,,g]man ,,philosophy ,,& ,,politics ,,by ,,john ,,dewey ,pr(essor ( ,philosophy 9 ,columbia ,univ]sity ,,new ,,york ,,h5ry ,,holt ,,& ,,company #aiae ,,copyright1 #aiae1 ,,by ,,h5ry ,,holt ,,& ,,company ,,! ,,qu9n ,,bod5 ,,co4 ,,press ,,rahway1 ,n4 ,j4 ,,preface ,! w ( ,john ,calv9 ,mc,nair e/abli%$ a ,f\ndation at ! ,univ]sity ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a ^u :i* public lectures are to be giv5 f "t to "t to ! memb]s ( ! ,univ]sity4 ,?is book conta9s ?ree lectures :i* 7 giv5 9 ,febru>y ( ?is ye> ^u ?is ,f\ndation4 ,x is a pleasure to ackn[l$ge ! _m c\rtesies enjoy$ dur+ my brief /ay at ,*apel ,hill1 ! seat ( ! ,univ]sity4 ,j4 ,d4 ,columbia ,univ]sity1 ,new ,york ,city1 ,april1 #aiae4 ,,cont5ts ,,page ,i ,,g]man ,,philosophy3 ,,! ,,two ,,worlds #c ,,ii ,,g]man ,,moral ,,& ,,political ,,philosophy #dg ,,iii ,,! ,,g]manic ,,philosophy ,,( ,,hi/ory #ia ,,index #acc ,,g]man ,,philosophy ,,& ,,politics ,i ,,g]man ,,philosophy3 ,,! ,,two ,,worlds ,! nature ( ! influ5ce ( g5]al ideas ^u practical affairs is a tr\bl$ "q4 ,m9d dislikes to f9d itself a pilgrim 9 an ali5 _w4 ,a discov]y t ! belief 9 ! influ5ce ( ?\ght ^u action is an illusion w\ld leave m5 pr(\ndly sadd5$ ) !mselves & ) ! _w4 ,7 x n t ! doctr9e =bids any discov]y influ5c+ affairs--s9ce ! discov]y w\ld be an idea--we %\ld say t ! discov]y ( ! :olly ex po/ facto & idle "* ( ideas w\ld pr(\ndly influ5ce subsequ5t affairs4 ,! /range ?+ is t :5 m5 _h lea/ control ov] nature & _! own affairs1 !y 7 mo/ sure ( ! efficacy ( ?\ght4 ,! doctr9e t nature does no?+ 9 va91 t x is direct$ by purpose1 0 n engraft$ by s*ola/icism ^u sci5ce2 x =mulates an in/9ctive t5d5cy4 ,& if ! doctr9e be fallaci\s1 its pa?os has a noble quality4 ,x te/ifies to ! long+ ( human ?\ght = a _w ( its own texture4 ,yet j 9 ! degree 9 :i* m51 by means ( inv5tions & political arrangem5ts1 h f\nd ways ( mak+ _! ?\ghts effective1 !y h come to "q :e!r any ?9k+ is efficaci\s4 ,our notions 9 physical sci5ce t5d to r$uce m9d to a b>e spectator ( a ma*9e-l nature gr9d+ its unrel5t+ way4 ,! vogue ( evolution>y ideas has l$ _m to reg>d intellig5ce z a deposit f hi/ory1 n z a =ce 9 its mak+4 ,we look backw>d r ?an =w>d2 & :5 we look =w>d we seem to see b a fur!r unroll+ ( a panorama long ago roll$ up on a cosmic reel4 ,ev5 ,b]gson1 :o1 to a casual read]1 appe>s to reveal va/ unexplor$ vi/as ( g5u9ely novel possibilities1 turns out1 ^u c>eful /udy1 to reg>d intellect 7ev]y?+ :i* 9 ! pa/ has gone by ! "n ( obs]vation & reflection7 z b an evolution>y deposit ^: importance is conf9$ to ! cons]vation ( a life already a*iev$1 & bids u tru/ to in/9ct1 or some?+ ak9 to in/9ct1 = ! future3--z if !re 7 hope & consolation 9 bidd+ u tru/ to t :i*1 9 any case1 we _c intellig5tly direct or control4 ,i d n see t ! s*ool ( hi/ory :i* f9ds ,b]gson my/ic & romantic1 :i* prides itself ^u its h>d-head$ & sci5tific "*1 comes out at a diff]5t place4 ,i ref] to ! doctr9e ( ! economic int]pretation ( hi/ory 9 its extreme =m--:i*1 s its adh]5ts tell u1 is its only logical =m4 ,x is easy to foll[ !m :5 !y tell u t pa/ hi/orians h ignor$ ! great "p play$ by economic =ces1 & t descriptions & explanations h be5 correspond+ly sup]ficial4 ,:5 "o reflects t ! great problems ( ! pres5t day are ^? att5d+ economic reorganization1 "o might ev5 take ! doctr9e z a half-he>t$ confession t hi/orians are really engag$ 9 con/ru+ ! pa/ 9 t]ms ( ! problems & int]e/s ( an imp5d+ future1 in/ead ( report+ a pa/ 9 ord] to discov] "s ma!matical curve :i* future ev5ts are b\nd to describe4 ,b no2 our /rictly sci5tific economic int]pret]s w h x t economic =ces pres5t an inevitable evolution1 ( :i* /ate & *ur*1 art & lit]ature1 sci5ce & philosophy are by-products4 ,x is useless to sugge/ t :ile mod]n indu/ry has giv5 an imm5se /imulus to sci5tific inquiry1 yet nev]!less ! indu/rial revolution ( ! eighte5? c5tury comes aft] ! sci5tific revolution ( ! sev5te5?4 ,! dogma =bids any connection4 ,b :5 we note t ,m>x gave x away t 8 mat]iali/ic int]pretation ( hi/ory 0 b ! ,hegelian ideali/ic dialectic turn$ upside d[n1 we may gr[ w>y4 ,is x1 aft] all1 hi/ory we are deal+ ) or ano!r philosophy ( hi/ory8 ,& :5 we discov] t ! great importance ( ! doctr9e is urg$ ^u u1 :5 we f9d t we are told t ! g5]al recognition ( its tru? helps u out ( our pres5t tr\bles & indicates a pa? = future ef=t1 we positively take he>t4 ,^! writ]s d n seem to mean j :at !y say4 ,l ! re/ ( u1 !y are human1 & infect$ ) a belief t ideas1 ev5 highly ab/ract !ories1 are ( efficacy 9 ! conduct ( human affairs influ5c+ ! hi/ory :i* is yet to be4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i h1 h[ev]1 no int5tion ( ent]+ ^u ?is controv]sy1 mu* less ( try+ to settle x4 ,^! rem>ks are b prelim9>y to a consid]ation ( "s ( ! practical affiliations ( portions ( ! mod]n hi/ory ( philosophical ?\ght ) practical social affairs4 ,& if ,i set =? my own position 9 ! controv]sy 9 "q1 ! /atem5t is frankly a p]sonal "o1 int5d$ to make kn[n ! prepossessions ) :i* ,i approa* ! discussion ( ! political be>+s ( "o phase ( mod]n philosophy4 ,i d n believe1 !n1 t pure ideas1 or pure ?\ght1 ev] ex]cis$ any influ5ce ^u human action4 ,i believe t v mu* ( :at has be5 pres5t$ z philosophic reflection is 9 effect simply an idealization1 = ! sake ( emotional satisfaction1 ( ! brutely giv5 /ate ( affairs1 & is n a g5u9e discov]y ( ! practical influ5ce ( ideas4 ,9 o!r words1 ,i believe x to be e/hetic 9 type ev5 :5 sadly lack+ 9 e/hetic =m4 ,& ,i believe x is easy to exagg]ate ! practical influ5ce ( ev5 ! m vital & g5u9e ideas ( :i* ,i am ab\t to speak4 ,b ,i also believe t !re are no su* ?+s z pure ideas or pure reason4 ,e liv+ ?\ght repres5ts a ge/ure made t[>d ! _w1 an attitude tak5 to "s practical situation 9 :i* we are implicat$4 ,mo/ ( ^! ge/ures are ephem]al2 !y reveal ! /ate ( him :o makes !m r ?an effect a significant alt]ation ( conditions4 ,b at "s times !y are cong5ial to a situation 9 :i* m5 9 masses are act+ & suff]+4 ,!y supply a model = ! attitudes ( o!rs2 !y cond5se into a dramatic type ( action4 ,!y !n =m :at we call ! great sy/ems ( ?\ght4 ,n all ideas p]i% ) ! mom5t>y response4 ,!y are voic$ & o!rs he>2 !y are writt5 & o!rs read4 ,education1 =mal & in=mal1 embodies !m n s mu* 9 o!r m5's m9ds z 9 _! p]man5t dispositions ( action4 ,!y are 9 ! blood1 & af=d su/5ance to conduct2 !y are 9 ! muscles & m5 /rike or retire4 ,ev5 emotional & e/hetic sy/ems may bre$ a disposition t[>d ! _w & take ov]t effect4 ,! reactions ?us eng5d]$ are1 inde$1 sup]ficial z comp>$ ) ^? 9 :i* m primitive in/9cts are embodi$4 ,! bus9ess ( eat+ & dr9k+1 buy+ & sell+1 m>ry+ & be+ giv5 9 m>riage1 mak+ w> & peace1 gets someh[ c>ri$ on along ) any & e sy/em ( ideas :i* ! _w has kn[n4 ,b h[1 & :5 & :]e & = :at m5 d ev5 ^! ?+s is trem5d\sly affect$ by ! ab/ract ideas :i* get into circulation4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i take x t ,i may seem to be engag$ 9 an emphatic urg+ ( ! obvi\s4 ,h[ev] x may be ) a few specializ$ s*ools ( m51 almo/ ev]ybody takes x z a matt] ( c\rse t ideas influ5ce action & help det]m9e ! subsequ5t c\rse ( ev5ts4 ,yet !re is a purpose 9 ?is insi/5ce4 ,mo/ p]sons draw ! l9e at a c]ta9 k9d ( g5]al ideas4 ,!y are especially prone to reg>d ! ideas :i* con/itute philosophic !ories z practically innocu\s--z m or less amiable speculations significant at ! mo/ = mom5ts ( leisure1 9 mom5ts ( relief f preoccupation ) affairs4 ,above all1 m5 take ! p>ticul> g5]al ideas :i* happ5 to affect _! own conduct ( life z normal & inevitable4 ,pray :at o!r ideas w\ld any s5sible man h8 ,!y =get ! ext5t to :i* ^! ideas orig9at$ z p>ts ( a remote & te*nical !oretical sy/em1 :i* by multitudes ( non-reflective *annels has infiltrat$ into _! habits ( imag9ation & behavior4 ,an exp]t intellectual anatomi/1 my fri5ds1 might dissect y & f9d ,platonic & ,ari/otelian tissues1 organs f ,/4 ,augu/9e & ,/4 ,?omas ,aqu9as1 ,locke & ,desc>tes1 9 ! make-up ( ! ideas by :i* y are habitually sway$1 & f9d1 inde$1 t !y & o!r ?9k]s ( ^: names y h nev] he>d con/itute a l>g] "p ( y\r m5tal /ructure ?an does ! ,calv9 or ,kant1 ,d>w9 or ,sp5c]1 ,hegel or ,em]son1 ,b]gson or ,br[n+ to :om y yield consci\s allegiance4 ,philosoph]s !mselves are naturally *iefly responsible = ! ord9>y e/imate ( _! own influ5ce1 or lack ( influ5ce4 ,!y h be5 tak5 mo/ly at _! own ^w z to :at !y 7 do+1 & :at = ! mo/ "p !y h pret5d$ to d is radically diff]5t f :at !y h actually done4 ,!y are q negligible z se]s & report]s ( ultimate reality1 or ! ess5tial natures ( ?+s4 ,& x is 9 ?is aspect t !y h mo/ly fanci$ see+ !mselves4 ,_! actual (fice has be5 q o!r4 ,!y h told ab\t nature & life & society 9 t]ms ( collective human desire & aspiration z ^! 7 det]m9$ by contempor>y difficulties & /ruggles4 ,i h spok5 ?us f> z if ! influ5ce ( g5]al ideas ^u action 7 likely to be b5eficial4 ,x goes aga9/ ! gra9 to attribute evil to ! work+s ( intellig5ce4 ,b we might z well face ! dilemma4 ,:at is call$ pure ?\ght1 ?\ght fre$ f ! empirical cont+5cies ( life1 w\ld1 ev5 if x exi/$1 be irrelevant to ! guidance ( action4 ,= ! latt] always op]ates amid ! circum/ance ( cont+5cies4 ,& ?9k+ :i* is color$ by "t & place mu/ always be ( a mix$ quality4 ,9 "p1 x w detect & hold fa/ to m p]man5t t5d5cies & arrangem5ts2 9 "p1 x w take ! limitations ( its own p]iod z necess>y & univ]sal--ev5 z intr9sically desirable4 ,! traits :i* give ?9k+ effectiv5ess = ! good give x also pot5cy = h>m4 ,a physical cata/rophe1 an e>?quake or conflagration1 acts only :]e x happ5s4 ,:ile its effects endure1 x passes away4 ,b x is ( ! nature ( ideas to be ab/ract3 t is to say1 sev]$ f ! circum/ances ( _! orig91 & ?r\gh embodim5t 9 language capable ( op]at+ 9 remote climes & ali5 situations4 ,"t heals physical ravages1 b x may only acc5tuate ! evils ( an intellectual cata/rophe--= by no less] "n c we call a sy/ematic intellectual error4 ,to "o :o is pr(essionally preoccupi$ ) philosophy !re is mu* 9 its hi/ory :i* is pr(\ndly depress+4 ,he sees ideas :i* 7 n only natural b useful 9 _! native "t & place1 figur+ 9 =eign contexts s z to =mulate defects z virtues & to give rational sanction to brute facts1 & to oppose alleg$ et]nal tru?s to progress4 ,he sees movem5ts :i* might h pass$ away ) *ange ( circum/ance z casually z !y arose1 acquire p]si/5ce & dignity because ?\ght has tak5 cognizance ( !m & giv5 !m intellectual names4 ,! witness ( hi/ory is t to ?9k 9 g5]al & ab/ract t]ms is dang]\s2 x elevates ideas beyond ! situations 9 :i* !y 7 born & *>ges !m ) we "k n :at m5ace = ! future4 ,& 9 ! pa/ ! dang] has be5 ! great] because philosoph]s h s l>gely purport$ to be conc]n$ n ) contempor>y problems ( liv+1 b ) ess5tial ,tru? & ,reality view$ "u ! =m ( et]nity4 ,9 br++ ^! g5]al consid]ations to a close1 ,i face an emb>rassm5t4 ,i mu/ *oose "s p>ticul> p]iod ( intellectual hi/ory = m concrete illu/ration ( ! mutual relation%ip ( philosophy & practical social affairs--:i* latt]1 = ! sake ( brevity1 ,i t]m ,politics4 ,"o is tempt$ to *oose ,plato4 ,= 9 spite ( ! my/ic & transc5d5tal color+ ( 8 ?\ght1 x 0 he :o def9$ philosophy z ! sci5ce ( ! ,/ate1 or ! mo/ complete & organiz$ :ole kn[n to man2 x is no accid5t t 8 *ief "w is t]m$ ! ,republic4 ,9 mod]n times1 we are /ruck by ! fact t ,engli% philosophy f ,bacon to ,john ,/u>t ,mill has be5 cultivat$ by m5 ( affairs r ?an by pr(essors1 & ) a direct outlook ^u social int]e/s4 ,9 ,france1 ! great p]iod ( philosophy1 ! p]iod ( les philosophes1 0 ! "t 9 :i* 7 =g$ ! ideas :i* connect 9 p>ticul> ) ! ,fr5* ,revolution & 9 g5]al ) ! conceptions :i* spread s rapidly ?r\gh ! civiliz$ _w1 ( ! indef9ite p]fectibility ( humanity1 ! rights ( man1 & ! promotion ( a society z wide z humanity1 bas$ ^u allegiance to reason4 ,some:at arbitr>ily ,i h1 h[ev]1 select$ "s aspects ( classic ,g]man ?\ght = my illu/rative mat]ial4 ,p>tly1 ,i suppose1 because "o is piqu$ by ! app>5t *all5ge :i* its highly te*nical1 pr(essorial & pr$om9antly a priori "* (f]s to ! proposition t !re is close connection betwe5 ab/ract ?\ght & ! t5d5cies ( collective life4 ,m to ! po9t1 probably1 is ! fact t ! h]oic age ( ,g]man ?\ght lies almo/ )9 ! la/ c5tury1 :ile ! creative p]iod ( cont95tal ?\ght lies l>gely 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 & t ( ,briti% ?\ght /ill e>li]4 ,x 0 ,ta9e1 ! ,fr5*man1 :o said t all ! lead+ ideas ( ! pres5t day 7 produc$ 9 ,g]many betwe5 #aghj & #ahcj4 ,above all1 ! ,g]mans1 z we say1 h philosophy 9 _! blood4 ,su* phrases g5]ally mean some?+ n ab\t h]$it>y qualities1 b ab\t ! social conditions "u :i* ideas propagate & circulate4 ,n[ ,g]many is ! mod]n /ate :i* provides ! greate/ facilities = g5]al ideas to take effect ?r\gh social inculcation4 ,its sy/em ( education is adapt$ to t end4 ,high] s*ools & univ]sities 9 ,g]many are really1 n j nom9ally1 "u ! control ( ! /ate & "p ( ! /ate life4 ,9 spite ( fre$om ( academic in/ruction :5 once a tea*] is in/all$ 9 (fice1 ! political au?orities h always tak5 a h&1 at critical junctures1 9 det]m9+ ! selection ( tea*]s 9 subjects t _h a direct be>+ ^u political policies4 ,moreov]1 "o ( ! *ief functions ( ! univ]sities is ! prep>ation ( future /ate (ficials4 ,legislative activity is di/9ctly subord9ate to t ( adm9i/ration conduct$ by a tra9$ civil s]vice1 or1 if y please1 bureaucracy4 ,memb]%ip 9 ?is bureaucracy is dep5d5t ^u univ]sity tra9+4 ,philosophy1 bo? directly & indirectly1 plays an unusually l>ge role 9 ! tra9+4 ,! faculty ( law does n *iefly aim at ! prep>ation ( practic+ lawy]s4 ,philosophies ( jurisprud5ce are ess5tial p>ts ( ! law tea*+2 & e "o ( ! classic philosoph]s took a h& 9 writ+ a philosophy ( ,law & ( ! ,/ate4 ,moreov]1 9 ! !ological faculties1 :i* are also organic p>ts ( /ate-controll$ in/itutions1 ! !ology & high] criticism ( ,prote/ant ,g]many h be5 develop$1 & develop$ also 9 close connection ) philosophical sy/ems--l ^? ( ,kant1 ,s*lei]ma*] & ,hegel4 ,9 %ort1 ! educational & adm9i/rative ag5cies ( ,g]many provide ready-made *annels ?r\gh :i* philosophic ideas may fl[ on _! way to practical affairs4 ,political public op9ion h>dly exi/s 9 ,g]many 9 ! s5se 9 :i* x obta9s 9 ,france1 ,great ,brita9 or ?is c\ntry4 ,s f> z x exi/s1 ! univ]sities may be said to be its *ief organs4 ,!y1 r ?an ! newspap]s1 cry/allize x & give x articulate expression4 ,in/ead ( express+ surprise at ! *>act]i/ic utt]ances ( univ]sity m5 ) ref]5ce to ! great w>1 we %\ld !n r turn to ! pa/ hi/ory 9 :i* ! ideas n[ utt]$ 7 g5]at$4 ,9 an acc\nt ( ,g]man intellectual hi/ory suffici5tly ext5sive we %\ld h to g back at lea/ to ,lu!r4 ,=tunately1 = our purposes1 :at he actually did & taught is n s important z ! m rec5t tradition conc]n+ 8 peculi>ly ,g]manic /atus & (fice4 ,all peoples are pr\d ( all _! great m54 ,g]many is pr\d ( ,lu!r z its greate/ national h]o4 ,b :ile mo/ nations are pr\d ( _! great m51 ,g]many is pr\d ( itself r = produc+ ,lu!r4 ,x f9ds him z a ,g]manic product q natural--nay1 inevitable4 ,a belief 9 ! univ]sal "* ( 8 g5ius ?us naturally is conv]t$ into a belief ( ! ess5tially univ]sal quality ( ! p :o produc$ him4 ,he9e 0 n dispos$ by bir? or temp]am5t to ov]e/imate ! significance ( ,lu!r4 ,b "h is :at he said3 ,lu!r is n only ! greate/ b ! mo/ ,g]man man 9 our hi/ory4 4 4 4 ,he possess$ qualities t we seldom see associat$--nay1 t we usually f9d 9 ! mo/ ho/ile antagonism4 ,he 0 at once a dreamy my/ic & a practical man ( action4 4 4 4 ,he 0 bo? a cold s*ola/ic ^w-sift] & an inspir$ ,god-drunk prophet4 4 4 4 ,he 0 full ( ! awful rev]5ce ( ,god1 full ( self-sacrific+ devotion to ! ,holy ,_s1 he c\ld lose himself entirely 9 pure spirituality4 ,yet he 0 fully acqua9t$ ) ! glories ( ?is e>?2 he knew h[ e/imable !y are2 x 0 8 lips t utt]$ ! fam\s maxim-- ',:o loves n woman1 w9e & song1 ,rema9s a fool 8 :ole life long4' ,he 0 a complete man1 ,i might say an absolute man1 9 :om !re 0 no discord betwe5 matt] & _s4 ,to call him a spirituali/ w\ld be z errone\s z to call him a s5suali/4 4 4 4 ,et]nal praise to ! man :om we h to ?ank = ! deliv]ance ( our mo/ preci\s possessions4 ,& aga9 speak+ ( ,lu!r's "w3 ,?us 0 e/abli%$ 9 ,g]many spiritual fre$om1 or z x is call$1 fre$om ( ?\ght4 ,?\ght became a "r & ! decisions ( reason legitimate4 ,! specific correctness ( ! above is ( slight importance z comp>$ ) ! univ]sality ( ! tradition :i* made ^! ideas peculi>ly ,g]manic1 & ,lu!r1 !re=e1 a g5u9e national h]o & type4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 ) ,kant t ,i comm5ce4 ,9 ,prote/ant ,g]many 8 "n is almo/ always associat$ ) t ( ,lu!r4 ,t he br\ght to consci\sness ! true mean+ ( ! ,lu!ran re=mation is a commonplace ( ! ,g]man hi/orian4 ,"o c h>dly convey a s5se ( ! unique position he occupies 9 ! ,g]man ?\ght ( ! la/ two g5]ations4 ,x is n t e philosoph] is a ,kantian1 or t ! pr(ess$ ,kantians /ick lit]ally to 8 text4 ,f> f x4 ,b ,kant mu/ always be reckon$ )4 ,no position unlike 8 %\ld be tak5 up till ,kant has be5 rev]5tly dispos$ (1 & ! new position evaluat$ 9 8 t]ms4 ,to sc(f at him is fair sacrilege4 ,9 a g5u9e s5se1 he m>ks ! end ( ! old] age4 ,he is ! transition to di/9ctively mod]n ?\ght4 ,"o %r9ks at ! attempt to compress ev5 8 lead+ ideas into an h\r4 ,=tunately = me1 few :o read my attempt w h suffici5t acqua9tance ) ! tomes ( ,kantian int]pretation & exposition to appreciate ! full enormity ( my (f5se4 ,= ,i _c avoid ! ef=t to seize f out 8 highly te*nical writ+s a s+le idea & to label t 8 g]m9al idea4 ,= only 9 ?is way c we get a clew to ^? g5]al ideas ) :i* ,g]many *>act]i/ically pref]s to connect ! aspirations & convictions t animate its de$s4 ,adv5tur+ )\t fur!r preface into ?is field1 ,i f9d t ,kant's decisive contribution is ! idea ( a dual legislation ( reason by :i* are m>k$ (f two di/9ct realms--t ( sci5ce & t ( morals4 ,ea* ( ^! two realms has its own f9al & au?oritative con/itution3 ,on "o h&1 !re is ! _w ( s5se1 ! _w ( ph5om5a 9 space & "t 9 :i* sci5ce is at home2 on ! o!r h&1 is ! sup]s5sible1 ! n\m5al _w1 ! _w ( moral duty & moral fre$om4 ,e cultivat$ man is famili> ) ! conflict ( sci5ce & religion1 brute fact & ideal purpose1 :at is & :at ought to be1 necessity & fre$om4 ,9 ! doma9 ( sci5ce causal dep5d5ce is sov]eign2 :ile fre$om is "l ( moral action4 ,x is ! pr\d boa/ ( ^? :o are ,kantian 9 _s t ,kant discov]$ laws deep 9 ! v nature ( ?+s & ( human exp]i5ce ^: recognition puts an end =ev] to all possibility ( conflict4 ,9 pr9ciple1 ! discov]y is z simple z its application is f>-rea*+4 ,bo? sci5ce & moral obligation exi/4 ,analysis %[s t ea* is bas$ ^u laws suppli$ by "o & ! same reason 7( :i*1 z he is fond ( say+1 reason is ! legislator72 b laws ( su* a nature t _! respective jurisdictions c nev] compete4 ,! mat]ial = ! legislation ( reason 9 ! natural _w is s5se4 ,9 ?is s5sible _w ( space & "t1 causal necessity reigns3 su* is ! decree ( reason itself4 ,e attempt to f9d fre$om1 to locate ideals1 to draw support = man's moral aspirations 9 nature1 is pr$oom$ to failure4 ,! ef=t ( reason to d ^! ?+s is contr>y to ! v nature ( reason itself3 x is self-contradictory1 suicidal4 ,:5 "o consid]s ! ext5t 9 :i* religion has be5 b\nd up ) belief 9 miracles1 or dep>tures f ! ord] ( nature2 :5 "o notes h[ support = morals has be5 s\ght 9 natural law2 h[ morals h be5 ti$ up ) man's natural t5d5cies to seek happ9ess & ) consequ5ces 9 ! way ( rew>d ( virtue & puni%m5t ( vice2 h[ hi/ory has be5 expla9$ z a play ( moral =ces--9 %ort1 ! ext5t to :i* bo? ! gr\nds & ! sanctions = morality h be5 s\ght )9 ! "t & space _w1 "o realizes ! scope ( ! revolution wr\ght by ,kant1 provid$ 8 philosophy be true4 ,add to ?is ! fact t m5 9 ! pa/ h n tak5 s]i\sly ! idea t e exi/5ce 9 space1 e ev5t 9 "t1 is connect$ by bonds ( causal necessity ) o!r exi/5ces & ev5ts1 & consequ5tly h _h no motive = ! sy/ematic pursuit ( sci5ce4 ,h[ is ! late appe>ance ( sci5ce 9 human hi/ory to be acc\nt$ =8 ,h[ are we to und]/& ! comp>atively slight influ5ce :i* sci5ce /ill has ^u ! conduct ( life8 ,m51 :5 !y h n consci\sly look$ ^u nature z a sc5e ( caprice1 h fail$ to br+ home to !mselves t nature is a sc5e ( ! legislative activity ( reason 9 ! mat]ial ( s5se4 ,?is fact ! ,kantian philosophy br+s home to man once = all2 x br+s x home n z a pi\s wi%1 nor z a prec>i\s hope confirm$ empirically "h & !re by victories won by a ,galileo or a ,newton1 b z an indubitable fact necess>y to ! exi/5ce ( any cognitive exp]i5ce at all4 ,! reign ( law 9 nature is ! "w ( ! same reason :i* proce$s empirically & halt+ly to ! discov]y ( law "h & !re4 ,?us ! acceptance ( ! ,kantian philosophy n only frees man at a s+le /roke f sup]/ition1 s5tim5talism & moral & !ological romanticism1 b gives at ! same /roke au?orization & /imulation to ! detail$ ef=ts ( man to wre/ f nature h] secrets ( causal law4 ,:at sp>se gr\ps ( m5 ( natural sci5ce _h be5 do+ = ! ?ree prec$+ c5turies1 ,kant proclaim$ to be ! manife/ation ( ! ess5tial con/itution ( man z a kn[+ be+4 ,= ^? :o accept ! ,kantian philosophy1 x is accord+ly ! magna *>ta ( sci5tific "w3 ! adequate =mulation ( ! con/itution :i* directs & ju/ifies _! sci5tific inquiries4 ,x is a truism to say t among ! ,g]mans z n[h]e else has develop$ a positive rev]5ce = sci5ce4 ,9 :at o!r l& does "o f9d 9 ! organic law m5tion ( ,sci5ce1 & read 9 its con/itution an express provision t ,sci5ce & its tea*+ are free8 ,b ?is expresses only half ( ,kant's "w4 ,reason is itself sup]s5sible4 ,giv+ law to ! mat]ial ( s5se & s con/itut+ nature1 x is 9 itself above s5se & nature1 z a sov]eign is above 8 subjects4 ,! sup]s5sible _w is ?us a m cong5ial field = its legislative activity ?an ! physical _w ( space & "t4 ,b is any su* field op5 to human exp]i5ce8 ,has n ,kant himself clos$ & lock$ ! gates 9 8 ass]tion t ! entire op]ation ( man's kn[+ p[]s is conf9$ to ! realm ( s5se 9 :i* causal necessity dom9ates8 ,yes1 z f> z k is conc]n$4 ,no1 z f> z moral obligation is conc]n$4 ,! fact ( duty1 ! exi/5ce ( a categorical comm& to act ?us & s1 no matt] :at ! pressure ( physical surr\nd+s or ! incitation ( animal incl9ations1 is z mu* a fact z ! exi/5ce ( k ( ! physical _w4 ,su* a comm& _c proce$ f nature4 ,:at is _c introduce man to :at ought to be1 & ?us impose its own opposite ^u him4 ,nature only enme%es m5 9 its rel5tless ma*9e-l movem5t4 ,! v exi/5ce ( a comm& 9 man to act = ! sake ( :at ought to be--no matt] :at actually is--is ?us ( itself f9al pro( ( ! op]ation ( sup]s5sible reason )9 human exp]i5ce3 n1 inde$1 )9 !oretical or cognitive exp]i5ce1 b )9 moral exp]i5ce4 ,! moral law1 ! law ( obligation1 ?us proce$s f a s\rce 9 man above reason4 ,x is tok5 ( 8 memb]%ip z a moral be+ 9 a k+dom ( absolute ends above nature4 ,b x is also direct$ to some?+ 9 man :i* is equally above nature3 x appeals to & dem&s fre$om4 ,reason is incapable ( any?+ s irrational1 s self-contradictory1 z impos+ a law ( action to :i* no faculty ( action corresponds4 ,! fre$om ( ! moral w is ! answ] to ! unqualifi$ dem& ( duty4 ,x is n op5 to man to accept or reject ?is tru? z he may see fit4 ,x is a pr9ciple ( reason :i* is involv$ 9 e ex]cise ( reason4 ,9 d5y+ x 9 "n1 man none ! less ackn[l$ges x 9 fact4 ,only m5 already sophi/icat$ by vice :o are seek+ an excuse = _! vici\sness ev] try to d5y1 ev5 9 words1 ! response :i* fre$om makes to ! voice ( duty4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 fre$om is an absolute /rang] to ! natural & s5sible _w1 man's possession ( moral fre$om is ! f9al sign & seal ( 8 memb]%ip 9 a sup]s5sible _w4 ,! exi/5ce ( an ideal or spiritual realm ) its own laws is ?us c]tifi$ to by ! fact ( man's own citiz5%ip )9 x4 ,b1 once m1 ?is citiz5%ip & ?is c]tification are solely moral4 ,sci5tific or intellectual w>rant = x is impossible or self-contradictory1 = sci5ce works by ! law ( causal necessity ) respect to :at is1 ignorant ( any law ( fre$om ref]r+ to :at %\ld be4 ,) ! doors to ! sup]s5sible _w n[ op51 x is b a %ort /ep to religion4 ,( ! negative traits ( true religion we may be sure 9 advance4 ,x w n be bas$ ^u intellectual gr\nds4 ,pro(s ( ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 ( ! creation ( nature1 ( ! exi/5ce ( an immat]ial s\l f ! /&po9t ( k are all ( !m impossible4 ,!y transgress ! limits ( k1 s9ce t is conf9$ to ! s5sible _w ( "t & space4 ,nei!r w true religion be bas$ ^u hi/oric facts su* z ^? ( ,jewi% hi/ory or ! life ( ,jesus or ! au?ority ( a hi/oric in/itution l a *ur*4 ,= all hi/oric facts z su* fall )9 ! realm ( "t :i* is s5sibly condition$4 ,f ! po9ts ( view ( natural !ology & hi/oric religions ,kant 0 greet$ by 8 contempor>ies z ! all-%att]+4 ,q o!rwise is x1 h[ev]1 z to moral pro(s ( religi\s ideas & ideals4 ,9 ,kant's own words3 ,i h f\nd x necess>y to d5y k ( ,god1 fre$om & immortality 9 ord] to f9d a place = fai?--fai? be+ a moral act4 ,!n he proce$s to re9t]pret 9 t]ms ( ! s5su\s natural pr9ciple & ! ideal rational pr9ciple ! ma9 doctr9es ( ,lu!ran ,prote/antism4 ,! doctr9es ( inc>nation1 orig9al s91 atonem5t1 ju/ification by fai? & sanctification1 :ile baseless lit]ally & hi/orically1 are symbols ( ! dual nature ( man1 z ph5om5al & n\m5al4 ,& :ile ,kant sc\rges ecclesia/ical religions s f> z !y h reli$ ^u c]emonies & ext]nal au?ority1 ^u ext]nal rew>ds & puni%m5ts1 yet he ascribes transitional value to !m 9 t !y h symboliz$ ultimate moral tru?s4 ,al?\gh dogmas are b ! ext]nal ve/ure ( inn] tru?s1 yet x may be good = u to cont9ue to pay rev]5ce to ! outw>d ve/ure s9ce t has s]v$ to br+ to g5]al acceptance a doctr9e :i* really re/s ^u an au?ority )9 ! s\l ( man1 & :i*1 !re=e1 ne$s no miracle to comm5d x4 ,x is a prec>i\s und]tak+ to s+le out "s "o ?+ 9 ,g]man philosophy z ( typical importance 9 und]/&+ ,g]man national life4 ,yet ,i am committ$ to ! v5ture4 ,my conviction is t we h its root idea 9 ! doctr9e ( ,kant conc]n+ ! two realms1 "o out]1 physical & necess>y1 ! o!r inn]1 ideal & free4 ,to ?is we mu/ add t1 9 spite ( _! sep>at5ess & indep5d5ce1 ! primacy always lies ) ! inn]4 ,z comp>$ ) ?is1 ! philosophy ( a ,nietzs*e1 to :i* s _m resort at ! pres5t "t = explanation ( :at seems to !m o!rwise inexplicable1 is b a sup]ficial & transitory wave ( op9ion4 ,surely ! *ief m>k ( di/9ctively ,g]man civilization is its comb9ation ( self-consci\s idealism ) unsurpass$ te*nical effici5cy & organization 9 ! v>i$ fields ( action4 ,if ?is is n a realization 9 fact ( :at is f\nd 9 ,kant1 ,i am totally at loss = a "n by :i* to *>act]ize x4 ,i d n mean t consci\s adh]5ce to ! philosophy ( ,kant has be5 ! cause ( ! m>vel\s advances made 9 ,g]many 9 ! natural sci5ces & 9 ! sy/ematic application ( ! fruits ( intellig5ce to indu/ry1 trade1 comm]ce1 milit>y affairs1 education1 civic adm9i/ration & indu/rial organization4 ,su* a claim w\ld be absurd4 ,b ,i d mean1 prim>ily1 t ,kant detect$ & =mulat$ ! direction 9 :i* ! ,g]man g5ius 0 mov+1 s t 8 philosophy is ( imm5se prophetic significance2 &1 second>ily1 t 8 =mulation has furni%$ a bann] & a consci\s cre$ :i* 9 solid & def9ite fa%ion has int5sifi$ & deep5$ ! "w actually und]tak54 ,9 br++ to an imag9ative syn!sis :at might h rema9$ an imm5se div]sity ( ent]prises1 ,kantianism has help$ =mulate a s5se ( a national mission & de/9y4 ,ov] & above ?is1 8 =mulation & its influ5ce aids u to und]/& :y ! ,g]man consci\sness has nev] be5 swamp$ by its te*nical effici5cy & devotion1 b has rema9$ self-consci\sly1 n to say self-righte\sly1 ideali/ic4 ,su* a "w z ,g]many has und]tak5 might well seem calculat$ to g5]ate atta*m5t to a positivi/ic or ev5 mat]iali/ic philosophy & to a utilit>ian e?ics4 ,b no2 ! tea*+ ( ,kant _h put me*anism =ev] 9 its subord9ate place at ! v "t x inculcat$ devotion to me*anism 9 its place4 ,above & beyond z an end1 = ! sake ( :i* all te*nical a*ievem5ts1 all promotion ( heal?1 weal? & happ9ess1 exi/1 lies ! realm ( inn] fre$om1 ( ! ideal & ! sup]s5sible4 ,! m ! ,g]mans accompli% 9 ! way ( mat]ial conque/1 ! m !y are consci\s ( fulfill+ an ideal mission2 e ext]nal conque/ af=ds ! great] w>rant = dwell+ 9 an inn] region :]e me*anism does n intrude4 ,?us x turns out t :ile ! ,g]mans h be51 to employ a cat*word ( rec5t ?\ght1 ! mo/ te*nically pragmatic ( all peoples 9 _! actual conduct ( affairs1 !re is no p s ho/ile to ! _s ( a pragmatic philosophy4 ,! comb9ation ( devotion to me*anism & organization 9 outw>d affairs & ( loyalty to fre$om & consci\sness 9 ! inn] realm has its obvi\s attractions4 ,realiz$ 9 ! common temp] ( a p x might well seem inv9cible4 ,end$ is ! p>alysis ( action aris+ f ! split betwe5 sci5ce & useful a*ievem5ts on "o side & spiritual & ideal aspirations on ! o!r4 ,ea* fe$s & re9=ces ! o!r4 ,fre$om ( s\l & subord9ation ( action dwell 9 h>mony4 ,ob$i5ce1 def9ite subjection & control1 detail$ organization is ! lesson en=c$ by ! rule ( causal necessity 9 ! out] _w ( space & "t 9 :i* action takes place4 ,unlimit$ fre$om1 ! height5+ ( consci\sness = its own sake1 %e] revel+ 9 noble ideals1 ! law ( ! inn] _w4 ,:at m c mortal man ask8 ,x w\ld n be difficult1 ,i imag9e1 to fill ! ?ree h\rs devot$ to ^! lectures ) quotations f repres5tative ,g]man au?ors to ! effect t supreme reg>d = ! inn] mean+ ( ?+s1 rev]5ce = inn] tru? 9 disreg>d ( ext]nal consequ5ces ( advantage or disadvantage1 is ! di/+ui%+ m>k ( ! ,g]man _s z aga9/1 say1 ! ext]nality ( ! ,lat9 _s or ! utilit>ianism ( ,anglo-,saxondom4 ,i cont5t myself ) "o quotation1 a quotation :i* also indicates ! same incl9ation to treat hi/oric facts z symbolic ( great tru?s :i* is f\nd 9 ,kant's treatm5t ( *ur* dogmas4 ,speak+ ( ! ,g]manic languages1 an hi/orian ( ,g]man civilization says3 ,:ile all o!r ,indo-,european languages all[ a wide lib]ty 9 plac+ ! acc5t & make ext]nal consid]ations1 su* z ! quantity ( ! syllables & euphony1 ( decid+ influ5ce1 ! ,g]manic tribes %[ a rem>kable & int5tional transition to an int]nal pr9ciple ( acc5tuation4 4 4 4 ,( all relat$ peoples ! ,g]manic alone puts ! acc5t on ! root syllable ( ! ^w1 t is1 on ! "p t gives x its mean+4 ,!re is h>dly an e?nological fact extant :i* gives s mu* food = ?\ght z ?is4 ,:at leads ^! p to give up a habit :i* mu/ h be5 s old t x _h become in/9ctive1 & to evolve out ( _! own m9ds a pr9ciple :i* indicates a p[] ( discrim9ation f> 9 advance ( any?+ we are us$ to attribute to ! l[] /ages ( civilization8 ,circum/ances ( :i* we are n n[ aw>e mu/ h compell$ !m to di/+ui% ! inn] ess5ce ( ?+s f _! ext]nal =m1 & mu/ h taught !m to appreciate ! =m] z ( high]1 inde$ z ( sole1 importance4 ,x is ?is acc5tuation ( ! real sub/ance ( ?+s1 ! ev]-p[]ful desire to discov] ?is real sub/ance1 & ! ev]-pres5t impulse to give expression to ?is inn] reality :i* has become ! controll+ trait ( ! ,g]manic s\l4 ,h5ce ! conviction ga9$ by c\ntless unfruitful ef=ts1 t reason alone w nev] get at ! true f\ndation ( ?+s2 h5ce ! ?or\ghness ( ,g]man sci5ce2 h5ce a great _m ( ! qualities t expla9 ,g]manic successes & failures2 h5ce1 p]haps1 a c]ta9 /ubbornness & ob/9acy1 ! unwill+ness to give up a conviction once =m$2 h5ce ! t5d5cy to my/icism2 h5ce t cont9u\s /ruggle :i* m>ks ! hi/ory ( ,g]man art1--! /ruggle to give to ! cont5ts p[]ful & adequate expression1 & to satisfy at ! same "t ! requirem5ts ( e/hetic elegance & beauty1 a /ruggle 9 :i* ! victory is ev] on ! side ( tru?1 ?\gh x be homely1 ov] beauty ( =m :5ev] x appe>s deceitful2 h5ce ! "p play$ by music z ! only expression ( ^? impond]able vibrations ( ! s\l = :i* language seems to h no words2 h5ce ! fai? ( ! ,g]man 9 8 mission among ! nations z a br+] ( tru?1 z a recogniz] ( ! real value ( ?+s z aga9/ ! holl[ %ell ( beautiful =m1 z ! do] ( "r de$s = _! own sake & n = any rew>d beyond ! natural outcome ( ! de$ itself4 ,! division e/abli%$ betwe5 ! out] realm1 9 :i* ( c\rse acts fall1 & ! inn] realm ( consci\sness expla9s :at is o!rwise s p>adoxical to a =eign] 9 ,g]man writ+s3 ,! con/ant ass]tion t ,g]many br\ght to ! _w ! consci\s recognition ( ! pr9ciple ( fre$om c\pl$ ) ! ass]tion ( ! relative incompet5cy ( ! ,g]man folk en masse = political self-direction4 ,to "o saturat$ by ! ,engli% tradition :i* id5tifies fre$om ) p[] to act ^u "o's ideas1 to make "o's purposes effective 9 regulation ( public affairs1 ! comb9ation seems self-contradictory4 ,to ! ,g]man x is natural4 ,read]s :o h be5 l$ by newspap] quotations to reg>d ,b]nh>di z prea*+ simply a gospel ( sup]ior =ce w f9d 9 8 writ+s a cont9ual ass]tion t ! ,g]man _s is ! _s ( fre$om1 ( complete intellectual self-det]m9ation2 t ! ,g]mans h always be5 ! /&>d be>]s ( free ?\ght4 ,we f9d him support+ 8 tea*+s n by appeal to ,nietzs*e1 b by ! ,kantian di/9ction betwe5 ! empirical & rational ego4 ,x is ,b]nh>di :o says3 ,two great movem5ts 7 born f ! ,g]man intellectual life1 on :i*1 h5ce=?1 all ! intellectual & moral progress ( mank9d mu/ re/3--,! ,re=mation & ! critical philosophy4 ,! ,re=mation t broke ! intellectual yoke impos$ by ! ,*ur*1 :i* *eck$ all free progress2 & ! ,critique ( ,pure ,reason :i* put a /op to ! caprice ( philosophic speculation by def9+ = ! human m9d ! limitations ( its capacities = k1 & at ! same "t po9t$ out ! way 9 :i* k is really possible4 ,on ?is sub/ructure 0 develop$ ! intellectual life ( our "t1 ^: deepe/ significance consi/s 9 ! attempt to reconcile ! result ( free inquiry ) ! religi\s ne$s ( ! he>t1 & ?us to lay a f\ndation = ! h>moni\s organization ( mank9d4 4 4 4 ,! ,g]man nation n only laid ! f\ndations ( ?is great /ruggle = a h>moni\s developm5t ( humanity b took ! lead 9 x4 ,we are ?us incurr+ an obligation = ! future f :i* we _c %r9k4 ,we mu/ be prep>$ to be ! lead] 9 ?is campaign :i* is be+ f\ght = ! highe/ /ake t has be5 (f]$ to human ef=ts4 4 4 4 ,to no nation except ! ,g]man has x be5 giv5 to enjoy 9 its inn] self 't :i* is giv5 to mank9d z a :ole4' 4 4 4 ,x is ?is quality :i* especially fits u = lead]%ip 9 ! intellectual doma9 & imposes ^u u ! obligation to ma9ta9 t position4#ce3;,a #ce3;,a ,b]nh>di1 ,g]many & ! ,next ,w>1 pp4 #gc-gd4 ,italics n 9 ! orig9al text4 ,m significant ?an ! words !mselves are _! occasion & ! occupation ( ! "o :o utt]s !m4 ,outside ( ,g]many1 cavalry g5]als :o employ philosophy to br+ home practical lessons are1 ,i ?9k1 r>e4 ,outside ( ,g]many1 x w\ld be h>d to f9d an audi5ce :]e an appeal = milit>y prep>$ness w\ld be re9=c$ by allusions to ! ,critique ( ,pure ,reason4 ,yet only by tak+ su* /atem5ts s]i\sly c "o und]/& ! temp] 9 :i* op9ion 9 ,g]many meets a national crisis4 ,:5 ! philosoph] ,euck5 7:o receiv$ a ,nobel prize = contribut+ to ! ideali/ic lit]ature ( ! _w7 ju/ifies ! "p tak5 by ,g]many 9 a _w w> because ! ,g]mans alone d n repres5t a p>ticul>i/ic & nationali/ic _s1 b embody ! univ]salism ( humanity itself1 he utt]s a conviction br$ 9 ,g]man ?\ght by ! rul+ int]pretation ( ,g]man philosophic idealism4 ,by ! side ( ?is motif ! glorification ( w> z a biologic necessity1 =c$ by increase ( population1 is a second>y detail1 giv+ a totally false impression :5 isolat$ f its context4 ,! ma9 ?+ is t ,g]many1 m ?an any o!r nation1 9 a s5se alone ( all nations1 embodies ! ess5tial pr9ciple ( humanity3 fre$om ( _s1 comb9$ ) ?or\gh & detail$ "w 9 ! out] sph]e :]e reigns causal law1 :]e ob$i5ce1 discipl9e & subord9ation are ! necessities ( successful organization4 ,x is p]haps wor? :ile to recall t ,kant liv$1 taught & di$ 9 ,ko5igsb]g2 & t ,ko5igsb]g 0 ! *ief city ( ea/ ,prussia1 an isl& /ill cut (f 9 8 e>ly ye>s f we/]n ,prussia1 a titul> capital = ! ,prussian k+s :]e !y w5t = _! coronations4 ,8 lifework 9 philosophy co9cides ess5tially ) ! political "w ( ,fr$]ick ! ,great1 ! k+ :o comb9$ a regime ( fre$om ( ?\ght & complete religi\s tol]ation ) ! mo/ extraord9>y display kn[n 9 hi/ory ( adm9i/rative & milit>y effici5cy4 ,=tunately = our pres5t purposes1 ,kant1 9 "o ( 8 m9or essays1 has t\*$ ^u ?is comb9ation & /at$ its philosophy 9 t]ms ( 8 own ?\ght4 ,! essay 9 "q is t entitl$ ,:at is ! ,enlight5m5t8 ,8 reply 9 sub/ance is t x is ! com+ ( age on ! "p ( humanity3 ! transition f a /ate ( m9ority or infancy :]e9 man does n d>e to ?9k freely to t p]iod ( majority or maturity 9 :i* mank9d d>es to use its own p[] ( und]/&+4 ,! gr[? ( ?is p[] ( free use ( reason is ! sole hope ( progress 9 human affairs4 ,ext]nal revolutions :i* are n ! natural expression ( an inn] or intellectual revolution are ( little significance4 ,g5u9e gr[? is f\nd 9 ! sl[ gr[? ( sci5ce & philosophy & 9 ! gradual diffusion ?r\gh\t ! mass ( ! discov]ies & conclusions ( ^? :o are sup]ior 9 intellig5ce4 ,true fre$om is inn] fre$om1 fre$om ( ?\ght toge!r ) ! lib]ty consequ5t ^u x ( tea*+ & publication4 ,to *eck ?is rational fre$om is a s9 aga9/ ! v nature ( man1 ! prim>y law ( :i* consi/s 9 j ! advance 9 rational enlight5m5t4 ,9 contra/ ) ?is realm ( inn] fre$om /&s t ( civil & political action1 ! pr9ciple ( :i* is ob$i5ce or subord9ation to con/itut$ au?ority4 ,kant illu/rates ! nature ( ! two by ! position ( a milit>y subord9ate :o is giv5 an ord] to execute :i* 8 reason tells him is unwise4 ,8 sole duty 9 ! realm ( practice is to obey--to d 8 duty4 ,b z a memb] n ( ! ,/ate b ( ! k+dom ( sci5ce1 he has ! "r ( free inquiry & publication4 ,lat] he might write ^u ! campaign 9 :i* ?is ev5t took place & po9t out1 ^u intellectual gr\nds1 ! mi/ake involv$ 9 ! ord]4 ,no wond] t ,kant proclaims t ! age ( ! enlight5m5t is ! age ( ,fr$]ick ! ,great4 ,yet we %\ld d inju/ice to ,kant if we inf]r$ t he expect$ ?is dualism ( sph]es ( action1 ) its tw(old moral law ( fre$om & ob$i5ce1 to endure =ev]4 ,by ! ex]cise ( fre$om ( ?\ght1 & by its publication & ! education :i* %\ld make its results p]meate ! :ole /ate1 ! habits ( a nation w f9ally become elevat$ to rationality1 & ! spread ( reason w make x possible = ! gov]nm5t to treat m51 n z cogs 9 a ma*9e1 b 9 accord ) ! dignity ( rational creatures4 ,be=e leav+ ?is !me1 ,i mu/ po9t out "o aspect ( ! "w ( reason ?us f> pass$ ov]4 ,nature1 ! s5sible _w ( space & "t1 is1 z a kn[able object1 con/itut$ by ! legislative "w ( reason1 al?\gh con/itut$ out ( a non-rational s5sible /uff4 ,?is det]m9+ "w ( reason =ms n m]ely ! ,idealism ( ! ,kantian philosophy b det]m9es its emphasis ^u ! a priori4 ,! functions ( reason ?r\gh :i* nature is r5d]$ a kn[able object _c be d]iv$ f exp]i5ce1 = !y are necess>y to ! exi/5ce ( exp]i5ce4 ,! details ( ?is a priori app>atus lie f> outside our pres5t conc]n4 ,suffice x to say t z comp>$ ) "s ( 8 successors1 ,kant 0 an economical s\l & got along ) only two a priori =ms & twelve a priori categories4 ,! m5tal habitudes g5]at$ by atta*m5t to a priori categories _c h[ev] be entirely neglect$ 9 ev5 su* a cursory discussion z ! pres5t4 ,if "o 7 to foll[ ! sugge/ion involv$ 9 ! lately quot$ passage z to ! significant symbolism ( ! place ( ! acc5t 9 ,g]man spee*1 "o might disc\rse ^u ! deep mean+ ( ! ,capitalization ( ,n\ns 9 ! writt5 =m ( ! ,g]man language1 toge!r ) ! ri*ness ( ! language 9 ab/ract n\ns4 ,"o might fancy t ! dignity ( ! common n\n sub/antive1 express+ z x does ! univ]sal or g5]ic1 has br$ an intellectual def]5ce4 ,"o may fancy a :ole nation ( read]s rev]5tly b[+ _! heads at ea* successively capitaliz$ ^w4 ,9 su* fa%ion "o might arrive at a picture1 n )\t its tru?1 ( :at x means to be devot$ to a priori rational pr9ciples4 ,a numb] ( times dur+ ! c\rse ( ! _w w> ,i h he>d someone rem>k t he w\ld n s mu* m9d :at ! ,g]mans did if x 7 n = ! reasons assign$ 9 its ju/ification4 ,b to rationalize su* a tangl$ ske9 z human exp]i5ce is a difficult task4 ,if "o is 9 possession ( antec$5t rational concepts :i* are legislative = exp]i5ce1 ! task is mu* simplifi$4 ,x only rema9s to subsume ea* empirical ev5t "u its prop] category4 ,if ! outsid] does n see ! applicability ( ! concept to ! ev5t1 x may be argu$ t 8 bl9dness %[s 8 ineptness = truly univ]sal ?9k+4 ,he is probably a crass empiric :o ?9ks 9 t]ms ( mat]ial consequ5ces in/ead ( ^u ! basis ( antec$5t in=m+ pr9ciples ( reason4 ,?us x has come ab\t t no moral1 social or political "q is adequately discuss$ 9 ,g]many until ! matt] 9 h& has be5 prop]ly d$uc$ f an exhau/ive det]m9ation ( its fundam5tal ,begriff or ,wes54 ,or if ! mat]ial is too obvi\sly empirical to all[ ( su* d$uction1 x mu/ at lea/ be plac$ "u its appropriate rational =m4 ,:at a conv5i5ce1 :at a res\rce1 nay1 :at a weapon is ! ,kantian di/9ction ( a priori rational =m & a po/]iori empirical matt]4 ,let ! latt] be z brutely div]sifi$1 z *aotic z y please4 ,!re always exi/s a =m ( unity "u :i* x may be br\ght4 ,if ! empirical facts are recalcitrant1 s mu* ! worse = !m4 ,x only %[s h[ empirical !y are4 ,to put !m "u a rational =m is b to subdue _! irrational opposition to reason1 or to invade _! lukew>m neutrality4 ,any viol5ce done !m is m ?an indemnifi$ by ! favor ( br++ !m "u ! sway ( a priori reason1 ! inc>nation ( ! ,absolute on e>?4 ,yet !re are c]ta9 disadvantages atta*$ to a priori categories4 ,!y h a c]ta9 rigidity1 appall+ to ^? :o h n le>n$ to id5tify /iffness ) =ce4 ,empirical matt]s are subject to revision4 ,! /ronge/ belief t claims ! support ( exp]i5ce is subject to modification :5 exp]i5ce te/ifies aga9/ x4 ,b an a priori conception is n op5 to adv]se evid5ce4 ,!re is no c\rt hav+ jurisdiction4 ,if1 !n1 an un=tunate mortal %\ld happ5 to be impos$ ^u s t he 0 l$ to reg>d a prejudice or pr$ilection z an a priori tru?1 contr>y exp]i5ce w\ld h a t5d5cy to make him ! m ob/9ate 9 8 belief4 ,hi/ory proves :at a dang]\s ?+ x has be5 = m51 :5 !y try to impose _! w ^u o!r m51 to ?9k ( !mselves z special in/rum5ts & organs ( ,deity4 ,! dang] is equally great :5 an a priori ,reason is sub/itut$ = a ,div9e ,provid5ce4 ,empirically gr\nd$ tru?s d n h a wide scope2 !y d n inspire su* viol5t loyalty to !mselves z ideas suppos$ to proce$ directly f reason itself4 ,b !y are discussable2 !y h a humane & social quality1 :ile tru?s ( pure reason h a p>adoxical way1 9 ! end1 ( escap+ f ! arbitram5t ( reason+4 ,!y evade ! logic ( exp]i5ce1 only to become1 9 ! phrase ( a rec5t writ]1 ! spoil ( a logic ( fanaticism4 ,weapons =g$ 9 ! smi?y ( ! ,absolute become brutal & cruel :5 confront$ by m]ely human resi/ance4 ,! /iffly con/ra9$ "* ( an a priori ,reason manife/s itself 9 ano!r way4 ,a category ( pure reason is suspici\sly l a pigeonhole4 ,an ,am]ican writ]1 speak+ be=e ! pres5t w>1 rem>k$ ) witty exagg]ation t ,g]many is a mon/r\s set ( pigeonholes1 & e "m's son ( a ,g]man is pigeon$ 9 8 respective hole--tagg$1 label$ & ticket$4 ,g]many is a huge human *eck-room1 & ! gov]nm5t c>ries ! *ecks 9 its pocket4 ,john ,locke's deepe/ objection to ! old] =m ( ! a priori philosophy1 ! doctr9e ( innate ideas1 0 ! read9ess ) :i* su* ideas become /rongholds beh9d :i* au?ority %elt]s itself f que/ion+4 ,& ,john ,morley po9t$ out long ago ! und\bt$ hi/oric fact t ! :ole mod]n lib]al social & political movem5t has alli$ itself ) philosophic empiricism4 ,x is h>d "h1 z ev]y:]e1 to dis5tangle cause & effect4 ,b "o c at lea/ say ) consid]able assurance t a hi]>*ically ord]$ & subord]$ ,/ate w feel an aff9ity = a philosophy ( fix$ categories1 :ile a flexible democratic society w1 9 its crude empiricism1 exhibit loose ends4 ,!re is a /ory to ! effect t ! good t[nspeople ( ,ko5igsb]g 7 accu/om$ to _! wat*es by ! "t at :i* ,kant pass$ ^u 8 walks--s uni=m 0 he4 ,yield+ to ! ,teutonic temptation to f9d an inn] mean+ 9 ! out] ev5t1 "o may wond] :e!r ,g]man ?\ght has n s9ce ,kant's "t set its intellectual & spiritual clocks by ! ,kantian /&>d3 ! sep>ation ( ! inn] & ! out]1 ) its lesson ( fre$om & idealism 9 "o realm1 & ( me*anism1 effici5cy & organization 9 ! o!r4 ,a ,g]man pr(essor ( philosophy has said t :ile ! ,lat9s live 9 ! pres5t mom5t1 ! ,g]mans live 9 ! inf9ite & ineffable4 ,8 accusation 7?\gh ,i am n sure he meant x z su*7 is n completely ju/ifi$4 ,b x does seem to be true t ! ,g]mans1 m readily ?an o!r peoples1 c )draw !mselves f ! exig5cies & cont+5cies ( life into a region ( ,inn]li*keit :i* at lea/ seems b\ndless2 & :i* c r>ely be successfully utt]$ save ?r\gh music1 & a frail & t5d] poetry1 sometimes dome/ic1 sometimes lyric1 b always full ( my/]i\s *>m4 ,b te*nical ideas1 ideas ab\t means & in/rum5ts1 c readily be ext]naliz$ because ! out] _w is 9 tru? _! abid+ home4 ,,ii ,,g]man ,,moral ,,& ,,political ,,philosophy ,x is difficult to select s5t5ces f ,kant :i* are intelligible to ^? n tra9$ 9 8 vocabul>y1 unless ! selection is accompani$ by an almo/ ^w-by-^w comm5t>y4 ,8 writ+s h prov$ an admirable t]ra9 = ! display ( ,g]man ,gru5dli*keit4 ,b ,i v5ture ^u ! quotation ( "o s5t5ce :i* may s]ve ! purpose ( at once recall+ ! ma9 lesson ( ! previ\s lecture & furni%+ a transition to ! !me ( ! pres5t h\r4 ,ev5 if an immeasurable gulf is fix$ betwe5 ! s5sible realm ( ! concept ( nature & ! sup]s5sible realm ( ! concept ( fre$om1 s t x is n possible to g f ! fir/ to ! second 7at lea/ by means ( ! !oretical use ( reason7 any m ?an if !y 7 two sep>ate worlds ( :i* ! fir/ c\ld h no influ5ce ^u ! second1--yet ! second is meant to h an influ5ce ^u ! fir/4 ,! concept ( fre$om is meant to actualize 9 ! _w ( s5se ! purpose propos$ by its laws4 4 4 4 ,t is1 ! relation betwe5 ! _w ( space & "t :]e physical causality reigns & ! moral _w ( fre$om & duty is n a symmetrical "o4 ,! =m] _c intrude into ! latt]4 ,b x is ! v nature ( moral legislation t x is meant to influ5ce ! _w ( s5se2 its object is to realize ! purposes ( free rational action )9 ! s5se _w4 ,?is fact fixes ! *ief features ( ,kant's philosophy ( ,morals & ( ! ,/ate4 ,x is a claim ( ! admir]s ( ,kant t he fir/ br\ght to recognition ! true & inf9ite nature ( ! pr9ciple ( ,p]sonality4 ,on "o side1 ! individual is homo ph5om5on--a "p ( ! s*eme ( nature1 gov]n$ by its laws z mu* z any /one or plant4 ,b 9 virtue ( 8 citiz5%ip 9 ! k+dom ( sup]s5sible ,laws & ,ends1 he is elevat$ to true univ]sality4 ,he is no long] a m]e occurr5ce4 ,he is a ,p]son--"o 9 :om ! purpose ( ,humanity is inc>nate4 ,9 ,engli% & ,am]ican writ+s ! t]ms subjective & subjectivism usually c>ry ) !m a disp>ag+ color4 ,q o!rwise is x 9 ,g]man lit]ature4 ,?is sets ! age ( subjectivism1 ^: comm5cem5t1 r\ghly speak+1 co9cides ) ! influ5ce ( ,kantian ?\ght1 9 %>p opposition to ! age ( individualism1 z well z to a prior p]iod ( subord9ation to ext]nal au?ority4 ,individualism means isolation2 x means ext]nal relations ( human be+s ) "o ano!r & ) ! _w2 x looks at ?+s quantitatively1 9 t]ms ( :oles & p>ts4 ,subjectivism means recognition ( ! pr9ciple ( free p]sonality3 ! self z creative1 occupi$ n ) an ext]nal _w :i* limits x f )\t1 b1 ?r\gh its own self-consci\sness1 f9d+ a _w )9 itself2 & hav+ f\nd ! univ]sal )9 itself1 sett+ to "w to recreate itself 9 :at _h be5 ! ext]nal _w1 & by its own creative expansion 9 indu/ry1 art & politics to trans=m :at _h be5 m]e limit+ mat]ial into a "w ( its own4 ,free z 0 ,kant f ! s5tim5tal1 ! my/ic & ! romantic phases ( ?is ,subjectivism1 we %all d well to be> x 9 m9d 9 ?9k+ ( 8 e?ical !ory4 ,p]sonality means t man z a rational be+ does n receive ! end :i* =ms ! law ( 8 action f )\t1 :e!r f ,nature1 ! ,/ate or f ,god1 b f 8 own self4 ,morality is autonom\s2 man1 humanity1 is an end 9 itself4 ,ob$i5ce to ! self-impos$ law w trans=m ! s5sible _w 7)9 :i* falls all social ties s f> z !y spr+ f natural in/9ct desire7 into a =m appropriate to univ]sal reason4 ,?us we may p>aphrase ! s5t5ce quot$ f ,kant4 ,! gospel ( duty has an invigorat+ r+4 ,x is easy to pres5t x z ! mo/ noble & sublime ( all moral doctr9es4 ,:at is m wor?y ( humanity1 :at bett] m>ks ! sep>ation ( man f brute1 ?an ! w to subord9ate selfi% desire & individual incl9ation to ! comm&s ( /]n & l(ty duty8 ,& if ! idea ( comm& 7:i* inevitably goes ) ! notion ( duty7 c>ries a s9i/] sugge/ion ( legal au?ority1 pa9s & p5alties & ( subs]vi5ce to an ext]nal au?ority :o issues ! comm&s1 ,kant seems to h provid$ a f9al corrective 9 insi/+ t duty is self-impos$4 ,moral comm&s are impos$ by ! high]1 supranatural self ^u ! l[] empirical self1 by ! rational self ^u ! self ( passions & incl9ations4 ,g]man philosophy is atta*$ to anti!ses & _! reconciliation 9 a high] syn!sis4 ,! ,kantian pr9ciple ( ,duty is a /rik+ case ( ! reconciliation ( ! seem+ly conflict+ ideas ( fre$om & au?ority4 ,un=tunately1 h[ev]1 ! balance _c be ma9ta9$ 9 practice4 ,kant's fai?ful logic compels him to insi/ t ! concept ( duty is empty & =mal4 ,x tells m5 t to d _! duty is _! supreme law ( action1 b is sil5t z to :at m5's duties specifically are4 ,kant1 moreov]1 insi/s1 z he is 9 logic b\nd to d1 t ! motive :i* measures duty is :olly inn]2 x is purely a matt] ( inn] consci\sness4 ,to admit t consequ5ces c be tak5 into acc\nt 9 decid+ :at duty is 9 a p>ticul> case w\ld be to make concessions to ! empirical & s5sible _w :i* are fatal to ! s*eme4 ,! comb9ation ( ^! two features ( pure int]nality & pure =malism leads1 9 a _w :]e m5's acts take place :olly 9 ! ext]nal & empirical region1 to s]i\s consequ5ces4 ,! dang]\s "* ( ^! consequ5ces may p]haps be be/ ga!r$ indirectly by means ( a quotation4 ,:ile ! ,fr5* p 9 savage revolt aga9/ spiritual & secul> despotism _h brok5 _! *a9s & proclaim$ _! rights1 ano!r q diff]5t revolution 0 work+ 9 ,prussia--! revolution ( duty4 ,! ass]tion ( ! rights ( ! individual leads ultimately to individual irresponsibility & to a repudiation ( ! ,/ate4 ,immanuel ,kant1 ! f\nd] ( ! critical philosophy1 taught1 9 opposition to ?is view1 ! gospel ( moral duty1 & ,s*>nhor/ grasp$ ! idea ( univ]sal milit>y s]vice4 ,by call+ ^u :i* individual to sacrifice prop]ty & life = ! good ( ! community1 he gave ! cle>e/ expression to ! idea ( ! ,/ate1 & creat$ a s\nd basis on :i* ! claims to individual rights might re/4#eb3;,a #eb3;,a ,b]nh>di1 ,g]many & ! ,next ,w>1 pp4 #fc-fd4 ,! sudd5 jump1 by means ( only a comma1 f ! gospel ( moral duty to univ]sal milit>y s]vice is mu* m logical ?an ! %ock :i* x gives to an ,am]ican read] w\ld indicate4 ,i d n mean1 ( c\rse1 t ,kant's tea*+ 0 ! cause ( ,prussia's adoption ( univ]sal milit>y s]vice & ( ! ?or\ghgo+ subord9ation ( individual happ9ess & lib]ty ( action to t capitaliz$ entity1 ! ,/ate4 ,b ,i d mean t :5 ! practical political situation call$ = univ]sal milit>y s]vice 9 ord] to support & exp& ! exi/+ /ate1 ! gospel ( a ,duty devoid ( cont5t naturally l5t itself to ! consecration & idealization ( su* specific duties z ! exi/+ national ord] might prescribe4 ,! s5se ( duty mu/ get its subject-matt] some:]e1 & unless subjectivism 0 to rev]t to an>*ic or romantic individualism 7:i* is h>dly 9 ! _s ( ob$i5ce to au?oritative law7 its appropriate subject-matt] lies 9 ! comm&s ( a sup]ior4 ,concretely :at ! ,/ate comm&s is ! cong5ial out] fill+ ( a purely inn] s5se ( duty4 ,t ! despotism ( ,fr$]ick ! ,great & ( ! ,hoh5zoll]ns :o rema9$ true to 8 policy 0 at lea/ t hi!rto unkn[n ?+1 an enlight5$ despotism1 made ! id5tification easi]4 ,individuals h at all times1 9 epo*s ( /ress1 (f]$ _! supreme sacrifice to _! c\ntry's good4 ,9 ,g]many ?is sacrifice 9 times ( peace z well z ( w> has be5 sy/ematically re9=c$ by an inn] my/ic s5se ( a ,duty elevat+ m5 to ! plane ( ! univ]sal & et]nal4 ,9 %ort1 ! sublime gospel ( duty has its defects4 ,outside ( ! !ological & ! ,kantian moral traditions1 m5 h g5]ally agre$ t duties are relative to ends4 ,n ! obligation1 b "s purpose1 "s good1 :i* ! fulfillm5t ( duty realizes1 is ! pr9ciple ( morals4 ,! bus9ess ( reason is to see t ! end1 ! good1 = :i* "o acts is a reasonable "o--t is to say1 z wide & z equitable 9 its work+ out z ! situation p]mits4 ,morals :i* are bas$ ^u consid]ation ( good & evil consequ5ces n only all[1 b imp]i\sly dem& ! ex]cise ( a discrim9at+ intellig5ce4 ,a gospel ( duty sep>at$ f empirical purposes & results t5ds to gag intellig5ce4 ,x sub/itutes = ! "w ( reason display$ 9 a wide & di/ribut$ survey ( consequ5ces 9 ord] to det]m9e :]e duty lies an inn] consci\sness1 empty ( cont5t1 :i* clo!s ) ! =m ( rationality ! dem&s ( exi/+ social au?orities4 ,a consci\sness :i* is n bas$ ^u & *eck$ by consid]ation ( actual results ^u human welf>e is none ! less socially irresponsible because label$ ,reason4 ,pr(essor ,euck5 repres5ts a type ( ideali/ic philosophy :i* is h>dly acceptable to /rict ,kantians4 ,yet only :]e ! fundam5tal ,kantian ideas 7 curr5t w\ld su* e?ical ideas z ! foll[+ fl\ri%3 ,:5 ju/ice is consid]$ z a m]e means ( secur+ man's welf>e1 & is treat$ accord+ly--:e!r x be ! welf>e ( individuals or ( society z a :ole makes no ess5tial diff]5ce--x loses all its *>act]i/ic features4 ,no long] c x compel u to see life f its own /&po9t2 no long] c x *ange ! exi/+ condition ( ?+s2 no long] c x sway our he>ts ) ! =ce ( a primitive passion1 & oppose to all consid]ation ( consequ5ces an irresi/ible spiritual compulsion4 ,x deg5]ates r into ! complaisant s]vant ( utility2 x adopts h]self to h] dem&s1 & 9 s do+ suff]s inw>d annihilation4 ,x c ma9ta9 itself only :5 x comes z a unique revelation ( ! ,spiritual ,life )9 our human _w1 z a l(ty ,pres5ce transc5d+ all consid]ations ( exp$i5cy4#ee3;,a #ee3;,a ,euck51 ,! ,mean+ & ,value ( ,life1 translat$ by ,gibson1 p4 #ajd4 ,su* writ+ is capable ( ar\s+ emotional rev]b]ations 9 ! brea/s ( _m p]sons4 ,b !y are emotions :i*1 if giv5 headway1 smo!r intellig5ce1 & und]m9e its responsibility = promot+ ! actual goods ( life4 ,if ju/ice loses all its *>act]i/ic features :5 reg>d$ z a means 7! ^w m]e ins]t$ be=e means speaks volumes7 ( ! welf>e ( society z a :ole1 !n !re is no objective & responsible crit]ion = ju/ice at all4 ,a ju/ice :i*1 irrespective ( ! det]m9ation ( social well-be+1 proclaims itself z an irresi/ible spiritual impulsion possess$ ( ! =ce ( a primitive passion1 is no?+ b a primitive passion clo!d ) a spiritual title s t x is protect$ f hav+ to r5d] an acc\nt ( itself4 ,dur+ an ord9>y c\rse ( ?+s1 x passes = b an emotional indulg5ce2 9 a "t ( /ress & /ra91 x exhibits itself z surr5d] ( intellig5ce to passion4 ,! passage 7f ,b]nh>di7 quot$ e>li] puts ! ,g]man pr9ciple ( duty 9 opposition to ! ,fr5* pr9ciple ( rights--a favorite contra/ 9 ,g]man ?\ght4 ,m5 l ,j]emy ,b5?am also f\nd ! ,revolution>y ,rights ( ,man doctr9aire & conduc+ to tyranny r ?an to fre$om4 ,^! ,rights 7 a priori1 l ,duty1 be+ d]iv$ f ! suppos$ nature or ess5ce ( man1 in/ead ( be+ adopt$ z empirical exp$i5ts to fur!r progress & happ9ess4 ,b ! conception ( duty is "o-sid$1 express+ comm& on "o side & ob$i5ce on ! o!r1 :ile rights are at lea/ reciprocal4 ,rights are social & sociable 9 accord ) ! _s ( ,fr5* philosophy4 ,put 9 a less ab/ract =m ?an ! revolution>y !ory /at$ !m1 !y are ?+s to be discuss$ & measur$4 ,!y admit ( m & less1 ( compromise & adju/m5t4 ,s also does ! *>act]i/ic moral contribution ( ,engli% ?\ght--intellig5t self-int]e/4 ,?is is h>dly an ultimate idea4 ,b at lea/ x evokes a picture ( m]*ants b>ga9+1 :ile ! categorical imp]ative calls up ! drill s]geant4 ,traffick+ e?ics1 9 :i* ea* gives up some?+ :i* he wants to get some?+ :i* he wants m1 is n ! noble/ k9d ( morals1 b at lea/ x is socially responsible z f> z x goes4 ,give s t x may be giv5 to y 9 return has at lea/ "s t5d5cy to br+ m5 toge!r2 x promotes agreem5t4 ,x requires delib]ation & discussion4 ,?is is j :at ! au?oritative voice ( a sup]ior w n tol]ate2 x is ! "o un=giveable s94 ,! morals ( b>ga9+1 ex*ange1 ! mutual satisfaction ( wants may be outliv$ 9 "s remote future1 b up to ! pres5t !y play an important "p 9 life4 ,to me !re is some?+ uncanny 9 ! scorn :i* ,g]man e?ics1 9 behalf ( an unsulli$ moral idealism1 p\rs ^u a !ory :i* takes cognizance ( practical motives4 ,9 a highly e/hetic p "o might und]/& ! display ( contempt4 ,b :5 an aggressive & comm]cial nation c>ries on comm]ce & w> simply f ! motive ( ob$i5ce to duty1 !re is awak5$ an unpleasant suspicion ( a suppress$ psy*ic complex4 ,:5 ,nietzs*e says1 ,man does n desire happ9ess2 only ! ,engli%man does t1 we laugh at ! fair hit4 ,b p]sons :o pr(ess no reg>d = happ9ess z a te/ ( action h an un=tunate way ( liv+ up to _! pr9ciple by mak+ o!rs unhappy4 ,i %\ld ent]ta9 "s suspicion ( ! complete s9c]ity ( ^? :o pr(ess disreg>d = _! own happ9ess1 b ,i %\ld be q c]ta9 ( _! s9c]ity :5 x comes to a "q ( my happ9ess4 ,)9 ! ,kantian philosophy ( morals !re is an idea :i* conducts necess>ily to a philosophy ( society & ! ,/ate4 ,leibniz 0 ! great ,g]man s\rce ( ! philosophy ( ! enlight5m5t4 ,h>mony 0 ! dom9ant ?\ght ( ?is philosophy2 ! h>mony ( nature ) itself & ) intellig5ce2 ! h>mony ( nature ) ! moral ends ( humanity4 ,al?\gh ,kant 0 a true son ( ! enlight5m5t1 8 doctr9e ( ! radically dual nature ( ! legislation ( ,reason put an end to its complac5t optimism4 ,accord+ to ,kant1 morality is 9 no way a "w ( nature4 ,x is ! a*ievem5t ( ! self-consci\s reason ( man ?r\gh conque/ ( nature4 ,! ideal ( a f9al h>mony rema9s1 b x is an ideal to be won ?r\gh a battle ) ! natural =ces ( man4 ,8 brea* ) ! enlight5m5t is n[h]e z m>k$ z 9 8 d5ial t man is by nature good4 ,on ! contr>y1 man is by nature evil--t is1 8 philosophical r5d]+ ( ! doctr9e ( orig9al s94 ,n t ! passions1 appetites & s5ses are ( !mselves evil1 b !y t5d to usurp ! sov]eignty ( duty z ! motivat+ =ce ( human action4 ,h5ce morality is a ceaseless battle to trans=m all ! natural desires ( man into will+ s]vants ( ! law & purpose ( reason4 ,ev5 ! k9dly & sociable in/9cts ( man1 9 :i* s _m h s\ght ! basis ( bo? morality & organiz$ society1 fall "u ,kant's condemnation4 ,z natural desires1 !y aspire to an illegitimate control 9 man's motives4 ,!y are p>ts ( human self-love3 ! unlawful t5d5cy to make happ9ess ! controll+ purpose ( action4 ,! natural relations ( man to man are ^? ( an unsocial sociabl5ess4 ,on ! "o h&1 m5 are =c$ toge!r by natural ties4 ,only 9 social relations c individuals develop _! capacities4 ,b no soon] d !y come toge!r ?an dis9tegrat+ t5d5cies set 94 ,union ) 8 fell[s give a /imulus to vanity1 av>ice & ga9+ p[] ov] o!rs--traits :i* _c %[ 9 !mselves 9 individuals :5 !y are isolat$4 ,?is mutual antagonism is1 h[ev]1 m ( a =ce 9 evolv+ man f savag]y to civilization ?an are ! k9dly & sociable in/9cts4 ,)\t ^! unlovely qualities :i* set man ov] aga9/ man 9 /rife1 individuals w\ld h liv$ on 9 p]fect h>mony1 cont5tm5t & mutual love1 ) all _! di/9ctive abilities lat5t & undevelop$4 ,9 %ort1 !y w\ld h rema9$ 9 ,r\sseau's p>adise ( a /ate ( nature1 & p]haps ,r\sseau 0 "r :5 he pref]r$ ! savage /ate to ! /ate ( civilization provid$ we leave out ( acc\nt ! la/ /age to :i* our species is yet de/9$ to rise4 ,b s9ce ! condition ( civilization is b an int]m$i>y betwe5 ! natural /ate & ! truly or rational moral condition to :i* man is to rise1 ,r\sseau 0 wrong4 ,?anks !n be to nature = ! unsociabl5ess1 ! spiteful competition ( vanity1 ! insatiate desires = p[] & ga94 ,^! quotations1 select$ f ,kant's little essay on an ,idea = a ,univ]sal ,hi/ory1 are preci\s = und]/&+ two ( ! mo/ *>act]i/ic traits ( subsequ5t ,g]man ?\ght1 ! di/9ctions made betwe5 ,society & ! ,/ate & betwe5 ,civilization & ,culture4 ,mu* ( ! tr\ble :i* has be5 exp]i5c$ 9 respect to ! rec5t use ( ,kultur might h be5 allay$ by a k t ,kultur has little 9 common ) ! ,engli% ^w culture save a lik5ess 9 s\nd4 ,kultur is %>ply anti!tical to civilization 9 its mean+4 ,civilization is a natural & l>gely unconsci\s or involunt>y gr[?4 ,x is1 s to speak1 a by-product ( ! ne$s eng5d]$ :5 p live close toge!r4 ,x is ext]nal1 9 %ort4 ,culture1 on ! o!r1 is delib]ate & consci\s4 ,x is a fruit n ( m5's natural motives1 b ( natural motives :i* h be5 trans=m$ by ! inn] _s4 ,kant made ! di/9ction :5 he said t ,r\sseau 0 n s f> wrong 9 pref]r+ savag]y to civilization1 s9ce civilization meant simply social dec5cies & elegancies & outw>d proprieties1 :ile morality1 t is1 ! rule ( ! end ( ,reason1 is necess>y to culture4 ,& ! real significance ( ! t]m culture becomes m obvi\s :5 he adds t x involves ! sl[ toil ( education ( ! ,inn] ,life1 & t ! atta9m5t ( culture on ! "p ( an individual dep5ds ^u long ef=t by ! community to :i* he belongs4 ,x is n prim>ily an individual trait or possession1 b a conque/ ( ! community won ?r\gh devotion to duty4 ,9 rec5t ,g]man lit]ature1 ,culture has be5 giv5 ev5 a m %>ply te*nical di/9ction f ,civilization & "o :i* emphasizes ev5 m its collective & nationali/ic "*4 ,civilization z ext]nal & uncontroll$ by self-consci\s purpose includes su* ?+s z language 9 its m spontane\s colloquial expression1 trade1 conv5tional mann]s or etiquette1 & ! police activities ( gov]nm5t4 ,kultur comprises language us$ = purposes ( high] lit]ature2 comm]ce pursu$ n z means ( enri*+ individuals b z a condition ( ! developm5t ( national life2 art1 philosophy 7especially 9 t untranslatable ?+1 ! ,welt-,ans*auung72 sci5ce1 religion1 & ! activities ( ! /ate 9 ! nurture & expansion ( ! o!r =ms ( national g5ius1 t is1 its activities 9 education & ! army4 ,! legislation ( ,bism>ck ) ref]5ce to c]ta9 ,roman ,ca?olic ord]s is nicknam$ ,kultur-kampf1 = x 0 conceiv$ z embody+ a /ruggle betwe5 two radically diff]5t philosophies ( life1 ! ,roman1 or ,italian1 & ! true ,g]manic1 n simply z a measure ( political exp$i5cy4 ,?us x is t a trad+ & milit>y po/ l ,kiao-,*\ is (ficially spok5 ( z a monum5t ( ,teutonic ,kultur4 ,! w> n[ rag+ is conceiv$ ( z an out] manife/ation ( a great spiritual /ruggle1 9 :i* :at is really at /ake is ! supreme value ( ! ,g]manic attitude 9 philosophy1 sci5ce & social que/ions g5]ally1 ! specifically ,g]man habits ( feel+ & ?9k+4 ,v simil> motives are at "w 9 ! di/9ction betwe5 society & ! ,/ate1 :i* is almo/ a commonplace ( ,g]man ?\ght4 ,9 ,engli% & ,am]ican writ+s ! ,/ate is almo/ always us$ to d5ote society 9 its m organiz$ aspects1 or x may be id5tifi$ ) gov]nm5t z a special ag5cy op]at+ = ! collective int]e/s ( m5 9 association4 ,b 9 ,g]man lit]ature society is a te*nical t]m & means some?+ empirical &1 s to speak1 ext]nal2 :ile ! ,/ate1 if n av[$ly some?+ my/ic & transc5d5tal1 is at lea/ a moral entity1 ! creation ( self-consci\s reason op]at+ 9 behalf ( ! spiritual & ideal int]e/s ( its memb]s4 ,its function is cultural1 educative4 ,ev5 :5 x int]v5es 9 mat]ial int]e/s1 z x does 9 regulat+ lawsuits1 poor laws1 protective t>iffs1 etc41 etc41 its action has ultimately an e?ical significance3 its purpose is ! fur!r+ ( an ideal community4 ,! same ?+ is to be said ( w>s :5 !y are really national w>s1 & n m]ely dyna/ic or accid5tal4 ,society is an expression ( man's egoi/ic nature2 8 natural seek+ = p]sonal advantage & pr(it4 ,its typical manife/ation is 9 competitive economic /ruggle & 9 ! /ruggle = honor & recogniz$ social /atus4 ,^! h _! prop] place2 b ) respect ev5 to !m x is ! duty ( ! ,/ate to int]v5e s t ! /ruggle may contribute to ideal ends :i* alone are univ]sal4 ,h5ce ! significance ( ! =ce or p[] ( ! ,/ate4 ,unlike o!r =ms ( =ce1 x has a sort ( sacr$ import1 = x repres5ts =ce consecrat$ to ! ass]tion & expansion ( f9al goods :i* are spiritual1 moral1 rational4 ,^! absolute ends c be ma9ta9$ only 9 /ruggle aga9/ man's individuali/ic ends4 ,conque/ ?r\gh conflict is ! law ( morals ev]y:]e4 ,9 ,kant we f9d only ! beg9n+s ( ?is political philosophy4 ,he is /ill held back by ! individualism ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,ev]y?+ legal & political is conceiv$ by him z ext]nal & h5ce outside ! /rictly moral realm ( inn] motivation4 ,yet he is n cont5t to leave ! ,/ate & its law z a :olly unmoral matt]4 ,! natural motives ( man are1 accord+ to ,kant 7evid5tly foll[+ ,hobbes71 love ( p[]1 love ( ga91 love ( glory4 ,^! motives are egoi/ic2 !y issue 9 /rife--9 ! w> ( all aga9/ all4 ,:ile su* a /ate ( affairs does n & _c invade ! inn] realm ( duty1 ! realm ( ! moral motive1 x evid5tly pres5ts a regime 9 :i* ! conque/ ( ! _w ( s5se by ! law ( reason _c be effect$4 ,man 9 8 rational or univ]sal capacity mu/1 !re=e1 w an outw>d ord] ( h>mony 9 :i* x is at lea/ possible = acts dictat$ by rational fre$om to get a foot+4 ,su* an out] ord] is ! ,/ate4 ,its prov9ce is n to promote moral fre$om directly--only ! moral w c d t4 ,b its bus9ess is to h9d] ! h9drances to fre$om3 to e/abli% a social condition ( outw>d ord] 9 :i* truly moral acts may gradually evolve a k+dom ( humanity4 ,?us :ile ! ,/ate does n h a directly moral scope ( action 7s9ce ! co]cion ( motive is a moral absurdity71 x does h a moral basis & an ultimate moral function4 ,x is ! law ( reason1 holy & inviolable1 :i* impels man to ! in/itution ( ! ,/ate1 n natural sociability1 mu* less consid]ations ( exp$i5cy4 ,& s necess>y is ! ,/ate to humanity's realization ( its moral purpose t !re c be no "r ( revolution4 ,! ov]?r[ & execution ( ! sov]eign 7,kant evid5tly _h ! ,fr5* ,revolution & ,l\is ,,xvi 9 m9d7 is an immortal & inexpiable s9 l ! s9 aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/ spok5 ( by !ologians1 :i* c nev] be =giv5 9 ?is _w or 9 ! next4 ,kant 0 en\gh ( a *ild ( ! eighte5? c5tury to be cosmopolitan1 n nationali/ic1 9 8 feel+4 ,s9ce humanity z a :ole1 9 its univ]sality1 alone truly corresponds to ! univ]sality ( reason1 he upheld ! ideal ( an ultimate republican f$]ation ( /ates2 he 0 "o ( ! fir/ to proclaim ! possibility ( endur+ peace among nations on ! basis ( su* a f$]at$ union ( mank9d4 ,! ?reat5$ dom9ation ( ,europe by ,napoleon foll[+ on ! w>s wag$ by republican ,france put an end1 h[ev]1 to cosmopolitanism4 ,s9ce ,g]many 0 ! greate/ suff]] f ^! w>s1 & s9ce x 0 obvi\s t ! lack ( national unity1 ! division ( ,g]many into a multitude ( petty /ates1 0 ! great s\rce ( h] weakness2 s9ce x 0 equally obvi\s t ,prussia1 ! "o /rong & c5traliz$ p[] among ! ,g]man /ates1 0 ! only ?+ :i* sav$ !m all f national ext9ction1 subsequ5t political philosophy 9 ,g]many rescu$ ! idea ( ! ,/ate f ! some:at ambigu\s moral position 9 :i* ,kant _h left x4 ,s9ce a /ate :i* is an absolute moral necessity & ^: actions are nev]!less lack+ 9 inh]5t moral quality is an anomaly1 ! doctr9e almo/ calls = a !ory :i* %all make ! ,/ate ! supreme moral entity4 ,fi*te m>ks ! beg9n+ ( ! trans=mation2 &1 9 8 writ+s1 x is easy to detect a m>k$ diff]5ce ( attitude t[>d ! nationali/ic /ate be=e & aft] #ahjf1 :5 9 ! battle ( ,j5a ,g]many w5t d[n to +lori\s defeat4 ,f ! "t ( ,fi*te1 ! ,g]man philosophy ( ! ,/ate bl5ds ) its philosophy ( hi/ory1 s t my res]vation ( ! latt] topic = ! next section is some:at arbitr>y1 & ,i %all n try rigidly to ma9ta9 ! division ( !mes4 ,i h already m5tion$ ! fact t ,kant relaxes ! sep>ation ( ! moral realm ( fre$om f ! s5su\s realm ( nature suffici5tly to ass]t t ! =m] is meant to influ5ce ! latt] & f9ally to subjugate x4 ,by means ( ! little crack ?us introduc$ into nature1 ,fi*te rewrites ! ,kantian philosophy4 ,! _w ( s5se mu/ be reg>d$ f ! v />t z mat]ial :i* ! free1 rational1 moral ,ego has creat$ 9 ord] to h mat]ial = its own adequate realization ( w4 ,fi*te _h a long+ = an absolute unity :i* did n afflict ,kant1 to :om1 save = ! concession j ref]r$ to1 a complete sep>ation ( ! two op]ations ( legislative reason suffic$4 ,fi*te 0 also an ard5tly active s\l1 ^: v temp]am5t assur$ him ( ! subord9ation ( !oretical k to moral action4 ,x w\ld be z difficult to give1 9 %ort space1 an adequate sket* ( ,fi*te's philosophy z ( ,kant's4 ,to him1 h[ev]1 reason 0 ! expression ( ! w1 n 7z ) ,kant7 ! w an application ( reason to action4 ,im ,anfang w> die ,t is good ,fi*teanism4 ,:ile ,kant cont9u$ ! usual significance ( ! t]m ,reason 7) only su* modifications z ! rationalism ( 8 c5tury _h made curr5t71 ,fi*te began ! trans=mation :i* consummat$ 9 lat] ,g]man idealism4 ,if ! _w ( nature & ( human relations is an expression ( reason1 !n reason mu/ be ! sort ( ?+1 & h ! sort ( attributes by means ( :i* ! _w may be con/ru$1 no matt] h[ f> away ?is conception ( reason takes u f ! usual mean+ ( ! t]m4 ,to ,fi*te ! =mula :i* be/ describ$ su* aspects ( ! _w & ( life z he 0 int]e/$ 9 0 ef=t at self-realization ?r\gh /ruggle ) difficulties & ov]com+ opposition4 ,h5ce 8 =mula = reason 0 a ,w :i*1 hav+ posit$ itself1 !n posit$ its anti!sis 9 ord]1 ?r\gh fur!r action subjugat+ ?is opposite1 to conqu] its own fre$om4 ,! doctr9e ( ! primacy ( ! ,de$1 & ( ! ,duty to a*ieve fre$om ?r\gh moral self-ass]tion aga9/ ob/acles 7:i*1 aft] all1 are !re only to fur!r ?is self-ass]tion7 0 "o :i* c\ld1 ) m or less plausibility1 be d]iv$ f ,kant4 ,m to our pres5t po9t1 x 0 a doctr9e :i* c\ld be prea*$ ) noble moral f]vor 9 connection ) ! difficulties & ne$s ( a divid$ & conqu]$ ,g]many4 ,fi*te saw himself z ! cont9uator ( ! "w ( ,lu!r & ,kant4 ,8 f9al sci5ce ( k br\ght ! ,g]man p alone ( ! peoples ( ! _w into ! possession ( ! idea & ideal ( absolute fre$om4 ,h5ce ! peculi> de/9y ( ! ,g]man s*ol> & ! ,g]man ,/ate4 ,x 0 ! duty & mission ( ,g]man sci5ce & philosophy to contribute to ! cause ( ! spiritual emancipation ( humanity4 ,kant _h already taught t ! acts ( m5 7 to become gradually p]meat$ by a _s ( rationality till !re %\ld be an equation ( inn] fre$om ( m9d & out] fre$om ( action4 ,fi*te's doctr9e dem&$ an accel]ation ( ! process4 ,m5 :o h atta9$ to a consci\sness ( ! absolute fre$om & self-activity mu/ necess>ily desire to see ar\nd !m simil> free be+s4 ,! s*ol> :o is truly a s*ol> n m]ely kn[s1 b he kn[s ! nature ( k--its place & function z a manife/ation ( ! ,absolute4 ,h5ce he is1 9 a peculi> s5se1 ! direct manife/ation ( ,god 9 ! _w--! true prie/4 ,& 8 prie/ly function consi/s 9 br++ o!r m5 to recognize moral fre$om 9 its creative op]ation4 ,su* is ! dignity ( education z conduct$ by ^? :o h atta9$ true philosophic insight4 ,fi*te made a specific application ( ?is idea to 8 own c\ntry & "t4 ,! humiliat+ condition ( contempor>y ,g]many 0 due to ! preval5ce ( egoism1 selfi%ness & p>ticul>ism3 to ! fact t m5 _h l[]$ !mselves to ! plane ( s5su\s life4 ,! fall 0 ! worse because ! ,g]mans1 m ?an any o!r p1 7 by nature & hi/ory consci\s ( ! ideal & spiritual pr9ciple1 ! pr9ciple ( fre$om1 ly+ at ! v basis ( all ?+s4 ,! key to ! political reg5]ation ( ,g]many 0 to be f\nd 9 a moral & spiritual reg5]ation effect$ by means ( education4 ,! key1 amid political division1 to political unity 0 to be s\ght 9 devotion to moral unity4 ,9 ?is _s ,fi*te prea*$ 8 ,addresses to ! ,g]man ,nation4 ,9 ?is _s he collaborat$ 9 ! f\ndation ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,b]l91 & zeal\sly promot$ all ! educational re=ms introduc$ by ,/e9 & ,humboldt into ,prussian life4 ,! conception ( ! ,/ate z an ess5tial moral ,be+ *>g$ ) an indisp5sable moral function lay close to ^! ideas4 ,education is ! means ( ! advancem5t ( humanity t[>d realization ( its div9e p]fection4 ,education is ! "w ( ! ,/ate4 ,! syllogism completes itself4 ,b 9 ord] t ! ,/ate may c>ry on its educational or moral mission x mu/ n only possess organization & comm5surate p[]1 b x mu/ also control ! conditions :i* secure ! possibility (f]$ to ! individuals compos+ x4 ,to adopt ,ari/otle's phrase1 m5 mu/ live be=e !y c live nobly4 ,! prim>y condition ( a secure life is t ev]yone be able to live by 8 own labor4 ,)\t ?is1 moral self-det]m9ation is a mock]y4 ,! bus9ess ( ! ,/ate1 outside ( its educational mission1 is conc]n$ ) prop]ty1 & ?is bus9ess means insur+ prop]ty to ev]yone z well z protect+ him 9 :at he already possesses4 ,moreov]1 prop]ty is n m]e physical possession4 ,x has a pr(\nd moral significance1 = x means ! subjugation ( physical ?+s to w4 ,x is a necess>y "p ( ! realization ( moral p]sonality3 ! conque/ ( ! non-ego by ! ego4 ,s9ce prop]ty does n mean m]e appropriation1 b is a "r recogniz$ & validat$ by society itself1 prop]ty has a social basis & aim4 ,x is an expression n ( individual egotism b ( ! univ]sal w4 ,h5ce x is ess5tial to ! v idea ( prop]ty & ( ! ,/ate t all ! memb]s ( society h an equal opportunity = prop]ty4 ,h5ce x is ! duty ( ! ,/ate to secure to its e memb] ! "r to "w & ! rew>d ( 8 "w4 ,! outcome1 z express$ 9 8 essay on ,! ,clos$ ,indu/rial ,/ate1 is ,/ate ,socialism1 bas$ on moral & ideali/ic gr\nds1 n on economic consid]ations4 ,9 ord] t m5 may h a real opportunity to develop _! moral p]sonalities1 _! "r to labor & to adequate liv+1 9 return = _! labor mu/ be assur$4 ,?is _c happ5 9 a competitive society4 ,indu/ry mu/ be completely regulat$ by ! ,/ate if ^! indisp5sable rights to labor & result+ com=t & security ( life z means to moral volition are to be a*iev$4 ,b a /ate engag$ 9 unre/rict$ =eign trade w leave its work+m5 at ! m]cy ( =eign conditions4 ,x mu/ !re=e regulate or ev5 elim9ate =eign comm]ce s f> z is necess>y to secure its own citiz5s4 ,! ultimate goal is a univ]sal /ate z wide z humanity1 & a /ate 9 :i* ea* individual w act freely1 )\t /ate-secur$ rights & /ate-impos$ obligations4 ,b be=e ?is cosmopolitan & philosophically an>*ic condition c be rea*$1 we mu/ pass ?r\gh a p]iod ( ! nationali/ic clos$ /ate4 ,?us at ! end a wide gulf sep>ates ,fi*te f ,kant4 ,! moral individualism ( ! latt] has become an e?ical socialism4 ,only 9 & by means ( a circle ( egos or p]sonalities does a human be+ atta9 ! moral reason & fre$om :i* ,kant be/[$ ^u him z 8 bir?right4 ,only ?r\gh ! educational activities ( ! ,/ate & its complete regulation ( ! indu/rial activities ( its memb]s does ! pot5tial moral fre$om ( individuals become an e/abli%$ reality4 ,if ,i h devot$ s mu* space to ,fi*te x is n because ( 8 direct influ5ce ^u affairs or ev5 ^u ?\ght4 ,he did n f\nd a s*ool4 ,8 sy/em 0 at once too p]sonal & too =mal4 ,nev]!less1 he express$ ideas :i*1 remov$ f _! special context 9 8 sy/em1 7 tak5 up into ! ?\ght ( cultivat$ ,g]many4 ,he9e1 speak+ ( ! vogue ( sy/ems ( ?\ght1 says ) pr(\nd tru? t nations h an in/9ctive pres5tim5t ( :at !y require to fulfill _! mission4 ,& ,fi*te's ?\ght infiltrat$ ?r\gh _m crevices4 ,rodb]tus & ,lasalle1 ! sociali/s1 71 = example1 pr(\ndly affect$ by him4 ,:5 ! latt] 0 prosecut$ 9 a crim9al suit = 8 ,programme ( ,work+m51 8 reply 0 t 8 programme 0 a di/9ctively philosophic utt]ance1 & h5ce protect$ by ! con/itutional provision = fre$om ( sci5ce & its tea*+4 ,& ?is is 8 philosophy ( ! ,/ate3 ,! ,/ate is ! unity & coop]ation ( individuals 9 a moral :ole4 4 4 4 ,! ultimate & intr9sic end ( ! ,/ate is1 !re=e1 to fur!r ! positive unfold+1 ! progressive developm5t ( human life4 ,its function is to "w out ! true end ( man2 t is to say1 ! full degree ( culture ( :i* human nature is capable4 ,& he quotes ) approval ! words3 ,! concept ( ! ,/ate mu/ be broad5$ s z to make ! ,/ate ! contrivance :]eby all human virtue is to be realiz$ to ! full4 ,& if he diff]s f ,fi*te1 x is b 9 ! ass]tion t s9ce ! labor+ class is ! "o to :om ! ne$ mo/ directly appeals1 x is work+m5 :o mu/ take ! lead 9 ! developm5t ( ! true functions ( ! ,/ate4 ,pan!ism is a philosophic nickname :i* %\ld be sp>+ly employ$2 s also %\ld ! t]m ,monism4 ,to call ,fi*te's sy/em an e?ical pan!ism & monism is n to say mu* t is enlight5+4 ,b ) free int]pretation ! designation may be highly significant 9 ref]5ce to ! spiritual temp] ( ! ,g]many ( ! fir/ "p ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,= x gives a key to ! pres5tim5t ( :at ,g]many ne$$ to fulfill its mission4 ,x is a commonplace ( ,g]man hi/orians t its unity & expansion to a great /ate p[]ful ext]nally1 prosp]\s int]nally1 0 wr\ght1 unlike t ( any o!r p1 f )9 outw>d4 ,9 ,lange's words1 our national developm5t />t$ f ! mo/ ideal & approximat$ m & m to ! real4 ,hegel & ,he9e agree t 9 ,g]many ! ,fr5* ,revolution & ! ,napoleonic c>e] 7 p>allel$ by a philosophic revolution & an intellectual empire4 ,y recall ! bitt] ^w t1 :5 ,napoleon 0 f9ally conqu]$ & ,europe p>tition$1 to ,g]many 0 assign$ ! k+dom ( ! cl\ds4 ,b ?is a]ial & t5u\s k+dom became a mighty p[]1 work+ ) & 9 ! /atesm5 ( ,prussia & ! s*ol>s ( ,g]many to f\nd a k+dom on ! solid e>?4 ,spiritual & ideal ,g]many made common cause ) reali/ic & practical ,prussia4 ,z says ,von ,sybel1 ! hi/orian ( ! ,f\nd+ ( ! ,g]man ,empire3 ,g]many _h be5 ru9$ ?r\gh its own dis9tegration & _h dragg$ ,prussia ) x into ! abyss4 ,x 0 well kn[n t ! wild fancies ( ! ,conqu]or hov]$ ab\t ! utt] annihilation ( ,prussia2 if ?is %\ld take place1 !n ea/ z well z we/ ( ! ,elbe1 n only political indep5d5ce1 b e trace ( a ,g]man _s1 ! ,g]man language & cu/oms1 ,g]man art & le>n+--ev]y?+ w\ld be wip$ out by ! =eign]s4 ,b ?is fatal dang] 0 p]ceiv$ j at ! "t :5 ev]ybody _h be5 look+ up to ,kant & ,s*ill]1 _h be5 admir+ ,fau/1 ! _w-embrac+ ma/]piece ( ,goe!'s1 & _h recogniz$ t ,alex&] von ,humboldt's cosmological /udies & ,niebuhr's ,roman ,hi/ory _h creat$ a new era 9 ,european sci5ce & le>n+4 ,9 su* intellectual atta9m5ts ! ,g]mans felt t !y 7 f> sup]ior to ! vanqui%] ( ! _w & 8 great nation2 & s ! political int]e/s ( ,prussia & ! salvation ( ! ,g]man nationality exactly co9cid$4 ,s*lei]ma*]'s patriotic s]mons1 ,fi*te's /irr+ addresses to ! ,g]man p1 ,humboldt's glori\s f\nd+ ( ! ,b]l9 ,univ]sity1 s]v$ to augm5t ! resi/+ p[] ( ,prussia1 :ile ,s*>nhor/'s recruits & militia 7 devot$ to ! def5se ( ,g]man honor & ,g]man cu/oms4 ,ev]yone felt t ,g]man nationality 0 lo/ if ,prussia did n come to its rescue1 & t1 too1 !re 0 no safety possible = ,prussia unless all ,g]many 0 free4 ,:at a rem>kable provid5ce x 0 t br\ght toge!r1 z 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 on ?is anci5t colonial gr\nd1 a ?rong ( ! mo/ en]getic m5 f all di/ricts ( ,g]many4 ,= nei!r ,/e9 nor 8 foll[]1 ,h>d5b]g1 nor ! g5]als ,s*>nhor/1 ,blue*] & ,gneis5au1 nor ! au?ors1 ,niebuhr1 ,fi*te & ,k4 ,f4 ,ei*orn1 nor _m o!rs :o might be m5tion$1 7 born 9 ,prussia2 yet because _! ?\ghts c5t]$ 9 ,g]many1 !y _h become loyal ,prussians4 ,! "n ,g]many _h be5 blott$ f ! political map ( ,europe1 b nev] _h s _m he>ts ?rill$ at ! ?\ght ( be+ ,g]man4 ,?us on ! mo/ ea/]n fronti] ( ,g]man life1 9 ! mid/ ( tr\bles :i* seem$ hopeless1 ! idea ( ,g]man unity1 :i* _h la9 dormant = c5turies1 n[ sprang up 9 a new bir?4 ,at fir/ ?is idea 0 held exclusively by ! great m5 ( ! times & rema9$ ! invaluable possession ( ! cultivat$ classes2 b once />t$ x spread f> & wide among ! y\ng] g5]ation4 4 4 4 ,b x 0 easi] to defeat ! mighty ,napoleon ?an to b5d ! ,g]man s5tim5ts ( dualism & individualism to ! _s ( national unity4 ,:at ,i h call$ ! e?ical pan!ism & moni/ic idealism ( ,fi*te 7a type ( philosophy reign+ almo/ un*all5g$ 9 ,g]many till almo/ ! middle ( ! c5tury7 0 an effective weapon 9 fight+ & w9n+ ?is m difficult battle4 ,9 8 volume on ! ,romantic ,s*ool 9 ,g]many1 ,br&es quotes f ! di>y ( ,h(fman a passage writt5 9 #ahji4 ,seiz$ by a /range fancy at ! ball on ! #f?1 ,i imag9e myself look+ at my own ,ego ?r\gh a kaleidoscope4 ,all ! =ms mov+ ar\nd me are ,egos & annoy me by :at !y d & leave undone4 ,x is a temptation to f9d 9 ?is passage a symbol bo? ( ,g]man philosophy & ( ! temp] ( ,g]many at ! "t4 ,its out] defeats1 its weakness 9 ! _w ( action1 _h develop$ an exasp]at$ introspection4 ,?is out] weakness1 co9cid+1 z ,von ,sybel po9ts out1 ) ! bloom ( ,g]many 9 art1 philosophy1 hi/ory1 philology & philosophy1 made ! ,ego ( ,g]many ! noble/ contempor>y object ( contemplation1 yet "o surr\nd$ ) o!r national ,egos :o (f5d$ by :at !y did & :at !y did n d4 ,patriotism1 national feel+1 national consci\sness are common en\gh facts4 ,b n[h]e save 9 ,g]many1 9 ! e>li] n9ete5? c5tury1 h ^! s5tim5ts & impulses be5 trans=m$ by delib]ate nurture into a my/ic cult4 ,?is 0 ! "t :5 ! idea ( ! ,volks-seele1 ! ,volks-gei/1 0 born2 & ! idea lo/ no "t 9 becom+ a fact4 ,n m]ely poetry 0 affect$ by x1 b philology1 hi/ory & jurisprud5ce4 ,! s-call$ hi/oric s*ool is its (fspr+4 ,! sci5ce ( social psy*ology d]ives f x at "o remove4 ,! s\l1 h[ev]1 ne$$ a body1 & 7q 9 accord ) ,g]man idealism7 x =m$ a body = itself--! ,g]man ,/ate z a unifi$ ,empire4 ,:ile ! ideali/ic p]iod came fir/1 x is important to be> 9 m9d ! k9d ( idealism x 04 ,at ?is po9t ! pan!i/ic allusion becomes significant4 ,! idealism 9 "q 0 n an idealism ( ano!r _w b ( ?is _w1 & especially ( ! ,/ate4 ,! embodim5t ( ! div9e & absolute w & ideal is ! exi/+ _w ( nature & ( m54 ,especially is ! human ego ! au?oriz$ & creative ag5t ( absolute purpose4 ,! significance ( ,g]man philosophy 0 precisely to make m5 aw>e ( _! nature & de/9y z ! direct & active repres5tatives ( absolute & creative purpose4 ,if ,i aga9 quote ,he9e1 x is because1 ) 8 contempt = te*nical philosophy1 he _h an intimate s5se ( its human mean+4 ,( ,g]man pan!i/ic idealism1 he wrote 9 #ahcc :ile x 0 /ill 9 its prime3 ,god is id5tical ) ! _w4 4 4 4 ,b he manife/s himself mo/ glori\sly 9 man1 :o feels & ?9ks at ! same "t1 :o is capable ( di/+ui%+ 8 own individuality f objective nature1 ^: intellect already be>s )9 itself ! ideas t pres5t !mselves to him 9 ! ph5om5al _w4 ,9 man ,deity rea*es self-consci\sness1 & ?is self-consci\sness ,god aga9 reveals ?r\gh man4 ,b ?is revelation does n take place 9 & ?r\gh individual man1 b 9 & ?r\gh collective humanity 4 4 4 :i* compreh5ds & repres5ts 9 idea & 9 reality ! :ole ,god-univ]se4 4 4 4 ,x is an error to suppose t ?is religion leads m5 to indiff]5ce4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! consci\sness ( 8 div9ity w inspire man ) en?usiasm = its manife/ation1 & f ?is mom5t ! really noble a*ievem5ts ( true h]oism glorify ! e>?4 ,9 "o respect1 ,he9e 0 a false prophet4 ,he ?\ght t ?is philosophy w\ld 9 ! end accrue to ! pr(it ( ! radical1 ! republican & revolution>y p>ty 9 ,g]many4 ,! hi/ory ( ,g]man lib]alism is a complicat$ matt]4 ,suffice x 9 g5]al to say t ! honey ! lib]t>ians hiv$ 0 appropriat$ 9 ! end by ! p>ty ( au?ority4 ,9 ,he9e's assurance t ^! ideas w\ld 9 due "t issue 9 action he 0 pr(\ndly "r4 ,8 essay closes ) burn+ words1 f :i* ,i extract ! foll[+3 ,x seems to me t a me?odical p1 su* z we1 mu/ beg9 ) ! re=mation1 mu/ !n occupy ourselves ) sy/ems ( philosophy1 & only aft] _! completion pass to ! political revolution4 4 4 4 ,!n w appe> ,kantians1 z little tol]ant ( piety 9 ! _w ( de$s z 9 ! _w ( ideas1 :o w m]cilessly upturn ) sword & axe ! soil ( our ,european life to extirpate ! la/ remnants ( ! pa/4 ,!n w come ^u ! sc5e arm$ ,fi*teans1 ^: fanaticism ( w is to be re/ra9$ nei!r by fe> nor self-int]e/1 = !y live 9 ! _s4 4 4 4 ,mo/ ( all to be fe>$ w\ld be ! philosoph]s ( nature1#hd3;,a 7 !y actively to m+le4 4 4 4 ,= if ! h& ( ! ,kantian /rikes ) /rong un]r+ bl[2 if ! ,fi*tean c\rage\sly defies e dang]1 s9ce = him dang] has 9 reality no exi/5ce2--! ,philosoph] ( ,nature w be t]rible 9 t he has alli$ himself ) ! primitive p[]s ( nature1 9 t he c conjure up ! demoniac =ces ( old ,g]man pan!ism2 & hav+ done s1 ar\s$ 9 him t anci5t ,g]manic eag]ness :i* combats = ! joy ( ! combat itself4 4 4 4 ,smile n at my c\nsel z at ! c\nsel ( a dream]4 4 4 4 ,! ?\ght prec$es ! de$ z ! lightn+ ! ?und]4 4 4 4 ,! h\r w come4 ,z on ! /eps ( an amphi!at]1 ! nations w gr\p !mselves ar\nd ,g]many to witness ! t]rible combat4 #hd3;,a ,he ref]s to ! foll[]s ( ,s*ell+1 :o z matt] ( fact _h little vogue4 ,b 8 words may n unju/ly be transf]r$ to ! naturali/ic s*ools1 :i* h s9ce affect$ ,g]man ?\ght4 ,9 my preoccupation ) ,he9e1 ,i seem to h w&]$ some:at f our imm$iate topic3 ! connection ( ! ideali/ic philosophy ) ! developm5t & organization ( ! national /ate ( ,g]many4 ,b ! necessity ( ! organiz$ ,/ate to c>e = ! moral int]e/s ( mank9d 0 an inh]5t "p ( ,fi*te's ?\ght4 ,at fir/1 :at /ate 0 a matt] ( indiff]5ce4 ,9 fact 8 sympa?ies 7 l>gely ,fr5* & republican4 ,be=e ,j5a1 he writes3 ,:at is ! nation = a truly civiliz$ ,*ri/ian ,european8 ,9 a g5]al way1 ,europe itself4 ,m p>ticul>ly at any "t ! ,/ate :i* is at ! head ( civilization4 4 4 4 ,) ?is cosmopolitan s5se1 we c be tranquil be=e ! vicissitudes & cata/rophes ( hi/ory4 ,9 #ahjg he writes3 ,! di/9ction betwe5 ,prussia & ! re/ ( ,g]many is ext]nal1 arbitr>y & =tuit\s4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 ,g]many & ! re/ ( ,europe is f\nd$ 9 nature4 ,! seem+ gulf betwe5 ! two ideas is easily bridg$4 ,! ,addresses on ! ,fundam5tal ,features ( ! ,pres5t ,age _h taught t ! end ( humanity on e>? is ! e/abli%m5t ( a k+dom 9 :i* all relations ( humanity are det]m9$ ) fre$om or accord+ to ,reason--accord+ to ,reason z conceiv$ by ! ,fi*tean =mula4 ,9 8 ,addresses to ! ,g]man ,nation1 9 #ahjg-jh1 ! unique mission ( ,g]many 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( ?is k+dom is urg$ z a motive = secur+ national unity & ! ov]?r[ ( ! conqu]or4 ,! ,g]mans are ! sole p :o recognize ! pr9ciples ( spiritual fre$om1 ( fre$om won by action 9 accord ) reason4 ,fai?fulness to ?is mission w elevate ! ,g]man "n to t ( ! mo/ glori\s among all ! peoples1 mak+ ?is ,nation ! reg5]ator & re/or] ( ! _w4 ,he p]sonifies _! ance/ors speak+ to !m1 & say+3 ,we 9 our "t sav$ ,g]many f ! ,roman ,_w ,empire4 ,b y\rs is ! great] =tune4 ,y may e/abli% once = all ! ,k+dom ( ! ,_s & ( ,reason1 br++ to naught corporeal might z ! rul+ ?+ 9 ! _w4 ,& ?is anti!sis ( ! ,g]manic & ! ,roman pr9ciples has become a commonplace 9 ! ,g]man imag9ation4 ,moreov]1 = ,g]many to w9 is no selfi% ga94 ,x is an advantage to all nations4 ,! great promise ( a k+dom ( "r reason & tru? on e>? mu/ n become a va9 & empty phantom2 ! pres5t iron age is b a transition to a bett] e/ate4 ,h5ce ! conclud+ words3 ,!re is no middle road3 ,if y s9k1 s s9ks humanity entire ) y1 )\t hope ( future re/oration4 ,! premises ( ! hi/oric syllogism are pla94 ,fir/1 ! ,g]man ,lu!r :o sav$ = mank9d ! pr9ciple ( spiritual fre$om aga9/ ,lat9 ext]nalism2 !n ,kant & ,fi*te1 :o wr\ght out ! pr9ciple into a f9al philosophy ( sci5ce1 morals & ! ,/ate2 z conclusion1 ! ,g]man nation organiz$ 9 ord] to w9 ! _w to recognition ( ! pr9ciple1 & !reby to e/abli% ! rule ( fre$om & sci5ce 9 humanity z a :ole4 ,! ,g]mans are pati5t2 !y h a long memory4 ,ideas produc$ :5 ,g]many 0 divid$ & brok5 7 reta9$ & *]i%$ aft] x became a unifi$ ,/ate ( supreme milit>y p[]1 & "o yield+ to no o!r p 9 indu/rial & comm]cial prosp]ity4 ,9 ! gross] s5se ( ! words1 ,g]many has n held t might makes "r4 ,b x has be5 in/ruct$ by a long l9e ( philosoph]s t x is ! bus9ess ( ideal "r to ga!r might to itself 9 ord] t x may cease to be m]ely ideal4 ,! ,/ate repres5ts exactly ?is inc>nation ( ideal law & "r 9 effective might4 ,! milit>y arm is "p ( ?is moral embodim5t4 ,let s5tim5tali/s s+ ! praises ( an ideal to :i* no actual =ce corresponds4 ,prussian fai? 9 ! reality & en=cem5t among m5 ( ! ideal is ( a m solid "*4 ,z pa/ hi/ory is ! record ( ! gradual realization 9 ! ,g]manic ,/ate ( ! div9e idea1 future hi/ory mu/ uphold & exp& :at has be5 accompli%$4 ,diplomacy is ! veil$ display ( law clo!d ) =ce 9 behalf ( ?is realization1 & w> is its ov]t manife/ation4 ,t w> dem&s self-sacrifice is b ! m conv9c+ pro( ( its pr(\nd morality4 ,x is ! f9al seal ( devotion to ! ext5sion ( ! k+dom ( ! ,absolute on e>?4 ,= ! philosophy /&s or falls ) ! conception ( an ,absolute4 ,:e!r a philosophy ( absolutes is !oretically s\nd or uns\nd is none ( my pres5t conc]n4 ,b t philosophical absolutism may be practically z dang]\s z matt] ( fact political absolutism hi/ory te/ifies4 ,! situation puts 9 relief :at f9ally is at issue betwe5 a !ory :i* is p9n$ to a belief 9 an ,absolute beyond hi/ory & beh9d exp]i5ce1 & "o :i* is frankly exp]im5tal4 ,= any philosophy :i* is n consi/5tly exp]im5tal w always traffic 9 absolutes no matt] 9 h[ disguis$ a =m4 ,9 ,g]man political philosophy1 ! traffic is )\t mask4 ,,iii ,,! ,,g]manic ,,philosophy ,,( ,,hi/ory ,! unity ( ! ,g]man p long$ = & dream$ ( aft] #ahjg became an e/abli%$ fact ?r\gh ! w> ( #ahgj ) ,france4 ,x is easy to assign symbolic significance to ?is fact4 ,ev] s9ce ! "t ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution--if n be=e--,g]man ?\ght has tak5 %ape 9 conflict ) ideas t 7 *>act]i/ically ,fr5* & 9 %>p & consci\s anti!sis to !m4 ,r\sseau's deification ( ,nature 0 ! occasion = ! developm5t ( ! conception ( ,culture4 ,8 condemnation ( sci5ce & art z socially corrupt+ & socially divisive work$ across ! ,rh9e to produce ! notion t sci5ce & art are ! =ces :i* moralize & unify humanity4 ,! cosmopolitanism ( ! ,fr5* ,enlight5m5t 0 trans=m$ by ,g]man ?9k]s into a self-consci\s ass]tion ( nationalism4 ,! ab/ract ,rights ( ,man ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution 7 set 9 anti!sis to ! pr9ciple ( ! rights ( ! citiz5 secur$ to him solely by ! p[] ( ! politically organiz$ nation4 ,! delib]ate brea* ( ! revolution>y philosophy ) ! pa/1 ! attempt 7=e%ad[$ 9 ! philosophy ( ,desc>tes7 to make a tabula rasa ( ! =tuit\s assemblage ( traditions & in/itutions :i* hi/ory (f]s1 9 ord] to sub/itute a social /ructure built ^u ,reason1 0 envisag$ z ! fons et origo ( all evil4 ,t hi/ory is itself inc>nate reason2 t hi/ory is inf9itely m rational ?an ! =mal ab/ract+ & g5]aliz+ reason ( individuals2 t individual m9d becomes rational only ?r\gh ! absorption & assimilation ( ! univ]sal reason embodi$ 9 hi/oric in/itutions & hi/oric developm5t1 became ! articles ( fai? ( ! ,g]man intellectual cre$4 ,x is h>dly an exagg]ation to say t = almo/ a c5tury ! *>act]i/ic philosophy ( ,g]many has be5 a philosophy ( hi/ory ev5 :5 n su* 9 app>5t =m4 ,yet ! mean+ ( ?is appeal to hi/ory is lo/ unless we be> 9 m9d t ! ,enlight5m5t aft] all transmitt$ to ,g]many1 f m$ieval ?\ght1 its f\ndation pr9ciple4 ,! appeal 0 n f reason to exp]i5ce1 b f analytic ?\ght 7h5ce=? condemn$ to be m]ely ,und]/&+--,v]/&7 to an absolute & univ]sal ,reason 7,v]nunft7 p>tially reveal$ 9 nature & m adequately manife/$ 9 human hi/ory z an organic process4 ,rec\rse to hi/ory 0 requir$ because n ( any empirical lessons x has to tea*1 nor yet because hi/ory bequea!s to u /ubborn in/itutions :i* mu/ be reckon$ )1 b because hi/ory is ! dynamic & evolv+ realization ( imman5t reason4 ,! contra/ ( ! ,g]man attitude ) t ( ,edmund ,burke is in/ructive4 ,! latt] _h ! same pr(\nd ho/ility to cutt+ loose f ! pa/4 ,b 8 objection 0 n t ! pa/ is an embodim5t ( transc5d5t reason1 b t its in/itutions are an inh]itance bequea!d to u f ! collect$ wisdom ( our =efa!rs4 ,! cont9uity ( political life c5t]s n ab\t an inn] evolv+ ,idea1 b ab\t our he>?s1 our sepul*]s & our alt>s4 ,he has ! same suspicion ( ab/ract rights ( man4 ,b 8 appeal is to exp]i5ce & to practical consequ5ces4 ,s9ce circum/ances give 9 reality to e pr9ciple its di/+ui%+ color & discrim9at+ effect1 !re is no s\ndness 9 any pr9ciple :5 x /&s /ripp$ ( e relation 9 all ! nak$ness & solitude ( metaphysical ab/raction4 ,accord+ to ! ,g]man view1 ! ,engli% prote/$ because ( int]f]5ce ) empirically e/abli%$ rights & privileges2 ! ,g]mans1 because !y p]ceiv$ 9 ! ,revolution a radical error z to ! nature & "w ( reason4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 ! ,g]mans nev] made t break ) tradition1 political or religi\s1 ( :i* ! ,fr5* ,revolution is an emphatic symbol4 ,i h already ref]r$ to ,kant's disposition to reg>d *ur* dogmas 7( :i*1 z dogmas1 he disapprov$7 z vehicles ( et]nal spiritual tru?s--husks to pres]ve an inn] gra94 ,all ( ! great ,g]man ideali/s gave fur!r expression to ?is disposition4 ,to ,hegel1 = example1 ! sub/ance ( ! doctr9es ( ,prote/ant ,*ri/ianity is id5tical ) ! tru?s ( absolute philosophy1 except t 9 religion !y are express$ 9 a =m n adequate to _! mean+1 ! =m1 namely1 ( imag9ative ?\ght 9 :i* mo/ m5 live4 ,! disposition to philosophize ,*ri/ianity is too widely %[n 9 ,g]many to be dismiss$ z a c[>dly desire at accommodation ) ?+s e/abli%$4 ,x %[s r an intellectual piety among a p :]e fre$om ( ?\ght & consci5ce _h be5 a*iev$ )\t a viol5t political upheaval4 ,hegel f9ds t ! *>act]i/ic weakness ( ,romance ?\ght 0 an inn] split1 an inability to reconcile ! spiritual & absolute ess5ce ( reality ) :i* religion deals ) ! detail$ "w ( intellig5ce 9 sci5ce & politics4 ,! ,g]mans1 on ! contr>y1 7 pr$e/9$ to be ! be>]s ( ! ,*ri/ian pr9ciple & to c>ry out ! ,idea z ! absolutely ,rational end4 ,!y accompli%$ ?is1 n by a flight away f ! secul> _w1 b by realiz+ t ! ,*ri/ian pr9ciple is 9 itself t ( ! unity ( ! subjective & ! objective1 ! spiritual & ! worldly4 ,! _s f9ds ! goal ( its /ruggle1 its h>mony1 9 t v sph]e :i* x made ! object ( its resi/ance1--x f9ds t secul> pursuits are a spiritual occupation2--a discov]y1 surely1 :i* unites simplicity ) compreh5siv5ess & "o :i* does n lead to criticism ( ! secul> pursuits c>ri$ on4 ,:atev] is to be said ( ?is z philosophy1 x expresses1 9 a way1 ! quality ( ,g]man life & ?\ght4 ,m ?an o!r c\ntries1 ,g]many has _h ! =tune to pres]ve z food = its imag9ative life & z emotional sanction ! great ideas ( ! pa/4 ,x has c>ri$ ov] _! re9=cem5t into ! pursuit ( sci5ce & into politics--into ! v ?+s :i* 9 o!r c\ntries1 notably 9 ! ,lat9 c\ntries1 h be5 us$ z weapons ( attack ^u tradition4 ,political developm5t tells a some:at simil> tale4 ,! pa9ful transition f feudalism to ! mod]n era 01 = ! mo/ "p1 accompli%$ rec5tly 9 ,g]many1 & accompli%$ "u ! guidance ( e/abli%$ political au?orities in/ead ( by revolt aga9/ !m4 ,"u _! sup]vision1 & ma9ly at _! initiative1 ,g]many has pass$ 9 less ?an a c5tury to ! regime ( mod]n capitali/ic competitive ent]prise1 mod]at$ by ! ,/ate1 out ( ! dom9ion ( ^? local & guild re/rictions :i* s long held economic activity 9 corporate bonds4 ,! gov]n+ p[]s !mselves secur$ to memb]s ( ! ,/ate :at seems1 at lea/ to ,g]mans1 to be a satisfy+ degree ( political fre$om4 ,along ) ?is abs5ce ( int]nal di/urbance & revolution1 we mu/ put ! fact t e /ep 9 ! developm5t ( ,g]many z a unifi$ political p[] has be5 effect$ by w> ) "s ( ! neighbors by :i* x is hemm$ 94 ,!re /&s ! unfold+ sequ5ce3 #ahae 7n to g back to ,fr$]ick ! ,great71 #ahfd1 #ahff1 #ahgj4 ,& ! significant ?+ ab\t ^! w>s is n t ext]nal t]ritory 0 annex$ z _! consequ5ce1 b ! reb\nd ( ext]nal /ruggle ^u ! a*iev+ ( int]nal unity4 ,no wond] ! ,g]man imag9ation has be5 impress$ ) ! idea ( an organic evolution f )91 :i* takes ! =m ( a unity a*iev$ ?r\gh conflict & ! conque/ ( an oppos+ pr9ciple4 ,su* scatt]+ comm5ts z ^! prove no?+4 ,b !y sugge/ :y ,g]man ?\ght has be5 peculi>ly s5sitive to ! idea ( hi/oric cont9uity2 :y x has be5 prone to seek = an orig9al implicit ess5ce :i* has progressively unfold$ itself 9 a s+le developm5t4 ,x w\ld take mu* m ?an an h\r to give ev5 a sup]ficial acc\nt ( ! gr[? ( ! hi/orical sci5ces & hi/oric me?ods ( ,g]many dur+ ! fir/ half ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,x w\ld involve an acc\nt ( ! creation ( philology1 & ! philological me?ods :i* g by ! "n ( high] criticism2 ( _! ext5sion to ar*eology2 ( ! hi/oric s*ools ( jurisprud5ce & political economy1 z well z ( ! ways 9 :i* su* m5 z ,niebuhr1 ,momms5 & ,ranke remade ! me?ods ( /udy+ ! pa/4 ,i c only say "h t ,g]many develop$ su* an effective hi/orical te*nique t ev5 m$iocre m5 a*iev$ respectable results2 &1 mu* m significantly1 t :5 ,ta9e made ! rem>k 7quot$ e>li]7 t we owe to ! ,g]many ( ! half c5tury be=e #ahcj all our di/9ctively mod]n ideas1 8 rem>ks apply above all to ! discipl9es conc]n$ ) ! hi/orical developm5t ( mank9d4 ,! bases ( ?is philosophy are already be=e u4 ,ev5 9 ,kant we f9d ! idea ( a s+le cont9u\s developm5t ( humanity1 z a progress f a reign ( natural in/9ct to a f9al fre$om won ?r\gh adh]5ce to ! law ( reason4 ,fi*te sket*$ ! /ages already trav]s$ on ?is road & locat$ ! po9t at :i* mank9d n[ /&s4 ,9 8 lat] writ+s1 ! significance ( hi/ory z ! realization ( ! absolute purpose is increas+ly emphasiz$4 ,hi/ory is ! cont9u\s life ( a div9e ,ego by :i* x realizes 9 fact :at x is 9 idea or de/9y4 ,its phases are successive /ages 9 ! f\nd+ ( ! ,k+dom ( ,god on e>?4 ,x & x only is ! revelation ( ! ,absolute4 ,along ) ?is gr[+ deification ( hi/ory is ! increas$ significance atta*$ to nationalism 9 g5]al & ! ,g]man nation 9 p>ticul>4 ,! ,/ate is ! concrete individual int]pos$ betwe5 g5]ic humanity & p>ticul> be+s4 ,9 8 words1 ! national folk is ! *annel ( div9e life z x p\rs into p>ticul> f9ite human be+s4 ,he says3 ,:ile cosmopolitanism is ! dom9ant w t ! purpose ( ! exi/5ce ( humanity be actually realiz$ 9 humanity1 patriotism is ! w t ?is end be fir/ realiz$ 9 ! p>ticul> nation to :i* we ourselves belong1 & t ?is a*ievem5t !nce spread ov] ! entire race4 ,s9ce ! ,/ate is an organ ( div9ity1 patriotism is religion4 ,z ! ,g]mans are ! only truly religi\s p1 !y alone are truly capable ( patriotism4 ,o!r peoples are products ( ext]nal causes2 !y h no self-=m$ ,self1 b only an acquir$ self due to g5]al conv5tion4 ,9 ,g]many !re is a self :i* is self-wr\ght & self-own$4 ,! v fact t ,g]many = c5turies has _h no ext]nal unity proves t its selfhood is metaphysical1 n a gift ( circum/ance4 ,?is conception ( ! ,g]man mission has be5 comb9$ ) a k9d ( an?ropological metaphysics :i* has become ! rage 9 ,g]many4 ,! ,g]mans alone ( all exi/+ ,european nations are a pure race4 ,!y alone h pres]v$ unalloy$ ! orig9al div9e deposit4 ,language is ! expression ( ! national s\l1 & only ! ,g]mans h kept _! native spee* 9 its purity4 ,9 l ve91 ,hegel attributes ! inn] di%>mony *>act]i/ic ( ,romance peoples to ! fact t !y are ( mix$ ,g]manic & ,lat9 blood4 ,a purely artificial cult ( race has s fl\ri%$ 9 ,g]many t _m social movem5ts--l anti-,semitism--& "s ( ,g]many's political ambitions _c be und]/ood ap>t f ! my/ic id5tification ( ,race1 ,culture & ! ,/ate4 ,9 ! light ( actual sci5ce1 ?is is s my?ological t ! rem>k ( an ,am]ican p]iodical t race means a numb] ( p read+ ! same newspap]s is sob] sci5tific fact comp>$ ) x4#aja3;,a #aja3;,a ,*amb]la91 = example1 holds t ,jesus mu/ h be5 ( ,teutonic bir?--a p]fect logical conclusion f ! receiv$ philosophy ( ! ,/ate & religion4 ,q aw>e t !re is mu* ,slav blood 9 nor!rn ,g]many & ,romance blood 9 s\!rn ,g]many1 he expla9s t :ile ) o!r peoples cross+ produces a mongrel race1 ! pot5cy ( ! ,g]man blood is su* t cross-bre$+ /r5g!ns x4 ,:ile at "o "t he expla9s ! hi/oric /r5g? ( ! ,jew on ! gr\nd t he has kept 8 race pure1 ano!r place he all[s 8 indignation at ! ,jews to lead him to include !m among ! mo/ mongrel ( all peoples4 ,to "o ?+ he rema9s consi/5t3 ,by ! v ess5ce ( race1 ! ,semites repres5t a metaphysical pr9ciple inh]5tly ho/ile to ! gr& ,g]manic pr9ciple4 ,x p]haps seems absurd to dignify ! vag>ies ( ?is g>rul\s writ]1 b accord+ to all report ! volumes 9 :i* su* expressions occur1 ,! ,f\ndations ( ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 has _h augu/ approval & mu* vogue4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( hi/ory ,fi*te plac$ an ,urvolk4 ,8 acc\nt ( x seems an attempt to rationalize at "o /roke ! leg5ds ( ! ,gold5 ,age1 ! ,biblical acc\nt ( man be=e ! ,fall & ,r\sseau's primitive /ate ( nature4 ,! ,urvolk liv$ 9 a p>adise ( innoc5ce1 a p>adise )\t k1 labor or art4 ,! philosophy :i* dem&s su* a ,folk is comp>atively simple4 ,except z a manife/ation ( ,absolute ,reason1 humanity c\ld n exi/ at all4 ,yet 9 ! fir/ /age ( ! manife/ation1 ,reason c\ld n h be5 appropriat$ by ! self-consci\s ef=t ( man4 ,x exi/$ )\t consci\sness ( itself1 = x 0 giv51 n1 l all true self-consci\sness1 won by morally creative /ruggle4 ,rational 9 sub/ance1 9 =m x 0 b feel+ or in/9ct4 ,9 a s5se1 all subsequ5t hi/ory is b a return to ?is primitive condition4 ,b humanity mu/ make ! j\rney on its own feet2 by its own /r5g? x mu/ br+ itself back to t /ate 9 :i* x 0 once )\t its own coop]at+ labor4 4 4 4 ,if humanity does n recreate its own true be+1 x has no real life4 ,:ile philosophy compels u to assume a ,normal ,p :o1 by ! m]e fact ( _! exi/5ce1 )\t sci5ce & art1 f\nd !mselves 9 a /ate ( p]fectly develop$ reason1 !re is no gr\nd = n admitt+ ! exi/5ce at ! same "t ( timid & rude e>?-born savages4 ,?us ! orig9al /ate ( humanity w\ld h be5 "o ( ! greate/ possible inequality1 be+ divid$ betwe5 ! ,normal ,folk exi/+ z a manife/ation ( ,reason & ! wild & savage races ( b>b>ism4 ,9 8 lat] p]iod ( inflam$ patriotism ?is innocu\s speculation grew a /+4 ,he _h det]m9$ t ! pres5t age--! ,europe ( ! ,enlight5m5t & ! ,fr5* ,revolution--is ! age ( lib]ation f ! ext]nal au?ority 9 :i* ,reason _h pres5t$ itself 9 ! second age4 ,h5ce x is inh]5tly negative3 an age ( absolute indiff]5ce t[>d ! ,tru?1 an age ( entire & unre/ra9$ lic5ti\sness4 ,b ! fur!r evolution ( ! ,div9e ,idea dem&s a ,folk :i* has reta9$ ! primitive pr9ciple ( ,reason1 :i* may r$eem1 !re=e1 ! corrupt & rebelli\s modes ( humanity else:]e exi/+4 ,s9ce ! ,g]mans are ?is sav+ remnant1 !y are ! ,urvolk1 ! ,normal ,nation1 ( ! mod]n p]iod4 ,f ?is po9t on1 idealization ( pa/ ,g]manic hi/ory & appeal to ! nation to realize its unique call+ by victory ov] ,napoleon bl5d4 ,! ,fi*tean scaffold+ tumbl$1 b ^! ideas p]si/$4 ,i d\bt if x is possible to exagg]ate ! ext5t to :i* ,g]man hi/ory has be5 sy/ematically idealiz$ = ! la/ hundr$ ye>s4 ,te*nically speak+1 ! ,romantic movem5t may h pass$ away & an age ( sci5tific hi/ory dawn$4 ,actually ! detail$ facts h be5 depict$ by use ( ! palette ( ,romanticism4 ,space p]mits b "o illu/ration :i* w\ld be b a lit]>y curiosity 7 x n fairly typical4 ,tacitus call$ 8 acc\nt ( ! nor!rn b>b>ians ,g]mania--an un=tunate title 9 view ( lat] developm5ts4 ,! *>act]i/ics assign$ by him to ! ,g]man tribes are su* z any an?ropologi/ c\ld duplicate f any w>like b>b>ic tribe4 ,yet ov] & ov] aga9 ^! traits 7:i* ,tacitus idealiz$ z ,coop]1 say1 idealiz$ ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indian traits7 are made ! basis ( ! philosophic hi/ory ( ! ,g]man p4 ,! ,g]mans1 = example1 _h t psy*ological exp]i5ce n[ kn[n z mana1 manit\1 tabu1 etc4 ,!y id5tifi$ _! gods1 9 ,tacitus' phrase1 ) t my/]y :i* !y p]ceive by exp]i5c+ sacr$ fe>4 ,?is turns out to be ! g]m9al deposit ( spiritual-m9d$ness :i* lat] %[$ itself 9 ,lu!r & 9 ! peculi> g5ius ( ! ,g]mans = religi\s exp]i5ce4 ,! foll[+ words are f no less an au?ority ?an ,pfleid]]3 ,_c we recognize 9 ?is po9t t truly ,g]man *>act]i/ic ( ,inn]li*keit :i* scorns to fix = s5su\s p]ception ! div9e some?+ :i* makes itself felt 9 ! dep?s ( ! s5sitive s\l1 :i* scorns to drag d[n ! sublime my/]y ( ! unkn[able to ! vulg> di/9ctness ( e>?ly ?+s8 ,! fact t ! ,g]mans atta*$ b little importance to religi\s c]emonies accords ) ?is view4 ,to o!rs1 ?is s5se ( my/]y is a prophetic anticipation ( ! ,kantian ?+-9-itself4 ,a simil> treatm5t has be5 accord$ to ! p]sonal & volunt>y bond by :i* individuals atta*$ !mselves to a *iefta94 ,?us e>ly 0 m>k$ out ! fidelity or loyalty1 ,treue1 :i* is uniquely ,g]manic--al?\gh "s w>like tribes among our ,indians c>ri$ ! sy/em /ill fur!r4 ,i c all[ myself b "o m example ( ! way 9 :i* ! philosophic sophi/ication ( hi/ory has work$4 ,no hi/orian c be unconsci\s ( ! ext5t to :i* ,european culture has be5 g5u9ely ,european--! ext5t to :i* x d]ives itself f a common h]itage ( ! anci5t _w & ! ext5t to :i* int]mixtures & borr[+s ( culture h gone on ev] s9ce4 ,z to ,g]many1 h[ev]1 ^! obvi\s facts h to be accommodat$ to ! doctr9e ( an orig9al racial deposit /eadily evolv+ f )94 ,! me?od is simple4 ,z respects ,g]many1 ^! cultural borr[+s & crosses repres5t ! intr9sic univ]sality ( its g5ius4 ,?r\gh ?is univ]sality1 ! ,g]man _s f9ds itself at home ev]y:]e4 ,consequ5tly1 x consci\sly appropriates & assimilates :at o!r peoples h produc$ by a k9d ( bl9d unconsci\s in/9ct4 ,?us x 0 ,g]man ?\ght :i* reveal$ ! tru? ( ,hell5ic culture1 & rescu$ ess5tial ,*ri/ianity f its ,romaniz$ petrifaction4 ,! pr9ciple ( ,reason :i* ,fr5* enlight5m5t laid hold ( only 9 its negative & de/ructive aspect1 ! ,g]man _s grasp$ 9 its positive & con/ructive =m4 ,%akespe>e happ5$ to be born 9 ,engl&1 b only ! ,g]mans h appreh5d$ him 9 8 spiritual univ]sality s t he is n[ m 8 own ?an he is ,engl&'s--& s on4 ,b ) respect to o!r peoples1 simil> borr[+s reveal only _! lack ( inn] & ess5tial selfhood4 ,:ile ,lu!r is univ]sal because he is ,g]man1 ,%akespe>e is univ]sal because he is n ,engli%4 ,i h intimat$ t ,fi*te's actual influ5ce 0 limit$4 ,b 8 basic ideas ( ! ,/ate & ( hi/ory 7 absorb$ 9 ! philosophy ( ,hegel1 & ,hegel = a consid]able p]iod absolutely dom9at$ ,g]man ?9k+4 ,to set =? ! gr\nd pr9ciples ( 8 absolute idealism w\ld be only to repeat :at has already be5 said4 ,its *ief diff]5ce1 aside f ,hegel's encyclop$ic k1 8 great] concrete hi/oric int]e/ & 8 m cons]vative temp]am5t1 is 8 bottomless scorn = an ,idea1 an ,absolute1 :i* m]ely ought to be & :i* is only go+ to be realiz$ aft] a p]iod ( "t4 ,! ,actual is ! ,rational & ! ,rational is ! ,actual--& ! actual means ! actuat+ =ce & movem5t ( ?+s4 ,x is cu/om>y to call him an ,ideali/4 ,9 "o s5se ( mu* abus$ t]ms1 he is ! greate/ reali/ kn[n to philosophy4 ,he might be call$ a ,brutali/4 ,9 ! inquiry ,b\rdon c>ri$ on 9 ,g]many a few ye>s ago 7publi%$ "u ! title ( ! ,g]man ,enigma71 he records a conv]sation ) a ,g]man :o deplores ! t5d5cy ( ! ,g]mans to =sake ! solid bone ( ?+s 9 behalf ( a romantic %ad[4 ,z aga9/ ?is he appeals to ! reali/ic s5se ( ,hegel1 :o1 9 opposition to ! idealism :i* _h lift$ ,g]many on w+s1 array$ & m>%al$ ! maxims ( an unfl9*+ realism4 ,he _h =mulae = ! ju/ification ( facts :atev] !y might be4 ,t :i* is1 he w\ld say1 is reason realiz$4 ,& :at did he tea*8 ,t ! h\r has s\nd$ = ! ?ird act 9 ! drama ( humanity1 & t ! ,g]man opportunity is n f> (f4 4 4 4 ,i c\ld %[ y ?r\gh\t ! n9ete5? c5tury ! torr5t ( political & social ideas :i* _h _! s\rce "h4 ,i h said t ! ess5tial po9ts ( ! ,fi*tean philosophy ( hi/ory 7 tak5 up into ! ,hegelian sy/em4 ,?is assimilation involv$1 h[ev]1 a rectification ( an inconsi/5cy betwe5 ! e>li] & ! lat] moral !ories ( ,fi*te4 ,9 8 e>li] e?ical writ+s1 emphasis fell ^u consci\s moral p]sonality--^u ! delib]ate id5tification by ! individual w ( its c>e] & de/9y ) ! purpose ( ! ,absolute4 ,9 8 lat] patriotic philosophy1 he ass]ts t ! organiz$ nation is ! *annel by :i* a f9ite ego acquires moral p]sonality1 s9ce ! nation alone transmits to individuals ! g5]ic pr9ciple ( ,god work+ 9 humanity4 ,at ! same "t he appeals to ! resolute w & consci\sly *os5 self-sacrifice ( individuals to ov]?r[ ! enemy & re-e/abli% ! ,prussian /ate4 ,:5 ,hegel writes t victory has be5 obta9$1 ! w> ( ,indep5d5ce has be5 successfully wag$4 ,! necessity ( emphasiz+ individual self-ass]tion _h giv5 way to ! ne$ ( subord9at+ ! individual to ! e/abli%$ /ate 9 ord] to *eck ! dis9tegrat+ t5d5cies ( lib]alism4 ,haym has said t ,hegel's ,philosophy ( ,law _h = its task ! exhibition z ! p]fect "w ( ,absolute ,reason up to date ( ! practical & political condition exi/+ 9 ,prussia 9 #ahba4 ,?is 0 meant z a ho/ile attack4 ,b ,hegel himself %\ld h be5 ! la/ to object4 ,) 8 scorn = an ,ideal s impot5t t its realization mu/ dep5d ^u ! ef=t ( private selves1 an ,absolute s inconsequ5tial t x mu/ wait ^u ! accid5ts ( future "t = manife/ation1 he /icks 9 politics m ?an else:]e to ! conviction t ! actual is ! rational4 ,! task ( philosophy is to compreh5d t :i* is1 = t :i* is1 is ,reason4 ,alleg$ philosophies :i* try to tell :at ! ,/ate %\ld be or ev5 :at a /ate ought 9 ! future to come to be1 are idle fantasies4 ,su* attempts come too late4 ,human wisdom is l ! bird ( ,m9]va :i* takes its flight only at ! close ( day4#aaj3;,a ,x comes1 aft] ! issue1 to ackn[l$ge :at has happ5$4 ,! ,/ate is ! rational 9 itself & = itself4 ,its sub/antial unity is an absolute end 9 itself4 ,to x belongs supreme "r 9 respect to individuals ^: fir/ duty is--j to be memb]s ( ! ,/ate4 4 4 4 ,! ,/ate is ! absolute reality & ! individual himself has objective exi/5ce1 tru? & morality only 9 8 capacity z a memb] ( ! ,/ate4 ,x is a commonplace ( ideali/ic !ism t nature is a manife/ation ( ,god4 ,b ,hegel says t nature is only an ext]naliz$1 unconsci\s & s incomplete expression4 ,! ,/ate has m1 n less1 objective reality ?an physical nature1 = x is a realization ( ,absolute _s 9 ! realm ( consci\sness4 ,! doctr9e pres5ts an extreme =m ( ! idea1 n ( ! div9e "r ( k+s1 b ( ! div9e "r ( ,/ates4 ,! m>* ( ,god 9 hi/ory is ! cause ( ! exi/5ce ( /ates2 _! f\ndation is ! p[] ( reason realiz+ itself z w4 ,e /ate1 :atev] x be1 p>ticipates 9 ! div9e ess5ce4 ,! ,/ate is n ! "w ( human art2 only ,reason c\ld produce x4 ,! ,/ate is ,god on e>?4 #aaj3;,a ,m>x said ( ! hi/oric s*ools ( politics1 law & economics t to !m1 z ,jehovah to ,moses on ,mt4 ,s9ai1 ! div9e %[$ b its po/]ior side4 ,8 depreciation ( ! individual z an individual appe>s 9 e !me ( 8 ,philosophy ( ,"r & ,hi/ory4 ,at fir/ sight1 8 !ory ( great _w h]oes seems inconsi/5t ) 8 disreg>d ( individuals4 ,:ile ! morality ( mo/ m5 consi/s simply 9 assimilat+ into _! own habits ! cu/oms already f\nd 9 ! in/itutions ab\t !m1 great m5 initiate new hi/oric epo*s4 ,!y d]ive _! purposes & _! call+ n f ! calm regul> c\rse ( ?+s sanction$ by ! exi/+ ord]1 b f a conceal$ f\nt1 f t inn] _s hidd5 b5ea? ! surface1 :i*1 /rik+ ! out] _w z a %ell1 bur/s x to pieces4 ,! h]oes are ?us ! exception :i* proves ! rule4 ,!y are _w *>act]s2 :ile !y seem to be seek+ p]sonal int]e/s !y are really act+ z organs ( a univ]sal w1 ( ,god 9 8 fur!r m>*4 ,9 8 id5tification ) ! ,absolute1 ! _w-h]o c h b "o aim to :i* he is devot$ reg>dless ( all else4 ,su* m5 may ev5 treat o!r great & sacr$ int]e/s inconsid]ately4 4 4 4 ,b s mighty a =m mu/ trample d[n _m an innoc5t fl[]--cru% to pieces _m an object 9 its pa?4 ,we are n surpris$ to see t ,alex&]1 ,caes> & ,napoleon are ! *>act]s he pref]s to cite4 ,"o c only regret t he di$ be=e 8 contemplative piety c\ld behold ,bism>ck4 ,a l>ge "p ( ! intellectual ma*9]y by :i* ,hegel ov]came ! remnants ( individualism f\nd 9 prior philosophy came f ! idea ( organic developm5t :i* _h be5 active 9 ,g]man ?\ght s9ce ! "t ( ,h]d]4 ,9 8 *ief "w 7,ideas = a ,philosophy ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,humanity71 writt5 9 ! clos+ decades ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 ,h]d] holds t hi/ory is a progressive education ( humanity4 ,?is idea1 _h f ,less+1 is comb9$ ) ! idea ( ,leibniz t *ange is evolution1 by means ( an int]nal =ce1 ( p[]s orig9ally implicit 9 exi/5ce1 & ) ! idea ( ,sp9oza ( an all-compreh5sive sub/ance4 ,?is idea ( organic gr[? 0 !n appli$ to language1 lit]ature & in/itutions4 ,x soon obta9$ re9=cem5t f ! ris+ sci5ce ( biology4 ,long be=e ! days ( ,d>w9 or ,sp5c]1 ! idea ( evolution _h be5 a commonplace ( ,g]man ?\ght ) respect to ev]y?+ conc]n+ ! hi/ory ( humanity4 ,! notion 0 set 9 %>p anti!sis to ! conception ( mak+ or manufactur+ in/itutions & con/itutions1 :i* 0 treat$ z "o ( ! fallacies ( ! ,fr5* philosophy ( ! ,enlight5m5t4 ,a comb9ation ( ?is notion ( univ]sal organic gr[? ) ! te*nique ( prior idealism may fairly be said to h det]m9$ ,hegel's :ole philosophy4 ,:ile ,leibniz & ,h]d] _h emphasiz$ ! notion ( h>mony z an ess5tial factor ( ! work+ ( organic =ces1 ,hegel took f ,fi*te ! notion ( a unity or syn!sis arriv$ at by posit+1 & ov]com+ an opposite4 ,/ruggle = exi/5ce 7or realization7 0 ?us an organic "p ( ,g]man ?9k+ long be=e ! tea*+ ( ,d>w91 :o1 9 fact1 is usually treat$ by ,g]man writ]s z giv+ a r sup]ficial empirical expression to an idea :i* !y _h already grasp$ 9 its univ]sal speculative =m4 ,x is *>act]i/ic ( ! ext5t 9 :i* ,hegel ?\ght 9 t]ms ( /ruggle & ov]com+ t aft] /at+ :y x 0 z yet impossible to include ! ,am]icas 9 8 philosophy ( hi/ory1 & aft] say+ t 9 ! future ! burd5 ( _w hi/ory w reveal itself !re1 he surmises t x may take ! =m ( a conte/ betwe5 ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,no philosoph] has ev] ?\ght s consi/5tly & s :olly 9 t]ms ( /rife & ov]com+ z ,hegel4 ,:5 he says ! _w hi/ory is ! _w judgm5t he means judgm5t 9 ! s5se ( assize1 & judgm5t z victory ( "o & defeat ( ano!r--victory be+ ! f9al pro( t ! _w _s has n[ pass$ f "o nation to take up its resid5ce 9 ano!r4 ,to be defeat$ 9 a way :i* causes ! nation to take a second>y position among nations is a sign t div9e judgm5t has be5 pass$ ^u x4 ,:5 a rec5t ,g]man writ] argues t = ,g]many to surr5d] any t]ritory :i* x has conqu]$ dur+ ! pres5t w> w\ld be sacrilegi\s1 s9ce x w\ld be to refuse to ackn[l$ge ! work+s ( ,god 9 human hi/ory1 he speaks q 9 ! ,hegelian ve94 ,al?\gh ! ph5om5on ( nationalism 0 v rec5t :5 ,hegel wrote1 inde$ practically contempor>y ) 8 own day1 he writes 9 nationali/ic t]ms ! entire hi/ory ( humanity4 ,! ,/ate is ! ,individual ( hi/ory3 x is to hi/ory :at a giv5 man is to biography4 ,hi/ory gives u ! progressive realization or evolution ( ! ,absolute1 mov+ f "o ,national ,individual to ano!r4 ,x is law1 ! univ]sal1 :i* makes ! ,/ate a ,/ate1 = law is reason1 n z m]e subjective reflection1 b 9 its manife/ation z supreme ov] & 9 p>ticul>s4 ,on ?is acc\nt1 ,hegel's /atem5t t ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( hi/ory is ! progressive realization ( fre$om does n mean :at an un9/ruct$ ,engli% read] w\ld naturally take x to mean4 ,fre$om is always und]/ood 9 t]ms ( ,reason4 ,its expression 9 hi/ory means t ,?\ght has progressively become consci\s ( itself2 t is1 has made itself its own object4 ,fre$om is ! consci\sness ( fre$om4 ,lib]ty ( action has little to d ) x4 ,obvi\sly x is only 9 ! ,g]man ideali/ic sy/em--p>ticul>ly 9 ! sy/em ( ,hegel himself--t ?is has fully tak5 place4 ,meantime1 :5 citiz5s ( a /ate 7especially ( ! /ate 9 :i* ?is philosophic insight has be5 a*iev$7 take ! laws ( _! /ate z _! own ends & motives ( action1 !y atta9 ! be/ possible sub/itute = a reason :i* is its own object4 ,!y appropriate z _! own p]sonal reason ! objective & absolute ,reason embodi$ p]=ce 9 law & cu/om4 ,aft] ?is det\r1 we are l$ back to ! fact t ! ,g]mans possess ! greate/ fre$om yet atta9$ by humanity1 = ! ,prussian political organization mo/ fully exemplifies ,law1 or ! ,univ]sal1 organiz+ "u & )9 itself all p>ticul> arrangem5ts ( social & p]sonal life4 ,"s o!r peoples--p>ticul>ly ! ,lat9--h ?\ght !y c\ld make con/itutions1 or at lea/ t ! =m ( _! con/itution 0 a matt] ( *oice4 ,b ?is is m]ely sett+ up ! private conceit ( individuals aga9/ ! "w ( ,absolute ,reason1 & ?us m>ks ! dis9tegration ( a /ate r ?an its exi/5ce4 ,o!r peoples h tri$ to f\nd ! gov]nm5t on ! cons5t ( ! gov]n$1 unwitt+ ( ! fact t x is ! gov]nm5t1 ! specific realization ( ,reason1 :i* makes a /ate out ( :at is o!rwise an an>*ic mass ( individuals4 ,o!r peoples h made a p>liam5t or repres5tative body ! ess5tial ?+ 9 gov]nm5t2 9 philosophic reality ?is is only a consultative body1 hav+ z its ma9 function communication betwe5 classes 7:i* are indisp5sable to an organic /ate7 & ! real gov]nm5t4 ,! *ief function ( p>liam5t is to give ! op9ion ( ! social classes an opportunity to feel x is be+ consid]$ & to enable ! real gov]nm5t to take advantage ( :atev] wisdom may *ance to be express$4 ,hegel seems q prophetic :5 he says3 ,by virtue ( ?is p>ticipation subjective lib]ty & conceit1 ) _! g5]al op9ion1 c %[ !mselves palpably efficaci\s & enjoy ! satisfaction ( feel+ !mselves to c\nt = some?+4 ,f9ally1 ! ,/ate becomes :olly & completely an organiz$ ,individual only 9 its ext]nal relations1 its relations to o!r /ates4 ,z 8 philosophy ( hi/ory ignores ! pa/ 9 seiz+ ^u ! national /ate z ! unit & focus ( hi/ory1 s x ignores all future possibility ( a g5u9ely int]national f$]ation to :i* isolat$ nationalism %all be subord9at$4 ,b]nh>di writes :olly 9 ! ,hegelian s5se :5 he says t to exp& ! idea ( ! ,/ate into ! idea ( humanity is a ,utopian error1 = x w\ld exclude ! ess5tial pr9ciple ( life1 /ruggle4 ,philosophical ju/ification ( w> foll[s inevitably f a philosophy ( hi/ory compos$ 9 nationali/ic t]ms4 ,hi/ory is ! movem5t1 ! m>* ( ,god on e>? ?r\gh "t4 ,only "o nation at a "t c be ! late/ & h5ce ! fulle/ realization ( ,god4 ,! movem5t ( ,god 9 hi/ory is ?us p>ticul>ly manife/ 9 ^? *anges by :i* unique place passes f "o nation to ano!r4 ,w> is ! signally visible occurr5ce ( su* a flight ( ! div9e _s 9 its onw>d movem5t4 ,! idea t fri5dly int]c\rse among all ! peoples ( ! e>? is a legitimate aim ( human ef=t is 9 basic contradiction ( su* a philosophy4 ,w> is explicit realization ( dialectic1 ( ! negation by :i* a high] syn!sis ( reason is assur$4 ,x effectively displays ! irony ( ! div9e ,idea4 ,x is to national life :at ! w9ds are to ! sea1 pres]v+ mank9d f ! corruption eng5d]$ by immobility4 ,w> is ! mo/ effective prea*] ( ! vanity ( all m]ely f9ite int]e/s2 x puts an end to t selfi% egoism ( ! individual by :i* he w\ld claim 8 life & 8 prop]ty z 8 own or z 8 family's4 ,int]national law is n prop]ly law2 x expresses simply c]ta9 usages :i* are accept$ s long z !y d n come into conflict ) ! purpose ( a /ate--a purpose :i* always gives ! supreme law ( national life4 ,p>ticul>ly aga9/ ! absolute "r ( ! pres5t be>] ( ! _w _s1 ! spirits ( ! o!r nations are absolutely )\t "r4 ,! latt]1 j l ! nations ^: epo*s h pass$1 c\nt no long] 9 univ]sal hi/ory4 ,s9ce !y are already pass$ ov] f ! /&po9t ( ! div9e idea1 w> c d no m ?an exhibit ! fact t _! day has come & gone4 ,_w hi/ory is ! _w's judgm5t seat4 ,= a p]iod ,hegelian ?\ght 0 almo/ supreme 9 ,g]many4 ,!n its rule pass$ away almo/ z rapidly z x _h be5 a*iev$4 ,aft] v>i\s %ift+s1 ! tr5d ( philosophic ?\ght 0 def9itely ,back to ,kant4 ,kant's great] sobriety1 ! %>p di/9ction he drew betwe5 ! realm ( ph5om5a & sci5ce & ! ideal n\m5al _w1 comm5d$ him aft] ! unbridl$ pret5sions ( ,hegelian absolutism4 ,= m ?an a g5]ation ,hegel 0 spok5 ( ) almo/ univ]sal contempt4 ,nev]!less 8 ideas1 loos$ f ! te*nical app>atus ) :i* he surr\nd$ !m1 p]si/$4 ,^u ! hi/orical discipl9es 8 influ5ce 0 peculi>ly deep & abid+4 ,he fix$ ! ideas ( ,fi*te & fa/5$ !m toge!r ) ! p9 ( evolution4 ,s9ce 8 day1 hi/ories ( philosophy1 or religion1 or in/itutions h all be5 treat$ z developm5ts ?r\gh necess>y /ages ( an inn] implicit idea or purpose accord+ to an indwell+ law4 ,& ! idea ( a peculi> mission & de/9y ( ,g]man hi/ory has lo/ no?+ 9 ! op]ation4 ,expressions :i* a bewild]$ _w has s\ght s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! w> to expla9 ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( a ,d>w9ian /ruggle = exi/5ce & survival ( ! fitte/1 or ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( a ,nietzs*ean philosophy ( p[]1 h _! roots 9 ! classic ideali/ic philosophy culm9at+ 9 ,hegel4 ,kant /ill rema9s ! philosoph] ( ,g]many4 ,! division ( life betwe5 ! _w ( s5se & ( me*anism & ! _w ( ! sup]s5sible & purpose1 ! _w ( necessity & ! _w ( fre$om1 is m cong5ial ?an a complete monism4 ,! attempts ( 8 successors to bridge ! gap & set up a :olly unifi$ philosophy fail$1 hi/orically speak+4 ,b1 nev]!less1 !y contribut$ an indisp5sable +r$i5t to ! contempor>y ,g]man _s2 !y help$ p ! ,kantian void ( ! sup]s5sible ) ! sub/antial figures ( ! ,/ate & its ,hi/orical ,evolution & ,mission4 ,kant bequea!d to ! _w an intellect devot$ to ! cong5ial task ( discov]+ causal law 9 ext]nal nature1 & an inn] intuition :i*1 9 spite ( its sublimity1 _h no?+ to look at except ! b>e =m ( an empty law ( duty4 ,kant 0 kept busy 9 prov+ ! exi/5ce ( ?is sup]nal b empty region4 ,consequ5tly he 0 n tr\bl$ by be+ oblig$ to engage 9 ! unremun]ative task ( sp5d+ 8 "t gaz+ into a blank void4 ,8 successors 7 n s =tunate4 ,! exi/5ce ( ?is ideal realm 9 :i* reason1 purpose & fre$om are "o 0 axiomatic to !m2 !y c\ld no long] busy !mselves ) prov+ its exi/5ce4 ,"s ( !m1 call$ ! ,romantici/s1 fill$ x ) visions1 m or less poetic1 :i* frankly drew _! sub/ance f an imag9ation inflam$ by emotional aspiration 9 revolt at ! limitations ( outw>d action4 ,o!rs1 call$ ! ideali/ic philosoph]s1 fill$ 9 ! void1 d>k because ( excess ( light1 ) less gho/ly =ms ( ,law & ! unfold+ 9 ,hi/ory ( ,absolute ,value & ,purpose4 ,! two worlds ( ,kant 7 too f> away f ea* o!r4 ,! lat] ideali/ic _w con/ructions crumbl$2 b _! debris suppli$ mat]ial ) :i* to fill 9 ! middle regions betwe5 ! ,kantian worlds ( s5se & ( reason4 ,?is1 ,i repeat1 is _! la/+ contribution to pres5t ,g]man culture4 ,:]e ,kantianism has n receiv$ a fill+ 9 f ! philosophy ( hi/ory & ! ,/ate1 x has rema9$ 9 ,g]many1 z else:]e1 a critique ( ! me?odology ( sci5ce2 its importance has be5 pr(essional r ?an human4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ! fir/ lecture we set out ) ! sugge/ion ( an inquiry into ! influ5ce ( g5]al ideas ^u practical affairs1 ^u ^? l>g] practical affairs call$ politics4 ,we appe> to h conclud$ ) a conviction t 79 ! in/ance be=e u at lea/7 politics has r be5 ! controll+ factor 9 ! =mation ( philosophic ideas & 9 decid+ _! vogue4 ,yet we are well )9 limits :5 we say t ideas :i* 7 evok$ 9 correspond5ce ) concrete social conditions s]v$ to articulate & consolidate ! latt]4 ,ev5 if we w5t s f> z to say t reign+ philosophies simply reflect z 9 a mirror contempor>y social /ruggles1 we %\ld h to add t see+ "o's self 9 a mirror is a def9ite practical aid 9 c>ry+ on "o's und]tak+ to its completion4 ,:5 :at a p sees 9 its intellectual look+ glass is its own organization & its own hi/oric evolution z an organic in/rum5t ( ! accompli%m5t ( an ,absolute ,w & ,law1 ! articulat+ & consolidat+ efficacy ( ! reflection is imm5sely int5sifi$4 ,outside ( ,g]many1 ! c>e] ( ! ,g]man ideali/ic philosophy has be5 ma9ly pr(essional & lit]>y4 ,x has ex]cis$ consid]able influ5ce ^u ! tea*+ ( philosophy 9 ,france1 ,engl& & ?is c\ntry4 ,beyond pr(essorial circles1 its influ5ce has be5 consid]able 9 !ological directions4 ,)\t d\bt1 x has modulat$ = _m p]sons ! transition f a sup]natural to a spiritual religion2 x has enabl$ !m to give up hi/orical & miracul\s elem5ts z indiff]5t accretions & to reta9 ! moral sub/ance & emotional values ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,b ! ,g]mans are q "r 9 feel+ t only 9 ,g]many is ?is =m ( ideali/ic ?9k+ bo? indig5\s & widely appli$4 ,a crisis l ! pres5t =ces ^u ?\ghtful p]sons a consid]ation ( ! value = ! g5]al aims ( civilization ( a philosophy ( ! a priori1 ! ,absolute1 & ( _! imman5t evolution ?r\gh ! m$ium ( an exp]i5ce :i* z j exp]i5ce is only a sup]ficial & negligible vehicle ( transc5d5t ,laws & ,ends4 ,x =ces a consid]ation ( :at type ( g5]al ideas is available = ! articulation & guidance ( our own life 9 case we f9d ourselves look+ ^u ! pres5t _w sc5e z an a priori & an absoluti/ic philosophy gone into bankruptcy4 ,9 ,europe1 speak+ g5]ally1 ,am]icanism is a synonym = crude empiricism & a mat]iali/ic utilit>ianism4 ,x is no "p ( my pres5t task to try to %[ h[ l>gely ?is accusation is due to misund]/&+4 ,x is simpl] to inquire h[ f> ! *>ge po9ts to ! problem :i* ,am]ican life1 & !re=e philosophy 9 ,am]ica1 mu/ meet4 ,x is difficult to see h[ any a priori philosophy1 or any sy/ematic absolutism1 is to get a foot+ among u1 at lea/ beyond n>r[ & pr(essorial circles4 ,psy*ologi/s talk ab\t le>n+ by ! me?od ( trial & error or success4 ,our social organization commits u to ?is philosophy ( life4 ,our work+ pr9ciple is to try3 to f9d out by try+1 & to measure ! wor? ( ! ideas & !ories tri$ by ! success ) :i* !y meet ! te/ ( application 9 practice4 ,concrete consequ5ces r ?an a priori rules supply our guid+ pr9ciples4 ,hegel f\nd x sup]ficial & absurd to reg>d z objects ( *oice social con/itutions2 to him !y 7 necess>y /ructures 9 ! pa? ( developm5t4 ,to u !y are ! cumulative result ( a multitude ( daily & ev]-r5ew$ *oices4 ,t su* an exp]im5tal philosophy ( life means a dang]\s exp]im5t goes )\t say+4 ,x p]mits1 soon] or lat] x may require1 e alleg$ sacrosanct pr9ciple to submit to ordeal by fire--to trial by s]vice r5d]$4 ,f ! /&po9t ( a priorism1 x is hopelessly an>*ic2 x is doom$1 a priori1 to failure4 ,f its own /&po9t1 x is itself a !ory to be te/$ by exp]i5ce4 ,n[ exp]im5ts are ( all k9ds1 v>y+ f ^? g5]at$ by bl9d impulse & appetite to ^? guid$ by intellig5tly =m$ ideas4 ,!y are z div]se z ! attempt ( a savage to get ra9 by spr9kl+ wat] & scatt]+ ?i/l$[n1 & t control ( electricity 9 ! laboratory f :i* issue wireless telegraphy & rapid traction4 ,is x n likely t 9 ?is di/9ction we h ! key to ! failure or success ( ! exp]im5tal me?od g5]aliz$ into a philosophy ( life1 t is to say1 ( social matt]s--! only application :i* procures complete g5]alization8 ,an exp]im5tal philosophy diff]s f empirical philosophy z empiricism has be5 previ\sly =mulat$4 ,hi/orical empiricisms h be5 /at$ 9 t]ms ( prec$5ts2 _! g5]alizations h be5 summ>ies ( :at has previ\sly happ5$4 ,! tru? & falsity ( ^! g5]alizations dep5d$ !n ^u ! accuracy ) :i* !y catalogu$1 "u appropriate heads1 a multiplicity ( pa/ occurr5ces4 ,!y 7 p]=ce lack+ 9 directive p[] except s f> z ! future might be a r\t9e repetition ( ! pa/4 ,9 an exp]im5tal philosophy ( life1 ! "q ( ! pa/1 ( prec$5ts1 ( orig9s1 is q subord9ate to prevision1 to guidance & control amid future possibilities4 ,consequ5ces r ?an antec$5ts measure ! wor? ( !ories4 ,any s*eme or project may h a fair he>+ provid$ x promise amelioration 9 ! future2 & no !ory or /&>d is s sacr$ t x may be accept$ simply on ! basis ( pa/ p]=mance4 ,b ?is diff]5ce betwe5 a radically exp]im5tal philosophy & an empiri/ic philosophy only emphasizes ! dem& = c>eful & compreh5sive reflection ) respect to ! ideas :i* are to be te/$ 9 practice4 ,if an a priori philosophy has work$ at all 9 ,g]many x is because x has be5 bas$ on an a priori social con/itution--t is to say1 on a /ate ^: organization is su* z to det]m9e 9 advance ! ma9 activities ( classes ( individuals1 & to utilize _! p>ticul> activities by l9k+ !m up ) "o ano!r 9 def9ite ways4 ,x is a commonplace to say t ,g]many is a monum5t to :at c be done by means ( consci\s me?od & organization4 ,an exp]im5tal philosophy ( life 9 ord] to succe$ mu/ n set less /ore ^u me?odic & organiz$ intellig5ce1 b m4 ,we mu/ le>n f ,g]many :at me?odic & organiz$ "w means4 ,b in/ead ( conf9+ intellig5ce to ! te*nical means ( realiz+ ends :i* are pr$et]m9$ by ! ,/ate 7or by some?+ call$ ! hi/oric ,evolution ( ! ,idea71 intellig5ce mu/1 ) u1 devote itself z well to con/ruction ( ! ends to be act$ ^u4 ,! me?od ( trial & error or success is likely1 if n direct$ by a tra9$ & in=m$ imag9ation1 to score an undue proportion ( failures4 ,!re is no possibility ( disguis+ ! fact t an exp]im5tal philosophy ( life means a hit-&-miss philosophy 9 ! end4 ,b x means miss+ r ?an hitt+1 if ! aim+ is done 9 a happy-g-lucky way in/ead ( by br++ to be> all ! res\rces ( inquiry ^u locat+ ! t>get1 con/ruct+ propulsive ma*9]y & figur+ out ! curve ( trajectory4 ,t ?is "w is1 aft] all1 b hypo!tical & t5tative till x issue f ?\ght into action does n mean t x might z well be r&om guesswork2 x means t we c d /ill bett] next "t if we are suffici5tly att5tive to ! causes ( success & failure ?is "t4 ,am]ica is too new to af=d a f\ndation = an a priori philosophy2 we h n ! requisite backgr\nd ( law1 in/itutions & a*iev$ social organization4 ,am]ica is too new to r5d] cong5ial to our imag9ation an evolution>y philosophy ( ! ,g]man type4 ,= our hi/ory is too obvi\sly future4 ,our c\ntry is too big & too un=m$1 h[ev]1 to enable u to tru/ to an empirical philosophy ( muddl+ along1 pat*+ up "h & !re "s old piece ( ma*9]y :i* has brok5 d[n by reason ( its antiquity4 ,we mu/ h sy/em1 con/ructive me?od1 spr++ f a widely inv5tive imag9ation1 a me?od *eck$ up at ea* turn by results a*iev$4 ,we h said long en\gh t ,am]ica means opportunity2 we mu/ n[ beg9 to ask3 ,opportunity = :at1 & h[ %all ! opportunity be a*iev$8 ,i c b ?9k t ! pres5t ,european situation =ces home ^u u ! ne$ = con/ructive plann+4 ,i c b ?9k t :ile x gives no reason = suppos+ t creative p[] atta*es ex (ficio to g5]al ideas1 x does enc\rage u to believe t a philosophy :i* %\ld articulate & consolidate ! ideas to :i* our social practice commits u w\ld cl>ify & guide our future endeavor4 ,"t p]mits ( b "o illu/ration4 ,! pres5t situation pres5ts ! spectacle ( ! breakd[n ( ! :ole philosophy ( ,nationalism1 political1 racial & cultural4 ,x is by ! accid5t ( position r ?an any virtue ( our own t we are n %>]s 9 ! pres5t demon/ration ( failure4 ,we h borr[$ ! old] philosophy ( isolat$ national sov]eignty & h liv$ ^u x 9 a m or less half-he>t$ way4 ,9 our int]nal con/itution we are actually int]racial & int]national4 ,x rema9s to see :e!r we h ! c\rage to face ?is fact & ! wisdom to ?9k out ! plan ( action :i* x indicates4 ,arbitration treaties1 int]national judicial c\ncils1 s*emes ( int]national dis>mam5t1 peace funds & peace movem5ts1 are all well 9 _! way4 ,b ! situation calls = m radical ?9k+ ?an t :i* t]m9ates 9 su* proposals4 ,we h to recognize t fur!rance ( ! dep? & wid? ( human int]c\rse is ! measure ( civilization2 & we h to apply ?is fact )\t z well z )9 our national life4 ,we mu/ make ! accid5t ( our int]nal composition into an idea1 an idea ^u :i* we may conduct our =eign z well z our dome/ic policy4 ,an int]national judicial tribunal w break 9 ! end ^u ! pr9ciple ( national sov]eignty4 ,we h no "r to ca/ /ones at any w>r+ nation till we h ask$ ourselves :e!r we are will+ to =ego ?is pr9ciple & to submit affairs :i* limit$ imag9ation & s5se h l$ u to consid] /rictly national to an int]national legislature4 ,9 & ( itself1 ! idea ( peace is a negative idea2 x is a police idea4 ,!re are ?+s m important ?an keep+ "o's body :ole & "o's prop]ty intact4 ,di/urb+ ! peace is bad1 n because peace is di/urb$1 b because ! fruitful processes ( coop]ation 9 ! great exp]im5t ( liv+ toge!r are di/urb$4 ,x is futile to "w = ! negative end ( peace unless we are committ$ to ! positive ideal :i* x cloaks3 ,promot+ ! efficacy ( human int]c\rse irrespective ( class1 racial1 geographical & national limits4 ,any philosophy :i* %\ld p5etrate & p>ticulate our pres5t social practice w\ld f9d at "w ! =ces :i* unify human int]c\rse4 ,an intellig5t & c\rage\s philosophy ( practice w\ld devise means by :i* ! op]ation ( ^! =ces w\ld be ext5d$ & assur$ 9 ! future4 ,an ,am]ican philosophy ( hi/ory mu/ p]=ce be a philosophy = its future1 a future 9 :i* fre$om & fullness ( human companion%ip is ! aim1 & intellig5t coop]ative exp]im5tation ! me?od4 ,,! ,,end ,,index ,absolutism1 #hi1 #aab1 #aae1 #abd ,am]ica1 philosophy 91 #abc-acb ,am]icanism1 #abd ,anti-,semitism1 #ajj-aja4 ,a priori1 #ci-dd1 #abf1 #abi ,au?ority1 #eb-ed ,b5?am1 #ef ,b]gson1 #d ,b]nh>di1 #cd-ce1 #eb1 #aah ,b\rdon1 #ajg-ajh ,burke1 #ic-id ,*amb]la91 #aja n4 ,cosmopolitanism1 #fg1 #ge1 #he1 #ii ,culture1 #ia ,desc>tes1 #ib ,despotism enlight5$1 #ec ,dialectic1 #gj1 #aah ,duty1 #bd1 #ej-eg ,education1 #ad1 #gb1 #gc ,empiricism1 #da1 #dc1 #abf-abi ,enlight5m5t1 !1 #cg-ci1 #ei1 #ib1 #ajc ,euck51 #cf1 #ee ,evolution1 #aab ,fi*te1 #fh-hj1 #he-hg ,=malism1 #ea ,fre$om1 #ah1 #be1 #cj1 #cc-ce1 #dg1 #ea1 #ga1 #aae4 ,fr5* ,revolution1 #eg1 #id1 #ajc ,fr5* ?\ght1 #eb1 #ia-id1 #ie1 #ajj ,g]mania1 #ajd ,g]many1 #ad-af1 #bh1 #bi-ca1 #cb-cc1 #cf1 #ga1 #gh-ha1 #hd-he1 #hh1 #ia-ic1 #id-ih1 #ajf-ajg ,haym1 #ajg ,hegel1 #id-ie1 #ajg-abj1 #abe ,he9e1 #ag1 #ah1 #gf1 #hc1 #hd-he ,h]d]1 #aab ,hi/ory1 #e-f1 #ei-fg1 #ih-ajb1 #ajg-aai1 #aba ,h(fman1 #ha ,idealism1 #bh1 #ci1 #gj1 #hb1 #ajg1 #abc1 #acj ,ideas & action1 #c-ae1 #abc-acb ,individualism1 #di1 #gb ,intellig5ce1 #ed-ef1 #abf-abh ,j5a1 #fh ,kant1 #ai-dj1 #dg-eh1 #ei-fg1 #aai-aba ,kultur1 #fb-fd ,lange1 #gh ,lasalle1 #gg ,law1 #bj-be1 #aaf ,leibniz1 #ei1 #aab ,lu!r1 #af1 #bg1 #ga1 #hg ,m>x1 #f1 #aaj n4 ,milit>ism1 #eb ,napoleon1 #fg1 #gh-gi ,nationalism1 #fg1 #ha1 #hf1 #hg1 #aae ,nietzs*e1 #bh1 #cd1 #eh ,pan!ism1 #gg1 #hb ,p>liam5ts1 #aag ,p]sonality1 #dh ,pfleid]]1 #aje ,philosophy1 #g-ah1 #abc-acb ,prop]ty1 #gd ,psy*ology1 ,social1 #hb ,race1 #ajj-aja ,religion1 #bj-ba1 #bf-bg1 #ie ,rights1 #eb1 #eg ,romanticism1 #ha1 #ajd1 #abb ,r\sseau1 #fa1 #ia ,s*ell+1 #hb n4 ,s*ol>1 #gb ,sci5ce1 #ba-bc1 #bh ,socialism1 #gd-ge ,social motives1 #fj-fa ,society1 #fd-fe ,/ate1 #fd-fe1 #ff-fg1 #gc-gg1 #aaj-aah ,subjectivism1 #di1 #ha ,sup]s5sible1 #bc-be v4 ,sybel1 #gh-hj ,tacitus1 #ajd ,ta9e1 #ad ,univ]salism ( ,g]many1 #cf1 #ajf-ajg ,urvolk1 #aja-ajb ,utilit>ianism1 #eg-eh ,volks-seele1 #hb ,w>1 #ce-cf1 #hi1 #ig1 #aah-abj ,_w-h]oes1 #aab ,,dewey ,,& ,,tufts',s ,,e?ics ,by ,,john ,,dewey1 ,pr(essor 9 ,columbia ,univ]sity1 & ,,james ,h4 ,,tufts1 ,pr(essor 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,*icago4 7,am]ican ,sci5ce ,s]ies47 #fah pp4 #hvo4 #b4jj4 ,g4 ,h4 ,,palm]1 ,pr(essor 9 ,h>v>d ,univ]sity3 ,x is a s*ol>ly & /imulat+ production1 ! be/1 ,i ?9k1 = college use t has yet appe>$4 ,inde$1 f no o!r book w\ld a g5]al read] obta9 9 s brief a compass s wide a view ( ! moral "w ( to-day1 set =? 9 s positive1 lucid & int]e/+ a fa%ion4 ,tw5ty ye>s ago ! book c\ld n h be5 writt51 = into x h gone ! spoils ( all ! e?ical battles ( our "t4 ,:ile ,i (t5 f9d myself 9 diss5t f its op9ions1 ,i see t :oev] wi%es to compreh5d ! deep] social t5d5cies ( rec5t ye>s w d well to /udy ?is book1 & t he w c>ry away f 8 read+ z mu* enjoym5t z in/ruction4 ,,pr(essor ,,norman ,,wilde ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,m9nesota 9 ,j\rnal ( ,philosophy1 ,psy*ology & ,sci5tific ,me?ods3 ,if ?is is n ! ideal text-book 9 e?ics = :i* we h be5 wait+ s _m ye>s1 x is1 at lea/1 a v good sub/itute = x4 ,c]ta9ly no m valuable fruit ( ! rec5t e?ical revival has be5 produc$ ?an ?is1 nor "o :i* w itself produce m future good1 = x is b\nd to be b ! fir/ ( a new type ( texts4 ,x m>ks ! end ( ! ab/ract1 speculative treatises & ! beg9n+ ( ! positive /udies ( e/abli%$ human values4 ,! moral life is pres5t$ z a reality ab\t :i* !re c be no m "q ?an ab\t ! reality ( ! physical life1 &1 inde$1 z t 9 :i* ! latt] f9ds its completion & explanation4 ,!ories & sy/ems are /rictly subord9at$ to ! facts & are n pres5t$ until ! facts are cle>ly giv54 ,no /ud5t c rise f ! /udy ( ?is book feel+ t he has be5 engag$ ) que/ions ( purely academic int]e/4 ,on ! contr>y1 he c n b realize t x is ! orig9 & solution ( ! problems ( 8 own life ) :i* he is "h conc]n$4 ,reality is ! dom9ant note ( ! book4 ,,! ,,outlook3 ,9 sev]al respects ?is "w1 among ! _m ( its k9d appe>+ 9 rec5t ye>s1 is em95tly valuable1 especially = ! ample treatm5t giv5 to e?ics 9 ! _w ( action 9 civil society1 admid/ ! relations ( political1 economic1 & family life4 ,to trace ! gr[? ( morality1 & to discov] its laws & pr9ciples1 ) a view to _! application to pres5t social conditions & problems = progressive moral developm5t1 is ! prop] aim ( e?ical sci5ce z "h unfold$4 4 4 4 ,! _m e?ical que/ions rais$ by pres5t economic conditions are treat$ ) admirable fulness & p]spicacity4 ,,h5ry ,,holt ,,& ,,company ,,new ,,york ,,b]gson',s ,,creative ,,evolution ,translat$ f ! ,fr5* by ,dr4 ,ar?ur ,mit*ell #c4jj net1 by mail #c4ag ,b]gson's res\rces 9 ! way ( erudition are rem>kable1 & 9 ! way ( expression !y are simply ph5om5al4 4 4 4 ,if any?+ c make h>d ?+s easy to foll[ x is a /yle l ,b]gson's4 ,x is a miracle & he a real magician4 ,op5 ,b]gson & new horizons op5 on e page y read4 ,x tells ( reality itself in/ead ( reit]at+ :at du/y-m9d$ pr(essors h writt5 ab\t :at o!r previ\s pr(essors h ?\ght4 ,no?+ 9 ,b]gson is %opworn or at second-h&4--,william ,james4 ,a di/9ctive & tr5*ant piece ( dialectic4 4 4 4 ,?an its entrance ^u ! field z a well-arm$ & militant philosophy !re h be5 n _m m memorable occur5ces 9 ! hi/ory ( ideas4--,nation4 ,to br+ out 9 an adequate mann] ! effect :i* ,b]gson's philsophy has on ^? :o are attract$ by x let u try to imag9e :at x w\ld h be5 l to h liv$ :5 ,kant produc$ 8 ',critique ( ,pure ,reason4'--,hibb]t ,j\rnal4 ,creative ,evolution is de/9$1 ,i believe1 to m>k an epo* 9 ! hi/ory ( mod]n ?\ght4 ,! "w has its root 9 mod]n physical sci5ce1 b x blooms & be>s fruit 9 ! _s to a degree q unprec$5t$4 4 4 4 ,b]gson is a new /> 9 ! intellectual firmam5t ( our day4 ,he is a philosoph] ^u :om ! spirits ( bo? lit]ature & sci5ce h desc5d$4 ,9 8 great "w he t\*es ! mat]ialism ( sci5ce to f9] issues4 ,probably no o!r writ] ( our "t has possess$ 9 ! same measure ! ?ree gifts1 ! lit]>y1 ! sci5tific1 & ! philosophical4 ,b]gson is a k9d ( *a/5$ & spiritualiz$ ,h]b]t ,sp5c]4--,john ,burr\ghs 9 ! ,atlantic ,mon?ly4 ,,h5ry ,,holt ,,& ,,company ,,publi%]s ,,new ,,york ,,by ,,walt] ,,lippmann ,,drift ,,& ,,ma/]y #bnd ,pr9t+1 #a4ej ,net ,,!odore ,,roosevelt 9 ,! ,outlook3 ,no man :o wi%es s]i\sly to /udy our pres5t social1 indu/rial & political life c af=d n to read x ?r\gh & ?r\gh & to pond] & dige/ x4 ,,william ,,m>ion ,,re$y 9 ,! ,/4 ,l\is ,mirror3 ,:5 ',a ,preface to ,politics' 0 publi%$1 ,i v5tur$ ! op9ion t x 0 ! be/ book on politics s9ce ,walt] ,bagehot's ',physics & ,politics4' ,n[ he has foll[$ x ) ',drift & ,ma/]y1' an ev5 m brilliant p]=mance4 ,a ,,preface ,,to ,,politics #crd ,pr9t+1 #a4ej ,net ,! ,bo/on ,transcript3 ',a ,preface to ,politics' is its own complete & suffici5t ju/ification4 ,9 _m respects x is ! able/ brief book ( its k9d publi%$ dur+ ! la/ t5 ye>s4 ,x has ! supreme virtue ( cle>ness aid$ by a /yle t is incisive & compell+4 ,,! ,,/akes ,,( ,,diplomacy #d? ,pr9t+1 clo?1 #a4ce ,net2 pap]1 #fj cts4 ,net ,j4 ,b4 ,,k]foot 9 ,life3 ,x is a real joy to f9d x ( ! same ord] z ',a ,preface to ,politics4' ,x deals ) human nature involv$ 9 int]national human relations imp]sonally1 yet br+s significances p]sonally home to u4 ,a book t wid5s horizons & quick5s consci\sness4 ,,h5ry ,,holt ,,& ,,company ,,publi%]s ,,new ,,york ,,transcrib]',s ,,notes ,ellipses mat* ! orig9al4 ,a r[ ( a/]isks repres5ts a ?\ght break4 ,words 9 italics 9 ! orig9al are surr\nd$ ) und]scores4 ,! foll[+ corrections h be5 made to ! text3 ,page #ec3 duty mu/ getorig9al has gets its subject-matt] some:]e ,page #aaj3 wisdom is l quotation m>k miss+ 9 ! orig9al! bird ( ,m9]va ,page #acd3 ,volks-seeleorig9al has ,volk-seele1 #hb ,typographical errors 9 ! book reviews h be5 reta9$ z pr9t$4