fundam5tal ,ca?olic dogmas4 ,on ! #bnd ( ,febru>y ,loisy wrote to ! ar*bi%op3 ,i condemn1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 all ! errors :i* m5 h be5 able to d$uce f my book1 by plac+ !mselves 9 int]pret+ x at a po9t ( view entirely diff]5t f t :i* ,i _h to occupy 9 compos+ x4 ,! pope refus$ to int]f]e directly1 & ! nuncio1 ,mgr ,lor5zelli1 fail$ 9 secur+ m ?an t5 public adhesions to ! c>d9al's condemnation f among ! eighty bi%ops ( ,france4 ,pope ,leo _h inde$1 9 a lett] to ! ,franciscan m9i/]-g5]al 7,novemb] #ahih71 & 9 an encyclical to ! ,fr5* cl]gy 7,septemb] #ahii71 vigor\sly emphasiz$ ! traditionali/ pr9ciples ( 8 encyclical ,provid5tissimus ( #ahic2 he _h ev51 mu* to 8 prompt regret1 sign$ ! un=tunate decree ( ! ,roman ,inquisition1 ,janu>y #ahig1 prohibit+ all d\bt z to ! au!nticity ( ! ,?ree ,heav5ly witnesses passage1 #a ,john v4 #g1 a text :i*1 9 ! wake ( a l9e ( s*ol>s f ,erasmus d[nw>ds1 ,abb ,paul9 ,m>t9 _h1 9 #ahhg1 exhau/ively %[n to be no old] ?an ! end ( ! #d? c5tury ,a4,d4 ,yet 9 ,octob] #aijb he e/abli%$ a ,commission = ! ,progress ( ,biblical ,/udies1 prepond]antly compos$ ( s]i\sly critical s*ol>s2 & ev5 "o mon? be=e 8 dea? he /ill refus$ to sign a condemnation ( ,loisy's tudes vangliques4 ,c>d9al ,s>to became ,pope ,pius ,x4 on ! #d? ( ,augu/ #aijc4 ,on ! #a/ ( ,octob] ,loisy publi%$ ?ree new books1 ,aut\r d'un petit livre1 ,le ,quatrime vangile & ,le ,disc\rs sur la ,montagne4 ,aut\r consi/s ( sev5 lett]s1 on ! orig9 & aim ( ,l'vangile et l'glise2 on ! biblical "q2 ! criticism ( ! ,gospels2 ! ,div9ity ( ,*ri/2 ! ,*ur*'s f\ndation & au?ority2 ! orig9 & au?ority ( dogma1 & on ! in/itution ( ! sacram5ts4 ,! second & ?ird1 address$ respectively to a c>d9al 7,p]raud7 & a bi%op 7,le ,camus71 are polemical or ironical 9 tone2 ! o!rs are all writt5 to fri5ds 9 a w>m1 expansive mood2 ! f\r? lett] especially1 appropriat$ to ,mgr ,mignot1 atta9s a gr& elevation ( ?\ght & dep? ( my/ical conviction4 ,le ,quatrime vangile1 "o ?\s& l>ge pages long1 is possibly ov]-confid5t 9 its detail$ application ( ! allegorical me?od2 yet x con/itutes a r>ely p]fect sympa!tic reproduction ( a great my/ical believ]'s imp]i%able intuitions4 ,le ,disc\rs sur la ,montagne is a fragm5t ( a com+ enl>g$ comm5t>y on ! synoptic ,gospels4 ,on ! #bcrd ( ,decemb] ! pope ord]$ ! publication ( a decree ( ! ,congregation ( ! ,index1 incorporat+ a decree ( ! ,inquisition1 condemn+ ,loisy's ,religion d',isral1 ,l'vangile et l'glise1 tudes vangliques1 ,aut\r d'un petit livre & ,le ,quatrime vangile4 ,! pope's secret>y ( /ate _h on ! #ai? ,decemb]1 9 a lett] to ,c>d9al ,ri*>d1 rec\nt$ ! causes ( ! condemnation 9 ! id5tical t]ms us$ by ! latt] himself :5 condemn+ ! ,religion d',isral ?ree ye>s be=e4 ,on ! #ab? ( ,janu>y #aijd ,loisy wrote to ,c>d9al ,m]ry del ,val t he receiv$ ! condemnation ) respect1 & condemn$ :atev] might be repreh5sible 9 8 books1 :il/ res]v+ ! rights ( 8 consci5ce & 8 op9ions z an hi/orian1 op9ions d\btless imp]fect1 z no "o 0 m ready to admit ?an himself1 b :i* 7 ! only =m "u :i* he 0 able to repres5t to himself ! hi/ory ( ! ,bible & ( religion4 ,s9ce ! ,holy ,see 0 n satisfi$1 ,loisy s5t ?ree fur!r decl>ations to ,rome2 ! la/1 despat*$ on ! #ag? ( ,m>*1 0 address$ to ! pope himself1 & rema9$ unansw]$4 ,& at ! end ( ,m>* ,loisy gave up 8 lecture%ip1 z he decl>$1 on 8 own initiative1 9 view ( ! pacification ( m9ds 9 ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,9 ! ,july foll[+ he mov$ into a little h\se1 built = him by 8 pupil & fri5d1 ! ,assyriologi/ ,franois ,?ureau ,dang91 )9 ! latt]'s p>k at ,g>nay1 by ,dreux4 ,"h he cont9u$ 8 important reviews1 notably 9 ! ,revue d'hi/oire et de littrature religieuses1 & publi%$ ,morceaux d'exgse 7#aijf71 six fur!r sections ( 8 synoptic comm5t>y4 ,9 ,april #aijg he return$ to 8 native ,lorra9e1 to ,ceffonds by ,monti]-en-,d]1 & to 8 relatives !re4 ,five rec5t ,roman decisions are d\btless aim$ prim>ily at ,loisy's tea*+4 ,! ,biblical ,commission1 soon enl>g$ s z to swamp ! orig9al critical memb]s1 & :i* _h become ! simple m\?piece ( its presid+ c>d9als1 issu$ two decrees4 ,! fir/1 on ! #bg? ( ,june #aijf1 affirm$1 ) "s significant b unworkable res]vations1 ! ,mosaic au?or%ip ( ! ,p5tateu*2 & ! second 7#bi? ( ,may #aijg7 /r5u\sly ma9ta9$ ! ,apo/olic ,zeb$ean au?or%ip ( ! f\r? ,gospel1 & ! /rictly hi/orical "* ( ! ev5ts & spee*es record$ !re94 ,! ,inquisition1 by its decree ,lam5tabili sane 7#bnd ( ,july #aijg71 condemn$ sixty-five propositions conc]n+ ! ,*ur*'s magi/]ium2 biblical inspiration & int]pretation2 ! synoptic & f\r? ,gospels2 revelation & dogma2 ,*ri/'s div9ity1 human k & resurrection2 & ! hi/orical orig9 & gr[? ( ! ,sacram5ts1 ! ,*ur* & ! ,cre$4 ,& "s =ty ( ^! propositions repres5t1 m or less accurately1 c]ta9 s5t5ces or ideas ( ,loisy1 :5 torn f _! context & _! reasons4 ,! encyclical ,pasc5di ,dom9ici ,gregis 7,sept4 #f?1 #aijg71 probably ! longe/ & mo/ argum5tative papal utt]ance extant1 also aims prim>ily at ,loisy1 al?\gh "h ! vehem5tly s*ola/ic r$actor's det]m9ation to piece toge!r a /rictly coh]5t1 complete a priori sy/em ( ,mod]nism & 8 self-impos$ re/riction to m$ieval categories ( ?\ght z ! vehicles = describ+ ess5tially mod]n discov]ies & requirem5ts ( m9d1 make ! id5tification ( precise au?ors & passages v difficult4 ,& on ! #ba/ ( ,novemb] #aijg a papal motu proprio decl>$ all ! decisions ( ! ,biblical ,commission1 pa/ & future1 to be z b9d+ ^u ! consci5ce z decrees ( ! ,roman ,congregations4 ,yet ev5 all ?is did n det] ,loisy f publi%+ ?ree fur!r books4 ,les vangiles synoptiques1 two l>ge #hvo volumes ( #ajji & #gih pages1 appe>$ *ez l'auteur1 ,ceffonds1 ,monti]-en-,d]1 ,haute-,m>ne1 9 ,janu>y #aijh4 ,an incisive introduction discusses ! ecclesia/ical tradition1 mod]n criticism2 ! second1 ! fir/ & ! ?ird ,gospels2 ! evangelical tradition2 ! c>e] & ! tea*+ ( ,jesus2 & ! lit]>y =m1 ! tradition ( ! text & ! previ\s comm5t>ies4 ,! comm5t>y gives also a c>eful translation ( ! texts4 ,loisy recognizes two eye-witness docum5ts1 z utiliz$ by all ?ree synopti/s1 :ile ,mat!w & ,luke h also incorporat$ ,m>k4 ,8 *ief peculi>ity consi/s 9 cle>ly trac+ a /rong ,paul9e influ5ce1 especially 9 ,m>k1 :i* !re remodels c]ta9 say+s & actions z ^! 7 fir/ regi/]$ by ! eye-witness docum5ts4 ,^! doctr9al int]pretations introduce ! economy ( bl9d+ ! ,jews into ! p>abolic tea*+2 ! decl>ation z to ! r$emptive "* ( ! ,passion into ! say+s2 ! sacram5tal1 in/itutional words into ! acc\nt ( ! ,la/ ,supp]1 orig9ally1 a solemnly simple ,messianic meal2 & ! =mal night-trial be=e ,caiaphas into ! orig9al ,passion-/ory ) its in=mal1 morn+ decision by ,caiaphas1 & its "o solemn condemnation ( ,jesus1 by ,pilate4 ,m>k's n>ratives ( ! sepulture by ,joseph ( ,arima!a & ( ! empty tomb are tak5 z po/]ior to ,/ ,paul2 ! n>ratives ( ! infancy 9 ,mat!w & ,luke z lat] /ill4 ,yet ! great bulk ( ! say+s rema9 sub/antially au!ntic2 if ! hi/oricity ( c]ta9 words & acts is "h refus$ ) unusual assurance1 t ( o!r say+s & de$s is e/abli%$ ) /rong] pro(s2 & ! r$emptive conception ( ! ,passion & ! sacram5tal int]pretation ( ! ,la/ ,supp] are f\nd to spr+ up promptly & legitimately f our ,"l's "w & words1 to saturate ! ,paul9e & ,johann9e writ+s1 & ev5 to con/itute an elem5t ( all ?ree synoptic ,gospels4 ,simples ,rflexions sur le dcret ,lam5tabili et sur l'encyclique ,pasc5di1 #abmo1 #bgg pages1 0 publi%$ f ,ceffonds a few days aft] ! comm5t>y4 ,ea* proposition ( ! decree is c>efully track$ to its probable s\rce1 & is (t5 f\nd to modify ! latt]'s mean+4 ,& ! /udy ( ! encyclical concludes3 ,"t is ! great tea*] 444 we w\ld d wrong to despair ei!r ( our civilization or ( ! ,*ur*4 ,! ,*ur* au?orities 7 ?is "t n sl[ to act4 ,on ! #ad? ( ,febru>y ,mgr ,amette1 ! new ar*bi%op ( ,p>is1 prohibit$ 8 diocesans to read or def5d ! two books1 :i* attack & d5y sev]al fundam5tal dogmas ( ,*ri/ianity1 "u pa9 ( excommunication4 ,! abb aga9 decl>$ x is impossible = me hone/ly & s9c]ely to make ! act ( absolute retractation & submission exact$ by ! sov]eign pontiff4 ,& ! ,holy ,(fice1 on ! #g? ( ,m>*1 pron\nc$ ! major excommunication aga9/ him4 ,at ! end ( ,m>* ,loisy publi%$ ,quelques ,lettres 7,decemb] #aijc-;,febru>y #aijh71 :i* conclude3 ,at bottom ,i h rema9$ 9 my la/ writ+s on ! same l9e z 9 ! e>li] ones4 ,i h aim$ at e/abli%+ pr9cipally ! hi/orical position ( ! v>i\s que/ions1 & second>ily ! necessity = re=m+ m or less ! traditional concepts4 ,?ree *ief causes appe> jo9tly to h produc$ ,m4 ,loisy's v absolute condemnation4 ,any frank recognition ( ! abb's ev5 g5]al pr9ciples involves ! ab&onm5t ( ! id5tification ( !ology ) s*ola/icism or ev5 ) specifically anci5t ?\ght 9 g5]al4 ,! abb's c5tral position1 t our ,"l himself held ! proximat5ess ( ,8 second com+1 involves ! loss by *ur*m5 ( ! pre/ige ( directly div9e p[]1 s9ce ,*ur* & ,sacram5ts1 ?\gh /ill ! true fruits & vehicles ( 8 life1 dea? & _s1 _c ?us be imm$iately f\nd$ by ! e>?ly ,jesus himself4 ,& ! ,*ur* policy1 z old z ! times ( ,con/ant9e1 to cru% utt]ly ! man :o br+s m problems & pressure ?an ! bulk ( traditional ,*ri/ians c1 at ! "t1 ei!r dige/ or resi/ ) a fair discrim9ation1 seem$ to ! au?orities ! "o means to save ! v difficult situation4 ,,bibliography4--,autobiographical passages 9 ,m4 ,loisy's ,aut\r d'un petit livre 7,p>is1 #aijc71 pp4 xv4 xvi4 #a1 #b1 #aeg1 #bah4 ,a full acc\nt ( 8 lit]>y activity & ecclesia/ical tr\bles w be f\nd 9 ,abb ,alb]t ,h\t9's ,la ,"q biblique au ,,xixe sicle 7,p>is1 #bnd ed41 #aijb7 & ,la ,"q biblique au ,,xxe sicle 7,p>is1 #aijf71 b ! latt] especially is l>gely unfair to ! cons]vatives & sadly lack+ 9 religi\s feel+4 ,! foll[+ articles & booklets conc]n+ ,m4 ,loisy & ! que/ions rais$ by him are specially rem>kable4 ,france3 ,pre ,dur&1 ,s4,j41 tudes religieuses 7,p>is1 ,nov4 #aija7 frankly describes ! condition ( ecclesia/ical biblical /udies2 ,monseigneur ,mignot1 ar*bi%op ( ,albi1 ,lettres sur les tudes ecclsia/iques #aijj-aija 7collect$ ed41 ,p>is1 #aijh7 & ,critique et tradition 9 ,le ,correspondant 7,p>is1 #aj? ,janu>y #aijd71 ! utt]ances ( a f9ely tra9$ judgm5t2 ,mgr ,le ,camus1 bi%op ( ,la ,ro*elle1 ,fausse ,exgse1 mauvaise ?ologie 7,p>is1 #aijb71 a timid1 mo/ly rhetorical1 s*ol>'s prote/2 ,pre ,lagrange1 a ,dom9ican :o has done mu* = ! spread ( ,old ,te/am5t criticism1 ,la ,m?ode hi/orique1 surt\t propos de l',anci5 ,te/am5t 7,p>is1 #aijc7 & claircissem5t to same 7ibid4 #aijc72 ,p4 ,lagrange1 ,mgr ,p4 ,batiffol1 ,p4 ,portali1 ,s4,j41 ,aut\r des fondem5ts de la ,foi 9 ! ,bullet9 de litt4 eccl4 ,t\l\se 7,p>is1 ,decemb] #aijc1 ,janu>y #aijd71 v sugge/ive pap]s2 ,pr(essor ,maurice ,blondel's ,hi/oire et dogma1 9 ,la ,qu9za9e 7,p>is ,janu>y #af1 ,febru>y #af1 #aijd71 ,f4 de ,hugel's ,du ,*ri/ t]nel et des *ri/ologies successives 7ibid4 ,june #a1 #aijd71 ! ,abb ,j4 ,wehrle's ,le ,*ri/ et la consci5ce ca?olique 7ibid4 ,augu/ #af1 #aijd7 & ,f4 de ,hgel's ,correspondance 7ibid4 ,sept4 #af1 #aijd7 discuss ! relations betwe5 fai? & ! affirmation ( ph5om5al happ5+s2 ,paul ,sabati]1 ,les ,d]ni]s ,ouvrages de l',abb ,loisy1 9 ! ,revue *rti5ne 7,dle1 #aijd7 & ,paul ,desj>d9s' ,ca?olicisme et critique 7,p>is1 #aije71 a ,broad ,*ur* ,prote/ant's & a morali/ agno/ic's delicate appreciations2 a revue ( ,les vangiles synoptiques by ! ,abb ,mang5ot1 9 ,revue du ,cl]g franais 7,feb4 #ae1 #aijh7 conta9+ "s int]e/+ discrim9ations2 a revue by ,l4 9 ! ,revue biblique 7#aijh71 pp4 #fjh-fbj1 a mixture ( unfair ins9uation1 p[]ful criticism & discrim9at+ admissions2 & a pap] by ,g4 ,p4 ,b4 & ,jacques ,*evali] 9 ! ,annales de philosophie *rti5ne 7,p>is1 ,jan4 #aiji7 seeks to trace & to refute c]ta9 philosophical presuppositions at "w 9 ! book's treatm5t1 especially ( ! ,miracles1 ! ,resurrection & ! ,in/itution ( ! ,*ur*4 ,italy3 ,lettres ,roma9es 9 ,annales de philosophie *rti5ne 7,p>is1 ,janu>y-,m>* #aijd71 an ,italian !ologian's fe>less def5ce ( ,loisy's ma9 ,new ,te/am5t positions2 ,rev4 ,p4 ,l\is ,billot ,s4,j41 ,de sacra traditione 7,freiburg i4 ,br4 #aije71 ! able/ ( ! s*ola/ic criticisms ( ! hi/orical me?od by a highly influ5tial ,fr5* pr(essor ( !ology1 n[ _m ye>s 9 ,rome2 ,quello *e vogliamo 7,rome1 #aijg1 ,eng4 trans41 ,:at we want1 by ,a4 ,l4 ,lilley1 ,london1 #aijg71 & ,il ,programma dei ,mod]ni/i 7ibid4 #aijh71 ,eng4 trans41 ,! ,programme ( ,mod]nism ed4 by ,lilley 7,london1 eloqu5t #ajih71 plead+s by ,italian prie/1 sub/antially on ,m4 ,loisy's l9es2 ,l',abate ,loisy e il ,problema dei ,vangeli ,s9ottici1 f\r long pap]s sign$ ,h4 9 ,il ,r9novam5to 7,milan1 #aijh1 #aiji7 are c&id & circumspect4 ,g]many3 ,pr(essor ,e4 ,troelts*1 ,0 heis/ ,wes5 des ,*ri/5tums8 #f arts4 9 ,die *ri/li*e ,welt 7,leipzig1 autumn #aijc71 a pr(\nd criticism ( ,m4 ,loisy's developm5tal def5ce ( ,ca?olicism2 ,pr(essor ,h>nack's review ( ,l'vangile et l'glise 9 ! ,!ol4 ,lit]atur-,zeitung 7,leipzig1 #bcrd ,janu>y #aijd7 is g5]\s & int]e/+2 ,pr(essor ,h4 ,j4 ,holtzmann's ,ur*ri/5tum u4 ,re=m-,ka?olizismus1 9 ! ,prot4 ,monat%efte1 vii4 #e 7,b]l91 #aijc71 ,d] ,fall ,loisy1 ibid4 ix4 #a1 & 8 review ( ,les vangiles synoptiques 9 ,das zwanzig/e ,jahrhund]t 7,muni*1 ,may #c1 #aijh7 are full ( facts & ( deep ?\ght2 ,fr4 ,f4 von ,hummelau]1 ,exegetis*es zur ,inspirationsfrage 7,freiburg i4 ,br4 #aijd7 is a fav\rable specim5 ( pres5t-day ,g]man ,roman ,ca?olic s*ol>%ip4 ,am]ica3 ,pr(essor ,c4 ,a4 ,briggs1 ,! ,case ( ! ,abb ,loisy1 ,expositor 7,london1 ,april #aije71 & ,c4 ,a4 ,briggs & ,f4 von ,hgel1 ,! ,papal ,commission & ! ,p5tateu* 7,london1 #aijg7 discuss ,rome's attitude t[>ds biblical sci5ce4 ,engl&3 ,! ,rev4 ,t4 ,a4 ,lacey's ,h>nack & ,loisy1 ) introduction by ,visc\nt ,halifax 7,london1 #aijd72 ,! ,encyclical & ,m4 ,loisy 7,*ur* ,times1 ,feb4 #bj1 #aijh72 ,rec5t ,roman ,ca?olic ,biblical ,criticism 7,! ,times ,lit]>y ,supplem5t = ,janu>y #ae?1 #bbnd1 #bi?1 #aijd71 & ,! ,synoptic ,gospels 7review 9 ,! ,times ,lit]>y ,supplem5t1 ,m>* #bf1 #aijh7 are int]e/+ pron\ncem5ts respectively ( two ,tract>ian ,high ,*ur*m5 & ( a disciple ( ,canon ,s&ay4 ,pr(essor ,p]cy ,g>dn]'s pap] 9 ! ,hibb]t ,j\rnal1 vol4 i4 7#aijc7 p4 #fjc1 is ! "w ( a ,puritan-m9d$1 cultur$ ,broad ,*ur* layman4 7,f4 v4 ,h47 ,,loja 7=m]ly writt5 ,loxa71 a t[n ( s\!rn ,spa91 9 ! prov9ce ( ,granada1 on ! ,granada-,algeciras railway4 ,pop4 7#aijj7 #ai1adc4 ,! n>r[ & irregul> /reets ( ,loja w9d up ! sides ( a /eep hill surm\nt$ by a ,moori% citadel2 _m ( ! old] build+s1 includ+ a f9e ,moori% bridge1 7 de/roy$ by an e>?quake 9 ,decemb] #ahhd1 al?\gh two *ur*es ( ! e>ly #af? c5tury rema9$ intact4 ,an iron bridge spans ! riv] ,g5il1 :i* fl[s pa/ ! t[n on ! nor?1 =c+ a passage ?r\gh ! m\nta9s :i* encircle ! f]tile & beautiful ,vega ( ,granada4 ,?is passage w\ld h af=d$ easy access to ! t]ritory /ill held by ! ,moors 9 ! la/ half ( ! #ae? c5tury1 _h n ,loja be5 /rongly =tifi$2 & ! place 0 ?us ( great milit>y importance1 rank+ ) ! neighb\r+ t[n ( ,alhama z "o ( ! keys ( ,granada4 ,its manufactures consi/ *iefly ( co>se wooll5s1 silk1 pap] & lea!r4 ,salt is obta9$ 9 ! neighb\rhood4 ,loja1 :i*1 has sometimes be5 id5tifi$ ) ! anci5t ,ilipula1 or ) ! ,lacibi 7,lacibis7 ( ,pl9y & ,ptolemy1 fir/ cle>ly em]ges 9 ! ,arab *ronicles ( ! ye> #hij4 ,x 0 tak5 by ,f]d9& ,,iii4 9 #abbf1 b 0 soon aft]w>ds ab&on$1 & 0 n f9ally recaptur$ until ! #bh? ( ,may1 #adhf1 :5 x surr5d]$ to ,f]d9& & ,isabella aft] a siege4 ,,lok]51 an important indu/rial t[n ( ,belgium betwe5 ,gh5t & ,antw]p 79 ,ea/ ,fl&]s on ! ,durme74 ,pop4 7#aijd7 #ba1hfi4 ,x lies at ! s\!rn po9t ( ! di/rict call$ ,pays de ,waes1 :i* 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! #ai? c5tury 0 only s&y moorl&1 b is n[ ! mo/ highly cultivat$ & ?ickly populat$ tract 9 ,belgium4 ,! *ur* ( ,/ ,laur5ce is ( "s int]e/4 ,,lokoja1 a t[n ( ,nig]ia1 at ! junction ( ! ,nig] & ,b5ue riv]s1 f\nd$ 9 #ahfj by ! ,briti% consul1 ,w4 ,b4 ,baikie1 & subsequ5tly ! milit>y c5tre ( ! ,royal ,nig] ,company4 ,x is 9 ! prov9ce ( ,kabba1 #bej m4 f ! m\? ( ! ,nig]1 & is ( consid]able comm]cial importance 7see ,,nig]ia & ,,kabba74 ,,loll>ds1 ! "n giv5 to ! ,engli% foll[]s ( ,john ,wycliffe2 !y 7 ! adh]5ts ( a religi\s movem5t :i* 0 widespread 9 ! end ( ! #ad? & beg9n+ ( ! #ae? c5turies1 & to "s ext5t ma9ta9$ itself on to ! ,re=mation4 ,! "n is ( unc]ta9 orig92 "s d]ive x f lolium1 t>es1 quot+ ,*auc] 7,c4,t41 ,%ipman's ,prologue73-- ,?is ,loll] he] wil pre*5 u som:at 444 ,he wolde s[5 som difficultee ,or spr+5 cokkel 9 our cl5e corn2 b ! mo/ g5]ally receiv$ explanation d]ives ! words f loll5 or lull51 to s+ s(tly4 ,! ^w is mu* old] ?an its ,engli% use2 !re 7 ,loll>ds 9 ! ,ne!rl&s at ! beg9n+ ( ! #ad? c5tury1 :o 7 ak9 to ! ,fratricelli1 ,begh>ds & o!r sect>ies ( ! recusant ,franciscan type4 ,! e>lie/ (ficial use ( ! "n 9 ,engl& occurs 9 #achg 9 a m&ate ( ! bi%op ( ,worce/] aga9/ five poor prea*]s1 nom9e seu ritu ,loll>dorum confo$]atos4 ,x is probable t ! "n 0 giv5 to ! foll[]s ( ,wycliffe because !y resembl$ ^? (f%oots f ! great ,franciscan movem5t :i* _h dis[n$ ! pope's au?ority & set be=e !mselves ! ideal ( ,evangelical pov]ty4 ,! #ad? c5tury1 s full ( v>i$ religi\s life1 made x manife/ t ! two diff]5t ideas ( a life ( sep>ation f ! _w :i* 9 e>li] times _h liv$ on side by side )9 ! m$ieval *ur* 7 irreconcilable4 ,! *ur* *ose to abide by ! idea ( ,hildebr& & to reject t ( ,francis ( ,assisi2 & ! revolt ( ,ockham & ! ,franciscans1 ( ! ,begh>ds & o!r spiritual frat]nities1 ( ,wycliffe & ! ,loll>ds1 7 all prote/s aga9/ t decision4 ,gradually !re came to be fac+ ea* o!r a great political ,*ri/5dom1 ^: rul]s 7 /atesm51 ) aims & policy ( a worldly type1 & a religi\s ,*ri/5dom1 full ( ! ideas ( sep>ation f ! _w by self-sacrifice & ( p>ticipation 9 ! b5efits ( ,*ri/'s "w by an ascetic imitation4 ,! w> betwe5 ! two ideals 0 f\ght out 9 almo/ e c\ntry 9 ,europe 9 ! #ad? c5tury4 ,9 ,engl& ,wycliffe's :ole life 0 sp5t 9 ! /ruggle1 & he bequea!d 8 "w to ! ,loll>ds4 ,! ma9 practical ?\ght ) ,wycliffe 0 t ! *ur*1 if true to h] div9e mission1 mu/ aid m5 to live t life ( evangelical pov]ty by :i* !y c\ld be sep>ate f ! _w & imitate ,*ri/1 & if ! *ur* ceas$ to be true to h] mission %e ceas$ to be a *ur*4 ,wycliffe 0 a metaphysician & a !ologian1 & _h to inv5t a metaphysical !ory--! !ory ( ,dom9ium--to enable him to transf]1 9 a way satisfactory to himself1 ! p[]s & privileges ( ! *ur* to 8 company ( poor ,*ri/ians2 b 8 foll[]s 7 cont5t to allege t a *ur* :i* held l>ge l&$ possessions1 collect$ ti!s gre$ily & took money f />v+ peasants = baptiz+1 bury+ & pray+1 c\ld n be ! *ur* ( ,*ri/ & 8 apo/les4 ,loll>dy 0 mo/ fl\ri%+ & mo/ dang]\s to ! ecclesia/ical organization ( ,engl& dur+ ! t5 ye>s aft] ,wycliffe's dea?4 ,x _h spread s rapidly & gr[n s popul> t a ho/ile *ronicl] c\ld say t almo/ e second man 0 a ,loll>d4 ,wycliffe left ?ree intimate disciples3--,nicolas ,h]e=d1 a doctor ( !ology ( ,ox=d1 :o _h help$ 8 ma/] to translate ! ,bible into ,engli%2 ,john ,a%ton1 also a fell[ ( an ,ox=d college2 & ,john ,purvey1 ,wycliffe's colleague at ,lutt]wor?1 & a co-translator ( ! ,bible1 ) ^! 7 associat$ m or less intimately1 9 ! fir/ age ( ,loll>dy1 ,john ,p>k]1 ! /range ascetic ,william ,smi?1 ! re/less fanatic ,swynd]ly1 ,ri*>d ,wayt/ract & ,crompe4 ,wycliffe _h organiz$ 9 ,lutt]wor? an association = s5d+ ! gospel ?r\gh all ,engl&1 a company ( poor prea*]s some:at aft] ! ,wesleyan me?od ( mod]n times4 ,to be poor )\t m5dicancy1 to unite ! flexible unity1 ! swift ob$i5ce ( an ord]1 ) free & con/ant m+l+ among ! poor1 su* 0 ! ideal ( ,wycliffe's 'poor prie/s' 7cf4 ,%irley1 ,fasc4 ,ziz4 p4 xl471 &1 al?\gh proscrib$1 ^! poor prea*]s ) portions ( _! ma/]'s translation ( ! ,bible 9 _! h& to guide !m1 prea*$ all ov] ,engl&4 ,9 #achb1 two ye>s be=e ! dea? ( ,wycliffe1 ! ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury got ! ,loll>d op9ions condemn$ by convocation1 &1 hav+ be5 promis$ royal support1 he began ! long conflict ( ! *ur* ) ! foll[]s ( ,wycliffe4 ,he 0 able to co]ce ! au?orities ( ! univ]sity ( ,ox=d1 & to drive out ( x ! lead+ ,wycliffite tea*]s1 b he 0 unable to /ifle ,ox=d sympa?ies or to prev5t ! bani%$ tea*]s prea*+ ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 ,_m ( ! nobles1 l ,lords ,montacute & ,salisbury1 support$ ! poor prea*]s1 took !m z private *apla9s1 & protect$ !m aga9/ cl]ical int]f]5ce4 ,c\ntry g5tlem5 l ,sir ,?omas ,latim] ( ,braybrooke & ,sir ,ri*>d ,/ury protect$ !m1 :ile m]*ants & burgesses support$ !m ) money4 ,:5 ,ri*>d ,,ii4 issu$ an ord9ance 7,july #achb7 ord]+ e bi%op to arre/ all ,loll>ds1 ! ,commons compell$ him to )draw x4 ,?us protect$1 ! poor prea*]s won masses ( ! p to _! op9ions1 & ,leice/]1 ,london & ! we/ ( ,engl& became _! headqu>t]s4 ,! organization mu/ h be5 /rong 9 numb]s1 b only ^? :o 7 seiz$ = h]esy are kn[n by "n1 & x is only f ! indictm5ts ( _! accus]s t _! op9ions c be ga!r$4 ,! prea*]s 7 picturesque figures 9 long russet dress d[n to ! heels1 :o1 /aff 9 h&1 prea*$ 9 ! "m tongue to ! p 9 *ur*es & gravey>ds1 9 squ>es1 /reets & h\ses1 9 g>d5s & pleasure gr\nds1 & !n talk$ privately ) ^? :o _h be5 impress$4 ,! ,loll>d lit]ature 0 v widely circulat$--books by ,wycliffe & ,h]e=d & tracts & broadsides--9 spite ( _m edicts proscrib+ x4 ,9 #acie ! ,loll>ds grew s /rong t !y petition$ p>liam5t ?r\gh ,sir ,?omas ,latim] & ,sir ,r4 ,/ury to re=m ! *ur* on ,loll>di/ me?ods4 ,x is said t ! ,loll>d ,conclusions pr9t$ by ,canon ,%irley 7p4 #cfj7 conta9 ! sub/ance ( ?is petition4 ,if s1 p>liam5t 0 told t temporal possessions ru9 ! *ur* & drive out ! ,*ri/ian graces ( fai?1 hope & *>ity2 t ! prie/hood ( ! *ur* 9 communion ) ,rome 0 n ! prie/hood ,*ri/ gave to 8 apo/les2 t ! monk's v[ ( celibacy _h = its consequ5ce unnatural lu/1 & %\ld n be impos$2 t transub/antiation 0 a feign$ miracle1 & l$ p to idolatry2 t pray]s made ov] w9e1 bread1 wat]1 oil1 salt1 wax1 inc5se1 alt>s ( /one1 *ur* walls1 ve/m5ts1 mitres1 crosses1 /aves1 7 magical & %\ld n be all[$2 t k+s %\ld possess ! jus episcopale1 & br+ good gov]nm5t into ! *ur*2 t no special pray]s %\ld be made = ! dead2 t auricul> confession made to ! cl]gy1 & decl>$ to be necess>y = salvation1 0 ! root ( cl]ical arrogance & ! cause ( indulg5ces & o!r abuses 9 p>don+ s92 t all w>s 7 aga9/ ! pr9ciples ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 & 7 b murd]+ & plund]+ ! poor to w9 glory = k+s2 t ! v[s ( *a/ity laid ^u nuns l$ to *ild murd]2 t _m ( ! trades practis$ 9 ! commonweal?1 su* z ^? ( goldsmi?s & arm\r]s1 7 unnecess>y & l$ to luxury & wa/e4 ,^! ,conclusions really conta9 ! sum ( ,wycliffite tea*+2 &1 if we add t ! pr9cipal duty ( prie/s is to prea*1 & t ! wor%ip ( images1 ! go+ on pilgrimages & ! use ( gold & silv] *alices 9 div9e s]vice are s9ful 7,! ,peasants' ,ris+ & ! ,loll>ds1 p4 #dg71 !y include almo/ all ! h]esies *>g$ 9 ! indictm5ts aga9/ individual ,loll>ds d[n to ! middle ( ! #ae? c5tury4 ,! k+1 :o _h hi!rto seem$ anxi\s to repress ! action ( ! cl]gy aga9/ ! ,loll>ds1 spoke /rongly aga9/ ! petition & its promot]s1 & ,loll>dy nev] aga9 _h ! p[] 9 ,engl& :i* x wield$ up to ?is ye>4 ,if ! =mal /atem5ts ( ,loll>d cre$ are to be got f ^! ,conclusions1 ! popul> view ( _! controv]sy ) ! *ur* may be ga!r$ f ! ballads pres]v$ 9 ! ,political ,poems & ,songs relat+ to ,engli% ,hi/ory1 publi%$ 9 #ahei by ,?omas ,wright = ! ,ma/] ( ! ,rolls s]ies1 & 9 ! ,pi]s ,pl\ghman poems4 ,pi]s ,pl\ghman's ,cre$ 7see ,,langl&7 0 probably writt5 ab\t #acid1 :5 ,loll>dy 0 at its greate/ /r5g?2 ! pl\ghman ( ! ,cre$ is a man gift$ ) s5se en\gh to see ?r\gh ! tricks ( ! fri>s1 & ) su* religi\s k z c be got f ! cre$1 & f ,wycliffe's v]sion ( ! ,gospels4 ,! poet gives u a portrait ( ! fat fri> ) 8 d\ble *9 %ak+ ab\t z big z a goose's egg1 & ! pl\ghman ) 8 hood full ( holes1 8 mitt5s made ( pat*es1 & 8 poor wife go+ b>efoot on ! ice s t h] blood foll[$ 7,e>ly ,engli% ,text ,society1 vol4 xxx41 pref41 p4 #af72 & "o c easily see :y f>m]s & peasants turn$ f ! fri>s to ! poor prea*]s4 ,! ,pl\ghman's ,compla9t tells ! same tale4 ,x pa9ts popes1 c>d9als1 prelates1 rectors1 monks & fri>s1 :o call !mselves foll[]s ( ,pet] & keep]s ( ! gates ( heav5 & hell1 & pale pov]ty-/rick5 p1 cotless & l&less1 :o h to pay ! fat cl]gy = spiritual assi/ance1 & asks if ^! are ,pet]'s prie/s4 ,i tr[e ,pet] took no money1 = no s9n]s t he sold4444 ,pet] 0 nev] s great a fole1 to leave 8 key ) su* a losell4 ,9 #acii ! ,lanca/rian ,h5ry ,,iv4 ov]?rew ! ,plantag5et ,ri*>d ,,ii41 & "o ( ! mo/ active p>tisans ( ! new mon>* 0 ,arundel1 ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury & ! mo/ det]m9$ oppon5t ( ,loll>dy4 ,ri*>d ,,ii4 _h aid$ ! cl]gy to suppress ,loll>dy )\t mu* success4 ,! new dyna/y support$ ! *ur* 9 a simil> way & n m successfully4 ,! /r5g? ( ! anti-cl]ical p>ty lay 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 9 :i* ! repres5tatives ( ! %ires took ! lead+ "p4 ,twice ! ,commons petition$ ! cr[n to seize ! temporalities ( ! *ur* & apply !m to su* national purposes z relief ( taxation1 ma9t5ance ( ! poor & ! support ( new lords & knights4 ,_! anti-cl]ical policy 0 n cont9u\s1 h[ev]4 ,! c\rt p>ty & ! cl]gy propos$ /atutes = ! suppression ( h]esy1 & twice at lea/ secur$ ! concurr5ce ( ! ,commons4 ,"o ( ^! 0 ! well-kn[n /atute ,de h]etico combur5do pass$ 9 #adja4 ,9 ! e>li] /ages ( ,loll>dy1 :5 ! c\rt & ! cl]gy manag$ to br+ ,loll>ds be=e ecclesia/ical tribunals back$ by ! civil p[]1 ! accus$ g5]ally recant$ & %[$ no disposition to endure m>tyrdom = _! op9ions4 ,!y became bold] 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! #ae? c5tury1 ,william ,sawtrey 7,*>tris71 caught & condemn$1 refus$ to recant & 0 burnt at ,/ ,paul's ,cross 7,m>* #adja71 & o!r m>tyrdoms foll[$4 ,! victims usually belong$ to ! l[] classes4 ,9 #adaj ,john ,badby1 an artisan1 0 s5t to ! /ake4 ,8 execution 0 memorable f ! "p tak5 9 x by ! pr9ce ( ,wales1 :o himself tri$ to reason ! ,loll>d out ( 8 convictions4 ,b no?+ said w\ld make ,badby confess t ,*ri/ sitt+ at supp] did give to ,8 disciples ,8 liv+ body to eat4 ,! ,loll>ds1 f> f daunt$1 abat$ no ef=t to make good _! gr\nd1 & unit$ a /ruggle = social & political lib]ty to ! hatr$ felt by ! peasants t[>ds ! ,romi% cl]gy4 ,jak ,upl& 7,john ,c\ntryman7 took ! place ( ,pi]s ,pl\ghman1 & upbraid$ ! cl]gy1 & especially ! fri>s1 = _! weal? & luxury4 ,wycliffe _h publi%$ ! rule ( ,/ ,francis1 & _h po9t$ out 9 a comm5t>y ^u ! rule h[ f> fri>s _h dep>t$ f ! maxims ( _! f\nd]1 & _h p]secut$ ! ,spirituales 7! ,fratricelli1 ,begh>ds1 ,loll>ds ( ! ,ne!rl&s7 = keep+ !m to ! lett] 7cf4 ,mat!ws1 ,engli% ,works ( ,wyclif hi!rto unpr9t$1 ,e>ly ,eng4 ,text ,soc41 vol4 lxxiv41 #ahhj74 ,jak ,upl& put all ?is into rude n]v\s ,engli% v]se3 ,fre]1 :at *>itie is ?is ,to fa9 t :oso live? aft] y\r ord] ,live? mo/ p]fectlie1 ,& next foll[e? ! /ate ( ! ,apo/les ,9 pov]tie & p5nance3 ,& yet ! wise/ & greate/ cl]kes ( y ,w5d or s5d or procure to ! c\rt ( ,rome1 444 & to be assoil$ ( ! v[ ( pov]tie4 ,! ar*bi%op1 hav+ ! p[] ( ! ?rone beh9d him1 attack$ t /ronghold ( ,loll>dy ! univ]sity ( ,ox=d4 ,9 #adjf a docum5t appe>$ purport+ to be ! te/imony ( ! univ]sity 9 fav\r ( ,wycliffe2 its g5u95ess 0 disput$ at ! "t1 & :5 quot$ by ,huss at ! c\ncil ( ,con/ance x 0 repudiat$ by ! ,engli% delegates4 ,! ar*bi%op treat$ ,ox=d z if x _h issu$ ! docum5t1 & procur$ ! issue ( sev]e regulations 9 ord] to purge ! univ]sity ( h]esy4 ,9 #adjh ,arundel 9 convocation propos$ & c>ri$ ! fam\s ,con/itutiones ,?omae ,arundel int5d$ to put d[n ,wycliffite prea*]s & tea*+4 ,!y provid$ among/ o!r ?+s t no "o 0 to be all[$ to prea* )\t a bi%op's lic5ce1 t prea*]s prea*+ to ! laity 7 n to rebuke ! s9s ( ! cl]gy1 & t ,loll>d books & ! translation ( ! ,bible 7 to be se>*$ = & de/roy$4 ,:5 ,h5ry ,v4 became k+ a m det]m9$ ef=t 0 made to cru% ,loll>dy4 ,hi!rto its /r5g? _h la9 among ! c\ntry g5tlem5 :o 7 ! repres5tatives ( ! %ires4 ,! c\rt & cl]gy _h be5 afraid to attack ?is p[]ful class4 ,! new k+ det]m9$ to ov]awe !m1 & to ?is end select$ "o :o _h be5 a p]sonal fri5d & ^: life _h be5 blameless4 ,?is 0 ,sir ,john ,oldca/le1 9 "r ( 8 wife1 ,"l ,cobham1 ! good ,"l ,cobham z ! common p call$ him4 ,h5ry fir/ tri$ p]sonal p]suasion1 & :5 t fail$ direct$ trial = h]esy4 ,oldca/le 0 convict$1 b 0 imprison$ = =ty days 9 ! ,t[] 9 hope t he might recant4 ,he escap$1 & summon$ 8 co-religioni/s to 8 aid4 ,a ,loll>d plot 0 =m$ to seize ! k+'s p]son4 ,9 ! end ,oldca/le 0 burnt = an ob/9ate h]etic 7,dec4 #adag74 ,^! p]secutions 7 n greatly prote/$ aga9/2 ! w>s ( ,h5ry ,v4 ) ,france _h awak5$ ! m>tial _s ( ! nation1 & little sympa?y 0 felt = m5 :o _h decl>$ t all w> 0 b ! murd] & plund]+ ( poor p = ! sake ( k+s4 ,mock+ ballads 7 compos$ ^u ! m>tyr ,oldca/le1 & ?is dislike to w>f>e 0 "o ( ! *ief accusations made aga9/ him 7comp4 ,wright's ,political ,poems1 ii4 #bdd74 ,b ,arundel c\ld n prev5t ! writ+ & di/ribution ( ,loll>d books & pamphlets4 ,two appe>$ ab\t ! "t ( ! m>tyrdom ( ,oldca/le--,! ,pl\ghman's ,pray] & ! ,lan?orne ( ,light4 ,! ,pl\ghman's ,pray] decl>$ t true wor%ip consi/s 9 ?ree ?+s--9 lov+ ,god1 & dread+ ,god & tru/+ 9 ,god above all o!r ?+s2 & x %[$ h[ ,loll>ds1 press$ by p]secution1 became fur!r sep>at$ f ! religi\s life ( ! *ur*4 ,m5 make? n[ great /on5 h\ses full ( glas5 w9d[s1 & clepe? ?ilke ?9e h\ses & *ur*es4 ,& !y sett5 9 ^! h\ses mawmets ( /ocks & /ones1 to =e !m !y knel5 privili* & ap]t & mak5 _! pray]s1 & all ?is !y say is !y wor%ip4444 ,= ,lorde our belief is t ?9e h\se is man's s\l4 ,not)/&+ ! repression1 ,loll>dy fa/5$ 9 new p>ts ( ,engl&1 & ,loll>ds ab\nd$ 9 ,som]set1 ,norfolk1 ,suffolk1 ,essex1 ,l9coln & ,buck+ham%ire4 ,! c\ncil ( ,con/ance 7#adad-adah7 put an end to ! papal s*ism1 & also %[$ its det]m9ation to put d[n h]esy by burn+ ,john ,huss4 ,:5 news ( ?is rea*$ ,engl& ! cl]gy 7 incit$ to /ill m vigor\s proce$+s aga9/ ,loll>d prea*]s & books4 ,f ?is "t ,loll>dy appe>s bani%$ f ! fields & /reets1 & takes refuge 9 h\ses & places ( concealm5t4 ,!re 0 no m wayside prea*+1 b in/ead !re 7 conv5ticula occulta 9 h\ses1 9 peasants' huts1 9 sawpits & 9 field dit*es1 :]e ! ,bible 0 read & exhortations 7 giv51 & s ,loll>dy cont9u$4 ,9 #adbh ,ar*bi%op ,*i*ele confess$ t ! ,loll>ds seem$ z num]\s z ev]1 & t _! lit]>y & prea*+ "w w5t on z vigor\sly z be=e4 ,x 0 f\nd also t _m ( ! poor] rectors & p>i% prie/s1 & a great _m *apla9s & curates1 7 9 secret association ) ! ,loll>ds1 s mu* s t 9 _m places processions 7 nev] made & wor%ip on sa9ts' days 0 ab&on$4 ,= ! ,loll>ds 7 h>d5$ by p]secution1 & became fanatical 9 ! /atem5t ( _! doctr9es4 ,?omas ,bagley 0 accus$ ( decl>+ t if 9 ! sacram5t a prie/ made bread into ,god1 he made a ,god t c be eat5 by rats & mice2 t ! ph>isees ( ! day1 ! monks1 & ! nuns1 & ! fri>s & all o!r privileg$ p]sons recogniz$ by ! *ur* 7 limbs ( ,satan2 & t auricul> confession to ! prie/ 0 ! w n ( ,god b ( ! devil4 ,& o!rs held t any prie/ :o took sal>y 0 excommunicate2 & t boys c\ld bless ! bread z well z prie/s4 ,f ,engl& ,loll>dy pass$ into ,scotl&4 ,ox=d infect$ ,/ ,&rews1 & we f9d traces ( m ?an "o vigor\s se>* made = ,loll>ds among ! tea*+ /aff ( ! ,scotti% univ]sity1 :ile ! ,loll>ds ( ,kyle 9 ,ayr%ire 7 claim$ by ,knox z ! =]unn]s ( ! ,scot* ,re=mation4 ,! op9ions ( ! lat] ,loll>ds c be/ be ga!r$ f ! le>n$ & un=tunate ,pecock1 :o wrote 8 elaborate ,repressor aga9/ ! ,bible-m51 z he calls !m4 ,he summ$ up _! doctr9es "u elev5 heads3 !y condemn ! hav+ & us+ images 9 ! *ur*es1 ! go+ on pilgrimages to ! memorial or mynde places ( ! sa9ts1 ! hold+ ( l&$ possessions by ! cl]gy1 ! v>i\s ranks ( ! hi]>*y1 ! fram+ ( ecclesia/ical laws & ord9ances by papal & episcopal au?ority1 ! in/itution ( religi\s ord]s1 ! co/l9ess ( ecclesia/ical decorations1 ! c]emonies ( ! mass & ! sacram5ts1 ! tak+ ( oa?s & ! ma9ta9+ t w> & capital puni%m5t are lawful4 ,:5 ^! po9ts are comp>$ ) ! ,loll>d ,conclusions ( #acie1 x is pla9 t ,loll>dy _h n greatly alt]$ its op9ions aft] fifty-five ye>s ( p]secution4 ,all ! articles ( ,pecock's li/1 save t on capital puni%m5t1 are to be f\nd 9 ! ,conclusions2 &1 al?\gh _m writ]s h held t ,wycliffe's own views diff]$ greatly f :at h be5 call$ ! exagg]ations ( ! lat] & m viol5t ,loll>ds1 all ^! views may be trac$ to ,wycliffe himself4 ,pecock's idea 0 t all ! /atem5ts :i* he 0 prep>$ to impugn came f ?ree false op9ions or tr[+s1 viz4 t no gov]nance or ord9ance is to be e/eem$ a law ( ,god :i* is n f\nd$ on ,scripture1 t e humble-m9d$ ,*ri/ian man or woman is able )\t fail & defaut to f9d out ! true s5se ( ,scripture1 & t hav+ done s he ought to li/5 to no argum5ts to ! contr>y2 he else:]e adds a f\r? 7i4 #ajb71 t if a man be n only meek b also keep ,god's law he %all h a true und]/&+ ( ,scripture1 ev5 ?\gh no man ellis te*e him saue ,god4 ,^! /atem5ts1 especially ! la/1 %[ u ! connexion betwe5 ! ,loll>ds & ^? my/ics ( ! #ad? c5tury1 su* z ,taul] & ,ruysbroeck1 :o accept$ ! tea*+s ( ,ni*olas ( ,basel1 & =m$ !mselves into ! association ( ! ,fri5ds ( ,god4 ,! p]secutions 7 cont9u$ d[n to ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,viii41 & :5 ! writ+s ( ,lu!r began to appe> 9 ,engl& ! cl]gy 7 n s mu* afraid ( ,lu!ranism z ( ! increas$ life !y gave to m5 :o = g5]ations _h be5 read+ ,wycliffe's ,wickette4 ,x is1 wrote ,bi%op ,tun/all to ,erasmus 9 #aebc1 no "q ( p]nici\s novelty1 x is only t new arms are be+ add$ to ! great b& ( ,wycliffite h]etics4 ,loll>dy1 :i* cont9u$ d[n to ! ,re=mation1 did mu* to %ape ! movem5t 9 ,engl&4 ,! subord9ation ( cl]ical to laic jurisdiction1 ! r$uction 9 ecclesia/ical possessions1 ! insi/+ on a translation ( ! ,bible :i* c\ld be read by ! common man 7 all inh]itances bequea!d by ! ,loll>ds4 ,,lit]ature4--,fasciculi ,zizaniorum ,magi/ri ,johannis ,wyclif cum ,tritico1 edit$ = ! ,rolls ,s]ies by ,w4 ,w4 ,%irley 7,london1 #aheh72 ! ,*ronicon ,angliae1 auctore mona*o quodam ,sancti ,albani1 ed4 by ,sir ,e4 ,maunde ,?ompson 7,london1 #ahgd72 ,hi/oria ,anglicana ( ,?omas ,wals+ham1 ed4 by ,h4 ,t4 ,riley1 vol4 iii4 7,london4 #ahfi72 ,*ronicon ( ,h5ry ,knighton1 ed4 by ,j4 ,r4 ,lumby 7,london1 #ahie72 ,r4 ,l4 ,poole1 ,wycliffe & ,movem5ts = ,re=m 7,london1 #ahhi72 ,r4 ,pecock1 ,repressor ( ov]mu* ,blam+ ( ! ,cl]gy 7#b vols41 ,london1 #ahfj72 ,f4 ,d4 ,mat!w1 ,! ,engli% ,works ( ,john ,wyclif 7,e>ly ,engli% ,text ,society1 ,london1 #ahhj72 ,t4 ,wright1 ,political ,poems & ,songs 7#b vols41 ,london1 #ahei72 ,g4 ,v4 ,le*l]1 ,johann von ,wiclif1 ii4 7#ahgc72 ,j4 ,los]?1 ,hus und ,wycliffe 7,prague1 #ahhd1 ,engli% translation by ,j4 ,evans1 ,london1 #ahhd72 ,d4 ,wilk9s1 ,concilia ,magnae ,britanniae et ,hib]niae1 iii4 7,london1 #aggc72 ,e4 ,p[ell & ,g4 ,m4 ,trevelyan1 ,! ,peasants' ,ris+ & ! ,loll>ds1 a ,collection ( ,unpubli%$ ,docum5ts 7,london1 #ahii72 ,g4 ,m4 ,trevelyan1 ,engl& 9 ! ,age ( ,wycliffe 7,london1 #ahih1 #crd ed41 #aijd72 ! publications ( ! ,wiclif ,society2 ,h4 ,s4 ,cron91 ,! ,twelve ,conclusions ( ! ,loll>ds1 9 ! ,engli% ,hi/orical ,review 7,april #aijg1 pp4 #bib ff472 & ,j4 ,gairdn]1 ,loll>dy & ! ,re=mation 9 ,engl& 7#aijh74 7,t4 ,m4 ,l47 ,,lollius1 ,,m>cus1 ,roman g5]al1 ! fir/ gov]nor ( ,galatia 7#be ,b4,c471 consul 9 #ba4 ,9 #af1 :5 gov]nor ( ,gaul1 he 0 defeat$ by ! ,sigambri 7,sygambri71 ,usipetes & ,t5ct]i1 ,g]man tribes :o _h cross$ ! ,rh9e4 ,?is defeat is c\pl$ by ,tacitus ) ! disa/] ( ,v>us1 b x 0 disgraceful r ?an dang]\s4 ,lollius 0 subsequ5tly 7#b ,b4,c47 atta*$ 9 ! capacity ( tutor & advis] to ,gaius ,caes> 7,augu/us's gr&son7 on 8 mission to ! ,ea/4 ,he 0 accus$ ( extortion & trea*]y to ! /ate1 & d5\nc$ by ,gaius to ! emp]or4 ,to avoid puni%m5t he is said to h tak5 poison4 ,accord+ to ,velleu ,pat]culus & ,pl9y1 he 0 a hypocrite & c>$ = no?+ b amass+ weal?4 ,x 0 =m]ly ?\ght t ?is 0 ! ,lollius :om ,horace describ$ z a model ( integrity & sup]ior to av>ice 9 ,od4 iv4 #i1 b x seems h>dly likely t ?is ,ode1 z well z ! two ,lollian epi/les ( ,horace 7i4 #b & #ah71 0 address$ to him4 ,all ?ree mu/ h be5 address$ to ! same individual1 a "y man1 probably ! son ( ?is ,lollius4 ,see ,suetonius1 ,augu/us1 #bc1 ,tib]ius1 #ab2 ,vell4 ,pat4 ii4 #ig4 #ajb2 ,tacitus1 ,annals1 i4 #aj1 iii4 #dh2 ,pl9y1 ,nat4 ,hi/4 ix4 #ce 7#eh72 ,dio ,cassius1 liv4 #f2 see also ,j4 ,c4 ,t>v]1 ,tib]ius ! ,tyrant 7#aijb71 pp4 #bjj foll4 ,,lolos1 ! "n giv5 by ! ,*9ese to a l>ge tribe ( aborig9es :o inhabit ! great] "p ( s\!rn ,sze*u54 ,_! home is 9 ! m\nta9\s c\ntry call$ ,taliang %an1 :i* lies betwe5 ! ,yangtsze riv] on ! ea/ & ! ,ki5 *'ang valley on ! we/1 9 s\? ,sze*u51 b !y are f\nd 9 scatt]$ communities z f> s\? z ! ,burmese fronti]1 & we/ to ! ,mekong4 ,!re seems no reason to d\bt t !y 71 l ! ,miaotze1 "o ( ! aborig9al tribes ( ,*9a1 driv5 s\?w>ds by ! advanc+ flood ( ,*9ese4 ,! "n is said to be a ,*9ese corruption ( ,lulu1 ! "n ( a =m] *iefta9 ( a tribe :o call$ !mselves ,n]su4 ,_! language1 l ! ,*9ese1 is monosyllabic & probably ideographic1 & ! *>act]s be> a c]ta9 resemblance to ,*9ese4 ,no lit]ature1 h[ev]1 wor?y ( ! "n is kn[n to exi/1 & few c read & write4 ,politically !y are divid$ into tribes1 ea* "u ! gov]nm5t ( a h]$it>y *iefta94 ,! community consi/s ( ?ree classes1 ! blackbones or nobles1 ! :itebones or plebeians1 & ! watze or slaves4 ,! la/ are mo/ly ,*9ese captur$ 9 =ays1 or ! desc5dants ( su* captives4 ,)9 ,lolo-l& prop]1 :i* cov]s "s #aa1jjj sq4 m41 ! ,*9ese gov]nm5t ex]cises no jurisdiction4 ,! ,lolos make frequ5t raids on _! un>m$ ,*9ese neighb\rs4 ,!y cultivate :eat1 b>ley & millet1 b little rice4 ,!y h "s k ( metals1 mak+ _! own tools & weapons4 ,wom5 are said to be held 9 respect1 & may become *iefs ( ! tribes4 ,!y d n int]m>ry ) ,*9ese4 ,see ,a4 ,f4 ,leg5dre1 ,les ,lolos4 tude e?nologique et an?ropologique1 9 ,t'oung ,pao ,,ii41 vol4 x4 7#aiji72 ,e4 ,c4 ,bab]1 ,royal ,geog4 ,society ,sup4 ,pap]s1 vol4 i4 7,london1 #ahhb72 ,f4 ,s4 ,a4 ,b\rne1 ,blue ,book1 ,*9a1 ,no4 #a 7#ahhh72 ,a4 ,hosie1 ,?ree ,ye>s 9 ,we/]n ,*9a 7,london1 #ahig74 ,,lomb>d ,,league1 ! "n giv5 9 g5]al to any league ( ! cities ( ,lomb>dy1 b appli$ especially to ! league f\nd$ 9 #aafg1 :i* br\ght ab\t ! defeat ( ! emp]or ,fr$]ick ,i4 at ,legnano1 & ! consequ5t de/ruction ( 8 plans = obta9+ complete au?ority ov] ,italy4 ,lack+ (t5 ! protection ( a /rong rul]1 ! ,lomb>d cities _h be5 accu/om$ to act toge!r = mutual def5ce1 & 9 #ajic ,milan1 ,lodi1 ,piac5za & ,cremona =m$ an alliance aga9/ ! emp]or ,h5ry ,,iv41 9 fav\r ( 8 rebelli\s son ,conrad4 ,! e>ly ye>s ( ! reign ( ,fr$]ick ,i4 7 l>gely sp5t 9 attacks on ! privileges ( ! cities ( ,lomb>dy4 ,?is l$ to a coalition1 =m$ 9 ,m>* #aafg1 betwe5 ! cities ( ,cremona1 ,mantua1 ,b]gamo & ,brescia to conf9e ,fr$]ick to ! rights :i* ! emp]ors _h enjoy$ = ! pa/ hundr$ ye>s4 ,?is league or concordia 0 soon jo9$ by o!r cities1 among :i* 7 ,milan1 ,p>ma1 ,padua1 ,v]ona1 ,piac5za & ,bologna1 & ! allies began to build a =tress ne> ! conflu5ce ( ! ,tan>o & ! ,bormida1 :i*1 9 hon\r ( ,pope ,alex&] ,,iii41 0 call$ ,aless&ria4 ,dur+ ! abs5ce ( ,fr$]ick f ,italy f #aafh to #aagd1 ! relations betwe5 ! pope & ! league became clos]1 & ,alex&] became ! lead] ( ! alliance4 ,meet+s ( ! league 7 held 9 #aagb & #aagc to /r5g!n ! bond1 & to conc]t measures aga9/ ! emp]or1 ! p5alties ( ! *ur* be+ invok$ to prev5t defection4 ,! decisive /ruggle began :5 ,fr$]ick attack$ ,aless&ria 9 #aagd4 ,! =tress 0 bravely def5d$1 & ! siege 0 rais$ on ! approa* ( succ\r f ! alli$ cities4 ,negotiations = peace fail$1 & ! emp]or1 hav+ m>*$ aga9/ ,milan1 suff]$ a sev]e defeat at ,legnano on ! #bi? ( ,may #aagf4 ,subsequ5tly ,pope ,alex&] 0 deta*$ f 8 allies1 & made peace ) ,fr$]ick1 aft] :i* a truce = six ye>s 0 arrang$ betwe5 ! emp]or & ! league4 ,fur!r negotiations rip5$ into ! peace ( ,con/ance sign$ on ! #be? ( ,june #aahc1 :i* grant$ almo/ all ! dem&s ( ! cities1 & left only a %ad[y au?ority to ! emp]or 7see ,,italy74 ,9 #abbf1 :5 ! emp]or ,fr$]ick ,,ii4 av[$ 8 int5tion ( re/or+ ! imp]ial au?ority 9 ,italy1 ! league 0 r5ew$1 & at once fifte5 cities1 includ+ ,milan & ,v]ona1 7 plac$ "u ! ban4 ,fr$]ick1 h[ev]1 0 n 9 a position to fight1 & ! m$iation ( ,pope ,honorius ,,iii4 0 successful 9 re/or+ peace4 ,9 #abca ! ho/ile int5tions ( ! emp]or once m /irr$ ! cities into activity4 ,!y held a meet+ at ,bologna & rais$ an army1 b z 9 #abbf1 ! matt] end$ 9 mutual fulm9ations & defiances4 ,a m s]i\s conflict arose 9 #abcd4 ,! great "q at issue1 ! nature & ext5t ( ! imp]ial au?ority ov] ! ,lomb>d cities1 0 /ill unsettl$ :5 ,fr$]ick's rebelli\s son1 ! ,g]man k+ ,h5ry ,,vii41 alli$ himself ) !m4 ,hav+ cru%$ 8 son & reject$ ! pr(f]$ m$iation ( ,pope ,gregory ,,ix41 ! emp]or decl>$ w> on ! ,lomb>ds 9 #abcf2 he inflict$ a s]i\s defeat ^u _! =ces at ,cort5uova 9 ,novemb] #abcg & met ) o!r successes1 b 9 #abch he 0 beat5 back f be=e ,brescia4 ,9 #abci ,pope ,gregory jo9$ ! cities & ! /ruggle wid5$ out into ! l>g] "o ( ! ,empire & ! ,papacy4 ,?is 0 /ill proce$+ :5 ,fr$]ick di$ 9 ,decemb] #abej & x 0 only end$ by ! ov]?r[ ( ! ,hoh5/auf5 & ! complete de/ruction ( ! imp]ial au?ority 9 ,italy4 ,= a full acc\nt ( ! ,lomb>d ,league see ,c4 ,vignati1 ,/oria diplomata della ,lega ,lomb>da 7,milan1 #ahff72 ,h4 ,prutz1 ,kais] ,fri$ri* ,i41 ,b& ii4 7,danzig1 #ahga-ahgd72 ,w4 von ,giesebre*t1 ,ges*i*te d] deuts*5 ,kais]zeit1 ,b& v4 7,leipzig1 #ahhh72 & ,j4 ,fick]1 ,zur ,ges*i*te des ,lomb>d5bundes 7,vi5na1 #ahfh74 ,,lomb>do1 ! "n ( a family ( ,v5etian sculptors & ar*itects2 _! surname 0 app>5tly ,sol>o1 & ! "n ( ,lomb>do 0 giv5 to ! e>lie/ kn[n1 ,m>t9o1 :o emigrat$ f ,lomb>dy to ,v5ice 9 ! middle ( ! #ae? c5tury & became celebrat$ z an ar*itect4 ,he _h two sons1 ,moro & ,pietro1 ( :om ! latt] 7c4 #adce-aeae7 0 "o ( ! greate/ sculptors & ar*itects ( 8 "t1 :ile 8 sons ,antonio 7d4 #aeaf7 & ,tullio 7d4 #aeei7 7 h>dly less celebrat$4 ,pietro's "w z an ar*itect is se5 9 num]\s *ur*es1 ! ,v5dram9i-,cal>gi palace 7#adha71 ! doge's palace 7#adih71 ! faade 7#adhe7 ( ! scuola ( ,/ ,m>k & ! ca!dral ( ,cividale del ,friuli 7#aejb72 b he is n[ m fam\s z a sculptor1 (t5 9 collaboration ) 8 sons2 he execut$ ! tomb ( ! doge ,moc5igo 7#adgh7 9 ! *ur* ( ,san ,giovanni e ,paolo at ,v5ice1 & a bas-relief = ! tomb ( ,dante at ,rav5na1 & 9 #adhc began ! beautiful decorations 9 ! *ur* ( ,/a ,m>ia de' ,miracoli at ,v5ice1 :i* is associat$ ) 8 work%op 7see also ,,v5ice = num]\s ref]5ces to ! "w ( ! ,lomb>di74 ,antonio's ma/]piece is ! m>ble relief ( ,/ ,an?ony mak+ a new-born *ild speak 9 def5ce ( its "m's hon\r1 9 ! ,santo at ,padua 7#aeje74 ,tullio's be/-kn[n works are ! f\r kneel+ angels 7#adhd7 9 ! *ur* ( ,san ,m>t9o1 ,v5ice1 a coronation ( ! ,virg9 9 ,san ,giovanni ,criso/omo & two bas-reliefs 9 ! ,santo1 ,padua1 besides two o!rs =m]ly 9 ! ,spitz] collection1 repres5t+ ,vulcan's ,=ge & ,m9]va disput+ ) ,neptune4 ,,lomb>ds1 or ,,langob>di1 a ,suevic p :o appe> to h inhabit$ ! l[] bas9 ( ! ,elbe & ^: "n is believ$ to survive 9 ! mod]n ,b>d5gau to ! s\? ( ,hamburg4 ,!y are fir/ m5tion$ 9 connexion ) ! ye> ,a4,d4 #e1 at :i* "t !y 7 defeat$ by ! ,romans "u ,tib]ius1 aft]w>ds emp]or4 ,9 ,a4,d4 #i1 h[ev]1 aft] ! de/ruction ( ,v>us's army1 ! ,romans gave up _! attempt to ext5d _! fronti] to ! ,elbe4 ,at fir/1 ) mo/ ( ! ,suevic tribes1 !y 7 subject to ! hegemony ( ,m>oboduus1 k+ ( ! ,m>comanni1 b !y revolt$ f him 9 8 w> ) ,arm9ius1 *ief ( ! ,*]usci1 9 ! ye> #ag4 ,we aga9 he> ( _! int]f]5ce 9 ! dyna/ic /rife ( ! ,*]usci "s "t aft] ! ye> #dg4 ,f ?is "t !y are n m5tion$ until ! ye> #afe1 :5 a =ce ( ,langob>di1 9 alliance ) ! ,m>comanni1 0 defeat$ by ! ,romans1 app>5tly on ! ,danubian fronti]4 ,x has be5 inf]r$ f ?is incid5t t ! ,langob>di _h already mov$ s\?w>ds1 b ! =ce m5tion$ may v well h be5 s5t f ! old home ( ! tribe1 z ! v>i\s ,suevic peoples seem g5]ally to h pres]v$ "s =m ( political union4 ,f ?is "t onw>ds we he> no m ( !m until ! end ( ! #e? c5tury4 ,9 _! own traditions we are told t ! ,langob>di 7 orig9ally call$ ,w9nili & dwelt 9 an isl& nam$ ,scad9avia 7) ?is /ory comp>e t ( ! ,go?ic migration1 see ,,go?s74 ,!nce !y set out "u ! lead]%ip ( ,ibor & ,aio1 ! sons ( a prophetess call$ ,gamb>a1 & came into conflict ) ! ,v&als4 ,! lead]s ( ! latt] pray$ to ,wodan = victory1 :ile ,gamb>a & h] sons invok$ ,frea4 ,wodan promis$ to give victory to ^? :om he %\ld see 9 front ( him at sunrise4 ,frea direct$ ! ,w9nili to br+ _! wom5 ) _! hair let d[n r\nd _! faces l be>ds & turn$ ,wodan's c\* r\nd s t he fac$ !m4 ,:5 ,wodan awoke at sunrise he saw ! ho/ ( ! ,w9nili & said1 ,qui sunt i/i ,longib>bi8--,:o are ^! long-be>ds8--& ,frea repli$1 ,z ?\ ha/ giv5 !m ! "n1 give !m also ! victory4 ,!y conqu]$ 9 ! battle & 7 !nce=? kn[n z ,langob>di4 ,aft] ?is !y are said to h w&]$ ?r\gh regions :i* _c n[ be id5tifi$1 app>5tly betwe5 ! ,elbe & ! ,od]1 "u leg5d>y k+s1 ! fir/ ( :om 0 ,agilmund1 ! son ( ,aio4 ,%ortly be=e ! end ( ! #e? c5tury ! ,langob>di appe> to h tak5 possession ( ! t]ritories =m]ly occupi$ by ! ,rugii :om ,odoac] _h ov]?r[n 9 #dhg1 a region :i* probably includ$ ! pres5t prov9ce ( ,l[] ,au/ria4 ,at ?is "t !y 7 subject to ,rodulf1 k+ ( ! ,h]uli1 :o1 h[ev]1 took up arms aga9/ !m2 accord+ to "o /ory1 ow+ to ! trea*]\s murd] ( ,rodulf's bro!r1 accord+ to ano!r ?r\gh an irresi/ible desire = fight+ on ! "p ( 8 m54 ,! result 0 ! total defeat ( ! ,h]uli by ! ,langob>di "u _! k+ ,tato & ! dea? ( ,rodulf at "s date betwe5 #dic & #ejh4 ,by ?is "t ! ,langob>di are said to h adopt$ ,*ri/ianity 9 its ,arian =m4 ,tato 0 subsequ5tly kill$ by 8 nephew ,wac*o4 ,! latt] reign$ = ?irty ye>s1 ?\gh frequ5t attempts 7 made by ,ildi*is1 a son or gr&son ( ,tato1 to recov] ! ?rone4 ,wac*o is said to h conqu]$ ! ,suabi1 possibly ! ,bav>ians1 & he 0 also involv$ 9 /rife ) ! ,gepidae1 ) :om ,ildi*is _h tak5 refuge4 ,he 0 succe$$ by 8 y\?ful son ,wal?>i1 :o reign$ only sev5 ye>s "u ! gu>dian%ip ( a c]ta9 ,audo94 ,on ,wal?>i's dea? 7ab\t #edf87 ,audo9 succe$$4 ,he also 0 involv$ 9 ho/ilities ) ! ,gepidae1 ^: support ( ,ildi*is he repaid by protect+ ,u/rogot?us1 a rival ( _! k+ ,?oris9d4 ,9 ^! qu>rels bo? nations aim$ at obta9+ ! support ( ! emp]or ,ju/9ian1 :o1 9 pursuance ( 8 policy ( play+ (f "o aga9/ ! o!r1 invit$ ! ,langob>di into ,noricum & ,pannonia1 :]e !y n[ settl$4 ,a l>ge =ce ( ,lomb>ds "u ,audo9 f\ght on ! imp]ial side at ! battle ( ! ,ap5n9es aga9/ ! ,o/rogo?ic k+ ,totila 9 #eec1 b ! assi/ance ( ,ju/9ian1 ?\gh (t5 promis$1 _h no effect on ! relations ( ! two nations1 :i* 7 settl$ = ! mom5t aft] a s]ies ( truces by ! victory ( ! ,langob>di1 probably 9 #eed4 ,! result+ peace 0 seal$ by ! murd] ( ,ildi*is & ,u/rogot?us1 & ! ,langob>di seem to h cont9u$ inactive until ! dea? ( ,audo91 p]haps 9 #efe1 & ! accession ( 8 son ,albo91 :o _h won a great reputation 9 ! w>s ) ! ,gepidae4 ,x 0 ab\t ?is "t t ! ,av>s1 "u _! fir/ ,*agun ,baian1 ent]$ ,europe1 & ) !m1 ,albo9 is said to h made an alliance aga9/ ! ,gepidae "u _! new k+ ,cunimund4 ,! ,av>s1 h[ev]1 did n take "p 9 ! f9al battle1 9 :i* ! ,langob>di 7 completely victori\s4 ,albo91 :o _h sla9 ,cunimund 9 ! battle1 n[ took ,rosamund1 daught] ( ! dead k+1 to be 8 wife4 ,9 #efh ,albo9 & ! ,langob>di1 9 accordance ) a compact made ) ,baian1 :i* is record$ by ,m5&]1 ab&on$ _! old homes to ! ,av>s & pass$ s\?w>ds into ,italy1 7 !y 7 de/9$ to f\nd a new & mighty k+dom4 7,f4 ,g4 ,m4 ,b47 ,! ,lomb>d ,k+dom 9 ,italy4--,9 #efh ,albo91 k+ ( ! ,langob>ds1 ) ! wom5 & *ildr5 ( ! tribe & all _! possessions1 ) ,saxon allies1 ) ! subject tribe ( ! ,gepidae & a mix$ ho/ ( o!r b>b>ians1 desc5d$ into ,italy by ! great pla9 at ! head ( ! ,adriatic4 ,! w> :i* _h end$ 9 ! d[nfall ( ! ,go?s _h exhau/$ ,italy2 x 0 foll[$ by fam9e & pe/il5ce2 & ! gov]nm5t at ,con/ant9ople made b fa9t ef=ts to reta9 ! prov9ce :i* ,belis>ius & ,n>ses _h recov]$ = x4 ,except 9 a few =tifi$ places1 su* z ,tic9um or ,pavia1 ! ,italians did n v5ture to enc\nt] ! new invad]s2 &1 ?\gh ,albo9 0 n )\t g5]osity1 ! ,lomb>ds1 :]ev] resi/$1 ju/ifi$ ! op9ion ( _! f]ocity by ! savage cruelty ( ! invasion4 ,9 #egb1 accord+ to ! ,lomb>d *ronicl]1 ,albo9 fell a victim to ! rev5ge ( 8 wife ,rosamund1 ! daught] ( ! k+ ( ! ,gepidae1 ^: skull ,albo9 _h turn$ into a dr9k+ cup1 out ( :i* he =c$ ,rosamund to dr9k4 ,by ?is "t ! ,langob>ds _h e/abli%$ !mselves 9 ! nor? ( ,italy4 ,*iefs 7 plac$1 or plac$ !mselves1 fir/ 9 ! bord] cities1 l ,friuli & ,tr5t1 :i* comm&$ ! nor?-ea/]n passes1 & !n 9 o!r pr9cipal places2 & ?is arrangem5t became *>act]i/ic ( ! ,lomb>d settlem5t4 ,! pr9cipal seat ( ! settlem5t 0 ! ri* pla9 wat]$ by ! ,po & its afflu5ts1 :i* 0 9 future to receive its "n f !m2 b _! p[] ext5d$ across ! ,ap5n9es into ,liguria & ,tuscany1 & !n s\?w>ds to ! outly+ duk$oms ( ,spoleto & ,b5ev5to4 ,! invad]s fail$ to secure any m>itime ports or any t]ritory t 0 conv5i5tly comm&$ f ! sea4 ,tic9um 7,pavia71 ! "o place :i* _h ob/9ately resi/$ ,albo91 became ! seat ( _! k+s4 ,aft] ! %ort & cruel reign ( ,cleph1 ! successor ( ,albo91 ! ,lomb>ds 7z we may beg9 = conv5i5ce sake to call !m7 tri$ = t5 ye>s ! exp]im5t ( a national conf$]acy ( _! dukes 7z1 aft] ! ,lat9 writ]s1 _! *iefs are /yl$71 )\t any k+4 ,x 0 ! rule ( "s ?irty-five or ?irty-six petty tyrants1 "u ^: oppression & private w>s ev5 ! invad]s suff]$4 ,) an>*y among !mselves & s prec>i\s a hold on ! c\ntry1 hat$ by ! ,italian population & by ! ,ca?olic cl]gy1 ?reat5$ also by an alliance ( ! ,greek empire ) _! p]si/5t rivals ! ,franks beyond ! ,alps1 !y resolv$ to sacrifice _! indep5d5ce & elect a k+4 ,9 #ehd !y *ose ,au?>i1 ! gr&son ( ,albo91 & end[$ ! royal doma9 ) a half ( _! possessions4 ,f ?is "t till ! fall ( ! ,lomb>d p[] be=e ! arms ( _! rivals ! ,franks "u ,*>les ! ,great1 ! k+ly rule cont9u$4 ,au?>i1 ! ,long-hair$1 ) 8 ,roman title ( ,flavius1 m>ks ! *ange f ! w> k+ ( an invad+ ho/ to ! p]man5t repres5tative ( ! unity & law ( ! nation1 & ! increas$ p[] ( ! cr[n1 by ! possession ( a great doma91 to en=ce its w4 ,! indep5d5ce ( ! dukes 0 surr5d]$ to ! k+4 ,! duk$oms 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! seat ( p[] 7 gradually absorb$1 & _! hold]s trans=m$ into royal (fic]s4 ,^? ( ! nor!rn m>*es1 ,tr5t & ,friuli1 ) ! important duk$om ( ,tur91 reta9$ long] ! k9d ( indep5d5ce :i* m>*l&s usually give :]e invasion is to be fe>$4 ,! great duk$om ( ,b5ev5to 9 ! s\?1 ) its neighb\r ,spoleto1 ?reat5$ at "o "t to be a sep>ate pr9cipality1 & ev5 to ! la/ resi/$1 ) v>y+ success1 ! full claims ( ! royal au?ority at ,pavia4 ,! k+dom ( ! ,lomb>ds la/$ m ?an two hundr$ ye>s1 f ,albo9 7#efh7 to ! fall ( ,desid]ius 7#ggd7--mu* long] ?an ! prec$+ ,teutonic k+dom ( ,!odoric & ! ,go?s4 ,b x diff]$ f ! o!r ,teutonic conque/s 9 ,gaul1 9 ,brita91 9 ,spa94 ,x 0 nev] complete 9 po9t ( t]ritory3 !re 7 always two1 & almo/ to ! la/ ?ree1 capitals--! ,lomb>d "o1 ,pavia2 ! ,lat9 "o1 ,rome2 ! ,greek "o1 ,rav5na2 & ! ,lomb>ds nev] c\ld get access to ! sea4 ,& x nev] 0 complete ov] ! subject race3 x pr(\ndly affect$ ! ,italians ( ! nor?2 9 its turn x 0 entirely trans=m$ by contact ) !m2 b ! ,lomb>ds nev] amalgamat$ ) ! ,italians till _! p[] z a rul+ race 0 cru%$ by ! victory giv5 to ! ,roman elem5t by ! re/or$ empire ( ! ,franks4 ,! ,langob>ds1 ,g]man 9 _! faults & 9 _! /r5g?1 b co>s]1 at lea/ at fir/1 ?an ! ,g]mans :om ! ,italians _h kn[n1 ! ,go?s ( ,!odoric & ,totila1 f\nd !mselves cont9ually 9 ! pres5ce ( a subject population v diff]5t f any?+ :i* ! o!r ,teutonic conqu]ors met ) among ! prov9cials--l !m1 exhau/$1 dispirit$1 unw>like1 b ) ! rema9s & memory ( a great civilization r\nd !m1 intellig5t1 subtle1 s5sitive1 feel+ !mselves inf9itely sup]ior 9 exp]i5ce & k to ! r\gh b>b>ians :om !y c\ld n fight1 & capable ( hatr$ su* z only cultivat$ races c n\ri%4 ,! ,lomb>ds :o1 aft] !y _h occupi$ ! l&s & cities ( ,upp] ,italy1 /ill w5t on s5d+ =? furi\s b&s to plund] & de/roy :]e !y did n c>e to /ay1 nev] 7 able to ov]come ! m+l$ fe> & scorn & loa?+ ( ! ,italians4 ,!y adapt$ !mselves v quickly inde$ to _m ,italian fa%ions4 ,)9 ?irty ye>s ( ! invasions1 ,au?>i took ! imp]ial title ( ,flavius1 ev5 :ile 8 b&s 7 lead+ ,italian captives 9 lea% l dogs "u ! walls ( ,rome1 & "u ! eyes ( ,pope ,gregory2 & x 0 reta9$ by 8 successors4 ,!y soon became ,ca?olics2 & !n 9 all ! usages ( religion1 9 *ur* build+1 9 f\nd+ mona/]ies1 9 _! v5]ation = relics1 !y vi$ ) ,italians4 ,au?>i's que51 ,!odel9da1 solemnly plac$ ! ,lomb>d nation "u ! patronage ( ,/ ,john ! ,bapti/1 & at ,monza %e built 9 8 hon\r ! fir/ ,lomb>d *ur*1 & ! royal palace ne> x4 ,k+ ,liutpr& 7#gab-gdd7 b\ght ! relics ( ,/ ,augu/9e = a l>ge sum to be plac$ 9 8 *ur* at ,pavia4 ,_! ,teutonic spee* disappe>$2 except 9 names & a few te*nical words all traces ( x are lo/4 ,b to ! la/ !y _h ! unp>donable crime ( be+ a rul+ b>b>ian race or ca/e 9 ,italy4 ,to ! end !y are nef&issimi1 execrable1 loa?some1 fil?y4 ,s wrote ,gregory ! ,great :5 !y fir/ appe>$4 ,s wrote ,pope ,/eph5 ,,iv41 at ! end ( _! rule1 :5 /irr+ up ! k+s ( ! ,franks to de/roy !m4 ,au?>i's %ort reign 7#ehd-eia7 0 "o ( r5ew$ ef=t = conque/4 ,x br\ght ! ,langob>ds face to face1 n m]ely ) ! emp]ors at ,con/ant9ople1 b ) ! fir/ ( ! great /atesm5 popes1 ,gregory ! ,great 7#eij-fjd74 ,b ,lomb>d conque/ 0 bungl+ & wa/eful2 :5 !y _h spoil$ a city !y proce$$ to te> d[n its walls & raze x to ! gr\nd4 ,au?>i's *ief connexion ) ! =tunes ( 8 p 0 an important1 ?\gh an accid5tal "o4 ,! ,lomb>d *ronicl] tells a romantic tale ( ! way 9 :i* ,au?>i s\ght 8 bride f ,g>ibald1 duke ( ! ,bav>ians1 h[ he w5t incognito 9 ! embassy to judge ( h] attractions1 & h[ %e recogniz$ h] disguis$ suitor4 ,! bride 0 ! ,*ri/ian ,!odel9da1 & %e became to ! ,langob>ds :at ,b]?a 0 to ! ,anglo-,saxons & ,clotilda to ! ,franks4 ,%e became ! m$iator betwe5 ! ,lomb>ds & ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,au?>i1 :o _h br\ght h] to ,italy1 di$ %ortly aft] 8 m>riage4 ,b ,!odel9da _h s won on ! ,lomb>d *iefs t !y bid h] z que5 *oose ! "o among !m :om %e w\ld h = h] husb& & = k+4 ,%e *ose ,agilulf1 duke ( ,tur9 7#eib-fae74 ,he 0 n a true ,langob>d1 b a ,?ur+ian4 ,x 0 ! beg9n+ ( peace betwe5 ! ,lomb>ds & ! ,ca?olic cl]gy4 ,agilulf c\ld n ab&on 8 traditional ,arianism1 & he 0 a v uneasy neighb\r1 n only to ! ,greek ex>*1 b to ,rome itself4 ,b he 0 fav\rably dispos$ bo? to peace & to ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,gregory int]f]$ to prev5t a national conspiracy aga9/ ! ,langob>ds1 l t ( ,/ ,brice's day 9 ,engl& aga9/ ! ,danes1 or t lat] upris+ aga9/ ! ,fr5*1 ! ,sicilian ,vesp]s4 ,he 0 "r bo? 9 po9t ( humanity & ( policy4 ,! ,arian & ,ca?olic bi%ops w5t on = a "t side by side2 b ! ,lomb>d k+s & cl]gy rapidly yield$ to ! religi\s influ5ces ar\nd !m1 ev5 :ile ! national antipa?ies cont9u$ unabat$ & vehem5t4 ,gregory1 :o despair$ ( any s]i\s ef=t on ! "p ( ! ,greek emp]ors to expel ! ,lomb>ds1 endeav\r$ to promote peace betwe5 ! ,italians & ,agilulf2 &1 9 spite ( ! feeble ho/ility ( ! ex>*s ( ,rav5na1 ! pope & ! k+ ( ! ,lomb>ds became ! two real p[]s 9 ! nor? & c5tre ( ,italy4 ,agilulf 0 foll[$1 aft] two unimportant reigns1 by 8 son-9-law1 ! husb& ( ,!odel9da's daught]1 ,k+ ,ro?>i 7#fcf-feb71 ! ,lomb>d legislator1 /ill an ,arian ?\gh he fav\r$ ! ,ca?olics4 ,he 0 ! fir/ ( _! k+s :o collect$ _! cu/oms "u ! "n ( laws--& he did ?is1 n 9 _! own ,teutonic dialect1 b 9 ,lat94 ,! use ( ,lat9 implies t ! laws 7 to be n m]ely ! p]sonal law ( ! ,lomb>ds1 b ! law ( ! l&1 b9d+ on ,lomb>ds & ,romans alike4 ,b su* rude legislation c\ld n provide = all que/ions aris+ ev5 9 ! decay$ /ate ( ,roman civilization4 ,x is probable t among !mselves ! ,italians kept to _! old usages & legal prec$5ts :]e !y 7 n ov]ridd5 by ! conqu]ors' law1 & by degrees a good _m ( ! ,roman civil arrangem5ts made _! way into ! ,lomb>d code1 :ile all ecclesia/ical ones1 & !y 7 a l>ge class1 7 unt\*$ by x4 ,!re mu/ h be5 mu* *ange ( prop]ty2 b appe>ances are conflict+ z to ! t]ms on :i* l& g5]ally 0 held by ! old possessors or ! new com]s1 & z to ! relative legal position ( ! two4 ,savigny held t1 mak+ all[ance = ! anomalies & usurpations ( conque/1 ! ,roman population held ! bulk ( ! l& z !y _h held x be=e1 & 7 gov]n$ by an un9t]rupt$ & ackn[l$g$ ex]cise ( ,roman law 9 _! old municipal organization4 ,lat] inquir]s1 includ+ ,leo1 ,troya & ,hegel1 h f\nd t ! supposition does n tally ) a :ole s]ies ( facts1 :i* po9t to a ,lomb>d t]ritorial law ignor+ completely any p>allel ,roman & p]sonal law1 to a great re/riction ( full civil rights among ! ,romans1 analog\s to ! condition ( ! rayah "u ! ,turks1 & to a r$uction ( ! ,roman occupi]s to a class ( half-free aldii1 hold+ immovable t5ancies "u lords ( sup]ior race & privilege1 & subject to ! sacrifice ei!r ( ! ?ird "p ( _! hold+s or ! ?ird "p ( ! produce4 ,! ,roman losses1 bo? ( prop]ty & rights1 7 likely to be great at fir/2 h[ f> !y cont9u$ p]man5t dur+ ! two c5turies ( ! ,lomb>d k+dom1 or h[ f> ! legal di/9ctions betwe5 ,rome & ,lomb>d gradually pass$ into desuetude1 is a fur!r "q4 ,! legislation ( ! ,lomb>d k+s1 9 =m a t]ritorial & n a p]sonal law1 %[s no signs ( a disposition ei!r to depress or to fav\r ! ,romans1 b only ! purpose to ma9ta91 9 a r\gh fa%ion1 /rict ord] & discipl9e imp>tially among all _! subjects4 ,f ,ro?>i 7d4 #feb7 to ,liutpr& 7#gab-gdd7 ! ,lomb>d k+s1 succe$+ "o ano!r 9 ! irregul> fa%ion ( ! "t1 sometimes by desc5t1 sometimes by election1 sometimes by conspiracy & viol5ce1 /rove fitfully to enl>ge _! b\nd>ies1 & cont5d$ ) ! ari/ocracy ( dukes inh]5t 9 ! orig9al organization ( ! nation1 an elem5t :i*1 ?\gh mu* weak5$1 always emb>rass$ ! p[] ( ! cr[n1 & *eck$ ! unity ( ! nation4 ,_! old enemies ! ,franks on ! we/1 & ! ,slavs or ,huns1 ev] ready to break 9 on ! nor?-ea/1 & sometimes call$ 9 by mut9\s & traitor\s dukes ( ,friuli & ,tr5t1 7 con/ant & s]i\s dang]s4 ,by ! popes1 :o repres5t$ ,italian int]e/s1 !y 7 always look$ ^u ) dislike & jeal\sy1 ev5 :5 !y _h become zeal\s ,ca?olics1 ! f\nd]s ( *ur*es & mona/]ies2 ) ! ,greek empire !re 0 *ronic w>4 ,f "t to "t !y made raids into ! unsubdu$ p>ts ( ,italy1 & add$ a city or two to _! dom9ions4 ,b !re 0 no su/a9$ ef=t = ! complete subjugation ( ,italy till ,liutpr&1 ! mo/ p[]ful ( ! l9e4 ,he tri$ x1 & fail$4 ,he broke up ! indep5d5ce ( ! great s\!rn du*ies1 ,b5ev5to & ,spoleto4 ,= a "t1 9 ! heat ( ! dispute ab\t images1 he won ! pope to 8 side aga9/ ! ,greeks4 ,= a "t1 b only = a "t1 he depriv$ ! ,greeks ( ,rav5na4 ,ai/ulf1 8 successor1 c>ri$ on ! same policy4 ,he ev5 ?reat5$ ,rome itself1 & claim$ a capitation tax4 ,b ! popes1 ?or\ghly irritat$ & al>m$1 & hopeless ( aid f ! ,ea/1 turn$ to ! family :i* 0 ris+ into p[] among ! ,franks ( ! ,we/1 ! mayors ( ! palace ( ,au/rasia4 ,pope ,gregory ,,iii4 appli$ 9 va9 to ,*>les ,m>tel4 ,b ) 8 successors ,pipp9 & ,*>les ! popes 7 m successful4 ,9 return = ! transf] by ! pope ( ! ,frank cr[n f ! decay$ l9e ( ,clovis to 8 own1 ,pipp9 cross$ ! ,alps1 defeat$ ,ai/ulf & gave to ! pope ! l&s :i* ,ai/ulf _h torn f ! empire1 ,rav5na & ! ,p5tapolis 7#ged-gef74 ,b ! angry qu>rels /ill w5t on betwe5 ! popes & ! ,lomb>ds4 ,! ,lomb>ds 7 /ill to ! ,italians a f\l & horrid race4 ,at l5g?1 invit$ by ,pope ,adrian ,i41 ,pipp9's son ,*>lemagne once m desc5d$ into ,italy4 ,z ! ,lomb>d k+dom began1 s x end$1 ) a siege ( ,pavia4 ,desid]ius1 ! la/ k+1 became a prison] 7#ggd71 & ! ,lomb>d p[] p]i%$4 ,*>lemagne1 ) ! title ( k+ ( ! ,franks & ,lomb>ds1 became ma/] ( ,italy1 & 9 #hjj ! pope1 :o _h cr[n$ ,pipp9 k+ ( ! ,franks1 claim$ to be/[ ! ,roman empire1 & cr[n$ 8 great] son emp]or ( ! ,romans 7#hjj74 ,effects ( ! ,c>ol+ian ,conque/4--,to ,italy ! ov]?r[ ( ! ,lomb>d k+s 0 ! loss ( its la/ *ance ( indep5d5ce & unity4 ,to ! ,lomb>ds ! conque/ 0 ! de/ruction ( _! legal & social supremacy4 ,h5ce=? !y 7 equally ) ! ,italians ! subjects ( ! ,frank k+s4 ,! ,c>ol+ian k+s expressly recogniz$ ! ,roman law1 & all[$ all :o w\ld be c\nt$ ,romans to pr(ess x4 ,b ,lat9 influ5ces 7 n /rong en\gh to ext+ui% ! ,lomb>d "n & de/roy altoge!r ! recollections & habits ( ! ,lomb>d rule2 ,lomb>d law 0 /ill recogniz$1 & surviv$ 9 ! s*ools ( ,pavia4 ,lomb>dy rema9$ ! "n ( ! f9e/ prov9ce ( ,italy1 & = a "t 0 ! "n = ,italy itself4 ,b :at 0 specially ,lomb>d c\ld n /& 9 ! long run aga9/ ! ,italian atmosph]e :i* surr\nd$ x4 ,g5]ation aft] g5]ation pass$ m & m into real ,italians4 ,antipa?ies1 inde$1 surviv$1 & m5 ev5 9 ! #aj? c5tury call$ ea* o!r ,roman or ,langob>d z t]ms ( reproa*4 ,b ! alt]$ "n ( ,lomb>d also d5ot$ h5ce=? "s ( ! pr\de/ ( ,italians2 &1 ?\gh ! ,lomb>d spee* _h utt]ly p]i%$ _! mo/ common names /ill kept up ! remembrance t _! fa!rs _h come f beyond ! ,alps4 ,b ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,frank k+dom1 & /ill m ! re-e/abli%m5t ( ! ,*ri/ian empire z ! s\rce ( law & jurisdiction 9 ,*ri/5dom1 _h mom5t\s influ5ce on ! hi/ory ( ! ,italianiz$ ,lomb>ds4 ,! ,empire 0 ! c\nt]weight to ! local tyrannies into :i* ! local au?orities e/abli%$ by ! ,empire itself1 ! feudal p[]s1 judicial & milit>y1 necess>y = ! purposes ( gov]nm5t1 inv>iably t5d$ to deg5]ate4 ,:5 !y became intol]able1 f ! ,empire 7 s\ght ! exemptions1 privileges1 immunities f t local au?ority1 :i*1 anomal\s & an>*ical z !y 7 9 !ory1 yet 9 fact 7 ! f\ndations ( all ! lib]ties ( ! middle ages 9 ! ,swiss cantons1 9 ! free t[ns ( ,g]many & ! ,l[ ,c\ntries1 9 ! ,lomb>d cities ( ,italy4 ,italy 0 & ev] has be5 a l& ( cities2 &1 ev] s9ce ! d[nfall ( ,rome & ! decay ( ! municipal sy/em1 ! bi%ops ( ! cities _h really be5 at ! head ( ! peaceful & indu/rial "p ( _! population1 & 7 a natural refuge = ! oppress$1 & sometimes = ! mut9\s & ! evil do]s1 f ! milit>y & civil p[]s ( ! duke or c\nt or judge1 too (t5 a rule ( cruelty or fraud4 ,"u ! ,c>ol+ian empire1 a va/ sy/em grew up 9 ! ,nor? ,italian cities ( episcopal immunities1 by :i* a city ) its surr\nd+ di/rict 0 remov$1 m or less completely1 f ! jurisdiction ( ! ord9>y au?ority1 milit>y or civil1 & plac$ "u t ( ! bi%op4 ,^! immunities l$ to ! temporal sov]eignty ( ! bi%ops2 "u x ! _s ( lib]ty grew m readily ?an "u ! milit>y *ief4 ,municipal organization1 nev] q =gott51 naturally reviv$ "u new =ms1 & ) its consuls at ! head ( ! citiz5s1 ) its arts & crafts & gilds1 grew up secure "u ! %ad[ ( ! *ur*4 ,9 due "t ! city populations1 free f ! feudal yoke1 & safe )9 ! walls :i* 9 _m in/ances ! bi%ops _h built = !m1 became impati5t also ( ! bi%op's gov]nm5t4 ,! cities :i* ! bi%ops _h made ?us indep5d5t ( ! dukes & c\nts next s\ght to be free f ! bi%ops2 9 due "t !y too ga9$ _! *>t]s ( privilege & lib]ty4 ,left to take c>e ( !mselves1 isl&s 9 a sea ( turbul5ce1 !y grew 9 ! s5se ( self-reliance & indep5d5ce2 !y grew also to be aggressive1 qu>relsome & ambiti\s4 ,?us1 by ! #aa? c5tury1 ! ,lomb>d cities _h become communes1 commonalties1 republics1 manag+ _! own affairs1 & ready = attack or def5ce4 ,milan _h recov]$ its greatness1 ecclesia/ically z well z politically2 x sc>cely b[$ to ,rome1 & x aspir$ to ! position ( a sov]eign city1 mi/ress ov] its neighb\rs4 ,at l5g?1 9 ! #ab? c5tury1 ! inevitable conflict came betwe5 ! republicanism ( ! ,lomb>d cities & ! ,g]man feudalism :i* /ill claim$ _! allegiance 9 ! "n ( ! ,empire4 ,leagues & c\nt]-leagues 7 =m$2 & a conf$]acy ( cities1 ) ,milan at its head1 *all5g$ ! /r5g? ( ,g]many "u "o ( its /]ne/ emp]ors1 ,fr$]ick ,b>b>ossa4 ,at fir/ ,fr$]ick 0 victori\s2 ,milan1 except its *ur*es1 0 utt]ly de/roy$2 ev]y?+ t m>k$ municipal indep5d5ce 0 aboli%$ 9 ! rebel cities2 & !y _h to receive an imp]ial magi/rate in/ead ( _! own 7#aaeh-aafb74 ,b ! ,lomb>d league 0 aga9 =m$4 ,milan 0 rebuilt1 ) ! help ev5 ( its jeal\s rivals1 & at ,legnano 7#aagf7 ,fr$]ick 0 utt]ly defeat$4 ,! ,lomb>d cities _h rega9$ _! indep5d5ce2 & at ! peace ( ,con/ance 7#aahc7 ,fr$]ick f\nd himself compell$ to confirm x4 ,f ! peace ( ,con/ance ! hi/ory ( ! ,lomb>ds is m]ely "p ( ! hi/ory ( ,italy4 ,_! cities w5t ?r\gh ! ord9>y =tunes ( mo/ ,italian cities4 ,!y qu>rell$ & f\ght ) "o ano!r4 ,!y took opposite sides 9 ! great /rife ( ! "t betwe5 pope & emp]or1 & 7 ,guelf & ,ghibell9e by old tradition1 or z "o or o!r faction prevail$ 9 !m4 ,!y sway$ backw>ds & =w>ds betwe5 ! p[] ( ! p & ! p[] ( ! few2 b democracy & olig>*y pass$ soon] or lat] into ! h&s ( a ma/] :o veil$ 8 lord%ip "u v>i\s titles1 & g5]ally at la/ into ! h&s ( a family4 ,!n1 9 ! l>g] political /ruggles & *anges ( ,europe1 !y 7 incorporat$ into a k+dom1 or pr9cipality or du*y1 c>v$ out to suit ! int]e/ ( a =eign]1 or to make a h]itage = ! nephew ( a pope4 ,b 9 two ways especially ! en]getic race :i* grew out ( ! fusion ( ,langob>ds & ,italians betwe5 ! #i? & ! #ab? c5turies has left ! memory ( itself4 ,9 ,engl&1 at lea/1 ! ent]pris+ trad]s & bank]s :o f\nd _! way to ! ,we/1 f ! #ac? to ! #af? c5turies1 ?\gh !y c]ta9ly did n all come f ,lomb>dy1 bore ! "n ( ,lomb>ds4 ,9 ! next place1 ! ,lomb>ds or ! ,italian build]s :om !y employ$ or foll[$1 ! ma/]s ( ,como1 ( :om s mu* is said 9 ! e>ly ,lomb>d laws1 introduc$ a mann] ( build+1 /ately1 solemn & ela/ic1 to :i* _! "n has be5 atta*$1 & :i* gives a "* ( its own to "s ( ! mo/ int]e/+ *ur*es 9 ,italy4 7,r4 ,w4 ,c47 ,,lomb>dy1 a t]ritorial division ( ,italy1 b\nd$ ,n4 by ! ,alps1 ,s4 by ,emilia1 ,e4 by ,v5etia & ,w4 by ,pi$mont4 ,x is divid$ into eight prov9ces1 ,b]gamo1 ,brescia1 ,como1 ,cremona1 ,mantua1 ,milan1 ,pavia & ,sondrio1 & has an area ( #ichf sq4 m4 ,milan1 ! *ief city1 is ! greate/ railway c5tre ( ,italy2 x is 9 direct communication n only ) ! o!r pr9cipal t[ns ( ,lomb>dy & ! re/ ( ,italy b also ) ! l>g] t[ns ( ,france1 ,g]many & ,switz]l&1 be+ ! ne>e/ great t[n to ! tunnels ( ! ,/ ,go?>d & ! ,simplon4 ,! o!r railway c5tres ( ! t]ritory are ,mort>a1 ,pavia & ,mantua1 :ile e consid]able t[n is situat$ on or )9 easy rea* ( ! railway1 ?is be+ r5d]$ comp>atively easy ow+ to ! relative flatness ( ! great] "p ( ! c\ntry4 ,! l9e f ,milan to ,porto ,c]esio is work$ 9 ! ma9 by electric motor driv5 tra9s1 :ile on t f ,lecco to ,colico & ,*iav5na ov]-head wires are adopt$4 ,! m remote di/ricts & ! imm$iate environs ( ! l>g] t[n are s]v$ by /eam tramways & electric railways4 ,! mo/ important riv]s are ! ,po1 :i* foll[s1 = ! mo/ "p1 ! s\!rn b\nd>y ( ,lomb>dy1 & ! ,tic9o1 "o ( ! l>ge/ tribut>ies ( ! ,po1 :i* =ms = a consid]able di/ance ! we/]n b\nd>y4 ,! majority ( ! ,italian lakes1 ^? ( ,g>da1 ,idro1 ,iseo1 ,como1 ,lugano1 ,v>ese & ,maggiore1 lie :olly or 9 "p )9 x4 ,! climate ( ,lomb>dy is ?or\ghly cont95tal2 9 summ] ! heat is great] ?an 9 ! s\? ( ,italy1 :ile ! w9t] is v cold1 & bitt] w9ds1 sn[ & mi/ are frequ5t4 ,9 ! summ] ra9 is r>e beyond ! l[] ,alps1 b a sy/em ( irrigation1 unsurpass$ 9 ,europe1 & dat+ f ! middle ages1 prevails1 s t a failure ( ! crops is h>dly possible4 ,!re are ?ree zones ( cultivation3 9 ! m\nta9s1 pa/urage2 ! l[] slopes are devot$ to ! culture ( ! v9e1 fruit-trees 7includ+ *e/nuts7 & ! silkworm2 :ile 9 ! regions ( ! pla91 l>ge crops ( maize1 rice1 :eat1 flax1 hemp & w9e are produc$1 & ?\s&s ( mulb]ry-trees are gr[n = ! b5efit ( ! silkworms1 ! culture ( :i* 9 ! prov9ce ( ,milan has entirely sup]s$$ ! %eep-bre$+ = :i* x 0 fam\s dur+ ! middle ages4 ,milan is inde$ ! pr9cipal silk m>ket 9 ! _w4 ,9 #aije !re 7 #dij mills reel+ silk 9 ,lomb>dy1 ) #ce1djg work]s1 & #bgf ?r[+-mills ) #ehf1jjj sp9dles4 ,! *ief c5tre ( silk weav+ is ,como1 b ! silk is comm]cially dealt ) at ,milan1 & !re is mu* exportation4 ,a consid]able am\nt ( cotton is manufactur$1 b mo/ ( ! raw cotton 7#fjj1jjj bales7 is import$1 ! cultivation be+ insignificant 9 ,italy4 ,!re are #djj mills 9 ,lomb>dy1 #bgg ( :i* are 9 ! prov9ce ( ,milan4 ,! l>ge/ l95 & wooll5 mills 9 ,italy are situat$ at ,f>a d',adda4 ,milan also manufactures motor-c>s1 ?\gh ,tur9 is ! pr9cipal c5tre 9 ,italy = ?is indu/ry4 ,!re are copp]1 z9c & iron m9es1 & num]\s qu>ries ( m>ble1 alaba/] & granite4 ,9 addition to ! above indu/ries ! *ief manufactures are hats1 rope & pap]-mak+1 iron-ca/+1 gun-mak+1 pr9t+ & li?ography4 ,lomb>dy is inde$ ! mo/ indu/rial di/rict ( ,italy4 ,9 p>ts ! peasants suff] mu* f pellagra4 ,! mo/ important t[ns ) _! communal population 9 ! respective prov9ces1 accord+ to ! c5sus ( #aija1 are ,b]gamo 7#df1hfa71 ,treviglio 7#ad1hig71 total ( prov9ce #dfg1edi1 numb] ( communes #cjf2 ,brescia 7#fi1baj71 ,*i>i 7#aj1gdi71 total ( prov9ce #eda1gfe1 numb] ( communes #bhj2 ,como 7#ch1agd71 ,v>ese 7#ag1fff71 ,cant 7#aj1gbe71 ,lecco 7#aj1ceb71 total ( prov9ce #eid1cjd1 numb] ( communes #eaj2 ,cremona 7#cf1hdh71 ,casalmaggiore 7#af1djg71 ,sores9a 7#aj1ceh71 total ( prov9ce #cbi1dga1 numb] ( communes #acc2 ,mantua 7#cj1abg71 ,viadana 7#af1jhb71 ,qui/ello 7#aa1bbh71 ,suzz>a 7#aa1ejb71 ,/ ,b5$etto ,po 7#aj1ijh71 total ( prov9ce #cae1ddh1 numb] ( communes #fh2 ,milan 7#dij1jhd71 ,monza 7#db1abd71 ,lodi 7#bf1hbg71 ,bu/o ,arsizio 7#bj1jje71 ,legnano 7#ah1bhe71 ,s]egno 7#ab1jej71 ,gall>ate 7#aa1ieb71 ,codogno 7#aa1ibe71 total ( prov9ce #a1dej1bad1 numb] ( communes #big2 ,pavia 7#cc1ibb71 ,vigevano 7#bc1efj71 ,vogh]a 7#bj1ddb71 total ( prov9ce #ejd1chb1 numb] ( communes #bba2 ,sondrio 7#gjgg71 total ( prov9ce #acj1iff1 numb] ( communes #gh4 ,! total population ( ,lomb>dy 0 #d1ccd1jii4 ,9 mo/ ( ! prov9ces ( ,lomb>dy !re are f> m villages ?an 9 o!r p>ts ( ,italy except ,pi$mont2 ?is is attributable p>tly to _! m\nta9\s "*1 p>tly p]haps to security f attack by sea 7contra/ ! /ate ( ?+s 9 ,apulia74 ,previ\s to ! fall ( ! ,roman republic ,lomb>dy =m$ a "p ( ,gallia ,transpadana1 & x 0 ,lomb>dy1 ,v5etia & ,pi$mont1 ! portion ( ! ,italian p59sula ,n4 ( ! ,po1 t did n receive citiz5%ip 9 #hi ,b4,c4 b only ,lat9 rights4 ,! gift ( full citiz5%ip 9 #di ,b4,c4 made x a "p ( ,italy prop]1 & ,lomb>dy & ,pi$mont =m$ ! #aa? region ( ,augu/us 7,transpadana7 :ile ,v5etia & ,i/ria =m$ ! #aj?4 ,x 0 ! second ( ! regions ( ,italy 9 size1 b ! la/ 9 numb] ( t[ns2 x appe>s1 h[ev]1 to h be5 prosp]\s & peaceful1 & cultivation fl\ri%$ 9 its f]tile portions4 ,by ! end ( ! #d? c5tury ,a4,d4 ! "n ,liguria _h be5 ext5d$ ov] x1 & ,milan 0 reg>d$ z ! capital ( bo?4 ,/rang] /ill1 9 ! #f? c5tury ! old ,liguria 0 sep>at$ f x1 & "u ! "n ( ,alpes ,cottiae =m$ ! #e? ,lomb>d prov9ce ( ,italy4 ,= details ( subsequ5t hi/ory see ,,lomb>ds & ,,italy2 & = ar*itecture see ,,ar*itecture4 ,g4 ,t4 ,rivoira 9 ,orig9i dell' ,ar*itettura ,lomb>da 7#b vols4 ,rome1 #aija-aijg71 successfully demon/rates ! classical orig9 ( mu* t _h hi!rto be5 treat$ by "s au?orities z ,byzant9e4 ,9 ! developm5t ( ,r5aissance ar*itecture & art ,lomb>dy play$ a great "p1 inasmu* z bo? ,bramante & ,leon>do da ,v9ci resid$ 9 ,milan at ! end ( ! #ae? c5tury4 ,,lombok 7call$ by ! natives ,sasak71 "o ( ! ,less] ,sunda ,isl&s1 9 ! ,dut* ,ea/ ,indies1 ,e4 ( ,java1 betwe5 #h #ab & #i #a ,s4 & #aae #df & #aaf #dj ,e41 ) an area ( #cacf sq4 m4 ,x is sep>at$ f ,bali by ! ,/rait ( ,lombok & f ,sumbawa by ! ,/rait ( ,alas4 ,ris+ out ( ! sea ) bold & (t5 precipit\s coa/s1 ,lombok is trav]s$ by two m\nta9 *a9s4 ,! nor!rn *a9 is ( volcanic =mation1 & conta9s ! peak ( ,lombok 7#aa1haj ft471 "o ( ! highe/ volcanoes 9 ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago4 ,x is surr\nd$ by a plateau 7) l[] summits1 & a magnific5t lake1 ,seg>a ,anak7 #hbjj ft4 high4 ,! s\!rn *a9 rises a little ov] #cjjj ft4 ,betwe5 ! two *a9s is a broad valley or t]race ) a range ( l[ volcanic hills4 ,=e/-clad m\nta9s & /ret*es ( ?orny jungle alt]nat+ ) ri* alluvial pla9s1 cultivat$ l g>d5s "u an anci5t & elaborate sy/em ( irrigation1 make ! sc5]y ( ,lombok exce$+ly attractive4 ,! small riv]s s]ve only = irrigation & ! gr[+ ( rice1 :i* is ( sup]ior quality4 ,9 ! pla9s are also gr[n c(fee1 indigo1 maize & sug>1 katyang 7native beans71 cotton & tobacco4 ,all ^! products are export$4 ,to ! naturali/ ,lombok is ( p>ticul> int]e/ z ! fronti] isl& ( ! ,au/ralian region1 ) its cockatoos & megapods or m\nd-build]s1 its peculi> bee-eat]s & gr\nd ?ru%es4 ,! ,sasaks mu/ be consid]$ ! aborig9es1 z no trace ( an e>li] race is f\nd4 ,!y are ,mahomm$ans & di/9ct 9 _m o!r respects f ! ,h9du ,bal9ese1 :o vanqui%$ b c\ld n conv]t !m4 ,! isl& 0 =m]ly divid$ into ! f\r /ates ( ,k>ang-,asam ,lombok on ! ,w4 side1 ,mat>am 9 ! ,n4,w41 ,pag>awan 9 ! ,s4,w4 & ,pagutan 9 ! ,e4 ,bal9ese supremacy dat$ f ! conque/ by ,agong ,dahuran 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! #ai? c5tury2 ! union "u a s+le raja tribut>y to ,bali dat$ f #ahci4 ,9 ,july #ahid a ,dut* exp$ition l&$ at ,ampanam1 & advanc$ t[>ds ,mat>am1 ! capital ( ! ,bal9ese sultan1 :o _h defi$ ,dut* au?ority & refus$ to s5d ! usual delegation to ,batavia4 ,! objects ( t exp$ition 7 to puni% ,mat>am & to r$ress ! grievances ( ! ,sasaks :om ! ,bal9ese held 9 cruel subjection4 ,! fir/ ,dut* exp$ition met ) rev]ses1 & ultimately ! invad]s 7 =c$ back ^u ,ampanam4 ,! ,dut* at once despat*$ a mu* /rong] exp$ition1 :i* l&$ at ,ampanam 9 ,septemb]4 ,mat>am 0 bomb>d$ by ! fleet1 & ! troops /orm$ ! sultan's /ronghold1 & ,tjakra ,neg>a1 ano!r *iefta9's citadel1 bo? aft] a desp]ate resi/ance4 ,! old sultan ( ,mat>am 0 captur$1 & he & o!r ,bal9ese *iefs 7 exil$ to diff]5t p>ts ( ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago1 :il/ ! sultan's heir fell at ! h&s ( 8 w>riors4 ,?us end$ ! ,bal9ese dom9ation ( ,lombok1 & ! isl& 0 plac$ "u direct ,dut*-,indian control1 an assi/ant resid5t be+ appo9t$ at ,ampanam4 ,lombok is n[ adm9i/]$ f ,bali by ! ,dut* resid5t on t isl&4 ,! p1 h[ev]1 are 9 undi/urb$ ex]cise ( _! own laws1 religions1 cu/oms & in/itutions4 ,di/urbances betwe5 ! ,sasaks & ! ,lombok ,bal9ese frequ5tly occur4 ,lombok has be5 divid$ s9ce #ahih into ! ,we/1 ,middle & ,ea/ ,lombok4 ,its *ief t[ns are ,mat>am1 ,praya & ,sisi4 ,on ! we/ coa/ ! h>b\r ( ,ampanam is ! mo/ frequ5t$1 ?\gh1 on acc\nt ( heavy break]s1 x is (t5 difficult ( approa*4 ,! ,sasaks are e/imat$ at #cbj1jjj1 ! ,bal9ese at #ej1jjj1 ,europeans numb] ab\t #dj1 ,*9ese #cjj1 & ,arabs #agj4 ,see ,a4 ,r4 ,wallace1 ,malay ,ar*ipelago 7,london1 #ahfi1 & lat] editions74 ,! fam\s ,wallace's ,l9e runs imm$iately we/ ( ,lombok1 :i* !re=e has an important "p 9 ! "w4 ,capta9 ,w4 ,cool1 ,) ! ,dut* 9 ! ,ea/ 7,am/]dam & ,london1 #ahig71 9 ,dut* & ,engli%1 is a n>rative ( ! ev5ts sket*$ above1 & conta9s _m p>ticul>s ab\t ! folklore & dual religions ( ,lombok1 :i*1 ) ,bali1 =ms ! la/ /ronghold ( ,h9duism ea/ ( ,java4 ,,lombroso1 ,,ces>e 7#ahcf-aiji71 ,italian crim9ologi/1 0 born on ! #ah? ( ,novemb] #ahcf at ,v]ona1 ( a ,jewi% family4 ,he /udi$ at ,padua1 ,vi5na & ,p>is1 & 0 9 #ahfb appo9t$ pr(essor ( psy*iatry at ,pavia1 !n director ( ! lunatic asylum at ,pes>o1 & lat] pr(essor ( =5sic m$ic9e & ( psy*iatry at ,tur91 :]e he ev5tually fill$ ! *air ( crim9al an?ropology4 ,8 works1 sev]al ( :i* h be5 translat$ into ,engli%1 include ,l',uomo del9qu5te 7#ahhi72 ,l',uomo di g5io 7#ahhh72 ,g5io e follia 7#ahgg7 & ,la ,donna del9qu5te 7#ahic74 ,9 #ahgb he _h made ! notable discov]y t ! disord] kn[n z pellagra 0 due 7b see ,,pellagra7 to a poison conta9$ 9 diseas$ maize1 eat5 by ! peasants1 & he return$ to ?is subject 9 ,la ,pellagra 9 ,italia 7#ahhe7 & o!r works4 ,lombroso1 l ,giovanni ,bovio 7b4 #ahda71 ,enrico ,f]ri 7b4 #ahef7 & ,colajanni1 well-kn[n ,italian crim9ologi/s1 & 8 sons-9-law ,g4 ,f]r]o & ,c>r>a1 0 /rongly influ5c$ by ,augu/e ,comte1 & ow$ to him an exagg]at$ t5d5cy to ref] all m5tal facts to biological causes4 ,9 spite ( ?is1 h[ev]1 & a s]i\s want ( accuracy & discrim9ation 9 h&l+ evid5ce1 8 "w made an epo* 9 crim9ology2 = he surpass$ all 8 pr$ecessors by ! wide scope & sy/ematic "* ( 8 rese>*es1 & by ! practical conclusions he drew f !m4 ,_! net !oretical results is t ! crim9al population exhibits a high] p]c5tage ( physical1 n]v\s & m5tal anomalies ?an non-crim9als2 & t ^! anomalies are due p>tly to deg5]ation1 p>tly to atavism4 ,! crim9al is a special type ( ! human race1 /&+ midway betwe5 ! lunatic & ! savage4 ,?is doctr9e ( a crim9al type has be5 gravely criticiz$1 b is admitt$ by all to conta9 a sub/ratum ( tru?4 ,! practical re=m to :i* x po9ts is a classification ( (f5d]s1 s t ! born crim9al may receive a diff]5t k9d ( puni%m5t f ! (f5d] :o is tempt$ into crime by circum/ances 7see also ,,crim9ology74 ,lombroso's biological pr9ciples are mu* less successful 9 8 "w on ,g5ius1 :i* he expla9s z a morbid1 deg5]ative condition1 pres5t+ analogies to insanity1 & n altoge!r ali5 to crime4 ,9 #ahii he publi%$ 9 ,fr5* a book :i* gives a rsum ( mu* ( 8 e>li] "w1 entitl$ ,le ,crime1 causes et remdes4 ,lat] works are3 ,delitti vec*i e delitti nuovi 7,tur91 #aijb72 ,nuovi /udi sul g5io 7#b vols41 ,pal]mo1 #aijb72 & 9 #aijh a "w on spiritualism 7,eng4 trans41 ,aft] ,dea?--,:at8 #aiji71 to :i* subject he _h turn$ 8 att5tion dur+ ! lat] ye>s ( 8 life4 ,he di$ sudd5ly f a he>t compla9t at ,tur9 on ! #ai? ( ,octob] #aiji4 ,see ,kurella1 ,ces>e ,lombroso und die ,naturges*i*te des ,v]bre*]s 7,hamburg1 #ahib72 & a biography1 ) an analysis ( 8 works1 & a %ort acc\nt ( _! g5]al conclusions by 8 daught]s1 ,paola ,c>r>a & ,g9a ,f]r]o1 writt5 9 #aijf on ! occasion ( ! six? congress ( crim9al an?ropology at ,tur94 ,,lom,,nie ,,de ,,bri5ne1 ,,ti5ne ,,*>les ,,de 7#agbg-agid71 ,fr5* politician & ecclesia/ic1 0 born at ,p>is on ! #i? ( ,octob] #agbg4 ,he belong$ to a ,lim\s9 family1 dat+ f ! #ae? c5tury1 & aft] a brilliant c>e] z a /ud5t ent]$ ! ,*ur*1 z be+ ! be/ way to atta9 to a di/+ui%$ position4 ,9 #agea he became a doctor ( !ology1 ?\gh !re 7 d\bts z to ! or?odoxy ( 8 !sis4 ,9 #ageb he 0 appo9t$ gr& vic> to ! ar*bi%op ( ,r\54 ,aft] visit+ ,rome1 he 0 made bi%op ( ,condom 7#agfj71 & 9 #agfc 0 translat$ to ! ar*bi%opric ( ,t\l\se4 ,he _h _m fam\s fri5ds1 among !m ,a4 ,r4 ,j4 ,turgot1 ! ,abb ,a4 ,morellet & ,voltaire1 & 9 #aggj became an academician4 ,he 0 on ?ree occasions ! head ( ! bureau de jurisdiction at ! g5]al assembly ( ! cl]gy2 he also took an int]e/ 9 political & social que/ions ( ! day1 & address$ to ,turgot a numb] ( mmoires on ^! subjects1 "o ( !m1 treat+ ( paup]ism1 be+ especially rem>kable4 ,9 #aghg he 0 nom9at$ z presid5t ( ! ,assembly ( ,notables1 9 :i* capacity he attack$ ! fiscal policy ( ,calonne1 :om he succe$$ z head ( ! conseil des f9ances on ! #a/ ( ,may #aghg4 ,once 9 p[]1 he succe$$ 9 mak+ ! p>lem5t regi/] edicts deal+ ) int]nal free trade1 ! e/abli%m5t ( prov9cial assemblies & ! r$emption ( ! corve2 on _! refusal to regi/] edicts on ! /amp duty & ! propos$ new g5]al l&-tax1 he p]suad$ ! k+ to hold a lit de ju/ice1 to en=ce _! regi/ration4 ,to cru% ! opposition to ^! measures1 he p]suad$ ! k+ to exile ! p>lem5t to ,troyes 7,augu/ #ae?1 #aghg74 ,on ! agreem5t ( ! p>lem5t to sanction a prolongation = two ye>s to ! tax ( ! two v+times 7a direct tax on all k9ds ( income71 9 lieu ( ! above two taxes1 he recall$ ! c\ncillors to ,p>is4 ,b a fur!r attempt to =ce ! p>lem5t to regi/] an edict = rais+ a loan ( #abj million livres met ) det]m9$ opposition4 ,! /ruggle ( ! p>lem5t aga9/ ! incapacity ( ,bri5ne end$ on ! #h? ( ,may 9 its cons5t+ to an edict = its own abolition2 b ) ! proviso t ! /ates-g5]al %\ld be summon$ to rem$y ! disord]s ( ! /ate4 ,bri5ne1 :o _h 9 ! meantime be5 made ar*bi%op ( ,s5s1 n[ f\nd himself face to face ) almo/ univ]sal opposition2 he 0 =c$ to susp5d ! ,c\r plnire :i* _h be5 set up to take ! place ( ! p>lem5t1 & himself to promise t ! /ates-g5]al %\ld be summon$4 ,b ev5 ^! concessions 7 n able to keep him 9 p[]1 & on ! #bi? ( ,augu/ he _h to retire1 leav+ ! treasury empty4 ,on ! #ae? ( ,decemb] foll[+1 he 0 made a c>d9al1 & w5t to ,italy1 :]e he sp5t two ye>s4 ,aft] ! outbreak ( ! ,revolution he return$ to ,france1 & took ! oa? ( ! ,civil ,con/itution ( ! ,cl]gy 9 #agij 7see ,,fr5* ,,revolution74 ,he 0 repudiat$ by ! pope1 & 9 #agia _h to give up ! biretta at ! comm& ( ,pius ,,vi4 ,bo? 8 pa/ & pres5t conduct made him an object ( suspicion to ! revolution>ies2 he 0 arre/$ at ,s5s on ! #i? ( ,novemb] #agic1 & di$ 9 prison1 ei!r ( an apoplectic /roke or by poison1 on ! #af? ( ,febru>y #agid4 ,! *ief works publi%$ by ,bri5ne are3 ,oraison funbre du ,dauph9 7,p>is1 #agff72 ,compte-r5du au roi 7,p>is1 #aghh72 ,le ,conciliateur1 9 collaboration ) ,turgot 7,rome1 ,p>is1 #aged74 ,see also ,j4 ,p]r91 ,le ,c>d9al ,lomnie de ,bri5ne 444 pisodes de la ,rvolution 7,s5s1 #ahif74 ,,lomond1 ,,lo*1 ! l>ge/ & mo/ beautiful ( ,scotti% lakes1 situat$ 9 ! c\nties ( ,/irl+ & ,dumb>ton4 ,x is ab\t #bc m4 long2 its wid? v>ies f #e m4 t[>ds ! s\? end to #a_/c m4 at ! n>r[s to ! nor? ( ! ,isle ( ! ,v[2 its area is #bg sq4 m41 & ! greate/ dep? #fcj ft4 ,x is only #bc ft4 above ! sea1 ( :i* d\btless x 0 at "o "t an arm4 ,x conta9s #cj isl&s1 ! l>ge/ ( :i* is ,in*murr91 a de] p>k belong+ to ! duke ( ,montrose4 ,among o!r isl&s are ,in* ,caillia* 7! ,isl& ( ,wom51 f ! fact t a nunn]y once /ood !re71 ,in*fad 7,long ,isl&71 ,in*cru9 7,r\nd ,isl&71 ,in*tavanna* 7,monks' ,isle71 ,in*conna*an 7,colquh\n's ,isle71 ,in*lonaig 7,isle ( ! ,yews1 :]e ,rob]t ,bruce caus$ yews to be plant$ to provide arms = 8 b[m571 ,cre9*1 ,torr9* & ,clair9* 7:i* gave ! ,bu*anans _! w>-cry74 ,f ! we/ ! lo* receives ! ,inv]uglas1 ! ,d\glas1 ! ,luss1 ! ,f9las & ! ,fru94 ,f ,ballo* 9 ! s\? x s5ds (f ! ,lev5 to ! ,clyde2 f ! ea/ x receives ! ,endrick1 ! ,blair1 ! ,ca%ell & ! ,arklet2 & f ! nor? ! ,fallo*4 ,b5 ,lomond 7#caib ft471 ! asc5t ( :i* is made ) comp>ative ease f ,r[>d5nan1 dom9ates ! l&scape2 b !re are o!r maje/ic hills1 p>ticul>ly on ! we/ & nor?-we/ banks4 ,! fi% are sea-tr\t1 lake-tr\t1 pike & p]*4 ,"p ( ! %ore is skirt$ by ! ,we/ ,highl& railway1 op5$ 9 #ahid1 :i* has /ations on ! lo* at ,t>bet & ,ardlui1 & ,ballo* is ! t]m9us ( ! l9es f ,dumb>ton & f ,/irl+ via ,bu*lyvie4 ,/eam]s make ! t\r ( ! lo*1 />t+ f ,ballo* & call+ at ,balmaha1 ,luss1 ,r[>d5nan1 ,t>bet1 ,inv]snaid & ,ardlui4 ,,luss has a consid]able population1 & !re is "s /one qu>ri$ ne> x4 ,,inv]snaid is ! po9t ( arrival & dep>ture = ! ,trossa*s coa*es1 & "h1 too1 !re is a graceful wat]fall1 f$ by ! ,arklet f ! lo* ( t "n1 #b m4 to ! ea/1 commemorat$ 9 ,wordswor?'s poem ( ! ,highl& ,girl4 ,inv]snaid 0 9 ! he>t ( ! ,macgregor c\ntry1 & ! "n ( ,rob ,roy is /ill giv5 to 8 cave on ! lo* side a mile to ! nor? & to 8 prison #c m4 to ! s\?4 ,inv]snaid 0 ! site ( a =t built 9 #agac to r$uce ! clan to subjection4 ,craig ,roy/on1 a tract ly+ betwe5 ,inv]snaid & ,b5 ,lomond1 0 also associat$ ) ,rob ,roy4 ,,lomon,,sov1 ,,mikhail ,,vasilievi* 7#agaa-agfe71 ,russian poet & man ( sci5ce1 0 born 9 ! ye> #agaa1 9 ! village ( ,d5isovka 7! "n ( :i* 0 aft]w>ds *ang$ 9 hon\r ( ! poet71 situat$ on an isl& n f> f ,kholmogor1 9 ! gov]nm5t ( ,ar*angel4 ,8 fa!r1 a fi%]man1 took ! boy :5 he 0 t5 ye>s ( age to assi/ him 9 8 call+2 b ! lad's eag]ness = k 0 unb\nd$4 ,! few books accessible to him he almo/ le>n$ by he>t2 &1 see+ t !re 0 no *ance ( increas+ 8 /ock ( k 9 8 native place1 he resolv$ to betake himself to ,mosc[4 ,an opportunity occurr$ :5 he 0 sev5te51 & by ! int]v5tion ( fri5ds he obta9$ admission into ! ,zaikonospasski s*ool4 ,!re 8 progress 0 v rapid1 especially 9 ,lat91 & 9 #agcd he 0 s5t f ,mosc[ to ,/ ,pet]sburg4 ,!re aga9 8 pr(ici5cy1 especially 9 physical sci5ce1 0 m>k$1 & he 0 "o ( ! "y ,russians *os5 to complete _! education 9 =eign c\ntries4 ,he accord+ly comm5c$ ! /udy ( metallurgy at ,m>burg2 he also began to write poetry1 imitat+ ,g]man au?ors1 among :om he is said to h especially admir$ ,gn!r4 ,8 ,ode on ! ,tak+ ( ,khot9 f ! ,turks 0 compos$ 9 #agci1 & attract$ a great deal ( att5tion at ,/ ,pet]sburg4 ,dur+ 8 resid5ce 9 ,g]many ,lomonsov m>ri$ a native ( ! c\ntry1 & f\nd x difficult to ma9ta9 8 increas+ family on ! scanty all[ance grant$ to him by ! ,/ ,pet]sburg ,academy1 :i*1 moreov]1 0 irregul>ly s5t4 ,8 circum/ances became emb>rass$1 & he resolv$ to leave ! c\ntry secretly & to return home4 ,on 8 arrival 9 ,russia he rapidly rose to di/9ction1 & 0 made pr(essor ( *emi/ry 9 ! univ]sity ( ,/ ,pet]sburg2 he ultimately became rector1 & 9 #agfd secret>y ( /ate4 ,he di$ 9 #agfe4 ,! mo/ valuable ( ! works ( ,lomonsov are ^? relat+ to physical sci5ce1 & he wrote ^u _m bran*es ( x4 ,he ev]y:]e %[s himself a man ( ! mo/ v>i$ le>n+4 ,he compil$ a ,russian gramm>1 :i* long enjoy$ popul>ity1 & did mu* to improve ! rhy?m ( ,russian v]se4 ,,lomza1 or ,,lomzha1 a gov]nm5t ( ,russian ,pol&1 b\nd$ ,n4 by ,prussia & ! ,poli% gov]nm5t ( ,suwalki1 ,e4 by ! ,russian gov]nm5t ( ,grodno1 ,s4 by ! ,poli% gov]nm5ts ( ,si$lce & ,w>saw & ,w4 by t ( ,plock4 ,x cov]s #dfff sq4 m4 ,x is mo/ly flat or undulat+1 ) a few tracts 9 ! nor? & s\?-we/ :]e ! deeply cut valleys give a hilly aspect to ! c\ntry4 ,ext5sive m>%es ov]spread x1 especially on ! banks ( ! ,n>ev1 :i* fl[s f ea/ to s\?-we/1 jo9+ ! ,bug 9 ! s\?-we/]n corn] ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,! ,bug fl[s along ! s\!rn bord]1 jo9+ ! ,vi/ula #bj m4 bel[ its conflu5ce ) ! ,n>ev4 ,!re are =e/s 9 ! ea/ ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,! inhabitants numb]$ #eja1che 9 #ahgb & #ehe1jcc 9 #ahig1 ( :om #bgi1bgi 7 wom51 & #fi1hcd liv$ 9 t[ns4 ,! e/imat$ population 9 #aijf 0 #fec1ajj4 ,by religion #gg are ,roman ,ca?olics1 #ae ,jews & #e memb]s ( ! ,or?odox ,*ur*4 ,agriculture is ! pr$om9ant indu/ry1 ! *ief crops be+ rye1 oats1 :eat1 b>ley1 buck:eat1 peas1 potatoes1 flax & hemp4 ,bees are ext5sively kept1 & l>ge numb]s ( p\ltry1 especially geese1 are re>$4 ,/ock rais+ is c>ri$ on to "s ext5t4 ,! wood trade is important2 o!r indu/ries are ! production ( pott]y1 be]1 fl\r1 lea!r1 bricks1 wood5 w>es1 spirits1 tobacco & sug>4 ,!re is only "o railway 7betwe5 ,grodno & ,w>saw72 ! ,bug is navigable1 b wood only is float$ d[n ! ,n>ev4 ,! gov]nm5t is divid$ into sev5 di/ricts1 ( :i* ! *ief t[ns1 ) _! populations 9 #ahig1 are ,lomza 7q4v471 ,o/rol5ka 7#hfgi71 ,maz[iec 7#cijj71 ,o/rw 7#aa1bfd71 ,makw 7#gbcb71 ,kolno 7#dida7 & ,szczuczyn 7#egbe74 ,,lomza1 a t[n ( ,russia1 capital ( ! gov]nm5t ( ! same "n1 on ! ,n>ew1 #ajc m4 by rail ,n4,e4 f ,w>saw4 ,pop4 7#ahgb71 #ac1hfj1 7#aijj7 #bb1dbh4 ,lomza is an old t[n1 "o ( its *ur*es hav+ be5 erect$ be=e #ajjj4 ,9 ! #af? c5tury x c>ri$ on a brisk trade ) ,li?uania & ,prussia4 ,x 0 well =tifi$ & _h two citadels1 b nev]!less (t5 suff]$ f ! invasions ( ! ,g]mans & ,tat>s1 & 9 ! #ag? c5tury x 0 twice plund]$ by ! ,cossacks ( ! ,ukra9e4 ,9 #agie x fell "u ! dom9ion ( ,prussia1 & aft] ! peace ( ,tilsit 7#ahjg7 x came "u ,russian rule4 ,,lonauli1 a t[n ( ,india1 9 ! ,poona di/rict ( ,bombay1 at ! top ( ! ,bhor ,ghat pass 9 ! ,we/]n ,ghats1 by :i* ! ,great ,indian ,p59sula railway climbs f ,bombay to ,poona4 ,pop4 7#aija71 #ffhf4 ,x conta9s ! locomotive works ( ! railway4 ,lonauli is a place ( resort f ,bombay dur+ ! hot season4 ,,london1 a city & port ( entry ( ,middlesex c\nty1 ,ont>io1 ,canada1 situat$ #aba m4 ,n4,w4 ( ,toronto1 on ! riv] ,?ames & ! ,gr& ,trunk1 ,canadian ,pacific & ,mi*igan ,c5tral railways4 ,pop4 7#aija71 #cg1iha2 b sev]al suburbs1 n includ$ 9 ^! figures1 are 9 reality "p ( ! city4 ,! local nom5clature is l>gely a reproduction ( t ( ! great city ^: "n x has borr[$4 ,situat$ 9 a f]tile agricultural di/rict1 x is a l>ge di/ribut+ c5tre4 ,among ! indu/ries are brew]ies1 petroleum ref9]ies1 & factories = ! manufacture ( agricultural implem5ts & ( railway c>riages4 ,! educational in/itutions include ! ,hellmu? ,ladies' ,college & ! ,we/]n ,univ]sity 7f\nd$ 9 #ahgh "u ! patronage ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&74 ,london 0 f\nd$ 9 #ahbe-ahbf4 ,,london1 ! capital ( ,engl& & ( ! ,briti% ,empire1 & ! greate/ city 9 ! _w1 ly+ on ea* side ( ! riv] ,?ames #ej m4 above its m\?4#a ,! ,city1 s call$ bo? =mally & popul>ly1 is a small area 7#fgc acres7 on ! nor? bank ( ! riv]1 =m+ ! he>t ( ! metropolis1 & con/itut+ )9 its b\nd>ies "o only1 & "o ( ! smalle/1 ( tw5ty-n9e municipal divisions :i* make up ! adm9i/rative ,c\nty ( ,london4 ,! tw5ty-eight rema9+ divisions are ! ,metropolitan ,bor\ghs4 ,! c\nty ?us def9$ has an extreme l5g? 7,e4 to ,w47 ( #af m41 an extreme bread? 7,n4 to ,s47 ( #aa m41 & an area ( #gd1hci acres or ab\t #aag sq4 m4 ,! bor\ghs are z foll[s3-- #a4 ,nor? ( ! ,?ames4--,t\*+ ! nor!rn b\nd>y ( ! c\nty1 f ,w4 to ,e4--,hamm]smi?1 ,k5s+ton1 ,padd+ton1 ,hamp/ead1 ,/ ,pancras1 ,isl+ton1 ,/oke ,new+ton1 ,popl>4 ,b\nd$ by ! ,?ames--,fulham1 ,*elsea1 ! ,city ( ,we/m9/] 7"h ! ,city ( ,london int]v5es71 ,/epney1 ,popl>4 ,betwe5 ,we/m9/]1 ! ,city & ,/epney1 & ! nor!rn bor\ghs--,/ ,m>ylebone 7commonly ,m>ylebone71 ,holborn1 ,f9sbury1 ,%or$it*1 ,be?nal ,gre54 #b4 ,s\? ( ! ,?ames4--,w&swor?1 ,batt]sea1 ,lambe?1 ,s\?w>k1 ,camb]well1 ,b]mondsey1 ,dept=d1 ,lewi%am1 ,gre5wi*1 ,woolwi* 7) a small "p ( ! nor? bank74 ,^! names are all 9 common use1 ?\gh _! =mal application is 9 "s cases ext5d$ ov] sev]al di/ricts ( :i* ! anci5t names rema9 famili>4 ,ea* bor\gh is notic$ 9 a sep>ate article4 ,i4 ,,ext5t ,,& ,,site ,! ,c\nty ( ,london is b\nd$ ,n4 & ,w4 by ,middlesex1 ,e4 by ,essex & ,k5t1 ,s4 by ,k5t & ,surrey4 ,! ,metropolitan police area1 or ,great] ,london1 h[ev]1 embraces ! :ole ( ,middlesex1 ) p>ts ( ! o!r ?ree c\nties & ( ,h]t=d%ire4 ,its ext5t is #ddc1dai acres or ne>ly #fic sq4 m41 & its population is ab\t sev5 millions4 ,only "h & !re ^u its fr+e ! id5tity ( ?is great area ) ! metropolis is lo/ to ! eye1 :]e op5 c\ntry rema9s unbrok5 by /reets or close-set build+s4 ,site4--,nor? ( ! ,?ames1 & we/ ( its tribut>y ! ,lea1 :i* p>tly b\nds ! adm9i/rative c\nty on ! ea/1 ,london is built ^u a s]ies ( slight undulations1 only r>ely suffici5t to make ! /reets noticeably /eep4 ,on ! nor!rn b\nd>y ( ! c\nty a height ( #ddc ft4 is f\nd on ! op5 ,hamp/ead ,hea?4 ,! less] /reams :i* fl[ f ?is high gr\nd to ! ,?ames are no long] op54 ,"s1 h[ev]1 z well z o!r natural features effac$ by ! gr[? ( ! city1 reta9 an hi/orical int]e/ ?r\gh ! survival ( _! names 9 /reets & di/ricts1 or ?r\gh _! relation to ! orig9al site ( ,london 79 ! pres5t ,city74 ,s\? ( ! ,?ames a brok5 amphi!atre ( l[ hills1 approa*+ ! riv] ne> ,gre5wi* & ,woolwi* on ! ea/ & ,putney & ,ri*mond on ! we/1 encloses a tract flatt] ?an t to ! nor?1 & rises m abruptly 9 ! s\!rn di/ricts ( ,/rea?am1 ,norwood & ,=e/ ,hill4 ,9 attempt+ to picture ! site ( ,london 9 its orig9al condition1 t is1 be=e any build+ took place1 x is necess>y to consid] 7#a7 ! condition ( ! ,?ames unconf9$ betwe5 made banks1 7#b7 ! slopes ov]look+ x1 7#c7 ! tribut>y /reams :i* wat]$ ^! slopes4 ,! l[ gr\nd betwe5 ! slight hills flank+ ! ,?ames valley1 & !re=e ma9ly s\? ( ! pres5t riv]1 0 orig9ally occupi$ by a %all[ lagoon ( e/u>9e "*1 tidal1 & int]sp]s$ ) m>%y tracts & c]ta9 islets ( relatively firm l&4 ,?r\gh ?is ! ma9 /ream ( ! ,?ames pursu$ an ill-def9$ c\rse4 ,! tribut>y /reams ent]$ ?r\gh m>%y *annels4 ,! natural process ( s$im5tation assi/$ ! gradual artificial dra9age ( ! m>%es by means ( embankm5ts conf9+ ! riv]4 ,! bread? ( ?is l[ tract1 f ,*elsea d[nw>d1 0 f #b to #c m4 ,! l9e ( ! foot ( ! s\!rn hills1 f ,putney1 :]e x ne>ly approa*es ! pres5t riv]1 lies ?r\gh ,/ockwell & ,camb]well to ,gre5wi*1 :]e x aga9 approa*es ! riv]4 ,on ! nor? !re is a flat tract betwe5 ,*elsea & ,we/m9/]1 cov]+ ,pimlico1 b f ,we/m9/] d[n to ! ,t[] !re is a m>k$ slope directly up f ! riv] bank4 ,l[] /ill1 m>%es =m]ly ext5d$ f> up ! valley ( ! ,lea4 ,! high] slopes ( ! hills 7 d5sely =e/$ 7cf4 ! mod]n di/rict-"n ,/ ,john's ,wood71 :ile ! l[] slopes1 nor? ( ! riv]1 7 m op5 7cf4 ,moor-gate74 ,! orig9al city grew up on ! site ( ! ,city ( ,london ( ! pres5t day1 on a slight em95ce int]sect$ by ! ,wal- or ,wall-brook1 & flank$ on ! we/ by ! riv] ,fleet4 ,illu/ration3 ,map ( ,! ,c\nty ( ,,london4 ,^! & o!r tribut>y /reams h be5 cov]$ 9 & built ov] 79 "s cases s]v+ z sew]s71 b x is possible to trace _! valleys at v>i\s po9ts by ! fall & rise ( /reets cross+ !m1 & _! names survive1 z w be se51 9 v>i\s mod]n applications4 ,! ,wallbrook rose 9 a m>% 9 ! mod]n di/rict ( ,f9sbury1 & jo9$ ! ,?ames close to ! ,cannon ,/reet railway bridge4 ,a /reet nam$ aft] x runs s\? f ! ,mansion ,h\se p>allel ) its c\rse4 ,! ,fleet 0 l>g]1 ris+ 91 & collect+ v>i\s small /reams f1 ! high gr\nd ( ,hamp/ead4 ,x pass$ ,k5ti% ,t[n1 ,camd5 ,t[n & ,k+'s ,cross1 & foll[$ a l9e approximat+ to ,k+'s ,cross ,road4 ,! slope ( ,f>r+don ,road1 :]e cross$ by ,holborn ,viaduct1 & ( ,new ,bridge ,/reet1 ,blackfri>s1 m>ks its c\rse exactly1 & t ( ,fleet ,/reet & ,ludgate ,hill its /eep banks4 ,! "n also appe>s 9 ,fleet ,road1 ,hamp/ead4 ,f ,k+'s ,cross d[nw>d ! banks 7 s /eep & high t ! /ream 0 call$ ,holl[ or ,hole-b\rne1 ?is "n surviv+ 9 ,holborn2 & x 0 f$ by num]\s spr+s 7,bagnigge ,well1 ,cl]k5well & o!rs7 9 ?is vic9ity4 ,x ent]$ a creek :i* 0 navigable = a consid]able di/ance1 & =m$ a subsidi>y h>b\r = ! ,city1 b by ! #ad? c5tury ?is 0 becom+ *ok$ ) refuse1 & ?\gh an attempt 0 made to cle> x1 & :>ves 7 built 9 #afgj1 x 0 :olly ar*$ ov] 9 #agcg-agfe bel[ ,holborn ,bridge4 ,cont9u+ we/w>d1 ! mo/ important /ream 0 ,tyburn 7q4v471 :i* rose at ,hamp/ead1 & jo9$ ! ,?ames ?r\gh bran*es on ei!r side ( ,?orney ,isl&1 on :i* grew up ! great ecclesia/ical f\ndation ( ,/ ,pet]1 ,we/m9/]1 bett] kn[n z ,we/m9/] ,abbey4 ,!re is no mod]n survival ( ! "n ( ,tyburn1 :i* f9ds1 inde$1 its *ief hi/orical int]e/ z atta*+ to ! fam\s place ( execution :i* lay ne> ! mod]n ,m>ble ,ar*4 ,! resid5tial di/rict 9 ?is vic9ity 0 kn[n at a lat] date z ,tyburnia4 ,! next /ream we/w>d 0 ! ,we/b\rne1 ! "n ( :i* is p]petuat$ 9 ,we/b\rne ,grove & else:]e 9 ,padd+ton4 ,x rose on ! heights ( ,hamp/ead1 trav]s$ ,padd+ton1 may be trac$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! ,s]p5t9e lake 9 ,hyde ,p>k1 ran p>allel to & ea/ ( ,sloane ,/reet1 & jo9$ ! ,?ames close to ,*elsea ,bridge4 ,! ma9 tribut>ies ( ! ,?ames f ! nor?1 to ea/ & we/ ( ^? describ$1 are n cov]$1 nor is any tribut>y ( importance f ! s\? entirely conceal$4 ,geology4--,london lies )9 ! geological area kn[n z ! ,london bas94 ,)9 ! conf9es ( ,great] ,london ! *alk :i* =ms ! basem5t ( ?is area appe>s at ! surface 9 isolat$ pat*es ab\t ,gre5wi*1 :ile its ma9 l9e approa*es )9 #aj m4 ( ! ,city to ! s\? & )9 #ae to ! nor?-we/4 ,9 ! s\? & nor?-we/ ! typical ,london clay is ! pr9cipal =mation4 ,9 ! s\?-ea/1 h[ev]1 ! ,blackhea? & ,woolwi* pebble-b$s appe>1 ) _! belts ( ,?anet s&s bord]+ ! *alk4 ,valley gravel bord]s ! ,?ames1 ) "s int]ruptions1 f ,k+/on to ,gre5wi*1 & ext5ds to a wide belt1 ) ramifications1 f ,w&swor? s\? to ,croydon1 & 9 a n>r[] l9e f ,gre5wi* t[>ds ,bromley4 ,brick e>? ov]lies x f ,k5s+ton to ,br5t=d & we/ !re(1 & appe>s 9 ,*elsea & ,fulham1 ,hornsey & ,/oke ,new+ton1 & 9 pat*es s\? ( ! ,?ames betwe5 ,batt]sea & ,ri*mond4 ,! ma9 deposits ( alluvium occur bel[ ,lambe? & ,we/m9/]1 & 9 ! valley ( ! ,w&le1 :i* jo9s ! ,?ames f ! s\? ne> ,putney4 ,9 ! nor? & we/ ! clay is int]sp]s$ ) pat*es ( plateau gravel 9 ! direction ( ,f9*ley 7:]e b\ld] clay also appe>s71 ,enfield & ,b>net2 & ( ,bag%ot s&s on ,hamp/ead ,hea? & ,h>r[ ,hill4 ,gravel is f\nd on ! high gr\nd ab\t ,ri*mond ,p>k & ,wimbl$on4 7,see fur!r ,,middlesex47 ,climate4--,! climate is equable 7?\gh excessive heat is sometimes felt = %ort p]iods dur+ ! summ]7 & moi/1 b heal?y4 ,sn[ is mo/ common 9 ! e>ly mon?s ( ! ye>4 ,! fogs ( ,london h a peculi> & p]haps an exagg]at$ notoriety4 ,!y are apt to occur at all seasons1 are common f ,septemb] to ,febru>y1 & mo/ common 9 ,novemb]4 ,! atmosph]e ( ,london is almo/ inv>iably mi/y 9 a great] or less degree1 b ! d5s] fogs are g5]ally local & ( no long duration4 ,!y sometimes cause a s]i\s dislocation ( railway & o!r traffic4 ,_! pr9cipal cause is ! smoke f ! g5]al dome/ic use ( coal4 ,! evil is ( v long /&+1 = 9 #acjf ! citiz5s petition$ ,edw>d ,i4 to prohibit ! use ( sea-coal1 & he made x a capital (f5ce4 ,! av]age temp]ature ( ! hotte/ mon?1 ,july1 is #fd4d ,f42 ( ! colde/1 ,janu>y1 #cg4i2 & ! mean annual #ej4d4 ,! mean annual ra9fall ranges 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! metropolis f ab\t #bj to #bg 94 ,,ii4 ,,topography ,london z a :ole owes no?+ 9 appe>ance to ! natural configuration ( its site4 ,moreov]1 ! spl5did build+ is ne>ly always a unit2 seldom1 unless accid5tally1 a compon5t "p ( a broad effect4 ,london has n gr[n up along =mal l9es2 nor is any l>ge "p ( x laid out accord+ to ! conceptions ( a s+le g5]ation4 ,yet n a few ( ! great ?or\ghf>es & build+s are individually wor?y ( ,london's preem95ce z a city4 ,! mo/ notable ( ^! fall )9 a circumscrib$ area1 & x is !re=e necess>y to preface _! consid]ation ) a /atem5t ( ! broad] *>act]i/ic divisions ( ! metropolis4 ,*>act]i/ic ,divisions4--,9 ,london nor? ( ! ,?ames1 ! sali5t di/9ction lies betwe5 ,we/ & ,ea/4 ,f ! we/]n b\nd>y ( ! ,city prop]1 an area cov]+ ! great] "p ( ! city ( ,we/m9/]1 & ext5d+ into ,*elsea1 ,k5s+ton1 ,padd+ton & ,m>ylebone1 is exclusively associat$ ) ! high]-class life ( ,london4 ,)9 ! b\nds ( ,we/m9/] are ! royal palaces1 ! gov]nm5t (fices & _m o!r ( ! f9e/ public build+s1 & ! wid] area specifi$ includes ! majority ( ! resid5ces ( ! weal?i] classes1 ! mo/ beautiful p>ks & ! mo/ fa%ionable places ( recreation4 ,mayfair1 nor? ( ,piccadilly1 & ,belgravia1 s\? ( ,knightsbridge1 are common ?\gh un(ficial names = ! ri*e/ resid5tial di/ricts4 ,! ,city be>s 9 ! great comm]cial build+s fr++ its n>r[ /reets all ! m>ks ( a c5tre ( ! _w's ex*anges4 ,ea/ ( x !re is an abrupt transition to ! di/rict commonly kn[n z ! ,ea/ ,end1 z di/+ui%$ f ! weal?y ,we/ ,end1 a di/rict ( mean /reets1 r\ghly co9cid5t ) ! bor\ghs ( ,/epney & ,popl>1 ,%or$it* & ,be?nal ,gre51 & prim>ily 7?\gh by no means exclusively7 associat$ ) ! problems atta*+ to ! life ( ! poor4 ,on ! ,?ames bel[ ,london ,bridge1 ,london appe>s 9 ! aspect ( "o ( ! _w's great ports1 ) ext5sive docks & cr[d$ %ipp+4 ,nor? ,london is z a :ole resid5tial3 ,hackney1 ,isl+ton & ,/ ,pancras consi/ ma9ly ( dwell+s ( artisans & ! middle classes2 :ile 9 ,hamp/ead1 ,/ ,m>ylebone & ,padd+ton are _m t]races & squ>es ( h&some h\ses4 ,?r\gh\t ! bett] resid5tial qu>t]s ( ,london ! numb] ( l>ge blocks ( flats has greatly increas$ 9 mod]n times4 ,b ev5 9 ! mid/ ( ! ri*e/ qu>t]s1 9 ,we/m9/] & else:]e1 small b well-def9$ areas ( ! poore/ dwell+s occur4 ,london s\? ( ! ,?ames has none ( ! gr&] *>act]i/ics ( ! weal?y di/ricts to ! nor?4 ,poor qu>t]s lie adjac5t to ! riv] ov] ! :ole di/ance f ,batt]sea to ,gre5wi*1 m]g+ s\?w>d into resid5tial di/ricts ( bett] class4 ,london has no s+le well-def9$ manufactur+ qu>t]4 ,suburbs4--,al?\gh ! b\nd>y ( ! c\nty ( ,london does n1 to outw>d appe>ance1 enclose a city di/9ct f its suburbs1 ,london outside t b\nd>y may be conv5i5tly consid]$ z suburban4 ,l>ge numb]s ( bus9ess m5 & o!rs :o mu/ ( necessity live 9 proximity to ! metropolis h _! homes alo( f its c5tre4 ,x is e/imat$ t upw>ds ( a million daily ent] & leave ! ,city alone z ! comm]cial he>t ( ,london1 & a great proportion ( ^! travel 9 & out by ! suburban railways4 ,9 ?is aspect ! pr9cipal ext5sion ( ,london has be5 into ! c\nties ( ,k5t & ,surrey1 to ! pleasant hilly di/ricts ab\t ,syd5ham1 ,norwood & ,croydon1 ,*islehur/ & ,orp+ton1 ,cat]ham1 ,r$hill & ,reigate1 ,epsom1 ,dork+ & ,lea!rhead2 & up ! valley ( ! ,?ames ?r\gh ,ri*mond to ,k+/on & ,surbiton1 ,e%] & ,weybridge1 & ! _m t[n%ips on bo? ! ,surrey & ! ,middlesex %ores ( ! riv]4 ,on ! we/ & nor? ! resid5tial suburbs imm$iately outside ! c\nty include ,acton & ,eal+1 ,willesd51 ,highgate1 ,f9*ley & ,hornsey2 f ! la/ two a d5sely populat$ di/rict ext5ds nor? ?r\gh ,wood ,gre5 & ,s\?gate to ,b>net & ,enfield2 :ile ! resid5tial influ5ce ( ! metropolis f> exce$s ^! limits1 & may be obs]v$ at ,h>r[ & ,p9n]1 ,bu%ey & ,boxmoor1 ,/ ,albans1 ,h>p5d51 ,/ev5age & _m o!r places4 ,to ! nor?-ea/ ! beauty ( ,epp+ ,=e/ attracts num]\s resid5ts to ,wood=d1 ,*+=d & ,l\ghton4 ,! valley ( ! ,lea is also ?ickly populat$1 b *iefly by an indu/rial population work+ 9 ! num]\s factories along ?is riv]4 ,! ,lea sep>ates ! c\nty ( ,london f ,essex1 b ! t[n%ips ( ,we/ ,ham & ,/rat=d1 ,b>k+ & ,il=d1 ,leyton & ,wal?am/[ cont9ue ! metropolis 9 ?is direction almo/ )\t a break4 ,_! population is also l>gely occupi$ 9 local manufactur+ e/abli%m5ts2 :ile num]\s t[ns on ei!r bank ( ! l[] ,?ames %>e 9 ! indu/ries ( ! port ( ,london4 ,/reets4--,! pr9cipal cont9u\s ?or\ghf>es )9 ! metropolis1 ?\gh ea* be>s a succession ( names1 are co9cid5t ) ! ma9 roads conv]g+ ^u ! capital f all p>ts ( ,engl&4 ,on ! nor? ( ! ,?ames two great ?or\ghf>es f ! we/ meet 9 ! he>t ( ! ,city4 ,! nor!rn ent]s ! c\nty 9 ,hamm]smi? z ,uxbridge ,road1 crosses ,k5s+ton & bord]s ! nor? side ( ,k5s+ton ,g>d5s & ,hyde ,p>k z ,bayswat] ,road4 ,x !n be>s successively ! names ( ,ox=d ,/reet1 ,new ,ox=d ,/reet & ,high ,holborn2 ent]s ! ,city1 becomes kn[n z ,holborn ,viaduct f ! fact t x is !re c>ri$ ov] o!r /reets :i* lie at a l[] level1 & !n z ,newgate ,/reet & ,*eapside4 ,! s\!rn highway ent]s ,hamm]smi?1 crosses ! c5tre ( ,k5s+ton z ,k5s+ton ,road & ,high ,/reet1 bord]s ,k5s+ton ,g>d5s & ,hyde ,p>k z ,k5s+ton ,gore & ,knightsbridge1 ) t]races ( f9e resid5ces1 & m]ges into ,piccadilly4 ,?is beautiful /reet1 ) its nor?w>d bran*es1 ,p>k ,lane1 f :i* spl5did h\ses ov]look ,hyde ,p>k1 & ,bond ,/reet1 l9$ ) h&some %ops1 may be said to focus ! fa%ionable life ( ,london4 ,! direct l9e ( ! ?or\ghf>e is int]rupt$ aft] ,piccadilly ,circus 7! t]m circus is frequ5tly appli$ to ! op5 space--n necess>ily r\nd--at ! junction ( sev]al roads71 b is practically resum$ 9 ! ,/r&1 ) its hotels1 %ops & num]\s !atres1 & cont9u$ ?r\gh ! ,city 9 ,fleet ,/reet1 ! c5tre ( ! newspap] _w1 & ,ludgate ,hill1 at ! head ( :i* is ,/ ,paul's ,ca!dral4 ,!nce x runs by comm]cial ,cannon ,/reet to ! junction ) ,*eapside & sev]al o!r busy /reets4 ,at ?is junction /& ! ,royal ,ex*ange1 ! ,mansion ,h\se 7! (ficial resid5ce ( ! ,"l ,mayor ( ,london7 & ! ,bank ( ,engl&1 f :i* ?is important po9t 9 ! communications ( ,london is commonly kn[n z ,bank4 ,f ! ea/ two ma9 roads simil>ly conv]ge ^u ! ,city1 :i* !y ent] by ,aldgate 7! suffix 9 ?is & o!r names indicat+ ! =m] exi/5ce ( "o ( ! ,city gates74 ,! s\!rn ( ^! highways1 approa*+ ?r\gh ! ea/]n suburbs z ,b>k+ ,road1 becomes ,ea/ ,india ,docks ,road 9 ,popl> & ,comm]cial ,road ,ea/ 9 ,/epney4 ,! cont9u\s ?or\ghf>e ( #ab m4 betwe5 ,hamm]smi? & ! ,ea/ ,india ,docks illu/rates successively e phase ( ,london life4 ,! nor!rn road ent]s f ,/rat=d & is call$ ,b[ ,road1 ,mile ,end ,road1 ,:ite*apel ,road & ,high ,/reet1 ,:ite*apel4 ,f ! nor? ( ,engl& two roads pres]ve communication-l9es f ! e>lie/ times4 ,! ,old ,nor? ,road1 ent]+ ,london f ! ,lea valley ?r\gh ,hackney & ,%or$it* z ,/am=d ,hill1 ,/oke ,new+ton ,road & ,k+sl& ,road1 rea*es ! ,city by ,bi%opsgate4 ,! /raight highway f ! nor?-we/ :i* z ,edgw>e ,road jo9s ,ox=d ,/reet at ! ,m>ble ,ar* 7! nor?-ea/]n entrance to ,hyde ,p>k7 is co9cid5t ) ! ,roman ,watl+ ,/reet4 ,! ,holyhead & ,great ,nor? ,roads1 unit+ at ,b>net1 ent] ,london by bran*es ?r\gh ,hamp/ead & ?r\gh ,highgate1 betwe5 ! ,old ,nor? & ,edgw>e roads4 ,s\? ( ! ,?ames ! ?or\ghf>es cross+ ! riv] betwe5 ,lambe? & ,b]mondsey conv]ge ^u two circuses1 ,/ ,george's & ! ,elephant & ,ca/le4 ,at ! second ( ^! po9ts ! majority ( ! *ief roads f ! s\!rn suburbs & ! s\? ( ,engl& are collect$4 ,among !m1 ! ,old ,k5t ,road cont9ues ! s\!rn section ( ,watl+ ,/reet1 f ,dov] & ! s\?-ea/1 ?r\gh ,woolwi* & across ,blackhea?4 ,! road ?r\gh ,/rea?am1 ,brixton & ,k5n+ton1 tak+ "n f ^! di/ricts successively1 is ! pr9cipal s\!rn highway4 ,! ,portsm\? ,road f ! s\?-we/ is well m>k$ z f> z ,lambe?1 "u ! names ( ,w&swor?1 ,high ,/reet1 ,/ ,john's ,hill1 ,lav5d] ,hill & ,w&swor? ,road4 ,?ames ,embankm5ts4--,! ,?ames foll[s a devi\s c\rse ?r\gh ,london1 & ! f9e embankm5ts on its nor? side1 n[h]e cont9u+ un9t]rupt$ly = m ?an #b m41 d n =m important ?or\ghf>es1 ) ! exception ( ! ,victoria ,embankm5t4 ,mo/ly !y s]ve r z beautiful prom5ades4 ,"o ( !m beg9s ov] aga9/ ,batt]sea ,bridge4 ,its f9e/ portion is ! ,*elsea ,embankm5t1 front+ ,batt]sea ,p>k across ! riv]1 %ad$ by a pleasant av5ue & l9$ ) h&some h\ses4 ,x cont9ues1 ) "s int]ruptions1 ne>ly z f> z ! ,h\ses ( ,p>liam5t4 ,bel[ ^! ! gr&e/ ( ! embankm5ts ext5ds to ! ,city at ,blackfri>s4 ,x 0 =m$ 9 #ahfd-ahgj1 & is nam$ ! ,victoria ,embankm5t1 ?\gh its popul> title is ,! ,embankm5t simply4 ,op5 g>d5s fr+e x 9 "p on ! l&w>d side1 & x is l9$ ) f9e public & private build+s4 ,! bold sweep ( ! ,?ames1 "h "s #cjj yds4 wide1 ! t[]s ( ,we/m9/] on ! "o h& & ! dome ( ,/ ,paul's on ! o!r1 make up a f9e prospect4 ,bel[ ,london ,bridge ! riv] is embank$ = a %ort di/ance 9 front ( ! ,t[] ( ,london1 & above ,we/m9/] ,bridge ! ,alb]t ,embankm5t ext5ds = ne>ly #a m4 along ! s\? bank4 ,bridges4--,f\rte5 road-bridges cross ! ,?ames )9 ! c\nty ( ,london4 ,( ^! ,london ,bridge1 connect+ ! ,city ) ,s\?w>k & ,b]mondsey1 /&s fir/ 9 hi/orical int]e/ & 9 importance z a mod]n highway4 ,! old bridge1 fam\s = _m g5]ations1 be>+ its r[s ( h\ses & its *apel 9 ! c5tre1 0 complet$ e>ly 9 ! #ac? c5tury4 ,x 0 #cjh yds4 long & _h tw5ty n>r[ ar*es1 ?r\gh :i* ! tides =m$ dang]\s rapids4 ,x /ood j bel[ ! exi/+ bridge1 :i* 0 built ( granite by ,john ,r5nie & 8 son ,sir ,john ,r5nie1 & complet$ 9 #ahca4 ,a wid5+ to accommodate ! gr[? ( traffic1 aft] be+ frequ5tly discuss$ = _m ye>s1 0 complet$ 9 #aijd1 by means ( corbels project+ on ei!r side1 )\t arre/+ traffic dur+ ! "w4 ,!re 0 no bridge ov] ! ,?ames bel[ ,london ,bridge until #ahid1 :5 ! ,t[] ,bridge 0 op5$4 ,?is is a susp5sion bridge ) a c5tral portion1 betwe5 two l(ty & massive /one t[]s1 consi/+ ( bascules :i* c be rais$ by hydraulic ma*9]y to admit ! passage ( vessels4 ,! bridge is bo? a rem>kable eng9e]+ "w1 & ar*itecturally "o ( ! f9e/ mod]n /ructures 9 ,london4 ,! bridges 9 ord] above ,london ,bridge are z foll[s1 railway-bridges be+ bracket$--,s\?w>k1 7,cannon ,/reet71 7,blackfri>s71 ,blackfri>s1 ,wat]loo1 7,hung]=d--) a footway71 ,we/m9/]1 ,lambe?1 ,vauxhall1 7,grosv5or71 ,victoria1 ,alb]t1 ,batt]sea1 7,batt]sea71 ,w&swor?1 7,putney71 ,putney & ,hamm]smi?4 ,wat]loo ,bridge1 ! olde/ n[ /&+ )9 ,london1 is ! "w ( ,john ,r5nie1 & 0 op5$ 9 #ahag4 ,x is a massive /one /ructure ( n9e ar*es1 c>ry+ a level roadway1 & is consid]$ "o ( ! f9e/ bridges ( its k9d 9 ! _w4 ,! pres5t ,we/m9/] ,bridge1 ( iron on granite pi]s1 0 op5$ 9 #ahfb1 b ano!r prec$$ x1 dat+ f #agej2 ! view f :i* 0 appreciat$ by ,wordswor? 9 8 sonnet beg9n+ ,e>? has n any?+ to %[ m fair4 ,! complete recon/ruction ( ,vauxhall ,bridge 0 und]tak5 9 #aijb1 & ! new bridge 0 op5$ 9 #aijf4 ,"s ( ! bridges 7 built by companies1 & tolls 7 levi$ at _! cross+ until mod]n times2 ?us ,s\?w>k ,bridge 0 made toll-free 9 #ahff1 & ,wat]loo ,bridge only 9 #ahgh1 on be+ acquir$ by ! ,city ,corporation & ! ,metropolitan ,bo>d ( ,works respectively4 ,! road-bridges m5tion$ 7except ! ,city bridges7 are ma9ta9$ by ! ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil1 :o exp5d$ = ?is purpose a sum ( #iadi 9 #aijg-aijh4 ,! foll[+ table %[s ! capital exp5diture on ! m important bridges & _! co/ ( ma9t5ance 9 #aijg-aijh3-- ,net ,capital ,co/ ( ,ma9t5ance ,exp5diture4 #aijg-aijh4 ,alb]t ,bridge #abj1ggd #abif ,batt]sea ,bridge #cab1aic #eab ,hamm]smi? ,bridge #bjd1bej #dba ,lambe? ,bridge #dg1eee #dif ,putney ,bridge #dcj1jeb #fec ,vauxhall ,bridge 7tempor>y7 #bgj1gdi #gc ,vauxhall ,bridge 7new7 #deg1ajh #aaji ,w&swor? ,bridge #fe1ffa #daj ,wat]loo ,bridge #eeb1hfg #aajb ,we/m9/] ,bridge #cic1ahi #adia ,! prop]ties entru/$ to ! ,corporation = ! upkeep ( ,london ,bridge are manag$ by ! ,bridge ,h\se ,e/ates ,committee1 ! rev5ues f :i* are also us$ 9 ! ma9t5ance ( ! o!r ?ree ,city bridges1 #bf1ihi be+ ?us exp5d$ 9 #aijg1 ! ,t[] bridge absorb+ #ag1gce ( ?is am\nt4 ,?ames ,tunnels4--,"s ( ! metropolitan railway l9es cross ! riv] 9 tunnels b5ea? its b$4 ,!re are also sev]al tunnels "u ! riv] bel[ ,london ,bridge1 namely3 ,t[] ,subway1 con/ruct$ 9 #ahgj = foot-pass5g]s1 b no long] us$1 ,gre5wi* ,tunnel 7#aijb7 = foot-pass5g]s1 ,blackwall ,tunnel 7#ahig71 con/ruct$ by ! ,c\nty ,c\ncil betwe5 ,gre5wi* & ,popl>1 & ,woolwi* ,tunnel1 begun 9 #aiaj4 ,a tunnel betwe5 ,ro!rhi! & ,ratcliff 0 au?oriz$ 9 #ahig & op5$ 9 #aijh4 ,! ,?ames ,tunnel 7#ahbe-ahdc71 #b m4 bel[ ,london ,bridge1 became a railway tunnel 9 #ahfe4 ,! ,c\nty ,c\ncil ma9ta9s a free f]ry at ,woolwi* = pass5g]s & vehicul> traffic4 ,! capital exp5diture on ?is und]tak+ 0 #ahe1ccg & ! exp5se ( ma9t5ance 9 #aijg-aijh #bj1hha4 ,! ,gre5wi* ,tunnel 7capital exp5diture #agi1bic7 9 ! same ye> _h exp5d$ on x = ma9t5ance #cgbe1 & ! ,blackwall ,tunnel 7capital exp5diture #a1bfh1iea7 #aa1dbj4 ,! capital exp5diture on ! ,ro!rhi! ,tunnel 0 #a1dad1efa4 ,p>ks4--,! adm9i/ration & acreage ( p>ks & op5 spaces1 & _! provisions = ! public recreation1 fall = consid]ation lat]1 b "s ( !m are notable features 9 ! topography ( ,london4 ,! royal p>ks1 namely ,/ ,james's1 ,gre5 & ,hyde ,p>k1 & ,k5s+ton ,g>d5s1 /ret* 9 an irregul> belt = ne>ly #c m4 betwe5 ,:itehall 7,we/m9/]7 & ,k5s+ton4 ,/ ,james's ,p>k 0 trans=m$ f m>%y l& into a de] p>k1 b[l+ gre5 & t5nis c\rt by ,h5ry ,,viii41 ext5d$ & laid out z a pleasure g>d5 by ,*>les ,,ii41 & re>rang$ accord+ to ! designs ( ,john ,na% 9 #ahbg-ahbi4 ,its lake1 ! broad ,mall lead+ up to ,buck+ham ,palace1 & ! proximity ( ! gov]nm5t build+s 9 ,:itehall1 comb9e to beautify x4 ,"h 0 e/abli%$1 by lic5ce f ,james ,i41 ! s-call$ ,milk ,fair1 :i* rema9$1 its own]%ip always 9 ! same family1 until #aije1 :51 on alt]ations be+ made to ! ,mall1 a new /all 0 erect$ = ! own]s dur+ _! lifetime1 ?\gh ! c[ or c[s kept "h 7 no long] all[$4 ,/ ,james's ,p>k is cont9u$ betwe5 ! ,mall & ,piccadilly by ! ,gre5 ,p>k4 ,hyde ,p>k1 to ! we/1 belong$ orig9ally to ! manor ( ,hyde1 :i* 0 atta*$ to ,we/m9/] ,abbey1 b 0 tak5 by ,h5ry ,,viii4 on ! dissolution ( ! mona/]ies4 ,two ( its gateways are notewor?y1 namely t at ,hyde ,p>k ,corn] at ! s\?-ea/ & ! ,m>ble ,ar* at ! nor?-ea/4 ,! fir/ 0 built 9 #ahbh f designs ( ,decimus ,burton1 & comprises ?ree ar*es ) a frieze above ! c5tral ar* copi$ f ! ,elg9 m>bles 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,! ,m>ble ,ar* 0 int5d$ z a monum5t to ,nelson1 & fir/ /ood 9 front ( ,buck+ham ,palace1 be+ mov$ to its pres5t site 9 #ahea4 ,x no long] =ms an entrance to ! p>k1 z 9 #aijh a corn] ( ! p>k 0 cut (f & a roadway 0 =m$ to give additional accommodation = ! heavy traffic betwe5 ,ox=d ,/reet1 ,edgw>e ,road & ,p>k ,lane4 ,! ,m>ble ,ar* 0 ?us left isolat$4 ,hyde ,p>k conta9s ! ,s]p5t9e1 a lake #aejj yds4 9 l5g?1 f ! bridge ov] :i* "o ( ! f9e/ prospects 9 ,london is se51 ext5d+ to ! di/ant t[]s ( ,we/m9/]4 ,s9ce ! #ag? c5tury ?is p>k has be5 "o ( ! mo/ fav\r$ resorts ( fa%ionable society1 & at ! height ( ! season1 f ,may to ! end ( ,july1 its drives pres5t a brilliant sc5e4 ,9 ! #ag? & #ah? c5turies x 0 a fav\rite duell+-gr\nd1 & 9 ! pres5t day x is n infrequ5tly ! sc5e ( political & o!r popul> demon/rations 7z is also ,trafalg> ,squ>e71 :ile ! neighb\rhood ( ,m>ble ,ar* is ! con/ant resort ( orators on social & religi\s topics4 ,k5s+ton ,g>d5s1 orig9ally atta*$ to ,k5s+ton ,palace1 7 subsequ5tly mu* ext5d$2 !y are magnific5tly timb]$1 & conta9 plantations ( r>e %rubs & fl[]+ trees4 ,reg5t's ,p>k1 ma9ly 9 ! bor\gh ( ,m>ylebone1 owes its pres]vation to ! int5tion ( ,george ,,iii4 to build a palace "h4 ,! o!r mo/ notable op5 spaces :olly or p>tly )9 ! c\nty are ,hamp/ead ,hea? 9 ! nor?-we/1 a wild1 high-ly+ tract pres]v$ to a great ext5t 9 its natural /ate1 & 9 ! s\?-we/ ,wimbl$on ,common1 ,putney ,hea? & ! royal demesne ( ,ri*mond ,p>k1 :i* f its high] p>ts comm&s a wond]ful view up ! ri* valley ( ! ,?ames4 ,! outly+ p>ts ( ! c\nty to ea/1 s\? & nor? are n lack+ 9 op5 spaces1 b !re is an ext5sive inn] area :]e at mo/ only small g>d5s & squ>es break ! cont9uity ( build+s1 & :]e 9 "s cases old *ur*y>ds s]ve z public gr\nds4 ,ar*itecture4--,:ile /one is ! mat]ial us$ 9 ! con/ruction ( ! majority ( great build+s ( ,london1 "s mod]n examples 7notably ! ,we/m9/] ,roman ,ca?olic ca!dral7 are ( r$ brick ) /one dress+s2 & brick is 9 commone/ use = g5]al dome/ic build+4 ,! smoke-lad5 atmosph]e has be5 f\nd n infrequ5tly to ex]cise a delet]i\s effect ^u ! /onework ( important build+s2 & ?r\gh ! same cause ! appe>ance ( ,london z a :ole is by "s condemn$ z sombre4 ,bright col\r1 9 tru?1 is want+1 ?\gh attempts are made 9 a few important mod]n erections to supply x1 a notable in/ance be+ ! ,savoy ,hotel build+s 7#aijd7 9 ! ,/r&4 ,portl& /one is frequ5tly employ$ 9 ! l>g] build+s1 z 9 ,/ ,paul's ,ca!dral1 & "u ! v>i\s influ5ces ( wea!r & atmosph]e acquires /rongly contra/+ tones ( light grey & black4 ,ow+ to ! by-laws ( ! ,c\nty ,c\ncil1 ! me?od ( rais+ comm]cial or resid5tial build+s to an extreme height is n practis$ 9 ,london2 ! block kn[n z ,que5 ,anne's ,mansions1 ,we/m9/]1 is an exception1 ?\gh x _c be call$ high 9 comp>ison ) ,am]ican high build+s4 ,ecclesia/ical ar*itecture4 ,ar*itectural rema9s ( e>li] date ?an ! ,norman p]iod are v few1 & ( hi/orical r ?an topographical importance4 ,9 ar*itecture ( ! ,norman & ,go?ic p]iods ,london mu/ be consid]$ ri*1 ?\gh its ri*ness is pov]ty :5 its losses1 p>ticul>ly dur+ ! great fire ( #afff1 are recall$4 ,^! losses 7 conf9$ )9 ! ,city1 b1 to g no f>!r1 includ$ ! ,norman & ,go?ic ca!dral ( ,/ ,paul1 p]haps a nobl] monum5t ( its p]iod ?an any :i* has surviv$ x1 mu* z x _h suff]$ f injudici\s re/oration4 ,anci5t ar*itecture 9 ,london is pr9cipally ecclesia/ical4 ,we/m9/] ,abbey is pre-em95t2 9 "p1 x may be1 ow+ to ! rev]5ce felt t[>ds x 9 pref]5ce to ! classical ,/ ,paul's by ^? ^: ideal ( a ca!dral *ur* is ess5tially ,go?ic1 b ma9ly f ! fact t x is ! burial-place ( _m ( ! ,engli% mon>*s & _! greate/ subjects1 z well z ! sc5e ( _! coronations 7see ,,we/m9/]74 ,9 ! survey ( ,london 7#aeih7 by ,john ,/[1 #abe *ur*es1 includ+ ,/ ,paul's & ,we/m9/] ,abbey1 are nam$2 ( ^! #hi 7 de/roy$ by ! great fire4 ,?irte5 l>ge conv5tual *ur*es 7 m5tion$ by ,fitz/eph5 9 ! "t ( ,h5ry ,,ii41 & ( ^! !re are "s rema9s4 ,! *ur* ( ,/ ,b>?olomew ! ,great1 ,smi?field1 is ! f9e/ remnant ( its p]iod 9 ,london4 ,x 0 f\nd$ 9 #aabc by ,rah]e1 :o1 probably a ,breton by bir?1 0 a c\rti] 9 ! reign ( ,william ,,ii4 ,he is said to h be5 ! k+'s m9/rel1 & to h sp5t ! e>li] "p ( 8 life 9 frivolity4 ,subsequ5tly he ent]$ holy ord]s1 & 9 c4 #aabj1 be+ /rick5 ) fev] :ile on a pilgrimage to ,rome1 v[$ t he w\ld f\nd a hospital 9 ,london4 ,/ ,b>?olomew1 appe>+ to him 9 a vision1 bade him add a *ur* to 8 f\ndation4 ,he became an ,augu/9ian canon1 & f\nd$ 8 hospital1 :i* is n[1 z ,/ ,b>?olomew's ,hospital1 "o ( ! pr9cipal m$ical in/itutions 9 ! metropolis4 ,he became its fir/ ma/]4 ,lat] he erect$ ! priory1 = canons ( 8 ord]1 ( :i* ! nave & transepts ( ! *ur* rema94 ,! "w is 9 ! ma9 v f9e ,norman1 ) tri=ium1 ambulatory & apsidal ea/]n end4 ,an ea/]n lady *apel dates f c4 #adaj1 b ! upp] "p is mod]n1 = ! *apel 0 long desecrat$4 ,!re are rema9s ( ! cloi/]s nor? ( ! *ur*1--& praisewor?y ef=ts h be5 made s9ce #aijc t[>ds _! re/oration4 ,! we/]n limit ( ! =m] nave ( ! *ur* is m>k$ by a f9e ,e>ly ,engli% doorway1 n[ =m+ an entrance to ! *ur*y>d4 ,rah]e's tomb rema9s 9 ! *ur*2 ! canopy is ,p]p5dicul> "w1 b ! effigy is believ$ to be orig9al4 ,he di$ 9 #aadd4 ,! ,temple ,*ur* 7see ,,inns ,,( ,,c\rt71 s]v+ = ! ,inn] & ,middle ,temples1 belong$ to ! ,knights ,templ>s4 ,x is ! f9e/ ( ! f\r anci5t r\nd *ur*es 9 ,engl&1 dat+ f #aahe1 b an ,e>ly ,engli% *oir op5s f ! r\nd *ur*4 ,/ ,savi\r's 9 ,s\?w>k 7q4v471 ! ca!dral *ur* ( ! mod]n bi%opric ( ,s\?w>k1 0 ! *ur* ( ! priory ( ,/ ,m>y ,ov]y1 & is a l>ge cruci=m build+ ma9ly ,e>ly ,engli% 9 /yle4 ,!re may be m5tion$ also an e>ly pi] 9 ! *ur* ( ,/ ,ka!r9e ,cree or ,*ri/ ,*ur*1 ,lead5hall ,/reet1 belong+ to ! priory *ur* ( ! ,holy ,tr9ity2 old monum5ts 9 ! vaults b5ea? ,/ ,james's ,*ur*1 ,cl]k5well1 =m]ly atta*$ to a ,b5$ict9e nunn]y2 & ! ,p]p5dicul> gateway & ! crypt ( ! *ur* ( ! priory ( ,/ ,john ( ,j]usalem 7see ,,f9sbury74 ,among o!r anci5t *ur*es )9 ! ,city1 t ( ,all ,hall[s ,b>k+1 ne> ! ,t[] ( ,london1 is pr9cipally ,p]p5dicul> & conta9s "s f9e brasses4 ,x belong$ to ! conv5t at ,b>k+1 ,essex1 & 0 ! burial-place ( _m :o 7 execut$ at ! scaffold on ,t[] ,hill4 ,/ ,&rew ,und]%aft1 s nam$ because a ,maypole us$ to be set up be=e ! =m] *ur* on ,may-day1 is late ,p]p5dicul> 7c4 #aecj72 & conta9s a monum5t to ,john ,/[ ! *ronicl] 7d4 #afje74 ,! *ur* ( ,au/9 ,fri>s1 orig9ally belong+ to a fri>y f\nd$ 9 #abec1 became a ,dut* *ur* "u a grant ( ,edw>d ,,vi41 & /ill rema9s s2 its /yle is pr9cipally ,decorat$1 b ?r\gh v>i\s vicissitudes little ( ! orig9al "w is left4 ,/ ,giles1 ,cripplegate1 0 f\nd$ c4 #ajij1 b ! exi/+ *ur* is late ,p]p5dicul>4 ,x is ! burial-place ( ,fox ! m>tyrologi/ & ,milton ! poet1 & conta9s "s f9e wood-c>v+ by ,gr9l+ ,gibbons4 ,/ ,hel5's1 ,bi%opsgate1 belong$ to a priory ( nuns f\nd$ c4 #abab1 b ! great] "p ( ! build+ is lat]4 ,x has two naves p>allel1 orig9ally = ! use ( ! nuns & ! p>i%ion]s respectively4 ,! *ur* ( ,/ ,m>y-le-,b[1 9 ,*eapside1 is built ^u a ,norman crypt1 & t ( ,/ ,olave's1 ,h>t ,/reet1 :i* 0 ,pepys's *ur* & conta9s a mod]n memorial to him1 is ( ! #ae? c5tury4 ,o!r anci5t *ur*es outside ! ,city are few2 b !re may be not$ ,/ ,m>g>et's1 "u ! %ad[ ( ,we/m9/] ,abbey2 & ! beautiful ,ely ,*apel 9 ,holborn 7q4v471 ! only remnant ( a palace ( ! bi%ops ( ,ely1 n[ us$ by ! ,roman ,ca?olics4 ,! ,*apel ,royal1 ,savoy1 ne> ! ,/r&1 0 rebuilt by ,h5ry ,,vii4 on ! site ( ,savoy ,palace1 :i* 0 erect$ by ,pet]1 e>l ( ,savoy & ,ri*mond1 9 #abde1 & de/roy$ 9 ! insurrection ( ,wat ,tyl] 9 #acha4 ,9 #aeje ,h5ry ,,vii4 end[$ "h a hospital ( ,/ ,john ! ,bapti/ = ! poor4 ,! *apel 0 us$ z ! p>i% *ur* ( ,/ ,m>y-le-,/r& 7#aefd-agag7 & con/itut$ a ,*apel ,royal 9 #aggc2 b !re are no rema9s ( ! re/ ( ! f\ndation4 ,sir ,*ri/oph] ,wr54 ,lat] *ur*es4 ,! ar*itect to :om1 aft] ! great fire ( #afff1 ! opportunity fell ( leav+ ! m>ks ( 8 influ5ce ^u ,london 0 ,sir ,*ri/oph] ,wr54 ,_h all 8 s*emes be5 foll[$ out1 t influ5ce w\ld h ext5d$ beyond ar*itecture alone4 ,he1 among o!rs1 prep>$ designs = lay+ out ! ,city anew4 ,b no su* model city 0 de/9$ to be built2 ! necessity = ha/e & ! jeal\s gu>dian%ip ( rights to old f\ndations result$ 9 ! old l9es be+ g5]ally foll[$4 ,x is *>act]i/ic ( ,london t ,/ ,paul's ,ca!dral 7q4v47 %\ld be closely hemm$ 9 by h\ses1 & its maje/ic we/ front approa*$ obliquely by a w9d+ ?or\ghf>e4 ,! ca!dral is ,wr5's cr[n+ "w4 ,x is ! sc5e f "t to "t ( spl5did c]emonies1 & conta9s ! tombs ( _m great m52 b 9 ?is respect x _c compete ) ! peculi> associations ( ,we/m9/] ,abbey4 ,( ,wr5's o!r *ur*es x is to be not$ t ! necessity ( economy usually l$ him to pay special att5tion to a s+le feature4 ,he g5]ally *ose ! /eeple1 & !re are _m f9e examples ( 8 "w 9 ?is dep>tm5t4 ,! /eeple ( ,/ ,m>y-le-,b[1 commonly call$ ,b[ ,*ur*1 is "o ( ! mo/ notewor?y4 ,?is *ur* has v>i\s po9ts ( int]e/ besides its ,norman crypt1 f :i* x took ! "n ( ,b[1 be+ ! fir/ *ur* 9 ,london built on ar*es4 ,! ecclesia/ical ,c\rt ( ,ar*es sat "h =m]ly4 ,b[ bells are fam\s1 & any p]son born )9 he>+ ( !m is said to be a ,cockney1 a t]m n[ appli$ p>ticul>ly to ! dialect ( ! l[] classes 9 ,london4 ,wr5 occasionally foll[$ ! ,go?ic model1 z 9 ,/ ,an?ol94 ,! classic /yle1 h[ev]1 0 g5]ally adopt$ 9 ! p]iod succe$+ 8 own4 ,"s f9e *ur*es belong to ?is p]iod1 su* z ,/ ,m>t9's-9-!-,fields 7#agbf71 ! ,cor9?ian portico ( :i* rises on ! upp] "p ( ,trafalg> ,squ>e2 b o!r examples are regrettable4 ,:ile ! ar*itecture ( ! ,city *ur*es1 ) ! exceptions m5tion$1 is n z a rule rem>kable1 _m are notable = ! ri* & beautiful wood-c>v+ !y conta94 ,a ,go?ic /yle has be5 mo/ commonly adopt$ 9 build+ mod]n *ur*es2 b ( ^! ! mo/ notable1 ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,we/m9/] ,ca!dral 7see ,,we/m9/]71 is ,byzant9e1 & built pr9cipally ( brick1 ) a l(ty campanile4 ,! only o!r ecclesia/ical build+ to be specially m5tion$ is ,lambe? ,palace1 opposite to ! ,h\ses ( ,p>liam5t across ! ,?ames4 ,x has be5 a seat ( ! ar*bi%ops ( ,cant]bury s9ce #aaig1 & ?\gh ! pres5t resid5tial portion dates only f ! e>ly #ai? c5tury1 ! *apel1 hall & o!r p>ts are ( ! #ac? c5tury & lat] 7see ,,lambe?74 ,t[] ( ,london4 ,among secul> build+s1 !re is none m v5]able ?an ! ,t[] ( ,london 7q4v471 ! moat$ =tress :i* ov]looks ! ,?ames at ! ea/]n b\nd>y ( ! ,city4 ,x pres5ts f9e examples ( ,norman ar*itecture2 its hi/orical associations are ( ! highe/ int]e/1 & its arm\ry & ! regalia ( ,engl&1 :i* are kept "h1 attract great numb]s ( visitors4 ,gov]nm5t build+s4 ,! ,h\ses ( ,p>liam5t1 ) ,we/m9/] ,abbey & ,/ ,m>g>et's ,*ur*1 complete ! f9e/ gr\p ( build+s :i* ,london possesses2 a gr\p ess5tially ,go?ic1 = ! ,h\ses ( ,p>liam5t1 complet$ 9 #ahfg f ! designs ( ,b>ry1 are 9 a late ,p]p5dicul> /yle4 ,!y cov] a great area1 ! ea/ front giv+ imm$iately ^u ! ,?ames4 ,! pr9cipal ext]nal features are ! huge ,victoria ,t[] at ! s\?1 & ! clock t[]1 ) its well-kn[n *imes & ! h\r-bell ,big ,b51 on ! nor?4 ,"s ( ! ap>tm5ts are magnific5tly adorn$ )91 & ! build+ incorporates ! anci5t ,we/m9/] ,hall1 belong+ to ! =m] royal palace on ! site 7see ,,we/m9/]74 ,! gov]nm5t (fices are pr9cipally 9 ,:itehall1 ! f9e ?or\ghf>e :i* connects ,p>liam5t ,squ>e1 9 ! angle betwe5 ! ,h\ses & ! ,abbey1 ) ,trafalg> ,squ>e4 ,som]set ,h\se 7#aggf-aghf71 a massive range ( build+s by ,sir ,william ,*amb]s1 surr\nd+ a quadrangle1 & hav+ its front ^u ! ,/r& & back ^u ! ,victoria ,embankm5t1 occupies ! site ( a palace f\nd$ by ! protector ,som]set1 c4 #aedh4 ,x conta9s ! ,ex*equ] & ,audit1 ,inl& ,rev5ue1 ,probate1 ,regi/r>-,g5]al's & o!r (fices1 & "o w+ h\ses ,k+'s ,college4 ,o!r (fices are ! ,new ,record ,(fice1 ! repository ( ,/ate pap]s & o!r records1 & ! ,pat5t ,(fice 9 ,*anc]y ,lane4 ,! ,h]alds' ,college or ,college ( ,arms1 ! (ficial au?ority 9 matt]s ( armorial be>+s & p$igrees1 occupies a build+ 9 ,que5 ,victoria ,/reet1 ,city1 erect$ subsequ5tly to ! great fire 7#afhc74 ,! ,royal ,c\rts ( ,ju/ice or ,law ,c\rts /& adjac5t to ! ,inns ( ,c\rt1 fac+ ! ,/r& at ! po9t :]e a memorial m>ks ! site ( ,old ,temple ,b> 7#afgb71 at ! entrance to ! ,city1 remov$ 9 #ahgh & lat] re-erect$ at ,!obald's ,p>k1 ne> ,*e%unt1 ,h]t=d%ire4 ,! ,law ,c\rts 7#ahhb7 7 erect$ f ! designs ( ,g4 ,e4 ,/reet1 9 a ,go?ic /yle4 ,! build+s connect$ ) local gov]nm5t 9 ,london are ) "o exception mod]n1 & h&some t[n-halls h be5 erect$ = "s ( ! bor\ghs4 ,! exception is ! ,guildhall 7q4v47 ( ! ,city ,corporation1 ) its spl5did hall1 ! sc5e ( meet+s & ent]ta9m5ts ( ! corporation1 its c\ncil *amb]1 libr>y & crypt 7p>tly op5$ to ! public 9 #aiaj74 ,9 #aijf ! ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil obta9$ p>liam5t>y sanction = ! erection ( a c\nty hall on ! s\? bank ( ! ,?ames1 imm$iately ea/ ( ,we/m9/] ,bridge1 & 9 #aijh a design submitt$ by ,mr ,ralph ,knott 0 accept$ 9 competition4 ,! /yle prescrib$ 0 ,engli% ,r5aissance4 ,sev]al ( ! great liv]y companies or gilds ( ! ,city possess f9e halls1 conta9+ portraits & o!r collections ( high int]e/ & value4 ,among ! m notable ( ^! halls are ^? ( ! ,m]c]s1 ,drap]s1 ,fi%mong]s1 ,clo?work]s1 ,arm\r]s & ,/ation]s4 ,royal palaces4 ,! =m] royal palaces ( ,we/m9/] & ( ,:itehall1 ( :i* ! f9e ,jacobean banquet+ hall rema9s1 are describ$ "u ,,we/m9/]4 ,! pres5t ,london resid5ce ( ! sov]eign is ,buck+ham ,palace1 on ! we/ side ( ,/ ,james's ,p>k1 ) beautiful g>d5s beh9d x4 ,buck+ham ,h\se 0 built 9 #agje = ! duke ( ,buck+ham%ire1 & pur*as$ by ,george ,,iii4 9 #agfb4 ,! exi/+ palace 0 f9i%$ by ,john ,na% 9 #ahce1 b did n meet ) approval1 & 0 consid]ably alt]$ be=e ,que5 ,victoria occupi$ x 9 #ahcg4 ,z reg>ds its ext]ior appe>ance x is "o ( ! lea/ satisfactory ( ,london's great build+s1 ?\gh ! ?rone room & o!r /ate ap>tm5ts are magnific5t )94 ,! picture gall]y conta9s valuable works ( ,dut* ma/]s & o!rs4 ,! front ( ! palace =ms ! backgr\nd to ! public memorial to ,que5 ,victoria1 at ! head ( ! ,mall4 ,provision 0 made 9 ! design1 by ,sir ,a/on ,webb1 = ! ext5sion ( ! ,mall to op5 ^u ,trafalg> ,squ>e1 ?r\gh gateways 9 a semicircul> range ( build+s to be occupi$ by gov]nm5t (fices1 & = a wide circul> space 9 front ( ! ,palace1 ) a /atue ( ! ,que5 by ,?omas ,brock 9 its c5tre4 ,/ ,james's ,palace1 at ! nor? side ( ,/ ,james's ,p>k1 0 acquir$ & rebuilt by ,h5ry ,,viii41 hav+ be5 =m]ly a hospital f\nd$ 9 ! #ab? c5tury = lepr\s maid5s4 ,x 0 ! royal resid5ce aft] ! de/ruction ( ,:itehall by fire 9 ! "t ( ,william ,,iii4 until a fire 9 #ahji de/roy$ ! great] "p4 ,only ! gateway & c]ta9 ap>tm5ts rema9 ( ! ,tudor build+4 ,m>lbor\gh ,h\se1 adjac5t to ! palace1 0 built by ! fir/ duke ( ,m>lbor\gh 9 #agaj f ! designs ( ,wr51 came into possession ( ! ,cr[n 9 #ahag1 & has be5 occupi$ s9ce #ahfc by ! pr9ce ( ,wales4 ,9 ,k5s+ton 7q4v471 on ! we/ side ( ,k5s+ton ,g>d5s1 is ! palace acquir$ by ,william ,,iii4 z a c\ntry seat1 & ?\gh no long] us$ by ! sov]eign1 is 9 "p occupi$ by memb]s ( ! royal family1 & possesses a deep] hi/orical int]e/ ?an ! o!r royal palaces1 z ! bir?place ( ,que5 ,victoria & h] resid5ce 9 y\?4 ,!re are few survivals ( anci5t dome/ic ar*itecture 9 ,london1 b ! gabl$ & timb]$ front ( ,/aple ,inn1 ,holborn 7q4v47 is a picturesque fragm5t4 ,9 ,bi%opsgate ,/reet1 ,city1 /ood ,crosby ,hall1 :i* belong$ to ,crosby ,place1 ! mansion ( ,sir ,john ,crosby 7d4 #adge74 ,ri*>d ,,iii4 occupi$ ! mansion z duke ( ,gl\ce/] & ,"l ,protector 7cf4 ,%akespe>e's ,ri*>d ,,iii41 ,act i4 ,sc4 #c1 c47 ,! hall 0 remov$ 9 #aijh1 9 spite ( /rong ef=ts to pres]ve x1 :i* result$ 9 its re-erection on a site 9 ,*elsea4 ,! hall ( ! ,middle ,temple is an admirable example ( a refectory ( lat] date 7#aegb74 ,a f9e ?\gh circumscrib$ gr\p ( build+s is t 9 ! he>t ( ! ,city :i* includes ! ,bank ( ,engl&1 ! ,royal ,ex*ange & ! ,mansion ,h\se4 ,! ,bank is a *>act]i/ic build+1 quadrilat]al1 massive & l[1 b cov]+ a l>ge area1 )\t ext]nal w9d[s1 & almo/ :olly unadorn$2 ?\gh ! nor?-we/ corn] is copi$ f ! ,temple ( ! ,sibyl at ,tivoli4 ,! build+ is ma9ly ! "w ( ,sir ,john ,soane 7c4 #aghh74 ,! fir/ build+ = ! ,royal ,ex*ange 0 erect$ & pres5t$ to ! ,city by ,sir ,?omas ,gre%am 7#aefe-aegj7 ^: cre/1 a gras%opp]1 appe>s 9 ! w9d-vane above ! pres5t build+4 ,gre%am's ,ex*ange 0 de/roy$ 9 ! great fire ( #afff2 & ! subsequ5t build+ 0 simil>ly de/roy$ 9 #ahch4 ,! pres5t build+ has an impos+ ,cor9?ian portico1 & encloses a c\rt surr\nd$ by an ambulatory adorn$ ) hi/orical pa9t+s by ,leighton1 ,seym\r ,lucas1 ,/anhope ,=bes & o!rs4 ,! ,mansion ,h\se 0 erect$ c4 #agdj4 ,! only o!r public build+s1 beyond ^? at ,we/m9/]1 :i* fall into a great gr\p are ! mod]n museums1 ! ,imp]ial ,in/itute1 ,london ,univ]sity & o!r in/itutions1 & ,alb]t ,hall1 :i* lie betwe5 ,k5s+ton ,gore & ,brompton & ,cromwell ,roads1 & ^!1 toge!r ) ! ,national ,gall]y 79 ,trafalg> ,squ>e7 & o!r art gall]ies1 & ! pr9cipal sci5tific1 educational & recreative in/itutions1 are consid]$ 9 ,section ,v4 ,monum5ts & ,memorials4--,! ,monum5t 7#afgg71 ,fi% ,/reet ,hill1 ,city1 erect$ f ! designs ( ,wr5 9 commemoration ( ! great fire ( #afff1 is a ,doric column surm\nt$ by a gilt repres5tation ( a flam+ urn4 ,! ,nelson ,column1 ! c5tral feature ( ,trafalg> ,squ>e1 is f ! designs ( ,william ,railton 7#ahdc71 cr[n$ ) a /atue ( ,nelson by ,baily1 & has at its base f\r colossal lions 9 bronze1 modell$ by ,sir ,edw9 ,l&se]4 ,a /atue ( ! duke ( ,cambridge1 by ,capta9 ,adrian ,jones1 0 unveil$ 9 #aijg 9 front ( ! ,w> ,(fice1 ,:itehall4 ,! duke ( ,york's ,column1 ,c>lton ,h\se ,t]race 7#ahcc71 an ,ionic pill>1 is surm\nt$ by a bronze /atue by ,sir ,ri*>d ,we/macott4 ,! ,we/m9/] ,column1 outside ! entrance to ,dean's ,y>d1 0 erect$ to ! memory ( ! old pupils ( ,we/m9/] ,s*ool :o di$ 9 ! ,russian & ,indian w>s ( #ahed-ahei4 ,! ,gu>ds ,memorial1 ,wat]loo ,place1 commemorates ! foot gu>ds :o di$ 9 ! ,crimea4 ,! ,alb]t ,memorial1 ,k5s+ton ,g>d5s1 0 erect$ 7#ahgb7 by ,que5 ,victoria & h] ,p to ! memory ( ,alb]t1 ,pr9ce ,consort1 f ! designs ( ,sir ,gilb]t ,scott1 ) a /atue ( ! ,pr9ce 7#ahgf7 by ,john ,h5ry ,foley b5ea? a huge ornate ,go?ic canopy4 ,at ! ea/]n end ( ! ,/r& a memorial ) /atue by ,hamo ,?orneycr(t ( ,william ,ew>t ,glad/one 0 unveil$ 9 #aije4 ,9 ,p>liam5t ,squ>e & else:]e are num]\s /atues1 "s ( high m]it1 b x _c be said t /atu>y occupies an important place 9 ! adornm5t ( /reets & op5 places 9 ,london4 ,cleopatra's ,ne$le1 an anci5t ,egyptian monum5t1 0 pres5t$ to ! gov]nm5t by ,mehemet ,ali 9 #ahai1 br\ght f ,alex&ria 9 #ahgh1 & erect$ on ! ,victoria embankm5t on a p$e/al ( grey granite4 ,nom5clature4--,hav+ reg>d to ! de/ruction ( visible evid5ces ( antiquity 9 ,london1 bo? ?r\gh accid5tal ag5cies su* z ! great fire1 & ?r\gh inevitable mod]niz+ influ5ces1 x is well t hi/orical associations 9 nom5clature are pres]v$ 9 a great measure unimpair$4 ,! ,city naturally (f]s ! ri*e/ field = /udy 9 ?is direction4 ,! d]ivations ( names may "h be gr\p$ into two classes1 ^? hav+ a comm]cial connexion1 & ^? associat$ ) anci5t build+s1 p>ticul>ly ! ,city wall & ecclesia/ical f\ndations4 ,among examples ( ! fir/ gr\p1 ,*eapside is prom95t4 ,?is mod]n ?or\ghf>e ( %ops 0 9 e>ly times ! ,*epe 7,o4 ,eng4 ceap1 b>ga971 an op5 place occupi$ by a m>ket1 hav+1 until ! #ad? c5tury1 a space set ap>t = popul> ent]ta9m5ts4 ,!re 0 a ,que5 ,eleanor cross "h1 & conduits suppli$ ! city ) wat]4 ,mod]n ,*eapside m]ges ea/w>d into ! /reet call$ ! ,p\ltry1 f ! p\lt]]s' /alls b lately dep>t$ f !nce1 accord+ to ,/[1 at ! close ( ! #af? c5tury4 ,cornhill1 aga91 recalls ! cornm>ket "t out ( m9d !re hold5 7,/[71 & ,grace*ur* ,/reet 0 corrupt$ f ! "n ( ! *ur* ( ,/ ,b5et ,grass*ur* 7de/roy$ by ! great fire1 rebuilt1 & remov$ 9 #ahfh71 :i* 0 said to be d]iv$ f a h]b-m>ket held "u its walls4 ,! ,jews _h _! qu>t] ne> ! comm]cial c5tre1 _! pres5ce be+ indicat$ by ! /reet nam$ ,old ,jewry1 ?\gh x is probable t !y did n reoccupy ?is locality aft] _! expulsion 9 #abij4 ,lomb>d ,/reet simil>ly po9ts to ! resid5ce ( ,lomb>d m]*ants1 ! "n exi/+ :5 ,edw>d ,,ii4 confirm$ a grant to ,flor5t9e m]*ants 9 #acah1 :ile ! ,lomb>ds ma9ta9$ _! position until ,tudor times4 ,pat]no/] ,r[1 /ill occupi$ by booksell]s1 takes "n f ! sell]s ( pray]-books & writ]s ( texts :o collect$ "u ! %ad[ ( ,/ ,paul's ,ca!dral4 ,z reg>ds names d]iv$ f anci5t build+s1 in/ances are ! /reets call$ ,london ,wall & ,b>bican1 & ^? nam$ aft] ! num]\s gates4 ,( ^? associat$ ) ecclesia/ical f\ndations sev]al occur 9 ! c\rse ( ?is article 7,section ,,ii41 ,ecclesia/ical ,ar*itecture1 c474 ,su* are ,au/9 ,fri>s1 ,crut*$ ,fri>s1 ,blackfri>s & ,:itefri>s4 ,to ?is la/ di/rict a curi\s alt]native "n1 ,alsatia1 0 giv51 probably 9 ! #ag? c5tury1 ) ref]5ce to its notoriety z a hid+-place ( debtors4 ,a d]ivation is sugge/$ f ! disput$ t]ritory ( ,alsace1 po9t+ ! contra/ betwe5 ?is lawless di/rict & ! adjac5t ,temple1 ! home ( ! law itself4 ,! "n ,bridewell came f a well ne> ! ,fleet 7,new ,bridge ,/reet71 d$icat$ to ,/ ,bride1 & 0 atta*$ to a h\se built by ,h5ry ,,viii4 7#aebb71 b is mo/ famili> 9 its application to ! h\se ( correction in/itut$ by ,edw>d ,,vi41 :i* rema9$ a prison till #ahfc4 ,! ,m9ories1 a /reet lead+ s\? f ,aldgate1 takes "n f an abbey ( nuns ( ,/ ,cl>e 7,sorores ,m9ores7 f\nd$ 9 #abic4 ,ap>t f ! ,city an int]e/+ ecclesia/ical survival is ! "n ,broad ,sanctu>y1 ,we/m9/]1 recall+ ! place ( sanctu>y :i* long surviv$ ! mona/]y "u ! protection ( :i* x orig9ally exi/$4 ,cov5t ,g>d51 aga91 took its "n f a conv5t g>d5 belong+ to ,we/m9/]4 ,among ! survivals ( names ( non-ecclesia/ical build+s ,ca/le ,bayn>d may be not$2 x /ood 9 ! ,city on ! banks ( ! ,?ames1 & 0 held by ,ralph ,bayn>d1 a ,norman1 9 ! "t ( william ! ,conqu]or2 a lat] build+ be+ erect$ 9 #adbh by ,humphrey duke ( ,gl\ce/]4 ,"h ,ri*>d ,,iii4 0 acclaim$ k+1 & ! mansion 0 us$ by ,h5ry ,,vii4 & ,h5ry ,,viii4 ,its "n is kept 9 a :>f & a w>d ( ! ,city4 ,! survival ( names ( oblit]at$ physical features or *>act]i/ics is illu/rat$ 9 ,section ,i42 b additional in/ances are f\nd 9 ! ,/r&1 :i* orig9ally ran close to ! slop+ bank ( ! ,?ames1 & 9 ,smi?field1 n[ ! c5tral meat m>ket1 b = long ! smoo? field :]e a cattle & hay m>ket 0 held1 & ! sc5e ( t\rnam5ts & games1 & also ( executions4 ,"h 9 #acha ,wat ,tyl] ! rebel 0 kill$ by ,sir ,william ,walwor? dur+ ! p>ley ) ,ri*>d ,,ii4 ,9 ! ,we/ ,end ( ,london ! majority ( important /reet-names are naturally ( a lat] d]ivation ?an ^? 9 ! anci5t ,city1 ?\gh ,*>+ ,cross 7q4v47 is an in/ance ( an exception4 ,! d]ivation commonly accept$ = ,piccadilly is f pickadil1 a /iff coll> or hem 9 fa%ion 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! #ag? c5tury 7,span4 picca1 a spe>-head74 ,9 ,pall ,mall & ! neighb\r+ ,mall 9 ,/ ,james' ,p>k is f\nd ! title ( a game resembl+ croquet 7,fr4 paille maille7 9 fav\r at or be=e ! "t ( ,*>les ,i41 ?\gh ! ,mall 0 laid out = ! game by ,*>les ,,ii4 ,o!r names po9t+ to ! exi/5ce ( pa/imes n[ ext9ct are f\nd else:]e 9 ,london1 z 9 ,balls ,pond ,road1 ,isl+ton1 :]e 9 ! #ag? c5tury 0 a propriet>y pond = ! sport ( duck-hunt+4 ,an ent]ta9m5t ( ano!r =m is recall$ 9 ! "n ( ,spr+ ,g>d5s1 ,/ ,james' ,p>k1 :]e at ! "t ( ,james ,i4 !re 0 a f\nta9 or spr+ s arrang$ z to bespr9kle ^? :o trod unw>ily on ! valve :i* op5$ x4 ,_m ( ! names ( ! ri* resid5tial /reets & squ>es 9 ! we/ h associations ) ! v>i\s own]s ( ! prop]ties2 b ,mayfair is s call$ f a fair held on ?is gr\nd 9 ,may z e>ly z ! reign ( ,*>les ,,ii4 ,f9ally !re are sev]al survivals1 9 /reet-names1 ( =m] private mansions & o!r build+s4 ,?us ! di/rict ( ! ,adelphi1 s\? ( ,*>+ ,cross1 takes "n f ! block ( dwell+s & (fices erect$ 9 #agfh by ! bro!rs 7,gr4 adelphi7 ,rob]t & ,william ,adam1 ,scotti% ar*itects4 ,9 ,piccadilly ,cl>5don ,h\se1 erect$ 9 #affd by ,edw>d ,hyde1 e>l ( ,cl>5don1 became ,albem>le ,h\se :5 acquir$ by ! duke ( ,albem>le 9 #afge4 ,nor?umb]l& ,h\se1 f :i* is nam$ ,nor?umb]l& ,av5ue1 op5+ ^u ,trafalg> ,squ>e1 0 built c4 #afje by ,h5ry ,h[>d1 e>l ( ,nor?ampton1 & 0 acquir$ by m>riage by ,alg]non ,p]cy1 e>l ( ,nor?umb]l&1 9 #afdb4 ,x took "n f ?is family1 & /ood until #ahgd4 ,arundel ,h\se1 orig9ally a seat ( ! bi%ops ( ,ba?1 0 ! resid5ce ( ,?omas ,h[>d1 e>l ( ,arundel1 ^: fam\s collection ( sculpture1 ! ,arundel ,m>bles1 0 h\s$ "h until pres5t$ to ,ox=d ,univ]sity 9 #affg4 ,! site ( ! h\se is m>k$ by ,arundel ,/reet1 ,/r&4 ,,iii4 ,,communications ,railways4--,! trunk railways leav+ ,london1 ) _! t]m9i1 are z foll[s3 7#a7 ,nor!rn4 ,! ,great ,nor!rn1 ,midl& & ,london ,nor?-,we/]n sy/ems h adjac5t t]m9i1 namely ,k+'s ,cross1 ,/ ,pancras & ,eu/on1 9 ,eu/on ,road1 ,/ ,pancras4 ,! t]m9us ( ! ,great ,c5tral railway is ,m>ylebone1 9 ! road ( t "n4 7#b7 ,we/]n4 ,! t]m9us ( ! ,great ,we/]n railway is ,padd+ton 7,pra$ ,/reet72 & t ( ! ,london ,s\?-,we/]n1 ,wat]loo1 s\? ( ! ,?ames 9 ,lambe?4 7#c7 ,s\!rn4 ,! ,london1 ,brighton ,s\? ,coa/ railway has its we/]n t]m9us at ,victoria1 & its c5tral t]m9us at ,london ,bridge1 on ! s\? side ( ! ,?ames4 ,! ,s\?-,ea/]n ,*a?am railway has f\r t]m9al /ations1 all on or close to ! nor? bank ( ! riv]--,victoria1 ,*>+ ,cross1#b ,holborn ,viaduct & ,cannon ,/reet 7,city74 ,/ ,paul's ,/ation on ! ,holborn bran* is also t]m9al 9 "p4 7#d7 ,ea/]n4 ,! pr9cipal t]m9us ( ! ,great ,ea/]n ,railway is 9 ,liv]pool ,/reet 7,city71 b ! company also uses ,f5*ur* ,/reet 7,city71 ! t]m9us ( ! ,london1 ,tilbury ,s\!nd railway1 & ,/ ,pancras4 ,^! l9es1 especially ! s\!rn l9es1 ! ,great ,ea/]n1 ,great ,nor!rn & ,s\?-,we/]n c>ry a v heavy suburban traffic4 ,sy/ems ( jo9t l9es & runn+ p[]s are ma9ta9$ to af=d communication betwe5 ! ma9 l9es4 ,?us ! ,we/ ,london ,ext5sion l9e c>ries local traffic betwe5 ! ,nor? ,we/]n & ,great ,we/]n & ! ,brighton & ,s\?-,we/]n sy/ems1 :ile ! ,metropolitan ,ext5sion ?r\gh ! ,city connects ! ,midl& & ,great ,nor!rn ) ! ,s\?-,ea/]n ,*a?am l9es4 ,! railways ^: sy/ems are ma9ly or :olly conf9$ )9 ! metropolitan area are z foll[s4 ,! ,nor? ,london railway has a t]m9al /ation at ,broad ,/reet1 ,city1 & s]ves ! p>ts ( ,london impli$ by its "n4 ,! company possesses runn+ p[]s ov] ! l9es ( v>i\s o!r companies3 ?us its tra9s run z f> nor? z ,pott]'s ,b> on ! ,great ,nor!rn l9e1 :ile x s]ves ,ri*mond on ! we/ & ,popl> on ! ea/4 ,! ,ea/ ,london l9e connects ,%or$it* ) ,new ,cross 7,dept=d7 by way ( ! ,?ames ,tunnel1 a subway "u ! riv] orig9ally built = foot-pass5g]s4 ,! ,london ,india ,docks l9e connects ! city ) ! docks on ! nor? bank ( ! riv] z f> z ,nor? ,woolwi*4 ,! ,metropolitan railway has a l9e f ,bak] ,/reet ?r\gh nor?-we/ ,london to ,h>r[1 cont9u+ to ,uxbridge1 :ile ! orig9al ma9 l9e runs on to ,rickmanswor?1 ,aylesbury & ,v]ney ,junction1 b has be5 work$ by ! ,metropolitan & ,great ,c5tral companies jo9tly s9ce #aijf4 ,ano!r l9e s]ves ! we/]n outskirts 7,hamm]smi?1 ,ri*mond1 c47 f ! city4 ,metropolitan tra9s also connect at ,new ,cross ) ! s\?-ea/]n railway sy/em4 ,?is company comb9es ) ! ,metropolitan ,di/rict to =m ! ,inn] ,circle l9e1 :i* has /ations close to all ! great railway t]m9i nor? ( ! ,?ames4 ,! ,metropolitan ,di/rict 7commonly call$ ! ,di/rict7 sy/em s]ves ,wimbl$on1 ,ri*mond1 ,eal+ & ,h>r[ on ! we/1 & passes ea/w>d by ,e>l's ,c\rt1 ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 ,victoria & ,mansion ,h\se 7,city7 to ,:ite*apel & ,b[4 ,! ,metropolitan & ! ,di/rict l9es )9 ,london are = ! mo/ "p und]gr\nd 7?is feature supply+ ! title ( ! ,und]gr\nd famili>ly appli$ to bo? sy/ems72 ! tunnels be+ con/ruct$ ( brick4 ,! e>lie/ "p ( ! sy/em 0 op5$ 9 #ahfc4 ,al?\gh ^! railways1 z f> z conc]ns ! di/ricts !y s]ve1 =m ! fa/e/ me?od ( communication f po9t to po9t1 _! discom=t1 aris+ ma9ly f ! impossibility ( prop] v5tilation1 & v>i\s o!r disadvantages att5dant ^u ! use ( /eam traction1 l$ to a det]m9ation to adapt ! l9es to electrical work+4 ,exp]im5ts on a %ort section ( ! l9e 7 made 9 #aijj1 & lat] s*emes 7 set on foot to electrify ! ,di/rict sy/em & br+ "u "o g5]al control ?is railway1 o!r l9es 9 deep level tubes betwe5 ,bak] ,/reet & ,wat]loo1 betwe5 ,*>+ ,cross1 ,eu/on & ,hamp/ead1 & betwe5 ,hamm]smi?1 ,brompton1 ,piccadilly1 ,k+'s ,cross & ,f9sbury ,p>k1 & ! ,london ,unit$ ,tramways ,company4 ,! ,und]gr\nd ,electric ,railways ,company1 :i* acquir$ a controll+ influ5ce ov] ^! conc]ns1 und]took ! con/ruction ( a great p[] /ation at ,*elsea2 :ile ! ,metropolitan ,company1 :i* _h fall5 into l9e ) ! ,di/rict 7n )\t dispute ov] ! sy/em ( electrification to be adopt$7 erect$ a /ation at ,neasd5 on ! ,aylesbury bran*4 ,electric traction 0 gradually introduc$ on ! ,metropolitan & ! ,di/rict l9es 9 #aijf4 ,! =m] company comb9$ ) ! ,great ,we/]n ,company z reg>ds ! electrification (1 & provision ( /ock =1 ! l9es :i* !y _h previ\sly work$ jo9tly1 f ,edgw>e ,road by ,bi%op's ,road to ,hamm]smi?1 c4 ,! ,bak] ,/reet ,wat]loo railway 7kn[n z ! ,bak]loo7 0 op5$ 9 #aijf & subsequ5tly ext5d$ 9 "o direction to ,padd+ton & 9 ! o!r to ! ,elephant & ,ca/le4 ,! ,great ,nor!rn1 ,piccadilly ,brompton l9e1 f ,f9sbury ,p>k to ,hamm]smi?1 0 op5$ e>ly 9 #aijg1 & ! ,*>+ ,cross1 ,eu/on ,hamp/ead l9e lat] 9 ! same ye>4 ,deep-level electric railways 7tubes71 communicat+ ) ! surface by lifts1 7 already famili> 9 ,london4 ,! fir/ op5$ 0 ! ,city ,s\? ,london 7#ahij71 subsequ5tly ext5d$ to run betwe5 ,eu/on1 ! ,angel1 ,isl+ton1 ! ,bank 7,city7 & ,clapham4 ,o!rs are ! ,wat]loo ,city 7#ahih7 runn+ f ! t]m9us ( ! ,s\?-,we/]n railway )\t int]m$iate /ations to ! ,bank2 ! ,c5tral ,london 7#aijj71 f ! ,bank to ,%eph]d's ,bu%1 ,hamm]smi?2 & ! ,great ,nor!rn ,city 7#aijd7 f ,f9sbury ,p>k 7:i* is an important suburban junction on ! ,great ,nor!rn railway7 to ,moorgate ,/reet4 ,tramways4--,! surface tramway sy/em ( ,london _c be complete1 z1 )9 an area r\ghly repres5t$ by ! bor\ghs ( ,*elsea1 ,k5s+ton & ,fulham1 ! city ( ,we/m9/] & a consid]able di/rict nor? !re(1 & ! city ( ,london1 ! exi/+ /reets c\ld n accommodate tram l9es along ) o!r traffic ov] any great di/ance consecutively1 & 9 po9t ( fact !re are few1 beyond ! embankm5t l9e f ,blackfri>s ,bridge to ,we/m9/] ,bridge1 :i* connects ) ! s\!rn sy/em4 ,ano!r l9e1 runn+ s\? f ,isl+ton1 uses ! %all[-level subway "u ,k+sway & connects ) ! embankm5t l9e4 ,! nor!rn1 we/]n & ea/]n outskirts & ,london s\? ( ! ,?ames are ext5sively s]v$ by trams4 ,on ! =mation ( ! ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil !re 7 ?irte5 tramway companies 9 exi/5ce4 ,p[]s "u ! ,tramways ,act ( #ahgj 7 giv5 to ! c\ncil1 enabl+ x to acquire possession ( ^! und]tak+s1 & )9 ! c\nty ( ,london !y h be5 = ! mo/ "p s acquir$1 & are work$ by ! c\ncil4 ,outside ! c\nty bo? companies & local au?orities own & "w tramways4 ,bo? electric & horse traction are us$2 ! latt]1 h[ev]1 has be5 9 great "p displac$ by ! =m]4 ,! total mileage = great] ,london is ab\t #bdj4 ,omnibuses4--,! omnibus sy/em is v ext5sive1 embrac+ all ! pr9cipal /reets ?r\gh\t ! c\nty & ext5d+ ov] a l>ge "p ( ,great] ,london4 ,! two pr9cipal omnibus companies are ! ,london ,g5]al ,omnibus & ! ,london ,road ,c>4 ,! fir/ omnibus ran betwe5 ! ,bank & ,padd+ton 9 #ahbi4 ,9 #aije & foll[+ ye>s motor omnibuses 7work$ mo/ly by int]nal combu/ion eng9es7 began to a l>ge ext5t to supplant horse traction4 ,! pr9cipal exi/+ companies adopt$ !m1 & new companies 7 =m$ to "w !m exclusively4 ,) _! advantages ( great] spe$ & c>ry+ capacity ov] ! hors$ vehicles1 _! introduction 0 a mo/ important developm5t1 ?\gh _! work+ at fir/ impos$ a sev]e f9ancial /ra9 on _m companies4 ,cabs4--,! horse-drawn cabs :i* ply = hire 9 ! /reets1 or wait at au?oriz$ cab-/&s1 are ( two k9ds1 ! hansom1 a two-:eel$ vehicle s nam$ aft] its inv5tor 7#ahcd7 & ! f\r-:eel]4 ,hackney coa*es = hire are fir/ m5tion$ 9 #afbe1 :5 !y 7 kept at inns1 & numb]$ #bj4 ,until #ahcb _! numb]s 7 re/rict$1 9 #affb to #djj1 9 #afid to #gjj1 9 #agga to #ajjj4 ,9 "s cases a driv] owns 8 cab1 b ! majority ( vehicles are let to driv]s by own]s1 & ! adju/m5t ( t]ms betwe5 !m has l$ to disputes f "t to "t4 ,9 #ahid a dispute necessitat$ ! =mulation ( ! ,asqui? aw>d by ! ,rt4 ,hon4 ,h4 ,h4 ,asqui? z home secret>y1 & subsequ5t modifications ( ?is 7 only arriv$ at1 z 9 #aijd1 aft] a /rike ( ! driv]s affect$4 ,a long-/&+ cause ( compla9t on ! "p ( ! public has be5 ! common refusal ( cab-driv]s to accept _! legal f>es1 b1 on ! o!r h&1 sev]al attempts to introduce cabs ) an automatic taximet] fail$1 until ! introduction ( motor cabs1 ( :i* a few _h already be5 ply+ = "s "t :5 9 #aijg a l>ge numb]1 provid$ ) taximet]s1 7 put into s]vice4 ,subsequ5tly1 z ! numb] ( taxicabs 7see ,,motor ,,vehicles7 increas$1 t ( horse-cabs decreas$4 ,traffic commission #aijc4 ,traffic ,problem4--,"o ( ! mo/ s]i\s adm9i/rative problems met ) 9 ,london is t ( locomotion1 especially z reg>ds ! regulation ( traffic 9 ! pr9cipal ?or\ghf>es & at ! busie/ cross+s4 ,! police h p[]s ( control ov] vehicles & ex]cise !m admirably2 _! "w 9 ?is respect is a con/ant s\rce ( wond] to =eign visitors4 ,b ?is control does n meet ! problem ( actually less5+ ! numb] ( vehicles 9 ! ma9 art]ies ( traffic4 ,at su* cross+s z t ( ! ,/r& & ,well+ton ,/reet1 ,ludgate ,circus & s\? ( ! ,?ames1 ! ,elephant & ,ca/le1 z also 9 ! n>r[ /reets ( ! ,city1 conge/ion is (t5 exce$+ly sev]e1 & is aggravat$ :5 any ma9 /reet is "u repair1 & div]sion ( traffic ?r\gh n>r[ side /reets becomes necess>y4 ,_m /reet improvem5ts 7 c>ri$ out1 x is true1 9 ! la/ half ( ! #ai? c5tury1 ! dates ( ! pr9cipal be+ z foll[s3 #ahed1 ,cannon ,/reet2 #ahfd1 ,s\?w>k ,/reet2 #ahgj1 ,holborn ,viaduct2 #ahga1 ,hamilton ,place1 ,que5 ,victoria ,/reet2 #ahgf1 ,nor?umb]l& ,av5ue2 #ahhb1 ,tooley ,/reet2 #ahhc1 ,hyde ,p>k ,corn]2 #ahhd1 ,ea/*eap2 #ahhf1 ,%aftesbury ,av5ue2 #ahhg1 ,*>+ ,cross ,road2 #ahij-ahib1 ,roseb]y ,av5ue4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! #bj? c5tury sev]al important local wid5+s ( /reets 7 put 9 h&1 z = example betwe5 ,sloane ,/reet & ,hyde ,p>k ,corn]1 9 ! ,/r& & at ! ,m>ble ,ar* 7#aijh74 ,at ! same p]iod a great "w 0 und]tak5 to meet ! want ( a prop] c5tral communication betwe5 nor? & s\?1 namely1 ! con/ruction ( a broad ?or\ghf>e1 call$ ,k+sway 9 hon\r ( ,k+ ,edw>d ,,vii41 f ,high ,holborn opposite ,s\?ampton ,r[ s\?w>d to ! ,/r&1 connexion ) :i* is e/abli%$ at two po9ts ?r\gh a cresc5t nam$ ,aldwy*4 ,! idea ( su* a ?or\ghf>e is traceable back to ! "t ( ,william ,,iv4 ,! magnitude ( ! traffic problem z a :ole may be be/ appreciat$ by examples ( ! va/ s*emes ( improvem5t :i* f "t to "t h be5 put =w>d by responsible individuals4 ,?us ,sir ,john ,wolfe ,b>ry1 z *airman ( ! ,c\ncil ( ! ,society ( ,arts 9 #ahii1 propos$ to alleviate conge/ion ( traffic by bridges ov] & tunnels "u ! /reets at six po9ts1 namely--,hyde ,p>k ,corn]1 ,piccadilly ,circus1 ,ludgate ,circus1 ,ox=d ,/reet & ,tott5ham ,c\rt ,road1 ,/r& & ,well+ton ,/reet1 & ,s\?w>k ,bridge & ,upp] ,?ames ,/reet4 ,ano!r s*eme s]i\sly sugge/$ 9 #aijd1 to meet exi/+ disabilities ( communication betwe5 nor? & s\? by l9k+ ! nor!rn & s\!rn tramway s]vices1 involv$ ! removal ( ! ,*>+ ,cross t]m9us ( ! ,s\? ,ea/]n & ,*a?am railway to ! s\? side ( ! riv]1 & ! con/ruction ( a new bridge 9 place ( ! railway bridge4 ,! m]e control ( exi/+ traffic1 local /reet improvem5ts & provision ( new means ( communication betwe5 casual po9ts1 7 felt to miss ! root ( ! problem1 & 9 #aijc a ,royal ,commission 0 appo9t$ to consid] ! :ole "q ( locomotion & transport 9 ,london1 exp]t evid5ce be+ tak5 f eng9e]s1 repres5tatives ( ! v>i\s railway & o!r companies1 ( ! ,c\nty ,c\ncil1 bor\gh c\ncils & police1 & o!rs4 ,! commission report$ 9 #aije4c ,) reg>d to /reet improvem5ts ! mo/ important recomm5dation 0 t ( ! con/ruction ( two ma9 av5ues #adj ft4 wide1 "o runn+ we/ & ea/1 f ,bayswat] ,road to ,:ite*apel1 & pass+ ?r\gh ! city 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,london ,wall1 & ano!r f ,holl[ay to ! ,elephant & ,ca/le1 to cross ! ,?ames by a new bridge above ,blackfri>s4 ,f\r l9es ( surface tramways & f\r railway l9es 9 %all[ tunnels 7 propos$ along ^! av5ues4 ,_m wid5+s & o!r improvem5ts ( exi/+ ?or\ghf>es1 & ext5sions ( tramways 7 propos$1 & detail$ recomm5dations 7 made z reg>ds urban & suburban railways1 & ! reh\s+ ( ! work+ population on ! outskirts ( ,london4 ,f9ally1 ! commission made ! important recomm5dation t a traffic bo>d %\ld be e/abli%$ = ,london1 to ex]cise a g5]al sup]vision ( traffic1 & to act z a tribunal to :i* all s*emes ( railway & tramway con/ruction %\ld be ref]r$4 ,?ames ,/eam]s4--,a local pass5g] /eamboat s]vice on ! ,?ames suff]s f ! disadvantage t ! riv] does n provide ! %orte/ r\te betwe5 po9ts at any great di/ance ap>t1 & t ! ma9 ?or\ghf>es betwe5 ea/ & we/ d n t\* its banks1 s t pass5g]s along ^? ?or\ghf>es are n tempt$ to use x z a *annel ( communication4 ,high pi] dues1 moreov]1 contribut$ to ! decl9e ( ! traffic1 & attempts to ov]come ! dis9cl9ation ( pass5g]s to use ! riv] 7at any rate 9 w9t]7 %[ a record ( failure4 ,! ,london1 ,we/m9/] & ,vauxhall ,/eamboat ,company e/abli%$ 9 #ahdj a s]vice ( sev5 /eamboats betwe5 ,london ,bridge & ,vauxhall4 ,?is company 0 b\ght up by ! ,citiz5 & ,iron ,/eamboat ,companies 9 #ahfe4 ,! ,city ,/eamboat ,company1 e/abli%$ 9 #ahdh1 began ) eight boats1 & by #ahfe _h increas$ _! fleet to sev5te51 runn+ f ,london ,bridge to ,*elsea4 ,?is company 0 tak5 ov] by ! ,london ,/eamboat ,company 9 #ahge4 ,! s9k+ ( ! ,pr9cess ,alice 9 #ahgh 0 a s]i\s bl[ to ! ,london ,/eamboat ,company1 :i* collaps$1 & 0 succe$$ by ! ,riv] ,?ames ,/eamboat ,navigation ,company1 :i* w5t into liquidation 9 #ahhg4 ,! fleet 0 b\ght by a syndicate & sold to ! ,victoria ,/eamboat ,association4 ,! ,?ames ,/eamboat ,company !n took up ! s]vice1 b e>ly 9 #aijb ann\nc$ t x w\ld be discont9u$1 al?\gh 9 #aijd x 0 tempor>ily resum$4 ,mean:ile1 h[ev]1 9 #aijb ! ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil _h promot$ a bill 9 ,p>liam5t to enable !m to run a s]vice ( boats on ! ,?ames4 ,! bill 0 ?r[n out on ?is occasion1 b 0 reviv$ & pass$ 9 #aijd1 & on ! #ag? ( ,june #aije ! s]vice 0 put into op]ation4 ,! boats1 h[ev]1 7 work$ at a loss1 & ! s]vice 0 discont9u$ 9 #aiji4 ,=eign ,communications4--,a l>ge pleasure traffic is ma9ta9$ by ! /eam]s ( ! ,new ,palace ,company & o!rs 9 summ] betwe5 ,london ,bridge & ,s\!nd1 ,clacton & ,h>wi*1 ,ramsgate1 ,m>gate & o!r resorts ( ! ,k5t coa/1 & ,calais & ,b\logne4 ,pass5g] /eam]s sail f ! port ( ,london to ! pr9cipal ports ( ! ,briti% ,isles & nor!rn ,europe1 & to all p>ts ( ! _w1 b ! mo/ fav\r$ pass5g] s]vices to & f ,europe & ,nor? ,am]ica pass ?r\gh o!r ports1 to :i* ! railways provide special s]vices ( tra9s f ,london4 ,! pr9cipal travell+ ag5cy 9 ,london is t ( ,messrs ,cook1 ^: head (fice is at ,ludgate ,circus4 ,a numb] ( sub-(fices ( l>ge /eam%ip l9es are congregat$ 9 ,cockspur ,/reet1 ,trafalg> ,squ>e1 & sev]al ( ! pr9cipal railway companies h local (fices ?r\gh\t ! c5tre ( ! metropolis = ! issue ( tickets & ! collection & =w>d+ ( luggage & p>cels4 ,po/ ,(fice4--,! ,g5]al ,po/ ,(fice lies 9 ! c5tre ( ! ,city on ei!r side ( ! /reet call$ ,/ ,m>t9's le ,gr&4 ,! olde/ portion ( ! build+s1 ,ionic 9 /yle1 0 design$ by ,sir ,rob]t ,smirke & erect$ 9 #ahbi4 ,"h are ! c5tral (fices ( ! lett]1 newspap] & telegraph dep>tm5ts1 ) ! (fice ( ! ,po/ma/] ,g5]al2 b ! headqu>t]s ( ! p>cels dep>tm5t are at ,m\nt ,pleasant1 ,cl]k5well2 ^? ( ! ,po/ ,(fice ,sav+s ,bank at ,bly! ,road1 ,we/ ,k5s+ton1 & ^? ( ! ,money ,ord] dep>tm5t 9 ,que5 ,victoria ,/reet4 ,! po/al area is divid$ into eight di/ricts1 commonly designat$ by initials 7:i* x is cu/om>y to employ 9 writ+ addresses7--,ea/ ,c5tral 7,e4,c41 ! ,city1 nor? to ,p5tonville & ,city ,roads1 we/ to ,gray's ,inn ,road & ! ,law ,c\rts72 ,we/ ,c5tral 7,w4,c41 f ,eu/on ,road to ! ,?ames1 & we/ to ,tott5ham ,c\rt ,road72 ,we/ 7,w41 f ,piccadilly & ,hyde ,p>k nor? to ,m>ylebone & ,edgw>e ,roads2 ! great] "p ( ,padd+ton & ,k5s+ton1 nor? "p ( ,fulham & ,hamm]smi?72 ,s\?-we/ 7,s4,w41 ,city ( ,we/m9/] s\? ( ,piccadilly1 ,*elsea1 ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 ! great] "p ( ,fulham1 & ,london s\? ( ! ,?ames & we/ ( ,vauxhall ,bridge72 ,s\?-ea/ 7,s4,e41 rema9d] ( ,london s\? ( ! ,?ames72 ,ea/ 7,e41 ea/ ( ! ,city & ,k+sl& ,road72 ,nor? 7,n41 we/ ( ,k+sl& ,road2 ,isl+ton72 ,nor?-we/ 7,n4,w41 great] "p ( ,/ ,pancras & ,/ ,m>ylebone1 & ,hamp/ead74 ,! po/al area excludes "p ( ,woolwi* )9 ! c\nty2 b includes consid]able areas outside ! c\nty 9 o!r directions1 z ,we/ ,ham1 ,leyton1 c41 on ! ea/2 ,wood=d1 ,*+=d1 c41 on ! nor?-ea/2 ,wood ,gre51 ,s\?gate & ,f9*ley on ! nor?2 ,h5don & ,willesd5 on ! nor?-we/2 ,acton & ,eal+1 ,b>nes & ,wimbl$on on ! we/2 & ,p5ge & ,beck5ham on ! s\?1 :olly or 9 "p4 ,!re are t5 di/rict head (fices & ab\t a ?\s& local (fices 9 ! metropolitan di/rict4 ,telephones4--,! ,national ,telephone ,company1 work+ "u lic5ce expir+ on ! #ca/ ( ,decemb] #aiaa1 _h until #aija practically a monopoly ( telephonic communication )9 ,london1 ?\gh ! ,po/ ,(fice own$ all ! trunk l9es connect+ ! v>i\s telephone areas ( ! company4 ,! company's managem5t did n give satisfaction1 & ! use ( ! telephone 0 consequ5tly re/rict$ 9 ! metropolis1 :5 9 #ahih a ,select ,committee on ,telephones report$ t g5]al imm$iate & effective competition by ei!r ! gov]nm5t or local au?ority 0 necess>y to ensure effici5t work+4 ,! ,po/ ,(fice !reupon in/itut$ a sep>ate sy/em ( ex*anges & l9es1 int]communication betwe5 ! two sy/ems be+ arrang$4 ,*>ges 7 r$uc$ & effici5cy b5efit$ by ?is movem5t4 ,! area cov]$ by ! local z di/9ct f ! trunk s]vice is ab\t #fcj sq4 m4 ext5d+ to ,rom=d1 ,enfield1 ,h>r[1 c41 nor? ( ! ,?ames1 & to ,d>t=d ,reigate1 ,epsom1 c41 s\? ( x4 ,public call (fices are provid$ 9 num]\s %ops1 railway /ations & o!r public places1 & at _m po/ (fices4 ,! ,di/rict ,mess5g]s ,company af=ds facilities ?r\gh local (fices = ! use ( special mess5g]s4 ,,iv4 ,,population1 ,,public ,,heal?1 c4 ,! population ( ,great] ,london by ! c5sus ( #aija 0 #f1eha1djb4 ,! foll[+ table gives comp>isons betwe5 ! figures ( c]ta9 c5sus returns = ,great] ,london & its *ief compon5t p>ts1 namely1 ! ,city1 ! c\nty & ! out] r+ 7i4e4 ,great] ,london outside ! c\nty74 ,all ! figures be=e ^? ( #aija are adju/$ to ^! areas4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,ye>4 ,city4 ,c\nty4 ,out] ,r+4 ,great] ,london4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- #ahja #abh1abi #hca1aha #aee1ccd #a1aad1fdd #ahda #abc1efc #a1hbe1gad #bhf1jfg #b1bce1cdd #ahha #ej1efi #c1ggi1gbh #icf1cfd #d1gff1ffa #aija #bf1ibc #d1eji1fah #b1jdd1hfd #f1eha1djb ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,! reason = ! decrease 9 ! resid5t ,city population is to be f\nd 9 ! rapid ext5sion ( bus9ess premises1 :ile ! wid5+ ramifications ( ! out] resid5tial areas are illu/rat$ by ! increase 9 ! lat] ye>s ( ! population ( ! ,out] ,r+4 ,! gr[? & population ( ,london previ\s to ! #ai? c5tury is consid]$ "u ,hi/ory1 ad4 f94 ,ali5s4 ,! =eign-born population ( ,london 0 #fj1beb 9 #ahha1 & #ace1cgg 9 #aija4 ,dur+ #aija1 #bg1jgj ali5s 7exclud+ sailors7 arriv$ at ! port1 & 9 #aijb1 #cc1jfj4 ,( ^! la/ ,russians & ,poles numb]$ #ba1jac2 ,g]mans1 #cchf2 ,au/rians & ,hung>ians1 #baig2 ,dut*1 #aijb2 ,norwegians1 ,sw$es & ,danes1 #acda2 & ,rumanians1 #ajaf4 ,o!r nationalities numb]$ bel[ "o ?\s& ea*4 ,! =eign-born population %[s a l>ge increase 9 p]c5tage to ! :ole1 be+ #a4eg 9 #ahha & #b4ih 9 #aija4 ,resid5ts ( ,iri% bir? h decreas$ s9ce #ahea2 ^? ( ,scotti% bir? h increas$ /eadily1 & r\ghly z ! population4 ,g]man resid5ts are f\nd ma9ly 9 ! we/]n & we/ c5tral di/ricts2 ,fr5* ma9ly 9 ! ,city ( ,we/m9/] 7especially ! di/rict ( ,soho71 ,/ ,pancras & ,/ ,m>ylebone2 ,italians 9 ,holborn 7,saffron ,hill71 ,soho & ,f9sbury2 & ,russians & ,poles 9 ,/epney & ,be?nal ,gre54 ,vital ,/ati/ics4--,! foll[+ table %[s ! av]age bir? rate & dea?-rate p] ?\s& at /at$ p]iods4 ------------------------------ ,ye>s4 ,bir?s4 ,dea?s4 ------------------------------ #ahfa-ahhj99 #ce4d #bc4d #ahia-aijj99 #cj4c #ai4b #aija-aijd99 #bh4e #af4e #aije #bg4a #ae4f ------------------------------ 99 ,av]age4 ,a comp>ison ( ! dea?-rate ( ,london & ^? ( o!r great t[ns 9 ,engl& & abroad is giv5 "h3-- --------------------------------- ,av]age #aije4 #ahie-aijd4 --------------------------------- ,leice/] #af4g #ac4c ,brussels #af4g #ad4e ,bri/ol #af4i #ad4f ,brad=d #ag4g #ae4b ,le$s #ai4a #ae4b ,,london #ah4b #ae4f ,birm+ham #bj4b #af4b ,nott+ham #ah4d #af4e ,newca/le #bj4i #af4h ,%effield #ai4f #ag4j ,b]l9 #ag4h #ag4b ,p>is #ai4b #ag4d ,man*e/] #bb4f #ah4j ,new ,york #bj4b #ah4c ,vi5na #bj4j #ai4j ,liv]pool #bc4b #ai4f ,rome #ai4a #bj4f ,/ ,pet]sburg #be4i #be4c --------------------------------- ,9 #aije ! l[e/ dea?-rates among ! metropolitan bor\ghs 7 return$ by ,hamp/ead 7#i4c71 ,lewi%am 7#aa4g71 ,w&swor? 7#ab4f71 ,woolwi* 7#ab4h71 ,/oke ,new+ton 7#ab4i71 & ! highe/ by ,%or$it* 7#ai4g71 ,f9sbury 7#ai4j71 ,b]mondsey 7#ah4g71 ,be?nal ,gre5 7#ah4f7 & ,s\?w>k 7#ah4e74 ,a return ( ! p]c5tage ( inhabitants dwell+ 9 ov]-cr[d$ t5em5ts %[s #b4g = ,lewi%am1 #d4e = ,w&swor?1 #e4e = ,/oke ,new+ton1 & #f4d = ,hamp/ead1 aga9/ #ce4b = ,f9sbury & #bi4i = ,%or$it*4 ,sanitation4--,z reg>ds sanitation ,london is "u special regulations4 ,:5 ! /atutes relat+ to public heal? 7 consolidat$ & am5d$ 9 #ahge ,london 0 exclud$2 & ! law applicable to x 0 specially consolidat$ & am5d$ 9 #ahia4 ,! ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil is a c5tral sanit>y au?ority2 ! ,city & metropolitan bor\ghs are sanit>y di/ricts1 & ! ,corporation & bor\gh c\ncils are local sanit>y au?orities4 ,! ,c\nty ,c\ncil deals directly ) matt]s :]e uni=mity ( adm9i/ration is ess5tial1 e4g4 ma9 dra9age1 h\s+ ( work+ classes1 infant life protection1 common lodg+-h\ses & %elt]s1 & contagi\s diseases ( animals4 ,) a fur!r view to uni=mity x has c]ta9 p[]s ( sup]vision & control ov] local au?orities1 & c make by-laws respect+ con/ruction ( local sew]s1 sanit>y conv5i5ces1 (f5sive trades1 slaught]-h\ses & dairies1 & prev5tion ( nuisances outside ! jurisdiction ( local au?orities4 ,a m$ical (fic] ( heal? = ! :ole c\nty is appo9t$ by ! ,c\ncil1 :i* also pays half ! sal>ies ( local m$ical (fic]s & sanit>y inspectors4 ,! ,c\ncil may also act 9 cases ( default by ! local au?orities1 or may make repres5tations to ! ,local ,gov]nm5t ,bo>d respect+ su* default1 :]eupon ! ,bo>d may direct ! ,c\ncil to )hold paym5t due to ! local au?ority "u ! ,equalization ( ,rates ,act #ahid4 ,dra9age4 ,! fir/ act provid+ = a commission ( sew]s 9 ,london dates f #aeca4 ,v>i\s works ( a m or less imp]fect "* 7 c>ri$ out1 su* z ! bridg+ ov] 9 #afcg ( ! riv] ,fleet1 :i* z e>ly z #acjg _h become inaccessible to %ipp+ ?r\gh ! accumulation ( fil?4 ,scav5g]s 7 employ$ 9 e>ly times1 & sewage 0 receiv$ into wells & pump$ into ! k5nels ( ! /reets4 ,a sy/em ( ma9 dra9age 0 inaugurat$ by ! ,commission]s ( ,sew]s 9 #ahdi1 b _! "w proce$$ v sl[ly4 ,x 0 c>ri$ on m effectively by ! ,metropolitan ,bo>d ( ,works 7#ahef-ahhh7 :i* exp5d$ ov] six-&-a-half millions /]l+ on ! "w4 ,! ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil ma9ta9$1 complet$ & improv$ ! sy/em4 ,! l5g? ( sew]s 9 ! ma9 sy/em is ab\t #bhh m41 & _! con/ruction has co/ ab\t eight millions4 ,! sy/em cov]s ! c\nty ( ,london1 ,we/ ,ham1 ,p5ge1 ,tott5ham1 ,wood ,gre51 & p>ts ( ,beck5ham1 ,hornsey1 ,croydon1 ,willesd51 ,ea/ ,ham & ,acton4 ,!re are actually two di/9ct sy/ems1 nor? & s\? ( ! ,?ames1 hav+ sep>ate outfall works on ! nor? & s\? banks ( ! riv]1 at ,b>k+ & ,crossness4 ,! cle> efflu5t fl[s into ! ,?ames1 & ! sludge is tak5 #ej m4 out to sea4 ,! annual co/ ( ma9t5ance ( ! sy/em exce$s #bej1jjj4 ,! sanit>y au?orities are conc]n$ only ) ! sup]vision ( h\se dra9age1 & ! con/ruction & ma9t5ance ( local sew]s dis*>g+ into ! ma9 sy/em4 ,! ,?ames & ! ,lea ,cons]vancies h p[]s to gu>d aga9/ ! pollution ( ! riv]s4 ,metropolitan ,asylums ,bo>d4 ,hospitals4--,! ,metropolitan ,asylums ,bo>d1 ?\gh e/abli%$ 9 #ahfg purely z a poor-law au?ority = ! relief ( ! sick1 insane & infirm paup]s1 has become a c5tral hospital au?ority = infecti\s diseases1 ) p[] to receive into its hospitals p]sons1 :o are n paup]s1 suff]+ f fev]1 smallpox or diph!ria4 ,bo? ! ,bo>d & ! ,c\nty ,c\ncil h c]ta9 p[]s & duties ( sanit>y au?ority = ! purpose ( epidemic regulations4 ,! local sanit>y au?orities c>ry out ! provisions ( ! ,infecti\s ,diseases 7,notification & ,prev5tion7 ,acts1 :i* = ,london are embodi$ 9 ! ,public ,heal? 7,london7 ,act #ahia4 ,! ,bo>d has asylums = ! insane at ,toot+ ,bec 7,w&swor?71 ,eal+ 7= *ildr572 ,k+'s ,langley1 ,h]t=d%ire2 ,cat]ham1 ,surrey2 & ,d>5?1 ,k5t4 ,!re are twelve fev] hospitals1 includ+ nor!rn & s\!rn convalesc5t hospitals4 ,= smallpox ! ,bo>d ma9ta9s hospital %ips moor$ 9 ! ,?ames at ,d>t=d1 & a l& e/abli%m5t at ! same place4 ,!re are l& & riv] ambulance s]vices4 ,!re are ?ree regul> funds 9 ,london = ! support ( hospitals4 7#a7 ,k+ ,edw>d's ,hospital ,fund 7#ahig7 f\nd$ by ,k+ ,edw>d ,,vii4 z ,pr9ce ( ,wales 9 commemoration ( ! ,diamond ,jubilee ( ,que5 ,victoria4 ,! ,league ( ,m]cy1 "u royal *>t]1 op]ates 9 conjunction ) ! ,fund 9 ! collection ( small subscriptions4 ,! ,ord] ( ,m]cy 0 in/itut$ by ! ,k+ z a rew>d = di/+ui%$ p]sonal s]vice4 7#b7 ,! ,metropolitan ,hospital ,sunday ,fund1 f\nd$ 9 #ahgc1 draws ! great] "p ( its rev5ue f collections 9 *ur*es on /at$ occasions4 7#c7 ,! ,metropolitan ,hospital ,saturday ,fund 0 f\nd$ 9 #ahgc1 & is made up *iefly ( small sums collect$ 9 places ( bus9ess1 c4 ,! foll[+ is a li/ ( ! pr9cipal ,london hospitals1 ) dates ( f\ndation3-- #a4 ,g5]al ,hospitals ) ,m$ical ,s*ools 7all ( :i*1 ) ! exception ( t ( ! ,seam5's ,hospital1 are s*ools ( ,london ,univ]sity73-- ,*>+ ,cross2 ,ag> ,/reet1 ,/r& 7#ahbj74 ,guy's2 ,/ ,?omas ,/reet1 ,s\?w>k 7#agbd74 ,k+'s ,college2 ,l9coln's ,inn ,fields 7#ahci74 ,london2 ,:ite*apel 7#agdj74 ,middlesex2 ,mortim] ,/reet1 ,m>ylebone 7#agde74 ,nor? ,london1 or ,univ]sity ,college2 ,g[] ,/reet 7#ahcc74 ,royal ,free2 ,gray's ,inn ,road 7#ahbh2 on pres5t site1 #ahdb74 ,london ,s*ool ( ,m$ic9e = ,wom54 ,/ ,b>?olomew's2 ,smi?field 7#aabc2 ref\nd$ #aedg74 ,/ ,george's2 ,hyde ,p>k ,corn] 7#agcc74 ,/ ,m>y's2 ,padd+ton 7#ahde74 ,/ ,?omas'2 ,lambe? 7#abac2 on pres5t site1 #ahga74 ,seam5's ,hospital ,society2 ,gre5wi* 7#ahba74 ,we/m9/]1 fac+ ! ,abbey4 7#agbj2 on pres5t site1 #ahcd74 #b4 ,g5]al ,hospitals )\t ,s*ools3-- ,great ,nor!rn ,c5tral2 ,isl+ton 7#ahef2 on pres5t site1 #ahhg74 ,metropolitan2 ,hackney 7#ahcf74 ,popl> ,hospital = ,accid5ts 7#ahed74 ,we/ ,london2 ,hamm]smi? ,road 7#ahef74 #c4 ,hospitals = ,special ,purposes3-- ,brompton ,consumption ,hospital 7#ahda74 ,canc] ,hospital2 ,brompton 7#ahea74 ,city ( ,london ,hospital = diseases ( ! *e/2 ,be?nal ,gre5 7#ahdh74 ,ea/ ,london ,hospital = ,*ildr5 & ,disp5s>y = ,wom52 ,%adwell 7#ahfh74 ,hospital = ,sick ,*ildr52 ,bloomsbury 7#aheb74 ,london ,fev] ,hospital2 ,isl+ton 7#ahjb74 ,national ,hospital = ,p>alys$ & ,epileptics2 ,bloomsbury 7#ahei74 ,royal ,hospital = ,incurables2 ,putney 7#ahed74 ,royal ,london ,oph?almic ,hospital2 ,city ,road 7#ahjd2 on pres5t site1 #ahii74 7,see also sep>ate articles on bor\ghs47 ,wat] ,supply4--,9 ! #ab? c5tury ,london 0 suppli$ ) wat] f local /reams & wells1 ( :i* ,holy ,well1 ,cl]k's ,well 7,cl]k5well7 & ,/ ,clem5t's ,well1 ne> ,/ ,clem5t's ,inn1 7 examples4 ,9 #abcf ! magi/rates pur*as$ ! lib]ty to convey ! wat]s ( ! ,tyburn f ,padd+ton to ! ,city by lead5 pipes1 & a great conduit 0 erect$ 9 ,we/ ,*eap 9 #abhe4 ,o!r conduits 7 subsequ5tly built 7cf4 ,conduit ,/reet (f ,bond ,/reet1 ,lamb's ,conduit ,/reet1 ,bloomsbury72 & wat] 0 also suppli$ by ! company ( wat]-be>]s 9 lea!rn panni]s borne by horses4 ,9 #aehb ,pet] ,moris1 a ,dut*man1 erect$ a =ci] on an ar* ( ,london ,bridge1 :i* he r5t$ = #ajs4 p] annum = #ejj ye>s4 ,8 works succe$$ & increas$1 & cont9u$ 9 8 family till #agja1 :5 a company took ov] ! lease4 ,o!r =ci]s _h be5 set up1 & 9 #afji1 on an act ( #afje1 ,sir ,hugh ,myddelton und]took ! task ( supply+ res]voirs at ,cl]k5well ?r\gh ! ,new riv] f spr+s ne> ,w>e1 ,h]t=d%ire2 & ^! 7 op5$ 9 #afac4 ,9 #afcj a s*eme to br+ wat] f ,hoddesdon on ! ,lea 0 promot$ by aid ( a lott]y lic5s$ by ,*>les ,i4 ,! ,*elsea ,wat] ,company op5$ its supply f ! ,?ames 9 #agba2 ! ,lambe? wat]works 7 erect$ 9 #aghc2 ! ,vauxhall ,company 0 e/abli%$ 9 #ahje1 ! ,we/ ,middlesex1 ne> ,hamm]smi?1 & ! ,ea/ ,london on ! riv] ,lea 9 #ahjf1 ! ,k5t on ! ,rav5sb\rne 7,dept=d7 9 #ahaj1 ! ,gr& ,junction 9 #ahaa1 & ! ,s\?w>k 7:i* amalgamat$ ) ! ,vauxhall7 9 #ahbb4 ,metropolitan ,wat] ,bo>d4 ,= _m ye>s proposals to amalgamate ! work+ ( ! companies & displace !m by a c5tral public au?ority 7 put =w>d f "t to "t4 ,! difficulty ( adm9i/ration lay 9 ! fact t ( ! area ( #fbj sq4 m4 con/itut+ :at is kn[n z ,wat] ,london 7see map 9 ,london ,/ati/ics1 vol4 xix41 issu$ by ! ,l4,c4,c41 #aiji7 ! ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil has au?ority ov] little m ?an "o-?ird1 & !re=e :5 ! ,c\ncil propos$ to acquire ! eight und]tak+s conc]n$ its s*eme 0 oppos$ n only by ! companies b by ! c\nty c\ncils & local au?orities outside ! ,c\nty ( ,london4 ,! ,c\ncil _h a s*eme ( br++ wat] to ,london f ,wales1 9 view ( increas+ dem&s on a /ation>y supply4 ,?is involv$ imp\nd+ ! headwat]s ( ! ,wye1 ! ,t[ey & ! ,usk1 & ! total co/ 0 e/imat$ to exce$ fifte5 millions /]l+4 ,! capacity ( exi/+ s\rces1 h[ev]1 0 deem$ suffici5t by a ,royal ,commission "u ,"l ,balf\r ( ,burleigh 9 #ahic1 & ?is op9ion 0 endors$ by a fur!r ,commission "u ,"l ,ll&aff4 ,! con/ruction ( l>ge /orage res]voirs 0 recomm5d$1 & ?is "w 0 put 9 h& jo9tly by ! ,new ,riv]1 ,we/ ,middlesex & ,gr& ,junction companies at ,/a9es on ! ,?ames4 ,z reg>ds adm9i/ration1 ,"l ,ll&aff's ,commission recomm5d$ ! creation ( a ,wat] ,tru/1 & 9 #aijb ! ,metropolis ,wat] ,act con/itut$ ! ,metropolitan ,wat] ,bo>d to pur*ase & c>ry on ! und]tak+s ( ! eight companies1 & ( c]ta9 local au?orities4 ,x consi/s ( #ff memb]s1 appo9t$ by ! ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil 7#ad71 ! ,city ( ,london & ! ,city ( ,we/m9/] 7#b ea*71 ! o!r ,metropolitan bor\ghs 7#a ea*71 ! c\nty c\ncils ( ,middlesex1 ,h]t=d%ire1 ,essex1 ,k5t & ,surrey 7l ea*71 bor\gh ( ,we/ ,ham 7#b71 v>i\s gr\ps ( o!r bor\ghs & urban di/ricts1 & ! ,?ames & ! ,lea ,cons]vancies4 ,! fir/ election ( ! ,bo>d took place 9 #aijc4 ,! #bd? ( ,june1 #aijd1 0 ! date fix$ on :i* control pass$ to ! ,bo>d1 & 9 ! meantime a ,c\rt ( ,arbitration adjudicat$ ! claims ( ! companies = comp5sation = ! acquisition ( _! prop]ties4 ,wat] ,london is an irregul> area ext5d+ f ,w>e 9 ,h]t=d%ire to ,sev5oaks 9 ,k5t1 & we/w>d z f> z ,eal+ & ,sunbury4 ,a con/ant supply is ma9ta9$ g5]ally ?r\gh\t ,wat] ,london1 al?\gh a susp5sion betwe5 c]ta9 h\rs has be5 occasionally necessitat$1 z 9 #ahie & #ahih1 :51 dur+ summ] dr\ghts1 ! ,ea/ ,london supply 0 s affect$4 ,dur+ ^! p]iods o!r companies _h a surplus ( wat]1 & 9 #ahii an act 0 pass$ provid+ = ! int]connexion ( sy/ems4 ,! ,?ames & ,lea are ! pr9cipal s\rces ( supply1 b ! ,k5t & 7p>tially7 ! ,new ,riv] ,company draw supplies f spr+s4 ,! sy/ems ( filtration employ$ by ! diff]5t companies v>i$ 9 efficacy1 b bo? ! ,royal ,commissions decid$ t wat] z suppli$ to ! consum] 0 g5]ally ( a v high /&>d ( purity4 ,! exp5diture ( ! ,wat] ,bo>d = #aijg-aijh am\nt$ to #b1hdf1bfe4 ,debt *>ges absorb$ #a1eab1gah ( ?is am\nt4 ,public ba?s & wa%h\ses are provid$ by local au?orities "u v>i\s acts betwe5 #ahdf & #ahif1 :i* h be5 adopt$ by all ! bor\gh c\ncils4 ,light+4--,f #adaf citiz5s 7 oblig$ to hang out c&les betwe5 c]ta9 h\rs on d>k nights to illum9ate ! /reets4 ,an act ( p>liam5t en=c$ ?is 9 #affa2 9 #afhd ,edw>d ,hem+1 ! inv5tor ( oil lamps1 obta9$ lic5ce to supply public lights2 & 9 #agcf ! corporation took ! matt] 9 h&1 levy+ a rate4 ,gas-light+ 0 introduc$ on "o side ( ,pall ,mall 9 #ahjg1 & 9 #ahaj ! ,gas ,light ,coke ,company receiv$ a *>t]1 & develop$ gas-light+ 9 ,we/m9/]4 ,! ,city ( ,london ,gas ,company foll[$ 9 #ahag1 & sev5 o!r companies soon aft]4 ,wa/eful competition ensu$ until 9 #aheg an agreem5t 0 made betwe5 ! companies to re/rict _! s]vices to sep>ate localities1 & ! ,gas ,light ,coke ,company1 by amalgamat+ o!r companies1 !n gradually acquir$ all ! gas-light+ nor? ( ! ,?ames1 :ile a consid]able area 9 ! s\? 0 provid$ = by ano!r great gas company1 ! ,s\? ,metropolitan4 ,v>i\s acts f #ahfj onw>ds h laid d[n laws z to ! quality & co/ ( gas4 ,gas mu/ be suppli$ at #af-;c&le illum9at+ p[]1 & is (ficially te/$ by ! *emi/s' dep>tm5t ( ! ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil4 ,! amalgamations m5tion$ 7 effect$ subsequ5tly to #ahfj1 & !re are n[ ?ree pr9cipal companies )9 ! c\nty1 ! ,gas ,light ,coke1 ,s\? ,metropolitan & ,comm]cial1 ?\gh c]ta9 o!r companies supply "s ( ! outly+ di/ricts4 ,z reg>ds /reet light+1 ! ext5d$ use ( burn]s ) inc&esc5t mantles has be5 ( good effect4 ,! ,metropolitan ,bo>d ( ,works1 & ! commission]s ( sew]s 9 ! ,city1 began exp]im5ts ) electric light4 ,at ! close ( ! #ai? & ! beg9n+ ( ! #bj? c5tury a l>ge numb] ( electric light companies came into exi/5ce1 & "s ( ! metropolitan bor\gh c\ncils1 & local au?orities )9 ,great] ,london1 also und]took ! supply4 ,an ext5sive use ( ! light result$ 9 ! pr9cipal /reets & 9 %ops1 (fices & private h\ses4 ,fire4--,9 #ahcb ! fire insurance companies unit$ to ma9ta9 a small fire brigade1 & cont9u$ to d s until #ahff4 ,! brigade 0 conf9$ to ! c5tral "p ( ! metropolis2 = ! re/1 ! p>o*ial au?orities _h *>ge ( protection f fire4 ,! c5tral brigade came "u ! control ( ! ,metropolitan ,bo>d ( ,works2 & ! ,c\nty ,c\ncil n[ manages ! ,metropolitan ,fire ,brigade1 "u a *ief (fic] & a /aff numb]+ ab\t #acjj4 ,! co/ ( ma9t5ance exce$s #bjj1jjj annually2 contributions t[>ds ?is are made by ! ,treasury & ! fire insurance companies4 ,! ,c\ncil controls ! provision ( fire escapes 9 factories employ+ ov] #dj p]sons1 "u an act ( #aija2 x also compels ! ma9t5ance ( prop] precautions aga9/ fire 9 !atres & places ( ent]ta9m5ts4 ,a ,salvage ,corps is indep5d5tly ma9ta9$ by ! ,insurance ,companies4 ,cemet]ies4--,! adm9i/rative au?orities ( cemet]ies = ! c\nty are ! bor\gh c\ncils & ! ,city ,corporation & private companies4 ,! l>ge cemet]y at ,brompton is ! prop]ty ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,k5sal ,gre5 cemet]y1 ! burial-place ( _m fam\s p]sons1 is ( great ext5t1 b sev]al l>ge cemet]ies outside ! metropolis h come into use4 ,su* are t ( ! ,london ,necropolis ,company at ,brookwood ne> ,wok+1 ,surrey1 & t ( ! p>i%es ( ,/ ,m>y ,abbots1 ,k5s+ton1 & ,/ ,george1 ,hanov] ,squ>e1 at ,hanwell1 ,middlesex4 ,crematoria are provid$ at c]ta9 ( ! companies' cemet]ies1 & ! ,cremation ,act #aijb enabl$ bor\gh c\ncils to provide crematoria4 ,v4 ,,education ,,& ,,recreation ,elem5t>y education4 ,te*nical education4 ,education4--,! ,briti% & ,=eign ,s*ool ,society 7#ahjh7 & ! ,national ,society 7#ahaa71 toge!r ) ! ,ragg$ ,s*ools ,union 7#ahdd71 7 ! only special organizations provid+ = ! education ( ! poor] classes until #ahgj4 ,to meet ! dem& = elem5t>y education1 increas+ z x did ) population1 0 beyond ! p[]s ( ^! societies1 ! *ur*es & ! v>i\s *>itable in/itutions4 ,?us a return ( #ahga %[$ t ! s*ools 7 capable ( accommodat+ only #ci ( ! *ildr5 ( s*ool-go+ age4 ,9 #ahgj1 h[ev]1 a ,s*ool ,bo>d _h be5 creat$ 9 addition1 & ?is body c>ri$ out mu* good "w dur+ its ?irty-f\r ye>s ( exi/5ce4 ,9 #aijc ! ,education 7,london7 ,act 0 pass$ 9 pursuance ( ! g5]al sy/em1 put into op]ation by ! ,education ,act 7#aijb7 ( br++ education )9 ! scope ( municipal gov]nm5t4 ,! ,c\nty ,c\ncil 0 creat$ a local education au?ority1 & giv5 control ( secul> education 9 bo? bo>d & volunt>y s*ools4 ,x appo9ts an education committee 9 accordance ) a s*eme approv$ by ! ,bo>d ( ,education4 ,?is s*eme mu/ all[ ( ! ,c\ncil select+ at lea/ a majority ( ! committee1 & mu/ provide = ! inclusion ( exp]ts & wom54 ,ea* s*ool or gr\p ( s*ools is "u a body ( manag]s1 9 ! appo9tm5t ( :om ! bor\gh c\ncil & ! ,c\nty ,c\ncil %>e 9 ! foll[+ proportions3--7a7 ,bo>d or provid$ s*ools2 bor\gh c\ncil1 two-?irds2 c\nty c\ncil1 "o-?ird3 7b7 ,volunt>y or non-provid$ s*ools2 ! f\ndation1 two-?irds2 bor\gh c\ncil & c\nty c\ncil1 ea* "o-six?4 ,! total numb] ( public elem5t>y s*ools 0 #ifc 9 #aije1 ) #geb1dhg s*ol>s on ! regi/]4 ,o!r in/itutions include high] elem5t>y s*ools = pupils c]tifi$ to be able to pr(it by high] in/ruction2 & s*ools = bl9d1 deaf & defective *ildr54 ,in/ruction = tea*]s is provid$ 9 pupil tea*]s' c5tres 7prep>atory71 & 9 resid5tial & day tra9+ colleges4 ,!re are ab\t #ae su* colleges4 ,previ\s to ! act ( #aijc ! ,c\nty ,c\ncil _h educational p[]s "u ! ,te*nical ,in/ructions ,acts :i* enabl$ x to provide te*nical education ?r\gh a special bo>d1 m]g$ by ! act ( #aijc 9 ! education committee4 ,! ,city & ,guilds ( ,london ,in/itute1 ,gre%am ,college1 also ma9ta9s v>i\s te*nical in/itutions4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( polyte*nics 0 provid$ = by ! ,city ( ,london ,p>o*ial ,*>ities ,act #ahhc2 ! *>ities be+ adm9i/]$ by tru/ees4 ,! model in/itution 0 t ( ,mr ,qu9t9 ,hogg 7#ahhj7 9 ,reg5t ,/reet1 :]e a /rik+ /atue by ,george ,frampton 7#aijf7 commemorates him4 ,! g5]al scope ( ! polyte*nics is to give in/ruction bo? 9 g5]al k & special crafts or trades by means ( classes1 lectures & laboratories1 in/ructive ent]ta9m5ts & exhibitions1 & facilities = bodily & m5tal ex]cise 7gymnasia1 libr>ies1 c474 ,o!r simil> in/itutions exi/ prim>ily = special purposes1 z ! ,/ ,bride ,f\ndation ,in/itute1 ne> ,fleet ,/reet1 9 imm$iate proximity to ! great newspap] (fices1 = ! pr9t+ trade1 & ! ,h]olds' ,in/itute1 a bran* ( ! ,bor\gh ,polyte*nic situat$ 9 ,b]mondsey1 = ! purposes ( ! lea!r trade4 ,! ,c\nty ,c\ncil also aids num]\s sep>ate s*ools ( art1 bo? g5]al & special1 su* z ! ,royal ,s*ool ( ,art ,ne$lework & ! ,s*ool ( ,art ,woodc>v+2 ! ,city & ,guilds ,in/itute ma9ta9s simil> e/abli%m5ts at "s ( its colleges1 & art s*ools are also g5]ally atta*$ to ! polyte*nics4 ,philan?ropical in/itutions4 ,! ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil ma9ta9s a numb] ( indu/rial s*ools & re=matories1 bo? 9 ,london & 9 ! c\ntry1 = *ildr5 :o h %[n or are likely to be misl$ into a t5d5cy t[>ds lawlessness4 ,! ,city ,corporation has sep>ate responsibilities 9 ! same direction1 b has no s*ools ( its own4 ,! exp5diture ( ! ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil on education = #aijg-aijh 0 #d1bha1bia = elem5t>y education1 & #gdb1ifb = high] education4 ,! "w ( private philan?ropi/s & philan?ropical bodies among ! poor ( ,ea/ ,london1 ,s\?w>k & ,b]mondsey1 & else:]e1 fails to be notic$ at ?is po9t4 ,! lab\rs ( ! regul> cl]gy "h lie l>gely 9 ! direction ( social re=m1 & *ur*es & missions h be5 e/abli%$ & are ma9ta9$ by colleges1 su* z ,*ri/ ,*ur*1 ,ox=d1 s*ools & o!r bodies4 ,!re are1 fur!r1 settlem5ts :]e memb]s ( ! v>i\s bodies may reside 9 ord] to devote !mselves to philan?ropical "w2 & ^! include clubs1 recreation rooms & o!r in/itutions = ! use ( ! poor4 ,su* are ! ,ox=d ,h\se1 ,be?nal ,gre52 ! ,cambridge ,h\se1 ,camb]well ,road2 ,toynbee ,hall1 ,:ite*apel2 ,mansfield ,h\se1 ,cann+ ,t[n2 ! ,rob]t ,br[n+ ,settlem5t1 ,s\?w>k2 & ! ,passmore ,edw>ds ,settlem5t1 ,/ ,pancras4 ,!re are also sev]al wom5's settlem5ts ( a simil> "*4 ,! ,p's ,palace1 ,mile ,end ,road1 op5$ 9 #ahhg1 is bo? a recreative & an educational in/itution 7call$ ,ea/ ,london ,college7 erect$ & subsequ5tly ext5d$ ma9ly ?r\gh ! lib]ality ( ! ,drap]s' ,company & ( private donors4 ,public s*ools4 ,9 e>ly times ! priories & o!r religi\s h\ses _h g5]ally gramm> s*ools atta*$ to !m4 ,^? at ,/ ,pet]'s1 ,we/m9/]1 & ,/ ,paul's1 atta9$ a fame :i* has surviv$1 :ile o!r simil> f\ndations laps$1 su* z ,/ ,an?ony's 7,?readne$le ,/reet1 ,city71 at :i* ,sir ,?omas ,m1 ,ar*bi%op ,:itgift & _m o!r m5 ( em95ce receiv$ education4 ,c]ta9 ( ! s*ools 7 re-end[$ aft] ! dissolution ( ! mona/]ies4 ,/ ,pet]'s ,college or ,we/m9/] ,s*ool 7see ,,we/m9/]7 is unique among ,engli% public s*ools ( ! highe/ rank 9 ma9ta9+ its orig9al situation 9 ,london4 ,o!r e>ly metropolitan f\ndations h be5 mov$ 9 accordance ) mod]n t5d5cies ei!r into ! c\ntry or to sites alo( f ! he>t ( ,london4 ,?us ,*>t]h\se s*ool1 "p ( ! f\ndation ( ,sir ,?omas ,sutton 7#afaa71 0 mov$ f ,f9sbury to ,godalm+1 ,surrey2 ,/ ,paul's ,s*ool occupies mod]n build+s at ,hamm]smi?1 & ,*ri/'s ,hospital is at ,hor%am1 ,sussex4 ,( o!r s*ools1 ,m]*ant ,taylors' 0 f\nd$ by ! ,company ( t "n 9 #aefa1 & has occupi$1 s9ce #ahge1 ! premises vacat$ by ,*>t]h\se ,s*ool4 ,! ,m]c]s' ,s*ool1 ,d[gate1 0 orig9ally atta*$ to ! hospital ( ,/ ,?omas ( ,acon1 :i* 0 sold to ! ,m]c]s' ,company 9 #aebb1 on condition t ! company %\ld ma9ta9 ! s*ool4 ,! ,city ( ,london ,s*ool1 f\nd$ 9 ,milk ,/reet1 ,*eapside1 by ! ,city ,corporation 9 #ahce1 occupies mod]n build+s on ! ,victoria ,embankm5t4 ,dulwi* ,college orig9at$ 9 ! f\ndation ( ! ,college ( ,god's ,gift by ,edw>d ,alleyn 9 #afbf1 & is n[ con/itut$ z "o ( ! pr9cipal ,engli% public s*ools4 ,/ ,olave's & ,/ ,savi\r's gramm> s*ool1 ,s\?w>k1 receiv$ its *>t] 9 #aega4 ,bo? classical & mod]n education is provid$2 a l>ge numb] ( s*ol>%ips are ma9ta9$ out ( ! f\ndation1 & exhibitions f ! s*ool to ! univ]sities & o!r high] educational in/itutions4 ,london ,univ]sity4--,! ,univ]sity ( ,london 0 incorporat$ by royal *>t] 9 #ahcf1 z an exam9+ body = conf]r+ degrees4 ,its scope & p[]s 7 ext5d$ by subsequ5t *>t]s1 & 9 #aijj1 "u ! ,univ]sity ( ,london ,act #ahih1 x 0 reorganiz$ z bo? a tea*+ & an exam9+ body4 ,! function ( ! academic dep>tm5t is to control ! tea*+ bran*1 int]nal exam9ations1 c41 & t ( ! ext]nal dep>tm5t to control ext]nal exam9ations1 :ile ! univ]sity ext5sion sy/em occupies a ?ird dep>tm5t4 ,! univ]sity is gov]n$ by a s5ate consi/+ ( a *ancellor1 *airman ( convocation & #ed memb]s1 ^: appo9tm5t is %>$ by ! ,cr[n1 convocation1 ! ,royal ,colleges ( ,physicians & ( ,surgeons1 ! ,inns ( ,c\rt1 ! ,law ,society1 ! ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil1 ,city ,corporation1 ,city & ,guilds ,in/itute1 ,univ]sity & ,k+'s ,colleges & ! faculties4 ,! faculties are !ology1 arts1 law1 music1 m$ic9e1 sci5ce1 eng9e]+ & economics4 ,! s*ools ( ! ,univ]sity include ,univ]sity ,college1 ,g[] ,/reet1 & ,k+'s ,college1 ,som]set ,h\se 7) bo? ( :i* prep>atory s*ools are connect$71 ,ea/ ,london ,college & num]\s in/itutions devot$ to special faculties bo? )9 & )\t ,london4 ,! univ]sity 9 "p occupies build+s :i* =m]ly belong$ to ! ,imp]ial ,in/itute4 ,o!r ,educational ,in/itutions4--,! ,bo>d ( ,education directly adm9i/]s ! foll[+ educational in/itutions--! ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum1 ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 ) its bran* at ,be?nal ,gre51 f bo? ( :i* objects are l5t to v>i\s in/itutions = educational purposes2 ! ,royal ,college ( ,sci5ce1 ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 ) :i* is incorporat$ ! ,royal ,s*ool ( ,m9es2 ! ,geological ,survey ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom & ! ,museum ( ,practical ,geology1 ,j]myn ,/reet2 ! ,sol> ,physics ,obs]vatory1 ,s\? ,k5s+ton2 & ! ,royal ,college ( ,art1 ,s\? ,k5s+ton4 ,at ,gre%am ,college1 ,bas+hall ,/reet1 ,city1 f\nd$ 9 #aeig by ,sir ,?omas ,gre%am1 & mov$ to its pres5t site 9 #ahdc1 lectures are giv5 9 ! pr9cipal bran*es ( sci5ce1 law1 div9ity1 m$ic9e1 c4 ,"s fur!r important e/abli%m5ts & in/itutions may be tabulat$ "h3-- ,ar*itecture4--,! ,royal ,in/itute ( ,briti% ,ar*itects1 ,conduit ,/reet1 conducts exam9ations & aw>ds diplomas4 ,education4--,! ,college ( ,preceptors1 ,bloomsbury1 conducts exam9ations ( p]sons engag$ 9 education & aw>ds diplomas4 ,eng9e]+4--,a ,s*ool ( ,practical ,eng9e]+ is ma9ta9$ at ! ,cry/al ,palace1 ,syd5ham4 ,law4--,! ,inns ( ,c\rt are f\r--,middle ,temple1 ,inn] ,temple1 ,l9coln's ,inn1 ,gray's ,inn4 ,a jo9t bo>d ( exam9]s exam9es /ud5ts previ\s to admission4 ,! ,c\ncil ( ,legal ,education sup]9t5ds ! education & subsequ5t exam9ation ( /ud5ts4 7,see ,,inns ,,( ,,c\rt47 ,! ,law ,society is ! sup]9t5d+ body = exam9ation & admission 9 ! case ( solicitors4 ,m$ical4--,! ,royal ,college ( ,physicians is 9 ,pall ,mall ,ea/1 & ! ,royal ,college ( ,surgeons is 9 ,l9coln's ,inn ,fields4 ,! ,society ( ,apo!c>ies is 9 ,wat] ,lane1 ,city4 ,! ,royal ,college ( ,vet]9>y ,surgeons is 9 ,r$ ,lion ,squ>e1 & ! ,royal ,vet]9>y ,college at ,camd5 ,t[n4 7,! pr9cipal hospitals hav+ s*ools are not$ 9 ! li/ ( hospitals1 ,section ,,vii47 ,milit>y & ,naval4--,! ,royal ,milit>y ,college & ! ,ordnance ,college are at ,woolwi*2 ! ,royal ,naval ,college at ,gre5wi*4 ,music4--,! pr9cipal educational in/itutions are--! ,royal ,academy ( ,music1 ,t5t]d5 ,/reet1 ,hanov] ,squ>e2 ! ,royal ,college ( ,music1 ,s\? ,k5s+ton2 ,guildhall ,s*ool1 ,city1 ne> ! ,victoria ,embankm5t2 ,london ,college1 ,great ,m>lbor\gh ,/reet2 ,tr9ity ,college1 ,man*e/] ,squ>e2 ,victoria ,college1 ,b]n]s ,/reet2 & ! ,royal ,college ( ,organi/s1 ,bloomsbury4 ,sci5tific ,societies4--,num]\s le>n$ societies h _! headqu>t]s 9 ,london1 & ! foll[+ may especially be notic$ "h4 ,burl+ton ,h\se1 9 ,piccadilly1 built 9 #ahgb on ! site ( a mansion ( ! e>ls ( ,burl+ton1 h\ses ! ,royal ,society1 ! ,*emical1 ,geological1 ,l9naean & ,royal ,a/ronomical ,societies1 ! ,society ( ,antiqu>ies & ! ,briti% ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce1 ( :i* ! annual meet+s take place at diff]5t ,briti% or colonial t[ns 9 succession4 ,! ,royal ,society1 ! mo/ dignifi$ & influ5tial ( all1 0 incorporat$ by ,*>les ,,ii4 9 #affc4 ,x orig9ally occupi$ rooms 9 ,crane ,c\rt1 ,city1 & 0 mov$ 9 #aghj to ,som]set ,h\se1 :]e o!rs ( ! societies nam$ 7 also locat$4 ,! ,society ( ,arts1 ,john ,/reet1 ,adelphi1 0 e/abli%$ 9 #aged = ! enc\ragem5t ( arts1 manufactures & comm]ce4 ,! ,royal ,in/itution1 ,albem>le ,/reet1 0 f\nd$ 9 #agii1 ma9ta9s a libr>y & laboratories & promotes rese>* 9 connexion ) ! exp]im5tal sci5ces4 ,! ,royal ,geographical ,society1 occupy+ a build+ close to ,burl+ton ,h\se 9 ,savile ,r[1 ma9ta9s a map-room op5 to ! public1 holds lectures by prom95t explor]s & geograph]s1 & takes a lead+ "p 9 ! promotion ( geographical discov]y4 ,! ,royal ,botanic ,society has private g>d5s 9 ! mid/ ( ,reg5t's ,p>k1 :]e fl[] %[s & g5]al ent]ta9m5ts are held4 ,! ,royal ,horticultural ,society ma9ta9s g>d5s at ,wisley1 ,surrey1 & has an exhibition hall 9 ,v9c5t ,squ>e1 ,we/m9/]4 ,! exhibitions ( ! ,royal ,agricultural ,society are held at ,p>k ,royal1 ne> ,willesd54 ,! ,zoological ,society ma9ta9s a magnific5t collection ( liv+ specim5s 9 ! ,zoological ,g>d5s1 ,reg5t's ,p>k1 a popul> resort4 ,museums1 ,art ,gall]ies1 ,libr>ies4--,9 ! ,briti% ,museum ,london possesses "o ( ! mo/ celebrat$ collections 9 ! _w1 orig9at$ 9 #agec by ! pur*ase ( ,sir ,hans ,sloane's collection & libr>y by ! gov]nm5t4 ,! great build+ 9 ,bloomsbury 7#ahbh-aheb7 ) its massive ,ionic portico1 h\ses ! collections ( antiquities1 co9s1 books1 manuscripts & draw+s1 & conta9s ! read+-rooms = ! use ( read]s4 ,! natural hi/ory bran* 0 remov$ to a build+ at ,s\? ,k5s+ton 7! ,natural ,hi/ory ,museum7 9 #ahha1 :]e ! zoological1 botanical & m9]alogical exhibits are kept4 ,close to ?is museum is ! ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum 7=m]ly ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum1 #aheg7 = :i* an ext5sion ( build+s1 f a f9e design by ,sir ,a/on ,webb1 0 begun 9 #ahii & complet$ 9 t5 ye>s4 ,"h are collections ( pictures & draw+s1 includ+ ! ,raphael c>toons1 objects ( art ( e description1 me*anical & sci5tific collections1 & ,japanese1 ,*9ese & ,p]sian collections1 & an ,indian section4 ,9 ! vic9ity1 also1 is ! f9e build+ ( ! ,imp]ial ,in/itute1 f\nd$ 9 #ahhg z an exhibition to illu/rate ! res\rces ( all p>ts ( ! ,empire1 z well z an in/itution = ! fur!rance ( imp]ial int]c\rse2 ?\gh n develop$ on ! scale orig9ally int5d$4 ,o!r museums are ,sir ,john ,soane's collection 9 ,l9coln's ,inn ,fields & ! ,museum ( ,practical ,geology 9 ,j]myn ,/reet1 :ile ! sci5tific societies h libr>ies & 9 "s cases collections ( a specializ$ "*1 su* z ! museums ( ! ,royal ,college ( ,surgeons1 ! ,royal ,ar*itectural ,society1 & ! ,society ( ,art & ! ,p>kes ,museum ( ! ,sanit>y ,in/itute4 ,among p]man5t art collections ! fir/ place is tak5 by ! ,national ,gall]y 9 ,trafalg> ,squ>e4 ,?is magnific5t collection 0 orig9at$ 9 #ahbd1 & ! build+ dates f #ahch1 b has be5 m ?an once enl>g$4 ,! build+ ( ! ,national ,portrait ,gall]y1 adjo9+ x1 dates f #ahif1 b ! nucleus ( ! collection 0 =m$ 9 #aheh4 ,! munific5ce ( ,sir ,h5ry ,tate provid$ ! gall]y1 commonly nam$ aft] him1 by ! ,?ames ne> ,vauxhall ,bridge1 :i* conta9s ! national collection ( ,briti% art4 ,! ,wallace collection ( pa9t+s & objects ( art1 9 ,h]t=d ,h\se1 ,man*e/] ,squ>e1 0 bequea!d to ! nation by ! wid[ ( ,sir ,ri*>d ,wallace 9 #ahig4 ,dulwi* ,college possesses a f9e s]ies ( pa9t+s1 ( ! ,dut* & o!r s*ools1 bequea!d by ,sir ,p4 ,f4 ,b\rgeois 9 #ahaa4 ,!re are also notable collections ( pictures 9 sev]al ( ! mansions ( ! nobility1 gov]nm5t build+s1 halls ( ! ,city ,companies & else:]e4 ,no gall]y 9 ,london is exclusively or especially devot$ to sculpture4 ,( ! p]iodical art exhibitions t ( ! ,royal ,academy is mo/ notewor?y4 ,x is held annually at ,burl+ton ,h\se f ! fir/ ,monday 9 ,may to ! fir/ ,monday 9 ,augu/4 ,x consi/s ma9ly ( pa9t+s1 b includes a few draw+s & examples ( sculpture4 ,e>li] 9 ea* ye> exhibitions ( works by deceas$ ,briti% arti/s & by old ma/]s are held1 & ! ,gibson & ,diploma ,gall]ies are p]man5t exhibitions4 ,at ! ,guildhall special exhibitions are held f "t to "t4 ,!re are a numb] ( art gall]ies 9 & ab\t ,bond ,/reet & ,piccadilly1 ,reg5t ,/reet & ,pall ,mall1 su* z ! ,new ,gall]y1 :]e p]iodical exhibitions are giv5 by ! ,new ,engli% ,art ,club1 ! ,royal ,society ( ,pa9t]s 9 ,wat]-,col\rs1 ! ,royal ,in/itute ( ,pa9t]s 9 ,wat]-,col\rs1 o!r societies & art deal]s4 ,municipal provision ( public libr>ies "u acts ( #ahib & #ahic is g5]al ?r\gh\t ,london1 & ^! in/itutions are exce$+ly popul> = purposes bo? ( ref]5ce & ( loan4 ,! acts are ext5d$ to include ! provisions ( museums & art gall]ies1 b ! bor\gh c\ncils h n z a rule avail$ !mselves ( ?is ext5sion4 ,! ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil adm9i/]s ! ,horniman ,museum at ,=e/ ,hill1 ,lewi%am4 ,! ,city ,corporation ma9ta9s ! f9e ,guildhall libr>y & museum4 ,a few free libr>ies are support$ by donations & subscriptions or *>ities4 ,besides ! ,gov]nm5t ref]5ce libr>ies at ! ,briti% ,museum & ,s\? ,k5s+ton !re are o!r su* libr>ies1 ( a specializ$ "*1 z at ! ,pat5t ,(fice & ! ,record ,(fice4 ,among l5d+ libr>ies %\ld be notic$ ! ,london ,libr>y 9 ,/ ,james's ,squ>e1 ,pall ,mall4 ,!atres & ,places ( ,ent]ta9m5t4--,! pr9cipal ,london !atres lie betwe5 ,piccadilly & ,temple ,b>1 & ,high ,holborn & ,victoria ,/reet1 ! majority be+ 9 ,%aftesbury ,av5ue1 ! ,haym>ket1 ! neighb\rhood ( ,*>+ ,cross & ! ,/r&4 ,at ^! c5tral !atres successful plays are all[$ to run = protract$ p]iods1 b !re are num]\s f9e h\ses 9 o!r p>ts ( ,london :i* are g5]ally occupi$ by a succession ( t\r+ companies pres5t+ ei!r revivals ( popul> plays or plays successful at ! mom5t 9 ! c5tral !atres4 ,! pr9cipal music halls 7v>iety !atres7 are 9 ,%aftesbury ,av5ue1 ,piccadilly ,circus1 ,leice/] ,squ>e & ! ,/r&4 ,! ,cov5t ,g>d5 !atre is ! pr9cipal home ( gr& op]a2 ! build+1 ?\gh spaci\s1 suff]s by comp>ison ) ! magnific5ce ( op]a h\ses 9 "s o!r capitals1 b dur+ ! op]a season ! sc5e )9 ! !atre is brilliant4 ,! *ief halls devot$ ma9ly to conc]ts are ! ,royal ,alb]t ,hall1 close to ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton museums1 & ,que5's ,hall 9 ,langham ,place1 ,reg5t ,/reet4 ,= a long "t ,/ ,james's ,hall 7demoli%$ 9 #aije7 betwe5 ,reg5t ,/reet & ,piccadilly 0 ! *ief conc]t hall4 ,oratorio is giv5 usually 9 ! ,alb]t ,hall1 ! va/ area ( :i* is especially suit$ = a l>ge *orus & or*e/ra1 & at ! ,cry/al ,palace 7q4v474 ,?is latt] build+1 /&+ on high gr\nd at ,syd5ham1 & visible f f> ov] ! metropolis1 is devot$ n only to conc]ts1 b to g5]al ent]ta9m5t1 & ! ext5sive gr\nds give accommodation = a v>iety ( sports & amusem5ts4 ,among o!r popul> places ( ent]ta9m5t may be m5tion$ ! exhibition gr\nds & build+s at ,e>l's ,c\rt2 simil> gr\nds at ,%eph]d's ,bu%1 :]e a ,franco-,briti% ,exhibition 0 held 9 #aijh1 an ,imp]ial ,exhibition 9 #aiji1 & an ,anglo-,japanese 9 #aiaj2 ! great ,olympia hall1 ,we/ ,k5s+ton2 ! celebrat$ wax-"w exhibition ( ,madame ,tussaud 9 ,m>ylebone ,road2 ! ,alex&ra ,palace1 ,muswell ,hill1 an in/itution resembl+ ! ,cry/al ,palace2 & ! ,agricultural ,hall1 ,isl+ton1 :]e agricultural & o!r exhibitions are held4 ,! well-kn[n ,egyptian ,hall 9 ,piccadilly 0 tak5 d[n 9 #aijf1 & ! p]man5t conjur+ ent]ta9m5t = :i* 7besides picture exhibitions7 x 0 not$ 0 remov$ else:]e4 ,!atres1 music halls1 conc]t halls & o!r places ( ent]ta9m5t are lic5s$ by ! ,c\nty ,c\ncil1 except t ! lic5ce = /age-plays is grant$ by ! "l *amb]la9 "u ! ,!atres ,act #ahdc4 ,! c\ncil provides = inspection ( places ( ent]ta9m5t 9 respect ( precautions aga9/ fire1 /ructural safety1 c4 ,! pr9cipal clubs are 9 & ab\t ,piccadilly & ,pall ,mall 7see ,,club74 ,a club = soldi]s1 sailors & m>9es 9 ,london1 call$ ! ,union ,jack ,club1 0 op5$ 9 ,wat]loo ,road by ,k+ ,edw>d ,,vii4 9 #aijg4 ,p>ks & ,op5 ,spaces3 ,adm9i/ration4--,! adm9i/ration ( p>ks & op5 spaces 9 & r\nd ,london1 topographical details ( ! pr9cipal ( :i* are giv5 9 ,section ,i41 is divid$ betwe5 ! ,(fice ( ,works1 ! ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil1 ! ,city ,corporation & ! bor\gh c\ncils4 ,! ,(fice ( ,works controls ! ,royal p>ks1 ! ,c\nty ,c\ncil controls ! l>g] p>ks & op5 spaces n "u ,gov]nm5t or ,city control1 & ! bor\gh c\ncils ! small]2 :ile ! ,city ,corporation controls c]ta9 public gr\nds outside ! ,c\nty ( ,london4 ,!re are a few o!r bodies controll+ p>ticul> op5 spaces1 z ! foll[+ li/ ( public gr\nds exce$+ #ej acres 79 #aiaj7 w %[3-- #a4 ,"u ! ,(fice ( ,works3-- ,gre5 ,p>k #eb acres ,gre5wi* ,p>k #ahe ,hyde ,p>k #cfc ,k5s+ton ,g>d5s #bgd ,reg5t's ,p>k #dgb ,/ ,james's ,p>k #ic #b4 ,"u ! ,w> ,(fice3-- ,woolwi* ,common #aei #c4 ,"u ! ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil3-- ,av]y ,hill1 ,el?am #hj ,batt]sea ,p>k #aii ,blackhea? #bfg ,bo/all ,hea? & ,woods1 ,woolwi* #acc ,brockwell ,p>k1 ,h]ne ,hill #abg ,clapham ,common #bje ,clissold ,p>k #ed ,dulwi* ,p>k #gb ,f9sbury ,p>k #aae ,hackney ,m>% #cci ,ha9ault ,=e/1 ,essex #hje ,hamp/ead ,hea? #cbj ,ladywell ,gr\nd1 ,lewi%am #ea ,m>ble ,hill1 ,twick5ham #ff ,millfields1 ,hackney #fb ,p>liam5t ,hill #bfg ,peckham ,rye & ,p>k #aab ,plum/ead ,common #ajc ,s\?w>k ,p>k #fc ,/rea?am ,common #ff ,toot+ ,bec ,common #aea ,toot+ ,grav5ey ,common #ff ,victoria ,p>k1 ,ea/ ,london #bag ,w&swor? ,common #aee ,wormwood ,scrubbs #aic #d4 ,"u ! ,city ,corporation3-- ,burnham ,bee*es1 ,buck+ham%ire #cge ,c\lsdon ,commons1 ,surrey #cdg ,epp+ ,=e/1 ,essex #eeei ,highgate ,woods #fi ,we/ ,ham ,p>k #gg ,wimbl$on & ,putney ,commons are "u a bo>d ( cons]vators4 ,! ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil's p>ks & op5 spaces increas$ 9 numb] f #dj 9 #ahij to #aad 9 #aijg1 & 9 acreage f #bfef to #ejjf 9 ! same ye>s4 ,! exp5diture 9 #aijg-aijh 0 #aca1ehb1 :i* sum includ$ #aa1ihg = b&s4 7,see also sep>ate articles on bor\ghs47 ,ba?+ 7at c]ta9 h\rs7 & boat+ are p]mitt$ 9 ! ornam5tal wat]s 9 sev]al ( ! p>ks1 music is provid$ & mu* att5tion is paid to ! protection ( wat]f[l & o!r birds1 :ile h]ds ( de] are ma9ta9$ 9 "s places1 & also botanical g>d5s4 ,surplus plants & cutt+s are g5]ally di/ribut$ )\t *>ge to educational or *>itable in/itutions1 & to ! poor4 ,provision is made = cricket1 football & o!r games 9 a numb] ( ! p>ks4 ,l>ge ga!r+s ( spectators are attract$ to ! fir/-class cricket mat*es play$ at ,"l's gr\nd1 ,/ ,john's ,wood1 by ! ,m>ylebone ,club & ! ,middlesex ,c\nty teams1 ,eton ,college aga9/ ,h>r[ ,s*ool1 & ,ox=d aga9/ ,cambridge ,univ]sity2 to ! ,k5n+ton ,oval = ! mat*es ( ! ,surrey club1 & ! ,leyton gr\nd = ^? ( ! ,essex club4 ,9 ! ,cry/al ,palace gr\nds ! f9al mat* = ! ,engli% ,association ,football cup is g5]ally play$1 & huge cr[ds f bo? ! metropolis & ! prov9ces witness ! game4 ,at ,que5's ,club1 ,we/ ,k5s+ton1 ! annual ,ox=d & ,cambridge a?letic meet+ & o!rs take place1 besides football mat*es1 & !re is cov]$ accommodation = t5nis & o!r games4 ,pr(essional association football teams are ma9ta9$ locally 9 sev]al p>ts ( ,london1 & mu* popul> int]e/ is tak5 9 _! mat*es4 ,rugby football is upheld by su* notable teams z ,blackhea? & ,ri*mond4 ,fa%ionable society takes its pa/imes at su* c5tres z ! gr\nds ( ! ,hurl+ham & ,ranelagh clubs1 at ,fulham & ,b>nes respectively1 :]e polo & o!r games are play$2 & ,rott5 ,r[1 ! horse-track 9 ,hyde ,p>k1 is ! fav\rite resort ( rid]s4 ,9 summ]1 boat+ on ! lovely rea*es ( ! ,?ames above ! metropolis =ms ! recreation ( ?\s&s4 ,! gr[? ( popul>ity ( ! cycle1 & lat] ( ! motor-c>1 has be5 a pr9cipal factor 9 ! wide developm5t ( a t5d5cy to leave ,london dur+ ! week-end1 t is to say1 z a rule1 = ,saturday aft]noon & ,sunday4 ,) _m ?is is a practice at all seasons1 & ! railway companies fo/] ! habit by means ( tickets at r$uc$ f>es to all p>ts4 ,! wat]+-places ( ! ,sussex1 ,k5t & ,essex coa/s1 & pre-em95tly ,brighton1 are specially fav\r$ = ^! brief holidays4 ,,vi4 ,,comm]ce ,port ( ,london4--,! ext5t ( ! ,port ( ,london has be5 v>i\sly def9$ = diff]5t purposes1 b = ^? ( ! ,port ,au?ority x is tak5 to ext5d f ,t$d+ton ,lock to a l9e betwe5 ,yantlet ,creek 9 ,k5t & ! ,city ,/one opposite ,canvey ,isle & 9 ,essex4 ,london ,bridge is to outw>d appe>ance ! up-riv] limit ( ! port4 ,!re are :>ves & a l>ge c>ry+ trade 9 b>ges above ?is po9t1 b bel[ x ! riv] is cr[d$ ) %ipp+1 & ext5sive docks op5 on ei!r h&4 ,t[>ds ! close ( ! #ai? c5tury evid5ce 0 accumulat+ t ! developm5t ( ! ,port ( ,london 0 n keep+ pace ) t ( %ipp+ g5]ally4 ,9 #aijj a ,royal ,commission 0 appo9t$ to inve/igate ! exi/+ adm9i/ration ( ! port1 ! alleg$ inadequacy ( accommodation = vessels & k9dr$ que/ions1 & to advance a s*eme ( re=m4 ,! report1 issu$ 9 #aijb1 %[$ appreh5sion to be well f\nd$4 ,! riv]1 x 0 asc]ta9$1 0 n kept suffici5tly dr$g$2 ! re-export trade 0 not$ z %[+ an especially s]i\s decl9e1 & ! adm9i/ration 0 f\nd to suff] f dec5tralization4 ,! recomm5dations ( ! ,commission includ$ ! creation ( a s+le controll+ au?ority to take ov] ! p[]s ( ! ,?ames ,cons]vancy ,wat]m5's ,company1 & ,tr9ity ,h\se & ! docks ( ! companies already detail$4 ,?is au?ority1 x 0 advis$1 %\ld consi/ ( #dj memb]s1 ( :om #aa %\ld be nom9at$ by ! ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil & #c by ! ,corporation ( ! ,city 7suppos+ ^! bodies to accept c]ta9 f9ancial responsibilities propos$ 9 ! direction ( riv] improvem5ts71 #e by ! gov]nors ( ! ,bank ( ,engl& f ! m]cantile community1 #b by ! ,london ,*amb] ( ,comm]ce1 & #a ea* by ! ,admiralty1 ,bo>d ( ,trade & ,tr9ity ,h\se4 ,! rema9+ memb]s %\ld be elect$ by v>i\s gr\ps1 e4g4 %ip[n]s1 b>ge own]s1 ! railway companies int]e/$1 c4 ,rival s*emes1 h[ev]1 7 propos$ by ! ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil1 :i* propos$ to take ov] ! entire control ?r\gh a committee1 by ! ,city ,corporation1 :i* sugge/$ t x %\ld appo9t #aj in/ead ( #c memb]s to ! new bo>d2 & by ! ,london ,*amb] ( ,comm]ce1 :i* propos$ a ,h>b\r ,tru/ ( ex-(ficio & elect$ memb]s4 ,! ,?ames ,cons]vancy also (f]$ itself z ! public au?ority4 ,9 #aijb a ,mansion ,h\se ,conf]5ce 0 conv5$ by ! "l mayor & a deputation 0 appo9t$ :i* 9 #aijc press$ ! solution ( ! matt] ^u ! gov]nm5t4 ,?ames b>rage s*eme4 ,a notewor?y s*eme to improve ! condition ( ! ,?ames1 fir/ put =w>d 9 #aijb-aijc1 0 t ( con/ruct+ a dam ) f\r locks across ! riv] betwe5 ,graves5d & ,tilbury4 ,! e/imat$ co/ 0 betwe5 ?ree & f\r millions /]l+1 to be met by a toll1 & x 0 urg$ t a uni=m dep?1 indep5d5t ( tides1 w\ld be ensur$ above ! dam1 t delay ( l>ge vessels wi%+ to proce$ up riv] w\ld ?us be obviat$1 t ! riv] w\ld be reliev$ ( pollution by ! tides1 & ! necessity = con/ant dr$g+ w\ld be aboli%$4 ,?is b>rage s*eme 0 discuss$ at consid]able l5g?1 & its !oretical advantages 7 n univ]sally admitt$4 ,! s*eme includ$ a railway tunnel b5ea? ! dam1 = :i*1 incid5tally1 a high milit>y importance 0 claim$4 ,port au?orities be=e #aiji4 ,9 #aijd ! ,port ( ,london ,bill1 embody+ ! recomm5dations ( ! ,royal ,commission ) c]ta9 exceptions1 0 br\ght =w>d1 b x 0 f\nd impossible to c>ry x ?r\gh4 ,9 #aijh1 h[ev]1 ! ,port ( ,london ,act 0 pass$1 & came into =ce 9 #aiji4 ,?is act provid$ = ! e/abli%m5t ( a ,port ,au?ority1 ! con/itution ( :i* is detail$ bel[1 :i* took ov] ! entire control ( ! port1 toge!r ) ! docks & o!r prop]ty ( ! sev]al exi/+ companies4 ,! pr9cipal dock companies1 ) ! docks own$ by !m1 7 z foll[s3-- #a4 ,london & ,india ,company4--,?is company _h amalgamat$ all ! docks on ! nor? side ( ! riv] except ! ,millwall ,docks4 ,foll[+ ! riv] d[n f ! ,t[] ^! docks1 ) dates ( orig9al op5+ & exi/+ ext5t1 are--,/ ,ka!r9e's 7#ahbh2 #aj acres71 ,london 7#ahje2 #eg acres71 ,we/ ,india1 cov]+ ! nor!rn "p ( ! p59sula call$ ! ,isle ( ,dogs 7#ahjb2 #aba acres71 ,ea/ ,india1 ,blackwall 7#ahjf2 #ch acres71 ,royal ,victoria & ,alb]t ,docks 7#ahgf & #ahhj respectively71 p>allel ) ! riv] along ,bugsby's & ,woolwi* ,rea*es1 ne>ly #c m4 9 di/ance 7#aha acres7 & ,tilbury ,docks1 #be m4 bel[ ,london ,bridge1 con/ruct$ 9 #ahhf by ! ,ea/ & ,we/ ,india ,docks ,company 7#fe acres74 ,tilbury ,docks are us$ by ! l>ge/ /eam]s trad+ ) ! port4 #b4 ,millwall ,docks 7#ahfh71 9 ! s\? "p ( ! ,isle ( ,dogs1 are #cf acres 9 ext5t4 #c4 ,surrey ,comm]cial ,docks1 ,ro!rhi! 7,b]mondsey71 occupy a p59sula betwe5 ! ,l[] ,pool & ,limeh\se ,rea*4 ,!re h be5 docks at ,ro!rhi! s9ce ! middle ( ! #ag? c5tury4 ,! total area is #agf acres1 a l>ge new dock1 ! ,gre5l&1 be+ op5$ 9 #aijd4 ,! pr9cipal railways h :>ves & ?r\gh connexions = goods traffic1 & huge w>eh\ses are atta*$ to ! docks4 ,! cu/om h\se /&s on ! nor? bank1 a %ort di/ance f ,london ,bridge1 9 ,l[] ,?ames ,/reet4 ,x dates f #ahag1 ! body ( ! build+ be+ by ,la+1 b ! ,cor9?ian faade 0 add$ by ,smirke4 ,x includes a museum conta9+ anci5t docum5ts & specim5s ( articles seiz$ by ! cu/oms au?orities4 ,! *ief au?orities conc]n$ 9 ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,port ( ,london till #aiji 73-- #a4 ,?ames ,cons]vancy4--,= cons]vancy purposes1 regulation ( navigation1 removal ( ob/ruction1 dr$g+1 c4 #b4 ,city ,corporation4--,port sanit>y purposes f ,t$d+ton ,lock seaw>ds4 #c4 ,tr9ity ,h\se4--,pilotage1 light+ & buoy+ f ,london ,bridge seaw>ds4 #d4 ,! ,wat]m5's & ,light]m5's ,company4--,! lic5s+ au?ority = wat]m5 & light]m54 ,besides ^! au?orities1 ! ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil1 ! ,bo>d ( ,trade1 ! ,admiralty1 ! ,metropolitan & ,city ,police1 police ( rip>ian bor\ghs1 ,k5t & ,essex ,fi%]ies ,commission]s1 all ! dock companies & o!rs play$ "s "p 9 ! gov]nm5t & public s]vices ( ! port4 ,port ,au?ority4--,! ,port ( ,london ,au?ority1 z con/itut$ by ! act ( #aijh1 is a body corporate consi/+ ( a *airman1 vice-*airman1 #ag memb]s elect$ by pay]s ( dues1 :>f+]s & own]s ( riv] craft1 #a memb] elect$ by :>f+]s exclusively1 & #aj memb]s appo9t$ by ! foll[+ exi/+ bodies--,admiralty 7"o72 ,bo>d ( ,trade 7two72 ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil 7two f among its own memb]s & two o!rs72 ,city ,corporation 7"o f among its own memb]s & "o o!r72 ,tr9ity ,h\se 7"o74 ,! ,bo>d ( ,trade & ! ,c\nty ,c\ncil mu/ ea*1 "u ! act1 consult ) repres5tatives ( lab\r z to ! appo9tm5t ( "o ( ! memb]s1 9 ord] t lab\r may be repres5t$ on ! ,port ,au?ority4 ,! fir/ elect$ memb]s 7 actually1 "u ! act1 appo9t$ by ! ,bo>d ( ,trade4 ,! und]tak+s ( ! ?ree dock companies m5tion$ above 7 transf]r$ to & ve/$ 9 ! ,port ,au?ority1 an equival5t am\nt ( port /ock creat$ "u ! act be+ issu$ to ea*4 ,! ,port ,au?ority has full p[]s to au?orize con/ruction works4 ,all ! rights1 p[]s & duties ( ! ,?ames ,cons]vancy1 s f> z conc]ns ! ,?ames bel[ ,t$d+ton ,lock1 7 transf]r$ to ! ,port ,au?ority "u ! act1 z also 7 ! p[]s ( ! ,wat]m5's ,company 9 respect ( ! regi/ration & lic5s+ ( vessels1 & ! regulation ( light]m5 & wat]m54 ,! ,port ,au?ority fixes ! port rates1 :i*1 h[ev]1 mu/ n 9 any two consecutive ye>s exce$ "o-?\s&? "p ( ! value ( all imports & exports1 or a ?ree-?\s&? ( ! value ( goods dis*>g$ f or tak5 on bo>d vessels n )9 ! premises ( a dock4 ,pref]5tial dock *>ges are prohibit$ & a port fund e/abli%$ "u ! act4 ,! au?ority has p[]s to borr[ money1 b = c]ta9 purposes 9 ?is connexion1 z 9 o!r matt]s1 x c only act subject to ! approval ( ! ,bo>d ( ,trade4 ,comm]ce4--,! foll[+ figures may be quot$ = purposes ( comp>ison at diff]5t p]iods3-- ,value ( ,exports ( ,home ,produce 7#ahdj71 #aa1ehf1jcg2 7#ahgd71 #fj1bcb1aah2 7#ahhj71 #eb1fjj1ibi2 7#aijb-aije av]age71 #fj1jie1bid4 ,imports 7#ahhj71 #ada1ddb1ijg2 7#aijb-aije71 #agd1jei1caf4 ,^! figures po9t to ! fact t ,london is ess5tially a m>t1 & nei!r is itself1 nor is ! especial outlet =1 a l>ge manufactur+ c5tre2 h5ce imports greatly exce$ exports4 ,vessels ent]$ & cle>$ 7=eign & colonial trade73-- ------------------------------------- ,ye>4 ,ent]$4 ,cle>$4 ------------------------------------- ,tonnage4 ,tonnage4 #afid #ace1igb #ha1adh #agej #eaa1fhj #agi1hfj #ahjj #gif1fcb #gbi1eed #ahda-ahej #a1eif1dec #a1abd1gic 7av]age7 #ahha #e1haj1jdc #d1dgh1ifj #ahie #h1dce1fgf #f1aaj1cbe #aije #aj1had1aae #g1iac1aae ------------------------------------- ,9 ! coa/wise trade1 9 #ahha1 #ch1iec vessels ( #d1ede1ijd tons ent]$2 9 #ahie1 #dc1gjd vessels ( #f1eee1fah tons2 b ^! figures include vessels trad+ )9 ! ,?ames e/u>y 7ports ( ,london1 ,ro*e/]1 ,col*e/] & ,fav]%am71 :i* lat] returns d n4 ,omitt+ su* vessels1 !re=e1 ! numb] :i* ent]$ 9 ! coa/wise trade 9 #aije 0 #af1ceh ( #f1cgd1hcb tons4 ,bus9ess4--,! ,city has be5 indicat$ z ! bus9ess c5tre ( ! metropolis4 ,besides ! ,royal ,ex*ange1 9 ! build+ ( :i* are num]\s (fices1 includ+ ,lloyd's1 ! c5tre ( ! %ipp+ bus9ess & m>9e insurance1 !re are _m ex*anges = special articles4 ,among ^! are ! ,corn ,ex*ange 9 ,m>k ,lane1 :]e ! privilege ( a fair 0 orig9ally grant$ by ,edw>d ,i42 ! ,wool ,ex*ange1 ,coleman ,/reet2 ! ,coal ,ex*ange1 ,l[] ,?ames ,/reet2 ! ,%ipp+ ,ex*ange1 ,billit] ,/reet2 & ! auction m>t = l&$ prop]ty 9 ,tok5h\se ,y>d4 ,! ,hop ,ex*ange is across ! riv] 9 ,s\?w>k4 ,9 ,m9c+ ,lane are ! comm]cial sal]ooms4 ,besides ! ,bank ( ,engl& !re are _m bank+ h\ses2 & ! "n ( ,lomb>d ,/reet1 commemorat+ ! =m] money deal]s ( ,lomb>dy1 is especially associat$ ) !m4 ,! majority ( ! banks are memb]s ( ! ,cle>+ ,h\se1 ,po/ ,(fice ,c\rt1 :]e a daily ex*ange ( drafts repres5t+ millions ( p\nds /]l+ is effect$4 ,! ,royal ,m9t is on ,t[] ,hill4 ,! ,/ock ,ex*ange is 9 ,capel ,c\rt1 & numb]s ( brok]s h _! (fices 9 ! vic9ity ( ! ,royal ,ex*ange & ! ,bank ( ,engl&4 ,manufactures & ,retail ,trade4--,no "p ( ,london c be po9t$ out z ess5tially a manufactur+ qu>t]1 & !re is a /rong t5d5cy = manufactur+ firms to e/abli% _! factories outside ! metropolis4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 sev]al l>ge brew]ies1 among :i* t ( ,messrs ,b>clay ,p]k9s1 on ! riv]side 9 ,s\?w>k1 may be m5tion$2 eng9e]+ works are num]\s 9 ,ea/ ,london by ! riv]1 :]e !re are also %ipbuild+ y>ds2 ! lea!r indu/ry c5tres 9 ,b]mondsey1 ! ext5sive pott]y works ( ,messrs ,d\lton are 9 ,lambe?1 !re are *emical works on ! ,lea1 & pap]-mills on ! ,w&le4 ,c]ta9 indu/ries 7n conf9$ to factories7 h long be5 associat$ ) p>ticul> localities4 ,?us1 clock-mak]s & metal-work]s are congregat$ 9 ,f9sbury1 especially ,cl]k5well & 9 ,isl+ton2 ,hatton ,g>d51 ne> ,holborn ,viaduct1 is a c5tre = diamond m]*ants2 cab9et-mak+ is c>ri$ on 9 ,be?nal ,gre51 ,%or$it* & ! vic9ity2 & l>ge numb]s 9 ! ,ea/ ,end are employ$ 9 ! mat* indu/ry4 ,silk-weav+ is /ill c>ri$ on 9 ! di/rict ( ,spitalfields 7see ,,/epney74 ,we/ ( ! ,city c]ta9 /reets are ess5tially connect$ ) c]ta9 trades4 ,! old-e/abli%$ collection ( second-h& book-%ops 9 ,holywell ,/reet 0 only aboli%$ by ! wid5+ ( ! ,/r&1 & a l>ge proportion !n remov$ to ,*>+ ,cross ,road4 ,9 ! ,/r&1 & m especially 9 ,fleet ,/reet & its (f%oots1 are f\nd ! (fices ( ! majority ( ! mo/ important daily newspap]s & o!r j\rnals4 ,c>riage & motor-c> w>eh\ses congregate 9 ,long ,acre4 ,9 ,tott5ham ,c\rt ,road are ! %[rooms ( sev]al l>ge uphol/]+ & furni%+ firms4 ,( ! /reets mo/ frequ5t$ on acc\nt ( _! fa%ionable %ops ,bond ,/reet1 ,reg5t ,/reet1 ,ox=d ,/reet1 ,sloane ,/reet & ,high ,/reet1 ,k5s+ton1 may be select$4 ,9 ! ,ea/ ,end & o!r poor qu>t]s a l>ge trade 9 second-h& clo?+1 fl[]s & vegetables1 & _m o!r commodities is c>ri$ on 9 ! /reets on movable /alls by co/]mong]s & hawk]s4 ,m>kets4--,! ,city ,corporation ex]cises a control ov] ! majority ( ! ,london m>kets1 :i* dates f ! close ( ! #ad? c5tury1 :5 deal]s 7 plac$ "u ! gov]nance ( ! mayor & ald]m54 ,! m>kets ?us controll$ are3 ,c5tral ,m>kets1 ,smi?field1 = meat1 p\ltry1 provisions1 fruit1 vegetables1 fl[]s & fi%4 ,^! ext5d ov] a great area nor? ( ,newgate ,/reet & ea/ ( ,f>r+don ,road4 ,b5ea? !m are ext5sive und]gr\nd railway sid+s4 ,a m>ket = horses & cattle exi/$ "h at lea/ z e>ly z ! "t ( ,h5ry ,,ii4 ,lead5hall ,m>ket1 ,lead5hall ,/reet1 ,city1 = p\ltry & meat4 ,?is m>ket 0 9 exi/5ce be=e #adaa :5 x came into ! possession ( ! ,city4 ,bill+sgate ,m>ket1 by ! ,?ames imm$iately above ! cu/om h\se1 = fi%4 ,=m]ly a po9t ( an*orage = small vessels1 x 0 made a free m>ket 9 #afii4 ,smi?field ,hay ,m>ket4 ,metropolitan ,cattle ,m>ket1 ,cop5hag5 ,fields1 ,isl+ton4 ,dept=d ,cattle ,m>ket 7=eign cattle74 ,spitalfields ,m>ket 7fruit1 vegetables & fl[]s74 ,%adwell ,m>ket 7fi%74 ,( o!r m>kets1 ! ,:ite*apel ,hay ,m>ket & ,bor\gh ,m>ket1 ,s\?w>k1 are "u ! control ( tru/ees2 & ,woolwi* ,m>ket is "u ! c\ncil ( t bor\gh4 ,cov5t ,g>d51 ! great m>t 9 ! we/ ( ,london = fl[]s1 fruit & vegetables1 is 9 ! h&s ( private own]s4 ,x appe>s to h be5 us$ z a m>ket e>ly 9 ! #ag? c5tury4 ,sc5es ( rem>kable activity may be witness$ "h & at ,bill+sgate 9 ! e>ly h\rs ( ! morn+ :5 ! /ock is br\ght 9 & ! :olesale di/ributions are c>ri$ on4 ,,vii4 ,,gov]nm5t ,ve/ries4 ,metropolitan ,bo>d ( ,works4 ,adm9i/ration be=e #ahhh4--,! middle ( ! #ai? c5tury f\nd ! :ole local adm9i/ration ( ,london /ill ( a m$ieval "*4 ,moreov]1 z complete re=m _h always be5 /eadily resi/$1 homog5eity 0 entirely want+4 ,outside ! ,city itself a sy/em ( local gov]nm5t c h>dly be said to h exi/$4 ,great] ,london 79 ! s5se 9 :i* t "n might !n h be5 appli$7 0 gov]n$ by ! inhabitants ( ea* p>i% 9 ve/ry assembl$1 save t 9 "s in/ances p>i%es _h elect$ select ve/ries "u ! provisions ( ! ,ve/ries ,act #ahca4 ,9 nei!r case _h ! ve/ry p[]s ( t[n managem5t4 ,to meet ! ne$s ( p>ticul> localities1 commission]s or tru/ees hav+ su* p[]s _h be5 f "t to "t creat$ by local acts4 ,! result+ *aos 0 rem>kable4 ,9 #ahee ^! local acts numb]$ #bej1 adm9i/]$ by n less ?an #cjj bodies1 & by a numb] ( p]sons s]v+ on !m comput$ at #aj1ddh4 ,^! p]sons 7 ei!r self-elect$1 or elect$ = life1 or bo?1 & !re=e 9 no degree responsible to ! ratepay]s4 ,!re 7 two bodies hav+ jurisdiction ov] ! :ole metropolis except ! ,city1 namely1 ! (fic]s appo9t$ "u ! ,metropolitan ,build+ ,act ( #ahdd1 & ! ,metropolitan ,commission]s ( ,sew]s1 appo9t$ "u ! ,commission]s ( ,sew]s ,act #ahdh4 ,nei!r body 0 responsible to ! ratepay]s4 ,to rem$y ?is *aotic /ate ( affairs1 ! ,metropolis ,managem5t ,act #ahee 0 pass$4 ,"u t act a ve/ry elect$ by ! ratepay]s ( ! p>i% 0 e/abli%$ = ea* p>i% 9 ! metropolis outside ! ,city4 ,! ve/ries s elect$ = ! tw5ty-two l>g] p>i%es 7 con/itut$ ! local au?orities4 ,! fifty-six small] p>i%es 7 gr\p$ toge!r 9 fifte5 di/ricts1 ea* "u a di/rict bo>d1 ! memb]s ( :i* 7 elect$ by ! ve/ries ( ! con/itu5t p>i%es4 ,a c5tral body1 /yl$ ! ,metropolitan ,bo>d ( ,works1 hav+ jurisdiction ov] ! :ole metropolis 7includ+ ! ,city7 0 also e/abli%$1 ! memb]s ( :i* 7 elect$ by ! ,common ,c\ncil ( ! ,city1 ! ve/ries & di/rict bo>ds1 & ! previ\sly e/abli%$ local bo>d ( ,woolwi* 7q4v474 ,fur!r ! area ( ! metropolis = local gov]nm5t purposes 0 = ! fir/ "t def9$1 be+ ! same z t adopt$ 9 ! ,commission]s ( ,sew]s ,act1 :i* _h be5 tak5 f ! area ( ! weekly bills ( mortality4 ,! ,metropolitan ,bo>d ( ,works 0 also giv5 c]ta9 p[]s ( sup]vision ov] ! ve/ries & di/rict bo>ds1 & sup]s$$ ! commission]s ( sew]s z au?ority = ma9 dra9age4 ,by an act ( ! same session x became ! c5tral au?ority = ! adm9i/ration ( ! ,build+ ,acts1 & subsequ5tly _h _m additional p[]s & duties conf]r$ ^u x4 ,! ve/ries & di/rict bo>ds became ! au?orities = local dra9age1 pav+1 light+1 repair+ & ma9ta9+ /reets1 & = ! removal ( nuisances1 c4 ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil4 ,metropolitan bor\ghs4 ,acts ( #ahhh & #ahii4--;,an objection to ! ,metropolitan ,bo>d ( ,works soon became manife/1 inasmu* z ! sy/em ( election 0 indirect4 ,moreov]1 "s ( its actions 7 op5 to su* suspicion t a royal commission 0 appo9t$ to inquire into c]ta9 matt]s connect$ ) ! work+ ( ! bo>d4 ,?is commission issu$ an int]im report 9 #ahhh 7! f9al report did n appe> until #ahia71 :i* disclos$ ! ineffici5cy ( ! bo>d 9 c]ta9 respects1 & also indicat$ ! exi/5ce ( corruption4 ,re=m foll[$ imm$iately4 ,already 9 #ahhd ,sir ,william ,h>c\rt _h attempt$ to con/itute ! metropolis a municipal bor\gh "u ! gov]nm5t ( a s+le c\ncil4 ,b 9 #ahhh ! ,local ,gov]nm5t ,act1 deal+ ) ! area ( ! metropolis z a sep>ate c\nty1 creat$ ! ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil z ! c5tral adm9i/rative body1 possess+ n only ! p[]s ( an ord9>y c\nty c\ncil1 b also ext5sive p[]s ( t[n managem5t1 transf]r$ to x f ! aboli%$ ,bo>d ( ,works4 ,"h1 !n1 0 ! c5tral body1 "u _! direct control1 :i* inhabitants ( ,london _h hi!rto lack$4 ,! "q ( subsidi>y c\ncils rema9$ to be settl$4 ,! weal?i] metropolitan p>i%es became discont5t$ ) ! =m ( local gov]nm5t to :i* !y rema9$ subject1 & 9 #ahig ,k5s+ton & ,we/m9/] petition$ to be creat$ bor\ghs by ! grant ( *>t]s "u ! ,municipal ,corporation ,acts4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 7 inapplicable to ,london1 & x 0 realiz$ t ! br++ ( special legislation to be> on special cases 7z ! petition ( ^! two bor\ghs w\ld h dem&$7 w\ld be inexp$i5t z mak+ aga9/ homog5eity4 ,in/ead1 ! ,london ,gov]nm5t ,act ( #ahii 0 evolv$4 ,x br\ght into exi/5ce ! tw5ty-eight ,metropolitan bor\ghs enum]at$ at ! outset ( ?is article4 ,! c\nty ( ,london may ?us be reg>d$ f ! adm9i/rative /&po9t z consi/+ ( tw5ty-n9e contigu\s t[ns1 c\nt+ ! ,city ( ,london4 ,z reg>ds ! di/ribution ( p[]s & duties betwe5 ! ,c\nty ,c\ncil & ! ,bor\gh ,c\ncils1 & ! con/itution & work+ ( ea*1 ! und]ly+ pr9ciple may be briefly indicat$ z giv+ all p[]s & duties :i* require uni=mity ( action ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ,london to ! ,c\nty ,c\ncil1 & p[]s & duties t c be locally adm9i/]$ to ! ,bor\gh ,c\ncils4 ,summ>y ( ,adm9i/rative ,bodies4--,! adm9i/rative bodies ( ! ,c\nty ( ,london may n[ be summ>iz$3 #a4 ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil4--,consi/s ( #aah c\ncillors1 #b elect$ by ea* p>liam5t>y division 7b ! ,city ( ,london elects #d72 & #ai ald]m51 ) *airman1 vice-*airman & deputy-*airman1 elect$ 9 c\ncil4 ,tri5nial elections ( c\ncillors by h\sehold]s 7male & female7 on ! rate-books4 ,ald]m5 hold (fice = #f ye>s4 #b4 ,metropolitan ,bor\ghs4--,c\ncils consi/ ( a mayor & ald]m5 & c\ncillors 9 proportion z #a to #f4 ,! commone/ numb]s1 :i* _c be exce$$1 are #aj & #fj 7see sep>ate article on ea* bor\gh74 ,tri5nial elections4 #c4 ,corporation ( ! ,city ( ,london4--,! legislation ( #ahee1 #ahhh & #ahii left ! gov]nm5t ( ! small area ( ! ,city 9 ! h&s ( an unre=m$ ,corporation4 ,"h at lea/ ! m$ieval sy/em1 9 spite ( any anomalies ) respect to mod]n conditions1 has resi/$ re=m1 & no o!r municipal body %>es ! traditions & peculi> dignity ( ! ,city ,corporation4 ,?is consi/s ( a ,"l ,mayor1 #bf ald]m5 & #bjf common c\ncilm51 =m+ ! ,c\rt ( ,common ,c\ncil1 :i* is ! pr9cipal adm9i/rative body4 ,its scope may be briefly indicat$ z includ+ 7a7 duties ex]cis$ else:]e by ! ,bor\gh ,c\ncils1 & by ! ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil 7al?\gh t body is by no means p[]less )9 ! ,city b\nd>ies72 & 7b7 peculi> duties su* z control ( m>kets & police4 ,! election ( common c\ncilm51 ^: in/itution dates f ! reign ( ,edw>d ,i41 takes place annually1 ! electors be+ ! ratepay]s1 divid$ among ! tw5ty-five w>ds ( ! ,city4 ,an ald]man 7q4v47 ( ea* w>d 7save t ! w>ds ( ,cripplegate )9 & )\t1 %>e "o7 is elect$ = life4 ,! ,"l ,mayor 7q4v47 is elect$ by ! ,c\rt ( ,ald]m5 f two ald]m5 nom9at$ 9 ! ,c\rt ( ,common ,hall by ! ,liv]y1 an electorate drawn f ! memb]s ( ! anci5t trade gilds or ,liv]y ,companies 7q4v471 :i*1 ?r\gh _! control ov] ! sev]al trades or manufactures1 _h =m]ly an influ5ce ov] ! gov]nm5t ( ! city :i* f ! "t ( ,edw>d ,,iii4 0 p>am\nt4 ,non-adm9i/rative ,arrangem5ts4--,! ,local ,gov]nm5t ,act ( #ahhh dealt ) ! metropolis = non-adm9i/rative purposes z x did = adm9i/rative1 t is to say1 z a sep>ate c\nty4 ,! arrangem5ts ( qu>t]-sessions1 ju/ices1 coron]s1 %]iffs1 c41 7 ?us br\ght into l9e ) o!r c\nties1 except 9 s f> z ! ord9>y organization is modifi$ by ! exi/5ce ( ! c5tral crim9al c\rt1 ! metropolitan police1 police c\rts & magi/rates1 & a paid *airman ( qu>t]-sessions4 ,! p[]s ( ! gov]n+ body ( ! ,city1 moreov]1 are z peculi> 9 ?is direction z 9 t ( municipal adm9i/ration1 & ! act left ! ,city z a c\nty ( a city practically un*ang$4 ,?us ! ,"l ,mayor & ald]m5 possess judicial au?ority1 & ! police ( ,london are divid$ into two sep>ate bodies1 ! ,metropolitan & ! ,city ,police 7see ,,police74 ,c\rts4 ,! *ief c\rts = ! trial ( crim9al cases are ! ,c5tral ,crim9al ,c\rt & ! ,c\rt ( ,qu>t]-sessions4 ,! ,c5tral ,crim9al ,c\rt1 tak+ ! place ( ! prov9cial ,assizes1 0 e/abli%$ by an act ( #ahcd4 ,!re are twelve sessions annually1 "u ! ,"l ,mayor1 ald]m5 & judges4 ,!y 7 =m]ly held 9 ! ,old ,bailey sessions-h\se1 b a f9e new build+ f designs ( ,e4 ,w4 ,m\nt=d took ! place ( ?is 9 #aijf4 ,qu>t]-sessions = ! c\nty ( ,london are held ?irty-six times annually1 = ! nor? side ( ! ,?ames at ! ,sessions-h\se 9 ,cl]k5well 7,f9sbury7 & = ! s\? side at t 9 ,new+ton ,causeway1 ,s\?w>k4 ,= judicial purposes ,we/m9/] 0 m]g$ ) ! c\nty ( ,london 9 #ahhi1 & ! ,lib]ty ( ! ,t[] 0 aboli%$ 9 #ahid4 ,! sep>ate c\rt ( ! ,"l ,mayor & ,ald]m5 is held at ! ,guildhall4 ,! ,metropolitan police c\rts are f\rte5 9 numb]1 namely--,b[ ,/reet1 ,cov5t ,g>d52 ,cl]k5well2 ,great ,m>lbor\gh ,/reet 7,we/m9/]72 ,gre5wi* & ,woolwi*2 ,lambe?2 ,m>ylebone2 ,nor? ,london1 ,/oke ,new+ton ,road2 ,s\?w>k2 ,s\? ,we/]n1 ,lav5d] ,hill 7,batt]sea72 ,?ames1 ,arb\r ,/reet ,ea/ 7,/epney72 ,we/ ,ham2 ,we/ ,london1 ,v]non ,/reet 7,fulham72 ,we/m9/]1 ,v9c5t ,squ>e2 ,wor%ip ,/reet 7,%or$it*74 ,! police c\rts ( ! ,city are held at ! ,mansion ,h\se1 ! ,"l ,mayor or an ald]man sitt+ z magi/rate1 & at ! ,guildhall1 :]e ! ald]m5 preside 9 rotation4 ,! prisons )9 ! metropolis are ,brixton1 ,holl[ay1 ,p5tonville1 ,w&swor? & ,wormwood ,scrubbs4 ,9 ! c\nty ( ,london !re are #ab coron]s' di/ricts1 #ai petty sessional divisions 7! ,city =m+ a sep>ate "o7 & #ac c\nty c\rt di/ricts 7! ,city =m+ a sep>ate "o74 ,! b\nd>ies ( ^! divisions d n 9 any way correspond ) ea* o!r1 or ) ! police divisions1 or ) ! bor\gh or p>i% b\nd>ies4 ,! regi/ration c\nty ( ,london co9cides ) ! adm9i/rative c\nty4 ,p>liam5t>y ,repres5tation4--,! ,london ,gov]nm5t ,act conta9s a sav+ clause by :i* no?+ 9 or done "u ?is act %all be con/ru$ z alt]+ ! limits ( any p>liam5t>y bor\gh or p>liam5t>y c\nty4 ,! p>liam5t>y bor\ghs are ?us 9 _m cases nam$ & b\nd$ diff]5tly f ! metropolitan bor\ghs4 ,! p>liam5t>y arrangem5ts ( ea* metropolitan bor\gh are indicat$ 9 ! sep>ate articles on ! bor\ghs4 ,9 ! foll[+ li/ ! bor\ghs :i* ext5d outside ! adm9i/rative c\nty ( ,london are not$4 ,ea* division ( ea* bor\gh1 or ea* bor\gh :]e n divid$1 returns "o memb]1 save t ! ,city ( ,london returns two memb]s4 7a7 ,nor? ( ! ,?ames4 7#a7 ,be?nal ,gre5--,divs43 ,nor?-ea/]n1 ,s\?-we/]n4 7#b7 ,*elsea 7deta*$ portion 9 adm9i/rative c\nty ( ,middlesex1 ,k5sal ,t[n74 7#c7 ,f9sbury 7deta*$ portion 9 ,middlesex1 ,muswell ,hill7--,divs43 ,holborn1 ,c5tral1 ,ea/]n4 7#e7 ,fulham4 7#f7 ,hackney--,divs43 ,nor?1 ,c5tral1 ,s\?4 7#g7 ,hamm]smi?4 7#h7 ,hamp/ead4 7#i7 ,isl+ton--,divs43 ,nor!rn1 ,s\!rn1 ,ea/]n1 ,we/]n4 7#aj7 ,k5s+ton--,divs43 ,nor!rn1 ,s\!rn4 7#aa7 ,city ( ,london4 7#ab7 ,m>ylebone--,divs43 ,ea/]n1 ,we/]n4 7#ac7 ,padd+ton 7ext5d+ into ,middlesex7--,divs43 ,nor!rn1 ,s\!rn4 7#ad7 ,/ ,george's ,hanov] ,squ>e4 7#ae7 ,/ ,pancras--,divs43 ,nor!rn1 ,s\!rn1 ,ea/]n1 ,we/]n4 7#af7 ,%or$it*--,divs43 ,hoxton1 ,hagg]/on4 7#ag7 ,/r&4 7#ah7 ,t[] ,hamlets--,divs43 ,b[ & ,bromley1 ,limeh\se1 ,mile ,end1 ,popl>1 ,/ ,george1 ,/epney1 ,:ite*apel4 7#ai7 ,we/m9/]4 ,a deta*$ portion ( ! p>liam5t>y division ( ,hornsey1 ,middlesex1 is 9 ! metropolitan bor\gh ( ,hackney4 ,london ,univ]sity returns a memb]4 7b7 ,s\? ( ! ,?ames4 7#a7 ,batt]sea & ,clapham--,divs43 ,batt]sea1 ,clapham4 7#b7 ,camb]well 7ext5d+ into ,k5t7--,divs43 ,nor!rn1 ,peckham1 ,dulwi*4 7#c7 ,dept=d4 7#d7 ,gre5wi*4 7#e7 ,lambe?--,divs43 ,nor!rn1 ,k5n+ton1 ,brixton1 ,norwood4 7#f7 ,lewi%am4 7#g7 ,new+ton--,divs43 ,we/]n1 ,walwor?4 7#h7 ,s\?w>k--,divs43 ,we/]n1 ,ro!rhi!1 ,b]mondsey4 7#i7 ,w&swor?4 7#aj7 ,woolwi*4 ,"p ( ! ,wimbl$on p>liam5t>y division ( ,surrey is 9 ! metropolitan bor\gh ( ,w&swor?4 ,ecclesia/ical ,divisions & ,d5om9ations4--,london nor? ( ! ,?ames is )9 ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& bi%opric ( ,london1 ! bi%op's palace be+ at ,fulham4 ,9 ?is diocese1 :i* cov]s ne>ly ! :ole ( ,middlesex & a v small portion ( ,h]t=d%ire1 are ! suffragan bi%oprics ( ,isl+ton1 ,k5s+ton & ,/epney4 ,! bi%opric ( ,s\?w>k 0 creat$ 9 #aijd1 hav+ be5 previ\sly a suffragan bi%opric 9 ! diocese ( ,ro*e/]4 ,! c\nty conta9s #fab ecclesia/ical p>i%es4 ,we/m9/] is ! seat ( ! ,roman ,ca?olic ar*bi%opric 9 ,engl&1 & ,s\?w>k is a bi%opric4 ,among ! num]\s *apels ( diss5t+ bodies !re may be m5tion$ ! ,city ,temple1 ,congregational1 on ,holborn ,viaduct2 ! ,metropolitan ,tab]nacle1 ,bapti/1 9 ,s\?w>k1 ! creation ( :i* 0 ! outcome ( ! lab\rs ( ! fam\s prea*] ,*>les ,spurgeon 7d4 #ahib72 & ,wesley's ,*apel1 ,city ,road1 9 ! gravey>d ( :i* is ! tomb ( ,john ,wesley2 8 h\se1 :i* adjo9s ! *apel1 be+ op5 z a memorial museum4 ,9 #aijc ! ,wesleyans acquir$ ! site ( ! ,royal ,aqu>ium1 ne> ,we/m9/] ,abbey1 = ! erection ( a c5tral hall4 ,! ,great ,synagogue ( ! ,jews is 9 ,/ ,james' ,place1 ,aldgate4 ,! headqu>t]s ( ! ,salvation ,army are 9 ,que5 ,victoria ,/reet1 ,city4 ,!re are num]\s =eign *ur*es1 among :i* may be m5tion$ ! ,fr5* ,prote/ant *ur*es 9 ,monm\? ,road1 ,bayswat] & ,soho ,squ>e2 ! ,greek *ur* ( ,/ ,sophia1 ,mosc[ ,road1 ,bayswat]2 & ! ,g]man ,evangelical *ur* 9 ,montpeli] ,place1 ,brompton ,road1 op5$ 9 #aijd4 7,o4 ,j4 ,r4 ,h47 ,,viii4 ,,f9ance ,9 addition to ! provisions t h be5 m5tion$ above 7,section ,,vii471 ! ,london ,gov]nm5t ,act #ahii simplifi$ adm9i/ration 9 two respects4 ,! duties ( ov]se]s 9 ,london _h be5 p]=m$ by mo/ div]se bodies4 ,9 "s p>i%es ov]se]s 7 appo9t$ 9 ! ord9>y mann]2 9 o!rs ! ve/ry1 by local acts & by ord]s "u ! ,local ,gov]nm5t ,act #ahid1 0 appo9t$ to act z1 or emp[]$ to appo9t1 ov]se]s1 :il/ 9 ,*elsea ! gu>dians act$ z ov]se]s4 ,! act ( #ahii swept away all ^! di/9ctions1 & con/itut$ ! new bor\gh c\ncils 9 e case ! ov]se]s = e p>i% )9 _! respective bor\ghs1 except t ! t[n cl]k ( ea* bor\gh p]=ms ! duties ( ov]se]s ) respect to ! regi/ration ( electors4#d ,aga91 ) reg>d to rates1 !re 7 9 all cases ?ree diff]5t rates leviable 9 ea* p>i%--! poor rate1 ! g5]al rate & ! sew]s rate--:il/ 9 _m p>i%es 9 addition !re 0 a sep>ate light+ rate4 ,f ! sew]s rate & light+ rate1 l&1 z oppos$ to build+s1 0 entitl$ to c]ta9 exemptions4 ,"u ! act ( #ahii all ^! rates are consolidat$ into a s+le rate1 call$ ! g5]al rate1 :i* is assess$1 made1 collect$ & levi$ z ! poor rate1 b ! int]e/s ( p]sons previ\sly entitl$ to exemptions are safegu>d$4 ,fur!r1 e precept s5t by an au?ority 9 ,london = ! purpose ( obta9+ money 7^! au?orities include ! ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil1 ! receiv] ( ! ,metropolitan ,police1 ! ,c5tral ,unemploy$ ,body & ! ,bo>ds ( ,gu>dians7 :i* has ultimately to be rais$ out ( a rate )9 a bor\gh is s5t direct to ! c\ncil ( ! bor\gh in/ead ( filt]+ ?r\gh o!r au?orities be=e rea*+ ! ov]se]s4 ,! only exceptions to ?is rule are3 7#a7 precepts issu$ by ! local gov]nm5t bo>d = rais+ ! sums to be contribut$ to ! metropolitan common poor fund2 & 7#b7 precepts issu$ by poor law au?orities repres5t+ two or m poor-law unions2 9 bo? ^! cases ! precept has ( necessity to be fir/ s5t to ! gu>dians4 ,! metropolitan bor\gh c\ncils make "o g5]al rate1 :i* includes ! am\nt necess>y to meet _! own exp5diture1 z well z to meet ! dem&s ( ! v>i\s precept+ au?orities4 ,!re 0 ?us rais$ 9 ! ye> #aijf-aijg a sum ( #ae1cic1ief 79 #ahih-ahii ! am\nt 0 #aj1dja1dda72 ( ?is #aa1jab1dbd 0 = c5tral rates1 :i* 0 subdivid$ into #g1icj1bge = c\nty s]vices & #c1jhb1adi = local s]vices1 leav+ a balance ( #d1cha1ecb1 /rictly local rates4 ,! total local exp5diture ( ,london = ! ye> #aijf-aijg 0 #bd1gjc1jhg 79 #ahih-ahii x 0 only #ad1gfh1geg71 ! balance ( #i1gfa1gcd be+ made up by receipts-9-aid & imp]ial subv5tions4 ,?is exp5diture 0 divid$ among ! foll[+ bodies3 ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil #i1dia1bga ,metropolitan ,bor\gh ,c\ncils #e1jji1ihb ,bo>ds ( ,gu>dians #c1ehg1dbi ,metropolitan ,wat] ,bo>d #b1cah1fah ,metropolitan ,police #a1ijc1dda ,city ,corporation #a1bgj1djf ,metropolitan ,asylums ,bo>d #icd1dfc ,c5tral 7,unemploy$7 ,body #ada1bhd ,ov]se]s--,city ( ,london #cd1geg ,m>ket ,tru/ees 7,s\?w>k7 #aj1fhj ,local ,gov]nm5t ,bo>d--,common ,poor ,fund #gef ---------- #bd1gjc1jhg ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- - 7#a7 ,rate & ,debt ,acc\nts4 ,e/imat$ ,income4 ,e/imat$ ,exp5diture4 ,balances #ifg1gdj ,debt 7includ+ managem5t7 #c1ije1ace ,receipts 9 aid ( exp5diture ,grants 7mo/ly gu>dians7 #fde1iac 7local taxation lic5ces & ,p5sions #ge1ffe e/ate duty1 be] & _s ,e/abli%m5t *>ges #bcb1jde duties1 c47 #eac1eda ,judicial exp5ses #eb1eae ,gov]nm5t grants 9 aid ( ,s]vices-- education #a1eae1ffc ,ma9 dra9age #bie1fej ,int]e/ on loans advanc$ ,fire brigade #bfc1ege to local au?orities1 c4 #ehf1jfe ,p>ks & ,r5ts1 c4 #dbg1gfg op5 spaces #adj1gae ,contributions f ,bridges1 tunnels1 rev5ue-produc+ f]ry #di1ibe und]tak+ = int]e/ ,embankm5ts #ad1idj & repaym5t ( debt #fhe1idh ,paup] lunatics #gh1hgj ,miscellane\s #c1fcc ,inebriates ,acts #ad1jde ,rate contributions-- ,coron]s #cj1ibe ,g5]al1 = o!r ?an ,weights & measures #ad1hcj education #b1fih1faj ,gas te/+ #ac1ghe ,= education #c1fge1fid ,build+ ,acts #be1eie ,special #djg1idf ,diseases ( ,animals ,acts #ai1bfj ,miscellane\s #fc1jfj ---------- #a1jbe1age ,education #d1hcg1ddb ,/eamboats #ad1hje ,works ,dept4 #ab1ajj #e1hhi1ebb ,p>liam5t>y exp5ses #bb1fge ,miscellane\s #f1bad ---------- ,total exp5diture #aj1hbi1fhd ,balances #feb1ibc ----------- ----------- #aa1dhb1fjg #aa1dhb1fjg 7#b7 ,rev5ue ,produc+ ,und]tak+s4 ,e/imat$ ,income4 ,e/imat$ ,exp5diture4 ,balances #d1jee ,work+ exp5ses-- ,receipts-- ,work+ class ,work+ class dwell+s #ef1jfj dwell+s #agc1ddc ,tramways #a1cah1fbj ,tramways #b1jhi1iee ,small ,hold+s ,small ,hold+s & ,allotm5ts #fba & ,allotm5ts #daj ,p>ks boat+ #b1ife #a1cgh1bff ,p>ks boat+ #e1ajj #b1bfh1ijh ,r5ewals #afc1hbh ,transf]s #f1bad ,res]ve #dd1eeg ,int]e/ on & repaym5t ( debts #fhe1idf ,transf] 9 relief ( rates 7p>ks boat+7 #b1jjj ,balances #d1ehj ---------- ---------- #b1bgi1agg #b1bgi1agg ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- - ,! total exp5diture 0 equal to a rate 9 ! p\nd ( #aas4 #d4d;d42 ! actual am\nt rais$ 9 rates 0 equival5t to a rate ( #gs4 #a4j;d41 receipts-9-aid 7 equival5t to a rate ( #cs4 #b4e;d41 & imp]ial subv5tions to a rate ( #as4 #c4d;d4 ,practically ! :ole am\nt contribut$ t[>ds ! support ( public local exp5diture1 & a consid]able am\nt ( t contribut$ to public national exp5diture is bas$ on ! e/imat$ annual value ( ! immovable prop]ty situat$ )9 ! c\nty ( ,london1 :i* 9 #ahgf 0 #bc1bdj1jgj2 9 #ahhf #cj1gaf1gai2 9 #ahif #ce1gic1fgb2 & 9 #aiji #dd1fff1fea4 ,! produce ( a p5ny rate 01 9 ! metropolitan police di/rict 9 #aijh-aiji1 #bbf1gci1 & 9 ! c\nty ( ,london 7exclud+ ! ,city7 #afa1hjf4 ,a complete re-valuation ( prop]ties 9 ! c\nty ( ,london is made e five ye>s1 valuation li/s be+ prep>$ 9 duplicate by ! bor\gh c\ncils act+ z ov]se]s ( ! p>i%es 9 _! respective bor\ghs4 ,!y are revis$ by /atutory assessm5t committees1 :o he> any objections by ratepay]s aga9/ _! valuation4 ,^! li/s :5 revis$ are s5t to ! cl]k ( ! ,c\nty ,c\ncil1 :o publi%es ! totals4 ,by ! ,metropolitan ,poor ,act #ahfg1 ! metropolitan common poor fund1 to :i* ea* union 9 ,london contributes 9 proportion to its rateable value1 0 e/abli%$4 ,out ( ?is fund c]ta9 exp5ses ( gu>dians 9 connexion ) ! ma9t5ance ( indoor paup]s & lunatics1 ! sal>ies ( (fic]s1 ! ma9t5ance ( *ildr5 9 poor-law s*ools1 valuation1 vacc9ation1 regi/ration1 c41 are paid4 ,! paym5ts am\nt$ 9 #aijf-aijg to #a1ffb1idb4 ,"u ! ,local ,gov]nm5t ,act #ahhh1 ! ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil makes grants to bo>ds ( gu>dians1 sanit>y au?orities & ov]se]s 9 ,london 9 respect ( c]ta9 s]vices4 ,?is grant is 9 lieu ( ! grants =m]ly made out ( ! ex*equ] grant 9 aid ( local rates1 & am\nt$ 9 #aijf-aijg to #fai1dhi4 ,f9ally1 9 #ahid1 ! fund call$ ! ,equalization ,fund 0 e/abli%$4 ,?is fund is rais$ by ! rate ( #f;d4 9 ! p\nd on ! assessable value ( ! c\nty ( ,london1 & r$i/ribut$ among ! bor\ghs 9 proportion to _! population4 ,x am\nt$ 9 #aijf-aijg to #a1jid1idf4 ,b1 9 spite ( attempts at equalization1 rates rema9 v unequal 9 ,london1 & v>i$ 9 #aijh f #fs4 #b;d4 9 ,/ ,anne's1 ,we/m9/]1 to #aas4 #f;d4 9 ,popl>4 ,! ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil levi$ 9 #aiji-aiaj to meet its e/imat$ exp5diture = ! ye> a total rate ( #cf4ge;d42 #ad4ej;d4 ( ?is 0 = g5]al c\nty purposes1 #ai4ge;d4 = education purposes & #b4ej;d4 = special c\nty purposes4 ,! prec$+ tables %[ ! e/imat$ income & exp5diture ( ! ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil = #aiji-aiaj4 ,besides ! annual exp5diture ( ! v>i\s au?orities l>ge sums h be5 borr[$ to defray ! co/ ( works ( a p]man5t nature4 ,! debt ( ,london1 l t ( o!r municipalities1 has consid]ably increas$ & %[s a t5d5cy to g on increas+1 al?\gh c]ta9 safegu>ds aga9/ too ready borr[+ h be5 impos$4 ,e local au?ority has to obta9 ! sanction ( "s high] au?ority be=e rais+ a loan1 & !re are 9 addition c]ta9 /atutory limits ( borr[+4 ,metropolitan bor\gh c\ncils h to obta9 ! sanction ( ! ,local ,gov]nm5t ,bo>d to loans = ba?s1 wa%h\ses1 public libr>ies1 sanit>y conv5i5ces & c]ta9 o!r purposes "u ! ,public ,heal? ,acts2 = cemet]ies ! sanction ( ! ,treasury is requir$1 & = all o!r purposes t ( ! ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil2 poor law au?orities1 ! metropolitan asylums bo>d1 ! metropolitan wat] bo>d & ! c5tral 7unemploy$7 body require ! sanction ( ! ,local ,gov]nm5t ,bo>d2 ! receiv] = ! metropolitan police di/rict t ( ! ,home ,(fice1 & ! ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil t ( p>liam5t & ! ,treasury4 ,! foll[+ table gives ! net loans out/&+ ( ! sev]al classes ( local au?orities 9 ,london at ! #ca/ ( ,m>* #aijh3 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,local ,au?orities4 ,loans out/&+ #ca/ ,m>* #aijh4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil 7exclud+ loans advanc$ to o!r au?orities7 #di1ich1aca ,metropolitan ,asylums ,bo>d #c1aac1fab ,metropolitan ,police 7,london's proportion7 #bbf1aca ,metropolitan ,wat] ,bo>d 7proportion7 #ch1gbf1ead ,c5tral 7,unemploy$7 ,body #ca1hde ,city ( ,london ,corporation #e1eec1agc ,metropolitan ,bor\gh ,c\ncils #ab1eea1bjd ,gu>dians & sick asylum manag]s #d1jbi1jac ------------------- #aad1afi1fbc ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,,au?orities4--,full details & figures relat+ to ! f9ance ( ,london w be f\nd 9 ! p>liam5t>y pap]s ,local ,taxation ,returns 7,engl& & ,wales71 "p iv4 publi%$ annually2 ,returns relat+ to ! ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil1 publi%$ annually2 ! annual report & acc\nts ( ! ,metropolitan ,wat] ,bo>d1 & ! metropolitan police acc\nts4 ,! publications ( ! ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil1 especially ! tramways acc\nts1 ! annual e/imates1 ,london ,/ati/ics1 & ! ,f9ancial ,ab/ract 7#aj ye>s end$ #ca/ ,m>* #aijh7 h mu* valuable in=mation4 7,t4 ,a4 ,i47 ,,ix4 ,,hi/ory #a4 ,briti% & ,roman to ,a4,d4 #ddi4--,!re is practically no record ( ,briti% ,london1 & consid]able diff]5ce ( op9ion exi/s among antiqu>ies z to its v exi/5ce4 ,bi%op ,/ill+fleet held t ,london 0 ( ,roman f\ndation & n old] ?an ! "t ( ,claudius 7,orig9es ,brit41 #afhe1 p4 #dc72 & ,dr ,gue/ affirm$ t ! notion ( a ,briti% t[n hav+ prec$$ ! ,roman camp has no f\ndation to re/ ^u 7,ar*aeological ,j\rnal1 xxiii4 #ahj74 ,j4 ,r4 ,gre5 express$ ! same op9ion 9 ,! ,mak+ ( ,engl& 7p4 #aja74 ,on ! o!r side ,kemble held t x 0 difficult to believe t ,cair ,lund5 0 an unimportant place ev5 9 ,caes>'s day 7,saxons 9 ,engl&1 ii4 #bff72 & ,?omas ,lew9 believ$ t ,london _h atta9$ prosp]ity be=e ! ,romans came2 & held t x 0 probably ! capital ( ,cassivellaunus1 :i* 0 tak5 & sack$ by ,julius ,caes> 7,ar*aeologia1 xl4 #ei74 ,! orig9 ( ,london w probably always rema9 a subject ( dispute = want ( decisive facts4 ,! /ronge/ reason = believ+ 9 a ,briti% ,london is to be f\nd 9 ! "n1 :i* is und\bt$ly ,celtic1 adopt$ ) little alt]ation by ! ,romans4 ,x is also difficult to believe t ,lond9ium _h come to be ! important comm]cial c5tre describ$ by ,tacitus 7,a4,d4 #fa7 if x _h only be5 f\nd$ a few ye>s be=e ! conque/ ( ,claudius4 ,! discov]y by ,g5]al ,pitt ,riv]s 9 #ahfg ( ! rema9s ( pile dwell+s bo? on ! nor? & on ! s\? ( ! ,?ames gives gr\nd = an argum5t ( "s =ce 9 fav\r ( ! date ( ! f\ndation ( ,london hav+ be5 be=e ! ,roman occupation ( ,brita94 ,( ,roman ,london we possess s _m rema9s t its appe>ance c be conjectur$ ) little difficulty4 ,dur+ ! c5turies :5 ,brita9 0 occupi$ by ! ,romans 7,a4,d4 #dc-dji7 !re 0 ample "t = cities to gr[ up f small beg9n+s1 to ov]fl[ _! bord]s & to be m ?an once rebuilt4 ,! e>lie/ ,roman ,london mu/ h be5 a comp>atively small place1 b x probably conta9$ a milit>y =t ( "s k9d int5d$ to cov] ! passage ( ! riv]4 ,ext5t ( ,roman ,london4 ,! ,roman g5]al ,paul9us ,suetonius1 aft] m>*+ rapidly f ,wales to put d[n a s]i\s insurrection1 f\nd ,lond9ium unfitt$ = a base ( milit>y op]ations1 & !re=e left ! place to ! m]cy ( ,boadicea1 :o entirely de/roy$ x1 & kill$ ! inhabitants4 ,aft] ?is ! ne$ ( =tify+ ,lond9ium mu/ h be5 app>5t1 & a wall$ city ( small dim5sions arose soon aft] ! defeat ( ! ,briti% que54 ,! e>lie/ ,roman city probably ext5d$ z f> z ,t[] ,hill on ! ea/1 & !re is reason to believe t x did n include any gr\nd to ! we/ ( ,lead5hall4 ,! excavations at ! latt] place 9 #ahha ?rew great light ^u ! e>ly hi/ory ( ,london4 ,! f\ndation walls ( a basilica 7 discov]$1 & f ! "t :5 t 0 built until ! pres5t day ! gr\nd has always be5 devot$ to public uses4 ,h[ f> nor? ! fir/ wall 0 plac$ x is difficult to guess4 ,"o help t[>ds a settlem5t ( ! "q may be f\nd 9 ! discov]y ( burial places4 ,z x 0 illegal 9 ,roman times to bury )9 ! walls1 we are =c$ to ! conclusion t ! places :]e ^! sepul*ral rema9s h be5 f\nd 7 at "o "t extramural4 ,n[ no su* rema9s h be5 f\nd betwe5 ,grace*ur* ,/reet & ! ,t[]4 ,! nor!rn wall 0 plac$ by ,roa* ,smi? some:]e along ! c\rse ( ,cornhill & ,lead5hall ,/reet4 ,! second ext5sion ( ! city we/w>ds 0 probably to ,wallbrook4 ,9 ! late/ or ?ird ,roman enclosure ! l9e ( ! wall ran /raight f ! ,t[] to ,aldgate1 :]e x b5t r\nd some:at to ,bi%opsgate4 ,on ! ea/ x 0 bord]$ by ! di/rict subsequ5tly call$ ! ,m9ories & ,h\ndsdit*4 ,! l9e f ,bi%opsgate ran ea/w>d to ,/ ,giles's *ur*y>d 7,cripplegate71 :]e x turn$ to ! s\? z f> z ,falcon squ>e2 aga9 we/]ly by ,ald]sgate r\nd ! site ( ! ,greyfri>s 7aft]w>ds ,*ri/'s ,hospital7 t[>ds ,giltspur ,/reet1 !n s\? by ! ,old ,bailey to ,ludgate1 & !n d[n to ! ,?ames1 :]e ,dr ,edw9 ,fre%field sugge/s t a ,roman =tress /ood on ! site ( ,bayn>d's ,ca/le4 ,?is is mo/ probable1 because ! ,romans naturally requir$ a special protection on ! riv] at ! we/ z well z at ! ea/4 ,s 9 lat] times :5 ,william ! ,conqu]or plann$ ! ,t[] he gave ! site at ! we/]n extremity to 8 foll[] ,ralph ,bayn>d1 :]e 0 erect$ ! /ronghold kn[n z ,bayn>d's ,ca/le4 ,roa* ,smi? po9t$ out t ! enclosure indicat$ above gives dim5sions f> great] ?an ^? ( any o!r t[n 9 ,brita94 ,!re c be no d\bt t )9 ! walls !re 0 orig9ally mu* unoccupi$ space1 = ) ! s+le exception ( ! l>g] circuit s\? ( ,ludgate1 up to :]e ! riv] ,fleet ran1 made 9 #abgf = ! b5efit ( ! ,black ,fri>s1 ! l9e ( ! walls1 plann$ by ! lat] ,romans1 rema9$ complete until ! ,great ,fire 7#afff74 ,! ,?ames =m$ ! natural b>ri] on ! s\?1 b ! ,romans d n appe> to h be5 cont5t ) ?is protection1 = !y built a wall "h 9 addition1 :i* rema9$ = sev]al c5turies4 ,portions ( ?is wall h be5 discov]$ at v>i\s times4 ,x is difficult ev5 to guess :5 ! ?ird wall 0 erect$4 ,! emp]or ,!odosius came to ,london f ,b\logne to mature 8 plan = ! re/oration ( ! tranquillity ( ! prov9ce4 ,z ,!odosius is said to h left ,brita9 9 a s\nd & secure condition x has be5 sugge/$ t to him 0 due ! wall ( ! lat] ,lond9ium1 b !re is little or no evid5ce = ?is op9ion1 & accord+ to an old tradition ,con/ant9e ! ,great wall$ ! city at ! reque/ ( 8 "m ,hel5a1 presum$ to be a native ( ,brita94 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "s evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ! supposition t ! wall 0 built at a mu* e>li] date4 ,x is n improbable t e>ly 9 ! #bnd c5tury ! wall 0 f9i%$ at ! we/ portion & enclos$ a cemet]y ne> ,newgate4 ,sir ,william ,tite1 9 describ+ a tessellat$ pavem5t f\nd 9 #ahed on ! site ( ! ,excise ,(fice 7,bi%opsgate ,/reet71 expresses ! op9ion t ! f9i%$ "* ( ! pavem5t po9ts to a p]iod ( security & weal?1 & fixes on ! reign ( ,hadrian 7,a4,d4 #aag-ach71 to :i* ! silv] co9 f\nd on ! floor belongs1 z ! date ( its f\ndation4 ,! hi/orians ( ! ,roman ,empire h left u "s p>ticul>s ( ! visits ( emp]ors & g5]als to ,brita91 b little or no?+ ab\t :at happ5$ 9 ,london1 & we %\ld be m ignorant ?an we are ( ! condition ( ,lond9ium if x _h n be5 t a l>ge numb] ( excavations h be5 made 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! city :i* h disclos$ a consid]able am\nt ( its e>ly hi/ory4 ,f ^! rema9s we may guess t ,london 0 a h&some city 9 ! reign ( ,hadrian1 & probably !n 9 z great a position ( importance z x ev] atta9$4 ,?is be+ s1 !re seems to be reason 9 attribut+ ! complet$ walls to ?is p]iod4 ,rema9s ( ,roman ,wall4 ,! p]si/5ce ( ! relics ( ! walls ( ,london is "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable facts ( hi/ory4 ,pieces ( ! wall are to be se5 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! city1 & are frequ5tly f\nd :5 ext5sive excavations are made = new build+s4 ,9 "s places :]e ! ,roman wall is n to be se5 !re /ill exi/ pieces ( ! old wall t /& ^u ,roman f\ndations4 ,9 ,am5 ,c\rt1 :]e ! resid5ces ( canons ( ,/ ,paul's & ! lat] h\ses ( ! m9or canons are situat$1 !re /ret*es su* a piece ( wall1 divid+ ! g>d5s ( ! ,c\rt f ! ,old ,bailey4 ,( ! few accessible fragm5ts ( ! ,roman wall /ill exi/+ special m5tion may be made ( ! ba/ion 9 ! *ur*y>d ( ,/ ,giles's1 ,cripplegate2 a little f>!r we/ is a small fragm5t 9 ,/ ,m>t9's ,c\rt1 ,ludgate ,hill 7opposite ! ,old ,bailey71 b ! be/ specim5 c be se5 ne> ,t[] ,hill j out ( ,george ,/reet1 ,tr9ity ,squ>e4 ,e>ly 9 ! #bj? c5tury a fragm5t ne>ly #dj ft4 long1 toge!r ) ! base ( a ba/ion1 0 br\ght to light 9 digg+ = ! f\ndation ( "s l>ge w>eh\ses 9 ,camomile ,/reet1 at a dep? ( #aj ft4 bel[ ! level ( ! pres5t /reet4 ,a consid]able portion ( ! old wall 0 laid b>e by ! excavations = ! new ,po/ ,(fice 9 ,/ ,m>t9's-le-,gr&4 ,f a comp>ison ( ^! fragm5ts ) ! descriptions ( ,woodw>d1 ,maitl& & o!rs1 :o 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! #ah? c5tury exam9$ portions ( ! wall /ill /&+1 we le>n t ! wall 0 f #i to #ab ft4 ?ick1 & =m$ ( a core ( r\gh rubble cem5t$ toge!r ) mort> 7conta9+ mu* co>se gravel7 ( extraord9>y h>dness & t5acity1 & a fac+ = ! mo/ "p ( /one--,k5ti% rag1 free/one or iron/one--b occasionally ( fl9ts2 ab\t #b ft4 ap>t are d\ble lay]s ( tiles or bricks :i* s]ve z bond+ c\rses4 ,! wall appe>s to h be5 ab\t #bj ft4 high1 ! t[]s f #dj to #ej ft41 b :5 describ$ only ! base 0 ,roman4 ,^u t 0 rais$ a wall ( r\gh rubble rudely fac$ ) /one & fl9t1 evid5tly a m$ieval "w & ab\t #b ft4 ?ick2 !n succe$$ a portion :olly ( brick1 t]m9at+ 9 battlem5ts topp$ ) cop+s ( /one4 ,gates & build+s4 ,al?\gh ! c\rse ( ! lat] ,roman walls is cle>1 we d n "k ) any c]ta9ty ! position ( ! ,roman gates4 ,!y 7 n ! same z ! m$ieval gates :i* h left ! record ( _! names 9 mod]n ,london nom5clature4 ,x foll[s1 !re=e1 t ! ma9 /reets also are n 9 l9e ) ! ,roman ways1 except p]haps 9 a few in/ances4 ,_m ineffectual attempts h be5 made to connect ! ,watl+ /reet 9 ! city ) ! great ,roman road s nam$ 9 m$ieval times4 ,! "n ( ! small /reet is evid5tly a corruption1 & 9 ! valuable ,report ( ! ,,mss4 ( ! ,dean & ,*apt] ( ,/ ,paul's 7,n9? ,report ( ! ,hi/orical ,,mss4 ,commission1 ,app5dix1 p4 #d7 ! orig9al "n is giv5 z ,a!l+ ,/reet1 & in/ances ( ?is spell+ are common 9 ! #ac? c5tury4 ,! =m ,watl+ ,/reet seems to occur fir/ 9 #acjg4 ,/[ spells x ,wa!l+ ,/reet 7,k+s=d's edition ( ,/['s ,survey1 #aijh1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ceb74 ,sir ,william ,tite gave reasons = believ+ t ,bi%opsgate ,/reet 0 n a ,roman ?or\ghf>e1 & 9 ! excavations at ,lead5hall ! basilica to :i* allusion has already be5 made 0 f\nd app>5tly cross+ ! pres5t ?or\ghf>e ( ,grace*ur* ,/reet4 ,tite also agre$ ) ,dr ,/ukeley's sugge/ion t on ! site ( ! ,mansion ,h\se 7=m]ly ,/ocks ,m>ket7 /ood ! ,roman =um1 & he /ates t a l9e drawn f t spot z a c5tre w\ld pass by ! pavem5ts f\nd on ! site ( ! ,excise ,(fice4 ,besides ! =um ,/ukeley sugge/$ ! sites ( sev5 o!r build+s--! ,arx ,palat9a gu>d+ ! s\?-ea/]n angle ( ! city :]e ! ,t[] n[ /&s1 ! grove & temple ( ,diana on ! site ( ,/ ,paul's1 c4 ,no traces ( any ( ^! build+s h be5 f\nd1 & !y are !re=e purely conjectural4 ,/ukeley's indu/ri\s rese>*es into ! hi/ory ( ,roman ,london _c be said to h any p>ticul> value1 al?\gh at "o "t !y enjoy$ consid]able vogue4 ,z to ! ,temple ( ,diana1 ,sir ,*ri/oph] ,wr5 =m$ an op9ion /rongly adv]se to ! old tradition ( its exi/5ce 7,p>5talia1 p4 #bff74 ,al?\gh we "k t ! ,*ri/ian *ur* 0 e/abli%$ 9 ,brita9 dur+ ! lat] p]iod ( ! ,roman dom9ation1 !re is little to be le>nt respect+ x1 & ! bi%op ,re/itutus1 :o is said to h att5d$ an ,ecclesia/ical ,c\ncil1 is a some:at my?ical "*4 ,9 respect to ! discov]y ( ! position ( ! ,roman gates1 ! true date ( ! ,anton9i ,it9]>ium 7q4v47 is ( great importance1 z x w be se5 f x t ,lond9ium 0 ei!r a />t+-po9t or a t]m9us 9 ne>ly half ! r\tes describ$ 9 ! portion relat+ to ,brita94 ,?is w\ld be rem>kable if ! "w dat$ back to ! #bnd c5tury4 ,probably 9 ! lat]1 z 9 ! e>li] "t1 ,lond9ium _h ! usual f\r gates ( a ,roman city1 ) ! ma9 roads to !m4 ,! "o on ! ea/ 0 d\btless situat$ ne> :]e ,aldgate aft]w>ds /ood4 ,on ! s\? ! entrance to ,lond9ium mu/ always h be5 ne> :]e ,london ,bridge 0 subsequ5tly built4 ,on ! we/ ! gate c\ld n h be5 f> f ! place aft]w>ds occupi$ by ,newgate4 ,z to ,ludgate !re is reason to believe t if !re 0 an op5+ !re 9 ,roman times x 0 m]ely a po/]n4 ,on ! nor? ! gate may h be5 ne> ,bi%opsgate or at ,ald]sgate4 ,if we take f ! ,it9]>y ! la/ /ation be=e ,lond9ium 9 all ! r\tes we %all be able to obta9 "s idea ( ! position ( ! gate ent]$ f ea* r\te by draw+ a l9e on ! map ( ,london to ! ne>e/ po9t4 ,ammianus ,m>cell9us 7ab\t ,a4,d4 #cij7 speaks twice ( ,lond9ium z an anci5t t[n to :i* ! hon\rable title ( ,augu/a _h be5 accord$4 ,"s writ]s h be5 "u ! misappreh5sion t ?is "n = a "t sup]s$$ t ( ,lond9ium4 ,! anonym\s ,*orograph] ( ,rav5na calls ! place ,lond9ium ,augu/a1 & d\btless ?is 0 ! =m adopt$4 ,london ,/one4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ ,roman relic is ,london ,/one4 ,x has g5]ally be5 suppos$ to be a milli>ium or c5tral po9t = measur+ di/ances1 b ,sir ,*ri/oph] ,wr5 believ$ x 0 "p ( "s m consid]able monum5ts 9 ! =um 7,p>5talia1 pp4 #bfe1 #bff74 ,hol9%$ 7:o 0 foll[$ by ,%akespe>e 9 #b ,h5ry ,,vi41 act #d sc4 #f7 tells u t :5 ,cade1 9 #adej1 =c$ 8 way into ,london1 he fir/ ( all proce$$ to ,london ,/one1 & hav+ /ruck 8 sword ^u x1 said 9 ref]5ce to himself & 9 explanation ( 8 own action1 ,n[ is ,mortim] "l ( ?is city4 ,mr ,h4 ,c4 ,coote1 9 a pap] publi%$ 9 ! ,trans4 ,london & ,middlesex ,ar*4 ,soc4 = #ahgh1 po9ts out t ?is act meant some?+ to ! mob :o foll[$ ! rebel *ief1 & 0 n a piece ( fooli% act+4 ,mr ,laur5ce ,gomme 7,primitive ,folk-,moots1 pp4 #aee1 #aef7 takes up ! matt] at ?is po9t1 & places ! tradition impli$ by ,cade's significant action z belong+ to times :5 ! ,london ,/one 01 z o!r great /ones 71 ! place :]e ! suitors ( an op5-air assembly 7 accu/om$ to ga!r toge!r & to legislate = ! gov]nm5t ( ! city4 ,corroborative facts h be5 ga!r$ f o!r p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 &1 al?\gh m evid5ce is requir$1 su* z we h is /rongly 9 fav\r ( ! supposition t ! ,london ,/one is a prehi/oric monum5t4 ,! fir/ ,london ,bridge4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important que/ions 9 ! hi/ory ( ,london t requires settlem5t is ! date ( ! build+ ( ! fir/ bridge1 t is :e!r x 0 con/ruct$ by ,britons or by ,romans4 ,if ! ,britons _h n already made ! bridge be=e ! ,romans arriv$ x mu/ h be5 "o ( ! fir/ ,roman works4 ,z long z !re 0 no bridge to jo9 ! nor? & s\? banks ( ! ,?ames ! great object ( ,roman rule rema9$ unfulfill$4 ,?is object 0 ! completion ( a sy/em ( roads connect+ all p>ts ( ! ,empire ) ,rome4 ,dio ,cassius1 :o liv$ 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! #crd c5tury 7,hi/4 ,rom4 lib4 lx4 c4 #bj71 /ates t !re 0 a bridge ov] ! ,?ames at ! "t ( ! invasion ( ,claudius 7,a4,d4 #dc71 b he places x a little above ! m\? ( ! riv] 7high] up74 ,! position is vague1 b ! m\? ( ! ,?ames 9 ^! e>ly times may be consid]$ z n f> f ! pres5t position ( ,london ,bridge4 ,sir ,george ,airy held t ?is bridge 0 n f> f ! site ( ,london ,bridge 7,proce$+s ( ,in/itut4 ,civil ,eng9e]s1 xlix4 #abj71 b ,dr ,gue/ 0 n prep>$ to all[ t ! ,britons 7 able to con/ruct a bridge ov] a tidal riv] su* z ! ,?ames1 "s #cjj yds4 wide1 ) a diff]5ce ( level at high & l[ wat] ( ne>ly #bj ft4 ,he !re=e sugge/$ t ! bridge 0 con/ruct$ ov] ! m>%y valley ( ! ,lea1 probably ne> ,/rat=d4 ,x ne$s "s tem]ity to diff] f s great an au?ority z ,dr ,gue/1 b x /rikes "o z surpris+ t1 hav+ accept$ ! fact ( a bridge made by ! ,britons1 he %\ld d5y t ^! ,britons possess$ a t[n or village 9 ! place to :i* he supposes t ,aulus ,plautius retir$4 ,z ! ,wel% ^w = bridge is pont1 & ?is 0 tak5 directly f ! ,lat91 ! inf]5ce is almo/ conclusive t ! ,britons acquir$ _! k ( bridges f ! ,romans4 ,look+ at ! /age ( culture :i* ! ,britons _h probably rea*$1 x w\ld fur!r be a natural inf]5ce t !re 0 no su* ?+ z a bridge any:]e 9 ,brita9 be=e ! ,roman occupation2 b1 if ,dion's /atem5t is correct1 x may be sugge/$ z a possible explanation t ! increas$ int]c\rse ) ,gaul dur+ ! hundr$ ye>s t elaps$ betwe5 ,julius ,caes>'s raids & ,claudius ,caes>'s invasion may h l$ to ! con/ruction ( a bridge ( "s k9d across ! ,?ames at ?is po9t1 ?r\gh ! influ5ce & "u ! guidance ( ,roman trad]s & eng9e]s4 ,if s1 ! ^w pont may h be5 borr[$ by ! ,britons be=e ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,roman occupation4 ,mu* /rong] are ! reasons = believ+ t !re 0 a bridge 9 ,roman times4 ,rema9s ( ,roman villas are f\nd 9 ,s\?w>k1 :i* 0 evid5tly a portion ( ,lond9ium1 & x !re=e h>dly seems likely t a bridge-build+ p su* z ! ,romans w\ld rema9 cont5t$ ) a f]ry4 ,roa* ,smi? is a /rong advocate = ! bridge1 & rem>ks1 ,x w\ld naturally be erect$ some:]e 9 ! direct l9e ( road into ,k5t1 :i* ,i _c b ?9k po9t$ t[>ds ! site ( ,old ,london ,bridge1 bo? f its c5tral situation1 f ! g5]al abs5ce ( ! f\ndations ( build+s 9 ! approa*es on ! nor!rn side1 & f discov]ies rec5tly made 9 ! ,?ames on ! l9e ( ! old bridge 7,ar*aeologia1 xxix4 #afj74 ,smi? has1 h[ev]1 /ill /rong] argum5ts1 :i* he /ates z foll[s3 ,?r\gh\t ! entire l9e ( ! old bridge1 ! b$ ( ! riv] 0 f\nd to conta9 anci5t wood5 piles2 & :5 ^! piles1 subsequ5tly to ! erection ( ! new bridge1 7 pull$ up to deep5 ! *annel ( ! riv]1 _m ?\s&s ( ,roman co9s1 ) abundance ( brok5 ,roman tiles & pott]y1 7 discov]$1 & imm$iately b5ea? "s ( ! c5tral piles brass m$allions ( ,aurelius1 ,fau/9a & ,commodus4 ,all ^! rema9s are indicative ( a bridge4 ,! enorm\s quantities ( ,roman co9s may be acc\nt$ = by consid]ation ( ! well-kn[n practice ( ! ,romans to make ^! imp]i%able monum5ts subs]vi5t t[>ds p]petuat+ ! memory1 n only ( _! conque/s1 b also ( ^? public works :i* 7 ! natural result ( _! successes 9 remote p>ts ( ! _w4 ,!y may h be5 deposit$ ei!r ^u ! build+ or repairs ( ! bridge1 z well z ^u ! accession ( a new emp]or 7,ar*aeological ,j\rnal1 i4 #aac74 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! #e? c5tury ! ,roman legions left ,brita91 & ! ,saxon ,*ronicle gives ! exact date1 /at+ t nev] s9ce ,a4,d4 #dji h ! ,romans rul$ 9 ,brita9--! *ronicl] sett+ d[n ! ,roman sway at #dgj w9t]s & dat+ f ,julius ,caes>'s invasion4 ,we le>n t 9 ! ye> #dah ! ,romans collect$ all ! treasures t 7 9 ,brita91 & hid "s ( !m 9 ! e>?1 t no man might aft]w>ds f9d !m1 & convey$ "s ) !m into ,gaul4 #b4 ,saxon 7#ddi-ajff74--,we are in=m$ 9 ! ,saxon ,*ronicle t ab\t ,a4,d4 #ddi or #dej ! invad]s settl$ 9 ,brita91 & 9 #deg ,h5gi/ & ,aesc f\ght aga9/ ! ,britons at ,cray=d1 driv+ !m out ( ,k5t4 ,! vanqui%$ fl$ to ,london 9 t]ror & app>5tly f\nd a %elt] !re4 ,aft] ?is entry !re is no fur!r m5tion ( ,london 9 ! ,*ronicle = a c5tury & a half4 ,?is sil5ce has be5 tak5 by "s hi/orians ( weight to imply t ,london practically ceas$ to exi/4 ,dr ,gue/ ass]t$ t good reason may be giv5 = ! belief t ev5 ,london itself = a :ile lay desolate & un9habit$ 7,ar*aeological ,j\rnal1 xix4 #bai74 ,j4 ,r4 ,gre5 & ,mr ,l(tie /rongly support$ ?is view1 & 9 ,sir ,walt] ,besant's ,e>ly ,london 7#aijh7 ! idea ( ! desolation ( ! city is tak5 = grant$4 ,9 answ] to ?is cont5tion x may be said t1 al?\gh ! sil5ce ( ! ,*ronicle is difficult to und]/&1 x is almo/ impossible to believe t ! v exi/5ce ( ! mo/ important city 9 ! c\ntry c\ld sudd5ly cease & ! inhabitants disappe> )\t "s special notice4 ,battles & sc5es ( de/ruction are s fully describ$ 9 o!r in/ances t "o mu/ believe t :5 no?+ is relat$ no?+ special occurr$4 ,no d\bt ! com+ ( ! ,saxons1 :i* entirely *ang$ ! condition ( ! c\ntry1 mu/ h greatly injur$ trade1 b al?\gh !re 0 n ! same fre$om ( access to ! roads1 ! ,london]s _h ! highway ( ! riv] at _! doors4 ,al?\gh ! ,saxons hat$ t[ns & refus$ to settle 9 ,london1 !y may h all[$ ! orig9al inhabitants to cont9ue _! trade on condition t !y receiv$ "s %>e ( ! pr(its or a tribute4 ,! only "q really is :e!r ,london be+ an exceptional city receiv$ exceptional treatm5t4 ,saxon ,settlem5t4 ,along ! banks ( ! ,?ames are sev]al small hav5s ^: names h rema9$ to u1 su* z ,ro!rhi!1 ,lambhi? 7,lambe?71 ,*el*i? 7,*elsea71 c41 & x is n unlikely t ! ,saxons1 :o w\ld n settle 9 ! city itself1 associat$ !mselves ) ^! small op5 spots4 ,places 7 ?us f\nd$ ov] a l>ge space :i* o!rwise might h rema9$ unsettl$4 ,orig9 ( ! ,lib]ties4 ,if :at is "h sugge/$ really occurr$ x may be t ?is sep>ation ( ,london f ! surr\nd+ c\ntry orig9at$ ! rem>kable position ( ,london ) its unp>allel$ privileges1 :i* 7 cont9u$ = _m c5turies & kept x n only ! lead] among cities b di/9ct f all o!rs4 ,laur5ce ,gomme1 9 ,! ,gov]nance ( ,london 7#aijg71 opposes ! view t ! city 0 = a "t left des]t$ 7a view :i*1 x may be rem>k$1 is a comp>atively mod]n "o1 probably orig9at+ ) ,dr ,gue/74 ,h4 ,c4 ,coote 9 8 ,romans ( ,brita9 elaborat$ a description ( ! survival ( ,roman influ5ce 9 ,engli% in/itutions1 b 8 views did n obta9 mu* support f ,london hi/orians4 ,mr ,gomme's cont5tion is to "s ext5t a modification ( ,mr ,coote's view1 b x is orig9al 9 ! illu/rations t give x =ce4 ,lond9ium 0 a ,roman city1 & 7z 9 ! case ( all su* cities7 0 =m$ on ! model ( anci5t ,rome4 ,x may !re=e be expect$ to reta9 evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( a ,pomo]ium & ,t]ritorium z at ,rome4 ,! ,pomo]ium m>k$ ! unbuilt space ar\nd ! walls4 ,gomme ref]s to an op5 space outside ! we/]n wall ( ,dor*e/] /ill call$ ! ,pumm]y z an indication ( ! ,pomo]ium 9 t place2 & he consid]s t ! "n ( ,mile ,end1 situat$ #a m4 f ,aldgate & ! city walls1 m>ks ! ext5t ( ! op5 space ar\nd ! walls ( ,london kn[n z ! ,pomo]ium4 ,?is fact ?r[s a curi\s light ^u ! gr[? ( ! ,lib]ties4 ,x has always be5 a puzzle t no note exi/s ( ! fir/ in/itution ( ^! lib]ties4 ,if ?is op5 space 0 f ! e>lie/ times atta*$ to ! city !re w\ld be no ne$ :5 x 0 built ^u = any special act to be pass$ = its inclusion 9 ,london4 ,! ,t]ritorium ( ! city 0 its special prop]ty1 & x ext5d$ z f> z ! limits ( ! t]ritorium ( ! ne>e/ ,roman city or z ne> !reto z ! natural b\nd>ies4 ,?is expla9s ! position ( ,middlesex 9 relation to ,london4 ,9 connexion ) ^! two features ( a ,roman city suppos$ to be f\nd 9 ,anci5t ,london ! au?or argues = ! cont9uity ( ! city ?r\gh ! *anges ( ,roman & ,saxon dom9ion4 ,"o ( ! mo/ /rik+ illu/rations ( ! probable cont9uity ( ,london hi/ory is to be f\nd 9 ! contra/ betwe5 ,york & ,london4 ,?is is only allud$ to 9 ,gomme's book1 b x is elaborat$ 9 an article 9 ! ,cornhill ,magaz9e 7,novemb] #aijf74 ,^! two 7 ! *ief ,roman cities 9 ,brita91 "o 9 ! nor? & ! o!r 9 ! s\?4 ,!y are bo? equally good examples ( important cities "u ,roman dom9ation4 ,york 0 conqu]$ & occupi$ by ! ,saxons1 & !re n only are ! results ( ,engli% settlem5t cle> b all records ( ,roman gov]nm5t 7 de/roy$4 ,9 ,london ! ,saxon /ood outside ! gov]nm5t = c5turies1 & ! acceptance ( ! ,roman survival expla9s mu* t is o!rwise un9telligible4 ,indep5d5ce ( ,london4 ,gomme f9ds important evid5ce ( ! indep5d5ce ( ,london 9 ! exi/5ce ( a m]*ant law :i* 0 oppos$ to ,anglo-,saxon law4 ,he repr9ts & discusses ! celebrat$ ,judicia ,civitatis ,lundoniae ( ,k+ !l/an's reign--! ord9ance 7z x decl>es itself7 :i* ! bi%op & ! reeves belong+ to ,london h orda9$4 ,he holds t ! ,london]s pass$ _! own laws by _! own citiz5s )\t ref]5ce to ! k+ at all1 & 9 ! pres5t case ( a k+ :o accord+ to ,kemble _h c>ri$ ! influ5ce ( ! cr[n to an ext5t unexampl$ 9 any ( 8 pr$ecessors4 ,he adds3 ,:at happ5$ aft]w>ds 0 evid5tly ?is3 t ! code pass$ by ! ,london]s 0 s5t to ! k+ = him to ext5d its application ?r\gh\t ! k+dom1 & ?is is done by ! elev5? section4 ,! view orig9at$ by ,gomme c]ta9ly expla9s _m difficulties 9 ! hi/ory ( ! transition f ,roman to ,engli% ,london1 :i* h hi!rto be5 ov]look$ by hi/orians4 ,arrival ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,:5 ! city is next ref]r$ to 9 ! ,saxon ,*ronicle x appe>s to h be5 inhabit$ by a population ( hea!ns4 ,"u ! date #fjd we read3 ,?is ye> ,augu/9e consecrat$ two bi%ops3 ,mellitus & ,ju/us4 ,he s5t ,mellitus to prea* baptism to ! ,ea/ ,saxons1 ^: k+ 0 call$ ,seb]t1 son ( ,ricole ! si/] ( !lb]t1 & :om !lb]t _h !n appo9t$ k+4 ,& !lb]t gave ,mellitus a bi%op's see 9 ,lund5evic & to ,ju/us he gave ,ro*e/]1 :i* is tw5ty-f\r miles f ,cant]bury4 ,! ,*ri/ianity ( ! ,london]s 0 ( an unsatisfactory "*1 =1 aft] ! dea? ( ,seb]t1 8 sons :o 7 hea!ns /irr$ up ! multitude to drive out _! bi%op4 ,mellitus became ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury1 & ,london relaps$ into hea!nism4 ,9 ?is1 ! e>lie/ p]iod ( ,saxon hi/ory record$1 !re appe>s to be no relic ( ! ,*ri/ianity ( ! ,britons1 :i* at "o "t 0 well 9 evid5ce4 ,:at became ( ! ca!dral :i* we may suppose to h exi/$ 9 ,london dur+ ! lat] ,roman p]iod we _c tell1 b we may guess t x 0 de/roy$ by ! hea!n ,saxons4 ,b$e records t ! *ur* ( ,/ ,paul 0 built by !lb]t1 & f t "t to ?is a ca!dral d$icat$ to ,/ ,paul has /ood ^u ! hill look+ d[n on ,ludgate4 ,aft] ! driv+ out ( ,mellitus ,london rema9$ )\t a bi%op until ! ye> #fef1 :5 ,c$da1 bro!r ( ,/ ,*ad ( ,li*field1 0 invit$ to ,london by ,sigeb]t1 :o _h be5 conv]t$ to ,*ri/ianity by ,f9an1 bi%op ( ! ,nor?umbrians4 ,c$da 0 consecrat$ bi%op ( ! ,ea/ ,saxons by ,f9an & held ! see till 8 dea? on ! #bf? ( ,octob] #ffd4 ,he 0 succe$$ by ,w9i1 bi%op ( ,w9*e/]1 & !n came ,e>conuald 7or ,/ ,erk5wald71 ^: %r9e 0 "o ( ! *ief glories ( old ,/ ,paul's4 ,he di$ on ! #cj? ( ,april #fic1 a day :i* 0 kept 9 memory 9 8 ca!dral = c5turies by special (fices4 ,! li/ ( bi%ops f ,c$da to ,william 7:o is address$ 9 ! ,conqu]or's ,*>t]7 is long1 & ea* bi%op app>5tly held a position ( great importance 9 ! gov]nm5t ( ! city4 ,dani% ,invasions4 ,9 ! #g? c5tury ! city seems to h settl$ d[n into a prosp]\s place & to h be5 peopl$ by m]*ants ( _m nationalities4 ,we le>n t at ?is "t x 0 ! great m>t ( slaves4 ,x 0 9 ! fulle/ s5se a free-trad+ t[n2 neutral to a c]ta9 ext5t betwe5 ! k+doms ar\nd1 al?\gh ! mo/ p[]ful ( ! k+s conqu]$ _! feebl] neighb\rs4 ,dur+ ! #h? c5tury1 :5 a m settl$ condition ( life became possible1 ! trade & comm]ce ( ,london increas$ 9 volume & prosp]ity4 ,a *ange1 h[ev]1 came ab\t t[>ds ! end ( ! c5tury1 :5 ! ,sc&9avian freeboot]s kn[n z ,danes began to h>ry ! coa/s4 ,! ,saxons _h become law-abid+1 & ! fi]ce ,danes treat$ !m 9 ! same way z 9 =m] days !y _h treat$ ! ,britons4 ,9 #hga ! *ronicl] affirms t ,alfr$ f\ght n9e great battles aga9/ ! ,danes 9 ! k+dom s\? ( ! ,?ames1 & t ! ,we/ ,saxons made peace ) !m4 ,9 ! next ye> ! ,danes w5t f ,read+ to ,london1 & !re took up _! w9t] qu>t]s4 ,!n ! ,m]cians made peace ) !m4 ,9 #hhf ,alfr$ ov]came ! ,danes1 re/or$ ,london to its inhabitants1 rebuilt its walls1 reannex$ ! city to ,m]cia1 & committ$ x to ,e!lr$1 ald]man ( ,m]cia4 ,!n1 z ! *ronicl] writes1 all ! ,angle race turn$ to him 7,alfr$7 t 7 n 9 bondage ( ! ,dani% m54 ,9 #hif ! ,london]s came (f victori\s 9 _! enc\nt]s ) ! ,danes4 ,! k+ ob/ruct$ ! riv] s t ! enemy c\ld n br+ up _! %ips1 & !y !re=e ab&on$ !m4 ,! ,london]s broke up "s1 & br\ght ! /ronge/ & be/ to ,london4 ,9 #iab !lr$1 ! ald]man ( ! ,m]cians1 :o _h be5 plac$ 9 au?ority by ,alfr$1 di$1 & ,edw>d ! ,eld] took possession ( ,london & ,ox=d1 & all ! l&s :i* !reto belong$4 ,"u !l/an we f9d ! city increas+ 9 importance & g5]al prosp]ity4 ,!re 7 !n eight m9ts at "w1 a fact :i* exhibits evid5ce ( great activity & ! ne$ ( co9 = ! purposes ( trade4 ,! folk-moot met 9 ! prec9cts ( ,/ ,paul's at ! s\nd ( ! bell ( ! fam\s bell-t[]1 :i* also rang out :5 ! arm$ levy 0 requir$ to m>* "u ,/ ,paul's bann]4 ,= "s ye>s aft] ! decisive battle ( ,brunanburh 7,a4,d4 #icg7 ! ,danes ceas$ to tr\ble ! c\ntry4 ,fire1 h[ev]1 0 almo/ z great an enemy to ,london z ! ,dane4 ,fabyan :5 record+ ! entire de/ruction ( ,london by fire 9 ! reign ( !lr$ 7#iha7 makes ?is rem>kable /atem5t--,ye %all und]/& t ?is daye ! cytie ( ,london _h m h\synge & buyld+e f ,ludgate t[>d ,we/myn/re & lytel or none :] ! *ief or h>t ( ! citie is n[1 except 7t7 9 dyv]s places 7 h\syng1 b !y /od )\t ord]4 ,9 ! reign ( !lr$ ,,ii41 call$ ! ,unready 7b m correctly ! ,r$eless71 ! ,danes 7 m successful 9 _! op]ations aga9/ ,london1 b ! inhabitants resi/$ /\tly4 ,snorre ! ,icel&] tells u t ! ,danes =tifi$ ,s\?w>k ) dit* & ramp>t1 :i* ! ,engli% assail$ 9 va94 ,9 #ihb ,london 0 burnt1 & 9 #iid ,olaf & ,sweyn 7! fa!r ( ,canute7 came ) n9ety-f\r %ips to besiege x4 ,!y tri$ to set ! city on fire1 b ! t[nsm5 did !m m h>m ?an !y ev] we5$4 ,! *ronicl] pi\sly adds t ! holy ,"m ( ,god on t day manife/$ h] m]cy to ! t[nsm51 & deliv]$ !m f _! foes4 ,! ,danes w5t f ! t[n & ravag$ ! neighb\rhood1 s t 9 ! end ! k+ & 8 witan agre$ to give sixte5 ?\s& p\nds to be reliev$ ( ! pres5ce ( ! enemy4 ,?is 0 ! orig9 ( ! ,danegelt4 ,9 ! ye> #ajji ! ,danes frequ5tly attack$ ,london1 b !y _h no success1 & f>$ ill 9 _! attempts4 ,! ,london]s )/ood ,sweyn 9 #ajac1 b 9 ! end !y submitt$ & gave him ho/ages4 ,?ree ye>s aft] ?is1 !lr$ di$ 9 ,london1 & su* ( ! witan z 7 !re & ! t[nsm5 *ose ,edmund ,ironside = k+1 al?\gh ! witan outside ,london _h elect$ ,canute4 ,canute's %ips 7 !n at ,gre5wi* on _! way to ,london1 :]e !y soon aft]w>ds arriv$4 ,! ,danes at once set to "w to dig a great dit* by ,s\?w>k1 & !n dragg$ _! %ips ?r\gh to ! we/ side ( ! bridge4 ,!y 7 able aft] ?is to keep ! inhabitants f go+ ei!r 9 or out ( ! t[n4 ,9 spite ( all ?is1 aft] fight+ ob/9ately bo? by l& & by wat]1 ! ,danes _h to raise ! siege ( ,london & take ! %ips to ! riv] ,orwell4 ,aft] a glori\s reign ( sev5 mon?s ,edmund di$ 9 ,london1 & ,canute became ma/] ( ,engl&4 ,! tribute :i* ! t[nsm5 ( ,london _h to pay 0 #aj1ejj1 ab\t "o-sev5? ( ! am\nt :i* 0 paid by all ! re/ ( ! ,engli% nation4 ,?is %[s ! gr[+ importance ( ! city4 ,f ?is "t !re appe>s to h be5 a p]man5t ,dani% settlem5t 9 ,london1 probably ,aldwi*1 ref]r$ to bel[4 ,!re is little m to be said ( ! hi/ory ( ,saxon ,london ?an t ,edw>d ! ,confessor held 8 ,witanagemot !re4 ,on 8 dea? ! ,witan :i* _h att5d$ 8 fun]al elect$ to succe$ him ,h>old1 ! =emo/ man 9 ,engl&1 & ! lead] :o _h attempt$ to *eck ! spread ( ! ,norman influ5ce fo/]$ by ! ,confessor4 ,aft] 8 defeat & dea? on ! hill on ! ,sussex ,d[ns !n call$ ,s5lac1 ! duke ( ,norm&y _h ! c\ntry at 8 m]cy1 b he recogniz$ ! importance ( ,london's position1 & mov$ =w>d ) ! greate/ caution & tact4 ,be=e proce$+ ) ! hi/ory ( ,london dur+ ! ,norman p]iod x is necess>y to say some?+ ( ! c\nties m especially connect$ ) ,london4 ,! ,home ,c\nties4 ,! wall$ city ( ,london 0 a di/9ct political unit1 al?\gh x ow$ a c]ta9 allegiance to t "o ( ! k+doms ar\nd x :i* 0 ! mo/ p[]ful = ! "t be+4 ,?is allegiance !re=e frequ5tly *ang$1 b ,london reta9$ its id5tity & individuality all ?r\gh4 ,essex seems seldom to h held an indep5d5t position1 = :5 ,london fir/ appe>s z connect$ ) ! ,ea/ ,saxons ! real p[] 0 9 ! h&s ( ! k+ ( ,k5t4 ,accord+ to ,b$e1 ,w9i1 be+ expell$ f 8 bi%opric ( ,wessex 9 #fce1 took refuge ) ,wulfh]e1 k+ ( ! ,m]cians1 ( :om he pur*as$ ! see ( ,london4 ,h5ce ! ,m]cian k+ mu/ !n h be5 ! ov]lord ( ,london4 ,n _m ye>s aft]w>ds ! k+ ( ,k5t aga9 seems to h held "s jurisdiction "h4 ,f ! laws ( ! ,k5ti% k+s ,lho?h]e & ,eadric 7#fgc-fhe7 we le>n t ! ,wic-reeve 0 an (fic] ( ! k+ ( ,k5t1 :o ex]cis$ a jurisdiction ov] ! ,k5ti% m5 trad+ ) or at ,london1 or 0 appo9t$ to wat* ov] _! int]e/s4 ,! orig9 ( ! two c\nties 9 :i* ,london is *iefly situat$ op5s up an int]e/+ "q4 ,x is necess>y to rememb] t ,london is old] ?an ^! c\nties1 ^: names1 ,middlesex & ,surrey1 indicate _! relative positions to ! city & ! surr\nd+ c\nty4 ,we h nei!r record ( _! settlem5t nor ( ! orig9 ( _! names4 ,bo? mu/ h be5 peopl$ f ! riv]4 ,! "n ,middle ,saxons pla9ly %[s t ,middlesex mu/ h be5 settl$ aft] ! ,ea/ & ,we/ ,saxons _h giv5 _! names to _! respective di/ricts4 ,! "n ,surrey cle>ly ref]s to ! s\!rn position ( ! c\nty4 ,aldwi*4 ,ref]5ce has already be5 made to a ,dani% settlem5t1 & !re seems "s reason = plac+ x on ! gr\nd n[ occupi$ by ! p>i%es ( ,/ ,clem5t ,danes & ,/ ,giles's4 ,= _m c5turies ?is di/rict betwe5 ,london & ,we/m9/] 0 a k9d ( no man's l& hav+ c]ta9 ar*aic cu/oms4 ,gomme 9 8 ,gov]nance ( ,london 7#aijg7 gives an acc\nt ( ! connexion ( ?is ) ! old village ( ,aldwi*1 a "n t surviv$ 9 ,wy* ,/reet1 & has be5 reviv$ by ! ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil 9 ,aldwy*1 ! cresc5t :i* leads to ,k+sway4 ,! ,conque/4 #c4 ,norman 7#ajff-aaed74--,to return to ! condition ( ?+s aft] ! great battle4 ,! citiz5s ( ,london 7 a divid$ body1 & ,duke ,william kn[+ t he _h _m fri5ds 9 ! city saw t a wait+ game 0 ! be/ = 8 cause 9 ! end4 ,! defeat$ *iefs retir$ on ! city1 l$ by ,ansg> ! ,/all]1 "u :om z %]iff ! citiz5s ( ,london _h m>*$ to fight = ,h>old at ,s5lac4 ,!y elect$ ,edg> ,a!l+1 ! gr&son ( ,edmund ,ironside1 z k+1 :i* ! ,saxon ,*ronicle says 0 inde$ 8 natural "r4 ,on he>+ ( ?is action ,william m>*$ t[>ds ,london1 :5 ! citiz5s salli$ =? to meet him4 ,!y 7 repuls$ by ! ,norman horse1 b ) su* loss to ! latt] t ! duke ?\ght x imprud5t to lay siege to ! city at t "t1 & he retir$ to ,b]khamp/ead4#e ,x is report$ t ,william s5t a private message to ,ansg> ask+ = 8 support4 ,! result 0 t ,edg> & ,e>ls ,edw9 & ,mork]e & ! be/ m5 ( ,london repair$ to ,b]khamp/ead1 :]e !y submitt$ !mselves & swore fealty to ! ,conqu]or4 ,*anges 9 ! ,city4 ,?us ends ! ,saxon p]iod1 & ! ,norman p]iod 9 ,london beg9s ) ! submission ( ! citiz5s z di/9ct f ! action ( ! re/ ( ! k+dom1 :i* submission result$ soon aft]w>ds 9 ! ,conqu]or's rem>kable *>t] to ,william ! bi%op & ,gosfri? ! portreeve1 suppos$ to be ! eld] ,ge(frey de ,m&eville4 ,a great *ange 0 at once made bo? 9 ! appe>ance & 9 ! gov]nm5t ( ! city "u ,norman rule4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ acts ( ! ,conqu]or 0 to und]take ! erection ( a citadel :i* %\ld ov]awe ! citiz5s & give him ! comm& ( ! city4 ,! ,t[] 0 situat$ at ! ea/]n limit ( ! city1 & n f> f ! we/]n extremity ,ca/le ,bayn>d 0 built4 ,! position ( ! city grew 9 importance1 b ! citiz5s suff]$ f sev]e laws & f s]i\s re/rictions ^u _! lib]ties4 ,9 ,augu/ #ajgg occurr$ a mo/ ext5sive fire1 su* a "o1 says ! ,*ronicle1 z nev] 0 be=e s9ce ,london 0 f\nd$4 ,?is con/ant burn+ ( l>ge portions ( ! city is a m>k$ feature ( its e>ly hi/ory1 & we mu/ rememb] t1 al?\gh /one build+s 7 ris+ on all sides1 ^! 7 *ur*es1 mona/]ies1 & o!r public edifices2 ! ord9>y h\ses rema9$ z be=e1 small wood5 /ructures4 ,! ,:ite ,t[]1 ! fam\s keep ( ! ,t[] ( ,london1 0 begun by ,gundulph1 bi%op ( ,ro*e/]1 c4 #ajgh4 ,9 #ajhc ! old ca!dral ( ,/ ,paul's 0 begun on ! site ( ! *ur* :i* !lb]t is said to h f\nd$ 9 #faj4 ,b f\r ye>s aft]w>ds ! *ronicl] tells u ! holy mona/]y ( ,/ ,paul1 ! episcopal see ( ,london1 0 burnt1 & _m o!r mona/]ies1 & ! greate/ & faire/ "p ( ! :ole city4 ,9 ?is same ye> 7#ajhg7 william ! ,conqu]or di$4 ,9 #ajij a trem5d\s hurricane pass$ ov] ,london1 & blew d[n six hundr$ h\ses & _m *ur*es4 ,! ,t[] 0 injur$1 & a portion ( ! ro( ( ! *ur* ( ,/ ,m>y-le-,b[1 ,*eapside1 0 c>ri$ (f & fell "s di/ance away1 be+ =c$ into ! gr\nd z mu* z #bj ft41 a pro( ( ! badness ( ! ?or\ghf>es z well z ( ! =ce ( ! w9d1 ,william ,rufus inh]it$ f 8 fa!r a love = build+1 & 9 ! ye> #ajig he exact$ l>ge sums ( money f 8 subjects ) ! object ( c>ry+ on "s ( ! und]tak+s he _h 9 h&4 ,^! 7 ! wall+ r\nd ( ! ,t[] & ! rebuild+ ( ,london ,bridge1 :i* _h be5 almo/ de/roy$ by a flood4 ,9 #aajj ,rufus 0 sla91 & ,h5ry ,i4 0 cr[n$ 9 ,london4 ,?is k+ grant$ ! citiz5s _! fir/ real *>t]1 b ?is 0 con/antly violat$1 :5 ,/eph5 seiz$ ! cr[n on ! dea? ( ,h5ry ,i41 he tri$ successfully to obta9 ! support ( ! p ( ,london4 ,he publi%$ a *>t] confirm+ 9 g5]al t]ms ! "o grant$ by ,h5ry1 & comm&+ t ! good laws ( ,edw>d ! ,confessor %\ld be obs]v$4 ,! citiz5s1 h[ev]1 did n obta9 _! rights )\t pay+ = !m1 & 9 #aaci !y paid ,/eph5 "o hundr$ m>ks ( silv] to enable !m to *oose _! own %]iffs4 ,9 ?is reign ! all-p[]fulness ( ! ,london]s is br\ght prom95tly =w>d4 ,/eph5 became by ! %ift+ =tune ( w> a prison]1 & ! empress ,matilda might1 if %e _h _h ! wisdom to fav\r ! citiz5s1 h held ! ?rone1 :i* 0 h]s by "r ( bir?4 ,%e1 h[ev]1 made !m h] enemies by deliv]+ up ! (fice ( ju/ici>y ( ,london & ! %]iffwick to h] p>tisan ,ge(frey1 e>l ( ,essex1 & attempt+ to r$uce ! citiz5s to ! enslav$ condition ( ! re/ ( ! c\ntry4 ,?is made h] influ5tial enemies1 :o soon aft]w>ds replac$ ,/eph5 ^u ! ?rone4 ,! ,norman era closes ) ! dea? ( ,/eph5 9 #aaed4 ,e>ly p>i%es4 ,religi\s f\ndations4 ,"o ( ! mo/ /rik+ *anges 9 ! appe>ance ( ,norman ,london 0 caus$ by ! rebuild+ ( old *ur*es & ! build+ ( new ones1 & also by ! f\ndation ( ! great mona/ic e/abli%m5ts4 ,! e>ly hi/ory ( ! p>i%es ( ,london is "o ( great difficulty & complexity4 ,al?\gh "s ( ! p>i%es mu/ be ( great antiquity1 we h little au!ntic in=mation respect+ !m be=e ! ,conque/4 ,! d$ications ( _m ( ! *ur*es indicate _! great age1 b ! con/ant fires 9 ,london de/roy$ ^! build+s4 ,! orig9al *ur*es appe> to h be5 v small1 z may be judg$ f _! numb]4 ,x is n easy1 h[ev]1 to und]/& h[ x 0 t :5 ! fir/ p>i%es 7 =m$ s small an area 0 atta*$ to ea*4 ,! p>i% *ur* ( :i* we h ! mo/ au!ntic notice be=e ! ,conque/ is ,/ ,hel5's1 ,bi%opsgate4 ,x 0 9 exi/5ce _m ye>s be=e ! priory ( ! nuns ( ,/ ,hel5's 0 f\nd$4 ,bi%op ,/ubbs 9 8 ,introduction to ! ,hi/orical ,works ( ,ralph de ,diceto writes3 ,/ ,paul's /ood at ! head ( ! religi\s life ( ,london1 & by its side1 at "s consid]able int]val1 h[ev]1 ,/ ,m>t9's le ,gr& 7#ajef71 ,/ ,b>?olomew's1 ,smi?field 7#aabc7 & ! great & anci5t f\ndation ( ,tr9ity1 ,aldgate 7#aajh74 ,! great ,b5$ict9e mona/]y ( ,black ,monks 0 situat$ away f ! city at ,we/m9/]1 & x 0 ! only mona/ic h\se subject to ! rule ( ,/ ,b5$ict 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,london1 al?\gh ! h\ses ( nuns1 ( :i* !re 7 _m dott$ ov] ! suburbs ( ,london1 7 gov]n$ by ?is rule4 ,9 c\rse ( "t !re 0 a widespread desire 9 ,europe = a /rict] rule among ! monks1 & re=ms ( ! ,b5$ict9e rule 7 in/itut$ at ,cluni 7#iaj71 ,*>treuse 7ab\t #ajhj7 & ,citeaux 7#ajih74 ,all ^! re=ms 7 repres5t$ 9 ,london4 ,cluniac ,ord]4--,?is ord] 0 fir/ br\ght to ,engl& by ,william1 e>l ( ,w>r5 7son-9-law ( ,william ! ,conqu]or71 :o built ! fir/ h\se at ,lewes 9 ,sussex ab\t #ajgg4 ,! priory ( ,b]mondsey 9 ,surrey 0 f\nd$ by ,aylw9 ,*ild1 citiz5 ( ,london ab\t #ajhb4 ,c>?usians4--,:5 ?is ord] 0 br\ght to ,engl& 9 #aagh ! fir/ h\se 0 f\nd$ at ,)am 9 ,som]set%ire4 ,9 all !re 7 n9e h\ses ( ! ord] 9 ,engl&4 ,"o ( ^! 0 ! ,*>t]h\se ( ,london :i* 0 n f\nd$ until #acga by ,sir ,walt] ,manny1 ,k4,g4 ,ci/]cians4--,x 0 usual to plant ^! mona/]ies 9 solit>y & uncultivat$ places1 & no o!r h\se1 ev5 ( _! own ord]1 0 all[$ to build )9 a c]ta9 di/ance ( ! orig9al e/abli%m5t4 ,?is makes x surpris+ to le>n t !re 7 two sep>ate h\ses ( ?is ord] 9 ! ne> neighb\rhood ( ,london4 ,a bran* ( ! ord] came to ,engl& ab\t #aabh & ! fir/ h\se 0 f\nd$ at ,wav]ley 9 ,surrey4 ,v %ortly aft] 7ab\t #aacd7 ! abbey ( ,/rat=d ,lang?orne 9 ,essex 0 f\nd$ by ,william de ,montfi*et1 :o end[$ x ) all 8 lord%ip 9 ,we/ ,ham4 ,x 0 n until two c5turies aft]w>ds t ! second ,ci/]cian h\se 9 ! imm$iate neighb\rhood ( ,london 0 f\nd$4 ,?is 0 ! ,abbey ( ,/ ,m>y ,graces1 ,ea/-,m9/] or ,new ,abbey )\t ! walls ( ,london1 beyond ,t[] ,hill1 :i* ,edw>d ,,iii4 in/itut$ 9 #acej aft] a sev]e sc\rge ( plague 7! s-call$ ,black ,dea?74 ,! two great ,milit>y ,ord]s--! ,knights ,hospitall]s ( ,/ ,john ( ,j]usalem & ! ,templ>s--foll[$ ! ,augu/9ian rule & 7 bo? settl$ 9 ,london4 ,! ,hospital or ,priory ( ,/ ,john 0 f\nd$ 9 #aajj by ,jordan ,briset & 8 wife ,muriel1 outside ! nor!rn wall ( ,london1 & ! orig9al village ( ,cl]k5well grew up ar\nd ! build+s ( ! knights4 ,a few ye>s aft] ?is ! ,bre?r5 ( ! ,temple ( ,solomon at ,j]usalem or ,knights ( ! ,temple came into be+ at ! ,holy ,city1 & !y settl$ fir/ on ! s\? side ( ,holborn ne> ,s\?ampton ,r[4 ,!y remov$ to ,fleet ,/reet or ! ,new ,temple 9 #aahd4 ,on ! suppression ( ! ord] by comm& ( ! pope ! h\se 9 ,fleet ,/reet 0 giv5 9 #acac by ,edw>d ,,ii4 to ,aym] de ,val5ce1 e>l ( ,pembroke1 at ^: dea? 9 #acbd ! prop]ty pass$ to ! knights ( ,/ ,john1 :o leas$ ! new ,temple to ! lawy]s1 /ill ! occupants ( ! di/rict4 ,! que5 ( ,h5ry ,i4 7,matilda or ,maud7 0 "o ( ! *ief f\nd]s ( religi\s h\ses1 & s great 0 ! numb] ( mona/]ies built 9 ?is k+'s reign t x 0 said almo/ all ! lab\r]s became bricklay]s & c>p5t]s & !re 0 mu* discont5t 9 consequ5ce4 ,fitz/eph5's description ( ,london4 #d4 ,plantag5et 7#aaed-adhe74--;,h5ry ,,ii4 appe>s to h be5 to a c]ta9 ext5t prejudic$ aga9/ ! citiz5s ( ,london on acc\nt ( _! attitude t[>ds 8 "m1 & he treat$ !m ) "s sev]ity4 ,9 #aagf ! rebuild+ ( ,london ,bridge ) /one 0 begun by ,pet] ( ,cole*ur*4 ,?is 0 ! bridge :i* 0 pull$ d[n e>ly 9 ! #ai? c5tury4 ,x consi/$ ( tw5ty /one ar*es & a drawbridge4 ,!re 0 a gateh\se at ea* end & a *apel or crypt 9 ! c5tre1 d$icat$ to ,/ ,?omas ( ,cant]bury1 9 :i* ,pet] ( ,cole*ur* 0 buri$ 9 #abje4 ,! l>ge am\nt ( build+ at ?is "t proves t ! citiz5s 7 weal?y4 ,fitz/eph51 ! monk ( ,cant]bury1 has left u ! fir/ picture ( ,london4 ,he speaks ( its weal?1 comm]ce1 gr&eur & magnific5ce--( ! mildness ( ! climate1 ! beauty ( ! g>d5s1 ! sweet1 cle> & salubri\s spr+s1 ! fl[+ /reams1 & ! pleasant clack ( ! wat]mills4 ,ev5 ! va/ =e/ ( ,middlesex1 ) its d5sely wood$ ?ickets1 its cov]ts ( game1 /ags1 fall[ de]1 bo>s & wild bulls is press$ into ! description to give a contra/ :i* %all enhance ! beauty ( ! city itself4 ,fitz/eph5 tells h[1 :5 ! great m>% t wa%$ ! walls ( ! city on ! nor? 7,moorfields7 0 froz5 ov]1 ! "y m5 w5t out to slide & skate & sport on ! ice4 ,skates made ( bones h be5 dug up 9 ?is di/rict4 ,?is sport 0 all[$ to fall into disuse1 & 0 n aga9 preval5t until x 0 introduc$ f ,holl& aft] ! ,re/oration4 ,9 spite ( ,fitz/eph5's gl[+ description we mu/ rememb] t ! h\ses ( ,london 7 :olly built ( wood & ?at*$ ) /raw or re$s4 ,^! h\ses 7 specially liable to be de/roy$ by fire1 & 9 ord] to save ! city f ?is imm95t dang] ! fam\s ,assize ( ,build+ kn[n z ,fitz-,ailwyne's ,assize 0 drawn up 9 #aahi4 ,9 ?is docum5t ! foll[+ /atem5t 0 made3 ,_m citiz5s1 to avoid su* dang]1 built accord+ to _! means1 on _! gr\nd1 a /one h\se cov]$ & protect$ by ?ick tiles aga9/ ! fury ( fire1 :]eby x (t5 happ5$ t :5 a fire arose 9 ! city & burnt _m edifices & _h rea*$ su* a h\se1 n be+ able to injure x1 x !n became ext+ui%$1 s t _m neighb\rs' h\ses 7 :olly sav$ f fire by t h\se4 ,v>i\s privileges 7 conc$$ to ^? :o built 9 /one1 b no provision 0 made z to ! mat]ial to be us$ 9 ro(+ t5em5ts4 ,?is ,assize1 :i* has be5 describ$ z ! e>lie/ ,engli% ,build+ ,act1 is ( great value f an hi/orical po9t ( view1 b un=tunately x _h little practical effect1 & 9 #abab :at 0 call$ ,fitz-,ailwyne's ,second ,assize1 ) c]ta9 compulsory regulations1 0 enact$4 ,!nce=? ev]yone :o built a h\se 0 /rictly *>g$ n to cov] x ) re$s1 ru%es1 /ubble or /raw1 b only ) tiles1 %+le bo>ds or lead4 ,9 future1 9 ord] to /op a fire1 h\ses c\ld be pull$ d[n 9 case ( ne$ ) an ald]man's hook & cord4 ,= ! spe$y removal ( burn+ h\ses ea* w>d 0 to provide a /rong iron hook1 ) a wood5 h&le1 two *a9s & two /rong cords1 :i* 7 to be left 9 ! *>ge ( ! b$el ( ! w>d1 :o 0 also provid$ ) a good horn1 l\dly s\nd+4 ,ri*>d ,i4 0 a popul> k+1 b 8 fight+ 9 ! ,holy ,l& co/ 8 subjects mu*4 ,london _h to pay heavily t[>ds 8 ransom2 &1 :5 ! k+ made 8 triumphal entry into ,london aft] 8 release f imprisonm5t1 a ,g]man nobleman is said to h rem>k$ t _h ! emp]or kn[n ( ! weal? ( ,engl& he w\ld h insi/$ on a l>g] sum4 ,! ,london]s 7 ! m glad to welcome ,ri*>d back 9 t ! head ( ! reg5cy1 ,long*amp1 bi%op ( ,ely1 0 v unpopul> f ! encroa*m5ts he made ^u ! city ) 8 works at ! ,t[]4 ,! fir/ *>t] by :i* ! city claims ! jurisdiction & cons]vancy ( ! riv] ,?ames 0 grant$ by ,ri*>d ,i4 ,john grant$ sev]al *>t]s to ! city1 & x 0 expressly /ipulat$ 9 ,magna ,*>ta t ! city ( ,london %\ld h all its anci5t privileges & free cu/oms4 ,! citiz5s oppos$ ! k+ dur+ ! w>s ( ! b>ons4 ,9 ! ye> #abae ! b>ons hav+ receiv$ intellig5ce secretly t !y might ent] ,london ) ease ?r\gh ,aldgate1 :i* 0 !n 9 a v ru9\s /ate1 remov$ _! camp f ,b$=d to ,w>e1 & %ortly aft] m>*$ into ! city 9 ! night-"t4 ,hav+ succe$$ 9 _! object1 !y det]m9$ t s important a gate %\ld no long] rema9 9 a def5celess condition4 ,!y !re=e spoil$ ! religi\s h\ses & robb$ ! mona/]y c(f]s 9 ord] to h means :]e) to rebuild x4 ,mu* ( ! mat]ial 0 obta9$ f ! de/roy$ h\ses ( ! un=tunate ,jews1 b ! /one = ! bulw>ks 0 obta9$ f ,ca51 & ! small bricks or tiles f ,fl&]s4 ,allusion has already be5 made to ! great *ange 9 ! aspect ( ,london & its surr\nd+s made dur+ ! ,norman p]iod by ! e/abli%m5t ( a l>ge numb] ( mona/]ies4 ,a /ill m important *ange 9 ! configuration ( ! int]ior ( ,london 0 made 9 ! #ac? c5tury1 :5 ! v>i\s ord]s ( ! fri>s e/abli%$ !mselves !re4 ,! ,b5$ict9e monks pref]r$ seclud$ sites2 ! ,augu/9ians did n cultivate seclusion s /rictly2 b ! fri>s *ose ! int]ior ( t[ns by pref]5ce4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! #ac? c5tury ! rem>kable evangelical revival1 in/itut$ almo/ simultane\sly by ,/ ,dom9ic & ,/ ,francis1 swept ov] ,europe4 ,! f\r *ief ord]s ( ,m5dicant fri>s 7 magnific5tly h\s$ 9 ,london3-- ,m5dicant fri>s4 ,blackfri>s4--,! ,black1 ,prea*+ or ,dom9ican ,fri>s came to ,engl& 9 #abba & _! fir/ h\se 0 at ,ox=d4 ,%ortly aft] ?is !y came ,london & settl$ 9 ,holborn ne> ,l9coln's ,inn1 :]e !y rema9$ = m ?an fifty ye>s4 ,9 #abgf !y remov$ to ! neighb\rhood ( ,bayn>d ,ca/le1 & _! h\se gave a "n to a ,london di/rict :i* x /ill reta9s4 ,greyfri>s4--,! ,greyfri>s1 ,m9orites or ,franciscans1 fir/ settl$ 9 ,cornhill1 & 9 #abbd ,john ,ew9 made ov] to !m an e/ate situat$ 9 ! w>d ( ,f>r+don ,)9 & 9 ! p>i% ( ,/ ,ni*olas 9 ! ,%ambles1 :]e _! fri>y 0 built4 ,*ri/ ,*ur*1 ,newgate ,/reet1 occupies ! site ( ! *oir ( ! great *ur* ( ! ,greyfri>s4 ,au/9 ,fri>s4--,! h\se ( ! ,au/9 ,fri>s or ,fri>s ,eremites 0 f\nd$ 9 ,broad ,/reet w>d 9 #abec4 ,:ite ,fri>s4--,! ,fri>s ( ! ,bless$ ,virg9 ( ,m\nt ,c>mel or ,c>melites or ,:itefri>s came to ,london 9 #abda1 & made _! home on l& betwe5 ,fleet ,/reet & ! ,?ames giv5 by ,edw>d ,i4 ,besides ! f\r *ief ord]s ( fri>s !re 7 ! ,crut*$ ,fri>s 9 ! p>i% ( ,/ ,olave1 ,h>t ,/reet 7ab\t #abih71 & ! ,fri>s ( ! ,sac fir/ outside ,ald]sgate 7ab\t #abeg7 & aft]w>ds 9 ! ,old ,jewry4 ,! names ( places 9 ,london =m valuable records ( ! habitations ( diff]5t classes ( ! population4 ,! mona/]ies & fri>ies are kept 9 memory by _! names 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,london4 ,9 ! same way ! resid5ces ( ! ,jews h be5 m>k$4 ,:5 ,edw>d ,i4 expell$ ! ,jews f ,engl& 9 #abij ! di/rict 9 :i* !y _h liv$ s9ce ,william ! ,conqu]or's day came to be call$ ! ,old ,jewry4 ,on _! return aft] _m c5turies ( exile mo/ ( !m settl$ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,aldgate & ,ald]sgate4 ,!re is a rem9d] ( !m 9 ! names ( ,jewry ,/reet ne> ! =m] & ( ,jew9 ,/reet ne> ! latt] place4 ,jew9 ,/reet 0 built on ! site ( ! bury+-place ( ! ,jews be=e ! expulsion4 ,pageants4 ,9 ! middle ages !re 0 a con/ant succession ( pageants1 processions & t\rnam5ts4 ,! royal processions arrang$ 9 connexion ) coronations 7 ( great antiquity1 b "o ( ! e>lie/ to be describ$ is t ( ,h5ry ,,iii4 9 #abcf1 :i* 0 *ronicl$ by ,mat!w ,p>is4 ,aft] ! m>riage at ,cant]bury ( ! k+ ) ,eleanor ( ,prov5ce ! royal p]sonages came to ,london1 & 7 met by ! mayor1 ald]m5 & pr9cipal citiz5s to ! numb] ( #cfj1 sumptu\sly app>ell$ 9 silk5 robes embroid]$1 rid+ ^u /ately horses4 ,aft] ! dea? ( ,h5ry ,,iii4 7#abgb7 ! c\ntry _h to wait = _! new k+1 :o 0 !n 9 ! ,holy ,l&4 ,edw>d ,i4 came to ,london on ! #bnd ( ,augu/ #abgd1 :5 he 0 receiv$ ) ! wilde/ expressions ( joy4 ,! /reets 7 hung ) ri* clo?s ( silk arras & tape/ry2 ! ald]m5 & pr9cipal m5 ( ! city ?rew out ( _! w9d[s h&sful ( gold & silv]1 to signify _! gladness at ! k+'s return2 & ! conduits ran ) w9e1 bo? :ite & r$4 ,dr ,jessopp gives a vivid picture ( :at occurr$ :5 ,k+ ,edw>d ,,iii4 ent]$ ,london 9 triumph on ! #ad? ( ,octob] #acdg4 ,he 0 ! =emo/ man 9 ,europe1 & ,engl& _h rea*$ a height ( p[] & glory su* z %e _h nev] atta9$ be=e4 ,t5 ye>s aft] ?is1 "o ( ! mo/ fam\s sc5es 9 ! /reets ( ,london occurr$1 :5 ,edw>d ! ,black ,pr9ce br\ght ! ,fr5* ,k+ ,john & o!r prison]s aft] ! battle ( ,poiti]s to ,engl&4 ,?is 0 a sc5e unequall$ until ,h5ry ,v4 return$ f ! glori\s field ( ,ag9c\rt 9 #adae4 ,! mayor & ald]m5 app>ell$ 9 ori5t-gra9$ sc>let1 & f\r hundr$ common]s 9 murrey1 well m\nt$1 ) ri* coll>s & *a9s1 met ! k+ at ,blackhea?4 ,at ! entrance to ,london ,bridge ! t[]s 7 adorn$ ) bann]s ( ! royal arms1 & 9 ! front ( !m 0 inscrib$ ,civitas ,regis ,ju/icie4 ,dur+ ! tr\bles ( ! #ae? c5tury ! au?orities _h se5 ! necessity ( pay+ m att5tion to ! security ( ! gates & walls ( ! city1 & :5 ,?omas ,nevill1 son ( ,william1 ,"l ,fauconb]g1 made 8 attack ^u ,london 9 #adga he exp]i5c$ a spirit$ resi/ance4 ,he fir/ attempt$ to l& f 8 %ips 9 ! city1 b ! ,?ames side f ,bayn>d's ,ca/le to ! ,t[] 0 s well =tifi$ t he _h to seek a quiet] & less prep>$ position4 ,he !n set ^u ! sev]al gates 9 succession1 & 0 repuls$ at all4 ,on ! #aa? ( ,may he made a desp]ate attack ^u ,aldgate1 foll[$ by #ejj m54 ,he won ! bulw>ks & "s ( 8 foll[]s ent]$ into ! city1 b ! portcullis be+ let d[n ^! 7 cut (f f _! own p>ty & 7 sla9 by ! enemy4 ,! portcullis 0 drawn up1 & ! besieg$ issu$ =? aga9/ ! rebels1 :o 7 soon =c$ to flee4 ,:5 ,ri*>d1 duke ( ,gl\ce/]1 laid 8 plans = seiz+ ! cr[n1 he obta9$ ! c\nt5ance ( ! "l mayor1 ,sir ,edmund ,%aw1 ^: bro!r ,dr ,%aw prais$ ,ri*>d at ,paul's ,cross4 ,crosby ,hall1 9 ,bi%opsgate ,/reet1 !n lately built1 0 made ! lodg+ ( ! ,protector4 ,!re he act$ ! accessible pr9ce 9 ! eyes ( ! p1 = ! la/ ( ! ,plantag5ets 0 ano!r ( ! usurp]s :o f\nd fav\r 9 ! eyes ( ! m5 ( ,london4 ,8 day1 h[ev]1 0 %ort1 & ) ! battle ( ,boswor? ends ,plantag5et ,london4 ,fir/ maps ( ,london4 #e4 ,tudor 7#adhe-afjc74--;,x 0 dur+ ?is p]iod t ! fir/ maps ( ,london 7 drawn4 ,no repres5tation ( ! city e>li] ?an ! middle ( ! #af? c5tury has be5 discov]$1 al?\gh x seems m ?an probable t "s plans mu/ h be5 produc$ at an e>li] p]iod4#f ,! e>lie/ kn[n view is ! draw+ ( ,van d5 ,wynga]de 9 ! ,bodleian ,libr>y 7dat$ #aeej74 ,braun & ,hog5b]g's map 0 publi%$ 9 #aegb-aegc1 & ! s-call$ ,agas's map 0 probably produc$ soon aft]w>ds1 & 0 d\btless influ5c$ by ! publication ( ,braun & ,hog5b]g's excell5t engrav+2 ,nord5's maps ( ,london & ,we/m9/] are dat$ #aeic4 ,"s ( ^! maps 7 pa/$ ^u walls1 & mu/ h be5 l>gely de/roy$ by ord9>y we> & te>4 ,x is curi\s t ! only two exi/+ copies ( ,agas's map#g 7 publi%$ 9 ! reign ( ,james ,i41 al?\gh app>5tly !y _h n be5 alt]$ f ! e>li] editions ( ,elizabe?'s reign :i* h be5 lo/4 ,by ! help ( ^! maps we are able to obta9 a cle> notion ( ! ext5t & *ief *>act]i/ics ( ,tudor ,london4 ,h5ry ,,vii4 did little to connect 8 "n ) ! hi/ory ( ,london1 al?\gh ! erection ( ! exquisite specim5 ( florid ,go?ic at ,we/m9/] ,abbey has c>ri$ 8 memory d[n 9 its popul> "n ( ,h5ry ,,vii4's *apel4 ,soon aft] ?is k+ obta9$ ! ?rone he borr[$ ! sum ( #cjjj m>ks f ! city1 & moreov] f\nd$ ! excell5t prec$5t ( repay+ x at ! appo9t$ "t4 ,! citiz5s 7 s pleas$ at ?is unexpect$ occurr5ce t !y will+ly l5t ! k+ #fjjj 9 #adhh1 :i* he requir$ = milit>y prep>ations aga9/ ,france4 ,9 #adig ,london 0 ?reat5$ by ! rebels fav\rable to ,p]k9 ,w>beck1 :o encamp$ on ,blackhea? on ! #ag? ( ,june4 ,at fir/ !re 0 a panic among ! citiz5s1 b subsequ5tly ! city 0 plac$ 9 a prop] /ate ( def5ce1 & ! k+ himself encamp$ 9 ,/ ,george's ,fields4 ,on ,june #bb he entirely r\t$ ! rebels2 & "s "t aft]w>ds ,p]k9 ,w>beck gave himself up1 & 0 conduct$ 9 triumph ?r\gh ,london to ! ,t[]4 ,suppression ( religi\s h\ses4 ,z ! *ief feature ( ,norman ,london 0 ! f\ndation ( mona/]ies1 & t ( ,plantag5et ,london 0 ! e/abli%m5t ( fri>ies1 s ,tudor ,london 0 specially *>act]iz$ by ! suppression ( ! :ole ( ^! religi\s h\ses1 & also ( ! almo/ numb]less religi\s gilds & bro!rhoods4 ,:5 we rememb] t m ?an half ( ! area ( ,london 0 occupi$ by ^! e/abli%m5ts1 & t ab\t a ?ird ( ! inhabitants 7 monks1 nuns & fri>s1 x is easy to imag9e h[ great mu/ h be5 ! disorganization caus$ by ?is root & bran* re=m4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ ( ! religi\s h\ses to be suppress$ 0 ! hospital ( ,/ ,?omas ( ,acon 7or ,acre7 on ! nor? side ( ,*eapside1 ! site ( :i* is n[ occupi$ by ,m]c]s' ,hall4 ,! l>g] h\ses soon foll[$1 & ! ,black1 ! ,:ite & ! ,grey ,fri>s1 ) ! ,c>?usians & _m o!rs1 7 all condemn$ 9 ,novemb] #aech4 ,love ( %[ 0 s m>k$ a *>act]i/ic ( ,h5ry ,,viii4 t we are n surpris$ to f9d him enc\rag+ ! citiz5s 9 ! same exp5sive ta/e4 ,on ! occasion ( 8 m>riage ) ,ca!r9e ( ,aragon ! city 0 gorge\sly ornam5t$ ) ri* silks & tape/ry1 & ,goldsmi?s' ,r[ 7,*eapside7 & "p ( ,cornhill 7 hung ) gold5 brocades4 ,:5 on ! eve ( ,/ ,john's ,day1 #aeaj1 ! k+ 9 ! habit ( a yeoman ( 8 own gu>d saw ! fam\s m>* ( ! city wat*1 he 0 s delight$ t on ! foll[+ ,/ ,pet]'s ,eve he aga9 att5d$ 9 ,*eapside to see ! m>*1 b ?is "t he 0 accompani$ by ! que5 & ! pr9cipal nobility4 ,! co/ ( ^! two m>*es 9 ! ye> 0 v consid]able1 &1 hav+ be5 susp5d$ 9 #aebh on acc\nt ( ! preval5ce ( ! sweat+ sickness1 !y 7 soon aft]w>ds =bidd5 by ! k+1 & discont9u$ dur+ ! rema9d] ( 8 reign4 ,sir ,john ,gre%am1 mayor 9 #aedh1 reviv$ ! m>* ( ! city wat*1 :i* 0 made m spl5did by ! addition ( ?ree hundr$ light horsem5 rais$ by ! citiz5s = ! k+'s s]vice4 ,! be/ mode ( utiliz+ ! build+s ( ! suppress$ religi\s h\ses 0 a difficult "q left unsolv$ by ,h5ry ,,viii4 ,t k+1 %ortly be=e 8 dea?1 ref\nd$ ,rah]e's ,/ ,b>?olomew's ,hospital1 = ! cont9ual relief & help ( an hundr$ sore & diseas$1 b mo/ ( ! l>ge build+s 7 left unoccupi$ to be fill$ by 8 successor4 ,! fir/ p>liam5t ( ,edw>d's reign gave all ! l&s & possessions ( colleges1 *antries1 c41 to ! k+1 :5 ! diff]5t companies ( ,london r$eem$ ^? :i* !y _h held = ! paym5t ( prie/s' wages1 obits & lights at ! price ( #bj1jjj1 & appli$ ! r5ts aris+ f !m to *>itable purposes4 ,9 #aeej ! citiz5s pur*as$ ! manor ( ,s\?w>k1 & ) x !y became possess$ ( ! mona/]y ( ,/ ,?omas1 :i* 0 enl>g$ & prep>$ = ! reception ( poor1 sick & helpless objects4 ,?us 0 ref\nd$ ,/ ,?omas's ,hospital1 :i* 0 mov$ to ,lambe? 9 #ahgj-ahga4 ,%ortly be=e 8 dea? ,edw>d f\nd$ ,*ri/'s ,hospital 9 ! ,grey ,fri>s1 & gave ! old palace ( ,bridewell to ! city = ! lodg+ ( poor wayf>+ p1 ! correction ( vagabonds & disord]ly p]sons1 & = f9d+ !m "w4 ,on ! dea? ( ,edw>d ,,vi4 ,lady ,jane ,grey 0 receiv$ at ! ,t[] z que51 %e hav+ gone !re by wat] f ,durham ,h\se 9 ! ,/r&4 ,! citiz5s1 h[ev]1 soon f\nd out _! mi/ake1 & ! "l mayor1 ald]m5 & record] proclaim$ ,que5 ,m>y at ,*eapside4 ,london 0 !n gay ) pageants1 b :5 ! que5 made kn[n h] int5tion ( m>ry+ ,philip ( ,spa9 ! discont5t ( ! c\ntry f\nd v5t 9 ! ris+ ( ,sir ,?omas ,wyat1 & ! city _h to prep>e itself aga9/ attack4 ,wyat took possession ( ,s\?w>k1 & expect$ to h be5 admitt$ into ,london2 b f9d+ ! gates %ut aga9/ him & ! drawbridge cut d[n he m>*$ to ,k+/on1 ! bridge at :i* place _h be5 de/roy$4 ,?is he re/or$1 & !n proce$$ t[>ds ,london4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! breakd[n ( "s ( 8 guns he imprud5tly halt$ at ,turnham ,gre54 ,_h he n done s x is probable t he might h obta9$ possession ( ! city4 ,he plant$ 8 ordnance on ,hay ,hill1 & !n m>*$ by ,/ ,james's ,palace to ,*>+ ,cross4 ,"h he 0 attack$ by ,sir ,john ,gage ) a ?\s& m51 b he repuls$ !m & rea*$ ,ludgate )\t fur!r opposition4 ,he 0 disappo9t$ at ! resi/ance :i* 0 made1 & aft] mus+ a :ile ^u a /all ov] aga9/ ! ,bell ,savadge ,gate he turn$ back4 ,8 retreat 0 cut (f1 & he surr5d]$ to ,sir ,maurice ,b]keley1 we h some:at fully describ$ ?is hi/orical incid5t "h because x has an important be>+ on ! hi/ory ( ,london1 & %[s also ! small importance ( ! di/ricts outside ! walls at t p]iod4 ,tudor ,london4 ,we n[ come to consid] ! appe>ance ( ,london dur+ ! reign ( ! la/ ( ! ,tudors4 ,at no o!r p]iod 7 s _m great m5 associat$ ) its hi/ory2 ! latt] ye>s ( ,elizabe?'s reign are specially int]e/+ to u because x 0 !n t ,%akespe>e liv$ 9 ,london1 & introduc$ its /reets & p into 8 plays4 ,9 ^? days ! frequ5t visitation ( plagues made m5 fe> ! ga!r+ toge!r ( multitudes4 ,?is dread ( pe/il5ce1 unit$ ) a puritanic hatr$ ( plays1 made ! citiz5s d all !y c\ld to disc\nt5ance !atrical ent]ta9m5ts4 ,! que5 ackn[l$g$ ! validity ( ! fir/ reason1 b %e repudiat$ ! religi\s objection provid$ ord9>y c>e 0 tak5 to all[ su* plays only z 7 fitt$ to yield hone/ recreation & no example ( evil4 ,on ,april #aa1 #aehb1 ! lords ( ! c\ncil wrote to ! "l mayor to ! effect t1 z h] ,maje/y sometimes took delight 9 ^? pa/imes1 x _h be5 ?\ght n unfit1 hav+ reg>d to ! season ( ! ye> & ! cle>ance ( ! city f infection1 to all[ ( c]ta9 companies ( play]s 9 ,london1 p>tly t !y might !reby atta9 m dext]ity & p]fection ! bett] to cont5t h] ,maje/y 7,analytical ,index to ! ,remembrancia74 ,:5 !atres 7 e/abli%$ ! "l mayor took c>e t !y %\ld n be built )9 ! city4 ,! ,!atre & ! ,curta9 7 situat$ at ,%or$it*2 ! ,globe1 ! ,swan1 ! ,rose & ! ,hope on ! ,bankside2 & ! ,blackfri>s !atre1 al?\gh )9 ! walls1 0 )\t ! city jurisdiction4 ,9 #aefa ,/ ,paul's /eeple & ro( 7 de/roy$ by lightn+1 & ! spire 0 nev] replac$4 ,?is circum/ance all[s u to te/ ! date ( c]ta9 views2 ?us ,wynga]de's map has ! spire1 b ,agas's map is )\t x4 ,9 #aeff ! fir/ /one 0 laid ( ! ,burse1 :i* ow$ its orig9 to ,sir ,?omas ,gre%am4 ,9 #aega ,que5 ,elizabe? *ang$ its "n to ! ,royal ,ex*ange4 ,! ,/r& 0 fill$ ) noble mansions wa%$ by ! wat]s ( ! ,?ames1 b ! /reet1 if /reet x c\ld be call$1 0 little us$ by p$e/rians4 ,london]s frequ5t$ ! riv]1 :i* 0 _! great highway4 ,! banks 7 cr[d$ ) /airs = boats1 & ! wat]m5 ( t day answ]$ to ! *airm5 ( a lat] date & ! cabm5 ( to-day4 ,! ,bankside 0 ( old a fav\rite place = ent]ta9m5ts1 b two only--! bull-bait+ & ! be>-bait+--7 9 exi/5ce :5 ,agas's map 0 fir/ plann$4 ,on ,nord5's map1#h h[ev]1 we f9d ! g>d5s ( ,p>is ,g>d51 ! be>h\se & ! playh\se4 ,! settl$ "* ( ! lat] ye>s ( ,elizabe?'s reign appe>s to h caus$ a consid]able *ange 9 ! habits ( ! p4 ,_m ( ! *ief citiz5s foll[$ ! example ( ! c\rti]s1 & built = !mselves c\ntry resid5ces 9 ,middlesex1 ,essex & ,surrey2 ?us we le>n f ,nord5 t ,ald]man ,roe liv$ at ,muswell ,hill1 & we "k t ,sir ,?omas ,gre%am built a f9e h\se & plann$ a beautiful p>k at ,o/]ley4 ,! maps %[ u mu* t rema9s some:at ! same z x 01 b also mu* t has greatly alt]$4 ,/ ,giles's 0 lit]ally a village 9 ! fields2 ,piccadilly 0 ! waye to ,r$+e1 ,ox=d ,/reet ! way to ,uxbridge1 ,cov5t ,g>d5 an op5 field or g>d51 & ,leice/] ,fields lammas l&4 ,moorfields 0 dra9$ & laid out 9 walks 9 ,elizabe?'s reign4 ,at ,spitalfields cr[ds us$ to congregate on ,ea/] ,monday & ,tuesday to he> ! ,spital s]mons prea*$ f ! pulpit cross4 ,! gr\nd 0 orig9ally a ,roman ,cemet]y1 & ab\t ! ye> #aegf bricks 7 l>gely made f ! clayey e>?1 ! recollection ( :i* is kept alive 9 ! "n ( ,brick ,lane4 ,citiz5s w5t to ,holborn & ,bloomsbury = *ange ( air1 & h\ses 7 !re prep>$ = ! reception ( *ildr51 invalids & convalesc5ts4 ,9 ! nor? 7 spr9kl$ ! outly+ villages ( ,isl+ton1 ,hoxton & ,cl]k5well4 #f4 ,/u>t 7#afjc-agad74--,! ,/u>t p]iod1 f ! accession ( ,james ,i4 to ! dea? ( ,que5 ,anne1 ext5ds ov] little m ?an a c5tury1 & yet great] *anges occurr$ dur+ ^? ye>s ?an at any previ\s p]iod4 ,! e>ly ye>s ( ,/u>t ,london may be said to be closely l9k$ ) ! la/ ye>s ( ,elizabe?an ,london1 = ! greate/ m51 su* z ,raleigh1 ,%akespe>e & ,b5 ,jonson1 liv$ on into ,james's reign4 ,mu* ( ! life ( ! "t 0 !n 9 ! ,city1 b ! la/ ye>s ( ,/u>t ,london take u to ! #ah? c5tury1 :5 social life _h p]man5tly %ift$ to ! we/ end4 ,9 ! middle ( ! p]iod occurr$ ! civil w>s1 & !n ! fire :i* *ang$ ! :ole aspect ( ,london4 ,:5 ,james came to ! ?rone ! t]m suburbs _h a bad "n1 z all ^? disreputable p]sons :o c\ld f9d no %elt] 9 ! city itself settl$ 9 ^! outly+ di/ricts4 ,/ubbs d5\nc$ suburban g>d5s & g>d5 h\ses 9 8 ,anatomy ( ,abuses1 & ano!r writ] obs]v$ h[ happy 7 cities if !y _h no suburbs4 ,! prep>ations = ! coronation ( ,k+ ,james 7 int]rupt$ by a sev]e visitation ( ! plague1 :i* kill$ (f z _m z #cj1egh p]sons1 & x 0 n till ,m>* #ae1 #afjd1 t ! k+1 ! que5 & ,pr9ce ,h5ry pass$ triumphantly f ! ,t[] to ,we/m9/]4 ,! "l mayor's %[s1 :i* _h be5 discont9u$ = "s ye>s1 7 reviv$ by ord] ( ! k+ 9 #afji4 ,! dissolv$ mona/]y ( ! ,*>t]h\se1 :i* _h be5 b\ght & sold by ! c\rti]s sev]al times1 0 obta9$ f ,?omas1 e>l ( ,suffolk1 by ,?omas ,sutton = #ac1jjj4 ,! new hospital *apel & s*oolh\se 7 begun 9 #afaa1 & 9 ! same ye> ,sutton di$4 ,social life4 ,) ! dea? ( ,james ,i4 9 #afbe ! old] hi/ory ( ,london may be said to h clos$4 ,dur+ ! reign ( 8 successor ! great *ange 9 ! relative positions ( ,london )9 & )\t ! walls _h set 94 ,be=e go+ on to consid] ! *ief incid5ts ( ?is *ange x w be well to ref] to "s features ( ! social life ( ,james's reign4 ,b5 ,jonson places "o ( ! sc5es ( ,e ,man 9 8 ,hum\r 9 ,moorfields1 :i* at ! "t he wrote ! play _h1 z /at$ above1 lately be5 dra9$ & laid out 9 walks4 ,begg>s frequ5t$ ! place1 & travell]s f ! village ( ,hoxton1 :o cross$ x 9 ord] to get into ,london1 did s ) z mu* exp$ition z possible4 ,adjo9+ ,moorfields 7 ,f9sbury ,fields1 a fav\rite practis+ gr\nd = ! ar*]s4 ,mile ,end1 a common on ! ,great ,ea/]n ,road1 0 long fam\s z a r5dezv\s = ! troops4 ,^! places are frequ5tly ref]r$ to by ! old dramati/s2 ,ju/ice ,%all[ boa/s ( 8 do+s at ,mile ,end ,gre5 :5 he 0 ,dagonet 9 ,ar?ur's ,%[4 ,fleet ,/reet 0 ! %[-place ( ,london1 9 :i* 7 exhibit$ a con/ant succession ( puppets1 nak$ ,indians & /range fi%es4 ,! great meet+-place ( ,london]s 9 ! day-"t 0 ! nave ( old ,/ ,paul's4 ,cr[ds ( m]*ants ) _! hats on transact$ bus9ess 9 ! aisles1 & us$ ! font z a c\nt] ^u :i* to make _! paym5ts2 lawy]s receiv$ cli5ts at _! sev]al pill>s2 & ma/]less s]v+-m5 wait$ to be engag$ ^u _! own p>ticul> b5*4 ,besides ^? :o came on bus9ess !re 7 gallants dress$ 9 fa%ionable f9]y1 s t x 0 wor? ! tailor's :ile to /& beh9d a pill> & fill 8 table-books ) notes4 ,! middle or ,m$it]ranean aisle 0 ! ,paul's walk1 also call$ ! ,duke's ,gall]y f ! errone\s supposition t ! tomb ( ,sir ,guy ,beau*amp1 e>l ( ,w>wick1 0 t ( ! good ,humphrey1 duke ( ,gl\ce/]4 ,aft] ! ,re/oration a f5ce 0 erect$ on ! inside ( ! great nor? door to h9d] a conc\rse ( rude p1 & :5 ! ca!dral 0 be+ rebuilt ,sir ,*ri/oph] ,wr5 made a /rict ord] aga9/ any pr(anation ( ! sacr$ build+4 ,/ ,paul's *ur*y>d 0 f ! e>lie/ days ( pr9t+ until ! end ( ! #ah? c5tury ! headqu>t]s ( ! book trade1 :5 x %ift$ to ,pat]no/] ,r[4 ,ano!r ( ! fav\rite haunts ( ! p 0 ! g>d5 ( ,gray's ,inn1 :]e ! *oice/ society 0 to be met4 ,!re1 "u ! %ad[ ( ! elm trees :i* ,bacon _h plant$1 ,pepys & 8 wife con/antly walk$4 ,mrs ,pepys w5t on "o occasion specially to obs]ve ! fa%ions ( ! ladies because %e 0 !n mak+ "s clo!s4 ,tav]ns4 ,9 ^? days ( public conviviality1 & = _m ye>s aft]w>ds1 ! tav]ns ( ,london held a v important place4 ,! ,bo>'s ,head 9 ,great ,ea/*eap 0 an inn ( ,%akespe>e's own day1 & ! *>act]s he introduces into 8 plays are really 8 own contempor>ies4 ,! ,m]maid is sometimes describ$ z 9 ,bread ,/reet1 & at o!r times 9 ,friday ,/reet & also 9 ,*eapside4 ,we are ?us able to fix its exact position2 = a little to ! we/ ( ,b[ *ur* is ,bread ,/reet1 !n came a block ( h\ses1 & ! next ?or\ghf>e 0 ,friday ,/reet4 ,x 0 9 ?is block t ! ,m]maid 0 situat$1 & !re appe> to h be5 entrances f ea* /reet4 ,:at makes ?is fact /ill m c]ta9 is ! circum/ance t a hab]da%] 9 ,*eapside liv+ 'twixt ,wood ,/reet & ,milk ,/reet1 two /reets on ! nor? side opposite ,bread & ,friday ,/reets1 describ$ himself z ov] aga9/ ! ,m]maid tav]n 9 ,*eapside4 ,! ,w9dmill tav]n occupies a prom95t position 9 ! action ( ,e ,man 9 8 ,hum\r4#i ,! ,w9dmill /ood at ! corn] ( ! ,old ,jewry t[>ds ,lo?bury1 & ! ,mitre close by ! ,m]maid 9 ,bread ,/reet4 ,! ,mitre 9 ,fleet ,/reet1 s intimately associat$ ) ,dr ,johnson1 also exi/$ at ?is "t4 ,x is m5tion$ 9 a com$y entitl$ ,ram ,alley 7#afaa7 & ,lilly ! a/rolog] frequ5t$ x 9 #afdj4 ,at ! ,m]maid ,b5 ,jonson _h su* companions z ,%akespe>e1 ,raleigh1 ,beaumont1 ,flet*]1 ,c>ew1 ,donne1 ,cotton & ,seld51 b at ! ,devil 9 ,fleet ,/reet1 :]e he />t$ ! ,apollo ,club1 he 0 omnipot5t4 ,h]rick1 9 8 well-kn[n ,ode to ,b51 m5tions sev]al ( ! inns ( ! day4 ,!atres4 ,"u ,james ,i4 ! !atre1 :i* e/abli%$ itself s firmly 9 ! latt] ye>s ( ,elizabe?1 _h /ill fur!r increas$ its influ5ce1 & to ! ent]ta9m5ts giv5 at ! _m playh\ses may be add$ ! masques s exp5sively produc$ at c\rt & by ! lawy]s at ! inns ( c\rt4 ,9 #afac ,! ,masque ( ,fl[]s 0 pres5t$ by ! memb]s ( ,gray's ,inn 9 ! ,old ,banquet+ ,h\se 9 hon\r ( ! m>riage ( ! infam\s ,c>r1 e>l ( ,som]set1 & ! equally infam\s ,lady ,frances1 daught] ( ! e>l ( ,suffolk4 ,! ent]ta9m5t 0 prep>$ by ,sir ,francis ,bacon at a co/ ( ab\t #bjjj4 ,! ,we/ ,end4 ,x 0 dur+ ! reign ( ,*>les ,i4 t ! fir/ great exodus ( ! weal?y & fa%ionable 0 made to ! ,we/ ,end4 ,! great squ>e or piazza ( ,cov5t ,g>d5 0 =m$ f ! designs ( ,inigo ,jones ab\t #afcb4 ,! neighb\r+ /reets 7 built %ortly aft]w>ds1 & ! names ( ,h5rietta1 ,*>les1 ,james1 ,k+ & ,york ,/reets 7 giv5 aft] memb]s ( ! royal family4 ,great ,que5 ,/reet1 ,l9coln's ,inn ,fields1 0 built ab\t #afbi1 & nam$ 9 hon\r ( ,h5rietta ,m>ia4 ,l9coln's ,inn ,fields _h be5 plann$ "s ye>s be=e4 ,) ! ,re/oration ! sep>ation ( fa%ionable f city life became complete4 ,:5 ! ,civil ,w> broke out ,london took ! side ( ! p>liam5t1 & an ext5sive sy/em ( =tification 0 at once project$ to protect ! t[n aga9/ ! ?reat5$ attack ( ! royal army4 ,a /rong e>!n ramp>t1 flank$ ) ba/ions & r$\bts1 surr\nd$ ! ,city1 its lib]ties1 ,we/m9/] & ,s\?w>k1 mak+ an imm5se enclosure4 ,! ,plague4 ,! ,great ,fire4 ,rebuild+3 ,wr5's s*eme4 ,london _h be5 ravag$ by plague on _m =m] occasions1 b ! pe/il5ce t began 9 ,decemb] #affd lives 9 hi/ory z ! ,plague ( ,london4 ,on ! #g? ( ,june #affe ,samuel ,pepys = ! fir/ "t saw two or ?ree h\ses m>k$ ) ! r$ cross & ! words ,"l1 h m]cy ^u u1 on ! doors4 ,! dea?s daily increas$1 & bus9ess 0 /opp$4 ,grass grew 9 ! area ( ! ,royal ,ex*ange1 at ,:itehall1 & 9 ! pr9cipal /reets ( ! city4 ,on ! #d? ( ,septemb] #affe ,pepys writes an int]e/+ lett] to ,lady ,c>t]et f ,woolwi*3 ,i h /ay$ 9 ! city till above #gdjj di$ 9 "o week1 & ( !m ab\t #fjjj ( ! plague1 & little noise he>d day or night b toll+ ( bells4 ,! plague 0 sc>cely /ay$ be=e ! :ole city 0 9 flames1 a calamity ( ! fir/ magnitude1 b "o :i* 9 ! end caus$ mu* good1 z ! se$s ( disease 7 de/roy$1 & ,london has nev] s9ce be5 visit$ by su* an epidemic4 ,on ! #bnd ( ,septemb] #afff ! fire broke out at "o o'clock 9 ! morn+ at a h\se 9 ,pudd+ ,lane4 ,a viol5t ea/ w9d fom5t$ ! flames1 :i* rag$ dur+ ! :ole ( ,monday & great "p ( ,tuesday4 ,on ,tuesday night ! w9d fell some:at1 & on ,w$nesday ! fire slack5$4 ,on ,?ursday x 0 ext+ui%$1 b on ! ev5+ ( t day ! flames aga9 bur/ =? at ! ,temple4 ,"s h\ses 7 at once bl[n up by gunp[d]1 & ?us ! fire 0 f9ally ma/]$4 ,_m int]e/+ details ( ! fire are giv5 9 ,pepys's ,di>y4 ,! riv] sw>m$ ) vessels fill$ ) p]sons c>ry+ away su* ( _! goods z !y 7 able to save4 ,"s fl$ to ! hills ( ,hamp/ead & ,highgate1 b ,moorfields 0 ! *ief resort ( ! h\seless ,london]4 ,soon pav$ /reets & two-/orey h\ses 7 se5 9 t swampy place4 ,! p bore _! tr\bles h]oically1 & ,h5ry ,old5burg1 writ+ to ! ,hon4 ,rob]t ,boyle on ,septemb] #aj1 says3 ,! citiz5s1 in/ead ( compla9+1 disc\rs$ almo/ ( no?+ b ( a survey = rebuild+ ! city ) bricks & l>ge /reets4 ,)9 a few days ( ! fire ?ree sev]al plans 7 pres5t$ to ! k+ = ! rebuild+ ( ! city1 by ,*ri/oph] ,wr51 ,john ,evelyn & ,rob]t ,hooke4 ,wr5 propos$ to build ma9 ?or\ghf>es nor? & s\?1 & ea/ & we/1 to insulate all ! *ur*es 9 conspicu\s positions1 to =m ! mo/ public places into l>ge piazzas1 to unite ! halls ( ! twelve *ief companies into "o regul> squ>e annex$ to ,guildhall & to make a f9e quay on ! bank ( ! riv] f ,blackfri>s to ! ,t[]4 ,8 /reets 7 to be ( ?ree magnitudes--#ij ft41 #fj ft4 & #cj ft4 wide respectively4 ,evelyn's plan diff]$ f ,wr5's *iefly 9 propos+ a /reet f ! *ur* ( ,/ ,dun/an's 9 ! ,ea/ to ! ca!dral1 & 9 hav+ no quay or t]race along ! riv]4 ,9 spite ( ! be/ advice1 h[ev]1 ! jeal\sies ( ! citiz5s prev5t$ any sy/ematic design f be+ c>ri$ out1 & 9 consequ5ce ! old l9es 7 9 almo/ e case reta9$4 ,b ?\gh ! plans ( ,wr5 & ,hooke 7 n adopt$1 x 0 to ^! two fell[s ( ! ,royal ,society t ! lab\r ( rebuild+ ,london 0 committ$4 ,wr5's great "w 0 ! erection ( ! ca!dral ( ,/ ,paul's1 & ! _m *ur*es rang$ r\nd x z satellites4 ,hooke's task 0 ! humbl] "o ( arrang+ z city surveyor = ! build+ ( ! h\ses4 ,he laid out ! gr\nd ( ! sev]al proprietors 9 ! rebuild+ ( ! city1 & _h no re/ e>ly or late f p]sons solicit+ him to set out _! gr\nd = !m at once4 ,! fir/ great impetus ( *ange 9 ! configuration ( ,london 0 giv5 by ! great fire1 & ,evelyn records & regrets t ! t[n 9 8 "t _h gr[n almo/ z l>ge aga9 z x 0 )9 8 own memory4 ,al?\gh = sev]al c5turies attempts _h be5 made 9 fav\r ( build+ h\ses ) brick or /one1 yet ! c>p5t]s cont9u$ to be ! *ief h\se-build]s4 ,z late z ! ye> #afej ! ,c>p5t]s' ,company drew up a memorial 9 :i* !y gave _! reasons t tymb] build+s 7 m commodi\s = ?is citie ?an brick build+s 74 ,! ,act ( ,p>liam5t = rebuild+ ! city ( ,london pass$ aft] ! great fire1 gave ! c\p de grce to ! c>p5t]s z h\se-build]s4 ,aft] sett+ =? t build+ ) brick 0 n only m comely & durable1 b also m safe aga9/ future p]ils ( fire1 x 0 enact$ t all ! outsides ( all build+s 9 & ab\t ! city %\ld be made ( brick or /one1 except doorcases & w9d[-frames1 & o!r p>ts ( ! fir/ /ory to ! front betwe5 ! pi]s1 = :i* sub/antial oak5 timb] might be us$ = conv5i5cy ( %ops4 ,9 ! w9t] ( #afhc-afhd a fair 0 held = "s "t ^u ! ,?ames4 ,! fro/1 :i* began ab\t sev5 weeks be=e ,*ri/mas & cont9u$ = six weeks aft]1 0 ! greate/ on record2 ! ice 0 #aa 94 ?ick4 ,! revocation ( ! edict ( ,nantes 9 ,octob] #afhe1 & ! consequ5t migration ( a l>ge numb] ( indu/ri\s ,fr5* ,prote/ants1 caus$ a consid]able gr[? 9 ! ea/ end ( ,london4 ,! silk manufactories at ,spitalfields 7 !n e/abli%$4 ,dur+ ! %ort reign ( ,james ,,ii4 ! =tunes ( ! city 7 at _! l[e/1 & n[h]e 0 ! arrival ( ! pr9ce ( ,orange m welcom$4 ,william ,,iii4 c>$ little = ,london1 ! smoke ( :i* gave him a/hma1 & :5 a great "p ( ,:itehall 0 burnt 9 #afia he pur*as$ ,nott+ham ,h\se & made x into ,k5s+ton ,palace4 ,k5s+ton 0 !n an insignificant village1 b ! arrival ( ! c\rt soon caus$ x to gr[ 9 importance4 ,al?\gh ! spiritual wants ( ! city 7 amply provid$ = by ! *ur*es built by ,wr51 ! l>ge di/ricts outside ! city & its lib]ties _h be5 greatly neglect$4 ,! act pass$ 9 ! reign ( ,que5 ,anne = build+ fifty new *ur*es 7#agaj7 = a "t suppli$ ! wants ( l>ge di/ricts4 #g4 ,eighte5? ,c5tury4--,london _h hi!rto gr[n up by ! side ( ! ,?ames4 ,9 ! #ah? c5tury o!r p>ts ( ! t[n 7 m l>gely built ^u4 ,! inhabitants us$ coa*es & *airs m ?an boats1 & ! banks ( ! riv] 7 neglect$4 ,london c\ld no long] be se5 z a :ole1 & became a m]e collection ( h\ses4 ,9 spite ( ?is ! #ah? c5tury produc$ "s ( ! mo/ devot$ ( ,london]s--m5 :o consid]$ a day liv$ out ( ,london z "o lo/ out ( _! lives4 ,( ?is class ,dr ,johnson & ,hog>? are /rik+ examples4 ,! exhibitions ( vice & cruelty t 7 con/antly to be se5 9 ! capital h be5 reproduc$ by ,hog>?1 & _h !y n be5 set d[n by s tru?ful an obs]v] x w\ld h be5 almo/ impossible to believe t su* enormities c\ld h be5 committ$ 9 ! /reets ( a great city4 ,a few days aft] 8 accession ,george ,i4 address$ ! repres5tatives ( ! city 9 ^! words3 ,i h lately be5 made s5sible ( :at consequ5ce ! city ( ,london is1 & !re=e %all be sure to take all _! privileges & int]e/s into my p>ticul> protection4 ,on ! foll[+ "l mayor's day ! k+ witness$ ! %[ 9 ,*eapside & att5d$ ! banquet at ,guildhall4 ,que5 ,anne & ! fir/ ?ree ,georges 7 all accommodat$1 on ! occasions ( _! visits to ! city to see ! %[1 at ! same h\se opposite ,b[ *ur*4 ,9 ! "t ( ,que5 ,anne & ,george ,i4 ,david ,b>clay 7! son ( ! fam\s apologi/ = ! ,quak]s7 0 an appr5tice 9 ! h\se1 b he subsequ5tly became ma/]1 & _h ! hon\r ( receiv+ ,george ,,ii4 & ,george ,,iii4 z 8 gue/s4 ,!re 0 a l>ge balcony ext5d+ along ! front ( ! h\se :i* 0 fitt$ ) a canopy & hang+s ( crimson damask silk4 ,! build+1 !n numb]$ #ajh ,*eapside1 0 pull$ d[n 9 #ahfa4 ,ext5sion 9 ! #ah? c5tury4 ,e>ly 9 ! #ah? c5tury !re 0 a consid]able ext5sion ( build+ op]ations 9 ! ,we/ ,end4 ,/ill1 h[ev]1 ! nor? ( ,london rema9$ unbuilt ^u4 ,9 #agef & = "s ye>s subsequ5tly ! l& beh9d ,montague ,h\se 7n[ ! ,briti% ,museum7 0 occupi$ z a f>m1 & :5 9 t ye> a proposal 0 made to plan out a new road ! t5ant & ! duke ( ,b$=d /rongly oppos$ x4 ,9 #aggb all beyond ,portl& ,*apel 9 ,great ,portl& ,/reet 0 c\ntry4 ,b$=d ,h\se 9 ,bloomsbury ,squ>e _h its full view ( ,hamp/ead & ,highgate f ! back1 & ,que5's ,squ>e 0 built op5 to ! nor? 9 ord] t ! inhabitants might obta9 ! same prospect4 ,9 #agcg ! ,fleet dit* betwe5 ,holborn ,bridge & ,fleet ,bridge 0 cov]$ ov]1 & ,/ocks ,m>ket 0 remov$ f ! site ( ! ,mansion ,h\se to ! pres5t ,f>r+don ,/reet1 & call$ ,fleet m>ket4 ,on ,octob] #be1 #agci1 ! fir/ /one ( ! ,mansion ,h\se 0 laid4 ,previ\sly ! fir/ magi/rates liv$ 9 sev]al diff]5t h\ses4 ,a fro/ almo/ z sev]e z ! memorable "o ( #afhc-afhd occurr$ 9 ! w9t] ( #agci-agdj1 & ! ,?ames 0 aga9 ! sc5e ( a busy fair4 ,9 #ageh ! h\ses on ,london ,bridge 7 cle>$ away1 & 9 #agfj-agfb sev]al ( ! city gates 7 tak5 d[n & sold4 ,moorgate is said to h fet*$ #aff1 ,ald]sgate #ia1 ,aldgate #agg1 ,cripplegate #ij1 & ,ludgate #adh4 ,! /atue ( ,que5 ,elizabe? :i* /ood on ! we/ side ( ,ludgate 0 pur*as$ by ,ald]man ,gosl+ & set up aga9/ ! ea/ end ( ,/ ,dun/an's *ur* 9 ,fleet ,/reet1 :]e x /ill rema9s4 #h4 ,n9ete5? ,c5tury4--,9 #ahjf ,london saw ! public fun]als ( ?ree ( ,engl&'s greate/ m54 ,on ! #h? ,febru>y ! body ( ,nelson 0 borne ) great pomp f ! ,admiralty to ,/ ,paul's ,ca!dral1 :]e x 0 int]r$ 9 ! pres5ce ( ! pr9ce ( ,wales & ! royal dukes4 ,pitt 0 buri$ on ! #bbnd ( ,febru>y1 & ,fox on ! #aj? ( ,octob]1 bo? 9 ,we/m9/] ,abbey4 ,! fir/ exhibition ( ,w9sor's sy/em ( light+ ! /reets ) gas took place on ! k+'s bir?day 7,june #d7 #ahjg1 & 0 made 9 a r[ ( lamps 9 front ( ! colonnade be=e ,c>lton ,h\se4 ,f9sbury ,squ>e 0 ! fir/ public place 9 :i* gas light+ 0 actually adopt$1 & ,grosv5or ,squ>e ! la/4 ,9 ! w9t] ( #ahac-ahad ! ,?ames 0 aga9 froz5 ov]4 ,! fro/ began on ! ev5+ ( ,decemb] #bg1 #ahac1 ) a ?ick fog4 ,aft] x _h la/$ = a mon?1 a ?aw ( f\r days1 f ! #bf? to ! #bi? ( ,janu>y1 took place1 b ?is ?aw 0 succe$$ by a r5ewal ( ! fro/1 s sev]e t ! riv] soon became "o immovable %eet ( ice4 ,!re 0 a /reet ( t5ts call$ ! ,city ,road1 :i* 0 daily ?rong$ ) visitors4 ,9 #ahch ! second ,royal ,ex*ange 0 de/roy$ by fire2 & on ,octob] #bh1 #ahdd1 ! ,que5 op5$ ! new ,royal ,ex*ange1 built by ,mr 7aft]w>ds ,sir ,william7 ,tite4 ,! ,great ,exhibition ( #ahea br\ght a l>g] numb] ( visitors to ,london ?an _h ev] be5 9 x be=e at "o "t4 ,! great & cont9u\s increase 9 ! build+s & ! enl>gem5t ( ,london on all sides dates f ?is p]iod4 ,london )9 ! walls has be5 almo/ entirely rebuilt1 al?\gh 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! ,t[] !re are /ill _m old h\ses :i* h only be5 refront$4 ,f ! upp] rooms ( ! h\ses may be se5 a l>ge numb] ( old til$ ro(s4 ,unlike _m capitals ( ,europe :i* h %ift$ _! c5tres ! city ( ,london 9 spite ( all *anges & ! cont9u$ enl>gem5t ( ! capital rema9s ! c5tre & headqu>t]s ( ! bus9ess ( ! c\ntry4 ,! ,bank ( ,engl&1 ! ,royal ,ex*ange & ! ,mansion ,h\se are on ! site ( ,anci5t ,london4 ,9 #ahfc on ! occasion ( ! m>riage ( ,k+ ,edw>d ,,vii4 7:5 pr9ce ( ,wales7 ! /reets ( ,london 7 illum9at$ z !y _h nev] be5 be=e4 ,among o!r ev5ts :i* made ! /reets gay & c5tr$ 9 processions to ,/ ,paul's may be specially m5tion$ ! ,?anksgiv+ ,day on ! #bg? ( ,febru>y #ahgb = ! recov]y ( ! pr9ce ( ,wales aft] 8 dang]\s illness2 & ! rejoic+s at ! ,jubilee ( ,que5 ,victoria 9 #ahhg1 & ! ,diamond ,jubilee 9 #ahig4 ,! fir/ great emigration ( ! ,london m]*ants we/w>d 0 ab\t ! middle ( ! #ah? c5tury1 b only ^? :o _h already secur$ l>ge =tunes v5tur$ s f> z ,hatton ,g>d54 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! #ai? c5tury x _h become common = ! tradesm5 ( ! city to live away f _! bus9esses1 b x 0 only ab\t ! middle ( ! #ai? c5tury t x became at all usual = ^? 9 ! ,we/ ,end to d ! same4 ,dur+ ! fir/ half ( ! #ai? c5tury ! position ( ! ,city ,corporation _h some:at fall5 9 public e/eem1 & "s ( ! mo/ influ5tial m5 9 ! city 7 unconnect$ ) x1 b a consid]able *ange took place 9 ! latt] half ( ! c5tury4 ,viol5t attacks 7 made ^u ! ,liv]y ,companies1 b ( late ye>s1 l>gely ow+ to ! public _s ( ! companies 9 devot+ l>ge sums ( money t[>ds ! improvem5t ( ! sev]al indu/ries 9 connexion ) :i* !y 7 f\nd$1 & ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,city & ,guilds ( ,london ,te*nical ,in/itute1 a complete *ange has tak5 place z to ! public e/imation 9 :i* !y are held4 ,,gr[? ,,& ,,population ,m$ieval ,population4 ,mu* has be5 writt5 ^u ! population ( m$ieval ,london1 b little c]ta9ty has result$ !refrom4 ,we "k ! size ( ,london at diff]5t p]iods & are able to guess to "s ext5t z to ! numb] ( its inhabitants1 b mo/ ( ! figures :i* h come d[n to u are m]e guesses4 ,! results ( ! poll-tax h (t5 be5 consid]$ z tru/wor?y sub/itutes = population returns1 b ,pr(essor ,oman has %[n t little tru/ c be plac$ 9 ^! results4 ,z an in/ance he /ates t ! commission]s ( ! poll-tax report$ t !re 7 only two-?irds z _m contribut>ies 9 #acha z 9 #acgg4 ,! adult population ( ! realm _h o/5sibly fall5 f #a1cee1bja to #hif1dha4 ,^! figures 7 mon/r\s & incr$ible4#aj ,! ,bills ( ,mortality ( ! #af? & #ag? c5turies are ( m value1 & !y h be5 consid]$ & revis$ by su* able /ati/icians z ,john ,graunt & ,sir ,william ,petty4 ,x 0 n1 h[ev]1 be=e ! #ai? c5tury t accurate figures 7 obta9able4 ,! circuit ( ! walls ( ,london :i* 7 left by ! ,romans 0 nev] aft]w>ds enl>g$1 & ! population did n ov]fl[ into ! suburbs to any ext5t until ! ,tudor p]iod4 ,population 0 practically /ation>y = c5turies ow+ to pe/il5ces & ! l>ge proportion ( dea?s among infants4 ,we h no mat]ials to judge ( ! numb] ( inhabitants be=e ! ,norman ,conque/1 b we c guess t !re 7 _m op5 spaces )9 ! walls t 7 aft]w>ds fill$ up4 ,x is sc>cely wor? :ile to guess z to ! numb]s 9 ,saxon ,london1 b x is possible t 9 ! e>ly p]iod !re 7 ab\t #aj1jjj inhabitants1 gr[+ lat] to ab\t #bj1jjj4 ,dur+ ! latt] "p ( ! ,saxon p]iod ! numb]s ( ! population ( ! c\ntry began to decay2 ?is decay1 h[ev]1 0 arre/$ by ! ,norman ,conque/4 ,! population increas$ dur+ t5 peaceful ye>s ( ,h5ry ,,iii41 & increas$ sl[ly until ! dea? ( ,edw>d ,,ii41 & !n x began to fall (f1 & cont9u$ to decrease dur+ ! p]iod ( ! ,w>s ( ! ,roses & ( ! ,b>ons until ! accession ( ! fir/ ,tudor mon>*4 ,! same causes t op]at$ to br+ ab\t ^! *anges 9 ! :ole k+dom 7 ( c\rse also at "w 9 ! case ( ! ,city ( ,london4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ /atem5ts z to ! population ( ,london occurs 9 a lett] ( ab\t ! ye> #aaii writt5 to ,pope ,innoc5t ,,iii4 by ,pet] ( ,blois1 !n ar*deacon ( ,london1 & !re=e a man ( "s au?ority on ! subject4 ,he /ates t ! ,city conta9$ #abj p>i% *ur*es & #dj1jjj inhabitants4 ,^! numb]s h be5 v g5]ally accept$ z fairly correct1 & ,dr ,creighton#aa comes to ! conclusion aft] c>eful consid]ation t ! population ( ,london f ! reign ( ,ri*>d ,i4 to t ( ,h5ry ,,vii4 v>i$ )9 a limit ( ab\t =ty to fifty ?\s& inhabitants4 ,plagues & ,mortality4 ,dr ,creighton po9ts out t ! numb] giv5 by c]ta9 *ronicl]s ( ! dea?s f ! e>ly pe/il5ces 9 ,london are incr$ible2 su* = in/ance z ! /atem5t t =ty or fifty ?\s& bodies 7 buri$ 9 ,*>t]h\se *ur*y>d at ! "t ( ! ,black ,dea? 9 #acdh-acdi4 ,^! numb]s h be5 tak5 z a basis = calculation ( population1 & "o /ati/ician reason$ t if #ej1jjj 7 buri$ 9 "o *ur*y>d #ajj1jjj %\ld repres5t ! :ole mortality ( ,london4 ,if ?is 7 all[$ ! population at ?is "t mu/ h be5 at lea/ #bjj1jjj1 an impossible am\nt4 ,al?\gh ! mortality caus$ by ! diff]5t plagues _h a great effect ^u ! population ( ! c\ntry at l>ge ! city soon recov]$ ! losses by reason ( ! numb]s :o came to ,london f outside 9 hopes ( obta9+ "w4 ,al?\gh !re 7 fluctuations 9 ! numb]s at diff]5t p]iods !re is evid5ce to %[ t on ! av]age ! am\nt ( =ty to fifty ?\s& fix$ by ,dr ,creighton = ! ye>s betwe5 #aahi & #aeji is fairly correct4 ,! m$ieval p]iod clos$ ) ! accession ( ! ,tudor dyna/y1 & f t "t ! population ( ,london cont9u$ to increase1 9 spite ( attempts by ! gov]nm5t to prev5t x4 ,"o ( ! fir/ p]iods ( increase 0 aft] ! dissolution ( ! religi\s h\ses2 ano!r p]iod ( increase 0 aft] ! ,re/oration4 ,bills ( ,mortality4 ,a proclamation 0 issu$ 9 #aehj prohibit+ ! erection )9 #c m4 ( ! city gates ( any new h\ses or t5em5ts :]e no =m] h\se ha? be5 kn[n to h be54 ,9 a subsequ5t proclamation ,que5 ,elizabe? comm&$ t only "o family %\ld live 9 "o h\se1 t empty h\ses erect$ )9 sev5 ye>s 7 n to be let & t unf9i%$ build+s on new f\ndations 7 to be pull$ d[n4 ,9 spite ( ^! re/rictions ,london cont9u$ to gr[4 ,james ,i4 & ,*>les ,i4 7 fill$ ) ! same fe> ( ! increas+ gr[? ( ,london4 ,9 #afcj a simil> proclamation to t ( #aehj 0 publi%$4 ,dur+ ! great] "p ( ! #ah? c5tury !re 0 a s]i\s *eck to ! increase ( population1 b at ! end ( ! c5tury a consid]able increase occurr$1 & 9 ! middle ( ! #ai? c5tury ! enorm\s annual increase became p>ticul>ly m>k$4 ,to return to ! #af? c5tury :5 ! ,bills ( ,mortality came into exi/5ce4#ab ,m5tion is made ( ^! bills z e>ly z #aeag1 b ! e>lie/ s]ies n[ kn[n dates f #aecb4 ,dr ,creighton _h access to ! manuscript returns ( burials & *ri/5+s = five ye>s f #aegh to #aehb pres]v$ 9 ! libr>y at ,hatfield ,h\se4 ,! hi/ory ( ! ,bills ( ,mortality :i* 9 ! e>ly ye>s 7 int]mitt5t 9 _! publication is ( mu* int]e/1 & ,dr ,creighton has /at$ x ) great cle>ness4 ,! ,company ( ,p>i% ,cl]ks is nam$ 9 an ord9ance ( #aeha 7( :i* !re is a copy 9 ! ,record ,(fice7 z ! body responsible = ! bills1 & _! duties 7 !n said to be accord+ to ! ,ord] 9 t behalf h]et(ore provid$4 ,john ,bell1 cl]k to ! company1 :o wrote an essay dur+ ! great plague ( #affe1 _h no records 9 8 (fice ( an e>li] date ?an #aeic1 & he 0 n aw>e t 8 company _h be5 engag$ 9 regi/]+ bir?s & dea?s be=e t ye>4 ,! fire ( #afff de/roy$ all ! docum5ts ( ! ,p>i% ,cl]ks ,company1 & 9 its hall 9 ,silv] ,/reet only pr9t$ tables f ab\t ! ye> #agjj are to be f\nd4 ,!re is a set ( ,annual ,bills f #afeh 7) ! exception ( ! ye>s #agef to #agfd7 9 ! libr>y ( ! ,briti% ,museum4#ac ,^! bills 7 n analys$ & g5]al results obta9$ f !m until #affb1 :5 ,capta9 ,john ,graunt fir/ publi%$ 8 valuable ,natural & ,political ,obs]vations ^u ! ,bills ( ,mortality4 ,sir ,william ,petty foll[$ ) 8 important inquiries ^u ! population 7,essay on ,political ,ari?metic1 #afhc74 ,x is n wor? :ile to ref] to all ! wild guesses t 7 made by v>i\s writ]s1 b ,dr ,creighton %[s ! absurdity ( "o ( ^! calculations made 9 #aeed by ,soranzo1 ! ,v5etian ambassador = ! in=mation ( ! doge & s5ators ( ,v5ice4 ,he e/imates ! population to h be5 #ahj1jjj p]sons1 :i* ,dr ,creighton affirms to be ne>ly ?ree times ! numb] t we obta9 by a mod]ate calculation f ! bills ( mortality 9 #aecb & #aece4 ,population 9 #af? & #ag? c5turies4 ,foll[+ on 8 calculations f #aeji1 :5 ! population may be suppos$ to h be5 ab\t #ej1jjj1 ,dr ,creighton c>ries on 8 numb]s to ! ,re/oration 9 ! foll[+ table3-- #aecb-aece #fb1djj #afje #bbd1bge #aefc #ic1bgf #afbb #bgb1bjg #aehj #abc1jcd #afcd #cci1hbd #aeic-aeie #aeb1dgh #affa #dfj1jjj ,! numb]s = #affa are ^? arriv$ at by ,graunt1 & !y are j ab\t half ! population giv5 au?oritatively 9 ! fir/ c5sus #ahja 7#hfd1hde74 ,x !re=e took #adj ye>s to d\ble ! numb]s1 :ile 9 #ahda ! numb]s ( #ahja 7 m ?an d\bl$4 ,^! numb]s 7 arriv$ at ) mu* c>e & may be consid]$ z fairly accurate al?\gh "s o!r calculations conflict ) a few ( ! figures4 ,! fir/ attempt at a c5sus 0 9 ,augu/ #afca :5 ! "l mayor return$ ! numb] ( m\?s 9 ! city ( ,london & ,lib]ties at #acj1bfh1 :i* is only ab\t half ! numb] giv5 above4 ,?is is acc\nt$ = by ! l>g] area conta9$ 9 ! bills ( mortality comp>$ ) t conta9+ only ! city & its lib]ties4#ad ,h[ell's sugge/ion t ! population ( ,london 9 #afca 0 a million & a half ne$ only be m5tion$ z a specim5 ( ! wilde/ ( guesses4 #ah? c5tury4 ,petty's numb]s = #afhb are #fgj1jjj & ^? ( ,gregory ,k+ = #afif1 #ecj1jjj4 ,! latt] are corroborat$ by ^? ( #agjj1 :i* are giv5 z #eej1jjj4 ,maitl& gives ! numb]s 9 #agcg z #gbe1ijc4 ) reg>d to ! relative size ( great cities ,petty affirms t be=e ! ,re/oration ! p ( ,p>is 7 m 9 numb] ?an ^? ( ,london & ,dubl91 :]eas 9 #afhg ! p ( ,london 7 m ?an ^? ( ,p>is & ,rome or ( ,p>is & ,r\54 ,x is n necess>y to give any fur!r numb]s = ! population ( ! #ah? c5tury1 z t has be5 already /at$ to h be5 almo/ /ation>y4 ,?is is prov$ by ,gregory ,k+'s figures = #afif 7#ecj1jjj7 :5 comp>$ ) ^? ( ! fir/ c5sus = #ahja 7#hfd1jce74 ,a corroboration is also to be f\nd 9 ! report ( ! fir/ c5sus = #ahja1 :]e a calculation is made ( ! probable population ( ! ye>s #agjj & #agej4 ,^! are giv5 respectively z #fgd1cej & #fgf1bej4 ,^! figures include 7#a7 ! ,city ( ,london )9 & 7#b7 )\t ! walls1 7#c7 ! ,city & ,lib]ties ( ,we/m9/]1 7#d7 ! outp>i%es )9 ! bills ( mortality & 7#e7 ! p>i%es n )9 ! bills ( mortality4 ,no4 #e is giv5 z #iaej 9 #agjj1 & #bb1cej 9 #agej4 ,x is curi\s to f9d t already 9 ! #ah? c5tury a consid]able r$uction 9 ! numb]s ( ! city ( ,london is suppos$ to h tak5 place1 z is se5 9 ! foll[+ figures3-- #agjj4 #agej4 ,city ( ,london )9 ! walls #aci1cjj #hg1jjj )\t ! walls #fi1jjj #eg1cjj ,z ! increase 9 ,we/m9/] is n great 7#acj1jjj 9 #agjj & #aeb1jjj 9 #agej7 & !re is little diff]5ce 9 ! totals x w be se5 t ! am\nt is *iefly made up by ! increase 9 ! p>i%es )\t ! bills ( mortality4 ,! extraord9>y gr[? ( ,london did n come into exi/5ce until ab\t ! middle ( ! #ai? c5tury 7see ,,iv4 above74 ,,gov]nm5t ,saxon ,p]iod4 ,we "k little ( ! gov]nm5t ( ,london dur+ ! ,saxon p]iod1 & x is only incid5tally t we le>n h[ ! ,london] _h become possess$ ( special privileges :i* he cont9u$ to claim ) success ?r\gh _m c5turies4 ,"o ( ! *ief ( ^! 0 ! claim to a sep>ate voice 9 ! election ( ! k+4 ,! citiz5s did n dispute ! "r ( election by ! k+dom b !y held t t election did n necess>ily include ! *oice ( ,london4 ,an in/ance ( ?is is se5 9 ! election ( ,edmund ,ironside1 al?\gh ! ,witan outside ,london _h elect$ ,canute4 ,! rem>kable in/ance ( ?is aft] ! ,conque/ 0 ! election ( ,/eph51 b ,william ! ,conqu]or did n feel secure until he _h ! sanction ( ! ,london]s to 8 k+%ip1 & 8 attitude t[>ds ,london :5 he hov]$ ab\t ! neighb\rhood ( ! city = a "t %[s t he 0 anxi\s to obta9 ?is sanction freely r ?an by compulsion4 ,8 hopes & expectations 7 fulfill$ :5 ! gates ( ,london 7 op5$ to receive him1 z already relat$4 ,a!l/an's acceptance ( ! ,london-made law = ! :ole k+dom1 z po9t$ out by ,mr ,gomme1 is ano!r in/ance ( ! indep5d5ce ( ! ,london]4 ,:5 ,william ! ,conqu]or grant$ ! fir/ *>t] to ,london he address$ ! bi%op & ! portreeve--! bi%op z ! ecclesia/ical gov]nor & ! portreeve z ! repres5tative ( ! civil p[]4 ,! ^w port 9 ! title portreeve does n indicate ! ,port ( ,london z might naturally be suppos$1 = ,/ubbs has po9t$ out t x is porta n portus1 & al?\gh us$ = ! city g5]ally1 seems to ref] to x specially 9 its "* ( a ,m>t or ,city ( ,m]*ants4 ,! ,saxon title ( reeve 0 cont9u$ dur+ ! ,norman p]iod & ! %ire-reeve or %]iff has cont9u$ to our own "t4 ,!re 7 orig9ally sev]al di/9ct reeves1 all app>5tly (fic]s appo9t$ by ! k+4 ,"s writ]s h suppos$ t a succession ( portreeves cont9u$ 9 ,london1 b ,j4 ,h4 ,r\nd holds t ?is title disappe>$ aft] ! ,conqu]or's *>t]4 ,h5ry ,i4 grant$ to ! city by *>t] ! "r ( appo9t+ its own %]iffs2 ?is 0 a great privilege1 :i*1 h[ev]1 0 recall$ 9 ! reigns ( ,h5ry ,,ii4 & ,ri*>d ,i41 to be re/or$ by ,john 9 #aaii4 ,j4 ,h4 ,r\nd holds t ! (fice ( ,ju/ici> 0 creat$ by ,h5ry ,i4's *>t]1 & z he 0 ! *ief au?ority 9 ! city ?is some:at takes (f f ! value ( ! privilege ( appo9t+ %]iffs4 ,9 ! #ab? c5tury !re 0 a great municipal movem5t ov] ,europe4 ,london]s 7 well in=m$ z to :at 0 go+ on abroad1 & al?\gh ! rul]s 7 always will+ to wait = an opportunity ( enl>g+ _! lib]ties1 !y rema9$ ready to take advantage ( su* circum/ances z might occur4 ,_! great opportunity occurr$ :ile ,ri*>d ,i4 0 engag$ abroad z a crusad]4 ,9 #ahhi a m$al 0 /ruck to commemorate ! #gjj? anniv]s>y ( ! mayoralty :i* accord+ to popul> tradition 0 f\nd$ 9 #aahi4 ,) respect to ?is tradition ,r\nd writes 7,commune ( ,london1 p4 #bbc73 ,! assumption t ! mayoralty ( ,london dates f ! accession ( ,ri*>d ,i4 is an absolute p]v]sion ( hi/ory1 & he adds t !re is record evid5ce :i* completely confirms ! rem>kable words ( ,ri*>d ( ,devizes1 :o decl>es t on no t]ms :atev] w\ld ,k+ ,ri*>d or 8 fa!r h ev] ass5t$ to ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,communa 9 ,london4 ,! ,commune4 ,9 ,octob] #aaia ! conflict betwe5 ,john ! k+'s bro!r & ,long*amp ! k+'s repres5tative became acute4 ,! latt] bitt]ly (f5d$ ! ,london]s1 :o1 f9d+ t !y c\ld turn ! scales to ei!r side1 nam$ ! ,commune z ! price ( _! support ( ,john4 ,a small p>ty ( ! citiz5s "u ,h5ry ( ,cornhill rema9$ fai?ful to ! *ancellor ,long*amp1 b at a meet+ held at ,/ ,paul's on ! #h? ( ,octob]1 ! b>ons welcom$ ! ar*bi%op ( ,r\5 z *ief ju/ici> 7he hav+ produc$ ! k+'s sign manual appo9t+ a new commission71 & !y salut$ ,john z reg5t4 ,/ubbs1 9 8 introduction to ! ,*ronicle ( ,rog] de ,hov$51 writes3 ,?is done1 oa?s 7 l>gely tak53 ,john1 ! ,ju/ici> & ! ,b>ons swore to ma9ta9 ! ,communa ( ,london2 ! oa? ( fealty to ,ri*>d 0 !n sworn1 ,john tak+ x fir/1 !n ! two ar*bi%ops1 ! bi%ops1 ! b>ons1 & la/ ! burgh]s ) ! express und]/&+ t %\ld ! k+ die )\t issue !y w\ld receive ,john z 8 successor4 ,ref]r+ to ?is important ev5t ,mr ,r\nd writes3 ,! excit$ citiz5s1 :o _h p\r$ out ov]night1 ) lant]ns & tor*es1 to welcome ,john to ! capital1 /ream$ toge!r on ! morn+ ( ! ev5tful #h? ( ,octob] at ! well-kn[n s\nd ( ! great bell sw++ out f its campanile 9 ,/ ,paul's ,*ur*y>d4 ,!re !y he>d ,john take ! oa? to ! ',commune' l a ,fr5* k+ or "l2 & !n ,london = ! fir/ "t _h a municipality ( h] own4 ,! ,mayor & *ev9s4 ,little is kn[n z to :at ! ,commune !n e/abli%$ really 04 ,r\nd's rem>kable discov]y among ! manuscripts ( ! ,briti% ,museum ( ! ,oa? ( ! ,commune proves = ! fir/ "t t ,london 9 #aaic possess$ a fully develop$ ,commune ( ! cont95tal patt]n4 ,a /rik+ po9t 9 ?is municipal revolution is t ! new privileges ext5d$ to ! city ( ,london 7 entirely copi$ f ^? ( cont95tal cities1 & ,mr ,r\nd %[s t !re is conclusive pro( ( ! ass]tion t ! ,commune ( ,london d]iv$ its orig9 f t ( ,r\54 ,?is ,,ms4 gives u in=mation :i* 0 unkn[n be=e1 b upsets ! receiv$ op9ions z to ! e>ly gov]n+ position ( ! ald]m54 ,f ?is we le>n t ! gov]nm5t ( ! city 0 9 ! h&s ( a mayor & twelve *ev9s 7skiv9i72 bo? ^! names be+ ,fr5*1 seem = a "t to h exclud$ ! ,saxon ald]m54 ,twelve ye>s lat] 7#abje-abjf7 we le>n f ano!r docum5t1 pres]v$ 9 ! same volume z ! oa?1 t alii probi hom9es 7 associat$ ) ! mayor & *ev9s to =m a body ( tw5ty-f\r 7t is1 twelve skiv9i & an equal numb] ( c\ncillors74 ,r\nd holds t ! ,c\rt ( ,skiv9i & alii probi hom9es1 ( :i* at pres5t we "k no?+ fur!r ?an :at is conta9$ 9 ! t]ms ( ! oa?s1 0 ! g]m ( ! ,common ,c\ncil4 ,we mu/ n suppose t :5 ! city ( ,london obta9$ ! privilege ( appo9t+ a mayor1 & a citiz5 c\ld boa/ 9 #aaid t come :at may ! ,london]s %all h no k+ b _! mayor1 t ! k+ did n occasionally ex]t 8 p[] 9 susp5d+ ! lib]ties ( ! city4 ,!re 7 really con/ant disagreem5ts1 & sometimes ! k+ degrad$ ! mayor & appo9t$ a cu/os or w>d5 9 8 place4 ,sev]al in/ances ( ?is are record$ 9 ! #ac? & #ad? c5turies4 ,x is v important to be> 9 m9d t ! mayors ( ,london besides hold+ a v on]\s position 7 mo/ly m5 ( great di/9ction4 ,!y (t5 held rank outside ! city1 & naturally took _! place among ! rul]s ( ! c\ntry4 ,!y 7 mo/ly repres5tatives ( ! l&$ int]e/s z well z m]*ant pr9ces4 ,!re is no def9ite in=mation z to :5 ! mayor fir/ receiv$ ! title ( "l4 ,a claim has be5 set up = ,?omas ,legge1 mayor = ! second "t 9 #aced1 t he 0 ! fir/ "l mayor1 b !re is positively no au?ority :atev] = ?is claim1 al?\gh x is boldly /at$ t he 0 creat$ "l mayor by ,edw>d ,,iii4 9 ?is ye>4 ,app>5tly ! title 0 occasionally us$1 & ! use gradually grew into a prescriptive "r4 ,!re is no evid5ce ( any grant1 b aft] #aedj ! title _h become g5]al4 ,ald]m54 ,no record has be5 f\nd ( ! date :5 ! ald]m5 became ! (ficial advis]s ( ! mayor4 ,! v>i\s w>ds 7 ea* presid$ ov] by an ald]man f an e>ly p]iod1 b we _c fix ! "t :5 !y 7 unit$ z a c\rt ( ald]m54 ,/ubbs writes3 ,! gov]n+ body ( ,london 9 ! #ac? c5tury 0 compos$ ( ! mayor1 tw5ty-five ald]m5 ( ! w>ds & two %]iffs4 ,z we d n f9d any fur!r evid5ce ?an ! oa? ( ! ,commune allud$ to ( ! exi/5ce ( *ev9s 9 ,london1 x is possible t ald]m5 7 elect$ on ! mayor's c\ncil "u ?is title4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n ! op9ion ( ,mr ,r\nd1 :o1 z be=e /at$1 is incl9$ to believe t ! body ( *ev9s became 9 c\rse ( "t ! ,c\rt ( ,common ,c\ncil4 ,! ald]m5 are n m5tion$ z ! colleagues ( ! mayor until ! v end ( ! #ac? c5tury1 except 9 ! case ( ,fitz-,ailw9's ,assize ( #aahi1 & ?is1 ( c\rse1 relat$ specially to ! duties ( ald]m5 z heads ( ! w>ds ( ! city4 ,9 ,m>* #abih-abii lett]s 7 s5t f ! ,mayor & ,commune ( ! ,city ( ,london to ! municipalities ( ,bruges1 ,ca5 & ,cambray4 ,al?\gh ! (ficial =m ( ,! ,mayor & ,commune 0 cont9u$ until ! end ( ! #ac? c5tury1 & x 0 n until e>ly 9 ! #ad? c5tury t ! =m ,mayor1 ,ald]m5 & ,common ,c\ncil came into exi/5ce1 !re is suffici5t evid5ce to %[ t ! ald]m5 & common c\ncil be=e t "t 7 act+ ) ! mayor z gov]nors ( ! city4 ,9 #acgg x 0 ord]$ t ald]m5 c\ld be elect$ annually1 b 9 #achd ! rule 0 modifi$ s z to all[ an ald]man to be re-elect$ = 8 w>d at ! expiration ( 8 ye> ( (fice )\t any int]val4 ,9 #acid ! ,ord9ance respect+ annual elections 0 repeal$ by ! k+ 7,ri*>d ,,ii474 ,di/9ct rank 0 accord$ to ald]m51 & 9 ! ,lib] ,albus we are told t x is a matt] ( exp]i5ce t ev] s9ce ! ye> ( our ,"l #acej1 at ! sepulture ( ald]m51 ! anci5t cu/om ( int]m5t ) b>onial hon\rs 0 obs]v$4 ,:5 ! poll-tax ( #acgi 0 impos$ ! mayor 0 assess$ z an e>l & ! ald]m5 z b>ons4 ,%]iffs4 ,! gov]nm5t ( ! city by reeves dates back to a v e>ly p]iod1 & ^! reeves 7 appo9t$ by ! k+4 ,! prefix ( ! v>i\s k9ds ( reeves made b little diff]5ce 9 ! duties ( ! (fice1 al?\gh ! area ( ^! duties might be diff]5t4 ,!re 0 slight diff]5ce betwe5 ! (fice ( %]iff & t ( portreeve1 :i* latt] does n appe> to h surviv$ ! ,conque/4 ,aft] ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,commune & ! appo9tm5t ( a mayor ! %]iffs naturally lo/ mu* ( _! importance1 & !y became :at !y are /yl$ 9 ,lib] ,albus ! ,eyes ( ! ,mayor4 ,:5 ,middlesex 0 9 f>m to ,london ! two %]iffs 7 equally %]iffs ( ,london & ,middlesex4 ,!re is only "o in/ance 9 ! city records ( a %]iff ( ,middlesex be+ m5tion$ z di/9ct f ! %]iffs1 & ?is 0 9 #abhc :5 ,anket9 de ,betteville & ,walt] le ,blond are describ$ z %]iffs ( ,london1 & ,g]9 z %]iff ( ,middlesex4 ,by ! ,local ,gov]nm5t ,act ( #ahhh ! citiz5s ( ,london 7 depriv$ ( all "r ( jurisdiction ov] ! c\nty ( ,middlesex1 :i* _h be5 expressly grant$ by v>i\s *>t]s4 ,9 #achc x 0 orda9$ & agre$ t no p]son %all f h5ce=? be mayor 9 ! said city if he h n fir/ be5 %]iff ( ! said city1 to ! end t he may be tri$ 9 gov]nance & b\nty be=e he atta9s su* e/ate ( ! mayoralty4 ,common ,c\ncil4 ,! two c\rts--t ( ald]m5 & t ( ! common c\ncil--7 probably =m$ ab\t ! same "t1 b x is rem>kable t we h no def9ite in=mation on ! subject4 ,! numb] ( memb]s ( ! common c\ncil v>i$ greatly at diff]5t times1 b ! "r to det]m9e ! numb] 0 indirectly grant$ by ! *>t] ( ,edw>d ,,iii4 7#acda7 :i* enables ! city to am5d cu/oms & usages :i* h become h>d4 ,!re h also be5 _m *anges 9 ! mode ( election4 ,! common c\ncil 7 *os5 by ! w>ds until #acea1 :5 ! appo9tm5ts 7 made by c]ta9 companies4 ,9 #acgf an ord9ance 0 made by ! mayor & ald]m51 ) ! ass5t ( ! :ole commons1 to ! effect t ! companies %\ld select m5 ) :om !y 7 cont5t1 & none o!r %\ld come to ! elections ( mayors & %]iffs2 t ! great] companies %\ld n elect m ?an six1 ! less] f\r & ! lea/ two4 ,=ty-sev5 companies nom9at$ #aef memb]s4 ,9 #achc ! "r ( election rev]t$ to ! w>ds1 b 0 obta9$ aga9 by ! liv]y companies 9 #adfg4 ,common ,hall4 ,! ,common ,hall 0 ! successor ( ! folkmote1 ! meet+s ( :i* 7 orig9ally held 9 ! op5 air at ! ea/ end ( ,/ ,paul's & aft]w>ds 9 ! ,guildhall4 ,^! g5]al assemblies ( ! citiz5s are describ$ 9 ! old city records z imm5sa communitas or imm5sa multitudo civium4 ,! elections 9 ,common ,hall 7 by ! :ole body ( citiz5s until ,edw>d ,i4's reign1 citiz5s 7 !n specially summon$ to ,common ,hall by ! mayor4 ,9 ,edw>d ,,iv4's reign ! elections ( mayor1 %]iffs & o!r (fic]s & memb]s ( p>liam5t 7 transf]r$ to liv]ym54 ,v>i\s alt]ations 7 subsequ5tly made & n[ ! qualification ( electors at ! election ( ! corporate (fices ( "l mayor1 %]iffs1 *amb]la9 & m9or (fices 9 ,common ,hall is t ( be+ a liv]yman ( a liv]y company & an enroll$ freeman ( ,london4 ,! election ( ald]m5 & common c\ncilm5 takes place 9 ! w>dmotes4 ,(ficials ( ! city4 ,! record]1 ! *ief (ficial1 is appo9t$ = life4 ,he 0 =m]ly appo9t$ by ! city1 b s9ce ! ,local ,gov]nm5t ,act ( #ahhh he is nom9at$ by ! city & approv$ by ! "l *ancellor4 ,! common s]geant 0 =m]ly appo9t$ by ! city1 b s9ce #ahhh by ! "l *ancellor4 ,! t[n cl]k is appo9t$ by ! city & re-elect$ annually4 ,! *amb]la9 or comptroll] ( ! k+'s *amb] is appo9t$ by ! liv]y4 ,he 0 orig9ally a k+'s (fic] & ! (fice 0 probably in/itut$ soon aft] ! ,conque/4 ,! remembranc] is appo9t$ by ! common c\ncil4 ,! common hunt1 an (fice aboli%$ 9 #ahjg1 0 fill$ by ,john ,c\rt5ay 9 #adag4 ,! sword-be>] is notic$ 9 ! ,lib] ,albus 7#adai7 & ! fir/ record ( an appo9tm5t is dat$ #adbf4 ,lat] hi/ory ( ! corporation4 ,few fundam5tal alt]ations h be5 made 9 ! con/itution ( ! city1 b 9 ! reign ( ,*>les ,,ii4 ! mo/ arbitr>y proce$+s 7 tak5 aga9/ its lib]ties4 ,! k+ & 8 bro!r _h long ent]ta9$ designs aga9/ ! city1 & = ! purpose ( cru%+ !m two pretexts 7 set up--7#a7 t a new rate ( m>ket tolls _h be5 levi$ by virtue ( an act ( common c\ncil1 & 7#b7 t a petition to ! k+1 9 :i* x 0 alleg$ t by ! prorogation ( p>liam5t public ju/ice _h be5 int]rupt$1 _h be5 pr9t$ by ord] ( ! ,c\rt ( ,common ,c\ncil4 ,*>les direct$ a writ quo w>ranto aga9/ ! corporation ( ,london 9 #afhc1 & ! ,c\rt ( ,k+'s ,b5* decl>$ its *>t] =feit$4 ,soon aft]w>ds all ! obnoxi\s ald]m5 7 displac$ & o!rs appo9t$ 9 _! room by royal commission4 ,:5 ,james ,,ii4 f\nd himself 9 dang] f ! l&+ ( ! ,pr9ce ( ,orange he s5t = ! "l mayor & ald]m5 & in=m$ !m ( 8 det]m9ation to re/ore ! city *>t] & privileges1 b he _h no "t to d any?+ be=e 8 flight4 ,! ,conv5tion :i* 0 summon$ to meet on ! #bbnd ( ,janu>y #afhi 0 conv]t$ by a =mal act into a true p>liam5t 7,febru>y #bc74 ,"o ( ! fir/ motions put to ! ,h\se 0 t a special ,committee %\ld be appo9t$ to consid] ! violations ( ! lib]ties & fran*ises ( all ! corporations ( ! k+dom & p>ticul>ly ( ! ,city ( ,london4 ,! motion 0 lo/ b ! ,h\se resolv$ to br+ 9 a bill = repeal+ ! ,corporation ,act1 & t5 ye>s lat] 7,m>* #e7 ! ,gr& ,committee ( ,grievances report$ to ! ,h\se its op9ion 7#a7 t ! rights ( ! ,city ( ,london 9 ! election ( %]iffs 9 ! ye> #afhb 7 invad$ & t su* invasion 0 illegal & a grievance1 & 7#b7 t ! judgm5t giv5 ^u ! ,quo ,w>ranto aga9/ ! city 0 illegal & a grievance4 ,! committee's op9ion on ^! two po9ts 7among o!rs7 0 endors$ by ! ,h\se & on ! #af? ( ,m>* x ord]$ a ,bill to be br\ght 9 to re/ore all corporations to ! /ate & condition !y 7 9 on ! #bi? ( ,may #affj1 & to confirm ! lib]ties & fran*ises :i* at t "t !y respectively held & enjoy$4#ae ,:5 ! ,act = ! re=m ( ,municipal ,corporations 0 pass$ 9 #ahce ,london 0 specially except$ f its provisions4 ,:5 ! ,metropolitan ,bo>d ( ,works 0 =m$ by ! ,metropolis ,managem5t ,act ( #ahee ! city 0 affect$ to a c]ta9 ext5t1 b by ! ,local ,gov]nm5t ,act ( #ahhh :i* f\nd$ ! ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil ! "r ( appo9t+ a %]iff = ,middlesex 0 tak5 away f ! city ( ,london4 ,:5 ! c\nty ( ,middlesex 0 dissociat$ f ! city ( ,london "o portion 0 jo9$ to ! adm9i/rative c\nty ( ,london1 & ! o!r to ! c\nty ( ,middlesex4 ,privileges ( ! "l mayor4 ,! "l mayor ( ,london has c]ta9 v rem>kable privileges :i* h be5 religi\sly gu>d$ & mu/ be ( great antiquity4 ,x is only necess>y to m5tion ^! "h1 b ea* ( ! privileges requires an exhau/ive exam9ation z to its orig94 ,!y all prove ! rem>kable position ( ,old ,london1 & m>k x (f f all o!r cities ( mod]n ,europe4 ,%ortly /at$ ! privileges are f\r3 #a4 ,! clos+ ( ,temple ,b> to ! sov]eign4 #b4 ,! mayor's position 9 ! city1 :]e he is second only to ! k+4 #c4 ,8 summons to ! ,privy ,c\ncil on ! accession ( a new sov]eign4 #d4 ,8 position ( butl] at ! coronation banquets4 ,! la/ may be consid]$ 9 abeyance z !re has n be5 any coronation banquet s9ce t ( ,george ,,iv4 ,9 ! case ( ! coronation ( ,k+ ,edw>d ,,vii4 ! claim 0 exclud$ f ! consid]ation ( ! ,c\rt ( ,claims "u ! royal proclamation4 ,! t]ms ( ! judgm5t on a fur!r claim are z foll[s3 ,! ,c\rt consid]s & adjudges t ! "l mayor has by usage a "r1 subject to ,8 ,maje/y's pleasure1 to att5d ! ,abbey dur+ ! coronation & be> ! cry/al mace4 ,,bibliography4--,! e>lie/ description ( ,london is t writt5 by ! monk ,fitz/eph5 9 #aagd z an introduction to 8 life ( ,ar*bi%op ,?omas ,becket4 ,?is 0 fir/ pr9t$ by ,/[ 9 8 ,survey4 ,x 0 repr9t$ by ,/rype 9 8 editions ( ,/[2 by ,he>ne 9 8 edition ( ,lel&'s ,it9]>y 7vol4 #h71 by ,samuel ,pegge 9 #aggb1 & else:]e4 ,! fir/ hi/ory is conta9$ 9 ,a ,survey ( ,london by ,john ,/[ 7#aeih1 #afjc74 ,! au?or di$ 9 #afje1 & 8 "w 0 cont9u$ by ,an?ony ,munday & o!rs 7#afah1 #afcc7 & 9 ! next c5tury by ,john ,/rype 7#agbj1 #aged-agee74 ,/['s orig9al "w 0 repr9t$ by ,w4 ,j4 ,?oms 9 #ahdb & a monum5tal edition has be5 publi%$ by ,c4 ,l4 ,k+s=d 7,ox=d1 #aijh74 ,! foll[+ are ! mo/ important ( subsequ5t hi/ories arrang$ 9 ord] ( publication2 ,james ,h[ell1 ,lond9opolis 7#afeg72 ,w4 ,/[1 ,rem>ks on ,london & ,we/m9/] 7#agbb72 ,rob]t ,seym\r 7,john ,mottley71 ,survey ( ! ,cities ( ,london & ,we/m9/] 7#agcd1 ano!r edition #agec72 ,william ,maitl&1 ,hi/ory ( ,london 7#agci1 o!r editions #agef1 #agfj1 #agfi1 cont9u$ by ,john ,entick #agge72 ,john ,entick1 ,a ,new & ,accurate ,hi/ory ( ,london1 ,we/m9/]1 ,s\?w>k 7#agff72 ,! ,city ,remembranc]1 ,n>ratives ( ! ,plague #affe1 ,fire #afff & ,great ,/orm #agjc 7#agfi72 ,a ,new & ,compleat ,hi/ory & ,survey1 by a ,society ( ,g5tlem5 7#aggj1 revis$ by ,h4 ,*amb]la91 folio revis$ by ,w4 ,?ornton #aghd72 ,j4 ,noor?\ck1 ,a ,new ,hi/ory 7#aggc72 ,walt] ,h>rison1 ,a ,new & ,univ]sal ,hi/ory 7#agge72 ,j4 ,p4 ,malcolm1 ,lond9ium ,r$ivivum or an ,anci5t ,hi/ory & ,mod]n ,description ( ,london 7#ahjc72 ,david ,hughson 7,e4 ,pugh71 ,london 7#ahje-ahji72 ,b4 ,lamb]t1 ,hi/ory & ,survey ( ,london 7#ahjf72 ,h5ry ,hunt]1 ,hi/ory ( ,london 7#ahaa72 ,j4 ,w4 ,abbott1 ,hi/ory ( ,london 7#ahba72 ,?omas ,all51 ,hi/ory & ,antiquities ( ,london 7#ahbg-ahbi1 cont9u$ by ,?omas ,wright #ahci72 ,william ,smi?1 ,a ,new ,hi/ory ( ,london 7#ahcc72 ,*>les ,mackay1 ,a ,hi/ory ( ,london 7#ahch72 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,london1 illu/rat$ by ,w4 ,g4 ,fe>nside 7#ahch72 ,george ,grant1 ,a ,compreh5sive ,hi/ory ( ,london 7,dubl91 #ahdi72 ,john ,timbs1 ,curiosities ( ,london 7#ahee1 lat] editions #ahee1 #ahfh1 #ahge1 #ahgf72 ,old ,london ,pap]s1 ,ar*aeological ,in/itute 7#ahfg72 ,w4 ,j4 ,l(tie1 ,a ,hi/ory ( ,london 7#ahhc72 ,w4 ,j4 ,l(tie1 ,hi/oric ,t[ns 7,london1 #ahhg72 ,claude de la ,ro*e ,francis1 ,london1 ,hi/oric & ,social 7,philadelphia1 #aijb72 ,sir ,walt] ,besant1 ,! ,survey ( ,london 7#aijb-aijh7--;,e>ly ,london1 ,prehi/oric1 ,roman1 ,saxon & ,norman 7#aijh72 ,m$ieval ,london1 vol4 #a1 ,hi/orical & ,social 7#aijf71 vol4 #b1 ,ecclesia/ical 7#aijf72 ,london 9 ! ,"t ( ! ,tudors 7#aijd72 ,london 9 ! ,"t ( ! ,/u>ts 7#aijc72 ,london 9 ! ,eighte5? ,c5tury 7#aijb72 ,h4 ,b4 ,:eatley1 ,! ,/ory ( ,london ,m$ieval ,t[ns 7,london1 #aijd74 ,! foll[+ are "s ( ! ,*ronicles ( ,london :i* h be5 pr9t$1 arrang$ 9 ord] ( publication3 ,r4 ,grafton1 ,*ronicle #aahi-aeeh 7#ahji72 ,r4 ,arnold1 ,london ,*ronicle 7#ahaa72 ,a ,*ronicle ( ,london f #ajhi to #adhc writt5 9 ! ,fifte5? ,c5tury 7#ahbg72 ,william ,gregory's ,*ronicle ( ,london1 #aahi-adfi 7#ahgf72 ,hi/orical ,collections ( a ,citiz5 ( ,london1 edit$ by ,james ,gairdn] 7,camd5 ,society1 #ahgf72 ,*ronicles ( ,london #abjj-aeaf1 edit$ by ,c4 ,l4 ,k+s=d 7,ox=d1 #aije74 ,_m books h be5 publi%$ on ! gov]nm5t ( ,london1 ( :i* ! foll[+ is a selection3 ,city ,law 7#afdg1 #afeh72 ,lex ,lond95sis or ! ,city ,law 7#afhj72 ,w4 ,bohun1 ,privilegia ,lond9i 7#agbc72 ,giles ,jacob1 ,city ,lib]ties 7#agcc72 ,laws & ,cu/oms1 ,rights1 ,lib]ties & ,privileges ( ! ,city ( ,london 7#agfe72 ,david ,hughson1 ,epitome ( ! ,privileges ( ,london 7#ahaf72 ,george ,norton1 ,comm5t>ies on ! ,hi/ory1 ,con/itution & ,*>t]$ ,fran*ises ( ! ,city ( ,london 7#ahbi1 #crd ed4 #ahfi72 ,munim5ta ,gildhallae ,londoni5sis1 edit$ by ,h4 ,t4 ,riley--vol4 #a1 ,lib] ,albus 7#adai71 vol4 #b1 ,lib] ,cu/um>um 7#ahei72 ,lib] ,albus3 ! ,:ite ,book ( ! ,city ( ,london1 translat$ by ,h4 ,t4 ,riley 7#ahfa72 ,h4 ,t4 ,riley1 ,memorials ( ,london & ,london ,life 9 ! #ac?1 #ad? & #ae? c5turies 7#ahfh72 ,de ,antiquis ,legibus ,lib]4 ,curante ,?oma ,/apleton 7,camd5 ,society1 #ahdf72 ,*ronicles ( ! ,mayors & ,%]iffs ( ,london #aahh-abgd1 translat$ f ! ,lib] de ,antiquis ,legibus by ,h4 ,t4 ,riley4 ,fr5* ,*ronicle ( ,london #abei-acdc 7#ahfc72 ,analytical ,index to ! ,s]ies ( ,records kn[n z ! ,remembrancia #aegi-affd 7#ahhh72 ,cal5d> ( ,lett]-,books circa #abge-acii pres]v$ among ! ,ar*ives ( ! ,corporation ( ,london at ! ,guildhall1 edit$ by ,reg9ald ,r4 ,%>pe1 ,d4,c4,l4 7#ahii-aijg72 ,w4 & ,r4 ,woodcock1 ,lives ( ,"l ,mayors 7#ahdf72 ,j4 ,f4 ,b4 ,fir?1 ,municipal ,london 7#ahgf72 ,walt] ,delgray ,bir*1 ,hi/orical ,*>t]s & ,con/itutional ,docum5ts ( ! ,city ( ,london 7#ahhd1 #ahhg72 ,j4 ,h4 ,r\nd1 ,! ,commune ( ,london & o!r ,/udies 7#ahii72 ,reg9ald ,r4 ,%>pe1 ,london & ! ,k+dom2 a ,hi/ory d]iv$ ma9ly f ! ,ar*ives at ,guildhall 7#ahid72 ,g4 ,l4 ,gomme1 ,! ,gov]nance ( ,london4 ,/udies on ! ,place occupi$ by ,london 9 ,engli% ,in/itutions 7#aijg72 ,alfr$ ,b4 ,beav51 ,! ,ald]m5 ( ! ,city ( ,london temp4 ,h5ry ,,iii4 7#aijh74 ,9 connexion ) ! gov]nm5t ( ,london may be not$ works on ! foll[+3 ,inns ( ,c\rt4 ,william ,h]b]t1 ,antiquities ( ! ,inns ( ,c\rt & ,*anc]y 7#ahjd72 ,rob]t ,p4 ,pe>ce1 ,hi/ory 7#ahdh74 ,artill]y ,company1 ,an?ony ,highmore1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,hon4 ,artill]y ,co4 ( ,london to #ahjb 7#ahjd72 ,g4 ,a4 ,raikes1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,hon4 ,artill]y ,co4 7#ahgh74 ,william ,h]b]t publi%$ 9 #ahcg ,hi/ory ( ! ,twelve great ,liv]y ,companies ( ,london1 & 9 #ahfi ,?omas ,arundell publi%$ ,hi/orical ,rem9isc5ces ( ! ,city & its ,liv]y ,companies4 ,s9ce !n h appe>$ ,! ,liv]y ,companies ( ! ,city ( ,london1 by ,w4 ,c>ew ,hazlitt 7#ahib72 ,! ,city ,companies ( ,london1 by ,p4 ,h4 ,dit*field 7#aijd72 ,! ,gilds & ,companies ( ,london1 by ,george ,unw9 7#aijh74 ,sep>ate hi/ories h be5 publi%$ ( ! *ief ,london companies4 ,! foll[+ are "s ( ! *ief works connect$ ) ! topography ( ,london3 ,?omas ,p5nant1 ,( ,london 7#agij1 #agic1 #ahje1 #ahac1 translat$ into ,g]man #agia72 ,john ,t4 ,smi?1 ,anti5t ,topography ( ,london 7#ahae72 ,david ,hughson ,e4 ,pugh1 ,walks ?r\gh ,london 7#ahag72 ,london 7edit$ by ,*>les ,knight #ahda-ahdd1 repr9t$ #ahea1 revis$ by ,e4 ,wal=d #ahge-ahgg72 ,j4 ,h4 ,jesse1 ,lit]>y & ,hi/orical ,memorials ( ,london 7#ahdg72 ,leigh ,hunt1 ,! ,t[n1 its ,memorable ,"* & ,ev5ts 7#ahdh1 new ed4 #ahei72 ,pet] ,cunn+ham1 ,a ,h&book ( ,london pa/ & pres5t 7#ahdi1 #bnd ed4 #ahej1 enl>g$ into a new "w 9 #ahia72 ,h5ry ,b4 ,:eatley1 ,london pa/ & pres5t2 ,ve/iges ( ,old ,london1 et*+s by ,j4 ,w4 ,ar*] 7#ahea72 ,a ,new ,survey ( ,london 7#ahec72 ,g4 ,w4 ,?ornbury1 ,haunt$ ,london 7#ahfe1 new ed4 by ,e4 ,wal=d #ahhj72 ,old & ,new ,london1 vols4 i4-ii4 by ,g4 ,w4 ,?ornbury1 vols4 iii4-vi4 by ,edw>d ,wal=d 7#ahgc-ahgh72 ,walt] ,besant1 ,london1 ,we/m9/]1 ,s\? ,london1 ,ea/ ,london 7#ahia-aijb72 ,ea/ ,london ,antiquities1 edit$ by ,walt] ,a4 ,locks 7,ea/ ,london ,adv]tis]1 #aijb72 ,philip ,norman1 ,london vani%$ & vani%+ 7#aije72 ,records ( ! ,london ,topographical ,society2 ,monographs ( ! ,committee = ! ,survey ( ! ,memorials ( ,great] ,london4 ,! foll[+ books on ! population ( ,london h be5 publi%$3 ,john ,graunt1 ,natural & ,political ,obs]vations on ! ,bills ( ,mortality 7#affa1 o!r editions #affb1 #affe1 #afgf72 ,essay 9 ,political ,ari?metick 7#afhc72 ,five ,essays on ,political ,ari?metick 7#afhg72 ,sev]al ,essays 9 ,political ,ari?metick 7#afii1 #agaa1 #agea1 #agee72 ,essay conc]n+ ! ,multiplication ( ,mank9d 7#afhb1 #afhc1 #afhf71 all by ,sir ,william ,petty2 ,corbyn ,morris1 ,obs]vations on ! pa/ ,gr[? & pres5t ,/ate ( ! ,city ( ,london 7#agea72 ,collection ( ! ,ye>ly ,bills ( ,mortality f #afeg to #ageh 7ed4 by ,t4 ,bir*1 ,d4,d4 #agei72 ,graunt's ,obs]vations1 ,petty's ,ano!r ,essay & ,c4 ,morris's ,obs]vations are repr9t$ 9 ?is collection4 ,graunt & ,petty's ,essays are repr9t$ 9 ,economic ,writ+s ( ,sir ,w4 ,petty 7#ahii74 7,h4 ,b4 ,w4997 ,,footnotes3 #a ,see map 9 ,london ,/ati/ics 7vol4 xix41 #aiji71 an annual publication ( ! ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil1 :i* besides ^! divisions %[s ,wat] ,london1 ! ,london ma9 dra9age area1 & ! ,c5tral ,crim9al ,c\rt di/rict4 #b ,*>+ ,cross /ation 0 ! sc5e ( a rem>kable cata/rophe on ! #e? ( ,decemb] #aije1 :5 a l>ge "p ( ! ro( collaps$1 & ! fall+ dbris did v s]i\s damage to ! ,av5ue !atre1 :i* /&s close to ! /ation at a l[] level4 #c ,! report appe>$ 9 eight volumes1 ! fir/ ( :i*1 conta9+ ! g5]al conclusions to :i* allusion is "h made1 bore ! numb]1 z a blue-book4 ,cd4 #beig4 #d ,ov] #bjj local acts 7 repeal$ by s*emes made "u ! act ( #ahii4 #e ,a valuable article on ,! ,conqu]or's ,footpr9ts 9 ,domesday 0 publi%$ 9 ! ,engli% ,hi/orical ,review 9 #ahih 7vol4 xiii4 p4 #ag74 ,?is article conta9s an acc\nt ( ,duke ,william's movem5ts aft] ! battle ( ,s5lac betwe5 ,enfield1 ,edmonton1 ,tott5ham & ,b]khamp/ead4 #f ,a map ( ,london engrav$ on copp]-plate1 dat$ #adig1 :i* 0 b\ght by ,f]d9& ,columbus dur+ 8 travels 9 ,europe ab\t #aeah-aebe1 is ent]$ 9 ! catalogue ( ,f]d9&'s books1 maps1 c41 made by himself & pres]v$ 9 ! ,ca!dral ,libr>y at ,seville1 b !re is no clue to its exi/5ce4 #g ,"o is 9 ! ,guildhall ,libr>y1 & ! o!r among ! ,pepysian maps 9 ,magdal5e ,college1 ,cambridge4 #h ,?is map ( ,london by ,nord5 is dat$ #aeic1 z /at$ above4 ,! same topograph] publi%$ 9 8 ,middlesex a map ( ,we/m9/] z well z ?is "o ( ! ,city ( ,london4 #i ,v>i\s *anges 9 ! names ( ! tav]ns are made 9 ! folio edition ( ?is play 7#afaf7 f ! qu>to 7#afja72 ?us ! ,m]maid ( ! qu>to becomes ! ,w9dmill 9 ! folio1 & ! ,mitre ( ! qu>to is ! ,/> ( ! folio4 #aj ,! ,great ,revolt ( #acha 7,ox=d1 #aijf71 p4 #bg4 #aa ,9 a valuable pap] on ,! ,population ( ,old ,london 9 ,blackwood's ,magaz9e = ,april #ahia4 #ab ,! old ,bills ( ,mortality1 al?\gh ( value f be+ ! only au?ority on ! subject1 7 nev] complete ow+ to v>i\s causes3 "o be+ t l>ge numb]s ( ,roman ,ca?olics & ,diss5t]s 7 n regi/]$ 9 ! returns ( ! p>i% cl]k :o 0 a *ur* (fic]4 ,! bills 7 kill$ by ! action ( ! ,regi/ration ,act = ,engl& & ,wales1 :i* came into op]ation ,july #a1 #ahcg4 ,! weekly ,returns ( ! ,regi/r>-,g5]al began 9 #ahdj4 #ac ,! inv5tion ( 'bills ( mortality' is n s mod]n z has be5 g5]ally suppos$1 = _! prop] designation may be f\nd 9 ! language ( anci5t ,rome4 ,libit9a 0 ! goddess ( fun]als2 h] (fic]s 7 ! ,libit9>ii our und]tak]s2 h] temple 9 :i* all bus9ess connect$ ) ! la/ rites 0 transact$1 9 :i* ! acc\nt ( dea?s--ratio ,libit9ae--0 kept1 s]v$ ! purpose ( a regi/] (fice4--,j\rnal ,/ati/ical ,society1 xvii4 #aag 7#ahed74 #ad ,! return 0 made by special comm& f ! ,"r ,hon\rable ! ,lords ( ,8 ,maje/y's ,privy ,c\ncil4 ,! ,privy ,c\ncil 7 at ?is "t appreh5sive ( an approa*+ sc>city ( food4 ,! numb]s 7#acj1bfh7 7 made up z foll[s3 ,london ,)9 ! ,walls #ga1jbi1 ,london ,)\t ! ,walls #dj1egi1 ,old ,bor\gh ( ,s\?w>k 7,bridge ,)\t7 #ah1ffj4 #ae ,r4 ,r4 ,%>pe1 ,london & ! ,k+dom 7#ahid71 i4 #eda4 ,,london ,,clay1 9 geology1 ! mo/ important memb] ( ! ,l[] ,eoc5e /rata 9 ! s\? ( ,engl&4 ,x is well develop$ 9 ! ,london bas91 ?\gh n frequ5tly expos$1 p>tly because x is to a great ext5t cov]$ by m rec5t gravels & p>tly because x is n (t5 work$ on a l>ge scale4 ,x is a /iff1 t5aci\s1 blui% clay t becomes br[n on wea!r+1 occasionally x becomes di/9ctly s&y1 sometimes glauconitic1 especially t[>ds ! top2 l>ge calc>e\s sept>ian concretions are common1 & h be5 us$ 9 ! manufacture ( cem5t1 be+ dug = ?is purpose at ,%eppey1 ne> ,s\!nd1 & at ,h>wi*1 & dr$g$ (f ! ,hamp%ire coa/4 ,nodul> lumps ( pyrites & cry/als ( sel5ite are ( frequ5t occurr5ce4 ,! clay has be5 employ$ = mak+ bricks1 tiles & co>se pott]y1 b x is usually too t5aci\s = ?is purpose except 9 well-wea!r$ or s&y portions4 ,! base ( ! clay is v regul>ly indicat$ by a few in*es ( r\nd$ fl9t pebbles ) gre5 & yell[i% s&1 p>ts ( ?is lay] be+ frequ5tly cem5t$ by c>bonate ( lime4 ,! av]age ?ickness ( ! ,london ,clay 9 ! ,london bas9 is ab\t #dej ft42 at ,w9dsor x is #djj ft4 ?ick2 b5ea? ,london x is r ?ick]1 :ile 9 ! s\? ( ,essex x is ov] #dhj ft4 ,9 ,wilt%ire x only rea*es a few feet 9 ?ickness1 :ile 9 ,b]k%ire x is "s #ej or #fj ft4 ,x is f\nd 9 ! ,isle ( ,wight1 :]e x is #cjj ft4 ?ick at ,:itecliff ,bay--"h ! b$s are v]tical & ev5 slightly rev]s$--& 9 ,alum ,bay x is #bbj ft4 ?ick4 ,9 ,hamp%ire x is sometimes kn[n z ! ,bognor ,b$s1 & c]ta9 lay]s ( calc>e\s s&/one )9 ! clays are call$ ,b>nes or ,bognor ,rock4 ,9 ! ea/]n "p ( ! ,london bas9 9 ea/ ,k5t ! pebbly basem5t b$ becomes a ?ick deposit 7#fj ft471 =m+ "p ( ! ,oldhav5 & ,blackhea? ,b$s4 ,! ,london ,clay is a m>9e deposit1 & its fossils indicate a mod]ately w>m climate1 ! flora hav+ a tropical aspect4 ,among ! fossils may be m5tion$ ,panopoea int]m$ia1 ,ditrupa plana1 ,t]$9a p]sonata1 ,conus conc9nus1 ,ro/ell>ia ampla1 ,nautilus c5tralis1 ,belosepia1 =am9if]a & diatoms4 ,fi% rema9s include ,otodus obliquus1 ,sphyro5odus crassid5s2 birds are repres5t$ by ,halcyornis ,toliapicus1 ,li?ornis & ,odontopt]yx1 & reptiles by ,*elone gigas1 & o!r turtles1 ,palaeophis1 a s]p5t & crocodiles4 ,hyraco!rium lepor9um1 ,palaeo!rium & a few o!r mammals are record$4 ,plant rema9s 9 a pyritiz$ condition are f\nd 9 great abundance & p]fection on ! %ore ( ,%eppey2 num]\s species ( palms1 screw p9es1 wat] lilies1 cypresses1 yews1 legum9\s plants & _m o!rs occur2 logs ( conif]\s wood bor$ ?r\gh by annelids & ,t]$o are common1 & fossil res9 has be5 f\nd at ,highgate4 ,see ,,eoc5e2 also ,w4 ,:itak]1 ,! ,geology ( ,london & "p ( ! ,?ames ,valley1 ,mem4 ,geol4 ,survey 7#ahhi71 & ,%eet ,memoirs ( ! ,geol4 ,survey1 ,london1 ,nos4 #cad1 #cae1 #bfh1 #cbi1 #ccb1 & ,memoirs on ! ,geology ( ! ,isle ( ,wight 7#ahhi74 ,,londond]ry1 ,,e>ls ,,& ,,m>quesses ,,(4 ,! #a/ e>l ( ,londond]ry 0 ,?omas ,ridgeway 7c4 #aefe-afca71 a ,devon man1 :o 0 treasur] 9 ,irel& f #afjf to #afaf & 0 engag$ 9 ! plantation ( ,ul/]4 ,ridgeway 0 made a b>onet 9 #afaa1 ,b>on ,ridgeway 9 #afaf & e>l ( ,londond]ry 9 #afbc4 ,! ,ridgeways held ! e>ldom until ,m>* #agad1 :5 ,rob]t1 ! #d? e>l1 di$ )\t sons4 ,9 #agbf ,rob]t's son-9-law1 ,?omas ,pitt 7c4 #afhh-agbi71 son ( ,?omas ,pitt1 ,diamond ,pitt1 gov]nor at ,madras & uncle ( ! great e>l ( ,*a?am1 0 creat$ e>l ( ,londond]ry1 ! e>ldom aga9 becom+ ext9ct :5 8 y\ng] son ,ridgeway1 ! #crd e>l ( ?is l9e1 di$ unm>ri$ 9 ,janu>y #agfe4 ,9 #agif ,rob]t ,/ew>t 7#agci-ahba71 ( ,m\nt ,/ew>t1 ,co4 ,d[n1 0 made e>l ( ,londond]ry 9 ! ,iri% pe]age4 ,he _h be5 creat$ ,b>on ,londond]ry 9 #aghi & ,visc\nt ,ca/l]eagh 9 #agie2 9 #ahaf he 0 advanc$ to ! rank ( m>quess ( ,londond]ry4 ,! #crd m>quess m>ri$ ! heiress ( ! ,vane-,tempe/s & took ! "n ( ,vane in/ead ( ,/ew>t2 ! #e? m>quess call$ himself ,vane-,tempe/ & ! #f? m>quess ,vane-,tempe/-,/ew>t4 ,,londond]ry1 ,,*>les ,,william ,,/ew>t 7,,vane71 #c,,rd ,,m>quess ,,( 7#aggh-ahed71 ,briti% soldi] & diplomati/1 0 ! son ( ! #a/ m>quess by a second m>riage ) ! daught] ( ! #a/ ,e>l ,camd54 ,he ent]$ ! army & s]v$ 9 ! ,ne!rl&s 7#agid71 on ! ,rh9e & ,danube 7#agie71 9 ! ,iri% rebellion 7#agih71 & ,holl& 7#agii71 ris+ to be colonel2 & hav+ be5 elect$ to p>liam5t = ,k]ry he became "u secret>y = w> "u 8 half-bro!r ,ca/l]eagh 9 #ahjg4 ,9 #ahjh he 0 giv5 a cavalry comm& 9 ! ,p59sula1 :]e he brilliantly di/+ui%$ himself4 ,9 #ahji1 & aga9 9 ! campaigns ( #ahaj1 #ahaa1 hav+ become a major-g5]al1 he s]v$ "u ,well+ton 9 ! ,p59sula z 8 adjutant-g5]al1 & 0 at ! capture ( ,ciudad ,rodrigo1 b at ! beg9n+ ( #ahab he 0 invalid$ home4 ,ca/l]eagh 7see ,,londond]ry1 #bnd ,m>quess (7 !n s5t him to ,b]l9 z m9i/]1 to repres5t ,great ,brita9 9 ! alli$ ,briti%1 ,russian & ,prussian armies2 & z a cavalry lead] he play$ an important "p 9 ! subsequ5t fight+1 :ile ably second+ ,ca/l]eagh's diplomacy4 ,9 #ahad he 0 made a pe] z ,b>on ,/ew>t1 & lat] 9 ! ye> 0 appo9t$ ambassador at ,vi5na1 & 0 a memb] ( ! important congresses :i* foll[$4 ,9 #ahbb 8 half-bro!r's dea? made him #crd m>quess ( ,londond]ry1 & %ortly aft]w>ds1 disagree+ ) ,cann+1 he resign$1 be+ creat$ ,e>l ,vane 7#ahbc71 & = "s ye>s liv$ quietly 9 ,engl&1 improv+ 8 ,seaham e/ates4 ,9 #ahce he 0 = a %ort "t ambassador at ,/ ,pet]sburg4 ,9 #aheb1 aft] ! dea? ( ,well+ton1 :5 he 0 "o ( ! pall-be>]s1 he receiv$ ! ord] ( ! ,g>t]4 ,he di$ on ! #f? ( ,m>* #ahed4 ,he 0 twice m>ri$1 fir/ 9 #ahjh to ! daught] ( ! e>l ( ,d>nley1 & secondly 9 #ahai to ! heiress ( ,sir ,h>ry ,vane-,tempe/ 7a desc5dant ( ,sir ,pi]s ,tempe/1 :o s]v$ at ,ag9c\rt1 & heir to ,sir ,h5ry ,vane1 ,b>t471 :5 he assum$ ! "n ( ,vane4 ,fr$]ick ,william ,rob]t 7#ahje-ahgb71 8 son by ! fir/ m>riage1 became #d? m>quess2 & on ! latt]'s dea? 9 #ahgb1 ,george ,h5ry 7#ahba-ahhd71 ! elde/ son by ! second m>riage1 aft] succe$+ z ,e>l ,vane 7accord+ to ! pat5t ( #ahbc71 became #e? m>quess4 ,9 #ahhd he 0 succe$$ z #f? m>quess by 8 son ,*>les ,/ew>t ,vane-,tempe/-,/ew>t 7b4 #aheb71 a prom95t ,cons]vative politician1 :o 0 vic]oy ( ,irel& 7#ahhf-ahhi71 *airman ( ! ,london ,s*ool ,bo>d 7#ahie-ahig71 po/ma/]-g5]al 7#aijj-aijb71 presid5t ( ! ,bo>d ( ,education 7#aijb-aije7 & "l presid5t ( ! ,c\ncil 7#aijc-aije74 ,,londond]ry1 ,,rob]t ,,/ew>t1 #b,,nd ,,m>quess ,,( 7#agfi-ahbb71 ,briti% /atesman1 0 ! elde/ son ( ,rob]t ,/ew>t ( ,ballylawn ,ca/le1 9 ,donegal1 & ,m\nt ,/ew>t 9 ,d[n1 an ,ul/] l&[n]1 ( k9 to ! ,gall[ay ,/ew>ts1 :o became b>on1 visc\nt1 e>l & m>quess 9 ! pe]age ( ,irel&4 ,! son1 kn[n 9 hi/ory z ,"l ,ca/l]eagh1 0 born on ! #ah? ( ,june 9 ! same ye> z ,napoleon & ,well+ton4 ,8 "m 0 ,lady ,s>ah ,seym\r1 daught] ( ! e>l ( ,h]t=d4 ,he w5t f ,armagh s*ool to ,/ ,john's ,college1 ,cambridge1 b left at ! end ( 8 fir/ ye>4 ,) ,"l ,d[n%ire1 !n hold+ sway ov] ! ,c\nty ,d[n1 ,"l ,/ew>t _h a /&+ feud1 & he put =w>d 8 son1 9 ,july #agij1 = "o ( ! seats4 ,"y ,/ew>t 0 return$1 b at a va/ co/ to 8 family1 :5 he 0 b>ely tw5ty-"o4 ,he took 8 seat 9 ! ,iri% ,h\se ( ,commons at ! same "t z 8 fri5d1 ,ar?ur ,wellesley1 ,m4,p4 = ,trim1 b sat lat] = two close bor\ghs 9 ,engl&1 /ill rema9+ memb] = ,d[n at ,college ,gre54 ,f #agif1 :5 8 fa!r became an e>l1 he took ! c\rtesy title ( ,visc\nt ,ca/l]eagh1 & becom+ keep] ( ! privy seal 9 ,irel&1 he act$ z *ief secret>y1 dur+ ! prolong$ abs5ce ( ,mr ,pelham1 f ,febru>y #agig4 ,ca/l]eagh's conviction 0 t1 9 pres5ce ( ?reat5$ invasion & rebellion1 ,irel& c\ld only be made safe by union ) ,great ,brita94 ,9 ,"l ,camd51 z aft]w>ds 9 ,"l ,cornwallis1 ,ca/l]eagh f\nd a cong5ial *ief2 ?\gh 8 fav\r ) ^! /atesm5 0 jeal\sly view$ bo? by ! ,iri% olig>*y & by ! ,engli% politicians :o wi%$ to keep ! ma*9e ( ,iri% adm9i/ration 9 _! own h&s4 ,pitt himself 0 d\btful ( ! exp$i5cy ( mak+ an ,iri%man *ief secret>y1 b 8 view 0 *ang$ by ! influ5ce ( ,cornwallis4 ,9 suppress+ ,"l ,edw>d ,fitzg]ald's conspiracy1 & ! rebellion :i* foll[$ 9 #agih1 ,ca/l]eagh's vigilance & firmness 7 invaluable4 ,8 adm9i/ration 0 d5\nc$ by a faction z h>% & cruel--a *>ge aft]w>ds repudiat$ by ,grattan & ,plunket--b he 0 always on ! side ( l5ity4 ,! disloyal 9 ,irel&1 bo? ,jacob9s & prie/-l$1 ! ,prote/ant zealots & o!rs :o fe>$ ! consequ5ce ( ! ,union1 coalesc$ aga9/ him 9 ,dubl94 ,ev5 !re ,ca/l]eagh1 ?\gh defeat$ 9 a fir/ campaign 7#agii71 impress$ ,pitt ) 8 ability & tact1 ) ,cornwallis he jo9$ 9 hold+ out1 dur+ ! second ,union campaign 7#ahjj71 ! prospect ( emancipation to ! ,roman ,ca?olics4 ,!y 7 aid$ by free exp5diture ( money & promises ( hon\rs1 me?ods too famili> 9 ,iri% politics4 ,:5 ! ,act ( ,union 0 c>ri$ ?r\gh ! ,iri% p>liam5t1 9 ! summ] ( #ahjj1 ,ca/l]eagh's (ficial connexion ) 8 native l& practically end$4 ,be=e ! ,imp]ial ,p>liam5t met he urg$ ^u ,pitt ! measures :i* he & ,cornwallis ?\ght requisite to make ! ,union effective4 ,9 spite ( 8 s]vices & ( ,pitt's support1 disillusion await$ him4 ,! k+'s reluctance to yield to ! ,roman ,ca?olic claims 0 und]e/imat$ by ,pitt1 :ile ,cornwallis imprud5tly p]mitt$ himself to use language :i*1 ?\gh n am\nt+ to a pl$ge1 0 con/ru$ z "o4 ,george ,,iii4 res5t$ ! argum5ts br\ght =w>d by ,ca/l]eagh--?is "y man :o _h come ov] to talk him out ( 8 coronation oa?4 ,he p]emptorily refus$ to sanction emancipation1 & ,pitt & 8 cab9et made way = ! ,add+ton adm9i/ration4 ,!reupon ,ca/l]eagh resign$1 ) ,cornwallis4 ,he took 8 seat at ,we/m9/] = ,d[n1 ! con/itu5cy he _h repres5t$ = t5 ye>s 9 ,dubl94 ,! lead]%ip ( an ,iri% p>ty 0 (f]$ to him1 b he decl9$ s to limit 8 political activity4 ,8 fa!r accept$1 at ,portl&'s reque/1 an ,iri% m>quessate1 on ! und]/&+ t 9 ! future he or 8 heirs might claim ! same rank 9 ! ,imp]ial ,legislature2 s t ,ca/l]eagh 0 able to sit 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons z ,m>quess 9 #ahba-ahbb4 ,wilb]=ce discuss$ ) ,pitt ! possibility ( s5d+ out ,ca/l]eagh to ,india z gov]nor-g5]al1 :5 ! friction betwe5 ,"l ,wellesley & ! directors became grave2 b ,pitt object$1 z ! plan w\ld remove ,ca/l]eagh f ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 :i* %\ld be ! !atre ( 8 future fame4 ,9 #ahjb1 ,ca/l]eagh1 at ,pitt's sugge/ion1 became presid5t ( ! ,bo>d ( ,control 9 ! ,add+ton cab9et4 ,he _h1 ?\gh n 9 (fice1 tak5 *>ge ( ,iri% measures "u ,add+ton1 includ+ ! repression ( ! ,rebellion ,bill1 & ! tempor>y susp5sion ( ! ,habeas ,corpus 9 #ahja1 & cont9u$ to advocate ,ca?olic relief1 ti! re=m1 /ate paym5t ( ,ca?olic & diss5t+ cl]gy & ! /eady application ( au?ority 9 support ( ! laws4 ,to ,"l ,wellesley's ,indian policy he gave a /aun* support1 w>mly recogniz$ by ! gov]nor-g5]al4 ,on ,pitt's return to (fice 7,may #ahjd71 ,ca/l]eagh reta9$ 8 po/1 &1 next ye>1 took ov] also ! duties ( secret>y = w> & ! colonies4 ,socially & politically1 ! gifts ( 8 wife1 ,lady ,emily ,hob>t1 daught] ( a =m] ,iri% vic]oy1 :om he _h m>ri$ 9 #agid1 assi/$ him to make 8 h\se a meet+-place ( ! p>ty2 & 8 influ5ce 9 p>liam5t grew not)/&+ 8 defects ( /yle1 spok5 & writt54 ,z a manag] ( m5 he _h no equal4 ,aft] ,pitt's dea? 8 surviv+ colleagues fail$ to =m a cab9et /rong en\gh to face ! =midable comb9ation kn[n z ,all ! ,tal5ts1 & ,ca/l]eagh acquiesc$ 9 ! resignation4 ,b to ! =eign policy ( ! ,fox-,greville m9i/ry & its conduct ( ! w> he 0 always oppos$4 ,8 objections to ! ,:ig doctr9e ( )drawal f ,cont95tal entanglem5ts & to ! r$uction ( milit>y exp5diture 7 ju/ifi$ :5 ,fox himself 0 compell$ to nail 8 c\ntry's col\rs to ! ma/4 ,! cab9et ( ,all ! ,tal5ts1 weak5$ by ! dea? ( ,fox & ! r5ew$ qu>rel ) ! k+1 w5t out 9 ,april #ahjg4 ,ca/l]eagh return$ to ! ,w> ,(fice "u ,portl&1 b grave difficulties arose1 ?\gh ,cann+ at ! ,=eign ,(fice 0 !n ?or\ghly at "o ) him4 ,a priceless opportunity _h be5 miss$ aft] ,eylau4 ,! ,:igs _h crippl$ ! transport s]vice1 & ! op]ations to av]t ! ru9 ( ! coalition at ,fri$l& came too late4 ,! ,ts> ,alex&] believ$ t ,engl& w\ld no long] conc]n h]self ) ! ,cont95tal /ruggle1 & ,fri$l& 0 foll[$ by ,tilsit4 ,! secret articles ( t compact1 d5i$ at ! "t by ! ,opposition & by ,fr5* apologi/s1 h n[ be5 reveal$ f (ficial records 9 ,m4 ,v&al's "w1 ,napolon et ,alex&re4 ,ca/l]eagh & ,cann+ saw ! vital importance ( nullify+ ! aim ( ?is project4 ,! seizure ( ! ,dani% squadron at ,cop5hag51 & ! measures tak5 to rescue ! fleets ( ,portugal & ,sw$5 f ,napoleon1 cru%$ a comb9ation z m5ac+ z t defeat$ at ,trafalg>4 ,! exp$ition to ,portugal1 ?\gh ,ca/l]eagh's influ5ce 0 able only to secure ,ar?ur ,wellesley a second>y "p at fir/1 soon dw>f$ o!r issues4 ,9 ! debates on ! ,conv5tion ( ,c9tra1 ,ca/l]eagh def5d$ ,wellesley aga9/ p>liam5t>y attacks3 ,a bro!r1 ! latt] wrote1 c\ld n h done m4 ,! depression produc$ by ,moore's campaign 9 nor!rn ,spa91 & ! k+'s repugnance to ! ,p59sul> op]ations1 seem$ to cut %ort ,wellesley's c>e]2 b e>ly 9 #ahji1 ,ca/l]eagh1 ) no little difficulty1 secur$ 8 fri5d's appo9tm5t z comm&]-9-*ief ( ! second ,portuguese exp$ition4 ,! m]it has be5 claim$ = ,cann+ by ,/apleton1 b ! evid5ce is all ! o!r way4 ,mean:ile1 ,ca/l]eagh's policy l$ to a crisis t cl\d$ 8 own =tunes4 ,! brea* betwe5 him & ,cann+ 0 n due to 8 incompet5ce 9 ! conduct ( ! ,wal*]5 exp$ition1 ,9 fact1 ,ca/l]eagh's ejection 0 decid$ by ,cann+'s intrigues1 ?\gh conceal$ f ! victim1 mon?s be=e ! armam5t 0 s5t out to ! ,s*eldt4 ,9 ! selection ( ! e>l ( ,*a?am z comm&] ! k+'s p]sonal pref]5ce 0 kn[n1 b !re is evid5ce also t x 0 "o ( ,cann+'s s*emes1 z he reckon$1 if ,*a?am succe$$1 on turn+ him into a conv5i5t m9i/]ial figurehead4 ,cann+ 0 n op5ly oppos$ to ! ,wal*]5 exp$ition1 & on ! ,p59sul> "q he ma9ly diff]$ f ,ca/l]eagh & ,well+ton 9 fix+ 8 hopes on national en?usiasm & popul> upris+s4 ,milit>y op9ion is g5]ally agre$ t ! plan ( /rik+ f ,wal*]5 at ,antw]p1 ! ,fr5* naval base1 0 s\nd4 ,napoleon he>d ! news ) dismay2 9 pr9ciple ,well+ton approv$ ! plan4 ,ca/l]eagh's proposal 0 = a c\p de ma91 "u /rict conditions ( cel]ity & secrecy1 z ,antw]p 0 unable to make any adequate def5ce4 ,b ,*a?am1 ! naval au?orities & ! cab9et proce$$ ) a delib]ation expla9$ by ! fact t ! w> secret>y _h be5 condemn$ 9 secret4 ,! exp$ition1 plann$ at ! end ( ,m>*1 did n rea* ,wal*]5 till ! end ( ,july #ahji2 & m "t 0 lo/ 9 movem5ts aga9/ ,batz & ,flu%+1 protract$ until an unheal?y autumn pro/rat$ ! army1 :i* 0 )drawn1 discr$it$ & disabl$1 9 ,septemb]4 ,public op9ion ?rew ! :ole blame ^u ,ca/l]eagh1 :o !n f\nd t1 9 def]5ce to ,cann+1 8 colleagues _h decre$ 8 removal half a ye> e>li]1 ?\gh !y kept sil5ce till ! troops 7 br\ght back f ,wal*]54 ,:5 ,ca/l]eagh le>n$ f ,p]cival t ! slur ca/ on him _h its orig9 9 a secret attack on him _m mon?s be=e1 he 0 cruelly hurt4 ,! ma9 *>ge aga9/ him 01 he says1 t he w\ld n ?r[ ov] (fic]s on :om unpopul>ity fell1 at ! fir/ %ad[ ( ill-=tune4 ,8 refusal to ru% into c5sure ( ,moore1 foll[+ ,cann+'s sudd5 *ange f eulogy to d5unciation1 requires no def5ce4 ,accord+ to ! ideas !n prevail+ ,ca/l]eagh held himself ju/ifi$ 9 s5d+ a *all5ge to ! orig9al au?or1 z he held1 ( a disloyal intrigue aga9/ a colleague4 ,9 ! subsequ5t duel ,cann+ 0 w\nd$ & ! rivals simultane\sly resign$4 ,9 private lett]s to 8 fa!r & bro!r1 ,ca/l]eagh urg$ t he 0 b\nd to %[ t he 0 n privy to 8 own disgrace4 ,:5 ,cann+ publi%$ a l5g?y explanation ( 8 conduct1 _m :o _h sid$ ) him 7 conv9c$ t ,ca/l]eagh _h be5 mu* wrong$4 ,! excuse t ! prote/ ^u :i* ! cab9et decid$ aga9/ ,ca/l]eagh did n m5tion ! m9i/]'s "n 0 reg>d$ z a quibble4 ,m5 widely diff]+ 9 "* & op9ions--,walt] ,scott1 ,sidney ,smi?1 ,br\gham & ,cobbett--took ?is view4 ,ca/l]eagh loyally support$ ! gov]nm5t 9 p>liam5t1 aft] ,"l ,wellesley's appo9tm5t to ! ,=eign ,(fice4 ,?\gh ,well+ton's retreat aft] ,talav]a _h be5 includ$1 ) ! disa/]s ( ! ,corunna & ,wal*]5 campaigns1 9 ! c5sures on ,ca/l]eagh1 & ?\gh m9i/]s 7 (t5 depress$ & d\btful1 ,ca/l]eagh nev] lo/ fai? 9 ,well+ton's g5ius4 ,"l ,wellesley's resignation 9 #ahab1 :5 ! ,:igs fail$ to come to t]ms ) ! reg5t1 l$ to ,ca/l]eagh's return to (fice z =eign secret>y 7,m>* #ahab74 ,! assass9ation ( ,p]cival soon ?rew ^u him ! lead]%ip ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 & ?is d\ble burd5 he cont9u$ to be> dur+ ! re/ ( 8 life4 ,f ,m>* #ahab to ,july #ahbb ,ca/l]eagh's biography is1 9 tru?1 ! hi/ory ( ,engl&4 ,?\gh nev] te*nically prime m9i/]1 dur+ ^! ye>s he wield$ a p[] su* z few m9i/]s h ex]cis$4 ,political oppon5ts & p]sonal ill-wi%]s admitt$ t he 0 ! able/ lead] :o ev] controll$ ! ,h\se ( ,commons = s long a p]iod4 ,z a diplomati/1 nobody save ,m>lbor\gh _h ! same influ5ce ov] m5 or 0 giv5 equal fre$om by 8 colleagues at home4 ,=eign]s saw 9 him ! liv+ pres5ce ( ,engl& 9 ! camp ( ! ,allies4 ,at ! ,w> ,(fice he _h be5 hamp]$ by ! lack ( te*nical k1 :ile nature _h n grant$ him1 z an organiz]1 ! p[]s ( a ,c>not or ,roon4 ,b 9 diplomacy 8 peculi> comb9ation ( /r5g? & *>m1 ( pati5ce & conciliatory adroitness1 0 ackn[l$g$ by all4 ,at ! ,=eign ,(fice he set himself at once to meet ,napoleon's designs 9 nor!rn ,europe1 :]e ,russia 0 prep>+ = h] life-&-dea? /ruggle4 ,"l ,wellesley paid a high tribute to ,ca/l]eagh's conduct 9 ?is situation1 & ,well+ton decl>$ t he _h !n r5d]$ to ! _w ! mo/ important s]vice t ev] fell to ! lot ( any individual to p]=m4 ,ca/l]eagh wisely reject$ ,napoleon's ins9c]e ov]tures = peace4 ,aft] ! ,mosc[ dbcle ,napoleon's fate 0 affect$ n only by ,well+ton's progress 9 ,spa91 b by ! attitude ( ! nor!rn p[]s & by ! action ( ,turkey1 due to ,ca/l]eagh's opportune disclosure to ! ,porte ( ! s*eme ( p>tition at ,tilsit4 ,at home1 ! repeal ( ! ,ord]s 9 ,c\ncil 0 c>ri$1 ! damage to ,briti% trade pla9ly outweigh+ ! injury inflict$ on ,france by ! re/rictive sy/em4 ,! ,briti% subsidies to ! ,allies 7 l>gely increas$ z ! op]ations ( #ahac develop$1 b all ,ca/l]eagh's skill 0 ne$$ to keep ! ,coalition toge!r4 ,! ,alli$ p[]s 7 will+1 ev5 aft] ,leipzig1 to treat ) ,france on ! basis ( re/or+ h] natural fronti]s--! ,rh9e1 ! ,alps & ! ,pyr5ees2 b ,ca/l]eagh prote/$4 ,he w\ld n all[ ! enemy to take gr\nd = ano!r tig]-spr+4 ,be=e ! ,conf]5ce ( ,*tillon1 :]e ,napoleon s5t ,caula9c\rt to negotiate = peace--) ! message scribbl$ on ! m>g9 ( 8 in/ructions1 ,ne signez ri5--,ab]de5 wrote to ha/5 ,ca/l]eagh's com+3 ,ev]y?+ :i* has be5 s long smo!r$ is n[ bur/+ =?2 & aga91 ,y\r pres5ce has done mu* & w\ld1 ,i h no d\bt1 cont9ue to su/a9 !m 7! ,allies7 9 mis=tune4 ,! ,liv]pool cab9et !n & lat] 7 z urg5t 9 press+ him to return to lead ! ,h\se ( ,commons4 ,he _h lo/ 8 seat = ,d[n 9 #ahje1 & aft]w>ds sat = ,briti% bor\ghs2 b 9 #ahab he 0 re-elect$ by 8 old con/itu5ts2 & aga9 9 #ahah & #ahbj1 sitt+1 aft] he became m>quess ( ,londond]ry 9 #ahba1 = ,or=d4 ,e>ly 9 #ahad 8 colleagues reluctantly cons5t$ to 8 visit to ! alli$ headqu>t]s4 ,! ,great ,alliance %[$ signs ( weakness & division4 ,au/ria 0 hold+ back2 ,prussia _h almo/ brok5 away2 above all1 ! ambigu\s conduct ( ,alex&] br$ al>m & d\bt4 ,?is situation became increas+ly s]i\s :ile ,napoleon 0 giv+ daily pro(s t 8 milit>y g5ius1 confront+ a hesitant & divid$ enemy1 0 at its be/4 ,ca/l]eagh /rove to keep ! ,allies toge!r1 to give no excuse = ^? sep>ate arrangem5ts ^u :i* ,napoleon 0 reckon+1 to ass]t no selfi% policy = ,engl&1 to be ti$ by no !oretical consi/5cy4 ,at ! ,*tillon conf]5ces ,engl& 0 repres5t$ by o!rs1 b ,ca/l]eagh 0 pres5t ) supreme au?ority ov] all1 & x 0 he :o det]m9$ ! result4 ,he decl9$ to commit 8 c\ntry ei!r to a blank refusal to negotiate ) ,napoleon or to ! advocacy ( a ,b\rbon re/oration4 ,he 0 ready to give up almo/ ! :ole ( ,engl&'s conque/s1 b he insi/$ on ! return ( ,france )9 h] anci5t limits z ! basis ( a settlem5t4 ,caula9c\rt's advice 0 to take advantage ( ^! ov]tures2 b 8 ma/] 0 n to be advis$4 ,! c\nt]-projects t he urg$ ,caula9c\rt to submit to 7 advanc$ aft] 8 victory at ,mont]eau1 :5 he boa/$ t he 0 ne>] to ,muni* ?an ! ,allies 7 to ,p>is4 ,ev5 be=e ! ,*tillon conf]5ce 0 dissolv$ 7,m>* #ah?71 ,ca/l]eagh saw t ,caula9c\rt's ef=ts w\ld nev] b5d ,napoleon's w4 ,! ,allies adopt$ 8 view & sign$ ! treaty ( ,*aumont 7,m>* #a/71 my treaty1 z ,ca/l]eagh call$ x1 ) an unusual t\* ( p]sonal pride2 add+ ,^u ! face ( ! treaty ?is ye> our engagem5t is equival5t to !irs unit$4 ,! p[] ( ,engl& :5 %e ?rew h] purse into ! scale _h be5 j exhibit$ at ,b>-sur-,aube1 :5 at a c\ncil ( all ! repres5tatives ( ! p[]s ! retreat ( ! alli$ armies 0 discuss$4 ,b]nadotte1 play+ a wait+ game 9 ,holl&1 0 unwill+ to re9=ce ,bl*]1 !n 9 a dang]\s position1 by ! ,russian & ,prussian divisions ( ,w9z+]ode & ,bl[1 tempor>ily plac$ "u 8 ord]s4 ,hav+ ask$ = & receiv$ ! assurance t ! milit>y lead]s 7 agre$ 9 hold+ ! transf] necess>y1 ,ca/l]eagh decl>$ t he took ^u himself ! responsibility ( br++ ! ,sw$i% pr9ce to reason4 ,! )hold+ ( ! ,briti% subsidies 0 a vital matt]1 n only ) ,b]nadotte b ) all ! p[]s4 ,ca/l]eagh's av[$ int5tion to take ?is /ep )\t wait+ = sanction f 8 cab9et put an end to evasion & delay4 ,bl*] 0 re9=c$ by ! two divisions2 ! battle ( ,laon 0 f\ght & won1 & ! allies occupi$ ! ,fr5* capital4 ,9 ,april #ahad ,ca/l]eagh arriv$ 9 ,p>is4 ,he did n disguise 8 discont5t ) ,napoleon's position at ,elba1 close to ! ,fr5* coa/1 ?\gh he advis$ ,engl& n to sep>ate h]self at ?is crisis f h] allies4 ,8 uneas9ess l$ him to summon ,well+ton f ! s\? to ! ,embassy 9 ,p>is4 ,he ha/5$ himself to ,london dur+ ! visit ( ! alli$ sov]eigns1 & met ) a spl5did reception4 ,he 0 hon\r$ ) ! ,g>t]1 be+ "o ( ! few common]s ev] admitt$ to t ord]4 ,:5 ! ,h\se ( ,commons (f]$ to ! ,cr[n its congratulations ^u ! treaty ( peace1 ,ca/l]eagh's triumph 0 signaliz$ by a brilliantly eloqu5t panegyric f ,cann+1 & by a recantation ( 8 =m] d\bts & d5unciations f ,:itbread4 ,8 own dignifi$ language v9dicat$ 8 c\ntry f ! *>ge ( selfi% ambition4 ,8 appo9tm5t z ,briti% repres5tative at ,vi5na1 :]e ! congress 0 to meet 9 ,septemb]1 0 =ese52 b mean:ile he 0 n idle4 ,! w> ) ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 orig9at+ 9 ! non-int]c\rse dispute & ! ,ord]s 9 ,c\ncil1 did n cease ) ! repeal ( ! latt]4 ,x la/$ ?r\gh #ahad till ! sign+ ( ! treaty ( ,gh5t1 soon be=e ! flight f ,elba4 ,9 p>liam5t ! m9i/ry1 dur+ ,ca/l]eagh's abs5ce1 _h be5 poorly *ampion$4 ,cann+ _h ?r[n away 8 *ance by 8 unwise refusal ( ! ,=eign ,(fice4 ,none ( ! m9i/]s _h any pret5sion to lead :5 ,ca/l]eagh 0 busy abroad & ,cann+ 0 sulk+ at home1 & ,ca/l]eagh's lett]s to ,vansitt>t1 ! *ancellor ( ! ex*equ]1 %[ h[ ^! difficulties weigh$ ^u him 9 fac+ ! position at ,vi5na1 :]e x 0 imp]ative = him to appe>4 ,at ,vi5na he realiz$ at once t ! ambition ( ,russia might be z =midable to ,europe & to ,great ,brita9 z t ( ! fall5 tyrant4 ,8 aim ?r\gh\t _h be5 to rescue ,europe f milit>y dom9ation2 & :5 he f\nd t ,russia & ,prussia 7 pursu+ ends incompatible ) ! g5]al int]e/1 he did n hesitate to take a new l9e4 ,he br\ght ab\t ! secret treaty 7,jan4 #c1 #ahae7 betwe5 ,great ,brita91 ,au/ria & ,france1 direct$ aga9/ ! plans ( ,russia 9 ,pol& & ( ,prussia 9 ,saxony4 ,?r\gh ,ca/l]eagh's ef=ts1 ! ,poli% & ,saxon que/ions 7 settl$ on ! basis ( compromise4 ,! ?reat ( ,russian int]f]5ce 9 ! ,l[ ,c\ntries 0 dropp$4 ,:ile ! ,congress 0 /ill unf9i%$1 ,napoleon's escape f ,elba came l a ?und]clap4 ,ca/l]eagh _h come home = a %ort visit 7,feb4 #ahae71 at ! urg5t reque/ ( ! cab9et1 j be=e ! flight 0 kn[n4 ,! %ock reviv$ ! ,great ,alliance "u ! compact ( ,*aumont4 ,all en]gies 7 direct$ to prep>+ = ! campaign ( ,wat]loo4 ,ca/l]eagh's words 9 p>liam5t 71 ,:atev] measures y adopt or decision y arrive at mu/ re/ on y\r own p[] & n on reliance on ?is man4 ,napoleon promptly publi%$ ! secret treaty :i* ,ca/l]eagh _h conclud$ ) ,mett]ni* & ,talleyr&1 & ! la/ left 9 ! ,fr5* ar*ives4 ,b ,russia & ,prussia1 ?\gh mu* displeas$1 saw t1 9 ! face ( ,bonap>te's return1 !y d>$ n weak5 ! ,alliance4 ,briti% subsidies 7 aga9 p\r$ out l wat]4 ,aft] ,napoleon's ov]?r[1 ,ca/l]eagh successfully urg$ 8 removal to ,/ ,hel5a1 :]e 8 cu/odians 7 *>g$ to treat him ) all ! respect due to 8 rank1 b "u su* precautions z %\ld r5d] 8 escape a matt] ( impossibility4 ,"s ( ! cont95tal p[]s dem&$1 aft] ,wat]loo1 f9es & cessions t w\ld h cru%$ ,france2 b 9 ,novemb] a peace 0 f9ally conclud$1 ma9ly by ,ca/l]eagh's endeav\rs1 m9imis+ ! p5alties exact$1 & ab&on+ on ,engl&'s "p ! :ole ( h] %>e ( ! indemnity4 ,! w> creat$ an economic situation at home :i* /r5g!n$ ! ,:igs & ,radicals1 previ\sly discr$it$ by _! ho/ility to a patriotic /ruggle4 ,9 #ahaf ! ,income ,tax 0 remitt$1 despite ,ca/l]eagh's cont5tion t some?+ %\ld fir/ be done to r$uce ! ,debt ,*>ge4 ,8 policy1 impress$ ^u ,briti% repres5tatives abroad1 0 to turn ! confid5ce ,great ,brita9 inspir$ to ! acc\nt ( peace1 by ex]cis+ a conciliatory influ5ce 9 ,europe4 ,br\gham's action1 at ! end ( #ahae1 d5\nc+ ! ,holy ,alliance1 ev5 9 its e>ly =m1 0 calculat$ to emb>rass ,engl&1 ?\gh %e 0 no p>ty to :at ,ca/l]eagh describ$ z a piece ( sublime my/icism & nons5se4 ,:ile he saw no reason 9 ?is = break+ up ! ,gr& ,alliance1 :i* he look$ ^u z a conv5i5t organ ( diplomatic int]c\rse & z ess5tial = ! ma9t5ance ( peace1 he reg>d$ ) al>m ! little _s ( ,g]man intrigue1 & agre$ ) ,well+ton t to attempt to cru% ,france1 z ! ,prussians desir$1 or to keep h] 9 a p]petual condition ( tutelage "u a ,european conc]t f :i* %e h]self %\ld be exclud$1 w\ld be to invite ! v disa/] :i* x 0 ! object ( ! ,alliance to avoid4 ,x 0 n till ,mett]ni*'s idea ( ext5d+ ! scope ( ! ,alliance1 by us+ x to cru% ! revolution :]ev] x %\ld raise its head1 began to take %ape1 f ! conf]5ce ( ,aix-la-,*apelle 7#ahah7 onw>d1 t ,great ,brita9's sep>ation f h] cont95tal allies became inevitable4 ,aga9/ ?is policy ( ! reaction>y p[]s ,ca/l]eagh f ! fir/ vigor\sly prote/$4 ,z little 0 he prep>$ to accept ! vision>y s*emes ( ! emp]or ,alex&] = f\nd+ an effective conf$]ation ( ,europe ^u ! inclusive basis ( ! ,holy ,alliance 7see ,,alex&] ,i4 ( ,russia74 ,mean:ile f9ancial tr\bles at home1 complicat$ by ! resumption ( ca% paym5ts 9 #ahai1 l$ to acute social t5sion4 ,pet]loo & ! ,six ,acts 7 furi\sly d5\nc$1 ?\gh ! bills introduc$ by ,sidm\? & ,ca/l]eagh 7 c>ri$ 9 bo? ,h\ses by ov]:elm+ majorities4 ,! dang] t ju/ifi$ !m 0 prov$ beyond conte/ by ! ,cato ,/reet ,conspiracy 9 #ahbj4 ,x is n[ admitt$ by ,lib]al writ]s t ! ,six ,acts1 9 ! circum/ances1 7 reasonable & necess>y4 ,?r\gh\t1 ,ca/l]eagh ma9ta9$ 8 tranquil asc5dancy 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 ?\gh he _h few colleagues :o 7 capable ( /&+ up aga9/ ,br\gham4 ,cann+1 inde$1 _h return$ to (fice & _h def5d$ ! ,six ,acts1 b ,ca/l]eagh bore ! :ole burd5 ( p>liam5t>y lead]%ip1 z well z ! enorm\s responsibilities ( ! ,=eign ,(fice4 ,8 appetite = "w caus$ him to engage 9 debates & enquiries on f9ancial & legal que/ions :5 he might h delegat$ ! task to o!rs4 ,al?orp 0 /ruck ) 8 unsleep+ en]gy on ! ,agricultural ,di/ress ,committee2 ,8 ex]tions1 c\pl$ ) 8 o!r duties--& un=tunately he 0 always ob/9ate 9 refus+ assi/ance--/ra9$ 8 con/itution fe>fully1 z 0 %[n by 8 c>eworn br[ & increas+ pal5ess4 ,9 #ahba1 on ,sidm\?'s retirem5t1 he took ^u himself ! labori\s functions ( ! ,home ,(fice4 ,! diplomatic situation _h become s]i\s4 ,! policy ( int]v5tion1 ) :i* ,great ,brita9 _h consi/5tly refus$ to id5tify h]self1 _h be5 proclaim$ to ! _w by ! fam\s ,troppau ,protocol1 sign$ by ,russia1 ,au/ria & ,prussia 7see ,,troppau1 ,,congress ,,(74 ,! imm$iate occasion 0 ! revolution at ,naples1 :]e ! egregi\s ,spani% con/itution ( #ahab _h be5 =c$ on ! k+ by a milit>y ris+4 ,) milit>y revolts1 z ) pap] con/itutions ( an unworkable type1 ,ca/l]eagh _h no sympa?y2 & 9 ?is p>ticul> case ! revolution1 9 8 op9ion1 0 :olly )\t excuse or palliation4 ,he 0 prep>$ to all[ ! int]v5tion ( ,au/ria1 if %e consid]$ h] rights "u ! treaty ( #ahac violat$1 or h] position z an ,italian ,p[] imp]ill$4 ,b he prote/$ aga9/ ! g5]al claim1 embodi$ 9 ! ,protocol1 ( ! ,european p[]s to int]f]e1 un9vit$1 9 ! int]nal conc]ns ( sov]eign /ates2 he refus$ to make ,great ,brita91 ev5 tacitly1 a p>ty to su* int]f]5ce1 & aga9 insi/$ t h] "p 9 ! ,alliance 0 def9$ by ! lett] ( ! treaties1 beyond :i* %e 0 n prep>$ to g4 ,9 no case1 he affirm$1 w\ld ,great ,brita9 und]take ! moral responsibility = adm9i/]+ a g5]al ,european police1 :i* %e w\ld nev] tol]ate z appli$ to h]self4 ,to ,troppau1 accord+ly1 no ,briti% pl5ipot5ti>y 0 s5t1 s9ce ! outcome ( ! conf]5ces 0 a =egone conclusion2 ?\gh ,"l ,/ew>t came f ,vi5na to wat* ! c\rse ( ev5ts4 ,at ,laiba* an attempt to revive ! ,troppau proposals 0 defeat$ by ! firm opposition ( ,/ew>t2 b a r5ewal ( ! /ruggle at ,v]ona 9 ! autumn ( #ahbb 0 c]ta94 ,ca/l]eagh1 n[ m>quess ( ,londond]ry1 0 aga9 to be ! ,briti% repres5tative1 & he drew up = himself in/ructions t 7 h&$ ov] unalt]$ by ,cann+1 8 successor at ! ,=eign ,(fice1 to ! new pl5ipot5ti>y1 ,well+ton4 ,9 ! ?reat5$ int]v5tion ( ! cont95tal p[]s 9 ,spa91 z 9 _! e>li] action t[>ds ,naples & ,s>d9ia1 ,engl& refus$ to take "p4 ,! ,spani% revolution>y movem5t1 ,ca/l]eagh wrote1 0 a matt] ) :i*1 9 ! op9ion ( ! ,engli% cab9et1 no =eign p[] _h ! smalle/ "r to int]f]e4 ,be=e1 h[ev]1 ! "q ( int]v5tion 9 ,spa9 _h rea*$ its mo/ critical /age ! developm5t ( ! ,greek insurrection aga9/ ! ,ottoman gov]nm5t br\ght up ! ,ea/]n ,"q 9 an acute =m1 :i* pr(\ndly modifi$ ! relations ( ! p[]s )9 ! ,alliance1 & aga9 drew ,mett]ni* & ,ca/l]eagh toge!r 9 common dread ( an isolat$ attack by ,russia ^u ,turkey4 ,a visit ( ,k+ ,george ,,iv4 to ,hanov]1 9 ,octob] #ahba1 0 made ! occasion ( a meet+ betwe5 ,"l ,londond]ry & ! ,au/rian *ancellor4 ,a meet+ s liable to mis9t]pretation 0 9 ,ca/l]eagh's op9ion ju/ifi$ by ! urg5cy ( ! crisis 9 ! ,ea/1 a practical consid]ation ( ! greate/ mom5t1 :i* _h no?+ 9 common ) ! objectionable !oretical "q ) :i* ! ,briti% gov]nm5t _h refus$ to conc]n itself4 ,yet ,ca/l]eagh1 on ?is occasion1 %[$ t he c\ld use ! !ories ( o!rs = 8 own practical ends2 & he jo9$ cordially ) ,mett]ni* 9 tak+ advantage ( ! emp]or ,alex&]'s devotion to ! pr9ciples ( ! ,alliance to prev5t 8 tak+ an indep5d5t l9e 9 ! ,ea/]n ,"q4 ,x 01 inde$1 ! belief t ?is "q w\ld be made ! matt] ( common discussion at ! congress t l$ ,ca/l]eagh to agree to be pres5t at ,v]ona2 & 9 8 ,in/ructions he =e%ad[$ ! policy aft]w>ds c>ri$ out by ,cann+1 po9t+ out t ! developm5t ( ! w> _h made ! recognition ( ! bellig]5t rights ( ! ,greeks inevitable1 & quot+ ! prec$5t ( ! ,spani% ,am]ican colonies z exactly applicable4 ,) reg>d to ! ,spani% colonies1 moreov]1 ?\gh he 0 n z yet prep>$ to recognize _! indep5d5ce de jure1 he 0 /rongly ( op9ion t ! ,spani% gov]nm5t %\ld d s s9ce o!r /ates w\ld ackn[l$ge !m soon] or lat]1 & x is to ! int]e/ ( ,spa9 h]self to f9d ! means ( re/or+ an int]c\rse :5 %e _c succe$ 9 re/or+ a dom9ion4 ,b ! tragic end+ ( ,ca/l]eagh's /r5u\s life 0 ne>2 & ! cr$it ( c>ry+ out ! policy =e%ad[$ 9 ! ,in/ructions 0 to fall to 8 rival ,cann+4 ,"l ,londond]ry's exhau/ion became evid5t dur+ ! toilsome session ( #ahbb4 ,bo? ! k+ & ,well+ton 7 /ruck by 8 ov]wr\ght condition1 :i* 8 family attribut$ to an attack ( ! g\t & ! l[]+ rem$ies employ$4 ,well+ton w>n$ ,dr ,bankhead t ,ca/l]eagh 0 unwell1 &1 p]haps1 m5tally disord]$4 ,bankhead w5t d[n to ,nor? ,cray & took due precautions4 ,ca/l]eagh's razors 7 tak5 away1 b a p5knife 0 =gott5 9 a draw]1 & ) ?is he cut 8 ?roat 7,augu/ #ab1 #ahbb74 ,he _h j be=e said1 ,my m9d1 my m9d1 is1 z x 71 gone2 &1 :5 he saw 8 wife & ,bankhead talk+ toge!r1 he moan$ !re is a conspiracy laid aga9/ me4 ,x 0 z cle> a case ( bra9 disease z any on record4 ,b ?is did n prev5t 8 enemies ( ! bas] sort f ass]t+1 )\t a %ad[ ( pro(1 t ! suicide 0 caus$ by t]ror at "s hide\s & undef9$ *>ge4 ,! te/imony ( /atesm5 ( ! highe/ "* & ( all p>ties to ,ca/l]eagh's gifts & *>m is 9 /rong contra/ ) ! flood ( vitup]ation & calumny p\r$ out ^u 8 memory by ^? :o knew him n4 ,,bibliography4--,ca/l]eagh's correspond5ce & pap]s 7 publi%$ by 8 bro!r & successor 7#ahej-ahec7 9 twelve volumes4 ,sir ,ar*ibald ,alison's ,biography 9 ?ree volumes came out 9 #ahfa1 ) copi\s extracts f ! manuscripts pres]v$ at ,wyny>d4 ,x 0 made ! subject ( an int]e/+ essay 9 ! ,qu>t]ly ,review = ,janu>y #ahfb1 repr9t$ 9 ,essays by ! late ,m>quis ( ,salisbury 7,london1 #aije74 ,a graceful sket* by ,!resa1 ,m>*ioness ( ,londond]ry 7,london1 #aijd71 orig9ally br\ght out 9 ! ,anglo-,saxon ,review1 conta9s "s extracts f ,ca/l]eagh's unpubli%$ correspond5ce ) 8 wife1 ! record ( an endur+ & passionate atta*m5t :i* ?r[s a new light on ! man4 7,e4 ,d4 ,j4 ,w47 ,,londond]ry1 a nor!rn c\nty ( ,irel& 9 ! prov9ce ( ,ul/]1 b\nd$ ,n4 by ! ,atlantic1 ,w4 by ,l\gh ,foyle & ,donegal1 ,e4 by ,antrim & ,l\gh ,neagh1 & ,s4 by ,tyrone4 ,! area is #ebb1cae acres1 or ab\t #haf sq4 m4 ,! c\nty consi/s *iefly ( riv] valleys surr\nd$ by elevat$ table-l&s ris+ occasionally into m\nta9s1 :ile on ! bord]s ( ! sea-coa/ ! surface is g5]ally level4 ,! pr9cipal riv] is ! ,roe1 :i* fl[s nor?w>d f ! bord]s ( ,tyrone into ,l\gh ,foyle bel[ ,newton-,limavady1 & divides ! c\nty into two unequal p>ts4 ,f>!r we/ ! ,faughan also falls into ,l\gh ,foyle1 & ! riv] ,foyle passes ?r\gh a small portion ( ! c\nty ne> its nor?-we/]n b\nd>y4 ,9 ! s\?-ea/ ! ,moyola falls into ,l\gh ,neagh1 & ! ,l[] ,bann f ,l\gh ,neagh =ms = "s di/ance its ea/]n b\nd>y ) ,antrim4 ,! only lake 9 ! c\nty is ,l\gh ,f9n on ! bord]s ( ,tyrone1 b ,l\gh ,neagh =ms ab\t #f m4 ( its s\?-ea/]n b\nd>y4 ,! sc5]y ( ! %ores ( ,l\gh ,foyle & ! neighb\r+ coa/ is attractive1 & ,ca/l]ock1 ,d[nhill1 ,magilligan & ,port/ew>t are fav\rite seaside resorts4 ,on ! flat ,magilligan p59sula1 :i* =ms ! ea/]n horn ( ,l\gh ,foyle1 ! base-l9e ( ! trigonometrical survey ( ,irel& 0 measur$ 9 #ahbf4 ,! sc5]y ( ! ,roe valley1 ) ! picturesque t[ns ( ,limavady & ,dungiv51 is also attractive1 & ! roads f ! latt] place to ,drap]/[n & to ,magh]a1 trav]s+ ! passes ( ,evi%gore & ,gl5%ane respectively1 af=d f9e views ( ! ,sp]r9 & ,slieve ,gallion m\nta9s4 ,! we/ ( ?is c\nty consi/s ( ,dalradian mica-s*i/1 ) "s qu>tzite1 & is a cont9uation ( ! nor!rn region ( ,tyrone4 ,an inli] ( ^! rocks appe>s 9 ! ris+ gr\nd ea/ ( ,dungiv51 includ+ d>k grey cry/all9e lime/one4 ,old ,r$ ,s&/one & ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s ,s&/one ov]lie ^! old rocks 9 ! s\? & ea/1 meet+ ! igne\s gre5 rocks ( ,tyrone1 & ! granite intrusive 9 !m1 at ! nor? end ( ,slieve ,gallion4 ,triassic s&/one cov]s ! l[] slope ( ,slieve ,gallion on ! s\?-ea/ t[>ds ,moneymore1 & rises above ! ,c>bonif]\s ,s&/one f ,dungiv5 nor?w>d4 ,at ,moneymore we rea* ! we/]n sc>p ( ! :ite ,lime/one 7,*alk7 & ! ov]ly+ basalt ( ! great plateaus1 :i* dip d[n ea/w>d "u ,l\gh ,neagh4 ,! basalt sc>p1 protect+ *alk & pat*es ( ,liassic & ,rhaetic /rata1 rises to #abfj ft4 9 ,b5ev5agh nor? ( ,limavady1 & repeats ! f9e/ features ( ! ,antrim coa/4 ,a rais$ %elf ) po/-glacial m>9e clays =ms ! flat l& we/ ( ,limavady4 ,haematite has be5 m9$ on ! s\? flank ( ,slieve ,gallion4 ,! excessive ra9fall & ! cold & unc]ta9 climate are unfav\rable = agriculture4 ,along ! sea-coa/ !re is a di/rict ( r$ clay =m$ by ! decomposition ( s&/one1 & ne> ! m\? ( ! ,roe !re is a tract ( m>l4 ,along ! valleys ! soil is (t5 f]tile1 & ! elevat$ di/ricts ( ! clay-slate region af=d pa/ure = %eep4 ,! acreage ( pa/ure-l& does n greatly exce$ t ( tillage4 ,oats1 potatoes & turnips are *iefly gr[n1 ) "s flax2 & cattle1 %eep1 pigs & p\ltry are kept 9 consid]able numb]s4 ,! /aple manufacture ( ! c\nty is l954 ,! manufacture ( co>se e>!nw>e is also c>ri$ on1 & !re are l>ge di/ill]ies & brew]ies & "s salt-works4 ,!re are fi%]ies = salmon & eels on ! ,bann1 = :i* ,col]a9e is ! headqu>t]s4 ,! deep-sea & coa/ fi%]ies are valuable1 & are c5tr$ at ,moville 9 ,co4 ,donegal4 ,! city ( ,londond]ry is an important railway c5tre4 ,! ,nor!rn ,c\nties 7,midl&7 ma9 l9e rea*es x by way ( ,col]a9e & ! nor? coa/ ( ! c\nty1 & ! same railway s]ves ! ea/]n "p ( ! c\nty1 ) bran*es f ,antrim to ,magh]afelt1 & ,magh]afelt to ,cook/[n 7,co4 ,tyrone71 to ,drap]/[n & to ,col]a9e1 & f ,limavady to ,dungiv54 ,! ,great ,nor!rn railway rea*es ,londond]ry f ! s\?1 & ! city is also ! />t+-po9t ( ! ,c\nty ,donegal1 & ! ,londond]ry & ,l\gh ,swilly railways4 ,! population decreases 7#aeb1jji 9 #ahia2 #add1djd 9 #aija7 & emigration is ext5sive1 ?\gh bo? decrease & emigration are well bel[ ! av]age ( ! ,iri% c\nties4 ,( ! total1 ab\t #dc are ,roman ,ca?olics1 & ne>ly #ej ,presbyt]ians or ,prote/ant ,episcopalians4 ,londond]ry 7pop4 #ch1hib71 ,col]a9e 7#fieh7 & ,limavady 7#bfib7 are ! pr9cipal t[ns1 :ile ,magh]afelt & ,moneymore are less] m>ket t[ns4 ,! c\nty comprises six b>onies4 ,assizes are held at ,londond]ry1 & qu>t] sessions at ,col]a9e1 ,londond]ry & ,magh]afelt4 ,! c\nty is repres5t$ 9 p>liam5t by two memb]s1 = ! nor? & s\? divisions respectively4 ,! ,prote/ant & ,roman ,ca?olic dioceses ( ,armagh1 ,d]ry & ,d[n ea* include p>ts ( ! c\nty4 ,at an e>ly p]iod ! c\nty 0 inhabit$ by ! ,o',ca?ans or ,o',catrans1 :o 7 tribut>y to ! ,o',neills4 ,t[>ds ! close ( ! reign ( ,elizabe? ! c\nty 0 seiz$1 ) ! purpose ( *eck+ ! p[] ( ! ,o',neills1 :5 x receiv$ ! "n ( ,col]a9e1 hav+ t t[n = its capital4 ,9 #afji1 aft] ! confiscation ( ! e/ates ( ! ,o',neills1 ! citiz5s ( ,london obta9$ possession ( ! t[ns ( ,londond]ry & ,col]a9e & adjo9+ l&s1 #fj acres out ( e #ajjj be+ assign$ = *ur* l&s4 ,! common c\ncil ( ,london und]took to exp5d #bj1jjj on ! reclamation ( ! prop]ty1 & elect$ a body ( tw5ty-six = its managem5t1 :o 9 #afac 7 incorporat$ z ! ,iri% ,society1 & reta9$ possession ( ! t[ns ( ,londond]ry & ,col]a9e1 ! rema9d] ( ! prop]ty be+ divid$ among twelve ( ! great liv]y companies4 ,_! e/ates 7 seque/rat$ by ,james ,i41 & 9 #afcg ! *>t] ( ! ,iri% ,society 0 cancell$4 ,cromwell re/or$ ! society to its =m] position1 & ,*>les ,,ii4 at ! ,re/oration grant$ x a new *>t]1 & confirm$ ! companies 9 _! e/ates4 ,9 ! insurrection ( #afda ,moneymore 0 seiz$ by ! ,iri%1 & ,magh]afelt & ,bellaghy1 !n call$ ,v9tn]'s ,t[n1 burn$1 z well z o!r t[ns & villages4 ,!re are sev]al /one circles1 & a l>ge numb] ( artificial caves4 ,! mo/ anci5t ca/le ( ,iri% orig9 is t ( ,c>rickreagh2 & ( ! ca/les erect$ by ! ,engli% ^? ( ,dungiv5 & ,muff are 9 good pres]vation4 ,! abbey ( ,dungiv51 f\nd$ 9 #aaji1 & /&+ on a rock ab\t #bjj ft4 above ! riv] ,roe1 is a picturesque ru94 ,,londond]ry1 or ,,d]ry1 a city1 c\nty ( a city1 p>liam5t>y bor\gh 7return+ "o memb]7 & ! *ief t[n ( ,co4 ,londond]ry1 ,irel&1 #d m4 f ! junction ( ! riv] ,foyle ) ,l\gh ,foyle1 & #ie m4 ,n4,n4,w4 ( ,belfa/4 ,pop4 7#aija7 #ch1hib4 ,! city is situat$ on an em95ce ris+ abruptly f ! we/ side ( ! riv] to a height ( ab\t #abj ft4 ,! em95ce is surr\nd$ by hills :i* rea*1 a few miles to ! nor?1 an elevation ( upw>ds ( #aejj ft41 & ! riv] & l\gh complete an admirable picture4 ,! city is surr\nd$ by an anci5t ramp>t ab\t a mile 9 circumf]5ce1 hav+ sev5 gates & sev]al ba/ions1 b build+s n[ ext5d beyond ?is b\nd>y4 ,! summit ( ! hill1 at ! c5tre ( ! t[n1 is occupi$ by a quadrangul> area f :i* ! ma9 /reets div]ge4 ,"s old h\ses ) high pyramidal gables rema9 b are mu* mod]niz$4 ,! ,prote/ant ca!dral ( ,/ ,columba1 9 ,p]p5dicul> /yle1 0 complet$ f ! design ( ,sir ,john ,vanbrugh 9 #afcc1 at a co/ ( #djjj contribut$ by ! city ( ,london1 & 0 enl>g$ & re/or$ 9 #ahhg4 ,! spire 0 add$ 9 #aggh & rebuilt 9 #ahjb4 ,! bi%op's palace1 erect$ 9 #agaf1 occupies ! site ( ! abbey f\nd$ by ,columba4 ,! abbot ( ?is mona/]y1 on be+ made bi%op1 erect$ 9 #aafd ,temple ,m or ! ,great ,*ur*1 "o ( ! f9e/ build+s 9 ,irel& previ\s to ! ,anglo-,norman invasion4 ,! orig9al abbey *ur* 0 call$ ! ,black ,*ur*1 b bo? x & ! ,great ,*ur* 7 demoli%$ 9 #afjj & _! mat]ials us$ 9 =tify+ ! city4 ,!re is a l>ge ,roman ,ca?olic ca!dral1 erect$ c4 #ahgj & d$icat$ to ,/ ,eug5ius4 ,= ,foyle ,college1 f\nd$ 9 #afag1 a new build+ 0 erect$ 9 #ahad4 ,?is & ! ,academical ,in/itution1 a f\ndation ( #ahfh1 7 amalgamat$ 9 #ahif4 ,magee ,college1 tak+ its "n f its f\ndress1 ,mrs ,magee ( ,dubl91 0 in/itut$ 9 #aheg z a tra9+-s*ool = ! ,presbyt]ian m9i/ry4 ,! /aple manufacture ( ! t[n is l95 7especially %irt-mak+71 & !re are also %ipbuild+ y>ds1 iron-f\ndries1 saw-mills1 manure-works1 di/ill]ies1 brew]ies & fl\r-mills4 ,! salmon fi%]y on ! ,foyle is valuable4 ,! riv] af=ds a commodi\s h>b\r1 its greate/ dep? be+ #cc ft4 at high tide1 & #ab ft4 at l[ tide4 ,x is "u ! jurisdiction ( ! ,iri% ,society4 ,! port has a consid]able %ipp+ trade ) ,great ,brita91 export+ agricultural produce & provisions4 ,regul> s]vices ( pass5g] /eam]s s]ve ,londond]ry f ,glasg[1 ,liv]pool1 ,morecambe1 ,belfa/ & local coa/ /ations4 ,9 #ahih ,londond]ry 0 con/itut$ "o ( ! six c\nty bor\ghs :i* h sep>ate c\nty c\ncils4 ,ab\t #e m4 ,w4 ( ! city1 on a hill #hjc ft4 high1 is a rem>kable =t1 consi/+ ( ?ree conc5tric ramp>ts1 & an int]ior =tification ( /one4 ,x is nam$ ! ,grianan ( ,ailea*1 & 0 a resid5ce ( ! ,o',neills1 k+s ( ,ul/]4 ,x 0 re/or$ 9 #ahgh4 ,d]ry1 ! orig9al "n ( ,londond]ry1 is d]iv$ f ,doire1 ! place ( oaks4 ,x owes its orig9 to ! mona/]y f\nd$ by ,columba ab\t #edf4 ,) ! bi%opric :i* arose 9 connexion ) ?is f\ndation1 t ( ,raphoe 0 amalgamat$ 9 #ahcd4 ,f ! #i? to ! #aa? c5tury ! t[n 0 frequ5tly 9 ! possession ( ! ,danes1 & 0 (t5 deva/at$1 b !y 7 f9ally driv5 f x by ,murtagh ,o',bri5 ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! #ab? c5tury4 ,9 #acaa x 0 grant$ by ,edw>d ,,ii4 to ,ri*>d de ,burgh4 ,aft] ! ,iri% ,society ( ,london obta9$ possession ( x1 x 0 incorporat$ 9 #afac "u ! "n ( ,londond]ry4 ,f ?is ye> until ! ,union 9 #ahjj two memb]s 7 return$ to ! ,iri% p>liam5t4 ,! =tifications1 :i* 7 begun 9 #afjj1 7 complet$ 9 #afah4 ,9 #afhh ,d]ry _h become ! *ief /ronghold ( ! ,prote/ants ( ! nor?4 ,on ! #g? ( ,decemb] c]ta9 ( ! appr5tices 9 ! city practically put !mselves & x 9 a /age ( siege by clos+ ! gates1 & on ! #ai? ( ,april #afhi ! =ces ( ,james ,,ii4 began 9 e>ne/ ! fam\s siege ( ,d]ry4 ,! rector ( ,donaghmore1 ,george ,walk]1 :o1 ) ,major ,bak]1 0 *os5 to gov]n ,d]ry1 e/abli%$ fame = himself = 8 brav]y & hopefulness dur+ ?is p]iod ( privation1 & ! hi/oric answ] ( ,no surr5d]1 :i* became ! wat*word ( ! m5 ( ,d]ry1 0 giv5 to ! proposals ( ! besieg]s4 ,! g>rison 0 at ! la/ extremity :51 on ! #cj? ( ,july1 %ips broke ?r\gh ! ob/ruction across ! h>b\r & br\ght relief4 ,walk] & ! siege are commemorat$ by a l(ty column 7#ahbh71 be>+ a /atue ( ! gov]nor1 on ! ,royal ,ba/ion1 f :i* ! t[n /&>ds defi$ ! enemy2 & ! anniv]s>y ( ! relief is /ill obs]v$4 ,,long1 ,,george 7#ahjj-ahgi71 ,engli% classical s*ol>1 0 born at ,p\lton1 ,lanca%ire1 on ! #d? ( ,novemb] #ahjj1 & educat$ at ,macclesfield gramm>-s*ool & ,tr9ity ,college1 ,cambridge4 ,he 0 ,crav5 univ]sity s*ol> 9 #ahba 7bracket$ ) ,"l ,macaulay & ,h5ry ,mald571 wrangl] & s5ior *ancellor's m$alli/ 9 #ahbb & became a fell[ ( ,tr9ity 9 #ahbc4 ,9 #ahbd he 0 elect$ pr(essor ( anci5t languages 9 ! new univ]sity ( ,virg9ia at ,*>lottesville1 ,u4,s4,a41 b aft] f\r ye>s return$ to ,engl& z ! fir/ ,greek pr(essor at ! newly f\nd$ univ]sity ( ,london4 ,9 #ahdb he succe$$ ,t4 ,h4 ,key z pr(essor ( ,lat9 at ,univ]sity ,college2 9 #ahdf-ahdi he 0 read] 9 jurisprud5ce & civil law 9 ! ,middle ,temple1 & f9ally 7#ahdi-ahga7 classical lectur] at ,brighton ,college4 ,subsequ5tly he liv$ 9 retirem5t at ,portfield1 ,*i*e/]1 9 receipt 7f #ahgc7 ( a ,civil ,li/ p5sion ( #ajj a ye> obta9$ = him by ,glad/one4 ,he 0 "o ( ! f\nd]s 7#ahcj71 & = tw5ty ye>s an (fic]1 ( ! ,royal ,geographical ,society2 an active memb] ( ! ,society = ! ,diffusion ( ,useful ,k1 = :i* he edit$ ! qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ,education 7#ahca-ahce7 z well z _m ( its text-books2 ! editor 7at fir/ ) ,*>les ,knight1 aft]w>ds alone7 ( ! ,p5ny ,cyclopa$ia & ( ,knight's ,political ,diction>y2 & a memb] ( ! ,society = ,c5tral ,education in/itut$ 9 ,london 9 #ahcg4 ,he contribut$ ! ,roman law articles to ,smi?'s ,diction>y ( ,greek & ,roman ,antiquities1 & wrote also = ! companion diction>ies ( ,biography & ,geography4 ,he is rememb]$1 h[ev]1 ma9ly z ! editor ( ! ,biblio!ca ,classica s]ies--! fir/ s]i\s attempt to produce s*ol>ly editions ( classical texts ) ,engli% comm5t>ies--to :i* he contribut$ ! edition ( ,cic]o's ,orations 7#ahea-ahfb74 ,he di$ on ! #aj? ( ,augu/ #ahgi4 ,among 8 o!r works are3 ,summ>y ( ,h]odotus 7#ahbi72 editions ( ,h]odotus 7#ahcj-ahcc7 & ,x5ophon's ,anabasis 7#ahca72 revis$ editions ( ,j4 ,a4 ,macleane's ,juv5al & ,p]sius 7#ahfg7 & ,horace 7#ahfi72 ! ,civil ,w>s ( ,rome2 a translation ) notes ( ?irte5 ( ,plut>*'s ,lives 7#ahdd-ahdh72 translations ( ! ,?\ghts ( ,m>cus ,aurelius 7#ahfb7 & ! ,disc\rses ( ,epictetus 7#ahgg72 ,decl9e ( ! ,roman ,republic 7#ahfd-ahgd71 #e vols4 ,see ,h4 ,j4 ,mat!ws1 ,9 ,memoriam1 repr9t$ f ! ,brighton ,college ,magaz9e1 #ahgi4 ,,long1 ,,john ,,davis 7#ahch- 71 ,am]ican lawy] & political lead]1 0 born 9 ,buckfield1 ,ox=d c\nty1 ,ma9e1 on ! #bg? ( ,octob] #ahch4 ,he graduat$ at ,h>v>d 9 #aheg1 /udi$ law at ! ,h>v>d ,law ,s*ool & 9 #ahfa 0 admitt$ to ! b>4 ,he practis$ 9 ,bo/on1 became active 9 politics z a ,republican1 0 a memb] ( ! ,massa*usetts ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives 9 #ahge-ahgh & its speak] 9 #ahgf-ahgh1 lieut5ant-gov]nor ( ! /ate 9 #ahgi1 & gov]nor 9 #ahhj-ahhb4 ,9 #ahhc-ahhi he 0 a memb] ( ! ,national ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives1 & f ,m>* #ahig to ,may #aijb 0 secret>y ( ! navy1 9 ! cab9et1 fir/ ( ,presid5t ,mc,kinley & !n ( ,presid5t ,roosevelt4 ,9 #aijb he became presid5t ( ! ,bo>d ( ,ov]se]s ( ,h>v>d ,college4 ,8 publications include a v]sion ( ! ,a5eid 7#ahgi71 ,aft]-,d9n] & ,o!r ,spee*es 7#ahie7 & ,! ,new ,am]ican ,navy 7#aijc74 ,,long ,,bran*1 a city ( ,monm\? c\nty1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,u4,s4,a41 on ! ea/]nmo/ or long bran* ( ! ,%rewsbury riv] & on ! ,atlantic coa/1 ab\t #cj m4 ,s4 ( ,new ,york ,city4 ,pop4 7#ahij7 #gbca2 7#aijj7 #hhgb1 ( :om #adca 7 =eign-born & #ihg 7 negroes2 7#aiaj c5sus7 #ac1bih4 ,x is s]v$ by ! ,p5nsylvania1 ! ,c5tral ( ,new ,j]sey1 ! ,new ,york ,long ,bran*1 & electric railways1 & by /eamboats to ,new ,york4 ,! c>riage roads 9 ! vic9ity are unusually good4 ,long ,bran* is "o ( ! olde/ ,am]ican wat]+-places4 ,x is situat$ on a bluff :i* rises abruptly #bj-ce ft4 above ! bea*1 & along ! front ( :i* bulkheads & jetties h be5 erect$ z a protection f ! waves2 along or ne> ! edge ( ! bluff1 ,ocean ,av5ue1 #fj ft4 wide & ab\t #e m4 long 7f ,seabright to ,deal71 comm&s delightful views ( ! ocean4 ,a bluff walk runs above ! wat] = #b m4 ,! city has "o public p>k1 ,ocean ,p>k 7ab\t #aj acres71 & two privately own$ p>ks1 "o ( :i* is ,pleasure ,bay ,p>k 7#be acres71 on ! ,%rewsbury riv]1 :]e op]as are giv5 9 ! op5 air4 ,! pr9cipal public in/itutions are ! ,monm\? ,memorial ,hospital & ! ,long ,bran* ,circulat+ ,libr>y4 ,9 ,long ,bran* ! ,monm\? ,c\nty ,horse ,%[ is held annually 9 ,july4 ,! s\!rn "p ( ,long ,bran*1 kn[n z ,elb]on1 conta9s "s beautiful summ] resid5ces--9 "o ( its cottages ,g5]al ,u4 ,s4 ,grant sp5t 8 summ]s = _m ye>s1 & 9 ano!r1 ! ,francklyn1 ,presid5t ,j4 ,a4 ,g>field di$ 9 #ahha4 ,9 #aiji a monum5t to ,g>field 0 erect$ 9 ,ocean ,p>k4 ,adjo9+ ,long ,bran* on ! ,n4 is ! bor\gh ( ,monm\? ,bea* 7incorporat$ 9 #aijf2 population1 #aiaj1 #dhe74 ,be=e ! ,w> ( ,indep5d5ce ! site ( ,long ,bran* 0 own$ by ,colonel ,:ite1 a ,briti% (fic]4 ,x 0 confiscat$ z a result ( ! w>1 & late 9 ! c5tury its developm5t z a wat]+-place began4 ,long ,bran* 0 *>t]$ z a city 9 #aijd4 ,,long*amp1 ,,william 7d4 #aaig71 *ancellor ( ,engl& & bi%op ( ,ely1 ent]$ public life at ! close ( ,h5ry ,,ii4's reign z (ficial to ! k+'s son ,ge(frey1 = ! ar*deaconry ( ,r\54 ,h5ry ,,ii41 :o dislik$ him1 call$ him ! son ( two traitors4 ,he soon des]t$ ,ge(frey = ,ri*>d1 :o made him *ancellor ( ! du*y ( ,aquita9e4 ,he always %[$ himself an able diplomati/4 ,he fir/ di/+ui%$ himself at ,p>is1 z ,ri*>d's envoy1 :5 he defeat$ ,h5ry ,,ii4's attempt to make peace ) ,philip ,augu/us 7#aahi74 ,on ,ri*>d's accession ,william became *ancellor ( ! k+dom & bi%op ( ,ely4 ,:5 ,ri*>d left ,engl& 7,dec4 #aahi71 he put ! t[] ( ,london 9 8 h&s & *ose him to %>e ) ,hugh de ,puiset1 ! great bi%op ( ,durham1 ! (fice ( *ief ju/ici>4 ,william imm$iately qu>rell$ ) ,hugh1 & by ,april #aaij _h manag$ to ou/ him completely f (fice4 ,9 ,june #aaij he receiv$ a commission z legate f ,pope ,cele/9e4 ,he 0 !n ma/] 9 *ur* z well z /ate4 ,b 8 disagreeable appe>ance & mann]s1 8 pride1 8 contempt = ev]y?+ ,engli% made him dete/$4 ,8 progresses ?r\gh ! c\ntry ) a tra9 ( a ?\s& knights 7 ru9\s to ^? on :om devolv$ ! burd5 ( ent]ta9+ him4 ,ev5 ,john seem$ pref]able to him4 ,john return$ to ,engl& 9 #aaia2 he & 8 adh]5ts 7 imm$iately involv$ 9 disputes ) ,william1 :o 0 always wor/$4 ,at la/ 7,june #aaia7 ,ge(frey1 ar*bi%op ( ,york & ,william's e>lie/ b5efactor1 0 viol5tly arre/$ by ,william's subord9ates on l&+ at ,dov]4 ,!y exce$$ _! ord]s1 :i* 7 to prev5t ! ar*bi%op f ent]+ ,engl& until he _h sworn fealty to ,ri*>d4 ,b ?is outrage 0 made a pretext = a g5]al ris+ aga9/ ,william1 ^: legat9e commission _h n[ expir$1 & ^: p[] 0 balanc$ by ! pres5ce ( ! ar*bi%op ( ,r\51 ,walt] ,c\tances1 ) a commission f ! k+1 ,william %ut himself up 9 ! ,t[]1 b he 0 =c$ to surr5d] 8 ca/les & expell$ f ! k+dom4 ,9 #aaic he jo9$ ,ri*>d 9 ,g]many1 & ,ri*>d seems to h attribut$ ! settlem5t soon aft] conclud$ betwe5 himself & ! emp]or1 to 8 de>e/ *ancellor4 ,= ! re/ ( ! reign ,long*amp 0 employ$ 9 confid5tial & diplomatic missions by ,ri*>d all ov] ! cont95t1 9 ,g]many1 9 ,france & at ,rome4 ,he di$ 9 ,janu>y #aaig4 ,8 loyalty to ,ri*>d 0 unsw]v+1 & x 0 no d\bt ?r\gh 8 unscrupul\s devotion to ! royal int]e/ t he incurr$ ! hatr$ ( ,ri*>d's ,engli% subjects4 ,,au?orities4--,b5$ictus1 ,ge/a ,h5rici1 vol4 ii42 ,giraldus ,cambr5sis1 ,de ,vita ,galfridi2 ,/ubbs' ,preface to ,rog] ( ,hov$51 vol4 iii42 ,l4 ,bov9e-,*ampeaux1 ,notice sur ,guillaume de ,long*amp 7vreux1 #ahhe74 ,,longclo?1 a pla9 cotton clo? orig9ally made 9 comp>atively long pieces4 ,! "n 0 appli$ p>ticul>ly to clo? made 9 ,india4 ,longclo?1 :i* is n[ commonly blea*$1 compreh5ds a numb] ( v>i\s qualities4 ,x is heavi] ?an cambric1 & f9] ?an m$ium or ,mexican4 ,z x is us$ pr9cipally = und]clo?+ & %irts1 mo/ ( ! longclo? sold 9 ,great ,brita9 passes ?r\gh ! h&s ( ! %irt & und]clo?+ manufactur]s1 :o sell to ! %opkeep]s1 ?\gh !re is /ill a consid]able if decreas+ retail trade 9 piece-goods4 ,! l[] k9ds ( longclo?1 :i* are made f ,am]ican cotton1 correspond 9 quality to ! bett] k9ds ( %irt+ made = ! ,ea/1 b ! be/ longclo?s are made f ,egyptian cotton1 & are f9e & fairly co/ly goods4 ,,long ,,eaton1 an urban di/rict 9 ! ,ilke/on p>liam5t>y division ( ,d]by%ire1 ,engl&1 #aj m4 ,e4,s4,e4 ( ,d]by1 on ! ,midl& railway4 ,pop4 7#ahia7 #ifcf2 7#aija7 #ac1jde4 ,x lies 9 ! op5 valley ( ! ,tr5t1 at a %ort di/ance f ! riv]1 & ne> ! important ,tr5t ,junction on ! ,midl& railway sy/em4 ,! *ur* ( ,/ ,lawr5ce has ,norman portions1 & an ar* & w9d[ app>5tly ( pre-,conque/ date4 ,! l>ge indu/rial population ( ! t[n is occupi$ 9 ! manufacture ( lace1 :i* ext5d$ hi!r f ,nott+ham2 !re are also railway c>riage works4 ,to ! nor? is ! t[n%ip ( ,,s&iacre 7pop4 #bied71 :]e ! *ur* has a f9e ,decorat$ *ancel4 ,,longevity1 a t]m appli$ to express ei!r ! l5g? or ! duration ( life 9 any organism1 b1 z cases ( long duration excite mo/ int]e/1 frequ5tly us$ to d5ote a relatively unusual prolongation ( life4 ,!re is no reason to suppose t protoplasm1 ! liv+ mat]ial ( organisms1 has a necess>ily limit$ duration ( life1 provid$ t ! conditions prop] to x are ma9ta9$1 & x has be5 argu$ t s9ce e liv+ organism comes into exi/5ce z a piece ( ! protoplasm ( a pre-exi/+ liv+ organism1 protoplasm is pot5tially immortal4 ,liv+ organisms exi/1 h[ev]1 z p>ticles or communities ( p>ticles ( protoplasm 7see ,,life71 & z su* h a limit$ duration ( life4 ,longevity1 z ,e4 ,ray ,lanke/] po9t$ out 9 #ahfi1 = practical purposes mu/ be und]/ood to mean ! l5g? ( "t dur+ :i* life is exhibit$ 9 an individual4 ,! ^w individual mu/ be tak5 9 its ord9>y s5se z a :olly or p>tially indep5d5t1 organiz$ mass produc$ f a pre-exi/+ organiz$ mass1 z o!rwise ! problem w be confus$ by argum5ts z to ! mean+ ( biological individuality4 ,empirical ,data4--,a multitude ( obs]vations %[ t only a v brief life1 rang+ f a few h\rs to a few days1 is ! normal fate ( ! va/ majority ( s+le-cell$ organisms1 :e!r ^! be animal or vegetable or on ! bord]-l9e betwe5 ! two k+doms4 ,dea? comes to !m rapidly f int]nal or ext]nal causes1 or ! individual life ends 9 conjugation or division or spore-=mation4 ,"u special conditions1 natural or artificial1 ! individual life may be prolong$ by desiccation1 or freez+1 or by "s simil> arre/ ( functional activity4 ,! duration ( life among plants is v>i$4 ,! popul> division into annuals1 bi5nials & p]5nials is n absolute1 = natural & artificial conditions readily prolong ! lives ( annuals & bi5nials = sev]al seasons1 :]eas ! case ( p]5nials is mu* complicat$ by ! mode ( gr[?1 & ! problem ( individuality1 h[ev] we desire to exclude x1 obtrudes itself4 ,9 ! va/ majority ( cases :]e a plant is obvi\sly a simple individual1 its life is %ort1 rang+ f a few days 9 ! case ( fungi1 to two seasons 9 ! case ( bi5nial h]bs4 ,mo/ ( ! simple algae are annual1 _! life endur+ only = "p ( ! ye>2 ! bran*+ algae are m (t5 p]5nial1 b 9 _! cases n only are obs]vations z to duration lack+1 b h[ev] simply we may use ! t]m individual1 its application is difficult4 ,! l>g] t]re/rial plants ) woody tissues :i* we d5ote r\ghly z %rubs & trees h an individuality :i*1 al?\gh diff]5t f t ( a hyac9? or c>rot1 is usually obvi\s4 ,%rubs live f f\r to t5 or m ye>s1 & x app>5tly is ! case t odorif]\s %rubs su* z sage & lav5d] display ! long] duration4 ,trees ) s(t wood1 su* z popl>s & will[s1 la/ = ab\t fifty ye>s1 fruit-trees r long]4 ,e/imates ( ! age :i* l>ge trees c atta91 bas$ p>tly on attempts to c\nt ! annual r+s1 h be5 giv5 by _m writ]s1 & range f ab\t ?ree hundr$ ye>s 9 ! case ( ! elm to ?ree to five ?\s& ye>s 9 ! case ( ,sequoia gigantea ( ,cali=nia1 & ov] five ?\s& ye>s 9 t ( ! baobab 7,adansonia digitata7 ( ,cape ,v]de4 ,x is impossible to place exact reliance on ^! e/imates1 b x is at lea/ c]ta9 t v _m trees h a duration ( life exce$+ly great 9 comp>ison ) ! longe/-liv$ animals4 ,! duration ( life among/ multicellul> inv]tebrate animals is little kn[n1 except 9 ! frequ5t in/ances :]e x is normally brief4 ,_m sponges & polyps die at ! end ( ! season1 leav+ w9t] eggs or buds4 ,! mu*-bran*$ masses ( ! l>g] sponges & comp\nd hydrozoa c]ta9ly may be p]5nial4 ,a sea-anemone 7,act9ia mesembryan!mum71 captur$ 9 #ahbh by ,sir ,john ,dalyell1 a ,scotti% naturali/1 & !n guess$ to be ab\t sev5 ye>s old1 liv$ 9 captivity 9 ,ed9burgh until #ahhg1 ! cause ( dea? be+ unkn[n4 ,z o!r in/ances ( great ages atta9$ by sea-anemones are on record1 x is pla9 t ^! animals1 al?\gh simple polyps1 are long-liv$4 ,e*9od]ms are inf]r$ to live to consid]able ages1 z !y gr[ sl[ly & z !re is great diff]5ce 9 size among/ fully adult specim5s4 ,on simil> reason+1 consid]able age is attribut$ to ! l>g] annulates & cru/acea1 b ! small] =ms 9 _m cases are kn[n to h v %ort lives4 ,! v>iation 9 ! l5g? ( life ( molluscs appe>s to be great4 ,_m species ( ga/ropods live only a few ye>s2 o!rs1 su* z ,natica h]os1 h rea*$ ?irty ye>s1 :il/ ! l>ge ,tridacna gigas is /at$ to live f sixty to a hundr$ ye>s4 ,among insects1 ! adult /age has usually only a v %ort duration ( life1 ext5d+ f a few h\rs to a few mon?s1 b ! l>val /ages may la/ mu* long]4 ,includ+ ^! latt]1 ! range ( duration among insects1 tak+ ! :ole life f hat*+ to dea?1 appe>s to lie betwe5 ! limits ( a few weeks 9 ! case ( plant-lice to sev5te5 ye>s 9 ! case ( ! ,am]ican ,cicada septemdecim1 ! l>va ( :i* lives sev5te5 ye>s1 ! adult only a mon?4 ,mo/ butt]flies are annuals1 b ^? :i* fail to copulate may hib]nate & live ?r\gh a second season1 :il/ ! lives ( "s h be5 pres]v$ artificially = sev5 ye>s4 ,work] bees & drones d n survive ! season1 b que5s may live f two to five ye>s4 ,9 ! case ( v]tebrates1 ! duration ( life appe>s to be great] among fi% & reptiles ?an among birds & mammals4 ,! anci5t ,romans h not$ t eels1 kept 9 aqu>ia1 c\ld rea* ! age ( sixty ye>s4 ,e/imates bas$ on size & rate ( gr[? h l$ to ! inf]5ce t salmon may live to ! age ( a hundr$ ye>s1 :il/ ,g4 ,l4 ,l4 ,buffon set d[n ! p]iod ( life ( c>p 9 ponds z "o hundr$ & fifty ye>s1 & !re is evid5ce = a pike hav+ rea*$ ! age ( ov] two c5turies4 ,m rec5tly x has be5 claim$ t ! age ( fi% c be asc]ta9$ exactly by c\nt+ ! annual r+s ( ! otoli?s4 ,no great ages h z yet be5 record$ by ?is me?od1 :il/1 on ! o!r h&1 by reveal+ great v>iations ( weight & size 9 fi%es ) ! same numb] ( annual r+s1 x has ?r[n d\bt on ! validity ( e/imates ( age bas$ on size & rate ( gr[?4 ,! evid5ce z a :ole is unsatisfactory1 b x is highly probable t 9 ! abs5ce ( accid5ts mo/ fi% c atta9 v great ages4 ,! duration ( life among batra*ia is little kn[n1 b small frogs h be5 record$ z liv+ ov] twelve ye>s1 & toads up to ?irty-six ye>s4 ,almo/ no?+ is kn[n z to ! longevity ( snakes & liz>ds1 b x is probable t no great ages are rea*$4 ,crocodiles1 alligators & caymans gr[ sl[ly & are believ$ to live v long4 ,!re is exact evid5ce z to alligators 9 captivity 9 ,europe rea*+ =ty ye>s )\t signs ( s5esc5ce1 & "s ( ! sacr$ crocodiles ( ,india are believ$ to be m ?an a hundr$ ye>s old4 ,*elonians live /ill long]4 ,a tortoise has liv$ = eighty ye>s 9 ! g>d5 ( ! gov]nor ( ,cape ,t[n1 & is believ$ to be at lea/ two hundr$ ye>s old4 ,!re are records ( small l&-tortoises t h be5 kept 9 captivity = ov] a c5tury1 :il/ ! v l>ge tortoises ( ! ,galapagos ,isl&s c]ta9ly atta9 ages ( at lea/ two c5turies & possibly mu* m4 ,a consid]able body ( in=mation exi/s reg>d+ ! longevity ( birds1 & mu* ( ?is has be5 br\ght toge!r by ,j4 ,h4 ,gurney4 ,f 8 li/s1 :i* include m ?an fifty species1 x appe>s t ! duration is lea/ 9 ! case ( small pass]9e & pic>ian birds1 :]e x ranges f eight or n9e ye>s 7goat-suck]s & swifts7 to a maximum ( tw5ty-five ye>s1 ! latt] age hav+ be5 approa*$ by l>ks1 can>ies & goldf9*4 ,gulls h be5 record$ z liv+ ov] =ty ye>s1 ducks & geese ov] fifty ye>s 7! du*ess ( ,b$=d has record$ ! case ( a ,*9ese goose hav+ be5 9 possession ( ! same family = fifty-sev5 ye>s74 ,p>rots frequ5tly live ov] eighty ye>s1 swans ne>ly z long1 rav5s & owls r less1 :il/ !re is excell5t evid5ce ( eagles & falcons consid]ably exce$+ a hundr$ ye>s4 ,not)/&+ _! relatively l>ge size1 /ru?i\s birds d n rea* great ages4 ,! records = cass[>ies & rheas d n exce$ ?irty ye>s1 & ! maximum = o/ri*es is fifty ye>s1 & t on d\btful evid5ce4 ,exact records reg>d+ ! longevity ( mammals are surpris+ly few4 ,!re is no evid5ce z to ,monotremes4 ,! life ( ,m>supials 9 captivity is seldom long2 a phalang] has liv$ 9 ! ,london ,zoological ,g>d5s & %[$ no signs ( age at m ?an t5 ye>s old2 x may be inf]r$ t ! l>g] =ms are capable ( liv+ long]4 ,reliable records z to ,ed5tates d n exi/2 ^? 9 captivity h %ort lives1 b ! size & /ructure ( "s ( ! ext9ct =ms sugge/s t !y may h rea*$ a great age4 ,no?+ is kn[n reg>d+ ! longevity ( ,sir5ians1 except t !y d n live long 9 captivity4 ,9 ! case ( ,cetaceans1 e/imates bas$ on ! gr[? ( :ale-bone assign an age ( sev]al c5turies to :ale-bone :ales2 exact records d n exi/4 ,m is kn[n reg>d+ ,ungulates1 z _m ( ^! are dome/icat$1 semi-dome/icat$ or are frequ5tly kept 9 captivity4 ,great l5g? ( life has be5 assign$ to ! rh9oc]os1 b ! longe/ actual record is t ( an ,indian rh9oc]os :i* liv$ = ?irty-sev5 ye>s 9 ! ,london ,zoological ,g>d5s4 ,! usual duration ( life 9 ! case ( horses1 asses & zebras is f fifte5 to ?irty ye>s1 b in/ances ( individuals rea*+ fifty ye>s are fairly well au!nticat$4 ,dome/ic cattle may live f tw5ty-five to ?irty ye>s1 %eep & goats f twelve to f\rte5 ye>s1 antelopes r long]1 especially 9 ! case ( ! l>g] =ms4 ,a giraffe has liv$ = n9ete5 ye>s 9 ! ,london ,zoological ,g>d5s4 ,de] are reput$ to live long] ?an %eep1 & records ( individuals at ! ,london ,g>d5s confirm ?is1 b x is d\btful if !y live z long z cattle4 ,camels are long-liv$1 accord+ to repute1 b actual records %[ no great age2 a llama :i* di$ 9 ! ,london ,g>d5s at ! age ( sev5te5 ye>s %[$ unmi/akable signs ( s5ility4 ,! hippopotamus is ano!r l>ge ungulate to :i* great longevity has be5 assign$1 b ! longe/ actual record is ! case ( a female born 9 ! ,london ,g>d5s :i* di$ 9 its ?irty-fif? ye>4 ,! duration ( life assign$ to dome/ic sw9e is ab\t tw5ty ye>s2 an ,indian wild bo>1 alive 9 ! ,london ,zoological ,g>d5s 9 #aiaj1 & app>5tly 9 full vig\r1 0 fifte5 ye>s old4 ,elephants are usually suppos$ capable ( rea*+ great ages1 b ! actual records ( m5ag]ie & milit>y animals %[ t ?irty to =ty ye>s is a normal limit4 ,facts z to rod5ts are n num]\s2 ! l>g] =ms su* z h>es & rabbits may live = t5 ye>s1 small] =ms su* z rats & mice1 = five or six ye>s4 ,bats h a reputation = long duration ( life1 & tropical fruit-bats are kn[n to h liv$ = sev5te5 ye>s4 ,no great ages h be5 record$ = ,c>nivora1 b ! av]age is fairly high4 ,tw5ty-five ye>s appe>s to be a limit v r>ely exce$$ by lions1 tig]s or be>s2 dome/ic cats may live = f twelve to tw5ty-?ree ye>s1 & dogs f sixte5 to eighte5 ye>s1 ?\gh cases ( z _m z ?irty-f\r ye>s h be5 not$4 ,less is kn[n ( ! small] =ms1 b m5ag]ie records %[ t ages betwe5 twelve & tw5ty are frequ5tly rea*$4 ,!re 7 9 #aiaj 9 ! ,london ,zoological ,g>d5s1 app>5tly 9 good heal?1 a me]kat at lea/ twelve ye>s old1 a s&-badg] f\rte5 ye>s & a ratel n9ete5 ye>s ( age4 ,records reg>d+ monkeys are unsatisfactory1 = ^! creatures are notori\sly delicate 9 captivity1 & x is practically c]ta9 t "u su* circum/ances !y r>ely die ( old age4 ,a grey lemur elev5 ye>s old & a *impanzee elev5 & a half1 bo? 9 good heal? 9 ! ,london ,zoological ,g>d5s1 appe> to be ! olde/ primates def9itely record$4 ,e/imates bas$ on size1 condition ( ! skull & s =? obta9$ by exam9ation ( wild specim5s t h be5 kill$ w\ld seem to e/abli% a r\gh correspond5ce betwe5 ! size ( monkeys & _! duration ( life1 & to set ! limits z betwe5 sev5 or eight & ?irty ye>s4 ,) reg>d to ! human race1 !re seems to be almo/ no d\bt b t ! av]age duration ( life has increas$ ) civilization2 ! g5]ally improv$ conditions ( life1 ! great] c>e ( ! "y & ( ! ag$ & ! advance 9 m$ical & surgical sci5ce f> m ?an outweigh any depress+ effect caus$ by ! m /r5u\s & n]v\s activity requir$ by mod]n social organization4 ,! expectation ( life ( ^? :o atta9 ! age ( sixty v>ies ) race1 sex & occupation1 b is c]ta9ly increas+1 & an increas+ numb] ( p]sons h a *ance ( rea*+ & d rea* ages betwe5 n9ety & "o hundr$4 ,c>eful inve/igation has ?r[n d\bt almo/ am\nt+ to dispro( on ! mu*-quot$ cases ( great longevity1 su* z t ( ,?omas ,p>r1 ! ,%rop%ire peasant1 :o 0 suppos$ to h rea*$ 8 hundr$ & fifty-?ird ye>1 &1 al?\gh ! exi/5ce ( c5t5>ians is ?or\ghly e/abli%$1 any ages exce$+ a hundr$ by m ?an two or ?ree ye>s are1 at ! mo/1 dubi\s4 ,a survey ( ! facts ( longevity1 s f> z ^! are e/abli%$ on reasonable evid5ce1 discloses t ! record$ ages bo? ( m5 & animals are mu* %ort] ?an ^? assign$ 9 popul> belief4 ,! duration ( life is usually brief 9 ! animal k+dom1 & except = "s fi% & reptiles1 & possibly :ales1 x is c]ta9 t a man enjoys ! longe/ av]age duration ( life & t c5t5>ians occur m frequ5tly among/ m5 ?an among/ mo/ ( ! l[] animals4 ,!ories ( ,longevity4--,ray ,lanke/] has po9t$ out t sev]al mean+s are atta*$ to ! ^w longevity4 ,x may be us$ ( an individual1 & 9 ?is s5se has little importance1 p>tly because ( ! inevitable v>iability ( ! individual1 & p>tly because !re may be individuals t are abnormal 9 duration ( life1 j z !re are abnormalities 9 weight or height4 ,x may be us$ = ! av]age duration ( life ( all ! individuals ( a species & s be ano!r way ( express+ ! av]age mortality t affects ! species1 & t v>ies n only ) /ructure & con/itution b ) ! k9d ( enemies1 accid5ts & conditions to :i* ! memb]s ( ! species are subject4 ,if we reflect on ! l>ge incid5ce ( mortality f ext]nal causes affect+ a species & p>ticul>ly ! "y ( a species1 we %all see t we mu/ conclude t intr9sic1 physiological causes c h relatively little weight 9 det]m9+ ! av]age mortality rate4 ,f9ally1 longevity may be us$1 & is mo/ conv5i5tly us$1 to d5ote ! specific pot5tial longevity1 t is to say ! duration ( life t w\ld be atta9$ by normal individuals ( a species if ! conditions 7 mo/ fav\rable4 ,x is necess>y to keep 9 m9d ^! v>i\s applications ( ! t]m :5 consid]+ ! !oretical explanations t h be5 associat$ ) ! empirical facts4 ,!re is a c]ta9 relation betwe5 size & longevity4 ,z a g5]al rule small animals d n live s long z l>g] creatures4 ,:ales survive elephants1 elephants live long] ?an camels1 horses & de]1 & ^! aga9 ?an rabbits & mice4 ,b ! relation is n absolute2 p>rots1 rav5s & geese live long] ?an mo/ mammals & ?an _m l>g] birds4 ,g4 ,l4 ,l4 ,buffon tri$ to f9d a m def9ite measure ( longevity1 & believ$ t x 0 giv5 by ! ratio betwe5 ! :ole p]iod ( life & ! p]iod ( gr[?4 ,he believ$ t ! possible duration ( life 0 six or sev5 times t ( ! p]iod ( gr[?4 ,man1 he said1 takes f\rte5 ye>s to gr[1 & 8 duration ( life is n9ety to "o hundr$ ye>s2 ! horse has rea*$ its full size at f\r ye>s ( age & may live = a total p]iod ( tw5ty-five to ?irty ye>s4 ,m4 ,j4 ,p4 ,fl\r5s attempt$ to make ,buffon's sugge/ion m exact2 he took ! end ( ! p]iod ( gr[? z ! "t at :i* ! epiphyses ( ! long bones unit$ ) ! bones !mselves1 & on ?is basis held t ! duration ( life 0 five times ! l5g? ( ! p]iod ( gr[?4 ,! !ories ( ,buffon & ,fl\r5s1 h[ev]1 d n apply to all v]tebrates & h no mean+ 9 ! case ( inv]tebrates4 ,y4 ,bunge has sugge/$ t 9 ! case ( mammals ! p]iod tak5 by ! new-born "y to d\ble 9 weight is an index ( ! rapidity ( gr[? & is 9 a def9ite relation to ! possible duration ( life4 ,m4 ,ou/alet has discuss$ ! exi/5ce ( def9ite relations betwe5 duration ( life & size1 rate ( gr[?1 p]iod ( ge/ation & s =?1 & f\nd s _m exceptions t no g5]al conclusion c\ld be drawn4 ,he f9ally sugge/$ t diet 0 ! *ief factor 9 det]m9+ ! span ( life4 ,e4 ,met*nik(f has provid$ ! mo/ rec5t & fulle/ criticism & !ory ( ! physiological causes ( longevity4 ,he admits t _m factors mu/ be involv$1 z ! results v>y s mu* 9 diff]5t k9ds ( animals4 ,he ?9ks t too little is kn[n ( ! physiological processes ( inv]tebrates to draw any valid conclusions 9 _! case4 ,) reg>d to v]tebrates1 he calls att5tion to ! gradual r$uction ( longevity z ! scale ( life is asc5d$4 ,on ! :ole1 reptiles live mu* long] ?an birds1 & birds ?an mammals1 ! contra/ be+ specially notable :5 birds & mammals are comp>$4 ,he dismisses ! effect ( ! reproductive tax f possible causes ( %ort duration ( life1 = ! obvi\s reason t longevity is ne>ly equal 9 ! two sexes1 al?\gh females h a mu* great] reproductive dra94 ,he po9ts out t ! h9d-gut or l>ge inte/9e is lea/ develop$ 9 fi%es1 relatively small 9 reptiles1 /ill small b relatively l>g] 9 birds & l>ge/ 9 mammals1 relatively & absolutely1 ! caecum or caeca be+ reckon$ z "p ( ! h9d-gut4 ,! area ( ! inte/9al tract 9 "q is ( relatively little importance 9 dige/ion1 al?\gh a consid]able am\nt ( absorption may take place f x4 ,x s]ves *iefly z a res]voir ( wa/e matt] & is usually ! seat ( ext5sive putrefactive *ange4 ,! products ( putrefaction are absorb$ by ! blood & !re results a con/ant auto-intoxication ( ! body :i* ,met*nik(f believes to be ! pr9cipal ag5t 9 s5ile deg5]ation4 ,mammals1 if !y escape f enemies1 diseases & accid5ts1 fall victims to premature s5ility z ! result ( ! putrefactive *anges 9 _! inte/9es1 & ! av]age mortality ( ! species is mu* too high1 ! normal specific longevity be+ r>ely if ev] atta9$4 ,met*nik(f urges1 & s f> probably is foll[$ by all compet5t au?orities1 t improvem5ts 9 ! conditions ( life1 great] k ( disease & ( hygi5e & simplification ( habits are t5d+ to r$uce ! av]age mortality ( man & ! dome/ic animals1 & to br+ ! av]age longevity ne>] ! specific longevity4 ,he adds to ?is1 h[ev]1 a m special !ory1 :i*1 al?\gh x appe>s rapidly to be ga9+ gr\nd1 is yet f> f be+ accept$4 ,! !ory is t duration ( life may be prolong$ by measures direct$ aga9/ inte/9al putrefaction4 ,! process ( putrefaction takes place 9 masses ( badly-dige/$ food1 & may be combat$ by c>eful diet+1 avoidance ( ri* foods ( all k9ds & p>ticul>ly ( fle% & alcohol4 ,putrefaction1 h[ev]1 _c take place except 9 ! pres5ce ( a p>ticul> gr\p ( bact]ia1 ! entrance ( :i* to ! body c be prev5t$ to a c]ta9 ext5t4 ,b x w\ld be impossible or impracticable to secure a /]iliz$ diet1 & ,met*nik(f urges t ! bact]ia ( putrefaction c be replac$ or suppress$ by ano!r set ( microbes4 ,he f\nd t !re 0 a widely spread popul> belief 9 ! advantage ( diet consi/+ l>gely ( products ( s\r$ milk & t !re 0 a fair p>allel betwe5 unusual longevity & su* a diet4 ,exp]im5tally he %[$ t ! pres5ce ( ! bacilli :i* produce lactic acid inhibit$ ! process ( putrefaction4 ,accord+ly he recomm5ds t ! diet ( human be+s %\ld include prep>ations ( milk s\r$ by cultures ( select$ lactic acid bacilli1 or t ! spores ( su* bacilli %\ld be tak5 along ) food fav\rable to _! developm5t4 ,9 a %ort "t ! bacilli e/abli% !mselves 9 ! l>ge inte/9e & rapidly /op putrefactive *ange4 ,! treatm5t has n yet be5 p]si/$ 9 suffici5tly long by a suffici5t numb] ( diff]5t p]sons to be accept$ z univ]sally satisfactory1 & !re is ev5 m diff]5ce ( op9ion z to ,met*nik(f's !ory t ! *ief ag5t 9 s5ile deg5]ation is ! /imulation ( phagocytes by ! products ( putrefaction ) ! result+ de/ruction ( ! specific cells ( ! tissues4 ,met*nik(f1 h[ev]1 gave x to ! _w1 n z a prov$ & complet$ doctr9e1 b z ! l9e ( inquiry t he himself _h f\nd mo/ promis+4 ,he has sugge/$ fur!r t if ! normal specific longevity 7 atta9$ by human be+s1 old & n deg5]ate individuals w\ld lose ! in/9ct = life & acquire an in/9ct = dea?1 & t z !y _h fulfill$ ! normal cycle ( life1 !y w\ld accept dea? ) ! same reliev$ acquiesc5ce t !y n[ accept sleep4 ,! v>i\s writ]s ^: op9ions h be5 briefly discuss$ agree 9 suppos+ t !re is a normal specific longevity1 al?\gh ,met*nik(f alone has urg$ t ?is diff]s m>k$ly f ! av]age longevity1 & has prop\nd$ a !ory ( ! causes ( ! div]g5ce4 ,x is common gr\nd t !y believe ! organism to be w\nd up1 s to say1 = a def9ite p]iod1 b h no v def9ite !ory z to h[ ?is p]iod is det]m9$4 ,a4 ,weismann1 on ! o!r h&1 9 a well-kn[n essay on ! duration ( life1 has develop$ a !ory to expla9 ! v>i\s fa%ions 9 :i* ! gift ( life is measur$ out to diff]5t k9ds ( creatures4 ,he accepts ! position t purely physiological conditions set a limit to ! numb] ( ye>s t c be atta9$ by ea* k9d ( multicellul> organism1 b holds t ^! conditions leave room = a consid]able am\nt ( v>iation4 ,duration ( life1 9 fact1 accord+ to ,weismann1 is a "* t c be influ5c$ by ! environm5t & t by a process ( natural selection c be adapt$ to ! conditions ( exi/5ce ( diff]5t species4 ,if a species is to ma9ta9 its exi/5ce or to increase1 x is obvi\s t its memb]s mu/ be able to replace ! losses caus$ by dea?4 ,x is necess>y1 moreov]1 = ! success ( ! species1 t an av]age population ( full vig\r %\ld be ma9ta9$4 ,weismann argues t dea? itself is an adaptation to secure ! removal ( useless & worn-out individuals & t x comes z soon z may be aft] ! p]iod ( reproductive activity4 ,x is und]/ood t ! t]m reproductive activity cov]s n m]ely ! production ( new individuals b ! c>e ( ^! by ! p>5ts until !y are self-suffici5t4 ,! av]age longevity1 accord+ to ,weismann1 is adapt$ to ! ne$s ( ! species2 x is suffici5tly long to secure t ! requisite numb] ( new individuals is produc$ & protect$4 ,he has br\ght toge!r a l>ge numb] ( in/ances :i* %[ t !re is a relation betwe5 duration ( life & f]tility4 ,birds ( prey1 :i* bre$ sl[ly1 usually produc+ an annual brood ( no m ?an "o or two1 live to great ages1 :il/ rabbits :i* produce l>ge litt]s at frequ5t int]vals h relatively %ort lives4 ,all[ance has to be made 9 cases :]e ! "y are l>gely prey$ ^u by enemies1 = ?is c\nt]acts ! effect ( high fecundity4 ,9 %ort1 ! duration ( life is s adapt$ t a pair ( individuals on ! av]age succe$ 9 re>+ a pair ( (fspr+4 ,met*nik(f1 h[ev]1 has po9t$ out t ! longevity ( su* fecund creatures mu/ h aris5 indep5d5tly1 z o!rwise species subject to high risks ( ?is nature w\ld h ceas$ to exi/ & w\ld h disappe>$1 z _m species h vani%$ 9 ! pa/ ( ! _w's hi/ory4 ,! normal specific longevity1 ! age to :i* all normal individuals ( a species w\ld survive "u ! mo/ fav\rable conditions1 mu/ dep5d on con/itution & /ructure4 ,no d\bt selection is involv$1 z x is obvi\s t creatures w\ld p]i% if _! con/itution & /ructure 7 n su* t !y c\ld live long en\gh to reproduce _! k9d4 ,! direct explanation1 h[ev]1 mu/ be s\ght = 9 size1 complexity ( /ructure1 l5g? ( p]iod ( gr[?1 capacity to )/& ! we> & te> ( life & su* o!r intr9sic qualities4 ,! av]age specific longevity1 on ! o!r h&1 dep5ds on a multitude ( extr9sic conditions op]at+ on ! intr9sic con/itution2 ^! extr9sic conditions are giv5 by ! environm5t ( ! species z x affects ! "y & ! adults1 enemies1 diseases1 abundance ( food1 climatic conditions & s =?4 ,x w\ld seem mo/ natural to suppose t 9 all cases1 except p]haps ^? ( intellig5t man & ! dome/ic animals or plants he h>b\rs1 ! av]age longevity mu/ v>y enorm\sly ) *ang+ conditions1 & mu/ be a factor ( great] importance 9 ! survival ( ! species ?an ! ideal normal specific longevity4 ,x also seems m probable t ! reproductive capacity1 :i* is extremely v>iable1 has be5 adapt$ to ! av]age longevity ( ! species1 ?an t1 z ,weismann suppos$1 x %\ld itself be ! det]m9+ cause ( ! duration ( life4 ,,ref]5ces4--,g4 ,l4 ,l4 ,buffon1 ,hi/oire naturelle gnrale et p>ticulire1 vol4 ii4 7,p>is1 #agdi72 ,y4 ,bunge1 ,ar*iv4 f4 die gesammte ,physiologie1 vol4 xcv4 7,bonn1 #aijc72 ,m4 ,j4 ,p4 ,fl\r5s1 ,de la longvit huma9e et de la quantit de vie sur le globe 7,p>is1 #ahee72 ,j4 ,h4 ,gurney1 ,on ! ,comp>ative ,ages to :i* ,birds live1 ,ibis1 p4 #ai 7#ahii72 ,sir ,e4 ,ray ,lanke/]1 ,comp>ative ,longevity 9 ,man & ! ,l[] ,animals 7,london1 #ahgj72 ,e4 ,met*nik(f1 ,! ,prolongation ( ,life 7,london1 #aijh72 ,m4 ,ou/alet1 ,la ,nature1 p4 #cgh 7#aijj72 ,a4 ,weismann1 ,essays ^u ,h]$ity 7,ox=d1 #ahhi74 7,p4 ,c4 ,m47 ,,longfell[1 ,,h5ry ,,wadswor? 7#ahjg-ahhb71 ,am]ican poet1 0 born on ! #bg? ( ,febru>y #ahjg1 at ,portl&1 ,ma9e4 ,8 ance/or1 ,william ,longfell[1 _h immigrat$ to ,newbury1 ,massa*usetts1 9 #afgf1 f ,york%ire1 ,engl&4 ,8 fa!r 0 ,/eph5 ,longfell[1 a lawy] & ,unit$ ,/ates congressman1 & 8 "m1 ,zilpha ,wadswor?1 a desc5dant ( ,john ,ald5 & ( ,priscilla1 ! ,puritan maid54 ,longfell['s ext]nal life pres5ts little t is ( /irr+ int]e/4 ,x is ! life ( a mode/1 deep-he>t$ g5tleman1 ^: highe/ ambition 0 to be a p]fect man1 &1 ?r\gh sympa?y & love1 to help o!rs to be ! same4 ,8 boyhood 0 sp5t mo/ly 9 8 native t[n1 :i* he nev] ceas$ to love1 & ^: beautiful surr\nd+s & quiet1 pure life he has describ$ 9 8 poem ,my ,lo/ ,y\?4 ,"h he grew up 9 ! mid/ ( maje/ic peace1 :i* 0 b once brok51 & t by an ev5t :i* made a deep impression on him--! w> ( #ahab4 ,he nev] =got ! sea-fight f> away4 ,h[ x ?und]$ o'er ! tide4 ,& ! dead capta9s z !y lay ,9 _! graves o'erlook+ ! tranquil bay4 ,:]e !y 9 battle di$4 ,! tranquil bay is ,casco ,bay1 "o ( ! mo/ beautiful 9 ! _w1 /udd$ ) bold1 gre5 isl&s1 well fitt$ to be ! ,hesp]ides ( a poet's boyi% dreams4 ,at ! age ( fifte5 ,longfell[ ent]$ ,b[do9 ,college at ,brunswick1 a t[n situat$ ne> ! romantic falls ( ! ,&roscogg9 riv]1 ab\t #be m4 f ,portl&1 & 9 a region full ( ,indian sc5]y & leg5d4 ,"h he _h among 8 classfell[s ,na?aniel ,haw?orne1 ,george ,b4 ,*eev] & ,j4 ,s4 ,c4 ,abbott4 ,dur+ ! latt] ye>s ( 8 college life he contribut$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,lit]>y ,gazette "s half-doz5 poems1 :i* are int]e/+ = two reasons--7#a7 z %[+ ! poet's e>ly1 book-m$iat$ sympa?y ) nature & leg5d>y h]oisms1 & 7#b7 z be+ almo/ entirely free f t sup]natural view ( nature :i* 8 subsequ5t resid5ce 9 ,europe imp>t$ to him4 ,he graduat$ 9 #ahbe1 at ! age ( eighte51 ) hon\rs1 among o!rs t ( writ+ ! class poem--tak+ ! f\r? place 9 a class ( ?irty-eight4 ,he !n ent]$ 8 fa!r's law (fice1 )\t int5d+1 h[ev]1 x w\ld appe>1 to devote himself to ! /udy ( ! law4 ,= ?is pr(ession he 01 bo? by capacity & ta/es1 utt]ly unfitt$1 & x 0 =tunate t1 %ortly aft] 8 graduation1 he receiv$ an (f] ( a pr(essor%ip ( mod]n languages at ,b[do9 ,college4 ,9 ord] ! bett] to qualify himself = ?is appo9tm5t1 he w5t to ,europe 7,may #ae?1 #ahbf7 & sp5t ?ree ye>s & a half travell+ 9 ,france1 ,italy1 ,spa91 ,g]many1 ,holl& & ,engl&1 le>n+ languages1 = :i* he _h unusual tal5t1 & dr9k+ 9 ! _s ( ! hi/ory & life ( ^! c\ntries4 ,! effect ( ,longfell['s visit 0 tw(old4 ,on ! "o h&1 x wid5$ 8 sympa?ies1 gave him confid5ce 9 himself & suppli$ him ) _m poetical !mes2 on ! o!r1 x traditionaliz$ 8 m9d1 col\r$ = him ! pure light ( nature & r5d]$ him 9 "s measure unfit to feel or express ! _s ( ,am]ican nature & life4 ,8 soj\rn 9 ,europe fell exactly 9 ! "t :51 9 ,engl&1 ! reaction aga9/ ! s5tim5tal a!ism ( ,%elley1 ! pagan s5sitivity ( ,keats1 & ! sublime1 ,satanic outca/ness ( ,byron 0 at its height2 :51 9 ! ,ca?olic c\ntries1 ! negative exagg]ations ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution 7 induc+ a c\nt] curr5t ( positive fai?1 :i* ?rew m5 into ! arms ( a half-s5tim5tal1 half-ae/hetic m$ievalism2 & :51 9 ,g]many1 ! ari/ocratic paganism ( ,goe! 0 be+ swept aside by t tide ( dutiful1 romantic patriotism :i* flood$ ! c\ntry1 z soon z x began to feel t x /ill exi/$ aft] be+ run ov] by ,napoleon's w>-*>iot4 ,he return$ to ,am]ica 9 #ahbi1 & rema9$ six ye>s at ,b[do9 ,college 7#ahbi-ahce71 dur+ :i* he publi%$ v>i\s text-books = ! /udy ( mod]n languages4 ,9 8 tw5ty-f\r? ye> 7#ahca7 he m>ri$ ,miss ,m>y ,/ory ,pott]1 "o ( 8 e>ly loves4 ,9 #ahcc he made a s]ies ( translations f ! ,spani%1 ) an essay on ! moral & devotional poetry ( ,spa91 & ^! 7 incorporat$ 9 #ahce 9 ,outre-m]3 a ,pilgrimage beyond ! ,sea4 ,9 #ahce ,longfell[ 0 *os5 to succe$ ,george ,ticknor z pr(essor ( mod]n languages & belles-lettres 9 ,h>v>d4 ,on receiv+ ?is appo9tm5t1 he paid a second visit ( "s fifte5 mon?s to ,europe1 ?is "t devot+ special att5tion to ! ,sc&9avian c\ntries & ,switz]l&4 ,dur+ ?is visit he lo/ 8 wife1 :o di$ at ,rott]dam1 on ! #bi? ( ,novemb] #ahce4 ,on 8 return to ,am]ica 9 ,decemb] #ahcf1 ,longfell[ took up 8 resid5ce 9 ,cambridge1 & began to lecture at ,h>v>d & to write4 ,9 8 new home he f\nd himself amid surr\nd+s entirely cong5ial to him4 ,its spaci\sness & free rural aspect1 its old gravey>ds & t[]+ elms1 its great univ]sity1 its cultivat$ society & its vic9ity to humane1 sub/antial1 busy ,bo/on1 7 all attractions = su* a man4 ,9 #ahcg-ahch sev]al essays ( ,longfell['s appe>$ 9 ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,review1 & 9 #ahci he publi%$ ,hyp]ion3 a ,romance1 & 8 fir/ volume ( orig9al poetry1 entitl$ ,voices ( ! ,night4 ,hyp]ion1 a poetical acc\nt ( 8 travels1 _h1 at ! "t ( its publication1 an imm5se popul>ity1 due ma9ly to its s5tim5tal romanticism4 ,at pres5t few p]sons beyond _! te5s w\ld c>e to read x ?r\gh1 s unnatural & /ilt$ is its language1 s ?9 its mat]ial & s consci\sly m$iat$ its s5tim5t4 ,nev]!less x has a c]ta9 hi/orical importance1 = two reasons--7#a7 because x m>ks t p]iod 9 ,longfell['s c>e] :51 ?\gh he _h left nature1 he _h n yet f\nd art1 & 7#b7 because x op5$ ! sluices ?r\gh :i* ! flood ( ,g]man s5tim5tal poetry fl[$ into ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! ,voices ( ! ,night conta9s "s ( 8 be/ m9or poems1 e4g4 ,! ,psalm ( ,life & ,foot/eps ( ,angels4 ,9 #ahdb ,longfell[ publi%$ a small volume ( ,ballads & o!r ,poems1 conta9+ "s ( 8 mo/ popul> pieces1 e4g4 ,! ,skeleton 9 ,arm\r1 ,! ,wreck ( ! ,hesp]us1 ,! ,village ,blacksmi?1 ,to a ,*ild1 ,! ,bridge1 ,excelsior4 ,9 ! same ye> he paid a ?ird brief visit to ,europe1 sp5d+ ! summ] on ! ,rh9e4 ,dur+ 8 return-passage across ! ,atlantic he wrote 8 ,poems on ,slav]y 7#ahdb71 ) a d$ication to ,*ann+4 ,^! poems w5t f> to wake 9 ! y\? ( ,new ,engl& a s5se ( ! great national wrong1 & to prep>e !m = t bitt] /ruggle 9 :i* x 0 wip$ out at ! exp5se ( ! lives ( s _m ( !m4 ,9 #ahdc he m>ri$ aga91 8 wife be+ ,miss ,frances ,elizabe? ,appleton ( ,bo/on1 a daught] ( ,hon4 ,na?an ,appleton1 "o ( ! f\nd]s ( ,l[ell1 & a si/] ( ,?omas ,g4 ,appleton1 himself no mean poet4 ,ab\t ! same "t he b\ght1 & fix$ 8 resid5ce 91 ! ,craigie ,h\se1 :]e he _h =m]ly only be5 a lodg]1 an old revolution>y h\se1 built ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! #ah? c5tury1 & occupi$ by ,g5]al ,wa%+ton 9 #aggf4 ,?is qua9t old wood5 h\se1 9 ! mid/ ( a l>ge g>d5 full ( spl5did elms1 cont9u$ to be 8 *ief resid5ce till ! day ( 8 dea?4 ,( ! lectures on ,dante :i* he deliv]$ ab\t ?is "t1 ,james ,russell ,l[ell says3 ,^! lectures1 illu/rat$ by admirable translations1 are rememb]$ ) grateful pleasure by _m :o 7 ?us l$ to le>n ! full significance ( ! great ,*ri/ian poet4 ,inde$1 z a pr(essor1 ,longfell[ 0 em95tly successful4 ,%ortly aft] ! ,poems on ,slav]y1 !re appe>$ 9 #ahdc a m ambiti\s "w1 ,! ,spani% ,/ud5t1 a ,play 9 ,?ree ,acts1 a k9d ( s5tim5tal ,morality1 )\t any special m]it b good int5tion4 ,if publi%$ n[adays x w\ld h>dly attract notice2 b 9 ^? gu%+1 emotion-crav+ times x _h consid]able popul>ity1 & help$ to increase ! poet's n[ rapidly wid5+ fame4 ,a huge collection ( translations ( =eign poetry edit$ by him1 & entitl$ ,! ,poets & ,poetry ( ,europe1 appe>$ 9 #ahde1 &1 9 #ahdf1 a few m9or poems--songs & sonnets--"u ! title ,! ,belfry ( ,bruges4 ,9 #ahdg he publi%$ at ,bo/on ! greate/ ( all 8 works1 ,evangel9e1 a ,tale ( ,acadie4 ,x 01 9 "s degree1 an imitation ( ,goe!'s ,h]mann & ,doro!a1 & its plot1 :i* 0 d]iv$ f ,haw?orne's ,am]ican ,note-,books1 is ev5 simpl] ?an t ( ! ,g]man poem1 n to say mu* m t\*+4 ,at ! viol5t removal by ! ,briti% gov]nm5t ( a colony ( ,fr5* settl]s f ,acadie 7,nova ,scotia7 9 #agee1 a "y c\ple1 on ! v day ( _! w$d+1 7 sep>at$ & c>ri$ 9 diff]5t directions1 s t !y lo/ all trace ( ea* o!r4 ,! poem describes ! w&]+s ( ! bride 9 se>* ( h] lov]1 & h] f9al discov]y ( him z an old man on 8 dea?-b$1 9 a public hospital :i* %e _h ent]$ z a nurse4 ,slight z ! /ory is1 x is work$ out into "o ( ! mo/ affect+ poems 9 ! language1 & gives to lit]ature "o ( its mo/ p]fect types ( womanhood & ( affection t hopes & endures & is pati5t4 ,?\gh writt5 9 a metre deem$ =eign to ,engli% e>s1 ! poem imm$iately atta9$ a wide popul>ity1 :i* x has nev] lo/1 & secur$ to ! dactylic hexamet] a recogniz$ place among ,engli% metres4 ,9 #ahdi ,longfell[ publi%$ a novel ( no great m]it1 ,kavanagh1 & also a volume ( poems entitl$ ,! ,seaside & ! ,fireside1 a title :i* has ref]5ce to 8 two homes1 ! seaside "o on ! *>m+ p59sula ( ,nahant1 ! fireside "o 9 ,cambridge4 ,"o ( ! poems 9 ?is collection1 ,resignation1 has tak5 a p]man5t place 9 lit]ature2 ano!r1 ,hymn = my ,bro!r's ,ord9ation1 %[s pla9ly ! nature ( ! poet's ,*ri/ianity4 ,8 bro!r1 ! ,rev4 ,samuel ,longfell[1 0 a m9i/] ( ! ,unit>ian ,*ur*4 ,longfell['s g5ius1 9 its *oice ( subjects1 always oscillat$ betwe5 ,am]ica & ,europe1 betwe5 ! colonial p]iod ( ,am]ican hi/ory & ! ,middle & ,romantic ,ages ( ,european feel+4 ,:5 tir$ ( ! broad daylight ( ,am]ican activity1 he s\ght refuge & re/ 9 ! dim twilight ( m$ieval leg5d & ,g]man s5tim5t4 ,9 #ahea appe>$ ,! ,gold5 ,leg5d1 a long lyric drama bas$ ^u ,h>tmann von ,aue's beautiful /ory ( self-sacrifice1 ,d] arme ,he9ri*4 ,next to ,evangel9e1 ?is is at once ! be/ & ! mo/ popul> ( ! poet's long] works1 & conta9s _m passages ( great beauty4 ,br++ 8 imag9ation back to ,am]ica1 he next appli$ himself to ! elaboration ( an ,indian leg5d4 ,9 #ahed he resign$ 8 pr(essor%ip4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye> he gave to ! _w ! ,indian ,edda1 ,! ,song ( ,hiawa?a1 a consci\s imitation1 bo? 9 subject & metre1 ( ! ,f9ni% epic1 ! ,kalevala1 ) :i* he _h become acqua9t$ dur+ 8 second visit to ,europe4 ,! metre is monoton\s & easily ridicul$1 b x suits ! subject1 & ! poem is v popul>4 ,9 #aheh appe>$ ,! ,c\rt%ip ( ,miles ,/&i%1 bas$ on a *>m+ incid5t 9 ! e>ly hi/ory ( ! ,plym\? colony1 &1 along ) x1 a numb] ( m9or poems1 includ$ "u ! mode/ title1 ,birds ( ,passage4 ,"o ( ^! is ,my ,lo/ ,y\?4 ,two ev5ts n[ occurr$ :i* s]v$ to ca/ a gloom ov] ! poet's life & to int]rupt 8 activity1--! outbreak ( ! ,civil w>1 & ! tragic fate ( 8 wife1 :o1 hav+ accid5tally all[$ h] dress to cat* fire1 0 burnt to dea? 9 h] own h\se 9 #ahfa4 ,x 0 long be=e he recov]$ f ! %ock caus$ by ?is t]rible ev5t1 & 9 8 subsequ5t publi%$ poems he nev] v5tur$ ev5 to allude to x4 ,:5 he did 9 "s measure f9d himself aga91 he gave to ! _w 8 *>m+ ,tales ( a ,wayside ,inn 7#ahfc71 & 9 #ahfe 8 ,h\sehold ,poems4 ,among ! latt] is a poem entitl$ ,! ,*ildr5's ,h\r1 :i* af=ds a glance into ! home life ( ! wid[$ poet1 :o _h be5 left ) five *ildr5--two sons1 ,erne/ & ,*>les1 & ?ree daught]s1 ,grave ,alice1 & laugh+ ,allegra1 ,& ,edi? ) gold5 hair4 ,a small volume entitl$ ,fl[] de ,luce 7#ahfg7 conta9s1 among o!r f9e ?+s1 ! beautiful ?r5os on ! burial ( ,haw?orne1 & ,! ,bells ( ,lynn4 ,once m ! poet s\ght refuge 9 m$ieval life by complet+ 8 translation ( ! ,div9a ,comm$ia1 p>ts ( :i* he _h r5d]$ into ,engli% z mu* z ?irty ye>s be=e4 ,?is "w appe>$ 9 #ahfg1 & gave a great impulse to ! /udy ( ,dante 9 ,am]ica4 ,x is a ma/]piece ( lit]al translation4 ,next came ! ,new ,engl& ,trag$ies 7#ahfh7 & ,! ,div9e ,trag$y 7#ahga71 :i* f\nd no l>ge public4 ,9 #ahfh-ahfi ! poet visit$ ,europe1 & 0 ev]y:]e receiv$ ) ! greate/ hon\r4 ,9 #ahgb appe>$ ,?ree ,books ( ,song1 conta9+ translat$ z well z orig9al pieces1 9 #ahgc ,aft]ma? & 9 #ahge ,! ,mask ( ,p&ora1 & o!r ,poems4 ,among ^! o!r poems 7 ,! ,hang+ ( ! ,crane1 ,morituri ,salutamus & ,a ,book ( ,sonnets4 ,! ,mask ( ,p&ora is a pro( ( t gr[+ appreciation ( pagan naturalism :i* m>k$ ! poet's lat] ye>s4 ,?\gh n a great poem1 x is full ( beautiful passages1 _m ( :i* po9t to ! riddle ( life z yet unsolv$1 a conviction :i* grew ev] m & m ^u ! poet1 z ! ebulli5cy ( romanticism gave way to ! calm ( classic feel+4 ,9 ! ,book ( ,sonnets are "s ( ! f9e/ ?+s he ev] wrote1 especially ! five sonnets entitl$ ,?ree ,fri5ds ( ,m9e4 ,^! ?ree fri5ds 7 ,cornelius ,felton1 ,l\is ,agassiz & ,*>les ,sumn]1 :om he calls ,! noble ?ree1 ,:o half my life 7 m ?an fri5ds to me4 ,! loss ( ,agassiz 0 a bl[ f :i* he nev] entirely recov]$2 &1 :5 ,sumn] also left him1 he wrote3-- ,?\ ha/ b tak5 ?y lamp & gone to b$2 ,i /ay a little long]1 z "o /ays ,to cov] up ! emb]s t /ill burn4 ,he did /ay a little long]2 b ! emb]s t /ill burnt 9 him refus$ to be cov]$ up4 ,he w\ld fa9 h ceas$ writ+1 & us$ to say1 ,x's a great ?+ to "k :5 to /op2 b he c\ld n /op1 & did n /op1 till ! la/4 ,he cont9u$ to publi% f "t to "t1 9 ! magaz9es1 poems :i* %[$ a cle>ness ( vision & a p]fection ( workman%ip su* z he nev] _h equall$ at any p]iod ( 8 life4 ,inde$ x may be said t 8 f9e/ poems 7 8 la/4 ,( ^! a small collection appe>$ "u ! title ( ,k]amos1 & o!r ,poems 7#ahgh74 ,besides ^!1 9 ! ye>s #ahge-ahgh he edit$ a collection ( ,poems ( ,places 9 ?irty-"o small volumes4 ,9 #ahhj appe>$ ,ultima ,?ule1 meant to be 8 la/ "w1 & x 0 ne>ly s4 ,9 ,octob] #ahha he wrote a t\*+ sonnet on ! dea? ( ,presid5t ,g>field1 & 9 ,janu>y #ahhb1 :5 ! h& ( dea? 0 already ^u him1 8 poem1 ,h]mes ,trismegi/us1 9 :i* he gives utt]ance1 9 language z ri* z t ( ! e>ly gods1 to t /range feel+ ( awe )\t fe>1 & hope )\t =m1 ) :i* e man ( spotless life & upright intellect )draws f ! ph5om5a ( "t to ! realities ( et]nity4 ,9 ! la/ ye>s ( 8 life he suff]$ a great deal f rheumatism1 & 01 z he sometimes *e]fully said1 nev] free f pa94 ,/ill he rema9$ z sunny & g5ial z ev]1 look+ f 8 ,cambridge /udy w9d[s across ! ,brighton mead[s to ! ,brookl9e hills1 or enjoy+ ! free wild w9ds ( ! ,atlantic1 & li/5+ to ,! ,bells ( ,lynn 9 8 ,nahant home4 ,he /ill cont9u$ to receive all visitors1 & to take occasional runs up to ,ca/9e & ,portl&1 ! homes ( 8 family4 ,ab\t ! beg9n+ ( #ahhb1 h[ev]1 a s]i\s *ange took place 9 8 condition4 ,dizz9ess & want ( /r5g? conf9$ him to 8 room = "s "t1 &1 al?\gh aft] "s weeks he p>tially recov]$1 8 ela/icity & p[]s 7 gone4 ,on ! #ai? ( ,m>* he 0 seiz$ ) :at prov$ to be p]itonitis1 & he di$ on ! #bd?4 ,! poet 0 buri$ two days aft]w>ds ne> 8 ?ree fri5ds 9 ,m\nt ,auburn cemet]y4 ,! regret = 8 loss 0 univ]sal2 = no mod]n man 0 ev] bett] lov$ or bett] des]v$ to be lov$4 ,longfell[ 0 made an ,,ll4,d4 ( ,b[do9 ,college 9 #ahbh1 at ! age ( tw5ty-"o1 ( ,h>v>d 9 #ahei & ( ,cambridge 7,engl&7 9 #ahfh1 & ,d4,c4,l4 ( ,ox=d 9 #ahfi4 ,9 #ahgc he 0 elect$ a memb] ( ! ,russian ,academy ( ,sci5ce1 & 9 #ahgg ( ! ,spani% ,academy4 ,9 p]son1 ,longfell[ 0 r bel[ middle height1 broad %\ld]$ & well built4 ,8 head & face 7 extremely h&some1 8 =ehead broad & high1 8 eyes full ( cle>1 w>m+ fire1 8 nose /raight & graceful1 8 *9 & lips ri* & full ( feel+ z ^? ( ! ,praxitelean ,h]mes1 & 8 voice l[1 melodi\s & full ( t5d] cad5ces4 ,8 hair1 orig9ally d>k1 became1 9 8 lat] ye>s1 silv]y :ite1 & its wavy locks comb9$ ) ^? ( 8 fl[+ be>d to give him t leon9e appe>ance s famili> ?r\gh 8 lat] portraits4 ,*>les ,k+sley said ( ,longfell['s face t x 0 ! mo/ beautiful human face he _h ev] se54 ,a bu/ to 8 memory 0 erect$ 9 ! ,poet's ,corn] 9 ,we/m9/] ,abbey 9 #ahhd4 ,9 ,longfell[1 ! poet 0 ! fl[] & fruit ( ! man4 ,8 nature 0 ess5tially poetic1 & 8 life ! greate/ ( 8 poems4 ,^? :o knew only ! poems he wrote c\ld =m b a fa9t notion ( ! h>mony1 ! sweetness1 ! manl9ess & ! t5d]ness ( t :i* he liv$4 ,:at he w\ld h be5 z a poet1 if1 in/ead ( visit+ ,europe 9 e>ly life & dr9k+ 9 ! _s ( ! middle ages "u ! %ad[s ( ca!dral t[]s1 he _h1 l ,:itti]1 gr[n old amid ,am]ican sc5]y & life1 we c only guess f 8 e>li] poems1 :i* are z naturali/ic1 fre% & unmy/ical z c\ld be desir$2 b c]ta9 x is t1 f 8 long famili>ity ) ! m$ieval view ( nature1 & its semi-pagan (fspr+1 ! romantic view1 he 0 br\ght1 = ! great] "p ( 8 life1 to look ^u ! _w ( m5 & ?+s ei!r z ! middle sc5e ( a miracle play1 ) a heav5 ( rew>d+ happ9ess above & a purgatory ( purify+ pa9 bel[1 or else z a g>m5t conceal+1 :ile x reveal$1 spiritual =ms ( unfa?om$ my/]y4 ,dur+ ?is "t he c\ld he> ! trail+ g>m5ts ( ! night sweep ?r\gh h] m>ble halls1 & see ! />s come out to li/5 to ! music ( ! seas4 ,lat] on1 z he approa*$ 8 second y\? 7he 0 sp>$ a second *ildhood71 he t5d$ to a m pagan view4 ,ab\t ! "t :5 he 0 writ+ ,! ,mask ( ,p&ora1 he c\ld see 9 ! sunset ,jason's fleece ( gold1 & he> ! waves ( ! di/ract$ sea pite\sly call+ & lam5t+ 8 lo/ fri5d4 ,b ?r\gh all ! p]iods ( 8 life 8 view ( ! _w 0 ess5tially religi\s & subjective1 &1 consequ5tly1 8 mann] ( deal+ ) x hymnal or lyric4 ,?is fact1 ev5 m ?an 8 m]its z an arti/1 s]ves to acc\nt = 8 imm5se popul>ity4 ,too well-in=m$1 too appreciative & too mode/ to deem himself ! pe] ( ! gr& old ma/]s1 or "o ( ^? f> />s t come 9 sight once 9 a c5tury1 he made x 8 aim to write some?+ t %\ld make a pur] fai? & manhood %9e 9 ! untutor$ he>t1 & to d ?is 9 ! way t %\ld be/ rea* t he>t4 ,?is aim det]m9$ at once 8 *oice ( subjects & 8 mode ( treat+ !m4 ,! subjects ( ,longfell['s poetry are1 = ! mo/ "p1 aspects ( nature z influ5c+ human feel+1 ei!r directly or ?r\gh hi/orical association1 ! t5d] or pa!tic sides & incid5ts ( life1 or h]oic de$s pres]v$ 9 leg5d or hi/ory4 ,he _h a special fondness = records ( human devotion & self-sacrifice1 :e!r !y 7 monki% leg5ds1 ,indian tales1 ,norse drpas or bits ( ,am]ican hi/ory4 ,8 mode ( treatm5t is subjective & lyric4 ,no matt] :at =m 8 works assume1 :e!r ! epic1 z 9 ,evangel9e1 ,! ,c\rt%ip ( ,miles ,/&i% & ,hiawa?a1 ! dramatic1 z 9 ,! ,spani% ,/ud5t1 ,! ,gold5 ,leg5d & ,! ,mask ( ,p&ora1 or ! didactic1 z 9 ,! ,psalm ( ,life & _m ( ! m9or poems2 !y are all subjective4 ,?is is n ! highe/ praise t c be giv5 to works ( art2 b x implies less dispraise 9 ,longfell['s case ?an 9 almo/ any o!r1 by reason ( 8 noble subjectivity4 ,if we look 9 ,longfell['s poetry = orig9ality ( ?\ght1 pr(\nd psy*ological analysis or new insights into nature1 we %all be disappo9t$4 ,?\gh v f> f be+ hamp]$ by any dogmatic philosophical or religi\s sy/em ( ! pa/1 8 m9d1 until ne> ! end1 f\nd suffici5t satisfaction 9 ! ,*ri/ian view ( life to make x indiff]5t to ! re/less1 inquir+ _s ( ! pres5t1 & dis9cl9$ to play ) any m rec5t solution ( life's problems4 ,he _h no sympa?y ) ei!r scepticism or =mal dogmatism1 & no ne$ to haz>d ra% guesses respect+ man's de/9y4 ,he dislik$ ! psy*ological s*ool ( art1 believ+ x to be ess5tially morbid & unheal?y4 ,he _h no sympa?y ) ! t5d5cy repres5t$ by ,george ,eliot1 or ) any attempt to be analytic 9 art4 ,he held art to be ess5tially syn!tic1 creative & manife/+1 n analytic1 de/ructive or que/ion+4 ,h5ce he nev] /rove to draw f nature "s new secret1 or to %[ 9 h] relations nev] discov]$ be=e4 ,8 aim 0 to impress ^u h] famili> facts & aspects ! seal ( 8 own graci\s nature4 ,a man 9 intellect & c\rage1 yet )\t conceit or bravado2 a woman 9 s5sibility & t5d]ness1 yet )\t %r9k+ or weakness2 a sa9t 9 purity ( life & devotion ( he>t1 yet )\t asceticism or religiosity2 a knight-errant 9 hatr$ ( wrong & contempt ( bas5ess1 yet )\t self-righte\sness or cynicism2 a pr9ce 9 dignity & c\rtesy1 yet )\t =mality or condesc5sion2 a poet 9 ?\ght & feel+1 yet )\t jeal\sy or affectation2 a s*ol> 9 ta/es & habits1 yet )\t alo(ness or booki%ness2 a dutiful son1 a lov+ husb&1 a judici\s fa!r1 a tru/y fri5d1 a useful citiz5 & an en?usia/ic patriot1--he unit$ 9 8 /rong1 transp>5t humanity almo/ e virtue "u heav54 ,a ?or\ghly heal?y1 well-balanc$1 h>moni\s nature1 accept+ life z x came1 ) all its joys & sorr[s1 & liv+ x beautifully & hopefully1 )\t cank] & )\t un*>ity4 ,no man ev] liv$ m completely 9 ! light ?an ,h5ry ,wadswor? ,longfell[4 ,p]haps ! mo/ rem>kable traits 9 ,longfell['s "* 7 8 accessibility & 8 *>ity4 ,?\gh a great work]1 he seem$ always to h "t = any?+ he 0 ask$ to d4 ,he 0 nev] too busy to see a call]1 to answ] a lett]1 or to assi/1 by ^w or de$1 any "o t ne$$ assi/ance4 ,8 c\rtesy to all visitors1 ev5 to /rang]s & *ildr5 :o call$ to look at him1 or :o1 n v5tur+ to call1 hung ab\t 8 g>d5-gate 9 ord] to cat* a glimpse ( him1 0 almo/ a m>vel4 ,he always took x = grant$ t !y _h come to see ,wa%+ton's /udy1 &1 accord+ly1 took ! greate/ int]e/ 9 %[+ !m t4 ,he nev]1 z long z he c\ld write1 0 kn[n to refuse 8 autograph1 & s f> 0 he f try+ to protect himself f intrud]s t he r>ely drew ! bl9ds ( 8 /udy w9d[s at night1 ?\gh t /udy 0 on ! gr\nd floor & fac$ ! /reet4 ,8 acts ( *>ity1 ?\gh p]=m$ 9 secret1 7 nei!r few nor small4 ,( him x may be said ) p]fect tru?1 ,he w5t ab\t do+ good2 & n ) 8 money m]ely1 b also ) 8 pres5ce & 8 enc\ragem5t4 ,to h[ _m sad he>ts did he come l an angel1 ) ! ri* tones ( 8 voice wak+ h>monics ( hope1 :]e be=e !re _h be5 despair & sil5ce8 ,h[ _m "y lit]>y p1 disappo9t$ at ! unsuccess ( _! fir/ attempts1 did he com=t & spur on to r5ew$ & high] ef=ts6 ,h[ c>eful he 0 to qu5* no smok+ flax6 ,h[ utt]ly free he 0 f jeal\sy or rev5gefulness6 ,:ile poor1 morbid ,edg> ,allan ,poe 0 writ+ viol5t & scurril\s articles ^u him1 accus+ him ( plagi>ism & o!r lit]>y misdemean\rs1 he 0 deliv]+ en?usia/ic lectures to 8 classes on ,poe's poetry4 ,8 *>ity 0 unb\nd$4 ,once1 :5 ! pres5t writ] propos$ to ! presid5t ( ! ,h>v>d ,univ]sity ,visit+ ,committee t ,longfell[ %\ld be plac$ on t committee1 ! presid5t repli$3 ,:at w\ld be ! use8 ,longfell[ c\ld nev] be br\ght to f9d fault ) anybody or any?+4 ,& x 0 true4 ,8 :ole life 0 ba!d 9 t sympa?y1 t love :i* suff]s long & envies n1 :i* =gives unto sev5ty times sev5 times1 & z _m m if ne$ be4 ,ev5 9 8 la/ ye>s1 :5 loss ( fri5ds & cont9ual physical pa9 made life some:at cold1 & d>k & dre>y = him1 he nev] compla9$1 lam5t$ or blam$ ! arrangem5ts ( nature1 & ! only way 9 :i* x 0 possible to "k t he suff]$ 0 ?r\gh 8 ev]-increas+ delight 9 ! heal? & /r5g? ( y\ng] m54 ,8 :ole nature 0 summ$ up 9 ! l9es ( 8 fav\rite poet3-- ,luce intellettual1 pi5a d'amore4 ,amor di v]o b51 pi5 di letizia4 ,letizia *e trasc5de ogni dolzore4 ,see 8 ,life 444 ) ,extracts f 8 ,j\rnals & ,correspond5ce1 by ,samuel ,longfell[1 & ! ,riv]side edition ( ! prose & poems 7,bo/on1 #aa vols41 #ahhf-ahij74 ,an enl>g$ edition ( ! ,life 7#c vols41 #ahia7 includ$ ! j\rnals & correspond5ce1 #ahff-ahhb1 publi%$ 9 #ahhg z ,f9al ,memorials 7,bo/on & ,new ,york74 ,also ! volume by ,t4 ,w4 ,higg9son 9 ! ,am]ican ,m5 ( ,lett]s s]ies 7#aijb72 ,e4 ,c4 ,/$man's criticism 9 ,poets ( ,am]ica2 & an article 9 ,w4 ,d4 ,h[ells' ,my ,lit]>y ,fri5ds & ,acqua9tance 7,new ,york1 #aijj7 :i* conta9s a valuable acc\nt ( ,longfell['s lat] life4 7,t4 ,da47 ,,long ,,fives4 ,?is game1 ?\gh play$ 9 a t5nis-c\rt1 be>s b a slight resemblance to t5nis1 b is nev]!less a valuable =m ( prep>atory practice4 ,! game is #h or #aa po9ts1 ea* /roke won c\nt+ "o po9t to ! w9n]4 ,! s]v] gives #c po9ts 9 #h1 or #d po9ts 9 #aa to ! /rik]-out4 ,!re are no *ases4 ,! w9n+ op5+s c\nt z at t5nis4 ,if a ball be /ruck into any o!r gall]y or op5+1 x may be c\nt$1 by arrangem5t1 ei!r z a let 7! re/ be+ annull$7 or aga9/ ! /rik]2 a simil> arrangem5t is made = balls t make any *ase on ! haz>d-side1 or a *ase ( ! la/ gall]y on ! s]vice-side4 ,,long=d1 a c\nty ( ,irel& 9 ! prov9ce ( ,le9/]1 b\nd$ ,n4,w4 by ,leitrim1 ,n4,e4 by ,cavan1 ,e4 & ,s4 by ,we/mea? & ,w4 by ,l\gh ,ree & ,roscommon4 ,) ! exception ( ,c>l[1 ,l\? & ,dubl91 x is ! smalle/ c\nty 9 ,irel&1 ! area be+ #bfi1djh acres1 or ab\t #dba sq4 m4 ,! g5]al level surface is brok5 occasionally by l[ hills1 :i* cov] a consid]able area at its nor!rn angle4 ,! pr9cipal riv]s are ! ,caml91 :i* rises ne> ,gran>d & fl[s pa/ ,long=d to ! ,%annon1 & ! ,inny1 :i* ent]+ ! c\nty f ,we/mea? crosses its s\!rn corn] & falls into ,l\gh ,ree4 ,l\gh ,ree is p>tly includ$ 9 ,long=d1 & ! o!r pr9cipal lakes are ,l\gh ,g[na1 ,d]ryl\gh1 ,l\gh ,drum & ,l\gh ,bann[4 ,! ,silurian axis ( ,newry rea*es ! nor? ( ?is c\nty1 :]e ,l\gh ,g[na lies ^u x4 ,! re/ ( ! c\nty1 b = anticl9als :i* br+ up ,old ,r$ ,s&/one at ,long=d t[n & ,ardagh1 belongs to ! ,c>bonif]\s ,lime/one pla91 9 :i* ,l\gh ,ree =ms a v *>act]i/ic lake1 ) signs ( ext5sion by solution along its %ores4 ,m>ble ( f9e quality has be5 rais$4 ,9 ! nor? indications ( iron are abundant1 & !re are also "s traces ( lead4 ,! climate is some:at moi/ & cold1 & !re is a l>ge ext5t ( m>% & bog4 ,! soil 9 ! s\!rn di/ricts re/+ on ! lime/one is a deep loam well adapt$ = pa/ure1 b 9 ! nor? x is (t5 poor4 ,! proportion ( tillage to pa/ure is r\ghly z #a to #b4 ,oats & potatoes1 9 decreas+ quantities1 are ! pr9cipal crops4 ,! numb]s ( cattle1 %eep1 pigs & p\ltry are well ma9ta9$4 ,! population is almo/ :olly rural1 b ! pr9cipal indu/ry ( agriculture is supplem5t$ by a slight manufacture ( co>se wooll5s & l954 ,! ,midl& ,great ,we/]n l9e f ,mull+> to ,sligo crosses ! c5tre ( ! c\nty by way ( ! c\nty t[n ( ,long=d2 & ! ,cavan bran* t\*es ! extreme ea/4 ,! ,royal ,canal ent]s ! c\nty 9 ! s\? at ,abbey%rule1 & jo9s ! ,%annon ne> ,cloond>a4 ,! population 7#eb1fdg 9 #ahia2 #df1fgb 9 #aija7 decreases s]i\sly1 ow+ to emigration4 ,ab\t #ij ( ! total are ,roman ,ca?olics4 ,! only t[ns ( any importance are ,long=d 7! c\nty t[n1 pop4 #cgdg7 & ,gran>d 7#afbb74 ,! c\nty includes six b>onies4 ,assizes are held at ,long=d1 & qu>t] sessions at ,ballymahon1 ,gran>d & ,long=d4 ,! c\nty is 9 ! ,prote/ant diocese ( ,ardagh1 & ! ,roman ,ca?olic dioceses ( ,ardagh & ,mea?4 ,x is divid$ into two p>liam5t>y divisions1 nor? & s\?1 ea* return+ "o memb]4 ,! e>ly "n ( ,long=d 0 ,annaly or ,anal1 & x 0 a pr9cipality ( ! ,o',f>rels4 ,along ) ! prov9ce ( ,mea?1 9 :i* x 0 !n includ$1 x 0 grant$ by ,h5ry ,,ii4 to ,hugh de ,lacy1 :o plant$ an ,engli% colony4 ,on ! division ( ,mea? into two c\nties 9 #aedc1 ,annaly 0 includ$ 9 ,we/mea?1 b "u a /atute ( #aefi1 = ! %ir+ ( c\ntries n already %ir$1 x 0 made %ire gr\nd "u ! "n ( ,long=d4 ,among antiqu>ian rema9s ! *ief ru9 is ! ra? call$ ! ,moat ( ,gran>d1 at ! end ( ! ma9 /reet ( t t[n4 ,!re are mona/ic rema9s at ,ardagh1 a =m] bi%opric1 ,long=d1 ,moyd[ & on sev]al ( ! isl&s ( ,l\gh ,ree4 ,! pr9cipal old ca/les are ^? ( ,ra?cl9e ne> ,lanesbor\gh1 & ,ballymahon on ! ,inny4 ,! pr9cipal mod]n seats are ^? ( ,c>rickglass on ! ,caml91 & ,ca/le ,=bes1 ! seat ( ! e>ls ( ,gran>d4 ,oliv] ,goldsmi? 0 born at ,pallas1 a village ne> ,ballymahon1 9 ?is c\nty2 & at ,edgewor?/[n ! family ( ,edgewor?1 ( :i* ! fam\s noveli/ ,m>ia ,edgewor? 0 a memb]1 e/abli%$ !mselves 9 ! #af? c5tury4 ,,long=d1 ! c\nty t[n ( ,co4 ,long=d1 ,irel&1 on ! riv] ,caml91 & on a bran* ( ! ,midl& ,great ,we/]n railway1 #ge m4 ,w4,n4,w4 ( ,dubl94 ,pop4 7#aija7 #cgdg4 ,! pr9cipal build+ is ,/ ,mel's ,roman ,ca?olic ca!dral = ! diocese ( ,ardagh1 "o ( ! f9e/ ,roman ,ca?olic *ur*es 9 ,irel&4 ,! t[n has a consid]able trade 9 gra91 butt] & bacon4 ,!re are corn-mills1 a spool factory & tann]ies4 ,long=d is gov]n$ by an urban di/rict c\ncil4 ,! anci5t "n ( ! t[n 0 ,a?fada1 & "h a mona/]y is said to h be5 f\nd$ by ,/ ,idus1 a disciple ( ,/ ,patrick4 ,! t[n obta9$ a fair & m>ket f ,james ,i4 & a *>t] ( incorporation f ,*>les ,,ii41 z well z ! "r to return two memb]s to p>liam5t4 ,x 0 disfran*is$ at ! ,union 9 #ahjj4 ,,longhi1 ,,pietro 7#agjb-agfb71 ,v5etian pa9t]1 0 born 9 ,v5ice4 ,he 0 a pupil ( ,antonio ,pale/ra & ,giuseppe ,m>ia ,crespi at ,bologna1 & devot$ himself to ! pa9t+ ( ! elegance ( ! social life 9 #ah?-c5tury ,v5ice4 ,! republic 0 dy+ fa/1 b h] sons1 ev5 9 ?is p]iod ( political decl9e1 reta9$ _! love ( pageants & c]emonies & ( extravagant spl5d\r 9 attire4 ,! art ( ,v5ice 0 vani%+ l h] political p[]2 & ! only pa9t]s :o attempt$ to /em ! tide ( arti/ic decad5ce 7 ! ,canaletti1 ,gu>di1 ,tiepolo & ,longhi4 ,b :il/ ! ,canaletti & ,gu>di dwelt ^u ! ar*itectural glories ( ,v5ice1 & ,tiepolo appli$ himself to decorative s*emes 9 :i* he cont9u$ ! tradition ( ,paolo ,v]onese & ,t9toretto1 ,longhi became ! *ronicl] ( ! life ( 8 compatriots4 ,9 a way 8 art may be set beside ,hog>?'s1 ?\gh ! ,v5etian did n play ! "p ( a satirical morali/4 ,he has aptly be5 call$ ! ,goldoni ( pa9t+4 ,8 sph]e is t ( light social com$y--! life at ! caf1 ! hairdress]'s1 at ! danc+-s*ool1 at ! dressmak]'s4 ,! tragic1 or ev5 ! s]i\s1 note is h>dly s\nd$ 9 8 "w1 :i*1 9 its col\r1 is g5]ally di/+ui%$ by a ri* mell[ quality ( tone4 ,mo/ ( 8 pa9t+s are 9 ! public & private collections ( ,v5ice4 ,!y are g5]ally on a small scale1 b ! /aircase ( ! ,palazzo ,grassi 9 ,v5ice is decorat$ by him ) sev5 frescoes1 repres5t+ sc5es ( fa%ionable life4 ,at ! ,v5ice academy are a numb] ( 8 g5re pictures & a portrait ( ! ar*itect ,temanza2 at ! ,palazzo ,quir9i-,/ampalia ! portrait ( ,daniele ,dolf9o1 ,! ,sev5 ,sacram5ts 7et*$ by ,pitt]i71 a ,temptation ( ,/ ,an?ony1 a ,circus1 a ,gambl+ ,sc5e1 & sev]al o!r g5re pictures & portraits2 at ! ,museo ,corr] a doz5 sc5es ( ,v5etian life & a portrait ( ,goldoni4 ,9 ,engl& ! ,national ,gall]y owns ,! ,exhibition ( a ,rh9oc]os 9 an ,ar5a1 a ,dome/ic ,gr\p1 ,! ,=tune-,tell]1 & ! portrait ( ! ,*evali] ,&rea ,tron2 two g5re pictures are at ,hampton ,c\rt ,palace1 & o!rs 9 ! ,ri*t] & ,mond collections4 ,_m ( 8 works h be5 engrav$ by ,aless&ro ,longhi1 ,b>tolozzi1 ,catt9i1 ,faldoni & o!rs4 ,longhi di$ 9 ,v5ice 9 #agfb4 ,,long9us1 ,,cassius 7c4 ,a4,d4 #bac-bgc71 ,greek rhetorician & philosophical critic1 surnam$ ,,philologus4 ,! orig9 ( 8 g5tile "n ,cassius is unkn[n2 x c only be conjectur$ t he adopt$ x f a ,roman patron4 ,he 0 p]haps a native ( ,emesa 7,homs7 9 ,syria1 ! bir?place ( 8 uncle ,fronto ! rhetorician4 ,he /udi$ at ,alex&ria "u ,orig5 ! hea!n1 & taught = ?irty ye>s at ,a!ns1 "o ( 8 pupils be+ ! ,neoplatoni/ ,porphyry4 ,long9us did n embrace ! new speculations !n be+ develop$ by ,plot9us1 b cont9u$ a ,platoni/ ( ! old type4 ,he upheld1 9 opposition to ,plot9us1 ! doctr9e t ! ,platonic ideas exi/$ outside ! div9e ,greek3 ,n\s 7hoti ex t\ n\ hyphe/ke ta nota3 see ,f4 b]weg1 ,grundriss d] ,ges*i*te d] ,philosophie1 #i? ed41 #aijc1 i4 #gb74 ,plot9us1 aft] read+ 8 treatise ,greek3 ,p]i ar*n 7,on ,fir/ ,pr9ciples71 rem>k$ t ,long9us might be a s*ol> 7,greek3 philologos71 b t he 0 no philosoph] 7,greek3 philosophos74 ,! reputation :i* ,long9us acquir$ by 8 le>n+ 0 imm5se2 he is describ$ by ,porphyry z ! fir/ ( critics1 & by ,eunapius z a liv+ libr>y & a walk+ museum or encyclopa$ia4 ,dur+ a visit to ! ,ea/ he became tea*] 9 ,greek1 & subsequ5tly *ief c\nsellor 9 /ate affairs1 to ,z5obia1 que5 ( ,palmyra4 ,x 0 by 8 advice t %e endeav\r$ to rega9 h] indep5d5ce2 ,aurelian1 h[ev]1 cru%$ ! attempt1 & :ile ,z5obia 0 l$ captive to ,rome to grace ,aurelian's triumph1 ,long9us paid ! =feit ( 8 life4 ,long9us 0 ! au?or ( a l>ge numb] ( works1 ne>ly all ( :i* h p]i%$4 ,among ^? m5tion$ by ,sudas are ,quae/iones ,hom]icae1 ,an ,hom]us fu]it philosophus1 ,problemata ,hom]i et solutiones1 ,atticorum vocabulorum editiones duae2 ! mo/ important ( 8 philological works1 ,greek3 philologoi homiliai 7,philological ,disc\rses7 consi/+ ( at lea/ #ba books1 is omitt$4 ,a consid]able fragm5t ( ! ,greek3 ,p]i tel\s 7,de f9ibus1 ,on ! ,*ief ,end7 is pres]v$ 9 ! ,life ( ,plot9us by ,porphyry 7 #bj74 ,"u 8 "n !re are also extant ,prolegom5a to ! ,en*eiridion ( ,hephae/ion on metre 7pr9t$ 9 ,r4 ,we/phal1 ,scriptores ,metrici ,graeci1 i4 #ahff7 & ! fragm5t ( a treatise on rhetoric 7,l4 ,sp5gel1 ,rhetores ,graeci1 i4 pp4 #bii-cbj71 ins]t$ 9 ! middle ( a simil> treatise by ,aps9es4 ,x gives brief practical h9ts on inv5tion1 arrangem5t1 /yle1 memory & o!r ?+s useful to ! /ud5t4 ,"s important exc]pts ,greek3 ek tn ,logg9\ 7,sp5gel1 i4 #cbe-cbh7 may possibly be f ! ,greek3 philologoi homiliai4 ,x is z ! reput$ au?or ( ! well-kn[n & rem>kable "w ,greek3 ,p]i hyps\s 7g5]ally1 b inadequately1 r5d]$ ,on ! ,sublime7 t ,long9us is be/ kn[n4 ,mod]n s*ol>s1 h[ev]1 ) few exceptions1 are agre$ t x _c ) any c]ta9ty be ascrib$ to him1 & t ! "q ( au?or%ip _c be det]m9$ 7see ,introduction to ,rob]ts's edition74 ,! foll[+ are ! *ief argum5ts aga9/ ,long9us4 7#a7 ,! treatise is n m5tion$ by any classical au?or1 nor 9 any li/s ( ! works attribut$ to him4 7#b7 ,! evid5ce ( ! ,,mss4 %[s t d\bts exi/$ ev5 9 e>ly times4 ,9 ! mo/ important 7,no4 #bjcf 9 ! ,p>is ,libr>y1 #aj? c5tury7 ! head+ is ,greek3 ,dionysi\ ,logg9\1 ?us giv+ an alt]native au?or ,dionysius2 9 ! ,laur5tian ,,ms4 at ,flor5ce ! title has ,greek3 annym\1 imply+ t ! au?or 0 unkn[n4 ,! ascription 9 ! ,p>is ,,ms4 l$ to ! addition ( ,dionysius to ! "n ( ! reput$ au?or--,dionysius ,cassius ,long9us1 acc\nt$ = by ! supposition t 8 e>ly "n 0 ,dionysius1 ,cassius ,long9us be+ subsequ5tly adopt$ f a ,roman patron ^: cli5t he _h be54 7#c7 ,! abs5ce ( any ref]5ce to ! fam\s writ]s on rhetoric ( ! age ( ! ,anton9es1 su* z ,h]mog5es & ,alex&] son ( ,num5ius4 7#d7 ,! op5+ s5t5ces %[ t ! ,greek3 ,p]i hyps\s 0 writt5 ) a view ( correct+ ! faults ( /yle & me?od 9 a treatise by ,caecilius 7q4v47 ( ,calacte on ! same subject4 ,z ,caecilius fl\ri%$ dur+ ! reign ( ,augu/us1 x is h>dly likely t 8 "w w\ld h be5 select$ = purposes ( criticism 9 ! #crd c5tury4 7#e7 ,g5]al consid]ations ( /yle & language & ( ! po9t ( view f :i* ! "w is writt54 ,9 fav\r ( ,long9us3 7#a7 ,! traditional ascription1 :i* held its gr\nd un*all5g$ till ! beg9n+ ( ! #ah? c5tury4 7#b7 ,! philosophical col\r+ ( ! fir/ *apt] & ! num]\s quotations f ,plato are 9 accordance ) :at is kn[n ( 8 philosophical op9ions4 7#c7 ,! treatise is ! k9d ( "w to be expect$ f "o :o 0 /yl$ ! fir/ ( critics4 7#d7 ,! ,ammonius ref]r$ to 7xiii4 #c7 is suppos$ to be ,ammonius ,saccas 7c4 #age-bdb71 b x appe>s f ! ,v5etian s*olia to ! ,iliad t !re 0 an e>li] ,ammonius 7fl4 c4 #adj ,b4,c471 a pupil & successor ( ,ari/>*us at ,alex&ria1 :o1 judg+ f ! context1 is no d\bt ! writ] 9 "q4 ,! ref]5ce is !re=e an argum5t aga9/ ,long9us4 ,! "w is d$icat$ to a c]ta9 ,t]5tianus1 ( :om no?+ is kn[n 7see ,rob]ts's edition1 p4 #ah74 ,! alt]native au?or ,dionysius ( ! ,,mss4 has be5 v>i\sly id5tifi$ ) ! rhetorician & hi/orian ,dionysius ( ,halic>nassus1 ! ,attici/ ,aelius ,dionysius ( ,halic>nassus1 ,dionysius ,atticus ( ,p]gamum1 ,dionysius ( ,miletus4 ,o!r sugge/$ claimants to ! au?or%ip are ,plut>* 7,l4 ,vau*] 9 tudes critiques sur le trait du sublime 7,g5eva1 #ahed7 & ,aelius ,!on ( ,alex&ria 7,w4 ,*ri/71 ! au?or ( a "w on ! ,arrangem5t ( ,spee*4 ,b x seems mo/ probable t ! au?or 0 an unkn[n writ] :o fl\ri%$ 9 ! #a/ c5tury soon aft] ,caecilius & be=e ,h]mog5es4 ,wilam[itz-,mll5dorff gives 8 date z ab\t ,a4,d4 #dj4 ,! r5d]+ ,on ! ,sublime implies m ?an is int5d$ by ! ,greek ,greek3 ,p]i hyps\s 7impressiv5ess 9 /yle1 ,jebb74 ,no?+ abnormal1 su* z is associat$ ) ! ^w sublime1 is ! subject ( discussion2 x is r a treatise on /yle4 ,accord+ to ! au?or's own def9itions1 ,sublimity is a c]ta9 di/9ction & excell5ce 9 expression1 sublimity consi/s 9 elevation1 sublimity is ! e*o 7or expression7 ( a great s\l 7see note 9 ,rob]ts74 ,! treatise is especially valuable = ! num]\s quotations f classical au?ors1 above all1 = ! pres]vation ( ! fam\s fragm5t ( ,sappho1 ! ode to ,anactoria1 beg9n+ ,greek3 pha9etai moi knos isos !ois91 imitat$ by ,catullus 7li47 ,ad ,lesbiam1 ,ille mi p> esse deo videtur4 ,its ma9 object is to po9t out ! ess5tial elem5ts ( an impressive /yle :i*1 avoid+ all tumidity1 pu]ility1 affectation & bad ta/e1 f9ds its inspiration 9 gr&eur ( ?\ght & int5sity ( feel+1 & its expression 9 nobility ( diction & 9 skilfully ord]$ composition 7,s&ys74 ,a full bibliography ( ! subject w be f\nd 9 ! edition by ,w4 ,r4 ,rob]ts 7,cambridge1 #bnd ed41 #aijg71 conta9+ an ,introduction1 ,analysis1 ,translation & ,app5dices 7textual1 l+ui/ic1 lit]>y & bibliographical71 to :i* may be add$ ,f4 ,m>x1 ,wi5] ,/udi51 xx4 7#ahih71 & ,f4 ,kaibel1 ,h]mes1 xxxiv4 7#ahii71 :o respectively advocate & reject ! claims ( ,long9us to ! au?or%ip2 ,j4 ,e4 ,s&ys1 ,hi/ory ( ,classical ,s*ol>%ip 7#bnd ed41 #aijf71 pp4 #bhh1 #cch1 %\ld also be consult$4 ,! numb] ( translations 9 all ! languages ( ,europe is l>ge1 includ+ ! fam\s "o by ,boileau1 :i* made ! "w a fav\rite text-book ( ! bellelettri/ic critics ( ! #ah? c5tury4 ,a text & translation 0 publi%$ by ,a4 ,o4 ,prick>d 7#aijg-aijh74 ,,long ,,isl&1 an isl&1 #aah m4 long & #ab to #bc m4 wide1 ) its axis ,e4,n4,e4 & ,w4,s4,w41 r\ghly p>allel ) ! ,s4 %ore ( ,connecticut1 ,u4,s4,a41 f :i* x is sep>at$ by ,long ,isl& ,s\nd 7#aae m4 long & #bj-be m4 wide7 & ly+ ,s4,e4 ( ! ma9l& ( ,new ,york /ate1 ( :i* x is a "p1 & imm$iately ,e4 ( ,manhattan ,isl&4 ,area1 #afhb sq4 m4 ,! ea/ end is divid$ into two n>r[ p59sulas 7! nor!rn culm9at+ 9 ,ori5t ,po9t ab\t #be m4 long1 ! s\!rn end+ 9 ,montauk ,po9t1 ! ea/]n extremity ( ! isl&1 ab\t #dj m4 long7 by ! ?ree bays1 ,great ,peconic1 ,little ,peconic 79 :i* lies ,%elt] ,isl&7 & ,g>d9]s 79 :i* lies ,g>d9]s ,isl&74 ,! ,n4 %ore is brok5 9 its we/]n half by ! fjords ( ,flu%+ ,bay1 ,little ,neck ,bay1 ,manhasset ,bay1 ,cold ,spr+ ,h>bor2 ,hunt+ton ,bay 7ne>ly l&lock$71 ,smi?t[n ,bay & ,port ,jeff]son ,h>bor1 :i* also is ne>ly l&lock$4 ,ea/ ( ,port ,jeff]son ! ,n4 %ore is comp>atively unbrok54 ,! ,s4 %ore has two bays1 ,jamaica ,bay ) _m l[ isl&s & ne>ly cut (f f ! ocean by ! n>r[ spur ( ,rockaway ,bea*2 & ! ill-def9$ ,great ,s\? ,bay1 :i* is sep>at$ f ! ,atlantic by ! n>r[ ,long ,bea*1 ,jones ,bea* & ,oak ,isl& ,bea*1 & by ! long p59sula 7#ce or #dj m471 call$ ,fire ,isl& or ,great ,s\? ,bea*4 ,/ill f>!r ,e4 & imm$iately ,s4 ( ,great ,peconic ,bay is ,%9necock ,bay1 ab\t #aj m4 long & cut (f f ! ocean by a n>r[ bea*4 ,! ,n4 side ( ! isl& 0 l>gely built by deposits along ! front ( ! cont95tal glaci]1 & its peculi> surface is due to su* deposits4 ,at ,a/oria ! d>k gneiss b$ rock is visible4 ,! ,s4 half ( ! isl& is mo/ly built ( a light s&y or loamy soil & is l[1 except = ! hills 7#adj-aie ft47 ( ,montauk p59sula1 :i* are a "p ( ! back-bone ( ! isl& else:]e runn+ ?r\gh ! c5tre f ,e4 to ,w4 & rea*+ its highe/ po9t 9 its we/]n extremity1 ,oakley's ,high ,hill 7#chd ft47 & ,hemp/ead ,h>bor ,hill1 ,w4 ( :i* are ! flat & f]tile ,hemp/ead ,pla9s4 ,nor? ( ! back-bone or c5tral ridge ! c\ntry is hilly ) glacial drift & _m b\ld]s along ! coa/ & ) soil /oni] & m f]tile ?an t ( ! ,s\? ,side4 ,!re is good clay at ,:ite/one & at ,lloyd's ,po9t on ! nor? side4 ,?is nor? %ore is comp>atively well wood$2 ! middle ( ! isl& is cov]$ ) /unt$ oaks & scrubby p9es2 ! s\? side is a floral mean betwe5 ! o!r divisions4 ,x is cut 9 its middle "p by a few creeks & tidal riv]s#a fl[+ into ! ,great ,s\? ,bay4 ,ano!r riv]1 ! ,peconic1 ab\t #ae m4 long1 runs ,e4 into ,peconic ,bay4 ,on ! nor? side !re are few wat]ways save ,nissequoge riv]1 p>tly tidal1 :i* runs ,n4 into ,smi?t[n ,bay4 ,ne> ! c5tre ( ! isl& is ,lake ,ronkonkoma1 :i* is well bel[ ! level ( ! surr\nd+ c\ntry1 & ^: deep cold wat]s ) _! unexpla9$ ebb & fl[ are said to h be5 s fe>$ by ! ,indians t !y w\ld n fi% !re4 ,!re are salt m>%es 7probably #ajj sq4 m4 9 all7 on ! %ore ( ! ,s\nd & ( ! ,great ,s\? ,bay4 ,z reg>ds its fauna ,long ,isl& is a meet+-place = equatorial & arctic species ( birds & fi%2 9 w9t] x is visit$ occasionally by ! auk & 9 summ] sometimes by ! turkey buzz>d4 ,james ,e4 ,de,kay 9 8 botanical & zoological survey 7#ahdb-ahdi7 ( ,new ,york /ate e/imat$ t on ,long ,isl& !re 7 repres5tatives ( two-?irds ( ! species ( l& birds ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & sev5-eigh?s ( ! wat] birds--probably an exagg]at$ e/imate = ! "t & c]ta9ly n true n[4 ,!re is snipe & duck %oot+1 especially on ! %ores ( ! ,great ,s\? ,bay2 !re is good de] hunt+1 especially 9 ,islip t[n2 & !re are sev]al private pres]ves1 "s /ock$ ) ,engli% game birds1 )9 #ej m4 ( ,new ,york ,city4 ,!re are _m excell5t tr\t /reams & ! isl& 0 kn[n 9 aborig9al times = its fre% & salt wat] fi%4 ,indian names ref]r+ to fi%+ places are discuss$ 9 ,wm4 ,w4 ,took]'s ,"s ,indian ,fi%+ ,/ations ^u ,long ,isl&4 ,long ,isl& wampum 0 s+ul>ly good--! ,indian "n1 ,seawanhacky 7,seawanhaka1 c471 ( ! isl& has be5 int]pret$ to mean %ell treasury--& black wampum 0 made f ! purple "p ( ! %ell ( ! quahaug4 ,s(t clams are dug on ! nor? %ore at l[ tide & h>d clams are f\nd along ! s\!rn %ore1 :]e 7at ,islip7 !y 7 fir/ successfully cann$2 scallops & o!r small %ell fi% are tak51 especially at ! ,e4 end ( ! isl&4 ,b ! mo/ important %ell fi%]y is t ( oy/]s4 ,! fam\s ,blue ,po9ts gr[ 9 ! ,great ,s\? ,bay1 p>ticul>ly at ,sayville & ,bellport1 :]e se$ oy/]s plant$ f ,long ,isl& ,s\nd develop into ! ,blue ,po9ts ) *>act]i/ics ( no o!r v>iety ( oy/]4 ,f>!r we/1 on ! ,s4 %ore are gr[n ! well-kn[n ,rockaway oy/]s4 ,! ,new ,york ,/ate ,fi% ,commission has a hat*]y at ,cold ,spr+ ,h>bor on ! ,n4 %ore4 ,! l>ge/ comm]cial fi%]ies are on ! s\? side1 9 ! ocean (f ,fire ,isl& ,bea*1 :]e !re are great p\nds 9 :i* captur$ fi% are kept alive be=e %ipm5t to m>ket4 ,sag ,h>bor & ,ea/ ,hampton on ! ,e4 end ( ! isl& 7 important :al+ ports 9 ! #ah? c5tury & ! fir/ "p ( ! #ai?1 & !y & o!r fi%+ villages aft]w>d did a l>ge bus9ess 9 ! capture ( m5had5 7,brevoortia tyrannus71 a small %ad-l fi%1 :i*1 foll[+ ! cu/om ( ! ,indians1 !y manufactur$ into f]tiliz]4 ,at ,gl5 ,cove !re are n[ great />* factories4 ,! we/ end ( ! isl& has be5 call$ ,new ,york's m>ket g>d54 ,on ! ,hemp/ead ,pla9s & imm$iately ,e4 ( !m along ! nor? %ore great quantities ( cabbage & cucumb]s are gr[n & manufactur$ into sau]kraut & pickles4 ,!re are l>ge cranb]ry fields ne> ! village ( ,calv]ton1 imm$iately ,w4 ( ,riv]head4 ,!re are a few l>ge f>ms on ,long ,isl&1 mo/ly on ! nor? side1 b x is becom+ m & m a place ( suburban resid5ce4 ,?is *ange is due 9 "p to cool summ] & w>m w9t] w9ds f ! ocean1 :i* makes ! ,july mean temp]ature #fh to #gj ,f4 at ! ea/ end & ! s\? side1 & #gb on ! nor? %ore1 z contra/$ ) #gd = ! we/ end & ,new ,york ,city4 ,! range ( temp]ature is said to be less ?an 9 any o!r place 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ) ! exception ( ,corpus ,*ri/i 7,tex471 ,eureka 7,cali=nia71 ,galve/on 7,texas71 & ,key ,we/ 7,florida74 ,ev5 on ! s\? %ore ! humidity = ,augu/ & ,septemb] is less ?an t ( any location on ! ,atlantic coa/1 or ,los ,angeles & ,san ,diego on ! ,pacific1 accord+ to ,dr ,le ,gr& ,n4 ,d5sl[ 9 a pap]1 ,! ,climate ( ,long ,isl& 7#aija74 ,surf-ba?+ on ! s\? %ore1 ya*t+ & boat+ on ! ,s\nd1 ! ,great ,s\? ,bay & ! ,ocean1 & hunt+ & fi%+ are attractions4 ,at ,g>d5 ,city1 ,nassau 7,gl5 ,cove71 ,great ,riv] & ,%9necock ,hills are well-kn[n golf l9ks2 !re are sev]al hunt clubs2 & at ,s\?ampton are "s ( ! be/ turf t5nis-c\rts 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,few p>ts ( ! isl& are summ] resorts 9 ! ord9>y use ( ! ^w2 !re are l>ge hotels h>dly any:]e save on ,coney ,isl&1 at ,f> ,rockaway1 on ,long ,bea* & on ,%elt] ,isl&2 & a l>ge "p ( ! summ] population lives 9 private mansions4 ,"s ,long ,isl& c\ntry places are huge e/ates ) game & fi% pres]ves & luxuri\s *teaux4 ,! roads are good4 ,! c\rse ( ! ,v&]bilt automobile races is along ! roads ( ! ,hemp/ead ,pla9s4 ,also on ! ,hemp/ead ,pla9s are ! ,cre$moor ,rifle ,range1 :]e1 9 an ,int]/ate ,p>k1 ,e4 ( ,jamaica1 annual int]national rifle %oot+ t\rnam5ts = ! *ampion%ip ( ,am]ica 7 held until #aiji2 ,g>d5 ,city1 :i* 0 f\nd$ by ,a4 ,t4 ,/ew>t = ! purpose ( provid+ com=table homes at l[ co/ to 8 employs & o!rs1 & :]e are ! ,prote/ant ,episcopal ,ca!dral ( ! ,inc>nation1 ,/ ,paul's ,s*ool = ,boys & ,/ ,m>y's ,s*ool = ,girls2 &1 ne> ,hemp/ead1 ! gr\nds ( ! ,mead[brook 7hunt & polo7 ,club & ^? ( ! ,f>m ,k5nel ,club4 ,! only railway is ! ,long ,isl& ,railroad 7own$ by ! ,p5nsylvania ,railroad7 ) we/]n t]m9i on ,manhattan & 9 ,long ,isl& ,city & ,brooklyn1 :5ce l9es meet at ,jamaica1 & !nce ?ree pr9cipal l9es bran*1 ! nor? %ore to ,wad+ ,riv]1 ! ma9 l9e to ,gre5port1 & ! s\? side to ,montauk4 ,long ,isl& is a "p ( ,new ,york ,/ate1 its we/]n ?ird =m+ ,brooklyn & ,que5s bor\ghs ( ,new ,york ,city--^! bor\ghs 7 =m$ respectively f ,k+s c\nty & f ! w4 half ( ,que5s c\nty ^u ! erection ( ,great] ,new ,york1 :at 0 =m]ly ! ,e4 half ( ,que5s c\nty !n became ,nassau c\nty 7area #beb sq4 m42 pop41 9 #aijj1 #ee1ddh1 9 #aije1 #fi1dgg71 ^: c\nty-seat is ,m9eola4 ,! ea/]n & ! l>g] "p ( ! isl& is ! less ?ickly settl$ ,suffolk c\nty ) an area ( #iah sq4 m4 & a population 9 #aijj ( #gg1ehb & 9 #aije ( #ha1fec4 ,! c\nty-seat ( ,suffolk c\nty is ,riv]head1 s nam$ f its position at ! head ( ! ,peconic riv] on ! ,w4 end ( ,great ,peconic ,bay4 ,! t5 t[n%ips ( ,suffolk c\nty are l>ge gov]nm5tal units1 %[+1 by _! simil>ity to ! t[ns ( ,new ,engl&1 ! relation ( ! e>ly settl]s to ,new ,engl&4 ,! l>ge/ 9 area is ,brookhav51 :i* rea*es all ! way across ! isl& ne> its c5tral "p4 ,! t[n%ips ( ,suffolk c\nty ) _! population 9 #aije 73 ,hunt+ton 7#aj1bcf74 ,babylon 7#giai71 ,smi?t[n 7#ccbe71 ,islip 7#ac1gba71 ,brookhav5 7#af1jej71 ,riv]head 7#diej71 ,%elt] ,isl& 7#aaje71 ,ea/hampton 7#dcjc71 ,s\?old 7#hihi7 & ,s\?ampton 7#aa1jbd74 ,! total population ( ,long ,isl& 0 #a1deb1faa 9 #aijj1 & #a1gah1jef 9 #aije 7/ate c5sus71 ! population ( ! bor\gh ( ,brooklyn alone = ^! ye>s be+ #a1aff1ehb & #a1ceh1fhf4 ,hi/ory4--,! pr9cipal ,indian tribes on ,long ,isl& at ! "t ( ! fir/ settlem5t by ! :ites 7 ! ,montauk1 on ! ea/]n end ( ! isl&1 :]e !y gave _! "n to ! po9t & :]e _! la/ k+1 ,david ,ph>oah1 di$ 9 #aghe2 ! ,%9necock1 :o1 mu* admix$ ) negro blood1 n[ live on ! res]vation betwe5 ,canoe ,place & ,%9necock ,hills2 ! ,manhasset1 on :at is n[ ,%elt] ,isl&2 ! ,pat*ogue1 ne> ! pres5t village ( t "n2 ! ,massapequa1 betwe5 ! ,hemp/ead ,pla9s & :at is n[ ,islip1 :o 7 defeat$ & practically ext]m9at$ 9 #afec by ,john ,und]hill2 ! ,can>sie1 :o liv$ ne> ! pres5t ,jamaica2 & on ! nor? side ! ,nessaquague or ,nissequoge 79 ! pres5t t[n ( ,smi?t[n71 & ! ,sealtocot :o gave _! "n to ,setauket 9 ,brookhav5 t[n4 ,! fir/ pa/or ( ! *ur* 7,presbyt]ian-,congregational7 at ,ea/hampton1 ,?omas ,james 7c4 #afbj-afif71 is suppos$ to h translat$ a cate*ism & p>ts ( ! ,bible into ! dialect ( ! ,montauk1 among :om ,samson ,occum _h a s*ool betwe5 #agee & #agfe4 ,! t]ritory ( ,long ,isl& 0 includ$ 9 ! grant ( #afbj by ,james ,i4 to ! ,plym\? ,company & 9 #afce 0 convey$ to ,william ,alex&]1 e>l ( ,/irl+4 ,! conflict+ claims ( ,engli% & ,dut* 7 ! subject ( ! treaty conclud$ at ,h>t=d1 ,connecticut1 9 #afej1 by :i* ! ,dut* 7 to hold ev]y?+ we/ ( ,oy/] ,bay1 ! ,engli% ev]y?+ ea/--a provision :i* accompli%$ no agreem5t1 s9ce ,oy/] ,bay itself 0 ! matt] ( cont5tion1 & ,engli% settl]s on :at ! ,dut* call$ ! we/ side ( ,oy/] ,bay refus$ to remove4 ,long ,isl& 0 includ$ 9 ! t]ritory assign$ to ! duke ( ,york 9 #affc-affd1 :5 ! ,new ,engl& t[ns on ! isl& object$ to sep>ation f ,connecticut4 ,on ! recov]y ( ,new ,york by ! ,dut* 9 #afgc ! ea/]n t[ns refus$ to submit to ! ,dut* gov]nor4 ,9 #afgd by ! treaty ( ,we/m9/] ,long ,isl& became a "p ( ! ,briti% colony ( ,new ,york4 ,! ,dut* settlem5ts 7 m important e?nically ?an hi/orically2 on ! we/ end ( ! ,isl& ! ,dut* ,re=m$ ,*ur* is /ill /rong & !re are _m ,dut* names2 at ,we/ ,sayville1 on ! s\? side1 ab\t #ej m4 f ,new ,york1 9 a settlem5t made ab\t #aghf by ,gu/av ,tukk]1 :o did mu* to develop ! oy/] fi%]ies1 ,holl& ,dut* 0 ! common spee* until ! la/ qu>t] ( ! #ai? c5tury4 ,! ,five ,dut* ,t[ns 73 ,nieuw ,am]sfoord 7aft] #ahja (ficially call$ ,flatl&s71 on ,jamaica ,bay1 :]e ! fir/ settlem5t 0 made ab\t #afbc & ! fir/ grant 9 #afcf2 ,midw\t 7lat] ,vlackte-,bos* & ,flatbu%71 settl$ betwe5 #afde & #afej & hav+ 9 #afed ! fir/ ,dut* *ur*2 ,nieuw ,utre*t1 settl$ soon aft] #afej & incorporat$ 9 #affj2 ,breuckel5 7n[ ,brooklyn71 :i* 0 settl$ a little be=e its organization z a t[n 9 #afdf2 & ,boswijck 7,bu%wick71 fir/ settl$ by ,sw$es & ,norwegians & incorporat$ 9 #affj4 ,^! five t[ns became "o adm9i/rative di/rict 9 #affa4 ,app>5tly ! e>lie/ ,engli% settlem5t 0 at ,hemp/ead 9 #afdj by coloni/s f ,lynn1 ,massa*usetts1 :o bas$ _! claim on ! pat5t 7#afba7 ( ,nova ,scotia to ,"l ,/irl+1 b 7 almo/ imm$iately driv5 out by ! ,dut*4 ,9 #afdc ano!r ,engli% settlem5t 0 made at ,hemp/ead by m5 f ,/am=d1 ,connecticut1 :o 9 #afdd secur$ a pat5t f ,gov]nor ,kieft ( ,new ,ne!rl&4 ,9 #afde ,kieft grant$ l& at ,graves5d to ,lady ,deborah ,moody1 :o _h settl$ !re ab\t #afdc1 :5 %e _h left ,lynn & ! ,salem *ur* because ( h] anti-p$obapti/ views4 ,at ,graves5d 9 #affd ,colonel ,ri*>d ,nicolls fir/ l&$ ! ,engli% troops :i* occupi$ ! isl&2 & 9 #afic x became "o ( its ?ree ports ( entry4 ,! ,connecticut t[ns on ,long ,isl& 7 z foll[s3 ,s\?ampton 0 settl$ 9 #afdj by ! ,lynn m5 driv5 out ( ,hemp/ead by ! ,dut*1 & 9 #afdd-affd 0 9 ! ,connecticut jurisdiction4 ,s\?old 7! ,s\? ,hold ( ,new ,hav571 call$ f #afdj until #afdd by ! ,indian "n ,y5nicock1 _h a *ur* 9 #afdj1 & a c\rt bas$ on ! ,levitical law1 :i* 0 aboli%$ 9 #afdc ^u ! remon/rance ( ! au?orities ( ,new ,hav54 ,! ,s\?old settl]s 7 f ,h+ham1 ,norfolk & ,new ,hav51 & ! colony jo9$ ,new ,hav5 9 #afdh1 9 :i* ye> ! colony ( ,=rett's 7n[ ,%elt]7 ,isl& also submitt$ to ,new ,hav54 ,ea/hampton 0 settl$ 9 #afdh f ,lynn4 ,oy/] ,bay 0 also settl$ by ,lynn m5 9 #afdj & conte/$ by ! ,dut* & ,engli%4 ,newt[n1 (ficially call$ ,middleburgh1 0 settl$ 9 #afeb1 pur*as$ f ! ,indians 9 #afef1 annex$ to ! o!r side ( ! ,s\nd 9 #affb1 9 ! same ye> took ! "n ( ,ha/+s1 9 #agjf 0 ! sc5e ( ! arre/ ( ! ,presbyt]ian it9]ants ,francis ,mackemie & ,john ,hampton1 & 9 #agff 0 ! site ( ! ,me?odi/ ,episcopal ,society at ,middle ,village1 ! second olde/ ( t d5om9ation 9 ,am]ica4 ,hunt+ton 0 settl$ 9 #afec f ,new ,hav51 ,hemp/ead1 ,s\?old & ,s\?ampton4 ,o!r e>ly settlem5ts 73 ,jamaica1 ab\t #afeg2 ,brookhav51 fir/ settl$ at ,a%=d 7n[ ,setauket7 f ,bo/on 9 #afee1 & ,smi?t[n1 pat5t$ 9 #afgg to ,ri*>d ,smi? ( ,setauket1 :o 0 said to be a soldi] ( ,cromwell1 & ( :om !re is a /ory t hav+ b>ga9$ ) ! ,indians = z mu* l& z a bull c\ld cov] 9 a day he rode 8 tra9$ bull 9 a great circuit ab\t ! l& he covet$ & 0 !reaft] kn[n z ,bull ,smi?4 ,almo/ all ^! ,engli% settlem5ts 7 made by ,presbyt]ians & f ,jamaica ea/ ?is 0 ! prevail+ d5om9ation4 ,dur+ ! w> ( ,indep5d5ce ! battle ( ,long ,isl& 7see bel[7 0 f\ght )9 :at is n[ ! bor\gh ( ,brooklyn4 ,,au?orities4--,b5j4 ,f4 ,?ompson1 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,long ,isl& 7,new ,york1 #bnd ed4 #ahdc72 ,na?aniel ,s4 ,prime1 ,hi/ory ( ,long ,isl& 7,new ,york1 #ahde71 especially valuable = ecclesia/ical hi/ory1 p>ticul>ly ( ! ,presbyt]ian *ur*2 ,m>?a ,b4 ,fl9t1 ,e>ly ,long ,isl& 7,new ,york1 #ahif72 ,gabriel ,furman1 ,antiquities ( ,long ,isl& 7,new ,york1 #ahge71 edit$ by ,frank ,moore2 & ! publications ( ! ,long ,isl& ,hi/orical ,society 7( ,brooklyn7 & ( ! ,suffolk ,c\nty ,hi/orical ,society 7( ,riv]head74 7,r4 ,we47 ,battle ( ,long ,isl&1 #aggf4--,! int]e/ ( ?is battle lies 9 ! fact t x 0 ! fir/ engagem5t 9 ! campaign ( #aggf 7see ,,am]ican ,,w> ,,( ,,indep5d5ce7 & 0 expect$ 9 ,engl& to be decisive ( ! conte/ 9 ! colonies4 ,aft] ! evacuation ( ,bo/on 7,m>* #aggf71 ,"l ,h[e mov$ aga9/ ,new ,york ,city1 :i* he ?\ght w\ld af=d a bett] base ( op]ations = ! future4 ,! ,am]icans und]took its def5ce al?\gh recogniz+ ! difficulties 9 ! case1 z ! bay & riv]s adjo9+ w\ld enable ! ,briti% fleet to co-op]ate effectively ) ! army4 ,to protect 8 left flank ,wa%+ton 0 =c$ to ?r[ a portion ( 8 troops ov] to ! ,long ,isl& side ( ! ,ea/ riv]2 !y =tifi$ !mselves !re on ! site ( ! pres5t ,bor\gh ( ,brooklyn4 ,"l ,h[e1 :o _h encamp$ on ,/at5 ,isl& at ! entrance to ! h>b\r1 det]m9$ to attack ?is isolat$ left w+1 & on ! #bbnd ( ,augu/ l&$ at ,graves5d ,bay1 ,long ,isl&1 ) ab\t #bj1jjj m54 ,! ,am]icans ma9ta9$ /rong outpo/s 9 ! wood$ hills 9 advance ( _! =tifi$ l9es4 ,on ! morn+ ( ! #bg? ,h[e1 aft] f\r days' reconnaissance1 attack$ ^! po/s ) ?ree columns1 ! left & c5tre deliv]+ ! hold+ attack1 & ! "r & /ronge/ column turn+ ! enemy's left by a dt\r4 ,h[e himself1 accompani$ by ,g5]als 7,sir ,h47 ,cl9ton & ,"l ,cornwallis1 l$ ! turn+ movem5t1 :i* came ^u ! re> ( ! enemy at ! mom5t :5 !y 7 engag$ ) ! two o!r columns4 ,by noon ! ,am]icans _h be5 driv5 back into ! ,brooklyn l9es 9 consid]able confusion1 & ) ! loss ( ab\t half _! numb]4 ,?is con/itut$ ! battle4 ,! complet5ess ( ! ,engli% victory 0 due to ! neglect ( ! ,am]icans 9 gu>d+ ! left ( _! outpo/s4 ,h[e has be5 criticiz$ = n imm$iately assault+ ! ,am]ican works :i* he might h c>ri$ on ! ev5+ ( ! battle4 ,9 view ( ! fact t he _h only defeat$ a small portion ( ! ,am]ican =ces1 & t ! works 7 ( consid]able /r5g?1 he decid$ to make a =mal siege1 & ,wa%+ton took advantage ( ! delay 9 op]ations to retreat across ! riv] to ,new ,york on ! night ( ! #bi?4 ,?is successful movem5t repair$ to "s ext5t ! bad moral effect ( ! defeat ( ! #bg? 9 ! ,am]ican camp4 ,9 ! engagem5t ( ,long ,isl& ,wa%+ton lo/ ab\t #abjj prison]s & #cj guns1 & #djj kill$ & w\nd$2 ( ! latt] ! ,briti% lo/ ne>ly ! same numb]4 7,c4 ,f4 ,a47 ,,footnote3 #a ,g4 ,k4 ,gilb]t1 9 an article1 ,! ,deflection ( ,/reams 9 ! ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce 7xxvii4 #dbg-dcb71 po9ts out t ea* ( ^! /reams is b\nd$ on ! we/ or "r side by a bluff #aj to #bj ft4 high4 ,,long ,,isl& ,,city1 =m]ly a city ( ,que5s c\nty1 ,new ,york1 ,u4,s4,a41 & s9ce ! #a/ ( ,janu>y #ahih ! fir/ w>d ( ! ,bor\gh ( ,que5s1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,pop4 7#ahhj7 #ag1abi1 7#ahij7 #cj1ejf1 7#aijj7 #dh1bgb1 ( :om #ae1hii 7 =eign-born4 ,x has a riv] front1 on ,ea/ riv] & ,long ,isl& ,s\nd1 ( #aj m41 & is ! ea/]n t]m9al & ! headqu>t]s ( ! ,long ,isl& railway1 hav+ a l>ge ,y4,m4,c4,a4 build+ 7! gift ( ,mrs ,russell ,sage7 = employees ( ?is railway4 ,among manufactures are *emicals1 pott]y1 v>ni%1 silk1 c41 & !re are oil-/orage w>eh\ses4 ,mo/ ( ! bor\gh (fices ( ,que5s bor\gh are 9 ,long ,isl& ,city1 :i* 0 =m]ly ! c\nty-seat ( ,que5s c\nty4 ,! fir/ settlem5t )9 ! limits ( :at subsequ5tly became ,long ,isl& ,city 0 made 9 #afdj by a ,dut* blacksmi?1 ,h5drick ,h>m5s51 :o soon aft]w>d 0 murd]$ by an ,indian4 ,o!r settl]s1 bo? ,dut* & ,engli%1 soon foll[$1 & e/abli%$ deta*$ villages1 :i* became kn[n z ,hunt]'s ,po9t1 ,blissville1 ,a/oria1 ,rav5swood1 ,dut* ,kills1 ,middleton & ,/e9way4 ,9 #ahec ?is gr\p ( villages1 by t "t virtually "o community1 0 call$ ,long ,isl& ,city1 & x 0 =mally incorporat$ "u t "n 9 #ahgj4 ,9 #ahga-ahgb ! city 0 laid out by a commission ( :i* ,g5]al ,w4 ,b4 ,frankl9 0 presid5t4 ,political convictions1 economic consid]ations & fe> comb9$ to make ! resid5ts 9 ?is region l>gely loyali/ 9 _! attitude dur+ ! ,w> ( ,indep5d5ce4 ,f #aggf to #aghc ,briti% troops occupi$ ,newt[n1 a village to ! ,s4 ,e4 ,9 ,janu>y #aggf ! committee on ! /ate ( ,new ,york 9 ,congress report$ a resolution t ,:]eas a majority ( ! inhabitants ( ,que5s c\nty1 9 ! colony ( ,new ,york1 be+ incapable ( resolv+ to live & die free m51444 all su* p]sons z vot$ aga9/ s5d+ deputies to ! pres5t conv5tion 9 ,new ,york 444 be put out ( ! protection ( ! ,unit$ ,colonies1 c41 an action :i* l$ to ! arre/ & imprisonm5t ( _m ( ! accus$ p]sons4 ,see ,j4 ,s4 ,kelsey1 ,hi/ory ( ,long ,isl& ,city 7,long ,isl& ,city1 #ahif74 ,,longitude 7f ,lat4 longitudo1 l5g?71 ! angle :i* ! t]re/rial m]idian f ! pole ?r\gh a po9t on ! e>?'s surface makes ) "s /&>d m]idian1 commonly t ( ,gre5wi*4 ,x is equal to ! diff]5ce betwe5 local "t on ! /&>d m]idian1 & at ! place def9$1 "o h\r ( "t correspond+ to #ae diff]5ce ( longitude4 ,=m]ly ea* nation took its own capital or pr9cipal obs]vatory z ! /&>d m]idian f :i* longitudes 7 measur$4 ,ano!r sy/em _h a m]idian pass+ ?r\gh or ne> ! isl& ( ,f]ro1 def9$ z #bj ,w4 ( ,p>is1 z ! /&>d4 ,:ile ! sy/em ( c\nt+ f ! capital ( ! c\ntry is /ill us$ = local purposes1 ! t5d5cy 9 rec5t ye>s is to use ! m]idian ( ,gre5wi* = nautical & int]national purposes4 ,france1 h[ev]1 uses ! m]idian ( ! ,p>is obs]vatory z its /&>d = all nautical & a/ronomical purposes 7see ,,"t74 ,9 a/ronomy1 ! longitude ( a cele/ial body is ! di/ance ( its projection ^u ! ecliptic f ! v]nal equ9ox1 c\nt$ 9 ! direction we/ to ea/ f #j to #cfj4 ,,longley1 ,,*>les ,,?omas 7#agid-ahfh71 ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury1 0 born at ,ro*e/]1 & educat$ at ,we/m9/] & ,ox=d4 ,he 0 orda9$ 9 #ahah1 & 0 appo9t$ vic> ( ,c[ley1 ,ox=d1 9 #ahbc4 ,9 #ahbg he receiv$ ! rectory ( we/ ,ty!rley1 ,hamp%ire1 & two ye>s lat] he 0 elect$ headma/] ( ,h>r[4 ,?is (fice he held until #ahcf1 :5 he 0 consecrat$ bi%op ( ! new see ( ,ripon4 ,9 #ahef he 0 translat$ to ! see ( ,durham1 & 9 #ahfj he became ar*bi%op ( ,york4 ,9 #ahfb he succe$$ ,john ,bird ,sumn] z ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury4 ,soon aft]w>ds ! que/ions connect$ ) ! deposition ( ,bi%op ,col5so 7 ref]r$ to him1 b1 :ile reg>d+ ,col5so's op9ions z h]etical & 8 deposition z ju/ifiable1 he refus$ to pron\nce ^u ! legal difficulties ( ! case4 ,! *ief ev5t ( 8 primacy 0 ! meet+ at ,lambe?1 9 #ahfg1 ( ! fir/ ,pan-,anglican conf]5ce ( ,briti%1 colonial & =eign bi%ops 7see ,,lambe? ,,conf]5ces74 ,8 publi%$ works include num]\s s]mons & addresses4 ,he di$ on ! #bg? ( ,octob] #ahfh at ,add+ton ,p>k1 ne> ,croydon4 ,,longmans1 a firm ( ,engli% publi%]s4 ,! f\nd] ( ! firm1 ,?omas ,longman 7#a7 7#afii-agee71 born 9 #afii1 0 ! son ( ,ezekiel ,longman 7d4 #agjh71 a g5tleman ( ,bri/ol4 ,?omas 0 appr5tic$ 9 #agaf to ,john ,osborn1 a ,london booksell]4 ,at ! expiration ( 8 appr5tice%ip he m>ri$ ,osborn's daught]1 & 9 ,augu/ #agbd pur*as$ ! /ock & h\sehold goods ( ,william ,taylor1 ! fir/ publi%] ( ,rob9son ,crusoe1 = #bbhb #is4 #f;d4 ,taylor's two %ops 7 kn[n respectively z ! ,black ,swan & ! ,%ip1 & occupi$ ! gr\nd 9 ,pat]no/] ,r[ ^u :i* ! pres5t publi%+ h\se /&s4 ,osborn1 :o aft]w>ds ent]$ into p>tn]%ip ) 8 son-9-law1 held "o-six? ( ! %>es 9 ,ephraim ,*amb]s's ,cyclopa$ia ( ! ,arts & ,sci5ces1 & ,?omas ,longman 0 "o ( ! six booksell]s :o und]took ! responsibility ( ,samuel ,johnson's ,diction>y4 ,9 #aged ,?omas ,longman took 8 nephew into p>tn]%ip1 ! title ( ! firm becom+ ,t4 & ,t4 ,longman4 ,^u ! dea? ( 8 uncle 9 #agee1 ,?omas ,longman 7#b7 7#agcj-agig7 became sole proprietor4 ,he greatly ext5d$ ! colonial trade ( ! firm4 ,he _h ?ree sons4 ,( ^!1 ,?omas ,norton ,longman 7#c7 7#agga-ahdb7 succe$$ to ! bus9ess4 ,9 #agid ,ow5 ,rees became a p>tn]1 & ,?omas ,br[n1 :o 0 = _m ye>s aft] #ahaa a p>tn]1 ent]$ ! h\se z an appr5tice4 ,br[n di$ 9 #ahfi at ! age ( #ib4 ,9 #agii ,longman pur*as$ ! copyright ( ,l9dley ,murray's ,engli% ,gramm>1 :i* _h an annual sale ( ab\t #ej1jjj copies2 he also pur*as$1 ab\t #ahjj1 ! copyright1 f ,joseph ,cottle1 ( ,bri/ol1 ( ,s\!y's ,joan ( ,arc & ,wordswor?'s ,lyrical ,ballads4 ,he publi%$ ! works ( ,wordswor?1 ,col]idge1 ,s\!y & ,scott1 & act$ z ,london ag5t = ! ,ed9burgh ,review1 :i* 0 />t$ 9 #ahjb4 ,9 #ahjd two m p>tn]s 7 admitt$2 & 9 #ahbd ! title ( ! firm 0 *ang$ to ,longman1 ,hur/1 ,rees1 ,orme1 ,br[n ,gre54 ,9 #ahad arrangem5ts 7 made ) ,?omas ,moore = ! publication ( ,lalla ,rookh1 = :i* he receiv$ #cjjj2 & :5 ,ar*ibald ,con/able fail$ 9 #ahbf1 ,longmans became ! proprietors ( ! ,ed9burgh ,review4 ,!y issu$ 9 #ahbi ,l>dn]'s ,cab9et ,encyclopa$ia1 & 9 #ahcb ,m',cullo*'s ,comm]cial ,diction>y4 ,?omas ,norton ,longman 7#c7 di$ on ! #bi? ( ,augu/ #ahdb1 leav+ 8 two sons1 ,?omas 7#d7 7#ahjd-ahgi7 & ,william ,longman 7#ahac-ahgg71 9 control ( ! bus9ess 9 ,pat]no/] ,r[4 ,_! fir/ success 0 ! publication ( ,macaulay's ,lays ( ,anci5t ,rome1 :i* 0 foll[$ 9 #ahdi by ! issue ( ! fir/ two volumes ( 8 ,hi/ory ( ,engl&1 :i* 9 a few ye>s _h a sale ( #dj1jjj copies4 ,! two bro!rs 7 well kn[n = _! lit]>y tal5t2 ,?omas ,longman edit$ a beautifully illu/rat$ edition ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 & ,william ,longman 0 ! au?or ( sev]al important books1 among !m a ,hi/ory ( ! ,?ree ,ca!drals d$icat$ to ,/ ,paul 7#ahfi7 & a "w on ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,life & ,times ( ,edw>d ,,iii4 7#ahgc74 ,9 #ahfc ! firm took ov] ! bus9ess ( ,mr ,j4 ,w4 ,p>k]1 & ) x ,fras]'s ,magaz9e1 & ! publication ( ! works ( ,john ,/u>t ,mill & ,j4 ,a4 ,fr\de2 :ile 9 #ahij !y incorporat$ ) _! own all ! publications ( ! old firm ( ,riv+ton1 e/abli%$ 9 #agaa4 ,! family control ( ! firm 7n[ ,longmans1 ,gre5 ,co47 0 cont9u$ by ,?omas ,norton ,longman 7#e71 son ( ,?omas ,longman 7#d74 ,,longomontanus 7or ,,longb]g71 ,,*ri/ian ,,sev]97#aefb-afdg71 ,dani% a/ronom]1 0 born at ! village ( ,longb]g 9 ,jutl&1 ,d5m>k1 on ! #d? ( ,octob] #aefb4 ,! appellation ,longomontanus 0 a ,lat9iz$ =m ( ! "n ( 8 bir?place4 ,8 fa!r1 a poor lab\r] call$ ,sr51 or ,sev]91 di$ :5 he 0 eight ye>s old4 ,an uncle !reupon took *>ge ( him1 & procur$ him in/ruction at ,lemvig2 b aft] ?ree ye>s s5t him back to 8 "m1 :o ne$$ 8 help 9 field-"w4 ,%e agre$1 h[ev]1 to p]mit him to /udy dur+ ! w9t] mon?s ) ! cl]gyman ( ! p>i%2 & ?is arrangem5t subsi/$ until #aegg1 :5 ! illwill ( "s ( 8 relatives & 8 own desire = k impell$ him to run away to ,viborg4 ,!re he att5d$ ! gramm>-s*ool1 defray+ 8 exp5ses by manual lab\r1 & c>ri$ ) him to ,cop5hag5 9 #aehh a high reputation = le>n+ & ability4 ,engag$ by ,ty*o ,brahe 9 #aehi z 8 assi/ant 9 8 great a/ronomical obs]vatory ( ,uraniborg1 he r5d]$ him invaluable s]vices !re dur+ eight ye>s4 ,he quitt$ ! isl& ( ,hve5 ) 8 ma/]1 b obta9$ 8 dis*>ge at ,cop5hag5 on ! #a/ ( ,june #aeig1 = ! purpose ( /udy+ at "s ,g]man univ]sities4 ,he rejo9$ ,ty*o at ,prague 9 ,janu>y #afjj1 & hav+ complet$ ! ,ty*onic lun> !ory1 turn$ homew>d aga9 9 ,augu/4 ,he visit$ ,frau5burg1 :]e ,cop]nicus _h made 8 obs]vations1 took a ma/]'s degree at ,ro/ock1 & at ,cop5hag5 f\nd a patron 9 ,*ri/ian ,friis1 *ancellor ( ,d5m>k1 :o gave him employm5t 9 8 h\sehold4 ,appo9t$ 9 #afjc rector ( ! s*ool ( ,viborg1 he 0 elect$ two ye>s lat] to a pr(essor%ip 9 ! univ]sity ( ,cop5hag51 & 8 promotion to ! *air ( ma!matics ensu$ 9 #afjg4 ,?is po/ he held till 8 dea?1 on ! #h? ( ,octob] #afdg4 ,longomontanus1 al?\gh an excell5t a/ronom]1 0 n an advanc$ ?9k]4 ,he adh]$ to ,ty*o's errone\s views ab\t refraction1 held comets to be mess5g]s ( evil & imag9$ t he _h squ>$ ! circle4 ,he f\nd t ! circle ^: diamet] is #dc has = its circumf]5ce ! squ>e root ( #ahbeb--:i* gives #c4adahe444 = ! value ( pi4 ,john ,pell & o!rs va9ly endeav\r$ to conv9ce him ( 8 error4 ,he inaugurat$1 at ,cop5hag5 9 #afcb1 ! erection ( a /ately a/ronomical t[]1 b did n live to witness its completion4 ,*ri/ian ,,iv4 ( ,d5m>k1 to :om he d$icat$ 8 ,a/ronomia ,danica1 an exposition ( ! ,ty*onic sy/em ( ! _w1 conf]r$ ^u him ! canonry ( ,lund5 9 ,s*leswig4 ,! foll[+ is a li/ ( 8 m important works 9 ma!matics & a/ronomy3 ,sy/ematis ,ma!matici1 c4 7#afaa72 ,cyclometria e ,lunulis reciproce demon/rata1 c4 7#afab72 ,disputatio de ,eclipsibus 7#afaf72 ,a/ronomia ,danica1 c4 7#afbb72 ,disputationes quatuor ,a/rologicae 7#afbb72 ,p5tas ,problematum ,philosophiae 7#afbc72 ,de ,*ronolabio ,hi/orico1 seu de ,tempore ,disputationes tres 7#afbg72 ,geometriae quaesita ,,xiii4 de ,cyclometria rationali et v]a 7#afca72 ,inv5tio ,quadraturae ,circuli 7#afcd72 ,disputatio de ,ma!seos ,indole 7#afcf72 ,coronis ,problematica ex ,my/]iis trium ,num]orum 7#afcg72 ,problemata duo ,geometrica 7#afch72 ,problema contra ,paulum ,guld9um de ,circuli ,m5sura 7#afch72 ,introductio 9 ,!atrum ,a/ronomicum 7#afci72 ,rotundi 9 ,plano1 c4 7#afdd72 ,admir&a ,op]atio trium ,num]orum #f1 #g1 #h1 c4 7#afde72 ,caput t]tium ,libri primi de absoluta ,m5sura ,rotundi plani1 c4 7#afdf74 ,see ,e4 ,p4 ,f4 ,v9d+ius1 ,regia ,academia ,hav95sis1 p4 #bab 7#affe72 ,r4 ,ny]up & ,kraft1 ,alm9deligt ,litt]aturlexikon1 p4 #cej 7#ahbj72 ,*4 ,g4 ,j*]1 ,allgeme9es ,gelehrt5-lexikon1 ii4 #beah1 iii4 #baaa2 ,j5s ,worm1 ,=sg til et ,lexikon ov] danske1 norske og isl&ske la]de ,ma5d1 p4 #fag1 #agga1 c42 ,p4 ,bayle1 ,hi/4 & ,crit4 ,diction>y1 iii4 #hfa 7#bnd ed4 #agcf72 ,j4 ,b4 ,j4 ,delambre1 ,hi/4 de l'a/r4 mod]ne1 i4 #bfb2 ,j4 ,s4 ,bailly1 ,hi/4 de l'a/r4 mod]ne1 ii4 #ada2 ,j4 ,l4 ,e4 ,drey]1 ,ty*o ,brahe1 pp4 #abf1 #bei1 #bhh1 #bii2 ,f4 ,hoeff]1 ,hi/4 de l'a/ronomie1 p4 #cia2 ,j4 ,mdl]1 ,ges*i*te d] ,himmelskunde1 i4 #aie2 ,j4 ,f4 ,weidl]1 ,hi/4 ,a/ronomiae1 p4 #dea4 ,,long/reet1 ,,james 7#ahba-aijd71 ,am]ican soldi]1 lieut5ant-g5]al 9 ! ,conf$]ate army1 0 born on ! #h? ( ,febru>y #ahba 9 ,edgefield di/rict1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 & graduat$ at ,we/ ,po9t 9 #ahdb4 ,he s]v$ 9 ! ,mexican ,w>1 0 sev]ely w\nd$1 & receiv$ two brevets = gallantry4 ,9 #ahfa1 hav+ atta9$ ! rank ( major1 he resign$ :5 8 /ate sec$$1 & became a brigadi]-g5]al 9 ! ,conf$]ate army4 ,9 ?is rank he f\ght at ! fir/ battle ( ,bull ,run1 & subsequ5tly at ! head ( a division 9 ! ,p59sul> campaign & ! ,sev5 ,days4 ,?is division subsequ5tly became ! nucleus ( ! ,i4 corps1 ,army ( ,nor!rn ,virg9ia1 :i* 0 comm&$ ?r\gh\t ! w> by ,long/reet4 ,?is corps took "p 9 ! battles ( second ,bull ,run & ,antietam1 & held ! left ( ,lee's front at ,fr$]icksburg4 ,mo/ ( ! corps 0 abs5t 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a :5 ! battle ( ,*ancellorsville took place1 b ,long/reet1 n[ a lieut5ant-g5]al1 return$ to ,lee 9 "t to take "p 9 ! campaign ( ,gettysburg4 ,at t battle he disapprov$ ( ! attack because ( ! exceptionally /rong position ( ! ,f$]als4 ,he has be5 *>g$ ) t>d9ess 9 gett+ into ! action1 b 8 delay 0 9 "p au?oriz$ by ,lee to await an abs5t brigade1 & 9 "p 0 ! result ( in/ructions to conceal 8 movem5ts1 :i* caus$ circuit\s m>*+4 ,! mo/ conspicu\s fight+ 9 ! battle 0 conduct$ by ,long/reet4 ,9 ,septemb] #ahfc he took 8 corps to ! we/ & bore a conspicu\s "p 9 ! great battle ( ,*ickamauga4 ,9 ,novemb] he comm&$ ! unsuccessful exp$ition aga9/ ,knoxville4 ,9 #ahfd he rejo9$ ,lee's army 9 ,virg9ia1 & on ! #f? ( ,may arriv$ ^u ! field ( ! ,wild]ness z ! ,conf$]ate "r _h be5 turn$ & r\t$4 ,8 attack 0 a model ( impetuosity & skill1 & drove ! enemy back until _! entire =ce ^u t flank 0 9 confusion4 ,at ?is critical mom5t1 z ,long/reet 9 p]son1 at ! head ( fre% troops1 0 pu%+ ! attack 9 ! =e/1 he 0 fir$ ^u by mi/ake by 8 own m5 & desp]ately w\nd$4 ,?is mis*ance /ay$ ! ,conf$]ate assault = two h\rs1 & enabl$ ! enemy to provide effective means to meet x4 ,9 ,octob] #ahfd he resum$ comm& ( 8 corps1 :i* he reta9$ until ! surr5d]1 al?\gh p>alys$ 9 8 "r arm4 ,dur+ ! p]iod ( ,recon/ruction ,long/reet's attitude t[>ds ! political problem1 & ! discussion ( c]ta9 milit>y incid5ts1 notably ! responsibility = ! ,gettysburg failure1 br\ght ! g5]al into extreme unpopul>ity1 & 9 ! c\rse ( a controv]sy1 :i* la/$ = _m ye>s1 mu* 0 said & writt5 by bo? sides :i* c\ld be condon$ only by irritation4 ,8 acceptance ( a ,f$]al (fice at ,new ,orleans br\ght him1 9 a riot1 into arm$ conflict ) 8 old ,conf$]ate soldi]s4 ,8 admiration = ,g5]al ,grant & 8 loyalty to ! ,republican p>ty acc5tuat$ ! ill-feel+ ( ! ,s\!rn p4 ,b 9 "t 8 s]vices 9 =m] days 7 recall$1 & he became once m ,g5]al ,lee's w>-horse to 8 old soldi]s & ! p ( ! ,s\?4 ,he held sev]al civil (fices1 among !m be+ t ( m9i/] to ,turkey "u ,grant & t ( commission] ( ,pacific railways "u ,presid5ts ,mc,kinley & ,roosevelt4 ,9 #ahif he publi%$ ,f ,manassas to ,appomattox1 & 9 8 lat] ye>s he prep>$ an acc\nt ( ,gettysburg1 :i* 0 publi%$ soon aft] 8 dea?1 ) notes & rem9isc5ces ( 8 :ole milit>y c>e]4 ,g5]al ,long/reet di$ at ,ga9esville1 ,georgia1 on ! #bnd ( ,janu>y #aijd4 ,see ,lee & ,long/reet at ,high ,tide1 by ,hel5 ,d4 ,long/reet 7,ga9esville1 ,ga41 #aijd74 ,,longton1 a m>ket-t[n ( ,/af=d%ire1 ,engl&1 on ! ,nor? ,/af=d%ire railway1 #b m4 ,s4,e4 ( ,/oke-on-,tr5t1 )9 :i* p>liam5t>y & municipal bor\gh x is includ$4 ,pop4 7#aija7 #ce1hae4 ,! t[n is 9 ! ,pott]ies di/rict1 & 9 ! neighb\rhood ( coal & iron m9es4 ,x 0 gov]n$ by a mayor1 #aj ald]m5 & #cj c\ncillors until "u ! ,pott]ies ,f$]ation s*eme 7#aijh7 x became "p ( ! bor\gh ( ,/oke-on-,tr5t 9 #aiaj4 ,,longueville1 ! "n ( a ,fr5* family :i* orig9at$ ) ,jean1 c\nt ( ,dunois1 ! ,ba/>d ( ,orleans1 to :om ,*>les ,,vii4 gave ! c\nt%ip ( ,longueville 9 ,norm&y 9 #addc4 ,franois ( ,orleans1 c\nt ( ,longueville1 0 creat$ duke 9 #aeje4 ,! m>riage ( 8 bro!r ,l\is ) ,jeanne1 daught] & heiress ( ,philip1 c\nt ( ,bad5-,ho*b]g-,saus5b]g 7d4 #aejc71 add$ consid]able e/ates to ! h\se ( ,longueville4 ,h5ry1 duc de ,longueville 7d4 #affc71 took an important "p 9 ! ,fronde1 & = a long "t held ! royal troops 9 *eck 9 ,norm&y4 ,8 wife1 ,anne ,g5evive 7see bel[71 0 a lead+ figure 9 ! political diss5sions ( ! "t4 ,! la/ ( ! family 0 ,jean ,l\is1 ! ,abb d',orlans1 :o di$ 9 #afid4 ,! numismati/1 ,*>les d',orlans-,ro!l9 7#afia-agdd71 belong$ to a ba/>d bran* ( ! family4 ,,longueville1 ,,anne ,,g5evi,,ve1 ,,du*esse ,,de 7#afai-afgi71 0 ! only daught] ( ,h5ri de ,b\rbon1 ,pr9ce de ,cond1 & 8 wife ,*>lotte ,m>gu]ite de ,montmor5cy1 & ! si/] ( ,l\is1 ! great ,cond4 ,%e 0 born on ! #bh? ( ,augu/ #afai1 9 ! prison ( ,v9c5nes1 into :i* h] fa!r & "m _h be5 ?r[n = opposition to ,m>%al ,d',ancre1 ! fav\rite ( ,m>ie de' ,m$ici1 :o 0 !n reg5t 9 ! m9ority ( ,l\is ,,xiii4 ,%e 0 educat$ ) great /rictness 9 ! conv5t ( ! ,c>melites 9 ! ,rue ,/ ,jacques at ,p>is4 ,h] e>ly ye>s 7 cl\d$ by ! execution ( ! duc de ,montmor5cy1 h] "m's only bro!r1 = intrigu+ aga9/ ,ri*elieu 9 #afca1 & t ( h] "m's c\s9 ! comte de ,montmor5cy-,b\tteville = duell+ 9 #afce2 b h] p>5ts made _! peace ) ,ri*elieu1 & be+ introduc$ into society 9 #afce %e soon became "o ( ! />s ( ! ,htel ,ramb\illet1 at t "t ! c5tre ( all t 0 le>n$1 witty & gay 9 ,france4 ,9 #afdb %e 0 m>ri$ to ! duc de ,longueville1 gov]nor ( ,norm&y1 a wid[] twice h] age4 ,! m>riage 0 n happy4 ,aft] ,ri*elieu's dea? h] fa!r became *ief ( ! c\ncil ( reg5cy dur+ ! m9ority ( ,l\is ,,xiv41 h] bro!r ,l\is won ! great victory ( ,rocroy 9 #afdc 7see ,,cond71 & ! du*ess became ( political importance4 ,9 #afdf %e accompani$ h] husb& to ,mn/]1 :]e he 0 s5t by ,maz>9 z *ief envoy1 & :]e %e *>m$ ! ,g]man diplomati/s :o 7 mak+ ! treaty ( ,we/phalia1 & 0 address$ z ! goddess ( peace & concord4 ,on h] return %e fell 9 love ) ! duc de la ,ro*ef\cauld1 ! au?or ( ! ,maxims1 :o made use ( h] love to obta9 influ5ce ov] h] bro!r1 & ?us w9 hon\rs = himself4 ,%e 0 ! guid+ _s ( ! fir/ ,fronde1 :5 %e br\ght ov] ,arm&1 ,pr9ce de ,conti1 h] second bro!r1 & h] husb& to ! malcont5ts1 b %e fail$ to attract ,cond himself1 ^: loyalty to ! c\rt ov]?rew ! fir/ ,fronde4 ,x 0 dur+ ! fir/ ,fronde t %e liv$ at ! ,htel de ,ville & took ! city ( ,p>is z god-"m = ! *ild born to h] !re4 ,! peace did n satisfy h]1 al?\gh ,la ,ro*ef\cauld won ! titles he desir$4 ,! second ,fronde 0 l>gely h] "w1 & 9 x %e play$ ! mo/ prom95t "p 9 attract+ to ! rebels fir/ ,cond & lat] ,tur5ne4 ,9 ! la/ ye> ( ! w> %e 0 accompani$ into ,gui5ne by ! duc de ,nem\rs1 h] intimacy ) :om gave ,la ,ro*ef\cauld an excuse = ab&on+ h]1 & :o himself imm$iately return$ to 8 old mi/ress ! du*esse de ,*evreuse4 ,?us ab&on$1 & 9 disgrace at c\rt1 ! du*ess betook h]self to religion4 ,%e accompani$ h] husb& to 8 gov]nm5t at ,r\51 & devot$ h]self to good works4 ,%e took = h] director ,m4 ,s+l91 fam\s 9 ! hi/ory ( ,port ,royal4 ,%e *iefly liv$ 9 ,norm&y till #affc1 :5 h] husb& di$1 & %e came to ,p>is4 ,!re %e became m & m ,jans5i/ 9 op9ion1 & h] piety & ! remembrance ( h] influ5ce dur+ ! disa/r\s days ( ! ,fronde1 & above all ! love h] bro!r1 ! great ,cond1 bore h]1 made h] conspicu\s4 ,! k+ p>don$ h] & 9 e way %[$ respect = h]4 ,%e became ! great protectress ( ! ,jans5i/s2 x 0 9 h] h\se t ,arnauld1 ,nicole & ,de ,lane 7 protect$2 & to h] influ5ce mu/ be 9 great "p attribut$ ! release ( ,lemai/re ,de ,sacy f ! ,ba/ille1 ! introduction ( ,pomponne into ! m9i/ry & ( ,arnauld to ! k+4 ,h] fam\s lett]s to ! pope are "p ( ! hi/ory ( ,,port ,,royal 7q4v471 & z long z %e liv$ ! nuns ( ,port ,royal des ,*amps 7 left 9 safety4 ,h] eld] son resign$ 8 title & e/ates1 & became a ,jesuit "u ! "n ( ! ,abb d',orlans1 :ile ! y\ng]1 aft] lead+ a debau*$ life1 0 kill$ lead+ ! attack 9 ! passage ( ! ,rh9e 9 #afgc4 ,z h] heal? fail$ %e h>dly ev] left ! conv5t ( ! ,c>melites 9 :i* %e _h be5 educat$4 ,on h] dea? 9 #afgi %e 0 buri$ ) great spl5d\r by h] bro!r ,cond1 & h] he>t1 z %e _h direct$1 0 s5t to ! nuns ( ! ,port ,royal des ,*amps4 ,! *ief au?ority = ,madame de ,longueville's life is a little book 9 two volumes by ,ville=e ! ,jans5i/1 publi%$ 9 #agch4 ,victor ,c\s9 has devot$ f\r volumes to h]1 :i*1 ?\gh imm5sely diffuse1 give a vivid picture ( h] "t4 ,see also ,sa9te-,beuve1 ,portraits des femmes 7#ahdj74 ,h] connexion ) ,port ,royal %\ld be /udi$ 9 ,arnauld's ,memoirs1 & 9 ! diff]5t hi/ories ( t in/itution4 ,,longus1 ,greek sophi/ & romanc]1 au?or ( ,daphnis & ,*lo4 ,no?+ is kn[n ( 8 life1 & all t c be said is t he probably liv$ at ! end ( ! #bnd or ! beg9n+ ( ! #crd c5tury ,a4,d4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t ! "n ,longus is m]ely a misread+ ( ! la/ ^w ( ! title ,greek3 ,lesbiakn ertikn logoi d' 9 ! ,flor5t9e ,,ms42 ,seil] also obs]ves t ! be/ ,,ms4 beg9s & ends ) ,greek3 log\ 7n ,greek3 logg\7 ,greek3 poim5ikn4 ,if 8 "n 0 really ,longus1 he 0 probably a fre$man ( "s ,roman family :i* bore x4 ,longus's /yle is rhetorical1 8 %eph]ds & %eph]desses are :olly conv5tional1 b he has imp>t$ human int]e/ to a purely fanciful picture4 ,z an analysis ( feel+1 ,daphnis & ,*lo makes a ne>] approa* to ! mod]n novel ?an its *ief rival among ,greek erotic romances1 ! ,ae?iopica ( ,heliodorus1 :i* is rem>kable ma9ly = ! +5i\s succession ( incid5ts4 ,daphnis & ,*lo1 two *ildr5 f\nd by %eph]ds1 gr[ up toge!r1 n\ri%+ a mutual love :i* nei!r suspects4 ,! developm5t ( ?is simple passion =ms ! *ief int]e/1 & !re are few incid5ts4 ,*lo is c>ri$ (f by a pirate1 & ultimately rega9s h] family4 ,rivals al>m ! peace ( m9d ( ,daphnis2 b ! two lov]s are recogniz$ by _! p>5ts1 & return to a happy m>ri$ life 9 ! c\ntry4 ,daphnis & ,*lo 0 ! model ( ,la ,sire9e ( ,honor d',urf1 ! ,diana enamorada ( ,montemayor1 ! ,am9ta ( ,tasso1 & ,! ,g5tle ,%eph]d ( ,allan ,ramsay4 ,! celebrat$ ,paul et ,virg9ie is an e*o ( ! same /ory4 ,see ,j4 ,dunlop's ,hi/ory ( ,prose ,fiction 7#ahhh71 & especially ,e4 ,rohde1 ,d] grie*is*e ,roman 7#aijj74 ,longus f\nd an incomp>able translator 9 ,jacques ,amyot1 bi%op ( ,aux]re1 ^: ,fr5* v]sion1 z revis$ by ,paul ,l\is ,c\ri]1 is bett] kn[n ?an ! orig9al4 ,x appe>$ 9 #aeei1 ?irty-n9e ye>s be=e ! publication ( ! ,greek text at ,flor5ce by ,columbani4 ,! *ief subsequ5t editions are ^? by ,g4 ,jung]mann 7#afje71 ,j4 ,b4 de ,villoison 7#aggh1 ! fir/ /&>d text ) comm5t>y71 ,a4 ,coraes 7,coray7 7#ahjb71 ,p4 ,l4 ,c\ri] 7#ahaj1 ) a newly discov]$ passage71 ,e4 ,seil] 7#ahce71 ,r4 ,h]*] 7#aheh71 ,n4 ,piccolos 7,p>is1 #ahff7 & ,kief] 7,leipzig1 #aijd71 ,w4 ,d4 ,l[e 7,cambridge1 #aijh74 ,a4 ,j4 ,pons's edition 7#ahgh7 ( ,c\ri]'s v]sion conta9s an exhau/ive bibliography4 ,!re are ,engli% translations by ,g4 ,?orneley 7#agcc1 repr9t$ #ahic71 ,c4 ,v4 ,le ,grice 7#ahjc71 ,r4 ,smi? 79 ,bohn's ,classical ,libr>y71 & ! r>e ,elizabe?an v]sion by ,angel ,day f ,amyot's translation 7ed4 ,j4 ,jacobs 9 ,tudor ,libr>y1 #ahij74 ,! illu/rat$ editions1 g5]ally ( ,amyot's v]sion1 are num]\s & "s are beautiful1 ,prudhon's designs be+ especially celebrat$4 ,,longwy1 a =tifi$ t[n ( nor?-ea/]n ,france 9 ! dep>tm5t ( ,meur!-et-,moselle1 #hi m4 ,n4,n4,w ( ,nancy by rail4 ,pop4 7#aijf7 #hebc4 ,longwy is situat$ on a plateau ov]look+ ! ,*i]s1 a "r-bank afflu5t ( ! ,meuse1 ne> ! fronti]s ( ,belgium & ,luxemburg4 ,x comprises an upp] & a l[] t[n2 ! =m]1 on a hill1 #cij ft4 above ! ,*i]s valley1 comm&s ! ,luxemburg road1 & is /r5g!n$ by an ence9te & a few outly+ =tifications4 ,!re is g>rison accommodation = #ejjj m5 & #hjj horses1 b ! p]man5t g>rison is small4 ,! l[] t[n is ! indu/rial c5tre4 ,! #ag?-c5tury *ur* has a l(ty squ>e t[]1 ! htel de ville dates f #agcj1 & !re is a f9e hospital4 ,iron is ext5sively m9$ 9 ! di/rict1 & supplies num]\s bla/ furnaces4 ,sev]al iron & /eel works are 9 op]ation1 & metal ut5sils1 fire-pro( w>e & porcela9 are manufactur$4 ,longwy 7,longus vicus7 came into ! possession ( ! ,fr5* 9 #afgh & 0 at once =tifi$ by ,vauban4 ,x 0 captur$ by ! ,prussians 9 #agib1 #ahae & #ahga4 ,l,,nnrot1 ,,elias 7#ahjb-ahhd71 ,f9ni% philologi/ & discov]] ( ! ,kalevala1 0 born at ,nyl& 9 ,f9l& on ! #i? ( ,april #ahjb4 ,he 0 an apo!c>y's assi/ant1 b ent]$ ! univ]sity ( bo 9 #ahbb1 & aft] tak+ 8 successive degrees became a physician 9 #ahcb4 ,b be=e ?is1 z e>ly z #ahbg1 he _h begun to publi% contributions to ! /udy ( ! anci5t ,f9ni% language1 & to collect ! national ballads & folklore1 a field :i* 0 at t "t uncultivat$4 ,9 #ahcc he settl$ z a doctor 9 ! c\ntry di/rict ( ,kajana1 & began to travel ?r\gh\t ,f9l& & ! adjo9+ ,russian prov9ces 9 8 leisure "t1 collect+ songs & leg5ds4 ,9 ?is way he 0 able to put toge!r ! great epic ( ,f9l&1 ! ,kalevala1 ! fir/ edition ( :i* he publi%$ 9 #ahce2 he cont9u$ to add to x1 & 9 #ahdi issu$ a l>g] & complet] text4 ,9 #ahdj ,lnnrot issu$ 8 important collection ( ! ,kantelet>1 or folk-songs ( anci5t ,f9l&1 :i* he _h tak5 d[n f oral tradition4 ,! ,prov]bs ( ,f9l& foll[$ 9 #ahdb4 ,9 #ahec1 on ! dea? ( ,ca/rn1 ,lnnrot became pr(essor ( ! ,f9ni% language & lit]ature at ! high s*ool ( ,hels+=s2 he retir$ f ?is *air 9 #ahfb4 ,he di$ on ! #ai? ( ,m>* #ahhd4 ,,lonsdale1 ,,e>ls ,,(4 ,?is ,engli% e>ldom is held by ! anci5t family ( ,l[!r1 :i* traces its desc5t to ,sir ,hugh ,l[!r1 :o fl\ri%$ 9 ! reign ( ,edw>d ,i4 ,sir ,hugh's desc5dant ,sir ,ri*>d ,l[!r 7#aebi-afjg7 receiv$ ,m>y que5 ( ,scots on h] flight into ,engl& 9 #aefh1 & 9 ! two foll[+ ye>s 0 conc]n$ ) 8 bro!r ,g]>d 9 attempts to release h] f captivity4 ,he 0 %]iff ( ,cumb]l& & "l w>d5 ( ! we/ m>*es4 ,a h\se built by ,g]>d ,l[!r at ,p5ri? is n[ ! ,two ,lions ,inn4 ,sir ,ri*>d's elde/ son1 ,sir ,*ri/oph] ,l[!r 7d4 #afag71 0 ! ance/or ( ! lat] ,l[!rs1 & ano!r son4 ,sir ,g]>d ,l[!r 7d4 #afbd71 0 judge ( ! common pleas 9 ,irel&4 ,"o ( ,sir ,*ri/oph]'s desc5dants 0 ,sir ,john ,l[!r1 ,b>t4 7d4 #agjf71 ! f\nd] ( ! trade ( ,:itehav51 & ano!r 0 ,john ,l[!r 7#afee-agjj71 :o 0 creat$ ,visc\nt ,lonsdale 9 #afif4 ,be=e ?is creation ,john _h succe$$ 8 gr&fa!r1 ano!r ,sir ,john ,l[!r 7d4 #afge71 z a b>onet1 & _h be5 memb] ( p>liam5t = ,we/morl& f #afge to #afif4 ,9 #afhh he 0 s]viceable 9 secur+ ,cumb]l& & ,we/morl& = ,william ( ,orange2 9 #afij he 0 fir/ "l ( ! treasury1 & he 0 "l privy seal f ,m>* #afii until 8 dea? 9 ,july #agjj4 ,lonsdale wrote3 ,memoirs ( ! ,reign ( ,james ,,ii41 :i* 7 pr9t$ 9 #ahjh & aga9 9 #aheg4 ,8 family became ext9ct :5 8 son ,h5ry1 ! #crd visc\nt 7#afid-agea71 di$ unm>ri$ 9 ,m>* #agea4 ,james ,l[!r1 #a/ e>l ( ,lonsdale 7#agcf-ahjb71 0 a son ( ,rob]t ,l[!r 7d4 #agde7 ( ,maulds ,meaburn1 ,we/morl&1 :o 0 = "s "t gov]nor ( ,b>bados1 & 0 desc5d$ f ,sir ,*ri/oph] ,l[!r2 ?r\gh 8 "m ,ca!r9e ,p5n+ton1 ,james 0 a great-gr&son ( ! #a/ visc\nt ,lonsdale4 ,he inh]it$ "o ( ! family b>onetcies 9 #agea1 & f ?ree s\rces he obta9$ imm5se weal?1 be+ ! heir ( ! #crd visc\nt ,lonsdale1 ( ,sir ,james ,l[!r1 ,b>t4 7d4 #agee7 ( ,:itehav51 & ( ,sir ,william ,l[!r1 ,b>t4 7d4 #agef74 ,f #ageg to #aghd he 0 a memb] ( p>liam5t1 ex]cis+ enorm\s influ5ce on elections 9 ! nor? ( ,engl& & usually controll+ n9e seats 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 :]e 8 nom9ees 7 kn[n z ,sir ,james's n9ep9s4 ,he secur$ ! election ( ,william ,pitt z memb] = 8 bor\gh ( ,appleby 9 #agha1 & 8 dispute ) ! #crd duke ( ,portl& ov] ! possession ( ! socage manor ( ,c>lisle & ! =e/ ( ,+lewood gave rise to l5g?y proce$+s1 bo? 9 p>liam5t & 9 ! law c\rts4 ,9 #aghd ,l[!r 0 creat$ e>l ( ,lonsdale & 9 #agig ,visc\nt ,l[!r ) an ext5d$ rema9d]4 ,! e>l's enorm\s weal? enabl$ him to gratify 8 political ambitions4 ,sir ,n4 ,w4 ,wraxall 7,hi/orical & ,po/hum\s ,memoirs1 ed4 ,h4 ,b4 ,:eatley1 #ahhd71 :o gives int]e/+ glimpses ( 8 life1 speaks ( 8 prodigi\s prop]ty & quotes ,junius1 :o call$ him ! little contemptible tyrant ( ! nor?4 ,he 0 kn[n z ! bad e>l1 & ,horace ,walpole & o!rs speak slight+ly ( him2 he 01 h[ev]1 a b5efactor to ,:itehav51 :]e he boa/$ he own$ ! l&1 fire & wat]4 ,he m>ri$ ,m>y 7#agfh-ahbd7 daught] ( ,george ,,iii4's fav\rite1 ,john ,/u>t1 #crd e>l ( ,bute1 b di$ *ildless on ! #bd? ( ,may #ahjb1 :5 ! e>ldom became ext9ct2 b a k9sman1 ,sir ,william ,l[!r1 ,b>t4 7#ageg-ahdd71 ( ,swill+ton1 became #bnd visc\nt ,l[!r4 ,?is visc\nt1 :o 0 creat$ e>l ( ,lonsdale 9 #ahjg1 is *iefly fam\s z ! fri5d ( ,wordswor? & ! build] ( ,l[!r ,ca/le1 ,p5ri?4 ,8 son1 ,william ,l[!r1 #crd e>l ( ,lonsdale 7#aghg-ahgb71 held sev]al subord9ate positions 9 v>i\s ,tory m9i/ries1 & 0 "l presid5t ( ! c\ncil 9 #aheb4 ,he di$ unm>ri$1 & 0 succe$$ by 8 nephew ,h5ry 7#ahah-ahgf71 ^: son ,hugh ,cecil 7b4 #aheg7 succe$$ 8 bro!r z #f? e>l ( ,lonsdale 9 #ahhb4 ,o!r prom95t memb]s ( ! ,l[!r family are ! ,"r ,hon4 ,james ,william ,l[!r 7b4 #ahee71 :o became speak] ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons 9 #aije2 ,sir ,g]>d ,augu/us ,l[!r 7b4 #aheh71 :o became ,briti% ambassador at ,con/ant9ople 9 #aijh2 & ! ,"r ,hon4 ,james ,l[!r 7#ahdj-aijd71 :o 0 a well-kn[n ,cons]vative memb] ( p>liam5t f #ahfe1 onw>ds1 & *ief secret>y = ,irel& f #ahgh to #ahhj4 ,,lonsdale1 ,,william 7#agid-ahga71 ,engli% geologi/ & palaeontologi/1 0 born at ,ba? on ! #i? ( ,septemb] #agid4 ,he 0 educat$ = ! army & 9 #ahaj obta9$ a commission z ensign 9 ! #d? 7,k+'s ,own7 regim5t4 ,he s]v$ 9 ! ,p59sul> ,w> at ! battles ( ,salamanca & ,wat]loo1 = bo? ( :i* he receiv$ m$als2 & he retir$ z lieut5ant4 ,resid+ aft]w>ds = "s ye>s at ,ba!a/on he collect$ a s]ies ( rocks & fossils :i* he pres5t$ to ! ,lit]>y & ,sci5tific ,in/itution ( ,ba?4 ,he became ! fir/ honor>y curator ( ! natural hi/ory dep>tm5t ( ! museum1 & work$ until #ahbi :5 he 0 appo9t$ assi/ant secret>y & curator ( ! ,geological ,society ( ,london at ,som]set ,h\se4 ,!re he held (fice until #ahdb1 :5 ill-heal? l$ him to resign4 ,! ability ) :i* he edit$ ! publications ( ! society & advis$ ! c\ncil on e obscure & difficult po9t 0 comm5t$ on by ,mur*ison 9 8 presid5tial address 7#ahdc74 ,9 #ahbi ,lonsdale read be=e ! society an important pap] ,on ! ,oolitic ,di/rict ( ,ba? 7,trans4 ,geol4 ,soc4 s]4 #b1 vol4 iii471 ! results ( a survey begun 9 #ahbg2 lat] he 0 engag$ 9 a survey ( ! ,oolitic /rata ( ,gl\ce/]%ire 7#ahcb71 at ! in/igation ( ! ,geological ,society1 & he laid d[n on ! "o-in* ordnance maps ! b\nd>ies ( ! v>i\s geological =mations4 ,he gave p>ticul> att5tion to ! /udy ( corals1 becom+ ! highe/ au?ority 9 ,engl& on ! subject1 & he describ$ fossil =ms f ! ,t]ti>y & ,cretace\s /rata ( ,nor? ,am]ica & f ! old] /rata ( ,brita9 & ,russia4 ,9 #ahcg he sugge/$ f a /udy ( ! fossils ( ! ,s\? ,devon lime/ones t !y w\ld prove to be ( an age int]m$iate betwe5 ! ,c>bonif]\s & ,silurian sy/ems4 ,?is sugge/ion 0 adopt$ by ,s$gwick & ,mur*ison 9 #ahci1 & may be reg>d$ z ! basis on :i* !y f\nd$ ! ,devonian sy/em4 ,lonsdale's pap]1 ,notes on ! ,age ( ! ,lime/ones ( ,s\? ,devon%ire 7read #ahdj71 0 publi%$ 9 ! same volume ( ! ,transactions ( ! ,geological ,society 7s]4 #b1 vol4 v47 ) ,s$gwick & ,mur*ison's fam\s pap] ,on ! ,physical ,/ructure ( ,devon%ire1 & ^! au?ors obs]ve t ! conclusion arriv$ at by ,mr ,lonsdale1 we n[ apply )\t res]ve bo? to ! five gr\ps ( our ,nor? ,devon section1 & to ! fossilif]\s slates ( ,cornwall4 ,! lat] ye>s ( ,lonsdale's life 7 sp5t 9 retirem5t1 & he di$ at ,bri/ol on ! #aa? ( ,novemb] #ahga4 7,h4 ,b4 ,wo47 ,,lons-,,le-,,sauni]1 a t[n ( ea/]n ,france1 capital ( ! dep>tm5t ( ,jura1 #gf m4 ,n4,n4,e4 ( ,lyons on ! ,p>is-,lyons railway1 on :i* x is a junction = ,*alon-sur-,sane1 ,dle1 ,besanon & ,*ampagnole4 ,pop4 7#aijf7 #aj1fdh4 ,! t[n is built on bo? sides ( ! riv] ,vallire & is surr\nd$ by ! v9e-clad hills ( ! we/]n ,jura4 ,x owes its "n to ! salt m9es ( ,montmorot1 its we/]n suburb1 :i* h be5 us$ f a v remote p]iod4 ,! *ur* ( ,/ ,dsir1 a build+ ( ! #ab? & #ae? c5turies1 pres]ves a huge ,romanesque crypt4 ,! t[n is ! seat ( a prefects & ( a c\rt ( assizes1 & !re are tribunals ( fir/ in/ance & ( comm]ce1 a *amb] ( comm]ce1 lyces & tra9+-colleges = bo? sexes1 & a bran* ( ! ,bank ( ,france4 ,!re is an e/abli%m5t = ! use ( ! m9]al wat]s1 :i* are sodio-*lor9at$ & h /r5g!n+ prop]ties4 ,! pr9cipal indu/ry ( ! place is ! manufacture ( sp>kl+ w9es1 ! toile gr[? be+ ! be/ = ?is purpose4 ,trade is 9 *eese1 c]eals1 horses1 cattle1 wood1 c4 ,lons-le-,sauni]1 kn[n z ,l$o 9 ! "t ( ! ,gauls1 0 =tifi$ by ! ,romans1 :o add$ ! surname ,sal9>ius to ! ,gallic "n4 ,an object ( cont5tion ow+ to ! value ( its salt1 x belong$ = a long "t dur+ ! m$ieval p]iod to ! p[]ful h\se ( ,*alon1 a y\ng] bran* ( t ( ,burgundy4 ,x 0 burn$ 9 #acfd by ! ,engli%1 & aga9 9 #afcg1 :5 x 0 seiz$ by ! duke ( ,longueville = ,l\is ,,xiii4 ,x became def9itively ,fr5* 9 #afgd4 ,x 0 "h t ! meet+ betwe5 ,ney & ,napoleon took place1 on ! return ( ! latt] f ,elba 9 #ahae4 ,r\get de l',isle1 ! au?or ( ! ,m>seillaise1 0 born at ,montaigu ne> ?is t[n1 :]e !re is a /atue erect$ to him4 ,,loo 7=m]ly call$ ,lant]loo1 ,fr4 lanturlu1 ! refra9 ( a popul> #ag?-c5tury song71 a r\nd game ( c>ds1 play$ by any numb] ( p]sons2 f five to sev5 makes ! be/ game4 ,?ree-c>d loo is ! game usually play$4 ,an ord9>y pack ( fifty-two c>ds is us$ & ! deal passes aft] ea* r\nd4 ,ea* play] mu/ h ! same numb] ( deals2 b if !re is a loo 7! sum =feit$ by a play] :o plays1 b does n w9 a trick7 9 ! la/ deal ( a r\nd1 ! game cont9ues till !re is a h& )\t a loo4 ,! deal] deals ?ree c>ds face d[nw>ds1 "o by "o1 to ea* play] & an extra h& call$ miss1 & turns up ! top ( ! undealt c>ds = trumps4 ,ea* play] contributes to ! pool a sum previ\sly agre$ ^u4 ,! unit = a s+le /ake %\ld be divisible by ?ree )\t a rema9d]1 e4g4 ?ree c\nt]s or ?ree p5ce4 ,! play]s are b\nd to put 9 ! /ake be=e ! deal is complet$4 ,ea* play] 9 rotation1 beg9n+ f ! deal]'s left1 looks at 8 c>ds1 & decl>es :e!r he w play1 or pass1 or take miss4 ,if ! =m]1 he says ,i play4 ,if he takes miss he places 8 c>ds face d[nw>ds 9 ! middle ( ! table1 & takes up ! extra h&4 ,if he passes1 he simil>ly places 8 c>ds face d[nw>ds 9 ! middle ( ! table4 ,if miss is tak51 ! subsequ5t play]s only h ! option ( play+ or pass+4 ,a play] :o takes miss mu/ play4 ,^? :o are n[ left 9 play "o c>d ea* 9 rotation1 beg9n+ f ! deal]'s left1 ! c>ds ?us play$ con/itut+ a trick4 ,! trick is won by ! highe/ c>d ( ! suit l$1 or1 if trump$1 by ! highe/ trump1 ! c>ds rank+ z at :i/4 ,! w9n] ( ! trick leads to ! next1 & s on1 until ! h& is play$ out4 ,! c>ds rema9 face upw>ds 9 front ( ! p]sons plac+ !m4 ,if ! lead] holds ace ( trumps he mu/ lead x 7or k+1 if ace is turn$ up74 ,if ! lead] has two trumps he mu/ lead "o ( !m1 & if "o is ace 7or k+1 ace be+ turn$ up7 he mu/ lead x4 ,) ?is exception ! lead] is n b\nd to lead 8 highe/ trump if m ?an two decl>e to play2 b if !re are only two decl>$ play]s ! lead] ) m ?an "o trump mu/ lead ! highe/4 ,except ) trumps z above /at$ he may lead any c>d he *ooses4 ,! subsequ5t play]s mu/ head ! trick if able1 & mu/ foll[ suit if able4 ,hold+ none ( ! suit l$1 !y mu/ head ! trick ) a trump1 if able4 ,o!rwise !y may play any c>d !y please4 ,! w9n] ( ! fir/ trick is subject to ! rules already /at$ respect+ ! lead1 & 9 addition he mu/ lead a trump if able 7call$ trump aft] trick74 ,:5 ! h& has be5 play$ out1 ! w9n]s ( ! tricks divide ! pool1 ea* receiv+ "o-?ird ( ! am\nt = ea* trick4 ,if only "o has decl>$ to play1 ! deal] plays miss ei!r = himself or = ! pool4 ,if he plays = ! pool he mu/ decl>e be=e see+ miss t he does n play = himself4 ,any tricks he may w91 :5 play+ = ! pool1 rema9 !re z an addition to ! next pool4 ,o!r rules provide t ! deal] mu/ play1 if only "o play] /&s1 ) 8 own c>ds or ) miss4 ,if miss is gone & aga9/ him1 he may def5d ) ! ?ree top c>ds ( ! pack1 exclud+ ! trump c>d2 ^! c>ds are call$ ma/]4 ,if ea* decl>$ play] w9s at lea/ "o trick x is a s+le1 i4e4 a fre% pool is made z already describ$2 b if "o ( ! decl>$ play]s fails to make a trick he is loo$4 ,!n only ! play] :o is loo$ contributes to ! next pool4 ,if m ?an "o play] is loo$1 ea* has to contribute4 ,at unlimit$ loo ea* play] loo$ has to put 9 ! am\nt !re 0 9 ! pool4 ,b x is (t5 agre$ to limit ! loo1 s t x %all n exce$ a c]ta9 fix$ sum4 ,?us1 at eighte5-p5ny loo1 ! loo is g5]ally limit$ to half a gu9ea4 ,if !re is less ?an ! limit 9 ! pool ! paym5t is regulat$ z be=e2 b if !re is m ?an ! limit1 ! loo is ! fix$ sum agre$ on4 ,! game is sometimes v>i$ by =ces1 i4e4 by compell+ e "o to play 9 ! fir/ deal1 or :5 !re is no loo ! previ\s deal1 or :5ev] clubs are trumps 7club law74 ,:5 !re is a =ce no miss is dealt4 ,iri% loo is play$ by all[+ decl>$ play]s to ex*ange "s or all ( _! c>ds = c>ds dealt f ! top ( ! pack4 ,!re is no miss1 & x is n compulsory to lead a trump ) two trumps1 unless !re are only two decl>$ play]s4 ,at five-c>d loo ea* play] has five c>ds in/ead ( ?ree1 & a s+le /ake %\ld be divisible by five4 ,pam 7knave ( clubs7 ranks z ! highe/ trump1 :atev] suit is turn$ up4 ,!re is no miss1 & c>ds may be ex*ang$ z at ,iri% loo4 ,if ace ( trumps is l$1 ! lead] says ,pam be civil1 :5 ! hold] ( t c>d mu/ pass ! trick if he c d s )\t revok+4 ,a flu% 7five c>ds ( ! same suit1 or f\r ) ,pam7 loos ! bo>d1 i4e4 ! hold] receives ! am\nt ( a loo f e "o1 & ! h& is n play$4 ,a trump flu% takes prec$5ce ( flu%es 9 o!r suits4 ,if m ?an "o flu% is held1 or if ,pam is held1 ! hold] is exempt$ f paym5t4 ,z betwe5 two flu%es :i* d n take prec$5ce1 ! eld] h& w9s4 ,a s+le /ake %\ld be divisible by five4 ,,looe1 a seaport & m>ket t[n 9 ! ,bodm9 p>liam5t>y division ( ,cornwall1 ,engl&1 #ag m4 by sea ,w4 ( ,plym\?1 a t]m9us ( ! ,liske>d ,looe light railway4 ,pop4 7#aija7 #bedh4 ,x is divid$ by ! riv] into ,ea/ ,looe & ,we/ ,looe2 & is %elt]$ s completely by ! surr\nd+ hills t myrtles1 g]aniums1 fu*sias & o!r delicate plants fl\ri% at all seasons 9 ! op5 air4 ,its lanes are n>r[1 /eep & w9d+2 _m ( ! h\ses are ent]$ by wood5 /aircases2 & ?\gh consid]ably mod]niz$ ! t[n has a m$ieval air4 ,inl&1 ! %ores ( ! riv] are ri*ly wood$2 & t[>ds ! sea !y rise on ! s\? into rugg$ cliffs4 ,! p>i% *ur* ( ,/ ,m>t91 :i* /&s #a m4 outside ! t[n1 has a ,norman doorway & font4 ,among o!r build+s may be m5tion$ ! anci5t *apel ( ,/ ,ni*olas 9 ,we/ ,looe1 re/or$ 9 #ahfb2 & ! old t[n-hall1 :]e ! anci5t pillory is pres]v$4 ,a consid]able export trade 9 copp]1 t9 & granite 0 =m]ly c>ri$ on1 & ! la/ is /ill export$1 b ! *ief trade is 9 gra92 :ile timb]1 coal & lime/one are import$4 ,!re are also ?riv+ fi%]ies1 ! ,looe fi%]m5 be+ p>ticul>ly exp]t ) ! se9e on a rocky bottom4 ,! inlet ( ,trelawne is "o ( ! mo/ exquisite wood$ coombes 9 ,cornwall4 ,at its head are ! rema9s ( a camp1 connect$ ) ! ,giant's ,h$ge1 a rais$ e>?work :i* ext5ds = #g m4 9 a /raight l9e1 z f> z a l>g] camp1 on ,bury ,d[n1 & is ( ,dani% or ,saxon con/ruction4 ,trelawne1 a f9e old mansion belong+ to ! family ( ,trelawny1 dates 9 "p f ! #ae? c5tury1 b has be5 v l>gely re/or$4 ,! h>b\rage 0 probably ! orig9al cause ( settlem5t at ,looe4 ,at ! "t ( ! ,domesday ,survey ,ea/ ,looe 0 assess$ "u ,p5drym1 :i* 0 ( ! k+'s demesne & ,we/ ,looe "u ,hamel9's manor ( ,trel[ia4 ,9 ! #ad? c5tury ! =m] manor 0 held by ! family ( ,bodrugan2 ! latt] by t ( ,dauney1 :o _h inh]it$ x f ! ,trev]byns4 ,9 #abcg ,h5ry ,bodrugan receiv$ ! grant ( a m>ket on ,fridays & a fair at ,mi*aelmas 9 8 manor ( ,p5drym4 ,9 #acja 8 gr&son & namesake grant$ to ,ea/ ,looe a m>ket & fair1 view ( frank pl$ge1 duck+ /ool & pillory & assize ( bread & ale4 ,otto ,bodrugan 9 #acbj grant$ ! burgesses ! privilege ( elect+ _! own portreeve & controll+ ! trade ( ! t[n4 ,a *>t] ( incorporation 0 grant$ 9 #aeeh "u :i* ! common c\ncil 0 to consi/ ( a mayor & #h *ief burgesses4 ,!re 0 to be a c\rt ( record1 a m>ket on ,saturdays & fairs at ,mi*aelmas & ,c&lemas4 ,9 #afhe ,james ,,ii4 provid$ t !re %\ld be a mayor & #aa ald]m51 #cf free burgesses1 #d fairs & a c\rt ( pie p[d]4 ,ea/ ,looe 0 gov]n$ "u ?is *>t] until #ahhe4 ,we/ ,looe 7kn[n also z ,porpighan or ,porbuan7 b5efit$ by a *>t] grant$ by ,ri*>d k+ ( ! ,romans to ,odo ,trev]byn & ratifi$ 9 #acbe con/itut+ x a free bor\gh ^: burgesses 7 to be free ( all cu/om ?r\gh\t ,cornwall4 ,resid5ce = a ye> & a day )9 ! bor\gh conf]r$ fre$om f s]vitude4 ,!re 7 to be a m>ket on ,w$nesdays & a fair at ,mi*aelmas4 ,hugh son ( ,odo ,trev]byn gave ,we/ ,looe ! privileges enjoy$ by ,hel/on & ,launce/on4 ,^u ! atta9d] ( ! e>l ( ,devon 9 #aeci ! bor\gh fell to ! cr[n & 0 annex$ to ! du*y4 ,9 #aegd a *>t] ( incorporation 0 grant$1 provid+ = a mayor & #aa burgesses1 also = a m>ket on ,w$nesdays & two fairs4 ,we/ ,looe cont9u$ to be adm9i/]$ "u ?is *>t] until #ahfi1 :5 ! dea? ( ! mayor depriv$ ! c\ncil ( its only surviv+ memb] & elector4 ,p>liam5t>y repres5tation 0 conf]r$ ^u ,ea/ ,looe 9 #aega & ^u ,we/ ,looe 9 #aeec4 ,9 ! debate on ! re=m bill ,o',connell /at$ t !re 0 b "o bor\gh m rott5 ?an ,ea/ ,looe & t 0 ,we/ ,looe4 ,looe 0 second only to ,f[ey z a port 9 ! #ae? c5tury4 ,x furni%$ #bj %ips = ! siege ( ,calais4 ,( ! m>kets & fairs only ! m>kets on ,w$nesdays & ,saturdays & a fair on ! #f? ( ,may rema94 ,,loom1 or ,,loon 7,icel&ic1 ,lmr71 a "n appli$ to wat]-birds ( ?ree di/9ct families1 rem>kable = _! clumsy gait on l&4#a ,! fir/ is ! ,colymbidae1 to :i* ! t]m div] 7q4v47 is usually re/rict$ 9 books2 ! second ! ,podicip$idae1 or grebes 7q4v472 & ! ?ird ! ,alcidae4 ,! =m loon is mo/ commonly us$ bo? 9 ! ,briti% ,isl&s & 9 ,nor? ,am]ica = all species ( ! g5us ,colymbus1 or ,eudytes accord+ to "s orni?ologi/s1 frequ5tly ) ! prefix sprat1 indicat+ ! fi% on :i* !y are suppos$ to prey2 ?\gh x is ! local "n ( ! great cre/$ grebe 7,podiceps cri/atus7 :]ev] t bird is suffici5tly well kn[n to h "o2 &1 z appe>s f ,grew 7,mus4 ,reg4 ,soc4 p4 #fi71 x 0 =m]ly giv5 to ! little grebe or dab*ick 7,p4 fluviatilis or m9or74 ,! o!r =m loom seems m conf9$ 9 its application to ! nor?1 & is said by ,t4 ,edmon/on 7,etym4 ,gloss4 ,%etl4 & ,orkn4 ,dialect1 p4 #fg7 to be ! prop] "n 9 ,%etl& ( ,colymbus sept5trionalis2#b b x has come into use among ,arctic seam5 z ! "n ( ! guillemot 7,alca arra or bru5ni*i7 :i* ?rongs ! cliffs ( nor!rn l&s1 f ^: loom]ies !y obta9 a :olesome food2 :ile ! writ] believes he has he>d ! ^w locally appli$ to ! razorbill 7q4v474 7,a4 ,n47 ,,footnotes3 #a ,! ^w also takes ! =m lumme 7fide ,montagu71 &1 z ,pr(essor ,skeat obs]ves1 is probably connect$ ) lame4 ,! signification ( loon1 a clumsy fell[1 & metaphorically a simpleton1 is obvi\s to any "o :o has se5 ! attempt ( ! birds to :i* ! "n is giv5 to walk4 #b ,dunn & ,saxby1 h[ev]1 agree 9 giv+ ra9-goose z ! "n ( ! species 9 ,scotl&4 ,,loom1 a ma*9e = weav+ fabrics by int]sect+ ! longitud9al ?reads1 ! w>p1 i4e4 t :i* is ?r[n across 7,o4,e4 we>p1 f weorpan1 to ?r[1 cf4 ,g]4 w]f57 ) ! transv]se ?reads1 ! weft1 i4e4 t :i* is wov5 7,o4,e4 wefta1 f wefan1 to weave1 cf4 ,g]4 web574 ,! ,o4,e4 geloma & ,m4,e4 lome meant an implem5t or tool ( any k9d4 ,9 ! s5se ( prop]ty1 furniture1 c41 x appe>s 9 heirloom 7q4v474 ,! e>lie/ example ) its specific mean+ quot$ by ! ,new ,engli% ,diction>y is f ! ,nott+ham ,records ( #adjd 7see ,,weav+74 ,loom 9 ! s5se ( to appe> indi/9ctly1 to come into view 9 an exagg]at$ indi/9ct %ape1 mu/ be di/+ui%$ f ! above ^w4 ,?is appe>s to h be5 a sailor's t]m = ! indi/9ct or exagg]at$ appe>ance ( l&1 a vessel or o!r object ?r\gh haze or d>kness at sea4 ,x is ( obscure orig91 b has be5 connect$ ?r\gh ! ,o4 ,fr4 lum]1 mod]n allum]1 ) ,lat4 lum51 light1 & ) ! root se5 9 lame1 9 ! s5se ( mov+ sl[ly t[>ds "o4 ,,lo,n1 ! l>ge/ t[n ( ! prov9ce ( ,bohol1 isl& ( ,bohol1 ,philipp9e ,isl&s1 on ! extreme ,w4 coa/4 ,pop4 7#aijc7 #ah1aad4 ,lon is picturesquely situat$ on ! ,w4 slope ( a hill1 & is rea*$ f ! sea by /eps cut 9 ! rocks4 ,! h>b\r is 9 a %elt]$ bay on ! ,n4 side ( ! t[n4 ,! cultivation ( coco-nuts1 c(fee1 cocoa1 maguey1 tobacco1 cotton & ,indian corn1 & ! rais+ ( live/ock are ! pr9cipal indu/ries2 !re is also consid]able comm]ce & "s manufactur+4 ,! language is *iefly ,bohol-,visayan4 ,,loop4 7#a7 ,a curve or b5d1 p>ticul>ly a b5d 9 a /r+1 rope1 c41 =m$ by d\bl+ back "o "p s z to leave an op5+2 simil>ly a r+ ( metal or o!r mat]ial leav+ an ap]ture4 7#b7 ,9 ar*itecture or =tification1 loop1 m usually 9 ! =m loophole1 is an op5+ 9 ! wall ( a build+1 v n>r[ on ! outside & splay$ )91 f :i* arr[s or d>ts might be dis*>g$ on an enemy1 or ?r\gh :i* light might be admitt$4 ,!y are (t5 9 ! =m ( a cross1 & g5]ally h r\nd holes at ! ends 7see ,,oillets74 7#c7 ,! ^w is also a t]m 9 iron & /eel manufactur+ = a mass ( metal ready = hamm]+ or roll+1 a bloom4 ,?is la/ ^w is repres5t$ 9 ,fr5* by l\pe1 f :i* x is probably adapt$4 ,! e>li] ,engli% =m 0 also l\pe1 & x 0 also appli$ to preci\s /ones :i* 7 ( inf]ior brilliancy2 ! same also appe>s 9 ,fr5*4 ,( ! ^w 9 its two fir/ mean+s1 a b5d or circle 9 a l9e ( /r+1 metal1 rails1 c41 & loophole1 ! d]ivation is unc]ta94 ,skeat takes ! ^w 9 bo? mean+s to be ! same & to be ( ,sc&9avian orig91 ! old ,norwegian hlaup1 a leap1 be+ ! direct s\rce4 ,! base is ! ,teutonic hlaufan1 to run1 to leap1 ,g]man lauf54 ,! ,new ,engli% ,diction>y consid]s ! ,sw$i% example1 lp-knut1 runn+ knot1 & o!rs giv5 by ,skeat 9 support ( 8 d]ivation to be ,g]manisms1 & also t ! pronunciation ( ! ^w w\ld h be5 l[p r ?an lup4 ,loop 9 mean+ 7#b7 loophole is also tak5 to be a diff]5t ^w1 & is d]iv$ f ,dut* luip51 to pe]1 wat*4 ,9 mod]n ,dut* ! ^w = a n>r[ op5+ is gluip4 ,,loose/rife1 9 botany1 ! common "n ( ,lysima*ia vulg>is1 an erect plant1 #b to #d ft4 high1 common on riv] banks 9 ,engl&2 ! bran*$ /em be>s tap]+ leaves 9 pairs or :orls1 & t]m9al panicles ( r l>ge deep yell[ fl[]s4 ,x is a memb] ( ! primrose family4 ,l4 nemorum1 yell[ pimp]nel1 or wood loose/rife1 a l[-gr[+ plant ) sl5d] spread+ /em1 & some:at simil> yell[ fl[]s /&+ s+ly 9 ! leaf-axils1 is frequ5t 9 copses4 ,l4 ,nummul>ia is ! well-kn[n creep+ j5ny or money-wort1 a l>g] plant ) widely creep+ /em1 pairs ( %9+ leaves & l>ge solit>y yell[ fl[]s2 x is f\nd on banks ( riv]s & damp woods1 & is a common rock]y plant4 ,purple loose/rife1 ,ly?rum ,salic>ia1 belongs to a diff]5t family1 ,ly?raceae4 ,x is a h&some plant gr[+ #b to #f ft4 high on riv] banks & dit*es1 ) a bran*$ angl$ /em be>+ :orls ( n>r[ po9t$ /alkless leaves & end+ 9 tall tap]+ spikes ( beautiful rose-purple fl[]s4 ,! fl[]s are trimorphic1 t is to say1 exi/ 9 ?ree =ms :i* diff] 9 ! relative l5g? ( ! /yles & /am5s & are kn[n z long-/yl$1 mid-/yl$ & %ort-/yl$ =ms respectively2 ! size & col\r ( ! poll5 also diff]4 ,^! diff]5ces play an important "p 9 ! poll9ation ( ! fl[]4 ,,loot1 plund] or spoil tak5 f an enemy 9 w>1 especially ! indiscrim9ate plund] tak5 by ! victor aft] ! capture ( a city4 ,! ^w came into ,engli% f ,india4 ,x is adapt$ f ! ,h9di lut1 :i* is ei!r f ,sanskrit lunt1 to rob1 plund]1 or lotra1 loptra1 booty4 ,,lopes1 ,,f]n,o 7#achj8-adei871 ! patri>* ( ,portuguese hi/orians1 0 appo9t$ keep] ( ! royal ar*ives1 !n h\s$ 9 ! ca/le ( ,/ ,george 9 ,lisbon1 by ,k+ ,john ,i4 9 ,novemb] #adah4 ,he act$ z private secret>y to ! ,infants ,d4 ,du>te & ,d4 ,f]n&o1 & :5 ! =m] asc5d$ ! ?rone he *>g$ ,lopes1 by lett] ( ! #ai? ( ,m>* #adcd1 ) ! "w ( putt+ into *ronicles ! /ories ( ! k+s ( old "t z well z ! great & l(ty actions ( ! mo/ virtu\s k+ my "l & fa!r 7,john ,i474 ,! =m ( ! appo9tm5t m>k$ its limits1 & is a suffici5t reply to ^? mod]n critics :o h c5sur$ ,lopes = p>tiality4 ,not)/&+ 8 (ficial title ( *ief *ronicl] ( ! realm1 he 0 ! k+'s man 7,vassallo del ,rei71 & receiv$ 8 sal>y f ! royal treasury4 ,k+ ,alphonso ,v4 confirm$ him 9 8 po/ by lett] ( ! #crd ( ,june #addi1 & 9 #aded1 aft] ?irty-six ye>s' s]vice 9 ! ar*ives & tw5ty z *ronicl]1 he resign$ 9 fav\r ( ,gomez ,eannes de ,azur>a4 ,! latt] pays a tribute to 8 pr$ecessor z a notable p]son1 a man ( r>e k & great au?ority1 & ! mod]n hi/orian ,h]culano says1 !re is n only hi/ory 9 ! *ronicles ( ,f]no ,lopes1 !re is poetry & drama z well2 !re is ! middle age ) its fai?1 its en?usiasm1 its love ( glory4 ,lopes has be5 call$ ! ,portuguese ,froiss>t1 & t r>e gift1 ! p[] ( mak+ _! subjects live1 is common to ! two writ]s2 inde$1 _h ! =m] writt5 9 a bett]-kn[n language1 !re c be little d\bt t ! g5]al op9ion ( critics w\ld h confirm$ t ( ,rob]t ,s\!y1 :o call$ ,lopes beyond all comp>ison ! be/ *ronicl] ( any age or nation4 ,lopes 0 ! fir/ to put 9 ord] ! /ories ( ! e>li] ,portuguese mon>*s1 & he compos$ a g5]al *ronicle ( ! k+dom1 :i*1 ?\gh x nev] appe>$ "u 8 "n1 almo/ c]ta9ly s]v$ z a f\ndation = ! *ronicles ( ,ruy de ,p9a 7q4v474 ,lopes prep>$ himself = 8 "w ) c>e & dilig5ce1 z he tells u1 n only by wide read+ ( books 9 diff]5t languages1 b also by a /udy ( ! ar*ives belong+ to municipalities1 mona/]ies & *ur*es1 bo? 9 ,portugal & ,spa94 ,he is usually a tru/wor?y guide 9 facts1 & *>ms ! read] by ! nave simplicity ( 8 /yle4 ,8 works t h come d[n are3 7#a7 ,*ronica del ,rei ,d4 ,joo ,i4 de boa memoria1 p>ts #a & #b 7,lisbon1 #afdd74 ,! ?ird "p relat+ ! capture ( ,ceuta 0 add$ by ,azur>a4 ,a correct$ text ( ! *ronicle has be5 issu$ by in/alm5ts 9 ! ,ar*ivo ,hi/orico ,portuguez4 7#b7 ,*ronica d s5hor rei ,d4 ,p$ro ,i41 9 vol4 iv4 ( ! ,collecco de ,livros ,in$itos da ,hi/oria ,portugueza1 publi%$ by ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces 7,lisbon1 #ahaf72 a mu* bett] text ?an t publi%$ by ,fa!r ,bayo 9 8 edition ( ! same *ronicle 7,lisbon1 #agfj74 7#c7 ,*ronica d s5hor rei ,d4 ,f]n&o publi%$ 9 ! same volume & collection4 ,! ,briti% ,museum has "s important #af?-c5tury ,,mss4 ( ! *ronicles4 ,see ,damio de ,goes1 ,*ronica del ,rei ,dom ,manoel1 "p iv4 *4 #ch2 ,arag ,morato1 introduction to vol4 iv4 ( ! above collection2 ,h]culano1 ,opusculos1 vol4 v4 7,e4 ,pr47 ,,lopez1 ,,c>los ,,antonio 7#agij-ahfb71 ,p>aguayan autocrat1 0 born at ,asuncion on ! #d? ( ,novemb] #agij1 & 0 educat$ 9 ! ecclesia/ical sem9>y ( t city4 ,he attract$ ! ho/ility ( ! dictator1 ,francia1 & he 0 =c$ to keep 9 hid+ = sev]al ye>s4 ,he acquir$1 h[ev]1 s unusual a k ( law & gov]nm5tal affairs t1 on ,francia's dea? 9 #ahdj1 he obta9$ an almo/ undisput$ control ( ! ,p>aguayan /ate1 :i* he ma9ta9$ un9t]rupt$ly until 8 dea? on ! #aj? ( ,septemb] #ahfb4 ,he 0 successively secret>y ( ! rul+ milit>y junta 7#ahdj-ahda71 "o ( ! two consuls 7#ahda-ahdd71 & presid5t ) dictatorial p[]s 7#ahdd-ahfb7 by successive elections = t5 & ?ree ye>s1 & 9 #aheg aga9 = t5 ye>s1 ) p[] to nom9ate 8 own successor4 ,?\gh nom9ally a presid5t act+ "u a republican con/itution1 he rul$ despotically4 ,8 gov]nm5t 0 9 g5]al direct$ ) wise en]gy t[>ds develop+ ! mat]ial res\rces & /r5g!n+ ! milit>y p[] ( ! c\ntry4 ,8 jeal\sy ( =eign approa* sev]al times involv$ him 9 diplomatic disputes ) ,brazil1 ,engl&1 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :i* ne>ly result$ 9 w>1 b ea* "t he extricat$ himself by skilful evasions4 ,8 elde/ son1 ,,francisco ,,solano ,,lopez 7#ahbf-ahgj71 0 born ne> ,asuncion on ! #bd? ( ,july #ahbf4 ,:5 9 8 n9ete5? ye> he 0 made comm&]-9-*ief ( ! ,p>aguayan army1 dur+ ! spasmodic ho/ilities !n prevail+ ) ! ,arg5t9e ,republic4 ,he 0 s5t 9 #ahec z m9i/] to ,engl&1 ,france & ,italy1 & sp5t a ye> & a half 9 ,europe4 ,he pur*as$ l>ge quantities ( arms & milit>y supplies1 toge!r ) sev]al /eam]s1 & organiz$ a project = build+ a railroad & e/abli%+ a ,fr5* colony 9 ,p>aguay4 ,he also =m$ ! acqua9tance ( ,madame ,lyn*1 an ,iri% adv5turess ( _m tal5ts & popul> qualities1 :o became 8 mi/ress1 & /rongly influ5c$ 8 lat] ambiti\s s*emes4 ,return+ to ,p>aguay1 he became 9 #ahee m9i/] ( w>1 & on 8 fa!r's dea? 9 #ahfb at once assum$ ! re9s ( gov]nm5t z vice-presid5t1 9 accordance ) a provision ( 8 fa!r's w1 & call$ a congress by :i* he 0 *os5 presid5t = t5 ye>s4 ,9 #ahfd1 9 8 self-/yl$ capacity ( protector ( ! equilibrium ( ! ,la ,plata1 he dem&$ t ,brazil %\ld ab&on h] arm$ int]f]5ce 9 a revolution>y /ruggle !n 9 progress 9 ,uruguay4 ,no att5tion be+ paid to 8 dem&1 he seiz$ a ,brazilian m]*ant /eam] 9 ! h>b\r ( ,asuncion1 & ?rew into prison ! ,brazilian gov]nor ( ! prov9ce ( ,matto ,grosso :o 0 on bo>d4 ,9 ! foll[+ mon? 7,decemb] #ahfd7 he despat*$ a =ce to invade ,matto ,grosso1 :i* seiz$ & sack$ its capital ,cuyab1 & took possession ( ! prov9ce & its diamond m9es4 ,lopez next s\ght to s5d an army to ! relief ( ! ,uruguayan presid5t ,aguirro aga9/ ! revolution>y aspirant ,flores1 :o 0 support$ by ,brazilian troops4 ,! refusal ( ! ,arg5t9e presid5t1 ,mitre1 to all[ ?is =ce to cross ! int]v5+ prov9ce ( ,corri5tes1 0 seiz$ ^u by ,lopez z an occasion = w> ) ! ,arg5t9e ,republic4 ,a congress1 ha/ily summon$1 & compos$ ( 8 own nom9ees1 be/[$ ^u ,lopez ! title ( m>%al1 ) extraord9>y w> p[]s1 & on ,april #ac1 #ahfe1 he decl>$ w>1 at ! same "t seiz+ two ,arg5t9e w>-vessels 9 ! bay ( ,corri5tes1 & on ! next day occupi$ ! t[n ( ,corri5tes1 in/itut$ a provisional gov]nm5t ( 8 ,arg5t9e p>tisans1 & summ>ily ann\nc$ ! annexation to ,p>aguay ( ! prov9ces ( ,corri5tes & ,entre ,rios4 ,meantime ! p>ty ( ,flores _h be5 successful 9 ,uruguay1 & t /ate on ,april ! #ah? unit$ ) ! ,arg5t9e ,republic 9 a decl>ation ( w> on ,p>aguay4 ,on ! #a/ ( ,may ,brazil jo9$ ^! two /ates 9 a secret alliance1 :i* /ipulat$ t !y %\ld unit$ly prosecute ! w> until ! exi/+ gov]nm5t ( ,p>aguay %\ld be ov]?r[n1 & until no arms or elem5ts ( w> %\ld be left to x4 ,?is agreem5t 0 lit]ally c>ri$ out4 ,! w> :i* ensu$1 la/+ until ! #a/ ( ,april #ahgj1 0 c>ri$ on ) great /ubbornness & ) alt]nat+ =tunes1 ?\gh ) a /eadily increas+ tide ( disa/]s to ,lopez 7see ,,p>aguay74 ,9 #ahfh1 :5 ! allies 7 press+ him h>d1 8 m9d1 naturally suspici\s & rev5geful1 l$ him to conceive t a conspiracy _h be5 =m$ aga9/ 8 life 9 8 own capital & by 8 *ief adh]5ts4 ,!reupon sev]al hundr$ ( ! *ief ,p>aguayan citiz5s 7 seiz$ & execut$ by 8 ord]1 includ+ 8 bro!rs & bro!rs-9-law1 cab9et m9i/]s1 judges1 prefects1 milit>y (fic]s1 bi%ops & prie/s1 & n9e-t5?s ( ! civil (fic]s1 toge!r ) m ?an two hundr$ =eign]s1 among !m sev]al memb]s ( ! diplomatic legations4 ,lopez 0 at la/ driv5 ) a m]e h&ful ( troops to ! nor!rn fronti] ( ,p>aguay1 :]e1 on ! #a/ ( ,april #ahgj1 he 0 surpris$ by a ,brazilian =ce & kill$ z he 0 endeav\r+ to escape by swimm+ ! riv] ,aquidaban4 ,,lopez ,,de ,g,,m>a1 ,,francisco 7#aeaj8-aeee871 ,spani% hi/orian1 0 educat$ at ! univ]sity ( ,alcal1 :]e he took ord]s4 ,soon aft] #aedj he ent]$ ! h\sehold ( ! fam\s ,corts1 :o suppli$ him ) mo/ ( ! mat]ial = 8 ,hi/oria de las ,indias 7#aeeb71 & ,crnica de la conqui/a de ,nueva ,espaa 7#aeeb74 ,! pleas+ /yle & novel matt] en*ant$ ! ,spani% public1 b ! unmeasur$ laudation ( ,corts at ! exp5se ( 8 lieut5ants & companions br\ght ab\t a viol5t reaction4 ,?\gh ! ,hi/oria 0 d$icat$ to ,*>les ,v41 bo? works 7 =bidd5 on ! #ag? ( ,novemb] #aeec1 & no editions ( !m 7 issu$ betwe5 #aeed & #agbg4 ,italian & ,fr5* v]sions ( 8 books 7 publi%$ 9 #aeef & #aegh respectively4 ,,lop-,,nor or ,lob-nor1 a lake ( ,c5tral ,asia1 9 ! ,gobi ,des]t1 betwe5 ! ,a/9-tagh 7,altyn-tagh7 on ! s\? & ! ,kuruk-tagh on ! nor?4 ,previ\s to #ahgf x 0 plac$ 9 ne>ly all maps at #db #cj ,n41 a position :i* agre$ ) ! acc\nts & ! maps ( anci5t ,*9ese geograph]s4 ,9 ! ye> m5tion$ ! ,russian explor] ,przhevalsky discov]$ two closely connect$ lake-bas9s1 ,k>a-buran & ,k>a-ko%un1 fully "o degree f>!r s\?1 & consid]ably ea/ ( ! site ( ! old ,lop-nor1 :i* lake-bas9s he nev]!less reg>d$ z be+ id5tical ) ! old ,lop-nor ( ! ,*9ese4 ,b ! wat] !y conta9$ he pron\nc$ to be fre% wat]4 ,?is id5tification 0 disput$ by ,b>on von ,ri*?(51 on ! gr\nd t ! ,lop-nor1 ! ,salt ,lake ( ! ,*9ese geograph]s1 c\ld n be fill$ ) fre% wat]2 moreov]1 be+ ! f9al ga!r+ bas9 ( ! des]t /ream1 ! ,t>im1 x 0 b\nd to be salt1 m especially z ! lake _h no outfl[4 ,przhevalsky visit$ ! ,lop-nor region aga9 9 #ahhe1 & adh]$ to 8 op9ion4 ,b t5 ye>s lat] x 0 explor$ anew by ,dr ,sv5 ,h$91 :o asc]ta9$ t ! ,t>im empties "p ( its wat]s into ano!r lake1 or r /r+ ( lakes 7,avullu-kl1 ,k>a-kl1 ,tayek-kl & ,arka-kl71 :i* are situat$ 9 #db #cj ,n41 & ?us s f> ju/ifi$ ! views ( von ,ri*?(51 & confirm$ ! ,*9ese acc\nts4 ,at ! same "t he advanc$ reasons = believ+ t ,przhevalsky's lake-bas9s1 ! s\!rn ,lop-nor1 are ( q rec5t orig9--inde$1 he fix$ ^u #agbj z ! probably approximate date ( _! =mation1 a date :i* von ,ri*?(5 w\ld alt] to #agej4 ,besides ?is1 ,sv5 ,h$9 argu$ t !re exi/s a close int]-relation betwe5 ! nor!rn ,lop-nor lakes & ! s\!rn ,lop-nor lakes1 s t z ! wat] 9 ! "o gr\p increases1 x decreases to ! same proportion & volume 9 ! o!r4 ,he also argu$ t ! f\r lakes ( nor!rn ,lop-nor are sl[ly mov+ we/w>ds "u ! incessant impetus ( w9d & s&/orm 7buran74 ,^! conclusions 7 aft]w>ds controv]t$ by ! ,russian travell]1 ,p4 ,k4 ,kozlov1 :o visit$ ! ,lop-nor region 9 #ahic-ahid--t is1 be=e ,dr ,sv5 ,h$9's exam9ation4 ,he practically only reit]at$ ,przhevalsky's cont5tion1 t ! anci5t ,*9ese maps 7 errone\sly drawn1 & t ! ,k>a-ko%un1 9 spite ( ! fre%ness ( its wat]1 0 ! old ,lop-nor1 ! ,salt ,lake p> excell5ce ( ! ,*9ese4 ,f9ally1 9 #aijj1 ,dr ,sv5 ,h$91 foll[+ up ! c\rse ( ! ,kum-d>ya1 discov]$--at ! foot ( ! ,kuruk-tagh1 & at ! ,e4 7l[e/7 extremity ( ! n[ desiccat$ ,kuruk-d>ya1 ) traces ( dead =e/ & o!r vegetation beside x & beside ! riv]-b$--! bas9 ( a desiccat$ salt lake1 :i* he holds to be ! true anci5t ,lop-nor ( ! ,*9ese geograph]s1 & at ! same "t he f\nd t ! ,k>a-ko%un or ,lop-nor ( ,przhevalsky _h ext5d$ t[>ds ! nor?1 b %runk on ! s\?4 ,?us ! old ,lop-nor no long] exi/s1 b 9 place ( x !re are a numb] ( mu* small] lakes ( new] =mation4 ,x may fairly be inf]r$ t1 ow+ to ! uni=m level ( ! region1 ! sluggi% fl[ ( ! ,t>im1 its unceas+ t5d5cy to divide & reunite1 conjo9$ ) ! viol5ce & p]si/5cy ( ! w9ds 7mo/ly f ! ea/ & nor?-ea/71 & ! rapid & d5se gr[? ( ! re$-b$s 9 ! %all[ m>%es1 ! dra9age wat]s ( ! ,t>im bas9 ga!r n[ 9 great] volume 9 "o depression1 & n[ 9 great] volume 9 ano!r2 & ?is view d]ives support f ! extreme %all[ness ( ! lakes 9 bo? ,sv5 ,h$9's nor!rn ,lop-nor & ,przhevalsky's s\!rn ,lop-nor1 toge!r ) ! uni=mly horizontal level ( ! entire region4 ,see ,delm> ,morgan's translation ( ,przhevalsky's ,f ,kuja across ! ,tian-%an to ,lop-nor 7,london1 #ahgi72 ,von ,ri*?(5's ,bem]kung5 zu d5 ,ergebniss5 von ,ob]/-,leut5ant ,prjewalskis ,reise na* dem ,lop-nor 9 ,v]h&l4 d] ,ges*4 f4 ,erdkunde zu ,b]l9 7#ahgh71 pp4 #aba seq42 ,sv5 ,h$9's ,sci5tific ,results ( a ,j\rney 9 ,c5tral ,asia1 #ahii-aijb 7vols4 i4 & ii41 ,/ockholm1 #aije-aijf71 :]e ,kozlov's %>e ( ! controv]sy is summ>iz$ 7cf4 ii41 #bgj-bhj74 7,j4 ,t4 ,be47 ,,loquat1 ,,japanese ,,plum or ,,japanese ,,m$l>1 kn[n botanically z ,eriobotrya japonica1 small ev]gre5 tree belong+ to ! natural ord] ,rosaceae1 ) l>ge ?ick oval-oblong leaves borne ne> ! ends ( ! bran*es1 & d>k gre5 above ) a ru/y tom5tum on ! l[] face4 ,! fruit is pe>-%ap$1 yell[1 ab\t #a 94 long & conta9s l>ge /ony se$s2 x has an agreeable acid flav\r4 ,! plant is a native ( ,*9a & ,japan1 b is widely gr[n = its fruit & z a decorative plant4 ,x is a famili> object 9 ! ,m$it]ranean region & 9 ! s\!rn ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,,lora91 a city ( ,lora9 c\nty1 ,ohio1 ,u4,s4,a41 on ,lake ,erie1 at ! m\? ( ! ,black riv]1 & ab\t #be m4 ,w4 by ,s4 ( ,clevel&4 ,pop4 7#ahij7 #dhfc2 7#aijj7 #af1jbh1 ( :om #dgcj 7 =eign-born & #cei negroes2 7#aiaj c5sus7 #bh1hhc4 ,lora9 is s]v$ by ! ,new ,york1 ,*icago ,/4 ,l\is1 & ! ,baltimore ,ohio railways1 by ! ,lake ,%ore ,electric railway1 & by sev]al ( ! m important /eamboat l9es on ! ,great ,lakes4 ,x has a ,c>negie libr>y1 ! ,lake ,view ,hospital & ! ,sa9t ,joseph's ,hospital4 ,!re is a good h>b\r1 & ! city's *ief int]e/s are 9 ! %ipp+ ( great quantities ( coal1 iron-ore1 gra9 & lumb]1 9 ! build+ ( l>ge /eel vessels1 9 railway %ops1 & 9 ! manufacture ( iron pipes1 gas eng9es1 /oves & automatic /eam %ovels4 ,! value ( ! factory products increas$ f #i1dha1chh 9 #aijj to #ad1dia1jia 9 #aije1 or #eb4h4 ,! municipality owns & op]ates ! wat]works4 ,a ,moravian mission 0 e/abli%$ "h 9 #aghg-aghh1 & a trad+ po/ 9 #ahjg1 b no p]man5t settlem5t 0 made until sev]al ye>s lat]4 ,9 #ahcf ! place 0 incorporat$ z a village "u ! "n ,*>le/on2 9 #ahgd ! pres5t "n 0 adopt$1 & 9 #ahif ,lora9 became a city ( ! second class4 ,,loralai1 a t[n & di/rict ( ,india1 9 ,balu*i/an4 ,! t[n1 :i* is situat$ #dgjj ft4 above ! sea1 #ce m4 by road f ! railway /ation ( ,h>nai1 0 occupi$ z a milit>y /ation 9 #ahhf1 & has qu>t]s = a native cavalry & a native infantry regim5t4 ,pop4 7#aija7 #cefa4 ,! ,,di/rict ,,( ,,loralai 0 =m$ 9 #aijc4 ,x consi/s ( a s]ies ( long1 n>r[ valleys1 hemm$ 9 by rugg$ m\nta9s1 & bord]$ ,e4 by ,d]a ,ghazi ,khan di/rict ( ! ,punjab4 ,area #giii sq4 m42 pop4 7#aija7 #fg1hfd1 ( :om ! majority are ,afghans4 ,! pr9cipal crops are :eat & millet2 b ! *ief weal? ( ! inhabitants is d]iv$ f _! h]ds ( cattle1 %eep & goats4 ,,lorca1 a t[n ( ea/]n ,spa91 9 ! prov9ce ( ,murcia1 on ! "r bank ( ! riv] ,sangon]a 7"h call$ ! ,guadalant9 or ,guadal5t97 & on ! ,murcia-,baza railway4 ,pop4 7#aijj7 #fi1hcf4 ,x occupies a height cr[n$ by a m$ieval =tress1 among ! foo?ills ( ! ,si]ra del ,cao4 ,its old] p>ts1 ,moori% 9 _m features & ) n>r[ irregul> /reets1 contra/ ) ! mod]n p>ts1 :i* h broad /reets & squ>es1 & _m f9e public build+s--!atre1 t[n hall1 hospitals1 c\rts ( ju/ice & a bridge ov] ! ,sangon]a4 ,!re is an important trade 9 agricultural products & live /ock1 z well z manufactures ( wooll5 /uffs1 lea!r1 gunp[d]1 *emicals & porcela94 ,silv]1 sulphur & lead are f\nd 9 ! neighb\rhood4 ,lorca is ! ,roman ,eliocroca 7p]haps also ! ,ilorci ( ,pl9y1 ,n4,h4 iii4 #c7 & ! ,moori% ,lurka4 ,x 0 ! key ( ,murcia dur+ ! ,moori% w>s1 & 0 frequ5tly tak5 & retak54 ,on ! #cj? ( ,april #ahjb x suff]$ sev]ely by ! bur/+ ( ! res]voir kn[n z ! ,pantano de ,pu5tes1 9 :i* ! wat]s ( ! ,sangon]a 7 /or$ = purposes ( irrigation 7#agge-aghe72 ! di/rict adjo9+ ! riv]1 kn[n z ! ,b>rio de ,san ,cri/obal1 0 completely ru9$1 & m ?an six hundr$ p]sons p]i%$4 ,9 #ahaj ,lorca suff]$ greatly f ! ,fr5* invasion4 ,9 #ahhf ! ,pantano1 :i* 0 "o ( ! l>ge/ ( ,european res]voirs1 be+ =m$ by a dam #hjj ft4 long & #afj ft4 high1 0 successfully rebuilt4 ,,lor*1 a t[n 9 ! ,prussian prov9ce ( ,hesse-,nassau1 romantically situat$ on ! "r bank ( ! ,rh9e1 #h m4 bel[ ,rde%eim by ! railway ,frank=t-on-,ma9-,wiesbad5-,cologne4 ,pop4 7#aije7 #bbfi4 ,x has a f9e ,go?ic ,roman ,ca?olic *ur*--,/ ,m>t9's--dat+ f ! #ad? c5tury4 ,! slopes ( ! hills desc5d+ to ! ,rh9e are cov]$ ) v9ey>ds1 :i* produce excell5t w9e4 ,9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,lor*1 :i* 0 m5tion$ z e>ly z #hcb1 is ! ru9$ ca/le ( ,nolli*4 ,,lor*1 a t[n 9 ! k+dom ( ,wrttemb]g1 on ! ,rems1 #bf m4 ,e4 f ,/uttg>t by ! railway to ,nrdl+54 ,pop4 7#aije7 #cjcc4 ,x possesses a f9e ,prote/ant *ur* dat+ f ! #ab? c5tury4 ,its indu/ries include c>riage-build+ & ! manufacture ( cem5t & pap]4 ,on ! ,m>i5b]g ly+ above ! t[n /&s ! =m] ,b5$ict9e mona/]y ( ,lor*1 f\nd$ ab\t #aajh by ,fr$]ick ( ,hoh5/auf51 & 9 #aefc conv]t$ into an ,evangelical college4 ,"h ,s*ill] pass$ a portion ( 8 s*ool days4 ,! *ur* conta9s sev]al tombs ( ! ,hoh5/auf5 family4 ,! ,roman limes began at ,lor* & ,roman rema9s h be5 f\nd 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! t[n4 ,see ,kirn1 ,fhr] dur* das ,klo/] ,lor* 7,lor*1 #ahhh72 & ,/eimle1 ,ka/ell ,lor* 7,heidelb]g1 #ahig74 ,,"l1 ,,john 7#ahaj-ahid71 ,am]ican hi/orical writ] & lectur]1 0 born 9 ,portsm\?1 ,new ,hamp%ire1 on ! #bg? ( ,decemb] #ahaj4 ,he 0 ! nephew ( ,na?an ,"l 7#agib-ahgj71 presid5t ( ,d>tm\? ,college f #ahbh to #ahfc4 ,he graduat$ at ,d>tm\? 9 #ahcc1 & at ,&ov] ,!ological ,sem9>y 9 #ahcg4 ,8 c\rse at ! ,sem9>y 0 int]rupt$ by a p]iod ( tea*+--at ,w9dham1 ,connecticut 7#ahcd71 & at ,norwi* 7#ahcd-ahce7--;& by a t\r 9 #ahcf ?r\gh ,new ,york & ,ohio1 9 :i* he lectur$ on ! d>k ages4 ,he 0 ag5t & lectur] = ! ,am]ican ,peace ,society 7#ahcg-ahci71 & = a brief "t 0 a ,congregational pa/or 9 turn at ,new ,m>lboro & ,we/ ,/ockbridge1 ,massa*usetts1 & at ,utica1 ,new ,york4 ,ab\t #ahdj he became a pr(essional lectur] on hi/ory4 ,he lectur$ ext5sively = fifty ye>s1 especially 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,great ,brita91 & introduc$1 ) success1 ! mid-day lecture4 ,he 0 lectur] on hi/ory 9 ,d>tm\? f #ahfi to #ahgf4 ,he receiv$1 9 #ahfd1 ! degree ( ,,ll4,d4 f ! ,univ]sity ( ! ,city ( ,new ,york4 ,f #ahed he made 8 home 9 ,/am=d1 ,connecticut1 :]e he di$ on ! #ae? ( ,decemb] #ahid4 ,8 works include1 besides sev]al s*ool & college hi/ories1 ,! ,old ,roman ,_w3 ! ,gr&eur & ,failure ( ,civilization 7#ahfg72 ,anci5t ,/ates & ,empires 7#ahfi72 ,two ,g]man ,giants3 ,fr$]ick ! ,great & ,bism>ck 7#ahhe72 & ,beacon ,lights ( ,hi/ory 7#h vols41 #ahhd-ahif71 8 *ief contribution to hi/orical lit]ature4 ,see ,! ,life ( ,john ,"l 7#ahif7 by ,rev4 ,alex&] ,s4 ,twombley1 ,d4 ,d4 79 ,beacon ,lights ( ,hi/ory71 :i* is bas$ *iefly ^u ,"l's ,rem9isc5ces ( ,fifty ,ye>s 9 ! ,lecture ,field4 ,,"l 7,o4 ,eng4 hl=d1 i4e4 hlfwe>d1 ! w>d] or keep] ( bread1 hlf1 loaf2 ! ^w is n repres5t$ 9 any o!r ,teutonic language71 9 its prim>y s5se1 ! head ( a h\sehold1 ! ma/] ( ^? dep5d5t on him = _! daily bread1 correlative to ,o4 ,eng4 hlf-ata1 loaf-eat]1 s]vant2 ! ^w frequ5tly occurs 9 ?is s5se 9 ! ,bible1 cf4 ,matt4 xxiv4 #de4 ,z a t]m imply+ ! own]%ip ( prop]ty1 "l survives 9 "l ( ! manor & l&lord4 ,! *ief applications are due to its use z ! equival5t ( ,lat4 dom9us1 ,gr4 ,greek3 kyrios & ,fr4 seigneur2 ?us 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t x repres5ts ,yahweh1 ,jehovah1 & 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t ,greek3 kyrios1 z a title ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,seld5's words may be quot$ = ! m g5]al mean+s ( "l2 ! "n ,dom9us is 444 to be ?\ght ( only z a di/+ui%+ attribute ( ,greatness & z our ,engli% ^w ,"l is2 & t )\t any relation ( x to an ,int]e/ ( prop]ty or to s]vitude1 & only z x d5otes su* ,sup]i\rs z ,k+ or ,subjects ( ! great] ,nobility ) u & m5 ( special ,em95cy 9 o!r ,/ates1 kn[n by ! names ( ,he]51 ,dons1 ,sieurs1 signiors1 seigneurs 444 & ! l4 ,x is ?us n only a g5]al ^w = a pr9ce or sov]eign1 b also ! common ^w = a feudal sup]ior1 & p>ticul>ly ( a feudal t5ant hold+ directly ( ! k+1 a b>on 7q4v471 h5ce a pe] ( ! realm1 a memb] ( ! ,h\se ( ,lords1 con/itut$ ( ! lords temporal & ! lords spiritual2 ?is is ! *ief mod]n usage4 ,! prefix "l is ord9>ily us$ z a less =mal alt]native to ! full title1 :e!r held by "r or by c\rtesy1 ( m>quess1 e>l or visc\nt1 & is always s us$ 9 ! case ( a b>on 7:i* 9 ,engli% usage is g5]ally conf9$ to ! hold] ( a =eign title74 ,:]e ! "n is t]ritorial1 ! ( is dropp$1 ?us1 ! m>quess ( ,a41 b ,"l ,a4 ,! y\ng] sons ( dukes & m>quesses h1 by c\rtesy1 ! title ( ,"l prefix$ to ! ,*ri/ian & surname1 e4g4 ,"l ,john ,russell4 ,9 ! case ( bi%ops1 ! full & =mal title ( address is ! ,"l ,bi%op ( ,a41 :e!r he be a spiritual pe] or n4 ,_m high (ficials ( ! ,briti% gov]nm5t h ! ^w "l prefix$ to _! titles2 "s ( !m are treat$ 9 sep>ate articles2 = "l privy seal see ,,privy ,,seal4 ,9 c]ta9 cases ! memb]s ( a bo>d :i* has tak5 ! place ( an (fice ( /ate are kn[n z lords commission]s or1 %ortly1 lords ( ! (fice 9 "q1 e4g4 lords ( ! treasury1 civil or naval lords ( ! admiralty4 ,= "l lieut5ant & "l mayor see ,,lieut5ant & ,,mayor4 ,z ! prop] =m ( address my "l is us$ n only to ^? memb]s ( ! nobility to :om ! title ,"l is applicable1 & to bi%ops1 b also to all judges ( ! ,high ,c\rt 9 ,engl&1 & ( ! ,scotti% & ,iri% ,sup]ior ,c\rts1 & to "l mayors & "l provo/s 7see also ,,lady74 ,,"l ,,advocate1 or k+'s advocate1 ! pr9cipal law-(fic] ( ! cr[n 9 ,scotl&4 ,8 bus9ess is to act z a public prosecutor1 & to plead 9 all causes t conc]n ! cr[n4 ,he is at ! head ( ! sy/em ( public prosecutions by :i* crim9al ju/ice is adm9i/]$ 9 ,scotl&1 & ?us 8 functions are ( a f> m ext5sive "* ?an ^? ( ! ,engli% law-(fic]s ( ! cr[n4 ,he is aid$ by a solicitor-g5]al & by subord9ate assi/ants call$ advocates-depute4 ,! (fice ( k+'s advocate seems to h be5 e/abli%$ ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! #af? c5tury4 ,orig9ally he _h no p[] to prosecute crimes )\t ! concurr5ce ( a private p>ty2 b 9 ! ye> #aeig he 0 emp[]$ to prosecute crimes at 8 own in/ance4 ,he has ! privilege ( plead+ 9 c\rt ) 8 hat on4