,illu/ration3 ,fir+ ! ,kiln ,c\rtesy ( ! ,rookwood ,pott]ies ,,vocational ,,education ,,s]ies ,,sup]vis+ ,,editor ,,fr$ ,d4 ,,craw%aw1 ,m4,e4 ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,manual ,,arts1 ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,wiscons9 ,,indu/rial ,,arts ,,design ,a ,,textbook ,,( ,,practical ,,me?ods ,,= ,,/ud5ts1 ,,tea*]s1 ,,& ,,craftsm5 ,,by ,,william ,h4 ,,v>num ,,assi/ant ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,draw+ ,,& ,,design ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,wiscons9 ,,scott1 ,,=esman ,,& ,,company ,,*icago ,,new ,,york ,copyright #aiaf by ,,scott1 ,,=esman ,,& ,,company ,,preface ,place = ! ,book4 ,z a textbook1 ,,indu/rial ,,arts ,,design is a practical guide = design+ 9 wood1 clay1 & base & preci\s metals4 ,x is int5d$ = individual /ud5t use 9 ! ,high ,s*ools1 ,normal ,s*ools1 & ,colleges & z a ref]5ce book = elem5t>y s*ool tea*]s4 ,its m complex problems are int5d$ z def9ite helps to ! indu/rial arts design] or craftsman4 ,! wood problems are treat$ ) special ref]5ce to _! adaptability to b5* & cab9et "w4 ,ne$ ( ! ,book4 ,x has be5 writt5 to fill a decid$ dem& = a textbook t %all1 )\t loss ( "t1 directly apply well-recogniz$ pr9ciples ( g5]al design to specific mat]ials & problems enc\nt]$ 9 ! ,indu/rial ,arts4 ,a brief description ( ! decorative processes adapt$ to ! mat]ials "u discussion ) ! design pr9ciples directly apply+ to ^! processes1 insures designs t may be work$ out 9 ! /udio or %op4 ,x is hop$ t ?is provision w elim9ate ! l>ge numb] ( impractical designs t are frequ5tly entirely unfitt$ to ! te*nic ( ! craft4 ,?is lack ( mutual te*nical und]/&+ betwe5 ! tea*] ( design & ! %op "w in/ructor is ! cause ( friction t x is hop$ w be remov$ by ! me?ods advocat$ 9 ^! pages4 ,! ,au?or's ,motive4 ,x has be5 ! int5tion to r$uce unrelat$ & ab/ract !ories to a m9imum & rea* directly rules & conclusions t %all be applicable to typical mat]ials 9 common use 9 ! s*ools & indu/ries4 ,! orig9al conception mat]ializ$ 9 ! publication ( a s]ies ( articles ^u ,design 9 ! ,indu/rial ,arts ,magaz9e1 9 #aiae4 ,^! articles 7 favorably receiv$ & _! results 9 ! s*ools prov$ highly satisfactory4 ,?r\gh ?is enc\ragem5t1 ! articles h be5 repr9t$ 9 book =m1 enri*$ by ! addition ( illu/rations1 review que/ions1 & ?ree *apt]s on color ) its applications4 ,,indu/rial ,,arts ,,design develops ! pr9ciples ( indu/rial design 9 a new & logical =m :i*1 x is believ$1 w simplify ! tea*+ ( craft design4 ,*apt]s ,i to ,v deal ) ! elem5t>y problems confront+ ! design] z he beg9s ! fir/ /eps on 8 work+ draw+2 ,*apt]s ,,vi to ,,viii %[ ! me?ods by :i* he may express 8 individuality ?r\gh cont\r or outl9e enri*m5t1 :ile ,*apt]s ,,ix to ,,xvii expla9 ! treatm5t ( ! mo/ difficult =m ( decoration1 t ( surface enri*m5t4 ,! ,app5dix4 ,! app5dix is add$ to %[ ! mann] 9 :i* ! rules may be directly appli$ to a c\rse ( /udy 9 ei!r pott]y or art metal4 ,! pres5t "w is n int5d$ to include ! *emi/ry ( glaze mix+ or o!r te*nical requirem5ts to :i* ref]5ce is made 9 ! app5dix2 consequ5tly ! read] is ref]r$ to ,! ,pott]'s ,craft by ,c4,f4 ,b9ns & ,pott]y by ,george ,j4 ,cox = full] explanations ( ! =mulae & te*nicalities ( ! craft4 ,s\rce ( ,pr9ciples4 ,! pr9ciples h]e9 advocat$ are directly relat$ to ar*itectural design :i* is to be reg>d$ z ! /&>d au?ority = ! indu/rial arts design]4 ,x 0 necess>y to /ate ^! pr9ciples 9 ! =m ( suffici5tly flexible rules :i* w\ld all[ ! /ud5t to use 8 own judgm5t1 b at ! same "t1 re/rict him to ! ess5tial pr9ciples ( good design4 ,rules4 ,?is pres5tation ( ! pr9ciples ( design by means ( flexible rules 9 concrete =m1 s]ves to vitalize design by virtue ( _! imm$iate application to ! mat]ial4 ,! rules likewise save "t = bo? pupil & in/ructor4 ,?is is reg>d$ z an important factor1 inasmu* z ! am\nt ( "t usually allott$ to classroom tea*+ ( design is limit$4 ,:ile ^! rules are appli$ to ! specific mat]ials1 ! design] may readily adju/ !m to o!r mat]ials & f9d !m equally applicable4 ,direct copy+ ( designs f ! illu/rations is a dang]\s exp$i5t & is to be disc\rag$ z a =m ( plagi>ism :i* w ev5tually de/roy ! /ud5t's initiative1 orig9ality1 & reputation = creative "w4 ,results4 ,f ! te/s s f> obs]v$1 x has be5 se5 t "u design guidance1 ! projects become m noticeably individual 9 "*1 light] & bett] 9 con/ruction1 & m fully adju/$ to _! environm5t4 ,! /ud5t's int]e/ & initiative 9 8 "w are /r5g!n$1 & he completes ! truly valuable cycle ( ! educative process ( evolv+ 8 own idea & cry/alliz+ x 9 ! complet$ "w4 ,x is hop$ t ?is book w t5d to develop high] /&>ds ( good design 9 s*ools1 indu/rial e/abli%m5ts1 & ! home4 ,9 conclusion1 ! au?or expresses 8 ?anks to ! foll[+ = _! valuable sugge/ions & assi/ance 9 contribut$ illu/rations3 ,miss ,d4,f4 ,wilson1 ,miss ,edna ,h[>d1 ,miss ,elizabe? ,upham1 ,miss ,a4,m4 ,&]son1 ,mr4 ,j4,m4 ,dorrans1 ,mr4 ,j4,b4 ,rob9son1 au?or ( ,ar*itectural ,composition1 & o!rs to :om ref]5ce is made 9 ! text4 ,,william ,,h>rison ,,v>num4 ,madison1 ,wiscons94 ,april1 #aiaf4 ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,,page ,i4 ,,divisions ,,( ,,indu/rial ,,arts ,,design #g ,,ii4 ,,! ,,prim>y ,,mass ,,& ,,its ,,proportions #ac ,,iii4 ,,horizontal ,,major ,,divisions ,,( ,,! ,,prim>y ,,mass #ai ,,iv4 ,,v]tical ,,major ,,divisions ,,( ,,! ,,prim>y ,,mass #cc ,v4 ,,app5dages ,,& ,,! ,,rules ,,gov]n+ ,,!m #dc ,,vi4 ,,enri*m5t ,,( ,,! ,,cont\rs ,,or ,,outl9es ,,( ,,designs ,,9 ,,wood #eg ,,vii4 ,,enri*m5t ,,( ,,! ,,cont\rs ,,or ,,outl9es ,,( ,,designs ,,9 ,,clay #gg ,,viii4 ,,enri*m5t ,,( ,,! ,,cont\rs ,,or ,,outl9es ,,( ,,designs ,,9 ,,base ,,& ,,preci\s ,,metals #hg ,,ix4 ,,surface ,,enri*m5t ,,( ,,small ,,prim>y ,,masses ,,9 ,,wood #ii ,x4 ,,surface ,,enri*m5t ,,( ,,small ,,prim>y ,,masses ,,9 ,,wood4 7,cont9u$7 #aag ,,xi4 ,,surface ,,enri*m5t ,,) ,,m9or ,,subdivisions ,,( ,,l>ge ,,prim>y ,,masses ,,9 ,,wood #acc ,,xii4 ,,surface ,,enri*m5t ,,( ,,clay #ade ,,xiii4 ,,surface ,,enri*m5t ,,( ,,preci\s ,,metals4 ,,small ,,flat ,,planes #afj ,,xiv4 ,,surface ,,enri*m5t ,,( ,,l>ge ,,prim>y ,,masses ,,9 ,,base ,,& ,,preci\s ,,metals #agi ,,xv4 ,,color3 ,,hue1 ,,value1 ,,& ,,*roma2 ,,/a9s #aid ,,xvi4 ,,color ,,& ,,its ,,relation ,,to ,,indu/rial ,,arts ,,design4 ,,l>ge ,,surfaces ,,( ,,wood2 ,,wall ,,& ,,ceil+ ,,areas #bja ,,xvii4 ,,color ,,& ,,its ,,relation ,,to ,,indu/rial ,,arts ,,design4 ,,small ,,surfaces ,,9 ,,clay ,,& ,,metal #bji ,,complete ,,summ>y ,,( ,,rules #bah ,,app5dix #bbc 7a7 ,a ,complete ,c\rse ( ,/udy = ! ,appli$ ,arts 9 ,?9 ,base & ,preci\s ,metals4 ,relation ( ! ,rules to ! ,problems #bbd 7b7 ,a ,complete ,c\rse ( ,/udy = ! ,appli$ ,arts 9 ,pott]y4 ,relation ( ! ,rules to ! ,problems #bcg ,,index #bde ,,indu/rial ,,arts ,,design ,,*apt] ,i ,,divisions ,,( ,,indu/rial ,,arts ,,design ,sid5ote3 ,non-te*nical ,criticism ,?is book has be5 writt5 ) ! view ( pres5t+ design f ! /&po9t ( ! indu/rial arts4 ,an in/ructor g5]ally exp]i5ces difficulty 9 f9d+ ! exact ^w to use :5 criticiz+ a /ud5t's draw+4 ,! /ud5t has equal difficulty 9 und]/&+ ! criticism4 ,!re is little wond] t he is confus$1 :5 ! r ambigu\s t]ms good-look+1 ugly1 squatty1 & /iff are us$ to express qualities t c be express$ only 9 t]ms ( design4 ,sid5ote3 ,intellig5t ,analysis ,! lack ( und]/&+ betwe5 ! pupil & ! tea*] may be comp>$ to ! attitude ( ! av]age individual :o kn[s :at he likes4 ,he is on an equally insecure foot+ reg>d+ indu/rial design4 ,8 reason = lik+ or dislik+ a c]ta9 ?+ may dep5d ^u "s :im or fancy1 ! popul> fa%ion ( ! times1 or a desire to possess a duplicate ( some?+ he has se54 ,z a consum] ) pur*as+ p[]1 he %\ld h ! ability to analyze intellig5tly ! cont5ts ( catalogs & /ore w9d[s ) ! ?\ght ( secur+ ! be/ 9 indu/rial art--some?+ t may be accept$ z /&>d "o hundr$ ye>s f n[4 ,x is1 !re=e1 ! int5tion to pres5t design ( indu/rial "* 9 its simple/ =m1 fre$ f te*nicalities or ambigu\s /atem5ts4 ,x is int5d$ to give ! av]age individual n p>ticul>ly int]e/$ 9 draw+ or design a k ( ! subject1 bas$ ^u pr9ciples t h surviv$ = hundr$s ( ye>s 9 ar*itectural monum5ts & hi/ory4 ,sid5ote3 ,results ( ,cle> ,criticism ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,major ,,division ,,( ,,indu/rial ,,arts ,,design ,,plate #a ,x is possible t ! pres5tation ( ^! pr9ciples may enable ! in/ructor 9 ! public s*ools to guide 8 pupil away f ! heavy & exp5sive /]eotyp$ designs1 & by cle> & simple criticism1 lead him to bett] =ms ( con/ruction4 ,he may also be help$ to lead ! pupil to design problems 9 h>mony ) 8 home surr\nd+s & ?us avoid ! introduction ( an inh>moni\s elem5t into :at may possibly be a h>moni\s sett+4 ,! tea*]1 pupil1 or layman %\ld use 8 k ( ! subject z a basis = criticism or appreciation ( ! field ( ! indu/rial arts4 ,sid5ote3 ,requirem5ts ( an ,indu/rial ,problem ,9 ord] to />t successfully ^u a design1 x is necess>y to "k :at qualities a good indu/rial article %\ld possess4 ,:e!r "o is design+ a bird-h\se1 a *ocolate set1 or a gold p5dant1 ! article mu/ meet ?ree ne$s3 7#a7 ,x mu/ be ( s]vice to ! community or to ! individual2 7#b7 ,x mu/ be made ( "s durable mat]ial2 7#c7 ,x mu/ possess beauty ( proportion1 outl9e1 & color4 ,rusk9 said t a l9e ( beauty mu/ also be a l9e ( s]vice4 ,! /ream l9e body 9 automobile con/ruction is ! result ( ! automobile mak]'s attempt to comb9e beauty ) s]vice4 ,?is is ! attitude t %\ld gov]n ! union ( beauty & s]vice 9 all ( ! indu/rial arts4 ,sid5ote3 ,divisions 9 ,design ,evolution & ,enri*m5t ,!re are ?ree divisions or phases 9 ! design+ ( a /ructure & its enri*m5t4 ,^! are3 7#a7 ,/ructural ,design2 7#b7 ,cont\r ,enri*m5t2 7#c7 ,surface ,enri*m5t4 ,"s objects are c>ri$ ?r\gh only "o ( ^! divisions1 :ile o!rs are develop$ ?r\gh all ?ree ( !m4 ,sid5ote3 ,fir/ ,major ,division ,plate #a1 illu/rative ( ! fir/ division1 deals naturally en\gh ) ! plann+ ( ! con/ructive or utilit>ian l9es ( an object & its p>ts4 ,x may be t]m$ ,/ructural or ,con/ructive ,design4 ,que/ions ( h[ high or h[ long an object %\ld be1 to h>monize ) its wid?1 ! prop] plac+ ( rails1 %elves1 & brackets1 ! det]m9ation ( ! greate/ & lea/ diamet] ( vase =ms h to be decid$ 9 ?is p]iod ( ,proportions & ,space ,relations4 ,! k ( tools & mat]ials1 & ( ! mann] 9 :i* !y may be us$ = con/ructive purposes1 influ5ces ! solution ( ^! que/ions & o!rs :i* we %all %ortly discuss4 ,/rictly utilit>ian objects are seldom c>ri$ pa/ ?is /age ( developm5t4 ,sid5ote3 ,second ,major ,division ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,second ,,major ,,division ,,9 ,,indu/rial ,,arts ,,design ,,plate #b ,plate #b indicates ! next logical division--,cont\r ,enri*m5t--or ! p]iod ( ! enri*m5t ( ! /ructural outl9e or cont\r4 ,! b\nd+ l9es1 or cont\rs1 ( ! /ructure may be enri*$ 9 _m ways1 z1 = example1 curv+ c]ta9 portions to s(t5 ! sev]ity ( ! pla9 /ructure4 ,! g>d5 urn & small /ool h cont\rs treat$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,*ipp5dale1 ,%]aton1 & ,hepple:ite furniture1 simplifi$ to ! accept$ range ( %op te*nic1 v>y ! /raight l9es ( mission furniture & come )9 ! possible developm5ts ( ?is division4 ,sid5ote3 ,effects ( ,second ,division ,! cem5t f5ce po/ at ,c1 ,plate #b1 is a /rict utilit>ian problem )\t int]e/4 ,! po/ at ,d1 enri*$ by a bevel1 has equal utilit>ian & increas$ ae/hetic int]e/ & value4 ,sid5ote3 ,?ird ,major ,division ,plate #c illu/rates ! la/ division ( evolution & conc]ns itself ) ! application ( design to ! surface ( ! o!rwise complete /ructure4 ,?is division is commonly call$ appli$ surface design or decorative design4 ,x is readily se5 t ?is division %\ld be consid]$ aft] ! /ructure has be5 c>efully plann$4 ,to sep>ate ?is division f ! p]iod ( /ructural or cont\r enri*m5t we w call x ,surface ,enri*m5t4 ,sid5ote3 ,/eps 9 ,design ,evolution ,x may be se5 f ! =ego+ discussion t a design may be c>ri$ ?r\gh ! foll[+ /eps3 7#a7 ,block+ 9 ! enclos+ l9es ( ! design1 z at ,figure ,b1 ,plate #b1 add+ to ?is :atev] may be ne$$ = /ructural purposes1 keep+ ! l9es z ne>ly v]tical & horizontal z possible2 7#b7 ,enri*+ & v>y+ ! outl9e or cont\r4 ,x is well = elem5t>y wood work]s to use ?is /ep ) extreme caution1 :ile less res]ve is necess>y 9 clay & metal2 7#c7 ,aft] c>eful consid]ation 9 det]m9+ ! ne$ ( additional decoration1 ! la/ /ep1 surface enri*m5t1 %\ld be us$4 ,! foll[+ *apt]s w take up ^! /eps 9 ! ord] /at$ above4 ,sid5ote3 ,ideal ,correlation ,! ideal me?od ( develop+ ! pr9ciples set =? 9 ?is *apt] includes correlat$ activity 9 ! %op by work+ out ! project 9 ! requir$ mat]ial4 ,z ! te*nic ( ! individual improves1 ! l>g] range ( design pr9ciples w be f\nd to accompany & p>allel 8 increas+ skill4 ,,review ,,que/ions #a4 ,:at ?ree requirem5ts %\ld be met 9 a well design$ indu/rial article8 #b4 ,/ate ?ree major divisions 9 indu/rial arts design4 #c4 ,/ate briefly ! problems to be consid]$ 9 ea* division4 #d4 ,:at is ! la/ & ideal /ep = ! design]8 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,?ird ,,major ,,division ,,9 ,,indu/rial ,,art ,,design ,,plate #c ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,prim>y ,,mass ,,& ,,its ,,proportions ,sid5ote3 ,! ,ar*itectural ,me?od ,^u fir/ obs]v+ a build+1 "o seldom notices details ( /ructure4 ,he sees ! l>ge mass z x is silh\ett$ aga9/ ! sky4 ,ne>] approa* discloses m\ld+s1 cornices1 & doorways2 :ile c>eful analytical /udy %[s ! te*nical po9ts ( con/ruction4 ,! ar*itect1 9 8 orig9al plann+1 ?9ks 9 t]ms ( masses1 wid?s1 & heights1 disreg>d+ at fir/ ! details & color4 ,z ar*itecture /&s = p>5t design pr9ciples & repres5ts "s ( ! _w's be/ examples ( composition & design1 indu/rial design %\ld be bas$ ^u ! be/ examples ( ar*itectural design4 ,to a c]ta9 degree1 also1 ! me?ods ( ! indu/rial arts design] %\ld be ^? ( ! ar*itect4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,indu/rial ,arts ,me?od ,x is necess>y to ?9k at fir/ ( our problem z a s+le mass or solid1 b\nd$ by enclos+ dim5sions ( wid?1 height1 & ?ickness4 ,details l a mirror1 h&les1 brackets1 or knobs may project outside ( ?is mass1 b = ! "t be+1 !y may be disreg>d$4 ,figure ,b1 ,plate #b1 %[s ?is mann] ( ?9k+1 & w enable u to reg>d ! problem z a big1 simple mass s t ! entire object1 unob/ruct$ by small details1 may be se54 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,prim>y ,mass ,?is is ! me?od ( ?9k+ ab\t ! problem :i* %\ld prec$e ! draw+4 ,to fur!r describe ?is mass1 :i* w be call$ ! s+le or ,prim>y ,mass1 x is necess>y to ?9k ( ! int5d$ s]vice ( ! project4 ,a r hazy idea ( mak+ a vase or a /ool to be put to no p>ticul> use1 may h be5 ! orig9al motive4 ,n[ ! exact s]vice %\ld be def9$ z x w h a m>k$ effect ^u ! %ape ( ?is prim>y mass4 ,sid5ote3 ,s]vice ,rule #a;a4 ,a prim>y mass mu/ be ei!r v]tical or horizontal accord+ to ! int5d$ s]vice1 unless prohibit$ by te*nical requirem5ts4 ,s]vice is an important factor inasmu* z x limits ! int5d$ use ( ! mass4 ,a mass is horizontal :5 its l>ge/ dim5sion is horizontal4 ,:5 ! horizontal dim5sion ( ?is mass is r$uc$ until ! ma9 v]tical dim5sion is long] ?an ! ma9 horizontal "o1 x becomes a v]tical mass4 ,z an example1 a dav5port is g5]ally a horizontal mass int5d$ to hold a numb] ( p4 ,:5 ! mass is n>r[$ to ! po9t :]e ! v]tical dim5sion exce$s ! horizontal1 x becomes a *air = "o p]son4 ,a l[ b[l may be int5d$ = pansies1 b z soon z ! s]vice *anges & we design x = gold5rod1 x becomes a v]tical mass4 ,! fable ( ! fox :o1 ^u be+ invit$ to d9e ) ! /ork1 f\nd ! tall vases unfitt$ = 8 use illu/rates ! *ange ( mass ) ! *ange ( s]vice4 ,illu/ration3 ,,analysis ,,( ,,! ,,prim>y ,,mass ,,plate #d ,sid5ote3 ,horizontal & ,v]tical ,prim>y ,masses ,figures #a & #d1 ,plate #d1 are examples ( horizontal masses ) ! d>k l9es indicat+ ! dom9ance ( ! horizontal l9es & planes4 ,! %elt] h\se conta9s a long b5*1 mak+ necess>y ! long horizontal l9es ( ! build+4 ,! cal5d> hold] has to be a horizontal mass because ( ! re/rictions impos$ by ! %ape ( ! cal5d> pad4 ,figures #b & #c are v]tical masses4 ,! vase is int5d$ = tall fl[]s1 :ile ! *air1 z has already be5 m5tion$1 mu/ meet ! ne$s ( a s+le p]son4 ,utility & s]vice !n h be5 f\nd to give ! prim>y mass a giv5 direction or dom9ance4 ,sid5ote3 ,draw+ ! ,prim>y ,mass ,! design] n[ repres5ts ?is mass by draw+ a rectangle simil> to ! block outl9e ( ,figure ,b1 ,plate #b4 ,x is n[ necess>y to see if ! f\ndation /ones ( ?is rectangle h be5 laid correctly2 9 o!r words1 to te/ ! proportions ( ! prim>y v]tical or horizontal mass4 ,sid5ote3 ,proportions ( ! ,prim>y ,masses ,rule #a;b4 ,a prim>y mass %\ld h ! ratio ( "o to ?ree1 ?ree to f\r1 ?ree to five1 five to eight1 sev5 to t51 or "s simil> proportion difficult = ! eye to detect readily & analyze4 ,proportions are g5]ally express$ 9 t]ms ( ratios4 ,a surface ( five by eight in*es w\ld give a ratio ( five to eight2 t5 by sixte5 feet is r$ucible to ! same ratio4 ,c]ta9 ratios are monoton\s & (f5d ! eye by _! lack ( v>iety4 ,ratios su* z "o to "o or "o to two are ( ?is class & %\ld be avoid$4 ,if ^! ratios c\ld speak !y w\ld resemble p talk+ 9 a l[ monoton\s tone ( voice4 ,illu/ration3 ,,proportionate ,,ratios ,,process ,,( ,,design+ ,,plate #e ,sid5ote3 ,unsatisfactory ,ratios ,c]ta9 o!r ratios are weak & indet]m9ate1 %[+ a lack ( cle> ?9k+4 ,!y are l p ) no def9ite or cleancut ideas ^u a subject !y discuss4 ,examples 9 ?is class %[ ratios ( two to two & "o-eigh?1 or ?ree to ?ree & "o-f\r?1 nei!r positively squ>e nor frankly rectangul>4 ,!y hide ar\nd ! corn]1 z x 71 wait+ to be any?+4 ,figure #e1 ,plate #e1 is an example ( unsatisfactory proportionate ratios ( ! prim>y mass4 ,! blott+ tablet is ne>ly squ>e1 :ile ! c&le/ick & sconce1 :i* %\ld h be5 design$ ) /rongly v]tical masses1 lack ! type ( def9ite ?9k+ t results 9 a decid$ v]tical dim5sion4 ,disreg>d+ ! improvem5t 9 te*nic1 ,figure #f %[s problems design$ ) a def9ite k ( proportion4 ,! metal objects are ref9$ 9 _! dim5sions1 & pleas+ to ! eye4 ,te/s h be5 made ) ! idea ( det]m9+ :at ! eye consid]s p]fectly natural & agreeable proportion4 ,?is has be5 f\nd to be ! ratio ( two to ?ree4 ,consequ5tly1 x is cle> :y ,figure #f %[s objects m pleas+ ?an ^? 9 ,figure #e4 ,x may be felt t too mu* space is be+ giv5 to ?is subject ( proportion4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$1 h[ev]1 t ! indu/rial arts are intimately associat$ ) daily life & t unless proportions are pleas+ to our ae/hetic s5se1 _m articles ( common use %ortly become intol]able4 ,sid5ote3 ,prelim9>y ,?9k+ 9 ,t]ms ( ,design ,?is prelim9>y portion ( ! design]'s task has be5 giv5 to ?9k+ out ! problem & draw+ "o rectangle4 ,!re is a t5d5cy to />t ! design by pu%+ ! p5cil ov] ! pap] ) a =lorn hope t a design may be evolv$ ) little m5tal ef=t4 ,?is %\ld be reg>d$ z illogical & unwor?y ( ! desir$ end4 ,a rectangle ( ! mo/ prom95t surface ( ! problem1 bas$ ^u ! desir$ s]vice ( ! project1 & ! be/ proportions :i* our k ( design & und]/&+ ( ! limitations ( con/ruction w p]mit1 %\ld be ! f9al result ( ! fir/ /udy4 ,f n[ on ?r\gh ! succe$+ /eps1 ! details ( ! problem w become m & m cle>1 z ! te*nical limitations ( ! tools & mat]ials gov]n+ ! design]'s ideas & controll+ & %ap+ ! "w are bett] und]/ood1 until all gov]n+ factors become cry/alliz$ 9 ! =m ( a work+ draw+ or model4 ,?is is a /rictly pr(essional practice z illu/rat$ 9 ,figure #g1 :i* %[s ! skill$ ,rookwood pott] develop+ a vase =m1 ! def9ite embodim5t ( correct ?9k+ 9 t]ms ( ! mat]ial :i* is con/antly be=e him4 ,,summ>y ,,( ,,rules ,rule #a;a4 ,a prim>y mass mu/ be ei!r v]tical or horizontal accord+ to ! int5d$ s]vice1 unless prohibit$ by te*nical requirem5ts4 ,rule #a;b4 ,a prim>y mass %\ld h ! ratio ( "o to ?ree1 ?ree to f\r1 ?ree to five1 five to eight1 sev5 to t51 or "s simil> proportion difficult = ! eye to readily detect & analyze4 ,,review ,,que/ions #a4 ,h[ does ! ar*itect fir/ plan 8 elevations8 #b4 ,h[ %\ld ! design] fir/ ?9k ( 8 problem8 #c4 ,def9e a horizontal prim>y mass4 #d4 ,def9e a v]tical prim>y mass4 #e4 ,/ate "s desirable ratios to be us$ 9 design+ ! proportions ( ! prim>y mass4 ,expla94 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,horizontal ,,major ,,divisions ,,( ,,! ,,prim>y ,,mass ,9 ! second *apt] we discuss$ ! nature ( ! prim>y mass 9 its relation to ! int5d$ s]vice or duty x has to p]=m4 ,x 0 f\nd t ! dem&s ( s]vice usually cause ! prim>y mass to be design$ ) ei!r a /rong v]tical or horizontal t5d5cy4 ,sid5ote3 ,divisions ( ! ,prim>y ,mass ,x n[ becomes imp]ative to c>ry ! design+ processes /ill fur!r & divide ! v]tical or horizontal prim>y mass into p>ts or divisions1 dem&$ ei!r by /ructural requirem5ts or because ! appe>ance ( ! object w\ld be mat]ially improv$ by _! pres5ce4 ,?is latt] po9t is sometimes ref]r$ to z ! ae/hetic requirem5t ( ! problem4 ,!re are two simple types ( divisions1 ^? cross+ ! prim>y mass horizontally & ^? cross+ ! prim>y mass 9 a v]tical direction4 ,?is *apt] w be limit$ to ! subject ( horizontal divisions4 ,sid5ote3 ,nature & ,ne$ ( ,horizontal ,space ,divisions ,if a city pur*ases a piece ( l& = p>k purposes1 presumably a l&scape ar*itect is assign$ ! task ( lay+ out ! pa?s & drives4 ,he does ?is by cross+ 8 plan at int]vals ) l9es to repres5t pa?s connect+ important po9ts4 ,"u favorable conditions ! ar*itect is free to curve 8 pa? to suit 8 ideas4 ,he has consid]able fre$om 9 select+ 8 design b ! pa?s or roads mu/ dip & curve 9 sympa?y ) ! cont\r ( ! l& & 9 accord ) ! ae/hetic requirem5ts4 ,:ile ! l&scape design] has a broad latitude 9 8 treatm5t ( l& divisions1 ! indu/rial design] or ar*itect is re/rict$1 on ! o!r h&1 by ! /ructural requirem5ts ( ! object & by 8 mat]ials4 ,he mu/ cross 8 spaces or areas by horizontal %elves1 or rails1 or b&s ( metal t hold ! /ructure toge!r4 ,z ar*itecture is ( fundam5tal importance 9 indu/rial design1 let u see :at ! ar*itect has 9 m9d 9 design+ a /ructure4 ,illu/ration3 ,,/eps ,,illu/rat+ ,,! ,,developm5t ,,( ,,horizontal ,,space ,,divisions ,,f ,,prim>y ,,mass ,,to ,,! ,,/ructure ,,plate #f ,sid5ote3 ,ar*itectural ,horizontal ,divisions ,! ar*itect has ! surface ( ! gr\nd ) :i* to />t4 ,?is gives him a horizontal l9e z ! base ( 8 build+4 ,he consid]s x ( major importance 9 8 design4 ,we f9d him cross+ ! front ( 8 build+ ) horizontal m\ld+ or long b&s ( color$ brick1 p>allel+ ! base l9e & o!rwise int]e/+ly divid+ ! v]tical face ( ! front & sides4 ,8 guide is ! bottom l9e ( 8 prim>y mass or ! l9e ( ! gr\nd :i* b9ds ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! build+ into a s+le unit4 ,x c be readily se5 t if he %ift$ ! position ( 8 m\ld+s up or d[n ) ! fre$om ( ! l&scape ar*itect 9 locat+ 8 roads1 he w\ld n be plann+ 8 horizontal divisions 9 sympa?y ) ! /ructural requirem5ts ( 8 prim>y mass4 ,^! horizontal divisions or l9es h a t5d5cy to give app>5t add$ l5g? to an object4 ,?us by _! judici\s use a design] may make a build+ or room look long] ?an x really is4 ,let u n[ turn to ! simpl] objects ) :i* we may be m directly conc]n$4 ,! piano b5* has horizontal l9es cross+ x1 giv+ an effect q simil> to t ( horizontal m\ld+s cross+ a build+4 ,!re may also be ornam5tal inlaid l9es cross+ ! b5* & int5d$ to beautify ! design1 b x is to be rememb]$ t at pres5t we are consid]+ ! /ructural divisions only4 ,sid5ote3 ,design+ ,objects ) ,horizontal ,divisions ,plate #f repres5ts a concrete example ( ! me?ods to be us$ 9 design+ ! horizontal divisions ( a piano b5*4 ,! /eps may be divid$ z foll[s3 7a7 ,! height ( a piano b5* may be det]m9$ ei!r f measurem5t ( a simil> b5* or f "o ( ! books on furniture design n[ on ! m>ket4 ,! scale ( "o in* or "o & "o-half in*es to ! foot may be adopt$4 ,two horizontal l9es %\ld be drawn1 "o = ! bottom & "o = ! top ( ! b5*4 ,! di/ance betwe5 ^! l9es we w arbitr>ily fix at tw5ty in*es4 7b7 ,_m objects are design$ )9 rectangles :i* enclose _! ma9 or ov]-all proportions4 ,) ?is 9 view1 & keep+ 9 m9d ! wid? ( ! b5* necess>y to ! accommodation ( two play]s & ! requirem5ts ( a well proportion$ prim>y mass 7,rule #a;b71 ! l9es are n[ drawn complet+ ! rectangul> b\nd>ies ( ! prim>y mass4 ,! limitations ( s]vice & ! re/rictions ( good design+ give ! wid? ( ! prim>y mass s design$ z ?ree feet & two in*es1 ) a ratio ( height to l5g? ( five to eight & "o-half4 ,x is simpl] to design fir/ ! mo/ prom95t face ( ! object to be foll[$ by o!r views lat] 9 ! design+ process4 ,illu/ration3 ,,appli$ ,,& ,,con/ructive ,,design ,,pr9ciple #a3 ,a4 ,,proportions ,,( ,,! ,,s+le ,,prim>y ,,mass ,,) ,,dom9ance ,,( ,,! ,,horizontal ,,division ,,pr9ciple #b3 ,a4 ,,relation ,,( ,,horizontal ,,subdivisions ,,problem3 ,,horizontal ,,space ,,divisions ,,classes #a #b #c ,,plate #g ,sid5ote3 ,design+ ,objects ) ,horizontal ,divisions--7,cont9u$7 7c7 ,by obs]v+ b5*es simil> to ! "o be+ design$ x w be se5 t ! horizontal divisions w take ! =m ( a rail & a %elf1 mak+ two cross+s ( ! prim>y mass divid+ x into ?ree horizontal spaces4 ,sev]al trial arrangem5ts ( ^! /ructural elem5ts are n[ made ) ! ?\ght ( mak+ !m con=m to ! rule gov]n+ ?ree horizontal spaces4 ,rule #b;b4 ,we %all lat] discuss ?is rule & its applications fully4 7d7 ,by select+ ! be/ sket* ( _m :i* ! design] w make he has ! basis = ! application ( ,rule #b;b = ! /ructural elem5ts4 ,! project n[ beg9s to take on concrete =m4 ,! top bo>d may project slightly beyond ! prim>y mass )\t mat]ially affect+ ! value ( ! design$ proportions4 ,sid5ote3 ,value ( a ,full ,size ,draw+ 7e7 ,! la/ /ep is ! design+ ( ! side view 9 relation to ! front view4 ,?is enables ! design] to compreh5d ! project z a :ole4 ,x is /rongly urg$ t ! f9al or %op draw+ be ( full size4 ,9 m elaborate designs ! f9] proportions are lo/ 9 ! process ( enl>gem5t f a small sket*1 (t5 hurri$ly execut$ 9 ! %op4 ,aga9 mu* "t is lo/ by necess>y enl>gem5t1 :]eas a full size curv$ detail may be quickly transf]r$ to wood by c>bon pap] or by holes prick$ 9 ! pap]4 ,x is n exp5sive or difficult to execute full size draw+s2 x is 9 accord ) %op practice & ! cu/om %\ld be enc\rag$ & foll[$ on all possible occasions4 ,see ,figure #ajb;a4 ,! process ( design+ r\nd objects is id5tical to t j describ$ z illu/rat$ by ! l[ r\nd b[l 9 ,plate #g4 ,x %\ld be design$ 9 a rectangle ( accept$ proportions4 ,rule #a;b4 ,! prim>y mass may h excell5t proportions & yet ! vase or b[l may rema9 devoid ( int]e/4 ,x may be commonplace4 ,illu/ration3 ,,horizontal ,,space ,,divisions ,,( ,,! ,,prim>y ,,mass ,,9 ,,wood ,,plate #h ,z w %ortly be %[n1 ! rules gov]n+ horizontal divisions s]ve z a *eck on ! commonplace4 ,a horizontal division g5]ally m>ks ! po9t :]e ! outw>d swell ( ! vase cont\r rea*es its maximum wid?4 ,if ?is wide/ po9t 9 ! prim>y mass 7,x-,plate #g7 is pleas+ly locat$ betwe5 ! top & bottom ( a vase =m ! cont\r w be f\nd satisfactory4 ,sid5ote3 ,ar*itectural ,prec$5t = ,horizontal ,divisions ,x is possible to cont9ue ad inf9itum ) ^! illu/rations b horizontal space divisions are ne>ly always pres5t 9 "s =m1 due to /ructural necessity or ae/hetic requirem5ts4 ,x is an easy matt] to say t ^! l9es mu/ divide ! prim>y mass into int]e/+ spaces1 well relat$ to ea* o!r1 or pleas+ly locat$1 b ! design] mu/ h "s def9ite yet flexible rule to gov]n 8 "w4 ,f ! analysis ( _m fam\s hi/oric build+s & well design$ indu/rial projects x has be5 f\nd t all horizontal masses may be analyz$ z divid+ ! prim>y mass into ei!r two or ?ree divisions or spaces1 reg>dless ( ! complexity ( ! project4 ,,analysis ,,( ,,horizontal ,,space ,,divisions ,sid5ote3 ,two ,horizontal ,space ,divisions ,rule #b;a4 ,if ! prim>y mass is divid$ into two horizontal divisions1 ! dom9ance %\ld be ei!r 9 ! upp] or ! l[] section4 ,plate #g %[s ?is division ( ! prim>y mass--! simple/ division ( ! space4 ,a space divid$ j half way f top to bottom w\ld be monoton\s & expressive ( ! ratio ( "o to "o4 ,?is arrangem5t z we h already discov]$ 9 ! second *apt] is n conducive to good design4 ,by ! /at$ rule1 #b;a1 ! v>i$ adju/m5t ( ?is d\ble horizontal division af=ds all possible latitude = con/ructive purposes4 ,x is bett] to place ! division 9 su* a mann] t ! upp] division 7or l[]7 w n appe> p9*$ or dw>f$ by comp>ison ) ! rema9+ area4 ,?us a ratio ( "o to ?ree1 or ?ree to five1 or five to eight is bett] ?an a ratio ( "o to "o or "o to eighte51 b !re is no exact or arbitr>y rul+ on ?is po9t4 ,sid5ote3 ,two ,horizontal ,divisions 9 ,wood ,figure #h illu/rates two horizontal divisions 9 wood con/ruction & also ! fre$om ( *oice z to exact proportions4 ,! eye w be f\nd a good judge ( ! prop] spac+s subject to ! limitations already m5tion$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,horizontal ,,space ,,divisions ,,( ,,! ,,prim>y ,,mass ,,9 ,,clay ,,plate #i ,x is be/ to keep ! design )9 ! limits ( two horizontal space divisions 9 design+ cyl9drical clay =ms1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! elem5t>y ex]cises4 ,en\gh v>iety w be f\nd to make pleas+ arrangem5ts1 & ! te*nical results obta9$ by two divisions are mu* bett] ?an ^? obta9$ f a great] numb] ( divisions4 ,sid5ote3 ,two ,horizontal ,divisions 9 ,clay ,figures #ad1 #ae1 & #af1 ,plate #i1 are clay =ms ) ! dom9ance plac$ 9 ei!r ! upp] or l[] portion ( ! prim>y mass4 ,figure #ac has be5 us$ to illu/rate ! fact t horizontal space division pr9ciples are applicable to any mat]ial4 ,! horizontal divisions 9 ,figure #ac are due to /ructural ne$s4 ,a horizontal l9e c>ries ?is division across to ,figure #ad1 a clay vase4 ,! horizontal division l9e n[ becomes ! "o :i* m>ks ! wide/ "p ( ! vase4 ,x gives ! same relation betwe5 ! top & bottom horizontal spaces z 9 ,figure #ac4 ,x m>ks an ae/hetic po9t 9 ! design ( ! vase1 or a v>iation ( ! cont\r1 introduc$ by reason ( its effect ^u ! beauty ( ! vase1 n call$ = by ! ne$s ( actual s]vice4 ,a musical composition is (t5 play$ 9 an or*e/ra fir/ by ! wood in/rum5ts1 tak5 up & repeat$ by ! brasses1 !n by ! /r+s1 & f9ally play$ z an h>moni\s :ole by ! entire or*e/ra4 ,!re is a close p>allel 9 ,figure #ab1 an adaptation ( "o ( ,gu/av ,/ickley's designs4 ,! two-division rule is us$ 9 ! relations ( ! pla/] & wa9scot+2 aga9 9 ! pla/] ov]1 & ! cem5t or tile ar\nd ! fireplace4 ,x is repeat$ 9 ! arrangem5t ( ! copp] & cem5t ( ! fireplace fac+ & hood & 9 ! door panels4 ,by repeat+ aga9 & aga9 simil> space divisions ! wall space becomes a unifi$ & h>moni\s :ole4 ,v>iety is secur$ by ! introduction ( ?ree horizontal divisions 9 ! details ( ! wa9scot+4 ,?is me?od ( repeat+ simil> space divisions is call$ e*o+ & is "o ( ! mo/ effective means kn[n = secur+ ! effect ( unity4 ,sid5ote3 ,two ,horizontal ,divisions 9 ,metal ,! horizontal subdivisions 9 metal are usually made = s]vice4 ,figures #ag1 #ah1 & #ai1 ,plate #aj1 are examples ( su* divisions4 ,! location ( ! clock face 9 ,figure #ah calls = ! plac+ ( its horizontal axis 9 accordance ) ,rule #b;a4 ,! lamp 9 ,figure #ai %[s an in/ance :]e ! entire design once divid$ by ,rule #b;a1 may be aga9 subdivid$ into a simil> s]ies ( divisions4 ,?is arrangem5t is q simil> to ! sy/em ( repetitions se5 9 ,figure #ab & t]m$ e*o+ ! orig9al divisions4 ,illu/ration3 ,,horizontal ,,space ,,divisions ,,9 ,,metal ,,plate #aj ,sid5ote3 ,?ree ,horizontal ,space ,divisions ,rule #b;b4 ,if ! prim>y mass is divid$ into ?ree horizontal divisions or sections1 ! dom9ance %\ld be plac$ 9 ! c5t] section ) v>y+ wid?s 9 ! upp] & l[] ?irds4 ,:5 x becomes necess>y to divide ! prim>y mass into m ?an two sections ! design]'s problem becomes m difficult4 ,) ! addition ( a great] numb] ( horizontal divisions !re is a manife/ t5d5cy = ! design to become cut up into s _m small sections t ! simplicity ( ! :ole mass is lo/4 ,"h1 z else:]e1 t pr9ciple :i* we call unity or ! quality ( hold+ toge!r is necess>y & %\ld be ! con/ant te/ ( ! design4 ,! in/ant any "p ( ! design seems to fly ap>t f ! ma9 mass x becomes ! design]'s duty to simplify ! design or pull ! p>ts toge!r & ?us re/ore ! lo/ unity4 ,z a re/riction aga9/ loss ( unity x is necess>y to gr\p all ( ! m9or horizontal divisions into a sy/em ( two or ?ree l>ge horizontal divisions4 ,ref]r+ to ,rule #b;b1 x is se5 t :5 ?ree divisions are us$1 x becomes ! practice to acc5tuate ! c5t] section by mak+ x l>g]4 ,?is arrangem5t is design$ to give weight to ! c5t] portion & by ?is big /able division to hold ! o!r subdivisions toge!r & 9 unity4 ,sid5ote3 ,?ree ,horizontal ,divisions 9 ,wood ,two horizontal masses & "o v]tical mass %[n 9 ,figures #i1 #aj1 & #aa1 ,plate #h1 illu/rate ! application ( ?is ?ree-division rule to wood con/ruction4 ,x is se5 t ! con/ruction ( rails1 doors1 & %elves is responsible = ! fix+ ( all ( ^! divisions4 ,x may also be se5 t ?ree divisions are applicable to ei!r ! v]tical or ! horizontal prim>y mass4 ,figure #aj illu/rates ! violation ( ?is type ( spac+ at ! po9t ,a1 :]e ! %elves are no m pleas+ly arrang$ ?an ! r\nds ( a ladd]4 ,lat] on we %all be able to re>range ^! %elves 9 a pleas+ mann] b at pres5t x is bett] to relieve ! monotony by omitt+ ! c5t] %elf4 ,?is applies ! ?ree division rule to ! satisfactory appe>ance ( ! desk at ,b4 ,simil> monotony 9 spac+ is se5 9 ! scre51 ,figure #aa4 ,! correction 9 ,b appeals at once z a f> m satisfactory arrangem5t ?an t secur$ by plac+ ! cross b> half way up z 9 ,a4 ,!re are no infallible rules = ?is readju/m5t beyond ^? already /at$4 ,! eye mu/ 9 "p be dep5d$ ^u to guide ! arti/ic s5se aright4 ,sid5ote3 ,?ree ,horizontal ,divisions 9 ,clay ,x is sugge/$ t x is desirable to keep clay =ms )9 ! limitations ( two divisions4 ,rectangul> po/s1 p$e/als1 & o!r v]tical =ms 9 cem5t may be develop$ by ! application ( ,rule #b;a or #b;b1 if c>e is tak5 to gr\p all m9or divisions well )9 ! limitations ( ^! rules4 ,sid5ote3 ,?ree ,horizontal ,divisions 9 ,metal ,! /atem5t j made 9 ref]5ce to simplifi$ gr\p+s is illu/rat$ 9 ! c&le/ick & cup 9 ,figures #bj & #ba1 ,plate #aj4 ,! con/ruction bas$ ^u ! ?ree functions p]=m$ by ! cup1 ! h&le1 & ! base1 sugge/s ! use ( ^! horizontal divisions4 ,! m9or curves h be5 subord9at$ to1 & kept )91 ^! ?ree divisions4 ,! f9al result gives a di/9ct feel+ ( unity impossible "u a m complex gr\p+4 ,! ,greek column w af=d an ar*itectural illu/ration ( a simil> gr\p+ sy/em4 ,! la! b$ ( ,figure #bb %[s "o ( innum]able examples ( space violations 9 ! indu/rial arts4 ,a slight l[]+ ( ! cross brace w\ld add mat]ially to ! appe>ance & /r5g? ( ! ca/+4 ,figure #bc is a copp] box ) ! foll[+ m or less common faults ( design3 commonplace ratio ( l5g? & wid? 7#b3a7 p>tially c\nt]act$1 h[ev]1 by a m pleas+ ratio ( ! v]tical dim5sion1 equal spac+ 9 ! wid? ( cov] ( box & box body1 & equal spac+ ( ! h+es ( ! box f ! ends ( ! box & f ea* o!r4 ,by apply+ ! two & ?ree horizontal division rules ^! errors may be avoid$4 ,sid5ote3 ,freeh& ,curves ,figure #bd %[s a l[ b[l ) a compass curve us$ 9 design+ ! cont\r4 ,?is has br\ght ! wide/ "p ( ! design 9 ! exact c5t] ( ! b[l :i* makes x commonplace4 ,9 addition to ?is ! top & bottom are ( ! same wid?1 lack+ v>iety 9 ?is respect4 ,correction is readily made by apply+ a freeh& curve to ! cont\r1 rais+ or l[]+ ! wide/ po9t 7,f71 at ! same "t design+ ! bottom ei!r l>g] or small] ?an ! top4 ,,in/ruction ,,%eet ,plate #g is a %eet sugge/ive ( ! application ( ,rules #a;a1 #a;b1 #b;a1 & #b;b1 ) an indication ( ! type ( problem to be requir$4 ,! /eps ( ! design+ processes 9 ei!r wood 7class #a71 clay 7class #b71 or metal 7class #c71 are summ>iz$ z foll[s3 ,,summ>y ,,( ,,design ,,/eps 7a7 ,con/ruction ( ! rectangle repres5t+ ! v]tical or horizontal "* ( ! prim>y mass ) desirable proportions4 ,x is bett] to select a typical view 7,plate #f1 ,d71 pref]ably a front elevation4 7b7 ,subdivide ?is rectangle into two or ?ree /ructural sections2 horizontal 9 "*4 ,make two or ?ree trial freeh& sket*es = v>i$ proportions & select ! mo/ pleas+ "o 9 accordance ) ,rules #a;a1 #a;b1 #b;a1 & #b;b4 7c7 ,translate ! select$ sket* to a full size me*anical draw+ or at lea/ to a reasonably l>ge scale draw+4 ,! /ructural elem5ts3 i4e41 legs1 rails1 po/s1 etc41 %\ld be add$ & o!r additional views made4 7d7 ,dim5sion & o!rwise prep>e ! draw+ = %op purposes4 7e7 ,con/ruct ! project4 ,,sugge/$ ,,problems ,design a na/urtium b[l1 apply+ ,rules #a;a1 #a;b1 #b;a4 ,design a writ+ table #b feet #f in*es high ) ?ree horizontal divisions4 ,,summ>y ,,( ,,rules ,rule #b;a4 ,if ! prim>y mass is divid$ into two horizontal divisions1 ! dom9ance %\ld be ei!r 9 ! upp] or ! l[] section4 ,rule #b;b4 ,if ! prim>y mass is divid$ into ?ree horizontal divisions or sections1 ! dom9ance %\ld be plac$ 9 ! c5t] section ) v>y+ wid?s 9 ! upp] & l[] ?irds4 ,,review ,,que/ions #a4 ,/ate two me?ods ( subdivid+ ! prim>y mass4 #b4 ,def9e ! nature & ne$ ( horizontal space divisions4 #c4 ,give five /eps to be us$ 9 design+ a foot /ool or piano b5*4 #d4 ,:at po9t con/itutes a horizontal division 9 ! cont\r ( a simple clay b[l8 #e4 ,/ate ! rule gov]n+ two horizontal space divisions & furni% illu/rations 9 wood1 clay1 & metal4 #f4 ,give ! rule gov]n+ ?ree horizontal space divisions & supply illu/rations 9 wood1 clay1 & metal4 #g4 ,/ate five /eps 9 ! design+ ( a project 9 ! indu/rial arts involv+ ! use ( horizontal /ructural divisions4 ,illu/ration3 ,,appli$ ,,& ,,con/ructive ,,design ,,pr9ciple #c3 ,,v]tical ,,space ,,divisions ,,( ,,! ,,s+le ,h ,,or ,v ,,prim>y ,,mass4 ,,problem3 ,,v]tical ,,sub ,,divisions ,,9 ,,classes #a #b #c4 ,,!y ,,are ,,us$ ,,to ,,break ,,or ,,v>y ,,l>ge ,,areas ,,( ,,horizontal ,,or ,,v]tical ,,masses4 ,,plate #aa ,*apt] ,,iv ,,v]tical ,,major ,,divisions ,,( ,,! ,,prim>y ,,mass ,sid5ote3 ,nature & ,ne$ ( ,v]tical ,space ,division ,! design ( ! prim>y mass has n[ be5 consid]$ "u ,rules #a;a & #a;b1 & its horizontal divisions "u ,rules #b;a & #b;b4 ,! next logical /ep is ! consid]ation ( ! nature ( ! l9es t cross ! prim>y mass 9 a v]tical direction4 ,9 ! orig9al plann+ ( ! prim>y mass x 0 f\nd t ! horizontal b\nd+ l9es & ! horizontal divisions 7 p>allel to ! base l9e ( an object & t ! base l9e 0 necess>y to ensure /ability4 ,v]tical l9es are necess>y & equally important to give ! ne$$ v]tical support to an object4 ,s accu/om$ is ! eye to v]tical l9es 9 tree trunks1 tall build+s1 & ?\s&s ( o!r examples t ! upw>d eye movem5t 9 view+ an object1 hav+ a pr$om9ance ( v]tical elem5ts1 seem+ly adds to its height4 ,! design] ?us has a mo/ useful device ) :i* to increase ! app>5t height ( an object t1 = /ructural or o!r reasons1 mu/ 9 reality n h great height4 ,*apt] ,,iii drew att5tion to ! influ5ce ( horizontal l9es on a project4 ,v]tical l9es on an object are f\nd to produce an analog\s effect v]tically4 ,sid5ote3 ,ar*itectural ,prec$5t = ,v]tical ,divisions ,go?ic ca!dral build]s us$ ! v]tical l9e1 repeat$ aga9 & aga9 9 buttresses1 p9nacles1 & spires to give great app>5t height to a build+ & to make x a unifi$ v]tical mass ( great beauty4 ,! mod]n *ur* spire1 toge!r ) ! long1 v]tical int]ior columns1 simil>ly affects our pres5t day *ur* edifices4 ,illu/ration3 ,,examples ,,( ,,v]tical ,,space ,,divisions ,,9 ,,class #a 7,,wood74 ,,! ,,divisions ,,( ,,?is ,,class ,,are ,,g5]ally ,,bas$ ,,^u ,,! ,,/ructural ,,requirem5ts4 ,,plate #ab ,?is idea ( repeat+ ! v]tical b\nd+ l9es ( ! prim>y mass by cutt+ ! mass into v]tical spaces is also useful 9 break+ up or de/roy+ ! monotony ( l>ge unbrok5 surfaces4 ,pila/]s may cut ! front ( a build+ into int]e/+ spaces2 pi]s may break up ! regul>ity ( a long f5ce2 legs & panels may1 ea* = ! same purpose1 cross a cab9et4 ,:ile "s ( ^! may be /ructurally necess>y & "s n1 !y are all witnesses to ! desire to produce beauty 9 design4 ,z ^! examples are s num]\s 9 ! indu/rial arts1 x is well to /udy 9 detail _! prop] adaptation to our ne$s4 ,sid5ote3 ,"o ,v]tical ,space ,division ,^u analyz+ "o v]tical space division1 x w be f\nd to be a prim>y mass1 v]tical 9 "* & gov]n$ by ,rule #a;a4 ,figure #be1 ,plate #ab1 illu/rates "o v]tical division4 ,! foot is an app5dage to be consid]$ 9 ,*apt] ,v4 ,sid5ote3 ,two ,v]tical ,space ,divisions ,rule #c;a4 ,if ! prim>y mass is divid$ into two v]tical divisions1 ! divisions %\ld be equal 9 area & simil> 9 =m4 ,exception may be made 9 case ( /ructural requirem5ts4 ,by imag9+ two adjac5t doors ( equal size1 ! design effect ( two v]tical divisions may be made cle>4 ,plate #aa illu/rates a rectangle 7,a7 divid$ 9 ?is mann]1 prelim9>y to ! developm5t ( a problem4 ,figure #bg1 ,plate #ab1 repres5ts ! type ( object to :i* ! exception to ! rule may be appli$4 ,9 ! design ( ?is desk1 ! /ructure practically prohibits two equal v]tical divisions1 necessitat+ an unequal division 9 ! section occupi$ by ! draw]s4 ,9 ,plate #ab1 ,figure #bf1 ! design] _h 8 v]tical spac+s dictat$ by s]vice 9 ! =m ( two doors4 ,z s]vice dem&s a tall v]tical prim>y mass1 x is b natural to design ! doors to con=m ) ! prim>y mass4 ,?is gives a monoton\sly long space = ! glass panels & sugge/s /ructural weakness4 ,to relieve ?is ! design] appli$ ,rule #b;a & cross$ ! v]tical panels by horizontal subdivisions1 reliev+ ! monotony & /ill reta9+ ! unity ( ! prim>y mass4 ,sid5ote3 ,two ,v]tical ,divisions 9 ,wood ,9 ,figure #bg 8 problem 0 a v>iation ( t pres5t$ 9 ,figure #bf4 ,/ructural limitations call$ = unequal divisions ( ! v]tical space arrangem5t4 ,! left portion ( ! desk becomes dom9ant z dem&$ by s]vice4 ,! draw] or brace is necess>y 9 ?is design z x acts z a sort ( l9k1 b9d+ ! two v]tical legs toge!r4 ,! omission ( ! draw] w\ld de/roy ! unity ( ! mass4 ,illu/ration3 ,,examples ,,( ,,v]tical ,,space ,,divisions ,,9 ,,class #b4 ,,clay ,,& ,,cem5t4 ,,plate #ac ,sid5ote3 ,two ,v]tical ,divisions 9 ,clay ,z v]tical space divisions are pr9cipally applicable to rectil9e> or flat objects & moreov] z x is 9 su* =ms only t !y h /ructural value1 !y are n commonly met 9 cyl9drical pott]y w>e4 ,v]tical divisions are1 h[ev]1 occasionally us$ 9 ar*itectural tiles & o!r flat wall objects4 ,z ?ree divisions are mu* m commonly us$ 9 clay & cem5t1 ?is mat]ial w n[ be left = lat] consid]ation 9 ?is *apt]4 ,sid5ote3 ,v]tical ,divisions 9 ,metal ,v]tical spac+s 9 metal are q simil> to space divisions 9 wood4 ,wr\ght iron f5ces are1 by reason ( /ructural limitations compos$ ( v]tical & horizontal l9es1 v>i$ by ! introduction ( pi]s & curv$ memb]s4 ,z !y are typical ( a c]ta9 bran* ( iron con/ruction1 two designs ( ! ,an*or ,po/ ,iron ,company h be5 introduc$4 ,figure #cb1 ,plate #ad1 repres5ts two equal v]tical divisions made s because ( /ructural & ae/hetic dem&s4 ,! pi]s 9 ?is in/ance =m a "p ( ! g5]al design ( ! entire gate & mu/ be consid]$ accord+ly4 ,! v]tical subdivision 9 ,figure #cb1 ,plate #ad1 has be5 repeat$ or e*o$ by ! long v]tical b>s1 alt]nat+ ) ! %ort] ones & produc+ pleas+ v>iety4 ,! horizontal divisions are design$ accord+ to ,rule #b;b4 ,9 design+ ! newel lant]n 9 ,figure #cd ! design] 0 requir$ to =m a v]tical prim>y mass to con=m ) ! simil> mass ( ! po/4 ,?is he det]m9$ to subdivide v]tically 9 practically ! same mann] z ! cab9et 9 ,figure #bf4 ,?reat5$ ) ! same monotony he met ! situation by subdivid+ ! v]tical sections into ?ree horizontal divisions 9 accordance ) ,rule #b;b4 ,! /ructural supports1 h[ev]1 ris+ up 9 ! c5t] ( ?is mass1 de/roy its unity4 ,!y w\ld h c>ri$ out ! l9es ( ! /ructure ( ! newel po/ & cont9u$ ! l9es ( ! lant]n bett]1 if !y _h be5 atta*$ to ! corn]s r ?an to ! sides ( ! newel po/4 ,sid5ote3 ,?ree ,v]tical ,space ,divisions ,rule #c;b4 ,if ! prim>y mass is divid$ into ?ree v]tical divisions1 ! c5t] division %\ld be ! l>g]1 ) ! rema9+ divisions ( equal size4 ,a l>ge build+ ) a w+ on ei!r side w give an idea ( ?is =m ( spac+4 ,! size ( ! ma9 build+ holds ! w+s to x1 ?us pres]v+ ! unity ( ! /ructure1 :ile equal divisions on ei!r side give balance4 ,plate #aa 7,b7 gives an example ( a rectangle divid$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,?is ?ree-division motive is a v old "o4 ,9 ! middle ages pa9t]s & design]s us$ ?ree divisions or a tripty*1 z x is call$1 9 _! alt> decorations4 ,a pa9t+ ( ! ,virg9 0 usually plac$ 9 ! c5t] division ) a sa9t 9 ea* ( ! rema9+ panels to ! "r & left4 ,design]s & mural decorators h be5 us+ ! tripty* ev] s9ce t p]iod4 ,illu/ration3 ,,examples ,,( ,,two ,,& ,,?ree ,,v]tical ,,subdivisions ,,9 ,,class #c 7,,metal74 ,,plate #ad ,sid5ote3 ,?ree ,v]tical ,divisions 9 ,wood ,! desk 9 ,figure #bh1 ,plate #ab1 is a good example ( ! ?ree-v]tical space rule4 ,! draw] 9 ! c5t] =ms ! mid or dom9ant section & by its great] l5g? holds ! two small] sections toge!r4 ,?is design is bett] ?an ,figure #bg1 :i* has a simil> mass4 ,! prom95t v]tical l9es 9 ,figure #bg c\nt]act & de/roy ! effect ( ! long horizontal dom9ant l9es ( ! table top1 :]eas 9 ,figure #bh1 ! v]tical l9es 9 ! c5t] ( ! design are s %ort t !y d n int]f]e ) ! horizontal l9es ( ! table top4 ,figure #bh supports ! horizontal t5d5cy ( ! prim>y mass :ile ,figure #bg neutralizes or practically de/roys its "*4 ,sid5ote3 ,?ree ,v]tical ,divisions 9 ,clay & ,cem5t ,figure #cj1 ,plate #ac1 repres5ts an ov]mantle by ! ,rookwood ,pott]ies4 ,x is typical ( a class ( ov]mantles :i* may be develop$ 9 tiles or 9 cem5t1 =m+ an agreeable contra/ ) ! brick ( a l>ge fireplace4 ,! ?ree divisions or tripty* %\ld be proportionately relat$ to ! op5+ ( ! fireplace & to ! enclos+ mass ( brick or wood "w4 ,we w consid] ,figure #bi to %[ h[ ?is may be c>ri$ out4 ,figure #bi be>s a /rong resemblance to ,figure #ab1 ,plate #i1 & is an elaboration ( a simple ?ree-division !me ( spac+4 ,! design seems to be complex until x is analyz$ into two rules4 ,! prim>y mass ( ! entire fireplace motive 7includ+ ! surr\nd+ panell+7 has fir/ be5 plann$ ) /rong & prom95t horizontal l9es4 ,?is 0 !n divid$ v]tically 7,a7 to con=m ) ,rule #c;b1 ! ?ree-division !me1 giv+ ! divisions = ! bookcases & mantle4 ,! horizontal divisions 7,b7 7 !n con/ruct$ )9 ! rema9+ space1 affect+ ! di/ance f ! picture m\ld+ to ! mantle & f ! mantle to ! floor l9e1 9 accordance ) ,rule #b;a4 ,t left ! space ( ! wid? ( ! cem5t "w 7,c7 to be subdivid$ aga9 by ,rule #c;b1 :ile ! top ( ! wa9scot+ panels re-e*o$ ! previ\s horizontal divisions ( ,rule #b;a4 ,! fireplace op5+ m]ely c>ries out at ,d ! same proportionate relation t dom9ates all v]tical divisions1 ,rule #c;b1 :ile ! wa9scot+ foll[s ! g5]al horizontal divisions ( ,rule #b;a4 ,by ?is me?od we h v>iety 9 spac+ & unity ?r\gh repetition ( simil> proportions4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,evolution ,,( ,a ,,design ,,involv+ ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,two ,,horizontal ,,& ,,?ree ,,v]tical ,,subdivisions ,,plate #ae ,! cem5t b5*1 ,figure #ca1 has a ?ree-division arrangem5t to break up ! monotony ( ! long rail1 & at ! same "t to repeat ! *>act]i/ics ( a horizontal prim>y mass4 ,sid5ote3 ,?ree ,v]tical ,divisions 9 ,metal ,figure #cc1 ,plate #ad1 is a common example ( ?ree v]tical divisions 9 metal sugge/$ by ! ne$s ( s]vice4 ,figures #ce & #cf are ?9 metal problems4 ,! famili> p5 tray is prim>ily a horizontal mass1 s det]m9$ by its requir$ s]vice z a p5 hold]4 ,! project+ h&les =m ! out] divisions1 & ! spac+ motive1 ,rule #c;b1 has be5 repeat$ 9 ! rais$ projection1 decorat+ ! h&les4 ,! book rack 9 ,figure #cf is an example ( ! mann] 9 :i* a ne>ly squ>e mass1 s design$ = /ructural reasons1 may1 by ,rules #c;b & #b;a1 be brok5 into a fairly pleas+ arrangem5t ( divisions4 ,sid5ote3 ,m ,?an ,?ree ,divisions ,rule #c;c4 ,9 elem5t>y problems1 if m ?an ?ree v]tical divisions are requir$1 !y %\ld be s gr\p$ z to analyze into ,rules #c;a & #c;b1 or be exactly simil>4 ,! eye becomes confus$ by a multitude ( v]tical divisions & x is mu* bett] design+ to keep !m )9 ! numb] /at$ 9 ?is *apt]4 ,!re are in/ances1 h[ev]1 :5 ?is is impossible4 ,"u su* conditions ! foll[+ treatm5t %\ld be adopt$3 ,unless1 z /at$1 a l>ge numb] ( v]tical divisions may be gr\p$ into two or ?ree v]tical divisions x is bett] to make all ( ! divisions ( ! same size4 ,?is does n fatigue ! eye z mu* z w\ld ! introduction ( a numb] ( complex spac+s4 ,?is solution enables ! amateur design] to deal ) complex problems ) an assurance ( secur+ a degree ( unity4 ,,in/ruction ,,%eet ,plate #ae is practically self-explanatory & %[s ! ord] 9 :i* ! v>i\s divisions1 s f> consid]$1 are to be introduc$ into ! design toge!r ) ! gr\p+ ( details )9 ^? divisions4 ,figure ,d introduces ! additional elem5t t]m$ ! app5dage to be consid]$ 9 ,*apt] ,v4 ,,summ>y ,,( ,,design ,,/eps 7a7 ,con/ruction ( ! rectangle repres5t+ ! v]tical or horizontal "* ( ! prim>y mass ) desirable proportions4 ,select ! mo/ prom95t surface = ?is rectangle1 pref]ably ! front elevation4 7b7 ,subdivide ?is rectangle into two or ?ree /ructural sections1 horizontal & v]tical 9 "*4 ,make two or ?ree trial freeh& sket*es on cross section pap] = v>i$ proportions & select ! mo/ pleas+ 9 accordance ) rules4 7c7 ,translate ! select$ sket* into a scale or full size draw+ & add additional views to complete ! requirem5ts ( a work+ draw+4 ,add additional /ructural elem5ts3 legs1 rails1 etc4 7d7 ,= %op purposes1 enl>ge a scale draw+ to full size1 dim5sion & o!rwise prep>e x = actual use4 ,see ,figure #ajb;a1 page #fh1 = "* ( ?is *ange4 7e7 ,con/ruct ! project4 ,,sugge/$ ,,problems ,design a fire scre5 ) two horizontal & ?ree v]tical major subdivisions4 ,design a bookcase #d feet #b in*es high ) ?ree horizontal & two v]tical major subdivisions4 ,,summ>y ,,( ,,rules ,rule #c;a4 ,if ! prim>y mass is divid$ into two v]tical divisions1 ! divisions %\ld be equal 9 area & simil> 9 =m4 ,rule #c;b4 ,if ! prim>y mass is divid$ into ?ree v]tical divisions1 ! c5t] division %\ld be ! l>g]1 ) ! rema9+ divisions ( equal size4 ,rule #c;c4 ,9 elem5t>y problems1 if m ?an ?ree v]tical divisions are requir$1 !y %\ld be s gr\p$ z to analyze into ,rules #c;a & #c;b1 or be exactly simil>4 ,,review ,,que/ions #a4 ,:at is ! nature & ne$ ( v]tical space divisions8 #b4 ,/ate ! rule gov]n+ ! use ( two v]tical space divisions & give illu/rations 9 wood1 clay1 & metal4 #c4 ,give ! rule relat+ to ! use ( ?ree v]tical space divisions & furni% illu/rations 9 wood1 clay1 & metal4 #d4 ,:at is ! treatm5t ( m ?an ?ree v]tical divisions8 ,:y8 ,*apt] ,v ,,app5dages ,,& ,,rules ,,gov]n+ ,,!m ,sid5ote3 ,use ( ! ,app5dage ,an app5dage is a memb] add$ to ! prim>y mass = utilit>ian purposes4 ,9 ! indu/rial arts1 :5 an app5dage is add$ m]ely = ! purpose ( decoration1 x is z useless & functionless z ! human app5dix &1 z a s\rce ( discord1 %\ld be remov$4 ,an app5dage 9 indu/rial arts may be1 among o!r ?+s1 a plate rail1 bracket1 sp\t1 cov]1 or h&le1 all ( :i* are capable ( s]vice ei!r = or ) ! prim>y mass4 ,9 ar*itecture x may be a w+ or ell add$ to ! mass ( ! build+4 ,simple z its design may seem1 x is (t5 s plac$ 9 relation to ! ma9 or prim>y mass t x does n seem to fit or to be 9 unity ) t mass4 ,sid5ote3 ,design+ an ,app5dage ,rule #d;a4 ,! app5dage %\ld be design$ 9 unity )1 & proportionately relat$ to1 ! v]tical or horizontal "* ( ! prim>y mass1 b subord9at$ to x4 ,rule #d;b4 ,! app5dage %\ld h ! appe>ance ( fl[+ smoo?ly &1 if possible1 tang5tially f ! prim>y mass4 ,rule #d;c4 ,! app5dage %\ld1 if possible1 e*o or repeat "s l9es simil> 9 "* & direction to ^? ( ! prim>y mass4 ,sid5ote3 ,violations ( ,app5dage ,design ,all ( ! =ego+ rules are int5d$ to promote ! s5se ( unity betwe5 ! prim>y mass & its app5dages4 ,if a mirror on a dress] looks top-heavy x is g5]ally due to ! fact t x has n be5 subord9at$ 9 size to ! prim>y mass4 ,rule #d;a4 ,if ! h&le projects f ! prim>y mass ( an object simil> to ! h&le on a pump1 x has n be5 design$ 9 accordance ) ,rules #d;b & #d;c4 ,aga91 if ! app5dage projects f a prim>y mass l a tall *imney f a long flat build+1 x has violat$ ,rule #d;a & has n be5 proportionately relat$ to ! "* ( ! v]tical or horizontal proportions ( ! prim>y mass4 ,illu/ration3 ,,examples ,,( ,,app5dages ,,9 ,,class #a 7,,wood7 ,,add$ ,,to ,,! ,,prim>y ,,mass ,,= ,,utilit>ian ,,purposes4 ,,!y ,,%\ld ,,always ,,be ,,relat$ ,,to ,,! ,,prim>y ,,mass ,,by ,,tang5ts1 ,,p>allels ,,or ,,bo?4 ,,plate #af ,x %\ld be readily se5 t if ! prim>y mass has "o dom9ant proportion :ile ! app5dage has ano!r1 !re w be a s]i\s cla% & ! f9al result w be ! neutralization ( bo? motives1 result+ 9 ei!r an insipid & *>act]less design or a d[nright lack ( unity4 ,sid5ote3 ,app5dages 9 ,wood ,! design ( ! small dress+ table1 ,figure #cg1 ,plate #af1 ) ! mirror class+ z an app5dage1 is an excell5t illu/ration ( ,rule #d;a4 ,! ma9 mass ( ! table is v]tical 9 "* & ! mirror c>ries out or repeats ! "* ( ! prim>y mass by hav+ a simil> b subord9ate v]tical mass4 ,9 ?is in/ance x is s l>ge t x has ne>ly ! effect ( a second prim>y mass4 ,z tang5tial junctions are difficult to arrange 9 wood con/ruction & p>ticul>ly 9 furniture1 ! break betwe5 ! table top & ! mirror has be5 s(t5$ by ! introduction ( a bracket or connect+ l9k4 ,! curves ( ! l9k cause ! eye to move freely f ! prim>y mass to ! app5dage & ?us !re is a s5se ( on5ess or unity betwe5 ! two masses4 ,! lant]n 9 ,figure #ch becomes an app5dage & is subord9at$ to ! l>ge p$e/al or support4 ,! tang5tial junction has 9 ?is case be5 fully possible & ! eye moves freely f ! v]tical l9es ( ! base to ! simil> v]tical mass ( ! lant]n )\t noticeable break4 ,sid5ote3 ,unify+ ,app5dage & ,prim>y ,mass ,! s]vice ( ! dress+ table1 ,figure #ci1 ) its ?ree-division mirror makes ! problem ( adaptation ( ! app5dage to ! mass ( ! table1 9 accordance ) ! rules1 mu* m difficult4 ,"u ! circum/ances1 ab\t ! be/ t c be done1 at ! same "t keep+ )9 ! limitations ( desir$ s]vice1 is to plan ! mirrors 9 accordance ) ,rule #c;b1 ) ! dom9ant section 9 ! c5t]4 ,to secure an approa* to unity1 ea* section ( ! mirror %\ld e*o ! v]tical proportion ( ! prim>y mass ( ! table4 ,! top ( ! writ+ /&1 9 ,figure #dj1 is an example ( a horizontal app5dage :i* repeats ! horizontal "* ( ! front or typical face ( ! prim>y mass ( ! table4 ,! small draw]s & divisions aga9 take up & repeat ! horizontal motive ( ! table1 :ile ! entire app5dage may be subdivid$ "u ,rule #c;b1 giv+ ! dom9ance to ! c5t] portion4 ,! %ort curves 9 ! app5dage all t5d to lead ! eye 9 a satisfactory & smoo? transition f "o mass to ! o!r or f ! table top to ! app5dage4 ,! proportions ( ! small draw]s are simil> to ! proportions ( ! table draw]s4 ,rule #d;c4 ,all ( ^! po9ts ( simil>ity br+ ! masses into close unity or on5ess ( appe>ance4 ,illu/ration3 ,c\rtesy ( ,b]key & ,gay ,,figure #da;a ,! table legs1 9 ,figure #da1 are m difficult to adju/ satisfactorily4 ,! idea ( ! design] is1 h[ev]1 app>5t4 ,! legs leave ! column ( ! table ) a tang5tial curve &1 sweep+ out ) a /rong curve1 repeat ! horizontal l9e ( ! table top 9 ! horizontal l9es ( _! bottom surfaces4 ,sid5ote3 ,indu/rial ,applications ,figure #da;a1 a modification ( ,figure #ci1 %[s close unity betwe5 ! ?ree divisions ( ! mirror due to ! pleas+ curve ( ! c5t] section ) its t5d5cy to b9d ! o!r sections to x4 ,aga91 ! e*o+ ( ! spac+s ( ! ?ree draw]s 9 ! simil> spac+s ( ! ?ree mirrors1 makes ! bond ( unity /ill clos] to ! ideal arrangem5t4 ,rule #d;c4 ,figures #da;b & #da;c are1 9 a way1 p>allel to ,figure #da4 ,! eye moves freely f ! feet 7app5dages7 along ! smoo? & graceful curves to ! tall %aft or column ( ! prim>y mass4 ,! turn$ fillets1 introduc$ at ! junction ( ! app5dage & ! prim>y mass1 9 ,figure #da;c1 h a t5d5cy to *eck ?is smoo? passage mak+ ! arrangem5t 9 ,figure #da;b pref]able4 ,! h>dw>e = ! co/um]s is well *os5 & 9 sympa?y ) ! v]tical proportions ( ! design4 ,sid5ote3 ,app5dages 9 ,clay ,) ! ^w clay all difficulties 9 ! treatm5t ( app5dages vani%4 ,x is by f> ! easie/ m$ium = ! adaptation ( ! app5dage to ! prim>y mass4 ,cov]s1 h&les1 & sp\ts are a few ( ! m prom95t p>ts fall+ "u ?is classification4 ,! process ( ! design] is to create ! prim>y rectangle1 subdivide x into two horizontal subdivisions 9 accordance ) ,rule #b;a1 & proce$ to add ! desir$ numb] ( app5dages4 ,! result may be sugge/$ by ! foll[+ illu/rations4 ,9 ,figure #dc1 ,plate #ag1 ! cov] is a cont9uation ( ! curve ( ! top ( ! b[l1 ,rule #d;a2 ! tops ( ! h&les are cont9uations ( ! horizontal l9e 9 ! top cont\r ( ! b[l1 :ile ! l[] portions ( ! h&les seem to spr+ or gr[ f ! l[] "p ( ! b[l ) a tang5tial curve4 ,illu/ration3 ,c\rtesy ( ,b]key & ,gay ,,figure #da;b ,,figure #da;c ,sid5ote3 ,cov]s1 ,sp\ts1 & ,h&les ,figure #dd is a horizontal prim>y mass ) ! horizontal subdivision 9 ! upp] section ( t mass4 ,! sp\t & h&le spr+ naturally f ! body & balance ea* o!r 9 proportion1 :ile ! cov] h&le rises smoo?ly f ! prim>y mass4 ,! horizontal "* ( ! prim>y mass is consi/5tly c>ri$ out 9 ! app5dages4 ,! h&le1 9 ,figure #de1 leav+ ! body at a tang5t1 rises ) a long /raight curve to turn sudd5ly & jo9 ! pit*] 9 h>mony ) its top4 ,! app>5t abruptness ( ! junction is s(t5$ by ! r\nd$ corn]s typical ( clay con/ruction4 ,! ,rookwood set1 ,figure #db1 repres5ts ?ree simil> prim>y masses4 ,! proportionate ratios & ! horizontal subdivisions are ! same ?r\gh\t4 ,! h&le = ! teapot has be5 curv$ 9 ! c5t] to give v>iety to ! h&le4 ,?is v>iation is a difficult ?+ to manage )\t consequ5t loss ( unity z by ?is v>iation ,rule #d;a is violat$4 ,"o ?+ may be said 9 its favor4 ,x br+s ! h& clos] to ! sp\t & ?us supports ! p\r+ weight4 ,b ! unusual 9 design is to be disc\rag$ until suffici5t skill 9 simple design+ has be5 acquir$4 ,9 design+ h&le app5dages = clay1 !y %\ld be s plac$ t !y readily control ! weight ( ! mat]ial 9 ! conta9] & af=d room = ! f+]s4 ,?us1 x is bett] to h ! l>g] portion ( ! h&le op5+ at ! top ( ! prim>y mass4 ,! sp\t 9 all in/ances %\ld cont9ue suffici5tly high to all[ ! conta9] to be fill$ to its full capacity )\t dang] ( ! cont5ts runn+ out ( ! sp\t4 ,! glaze runs into r\nd$ corn]s mu* m freely ?an into squ>e ones1 h5ce x is pref]able to use r\nd$ corn]s :]ev] possible4 ,sid5ote3 ,requirem5ts = ,app5dage ,design ,x is ! unexpect$ curve t is welcome 9 all design+1 provid$ x supports ! /ructure & con=ms to e/abli%$ rules4 ,aft] complet+ a design involv+ app5dages x %\ld be *eck$ f ?ree po9ts ( view2 7#a7 s]vice1 7#b7 unity betwe5 ! prim>y mass & ! app5dages1 & 7#c7 v>iety ( curvature4 ,on ?is la/ po9t x is ne$less to say t compass curves are n desirable except 9 r\nd+ small corn]s or 9 us+ fillets4 ,x is well kn[n t compass curves are difficult to assimilate into pleas+ tang5tial effects4 ,!y are incl9$ to be monoton\s & regul> ) a made by ! ?\s& appe>ance to !m4 ,"o %\ld tru/ to freeh& sweeps1 drawn freely ) a full arm movem5t :5 possible4 ,all curves %\ld spr+ naturally f ! prim>y mass4 ,blackbo>d draw+ is excell5t practice = ! muscles us$ 9 ?is type ( design+4 ,9 a %ort "t x w be f\nd possible to produce ! useful long1 r flat curve ) its sudd5 turn 7! curve ( =ce7 t w make ! compass curve tame & commonplace by comp>ison4 ,illu/ration3 ,,examples ,,( ,,app5dages ,,9 ,,class #b 7,,pott]y7 ,,add$ ,,to ,,! ,,prim>y ,,mass ,,= ,,utilit>ian ,,purposes4 ,,! ,,pla/icity ,,( ,,clay ,,all[s ,a ,,p]fect ,,tang5tial ,,union ,,) ,,! ,,body ,,plate #ag ,sid5ote3 ,freeh& ,curves ,sid5ote3 ,app5dages 9 ,metal ,figures #ee1 #ef1 & #eg1 ,plate #ah1 %[ ! close bond betwe5 ! appe>ance ( ! app5dage 9 clay1 & ! "o 9 metal4 ,:ile x is te*nically m difficult to adapt metal to ! rules gov]n+ app5dages ?an is ! case ) clay1 ! f9al results are1 9 mo/ in/ances1 equally pleas+ to ! eye4 ,9 mo/ ( ! figures %[+ examples 9 metal1 ! app5dages h to be secur$ to ! prim>y mass by screws1 rivets1 or sold]1 :]eas 9 clay !y may be m\ld$ into ! prim>y mass4 ,?is t5ds to secure a m unifi$ appe>ance2 b 9 metal1 ! junction ( ! h&le & ! prim>y mass is (t5 made a decorative feature ( ! design & gives add$ int]e/ & v>iety to ! project4 ,! simple prim>y mass1 ,figure #eh1 has a horizontal space division 9 ! l[] portion ( ! mass4 ,?is po9t ( v>iation ( ! cont\r has be5 us$ 9 ! prim>y masses 9 ,figures #ee1 #ef1 & #eg1 also z ! />t+ po9t ( t dom9ant app5dage1 ! h&le4 ,spr++ tang5tially f ! body1 x rises 9 a /raight l9e ( extreme value 9 s]vice1 !n ) a slight turn x p>allels & jo9s ! top ( ! b[l1 ?us fulfill+ ! design functions ( an app5dage f bo? po9ts ( s]vice & beauty4 ,! sp\t & lid1 ,figure #ee1 may be likewise analyz$4 ,sid5ote3 ,tang5tial ,junctions ,! po9ts ( tang5cy1 9 ,figure #ed1 become a decorative feature ( ! design4 ,! h&les 9 ! p>ts ( ! fire set1 ,figures #dh & #di1 (f] diff]5t problems4 ,x is difficult to analyze ! latt] figures to det]m9e ! app5dages z !y are 9 su* ?or\gh unity ) ! h&les & are practically subdivisions ( ! prim>y mass4 ,b ref]r+ to ! rule /at+ ! fact t ! app5dages are subord9at$ to & atta*$ to ! prim>y mass1 x may ju/ly be /at$ t ! %ovel portion ( ! design may legitimately be class$ z an app5dage4 ,?is w expla9 ! ne$ ( a curve at ! junction po9ts & ! feature ( ! decorative twi/s 9 ,figure #di4 ,bo? designs may be analyz$ into ?ree horizontal divisions4 ,illu/ration3 ,,examples ,,( ,,app5dages ,,9 ,,class #c4 ,,metal 444 ,,see ,a 444 ,,note ,,! ,,tang5tial ,,relation ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,app5dage ,,& ,,prim>y ,,mass ,,at ,t ,,plate #ah ,sid5ote3 ,&iron ,design ,! &irons1 ,figures #ej to #ec1 illu/rate int]e/+ transitions 9 wr\ght iron f ! prim>y mass to ! app5dage4 ,! v]tical %aft ( wr\ght iron has be5 treat$ z a prim>y mass :ile ! feet may be class$ z app5dages4 ,9 ,figure #ej we h an example ( a frankly squ>e junction po9t4 ,figure #ea discloses a weld ) r\nd$ corn]s1 =m+ a m pleas+ junction ?an does ! abrupt angle ( ,figure #ej4 ,?is con=ms to ,rule #d;b4 ,! app5dage legs e*o or repeat ! v]tical l9es ( ! prim>y mass & !re is consequ5tly a s5se ( unity betwe5 !m4 ,9 ,figure #eb ! app5dage foot is curv$1 & ! prim>y mass has a simil> curve on ! top ( ! v]tical column to apply ,rule #d;c to repeat ! curve4 ,! small l9ks at ,x indicate an attempt to make ! junction po9t m pleas+ to ! eye1 b ! l9k is too l>ge to accompli% ! desir$ result successfully4 ,9 ,figure #ec ! l9ks h be5 mat]ially r$uc$ 9 size & 9 ! am\nt ( curvature4 ,9 ?is example ! eye goes unhamp]$ f app5dage to prim>y or back aga91 )\t p]ceptible int]ruption & ! unity ( ! mass1 s]i\sly ?reat5$ 9 ,figure #eb1 is re/or$ 9 ,figure #ec4 ,9 ,figure #df !re is an example ( a l9k becom+ l>ge en\gh to be class$ z an app5dage connect+ two prim>y masses1 e4g41 ! lant]n & ! wall4 ,"u ^! conditions1 "o end ( ! app5dage h>monizes ) ! lant]n & ! o!r end ) ! wall4 ,figure #dg %[s a ca/ brass c&le/ick :i* is an excell5t example1 f ! ,/udio1 ( tang5tial junction4 ,sid5ote3 ,influ5ce ( ,tools & ,mat]ials ,clay may readily /& z ! mo/ adaptable mat]ial = app5dages1 ) metal rank+ second1 & wood ?ird4 ,! gra9 ( wood seems to int]f]e ) ! tang5tial junction ( ! app5dage & prim>y mass4 ,app5dages ( wood are1 h[ev]1 q necess>y at times4 ,_! use is m]ely a matt] ( less5+ ! contra/ ( conflict+ l9es 9 an addition ( ?is nature4 ,! b& & bracket saws are requir$ 9 _m in/ances to con/ruct ! connect+ l9k betwe5 oppos+ masses ( wood4 ,illu/ration3 ,,appli$ ,,& ,,con/ructive ,,design ,,pr9ciple #d4 ,,relation ,,( ,,prim>y ,,mass ,,to ,,app5dages ,,problem3 ,,application ,,to ,,classes #b ,,& #c ,,plate #ai ,sid5ote3 ,influ5ce ( ,tools & ,mat]ials 7,cont9u$7 ,h& build+ or ca/+ is ! means us$ to con/ruct ! app5dages 9 pla/ic mat]ials4 ,app5dages 9 cem5t are se5 9 ! uprights = cem5t seats & are g5]ally translat$ into ! prim>y mass by means ( m\ld+s or curves4 ,=g+ or ?9 & rais$ metal con/ruction af=ds _m examples ( ! adaptability ( mat]ial 9 con/ruct+ app5dages4 ,rivets =m decorative features at ! junction po9ts & %\ld be plac$ ) great c>e & relation to ! decoration & ! po9t ( tang5cy4 ,,in/ruction ,,%eet ,,= ,,class ,,pres5tation ,! typical views to be us$ 9 classroom "w1 ) ! ord9>y range ( problems1 are %[n on ,plate #ai4 ,^! typical views %\ld be supplem5t$ by dim5sions1 cross sections1 & o!r views :5ev] necess>y4 ,wood con/ruction has be5 omitt$ f ?is %eet1 b its developm5t 9 design is q simil> to ! /eps indicat$ 9 ! summ>y4 ,,summ>y ,,( ,,design ,,/eps 7a7 ,draw ! prim>y rectangle4 7b7 ,subdivide ! rectangle into two or ?ree horizontal &1 if necess>y1 v]tical divisions4 7c7 ,e/imate ! dim5sions ( ! app5dage necess>y to p]=m ! desir$ s]vice 9 ! be/ mann]4 7d7 ,if ! app5dage is a h&le1 place x 9 su* a position t x n only appe>s to b actually does support ! weight ( ! prim>y mass4 7e7 ,complete ! cont\r curves ( ! prim>y mass bas$ ^u ! horizontal division :i* acts z a unit ( measurem5t or a turn+ po9t4 7f7 ,jo9 ! app5dages to ! prim>y mass by means ( tang5tial curves4 7g7 ,e/abli% unity betwe5 ! prim>y mass & ! app5dages by apply+ ,rules #d;a1 #d;b1 & #d;c4 7h7 ,dim5sion & o!rwise prep>e ! draw+ = %op use4 ,see ,plate #bf4 ,,sugge/$ ,,problems ,design a sug> b[l1 cream pit*]1 & teapot4 ,consid] !m z diff]5t memb]s ( "o set4 ,design a sidebo>d #c feet #c in*es high ) plate rack1 ! design to conta9 two v]tical & two horizontal divisions exclusive ( ! app5dage4 ,,summ>y ,,( ,,rules ,rule #d;a4 ,! app5dage %\ld be design$ 9 unity )1 & proportionately relat$ to1 ! v]tical or horizontal "* ( ! prim>y mass1 b subord9at$ to x4 ,rule #d;b4 ,! app5dage %\ld h ! appe>ance ( fl[+ smoo?ly &1 if possible1 tang5tially f ! prim>y mass4 ,rule #d;c4 ,! app5dage %\ld1 if possible1 e*o or repeat "s l9es simil> 9 "* & direction to ^? ( ! prim>y mass4 ,,review ,,que/ions #a4 ,/ate ! nature & use ( ! app5dage4 #b4 ,:at is ! relation ( ! size ( ! app5dage to ! size ( ! prim>y mass8 #c4 ,h[ %\ld ! app5dage be atta*$ to ! prim>y mass8 #d4 ,h[ does ,rule #d;c help to secure unity betwe5 ! app5dage & ! prim>y mass8 #e4 ,are compass curves p]missible 9 app5dage design8 #f4 ,/ate influ5ce ( tools & mat]ials ^u app5dage design4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,enri*m5t ,,( ,,! ,,cont\rs ,,or ,,outl9es ,,( ,,designs ,,9 ,,wood ,) ?is *apt] we introduce cont\r enri*m5t1 ! second major division ( indu/rial arts design4 ,sid5ote3 ,ne$ & ,value ( ,enri*m5t ,a critic ( furniture design$ by ! av]age manual arts /ud5t has /at$ frankly t :ile x might h be5 hone/ly con/ruct$ x 01 9 ! fir/ place1 too heavy = a woman to move ab\t ! h\se &1 9 ! second place1 x repres5t$ a decid$ly uneconomical use ( t valuable mat]ial1 wood4 ,t !re is a basis 9 fact = ?is /atem5t _c be d5i$4 ,is x true1 !n1 t furniture mu/ ( necessity be clumsy & heavy :5 x is suffici5tly simplifi$ 9 con/ructive processes = s*ool "w8 ,we may say emphatically1 ,no6 ,"o may correct ! proportions ( an object & r$uce ! size ( ! mat]ials 9 x to a m9imum b /ill fail to secure ! desirable elem5ts ( lightness & int]e/4 ,! object may /ill look heavy & rema9 a box-l /ructure void ( ! grace synonym\s ) ! be/ 9 design4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 possible to correct ! clumsy & heavy appe>ances by imp>t+ to ! design elem5ts ( grace & lightness4 ,two me?ods may be us$1 s+ly or toge!r3 7#a7 ,enri*m5t ( ! ,functional ,outl9es or ,cont\rs2 7#b7 ,surface ,enri*m5t sometimes call$ ,space ,fill+4 ,^! may be r\ghly classifi$ respectively z ?ree & two dim5sion enri*m5t4 ,sid5ote3 ,cont\r ,enri*m5t ,! fir/1 or outl9e enri*m5t1 conc]ns itself ) ! /ructural l9es4 ,z all design+ processes %\ld />t ) ! /ructure1 x w be our policy to d s4 ,! pres5t *apt] w deal only ) enri*m5t ( outl9es ( wood projects4 ,rule #e;a4 ,outl9e enri*m5t %\ld be subord9at$ to & support ! /ructure4 ,rule #e;b4 ,outl9e enri*m5t %\ld add grace1 lightness1 & v>iety to ! design4 ,illu/ration3 ,,common ,,errors ,,9 ,,cont\r ,,enri*m5t ,,/amp ,,boxes ,,plate #ai;a ,sid5ote3 ,purpose ( ,cont\r ,enri*m5t ,sid5ote3 ,requirem5ts ( ,cont\r ,enri*m5t ,x is ! purpose ( enri*m5t to add to ! problem 7#a7 grace2 7#b7 lightness2 7#c7 v>iety2 7#d7 unity4 ,if x is appli$ 9 a prop] mann] x %\ld likewise add to ! app>5t /ructural /r5g?4 ,we %\ld c>efully gu>d ! design1 !re=e1 aga9/ 7#a7 enri*m5t t has a t5d5cy to obscure or de/roy ! /ructural l9es2 9 o!r words1 enri*m5t t is n subord9at$ to ! /ructure1 & 7#b7 enri*m5t t adds no?+ to ! /ructure by its application2 t is1 "o :i* does n increase ei!r ! app>5t /r5g? or ! beauty ( ! object4 ,z an example ( ?is fir/ po9t1 ! turn$ c&le/ick ) ! c&le support$ by a /ack ( turn$ balls alt]nat+ ) tauri or ?9 discs t5ds to obscure completely ! s5se ( support4 ,aga91 ! l&scape g>d5] feels t he is violat+ a fundam5tal pr9ciple 9 design if by plant+ v9es to gr[ ar\nd a build+1 he obscures ! f\ndation1 & ! ro( appe>s1 consequ5tly1 to re/ on & be support$ by ! /ems & leaves ( ! v9es4 ,?us x is se5 t ! eye regi/]s a s5se ( /ructural weakness :5 ! ma9 supports ( an object disappe> & are no long] to be trac$ "u ! enri*m5t4 ,"u ! second po9t falls ! indiscrim9ate plac+ ( unrelat$ objects 9 ! cont\r enri*m5t4 ,naturali/ic objects simil> to ! claw foot & ! human head1 = example1 %\ld give way to natural curves t add to ! appe>ance ( total /r5g?4 ,:]e are we to f9d ^! curves suit$ to our purpose8 ,sid5ote3 ,valuable ,curves = ,outl9e ,enri*m5t ,up to ?is po9t emphasis has be5 plac$ ^u /raight & curv$ l9es imm$iately connect$ ) pure s]vice4 ,= grace & lightness x is necess>y to dep>t at times f ! rigidity ( /raight l9es4 ,to und]/& ! "* ( ?is dep>ture let u consid] a simple bracket z a support = a %elf4 ,?is bracket acts z a l9k1 connect+ a v]tical wall or leg ) a horizontal memb] or %elf4 ,a bracket %ap$ l a #de-;degree triangle1 ,figure #aj1 page #bd1 gives "o ! s5se ( clums9ess4 ,if ! feel+ ( grace is to be imp>t$ ! eye mu/ move smoo?ly along ! outl9e ( ! bracket1 giv+ "o a s5sation ( ae/hetic pleasure4 ,a curv$ l9e w produce ?is effect m completely ?an w a /raight l9e4 ,"o mu/ likewise get ! feel+ t ! curve ( ! bracket is design$ to support ! %elf4 ,illu/ration3 ,,natural ,,& ,,geometric ,,curves ,,) ,,_! ,,use ,,9 ,,functional ,,outl9e ,,enri*m5t ,,plate #bj ,,! ,,curve ,,( ,,=ce ,sid5ote3 ,valuable ,curves ,turn+ to ,figure #gj1 ,plate #bj1 we f9d t :5ev] nature desires to support a weight %e is incl9$ to use a peculi> curve se5 at ,f4 ,possibly ?r\gh cont9u$ obs]vation ! eye has associat$ ?is curve ) /r5g? or support+ p[]4 ,figure #ga has detail$ ?is curve4 ,x is f\nd to consi/ ( a long1 r flat portion ) a quick & sudd5 turn at its end4 ,! curve is kn[n to design]s z ! ,curve ( ,=ce & is mo/ valuable 9 all =ms ( enri*m5t4 ,design]s ev5 9 e>ly ages us$ x 9 "s =m z w be not$ f ! fragm5t ( ,greek sculpture 9 ,figure #gb4 ,its beauty re/s 9 its v>iety4 ,a circle has little int]e/ due to its r monoton\s curvature4 ,! eye desires v>iety & ! curve ( =ce adm9i/]s to ?is ne$ & gives a s5se ( satisfaction4 ,z design]s on wood1 h[ are we to utilize ?is curve = purposes ( outl9e enri*m5t8 ,sid5ote3 ,an ,approximate ,curve ( ,=ce ,= approximate simil>ity ( curvature an ellipse con/ruct$ z %[n 9 ,figure #gc w be f\nd conv5i5t4 ,by draw+ sev]al ellipses ( v>y+ sizes ^u %eets ( t9 or z9c1 a s]ies ( templates ( utmo/ practical value may be =m$ & us$ z 0 done 9 secur+ ! curves ( =ce 9 ,figures #gd & #ge4 ,if ! rail or %elf is long] ?an ! po/1 measur$ d[nw>d f ! rail to ! floor or to ! next %elf1 ! ellipse %\ld be us$ ) its major axis plac$ 9 a horizontal position1 ,figure #ge4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 ! po/ is long] ?an ! %elf ! ellipse %\ld h its major axis 9 a v]tical position1 ,figure #gd4 ,figures #gf & #gg %[ o!r in/ances ( ! use ( ! approximate curve ( =ce4 ,_m simil> practical applications w occur to ! design]4 ,sid5ote3 ,m\ld+s ,we h class$ ! bracket z a l9k connect+ a v]tical & horizontal /ructure4 ,m\ld+s may likewise be consid]$ z l9ks connect+ simil> horizontal or v]tical surfaces by b&s ( grad$ =ms4 ,inasmu* z !y effect ! outl9e !y are consid]$ 9 ?is *apt]4 ,z ! m\ld+s are to assi/ ! eye to make ! jump f "o surface to ano!r by easy /eps1 ! position f :i* ! m\ld+s are to be se5 det]m9es to "s ext5t _! design4 ,illu/ration3 ,,enri*m5t ,,( ,,! ,,cont\r ,,or ,,outl9e ,,by ,,m\ld+s ,,appli$ ,,to ,,wood 444 ,,types ,,( ,,m\ld+ 444 ,,wood ,,turn+ ,,problems ,,plate #ba ,sid5ote3 ,m\ld+s 7,cont9u$7 ,figure #gh %[s ! relation ( ! spectator to ?ree types ( m\ld+s at ,a1 ,b1 & ,c4 ,! top or cr[n 7,a7 is to be se5 f bel[4 ,on a l>ge project ! angle ( ! m\ld+s ) ! body ( ! object %\ld be approximately #de degrees4 ,! int]m$iate m\ld+ 7,b7 is light] ?an ! cr[n & =ms a transitional l9k t may be se5 f ei!r above or bel[4 ,! l[] or base m\ld+ 7,c7 is ! wide/ memb] ( ! gr\p z dem&$ by our s5se ( /ability4 ,x is se5 f above4 ,bo? = sanit>y & /ructural reasons x projects b slightly f ! base4 ,) ?is gr\p+ 9 m9d x is ne$less to say t a faulty m\ld+ is "o1 "s portion ( :i*1 hidd5 by int]v5+ m\ld+1 _c be se5 by ! spectator4 ,ar*itectural design & hi/ory h =mulat$ a s]ies ( curves1 geometric 9 "*1 t are reg>d$ z /&>ds 9 ! ,indu/rial ,arts4 ,"s ( ! m prom95t curves ) _! con/ructions are %[n 9 ,figure #gi4 ,! horizontal divisions are analyz$ 9 accordance ) ,rules #b;a & #b;b4 ,x is notic$ t ! ,scotia possesses a curve hav+ ! %ape ( ! curve ( =ce1 :ile ! two ,cymas are sav$ f monoton\s division by means ( _! rev]s$ curves1 illu/rat+ ! contra/ ( direction4 ,! curves ( ,figure #hj are excell5t l9es = freeh& practice 9 design+ m\ld+s & w develop ! pr9ciple ( cont9uity ( curvature or ! smoo? transition ( "o curve into ! next4 ,sid5ote3 ,cont9uity & ,contra/ ,to keep ?is cont9uity f ! monotony ( a ,m>cel ,wave x is cu/om>y to break cont9u\s curves by a fillet su* z a /raight l9e z %[n at ,d1 ,figures #ha1 #hb1 & #hc4 ,:5 ! desir$ outside diamet] has be5 rea*$1 contra/ ( direction is necess>y & pleas+ z a return1 ,figure #hb4 ,a glance at ! curves s f> consid]$ w quickly det]m9e :e!r !y are fitt$ = ! cr[n1 int]m$iate or base m\ld+s4 ,a curve %\ld jo9 a /raight l9e ) ei!r a tang5tial or "r angle junction1 :i* makes = positiv5ess 9 cont\r expression4 ,sid5ote3 ,gr\p+ ( ,curves ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #he4--,mod]n ,c&le/icks ,illu/ration3 ,c\rtesy ( ,b]key & ,gay ,,figure #hf4--,mod]n ,book ,tr\gh ,application ( ^! curves to outl9e enri*m5t = wood turn+ projects is to be gov]n$ by a /rict adh]5ce to ,rules #b;a or #b;b1 o!rwise confusion & lack ( unity w result4 ,figure #hc %[s a major gr\p+ "u ,rule #b;b ) ! subdivisions & m9or curves arrang$ "u ,rules #b;a & #b;b4 ,figure #hd %[s a disreg>d = rules & ! result is an undesirable monotony ( cont\r4 ,if smoo? & ev5 cont9uity ( curvature is giv5 consid]able ?\ght1 toge!r ) t = sy/ematic gr\p+ & v>iety1 a pleas+ result f wood turn+ 7a mu* abus$ b pleas+ =m ( outl9e enri*m5t7 may be secur$4 ,figures #he & #hf are illu/rations f ! indu/rial field ) m\ld+ curves gr\p$1 foll[+ & support+ ! /ructural l9es ( ! object4 ,! columns 9 ,figure #hf might1 h[ev]1 be advantage\sly rev]s$4 ,sid5ote3 ,mat]ials ,l>ge objects design$ to be se5 f a di/ance require l>g] space divisions = _! m\ld+s ?an d small objects se5 f a ne>] po9t4 ,mat]ial affects ! curve some:at4 ,small] m\ld+s are m suit$ to ! exp5sive woods l mahogany :ile l>g] curves may be us$ 9 p9e or oak4 ,sid5ote3 ,evolution ( ,enri*$ ,outl9e ,design ,we n[ h at our comm& a numb] ( int]e/+ & s]viceable curves suit$ to ! mat]ial4 ,plate #bb is a %eet ( applications4 ,figures #hg to #id deal ) ! book-rack end & 9 ?is1 z 9 ! initial *apt]1 ar*itecture is ref]r$ to z ! s\rce = _m laws ( indu/rial design4 ,x has seem$ wise to illu/rate "s ( ^! important p>allels z foll[s3 ,we w assume ! type ( jo9t con/ruction ( ! book-rack end z settl$ & ! "q ( enri*m5t to be "u consid]ation4 ,figure #hg is a simple prim>y mass )\t enri*m5t4 ,x is comp>able to ! pla9 box-l /ructure ) monoton\s outl9e & )\t int]e/4 ,! eye foll[s ! outl9e 9 ! direction ( ! arr[s1 paus+ at ! squ>e corn]s1 :i* int]rupt a free movem5t by a h>% "r angle4 ,! base 7an app5dage7 repeats 9 ea* in/ance ! l9es ( ! prim>y mass4 ,figure #hh4 ,r\nd corn]s1 by free+ ! design f ! "r angles1 accel]ate ! eye movem5t & give a s5se ( add$ int]e/ & grace to ! cont\r4 ,figure #hi4 ,! cornice ( a build+ sugge/s a simil> arrangem5t :i* may be add$ to ! prim>y mass4 ,x adds ! elem5t ( contra/ ( direction & v>iety ( wid?s4 ,sid5ote3 ,v>iations ,figure #ij4 ,! ma9 prim>y mass ( a build+ ) two equal app5dages w sugge/ ! enri*m5t ( ! outl9e 9 sympa?y ) ?ree v]tical divisions4 ,rule #c;b4 ,! r\nd$ corn]s aga9 assi/ ! eye to travel freely ar\nd ! cont\rs1 ?us giv+ a s5se ( unity to ! entire =m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,enri*m5t ,,( ,,! ,,functional ,,outl9es ,,or ,,cont\rs ,,z ,,appli$ ,,to ,,wood ,,! ,,evolution ,,( ,,outl9e ,,enri*m5t ,,( ,a ,,book ,,rack ,,end ,,) ,,cross ,,ref]5ces ,,to ,,p>allels ,,9 ,,ar*itecture ,,plate #bb ,illu/ration3 ,,figures #aja & #ajb ,figure #ia4 ,! p$im5t ( a ,greek temple ) ! int]e/ c5t]$ at ! top ( ! p$im5t 7x7 causes a simil> conc5tration ( int]e/ 9 ! book-rack end4 ,! slight incl9ation ( ! sides supplies v>iety ( wid?s4 ,! ar*itect consid]s an object ) ! int]e/ c5t]$ 9 ?is mann] 9 ! upp] portion1 z possess+ m individuality ?an a motive ) purely horizontal l9es across ! top b\nd>y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fold+ ,,scre5 ,,figure #ajb;a ,illu/ration3 ,c\rtesy ( ,b]key & ,gay ,,figure #ajc4--;,a ,mod]n ,telephone ,/& & ,/ool ,illu/ration3 ,c\rtesy ( ,b]key & ,gay ,,figure #ajd4--,mod]n ,*air ,figure #ib4 ,9 ?is figure ! curv$ incl9ation facilitates ! upw>d movem5t ( ! eye1 at ! same "t supply+ v>iety ( wid?4 ,figure #ic4 ,! addition ( an app5dage to ! outl9e ( ! ,greek temple sugge/s a slight drop or v>iation 9 ! top edge ( ! book-rack end :i* gives increas$ int]e/ & grace ?r\gh v>iety4 ,figure #id4 ,contra/ ( direction is suppli$ 9 ?is sugge/ion b x is que/ionable :e!r we are add+ mu* to ! int]e/ by ! corn]4 ,illu/ration3 ,c\rtesy ( ,b]key & ,gay ,,figure #aje4--;,a ,mod]n ,s]v+ ,table ,figures #ie to #ih are v>iations ( "o !me1 ! foot /ool1 & ,figure #ii adds sugge/ive designs = rails4 ,d 9 ,figure #ii %[s ! enri*m5t l9e cut to a dep? :i* ?reat5s ! /ructural value ( ! rail4 ,?is is correct$ 9 ,figure #ajc4 ,figure #ajj is an application ( ! curve ( =ce to a *air leg ,b1 ) o!r possibilities at ,a & ,c4 ,num]\s applications ( ! v>i$ curves "u consid]ation are f\nd ?r\gh\t ?is %eet4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #aje;a ,illu/ration3 ,c\rtesy ( ,b]key & ,gay ,,figure #ajf4--,%]aton ,table ,be=e clos+ ) enri*$ outl9es x is well to consid] flagrant violations ( ?is enri*m5t n[ on ! m>ket4 ,figure #aja %[s a typical example ( complete lack ( unity & simplicity4 ,x is a type ( design (t5 associat$ ) *eaply con/ruct$ furniture4 ,x is an ornate p>ody on outl9e enri*m5t4 ,! curves ( extravagance are well %[n 9 ,figure #ajb :]e l>ge bulb\s curves ) no sy/ematic gr\p+ comb9e disa/r\s wa/e ( mat]ial ) lack ( grace or lightness4 ,x is excell5t practice to r$esign su* examples z ^? %[n 9 ,figures #aja & #ajb ) special ref]5ce to ,rule #e;c4 ,rule #e;c4 ,outl9e enri*m5t1 by its simil>ity1 %\ld give a s5se ( on5ess or unity to ! design1 b9d+ div]g5t memb]s toge!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,in/ruction ,,%eet ,,cont\r ,,enri*m5t ,,( ,,wood ,,drawn ,,& ,,design$ ,,by ,,jeannette ,e4 ,,fit* ,u4 ,,( ,w4 ,illu/rations #ajc to #ajf are typical =ms ( pres5t day outl9e enri*m5t4 ,limitations ( space w n p]mit ref]5ce to ! use ( ,p]iod furniture4 ,%]aton & ,hepple:ite designs are mo/ adaptable = s*ool uses z may be se5 by comp>+ ! ,%]aton desk 7,figure #ajf7 ) ! foot /ool 9 ,figure #if4 ,,in/ruction ,,%eet ,figure #hc & ,plates #bb & #bc are indicative ( :at might be obta9$ f a class4 ,! problem repres5t$ on ,plate #bc is advantage\sly color$ ) ! int5d$ /a9 & ) a small section ( side wall & trim visible4 ,see ,*apt] #af1 ,figures #deh to #dfc4 ,figure #ajb;a %[s ! me?od ( enl>g+ a design into a full size work+ draw+ = %op purposes4 ,,summ>y ,,( ,,design ,,/eps 7a7 ,draw ! prim>y rectangle4 7b7 ,subdivide ! rectangle into v]tical & horizontal divisions4 7c7 ,det]m9e p>ts to be treat$ by cont\r enri*m5t4 7d7 ,det]m9e me?od suit$ to ! project3 wood turn+1 m\ld+1 etc4 7e7 ,gr\p ! wood turn+ curves "u a def9ite sy/em includ$ "u ,rules #b;a & #b;b4 ,gr\p ! m\ld+s "u cr[n1 int]m$iate1 & base classifications4 ,add ?is enri*m5t to ! prim>y mass or make o!r simple v>iations t w n de/roy ! unity ( ! project4 7f7 ,dim5sion & o!rwise prep>e ! draw+ = %op use4 7g7 ,con/ruct ! project4 ,note4--,if ! design] is n prop]ly equipp$ to prep>e 8 own m\ld+s1 he %\ld consult m\ld+ catalogs or ! /ock ( "s local lumb] company4 ,,additional ,,sugge/$ ,,problems ,design a wood p$e/al ) ! curves gr\p$ into ?ree horizontal divisions4 ,design a hall table #b feet #aj in*es high & add simple cont\r enri*m5t4 ,,summ>y ,,( ,,rules ,rule #e;a4 ,outl9e enri*m5t %\ld be subord9at$ to & support ! /ructure4 ,rule #e;b4 ,outl9e enri*m5t %\ld add grace1 lightness1 & v>iety to ! design4 ,rule #e;c4 ,outl9e enri*m5t1 by its simil>ity1 %\ld give a s5se ( on5ess or unity to ! design1 b9d+ div]g5t memb]s toge!r4 ,,review ,,que/ions #a4 ,/ate nature & ne$ ( enri*m5t4 #b4 ,:at two =ms ( enri*m5t are commonly us$ 9 indu/rial arts design8 #c4 ,:at f\r qualities are add$ to indu/rial design by cont\r enri*m5t8 #d4 ,:at di/urb+ elem5ts %\ld be gu>d$ aga9/ 9 ! application ( cont\r enri*m5t8 #e4 ,describe ! curve ( =ce & its function 9 ! cont\r enri*m5t ( wood4 #f4 ,:at are m\ld+s8 ,"n ?ree types ( m\ld+s1 _! positions ) relation to ! eye level1 & "s curves us$ 9 _! design4 #g4 ,give examples ( curves ( cont9uity & contra/4 ,by :at means %\ld two contra/+ curves be sep>at$8 #h4 ,h[ %\ld a curve jo9 a /raight l9e8 #i4 ,expla9 ! gr\p+ ( cont\r curves 9 wood turn+ projects simil> to a r\nd leg or c&le/ick4 #aj4 ,pres5t five designs = book-racks1 enri*$ by *anges ( ! cont\r4 ,give ar*itectural cross ref]5ces = ea* design4 #aa4 ,pres5t ?ree well design$ table or *air legs & top & bottom rails & assemble "o ( ^! 9 a design4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,enri*m5t ,,( ,,! ,,cont\rs ,,or ,,outl9es ,,( ,,designs ,,9 ,,clay ,sid5ote3 ,ne$ ( ,enri*m5t ,9 ! m$ium we are n[ ab\t to consid] !re is a t5d5cy = ! en?usia/ic beg9n] to ov]-elaborate ! outl9e into mean+less =ms4 ,?is possibly is due to ! ease ) :i* clay is manipulat$4 ,x w\ld be well !n to ask two que/ions be=e />t+ ) ! "w ( enri*+ ! simple /ructure4 ,fir/1 :y %\ld x be enri*$--is !re a positive ga9 by s do+8 ,second1 7if ! decision is favorable to enri*m5t7 :]e %\ld x be enri*$8 ,let u co-ord9ate ! p>ts to assi/ 9 ?is process4 ,sid5ote3 ,p>ts ,diff]+ 9 ,function ,sid5ote3 ,unity ,rule #e;d4 ,p>ts ( "o design diff]+ 9 function %\ld diff] 9 appe>ance b be co-ord9at$ ) ! entire design4 ,z a sugge/ion to guide "o 9 enri*+ an object x is necess>y to consid] t p>ts diff]+ 9 function may diff] 9 appe>ance1 b z memb]s ( "o family !y %\ld /ill be relat$ to ! :ole4 ,= example1 a sp\t1 h&le1 & lid may diff] 9 design f t ( ! body ( a pit*] because !y diff] f x 9 function4 ,aga91 ! rim & foot ( a vase may be slightly *ang$ or individually acc5t$ because ( _! respective duties4 ,! base & hold] ( a c&le/ick may v>y 9 design f ! c5tral "p or h&le1 z ea* has a special function to p]=m4 ,?is rule ( ! *ange ( appe>ance ) ! *ange ( functional s]vice 7,rule #e;d71 is f\nd ?r\gh\t ar*itectural design4 ,! v>iation 9 design 9 ! base1 %aft1 & capital ( a column is possibly "o ( ! mo/ common examples4 ,:ile diff]+ 9 function !y /ill mu/ h unity & hold toge!r4 ,^! functional p>ts ( "o design1 diff]+ 9 s]vice r5d]$1 =m c5t]s ( con/ruction & may receive emphasis 9 outl9e enri*m5t4 ,corn]s & t]m9al po9ts are likewise available = decoration & w be discuss$ at l5g? lat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #ajg4--;,clay ,outl9e ,enri*m5t 9 ! ,rookwood ,pott]ies ,enri*m5t 9 clay & metal g5]ally means a sub/itution ( curv$ = /raight l9es 9 ! enri*$ portions ( ! design4 ,^! curves h ! ability to imp>t grace1 lightness1 & v>iety to an object provid$ !y are bas$ ^u con/ructive features ( ! problem4 ,!y mu/ h a unit ( measurem5t & mu/ likewise be appropriate to ! mat]ial4 ,x is !re=e necess>y to deal ) clay 9 ?is *apt] & foll[ ) a consid]ation ( metal 9 ano!r *apt]4 ,9 ,figures #aji to #abc1 ,plate #bd1 we h a numb] ( examples ( v>iation ( practically ! same prim>y enclos+ rectangle4 ,figure #ajh repres5ts a squ>ely proportion$ circul> b[l lack+ bo? ref9em5t ( proportion & enri*m5t4 ,figure #aji has add$ ref9em5t ( proportions4 ,figures #aaj & #aaa h introduc$ an outl9e enri*$ to ! ext5t ( a simple curve4 ,! base is ! dom9ant wid? 9 ! fir/1 & ! top dom9ates 9 wid? 9 ! second4 ,! outl9e 9 ,figure #aab1 :ile simil> to #aaj = a portion ( its l5g?1 dep>ts at a /at$ po9t & by curv+ 9 t[>d ! base supplies m v>iety to ! cont\r4 ,we h already said t ?is outl9e curve %\ld h a unit ( measurem5t & by ref]r+ to ,rules #b;a & #b;b we are able to =mulate ! foll[+3 ,sid5ote3 ,unit ( ,measurem5t = ,curves 9 ,outl9e ,enri*m5t ,rule #e;e4 ,9 cyl9drical =ms outl9e curves ) a v]tical t5d5cy %\ld h _! turn+ po9ts or units ( measurem5t 9 accordance ) ! horizontal divisions ( ,rules #b;a & #b;b4 ,figures #aab & #aac h z _! unit ( measurem5t two horizontal spaces =m$ 9 accordance ) ,rule #b;a1 :ile ,figures #aaf & #aag h /ill m v>iety by ! addition ( a comp\nd curve ) its turn+ po9ts or unit ( measurem5t bas$ ^u ,rule #b;b4 ,figures #aad & #aae ) outl9es simil> to ^? 9 ,figures #aab & #aac1 respectively1 h an additional enri*m5t1 ! foot & rim acc5tuation4 ,sid5ote3 ,acc5tuation ( ,functional ,p>ts 9 ,clay ,! new elem5t ( enri*m5t consi/s ( acc5t+ by add+ to ! design a model$ rim & a base or foot1 z x is te*nically kn[n4 ,?is n only /r5g!ns ! /ructure at ^! two functional po9ts b1 by add+ a small section ( %ad[1 x t5ds to break up ! surface1 ,figure #abg1 & add to ! v>iety ( enri*m5t4 ,figures #abd to #abg %[ ! build+ processes connect$ ) ?is int]e/+ & con/ructive addition4 ,sid5ote3 ,app5dages ,figures #aaf to #aai %[ v>iations ( ! prec$+ figures :ile ,figures #abj to #abc introduce ! app5dages to prec$+ figures4 ,z 9 ! design+ ( all app5dages1 discuss$ 9 ,*apt] ,v1 x is ! design]'s int5tion to balance sp\t & h&le to avoid a "o-sid$ or top-heavy appe>ance4 ,"o ( ! pr9cipal difficulties t confronts ! amateur design] is ! failure to secure v>iety :ile reta9+ unity4 ,?is is l>gely due to a lack ( ideas ^u ! subject & a m>k$ lack ( sy/ematic developm5t ( "o !me4 ,att5tion is direct$ to ! diagram 9 ! l[] portion ( ,plate #bd4 ,! idea is to />t ) "s simple =m 9 columns ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d1 ,e1 ,f1 ,figure #abh4 ,figure #abi introduces two horizontal divisions4 ,rule #b;a4 ,! black portion is ! dom9ant section4 ,illu/ration3 ,,outl9e ,,enri*m5t ,,( ,,! ,,prim>y ,,mass ,,9 ,,clay ,,good ,,con/ructive ,,design ,,is ,a ,,free ,,& ,,adequate ,,embodim5t ,,( ,,an ,,idea ,,9 ,a ,,=m ,,peculi>ly ,,appropriate ,,to ,,! ,,idea ,,itself ,,hegel ,,plate #bd ,sid5ote3 ,sy/ematic ,developm5t ( ,outl9e ,enri*m5t 9 ,clay ,notice ! *ange 9 outl9es bas$ ^u ?is division4 ,figure #acj raises ! division po9t ( ! two subdivisions into ! upp] half ( ! object4 ,?is br+s out ! ne$ ( an acc5t$ foot :i* is1 h[ev]1 n ( suffici5t prom95ce to be consid]$ z a horizontal spac+4 ,figure #aca raises ! horizontal division po9ts1 aga9 caus+ ! introduction ( a l>g] foot & n[ qualify+ x z a division ( ! :ole mass4 ,?is !n makes our design a ?ree-division problem1 ,rule #b;b1 & places x "u ! re/rictions ( ,rule #e;e4 ,! feet ( all ( ! b[ls h be5 sy/ematically decreas$ 9 wid? by ! conv]g+ l9es ,c-,c :ile ! tops h be5 ma9ta9$ con/ant 9 wid?4 ,by ?is simple diagram an inf9ite numb] ( designs may be =m$ & ! *oice ( selection f ! s]ies1 ?\ghtfully ex]cis$1 w supply ! ideal b[l1 ready to be translat$ into a full size work+ draw+4 ,x is n ! idea1 h[ev]1 to gu>antee a p]fect design 9 ea* "o ( ^! divisions z t w\ld be practically impossible1 b we h sy/ematically appli$ a me?od ( det]m9ation = /imulat+ ! imag9ation4 ,a s]ies ( articles by ,f4,h4 ,rhead 9 ! ,k]amic ,/udio fir/ sugge/$ ! sy/em ( developm5t by means ( grad$ rectangles4 ,sid5ote3 ,c&le/icks ,plate #be %[s a fur!r elaboration ( ! succe$+ !mes4 ,! c&le/ick s]ies1 ,figures #acb to #ach1 introduces two or ?ree-space division problems ) cont\r turn+ po9ts at ,a1 ,rule #e;e1 & ) acc5t$ or embryonic feet & rims4 ,! *ange f ! purely functional & un5ri*$ memb] ( ,figure #acb ?r\gh ! s]ies %[s ! enri*m5t *ang+ slightly to meet ! ne$s ( ! ?ree functional p>ts3 ! base1 ! h&le1 & ! c&le socket4 ,rule #e;d4 ,sid5ote3 ,conta9]s ,figure #aci %[s a s]ies ( illu/rations repres5t+ v>iations = conta9]s4 ,! fir/ figure is )\t enri*m5t1 foll[$ by v>iations ( ! outl9e 9 ! mann] already sugge/$4 ,sid5ote3 ,p\r]s ,figure #adj indicates a s]ies ( p\r]s ) ! lea/ attractive design on ! left end4 ,?is unsatisfactory design is f\nd1 ^u analysis1 to be due to c5trally plac$ horizontal division violat+ ,rule #b;a4 ,! design ( ! app5dages 9 ?is s]ies w aga9 be f\nd to con=m ) ! rules 9 ,*apt] ,v4 ,! units ( measurem5t = ! curves may be readily asc]ta9$ f obs]vation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,outl9e ,,enri*m5t ,,( ,,! ,,prim>y ,,mass ,,9 ,,clay ,,) ,,me?ods ,,( ,,secur+ ,,v>iety ,,plate #be ,sid5ote3 ,simil>ity ) ,v>y+ ,prim>y ,masses ,figure #ada is useful = ! foll[+ purpose4 ,x is desirable at times to develop a numb] ( simil> =ms = a set1 ) a gradually increas+ ratio ( proportions1 ei!r 9 height or wid?4 ,figure #ada %[s h[ ! height may be increas$ :ile ma9ta9+ a common wid?4 ,notice ! gradual proportionate increase ( ! height ( ! neck ,a-,b z well z t ( ! body4 ,! l9e ,x is ( ! utmo/ value 9 asc]ta9+ ! height ( ! int]m$iate b[ls4 ,! eye %\ld n[ be s tra9$ t ! height ( ! neck ,a-,b on ! la/ b[l c be readily proportion$ by eye measurem5t to t ( ! fir/ b[l4 ,a l9e simil> to ,x w give ! int]m$iate po9ts4 ,figure #adb v>ies ! wid? 9 a simil> mann]4 ,notice ! gradually decreas+ di/ances ,c-,d-,e-,f1 ! spaces = :i* may be det]m9$ by ! eye4 ,,in/ruction ,,%eet ,plate #bf sugge/s ! sequ5tial progression ( /eps lead+ to ! pott]'s work+ draw+4 ,,summ>y ,,( ,,design ,,/eps 7a7 ,draw ! prim>y rectangle4 7b7 ,add limits ( functional p>ts3 h&le1 sp\t1 cov]1 etc4 7c7 ,e/abli% unit ( measurem5t = prim>y rectangle cont\r curves4 7d7 ,design cont\r ( prim>y mass & add ! app5dages to x1 obs]v+ ! rules p]ta9+ to app5dages & unit ( measurem5t4 7e7 ,dim5sion & o!rwise prep>e ! draw+ = ! pott]'s use4 ,?is includes ! plann+ ( a work+ draw+1 "o-eigh? l>g] 9 all directions ?an ! prelim9>y design1 to all[ = ! %r9kage ( ! clay body4 ,! work+ draw+ %\ld also be 9 p>tial sections to %[ ! con/ruction ( ! int]ior ( ! w>e4 ,,sugge/$ ,,problem ,design a teapot1 tea caddy1 & cup %[+ a common unity 9 cont\r design4 7,plate #hb47 ,,summ>y ,,( ,,rules ,rule #e;d4 ,p>ts ( "o design diff]+ 9 function %\ld diff] 9 appe>ance b be co-ord9at$ ) ! entire design4 ,rule #e;e4 ,9 cyl9drical =ms outl9e curves ) a v]tical t5d5cy %\ld h _! turn+ po9ts or units ( measurem5t 9 accordance ) ! horizontal divisions ( ,rules #b;a & #b;b4 ,illu/ration3 ,,rules #e;,d ,,& #e;,e ,,cont\r ,,or ,,outl9e ,,enri*m5t4 ,,clay4 ,,in/ruction ,,%eet ,,plate #bf ,,review ,,que/ions #a4 ,give & illu/rate ! rule gov]n+ ! *ange 9 ! appe>ance ( ! design ) ! *ange ( functional s]vice4 #b4 ,:at is ! ae/hetic value ( curves 9 outl9e enri*m5t8 #c4 ,correlate ! rule gov]n+ ! unit ( measurem5t = v]tical cont\r curves ) ! rules controll+ horizontal divisions4 #d4 ,%[1 by a diagram1 ! me?od ( sy/ematically v>y+ ! cont\rs ( circul> =ms3 7a7 by *ang+ ! horizontal divisions2 7b7 by v>y+ ! proportion ( ! prim>y mass4 #e4 ,:at is ! value ( acc5t+ ! functional p>ts 9 clay design8 ,illu/ration3 ,c\rtesy ( ,james ,millik5 ,univ]sity ,,figure #adb;a4--,outl9e & ,surface ,enri*m5t 9 ,college ,pott]y ,illu/ration3 ,,outl9e ,,enri*m5t ,,( ,,! ,,prim>y ,,masses ,,( ,,! ,,bas] ,,metals ,,enri*m5t ,,( ,,edges1 ,,corn]s1 ,,int]m$iate ,,po9ts1 ,,app5dages4 ,,see ,,plate #bh ,,= ,,t]m9als1 ,,l9ks1 ,,details4 ,,plate #bg ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,enri*m5t ,,( ,,! ,,cont\rs ,,or ,,outl9es ,,( ,,designs ,,9 ,,base ,,& ,,preci\s ,,metals ,sid5ote3 ,enri*m5t ( ! ,base ,metals--,iron1 ,copp]1 ,brass1 ,bronze ,! cont\rs ( clay =ms are g5]ally free to foll[ ! curves & take ! direction dictat$ by ! k & ta/e ( ! design]4 ,metal outl9es are m re/rict$ 9 ?is respect4 ,metal is frequ5tly associat$ ) s]vice & consequ5tly its design is (t5 gov]n$ by its int5d$ use4 ,= example1 if we 7 to design a metal draw] pull = a buffet1 x w\ld h to be consid]$ 9 relation to ! "* & %ape ( ! buffet4 ,aga91 ! screws ) :i* x is atta*$ to ! buffet w\ld influ5ce its outl9e design4 ,x is1 9 o!r words1 a dep5d5t outl9e4 ,sid5ote3 ,free & ,dep5d5t ,outl9es ,to di/+ui% betwe5 an unre/rict$ outl9e & "o b\nd by o!r consid]ations we w t]m ! re/rict$ outl9e a dep5d5t outl9e1 = its enri*m5t mu/ be relat$ to o!r =ms ei!r )9 or )\t its surface4 ,a free outl9e on ! o!r h& is "o 9 :i* ! design] is free to use 8 ideas unre/rict$ by any o!r outside consid]ation1 except s]vice & design consi/5t ) ! mat]ial4 ,9 ord] to emphasize ! nature ( a dep5d5t outl9e we h ,rule #e;f4 ,dep5d5t outl9e enri*m5t %\ld be relat$ to ess5tial p>ts ( a design & influ5c$ by _! =ms & functions2 x mu/ be consi/5t ) ! idea ( ! subject4 ,sid5ote3 ,enri*m5t ( ,edges ,we w />t ) ! simple/ =m ( outl9e enri*m5t ( base metals1 ! decoration ( an edge4 ,x is contr>y to ! laws ( s]vice to leave %>p edges on articles int5d$ = intimate h\sehold use1 except :]e cutt+ edges are requir$4 ,! r\nd+ ( %>p edges is likewise dictat$ by ! laws ( beauty4 ,! transition f "o plane surface to ano!r is assi/$ by a r\nd$ edge1 z ! eye takes k9dly to ! s(t5$ play ( light & %ade4 ,?is gives u ! simple/ =m ( enri*m5t--! bevel$1 *amf]$1 or r\nd$ edge1 ,figures #adc & #add1 ,plate #bg4 ,! rim ( a ?9 #ah-;gauge plate is likewise improv$ & /r5g!n$ by lapp+ ! edge z %[n 9 ,figure #ade1 giv+ ! r\nd$ effect %[n 9 ,figure #add4 ,sid5ote3 ,enri*m5t ( ,functional ,p>ts ,!re are six important functional p>ts ) :i* we are br\ght into common contact 9 indu/rial design ( base metals4 ,!re are _m m1 b ^! are ! mo/ common & consequ5tly are ( ! utmo/ importance to ! design] z design c5t]s4 ,^! p>ts are itemiz$ z foll[s3 7#a7 ,corn]s1 7#b7 ,app5dages1 7#c7 ,int]m$iate ,po9ts1 7#d7 ,t]m9als1 7#e7 ,l9ks1 7#f7 ,details4 ,z ! decorative treatm5t ( ea* "p v>ies ) ! functional duty1 ,rule #e;d1 sep>ate treatm5t & consid]ation ( ea* "p w be necess>y4 ,sid5ote3 ,enri*m5t ( ,corn]s ,corn]s1 z extreme turn+ po9ts ( a design1 are (t5 f\nd conv5i5t = ! location ( screw holes1 rivets1 etc4 ,^! important con/ruction elem5ts become prom95t functional p>ts ( ! design & by cu/om & ! laws ( design1 ,rule #e;d1 !y are capable ( receiv+ outl9e enri*m5t4 ,b ! cont\r ( ! corn] mu/ be relat$ to ! screws or rivets1 p>ticul>ly if !y are ne> ! edge1 h5ce our outl9e becomes a dep5d5t outl9e & z su* mu/ be relat$ to ! rivets or screws by ,rule #e;f4 ,figures #adf to #adi %[ v>i\s arrangem5ts ( ?is type ( design4 ,! unity ( ! design is n lo/1 & ! functional p>ts are enri*$ by cont\rs relat$ to ! elem5ts ( s]vice 7rivets74 ,figure #aec %[s ano!r b slightly modifi$ example ( ! same laws appli$ to h+e con/ruction4 ,! enri*$ outl9e 9 ?is case is closely associat$ ) ! holes 9 ! h+e4 ,! h+es 9 turn mu/ be relat$ to ! object = :i* !y are design$4 ,figure #aej gives a common example ( corn] enri*m5t by means ( v>y+ ! edge at ! corn]s1 i4e41 by r\nd+ ! tray corn]s4 ,sid5ote3 ,enri*m5t ( ,app5dages ,z app5dages h di/9ct functional duties _! design may v>y z ! design ( ! arm ( ! human figure diff]s f ! head4 ,yet1 z p>ts ( ! same body1 !y mu/ fit ! %ape ( ! object to :i* !y are atta*$4 ,! c&le hold] & h&le z app5dages 9 ,figure #aej are design$ 9 sympa!tic relation by means ( tang5tial & simil> curves suffici5tly v>i$ to give ! eye a feel+ ( v>iety 9 ! design4 ,! novel s+le fl[] hold]s1 ,figures #aea & #aeb1 ) ! glass te/ tube act+ z a conta9] %[ o!r possible =ms ( ! app5dage design4 ,! fir/ is in=mal :ile ! second is =mal1 b bo? adh]e to ! fir/ simple rules ( app5dage design4 ,rule #d;a1 etc4 ,sid5ote3 ,enri*m5t ( ,int]m$iate ,po9ts ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #aef;a4--,c&le/ick1 ,r5d]$ by ,e4,r4 ,! enri*m5t ( c5t] or int]m$iate po9ts %\ld be h&l$ ) great c>e & ) a def9ite reason4 ,c>eless h&l+ may cause ! design to lack unity4 ,figures #aed & #aee %[ a simple twi/ z enri*m5t4 ,! s]viceable reason = ?is is to obta9 a grip at ! po9t ( ! twi/4 ,aga91 x v>ies ! "* ( ! /raight edges & adds int]e/ )\t loss ( compactness or unity4 ,if "o is desir\s ( wid5+ a v]tical or horizontal rod1 ! enri*m5t made by weld+ a numb] ( small rods toge!r ) a spread+ twi/ gives a pleas+ & s]viceable h&le4 ,figure #aef4 ,sid5ote3 ,enri*m5t ( ,t]m9als ,sid5ote3 ,free & ,dep5d5t ,cont\r ,enri*m5t ,z ! public dem&s a happy end+ to a /ory or a play1 s does ! eye dem& a well-design$ end+ to a design4 ,! "p t t]m9al enri*m5t plays 9 indu/rial design is1 !re=e1 to say ! lea/1 important to u z design]s4 ,figure #aeg illu/rates t]m9als 9 ?9 metal & is %[n by c\rtesy ( ! ,s*ool ,arts ,magaz9e f "o ( ! articles by ,mr4 ,augu/us ,rose4 ,! outl9es are 9 "p dep5d5t 9 "*1 controll$ by rivets4 ,notice ! *ange ( curve z ! function *anges f ! dep5d5t curve ( ! rivet area to ! free outl9e ( ! h&le & aga9 f ! h&le to ! cutt+ blade2 a functional *ange ( m>k$ "*1 b 9 ?or\gh unity ) ! entire design4 ,x is aga9 emphasiz$ t :e!r ! design possesses a free or a dep5d5t outl9e1 or a comb9ation ( bo? types1 all p>ts ( ! design mu/ be held toge!r by entire unity4 ,! rivets are occasionally plac$ t[>d ! edge & a dom$ boss is us$ to acc5t ! c5t] z is %[n 9 ,figure #aeh4 ,illu/ration3 ,,outl9e ,,enri*m5t ,,( ,,! ,,prim>y ,,mass ,,9 ,,! ,,bas] ,,metals4 ,,! ,,enri*m5t ,,( ,,t]m9als1 ,,l9ks1 ,,& ,,details4 ,,free ,,outl9es ,,plate #bh ,,! ,,ionic ,,volute ,sid5ote3 ,t]m9al ,enri*m5t 9 ,wr\ght ,metal ,z ! ,curve ( ,=ce 0 a valuable curve 9 wood con/ruction1 s we f9d x an equally valuable curve = wr\ght metal4 ,its recurr5ce aga9 & aga9 9 indu/rial design leads u to appreciate its value 9 ! arts4 ,x is ! ,ionic volute h&$ d[n to u 9 its pres5t =m f ! "t ( ! ,greeks1 :o develop$ x to a high /ate ( p]fection4 ,sid5ote3 ,curve ( ,beauty ,:ile its geometric developm5t is a t$i\s process1 x may be easily con/ruct$ = practical purposes by ! foll[+ me?od4 ,9 ,figure #aei1 ,p repres5ts a small cyl9d] ( wood1 possibly a d[el4 ,a /rong piece ( ?read1 or f9e wire1 is wrapp$ ar\nd ! base ( ! d[el a numb] ( times & a loop is =m$ 9 ! free end4 ,a p5cil ) a %>p po9t is ins]t$ 9 ! loop & ! p5cil & d[el are plac$ toge!r on a %eet ( pap]4 ,z ! ?read unw9ds f ! d[el ! po9t ( ! p5cil w describe a volute :i* may be develop$ indef9itely4 ,x w be notic$ t no correspond+ p>ts ( ! curve are conc5tric & x ?us has con/ant v>iety4 ,x has be5 t]m$ ! ,,curve ,,( ,,beauty & is f\nd 9 nature 9 ! wond]fully design$ %ell ( ! nautilus4 ,x is advisable to =m sev]al templates = ! volute out ( b5t wr\ght iron1 ( diff]5t sizes1 & to practice draw+ ! curve _m times to accu/om ! h& & ! eye to its *anges ( direction4 ,! eye or c5t] portion is sometimes t]m9at$ by ?9n+ & exp&+ 9 ! mann] %[n 9 ,figure #afj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,outl9e ,,enri*m5t ,,( ,,! ,,prim>y ,,mass ,,9 ,,preci\s ,,metals4 ,,silv]4 ,a ,,dep5d5t ,,outl9e ,,relat$ ,,to ,,& ,,enclos+ ,a ,,semi-,,preci\s ,,/one4 ,,plate #bi ,sid5ote3 ,greek ,scroll ,"o =m ( application ( ! volute is %[n 9 ! t]m9al po9ts ( ! c&le/ick 9 ,figure #afa4 ,x is "h %[n comb9$ ) ! second volute 9 ! =m ( a rev]se curve4 ,9 ,figure #afb1 x has be5 comb9$ ) a small] b rev]s$ volute at ! upp] end4 ,! entire & comb9$ curve is commonly kn[n z a ,greek ,scroll4 ,9 ,figure #afc ! ,greek ,scroll has be5 comb9$ ) ! rev]se curve ( ,figure #afa to =m a portion ( ! bracket4 ,9 ?is figure we f9d ! famili> curve ( =ce fai?fully s]v+ its function z a support+ memb] = ! top portion ( ! bracket4 ,sid5ote3 ,enri*m5t ( ,l9ks ,a l9k is a conv5i5t fill] 9 connect+ p>ts ( a "r angle4 ,x likewise s]ves z a brace 9 connect+ sev]al disconnect$ p>ts & is useful 9 ma9ta9+ ! unity ( a design4 ,figure #afd %[s a common =m ( l9k ) its ends ?9n$ & exp&$ z %[n 9 ,figure #afj4 ,?is con/ruction may1 h[ev]1 be disreg>d$ z x is te*nically q difficult to accompli%4 ,sid5ote3 ,enri*m5t ( ,details ,details are ! small] portions ( a design & are simil> to ! trimm+s & m9or brackets ( a build+ 9 relative importance4 ,!y ent] to a consid]able ext5t into wr\ght metal grille design1 & are g5]ally =m$ ( ! l9k1 ,greek scroll1 or ! ,ionic volute1 s z to be 9 h>mony ) ! o!r p>ts ( ! design outl9e4 ,rule #e;f4 ,_! pres5ce & use may be readily detect$ on ,plate #bh4 ,rule #e;g4 ,a curve %\ld jo9 a /raight l9e ) ei!r a tang5tial or "r angle junction4 ,sid5ote3 ,summ>y ( ,wr\ght ,metal ,free ,outl9e ,enri*m5t ,z we are n[ famili> ) cont9uity 9 wood m\ld+ curves we %\ld feel1 9 review+ ! figures 9 ?is *apt]1 ! value ( fl[+ cont9uity & tang5tial junction po9ts 7,rule #e;g7 necess>y 9 wr\ght metal enri*m5t4 ,! curves t we h consid]$ are adapt$ to ! mat]ials & a comp>atively l>ge & new field ( design is op5$ to ! design] ?r\gh a comb9ation ( curves m5tion$4 ,plate #cj is self-explanatory & br+s out ! g5]al application ( ! =ego+ pr9ciples z appli$ to ca/ bronze h>dw>e4 ,x is int]e/+ to notice ! *ange ( enri*m5t p>allel+ ! *ange ( function z outl9$ 9 ,rule #e;d4 ,,outl9e ,,enri*m5t ,,( ,,preci\s ,,metals ,sid5ote3 ,outl9e ,enri*m5t ( ,silv] ,sid5ote3 ,/ones & ,_! ,cutt+s ,illu/ration3 ,c\rtesy ( ,p4 & ,f4 ,corb9 ,,plate #cj ,little has be5 writt5 reg>d+ ! design+ ( jewelry4 ,z c be readily se51 a semi-preci\s /one is ! controll+ factor 9 ! major portion ( ! designs ) silv] z a backgr\nd4 ,any enri*m5t m]ely acc5tuates ! beauty ( ! sett+4 ,?is /atem5t w\ld lead u to consid] ! outl9e z dep5d5t 9 "* & ?or\ghly relat$ to ! /one4 ,x is necess>y !n to take ! /one z a po9t ( dep>ture4 ,! /&>d /one cutt+s us$ 9 simple jewelry are %[n 9 ,figures #aff to #agj4 ,! fir/ ?ree & ! la/ are cabo*on cut1 elliptical 9 cont\r ) flat bottoms4 ,! long axes h be5 drawn 9 ea* in/ance4 ,sid5ote3 ,relation ( ,/one to ,cont\r ,) ,figures #aga to #agd we beg9 to see ! close relation betwe5 ! /one & its enclos+ =m4 ,rule #e;f4 ,a long] major axis 9 ! /one calls = an increas$ l5g? 9 ! correspond+ axis ( ! silv] f\ndation or backgr\nd4 ,x is really a re-e*o ( ! proportions ( ! prim>y mass ( ! /one 9 ! mass ( ! silv]4 ,x is well = ! beg9n] to make ! axis ( ! /one & ! silv] blank co9cide & to use ?is long axis z a basis = future enri*m5t4 ,9 a v]tical prim>y mass1 simil> to ! "o %[n 9 ,figure #ahj1 x is bett] design to place ! /one a %ort di/ance above ! geometric c5t] ( ! mass z x insures a s5se ( /ability & balance4 ,a /one :5 plac$ t[>d ! bottom ( a design ( ?is nature is incl9$ to give a feel+ ( settl+ d[n or lo/ balance4 ,figure #agf v>ies ! design %[n 9 ,figure #aga4 ,! two circles relat$ to ! /one are connect$ by f\r silv] gra9s or balls4 ,figure #agg %[s an attempt to enri* ! cont\r ( ! silv]1 b !re is a result+ t5d5cy to detract f ! simplicity ( ! unbrok5 outl9e &1 z a result1 little is ga9$ by its attempt$ enri*m5t4 ,figures #agh & #agi %[ a bett] =m ( enri*m5t by acc5tuat+ ! outl9e4 ,?is may be accompli%$ ei!r by engrav+ a s+le l9e p>allel+ ! cont\r or by sold]+ a ?9 wire ar\nd ! outl9e4 ,sid5ote3 ,ne$ ( ,top & ,side ,views ,:ile ! top view ( an article ( jewelry may h be5 c>efully design$ ! side view 9 mo/ in/ances is totally neglect$4 ,! side view %\ld %[ a /eady graduation f ! surface ( ! silv] to ! outl9e ( ! /one4 ,?is prev5ts ! /one f bulg+ f ! surface l a sudd5 & unusual gr[?4 ,dom+1 small w$ges ( silv]1 or a twi/ ar\nd ! bezel may accompli% ?is z c be readily se5 9 ,figures #aha1 #ahb1 & #ahc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,rules #e;,d #e;,e #e;,f #e;,g4 ,,cont\r ,,or ,,outl9e ,,enri*m5t4 ,,clay4 ,,metal4 ,,in/ruction ,,%eet4 ,,plate #ca ,sid5ote3 ,motives = ,outl9e ,enri*m5t 9 ,silv] ,:ile emphasis %\ld be plac$ ^u simplicity ( outl9e1 c]ta9 well regulat$ =ms ( enri*m5t may be add$ to ! cont\r & enhance ! beauty ( ! /one4 ,su* motives ) con/ructive /eps are %[n 9 ,figure #ahd & _! application 9 ,figures #ahe to #ahh4 ,x w be notic$ t ! enri*m5t inv>iably leads up to ! /one :i* is ! c5t] ( int]e/ 9 ! design4 ,! ornam5t is likewise bas$ ^u ! prom95t axes ( ! /one4 ,sid5ote3 ,free ,outl9e ,enri*m5t 9 ,silv] ,figures #ahi1 #aij1 & #aia are types ( beat5 & rais$ silv] "w & %[ *>act]i/ic =ms 9 silv]1 ) two examples ( acc5t$ outl9e enri*m5t4 ,z !y are curvil9e> =ms1 _! design is simil> 9 _m ways to clay =ms ( simil> proportions & uses4 ,,in/ruction ,,%eet ,plate #ca %[s ! design /eps necess>y to ! evolution ( a lamp 9 two mat]ials4 ,a full size work+ draw+ %\ld foll[ ,figure ,d4 ,,summ>y ,,( ,,design ,,/eps 7a7 ,draw ! un5ri*$ prim>y mass4 7b7 ,= dep5d5t cont\rs1 locate ! elem5ts ( s]vice )9 ! prim>y mass4 ,?is may be int]pret$ to mean rivets1 screw holes1 semi-preci\s /ones1 etc4 7c7 ,det]m9e ^u ! portion ( ! cont\rs to be enri*$1 gaug$ by its ne$ = grace1 lightness1 & v>iety4 ,?is enri*m5t is pref]ably conc5trat$ at ! foll[+ po9ts3 edges1 corn]s1 app5dages1 int]m$iate po9ts1 t]m9als1 l9ks1 & details4 ,^! po9ts may be comb9$ provid$ ! result does n violate ! simplicity ( ! /ructural l9es4 7d7 ,draw ! enri*m5t 9 ! pr$et]m9$ area1 caus+ x to be 9 h>mony ) su* int]ior functional p>ts z screw holes1 rivets1 semi-preci\s /ones1 etc4 ,utilize sugge/$ curves4 7e7 ,review all ( ! cont\r curves add$ to ! design4 ,are !y feeble compass curves or d !y h ! "* ( long sweep+ curves ) %ort snappy turns = v>iety8 7f7 ,te/ ! entire design = unity4 ,does ! eye move smoo?ly ?r\gh all p>ts ( ! cont\r8 ,does ! design hold toge!r8 ,are all l9ks & app5dages jo9$ to ! prim>y mass 9 a graceful tang5tial mann]8 7g7 ,dim5sion1 add additional views1 & details1 if necess>y1 & o!rwise prep>e ! draw+ = %op use4 ,,sugge/$ ,,problems ,design an electric table lamp ) squ>e copp] rod z a support1 feet1 & copp] %ade4 ,design a h+e = a c$> *e/4 ,,summ>y ,,( ,,rules ,rule #e;f4 ,dep5d5t outl9e enri*m5t %\ld be relat$ to ess5tial p>ts ( a design & influ5c$ by _! =ms & functions2 x mu/ be consi/5t ) ! idea ( ! subject4 ,rule #e;g4 ,a curve %\ld jo9 a /raight l9e ) ei!r a tang5tial or "r angle junction4 ,,review ,,que/ions #a4 ,contra/ cont\r enri*m5t ( wood1 clay1 & metal4 #b4 ,def9e free & dep5d5t outl9e 9 cont\r enri*m5t ( base metal4 #c4 ,describe & expla9 ! use ( ! ,ionic volute 9 cont\r enri*m5t ( metal4 #d4 ,def9e & pres5t illu/rations ( cont\r enri*m5t design$ = edges1 corn]s1 app5dages1 int]m$iate po9ts1 t]m9als1 l9ks1 & o!r details 9 base metal4 #e4 ,def9e & illu/rate free & dep5d5t cont\r enri*m5t ( preci\s metal4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #aij;a4--,union ( ,outl9e ,enri*m5t on ,clay & ,metal ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,surface ,,enri*m5t ,,( ,,small ,,prim>y ,,masses ,,9 ,,wood ,) ?is *apt] we ent] ^u a consid]ation ( ! ?ird & la/ major division ( ,indu/rial ,arts ,design1 t ( ,surface ,enri*m5t4 ,sid5ote3 ,nature & ,ne$ ( ,surface ,enri*m5t ,we h consid]$ 9 previ\s *apt]s ! subject ( cont\r or outl9e enri*m5t4 ,n[ consid] = a mom5t ! fact t articles su* z a squ>e box1 or tile1 are n suit$ to outl9e enri*m5t1 yet !y h l>ge1 flat1 & r monoton\s surfaces capable ( decoration4 ,x is readily se5 t su* surfaces w admit ( fur!r elaboration :i* we w di/+ui% f cont\r enri*m5t by us+ ! t]m ,surface ,enri*m5t4 ,z 9 cont\r enri*m5t1 s 9 surface enri*m5t1 ! add$ elem5t ( design n only increases ! beauty ( ! object b x likewise1 if prop]ly appli$1 gives app>5t add$ /r5g? to ! /ructure4 ,rule #f;a4 ,surfaces to be enri*$ mu/ admit ( enri*m5t4 ,sid5ote3 ,:5 & ,:]e to ,enri* a ,surface ,/rictly utilit>ian articles %\ld n be ornam5t$ by surface enri*m5t4 ,z an example1 a wood5 mix+ spoon1 b[l1 or wood5 knife h&le %\ld n be enri*$ by c>v+1 z ! c>v+ w\ld int]f]e ) ! prop] cleans+ ( ! article4 ,a surface expos$ to consid]able we> %\ld n be enri*$4 ,objects n /rictly 9 ! utilit>ian class1 su* z a pap] knife1 book /all1 envelope hold]1 or libr>y table may be appropriately enri*$ 9 an uno/5tati\s mann] s t !y w h>monize ) _! surr\nd+s4 ,b ! enri*m5t %\ld fir/ be plac$ ^u ! surface 9 su* a mann] t x w n int]f]e ) ! functional use ( ! article = s]vice4 ,l>ge projections ^u ! back ( a *air or ^u ! h&le ( a pap] cutt] are unpleasant & int]f]e ) int5d$ uses4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #aia;a4--,/ructure ,obscur$ by ,surface & ,cont\r ,enri*m5t ,rule #f;b4 ,surface enri*m5t mu/ be relat$ to ! /ructural cont\rs b mu/ n obscure ! actual /ructure4 ,c>eful consid]ation %\ld be giv5 to ! (t5-m5tion$ law t ! surface enri*m5t mu/ be ?or\ghly relat$ to /ructure & cont\r b n s z to obscure ei!r4 ,we mu/ keep 9 m9d ! fact t x is necess>y to support ! /ructure1 n to cov] x up by relat$ ornam5t1 z 9 ,figure #aia;a4 ,sid5ote3 ,cons]vative ,use ( ,ornam5t ,mo/ critics ( indu/rial design compla9 ( an ov]:elm+ desire ^u ! "p ( ! design] to ov]-decorate ! /ructure4 ,surface enri*m5t runs wild ov] /eam radiators1 /oves1 & wood5 rock+ *airs4 ,res]ve is ! wat*word recomm5d$ z ( extreme importance4 ,! illu/rations 9 ?is *apt] are re/rict$ to a limit$ range ( design motives = ! express purpose ( simplify+ ! numb] ( recomm5d$ me?ods4 ,rule #f;c4 ,! treatm5t mu/ be appropriate to ! mat]ial4 ,sid5ote3 ,relation ( ,enri*m5t to ,mat]ial ,! close-fib]$ woods ) smoo?1 ev5 textures are capable ( m delicate enri*m5t ?an woods ( co>s] gra94 ,small articles are g5]ally se5 f a close range & %\ld1 !re=e1 be ornam5t$ ) f9] decoration ?an l>ge articles1 su* z a piece ( furniture t is to be se5 f a di/ance4 ,! latt] %\ld h surface enri*m5t ( suffici5t boldness to c>ry or to be di/9ct f a di/ant po9t4 ,fur!rmore ! enri*m5t %\ld n h a /uck on appe>ance1 b be an integral "p ( ! orig9al mass4 ,sid5ote3 ,appropriate ,me?ods ( ,surface ,enri*m5t = ,wood ,!re are ?ree di/9ct means ( ornam5t+ wood3 7#a7 inlay+1 dep5d+ = int]e/ ^u ! diff]5ce 9 value & hue ( ! diff]5t inlay+ woods us$2 7#b7 c>v$ enri*m5t1 dep5d+ ^u l9e & mass = its beauty & made visible by contra/s ( light & %ade2 7#c7 pa9t+ or /a9+ ( ! surface ) ! int]e/ dep5d5t ^u ! colors or /a9s & _! relation to ea* o!r & to ! hue ( ! wood4 ,x has be5 deem$ wise to consid] ! fir/ two types 9 ! pres5t *apt]1 & leave ! la/ type = lat] consid]ation4 ,9 ,*apt]s ,,xv1 ,,xvi1 & ,,xvii1 acc5tuation has be5 plac$ on wood color+4 ,! design] is advis$ to read ^? *apt]s be=e attempt+ to /a9 or color 8 problem4 ,sid5ote3 ,inlay+ ,treat+ surface enri*m5t 9 its li/$ ord] we f9d t inlay+ is "o ( ! mo/ common & be/ =ms ( enri*m5t = wood "w4 ,z inlay+ readily adapts itself to b&s & bord]s1 emphasis is plac$ ^u !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,/raight ,,l9e ,,surface ,,enri*m5t ,,( ,a ,,small ,,prim>y ,,mass ,,9 ,,wood ,,b&s ,,& ,,bord]s ,,= ,,inlay+1 ,,c>v+1 ,,/a9+ ,,plate #cb ,rule #f;i4 ,inlay$ enri*m5t %\ld nev] =m /rong or gl>+ contra/s ) ! p>5t surface4 ,sid5ote3 ,errors 9 ,wood ,inlay ,two conspicu\s errors are (t5 associat$ ) inlaid designs4 ,! fir/ is ! use ( woods af=d+ a gl>+ contra/ ) t ( ! project4 ,figure #bji1 ,page #ajf4 ,! "r contra/ ( value is e/abli%$ :5 ! inlay seems nei!r to rise f ! surface nor s9k ?r\gh x4 ,x %\ld rema9 on ! surface ( ! plane to be enri*$1 = x is surface enri*m5t4 ,figures #baj1 #baa1 & #bab are illu/rative ( pleas+ contra/s4 ,! second specific gl>+ error is ! use ( unrelat$ inlay4 ,z an example1 an ,indian club is creat$ by glu+ _m v>icolor$ woods ar\nd a c5tral core4 ,! result ( ! patt]n s =m$ has little relation to ! /ructural l9es1 fails entirely to support !m2 &1 z a result1 %\ld be disc>d$4 ,sid5ote3 ,c>v+ ,c>v+ is difficult = ! av]age beg9n] 9 wood work+ design1 !re=e m]ely ! simple/ =ms ( ! craft are sugge/$ z advisable4 ,figure #bje;a4 ,if an elaborate design is desir$ 7,figure #bje;c71 x %\ld be fir/ drawn 9 outl9e & f9ally model$ 9 relief by ,pla/el5e4 ,?is model is !n an effective guide = ! c>v]1 supplem5t+ ! orig9al outl9e draw+4 ,sid5ote3 ,divisions ( ,c>v+ ,c>v+ may be r\ghly divid$ into ! foll[+ gr\ps3 7#a7 high relief c>v+ simil> to heads1 human figures1 & capitals2 7#b7 l[ relief c>v+ 9 :i* ! planes h be5 flatt5$ to a comp>atively %ort di/ance above ! orig9al block ( wood1 su* z panels1 :i* are good examples ( ?is gr\p2 7#c7 pi]c$ c>v+ :]e ! backgr\nd has be5 entirely cut away 9 places1 su* z scre5s1 :i* illu/rate ?is type2 7#d7 incis$ c>v+ 9 :i* ! design has be5 depress$ bel[ ! surface ( ! wood4 ,geometric *ip c>v+ is a repres5tative type ( ?is gr\p4 ,!re are possible v>iations & comb9ations ( ^! gr\ps4 ,rule #f;j4 ,c>v$ surface enri*m5t %\ld h ! appe>ance ( belong+ to ! p>5t mass4 ,! c5tral gov]n+ ?\ght 9 all c>v$ designs is to %[ an int]e/+ proportion ( light & %ade c\pl$ ) a unity betwe5 ! rais$ portion ( ! design & ! backgr\nd4 ,if ! c>v+ has a glu$ on appe>ance x becomes me*anical & resembles a /amp$ or ma*9e-produc$ ornam5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,surface ,,enri*m5t ,,( ,,small ,,prim>y ,,masses ,,9 ,,wood ,,) ,,bord]s ,,( ,,curv$ ,,& ,,/raight ,,l9es ,,= ,,inlay+1 ,,c>v+1 ,,/a9+ ,,plate #cc ,sid5ote3 ,/eps ,tak5 9 ,c>v+ ,a typical c>v$ enri*m5t is c>ri$ ?r\gh f\r /eps3 7#a7 ! design is transf]r$ to ! wood surface by means ( c>bon pap]2 7#b7 ! design is set 9 or sep>at$ f ! gr\nd by means ( a groov$ *isel2 7#c7 ! wood is cut away f ! back ( ! design by a process ( gr\nd+2 7#d7 ! leaves & fl[]s or o!r elem5ts ( ! design are model$4 ,! design] %\ld keep ^! processes 9 m9d :5 develop+ 8 design4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,design]'s ,vocabul>y ,x is n[ ess5tial to f9d ! ext5t ( ! vocabul>y possible = ! design] ( surface enri*m5t4 ,he has ?ree l>ge s\rces ( in=mation3 fir/1 geometric =ms & ab/ract spots2 second1 natural organic objects su* z fl[]s1 leaves1 animals1 etc42 ?ird1 artificial objects1 pots1 j>s1 ink bottles1 & o!r simil> objects4 ,he may assemble or gr\p ^! objects or elem5ts = future designs into f\r typical sy/ems3 fir/1 b&s or bord]s2 second1 panels2 ?ird1 free ornam5t2 & f\r?1 ! diap] or all-ov] patt]ns4 ,,design+ ,,b&s ,,on ,,bord]s ,rule #f;d4 ,b&s & bord]s %\ld h a consi/5t lat]al1 t is1 onw>d movem5t4 ,rule #f;e4 ,b&s & bord]s %\ld nev] h a prom95t contr>y motion1 oppos$ to ! ma9 =w>d movem5t4 ,sid5ote3 ,b&s ,b&s are p>ticul>ly suitable = inlay+4 ,!y are compos$ ( /raight l9es arrang$ 9 "s ord]ly & /ructurally relat$ mann]4 ,!y are us$ = bord]+1 fram+1 enclos+1 or connect+4 ,!y give a decid$ onw>d motion :i* t5ds to increase ! app>5t l5g? ( ! surface to :i* !y are appli$4 ,ref]r+ to ,plate #cb1 ,figure #aib1 we f9d ?ree typical b&s1 ,a1 ,b1 & ,c4 ,x is (t5 ! cu/om to limit ! wid? ( ! inlay$ b&s to ! wid? ( ! circul> saw cut4 ,to secure unity1 ! c5t] b& 9 ,c is wid] ?an ! outside sections4 ,sid5ote3 ,acc5t+ ,a possible v>iation ( motive 9 b& design+ may be secur$ by acc5t+4 ,! s+le b& has be5 brok5 up at ,d into geometric sections ( pleas+ l5g?4 ,b :ile ?is design gives v>iety1 x also de/roys ! unity ( a s+le /raight l9e4 ,unity may1 h[ev]1 be re/or$ by ! addition ( ! top & bottom b&s at ,e4 ,?is me?od ( re/or+ unity is ( extreme value 9 all bord] arrangem5ts & is con/antly us$ by ! design]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,surface ,,enri*m5t ,,( ,,small ,,prim>y ,,masses ,,9 ,,wood ,,application ,,( ,,b&s ,,& ,,bord]s ,,plate #cd ,rule #f;f4 ,all compon5t p>ts ( a bord] %\ld move 9 unison ) ! ma9 movem5t ( ! bord]4 ,sid5ote3 ,bord]s ,b&s1 z has j be5 /at$1 give di/9ctly onw>d movem5t4 ,bord]s are m]ely b&s comb9$ ) o!r motives f ! design]'s vocabul>y4 ,z w be se51 b&s1 by _! onw>d movem5t1 t5d to hold ! o!r elem5ts ( ! bord] toge!r4 ,figure #aic is a bord] design )\t v>iety1 unity1 or int]e/4 ,figure #aid has add$ unity to a simil> bord] by ! addition ( ! d\ble b&s1 b monotony is /ill pres5t4 ,figure #aie sugge/s a me?od ( reliev+ ! monotony by acc5tuat+ e o!r repeat1 ?us supply+ v>iety & creat+ an analogy to m>*-"t music4 ,figure #aif has acc5tuat$ ! monoton\s bord] 9 ,figure #aid by omitt+ e o!r squ>e4 ,?is makes a simple & effective inlay patt]n & sugge/s a l>ge numb] ( possible v>iations t c\ld be appli$ to acc5t$ b& motives4 ,sid5ote3 ,moori% ,ornam5t ,figures #aig & #aih are bord] motives ( geometric d]ivation tak5 f ! hi/oric s*ools ( ornam5t4 ,figure #aih illu/rates ! /rap ornam5t ( ! ,moori% s*ool4 ,! simple und]ly+ geometric net ^u :i* ^! designs are bas$ may be f\nd 9 ,mey]'s ,h&book ( ,ornam5t4 ,,inceptive ,,axes ,rule #f;h4 ,bord]s int5d$ = v]tical surfaces may h a /rongly upw>d movem5t 9 addition to ! lat]al movem5t1 provid$ ! lat]al movem5t dom9ates4 ,sid5ote3 ,upw>d & ,onw>d ,bord]s ,9 addition to ! purely onw>d bord]s we n[ come to a v>iety ) a di/9ctly upw>d movem5t z well4 ,:ile ?is new feature adds mat]ially to ! int]e/ ( ! bord]1 x also adds to ! difficulty ( design+4 ,! upw>d movem5t is (t5 c5t]$ ab\t an axis t]m$ ! ,axis ( ,symmetry or ,inceptive ,axis1 ab\t :i* are gr\p$ & balanc$ ! diff]5t elem5ts f ! design]'s vocabul>y4 ,:5 bo? sides are alike1 ! unit s =m$ is call$ a bilat]al unit4 ,figure #aii %[s ! =mation ( a bilat]al unit by means ( gr\p+1 acc5t+1 & balanc+ /raight l9es ov] an inceptive axis4 ,by add+ b&s above & bel[ & d\bl+ ^! v]tical l9es to ga9 wid?1 we =m at ,a & ,b1 ,figure #aii1 inlaid designs ) an upw>d & onw>d t5d5cy or movem5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,c\rtesy ( ,b]key & ,gay ,,figure #bae4--;,inlaid ,b& ,bord] ,illu/ration3 ,c\rtesy ( ,b]key & ,gay ,,figure #baf4--,s+le & ,d\ble ,b& ,inlaid ,bord] ,! introduction ( curv$ l9es & natural units all[s u to add m grace to ^! comb9$ movem5ts4 ,! lead+ l9es ( a small bord]1 design$ to be se5 at close range1 are plann$ 9 ,figure #bjj4 ,! c5tral l9e or inceptive axis is repeat$ at regul> int]vals & ! lead+ or skeleton l9es are balanc$ to ! "r & left ( ?is axis4 ,^! lead+ l9es1 z c be readily se51 h an upw>d & onw>d movem5t4 ,to insure cont9uity1 a small l9k & ! top & bottom b&s h be5 add$ to complete ! onw>d movem5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,c\rtesy ( ,c4,e4 ,p>t* ,,figure #baf;a4--,"w ( ,high ,s*ool ,/ud5ts ,mat]ial = /raight bord]s may be d]iv$ f geometry1 nature1 or artificial =ms1 b = bord]s design$ 9 curves1 nature is g5]ally select$ z a s\rce4 ,figure #bja illu/rates a crude & un9t]e/+ =m1 unsuit$ to outl9e enri*m5t4 ,figure #bjb has br\ght ,figure #bja into "s semblance ( ord]1 b z c be readily se5 by ! prim>y outl9e :i* encloses x1 ! wide/ po9t occurs exactly midway f top to bottom1 :i* makes ! =m monoton\s4 ,?is defect has be5 rem$i$ 9 ,figure #bjc & an int]e/+ & v>i$ area appe>s = ! fir/ "t4 ,:at ,dr4 ,haney calls ! feebly flapp+ curve ( ,figure #bjb has be5 replac$ by ! vigor\s & snappy curve ( ,figure #bjc1 :i* gives :at is t]m$ a dynamic or rhy?mic value 9 surface enri*m5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,c\rtesy ( ,c4,e4 ,p>t* ,,figure #baf;b4--,"w ( ,high ,s*ool ,/ud5ts ,rule #f;g4 ,ea* compon5t "p ( a bord] %\ld be /rongly dynamic &1 if possible1 p>take ( ! ma9 movem5ts ( ! bord]4 ,any =m :i* causes ! eye to move 9 a giv5 direction is /rongly dynamic1 & is oppos$ to ! /atic =m :i* does n cause a m>k$ eye movem5t4 ,a circle is symbolic ( ! /atic =m1 :ile a triangle is dynamic4 ,9 ! design]'s nom5clature1 ! t]m rhy?mic may be us$ synonym\sly ) dynamic4 ,dynamic areas or =ms %\ld c>ry out ! upw>d & onw>d movem5t ( ! lead+ l9es4 ,figure #bjd %[s h[ closely dynamic areas are connect$ ) nature's units = design motives4 ,a slight *ange 9 ! cont\r may trans=m a leaf into excell5t mat]ial ) :i* to clo! ! lead+ l9es4 ,! curve ( =ce1 ! cyma1 & o!r curves describ$ 9 previ\s *apt]s %\ld be recogniz$ by ! design] & utiliz$ 9 ! cont\rs ( dynamic =ms4 ,illu/ration3 ,c\rtesy ( ,c4,e4 ,p>t* ,,figure #baf;c4--,in/ruction ,%eet ,problem ,! lead+ l9es ( ! bord] 9 ,figure #bjj are %[n clo!d or enri*$ 9 ,figure #bje4 ,vigor\s dynamic spots1 conv5tionaliz$ f natural units1 cont9ue ! upw>d & onw>d movem5t ( ! orig9al lead+ l9es4 ,z w be not$1 ! backgr\nd has be5 treat$ to all[ ! spots to appe> 9 relief4 ,small fussy spots or areas h be5 omitt$ & ! units1 v>i$ 9 size & /rongly dynamic 9 =m1 balance ov] an inceptive axis4 ,! small l9k rea*es out its help+ h& to complete ! onw>d movem5t )\t loss ( unity1 :ile ! b&s above & bel[ b9d ! design toge!r & assi/ 9 ! lat]al movem5t4 ,figure #bje %[s ?ree me?ods ( treatm5t3 simple spots )\t model+1 f ,a to ,b2 slight indications ( model+1 f ,b to ,c2 full model+ ( ! entire unit at ,c4 ,! *oice ( treatm5t dep5ds1 ( c\rse1 ^u ! skill ( ! craftsman4 ,illu/ration3 ,c\rtesy ( ,b]key & ,gay ,,figure #bag4--;,c>v$ & ,acc5t$ ,bord] & ,triple ,c>v$ ,b& ,figure #bjf %[s a design v>i$ f =mal balance ov] a c5tral axis ( symmetry or an inceptive axis4 ,x has a decid$ onw>d movem5t ) ! leaves balanc$ above & bel[ ! /em :i* is ! axis4 ,! repeat has be5 rev]s$ at ,b & is m pleas+ ?an ! portion at ,a4 ,! area ( ! backgr\nd1 9 its relation to t us$ = ornam5tation or fill+1 _c be pr$et]m9$ ) exactness4 ,!re %\ld be no blank spaces = ! eye to bridge4 ,"s design]s all[ ab\t "o-?ird gr\nd = two-?irds fill+ or enri*m5t4 ,?is proportion gives a full & ri* effect & may be adopt$ 9 mo/ in/ances z satisfactory4 ,illu/ration3 ,c\rtesy ( ,c4,e4 ,p>t* ,,plate #ce4--;,in/ruction ,%eet ,sid5ote3 ,po9t ( ,conc5tration--,effect ^u ,/ructure ,:5 a bord] is us$ to p>allel a rectangle x is cu/om>y to /r5g!n ! bord] at ! corn]s = two reasons3 fir/1 to /r5g!n1 app>5tly1 ! /ructure at ^! po9ts2 second1 to assi/ ! eye 9 mak+ ! sudd5 turn at ! corn]4 ,! corn] en=cem5t af=ds mom5t>y re/+ po9ts = ! eye1 & adds pleas+ v>iety to ! long l9e ( bord]4 ,! /r5g!n$ po9t is call$ ! po9t ( conc5tration or po9t ( =ce4 ,its pres5ce & effect may be not$ by ! symbol ,p4,c4 9 ,figures #bjg1 #bjh1 #bac1 & #bad4 ,sid5ote3 ,*ip ,c>v+ ,figure #bac repres5ts ! r angul> & monoton\s *ip c>v+ motive4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 a simple =m ( c>v$ enri*m5t = wood con/ruction4 ,figure #bad %[s ! m rhy?mic fl[ ( a c>v$ & model$ enri*m5t4 ,two me?ods ( leaf treatm5t are giv5 at ,a & ,b4 ,figures #bae1 #baf1 & #bag are indu/rial & public s*ool examples ( ! =ms ( surface enri*m5t treat$ 9 ?is *apt]4 ,,in/ruction ,,%eet ,plate #ce %[s ! necess>y work+ draw+s = wood inlay & is suppli$ z a typical high s*ool problem by ,mr4 ,c4,e4 ,p>t* ( ,des ,mo9es1 ,i[a4 ,see ,figure #baf;c4 ,,summ>y ,,( ,,design ,,/eps 7a7 ,draw ! prim>y rectangle1 app5dage1 etc4 7b7 ,subdivide ! rectangle into its horizontal & v]tical subdivisions4 7c7 ,design v simple cont\r enri*m5t4 7d7 ,det]m9e ! location ( zone ( enri*m5t1 & ! am\nt & me?od ( enri*+ ! surface4 7e7 ,make sev]al prelim9>y sket*es to det]m9e ! be/ design & add ! "o f9ally select$ to ! /ructure4 ,correlate ) cont\r enri*m5t4 7f7 ,add additional views1 dim5sion1 & o!rwise prep>e ! draw+ = %op use4 ,,sugge/$ ,,problem ,design a walnut side table #c feet high & enri* ) a d\ble b& inlay ( ebony4 ,,summ>y ,,( ,,rules ,rule #f;a4 ,surfaces to be enri*$ mu/ admit ( enri*m5t4 ,rule #f;b4 ,surface enri*m5t mu/ be relat$ to ! /ructural cont\rs b mu/ n obscure ! actual /ructure4 ,rule #f;c4 ,! treatm5t mu/ be appropriate to ! mat]ial4 ,rule #f;d4 ,b&s & bord]s %\ld h a consi/5t lat]al1 t is1 onw>d movem5t4 ,rule #f;e4 ,b&s & bord]s %\ld nev] h a prom95t contr>y motion1 oppos$ to ! ma9 =w>d movem5t4 ,rule #f;f4 ,all compon5t p>ts ( a bord] %\ld move 9 unison ) ! ma9 movem5t ( ! bord]4 ,rule #f;g4 ,ea* compon5t "p ( a bord] %\ld be /rongly dynamic &1 if possible1 p>take ( ! ma9 movem5t ( ! bord]4 ,rule #f;h4 ,bord]s int5d$ = v]tical surfaces may h a /rongly upw>d movem5t 9 addition to ! lat]al movem5t1 provid$ ! lat]al movem5t dom9ates4 ,rule #f;i4 ,inlay$ enri*m5t %\ld nev] =m /rong or gl>+ contra/s ) ! p>5t surface4 ,rule #f;j4 ,c>v$ surface enri*m5t %\ld h ! appe>ance ( belong+ to ! p>5t mass4 ,,review ,,que/ions #a4 ,give ! reasons :y surface enri*m5t may be us$ z decoration4 #b4 ,/ate an orig9al example illu/rat+ :5 & :]e to use surface enri*m5t4 #c4 ,"n an object f ! indu/rial arts 9 :i* ! /ructure has be5 weak5$ or obscur$ by ! application ( surface enri*m5t4 ,"n an example ( ! correct use ( surface enri*m5t & /ate :]e9 x has be5 correctly appli$4 #d4 ,h[ %\ld surface enri*m5t ( small masses diff] f t appli$ to l>g] masses2 9 :at mann] does ! fib] ( ! wood affect ! design8 #e4 ,"n ?ree means ( enri*+ ! surface ( wood4 ,briefly describe ! processes ( inlay+ & c>v+1 ) ! design re/rictions gov]n+ ea*4 #f4 ,give ?ree s\rces ( ornam5t op5 to ! design] ( surface enri*m5t4 #g4 ,draw an acc5t$ triple b& motive = inlay4 #h4 ,:at is ! inceptive axis2 a bilat]al unit8 ,:at are lead+ l9es2 dynamic =ms2 po9ts ( conc5tration8 #i4 ,design an upw>d & onw>d cont9u\s c>v$ bord] = wood & base x ^u a v]tical inceptive axis4 ,treat z 9 ,a1 ,figure #bje4 #aj4 ,illu/rate ! mann] 9 :i* /ructure may be app>5tly /r5g!n$ by a b& or bord]4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,surface ,,enri*m5t ,,( ,,small ,,prim>y ,,masses ,,9 ,,wood--,cont9u$ ,,enclos$ ,,& ,,free ,,ornam5t ,sid5ote3 ,enclos$ ,ornam5t 7,panels7 ,*apt] ,,ix dealt ) me?ods ( develop+ cont9u\s or repeat+ ornam5t 7b&s or bord]s74 ,?is leaves enclos$ & free =ms ( surface enri*m5t to be consid]$ 9 ?is *apt]4 ,z an enclos$ =m1 a panel may be enri*$ by geometric1 natural1 or artificial ornam5t4 ,x is enclos$ 9 a def9ite b\nd>y ( b&s or l9es & may be a squ>e or o!r polygon1 circle1 ellipse1 lunette1 sp&rel1 loz5ge1 or triangle4 ,z ! decoration does n h ! cont9u\s repeat+ movem5t ( ! bord] & z x cov]s an enclos$ area1 x is necess>ily treat$ 9 a diff]5t mann] f ei!r b& or bord]4 ,its object is to decorate a plane surface4 ,! enri*m5t may be made by means ( c>v+1 inlay+1 or pa9t+4 ,sid5ote3 ,free ,ornam5t ,free ornam5t means ! use ( motives n sev]ely enclos$ by b&s or panels4 ,free ornam5t is g5]ally appli$ to c5t]s or upp] portions ( surfaces to relieve a monoton\s area n suit$ to ei!r panel or bord] treatm5t4 ,x may h an upw>d or a radial movem5t dep5d5t ^u ! "* ( ! memb] to be enri*$4 ,sid5ote3 ,summ>y ,we !n h ?ree =ms ( possible surface enri*m5t3 repeat+ or cont9u\s motives1 enclos$ motives1 & free motives4 ,our next po9t is to consid] :]e ! la/ two may be us$ appropriately 9 surface enri*m5t4 ,sid5ote3 ,zone ( ,enri*m5t ,! panel ( a small prim>y mass ( wood may be enri*$ at any "o ( ?ree places3 fir/1 at ! m>g9s2 second1 at ! c5t]2 ?ird1 ov] ! entire surface4 ,! exact position is a matt] to be det]m9$ by ! /ructural design & ! utilit>ian requirem5ts ( ! problem4 ,= example1 a bread bo>d or taboret top w\ld require ! enri*m5t 9 ! m>g9 ) ! c5t] left free4 ,a table leg might require an enri*m5t 9 ! c5t] ( ! upp] portion ( ! leg1 :ile a squ>e panel to be ins]t$ 9 a door1 ,figure #bcc1 ,page #abd1 might require full surface treatm5t4 ,sid5ote3 ,/ructural ,re9=cem5t ,ea* area ( panel enri*m5t %\ld h "o or m acc5t$ po9ts kn[n z po9ts ( conc5tration4 ,! design %\ld become m prom95t at ^! places & cause ! eye to re/ = a mom5t be=e pass+ to ! next po9t ( prom95ce4 ,! acc5t$ portion ( ! design at ^! po9ts %\ld be s relat$ to ! /ructure t x app>5tly re9=ces ! /ructure z a :ole4 ,corn]s1 c5t]s ( edges1 & geometric c5t]s are sali5t p>ts ( a /ructure2 we %all !re=e be likely to f9d our po9ts ( conc5tration co9cid+ ) !m4 ,let u !n consid] ! fir/ ( ^! arrangem5ts z appli$ to enclos$ enri*m5t4 ,,m>g9al ,,panel ,,enri*m5t ,,enclos$ ,,enri*m5t ,,= ,,p>tly ,,enri*$ ,,surfaces ,rule #g;a4 ,m>g9al panel enri*m5t %\ld p>allel or be relat$ to ! outl9es ( ! prim>y mass & to ! panel x is to enri*4 ,rule #g;b4 ,m>g9al po9ts ( conc5tration 9 panels %\ld be plac$ 7#a7 pref]ably at ! corn] or 7#b7 9 ! c5t] ( ea* m>g94 ,rule #g;c4 ,to insure unity ( design 9 panels1 ! elem5ts compos+ ! po9ts ( conc5tration & ! l9ks connect+ !m mu/ be relat$ to ! panel cont\r & to ea* o!r4 ,sid5ote3 ,m>g9al ,zone ,enri*m5t ,! m>g9al me?od ( enri*m5t may be us$ :5 x is impossible to enri* ! entire surface because ! c5t] is to be us$ = utilit>ian purposes or because x w\ld be ae/hetically unwise to enri* ! entire surface4 ,! m>g9al zone is adapt$ to enri*+ box tops1 /&s1 table tops1 & simil> surfaces design$ pref]ably ) ! ?\ght ( be+ se5 f above4 ,we %all call su* surfaces horizontal planes4 ,z ! design is to be limit$ to ! m>g91 ! panel outl9e is b\nd to p>allel ! cont\rs1 or outl9es1 ( ! surface to be enri*$4 ,x is well to beg9 ! design by creat+ a panel p>allel to ! outl9es ( ! enri*$ surface4 ,figure #bah4 ,! next /ep is to place ! po9t ( conc5tration 9 ! m>g9al zone & )9 ?is figure4 ,common usage dictates ! corn]s z ! prop] po9ts4 ,sid5ote3 ,po9ts ( ,conc5tration ,sid5ote3 ,po9ts ( ,conc5tration 9 ! ,corn] ( ,m>g9 ,x may be ! design]'s practice to use ! s+le or d\ble b&s1 ,figures #bah1 #bai1 #bbj1 ) a s+le acc5tuation at ! corn]s4 ,! spots compos+ ! po9t ( conc5tration mu/ h unity ) ! enclos+ cont\rs & ) ! rema9d] ( ! enri*m5t4 ,figure #bbj is1 9 ?is respect1 an improvem5t ov] ,figure #bai4 ,b ^! examples are n true enclos$ panel enri*m5t4 ,!y are ! bord]s ( ,*apt] ,,ix act+ z m>g9al enri*m5t4 ,x is n until we rea* ,figure #bba t ! true enclos$ enri*m5t appe>s1 :5 ! panel motive is cle>ly evid5t4 ,9 ?is figure a s+le incis$ b& p>allels ! cont\rs ( ! figure until ! corn] is rea*$4 ,"h we f9d x turn+1 gracefully wid5+ to give v>iety1 & support+ ! /ructure by its own increas$ /r5g?4 ,! s+le b& 9 ,figure #bba acts z a bridge1 leads ! eye f "o po9t ( conc5tration to ! next simil> po9t1 =ms a compact mass ) ! po9t ( conc5tration1 & p>allels ! enclos+ cont\rs ( ! enri*$ surface4 ,sid5ote3 ,po9ts ( ,conc5tration 9 ! ,c5t] ( ,m>g9 ,9 ,figure #bbb ! po9t ( conc5tration is to be f\nd 9 ! c5t] ( ea* m>g94 ,?is bilat]al unit is cle>ly design$ on & ab\t ! c5t] l9es ( ! squ>e panel4 ,^! po9ts ( conc5tration take ! place ( previ\s conc5trations at ! corn]s :i* 7 bas$ ^u ! squ>e's diagonals4 ,:ile acc5t+ bas$ ^u ! c5t] l9es is acceptable1 ?is means ( conc5tration does n seem s successfully to relate ! acc5t$ "p to ! /ructural outl9es z t ( conc5tration bas$ ^u ! diagonals4 ,! latt]1 !re=e1 is recomm5d$ = beg9n]s4 ,! corn]s ( ,figure #bbb are1 h[ev]1 slightly acc5t$ by means ( ! bridg+ spots x-x4 ,sid5ote3 ,inceptive ,axes or ,balanc+ ,l9es ,! diagonals & c5t] l9es ( ! surface enri*$ squ>es ( ,figures #bba & #bbb & simil> /ructural l9es are inceptive axes1 z !y are c5t] l9es = new design gr\ps4 ,x may !n be said t a /rong basic axis or simil> l9e dep5d+ ^u ! /ructure1 may become ! c5t] l9e or inceptive axis ^u :i* to con/ruct a bilat]al design4 ,x is only necess>y to h ?is inceptive axis pass ?r\gh ! enri*m5t zone ( ! panel4 ,h]eaft] 9 ! draw+s1 inceptive axes w be designat$ by ! abbreviation ,i4,a4 :ile ! po9t ( conc5tration w be indicat$ by ! abbreviation ,p4,c4 ,illu/ration3 ,,surface ,,enri*m5t ,,( ,,small ,,prim>y ,,masses ,,9 ,,wood ,,m>g9al ,,enri*m5t ,,( ,,squ>e ,,areas ,,symbols3 ,,pc ,,po9t ,,( ,,conc5tration2 ,,ia ,,inceptive ,,axis ,,tool ,,processes4 ,,inlay+ ,,& ,,c>v+ ,,plate #cf ,sid5ote3 ,inceptive ,axis ,! /ronge/ plea = ! inceptive axis is ! fact t x int]locks surface enri*m5t ) ! /ructure1 insur+ a degree ( unity t might o!rwise be unatta9able4 ,! c>v$ enri*m5t ( ,figure #bbc fully illu/rates ?is po9t4 ,! analytical /udy ( ,figure #bbd %[s ! diagonal us$ z an inceptive axis1 ) ! lead+ l9es gr\p$ ab\t x at ! corn] po9t ( conc5tration4 ,,free ,,enri*m5t ,rule #h;a4 ,free ornam5t = p>tly or fully enri*$ surfaces %\ld be bas$ & c5t]$ ^u an inceptive axis ( ! /ructure4 ,rule #h;b4 ,free ornam5t %\ld be relat$ & subord9at$ to ! /ructural surfaces4 ,rule #h;c4 ,po9ts ( conc5tration 9 free enri*m5t ( v]tically plac$ masses are usually locat$ 9 & ar\nd ! inceptive axis & above or bel[ ! geometric c5t] ( ! design4 ,sid5ote3 ,c5t] ,zone ,enri*m5t ,?is me?od ( surface enri*m5t is us$ to relieve ! design ( heavy memb]s 9 ! /ructure or to di/ribute ornam5t ov] ! surface ( light] p>ts 9 a piece ( furniture4 ,an example is not$ 9 ,figure #bdf1 ,page #abh1 :]e ! upp] portion ( ! legs has c5t] enri*m5t4 ,z c be readily se51 ! enri*m5t is g5]ally free 9 "* ) little or no indication ( enclosure4 ,figure #bbe %[s ! application ( free enri*m5t to a panel$ scre5 or h+$ door4 ,! ,p4,c4 is 9 ! upp] portion ( ! door & is re-e*o$ 9 ! door frames1 :ile ! ornam5t itself is /rongly dynamic 9 movem5t ) a decid$ upw>d t5d5cy 9 sympa?y ) ! proportions ( ! door4 ,?is motive might be develop$ by inlay1 c>v+1 or pa9t4 ,figure #bbf is a c>v$ ,go?ic leaf1 appropriately us$ z enri*m5t ( heavy furniture4 ,! unit may be rais$ above ! surface or1 ev5 m easily1 depress$ or incis$ into ! surface4 ,! small corn] spot is add$ ) ! int5tion ( br++ ! leaf into sympa!tic con=mity ) ! cont\rs4 ,note h[ ! c5t] l9e ( bo? units 9 ,figures #bbe & #bbf co9cides ) ! inceptive axis ( ! /ructure4 ,let x aga9 be reit]at$ t ?is b9d+ ( ! surface enri*m5t to ! /ructure by means ( ! co9cid5ce ( ! axes ( symmetry & ! inceptive axes causes ! mo/ positive k9d ( unity4 ,no "p ( ?is =m ( enri*m5t %\ld be c>v$ suffici5tly high to give x ! appe>ance ( be+ sep>at$ f ! ma9 surface4 ,illu/ration3 ,,surface ,,enri*m5t ,,( ,,small ,,prim>y ,,masses ,,9 ,,wood ,,free ,,c5t] ,,enri*m5t ,,= ,,v]tical ,,areas ,,tool ,,processes3 ,,inlay+1 ,,l[ ,,relief ,,c>v+ ,,plate #cg ,sid5ote3 ,examples ( ,free ,enri*m5t ,figures #bbg & #bbh are additional examples ( free enri*m5t4 ,figure #bbh has introduc$ by its monogram ! individual t\* ( own]%ip s ess5tial to ! success ( s*ool design+4 ,! monogram repres5ts free enri*m5t :ile ! bord] is m>g9al decoration ) ! po9t ( conc5tration 9 ! c5t] ( ! top edge4 ,bo? types ( enri*m5t are relat$ to ea* o!r & to ! /ructural cont\rs4 ,sid5ote3 ,pi]c$ ,free ,enri*m5t ,sid5ote3 ,errors 9 ! ,use ( ,pi]c$ ,enri*m5t ,figure #bbi is typical free pi]c$ enri*m5t4 ,! wood 9 ! enri*$ portion is remov$ & ! result+ figure supplies add$ lightness ( con/ruction & v>iety to ! surface4 ,"o enc\nt]s ?is =m ( enri*m5t 9 ! av]age s*ool project ) great] frequ5cy ?an ei!r inlay+ or c>v+4 ,x is ) ! ?\ght ( add+ to ! possibilities ( s*ool project decoration t ! latt] =ms h be5 introduc$4 ,a ^w reg>d+ ! errors (t5 enc\nt]$ 9 pi]c$ enri*m5t ( ! "* ( ,figure #bbi may n be amiss4 ,pupils1 believ+ ! squ>e to be ! la/ ^w 9 ?is =m ( enri*m5t1 place ! figure on ! memb] to be enri*$ ) little ?\ght ( its possible relation to ! /ructural cont\rs2 ! result is ! un-unifi$ design illu/rat$ 9 ,figure #bcj4 ,to correct ?is1 ref]5ce %\ld be made to ,rule #h;b4 ,,full ,,panel ,,enri*m5t ,rule #g;d4 ,! cont\rs ( fully enri*$ panels %\ld p>allel ! outl9es ( ! prim>y mass & repeat its proportions4 ,sid5ote3 ,full ,surface ,enri*m5t ,?is is ! ri*e/ & mo/ elaborate =m ( enri*m5t :5 c>ri$ to its full p]fection4 ,x g5]ally takes ! =m ( a panel fill$ ) appropriate design mat]ial4 ,?is panel may be us$ to enri* ! pla9 end ( a project su* z a book /all & ?us cov] ! entire surface1 or x may be ins]t$ into a l>ge prim>y mass & acc5tuate its c5t] z 9 a door1 9 a mann] simil> to ,figure #bcc4 ,its use1 :atev] its position1 leads u to ! consid]ation ( me?ods ( design+ full panels4 ,illu/ration3 ,,surface ,,enri*m5t ,,( ,,small ,,prim>y ,,masses ,,9 ,,wood ,,enclos$ ,,enri*m5t3 ,,squ>e ,,& ,,rectangul> ,,panels--,,tool ,,processes ,,c>v+1 ,,inlay+ ,,plate #ch ,rule #g;e4 ,! po9ts ( conc5tration = a fully enri*$ squ>e panel may be 9 its c5t] or 9 its out] m>g94 ,sid5ote3 ,squ>e ,panels ,9 plann+ designs = full panels1 x w\ld be well to consid]3 fir/1 squ>e panels2 second1 rectangul> panels2 ?ird1 v>i$ panels4 ,! po9t ( conc5tration may be kept 9 ! corn]s ( a squ>e panel1 z design$ 9 ,figure #bca1 or x may be plac$ 9 ! c5t]1 z %[n 9 ,figure #bcb4 ,! effects1 :5 assembl$1 are indicat$ 9 ,figure #bcc4 ,to secure ^! effects1 a squ>e panel is commonly divid$ into qu>t] sections by c5t] l9es4 ,! diagonals ( ea* qu>t] %\ld be drawn be=e proce$+ ) ! details ( ! design4 ,^! diagonals & c5t] l9es are ! build+ l9es or lead+ axes ( ! patt]n4 ,! lead+ l9es & details are !n gr\p$ ar\nd ^! c5t] & diagonal axes 9 a mann] q simil> to ! me?od us$ 9 ,figures #bbc & #bbd4 ,^! lead+ l9es are !n clo!d ) enri*m5t by apply+ ! processes indicat$ 9 ,*apt] ,,ix4 ,sid5ote3 ,/eps 9 ,panel ,design+ ,)\t go+ into detail we may say t x is good practice3 fir/1 to draw ! squ>e panel2 second1 to draw ! c5t] l9es & diagonals2 ?ird1 to locate po9ts ( conc5tration2 f\r?1 to make ! lead+ l9es move inw>dly to c5t] conc5tration or outw>dly to corn] conc5tration2 fif?1 to clo! ^! l9es ) ornam5t hav+ /rongly dynamic movem5t correspond+ to ! lead+ l9es2 six?1 to fill 9 rema9+ space ) ornam5t1 support+ ! movem5t t[>d po9ts ( conc5tration1 ev5 ?\gh slight & m9or contra/s ( direction are add$ to give v>iety4 ,:5 ! entire design is complet$ "o %\ld ask ! foll[+ que/ions3 ,does ! design h unity8 ,does x seem too ?9 & sp9dl+8 ,& mo/ ( all1 d ! po9ts ( conc5tration & %ape ( ! panel fit ! /ructural outl9es & proportions8 ,we _c fit a squ>e peg into a r\nd hole2 nei!r c we fit a squ>e panel into a circul> or rectangul> mass )\t consid]able *ange to ! panel4 ,figures #bcd & #bce h be5 drawn ) ! idea ( sugge/+ a simple & modifi$ =m ( panel enri*m5t :i* may be readily h&l$ by ! beg9n]4 ,! tree z a decorative symbol is appropriate to wood1 & its adaption to a squ>e panel is drawn at ,figure #bce4 ,illu/ration3 ,,surface ,,enri*m5t ,,( ,,small ,,prim>y ,,masses ,,9 ,,wood ,,enclos$ ,,panel ,,enri*m5t--,,=mal ,,& ,,free ,,balance ,,application ,,( ,,natural ,,& ,,artificial ,,motives ,,plate #ci ,sid5ote3 ,rectangul> ,panels ,:ile a rectangul> panel may be divid$ into sections by a numb] ( diff]5t me?ods1 x is well = ! beg9n] 9 design to treat x z a v]tical mass1 design$ to enri* a v]tical surface4 ,?is v]tical panel may !n be divid$ into halves by ! axis ( symmetry1 :i* %\ld co9cide ) an inceptive axis1 b x is n ess5tial to balance ! enri*m5t exactly 9 ea* half4 ,small deviations f exact symmetry sometimes give add$ v>iety to ! design4 ,figure #bce4 ,rule #g;f4 ,! po9ts ( conc5tration = a fully enri*$ v]tical panel %\ld be 9 ! upp] portion ( ! panel4 ,sid5ote3 ,v]tical ,panels ,! po9t ( conc5tration 9 v]tical panels %\ld be 9 ! upp] portion1 & all p>ts ( ! design1 bo? lead+ l9es & clo?+1 %\ld h a /rong upw>d t5d5cy4 ,figure #bcf is a v]tical panel f hi/oric ornam5t4 ,! heavi] p>ts h be5 design$ at ! bottom = /ability & ! light] & m intricate memb]s h be5 plac$ at ! top4 ,rule #g;g4 ,! fully enri*$ panel & its cont5ts %\ld be design$ 9 unifi$ relation to ! /ructural outl9es1 ) ! c5t] l9e ( ! panel co9cid+ ) ! inceptive axis ( ! /ructure4 ,to see h[ to apply rectangul> panels to wood surfaces1 let u look at ,figure #bdj4 ,?is is a simple design ) an incis$ backgr\nd & might be us$ = enri*+ a n>r[ panel$ door1 newel po/1 or frame4 ,! l>ge areas are at ! bottom2 ! po9t ( conc5tration is at ! top1 & ! entire design balances ov] ! inceptive axis4 ,! po9t ( conc5tration consi/s ( ! geometrically treat$ small fl[] =m1 ) its orig9al l9es modifi$ to simplify ! c>v+ processes4 ,! /em co9cides ) ! inceptive axis1 :ile n>r[ & sympa!tically relat$ m9or panels fill 9 ! backgr\nd & keep ! design f appe>+ weak & ?94 ,sid5ote3 ,adapt+ ,data to ,mat]ial ,figure #bcg is an accurate r5d]+ ( ! fl[] =m & is ! data or record ( facts = ,figure #bdj4 ,figure #bch introduces ! me?od ( plott+ ! areas f ^! facts4 ,v>iety ( =m & area is1 at ?is /age1 desirable4 ,figure #bci has assembl$ ^! areas into ord]ly balance ov] ! axis ( symmetry4 ,figure #bdj has aga9 slightly modifi$ !m to apply to ! v]tical panel 9 wood4 ,illu/ration3 ,c\rtesy ( ,b]key & ,gay ,,figure #bdf4--;,example ( ,free & ,m>g9al ,enri*m5t ,,v>i$ ,,panels ,sid5ote3 ,panels ( ,v>i$ ,%apes ,! panels "u consid]ation up to ?is "t h be5 design$ to h>monize ) squ>e & rectangul> cont\rs4 ,! panel may1 h[ev]1 become a mo/ flexible & sympa!tic elem5t1 *ang+ its =m to suit ! ev]-*ang+ cont\rs4 ,b ?\gh *ange ( %ape affects ! cont5ts ( ! panel to a c]ta9 ext5t ! po9ts ( conc5tration & ! inceptive axes /ill act z our guide4 ,objects are arrang$ =mally on ea* side ( ! inceptive axes & ! space fill+ is approximately ! same z 9 =m] examples4 ,sid5ote3 ,use ( ,artificial ,objects ,! /ill life sket*es ( ! art class may be conv5tionaliz$ into appropriate motives = utilit>ian objects z %[n 9 ,figure #bda4 ,?is use ( /ill life sugge/s a mo/ desirable correlation & a welcome "o to _m draw+ tea*]s4 ,?ree po9ts %\ld be kept 9 m9d3 fir/1 adaptability ( ! object1 its decorative possibilities1 & appropriat5ess to s]vice2 second1 adju/m5t ( ! panel to cont\rs2 ?ird1 adju/m5t ( ! object to ! wood panel4 ,"s portion ( ! object %\ld be design$ to p>allel ! panel4 ,small additional spots may assi/ 9 promot+ h>mony betwe5 ! object & ! panel b\nd>y4 ,^! ?ree consid]ations are ess5tially necess>y factors 9 ! design ( enclos$ enri*m5t4 ,figures #bdb & #bdc are o!r adaptations ( panel design to v>i$ cont\rs4 ,sid5ote3 ,free ,balance ,9 ! =ego+ examples ! designs are m or less rigidly balanc$ ov] ! inceptive axis or axis ( symmetry4 ,imag9>y axis x is1 b1 act+ ) ! panel1 x nev]!less arbitr>ily limits ! position ( all p>ts )9 ! panel4 ,by remov+ ?is semblance ( =mal balance1 we approa* :at is t]m$ free balance4 ,9 ?is we f9d t ! design] attempts to balance objects in=mally ov] ! geometric c5t] ( ! panel or comb9$ panels4 ,z ! arr[ po9ts 9 ,figure #bdd indicate1 ! problem is to balance ! trees 9 an in=mal & irregul> mann]1 avoid+ picket f5ce regul>ity4 ,9 all ( ?is fre$om !re is a s5se ( ord]1 s9ce a mass ( trees on "o side ( ! geometric c5t] is balanc$ by a simil> mass on ! o!r side4 ,inde$1 9 ,figure #bdd ?is may be c>ri$ ev5 to ! po9t ( duplicat+ 9 rev]se ord] ! outside panels ( ! ,tripty*4 ,illu/ration3 ,,rules #g;,d ,,to #g;,e--,,enclos$ ,,surface ,,enri*m5t ,,) ,,application ,,( ,,/ill ,,life ,,to ,a ,,fully ,,enri*$ ,,surface ,,plate #dj ,figure #bde aga9 rev]ts to artificial motives1 illu/rat$ 9 free balance4 ,! jet ( /eam is ! unify+ factor :i* br+s ! cup into h>mony ) ! enclos+ space4 ,figure #bdf %[s illu/rations ( free balance & bord] enri*m5t f ! indu/rial m>ket4 ,,in/ruction ,,%eet ,plate #dj indicates ! necess>y design /eps = a panel surface enri*m5t correlat+ ) /ill life draw+4 ,note ! connection betwe5 ! ink bottle1 p51 & book z us$ to decorate a book /all4 ,,summ>y ,,( ,,design ,,/eps ,,= ,,squ>e ,,panel ,,surface ,,enri*m5t 7a7 ,draw ! prim>y rectangle ( ! pr9cipal surface1 app5dages1 etc4 7b7 ,subdivide into major v]tical & horizontal divisions4 7c7 ,design simple cont\r enri*m5t4 ,det]m9e location ( zone ( enri*m5t 7! panel71 ! am\nt & me?od ( enri*+ ! surface4 7d7 ,draw outl9e ( ! panel :i* %\ld be sympa!tically relat$ to ! cont\rs4 7e7 ,draw diamet]s1 diagonals1 or c5t] l9es ( ! panel4 ,reg>d ^! z possible inceptive axes4 7f7 ,locate po9ts ( conc5tration on ei!r diamet]s1 diagonals1 or c5t] l9es4 7g7 ,draw lead+ l9es 9 sympa?y ) ! cont\rs ( ! panel1 ! inceptive axis1 & ! po9t ( conc5tration4 7h7 ,clo! ! lead+ l9es ) enri*m5t t %all be appropriate to ! /ructure1 ! mat]ial1 & ! int5d$ s]vice4 ,note ! result4 ,is ! panel agreeably fill$ )\t appe>+ ov]cr[d$ or meag]8 ,sev]al prelim9>y sket*es %\ld be made4 7i7 ,add additional views1 dim5sion1 & o!rwise prep>e ! draw+ = %op use4 ,,sugge/$ ,,problem ,design a glove box & enri* ! cov] ) a simple c>v$ panel ) m>g9al panel enri*m5t4 ,,summ>y ,,( ,,rules ,,enclos$ ,,surface ,,enri*m5t ,,= ,,p>tly ,,enri*$ ,,panels ,rule #g;a4 ,m>g9al panel enri*m5t %\ld p>allel or be relat$ to ! outl9es ( ! prim>y mass1 & to ! panel x is to enri*4 ,rule #g;b4 ,m>g9al po9ts ( conc5tration 9 panels %\ld be plac$ 7#a7 pref]ably at ! corn]s or 7#b7 9 ! c5t] ( ea* m>g94 ,rule #g;c4 ,to insure unity ( design 9 panels1 ! elem5ts compos+ ! po9ts ( conc5tration & ! l9ks connect+ !m mu/ be relat$ to ! panel cont\r & to ea* o!r4 ,,enclos$ ,,surface ,,enri*m5t ,,= ,,fully ,,enri*$ ,,panels ,rule #g;d4 ,! cont\rs ( fully enri*$ panels %\ld p>allel ! outl9es ( ! prim>y mass & repeat its proportions4 ,rule #g;e4 ,! po9ts ( conc5tration = a fully enri*$ squ>e panel may be 9 its c5t] or 9 its out] m>g94 ,rule #g;f4 ,! po9ts ( conc5tration = a fully enri*$ v]tical panel %\ld be 9 ! upp] portion ( ! panel4 ,rule #g;g4 ,! fully enri*$ panel & its cont5ts %\ld be design$ 9 unifi$ relation to ! /ructural outl9es1 ) ! c5t] l9e ( ! panel co9cid+ ) ! inceptive axis ( ! /ructure4 ,,free ,,surface ,,enri*m5t ,rule #h;a4 ,free ornam5t = p>tly or fully enri*$ surfaces %\ld be bas$ & c5t]$ ^u an inceptive axis ( ! /ructure4 ,rule #h;b4 ,free ornam5t %\ld be relat$ & subord9at$ to ! /ructural surfaces4 ,rule #h;c4 ,po9ts ( conc5tration 9 free enri*m5t ( v]tically plac$ masses are usually locat$ 9 & ar\nd ! inceptive axis & above or bel[ ! geometric c5t] ( ! design4 ,po/ulate3 ,surface enri*m5t %\ld be insep>ably l9k$ to ! surface & to ! outl9es or cont\rs4 ,,review ,,que/ions #a4 ,:at is a panel8 #b4 ,/ate ?ree sections or areas at :i* a panel may be enri*$4 ,give reasons = select+ a giv5 area4 #c4 ,expla9 relation ( po9t ( conc5tration to ea* section4 #d4 ,9 m>g9al enri*m5t1 is x pref]able to locate ! po9t ( conc5tration 9 ! c5t] or corn] ( ! m>g98 ,:y8 #e4 ,:at is ! value ( an inceptive axis ) relation to ! unity ( a design8 ,:at is its relation to ! /ructure8 #f4 ,give ! *>act]i/ics & use ( free enri*m5t4 #g4 ,/ate ! use ( full panel enri*m5t4 #h4 ,:]e may ! po9t ( conc5tration be locat$ 9 full squ>e panel enri*m5t8 #i4 ,"n six /eps ess5tial to ! design+ ( a squ>e panel4 #aj4 ,= :at specific purpose is a v]tical rectangul> panel adapt$8 #aa4 ,:]e %\ld ! po9t ( conc5tration be locat$ 9 a v]tical rectangul> panel8 #ab4 ,draw a fl[] =m & adapt x to a c>v$ enri*m5t 9 wood4 #ac4 ,to :at uses are panels ( v>i$ %apes adapt$8 #ad4 ,h[ may artificial objects be adapt$ to surface enri*m5t8 #ae4 ,expla9 ! t]m free balance4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,surface ,,enri*m5t ,,) ,,m9or ,,subdivisions ,,( ,,l>ge ,,prim>y ,,masses ,,9 ,,wood ,sid5ote3 ,m9or ,subdivisions ,?is article is1 9 "p1 a brief summ>y & review ( ,rules #b;a1 #b;b1 #c;a1 #c;b1 #c;c 7v]tical & horizontal major divisions7 ) application to m9or subdivisions4 ,by m9or spac+s or subdivisions 9 wood "w we ref] to ! areas occupi$ by draw]s1 doors1 %elves1 & o!r small p>ts subord9at$ 9 size to ! l>ge or major divisions su* z l>ge front or side panels1 etc4 ,^! small] or m9or subdivisions 9 wood "w are b\nd$ by runn]s1 rails1 guides1 & /iles dep5d+ ^u ! =m ( con/ruction & "* ( ! m9or subdivision4 ,major divisions are (t5 b\nd$ by legs1 table tops1 & pr9cipal rails4 ,x is an int]e/+ & useful fact t rules gov]n+ major divisions g5]ally apply equally well to m9or ones4 ,!re are a few exceptions & additions to be not$ 9 _! appropriate places4 ,:5 m9or subdivisions are well plann$ !y supply "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ =ms ( surface enri*m5t or treatm5t1 = if we consid] panel+ an appropriate =m ( decoration1 we are equally privileg$ to feel t ea* small draw] or door adds its quota ( int]e/ to ! sum total ( ! entire mass4 ,we are equally ju/ifi$ 9 acc5t+ ^! draw]s or doors ) panel decoration or o!r =ms ( surface enri*m5t provid$ t h>mony is ma9ta9$4 ,^! m9or subdivisions1 prop]ly enri*$1 may become equaliz]s1 or elem5ts :i* adju/ ! design to ! "* ( ! surr\nd+s de/9$ to receive ! project ( :i* !y are a "p4 ,sid5ote3 ,v]tical ,sections & ,_! ,divisions ,) ref]5ce to ! illu/rations1 ,figure #bdg1 ,plate #da1 %[s a simple m9or panel treatm5t fall+ "u ,rule #c;a4 ,s+le or pref]ably d\ble b& inlay might h be5 suitably sub/itut$ = ! sunk5 panels4 ,z _m craftsm5 are n prop]ly equipp$ to produce inlays1 x is practicable to use /ock inlays1 ?us simplify+ ! process4 ,illu/ration3 ,,surface ,,enri*m5t ,,& ,,m9or ,,space ,,divisions ,,= ,,l>ge ,,prim>y ,,masses ,,9 ,,wood4 ,,acc5tuation ,,( ,,m9or ,,v]tical ,,divisions ,,plate #da ,sid5ote3 ,m9or ,subdivisions ( ,?ree ,v]tical ,major ,p>ts or ,divisions ,9 a ?ree-"p design x is ! design]'s desire to ga9 ! effect ( lightness & height by ! use ( ,rule #c;b4 ,z a simple treatm5t ( a ?ree-"p design1 ,figure #bdh ne$s little comm5t4 ,figures #bdi & #bej are examples ( divid+1 by means ( m9or divisions1 ! out] sections ( a ?ree-"p design4 ,! small draw]s 9 ! "r & left sections ( ,figure #bej might h be5 improv$ 9 proportion by aga9 apply+ ,rule #b;a to _! design1 !reby v>y+ ! measure ( _! heights4 ,! enclos$ panel enri*m5t af=ds pleas+ v>iety to ! o!rwise unv>i$ front panels4 ,rule #g;g4 ,sid5ote3 ,unbrok5 ,v]tical ,divisions ,figures #bea & #beb %[ unbrok5 draw] runn]s cont9u+ ?r\gh all ?ree v]tical sections1 ?us def9itely b9d+ ^! sections toge!r4 ,x is se5 t ?is device is conducive to unity1 :5ev] two or ?ree v]tical divisions h be5 us$4 ,figure #beb is a repetition ( ,figure #bea1 b %[s ! e*o or cont9uation ( ! ?ree divisions ( ! prim>y mass into ! app5dage4 ,! use ( ! s+le or d\ble b& enri*m5t /ill fur!r b9ds ! m9or subdivisions ( ! prim>y mass into ideal unity ) ! app5dage4 ,,sequ5tial ,,progression ,,( ,,m9or ,,horizontal ,,space ,,divisions ,rule #b;c4 ,a prim>y mass may be divid$ into ?ree or m small] horizontal masses or sections by plac+ ! l>g] mass or masses at ! bottom & by sequ5tially r$uc+ ! height measure ( ea* mass t[>d ! small] division or divisions to be locat$ at ! top ( ! mass4 ,sid5ote3 ,sequ5tial ,arrangem5t ( ,m9or ,horizontal ,divisions ,rule #b;c4 ,let u n[ imag9e ! c5t] section ( a ?ree-"p design to be remov$ & ext5d$ upw>d4 ,its trans=mation by ?is process into a cab9et or *iffoni] simil> to ,figure #bec1 ,plate #db1 introduces ! new pr9ciple ( sequ5tial progression4 ,in/ead ( adh]+ to ! limitation ( ,rules #b;a & #b;b1 ?is arrangem5t %[s t ! horizontal divisions may be gradually decreas$ 9 height f ! bottom t[>d ! top ( ! prim>y mass4 ,by ?is rhy?mic decrease 9 ! measure ( ! height1 ! eye is l$ ?r\gh an ord]ly gradation ?r\gh less] areas to ! top1 ?us giv+ a pleas+ s5sation ( lightness & v>iety to ! /ructure4 ,by ?is me?od1 also1 ! l>ge areas are reta9$ at ! bottom to give /ability & solidity to ! /ructure4 ,a quick te/ ( ^! conditions may be made by rev]s+ ,figure #bed1 ?us produc+ a m decid$ly pleas+ effect4 ,illu/ration3 ,,surface ,,enri*m5t ,,& ,,m9or ,,space ,,divisions ,,= ,,l>ge ,,prim>y ,,masses ,,9 ,,wood ,,sequ5tial ,,arrangem5t ,,( ,,m9or ,,horizontal ,,divisions ,,9 ,,"o ,,or ,,?ree ,,v]tical ,,divisions ,,plate #db ,sid5ote3 ,sequ5tial ,arrangem5ts--7,cont9u$7 ,?is ord]ly gradation or sequ5ce ( heights ne$ n be c>ri$ out ) absolute ma!matical precision su* z #g - #f - #e - #d - #c - #b - #a4 ,arrangem5ts simil> to ! foll[+ progression make = equally pleas+ & m v>i$ effect3 #i-a_/d - #h - #f-c_/d - #f - #e - #d-c_/d4 ,_m design]s repeat simil> heights = two neighbor+ horizontal spaces z1 #f - #e - #e - #d-c_/d1 b ! upw>d gradation %\ld be app>5t4 ,figure #bee1 an ,au/rian motive1 %[s a /rongly m>k$ sequ5ce ) ! top division brok5 by ,rule #c;b4 ,x is bett] practice to keep su* attempts conf9$ to ! bottom or top memb]s ( ! sequ5ce or loss ( unity may be ! f9al result4 ,by apply+ ?is pr9ciple to ! c5t] section ( a ?ree-"p design1 we n[ h illu/rat$ 9 ,figure #bef ! new sequ5ce 9 its application1 & ,figures #beg & #beh are v>iations ( ! same idea4 ,sid5ote3 ,two ,horizontal & ,?ree ,v]tical ,divisions ,we n[ come to ! transitional type ( design :]e ?ree v]tical sections beg9 to lose _! dom9ance z major divisions1 b /ill reta9 _! places 9 ! design z m9or sections4 ,replac+ ^! 9 prom95ce is ! horizontal major section or division4 ,! fir/ imm$iate result ( ?is *ange z %[n 9 ,plate #dc is to produce a m compact surface ) a great] impression ( l5g? because ( ! pres5ce ( /rongly acc5t$ horizontal l9es :i* are always associat$ ) horizontal divisions4 ,?is transitional /yle ) its m9or b dom9ant horizontal divisions w\ld h>monize ) ! long horizontal l9es ( a room or simil> l9es 9 ! furniture4 ,! full expression ( ?is /yle or type w be readily se5 by comp>+ ,plates #dc & ,figures #bea & #beb1 ,plate #da4 ,sev]al /yles ( p]iod furniture h be5 introduc$ 9 ,plate #dc to prove ! univ]sality ( ^! pr9ciples ( space divisions4 ,illu/ration3 ,,surface ,,enri*m5t ,,& ,,m9or ,,sub ,,divisions ,,= ,,l>ge ,,prim>y ,,masses ,,9 ,,wood ,,?ree ,,v]tical ,,divisions ,,cross$ ,,by ,,two ,,horizontal ,,divisions ,,plate #dc ,sid5ote3 ,dom9ance ( ,l[] or ,upp] ,sections ,figures #bei1 #bfj1 & #bfb1 ,plate #dc1 are divid$ by ?ree m9or v]tical sections cut by two m9or horizontal divisions ) ! dom9ance 9 ! l[] section4 ,rule #b;a4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! small c5tral draw]s c\ld h be5 m v>i$ by ! application ( ! pr9ciple ( sequ5tial progression4 ,figures #bfa & #bfc %[ simil> v]tical spac+s ) a diff]5ce 9 ! arrangem5ts ( ! horizontal divisions4 ,9 ^! figures ! dom9ance has be5 plac$ 9 ! upp] section ( ! prim>y mass by ! division creat$ by ! runn] above ! l[] draw]4 ,x is likewise se5 t ,figure #bfc ne$s a top app5dage to b9d ! top into clos] unity ) m9or spac+s4 ,sid5ote3 ,transitional ,types ,9 c>ry+ ! transitional type to :i* we h ref]r$ 9 ! previ\s p>agraphs f ! v]tical space influ5ce t[>d ! horizontal1 we are gradually approa*+ ?ree m9or horizontal divisions1 /ill ma9ta9+ ?ree m9or v]tical divisions 9 a modifi$ & less prom95t =m4 ,figure #bfd is an approa* t[>d ?ree horizontal divisions4 ,z only "o cle>-cut horizontal space division is visible1 ?is figure is n a pure example4 ,! upp] horizontal space division is brok5 up into a ?ree-"p design by ! draw] guides4 ,x is n until we rea* ,figure #bff t ?ree horizontal divisions are cle>ly evid5t4 ,,horizontal ,,divisions ,sid5ote3 ,?ree ,m9or ,horizontal ,divisions ,cut by ,v>y+ ,numb]s ( ,v]tical ,divisions ,! horizontal m9or divisions 9 furniture are g5]ally draw] runn]s & ! v]tical m9or divisions are (t5 draw] guides4 ,! horizontal divisions may be arrang$ 9 ei!r "o ( two ways3 fir/1 by ! application ( ,rule #b;b2 or second1 by apply+ ,rule #b;c1 ! rule ( sequ5tial progression4 ,figures #bff1 #bfg1 & #bfh1 ,plate #dd1 are repres5tative ( ! =m] :ile ,figures #bfi & #bgj are typical ( ! latt]4 ,! result 9 ei!r case is a compactly design$ & solid mass ( simple /ructural l9es4 ,on "s occasions we f9d ! ?ree-"p rule us$ = m9or divisions )9 ! horizontal sections1 :ile aga9 ! two-"p rule is us$4 ,! me?od dep5ds ^u ! desir$ use & appe>ance4 ,9 ei!r case ! long areas & l>ge masses are to be reta9$ z f> z possible ne> ! bottom ( ea* prim>y mass1 z ?is cu/om t5ds to give a s5se ( solidity to ! design4 ,sid5ote3 ,f\r ,v]tical ,divisions ,figure #bga is a r>e rev]sion to m ?an ?ree v]tical divisions4 ,9 ?is case1 ,rule #c;c has be5 obs]v$ & we f9d all ( ! panels are ( equal size4 ,v>iety has be5 secur$ by means ( ! horizontal spac+s4 ,,free ,,balance ,sid5ote3 ,free ,m9or ,space ,treatm5t ,sid5ote3 ,free ,balance ,?is =m ( design is inh]5t 9 ! ,japanese sy/em4 ,x consi/s 9 ! plann+ & balanc+ ( unequal areas ov] a geometric c5t]4 ,x is n subject to def9ite rules z is ! m =mal balanc+4 ,! read] is ref]r$ to ,mr4 ,ar?ur ,d['s excell5t book on ,composition = fur!r discussion ( ! subject4 ,figure #bgb1 ,plate #de1 is an example ( p>tly =mal & p>tly free balance & its me?od ( treatm5t4 ,sid5ote3 ,c>v+ & ,pi]c+ z ,appli$ to ,l>ge ,masses ,figures #bgc & #bgd are pi]c$ designs1 ?or\ghly relat$ to ! /ructure & 9 no way weak5+ x4 ,figure #bgc is repres5tative ( a type :i*1 if c>ri$ to extremes1 w cause ! /ructure to become too weak = s]vice2 x is1 !re=e1 necess>y to gu>d & re/rict ?is =m ( enri*m5t4 ,! c>v+ ( ,figure #bge1 comb9$ ) ! cont\r enri*m5t1 =ms a pleas+ v>iation to ?is common type ( furniture design4 ,small m9or details 9 furniture con/ruction %\ld be design$ ) z mu* c>e z ! l>g] major or m9or p>ts4 ,! l>g] areas or spaces 9 small details simil> to /ation]y %elves & pigeon holes mu/ h>monize 9 proportion ) ! space 9 :i* !y are plac$ & ( :i* !y are a "p4 ,sid5ote3 ,small ,m9or ,details ( ,l>ge ,prim>y ,masses ,! ?ree-"p or ?ree-v]tical division sy/em1 ,rule #c;b1 is g5]ally us$ to design ! small details 9 furniture z may be se5 9 ,figures #bgf1 #bgg1 #bgh1 & #bgi2 :ile ! rule ( sequ5ce1 ,rule #b;c1 may be employ$ aga9 to subdivide ^! small details 9 a horizontal direction ) z mu* v>iety z is consi/5t ) unity4 ,figure #bhj is a lead$ glass surface enri*m5t = doors4 ,note ! lead+ l9es ( ! enri*m5t z !y p>allel ! dom9ant proportions ( ! panel op5+4 ,,in/ruction ,,%eet ,plate #df is a typical high s*ool %eet ( design problems1 ) ! masses acc5tuat$ by p5 %ad+4 ,see ,plate #ae4 ,,summ>y ,,( ,,design ,,/eps 7a7 to 7e74 ,see simil> /eps 9 ,*apt] ,,iv4 ,illu/ration3 ,,surface ,,enri*m5t ,,& ,,m9or ,,sub ,,divisions ,,= ,,l>ge ,,prim>y ,,masses ,,9 ,,wood ,,free ,,m9or ,,spac+s4 ,,app5dages4 ,,pi]c$ ,,& ,,c>v$ ,,enri*m5t4 ,,plate #de ,,sugge/$ ,,problem ,design a sidebo>d #c feet #c in*es high ) plate rack4 ,! prim>y mass %\ld h ?ree m9or horizontal divisions & ?ree m9or v]tical divisions1 ) ! horizontal divisions acc5t$4 ,,summ>y ,,( ,,rules ,,sequ5tial ,,progression ,,( ,,m9or ,,horizontal ,,space ,,divisions ,rule #b;c4 ,a prim>y mass may be divid$ into ?ree or m small] horizontal masses or sections by plac+ ! l>g] mass or masses at ! bottom & by sequ5tially r$uc+ ! height measure ( ea* mass t[>d ! small] division or divisions to be locat$ at ! top ( ! mass4 ,,review ,,que/ions #a4 ,:at are m9or subdivisions 9 wood con/ruction8 #b4 ,:at is ! effect ( a design ) dom9ant v]tical major divisions8 ,/ate its use4 #c4 ,%[ "s cu/om>y me?ods ( divid+ ?ree v]tical major divisions into m9or subdivisions4 #d4 ,/ate ! rule ( sequ5tial progression4 ,give illu/rations f ! indu/rial arts4 #e4 ,describe ! transitional /age betwe5 ! po9t :]e ! dom9ance ( ! v]tical motive ceases & ! horizontal influ5ce beg9s4 #f4 ,:at is ! effect ( a design ) dom9ant horizontal major divisions8 ,/ate its use4 #g4 ,%[ "s cu/om>y me?ods ( subdivid+ horizontal major divisions into m9or subdivisions4 #h4 ,:at %\ld be ! relation 9 a design betwe5 ! details ( a project & ! divisions ( ! prim>y mass8 ,illu/ration3 ,,in/ruction ,,%eet ,,surface ,,enri*m5t ,,( ,,l>ge ,,masses ,,9 ,,wood ,,draw+ ,,& ,,design ,,by ,a4 ,j4 ,,fox4 ,u4 ,,( ,w4 ,,plate #df ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,surface ,,enri*m5t ,,( ,,clay ,sid5ote3 ,limitations = ,surface ,enri*m5t ,9 "s respects ! surface enri*m5t ( clay is simil> to t ( wood z1 = example1 ! simil>ity produc$ by inlays 9 clay & 9 wood4 ,on ! o!r h& ! enri*m5t ( clay is unhamp]$ by ! re/rict+ effects ( unequal resi/ance ( ! mat]ial1 su* z ! gra9 ( wood4 ,aga9 x is limit$ to ^? effects or =ms ( enri*m5t t are capable ( )/&+ ! int5se heat to :i* c]amic decoration is subject$4 ,see ,frontispiece4 ,illu/ration3 ,c\rtesy ( ! ,rookwood ,pott]ies ,,figure #bha4--;,fill+ ! ,sagg>s be=e ,fir+ ,sid5ote3 ,decorative ,processes ( ,surface ,enri*m5t ,be=e proce$+ ) a design x is well = "o to und]/& cle>ly ! possibilities ( clay enri*m5t4 ,he mu/ "k :at k9d ( designs are be/ suit$ to clay z a m$ium1 to ! int5d$ s]vice1 & to ! ultimate application ( ! heat ( ! pott]y kiln4 ,)\t ent]+ into te*nicalities let u briefly discuss ! foll[+ processes4 ,! fir/ ?ree deal ) f+] & tool manipulation ( ! clay body & are consequ5tly ! simpl] ( ! processes4 ,! la/ five are conc]n$ *iefly ) ! addition ( color+ pigm5ts ei!r to ! clay or to ! glaze & are1 !re=e1 m complex 9 "*4 ,illu/ration3 ,c\rtesy ( ,! ,rookwood ,pott]ies ,,figure #bhb4--,/ack+ ! ,kiln ,sid5ote3 ,=ms ( ,manipulation ,,processes ,rule #i;a4 ,surface enri*m5t ( clay mu/ be s design$ z to be able to )/& ! action ( heat to :i* all w>e mu/ be submitt$4 ,rule #i;b4 ,incis$1 pi]c$1 & model$ decoration 9 clay %\ld be simple & bold & ?us adapt$ to ! "* ( ! mat]ial4 ,sid5ote3 ,incis+ #a4 ,?is is ! simple/ =m ( enri*m5t1 a process famili> to ! e>lie/ primitive pott]s & appropriate n[ = beg9n]s4 ,x consi/s ( ! process ( l[]+ l9es or planes into ! clay body to ! dep? ( f "o-sixte5? to "o-eigh? ( an in*4 ,^! l9es or planes %\ld be bold & broad4 ,!y may be made ) a blunt p5cil or a flat po9t$ /ick4 ,a squ>e1 rectangul>1 or r\nd /ick may be us$ z a /amp ) :i* to =m a patt]n = incis+4 ,illu/rations ( simple incis+ may be f\nd 9 ,figures #bhc1 #bhd1 #bie1 #cai1 #ccj4 ,! tiles %[n are ab\t six in*es squ>e4 ,sid5ote3 ,pi]c+ #b4 ,?is process is less common &1 z its "n implies1 is c>ri$ out by cutt+ ?r\gh ! clay4 ,x may be done ) a f9e wire4 ,ei!r ! backgr\nd or ! design itself may be ?us remov$4 ,! effect produc$ is t ( light5+ an object su* z ! top ( a hang+ fl[] hold]1 a w9d[ fl[] box1 or a lant]n %ade4 ,sid5ote3 ,model+ #c4 ,by add+ clay to ! ma9 body1 & by work+ ?is clay into l[ relief fl[] or geometric =ms1 "o has ! basic process ( model+4 ,! slightly rais$ areas ( clay =m a pleas+ play ( light & %ade t v>ies ! o!rwise pla9 surface ( ! w>e4 ,! process %\ld be us$ ) caution1 = ov]-model+1 ,figure #cbe1 w ob/ruct ! /ructural outl9es &1 because ( its ov] prom95ce z decoration1 w cease to be surface enri*m5t4 ,9 ! te*nical language ( ! design] ov]-model+ is an enri*m5t :i* is n subord9at$ to ! surface4 ,9 articles int5d$ = s]vice ?is high relief model+ is unsanit>y & unsatisfactory4 ,figures #bhf & #bhg %[ incis+ ) slight model+1 :ile #cbd1 #cbh1 & #cbi are examples ( m complex enri*m5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,surface ,,enri*m5t ,,( ,,clay ,,rectangul> ,,& ,,squ>e ,,areas ,,plate #dg ,sid5ote3 ,introduction ( ,color+ ,pigm5ts ,) ! introduction ( ! second gr\p comes an add$ int]e/ & difficulty1 t ( ! introduction ( color4 ,pigm5ts t w )/& ! application ( heat are sugge/$ at diff]5t po9ts4 ,sid5ote3 ,inlay #d4 ,?is process consi/s ( remov+ c]ta9 areas f ! clay body to ! dep? ( "o-eigh? in* & fill+ 9 ! depression ) t9t$ clay4 ,t9ts =m$ by ! addition ( t5 p] c5t or less ( burnt umb] or yell[ o*re to ! model+ clay w give int]e/+ effects4 ,figures #bhd1 #bhe1 #cbj1 & #cba %[ =ms :i* may be develop$ by ?is process4 ,sgraffito1 an ,italian process1 is m difficult ?an inlay+1 b ! effect is simil>4 ,a ?9 lay] ( color$ clay is plac$ ov] ! natural clay body1 & ! design is develop$ by cutt+ away ?is color$ coat+ 9 places1 ?us expos+ ! natural clay body4 ,figure #cjf4 ,!re are v>iations ( ?is plan t may be attempt$ by ! advanc$ design]4 ,sid5ote3 ,slip ,pa9t+ #e4 ,slip is clay mix$ ) wat] to ! consi/5cy ( cream4 ,= slip pa9t+ ?is mixture is ?or\ghly mix$ ) n m ?an t5 p] c5t ( color+ pigm5t z repres5t$ by ! und]glaze colors ( ! c]ami/4 ,?is ?ick1 creamy1 color$ slip is !n pa9t$ on ! surface ( ! clay body :ile damp1 mu* z ! arti/ w\ld apply oil colors4 ,! w>e1 :5 ?or\ghly dri$1 is glaz$ & fir$1 :i* produces ! effect %[n 9 ,figures #bij1 #bia1 & #cbg4 ,! color range is l>ge2 almo/ any color may be us$ ) ! exception ( r$s & /rong yell[s4 ,a colorless transp>5t glaze %\ld be us$ ov] beg9n]'s slip pa9t+4 ,sid5ote3 ,color$ ,glazes #f4 ,?is process ref]s to ! direct introduction ( ! color$ pigm5t into ! glaze4 ,by v>y+ ! glaze =mula we may h a cle>1 transp>5t1 or glossy glaze simil> to ,figure #cag1 a dull surfac$ opaque effect1 t]m$ a matt glaze1 ,figure #ccb2 or a glossy b opaque fai5ce glaze simil> to ! blue & :ite ,dut* tiles4 ,!re are o!r =ms su* z ! cry/all9e & r$uc$ glazes1 b ^! z a rule are f> beyond ! ability ( ! beg9n+ craftsman 9 c]amics4 ,sid5ote3 ,comb9ations ,x is possible to use ^! ?ree types ( glaz$ surface 9 v>i\s ways4 ,= example1 a vase =m ) an int]e/+ cont\r may be left )\t fur!r surface enri*m5t except t suppli$ by cle> glaze or by a color$ matt simil> to c]ta9 types ( ,teco ,w>e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,surface ,,enri*m5t ,,( ,,clay ,,%all[ ,,circul> ,,=ms3 ,,plates1 ,,etc ,,plate #dh ,x is likewise possible to apply transp>5t glazes ov] incis$ designs1 inlay or slip pa9t+1 increas+ _! beauty & ! s]viceability ( ! w>e4 ,a semi-transp>5t glaze is sometimes plac$ ov] slip pa9t+ giv+ ! *>m inh]5t to ! ,vellum ,w>e ( ! ,rookwood ,pott]ies4 ,figure #ccb4 ,gre5s1 blues1 yell[s1 & br[ns1 ) _! admixtures1 are ! safe/ comb9ations = ! craftsman :o desires to mix 8 own glazes4 ,sid5ote3 ,und]glaze ,pa9t+ #g4 ,?is process may be se5 9 ! examples ( ,newcomb ,pott]y illu/rat$ p>ticul>ly 9 ,figure #cad or #cbf4 ,! und]glaze pigm5t is ?9ly pa9t$ ^u ! fir$ biscuit1 or unglaz$ w>e4 ,a ?91 transp>5t glaze is !n plac$ ov] ! color1 & 9 ! f9al fir+ ! und]nea? color %[s ?r\gh ?is transp>5t coat+1 ?us illu/rat+ ! orig9 ( ! "n und]glaze or "u-!-glaze pa9t+4 ,sage-gre5 & cobalt-blue und]glaze colors are frequ5tly us$ 9 ,newcomb designs ) h>moni\s results4 ,! outl9e ( ! design is (t5 incis$ & ! und]glaze color1 settl+ into ^! *annels1 helps to acc5tuate ! design4 ,figure #cad4 ,sid5ote3 ,porcela9 or ,ov]glaze ,pa9t+ #h4 ,?is is popul>ly kn[n z *9a pa9t+ & consi/s ( pa9t+ directly ^u ! glaz$ surface ( ! w>e & plac+ x 9 a *9a kiln :]e a temp]ature betwe5 #fjj degrees & #ijj degrees ,c4 is develop$4 ,at ?is po9t ! color+ pigm5t melts or is fus$ into ! porcela9 glaze1 ?us insur+ its reasonable p]man5ce4 ,figure #cjb4 ,! eight processes briefly describ$ may be readily id5tifi$ on ! plates by ref]r+ to ! figures correspond+ to ^? :i* numb] ! processes & are add$ to ea* figure numb]4 ,two processes are sometimes sugge/$ z possible = "o problem4 ,sid5ote3 ,classification ( ,/ructural ,clay ,=ms ,diff]5t clay =ms require diff]5t modes ( treatm5t4 ,to simplify ^! treatm5ts w n[ be our problem4 ,x has be5 f\nd conv5i5t to =m f\r divisions bas$ ^u ! g5]al geometric %ape ( ! w>e4 ,! fir/1 ,plate #dg1 includes rectangul> & squ>e areas2 ! second1 ,plate #dh1 %all[ & circul> =ms2 ! ?ird1 ,plate #di1 l[ cyl9drical =ms2 & ! f\r?1 ,plate #ej1 high cyl9drical =ms4 ,! fir/ ?ree divisions h di/9ct modes ( design treatm5t1 :ile ! f\r? int]locks to a consid]able ext5t ) ! ?ird me?od4 ,we %all n[ consid] ea* plate ) ref]5ce to its use & possible =ms ( enri*m5t4 ,= ! sake ( brevity1 ! results h be5 cond5s$ into tabulat$ =ms4 ,illu/ration3 ,,surface ,,enri*m5t ,,( ,,clay ,,l[ ,,cyl9drical ,,=ms ,,plate #di ,ea* geometric =m or type on ^! plates has n only di/9ctive me?ods ( design treatm5t b *>act]i/ic locations = plac+ ! design z well4 ,^! places or zones ( enri*m5t h be5 indicat$ 9 ! foll[+ tabulat$ =ms by ! lett]s 9 p>5!ses4 ,!re are a numb] ( zones = ea* plate4 ,= example1 ,plate #dg has its di/9ctive problems z tiles1 weights1 etc41 & five *>act]i/ic zones ( enri*m5t describ$ on pages #aec-aee & indicat$ by ! lett]s ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d1 ,e1 foll[$ by a brief description ( t zone4 ,ea* zone is /ill fur!r analyz$ into its accompany+ type ( design1 inceptive axis1 po9t ( conc5tration1 & illu/rations4 ,ea* plate has ! prop] zone ( enri*m5t imm$iately foll[+ ! figure numb] & 9 turn foll[$ by ! process numb]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sid5ote3 ,squ>e & ,rectangul> ,areas1 ,plate #dg ,problems3 ,tiles = tea & c(fee pots1 pap] weights1 w9d[ boxes2 ar*itectural tiles = floors1 & fire places4 99 99 99 99 99 7,a7 ,zone ( ,enri*m5t3 ,9 ! m>g94 ,reason = ,*oice3 ,c5tral area to be devot$ to zone ( s]vice requir+ simplicity 9 design4 ,sid5ote3 ,m>g9al ,enri*m5t ,type ( ,design3 ,b&s or bord]s4 ,inceptive ,axis3 ,= corn]s2 ! bisector ( ! angle4 ,po9ts ( ,conc5tration3 ,! corn]s &1 if desir$1 at equal int]vals betwe5 ! corn]s4 ,illu/rations3 ,figures #bhc1 #bhd1 #bhf1 #bhg1 #bhh4 99 99 99 99 99 7,b7 ,zone ( ,enri*m5t3 c5t] ( surface1 free ornam5t4 ,sid5ote3 ,c5t] ,enri*m5t ,type ( ,design3 ,initials1 monograms1 /reet numb]s1 geometric patt]ns1 & o!r examples = free ornam5t4 ,a /> or diamond is n appropriate enri*m5t = a squ>e area unless prop]ly relat$ to ! cont\r by connect+ areas4 ,inceptive ,axes3 ,v]tical or horizontal diamet]s or diagonals4 ,po9ts ( ,conc5tration3 ,c5t] ( embelli%m5t4 ,illu/rations3 ,figure #bhe4 ,illu/ration3 ,,surface ,,enri*m5t ,,( ,,clay ,,high ,,cyl9drical ,,=ms4 ,,vases1 ,,pit*]s1 ,,etc ,,plate #ej 7,c7 ,zone ( ,enri*m5t3 full surface enri*m5t 9 a horizontal position4 ,type ( ,design3 ,a symmetrical patt]n g5]ally radiat+ f ! geometric c5t] ( ! surface & cov]+ at lea/ two-?irds ( ! surface4 ,sid5ote3 ,full ,v]tical ,surface ,enri*m5t ,inceptive ,axes3 ,diamet]s or diagonals ( ! area4 ,po9ts ( ,conc5tration3 ,at ! corn]s or ! c5t] ( ! out] m>g92 at geometric c5t]1 z 9 a rosette4 ,illu/rations3 ,figures #bhc1 #bhi1 & #bia4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sid5ote3 ,full ,horizontal ,surface ,enri*m5t 7,d7 ,zone ( ,enri*m5t3 full surface enri*m5t 9 a v]tical position4 ,type ( ,design3 ,a symmetrical patt]n ) a /rong upw>d movem5t & cov]+ m ?an "o-half ( ! surface4 ,inceptive ,axis3 ,! v]tical c5t] l9e4 ,po9t ( ,conc5tration3 ,upp] section ( ! surface4 ,illu/rations3 ,figures #bij & #bib4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sid5ote3 ,free ,balance 7,e7 ,zone ( ,enri*m5t3 free balance ov] full surface4 ,type ( ,design3 ,semi-decorative motive pref]ably cov]+ ! entire surface4 ,inceptive ,axis3 ,masses freely balanc$ ov] ! geometric c5t] ( ! area4 ,po9t ( ,conc5tration3 ,ne>1 b n 9 ! exact c5t]4 ,illu/rations3 ,figures #bic1 #bid1 #bie1 #bif1 #big1 #bih4 ,note3 ,! po9ts ( conc5tration %\ld be acc5t$ by slight contra/ ( value & hue4 ,see *apt]s on color4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sid5ote3 ,%all[ ,circul> ,=ms1 ,plate #dh ,problems3 ,plates1 sauc]s1 a% trays1 c>d receiv]s1 almond & c&y b[ls4 99 99 99 99 99 7,a7 ,zone ( ,enri*m5t3 m>g9 ( int]ior surface2 m>g9 ( ext]ior surface4 ,type ( ,design3 ,b&s or bord]s ?or\ghly relat$ to ! /ructural cont\rs4 ,b&s = ext]ior enri*m5t may be plac$ directly on ! cont\r1 ,figures #bii & #cja1 ?us =m+ an ,illu/ration3 ,,appli$ ,,& ,,con/ructive ,,design ,,rule #i3 ,,enri*m5t ,,( ,,! ,,prim>y ,,mass ,,by ,a ,,bord] ,,problem3 ,,enri*m5t ,,( ,,class #b 7,,pott]y7 ,,plate #ea4--;,in/ruction ,%eet ,sid5ote3 ,m>g9al ,enri*m5t acc5t$ cont\r 7,f7 or slightly remov$ f x1 z 9 ,figure #cjj4 ,inceptive ,axes3 ,= int]ior surfaces1 ! radii ( ! cont\r circle g5]ally supply ! axes ( symmetry4 ,po9ts ( ,conc5tration3 ,= int]ior surfaces1 ! po9ts ( conc5tration may be plac$ 9 or ne> ! radii ( ! area4 ,illu/rations3 ,figures #cjb1 #cjc1 #cjd1 #cje1 #cjf4 99 99 99 99 99 ,problems3 ,cups1 pit*]s1 /e9s1 nut & rose b[ls1 l[ vase =ms4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sid5ote3 ,l[ ,cyl9drical ,=ms1 ,plate #di 7,a7 ,zone ( ,enri*m5t3 upp] m>g9 ( ext]ior4 ,sid5ote3 ,m>g9al ,enri*m5t ,type ( ,design3 ,bord]s ( units jo9+ ea* o!r or connect$ by b&s or spots act+ z connect+ l9ks4 ,rule #i;c4 ,inceptive ,axes3 ,v]tical elem5ts ( ! ext]ior surface4 ,elem5ts are imag9>y l9es divid+ ! ext]ior surface into any giv5 numb] ( v]tical sections4 ,elem5ts us$ z c5t] l9es =m ! axes ( symmetry ab\t :i* ! butt]fly ( ,figure #cjh & simil> designs are con/ruct$4 ,po9ts ( ,conc5tration3 ,on ea* v]tical elem5t4 ,illu/rations3 ,figures #cjh1 #cji1 #caj1 #caa1 #cab1 #caf4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sid5ote3 ,full ,v]tical ,surface ,enri*m5t 7,d7 ,zone ( ,enri*m5t3 full v]tical surface4 ,type ( ,design3 ,ext5d$ bord]s ) /rongly develop$ v]tical l9es or =ms4 ,less ?an "o-half ( ! surface may be cov]$4 ,inceptive ,axes3 ,v]tical elem5ts4 ,po9ts ( ,conc5tration3 ,9 upp] portion ( v]tical elem5ts1 h5ce 9 upp] portion ( area4 ,illu/rations3 ,figures #cjg1 #cad1 #cag1 #cah4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sid5ote3 ,high ,cyl9drical ,=ms1 ,plate #ej 7,e7 ,zone ( ,enri*m5t3 free balance ( full surface4 7,see ,d1 above74 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #cae4 99 99 99 99 99 ,problems3 ,vases1 j>s1 pit*]s1 tall fl[] hold]s1 cov]$ j>s = tea1 crack]s1 or tobacco4 ,sid5ote3 ,m>g9al ,enri*m5t 7,a7 ,zone ( ,enri*m5t3 m>g9 ( ext]ior4 ,type ( ,design3 ,bord]s ( geometric units1 freely balanc$ floral units1 & o!r natural motives plac$ 9 upp] m>g9 ( mass4 ,inceptive ,axes3 ,v]tical elem5ts ( cyl9d]4 ,po9ts ( ,conc5tration3 ,9 upp] portion ( v]tical elem5ts4 ,illu/rations3 ,figures #cai1 #cbj1 #cba1 #cbg1 #cca1 #ccb4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sid5ote3 ,full ,surface ,enri*m5t 7,d7 ,zone ( ,enri*m5t3 full surface ( ext]ior4 ,type ( ,design3 ,free ( =mal conv5tionaliz$ unit repeat$ on ea* v]tical elem5t4 ,! units may be juxtapos$ or may be connect$ by b&s or simil> l9ks4 ,inceptive ,axes3 ,v]tical elem5ts ( cyl9d]4 ,po9t ( conc5tration3 ,9 upp] portion ( v]tical elem5ts4 ,illu/rations3 ,figures #cbb1 #cbc1 #cbd1 #cbf1 #cbh1 #cbi4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sid5ote3 ,types ( ,comm]cial ,pott]y ,! read] %\ld c>efully consid] ! po/ulate & v>i\s divisions ( ,rule #g & try to apply !m to ! mat]ial n[ "u consid]ation4 ,ackn[l$gm5t is made = mat]ial suppli$ by ! ,rookwood ,pott]ies = ,figures #bhh1 #bhi1 #bib1 #bic1 #bid1 #big1 #bih1 #cae2 #cbg & #ccb2 ,newcomb ,pott]ies1 ,figures #cad1 #caf1 #cag1 #cah1 #cbf2 ,teco ,pott]ies1 #cbi2 ,k]amic ,/udio ,publi%+ ,company1 #cjb1 #cjg1 #cjh1 #caj1 #cab4 ,,in/ruction ,,%eet ,plate #ea illu/rates ! m>g9al surface enri*m5t ( l[ cyl9drical =ms1 ) "p surface enri*m5t ( two high] =ms4 ,,summ>y ,,( ,,design ,,/eps 7a7 ,draw prim>y mass3 ,= squ>e or rectangul> areas draw squ>e rectangle1 etc4 ,= %all[ circul> =ms draw a circle4 ,= l[ cyl9drical =ms draw a rectangle2 subdivide ?is if desir$ by a unit ( measurem5t into two horizontal divisions4 ,= high cyl9drical =ms draw a rectangle2 subdivide ?is if desir$ by a unit ( measurem5t into two or ?ree horizontal divisions4 ,rule #e;e4 7b7 ,design simple cont\r enri*m5t bas$ ^u ^! units ( measurem5t4 7c7 ,locate zone ( enri*m5t4 7d7 ,draw inceptive axes3 ,= squ>e or rectangul> areas draw diamet]s1 diagonals1 or bo?4 ,= %all[ circul> =ms draw radii ( ! prim>y circle2 conc5tric circles = b&s4 ,= l[ cyl9drical =ms draw ! elem5ts ( ! und]ly+ cyl9drical =m = ext5d$ bord]s or l9es p>allel+ ! top or bottom ( ! prim>y mass = b&s4 ,= high cyl9drical =ms draw inceptive axes simil> to l[ cyl9drical =ms4 7e7 ,locate po9ts ( conc5tration 9 ^! inceptive axes4 7f7 ,det]m9e mann] & am\nt ( surface enri*m5t4 7g7 ,add lead+ l9es & develop ^! into surface enri*m5t4 7h7 ,make pott]'s work+ draw+1 full size 7,see ,plate #bf74 ,add ! necess>y am\nt = %r9kage & o!rwise prep>e ! draw+ = pott]'s use4 7i7 ,make a pap] trac+ ( ! surface enri*m5t = transf] to clay body & cut a z9c or t9 template z a cont\r guide 9 build+ ! =m4 ,,sugge/$ ,,problems ,design a cid] or *ocolate set ) appropriate surface enri*m5t4 ,design an ar*itectural tile #f 94 by #i 94 = acc5t+ a brick fireplace 9 ! home4 ,,summ>y ,,( ,,rules ,rule #i;a4 ,surface enri*m5t ( clay mu/ be s design$ z to be able to )/& ! action ( heat to :i* all w>e mu/ be submitt$4 ,rule #i;b4 ,incis$1 pi]c$1 & model$ decoration 9 clay %\ld be simple & bold & ?us adapt$ to ! "* ( ! mat]ial4 ,rule #i;c4 ,a bord] %\ld n be locat$ at ! po9t ( greate/ curvature 9 ! cont\r ( a cyl9drical =m4 ,! cont\r curve is ( suffici5t int]e/ 9 itself at t po9t4 ,,review ,,que/ions #a4 ,comp>e ! surface enri*m5t ( clay ) t ( wood4 #b4 ,/ate a major requirem5t ( a good pott]y design4 #c4 ,give ! broad divisions into :i* x is possible to divide ! decorative processes ( clay surface enri*m5t4 #d4 ,"n & briefly describe eight me?ods ( enri*+ ! surface ( clay4 #e4 ,:at precautions %\ld be ex]cis$ ) reg>d to ! use ( incis$1 pi]c$1 & model$ decoration8 #f4 ,%\ld a bord] be plac$ at ! po9t ( greate/ curvature ( ! cont\r8 ,give reasons4 #g4 ,"n me?od ( classify+ /ructural =ms 9 clay into f\r gr\ps4 #h4 ,/ate problems & possible zones ( enri*m5t 9 ea* gr\p4 ,give reasons = *oice4 #i4 ,/ate type ( design unit1 conv5tionaliz$1 natural or artificial =ms1 location ( inceptive axis1 po9ts ( conc5tration1 & process = ea* zone ( enri*m5t4 #aj4 ,:at is an elem5t ( a cyl9drical surface8 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,surface ,,enri*m5t ,,( ,,preci\s ,,metals ,,small ,,flat ,,planes ,sid5ote3 ,base & ,preci\s ,metals ,*apt] ,,xii ref]r$ to clay z a free & pla/ic mat]ial adapt$ to a wide range ( surface enri*m5t processes4 ,metal z a m refractory mat]ial (f]s great] resi/ance to ! craftsman & is relatively m limit$ 9 its capacity = surface enri*m5t4 ,z 0 ! case 9 ! consid]ation ( cont\r enri*m5t = design+ purposes1 x is necess>y 9 ! consid]ation ( surface enri*m5t to divide metal into two gr\ps3 preci\s & base metals4 ,z ! field ( design 9 bo? base & preci\s metals is l>ge1 we %all consid] ! surface enri*m5t ( preci\s metals only 9 ?is *apt]4 ,sid5ote3 ,divisions = ,enri*m5t ,foll[+ an ord] simil> 9 "* to t us$ 9 clay design+1 problems 9 bo? base & preci\s metals may be divid$ into f\r classifi$ gr\ps z foll[s3 flat1 squ>e1 rectangul>1 or irregul> planes2 %all[ circul> =ms2 l[ cyl9drical =ms2 high cyl9drical =ms4 ,designs includ$ 9 ! fir/ gr\p1 flat planes1 comprise su* problems z are typically repres5t$ by tie p9s1 fobs1 r+s1 & p5dants4 ,! design problems pres5t$ by ^! examples are s important t x is wise to re/rict ?is *apt] to flat planes4 ,rule #aj;g4 ,! inceptive axis %\ld pass ?r\gh & co9cide ) "o axis ( a /one1 & at ! same "t be sympa!tically relat$ to ! /ructure4 ,rule #aj;h4 ,! position ( ! inceptive axis %\ld be det]m9$ by3 7#a7 use ( ! project z r+1 p5dant1 or b> p91 7#b7 "* ( ! prim>y mass z ei!r v]tical or horizontal 9 proportion4 ,sid5ote3 ,inceptive ,axes & ,po9ts ( ,conc5tration ,! semi-preci\s or preci\s /one is commonly f\nd to be ! po9t ( conc5tration ( ^! designs4 ,! inceptive axes ( tie p9s1 p5dants1 & fobs are g5]ally v]tical c5t] l9es because ( ! v]tical positions ( ! objects :5 worn4 ,! inceptive axes1 moreov]1 %\ld pass ?r\gh ! po9t ( conc5tration &1 at ! same "t1 be sympa!tically relat$ to ! /ructure4 ,r+s & b> p9s are frequ5tly design$ ) horizontal inceptive axes1 s det]m9$ by _! horizontal *>act]i/ics & positions4 ,! po9t ( conc5tration = tie p9s1 p5dants1 & fobs 9 =mal balance1 9 addition to co9cid+ ) ! inceptive axis1 is g5]ally locat$ above or bel[ ! geometric c5t] ( ! prim>y mass4 ,! po9t ( conc5tration = r+s & b> p9s is plac$ 9 ! horizontal inceptive axis & c5trally locat$ f left to "r4 ,sid5ote3 ,typical ,processes ( ,enri*m5t ,sid5ote3 ,economy ( ,mat]ial ,z a /ep prelim9>y to design+1 & 9 ord] t ! enri*m5t may be conv5tionaliz$ or adapt$ to con=m to ! requirem5ts ( tools1 processes1 & mat]ials1 x is n[ imp]ative to become famili> ) a numb] ( common =ms ( surface enri*m5t 9 metal4 ,!re are eight processes frequ5tly enc\nt]$ 9 ! decoration ( silv] & gold3 pi]c+1 et*+1 *as+ or rep\ss+1 enamel+1 inlay+1 /one sett+1 build+1 c>v+4 ,to ^! may be add$ plani%+1 fro/+ or matt+1 & oxidiz+ z me?ods employ$ to enri* ! entire surface4 ,economy ( mat]ial is ( prime importance 9 ! design+ ( preci\s metal &1 p>ticul>ly 9 gold projects1 cons]vation ( ! metals %\ld be an urg5t consid]ation 9 all designs4 ,rule #aj;a4 ,designs 9 preci\s metals %\ld call = ! m9imum am\nt ( metal necess>y to express ! idea ( ! design] = two reasons3 7#a7 good ta/e2 7#b7 economy ( mat]ial4 ,sid5ote3 ,evolution & ,te*nical ,r5d]+ ( ,processes ,a non-te*nical & brief description ( ea* process foll[s4 ,all designs 9 ?is *apt] may be id5tifi$ by ref]r+ to ! process numb]s aft] ! figure description z #a1 #c1 #e2 #b1 #d1 #f1 correspond+ to ! key numb]s on ,plate #eb4 ,a design to be submitt$ to ! craftsman %\ld be a graphic record ( te*nical facts 9 addition to good design1 :i* requires t we %\ld h an expressive te*nical means ( r5d]+ ea* process4 ,! la/ column1 on ,plate #eb1 indicates ?is r5d]+4 ,9 addition to ?is r5d]+ ea* "o ( ! eight te*nical processes has be5 c>ri$ ?r\gh ?ree design /eps4 #a4 7fir/ column1 ,plate #eb7 ,plann+ ! orig9al prim>y mass1 ) its inceptive axis sugge/$ by ! /ructure & int5d$ use4 ,x passes ?r\gh ! po9t ( conc5tration4 #b4 7second column1 ,plate #eb74 ,! division ( ! prim>y mass into zones ( s]vice & enri*m5t ) ! sugge/ion ( ! lead+ l9es :i*1 at "s po9ts1 are p>allel to ! cont\rs & lead up to ! po9t ( conc5tration4 ,! cont\rs 9 ?is column h1 9 sev]al in/ances1 be5 *ang$ to add lightness & v>iety to ! problem4 #c4 ,! la/ /ep 7column ?ree1 ,plate #eb7 %[s ! design ) graphic r5d]+ sugge/ive ( ! complet$ process4 ,illu/ration3 ,,surface ,,enri*m5t ,,( ,,small ,,prim>y ,,masses ,,9 ,,metal ,,) ,,evolution ,,& ,,r5d]+ ,,( ,,eight ,,processes ,,( ,,enri*m5t ,,plate #eb ,,te*nical ,,processes ,,& ,,me?ods ,,( ,,illu/rat+ ,,same ,,9 ,a ,,design ,sid5ote3 ,pi]c+ #a4 ,removal ( design unit or backgr\nd by means ( ! jewel]'s saw4 ,bridges ( metal %\ld be left to support firmly all portions ( ! design4 ,te/ ?is by c>eful /udy ( ! design4 ,r5d]+--%ade all pi]c$ portions ( ! design 9 solid black4 ,slightly t9t portions ( ! design pass+ "u o!r p>ts4 ,illu/ration1 ,figure #ccf4 ,rule #aj;j4 ,all surface enri*m5t %\ld h an appe>ance ( compactness or unity4 ,pi]c$ spots or areas %\ld be s us$ z to avoid ! appe>ance ( hav+ be5 scatt]$ on ! surface )\t ?\ght to _! coh]5ce4 ,sid5ote3 ,et*+ #b4 ,coat+ ei!r design or backgr\nd ) an acid resi/ant1 to be foll[$ by imm]sion ( ! article 9 an acid ba?4 ,all[ ! unprotect$ portion to be attack$ & eat5 by ! acid to a slight dep?4 ,r5d]+--slightly t9t all depress$ or et*$ p>ts ( ! design4 ,illu/ration1 ,figure #cci4 ,sid5ote3 ,*as+ or ,rep\ss+ #c4 ,! emboss+ & f9e embelli%m5t ( a metal surface by ! application ( ! hamm] & pun*es4 ,! "w is conduct$ ma9ly f ! top surface4 ,r5d]+--/ipple all p>ts ( ! backgr\nd n rais$ by ! process4 ,*as+ %\ld seem an integral "p ( ! backgr\nd & n appe> /uck ^u x4 ,illu/ration1 ,figure #cdb4 ,rule #ajk4 ,sid5ote3 ,enamel+ 7,*ampleve7 #d4 ,a process ( enamel+ ov] metal 9 :i* ! gr\nd is cut away into a s]ies ( %all[ tr\ghs into :i* ! enamel is melt$4 ,ex]cise res]ve 9 ! use ( enamel4 ,ov]-decoration t5ds to *eap5 ?is valuable =m ( decoration4 ,r5d]+--%ade ! l[] & "r-h& sides ( all enamel$ areas to sugge/ relief4 ,illu/ration1 ,figure #cde4 ,if possible r5d] 9 temp]a color4 ,illu/ration3 ,,surface ,,enri*m5t ,,( ,,small ,,prim>y ,,masses ,,9 ,,preci\s ,,metal ,,cont\r ,,& ,,surface ,,enri*m5t ,,( ,,flat ,,planes ,,p9s ,,& ,,broo*es ,,plate #ec ,rule #aj;i4 ,caution %\ld be ex]cis$ ) reg>d to ! use ( enamel4 ,ov]-decoration by ?is mat]ial t5ds to *eap5 bo? process & design4 ,rule #ajl4 ,! lanes or m>g9s betwe5 enamel$ spots %\ld be n>r[] ?an ! lane or m>g9 betwe5 ! enamel & ! cont\r ( ! prim>y mass4 ,sid5ote3 ,inlay+ #e4 ,! process ( apply+ wire1 etc41 to an incision on metal ei!r by burni%+ or fus+ ! metal into ! cavities4 ,r5d]+--t9t ! d>k] metal or1 if possible1 r5d] 9 color4 ,illu/ration1 ,figure #cdh4 ,sid5ote3 ,/one ,cutt+ #f4 ,an enri*m5t ( ! surface by ! addition ( semi-preci\s or preci\s /ones4 ,o!r enri*m5t is g5]ally subord9at$ to ! /one :i* !n becomes ! po9t ( conc5tration4 ,all enri*m5t %\ld lead t[>d ! /one4 ,small /ones may1 h[ev]1 be us$ to acc5tuate o!r po9ts ( conc5tration 9 surface enri*m5t4 ,r5d]+--%ade ! l[] & "r-side ( ! /one to sugge/ relief4 ,pi]c$ subord9ate enri*m5t %\ld be %ad$ 9 solid black4 ,a conc5tric l9e %\ld be drawn outside ( ! cont\r ( ! /one to designate ! ?9 hold+ b&1 or bezel1 enclos+ ! /one on all sides4 ,illu/ration1 ,figure #cea4 ,rule #aj;d4 ,surface enri*m5t %\ld at "s po9t p>allel ! cont\rs ( bo? prim>y mass & po9t ( conc5tration1 especially :5ev] ! latt] is a /one or enamel4 ,rule #aj;e4 ,9 ! pres5ce ( ei!r /one or enamel z a po9t ( conc5tration1 surface enri*m5t %\ld be reg>d$ z an unobtrusive sett+1 or backgr\nd4 ,rule #aj;f4 ,/one or enamel us$ z a po9t ( conc5tration %\ld =m contra/ ) ! metal1 ei!r 9 color1 brilliancy1 or value1 or all ?ree comb9$4 ,sid5ote3 ,build+ #g4 ,! process ( apply+ leaves1 wire1 gra9s1 & o!r =ms ( surface enri*m5t to ! plane ( ! metal4 ,^! may aft]w>ds be c>v$ or *as$4 ,r5d]+--%ade ! l[] & "r-h& l9es2 slightly t9t ! l[] planes ( ! metal4 ,illu/ration1 ,figure #ced4 ,illu/ration3 ,c\rtesy ( ! ,elv]hoj ,colony ,figure #cgb;a4--,tie ,p9s #h4 ,! process ( depress+ or rais+ c]ta9 portions ( ! metal surface by means ( *isels & grav]s4 ,by ! use ( ^! tools ! surface is model$ into planes ( light & %ade1 to :i* int]e/ is add$ if ! unaggressive tool m>ks are p]mitt$ to rema9 on ! surface4 ,r5d]+--%ade ! rais$ & depress$ portions to express ! model+ planes4 ,z ?is is a difficult te*nical process ! design] is advis$ to model ! design 9 pla/el5e or jewel]s' wax fir/4 ,illu/ration1 ,figure #ceg4 ,illu/ration3 ,c\rtesy ( ! ,elv]hoj ,colony ,,figure #cgb;b4--,tie ,p9s ,sid5ote3 ,c>v+ ,rule #ajk4 ,built1 c>v$1 & *as$ enri*m5t %\ld h ! high] planes ne> ! po9t ( conc5tration4 ,x is well to h ! /one z ! highe/ po9t above ! prim>y mass4 ,:5 us+ ?is =m ( enri*m5t1 ! /one %\ld nev] appe> to rise abruptly f ! prim>y mass1 b %\ld be approa*$ by a s]ies ( ris+ planes4 ,sid5ote3 ,plani%+ #i4 ,! process ( smoo?+ &1 at ! same "t1 h>d5+ ! surface ( ! metal ) a /eel plani%+ hamm]4 ,! hamm] /rokes give an int]e/+ texture to ! surface :i* may be v>i$1 f ! heavily ind5t$ to ! smoo? surface1 at ! w ( ! craftsman4 ,! m obvi\s hamm] /rokes are n to be desir$ z !y br+ a tool process into too mu* prom95ce = good ta/e4 ,r5d]+--pr9t desir$ f9i% on ! draw+4 ,sid5ote3 ,fro/+ #aj4 ,a process ( s& bla/+ or scrat* bru%+ a metal surface to produce an opaque or sat9 f9i%4 ,r5d]+--simil> to plani%+4 ,sid5ote3 ,oxidiz+ #aa4 ,a process ( d>k5+ ! surface ( metal by ! application ( *emicals4 ,potassium sulphite w supply a deep1 ri* black to silv] & copp]4 ,r5d]+--see ,plani%+4 ,sid5ote3 ,design ( ,p9s & ,broo*es ,! elev5 processes m5tion$ above are among ^? :i*1 by rec5t common practice1 h become famili> to ! craftsman 9 preci\s metals4 ,:ile !y d n cov] ! entire field1 !y at lea/ give ! beg9n] an opportunity to design intellig5tly 9 t]ms ( ! mat]ial4 ,sid5ote3 ,dep5d5t ,surface ,enri*m5t = ,p9s ,plate #ec is ma9ly ! enri*m5t ( ! flat plane by ! addition ( semi-preci\s /ones 7process six74 ,:atev] surface enri*m5t is add$ to ?is design becomes dep5d5t enri*m5t & q analog\s to dep5d5t cont\r enri*m5t1 ,plate #bi1 inasmu* z x has to be design$ ) special ref]5ce to ! %ape & "* ( ! /one4 ,figures #ceh to #cfc are examples ( dep5d5t cont\r enri*m5t2 ,figures #cfd to #cga are examples ( dep5d5t surface enri*m5t4 ,figures #ceh to #cfg are bas$ ^u v]tical inceptive axes z appropriate to _! int5d$ s]vice4 ,! po9t ( conc5tration may be locat$ at practically any po9t on ?is inceptive axis1 provid$ ! major axis ( ! /one co9cides ) ! inceptive axis4 ,! be/ results are obta9$ by plac+ ! /one a little above or bel[ ! exact geometrical c5t] ( ! prim>y mass4 ,illu/ration3 ,,surface ,,enri*m5t ,,( ,,small ,,prim>y ,,masses ,,9 ,,preci\s ,,metals ,,cont\r ,,& ,,surface ,,enri*m5t ,,appli$ ,,to ,,fobs ,,ma9ly ,,full ,,surface ,,enri*m5t ,,bas$ ,,^u ,,v]tical ,,inceptive ,,axes ,,plate #ed ,sid5ote3 ,inceptive ,axes = ,p9s ,figures #cfh to #cgb %[ articles bas$ ^u a horizontal inceptive axis4 ,! /one1 9 accordance ) =mal balance1 is 9 ! geometric c5t] f left to "r4 ,"o notices ! important fact t ! surface enri*m5t mu/ br+ ! /one & cont\r toge!r 9 sympa!tic relation &1 at ! same "t1 be relat$ to bo? /one & cont\r4 ,?is aga9 br+s out ! mean+ ( dep5d5t surface enri*m5t4 ,! cont\r enri*m5t is to be kept z simple z possible & ! int]e/ conc5trat$ ^u ! surface enri*m5t4 ,! acc5tuation ( bo? surface & cont\r enri*m5t 9 a s+le design m>ks ! height ( bad ta/e 9 design4 ,rule #aj;b4 ,cont\r & surface enri*m5t %\ld nev] appe> to compete = att5tion 9 ! same design4 ,sid5ote3 ,fobs ,plate #ed %[s flat planes1 ! s]vice ( :i* sugge/s v]tical inceptive axes4 ,figure #chj is not$ z an exception to ?is v]tical inceptive axis z x possesses a v]tical prim>y mass b ) radial inceptive axes4 ,! int]e/+ mann] by :i* ! dynamic leaves ( ! out] bord] transmit _! movem5t to ! inn] bord]1 :i* 9 turn leads t[>d ! po9t ( conc5tration1 is wor?y ( att5tion4 ,! po9ts ( conc5tration 9 o!r designs on ?is plate are all conta9$ 9 ! v]tical inceptive axes4 ,sid5ote3 ,r+s ,plate #ee1 at fir/ ?\ght1 w\ld seem to fall "u ! classification ( l[ cyl9drical =ms b :5 ref]5ce is made to ,figure #che x is readily se5 t ! r+ has to be fir/ develop$ z a flat plane1 to be aft]w>ds b5t into ! requir$ =m4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 to keep ! design n>r[ en\gh to be visible :5 ! r+ is 9 position on ! f+]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,surface ,,enri*m5t ,,( ,,small ,,prim>y ,,masses ,,9 ,,preci\s ,,metal ,,enri*m5t ,,( ,,flat ,,planes ,,r+s ,,plate #ee ,! long horizontal b& ( ! r+ supplies ! motive = ! horizontal inceptive axis z a common basis or />t+ po9t = a l>ge numb] ( designs4 ,if ! design] s desires1 ! v]tical axis ( ! f+] is au?ority = an elliptical /one to be plac$ ) its major axis z a v]tical l9e 9 h>mony ) ! f+] axis4 ,9 any in/ance ! design] seeks to lead ! eye f ! horizontal portion ( ! r+ 7! f+] b&7 t[>d ! po9t ( conc5tration 7! /one71 by means ( surface enri*m5t4 ,a long slop+ cont\r curve helps1 z a transition l9e 9 ! b\nd>y1 to c>ry ! att5tion f ! /one to ! f+] b&4 ,a great numb] ( devices are us$ to complete a simil> transition 9 ! surface enri*m5t4 ,figure #cij;a4 ,too mu* pi]c+ weak5s ! /ructure1 & x is !re=e to be avoid$4 ,illu/ration3 ,c\rtesy ( ! ,elv]hoj ,colony ,,figure #cij;a4--,r+s ,plate #ef sugge/s "s v]tical flat planes = p5dants4 ,:ile no def9ite rule c be /at$ = ! location ( ! /one1 f pa/ exp]i5ce1 x is easi] = beg9n]s to place ! /one on ! v]tical inceptive axis slightly above ! geometric c5t] ( ! prim>y mass4 ,figures #cia to #cie4 ,a design ?us =m$ is less likely to appe> heavy1 al?\gh !re is no?+ arbitr>y ab\t ! sugge/ion4 ,rule #aj;c4 ,p>ts ( a design diff]+ 9 function %\ld diff] 9 appe>ance b be co-ord9at$ ) ! entire design4 ,illu/ration3 ,,surface ,,enri*m5t ,,( ,,small ,,prim>y ,,masses ,,9 ,,preci\s ,,metal ,,enri*m5t ,,( ,,flat ,,planes ,,( ,,p5dants1 ,,*a9s1 ,,lockets ,,plate #ef ,sid5ote3 ,p5dants & ,*a9s ,9 p5dant design ! surface enri*m5t g5]ally c>ries ! att5tion f ! cont\r ( ! p5dant to ! /one1 ?us insur+ unity at ?is po9t1 :ile ! cont\r l9es (t5 lead ! att5tion f ! p5dant to ! *a94 ,! eye %\ld move 9 unbrok5 dynamic movem5t f p5dant to *a94 ,! *a9 may h po9ts ( acc5t design$ to v>y ! ev5 di/ribution ( ! l9ks4 ,^! acc5ts are frequ5tly compos$ ( small /ones ) surface enri*m5t sympa!tically design$ 9 unity ) p5dant1 *a91 & /one4 ,figure #dja %[s examples ( ?is arrangem5t & simil>ly ! ne$ ( a horizontal inceptive axis to h>monize ) ! l5g? ( ! *a94 ,^! small acc5ts are q simil> 9 design to b> p9 motives4 ,rule #ajm4 ,transp>5t & opaque /ones or enamel %\ld n be us$ 9 ! same design4 ,sid5ote3 ,relation ( ,/ones to ,metal ,= ! design]'s purposes we may consid] two k9ds ( /ones1 ! transp>5t & ! opaque4 ,^! %\ld n be mix$ 9 "o design4 ,! mo/ favorable /ones are ^? =m+ contra/s ( value or brilliancy ) ! metal z1 = example1 ! ame?y/1 lapis lazuli1 or ,new ,zeal& jade1 ) silv]2 or ! d>k topaz1 or ,new ,zeal& jade1 ) gold4 ,lack ( ^! contra/s gives dull1 monoton\s effects t fail to make ! /one ! po9t ( conc5tration4 ,figure #dfg4 ,^! effects may be p>tially ov]come by fro/+1 plat+1 or oxidiz+ ! metal1 ?us =m+ /rong] contra/s ( value4 ,,in/ruction ,,%eet ,plates #eb & #eg are repres5tative ( ! /eps1 processes1 & problems = s*ool use4 ,,summ>y ,,( ,,design ,,/eps 7a7 ,draw ! prim>y mass4 7b7 ,locate ! inceptive axis 9 ?is prim>y mass ) its direction det]m9$ by ! ultimate use or position ( ! prim>y mass & its g5]al %ape4 7c7 ,locate zone ( enri*m5t4 7d7 ,locate po9t ( conc5tration 9 ! zone ( enri*m5t & 9 ! inceptive axis4 7e7 ,design simple cont\r enri*m5t4 7f7 ,design lead+ l9es 9 sympa?y ) ! cont\r & lead+ t[>d ! po9t ( conc5tration4 7g7 ,elaborate ! lead+ l9es 9 sympa?y ) ! mat]ial1 ! type ( enri*m5t1 ! cont\rs1 & ! inceptive axis4 7h7 ,r5d] 9 ! te*nical mann] sugge/$ by ,plate #eb1 dim5sion ! prim>y mass1 & o!rwise prep>e ! draw+ = %op use4 ,illu/ration3 ,c\rtesy ( ! ,elv]hoj ,colony ,,figure #dja;a4--,p5dants ,illu/ration3 ,c\rtesy ( ! ,elv]hoj ,colony ,,figure #djb4--,p5dants ,,sugge/$ ,,problem ,design a built-up r+ us+ an elliptical cabo*on cut /one z ! po9t ( conc5tration4 ,! inceptive axis is v]tical4 ,,summ>y ,,( ,,rules ,,small ,,flat ,,planes ,rule #aj;a4 ,designs 9 preci\s metals %\ld call = ! m9imum am\nt ( metal necess>y to express ! idea ( ! design] = two reasons3 7#a7 good ta/e2 7#b7 economy ( mat]ial4 ,rule #aj;b4 ,cont\r & surface enri*m5t %\ld nev] appe> to compete = att5tion 9 ! same design4 ,rule #aj;c4 ,p>ts ( a design diff]+ 9 function %\ld diff] 9 appe>ance b be co-ord9at$ ) ! entire design4 ,rule #aj;d4 ,surface enri*m5t %\ld at "s po9t p>allel ! cont\rs ( bo? prim>y mass & po9t ( conc5tration1 especially :5ev] ! latt] is a /one or enamel4 ,rule #aj;e4 ,9 ! pres5ce ( ei!r /one or enamel z a po9t ( conc5tration1 surface enri*m5t %\ld be reg>d$ z an unobtrusive sett+1 or backgr\nd4 ,rule #aj;f4 ,/one or enamel us$ z a po9t ( conc5tration %\ld =m contra/ ) ! metal1 ei!r 9 color1 brilliancy1 or value1 or all ?ree comb9$4 ,rule #aj;g4 ,! inceptive axis %\ld pass ?r\gh & co9cide ) "o axis ( a /one1 & at ! same "t be sympa!tically relat$ to ! /ructure4 ,rule #aj;h4 ,! position ( ! inceptive axis %\ld be det]m9$ by 7#a7 use ( ! project z r+1 p5dant1 or b> p91 7#b7 "* ( ! prim>y mass z ei!r v]tical or horizontal 9 proportion4 ,rule #aj;i4 ,caution %\ld be ex]cis$ ) reg>d to ! use ( enamel4 ,ov]-decoration by ?is mat]ial t5ds to *eap5 bo? process & design4 ,illu/ration3 ,,rules #aj ,a ,,to ,m3 ,,surface ,,enri*m5t ,,( ,,small ,,flat ,,planes ,,( ,,preci\s ,,metal ,,ia ,,inceptive ,,axis ,,in/ruction ,,%eet ,,p5dants1 ,,r+s ,,& ,,fobs ,,9 ,,sliv] ,,design$ ,,by ,,miss ,,g]trude ,,evans ,u4 ,,( ,w4 ,,plate #eg ,rule #aj;j4 ,all surface enri*m5t %\ld h an appe>ance ( compactness or unity4 ,pi]c$ spots or areas %\ld be s us$ z to avoid ! appe>ance ( hav+ be5 scatt]$ on ! surface )\t ?\ght to _! coh]5ce4 ,rule #ajk4 ,built1 c>v$1 & *as$ enri*m5t %\ld h ! high] planes ne> ! po9t ( conc5tration4 ,x is well to h ! /one z ! highe/ po9t above ! prim>y mass4 ,:5 us+ ?is =m ( enri*m5t ! /one %\ld nev] appe> to rise abruptly f ! prim>y mass1 b %\ld be approa*$ by a s]ies ( ris+ planes4 ,rule #ajl4 ,! lanes or m>g9s betwe5 enamel$ spots %\ld be n>r[] ?an ! lane or m>g9 betwe5 ! enamel & ! cont\r ( ! prim>y mass4 ,rule #ajm4 ,transp>5t & opaque /ones or enamel %\ld n be us$ 9 ! same design4 ,po/ulate4--,! design %\ld con=m to ! limitations & requirem5ts ( tools1 processes1 & mat]ials1 & %\ld be durable & suitable = s]vice4 ,,review ,,que/ions #a4 ,:at is (t5 us$ z a po9t ( conc5tration 9 ! surface enri*m5t ( preci\s metals8 ,:y8 #b4 ,/ate direction ( ! inceptive axis = problems simil> to3 7a7 tie p9s1 7b7 p5dants1 7c7 fobs1 7d7 r+s1 7e7 b> p9s8 ,:y8 ,"u :at gr\p+ ( planes may !y be plac$8 #c4 ,/ate ! relation betwe5 ! po9t ( conc5tration & ! inceptive axis4 #d4 ,give ?ree /eps 9 ! design evolution ( surface enri*m5t = small flat planes4 #e4 ,describe briefly elev5 decorative processes = ! surface enri*m5t ( preci\s metals ) ! te*nical r5d]+ ( ea*4 #f4 ,illu/rate examples ( dep5d5t cont\r & dep5d5t surface enri*m5t ( preci\s metals4 #g4 ,:]e %\ld a /one 9 a design simil> to a p9 or broo* be plac$ ) ref]5ce to ! inceptive axis & ! geometric c5t] ( ! prim>y mass8 #h4 ,illu/rate mann] ( plann+ prim>y mass1 inceptive axis1 po9t ( conc5tration1 cont\r1 & surface enri*m5t (3 7a7 p9s1 7b7 fobs1 7c7 r+s1 7d7 p5dants & *a9s4 #i4 ,/ate ! relation ( /one or enamel to metal4 #aj4 ,:at rule %\ld gov]n ! am\nt ( metal us$ 9 a design8 #aa4 ,/ate ! objection to a design ) cont\r & surface enri*m5t equally elaborat$4 #ab4 ,is x possible to v>y ! design motive ( a *a9 f t ( a p5dant8 ,:y & h[8 #ac4 ,give illu/ration & requirem5ts ( a good design 9 *ampleve enamel4 #ad4 ,:at precautions %\ld be ex]cis$ 9 design+ pi]c$ enri*m5t8 #ae4 ,:at rules %\ld be obs]v$ 9 design+ a built-up or c>v$ design8 ,illu/ration3 ,,surface ,,enri*m5t ,,( ,,l>ge ,,prim>y ,,masses ,,9 ,,preci\s ,,metals ,,treatm5t ,,( ,,flat ,,& ,,semi-,,flat ,,surfaces ,,"w ,,( ,,/ud5ts ,,( ,,milwaukee-,,d[n] ,,college ,,plate #eh ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,surface ,,enri*m5t ,,( ,,l>ge ,,prim>y ,,masses ,,9 ,,base ,,& ,,preci\s ,,metals ,sid5ote3 ,enri*m5t = ,small ,areas ,! surface enri*m5t ( small1 flat prim>y masses treat$ 9 ,*apt] ,,xiii emphasiz$ ! design]'s t5d5cy = full surface enri*m5t ( small areas4 ,su* treatm5t has prov$ satisfactory because ! eye c readily & imm$iately obs]ve & compreh5d or assimilate an enri*m5t ^u a small area4 ,= l>g] enri*$ areas consid]$ 9 ?is *apt]1 full surface enri*m5t becomes a que/ionable policy = ! foll[+ reasons4 ,sid5ote3 ,enri*m5t = ,l>ge ,areas ,x is true t ! old "t craftsman ) consummate skill fully enri*$ l>ge surfaces1 b two factors int]f]e ) ?is mode ( treatm5t today4 ,! fir/ factor is ! decid$ly practical nature ( ! problem4 ,! s]vice to :i* ! mod]n indu/rial project is put int]f]es ) ! use ( full surface enri*m5t4 ,! second is ! lack ( skill on ! "p ( ! mod]n amateur design]4 ,x is a s\nd policy to avoid ! ornat5ess t frequ5tly accompanies a l>ge & unskillfully plann$ area4 ,9 place ( ?is1 we %\ld limit ! enri*m5t ( l>ge masses to a few sali5t areas :i* are well relat$ to ! /ructural l9es4 ,rule #aa;b4 ,cons]vative application %\ld m>k ! use ( surface enri*m5t ( l>ge masses4 ,its use %\ld3 7#a7 light5 or s(t5 necess>ily heavy con/ruction2 7#b7 support or app>5tly /r5g!n good /ructure2 7#c7 add int]e/ to l>ge unbrok5 & un9t]e/+ surfaces4 ,sid5ote3 ,ess5tials ( ,good ,surface ,enri*m5t ,^! sali5t areas %\ld det]m9e ! surface enri*m5t appropriate to ! /ructure1 s t ! enri*m5t3 7#a7 w light5 or s(t5 necess>ily heavy con/ruction z 9 ,figure #djc2 7#b7 support or app>5tly /r5g!n good /ructure1 ,figure #dac2 7#c7 add int]e/ to l>ge unbrok5 or o!rwise un9t]e/+ surfaces z illu/rat$ 9 ,figure #dje4 ,to aid 9 produc+ ! desir$ results1 we h ! te*nical processes m5tion$ 9 ,*apt] ,,xiii z foll[s3 7#a7 ,pi]c+2 7#b7 ,et*+2 7#c7 ,*as+2 7#d7 ,enamel+2 7#e7 ,inlay+2 7#f7 ,/one sett+2 7#g7 ,build+2 7#h7 ,c>v+2 7#i7 ,plani%+2 7#aj7 ,fro/+2 7#aa7 ,oxidiz+4 ,on ! plates = ?is *apt]1 ! figure g5]ally foll[+ ! cut numb] ref]s to ! process1 z3 ,figure #ddf1 #c4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #djf;a4--,ma9ly ,objects ,design$ to be ,se5 f ,above ,,surface ,,design ,,evolution ,rule #aa;a4 ,! prelim9>y /eps t[>d surface enri*m5t %\ld be ?\ght out be=e !y are drawn4 ,a design] w be mat]ially help$ if he devotes a few mom5ts ( ?\ght to 8 design problem be=e he applies ! p5cil to ! pap]4 ,9 ! end ! "t giv5 to ?9k+ out 8 problem w ga9 = him bo? increas$ excell5ce ( design & rapidity ( execution1 provid$ 8 ?9k+ is sy/ematic4 ,a sequ5tial ord] ( po9ts to be obs]v$ is giv5 bel[4 ,! object ( sy/ematic ?\ght is to =m a m5tal picture ( ! enri*m5t to be 9 full accord ) ! mat]ials & con/ruction & to be sympa!tically relat$ to ! /ructural axes & to ! cont\rs4 ,! un5ri*$ mass has be5 design$ & we are n[ ready = ! consid]ation ( surface enri*m5t 9 ! foll[+ ord]4 ,sid5ote3 ,summ>y ( ,/eps 9 ,surface ,enri*m5t 7a7 ,plac+ ! ,zone ( ,s]vice4 #a4 ,:]e is ! zone ( s]vice8 99 99 99 99 99 7b7 ,classification ( ,=m4 #a4 ,is ! object flat1 %all[ & circul>1 l[ & cyl9drical1 high & cyl9drical8 99 99 99 99 99 7c7 ,plac+ ! ,zone ( ,enri*m5t4 #a4 ,is ! enri*m5t to be se5 f above or f ! side8 ,see ,figure #djf;a4 #b4 ,:at po9t ( ! /ructure sugge/$ by ! =m ne$s surface enri*m5t8 ,is x ! prim>y mass1 app5dages1 t]m9als1 l9ks1 or details8 ,let ! area select$ become ! zone ( enri*m5t4 7d7 ,am\nt ( ,enri*m5t4 #a4 ,w ! enri*m5t cov] ! full surface1 "p surface 7c5t] or m>g971 or acc5t$ outl9e8 7e7 ,location ( ,inceptive ,axis4 #a4 ,is ! zone ( enri*m5t associat$ ) a squ>e1 rectangle1 hexagon1 or irregul>ly %ap$ flat plane1 circul> or cyl9drical surface8 ,figure #dgj4 #b4 ,h[ %\ld ! inceptive axis be plac$ 9 ! zone ( enri*m5t to h>monize ) ! /ructural =ms sugge/$ by #a 7e7 & ! po9t f :i* x is view$ #a 7c78 ,see ! violation ( ?is latt] po9t 9 ,figure #dci4 ,presumably ?is inceptive axis w be a v]tical c5t] l9e1 horizontal c5t] l9e1 diagonal1 diamet]1 radius1 ! elem5t ( a cyl9d]1 or a dynamic curve = a free bord]4 7f7 ,po9t ( ,conc5tration4 ,sid5ote3 ,surface ,enri*m5t #a4 ,:]e %\ld ! po9t ( conc5tration be locat$ ^u ! inceptive axis8 7g7 ,unison ( ,enri*m5t & ,mat]ials4 #a4 ,:at decorative process w be adaptable to s]vice1 ! mat]ial1 & ! contemplat$ design8 ,illu/ration3 ,,surface ,,enri*m5t ,,( ,,l>ge ,,prim>y ,,masses ,,9 ,,base ,,metals ,,treatm5t ,,( ,,flat ,,& ,,semi-,,flat ,,surfaces ,c\rtesy ( ,p4 & ,f4 ,corb9 ,,plate #ei ,sid5ote3 ,summ>y ( ,/eps 9 ,surface ,enri*m5t 7h7 ,type ( ,units4 #a4 ,:at design units are suit$ to ! process select$ 9 7g71 appropriate to ! texture & /ructural l9es ( ! =m to be enri*$ & to its ultimate s]vice8 ,*oice may be made f nature1 geometric patt]n1 or hi/oric ornam5t4 ,! above po9ts may all be ?\ght out4 ,n[1 ) "s assurance1 ! design] may take 8 p5cil & beg9 to draw ! units 9 _! prop] position ^u or ab\t ! inceptive axis ) ! po9t ( conc5tration correctly plac$ 9 position 9 ! inceptive axis4 ,rules & sugge/ions = ?is execution h be5 previ\sly giv54 99 99 99 99 99 7i7 ,design+ ( ! ,units4 #a4 ,h[ %\ld ! units be drawn to be 9 h>mony ) ! inceptive axis1 ! cont\rs1 & to ea* o!r8 ,! above po9ts ( approa* to surface enri*m5t repres5t a logical reason+ process :i* supplies a l9e ( sequ5tial & developm5tal pictures t w r$uce to a m9imum ! elem5t ( d\bt & fog ?r\gh :i* ! av]age design] approa*es 8 problem4 ,! /eps w1 9 "t1 become practically automatic & may be ?\ght out 9 a surpris+ly %ort p]iod ( "t4 ,rule #aa;c4 ,! type ( design unit = l>ge masses %\ld be bold] ?an simil> designs = small prim>y masses4 ,sid5ote3 ,l>ge ,masses & ,_! ,treatm5t ,z may be expect$ f briefly consid]+ ! illu/rations = ?is *apt] z comp>$ ) ^? = small prim>y masses1 ,*apt] ,,xiii1 x is se5 t ! units = base & preci\s metals are l>g] & bold] ?an ^? us$ = small] masses4 ,! m effective designs are ^? ^: appropriat5ess1 simplicity1 & correct /ructural proportions & relations appeal to our s5se ( fitness & beauty4 ,figures #djc1 #djd1 & #djf are compos$ ( projects design$ ma9ly on v]tical inceptive axes or c5t] l9es4 ,! freely balanc$ natural units 9 ,figure #djc h ! zone ( enri*m5t 9 ! upp] portion ( ! app5dage 7h&les71 & ! po9t ( conc5tration 9 ! upp] portion ( ! zone ( enri*m5t4 ,=mal symmetrical balance controls ! plac+ ( enri*m5t 9 ,figure #djd4 ,initial lett]s1 ?r\gh lack ( consid]ation ( design pr9ciples1 are frequ5tly misplac$ on masses ) little or no consid]ation giv5 to _! mass relations ) ! /ructural cont\rs4 ,z a contra/ to ?is1 notice ! c>efully consid]$ relations betwe5 ! lett] ,w on ! tea /ra9] 9 ,figure #djd & its adaptation to ! cont\rs ( ! app5dage4 ,! /one enri*m5t on ! h&le ( ! pap] cutt] 9 ,figure #djd 9 no way int]f]es ) its use z a cutt] & is !re=e appropriate z surface enri*m5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,surface ,,enri*m5t ,,( ,,l>ge ,,prim>y ,,masses ,,9 ,,base ,,metal ,,treatm5t ,,( ,,flat ,,planes ,,9 ,,ca/ ,,bronze ,door ,plates1 ,c\rtesy ( ,p4 & ,f4 ,corb9 ,,plate #fj ,sid5ote3 ,l>ge ,flat & ,semi-flat ,surfaces 9 ,preci\s ,metal1 ,plate #eh ,! pi]c$ enri*m5t ( ! silv] box 9 ,figure #dje conta9s v]tical & horizontal l9es :i* br+ ! decorative human figures into h>moni\s relation ) ! /ructural cont\rs4 ,figure #djf %[s bo? =mal & free balance ) c5t] & full surface zones ( enri*m5t4 ,c & ,d c\ld h be5 improv$ by a m /rongly m>k$ po9t ( conc5tration :i* w\ld h add$ m "* to ! designs4 ,sid5ote3 ,flat & ,semi-flat ,surfaces 9 ,base ,metal1 ,plate #ei ,9 ,*apt] ,,viii1 ! cont\r t]m9al enri*m5t problem 0 describ$ at "s l5g?4 ,_m illu/rations on ,plates #eh1 #ei1 & #fj are1 9 a way1 simil> 9 _! type ( surface decoration1 :i* is t]m$ surface t]m9al enri*m5t4 ,! happy end+ m5tion$ 9 ,*apt] ,,viii z a suitable means ( t]m9at+ ! cont\r ( a long prim>y mass or app5dage may be simil>ly treat$ by suitable surface enri*m5t1 p>ticul>ly %[n 9 ,figures #djc1 #djd1 #djg1 #djh1 #dji1 & #daj4 ,! t]m9al is q common z a zone ( enri*m5t4 ,sid5ote3 ,cont\r ,v]sus ,surface ,enri*m5t ,x is readily se5 t :5 surface enri*m5t is ! prevail+ decorative !me x becomes necess>y to subord9ate cont\r enri*m5t to x1 ,rule #aj;b1 o!rwise ! /rife = dom9ance aris+ betwe5 ^! two =ms ( enri*m5t w lead to poor & ornate design1 ,figure #dag4 ,:atev] cont\r enri*m5t is us$ mu/ be *os5 to accord ) ! surface enri*m5t1 ,rule #aj;d1 z not$ 9 ! prec$+ figures & 9 ,figure #daa4 ,"h we f9d ! close/ connection1 z ! *as$ =ms ( ! surface at _m po9ts m]ge into ! cont\r4 ,?us surface & cont\r are b\nd toge!r 9 unity ) ! surface enri*m5t1 :i* ma9ta9s its dom9ance ?r\gh\t4 ,! simple & dignifi$ treatm5t ( ! fire set 9 ,figure #dac is synonym\s ) ! f9e/ type ( enri*m5t = s]vice & beauty1 ,rule #aa;b4 ,! peacock motives ( ,figures #dad & #dae are appli$ to ! desk set4 ,! motives z us$ 9 ?is case are g5]ally well adapt$ to _! respective areas & inceptive axes4 ,sid5ote3 ,surface ,enri*m5t ( ,h>dw>e1 ,plate #fj ,rule #aa;f4 ,repulsive =ms %\ld n be introduc$ into surface enri*m5t4 ,figure #dag is a typical example ( ov]-ornam5tation ) ! surface & cont\r enri*m5t /ruggl+ 9 deadly conflict = prom95ce4 ,9 ! combat1 ! natural /ructural axis has be5 totally neglect$ = irrelevant & disconnect$ ornam5t4 ,figure #dah illu/rates correctly relat$ surface ornam5t1 ) a dom9ance ( ! latt] =m1 ,rule #aj;b4 ,figure #dai repres5ts a type ( decoration presumably r\gh5$ to meet ! ne$s ( s]vice4 ,x proves1 h[ev]1 to be unpleasant to ! t\* & unnecess>y z ! pla9 knob is pref]able 9 e way4 ,! naturali/ic snake motive ( ,figure #dba is repulsive to _m p2 ?is & simil> decorative motives %\ld be avoid$ 9 pref]5ce to ! m conv5tionaliz$ patt]n ( ,figure #dbb1 ,rule #aa;f4 ,rule #aa;e4 ,two p]iods ( hi/oric ornam5t %\ld n be introduc$ into ! same design4 ,sid5ote3 ,hi/oric ,ornam5t ,appli$ to ,p]iod ,h>dw>e ,design ,door ,plates ,x is impossible to close ^! *apt]s )\t ref]5ce to ! influ5ce ( ! great s*ools ( ar*itectural hi/ory ^u contempor>y design4 ,!re is a gr[+ t5d5cy = manufactur]s to use p]iod patt]ns 9 h\se decorations :i* correspond to ! design ( ! build+4 ,a ,colonial build+ frequ5tly calls = ,colonial h>dw>e1 a ,go?ic *ur* = correspond+ surface enri*m5t ( t p]iod4 ,z introductory illu/rations1 ,figure #dbc /&s z a simple example ( acc5t$ 7bevel$7 cont\r :ile ,figure #dbd has be5 acc5t$ ) rem9isc5t m\ld+ appropriate to ,colonial ar*itecture4 ,!y might1 h[ev]1 be us$ ) _m simply design$ articles ( furniture4 ,f ?is slight indication or portion ( a /yle1 we h a m pron\nc$ beg9n+ 9 ,figure #dbe ) its cle>ly m>k$ ,greek egg & d>t ornam5tal bord]4 ,! acan?us leaf ( ! ,byzant9e s*ool1 ,figure #dbf1 *anges to ! geometric arabesques ( ! ,moori% s*ool 9 ,figure #dbg4 ,! ,go?ic ar*1 cusps1 & quatrefoil ( ,figure #dbh are *ang$ to ! classic acan?us foliage ( ! ,fr5* ,r5aissance p]iod4 ,figure #dbi4 ,figures #dcj & #dca are lat] developm5ts ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,! heavily enri*$ ,flemi% patt]n completes our illu/rations ( ! use ( pa/ =ms ( ornam5tation appli$ to mod]n designs4 ,only a small numb] f a rapidly enl>g+ field ( p]iod design are %[n4 ,sid5ote3 ,%all[ ,circul> ,=ms1 ,plate #fa ,) circul> plates & trays1 ! enri*m5t normally takes ! =m ( a bord] 7m>g9al enri*m5t71 ) ! inceptive axes or c5t] l9es ( ! repeat$ units radiat+ f ! c5t] ( ! circle4 ,figures #dcc1 #dce1 #dcf1 #dcg1 #dch1 & #dci4 ,an elliptical =m frequ5tly calls = h&les & t]m9al enri*m5t z %[n by ,figure #dcd4 ,bo? ,figures #dcg & #dch h divid$ po9ts ( conc5tration & w\ld be mat]ially improv$ by ! omission ( ! c5t] unit ,a4 ,! small tree us$ z a connect+ l9k 9 ! bord] ( ,figure #dcg %\ld be rev]s$1 z x n[ possesses a motion or gr[? contr>y to ! l>g] tree units4 ,! cont\r enri*m5t 9 ,figure #dch c\ld well be omitt$ or mov$ ar\nd to support ! surface enri*m5t4 ,! pi]c$ enri*m5t ,a1 ,figure #dci1 is incorrectly us$ z x is n design$ to be se5 f above1 ! normal viewpo9t ( ! tray4 ,! design %\ld h be5 bas$ ^u ! horizontal axis ( ! project simil> to ,figure #dci at ,b4 ,sid5ote3 ,l[ ,cyl9drical ,=ms1 ,plate #fb ,diff]+ f ! %all[ plate1 ) ! increas$ height ( ! l[ cyl9drical =ms ( ,plate #fb1 !re n[ develops ! possibility ( enri*+ ! sides ( ?is class ( project3 a zone ( enri*m5t n readily accessible 9 ! %all[ plate =m4 ,9 addition to ! sides !re rema9 ! app5dages1 q capable ( c>ry+ enri*m5t to advantage4 ,"o %\ld control ! zone ( enri*m5t 9 su* a mann] t ! att5tion w n be equally drawn to bo? app5dage & prim>y mass4 ,two po9ts ( enri*m5t1 bo? call+ = equal att5tion1 divide ! int]e/ 9 ! problem1 & cause a lack ( unity or on5ess4 ,rule #aa;d4 ,! eye %\ld be attract$ to "o pr9cipal zone ( enri*m5t1 :e!r locat$ ^u ! prim>y mass1 app5dage1 t]m9als1 l9ks1 or details4 ,all o!r zones %\ld be subord9ate to ?is area4 ,illu/ration3 ,,surface ,,enri*m5t ,,( ,,l>ge ,,prim>y ,,masses ,,9 ,,base ,,& ,,preci\s ,,metal ,,treatm5t ,,( ,,%all[ ,,circul> ,,=ms ,,plate #fa ,illu/ration3 ,,surface ,,enri*m5t ,,( ,,l>ge ,,prim>y ,,masses ,,9 ,,base ,,& ,,preci\s ,,metal ,,treatm5t ,,( ,,l[ ,,circul> ,,=ms ,,plate #fb ,illu/ration3 ,,surface ,,enri*m5t ,,( ,,l>ge ,,prim>y ,,masses ,,9 ,,base ,,& ,,preci\s ,,metals ,,treatm5t ,,( ,,high ,,cyl9drical ,,=ms ,,plate #fc ,enri*m5t ^u ! app5dages may be f\nd 9 ,figures #ddj1 #dda1 #ddb1 #dde1 & on ! upp] portion ( ! /raight sides ( ! prim>y mass 9 ,figures #ddc & #ddd4 ,! decorative units compos+ ! bord] on ^! /raight sides are design$ ^u ! v]tical elem5t ( ! und]ly+ cyl9drical =m z ! inceptive axis4 ,! enri*m5t = ! app5dage is well relat$ to ! cont\r ( t memb] & is commonly bas$ ^u ! c5t] l9e ( ! app5dage4 ,sid5ote3 ,cyl9drical ,=ms1 ,plate #fc ,! pr9ciples ( enri*+ ^! high] cyl9drical =ms 9 _m ways closely p>allel ^? :i* gov]n ! l[] cyl9drical =ms4 ,! inceptive axes ( ! decoration on ! two vases ( ,figures #ddf & #ddg may be readily analyz$ z v]tical elem5ts ( ! cyl9d]4 ,figures #ddh & #ddi are q r>e exceptions ( ! acc5tuation ( ! v]tical l9es ( ! cyl9d]4 ,horizontal b&s simil> to ,figures #ddd & #ddg are m common int]pretations ( cyl9d] enri*m5t4 ,figure #dej m>ks a successful comb9ation ( two dissimil> mat]ials ) ! %ade 7app5dage7 z ! dom9at+ enri*$ memb]4 ,rule #aj;c4 ,! small *as$ bosses us$ z enri*m5t 9 ,figure #deb are re-e*o$ on ! sev]al pieces ( ! set :i* b9ds !m into collective unity4 ,! top portion ( ! prim>y mass seems to ne$ "s =m ( enri*m5t1 z ! cont\r adds little to ! beauty ( t "p4 ,! symbol ,x c\ld h be5 bett] locat$ by be+ mov$ to t place4 ,! po9t ( conc5tration %\ld be plac$ 9 ! upp] portion ( a l>ge mass :5ev] t arrangem5t is possible4 ,x is 9 e way desirable t all designs %\ld be execut$ full size & 9 full accord ) ! requirem5ts ( a %op work+ draw+4 ,9 addition ! te*nical r5d]+ sugge/$ 9 ,*apt] ,,xiii %\ld be c>efully us$ 9 ea* draw+4 ,,in/ruction ,,%eet ,plates #fh & #gb %[ problems suitable = class pres5tation4 ,! me?od ( developm5t is simil> to t pres5t$ on ,plate #eb4 ,,summ>y ,,( ,,design ,,/eps 7a7 ,draw a prim>y mass ) ref]5ce to its prop] gr\p+ z foll[s3 ,= flat areas draw squ>e1 rectangle1 etc4 ,= %all[ circul> =ms draw a circle4 ,= l[ cyl9drical =ms draw a rectangle ) horizontal proportions4 ,= high cyl9drical =ms draw a rectangle ) v]tical proportions4 7b7 ,locate zone ( s]vice4 7c7 ,locate zone ( enri*m5t3 app5dages1 t]m9als1 m>g9s1 full surface1 etc4 7d7 ,det]m9e am\nt ( enri*m5t4 7e7 ,locate inceptive axes4 7f7 ,place po9t ( conc5tration 9 ! inceptive axis :]e x trav]ses ! zone ( enri*m5t4 7g7 ,select ! decorative process suit$ to ! mat]ial & contemplat$ motive4 7h7 ,draw lead+ l9es t[>d ! po9t ( conc5tration4 7i7 ,draw conv5tionaliz$ design motives bas$ ^u ! lead+ l9es1 conv]g+ t[>d ! po9t ( conc5tration4 ,v>y ! cont\rs to be sympa!tically relat$ to ^! design motives1 provid$ su* v>iation ( ! orig9al prim>y mass is necess>y to complete unity4 7j7 ,add additional views1 dim5sion1 & o!rwise prep>e ! draw+ = %op use4 ,,sugge/$ ,,problem ,design a copp] nut b[l & spoon4 ,enri* ) a *as$ bord] appropriate to ! subject4 ,enri* spoon1 us+ fitt+ me?od ( enri*m5t4 ,! b[l & spoon %\ld h a h>moni\s relation4 ,,summ>y ,,( ,,rules ,,surface ,,enri*m5t ,,( ,,l>ge ,,prim>y ,,masses ,rule #aa;a4 ,! prelim9>y /eps t[>d surface enri*m5t %\ld be ?\ght out be=e !y are drawn4 ,rule #aa;b4 ,cons]vative application %\ld m>k ! use ( surface enri*m5t ( l>ge masses4 ,its use %\ld3 7#a7 light5 or s(t5 necess>ily heavy con/ruction2 7#b7 support or app>5tly /r5g!n good /ructure2 7#c7 add int]e/ to l>ge unbrok5 & un9t]e/+ surfaces4 ,rule #aa;c4 ,! type ( design unit = l>ge masses %\ld be bold] ?an simil> designs = small prim>y masses4 ,rule #aa;d4 ,! eye %\ld be attract$ to "o pr9cipal zone ( enri*m5t1 :e!r locat$ ^u ! prim>y mass1 app5dage1 t]m9al1 l9ks1 or details4 ,all o!r zones %\ld be subord9ate to ?is area4 ,rule #aa;e4 ,two p]iods ( hi/oric ornam5t %\ld n be introduc$ into ! same design4 ,rule #aa;f4 ,repulsive =ms %\ld n be introduc$ into surface enri*m5t4 ,,review ,,que/ions #a4 ,contra/ ! me?od ( enri*+ l>ge & small areas ( base & preci\s metals4 ,illu/rate4 ,:at is ! "* ( surface enri*m5t = l>ge areas8 #b4 ,"n ?ree ess5tials to good surface design = base & preci\s metals4 ,illu/rate ea*4 #c4 ,give n9e /eps necess>y = ! complete evolution ( surface enri*m5t4 #d4 ,"n me?od ( classify+ ! /ructural =ms ( metal into f\r gr\ps4 ,h[ does ?is comp>e ) ! classification ( clay =ms8 #e4 ,betwe5 :i* two gr\ps does ! transition f a horizontal to a v]tical prim>y mass occur8 #f4 ,is !re a p]ceptible *ange 9 ! surface enri*m5t p>allel+ ?is *ange 9 proportions ( ! prim>y mass8 #g4 ,9 :i* gr\p or gr\ps is ! relation betwe5 surface & cont\r enri*m5t close/8 #h4 ,give ! *>act]i/ics ( surface enri*m5t design$ = flat or semi-flat planes4 #i4 ,/ate ! value ( ! t]m9al z an enri*m5t zone4 #aj4 ,discuss common errors 9 ! surface enri*m5t ( h>dw>e & _! correction4 #aa4 ,9 :at mann] does hi/oric ornam5t influ5ce indu/rial design8 ,:y8 #ab4 ,give *>act]i/ics ( surface enri*m5t design$ =1 7a7 l>ge1 %all[ circul> =ms2 7b7 l>ge1 l[ cyl9drical =ms2 7c7 l>ge1 high cyl9drical =ms4 #ac4 ,h[ does ! po9t f :i* ! article is to be se5 affect ! "* ( ! design8 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,color3 ,,hue1 ,,value1 ,,& ,,*roma2 ,,/a9s ,sid5ote3 ,ne$ ( ,h>moni\s ,color ,9 ! previ\s *apt]s we h develop$ problems deal+ ) proportions1 cont\rs1 & surface enri*m5t4 ,! use ( color1 p>ticul>ly 9 surface enri*m5t1 is equally important inasmu* z its use is (t5 necess>y to br+ ! project1 z = example a piece ( furniture1 into h>mony ) ! surr\nd+s :i* furni% its f9al color environm5t4 ,! incorrect use ( color may s]i\sly m> a project o!rwise correctly design$ 9 l9e & =m1 & may also weak5 its influ5ce 9 a p>ticul> sett+4 ,sid5ote3 ,use ( ,color ,sy/ems ,:ile !re are a numb] ( excell5t sy/ems ( color notation1 x is well to be> 9 m9d t a color sy/em1 h[ev] excell5t1 is a good s]vant b a poor ma/]4 ,x is nev]!less consid]$ z ess5tial to h a def9ite k ( "s sy/ematically develop$ color sy/em 9 ord] t we may me?odically apply color to ! /ructural =m ) "s degree ( c]ta9ty4 ,sid5ote3 ,color ,pigm5ts = ,design ,r5d]+ ,= r5d]+ draw+s ( problems involv+ ! use ( color x is sugge/$ t ! beg9n] use ! temp]a1 or opaque colors n[ on ! m>ket4 ,^! colors readily adapt !mselves to ! av]age problem1 :ile _! ri* hues are m successful ?an ^? produc$ f ! ord9>y wat] colors4 ,tubes ( cobalt blue1 ultram>9e1 light *rome yell[1 v]milion1 em]ald gre51 crimson madd]1 black1 & :ite w s]ve to solve ! problems dem&$ by ?is *apt]4 ,sid5ote3 ,application ( ,pigm5t ,:ite is us$ to light5 & black to d>k5 ! pigm5ts1 :i* %\ld be mix$ ) wat] to ! consi/5cy ( cream1 & appli$ to cov] well ! surface ( ! pap]4 ,"o %\ld gu>d aga9/ a ?91 transp>5t wa%1 z ! desir$ effect is a velvety opaque & ev5ly t9t$ surface only possible ) ! ?ick application ( color4 ,! pigm5t w dry out ab\t "o-qu>t] light] ?an :5 fir/ appli$4 ,! usual s*ool color box ( ?ree pigm5ts is useful = r5d]+ wood /a9s4 ,^! pigm5ts may be us$ 9 ?9 flat wa%es & w exhibit a transp>5t effect analog\s to ! effect ( a wood /a94 ,! natural color ( wood may be fir/ repres5t$ &1 :5 dry1 foll[$ by a second ?9 wa% ( ! hue ( ! wood /a94 ,sid5ote3 ,r5d]+ ( ,wood ,/a9s ,lack+ z we are 9 a def9ite color nom5clature or /&>ds1 x n[ becomes necess>y to describe ! processes & def9e ! t]ms necess>y to ! design]4 ,sid5ote3 ,hue & ,hue ,rectangles ,hue is ! te*nical "n = color2 a *ange ( color means a *ange ( hue4 ,= ! design]'s purposes we w select twelve equally grad$ colors or hues f ! spectrum & t]m !m /&>d hues4 ,ea* hue w h tw5ty-sev5 modifications or gradations1 :i* is a suffici5t numb] = our purpose4 ,^! gradations are to be graphically record$ by & conta9$ 9 a diagram to be kn[n z a hue rectangle4 ,!re are twelve ( ^! rectangles1 "o = ea* ( ! select$ hues1 & !y are f\nd arrang$ 9 sequ5ce 9 ,figure #ded4 ,sid5ote3 ,/&>d ,hues ,sid5ote3 ,full ,*romatic ,int5sity ,by ref]r+ to ,figure #dee1 x is se5 t ! twelve select$ /&>d hues are repres5t$ at :at is t]m$ full *romatic int5sity1 :i*1 to ! design]1 means hues ( ! full /r5g? ( 8 color pigm5t4 ,?is is f> %ort ( ! true color int5sity ( ! spectrum1 b = indu/rial arts purposes ^! hues are /rong en\gh to s]ve z /&>ds = comp>ison & classification4 ,! hues %\ld be ev5ly grad$ f r$ at ! left to r$ violet at ! "r )\t noticeable unev5ness 9 ! gradations4 ,r$ violet is ! l9k :i* connects ! "r end ) ! left1 ?us complet+ ! circuit ( ! twelve hues4 ,! foll[+ pigm5t table gives "n & symbol ( v>i\s hues4 ,sid5ote3 ,approximate ,relat$ ,/&>d ,hues ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,,hues ,,pigm5ts ,,values ,,symbols ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,r$ ,pure crimson madd] ,high d>k ,r-,,hd ,orange ,crimson madd] & v]milion ,middle ,,or-,m ,orange ,v]milion & light *rome yell[ ,l[ light ,o-,,ll ,orange yell[ ,v]milion & light *rome yell[ ,light ,,oy-,l ,yell[ ,pure light *rome yell[ ,high light ,y-,,hl ,yell[ gre5 ,light *rome yell[ & em]ald gre5 ,light ,,yg-,l ,gre5 ,pure em]ald gre5 ,l[ light ,g-,,ll ,gre5 blue ,em]ald gre5 & cobalt blue ,middle ,,gb-,m ,blue ,pure cobalt blue ,high d>k ,b-,,hd ,blue violet ,ultram>9e & crimson madd] ,d>k ,,bv-,d ,violet ,ultram>9e & crimson madd] ,l[ d>k ,v-,,ld ,r$ violet ,ultram>9e & crimson madd] ,d>k ,,rv-,d ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,sid5ote3 ,locat+ ,/&>d ,hues ,x n[ becomes imp]ative to locate ea* /&>d hue at its def9ite place 9 ea* rectangle4 ,?is inv>iably occurs at a pr$et]m9$ po9t 9 ! left v]tical b\nd>y ( ! rectangle ( t hue4 ,f inspection ( ,figure #dee1 x is quickly se5 t violet seems to be ! d>ke/ hue2 yell[ ! lighte/1 ) ! o!rs betwe5 ^! hues4 ,?is v>iation ( :at is t]m$ _! value gives u a guide to _! prop] plac+ 9 ! hue rectangle4 ,sid5ote3 ,values & ,horizontal ,value ,l9es ,value is t quality by :i* we may di/+ui% a d>k hue f a light "o4 ,= design purposes we w imag9e ! hue rectangle to grade f :ite at ! top to black at ! bottom4 ,we w draw horizontal l9es or /eps across ! rectangle1 m>k+ n9e ev5 value /eps f :ite to black2 ! top "o to be t]m$ ,:ite 7,w71 foll[$ by ,high ,light 7,,hl72 ,light 7,l72 ,l[ ,light 7,,ll72 ,middle 7,m72 ,high ,d>k 7,,hd72 ,d>k 7,d72 ,l[ ,d>k 7,,ld72 & ,black 7,b74 ,^! value /eps may be ?\ght ( z a scale ( gray or neutral values desc5d+ ! "r b\nd>y ( ! hue rectangle4 ,!y h be5 r\ghly indicat$ 9 ! hue rectangle at ! left ( ,figure #ded4 ,sid5ote3 ,relation ( ! ,/&>d ,hue to ! ,hue ,rectangle ,ea* /&>d hue may n[ be locat$ 9 ! left b\nd>y ( its hue rectangle & opposite its neutral gray equival5t 9 ! "r b\nd>y4 ,if ! /&>d hue is accurately det]m9$ by ! design]1 x w be ( exactly ! same value z its gray equival5t giv5 9 ! value column ( ! pigm5t table4 ,! small arr[s lead+ f ,figure #dee to #ded %[ :]e f\r /&>d hues are locat$2 ! rema9+ hues are locat$ 9 ! left circle ( ea* successive r[ 9 ! rema9+ rectangles1 & ^u _! respective value l9es4 ,/&>d hues are express$ by ! symbols 9 ! "r column ( ! pigm5t table4 ,sid5ote3 ,t9ts ,ea* /&>d pigm5t or hue may be ?9n$ ) opaque :ite to light5 x1 =m+ :at is kn[n z a t9t ( t hue4 ,r$1 9 ,figure #ded1 rea*+ its full *romatic int5sity at ! value ,high ,d>k1 may be light5$ f\r times be=e x ultimately arrives at :ite4 ,ea* /ep is to be consid]$ z occurr+ 9 ! left h& b\nd>y ( ! rectangle above ! /&>d hue1 & is to be record$ by ! symbols1 ,r-,m3 ,r-,,ll3 ,r-,l3 ,r-,,hl4 ,orange yell[ has only "o possible t9t4 ,/rawb]ry1 light lav5d]1 rose1 etc41 are m]ely nicknames = v>i\s t9ts4 ,sid5ote3 ,%ades ,ea* /&>d hue may be d>k5$ by ! application ( black1 ?us =m+ %ades ( t hue4 ,r$ is capable ( produc+ two %ades1 ,r-,d & ,r-,,ld1 :i* are plac$ 9 ! left b\nd>y ( ! hue rectangle bel[ ! /&>d hue4 ,br[ns1 russets1 & d>k tans are %ades ( diff]5t hues4 ,^! modifications ( ! /&>d hues into t9ts & %ades give to ! design] simple v>iations ( 8 too brilliant /&>ds4 ,b ev5 ^! modifications are n suffici5tly gray$ = /a9+ or pa9t+ l>ge wood or wall surfaces4 ,!re is a brilliancy & gl>e ab\t c]ta9 t9ts :i* require modification4 ,! %ades are saf] = use on l>ge areas4 ,! rema9+ space 9 ! int]ior ( ! hue rectangle is to be devot$ to ! la/ gradation ( ! /&>d hue4 ,sid5ote3 ,*roma ,*roma is ! /r5g? ( a color4 ,x is ! quality by :i* we di/+ui% a /rong color f a weak "o4 ,! /&>d hue is approximately full *romatic int5sity4 ,likewise ea* t9t & %ade is consid]$ to be ( its full *romatic int5sity1 mak+ ! left-h& b\nd>y ( ! rectangle ! area ( full *roma4 ,f ?is b\nd>y1 ea* t9t1 /&>d1 & %ade fades out or loses *roma until ! "r b\nd>y ( ! rectangle is rea*$4 ,9 ?is b\nd>y ea* t9t1 /&>d1 & %ade has fad$ out ( its gray equival5t1 b )\t *ang+ its orig9al value2 9 o!r words x has travel$ along its horizontal value l9e to a complete grayness4 ,! "r-h& b\nd>y ( ! rectangle may !n be repres5t$ by a gray value scale ( n9e /eps1 includ+ :ite & black4 ,sid5ote3 ,v]tical ,*roma ,l9es ,x becomes necess>y to record at regul> int]vals1 ?is loss ( *roma4 ,= ?is purpose1 we h cut ! hue rectangle by ?ree v]tical l9es4 ,! fir/ v]tical l9e f ! left b\nd>y ( ! rectangle m>ks ! position :]e ! /&>d ) its t9ts & %ades h be5 gray$ to ! po9t :]e only ?ree-f\r?s ( ! orig9al ( hue rema9s4 ,simil>ly1 ! c5t] & "r v]tical l9es m>k ! po9ts :]e "o-half & "o-f\r?1 respectively1 ( ! color h be5 reta9$4 ,^! losses ( *roma are record$ by simil> fractions4 ,) possible modifications ( value & *roma ea* hue n[ has tw5ty-sev5 possible *anges4 ,! full hue title or symbol may n[ be writt5 z foll[s3 7#a7 hue "n1 7#b7 am\nt ( *roma1 7#c7 value4 ,examples3 ,,gb ,sid5ote3 ,full ,hue ,symbols #c_/d;,d-,v#a_/b;,,hl4 ,we are n[ 9 a position to write :atev] color we may h 9 m9d & ano!r p]son w und]/& x1 provid$ ! o!r p]son adopts our /&>d4 ,?r\gh ! tea*+s ( ,dr4 ,d4,w4 ,ross1 ,mr4 ,a4,h4 ,munsell1 & o!rs1 ! symbols & /&>ds are n[ q g5]ally und]/ood & h1 9 a slightly modifi$ =m be5 accept$ 9 sev]al /&>d color indu/ries4 ,sid5ote3 ,te*nical ,practice ,sid5ote3 ,w>m & ,cold ,colors ,to famili>ize oneself ) ! mix+ ( ! v>i\s hues1 x is excell5t practice to =m a v]tical gray scale ( ! ?ree-qu>t]-in* squ>es4 ,!re %\ld be n9e /eps f :ite to black2 an enl>g$ duplication ( ! "r b\nd>y ( ! hue rectangle4 ,! w>m /&>d hues at _! full /&>d int5sities2 ,,rv-,r-,,or-,o-,,oy-,y1 may be =m$ & plac$ opposite _! gray equival5ts on ! left side ( ! gray scale1 :ile ! rema9+ or cold colors may be simil>ly plac$ ) relation to ! gray scale b ^u ! "r ( x4 ,sid5ote3 ,scales ( ,color ,a v]tical scale ( t9ts & %ades ( "o ( ! hues1 duplicat+ ! left side ( ! rectangle gives ! "* ( ! t9ts & %ades4 ,"o %ade & "o t9t %\ld !n be c>ri$ along a horizontal value l9e ?r\gh ?ree /eps ( loss ( *roma to complete grayness1 b )\t *ange ( ! orig9al value4 ,yell[1 by ! addition ( black becomes a false gre5i% %ade :i* may be correct$ by ! addition ( a small am\nt ( v]milion4 ,sid5ote3 ,wood ,/a9s ,a l>ge p]c5tage ( natural wood hues are to be f\nd betwe5 ! hue rectangles1 ,r$-,orange1 ,yell[ & ,gre51 or 9 ! w>m portion ( ! spectrum4 ,z a wood /a9 mu/ bl5d h>moni\sly ) ! natural wood color1 x is reasonable to expect ! be/ results f /a9s ) a pr$om9ance ( w>m hues or w>m grays 9 _! composition4 ,sid5ote3 ,basic ,prim>y ,hues ,x is possible to duplicate ne>ly all ! twelve /&>d hues ( ,figure #dee ) mixtures ( ! ?ree s-call$ prim>y hues ( r$1 yell[1 & blue4 ,x makes a fairly approximate scale :i* is1 h[ev]1 n suffici5tly accurate = /&>diz+ purposes4 ,! scale is =m$ by mix+ r$ & yell[ 9 v>y+ proportions = ! int]m$iate hues ( orange1 yell[1 & blue = ! gre5s1 & blue & r$ = ! violets4 ,?is practice ( mix+ ?ree prim>y colors toge!r s]ves z an important /ep1 gov]n+ wood /a9 mix+ = beg9n]s4 ,sid5ote3 ,?ree ,basic ,anil9e ,wood ,dyes ,develop+ ?is idea fur!r1 we may select anil9e brilliant sc>let z approximat+ r$2 metanil yell[1 approximat+ yell[2 & acid gre5 z a sub/itute = blue4 ,^! /a9s are %[n 9 ! top portion ( ,figure #def4 ,by comp>ison ) ,figure #dee1 sc>let is f\nd to be orange r$2 metanil yell[1 orange1 & acid gre5 to be true /&>d gre54 ,^! basic /a9s h be5 locat$ 9 _! prop] positions ) reg>d to _! hue1 value1 & *roma4 ,_! positions are locat$ by ! l>ge circles 9 ! hue diagrams ( ,figure #def4 ,sid5ote3 ,wood ,/a9 ,mix+ ,^! /a9s are modifi$ & r$uc$ 9 *roma & value by mix+ !m ) nigros5e black1 an anil9e dye ( blue black appe>ance1 :i* fills all ! ne$s ( an ivory black 9 wat] or oil color pigm5t4 ,) ^! f\r /a9s1 almo/ any comm]cial /a9 may be duplicat$4 ,anil9e dye = wat] /a9s readily dissolves 9 wat] :ile a special anil9e = oil /a9+ is fir/ cut ) naph?a4 ,sid5ote3 ,d>k ,mahogany ,/a9 ,d>k mahogany /a9 9 ,figure #def is orange r$1 ,,hd1 & is indicat$ by ! circle ,a 9 ! same figure4 ,to duplicate ?is /a9 we h z ! ne>e/ base /a91 brilliant sc>let1 :i* corresponds to orange r$4 ,?is is plac$ at its full int5sity 9 ! circle ,,or on ! middle horizontal value l9e4 ,to duplicate d>k mahogany /a9 x w be necess>y to r$uce 9 value a /rong solution ( brilliant sc>let1 slightly m ?an "o horizontal value /ep1 by ! addition ( nigros5e4 ,we %all !n add a small am\nt ( "s ?9n+ m$ium1 oil or wat]1 to r$uce slightly ! /a9 9 *roma4 ,sid5ote3 ,flemi% ,oak ,/a9 ,flemi% oak /a9 is orange ,d4 ,?is calls = a mixture ( metanil yell[ & brilliant sc>let anil9e to =m ! orange hue4 ,we mu/ !n add nigros5e to r$uce ! value to ,d1 & add a small am\nt ( ?9n] to produce ! necess>y r$uction 9 *roma4 ,sid5ote3 ,fum$ ,oak ,/a9 ,?is is commonly produc$ by fum+ ! wood ) ammonia4 ,! hue may h[ev] be closely duplicat$ by a mixture ( brilliant sc>let1 metanil yell[1 & nigros5e4 ,x is practically ! same z ,flemi% oak1 b possesses "o-qu>t] m color z c be se5 on ! orange hue rectangle4 ,sid5ote3 ,olive ,gre5 ,/a9 ,! circle ,d %[s ?is /a9 to be slightly bel[ yell[ gre51 ,m1 9 value & *roma4 ,! hue rectangle conta9+ x is ne>] ! gre5 ?an ! orange yell[ rectangle2 h5ce 9 mix+ ! /a9 we %\ld keep ! gre5 hue dom9ant by add+ m ( x ?an ( metanil yell[4 ,z 9 o!r /a9s1 nigros5e is add$ to r$uce ! full *romatic int5sities ( ! anil9e to ! prop] value & *roma ( olive gre5 /a94 ,sid5ote3 ,light ,wea!r$ ,oak ,/a9 ,?is /a9 is practically blue1 #a_/d,m1 & is =m$ by ?9n+ nigros5e to ! prop] value4 ,sid5ote3 ,color ,*anges ( ! ,/a9 ,anil9e dyes are apt to fade if expos$ to full sunlight4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 c]ta9 prev5tives t are beyond ! scope ( ?is book to treat 9 detail4 ,! natural color ( ! wood is incl9$ to make a /a9 w>m] ?an :5 orig9ally mix$4 ,?is %\ld be all[$ =4 ,wood fill]1 ! wood gra91 porosity1 qualities1 & hue ( ! wood1 all influ5ce ! f9al value ( ! /a94 ,x frequ5tly becomes d>k] 9 value z may be se5 by comp>+ ,figure #def & ,figures #deh to #dfa4 ,x is good policy to te/ ! /a9 ^u diff]5t woods to obs]ve ! f9al effect4 ,! te/s may be kept = future ref]5ce4 ,x is readily se5 f ! few examples 9 ,figure #def t1 ) ! ?ree basic /a9s1 almo/ any o!r /a9s may be produc$1 ?us af=d+ a broad field = h>moni\s selection & adaptation to ! environm5t4 ,! next *apt]s w take up ! "q ( color h>mony & its application to wood1 wall surfaces1 clay1 & metal4 ,,sugge/$ ,,problems ,see p>agraph ^u ,te*nical ,practice 9 ?is *apt]1 page #aih4 ,,review ,,que/ions #a4 ,:at pigm5ts are be/ adapt$ to r5d]+ design problems8 ,:at pigm5ts are p>ticul>ly adapt$ to ! r5d]+ ( wood /a9s8 ,h[ %\ld ea* be appli$8 #b4 ,:at are /&>d hues8 ,:y d we ne$ /&>ds ( hue8 #c4 ,def9e ! t]m values4 #d4 ,:at are t9ts & %ades8 #e4 ,def9e fully ! t]m *roma4 #f4 ,b\nd ! hue rectangle & trace ! value & *roma *anges occurr+ on its v]tical & horizontal l9es4 #g4 ,locate 9 its prop] hue rectangle 7,figure #dee7 ! foll[+ hues3 ,,oy #c_/d;,,hd2 ,,yg #a_/b,,ll2 ,,rv #c_/d,m2 ,,yl4 #h4 ,"n ! ?ree prim>y hues4 ,h[ may an approximate scale ( twelve hues be prep>$ f !m8 #i4 ,"n ! ?ree basic anil9e wood dyes & give _! relation to ! ?ree prim>y hues4 ,:at is ! practical use ( nigros5e 9 /a9 mix+8 #aj4 ,give ! symbol & expla9 ! me?od ( mix+ ,flemi% oak wood /a94 ,"n & expla9 ! me?od ( mix+ two o!rs4 #aa4 ,h[ does its application to wood effect ! color & value ( anil9e /a98 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #fd ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,color ,,& ,,its ,,relation ,,to ,,indu/rial ,,arts ,,design ,,l>ge ,,surfaces ,,( ,,wood2 ,,wall ,,& ,,ceil+ ,,areas ,sid5ote3 ,color ,h>mony ,9 ! prec$+ *apt]1 ! classification & /&>dization ( color 7 emphasiz$ z prelim9>y to ! /udy ( color h>mony4 ,color h>mony is obta9$ by ! prop] balanc+ ( value1 hue1 & *roma ^u a surface or surfaces to give a pleas+ reaction to ! eye1 & ?r\gh ! eye to ! intellect4 ,we are n[ ready to famili>ize ourselves ) ! specific applications ( ^! factors to practical design problems4 ,too _m pieces ( furniture are /a9$ ) no ?\ght z to ! f9al adaptation 9 ! s*ool or home4 ,?is is n wise1 ei!r f ! /&po9t ( a complete educative process or ( good ta/e4 ,figures #deh1 #dei1 #dfj1 #dfa1 %[ /a9s ( ,plate #fd appli$ to wood4 ,two new /a9s h be5 add$1 sage gre5 & silv] gray4 ,^! six /a9s are repres5tative ones & act z a typical data = /udy ( color h>mony4 ,,furniture--,,trim--,,side ,,walls--,,ceil+s ,sid5ote3 ,backgr\nds ,! side walls ( a room =m ! backgr\nd = furniture2 trim1 wall brackets1 & simil>ly relat$ objects2 !re=e ! close/ relation & h>mony %\ld be ma9ta9$ betwe5 !m4 ,sid5ote3 ,value ,range ( ,wood ,/a9s ,! wood /a9s #c1 #f1 #i1 #ab1 #ae1 & #ah1 ,plate #fe1 z !y appe> on v>i\s k9ds ( wood are1 9 "p1 duplicates ( ! unappli$ /a9s ( ,plate #fd1 ,figure #def4 ,! effect ( ! wood has *ang$ _! values & 9 "s in/ances _! color z c be se5 by comp>+ ! two plates4 ,_! new relations h be5 plott$ on ! hue rectangles ( ,figure #deg1 ,plate #fe1 & ! results jo9$ by a dott$ l9e4 ,! circles 9 ! diagrams conta9 cross ref]5ce figures 9 ord] t ! /a9s may be trac$ )\t difficulty4 ,! highe/ value is ne> middle 7#ah71 & ! l[e/ is l[ d>k 7#f71 %[+ a value range ( f\r /eps4 ,sid5ote3 ,value ,range ( ,side ,walls ,! side walls1 tak5 f well-kn[n wall t9t catalogs h be5 simil>ly plott$ 9 ,figure #deg1 & ! results jo9$ toge!r by a heavy black l9e4 ,! lighte/ value is light 7#aa71 & ! d>ke/ is middle value 7#ad71 an av]age range ( ?ree /eps slightly above middle value4 ,sid5ote3 ,value ,range ( ,ceil+s ,ceil+s are ! lighte/ ( ! surfaces consid]$4 ,_! range is f slightly bel[ :ite 7#aj71 to light 7#af71 a range ( two values4 ,f ! results1 z plott$ 9 ,figure #deg1 x is se5 t !re is a t5d5cy to keep ! ceil+s )9 a close range ( values4 ,! results h be5 jo9$ toge!r by means ( a d\ble black l9e4 ,!re are exceptions to ^! results1 b x is q safe to keep well )9 ! sugge/$ range = h>moni\s results4 ,we may n[ draw ! foll[+ rules z a result ( an empirical me?od ( d$uction4 ,rule #ab;a4 ,an av]age wood /a9 is to be reta9$ betwe5 ! values middle & l[ d>k4 ,rule #ab;b4 ,an av]age wall hue is to be reta9$ betwe5 ! values light & middle4 ,rule #ab;c4 ,an av]age ceil+ hue is to be reta9$ betwe5 ! values :ite 7m9us7 & light4 ,sid5ote3 ,value ,range ( ,side ,walls & ,wood ,"w ,av]ag+ ! value range betwe5 ! wood "w :i* includes ! furniture1 trim1 & ! side walls ( ,figures #deh1 #dei1 #dfj1 #dfa1 #dfb1 & #dfc1 we f9d t ! range v>ies f five values 9 ,figures #dei to slightly m ?an "o 9 ,figure #dfc4 ,z ! side walls & furniture are to be reg>d$ z unobtrusive sett+s = pictures & p x is well to be v cons]vative ) ! use ( values4 ,a wide range ( values w cause a lack ( unity4 ,9 ?is respect ,figure #dei may be reg>d$ z approa*+ ! extreme limit ( contra/s ( value compatible ) good ta/e4 ,let u1 !re=e1 limit ! value range to f\r values1 z1 = example3 l[ light = side walls & d>k = /a94 ,rule #ab;d4 ,! relation betwe5 ! side walls & furniture1 trim1 etc41 %\ld be reta9$ )9 ! range ( f\r values or less1 z l[ light & d>k4 ,sid5ote3 ,value ,range ( ,side ,walls & ,ceil+s ,! ceil+ & side walls 9 ,figure #dei are f\r values ap>t & 9 ,figure #dfc ?is has be5 r$uc$ to a "o-value /ep4 ,!re seems to be a common av]age ( ?ree values z an acceptable & agreeable contra/4 ,= d>k rooms ?is w\ld well be increas$4 ,= rooms ) light side walls ! contra/ w\ld be consid]ably less5$4 ,rule #ab;e4 ,! relation betwe5 side walls & ceil+ %\ld be )9 ! range ( ?ree values or less1 z high light & l[ light4 ,,hue ,,gr\p+s ,sid5ote3 ,hue ,range = ,wood ,"w & ,walls ,a wood /a9 %\ld be closely relat$ to ! natural color ( ! wood4 ,z ?is is usually a w>m color we naturally f9d mo/ ( ! wood /a9s includ$ betwe5 ! r$ & ! yell[ hue rectangles1 inclusive ( r$ & yell[ gre54 ,walnut !n may be /a9$ a deep %ade ( orange or r$1 b w\ld n be adapt$ to a blue gre5 /a94 ,?is arbitr>y b wide range ( hues ( /a9$ wood naturally affects ! hue ( ! side walls4 ,! plott+ ( ! hues = ! side walls1 ,figure #deg1 %[s a close relation to ! hues ( ! /a9 to ! wall4 ,9 no in/ance d we f9d ! hue rectangle ( ! wood "w m ?an ?ree hues away f t ( ! walls4 ,9 f\r in/ances !y are )9 two hue rectangles ( ea* o!r & 9 "o in/ance !y are bo? )9 ! same rectangle4 ,?is develops ! fact t analog\s or neighbor+ gr\p+s ( hues prevail 9 relat+ ! hues ( wood "w & side walls4 ,sid5ote3 ,analog\s ,hues ,an analog\s gr\p ( hues is an arrangem5t bas$ ^u a selection ( t9ts & %ades )9 ?ree rectangles ( ea* o!r1 z orange & yell[4 ,^! h>monize because yell[ is mix$ ) & becomes a hue common to bo?4 ,:ile ! analog\s arrangem5t ( hues seems to be mo/ commonly us$1 & ) a result t seems to ju/ify its adoption into g5]al practice1 !re are o!r arrangem5ts t are pleas+ to ! eye4 ,sid5ote3 ,contra/$ ,hues ,figure #deh illu/rates :at is commonly kn[n z a contra/$ gr\p+ or arrangem5t ( hues4 ,x consi/s ( ! t9ts or %ades ( "o or m hues & gray4 ,x is ! basis ( color h>mony betwe5 silv] & semi-preci\s /ones4 ,if two hues are us$1 "o ( !m %\ld be r$uc$ 9 *roma to ne>ly gray4 ,sid5ote3 ,dom9ant ,hue ,figure #dfc is typical ( /ill ano!r =m ( positive hue gr\p+4 ,by consult+ ! yell[ hue rectangle ( ,figure #deg x is not$ t ! wood "w1 side walls1 & ceil+ ( ,figure #dfc are all conta9$ 9 "o rectangle4 ,?is classes ?is color s*eme z an example ( dom9ant arrangem5t :i* may be simply def9$ z ! t9ts & %ades ( "o hue4 ,! arrangem5t does n h ! v>iety suppli$ by analog\s gr\p+1 introduc+ z x does1 two hues f diff]5t rectangles1 b = l>ge surfaces dom9ant gr\p+ is a cons]vative & safe arrangem5t4 ,its t5d5cy t[>d monotony %\ld be gu>d$ aga9/ by ! introduction ( "s object high 9 *roma 9 ! room decorative s*eme4 ,a bright color$ vase w accompli% ?is successfully4 ,rule #abo1 ,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,rule #ab;f4 ,color s*emes = wood "w & side walls %\ld pref]ably be select$ f "o ( ! foll[+ gr\p+s3 analog\s1 contra/$1 or dom9ant arrangem5ts ( hues4 ,analog\s gr\p+ is pref]able :]e v>iety ( hue is desirable4 ,sid5ote3 ,special ,arrangem5ts ,! above rule is n to be tak5 z arbitr>y4 ,9 ! h&s ( compet5t design]s attractive color s*emes are develop$ t diff] mat]ially f ! above sugge/ions4 ,b1 = ! usual home sett+1 ! above arrangem5t may be reg>d$ z satisfactory1 & is giv5 ) ! idea ( br++ ! s*ool %op "w & ! home environm5t into clos] color h>mony4 ,a specim5 ( special arrangem5t is giv5 by ! ,circle #c;,a4 ,?is is delft blue1 :i* h>monizes ) d>k mahogany 9 a satisfactory mann]4 ,sid5ote3 ,hue ,range = ,side ,walls & ,ceil+s ,9 adju/+ ! hues = side walls & ceil+s1 ! relations %\ld be ( ! close/4 ,! plott+ ( ceil+ hues 9 ,figure #deg %[s a /rong t5d5cy = ! ceil+ to be color$ ) a t9t ( ! side walls 7dom9ant arrangem5t71 or by a t9t select$ f ! next rectangle 7analog\s arrangem5t74 ,yell[ or yell[-gre51 v light & mu* r$uc$ 9 *roma1 seems to be ! almo/ univ]sal cu/om4 ,?is is due to ! /rongly light reflect+ qualities ( yell[4 ,rule #ab;g4 ,ceil+s %\ld be color$ by a light] t9t ( ! side walls or by a light] t9t ( an analog\s hue4 ,sid5ote3 ,range ( ,*roma = ,/a9s ,/a9s1 z !y occupy a comp>atively limit$ area 9 ! room color s*eme1 are ( _! full *roma value or r$uc$ to ?ree-f\r?s *roma4 ,9 only "o in/ance 7#ah71 ,figure #dfc1 d we f9d a r$uction to "o-f\r? *roma1 dem&$ by ! ne>ly gray color s*eme ( ! walls4 ,we f9d x to be an e/abli%$ fact t small areas are capable ( enri*m5t by colors ( great] purity & high] *roma ?an l>g] surfaces4 ,a silv] p9 may be design$ to conta9 a /one ( high brilliancy1 b a wall surface has to be mat]ially r$uc$ 9 *roma to possess color h>mony4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #fe ,sid5ote3 ,range ( ,*roma = ,/a9 ,rule #ab;h4 ,/a9s are usually n r$uc$ to bel[ ?ree-f\r?s *romatic int5sity4 ,ne>ly gray side walls1 h[ev]1 call = a r$uction to "o-f\r? int5sity4 ,sid5ote3 ,range ( ,*roma = ,walls ,z ! walls occupy a l>ge proportionate area ( ! color s*eme ( ! room we f9d x necess>y to r$uce !m 9 *roma 9 ord] to s(t5 ! gl>e ( too brilliant colors4 ,figure #deg %[s only "o in/ance 7#ad7 ( a hue unr$uc$ 9 *roma4 ,x is reta9$ at ! full *roma = t value on acc\nt ( ! brightness ( ! sage gre5 wood /a94 ,! o!r hues repres5t$ 9 ! diagram are gray$ or r$uc$ 9 *roma f ?ree-f\r?s to less ?an "o-f\r?1 or to ne>ly neutral gray4 ,rule #ab;i4 ,wall colors are usually r$uc$ to ?ree-f\r?s *roma to a m9imum r$uction ( slightly less ?an "o-f\r? *roma4 ,sid5ote3 ,range ( ,*roma = ,ceil+s ,! same t5d5cy t[>d *romatic r$uction is to be se5 9 ceil+s1 al?\gh we h two examples 9 ,figure #deg 7#aj & #ac7 ( ne>ly :ite & high light ceil+s t h n be5 r$uc$4 ,to avoid crudity a r$uction 9 *roma by ! addition ( gray is to be desir$4 ,rule #ab;j4 ,ceil+s %\ld usually be r$uc$ 9 *roma to ?ree-f\r?s int5sity ) slightly less ?an "o-f\r? *roma z a m9imum r$uction4 ,sid5ote3 ,summ>y ,) a s+le exception 7#c;,a71 ! /a9s & wall t9ts h be5 select$ betwe5 & includ+ ! r$ & gre5 rectangles4 ,?is is cu/om>y & gives safe hue range z x insures ! ret5tion ( wall & ceil+ hues 9 unifi$ con=mity ) ! w>m t9ts ( ! natural wood & its equally d>k hu$ /a9s4 ,sid5ote3 ,wall & ,ceil+ ,pigm5ts ,! foll[+ is a li/ ( dry colors :i* may be pur*as$ at a pa9t or h>dw>e /ore = a few c5ts a p\nd4 ,x is sugge/$ = ! design] or craftsman :o desires to t9t 8 own wall or ceil+4 ,:ile oil pa9t is to be pref]r$1 ^! colors are readily & quickly appli$ & =m s]viceable backgr\nds4 ,sid5ote3 ,calcim9e ,! pigm5ts are :ite1 yell[ o*re1 *rome yell[ light1 *rome yell[ m$ium1 & *rome yell[ d>k1 burnt & raw si5na1 turkey & raw umb]1 ultram>9e & ivory black4 ,! gre5s are pref]ably mix$ by add+ ultram>9e to "o ( ! *romes4 ,%ades are =m$ by ! addition ( ! si5nas1 umb]s1 or black4 ,black & :ite1 mix$ to a gray1 are useful 9 r$uc+ ! *roma ( a hue4 ,! /a9s %\ld be mix$ ) hot wat] & a small am\nt ( glue = a b9d]4 ,:ite occasionally comes prep>$ ) glue 9 its composition4 ,sid5ote3 ,opaque ,wood ,f9i%es ,:ile ?is *apt] has emphasiz$ ! transp>5t f9i% = wood treatm5t1 z a me?od be/ fitt$ = woods ) a di/9ct gra91 x is realiz$ t oil pa9t+ ( wood surfaces has a di/9ct & important "p to play 9 ! int]ior decorative s*eme ( a room4 ,?is latt] me?od is adapt$ to s(t woods )\t a /rongly m>k$ gra9$ surface4 ,! w>m hu$ rectangle ( ! spectrum3 r$1 orange1 & yell[ ) _! associat$ hues1 :i* are s intimately connect$ ) ! natural wood colors & _! /a9s1 no long] /& z a limit+ factor 9 controll+ ! color ( ! wood or ! side walls4 ,! opaque nature ( oil pa9ts all[s u to disreg>d ! color ( ! wood1 & ?us select any hue ( oil pa9t :i* h>monizes ) ! walls & decorative s*eme ( ! room4 ,! rules /at$ h]e9 are equally applicable to opaque colors4 ,x may be necess>y to r$uce oil pa9ts 9 *roma beyond ! po9t indicat$ 9 ,rule #ab;h4 ,:ile x is n )9 ! scope ( ?is *apt] to ent] into a complete discussion ( ! subject ( int]ior decoration1 ! foll[+ sugge/ions are consid]$ z apply+ to our subject3 viz41 ! surface enri*m5t ( l>ge areas4 ,complete color h>mony 9 int]ior decoration g5]ally dem&s ! pres5ce ( ! ?ree s-call$ prim>y hues3 r$1 yell[1 & blue1 9 "s =m 9 ! wall color s*eme4 ,:ile ?is is n always possible1 two may be introduc$ z foll[s4 ,sid5ote3 ,nor!rn ,exposure ,! light f ! nor?1 nor!a/1 or nor?we/ is cold blue1 supply+ blue 9 ! decorative s*eme ( ?ree prim>y colors3 blue1 r$1 & yell[4 ,! wall t9ts %\ld !n be compos$ ( comb9ations ( r$ & yell[1 ! rema9+ prim>ies4 ,^! may be appli$ to ! walls by means ( t9ts ( yell[ & orange r$uc$ 9 *roma1 or %ades ( orange & orange-r$4 ,no gre5s or blues %\ld be us$4 ,sid5ote3 ,s\!rn ,exposure ,! light f ! s\?1 s\!a/1 & s\?we/ supplies pl5ty ( yell[4 ,x is1 !n1 necess>y to add ! rema9+ prim>ies or at lea/ "o ( !m 9 ! =m ( gray-blue1 orange1 or orange-yell[1 r$uc$ to "o-f\r? *roma & practically to neutrality or grayi%-r$s & gre5s1 well r$uc$ 9 *roma4 ,any hue /rongly yell[ %\ld be avoid$4 ,sid5ote3 ,effects ( ,hue ^u ,app>5t ,size ,c]ta9 hues mat]ially affect ! app>5t size ( a room4 ,if ! room is small c]ta9 values & hues w make x appe> mu* small]4 ,d>k values1 z a rule1 make ! room look small] by seem+ly draw+ ! walls clos] toge!r4 ,r$ contracts ! app>5t size ( a room1 :ile yell[ & blue exp& x4 ,gre5 & %ades ( yell[ & r$-orange1 if n too d>k1 h little effect ^u ! app>5t size ( a room4 ,,summ>y ,,( ,,design ,,/eps 7a7 ,det]m9e1 by its exposure1 ! k9d ( light ! room receives4 7b7 ,*oose a hue = ! walls embody+ "o or bo? ( ! prim>y hues n repres5t$ by ?is daylight4 7c7 ,select a value & *roma = ?is hue 9 accordance ) ,rules #ab;b & #ab;i4 7d7 ,select a hue1 value1 & *roma = ! ceil+ 9 accordance ) ,rules #ab;g1 #ab;e1 & #ab;j4 7e7 ,select ! correct hue1 value1 & *roma = pa9t or /a9 = ! wood "w 9 accordance ) ,rules #ab;f1 #ab;a1 & #ab;h4 ,,sugge/$ ,,problems ,develop ! color s*eme = ! walls1 ceil+1 & wood "w ( a room ) a nor!rn exposure2 s\!rn exposure4 ,mix ! /a9 = a piece ( oak to h>monize ) ! wood "w & walls ( ! liv+ room ( y\r home4 ,det]m9e ! wall t9ts to h>monize ) d>k wea!r$ oak4 ,mix !m f dry colors4 ,,summ>y ,,( ,,rules ,rule #ab;a4 ,an av]age wood /a9 is to be reta9$ betwe5 ! values middle & l[ d>k4 ,rule #ab;b4 ,an av]age wall hue is to be reta9$ betwe5 ! values light & middle4 ,rule #ab;c4 ,an av]age ceil+ hue is to be reta9$ betwe5 ! values :ite 7m9us7 & light4 ,rule #ab;d4 ,! relation betwe5 ! side walls & furniture1 trim1 etc41 %\ld be reta9$ )9 ! range ( f\r values or less1 z l[ light & d>k4 ,rule #ab;e4 ,! relation betwe5 ! side walls & ceil+ %\ld be )9 ! range ( ?ree values or less1 z high light & l[ light4 ,rule #ab;f4 ,color s*emes = wood "w & side walls %\ld pref]ably be select$ f "o ( ! foll[+ gr\p+s3 analog\s1 contra/$1 or dom9ant arrangem5ts ( hues4 ,analog\s gr\p+ is pref]able :]e v>iety ( hue is desirable4 ,rule #ab;g4 ,ceil+s %\ld be color$ by a light] t9t ( ! side walls or by a light] t9t ( an analog\s hue4 ,rule #ab;h4 ,/a9s are usually n r$uc$ to bel[ ?ree-f\r?s *romatic int5sity4 ,ne>ly gray side walls1 h[ev]1 call = a r$uction to "o-f\r? int5sity4 ,rule #ab;i4 ,wall colors are usually r$uc$ to ?ree-f\r?s *roma to a m9imum r$uction ( slightly less ?an "o-f\r? *roma4 ,rule #ab;j4 ,ceil+s %\ld usually be r$uc$ 9 *roma to ?ree-f\r?s int5sity1 ) slightly less ?an "o-f\r? *roma z a m9imum r$uction4 ,,review ,,que/ions #a4 ,:at %\ld we h 9 m9d :5 /a9+ furniture = ! home8 #b4 ,:y are ! side walls important :5 consid]+ ! color s*eme ( a room8 #c4 ,give ! value range = ! av]age wood /a9s1 side walls1 & ceil+4 #d4 ,/ate ! value range to include wood "w1 furniture1 trim1 & side walls4 #e4 ,/ate ! value range t includes side walls & ceil+s4 #f4 ,give ! hue range = wood "w & side walls4 #g4 ,expla9 ! analog\s1 contra/$1 & dom9ant gr\p+s ( hues & "n two examples ( ea*4 #h4 ,give ! hue range = side walls & ceil+s4 ,"n sev]al good comb9ations4 #i4 ,give range ( *roma = wood "w1 side walls1 & ceil+4 ,expla9 ! reasons = ea* *ange ( *roma4 #aj4 ,:at exp]i5ce h y _h 9 mix+ calcim9e = wall decoration8 #aa4 ,discuss opaque f9i%es = wood4 #ab4 ,give ! hues = rooms ) nor!rn & s\!rn exposures4 ,:y8 #ac4 ,/ate ! effect ( hues ^u ! app>5t size ( a room4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,,color ,,& ,,its ,,relation ,,to ,,indu/rial ,,arts ,,design ,,small ,,surfaces ,,9 ,,clay ,,& ,,metal ,be=e proce$+ to ! discussion ( ! application ( color to clay x becomes necess>y to det]m9e :at te*nical possibilities are pres5t$4 ,sid5ote3 ,color ,appli$ to ! ,surface ,enri*m5t ( ,clay ,pla9 glaz+ ( ! entire surface is a common =m ( pott]y enri*m5t4 ,a piece ( w>e1 ?us glaz$1 may become a po9t ( conc5tration 9 ! color arrangem5t ( a room1 & %\ld be def9itely locat$ 9 t arrangem5t4 ,! w>e may h>monize ) ! backgr\nd 7side wall7 by analogy1 dom9ance1 or contra/ or ?r\gh complem5t>y color+4 ,rule #abo4 ,a glaze f ! diagram 9 ,figure #dfd %\ld be select$ z =m+ a "p 9 ! select$ arrangem5t4 ,side wall 7#aa71 ,figure #deg1 w\ld h>monize ) glaze ,c#i by virtue ( its dom9ant relation or ) ,m#g ?r\gh analogy4 ,! glaze select$ %\ld be high] 9 *roma ?an ! side wall & w be f\nd to =m a *e]ful & brilliant elem5t 9 ! room color s*eme4 ,! def9ite l9k+ ( ^! diff]5t factors ( int]ior decoration into unity has be5 e>ne/ly advocat$ 9 ^! *apt]s4 ,figures #deg & #dfd %[ ! possibilities ( cross ref]5ces4 ,sid5ote3 ,/a9s = ,glazes ,x soon becomes app>5t because ( ! color+ ( clay w>e t ! design] mu/ "k some?+ ( ! color possibilities ( glaz$ pott]y =ms4 ,! decorative processes 7 expla9$ at "s l5g? 9 ,*apt] ,,xii1 :]e9 we describ$ ! common types ( surface enri*m5t4 ,z we are n[ prim>ily consid]+ ! "q ( color1 we fir/ reg>d ! w>e z uni=mly glaz$ ) ei!r cle> or matt glaze4 ,! =m] is brilliant1 ( high *roma1 & has a highly poli%$ surface1 :ile ! latt] is dull surfac$ glaze ( l[] *roma4 ,sid5ote3 ,metallic ,oxides ,metallic oxides are us$ to /a9 or color cle> glazes1 :ile und]glaze colors are ord9>ily us$ = matts4 ,! p]c5tage ( /a9s to be add$ to ! dry glazes is /at$ 9 ,figure #dfd :]e !y c be readily trac$ to _! approximate locations 9 ! hue rectangles by ! ref]5ce lett]s ,m#a1 ,c#a1 etc4 ,c]ta9 oxides are weak color+ ag5ts & require l>g] am\nts ( oxide to color ! glaze p]ceptibly4 ,iron & copp] oxide may be mix$ to produce a l>ge v>iety ( yell[ gre5s2 o!r comb9ations w sugge/ !mselves4 ,x is possible to use oxides z well z und]glaze colors = /a9+ matt glazes4 ,sid5ote3 ,h>mony ( ,color ,we h1 to ?is po9t1 consid]$ ! enri*m5t ( l>ge surfaces ^: areas 7 arbitr>ily det]m9$ by con/ruction1 z1 = example1 ! ext5t ( wall surface1 ceil+1 or wood trim & furniture4 ,! ess5tial elem5t 9 ?is type ( problem is ! selection ( a "o1 two1 or ?ree-hu$ color arrangem5t t w\ld h>moni\sly l9k ceil+1 wall1 & wood toge!r4 ,if we _h introduc$ /5cill+ or figur$ wall pap] x w\ld h imm$iately call$ = ! solution ( ano!r problem1 ! factor ( h[ mu* /rong color to use4 ,9 o!r words1 x w\ld h introduc$ ! "q ( proportionate di/ribution ( color ^u a giv5 area4 ,x 0 ?\ght be/ to limit ! subject ( proportionate di/ribution to small areas1 :]e ! design] is (t5 =c$ to make decisions & to divide surfaces into proportionate color p>ts = 8 surface enri*m5t4 ,we may n[ repeat ! def9ition ( h>mony ) ! acc5tuation plac$ ^u a c]ta9 word+ directly applicable to small surfaces4 ,h>mony is obta9$ by ! prop] balanc+ & proportionate di/ribution ( value1 hue1 & *roma ^u a surface to give a unifi$ & pleas+ reaction to ! eye & intellect4 ,sid5ote3 ,proportionate ,di/ribution ( ,color = ,small ,areas ,rule #abk4 ,proportionate di/ribution ( hue1 value1 & *roma 9 surface enri*m5t calls = a small area1 high 9 *roma1 & contra/+ 9 value to ! re/ ( ! surface b h>moniz+ ) x4 ,?is is usually locat$ 9 ! area ( conc5tration4 ,! l>g] areas are to be suffici5tly r$uc$ 9 *roma & value to =m a slight contra/ ) ! backgr\nd4 ,sid5ote3 ,examples ( ,proportionate ,di/ribution ,figure #dfe illu/rates "s ( ! sali5t factors ( di/ribution ( values & hues4 ,hues ( or ne> /&>d *romatic int5sity %\ld be us$ 9 small quantities & %\ld acc5tuate ! po9t ( conc5tration4 ,^! small areas are to be reg>d$ z giv+ brilliancy & life to ! surface & to hold ! eye at ! po9t ( conc5tration4 ,v small surfaces are capable ( su/a9+ spots ( high *roma1 z is %[n 9 ! silv] p9 ( ,figure #dfh4 ,! rema9+ portions ( ! surface enri*m5t %\ld be kept subord9at$ 9 hue & value to ! po9t ( conc5tration1 b relat$ to x4 ,! b&s ( ,figure #dfe are well r$uc$ 9 value & make little contra/ ) ! backgr\nd1 ?us =m+ true surface enri*m5t or t :i* nei!r rises above or app>5tly falls ?r\gh ! surface4 ,! po9t ( conc5tration is high] 9 *roma ?an ! surr\nd+ areas4 ,rule #abl4 ,"o hue1 or a gr\p ( analog\s hues %\ld dom9ate all color s*emes4 ,! po9t ( conc5tration may be emphasiz$ by "o hue relat$ to ! o!r hues by 7#a7 contra/$1 7#b7 dom9ant1 7#c7 analog\s1 7#d7 complem5t>y relations4 ,?is hue %\ld make slightly /rong] value & *roma contra/ ?an ! rema9+ hues4 ,rule #abm4 ,an extreme range ( five values is g5]ally suffici5t to supply contra/ to a design b /ill reta9 its value unity4 ,re/ra9t 9 ! use ( values is ess5tial4 ,rule #abn4 ,! am\nt ( *roma may be increas$ 9 proportion to ! decrease 9 ! decorat$ area4 ,exceptions may be made to ?is "u ,rule #abo4 ,sid5ote3 ,value & ,hue & ,*roma ,range = ,small ,areas ,9 ! vase1 ,figure #dfd;,a1 ! design] select$ hues f neighbor+ or analog\s rectangles gre5 & blue-gre54 ,! value range is re/rict$ to f\r /eps & ! areas ( conc5tration are plac$ at ! top ( ! vase by ! /rong] value & hue contra/s ( ! foliage ( ! trees & d>k blue rim4 ,9 bo? ,figures1 #dfd;,a & #dfe1 ! design] has us$ analog\s hue arrangem5ts4 ,?is is sugge/$ to ! beg9n] z s]viceable = objects exce$+ ! dim5sions ( jewelry & includes su* problems z vase =ms1 book /alls1 & brackets4 ,contra/$ & dom9ant arrangem5ts are also good1 safe1 & s\nd arrangem5ts1 b fail to give ! v>iety ( color to small objects af=d$ by analog\s gr\p+4 ,at a lat] po9t 9 ?is *apt] ! subject ( complem5t>y color+ w sugge/ a new arrangem5t to ! read]1 b ?is s*eme is to be left until he has suffici5tly ma/]$ ! possibilities ( ! arrangem5ts j indicat$4 ,five values =m a safe value range = small objects4 ,x is good practice to keep ! l>g] areas1 includ+ ! backgr\nd1 )9 ?ree /eps ( ea* o!r & to all[ ! po9t ( conc5tration to =m ! /ronge/ value contra/4 ,sid5ote3 ,ov] ,r$uction 9 ,*roma ,! *roma may range f full to ?ree-qu>t]s int5sity4 ,r$uction to "o-half or "o-f\r? int5sity is incl9$ to make a small object appe> wa%$ out or *alky4 ,%ades1 at _! full int5sity1 are good colors to use = small surfaces 9 wood4 ,small enamel$ objects may be develop$ 9 full *roma1 :ile pott]y =ms range f full *roma to "o-half *roma 9 =ms ( slip & und]glaze pa9t+4 ,sid5ote3 ,color ,appli$ to ! ,surface ,enri*m5t ( ,metal ,x is int]e/+ to note ! gradually increas+ *roma p]c5tage ( ! diff]5t color+ m$ia 9 direct proportion to ! r$uction ( ! area ( ! surface to be enri*$4 ,by comp>+ ! diagrams ( ,figures #dfd & #deg x w be se5 t !re is a /eady movem5t t[>d ! left sides ( ! hue rectangles or t[>d /rong] int5sity4 ,! wall areas are %[n to be l[e/ 9 *roma1 foll[$ by ! increas+ int5sity ( wood /a9s1 glazes1 & enamels4 ,sid5ote3 ,enamels ,enamels1 commonly us$ to enri* metal surfaces1 are highe/ 9 *roma ( ! decorative mat]ials "u discussion & are to be treat$ ) ne>ly z mu* re/ra9t z "o w\ld use 9 enri*+ a surface ) semi-preci\s /ones1 = /rong hues are *eap5$ by excessive use4 ,! plate 9 ,figure #dcf has small circles fill$ ) enamel & a l>ge field ( *as$ or uncolor$ design4 ,sid5ote3 ,transp>5t ,enamels ,transp>5t enamels are comp>able to cle> glazes & ! color+ m$ium is ! same4 ,_! prep>ation is difficult & !re=e trade names h be5 giv5 9 ! table ( ,figure #dfd4 ,z w be se5 by consult+ ! diagram ( ,figure #dfd1 ,t#a1 ,t#b1 ,t#c1 etc41 !y are all at _! full value int5sity4 ,enamels1 z suppli$ by ! trade1 are mu* too int5se = use 9 enri*m5t & consequ5tly are appli$ ov] a coat+ ( colorless cle> enamel1 te*nically nam$ flux or fondant4 ,z ! ?ickness ( coat+ ( enamel may v>y1 ! hue classification is to be reg>d$ z approximate4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ff ,sid5ote3 ,opaque ,enamels ,opaque enamels may be comp>$ ) matt glazes1 =1 :ile ! texture ( ! surface has a di/9ct gloss1 ! enamels !mselves are n s /rong 9 hue z ! transp>5t enamels4 ,by ref]r+ to ! diagram ( ,figure #dfd1 x may be se5 t _m ( ! opaque enamels are r$uc$ 9 *roma1 ?us acc\nt+ = _! s(t5$ hue4 ,sid5ote3 ,oxidation ,metals are capable ( consid]able *ange ( color by ! application ( *emicals to ! surface4 ,potassium sulphuret w l[] ! surface value ( silv] or copp] to a ri* velvety black associat$ ) antiques4 ,?is may be remov$ 9 places naturally subject$ to we>1 ?us v>y+ ! dead black appe>ance4 ,copp] & brass may be coat$ ) salt & v9eg> or v]digris to give ! surface a corrod$ & gre5i% appe>ance4 ,heat+ is a fugitive me?od ( color+ & is1 !re=e1 n consid]$4 ,sid5ote3 ,h>mony ?r\gh ,oxidation ,^! surface *anges may be utiliz$ to h>monize metal & its environm5t1 z1 = example1 copp] trimm+s & a %ade = a pott]y lamp2 or x may be us$ to r$uce ! brightness ( ! natural copp] surface4 ,! surfaces ( metals may be *ang$ ) actual manipulation ( ! surface by fro/+ or s&+ & plat+4 ,gold may be readily plat$ ) gold to br+ x into clos] h>mony ) ! /one4 ,plat+1 appli$ to base metals1 m]ely to give ! impression ( a m exp5sive metal1 is to be disc\rag$4 ,sid5ote3 ,metal ,backgr\nds ,"o has to consid] metal z a backgr\nd 9 mu* ! same mann] z we consid]$ wall surfaces z a backgr\nd = /a9$ furniture4 ,:atev] color is appli$ to ! surface mu/ h>monize 9 proportionate di/ribution z well z hue1 value1 & *roma4 ,we h a small am\nt ( leeway = v>y+ ! backgr\nd by ! diff]5t processes ( oxidation & plat+4 ,sid5ote3 ,enamel on a ,copp] ,backgr\nd ,z "o ( ! m common processes1 let u consid] ! application ( enamel to copp] 9 ! =m ( *ampleve enri*m5t4 ,our fir/ ?\ght w\ld be ! analysis ( ! natural copp] color4 ,x is f\nd to be a %ade ( orange-r$ & w1 !re=e1 readily h>monize ) ! analog\s oranges & r$s1 z !y bo? h ! common hue ( r$4 ,!re %\ld be a slight contra/ ( value betwe5 ^! enamels & ! backgr\nd4 ,if ?is contra/ is n pres5t1 x is well to oxidize slightly ! copp] to l[] its value & ?us produce ! contra/4 ,sid5ote3 ,complem5t>y ,arrangem5t ,! f\r? h>moni\s hue comb9ation1 t ( complem5t>y arrangem5t or gr\p+1 has be5 left to ! la/ z its use is m closely associat$ ) small multi-color$ projects & small areas4 ,a hue approximately complem5t>y to ! initial hue is f\nd by c\nt+ sev5 rectangles to ! "r or left ( t hue2 ?is w give ! hue complem5t>y to ! initial hue4 ,?us1 />t+ ) r$ & mov+ ?r\gh sev5 rectangles t[>d ! "r1 we f9d ! complem5t to be gre54 ,any two hues s select$ w be f\nd to enhance ! brilliancy ( ea* o!r4 ,! be/ results are secur$ :5 "o hue dom9ates ! color s*eme by its increas$ area4 ,pott]y may be adapt$ to a complem5t>y color s*eme by ,rule #ab;i4 ,rule #abo4 ,small "o or two-hu$ projects 9 clay1 design$ to be us$ z a "p ( ! decorative color s*eme = a room %\ld be> a contra/$1 dom9ant1 analog\s1 or complem5t>y relation to ! side walls ( ! room4 ,! project may be mu* high] 9 *roma ?an ! side walls4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,relation ( ,color$ ,glazes to ,int]ior ,decoration ( a ,room ,to f9d a glaze t w h>monize ) ! side walls ( a room by complem5t>y arrangem5t ( hues1 select ! desir$ wall t9t f ! diagram 9 ,figure #deg4 ,f9d ! simil> hue rectangle 9 ! diagram ( ,figure #dfd &1 />t+ ) ?is rectangle z "o1 c\nt sev5 hues f ! side wall rectangle 9 ei!r direction4 ,9 ! sev5? rectangle or 9 a neighbor+ "o w usually be f\nd a numb] ( glazes answ]+ ! requirem5ts & be>+ a complem5t>y relation to ! side walls4 ,select a glaze f ^! t w make a contra/ ( *roma or value ) ! side wall4 ,example3 backgr\nd or side wall1 ,figure #deg1 ,no4 #h1 is 9 ! orange yell[ rectangle4 ,c\nt+ sev5 f ?is 9 ,figure #dfd we f9d ! complem5t to be blue violet4 ,z !re is no glaze 9 ?is rectangle we w move to its neighbor on ! left4 ,?is gives u cle> glaze1 ,c#a1 conta9+ "o & "o-half p] c5t black oxide ( cobalt1 or a matt glaze conta9+ sev5 p] c5t maz>9e blue4 ,glazes t w h>monize ) side wall #h ?r\gh dom9ant arrangem5ts are f\nd 9 ! same rectangle1 ,o ,y1 & are numb]$ ,m#e1 ,m#f1 ,c#g1 ,c#h4 ,glazes t w h>monize by analogy are ,c#i & ,m#g1 & are f\nd 9 ! left & "r neighbor+ rectangles4 ,9 ,figure #dff1 ! copp] fob1 ,r ,o1 is comb9$ ) its complem5t>y blue-gre54 ,let u look at ,figure #dfd4 ,c\nt+ sev5 int]vals or hue rectangles to ! "r ( ! orange r$ rectangle we f9d ,t#d :i* is transp>5t blue gre5 enamel4 ,we may associate ) ?is an analog\s enamel f ! gre5 rectangle2 ?is proves to be ,t#e m$ium gre5 transp>5t enamel4 ,sid5ote3 ,developm5t ( ,design = ,enamel on ,metal ,! po9t ( conc5tration may n[ be emphasiz$ by an enamel complem5t>y to ! blue gre5 hue4 ,c\nt+ sev5 rectangles to ! left we aga9 enc\nt] ! r$ orange rectangle4 ,"h !re are no enamels b 9 ! r$ hue rectangle we f9d ,t#g :i* is slightly orange-r$4 ,a small portion ( ?is1 ,rule #abk1 is appli$ & is f\nd to c5t] ! design at ! po9t ( conc5tration 9 a satisfactory mann]4 ,slight oxidation br+s out ! colors ( ! enamels4 ,^u attempt+ to develop ! same figure 9 opaque enamels x is soon se5 t !re are no pleas+ complem5t>y enamels ( ?is type1 b _m analog\s comb9ations4 ,autumn br[n ) ! po9t ( conc5tration develop$ 9 orange 7,o#e7 w\ld be an excell5t compromise4 ,rule #abp4 ,correct color = surface enri*m5t %\ld nei!r app>5tly rise above nor drop bel[ ! surface to :i* x is appli$1 b %\ld /ay ^u ! plane ( t surface4 ,correct value & *roma range w accompli% ?is4 ,sid5ote3 ,color = ,silv] ,enri*m5t ,! gray-blue color ( silv] l5ds itself to a great numb] ( gem /ones1 =m+ examples ( contra/$ arrangem5ts4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 to =m contra/s ( value4 ,figure #dfg is an example ( a weak & insipid comb9ation1 lack+ 9 value & hue contra/4 ,! ame?y/ ( ,figure #dfh corrects ?is error1 :ile ! oxidation ( ,figure #dfi has p>tially correct$ ! lack ( contra/ %[n 9 ,figure #dfg4 ,^! illu/rations t5d to %[ t ev5 /rong] contra/s may be attempt$ ) small gems & semi-preci\s /ones ?an ) enamels4 ,?is aga9 proves ! rule t ! small] areas are capable ( su/a9+ /rong] contra/s ( hue1 value1 & *roma ?an are l>ge ones4 ,,summ>y ,,( ,,design ,,/eps ,! outl9e ( ! surface enri*m5t is consid]$ z complete4 7a7 ,,metal ,,or ,,wood4 ,analyze ! backgr\nd into its hue1 value1 & *roma4 ,,clay4 ,select a backgr\nd t w h>monize ) ! controll+ hue or hues ( ! propos$ color s*eme4 ,rule #abo4 ,if ?is is a "o hu$ color s*eme )\t gradation or surface enri*m5t ! design /eps may t]m9ate at ?is po9t4 7b7 ,,metal1 ,,wood1 ,,& ,,clay4 ,select ! extreme value range ( ! color s*eme1 consid]+1 if possible1 ! backgr\nd z a balanc+ or pivotal value po9t ^u :i* ! values may balance above & bel[4 ,z ! side walls =m$ a balanc+ po9t = ! ceil+ & furniture or wood "w1 s may ! backgr\nd ( metal1 wood1 or color$ clay become a simil> balanc+ factor = small surfaces4 ,rule #abm4 7c7 ,,metal1 ,,wood1 ,,& ,,clay4 ,select a hue or hues :i* w h>monize ) ! backgr\nd ?r\gh dom9ant1 contra/+1 or analog\s relations4 ,rule #abl4 ,9 select+ ! hues consid] ! f9al plac+ ( ! object4 7d7 ,,metal1 ,,wood1 ,,& ,,clay4 ,select a *roma range4 ,all[ ! po9t or area ( conc5tration to h a slightly high] *romatic relation ?an ! o!r hues4 ,! po9t ( conc5tration may be "o ( ! hues already select$ or x may be> a complem5t>y relation to !m4 ,! hues may be av]ag$ & a complem5t>y to ! av]age select$4 ,rule #abn4 7e7 ,,metal1 ,,wood1 ,,& ,,clay4 ,apply ! rule ( proportionate di/ribution1 ,rule #abk4 7f7 ,,metal ,,& ,,wood4 ,us+ ! pigm5ts sugge/$ 9 ,*apt] ,,xv1 design ! problem4 ,te/ ! result by apply+ ,rule #abp4 7g7 ,,clay4 ,if ! design has be5 develop$ 9 slip or und]glaze pa9t+1 select a glaze = an ov]glaze coat+ t w h>monize ) ! prevail+ hues by dom9ance or analogy4 ,o!r arrangem5ts may de/roy ! hues ( ! orig9al color s*eme4 7h7 ,develop ! problem 9 its mat]ial4 ,,sugge/$ ,,problems ,design a b[l = na/urtiums2 make ! color arrangem5t h>monize ?r\gh analogy ) ! hues ( ! fl[]s4 ,design a vase = *rysan!mums2 make ! surface enri*m5t & ! color arrangem5t h>monize ?r\gh dom9ance ) ! hues ( ! fl[]s4 ,design a hat p9 = a blue hat2 mat]ials1 copp]1 & transp>5t enamels4 ,design a broo* to be worn ) a gray dress4 ,design a pott]y & copp] lamp ) amb] art glass 9 ! %ade4 ,?r\gh oxidation & glaz+1 br+ ! lamp into color unity4 ,,summ>y ,,( ,,rules ,rule #abk4 ,proportionate di/ribution ( hue1 value1 & *roma 9 surface enri*m5t calls = a small area high 9 *roma & contra/+ 9 value to ! re/ ( ! surface1 b h>moniz+ ) x4 ,?is is usually locat$ 9 ! area ( conc5tration4 ,! l>g] areas are to be suffici5tly r$uc$ 9 *roma & value to =m a slight contra/ ) ! backgr\nd4 ,,hues ,,= ,,small ,,objects ,rule #abl4 ,"o hue1 or a gr\p ( analog\s hues %\ld dom9ate all color s*emes4 ,! po9t ( conc5tration may be emphasiz$ by "o hue relat$ to ! o!r hues by 7#a7 contra/$1 7#b7 dom9ant1 7#c7 analog\s1 or 7#d7 complem5t>y relations4 ,?is hue %\ld make slightly /rong] value & *roma contra/ ?an ! rema9+ hues4 ,,values ,,= ,,small ,,objects ,rule #abm4 ,an extreme range ( five values is g5]ally suffici5t to supply contra/ to a design b /ill reta9 its value unity4 ,re/ra9t 9 ! use ( values is ess5tial4 ,,*roma ,,= ,,small ,,objects ,rule #abn4 ,! am\nt ( *roma may be increas$ 9 proportion to ! decrease 9 ! decorat$ area4 ,exceptions may be made to ?is "u ,rule #abo4 ,rule #abo4 ,small "o or two-hu$ projects 9 clay1 design$ to be us$ z a "p ( ! decorative color s*eme = a room %\ld be> a contra/$1 dom9ant1 analog\s1 or complem5t>y relation to ! side walls ( ! room4 ,! project may be mu* high] 9 *roma ?an ! side walls4 ,rule #abp4 ,correct color = surface enri*m5t %\ld nei!r app>5tly rise above nor drop bel[ ! surface to :i* x is appli$1 b %\ld /ay ^u ! plane ( t surface4 ,correct value & *roma range w accompli% ?is4 ,,review ,,que/ions #a4 ,/ate ! value ( mono-hu$ pott]y 9 ! decorative s*eme ( a room4 #b4 ,:at are g5]ally us$ z /a9s = cle> glazes2 matt glazes8 #c4 ,:at is highe/ 9 *roma--matt1 or cle> glaze8 #d4 ,make a table ( metallic oxides & ! hues produc$ by !m4 #e4 ,:y w iron & copp] oxides produce a yell[ gre5 /a98 ,:at /a9s w be produc$ by cobalt & copp] oxides2 cobalt & manganese oxides2 cobalt & nickel oxides8 #f4 ,describe ! type ( room :i* y reg>d z be/ fitt$ = cle> glaz$ pott]y =ms2 matt glaz$ pott]y =ms4 #g4 ,def9e h>mony ( color4 #h4 ,:at is meant by proportionate di/ribution8 ,describe proportionate di/ribution4 #i4 ,give ! value1 hue1 & *roma range = small areas4 ,see ,rules #abl1 #abm1 & #abn4 #aj4 ,h[ does ! size ( ! area to be enri*$ by color affect ! color m$ium1 i4e41 /a9s1 glazes1 enamels1 etc48 #aa4 ,describe enamels1 _! types1 *>act]i/ics1 & range ( hues4 ,consult catalogs = full] possibilities4 #ab4 ,:at is ! effect ( oxidation2 :at is its value8 #ac4 ,describe fully complem5t>y arrangem5ts & give illu/rations = enamel on silv] or copp]4 #ad4 ,/ate ! color s*eme = a fob to be worn ) a blue-gre5 dress2 ) a gray suit = a man4 #ae4 ,select a /one = a silv] broo* t w\ld h>monize ) a light blue dress2 = a dress ( orange d>k hue & value4 ,see catalogs ( deal]s 9 semi-preci\s /ones = color ( /ones4 #af4 ,:at problems ( hue1 value1 & *roma w\ld arise 9 ,"q #ae8 ,,summ>y ,,( ,,! ,,g5]al ,,& ,,special ,,rules ,,9 ,,! ,,prece$+ ,,*apt]s ,,horizontal ,,& ,,v]tical ,,prim>y ,,masses ,rule #a;a4 ,a prim>y mass mu/ be ei!r v]tical or horizontal accord+ to ! int5d$ s]vice1 unless prohibit$ by te*nical requirem5ts4 ,,proportions ,,( ,,! ,,prim>y ,,mass ,rule #a;b4 ,! prim>y mass %\ld h ! ratio ( "o to ?ree1 ?ree to f\r1 ?ree to five1 five to eight1 sev5 to t51 or "s simil> proportion difficult = ! eye to detect readily & analyze4 ,,horizontal ,,space ,,divisions ,rule #b;a4 ,if ! prim>y mass is divid$ into two horizontal divisions1 ! dom9ance %\ld be ei!r 9 ! upp] or ! l[] section4 ,rule #b;b4 ,if ! prim>y mass is divid$ into ?ree horizontal divisions or sections1 ! dom9ance %\ld be plac$ 9 ! c5t] section ) v>y+ wid?s 9 ! upp] & l[] ?irds4 ,,sequ5tial ,,progression ,,( ,,m9or ,,horizontal ,,space ,,divisions ,rule #b;c4 ,a prim>y mass may be divid$ into ?ree or m small] horizontal masses or sections by plac+ ! l>g] mass or masses at ! bottom & by sequ5tially r$uc+ ! height measure ( ea* mass t[>d ! small] division or divisions to be locat$ at ! top ( ! mass4 ,,v]tical ,,space ,,divisions ,rule #c;a4 ,if ! prim>y mass is divid$ into two v]tical divisions1 ! divisions %\ld be equal 9 area & simil> 9 =m4 ,rule #c;b4 ,if ! prim>y mass is divid$ into ?ree v]tical divisions1 ! c5t] division %\ld be ! l>g]1 ) ! rema9+ divisions ( equal size4 ,rule #c;c4 ,9 elem5t>y problems1 if m ?an ?ree v]tical divisions are requir$1 !y %\ld be s gr\p$ z to analyze into ,rules #c;a1 & #c;b1 or be exactly simil>4 ,,app5dages ,rule #d;a4 ,! app5dage %\ld be design$ 9 unity )1 & proportionately relat$ to1 ! v]tical or horizontal "* ( ! prim>y mass1 b subord9at$ to x4 ,rule #d;b4 ,! app5dage %\ld h ! appe>ance ( fl[+ smoo?ly &1 if possible1 tang5tially f ! prim>y mass4 ,rule #d;c4 ,! app5dage %\ld1 if possible1 e*o or repeat "s l9es simil> 9 "* & direction to ^? ( ! prim>y mass4 ,,outl9e ,,or ,,cont\r ,,enri*m5t ,rule #e;a4 ,outl9e enri*m5t %\ld be subord9at$ to & support ! /ructure4 ,rule #e;b4 ,outl9e enri*m5t %\ld add grace1 lightness1 & v>iety to ! design4 ,rule #e;c4 ,outl9e enri*m5t1 by its simil>ity1 %\ld give a s5se ( on5ess or unity to ! design1 b9d+ div]g5t memb]s toge!r4 ,rule #e;d4 ,p>ts ( "o design diff]+ 9 function %\ld diff] 9 appe>ance b be co-ord9at$ ) ! entire design4 ,rule #e;e4 ,9 cyl9drical =ms outl9e curves ) a v]tical t5d5cy %\ld h _! turn+ po9ts or units ( measurem5t 9 accordance ) ! horizontal divisions ( ,rules #b;a & #b;b4 ,rule #e;f4 ,dep5d5t outl9e enri*m5t %\ld be relat$ to ess5tial p>ts ( a design & influ5c$ by _! =ms & functions2 x mu/ be consi/5t ) ! idea ( ! subject4 ,rule #e;g4 ,a curve %\ld jo9 a /raight l9e ) ei!r a tang5tial or "r angle junction4 ,,surface ,,enri*m5t ,po/ulate4 ,! design %\ld con=m to ! limitations & requirem5ts ( tools1 processes1 & mat]ials1 & %\ld be durable & suitable = s]vice4 ,rule #f;a4 ,surfaces to be enri*$ mu/ admit ( enri*m5t4 ,rule #f;b4 ,surface enri*m5t mu/ be relat$ to ! /ructural cont\rs b mu/ n obscure ! actual /ructure4 ,rule #f;c4 ,! treatm5t mu/ be appropriate to ! mat]ial4 ,,cont9u\s ,,b&s ,,& ,,bord]s ,,= ,,p>tly ,,enri*$ ,,surfaces ,rule #f;d4 ,b&s & bord]s %\ld h a consi/5t lat]al1 t is1 onw>d movem5t4 ,rule #f;e4 ,b&s & bord]s %\ld nev] h a prom95t contr>y motion1 oppos$ to ! ma9 =w>d movem5t4 ,rule #f;f4 ,all compon5t p>ts ( a bord] %\ld move 9 unison ) ! ma9 movem5t ( ! bord]4 ,rule #f;g4 ,ea* compon5t "p ( a bord] %\ld be /rongly dynamic &1 if possible1 p>take ( ! ma9 movem5ts ( ! bord]4 ,rule #f;h4 ,bord]s int5d$ = v]tical surfaces may h a /rongly upw>d movem5t 9 addition to ! lat]al movem5t1 provid$ ! lat]al movem5t dom9ates4 ,rule #f;i4 ,inlay$ enri*m5t %\ld nev] =m /rong or gl>+ contra/s ) ! p>5t surface4 ,rule #f;j4 ,c>v$ surface enri*m5t %\ld h ! appe>ance ( belong+ to ! p>5t mass4 ,,enclos$ ,,enri*m5t--,,p>tly ,,enri*$ ,,panels ,,= ,,surface ,,enri*m5t ,rule #g;a4 ,m>g9al panel enri*m5t %\ld p>allel or be relat$ to ! outl9es ( ! prim>y mass & to ! panel x is to enri*4 ,rule #g;b4 ,m>g9al po9ts ( conc5tration 9 panels %\ld be plac$ 7#a7 pref]ably at ! corn]s or 7#b7 9 ! c5t] ( ea* m>g94 ,rule #g;c4 ,to insure unity ( design 9 panels1 ! elem5ts compos+ ! po9t ( conc5tration & l9ks connect+ !m mu/ be relat$ to ! panel cont\r & to ea* o!r4 ,,enclos$ ,,enri*m5t--,,fully ,,enri*$ ,,panels ,,= ,,surface ,,enri*m5t ,rule #g;d4 ,! cont\rs ( fully enri*$ panels %\ld p>allel ! outl9es ( ! prim>y mass & repeat its proportions4 ,rule #g;e4 ,! po9ts ( conc5tration = a fully enri*$ squ>e panel may be 9 its c5t] or 9 its out] m>g94 ,rule #g;f4 ,! po9ts ( conc5tration = a fully enri*$ v]tical panel %\ld be 9 ! upp] portion ( ! panel4 ,rule #g;g4 ,! fully enri*$ panel & its cont5ts %\ld be design$ 9 unifi$ relation to ! /ructural outl9es1 ) ! c5t] l9e ( ! panel co9cid+ ) ! inceptive axis ( ! /ructure4 ,,free ,,ornam5t ,,= ,,p>tly ,,enri*$ ,,surfaces ,rule #h;a4 ,free ornam5t = p>tly or fully enri*$ surfaces %\ld be bas$ & c5t]$ ^u an inceptive axis ( ! /ructure4 ,rule #h;b4 ,free ornam5t %\ld be relat$ & subord9at$ to ! /ructural surfaces4 ,rule #h;c4 ,po9ts ( conc5tration 9 free enri*m5t ( v]tically plac$ masses are usually locat$ 9 & ar\nd ! inceptive axis & above or bel[ ! geometric c5t] ( ! design4 ,,surface ,,enri*m5t ,,( ,,clay ,rule #i;a4 ,surface enri*m5t ( clay mu/ be s design$ z to be able to )/& ! action ( heat to :i* all w>e mu/ be submitt$4 ,rule #i;b4 ,incis$1 pi]c$1 & model$ decoration 9 clay %\ld be simple & bold & ?us adapt$ to ! "* ( ! mat]ial4 ,rule #i;c4 ,a bord] %\ld n be locat$ at ! po9t ( greate/ curvature 9 ! cont\r ( a cyl9drical =m4 ,! cont\r curve is ( suffici5t int]e/ 9 itself at t po9t4 ,,surface ,,enri*m5t ,,( ,,base ,,& ,,preci\s ,,metals ,,= ,,small ,,masses ,rule #aj;a4 ,designs 9 preci\s metals %\ld call = ! m9imum am\nt ( metal necess>y to express ! idea ( ! design] = two reasons3 7#a7 good ta/e2 7#b7 economy ( mat]ial4 ,rule #aj;b4 ,cont\r & surface enri*m5t %\ld nev] appe> to compete = att5tion 9 ! same design4 ,rule #aj;c4 ,p>ts ( a design diff]+ 9 function %\ld diff] 9 appe>ance b be co-ord9at$ ) ! entire design4 ,rule #aj;d4 ,surface enri*m5t %\ld at "s po9t p>allel ! cont\rs ( bo? prim>y mass & po9t ( conc5tration especially :5ev] ! latt] is a /one or enamel4 ,rule #aj;e4 ,9 ! pres5ce ( ei!r /one or enamel z a po9t ( conc5tration1 surface enri*m5t %\ld be reg>d$ z an unobtrusive sett+1 or backgr\nd4 ,rule #aj;f4 ,/one or enamel us$ z a po9t ( conc5tration %\ld =m contra/ ) ! metal1 ei!r 9 color1 brilliancy1 or value1 or all ?ree comb9$4 ,rule #aj;g4 ,! inceptive axis %\ld pass ?r\gh & co9cide ) "o axis ( a /one & at ! same "t be sympa!tically relat$ to ! /ructure4 ,rule #aj;h4 ,! position ( ! inceptive axis %\ld be det]m9$ by3 7#a7 use ( ! project z r+1 p5dant1 or b> p91 7#b7 "* ( ! prim>y mass z ei!r v]tical or horizontal 9 proportion4 ,rule #aj;i4 ,caution %\ld be ex]cis$ ) reg>d to ! use ( enamel4 ,ov]-decoration by ?is mat]ial t5ds to *eap5 bo? process & design4 ,rule #aj;j4 ,all surface enri*m5t %\ld h an appe>ance ( compactness or unity4 ,pi]c$ spots or areas %\ld be s us$ z to avoid ! appe>ance ( hav+ be5 scatt]$ on ! surface )\t ?\ght to _! coh]5ce4 ,rule #ajk4 ,built1 c>v$1 & *as$ enri*m5t %\ld h ! high] planes ne> ! po9t ( conc5tration4 ,x is well to h ! /one z ! highe/ po9t above ! prim>y mass4 ,:5 us+ ?is =m ( enri*m5t1 ! /one %\ld nev] appe> to rise abruptly f ! prim>y mass1 b %\ld be approa*$ by a s]ies ( ris+ planes4 ,rule #ajl4 ,! lanes or m>g9s betwe5 enamel$ spots %\ld be n>r[] ?an ! lane or m>g9 betwe5 ! enamel & ! cont\r ( ! prim>y mass4 ,rule #ajm4 ,transp>5t & opaque /ones or enamel %\ld n be us$ 9 ! same design4 ,,surface ,,enri*m5t ,,( ,,base ,,& ,,preci\s ,,metals ,,= ,,l>ge ,,prim>y ,,masses ,rule #aa;a4 ,! prelim9>y /eps t[>d surface enri*m5t %\ld be ?\ght out be=e !y are drawn4 ,rule #aa;b4 ,cons]vative application %\ld m>k ! use ( surface enri*m5t ( l>ge masses4 ,its use %\ld3 7#a7 light5 or s(t5 necess>ily heavy con/ruction2 7#b7 support or app>5tly /r5g!n good /ructure2 7#c7 add int]e/ to l>ge unbrok5 & un9t]e/+ surfaces4 ,rule #aa;c4 ,! type ( design unit = l>ge masses %\ld be bold] ?an simil> designs = small prim>y masses4 ,rule #aa;d4 ,! eye %\ld be attract$ to "o pr9cipal zone ( enri*m5t1 :e!r locat$ ^u ! prim>y mass1 app5dage1 t]m9al1 l9ks1 or details4 ,all o!r zones %\ld be subord9ate to ?is area4 ,rule #aa;e4 ,two p]iods ( hi/oric ornam5t %\ld n be introduc$ into ! same design4 ,rule #aa;f4 ,repulsive =ms %\ld n be introduc$ into surface enri*m5t4 ,,application ,,( ,,color ,,to ,,l>ge ,,areas ,,values ,rule #ab;a4 ,an av]age wood /a9 is to be reta9$ betwe5 ! values middle & l[ d>k4 ,rule #ab;b4 ,an av]age wall hue is to be reta9$ betwe5 ! values light & middle4 ,rule #ab;c4 ,an av]age ceil+ hue is to be reta9$ betwe5 ! values :ite 7m9us7 & light4 ,rule #ab;d4 ,! relation betwe5 ! side walls & furniture1 trim1 etc41 %\ld be reta9$ )9 ! range ( f\r values or less1 z l[ light & d>k4 ,rule #ab;e4 ,! relation betwe5 ! side walls & ceil+ %\ld be )9 ! range ( ?ree values or less1 z high light & l[ light4 ,,hues ,rule #ab;f4 ,color s*emes = wood "w & side walls %\ld pref]ably be select$ f "o ( ! foll[+ gr\p+s3 analog\s1 contra/$1 or dom9ant arrangem5ts ( hues4 ,analog\s gr\p+ is pref]able :]e v>iety ( hue is desirable4 ,rule #ab;g4 ,ceil+s %\ld be color$ by a light] t9t ( ! side walls or by a light] t9t ( an analog\s hue4 ,,*roma ,rule #ab;h4 ,/a9s are usually n r$uc$ to bel[ ?ree-f\r?s *romatic int5sity4 ,ne>ly gray side walls1 h[ev]1 call = a r$uction to "o-f\r? int5sity4 ,rule #ab;i4 ,wall colors are usually r$uc$ to ?ree-f\r?s *roma to a m9imum r$uction ( slightly less ?an "o-f\r? *roma4 ,rule #ab;j4 ,ceil+s %\ld usually be r$uc$ 9 *roma to ?ree-f\r?s int5sity1 ) slightly less ?an "o-f\r? *roma z a m9imum r$uction4 ,,di/ribution ,rule #abk4 ,proportionate di/ribution ( hue1 value1 & *roma 9 surface enri*m5t calls = a small area1 high 9 *roma1 & contra/+ 9 value to ! re/ ( ! surface1 b h>moniz+ ) x4 ,?is is usually locat$ 9 ! area ( conc5tration4 ,! l>g] areas are to be suffici5tly r$uc$ 9 *roma & value to =m slight contra/ ) ! backgr\nd4 ,,hues ,,= ,,small ,,objects ,rule #abl4 ,"o hue1 or a gr\p ( analog\s hues %\ld dom9ate all color s*emes4 ,! po9t ( conc5tration may be emphasiz$ by "o hue relat$ to ! o!r hues by 7#a7 contra/$1 7#b7 dom9ant1 7#c7 analog\s1 7#d7 complem5t>y relations4 ,?is hue %\ld make slightly /rong] value & *roma contra/ ?an ! rema9+ hues4 ,,values ,,= ,,small ,,objects ,rule #abm4 ,an extreme range ( five values is g5]ally suffici5t to supply contra/ to a design b /ill reta9 its value unity4 ,re/ra9t 9 ! use ( values is ess5tial4 ,,*roma ,,= ,,small ,,objects ,rule #abn4 ,! am\nt ( *roma may be increas$ 9 proportion to ! decrease 9 ! decorat$ area4 ,exceptions may be made to ?is "u ,rule #abo4 ,rule #abo4 ,small "o or two-hu$ projects 9 clay1 design$ to be us$ z a "p ( ! decorative color s*eme = a room %\ld be> a contra/$1 dom9ant1 analog\s1 or complem5t>y relation to ! side walls ( ! room4 ,! project may be mu* high] 9 *roma ?an ! side walls4 ,rule #abp4 ,correct color = surface enri*m5t %\ld nei!r app>5tly rise above nor drop bel[ ! surface to :i* x is appli$1 b %\ld /ay ^u ! plane ( t surface4 ,correct value & *roma range w accompli% ?is4 ,,app5dix ,! foll[+ plates comprise complete c\rses = appli$ art problems 9 ?9 metal 7copp] & silv]71 & clay4 ,! problems are bas$ ^u :at is kn[n z ! gr\p sy/em4 ,! process =ms ! basis = ea* gr\p 9 ea* c\rse4 ,! /at$ problem 9 ea* gr\p is m]ely "o ( _m t might be select$ :i* involves ! process ( ! gr\p4 ,! design rule t %\ld be appli$ to ea* problem has be5 indicat$ by its prop] figure & lett] on ea* plate1 z #aj;a1 etc4 ,! plates are sequ5tially arrang$ 9 ord] ( ! difficulty ( ! process & may be summ>iz$ z foll[s4 ,,?9 ,,metal ,plate #fg3 ,b5d+4 ,saw+4 ,rivet+4 ,plate #fh3 ,b5d+4 ,s(t ,sold]+4 ,plate #fi3 ,rais+4 ,pi]c+4 ,et*+4 ,plate #gj3 ,rais+ & ,plani%+4 ,plate #ga3 ,b5d+4 ,pi]c+4 ,et*+4 ,h>d ,sold]+4 ,plate #gb3 ,h+e ,con/ruction4 ,plate #gc3 ,rais+4 ,plani%+4 ,h>d ,sold]+4 ,plate #gd3 ,rais+4 ,plani%+4 ,plate #ge3 ,*ampleve ,enamell+4 ,plate #gf3 ,preci\s ,/one ,m\nt+2 ,p9s4 ,plate #gg3 ,preci\s ,/one ,m\nt+2 ,r+s4 ,plate #gh3 ,preci\s ,/one ,m\nt+2 ,p5dants4 ,,pott]y ,plate #gi3 ,h& ,built ,tile4 ,plate #hj3 ,h& ,built ,b[l1 ,coil & ,/rip ,me?od4 ,plate #ha3 ,same ) ,app5dage ,add$4 ,plate #hb3 ,h& ,build+2 ,sp\ts1 ,lids1 ,h&les4 ,plate #hc3 ,p\r$ ,=ms & ,m\ld ,mak+4 ,plate #hd3 ,slip ,pa9t+4 ,plate #he3 ,glaze ,te/+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,appli$ ,,arts3 ,,?9 ,,metal ,,process #a4 ,,b5d+1 ,,saw+1 ,,rivet+ ,,plate #fg ,illu/ration3 ,,appli$ ,,arts3 ,,?9 ,,metal ,,process #b3 ,,b5d+ ,,& ,,s(t ,,sold]+ ,,plate #fh ,illu/ration3 ,,appli$ ,,arts3 ,,?9 ,,metal ,,process #c3 ,,rais+1 ,,pi]c+1 ,,et*+ ,,plate #fi ,illu/ration3 ,,appli$ ,,arts3 ,,?9 ,,metal ,,process #c3 ,,rais+1 ,,plani%+3 ,,trays ,,plate #gj ,illu/ration3 ,,appli$ ,,arts3 ,,?9 ,,metal ,,process #d3 ,,b5d+1 ,,pi]c+1 ,,et*+1 ,,h>d ,,sold]+ ,,plate #ga ,illu/ration3 ,,appli$ ,,arts3 ,,?9 ,,metal ,,process #e3 ,,h+e ,,con/ruction ,,plate #gb ,illu/ration3 ,,appli$ ,,arts3 ,,?9 ,,metal ,,process #f3 ,,rais+1 ,,plani%+1 ,,sold]+ ,,plate #gc ,illu/ration3 ,,appli$ ,,arts3 ,,?9 ,,metal ,,process #g3 ,,rais+1 ,,plani%+ ,,plate #gd ,illu/ration3 ,,appli$ ,,arts3 ,,?9 ,,metal ,,process #h3 ,,*ampleve ,,enamell+4 ,,plate #ge ,illu/ration3 ,,appli$ ,,arts3 ,,?9 ,,metal ,,process #i3 ,,semi-,,preci\s ,,/one ,,m\nt+ ,,plate #gf ,illu/ration3 ,,appli$ ,,arts3 ,,?9 ,,metal ,,process3 #aj3 ,,sold]+1 ,,c>v+1 ,,/one ,,m\nt+ ,,plate #gg ,illu/ration3 ,,appli$ ,,arts3 ,,?9 ,,metal ,,process #aa3 ,,p5dant ,,con/ruction1 ,,*a9 ,,mak+ ,,plate #gh ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #dgj4--;,inceptive ,axes4 ,p>tial ,illu/ration ( ! ,metal ,c\rse ,illu/ration3 ,,appli$ ,,arts3 ,,clay4 ,,pott]y ,,process #a3 ,,h& ,,built ,,tile4 ,,cut ,,f ,,flat ,,piece ,,plate #gi ,illu/ration3 ,,appli$ ,,arts3 ,,clay4 ,,pott]y ,,process #b3 ,,h& ,,build+4 ,,coil ,,& ,,/rip ,,plate #hj ,illu/ration3 ,,appli$ ,,arts3 ,,pott]y ,,process #c3 ,,h& ,,build+1 ,,sp\t1 ,,h&le1 ,,lid ,,plate #ha ,illu/ration3 ,,appli$ ,,arts3 ,,clay4 ,,pott]y ,,process #c3 ,,h& ,,build+3 ,,sp\t1 ,,h&le1 ,,lid ,,plate #hb ,illu/ration3 ,,appli$ ,,arts3 ,,pott]y ,,process #d3 ,,p\r$ ,,=ms4 ,,two ,,& ,,?ree ,,piece ,,m\lds ,,plate #hc ,illu/ration3 ,,appli$ ,,arts3 ,,pott]y ,,process #e3 ,,slip ,,pa9t+ 7,,"u ,,glaze ,,decoration7 ,,plate #hd ,illu/ration3 ,,appli$ ,,arts3 ,,pott]y ,,process #f3 ,,glaze ,,te/+ ,,plate #he ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #dga4--,results ( ! ,pott]y ,c\rse ,figure #dga %[s ! actual results produc$ by ! prec$+ c\rse4 ,! process to :i* ! individual pieces belong is indicat$ by ! small figure plac$ on ! table & 9 front ( ! w>e4 ,! prec$+ %eets %\ld be reg>d$ 9 ! light ( sugge/ions = orig9al ?9k+ on ! "p ( ! /ud5t4 ,!y m]ely sugge/ te*nical guidance1 9 ord] t 8 progress may be sequ5tial & fitt$ to 8 increas+ skill4 ,! glazes are /at$ 9 ! t]ms ( ! c]ami/ ) ! proportions ( base1 alum9a1 & acid cont5t ( ea* glaze cle>ly /at$4 ,by ref]r+ to ! textbooks m5tion$ 9 ! preface1 ^! glazes may be develop$ into ! pott]'s =mulae4 ,9 bo? metal & pott]y c\rses1 two or m types are frequ5tly repres5t$ ^u "o plate4 ,^! types w all[ ! tea*] to assign a m difficult problem to ! /ud5t ) "s previ\s exp]i5ce4 ,,index ,,page ,acc5t+ b&s 9 wood1 #aje ,acc5tuation ( functional p>ts1 #gi ,adapt+ data to mat]ial1 #abg ,analog\s hues1 #bjc ,analysis1 intellig5t1 #g ,&iron design1 #ec ,anil9e wood dyes1 #aii ,app5dage design1 #dc-di ,app5dage1 use (1 #dc ,app5dages1 #dc ,app5dages & prim>y mass1 #de ,app5dages1 cont\r enri*m5t (1 #hh ,app5dages1 design violations1 #dc ,app5dages 9 clay1 #dg ,app5dages1 indu/rial applications1 #dg ,app5dages1 influ5ce ( tools & mat]ials1 #ec ,app5dages 9 metal1 #ea ,app5dages 9 wood1 #de ,artificial objects1 #abi ,ar*itectural1 horizontal divisions =1 #ba ,b&s1 wood inlay1 #aje ,backgr\nds1 #aac1 #bja ,base metals1 enri*m5t (1 #hg ,base & preci\s metals1 surface enri*m5t (1 #afj1 #afc1 #afe1 #afg ,bord]s = wood1 #ajg ,build+1 #afe ,c&le/icks1 #ha ,c>v+1 #ajc ,c>v+ & pi]c+1 #ada ,c>v+1 design /eps =1 #aje ,ceil+s1 #bjb-bje ,c5t] zone enri*m5t1 #aba ,*as+1 #afc ,*ip c>v+1 #aae ,*roma1 #aig ,*romatic int5sity1 full1 #aie ,clay1 color+ = und]glaze1 #aea ,clay1 decorative processes1 #ade ,clay1 incis+1 #adg ,clay1 inlay1 #adi ,clay1 introduction ( pigm5ts1 #adi ,clay1 model+1 #adg ,clay1 pi]c+1 #adg ,clay1 slip pa9t+1 #adi ,clay1 surface enri*m5t =1 #ade ,clay1 surface enri*m5t1 /ructural classification =1 #aea ,clay1 und]glaze pa9t+1 #aea ,color = clay enri*m5t1 #bji ,color = small areas1 #baj ,color h>mony1 #bja ,color pigm5ts1 #aid ,color pigm5ts1 application (1 #aid ,color symbols1 #aih ,color sy/ems1 #aid ,comm]cial pott]y1 #aeh ,complem5t>y hues1 #bad ,cons]vative use ( ornam5t1 #aja ,contra/$ hues1 #bjc ,conta9]s1 #ha ,cont9uity & contra/1 #fc ,cont\r enri*m5t1 influ5ce ( mat]ials1 #fe ,cont\r enri*m5t1 me?ods ( v>y+1 #gj ,cont\r enri*m5t ( clay1 ne$ (1 #gg ,cont\r enri*m5t1 evolution (1 #fe ,cont\r enri*m5t1 purpose (1 #ei ,cont\r enri*m5t1 requirem5ts (1 #ei ,cont\r enri*m5t1 sy/ematic developm5t (1 #ha ,cont\r v]sus surface enri*m5t1 #ahe ,corn]s1 cont\r enri*m5t (1 #hh ,correlation1 ideal1 #aa ,cov]s1 design =1 #di ,criticism1 cle>1 #g ,criticism1 non-te*nical1 #g ,curve ( beauty1 #ia ,curve ( =ce1 #fa ,curve ( =ce1 approximate1 #fa ,curves = cont\r enri*m5t1 #ei ,curves1 gr\p+ (1 #fc ,curves ( extravagance1 #gc ,dep5d5t surface enri*m5t1 #afg ,details1 cont\r enri*m5t (1 #ic ,design evolution1 major divisions1 #i ,design evolution1 /eps 91 #aa ,design1 prelim9>y ?\ght1 #ag ,dom9ant hue1 #bjd ,dynamic curves & areas1 #aaa ,edges1 cont\r enri*m5t (1 #hg ,elem5ts1 #aeg ,enamel+1 #afc1 #bab1 #bac1 #bae ,enri*m5t = small metal areas1 #agi ,enri*m5t1 ne$ & value (1 #eg ,enri*m5t ( l>ge metal areas1 #agi1 #ahc ,enri*m5t1 types (1 #eg ,ess5tials ( good surface enri*m5t1 #agi ,exposures1 #bjf1 #bjg ,flat surfaces 9 base & preci\s metal1 #ahe ,fobs1 design (1 #afi ,f\r v]tical m9or divisions1 #aci ,free balance1 #abi ,free enri*m5t1 #aba ,free m9or division treatm5t1 #ada ,free ornam5t1 #aag ,freeh& curves1 #cj1 #ea1 #fc ,full size draw+1 value (1 #bc ,functional p>ts1 enri*m5t (1 #hh ,glazes = pott]y1 #adi ,glazes relat$ to int]ior decoration1 #bad ,glazes1 /a9s =1 #bji ,greek scroll1 #ic ,h&les1 design =1 #di ,h>moni\s color1 ne$ (1 #aid ,h>mony ( color1 #baj ,high cyl9drical =ms 9 clay1 #aeg ,high cyl9drical =ms 9 metal1 #aia ,hi/oric ornam5t 9 h>dw>e1 #ahf ,horizontal & v]tical m9or divisions1 #acg ,horizontal divisions1 ar*itectural prec$5t1 #be ,horizontal divisions1 nature & ne$ (1 #ai ,horizontal divisions1 /eps 9 design+1 #ba ,horizontal m9or divisions1 #aci ,hue & hue rectangles1 #aie ,hue gr\p+s1 #bjc ,indu/rial problems1 requirem5ts (1 #i ,inceptive axes1 #ajg1 #aba1 #afa ,inceptive axes = m>g9al enri*m5t1 #aai ,inlay+1 #aja-ajc ,int]m$iate po9ts1 cont\r enri*m5t (1 #hi ,ionic volute1 #ia ,lead+ l9es1 curv$1 #ajh ,l9ks1 #de ,l9ks1 cont\r enri*m5t (1 #ic ,l[ cyl9drical =ms 9 clay1 #aeg ,l[ cyl9drical =ms 9 metal1 #ahg ,major design division1 fir/1 #i ,major design division1 second1 #i ,major design division1 ?ird1 #aa ,m>g9al zone enri*m5t1 #aah ,mat]ial1 adapt+ data to1 #abg ,mat]ial1 economy (1 #afa ,mat]ial1 relation to surface enri*m5t1 #aja ,metallic oxides1 #baj ,me?ods1 ar*itectural design1 #ac ,me?ods1 indu/rial design1 #ac ,m9or details1 #ada ,m9or subdivisions 9 wood1 #acc ,moori% ornam5t1 #ajg ,m\ld+s1 #fa ,"o v]tical division1 #ce ,outl9es1 free & dep5d5t1 #hg1 #ia 7,see ,cont\rs47 ,oxidation1 #bac ,panels1 #aag1 #abc1 #abe1 #abg1 #abi ,panel design1 /eps 91 #abe ,p>ts diff]+ 9 function1 #gg ,p5dants & *a9s1 design (1 #agc ,pi]c$ enri*m5t1 #abc ,pigm5t table1 #aie ,pigm5ts1 wall & ceil+1 #bje ,p9s & broo*es1 design (1 #afg ,po9t ( conc5tration1 #aae1 #afa ,po9t ( conc5tration = m>g9al enri*m5t1 #aai ,porcela9 pa9t+1 #aea ,p\r]s1 #ha ,preci\s metals1 processes ( enri*m5t1 #afa1 #afc1 #afe1 #afi ,prim>y hues1 #aih ,prim>y masses1 #ac ,prim>y mass1 draw+ (1 #ae ,prim>y mass1 divisions (1 #ai ,prim>y masses1 v]tical & horizontal1 #ae ,prim>y masses1 proportions (1 #ae ,proportionate di/ribution1 #baj ,ratios1 unsatisfactory1 #ag ,rectangul> panels1 #abg ,r+s1 design (1 #afi ,sequ5tial progression1 #ace ,s]vice1 influ5ce (1 #i1 #ac1 #ae ,sets1 design+ (1 #hc ,%ades1 #aig ,%all[ circul> =ms 9 clay1 #aee ,%all[ circul> =ms 9 metal1 #ahg ,side walls1 #bjb-bje ,silv]1 color =1 #bae ,silv]1 cont\r enri*m5t (1 #ic ,silv]1 free outl9e enri*m5t1 #ig ,silv]1 motives = cont\r enri*m5t1 #ig ,sp\ts1 design (1 #di ,squ>e & rectangul> areas 9 clay1 #aec ,squ>e panels1 #abe ,/&>d hues1 #aie ,/&>d hues1 locat+1 #aif ,/ones1 cutt+1 #ie ,/ones1 relation to cont\r1 #ie ,/ones1 relation to metal1 #agc ,/ructural =ms1 classification1 #afj ,/ructural =ms1 classification = clay surface enri*m5t1 #aea ,/ructural re9=cem5t1 #aah ,surface design evolution1 #ahj ,surface enri*m5t1 nature & ne$ (1 #ii ,surfaces1 :5 & :]e to enri*1 #ii ,tang5tial junctions1 #ea1 #ic ,te*nical processes = metal1 #afc ,te*nical r5d]+1 #afa ,t]m9als1 cont\r enri*m5t (1 #hi-ia ,?ree horizontal divisions1 #bi ,?ree horizontal divisions 9 clay1 #cj ,?ree horizontal divisions 9 metal1 #cj ,?ree horizontal divisions 9 wood1 #bi ,?ree v]tical divisions1 #cg ,?ree v]tical divisions 9 clay1 #ci ,?ree v]tical divisions 9 metal1 #da ,?ree v]tical divisions 9 wood1 #ci ,t9ts1 #aif ,transitional types 9 furniture1 #aci ,two horizontal divisions1 #be ,two horizontal divisions 9 clay1 #bg ,two horizontal divisions 9 metal1 #bg ,two horizontal divisions 9 wood1 #be ,two v]tical divisions1 #ce ,two v]tical divisions 9 clay1 #cg ,two v]tical divisions 9 metal1 #cg ,two v]tical divisions 9 wood1 #ce ,unit ( measurem5t = v]tical curves1 #gi ,unity1 #bi ,unity 9 clay design curves1 #gg ,value l9es1 #aif ,v>i$ panels1 #abi ,v]tical divisions1 ar*itectural prec$5t1 #cc ,v]tical divisions1 m ?an ?ree1 #da ,v]tical divisions1 nature & ne$1 #cc ,v]tical & horizontal division evolution1 #dj ,v]tical sections & _! m9or divisions1 #acc-ace ,vocabul>y1 design]'s1 #aje ,walls & ceil+s1 #bjc-bjd ,walls & wood "w1 #bjb-bjc ,w>m & cold colors1 #aih ,wood f9i%es1 opaque1 #bjf ,wood1 me?ods ( surface enri*m5t1 #aja ,wood /a9s1 #aih ,wood /a9s1 *roma range1 #bje ,wood /a9 mix+1 #aii1 #bjj ,wood /a9 r5d]+1 #aie ,wood /a9s1 value range1 #bja ,wr\ght iron enri*m5t1 #ia ,zones ( enri*m5t1 #aah 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib]'s ,notes ,inconsi/5t hyph5ation & obvi\s punctuation & spell+ errors h be5 correct$4 ,,pc & ,,ia h be5 us$ to repres5t ! lett]s ,p & ,c or ,i & ,a ov]laid on "o ano!r to label ! ,po9t ( ,conc5tration & ,inceptive ,axis respectively4 ,al?\gh ref]r$ to on page #ge1 no illu/ration is caption$ z ,plate #bc 9 ! orig9al text4