,,! ,,w9t] ,,sol/ice ,,alt>s ,,at ,,hano ,,pueblo ,,by ,j4 ,,walt] ,,fewkes 7,f ! ,am]ican ,an?ropologi/ 7,n4,s471 ,vol4 #a1 ,april1 #ahii7 ,,new ,,york ,g4 ,p4 ,,putnam',s ,,sons #ahii ,,! ,,w9t] ,,sol/ice ,,alt>s ,,at ,,hano ,,pueblo ,,by ,j4 ,,walt] ,,fewkes ,,introduction ,! feti%es display$ 9 _! kivas by diff]5t phratries dur+ ! ,w9t] ,sol/ice c]emony at ! ,hopi pueblo ( ,walpi1 9 nor!a/]n ,arizona1 h be5 describ$ 9 a previ\s article1#a 9 :i* ! alt> made 9 ! ,mokiva1 or *ief c]emonial *amb]1 by ! ,patki & relat$ p has be5 giv5 special att5tion4 ,! au?or _h hop$ 9 #ahihb to supplem5t ?is description by an exhau/ive /udy ( ! ,w9t] ,sol/ice c]emonies ( all ! families ( ! ,ea/ ,mesa1 b 0 prev5t$ f s do+ by ! break+ out ( an epidemic4 ,?is /udy 0 begun ) fair results1 & be=e )draw+ f ! kivas he 0 able to make a few obs]vations on c]ta9 alt>s at ,hano :i* _h escap$ him 9 ! prec$+ ye>4 ,walpi1 commonly call$ by ! natives ,hopiki1 ,hopi pueblo1 began its hi/ory z a settlem5t ( ,snake clans :i* _h unit$ ) ! ,be> phratry4 ,f "t to "t ?is settlem5t grew 9 size by ! addition ( ! ,ala1 ,pakab1 ,patki1 & o!r phratries ( less] importance4 ,among important increm5ts 9 mod]n times may be m5tion$ sev]al clans ( ,tanoan ance/ry1 z ! ,asa1 ,honani1 & ! l4 ,^! h all be5 assimilat$1 hav+ lo/ _! id5tity z di/9ct peoples & become an integral "p ( ! population ( ,walpi1 or ( its colony1 ,sitcomovi4#c ,among ! mo/ rec5t arrivals 9 ,tusayan 0 ano!r gr\p ( ,tanoan clans :i* w be consid]$ 9 ?is article4 ,! la/ m5tion$ are n[ domicil$ 9 a pueblo ( _! own call$ ,hano2 !y h n yet1 z ! o!rs1 lo/ _! language nor be5 m]g$ into ! ,hopi p1 b /ill pres]ve intact _m ( _! anci5t cu/oms4 ,! pres5t relations ( ,hano to ,walpi are 9 "s respects n unlike ^? :i* h exi/$ 9 ! pa/ betwe5 incom+ clans & ,walpi z ea* new colony ent]$ ! ,tusayan t]ritory4 ,?us1 aft] ! ,patki p settl$ at ! pueblo call$ ,pakatcomo1#d )9 sight ( ,old ,walpi1 !y liv$ !re = "s "t1 obs]v+ _! own rites & possibly speak+ a diff]5t language mu* z ! p ( ,hano d today4 ,9 ! c\rse ( "t1 h[ev]1 ! population ( ! ,patki pueblo 0 unit$ ) ! prepre ,walpi families1 ,pakatcomo 0 ab&on$1 & its spee* & ritual m]g$ into ^? ( ,walpi4 ,c\ld we h /udi$ ! ,patki p :5 !y liv$ at _! =m] homes1 ,pakatcomo or ,homolobi1 we w\ld be able to arrive at m exact ideas ( _! peculi> rites & alt>s ?an is n[ possible4 ,hano has nev] be5 absorb$ by ,walpi z ! ,patki pueblos 71 & ! alt>s h]e9 describ$ /ill pres]ve _! true ,tanoan *>act]i/ics4 ,^! alt>s are int]e/+ because made 9 a ,tanoan pueblo by ,tewa clans :i* are intrusive 9 ! ,hopi c\ntry1 & are especially in/ructive because x is held by _! prie/s t l alt>s are or 7 made 9 midw9t] rites by _! k9dr$ n[ dwell+ along ! ,rio ,gr&e 9 ,new ,mexico4 ,! midw9t] rite 9 :i* ! alt>s are employ$ is call$ ,ttai by ! ,tewa1 :o likewise designate x by ! ,hopi "n ,soyalua4 ,?is latt] t]m may be reg>d$ z a g5]al "o appli$ to ! assemblages ( diff]5t families 9 all ! kivas ( ! ,ea/ ,mesa at t "t4 ,! "n ( ! ,tewa rite is a special "o1 & possibly ! o!r families :o assemble at ?is "t once _h or /ill reta9 _! own names = _! celebrations4 ,! ,ttai alt>s 7 br\ght by ! ance/ors ( ! pres5t p ( ,hano f _! old ea/]n home1 & ! rites ab\t !m are di/9ctly ,tewan1 al?\gh celebrat$ at ! same "t z ! ,w9t] ,sol/ice c]emonies ( ! ,hopi families4 ,,clan ,,composition ,,( ,,hano ,! pueblo call$ ,hano is "o ( ?ree villages on ! ,ea/ ,mesa ( ,tusayan & conta9$1 accord+ to ! writ]'s c5sus ( #ahic1 a population ( #afc p]sons4 ,x 0 settl$ betwe5 ! ye>s #agjj & #agaj by p f ,tcewadi1 a pueblo situat$ ne> ,pea ,blanca on ! ,rio ,gr&e 9 ,new ,mexico4 ,al?\gh only six p]sons ( pure ,tanoan ance/ry are n[ liv+ at ,hano1 ! inhabitants /ill speak ! ,tewa dialect & claim z k9dr$ ! peoples ( ,san ,juan1 ,santa ,cl>a1 ,san ,ildefonso1 ,pojoaque1 ,nambe1 & ,tesuque4#e ,! be/ traditioni/s decl>e t _! ance/ors 7 invit$ to leave _! old home1 ,tcewadi1 by ! ,snake *ief ( ,walpi1 :o 0 !n pueblo *ief ( t village4 ,!y claim t !y made _! long j\rney to give aid aga9/ ! ,ute ,indians :o 7 raid+ ! ,hopi1 & t !y respond$ aft] f\r consecutive invitations4 ,! ,walpi ,snake *ief s5t !m an embassy be>+ pray]-/icks z (f]+s1 & al?\gh !y _h refus$ ?ree invitations !y accept$ ! f\r?4 ,accord+ to traditions ! foll[+ clans h liv$ 9 ,hano1 b x is n /at$ t all w5t to ! ,ea/ ,mesa toge!r f ,tcewadi3 ,okuwu1 ,ra9-cl\d2 ,sa1 ,tobacco2 ,kolon1 ,corn2 ,t5yk1 ,p9e2 ,katc9a1 ,katc9a2 ,na1 ,s&2 ,kopeeli1 ,p9k ,%ell2 ,koyanwi1 ,turquoise2 ,kapolo1 ,crane2 ,tu1 ,sun2 ,ke1 ,be>2 ,te1 ,cottonwood2 ,tayek 7872 ,pe1 ,firewood2 & ,tceta1 ,bivalve %ell4 ,! e>ly *iefs ^: names h be5 obta9$ are ,mapibi ( ! ,na-t[a1 ,pota ( ! ,ke-t[a1 & ,talekwe & ,kepo ( ! ,kolon-t[a4 ,! pres5t village *ief is ,anote ( ! ,sa-t[a or ,tobacco clan4#f ,( ! orig9al clans :i* at "s "t h be5 ) ! ,hano p1 ! foll[+ h n[ become ext9ct3 ,kopeeli1 ,koyanwi1 ,kapolo1 ,tu1 ,tayek1 ,pe1#g & ,tceta4 ,! la/ memb] ( ! ,tu or ,sun p 0 old *ief ,kalacai :o di$ ab\t f\r ye>s ago4 ,x is q probable t sev]al ( ^! ext9ct clans did n />t f ,tcewadi ) ! o!rs4 ,!re 7 sev]al waves ( ,tanoan emigrants f ! ,rio ,gr&e region :i* w5t to ,tusayan ab\t ! same "t1 among :i* may be m5tion$ ! ,asa1 :i* took a m s\!rly r\te1 via ,zui4 ,! r\te ( ! ,asa p w be consid]$ 9 ano!r article1 & ! evid5ces t "s ( ! ,asa clans jo9$ _! k9dr$ on _! adv5t into ,tusayan w be develop$ lat]4 ,probably c]ta9 memb]s ( ! ,katc9a clan accompani$ ! ,asa p z f> z ! ,awatobi mesa & !n affiliat$ ) ! e>ly ,hano clans4#h 99 99 99 99 99 ,! c5sus ( ,hano 9 ,decemb]1 #ahih1 0 z foll[s3 ,clans ,males ,females ,total ,okuwu #ab #h #bj ,sa #h #e #ac ,kolon #aa #ab #bc ,t5yk #ab #af #bh ,ke #e #aj #ae ,katc9a #h #i #ag ,te #e #d #i ,na #d #g #aa ---- ,total native to ,hano domicil$ at home #acf ,! above enum]ation ( ,hano population does n include ,walpi & ,sitcomovi m5 m>ri$ to ,hano wom5 7#bc71 nor ,tewa m5 liv+ 9 ! neighbor+ pueblos 7#ae74i ,add+ ^!1 ! population is increas$ to #agd1 :i* may be call$ ! actual enum]ation at ! close ( #ahih4 ,subsequ5t mortality due to smallpox & :oop+-c\gh w r$uce ! numb] bel[ #afj4 ,9 ! foll[+ li/s !re are arrang$1 "u _! respective clans1 ! names ( all ! kn[n inhabitants ( ,hano4 ,!re h be5 sev]al dea?s s9ce ! li/s 7 made 7,decemb] #a1 #ahih71 & sev]al bir?s :i* also are n includ$4 ,x w be not$ t ! majority h ,tanoan names1 b !re are sev]al ) names ( ,hopi orig91 = 9 ^! latt] in/ances ,i 0 unable to obta9 any o!r4#aj ,c5sus ( ,hano by ,clans ,okuwu-t[a1 or ,ra9-cl\d clan4--,m5 & boys3 ,kalakwai1 ,kala1 ,tca1 ,wiwela1 ,kahe1 ,yane1 ,solo1 ,yunci1 ,pade1 ,klee1 ,ko*ayna1 ,ke 7#ab74 ,wom5 & girls3 ,sikyumka1 ,kw5tce1 ,talits*e1 ,yoy[aiolo1 ,pobitcanw1 ,yoanu*e1 ,as\1 ,tawamana 7#h74 ,total1 #bj4 ,sa-t[a1 or ,tobacco clan4--,m5 & boys3 ,anote1 ,as5a1 ,tem7e1 ,ipwantiwa1 ,h[ila1 ,nuci1 ,yauma1 ,satee 7#h74 ,wom5 & girls3 ,oka1 ,heli1 ,kotu1 ,kwa1 ,mota 7#e74 ,total1 #ac4 ,kolon-t[a1 or ,corn clan4--,m5 & boys3 ,polakka1 ,patutupi1 ,akotc[u1 ,komaletiwa1 ,agaiyo1 ,tcid7e1 ,oba1 ,toto1 ,peke1 ,kelo1 ,tasce 7#aa74 ,wom5 & girls3 ,kotcaka1 ,talikwia1 ,nampio1 ,kwetc[1 ,heele1 ,pel1 ,kontce1 ,koompipi1 ,*aiw1 ,kweckatcaw1 ,awatcomw1 ,antce 7#ab74 ,total1 #bc4 ,t5yk-t[a1 or ,p9e clan4--,m5 & boys3 ,tawa1 ,nato1 ,wako1 ,paoba1 ,topi1 ,yota1 ,pob9elli1 ,yeva1 ,tae1 ,lelo1 ,s5nele1 ,poctce 7#ab74 ,wom5 & girls3 ,tolo1 ,hokona1 ,kode7871 ,sakp$e1 ,neb5ne1 ,tab[qti1 ,pohve1 ,saliko1 ,eye1 ,porku1 ,pehta1 ,hekpobi1 ,setale1 ,naici1 ,katc9e1 ,tc5lapobi 7#af74 ,total1 #bh4 ,ke-t[a1 or ,be> clan4--,m5 & boys3 ,mepi1 ,tae1 ,tcakwa9a1 ,poliella1 ,tegi 7#e74 ,wom5 & girls3 ,kau1 ,kalaie1 ,p5e1 ,tcetcu1 ,kala1 ,katc9mana1 ,selapi1 ,tolo1 ,pokona1 ,kode 7#aj74 ,total #ae4 ,tcap] 7,tom ,sawy]7 may be enroll$ 9 ?is or ! prec$+ family4 ,he is a ,paiute1 )\t k9 9 ,hano1 & 0 sold :5 a boy z a slave by 8 fa!r4 ,8 si/]s 7 sold to ! ,navaho at ! same "t4 ,tcap] became ! prop]ty ( an ,oraibi1 lat] ( a ,tewa man1 n[ dead1 & s f> z c be le>n$ is ! only ,paiute n[ liv+ at ,hano4 ,katc9a-t[a4--,m5 & boys3 ,kwevehoya1 ,taci1 ,avaiyo1 ,poya1 ,oyi1 ,wehe1 ,sib5tima1 ,tawahonima 7#h74 ,wom5 & girls3 ,okotce1 ,kw5ka1 ,awe1 ,peaiyo1 ,pe1 ,po1 ,tcao1 ,pos*auw1 ,sawiy 7#i74 ,total1 #ag4 ,te-t[a1 or ,cottonwood clan4 ,m5 & boys3 ,sania1 ,kuyapi1 ,okuap91 ,pony91 ,pebihoya 7#e74 ,wom5 & girls3 ,yunne1 ,pobit*e1 ,poitzu1 ,kalaza 7#d74 ,total1 #i4 ,na-t[a1 or ,s& clan4--,m5 & boys3 ,pusauwi1 ,poc9e1 ,talumtiwa1 ,cia 7#d74 ,wom5 & girls3 ,pocilipobi1 ,talab5si1 ,humhebuima1 ,kae1 ,avatca1 ,nancy1 ,simana 7#g74 ,total1 #aa4 ,! pres5t families 9 ,hano are s di/ribut$ t ! olde/ "p ( ! pueblo is situat$ at ! head ( ! trail ea/ ( ! ,mokiva4 ,?is is /ill own$ & inhabit$ by ! ,sa1 ,kolon1 & ,ke clans1 all ( :i* probably came f ,tcewadi4 ,! ,katc9a & relat$ ,t5yk1 z well z ! ,okuwu & relat$ ,na clans1 are said1 by "s traditions1 to h jo9$ ! ,tewa coloni/s aft] !y rea*$ ! ,hopi mesas1 & ! position ( _! h\ses 9 respect to ! ma9 h\se-clu/] favors t !ory4 ,o!r traditions say t ! fir/ pueblo *ief ( ! ,tewa 0 *ief ( ! ,na-t[a4 ,too mu* fai? %\ld n be put 9 ?is /atem5t1 not)/&+ ! *ief ( ! ,tewakiva belongs to ! ,na-t[a4 ,x seems m probable t ! ,ke or ,be> clan 0 ! lead+ "o 9 e>ly times1 & t its *ief 0 also kimowi or gov]nor ( ! fir/ settlem5t at ! foot ( ! mesa4 ,,tewa ,,leg5ds ,accord+ to "o au?ority 7,kalakwai7 ! r\te ( migration ( ! ,hano clans f _! anci5t home1 ,tcewadi1 l$ !m fir/ to ,jemesi 7,jemez71 :]e !y re/$ a ye>4 ,f ,jemesi !y w5t to ,orp9po or ,pawikpa 7,duck wat]74 ,!nce !y proce$$ to ,kepo1 or ,be> spr+1 ! pres5t ,=t ,w+ate1 & f ?is place !y cont9u$ to ! site ( ,=t ,defiance1 !nce to ,wukopakabi or ,pueblo ,ganado4 ,cont9u+ _! migration !y ent]$ ,puci1 or ,keam's canyon1 & trav]s+ its entire l5g?1 arriv$ at ,isba1 or ,coyote spr+1 ne> ! pres5t trail ( ! ,ea/ ,mesa1 :]e !y built _! pueblo4 ,?is settlem5t 7,kohti7 0 along ! foot-hills to ! left ( ! spr+1 ne> a l>ge yell[ rock or cliff call$ ,sikya[atcomo 7,yell[-rock m\nd74 ,!re !y liv$ = "s "t1 z ! debris & gr\nd-plan ( _! build+ atte/4 ,_! pueblo 0 a l>ge "o1 & x 0 conv5i5tly ne> a spr+ call$ ,uba1 n[ fill$ up1 & ,isba1 /ill us$ by ! ,hano p4 ,%ortly aft] _! arrival ,ute w>riors made a new =ay on ! ,hopi pueblos1 & sw>m$ into ! valley nor? ( ,wala1#aa captur+ _m %eep :i* !y drove to ! hills nor? ( ! mesa4#ab ,! ,tewa attack$ !m at t place1 & ! ,ute w>riors kill$ all ! %eep :i* !y _h captur$1 mak+ a protect+ ramp>t ( _! c>casses4 ,on ?is acc\nt ! place is n[ call$ ,sikwitukwi 7,meat p9nacle74 ,! ,tewa kill$ all b two ( _! oppon5ts :o 7 tak5 captives & s5t home ) ! message t ! ,be>s _h come1 & if any ( _! tribe ev] return$ z ho/iles !y w\ld all be kill$4 ,f t "t ,ute invasions ceas$4 ,accord+ to ano!r good au?ority 9 ,tewa lore1 ! ,asa p left ,kakibi1 ne> ,abiquiu1 9 nor!rn ,new ,mexico1 ab\t ! "t ! o!r ,tewa left ,tcewadi ,!y travel$ toge!r rapidly = "s "t1 b sep>at$ at ,laguna1 ! ,asa tak+ ! s\!rn r\te1 via ,zui4 ,! ,tewa clans arriv$ fir/ 787 at ,tusayan & wait$ = ! ,asa 9 ! s&-hills ne> ,isba4 ,bo? gr\ps1 accord+ to ?is au?ority1 took "p 9 ! ,ute fight at ,sikwitukwi1 & :5 !y return$ ! village *ief ( ,walpi gave ! ,asa p = _! habitation t portion ( ! mesa top nor!a/ ( ! ,tewakiva1 :ile ! pres5t site ( ,hano 0 assign$ to ! ,tewa clans4 ,dur+ a fam9e ! ,asa mov$ to ,tbka 7,canyon ,tsegi1 or ,*elly71 :]e !y plant$ ! pea* trees t are /ill to be se54 ,! ru9$ walls ea/ ( ,hano are a remnant ( ! pueblo ab&on$ by !m4 ,! ,asa int]m>ri$ ) ! ,navaho & lo/ _! language4 ,:5 !y return$ to ! ,ea/ ,mesa ! ,hopi assign$ to !m = _! h\ses t "p ( ,walpi at ! head ( ! /airway trail on condition t !y w\ld def5d x4#ac ,9 view ( ! t5acity ) :i* ! wom5 ( ,hano h clung to _! language1 ev5 :5 m>ri$ to ,hopi m51 x seems /range t ! ,asa lo/ _! native dialect dur+ ! %ort "t !y liv$ 9 ,tsegi canyon2 b ! ,asa m5 may h m>ri$ ,navaho wom51 & ! ,tanoan tongues become lo/ 9 t way1 ! ,asa wom5 be+ 9 ! m9ority4 ,!re is su* uni=mity 9 all ! leg5ds t ! ,asa 7 ,tanoan p1 t we c h>dly d\bt _! tru?1 :atev] explanation may be giv5 ( h[ ! ,asa lo/ _! =m] idiom4 ,9 #aghb ,morfi describ$ ,hano1#ad "u ! "n ,tanos1 z a pueblo ( "o hundr$ & t5 families1 ) a c5tral plaza & /reets4 ,he not$ ! diff]5ce ( idiom betwe5 x & ,walpi4 ,if ,morfi's c5sus be correct1 ! pueblo has dim9i%$ 9 population s9ce 8 "t4 ,s9ce #aghb ,hano has probably nev] be5 des]t$1 al?\gh its population has sev]al times be5 consid]ably r$uc$ by epidemics4 ,9 return = _! aid 9 driv+ ! ,ute w>riors f ! c\ntry1 ! ,hopi *ief gave ! ,tewa all ! l& 9 ! two valleys on ea* side ( ! mesa1 nor? & ea/ ( a l9e drawn at "r angles to ,wala1 ! ,gap4 ,?is l9e ( dem>cation is recogniz$ by ! ,tewa1 al?\gh "s ( !m claim t ! ,hopi h l&-hold+s 9 _! t]ritory4 ,! l9e ( division is c>efully obs]v$ 9 ! build+ ( new h\ses 9 ! foot-hills1 = ! ,hopi families build we/ ( ! l9e1 ! ,tewa p ea/ ( x4 ,,diff]5ces ,,9 ,,social ,,cu/oms ,a casual visitor to ! ,ea/ ,mesa w\ld n notice any diff]5ce betwe5 ! p ( ,hano & ^? ( ,walpi1 & 9 fact _m ,walpi m5 h m>ri$ ,tanoan wom5 & live 9 _! village4 ,! diff]5ce ( idiom1 h[ev]1 is imm$iately noticeable1 & seems de/9$ to p]si/4 ,almo/ e inhabitant ( ,hano speaks ,hopi1 b no ,hopi speaks or und]/&s ,tewa4 ,:ile !re are ,tewa m5 f ,hano 9 sev]al ( ! ,hopi villages1 :]e !y h families1 no ,tewa woman lives 9 ,walpi4 ,?is is ( c\rse due to ! fact t ! matri>*al sy/em exi/s1 & t a girl on m>ry+ lives ) h] "m or ) h] clan1 :ile a newly m>ri$ man goes to ! home ( 8 wife's clan to live4 ,!re are diff]5ces 9 m>riage & mortu>y cu/oms1 9 ! way ! wom5 we> _! hair1#ae & 9 o!r m9or matt]s1 b at pres5t ! great diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,hopi & ! ,tewa is 9 _! religi\s c]emonials1 :i*1 next to language1 are ! mo/ p]si/5t features ( _! tribal life4 ,hano has a v limit$ ritual2 x celebrates 9 ,augu/ a peculi> rite kn[n z ,sumykoli1 or ! sun pray]-/ick mak+1 z well z ! ,ttai midw9t] c]emony1 ! alt>s ( :i* are describ$ h]e94 ,!re are also _m ,katc9a dances :i* are n diff]5t f ^? p]=m$ at ,walpi4 ,"o gr\p ( cl[n prie/s1 call$ ,paiakyam1 is *>act]i/ic ( ,hano4 ,comp>$ ) ! elaborate ritual ( ! ,hopi pueblo1 t ( ,hano is poor2 b ,tewa m5 are memb]s ( mo/ ( ! religi\s societies ( ,walpi1 & "s ( ! wom5 take "p 9 ! basket dance 7,lalakoti7 & ,mamzrauti1 9 t village4 ,! foll[+ ,tewa names = mon?s are curr5t at ,hano3 ,janu>y1 ,elo-p'o1 ,wood5-cup moon2 ref]s to ! cups1 made ( wood1 us$ by ! ,tcukuwympkiyas 9 a c]emonial game4 ,febru>y1 ,kuton-p'o1 ,s++ moon4 ,m>*1 ,yopobi-p'o1 ,cactus-fl[] moon4 ,! elem5t pobi#af :i* is s (t5 us$ 9 prop] names among ! ,tewa1 means fl[]4 ,april1 ,pka-p'o1 ,w9dbreak moon4 ,may1 ,seko-p'o1 ,to-plant-secretly moon4 ,?is ref]s to ! plant+ ( sweet corn 9 nooks & crevices1 :]e *ildr5 may n see x1 = ! ,nimn-katc9a4 ,june-,octob]1 nameless moons1 or ! same names z ! five w9t] moons4 ,novemb]1 ,ci-p'o1#ag ,horn moon1 possibly ref]r+ to ! ,aalt ( ! ,new-,fire c]emony4 ,decemb]1 ,ttai-p'o1 ,w9t]-sol/ice moon4 ,,contempor>y ,,c]emonies ,! ,w9t] ,sol/ice c]emony is celebrat$ 9 ,walpi1 ,sitcomovi1 & ,hano1 by clans1 all ! m5 ga!r+ 9 ! kivas ( _! respective pueblos4 ,! ,soyalua is ?us a syn*ron\s ga!r+ ( all ! families :o br+ _! feti%es to ! places :]e !y assemble4 ,! kivas or rooms 9 :i* !y meet1 & ! clans :i* assemble !re91 are z foll[s3 ,walpi ,,mo,,kiva3 ,patki1 ,wat]-h\se2 ,tabo1 rabbit2 ,kktce1 ,liz>d2 ,tuwa1 ,s&2 ,l5ya1 ,flute2 ,piba1 ,tobacco2 & ,katc9a4 ,,wikwaliobikiva3 ,asa4 ,,nacabkiva3 ,kokop1 ,firewood2 ,tca1 ,snake4 ,,alkiva3 ,ala1 ,horn4 ,,tcivatokiva3 ,pakab1 ,re$2 ,honau1 ,be>4 ,sitcomovi ,,fir/ ,,kiva3 ,patki1 ,wat]-h\se2 ,honani1 ,badg]4 ,,second ,,kiva3 ,asa4 ,hano ,,mo,,kiva3 ,sa1 ,tobacco2 ,ke1 ,be>2 ,kolon1 ,corn1 etc4 ,,tewakiva3 ,na1 ,s&2 ,okuwu1 ,ra9-cl\d1 etc4 ,! alt>s or feti%es 9 ! five ,walpi kivas are z foll[s3 ,! alt> describ$ 9 a =m] publication#ah is ! mo/ elaborate ( all ! ,w9t] ,sol/ice feti%es at ,walpi1 & belongs to ! ,patki & relat$ clans4 ,! ,asa family 9 ! ,wikwaliobikiva _h no alt>1 b ! foll[+ feti%es3 7#a7 ,an anci5t mask resembl+ t ( ,natacka & call$ tcakwa9a1#ai atta*$ to :i* is a wood5 crook & a rattle2 7#b7 an anci5t b&ole] 7tozriki72 & 7#c7 sev]al /one images ( animals4 ,! %ield :i* ! ,asa c>ri$ be=e ! ,mokiva alt> _h a /> pa9t$ ^u x4 ,! ,kokop & ,tca families1 9 ! ,nacabkiva1 _h no alt>1 b on ! floor ( ! kiva !re 0 a /one image :i* 0 said to h come f ! anci5t pueblo ( ,sikyatki1 a =m] village ( ! ,kokop p4 ,!re 0 no alt> 9 ! ,alkiva1 b ! ,ala 7,horn7 clan :i* met !re _h a /one image ( ,pkohoya1 & on ! %ield :i* !y us$ 9 ! ,mokiva !re 0 a picture ( ,alosaka4 ,! ,pakab#bj 7,re$ or ,arr[7 p _h an alt> 9 ! ,tcivatokiva :]e ,pautiwa presid$ ) ! tponi or palladium ( t family4 ,! writ] 0 unable to exam9e ! feti%es ( ! ,honani & ,asa clans1 :o met 9 ! two ,sitcomovi kivas4 ,x 0 report$ t !y h no alt>s 9 ! ,soyalua1 b a /udy ( _! feti%es w %$ important light on ! nature ( ! rites introduc$ into ,tusayan by ^! clans4 ,tco%oniwa is *ief 9 "o ( ^! kivas4#ba ,poc9e1 *ief ( ! ,tewakiva1 belongs to ! ,na-t[a1 or ,s& clan1 & is ! eld] son ( ,pocilipobi4 ,pusauwi1 8 uncle1 is ,pocilipobi's bro!r4 ,z ! kimowi or village *ief ( ! ,tewa coloni/s1 :5 !y came into ,tusayan1 belong$ to ! ,s& clan1 we may suppose ?is alt> to be h]$it>y 9 ?is family4 ,anote1 ! *ief ( ! ,mokiva ( ,hano1 is ! olde/ man ( ! ,sa-t[a or ,tobacco clan4 ,satele1 :o assi/$ him 9 mak+ ! alt>1 is a memb] ( ! ,ke or ,be> clan4 ,patutupi1 :o 0 pres5t :5 ! alt> 0 made at ,hano1 belongs to ! ,kolon or ,corn clan4 ,,! ,,w9t] ,,sol/ice ,,c]emony ,! ,ttai or ,soyalua c]emony ( ! ,ea/ ,mesa 9 #ahih ext5d$ f ,decemb] #i? to ! #ai? inclusive1 & ! days 7 designat$ z foll[s3 #i?1 ,tcotcoyuya 7,tcotcoya71 ,smoke assembly4 #aj?1 ,tceele tcalauh1 ,ann\ncem5t4 #aa?1 ,cs-tala1 ,fir/ day4 #ab?1 ,lc-tala1 ,second day4 #ac?1 ,paic-tala1 ,?ird day4 #ad?1 ,yuya1 ,assemblage4 #ae?1 ,sockahim4 #af?1 ,komoktotokya4 #ag?1 ,totokya1 ,totokpee4 #ah?1 ,pegumnove4 #ai?1 ,navotc9e4 ,! active secret c]emonies began on ! #ad? & ext5d$ to ! #ai?4 ,yuya 0 ! day on :i* ! ,walpi *iefs ent]$ _! kivas1 & ,totokya t on :i* ! mo/ important secret rites 7 p]=m$4 ,tcotcoyuya1 ,smoke assembly4 ,! "t ( ! ,soyalua is fix$ by ,kwatcakwa1 ,sun-prie/ ( ! ,patki clan1 :o det]m9es ! w9t] sol/ice by means ( obs]vations ( sunset on ! horizon1 z else:]e describ$4 ,! ,smoke assemblage at ,walpi occurr$ aft] sunset on ,decemb] #i?1 9 ! h\se ( ,anwuci's wife1 adjo9+ ! ,mokiva1 & 0 att5d$ by ,supela1 ,kwatcakwa1 ,sakwi/iwa1 ,kwaa1 & ,anawita1 all *iefs belong+ to ! ,patki clan4 ,! ,smoke assemblage at ,hano1 prelim9>y to ! ,ttai1 0 also held aft] sunset on ,decemb] #i?1 & 0 att5d$ by ! foll[+ *iefs3 ,anote 7,tem7e71 ,sa-t[a2 ,satele1 ,ke-t[a2 ,poc9e 7,koye71 ,na-t[a2 ,patutupi1 ,kolon-t[a4 ,!re 0 no =mal notification ( ,ttai f ! h\setops ( ,hano on ! foll[+ morn+1 ! ,soyalua ann\ncem5t f ,walpi s]v+ all ?ree pueblos on ! ,ea/ ,mesa4 ,! =mal ann\ncem5t 0 made by ,kopeli at daybreak ( ,decemb] #aj?4 ,hoyi1 ! regul> tcakmowi1 or t[n-cri]1 0 sn[b\nd at ,keam's ,canyon1 & consequ5tly 0 unable to p]=m ?is function4 ,! ,smoke assemblage & its =mal ann\ncem5t at daybreak on ! foll[+ morn+ h be5 obs]v$ 9 ! ,snake dance1 & 9 ! ,flute1 ,new-fire1 & ,soyalua c]emonies2 x probably occurs also 9 ! ,lalakoti & ,mamzrauti4 ,x takes place sev]al days be=e ! ,assembly day1 :5 ! *ief ent]s ! kiva & sets 8 natci or /&>d on ! kiva hat* to ann\nce t he has begun ! c]emonies4 ,illu/ration3 ,,am]ican ,,an?ropologi/ ,no4 #h41 ,,vol4 #a1 ,,pl4 ,,xvii ,drawn by ,,m>y ,m4 ,,leight] ,,alt> ,,9 ,,! ,,mo,,kiva ,,at ,,hano ,,kivas ,,at ,,hano ,!re are two kivas 9 ,hano1 "o ( :i*1 call$ ,tewakiva1 is situat$ at ! head ( ! trail to ! pueblo4 ,! o!r1 call$ ! ,mokiva1 is built 9 ! ea/]n "p ( ! plaza1 &1 z its "n implies1 is ! *ief ,hano kiva4 ,bo? ^! semi-subt]ranean rooms are rectangul>#bb 9 %ape1 & 9 /ructural details resemble ! kivas ( ,walpi4 ,ea* has a hat*way entrance 9 ! middle ( ! ro(1 & is ent]$ by means ( a ladd] :i* re/s on ! floor ne> a c5tral fireplace4 ,nei!r ( ! ,hano kivas has a w9d[1 b ea* has a rais$ plat=m = spectators ea/ ( ! fireplace4#bc ,,alt> ,,9 ,,! ,,mo,,kiva ,,at ,,hano ,anote1#bd ! *ief ( ! ,mokiva1 con/ruct$ 8 alt> 7plate ,,xviii7 on ! day above m5tion$ z ,paic-tala4 ,he anticipat$ ! o!rs 9 mak+ x1 & began op]ations1 ab\t #aj ,a4,m41 by c>efully sweep+ ! floor4 ,8 feti%es & o!r alt> p>aph]nalia 7 9 a bag on ! floor at ! we/]n end ( 8 kiva1 b !re 0 no tponi1 or *iefta9's badge1 ev5 on ! complet$ alt>4 ,%ortly aft] ,anote _h f9i%$ sweep+ ! floor ( ! kiva1 ,satele ent]$1 foll[$ a few m9utes lat] by ,patutupi4#be ,^! ?ree m51 ) ,kalakwai1 :o 0 weav+ a blanket1 7 ! only p]sons 9 ! kiva :ile ! alt> 0 be+ made4 ,imm$iately aft] ! o!r *iefs came 91 ,anote began ! mak+ ( pray]-/icks4 ,f\r ( ^! 7 made1 ea* ( *>act]i/ic ,tewa =m4 ,ea* ( ^! pray]-/icks 0 d\ble ! l5g? ( ! middle f+]1 & 0 pa9t$ black ) gre5 pigm5t at ! blunt end4 ,on "o ( ! two /icks :i* compose ?is pray] (f]+1 !re 0 cut a facet :i* 0 pa9t$ gre5 ) black dots repres5t+ eyes & m\?4 ,! /ick )\t ! facet 0 call$ ! male1 & ^u x a f]rule 0 incis$4 ,! two /icks 7 b\nd toge!r ) two cotton /r+s 9 two places1 b no packet ( pray]-meal 0 app5d$ z 9 ,hopi pray]-/icks 7pahos74#bf ,a /r+ ) a t]m9al fea!r 0 atta*$ to t :i* b\nd ! two /icks toge!r4 ,anote likewise made _m fea!r$ /r+s call$ nakwakwocis1 & ,satele fa%ion$ two pray]-/icks2 all ( ^! 7 laid 9 a basket-tray on ! floor4 ,aft] ^! pray] (f]+s _h be5 complet$1 ,anote plac$ on ! floor a blanketful ( moi/ clay :i* he fur!r moi/5$ & knead$1 fa%ion+ a "p ( x into a cyl9d] ab\t a foot & a half long1 & two in*es 9 diamet]4 ,?is object 0 made blunt at "o end & po9t$ at ! o!r4 ,! image repres5ts ,avaiyo1 ! ,tewa "n ( ,pallko1 ! ,great ,s]p5t4 ,he add$ to ! blunt end1 or head1 a small clay horn1#bg & ins]t$ a m9ute fea!r 9 ! tip ( ! tail4 ,he fa%ion$ into a ball ! clay t rema9$ aft] mak+ ! effigy ( ! s]p5t1 patt+ x into a sph]ical compact mass ab\t ! size ( a baseball4 ,?is1 call$ ! natci1 lat] s]v$ z ! p$e/al to hold two eagle-w+ fea!rs1 & 0 plac$ at ! kiva hat* ea* day to in=m ! un9itiat$ t c]emonies 7 9 progress4 ,hav+ f9i%$ ! effigy ( ! ,great ,s]p5t & =m$ ! clay cyl9d] to 8 lik+1 ,anote made on ! we/]n side ( ! floor ( ! kiva a ridge ( s&1 a few in*es high & ab\t two feet long1 p>allel ) ! we/]n wall4 ,:ile mak+ ?is ridge he sat betwe5 x & ! kiva wall4 ,hav+ patt$ ?is s& ridge to ! prop] height1 he remov$ f _! wrapp+ ( co>se clo?1 f\r /icks1 ea* ab\t two feet long4 ,^! /icks1 d+y ) age1 7 ti$ 9 pairs1 & 7 call$ poya-saka1 alt> ladd]s4 ,!y 7 ins]t$ 9 ! ridge 9 pairs1 "o on ea* side1 & betwe5 !m 0 plac$ 9 ! s& a r[ ( eagle fea!rs4 ,z ^! 7 be+ put 9 position by ,satele1 ,anote sang 9 a l[ tone1 ! song cont9u+ z ! o!r p>ts ( ! alt> 7 arrang$4#bh ,anote 0 frequ5tly oblig$ to prompt 8 associate reg>d+ ! prop] arrangem5t ( ! objects on ! alt>4 ,satele next drew a l9e ( pray]-meal be=e ! ridge ( s&1 & f x1 z a base l9e1 made ?ree deep semicircles repres5t+ ra9-cl\ds4 ,^! 7 drawn z simple1 elongat$ outl9es1 b imm$iately ! *ief spr9kl$ meal on ! floor ov] ! space enclos$ by !m4 ,! curv$ edges ( ! ?ree ra9-cl\d symbols 7 !n rimm$ ) black s& or p[d]$ coal4 ,ab\t tw5ty %ort1 p>allel l9es1 repres5t+ fall+ ra91 7 next drawn on ! floor ) cornmeal1 & alt]nat+ ) !m ! same numb] ( black l9es4 ,satele !n plac$ ^u ! ra9-cl\d symbols1 skeleton puma paws1 two = ea* ra9-cl\d4 ,at ! apex ( ea* symbolic cl\d a /one feti% ( a be> 0 deposit$1 & by ! side ( ea* an arr[-po9t or o!r /one object 0 laid4 ,! clay effigy ( ! ,great ,snake 0 next plac$ back ( ! ra9-cl\d symbols1 ) ! head po9t+ s\?w>d4 ,z ?is effigy lay on ! floor1 ,anote made on x1 ) meal1 repres5tations ( eyes & tee?1 !n drew two l9es ( meal ab\t ! neck = a necklace1 & two o!r p>allel l9es ab\t ! tail4 ,black p[d] 0 !n ev5ly spr9kl$ along ! back ( ! effigy4 ,bo? ,anote & ,satele procur$ a few e>s ( diff]5tly color$ corn & %ell$ !m ^u ! ra9-cl\d picture1 spr9kl+ ! gra9s ev5ly ov] ! meal design1 & add+ a few to ! back ( ! ,great ,snake4 ,squa% & melon se$s 7 likewise di/ribut$ 9 ! same way4 ,! vase f :i* ! /one effigies & o!r images 7 tak5 0 !n plac$ ne> ! base ( ! middle ra9-cl\d picture1 & a l>ge qu>tz cry/al 0 add$ on ! left4 ,a con*1 :i* ! au?or pres5t$ to ! *ief1 0 plac$ on ! "r ( ?is vase4 ,anote !n swept ! floor nor? ( ! fireplace1 & z he sang 9 a l[ tone ,satele drew a /raight l9e ( meal f ne> ! "r pole ( ! ladd] across ! floor to ! middle ( ! alt>4 ,he plac$ along ?is l9e1 at int]vals1 f\r fea!rs1 & ne> :]e x jo9$ ! alt> he /ret*$ a /r+1 ) an atta*$ fea!r1 call$ ! ptabi4#bi ,he !n spr9kl$ a l9e ( poll5 along ?is trail ( meal4 ,anote's m$ic9e-b[l 0 set j 9 front ( ! middle ra9-cl\d figure2 ! clay p$e/al ) ins]t$ upright fea!rs /ood be=e ! left1 & a basket-tray ) pray]-meal be=e ! "r ra9-cl\d figure4 ,,alt> ,,9 ,,! ,,tewakiva ,,at ,,hano ,! alt> 7plate ,,xix7 9 ! ,tewakiva 0 begun ab\t #aj ,a4,m4 on ! ,assembly day1 & 0 made by ,poc9e1#cj assi/$ by 8 uncle1 ,pusauwi1 bo? memb]s ( ! ,na-t[a1 or ,s& clan4 ,! prep>ations began ) ! manufacture ( a clay effigy ( ! ,great ,snake simil> to b l>g] ?an t made by ,anote 9 ! ,mokiva4 ,! clay 0 moi/5$ & knead$ on ! floor1 & !n roll$ into a cyl9d] ab\t ?ree feet long1 blunt at "o end & po9t$ at ! o!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,am]ican ,,an?ropologi/ ,no4 #h41 ,vol4 #a1 ,,pl4 ,,xix ,drawn by ,,m>y ,m4 ,,leight] ,,alt> ,,9 ,,! ,,tewakiva ,,at ,,hano ,f\r clay balls 7 made at ! same "t4 ,"o ( ^! lat] s]v$ z ! base ( a /&>d 7natci7 :i* 0 subsequ5tly plac$ ea* morn+ on ! kiva hat* to w>n ! un9itiat$ n to ent]4 ,! o!r ?ree 7 plac$ back ( ! alt> & support$ ! /icks call$ ! alt>-ladd]s1 :i* w be consid]$ lat]4 ,poc9e outl9$ ) meal on ! floor a squ>e figure :i* he divid$ into two rectangul> p>ts by a l9e p>allel ) ! nor!rn side4 ,he us$ meal ( two colors--:ite = "o rectangle1 & light br[n or p9ki% = ! o!r4 ,hav+ made ! outl9es ( ! rectangle ) great c>e1 he c>elessly spr9kl$ ! enclos$ spaces ) ! meal1 h>dly cov]+ ! s& base ^u :i* ! figures 7 drawn4 ,he !n add$ f\r triangul> figures 9 meal on ! s\? or front side ( ! rectangul> symbols4 ,^! images repres5t$ ra9-cl\ds1 & 7 alt]nately :ite & br[n4#ca ,to ! tips ( ^! triangul> ra9-cl\d figures he app5d$ zigzag cont9uations ) loz5ge-%ap$ tips repres5t+ ! lightn+ ( ! f\r c>d9al po9ts4 ,a /one spe>po9t or arr[head 0 laid on ea* loz5ge-l tip ( ! zigzag lightn+4#cb ,! two m51 ,poc9e & ,pusauwi1 next rais$ ! snake effigy & bore x to a position back ( ! rectangul> meal figures on ! floor4 ,!y deposit$ x 9 su* a way t its head po9t$ s\?w>d4 ,hav+ set ! snake effigy 9 ! position :i* x 0 to reta9 ?r\gh\t ! c]emony1 ,poc9e spr9kl$ a black p[d] along ! back ( ! image1 :ile 8 uncle ins]t$ sev]al k]nels ( corn 9 ! blunt end to repres5t s5t ! tee? ( an upp] jaw4 ,two k]nels ( corn 7 !n /uck into ! head to indicate eyes1 & an imitation necklace1 also ( gra9s ( corn1 0 made ar\nd ! neck ( ! idol4 ,a d\ble encircl+ r[ ( corn gra9s 0 ins]t$ 9 ! tail or po9t$ end ( ! effigy1 & ,poc9e add$ a small fea!r at ! tip4 ,aft] ! effigy _h be5 put 9 position & adorn$ 9 ! mann] describ$1 bo? ,poc9e & 8 uncle aga9 %ell$ e>s ( corn on ! rectangles ( meal1#cc to :i* 7 add$ squa%1 melon1 & o!r se$s4 ,^! 7 regul>ly di/ribut$1 "s be+ dropp$ along ! back ( ! image4 ,a r[ ( eagle fea!rs 0 n[ ins]t$ along ! back ( ! effigy1 in/ead ( 9 a ridge ( s& z 9 ! ,mokiva alt>4 ,!re 7 twelve ( ^! fea!rs1 & !y 7 plac$ at equal int]vals f ! neck to ! tail ( ! effigy4 ,pusauwi !n plac$ ! ?ree balls ( clay1 previ\sly m5tion$1 back ( ! image1 & 9 ea* ( ^! balls he ins]t$ two /icks1 call$ pahos1 simil> to ^? us$ on ! alt> ( ! ,mokiva4 ,^! are anci5t objects1 be+ reput$ to h desc5d$ f a remote pa/4 ,"o /ick 9 ea* pair 0 call$ ! male1 ! o!r ! female1 z is true ( all d\ble pray]-/icks us$ by ! ,hopi ,indians4 ,!y are call$ poya-saka1 alt>-ladd]s1 & imitations#cd ( !m 9 m9iature are made & plac$ 9 %r9es on ! f9al day ( ! c]emony4 ,! ins]tion ( ! r[ ( eagle-fea!rs along ! back ( ! clay effigy ( ! s]p5t recalls an in/ructive reptilian figure on "o ( ! b[ls f ,sikyatki4#ce ,9 ?is anci5t pictograph we f9d a r[ ( triangles drawn along ! m$ial l9e f ! head to ! tail ( a liz>d-l figure4 ,! use ( ! triangle 9 anci5t ,pueblo pictography z a symbol ( a w+-fea!r1 has be5 po9t$ out 9 an article on ! fea!r z a decorative design 9 anci5t ,hopi pott]y4#cf ,! m$ial l9e ( triangles1 repres5t+ fea!rs1 on ! ,sikyatki food-b[l1 is p>allel$ 9 ! ,hano kiva by eagle-w+ fea!rs ins]t$ along ! middle ( ! image ( a snake4 ,a small vase 0 next plac$ j 9 advance ( ! effigy ( ! ,great ,snake1 & into ?is vase ,poc9e p\r$ wat] f an e>!nw>e cante51 mak+ a pass z he did s to ! f\r ,pueblo c>d9al po9ts--nor?1 we/1 s\?1 & ea/--9 s9i/ral c]emonial circuit4#cg ,a /one arr[-po9t 0 !n laid on ! loz5ge-%ap$ extremity ( ea* lightn+ figure4 ,poc9e n[ scrap$ into ! vase "s p[d] f a s(t :ite /one1 say+1 z he did s1 t ! process 0 call$ s[iyauma1 rabbits em]ge1#ch & t he wi%$ he _h /ones ( o!r colors1 correspond+ to ! c>d9al po9ts1 = ! same purpose4 ,aft] ?is 0 f9i%$ he empti$ on ! floor1 f a clo? bag1 a miscellane\s collection ( botryoidal /ones 7_m ( :i* 7 wat]worn71 a few feti%es1 & o!r objects1 "o ( ! mo/ conspicu\s among ! latt] be+ a l>ge gre5 /one4 ,all 7 at fir/ di/ribut$ on ! meal picture )\t any special ord]1 b lat] 7 giv5 a def9ite arrangem5t4 ,poc9e next w5t up ! kiva ladd]1 & /&+ on ! upp] rung 9 ! sunlight1 s\ght1 by means ( an angul> piece ( glass1 to reflect a ray ( sunlight on ! alt>1 b m especially into ! vase ( m$ic9e4 ,f\r turkey-fea!rs 7 !n ins]t$ at equal int]vals along ! base ( ! s]p5t effigy1 z %[n 9 plate ,,xix4 ,aft] ! /one objects _h be5 arrang$ on ! meal picture1 a l9e ( meal 0 drawn along ! floor1 f ! "r pole ( ! ladd] to ! alt>4 ,?is l9e 0 drawn ) great c>e1 p>ticul> pa9s be+ tak5 to make x z /raight z possible4 ,!re 0 no s++ :ile ?is occurr$1 ?us diff]+ f ! c]emony p]=m$ 9 ! o!r ,hano kiva4 ,f\r small fea!rs 7 plac$ at int]vals along ! l9e ( meal4 ,^!1 9 sequ5ce1 beg9n+ ) ! "o ne>e/ ! ladd]1 7 sikyatci1 yell[-bird2 kwahu1 eagle or hawk2 koyoa1 turkey2 & pociw4 ,poc9e spr9kl$ poll5 along ?is l9e or meal trail4 ,!re 0 !n empti$ f a canvas bag ^u ! rectangul> meal figures a het]og5e\s collection ( objects1 among :i* may be m5tion$ a bundle ( gam+ re$s1 ! hum]us ( a turkey1 a :i/le made ( a turkey bone1 & a zigzag wood5 framework su* z is us$ by ! ,hopi to repres5t lightn+4#ci ,back ( ! alt>1 lean+ aga9/ ! wall ( ! kiva1 0 set upright a wood5 slat1 not*$ on bo? edges & call$ tawa-saka1 sun-ladd]4 ,m9iature imitations 7plate ,,xx7 ( ?is are made 9 ?is kiva on ! la/ day ( ! ,ttai & deposit$ 9 a %r9e ne> ,sikya[atcomo1 ! site ( ! e>ly settlem5t ( ! ,tewa4 ,! poya-saka or tawa-saka m5tion$ has n be=e be5 se5 9 any ,hopi c]emony1 & x may be *>act]i/ic ( ,tewa alt>s4 ,a not*$ pray]-/ick1 call$ ! ra9-cl\d ladd]1 is plac$ 9 ! same %r9e at ?is "t4 ,?is is *>act]i/ic ( ! ,tewa ( ,tusayan1 b is n f\nd 9 ! ,hopi pahos1 ) :i* ,i am famili>4#dj ,illu/ration3 ,,am]ican ,,an?ropologi/ ,no4 #h41 ,vol4 #a1 ,,pl4 ,,xix ,drawn by ,j4 ,l4 ,,ridgway ,,m9iature ,,imitation ,,( ,,! ,,tawa-,,saka ,,or ,,sun-,,ladd] 7,ab\t "o-half size7 ,! reason ^! pray]-/icks are t]m$ ladd]s is because !y h ! =m ( an anci5t type ( ladd] made by not*+ a log ( wood4 ,!y are symbols ( ! ladd]s by :i* ! ,sun is suppos$ to em]ge f 8 h\se at sunrise4 ,9 ! ,hopi & ,tewa conception ! ,sun is we>y z he )draws to ! s\? 9 w9t] & ^! ladd]s are made to aid him 9 ris+1 & ?us 9 return+ to bless !m4 ,m light w d\btless be %$ on ! significance ( ! sun-ladd] pray]-(f]+s :5 we "k m ( ! c]emonies ab\t ! ,ttai alt>s4 ,no tponi or badge ( (fice 0 plac$ on ?is alt> on ! day x 0 made1 & my abrupt dep>ture f ! ,ea/ ,mesa made x impossible = me to see ! rites :i* are lat] p]=m$ ab\t x4 ,x is evid5t1 f ! prec$+ description1 t ! prie/s ( ,hano h a k ( ! ,great ,s]p5t cult correspond+ to ! wor%ip ( ,pallko4 ,among ! ,hopi ! ,patki p claim to h introduc$ ?is cult#da 9 comp>atively rec5t times4 ,!re is a ,tewa clan call$ ,okuwu 7,cl\d7 :i* corresponds1 s f> z mean+ goes1 ) ! ,patki clan ( ! ,hopi4 ,:e!r ?is clan br\ght ) x a k ( ! ,great ,snake is n cle>1 z traditions are sil5t on t po9t4 ,!re is a tradition 9 ! ,okuwu clan t _! ance/ors1 l ^? ( ! ,patki1 came f ! s\?1 & t ! ,na-t[a be>s a l relation%ip to ! ,okuwu t ! ,hopi ,tuwa clan does to ! ,patki4#db ,if ?is tradition is well f\nd$1 a k ( ! ,great ,snake feti% ( ! two ,hano kivas may h be5 br\ght by ! ,okuwu & ,na-t[a into ,tusayan f ! same place z t ( ,pallko4 ,! ,kwakwantu society ( ! ,patki clans among ! ,hopi are intimately connect$ ) ?is ,great ,plum$ or ,horn$ ,snake cult4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ! ,new-fire c]emony1 9 :i* ?is society takes a prom95t "p1 ea* memb] ( ! society c>ries 9 8 h& a small wood5 image ( a horn$ snake4 ,^! images are call$ mokohus1 "s ( ! typical =ms ( :i* are figur$ 9 an article on ! ,naacnaiya4#dc ,! head ( ! snake & its horn are well repres5t$ 9 sev]al ( ^! wood5 effigies4 ,,conclusions ,! special int]e/ atta*$ to ! ,w9t] ,sol/ice alt>s at ,hano is 9 ! fact t !y are made by ,tewa prie/s ^: ance/ors came to ,tusayan ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,! mak]s claim t _! =efa!rs br\ght a k ( !m f ,tcewadi1 9 ! upp] valley ( ! ,rio ,gr&e 9 ,new ,mexico1 & t _! relatives 9 ! ,tewa pueblos 9 ! ea/ /ill use l alt>s 9 _! celebration at ! ,ttai4 ,no?+1 s f> z kn[n1 has yet be5 publi%$ on ! ,ttai alt>s ( ! ea/]n ,tanoan p1 b e?nograph]s may yet f9d 9 ! kivas ( ^? villages mat]ial :i* w r5d] ! above descriptions ( comp>ative int]e/4 ,! resemblance ( ! ,ttai alt>s to t ( ! ,patki & relat$ families 9 ! ,walpi ,mokiva at ! ,w9t] ,sol/ice1 is a v di/ant "o4 ,bo? h snake effigies1 b !re is practically little else 9 common betwe5 !m1 or ) ! alt> erect$ at ! same "t by ! ,pakab p 9 ! ,tcivatokiva4 ,! ,ttai alt>s are *>act]i/ically ,tewan1 &1 :ile homolog\s ) ea* o!r1 are diff]5t f any yet kn[n f ! ,hopi pueblos4 ,! purport ( ! ,ttai rites at ,hano seems to be simil> to t ( ! ,hopi ,soyalua1 namely1 to draw back ! sun 9 its s\!rn decl9ation1 & to f]tilize ! corn & o!r se$s & increase all worldly possessions4 ,z at ,walpi1 /r+s ) atta*$ fea!rs are made & giv5 to m5 & wom5 ) wi%es t ! gods may br+ !m bless+s4 ,^! /r+s are also atta*$ to beams ( h\ses1 plac$ 9 spr+s ( wat]1 ti$ to ! tails ( horses1 burros1 %eep1 dogs1 *ick5s1 & inde$ e possession :i* ! ,indian has & wi%es to increase4 ,! pres5ce ( ! idol ( ! snake means snake wor%ip4 ,! survival ( ! ,tanoan ,ttai alt>s at ,hano is typical ( ! way 9 :i* ! ,tusayan ritual has gr[n to its pres5t complicat$ =m4 ,!y are in/ances ( an intrusive elem5t :i* has n yet be5 amalgamat$1 z ! k ( !m is /ill limit$ to unassimilat$ p & clans4 ,simil> conditions h exi/$ f "t to "t dur+ ! hi/ory ( ! ,hopi1 :5 new clans 7 add$ to ^? already exi/+4 ,= _m ye>s incom+ clans ma9ta9$ a /rict taboo1 & ea* family held ! secrets ( its own religion2 b z "t w5t on & assimilation result$ by int]m>riage1 ! religi\s society arose1 compos$ ( m5 & wom5 ( diff]5t clans4 ,! family to :i* a majority ( ! memb]%ip belong$ cont9u$ to hold ! *iefta9cy1 & own$ ! alt> & its p>aph]nalia1 *]i%+ ! leg5ds ( ! society4 ,b :5 m5 ( o!r clans 7 admitt$ to memb]%ip1 a mutual reaction ( "o society on ano!r naturally result$4 ,?is t5d$ to modifications :i* h obscur$ ! orig9al "* ( di/9ctive family wor%ip4 ,! problem ( ! ,hopi ritual1 by :i* is meant ! sum ( all great c]emonies 9 ! ,hopi cal5d>1 deals l>gely ) a composite sy/em4 ,x implies1 z else:]e po9t$ out1 an inve/igation ( ! *>act]i/ic religi\s obs]vances ( sev]al l>ge families :i* =m]ly liv$ ap>t 9 diff]5t pueblos4 ,x necessitates a k ( ! social composition ( ,walpi & ( ! hi/ory ( ! diff]5t phratries :i* make up ! population ( ! village4 ,!re is a coroll>y to ! above conclusions4 ,no pueblo 9 ! s\?we/1 outside ( ,tusayan1 has ! same c]emonial cal5d> z ,walpi1 because ! population ( none is made up ( ! same clans unit$ 9 ! same relative proportions4 ,h5ce ! old rem>k t :at is true ( "o pueblo is true ( all1 does n apply to _! ritual4 ,"s c]emonies at ,jemez1 ,acoma1 ,sia1 & ,zui1 = in/ance1 are l "s c]emonies at ,walpi2 b ! old c]emonial cal5d> 9 any "o ( ^! pueblos 0 diff]5t f t ( ! o!r1 because ! compon5t families 7 n ! same4 ,9 ! same way ! c]emonies at ,hano & ,walpi h c]ta9 ?+s 9 common1 due no d\bt to ! assimilation 9 ! latt] ( c]ta9 ,tanoan clans1 b _! cal5d>s are v diff]5t4 ,! ,ttai at ,hano diff]s m widely f ! ,w9t] ,sol/ice c]emony at ,walpi1 a gun%ot away1 ?an ! ,walpi obs]vance diff]s f t at ,oraibi1 tw5ty miles di/ant4 ,s we might also pr$ict t if we knew ! "* ( ,w9t] ,sol/ice alt>s 9 ! ,rio ,gr&e ,tewa villages1 !y w\ld be f\nd to resemble ^? ( ,hano m closely ?an ! alt>s ( ,hano resemble ^? ( ,walpi4 ,! ,knick]bock] ,press1 ,new ,york ,,footnotes3 #a ,! ,w9t] ,sol/ice ,c]emony at ,walpi 7,am]ican ,an?ropologi/1 vol4 ,,xi74 #b ,^! /udies 7 made "u ! auspices ( ! ,bureau ( ,am]ican ,e?nology4 #c ,mo/ ( ! p ( ,sitcomovi are ( ! ,asa & ,honani clans1 ( ,tanoan ance/ry1 b !y long ago lo/ ! ,tewa language & _! ,tanoan id5tity4 #d ,! site ( ?is la/ settlem5t ( ! ,patki p1 be=e !y jo9$ ^? ( ,walpi1 is 9 ! pla9 ab\t f\r miles s\? ( ! ,ea/ ,mesa4 ,! ru9s ( ! pueblo are /ill visible1 & ! f\ndation walls c readily be trac$4 #e ,! ,hano names ( ^! pueblos are--,san ,juan1 ----2 ,santa ,cl>a1 ,kap'a2 ,san ,ildefonso1 ,pocuwe2 ,pojoaque1 ,p'okwode2 ,nambe1 ,nme2 ,tesuque1 ,tetsogi4 ,!y also claim ,taos 7,tawile7 & ,picuris 7,ohke71 b say t ano!r spee* is mix$ ) !irs 9 ^! pueblos4 #f ,! ,tewa ( ,hano call ! ,hopi ,koso1 & ! ,hopi speak ( ! ,hano p z ! ,t[a or ! ,hanum-nym4 ,! ^w ,moki1 s con/antly us$ by :ite p to designate ! ,hopi1 is nev] appli$ by ! ,hopi to !mselves1 & !y /rongly object to x4 ,! dead are said to be moki1 :i* ent]s into ! =mation ( v]bs1 z tconmoki1 to />ve2 tc9moki1 to be v lonesome1 etc4 ,! "n ,hano or ,hanoki is1 ,i believe1 simply a comb9ation ( ! words ,hano & ki1 ea/]n pueblo4 ,! elem5t hano appe>s also 9 ! designation = ,am]ican1 ,pahano1 ea/]n wat]2 pahanoki1 ,am]ican h\se4 ,bo? ! ,asa & ! ,tewa peoples are call$ ,hanum clans4 #g ,rema9s ( old res]voirs1 elaborately wall$1 f :i* wat] 0 drawn by means ( a g\rd ti$ to a long pole1 are /ill po9t$ out ne> ,tuk9ovi & are said to h belong$ to ! ,pe-t[a4 ,old ,tcasra claims t !y 7 9 use 9 8 "m's gr&mo!r's "t4 #h ,! tr\bles foll[+ ! great rebellion ( #afhj drove _m ,tewa f ! ,rio ,gr&e valley to ,tusayan4 #i ,x is impossible to make ?is enum]ation accurate1 h5ce ^! numb]s mu/ be reg>d$ z approximations4 #aj ,x is n unusual to f9d sev]al names appli$ to ! same p]son4 ,?us1 ,hani1 ! *ief ( ! ,piba clans at ,walpi1 is call$ ,lesma 9 ! ,snake kiva4 ,! ,walpi call ! au?or ,nakwipi1 b ! ,flute *ief at ,cipaulovi insi/s t 8 "n is ,yoy[aiam1 :i* appellation 0 giv5 :5 ! au?or 0 induct$ into ! ,flute rites at t pueblo 9 #ahia4 #aa ,! gap 9 ! ,ea/ ,mesa j at ! head ( ! trail be=e "o ent]s ,hano4 ,! pueblo ( ,walpi d]iv$ its "n f ?is gap4 #ab ,_! nomadic enemies raid$ s ne> ! pueblo ( ! ,ea/ ,mesa t ! prie/s 7 unable to visit _! %r9es )\t dang]4 ,! idol ( ,talatumsi1 us$ 9 ! ,new-fire c]emony1 0 remov$ f its %r9e nor? ( ,wala on t acc\nt4 #ac ,lat]1 z ! outcome ( a petty qu>rel ne> ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 ! ,asa wom5 mov$ to ,sitcomovi :i* !y f\nd$4 ,at pres5t !re is only "o woman ( ?is clan 9 ,walpi1 & no wom5 ( ! ,honani1 bo? ( :i* clans are /rong 9 ,sitcomovi4 #ad ,t5 ,broeck 9 #aheb seems to h be5 ! fir/ writ] to adopt ! true "n1 ,hano1 ( ! ,tewa pueblo on ! ,ea/ ,mesa4 #ae ,"o ( ! diff]5ces 9 cu/om betwe5 ,hopi & ,tewa wom5 is ! me?od ( mak+ _! coiffures4 ,unm>ri$ girls ( ,walpi & ,hano dress _! hair 9 ! same mann]1 ) :orls above ! e>s4 ,m>ri$ wom5 h diff]5t ways ( we>+ _! hair 9 ! two pueblos4 ,dur+ ! w$d+ c]emonies at ,hano ! "m ( ! bride1 9 ! pres5ce ( gue/s1 combs h] daught]'s hair1 or t "p ( x on ! front ( ! scalp1 ov] ! face1 s t x hangs d[n l a veil4 ,%e ties ! hair on ! back ( ! head 9 two coils1 "o ( :i* hangs on ei!r side1 b ! hair be=e ! face %e cuts on a level ) ! *91 beg9n+ at ! top ( ! e>s4 ,! hair :i* rema9s is too %ort to be done up 9 coils1 & is simply bru%$ to "o side or ! o!r4 ,among ,hopi m>ri$ wom5 all ! hair is includ$ 9 ! two coils1 & ! bang is abs5t4 #af ,! names ( _m ,tewa wom5 end 9 pobi1 correspond+ ) ! ,hopi si1 a contract$ =m ( sih1 9 wom5's names1 z ,hosi1 ,nasiumsi1 etc4 #ag ,among ! ,hopi ! moon 7,tewa p'o7 is call$ miyah2 new moon1 miyakatci2 fir/ qu>t]1 miya*aunacapti2 full moon1 miyanacapti4 ,an eclipse ( ! moon is spok5 ( z miyah moki1 dead moon4 ,!re 0 a total eclipse ( ! moon visible at ,walpi ne> ! end ( ,decemb]1 #ahih1 :5 ! full moon arose p>tially obscur$4 ,?is1 said ,sikyatala1 0 bad = ! ,am]icans :o dwell 9 ! f> ea/1 b n = ! ,hopi4 ,a dead moon1 :5 9 ! m]idian ( ! ,hopi pueblos1 is consid]$ kalolamai1 bad4 #ah ,! ,w9t] ,sol/ice ,c]emony at ,walpi1 op4 cit4 #ai ,! ,asa p are also call$ ! ,tcakwa9a clans4 ,! ru9s ( _! old village1 ne> ! we/]n po9t ( ,awatobi mesa1 are call$ ,tcakwa9a-ki4 ,its walls d n appe> above ! surface4 #bj ,! p>ticul> c]emony ( ! ,pakab peoples is ! ,momtcita1 a s+le day's rite :i* occurs j aft] ! ,soyalua1 "u direction ( ,pautiwa4 ,connect$ ) ?is c]emony are ! p]=mances ( ! /ick swall[]s or ,nocoto prie/s :o 7 ?\ght to be ext9ct at ,walpi1 b ,eewa is *ief ( ! ,nocotana prie/s1 & ! society includes ,wikyatiwa1 ,talahoya1 ,sikyav5tima1 & o!rs4 ,!y /ill practice /ick-swall[+4 ,pautiwa is *ief ( ! ,kalektaka1 a w>rior prie/hood4 ,he belongs to ! ,eagle clan ( ! ,pakab phratry1 :i* may be relat$ to ! ,awata or ,b[ clan ( ! =m] pueblo ( ,awatobi4 #ba ,tco%oniwa is g5]ally call$ by a nickname1 ,tc9o1 ,bald-head1 or ,curly-hair1 a sobriquet to :i* he /rongly objects4 ,he is "o ( ! olde/ m5 ( ,sitcomovi1 belongs to ! ,patki clan1 & 0 =m]ly ! kimowi or gov]nor ( ,sitcomovi4 ,hani1 ( ! ,piba 7,tobacco7 clan1 is political *ief ( ,walpi2 & ,anote1 also ( ! ,piba clan1 is *ief ( ,hano4 ,all ! pueblos h kimowis or gov]nors1 & ! (fice dates f e>ly times2 b ^! pueblo *iefs h no au?ority ov] pueblos o!r ?an _! own4 #bb ,! ori5tation ( ! ,hano kivas is n f> f t ( ! o!r ,ea/ ,mesa kivas1 or ab\t nor? #dd we/4 #bc ,! *ief kiva _h a small /ove1 an innovation :i* 0 greatly appreciat$ by ! writ]4 #bd ,s nam$ by ! ,hopi2 ! ,tewa call him ,tem7e1 ,at ,hano almo/ ev]yone has a ,hopi & a ,tewa "n4 #be ,son ( ,kutcve & ,kotcampa ( ! ,kolon-t[a1 or ,corn clan2 commonly call$ ,esqua% by ,am]icans4 #bf ,! corn-husk packet ( meal seems to be want+ 9 ,zuian1 ,k]esan1 & ,tanoan pray]-/icks1 b x is almo/ univ]sally pres5t 9 ^? ( ! ,hopi4 ,! ,tanoan pray]-/ick is call$ o'dope4 #bg ,a cephalic horn is an ess5tial organ ( ! ,great ,snake1 & is always repres5t$ 9 pictography & on grav5 or o!r images ( ?is be+4 ,note ! simil>ity ( 8 ,tewa "n to ! ,spani% ^w abajo1 bel[4 #bh ,?is is ! fir/ "t songs h be5 not$ :ile an alt> 0 be+ put 9 place4 #bi ,?is 0 a f\r-/r&$ /r+ ( cotton1 z long z ! out/ret*$ arm1 measur$ f ov] ! he>t to ! tip ( ! longe/ f+]4 ,x is suppos$ to be a roadway ( bless+s1 & ! trail ( meal is ! pa?way along :i*1 9 _! belief1 ! b5ign influ5ces ( ! alt> pass f x to ! kiva entrance & to ! pueblo4 #cj ,poc9e is a y\? n f> f sev5te5 ye>s ( age4 ,8 m>riage c]emony 0 /udi$ by ! writ] a week be=e ! ,ttai4 #ca ,! triangle among ! ,hopi is almo/ z common a symbol ( ! ra9-cl\d z ! semicircle4 ,x is a v old symbol1 & is frequ5tly f\nd ) ! same mean+ 9 cliff-h\ses & 9 anci5t pictography4 #cb ,x 0 f\nd 9 /udy+ ! f\r lightn+ symbols on ?is ,tewa alt> t sex is associat$ ) c>d9al po9ts z 9 ! ,walpi ,antelope alt>4 ,! lightn+ ( ! nor? is male1 t ( ! we/ female1 ! s\? male1 & ! ea/ female4 ,! same holds ) _m objects 9 ,hopi alt>s2 ?us ! /one objects1 tcamahia1 ( ! ,antelope alt> foll[ ?is rule4 ,9 ! same way plants & h]bs h sex 7n 9 ! ,l9nean mean+71 & are likewise associat$ ) ! c>d9al po9ts4 #cc ,?is spr9kl+ ( corn se$s ^u ! meal picture ( a ,hopi alt> is m5tion$ 9 an acc\nt ( ! ,oraibi ,flute c]emony4 ,! evid5t purpose ( ?is act is to vitalize ! se$s by ! accompany+ rites ab\t ! alt>4 #cd ,call$ om[h-saka1 ra9-cl\d ladd]s4 #ce ,smi?sonian ,report1 #ahie1 pl4 lvii4 #cf ,! ,am]ican ,an?ropologi/1 vol4 ,,xi1 page #a4 #cg ,! ,tewa1 l ! ,hopi1 recognize six c]emonial directions--nor?1 we/1 s\?1 ea/1 above1 & bel[4 ,! s9i/ral circuit is "o 9 :i* ! c5t] is on ! left h&1 :ile ! dextral circuit has its c5t] to ! "r4 ,! old] t]m1 sunwise1 = ! latt] circuit1 etymologically means "o c]emonial circuit 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e & an opposite 9 ! s\!rn4 ,on ?is & o!r acc\nts ! au?or has ceas$ to use x 9 designat+ circuits4 #ch ,= ! increase ( rabbits4 #ci ,?is zigzag framework _h app5d$ to "o end a c>v$ imitation ( a snake's head1 & z x repres5ts ! lightn+ ?is association 0 n incongru\s4 ,simil> frameworks are c>ri$ 9 ! dance by a man imp]sonat+ ,pko1 ! ,w> god1 & at c]ta9 o!r times :5 lightn+ is symboliz$4 #dj ,9 ask+ :y alb9o ,hopi are f\nd at ! ,middle ,mesa & n on ! ,ea/ ,mesa1 x 0 unexpect$ly le>n$ t 9 "s c]emonies a :ite pray]-/ick is made at ! =m] mesa1 & t alb9ism 0 due to want ( c>e by ! fa!r 9 mak+ ^! (f]+s :ile 8 wife 0 pregnant4 ,! au?or has nev] se5 ! :ite paho ( ! ,middle ,mesa1 & does n "k :5 x is made nor its %ape & use4 #da ,all ,hopi prie/s are v solicit\s t sket*es ( ! ,patki alt> 9 ! ,soyalua %\ld n be %[n to ,tewa m5 or wom51 & ! ,tewa m5 begg$ me to keep sil5t reg>d+ _! alt>s :ile conv]s+ ) ! ,walpi *iefs4 ,!re is a v /rict taboo betwe5 ! two peoples at ! "t ( ! ,w9t] ,sol/ice c]emony1 :i* is m rigid ?an at o!r times4 #db ,! ,tuwa 7,s&7 or ,kktce 7,liz>d7 clan liv$ at ,pakatcomo ) ! ,patki p1 accord+ to _! leg5ds4 #dc ,j\rnal ( ,am]ican ,folk-lore1 #ahib1 pl4 ,,ii1 figs4 #a-d4 ,^! mokohus ( ! ,kwakwantu society1 repres5t+ horn$ snakes1 %\ld n be conf\nd$ ) ^? c>ri$ by o!r societies1 typical =ms ( :i* are %[n 9 figures #e-h4 ,9 ! article quot$ x 0 n /at$ t ! effigies ) heads repres5t ,pallkos4 ,! effigy on ! massive club borne by ! *ief ( ! ,kwakwantu also repres5ts ! ,great ,snake4