,,ma/]pieces ,,9 ,,col\r ,,edit$ ,,by--,t4 ,,leman ,,h>e ,,&rea ,,mantegna #adca-aejf ,,ma/]pieces ,,9 ,,col\r ,,s]ies ,,arti/4 ,,au?or4 ,,bell9i4 ,,george ,,hay4 ,,botticelli4 ,,h5ry ,b4 ,,b9ns4 ,,b\*]4 ,c4 ,,haldane ,,macfall4 ,,burne-,,jones4 ,a4 ,,lys ,,baldry4 ,,c>lo ,,dolci4 ,,george ,,hay4 ,,*>d94 ,,paul ,g4 ,,konody4 ,,con/able4 ,c4 ,,lewis ,,h9d4 ,,corot4 ,,sidney ,,allnutt4 ,,da ,,v9ci4 ,m4 ,w4 ,,brockwell4 ,,delacroix4 ,,paul ,g4 ,,konody4 ,d,,r]4 ,h4 ,e4 ,a4 ,,fur/4 ,,fra ,,angelico4 ,,james ,,mason4 ,,fra ,,filippo ,,lippi4 ,,paul ,g4 ,,konody4 ,,fragon>d4 ,c4 ,,haldane ,,macfall4 ,,franz ,,hals4 ,,edgcumbe ,,/aley4 ,,ga9sbor\gh4 ,,max ,,ro?s*ild4 ,,greuze4 ,,alys ,,eyre ,,mackl94 ,,hog>?4 ,c4 ,,lewis ,,h9d4 ,,holbe94 ,s4 ,l4 ,,b5susan4 ,,holman ,,hunt4 ,,m>y ,e4 ,,col]idge4 ,,+res4 ,a4 ,j4 ,,f9b]g4 ,,lawr5ce4 ,s4 ,l4 ,,b5susan4 ,,le ,,brun 7,,vig,e74 ,c4 ,,haldane ,,macfall4 ,,leighton4 ,a4 ,,lys ,,baldry4 ,,lu9i4 ,,james ,,mason4 ,,mantegna4 ,,mrs4 ,,ar?ur ,,bell4 ,,meml9c4 ,w4 ,h4 ,j4 ,j4 ,c4 ,,weals4 ,,millais4 ,a4 ,,lys ,,baldry4 ,,millet4 ,,p]cy ,m4 ,,turn]4 ,,murillo4 ,s4 ,l4 ,,b5susan4 ,,p]ug9o4 ,,selwyn ,,br9ton4 ,,raeburn4 ,,james ,l4 ,,caw4 ,,raphael4 ,,paul ,g4 ,,konody4 ,,rembr&t4 ,,josef ,,israels4 ,,reynolds4 ,s4 ,l4 ,,b5susan4 ,,romney4 ,c4 ,,lewis ,,h9d4 ,,rossetti4 ,,luci5 ,,piss>ro4 ,,rub5s4 ,s4 ,l4 ,,b5susan4 ,,s>g5t4 ,t4 ,,m>t9 ,,wood4 ,,t9toretto4 ,s4 ,l4 ,,b5susan4 ,,titian4 ,s4 ,l4 ,,b5susan4 ,,turn]4 ,c4 ,,lewis ,,h9d4 ,,van ,,dyck4 ,,p]cy ,m4 ,,turn]4 ,,velazquez4 ,s4 ,l4 ,,b5susan4 ,,watteau4 ,c4 ,,lewis ,,h9d4 ,,watts4 ,w4 ,,l(tus ,,h>e4 ,,:i/l]4 ,t4 ,,m>t9 ,,wood4 ,o!rs 9 ,prep>ation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,i4--,,! ,,madonna ,,della ,,vittoria4 ,frontispiece 7,9 ! ,l\vre7 ,?is beautiful composition1 consid]$ "o ( ,mantegna's greate/ ma/]pieces1 0 pa9t$ 9 #adie-if 9 commemoration ( ! victory won at ,=novo on ,july #f1 #adid1 by ! ,m>quis ( ,mantua z g5]alissimo ( ! unit$ ,italian =ces4 ,x is n[ 9 ! ,l\vre1 ,p>is1 hav+ be5 c>ri$ (f by ! ,fr5* 9 #agig4 ,mantegna ,,by ,,mrs4 ,,ar?ur ,,bell ,,illu/rat$ ,,) ,,eight ,,reproductions ,,9 ,,col\r ,illu/ration ,,london3 ,t4 ,c4 ,e4 ,c4 ,,jack ,,new ,,york3 ,,fr$]ick ,a4 ,,/okes ,,co4 ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations ,plate ,i4 ,! ,madonna della ,vittoria ,frontispiece ,9 ! ,l\vre ,page ,,ii4 ,! ,adoration ( ! ,k+s #ad ,9 ! ,uffizi ,gall]y1 ,flor5ce ,,iii4 ,portrait ( a ,memb] ( ! ,gonzaga ,family #bd ,9 ! ,pitti ,palace1 ,flor5ce ,,iv4 ,! ,agony 9 ! ,g>d5 #cd ,9 ! ,national ,gall]y1 ,london ,v4 ,! ,madonna & ,*ild surr\nd$ by ,*]ubs #dj ,9 ! ,br]a ,gall]y1 ,milan ,,vi4 ,! ,madonna & ,*ild ( ! ,grotto #ej ,9 ! ,uffizi ,gall]y1 ,flor5ce ,,vii4 ,p>nassus #fj ,9 ! ,l\vre ,,viii4 ,! ,triumph ( ,scipio #gj ,9 ! ,national ,gall]y1 ,london ,illu/ration ,born at a "t ( exceptional intellectual & /hetic activity1 :5 ,italian humanism 0 ne>+ its fulle/ developm5t1 & ! art ( pa9t+1 aft] a protract$ /ruggle ) me*anical difficulties1 _h at la/ obta9$ an almo/ complete ma/]y ov] its m$ia1 ) a real grasp ( ! long-neglect$ sci5ce ( p]spective1 ,&rea ,mantegna may ju/ly be said to h be5 a true repres5tative ( ! e>ly ,r5aissance 9 ,italy1 an e>ne/ combatant 9 ! ardu\s /ruggle = lib]ty ( ?\ght & expression 9 :i* s _m ( 8 gift$ fell[-c\ntrym5 7 engag$4 ,a true k9dr$ _s ( 8 great] contempor>y1 ,donatello1 ) :om he 0 9 clos] rapport ?an ) any pa9t]1 ! *ief *>act]i/ic ( 8 "w be+ ! pla/ic r ?an ! pictorial treatm5t ( =m1 he 01 l him1 imbu$ f ! fir/ ) a rev]5t love ( tru? & a consci5ti\s desire fai?fully to int]pret x4 ,mantegna has1 inde$1 be5 sometimes *>g$ ) a too close imitation ( ! fam\s sculptor1 b ?is is manife/ly unfair1 =1 al?\gh !re c be no d\bt t he ow$ mu* to ,donatello1 :o 0 ! fir/ to lead him into ! "r pa?1 by %[+ him h[ ,nature %\ld be /udi$1 ! secret ( ! /rong resemblance betwe5 ! /yles ( ! two ma/]s is t bo? w5t to ! same s\rce = inspiration3 ! be/ exi/+ examples ( antique sculpture1 :i* appe>$ to !m ! noble/ extant expression ( ! ideal 9 ! real4 ,accord+ to "s au?orities1 ,vic5za 0 ! bir?place ( ,mantegna1 :il/ o!rs claim t hon\r = ,padua2 b all agree 9 /at+ t he 0 born 9 #adca4 ,( 8 p>5ts sc>cely any?+ is kn[n1 b x is g5]ally suppos$ t !y di$ at ,padua :5 ,&rea 0 /ill q a *ild1 & x is c]ta9 t ! orphan boy 0 adopt$ at once by ! arti/ ,francesco ,squ>cione1 :o receiv$ him into 8 own home & began 8 art education4 ,! true relations betwe5 him & 8 fo/]-fa!r are1 h[ev]1 v obscure1 critics diff]+ greatly ) reg>d to !m2 b x is v evid5t t ! ta/es & ambitions ( ! two arti/s 7 nev] 9 real accord1 ?\gh gratitude = k9dness receiv$ :5 he 0 left alone 9 ! _w1 long re/ra9$ ,mantegna f an op5 brea* ) ! protector ( 8 *ildhood4 ,! probability is t ,squ>cione1 ^: "w1 judg+ f ! few specim5s t h be5 pres]v$1 0 ( a v m$iocre "*1 0 m]ely ! nom9al head ( a bottega1 or /udio1 9 :i* pa9t]s ( f> great] em95ce ?an himself1 includ+ ,jacopo ,bell9i1 7 visit+ ma/]s4 ,h[ev] t may h be51 x is c]ta9 t sev]al hundr$ /ud5ts 7 at diff]5t times "u 8 ro(1 &1 :e!r !y did or did n le>n mu* f him1 !y _h ! advantage ( see+ ! draw+s aft] ! antique t he _h br\ght back ) him f ! trips he delight$ 9 tak+ to ,greece & ! ,italian t[ns1 t own$ collections ( classic sculpture4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,ii4--,,! ,,adoration ,,( ,,! ,,k+s 7,9 ! ,uffizi ,gall]y1 ,flor5ce7 ,! c5tral composition ( a tripty*1 n[ 9 ! ,uffizi ,gall]y1 ,flor5ce1 belong+ to ,mantegna's second p]iod ( art developm5t4 ,suppos$ to h be5 pa9t$ = ! *apel ( ! ,ca/ello at ,mantua ab\t #adfd4 ,t ,&rea e>ly %[$ rem>kable tal5t is prov$ by 8 hav+ be5 made1 :5 he 0 b t5 ye>s old1 a memb] ( ! ,guild ( ,paduan ,arti/s1 to :i* belong$ all ! lead+ pa9t]s1 sculptors1 & craftsm5 ( ! city1 & association ) !m mu/ h done mu* to aid 8 art-developm5t4 ,he 01 inde$1 f ! v fir/ surr\nd$ by inspir+ influ5ces1 = ,padua1 ) its noble ,univ]sity1 f\nd$ 9 #abbb1 _h long be5 a lead] 9 antiqu>ian rese>*1 & 0 already beg9n+ to rival ev5 ,flor5ce & ,v5ice z a c5tre ( lit]>y & arti/ic activity4 ,! qua9t m$ival ,palace1 ) its magnific5t fifte5?-c5tury ro(1 ! f9e ,basilica ( ,s4 ,antonio & ! ,cappella di ,s4 ,giorgio bo? adorn$ ) ! frescoes ( ,alti*i]o & ,alvanzo1 &1 above all1 ! ,cappella di ,/a4 ,m>ia dell' ,ar5a1 enri*$ ) ! wond]ful creations ( ,giotto1 mu/ h be5 to ! en?usia/ic "y pa9t] a s\rce ( cont9ual delight z well z a spur to emulation2 al?\gh z yet ,donatello1 de/9$ to give to him ! f9al impulse 9 ! "r direction1 _h n come to ,padua to put 9 h& ! glori\s bas-reliefs ( ! high alt> ( ,s4 ,antonio1 & ! ev5 m rem>kable bronze eque/rian /atue ( ,gattamelata1 t 0 to inaugurate a new dep>ture 9 mod]n reali/ic sculpture4 ,( ! fir/ meet+ betwe5 ! vet]an sculptor1 :o1 on 8 arrival 9 ,padua 9 #addc1 0 9 8 fifty-eigh? ye>1 & ! y\?ful pa9t] !re is no record2 b !re is no d\bt t ! latt] 0 privileg$ to wat* ! gr[? ( ! ,s4 ,antonio sculptures1 & to li/5 to ! discussions conc]n+ !m & _! au?or t took place among/ ! ma/]s & /ud5ts 9 ! bottega ( ,squ>cione4 ,f 8 fir/ appe>ance on ! sc5e ,donatello dom9at$ ! art _w ( ! ,univ]sity city1 8 p]sonality z well z 8 "w ev]y:]e ar\s+ ! greate/ en?usiasm4 ,s ov]:elm+ inde$ 7 ! att5tions heap$ ^u him t he resi/$ all invitations to rema9 aft] he _h complet$ ! "w he _h actually promis$ to d1 &1 ev5 be=e 8 monum5tal piece ( sculpture 0 set up1 he fl$ f ! atmosph]e ( adulation 9 :i* he liv$ back to 8 native ,flor5ce1 :]e1 to quote 8 own words1 he got c5sur$ cont9ually4 ,he 0 /ill1 h[ev]1 at ,padua :51 9 #addf1 ,mantegna complet$ 8 fir/ indep5d5t commission1 a ,madonna 9 ,glory = ,s4 ,s(ia1 n[ lo/1 b :i* is said to h be5 a wond]ful production = a boy /ill 9 8 te5s1 cle>ly betray+ ! influ5ce bo? ( ,donatello & ,jacopo ,bell9i1 yet ) a m>k$ individuality ( its own4 ,! ,madonna 9 ,glory is suppos$ to h be5 succe$$ by o!r compositions ( a simil> k9d2 b ! e>lie/ sign$ "w f ,&rea's h& is a fresco1 dat$ #adeb1 above ! c5tral door ( ,s4 ,antonio1 repres5t+ ,sa9ts ,antony & ,b]n>d9o hold+ up a wrea? be>+ ! monogram ( ,*ri/4 ,9 x1 z well z 9 ! polypty* ( ,/4 ,luke1 n[ 9 ! ,br]a ,gall]y1 ,milan1--t betrays a slight aff9ity ) ! ,viv>9i1--! ,pres5tation 9 ! ,temple1 ( ! ,b]l9 ,museum1 & ! ,adoration ( ! ,magi1 9 ! collection ( ,lady ,a%burton--all pa9t$ betwe5 #adeb & #adee--;are already noticeable ! naturali/ic treatm5t ( =m1 pla/icity ( modell+1 & sombre col\r+1 t 7 f fir/ to la/ *>act]i/ic ( ,mantegna1 ) a sugge/ion ( ! dignifi$ re/ra9t & solemn rhy?m ( movem5t1 :i* 7 lat] fur!r to di/+ui% 8 /yle4 ,x is1 moreov]1 noticeable t 9 ! two la/ nam$1 z well z 9 o!r e>ly repres5tations ( ! ,virg9 & ! ,holy ,*ild1 su* z t 9 ! ,poldi-,pezzoli ,museum1 ,milan1 x is ! purely human relation%ip betwe5 ! lov+ "m & h] helpless little "o :i* is mo/ =cibly br\ght out1 !re be+ absolutely no sugge/ion ( ! sup]natural4 ,9 ! ,pres5tation 9 ! ,temple ,m>y cl+s to ! ,babe z if unwill+ to let ,him leave h] arms = a mom5t1 & 9 ! ,adoration h] face expresses a t5d] ye>n+ t is inf9itely t\*+2 :]eas 9 lat] ,holy ,families f ! same h& ! ,infant ,jesus becomes ev] m & m alo( & dignifi$1 until at la/ ,he appe>s l a "y ,god consci\s ( ,8 p[] to save & bless1 :il/ ,8 "m )draws into ! backgr\nd4 ,m important1 p]haps1 f a te*nical po9t ( view1 ?an ^! indep5d5t oil-pa9t+s are ! s]ies ( frescoes 9 ! ,eremitani ,*apel1 9 :i* c be cle>ly trac$ ! gradual developm5t ( ,mantegna's /yle4 ,9 !m he = ! fir/ "t prov$ himself able successfully to c>ry out a va/ & elaborate s*eme ( decoration1 ea* composition ) its appropriate sett+1 ?\gh complete 9 itself1 contribut+ to ! g5]al effect ( ! :ole4 ,exactly :5 ! great und]tak+ 0 begun is n kn[n1 b x is suppos$ t ! commission = x 0 giv5 to ,squ>cione ab\t #adeb1 & its execution entru/$ by him to ,mantegna1 :o 9 #addh _h sign$ an agreem5t b9d+ him to ! s]vice ( 8 fo/]-fa!r = a long t]m ( ye>s4 ,9 a w dat$ ,janu>y #e1 #addc1 ! ,*apel ( ! ,eremitani 0 bequea!d by its !n own]1 ,antonio degli ,ovet>i1 to ,jacopo ,leone1 on condition t aft] ! te/ator's dea? sev5 hundr$ gold5 ducats %\ld be exp5d$ on its decoration ) sc5es f ! lives ( ,sa9ts ,james & ,*ri/oph]4 ,! subjects1 & possibly also ! positions !y 7 to occupy1 7 ?us det]m9$ be=eh&2 & x is evid5t f int]nal evid5ce t n all ! frescoes are f ,mantegna's own h&1 b 8 _s dom9ates !m all1 & ^? = :i* he is entirely responsible1 especially ! ,/4 ,james l$ to ,execution1 ! ,m>tyrdom & ! ,burial ( ,/4 ,*ri/oph]1 m>k a great advance1 alike 9 design & 9 te*nical execution1 on any?+ hi!rto produc$ by _! au?or4 ,9 ! fir/1 ,mantegna approa*$ m ne>ly to ,donatello 9 ! expression ( movem5t ?an he _h previ\sly done1 & display$ v great skill 9 conc5trat+ ! att5tion ^u ! figure ( ! m>tyr1 :o pauses to bless & heal a lame man kneel+ at 8 feet1 ! soldi]s halt+ to look on1 & ! spectators turn+ back to see :at delays ! procession4 ,! ,m>tyrdom & ,burial ( ,/4 ,*ri/oph] are also /rik+ly dramatic1 giv+ v vivid pres5tm5ts ( ! f9al sc5es 9 ! long-protract$ agony ( ! twice-m>tyr$ victim1 :o 0 f\nd to be /ill liv+ aft] he 0 suppos$ to h be5 %ot to dea?2 b1 un=tunately1 bo? compositions are s mu* defac$ t x is difficult to =m a true idea ( :at !y orig9ally 74 ,! ye>s dur+ :i* ,mantegna 0 at "w on ! ,eremitani frescoes1 suppos$ to h be5 complet$ 9 #adee1 co9cid$ ) ! mo/ int]e/+ p]iod ( ! arti/'s life f a p]sonal po9t ( view4 ,9 #adec he became engag$ to ! only daught] ( ,jacopo ,bell9i1 ,nicolasia1 :om he _h kn[n s9ce %e 0 a *ild1 & to :om he _h long be5 atta*$4 ,he 0 m>ri$ to h] 9 #adee1 & ! "y c\ple evid5tly />t$ life toge!r "u v happy auspices2 b little is really kn[n ei!r ( _! c\rt%ip or _! lat] exp]i5ces4 ,nei!r1 un=tunately1 is x possible to call up ) any semblance ( reality ! p]sonality ( ! bride1 = al?\gh %e c]ta9ly (t5 pos$ = h] fa!r1 husb&1 & bro!rs1 h] portrait _c be id5tifi$ 9 any ( _! compositions4 ,t %e 0 beautiful & *>m+ is g5]ally tak5 = grant$1 t %e %>$ ! /hetic faculty ) :i* ! o!r memb]s ( h] family 7 s ri*ly end[$ is m ?an probable1 & t %e 0 a good wife to ,mantegna is incid5tally prov$ by ! fact t 8 money difficulties did n beg9 till aft] h] dea?2 b t is all t c be ga!r$ conc]n+ h]4 ,x is f> easi] to realise :at ! bridegroom 0 l1 = ,&rea has introduc$ himself among ! spectators 9 ! ,m>tyrdom ( ,/4 ,*ri/oph] & 9 ! lat] ,meet+ betwe5 ,lodovico ,gonzaga & 8 son1 ,c>d9al ,francesco1 ( ! ,cam]a degli ,sposi at ,mantua1 9 bo? ( :i* ! pa9t] appe>s z a h&some1 di/+ui%$-look+ man ^: some:at /]n features1 9 :i*1 h[ev]1 !re is no sugge/ion ( ! irritable temp] ) :i* "s ( 8 contempor>ies *>g$ him1 greatly resemble ^? ( ! f9e bronze bu/1 ( unc]ta9 au?or%ip1 t 0 set up 9 #aefj outside 8 mortu>y *apel 9 ,s4 ,&rea1 ,mantua1 by "o ( 8 gr&sons4 ,almo/ ! only comm5t made by ! biograph]s ( ,mantegna on 8 m>riage is t aft] x ! influ5ce ( ,jacopo ,bell9i ov] 8 /yle became m m>k$1 & ne>ly all !y h to tell conc]n+ him & 8 wife is t !y _h ?ree boys1 "o ( :om di$ 9 infancy1 & two girls4 ,occasionally1 x is true1 a ref]5ce is made to "w done 9 _! fa!r's /udio by "o or ! o!r ( ! surviv+ sons1 ^: names 7 ,francesco & ,lodovico4 ,! m>riages ( ! daught]s1 ,laura & ,taddea1 are allud$ to en passant1 & ! fact is m5tion$ t 9 8 old age ! great pa9t] _h a natural son1 to :om he gave ! names ( ,giovanni ,&rea1 & :om he confid$ on 8 dea?-b$ to ! c>e ( ! boy's half-bro!r ,lodovico2 b sc>cely any details c be ga!r$ conc]n+ ! home life ( ! ma/] be=e ,nicolasia pass$ away1 nor has any "o be5 able to asc]ta9 :o 0 ! h]o9e ( ! romance ( ! ma/]'s clos+ ye>s4 ,ev5 ,dr4 ,paul ,kri/ell] 9 8 monum5tal "w1 9 :i* is ga!r$ toge!r f an inf9ite v>iety ( s\rces ev]y?+ t c ?r[ light on ! "*1 aims1 & "w ( ,mantegna1 is able to d no m ?an sugge/ t he & 8 family 7 on affectionate t]ms ) ea* o!r1 t he _h ! be/ int]e/s ( 8 *ildr5 at he>t1 & t 8 wife %>$ ! t5d] poetic s5sibility ( h] gift$ bro!r1 ,giovanni ,bell9i4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,iii4--,,portrait ,,( ,a ,,memb] ,,( ,,! ,,gonzaga ,,family 7,9 ! ,pitti ,palace1 ,flor5ce7 ,?is f9e portrait1 n[ 9 ! ,pitti ,palace1 ,flor5ce1 repres5ts "o ( ! memb]s ( ! ,gonzaga family :o 7 introduc$ 9 ! fam\s frescoes by ,mantegna t adorn$ ! ,cam]a degli ,sposi & o!r ap>tm5ts 9 ! ,ca/ello ( ,mantua4 ,to make up = ! meagr5ess ( intimate p]sonal in=mation ) :i* writ]s on ,mantegna h to cont5d1 !y "o & all dwell at great l5g? on e incid5t ( 8 art c>e]1 describ+ m9utely1 = in/ance1 ! /ra9$ relations betwe5 him & ,squ>cione1 :i* culm9at$ 9 #adef 9 8 br++ an action aga9/ ! latt]4 ,x 0 decid$ 9 fav\r ( ,&rea1 :o plead$ t he _h be5 "u age :5 he sign$ ! agreem5t already allud$ to above1 & t ! conditions ( ! arrangem5t made _h be5 brok5 by 8 fo/]-fa!r4 ,x is fur!r relat$ t ,squ>cione 0 f ! fir/ bitt]ly ho/ile to ! intimacy betwe5 ,mantegna & ! ,bell9i1 res5t+ ! influ5ce ,jacopo ex]cis$ ov] a pupil he look$ ^u z 8 own special protg4 ,:5 he he>d ( ! engagem5t betwe5 ,&rea & ,nicolasia1 he v[$ he w\ld nev] cons5t to ! mat*1 & :5 he f\nd t 8 sanction ( ! m>riage 0 disp5s$ )1 8 indignation knew no b\nds4 ,he v5t$ 8 annoyance by mak+ unreasonable dem&s ^u ,mantegna's "t1 & by h>% criticism ( 8 "w on ! ,eremitani frescoes1 9 :i* he all too cle>ly betray$ 8 jeal\sy ( ! y\ng] arti/'s sup]ior tal5t4 ,!re 0 really no?+ left = ,mantegna to d b to sev] all connection ) s unreasonable an employ]1 b t he did s ) regret1 rememb]+ pa/ k9dnesses1 is prov$ by 8 hav+ put (f ! rupture z long z he did4 ,x 0 well = him :5 he f9ally left ! ,squ>cione bottega & became free to "w out1 un*eck$1 8 own art salvation1 & h5ce=? he may truly be said to h gone on f /r5g? to /r5g?1 until at la/1 9 su* ma/]pieces z ! ,triumph ( ,cs> & ! ,madonna della ,vittoria1 he rea*$ ! v z5i? ( 8 p[]s4 ,! second p]iod ( ,mantegna's c>e] beg9s ) ! pa9t+ ( ! f9e tripty* = ,s4 ,z5o1 ,v]ona1 commission$ by ! enlight5$ papal protonot>y1 ,abbot ,gregorio ,corr]1 "o ( ! lead+ ecclesia/ics ( 8 "t1 ! fir/ ( ! _m di/+ui%$ patrons :o n[ began to seek to secure ! s]vices ( ! "y pa9t] ( ,padua4 ,! alt>-piece ( ,s4 ,z5o1 ! *ief composition ( :i* belongs to ! class kn[n z sacro conv]sazione1 9 :i* sa9ts ( diff]5t p]iods are gr\p$ ab\t ! ,virg9 & ,*ild1 m>ks a v consid]able advance 9 ! del9eation ( "*4 ,! p]sonalities ( m5 s div]se z ,sa9ts ,pet]1 ,john ! ,evangeli/1 ,augu/9e1 & ,z5o are realis$ ) great success1 & ! conc5tration ( ! light on ! figure ( ! ,infant ,jesus =e%ad[s ! great *ange t 0 ere long to take place 9 ! arti/'s r5d]+s ( ! ,holy ,family4 ,x is mu* to be regrett$ t ! complete "w c no long] be se5 z x 0 :5 fir/ plac$ 9 position1 = x 0 c>ri$ (f by ! ,fr5* 9 #agig2 & al?\gh aft] ! ,treaty ( ,vi5na ! upp] portion 0 re/or$ to ,s4 ,z5o1 :]e x n[ hangs 9 ! *oir1 ! ?ree subjects ( ! pr$ella1 t are also ( great significance 9 ! /udy ( ! developm5t ( ,mantegna's /yle1 rema9$ 9 ,france--! ,crucifixion1 a noble b t]ribly reali/ic conception1 occupy+ a place ( hon\r 9 ! ,l\vre1 :il/ ! ,agony 9 ! ,g>d5 & ! ,asc5sion1 t orig9ally flank$ x on ei!r side1 are at ,t\rs4 ,:il/ engag$ 9 8 ardu\s und]tak+ = ,abbot ,corr]1 ,mantegna pa9t$ ?ree ( 8 few portraits--t1 n[ at ,b]l91 ( ,c>d9al ,luigi ,mezz>ota1 ! w>like prelate :o l$ ! papal troops aga9/ ! ,turks 9 #adeg1 defeat+ !m ) great loss2 t1 9 ! ,naples ,museum1 ( ,c>d9al ,francesco ,gonzaga1 :o receiv$ ! r$ hat be=e he 0 sev5te52 & ! fam\s d\ble lik5ess ( ,john ( ,czezomicze1 bett] kn[n z ,janus ,pannonius1 t is un=tunately lo/1 b won = its au?or great r5[n & inspir$ ! beautiful elegy address$ to him by ! poet on its completion4 ,betwe5 ,c>d9al ,francesco & ,&rea a v /rong fri5d%ip 0 soon =m$1 :i* may possibly h _h some?+ to d ) ! press+ invitations ,mantegna n[ began to receive f ! fa!r ( ! "y prelate ,lodovico1 ! reign+ ,m>quis ( ,mantua1 :o wor?ily ma9ta9$ ! great traditions ( 8 ance/ors1 "u ^: auspices ! anci5t =tress t 0 to become s insep>ably associat$ ) ! memory ( ! ,paduan ma/] 0 enl>g$ & /r5g!n$1 & ! ,gr& ,ca!dral ) ! noble ,r5aissance ,*ur* ( ,s4 ,&rea 7 built4 ,! fir/ ( ,lodovico's invitations 0 probably a v]bal "o1 b x 0 quickly succe$$ by urg5t writt5 appeals1 "s ( :i* h be5 pres]v$1 9 :i* ! writ] (f]s to make ,mantegna 8 c\rt pa9t] ) a high sal>y & to accord him c]ta9 valuable privileges1 ! lett]s reflect+ n only ! high e/eem 9 :i* pa9t]s ( em95ce 7 !n held & ! eag]ness ) :i* _! "w 0 compet$ =1 b also ! great sacrifices t 7 dem&$ f !m1 & 7 su* z no mod]n art patron w\ld dream ( exact+4 ,aga9 & aga9 ,mantegna put (f 8 f9al reply to ! ,m>quis1 = he lov$ ,padua1 :]e he f\nd pl5ty ( cong5ial employm5t1 & 0 surr\nd$ ) appreciative fri5ds2 b at la/ he yield$1 attract$ probably p>tly by ! mat]ial advantages ( ! position (f]$ to him1 & p>tly by ! exceptional facilities he w\ld h 9 ,mantua = ! antiqu>ian rese>* 9 :i* he delight$4 ,x 0 9 ! latt] half ( #adei t he arriv$1 accompani$ by ,nicolasia & _! two little *ildr51 9 ! fam\s city1 :]e he 0 eag]ly welcom$ by ! ,m>quis & 8 wife1 ! ,m>*esa ,b>b>a1 & _! two sons1 ,f$]ico & ,c>d9al ,francesco4 ,f t "t to 8 dea?1 except = two ye>s sp5t 9 ,rome1 ,mantegna work$ almo/ exclusively = ! ,gonzaga family1 becom+ ev] m & m devot$ly atta*$ to !m & _! int]e/s4 ,f ! fir/1 ! position ( ! c\rt pa9t] appe>s to h be5 a v enviable "o1 =1 al?\gh x is true t ! paym5t ( 8 sal>y 0 sometimes delay$1 he 0 evid5tly on t]ms ( ! close/ intimacy ) 8 patron1 :o soon aft] 8 arrival grant$ him a coat ( arms embody+ 8 own device1 &1 z prov$ by _m a /ill extant lett]1 0 ev] ready to help & advise him1 :e!r 9 matt]s s trivial z ! cut ( a coat or s s]i\s z legal disputes conc]n+ ! b\nd>ies ( prop]ty own$ by ! arti/4 ,t ! pov]ty ( :i* ,mantegna sometimes compla9$ mu/ h be5 purely nom9al is inde$ evid5t f ^! lawsuits1 z well z f ! fact t he 0 able to make a v valuable collection ( antiquities & to give l>ge d[ries to 8 daught]s :5 !y m>ri$4 ,! fir/ pictures pa9t$ at ,mantua 7 ! beautiful tripty* ( ! ,adoration ( ! ,k+s1 ,circumcision1 & ,asc5sion1 n[ 9 ! ,uffizi1 ,flor5ce2 ! ,dea? ( ! ,virg91 9 ! ,prado ,gall]y2 & ! rem>kable ,piet1 ( ! ,br]a ,gall]y2 ! la/ probably a /udy only1 z x 0 /ill 9 ,mantegna's /udio :5 ! arti/ pass$ away1 = :i* reason x has errone\sly be5 attribut$ to a lat] p]iod4 ,unpleas+ ?\gh x is ) its />tl+ realism1 ! ,dead ,*ri/ is ( special value z a /udy 9 p]spective1 &1 9 ! op9ion ( ,dr4 ,kri/ell]1 x 0 pa9t$ ) a view to its be+ se5 f bel[1 = he says1 ,x is only z a ceil+ pa9t+1 ) its p]spective po9t ( sight co9cid+ ) ! c5tral po9t ( ! ceil+1 t ! figure w\ld appe> correctly =e%ort5$4 ,!re c be no d\bt1 he adds1 t x 0 pa9t$ z a prelim9>y /udy = ! nude y\? /&+ inside ! balu/rade on ! ceil+ decoration ( ! ,cam]a degli ,sposi & = o!r figures 9 ceil+ pictures4 ,h[ev] t may be1 ! /range composition /&s alone among its au?or's works1 & w probably always rema9 a subject ( cont5tion to critics1 s v>i\sly d its peculi>ities affect diff]5t temp]am5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,iv4--,,! ,,agony ,,9 ,,! ,,g>d5 7,9 ! ,national ,gall]y7 ,?is beautiful composition1 n[ 9 ! ,national ,gall]y1 ,london1 is suppos$ to be a replica ( ! ,m\nt ( ,olives t orig9ally =m$ "p ( ! pr$ella ( ! great alt>-piece ( ,san ,z5o1 ,v]ona1 & to h be5 pa9t$ 9 #adci = ,giacomo ,antonio ,m>cello1 !n ,pode/ ( ,padua4 ,9 addition to ! oil-pa9t+s quot$ above1 ,mantegna also produc$ betwe5 #adei & #adfj a l>ge numb] ( frescoes = ! v>i\s resid5ces ( ! ,m>quis ( ,mantua1 b un=tunately no trace ( !m rema9s4 ,! e>lie/ extant works ( ! k9d are ^? ( ! ,cam]a degli ,sposi 9 ! ,ca/ello di ,corte1 :i* 7 complet$ 9 #adgd1 & 9 spite ( _! melan*oly condition ( decay1 ! result *iefly ( _! hav+ be5 execut$ on a dry in/ead ( a damp surface1 are rank$ among/ ! mo/ notewor?y examples ( fifte5?-c5tury decorative art 9 exi/5ce4 ,n only are !y admirably execut$ & ?or\ghly suitable = ! position !y occupy1 b !y also inaugurate a new dep>ture 9 hi/orical portraiture1 ! pr9cipal subjects be+ gr\ps ( ! v>i\s memb]s ( ! ,gonzaga family1 ! mo/ int]e/+ & *>act]i/ic ( :i* is1 p]haps1 t repres5t+ ! meet+ betwe5 ! ,m>quis ,lodovico & ,c>d9al ,francesco1 already ref]r$ to z conta9+ a portrait ( ! arti/4 ,9 ! o!r frescoes ( ! ,cam]a degli ,sposi ! ,c>d9al1 :o by ?is "t _h become ,papal ,legate ( ,bologna & ,bi%op ( ,mantua1 is conspicu\s by 8 abs5ce1 8 high position 9 ! ,*ur* mak+ 8 visits to 8 home v r>e1 & lead+ to 8 be+ receiv$ ) mu* pomp & c]emony :5 he did appe>4 ,on ?is occasion he & 8 fa!r1 :o 0 accompani$ by 8 two elde/ gr&sons1 7 ea* att5d$ by a great ret9ue1 & ,mantegna has manag$ ) consid]able skill1 :il/ pres]v+ a c]ta9 homel9ess1 to convey an impression ( gr&eur1 ! noble figures ( ! actors 9 ! sc5e /&+ out aga9/ a f9e l&scape backgr\nd1 f :i* rises up ! city ( ,mantua4 ,! decorations ( ! ,cam]a degli ,sposi s delight$ ! ,m>quis t he pres5t$ _! au?or ) an e/ate 9 ! he>t ( ! city1 on :i* ,mantegna at once began to build a pr9cely mansion1 "p ( :i* is n[ conv]t$ into a college4 ,long be=e x 0 f9i%$1 h[ev]1 he 0 sadd5$ by ! dea? ( ,lodovico1 :o pass$ away 9 #adgh1 soon aft] he _h commission$ :at 0 to be 8 belov$ c\rt pa9t]'s greate/ ma/]piece--! s]ies ( pictures repres5t+ ! ,triumph ( ,cs>1 t are n[ at ,hampton ,c\rt1 hav+ be5 b\ght 9 #afbd f ! !n reign+ ,m>quis by ,*>les ,i4 ,lodovico 0 succe$$ by 8 son ,f$]ico1 :o treat$ ,mantegna ) ! same affectionate consid]ation z 8 pr$ecessor _h done1 tak+ a deep int]e/ 9 8 welf>e & sympa?is+ ) him 9 8 dome/ic anxieties4 ,on ,octob] #be1 #adgh1 he wrote to ! arti/1 :o _h be5 unable to complete "s "w = him ?r\gh illness1 begg+ him to try & get well z quickly z possible1 b n to worry ab\t ! delay1 & lat] he did all 9 8 p[] = ,mantegna's delicate boy1 inquir+ con/antly aft] him1 & giv+ 8 fa!r a lett] ( introduction to ! fam\s physician1 ,gir>do da ,v]ona1 t is ( special int]e/1 af=d+1 z x does1 an all-too-r>e glimpse ( ! pa9t] z a man z well z an arti/1 trembl+ = ! life ( 8 suff]+ *ild4 ,! ,m>quis begs ! doctor1 to consult :om ,mantegna took 8 son to ,v5ice 9 #adhj1 to %[ e possible consid]ation to our noble & well-belov$ s]vant2 & ?\gh ! j\rney 0 all 9 va91 ! pati5t hav+ di$ soon aft] ! return to ,mantua1 ! solicitude %[n on 8 behalf by ! ,m>quis mu/ h t\*$ ! he>t ( 8 sorr[+ p>5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,v4--,,! ,,madonna ,,& ,,*ild ,,surr\nd$ ,,by ,,*]ubs 7,9 ! ,br]a ,gall]y1 ,milan7 ,?is *>m+ composition1 n[ 9 ! ,br]a ,gall]y1 ,milan1 0 pa9t$ 9 #adhe = ! "y ,m>quis ( ,mantua1 ,gian ,francesco ,gonzaga1 z a gift = ! ,du*ess ,eleanora ( ,f]r>a1 "m ( 8 affianc$ bride1 ,isabella d',e/e4 ,x is consid]$ "o ( ! f9e/ ( ,mantegna's lat] religi\s pictures4 ,9 #adha ! c\rt ( ,mantua 0 ?r[n into m\rn+ by ! dea? ( ! ,d[ag]-,m>*esa ,b>b>a1 :o _h f ! fir/ be5 a v k9d fri5d to ,mantegna1 & two ye>s lat] h] son1 ,c>d9al ,francesco ,gonzaga1 to :om ! arti/ 0 devot$ly atta*$1 also pass$ away4 ,:51 9 #adhd1 ,f$]ico himself di$ sudd5ly1 & 8 eighte5-ye>-old son1 ,gian ,francesco--g5]ally ref]r$ to by 8 second "n only--became ,m>quis 9 8 /ead1 ,mantegna seems to h fe>$ t 8 position at ,mantua w\ld be adv]sely affect$ by all ! *anges t 7 tak+ place1 & he ha/5$ to (f] 8 s]vices to ,lor5zo de' ,m$ici1 ) :om he _h "s slight acqua9tance1 & ^: lib]ality z a patron ( art & lit]ature 0 well kn[n4 ,:at reply 0 made by ! ,flor5t9e duke to 8 sugge/ion is n kn[n2 b x soon became evid5t t ! new rul] ( ,mantua knew z well if n bett] ?an 8 fa!r & gr&fa!r _h done be=e him1 h[ to value 8 c\rt pa9t]1 & "o ( ! fir/ acts ( 8 reign 0 to ask ,mantegna to pa9t a picture = him to pres5t to ! ,du*ess ,eleonora ( ,mantua1 "m ( 8 affianc$ bride1 ,isabella d',e/e1 :o 0 !n only t5 ye>s old1 b 0 lat] to become "o ( ! arti/'s mo/ lib]al patrons & fai?ful admir]s4 ,! picture 9 "q is suppos$ to h be5 ! f9e ,madonna & ,*ild1 ) a backgr\nd ( *]ubs' heads1 n[ 9 ! ,br]a ,gall]y1 ,milan1 consid]$1 s f> z its col\r+ is conc]n$1 "o ( ,mantegna's mo/ brilliant a*ievem5ts4 ,accord+ to "s au?orities1 x _h already be5 ord]$ "s mon?s be=e by ! ,du*ess1 & all ,francesco _h to d ) x 0 to urge ! arti/ to f9i% x )\t fur!r delay2 b1 9 any case1 ! "y ,m>quis 0 con/antly 9 ! /udio :il/ x 0 9 progress1 *att+ ) ! pa9t] n[ ab\t ! "w1 n[ ab\t 8 own private affairs4 ,he 01 x is said1 deeply 9 love ) 8 betro!d1 or r ) ! idea he _h =m$ ( h]1 = x is d\btful :e!r he _h yet se5 h]1 ! woo+ hav+ be5 done by proxy z long previ\sly z #adhj1 :5 ! little maid5 ( six _h delight$ ! ,mantuan envoy ) h] grace & *>m4 ,no soon] 0 ! picture sign$1 be=e ! eag] suitor _h x pack$1 & />t$ ) x = ,f]r>a1 :]e x 0 receiv$ ) ! greate/ en?usiasm1 n only by ! ,du*ess h]self b by ! :ole c\rt1 :i*1 "u ! enlight5$ rule ( ,duke ,ercole ,i4 0 a c5tre ( culture1 to :i* flock$ arti/s1 poets1 musicians1 humani/s1 & o!r lead]s ( ! /hetic & intellectual life ( ! day4 ,( ! actual meet+ betwe5 ! engag$ c\ple no record has be5 pres]v$2 b x is evid5t f lett]s writt5 home by ! ,m>quis t 8 expectations 7 m ?an fulfill$1 ,isabella already giv+ promise ( ! exceptional qualities :i* 7 to make h] "o ( ! mo/ fasc9at+ & influ5tial wom5 ( h] "t1 ! memory ( ^: sweet & graci\s pres5ce /ill l+]s bo? 9 ,f]>ra & ,mantua4 ,x 0 difficult = h] lov] to te> himself away :5 ! day came = him to return home1 :]e 8 pres5ce 0 greatly ne$$2 b be=e he left1 he exact$ a promise f ,du*ess ,eleonora t %e w\ld br+ h] daught] to ,mantua 9 ! autumn ( ! same ye>4 ,x is easy to imag9e h[ mu* ,francesco _h to confide to 8 c\rt pa9t] :5 he paid 8 next visit to ! /udio2 h[ he dwelt on ! *>ms ( 8 belov$ ,isabella1 & lam5t$ ov] ! ye>s t mu/ elapse be=e %e c\ld become 8 wife4 ,he f\nd ,mantegna eag]ly engag$ on ! prelim9>y draw+s = ! ,triumph ( ,cs>1 & to ! in/ructions already giv5 by ,lodovico ,gonzaga he add$ a wi% t all ! di/+ui%$ gue/s :o 7 soon to meet at 8 c\rt %\ld be introduc$ 9 ! processions1 z well z ! *ief memb]s ( 8 own family4 ,mantegna1 he may h said1 w\ld h pl5ty ( opportunities = mak+ /udies ( !m2 & n[ he mu/ put ev]y?+ else aside = a "t to design ! decorations 9 hon\r ( ! visit ( ! bride-elect & h] "m1 :i* 7 to be a k9d ( =eta/e ( ^? 9 celebration ( ! w$d+4 ,9 all ! prep>ations = t great ev5t he reli$ ^u ! co-op]ation ( ,mantegna1 :o mu/ promise n to accept any invitation or commission t c\ld int]f]e ) 8 "w on !m1 &1 premature z ?is mu/ h appe>$ to ! arti/1 he readily gave ! requir$ assurance4 ,all pass$ ov] z happily z ,francesco himself c\ld h wi%$ dur+ ! brief /ay at ,mantua ( ,eleonora & ,isabella1 :o won all he>ts by _! sympa!tic appreciation ( ev]y?+ t 0 done to please !m4 ,aft] !y left1 ! "w on ! ,triumph ( ,cs> proce$$ apace1 int]rupt$ only n[ & !n = ! execution ( m9or commissions1 su* z ! design+ ( jewell]y1 dr9k+-cups1 c42 b 9 #adhh came a v unwelcome summons = ,mantegna to g to ,rome1 ,pope ,innoc5t ,,viii41 :o _h he>d ( ! beauty ( ! frescoes at ,padua & ,mantua1 wi%+ to h a *apel 9 ! ,vatican decorat$ by _! arti/4 ,su* an invitation _h all ! =ce ( a comm&1 & ! ,m>quis 0 reluctantly compell$ to let 8 belov$ pa9t] g2 b be=e he left1 he conf]r$ on him ! hon\r ( knigh?ood1 t he might take a bett] position 9 ! papal c\rt1 & once m rem9d$ him ( ! necessity t he %\ld be back at ,mantua 9 ,janu>y #adij at ! v late/4 ,be>+ ) him a lett] to ! ,pope1 dat$ ,june #aj1 #adhh1 9 :i* ,francesco spoke ( him 9 ! v highe/ t]ms1 ,mantegna />t$ = ! ,holy ,city1 :]e he 0 welcom$ ) ! greate/ eag]ness1 n only by 8 new employ] b by ! ecclesia/ical & secul> notabilities1 :o vi$ ) ea* o!r 9 do+ him hon\r4 ,c]ta9 lett]s to ! ,m>quis ,francesco1 h[ev]1 betray discont5t ) ! paym5t he receiv$ f ! ,pope1 & also ) ! facilities = 8 "w af=d$ him 9 ! ,vatican1 a dissatisfaction t w\ld1 inde$1 h be5 int5sifi$ c\ld he h =ese5 t ! frescoes = :i* he sacrific$ s mu* 7 to be ru?lessly de/roy$ 9 #aghj1 ) ! *apel conta9+ !m1 to make room = ! ,museo ,pio ,clem5t9a4 ,x is only f allusions to !m by ,vas>i & descriptions by ! lat] critics1 ,ago/9o ,taja & ,giovanni ,pietro ,*att>d1 :o liv$ 9 ! second half ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 & saw ! frescoes %ortly be=e _! de/ruction1 t any idea c be obta9$ ( :at !y 72 b a suppos$ copy ( a portrait ( ,innoc5t ,,viii4 includ$ 9 !m1 is 9 ! collection ( ! ,ar*duke ,f]d9& ( ,au/ria4 ,t !y 7 execut$ by ,mantegna )\t any assi/ance is prov$ by a lett] f him to ! ,m>quis ,francesco1 dat$ ,june #ae1 #adhi1 9 :i* he says1 ,! "w is heavy = a man alone1 int5t on obta9+ hon\rs1 especially 9 ,rome1 :]e op9ion is express$ by s _m able m51 & z 9 ! races run by ,b>b>y horses ! fir/ gets ! prize1 s ,i too mu/ ga9 9 ! end1 if x please ,god4 ,x is unnecess>y to dwell long on works ( art t h completely disappe>$4 ,suffice x to say t ! frescoes 7 n f9i%$ 9 ,decemb] #adhi1 b t ,mantegna 0 hop+ to get leave ( abs5ce f ! ,pope = ,febru>y #adij1 :5 he 0 sudd5ly /ruck d[n by fev]1 j be=e he w\ld h />t$ = ,mantua _h all be5 well4 ,! long-talk$-( w$d+ took place1 !re=e1 dur+ 8 abs5ce1 & he _h1 aft] all1 absolutely no?+ to d ) ! fe/ivities 9 hon\r ( ! m>riage1 t 7 evid5tly ( a magnific5t description4 ,x mu/ h be51 inde$1 a ke5 mortification to him to h miss$ su* a gold5 opportunity ( prov+ 8 devotion to 8 ,mantuan patron1 & x is easy to realise ) :at mix$ feel+s he he>d ( ! en?usia/ic reception ( ! bride 9 h] husb&'s native city4 ,accompani$ by ,isabella's p>5ts1 h] uncle ,c>d9al d',e/e1 & h] ?ree "y bro!rs1 & escort$ by a brilliant suite1 ! newly w$d$ pair ent]$ ! city on ,febru>y #ab?1 ! "o drawback to _! happ9ess1 contempor>y *ronicl]s report1 hav+ be5 ! abs5ce ( ! c\rt pa9t]1 ^: praises _h be5 s (t5 sung by ! bridegroom4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,vi4--,,! ,,madonna ,,& ,,*ild ,,( ,,! ,,grotto 7,9 ! ,uffizi ,gall]y1 ,flor5ce7 ,?is sev]e & dignifi$ gr\p1 n[ 9 ! ,uffizi ,gall]y1 ,flor5ce1 is suppos$ by "s critics to h be5 pa9t$ 9 ,mantua ab\t ! same "t z ! frescoes ( ! ,cam]a degli ,sposi1 :il/ o!rs assign x to a mu* lat] date1 decl>+ x to h be5 produc$ betwe5 #adhh-adij dur+ ! arti/'s resid5ce 9 ,rome4 ,=tunately1 ! arti/ soon recov]$ f 8 illness1 b x 0 n until ,septemb] t he complet$ 8 "w 9 ,rome1 & receiv$ p]mission f ! ,pope to return to ,mantua4 ,innoc5t ,,viii4 express$ himself 9 8 lett] ( dismissal fully satisfi$ ) ! way 9 :i* 8 wi%es _h be5 c>ri$ out2 b :e!r ! arti/ 0 equally pleas$ ) ! rew>d = 8 s]vices is que/ionable4 ,he 0 evid5tly v glad to leave ,rome1 :]e1 /range to say1 9 spite ( 8 love = antiquity & ! opportunities he mu/ h enjoy$ = 8 fav\rite /udy1 he seems to h felt out ( 8 elem5t4 ,8 correspond5ce ) ! ,m>quis betrays consid]able home-sickness1 & conta9s absolutely no allusions to ! art treasures ( ! ,vatican4 ,he pleads ) 8 patron = an appo9tm5t = 8 son ,lodovico1 decl>es he is long+ to be at "w aga9 on ! ,triumph ( ,cs>1 & retails v>i\s items ( c\rt gossip1 tell+ qua9t /ories1 = in/ance1 ab\t ! ill-fat$ ,pr9ce ,djem1 bro!r ( ! reign+ ,sultan ( ,turkey1 :o 0 !n a prison] 9 ! ,vatican1 b n a ^w does he say to ?r[ light on ! political situation1 :i* 0 already caus+ anxiety to ! heads ( ! great ,italian /ates4 ,back aga9 9 ,mantua1 ,mantegna quickly ?rew (f ! depression reveal$ 9 8 lett]s1 resum+ 8 old place z if he _h nev] be5 away1 8 /udio becom+ once m ! c5tre ( arti/ic activity 9 ! anci5t t[n4 ,! c\rt pa9t] 0 z eag]ly welcom$ by ! "y ,m>*esa z by h] husb&1 & = ! re/ ( 8 life 8 =tunes 7 v closely b\nd up ) ^? ( ! d',e/e family1 :i* is equival5t to say+ t he 0 h5ce=? to be 9 close t\* ) ! hi/ory ( 8 native c\ntry1 t 0 ev5 !n on ! eve ( ! ,revolution t 0 completely to *ange h] position 9 ! polity ( nations4 ,! ,m>quis ( ,mantua's bride 0 ! only si/] ( ,beatrice d',e/e1 :o 0 m>ri$ on ,decemb] #bi1 #adij1 to ! brilliantly gift$ b fickle1 cruel1 & crafty ,lodovico ,s=za1 surnam$ ,,ii ,moro1 :o obta9$ ! duk$om ( ,milan ?r\gh trea*]y1 & 0 ma9ly in/rum5tal 9 br++ ab\t ! invasion ( ,italy by ! ,fr5*1 a crime = :i* he 0 to pay de>ly1 fir/ ) 8 lib]ty & 9 ! end ) 8 life1 = he di$ a prison] 9 ! ,ca/le ( ,lo*es 9 #aejh4 ,no h9t ( tr\bles to come sadd5$ ! fir/ few mon?s ( ,isabella d',e/e's life at ,mantua1 h] *ief anxiety hav+ app>5tly be5 conc]n+ h] belov$ si/]1 ^: lot 0 f> less happy ?an h] own4 ,lodovico ,s=za _h n be5 ne>ly s ard5t a lov] z ,francesco ,gonzaga1 = he _h a mi/ress1 ! lovely & le>n$ ,cecilia ,gall]ani1 to :om he 0 devot$ly atta*$1 & :o _h be5 = _m ye>s treat$ by him z if %e 7 8 legal wife4 ,x is significant ( ! indulg5t mann] 9 :i* su* unions 7 reg>d$ t 8 relations ) h] 7 n consid]$ any b> to 8 m>riage ) an innoc5t "y girl1 ^: p>5ts did all 9 _! p[] to ha/5 h] engagem5t ) him4 ,x 0 v evid5t1 h[ev]1 t ,beatrice did n %>e _! eag]ness1 & x 0 to ,isabella1 :o _h ha/5$ to ,f]r>a z soon z ! matt] 0 settl$1 t %e turn$ = com=t 9 h] %r9k+ dread ( :at 0 be=e h]4 ,t ! ,m>*esa succe$$ 9 reassur+ h] & brac+ h] up = ! ordeal is prov$ by ! dignifi$ way 9 :i* ! *ild-bride bore h]self 9 ! long-drawn-out & brilliant fe/ivities t celebrat$ h] union ) a man m ?an d\ble h] own age1 & ! ease ) :i* %e took up ! ardu\s duties ( ! wife ( ! lead+ & mo/ p[]ful pr9ce ( ,italy4 ,x 0 ) a he>t reliev$ ( its mo/ press+ fe>s t ! eld] si/] return$ home1 & ! lett]s writt5 to h] by ,beatrice 9 ! mon?s succe$+ h] dep>ture reveal a gr[+ atta*m5t betwe5 ! newly m>ri$ c\ple1 on :i* a seal 0 set 9 ,janu>y #adic by ! bir? ( _! fir/ son4 ,! c\rt ( ! ,gonzagas n[ became ! r5dezv\s ( ! lead+ au?ors1 arti/s1 & antiqu>ians ( ! day1 :o vi$ ) ea* o!r 9 _! en?usia/ic admiration = ! beautiful "y ,m>*esa1 ?\gh x is occasionally sugge/$ by contempor>y writ]s t z "t w5t on "s ( !m r rebell$ aga9/ h] increas+ exactions1 = %e w\ld fa9 h _h e "o give up ev]y?+ to obey h] behe/s4 ,%e is ev5 said to h s5t imp]i\s messages to su* great celebrities z ,p]ug9o1 ,giovanni ,bell9i1 & ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 bidd+ !m come & help ,mantegna to decorate h] ap>tm5ts1 describ+ ! subjects %e wi%$ !m to int]pret1 & express+ h]self z greatly aggriev$ :5 !y fail$ to appe>4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re is no d\bt t %e prov$ h]self a mo/ g5]\s & consid]ate patron ( h] own c\rt pa9t]1 & ! f\r ye>s aft] 8 return f ,rome 7 probably among ! happie/ ( ,mantegna's life4 ,he work$ dur+ !m almo/ exclusively at ! ,triumph ( ,cs>1 receiv+ no help f any o!r arti/1 complet+ ! t5? composition 9 #adid1 & mak+ sev]al sket*es = o!rs t 7 nev] f9i%$4 ,9 ^! wond]ful creations ! arti/ realis$ ! v _s ( antiquity1 yet at ! same "t bequea!d to po/]ity a m>vell\sly true s]ies ( pres5tm5ts ( ! contempor>y life ( 8 "t1 full ( significant incid5ts & effective contra/s1 ! v>i\s gr\ps display+ a fre$om ( execution & =ce ( expression su* z ,mantegna _h nev] be=e a*iev$4 ,= ! fir/ "t realism & idealism 7 weld$ into "o1 & ! pa/ seem$ actually to become ! pres5t1 wak+ into new life n m]ely z an intellectual ab/raction1 b z a visible pageant ( humanity4 ,! ye> ( ! successful conclusion ( ! ,triumph ( ,cs> 0 a disa/r\s "o = ,italy1 = 9 ,july #adid ! ,duke ( ,orleans1 on ! invitation ( ,lodovico ,s=za1 cross$ ! ,alps1 to be foll[$ almo/ imm$iately by ,*>les ,,viii4 ,! ,fr5* ,k+ & ! ,duke ( ,orleans 7 welcom$ ) great en?usiasm by ,il ,moro1 ^: wife wrote gl[+ acc\nts to h] si/] at ,mantua ( ! rejoic+s ov] _! arrival2 b ^? :o look$ bel[ ! surface recognis$ :at a fatal mi/ake _h be5 made1 & s9i/] rum\rs soon began to spread abroad z to ! real motives ( ,lodovico ,s=za4 ,! dea? ( 8 nephew ,giangaleazzo at a mo/ opportune mom5t = him l$ to suspicions ( 8 hav+ caus$ him to be poison$1 t 7 confirm$ by ! way 9 :i* he manag$ to get 8 claim to ! succession recognis$ & ! dead man's "y son ,francesco set aside 9 8 own fav\r4 ,= all t1 he 0 all[$ to assume ! supreme au?ority at ,milan )\t opposition1 & contempor>y *ronicl]s ev5 comm5t on ! k9dness %[n by him & 8 wife to ! wid[$ du*ess1 to :om ap>tm5ts 7 assign$ 9 ! palace t _h s long be5 h] home4 ,mean:ile1 ev]y?+ _h rema9$ quiet at ,mantua1 ?\gh all t 0 go+ on else:]e 0 be+ wat*$ ) eag] int]e/ by ! ,gonzagas & ,mantegna4 ,e>ly 9 #adie ,isabella w5t to ,milan to be ) h] si/]1 :o 0 expect+ h] second *ild1 & on ,febru>y #d? a f9e boy 0 born4 ,9 ! brilliant fe/ivities held to celebrate ! great ev5t ! *ild's beautiful aunt is said to h tak5 a lead+ "p1 n[ receiv+ ambassadors f =eign c\rts to save ! "y "m fatigue1 n[ advis+ h] bro!r-9-law 9 "s difficult "q ( etiquette1 capp+ v]ses ) ,gasp>e ,visconti1 criticis+ ! "w ( ,giovanni ,bell9i1 or play+ ) h] two-ye>-old nephew1 ,ercole1 :o simply wor%ipp$ h]4 ,sudd5ly1 9 ! mid/ ( all ?is light-he>t$ gaiety1 came ! news t ,*>les ,,viii4 _h ent]$ ,naples & be5 cr[n$ ,k+ ( ,sicily1 & ?\gh ! bells ( ,milan 7 o/5tati\sly rung z if 9 rejoic+1 a c\ncil 0 ha/ily summon$ to consult on ! be/ measures to save ,italy f ! ,fr5* invad]s4 ,on ,april #ab? a league aga9/ ,france 0 sign$ betwe5 ,v5ice1 ,urb9o1 ,mantua1 ,milan1 ,k+ ,f]d9& ( ,spa9 & ! ,emp]or ,maximilian2 ! ,m>quis ( ,mantua 0 made ,g5]alissimo ( ! unit$ ,italian =ces1 & aft] tak+ an affectionate f>ewell ( ,mantegna1 :o1 he said1 w\ld soon be call$ ^u to pa9t a ma/]piece 9 celebration ( a victory1 he set =? 9 high spirits at ! head ( 8 army4 ,8 words turn$ out to be prophetic1 = on ,july #f?1 at ,=novo1 he defeat$ ! ,fr5* ) great loss1 fight+ himself side by side ) 8 soldi]s 9 ! front rank4 ,be=e he w5t into action he v[$ t if he escap$ unhurt he w\ld build a *ur* 9 hon\r ( ! ,virg9 at ,mantua1 & z soon z ! battle 0 ov] he s5t in/ructions to ,mantegna to make plans ( ! build+1 & to design an alt>-piece = x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,vii4--,,p>nassus 7,9 ! ,l\vre7 ,?is *>m+ly dramatic int]pretation ( ! subjugation ( ! ,god ( ,w> by ! ,goddess ( ,love is "o ( a s]ies ( allegorical pictures pa9t$ = ! ,/udio ( ! ,m>*esa ,isabella ,gonzaga at ,mantua1 & is a unique example ( its arti/'s deep sympa?y ) ! _s ( classic leg5d4 ,! *ur* 0 f9i%$ be=e ! pa9t+1 :i* 0 n begun until ,augu/ #cj?1 b x 0 complet$ 9 "t to be plac$ 9 position on ! anniv]s>y ( ! ev5t x commemorat$1 & is univ]sally consid]$ ! arti/'s f9e/ "w ( ! k9d1 surpass+ ev5 ! beautiful ,s4 ,z5o tripty*4 ,x is n[ "o ( ! *ief treasures ( ! ,l\vre1 hav+ be5 tak5 to ,france 9 #agig1 & is kn[n z ! ,madonna della ,vittoria1 al?\gh1 z a matt] ( fact1 x repres5ts ! ,m>quis ( ,mantua plead+ ) ! ,virg9 = ! success ( 8 arms1 n return+ ?anks = victory1 ! :ole composition brea?+ =? ye>n+ aspiration r ?an exultation4 ,9 x ! ,holy ,*ild occupies ! c5tre ( ! design1 all ! light be+ conc5trat$ on ,him & on ! face ( ,8 "m1 :o embraces ,him ) "o h&1 & /ret*es =? ! o!r t[>ds ! kneel+ suppliant1 opposite to :om are ,/4 ,elizabe? & ! ,infant ,/4 ,john ! ,bapti/4 ,! mantle ( ! ,virg9 is held back by ,sa9ts ,george & ,mi*ael1 & aga9/ ! ornate backgr\nd appe> ! heads ( ! patrons ( ,mantua1 ,sa9ts ,&rew & ,long9us1 ! :ole be+ admirably proportion$ & well balanc$4 ,dur+ ! ye>s t succe$$ ! victory ( ,=novo ! ,m>quis ( ,mantua & 8 wife _h to cont5d n only ) great political anxieties b ) "o ( ! greate/ sorr[s ( _! lives--! sudd5 dea? ( ! ,du*ess ( ,milan1 :o pass$ away on ,janu>y #b1 #adig1 aft] giv+ bir? to a /ill-born son4 ,h] end is said to h be5 ha/5$ by ! fact t h] husb&1 :o _h hi!rto seem$ devot$ to h]1 _h rec5tly conceiv$ a passion = a lovely girl nam$ ,lucrezia ,crivelli1 :o _h be5 "o ( h] ladies-9-wait+4 ,h[ev] t may h be51 ,lodovico's grief at h] loss1 int5sifi$ p]haps by self-reproa*1 0 extreme1 & ! lett] he wrote to 8 bro!r-9-law ask+ him to break ! t]rible news to ,isabella is "o long cry ( angui%4 ,t ! "y wife _h be5 m]cifully tak5 away f ! evil to come soon1 h[ev]1 became app>5t1 = be=e %e _h be5 dead a ye> h] husb&'s doom 0 already seal$4 ,heavy cl\ds1 too1 7 ga!r+ at ,mantua1 = ! ,m>quis fell "u ! suspicion ( hav+ _h und]h& deal+s ) ! enemy1 & 9 ,april #adig he 0 sudd5ly dismiss$ f 8 po/ z ,g5]alissimo ( ! ,italian =ces4 ,?is 0 a bitt] bl[ to him1 to 8 wife1 & to all1 includ+ ,mantegna1 :o _h 8 int]e/s at he>t1 b =tunately ! /orm quickly blew ov]1 & he 0 soon re/or$ to 8 comm&1 :i* he reta9$ to ! end ( ! campaign4 ,! tak+ ( ,milan by ! ,fr5* 9 #adii & ! triumphant entry into ! conqu]$ city ( ,l\is ,,xii4--:o1 ! little dauph9 hav+ di$ %ortly be=e 8 fa!r1 _h become ,k+ ( ,france on ! dea? ( ,*>les ,,viii4--) all ! t]rible consequ5ces to ! ,s=za family1 ca/ a gloom ov] ! c\rt ( ,mantua = ! re/ ( ! reign ( ! ,m>quis ,francesco1 & bo? he & ,isabella f\nd _! be/ di/raction f _! _m sorr[s 9 wat*+ _! c\rt pa9t] at "w4 ,! ,madonna della ,vittoria 0 succe$$ by ! ,madonna ) ,sa9ts & ,angels1 n[ 9 ! collection ( ,pr9ce ,trivulzio at ,milan1 pa9t$ = ! monks ( ,s4 ,m>ia 9 ,organo1 ,v]ona1 & ! ,madonna & ,*ild ) ,/4 ,john ! ,bapti/1 n[ 9 ! ,national ,gall]y1 ) ! small] b no less *>m+ ,holy ,family ( ! ,dresd5 ,gall]y4 ,to ab\t ! same p]iod are suppos$ to belong ! designs = ! frescoes 9 ,mantegna's mortu>y *apel 9 ,s4 ,&rea1 ,mantua1 ( :i* only two--! ,holy ,family ) ,/4 ,elizabe?1 ,za*>ias1 & ! ,infant ,/4 ,john & ! ,baptism ( ,*ri/1 ! latt] almo/ defac$--are f ! h& ( ! ma/] himself1 ! re/ hav+ be5 complet$ aft] 8 dea? by 8 pupils4 ,9 #aejj1 :5 ,&rea 0 already 9 8 sev5tie? ye>1 he 0 commission$ by ! ,m>*esa to pa9t a s]ies ( allegorical subjects 9 :at %e call$ h] /udio1 9 ! ,ca/ello ( ,mantua1 on ! decoration ( :i* sev]al o!r arti/s1 includ+ ,p]ug9o & ,lor5zo da ,co/a1 7 also engag$4 ,mantegna 01 un=tunately1 ! only "o ( ! pa9t]s select$ :o approa*$ ! task ) any en?usiasm1 or attempt$ to realise ! ambition ( ,isabella--t h] sanctum %\ld be a k9d ( epitome ( intellectual & s5su\s life1 symbolis+1 z d ! ,trifoni ( ,petr>* 9 lit]ature1 ! mo/ ideal aspirations ( humanity4 ,! fir/ ( ! compositions complet$ by ,mantegna 0 ! ,p>nassus1 9 :i* ! conque/ ( ,m>s by ,v5us is celebrat$1 t is unique among/ ! ma/]'s works1 g5]ally *>act]is$ z !y are by sobriety ( expression1 z an int]pretation ( light-he>t$ gaiety4 ,! figures ( ! danc+-girls are full ( vivaci\s grace1 & t ( ! ,goddess ( ,love ( s$uctive *>m1 contra/+ well ) ! virile & h]oic =m ( h] suitor1 ! /]n ,god ( ,w>1 :il/ ! m9or actors 9 ! idyllic sc5e--! neglect$ husb&1 ,vulcan1 work+ at 8 =ge z if indiff]5t to :at is go+ on1 ,apollo1 ,m]cury1 & ,cupid--are all mo/ happily r5d]$1 ! v>i\s gr\ps comb9+ to give ! impression ( a liv+ drama1 9 :i* ! arti/1 9 ! fulness ( 8 creative p[]1 = once succe$$ 9 giv+ visible expression to 8 lifelong dream ( ! old ,olympus1 :i* he _h previ\sly se5 only 9 8 imag9ation4 ,x 0 n until "s ye>s aft] ! execution ( ! ,p>nassus t ! second ( ! /udio pictures1 ! comp>atively un9t]e/+ ,triumph ( ,virtue ov] ! ,vices1 0 f9i%$4 ,?\gh its details 7 evid5tly c>efully /udi$1 x %[s a lam5table fall+ (f 9 simplicity & effectiv5ess ( design1 ,mantegna hav+ be5 greatly hamp]$ by ! con/ant int]f]5ce ( ,isabella1 :o insi/$ on ! introduction ( a bewild]+ numb] ( allegorical figures4 ,! ?ird & la/ composition1 an equally unpromis+ subject1 ! ,triumph ( ,erotic ,love1 0 only begun by ,&rea1 & complet$ by ,lor5zo da ,co/a1 :o fai?fully endeav\r$ to fulfil 8 pr$ecessor's int5tions4 ,all ?ree pa9t+s are n[ 9 ! ,l\vre1 :]e ! ,p>nassus may be usefully comp>$ ) ! e>li] ,madonna della ,vittoria & ! ,crucifixion1 ! ?ree works be+ v typical ( ! v>i\s p]iods ( ! ma/]'s developm5t4 ,to #aejf belongs ! f9e & *>act]i/ic mono*rome decorative picture ( ! ,triumph ( ,scipio1 n[ 9 ! ,national ,gall]y1 "o ( ! v late/ ( ! ma/]'s works1 commemorat+ two important episodes ( ! second ,punic ,w>--! welcome giv5 to ! image ( ! goddess ,cybele br\ght f ,rome to ,o/ia by ,publius ,scipio1 & ! miracle wr\ght by ! ,"m ( ! ,gods on h] arrival1 :i* prov$ ! innoc5ce ( ! ,roman matron1 ,claudia ,qu9ta1 :o _h be5 falsely accus$ ( immorality4 ,conc]n+ ?is f9e "w1 9 :i* ! arti/ tells ! well-kn[n classic /ory ) dramatic directness1 a v int]e/+ correspond5ce has be5 pres]v$1 betwe5 ,isabella d',e/e & ! fam\s ,v5etian s*ol>1 ,pietro ,bembo1 :o compla9$ to ! ,m>*ioness t ,mantegna _h long ago pl$g$ himself to pa9t c]ta9 pictures = 8 fri5d1 ,francesco ,corn>o1 :o _h paid tw5ty-five ducats on acc\nt4 ,he begg$ ! ma/]'s patroness to induce him to fulfil 8 engagem5ts1 add+ t ,mess] ,corn>o w\ld n m9d ab\t a c\ple ( hundr$ ducats2 he w\ld gladly leave ! value ( ! pictures to h]1 b he w\ld n all[ himself to be je/$ )1 & meant to /& ^u 8 rights4 ,to ?is ! great lady appeal$ to repli$ t %e w\ld c]ta9ly speak = ,corn>o to ,mantegna :5 opportunity %\ld occur1 b t ! ag$ arti/ 0 at ! mom5t sc>cely recov]$ f a s]i\s illness1 s t x 0 impossible yet to talk to him ab\t bus9ess4 ,t %e did int]v5e soon aft]w>ds1 or t ,mantegna's own consci5ce reproa*$ him1 is1 h[ev]1 prov$ by ! fact t ! complet$ ,triumph ( ,scipio 0 f\nd 9 8 /udio aft] 8 dea?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,viii4--,,! ,,triumph ,,( ,,scipio 7,9 ! ,national ,gall]y7 ,pa9t$ 9 #aejf1 ?is f9e decorative picture 9 mono*rome1 n[ 9 ! ,national ,gall]y1 is "o ( ,mantegna's late/ works1 & repres5ts two incid5ts ( ! second ,punic ,w>--! arrival at ,rome ( ! image ( ! goddess ,cybele1 & ! suppos$ miracle wr\ght by x4 ,! picture is ref]r$ to by ! pa9t]'s son ,lodovico 9 a lett] to ! ,m>*ioness z t "w ( ,scipio ,cornelio :i* 0 und]tak5 = ,mess] ,francesco ,corn>o1 & :i* ! ,c>d9al ,sigismondo ,gonzaga desir$ to reta9 = himself4 ,va9ly did ,&rea's second son prote/ aga9/ ?is1 begg+ ! ,m>quis ,francesco to let him h x back1 = he wi%$ to keep x z a memorial ( 8 fa!r & = purposes ( /udy1 a plea delightfully sugge/ive ( happy relations hav+ exi/$ betwe5 ! writ] & ! great ma/]4 ,francesco ,mantegna add$ t he w\ld gladly pay back ! tw5ty-five ducats to ,corn>o1 & great 0 8 disappo9tm5t :51 aft] a long delay1 he receiv$ z sole answ] to 8 reque/ a promissory note f ! ,c>d9al = "o hundr$ ducats1 :i* 9 ! end turn$ out to be no m ?an wa/e pap]1 = z long aft]w>ds z ,novemb] #aejg nei!r he nor 8 bro!r _h be5 able to get ! money4 ,9 ! end1 ! desc5dants ( ,mess] ,corn>o got possession ( ! picture1 :i* 0 b\ght f "o ( !m by ,"l ,george ,vivian1 ^: son left x to ! ,national ,gall]y 9 #ahgc4 ,) ! ,triumph ( ,scipio may ju/ly be rank$ ! ,samson & ,delilah1 also n[ 9 ! ,national ,gall]y1 t is evid5tly entirely f ! h& ( ! ma/] himself1 & is a v reali/ic int]pretation ( ! mu*-exploit$ incid5t ( ! betrayal ( ! /rong man by ! weak b cunn+ woman4 ,o!r typical draw+s are ! ,judgm5t ( ,solomon1 9 ! ,l\vre1 & ! ?ree r5d]+s ( ,judi? plac+ ! head ( ,hol(]nes 9 a sack t is held op5 by h] h&maid5--"o 9 ! possession ( ,mr4 ,john ,taylor1 "o at ,dubl91 & ! ?ird 9 ! ,uffizi4 ,! la/1 sign$ by ! arti/ ) 8 full "n & dat$ #adia1 is a truly admirable r5d]+ ( its subject1 ! %r9k+ horror felt by ! beautiful & h]oic girl ( ! gha/ly trophy %e is ab\t to let fall1 be+ vividly reflect$ 9 h] attitude & expression z well z 9 ^? ( h] companion4 ,less satisfactory f a te*nical po9t ( view are ! ,mutius ,scvola ( ! ,muni* collection1 commemorative ( ! noble de$ ( ! "y ,roman :o _h be5 *os5 by lot to slay ! ,etruscan invad]1 ,k+ ,pors5na1 & hav+ fail$ 0 condemn$ to be burnt alive2 ! gr\p ( ,m>s1 ,v5us1 & ,diana1 9 ! ,briti% ,museum2 ! ,ve/al ,virg9 ,tucia1 also kn[n z ,autumn1 & ! ,greek ,woman dr9k+ f a ,cup1 sometimes call$ ,summ]1 9 ! ,national ,gall]y4 ,ev5 !y1 h[ev]1 z well z ! m important draw+s1 are em95tly *>act]i/ic ( _! au?or1 :o f fir/ to la/ 0 m pictorial 9 8 sket*es ?an 9 8 f9i%$ compositions4 ,n only z a pa9t] b z an engrav] did ,mantegna w9 great r5[n dur+ 8 lifetime & abid+ fame aft] 8 dea?4 ,he & 8 gift$ contempor>y1 ,antonio ,pollaiuolo1 7 ! fir/ ,italians to employ copp]plate engrav+s = orig9al "w & ! reproduction ( _! draw+s1 & a v great impulse 0 giv5 by !m to ! useful craft4 ,! clos+ mon?s ( ,mantegna's life are involv$ 9 an obscurity z great z t %r\d+ 8 e>ly ye>s4 ,x is n ev5 kn[n ( :at he di$1 "s say+ t he 0 sudd5ly c>ri$ (f by ! plague :i* 0 rag+ 9 ,mantua at ! "t1 o!rs t ! end _h long be5 expect$1 & t old age 0 8 only ailm5t4 ,! sad ev5t took place at sev5 o'clock 9 ! ev5+1 on ,septemb] #ac1 #aejf1 & ! news 0 =mally notifi$ to ! ,m>quis two days lat] by ,francesco ,mantegna2 b1 probably because ( ! great anxieties by :i* ! ,gonzagas 7 !n oppress$1 v little notice 0 tak5 ( :at "u o!r circum/ances w\ld h ov]:elm$ !m ) grief4 ,&rea ,mantegna 0 quietly buri$ 9 ! *apel 9 ,s4 ,&rea1 ,mantua1 t he _h long s9ce secur$ z ! la/ re/+-place ( 8 family1 & :i*1 except = ! completion ( ! unf9i%$ frescoes1 rema9s to ! pres5t day v mu* :at x 0 at ! "t ( 8 dea?4 ,x 0 n until fifty ye>s lat] t ! bronze bu/1 already ref]r$ to1 0 set up outside ! *apel by 8 gr&son ,&rea1 son ( ,lodovico ,mantegna1 :o also erect$ )9 ! build+ a f9e memorial to 8 gr&fa!r1 fa!r1 & uncle1 be>+ ! inscription1 ,ossa ,&re ,mant9e famosissimi pictoris cum duobus filiis 9 hoc sepulcro p] ,&ream ,mant9e nepotem ex filio con/ructo reposita ,,mdlx4 ,9 addition to ! well-au!nticat$ pa9t+s1 frescoes1 & engrav+s describ$ above1 a v great numb] ( o!r works1 includ+ easel pictures1 draw+s1 & m9iatures1 h be5 attribut$ to ,mantegna1 :o is also said to h occasionally practis$ sculpture4 ,moreov]1 lit]>y evid5ce proves t ne>ly "o hundr$ compositions design$ & execut$ by him h be5 lo/1 among/ :i* are specially to be regrett$ ! portraits ( 8 v>i\s patrons ( ! ,gonzaga family &1 above all1 t ( ! ,du*ess ,elizabetta ( ,urb9o1 :o 0 "o ( ! mo/ beautiful & influ5tial wom5 ( h] "t1 belov$ by "y & old1 & = :om h] brilliant si/]-9-law1 ,isabella d',e/e1 _h a mo/ f]v5t admiration4 ,ev5 )\t ^! miss+ treasures1 h[ev]1 ! c\rt pa9t] ( ,mantua left beh9d him ma/]pieces en\gh to secure to him a la/+ fame z "o ( ! pione]s ( ! ,r5aissance ( pa9t+ 9 ,italy4 ,! fact t ,mantegna pass$ away on ! v ?re%old ( ! ,gold5 ,age1 dur+ :i* ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 ,mi*ael ,angelo1 ,raphael1 ,titian1 & ,correggio1 ea* ! f\nd] ( a great s*ool1 produc$ _! _w-fam\s works1 has l$ to 8 a*ievem5ts hav+ be5 comp>atively neglect$2 b ( late ye>s 8 claims h gradually become m fully recognis$1 & he n[ takes high rank z a consi/5t & p]sev]+ expon5t ( a high ideal4 ,8 int5se individuality 0 f ! fir/ ho/ile to imitation1 b 8 influ5ce 0 long felt 9 ! art _w1 & _m arti/s :o 7 associat$ ) him 9 ,padua & ,mantua lat] c>ri$ on 8 traditions to "s ext5t 9 ,v]ona1 ,f]r>a1 ,mod5a1 ,bologna1 & ,milan4 ,jacopo da ,montagnana 01 p]haps1 ! ma/] :o mo/ closely resembl$ him1 "s ( 8 "w hav+ be5 actually attribut$ to ,mantegna2 b ,francesco ,b5aglio1 ,lib]ate da ,v]ona1 ,francesco ,moroni1 ,girolamo dai ,libri1 ,m>co ,zoppo1 ,cosimo ,tura1 & ,lor5zo da ,co/a ow$ mu* to _! /udy ( 8 ma/]pieces--! la/ nam$1 :o succe$$ him z c\rt pa9t] at ,mantua1 reproduc+ 9 8 lat] compositions some?+ ( ! *>act]i/ic /yle ( 8 pr$ecessor 9 t (fice4 ,x has ev5 be5 claim$ t ,correggio1 :o1 accord+ to a long-accept$ b n[ discr$it$ tradition1 0 suppos$ to h be5 ! actual pupil ( ,mantegna1 d]iv$ mu* ( 8 inspiration f ! old] pa9t]4 ,bo? arti/s1 says ,dr4 ,kri/ell] 9 an able exam9ation ( ! po9ts ( aff9ity betwe5 !m1 p5etrate to ! v core ( ! subject1 to ! purely human emotion lat5t )9 x3 equally s5sitive & elevat$ 9 _s1 bo? /rive en?usia/ically aft] a sup]human exi/5ce1 full ( an enhanc$ joy 9 life4444 ,bo? seek to break ?r\gh ! conf9es ( ! e>?ly to secure1 9 immeasurable space1 free scope = ! p[] & ! magnitude ( _! figures4 ,! voluptu\s sw++ l9es1 ! ideally beautiful =ms ( ,mantegna's figures 9 8 lat] works1 _! sweet & ?\ghtful expression ( tranquil bliss & spiritual emotion is 9 ,correggio's creations only height5$ by ! passionate s5su\sness ( 8 own outlook on ! _w1 by ! utmo/ vivacity ( movem5t1 & by 8 ard5t surr5d] ( self to ! s5su\s z well z to ! godlike4 ,b1 adds ! ,g]man critic1 & "h he lays 8 f+] on ! ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 ! art & "* ( ! m5 comp>$1 s5su\sness 9 ,mantegna 0 nei!r ignor$ nor emphasis$1 = !re 0 no p&]+ to ! love ( s5sation 9 ! "w ( ! s9c]e & e>ne/ ma/] ( ,mantua1 :o nev] repres5t$ passion = its own sake1 b comb9$ ) a true appreciation ( ! beauty ( physical =m & ! poetry ( motion a /]n sev]ity ( expression peculi>ly 8 own4 ,bo? ma/]s pursu$ ! same ideal ( beauty1 bo? p5etrat$ to ! v he>t ( _! subjects1 b ! pa9t+s ( ,mantegna are m elevat$ 9 _s ?an ^? ( ! m widely admir$ successor1 ^: =]unn] he is said to h be54 ,!re is1 x mu/ be admitt$1 a c]ta9 want ( dramatic unity m>r+ ! effect ev5 ( ! greate/ compositions ( ! ,mantuan pa9t]2 b x %\ld n be =gott5 t 8 aim 0 n ! same z t ( ,raphael1 ,titian1 ,holbe91 or ,meml9c4 ,ev5 8 sev]e/ critics are compell$ to admit t he fully realis$ 8 own ambition1 a truly wor?y "o1 to br+ ! pa/ into t\* ) ! pres5t1 & to pave ! way = ^? :o %\ld come aft] him4 ,8 be/ works display n only consummate draughtsman%ip b a p[] ( int]pret+ intellectual & spiritual emotion1 r>e among/ 8 contempor>ies1 ?\gh x 0 to be be/[$ 9 fulle/ measure ^u _m ( ! ma/]s ( ! sixte5? c5tury2 & he w ev] rema91 9 ! op9ion ( ^? mo/ compet5t to judge1 "o ( ! greate/ ( _! pr$ecessors4 ,! plates are pr9t$ by ,,bemrose ,,sons1 ,,ltd41 ,d]by & ,london ,! text at ! ,,ballantyne ,,press1 ,ed9burgh