,transcrib]'s notes3 7#a7 ,numb]s foll[+ lett]s 7)\t space7 l ,c#b 7 orig9ally pr9t$ 9 subscript4 ,lett] subscripts are prec$$ by an und]score1 l ,cn4 7#b7 ,*>act]s foll[+ a c>at 77 7 pr9t$ 9 sup]script4 7#c7 ,side-notes 7 relocat$ to function z titles ( _! respective p>agraphs4 7#d7 ,macrons & breves above lett]s & dots bel[ lett]s 7 n ins]t$4 7#e7 root /&s = ! root symbol2 alpha1 beta1 etc4 = greek lett]s4 7#f7 ,! foll[+ typographical errors h be5 correct$3 ,,article ,,liquid ,,gases3 ,ano!r important use ( liquid gases is z analytic ag5ts1 & = ?is purpose liquid air is becom+ an almo/ ess5tial laboratory reag5t4 'z' am5d$ f 'an'4 ,,article ,,liquor ,,laws3 ,! proce$+s are /rict] & m summ>y 9 ! case ( a new lic5ce2 notice ( application mu/ be giv5 to ! local au?orities2 444 'au?orities' am5d$ f 'au?orites'4 ,,article ,,lisbon3 444 & ! royal national !atre 7,teatro de ,dona ,m>ia ,segunda71 erect$ on ! site :i* ! ,inquisition build+s occupi$ f #aebj to #ahcf4 ',teatro' am5d$ f ',!atro'4 ,,article ,,liv]s$ge3 444 ,great ,nor!rn1 & ,london ,nor? ,we/]n railways4 ,pop4 7#aija7 #ac1ihj4 ',nor!rn' am5d$ f ',no!rn'4 ,,article ,,locri3 444 & f\nd 9 ,syracuse a support aga9/ ,rhegium3 x 0 ?us an active adv]s>y ( ,a!nian aggr&isem5t 9 ! we/4 '(' am5d$ f 'or'4 ,,article ,,log3 ,! ,bliss resembles ! ,rocket log 9 %ape1 & is secur$ to ! taffrail by a rope or sl+4 'sl+' am5d$ f 'slung'4 ,,encyclopa$ia ,,britannica ,a ,,diction>y ,,( ,,arts1 ,,sci5ces1 ,,lit]ature ,,& ,,g5]al ,,in=mation ,,elev5? ,,edition ,,volume ,,xvi1 ,,slice ,,vii ,liquid ,gases to ,log> ,,articles ,,9 ,,?is ,,slice3 ,,liquid ,,gases ,,llanwrtyd ,,wells ,,liquorice ,,llewelyn ,,liquor ,,laws ,,llor5te1 ,,juan ,,antonio ,,lira ,,lloyd1 ,,edw>d ,,liri ,,lloyd1 ,,william ,,liroconite ,,lloyd1 ,,william ,,watkiss ,,lisbon ,,lloyd ,,george1 ,,david ,,lisburn ,,lloyd',s ,,lisieux ,,llwyd1 ,,edw>d ,,liske>d ,,loa* ,,lisle1 ,,alice ,,load2 ,,lode ,,lismore 7,scotti% isl&7 ,,loaf ,,lismore 7,au/ralian t[n7 ,,loam ,,lismore 7,iri% t[n7 ,,loan ,,lissa 7,au/rian isl&7 ,,lo&a ,,lissa 7,prussian t[n7 ,,loango ,,li/1 ,,fri$ri* ,,loba*evskiy1 ,,nicolas ,,ivanovi* ,,li/ ,,lobanov-,,ro/ovski1 ,,alexis ,,borisovi* ,,li/a ,y ,,aragon1 ,,alb]to ,l,,bau ,,li/]1 ,,joseph ,,li/] ,,lobby ,,li/]1 ,,m>t9 ,,lobby+ ,,li/on1 ,,john ,,lobe ,,li/on1 ,,rob]t ,,lobeck1 ,,*ri/ian ,,augu/ ,,liszt1 ,,franz ,,lobeira1 ,,jo,o ,,litany ,,lobelia ,,lit*field 7,connecticut1 ,u4,s4,a47 ,,lob5/e9 ,,lit*field 7,ill9ois1 ,u4,s4,a47 ,,lobo1 ,,francisco ,,rodrigues ,,lit*i ,,lobo1 ,,j]onimo ,,lit]ature ,,lob/] ,,lit]num ,,local ,,gov]nm5t ,,li?g[1 ,,william ,,local ,,gov]nm5t ,,bo>d ,,li?g[ ,,loc>no ,,li?ium ,,lo*1 ,,h5ry ,,br\gham ,,lo* ,,li?ography ,,lo*ab] ,,li?osph]e ,,lo*es ,,li?uanians & ,,letts ,,lo*gelly ,,litmus ,,lo*gilphead ,,litopt]na ,,lo*mab5 ,,litotes ,,lock1 ,,mat?ias ,,litt] ,,lock ,,little ,,falls 7,m9nesota1 ,u4,s4,a47 ,,locke1 ,,john ,,little ,,falls 7,new ,york1 ,u4,s4,a47 ,,locke1 ,,mat!w ,,littlehampton ,,lock]bie ,,little ,,rock ,,lock]-,,lampson1 ,,fr$]ick ,,littleton1 ,,edw>d ,,lockh>t1 ,,george ,,littleton1 ,,sir ,,?omas ,,de ,,lockh>t1 ,,john ,,gibson ,,littr1 ,,maximili5 ,,paul ,,mile ,,lockh>t1 ,,sir ,,william ,,alex&] ,,liturgy ,,lock ,,hav5 ,,lituus ,,lockport 7,ill9ois1 ,u4,s4,a47 ,,liudpr& ,,lockport 7,new ,york1 ,u4,s4,a47 ,,live ,,oak ,,lockroy1 ,,d\>d ,,liv] ,,lockwood1 ,,sir ,,frank ,,liv]more1 ,,m>y ,,a%ton ,,rice ,,lockwood1 ,,wilton ,,liv]pool1 ,,e>ls ,,( ,,locky]1 ,,sir ,,joseph ,,norman ,,liv]pool ,,locle1 ,,le ,,liv]s$ge ,,locm>iaqu] ,,liv]y ,,locomotor ,,ataxia ,,liv]y ,,companies ,,loco-,,we$s ,,livia ,,drusilla ,,locri 7p ( anci5t ,greece7 ,,liv+/on1 ,,edw>d ,,locri 7,italian city7 ,,liv+/on1 ,,rob]t ,r4 ,l,,cse ,,liv+/on1 ,,william ,,locus ,,liv+/one1 ,,david ,,locu/ ,,liv+/one ,,m\nta9s ,,locu/-,,tree ,,livius ,,&ronicus ,,lod,,ve ,,livno ,,lodge1 ,,edmund ,,livonia ,,lodge1 ,,h5ry ,,cabot ,,livy ,,lodge1 ,,sir ,,oliv] ,,joseph ,,liz>d ,,lodge1 ,,?omas ,,liz>d ,,po9t ,,lodge ,,ljunggr51 ,,gu/af ,h,,kan ,,jordan ,,lodg] ,,& ,,lodg+s ,,llama ,,lodi ,,llanb]is ,,lodz ,,ll&aff ,,loess ,,ll&eilo ,,gr\p ,,l(ft1 ,,capel ,,ll&ilo ,,l(ot5 ,,& ,,ve/]aal5 ,,ll&ov]y ,,l(t ,,ll&ov]y ,,gr\p ,,l(tus1 ,,adam ,,ll&r9dod ,,log ,,ll&udno ,,logan1 ,,john 7,am]ican ,indian *ief7 ,,llanelly ,,logan1 ,,john 7,scotti% poet7 ,,llanes ,,logan1 ,,john ,,alex&] ,,llangoll5 ,,logan1 ,,sir ,,william ,,edmond ,,llanquihue ,,logan 7,utah1 ,u4,s4,a47 ,,llantrisant ,,logansport ,,llantwit ,,major ,,log> ,,liquid ,,gases4#a ,?\gh ,lavoisi] rem>k$ t if ! e>? 7 remov$ to v cold regions ( space1 su* z ^? ( ,jupit] or ,saturn1 its atmosph]e1 or at lea/ a portion ( its a]i=m con/itu5ts1 w\ld return to ! /ate ( liquid 7,oeuvres1 ii4 #hje71 ! hi/ory ( ! liquefaction ( gases may be said to beg9 ) ! obs]vation made by ,john ,dalton 9 8 essay ,on ! ,=ce ( ,/eam or ,vap\r f ,wat] & v>i\s o!r ,liquids 7#ahja73 ,!re c sc>cely be a d\bt ent]ta9$ respect+ ! r$ucibility ( all ela/ic fluids ( :atev] k9d into liquids2 & we ought n to despair ( effect+ x 9 l[ temp]atures & by /rong pressures ex]t$ on ! unmix$ gases4 ,x 0 n1 h[ev]1 till #ahbc t ! "q 0 inve/igat$ by sy/ematic exp]im5t4 ,9 t ye> ,f>aday1 at ! sugge/ion ( ,sir ,humphry ,davy1 expos$ hydrate ( *lor9e to heat "u pressure 9 ! laboratories ( ! ,royal ,in/itution4 ,he plac$ ! sub/ance at ! end ( "o arm ( a b5t glass tube1 :i* 0 !n h]metically seal$1 & decompos+ x by heat+ to #ajj ,f41 he saw a yell[ liquid di/il to ! end ( ! o!r arm4 ,?is liquid he surmis$ to be *lor9e sep>at$ f ! wat] by ! heat & cond5s$ into a dry fluid by ! m]e pressure ( its own abundant vap\r1 & he v]ifi$ 8 surmise by compress+ *lor9e gas1 fre$ f wat] by exposure to sulphuric acid1 to a pressure ( ab\t f\r atmosph]es1 :5 ! same yell[ fluid 0 produc$ 7,phil4 ,trans41 #ahbc1 #aac1 pp4 #afj-afe74 ,he proce$$ to exp]im5t ) a numb] ( o!r gases subject$ 9 seal$ tubes to ! pressure caus$ by _! own cont9u\s production by *emical action1 & 9 ! c\rse ( a few weeks liquefi$ sulphur\s acid1 sulphurett$ hydrog51 c>bonic acid1 eu*lor9e1 nitr\s acid1 cyanog51 ammonia & muriatic acid1 ! la/ ( :i*1 h[ev]1 _h previ\sly be5 obta9$ by ,davy4 ,b he fail$ ) hydrog51 oxyg51 fluoboric1 fluosilicic & phosphurett$ hydrog5 gases 7,phil4 ,trans41 ib4 pp4 #ahi-aih74 ,e>ly 9 ! foll[+ ye> he publi%$ an ,hi/orical /atem5t respect+ ! liquefaction ( gases 7,qu>t4 ,j\rn4 ,sci41 #ahbd1 #af1 pp4 #bbi-bdj71 9 :i* he detail$ sev]al record$ cases 9 :i* previ\s exp]im5t]s _h r$uc$ c]ta9 gases to _! liquid /ate4 ,9 #ahce ,?ilori]1 by act+ on bic>bonate ( soda ) sulphuric acid 9 a clos$ vessel & evacuat+ ! gas ?us obta9$ "u pressure into a second vessel1 0 able to accumulate l>ge quantities ( liquid c>bonic acid1 & f\nd t :5 ! liquid 0 sudd5ly eject$ into ! air a portion ( x 0 solidifi$ into a sn[-l sub/ance 7,ann4 *im4 phys41 #ahce1 #fj1 pp4 #dbg-dcb74 ,f\r ye>s lat] ,j4 ,k4 ,mit*ell 9 ,am]ica1 by mix+ ?is sn[ ) e!r & exhau/+ x "u an air pump1 atta9$ a m9imum temp]ature ( #adf bel[ z]o ,f41 by ! aid ( :i* he froze sulphur\s acid gas to a solid4 ,/imulat$ by ,?ilori]'s results & by consid]ations aris+ out ( ! "w ( ,j4 ,c4 ,cagni>d de la ,t\r 7,ann4 *im4 phys41 #ahbb1 #ba1 pp4 #abg & #agh1 & #ahbc1 #bb1 p4 #daj71 :i* appe>$ to him to indicate t gases w\ld pass by "s simple law into ! liquid /ate1 ,f>aday return$ to ! subject ab\t #ahdd1 9 ! hope ( see+ nitrog51 oxyg5 & hydrog5 ei!r z liquid or solid bodies1 & ! latt] probably z a metal 7,phil4 ,trans41 #ahde1 #ace1 pp4 #aee-aeg74 ,on ! basis ( ,cagni>d de la ,t\r's obs]vation t at a c]ta9 temp]ature a liquid "u suffici5t pressure becomes a vap\r or gas hav+ ! same bulk z ! liquid1 he inf]r$ t at ?is temp]ature or "o a little high]1 x is n likely t any increase ( pressure1 except p]haps "o exce$+ly great1 w\ld conv]t ! gas into a liquid4 ,he fur!r surmis$ t ! ,cagni>d de la ,t\r condition might h its po9t ( temp]ature = oxyg51 nitrog51 hydrog51 c41 bel[ t belong+ to ! ba? ( solid c>bonic acid & e!r1 & he realiz$ t 9 t case no pressure :i* any app>atus w\ld be able to be> w\ld be able to br+ ^? gases into ! liquid or solid /ate1 :i* w\ld require a /ill great] degree ( cold4 ,to fulfil ?is condition he imm]s$ ! tubes conta9+ 8 gases 9 a ba? ( solid c>bonic acid & e!r1 ! temp]ature ( :i* 0 r$uc$ by exhau/ion "u ! air pump to -#aff ,f41 or a little l[]1 & at ! same "t he subject$ ! gases to pressures up to #ej atmosph]es by ! use ( two pumps work+ 9 s]ies4 ,9 ?is way he add$ six sub/ances1 usually gase\s1 to ! li/ ( ^? t c\ld be obta9$ 9 ! liquid /ate1 & r$uc$ sev51 includ+ ammonia1 nitr\s oxide & sulphurett$ hydrog51 into ! solid =m1 at ! same "t effect+ a numb] ( valuable det]m9ations ( vap\r t5sions4 ,b he fail$ to cond5se oxyg51 nitrog5 & hydrog51 ! orig9al objects ( 8 pursuit1 ?\gh he f\nd reason to ?9k t fur!r dim9ution ( temp]ature & improv$ app>atus = pressure may v well be expect$ to give u ^! bodies 9 ! liquid or solid /ate4 ,8 surmise t increas$ pressure alone w\ld n suffice to br+ ab\t *ange ( /ate 9 ^! gases 0 confirm$ by subsequ5t inve/igators1 su* z ,m4 ,p4 ,e4 ,b]!lot1 :o 9 #ahej compress$ oxyg5 to #ghj atmosph]es 7,ann4 *im4 phys41 #ahej1 #cj1 p4 #bcg71 & ,natt]]1 :o a few ye>s lat] subject$ ! p]man5t gases to a pressure ( #bgij atmosph]es1 )\t result2 & 9 #ahfi ,?omas ,&rews 7,phil4 ,trans41 #aa7 by 8 rese>*es on c>bonic acid f9ally e/abli%$ ! conception ( ! critical temp]ature z t temp]ature1 diff]+ = diff]5t bodies1 above :i* no gas c be made to assume ! liquid /ate1 no matt] :at pressure x be subject$ to 7see ,,cond5sation ,,( ,,gases74 ,ab\t #ahgg ! problem ( liquefy+ ! p]man5t gases 0 tak5 up by ,l4 ,p4 ,cailletet & ,r4 ,p4 ,pictet1 work+ almo/ simultane\sly ?\gh indep5d5tly4 ,! =m] reli$ on ! cold produc$ by ! sudd5 expansion ( ! gases at high compression4 ,by means ( a specially design$ pump he compress$ ab\t #ajj cc4 ( oxyg5 9 a n>r[ glass tube to ab\t #bjj atmosph]es1 at ! same "t cool+ x to ab\t -#bi ,c41 & on sudd5ly releas+ ! pressure he saw mom5t>ily 9 ! int]ior ( ! tube a mi/ 7br\ill>d71 f :i* he inf]r$ ! pres5ce ( a vap\r v ne> its po9t ( liquefaction4 ,a few days lat] he repeat$ ! exp]im5t ) hydrog51 us+ a pressure ( ne>ly #cjj atmosph]es1 & obs]v$ 9 8 tube an exce$+ly f9e & subtle fog :i* vani%$ almo/ in/antane\sly4 ,at ! "t :5 ^! exp]im5ts 7 c>ri$ out x 0 g5]ally accept$ t ! mi/ or fog consi/$ ( m9ute drops ( ! liquefi$ gases4 ,ev5 _h ?is be5 ! case1 ! problem w\ld n h be5 completely solv$1 = ,cailletet 0 unable to collect ! drops 9 ! =m ( a true /able liquid1 & at ! be/ obta9$ a dynamic n a /atic liquid1 ! gas be+ r$uc$ to a =m t be>s ! same relation to a true liquid t ! p>tially cond5s$ /eam issu+ f ! funnel ( a locomotive be>s to wat] /&+ 9 a tumbl]4 ,b subsequ5t k %[$ t ev5 ?is proximate liquefaction c\ld n h tak5 place1 & t ! fog c\ld n h consi/$ ( drops ( liquid hydrog51 because ! cool+ produc$ by ! adiabatic expansion w\ld give a temp]ature ( only #dd abs41 :i* is c]ta9ly above ! critical temp]ature ( hydrog54 ,pictet aga9 ann\nc$ t on op5+ ! tap ( a vessel conta9+ hydrog5 at a pressure ( #fej atmosph]es & cool$ by ! cascade me?od 7see ,,cond5sation ,,( ,,gases7 to -#adj ,c41 he saw issu+ f ! orifice an opaque jet :i* he assum$ to consi/ ( hydrog5 9 ! liquid =m or 9 ! liquid & solid =ms mix$4 ,b he 0 no m successful ?an ,cailletet 9 collect+ any ( ! liquid1 :i*--:atev] else x may h be51 :e!r ord9>y air or impurities associat$ ) ! hydrog5--_c h be5 hydrog5 because ! means he employ$ 7 insuffici5t to r$uce ! gas to :at has subsequ5tly be5 asc]ta9$ to be its critical po9t1 bel[ :i* ( c\rse liquefaction is impossible4 ,x ne$ sc>cely be add$ t if ! liquefaction ( hydrog5 be reject$ a =tiori ,pictet's claim to h effect$ its solidification falls to ! gr\nd4 ,aft] ,cailletet & ,pictet1 ! next important names 9 ! hi/ory ( ! liquefaction ( gases are ^? ( ,z4 ,f4 ,wroblewski & ,k4 ,s4 ,olszewski1 :o = "s ye>s work$ toge!r at ,crac[4 ,9 ,april #ahhc ! =m] ann\nc$ to ! ,fr5* ,academy t he _h obta9$ oxyg5 9 a completely liquid /ate & 7a few days lat]7 t nitrog5 at a temp]ature ( -#acf ,c41 r$uc$ sudd5ly f a pressure ( #aej atmosph]es to "o ( #ej1 _h be5 se5 z a liquid :i* %[$ a true m5iscus1 b disappe>$ 9 a few seconds4 ,b ) hydrog5 treat$ 9 ! same way he fail$ to obta9 ev5 ! mi/ report$ by ,cailletet4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( #ahhd he p]=m$ a m satisfactory exp]im5t4 ,cool+ hydrog5 9 a capill>y glass tube to ! temp]ature ( liquid oxyg51 he exp&$ x quickly f #ajj atmosph]es to "o1 & obta9$ ! appe>ance ( an in/antane\s ebullition4 ,olszewski confirm$ ?is result by exp&+ f a pressure ( #aij atmosph]es ! gas cool$ by liquid oxyg5 & nitrog5 boil+ "u r$uc$ pressure1 & ev5 ann\nc$ t he saw x runn+ d[n ! walls ( ! tube z a col\rless liquid4 ,wroblewski1 h[ev]1 0 unable to obs]ve ?is ph5om5on1 & ,olszewski himself1 :5 sev5 ye>s lat] he repeat$ ! exp]im5t 9 ! m fav\rable conditions af=d$ by a l>g] app>atus1 0 unable to produce aga9 ! col\rless drops he _h previ\sly report$3 ! ph5om5on ( ! appe>ance ( sudd5 ebullition inde$ la/$ long]1 b he fail$ to p]ceive any m5iscus su* z w\ld h be5 a c]ta9 indication ( ! pres5ce ( a true liquid4 ,/ill1 ?\gh nei!r ( ^! inve/igators succe$$ 9 rea*+ ! goal at :i* !y aim$1 _! "w 0 ( great value 9 elucidat+ ! conditions ( ! problem & 9 p]fect+ ! details ( ! app>atus employ$4 ,wroblewski 9 p>ticul> devot$ ! clos+ ye>s ( 8 life to a mo/ valuable inve/igation ( ! iso!rmals ( hydrog5 at l[ temp]atures4 ,f ! data ?us obta9$ he con/ruct$ a van d] ,waals equation :i* enabl$ him to calculate ! critical temp]ature1 pressure & d5sity ( hydrog5 ) v mu* great] c]ta9ty ?an _h previ\sly be5 possible4 ,liquid oxyg51 liquid nitrog5 & liquid air--! la/ 0 fir/ made by ,wroblewski 9 #ahhe--;became some?+ m ?an m]e curiosities ( ! laboratory1 & by ! ye> #ahia 7 produc$ 9 su* quantities z to be available = ! purposes ( sci5tific rese>*4 ,/ill1 no?+ 0 add$ to ! g5]al pr9ciples ^u :i* ! "w ( ,cailletet & ,pictet 0 bas$1 & ! cascade me?od1 toge!r ) adiabatic expansion f high compression 7see ,,cond5sation ,,( ,,gases71 rema9$ ! only means ( proc$ure at ! disposal ( exp]im5t]s 9 ?is bran* ( physics4 ,9 "s qu>t]s a c]ta9 am\nt ( d\bt appe>s to h aris5 z to ! suffici5cy ( ^! me?ods = ! liquefaction ( hydrog54 ,olszewski1 = example1 9 #ahie po9t$ out t ! succession ( less & less cond5sible gases necess>y = ! cascade me?od breaks d[n betwe5 nitrog5 & hydrog51 & he gave z a reason = hydrog5 n hav+ be5 r$uc$ to ! condition ( a /atic liquid ! non-exi/5ce ( a gas int]m$iate 9 volatility betwe5 ^? two4 ,by #ahid attempts _h be5 made 9 ! ,royal ,in/itution laboratories to manufacture an artificial gas ( ?is nature by add+ a small proportion ( air to ! hydrog51 s z to get a mixture ) a critical po9t ( ab\t -#bjj ,c4 ,:5 su* a mixture 0 cool$ to t temp]ature & exp&$ f a high degree ( compression into a vacuum vessel1 ! result 0 a :ite mass ( solid air toge!r ) a cle> liquid ( v l[ d5sity4 ,?is 0 9 all probability hydrog5 9 ! true liquid /ate1 b x 0 n f\nd possible to collect x ow+ to its extreme volatility4 ,:e!r ?is artificial gas might ultimately h enabl$ liquid hydrog5 to be collect$ 9 op5 vessels we _c say1 = exp]im5ts ) x 7 ab&on$ 9 fav\r ( o!r measures1 :i* l$ f9ally to a m assur$ success4 ,vacuum ,vessels4--,! problem involv$ 9 ! liquefaction ( hydrog5 0 9 reality a d\ble "o4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! gas _h to be cool$ to su* a temp]ature t ! *ange to ! liquid /ate 0 r5d]$ possible4 ,9 ! second1 means _h to be discov]$ = protect+ x1 :5 s cool$1 f ! influx ( ext]nal heat1 & s9ce ! rate at :i* heat is transf]r$ f "o body to ano!r increases v rapidly ) ! diff]5ce betwe5 _! temp]atures1 ! "q ( effici5t heat insulation became at once m difficult & m urg5t 9 proportion to ! degree ( cold atta9$4 ,! second "p ( ! problem 0 9 fact solv$ fir/4 ,( c\rse pack+ ) non-conduct+ mat]ials 0 an obvi\s exp$i5t :5 x 0 n necess>y t ! cont5ts ( ! app>atus %\ld be visible to ! eye1 b 9 ! num]\s in/ances :5 ?is 0 n ! case su* measures 7 out ( ! "q4 ,attempts 7 made to secure ! desir$ end by surr\nd+ ! vessel t conta9$ ! cool$ or liquid gas ) a succession ( o!r vessels1 ?r\gh :i* 0 conduct$ ! vap\r giv5 (f f ! int]ior "o4 ,su* devices involv$ awkw>d complications 9 ! arrangem5t ( ! app>atus1 & besides 7 n z a rule v effici5t1 al?\gh "s work]s1 e4g4 ,dr ,kam]l+h ,onnes1 ( ,leid51 report$ "s success ) _! use4 ,9 #ahib x occurr$ to ,dew> t ! pr9ciple ( an arrangem5t he _h us$ ne>ly tw5ty ye>s be=e = "s calorimetric exp]im5ts on ! physical con/ants ( hydrog5ium1 :i* 0 a natural d$uction f ! "w ( ,dulong & ,petit on radiation1 might be employ$ ) advantage z well to protect cold sub/ances f heat z hot ones f cold4 ,he !re=e tri$ ! effect ( surr\nd+ 8 liquefi$ gas ) a highly exhau/$ space4 ,! result 0 entirely successful4 ,exp]im5t %[$ t liquid air conta9$ 9 a glass vessel ) two walls1 ! space betwe5 :i* 0 a high vacuum1 evaporat$ at only "o fif? ! rate x did :5 9 an ord9>y vessel surr\nd$ ) air at atmosph]ic pressure1 ! convective transf]5ce ( heat by means ( ! gas p>ticles be+ enorm\sly r$uc$ ow+ to ! vacuum4 ,b 9 addition ^! vessels l5t !mselves to an arrangem5t by :i* radiant heat c\ld /ill fur!r be cut (f1 s9ce x 0 f\nd t :5 ! inn] wall 0 coat$ ) a bright deposit ( silv]1 ! influx ( heat 0 dim9i%$ to "o-six? ( ! am\nt exi/+ )\t ! metallic coat+4 ,! total effect1 !re=e1 ( ! high vacuum & silv]+ is to r$uce ! 9-go+ heat to "o-?irtie? "p4 ,9 mak+ su* vessels a m]curial vacuum has be5 f\nd v satisfactory4 ,! vessel 9 :i* ! vacuum is to be produc$ is provid$ ) a small subsidi>y vessel jo9$ by a n>r[ tube ) ! ma9 vessel1 & connect$ ) a p[]ful air-pump4 ,a quantity ( m]cury hav+ be5 plac$ 9 x1 x is heat$ 9 an oil- or air-ba? to ab\t #bjj ,c41 s z to volatilize ! m]cury1 ! vap\r ( :i* is remov$ by ! pump4 ,aft] ! process has gone on = "s "t1 ! pipe lead+ to ! pump is seal$ (f1 ! vessel imm$iately remov$ f ! ba?1 & ! small subsidi>y "p imm]s$ 9 "s cool+ ag5t su* z solid c>bonic acid or liquid air1 :]eby ! m]cury vap\r is cond5s$ 9 ! small vessel & a vacuum ( enorm\s t5uity left 9 ! l>ge "o4 ,! f9al /ep is to seal (f ! tube connect+ ! two4 ,9 ?is way a vacuum may be produc$ hav+ a vap\r pressure ( ab\t ! hundr$-million? ( an atmosph]e at #j ,c4 ,if1 h[ev]1 "s liquid m]cury be left 9 ! space 9 :i* ! vacuum is produc$1 & ! conta9+ "p ( ! vessel be fill$ ) liquid air1 ! bright mirror ( m]cury :i* is deposit$ on ! inside wall ( ! bulb is /ill m effective ?an silv] 9 protect+ ! *amb] f ! influx ( heat1 ow+ to ! high refractive index1 :i* involves great reflect+ p[]1 & ! bad heat-conduct+ p[]s ( m]cury4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--,metallic ,vacuum ,vessel4 ,) ! discov]y ( ! rem>kable p[] ( gas absorption possess$ by *>coal cool$ to a l[ temp]ature 7see bel[71 x became possible to make ^! vessels ( metal4 ,previ\sly ?is c\ld n be done ) success1 because gas occlud$ 9 ! metal gradually escap$ & vitiat$ ! vacuum2 b n[ any /ray gas may be absorb$ by means ( *>coal s plac$ 9 a pocket )9 ! vacu\s space t x is cool$ by ! liquid 9 ! int]ior ( ! vessel4 ,metal vacuum vessels 7fig4 #a71 ( a capacity ( f #b to #bj litres1 may be =m$ ( brass1 copp]1 nickel or t9n$ iron1 ) necks ( "s alloy t is a bad conductor ( heat1 silv]$ glass vacuum cyl9d]s be+ fitt$ z /opp]s4 ,su* flasks1 :5 prop]ly con/ruct$1 h an effici5cy equal to t ( ! *emically-silv]$ glass vacuum vessels n[ commonly us$ 9 l[ temp]ature inve/igations1 & !y are obvi\sly bett] adapt$ = transport4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! ,dew> vessel is utiliz$ 9 ! ,!rmos flasks :i* are n[ ext5sively manufactur$ & employ$ = keep+ liquids w>m 9 hospitals1 c4 ,!rmal ,transp>5cy at ,l[ ,temp]atures4--,! proposition1 once enunciat$ by ,pictet1 t at l[ temp]atures all sub/ances h practically ! same !rmal transp>5cy1 & are equally ineffective z non-conductors ( heat1 is bas$ on errone\s obs]vations4 ,x is true t if ! space betwe5 ! two walls ( a d\ble-wall$ vessel is pack$ ) sub/ances l c>bon1 magnesia1 or silica1 liquid air plac$ 9 ! int]ior w boil (f ev5 m quickly ?an x w :5 ! space m]ely conta9s air at atmosph]ic pressure2 b 9 su* cases x is n s mu* ! c>bon1 c41 t br+ ab\t ! transf]5ce ( heat1 z ! air conta9$ 9 _! int]/ices4 ,if ?is air be pump$ out su* sub/ances are se5 to ex]t a v consid]able influ5ce 9 /opp+ ! influx ( heat1 & a vacuum vessel :i* has ! space betwe5 its two walls fill$ ) a non-conduct+ mat]ial ( ?is k9d pres]ves a liquid gas ev5 bett] ?an "o 9 :i* t space is simply exhau/$ ( air4 ,9 exp]im5ts on ?is po9t d\ble-wall$ glass tubes1 z ne>ly id5tical 9 %ape & size z possible1 7 m\nt$ 9 sets ( ?ree on a common /em :i* communicat$ ) an air-pump1 s t ! degree ( exhau/ion 9 ea* 0 equal4 ,9 two ( ea* ?ree ! space betwe5 ! d\ble walls 0 fill$ ) ! p[d]$ mat]ial x 0 desir$ to te/1 ! ?ird be+ left empty & us$ z ! /&>d4 ,! "t requir$ = a c]ta9 quantity ( liquid air to evaporate f ! int]ior ( ?is empty bulb be+ call$ #a1 9 ea* ( ! eight sets ( triple tubes1 ! times requir$ = ! same quantity to boil (f f ! o!r pairs ( tubes 7 z foll[s3-- _/ ,*>coal #e _/ ,lampblack #e ,magnesia #b ,silica #d _/ ,graphite #a4c _/ ,lampblack #d ,alum9a #c4c ,lycopodium #b4e _/ ,calcium c>bonate #b4e _/ ,b>ium c>bonate #a4c ,calcium fluoride #a4be ,calcium phosphate #b4g _/ ,phosphorus 7amorph\s7 #a _/ ,lead oxide #b ,m]curic iodide #a4e ,bismu? oxide #f ,o!r exp]im5ts ( ! same k9d made--7a7 ) simil> vacuum vessels1 b ) ! p[d]s replac$ by metallic & o!r septa2 & 7b7 ) vacuum vessels hav+ _! walls silv]$1 yield$ ! foll[+ results3-- _/7a7 ,vacuum space empty #a _/ ,vacuum space empty #a ,?ree turns silv] ,?ree turns black pap]1 pap]1 bright black outside #c surface inside #d ,?ree turns black pap]1 ,?ree turns silv] black inside #c pap]1 bright surface\tside #d _/ ,vacuum space empty #a _/ ,vacuum space empty #a ,?ree turns gold pap]1 ,?ree turns1 n t\*+1 gold outside #d ( %eet lead #d ,"s pieces ( goldleaf ,?ree turns1 n t\*+1 put 9 s z ( %eet alum9ium #d to make contact betwe5 walls ( vacuum-tube #j4c _/7b7 ,vacuum space empty1 _/ ,empty silv]$ vacuum #a silv]$ on inside ,*>coal 9 silv]$ surfaces #a vacuum #a4be ,silica 9 silv]$ vacuum space #a4a ,x appe>s f ^! exp]im5ts t silica1 *>coal1 lampblack1 & oxide ( bismu? all increase ! heat insulations to f\r1 five & six times t ( ! empty vacuum space4 ,z ! *ief communication ( heat ?r\gh an exhau/$ space is by molecul> bomb>dm5t1 ! f9e p[d]s mu/ %ort5 ! free pa? ( ! gase\s molecules1 & ! sl[ conduction ( heat ?r\gh ! por\s mass mu/ make ! conveyance ( heat-en]gy m difficult ?an :5 ! gas molecules c imp+e ^u ! relatively hot out] glass surface1 & !n directly on ! cold "o )\t int]ruption4 7,see ,proc4 ,roy4 ,in/4 xv4 #hba-hbf47 ,d5sity ( ,solids & ,coeffici5ts ( ,expansion at ,l[ ,temp]atures4--,! facility ) :i* liquid gases1 l oxyg5 or nitrog51 c be gu>d$ f evaporation by ! prop] use ( vacuum vessels 7n[ call$ ,dew> vessels71 naturally sugge/s t ! specific gravities ( solid bodies c be got by direct weigh+ :5 imm]s$ 9 su* fluids4 ,if ! d5sity ( ! liquid gas is accurately kn[n1 !n ! loss ( weight by fluid displacem5t gives ! specific gravity comp>$ to wat]4 ,! metals & alloys1 or sub/ances t c be got 9 l>ge cry/als1 are ! easie/ to manipulate4 ,if ! body is only to be _h 9 small cry/als1 !n x mu/ be compress$ "u /rong hydraulic pressure into coh]5t blocks weigh+ ab\t #dj to #ej grammes4 ,su* an am\nt ( mat]ial gives a v accurate d5sity ( ! body ab\t ! boil+ po9t ( air1 & a simil> d5sity tak5 9 a suitable liquid at ! ord9>y temp]ature enables ! mean coeffici5t ( expansion betwe5 #ae ,c4 & -#ahe ,c4 to be det]m9$4 ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ results is t ! d5sity ( ice at ! boil+ po9t ( air is n m ?an #j4ic1 ! mean coeffici5t ( expansion be+ !re=e #j4jjjjha4 ,z ! value ( ! same coeffici5t betwe5 #j ,c4 & -#bg ,c4 is #j4jjjaee1 x is cle> ! rate ( contraction is dim9i%$ to ab\t "o-half ( :at x 0 above ! melt+ po9t ( ! ice4 ,?is sugge/s t by no possible cool+ at our comm& is x likely we c\ld ev] make ice z d5se z wat] at #j ,c41 f> less #d ,c4 ,9 o!r words1 ! volume ( ice at ! z]o ( temp]ature w\ld n be ! m9imum volume ( ! wat] molecule1 ?\gh we h e reason to believe x w\ld be s 9 ! case ( ! majority ( kn[n sub/ances4 ,ano!r sub/ance ( special int]e/ is solid c>bonic acid4 ,?is body has a d5sity ( #a4ec at -#gh ,c4 & #a4fcc at -#ahe ,c41 ?us giv+ a mean coeffici5t ( expansion betwe5 ^! temp]atures ( #j4jjjeg4 ,?is value is only ab\t #a_/f ( ! coeffici5t ( expansion ( ! liquid c>bonic acid gas j above its melt+ po9t1 b x is /ill mu* great] at ! l[ temp]ature ?an t ( highly expansive solids l sulphur1 :i* at #dj ,c4 has a value ( #j4jjjai4 ,! foll[+ table gives ! d5sities at ! temp]ature ( boil+ liquid air 7-#ahe ,c47 & at ord9>y temp]atures 7#ag ,c471 toge!r ) ! mean coeffici5t ( expansion betwe5 ^? temp]atures1 9 ! case ( a numb] ( hydrat$ salts & o!r sub/ances3 ,,table ,i4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,mean coeffici5t ,d5sity ,d5sity( expansion at -#ahe at #ag betwe5 ,c4 ,c4 -#ahe ,c4 & #ag ,c4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,alum9ium sulphate 7#ah799 #a4gaid #a4fiac #j4jjjjhaa ,sodium biborate 7#aj7 #a4gbhd #a4ficg #j4jjjajjj ,calcium *loride 7#f7 #a4gahg #a4fgge #j4jjjaaia ,magnesium *loride 7#f7 #a4fjci #a4efic #j4jjjajgb ,pota% alum 7#bd7 #a4fdad #a4fadd #j4jjjjhac ,*rome alum 7#bd7 #a4ghdb #a4gffi #j4jjjjdgh ,sodium c>bonate 7#aj7 #a4dibf #a4ddfj #j4jjjaefc ,sodium phosphate 7#ab7 #a4eddf #a4ebjj #j4jjjjghg ,sodium ?iosulphate 7#e7 #a4gfce #a4gbij #j4jjjjifi ,potassium f]rocyanide 7#c7 #a4hihh #a4hecc #j4jjjaaie ,potassium f]ricyanide #a4hidd #a4haji #j4jjjbbdd ,sodium nitro-prusside 7#d7 #a4gaif #a4fhjc #j4jjjaach ,ammonium *loride #a4egeg #a4eahh #j4jjjahbj ,oxalic acid 7#b7 #a4gjbd #a4fade #j4jjjbfdc ,me?yl oxalate #a4ebgh #a4dbfj #j4jjjcdhb ,p>aff9 #j4iggj #j4iajc #j4jjjcefg ,naph?al5e #a4bcee #a4aehi #j4jjjcbjj ,*loral hydrate #a4igdd #a4iaea #j4jjjadhb ,urea #a4cfag #a4caij #j4jjjaegi ,iod(orm #d4ddei #d4aiee #j4jjjbicj ,iod9e #d4hidc #d4ffca #j4jjjbeaj ,sulphur #b4jihi #b4jebb #j4jjjaaeb ,m]cury #ad4chb 44 #j4jjjjhha9999 ,sodium #a4jjef #j4igb #j4jjjahaj ,graphite 7,cumb]l&7 #b4acjb #b4jiij #j4jjjjgcc ---------------------------------------- ---------------- 99 ,! figures )9 p>5!ses ref] to ! numb] ( molecules ( wat] ( cry/allization4 9999 -#ahi to -#ch4he ,c4 ,x w be se5 f ?is table t1 ) ! exception ( c>bonate ( soda & *rome alum1 ! hydrat$ salts h a coeffici5t ( expansion t does n diff] greatly f t ( ice at l[ temp]atures4 ,iod(orm is a highly expansive body l iod9e1 & oxalate ( me?yl has ne>ly z great a coeffici5t z p>aff91 :i* is a v expansive solid1 z are naph?al5e & oxalic acid4 ,! coeffici5t ( solid m]cury is ab\t half t ( ! liquid metal1 :ile t ( sodium is ab\t ! value ( m]cury at ord9>y temp]atures4 ,fur!r details on ! subject c be f\nd 9 ! ,proc4 ,roy4 ,in/4 7#ahie71 & ,proc4 ,roy4 ,soc4 7#aijb74 ,d5sity ( ,gases at ,l[ ,temp]atures4--,! ord9>y mode ( det]m9+ ! d5sity ( gases may be foll[$1 provid$ t ! glass flask1 ) its c>efully gr\nd /op-cock seal$ on1 c /& an int]nal pressure ( ab\t five atmosph]es1 & t all ! necess>y corrections = *ange ( volume are made4 ,all t is necess>y is to imm]se ! exhau/$ flask 9 boil+ oxyg51 & !n to all[ ! second gas to ent] f a gasomet] by op5+ ! /op-cock until ! pressure is equaliz$4 ,! /op-cock be+ clos$1 ! flask is n[ tak5 out ( ! liquid oxyg5 & left 9 ! balance-room until its temp]ature is equaliz$4 ,x is !n weigh$ aga9/ a simil> flask us$ z a c\nt]poise4 ,foll[+ su* a me?od1 x has be5 f\nd t ! weight ( #a litre ( oxyg5 vap\r at its boil+ po9t ( #ij4e absolute is #d4dbj grammes1 & !re=e ! specific volume is #bbf4be cc4 ,accord+ to ! ord9>y gase\s laws1 ! litre ought to weigh #d4cac grammes1 & ! specific volume %\ld be #bca4hb cc4 ,9 o!r words1 ! product ( pressure & volume at ! boil+ po9t is dim9i%$ by #b4df4 ,9 a simil> way ! weight ( a litre ( nitrog5 vap\r at ! boil+ po9t ( oxyg5 0 f\nd to be #c4ij1 & ! inf]r$ value = #gh absolute1 or its own boil+ po9t1 w\ld be #d4ea1 giv+ a specific volume ( #bba4c4 ,reg5]ative ,cool+4--,"o "p ( ! problem be+ ?us solv$ & a satisfactory device discov]$ = w>d+ (f heat 9 su* vacuum vessels1 x rema9$ to arrange "s practically effici5t me?od = r$uc+ hydrog5 to a temp]ature suffici5tly l[ = liquefaction4 ,to ga9 t end1 ! idea naturally occurr$ ( us+ adiabatic expansion1 n int]mitt5tly1 z :5 gas is all[$ to exp& sudd5ly f a high compression1 b 9 a cont9u\s process1 & an obvi\s way ( attempt+ to c>ry out ?is condition 0 to enclose ! orifice at :i* expansion takes place 9 a tube1 s z to obta9 a con/ant /ream ( cool$ gas pass+ ov] x4 ,b fur!r consid]ation ( ?is plan %[$ t al?\gh ! gas jet w\ld be cool$ ne> ! po9t ( expansion ow+ to ! conv]sion ( a portion ( its s5sible heat into dynamical en]gy ( ! mov+ gas1 yet ! heat x ?us lo/ w\ld be re/or$ to x almo/ imm$iately by ! de/ruction ( ?is me*anical en]gy ?r\gh friction & its consequ5t reconv]sion into heat4 ,?us ! net result w\ld be nil s f> z *ange ( temp]ature ?r\gh ! p]=mance ( ext]nal "w 0 conc]n$4 ,b ! conditions 9 su* an arrangem5t resemble t 9 ! exp]im5ts ( ,?omson & ,j\le on ! !rmal *anges :i* occur 9 a gas :5 x is =c$ "u pressure ?r\gh a por\s plug or n>r[ orifice1 & ^? exp]im5t]s f\nd1 z ! =m] ( !m _h pr$ict$1 t a *ange ( temp]ature does take place1 ow+ to int]nal "w be+ done by ! attraction ( ! gas molecules4 ,h5ce ! effective result obta9able 9 practice by su* an attempt at cont9u\s adiabatic expansion z t sugge/$ above is to be measur$ by ! am\nt ( ! ,?omson-,j\le effect1 :i* dep5ds entirely on ! int]nal1 n ! ext]nal1 "w done by ! gas4 ,to ,l9de belongs ! cr$it ( hav+ fir/ se5 ! ess5tial importance ( ?is effect 9 connexion ) ! liquefaction ( gases by adiabatic expansion1 & he 01 fur!r1 ! fir/ to con/ruct an indu/rial plant = ! production ( liquid air bas$ on ! application ( ?is pr9ciple4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--,laboratory ,liquid ,air ,ma*9e4 ,a1 ,air or oxyg5 inlet4 ,b1 ,c>bon dioxide inlet4 ,c1 ,c>bon dioxide valve4 ,d1 ,reg5]ator coils4 ,f1 ,air or oxyg5 expansion valve4 ,g1 ,vacuum vessel ) liquid air or oxyg54 ,h1 ,c>bon dioxide & air outlet4 ,o1 ,air coil4 ,o1 ,c>bon dioxide coil4 ,! *ange ( temp]ature due to ! ,?omson-,j\le effect v>ies 9 am\nt ) diff]5t gases1 or r ) ! temp]ature at :i* ! op]ation is conduct$4 ,at ord9>y temp]atures oxyg5 & c>bonic acid are cool$1 :ile hydrog5 is slightly heat$4 ,b hydrog5 also is cool$ if be=e be+ pass$ ?r\gh ! nozzle or plug x is br\ght into a !rmal condition comp>able to t ( o!r gases at ord9>y temp]atures--t is to say1 :5 x is initially cool$ to a temp]ature hav+ ! same ratio to its critical po9t z _! temp]atures h to _! critical po9ts--& simil>ly ! m cond5sible gases w\ld be heat$1 & n cool$1 by pass+ ?r\gh a nozzle or plug if !y 7 employ$ at a temp]ature suffici5tly above _! critical po9ts4 ,ea* gas has !re=e a po9t ( inv]sion ( ! ,?omson-,j\le effect1 & ?is temp]ature is1 accord+ to ! !ory ( van d] ,waals1 ab\t #f4ge times ! critical temp]ature ( ! body4 ,olszewski has det]m9$ ! inv]sion-po9t 9 ! case ( hydrog51 & f9ds x to be #aib4e absolute1 ! !oretical critical po9t be+ ?us ab\t #bh4e absolute4 ,! cool+ effect obta9$ is small1 be+ = air ab\t ,c4 p] atmosph]e diff]5ce ( pressure at ord9>y temp]atures4 ,b ! decrem5t ( temp]ature is proportional to ! diff]5ce ( pressure & inv]sely z ! absolute temp]ature1 s t ! ,?omson-,j\le effect increases rapidly by ! comb9$ use ( a l[] temp]ature & great] diff]5ce ( gas pressure4 ,by means ( ! reg5]ative me?od ( work+1 :i* 0 describ$ by ,c4 ,w4 ,siem5s 9 #aheg1 develop$ & ext5d$ by ,erne/ ,solvay 9 #ahhe1 & subsequ5tly utiliz$ by num]\s exp]im5t]s 9 ! con/ruction ( l[ temp]ature app>atus1 a practicable liquid air plant 0 con/ruct$ by ,l9de4 ,! gas :i* has pass$ ! orifice & is !re=e cool$ is made to fl[ backw>ds r\nd ! tube t leads to ! nozzle2 h5ce t portion ( ! gas t is j ab\t to pass ?r\gh ! nozzle has "s ( its heat ab/ract$1 & 9 consequ5ce on expansion is cool$ to a l[] temp]ature ?an ! fir/ portion4 ,9 its turn x cools a ?ird portion 9 ! same way1 & s ! r$uction ( temp]ature goes on progressively until ultimately a portion ( ! gas is liquefi$4 ,app>atus bas$ on ?is pr9ciple has be5 employ$ n only by ,l9de 9 ,g]many1 b also by ,tripl] 9 ,am]ica & by ,hampson & ,dew> 9 ,engl&4 ,! la/-nam$ exp]im5t] exhibit$ 9 ,decemb] #ahie a laboratory ma*9e ( ?is k9d 7fig4 #b71 :i* :5 suppli$ ) oxyg5 initially cool$ to -#gi ,c41 & at a pressure ( #ajj-aej atmosph]es1 began to yield liquid 9 ab\t a qu>t] ( an h\r aft] />t+4 ,! initial cool+ is n necess>y1 b x has ! advantage ( r$uc+ ! "t requir$ = ! op]ation4 ,! effici5cy ( ! ,l9de process is small1 b x is easily conduct$ & only requires pl5ty ( *eap p[]4 ,:5 we c "w turb9es or o!r eng9es at l[ temp]atures1 s z to effect cool+ ?r\gh ! p]=mance ( ext]nal "w1 !n ! economy 9 ! production ( liquid air & hydrog5 w be greatly increas$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4--;,hydrog5 ,jet ,app>atus4 ,a1 ,cyl9d] conta9+ compress$ hydrog54 ,b & ,c1 ,vacuum vessels conta9+ c>bonic acid "u exhau/ion & liquid air respectively4 ,d1 ,reg5]at+ coil 9 vacuum vessel4 ,f1 ,valve4 ,g1 ,p9-hole nozzle4 ,?is treatm5t 0 next ext5d$ to hydrog54 ,= ! reason already expla9$1 x w\ld h be5 futile to exp]im5t ) ?is sub/ance at ord9>y temp]atures1 & !re=e z a prelim9>y x 0 cool$ to ! temp]ature ( boil+ liquid air1 ab\t -#aij ,c4 ,at ?is temp]ature x is /ill #b times above its critical temp]ature1 & !re=e its liquefaction 9 ^! circum/ances w\ld be comp>able to t ( air1 tak5 at #fj ,c41 9 an app>atus l t j describ$4 ,dew> %[$ 9 #ahif t hydrog5 cool$ 9 ?is way & exp&$ 9 a reg5]ative coil f a pressure ( #bjj atmosph]es 0 rapidly r$uc$ 9 temp]ature to su* an ext5t t aft] ! app>atus _h be5 work+ a few m9utes ! issu+ jet 0 se5 to conta9 liquid1 :i* 0 suffici5tly prov$ to be liquid hydrog5 by ! fact t x 0 s cold z to freeze liquid air & oxyg5 into h>d :ite solids4 ,?\gh ) ?is app>atus1 a diagrammatic repres5tation ( :i* is %[n 9 fig4 #c1 x 0 n[ f\nd possible at ! "t to collect ! liquid 9 an op5 vessel1 ow+ to its l[ specific gravity & ! rapidity ( ! gas-curr5t1 /ill ! g5]al type ( ! arrangem5t seem$ s promis+ t 9 ! next two ye>s !re 0 laid d[n 9 ! laboratories ( ! ,royal ,in/itution a l>ge plant--x weighs #b tons & conta9s #cjjj ft4 ( pipe--:i* is design$ on precisely ! same pr9ciples1 al?\gh its con/ruction is f> m elaborate4 ,! "o important novelty1 )\t :i* x is practically impossible to succe$1 is ! provision ( a device to surm\nt ! difficulty ( )draw+ ! liquefi$ hydrog5 aft] x has be5 made4 ,! desid]atum is really a means ( =m+ an ap]ture 9 ! bottom ( a vacuum vessel by :i* ! conta9$ liquid may be run out4 ,= ?is purpose ! l[] "p ( ! vacuum vessel 7,d 9 fig4 #c7 conta9+ ! jet is modifi$ z %[n 9 fig4 #d2 ! inn] vessel is prolong$ 9 a f9e tube1 coil$ spirally1 :i* passes ?r\gh ! out] wall ( ! vacuum vessel1 & ?us suffici5t ela/icity is obta9$ to enable ! tube to )/& )\t fracture ! great contraction consequ5t on ! extreme cold to :i* x is subject$4 ,su* peculi>ly %ap$ vacuum vessels 7 made by ,dew>'s directions 9 ,g]many1 & h subsequ5tly be5 suppli$ to & employ$ by o!r exp]im5t]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4--;,bottom ( ,vacuum ,vessel4 ,) ! liquefy+ plant above ref]r$ to liquid hydrog5 0 = ! fir/ "t collect$ 9 an op5 vessel on ! #aj? ( ,may #ahih4 ,! gas at a pressure ( #ahj atmosph]es 0 cool$ to -#bje ,c4 by means ( liquid air boil+ 9 vacuo1 & 0 !n pass$ ?r\gh ! nozzle ( ! reg5]ative coil1 :i* 0 enclos$ 9 vacuum vessels 9 su* a way z to exclude ext]nal heat z p]fectly z possible4 ,9 ?is way "s #bj cc4 ( ! liquid _h be5 collect$ :5 ! exp]im5t came to a premature end1 ow+ to ! nozzle ( ! app>atus becom+ block$ by a d5se solid--air-ice result+ f ! congelation ( ! air :i* 0 pres5t to a m9ute ext5t z an impurity 9 ! hydrog54 ,?is accid5t exemplifies :at is a s]i\s tr\ble enc\nt]$ 9 ! production ( liquid hydrog51 ! extreme difficulty ( obta9+ ! gas 9 a /ate ( suffici5t purity1 = ! pres5ce ( #a ( =eign matt]s1 su* z air or oxyg51 :i* are m cond5sible ?an hydrog51 is suffici5t to cause complete /oppage1 unless ! nozzle valve & jet arrangem5t is ( special con/ruction4 ,9 subsequ5t exp]im5ts ! liquid 0 obta9$ 9 l>g] quantities--on ! #ac? ( ,june #aija five litres ( x 7 successfully convey$ ?r\gh ! /reets ( ,london f ! laboratory ( ! ,royal ,in/itution to ! rooms ( ! ,royal ,society--& x may be said t x is n[ possible to produce x 9 any desir$ am\nt1 subject only to ! limitations entail$ by exp5se4 ,f9ally1 ! r$uction ( hydrog5 to a solid /ate 0 successfully und]tak5 9 #ahii4 ,a portion ( ! liquid c>efully isolat$ 9 vacuum-jacket$ vessels 0 sudd5ly trans=m$ into a :ite mass resembl+ froz5 foam1 :5 evaporat$ "u an air-pump at a pressure ( #cj or #dj mm41 & subsequ5tly hydrog5 0 obta9$ z a cle> transp>5t ice by imm]s+ a tube conta9+ ! liquid 9 ?is solid foam4 ,liquefaction ( ,helium4--,! subjection ( hydrog5 complet$ ! exp]im5tal pro( t all gases c be r$uc$ to ! liquid & solid /ates by ! aid ( pressure & l[ temp]ature1 at lea/ s f> z reg>ds ^? 9 ! h&s ( ! *emi/ at ! beg9n+ ( ! la/ decade ( ! #ai? c5tury4 ,b a ye> or s be=e hydrog5 0 obta9$ 9 ! liquid =m1 a sub/ance kn[n to exi/ 9 ! sun f spectroscopic rese>*es c>ri$ out by ,sir ,edw>d ,frankl& & ,sir ,j4 ,norman ,locky] 0 %[n by ,sir ,william ,ramsay to exi/ on ! e>? 9 small quantities4 ,helium 7q4v471 z ?is sub/ance 0 nam$1 0 f\nd by exp]im5t to be a gas mu* less cond5sable ?an hydrog54 ,dew> 9 #aija exp&$ x f a pressure ( #hj-ajj atmosph]es at ! temp]ature ( solid hydrog5 )\t p]ceiv+ ! lea/ indication ( liquefaction4 ,olszewski repeat$ ! exp]im5t 9 #aije1 us+ ! /ill high] initial compression ( #ahj atmosph]es1 b he equally fail$ to f9d any evid5ce ( liquefaction1 & 9 consequ5ce 0 incl9$ to d\bt :e!r ! gas 0 liquefiable at all1 :e!r 9 fact x 0 n a truly p]man5t gas4 ,o!r inve/igators1 h[ev]1 took a diff]5t & m hopeful view ( ! matt]4 ,dew>1 = in/ance 7,pres4 ,address ,brit4 ,assoc41 #aijb71 bas+ 8 d$uctions on ! laws e/abli%$ by van d] ,waals & o!rs f ! /udy ( ph5om5a at mu* high] temp]atures1 anticipat$ t ! boil+-po9t ( ! sub/ance w\ld be ab\t #e absolute1 s t ! liquid w\ld be ab\t f\r times m volatile ?an liquid hydrog51 j z liquid hydrog5 is f\r times m volatile ?an liquid air2 & he express$ ! op9ion t ! gas w\ld succumb on be+ subject$ to ! process t _h succe$$ ) hydrog51 except t liquid hydrog51 in/ead ( liquid air1 evaporat+ "u exhau/ion mu/ be employ$ z ! prim>y cool+ ag5t1 & mu/ also be us$ to surr\nd ! vacuum vessel 9 :i* ! liquid 0 collect$4 ,v>i\s circum/ances comb9$ to prev5t ,dew> f actually c>ry+ out ! op]ation ?us =e%ad[$1 b 8 anticipations 7 ju/ifi$ & ! suffici5cy ( ! me?od he indicat$ practically prov$ by ,dr ,h4 ,kam]l+h ,onnes1 :o1 work+ ) ! spl5did res\rces ( ! ,leid5 cryog5ic laboratory1 succe$$ 9 obta9+ helium 9 ! liquid /ate on ! #aj? ( ,july #aijh4 ,hav+ prep>$ #bjj litres ( ! gas 7#afj litres 9 res]ve7 f monazite s&1#b he cool$ x ) exhau/$ liquid hydrog5 to a temp]ature ( #ae or #af abs41 & exp&$ x ?r\gh a reg5]ative coil "u a pressure ( #ej to #ajj atmosph]es1 mak+ use ( ! mo/ elaborate precautions to prev5t influx ( heat & secur+ ! abs5ce ( less volatile gases t might freeze & block ! tubes ( ! app>atus by includ+ 9 ! helium circuit *>coal cool$ to ! temp]ature ( liquid air4 ,op]ations began at #e4de 9 ! morn+ ) ! prep>ation ( ! necess>y liquid hydrog51 ( :i* #bj litres 7 ready by #a4cj4 ,! circulation ( ! helium 0 />t$ at #d4cj 9 ! aft]noon & 0 cont9u$ until ! gas _h be5 pump$ r\nd ! circuit tw5ty times2 b x 0 n till #g4cj1 :5 ! la/ bottle ( liquid hydrog5 _h be5 br\ght into requisition1 t ! surface ( ! liquid 0 se51 by reflection ( light f bel[1 /&+ out %>ply l ! edge ( a knife aga9/ ! glass wall ( ! vacuum vessel4 ,its boil+-po9t has be5 det]m9$ z be+ #d abs41 its critical temp]ature #e1 & its critical pressure n m ?an ?ree atmosph]es4 ,! d5sity ( ! liquid is f\nd to be #j4jae or ab\t twice t ( liquid hydrog54 ,x c\ld n be solidifi$ ev5 :5 exhau/$ "u a pressure ( #b mm41 :i* 9 all probability corresponds to a temp]ature ( #b abs4 7see ,communications f ! physical laboratory at ! ,univ]sity ( ,leid51 #aijh-aiji74 ,! foll[+ are brief details respect+ "s ( ! m important liquid gases t h become available = /udy )9 rec5t ye>s4 7,= argon1 neon1 krypton1 c41 see ,,argon47 ,oxyg54--,liquid oxyg5 is a mobile transp>5t-liquid1 possess+ a fa9t blue col\r4 ,at atmosph]ic pressure x boils at -#aha4e ,c42 "u a r$uc$ pressure ( #a cm4 ( m]cury its temp]ature falls to -#baj ,c4 ,at ! boil+ po9t x has a d5sity ( #a4abd accord+ to ,olszewski1 or ( #a4afh accord+ to ,wroblewski2 ,dew> obta9$ ! value #a4acge z ! mean ( tw5ty obs]vations by weigh+ a numb] ( solid sub/ances 9 liquid oxyg51 not+ ! app>5t relative d5sity ( ! liquid1 & !nce calculat+ its real d5sity1 ,fizeau's values = ! coeffici5ts ( expansion ( ! solids be+ employ$4 ,! capill>ity ( liquid oxyg5 is ab\t "o-six? t ( wat]2 x is a non-conductor ( electricity1 & is /rongly magnetic4 ,by its own evaporation x _c be r$uc$ to ! solid /ate1 b expos$ to ! temp]ature ( liquid hydrog5 x is froz5 into a solid mass1 hav+ a pale blui% t9t1 %[+ by reflection all ! absorption b&s ( ! liquid4 ,x is rem>kable t ! same absorption b&s occur 9 ! compress$ gas4 ,dew> gives ! melt+-po9t z #ch absolute1 & ! d5sity at ! boil+-po9t ( hydrog5 z #a4debf4 ,! refractive index ( ! liquid = ! ,d sodium ray is #a4bbcf4 ,ozone4--,?is gas is easily liquefi$ by ! use ( liquid air4 ,! liquid obta9$ is int5sely blue1 & on all[+ ! temp]ature to rise1 boils & explodes ab\t -#abj ,c4 ,ab\t ?is temp]ature x may be dissolv$ 9 bisulphide ( c>bon to a fa9t blue solution4 ,! liquid ozone seems to be m magnetic ?an liquid oxyg54 ,nitrog5 =ms a transp>5t col\rless liquid1 hav+ a d5sity ( #j4hjdb at its boil+-po9t1 :i* is -#aie4e ,c4 ,! refractive index = ! ,d l9e is #a4bjec4 ,evaporat$ "u dim9i%$ pressure ! liquid becomes solid at a temp]ature ( -#bae ,c41 melt+ "u a pressure ( #ij mm4 ,! d5sity ( ! solid at ! boil+-po9t ( hydrog5 is #a4jbfe4 ,air4--,see+ t ! boil+-po9ts ( nitrog5 & oxyg5 are diff]5t1 x might be expect$ t on ! liquefaction ( atmosph]ic air ! two elem5ts w\ld appe> z two sep>ate liquids4 ,su*1 h[ev]1 is n ! case2 !y come d[n simultane\sly z "o homog5e\s liquid4 ,prep>$ on a l>ge scale1 liquid air may conta9 z mu* z #ej ( oxyg5 :5 collect$ 9 op5 vacuum-vessels1 b s9ce nitrog5 is ! m volatile x boils (f fir/1 & z ! liquid gradually becomes ri*] 9 oxyg5 ! temp]ature at :i* x boils rises f ab\t -#aib ,c4 to ab\t -#ahb ,c4 ,at ! =m] temp]ature x has a d5sity ( ab\t #j4iaj4 ,x is a non-conductor ( electricity4 ,prop]ly protect$ f ext]nal heat1 & subject$ to high exhau/ion1 liquid air becomes a /iff transp>5t jelly-l mass1 a magma ( solid nitrog5 conta9+ liquid oxyg51 :i* may inde$ be extract$ f x by means ( a magnet1 or by rapid rotation ( ! vacuum vessel 9 imitation ( a c5trifugal ma*9e4 ,! temp]ature ( ?is solid "u a vacuum ( ab\t #ad mm4 is -#baf4 ,at ! /ill l[] temp]atures atta9able by ! aid ( liquid hydrog5 x becomes a :ite solid1 hav+1 l solid oxyg51 a fa9t blue t9t4 ,! refractive index ( liquid air is #a4bjfh4 ,fluor9e1 prep>$ 9 ! free /ate by ,moissan's me?od ( electrolys+ a solution ( potassium fluoride 9 anhydr\s hydr(luoric acid1 0 liquefi$ 9 ! laboratories ( ! ,royal ,in/itution1 ,london1 9 #ahig4 ,expos$ to ! temp]ature ( quietly-boil+ liquid oxyg51 ! gas did n *ange its /ate1 ?\gh x lo/ mu* ( its *emical activity1 & ceas$ to attack glass4 ,b a v small vacuum =m$ ov] ! oxyg5 0 suffici5t to det]m9e liquefaction1 a result :i* 0 also obta9$ by cool+ ! gas to ! temp]ature ( fre%ly-made liquid air boil+ at atmosph]ic pressure4 ,h5ce ! boil+-po9t is fix$ at ab\t -#ahg ,c4 ,! liquid is ( a cle> yell[ col\r1 possess+ great mobility4 ,its d5sity is #a4ad1 & its capill>ity r less ?an t ( liquid oxyg54 ,! liquid1 :5 exam9$ 9 a ?ickness ( #a cm41 does n %[ any absorption b&s1 & x is n attract$ by a magnet4 ,cool$ 9 liquid hydrog5 x is froz5 to a :ite solid1 melt+ at ab\t #dj abs4 ,hydrog54--,liquid hydrog5 is ! lighte/ liquid kn[n to ! *emi/1 hav+ a d5sity slightly less ?an #j4jg z comp>$ ) wat]1 & be+ six times light] ?an liquid m>%-gas1 :i* is next 9 ord] ( lightness4 ,"o litre weighs only #gj grammes1 & #a gramme occupies a volume ( #ad-ae cc4 ,9 spite ( its extreme lightness1 h[ev]1 x is easily se51 has a well-def9$ m5iscus & drops well4 ,at its boil+-po9t ! liquid is only #ee times d5s] ?an ! vap\r x is giv+ (f1 :]eas liquid oxyg5 9 simil> condition is #beh times d5s] ?an its vap\r1 & nitrog5 #agg times4 ,its atomic volume is ab\t #ad4c1 t ( liquid oxyg5 be+ #ac4g1 & t ( liquid nitrog5 #af4f1 at _! respective boil+-po9ts4 ,its lat5t heat ( vaporization ab\t ! boil+-po9t is ab\t #aba gramme-calories1 & ! lat5t heat ( fluidity _c exce$ #af units1 b may be less4 ,hydrog5 appe>s to h ! same specific heat 9 ! liquid z 9 ! gase\s /ate1 ab\t #c4d4 ,its surface t5sion is exce$+ly l[1 ab\t "o-fif? t ( liquid air at its boil+-po9t1 or "o-?irty-fif? t ( wat] at ord9>y temp]atures1 & ?is is ! reason t bubbles =m$ 9 ! liquid are s small z to give x an opalesc5t appe>ance dur+ ebullition4 ,! liquid is )\t col\r1 & gives no absorption spectrum4 ,electric sp>ks tak5 9 ! liquid betwe5 plat9um poles give a spectrum %[+ ! hydrog5 l9es ,c & ,f bright on a backgr\nd ( cont9u\s spectrum4 ,its refractive index at ! boil+-po9t has !oretically ! value #a4aa4 ,x 0 measur$ by det]m9+ ! relative diff]5ce ( focus = a p>allel beam ( light s5t ?r\gh a sph]ical vacuum vessel fill$ successively ) wat]1 liquid oxyg5 & liquid hydrog52 ! result obta9$ 0 #a4ab4 ,liquid hydrog5 is a non-conductor ( electricity4 ,! precise det]m9ation ( its boil+-po9t is a matt] ( "s difficulty4 ,! fir/ results obta9$ f ! use ( a plat9um resi/ance !rmomet] gave -#bch ,c41 :ile a simil> !rmomet] made ) an alloy ( rhodium-plat9um indicat$ a value #h degrees l[]4 ,lat]1 a gold !rmomet] indicat$ ab\t -#bdi ,c41 :ile ) an iron "o ! result 0 only -#baj ,c4 ,x 0 ?us evid5t t electrical resi/ance !rmomet]s are n to be tru/$ at ^! l[ temp]atures1 s9ce ! laws correlat+ resi/ance & temp]ature are n kn[n = temp]atures at & bel[ ! boil+-po9t ( hydrog51 ?\gh !y are c]ta9ly n ! same z ^? :i* hold good high] up ! !rmometric scale4 ,! same rem>ks apply to ! use ( !rmo-electric junctions at su* exceptional temp]atures4 ,rec\rse 0 !re=e _h to a con/ant-volume hydrog5 !rmomet]1 work+ "u r$uc$ pressure1 exp]im5ts hav+ %[n t su* a !rmomet]1 fill$ ) ei!r a simple or a comp\nd gas 7e4g4 oxyg5 or c>bonic acid7 at an initial pressure some:at less ?an "o atmosph]e1 may be reli$ ^u to det]m9e temp]atures d[n to ! respective boil+-po9ts ( ! gases ) :i* !y are fill$4 ,! result obta9$ 0 -#beb ,c4 ,subsequ5tly v>i\s o!r det]m9ations 7 c>ri$ out 9 !rmomet]s fill$ ) hydrog5 d]iv$ f diff]5t s\rces1 & also ) helium1 ! av]age value giv5 by ! exp]im5ts be+ -#beb4e ,c4 7,see ,! ,boil+ ,po9t ( ,liquid ,hydrog5 det]m9$ by ,hydrog5 & ,helium ,gas ,!rmomet]s1 ,proc4 ,roy4 ,soc41 #g? ,febru>y #aija47 ,! critical temp]ature is ab\t #cj absolute 7-#bdc ,c471 & ! critical pressure ab\t #ae atmosph]es4 ,hydrog5 has n only ! l[e/ critical temp]ature ( all ! old p]man5t gases1 b x has ! l[e/ critical pressure4 ,giv5 a suffici5tly l[ temp]ature1 !re=e1 x is ! easie/ gas to liquefy s f> z pressure is conc]n$4 ,solid hydrog5 has a temp]ature ab\t #d less4 ,by exhau/ion "u r$uc$ pressure a /ill l[] dep? ( cold may be atta9$1 & a /eady temp]ature rea*$ less ?an #af above ! z]o ( absolute temp]ature4 ,by ! use ( high exhau/ion1 & ! mo/ /r+5t precautions to prev5t ! influx ( heat1 a temp]ature ( #ac absolute 7-#bfj ,c47 may be rea*$4 ,?is is ! l[e/ /eady temp]ature :i* c be ma9ta9$ by ! evaporation ( solid hydrog54 ,at ?is temp]ature ! solid has a d5sity ( ab\t #j4jgg4 ,solid hydrog5 pres5ts no metallic *>act]i/ics1 su* z 7 pr$ict$ = x by ,f>aday1 ,dumas1 ,graham & o!r *emi/s & nei!r x nor ! liquid is magnetic4 ,! ,approa* to ! ,absolute ,z]o4--,! a*ievem5t ( ,kam]l+h ,onnes has br\ght ab\t ! realization ( a temp]ature remov$ only #c f ! absolute z]o1 & ! "q naturally sugge/s itself :e!r !re is any probability ( a /ill clos] approa* to t po9t4 ,! answ] is t if1 z is n impossible1 !re exi/s a gas1 z yet unisolat$1 :i* has an atomic weight "o-half t ( helium1 t gas1 liquefi$ 9 turn by ! aid ( liquid helium1 w\ld r5d] t approa* possible1 ?\gh ! exp]im5tal difficulties ( ! op]ation w\ld be enorm\s & p]haps prohibitive4 ,! results ( exp]im5ts be>+ on ?is "q & ( !ory bas$ on !m are %[n 9 table ,,ii4 ,! ?ird column %[s ! critical temp]ature ( ! gas :i* c be liquefi$ by cont9u\s expansion ?r\gh a reg5]ative cool+ app>atus1 ! op]ation be+ />t$ f ! initial temp]ature %[n 9 ! second column1 :ile ! f\r? column gives ! temp]ature ( ! result+ liquid4 ,x w be se5 t by ! use ( liquid or solid hydrog5 z a cool+ ag5t1 x %\ld be possible to liquefy a body hav+ a critical temp]ature ( ab\t #f to #h on ! absolute scale1 & a boil+ po9t ( ab\t #d or #e1 :ile ) ! aid ( liquid helium at an initial temp]ature ( #e we c\ld liquefy a body hav+ a critical temp]ature ( #b & a boil+ po9t ( #a4 ,,table ,,ii4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,initial ,critical ,boil+ ,po9ts4 ,sub/ance4 ,temp]ature4,temp]ature4 ,abs4 ,degrees4 ,abs4 ,degrees4,abs4 ,degrees4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- 7,l[ r$ heat7 #gfj #cjd #aie 7,,co#b7 7#eb ,c47 #cbe #acj #hf 7,air7 ,liquid air "u exhau/ion #ge #cj #bj 7,h7 ,liquid hydrog5 #bj #h #e 7,he7 ,solid hydrog5 #ae #f #d ,liquid helium #e #b #a ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,x is to be rem>k$1 h[ev]1 t ev5 s ! physici/ w\ld n h atta9$ ! absolute z]o1 & he c sc>cely hope ev] to d s4 ,x is true he w\ld only be a v %ort di/ance f x1 b x mu/ be rememb]$ t 9 a !rmodynamic s5se "o degree l[ d[n ! scale1 say at #aj absolute1 is equival5t to #cj at ! ord9>y temp]ature1 & z ! exp]im5t] gets to l[] & l[] temp]atures1 ! difficulties ( fur!r advance increase1 n 9 ari?metical b 9 geometrical progression4 ,?us ! /ep betwe5 ! liquefaction ( air & t ( hydrog5 is1 !rmodynamically & practically1 great] ?an t betwe5 ! liquefaction ( *lor9e & t ( air1 b ! numb] ( degrees ( temp]ature t sep>ates ! boil+-po9ts ( ! fir/ pair ( sub/ances is less ?an half :at x is 9 ! case ( ! second pair4 ,b ! ratio ( ! absolute boil+-po9ts 9 ! fir/ pair ( sub/ances is z #a to #d1 :]eas 9 ! second pair x is only #a to #c1 & x is ?is value t expresses ! difficulty ( ! transition4 ,b ?\gh ,ultima ,?ule may cont9ue to mock ! physici/'s ef=ts1 he w long f9d ample scope = 8 en]gies 9 ! inve/igation ( ! prop]ties ( matt] at ! temp]atures plac$ at 8 comm& by liquid air & liquid & solid hydrog54 ,inde$1 great z is ! s5tim5tal int]e/ atta*$ to ! liquefaction ( ^! refractory gases1 ! importance ( ! a*ievem5t lies r 9 ! fact t x op5s out new fields ( rese>* & enorm\sly wid5s ! horizon ( physical sci5ce1 enabl+ ! natural philosoph] to /udy ! prop]ties & behavi\r ( matt] "u entirely novel conditions4 ,we propose to indicate briefly ! g5]al directions 9 :i* su* inquiries h s f> be5 c>ri$ on1 b be=e do+ s w call att5tion to ! p[] ( absorb+ gases possess$ by cool$ *>coal1 :i* has on t acc\nt prov$ itself a mo/ valuable ag5t 9 l[ temp]ature rese>*4 ,,table ,,iii4--,gas ,absorption by ,*>coal4 ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,volume ,volume absorb$ at absorb$ at #j ,c5t4 -#ahe ,c5t4 ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,helium #b cc4 #ae cc4 ,hydrog5 #d #ace ,electrolytic gas #ab #aej ,argon #ab #age ,nitrog5 #ae #aee ,oxyg5 #ah #bcj ,c>bonic oxide #ba #aij ,c>bonic oxide & oxyg5 #cj #aie ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,gas ,absorption by ,*>coal4--,felix ,fontana 0 app>5tly ! fir/ to discov] t hot *>coal has ! p[] ( absorb+ gases1 & 8 obs]vations 7 confirm$ ab\t #aggj by ,joseph ,prie/ley1 to :om he _h communicat$ !m4 ,a g5]ation lat] ,!odore de ,saussure made a numb] ( exp]im5ts on ! subject1 & not$ t at ord9>y temp]atures ! absorption is accompani$ ) consid]able evolution ( heat4 ,among subsequ5t inve/igators 7 ,?omas ,graham & ,/5h\se1 ,faure & ,silb]man1 & ,hunt]1 ! la/-nam$ %[+ t *>coal made f coco-nut exhibits great] absorptive p[]s ?an o!r v>ieties4 ,9 #ahgd ,tait & ,dew> = ! fir/ "t employ$ *>coal = ! production ( high vacua1 by us+ x1 heat$ to a r$ heat1 to absorb ! m]cury vap\r 9 a tube exhau/$ by a m]cury pump2 & ?irty ye>s aft]w>ds x occurr$ to ! latt] inve/igator to try h[ its absorb+ p[]s are affect$ by cool+ x1 ) ! result t he f\nd !m to be greatly enhanc$4 ,"s ( 8 e>li] obs]vations are giv5 9 table ,,iii41 b x mu/ be po9t$ out t mu* l>g] absorptions 7 obta9$ subsequ5tly :5 x 0 f\nd t ! quality ( ! *>coal 0 greatly influ5c$ by ! mode 9 :i* x 0 prep>$1 ! absorptive p[] be+ increas$ by c>boniz+ ! coco-nut %ell sl[ly at a gradually increas+ temp]ature4 ,! results 9 ! table 7 all obta9$ ) ! same specim5 ( *>coal1 & ! volumes ( ! gases absorb$1 bo? at ord9>y & at l[ temp]atures1 7 measur$ "u /&>d conditions--at #j ,c41 & #gfj mm4 pressure4 ,x appe>s t at ! l[] temp]ature !re is a rem>kable increase ( absorption = e gas1 b t ! increase is 9 g5]al small] z ! boil+-po9ts ( ! v>i\s gases are l[]4 ,helium is conspicu\s = ! fact t x is absorb$ to a comp>atively slight ext5t at bo? ! high] & ! l[] temp]ature1 b 9 ?is connexion x mu/ be rememb]$ t1 be+ ! mo/ volatile gas kn[n1 x is be+ treat$ at a temp]ature :i* is relatively mu* high] ?an ! o!r gases4 ,at -#ahe 7 #hh abs471 :ile hydrog5 is at ab\t #d times its boil+-po9t 7#bj abs471 helium is at ab\t #bj times its boil+-po9t 7#d4e abs471 & x might1 !re=e1 be expect$ t if x 7 tak5 at a temp]ature correspond+ to t ( ! hydrog51 i4e4 at #d or #e times its boil+-po9t1 or say #bj abs41 x w\ld und]go mu* great] absorption4 ,?is expectation is borne out by ! results %[n 9 table ,,iv41 & x may be inf]r$ t *>coal cool$ 9 liquid helium w\ld absorb helium z freely z *>coal cool$ 9 liquid hydrog5 absorbs hydrog54 ,x is f\nd t a giv5 specim5 ( *>coal cool$ 9 liquid oxyg51 nitrog5 & hydrog5 absorbs ab\t equal volumes ( ^? ?ree gases 7ab\t #bfj cc4 p] gramme72 &1 z ! relation betwe5 volume & temp]ature is ne>ly l9eal at ! l[e/ portions ( ei!r ! hydrog5 or ! helium absorption1 x is a legitimate inf]5ce t at a temp]ature ( #e to #f abs4 helium w\ld be z freely absorb$ by *>coal z hydrog5 is at its boil+-po9t & t ! boil+-po9t ( helium lies at ab\t #e abs4 ,,table ,,iv4--,gas ,absorption by ,*>coal at ,l[ ,temp]atures4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,helium4 ,hydrog54 ,temp]ature4 ,vols4 ( ,vols4 ( ,c>bon4 ,c>bon4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- -#ahe ,c4 7boil+-po9t ( liquid air7 #b #acg -#baj ,c4 7liquid air "u exhau/ion7 #e #ahj -#beb ,c4 7boil+-po9t ( liquid hydrog57 #afj #beh -#beh ,c4 7solid hydrog57 #aie 44 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,! rapidity ) :i* air is absorb$ by *>coal at -#ahe ,c4 & "u small pressures is illu/rat$ by table ,v41 :i* %[s ! r$uctions ( pressure effect$ 9 a tube ( #bjjj cc4 capacity by means ( #bj grammes ( *>coal cool$ 9 liquid air4 ,,table ,v4--,velocity ( ,absorption4 --------------------------------------- ,"t ( ,pressure ,"t ( ,pressure ,exhau/ion4 9 mm4 ,exhau/ion4 9 mm4 --------------------------------------- #j sec4 #b4aij #fj sec4 #j4cdg #aj #a4bga #b m94 #j4aec #bj #j4hfi #e #j4jbgd #cj #j4fcb #aj #j4jjbje #dj #j4edc #ai #j4jjjbe #ej #j4dce 44 44 --------------------------------------- ,,table ,,vi4 ------------------------------- ,volume ,occlusion ,occlusion ( ,gas ,hydrog5 ,nitrog5 absorb$4 ,pressure4 ,pressure4 ------------------------------- cc4 mm4 mm4 #j #j4jjjjc #j4jjjje #e #j4jbbh 44 #aj #j4jdee 44 #ae #j4jfde 44 #bj #j4jhfa 44 #be #j4aaje 44 #cj #j4acci #j4jjjca #ce #j4afbc 44 #dj #j4ahgj 44 #acj 44 #j4jjaaj #ejj 44 #j4jjcad #ajjj 44 #j4jagef #aejj 44 #j4jbibj #bejj 44 #j4jfagb ------------------------------- ,*>coal ,occlusion ,pressures4--,= measur+ ! gas conc5tration1 pressure & temp]ature1 use may be made ( an app>atus ( ! type %[n 9 fig4 #e4 ,a mass ( *>coal1 ,e1 imm]s$ 9 liquid air1 is employ$ = ! prelim9>y exhau/ion ( ! ,mc,leod gauge ,g & ( ! *>coal ,c1 :i* is to be us$ 9 ! actual exp]im5ts1 & is !n seal$ (f at ,s4 ,! bulb ,c is !n plac$ 9 a l>ge sph]ical vacuum vessel conta9+ liquid oxyg5 :i* c be made to boil at any def9ite temp]ature "u dim9i%$ pressure :i* is measur$ by ! manomet] ,r4 ,! volume ( gas admitt$ into ! *>coal is det]m9$ by ! burette ,d & ! pipette ,p1 & ! correspond+ occlusion pressure at any conc5tration & any temp]ature bel[ #ij abs4 by ! gauge ,g4 ,9 pres5ce ( *>coal1 & = small conc5trations1 great v>iations are %[n 9 ! relation betwe5 ! pressure & ! conc5tration ( diff]5t gases1 all at ! same temp]ature4 ,table ,,vi4 gives ! comp>ison betwe5 hydrog5 & nitrog5 at ! temp]ature ( liquid air1 #be grammes ( *>coal be+ employ$4 ,x is se5 t #ae cc4 ( hydrog5 produce ne>ly ! same pressure 7#j4jfde mm47 z #bejj cc4 ( nitrog5 7#j4jfagb mm474 ,?is result %[s h[ enorm\sly great]1 at ! temp]ature ( liquid air1 is ! volatility ( hydrog5 z comp>$ ) t ( nitrog54 ,9 ! same way ! conc5trations1 = ! same pressure1 v>y greatly ) temp]ature1 z is exemplifi$ by table ,,vii41 ev5 ?\gh ! pressures are n q con/ant4 ,! temp]atures employ$ 7 ! boil+-po9ts ( hydrog51 oxyg5 & c>bon dioxide4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4 ,,table ,,vii4 ---------------------------------------- --------- ,conc5tration ,pressure,temp]ature ,gas4 9 cc4 p] grm4 9 mm4 ,absolute4 ( ,*>coal4 ---------------------------------------- --------- ,helium #ig #b4b #bj ,hydrog5 #cig #b4b #bj ,hydrog5 #ae #b4a #ij ,nitrog5 #bej #a4f #ij ,oxyg5 #cjj #a4j #ij ,c>bon dioxide #ij #c4f #aie ---------------------------------------- --------- ,,table ,,viii4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,conc5tration ,molecul> ,mean ,gas4 cc4 p] grm4,lat5t ,heat4,temp]ature4 ,absolute4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,helium #ig #dhc4j #ah ,hydrog5 #cij #ebd4d #ah ,hydrog5 #bj #bjje4f #gh ,nitrog5 #bej #cjei4j #hb ,oxyg5 #cjj #cadf4d #hb ,c>bon dioxide #ij #fjii4f #ahj ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,heat ( ,occlusion4--,9 e case :5 gases are cond5s$ to ! liquid /ate !re is evolution ( heat1 & dur+ ! absorption ( a gas 9 *>coal or any o!r occlud+ body1 z hydrog5 9 palladium1 ! am\nt ( heat evolv$ exce$s t ( direct liquefaction4 ,f ! relation betwe5 occlusion-pressure & temp]ature at ! same conc5tration1 ! reaction be+ rev]sible1 x is possible to calculate ?is heat evolution4 ,table ,,viii4 gives ! mean molecul> lat5t heats ( occlusion result+ f ,dew>'s exp]im5ts = a numb] ( gases1 hav+ conc5trations 9 ! *>coal z %[n4 ,! conc5trations 7 s regulat$ z to />t ) an initial pressure n exce$+ #c mm4 at ! respective boil+-po9ts ( hydrog51 nitrog51 oxyg5 & c>bon dioxide4 ,production ( ,high ,vacua4--,exce$+ly high vacua c be obta9$ by ! aid ( liquid gases1 ) or )\t *>coal4 ,if a vessel conta9+ liquid hydrog5 be freely expos$ to ! atmosph]e1 a ra9 ( sn[ 7solid air7 at once beg9s to fall ^u ! surface ( ! liquid2 simil>ly1 if "o end ( a seal$ tube conta9+ ord9>y air be imm]s$ 9 ! liquid1 ! same ?+ happ5s1 b s9ce !re is n[ no new supply to take ! place ( ! air t has be5 solidifi$ & has accumulat$ 9 ! cool$ portion ( ! tube1 ! pressure is quickly r$uc$ to some?+ l "o-million? ( an atmosph]e1 & a vacuum is =m$ ( su* t5uity t ! electric dis*>ge c be made to pass only ) difficulty4 ,liquid air c be employ$ 9 ! same mann] if ! tube1 be=e seal+1 is fill$ ) "s less volatile gas or vap\r1 su* z sulphur\s acid1 b5zol or wat] vap\r4 ,b if a *>coal cond5s] be us$ 9 conjunction ) ! liquid air x becomes possible to obta9 a high vacuum :5 ! tube conta9s air initially4 ,= in/ance1 9 "o exp]im5t1 ) a bulb hav+ a capacity ( #cjj cc4 & fill$ ) air at a pressure ( ab\t #a4g mm4 & at a temp]ature ( #ae ,c41 :5 an atta*$ cond5s] ) #e grammes ( *>coal 0 cool$ 9 liquid air1 ! pressure 0 r$uc$ to #j4jede mm4 ( m]cury 9 five m9utes1 to #j4jajcb mm4 9 t5 m9utes1 to #j4jjjaci mm4 9 ?irty m9utes1 & to #j4jjjjdg mm4 9 sixty m9utes4 ,! cond5s] !n be+ cool$ 9 liquid hydrog5 ! pressure fell to #j4jjjjaed mm4 9 t5 m9utes1 & to #j4jjjjjeh mm4 9 a fur!r t5 m9utes :5 solid hydrog5 0 employ$ z ! cool+ ag5t1 & no d\bt1 _h x n be5 = ! pres5ce ( hydrog5 & helium 9 ! air1 an ev5 great] r$uction c\ld h be5 effect$4 ,ano!r illu/ration ( ! p[] ( cool$ *>coal to produce high vacua is af=d$ by a ,crookes radiomet]4 ,if ! in/rum5t be fill$ ) helium at atmosph]ic pressure & a *>coal bulb atta*$ to x be cool$ 9 liquid air1 ! vanes rema9 motionless ev5 :5 expos$ to ! conc5trat$ beam ( an electric arc lamp2 b if liquid hydrog5 be sub/itut$ = ! liquid air rapid rotation at once sets 94 ,:5 a simil> radiomet] 0 fill$ ) hydrog5 & ! atta*$ *>coal bulb 0 cool$ 9 liquid air rotation took place1 because suffici5t ( ! gas 0 absorb$ to p]mit motion4 ,b :5 ! *>coal 0 cool$ 9 liquid hydrog5 in/ead ( 9 liquid air1 ! absorption increas$ & consequ5tly ! r>efaction became s high t !re 0 no motion :5 ! light f ! arc 0 direct$ on ! vanes4 ,^! exp]im5ts aga9 p]mit ( an inf]5ce z to ! boil+-po9t ( helium4 ,a fall ( #ge 9 ! temp]ature ( ! *>coal bulb1 f ! boil+-po9t ( air to ! boil+-po9t ( hydrog51 r$uc$ ! vanes to re/ 9 ! case ( ! radiomet] fill$ ) hydrog52 h5ce x might be inf]r$ t a fall ( l am\nt f ! boil+-po9t ( hydrog5 w\ld r$uce ! vanes ( ! helium radiomet] to re/1 & consequ5tly t ! boil+-po9t ( helium w\ld be ab\t #e abs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4 ,! vacua obta9able by means ( cool$ *>coal are s high t x is difficult to det]m9e ! pressures by ! ,mc,leod gauge1 & ! radiomet] exp]im5ts ref]r$ to above sugge/$ ! possibility ( ano!r means ( asc]ta9+ su* pressures1 by det]m9+ ! pressures bel[ :i* ! radiomet] w\ld n sp94 ,! foll[+ exp]im5t %[s h[ ! limit ( pressure c be asc]ta9$ by ref]5ce to ! pressures ( m]cury vap\r :i* h be5 v accurately det]m9$ ?r\gh a wide range ( temp]ature4 ,to a radiomet] 7fig4 #f7 ) atta*$ *>coal bulb ,b 0 seal$ a tube end+ 9 a small bulb ,a conta9+ a globule ( m]cury4 ,! radiomet] & bulb ,b 7 heat$1 exhau/$ & repeat$ly wa%$ out ) pure oxyg5 gas1 & !n ! m]cury 0 all[$ to di/il = "s "t into ! *>coal cool$ 9 liquid air4 ,on exposure to ! electric beam ! vanes began to sp91 b soon ceas$ :5 ! bulb ,a 0 cool$ 9 liquid air4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! m]cury 0 w>m$ by plac+ ! bulb 9 liquid wat]1 ! vanes began to move aga91 & 9 ! p>ticul> radiomet] us$ ?is 0 f\nd to happ5 :5 ! temp]ature ( ! m]cury _h ris5 to -#bc ,c4 correspond+ to a pressure ( ab\t "o fifty-million? ( an atmosph]e4 ,= wa%+ out ! radiomet] ) oxyg5 ! arrangem5t %[n 9 fig4 #g is conv5i5t4 ,"h ,a is a bulb conta9+ p]*lorate ( pota%1 :i* :5 heat$ gives (f pure oxyg52 ,c is aga9 ! radiomet] & ,b ! *>coal bulb4 ,! side tube ,e is = ! purpose ( exam9+ ! gas giv5 (f by m9]als l ?orianite or ! gase\s products ( ! trans=mation ( radioactive bodies4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4 ,analytic ,uses4--,ano!r important use ( liquid gases is z analytic ag5ts1 & = ?is purpose liquid air is becom+ an almo/ ess5tial laboratory reag5t4 ,x is "o ( ! mo/ conv5i5t ag5ts = dry+ gases & = _! purification4 ,if a mixture ( gases be subject$ to ! temp]ature ( liquid air1 x is obvi\s t all ! con/itu5ts t are m cond5sable ?an air w be r$uc$ to liquid1 :ile ^? t are less cond5sable w ei!r rema9 z a gase\s residue or be dissolv$ 9 ! liquid obta9$4 ,! bodies pres5t 9 ! latt] may be sep>at$ by fractional di/illation1 :ile ! cont5ts ( ! gase\s residue may be fur!r diff]5tiat$ by ! air ( /ill l[] temp]atures1 su* z are obta9able by liquid hydrog54 ,an app>atus su* z ! foll[+ c be us$ to sep>ate bo? ! less & ! m volatile gases ( ! atmosph]e1 ! =m] be+ obta9$ f _! solution 9 liquid air by fractional di/illation at l[ pressure & sep>ation ( ! cond5sable "p ( ! di/illate by cool+ 9 liquid hydrog51 :ile ! latt] are extract$ f ! residue ( liquid air1 aft] ! di/illation ( ! fir/ fraction1 by all[+ x to evaporate gradually at a temp]ature ris+ only v sl[ly4 ,9 fig4 #h1 ,a repres5ts a vacuum-jacket$ vessel1 conta9+ liquid air2 ?is c be made to boil at r$uc$ pressure & !re=e be l[]$ 9 temp]ature by means ( an air-pump1 :i* is 9 communication ) ! vessel ?r\gh ! pipe s4 ,! liquid boil$ away is repl5i%$ :5 necess>y f ! res]voir ,c1 p be+ a valve1 work$ by h&le q1 by :i* ! fl[ along r is regulat$4 ,! vessel ,b1 imm]s$ 9 ! liquid air ( ,a1 communicates ) ! atmosph]e by a2 h5ce :5 ! temp]ature ( ,a falls "u exhau/ion bel[ t ( liquid air1 ! cont5ts ( ,b cond5se1 & if ! /op-cock m is kept op51 & n %ut1 air f ! outside is cont9u\sly suck$ 9 until ,b is full ( liquid1 :i* conta9s 9 solution ! :ole ( ! mo/ volatile gases ( ! atmosph]e :i* h pass$ 9 ?r\gh a4 ,at ?is /age ( ! op]ation m is clos$ & n op5$1 a passage ?us be+ op5$ along b f ,a to ! rema9d] ( ! app>atus se5 on ! left side ( ! figure4 ,"h ,e is a vacuum vessel conta9+ liquid hydrog51 & d a ?ree-way cock by :i* communication c be e/abli%$ ei!r betwe5 b & ,d1 betwe5 b & e1 ! tube lead+ to ! sp>k+-tube g1 or betwe5 ,d & e4 ,if n[ d is arrang$ s t !re is a free passage f b to ,d1 & ! /op-cock n also op5$1 ! gas dissolv$ 9 ! liquid 9 ,b1 toge!r ) "s ( ! mo/ volatile "p ( t liquid1 quickly di/ils ov] into ,d1 :i* is at a mu* l[] temp]ature ?an ,b1 & "s ( x cond5ses !re 9 ! solid /ate4 ,:5 a small fraction ( ! cont5ts ( ,b has ?us di/ill$ ov]1 d is turn$ s z to close ! passage betwe5 ,d & b & op5 t betwe5 ,d & e1 ) ! result t ! gas 9 ,d is pump$ out by ! m]cury-pump1 %[n diagrammatically at ,f1 along ! tube e 7:i* is imm]s$ 9 ! liquid hydrog5 9 ord] t any m cond5sable gas c>ri$ along by ! curr5t may be froz5 out7 to ! sp>k+-tube or tubes g1 :]e x c be exam9$ spectroscopically4 ,:5 ! app>atus is us$ to sep>ate ! lea/ volatile "p ( ! gases 9 ! atmosph]e1 ! vessel ,e & its cont5ts are omitt$1 & ! tube b made to communicate ) ! pump ?r\gh a numb] ( sp>k+-tubes :i* c be seal$ (f successively4 ,! nitrog5 & oxyg5 :i* make up ! bulk ( ! liquid 9 ,b are all[$ to evaporate gradually1 ! temp]ature be+ kept l[ s z to *eck ! evaporation ( gases less volatile ?an oxyg54 ,:5 mo/ ( ! oxyg5 & nitrog5 h ?us be5 remov$1 ! /op-cock n is clos$1 & ! tubes p>tially exhau/$ by ! pump2 spectroscopic exam9ation is made ( ! gases !y conta91 & repeat$ f "t to "t z m gas is all[$ to evaporate f ,b4 ,! g5]al sequ5ce ( spectra1 ap>t f ^? ( nitrog51 oxyg5 & c>bon comp\nds1 :i* are nev] elim9at$ by ! process ( di/illation alone1 is z foll[s3 ,! spectrum ( argon fir/ appe>s1 foll[$ by ! brighte/ 7gre5 & yell[7 rays ( krypton4 ,!n ! int5sity ( ! argon spectrum wanes & x gives way to t ( krypton1 until1 z ,runge obs]v$1 :5 a ,leyd5 j> is 9 ! circuit1 ! capill>y "p ( ! sp>k+-tube has a magnific5t blue col\r1 :ile ! wide ends are bright pale yell[4 ,)\t a j> ! tube is ne>ly :ite 9 ! middle & yell[ ab\t ! poles4 ,z di/illation proce$s1 ! temp]ature ( ! vessel conta9+ ! residue ( liquid air be+ all[$ to rise sl[ly1 ! brighte/ 7gre57 rays ( x5on beg9 to appe>1 & ! krypton rays soon die out1 be+ sup]s$$ by ^? ( x5on4 ,at ?is /age ! capill>y "p ( ! sp>k+-tube is1 ) a j> 9 circuit1 a brilliant gre51 & x rema9s gre51 ?\gh less brilliant1 if ! j> is remov$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4--;,app>atus = ,fractional ,di/illation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4--;,app>atus = cont9u\s ,spectroscopic ,exam9ation4 ,an improv$ =m ( app>atus = ! fractionation is repres5t$ 9 fig4 #i4 ,! gases to be sep>at$1 t is1 ! lea/ volatile "p ( atmosph]ic air1 ent] ! bulb ,b f a ga%old] by ! tube a ) /op-cock c4 ,b1 :i* is ma9ta9$ at a l[ temp]ature by be+ imm]s$ 9 liquid hydrog51 ,a1 boil+ "u r$uc$ pressure1 9 turn communicates ?r\gh ! tube b & /op-cock d ) a sp>k+-tube or tubes f1 & s on ?r\gh e ) a m]curial pump4 ,to use ! app>atus1 /op-cock d is clos$ & c op5$1 & gas all[$ to pass f ! ga%old] into ,b1 :]e x is cond5s$ 9 ! solid =m4 ,/op-cock c !n be+ clos$ & d op5$1 gas passes into ! exhau/$ tube f1 :]e x is exam9$ ) ! spectroscope4 ,! vessel ,d conta9s liquid air1 9 :i* ! tube e is imm]s$ 9 ord] to cond5se vap\r ( m]cury :i* w\ld o!rwise pass f ! pump into ! sp>k+-tube4 ,! success ( ! op]ation ( sep>at+ all ! gases :i* occur 9 air & :i* boil at diff]5t temp]atures1 dep5ds on keep+ ! temp]ature ( ,b z l[ z possible1 z w be und]/ood f ! foll[+ consid]ation3-- ,! pressure p1 ( a gas ,g1 above ! same mat]ial 9 ! liquid /ate1 at temp]ature ,t1 is giv5 approximately by ! =mula ,b log p ,a - ---1 ,t :]e ,a & ,b are con/ants = ! same mat]ial4 ,= "s o!r gas ,g ! =mula w be ,b#a log p#a ,a#a - ---1 ,t & p ,b#a - ,b log --- ,a - ,a#a ------1 p#a ,t ,n[ = argon1 krypton & x5on respectively ! values ( ,a are #f4ghb1 #f4igb & #f4ifc1 & ^? ( ,b are #cci1 #dif4c & #ffi4b2 s t = ^! sub/ances & _m o!rs ,a - ,a#a is always a small quantity1 :ile 7,b#a - ,b7_/,t is consid]able & increases z ,t dim9i%es4 ,h5ce ! ratio ( p to p#a increases rapidly z ,t dim9i%es1 & by evaporat+ all ! gases f ! solid /ate1 & keep+ ! solid at z l[ a temp]ature z possible1 ! gas t is tak5 (f by ! m]curial pump fir/ consi/s ma9ly ( ! sub/ance :i* has ! l[e/ boil+ po9t1 9 ?is case nitrog51 & is succe$$ ) comp>ative abruptness by ! gas :i* has ! next high] boil+ po9t4 ,exam9ation ( ! spectrum 9 ! sp>k+-tube easily reveals ! *ange f "o gas to ano!r1 & :5 t is obs]v$ ! res]voirs into :i* ! gases are pump$ c be *ang$ & ! fractions /or$ sep>ately4 ,or sev]al sp>k+-tubes may be arrang$ s z to =m p>allel communications betwe5 b & e1 & c be successively seal$ (f at ! desir$ /ages ( fractionation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4 ,analytical op]ations c (t5 be p]=m$ /ill m conv5i5tly ) ! help ( *>coal1 tak+ advantage ( ! selective "* ( its absorption1 ! g5]al law ( :i* is t ! m volatile ! gas ! less is x absorb$ at a giv5 temp]ature4 ,! foll[+ are "s examples ( its employm5t = ?is purpose4 ,if x be requir$ to sep>ate ! helium :i* is (t5 f\nd 9 ! gases giv5 (f by a !rmal spr+1 !y are subject$ to ! action ( *>coal cool$ ) liquid air4 ,! result is ! absorption ( ! less volatile con/itu5ts1 i4e4 all except hydrog5 & helium4 ,! gase\s residue1 ) ! addition ( oxyg51 is !n sp>k$1 & ! wat] ?us =m$ is remov$ toge!r ) ! excess ( oxyg51 :5 helium alone rema9s4 ,or ! sep>ation may be effect$ by a me?od ( fractionation z describ$ above4 ,to sep>ate ! mo/ volatile con/itu5ts ( ! atmosph]e an app>atus su* z t %[n 9 fig4 #aj may be employ$4 ,9 "o exp]im5t ) ?is1 :5 #bjj c4c4 0 suppli$ f ! graduat$ gas-hold] ,f to ! vessel ,d1 conta9+ #ae grammes ( *>coal cool$ 9 liquid air1 ! residue :i* pass$ on unabsorb$ to ! sp>k+-tube ,,ab1 :i* _h a small *>coal bulb ,c atta*$1 %[$ ! ,c & ,f l9es ( hydrog51 ! yell[ & "s ( ! orange l9es ( neon & ! yell[ & gre5 ( helium4 ,by us+ a second *>coal vessel ,e1 ) /op-cocks at ,h1 ,i1 ,j1 ,k & ,l to facilitate manipulation1 consid]able quantities ( ! mo/ volatile gases c be collect$4 ,aft] ! *>coal 9 ,e has be5 saturat$1 ! /op-cock ,k is clos$ & ,i & ,j are op5$ = a %ort "t1 to all[ ! less cond5sable gas 9 ,e to be suck$ into ! second cond5s] ,d along ) "s portion ( air4 ,! cond5s] ,e is !n tak5 out ( ! liquid air1 heat$ quickly to #ae ,c4 to expel ! occlud$ air & replac$4 ,m air is !n pass$ 91 & by repeat+ ! op]ation sev]al times #ej litres ( air c be treat$ 9 a %ort "t1 supply+ sp>k+-tubes :i* w %[ ! complete spectra ( ! volatile con/itu5ts ( ! air4 ,! less volatile con/itu5ts ( ! atmosph]e1 krypton & x5on1 may be obta9$ by lead+ a curr5t ( air1 purifi$ by passage ?r\gh a s]ies ( tubes cool$ 9 liquid air1 ?r\gh a *>coal cond5s] also cool$ 9 liquid air4 ,! cond5s] is !n remov$ & plac$ 9 solid c>bon dioxide at -#gh ,c4 ,! gas t comes (f is all[$ to escape1 b :at rema9s 9 ! *>coal is got out by heat+ & exhau/ion1 ! c>bon comp\nds & oxyg5 are remov$ & ! residue1 consi/+ ( nitrog5 ) krypton & x5on1 is sep>at$ into its con/itu5ts by cond5sation & fractionation4 ,ano!r me?od is to cov] a few hundr$ grammes ( *>coal ) old liquid air1 :i* is all[$ to evaporate sl[ly 9 a silv]$ vacuum vessel2 ! gases rema9+ 9 ! *>coal are !n treat$ 9 ! mann] describ$ above4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4 ,*>coal enables a mixture conta9+ a high p]c5tage ( oxyg5 to be extract$ f ! atmosph]e4 ,9 "o exp]im5t #ej grammes ( x1 aft] be+ heat$ & exhau/$ 7 all[$ to absorb air at -#ahe ,c42 "s #e or #f litres 7 tak5 up 9 t5 m9utes1 & x !n presumably conta9$ air ( ! composition ( ! atmosph]e1 i4e4 #bj oxyg5 & #hj nitrog51 z %[n 9 fig4 #aa4 ,b :5 m air 0 pass$ ov] x1 ! portion t 0 n absorb$ 0 f\nd to consi/ ( ab\t #ih nitrog51 %[+ t excess ( oxyg5 0 be+ absorb$1 & 9 ! c\rse ( a few h\rs ! occlud$ gas atta9$ a new & app>5tly def9ite composition exhibit$ 9 fig4 #ab4 ,:5 ! *>coal conta9+ ?is mixture 0 transf]r$ to a vacuum vessel & all[$ to w>m up sl[ly1 ! successive litres ( gas :5 collect$ & analyz$ sep>ately %[$ ! foll[+ composition3-- #a/ litre #ah4e oxyg5 #bnd litre #bj4f #crd litre #ec4j #d? litre #gb4j #e? litre #gi4j #f? litre #hd4j ,,table ,,ix4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,liquid ,volume ,volume ( ,gas ,boil+ ( #a gram at ,lat5t ,heatat #j ,c4 & ,liquid ,gases4 ,po9t4 ,boil+ ,po9t 9 gram #gfj mm4 p] 9 c4c4 ,calories4 gram ,calorie 9 c4c4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,sulphur\s acid #aj;,c4 #j4g #ig4j #c4f ,c>bonic acid - #gh4j #j4fe 7solid7 #adb4d #c4f ,e?yl5e -#ajc4j #a4g #aai4j #g4j ,oxyg5 -#ahb4e #j4i #ec4j #ac4b ,nitrog5 -#aie4f #a4c #ej4j #ae4i ,hydrog5 -#beb4e #ad4c #abe4j #hh4i ,helium -#bfi4j #g4j #ac4j #dej4j ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,calorimetry4--,c]ta9 liquid gases l5d !mselves conv5i5tly to ! con/ruction ( a calorimet]1 9 :i* ! heat 9 weigh$ quantities ( any sub/ance ) :i* x is desir$ to exp]im5t may be measur$ by ! quantity ( liquid gas !y are able to evaporate4 ,"o advantage ( ?is me?od is t a great range ( temp]ature is available :5 liquid air1 oxyg51 nitrog5 or hydrog5 is employ$ z ! calorimetric sub/ance4 ,ano!r is ! relatively l>ge quantity ( gas yield$ by ! evaporation1 z may be se5 f table ,,ix41 :i* %[s ! special physical con/ants ( ! v>i\s gases t are ( importance 9 calorimetry4 ,9 consequ5ce x is easy to detect #a_/ej gram calorie ) liquid air & s little z #a_/cjj gram calorie ) liquid hydrog54 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4--;,calorimetric ,app>atus4 ,! app>atus 7fig4 #ac7 consi/s ( a l>ge vacuum vessel ,a1 ( #b or #c litres' capacity1 conta9+ liquid air1 9 :i* is ins]t$ a small] vacuum vessel ,b1 ( #be-cj c4c4 capacity1 hav+ seal$ to x a long n>r[ tube ,g t projects above ! m\? ( ,a & is held 9 place by "s loosely pack$ cotton wool4 ,to ! top ( ?is tube ! te/ tube ,c1 conta9+ ! mat]ial "u inve/igation1 is connect$ by a piece ( flexible rubb] tub+ ,d2 ?is enables ,c to be tilt$ s z to ?r[ a piece or pieces ( ! conta9$ mat]ial into ! calorimet]4 ,an improv$ =m ( ?is receptacle1 atta*$ to ,b by a flexible tube at ,d1 is %[n at ,c4 ,9 ?is ,p is a wire movable ?r\gh a cork ,q & hav+ at its end a hook by :i* a piece ( ! sub/ance "u exam9ation c be pull$ up & dropp$ into ,b4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( o!r arrangem5ts ! sub/ance is at ! temp]ature ( ! room1 b :5 l[] initial temp]atures are desir$ a vacuum vessel ,h conta9+ solid c>bonic acid1 liquid e?yl5e1 air or o!r gas1 c be plac$ to envelop ,c or ,c1 or high] temp]atures may be obta9$ by fill+ ! surr\nd+ vessel ) vap\r ( wat] or o!r liquids4 ,! gas volatiliz$ 9 ,b is convey$ by a side tube ,e to be collect$ 9 a graduat$ receiv] ,f ov] wat]1 oil or o!r liquid4 ,if liquid hydrog5 is to be us$ z ! calorimetric sub/ance ! in/rum5t mu/ be s modifi$ z to prev5t ! ord9>y atmosph]e f ent]+ ,g1 & to t end a curr5t ( hydrog5 suppli$ f a ,kipp app>atus is arrang$ to fl[ cont9u\sly ?r\gh ,d & ,e until ! mom5t ( mak+ ! exp]im5t1 :5 x is cut (f by a suitable /op-cock4 ,9 ?is case ! out] vessel mu/ conta9 liquid hydrog5 in/ead ( liquid air4 ,,table ,x4 ---------------------------------------- #ah to -#gh to -#ahh to ,sub/ance4 -#gh ,c41 -#ahh ,c41 -#beb ,c41 or1 at or1 at or1 at -#cj ,c4 -#acc ,c4 -#bbj ,c4 ---------------------------------------- ,diamond #j4jgid #j4jaij #j4jjdc ,graphite #j4acda #j4jeii #j4jacc ,ice #j4dfc99 #j4bhe #j4adf ---------------------------------------- 99 ,?is is f -#ah to -#gh 9 ! ice exp]im5t4 ,dew> us$ pure metallic lead = ! purpose ( convey+ def9ite am\nts ( heat to liquid gas calorimet]s ( ?is k9d1 t metal be+ select$ on ! gr\nd ( ! small v>iation 9 its specific heat at l[ temp]atures4 ,he 0 ?us able to det]m9e ! lat5t heats ( evaporation ( liquid oxyg51 nitrog5 & hydrog5 directly at _! boil+ po9ts1 & he also asc]ta9$ ! specific heats ( a l>ge numb] ( inorganic & organic bodies1 & ( "s gases 9 ! solid /ate1 su* z c>bon dioxide1 sulphur\s acid & ammonia4 ,p]haps 8 mo/ int]e/+ results 7 ^? :i* %[$ ! v>iation 9 ! specific heats ( diamond1 graphite & ice z typical bodies 7table ,x474 ,) ,pr(essor ,curie he us$ bo? ! liquid oxyg5 & ! liquid hydrog5 calorimet] = prelim9>y measurem5ts ( ! rate at :i* radium bromide gives out en]gy at l[ temp]atures4 ,! quantity ( ! salt available 0 #j4db gram1 & ! !rmal evolutions 7 z foll[s3-- ,gas evolv$ ,calories p] m9ute4 p] h\r4 ,liquid oxyg5 #e4e cc4 #bb4h ,liquid hydrog5 #ea4j #ca4f ,cry/als4 ,melt+ ice 44 #bd4a _/ ,liquid oxyg5 #b4j #h4c ,aft] fusion4 ,liquid oxyg5 #b4e #aj4c ,emanation cond5s$4 ,! app>5t increase ( heat evolution at ! temp]ature ( liquid hydrog5 0 probably due to ! calorimet] be+ too small2 hydrog5 spray 0 ?us c>ri$ away ) ! gas1 mak+ ! volume ( gas too great & inf]5tially also ! heat evolv$4 ,liquid air & liquid hydrog5 calorimet]s op5 up an almo/ unlimit$ field ( rese>* 9 ! det]m9ation ( specific heats & o!r !rmal con/ants1 & are c]ta9 to become common laboratory in/rum5ts = su* purposes4 ,*emical ,action4--,by extreme cold *emical action is enorm\sly r$uc$1 ?\gh x may n 9 all cases be entirely aboli%$ ev5 at ! l[e/ temp]atures yet atta9$2 "o reason = ?is dim9ution ( activity may d\btless be s\ght 9 ! fact t 9 su* conditions mo/ sub/ances are solid1 t is1 9 ! /ate lea/ fav\rable to *emical comb9ation4 ,?us an electric pile ( sodium & c>bon ceases to yield a curr5t :5 imm]s$ 9 liquid oxyg54 ,sulphur1 iron & o!r sub/ances c be made to burn "u ! surface ( liquid oxyg5 if ! combu/ion is prop]ly e/abli%$ be=e ! sample is imm]s$1 & ! same is true ( a fragm5t ( diamond4 ,nitric oxide 9 ! gase\s condition comb9es in/antly ) free oxyg51 produc+ ! highly-col\r$ gas1 nitric p]oxide1 b 9 ! solid condition x may be plac$ 9 contact ) liquid oxyg5 )\t %[+ any signs ( *emical action4 ,if ! comb9ation ( a portion ( ! mixture is />t$ by elevation ( temp]ature1 !n detonation may take place ?r\gh\t ! cool$ mass4 ,! /ability ( endo!rmic bodies l nitric oxide & ozone at l[ temp]atures requires fur!r inve/igation4 ,! behavi\r ( fluor9e1 :i* may be reg>d$ z ! mo/ active ( ! elem5ts1 is in/ructive 9 ?is respect4 ,z a gas1 cool$ to -#ahj ,c4 x loses ! p[] ( attack+ glass2 simil>ly silicon1 borax1 c>bon1 sulphur & phosphorus at ! same temp]ature d n become inc&esc5t 9 an atmosph]e ( ! gas4 ,pass$ into liquid oxyg51 ! gas dissolves & imp>ts a yell[i% t9t to ! liquid2 if ! oxyg5 has be5 expos$ to ! air = "s h\rs1 ! fluor9e produces a :ite floccul5t precipitate1 :i* if sep>at$ by filt]+ deflagrates ) viol5ce z ! temp]ature rises4 ,x appe>s to be a hydrate ( fluor9e4 ,z a liquid at -#baj fluor9e attacks turp5t9e also cool$ to t temp]ature ) explosive =ce & ! evolution ( light1 :ile ! direction ( a jet ( hydrog5 ^u its surface is imm$iately foll[$ by comb9ation & a fla% ( flame4 ,ev5 :5 ! po9t ( a tube conta9+ solid fluor9e is brok5 (f "u liquid hydrog51 a viol5t explosion ensues4 ,photographic ,action4--,! action ( light on photographic plates1 ?\gh greatly dim9i%$ at -#ahj1 is f> f be+ 9 abeyance2 an ,ea/man film1 = in/ance1 rema9s fairly s5sitive at -#baj4 ,at ! /ill l[] temp]ature ( liquid hydrog5 ! photographic activity is r$uc$ to ab\t half :at x is at t ( liquid air2 9 o!r words1 ab\t #aj ( ! orig9al s5sitivity rema9s4 ,exp]im5ts c>ri$ out ) an inc&esc5t lamp1 a ,rntg5 bulb & ! ultra-violet sp>k f magnesium & cadmium1 to discov] at :at di/ances f ! s\rce ( light ! plates mu/ be plac$ 9 ord] to receive an equal photographic impression1 yield$ ! results %[n 9 table ,,xi4 ,,table ,,xi4 ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,cool$ ,uncool$ ,ratio ( ,s\rce ( ,light4 ,plate4 ,plate4 ,int5sities at ,balance4 ---------------------------------------- ------------- #af ,c4,p4 lamp #bj 94 #ej 94 #a to #f ,rntg5 bulb #aj 94 #bd 94 #a to #f ,ultra-violet sp>k #bb 94 #ij 94 #a to #af ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,x appe>s t ! photographic action ( bo? ! inc&esc5t lamp & ! ,rntg5 rays is r$uc$ by ! temp]ature ( liquid air to #ag ( t ex]t$ at ord9>y temp]atures1 :ile ultra-violet radiation reta9s only #f4 ,x is possible t ! great] dissipation ( ! latt] by ! photographic film at l[ temp]atures ?an at ord9>y ones is due to its absorption & subsequ5t emission z a phosphoresc5t gl[1 & t if ! plate c\ld be develop$ at a l[ temp]ature x w\ld %[ no effect1 ! photographic action tak+ place subsequ5tly ?r\gh an int]nal phosphoresc5ce 9 ! film dur+ ! "t x is heat+ up4 ,) reg>d to ! transp>5cy ( bodies to ! ,rntg5 radiation at l[ temp]atures1 small tubes ( ! same bore1 fill$ ) liquid argon & *lor9e1 potassium1 phosphorus1 alum9ium1 silicon & sulphur1 7 expos$ at ! temp]ature ( liquid air 79 ord] to keep ! argon & *lor9e solid71 9 front ( a photographic plate %ield$ ) a %eet ( alum9ium1 to an ,x-ray bulb4 ,! sequ5ce ( ! elem5ts z m5tion$ repres5ts ! ord] ( increas+ opacity obs]v$ 9 ! %ad[s4 ,sodium & liquid oxyg5 & air1 nitr\s & nitric oxides1 prov$ mu* m transp>5t ?an *lor9e4 ,tubes ( potassium1 argon & liquid *lor9e %[$ no v m>k$ diff]5ce ( d5sity on ! photographic plates4 ,x appe>s t argon is relatively m opaque to ! ,rntg5 radiation ?an ei!r oxyg51 nitrog5 or sodium1 & is on a level ) potassium1 *lor9e1 phosphorus1 alum9ium & sulphur4 ,?is fact may be reg>d$ z support+ ! view t ! atomic weight ( argon is twice its d5sity relative to hydrog51 s9ce 9 g5]al ! opacity ( elem5ts 9 ! solid /ate increases ) ! atomic weight4 ,phosphoresc5ce4--,phosphoresc+ sulphides ( calcium1 :i* are lum9\s at ord9>y temp]atures1 & ^: emission ( light is increas$ by heat+1 cease to be lum9\s if cool$ to -#hj ,c4 ,b _! light en]gy is m]ely r5d]$ lat5t1 n de/roy$1 by su* cold1 & !y /ill reta9 ! capacity ( tak+ 9 light en]gy at ! l[ temp]ature1 to be evolv$ aga9 :5 !y are w>m$4 ,at ! temp]ature ( liquid air _m bodies become phosphoresc5t :i* d n exhibit ! ph5om5on at all1 or only to a v slight ext5t1 at ord9>y temp]atures1 e4g4 ivory1 indi>ubb]1 egg-%ells1 fea!rs1 cottonwool1 pap]1 milk1 gelat9e1 :ite ( egg1 c4 ,( def9ite *emical comp\nds1 ! plat9ocyanides among ! inorganic bodies seem to yield ! mo/ brilliant effects4 ,cry/als ( ammonium plat9ocyanide1 if /imulat$ by exposure to ! ultra-violet radiation ( ! electric arc--or bett] /ill ( a m]cury vap\r lamp 9 qu>tz--:ile kept moi/5$ ) liquid air1 may be se5 9 ! d>k to gl[ fa9tly s long z !y are kept cold1 b become exce$+ly brilliant :5 ! liquid air evaporates & ! temp]ature rises4 ,among organic bodies ! ph5om5on is p>ticul>ly well m>k$ ) ! ketonic comp\nds & o!rs ( ! same type4 ,! *loro-1 bromo-1 iodo-1 sulpho- & nitro-comp\nds %[ v little effect z a rule4 ,! activity ( ! alcohols1 :i* is usually consid]able1 is de/roy$ by ! addition ( a little iod9e4 ,col\r$ salts1 c41 are mo/ly inf]ior 9 activity to :ite ones4 ,:5 ! l[] temp]ature ( liquid hydrog5 is employ$ !re is a great increase 9 phosphoresc5ce "u light /imulation z comp>$ ) t obs]v$ ) liquid air4 ,! radio-active bodies1 l radium1 :i* exhibit self-lum9osity 9 ! d>k1 ma9ta9 t lum9osity unimpair$ :5 cool$ 9 liquid hydrog54 ,"s cry/als become = a "t self-lum9\s :5 plac$ 9 liquid hydrog51 because ! high electric /imulation due to ! cool+ causes actual electric dis*>ges betwe5 ! cry/al molecules4 ,?is ph5om5on is v pron\nc$ ) nitrate ( uranium & "s plat9ocyanides1 & cool+ su* cry/als ev5 to ! temp]ature ( liquid air is suffici5t to develop m>k$ electrical & lum9\s effects1 :i* are aga9 obs]v$1 :5 ! cry/al is tak5 out ( ! liquid1 dur+ its return to normal temp]ature4 ,s9ce bo? liquid hydrog5 & liquid air are good electrical insulators1 ! fact t electric dis*>ges take place 9 !m proves t ! electric pot5tial g5]at$ by ! cool+ mu/ be v high4 ,a cry/al ( nitrate ( uranium inde$ gets s highly *>g$ electrically t x refuses to s9k 9 liquid air1 al?\gh its d5sity is #b4h times great]1 b /icks to ! side ( ! vacuum vessel1 & requires = its displacem5t a di/9ct pull on ! silk ?read to :i* x is atta*$4 ,su* a cry/al quickly removes cl\d9ess f liquid air by attract+ all ! susp5d$ p>ticles to its surface1 j z a fog is cle>$ out ( air by electrification4 ,x is int]e/+ to obs]ve t nei!r fus$ nitrate ( uranium nor its solution 9 absolute alcohol %[s any ( ! rem>kable effects ( ! cry/all9e /ate on cool+4 ,cohesion4--,! physical =ce kn[n z cohesion is greatly increas$ by l[ temp]atures4 ,?is fact is ( mu* int]e/ 9 connexion ) two conflict+ !ories ( matt]4 ,"l ,kelv9's view 0 t ! =ces t hold toge!r ! ultimate p>ticles ( bodies may be acc\nt$ = )\t assum+ any o!r =ces ?an t ( gravitation1 or any o!r law ?an ! ,newtonian4 ,an opposite view is t ! ph5om5a ( cohesion1 *emical union1 c41 or ! g5]al ph5om5a ( ! aggregation ( molecules1 dep5d on ! molecul> vibrations z a physical cause 7,tolv] ,pre/on1 ,physics ( ! ,e!r1 p4 #fd74 ,h5ce at ! z]o ( absolute temp]ature1 ?is vibrat+ en]gy be+ 9 complete abeyance1 ! ph5om5a ( cohesion %\ld cease to exi/ & matt] g5]ally be r$uc$ to an incoh]5t heap ( cosmic du/4 ,?is second view receives no support f exp]im5t4 ,atmosph]ic air1 = in/ance1 froz5 at ! temp]ature ( liquid hydrog51 is a h>d solid1 ! /r5g? ( :i* gives no h9t t ) a fur!r cool+ ( "s #bj degrees x w\ld crumble into p[d]4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! l[] ! scale ( temp]ature is desc5d$1 ! m p[]ful become ! =ces :i* hold toge!r ! p>ticles ( matt]4 ,a spiral ( fusible metal1 :i* at ord9>y temp]atures _c support ! weight ( an ounce )\t be+ /raight5$ out1 w1 :5 cool$ to ! temp]ature ( liquid oxyg51 & s long z x rema9s 9 t cool$ condition1 support sev]al p\nds & vibrate l a /eel spr+4 ,simil>ly a bell ( fusible metal at -#ahb ,c4 gives a di/9ct metallic r+ :5 /ruck4 ,balls ( iron1 lead1 t91 ivory1 c41 ?us cool$1 exhibit an increas$ reb\nd :5 dropp$ f a height2 an indi>ubb] ball1 on ! o!r h&1 becomes brittle1 & is sma%$ to atoms by a v mod]ate fall4 ,tables ,,xii4 & ,,xiii41 :i* give ! mean results ( a l>ge numb] ( exp]im5ts1 %[ ! increas$ break+ /ress ga9$ by metals :ile !y are cool$ to ! temp]ature ( liquid oxyg54 ,,table ,,xii4--,break+ ,/ress 9 ,p\nds ( ,metallic ,wires #j4jih in* 9 diamet]4 #ae ,c4 -#ahb ,c4 ,/eel 7s(t7 #dbj #gjj ,iron #cbj #fgj ,copp] #bjj #cjj ,brass #caj #ddj ,g]man silv] #dgj #fjj ,gold #bee #cdj ,silv] #ccj #dbj ,,table ,,xiii4--,break+ ,/ress 9 ,p\nds ( ,ca/ ,metallic ,te/pieces2 diamet] ( rod #j4b in*4 #ae ,c4 -#ahb ,c4 ,t9 #bjj #cij ,lead #gg #agj ,z9c #ce #bf ,m]cury #j #ca ,bismu? #fj #cj ,antimony #fa #cj ,sold] #cjj #fde ,fusible1 metal 7,wood7 #adj #dej ,9 ! second s]ies ( exp]im5ts ! te/-pieces 7 #b 94 long & 7 all ca/ 9 ! same m\ld4 ,x w be notic$ t 9 ! cases ( z9c1 bismu? & antimony ! results appe> to be abnormal1 b x may be po9t$ out t x is difficult to get uni=m ca/+s ( cry/all9e bodies1 & x is probable t by cool+ su* /resses are set up 9 "s set ( cleavage planes z to r5d] rupture comp>atively easy4 ,9 ! case ( /rong /eel spr+s ! rigidity modulus does n appe> to be greatly affect$ by cold1 = al?\gh a numb] 7 exam9$1 no measurable diff]5ces c\ld be detect$ 9 _! elongation "u repeat$ additions ( ! same load4 ,no quantitative exp]im5ts h be5 made on ! cohesive prop]ties ( ! metals at ! temp]ature ( boil+ hydrog5 7-#beb71 ow+ to ! s]i\s co/ t w\ld be involv$4 ,a lead wire cool$ 9 liquid hydrog5 did n become brittle1 z x c\ld be b5t backw>ds & =w>ds 9 ! liquid4 ,electrical ,resi/ivity4--,! fir/ exp]im5ts on ! conductivity ( metals at l[ temp]atures appe> to h be5 made by ,wroblewski 7,comptes r5dus1 ci4 #afj71 & by ,cailletet & ,b\ty 7,j\rn4 de phys4 #ahhe1 p4 #big74 ,! =m]'s exp]im5ts 7 und]tak5 to te/ ! sugge/ion made by ,clausius t ! resi/ivity ( pure metals is s5sibly proportional to ! absolute temp]ature2 he work$ ) copp] hav+ a conductibility ( #ih1 & c>ri$ out measurem5ts at v>i\s temp]atures1 ! l[e/ ( :i* 0 t giv5 by liquid nitrog5 boil+ "u r$uc$ pressure4 ,8 g5]al conclusion 0 t ! resi/ivity decreases mu* m quickly ?an ! absolute temp]ature1 s z to approa* z]o at a po9t n f> bel[ ! temp]ature ( nitrog5 evaporat+ 9 vacuo4 ,cailletet & ,b\ty1 us+ e?yl5e z ! refrig]ant1 & exp]im5t+ at temp]atures rang+ f #j ,c4 to -#ajj ,c4 & -#abc ,c41 con/ruct$ =mulae int5d$ to give ! coeffici5ts ( v>iation 9 electrical resi/ance = m]cury1 t91 silv]1 magnesium1 alum9ium1 copp]1 iron & plat9um4 ,betwe5 #ahib & #ahif ,dew> & ,flem+ c>ri$ out a l>ge numb] ( exp]im5ts to asc]ta9 ! *anges ( conductivity t occur 9 metals & alloys cool$ 9 liquid air or oxyg5 to -#bjj ,c4 ,! me?od employ$ 0 to obta9 ! mat]ial "u inve/igation 9 ! =m ( a f9e regul> wire & to w9d x 9 a small coil2 ?is 0 !n plung$ 9 ! liquid & its resi/ance det]m9$4 ,! accompany+ *>t 7fig4 #ad7 gives ! results 9 a comp5di\s =m1 ! temp]atures be+ express$ n 9 degrees ( ! ord9>y air-!rmomet] scale1 b 9 plat9um degrees z giv5 by "o p>ticul> plat9um resi/ance !rmomet] :i* 0 us$ ?r\gh\t ! inve/igation4 ,a table %[+ ! value ( ^! degrees 9 degrees c5tigrade accord+ to ,dickson w be f\nd 9 ! ,phil4 ,mag4 = ,june #ahih1 p4 #ebg2 to give "s idea ( ! relation%ip1 x may be /at$ "h t -#ajj ( ! plat9um !rmomet] -#id4b ,c41 -#aej plat4 -#adj4gh ,c41 & -#bjj plat4 -#ahe4ec ,c4 ,9 g5]al1 ! resi/ance ( p]fectly pure metals 0 greatly decreas$ by cold--s mu* s t1 to judge by ! c\rse ( ! curves on ! *>t1 x appe>$ probable t at ! z]o ( absolute temp]ature resi/ance w\ld vani% altoge!r & all pure metals become p]fect conductors ( electricity4 ,?is conclusion1 h[ev]1 has be5 r5d]$ v d\btful by subsequ5t obs]vations by ,dew>1 :o f\nd t ) ! /ill l[] temp]atures atta9able ) liquid hydrog5 ! increases ( conductivity became less = ea* decrease ( temp]ature1 until a po9t 0 rea*$ :]e ! curves b5t %>ply r\nd & any fur!r dim9ution ( resi/ance became v small2 t is1 ! conductivity rema9$ f9ite4 ,! r$uction 9 resi/ance ( "s ( ! metals at ! boil+ po9t ( hydrog5 is v rem>kable4 ,?us copp] has only 7#a_/aje7?1 gold 7#a_/cj7?1 plat9um 7#a_/ce7? to 7#a_/ag7?1 silv] 7#a_/bd7? ! resi/ance at melt+ ice1 b iron is only r$uc$ to 7#a_/h7? "p ( ! same initial resi/ance4 ,table ,,xiv4 %[s ! progressive decrease ( resi/ance = c]ta9 metals & "o alloy z ! temp]ature is l[]$ f t ( boil+ wat] d[n to t ( liquid hydrog5 boil+ "u r$uc$ pressure2 x also gives ! vani%+ temp]ature1 at :i* ! conductivity w\ld become p]fect if ! resi/ance cont9u$ to decrease 9 ! same ratio ) /ill l[] temp]atures1 ! values be+ d]iv$ f ! extrapolation curves ( ! relation betwe5 resi/ance & temp]ature1 accord+ to ,call5d> & ,dickson4 ,x w be se5 t _m ( ! sub/ances h actually be5 cool$ to a l[] temp]ature ?an t at :i* _! resi/ance ought to vani%4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4--;,*>t ( ! ,v>iation ( ,electrical ,resi/ance ( ,pure ,metals & ,alloys ) ,temp]ature4 7,dew> & ,flem+47 ,9 ! case ( alloys & impure metals1 cold br+s ab\t a mu* small] decrease 9 resi/ivity1 & ! cont9uations ( ! curves at no "t %[ any sign ( pass+ ?r\gh ! z]o po9t4 ,! influ5ce ( ! pres5ce ( impurities 9 m9ute quantities is /rik+ly %[n 9 ! case ( bismu?4 ,v>i\s specim5s ( ! metal1 prep>$ ) great c>e by purely *emical me?ods1 gave 9 ! h&s ( ,dew> & ,flem+ "s v anomal\s results1 appe>+ to rea* at -#hj ,c4 a maximum ( conductivity1 & !reaft] to increase 9 resi/ivity ) decrease ( temp]ature4 ,b :5 ! det]m9ations 7 c>ri$ out on a sample ( really pure bismu? prep>$ electrolytically1 a normal curve 0 obta9$ correspond+ to t giv5 by o!r pure metals4 ,z to alloys1 !re is usually "s def9ite mixture ( two pure metals :i* has a maximum resi/ivity1 (t5 great] ?an t ( ei!r ( ! con/itu5ts4 ,x appe>s too t high1 if n ! highe/1 resi/ivity corresponds to possible *emical comp\nds ( ! two metals employ$1 e4g4 plat9um #cc p>ts ) silv] #ff p>ts ,pt,ag#d2 iron #hj ) nickel #bj ,fe#d,ni2 plat9um #hj ) iridium #bj ,ir,pt#d2 & copp] #gj ) manganese #cj ,cu#b,mn4 ,! product obta9$ by add+ a small quantity ( "o metal to ano!r has a high] specific resi/ance ?an ! pr$om9ant con/itu5t1 b ! curve is p>allel to1 & !re=e ! same 9 %ape z1 t ( ! latt] 7cf4 ! curves = v>i\s mixtures ( ,al & ,cu on ! *>t74 ,! behavi\r ( c>bon & ( insulators l gutta-p]*a1 glass1 ebonite1 c41 is 9 complete contra/ to ! metals1 = _! resi/ivity /eadily increases ) cold4 ,! !rmo-electric prop]ties ( metals at l[ temp]atures are discuss$ 9 ! article ,,!rmoelectricity4 ,,table ,,xiv4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------- ,plat9um- ,metals4 ,plat9um4 rhodium ,gold4 ,silv]4 ,copp]4 ,iron4 ,alloy4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------- ,resi/ance at #ajj #ci4fee #cf4hg #af4aj #h4ccf #aa4egb #d4bij #j ,c #bh4hea #ca4ic #aa4eh #e4iij #h4aag #b4gfe c>bonic acid #ai4fbj 44 44 44 44 44 liquid oxyg5 #g4ffb #bb4ag #c4chj #a4ffi #a4ehi #j4fcc nitrog5 44 44 44 44 #a4adi 44 oxyg5 "u exhau/ion #d4fcd #bj4gc 44 44 44 hydrog5 #j4hbf #ah4if #j4cha #j4bdd #j4jgg #j4cef hydrog5 "u exhau/ion #j4gje #ah4ij #j4bih #j4bbf #j4jga ,resi/ance coeffici5ts #j4jjcgde #j4jjcfjgj4jjcijcj4jjciagj4jjdbeg #j4jjeeae ,vani%+ temp]atures 7,c5tigrade7_/ -#bdd4ej -#edc4ci-beg4ij-beb4bf-bbe4fb-beh4dj;,c4 -#bdd4ae -#ecj4cb-beg4h -#beb4be-bbf4jd-bdf4hj;,d4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------- ,magnetic ,ph5om5a4--,l[ temp]atures h v m>k$ effects ^u ! magnetic prop]ties ( v>i\s sub/ances4 ,oxyg51 long kn[n to be slightly magnetic 9 ! gase\s /ate1 is p[]fully attract$ 9 ! liquid condition by a magnet1 & ! same is true1 ?\gh to a less ext5t1 ( liquid air1 ow+ to ! proportion ( liquid oxyg5 x conta9s4 ,a magnet ( ord9>y c>bon /eel has its magnetic mom5t tempor>ily increas$ by cool+1 t is1 aft] x has be5 br\ght to a p]man5t magnetic condition 7ag$74 ,! effect ( ! fir/ imm]sion ( su* a magnet 9 liquid air is a l>ge dim9ution 9 its magnetic mom5t1 :i* decreases /ill fur!r :5 x is all[$ to w>m up to ord9>y temp]atures4 ,a second cool+1 h[ev]1 increases ! magnetic mom5t1 :i* is aga9 decreas$ by w>m+1 & aft] a few repetitions ( ?is cycle ( cool+ & heat+ ! /eel is br\ght into a condition su* t its magnetic mom5t at ! temp]ature ( liquid air is great] by a con/ant p]c5tage ?an x is at ! ord9>y temp]ature ( ! air4 ,! increase ( magnetic mom5t seems !n to h rea*$ a limit1 because on fur!r cool+ to ! temp]ature ( liquid hydrog5 h>dly any fur!r increase is obs]v$4 ,! p]c5tage diff]s ) ! composition ( ! /eel & ) its physical condition4 ,x is great]1 = example1 ) a specim5 temp]$ v s(t ?an x is ) ano!r specim5 ( ! same /eel temp]$ glass h>d4 ,alum9ium /eels %[ ! same k9d ( ph5om5a z c>bon ones1 & ! same may be said ( *rome /eels 9 ! p]man5t condition1 ?\gh ! effect ( ! fir/ cool+ ) !m is a slight increase ( magnetic mom5t4 ,nickel /eels pres5t "s curi\s ph5om5a4 ,:5 conta9+ small p]c5tages ( nickel 7e4g4 #j4hd or #c4hb71 !y behave "u *anges ( temp]ature mu* l c>bon /eel4 ,) a sample conta9+ #g4fe1 ! ph5om5a aft] ! p]man5t /ate _h be5 rea*$ 7 simil>1 b ! fir/ cool+ produc$ a slight increase 9 magnetic mom5t4 ,b /eels conta9+ #ah4fd & #bi ( nickel behav$ v diff]5tly4 ,! result ( ! fir/ cool+ 0 a r$uction ( ! magnetic mom5t1 to ! ext5t ( ne>ly #ej 9 ! case ( ! =m]4 ,w>m+ aga9 br\ght ab\t an increase1 & ! f9al condition 0 t at ! temp]ature ( liquid air ! magnetic mom5t 0 always less ?an at ord9>y temp]atures4 ,?is anomaly is all ! m rem>kable 9 t ! behavi\r ( pure nickel is normal1 z also appe>s to be g5]ally ! case ) s(t & h>d iron4 ,silicon1 tung/5 & manganese /eels are also sub/antially normal 9 _! behavi\r1 al?\gh !re are consid]able diff]5ces 9 ! magnitudes ( ! v>iations !y display 7,proc4 ,roy4 ,soc4 lx4 #eg et seq42 also ,! ,effect ( ,liquid ,air ,temp]atures on ! ,me*anical & o!r ,prop]ties ( ,iron & its ,alloys1 by ,sir ,james ,dew> & ,sir ,rob]t ,hadfield1 ,id4 lxxiv4 #cbf-ccf74 ,l[ temp]atures also affect ! p]meability ( iron1 i4e4 ! degree ( magnetization x is capable ( acquir+ "u ! influ5ce ( a c]ta9 magnetic =ce4 ,) f9e ,sw$i% iron1 c>efully anneal$1 ! p]meability is slightly r$uc$ by cool+ to -#ahe ,c4 ,h>d iron1 h[ev]1 9 ! same circum/ances suff]s a l>ge increase ( p]meability4 ,unh>d5$ /eel pian(orte wire1 aga91 behaves l s(t anneal$ iron4 ,z to hy/]esis1 l[ temp]atures appe> to produce no appreciable effect 9 s(t iron2 = h>d iron ! obs]vations are undecisive4 ,biological ,rese>*4--,! effect ( cold ^u ! life ( liv+ organisms is a matt] ( great intr9sic int]e/ z well z ( wide !oretical importance4 ,exp]im5t indicates t mod]ately high temp]atures are mu* m fatal1 at lea/ to ! l[] =ms ( life1 ?an are exce$+ly l[ ones4 ,pr(essor ,m',k5drick froze = an h\r at a temp]ature ( -#ahb ,c4 samples ( meat1 milk1 c41 9 seal$ tubes2 :5 ^! 7 op5$1 aft] be+ kept at blood-heat = a few days1 _! cont5ts 7 f\nd to be q putrid4 ,m rec5tly "s m elaborate te/s 7 c>ri$ out at ! ,j5n] 7n[ ,li/]7 ,in/itute ( ,prev5tive ,m$ic9e on a s]ies ( typical bact]ia4 ,^! 7 expos$ to ! temp]ature ( liquid air = tw5ty h\rs1 b _! vitality 0 n affect$1 _! functional activities rema9$ unimpair$ & ! cultures :i* !y yield$ 7 normal 9 e respect4 ,! same result 0 obta9$ :5 liquid hydrog5 0 sub/itut$ = air4 ,a simil> p]si/5ce ( life has be5 demon/rat$ 9 se$s1 ev5 at ! l[e/ temp]atures2 !y 7 froz5 = ov] #ajj h\rs 9 liquid air at ! in/ance ( ,messrs ,br[n & ,escombe1 ) no o!r effect ?an to afflict _! protoplasm ) a c]ta9 in]tness1 f :i* x recov]$ ) w>m?4 ,subsequ5tly comm]cial samples ( b>ley1 peas & vegetable-m>r[ & mu/>d se$s 7 lit]ally /eep$ = six h\rs 9 liquid hydrog5 at ! ,royal ,in/itution1 yet :5 !y 7 s[n by ,sir ,w4 ,t4 ,?iselton ,dy] at ,kew 9 ! ord9>y way1 ! proportion 9 :i* g]m9ation occurr$ 0 no small] ?an ) o!r bat*es ( ! same se$s :i* _h suff]$ no abnormal treatm5t4 ,mr ,h>old ,s)9bank has f\nd t exposure to liquid air has little or no effect on ! vitality ( ! tub]cle bacillus1 al?\gh by v prolong$ exposures its virul5ce is modifi$ to "s ext5t2 b alt]nate exposures to normal & v cold temp]atures d h a decid$ effect bo? ^u its vitality & its virul5ce4 ,! sugge/ion once put =w>d by ,"l ,kelv91 t life may 9 ! fir/ in/ance h be5 convey$ to ?is planet on a meteorite1 has be5 object$ to on ! gr\nd t any liv+ organism w\ld h be5 kill$ be=e rea*+ ! e>? by its passage ?r\gh ! int5se cold ( int]/ell> space2 ! above exp]im5ts on ! resi/ance to cold (f]$ by se$s & bact]ia %[ t ?is objection at lea/ is n fatal to ,"l ,kelv9's idea4 ,at ! ,li/] ,in/itute ( ,prev5tive ,m$ic9e liquid air has be5 br\ght into use z an ag5t 9 biological rese>*4 ,an inquiry into ! intracellul> con/itu5ts ( ! typhoid bacillus1 initiat$ "u ! direction ( ,dr ,allan ,macfady51 necessitat$ ! sep>ation ( ! cell-plasma ( ! organism4 ,! me?od at fir/ adopt$ = ! dis9tegration ( ! bact]ia 0 to mix !m ) silv]-s& & *urn ! :ole up 9 a clos$ vessel 9 :i* a s]ies ( horizontal vanes revolv$ at a high spe$4 ,b c]ta9 disadvantages atta*$ to ?is proc$ure1 & accord+ly "s means 0 s\ght to d away ) ! s& & triturate ! bacilli p] se4 ,?is 0 f\nd 9 liquid air1 :i*1 z _h long be=e be5 %[n at ! ,royal ,in/itution1 has ! p[] ( r$uc+ mat]ials l grass or ! leaves ( plants to su* a /ate ( brittl5ess t !y c easily be p[d]$ 9 a mort>4 ,by its aid a complete trituration ( ! typhoid bacilli has be5 accompli%$ at ! ,j5n] ,in/itute1 & ! same process1 already appli$ ) success also to yea/ cells & animal cells1 is be+ ext5d$ 9 o!r directions4 ,indu/rial ,applications4--,:ile liquid air & liquid hydrog5 are be+ us$ 9 sci5tific rese>* to an ext5t :i* increases e day1 _! applications to indu/rial purposes are n s num]\s4 ,! temp]atures !y give us$ z simple refrig]ants are mu* l[] ?an are g5]ally requir$ indu/rially1 & su* cool+ z is ne$$ c be obta9$ q satisfactorily1 & f> m *eaply1 by refrig]at+ ma*9]y employ+ m easily cond5sable gases4 ,_! use z a s\rce ( motive p[]1 aga91 is impracticable = any ord9>y purposes1 on ! score ( inconv5i5ce & exp5se4 ,cases may be conceiv$ ( 9 :i* = special reasons x might prove advantage\s to use liquid air1 vaporiz$ by heat d]iv$ f ! surr\nd+ atmosph]e1 to drive compress$-air eng9es1 b any advantage s ga9$ w\ld c]ta9ly n be "o ( *eapness4 ,no d\bt ! p[] ( a wat]fall runn+ to wa/e might be tempor>ily cons]v$ 9 ! %ape ( liquid air1 & !reby turn$ to useful effect4 ,b ! r$uction ( air to ! liquid /ate is a process :i* involves ! exp5diture ( a v l>ge am\nt ( en]gy1 & x is n possible ev5 to recov] all t exp5d$ en]gy dur+ ! transition ( ! mat]ial back to ! gase\s /ate4 ,h5ce to sugge/ t by us+ liquid air 9 a motor m p[] c be develop$ ?an 0 exp5d$ 9 produc+ ! liquid air by :i* ! motor is work$1 is to prop\nd a fallacy worse ?an p]petual motion1 s9ce su* a process w\ld h an effici5cy ( m ?an #ajj4 ,/ill1 9 conditions :]e economy is ( no acc\nt1 liquid air might p]haps1 ) effectively isolat$ /orage1 be utiliz$ z a motive p[]1 e4g4 to drive ! eng9es ( subm>9e boats & at ! same "t provide a supply ( oxyg5 = ! crew2 ev5 )\t be+ us$ 9 ! eng9es1 liquid air or oxyg5 might be f\nd a conv5i5t =m 9 :i* to /ore ! air necess>y = respiration 9 su* vessels4 ,b a use to :i* liquid air ma*9es h already be5 put to a l>ge ext5t is = obta9+ oxyg5 f ! atmosph]e4 ,al?\gh :5 air is liquefi$ ! oxyg5 & nitrog5 are cond5s$ simultane\sly1 yet ow+ to its great] volatility ! latt] boils (f ! m quickly ( ! two1 s t ! rema9+ liquid becomes gradually ri*] & ri*] 9 oxyg54 ,! fractional di/illation ( liquid air is ! me?od n[ univ]sally adopt$ = ! prep>ation ( oxyg5 on a comm]cial scale1 :ile ! nitrog5 simultane\sly obta9$ is us$ = ! production ( cyanamide1 by its action on c>bide ( calcium4 ,an int]e/+ ?\gh m9or application ( liquid oxyg51 or liquid air f :i* mo/ ( ! nitrog5 has evaporat$1 dep5ds on ! fact t if x be mix$ ) p[d]$ *>coal1 or f9ely divid$ organic bodies1 x c be made by ! aid ( a detonator to explode ) a viol5ce comp>able to t ( dynamite4 ,?is explosive1 :i* might prop]ly be call$ an em]g5cy "o1 has ! disadvantage t x mu/ be prep>$ on ! spot :]e x is to be us$ & mu/ be fir$ )\t delay1 s9ce ! liquid evaporates 9 a %ort "t & ! explosive p[] is lo/2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 if a *>ge fails to g (f x has only to be left a few m9utes1 :5 x c be )drawn )\t any dang] ( accid5tal explosion4 ,= fur!r in=mation ! read] may consult ,w4 ,l4 ,h>d91 ,rise & ,developm5t ( ! ,liquefaction ( ,gases 7,new ,york1 #ahii71 & ,lefvre1 ,la ,liqufaction des gaz et ses applications2 also ! article ,,cond5sation ,,( ,,gases4 ,b ! lit]ature ( liquid gases is mo/ly conta9$ 9 sci5tific p]iodicals & ! proce$+s ( le>n$ societies4 ,pap]s by ,wroblewski & ,olszewski on ! liquefaction ( oxyg5 & nitrog5 may be f\nd 9 ! ,comptes r5dus1 vols1 xcvi4-cii41 & !re are important memoirs by ! =m] on ! relations betwe5 ! gase\s & liquid /ates & on ! compressibility ( hydrog5 9 ,wi54 ,akad4 ,sitzb]4 vols4 xciv4 & xcvii42 8 pamphlet ,comme l'air a t liqufi 7,p>is1 #ahhe7 %\ld also be ref]r$ to4 ,= ,dew>'s "w1 see ,proc4 ,roy4 ,in/4 f #ahgh onw>ds1 includ+ ,solid ,hydrog5 7#aijj72 ,liquid ,hydrog5 ,calorimetry 7#aijd72 ,new ,l[ ,temp]ature ,ph5om5a 7#aije72 ,liquid ,air & ,*>coal at ,l[ ,temp]atures 7#aijf72 ,/udies 9 ,high ,vacua & ,helium at ,l[ ,temp]atures 7#aijg72 also ,! ,nadir ( ,temp]ature & ,alli$ ,problems 7,bak]ian ,lecture71 ,proc4 ,roy4 ,soc4 7#aija71 & ! ,presid5tial ,address to ! ,briti% ,association 7#aijb74 ,! rese>*es ( ,flem+ & ,dew> on ! electrical & magnetic prop]ties ( sub/ances at l[ temp]atures are describ$ 9 ,proc4 ,roy4 ,soc4 vol4 lx41 & ,proc4 ,roy4 ,in/4 7#ahif72 see also ,electrical ,resi/ance ( ,pure ,metals1 ,alloys & ,non-,metals at ! ,boil+-po9t ( ,oxyg51 ,phil4 ,mag4 vol4 xxxiv4 7#ahib72 ,electrical ,resi/ance ( ,metals & ,alloys at ,temp]atures approa*+ ! ,absolute ,z]o1 ibid4 vol4 xxxvi4 7#ahic72 ,!rmoelectric ,p[]s ( ,metals & ,alloys betwe5 ! ,temp]atures ( ! ,boil+-po9t ( ,wat] & ! ,boil+-po9t ( ,liquid ,air1 ibid4 vol4 xl4 7#ahie72 & pap]s on ! dielectric con/ants ( v>i\s sub/ances at l[ temp]atures 9 ,proc4 ,roy4 ,soc4 vols4 lxi4 & lxii4 ,optical & spectroscopic "w by ,live+ & ,dew> on liquid gases is describ$ 9 ,phil4 ,mag4 vols4 xxxiv4 7#ahib71 xxxvi4 7#ahic71 xxxviii4 7#ahid7 & xl4 7#ahie72 = pap]s by ! same au?ors on ! sep>ation & spectroscopic exam9ation ( ! mo/ volatile & lea/ volatile con/itu5ts ( atmosph]ic air1 see ,proc4 ,roy4 ,soc4 vols4 lxiv41 lxvii4 & lxviii4 ,an acc\nt ( ! influ5ce ( v l[ temp]atures on ! g]m9ative p[] ( se$s is giv5 by ,h4 ,t4 ,br[n & ,f4 ,escombe 9 ,proc4 ,roy4 ,soc4 vol4 lxii41 & by ,sir ,w4 ,?iselton ,dy]1 ibid4 vol4 lxv41 & _! effect on bact]ia is discuss$ by ,a4 ,macfady51 ibid4 vols4 lxvi4 & lxxi4 7,j4 ,dr47 ,,footnotes3 #a ,figs4 #a1 #e1 #f1 #g1 #aj1 #aa1 #ab1 #ac 9 ?is article are f ,proc4 ,roy4 ,in/41 by p]mission4 #b ,x may be not$ t n[ t ! comm]cial production ( oxyg5 is effect$ by ! liquefaction ( air1 ) sep>ation ( its con/itu5ts 9 :at is ess5tially a ,c(fey /ill1 ! *emi/ has at 8 comm& l>ge quantities n only ( ! less volatile con/itu5ts1 krypton & x5on1 b also ( ! m volatile ones1 neon & helium4 ,r\ghly a million volumes ( air conta9 #bj volumes ( neon & helium1 ab\t #ae ( ! =m] to #e ( ! latt]1 approximately #a volume ( hydrog5 be+ associat$ ) !m1 s t 9 view ( ! enorm\s am\nts ( oxyg5 t are produc$1 helium c be obta9$ 9 practically any quantity directly f ! atmosph]e4 ,,liquorice4 ,! h>d & semi-vitre\s /icks ( pa/e1 black 9 col\r & possess$ ( a sweet some:at a/r+5t ta/e1 kn[n z liquorice pa/e or black sug>1 are ! inspissat$ juice ( ! roots ( a legum9\s plant1 ,glycyrrhiza glabra1 ! radix glycyrrhizae ( ! ph>macopoeia4 ,! plant is cultivat$ ?r\gh\t ! w>m] p>ts ( ,europe1 especially on ! ,m$it]ranean %ores1 & to "s ext5t 9 ,l\isiana & ,cali=nia4 ,! roots = use are obta9$ 9 l5g?s ( #c or #d ft41 v>y+ 9 diamet] f #a_/d to #a 942 !y are s(t1 flexible & fibr\s1 & int]nally ( a bright yell[ col\r1 ) a *>act]i/ic1 sweet pleasant ta/e4 ,to ?is sweet ta/e ( its root ! plant owes its g5]ic "n ,glycyrrhiza 7,greek3 glykyrrhiza1 ! sweet-root71 ( :i* ! ^w liquorice is a corruption4 ,! roots conta9 grape-sug>1 />*1 res91 asp>ag9e1 malic acid & ! glucoside glycyrrhiz91 ,c#bd;,h#cf,o#i1 a yell[ amorph\s p[d] ) an acid reaction & a di/9ctive bitt]-sweet ta/e4 ,on hydrolysis1 glycyrrhiz9 yields glucose & glycyrrhet94 ,/ick liquorice is made by cru%+ & gr9d+ ! roots to a pulp1 :i* is boil$ 9 wat] ov] an op5 fire1 & ! decoction sep>at$ f ! solid residue ( ! root is evaporat$ till a suffici5t degree ( conc5tration is atta9$1 aft] :i*1 on cool+1 x is roll$ into ! =m ( /icks or o!r %apes = ! m>ket4 ,! prep>ation ( ! juice is a widely ext5d$ indu/ry along ! ,m$it]ranean coa/s2 b ! quality be/ appreciat$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom is made 9 ,calabria1 & sold "u ! names ( ,solazzi & ,corigliano juice4 ,liquorice ent]s into ! composition ( _m c\gh loz5ges & o!r demulc5t prep>ations2 & 9 ! =m ( aromatic syrups & elixirs x has a rem>kable effect 9 mask+ ! ta/e ( nause\s m$ic9es4 ,,liquor ,,laws4 ,9 mo/ ,we/]n c\ntries ! sale ( alcoholic liquor is regulat$ by law4 ,! orig9al & pr9cipal object is to *eck ! evils aris+ f ! immod]ate use ( su* liquor1 9 ! int]e/ ( public ord]1 morality & heal?2 a second>y object is to raise rev5ue f ! traffic4 ,! =m & ! /r+5cy ( ! laws pass$ = ^! purposes v>y v widely 9 diff]5t c\ntries accord+ to ! habits ( ! p & ! /ate ( public op9ion4 ,! evils :i* x is desir$ to *eck are mu* great] 9 "s c\ntries ?an 9 o!rs4 ,g5]ally speak+ !y are great] 9 nor!rn c\ntries & cold & damp climates ?an 9 s\!rn & m sunny ones4 ,climate has a m>k$ influ5ce on diet = physiological reasons ov] :i* we h no control4 ,! fact is atte/$ by univ]sal exp]i5ce & is p]fectly natural & inevitable1 ?\gh usually ignor$ 9 ^? int]national comp>isons ( economic conditions & popul> cu/oms :i* h become s common4 ,x holds good bo? ( food & dr9k4 ,! inhabitants ( s\? ,europe are mu* less giv5 to alcoholic excess ?an ^? ( c5tral ,europe1 :o aga9 are m temp]ate ?an ^? ( ! nor?4 ,!re is ev5 a diff]5ce betwe5 localities s ne> toge!r z ! ea/ & we/ ( ,scotl&4 ,! *airman ( ! ,prison ,commission]s po9t$ out be=e a ,briti% royal commission 9 ! ye> #ahig ! great] preval5ce ( drunk5ness 9 ! we/]n half1 & attribut$ x 9 "p to ! dampness ( ! climate on ! we/]n coa/4 ,b race also has an influ5ce4 ,! ,briti% c>ry ! habit ( dr9k+ :]ev] !y g1 & _! colonial desc5dants reta9 x ev5 9 hot & dry climates4 ,! ,slav peoples & ! ,magy>s 9 c5tral ,europe are mu* m intemp]ate ?an ! ,teutonic & ,lat9 peoples liv+ "u simil> climatic conditions4 ,^! natural diff]5ces lead1 9 accordance ) ! pr9ciple disc]n$ & enunciat$ by ,montesquieu1 to ! adoption ( diff]5t laws1 :i* v>y ) ! local conditions4 ,b social laws ( ?is "* also v>y ) ! /ate ( public op9ion1 n only 9 diff]5t c\ntries b 9 ! same c\ntry at diff]5t times4 ,! result is t ! subject is 9 a /ate ( incessant flux4 ,!re are n only _m v>ieties ( liquor laws1 b also frequ5t *anges 9 !m1 & new exp]im5ts are con/antly be+ tri$4 ,! g5]al t5d5cy is t[>ds increas$ /r+5cy1 n s mu* because ! evils increase1 ?\gh t happ5s 9 p>ticul> places at p>ticul> times1 z because public op9ion moves broadly t[>ds increas+ condemnation ( excess & increas+ reliance on legislative int]f]5ce4 ,! fir/ is due p>tly to a g5]al process ( ref9+ mann]s1 p>tly to m$ical influ5ce & ! gr[+ att5tion paid to heal?2 ! second to a univ]sal t5d5cy :i* seems inh]5t 9 democracy4 ,liquor laws may be classifi$ 9 sev]al ways1 b ! mo/ useful way = ! pres5t purpose w be to take ! pr9cipal me?ods ( conduct+ ! traffic z !y exi/1 "u f\r ma9 head+s1 & aft] a brief explanation give "s acc\nt ( ! laws 9 ! pr9cipal c\ntries :i* h adopt$ !m4 ,! f\r me?ods are3 7#a7 lic5s+ or comm]cial sale = private pr(it "u a legal p]mit2 7#b7 sale by au?oriz$ bodies n = private pr(it1 commonly kn[n z ! ,sc&9avian or company sy/em2 7#c7 /ate monopoly2 7#d7 prohibition4 ,x is n a sci5tific classification1 because ! company sy/em is a =m ( lic5s+ & prohibition is no sale at all2 b x foll[s ! l9es ( popul> discussion & is m intelligible ?an "o ( a m te*nical "* w\ld be4 ,all =ms ( liquor legislation deal ma9ly ) retail sale1 & p>ticul>ly ) ! sale = imm$iate consumption on ! spot4 #a4 ,lic5s+4--,?is is by f> ! olde/ & ! mo/ widely adopt$ me?od2 x is ! "o :i* fir/ sugge/s itself 9 ! natural c\rse ( ?+s4 ,m5 beg9 by mak+ & sell+ a ?+ )\t let or h9drance to please !mselves4 ,!n objections are rais$1 & :5 !y are /rong or g5]al en\gh ! law int]f]es 9 ! public int]e/1 at fir/ mildly2 x says 9 effect--,?is mu/ n g on 9 ?is way or to ?is ext5t2 !re mu/ be "s control1 & p]mission w only be giv5 to duly au?oriz$ p]sons4 ,su* p]sons are lic5s$ or p]mitt$ to c>ry on ! traffic "u conditions1 & !re is obvi\sly room = inf9ite gradations ( /rictness 9 grant+ p]mission & inf9ite v>iety 9 ! conditions impos$4 ,! proc$ure may v>y f m]e notification ( ! int5tion to op5 an e/abli%m5t up to a rigid & m9utely detail$ sy/em ( annual lic5s+ laid d[n by ! law4 ,b 9 all cases1 ev5 :5 m]e notification is requir$1 ! gov]n+ au?ority has ! "r to refuse p]mission or to )draw x = reasons giv51 & s x reta9s ! p[] ( control4 ,at ! same "t hold]s ( ! p]mission may be compell$ to pay = ! privilege & s contribute to ! public rev5ue4 ,! great m]it ( ! lic5s+ sy/em is its p]fect ela/icity1 :i* p]mits adju/m5t to all sorts ( conditions & to ! v>y+ dem&s ( public op9ion4 ,x is 9 =ce 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 :i* fir/ adopt$ x1 9 mo/ ,european c\ntries1 9 ! great] "p ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 includ+ bo? ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada1 9 ! o!r ,briti% dom9ions & else:]e4 #b4 ,! ,sc&9avian or ,company ,sy/em4--,! pr9ciple ( ?is me?od is ! elim9ation ( private pr(it on ! gr\nd t x removes an inc5tive to ! enc\ragem5t ( excessive dr9k+4 ,a monopoly ( ! sale ( liquor is entru/$ to a body ( citiz5s :o h1 or are suppos$ to h1 no p]sonal int]e/ 9 x1 & ! pr(its are appli$ to public purposes4 ,! sy/em1 :i* is also call$ dis9t]e/$ managem5t1 is adopt$ 9 ,sw$5 & ,norway2 & ! pr9ciple has be5 appli$ 9 a modifi$ =m 9 ,engl& & ,f9l& by ! op]ation ( philan?ropic societies :i*1 h[ev]1 h no monopoly b are on ! same legal foot+ z ord9>y trad]s4 #c4 ,/ate ,monopoly4--,z ! "n implies1 ?is sy/em consi/s 9 reta9+ ! liquor trade 9 ! h&s ( ! /ate1 :i* ?us secures all ! pr(it & is at ! same "t able to ex]cise complete control4 ,x is adopt$ 9 ,russia1 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates &1 9 reg>d to ! :olesale trade1 9 ,switz]l&4 #d4 ,prohibition4--,?is may be g5]al or local2 9 ! latt] case x is call$ local option or local veto4 ,! sale ( liquor is made illegal 9 ! hope ( prev5t+ dr9k+ altoge!r or ( dim9i%+ x by mak+ x m difficult4 ,g5]al prohibition has be5 tri$ 9 "s ,am]ican /ates1 & is /ill 9 =ce 9 a few2 x is also appli$ to native races1 "u civiliz$ rule1 bo? 9 ,africa & ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,local prohibition is widely 9 =ce 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,canada & ,au/ralasia1 ,sw$5 & ,norway4 ,9 c]ta9 areas 9 o!r c\ntries1 includ+ ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 ! sale ( liquor is 9 a s5se prohibit$1 n by ! law1 b by ! own]s ( ! prop]ty :o refuse to all[ any public-h\ses4 ,su* cases h no?+ to d ) ! law1 b !y are m5tion$ "h because ref]5ce is (t5 made to !m by advocates ( legal prohibition4 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,k+dom ,engl& has _h a v mu* long] exp]i5ce ( liquor legislation ?an any o!r c\ntry1 & ! /ory =ms an introduction necess>y to ! intellig5t compreh5sion ( liquor legislation 9 g5]al4 ,engl& adopt$ a lic5s+ sy/em 9 #aeea1 & has reta9$ x1 ) innum]able modifications1 ev] s9ce4 ,! ,engli% 7 notori\s = h>d dr9k+ = c5turies be=e lic5s+ 0 adopt$1 & f "t to "t sundry ef=ts _h be5 made to *eck x1 b :at ev5tually compell$ ! int]f]5ce ( ! law 0 ! gr[? ( crime & disord] associat$ ) ! public-h\ses t[>ds ! end ( ! #ae? c5tury4 ,numb]s ( m5 :o _h previ\sly be5 engag$ 9 ! civil w>s or on ! e/abli%m5t ( feudal h\ses 7 ?r[n on ! _w & betook !mselves to ! t[ns1 p>ticul>ly ,london1 :]e !y frequ5t$ ! ale-h\ses1 dic+ & dr9k+1 & liv$ l>gely on viol5ce & crime4 ,an act 0 pass$ 9 #adie aga9/ vagabonds & unlawful games1 :]eby ju/ices ( ! peace 7 emp[]$ to put away common ale-sell+ 9 t[ns & places :]e !y %\ld ?9k conv5i5t & to take sureties ( keep]s ( ale-h\ses 9 _! good behavi\r4 ,t 0 ! beg9n+ ( /atutory control ( ! trade4 ,! act cle>ly recogniz$ a connexion betwe5 public disord] & public-h\ses4 ,! latt] 7 ale-h\ses1 = at t "t ale 0 ! dr9k ( ! p2 spirits _h n yet come into common use1 & w9e1 ! consumption ( :i* on ! premises 0 prohibit$ 9 #aeeb1 0 only drunk by ! weal?i] classes4 ,e>ly ,hi/ory ( ,lic5s+4--,! act ( #aeea-aeeb1 :i* introduc$ lic5s+1 0 on ! same l9es b w5t fur!r4 ,x confirm$ ! p[] ( suppress+ common ale-sell+1 & enact$ t no "o %\ld be all[$ to keep a common ale-h\se or tippl+ h\se )\t obta9+ ! p]mission ( ! ju/ices 9 op5 session or ( two ( _! numb]4 ,x fur!r direct$ t ! ju/ices %\ld take f ! p]sons :om !y lic5s$ su* bond & surety by recognisance z !y %\ld ?9k conv5i5t1 & emp[]$ !m 9 qu>t] session to inquire into & try brea*es by lic5s$ p]sons ( ! conditions ( _! recognisances & cases ( p]sons keep+ ale-h\ses )\t lic5ces & to puni% ! (f5d]s 7,bonham ,c>t]1 ,royal ,commission on ,liquor ,lic5s+ ,laws1 vol4 iii474 ,?is act embodi$ ! :ole pr9ciple ( lic5s+1 & ! object 0 cle>ly /at$ 9 ! preamble3 ,= z mu* z intol]able hurts & tr\bles to ! commonweal? ( ?is realm do? daily gr[ & increase ?r\gh su* abuses & disord]s z are _h & us$ 9 common ale-h\ses & o!r places call$ tippl+ h\ses4 ,! evil 0 n due m]ely to ! use ( alcoholic liquor b to ! fact t ^! h\ses1 be+ public-h\ses1 7 ! resort ( idle & disord]ly *>act]s4 ,! di/9ction %\ld be borne 9 m9d4 ,! act seems to h be5 ( "s effect1 = no fur!r legislation 0 attempt$ = half a c5tury1 ?\gh !re is abundant evid5ce ( ! intemp]ate habits ( all classes4 ,mr ,bonham ,c>t] 7loc4 cit47 obs]ves3-- ,! recognisances ref]r$ to 9 ! act 7 valuable in/rum5ts = controll+ ! conduct ( ale-h\se keep]s4 ,! ju/ices1 9 ex]cise ( _! discretion1 requir$ ! recognisances to conta9 su* conditions = ! managem5t & good ord] ( ! bus9ess z !y ?\ght suitable4 ,9 ?is way a set ( regulations came into exi/5ce1 _m ( :i* 7 subsequ5tly embodi$ 9 acts ( ,p>liam5t4 ,9 "s c\nties g5]al rules 7 drawn up1 :i* e ale-h\se keep] 0 b\nd to obs]ve4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t among ! conditions laid d[n ab\t ?is "t 7 ! foll[+3 ,clos+ at #i ,p4,m4 & dur+ div9e s]vice on ,sunday2 9 "s cases complete clos+ on ,sunday except to travell]s2 ! lic5ce-hold] to notify to ! con/able all /rang]s /ay+ = m ?an a night & n to p]mit p]sons to cont9ue dr9k+ or tippl+2 prohibition ( unlawful games1 receiv+ /ol5 goods & h>b\r+ bad *>act]s2 ! use ( /&>d measures & prices fix$ by law4 ,!re 01 h[ev]1 no uni=mity ( practice 9 ^! respects until ! #ag? c5tury1 :5 an attempt 0 made to e/abli% /rict] & m uni=m control by a :ole s]ies ( acts pass$ betwe5 #afjc & #afbg4 ,! evils :i* x 0 s\ght to rem$y by ^! measures 7 ! exi/5ce ( unlic5s$ h\ses1 ! use ( ale-h\ses = m]e dr9k+ & ! preval5ce ( disord]4 ,x 0 decl>$ t ! anci5t & prop] use ( inns & ale-h\ses 0 ! refre%m5t & lodg+ ( travell]s1 & t !y 7 n meant = ent]ta9m5t & h>b\r+ ( lewd & idle p to sp5d & consume _! money & _! "t 9 lewd & drunk5 mann]4 ,regulations 7 /r5g!n$ = ! suppression ( unlic5s$ h\ses1 lic5ces 7 made annual1 & ! ju/ices 7 direct$ to hold a special lic5s+ meet+ once a ye> 7#afah74 ,p5alties 7 impos$ on innkeep]s = p]mitt+ tippl+1 & also on tippl]s & drunk>ds 7#afbe74 ,9 #afcd lic5s+ 0 fir/ appli$ to ,irel&4 ,lat] 9 ! c5tury heavy p5alties 7 impos$ = adult]ation4 ,! next *apt] 9 ! hi/ory ( lic5s+ has to d ) spirits1 & is v in/ructive4 ,spirits 7 n a native product l be]2 br&y 0 introduc$ f ,france1 g9 f ! ,ne!rl&s & :isky f ,irel&2 b d[n to ! ye> #afij ! consumption 0 small4 ,! home manufacture 0 /rictly limit$1 & high duties on import$ spirits r5d]$ !m too de> = ! g5]al public unless smuggl$4 ,consequ5tly ! p _h n acquir$ ! ta/e = !m4 ,b 9 #afij di/ill+ 0 ?r[n op5 to any "o on ! paym5t ( v trifl+ duties1 spirits became extremely *eap & ! consumption increas$ ) great rapidity4 ,regulation ( ! retail traffic 0 soon f\nd to be necess>y1 & by an act pass$ 9 #agjj-agja1 ! lic5s+ requirem5ts already exi/+ = ale-h\se keep]s 7 ext5d$ to p]sons sell+ di/ill$ liquors = consumption on ! premises4 ,a new class ( public-h\ses 9 ! %ape ( _s b>s grew up4 ,9 ! ye> #agcb a complete & detail$ survey ( all ! /reets & h\ses 9 ,london 0 c>ri$ out by ,william ,maitl&1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,out ( a total ( #ie1ifh h\ses he f\nd ! foll[+3 brew-h\ses #aga1 inns #bjg1 tav]ns #ddg1 ale-h\ses #eige1 br&y-%ops #hfei2 total numb] ( lic5s$ h\ses = ! retail sale ( liquor #ae1bhh1 ( :i* consid]ably m ?an "o-half 7 _s b>s4 ,! population 0 ab\t ?ree-qu>t]s ( a million4 ,ab\t "o h\se 9 e six 0 lic5s$ at ?is "t1 & t 9 spite ( attempts made to *eck ! traffic by re/rictive acts pass$ 9 #agbh-agbi4 ,! physical & moral evils caus$ by ! excessive consumption ( spirits 7 fully recogniz$2 an additional duty ( #es4 a gallon 0 plac$ on ! di/ill]1 & retail]s 7 compell$ to take out an excise lic5ce ( #bj p] annum4 ,! object 0 to make spirits de>] & !re=e less accessible4 ,at ! same "t1 ) a view to less5+ ! numb] ( h\ses1 ! lic5s+ proc$ure ( ! ju/ices 0 am5d$ by ! provision t lic5ces %\ld only be grant$ at a g5]al meet+ ( ! ju/ices act+ 9 ! division :]e ! applicant resid$1 ?us aboli%+ ! p[] conf]r$ by ! orig9al lic5s+ act1 ( any two ju/ices to grant a lic5ce4 ,?is *ange1 effect$ 9 #agbi1 0 a p]man5t improvem5t1 ?\gh x did n prev5t ! exi/5ce ( ! prodigi\s numb]s ( h\ses record$ by ,maitl& 9 #agcb4 ,! attempt to make spirits de>] by high excise duties1 on ! o!r h&1 0 adjudg$ a failure because x l$ to illicit trade1 & ! act ( #agbh 0 repeal$ 9 #agcb4 ,b ! evil 0 s gl>+ t ano!r & m dra/ic attempt 9 ! same direction 0 made 9 #agcf1 :5 ! fam\s ,g9 ,act 0 pass$ 9 response to a petition pres5t$ to p>liam5t by ! ,middlesex magi/rates1 decl>+ t ! dr9k+ ( g5eva & o!r di/ill$ wat]s _h = "s ye>s pa/ greatly increas$2 t ! con/ant & excessive use !re( _h de/roy$ ?\s&s ( ,8 ,maje/y's subjects2 t great numb]s ( o!rs 7 by its use r5d]$ unfit = useful lab\r1 debau*$ 9 morals & drawn into all mann] ( vice & wick$ness4444 ,! retail+ ( spirits 9 quantities ( less ?an #b gallons 0 made subject to a lic5ce co/+ #ej & ! retail] _h also to pay a duty ( #bjs4 on e gallon sold4 ,?is exp]im5t 9 high lic5s+ 0 a disa/r\s failure1 ?\gh en]getic attempts 7 made to en=ce x by :olesale prosecutions & by /r5g!n+ ! regulations aga9/ evasion4 ,public op9ion 0 inflam$ aga9/ x1 & ! only results 7 corruptions ( ! executive & an enorm\s increase ( consumption ?r\gh illicit *annels4 ,! consumption ( spirits 9 ,engl& & ,wales ne>ly d\bl$ betwe5 #agcc & #agdb1 & ! /ate ( ?+s 0 s intol]able t aft] mu* controv]sy ! high duties 7 repeal$ 9 #agdb ) ! object ( br++ ! trade back into au?oriz$ *annels2 ! co/ ( a lic5ce 0 r$uc$ f #ej to #a & ! retail duty f #bjs4 to #a;d4 a gallon4 ,?is p]iod witness$ ! high-wat] m>k ( intemp]ance 9 ,engl&4 ,f v>i\s contempor>y descriptions x is abundantly cle> t ! /ate ( ?+s 0 incomp>ably worse ?an any?+ 9 mod]n times1 & t wom51 ^: p>ticipation 9 ! practice ( dr9k+ & frequ5t+ public-h\ses is record$ by writ]s 9 ! previ\s c5tury1 7 affect$ z well z m54 ,! exp]i5ce is p>ticul>ly in/ructive because x includes examples ( excess & defici5cy ( opportunities & ! ill effects ( bo? on a p naturally incl9$ to indulg5ce 9 dr9k4 ,x 0 foll[$ by m judici\s action1 :i* %[$ ! adaptability ( ! lic5s+ sy/em & ! advantages ( a mean betwe5 laxity & sev]ity4 ,betwe5 #agdc & #agec acts 7 pass$ :i* increas$ control 9 a mod]ate way & prov$ mu* m successful ?an ! previ\s measures4 ,! retail lic5ce duty 0 mod]ately rais$ & ! regulations 7 am5d$ & made /rict]4 ,! class ( h\ses eligible = lic5s+ 0 = ! fir/ "t tak5 into acc\nt1 & ! retail+ ( spirits 0 only p]mitt$ on premises assess$ = rates &1 9 ,london1 ( ! annual value ( #aj2 ju/ices hav+ an int]e/ 9 ! trade 7 exclud$ f lic5s+ functions4 ,ano!r measure :i* _h an excell5t effect made tippl+ debts--t is1 small public-h\ses debts incurr$ = spirits--irrecov]able at law4 ,! result ( ^! measures 0 t consumption dim9i%$ & ! class ( h\ses improv$4 ,at ! same "t 7#agec7 ! g5]al lic5s+ provisions 7 /r5g!n$ & ext5d$4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 new lic5ces & ! r5ewal ( old ones 0 = ! fir/ "t recogniz$2 applicants = new lic5ces 9 c\ntry di/ricts 7 requir$ to produce a c]tificate ( "* f ! cl]gy1 ov]se]s & *ur*-w>d5s or f ?ree or f\r h\sehold]s4 ,! annual lic5s+ sessions 7 made /atutory1 & ! cons5t ( a ju/ice 0 requir$ = ! transf] ( a lic5ce f "o p]son to ano!r dur+ ! t]m = :i* x 0 grant$4 ,p5alties = infr++ ! law 7 increas$1 & ! lic5s+ sy/em 0 ext5d$ to ,scotl& 7#agee-agef74 ,) reg>d to w9e1 x has already be5 /at$ t consumption on ! premises 0 =bidd5 9 #aeeb1 & at ! same "t ! retail sale 0 re/rict$ to t[ns ( "s importance & ! numb] ( retail]s1 :o _h to obta9 an appo9tm5t f ! corporation or ! ju/ices1 0 /rictly limit$4 ,9 #affj consumption on ! premises 0 p]mitt$ "u a ,cr[n 7excise7 lic5ce1 good = a v>iable t]m ( ye>s2 9 #agef ?is 0 *ang$ to an annual excise lic5ce ( fix$ am\nt1 & 9 #agib w9e 0 br\ght "u ! same jurisdiction ( ! ju/ices z o!r liquors4 ,x is cle> f ! =ego+ t a great deal ( legislation occurr$ dur+ ! #ah? c5tury1 & t by successive enactm5ts1 p>ticul>ly ab\t ! middle ( ! c5tury1 ! lic5s+ sy/em gradually became adju/$ to ! requirem5ts ( ! "t & took a settl$ %ape4 ,! acts !n pass$ /ill =m ! basis ( ! law4 ,9 ! e>ly "p ( ! #ai? c5tury ano!r p]iod ( legislative activity set 94 ,a p>liam5t>y inquiry into illicit trade 9 spirits took place 9 #ahba1 & 9 #ahbh important acts 7 pass$ am5d+ & consolidat+ ! laws = ,engl& & = ,scotl&2 9 #ahcc a g5]al ,lic5s+ ,act 0 pass$ = ,irel&4 ,^! are /ill ! pr9cipal acts1 ?\gh !y h und]gone innum]able am5dm5ts & additions4 ,! ,engli% act ( #ahbh introduc$ c]ta9 important *anges4 ,a lic5ce f ! ju/ices 0 no long] requir$ = ! sale ( liquor = consumption (f ! premises1 & ! p[] ( ! ju/ices to suppress public-h\ses at _! discretion 7ap>t f ! annual lic5s+71 :i* !y _h possess$ s9ce #adie1 0 tak5 away4 ,! removal ( ?is p[]1 :i* _h long be5 obsolete1 0 ! natural coroll>y ( ! developm5t ( ! lic5s+ sy/em1 its great] /r+5cy & effici5cy & ! increase ( duties impos$ on ! trade4 ,m5 on :om ^! obligations 7 laid1 & :o 7 fre%ly au?oriz$ to c>ry on ! bus9ess e ye>1 c\ld n rema9 liable to summ>y deprivation ( ! privileges ?us grant$ & paid =4 ,! ju/ices _h absolute discretion to )hold lic5ces f an applicant :e!r new or old2 b an appeal 0 all[$ to qu>t] sessions aga9/ refusal & also aga9/ conviction = (f5ces "u ! act4 ,! ma9 po9ts 9 ! law at ?is "t 7 ! foll[+4 ,! sale ( alcoholic liquors = consumption on ! premises 0 =bidd5 "u p5alties except to p]sons au?oriz$ accord+ to law by ! ju/ices4 ,lic5ces 7 grant$ = "o ye> & _h to be r5ew$ annually4 ,! ju/ices held a g5]al meet+ ea* ye> at a specifi$ "t = ! purpose ( grant+ lic5ces2 ^? peculi>ly int]e/$ 9 ! liquor trade 7 disqualifi$4 ,! lic5ce conta9$ v>i\s provisions = regulat+ ! conduct ( ! h\se & ma9ta9+ ord]1 b clos+ 0 only requir$ dur+ ! h\rs ( div9e s]vice on ,sunday4 ,applicants = new lic5ces & = ! transf] ( old ones 7grant$ at a special sessions ( ! ju/ices7 7 requir$ to give notice to ! local au?orities & to po/ up notices at ! p>i% *ur* & on ! h\se conc]n$4 ,excise ,lic5ces4--,x w be conv5i5t at ?is po9t to expla9 ! relation betwe5 t "p ( ! lic5s+ sy/em :i* is conc]n$ ) ! conduct ( ! traffic & lies 9 ! jurisdiction ( ! ju/ices & t "p :i* has to d ) taxation or rev5ue4 ,! =m] is ! e>li] & m important bran* ( legislative int]f]5ce2 we h trac$ its hi/ory f #adie d[n to #ahbh4 ,its object f ! beg9n+ 0 ! ma9t5ance ( public ord] & good conduct1 :i* 7 impair$ by ! misuse ( public-h\ses2 & all ! successive enactm5ts 7 direct$ to t end4 ,!y 7 attempts to suppress or mod]ate ! evils aris+ f ! traffic by regulat+ x4 ,! excise lic5s+ sy/em has no?+ to d ) public ord] or ! conduct ( ! traffic2 its object is simply to obta9 rev5ue1 & = a long "t ! two sy/ems 7 q indep5d5t4 ,b "t & *ange gradually br\ght !m into contact & ev5tually !y came to =m two aspects ( "o unifi$ sy/em4 ,lic5s+ = rev5ue 0 fir/ introduc$ 9 #affj at ! same "t z duties on ! manufacture ( be] & spirits3 b x 0 ( an irregul> "* & 0 only appli$ to w9e1 :i* 0 n !n "u ! jurisdiction ( ! ju/ices at all 7see above74 ,9 #agaj a small annual tax 0 impos$ on ! retail]s ( be] & ale & collect$ by means ( a /amp on ! ju/ices' lic5ce4 ,9 #agbh an annual excise lic5ce ( #bj 0 impos$ on retail]s ( spirits1 & 9 #agcf ?is 0 rais$ to #ej 7see above74 ,! object ( ^! p>ticul> impo/s1 h[ev]1 0 r to *eck ! sale1 z previ\sly expla9$1 ?an to secure rev5ue4 ,9 #agef ! previ\s tax on ! retail sale ( w9e = consumption on ! premises 0 *ang$ to an annual excise lic5ce1 :i* 0 9 ! next ye> ext5d$ to made w9es & sweets 7,briti% w9es74 ,simil> lic5ces1 9 place ( ! previ\s /amps1 7 tempor>ily requir$ = be] & ale betwe5 #agbe & #agdb & p]man5tly impos$ 9 #ahjh4 ,?us ! sy/em ( annual excise lic5ces became gradually appli$ to all k9ds ( liquor4 ,9 #ahbe ! laws relat+ to !m 7 consolidat$ & br\ght into direct relation ) ! o!r lic5s+ laws4 ,x 0 enact$ t excise lic5ces = ! retail ( liquor %\ld only be grant$ to p]sons hold+ a ju/ices' lic5ce or--to use ! m correct t]m--c]tificate4 ,! actual p]mission to sell 0 obta9$ on paym5t ( ! prop] dues f ! excise au?orities1 b !y _h no p[] to )hold x f p]sons au?oriz$ by ! ju/ices4 ,& t 0 /ill ! sy/em 9 #aiaj4 ,lic5s+ s9ce #ahbh4--,!re 0 no *ange 9 ! =m ( ! ,briti% lic5s+ sy/em betwe5 ! consolidation ( ! law 9 #ahbe-ahbh & ! "t 7#aiaj7 at :i* we write2 b !re 7 a great _m *anges 9 adm9i/rative detail & "s *anges 9 pr9ciple4 ,only ! mo/ important c be m5tion$4 ,9 #ahcj a bold exp]im5t 0 tri$ 9 exempt+ ! sale ( be] f ! requirem5t ( a ju/ice's lic5ce4 ,any h\sehold] rat$ to ! p>i% 0 entitl$1 "u a bond ) sureties1 to take out an excise lic5ce = ! sale ( be] = consumption on or (f ! premises4 ,?is measure1 :i* appli$ to ,engl& & 0 commonly kn[n z ! ,duke ( ,well+ton's ,act1 _h two objects2 "o 0 to enc\rage ! consumption ( be] 9 ! hope ( wean+ ! p f spirits2 ! o!r 0 to c\nt]act ! practice ( tie+ public-h\ses to brew]ies by creat+ free ones4 ,) reg>d to ! fir/1 x 0 believ$ t _s-dr9k+ 0 increas+ aga9 at ! "t & 0 do+ a great deal ( h>m4 ,! reason appe>s to h be5 a great rise 9 ! returns ( consumption1 :i* foll[$ a l[]+ ( ! duty on spirits f #aas4 #h;d4 to #gs4 a gallon 9 #ahbe4 ,! latt] /ep 0 tak5 because ( ! preval5ce ( illicit di/illation4 ,9 #ahbc ! duty _h be5 l[]$ = ! same reason 9 ,scotl& f #fs4 #b;d4 & 9 ,irel& f #es4 #g;d4 to a uni=m rate ( #bs4 #d;d4 a gallon1 ) s mu* success 9 turn+ ! trade f illegal to legal *annels t a simil> *ange 0 ?\ght advisable 9 ,engl&1 z /at$4 ,! legal or app>5t consumption rose at once f #g to ne>ly #ac million gallons2 b x is d\btful if !re 0 mu* or any real increase4 ,accord+ to an (ficial /atem5t1 m ?an half ! spirits consum$ 9 #ahbj 7 illicit4 ,! facts are ( mu* int]e/ 9 %[+ :at _h already be5 %[n 9 ! #ah? c5tury1 t ! liquor trade w n be> unlimit$ taxation2 ! traffic is driv5 und]gr\nd4 ,x is highly probable t ?is acc\nts = "p ( ! great fall 9 consumption :i* foll[$ ! rais+ ( ! _s duty f #aas4 to #ads4 #i;d4 "u ,mr ,lloyd ,george's ,budget 9 #aiji4 ,) reg>d to ti$ h\ses1 ?is is ! orig9al =m ( public-h\se4 ,:5 be] 0 fir/ brew$ = sale a tap = retail purposes 0 atta*$ to ! brew]y1 & public-h\ses may /ill be f\nd be>+ ! "n ,! ,brew]y ,tap4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! #ai? c5tury compla9ts 7 made ( ! increas+ numb] ( h\ses own$ or controll$ by brew]ies & ( ! dep5d5ce ( ! lic5ce-hold]s1 & 9 #ahag a ,select ,committee inquir$ into ! subject4 ,! ,be]h\se ,act does n appe> to h *eck$ ! practice or to h dim9i%$ ! consumption ( spirits2 b x l$ to a great increase 9 ! numb] ( be]-h\ses4 ,x 0 modifi$ 9 #ahcd & #ahdj1 b n repeal$ until #ahfi1 :5 be]-h\ses 7 aga9 br\ght "u ! ju/ices4 ,mo/ ( ! o!r v num]\s *anges 9 ! law 7 conc]n$ ) conditions impos$ on lic5ce-hold]s4 ,! h\rs ( clos+ are ! mo/ important ( ^!4 ,ap>t f ! anci5t regulations ( clos+ dur+ div9e s]vice on ,sunday1 !re 7 no re/rictions 9 #ahbh2 b aft] t at lea/ a doz5 successive acts dealt ) ! po9t4 ,! fir/ important measure 0 appli$ 9 ,london "u a ,police ,act 9 #ahci2 x ord]$ lic5s$ h\ses to be clos$ f midnight on ,saturday to mid-day on ,sunday1 & produc$ a wond]ful effect on public ord]4 ,9 #ahec a v important act 7,=bes ,mack5zie7 0 pass$ = ,scotl&1 by :i* sale on ,sunday 0 :olly =bidd51 except to travell]s & lodg]s1 & 0 re/rict$ on week days to ! h\rs betwe5 #h ,a4,m4 & #aa ,p4,m4 ,?is act also introduc$ a di/9ction betwe5 hotels1 public-h\ses & groc]s lic5s$ to sell liquor1 & =bade ! sale to *ildr5 "u #ad ye>s1 except z mess5g]s1 & to intoxicat$ p]sons4 ,9 ,engl&1 aft] a s]ies ( enactm5ts 9 ! direction ( progressive re/riction1 uni=m regulations z to ! h\rs ( op5+ & clos+ = lic5s$ premises 7 appli$ 9 #ahgd1 & are /ill 9 =ce 7see bel[74 ,9 #ahgh complete ,sunday clos+1 z 9 ,scotl&1 0 appli$ 9 ,irel&1 ) ! exemption ( ! five l>ge/ t[ns1 ,dubl91 ,belfa/1 ,cork1 ,lim]ick & ,wat]=d2 & 9 #ahha ! same provision 0 ext5d$ to ,wales4 ,o!r *anges wor?y ( note are ! foll[+4 ,9 #ahfj ! free sale ( w9e = consumption (f ! premises 0 introduc$ by ! ,w9e & ,refre%m5t ,h\ses ,act1 :i* au?oriz$ any %opkeep] to take out an excise lic5ce = ?is purpose2 ! lic5ces s creat$ 7 subsequ5tly kn[n z groc]s' lic5ces4 ,by ! same act refre%m5t h\ses 7 plac$ "u c]ta9 re/rictions1 b 7 p]mitt$ to sell w9e = consumption on ! premises "u an excise lic5ce4 ,9 #ahfa _s deal]s 7 simil>ly au?oriz$ to sell spirits by ! bottle4 ,! effect ( ^! measures 0 to exempt a good deal ( ! w9e & _s trade f ! control ( ! ju/ices1 & ! idea 0 to wean p f public-h\se dr9k+ by enc\rag+ !m to take :at !y want$ at home & 9 eat+-h\ses4 ,9 #ahfi ?is policy ( direct+ ! habits ( ! p into *annels ?\ght to be pref]able1 :i* _h be5 inaugurat$ 9 #ahcj1 0 ab&on$ = "o ( great] /r+5cy all r\nd1 :i* has s9ce be5 ma9ta9$4 ,all ! be] & w9e retail lic5ces 7 br\ght "u ! discretion ( ! ju/ices1 b !y might only refuse (f lic5ces & ! r5ewal ( previ\sly exi/+ be]-h\se on lic5ces ^u specifi$ gr\nds1 namely 7#a7 unsatisfactory "*1 7#b7 disord]1 7#c7 previ\s misconduct1 7#d7 insuffici5t qualification ( applicant or premises4 ,9 #ahgb an important act fur!r ext5d$ ! policy ( re/riction2 new lic5ces _h to be confirm$1 & ! "r ( appeal 9 case ( refusal 0 tak5 away2 p5alties = (f5ces 7 increas$ & ext5d$1 p>ticul>ly = public drunk5ness1 & = p]mitt+ drunk5ness2 ! sale ( spirits to p]sons "u #af 0 prohibit$4 ,9 #ahgf _m ( ^! provisions 7 ext5d$ to ,scotl&4 ,9 #ahhf ! sale ( liquor = consumption on ! premises 0 =bidd5 to p]sons "u #ac ye>s4 ,9 #aija ! sale = (f consumption 0 prohibit$ to p]sons "u #ad1 except 9 seal$ vessels2 ?is is kn[n z ! ,*ild ,mess5g] ,act4 ,^! measures = ! protection ( *ildr5 7 ext5d$ 9 #aijh by an act :i* came into op]ation 9 ,april #aiji1 exclud+ *ildr5 "u #ad f ! public-h\se b>s altoge!r4 ,! progressive protection ( *ildr5 by ! law well illu/rates ! influ5ce ( *ang+ public op9ion4 ,! successive measures enum]at$ 7 n due to increas+ contam9ation ( *ildr5 caus$ by _! frequ5t+ ! public-h\se1 b to recognition ( ! h>m !y su/a9 !reby4 ,! practice ( tak+ & s5d+ *ildr5 to ! public-h\se1 & ( s]v+ !m ) dr9k1 is an old "o 9 ,engl&4 ,a great deal ( evid5ce on ! subject 0 giv5 be=e a ,select ,committee ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons 9 #ahcd2 b x is only 9 rec5t ye>s1 :5 ! g5]al conc]n = *ildr5 has und]gone a rem>kable developm5t 9 all directions1 t attempts h be5 made to /op x4 ,9 #aijb clubs1 :i* _h be5 increas+1 & habitual drunk>ds1 7 br\ght "u ! law4 ,9 #aijd a new pr9ciple 0 introduc$ into ! lic5s+ sy/em 9 ,engl&1 & ?is1 too1 0 due to *ange 9 public op9ion4 ,betwe5 #ahcj & #ahfi1 "u ! influ5ce ( ! legislation describ$ above1 a cont9u\s increase 9 ! numb] ( public-h\ses took place 9 ,engl&2 b aft] #ahfi !y began to dim9i% ?r\gh /rict] control1 & ?is process has gone on cont9u\sly ev] s9ce4 ,r$uction ( numb]s became a prime object ) _m lic5s+ b5*es2 !y 7 reluctant to grant new lic5ces1 & made a po9t ( ext+ui%+ old ones ye> by ye>4 ,at fir/ ?is 0 easily effect$ "u ! new & /r+5t provisions ( ! legislation ( #ahfi-ahgb1 b x gradually became m difficult z ! wor/ h\ses disappe>$ & ! rema9+ ones 7 bett] conduct$1 & gave less & less excuse = int]f]5ce4 ,b ! desire = r$uction /ill ga9$ gr\nd1 & a new pr9ciple 0 adopt$4 ,h\ses aga9/ :i* no ill-conduct 0 alleg$ 7 said to be sup]flu\s1 & on t gr\nd lic5ces 7 tak5 away4 ,b ?is1 aga91 (f5d$ ! g5]al s5se ( ju/ice2 x 0 felt t to take away a man's liv+ or a valuable prop]ty = no fault ( 8 own 0 to inflict a great h>d%ip4 ,to meet ! difficulty ! pr9ciple ( comp5sation 0 introduc$ by ! act ( #aijd4 ,x provides t comp5sation %all be paid to a lic5ce-hold] 7also to ! own] ( ! premises7 ^: lic5ce is )drawn on gr\nds o!r ?an misconduct ( ! h\se or unsuitability ( premises or ( "*4 ,! comp5sation is paid out ( a fund rais$ by an annual *>ge on ! rema9+ lic5s$ h\ses4 ,?is act has be5 foll[$ by a l>ge r$uction ( lic5ces4 ,/ate ( ! ,law 9 #aiaj4--;,9 consequ5ce ( ! long hi/ory & evolution ( legislation 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom & ( ! innum]able m9or *anges introduc$1 only a few ( :i* h be5 m5tion$ above1 ! law has become excessively complicat$4 ,! diff]5ces betwe5 ! ,engli%1 ,scotti% & ,iri% codes1 ! di/9ction betwe5 ! sev]al k9ds ( liquor1 betwe5 consumption on & (f ! premises1 betwe5 new lic5ces & ! r5ewal ( old ones1 betwe5 premises lic5s$ be=e #ahfi & ^? lic5s$ s9ce1 betwe5 excise & ju/ices' lic5ces--all ^! & _m o!r po9ts make ! subject exce$+ly intricate2 & x is fur!r complicat$ by ! unc]ta9ty ( ! c\rts & a va/ body ( case-made law4 ,only a summ>y ( ! *ief provisions c be giv5 "h4 #a4 ,! op5 sale ( intoxicat+ liquor 7spirits1 w9e1 sweets1 be]1 cid]7 by retail is conf9$ to p]sons hold+ an excise lic5ce1 ) a few unimportant exceptions1 includ+ m$ic9e4 #b4 ,a condition prec$5t to obta9+ su* a lic5ce is p]mission grant$ by ! ju/ices :o are ! lic5s+ au?ority & call$ a ju/ices' lic5ce or c]tificate4 ,!atres1 pass5g] boats & cante5s are exempt$ f ?is condition2 also c]ta9 deal]s 9 spirits & w9e4 #c4 ,ju/ices' lic5ces are grant$ at special annual meet+s ( ! local ju/ices1 call$ ,brew/] ,sessions4 ,ju/ices hav+ a pecuni>y int]e/ 9 ! liquor trade ( ! di/rict1 except z railway %>ehold]s1 are disqualifi$ f act+2 bias due to o!r int]e/s may also be a disqualification4 #d4 ,ju/ices' lic5ces are only grant$ = "o ye> & mu/ be r5ew$ annually1 ) ! exception ( a p>ticul> class1 creat$ by ! act ( #aijd & valid = a t]m ( ye>s4 ,di/9ctions are made betwe5 grant+ a new lic5ce & r5ew+ an old "o4 ,! proce$+s are /rict] & m summ>y 9 ! case ( a new lic5ce2 notice ( application mu/ be giv5 to ! local au?orities2 ! premises mu/ be ( a c]ta9 annual value2 a plan ( ! premises mu/ be deposit$ be=eh& 9 ! case ( an on lic5ce2 ! ju/ices may impose conditions & h full discretion to refuse )\t any "r ( appeal2 ! lic5ce1 if grant$1 mu/ be confirm$ by a high] au?ority4 ,9 ! case ( old lic5ces on ! o!r h&1 no notice is requir$2 !y are r5ew$ to ! =m] hold]s on application1 z a matt] ( "r2 unless !re is opposition or objection1 :i* may come f ! police or f outside p>ties or f ! ju/ices !mselves4 ,if !re is objection ! r5ewal may be refus$1 b only on specifi$ gr\nds--namely misconduct1 unfitness ( premises or "*1 disqualification2 o!rwise comp5sation is payable on ! plan expla9$ above4 ,!re is a "r ( appeal to a high] c\rt aga9/ refusal4 ,9 all cases1 :e!r ! ju/ices h full discretion or n1 !y mu/ ex]cise _! discretion 9 a judicial mann] & n arbitr>ily4 #e4 ,lic5ces may be transf]r$ f "o p]son to ano!r 9 case ( dea?1 sickness1 bankruptcy1 *ange ( t5ancy1 wilful omission to apply = r5ewal1 =feiture or disqualification4 ,lic5ces may also be transf]r$ f "o h\se to ano!r 9 c]ta9 circum/ances4 #f4 ,a lic5ce may be =feit$ ?r\gh ! conviction ( ! hold] ( c]ta9 specifi$ s]i\s (f5ces4 #g4 ,p]sons may simil>ly be disqualifi$ f hold+ a lic5ce4 #h4 ,liquor may only be sold on ! premises specifi$ 9 ! lic5ce & dur+ ! foll[+ h\rs3--week-days2 ,london1 #e ,a4,m4 to #ab4cj ,p4,m4 7,saturday1 midnight72 l>ge t[ns #f ,a4,m4 to #aa ,p4,m42 o!r places #f ,a4,m4 to #aj ,p4,m4--,sundays2 ,london1 #a ,p4,m4 to #c ,p4,m41 #f ,p4,m4 to #aa ,p4,m42 o!r places #ab4cj ,p4,m4 7or #a ,p4,m47 to #b4cj ,p4,m4 7or #c ,p4,m471 #f ,p4,m4 to #aj ,p4,m42 ,*ri/mas ,day & ,good ,friday are c\nt$ z ,sunday4 ,9 ,scotl&1 ,wales & ,irel& 7except ! five *ief t[ns7 no sale is p]mitt$ on ,sunday4 ,lic5ce hold]s may sell dur+ prohibit$ h\rs to lodg]s /ay+ 9 ! h\se & to bona-fide travell]s1 :o mu/ be n less ?an #c m4 f ! place !y slept 9 on ! previ\s night4 ,ext5sion ( h\rs ( sale may be grant$ = special occasions & = special localities 7e4g4 e>ly m>kets74 #i4 ,! foll[+ proce$+s are prohibit$ 9 lic5s$ premises3 p]mitt+ *ildr5 "u #ad to be 9 a b>1 sell+ any liquor to *ildr5 "u #ad = consumption on ! premises1 sell+ liquor to *ildr5 "u #ad z mess5g]s except 9 cork$ & seal$ vessels1 sell+ spirits = consumption on ! premises to p]sons "u #af2 sell+ to drunk5 p]sons & to habitual drunk>ds2 p]mitt+ drunk5ness1 p]mitt+ disord]1 h>b\r+ pro/itutes1 h>b\r+ con/ables1 supply+ liquor to con/ables on duty1 brib+ con/ables1 p]mitt+ bett+ 7p]si/5t7 or gam+1 p]mitt+ premises to be us$ z a bro!l1 h>b\r+ ?ieves1 p]mitt+ s$iti\s meet+s2 p]mitt+ ! paym5t ( wag]s on premises2 p]mitt+ premises to be us$ = election committee rooms4 ,9 & )9 #bj m4 ( ,london music & danc+ are prohibit$ on lic5s$ premises except "u special lic5ces4 #aj4 ,! police h ! "r ( entry to lic5s$ premises at any "t = ! purpose ( prev5t+ or detect+ (f5ces4 #aa4 ,! injuri\s adult]ation ( any liquor is prohibit$2 also ! dilution ( be]2 b dilution ( spirits is n unlawful if ! cu/om]'s att5tion is drawn to ! fact4 #ab4 ,all clubs 9 :i* intoxicat+ liquor is sold mu/ be regi/]$4 ,if ! liquor is ! collective prop]ty ( ! memb]s no lic5ce is requir$ = retail sale1 b no liquor c be sold = consumption (f ! premises4 ,clubs run = pr(it1 kn[n z proprietory clubs1 are on ! same legal foot+ z public-h\ses4 #ac4 ,p5alties incurr$ by lic5ce-hold]s = (f5ces "u ! =ego+ provisions4 ,= sell+ any o!r k9d ( liquor ?an t au?oriz$--fir/ (f5ce1 f9e n exce$+ #ej or "o mon?'s imprisonm5t2 second (f5ce1 f9e n exce$+ #ajj or #c mon?s' imprisonm5t ) =feiture ( lic5ce &1 if ord]$1 confiscation ( liquor & disqualification = five ye>s2 ?ird (f5ce1 f9e n exce$+ #ajj or six mon?s' imprisonm5t ) =feiture ( lic5ce &1 if ord]$1 confiscation ( liquor & unlimit$ disqualification4 ,"u ! ,excise ,acts ! p5alty = sell+ )\t a lic5ce is--= spirits1 a f9e ( #ajj1 confiscation ( liquor1 =feiture ( lic5ce & p]petual disqualification2 = w9e1 a f9e ( #bj2 = be] or cid] on consumption #bj1 (f consumption #aj4 ,= sale to *ildr52 fir/ (f5ce1 f9e up to #b1 second (f5ce1 f9e up to #e4 ,p]mitt+ premises to be us$ z a bro!l1 f9e ( #bj1 =feiture ( lic5ce & p]petual disqualification4 ,o!r (f5ces1 f9e up to #aj = fir/ conviction1 up to #bj = second4 #ad4 ,! foll[+ are (f5ces on ! "p ( ! public4 ,be+ f\nd drunk on any highway or o!r public place or on lic5s$ premises2 p5alty1 f9e up to #ajs4 = fir/ conviction1 up to #bjs4 = second1 & up to #djs4 = ?ird4 ,riot\s or disord]ly conduct :ile drunk2 f9e up to #djs4 ,falsely pret5d+ to be a travell] or lodg]2 f9e up to #e4 ,caus+ *ildr5 to be 9 a b> or s5d+ !m = liquor contr>y to ! law2 f9e up to #b = fir/ & up to #e = second (f5ce4 ,attempt to obta9 liquor by a p]son notifi$ to ! police z an habitual drunk>d2 f9e up to #bjs4 = fir/ (f5ce1 up to #djs4 = subsequ5t ones4 ,giv+ drunk5 p]sons liquor or help+ !m to get x on lic5s$ premises2 f9e up to #djs4 or imprisonm5t = a mon?4 ,caus+ *ildr5 "u #aa to s+ or o!rwise p]=m on lic5s$ premises1 & caus+ boys "u #ad or girls "u #af to d s betwe5 #i ,p4,m4 & #f ,a4,m42 f9e up to #be or ?ree mon?s' imprisonm5t4 ,! =ego+ /atem5t ( ! law does n 9 all respects apply to ,scotl& & ,irel&1 :]e ! adm9i/ration diff]s some:at f t ( ,engl&4 ,9 ,scotl& ! provo/ & bailies are ! lic5s+ au?ority 9 royal & p>liam5t>y burghs1 & else:]e ! ju/ices4 ,!y hold two sessions annually = grant+ lic5ces & h consid]ably m p[] 9 "s respects ?an 9 ,engl&4 ,! h\rs ( op5+ are f #h ,a4,m4 to #aa ,p4,m4 7week days only71 b !re is a discretion>y p[] to close at #aj ,p4,m4 ,9 ,irel& ! lic5s+ au?ority is divid$ betwe5 qu>t] sessions & petty sessions4 ,public-h\se lic5ces are grant$ & transf]r$ at qu>t] sessions2 r5ewals & o!r lic5ces are dealt ) at petty sessions4 ,9 ,dubl91 ,belfa/1 ,cork1 ,londond]ry & ,galway ! lic5s+ jurisdiction ( qu>t] sessions is ex]cis$ by ! record]1 else:]e by ! ju/ices assembl$ & presid$ ov] by ! c\nty c\rt judge4 ,! lic5s+ jurisdiction ( petty sessions is ex]cis$ by two or m ju/ices1 b 9 ,dubl9 by "o divisional ju/ice4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- - ,lic5ce4 ,old ,duty4 ,new ,duty #aiji-aiaj4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- - ,manufactur]s' ,lic5ces-- ,di/ill] 7spirits7 #aj1 #ajs4 #aj = fir/ #ej1jjj gallons1 #aj = e additional #be1jjj gallons4 ,rectifi] 7spirits7 #aj1 #ajs4 #ae1 #aes4 ,brew] #a #a = fir/ #ajj b>rels1 #abs4 = e additional #ej b>rels4 ,sweets 7,briti% w9es7 #a #e1 #es4 ,:olesale ,deal]s' ,lic5ces-- ,spirits #aj1 #ajs4 #ae1 #aes4 ,be] #c1 #fs4 #a;d4 #aj1 #ajs4 ,w9e #aj1 #ajs4 ,no *ange4 ,sweets #e1 #es4 ,no *ange4 ,retail ,lic5ces ,on-- ,full or ,publican's #d1 #ajs4 to #fj ,half ! annual value ( 7spirits1 be]1 w9e & accord+ to premises1 ) a fix$ cid]7 annual value m9imum rang+ f #e 9 ( premises4 places ) less ?an #bjjj inhabitants to #ce 9 t[ns hav+ ov] #ajj1jjj inhabitants4 ,be]-h\se #c1 #ajs4 ,"o-?ird ( annual value ( premises1 ) a m9imum z above rang+ f #c1 #ajs4 to #bc1 #ajs4 ,w9e 7confection]s'7 #c1 #ajs4 ,f #d1 #ajs4 to #ab accord+ to annual value4 ,cid] #a1 #es4 ,f #b1 #es4 to #f4 ,sweets #a1 #es4 ,f #b1 #es4 to #f4 ,retail ,lic5ces ,(f-- ,spirits #c1 #cs4 _/ ,spirits 7groc]s'1 ,scotl&7 #d1 #ds4 to ,f #aj to #ej accord+ to #ac1 #acs4 #f;d4 annual value4 ,spirits 7groc]s'1 ,irel&7 #i1 #ahs4 #e;d4 to #ad1 #fs4 #g;d4 ,be] 7,engl&7 #a1 #es4 #a1 #ajs4 to #aj4 ,be] 7groc]s'1 ,scotl&7 #b1 #ajs4 & #d1 #ds4 #a1 #ajs4 to #aj4 ,w9e 7groc]s'7 #b1 #ajs4 #j;d4 #b1 #ajs4 to #aj4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- - ,excise ,lic5ces & ,taxation4--,! excise lic5ces may be divid$ into f\r classes1 7#a7 manufactur]s'1 7#b7 :olesale deal]s'1 7#c7 retail deal]s' = on consumption1 7#d7 retail deal]s' = (f consumption4 ,only ! two la/ classes come "u ! jurisdiction ( ! ju/ices1 z expla9$ above4 ,! total numb] ( diff]5t excise lic5ces is betwe5 #cj & #dj1 b sev]al ( !m are subv>ieties & unimportant or are peculi> to ,scotl& or ,irel&4 ,! duties *>g$ on !m 7 greatly *ang$ & increas$ by ! ,f9ance ,act ( #aiji-aiaj1 & x seems desirable to /ate ! *anges ?us introduc$4 ,! table on ! previ\s page gives ! pr9cipal k9ds ( lic5ce ) ! old & ! new duties4 ,!re are 9 addition occasional lic5ces valid = "o or m days1 :i* come "u ! jurisdiction ( ! ju/ices2 ! duty is #bs4 #f;d4 a day = ! full lic5ce 7rais$ to #ajs47 & #as4 = be] or w9e only 7rais$ to #es474 ,! total am\nt rais$ by ! excise lic5ces 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom = ! f9ancial ye> end+ #ca/ ,m>* #aiji 0 #b1bji1ibh4 ,( ?is am\nt #a1gab1afj1 or ne>ly f\r-fif?s1 0 d]iv$ f ! full or publicans' lic5ce1 #abf1jec f ! :olesale _s lic5ce & #hh1afg f ! be]-h\se lic5ce2 ! re/ are comp>atively unimportant4 ,b ! lic5ces only repres5t a small "p ( ! rev5ue d]iv$ f liquor4 ,! great bulk ( x is collect$ by means ( duties on manufacture & importation4 ,! total am\nt = ! ye> end+ ,m>* #aiji 0 #cg1dbh1ahi1 or ne>ly #cj ( ! total taxation rev5ue ( ! c\ntry4 ,! excise duties on ! manufacture ( spirits yield$ #ag1def1cff & ^? on be] #ab1fia1ccb2 cu/oms duties on importation yield$ #e1jdf1idi4 ,! excise duty on spirits 0 at ! rate ( #aas4 a gallon1 rais$ at ! end ( ,april #aiji to #ads4 #i;d42 ! correspond+ duty on be] is #gs4 #i;d4 a b>rel 7#cf gallons74 ,! relative taxation ( ! liquor trade 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :i* has become important z a political argum5t1 is discuss$ bel[4 ,effects ( ,legislation4--,! only effects :i* c be /at$ ) precision & ascrib$ ) c]ta9ty to legislation are ! increase or dim9ution ( ! numb] ( lic5ces or lic5s$ premises2 second>y effects1 su* z increase or dim9ution ( consumption & ( drunk5ness1 are affect$ by s _m causes t only by a v c>eful1 well-in=m$ & dispassionate exam9ation ( ! facts c positive conclusions be drawn ) reg>d to ! influ5ce ( legislation 7see ,,temp]ance74 ,!re is no m prolific gr\nd = fallaci\s /atem5ts & argum5ts1 :e!r unconsci\s or delib]ate4 ,! c\rse ( legislation trac$ above1 h[ev]1 does p]mit ! broad conclusion t great laxity & ! multiplication ( facilities t5d to increase dr9k+ & disord] 9 a c\ntry l ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 & t extreme sev]ity produces ! same or worse effects by driv+ ! trade into illicit *annels1 :i* escape control1 & ?us really increas+ facilities :ile app>5tly dim9i%+ !m4 ,! mo/ successful c\rse has always be5 a mean betwe5 ^! extremes 9 ! =m ( re/ra9t judici\sly appli$ & adju/$ to circum/ances4 ,! mo/ sali5t feature ( ! situation z influ5c$ by ! law 9 rec5t ye>s is ! progressive r$uction 9 ! numb] ( lic5s$ h\ses s9ce #ahfi4 ,previ\sly !y _h be5 increas+ 9 ,engl&4 ,! numb] ( public-h\ses1 includ+ be]-h\ses = on consumption1 9 #ahca 0 #hb1dff2 9 #ahfi x _h ris5 to #aah1fjb2 9 #aiji x _h fall5 aga9 to #id1gid4 ,b if ! proportion ( public-h\ses to population be tak5 !re has be5 a cont9u\s fall s9ce #ahca1 z ! foll[+ table %[s3-- ,engl& & ,wales4 --------------------------------------- ,no4 ( ,proportion ,ye>4 on ,lic5ces4 p] #aj1jjj ( ,population4 --------------------------------------- #ahca #hb1dff #ei #ahga #aab1hhf #di #aija #aja1idj #ca #aiji #id1gid #bf --------------------------------------- ,! *ange may be put 9 ano!r way4 ,9 #ahca !re 0 "o public-h\se to #afh p]sons2 9 #aiji ! proportion 0 #a to #cge4 ,! proportional r$uction goes back to ! #ah? c5tury4 ,9 #agcb !re 0 9 ,london "o public-h\se to e #ej p]sons 7see above74 ,9 ,scotl& ! numb] ( public-h\ses has be5 dim9i%+ s9ce #ahbi1 :5 !re 7 #ag1gac2 9 #aiji !re 7 only #gjfe1 :ile ! population _h m ?an d\bl$4 ,! numb] 9 proportion to population has !re=e fall5 f> m rapidly ?an 9 ,engl&1 ?us--#ahca1 #a to #acd p]sons2 #aiji1 #a to #fij p]sons4 ,9 ,irel& ! /ory is diff]5t4 ,!re has be5 a fall 9 ! numb] ( public-h\ses s9ce #ahbi1 :5 !re 7 #bj1edh2 b x has n be5 l>ge or cont9u\s & ! population has be5 /eadily dim9i%+ dur+ ! "t1 s t ! proportion to population has actually increas$1 ?us--#ahca1 #a to #cie p]sons2 #aiji1 #a to #bdi p]sons4 ,z a :ole1 h[ev]1 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom %[s a l>ge & progressive dim9ution ( public-h\ses to population2 nor is ?is c\nt]balanc$ by an increase ( (f lic5ces4 ,if we take ! :ole numb] ( lic5ces we get ! foll[+ movem5t 9 rec5t ye>s3-- ,no4 ( ,retail ,lic5ces 7on & (f7 p] #aj1jjj ( ,population4 ---------------------------------------- #ahic4 #aijc4 #aiji4 ---------------------------------------- ,engl& & ,wales #df #db #cg ,scotl& #cg #cc #cj ,irel& #da #df #de ,unit$ ,k+dom #de #db #cg ---------------------------------------- ,! dim9ution 9 ! numb] ( public-h\ses 9 ,engl& 0 m>k$ly accel]at$ by ! act ( #aijd1 :i* introduc$ ! pr9ciple ( comp5sation4 ,! av]age annual rate ( r$uction 9 ! t5 ye>s #ahid-aijd be=e ! act 0 #cei2 9 ! f\r ye>s #aije-aijh2 aft] ! act x rose to #achh4 ,! av]age annual numb] ( lic5ces suppress$ ) comp5sation 0 #aacg1 & ! av]age annual am\nt ( comp5sation paid 0 #a1jif1idf1 contribut$ by ! trade z expla9$ above4 ,! r$uction ( public-h\ses has be5 accompani$ 9 rec5t ye>s by a con/ant increase 9 ! numb] ( clubs4 ,by ! act ( #aijb1 :i* impos$ regi/ration1 !y 7 br\ght "u "s control & ! numb] ( legal clubs 0 accurately asc]ta9$4 ,previ\sly ! numb] 0 only e/imat$ f c]ta9 data ) approximate accuracy4 ,! foll[+ table gives ! (ficial figures3-- ,clubs3 ,engl& & ,wales4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- #ahhg4 #ahif4 #aijd4 #aije4 #aijf4 #aijg4 #aijh4 #aiji4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,numb] #aihb #cfee #fcga #fehi #fgba #fijg #gacc #gcec ,proportion p] #aj1jjj #j4g #a4a #a4hi #a4ic #a4ie #a4ih #b4jb #b4jh ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,clubs repres5t alt]native *annels to ! lic5s$ trade & !y are "u mu* less /r+5t control2 !y h no prohibit$ h\rs & ! police h n ! same "r ( entry4 ,9 s f>1 !re=e1 z clubs replace public-h\ses ! r$uction ( ! latt] does n mean dim9i%$ facilities = dr9k+1 b ! contr>y4 ,9 ! ye>s #aijc-aijh ! av]age numb] ( clubs proce$$ aga9/ = (f5ces 0 #gd & ! av]age numb] /ruck (f ! regi/] 0 #eb4 ,! increase ( clubs & ! l>ge proportion /ruck (f ! regi/] sugge/ ! ne$ ( caution 9 deal+ ) ! lic5s$ trade2 ov]-/r+5t measures defeat _! own end4 ,p]si/5t attempts h = _m ye>s be5 made to effect radical *anges 9 ! ,briti% sy/em ( lic5s+ by ! introduction ( "s ( ! me?ods adopt$ 9 o!r c\ntries1 & p>ticul>ly ^? 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,b x is difficult to engraft new & ali5 me?ods1 involv+ viol5t *ange1 ^u an anci5t sy/em consolidat$ by successive /atutory enactm5ts & confirm$ by "t & usage4 ,! c\rse ( ! law & adm9i/ration s9ce #ahfi has made x p>ticul>ly difficult4 ,! /r+5t conditions impos$ on lic5ce-hold]s h giv5 ^? :o fulfil !m a claim to consid]ation1 & ! r$uction ( lic5ces1 by limit+ ! m>ket1 has enhanc$ _! value4 ,an expectation ( r5ewal1 9 ! abs5ce ( misconduct1 has gr[n up by usage & be5 confirm$ by ! law1 :i* recognizes ! di/9ction betwe5 grant+ a new lic5ce & r5ew+ an old "o1 by ! treasury :i* levies dea? duties on ! assumption t a lic5ce is an endur+ prop]ty1 by local au?orities :i* assess ^u ! same assumption1 & by ! ,high ,c\rts ( ,ju/ice1 ^: decisions h repeat$ly turn$ on ?is po9t4 ,! consequ5ce ( all ?is is t v l>ge sums h be5 inve/$ 9 lic5s$ prop]ty1 :i* has become "p ( ! settl$ ord] ( society2 & to de/roy x by "s sudd5 innovation w\ld cause a great %ock4 ,! position is entirely diff]5t 9 o!r c\ntries :]e no su* control has ev] be5 ex]cis$4 ,x is possible to impose a new sy/em :]e previ\sly !re 0 none1 b n to replace sudd5ly an old & settl$ "o = some?+ entirely diff]5t4 ,only ! mo/ conv9c+ pro( ( ! ne$ & ! advantages ( ! *ange w\ld ju/ify x2 & su* pro( has n be5 =?com+4 ,! ,briti% sy/em has ! great m]it ( comb9+ adaptability to diff]5t circum/ances & to *ang+ cu/oms ) cont9uity & /ead9ess ( adm9i/ration4 ,! advantages ( ab&on+ x = "s o!r are m ?an d\btful1 ! difficulties are real & s]i\s4 ,ov] a v long p]iod x has be5 repeat$ly readju/$ 9 con=mity ) ! movem5t ( public op9ion & ( national habits2 :ile "u x ! executive h gradually got ! traffic well 9 h&1 & a great & progressive improvem5t 9 ord] & conduct has tak5 place4 ,! process is gradual b sure1 & ! record w comp>e fav\rably ) t ( any o!r comp>able c\ntry4 ,fur!r readju/m5t w foll[ & is desirable4 ,! great defect ( ! law is its extreme complexity2 x ne$s reca/+ & simplification4 ,!re are too _m k9ds ( lic5ce1 & ! classification does n correspond ) ! actual conditions ( ! traffic4 ,"s lic5ces are obsolete & sup]flu\s2 o!rs make no di/9ction betwe5 bran*es ( ! trade :i* fulfil entirely diff]5t functions & require diff]5t treatm5t4 ,! full or publican's lic5ce1 :i* is incomp>ably ! mo/ important1 places on ! same legal foot+ hotels1 re/aurants1 village inns & m]e dr9k+ b>s1 & ! lack ( di/9ction is a great /umbl+-block4 ,9 ! attempt made 9 #aijh to introduce new legislation x 0 f\nd necess>y to incorporate di/9ctions betwe5 diff]5t classes ( e/abli%m5t1 al?\gh t 0 n contemplat$ 9 ! orig9al bill4 ,x w always be f\nd necess>y :5ev] ! subject is s]i\sly approa*$1 because ! law has to deal ) ?+s z !y actually are4 ,x does n fall )9 ! scope ( ?is article to discuss ! num]\s controv]sial que/ions :i* arise 9 connexion ) v>i\s legislative proposals = deal+ ) ! liquor traffic2 b an acc\nt ( ! me?ods :i* x has be5 propos$ to adopt f o!r c\ntries w be f\nd bel[4 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,! liquor legislation ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates pres5ts a great contra/ to t ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 b x is n less int]e/+ 9 an entirely diff]5t way4 ,9 place ( a s+le homog5e\s sy/em gradually evolv$ 9 ! c\rse ( c5turies x embraces a :ole s]ies ( diff]5t ones bas$ on ! mo/ div]se pr9ciples & subject to sudd5 *anges & frequ5t exp]im5ts4 ,x is n suffici5tly und]/ood 9 ,europe t ! legislatures ( ! sev]al /ates are sov]eign 9 reg>d to int]nal affairs & make :at laws !y please subject to ! proviso t !y _c ov]-ride ! ,f$]al law4 ,!re is !re=e no uni=mity 9 reg>d to su* matt]s z liquor legislation1 & x is a mi/ake to speak ( any p>ticul> sy/em z repres5t+ ! :ole c\ntry4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates gov]nm5t only int]f]es ) ! traffic to tax x = rev5ue1 & to regulate ! sale ( liquor to ,indians1 to soldi]s1 etc4 ,! liquor traffic is subject--:e!r 9 ! =m ( manufacture1 :olesale or retail trade--to a uni=m tax ( #be doll>s 7#e7 p] annum impos$ on e "o engag$ 9 x4 ,congress1 "u ! con/itution1 controls int]/ate comm]ce1 & ! ,supreme ,c\rt has decid$ t )\t its cons5t no /ate c prev5t a railway or o!r c>ry+ ag5cy f br++ liquor to any po9t )9 its bord]s f outside4 ,?us no /ate c keep out liquor or prev5t its consumption1 b any /ate legislature may make :at int]nal regulations x pleases & may prohibit ! manufacture & sale altoge!r )9 its own bord]s4 ,x may g fur!r4 ,9 #ahhg a judgm5t 0 deliv]$ by ! ,supreme ,c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates t x is )9 ! discretion>y p[] ( a /ate to protect public heal?1 safety & morals ev5 by ! de/ruction ( prop]ty )\t comp5sation1 & t ! con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is n !reby violat$4 ,use has be5 made ( ?is p[] 9 ,kansas1 & x appe>s !re=e t p]sons :o engage 9 ! liquor trade d s at _! own risk4 ,!re is 9 fact no /ability at all except 9 a few /ates :i* h incorporat$ "s pr9ciple 9 _! con/itutions1 & ev5 t does n ensure cont9uity ( practice1 z means are easily f\nd = evad+ ! law or sub/itut+ "s o!r sy/em :i* am\nts to ! same ?+4 ,z a :ole ! control ( ! liquor traffic oscillates viol5tly betwe5 attempt$ suppression & great fre$om comb9$ ) heavy taxation ( lic5s$ h\ses4 ,9 ! great majority ( ! /ates "s =m ( lic5s+ exi/s2 x is ! prevail+ sy/em & 0 adopt$1 no d\bt f ,engl&1 at an e>ly p]iod4 ,x is ex]cis$ 9 v>i\s ways4 ,! lic5s+ au?ority may be ! municipality or a specially con/itut$ body or ! police or a judicial body4 ,! la/1 :i* is ! me?od 9 ,p5nsylvania1 seems to be exceptional4 ,accord+ to ,mr ,fan%awe !re is a g5]al t5d5cy1 due to ! prevail+ corruption1 to )draw f municipal au?orities p[] ov] ! lic5s+1 & to place ?is function 9 ! h&s ( commission]s1 :o may be elect$ or nom9at$4 ,9 ,new ,york /ate ! lic5s+ commission]s us$ to be nom9at$ 9 cities by ! mayors & elect$ else:]e2 b by ! ,ra9es law ( #ahif ! :ole adm9i/ration 0 plac$ "u a /ate commission] appo9t$ by ! gov]nor ) ! cons5t ( ! ,s5ate4 ,a simil> plan is 9 =ce 9 "s important cities 9 o!r /ates4 ,9 ,bo/on ! lic5s+ is 9 ! h&s ( a police bo>d appo9t$ by ! gov]nor2 9 ,baltimore & ,/ ,l\is ! au?ority is ve/$ 9 commission]s simil>ly appo9t$2 & 9 ,wa%+ton ! lic5s+ commission]s are appo9t$ by ! presid5t4 ,9 ,p5nsylvania1 :]e ! c\rt ( qu>t] sessions is ! au?ority1 ! ve/+ ( lic5s+ 9 a judicial body dates back to #afgf & be>s ! /amp ( ,engli% influ5ce4 ,x is notewor?y t 9 ,philadelphia & ,pittsburg 7,allegh5y c\nty7 ! judicial c\rt 0 = a "t giv5 up 9 fav\r ( commission]s1 b ! *ange 0 a great failure & ab&on$ 9 #ahhh4 ,! p[]s ( ! lic5s+ au?ority v>y widely2 9 "s cases ! only gr\nds ( refusal are conduct & "*1 & lic5ces are virtually grant$ to e applicant2 9 o!rs ! discretion to refuse is absolute4 ,9 ,massa*usetts ! numb] ( lic5ces all[$ be>s a fix$ ratio to ! population1 namely #a to #ajjj1 except 9 ,bo/on1 :]e x is #a to #ejj1 b z a rule :]e lic5ces are giv5 !y are giv5 freely4 ,!y are valid = a ye> & grant$ on conditions4 ,! fir/ & mo/ g5]al condition is ! paym5t ( a fee or tax1 :i* v>ies 9 am\nt 9 diff]5t /ates4 ,"u ! high lic5ce sy/em 7see bel[7 x g5]ally v>ies accord+ to ! size ( ! locality & ! class ( lic5ce :]e diff]5t classes are recogniz$4 ,9 ,massa*usetts !re are six lic5ces2 ?ree = consumption on ! premises--namely 7#a7 full lic5ce = all liquors1 7#b7 be]1 cid]1 & light w9e1 7#c7 be] & cid]2 two = consumption (f ! premises--namely 7#a7 spirits1 7#b7 o!r liquors2 ! six? is = druggi/s4 ,9 ,new ,york /ate also !re are six classes ( lic5ce1 ?\gh !y are n q ! same2 b 9 _m /ates !re appe>s to be only "o lic5ce1 & no di/9ction betwe5 on & (f sale1 :olesale or retail4 ,ano!r condition g5]ally impos$ 9 addition to ! tax is a heavy bond ) sureties2 x v>ies 9 am\nt b is usually n less ?an #bjjj doll>s 7#djj7 & may be z high z #fjjj doll>s 7#abjj74 ,a condition prec$5t to ! grant+ ( a lic5ce impos$ 9 "s /ates is ! deposit ( a petition or application "s "t be=eh&1 :i* may h to be back$ by a c]ta9 numb] ( local resid5ts or tax-pay]s4 ,9 ,p5nsylvania ! requir$ numb] is #ab1 & ?is is ! common practice else:]e2 9 ,miss\ri a majority ( tax-pay]s is requir$1 & ! lic5ce may ev5 !n be refus$1 b if ! petition is sign$ by two-?irds ( ! tax-pay]s ! lic5s+ au?ority is b\nd to grant x4 ,?is seems to be a sort ( g5u9e local option4 ,provision is also g5]ally made = he>+ objectors4 ,ano!r condition sometimes requir$ 7,massa*usetts & ,i[a7 is ! cons5t ( own]s ( adjo9+ prop]ty4 ,9 "s /ates no lic5ces are p]mitt$ )9 a /at$ di/ance ( c]ta9 in/itutions2 e4g4 public p>ks 7,miss\ri7 & s*ools 7,massa*usetts74 ,regulations impos$ on ! lic5s$ trade ne>ly always include prohibition ( sale to m9ors "u #ah & to drunk>ds1 on ,sundays1 public holidays & election days1 & prohibition ( ! employm5t ( b>maids4 ,sunday clos+1 :i* is univ]sal1 dates at lea/ f #ahaf 7,indiana7 & is probably mu* old]4 ,! h\rs ( clos+ on week days v>y consid]ably b are usually #aj ,p4,m4 or #aa ,p4,m4 ,o!r ?+s are (t5 prohibit$ includ+ indec5t pictures1 games & music4 ,/ate ,prohibition4--,9 a few /ates no lic5ces are all[$4 ,/ate prohibition 0 fir/ introduc$ 9 #ahdf "u ! influ5ce ( a /rong agitation 9 ,ma9e1 & )9 a few ye>s ! example 0 foll[$ by ! o!r ,new ,engl& /ates2 by ,v]mont 9 #aheb1 ,connecticut 9 #ahed1 ,new ,hamp%ire 9 #ahee & lat] by ,massa*usetts & ,rhode ,isl&4 ,!y h all n[ aft] a m or less prolong$ trial giv5 x up except ,ma9e4 ,o!r /ates :i* h tri$ & ab&on$ x are ,ill9ois 7#ahea-ahec71 ,indiana 7#ahee-aheh71 ,mi*igan1 ,i[a1 ,nebraska1 ,s\? ,dakota4 ,! great ,middle /ates h ei!r nev] tri$ x1 z 9 ! case ( ,new ,york 7:]e x 0 enact$ 9 #ahee b decl>$ uncon/itutional71 ,p5nsylvania & ,new ,j]sey1 or only gave x a nom9al trial1 z ) ,ill9ois & ,indiana4 ,a curi\s position came ab\t 9 ,ohio1#a "o ( ! great indu/rial /ates4 ,x did n adopt prohibition1 :i* =bids ! manufacture & sale ( liquor2 b 9 #ahea x ab&on$ lic5s+1 :i* _h be5 9 =ce s9ce #agib1 & incorporat$ a provision 9 ! con/itution decl>+ t no lic5ce %\ld !reaft] be grant$ 9 ! /ate4 ,! position !n 0 t retail sale )\t a lic5ce 0 illegal & t no lic5ce c\ld be grant$4 ,?is s+ul> /ate ( ?+s 0 *ang$ 9 #ahhf by ! ,d[ law1 :i* au?oriz$ a tax on ! trade & r5d]$ x legal )\t expressly sanction+ or lic5s+ x4 ,!re 7 !re=e no lic5ces & no lic5s+ ma*9]y1 b ! traffic 0 tax$ & conditions impos$4 ,9 effect ! ,d[ law am\nt$ to repeal ( prohibition & its replacem5t by ! free/ possible =m ( lic5s+4 ,9 ,i[a1 :i* e>ly adopt$ a prohibitory law1 /ill nom9ally 9 =ce1 a law1 kn[n z ! mulct law1 0 pass$ 9 #ahid = tax+ ! trade & practically legaliz+ x "u conditions4 ,! /ory ( ! =ty ye>s' /ruggle 9 ?is /ate betwe5 ! prohibition agitation & ! natural appetites ( mank9d is exce$+ly in/ructive2 x is an extraord9>y revelation ( political intrigue & tortu\s proce$+s1 & an impressive w>n+ aga9/ ! folly ( try+ to co]ce ! p]sonal habits ( a l>ge section ( ! population aga9/ _! w4 ,x end$ 9 a sort ( compromise1 9 :i* ! co]cive pr9ciple is pres]v$ 9 "o law & p]sonal lib]ty v9dicat$ by ano!r contradictory "o4 ,! result may be satisfactory1 b x might be atta9$ 9 a less exp5sive mann]4 ,:at suff]s is ! pr9ciple ( law itself1 :i* is br\ght into disrepute4 ,/ate prohibition1 ab&on$ by ! popul\s ,new ,engl& & c5tral /ates1 has 9 rec5t ye>s f\nd a home 9 m remote regions4 ,9 #aijg x 0 9 =ce 9 five /ates--,ma9e1 ,kansas1 ,nor? ,dakota1 ,georgia & ,oklahoma2 9 ,janu>y1 #aiji1 x came into op]ation 9 ,alabama1 ,mississippi1 & ,nor? ,c>ol9a2 & 9 ,july #aiji 9 ,t5nessee4 ,local ,prohibition4--,! limit$ =m ( prohibition kn[n z local veto is mu* m ext5sively appli$4 ,x is an old] plan ?an /ate prohibition1 hav+ be5 adopt$ by ! legislature ( ,indiana 9 #ahcb4 ,georgia foll[$ 9 ! next ye>1 & !n o!r /ates took x up = sev]al ye>s until ! rise ( /ate prohibition 9 ! middle ( ! c5tury caus$ x to fall into neglect = a "t4 ,b ! /ates :i* adopt$ & !n ab&on$ g5]al prohibition fell back on ! local =m1 & a great _m o!rs h also adopt$ x4 ,9 #aijg x 0 9 =ce 9 ov] #cj /ates1 includ+ all ! mo/ popul\s & important1 ) "o or two exceptions4 ,b ! ext5t to :i* x is appli$ v>ies v widely & is con/antly *ang+1 z diff]5t places take x up & drop x aga94 ,"s alt]nate 9 an almo/ regul> mann] e two or ?ree ye>s1 or ev5 e ye>2 & p]iodical oscillations ( a g5]al "* occur 9 fav\r ( ! plan or aga9/ x z ! result ( organiz$ agitation foll[$ by reaction4 ,! wide discrepancies betwe5 ! practice ( diff]5t /ates are %[n by "s /ati/ics collect$ 9 #aijg1 :5 ! movem5t 0 runn+ fav\rably to ! adoption ( no lic5ce4 ,9 ,t5nessee ! :ole /ate 0 "u prohibition ) ! exception ( #e municipalities2 ,arkansas1 #ef out ( #ge c\nties2 ,florida1 #ce out ( #df c\nties2 ,mississippi1 #ef out ( #gg c\nties2 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 #gj out ( #ig c\nties2 ,v]mont1 #c out ( #f cities & #bjh out ( #bda t[ns4 ,^! appe> to be ! mo/ prohibitive /ates1 & !y are all ( a rural "*4 ,at ! o!r end ( ! scale 7 ,p5nsylvania ) #a c\nty & a few t[ns 7t[n 9 ,am]ica is g5]ally equival5t to village 9 ,engl&72 ,mi*igan1 #a c\nty & a few t[ns2 ,cali=nia1 p>ts ( #h or #aj c\nties4 ,new ,york _h #cjh out ( #icc t[ns1 ,ohio1 #dhj out ( #gfh t[ns1 ,massa*usetts1 #ai out ( #cc cities & #bdi out ( #cba t[ns4 ,at ! end ( #aiji a /rong reaction aga9/ ! prohibition policy set 91 notably 9 ,massa*usetts4 ,!re is no m uni=mity 9 ! mode ( proc$ure ?an 9 ! ext5t ( application4 ,at lea/ five me?ods are di/+ui%$4 ,9 ! mo/ complete & regul> =m a vote is tak5 e ye> 9 all localities :e!r !re %all be lic5ces or n 9 ! ensu+ ye> & is decid$ by a b>e majority4 ,a second me?od ( apply+ ! g5]al vote is to take x at any "t1 b n (t5] ?an once 9 f\r ye>s1 on ! dem& ( "o-t5? ( ! electorate4 ,a ?ird plan is to apply ?is pr9ciple locally & put ! "q to ! vote1 :5 dem&$1 9 any locality4 ,a f\r? & entirely diff]5t sy/em is to inve/ ! local au?ority ) p[]s to decide :e!r !re %all be lic5ces or n2 & a fif? is to give resid5ts p[] to prev5t lic5ces by means ( prote/ or petition4 ,! fir/ two me?ods are ^? mo/ widely 9 =ce2 b ! ?ird plan ( tak+ a local vote by itself is adopt$ 9 "s important /ates1 includ+ ,new ,york1 ,ohio & ,ill9ois4 ,op9ions diff] widely ) reg>d to ! success ( local veto1 b all indep5d5t obs]v]s agree t x is m successful ?an /ate prohibition1 & ! pref]5ce accord$ to x by s _m /ates aft] prolong$ exp]i5ce proves t public op9ion broadly endorses t view4 ,its advantage lies 9 its adaptability to local circum/ances & local op9ion4 ,x prevails ma9ly 9 rural di/ricts & small t[ns2 9 ! l>g] t[ns x is be/ tol]at$ :]e !y are 9 close proximity to safety valves or lic5s$ areas 9 :i* liquor c be obta9$2 ! l>ge cities d n adopt x4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x has "s s]i\s disadvantages4 ,! p]petually r5ew$ /ruggle betwe5 ! advocates & oppon5ts ( prohibition is a con/ant cause ( social & political /rife2 & ! alt]nate %utt+ up & op5+ ( public h\ses 9 _m places makes cont9uity ( adm9i/ration impossible1 prev5ts ! executive f gett+ ! traffic prop]ly 9 h&1 upsets ! habits ( ! p1 demoralizes ! trade & /&s 9 ! way ( /eady improvem5t4 ,public ,disp5s>ies4--,?is entirely diff]5t sy/em ( controll+ ! traffic has be5 9 g5]al op]ation 9 "o /ate only1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a2 b x 0 also appli$ to c]ta9 areas 9 ! neighb\r+ /ates ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,georgia & ,alabama4 ,! col\r$ elem5t is v /rong 9 ^! /ates1 especially 9 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 :]e ! col\r$ f> exce$s ! :ite population4 ,! disp5s>y sy/em 0 inaugurat$ !re 9 #ahic4 ,x _h be5 prec$$ by a lic5s+ sy/em ) local veto 7adopt$ 9 #ahhb71 b a /rong agitation = /ate prohibition br\ght matt]s to a crisis 9 #ahia4 ,! usual viol5t political /ruggle1 :i* is ! only con/ant feature ( liquor legislation 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 took place1 p>tly on temp]ance & p>tly on economic gr\nds2 & a way out 0 f\nd by adopt+ an idea f ! t[n ( ,a!ns 9 ,georgia1 :]e ! liquor trade 0 run by ! municipality ?r\gh a public disp5s>y4 ,a law 0 pass$ 9 #ahib embody+ ?is pr9ciple b apply+ x to ! :ole /ate4 ,! measure 0 fi]cely conte/$ 9 ! c\rts & ! legislature = ye>s & x und]w5t num]\s am5dm5ts1 b x surviv$4 ,"u x ! /ate became ! sole purveyor ( liquor1 buy+ :olesale f ! manufactur]s & sell+ retail ?r\gh disp5s>ies "u public managem5t & only = consumption (f ! premises4 ,_m *anges 7 introduc$ f "t to "t )\t ab&on+ ! pr9ciple1 b 9 #aijg ! sy/em ( /ate control 0 replac$ by "o ( c\nty adm9i/ration4 ,local veto is also 9 =ce1 & ?us ! localities h ! *oice ( a disp5s>y or no sale at all4 ,! regulations are v /rict4 ,! disp5s>ies are few & only op5 on week-days & dur+ ! day-"t2 !y close at sunset4 ,liquor is only sold 9 bottles & 9 n less quantities ?an half a p9t ( spirits & a p9t ( be]1 & x mu/ be tak5 away2 b>s are aboli%$4 ,!re is a g5]al cons5sus ( te/imony to ! effect ( ! sy/em 9 improv+ public ord] especially among ! col\r$ population1 :o are v susceptible to dr9k4 ,! law seems to be well c>ri$ out 9 g5]al1 b ,*>le/on & ,columbia1 ! only two consid]able t[ns1 are honeycomb$ ) illicit dr9k-%ops1 z ! writ] has prov$ by p]sonal exp]i5ce4 ,columbia is ! capital & ! seat ( cotton manufactures1 z are all ! l>g] t[ns1 ) ! exception ( ,*>le/on1 :i* is ! port & bus9ess c5tre4 ,! population ( ! /ate is pr$om9antly rural1 & local prohibition obta9s 9 #ah out ( #da c\nties4 ,! foll[+ /ati/ical comp>ison1 extract$ f ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,c5sus ( #aijj & ! ,inl& ,rev5ue ,returns by ,mr ,w4 ,o4 ,tatum 7,new ,encyclop$ia ( ,social ,re=m7 & "h pres5t$ 9 tabul> =m1 is highly in/ructive4 ,x %[s ! population & numb] ( liquor deal]s pay+ ! ,unit$ ,/ates tax 9 two prohibition /ates1 "o /ate "u :at is consid]$ ! be/ lic5s+ sy/em1 & ,s\? ,c>ol9a4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,:olesale ,retail ,/ate4 ,population4 ,liquor ,liquor ,deal]s4 ,deal]s4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,ma9e 7,prohibition7 #fid1dff #ea #acff ,kansas 7,prohibition7 #a1dgj1die #abi #cabe ,massa*usetts 7,lic5ce7 #b1hje1cdf #fag #ejib ,s4 ,c>ol9a 7,disp5s>y7 #a1cdj1caf #ac #ecd ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,?is table may be said to epitomize ! results ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates re/rictive liquor laws4 ,x pres5ts examples ( ?ree diff]5t sy/ems2 ! proportion ( retail liquor sell]s to population is--"u complete prohibition1 #a to #ejh & #a to #dge2 "u lic5ce & local prohibition1 #a to #ecj2 "u disp5s>y & local prohibition1 #a to #beji4 ,b ! rem>kable ?+ is ! enorm\s am\nt ( illicit traffic exi/+ "u all ?ree sy/ems4 ,x is incomp>ably greate/ "u complete prohibition because ! :ole ( ! traffic 9 ^! /ates is illicit4 ,9 ,s\? ,c>ol9a "o ( ! :olesale deal]s & #chh ( ! #ecd retail]s 7 illicit4 ,9 ,massa*usetts ! numb] _c be /at$1 b x is v l>ge4 ,if ! :ole /ate 7 "u lic5ce ! total legal numb] ( lic5ces1 :i* is limit$ 9 proportion to population 7see above71 w\ld be #cdjj2 & 9 t case !re w\ld be "s #agjj illicit retail]s4 ,b a l>ge "p ( ! /ate1 probably m ?an half1 is "u local prohibition1 s t ! majority ( ! #ejjj retail deal]s mu/ be illicit4 ,^! facts1 :i* are typical & n exceptional1 reveal ! failure ( ! laws to control ! traffic2 only p>tial or spasmodic attempts are made to en=ce !m & to a great ext5t !y are ignor$ by common cons5t4 ,! illegal trade is c>ri$ on s op5ly t ! ,unit$ ,/ates rev5ue (fic]s h no difficulty 9 collect+ ! f$]al tax4 ,x is n a satisfactory /ate ( ?+s1 or "o :i* c\ntries :]e law is respect$ w\ld c>e to imitate4 ,! example is a good lesson 9 :at to avoid4 ,taxation4--,m5tion has be5 made above ( ! f$]al & /ate taxation impos$ on ! liquor trade4 ,! =m] is uni=m2 ! latt] v>ies greatly1 ev5 9 ^? /ates :i* h adopt$ ! high lic5ce4 ,?is sy/em is int5d$ to fulfil two purposes2 to act z an automatic *eck on ! numb] ( lic5ces & to produce rev5ue4 ,x 0 introduc$ 9 ,nebraska 9 #ahha1 :5 a tax ( #ajjj doll>s 7#bjj7 0 plac$ on saloons 7public h\ses7 9 l>ge t[ns1 & half t am\nt 9 small] ones4 ,! practice gradually spread & has n[ be5 adopt$ by a l>ge numb] ( /ates1 noticeably ! popul\s & indu/rial nor?-ea/]n & c5tral /ates4 ,9 ,massa*usetts1 :]e ! high lic5ce 0 adopt$ 9 #ahgd :5 ! /ate return$ to lic5s+ aft] a trial ( prohibition1 ! fees are exceptionally high1 ! m9imum = a fully lic5s$ on & (f h\se be+ #acjj doll>s 7#bfj72 9 ,bo/on ! av]age tax is #caj4 ,9 ,new ,york /ate x ranges f #aej doll>s 7#cj7 9 sp>sely populat$ di/ricts to #abjj doll>s 7#bdj71 & 9 ,p5nsylvania x is mu* ! same4 ,9 ,new ,j]sey1 on ! o!r h&1 x ranges f #bj to #fj2 9 ,connecticut f #ej to #ij2 9 ,rhode ,isl& f #dj to #hj4 ,9 ,miss\ri1 :i* has a special sy/em ( its own & a sort ( slid+ scale1 great v>iations occur & 9 "s cases ! tax exce$s #ejj4 ,9 ,mi*igan x is uni=m at #ajj4 ,! mean = ! l>ge cities is #acc4 ,! rev5ue d]iv$ f ?is s\rce is di/ribut$ 9 _m ways1 b is g5]ally divid$ 9 v>y+ proportions betwe5 ! /ate1 ! c\nty & ! municipality2 sometimes a proportion goes to ! relief ( ! poor1 to road-mak+ or "s o!r public purpose4 ,! am\nt levi$ 9 ! great cities is v l>ge4 ,x w be se5 f ! =ego+ t ! taxation ( lic5ces is mu* heavi] 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ?an 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom4 ,! total yield 0 asc]ta9$ by a special inquiry 9 #ahif & f\nd to be r less ?an #ab millions /]l+2 9 ! same ye> ! yield f ! same s\rce 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom 0 j "u #b millions4 ,all[+ = diff]5ce ( population ! ,am]ican rate ( taxation 0 #c times z great z ! ,briti%4 ,x has be5 inf]r$ t ! liquor trade is mu* m highly tax$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & t x w\ld be> l>gely increas$ taxation 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom2 t argum5t 0 br\ght =w>d 9 support ( ,mr ,lloyd ,george's budget ( #aiji4 ,b x only takes acc\nt ( ! tax on lic5ces & leaves out ( acc\nt ! tax on liquor :i* is ! great s\rce ( rev5ue 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 z has be5 %[n above4 ,! scales are mu* l[] 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 especially on spirits1 :i* are only tax$ at ! av]age rate ( #es4 #h;d4 a gallon aga9/ #aas4 7rais$ to #ads4 #i;d4 9 #aiji7 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom4 ,mr ,fr$]ic ,?ompson has calculat$ out ! effect ( ! two sets ( rates & %[n t if ,briti% rates 7 appli$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! av]age yield 9 ! ?ree ye>s end+ #aijh w\ld be rais$ f #dd millions to #gf millions2 & conv]sely if ,am]ican rates 7 appli$ to ! ,unit$ ,k+dom ! av]age yield w\ld be l[]$ f #cf millions to #bc millions4 ,tak+ lic5ces & liquor taxation toge!r he f9ds t ! application ( ! ,briti% /&>ds = bo? w\ld /ill raise ! total yield 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates by #ci2 & t ev5 ! exceptionally high rates prevail+ 9 ,massa*usetts w\ld1 if appli$ to ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 produce "s #d millions less rev5ue ?an ! exi/+ taxation4 ,o!r calculations bas$ on ! consumption & taxation p] head lead to ! same conclusion t ! trade is actually tax$ at a consid]ably high] rate 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom4 ,9 ! ?ree ye>s end+ #aijh ! av]age am\nt paid p] head 9 taxation 0 #acs4 #h;d4 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & #ags4 #f;d4 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom4 ,x may be add$ t ! me?od ( tax+ lic5ces heavily has c]ta9 disadvantages2 x /imulates t illicit trade :i* is ! mo/ out/&+ feature ( ! traffic 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & comb9$ ) ! extreme insecurity ( t5ure involv$ 9 local option x gives lic5ce-hold]s additional inducem5ts to make z mu* money z possible by any means available1 :ile !y h ! opportunity1 = no comp5sation is ev] paid = sudd5 dispossession4 ,! notion t ! trade w /& an indef9ite am\nt ( taxation is a dang]\s & (t-prov$ fallacy4 ,european ,c\ntries4 ,) ! exception ( ,sw$51 ,norway & ,russia1 :i* h special sy/ems ( _! own1 ! cont95tal c\ntries ( ,europe h z yet paid comp>atively little legislative att5tion to ! subject ( ! liquor traffic1 :i* is recogniz$ by ! law b = ! mo/ "p freely p]mitt$ ) a m9imum ( int]f]5ce4 ,diff]5ces exi/1 b1 g5]ally speak+1 e/abli%m5ts may be op5$ "u a v simple proc$ure1 :i* am\nts to an elem5t>y =m ( lic5s+1 & ! p]mission is only )drawn = "s def9ite & s]i\s (f5ce4 ,regulations & conditions are = ! mo/ "p left to ! discretion ( ! local au?ority & ! police & are n burd5some4 ,! reason = su* fre$om z comp>$ ) ! elaborate & /r+5t codes ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom & ! ,unit$ ,/ates is n less conc]n = public welf>e b ! simple fact t ! traffic gives less tr\ble & causes less h>m ?r\gh ! abuse ( dr9k2 ! habits ( ! p are diff]5t 9 reg>d to ! "* ( ! dr9ks consum$1 ! mode ( consumption & ! type ( e/abli%m5t4 ,cafs1 re/aurants & be]-g>d5s are mu* m common1 & m]e pot-h\ses less s ?an 9 ! ,engli%-speak+ c\ntries4 ,:]e tr\ble arises & engages ! att5tion ( ! au?orities & ! legislature1 x is almo/ inv>iably f\nd to be associat$ ) ! consumption ( spirits4 ,9 sev]al ( ! w9e-produc+ c\ntries1 :i* are g5]ally m>k$ by ! temp]ate habits ( ! p1 ! widespread havoc among ! v9es caus$ "s ye>s ago by ! phyllox]a l$ to an increas$ consumption ( spirits :i* _h a bad effect & ar\s$ consid]able anxiety4 ,?is 0 notably ! case 9 ,france1 :]e an anti-alcohol congress1 held 9 #aijc1 m>k$ ! rise ( public & sci5tific op9ion on ! subject4 ,temp]ance societies h become active1 & 9 "s c\ntries !re is a movem5t t[>ds /rict] regulations or at lea/ a dem& = x2 b 9 o!rs ! pres5t law is a relaxation ( e>li] ones4 ,france4--,! pres5t law gov]n+ ! lic5s+ ( e/abli%m5ts :]e liquor is sold = consumption on ! premises 0 pass$ 9 #ahhj2 x abrogat$ ! previ\s decree ( #ahea1 by :i* full discretion 0 ve/$ 9 ! local au?orities1 & fre$ ! traffic f arbitr>y re/rictions4 ,x provides t any p]son desir+ to op5 a caf1 cab>et or o!r place = retail+ liquor mu/ give notice to ! au?orities1 ) details conc]n+ himself1 ! e/abli%m5t & ! proprietor1 at lea/ #ae days be=eh&2 ! au?ority 9 ,p>is is ! prfecture ( police & else:]e ! mairie4 ,transf]s ( proprietor%ip or managem5t mu/ be notifi$ )9 #ae days1 & int5d$ transf]5ce ( location #h days be=eh&4 ,! p5alty = infraction is a f9e ( #af francs to #ajj francs4 ,legal m9ors & p]sons convict$ ( c]ta9 crimes & (f5ces--!ft1 receiv+ /ol5 goods1 v>i\s =ms ( sw9dl+1 (f5ces aga9/ morality1 ! sale ( adult]at$ articles--are prohibit$2 9 ! case ( crimes1 =ev]2 9 ! case ( (f5ces1 = five ye>s4 ,o!rwise p]mission _c be refus$1 subject to conditions :i* ! local au?ority has p[] to lay d[n regulat+ ! di/ance ( su* e/abli%m5ts f *ur*es1 cemet]ies1 hospitals1 s*ools & colleges4 ,b p]sons engag$ 9 ! trade1 :o are convict$ ( ! (f5ces m5tion$ above & ( infraction ( ! law = ! suppression ( public drunk5ness1 are disabl$1 z above4 ,! law practically am\nts to free trade & ! numb] ( h\ses has increas$ "u x2 9 #aijj !re 0 "o to e #ha p]sons4 ,?is proportion is only exce$$ by ,belgium4 ,"u ! ,local ,gov]nm5t ,act ( #ahhd municipal au?orities are emp[]$1 = ! ma9t5ance ( public ord]1 to fix h\rs ( clos+1 regulate danc+1 =bid ! employm5t ( girls & ! h>b\r+ ( pro/itutes & make o!r regulations4 ,! h\rs ( clos+ diff] consid]ably b usually !y are #aa ,p4,m41 midnight or #a ,a4,m4 ,! trade is lightly tax$2 retail]s pay f #ae to #ej francs a ye>2 :olesale deal]s1 #abe francs2 brew]ies ! same 9 mo/ dep>tm5ts1 di/ill]ies #be francs4 ,! excise rev5ue f liquor am\nt$ to #bj1jjj1jjj 9 #aijj4 ,g]many4--,! ,g]man law & practice are broadly simil> to ! ,fr5*1 b ! sev]al /ates v>y some:at 9 detail4 ,"u ! imp]ial law ( #ahgi inns or hotels & retail trade 9 spirits = on or (f consumption may n be c>ri$ on )\t a p]mit or lic5ce f ! local au?ority :i*1 h[ev]1 c only be refus$ on ! gr\nd ( "* or ( unsuitability ( premises4 ,?is is ! g5]al law ( ! empire2 b ! /ate gov]nm5ts are emp[]$ to make ! grant+ ( a lic5ce = retail+ spirits dep5d5t on pro( t x is locally requir$1 & also to impose ! same condition on inn-keep+ & ! retail+ ( o!r dr9ks 9 places ) less ?an #ae1jjj inhabitants & 9 l>g] ones :i* obta9 a local /atute to t effect4 ,be=e a lic5ce is grant$ ! op9ion ( ! police & o!r executive (fic]s is to be tak54 ,! lic5s+ au?ority is ! mayor 9 t[ns & ! *airman ( ! di/rict c\ncil 9 rural areas4 ,! provisions ) reg>d to ! dep5d5ce ( a lic5ce on local requirem5ts h be5 adopt$ by ,prussia & o!r /ates1 b app>5tly little or no use is made ( !m4 ,p]mits are v freely grant$1 & ! numb] ( lic5s$ h\ses1 ?\gh n s great z 9 ,france1 is v high 9 proportion to population4 ,?ree classes ( e/abli%m5t are recogniz$--7#a7 ,ga/-wir?s*aft1 7#b7 ,s*ank-wir?s*aft1 7#c7 ,kle9-h&el4 ,ga/-wir?s*aft is inn-keep+1 or ! lodg+ ( /rang]s 9 an op5 h\se = pr(it1 & includes p5sions ( a public "*2 ! imp]ial law provides t a lic5ce may be limit$ to ?is function & ne$ n include ! retail+ ( liquor4 ,s*ank-wir?s*aft is ! retail+ = pr(it ( all sorts ( dr9ks1 includ+ c(fee & m9]al wat]s2 x corresponds to caf 9 ,france & refre%m5t h\se 9 ,engl&2 b ! m]e s]v+ ( food does n come "u ! law ) :i* we are "h conc]n$4 ,kle9-h&el is retail sale ei!r = on or (f consumption1 & ! liquor = :i* a lic5ce is requir$ 9 ?is connexion is describ$ z branntwe9 or spiritus1 & is def9$ z di/ill$ alcoholic liquor1 :e!r by itself or 9 comb9ation4 ,a lic5ce = ,s*ank-wir?s*aft includes ,kle9-h&el1 b n vice-v]sa2 none is requir$ = ! retail sale ( w9e :i* is ! sell]'s own produce4 ,lic5ces may be )drawn = (f5ces aga9/ ! law4 ,lic5s$ h\ses are "u ! sup]vision ( ! police1 :o fix ! h\rs ( clos+2 x is usually #aj ,p4,m41 b is commonly ext5d$ to #aa ,p4,m4 or midnight 9 ! l>g] t[ns & /ill lat] 9 ! case ( p>ticul> e/abli%m5ts4 ,"s cafs 9 ,b]l9 d n close till #c ,a4,m4 & "s nev] close at all4 ,p]sons rema9+ on ! premises 9 =bidd5 h\rs aft] be+ ord]$ to leave by ! l&lord are liable to puni%m5t4 ,s]v+ drunk>ds & p]sons ( s*ool age is =bidd54 ,drunk>ds1 9 addition to f9es or imprisonm5t = disord]ly conduct1 are liable to be depriv$ ( control ( _! affairs & plac$ "u gu>dian%ip4 ,= music & danc+ special p]mits are requir$4 ,) reg>d to taxation1 9 ,prussia all bus9ess e/abli%m5ts beyond a c]ta9 value pay an annual tax & lic5s$ h\ses are on ! same foot+ z ! re/4 ,bus9esses produc+ less ?an #ge a ye> or ( less ?an #aej capital value are free2 ! re/ are arrang$ 9 f\r classes on a ris+ scale4 ,9 ! ?ree l[] classes ! tax ranges f a m9imum ( #ds4 to a maximum ( #bd2 9 ! highe/ class1 :i* repres5ts bus9esses produc+ #bejj & upw>ds 7or a capital value ( #ej1jjj & upw>ds7 ! tax is #a ( ! pr(its4 ,!re is also a /amp duty on ! lic5ce rang+ f #as4 #f;d4 to #e4 ,! latt] goes to ! local rev5ue1 ! bus9ess tax to ! gov]nm5t4 ,be] & spirits are also subject to an excise tax1 f :i* ! imp]ial rev5ue d]iv$ #g1gjj1jjj 9 #aija2 b ! total taxation ( ! liquor trade c\ld only be calculat$ f ! returns ( all ! f$]at$ /ates4 ,! laws ( ,france & ,g]many are fairly repres5tative ( ! ,european /ates1 ) "s m9or v>iations4 ,9 ,holl& ! numb] ( lic5s$ _s retail]s is limit$ 9 proportion to population 7#a to #ejj71 & ! taxation1 :i* is bo? national & local1 ranges f #aj to #be ( ! annual value4 ,9 ,au/ria-,hung>y & ,rumania ! lic5ce duty is graduat$ accord+ to ! population ( ! place1 z us$ to be ! case 9 ,prussia4 ,9 #ahgg a sev]e police law 0 appli$ to ,galicia 9 ord] to *eck ! excesses ( _s-dr9k+4 ,! ,poles1 x may be obs]v$1 are _s-dr9k]s1 & ! exceptional treatm5t ( ?is "p ( ! ,au/rian empire is "o m illu/ration ( ! tr\ble aris+ f t habit1 :i* =ces special attempts to re/ra9 x4 ,! law1 j m5tion$1 9 ,holl& is ano!r in/ance2 & ! p>ticul> cases ( ,russia & ,sc&9avia1 describ$ bel[1 en=ce ! same lesson4 ,:]e ! dr9k ( ! p is conf9$ to w9e & be] !re is comp>atively little tr\ble4 ,9 ,switz]l& ! manufacture & :olesale sale ( spirits has be5 a f$]al monopoly s9ce #ahhg1 b ! retail+ is a lic5s$ trade1 z else:]e1 & is less re/rict$ ?an =m]ly4 ,be=e f$]ation 9 #ahgd ! cantons us$ to direct local au?orities to re/rict ! numb] ( lic5ces 9 proportion to population2 b "u ! new con/itution ! g5]al pr9ciple ( free trade 0 laid d[n1 & ! ,f$]al ,c\ncil intimat$ to ! cantonal au?orities t x 0 no long] lawful to refuse a lic5ce on ! gr\nd t x 0 n ne$$4 ,russia4--,9 #ahie ,russia ent]$ ^u an exp]im5t 9 reg>d to ! _s traffic & began to conv]t ! previ\sly exi/+ lic5ce sy/em into a /ate monopoly4 ,! exp]im5t 0 held to be successful & 0 gradually ext5d$ to ! :ole c\ntry4 ,"u ?is sy/em1 :i* to "s ext5t resembles t ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a b is mu* less rigid1 ! di/ill]ies rema9 9 private h&s b _! output is "u gov]nm5t control4 ,! retail sale is conf9$ to gov]nm5t %ops1 :i* sell only 9 seal$ bottles = consumption (f ! premises1 & to comm]cial e/abli%m5ts :i* sell on commission = ! gov]nm5t4 ,_s b>s are aboli%$ & only 9 a few high class re/aurants are spirits sold by ! glass2 9 ord9>y eat+-h\ses & at railway refre%m5t rooms !y are sold 9 seal$ gov]nm5t bottles b may be consum$ on ! premises4 ,! prim>y object 0 to *eck ! excesses ( _s-dr9k+ :i* 7 v great 9 ,russia among ! mass ( ! p4 ,! effect has be5 a v l>ge r$uction 9 ! numb] ( liquor %ops1 :i* has ext5d$ also to ! lic5s$ be]-h\ses ?\gh !y are n directly affect$ z su*4 ,presumably :5 !y c\ld no long] sell spirits x did n pay !m to take out a lic5ce = be]4 ,sw$5 & ,norway4--,9 ^! c\ntries ! celebrat$ ,go!nburg or company sy/em is 9 =ce toge!r ) lic5s+ & local veto4 ,l ! ,russian /ate monopoly ! company sy/em applies only to spirits1 & = ! same reason2 spirits are or 7 ! common dr9k ( ! p & excessive facilities 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! #ai? c5tury produc$ ! usual result4 ,! /ory is v simil> to t ( ,engl& 9 ! #ah? c5tury1 giv5 above4 ,f #aggd to #aghh di/ill+ 9 ,sw$5 0 a cr[n monopoly1 b popul> opposition & illicit trade compell$ ! ab&onm5t ( ?is plan 9 fav\r ( g5]al p]mission grant$ to f>m]s1 innkeep]s & l&[n]s4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! #ai? c5tury ! "r to di/il belong$ to e own] & cultivator ( l& on paym5t ( a trifl+ lic5ce duty1 & x 0 fur!r ext5d$ to occupi]s4 ,9 #ahbi ! numb] ( /ills pay+ lic5ce duty 0 #agc1abd or #a to e #af p]sons2 ! practice 0 9 fact univ]sal & ! :ole population 0 debau*$ ) spirits4 ,! physical & moral results 7 ! same z ^? record$ 9 ,engl& a hundr$ ye>s be=e4 ,! supply 0 some:at re/rict$ by royal ord9ance 9 #ahce1 b ! traffic 0 n effectively dealt ) until #ahee :5 a law 0 pass$ :i* practically aboli%$ dome/ic di/ill+ by fix+ a m9imum daily output ( #bjj gallons1 ) a tax ( ab\t #aj;d4 a gallon4 ,?is turn$ ! bus9ess into a manufacture & spe$ily r$uc$ ! numb] ( /ills4 ,at ! same "t ! retail sale 0 subject$ to dra/ic regulations4 ,a lic5s+ sy/em 0 introduc$ :i* gave ! local au?ority p[] to fix ! numb] ( lic5ces & put !m up to auction or to h& ov] ! retail traffic altoge!r to a company =m$ = ! purpose ( c>ry+ x on4 ,! latt] idea1 :i* is ! ,go!nburg sy/em1 0 tak5 f ! example ( ,falun & ,jnkp+ :i* _h a few ye>s ago volunt>ily adopt$ ! plan4 ,! law ( #ahee fur!r gave rural di/ricts ! p[] ( local veto4 ,f\r-fif?s ( ! population live 9 rural di/ricts1 & ! great majority ( !m imm$iately took advantage ( ! provision4 ,! company sy/em1 on ! o!r h&1 0 n appli$ by ! t[ns until #ahfe1 :5 ,go!nburg adopt$ x4 ,9 ,norway ! c\rse ( ev5ts 0 v simil>4 ,!re1 too1 di/ill+ & _s-dr9k+ 7 practically univ]sal 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! c5tury "u ! laws ( #ahaf1 b 7 *eck$ by legislation a few ye>s soon] ?an 9 ,sw$54 ,9 #ahde a special lic5s+ sy/em 0 introduc$1 giv+ ! local au?ority p[] to fix ! numb] ( lic5ces1 & 9 #ahdh ! small & dome/ic /ills 7 /opp$4 ,! ,go!nburg sy/em 0 n adopt$ 9 ,norway until #ahga & !n ) "s modification4 ,! ess5ce ( ?is me?od ( conduct+ ! retail traffic is t ! elem5t ( private ga9 is elim9at$4 ,a monopoly is grant$ to a company consi/+ ( a numb] ( dis9t]e/$ citiz5s ( /&+ ) a capital1 & !y manage ! sale bo? = on & (f consumption 9 ! public int]e/4 ,! pr(its1 aft] paym5t ( #e on ! capital1 orig9ally w5t 9 ,sw$5 ma9ly to ! municipality 9 relief ( rates1 9 ,norway to objects ( public utility4 ,! latt] 0 consid]$ pref]able because x (f]s less temptation to make ! pr(its z high z possible4 ,fault has1 h[ev]1 be5 f\nd ) bo? me?ods1 & paym5t ( pr(its to ! /ate is n[ pref]r$4 ,9 #ahid a law 0 pass$ 9 ,norway provid+ = ! foll[+ di/ribution3 #fe to ! /ate1 #bj to ! company1 & #ae to ! municipality4 ,9 #aijg ,sw$5 adopt$ a law 9 ! same direction4 ,! int5tion is to elim9ate m completely ! motive ( ga9 f ! traffic4 ,9 #ahih ! net pr(its ( ! companies exce$$ half a million /]l+ 9 ,sw$5 & rea*$ #aag1ejj 9 ,norway4 ,! company sy/em _h 9 #aiaj _h m ?an half a c5tury's trial2 x _h gone ?r\gh "s vicissitudes & be5 subject$ to mu* criticism1 :i* 0 balanc$ by at lea/ z mu* eulogy4 ,x _h held its own 9 ,sw$51 :]e #aja t[ns _h adopt$ x 9 #aijf4 ,9 ,norway at ! same date x 0 9 =ce 9 #cb t[ns :ile #bi _h adopt$ local veto1 :i* 0 ext5d$ f ! c\ntry di/ricts1 :]e x _h previ\sly be5 optional1 to ! t[ns by ! law ( #ahid4 ,z we h already said1 x only applies to spirits4 ,9 bo? c\ntries ! sale ( be] & w9e = on consumption is c>ri$ on 9 ! ord9>y way "u a lic5s+ sy/em2 ! sale ( be] 9 bottles = consumption (f ! premises is practically free4 ,! be] traffic is reg>d$ by "s z a safety valve & by o!rs z a defect 9 ! sy/em4 ,! consumption has greatly increas$ 9 ,sw$52 9 ,norway x increas$ up to #aijj & has s9ce decl9$4 ,b o!r m delet]i\s sub/itutes = spirits h come into use 9 ! %ape ( concoct$ w9es & me?ylat$ spirits4 ,! company managem5t has _h ! foll[+ effects3 x has greatly r$uc$ ! numb] ( _s b>s1 improv$ _! "* & conduct1 add$ eat+-rooms1 :]e good & *eap meals are s]v$1 /opp$ dr9k+ on cr$it & by p]sons "u #ah ye>s ( age1 %ort5$ ! h\rs ( sale1 rais$ ! price & l[]$ ! /r5g? ( spirits4 ,b ! re/rictions plac$ on ! sale = consumption on ! premises has /imulat$ ! retail bottle trade & home dr9k+4 ,briti% ,dom9ions4 ,canada4--,liquor legislation 9 ,canada has be5 mu* influ5c$ by ! proximity & example ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,lic5s+1 modifi$ by local veto1 prevails ?r\gh\t ! ,dom9ion except 9 ! ,indian settlem5ts2 b ! sev]al prov9ces h _! own laws1 :i* v>y 9 /r+5cy4 ,z a :ole ! lic5s+ sy/em r resembles ! ,am]ican ?an ! ,briti% type4 ,! lic5s+ au?ority is ei!r a bo>d ( commission]s or ! municipality1 & !re has be5 ! same t5d5cy z 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates to sub/itute ! =m] = ! latt]4 ,9 ,briti% ,columbia no new hotel lic5ce is grant$ 9 cities except on ! reque/ ( two-?irds ( ! own]s & occupi]s ( ! adjo9+ prop]ty1 b _! cons5t is n necess>y = r5ewal4 ,9 o!r prov9ces ! municipal au?ority has p[] to limit z well z regulate ! lic5s$ trade4 ,sunday clos+ is ! rule2 on week-days ! usual clos+ h\r 9 ! l>ge t[ns is #aa ,p4,m4 ,! p[] ( locally prohibit+ lic5s$ h\ses by vote 0 introduc$ by ! ,canada ,temp]ance ,act1 a f$]al law pass$ 9 #ahge & commonly kn[n z ! ,scott ,act4 ,ext5sive use has be5 made ( x1 especially 9 ! m>itime prov9ces1 :]e ! temp]ance s5tim5t is v /rong1 b 9 rec5t ye>s x has r lo/ gr\nd4 ,9 #aijh x 0 9 =ce 9 #bb c\nties or cities1 ( :i* t5 7 9 ,nova ,scotia1 t5 9 ,new ,brunswick & two 9 ,manitoba2 x 0 n[h]e 9 =ce 9 ! rema9+ prov9ces4 ,?ree elections 7 held "u ! act 9 #aijg-aijh1 two 9 ,nova ,scotia & "o 9 ,new ,brunswick1 & 9 ! fir/ two prohibition 0 defeat$4 ,9 #aiaj ,nova ,scotia1 app>5tly dissatisfi$ ) ! progress ( local prohibition "u ! ,scott ,act1 pass$ a prohibitory law = ! :ole prov9ce1 exempt+ ,halifax1 ! capital & only consid]able t[n1 b mak+ provision = its subsequ5t inclusion by a ref]5dum to ! ratepay]s4 ,!re is 9 ,canada ! same oscillation ( public op9ion z 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ! same tol]ation ( evasion ( ! law4 ,! writ] has /ay$ 9 hotels 9 sev]al prohibition t[ns1 :]e !re 0 n only a regul> b> b a pr9t$ w9e li/ f :i* any?+ c\ld be ord]$ at meals )\t any concealm5t at all4 ,! *ief diff]5ce betwe5 ! conduct ( hotels "u prohibition & "u lic5s+ is t "u lic5s+ ! b> is clos$ at ! legal h\r1 :i* is usually #aa o'clock1 & "u prohibition x rema9s op5 z long z !re are any cu/om]s to s]ve4 ,! law is nom9ally respect$ by impos+ a p]iodical f9e4 ,9 small t[ns & rural di/ricts local prohibition is mu* m effective4 ,9 %ort ! exp]i5ce ( ,canada confirms t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 addition to ! f$]al law1 ! local au?orities h p[]1 9 ,quebec1 to prohibit z well z to regulate ! trade4 ,! high lic5ce sy/em has n be5 adopt$ 9 ,canada4 ,! total rev5ue d]iv$ by ! ,dom9ion gov]nm5t 9 #aijh f taxation ( ! liquor trade1 includ+ duties & lic5ce fees1 0 #a1hjj1jjj4 ,au/ralia4--,! lic5s+ laws ( ,au/ralia are less repressive & ! practice m resembles ! ,briti% model4 ,que5sl& has adopt$ local prohibition1 b x is n appli$4 ,new ,s\? ,wales has a limit$ =m ( veto apply+ only to new lic5ces2 ,s\? ,au/ralia has ! same toge!r ) a provision = ! optional r$uction ( lic5ces2 ,victoria1 on ! o!r h&1 all[s an option bo? ways1 = r$uc+ or increas+ ! lic5ces2 ,we/ ,au/ralia & ,tasmania m]ely give ! local ratepay]s ! "r ( prote/2 9 ,we/ ,au/ralia x holds good aga9/ new lic5ces only & if a majority object ! lic5ce is refus$2 9 ,tasmania prote/ may be made aga9/ r5ewals & transf]s also1 b ! decision lies ) ! lic5s+ au?ority4 ,!re is practically no prohibition 9 ! ,commonweal?4 ,new ,zeal&4--,?is /ate has a lic5s+ sy/em ) local option provisions ( its own4 ,! lic5s+ au?ority is a local committee1 & !re are sev5 k9ds ( lic5ce1 ( :i* two are = consumption on ! premises4 ,! fees range f #a = a w9e lic5ce to #dj = a full publican's lic5ce 9 t[ns1 or #de = "o p]mitt+ an additional h\r's sale at night2 ! fees g to ! rev5ue ( ! local au?ority4 ,9 #aijg ! total numb] ( lic5ces grant$ 0 #bagi & ! fees paid am\nt$ to #de1hfe4 ,( ! :ole numb]1 #acfg1 or #a to e #fff p]sons1 7 h\ses lic5s$ = on consumption4 ,! clos+ h\r is #aj ,p4,m4 except = h\ses specially lic5s$ to be op5 till #aa ,p4,m4 ,9 #ahic local option 0 introduc$ by ! ,alcoholic ,liquors ,sale ,control ,act1 :i* provid$ = ! tak+ ( a poll on ! "q ( lic5ces4 ,! electoral di/ricts = ! purpose are ! same z = ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives1 except t ! cities ( ,auckl&1 ,well+ton1 ,*ri/*ur* & ,dun$9 ea* =m a s+le di/rict = ! lic5s+ poll4 ,x is tak5 at ! same "t z ! election ( memb]s ( ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives1 & ?ree que/ions are prop\nd$--7#a7 cont9uance ( exi/+ lic5ces1 7#b7 r$uction1 7#c7 no lic5ces4 ,a vot] may vote = two proposals b n m4 ,an absolute majority ( all ! votes record$ c>ries 7#a72 an absolute majority ( all ! votes record$ c>ries 7#b71 :]eupon ! lic5s+ committee r$uces ! lic5ces by any numb] f #e to #be ( ! total4 ,b if ?ree-fif?s ( all ! votes ca/ are 9 fav\r ( no lic5ce !n t sup]s$es 7#a7 & 7#b74 ,! poll tak5 9 ,decemb] #aije gave ! foll[+ results3 ( ! #fh di/ricts #dj c>ri$ no proposal 7:i* is equival5t to cont9uance ( exi/+ lic5ces71 #ah c>ri$ cont9uance1 #d r$uction1 #f no lic5ce1 includ+ #c :i* _h previ\sly adopt$ no lic5ce4 ,wom51 x mu/ be rememb]$1 vote z well z m54 ,! aggregate vote 9 fav\r ( no lic5ce %[s a l>ge proportional increase s9ce ! fir/ poll 9 ! pres5t sy/em 9 #ahif4 ,,au?orities4--,royal ,commission on ,liquor ,lic5s+ ,laws #ahif-ahii1 ,reports & ,app5dices2 ,lic5s+ ,/ati/ics ( ,engl& & ,wales1 annual4 ,canada ,ye>-book2 ,new ,zeal& ,ye>-book2 ,code de ,comm]ce1 ,france2 ,gew]beordnung1 ,g]man ,empire2 ,h&-book ( ,canada 7,briti% ,association72 ,new ,encyclop$ia ( ,social ,re=m2 ,brew]s' ,almanack2 ,committee ( ,fifty 7,new ,york71 ,! ,liquor ,problem 9 its ,legislative ,aspects 7,f4 ,h4 ,w9es & ,j4 ,kor572 ,e4 ,l4 ,fan%awe1 ,liquor ,legislation 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada2 ,e4,r4,l4 ,g\ld1 ,! ,go!nburg ,sy/em 7,special ,report ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,commission] ( ,labor72 ,e4 ,a4 ,pratt1 ,lic5s+ & ,temp]ance 9 ,sw$51 ,norway & ,d5m>k2 ,j4 ,r[ntree & ,a4 ,%]well1 ,! ,temp]ance ,problem & ,social ,re=m2 ,! ,taxation ( ! ,liquor ,trade2 ,a4 ,%adwell1 ,dr9k1 ,temp]ance & ,legislation2 ,/rauss und ,torney1 ,s*anks-,konzessionswes52 ,f4 ,w4 ,?ompson1 ,high ,lic5ce4 ,see also ,,temp]ance4 7,a4 ,sl47 ,,footnote3 #a ,9 #aijh local option 0 adopt$ 9 ,ohio4 ,,lira1 ! ,italian "n 7,lat4 libra1 p\nd7 = a silv] co91 ! ,italian unit ( value 9 ! ,lat9 ,monet>y ,union1 correspond+ to ! ,fr5*1 ,swiss & ,belgian franc 7q4v471 & ! dra*ma ( ,greece1 c4 ,! "n is sometimes us$ ( ! ,turki% p\nd1 m$jidie4 ,,liri1 or ,,g>igliano 7anc4 ,liris71 a riv] ( c5tral ,italy1 :i* rises at ,cappadocia1 #g m4 ,w4 ( ,avezzano1 & trav]ses a beautiful valley betwe5 l(ty m\nta9s1 runn+ ,s4,s4,e4 z f> z ,arce4 ,?is valley is foll[$ by ! railway f ,avezzano to ,roccasecca4 ,at ,isola del ,liri are two f9e wat]falls4 ,bel[ ,ceprano1 ! anci5t ,fregellae1 aft] x has issu$ f ! m\nta9s1 ! ,liri is jo9$ by ! ,sacco 7anc4 ,tr]us7 =m$ by ! union ( sev]al torr5ts betwe5 ,pale/r9a & ,segni1 & ! ,melfa f ! m\nta9s ,n4,e4 ( ,at9a1 & runs ,e4 ?r\gh a broad] valley4 ,x !n turns ,s4 aga9 ?r\gh ! m\nta9s ,s4,w4 ( ! ,via ,lat9a 7! l9e ( :i* is foll[$ by ! mod]n railway to ,naples71 keep+ ,w4 ( ,rocca ,monf9a1 & falls into ! sea j bel[ ,m9turnae1 aft] a c\rse ( #ajd m4 ,x is n navigable at any po9t4 ,,liroconite1 a r>e m9]al consi/+ ( hydr\s basic copp] & alum9ium ars5ate1 ) ! probable =mula ,cu#i;,al#d7,,oh7#ae7;,as,o#d7ebj;,h#b,o 4 ,x cry/allizes 9 ! monocl9ic sy/em1 =m+ flatt5$ octah$ra almo/ l5ticul> 9 %ape 7h5ce ! ,g]man "n ,l9s5kupf]74 ,*>act]i/ic is ! bright sky-blue col\r1 ?\gh sometimes1 possibly ow+ to diff]5ces 9 *emical composition1 x is v]digris-gre54 ,! col\r ( ! /reak or p[d] is r pal]2 h5ce ! "n liroconite1 f ! ,gr4 ,greek3 leiros1 pale1 & ,greek3 konia1 p[d]4 ,! h>dness is #b1 & ! specific gravity #b4ie4 ,! m9]al 0 f\nd at ! beg9n+ ( ! #ai? c5tury 9 ! copp] m9es ne> ,gw5nap 9 ,cornwall1 :]e x 0 associat$ ) o!r copp] ars5ates 9 ! upp]1 oxidiz$ portions ( ! lodes4 7,l4 ,j4 ,s47 ,,lisbon 7,lisboa71 ! capital ( ! k+dom ( ,portugal & ( ! dep>tm5t ( ,lisbon2 on ! "r bank ( ! riv] ,tagus1 ne> its entrance into ! ,atlantic ,ocean1 9 #ch #db #bd ,n4 & #i #aa #aj ,w4 ,pop4 7#aijj7 #cef1jji4 ,lisbon1 ! we/]nmo/ ( ,european capitals1 is built 9 a succession ( t]races up ! sides ( a range ( l[ hills1 back$ by ! granite m\nta9s ( ,c9tra4 ,x fronts ! ,tagus1 & ! view f ! riv] ( its :ite h\ses1 & its num]\s p>ks & g>d5s1 is comp>able 9 beauty ) ! approa* to ,naples or ,con/ant9ople by sea4 ,! l[] rea*es ( ! e/u>y =m a *annel 7,entrada d ,tejo7 ab\t #b m4 wide & #h m4 long1 :i* is p>tially clos$ at its m\? by a b> ( silt4 ,ow+ to ! reclamation ( ! =e%ore on ! "r1 & ! consequ5t n>r[+ ( ! wat]way1 ! curr5t fl[s v swiftly d[n ?is *annel1 :i* is ! sole outlet = ! imm5se volume ( wat] accumulat$ 9 ! ,rada de ,lisboa--a tidal lake =m$ by ! broad5+ ( ! e/u>y 9 its upp] "p to fill a bas9 #aa m4 long ) an av]age bread? ( ne>ly #g m4 ,! s\!rn or left %ore ( ! *annel rises %>ply f ! wat]'s edge 9 a l9e ( almo/ unbrok5 ?\gh n l(ty cliffs2 ! m>g9 ( ! lake is flat1 m>%y & irregul>4 ,lisbon ext5ds = m ?an #e m4 along ! %ores ( bo? *annel & lake1 & = m ?an #c m4 inl&4 ,its suburbs1 :i* g5]ally t]m9ate 9 a belt ( v9ey>ds1 p>ks or g>d5s1 int]sp]s$ ) villas & f>ms1 /ret* 9 "s cases beyond ! ,e/rada ,milit>1 or ,e/rada da ,nova ,circumvallao1 an inn] l9e ( def5ce #be m4 long1 supplem5t>y to ! =ts & o!r milit>y works at ! m\? ( ! ,tagus1 on ! heights ( ,c9tra & ,alv]ca1 & at ,caxias1 ,sacavem1 ,monsanto & ,ameixoeira4 ,! climate ( ,lisbon is mild & equable1 ?\gh some:at oppressive 9 summ]4 ,extreme cold is s r>e t 9 ! tw5ty ye>s #ahef-ahgf sn[ fell only ?rice2 & 9 ! #ah? & e>ly #ai? c5turies ,lisbon 0 ju/ly e/eem$ z a w9t] heal?-resort4 ,! mean annual temp]ature is #fj4a ,f41 ! mean = w9t] #ej4i1 ! av]age ra9fall #bi4de 94 ,z 9 #aijf1 :5 no ra9 fell betwe5 ,april & ,septemb]1 long p]iods ( dr\ght are n uncommon1 al?\gh ! proximity ( ! ,atlantic & ! frequ5cy ( sea-fogs keep ! atmosph]e humid2 ! mean atmosph]ic moi/ure is ne>ly #ga 7#ajj saturation74 ,!re is a good wat] supply1 convey$ to ! city by two va/ aqu$ucts4 ,! old] ( ^! is ! ,aqu$ucto das ,aguas ,livres1 :i* 0 built 9 ! fir/ half ( ! #ah? c5tury & />ts f a po9t ne> ,bellas1 #ae m4 ,w4,n4,w4 ,its conduits1 :i* are p>tly und]gr\nd1 are convey$ across ! ,alcant>a valley ?r\gh a magnific5t viaduct ( ?irty-five ar*es1 exce$+ #bjj ft4 9 height4 ,at ! ,lisbon end ( ! aqu$uct is ! ,mae d',agua 7i4e4 ,"m ( ,wat]71 conta9+ a huge /one hall 9 ! mid/ ( :i* is ! res]voir4 ,! ,alviella aqu$uct1 op5$ 9 #ahhj1 br+s wat] f ,alviella ne> ,p]nes1 #gj m4 ,n4,n4,e4 ,num]\s f\nta9s are among ! means ( di/ribution4 ,sewage is dis*>g$ into ! ,tagus1 & ! sanitation ( ! city is good1 except 9 ! old] qu>t]s4 ,divisions ( ! ,city4--,! f\r municipal di/ricts 7bairros7 into :i* ,lisbon is divid$ are ! ,alfama1 or old t[n1 9 ! ea/2 ! ,cidade ,baixa1 or l[] t[n1 :i* ext5ds inl& f ! naval ars5al & cu/om h\se2 ! ,bairro ,alto1 compris+ all ! high gr\nd we/ ( ! ,cidade ,baixa2 & ! ,alcant>a1 or we/]nmo/ di/rict1 nam$ aft] ! small riv] ,alcant>a1 :i* fl[s d[n into ! ,tagus4 ,o!r names commonly us$1 ?\gh un(ficial1 are ,lisboa ,ori5tal z an alt]native = ,alfama2 ,lisboa ,occid5tal = ! slopes :i* lead f ! ,cidade ,baixa to ! ,bairro ,alto2 ,bu5os ,ayres 7orig9ally s nam$ f ! numb] ( its ,s\? ,am]ican resid5ts7 = ! ,bairro ,alto ,s4,w4 ( ! ,e/rella ,g>d5s & ,e4 ( ! ,necessidades ,p>k2 ,campo de ,ourique & ,rato = ! suburbs respectively ,n4,w4 & ,n4,e4 ( ,bu5os ,ayres4 ,! ,alfama4--,! ,alfama1 :i* repres5ts ,roman & ,moori% ,lisbon1 is less ri* 9 ar*aeological int]e/ ?an its great antiquity might sugge/1 al?\gh p>ts ( a ,roman temple1 ba?s1 c41 h be5 dis9t]r$4 ,b z ! e>?quake ( #agee did comp>atively little damage to ?is qu>t]1 _m ( its n>r[1 /eep & w9d+ alleys reta9 ! m$ieval aspect :i* all o!r p>ts ( ! city h lo/2 & almo/ rival ! slums ( ,oporto 9 picturesque squalor4 ,! mo/ conspicu\s feature ( ! ,alfama is ! rocky hill surm\nt$ by ! ,ca/ello de ,so ,jorge1 a ,moori% citadel :i* has be5 conv]t$ into a =t & b>racks4 ,! ,s ,patri>*al1 a ca!dral f\nd$ 9 #aaej by ,alphonso ,i41 is said by tradition to h be5 a ,moori% mosque4 ,x 0 wreck$ by an e>?quake 9 #acdd & rebuilt 9 #achj1 b ! e>?quake ( #agee %att]$ ! dome1 ! ro( & belfry 7 subsequ5tly burn$1 & aft] ! "w ( re/oration 0 complet$ ! *oir & faade 7 ! only p>ts ( ! #ad?-c5tury ,go?ic *ur* unspoil$4 ,9 "o ( ! side *apels is ! tomb ( ,/ ,v9c5t 7d4 #cjd71 patron sa9t ( ,lisbon2 a pair ( rav5s kept )9 ! ca!dral prec9cts are popul>ly believ$ to be ! same birds :i*1 accord+ to ! leg5d1 miracul\sly guid$ ! sa9t's vessel to ! city4 ,! armorial be>+s ( ,lisbon1 repres5t+ a %ip & two rav5s1 commemorate ! leg5d4 ,o!r notewor?y build+s 9 ! ,alfama are ! #ab?-c5tury *ur* ( ,so ,vic5te de ,fra1 orig9ally1 z its "n implies1 outside ! city2 ! #ac?-c5tury *apel ( ,nossa ,s5hora d ,monte2 ! #af?-c5tury *ur* ( ,nossa ,s5hora da ,graa1 :i* conta9s a reput$ wond]-work+ /atue ( ,*ri/ & ! tomb ( ,alphonso d',albuqu]que 7#adec-aeae72 & a secul>iz$ ,augu/9ian mona/]y1 us$ z ! ar*bi%op's palace4 ,mod]n ,lisbon4--,we/ ( ! ,alfama ! city dates *iefly f ! p]iod aft] ! great e>?quake4 ,its l(ty h\ses1 arrang$ 9 long /raight /reets1 its g>d5s & op5 spaces1 a few ( its public build+s1 & almo/ all its num]\s /atues & f\nta9s1 w be> comp>ison ) ^? ( any ,european capital4 ,! c5tre ( social & comm]cial activity is ! di/rict :i* comprises ! ,praa d ,comm]cio1 ,rua ,augu/a1 ,roco1 & ,av5ida da ,lib]dade1 /reets & squ>es occupy+ ! valley ( a vani%$ tribut>y ( ! ,tagus4 ,! ,praa d ,comm]cio is a spaci\s squ>e1 "o side ( :i* faces ! riv]1 :ile ! o!r ?ree sides are occupi$ by ! arcad$ build+s ( ! cu/om h\se1 po/ (fice & o!r gov]nm5t prop]ty4 ,9 ! mid/ is a bronze eque/rian /atue ( ,joseph ,i41 by ,j4 ,m4 de ,ca/ro1 :i* 0 erect$ 9 #agge & gives po9t to ! "n ( ,black ,horse ,squ>e commonly appli$ to ! ,praa by ! ,briti%4 ,a triumphal ar* on ! nor? side leads to ,rua ,augu/a1 orig9ally int5d$ to be ! clo?-m]*ants' /reet2 = ! plan ^u :i* ,lisbon 0 rebuilt aft] #agee involv$ ! re/riction ( ea* indu/ry to a specifi$ area4 ,?is plan succe$$ 9 ! neighb\r+ ,rua ,aurea & ,rua da ,prata1 /ill1 z _! names indicate1 fam\s = goldsmi?s' & silv]smi?s' %ops4 ,rua ,augu/a t]m9ates on ! nor? 9 ! ,roco or ,praa de ,dom ,p$ro ,qu>to1 a squ>e pav$ ) mosaic ( a curi\s undulatory patt]n & conta9+ two bronze f\nta9s1 a l(ty pill> surm\nt$ by a /atue ( ,p$ro ,,iv41 & ! royal national !atre 7,teatro de ,dona ,m>ia ,segunda71 erect$ on ! site :i* ! ,inquisition build+s occupi$ f #aebj to #ahcf4 ,! n>r[ ,rua d ,pr9cipe1 lead+ pa/ ! c5tral railway /ation1 a h&some ,mauresque build+1 connects ! ,roco ) ! ,av5ida da ,lib]dade1 "o ( ! f9e/ av5ues 9 ,europe4 ,! c5tral "p ( ! ,av5ida1 a fav\rite op5-air resort ( ,lisbon society1 is us$ = rid+ & driv+2 on ea* side ( x are pav$ d\ble av5ues ( trees1 ) fl[]-b$s1 /atues1 ponds1 f\nta9s1 c41 & betwe5 ^! & ! broad pavem5ts are two roadways = trams & heavy traffic4 ,?us ! ,av5ida has ! appe>ance ( ?ree p>allel /reets1 sep>at$ by av5ues ( trees in/ead ( h\ses4 ,its wid? exce$s #cjj ft4 ,x owes its "n to an obelisk #ih ft4 high1 erect$ 9 #ahhb at its s\!rn end1 to commemorate ! lib]ation ( ,portugal f ,spani% rule 7,decemb]1 #afdj74 ,nor? & nor?-ea/ ( ! ,av5ida are ! ,av5ida ,p>k1 ! ,edw>d ,,vii4 ,p>k 7s nam$ 9 memory ( a visit paid to ,lisbon by ! k+ ( ,engl& 9 #aijc71 ,campo ,gr&e1 ) its f9ely wood$ walks1 & ,campo ,pequ5o1 ) ! bull-r+4 ,o!r notewor?y public g>d5s are ! ,passeio da ,e/rella1 comm&+ magnific5t views ( ! city & riv]1 ! ,l>go d ,pr9cipe ,real1 plant$ ) bananas & o!r tropical trees1 ! ,tapada das ,necessidades1 orig9ally ! p>k ( "o ( ! royal resid5ces1 & ! ,botanical ,g>d5s ( ! polyte*nic s*ool1 ) a f9e av5ue ( palms & collections ( tropical & subtropical flora h>dly surpass$ 9 ,europe4 ,!re are l>ge ,portuguese cemet]ies ea/ & we/ ( ,lisbon1 a ,g]man cemet]y1 & an ,engli% cemet]y1 kn[n also z ,os ,cypre/es f ! numb] ( its cypresses4 ,?is 0 laid out 9 #agag at ! co/ ( ! ,briti% & ,dut* resid5ts & conta9s ! graves ( ,h5ry ,field+ 7#agjg-aged71 ! noveli/1 & ,dr ,philip ,doddridge 7#agjb-agea71 ! ,noncon=mi/ div9e4 ,lisbon is ! seat ( an ar*bi%op :o s9ce #agaf has borne ex (ficio ! honor>y title ( patri>*2 he presides ov] ! ,h\se ( ,pe]s & is usually appo9t$ a c>d9al4 ,! *ur*es ( mod]n ,lisbon are g5]ally built 9 ! ,italian /yle ( ! #ah? c5tury2 ! int]iors are ov]laid ) heavy ornam5t4 ,p]haps ! f9e/ is ! ,e/rella *ur*1 ) its :ite m>ble dome & tw9 t[]s visible = _m miles above ! city4 ,! late ,r5aissance *ur* ( ,so ,roque conta9s two beautiful *apels dat+ f ! #ah? c5tury1 "o ( :i* is inlaid ) pa9t$ tiles1 :ile ! o!r 0 con/ruct$ 9 ,rome ( col\r$ m>bles1 & consecrat$ by ! pope be=e be+ %ipp$ to ,lisbon4 ,its mosaics & lapis lazuli pill>s are exceptionally f9e4 ,! #ad?-c5tury ,go?ic ,igreja d ,c>mo 0 %att]$ by ! great e>?quake4 ,only ! apse1 pill>$ aisles & out] walls rema9 /&+1 & ! int]ior has be5 conv]t$ into an ar*aeological museum4 ,! *ur* ( ,nossa ,s5hora da ,conceio has a magnific5t ,manoel9e faade4 ,! ,palacio das ,cortes1 9 :i* bo? ,h\ses ( ,p>liam5t sit1 is a #af?-c5tury ,b5$ict9e conv5t1 us$ = its pres5t purpose s9ce #ahcd4 ,x conta9s ! national ar*ives1 bett] kn[n z ! ,torre d ,tombo collection1 because 9 #acge ! ar*ives 7 fir/ /or$ 9 a t[] ( t "n4 ,! royal palace1 or ,pao das ,necessidades1 we/ ( ,bu5os ,ayres1 is a va/ #ah?-c5tury mansion occupy+ ! site ( a *apel d$icat$ to ,nossa ,s5hora das ,necessidades 7i4e4 ,our ,lady :o helps at ne$74 ,! ,suburbs ( ,ajuda & ,belem4--,9 ! extreme we/ ( ,lisbon1 beyond ! ,alcant>a valley1 are ,belem 7i4e4 ,be?lehem71 beside ! ,tagus1 & ,ajuda1 on ! heights above4 ,! ,pao de ,belem1 built 9 #agjj = ! c\nts ( ,aveiro1 became ! *ief royal palace "u ,john ,v4 7#agjf-agej74 ,! ,torre de ,belem1 on ! =e%ore1 is a small t[] ( beautiful design1 built 9 #aebj = ! protection ( %ipp+4 ,! f9e/ ecclesia/ical build+ 9 ,portugal except ! mona/]ies ( ,alcobaa & ,batalha also fronts ! riv]4 ,x is ! ,conv5to dos ,j]onymos1 a ,hi]onymite conv5t & *ur*1 f\nd$ 9 #adii to commemorate ! discov]y ( ! sea-r\te to ,india by ,vasco da ,gama4 ,x 0 built ( :ite lime/one by ,joo de ,ca/ilho 7d4 #aeha71 p]haps ! greate/ ( ,manoel9e ar*itects4 ,its cloi/]s =m a squ>e ) blunt$ corn]s1 surr\nd$ by a two-/orey$ arcade1 e available portion ( :i* is cov]$ ) exquisite sculptures4 ,p>ts ( ! build+ h be5 re/or$1 b ! cloi/]s & ! beautiful c5tral gateway rema9 unspoil$4 ,! int]ior conta9s _m royal tombs1 includ+ t ( ,ca!r9e ( ,braganza 7d4 #agje71 ! wife ( ,*>les ,,ii4 ( ,engl&4 ,! suppos$ rema9s ( ,camo5s & ,vasco da ,gama 7 int]r$ "h 9 #ahhj4 ,9 #ahcd1 :5 ! conv5t 0 secul>iz$1 its build+s 7 assign$ to ! ,casa ,pia1 an orphanage f\nd$ by ,m>ia ,i4 ,s9ce #aijc !y h conta9$ ! ar*aeological collections ( ! ,portuguese ,e?nological ,museum4 ,! royal ,ajuda palace1 begun 7#ahaf-ahbf7 by ,john ,,vi4 b left unf9i%$1 d]ives its "n f ! *apel ( ,n4 ,s4 de ,ajuda 7,our ,lady ( ,aid74 ,x conta9s "s f9e pictures & hi/orical trophies4 ,9 ! coa*-h\se !re is an unsurpass$ collection ( /ate coa*es1 ! c>s ^u :i* figures ( sa9ts are borne 9 procession1 s$an *airs1 old cabriolets & o!r curi\s vehicles4 ,! ,environs ( ,lisbon4--,! adm9i/rative di/rict ( ,lisbon has an area ( #cjfe sq4 m41 ) a population ( #gji1eji 9 #aijj4 ,x comprises ! l[] p>ts ( ! ,tagus & ,sado2 ! sea-coa/ f #e m4 ,s4 ( ,cape ,c>voeiro to )9 #c m4 ( ! bluff call$ ! ,esc>pa d ,rojo2 & a /rip ( t]ritory ext5d+ inl& = a mean di/ance ( #cj m4 ,?is region corresponds ) ! s\!rn "p ( ,e/remadura 7q4v474 ,its m important t[ns1 ,setubal1 ,c9tra1 ,torres ,v$ras & ,mafra1 are describ$ 9 sep>ate articles4 ,s9es1 a small seaport on ,cape ,s9es1 0 ! bir?place ( ,vasco da ,gama4 ,on ! left bank ( ! ,tagus1 opposite ,lisbon1 are ! small t[ns ( ,almada1 ,b>reiro1 ,aldeia ,gallega & ,seixal1 & ! hamlet ( ,traf>ia1 inhabit$ by fi%]m54 ,! beautiful /rip ( coa/ we/ ( ,oeiras & s\? ( ,cape ,roca is (t5 call$ ! ,portuguese ,rivi]a4 ,its f9e climate1 m9]al spr+s & sea-ba?+ attract visitors at all seasons to ! picturesque =tifi$ bay ( ,cascaes1 or to ,e/oril1 ,mont' ,e/oril & ,so ,joo d ,e/oril1 mod]n t[ns consi/+ *iefly ( villas1 hotels & g>d5s4 ,! ,boca d ,inf]no 7,m\? ( ,hell7 is a cavity 9 ! rocks at ,cascaes resembl+ ! ,bufador at ,peiscola 7q4v474 ,! villages ( ,c>cavellos1 ,bucellas1 ,lumi> & ,coll>es produce excell5t w9es2 at ,c>cavellos is ! receiv+ /ation = cables1 ) a l>ge ,briti% /aff1 & a club & gr\nds :]e social & a?letic meet+s are held by ! ,briti% colony4 ,alh&ra1 on ! "r bank ( ! ,tagus1 above ,lisbon1 0 ! bir?place ( ,albuqu]que2 fight+ bulls = ! ,lisbon ar5a are br$ 9 ! adjac5t pa/ures4 ,railways1 ,%ipp+ & ,comm]ce4--,lisbon has five railway /ations--! c5tral 7,lisboa-,roco71 = ! l9es to ,c9tra1 nor!rn & c5tral ,portugal1 & ,madrid via ,val5cia de ,alcnt>a2 ! ,santa ,apolonia or ,caes dos ,soldados1 at ! ea/]n extremity ( ! quays1 = ! same l9es 7exclud+ ,c9tra7 & = s\!rn ,portugal & ,&alusia2 ! ,caes d ,sodr & ,santos1 f>!r we/ along ! quays1 = ,cascaes2 & ! ,b>reiro1 on ! left bank ( ! ,tagus1 = s\!rn ,portugal4 ,9 #aijb ! railways nor? & s\? ( ! ,tagus 7 connect$ ne> ,lisbon by a bridge4 ,9 ! previ\s ye> an ext5sive sy/em ( electric tramways replac$ ! old-fa%ion$ cable c>s & mule trams4 ,electric & hydraulic lifts are us$ :]e ! /reets are too /eep = trams4 ,lisbon is light$ by bo? electricity & gas2 x has an admirable telephone s]vice1 & is connect$ by ! ,c>cavellos cable-/ation ) ,cornwall 7,engl&71 ,vigo 9 ,galicia1 ,gibralt>1 ! ,azores & ,madeira4 ,%ips ( ! l>ge/ size c ent] ! ,tagus1 & ! ,b>reiro inlet is navigable at l[ wat] by vessels draw+ #af ft4 ,!re are ext5sive quays along ! "r bank1 ) hydraulic cranes1 two grav+ docks1 a slipway1 w>eh\ses & l9es ( railway4 ,! gov]nm5t & private docks are on ! left bank4 ,load+ & dis*>g+ are pr9cipally effect$ by means ( light]s4 ,! exports are w9es1 oil1 fruit1 t9n$ fi%1 salt1 colonial produce1 cork1 pitwood1 lea!r & wool4 ,! imports include cotton & wooll5 goods1 l951 ale & port]1 butt]1 tea1 h>dw>e1 t9 plates1 coal1 iron1 ma*9]y1 *emical manure1 c41 f ,great ,brita92 gra9 & petroleum f ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 dri$ codfi% f ,norway & ,newf\ndl&2 silks1 p]fum]y & fancy goods f ,france2 hemp1 flax1 gra91 petroleum & clo? f ,russia2 l951 ma*9]y1 h>dw>e1 sug>1 c41 f ,g]many & ,holl&1 iron1 /eel1 timb]1 pit* & salt fi% f ! ,baltic2 cocoa1 c(fee1 wax & rubb] f ! ,portuguese colonies4 ,t[>ds ! close ( ! #ai? c5tury ! t\ri/ traffic f ,great ,brita9 & ,g]many atta9$ consid]able importance1 & ,lisbon has long be5 "o ( ! pr9cipal ports ( deb>cation = pass5g]s f ,brazil & ( emb>cation = emigrants to ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,%ipbuild+1 includ+ ! con/ruction ( vessels = ! national navy1 is a gr[+ indu/ry4 ,! fi%]ies h always be5 important1 & 9 no ,european fi%m>ket is ! produce m v>i$4 ,s>d9es & tunny are cur$ & t9n$ = export4 ,9 addition to a fleet ( ab\t #fjj sail+ boats1 ! ,tagus is ! headqu>t]s ( a small fleet ( /eam trawl]s4 ,! indu/ries ( ,lisbon include dye+1 di/illation ( spirits & manufactures ( wooll51 cotton1 silk & l95 fabrics1 ( pott]y1 soap1 pap]1 *emicals1 cem5t1 corks1 tobacco1 pres]v$ foods & biscuits4 ,education & ,*>ity4--,al?\gh ! seat ( ! only univ]sity 9 ,portugal 0 fix$ at ,coimbra 9 #aebg1 ,lisbon is ! educational c5tre ( ! ,portuguese _w1 includ+ ,brazil4 ,its *ief le>n$ societies are ! ,society ( ,m$ical ,sci5ces1 ! ,geographical ,society1 ! ,royal ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 ! ,academy ( ,f9e ,arts1 ! ,royal ,cons]vatory ( ,music & ! ,propag&a de ,portugal4 ,! museum ( ! ,academy ( ,f9e ,arts conta9s ! l>ge/ collection ( pictures & /atues by native & =eign arti/s 9 ,portugal4 ,! ,geographical ,society has ga9$ an int]national reputation2 x possesses a valuable libr>y & museum4 ,! ,national ,libr>y1 f\nd$ 9 #agif1 conta9s ov] #djj1jjj pr9t$ books1 & upw>ds ( #ijjj ,,mss4 ,!re are also colonial1 naval1 artill]y1 natural hi/ory & comm]cial museums1 meteorological & a/ronomical obs]vatories1 zoological g>d5s & an aqu>ium4 ,purely educational in/itutions include ! m$ical1 polyte*nic1 milit>y & naval s*ools1 comm]cial1 agricultural & indu/rial in/itutes1 a s*ool ( art1 a c5tral lyceum1 a s*ool = tea*]s1 c4 ,! ,engli% college = ,briti% ,roman ,ca?olics dates f #afbh4 ,! ,iri% ,dom9icans h a sem9>y1 & ,portuguese ecclesia/ical s*ools are num]\s4 ,!re are hospitals = wom51 & = contagi\s diseases1 alm%\ses1 orphanages1 a f\ndl+ hospital & a v l>ge qu>ant9e /ation on ! s\? bank ( ! ,tagus1 f\nd$ 9 #aheg aft] an outbreak ( yell[ fev] _h deva/at$ ! city4 ,=emo/ among ! !atres1 circuses & o!r places ( amusem5t is ! royal op]a-h\se ( ,so ,c>los1 built 9 #agib-agic on ! model ( ! ,scala at ,milan4 ,population4--,! population ( ,lisbon1 #ahg1djda 9 #ahgh1 rose to #cja1bjf 9 #ahij & #cef1jji 9 #aijj4 ,x includes a l>ge =eign colony1 compos$ *iefly ( ,spani>ds1 ,briti%1 ,g]mans1 ,fr5*1 ,brazilians & immigrants f ! ,portuguese colonies1 among :om are _m half-ca/es4 ,! majority ( ! ,spani>ds are dome/ic s]vants & lab\r]s f ,galicia1 ^: indu/ry & easily ga9$ k ( ! k9dr$ ,portuguese language enables !m to e>n a bett] livelihood "h ?an 9 _! own homes4 ,! ,briti%1 ,g]man & ,fr5* communities control a l>ge %>e ( ! =eign trade4 ,! ,brazilians & colonial immigrants are (t5 m]*ants & l&[n]s :o come to ! "m-c\ntry to sp5d _! =tunes 9 a cong5ial social environm5t4 ,! /reet life ( ! city is full ( int]e/4 ,! b>e-foot$1 unga9ly fi%wives1 dress$ 9 black & be>+ flat trays ( fi% on _! heads2 ! ,galician wat]-c>ri]s1 ) _! casks2 ! bak]s1 b5d+ b5ea? a hundr$weight ( bread slung 9 a huge basket f _! %\ld]s2 ! c\ntrym51 ) _! sombr]os1 sa%es & h>dwood qu>t]-/aves1 give col\r & animation to _! surr\nd+s2 :ile ! bag-pipes play$ by peasants f ! nor?1 ! :i/les ( ! knife-gr9d]s1 & ! di/9ctive calls ( ! v5dors ( fruit1 lott]y tickets1 or oil & v9eg>1 contribute a babel ( s\nd4 ,= *ur* fe/ivals & holidays ! c\ntry-folk come to t[n1 ! wom5 rid+ on pillions beh9d ! m51 adorn$ 9 %awls1 aprons & h&k]*iefs ( sc>let or o!r vivid hues1 & we>+ ! /r+s ( co9s & ornam5ts ( exquisite gold & silv] filigree :i* repres5t _! sav+s or d[ries4 ,! co/umes & mann]s ( all classes may be se5 at _! be/ 9 ! great bull-r+ ( ,campo ,pequ5o1 a ,mauresque build+ :i* holds _m ?\s&s ( spectators4 ,a ,lisbon bullfight is a really brilliant exhibition ( a?letic skill & horseman%ip1 9 :i* amateurs (t5 take "p1 & nei!r horses nor bulls are kill$4 ,!re is a ,tauroma*ic ,club solely = amateurs4 ,hi/ory4--,! "n ,lisbon is a modification ( ! anci5t "n ,olisipo1 also writt5 ,ulyssippo "u ! influ5ce ( a my?ical /ory ( a city f\nd$ by ,odysseus 7,ulysses7 9 ,ib]ia1 :i*1 h[ev]1 accord+ to ,/rabo1 0 plac$ by anci5t tradition r 9 ! m\nta9s ( ,turdetania 7! extreme s\? ( ,spa974 ,"u ! ,romans ,olisipo became a municipium ) ! epi!t ( ,felicitas ,julia1 b 0 inf]ior 9 importance to ! less anci5t ,em]ita ,augu/a 7,mrida74 ,f #djg to #ehe x 0 occupi$ by ,al>ic1 & !nce=w>d by ! ,visigo?s until #gaa1 :5 x 0 tak5 by ! ,moors4 ,"u ! ,moors ! t[n bore 9 ,arabic ! "n ( ,al ,o%buna or ,la%buna4 ,x 0 ! fir/ po9t ( ,moslem ,spa9 attack$ by ! ,normans 9 #hdd4 ,:5 ,alphonso ,i4 ( ,portugal took advantage ( ! decl9e & fall ( ! ,almoravid dyna/y to incorporate ! prov9ces ( ,e/remadura & ,alemtejo 9 8 new k+dom1 ,lisbon 0 ! la/ city ( ,portugal to fall into 8 h&s1 & yield$ only aft] a siege ( sev]al mon?s 7#ba/ ,octob] #aadg71 9 :i* he 0 aid$ by ,engli% & ,flemi% crusad]s on _! way to ,syria4 ,9 #aahd ! city 0 aga9 attack$ by ! ,moslems "u ! p[]ful caliph ,abu ,yakub1 b ! ent]prise fail$4 ,9 ! reign ( ,f]d9& ,i41 ! great] "p ( ! t[n 0 burn$ by ! ,ca/ilian army "u ,h5ry ,,ii4 7#acgc71 & 9 #achd ! ,ca/ilians aga9 besieg$ ,lisbon1 b )\t success4 ,lisbon became ! seat ( an ar*bi%op 9 #acij1 ! seat ( gov]nm5t 9 #adbb4 ,dur+ ! #af? c5tury x ga9$ mu* 9 weal? & spl5d\r f ! e/abli%m5t ( a ,portuguese empire 9 ,india & ,africa4 ,f #aehj to #afdj ,lisbon 0 a prov9cial t[n "u ,spani% rule1 & x 0 f ?is port t ! ,spani% ,armada sail$ 9 #aehh4 ,9 #afdj ! t[n 0 captur$ by ! duke ( ,braganza1 & ! indep5d5ce ( ! k+dom re/or$4 ,= _m c5turies ! city _h suff]$ f e>?quakes1 & on ! #a/ ( ,novemb] #agee ! great] "p ( x 0 r$uc$ almo/ 9 an in/ant to a heap ( ru9s4 ,a tidal wave at ! same "t broke ov] ! quays & wreck$ ! %ipp+ 9 ! ,tagus2 fire broke out to complete ! "w ( de/ruction2 betwe5 #cj1jjj & #dj1jjj p]sons lo/ _! lives2 & ! value ( ! prop]ty de/roy$ 0 ab\t #bj1jjj1jjj4 ,! %ock 0 felt f ,scotl& to ,asia ,m9or4 ,c>eful inve/igation by ,daniel ,%>pe1 an ,engli% geologi/1 has delimit$ ! area 9 & ne> ,lisbon to :i* its full =ce 0 conf9$4 ,lisbon is built 9 a geological bas9 ( ,t]ti>y =mation1 ! upp] portion ( :i* is loose s& & gravel de/itute ( organic rema9s1 :ile bel[ ^! are ! s-call$ ,almada b$s ( yell[ s&1 calc>e\s s&/one & blue clay ri* 9 organic rema9s4 ,! ,t]ti>y deposits1 :i* altoge!r cov] an area ( m ?an #bjjj sq4 m41 are sep>at$ ne> ,lisbon f rocks ( ! ,second>y epo* by a great %eet ( basalt4 ,! upp]mo/ ( ^! ,second>y rocks is ! hippurite lime/one4 ,x 0 f\nd t no build+ on ! blue clay escap$ de/ruction1 none on any ( ! ,t]ti>y deposits escap$ s]i\s injury1 & all on ! hippurite lime/one & basalt 7 undamag$4 ,! l9e at :i* ! e>?quake ceas$ to be de/ructive ?us correspond$ exactly ) ! b\nd>y ( ! ,t]ti>y deposits4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! #ai? c5tury ! ,fr5* invasion1 foll[$ by ! removal ( ! c\rt to ,rio de ,janeiro1 ! ,p59sul> ,w>1 ! loss ( ,brazil & a p]iod ( revolution & dyna/ic tr\ble1 result$ 9 ! utt] decad5ce ( ,lisbon1 f :i* ! city only recov]$ aft] #ahej 7see ,,portugal3 ,hi/ory74 ,,bibliography4--,e book :i* deals ) ! topography1 trade or hi/ory ( ,portugal z a :ole necess>ily devotes a portion ( its space to ! capital2 see ,,portugal3 ,bibliography4 ,! foll[+ treat m exclusively ( ,lisbon3 ,a4 ,dayot1 ,lisbonne 7,no4 ix4 ( ! ,capitales du monde s]ies7 7,p>is1 #ahib72 ,freire de ,oliveira1 ,elem5tos p>a a hi/oria d municipio de ,lisboa 7#i vols41 ,lisbon1 #ahhe-ahih72 ,j4 de ,ca/ilho1 ,lisboa antiga 7#g vols41 ,lisbon1 #ahij71 & 7by ! same au?or7 ,a ,ribeira de ,lisboa 7,lisbon1 #ahic74 ,,footnote3 #a ,?is figure repres5ts ! population ( a small] area ?an t ( mod]n ,lisbon1 = ! civic b\nd>ies 7 ext5d$ by a decree dat$ ! #bcrd ( ,decemb] #ahhf4 ,,lisburn1 a m>ket t[n1 & ca!dral city ( ,co4 ,antrim1 ,irel&1 situat$ 9 a beautiful & f]tile di/rict on ! ,lagan1 & on ! ,great ,nor!rn railway1 #h m4 ,s4,s4,w4 ( ,belfa/4 ,pop4 7#aija7 #aa1dfa4 ,*ri/ ,*ur* 7#afbb7 :i* possesses a f9e octagonal spire1 is ! ca!dral *ur* ( ! unit$ ,prote/ant dioceses ( ,d[n1 ,connor & ,dromore1 & conta9s a monum5t to ,j]emy ,taylor1 :o 0 bi%op ( ! see4 ,! public p>k 0 pres5t$ to ! t[n by ,sir ,ri*>d ,wallace 7d4 #ahij71 & aft] 8 dea? ! ca/le g>d5s 7 also giv5 to ! t[n4 ,! /aple manufacture is l951 especially damasks & musl9s1 orig9ally introduc$ by ,hugu5ots4 ,!re are also blea*+ & dye+ works1 & a consid]able agricultural trade4 ,! t[n is gov]n$ by an urban di/rict c\ncil4 ,! ru9s ( ,ca/le ,rob91 #b m4 ,n4 ( ! t[n1 /& on a summit ( ! ,:ite ,m\nta9s1 & ! build+ dates f ! "t ( ,que5 ,elizabe?4 ,at ,drumbo1 #c m4 ,e4 ( ,lisburn1 is "o ( ! f9e/ examples ( e>ly =tification 9 ,irel&1 kn[n z ! ,giant's ,r+1 ) a cromle* 9 ! c5tre4 ,"h are also a r\nd t[] & ! rema9s ( a *ur* ascrib$ to ,/ ,patrick4 ,9 ! reign ( ,james ,i41 ,lisburn1 :i* 0 !n kn[n z ,lisneg>vy 7,gambl]'s ,=t71 0 an inconsid]able village1 b 9 #afbg x 0 grant$ by ,*>les ,i4 to ,visc\nt ,conway1 :o erect$ ! ca/le = 8 resid5ce1 & laid ! f\ndation ( ! prosp]ity ( ! t[n by ! introduction ( ,engli% & ,wel% settl]s4 ,9 ,novemb] #afda ! t[n 0 tak5 by ! insurg5ts1 :o on ! approa* ( sup]ior numb]s set fire to x4 ,! troops ( ,cromwell ga9$ a victory ne> ! t[n 9 #afdh1 & ! ca/le surr5d]$ to !m 9 #afej4 ,! *ur* 0 con/itut$ a ca!dral 9 #affb by ,*>les ,,ii41 f :om ! t[n receiv$ ! privilege ( return+ two memb]s to p>liam5t1 b aft] ! ,union x return$ only "o & 9 #ahhe ceas$ to be a p>liam5t>y bor\gh4 ,lisburn gives ! titles ( e>l & visc\nt to ! family ( ,vaughan4 ,,lisieux1 a t[n ( nor?-we/]n ,france1 capital ( an arrondissem5t 9 ! dep>tm5t ( ,calvados1 #cj m4 ,e4 ( ,ca5 by rail4 ,pop4 7#aijf7 #ae1aid4 ,lisieux is prettily situat$ 9 ! valley ( ! ,t\ques at its conflu5ce ) ! ,orbiquet4 ,t[]s ( ! #af? c5tury1 relics ( ! old =tifications1 rema91 & "s ( ! /reets1 bord]$ ?r\gh\t by h\ses ( ! #ad?1 #ae? & #af? c5turies1 reta9 _! m$ieval aspect4 ,! *ur* ( ,/ ,pet]1 =m]ly a ca!dral1 is reput$ to be ! fir/ ,go?ic *ur* built 9 ,norm&y4 ,begun 9 ! latt] half ( ! #ab? c5tury x 0 complet$ 9 ! #ac? & #af? c5turies4 ,!re is a lant]n-t[] ov] ! cross+ & two t[]s surm\nt ! we/ faade1 "o only ( :i* has a spire1 add$ t[>ds ! end ( ! #af? c5tury4 ,9 ! int]ior !re is a ,lady-,*apel1 re/or$ 9 ! #ae? c5tury by ,bi%op ,pi]re ,cau*on1 "o ( ! judges ( ,joan ( ,arc4 ,! *ur* ( ,/ ,jacques 7late #ae? c5tury7 conta9s beautiful glass ( ! ,r5aissance1 "s rem>kable /alls & old frescoes1 & a curi\s picture on wood1 re/or$ 9 #afha4 ,! *ur* ( ,/ ,dsir 7#ah? c5tury7 once belong$ to a ,b5$ict9e abbey4 ,! old episcopal palace ne> ! ca!dral is n[ us$ z a c\rt-h\se1 museum1 libr>y & prison1 & conta9s a beautiful hall call$ ! salle dore4 ,lisieux is ! seat ( a sub-prefect1 & has tribunals ( fir/ in/ance & ( comm]ce1 a *amb] ( arts & manufactures1 a bo>d ( trade arbitrators & a communal college4 ,its manufactures ( wooll5s are important1 & blea*+1 wool & flax-sp9n+1 tann+1 brew+1 timb]-saw+1 metal-f\nd+1 & ! manufacture ( ma*9]y1 hosi]y & boots & %oes are c>ri$ on2 !re is trade 9 gra91 cattle & *eese4 ,9 ! "t ( ,caes>1 ,lisieux1 "u ! "n ( ,noviomagus1 0 ! capital ( ! ,lexovii4 ,?\gh de/roy$ by ! b>b>ians1 by ! #f? c5tury x _h become "o ( ! mo/ important t[ns ( ,neu/ria4 ,its bi%opric1 suppress$ 9 #ahjb1 dates f t p]iod4 ,9 #hgg x 0 pillag$ by ! ,normans2 & 9 #iaa 0 includ$ 9 ! du*y ( ,norm&y by ! treaty ( ,/ ,clair-sur-,epte4 ,civil au?ority 0 ex]cis$ by ! bi%op z c\nt ( ! t[n4 ,9 #aacf ,ge(frey ,plantag5et laid siege to ,lisieux1 :i* _h tak5 ! side ( ,/eph5 ( ,blois4 ,! t[n 0 n r$uc$ till #aada1 by :i* "t bo? x & ! neighb\rhood _h be5 br\ght to ! dire/ extremities ( fam9e4 ,9 #aaeb ! m>riage ( ,h5ry ,,ii4 ( ,engl& to ,eleanor ( ,gui5ne1 :i* add$ s l>gely to 8 dom9ions1 0 celebrat$ 9 ! ca!dral4 ,?omas ,becket took refuge "h1 & "s ve/m5ts us$ by him are %[n 9 ! hospital *apel4 ,tak5 by ,philip ,augu/us & reunit$ to ,france 9 #abjc1 ! t[n 0 a frequ5t subject ( dispute betwe5 ! cont5d+ p>ties dur+ ! ,hundr$ ,ye>s' ,w>1 ! religi\s w>s1 & ^? ( ! ,league4 ,,liske>d1 a m>ket t[n & municipal bor\gh 9 ! ,bodm9 p>liam5t>y division ( ,cornwall1 ,engl&1 #ae m4 ,w4,n4,w4 ( ,plym\?1 on ! ,great ,we/]n & ! ,liske>d & ,looe railways4 ,pop4 7#aija7 #djaj4 ,x lies high1 above two small valleys op5+ to t ( ! ,looe riv]1 9 a hilly1 picturesque di/rict4 ,! ,p]p5dicul> *ur* ( ,/ ,m>t91 ) a t[] ( e>li] date1 hav+ a ,norman ar*1 is "o ( ! l>ge/ ecclesia/ical build+s 9 ! c\nty4 ,! site ( a ca/le built by ,ri*>d1 bro!r ( ,h5ry ,,iii4 & e>l ( ,cornwall1 is occupi$ by public g>d5s4 ,at ! gramm> s*ool1 :i* =m]ly occupi$ a build+ 9 ^? g>d5s1 ,dr ,john ,wolcot1 o!rwise kn[n z ,pet] ,p9d>1 0 educat$4 ,liske>d 0 =m]ly an important m9+ c5tre4 ,its manufactures include lea!r & wooll5 goods1 & !re are iron f\ndries4 ,! bor\gh is "u a mayor1 #d ald]m5 & #ab c\ncillors4 ,area1 #bgjd acres4 ,liske>d 7,lisc>ret7 0 at ! "t ( ! ,domesday ,survey an important manor ) a mill r5d]+ #ab;d4 ye>ly & a m>ket r5d]+ #ds4 ,by ! ,conqu]or x _h be5 giv5 to ! c\nt ( ,morta9 by :om x 0 held 9 demesne4 ,ev] s9ce t "t x has pass$ ) ! e>ldom or du*y ( ,cornwall4 ,! f]tility ( its soil & ! riv] ,looe probably l$ to e>ly settlem5t at ,liske>d4 ,ri*>d1 k+ ( ! ,romans1 recogniz$ its natural advantages & built ! manor h\se or ca/le & resid$ !re occasionally4 ,9 #abdj he con/itut$ ,liske>d a free bor\gh & its burgesses freem5 ) all ! lib]ties enjoy$ by ! burgesses ( ,launce/on & ,hel/on4 ,9 #abff he grant$ fairs at ! ,fea/s ( ! ,assumption & ,/ ,mat!w4 ,8 son ,edmund e>l ( ,cornwall 9 #abge grant$ to ! burgesses = a ye>ly r5t ( #ah 7sold by ,william ,,iii4 to ,"l ,som]s7 ! bor\gh 9 fee f>m ) its mills1 tolls1 f9es & pleas1 pleas ( ! cr[n except$4 ,liske>d 0 made a co9age t[n = t9 9 #acjd4 ,edw>d ! ,black ,pr9ce secur$ to ! burgesses 9 #acee immunity f pleas outside _! fran*ise = trespass done )9 ! bor\gh4 ,que5 ,elizabe? grant$ a *>t] ( incorporation 9 #aehj "u :i* !re 7 to be a mayor1 record] & eight c\ncillors4 ,?is *>t] 0 surr5d]$ to ,*>les ,,ii4 9 #afhj & a new "o grant$ by 8 bro!r "u :i* ! corporation became a self-elect$ body4 ,f #abie to #ahcb ,liske>d s5t two memb]s to ! ,h\se ( ,commons4 ,! p>liam5t>y fran*ise1 at fir/ ex]cis$ by ! burgesses1 0 ve/$ by ,james' *>t] 9 ! corporation & freem54 ,by det]m9+ to admit no new freem5 ! vot]s became r$uc$ to betwe5 #cj & #fj4 ,sir ,edw>d ,coke 0 return$ = ?is bor\gh 9 #afbj1 & ,edw>d ,gibbon ! hi/orian 9 #aggd4 ,9 #ahcb ,liske>d 0 depriv$ ( "o ( its memb]s & 9 #ahhe x became m]g$ 9 ! c\nty4 ,besides ! fairs already m5tion$ a ?ird 0 add$ by ,elizabe?'s *>t] to be held on ,asc5sion ,day4 ,^! are /ill among ! mo/ consid]able cattle fairs 9 ! c\nty4 ,! same *>t] ratifi$ a m>ket on ,mondays & provid$ = ano!r on ,saturdays4 ,! latt] is n[ held weekly1 ! =m] twice a mon?4 ,! fl\r mill at ,lamellion m5tion$ 9 ! *>t] ( #abge1 & probably id5tical ) ! mill ( ! ,domesday ,survey1 is /ill driv5 by wat]4 ,,lisle1 ,,alice 7c4 #afad-afhe71 commonly kn[n z ,lady ,alice ,lisle1 0 born ab\t #afad4 ,h] fa!r1 ,sir ,:ite ,beck5%aw1 0 desc5d$ f an old ,hamp%ire family2 h] husb&1 ,john ,lisle 7d4 #affd71 _h be5 "o ( ! judges at ! trial ( ,*>les ,i41 & 0 subsequ5tly a memb] ( ,cromwell's ,h\se ( ,lords--h5ce 8 wife's c\rtesy title4 ,lady ,lisle seems to h lean$ to ,royalism1 b ) ?is attitude %e comb9$ a decid$ sympa?y ) religi\s diss5t4 ,on ! #bj? ( ,july #afhe1 a =tnight aft] ! battle ( ,s$gemoor1 ! old lady cons5t$ to %elt] ,john ,hickes1 a well-kn[n ,noncon=mi/ m9i/]1 at h] resid5ce1 ,moyles ,c\rt1 ne> ,r+wood4 ,hickes1 :o 0 a fugitive f ,monm\?'s army1 br\ght ) him ,ri*>d ,nel?orpe1 also a p>tizan ( ,monm\?1 & "u s5t5ce ( outlawry4 ,! two m5 pass$ ! night at ,moyles ,c\rt1 & on ! foll[+ morn+ 7 arre/$1 & _! ho/ess1 :o _h d5i$ _! pres5ce 9 ! h\se1 0 *>g$ ) h>b\r+ traitors4 ,h] case 0 tri$ by ,judge ,jeffreys at ! op5+ ( ! ,bloody ,assizes at ,w9*e/]4 ,%e plead$ t %e _h no k t ,hickes's (f5ce 0 any?+ m s]i\s ?an illegal prea*+1 t %e _h kn[n no?+ previ\sly ( ,nel?orpe 7^: "n 0 n includ$ 9 ! indictm5t1 b 01 nev]!less1 m5tion$ to /r5g!n ! case = ! ,cr[n71 & t %e _h no sympa?y ) ! rebellion4 ,! jury reluctantly f\nd h] guilty1 &1 ! law recogniz+ no di/9ction betwe5 pr9cipals & accessories 9 treason1 %e 0 s5t5c$ to be burn$4 ,jeffreys ord]$ t ! s5t5ce %\ld be c>ri$ out t same aft]noon1 b a few days' respite 0 subsequ5tly grant$1 & ,james ,,ii4 all[$ behead+ to be sub/itut$ = burn+4 ,lady ,lisle 0 execut$ 9 ,w9*e/] m>ket-place on ! #bnd ( ,septemb] #afhe4 ,by _m writ]s h] dea? has be5 t]m$ a judicial murd]1 & "o ( ! fir/ acts ( p>liam5t ( ,william & ,m>y rev]s$ ! atta9d] on ! gr\nd t ! prosecution 0 irregul> & ! v]dict injuri\sly extort$ by ! m5aces & viol5ces & o!r illegal practices ( ,jeffreys4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 extremely d\btful :e!r ,jeffreys1 = all 8 gross brutality1 exce$$ ! /rict lett] ( ! exi/+ law4 ,see ,h[ell1 ,/ate ,trials2 ,h4 ,b4 ,irv+1 ,life ( ,judge ,jeffreys2 ,/eph51 ,hi/ory ( ! ,crim9al ,law ( ,engl&4 ,,lismore1 an isl& 9 ! entrance to ,lo* ,l9nhe1 ,argyll%ire1 ,scotl&1 #e m4 ,n4,w4 ( ,oban4 ,pop4 7#aija7 #ejj4 ,x lies ,s4,w4 & ,n4,e41 is #i m4 long & #a m4 broad1 & has an area ( #ifjj acres4 ,x divides ! l[] end ( ! lo* into two *annels1 ! ,lynn ( ,morv]n on ! ,w4 & ! ,lynn ( ,lome on ! ,e4 ,! "n is d]iv$ f ! ,gaelic lios mr1 great g>d54 ,sev]al ru9$ ca/les /& on ! coa/1 & ! highe/ po9t ( ! isl& is #ejj ft4 above ! sea4 ,! inhabitants raise potatoes1 oats1 cattle & horses1 & ^!1 ) dairy produce1 =m ! bulk ( ! trade4 ,/eam]s call at ,au*nacrosan4 ,a ,columban mona/]y 0 f\nd$ 9 ,lismore by ,/ ,moluag ab\t #eib4 ,ab\t #abjj ! see ( ,argyll 0 sep>at$ f ,dunkeld by ,bi%op ,john1 ! ,engli%man1 & ,lismore soon aft]w>ds became ! seat ( ! bi%op ( ,argyll1 sometimes call$ ,episcopus ,lismori5sis1 q di/9ct f ! bi%op ( ! ,isles 7,sudreys & ,isle ( ,man71 call$ ,episcopus ,sodori5sis or ,insul>um1 ^: see 0 divid$ 9 ! #ad? c5tury into ! ,engli% bi%opric ( ,sodor & ,man & ! ,scotti% bi%opric ( ! ,isles4 ,! ,rev4 ,john ,macaulay 7d4 #aghi71 gr&fa!r ( ,"l ,macaulay1 ! hi/orian1 & ! ,rev4 ,donald ,m',nicol 7#agce-ahjb71 :o took up ! def5ce ( ! ,highl&s aga9/ ,dr ,johnson1 7 m9i/]s ( ,lismore4 ,= ! ,book ( ! ,dean ( ,lismore see ,,celt3 ,scotti% ,gaelic ,lit]ature4 ,,lismore1 a t[n ( ,r\s c\nty1 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 ,au/ralia1 #cbj m4 direct ,n4 by ,e4 ( ,sydney4 ,pop4 7#aija7 #dcgh4 ,x is ! pr9cipal t[n ( ! nor? coa/ di/rict1 & ! seat ( a ,roman ,ca?olic bi%op4 ,! surr\nd+ c\ntry is p>tly pa/oral1 & p>tly agricultural1 ! soil be+ v f]tile4 ,! t[n has a ca!dral1 s*ool ( art1 & o!r public build+s1 :ile its indu/rial e/abli%m5ts include saw-mills1 sug>-mills1 butt] factories & an iron f\ndry4 ,/&+ at ! head ( navigation ( ! ,ri*mond riv]1 ,lismore has a l>ge export trade 9 dairy produce1 p\ltry1 pigs1 & p9e & c$> timb]4 ,,lismore1 a m>ket t[n & seat ( a diocese 9 ,co4 ,wat]=d1 ,irel&1 #dc m4 ,w4,s4,w4 ( ,wat]=d by ! ,wat]=d & ,mall[ bran* ( ! ,great ,s\!rn ,we/]n ,railway4 ,pop4 7#aija7 #aehc4 ,x is beautifully situat$ on a /eep em95ce ris+ abruptly f ! ,blackwat]4 ,at ! v]ge ( ! rock on ! we/]n side is ! old b>onial ca/le1 erect$ by ,k+ ,john 9 #aahe1 :i* 0 ! resid5ce ( ! bi%ops till ! #ad? c5tury4 ,x 0 besieg$ 9 #afda & #afdc1 & 9 #afde x 0 p>tly de/roy$ by fire4 ,! pres5t fabric is l>gely mod]n2 :ile ! portico 0 design$ by ,inigo ,jones4 ,to ! ea/1 on ! summit ( ! height1 is ! ca!dral ( ,/ ,c>?agh1 ( v>i\s dates4 ,!re are portions probably ( ! #ab? & #ac? c5turies1 b ! bulk ( ! build+ is ( ! #ag? c5tury1 & consid]able additions1 includ+ ! t[] & spire1 7 made 9 ! #ai?4 ,!re are a gramm> s*ool1 a free s*ool & a numb] ( *>ities4 ,"s trade is c>ri$ on by means ( ! riv]1 & ! t[n is ! c5tre ( a salmon fi%]y di/rict4 ,! orig9al "n ( ,lismore 0 ,maghscia?4 ,a mona/]y f\nd$ "h by ,/ ,c>?agh 9 #fcc became s celebrat$ z a seat ( le>n+ t x is said no few] ?an tw5ty *ur*es 7 erect$ 9 its vic9ity4 ,! bi%opric1 :i* is said to h orig9at$ ) ?is f\ndation1 0 unit$ to t ( ,wat]=d 9 #acfc4 ,9 ! #i? & beg9n+ ( ! #aj? c5turies ! t[n 0 repeat$ly plund]$ by ! ,danes1 & 9 #igh ! t[n & abbey 7 burn$ by ! m5 ( ,ossory4 ,h5ry ,,ii41 aft] l&+ at ,wat]=d1 receiv$ 9 ,lismore ca/le ! allegiance ( ! ar*bi%ops & bi%ops ( ,irel&4 ,9 #aeah ! manor 0 grant$ to ,sir ,walt] ,raleigh1 f :om x pass$ to ,sir ,ri*>d ,boyle1 aft]w>ds e>l ( ,cork4 ,f ! e>ls ( ,cork x desc5d$ by m>riage to ! dukes ( ,devon%ire4 ,x 0 incorporat$ z a municipal bor\gh 9 ! "t ( ,*>les ,i41 :5 x also receiv$ ! privilege ( return+ memb]s to p>liam5t1 b at ! ,union 9 #ahjj x 0 disfran*is$ & also ceas$ to ex]cise its municipal functions4 ,,lissa 7,s]bo-,croation ,vis2 ,lat4 ,issa71 an isl& 9 ! ,adriatic sea1 =m+ "p ( ,dalmatia1 ,au/ria4 ,lissa lies #ca m4 ,s4 by ,w4 ( ,spalato1 & is ! out]mo/ isl& ( ! ,dalmatian ,ar*ipelago4 ,its greate/ l5g? is #aj m42 its greate/ bread? #d m4 ,9 %ape x is a long1 r\ghly drawn p>allelogram1 surr\nd$ by a wall ( rock1 :i* incloses ! f]tile c5tral pla91 & is brok51 on ! nor?1 we/ & ea/ by natural h>b\rs4 ,its culm9at+ po9t is ,m\nt ,hum 7#aidb ft471 on ! s\?-we/4 ,! isl&1 :i* belongs to ! adm9i/rative di/rict ( ,les9a1 is divid$ betwe5 two communes1 nam$ aft] ! *ief t[ns1 ,lissa 7,vis71 on ! nor?1 & ,comisa 7,komia71 on ! we/4 ,lissa1 ! capital1 has a /rongly =tifi$ h>b\r4 ,x conta9s ! palace ( ! old ,v5etian c\nts ,g>iboldi1 ! =m] resid5ce ( ! ,engli% gov]nor1 ! mona/]y ( ! ,m9orites & at a little di/ance to ! we/ ! ru9s ( ! anci5t city ( ,issa4 ,! isl&]s ga9 _! livelihood by viticulture1 = :i* ,issa 0 once fam\s1 by s>d9e fi%+ & by ! di/illation ( rosem>y oil4 ,pop4 7#aijj7 #iiah1 ( :om #ebfa belong$ to ! t[n & commune ( ,lissa1 & #dfeg to ,comisa4 ,issa is said to h be5 settl$ by p f ,lesbos1 ! ,issa ( ! ,aegean4 ,! ,p>ians1 assi/$ by ,dionysius ! ,eld] ( ,syracuse1 introduc$ a colony 9 ! #d? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,dur+ ! ,fir/ ,punic ,w> 7#bfe-bda ,b4,c47 ! ,issaeans ) _! beak$ %ips help$ ! ,roman ,duilius2 & ! great republic1 hav+ def5d$ _! isl& aga9/ ! attacks ( ,agron ( ,illyria & 8 que5 ,teuta1 aga9 f\nd !m s]viceable allies 9 ! w> ) ,philip ( ,mac$on 7c4 #bae-baa74 ,z e>ly z #iif ! ,v5etians rul$ ! isl&1 &1 ?\gh !y retir$ = a "t be=e ! ,ragusans1 _! p[] 0 effectually e/abli%$ 9 #abgh4 ,velo ,selo1 !n ! *ief settlem5t1 0 de/roy$ by ,f]d9& ( ,naples 9 #adhc & by ! ,turks 9 #aega4 ,! pres5t city arose %ortly aft]w>ds4 ,dur+ ! ,napoleonic w>s1 ! ,fr5* held ,lissa until #ahaa1 & dur+ ?is p]iod ! isl& prosp]$ greatly1 its population increas+ f #djjj to #ab1jjj betwe5 #ahjh & #ahaa4 ,9 ! latt] ye> ! ,fr5* squadron 0 defeat$ by ! ,briti% 7see bel[72 ?\gh 9 ! same ye> a ,fr5* fleet1 fly+ ,briti% col\rs1 ent]$ ,lissa1 & only retir$ aft] burn+ #fd m]*antm54 ,!nce=w>d ! isl& ga9$ a valuable trade 9 ,briti% goods1 :i*1 be+ exclud$ f e port "u ,fr5* control1 7 smuggl$ into ,dalmatia4 ,9 #ahab ! ,briti% e/abli%$ an adm9i/rative sy/em1 "u native (ficials1 9 ,lissa & ! adjo9+ isl&s ( ,curzola & ,lago/a4 ,all ?ree 7 c$$ to ,au/ria 9 #ahae4 ,battles ( ,lissa4--,two naval actions h be5 f\ght 9 mod]n times ne> ?is isl&4 ,! fir/ took place on ! #ac? ( ,m>* #ahaa1 & 0 f\ght betwe5 a ,franco-,v5etian squadron1 "u ! comm& ( an (fic] nam$ ,dub\rdieu 7( :om little or no?+ else is kn[n71 & ,capta9 7aft]w>ds ,sir7 ,william ,ho/e ) a small ,briti% =ce4 ,! ,franco-,v5etian squadron 7,v5ice 0 !n "p ( ! dom9ions ( ! emp]or ,napoleon7 consi/$ ( six frigates1 ( :i* f\r 7 ( =ty guns1 & ( five corvettes or small craft4 ,! ,briti% squadron 0 compos$ ( ?ree frigates1 ! ,amphion1 #cb 7,capta9 ,william ,ho/e71 ! ,c]b]us 7,capta9 ,h5ry ,:itby7 & ! ,active1 #ch 7,capta9 ,james ,a4 ,gordon74 ,) !m 0 ! ,volage1 #bb 7,capta9 ,phipps ,hornby74 ,! action has a peculi> int]e/ because ! ,fr5* capta9 imitat$ ! me?od ( attack employ$ by ,nelson at ,trafalg>4 ,he came d[n f w9dw>d 9 two l9es p>allel to "o ano!r1 & at an angle to ! ,briti% squadron4 ,capta9 ,ho/e 0 n compell$ to lie /ill z ! allies did at ,trafalg>4 ,he /ood on1 & z ! two ,fr5* l9es _h to ov]take him z he slipp$ away at an angle to _! c\rse1 "o ( !m got 9 ! way ( ! o!r4 ,capta9 ,ho/e mat]ially =w>d$ ! success ( 8 manoeuvre by lead+ ! =emo/ ,fr5* %ip1 ! ,favorite1 #dj1 on to a reef1 :i* 0 kn[n to himself1 b n to ! enemy4 ,bo? squadrons !n turn$1 & ! ,franco-,v5etians fall+ into great confusion 7 defeat$ 9 spite ( ! gallant fight+ ( ! individual %ips4 ,two prizes 7 tak5 & ,dub\rdieu 0 kill$4 ,! second naval battle ( ,lissa 0 f\ght betwe5 ! ,au/rian & ,italian navies on ! #bj? ( ,july #ahff4 ,! isl&1 !n 9 possession ( ! ,au/rians1 0 attack$ by an ,italian squadron f ,ancona ( #ab ironclads & #bb wood5 vessels4 ,"o ( ! ironclads 0 damag$ 9 a bomb>dm5t ( ! =ts1 & two 7 deta*$ on o!r s]vice1 :5 an ,au/rian squadron ( #g ironclads1 "o un>m\r$ w>%ip ! ,kais] & a numb] ( small craft :i* _h left ,fasano "u ! comm& ( ,admiral ,tege?(f came to int]rupt _! op]ations4 ,! ,italian admiral ,p]sano arrang$ 8 %ips 9 a s+le long l9e ahead1 :i* all[+ = ! necess>y space betwe5 !m meant t ! ,italian =mation /ret*$ = m ?an #b m4 ,j be=e ! action began ,admiral ,p]sano %ift$ 8 flag f ! ,r d',italia1 ! f\r? %ip 9 ord] f ! van1 to ! ram ,affondatore1 ! fif?4 ,?is made x necess>y = ! ,affondatore & ! %ips a/]n to %ort5 spe$1 &1 z ! lead+ vessels /ood on1 a gap 0 creat$ 9 ! ,italian l9e4 ,admiral ,tege?(f1 :o 0 on ! port b[ ( ! ,italians1 attack$ ) 8 squadron 9 ?ree divisions =m$ 9 obtuse angles4 ,! ,italians op5$ a v rapid & ill-direct$ fire at a di/ance ( #ajjj yds4 ,! ,au/rians did n reply till !y 7 at a di/ance ( #cjj yds4 ,"u ,tege?(f's vigor\s lead]%ip1 & aid$ by ! disord] 9 ! ,italian l9e1 ! ,au/rians br\ght on a brief1 b to ! ,italians de/ructive1 mle4 ,!y broke ?r\gh an int]val betwe5 ! ?ird & f\r? ,italian %ips4 ,! un>m$ ,au/rian %ips head$ to attack ! un>m$ ,italians 9 ! re>4 ,at ?is po9t an incid5t occurr$ to :i* an exagg]at$ importance 0 giv54 ,! ,italian ironclad ,r di ,portogallo ( #efjj tons1 9 ! re> ( ! l9e1 /ood out to cov] ! un>m\r$ squadron by ramm+ ! ,au/rians4 ,%e 0 h]self ramm$ by ! wood5 ,kais] 7#ejjj tons71 b receiv$ little injury1 :ile ! ,au/rian 0 mu* injur$4 ,! ,kais] & ! wood5 vessels !n made = ! protection ( =t ,san ,giorgio on ,lissa unpursu$4 ,9 ! c5tre1 :]e ! action 0 hotte/1 ! ,au/rian flag%ip ,f]d9& ,max ( #ebjj tons ramm$ & sank ! ,r d',italia4 ,! ,italian ,pale/ro ( #bjjj tons 0 fir$ by a %ell & blew up4 ,by midday ! ,italians 7 9 retreat1 & ,tege?(f an*or$ at ,san ,giorgio4 ,8 squadron _h suff]$ v little f ! wild fire ( ! ,italians4 ,! battle ( ! #bj? ,july 0 ! fir/ f\ght at sea by mod]n ironclad /eam fleets1 & !re=e attract$ a great deal ( att5tion4 ,! s9k+ ( ! ,r d',italia & ! ramm+ ( ! ,portogallo by ! ,kais] gave an imm5se impulse to ! !n popul> !ory t ! ram w\ld be a lead+1 if n ! pr9cipal1 weapon 9 mod]n sea w>f>e4 ,?is calculation has n be5 borne out by m rec5t exp]i5ce1 & inde$ 0 n ju/ifi$ by ! battle itself1 9 :i* ! attempts to ram 7 _m & ! successes v few4 ,! ,r d',italia 0 /ruck only because %e 0 sudd5ly & mo/ injudici\sly back$1 s t %e _h no way on :5 *>g$ by ! ,f]d9& ,max4 ,= ! fir/ battle ( ,lissa see ,james's ,naval ,hi/ory1 vol4 v4 7#ahcg74 ,a cle> acc\nt ( ! second battle w be f\nd 9 ,sir ,s4 ,e>dley-,wilmot's ,developm5t ( ,navies 7,london1 #ahib72 see also ,h4 ,w4 ,wilson's ,ironclads 9 ,action 7,london1 #ahif74 7,d4 ,h47 ,,lissa 7,poli% ,lzno71 a t[n 9 ! ,prussian prov9ce ( ,pos51 #be m4 ,n4,e4 f ,glogau by rail & at ! junction ( l9es to ,breslau1 ,pos5 & ,l&sb]g4 ,pop4 7#aije7 #af1jba4 ,! *ief build+s are ! h&some palace1 ! m$ieval t[n-hall1 ! f\r *ur*es & ! synagogue4 ,its manufactures consi/ *iefly ( %oes1 ma*9]y1 liqueurs & tobacco2 x also possesses a l>ge /eam fl\r-mill1 & c>ries on a brisk trade 9 gra9 & cattle4 ,lissa owes its rise to a numb] ( ,moravian ,bro!rs :o 7 bani%$ f ,bohemia by ! emp]or ,f]d9& ,i4 9 ! #af? c5tury & f\nd a refuge 9 a village on ! e/ate ( ! ,poli% family ( ,leszczynski4 ,_! settlem5t receiv$ municipal rights 9 #aefa4 ,dur+ ! ,?irty ,ye>s' ,w> ! population 0 re9=c$ by o!r refugees1 & ,lissa became an important comm]cial t[n & ! *ief seat ( ! ,moravian ,bro!rs 9 ,pol&4 ,johann ,amos ,com5ius 0 long rector ( ! celebrat$ ,moravian s*ool "h4 ,9 #afef & #agjg ,lissa 0 burn$ d[n4 ,see ,voigt1 ,aus ,lissas er/] ,bltezeit 7,lissa1 #aije71 & ,s&51 ,ges*i*te d] ,lissa] ,s*ule 7,lissa1 #aije74 ,,li/1 ,,fri$ri* 7#aghi-ahdf71 ,g]man economi/1 0 born at ,reutl+51 ,wrttemb]g1 on ! #f? ( ,augu/ #aghi4 ,unwill+ to foll[ ! occupation ( 8 fa!r1 :o 0 a prosp]\s tann]1 he became a cl]k 9 ! public s]vice1 & by #ahaf _h ris5 to ! po/ ( m9i/]ial "u-secret>y4 ,9 #ahag he 0 appo9t$ pr(essor ( adm9i/ration & politics at ! univ]sity ( ,tb+51 b ! fall ( ! m9i/ry 9 #ahai compell$ him to resign4 ,z a deputy to ! ,wrttemb]g *amb]1 he 0 active 9 advocat+ adm9i/rative re=ms4 ,he 0 ev5tually expell$ f ! *amb] & 9 ,april #ahbb s5t5c$ to t5 mon?s' imprisonm5t ) h>d lab\r 9 ! =tress ( ,asp]g4 ,he escap$ to ,alsace1 & aft] visit+ ,france & ,engl& return$ 9 #ahbd to f9i% 8 s5t5ce1 & 0 releas$ on und]tak+ to emigrate to ,am]ica4 ,!re he resid$ f #ahbe to #ahcb1 fir/ engag+ 9 f>m+ & aft]w>ds 9 j\rnalism4 ,x 0 9 ,am]ica t he ga!r$ f a /udy ( ,alex&] ,hamilton's "w ! inspiration :i* made him an economi/ ( 8 pron\nc$ ,national views4 ,! discov]y ( coal on "s l& :i* he _h acquir$ made him f9ancially indep5d5t1 & he became ,unit$ ,/ates consul at ,leipzig 9 #ahcb4 ,he /rongly advocat$ ! ext5sion ( ! railway sy/em 9 ,g]many1 & ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,zollv]e9 0 due l>gely to 8 en?usiasm & ard\r4 ,8 latt] days 7 d>k5$ by _m mis=tunes2 he lo/ mu* ( 8 ,am]ican prop]ty 9 a f9ancial crisis1 ill-heal? also ov]took him1 & he br\ght 8 life to an end by 8 own h& on ! #cj? ( ,novemb] #ahdf4 ,li/ holds hi/orically "o ( ! highe/ places 9 economic ?\ght z appli$ to practical objects4 ,8 pr9cipal "w is entitl$ ,das ,nationale ,sy/em d] ,politis*5 konomie 7#ahda74 ,?\gh 8 practical conclusions 7 diff]5t f ^? ( ,adam ,mll] 7#aggi-ahbi71 he 0 l>gely influ5c$ n only by ,hamilton b also by ! g5]al mode ( ?9k+ ( t writ]1 & by 8 /rictures on ! doctr9e ( ,adam ,smi?4 ,x 0 p>ticul>ly aga9/ ! cosmopolitan pr9ciple 9 ! mod]n economical sy/em t he prote/$1 & aga9/ ! absolute doctr9e ( free trade1 :i* 0 9 h>mony ) t pr9ciple4 ,he gave prom95ce to ! national idea1 & insi/$ on ! special requirem5ts ( ea* nation accord+ to its circum/ances & especially to ! degree ( its developm5t4 ,he refus$ to ,smi?'s sy/em ! title ( ! indu/rial1 :i* he ?\ght m appropriate to ! m]cantile sy/em1 & designat$ ! =m] z ! ex*ange-value sy/em4 ,he d5i$ ! p>allelism ass]t$ by ,smi? betwe5 ! economic conduct prop] to an individual & to a nation1 & held t ! imm$iate private int]e/ ( ! sep>ate memb]s ( ! community w\ld n lead to ! highe/ good ( ! :ole4 ,t ! nation 0 an exi/5ce1 /&+ betwe5 ! individual & humanity1 & =m$ into a unity by its language1 mann]s1 hi/orical developm5t1 culture & con/itution4 ,t ?is unity mu/ be ! fir/ condition ( ! security1 wellbe+1 progress & civilization ( ! individual2 & private economic int]e/s1 l all o!rs1 mu/ be subord9at$ to ! ma9t5ance1 completion & /r5g!n+ ( ! nationality4 ,! nation hav+ a cont9u\s life1 its true weal? mu/ consi/--& ?is is ,li/'s fundam5tal doctr9e--n 9 ! quantity ( ex*ange-values :i* x possesses1 b 9 ! full & _m-sid$ developm5t ( its productive p[]s4 ,its economic education %\ld be m important ?an ! imm$iate production ( values1 & x might be "r t "o g5]ation %\ld sacrifice its ga9 & enjoym5t to secure ! /r5g? & skill ( ! future4 ,9 ! s\nd & normal condition ( a nation :i* has atta9$ economic maturity1 ! ?ree productive p[]s ( agriculture1 manufactures & comm]ce %\ld be alike develop$4 ,b ! two latt] factors are sup]ior 9 importance1 z ex]cis+ a m effective & fruitful influ5ce on ! :ole culture ( ! nation1 z well z on its indep5d5ce4 ,navigation1 railways1 all high] te*nical arts1 connect !mselves specially ) ^! factors2 :il/ 9 a purely agricultural /ate !re is a t5d5cy to /agnation4 ,b = ! gr[? ( ! high] =ms ( indu/ry all c\ntries are n adapt$--only ^? ( ! temp]ate zones1 :il/ ! torrid regions h a natural monopoly 9 ! production ( c]ta9 raw mat]ials2 & ?us betwe5 ^! two gr\ps ( c\ntries a division ( lab\r & conf$]ation ( p[]s spontane\sly takes place4 ,li/ !n goes on to expla9 8 !ory ( ! /ages ( economic developm5t ?r\gh :i* ! nations ( ! temp]ate zone1 :i* are furni%$ ) all ! necess>y conditions1 naturally pass1 9 advanc+ to _! normal economic /ate4 ,^! are 7#a7 pa/oral life1 7#b7 agriculture1 7#c7 agriculture unit$ ) manufactures2 :il/ 9 ! f9al /age agriculture1 manufactures & comm]ce are comb9$4 ,! economic task ( ! /ate is to br+ into exi/5ce ?r\gh legislative & adm9i/rative action ! conditions requir$ = ! progress ( ! nation ?r\gh ^! /ages4 ,out ( ?is view arises ,li/'s s*eme ( indu/rial politics4 ,e nation1 accord+ to him1 %\ld beg9 ) free trade1 /imulat+ & improv+ its agriculture by int]c\rse ) ri*] & m cultivat$ nations1 import+ =eign manufactures & export+ raw products4 ,:5 x is economically s f> advanc$ t x c manufacture = itself1 !n a sy/em ( protection %\ld be employ$ to all[ ! home indu/ries to develop !mselves fully1 & save !m f be+ ov]p[]$ 9 _! e>li] ef=ts by ! competition ( m matur$ =eign indu/ries 9 ! home m>ket4 ,:5 ! national indu/ries h gr[n /rong en\gh no long] to dread ?is competition1 !n ! highe/ /age ( progress has be5 rea*$2 free trade %\ld aga9 become ! rule1 & ! nation be ?us ?or\ghly incorporat$ ) ! univ]sal indu/rial union4 ,:at a nation loses = a "t 9 ex*ange values dur+ ! protective p]iod %e mu* m ?an ga9s 9 ! long run 9 productive p[]--! tempor>y exp5diture be+ /rictly analog\s1 :5 we place ourselves at ! po9t ( view ( ! life ( ! nation1 to ! co/ ( ! indu/rial education ( ! individual4 ,! practical conclusion :i* ,li/ drew = ,g]many 0 t %e ne$$ = h] economic progress an ext5d$ & conv5i5tly b\nd$ t]ritory rea*+ to ! sea-coa/ bo? on nor? & s\?1 & a vigor\s expansion ( manufactures & comm]ce1 & t ! way to ! latt] lay ?r\gh judici\s protective legislation ) a cu/oms union compris+ all ,g]man l&s1 & a ,g]man m>9e ) a ,navigation ,act4 ,! national ,g]man _s1 /riv+ aft] indep5d5ce & p[] ?r\gh union1 & ! national indu/ry1 awak+ f its le?>gy & eag] to recov] lo/ gr\nd1 7 fav\rable to ! success ( ,li/'s book1 & x produc$ a great s5sation4 ,he ably repres5t$ ! t5d5cies & dem&s ( 8 "t 9 8 own c\ntry2 8 "w _h ! effect ( fix+ ! att5tion1 n m]ely ( ! speculative & (ficial classes1 b ( practical m5 g5]ally1 on que/ions ( political economy2 & 8 ideas 7 und\bt$ly ! economic f\ndation ( mod]n ,g]many1 z appli$ by ! practical g5ius ( ,bism>ck4 ,see biographies ( ,li/ by ,golds*midt 7,b]l91 #ahgh7 & ,j5ts* 7,b]l91 #aija71 also ,fr4 ,li/1 e9 ,vorluf] und e9 ,opf] fr das ,vat]l& 7,anon41 #b vols41 ,/uttg>t1 #ahgg72 ,m4 ,e4 ,hir/'s ,life ( ,fri$ri* ,li/ 7,london1 #aiji7 conta9s a bibliography & a repr9t ( ,li/'s ,outl9es ( ,am]ican ,political ,economy 7#ahbg74 ,,li/ 7,o4,e4 li/e1 a ,teutonic ^w1 cf4 ,dut4 lij/1 ,g]4 ,lei/e1 adapt$ 9 ,ital4 li/a & ,fr4 li/e71 prop]ly a bord] or edg+4 ,! ^w 0 ?us =m]ly us$ ( a geographical b\nd>y or fronti] & ( ! lobe ( ! e>4 ,9 curr5t usage li/ is ! t]m appli$ to ! selvage ( a piece ( clo?1 ! edg+1 i4e4 ( a web left 9 an unf9i%$ /ate or ( diff]5t mat]ial f ! re/ ( ! fabric1 to be torn or cut (f :5 x is made up1 or us$ = =m+ a seam4 ,a simil> edg+ prev5ts unravell+4 ,! mat]ial1 cut (f & collect$1 is kn[n z li/1 & is us$ z a s(t *eap mat]ial = mak+ slipp]s1 padd+ cu%ions1 c4 ,until ! employm5t ( rubb]1 li/ 0 us$ to /uff ! cu%ions ( billi>d tables4 ,! same ^w probably appe>s1 9 a plural =m li/s1 appli$ to ! b>ri]s or palisades enclos+ a space ( gr\nd set ap>t = tilt+ 7see ,,t\rnam5t74 ,x is ?us us$ ( any place ( conte/1 & ! phrase to ent] ! li/s is frequ5tly us$ 9 ! s5se ( to *all5ge4 ,! ^w 9 ?is application 0 tak5 directly f ! ,o4 ,fr4 lisse1 mod]n lice1 9 ,m$4 ,lat4 liciae4 ,?is ^w is usually tak5 to be a ,romanic adaptation ( ! ,teutonic ^w4 ,9 m$ieval =tifications ! lices 7 ! palisades =m+ an outwork 9 front ( ! ma9 walls ( a ca/le or o!r =tifi$ place1 & ! ^w 0 also us$ ( ! space enclos$ betwe5 ! palisades & ! ence9te2 ?is 0 us$ = ex]cis+ troops1 c4 ,f a transf]5ce ( li/1 mean+ edge or bord]1 to a /rip ( pap]1 p>*m5t1 c41 conta9+ a li/ ( names1 numb]s1 c41 comes ! use ( ! ^w = an enum]ation ( a s]ies ( names ( p]sons or ?+s arrang$ 9 ord] = "s specific purpose4 ,x is ! mo/ g5]al ^w = su* an enum]ation1 o!r words1 su* z regi/]1 s*$ule1 inv5tory1 catalogue1 hav+ usually "s p>ticul> connotation4 ,! *ief e>ly use ( li/ 9 ?is mean+ 0 ( ! roll conta9+ ! names ( soldi]s2 h5ce to li/ a soldi] meant to ent] a recruit's "n = s]vice1 9 mod]n usage to enli/ him4 ,!re are num]\s p>ticul> applications ( li/1 z 9 civil li/ 7q4v471 active or retir$ li/ 9 ! navy or army4 ,! t]m free li/ is us$ ( an enum]ation ( su* commodities z may at a p>ticul> "t be exempt f ! rev5ue laws impos+ an import duty4 ,! v]b to li/1 mo/ commonly f\nd 9 ! imp]ative1 mean+ h>k6 is ano!r =m ( li/51 & is to be ref]r$1 z to its ultimate orig91 to an ,indo-,european root klu-1 se5 9 ,gr4 ,greek3 klye91 to he>1 ,greek3 kleos1 glory1 r5[n1 & 9 ! ,engli% l\d4 ,! same root is se5 9 ,wel% cl/ & ,iri% clz1 e>4 ,ano!r ^w li/1 mean+ pleasure1 delight1 or1 z a v]b1 mean+ to please1 *oose1 is *iefly f\nd 9 su* phrases z ! w9d bl[e? :]e x li/e?4 ,?is is f ! ,o4,e4 ly/an1 cf4 ,dut4 lu/51 ,g]4 l/51 to take pleasure 91 & is also f\nd 9 ! ,engli% d\blet lu/1 n[ always us$ 9 ! s5se ( an evil or m p>ticul>ly sexual desire4 ,x is probably an application ( ?is ^w1 9 ! s5se ( incl9ation1 t has giv5 rise to ! nautical t]m li/1 = ! turn+ ov] ( a %ip on to its side4 ,,li/a ,y ,,aragon1 ,,alb]to 7#agge-ahdh71 ,spani% poet & educationali/1 0 born at ,seville on ! #ae? ( ,octob] #agge4 ,he began tea*+ at ! age ( fifte51 & :5 little ov] tw5ty 0 made pr(essor ( elocution & poetry at ,seville univ]sity4 ,9 #ahac he 0 exil$1 on political gr\nds1 b p>don$ 9 #ahag4 ,he !n return$ to ,spa9 &1 aft] tea*+ = ?ree ye>s at ,bilbao1 />t$ a critical review at ,madrid4 ,%ortly aft]w>ds he f\nd$ ! celebrat$ college ( ,san ,mateo 9 t city4 ,! lib]al "* ( ! ,san ,mateo educational sy/em 0 n fav\r$ by ! gov]nm5t1 & 9 #ahbc ! college 0 clos$4 ,li/a aft] "s "t sp5t 9 ,bayonne1 ,p>is & ,london 0 recall$ to ,spa9 9 #ahcc to edit ! (ficial ,madrid ,gazette4 ,he 0 "o ( ! f\nd]s ( ! ,at5eo1 ! free univ]sity ( ,madrid1 & up till #ahdj 0 director ( a college at ,cadiz4 ,all ! lead+ spirits ( ! "y g5]ation ( ,spani>ds1 /atesm51 writ]s1 soldi]s & diplomati/s came "u 8 influ5ce4 ,he di$ at ,seville on ! #e? ( ,octob] #ahdh4 ,,li/]1 ,,joseph ,,li/]1 #a/ ,,b>on 7#ahbg- 71 ,engli% surgeon1 0 born at ,upton1 9 ,essex1 on ! #e? ( ,april #ahbg4 ,8 fa!r1 ,joseph ,jackson ,li/]1 ,f4,r4,s41 0 em95t 9 sci5ce1 especially 9 optical sci5ce1 8 *ief claim to remembrance be+ t by c]ta9 improvem5ts 9 l5ses he rais$ ! comp\nd microscope f ! position ( a sci5tific toy1 di/ort+ z mu* z x magnifi$1 to its pres5t place z a p[]ful eng9e ( rese>*4 ,o!r memb]s ( ,"l ,li/]'s family 7 em95t 9 natural sci5ce4 ,9 8 boyhood ,joseph ,li/] 0 educat$ at ,quak] s*ools2 fir/ at ,hit*9 9 ,h]t=d%ire1 & aft]w>ds at ,tott5ham1 ne> ,london4 ,9 #ahdd he ent]$ ,univ]sity ,college1 ,london1 z a /ud5t 9 arts1 & took 8 ,b4,a4 degree at ! ,univ]sity ( ,london 9 #ahdg4 ,he cont9u$ at ,univ]sity ,college z a m$ical /ud5t1 & became ,m4,b4 & ,f4,r4,c4,s4 9 #aheb4 ,! ke5 "y /ud5t 0 n long 9 br++ 8 faculties to be> ^u pa?ology & ! practice ( m$ic9e4 ,:ile h\se-surgeon at ,univ]sity ,college ,hospital1 he _h *>ge ( c]ta9 cases dur+ an outbreak ( hospital gangr5e1 & c>efully obs]v$ ! ph5om5a ( ! disease & ! effects ( treatm5t ^u x4 ,he 0 ?us e>ly l$ to suspect ! p>asitic nature ( ! disord]1 & se>*$ ) ! microscope ! mat]ial ( ! spread+ sore1 9 ! hope ( discov]+ 9 x "s invad+ fungus2 he soon conv9c$ himself ( ! c>d9al tru? t its causes 7 purely local4 ,he also m9utely inve/igat$ cases ( pyaemia1 ano!r t]rible sc\rge ( hospitals at t "t1 & made cam]a lucida sket*es ( ! appe>ances reveal$ by ! microscope4 ,to realize ,li/]'s "w x is necess>y to rememb] ! condition ( surgical practice at t date4 ,ab\t ! middle ( ! #ai? c5tury ! introduction ( anae/hetics _h reliev$ ! pati5t ( mu* ( ! horror ( ! knife1 & ! surgeon ( ! duty ( spe$ 9 8 "w4 ,! agony ( ! suff]] _h naturally & rightly compell$ ! public to dem& rapid if n slap-da% surg]y1 & ! surgeon to pride himself on x4 ,)9 dec5t limits ( precision1 ! quicke/ craftsman 0 ! be/4 ,) anae/hetics ?is /ate ( ?+s at any rate 0 *ang$4 ,! pa9 ( ! op]ation itself no long] c\nt$1 & ! surgeon 0 enabl$ n only to be z cauti\s & s$ul\s z dext]\s1 b also to v5ture ^u long1 pr(\nd & intricate op]ations :i* be=e _h be5 out ( ! "q4 ,yet unhappily ?is new enfran*isem5t seem$ to be b an ironical lib]ty ( ,nature1 :o ) ! o!r h& took away :at %e _h giv54 ,direct heal+ ( surgical w\nds 7by fir/ int5tion71 f> f be+ ! rule1 0 a piece ( luck too r>e to ent] into ! calculations ( ! op]ator2 :ile ( ! grav] surgical und]tak+s1 h[ev] successful me*anically1 ! mortality by sepsis 0 gha/ly4 ,suppuration1 phag$a5a & septic poison+s ( ! sy/em c>ri$ away ev5 ! mo/ promis+ pati5ts & foll[$ ev5 trifl+ op]ations4 ,(t51 too1 ^! diseases rose to ! height ( epidemic pe/il5ces1 s t pati5ts1 h[ev] extreme _! ne$1 dread$ ! v "n ( hospital1 & ! mo/ skilful surgeons di/ru/$ _! own craft4 ,new hospitals or new w>ds 7 built1 yet aft] a v %ort "t ! new became z pe/if]\s z ! old2 & ev5 scrupul\s c>e 9 v5tilation & h\semaids' cleanl9ess fail$ to prev5t ! deva/ation4 ,surg]y _h enl>g$ its fre$om1 b only to f9d ! weight ( its new responsibilities m ?an x c\ld be>4 ,:5 ,li/] 0 appo9t$ to ! *air ( surg]y 9 ,glasg[ ! infirm>y ( t city 0 a hotb$ ( septic disease2 s mu* s t 8 hospital visits evid5tly di/ress$ him greatly4 ,w9d[s 7 widely op5$1 piles ( clean t[els 7 suppli$1 b /ill ! pe/il5ce /alk$ ?r\gh ! w>ds4 ,! build+ /&s to-day z x /ood !n1 ) no sub/antial alt]ation2 b by ! g5ius ( ,li/] its surgical w>ds are n[ z free f septic accid5ts z ! mo/ mod]n hospital 9 ! l&4 ,james ,simpson1 e>ly 9 ! 'sixties1 pa!tically d5\nc$ ! awful mortality ( op]ations 9 hospitals1 & inde$ utt]$ desp]ate prote/s aga9/ ! hospital sy/em itself2 yet1 n long aft]w>ds1 ,li/] came to prove t x 0 n 9 ! hospital t ! causes ( t mortality lay hidd51 b 9 ! op]ator himself1 8 tools & 8 assi/ants4 ,happily ?is b5efic5t discov]y 0 made 9 "t to pres]ve ! ine/imable boon ( ! hospital sy/em f ! c\nsels ( despair4 ,:5 ,li/] took up ! task speculation 0 on ! wrong tack2 ! oxyg5 ( ! air 0 !n suppos$ to be ! *ief cause ( ! dissolution ( ! tissues1 & to prev5t access ( air 0 impossible4 ,= in/ance1 a simple fracture1 z ( a bone ( ! leg1 w\ld d p]fectly well1 :ile 9 ! v next b$ a comp\nd fracture--"o1 t is1 :]e ! sk9 is lac]at$1 & access to ! seat ( injury op5$ out--w\ld g disa/r\sly wrong4 ,if ! limb 7 amputat$1 a l>ge proportion ( su* cases ( amputation succumb$ to septic poison+4 ,on graduation z ba*elor ( m$ic9e1 ,li/] w5t to ,ed9burgh1 :]e he soon aft]w>ds became h\se-surgeon to ,mr ,syme2 & he 0 mu* impress$ by ! skill & judgm5t ( ?is great surgeon1 & also by ! sup]iority ( 8 me?od ( dress+ rec5t w\nds ) dry l9t1 z comp>$ ) ! wat] dress+ 9 use at ,univ]sity ,college4 ,yet "u ^! m fav\rable conditions ! amelioration 0 only "o ( degree2 9 mo/ w\nds inde$ union by fir/ int5tion 0 r5d]$ impossible by ! pres5ce ( ! silk ligatures employ$ = arre/+ ble$+1 = ^! c\ld come away only by a process ( suppuration4 ,on ! expiry ( 8 h\se-surgeoncy 9 ,ed9burgh1 ,li/] />t$ 9 t city an extra-academical c\rse ( lectures on surg]y2 & 9 prep>ation = ^! he ent]$ on a s]ies ( inve/igations into inflammation & alli$ subjects4 ,^! rese>*es1 :i* 7 detail$ fully 9 ?ree pap]s 9 ,phil4 ,trans4 7#ahei71 & 9 8 ,croonian lecture to ! ,royal ,society 9 #ahfc1 te/ifi$ to an e>ne/ness ( purpose1 a p]sev]+ accuracy ( obs]vation & exp]im5t & an insight ( sci5tific conception :i* %[ t if ,li/] _h nev] develop$ ! aseptic me?od ( surg]y1 he w\ld h tak5 a v high place 9 pa?ology4 ,9 8 spee* 9 ,p>is at ! ,?irte5? ,int]national ,congress ( ,m$ic9e 9 #aijj1 ,"l ,li/] said t he _h done no m ?an seize ^u ,pa/eur's discov]ies & apply !m to surg]y4 ,b ?\gh ,li/] saw ! va/ importance ( ! discov]ies ( ,pa/eur1 he saw x because he 0 wat*+ on ! heights2 & he 0 wat*+ !re alone4 ,f ,pa/eur ,li/] d]iv$ no d\bt two fruitful ideas3 fir/1 t decomposition 9 organic sub/ances is due to liv+ g]ms2 &1 secondly1 t ^! l[ly & m9ute =ms ( vegetable life spr+ always1 l high] organisms1 f p>5ts l !mselves1 & _c arise de novo 9 ! animal body4 ,aft] 8 appo9tm5t to ! ,glasg[ *air 9 #ahfj1 ,li/] _h cont9u$ 8 rese>*es on inflammation2 & he _h long be5 l$ to suspect t decomposition ( ! blood 9 ! w\nd 0 ! ma9 cause ( suppuration4 ,! two great !ories e/abli%$ by ,pa/eur seem$ to ,li/] to op5 out ! possibility ( :at _h be=e appe>$ hopeless--namely1 ! prev5tion ( putrefaction 9 ! w\nd1 & consequ5tly ! =e/all+ ( suppuration4 ,to exclude ! oxyg5 ( ! air f w\nds 0 impossible1 b x might be practicable to protect !m f microbes4 ,! fir/ attempt to realize ?is idea 0 made ^u comp\nd fractures2 & ! means fir/ employ$ 0 c>bolic acid1 ! rem>kable efficacy ( :i* 9 deodoriz+ sewage made ,li/] reg>d x z a v p[]ful g]micide4 ,x 0 appli$ to ! w\nd undilut$1 s z to =m ) ! blood a d5se cru/1 ! surface ( :i* 0 pa9t$ daily ) ! acid till all dang] _h pass$4 ,! results1 aft] a fir/ failure1 7 9 ! highe/ degree satisfactory1 s t1 z ,li/] said 9 8 presid5tial address to ! ,briti% ,association 9 ,liv]pool1 he _h ! joy ( see+ ^! =midable injuries foll[ ! same safe & tranquil c\rse z simple fractures4 ,! cau/ic prop]ty ( undilut$ c>bolic acid1 ?\gh insignificant 9 comp>ison ) ! f> great] evils to be avoid$ 9 comp\nd fracture1 made x unsuit$ = g5]al surg]y4 ,to make x applicable to ! treatm5t ( abscesses & incis$ w\nds1 x 0 necess>y to mitigate its action by bl5d+ x ) "s in]t body2 & ! endeav\r to f9d ! be/ m$ium = ?is purpose1 su* z to comb9e p]fect antiseptic effici5cy ) ! lea/ possible irritation ( ! tissues1 =m$ ! subject ( exp]im5ts cont9u$ = _m ye>s 9 ! laboratory & 9 ! w>d4 ,at "o /age 9 ^! inquiries an attempt 0 made to provide an atmosph]e free f liv+ organisms by means ( a f9e spray ( a wat]y solution ( c>bolic acid2 = x 0 !n suppos$ by ,li/] to be necess>y n only to purify ! surgeon's h&s & in/rum5ts & ! sk9 ( ! pati5t ab\t ! seat ( op]ation1 b also to wage w> ) ! microbes :i*1 z ,pa/eur _h %[n1 p e cubic in* ( ! air ( an inhabit$ room4 ,"u ! use ( ! spray bett] results 7 obta9$ ?an ev] be=e1 & ?is success enc\rag$ its use4 ,b rese>*es c>ri$ on = sev]al ye>s into ! relations ( ! blood to micro-organisms l$ ,li/] to d\bt ! h>mfulness ( ! atmosph]ic du/4 ,at ! ,london ,congress 9 #ahha he n>rat$ exp]im5ts :i* prov$ t ! s]um ( ! blood is a v unfav\rable soil = ! developm5t ( ! bact]ia diffus$ ?r\gh ! air1 & o!rs :i* %[$ t ! cells ( an organiz+ blood-clot h a v rem>kable p[] ( dispos+ ( microbes & ( limit+ _! advance4 ,h5ce he consid]$ x probable t 9 surgical op]ations ! atmosph]e might be disreg>d$ altoge!r4#a ,z long1 h[ev]1 z ?is 0 only a matt] ( probability1 he did n d>e to disc>d ! spray4 ,b at l5g?1 at ! ,b]l9 ,congress 9 #ahij1 he 0 able to ann\nce t ! c]ta9ty he _h s long desir$ _h be5 arriv$ at4 ,a c>eful consid]ation ( ! physical con/itution ( ! spray _h %[n him t ! microbes ( ! du/ involv$ 9 its vortex c\ld n possibly h _! vitality de/roy$ or ev5 impair$ by x4 ,su* be+ ! case1 ! uni=m success obta9$ :5 he _h tru/$ ! spray implicitly z an aseptic atmosph]e1 ab&on+ completely c]ta9 o!r precautions :i* he _h be=e deem$ ess5tial1 prov$ conclusively to 8 m9d t ! air might safely be left entirely out ( consid]ation 9 op]at+4#b ,?us he le>nt t n ! spray only1 b all antiseptic irrigations or wa%+s ( ! w\nd also1 ) _! att5dant irritation ( ! cut surfaces1 might be disp5s$ )--a great simplification1 indirectly due to exp]im5ts ) ! spray4 ,! spray _h also s]v$ a v useful purpose by ma9ta9+ a pure condition ( ! ent\rage ( ! op]ation2 n inde$ 9 ! way = :i* x 0 devis$1 b z a v mild =m ( irrigation4 ,& ,li/] took c>e to emphasize ! necessity = r$\bl$ vigilance on ! "p ( ! surgeon & 8 assi/ants :5 ?is unconsci\s c>etak]1 z he call$ x1 _h be5 disc>d$4 ,! ann\ncem5t t he _h giv5 up ! spray 0 absurdly int]pret$ 9 "s qu>t]s to mean t he _h virtually ab&on$ 8 !ory & 8 antiseptic me?ods4 ,! tru? is t ! spray 0 only "o ( _m devices tri$ = a :ile 9 ! c\rse ( ! long-cont9u$ endeav\r to apply ! antiseptic pr9ciple to ! be/ advantage1 & ab&on$ 9 fav\r ( some?+ bett]4 ,two ma9 objects 7 always kept /eadily 9 view by him--dur+ ! op]ation to gu>d ! w\nd aga9/ septic microbes by su* means z exi/+ k indicat$1 & aft]w>ds to protect x aga9/ _! introduction1 avoid+ at ! same "t all ne$less irritation ( ! tissues by ! antiseptic4 ,^u ! te*nical me?ods ( atta9+ ^! ends ?is is n ! place to enl>ge2 suffice x to say t ! end[m5ts & ! indu/ry ( ! discov]]1 z se5 9 ! rapidity & flexibility ( m9d ) :i* he seiz$ ^u & select$ ! be/ means1 7 little less rem>kable ?an ! activity ( ! same faculties 9 8 orig9al ideas4 ,to illu/rate ?is op9ion1 8 "w on ! ligature may be tak54 ,x _h long be5 ! univ]sal practice ( surgeons to employ ?reads ( silk or flax = ty+ art]ies1 long ends be+ left to provide escape ( ! pus 7inv>iably =m$ dur+ ! t$i\s process ( ! sep>ation ( ! ligature7 toge!r ) ! portion ( ! art]ial coats includ$ 9 ! knot4 ,li/] hop$ t if1 by antiseptic means1 ! ?read 7 depriv$ ( liv+ microbes1 x w\ld no long] cause suppuration1 b might be left ) %ort cut ends to become emb$d$ p]man5tly among ! tissues ( ! w\nd1 :i* ?us w\ld be all[$ to heal by prim>y union ?r\gh\t4 ,a trial ( ?is me?od ^u ! c>otid art]y ( a horse hav+ prov$ p]fectly successful1 he appli$ x 9 a case ( aneurysm 9 ! human subject2 & "h aga9 ! imm$iate results 7 all t c\ld be desir$4 ,b a ye> lat]1 ! pati5t hav+ di$ f o!r causes1 ! necropsy %[$ remnants ( ! silk ?read incompletely absorb$1 ) appe>ances ar\nd !m :i* seem$ to indicate t !y _h be5 act+ z causes ( di/urbance4 ,?us 0 sugge/$ to him ! idea ( employ+ = ! ligature "s mat]ial susceptible ( m spe$y absorption2 & ! antiseptic treatm5t ( contus$ w\nds hav+ %[n t dead tissue1 if protect$ f putrefaction1 is remov$ by ! surr\nd+ /ructures )\t ! int]v5tion ( suppuration1 he resolv$ to try a ?read ( "s su* nature4 ,catgut1 :i* is prep>$ f "o ( ! con/itu5ts ( ! small inte/9e ( ! %eep1 aft] /eep+ 9 a solution ( c>bolic acid1 0 us$ 9 a prelim9>y trial ^u ! c>otid art]y ( a calf4 ,! animal 0 kill$ a mon? lat]1 :51 on dissection1 a v beautiful result 0 disclos$4 ,! catgut1 ?\gh remov$1 _h n be5 simply absorb$2 p>i passu ) its gradual removal1 fibr\s tissue ( new =mation _h be5 laid d[n1 s t 9 place ( ! dead catgut 0 se5 a liv+ ligature embrac+ ! art]y & incorporat$ ) x4 ,! w\nd mean:ile _h heal$ )\t a trace ( suppuration4 ,?is success appe>$ to ju/ify ! use ( ! catgut ligature 9 ! human subject1 & = a :ile ! results 7 entirely satisfactory4 ,b ?\gh ?is 0 ! case ) ! old samples ( catgut fir/ employ$1 :i*1 z ,li/] 0 aft]w>ds l$ to believe1 _h be5 season$ by long keep+1 x 0 f\nd t :5 catgut 0 us$ fre% z x comes f ! mak]s1 x 0 unsuit$ 9 v>i\s ways = surgical purposes4 ,! attempt by special prep>ation to obta9 an article 9 all respects tru/wor?y engag$ 8 att5tion f "t to "t = ye>s aft]w>ds4 ,to quote ! words ( ,sir ,hector ,cam]on1 :o 0 = sev]al ye>s assi/ant to ,"l ,li/]1 x requir$ lab\r & toilsome inve/igation & exp]im5t ( :i* few c h any adequate idea4 ,9 #ahfi ,li/] succe$$ 8 fa!r-9-law1 ,syme1 9 ! *air ( cl9ical surg]y ( ,ed9burgh4 ,9 #ahgg he accept$ an invitation to ! *air ( surg]y at ,k+'s ,college1 ,london1 9 ! anticipation t "h he w\ld be m c5trally plac$ = communication ) ! surgical _w at home & abroad1 & might ?us ex]cise 8 b5efic5t mission to m imm$iate advantage4 ,9 #ahif ,li/] retir$ f practice1 b n f sci5tific /udy4 ,f #ahie to #aijj he 0 ,presid5t ( ! ,royal ,society4 ,9 #ahhc he 0 creat$ a b>onet1 & 9 #ahig he 0 rais$ to ! pe]age z ,b>on ,li/] ( ,lyme ,regis4 ,among ! ,coronation hon\rs 9 #aijb1 he 0 nom9at$ an orig9al memb] ( ! new ,ord] ( ,m]it4 ,9 ,engl& ,li/]'s tea*+ 0 sl[ 9 mak+ its way4 ,! lead+ surgeons ( ,g]many 7 among ! fir/ to seize ^u ! new idea ) avidity & practical success2 s e>ly z #ahge1 9 ! c\rse ( a t\r he made on ! ,cont95t1 great fe/ivals 7 held 9 8 hon\r 9 ,muni* & ,leipzig4 ,! c\ntrym5 ( ,pa/eur did n lag f> beh9d2 & x is no exagg]ation to speak ( ,li/]'s appe>ances 9 =eign c\ntries at ?is "t z triumphal4 ,! relation ( ,semmelweiss to ,li/] is ( hi/orical importance4 ,li/]'s "w on ! antiseptic sy/em began 9 #ahfd2 8 fir/ publication on ! subject 0 9 ,m>* #ahfg4 ,at ?is date1 & = long aft]w>ds1 ,semmelweiss 0 unkn[n1 or ignor$1 n only by ,fr5* & ,g]mans1 b also by 8 own ,hung>ian p2 & ?is neglect broke 8 he>t4 ,! ,fr5* ,academy pron\nc$ aga9/ 8 op9ions1 & s did ! highe/ pa?ological au?ority 9 ,g]many4 ,9 ,engl&1 till long aft] 8 dea?1 probably 8 "n 0 n s mu* z m5tion$4 ,9 ! e>ly 'sev5ties ,li/]'s me?od 0 9 full op]ation 9 ,hung>y z else:]e1 yet none ( ! surgeons ( ,budape/ ev] m5tion$ ,semmelweiss2 n ev5 :51 9 #ahhc1 !y gave a great banquet to ,li/]4 ,x 0 aft] ?is occasion t ,dr ,duka1 a ,hung>ian physician practis+ 9 ,london1 wrote a biography ( ,semmelweiss1 :i* he s5t to ,li/]1 & ?us br\ght ,semmelweiss be=e him = ! fir/ "t4 ,!nce=? ,li/] g5]\sly reg>d$ ,semmelweiss z 9 "s measure 8 =]unn]2 ?\gh ,semmelweiss 0 n aw>e ( ! microbic orig9 ( septic poisons1 nor 7 8 me?ods1 magnific5t z 0 _! success 9 ly+-9 hospitals1 suitable = surgical "w4 ,9 public ,"l ,li/]'s spee*es 7 simple1 cle> & graceful1 avoid+ rhetorical display1 e>ne/ = ! tru?1 jeal\s = 8 sci5ce & art1 =getful ( himself4 ,8 writ+s1 9 l mann] pla91 lucid & =cible1 sc>cely betray ! lab\r & ?\ght ( _! production4 ,) ! c\rtesy & s]5ity ( 8 c>riage he comb9$ a passionate humanity1 s (t5 *>act]i/ic ( ^? :o come ( ! ,society ( ,fri5ds1 & a simple love ( tru? :i* %[$ itself 9 8 g5]\s enc\ragem5t ( y\ng] work]s4 7,t4 ,c4 ,a47 ,,footnotes3 #a ,see ,trans4 ( ! ,int]national ,m$ical ,congress 7#ahha71 vol4 ii4 p4 #cgc4 #b ,see ,v]h&lung5 des ,x int]national5 ,congresses1 ,bd4 i4 p4 #cc4 ,,li/]1 ,,m>t9 7c4 #afch-agab71 ,engli% naturali/ & physician1 0 born at ,radclive1 ne> ,buck+ham4 ,he 0 nephew ( ,sir ,mat!w ,li/]1 physician to ,anne1 que5 ( ,james ,i41 & to ,*>les ,i4 ,he 0 educat$ at ,/ ,john's ,college1 ,cambridge1 #afee1 graduat$ 9 #afeh_/i1 & 0 elect$ a fell[ 9 #affj4 ,he became ,f4,r4,s4 9 #afga4 ,he practis$ m$ic9e at ,york until #afhc1 :5 he remov$ to ,london4 ,9 #afhd he receiv$ ! degree ( ,m4,d4 at ,ox=d1 & 9 #afhg became ,f4,r4,c4,p4 ,he contribut$ num]\s articles on natural hi/ory1 m$ic9e & antiquities to ! ,philosophical ,transactions4 ,8 pr9cipal works 7 ,hi/oriae animalium ,angliae tres tractatus 7#afgh72 ,hi/oriae ,con*yliorum 7#afhe-afib71 & ,con*yliorum ,bivalvium 7#afif74 ,z a con*ologi/ he 0 held 9 high e/eem1 b :ile he recogniz$ ! simil>ity ( fossil mollusca to liv+ =ms1 he reg>d$ !m z inorganic imitations produc$ 9 ! rocks4 ,9 #afhc he communicat$ to ! ,royal ,society 7,phil4 ,trans41 #afhd71 ,an +5i\s proposal = a new sort ( maps ( c\ntries2 toge!r ) tables ( s&s & clays1 su* z are *iefly f\nd 9 ! nor? p>ts ( ,engl&4 ,9 ?is essay he sugge/$ ! prep>ation ( a soil or m9]al map ( ! c\ntry1 & !reby is ju/ly cr$it$ ) be+ ! fir/ to realize ! importance ( a geological survey4 ,he di$ at ,epsom on ! #bnd ( ,febru>y #agab4 ,,li/on1 ,,john 7c4 #aggf-ahdf71 ,engli% com$ian1 0 born 9 ,london4 ,he made 8 public db on ! /age at ,weym\? z ,"l ,dub]ley 9 ,! ,heir-at-law4 ,aft] sev]al dismal failures 9 tragic p>ts1 "s ( !m 9 support ( ,mrs ,siddons1 he discov]$ accid5tally t 8 =te 0 com$y1 especially 9 ! p]sonation ( old m5 & c\ntry boys1 9 :i* he display$ a fund ( droll]y & broad hum\r4 ,an introduction to ,*>les ,kemble l$ to 8 appe>ance at ! ,haym>ket on ! #aj? ( ,june #ahje z ,%eepface 9 ! ,village ,lawy]1 & 8 association ) ?is !atre cont9u$ ) few int]ruptions until #ahcj4 ,paul ,pry1 ! mo/ fam\s ( all 8 imp]sonations1 0 fir/ pres5t$ on ! #ac? ( ,septemb] #ahbe1 & soon became1 ?anks to 8 creative g5ius1 a real p]sonage4 ,li/on rema9$ on ! /age till #ahcg2 dur+ 8 la/ ye>s 8 m9d fail$1 & he di$ on ! #bbnd ( ,m>* #ahdf4 ,he _h m>ri$ 9 #ahjg ,miss ,tyr] 7d4 #ahed71 a s+] & actress4 ,sev]al pictures ( ,li/on 9 "* are 9 ! ,g>rick ,club1 ,london1 & "o z ,paul ,pry 9 ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum4 ,,li/on1 ,,rob]t 7#agid-ahdg71 ,scotti% surgeon1 0 born on ! #bh? ( ,octob] #agid at ,ecclesma*an1 ,l9li?g[1 :]e 8 fa!r 0 p>i% m9i/]4 ,he began ! /udy ( anatomy "u ,dr ,john ,b>clay 7#ageh-ahbf7 at ,ed9burgh 9 #ahaj1 & soon became a skilful anatomi/4 ,aft] eight ye>s' /udy1 he became a lectur] on anatomy & surg]y 9 ! ,ed9burgh ,s*ool or ,m$ic9e2 & 9 #ahbg he 0 elect$ "o ( ! surgeons to ! ,royal ,infirm>y4 ,9 #ahce he 0 *os5 pr(essor ( cl9ical surg]y 9 ,univ]sity ,college1 ,london1 & ?is appo9tm5t he held until 8 dea?1 :i* occurr$ 9 ,london on ! #g? ( ,decemb] #ahdg4 ,li/on 0 a tea*] m by :at he did ?an by :at he said4 ,he taught simplicity 9 all op]ative proc$ures2 f]tile 9 exp$i5ts1 ( great n]ve & ( p[]ful frame1 he is rememb]$ z an extraord9>ily bold1 skilful & rapid op]ator4 ,he 0 ! au?or ( ,! ,elem5ts ( ,surg]y 7#ahca-ahcb7 & ,practical ,surg]y 7#ahcg71 & made sev]al improvem5ts 9 me?ods ( amputation1 & 9 ! dress+ ( w\nds4 ,,liszt1 ,,franz 7#ahaa-ahhf71 ,hung>ian piani/ & compos]1 0 born on ! #bbnd ( ,octob] #ahaa1 at ,raid+1 9 ,hung>y4 ,8 appeal to musicians 0 made 9 a ?reefold capacity1 & we h1 !re=e1 to deal ) ,liszt ! unrivall$ pian(orte virtuoso 7#ahcj-ahdh72 ,liszt ! conductor ( ! music ( ! future at ,weim>1 ! tea*] ( ,tausig1 ,bl[ & a ho/ ( less] piani/s1 ! eloqu5t writ] on music & musicians1 ! *ampion ( ,b]lioz & ,wagn] 7#ahdh-ahfa72 & ,liszt ! prolific compos]1 :o = "s five-&-?irty ye>s cont9u$ to put =? pian(orte pieces1 songs1 symphonic or*e/ral pieces1 cantatas1 masses1 psalms & oratorios 7#ahdg-ahhb74 ,z virtuoso he held 8 own = ! entire p]iod dur+ :i* he *ose to appe> 9 public2 b ! militant conductor & prophet ( ,wagn] _h a h>d "t ( x1 & ! compos]'s place is /ill 9 dispute4 ,liszt's fa!r1 a cl]k to ! ag5t ( ! ,e/]hazy e/ates & an amateur musician ( "s atta9m5t1 0 ,hung>ian by bir? & ance/ry1 8 "m an ,au/rian-,g]man4 ,! boy's gifts attract$ ! att5tion ( c]ta9 ,hung>ian magnates1 :o furni%$ #fjj guld5 annually = "s ye>s to enable him to /udy music at ,vi5na & ,p>is4 ,at ,vi5na he _h lessons 9 pian(orte play+ f ,c>l ,cz]ny ( ,velocity fame1 & f ,sali]i 9 h>mony & analysis ( scores4 ,9 8 elev5? ye> he began to play 9 public !re1 & ,bee?ov5 came to 8 second conc]t 9 ,april #ahbc4 ,dur+ ! ?ree ye>s foll[+ he play$ 9 ,p>is1 ! ,fr5* prov9ces & ,switz]l&1 & paid ?ree visits to ,engl&4 ,9 ,p>is he _h composition lessons f ,par1 & a six mon?s' c\rse ( lessons 9 c\nt]po9t f ,rei*a4 ,9 ! autumn ( #ahbe ! h&some & fasc9at+ enfant gt ( ! salons & ateli]s--,la ,neuvime ,m]veille du monde--_h ! luck to get an op]etta 7,don ,san*o7 p]=m$ ?ree times at ! ,acadmie ,royale4 ,! score 0 accid5tally de/roy$ by fire1 b a set ( /udies la ,cz]ny & ,cram]1 belong+ to #ahbf & publi%$ at ,m>seilles z #ab tudes1 op4 i41 is extant1 & %[s rem>kable precocity4 ,aft] ! dea? ( 8 fa!r 9 #ahbh "y ,liszt l$ ! life ( a tea*] ( ! pian(orte 9 ,p>is1 got ?r\gh a good deal ( miscellane\s read+1 & felt ! influ5ce ( ! religi\s1 lit]>y & political aspirations ( ! "t4 ,he att5d$ ! meet+s ( ! ,sa9t-,simoni/s1 l5t an e> to ! romantic my/icism ( ,pre ,enfant9 & lat] to ! tea*+ ( ,abb ,lam5nais4 ,he also play$ ,bee?ov5 & ,web] 9 public--a v c\rage\s ?+ 9 ^? days4 ,! appe>ance ( ! viol9i/ ,pagan9i 9 ,p>is1 #ahca1 m>ks ! />t+-po9t ( ! supreme em95ce ,liszt ultimately atta9$ z a virtuoso4 ,pagan9i's m>vell\s te*nique inspir$ him to practise z no piani/ _h ev] practis$ be=e4 ,he tri$ to f9d equival5ts = ,pagan9i's effects1 transcrib$ 8 viol9 caprices = ! piano1 & p]fect$ 8 own te*nique to an extraord9>y degree4 ,aft] ,pagan9i he receiv$ a fre% impulse f ! play+ & ! compositions ( ,*op91 :o arriv$ 9 #ahca1 & yet ano!r impulse ( equal =ce f a p]=mance ( ,b]lioz's ,symphonie ,fanta/ique1 pisode de la vie d'un arti/e1 9 #ahcb4 ,liszt transcrib$ ?is "w1 & its influ5ce ultimately l$ him to ! composition ( 8 ,pomes symphoniques & o!r examples ( or*e/ral programme-music4 ,f #ahcc to #ahdh--:5 he gave up play+ 9 public--he 0 greet$ ) frantic applause z ! pr9ce ( piani/s4 ,five ye>s 7#ahce-ahdj7 7 sp5t 9 ,switz]l& & ,italy1 9 semi-retirem5t 9 ! company ( ,madame la comtesse d',ag\lt 7,george ,s&'s fri5d & w\ld-be rival1 kn[n 9 lit]>y circles z ,daniel ,/]n1 by :om ,liszt _h ?ree *ildr51 "o ( !m aft]w>ds ,frau ,cosima ,wagn]73 ^! ye>s 7 devot$ to fur!r /udy 9 play+ & composition1 & 7 int]rupt$ only by occasional appe>ances at ,g5eva1 ,milan1 ,flor5ce & ,rome1 & by annual visits to ,p>is1 :5 a fam\s conte/ ) ,?alb]g took place 9 #ahcg4 ,! en?usiasm ar\s$ by ,liszt's play+ & 8 p]sonality--! two are insep>able--rea*$ a climax at ,vi5na & ,budape/ 9 #ahci-ahdj1 :5 he receiv$ a pat5t ( nobility f ! emp]or ( ,au/ria1 & a sword ( hon\r f ! magnates ( ,hung>y 9 ! "n ( ! nation4 ,dur+ ! eight ye>s foll[+ he 0 he>d at all ! pr9cipalc5tres--includ+ ,london1 ,leipzig1 ,b]l91 ,cop5hag51 ,/ ,pet]sburg1 ,mosc[1 ,w>saw1 ,con/ant9ople1 ,lisbon & ,madrid4 ,he ga9$ mu* money1 & gave l>ge sums 9 *>ity4 ,8 munific5ce ) reg>d to ! ,bee?ov5 /atue at ,bonn made a great /ir4 ,! subscriptions hav+ come 9 b sp>sely1 ,liszt took ! matt] 9 h&1 & ! monum5t 0 complet$ at 8 exp5se1 & unveil$ at a musical fe/ival conduct$ by ,spohr & himself 9 #ahde4 ,9 #ahdh he settl$ at ,weim> ) ,pr9cess ,sayn-,wittg5/e9 7d4 #ahhg71 & rema9$ !re till #ahfa4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod he act$ z conductor at c\rt conc]ts & on special occasions at ! !atre1 gave lessons to a numb] ( piani/s1 wrote articles ( p]man5t value on c]ta9 works ( ,b]lioz & ! e>ly op]as ( ,wagn]1 & produc$ ^? or*e/ral & *oral pieces ^u :i* 8 reputation z a compos] ma9ly dep5ds4 ,8 ambition to f\nd a s*ool ( compos]s z well z a s*ool ( piani/s met ) complete success on ! "o h& & p>tial failure on ! o!r4 ,8 ef=ts on behalf ( ,wagn]1 :o 0 !n an exile 9 ,switz]l&1 culm9at$ 9 ! fir/ p]=mance ( ,loh5gr9 on ! #bh? ( ,augu/ #ahej1 be=e a special audi5ce assembl$ f f> & ne>4 ,among ! works produc$ = ! fir/ "t or rehe>s$ ) a view to ! fur!rance ( musical art 7 ,wagn]'s ,tannhus]1 ,d] flieg5de ,hollnd]1 ,das ,liebesmahl d] ,apo/el1 & ,e9e ,fau/ ,ov]tre1 ,b]lioz's ,b5v5uto ,cell9i1 ! ,symphonie ,fanta/ique1 ,h>old en ,italie1 ,romo et ,juliette1 ,la ,damnation de ,fau/1 & ,l',enfance du ,*ri/--! la/ two conduct$ by ! compos]--,s*umann's ,g5oveva1 ,p>adise & ! ,p]i1 ! music to ,manfr$ & to ,fau/1 ,web]'s ,euryan!1 ,s*ub]t's ,alfonso und ,e/rella1 ,raff's ,knig ,alfr$1 ,cornelius's ,d] ,b>bi] von ,baghdad & _m m4 ,x 0 ,liszt's habit to recomm5d novelties to ! public by explanatory articles or essays1 :i* 7 writt5 9 ,fr5* 7"s = ! ,j\rnal des dbats & ! ,gazette musicale ( ,p>is7 & translat$ = ! j\rnals ( ,weim> & ,leipzig--?us 8 two ma/]pieces ( sympa!tic criticism1 ! essays ,loh5gr9 et ,tannhus] ,weim> & ,h>old en ,italie1 f\nd _m read]s & prov$ v effective4 ,!y are n[ includ$1 toge!r ) articles on ,s*umann & ,s*ub]t1 & ! elaborate & r high-fl[n essays on ,*op9 & ,des ,bohmi5s et de leur musique en ,hongrie 7! latt] c]ta9ly1 & ! =m] probably1 writt5 9 collaboration ) ,madame de ,wittg5/e971 9 8 ,gesammelte ,s*rift5 7#f vols41 ,leipzig74 ,! compositions belong+ to ! p]iod ( 8 resid5ce at ,weim> comprise two pian(orte conc]tos1 9 ,e flat & 9 ,a1 ! ,todt5tanz1 ! ,conc]to pa?tique = two pianos1 ! solo sonata ,an ,rob]t ,s*umann1 sundry tudes1 fifte5 ,rhapsodies ,hongroises1 twelve or*e/ral ,pomes symphoniques1 ,e9e ,fau/ ,symphonie1 & ,e9e ,symphonie zu ,dante's ',div9a ,comm$ia1' ! #ac? ,psalm = t5or solo1 *orus & or*e/ra1 ! *oruses to ,h]d]'s dramatic sc5es ,prome!us1 & ! ,missa sol5nis kn[n z ! ,gran] ,fe/ ,messe4 ,liszt retir$ to ,rome 9 #ahfa1 & jo9$ ! ,franciscan ord] 9 #ahfe4a ,f #ahfi onw>ds ,abb ,liszt divid$ 8 "t betwe5 ,rome & ,weim>1 :]e dur+ ! summ] mon?s he receiv$ pupils--gratis z =m]ly--&1 f #ahgf up to 8 dea? at ,bayreu? on ! #ca/ ( ,july #ahhf1 he also taught = sev]al mon?s e ye> at ! ,hung>ian ,cons]vatoire ( ,budape/4 ,ab\t ,liszt's pian(orte te*nique 9 g5]al x may be said t x d]ives its effici5cy f ! tea*+ ( ,cz]ny1 :o br\ght up 8 pupil on ,moz>t1 a little ,ba* & ,bee?ov51 a good deal ( ,clem5ti & ,hummel1 & a good deal ( 8 7,cz]ny's7 own "w4 ,classicism 9 ! %ape ( solid1 respectable ,hummel on ! "o h&1 & ,c>l ,cz]ny1 a trifle flippant1 p]haps1 & incl9$ to appeal to ! gall]y1 on ! o!r1 ^! gave ! musical p>5tage ( "y ,liszt4 ,!n appe>s ! ,p>isian ,incroyable & gr& seigneur--,monsieur ,lits1 z ! ,p>isians call$ him4 ,lat]1 we f9d him imitat+ ,pagan9i & ,*op91 & at ! same "t mak+ a really passionate & deep /udy ( ,bee?ov51 ,web]1 ,s*ub]t1 ,b]lioz4 ,?us gradually 0 =m$ ! ma/] ( /yle--^: comm& ( ! in/rum5t 0 supreme1 & :o play$ l an inspir$ poet4 ,liszt's /range musical nature 0 long 9 matur+ its fruits4 ,at ! pian(orte 8 a*ievem5ts culm9ate 9 ! two books ( /udies1 twice rewritt51 & f9ally publi%$ 9 #aheb z tudes d'excution transc5dante1 ! tudes de conc]t & ! ,pagan9i ,/udies2 ! two conc]tos & ! ,todt5tanz1 ! ,sonata 9 ,b m9or1 ! ,hung>ian ,rhapsodies & ! f9e transcriptions ( ,bee?ov5's symphonies 7! #i? = two pian(ortes z well z solo71 & ( ,b]lioz's ,symphonie fanta/ique1 & ! symphony1 ,h>old en ,italie4 ,9 8 or*e/ral pieces ( ,liszt appe>s--next to ,b]lioz--z ! mo/ conspicu\s & mo/ ?or\gh-go+ repres5tative ( programme music1 i4e4 in/rum5tal music expressly contriv$ to illu/rate 9 detail "s poem or "s succession ( ideas or pictures4 ,x 0 ,liszt's aim to br+ ab\t a direct alliance or amalgamation ( in/rum5tal music ) poetry4 ,to effect ?is he made use ( ! means ( musical expression = purposes ( illu/ration1 & reli$ on po9ts ( support outside ! pale ( music prop]4 ,!re is always dang] ( failure :5 an attempt is ?us made to connect in/rum5tal music ) conceptions n 9 !mselves musical1 = ! ord] ( ! ideas t s]ve z a programme is apt to int]f]e ) ! ord] :i* ! musical exposition naturally assumes--& ! result 9 mo/ cases is b an amalgam ( irreconcilable mat]ials4 ,9 pieces su* z ,liszt's ,pomes symphoniques1 ,ce qu'on ent5d sur la montagne 7#ahdh-ahef71 aft] a poem by ,victor ,hugo1 & ,die ,ideale 7#ahec-aheg71 aft] a poem by ,s*ill]1 ! he>] is bewild]$ by a s]ies ( />tl+ or*e/ral effects :i* succe$ "o ano!r app>5tly )\t rhyme or reason4 ,! music does n con=m to any suffici5tly def9ite musical plan--x is h>dly intelligible z music )\t ref]5ce to ! programme4 ,liszt's ma/]piece 9 or*e/ral music is ! ,dante ,symphony 7#ahdg-ahee71 ! subject ( :i* 0 p>ticul>ly well suit$ to 8 temp]am5t1 & (f]$ good *ances = ! display ( 8 peculi> p[]s z a ma/] ( in/rum5tal effect4 ,by ! side ( x ranks ! ,fau/ ,symphony 7#ahed-aheg71 9 :i* ! moods ( ,goe!'s *>act]s--,fau/1 ,gret*5 & ,mephi/opheles--are depict$ 9 ?ree in/rum5tal movem5ts1 ) a *orus ( male voices1 supply+ a k9d ( comm5t1 by way ( close4 ,! me?od ( pres5tation 9 bo? symphonies is by means ( repres5tative !mes 7,leitmotif71 & _! comb9ation & int]action4 ,incid5ts ( ! poem or ! play are illu/rat$ or allud$ to z may be conv5i5t1 & ! exig5cies ( musical =m are n unfrequ5tly disreg>d$ = ! sake ( special effects4 ,( ! twelve ,pomes symphoniques1 ,orphe is ! mo/ consi/5t f a musical po9t ( view1 & is exquisitely scor$4 ,melodi\s1 effective1 readily intelligible1 ) a da% ( ! commonplace1 ,les ,prludes1 ,tasso1 ,mazeppa & ,fe/-,klnge bid = popul>ity4 ,9 ^! pieces1 z 9 almo/ e production ( 81 9 lieu ( melody ,liszt (f]s fragm5ts ( melody--t\*+ & beautiful1 x may be1 or passionate1 or t+$ ) triviality2 9 lieu ( a rational di/ribution ( c5tres ( h>mony 9 accordance ) "s def9ite plan1 he pres5ts clev] comb9ations ( *ords & +5i\s modulations f po9t to po9t2 9 lieu ( musical logic & consi/5cy ( design1 he is cont5t ) rhapsodical improvisation4 ,! p[] ( p]si/5ce seems want+4 ,! musical gr[? is spoilt1 ! developm5t ( ! !mes is /opp$1 or prev5t$1 by "s ref]5ce to extrane\s ideas4 ,ev]y:]e ! programme /&s 9 ! way4 ,9 mu* ( ,liszt's vocal music1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! songs & *oral pieces writt5 to ,g]man words1 an annoy+ discrepancy is felt to exi/ betwe5 ! true s\nd ( ! words & ! musical acc5ts4 ,! music is g5]ally emotional1 ! expression direct & passionate2 !re is no lack ( melodic *>m & orig9ality1 yet ! total effect is frequ5tly disappo9t+4 ,9 ! *oral numb]s ( ! five masses1 & 9 ! oratorios ,die ,heilige ,elisabe? & ,*ri/us1 ! r>ity ( fugal polyphony acts z a drawback4 ,its almo/ complete abs5ce 9 "s ( ^! works makes = monotony & produces a s5se ( dullness1 :i* may n be inh]5t 9 all ! details ( ! music1 b is none ! less di/9ctly pres5t4 ,omitt+ trifles & all publications t h be5 cancell$1 ! foll[+ li/ ( compositions may be tak5 z fairly compreh5sive3-- ,pian(orte ,pieces4--tudes d'excution transc5dante2 tudes de conc]t2 ,zwei ,etud51 ,waldesraus*51 ,gnom5tanz2 ,ab ,irato2 ,pagan9i ,/udies2 ,annes de ,pl]9age1 #c sets2 ,h>monies potiques et religieuses1 #a-aj2 ,consolations1 #a-f2 ,ave ,m>ia 9 ,e2 ,sonata 9 ,b m9or2 ,konz]t-,solo 9 ,e m9or2 ,s*]zo und ,m>s*2 ,ballades1 ,i4 ,,ii42 ,polonaises1 ,i4 ,,ii42 ,app>itions1 #a-c2 ,b]ceuse2 ,valse impromptu2 ,mazurka brillant2 #c ,caprices ,valses2 ,galop *romatique2 ,mephi/o-,walz]1 ,i41 ,,ii41 ,,iii4 & ,polka2 ,zwei ,leg5d51 ,die ,vogelpr$igt1 ,d] heilige ,franciscus auf d5 ,wog5 s*reit5d2 ,d] ,weihna*tsbaum1 #a-ab2 ,s>ab&e und ,*aconne 7,almira72 ,elegies1 ,i41 ,,ii4 & ,,iii42 ,la lugubre ,gondola2 ,dem ,&5k5 ,petfi's2 ,mosonyi's ,grabgeleit2 ,romance oublie2 ,valses oublies1 #a-c2 ,liebe/rume1 #a-c 7orig9ally songs72 ,hexam]on2 ,rhapsodies ,hongroises1 #a-ah4 ,pieces = ,two ,pianos4--,conc]to pa?tique 7id5tical ) ! ,konz]t-,solo 9 ,e m9or72 ,dante symphony2 ,fau/ symphony2 ,pomes symphoniques1 #a-ab2 ,bee?ov5's #i? symphony4 ,pian(orte ) ,or*e/ra4--,conc]tos ,i4 9 ,e flat1 ,,ii4 9 ,a2 ,todt5tanz2 ,fantasie ueb] ,motif aus ,bee?ov5's ,ru95 von ,a!n2 ,fantasie ueb] ,ung>is*e ,national ,melodi52 ,s*ub]t's ,fantasia 9 ,c2 ,web]'s ,polacca 9 ,e4 ,fantaisies de ,conc]t = ,piano ,solo4--,don ,juan2 ,norma2 ,sonnambula2 ,i ,puritani2 ,lucia1 ,i41 ,,ii42 ,lucrezia1 ,i41 ,,ii42 ,la ,juive2 ,rob]t le ,diable2 ,les ,hugu5ots2 ,le ,prophte1 #a-d4 ,p>aphrases1 ,aub]1 ,t>antella di bravura 7,masaniello72 ,v]di1 ,rigoletto1 ,ernani1 ,il ,trovatore2 ,m5delssohn1 ,ho*zeitsm>s* und ,elf5reig52 ,g\nod1 ,valse de ,fau/1 ,les ,adieux de ,romo et ,juliette2 ,ts*aik[sky1 ,polonaise2 ,d>gomiyski1 ,t>antelle2 ,cui1 ,t>antella2 ,sa9t-,sans1 ,danse macabre2 ,s*ub]t1 ,soires de ,vi5ne1 ,valses caprices1 #a-i4 ,transcriptions4--,bee?ov5's ,n9e ,symphonies2 ,b]lioz's ,symphonie fanta/ique1 ,h>old en ,italie2 ,bndiction et ,s]m5t 7,b5v5uto ,cell9i72 ,danse des ,sylphes 7,damnation de ,fau/72 ,web]'s ov]tures1 ,d] ,freis*tz1 ,euryan!1 ,ob]on1 ,jubilee2 ,bee?ov5's & ,hummel's ,septets2 ,s*ub]t's ,div]tissem5t la ,hongroise2 ,bee?ov5's ,conc]tos 9 ,c m9or1 ,g & ,e flat 7or*e/ra = a second piano72 ,wagn]'s ,tannhus] ov]ture1 m>*1 romance1 *orus ( pilgrims2 ,loh5gr91 ,fe/zug und ,brautli$1 ,elsa's ,brautgang1 ,elsa's ,traum1 ,loh5gr9's ,v]weiss an ,elsa2 ,flieg5d] ,hollnd]1 ,sp9nli$2 ,ri5zi1 ,gebet2 ,rhe+old1 ,walhall2 ,mei/]s+]1 ,am /ill5 ,h]d2 ,tri/an1 ,isolde's ,liebe/od2 ,*op9's six ,*ants ,polonais2 ,mey]be]'s ,s*ill]m>s*2 ,ba*'s six organ ,preludes & ,fugues2 ,prelude & ,fugue 9 ,g m9or2 ,bee?ov51 ,adelaide2 #f miscellane\s & #f ,gei/li*e ,li$]2 ,li$]kreis2 ,ross9i's ,les ,soires musicales2 ,s*ub]t1 #ei songs2 ,s*umann1 #ac songs2 ,m5delssohn1 #h songs2 ,rob]t ,franz1 #ac songs4 ,organ ,pieces4--,missa pro organo2 ,fantasia & ,fugue1 ,ad nos1 ad salut>em undam2 ,b-,a-,c-,h ,fugue2 ,v>iations on ,ba*'s ,basso cont9uo1 ,we951 ,klag52 ,ba*'s ,introduction & ,fugue1 ,i* hatte viel ,bekmm]niss2 ,ba*'s ,*oral ,fugue1 ,lob und ,ehre2 ,nicolai's ,kir*li*e ,fe/\v]tre1 ,e9 fe/e ,burg2 ,allegri's ,mis]]e2 ,moz>t's ,ave ,v]um2 ,arcadelt's ,ave ,m>ia2 ,lasso's ,reg9a ,coeli4 ,or*e/ral ,pieces4--,e9e ,symphonie zu ,dante's ,div9a ,comm$ia2 ,e9e ,fau/ ,symphonie2 ,pomes symphoniques3 #a4 ,ce qu'on ent5d sur la montagne2 #b4 ,tasso2 #c4 ,les ,prludes2 #d4 ,orphe2 #e4 ,prom?e2 #f4 ,mazeppa2 #g4 ,fe/-,klnge2 #h4 ,hrode funbre2 #i4 ,hung>ia2 #aj4 ,hamlet2 #aa4 ,hunn5s*la*t2 #ab4 ,die ,ideale2 ,zwei ,episod5 aus ,l5au's ,fau/3 ,i4 ,d] n*tli*e ,zug1 ,,ii4 ,d] ,tanz 9 d] ,dorfs*5ke2 ,m>*es1 ,rakoczy1 ,goe!1 ,huldigung1 ,vom ,fels zum ,me] 7= a milit>y b&72 ,ung>is*]1 ,h]ois*] & ,/urmm>s*2 ,le ,triomphe funbre du ,tasse2 ,von d] ,wiege bis zum ,grab2 six ,hung>ian rhapsodies2 f\r m>*es2 f\r songs1 & ,die ,allma*t1 by ,s*ub]t4 ,vocal ,music4--,oratorios3 ,die ,leg5de von d] ,heilig5 ,elisabe?1 ,*ri/us1 ,/anislaus 7unf9i%$74 ,masses3 ,missa sol5nis = ! inauguration ( ! ca!dral at ,gran2 ,ung>is*e ,krnungs-messe2 ,missa *oralis 7) organ72 ,missa & ,requiem = male voices 7) organ72 ,psalms1 #ac1 #acg1 #bc & #ah2 #ab ,kir*5-,*or-,gesnge 7) organ74 ,cantatas3 ,prome!us-*re2 ,bee?ov5 ,cantata2 ,an die ,kn/l]2 ,die ,glock5 des ,/rassburg] ,mn/]s2 #ab ,*re fr ,mnn]gesang2 ,songs1 #h books2 ,sc5a1 ,jeanne d',arc au b*]4 ,melodramatic ,pieces = ,declamation1 ) ,pian(orte ,accompanim5t4--,leonore 7,brg]72 ,d] traurige ,mn* 7,l5au72 ,des todt5 ,di*t]'s ,liebe 7,jokai72 ,d] bl9de ,sng] 7,tol/oy74 ,editions1 ,text & ,v>iants4--,bee?ov5's ,sonatas2 ,web]'s ,conc]t/ck & ,sonatas2 ,s*ub]t ,fantasia1 #d ,sonatas1 ,impromptus1 ,valses & ,mom5ts musicaux4 ,see also ,l4 ,ramaun1 ,fr4 ,liszt als ,kn/l] und ,m5s* 7#ahhj-ahid72 ,e4 ,dannreu!r1 ,ox=d ,hi/4 ( ,music1 vol4 vi47#aije74 7,e4 ,da47 ,,footnote3 #a ,x is und]/ood t1 9 po9t ( fact1 ! ,pr9cess ,wittg5/e9 0 det]m9$ to m>ry ,liszt2 & z nei!r he nor h] family wi%$ _! connexion to take ?is =m1 ,c>d9al ,hoh5lohe quietly _h him orda9$4--,,ed4 ,e4,b44 ,,litany4 ,?is ^w 7,greek3 litaneia71 l ,greek3 lit 7bo? f ,greek3 litomai71 is us$ by ,eusebius & ,*ryso/om1 commonly 9 ! plural1 9 a g5]al s5se1 to d5ote a pray] or pray]s ( any sort1 :e!r public or private2 x is simil>ly employ$ 9 ! law ( ,arcadius 7,cod4 ,!od4 xvi4 tit4 #e1 leg4 #cj71 :i* =bids h]etics to hold assemblies 9 ! city ad litaniam faci5dam4 ,b "s trace ( a m te*nical mean+ is f\nd 9 ! epi/le 7,ep4 #fc7 ( ,basil to ! *ur* ( ,neocaes>ea1 9 :i* he argues1 aga9/ ^? :o 7 object+ to c]ta9 innovations1 t nei!r 7 litanies us$ 9 ! "t ( ,gregory ,?aumaturgus4 ,! nature ( ! rec5tly introduc$ litanies1 :i* mu/ be assum$ to h be5 practis$ at ,neocaes>ea 9 ,basil's day1 c only be conjectur$2 probably !y _h _m po9ts 9 common ) ! rogationes1 :i*1 accord+ to ,sidonius ,apoll9>is1 _h be5 com+ into occasional use 9 ,france ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! #e? c5tury1 especially :5 ra9 or f9e wea!r 0 desir$1 &1 s f> z ! ?ree fa/ days be=e ,asc5sion 7 conc]n$1 7 fir/ fix$1 = "o p>ticul> di/rict at lea/1 by ,mam]tus or ,mam]cus ( ,vi5ne 7,a4,d4 c4 #dej74 ,we ga!r t !y 7 p5it5tial & int]cessory pray]s (f]$ by ! community :ile go+ ab\t 9 procession1 fa/+ & clo!d 9 sackclo?4 ,9 ! foll[+ c5tury ! mann] ( mak+ litanies 0 to "s ext5t regulat$ = ! entire ,ea/]n empire by "o ( ! ,novels ( ,ju/9ian1 :i* =bade _! celebration )\t ! pres5ce ( ! bi%ops & cl]gy1 & ord]$ t ! crosses :i* 7 c>ri$ 9 procession %\ld n be deposit$ else:]e ?an 9 *ur*es1 nor be c>ri$ by any b duly appo9t$ p]sons4 ,! fir/ synod ( ,orleans 7,a4,d4 #eaa7 enjo9s = all ,gaul t ! litanies be=e ,asc5sion be celebrat$ = ?ree days2 on ^! days all m5ials are to be exempt f "w1 s t e "o may be free to att5d div9e s]vice4 ,! diet is to be ! same z 9 ,quadragesima2 cl]ks n obs]v+ ^! rogations are to be puni%$ by ! bi%op4 ,9 ,a4,d4 #eag ! synod ( ,g]unda provid$ = two sets ( litanies2 ! fir/ 7 to be obs]v$ = ?ree days 7f ,?ursday to ,saturday7 9 ! week aft] ,p5teco/ ) fa/+1 ! second = ?ree days f ,novemb] #a4 ,! second c\ncil ( ,vaison 7#ebi71 consi/+ ( twelve bi%ops1 ord]$ ! ,kyrie eleison--n[ fir/ introduc$ f ! ,ea/]n ,*ur*--to be sung at mat9s1 mass & vesp]s4 ,a synod ( ,p>is 7#egc7 ord]$ litanies to be held = ?ree days at ! beg9n+ ( ,l5t1 & ! fif? synod ( ,tol$o 7#fcf7 appo9t$ litanies to be obs]v$ ?r\gh\t ! k+dom = ?ree days f ,decemb] #ad4 ,! fir/ m5tion ( ! ^w litany 9 connexion ) ! ,roman ,*ur* goes back to ! pontificate ( ,pelagius ,i4 7#eee71 b implies t ! ?+ 0 at t "t already old4 ,9 #eij ,gregory ,i41 mov$ by ! pe/il5ce :i* _h foll[$ an inundation1 ord]$ a litania septi=mis1 sometimes call$ litania major1 t is to say1 a sev5fold procession ( cl]gy1 laity1 monks1 virg9s1 matrons1 wid[s1 poor & *ildr54 ,x mu/ n be confus$ ) ! litania sept5a us$ 9 *ur* on ,ea/] ,ev54 ,he is said also to h appo9t$ ! processions or litanies ( ,april #be 7,/ ,m>k's day71 :i* seem to h come 9 ! place ( ! c]emonies ( ! old ,robigalia4 ,9 #gdg ! synod ( ,clove%oe ord]$ ! litanies or rogations to be gone ab\t on ,april #be aft] ! mann] ( ! ,roman ,*ur*1 & on ! ?ree days be=e ,asc5sion aft] ! mann] ( our ance/ors4 ,! latt] are /ill kn[n 9 ! ,engli% ,*ur* z ,rogation ,days4 ,games1 horse rac+1 junkett+s 7 =bidd52 & 9 ! litanies ! "n ( ,augu/9e 0 to be ins]t$ aft] t ( ,gregory4 ,! re=m+ synod ( ,ma9z 9 #hac ord]$ ! major litany to be obs]v$ by all = ?ree days 9 sackclo? & a%es1 & b>efoot4 ,! sick only 7 exempt$4 ,z reg>ds ! =m ( words prescrib$ = use 9 ^! litanies or supplications1 docum5t>y evid5ce is defective4 ,sometimes x w\ld appe> t ! procession or litany did no?+ else b *ant ,kyrie eleison )\t v>iation4 ,!re is no reason to d\bt t f an e>ly p]iod ! special writt5 litanies ( ! v>i\s *ur*es all %[$ ! common features :i* are n[ reg>d$ z ess5tial to a litany1 9 z f> z !y consi/$ ( 7#a7 invocations1 7#b7 deprecations1 7#c7 int]cessions1 7#d7 supplications4 ,b 9 details !y mu/ h v>i$ imm5sely4 ,! (fices ( ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur* at pres5t recognize two litanies1 ! ,litaniae majores & ! ,litaniae breves1 :i* diff] f "o ano!r *iefly 9 respect ( ! fulness ) :i* details are ent]$ ^u "u ! heads m5tion$ above4 ,x is said t 9 ! "t ( ,*>lemagne ! angels ,orihel1 ,raguhel1 ,tobihel 7 invok$1 b ! names 7 remov$ by ,pope ,za*>ias z really belong+ to demons4 ,9 "s m$ieval litanies !re 7 special invocations ( ,s4 ,fides1 ,s4 ,spes1 ,s4 ,*>itas4 ,! litanies1 z giv5 9 ! ,brevi>y1 are at pres5t appo9t$ to be recit$ on b5d$ knee1 along ) ! p5it5tial psalms1 9 all ! six week-days ( ,l5t :5 ord9>y s]vice is held4 ,)\t ! psalms !y are said on ! fea/ ( ,sa9t ,m>k & on ! ?ree rogation days4 ,a litany is *ant$ 9 procession be=e mass on ,holy ,saturday4 ,! litany or g5]al supplication ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&1 :i* is appo9t$ to be sung or said aft] morn+ pray] ^u ,sundays1 ,w$nesdays & ,fridays1 & at o!r times :5 x %all be comm&$ by ! ord9>y1 closely foll[s ! ,litaniae majores ( ! ,brevi>y1 ! invocations ( sa9ts be+ ( c\rse omitt$4 ,a simil> ,g]man litany w be f\nd 9 ! works ( ,lu!r4 ,9 ! ,roman ,*ur* !re are a numb] ( special litanies peculi> to p>ticul> localities or ord]s1 su* z ! ,litanies ( ,m>y or ! ,litanies ( ! ,sacr$ ,"n ( ,jesus4 ,!re 0 orig9ally a close connexion betwe5 ! litany & ! liturgy 7q4v474 ,! n9efold ,kyrie eleison at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,roman ,mass is a relic ( a long] litany ( :i* a specim5 may /ill be se5 9 ! ,/[e missal4 ,9 ! ,ambrosian liturgy1 ! ?reefold ,kyrie eleison or ,less] ,litany occurs ?rice1 aft] ! ,gloria 9 excelsis1 aft] ! gospel & at ! end ( ,mass2 & on ! fir/ five ,sundays 9 ,l5t a missal litany is plac$ be=e ! ,oratio sup] populum1 & on ! same five ,sundays 9 ! ,moz>abic rite be=e ! epi/le4 ,9 ,ea/]n liturgies litanies are a prom95t feature1 z 9 ! case ( ! deacon's litany at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,missa fidelium 9 ! ,clem5t9e liturgy1 imm$iately be=e ! ,anaphora 9 ! ,greek liturgy ( ,/ ,james1 c4 7,f4 ,e4 ,w47 ,,lit*field1 a t[n%ip & ! c\nty-seat ( ,lit*field c\nty1 ,connecticut1 ,u4,s4,a41 ab\t #bh m4 ,w4 ( ,h>t=d1 & includ+ ! bor\gh ( ! same "n4 ,pop4 ( ! t[n%ip 7#ahij7 #ccjd2 7#aijj7 #cbad2 7#aiaj7 #cjje2 ( ! bor\gh 7#ahij7 #ajeh2 7#aijj7 #aabj2 7#aiaj7 #ijc4 ,area ( ! t[n%ip1 #dh4f sq4 m4 ,! bor\gh is s]v$ by ! ,new ,york1 ,new ,hav5 ,h>t=d railroad4 ,x is situat$ on elevat$ l&1 & is "o ( ! mo/ attractive ( s\!rn ,new ,engl& summ] resorts4 ,! pr9cipal elevation 9 ! t[n%ip is ,mt4 ,prospect1 at ! base ( :i* !re is a ve9 ( pyrrhotite1 ) small quantities ( nickel & copp]4 ,on ! s\!rn bord] ( ! bor\gh is ,lake ,bantam 7ab\t #ijj acres1 ! l>ge/ lake 9 ! /ate7 ^: falls1 at its outlet1 provide wat] p[] = factories ( c>riages & electrical appliances4 ,dairy+ is ! mo/ important indu/ry1 & 9 #ahii ! c\nty rank$ fir/ among ! c\nties ( ! /ate 9 ! value ( its dairy products--#a1cgc1ieg1 f #cdfe f>ms1 ! value ( ! product = ! entire /ate be+ #g1jij1ahh4 ,! l&s includ$ 9 ! t[n%ip ( ,lit*field 7orig9ally call$ ,bantam7 7 b\ght f ! ,indians 9 #agae-agaf = #ae4 ! ,indians res]v+ a c]ta9 "p = hunt+4 ,! t[n%ip 0 incorporat$ 9 #agai1 0 nam$ ,lit*field1 aft] ,li*field 9 ,engl&1 & 0 settl$ by immigrants f ,h>t=d1 ,w9dsor1 ,we!rsfield1 ,f>m+ton & ,lebanon 7all )9 ! /ate7 9 #agbj-agba4 ,9 #agea x became ! c\nty-seat ( ,lit*field c\nty1 & at ! same "t ! bor\gh ( ,lit*field 7incorporat$ 9 #ahgi7 0 laid out4 ,f #aggf to #aghj two depts = milit>y /ores & a work%op = ! ,cont95tal army 7 ma9ta9$1 & ! lead5 /atue ( ,george ,,iii41 erect$ 9 ,b[l+ ,gre51 ,new ,york ,city1 9 #aggj1 & torn d[n by citiz5s on ! #i? ( ,july #aggf1 0 cut up & tak5 to ,lit*field1 :]e1 9 ! h\se 7/ill /&+7 ( ,oliv] ,wolcott x 0 melt$ into bullets = ! ,am]ican army by ,wolcott's daught] & si/]4 ,a>on ,burr1 ^: only si/] m>ri$ ,tapp+ ,reeve 7#agdd-ahbc71 liv$ 9 ,lit*field ) ,reeve 9 #aggd-agge4 ,9 #aghd ,reeve e/abli%$ "h ! ,lit*field ,law ,s*ool1 ! fir/ in/itution ( its k9d 9 ,am]ica4 ,9 #agih he associat$ ) himself ,james ,g\ld 7#aggj-ahch71 :o1 aft] ,reeve's retirem5t 9 #ahbj1 cont9u$ ! "w1 ) ! assi/ance ( ,jabez ,w4 ,hunt+ton 7#aghh-ahdg71 until #ahcc4 ,! s*ool 0 nev] incorporat$1 x _h no build+s1 & ! lectures 7 deliv]$ 9 ! law (fices ( its in/ructors1 b among its #ajjj or m /ud5ts 7 _m :o aft]w>ds became fam\s1 includ+ ,john ,c4 ,calh\n2 ,levi ,woodbury 7#aghi-ahea71 ,unit$ ,/ates s5ator f ,new ,hamp%ire 9 #ahbe-ahca & 9 #ahda-ahde1 secret>y ( ! navy 9 #ahca-ahcd & ( ! treasury 9 #ahcd-ahda1 & a ju/ice ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,supreme ,c\rt f #ahde2 ,john ,y4 ,mason2 ,john ,m4 ,clayton2 & ,h5ry ,baldw9 7#aghj-ahdd71 a ju/ice ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,supreme ,c\rt f #ahcj4 ,9 #agib ,mrs ,s>ah ,pi]ce made "o ( ! fir/ ef=ts t[>d ! high] education ( wom5 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates by op5+ 9 ,lit*field h] ,female ,sem9>y1 :i* _h an influ5tial c>e] ( ab\t =ty ye>s1 & numb]$ among its alumnae ,h>riet ,bee*] ,/[e1 ,mrs ,m>%all ,o4 ,rob]ts1 ,mrs ,cyrus ,w4 ,field & ,mrs ,hugh ,mc,culloch4 ,lit*field 0 ! bir?place ( ,e?an ,all52 ( ,h5ry ,w>d ,bee*]2 ( ,h>riet ,bee*] ,/[e1 ^: novel1 ,poganuc ,p1 pres5ts a picture ( social conditions 9 ,lit*field dur+ h] girlhood2 ( ,oliv] ,wolcott1 ,jr4 7#agfj-ahcc72 ( ,john ,pi]pont 7#aghe-ahff71 ! poet1 prea*] & lectur]2 & ( ,*>les ,lor+ ,brace1 ! philan?ropi/4 ,x 0 also ! home1 dur+ 8 la/ ye>s1 ( ,oliv] ,wolcott 7#agbf-agig72 ( ,colonel ,b5jam9 ,tallmadge 7#aggd-ahce71 an (fic] on ! ,am]ican side 9 ! ,w> ( ,indep5d5ce & lat] 7f #ahja to #ahag7 a ,f$]ali/ memb] ( ,congress2 & ( ,lyman ,bee*]1 :o 0 pa/or ( ! ,fir/ ,congregational *ur* ( ,lit*field f #ahaj to #ahbf4 ,see ,payne ,k4 ,kilb\rne1 ,sket*es & ,*ronicles ( ! ,t[n ( ,lit*field1 ,connecticut 7,h>t=d1 ,conn41 #ahei72 ,george ,c4 ,boswell1 ,! ,lit*field ,book ( ,days 7,lit*field1 #aijj72 & = an acc\nt ( ! ,lit*field ,female ,sem9>y1 ,emily ,n4 ,v&]poel1 ,*ronicles ( a ,pione] ,s*ool 7,cambridge1 ,mass41 #aijc74 ,,lit*field1 a city ( ,montgom]y c\nty1 ,ill9ois1 ,u4,s4,a41 ab\t #ej m4 ,n4 ,e4 ( ,/ ,l\is1 ,miss\ri4 ,pop4 7#aijj7 #eiah2 7#aiaj7 #eiga4 ,its pr9cipal importance is z a railway & manufactur+ c5tre2 x is s]v$ by ! ,*icago1 ,burl+ton ,qu9cy1 ! ,*icago ,alton1 ! ,clevel&1 ,c9c9nati1 ,*icago ,/ ,l\is1 ! ,ill9ois ,c5tral1 ! ,waba%1 & ! ,lit*field ,madison railways1 & by electric l9es connect+ ) ,/ ,l\is & ! neighb\r+ t[ns4 ,9 ! vic9ity are deposits ( bitum9\s coal1 fire-clay & m\ld+ s&4 ,!re are v>i\s manufactures 9 ! city4 ,lit*field 0 incorporat$ z a t[n 9 #ahef1 & 0 fir/ *>t]$ z a city 9 #ahei4 ,,lit*i1 or ,,lee-,,*ee1 ! fruit ( ,nephelium ,lit*i1 a small tree1 native ( s\!rn ,*9a & "o ( ! mo/ important indig5\s fruits4 ,x is also cultivat$ 9 ,india4 ,! tree be>s l>ge comp\nd leaves ) two to f\r pairs ( lea!ry lanceolate po9t$ leaflets ab\t #c 94 long1 & panicles ( small fl[]s )\t petals4 ,! fruits are commonly r\ndi%1 ab\t #a 94 9 diamet]1 ) a ?91 brittle1 r$ %ell :i* be>s r\gh protub]ances4 ,9 ! fre% /ate !y are fill$ ) a sweet :ite pulp :i* envelops a l>ge br[n se$1 b 9 ! dri$ condition ! pulp =ms a blacki% fle%y sub/ance4 ,! pulp is ( ! nature ( an aril1 t is1 an additional se$-coat4 ,nephelium ,longana1 ! longan tree1 also a native ( s\!rn ,*9a1 is cultivat$ 9 t c\ntry1 9 ! ,malay ,p59sula1 ,india & ,ceylon = its fruit1 :i* is small] ?an t ( ! lit*i1 be+ half an in* to an in* 9 diamet] ) a ne>ly smoo? yell[i%-br[n brittle sk91 & conta9+ a pulpy aril resembl+ t ( ! lit*i 9 flav\r4 ,ano!r species1 ,n4 lappaceum1 a tall tree native ( ! ,malay ,p59sula1 :]e x is kn[n "u ! names ,rambutan or ,rambo/e51 is also cultivat$ = its pleasantly acid pulpy aril4 ,! fruit is oval1 bright r$ 9 col\r1 ab\t #b 94 long & cov]$ ) long fle%y hairs4 ,nephelium belongs to ! natural ord] ,sap9daceae1 & conta9s ab\t tw5ty-two species4 ,,lit]ature1 a g5]al t]m :i*1 9 default ( precise def9ition1 may /& = ! be/ expression ( ! be/ ?\ght r$uc$ to writ+4 ,its v>i\s =ms are ! result ( race peculi>ities1 or ( div]se individual temp]am5ts1 or ( political circum/ances secur+ ! pr$om9ance ( "o social class :i* is ?us enabl$ to propagate its ideas & s5tim5ts4 ,9 e>ly /ages ( society1 ! classes :i* fir/ atta9 a di/9ct lit]>y utt]ance are prie/s :o compile ! *ronicles ( tribal religi\s developm5t1 or rhapsodes :o celebrate ! pr[ess ( tribal *iefs4 ,z man feels be=e he reasons1 s poetry g5]ally prec$es prose4 ,x embodies m poignantly ! s5tim5t ( unsophi/icat$ man4 ,h5ce sacr$ books & w>-songs are ev]y:]e ! e>lie/ lit]>y monum5ts1 & bo? are ess5tially poetic compositions :i* h receiv$ a religi\s or quasi-religi\s sanction4 ,! recitation ( ! ,hom]ic poems at ! ,pana!naea corresponds to ! recitation else:]e ( ! sacr$ texts 9 ! temple2 ! /atem5t ( ,phemios 7,odyssey1 xxii4 #cdg7 t a god inspir$ 8 s\l ) all ! v>i$ ways ( song expresses ! ord9>y belief ( e>ly hi/orical times4 ,v]sicles ( ! sacr$ *ronicles1 or fragm5ts ( epic poems1 7 le>n$ by he>t & suppli$ a /&>d ( popul> lit]>y ta/e4 ,! public declamation ( long *os5 passages by prie/s1 & /ill m by cont5d+ rhapsodes1 s]v$ to evoke ! lat5t s5se ( lit]>y criticism2 &1 at a lat] /age1 ! critical _s 0 /ill fur!r /imulat$ by ! p]=mance ( dramatic pieces writt5 by compet+ poets4 ,! epical record ( ! pa/ 0 supplem5t$ by ! lyrical record ( contempor>y ev5ts1 & z ! ,hom]ic poets _h immortaliz$ ! siege ( ,troy1 s ,p9d> commemorat$ ,salamis4 ,prose ( any p]man5t value w\ld fir/ %[ itself 9 ! =m ( oratory1 & ! ins]tion ( spee*es by e>ly hi/orians indicates a connexion ) rhetoric4 ,! developm5t ( ab/ract reason+ w\ld t5d to deprive prose ( its sup]flu\s ornam5t & to provide a simpl] & m accurate in/rum5t4 ,no new g5re has be5 inv5t$ s9ce ! days ( ,plato4 ,! evolution ( lit]ature is complet$ 9 ,greece1 & !re its subdivisions may be/ be /udi$4 ,epic poetry is repres5t$ by ! ,hom]ic cycle1 lyrical poetry by ,tyrtaeus1 dramatic poetry by ,aes*ylus1 hi/ory by ,h]odotus1 oratory by ,p]icles1 philosophy by ,plato1 & criticism by ,zoilus1 ! e>lie/ ( sla%+ review]s2 & 9 ea* dep>tm5t !re is a long succession ( illu/ri\s names4 ,r\ghly speak+1 all subsequ5t lit]ature is imitative4 ,ennius transplant$ ,greek me?ods to ,rome2 8 contempor>y ,l4 ,fabius ,pictor1 ! e>lie/ ,roman hi/orian1 wrote 9 ,greek2 & ! lat] ,roman poets f ,lucretius to ,horace ab\nd 9 imitations ( ,greek orig9als4 ,! (ficial adoption ( ,*ri/ianity z ! /ate religion *ang$ ! _s ( lit]ature1 :i* became m & m prov9cial aft] ! d[nfall ( ! empire4 ,lit]ature did n p]i% dur+ ! d>k ages :i* ext5d f ! six? c5tury to ! beg9n+ ( ! #aa?1 b x 0 subord9ate to s*ol>%ip4 ,! dissolution ( ,lat9 0 n complete till ab\t ! middle ( ! #i? c5tury1 & ! new v>ieties ( ,romance did n become ripe = lit]>y purposes till a hundr$ ye>s lat]4 ,mean:ile1 n a s+le lit]>y ma/]piece 0 produc$ 9 we/]n ,europe = five c5turies2 by comp>ison only d ,bo?ius & ,v5antius ,=tunatus seem to be lum9\s po9ts 9 ! prolong$ night2 ! promise ( a lit]>y r5aissance at ! c\rt ( ,*>lemagne 0 unfulfill$1 & ! task ( creat+ a new lit]ature devolv$ ^u ! desc5dants ( ! b>b>ians :o _h de/roy$ ! old4 ,! ,celtic & ,teutonic races elaborat$ lit]>y me?ods ( _! own2 b ! fact t ! mo/ popul> =m ( ,iri% v]se is adopt$ f ,lat9 prosody is conclusive evid5ce t ! influ5ce ( ,roman--& !re=e ( ,greek--models p]si/$ 9 ! lit]ature ( ! outly+ prov9ces :i* _h atta9$ political indep5d5ce4 ,! real s]vice r5d]$ to lit]ature by ! prov9cials lay 9 ! introduction & diffusion ( leg5ds freight$ ) a burd5 ( my/]y :i* _h disappe>$ ) ,pan1 & ^! new valuable mat]ials w5t to =m ! sub/ance ( ! new poetry4 ,! home ( mod]n ,european lit]ature mu/ be s\ght 9 ,france1 :i* assimilat$ ! be/ elem5ts 9 ,celtic & ,teutonic lit]ature4 ,f ! #aa? to ! #ad? c5tury1 ,france 0 ! c5tre ( intellectual life 9 ,europe1 z ,greece & ,rome _h be5 be=e1 & z ,italy 0 to be aft]w>ds4 ,! *ansons de ge/e1 inspir$ by ! s5se ( patriotism & ! ye>n+ = religi\s unity1 inculcate feudal & ,ca?olic doctr9e1 & z society 9 ! we/]n _w 0 univ]sally committ$ to feudalism & ,ca?olicism1 ^! lit]>y expressions ( bo? !ories 7 widely accept$ & copi$4 ,! ,g]manic orig9 ( ! ,fr5* epic is lo/ sight (1 & imitators are attract$ by ! ,fr5* execution1 & by ! creative p[] ( ! *ansons de ge/e4 ,aga91 ,france takes ! /ories ( ! ,ar?urian c\rt f ,wel% texts or f ! lips ( ,wel% settl]s1 reh&les ! romantic elem5t1 &1 ?r\gh ,m>ie de ,france & ,*rti5 de ,troyes1 imp>ts to ! :ole a t\* ( p]sonal arti/ry :i* is abs5t f ! *ansons de ge/e4 ,! matire de ,bretagne goes =? to ,italy1 ,g]many & ,engl&--lat] to ,portugal & ,spa9--be>+ ! impr9t ( ! ,fr5* g5ius4 ,?us ,france int]nationalizes local subjects1 & fir/ assumes a lit]>y function :i*1 ) few int]ruptions1 %e has s9ce dis*>g$4 ,%e fur!r gives to ,europe models ( allegory 9 ! ,roman de la rose1 f\nds ! s*ool ( mod]n hi/ory ?r\gh ,villeh>d\91 inaugurates ! religi\s drama & ! secul> !atre4 ,%e nev] aga9 dom9at$ ! lit]atures ( ,europe s absolutely4 ,! lit]>y sceptre pass$ f ,france to ,italy dur+ ! #ad? c5tury4 ,brunetto ,lat9i1 :o wrote 9 ,fr5* z well z 9 ,italian1 is ! connect+ l9k betwe5 ! lit]atures ( ! two c\ntries2 b ,italy owes its em95ce n s mu* to a g5]al diffusion ( lit]>y accompli%m5t z to ! em]g5ce ( ?ree great p]sonalities4 ,dante1 ,boccacio & ,petr>* creat$ a new art ( poetry & ( prose4 ,engl& yield$ to ! fasc9ation 9 ! p]son ( ,*auc]1 ,spa9 9 ! p]son ( h] *ancellor ,lpez de ,ayala1 & ,france 9 ! p]son ( ,*>les d',orlans1 ! son ( an ,italian "m4 ,petr>*1 once ambassador 9 ,france1 alleg$ t !re 7 no poets out ( ,italy1 & inde$ !re 7 no liv+ poets to comp>e ) him else:]e4 ,b 9 all c\ntries he rais$ up rivals--,*auc]1 ,m>ot1 ,g>cilaso de la ,vega--z ,sannaz>o did a c5tury & a half lat]4 ,sannaz>o's ,arcadia captur$ ! ,portuguese ,montemr1 ^: pa/oral novel ! ,diana1 writt5 9 ,spani%1 inspir$ d',urf no less ?an ,sidney1 &1 z d',urf's ,a/re is consid]$ ! />t+-po9t ( ! mod]n ,fr5* novel1 ! hi/orical importance ( ! ,italian orig9al _c be exagg]at$4 ,spa9 nev] obta9$ any intellectual pr$om9ance correspond+ to t ex]cis$ by ,france & ,italy1 or to h] political au?ority dur+ ! #af? & #ag? c5turies4 ,?is may be attribut$ p>tly to h] geographical position :i* lies (f ! ma9 roads ( ,europe1 & p>tly to ! fact t h] lit]ature is ess5tially local4 ,c]vantes1 inde$1 may be said to h influ5c$ all subsequ5t writ]s ( fiction1 & ! influ5ce ( ,spani% lit]ature is visible 9 ! body ( ,european pic>esque tales2 b1 ap>t f ,corneille & a few o!r dramati/s :o prec$$ ,molire 9 ,france1 & ap>t f ! ,re/oration drama 9 ,engl&1 ! influ5ce ( ! ,spani% drama 0 relatively small4 ,9 "s respects x 0 too orig9al to be imitat$ ) success4 ,mu* ! same may be said ( ,engl& z ( ,spa94 ,l ,spa91 %e lies outside ! sph]e ( cont95tal influ5ce2 l ,spa91 %e has innum]able great names 9 e prov9ce ( lit]ature1 &1 9 bo? cases1 to ,europe at l>ge ^! long rema9$ names & no?+ m2 l ,spa91 %e is prone to reproduce borr[$ mat]ials 9 %apes s trans=m$ & rigid z to be unrecognizable & unadaptable4 ,moreov]1 ! ,re=mation isolat$ ,engl& f lit]>y comm]ce ) ! ,lat9 races1 & till ! #ah? c5tury ,g]many 0 little m ?an a geographical expression4 ,ev5 :5 ,g]many recov]$ h] lit]>y indep5d5ce1 ,less+ fir/ he>d ( ,%akespe>e ?r\gh ,voltaire4 ,nei!r ,%akespe>e nor ,milton 0 read 9 ,france be=e ! #ah? c5tury--! fir/ translat$ by ,ducis1 ! second by ,dupr de ,sa9t-,maur--& !y 7 read ) curiosity r ?an ) rapture4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,boileau1 ,rap9 & ,le ,bossu 7 reg>d$ z oracles 9 ,engl&1 & ?r\gh !m ,fr5* lit]ature produc$ ! correctness ( ,que5 ,anne's reign4 ,horace ,walpole is half a ,fr5*man1 ,hume imitates ,montesquieu's cold lucidity1 ,gibbon adapts ,bossuet's maje/ic p]iods to o!r purposes4 ,on ! o!r h& ,voltaire takes ideas f ,locke1 b 8 =m is always int5sely p]sonal & inimitably ,fr5*4 ,aft] ! #af? c5tury ,engli% lit]ature1 z a :ole1 is refractory to ext]nal influ5ce4 ,waves ( en?usiasm pass ov] ,engl&--= ,r\sseau1 = ,goe!--b leave no abid+ trace on ,engli% lit]ature4 ,dur+ ! latt] half ( ! #ah? c5tury ,france resum$ some?+ ( h] old lit]>y supremacy2 ! lit]atures ( ,italy & ,spa9 at ?is p]iod are purely d]ivative1 & ,fr5* influ5ce 0 ext5d$ /ill fur!r on ! cont95t z ! result ( ! ,romantic movem5t4 ,s9ce t impulse 0 exhau/$1 lit]ature ev]y:]e has be5 9 a /ate ( flux3 x is less national1 & yet fails to be cosmopolitan4 ,all writ]s ( importance1 & _m ( no importance1 are translat$ into o!r ,european languages2 ! quick succession ( div]se & viol5t impressions has confus$ ! s*eme ( lit]ature4 ,lit]ature suff]s likewise f ! competition ( ! newspap] press1 & z ! press has multipli$ x has gr[n less lit]>y4 ,! div]sities ( mod]n int]e/s1 ! want ( leisure = conc5trat$ ?\ght1 sugge/ t lit]ature may become once m ! pleasure ( a small ca/e4 ,b ! desire = ! "o j =m :i* always inspires ! lit]>y arti/ visits mo/ m5 sometimes1 & x _c be d\bt$ t lit]ature w cont9ue to accommodate itself to new conditions4 7,j4 ,f4-,k47 ,,lit]num1 an anci5t t[n ( ,campania1 ,italy1 on ! l[ s&y coa/ betwe5 ,cumae & ! m\? ( ! ,volturnus4 ,x 0 probably once dep5d5t on ,cumae4 ,9 #aid ,b4,c4 x became a ,roman colony4 ,x is ma9ly fam\s z ! resid5ce ( ! eld] ,scipio1 :o )drew f ,rome & di$ "h4 ,8 tomb & villa are describ$ by ,s5eca4 ,augu/us is said to h conduct$ "h a colony ( vet]ans1#a b ! place nev] _h any great importance1 & ! lagoons beh9d x made x unheal?y1 ?\gh ! con/ruction ( ! ,via ,domitiana ?r\gh x mu/ h made x a po/+ /ation4 ,x ceas$ to exi/ 9 ! #h? c5tury4 ,no rema9s are visible4 ,see ,j4 ,belo*1 ,campani51 ed4 ii4 7,breslau1 #ahij71 #cgg4 ,,footnote3 #a ,momms5 9 ,c4,i4,l4 x4 #cdc does n accept ?is /atem5t1 b an inscription f\nd 9 #ahhe confirms x4 ,,li?g[1 ,,william 7#aehb-8 #afej71 ,scotti% travell] & writ]1 0 born & educat$ 9 ,lan>k4 ,he 0 caught 9 a love-adv5ture1 mutilat$ ( 8 e>s by ! bro!rs ( ! lady 7h5ce ! sobriquet ,cut-lugg$ ,willie71 & =c$ to leave ,scotl&4 ,= n9ete5 ye>s he travell$1 mo/ly on foot1 ?r\gh ,europe1 ! ,levant1 ,egypt & nor!rn ,africa1 cov]+1 accord+ to 8 e/imate1 ov] #cf1jjj m4 ,! /ory ( 8 adv5tures may be drawn f ,! ,totall ,disc\rse ( ! ,r>e ,adv5tures & pa9full ,p]egr9ations ( long n9ete5e ,ye>es 7,london1 #afad2 full] edition1 #afcb1 c472 ,a ,true & ,exp]im5tall ,disc\rse ^u ! la/ siege ( ,br$a 7,london1 #afcg72 & a simil> book giv+ an acc\nt ( ! siege ( ,newca/le & ! battle ( ,m>/on ,moor 7,ed9burgh1 #afde74 ,he is ! au?or ( a ,pres5t ,surveigh ( ,london 7,london1 #afdc74 ,he left six poems1 writt5 betwe5 #afah & #afdj 7repr9t$ by ,maidm5t1 ,ed9burgh1 #ahfc74 ,( ^! ,scotl&'s ,welcome to ,k+ ,*>les1 #afcc has consid]able antiqu>ian int]e/4 ,8 writ+ has no lit]>y m]it2 b its excessively aureate /yle des]ves notice4 ,! be/ acc\nt ( ,li?g[ & 8 works is by ,f4 ,h9des ,groome 9 ! ,dict4 ,nat4 ,biog4 ,! piece entitl$ ,scotl&'s ,p>a5esis to ,k+ ,*>les ,,ii4 7#affj71 ascrib$ to him 9 ! catalogue ( ! ,advocates' ,libr>y1 ,ed9burgh1 _c1 f int]nal evid5ce1 be 84 ,,li?g[1 a t[n ( ,cook c\nty1 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 ,au/ralia1 #if m4 ,w4,n4,w4 ( ,sydney by rail4 ,pop4 7#aija7 #ebfh4 ,! t[n is situat$ at an altitude ( #cjjj ft41 9 a valley ( ! ,blue ,m\nta9s4 ,x has pott]y & t]ra-cotta works1 brew]ies1 a twe$ factory1 iron-works1 saw-mills1 soap-works & brickfields4 ,coal1 k]os5e %ale1 iron ore & build+ /one are f\nd 9 ! di/rict4 ,,li?ium symbol ,li1 atomic weight #g4jj 7,o #af71 an alkali metal1 discov]$ 9 #ahag by ,j4 ,a4 ,arfv$son 7,ann4 *im4 phys4 #aj1 p4 #hb74 ,x is only f\nd 9 comb9ation1 & is a con/itu5t ( ! m9]als petalite1 triphyl9e1 spodum5e & lepidolite or li?ia mica4 ,x occurs 9 small quantities 9 sea1 riv] & spr+ wat]1 & is also widely b v sp>+ly di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! vegetable k+dom4 ,x may be obta9$ 79 ! =m ( its *loride7 by fus+ lepidolite ) a mixture ( b>ium c>bonate & sulphate1 & potassium sulphate 7,l4 ,troo/1 ,comptes r5dus1 #ahef1 #dc1 p4 #iba74 ,! fus$ mass sep>ates into two lay]s1 ! upp] ( :i* conta9s a mixture ( potassium & li?ium sulphates2 ?is is lixiviat$ ) wat] & conv]t$ into ! mix$ *lorides by add+ b>ium *loride1 ! solution evaporat$ & ! li?ium *loride extract$ by a mixture ( dry alcohol & e!r4 ,! metal may be obta9$ by heat+ dry li?ium hydroxide ) magnesium 7,h4 ,n4 ,w>r51 ,*em4 ,news1 #ahif1 #gd1 p4 #f74 ,l4 ,kahl5b]g 7,j\r4 phys4 ,*em41 #c1 p4 #fja7 obta9$ x by electrolys+ ! *loride 9 pyrid9e solution1 a c>bon anode & an iron or plat9um ca?ode be+ us$4 ,o4 ,ruff & ,o4 ,johanns5 7,zeit4 elektro*em41 #aijf1 #ee1 p4 #ecg7 electrolyse a mixture ( bromide & *loride :i* melts at #ebj4 ,x is a s(t1 silv]y-:ite metal1 :i* readily t>ni%es on exposure4 ,its specific gravity is #j4ei1 & x melts at #ahj ,c4 ,x burns on ignition 9 air1 & :5 /rongly heat$ 9 an atmosph]e ( nitrog5 x =ms li?ium nitride1 ,li#c,n4 ,x decomposes wat] at ord9>y temp]ature1 lib]at+ hydrog5 & =m+ li?ium hydroxide4 ,li?ium hydride1 ,li,h1 obta9$ by heat+ ! metal 9 a curr5t ( hydrog5 at a r$ heat1 or by heat+ ! metal ) e?yl5e to #gjj ,c4 7,m4 ,guntz1 ,comptes r5dus1 #ahif1 #abb1 p4 #bdd2 #abc1 p4 #abgc71 is a :ite solid :i* inflames :5 heat$ 9 *lor9e4 ,) alcohol x =ms li?ium e?ylate1 ,li,o,c#b;,h#e1 ) lib]ation ( hydrog54 ,li?ium oxide1 ,li#b,o1 is obta9$ by burn+ ! metal 9 oxyg51 or by ignition ( ! nitrate4 ,x is a :ite p[d] :i* readily dissolves 9 wat] to =m ! hydroxide1 ,li,o,h1 :i* is also obta9$ by boil+ ! c>bonate ) milk ( lime4 ,x =ms a :ite cau/ic mass1 resembl+ sodium hydroxide 9 appe>ance4 ,x absorbs c>bon dioxide1 b is n deliquesc5t4 ,li?ium *loride ,li,cl1 prep>$ by heat+ ! metal 9 *lor9e1 or by dissolv+ ! oxide or c>bonate 9 hydro*loric acid1 is exce$+ly deliquesc5t1 melts bel[ a r$ heat1 & is v soluble 9 alcohol4 ,li?ium c>bonate1 ,li#b;,,co#c1 obta9$ z a :ite amorph\s precipitate by add+ sodium c>bonate to a solution ( li?ium *loride1 is sp>+ly soluble 9 wat]4 ,li?ium phosphate1 ,li#c,,po#d1 obta9$ by ! addition ( sodium phosphate to a soluble li?ium salt 9 ! pres5ce ( sodium hydroxide1 is almo/ insoluble 9 wat]4 ,li?ium ammonium1 ,li,n,h#c1 is obta9$ by pass+ ammonia gas ov] li?ium1 ! product be+ heat$ to #gj ,c4 9 ord] to expel any excess ( ammonia4 ,x turns br[n-r$ on exposure to air1 & is inflammable4 ,x is decompos$ by wat] evolv+ hydrog51 & :5 heat$ 9 vacuo at #ej-fj ,c4 x gives li?ium & ammonia4 ,) ammonia solution x gives hydrog5 & li?iamide1 ,li,n,h#b 7,h4 ,moissan1 ibid41 #ahih1 #abg1 p4 #fhe74 ,li?ium c>bide1 ,li#b;,c#b1 obta9$ by heat+ li?ium c>bonate & c>bon 9 ! electric furnace1 =ms a transp>5t cry/all9e mass ( specific gravity #a4fe1 & is readily decompos$ by cold wat] giv+ acetyl5e 7,h4 ,moissan1 ibid41 #ahif1 #abb1 p4 #cfb74 ,li?ium is detect$ by ! fa9t yell[ l9e ( wave-l5g? #fajd1 & ! bright r$ l9e ( wave-l5g? #fgjh1 %[n 9 its flame spectrum4 ,x may be di/+ui%$ f sodium & potassium by ! sp>+ solubility ( its c>bonate & phosphate4 ,! atomic weight ( li?ium 0 det]m9$ by ,j4 ,s4 ,/as f ! analysis ( ! *loride1 & also by conv]sion ( ! *loride into ! nitrate1 ! value obta9$ be+ #g4jc 7,o #af74 ,! prep>ations ( li?ium us$ 9 m$ic9e are3 ,li?ii ,c>bonis1 dose #b to #e grs42 ,li?ii ,citras1 dose #e to #aj grs42 & ,li?ii ,citras eff]vesc5s1 a mixture ( citric acid1 li?ium citrate1 t>t>ic acid & sodium bic>bonate1 dose #fj to #abj grs4 ,li?ium salts r5d] ! ur9e alkal9e & are 9 virtue ( _! action diuretic4 ,!y are mu* prescrib$ = acute or *ronic g\t1 & z a solv5t to uric acid calculi or gravel1 b _! action z a solv5t ( uric acid has be5 c]ta9ly ov]rat$1 z x has be5 %[n t ! addition ( m$ic9al doses ( li?ium to ! blood s]um does n increase ! solubility ( uric acid 9 x4 ,9 conc5trat$ or l>ge doses li?ium salts cause vomit+ & di>rhoea1 due to a ga/ro-ent]itis set up by _! action4 ,9 m$ic9al use !y %\ld !re=e be always freely dilut$4 ,,li?ography 7,gr4 ,greek3 li?os1 a /one1 & ,greek3 graphe91 to write71 ! process ( draw+ or lay+ d[n a design or transf]1 on a specially prep>$ /one or o!r suitable surface1 9 su* a way t impressions may be tak5 !refrom4 ,! pr9ciple on :i* li?ography is bas$ is ! antagonism ( grease & wat]4 ,a *emically pure surface hav+ be5 secur$ on "s sub/ance t has an equal aff9ity = bo? grease & wat]1 9 a me?od h]eaft] to be describ$1 ! p>ts int5d$ to pr9t are cov]$ ) an unctu\s composition & ! re/ ( ! surface is moi/5$1 s t :5 a greasy roll] is appli$1 ! portion t is wet resi/s ! grease & t 9 :i* an aff9ity = grease has be5 set up readily accepts x2 & f ! surface ?us treat$ x w be se5 t x is an easy ?+ to secure an impression on pap] or o!r mat]ial by apply+ suitable pressure4 ,! inv5tor ( li?ography 0 ,alois ,s5efeld] 7#agga-ahcd72 & x is rem>kable :at a grip he at once seem$ to get ( 8 inv5tion1 = :]eas ! inv5tion ( pr9t+ seems almo/ a matt] ( evolution1 li?ography seems to come ^u ! sc5e fully equipp$ = ! battle ( life1 s t x w\ld be a bold craftsman at ! pres5t day :o w\ld affirm t he knew m ( ! pr9ciples und]ly+ 8 trade ?an ,s5efeld] 7q4v47 did )9 ?irty ye>s ( its inv5tion4 ,( c\rse practice has l$ to dext]ity1 & ! great volume ( trade has induc$ _m me*anical improvem5ts & facilities1 b ! pr9ciples h n be5 tak5 any fur!r1 :ile "s valuable me?ods h be5 all[$ to fall into desuetude & w\ld well repay "s exp]im5tally dispos$ p]son to revive4 ,li?ography may be divid$ into two ma9 bran*es--t :i* is drawn ) a greasy crayon 7r illogically call$ *alk7 on a gra9$ /one1 & t :i* is drawn 9 ink on a poli%$ /one4 ,:atev] may be ?\ght 9 reg>d to ! orig9al "w ( ! arti/s ( v>i\s c\ntries :o h us$ li?ography z a means ( expression1 !re c be little d\bt t 9 ! =m] me?od ! ,engli% pr(ess$ li?ograph] has always held ! pre-em95ce1 :ile ,fr5*1 ,g]man & ,am]ican arti/s h surpass$ !m 9 ! latt]4 ,*alk li?ography subdivides itself into "w 9 :i* ! black pr$om9ates1 al?\gh x may be support$ by #e or #f %ades ( modifi$ col\r--?is bran* is kn[n z black & t9t "w--& t 9 :i* ! black is only us$ locally l any o!r col\r4 ,frequ5tly ?is latt] class ( "w w require a doz5 or m col\rs1 :ile "s ( ! f9e/ examples h _h "s tw5ty to ?irty /ones employ$ 9 !m4 ,"w ( ?is description is kn[n z *romo-li?ography4 ,ea* col\r requires a sep>ate /one1 & "w ( ! highe/ quality may want two or ?ree blues ) yell[s1 r$s1 greys & br[ns 9 proportion1 if x is desir$ to secure a result t is an approximate r5d]+ ( ! orig9al pa9t+ or draw+4 ,! "q may p]haps be ask$3 ,if ! well-kn[n ?ree-col\r process 7see ,,process7 c give ! full result ( ! arti/'s palette1 :y %\ld x take s _m m col\rs 9 li?ography to secure ! same result8 ,! answ] is t ! /one practically gives b ?ree gradations--! solid1 ! half t9t & ! qu>t] t9t1 s t ! comb9ation ( ?ree v c>efully prep>$ /ones w give a v limit$ numb] ( comb9ations1 :ile a mod]ate e/imate ( ! %ades on a ton$ block w\ld be six2 s t a v simple ma!matical problem w %[ ! f> great] numb] ( comb9ations t ! ?ree blocks w give4 ,beyond ?is1 ! *romo-li?ograph] has to ex]cise v great p[]s ( col\r analysis2 b ! human m9d is q unable to settle (fh& ! exact proportion ( r$1 blue & yell[ necess>y to produce "s p>ticul> class say ( grey1 & ?is ! cam]a ) ! aid ( col\r filt]s does ) almo/ p]fect precision4 ,not)/&+ ^! disadvantages1 li?ography has ^! /rong po9ts3 7#a7 its utility = small editions on acc\nt ( its1 at pres5t1 small] prime co/2 7#b7 its suitability = subjects ( l>ge size2 7#c7 its sup]iority = subjects ) outl9es1 = 9 su* cases ! outl9e c be done 9 "o col\r1 :]eas to secure ?is effect by ! admixture ( ! ?ree col\rs requires m>vell\sly good regi/ration1 ! abs5ce ( :i* w\ld produce a v l>ge proportion ( wa/e or faulty copies2 7#d7 capacity = pr9t+ on almo/ any pap]1 :]eas1 at ! "t ( writ+1 ! tri-col\r process is almo/ entirely limit$ to pr9t+ on coat$ pap]s t are v heavy & n v endur+4 ,) reg>d to ! two bran*es ( *alk li?ography1 ! firms t ma9ta9$ ! ,engli% supremacy = black & t9t "w 9 ! e>ly days 7 ,hulem&el1 ,day & ,haghe & ,maclure1 :ile ! be/ *romo-li?ographic "w 9 ! same p]iod 0 done by ,v9c5t ,brooks1 ! bro!rs ,hanh>t1 ,?omas ,kell & ,f4 ,kell4 ,9 ref]5ce to ! p]sonal "w ( pr(ess$ li?ograph]s dur+ ! same p]iod1 ! names ( ,l\is ,haghe1 ,j4 ,d4 ,h>d+1 ,j4 ,ne$ham1 ,c4 ,baugniet1 ,l4 ,ghem>1 ,william ,simpson1 ,r4 ,j4 ,lane1 ,j4 ,h4 ,lyn*1 ,a4 ,maclure & ,rimanozcy /& = black & t9t "w2 :ile 9 *romo-li?ography ,j4 ,m4 ,c>rick1 ,c4 ,risdon1 ,william ,bunney1 ,w4 ,long1 ,samuel ,hodson1 ,edw9 ,buckman & ,j4 ,lewis h be5 conspicu\s among ^? :o h ma9ta9$ ! /&>d ( _! craft4 ,9 ! =ego+ li/ w be recogniz$ ! names ( sev]al :o h _h admirable works on ! walls ( ! ,royal ,academy & o!r exhibitions2 ,mr ,lane1 :o exhibit$ li?ographs f #ahbd to #ahgb1 0 = _m ye>s ! doy5 ( li?ograph]s1 & ! only "o ( _! numb] to atta9 academic rank1 b ,lyn* & ,john ,c>dwell ,bacon 7 8 pupils1 & ,bacon's son1 ! pa9t] ,john ,h4 ,f4 ,bacon1 0 elect$ to ! ,royal ,academy 9 #aijc4 ,9 ! fir/ decade ( ! #bj? c5tury ! numb] ( firms do+ high-class "w1 & ! arti/s :o aid$ !m 9 do+ x1 7 m num]\s ?an ev]1 & sc>cely less able1 b x w\ld be outside ! pres5t purpose to diff]5tiate betwe5 !m4 ,! raison d'tre ( /ipple "w is its capacity = retransf]r+ )\t s]i\s loss ( quality1 = x c sc>cely be cont5d$ t x is z arti/ic z ! me?ods j describ$4 ,retransf]r+ is ! process ( pull+ impressions f ! orig9al /ones ) a view to mak+ up a l>ge %eet ( "o or m small subjects1 or :]e x is desir$ to pr9t a v l>ge numb] )\t det]ioration ( ! orig9al or matrix /one4 ,! high] class "w 9 ?is direction has be5 done 9 ,france1 ,g]many & ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :]e = _m ye>s sup]iority has be5 %[n 9 reg>d to ! excell5ce & rapidity ( retransf]r+4 ,to ?is cause may be attribut$ ! fact t ! box tops & ,*ri/mas c>ds on ! ,engli% m>ket 7 s l>gely done abroad until q rec5t times4 ,! "w ( produc+ ev5 a small face 9 ! f9e/ h& /ipple is a l5g?y & t$i\s affair1 & ! ,engli% craftsman has seldom %[n ! pati5ce necess>y = ?is "w2 b s9ce ! ,am]ican inv5tion kn[n z ,b5 ,day's %ad+ m$ium 0 introduc$ into ,engl& ! trade has l>gely tak5 x up1 & !reby mu* ( ! t$ium has be5 avoid$1 s t x has be5 f\nd possible by its means to introduce a fre$om into /ipple "w t _h n be=e be5 f\nd possible1 & a v mu* bett] class ( "w has s9ce be5 produc$ 9 ?is dep>tm5t4 ,ab\t ! ye> #ahfh gra9$ pap] 0 inv5t$ by ,maclure1 ,macdonald ,co4 ,?is me?od consi/s 9 impress+ on ord9>y ,scot* transf] or o!r suitable pap] a gra9 closely alli$ to t ( ! li?ographic /one4 ,x appe>s to h be5 r an improvem5t ?an a new inv5tion1 = draw+ pap] & ev5 canvas _h be5 coat$ previ\sly ) a mat]ial t adh]$ to a /one & left on ! /one ! greasy draw+ t _h be5 plac$ !reon2 b /ill f ?is to ! beautifully prep>$ pap] t 0 plac$ on ! m>ket by ! firm ( :i* ! late ,&rew ,maclure 0 ! head 0 a great advance1 & al?\gh ! fir/ use 0 by ! ord9>y craftsman x 0 n long be=e arti/s ( em95ce saw t a new & conv5i5t mode ( expression 0 op5$ up to !m4 ,on ! fir/ introduction ( li?ography ! arti/s ( e nation ha/5$ to avail !mselves ( x1 b soon ! cumbr\s "* ( ! /one1 & ! fact t _! subjects _h to be drawn backw>ds 9 ord] t !y might appe> correctly on ! pap]1 wore d[n _! newly-born zeal1 & x 0 only :5 ! gra9$ pap] sy/em 0 p]fect$1 by :i* !y c\ld make _! draw+s 9 ! com=t ( _! /udios )\t rev]s+1 t any s]i\s revival took place4 ,al?\gh excell5t "w on gra9$ pap] _h be5 done by ,&rew ,maclure1 ,rimanozcy1 ,john ,c>dwell ,bacon1 ,rud(sky & o!r craftsm51 ! cr$it = its fur!rance among arti/s mu/ be giv5 to ,?omas ,way & 8 son ,t4 ,r4 ,way1 :o did mu* valuable pione] "w 9 ?is direction4 ,! adhesion ( su* arti/s ( em95ce z ,:i/l]1 ,legros1 ,frank ,%ort1 ,*>les ,%annon1 ,fant9 ,lat\r1 ,william ,/rang1 ,w ,ro!n/e91 ,h]b]t ,railton & ,joseph ,p5nell1 did n a little to aid li?ography 9 resi/+ ! encroa*m5ts ( o!r me?ods into :at may /ill be consid]$ its sph]e4 ,z a means ( reproduc+ effects :i* an arti/ w\ld o!rwise get by p5cil or crayon1 x rema9s entirely unequall$1 & x is ( obvi\s advantage to art t tw5ty-five or fifty copies ( an orig9al "w %\ld exi/1 :i*1 )\t ! aid ( li?ography1 might h only be5 repres5t$ by a s+le sket*1 p]haps /[$ away among ! possessions ( "o private collector4 ,9 reg>d to gra9$ pap] "w1 undue /ress has (t5 be5 plac$ ^u ! rapid det]ioration ( ! /one1 "s cont5d+ t only a few doz5 fir/-class pro(s c be tak52 ?is has l$ to ! feel+ t x is unsuit$ to book illu/ration1 & damage has be5 done to ! trade ( li?ography !reby4 ,x may be m5tion$ t q rec5tly ab\t #ajj auto-li?ographs 9 black & ?ree col\rs1 ! comb9$ "w ( ,mr & ,mrs ,h]b]t ,railton1 h be5 treat$ by ! ,eb]le sy/em ( et*+ describ$ bel[1 & al?\gh an inf9itesimal loss ( quality may h aris51 su* z occurs :5 a copp] et*+ is /eel fac$1 "s #bjjj to #cjjj copies 7 pr9t$ )\t fur!r det]ioration1 & an edition ( vignett$ sket*es 0 secur$1 f> 9 advance ( any?+ t c\ld h be5 atta9$ f ! usual scre5 or half-ton$ blocks4 ,gra9$ pap] is mu* us$ 9 ! ord9>y li?ographic /udio = "w su* z ! hill %ad+ ( maps t c be done )\t mu* work+ up1 b ! velvety effects t 9 ! h&s ( ,l\is ,haghe & 8 contempor>ies 7 s conspicu\s1 _c be secur$ by ?is me?od4 ,! effects ref]r$ to 7 obta9$ by mu* pati5t "w ( a t9t]1 :o practically laid a gr\nd on :i* ! m exp]i5c$ & arti/ic craftsman did 8 "w ei!r by scrap+ or acc5tuation4 ,:]e f9e ri* blacks are ne$$1 arti/s w d well to read ! notes on ! aquat9t & wa% me?ods describ$ by ,s5efeld] 9 8 well-kn[n treatise1 & aft]w>ds practis$ ) great skill by ,hulem&el4 ,li?ography is ( great s]vice 9 educational matt]s1 z its use = diagrams1 wall pictures & maps is v g5]al2 nor does ! influ5ce end ) s*ooldays1 = 9 ! =m ( pictures at a mod]ate price x br+s art into homes & lives t ne$ bright5+1 & ev5 9 ! =m ( po/]s on ! mu*-abus$ ho>d+s does some?+ = ^? :o h to sp5d mu* ( _! "t 9 ! /reets ( great cities4 ,accord+ to ! c5sus ( #aija1 #ad1fhf p 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom f\nd _! occupation )9 ! trade1 :ile accord+ to a ,home ,(fice return 7#aijf71 #bj1cfg p]sons o!r ?an li?ographic pr9t]s 7 employ$ by ! firms c>ry+ on ! bus9ess4 ,z x may be assum$ t an equal numb] are employ$ 9 ,france1 ,g]many1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica & ! _w at l>ge1 x is cle> t a va/ indu/rial army is employ$ 9 a trade t1 l lett]press pr9t+1 has a v b5eficial influ5ce ^u ^? engag$ 9 x4 ,te*nical ,details4--,! foll[+ description ( ! v>i\s me?ods ( li?ography is su* z may be consid]$ ( int]e/ to ! g5]al read]1 b ! s]i\s /ud5t :o w require =mulas & m precise directions w d well to consult "o ( ! num]\s text-books on ! subject4 ,/one & ,/one ,sub/itutes4--,! quality ( /one fir/ us$ by ,alois ,s5efeld]1 & discov]$ by him at ! village ( ,sol5h(5 9 ,bav>ia1 /ill rema9s unsurpass$4 ,?is deposit1 :i* cov]s a v l>ge area & und]lies ! villages ( ,sol5h(51 ,mo]n%eim & ,lang5al!im1 has (t5 be5 describ$1 sometimes = int]e/$ motives1 z ne>ly exhau/$2 b a visit 9 #aijf reveal$ t ! output--consid]able z x _h be5 dur+ a p]iod little %ort ( a c5tury--0 v unimportant :5 comp>$ to ! great mass ( c>bonace\s lime/one exi/+ 9 ! neighb\rhood4 ,! /rong po9t 9 fav\r ( ?is s\rce ( supply1 9 addition to its unrivall$ quality1 is ! ev5ness ( its /ratification1 & ! fact t aft] ! removal ( ! surface deposits1 :i* are v ?91 ! /ones come out ( l>ge size1 9 ?ickness ( #c to #e 941 & ?us j suit$ = li?ographic purposes & ne$+ only to be wr\ght 9 ! v]tical direction4 ,o!r deposits ( suitable /one h be5 f\nd 9 ,france1 ,spa91 ,italy & ,greece1 b transit & ! abs5ce ( suitable /ratification h re/rict$ !m to little m ?an local use4 ,beyond ?is1 few ( ! deposits o!r ?an 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,sol5h(5 h be5 ( ! exact degree ( d5sity necess>y1 & ! heavi] v>ieties d n receive ! grease ) suffici5t read9ess4 ,! desire to f9d o!r s\rces ( supply has be5 /imulat$ by ! social conditions exi/+ 9 s\!rn ,bav>ia1 = ! qu>ries are l>gely own$ by peasant proprietors1 :o h v well-def9$ bus9ess habits ( _! own :i* make transactions difficult4 ,among o!r ?+s1 !y w seldom supply ! highe/ grades & ! l>ge/ sizes to ^? :o w n take _! proportion ( l[] quality & small] sizes2 & ?is1 9 view ( ! v exp5sive transit d[n ! ,rh9e to ,rott]dam1 ) a railway j\rney at "o end & a sea j\rney at ! o!r1 is a s\rce ( difficulty to ! import] 9 o!r c\ntries4 ,! e>lie/ sub/itute = li?ographic /one 0 z9c1 :i* has be5 us$ f e>ly days & is n[ m 9 dem& ?an ev]2 x requires v c>eful pr9t+ z ! grease only p5etrates ! mat]ial to a v slight ext5t1 & ! same mu/ be said 9 reg>d to ! wat]4 ,f ?is cause1 :5 n 9 exp]i5c$ h&s1 tr\ble is likely to arise2 & :5 ?is has occurr$1 rem$ial me?ods are mu* m difficult ?an ) /ones4 ,:5 put away = /orage1 a dry place is v ess5tial1 z corrosion is easily set up4 ,at fir/ ! plates 7 q ?ick1 & almo/ inv>iably gra9$ by a z9c mull] & acid2 n[ a ba? ( acid is m g5]ally us$1 & ! op]ation is kn[n z pass+1 :ile ! plates are q ?91 :i* r5d]s !m suitable = b5d+ r\nd ! cyl9d]s ( rot>y ma*9es4 ,s f> we h be5 deal+ ) pla9 z9c1 b v>iations are caus$1 ei!r by ! oxidization ( ! surface or by coat+ ! plate ) a composition closely alli$ to li?ographic /one & appli$ 9 a =m ( semi-solution4 ,?is class ( plate 0 fir/ inv5t$ by ,messrs ,c4 ,e4 ,layton1 & a modification 0 inv5t$ by ,messrs ,wezel & ,naumann ( ,leipzig1 :o br\ght its use to a high pit* ( p]fection = transf]r$ "w su* z ,*ri/mas c>ds4 ,a treatm5t ( iron plates by expos+ !m to a high temp]ature has rec5tly be5 pat5t$1 & has _h "s measure ( success1 :ile ! ,p>k] pr9t+ plate1 :i* is practically a %eet ( z9c s treat$ z to secure great] porosity & fre$om f oxidization1 is rapidly secur+ a good position z a /one sub/itute4 ,prep>ation ( ! ,/ones4--,9 ?is dep>tm5t ! cleanl9ess s necess>y "r ?r\gh ! li?ographic process mu/ be c>efully obs]v$1 & a lead+ po9t is to secure a level surface & to ensure t ! front & back ( ! /one are /rictly p>allel1 i4e4 t ! /ones /& ! te/ ( bo? ! /raight edge & ! callip]s4 ,a good plan to ensure ev5ness on ! surface is to m>k ! front ) two diagonal l9es ( "s non-greasy sub/ance till ! top /one 7:i* %\ld n be too small1 & %\ld be con/antly revolv$ on ! l>g] "o7 has entirely remov$ !m4 ,! application ( ! /raight edge f "t to "t w end 9 secur+ ! desir$ flatness1 on :i* s mu* ( ! future pr9t+ quality dep5ds4 ,! usual me?od is to rub out ) s&1 & !n rub ) pumice & poli% ) wat] ( ,ayr or snake /one4 ,= *alk "w1 ! fur!r "w ( gra9+ has to be done by revolv+ a small /one mull] on ! surface ) exce$+ly f9e s& or p[d]$ glass4 ,_m appliances 7"s v exp5sive7 h be5 devis$ = do+ ! pr9cipal "p ( ?is "w by ma*9e--none m effective ?an ^? me?ods by :i* a disk ( ab\t #ab 94 is kept revolv+ on a rod atta*$ to ! ceil+1 guid$ by h& ov] all p>ts ( ! /one2 b = l>ge surfaces ! ceil+ ne$s to be r high s z to all[ ( a long exp&+ rod rea*+ ! surface at a mod]ate angle4 ,:5 ?is ma*9e is fitt$ ) friction disk driv+1 v wide v>iations ( spe$ are possible1 & ! ma*9e c be driv5 s sl[ly & ev5ly z to secure a v fair 7b n fir/ class7 gra91 9 addition to spe$y rubb+ out1 :i* is ! *ief aim ( ! app>atus4 ,prep>+ a ,subject 9 ,*alk or ,*alk & ,t9ts4--,?is bran* ( "w is mu* less 9 dem& ?an =m]ly4 ,a grey /one hav+ be5 select$ & f9ely gra9$ ) s& or p[d]$ glass pass$ ?r\gh a sieve ( #hj to #abj me%es to ! l9eal in*1 & ! arti/ hav+ made 8 trac+1 ?is trac+ is rev]s$ ^u ! /one ) ! int]position ( a piece ( pap] coat$ ) r$ *alk1 & ! *alk side t[>ds ! surface2 ! l9es on ! trac+ are !n gone ov] ) a trac+ po9t1 s t a reproduction 9 r$ *alk is left ^u ! /one4 ,x w !n be desirable to secure a /ock ( po9t$ ,lem]ci] *alks ( at lea/ two grades1 h>d & s(t3 ! po9t+ is a matt] t requires exp]i5ce1 & is done by ! work] draw+ a %>p p5-knife t[>ds him 9 a slic+ mann] z ?\gh try+ to put a po9t ^u a piece ( *eese4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 t ! fall+ pieces are ga!r$ into a box1 or !y may d irrep>able mis*ief to ! "w4 ,! "w ( outl9+ is done ) ,no4 #a or h>d *alk1 & until exp]i5ce is ga9$ x w be well to dep5d *iefly on ?is grade1 secur+ ri* d>k effects by t9t+ or go+ ov] ! /one 9 v>i\s directions & !n f9i%+ ) li?ographic ink :]e absolute blacks are requir$4 ,?is ink 7,vanhymbeck's or ,lem]ci]'s are two good makes7 ne$s c>eful prep>ation1 ! me?od be+ to w>m a sauc] & rub ! ink dry ^u x1 !n add a little di/ill$ wat] & incorporate ) ! f+]4 ,x is ( great importance n to use any ink left ov] = ! next day1 b always to h a fre% daily supply4 ,:5 ! draw+ is ?us complet$1 x w require :at is t]m$ et*+1 by :i* ! p>ts int5d$ to receive ! pr9t+ ink1 & already protect$ by an acid-resi/+ grease1 w be left above ! unprotect$ surface4 ,! acid & gum mixture v>ies 9 accordance ) ! quality ( ! "w & ! "* ( ! /one4 ,a pati5tly execut$ specim5 w1 = in/ance1 /& m et*+ ?an a ha/ily drawn "o2 :ile a grey /one w require m ( ! nitric acid ?an a yell[ "o4 ,?is is "o ( ! mo/ important tasks t a li?ograph] has to p]=m4 ,a proportion ( #a4e p>ts ( acid to #ajj p>ts ( a /rong solution ( gum arabic w be f\nd to be approximately :at is requir$1 b ! exact proportion mu/ be settl$ by exp]i5ce1 a safe c\rse be+ to wat* ! action t occurs :5 a small quantity is plac$ on ! unus$ m>g9 ( ! /one4 ,_m put ! et*+ mixture on ) a flat camel-hair bru%1 :i* %\ld be ( good wid? to avoid /reaks4 ,! pres5t writ]'s own pref]5ce is to p\r ! mixture on to ! /one :5 x is 9 a slant+ position2 or x is p]haps bett] to h an et*+ tr\gh1 a /rong box l9$ ) pit*1 ) be>]s at ! bottom to prev5t ! /one com+ 9 contact ) x1 & a hole ?r\gh :i* ! dilut$ acid may pass away = subsequ5t use4 ,! et*+ is !n done ) acid & wat] p\r$ ov] ! /one :ile 9 a slop+ position1 & ! subsequ5t p\r+ ( a solution ( gum arabic completes ! prep>ation4 ,! late ,mr ,william ,simpson1 ^: ,crimean li?ographs are well kn[n1 once /at$ at ! ,society ( ,arts t 9 8 op9ion ,mr ,l\is ,haghe's reproduction ( ,david ,rob]t's great picture ( ,! ,tak+ ( ,j]usalem 0 ! mo/ important piece ( *alk li?ography ev] execut$1 & t he well rememb]$ t x took two ye>s to execute x1 & t all ! comb9$ tal5t ( ,messrs ,day ,haghe's e/abli%m5t 0 utiliz$ 9 its et*+4 ,he /at$ t1 not)/&+ e precaution1 x 0 "u-et*$1 & t aft] half a doz5 impressions ! great beauty & brilliancy ( ! "w _h dep>t$4 ,?is incid5t indicates suffici5tly ! s]i\s nature ( ?is "p ( ! li?ograph]'s "w4 ,if ! *alk draw+ has to h t9ts1 x w be necess>y to make z _m du/$ (fsetts z !re are col\rs to be us$2 9 ?is class ( "w !re are g5]ally only two1--"o w>m or s&y %ade & ! o!r a quiet blue--& ^!1 ) ! black & ! neutral col\r secur$ by ! sup]position ( ! two %ades1 give an excell5t result1 ( :i* ,haghe's sket*es 9 ,belgium may be tak5 z a lead+ example4 ,9 mak+ su* subjects suitable = pres5t-day pr9t+ 9 ! ma*9e1 ! pap] w require to be ( a good rag quality1 free f size & damp$ be=e pr9t+4 ,to secure accuracy ( regi/] ! pap] mu/ be kept 9 a damp clo? to prev5t ! edges dry+1 & o!r ma*9es %\ld be kept available = ea* ( ! t9ts s t all "w pr9t$ 9 black 9 ! morn+ may be complet$ ! same night4 ,9 ?is way l>ge editions might be pr9t$ ( ei!r orig9al or retransf]r$ "w at prices r5d]+ ! pr9ts suitable = high-class magaz9es4 ,prep>+ a ,*romo ,li?ograph4--,= ?is purpose ! proce$+s w be mu* ! same z ^? sugge/$ = ! black & t9t "w1 b ! prelim9>y trac+ w be done 9 li?ographic ink on trac+ transf] pap] or scrat*$ on gelat9e1 ! l9es be+ subsequ5tly fill$ 9 ) transf] ink1 & w be us$ z a key1 a guide /one t w n be pr9t$2 & ! numb] ( /ones necess>y w probably be mu* m num]\s4 ,! initial po9t w be to consid] if ! "w is to h ! edition pr9t$ f x1 or :e!r x has to be transf]r$ aft] prov+ & be=e pr9t+2 g5]ally speak+1 l>ge subjects su* z diagrams or po/]s w be work$ direct1 :ile ,*ri/mas c>ds1 po/c>ds1 h&bills or labels1 w be repeat$ _m times on l>g] /ones4 ,= ! =m] class a mu* wid] range ( me?ods is possible1 b _m ( ^! are difficult to transf]1 & ! det]ioration t arises makes x desirable to limit _! use :5 transf]r+ is contemplat$4 ,!re=e1 *alk-rubb$ t9ts1 v>ni% t9ts1 /ump+1 wa%1 air bru%1 are ! me?ods = orig9al "w1 :ile "w t has to be transf]r$ is limit$ to ink "w 9 l9e or /ipple on a poli%$ /one ) ! aid ( m$iums z be=e describ$1 & ink splutt]$ on to ! /one f a too? bru%4 ,x %\ld be m5tion$ t "w done on gra9$ pap] is m suitable = retransf] ?an ord9>y *alk "w1 & s is (t5 v useful :5 a *alk effect is desir$ f a poli%$ /one4 ,9 prov+1 opaque col\rs w be got on fir/1 & x w (t5 be f\nd a good plan to put ! black on e>ly1 = x gives a good idea ( h[ ! "w is proce$+1 & ! /r5g? ( ! t\*es 7= ! black %\ld g5]ally be us$ sp>+ly7 is (t5 pleasantly s(t5$ by ! semi-opaque col\rs :i* %\ld come on next4 ,x is desirable to pull impressions ( ea* col\r on ?or\ghly :ite pap]1 & beyond ?is 9 important "w !re %\ld be a progressive col\r patt]n t w %[ h[ ! "w look$ :5 two1 ?ree or m col\rs 7 on1 = ?is may at ! f9i% be invaluable to %[ :]e error has crept 91 & is 9 any ev5t an imm5se aid to ! ma*9e m9d]4 ,9 reg>d to pap]1 a description made ( rag or rag & esp>to is mo/ desirable = all "w on gra9$ /ones1 b = "w 9 ink & consequ5tly f poli%$ /one a good coat$ pap] ) suffici5t size 9 x is frequ5tly desirable2 ?is pap] is g5]ally call$ *romo pap]4 ,!re is at ! pres5t "t v little enc\ragem5t = ! high class ( *romo-li?ography t 0 s mu* 9 evid5ce f #ahee to #ahge1 b !re is little d\bt t ! "w c\ld be done equally well by ! pres5t-day craftsm5 if ! dem& reviv$4 ,belong+ to ! p]iod m5tion$1 di/+ui%$ examples ( *romo-li?ography are ,blue ,lights1 aft] ,turn]1 by ,c>rick2 ,spani% ,peasants & ! ,lumley portrait ( ,%akespe>e1 by ,risdon2 ,que5 ,victoria receiv+ ! ,gu>ds1 by ,w4 ,bunney1 aft] ,john ,gilb]t2 & ! s]ies ( *romos aft] ,john ,lee*1 produc$ "u ! g5]al direction ( ,v9c5t ,brooks4 ,a small proportion only ( ! ,arundel ,society's pr9ts 7 execut$ 9 ,engl&1 b _m reproductions ( wat]-col\rs aft] ,birket ,fo/]1 ,ri*>dson1 ,wa9wright & o!rs 7 execut$ by ,samuel ,hodson1 ,james ,lewis & o!rs4 ,p]haps ! mo/ consi/5tly good "w ( mod]n times has be5 ! reproduction ( ,pellegr9i's & ,leslie ,w>d's draw+s = ,vanity ,fair1 :i* f #ahgj to #aijf 7 ) v few exceptions execut$ by ! firm ( ,v9c5t ,brooks1 ,day ,son4 ,transf]s4--,a v l>ge proportion ( "w is got on to ! /one by transf]1 & !re is no m important "p ( ! bus9ess p]haps at ! pres5t "t4 ,:5 !re is s mu* orig9al li?ography done on gra9$ pap] by arti/s ( em95ce1 ! transf]r+ ( gra9$ pap] draw+s is ! mo/ important4 ,! /one mo/ desirable = ?is purpose w be nei!r a grey nor a light yell[1 b "o t /&s mid-way betwe5 ! two2 x %\ld be v c>efully poli%$ s z to be q free f scrat*es1 & br\ght to blood-heat by be+ gradually heat$ 9 an iron cupbo>d prep>$ ) ! necess>y app>atus4 ,! me?ods t sometimes prevail ( p\r+ boil+ wat] ov] ! /one1 heat+ ) ! flame ( an ord9>y plumb]'s lamp1 or ev5 heat+ ! surface 9 front ( a fire1 are ineffective sub/itutes1 = ! surface may ?us become unduly hot & spread ! "w1 & !re is no increas$ t5d5cy = ! *alk to ent] into ! /one & ?us give ! "w a long life4 ,if !re are no col\rs or regi/ration tr\bles to be consid]$1 x is well to place ! transf] 9 a damp+ book till ! composition adh]es firmly to ! f+]1 be=e plac+ x on ! /one2 x %\ld !n be pull$ ?r\gh twice1 aft] :i* x %\ld be damp$ on ! back & pull$ ?r\gh sev]al times2 aft] ?is has aga9 be5 well damp$ ! pap] w be f\nd to peel easily (f ! /one1 leav+ ! "w & ne>ly all ! composition atta*$2 ! latt] %\ld !n be v g5tly wa%$ away4 ,9 cases :]e ! "w = "s reason mu/ n /ret*1 su* z ! hills on a map1 x w be necess>y to keep ! transf] dry & put x on a wet /one1 b a piece ( ! m>g9 ( ! pap] %\ld be te/$ to see t x is ( a class t w adh]e to ! /one ! fir/ "t x is pull$ ?r\gh4 ,unless ! adhesion is v complete x may n be safe to pull x ?r\gh m ?an once4 ,= a small numb] ( copies a v mod]ate et* is desirable1 b = a long run1 :]e ! object is to secure a good edition r ?an a few good pro(s1 ! ,eb]le sy/em may be adopt$4 ,?is me?od consi/s 9 protect+ ! "w ) f9ely p[d]$ res9 & !n apply+ ! flame ( an ord9>y plumb]'s lamp2 ?is w melt ! protect+ m$ium r\nd ! base ( ea* gra9 ( "w & all[ ( a v vigor\s et* be+ appli$4 ,z be=e /at$ x is n unusual to secure #bjjj to #cjjj good copies 9 ! ma*9e aft] ?is treatm5t2 b ! roll]s1 ! ink & ! sup]9t5d5ce mu/ be ( ! be/4 ,:5 ! arti/ :o is n a pr(ess$ li?ograph] desires to make t9ts to 8 "w1 a rev]s$ (fset on gra9$ pap] %\ld be made = ea* col\r2 ?is is done by pull+ an impression 9 ! usual way on a h>d piece ( pap]1 & :ile x is yet wet ?is %\ld be fac$ ) a piece ( gra9$ pap] & pull$ ?r\gh aga91 :5 ! gra9$ pap] w be f\nd to h receiv$ ! great] portion ( ! ink2 ?is %\ld be imm$iately du/$ ) (fset p[d] ( a r$ %ade to prev5t ! grease pass+ into ! pap]1 & ! draw+ ( ! t9ts %\ld !n be proce$$ ) 9 ! usual way4 ,ano!r me?od ( transf] "w is to pull impressions f copp] or /eel plates 9 transf] ink2 x is 9 su* way t simple et*+s l ^? ( ,cruik%ank1 ,phiz & o!rs are produc$1 & ne>ly all comm]cial "w su* z maps1 bill heads1 c41 are prep>$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,beyond ?is1 mu* "w is done 9 li?ographic ink on :at is call$ writ+ transf] pap]1 su* z circul>s1 law writ+ = ab/racts1 specifications & plans4 ,ma*9]y4--,! *ief items are ! h& presses & ! ma*9es1 :e!r flat b$ or rot>y1 ! pr9cipal places ( manufacture be+ ,le$s1 ,otley & ,ed9burgh4 ,/imulat$ by ,am]ican competition1 ! /&>d ( excell5ce 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom has be5 v consid]ably rais$ ( late ye>s4 ,! rot>y ma*9es h only be5 possible s9ce ! m frequ5t use ( alum9ium & z9c1 b ^! mat]ials are m suitable to receive transf] ?an = ! g5]al use ( an (fice1 ! *ief reason be+ t corrections on /one are m easily accompli%$ & m la/+ :5 done4 ,prelim9>y "w is !re=e frequ5tly done on ! /one & transf]r$ to plates = ! ma*9e4 ,! "q is v frequ5tly ask$ z to h[ ! necess>y regi/ration ( ! col\rs is secur$2 x may be /at$ = ! b5efit ( ! amateur t 9 h& pr9t+ ?is is g5]ally done by prick+ ) a pair ( ne$les ?r\gh pr9t$ m>ks pres5t on ea* /one2 b 9 ! ma*9e ?is has be5 done 9 diff]5t ways1 al?\gh 9 q e>ly days po9t+ or ne$l+ 0 done ev5 on ! ma*9e4 ,on mod]n ma*9es ?is regi/ration dep5ds on ! accurate cutt+ ( ! edge ( ! pap]1 ( :i* at lea/ "o corn] mu/ be an absolute "r angle4 ,! pap] is !n laid on a slop+ bo>d 9 su* a way t ! longe/ ( ! two true edges gravitates into ! gripp] ( ! ma*9e1 ! /ops ( :i* move slightly =w>d z ! gripp] closes2 simultane\sly :at is call$ ! side lay moves =w>d automatically to a giv5 ext5t1 & 9 ?is way at ! critical mom5t ! %eet is always 9 ! same position 9 reg>d to ! /one1 :i* has already be5 firmly secur$ 9 ! b$ ( ! ma*9e4 ,q rec5tly a new me?od has come into use t is probably de/9$ to be a great aid to ! craft 9 its competition ) o!r me?ods4 ,?is is kn[n z (fset pr9t+2 x is m a matt] ( evolution ?an inv5tion1 & proce$s f ! me?od adopt$ 9 t9-plate decoration s mu* us$ = box-mak+ & la/+ =ms ( adv]tisem5t4 ,x consi/s 9 br++ a %eet ( rubb] into contact ) ! *>g$ /one & !n sett+-(f ! impression s obta9$ ^u c>d1 pap]1 pegamoid1 clo? or o!r mat]ial1 ! ela/icity ( ! rubb] mak+ x possible to pr9t ^u r\gh surfaces t h be5 previ\sly unsuit$ to li?ographic pr9t+4 ,bo? flat b$ & rot>y ma*9es are available = ?is sy/em1 ! latt] be+ re/rict$ to z9c or alum9ium plates1 b giv+ a high spe$1 :ile ! =m] c use bo? /ones & metal plates & may be m effective = ! highe/ grade ( col\r "w2 by bo? classes ( ma*9es ! f9e/ engrav$ note head+s c be pr9t$ on r\gh pap]1 & col\r "w t has = s long be5 conf9$ to coat$ or burni%$ pap]s w be available on surfaces su* z ! arti/s !mselves use4 ,! foll[+ treatises may be ref]r$ to ) advantage by ^? 9 se>* ( m detail$ in=mation3 ,a ,complete ,c\rse ( ,li?ography1 by ,alois ,s5efeld] 7,r4 ,ack]mann1 ,london1 #ahai72 ,! ,gramm> ( ,li?ography1 by ,w4 ,d4 ,ri*mond 7#ac? edition1 ,e4 ,m5k51 ,london72 ,h&book ( ,li?ography1 by ,david ,cumm+ 7,london1 ,a4 ,c4 ,black74 ,! fir/ ( ^! w only be f\nd 9 libr>ies ( importance2 ! o!rs are pres5t-day text-books4 7,f4 ,v4 ,b47 ,,li?osph]e 7,gr4 ,greek3 li?os1 a /one1 & ,greek3 sphaira1 a sph]e71 ! cru/ ( ! e>? surr\nd+ ! e>?'s nucleus4 ,! sup]ficial soil1 a lay] ( loose e>?y mat]ial f a few feet to a few hundr$s ( feet 9 ?ickness1 lies ^u a zone ( h>d rock _m ?\s&s ( feet 9 ?ickness b v>y+ 9 "*1 & compos$ ma9ly ( s&/ones1 %ales1 clays1 lime/ones & metamorphic rocks4 ,^! two lay]s =m ! li?osph]e4 ,all ! tectonic movem5ts ( ! solid nucleus produce *anges 9 ! mobile li?osph]e4 ,volcanic & seismic activity is manife/$1 m\nta9s are fold$1 levels *ange1 fre% surfaces are expos$ to d5udation1 erosion & deposition4 ,! cru/ is ?us subject to con/ant *ange :ile reta9+ its m or less p]man5t "*4 ,,li?uanians & ,,letts1 two k9dr$ peoples ( ,indo-,european orig91 :i* inhabit sev]al we/]n prov9ces ( ,russia & ! nor?-ea/]n p>ts ( ,pol& & ,prussia1 on ! %ores ( ! ,baltic ,sea1 & 9 ! bas9s ( ! ,niem5 & ( ! ,duna4 ,l>ge colonies ( ,li?uanian & ,lettic emigrants h be5 e/abli%$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! two races numb] ab\t #c1ejj1jjj1 ( :om #a1cjj1jjj are ,letts4 ,little is kn[n ab\t _! orig91 & no?+ ab\t ! "t ( _! appe>ance 9 ! c\ntry !y n[ inhabit4 ,ptolemy m5tions 7iii4 #e7 two clans1 ! ,gal9dae & ,sud5i1 :o probably belong$ to ! we/]n subdivision ( ?is racial gr\p1 ! ,borussians4 ,9 ! #aj? c5tury ! ,li?uanians 7 already kn[n "u ! "n ( ,litva1 &1 toge!r ) two o!r bran*es ( ! same /em--! ,borussians & ! ,letts--!y occupi$ ! s\?-ea/]n coa/ ( ! ,baltic ,sea f ! ,vi/ula to ! ,duna1 ext5d+ nor?-ea/ t[>ds ! ,lakes ,vi]zi-jrvi & ,peipus1 s\?-ea/ to ! wat]%$ betwe5 ! afflu5ts ( ! ,baltic & ^? ( ! ,black ,sea1 & s\? to ! middle c\rse ( ! ,vi/ula 7,bre/ ,litovsk7--a tract b\nd$ by ,f9ni% tribes 9 ! nor?1 & by ,slavs else:]e4 ,inhabit+ a =e/$1 m>%y c\ntry ! ,li?uanians h be5 able to ma9ta9 _! national "*1 not)/&+ ! vicissitudes ( _! hi/ory4 ,_! *ief prie/1 ,krive-,kriveyto 7! judge ( ! judges71 "u :om 7 sev5te5 classes ( prie/s & eld]s1 wor%ipp$ 9 ! =e/s2 ! ,waidelots br\ght _! (f]+s to ! div9ities at ! foot ( oaks2 ev5 n[1 ! v5]ation ( great oaks is a widely spread cu/om 9 ! villages ( ! ,li?uanians1 & ev5 ( ! ,letts4 ,ev5 9 ! #aj? c5tury ! ,li?uanian /em 0 divid$ into ?ree ma9 bran*es3--! ,borussians or ,prussians2 ! ,letts 7:o call !mselves ,latvis1 :il/ ! "n "u :i* !y are kn[n 9 ,russian *ronicles1 ,letygola1 is an abbreviation ( ,latv9-galas1 ! conf9es ( ,li?uania72 & ! ,li?uanians1 or r ,lituanians1 ,litva or ,letuv99ka1--^! la/ be+ subdivid$ into ,li?uanians prop]1 & ,zhmud' 7,zmudz1 ,samogitians or ,zemailey71 ! ,l[l&]s4 ,to ^! ma9 bran*es mu/ be add$ ! ,yatvyags1 or ,yadzv+s1 a w>like1 black-hair$ p :o inhabit$ ! =e/s at ! upp] tribut>ies ( ! ,niem5 & ,bug1 & ! survivors ( :om are easily di/+ui%able z a mixture ) ,:ite-,russians & ,mazurs 9 "s p>ts ( ,grodno1 ,plotsk1 ,lomza & ,w>saw4 ,ne/or's *ronicle di/+ui%es also ! ,zhemgala1 :o lat] became kn[n "u ! "n ( ,semigallia1 & 9 ! #aj? c5tury inhabit$ ! left bank ( ! ,duna4 ,sev]al au?ors consid] also z ,li?uanians ! ,kors ( ,russian *ronicles1 or ,c\rons ( ,we/]n au?ors1 :o inhabit$ ! p59sula ( ,c\rl&1 & ! ,golad1 a clan settl$ on ! banks ( ! ,porotva1 tribut>y ( ! ,moskva riv]1 :i* seems to h be5 ?r[n f> f ! ma9 /em dur+ its migration to ! nor?4 ,! ,krivi*i1 :o inhabit$ :at is n[ ! gov]nm5t ( ,smol5sk1 seem to belong to ! same /em4 ,_! "n recalls ! ,krive-,kriveyto1 & _! e?nological features recall ! ,li?uanians2 b !y are n[ z mu* ,slavonic z ,li?uanian4 ,all ^! peoples are only e?nographical subdivisions1 & ea* ( !m 0 subdivid$ into num]\s indep5d5t clans & villages1 sep>at$ f "o ano!r by =e/s & m>%es2 !y _h no t[ns or =tifi$ places4 ,! ,li?uanian t]ritory ?us lay op5 to =eign invasions1 & ! ,russians z well z ! ,g]man crusad]s avail$ !mselves ( ! opportunity4 ,! ,borussians soon fell "u ! dom9ion ( ,g]mans1 & ceas$ to con/itute a sep>ate nationality1 leav+ only _! "n to ! /ate :i* lat] became ,prussia4 ,! ,letts 7 driv5 f>!r to ! nor?1 mix+ !re ) ,livs & ,eh/s1 & fell "u ! dom9ion ( ! ,livonian ord]4 ,only ! ,li?uanians prop]1 toge!r ) ,samogitians1 succe$$ 9 =m+ an indep5d5t /ate4 ,! e>ly hi/ory ( ?is /ate is imp]fectly kn[n4 ,dur+ ! cont9u\s petty w> c>ri$ on aga9/ ,slavonic invasions1 ! milit>y *ief ( "o ( ! clans1 ,ryngold1 acquir$1 9 ! fir/ half ( ! #ac? c5tury1 a c]ta9 prepond]ance ov] o!r clans ( ,li?uania & ,black ,russia 7,yatvyags71 z well z ov] ! republics ( ,r$ ,russia4 ,at ?is "t1 ! invasions ( ! ,livonian ord] becom+ m frequ5t1 & always ext5d+ s\?w>d1 !re 0 a g5]al feel+ ( ! necessity ( "s organization to resi/ !m1 & ,ryngold's son1 ,m5d[g1 avail$ himself ( ?is opportunity to pursue ! policy ( 8 fa!r4 ,he made diff]5t concessions to ! ord]1 c$$ to x sev]al p>ts ( ,li?uania1 & ev5 agre$ to be baptiz$1 9 #abej1 at ,novograd ,litovsk1 receiv+ 9 ex*ange a cr[n f ,innoc5t ,,iv41 ) :i* he 0 cr[n$ k+ ( ,li?uanians4 ,he also c$$ ! :ole ( ,li?uania to ! ord] 9 case he %\ld die )\t leav+ (fspr+4 ,b he _h accept$ ,*ri/ianity only to increase 8 influ5ce among o!r clans2 &1 z soon z he _h consolidat$ a union betwe5 ,li?uanians1 ,samogitians & ,c\rs1 he relaps$1 proclaim+1 9 #abfj1 a g5]al upris+ ( ! ,li?uanian p aga9/ ! ,livonian ord]4 ,! yoke 0 %ak5 (f1 b int]nal w>s foll[$1 & ?ree ye>s lat] ,m5d[g 0 kill$4 ,ab\t ! end ( ! #ac? c5tury a new dyna/y ( rul]s ( ,li?uania 0 f\nd$ by ,lutuw]1 ^: second son1 ,g$ym9 7#acaf-acda71 ) ! aid ( fre% =ces he organiz$ ?r\gh 8 relations ) ,r$ ,russia1 e/abli%$ some?+ l regul> gov]nm5t2 he at ! same "t ext5d$ 8 dom9ions ov] ,russian c\ntries--ov] ,black ,russia 7,novogrodok1 ,zditov1 ,grodno1 ,slonim & ,volkovysk7 & ! pr9cipalities ( ,polotsk1 ,t\rovsk1 ,p9sk1 ,vitebsk & ,volhynia4 ,he nam$ himself ,rex ,le?[9orum et multorum ,ru!norum4 ,9 #acbe he conclud$ a treaty ) ,pol& aga9/ ! ,livonian ord]1 :i* treaty 0 ! fir/ /ep t[>ds ! union ( bo? c\ntries realiz$ two c5turies lat]4 ,! sev5 sons ( ,g$ym9 consid]$ !mselves z q indep5d5t2 b two ( !m1 ,olgi]d & ,kei/ut1 soon became ! m p[]ful4 ,!y repres5t$ two diff]5t t5d5cies :i* exi/$ at t "t 9 ,li?uania4 ,olgi]d1 ^: family relations attract$ him t[>ds ! s\?1 0 ! advocate ( union ) ,russia2 r politician ?an w>rior1 he increas$ 8 influ5ce by diplomacy & by organization4 ,8 wife & sons be+ ,*ri/ians1 he also soon agre$ to be baptiz$ 9 ! ,greek ,*ur*4 ,kei/ut repres5t$ ! revival ( ! ,li?uanian nationality4 ,cont9ually engag$ 9 w>s ) ,livonia1 & rema9+ true to ! national religion1 he became ! national leg5d>y h]o4 ,9 #acde bo? bro!rs agre$ to re-e/abli% ! great pr9cipality ( ,li?uania1 &1 aft] hav+ tak5 ,vilna1 ! old sanctu>y ( ! c\ntry1 all ! bro!rs recogniz$ ! supremacy ( ,olgi]d4 ,8 son1 ,jagiello1 :o m>ri$ ! que5 ( ,pol&1 ,yadviga1 aft] hav+ be5 baptiz$ 9 ! ,lat9 ,*ur*1 0 cr[n$1 on ! #ad? ( ,febru>y #achf1 k+ ( ,pol&4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! #ae? c5tury ,li?uania ext5d$ h] dom9ions z f> ea/ z ,vyazma on ! banks ( ! ,moskva riv]1 ! pres5t gov]nm5t ( ,kaluga1 & ,p\tivl1 & s\?-ea/ z f> z ,poltava1 ! %ores ( ! ,sea ( ,azov1 & ,haji-bey 7,odessa71 ?us includ+ ,kiev & ,lutsk4 ,! union ) ,pol& rema9$1 h[ev]1 b nom9al until #aefi1 :5 ,sigismund ,augu/us 0 k+ ( ,pol&4 ,9 ! #af? c5tury ,li?uania did n ext5d its p[] s f> ea/ & s\?-ea/ z two c5turies be=e1 b x con/itut$ a compact /ate1 includ+ ,polotsk1 ,moghilev1 ,m9sk1 ,grodno1 ,kovno1 ,vilna1 ,bre/1 & rea*+ z f> s\?-ea/ z ,*]nigov4 ,f ! union ) ,pol&1 ! hi/ory ( ,li?uania becomes a "p ( ,pol&'s hi/ory1 ,li?uanians & ,:ite-,russians p>tak+ ( ! fate ( ! ,poli% k+dom 7see ,,pol&3 ,hi/ory74 ,aft] its ?ree p>titions1 !y fell "u ! dom9ion ( ! ,russian empire4 ,9 #agib ,russia took ! prov9ces ( ,moghilev & ,polotsk1 & 9 #agic ^? ( ,vilna1 ,troki1 ,novgorod-,syev]sk1 ,bre/ & ,vitebsk4 ,9 #agig all ^! prov9ces 7 unit$ toge!r1 con/itut+ ! ,li?uanian gov]nm5t 7,litovskaya ,gub]nia74 ,b ! "n ( ,li?uanian prov9ces 0 usually giv5 only to ! gov]nm5ts ( ,vilna & ,kovno1 &1 ?\gh ,ni*olas ,i4 prohibit$ ! use ( ?is "n1 x is /ill us$1 ev5 9 (ficial docum5ts4 ,9 ,russia1 all ! ,:ite-,russian population ( ! =m] ,poli% ,li?uania are usually consid]$ z ,li?uanians1 ! "n ( ,zhmud be+ re/rict$ to ,li?uanians prop]4 ,! e?nographical limits ( ! ,li?uanians are undef9$1 & _! numb] is v>i\sly e/imat$4 ,! ,letts occupy a "p ( ! ,c\rl& p59sula ( ,livonia & ( ,vitebsk1 a few o!r settlem5ts be+ spread also 9 ! gov]nm5ts ( ,kovno1 ,/ ,pet]sburg & ,moghilev4 ,! ,li?uanians prop] inhabit ! gov]nm5ts ( ,kovno1 ,vilna1 ,suvalki & ,grodno2 :ile ! ,samogitians or ,zhmud inhabit ! gov]nm5ts ( ,kovno & ,suvalki4 ,to ^! mu/ be add$ ab\t #bjj1jjj ,borussians1 ! :ole numb] ( ,li?uanians & ,letts 9 ,russia be+1 accord+ to ! c5sus ( #ahig1 #c1jid1dfi4 ,!y are sl[ly ext5d+ t[>ds ! s\?1 especially ! ,letts2 num]\s emigrants h p5etrat$ into ,slavonic l&s z f> z ! gov]nm5t ( ,voronezh4 ,! ,li?uanians are well built2 ! face is mo/ly elongat$1 ! features f9e2 ! v fair hair1 blue eyes & delicate sk9 di/+ui% !m f ,poles & ,russians4 ,_! dress is usually pla9 9 comp>ison ) t ( ,poles1 & ! pr$om9ance 9 x ( greyi% col\rs has be5 frequ5tly notic$4 ,_! *ief occupation is agriculture4 ,! trades 9 t[ns are g5]ally c>ri$ on by m5 ( o!r races--mo/ly by ,g]mans1 ,jews or ,poles4 ,! only exception is af=d$ to "s ext5t by ! ,letts4 ,! ,samogitians are good hunt]s1 & all ,li?uanians are giv5 to apiculture & cattle bre$+4 ,b ! ,li?uanians1 z well 9 ! ,baltic prov9ces z 9 ! c5tral ones1 7 n until ! mo/ rec5t "t proprietors ( ! soil !y till$4 ,!y h giv5 a few families to ! ,russian nobility1 b ! great mass ( ! p became s]fs ( =eign l&[n]s1 ,g]man & ,poli%1 :o r$uc$ !m to ! greate/ mis]y4 ,s9ce ! ,poli% insurrection ( #ahfc1 ! ,russian gov]nm5t has giv5 to ! ,li?uanians ! l& ( ! ,poli% proprietors on mu* easi] t]ms ?an 9 c5tral ,russia2 b ! allotm5ts ( soil & ! r$emption taxes are v unequally di/ribut$2 & a n insignificant numb] ( peasants 7! *9%eviki7 7 ev5 depriv$ ( ! l& !y _h = c5turies consid]$ _! own4 ,! ,letts rema9 9 ! same /ate z be=e1 & are re/ra9$ f emigrat+ en masse only by co]cive measures4 ,! ,letts ( ,c\rl&1 ) ! exception ( ab\t #ej1jjj :o belong to ! ,greek ,*ur*1 are ,lu!rans4 ,ne>ly all c read4 ,^? ( ! gov]nm5t ( ,vitebsk1 :o 7 "u ,poli% dom9ion1 are ,roman ,ca?olics1 z well z ! ,li?uanians prop]1 a "p ( :om1 h[ev]1 h return$ to ! ,greek ,*ur*1 9 :i* !y 7 be=e ! union ) ,pol&4 ,! ,samogitians are ,roman ,ca?olics2 !y m ?an o!r ,li?uanians h cons]v$ _! national features4 ,b all ,li?uanians h ma9ta9$ mu* ( _! hea!n practices & cre$2 ! names ( pagan div9ities1 v num]\s 9 ! =m] my?ology1 are cont9ually m5tion$ 9 songs1 & also 9 common spee*4 ,,bibliography4--,s*iemann1 ,russl&1 ,pol5 und ,livl& bis ins #agte ,jahrhund]t 7#b vols41 ,b]l91 #ahhf-ahhg72 ,s4 ,daukantas1 ,lietuvos ,i/orija 7,plym\?1 ,pa41 #ahic72 ,j4 de ,brye1 tude hi/orique sur la ,li?uanie 7,p>is1 #ahid72 ,p4 ,d4 ,bryantsev1 ,i/orija ,litovskago ,gosud>/va 7,vilna1 #ahii74 7,p4 ,a4 ,k47 ,language & ,lit]ature4--,! ,li?uanian1 ,lettic or ,letti% & ,borussian or ,old ,prussian languages toge!r con/itute a di/9ct l+ui/ic subdivision1 commonly call$ ! ,baltic subdivision1 )9 ! ,indo-,european family4 ,!y h _m aff9ities to ! ,slavonic languages1 & are sometimes includ$ ) !m 9 a s+le l+ui/ic gr\p1 ! ,balto-,slavic4 ,9 _! phonology1 h[ev]1 ?\gh n 9 _! /ructure ! ,baltic languages appe> to be m primitive ?an ! ,slavonic4 ,li?uanian1 = example1 reta9s ! ar*aic diph?ongs :i* disappe> 9 ,slavonic--,li?4 vidas1 face1 ,gr4 ,greek3 eidos1 ,o4,s4 vidu4 ,among o!r notewor?y phonological *>act]i/ics ( ,li?uanian are ! conv]sion ( k into a sibilant1 ! loss ( h & *ange ( all aspirates into t5ues & ! ret5tion ( primitive consonantal n\n-t]m9ations1 e4g4 ! f9al s 9 ,sans4 ,vrks1 ,li?4 vilkas1 ,o4,s4 vulku4 ,lettic is phonologically less ar*aic ?an ,li?uanian1 al?\gh 9 a few cases x has pres]v$ ,indo-,european =ms :i* h be5 *ang$ 9 ,li?uanian1 e4g4 ! s & z :i* h become ,li?4 sz 7%7 & z 7zh74 ,! acc5t 9 ,li?uanian is free2 9 ,lettic1 & app>5tly 9 ,old ,prussian1 x ultimately became fix$ on ! fir/ syllable4 ,9 its morphology ,lettic repres5ts a lat] /age ( developm5t ?an ,li?uanian1 _! mutual relation%ip be+ analog\s to t betwe5 ,old ,high ,g]man & ,go?ic4 ,bo? languages h pres]v$ sev5 out ( ! eight ,indo-,european cases2 ,li?uanian has ?ree numb]s1 b ,lettic has lo/ ! dual 7except 9 diwi1 two & abbi1 bo?72 ! neut] g5d]1 :i* /ill appe>s 9 ,li?uanian pron\ns1 has also be5 entirely lo/ 9 ,lettic2 9 ,li?uanian !re are f\r simple t5ses 7pres5t1 future1 imp]fect1 pret]ite71 b 9 ,lettic ! imp]fect is want+4 ,9 bo? languages ! numb] ( p]iphra/ic v]b-=ms & ( dim9utives is l>ge2 9 bo? !re are traces ( a suffix article2 & bo? h enri*$ _! vocabul>ies ) _m words ( =eign1 especially ,g]man1 ,russian & ,poli% orig94 ,! num]\s ,li?uanian dialects are commonly divid$ into ,high or ,s\!rn1 :i* *anges ty & dy into cz1 dz1 & ,l[ or ,nor!rn1 :i* reta9s ty1 dy4 ,lettic is divid$ into ,high 7! ea/]n dialects71 ,l[ 7spok5 9 ,n4,w4 ,c\rl&7 & ,middle 7! lit]>y language74 ,old ,prussian ceas$ to be a spok5 language 9 ! #ag? c5tury2 its lit]>y rema9s1 consi/+ *iefly ( ?ree cate*isms & two brief vocabul>ies1 date almo/ entirely f ! p]iod #aeag-aefa & are insuffici5t to p]mit ( any ?or\gh recon/ruction ( ! gramm>4 ,! lit]>y hi/ory ( ! ,li?uanians & ,letts dates f ! ,re=mation & comprises ?ree cle>ly def9$ p]iods4 7#a7 ,up to #agjj ! *ief pr9t$ books 7 ( a liturgical "*4 7#b7 ,dur+ ! #ah? c5tury a vigor\s educational movem5t began2 diction>ies1 gramm>s & o!r in/ructive works 7 compil$1 & writt5 poems began to take ! place ( songs pres]v$ by oral tradition4 7#c7 ,! revival ( national s5tim5t at ! beg9n+ ( ! #ai? c5tury result$ 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( newspap]s & ! collection & publication ( ! national folk-poetry4 ,9 bo? lit]atures1 works ( a religi\s "* pr$om9ate1 & bo? are ri* 9 popul> ballads1 folk-tales & fables4 ,! fir/ book pr9t$ 9 ,li?uanian 0 a translation ( ,lu!r's %ort] ,cate*ism 7,knigsb]g1 #aedg72 o!r translations ( devotional or liturgical works foll[$1 & by #agja #ei ,li?uanian books _h appe>$1 ! mo/ notewor?y be+ ^? ( ! prea*] ,j4 ,bretkun 7#aece-afjb74 ,! spread ( ,calv9ism l$ to ! publication1 9 #agja1 ( a ,li?uanian ,new ,te/am5t4 ,! fir/ diction>y 0 pr9t$ 9 #agdi4 ,b p]haps ! mo/ rem>kable "w ( ! second p]iod 0 ,! ,f\r ,seasons1 a pa/oral poem 9 hexamet]s by ,*ri/ian ,donalitius 7#agad-aghj71 :i* 0 edit$ by ,nesselmann 7,knigsb]g1 #ahfi7 ) a ,g]man translation & notes4 ,9 ! #ai? c5tury v>i\s collections ( fables & folk-tales 7 publi%$1 & an epic1 ! ,onik%ta ,grove1 0 writt5 by ,bi%op ,b>anoski4 ,b x 0 9 j\rnalism t ! *ief orig9al "w ( ! ?ird p]iod 0 done4 ,f4 ,kel* 7#ahja-ahgg7 f\nd$ ! fir/ ,li?uanian newspap]1 & betwe5 #ahcd & #ahie no few] ?an #cd ,li?uanian p]iodicals 7 publi%$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates alone4 ,lu!r's ,cate*ism 7,knigsb]g1 #aehf7 0 ! fir/ book pr9t$ 9 ,lettic1 z 9 ! si/] spee*4 ,9 ! #ag? c5tury v>i\s translations ( psalms1 hymns & o!r religi\s works 7 publi%$1 ! majority be+ ,calv9i/ic 9 tone4 ,! educational movem5t ( ! #ah? c5tury 0 inaugurat$ by ,g4 ,f4 ,/5d] 7#agad-agif71 au?or ( a ,lettic diction>y & gramm>1 ( poems1 tales & ( a ,book ( ,wisdom :i* treats ( elem5t>y sci5ce & hi/ory4 ,mu* educational "w 0 subsequ5tly done by ! ,lettic ,lit]>y ,society1 :i* publi%es a magaz9e 7,magaz91 ,mitau1 f #ahbg71 & by ! ,"y ,letts1 :o publi%$ v>i\s p]iodicals & translations ( =eign classics1 & endeav\r$ to free _! language & ?\ght f ,g]man influ5ces4 ,some:at simil> tasks 7 und]tak5 by ! ,"y ,li?uanians1 ^: fir/ magaz9e ! ,auszra 7,dawn7 0 f\nd$ 9 #ahhc4 ,f #ahij to #aiaj ! lit]ature ( bo? peoples 0 m>k$ by an ev]-increas+ nationalism2 among ! names mo/ prom95t dur+ ?is p]iod may be m5tion$ ^? ( ! dramati/ ,/ep]man & ! poet ,m>t9 ,lap1 bo? ( :om wrote 9 ,lettic4 ,,bibliography4--,li?uanian diction>ies3 ,nesselmann1 ,wrt]bu* d] litauis*5 ,spra*e 7,knigsb]g1 #ahea72 ,kurs*at1 ,wrt]bu* d] litauis*5 ,spra*e 7,halle1 #ahgj-ahhc72 ,a4 ,juszkiewicz1 ,litovskiy ,slov> 7,/ ,pet]sburg1 #ahig1 c472 ,p4 ,saurusaitis1 ,an ,abridg$ ,diction>y ( ! ,engli%-,li?uanian ,languages1 #b pts4 7,wat]bury1 ,conn41 #ahii-aijj72 ,a4 ,lalis1 ,diction>y ( ! ,li?uanian & ,engli% ,languages 7,*icago1 #aijc1 c474 ,gramm> & ,l+ui/ic3 ,s*lei*]1 ,h&bu* d] litauis*5 ,spra*e 7,prague1 #ahef-aheg72 ,o4 ,wi$emann1 ,h&bu* d] litauis*5 ,spra*e 7,/rassburg1 #ahig72 ,a4 ,bezz5b]g]1 ,beitrge zur ,ges*i*te d] litauis*5 ,spra*e 7,gtt+51 #ahgg72 ,j4 ,s*iekopp1 ,gramatyka litewska poczatk[a 7,crac[1 #aijb74 ,lit]ature3 ,nesselmann1 ,litauis*e ,volksli$] 7,b]l91 #ahec72 ,a4 ,juszkiewicz1 ,lietwiskos ,dajnos ,uzrasytos1 c4 7,kazan1 #ahha72 ,a4 ,leski5 & ,c4 ,brugman1 ,litauis*e ,volksli$] 7,/rassburg1 #ahhb72 ,c4 ,b>ts*1 ,melodie5 litauis*] ,volksli$] 7,heidelb]g1 #ahhf72 ,a4 ,juszkiewicz1 ,melodje lud[e litewskie 7,crac[1 #aijj1 c472 ,e4 ,a4 ,voi't]1 ,litovskaya ,khre/omatiya 7,/ ,pet]sburg1 #aija1 c474 ,lettic diction>ies & gramm>s3 ,biel5/e91 ,die ,lettis*e ,spra*e 7,b]l91 #ahfc-ahfd72 id41 ,lettis*e ,grammatik 7,mitau1 #ahfc72 ,ulmann & ,bras*e1 ,lettis*es ,wrt]bu* 7,riga1 #ahgb-ahhj72 ,a4 ,bezz5b]g]1 b] die ,spra*e d] preussis*5 ,lett5 & lettis*e ,dialekt-,/udi5 7,gtt+51 #ahhe72 ,biel5/e91 ,gr5z5 des lettis*5 ,volks/ammes und d] lettis*5 ,spra*e 7,/ ,pet]sburg1 #ahib72 ,lit]ature3 ,biel5/e9 ,taus5d lettis*e ,r?sel 7,mitau1 #ahha72 ,t4 ,treul&1 ,laty%skiya ,n>odnyya ,skazki 7,mosc[1 #ahhg1 c472 ,k4 ,b>on & ,h4 ,wiss5dorff1 ,latwju da9as 7,mitau1 #ahid1 c472 ,v4 ,&reyanov1 ,lettis*e ,volksli$] und ,my!n 7,halle1 #ahif74 ,old ,prussian3 ,nesselmann1 ,die ,spra*e d] alt5 ,preuss5 7,b]l91 #ahde72 id41 ,!saurus l+uae prussicae 7,b]l91 #ahgc72 ,b]nek]1 ,die preussis*e ,spra*e 7,/rassburg1 #ahif72 ,m4 ,s*ultze1 ,grammatik d] altpreussis*5 ,spra*e 7,leipzig1 #ahig74 ,,litmus 7app>5tly a corruption ( lacmus1 ,dut* lacmoes1 lac1 lac1 & moes1 pulp1 due to association ) lit1 an obsolete ^w = dye1 col\r2 ! ,g]4 equival5t is ,lackmus1 ,fr4 t\rnesol71 a col\r+ matt] :i* occurs 9 comm]ce 9 ! =m ( small blue tablets1 :i*1 h[ev]1 consi/ mo/ly1 n ( ! pigm5t prop]1 b ( calcium c>bonate & sulphate & o!r matt] devoid ( t9ctorial value4 ,litmus is ext5sively employ$ by *emi/s z an indicator = ! detection ( free acids & free alkalis4 ,an aque\s infusion ( litmus1 :5 exactly neutraliz$ by an acid1 exhibits a violet col\r1 :i* by ! lea/ trace ( free acid is *ang$ to r$1 :ile free alkali turns x to blue4 ,! reag5t is g5]ally us$ 9 ! =m ( te/ pap]--bibul\s pap] dy$ r$1 purple or blue by ! respective k9d ( infusion4 ,litmus is manufactur$ 9 ,holl& f ! same k9ds ( li*5s 7species ( ,roccella & ,lecanora7 z are us$ = ! prep>ation ( ar*il 7q4v474 ,,litopt]na1 a subord] ( ,s\? ,am]ican ,t]ti>y ungulate mammals typifi$ by ,macrau*5ia1 & tak+ _! "n 7smoo?-heel7 f ! pres5ce ( a flat facet on ! heel-bone1 or calcaneum = ! articulation ( ! fibula4 ,! m typical memb]s ( ! gr\p 7 digitigrade animals1 recall+ 9 g5]al build ! llamas & horses2 !y h small bra9s1 & a facet on ! calcaneum = ! fibula4 ,! *eek-d5tition approximates m or less to ! p]issodactyle type4 ,bo? ! t]m9al faces ( ! c]vical v]tebrae are flat1 ! femur c>ries a ?ird tro*ant]1 ! bones ( bo? ! c>pus & t>sus are arrang$ 9 l9e> s]ies1 & ! numb] ( toes1 al?\gh commonly ?ree1 v>ies betwe5 "o & five1 ! ?ird or middle digit be+ inv>iably ! l>ge/4 ,( ! two families1 ! fir/ is ! ,prot]o!riidae1 :i* exhibits1 9 respect ( ! r$uction ( ! digits1 a curi\s p>allelism to ! equ9e l9e among ! ,p]issodactyla2 9 ?is feature1 z well z 9 ! r$uction ( ! tee?1 x is m specializ$ ?an ! second family4 ,! mol> tee? approximate to ! ,palaeo!rium type1 b h a m or less /rongly develop$ m$ian longitud9al cleft4 ,! ?ree-to$ type is repres5t$ by ,diadiaphorus1 9 :i* ! d5tal =mula is i41 c47#j_/a71 p47#d_/e71 m47#c_/h71 & ! feet are v l ^? ( ,hipp>ion4 ,! c]vical v]tebrae are ( normal =m1 ! orbit 7z 9 ! second family7 is encircl$ by bone1 ! la/ mol> has a ?ird lobe1 ! s+le pair ( upp] incisors are some:at elongat$1 & h a gap betwe5 & beh9d !m1 :ile ! out] l[] incisors are l>g] ?an ! inn] pair1 ! can9es be+ small4 ,! skull has a %ort muzzle1 ) elongat$ nasals4 ,rema9s ( ?is & ! o!r repres5tatives ( ! gr\p are f\nd 9 ! ,patagonian ,mioc5e4 ,9 ,prot]o!rium1 :i* includes small] =ms hav+ ! same1 or ne>ly ! same1 d5tal =mula1 ! mol> tee? diff] f ^? ( ,diadiaphorus by ! deep] m$ian longitud9al cleft1 :i* completely divides ! cr[n into an inn] & an out] moiety1 ! two cones ( ! inn] half be+ unit$4 ,accord+ to ! description giv5 by ,arg5t9e palaeontologi/s1 ?is g5us is also ?ree-to$1 ! s+le-to$ repres5tative ( ! family be+ ,?oa!rium1 9 :i* ! lat]al metapodials1 or spl9t-bones1 are ev5 m r$uc$ ?an 9 ! ,equidae4 ,9 ! second family--,macrau*5iidae--! d5tition is complete 7=ty-f\r7 & )\t a gap1 ! cr[ns ( ne>ly all ! tee? be+ ( ne>ly uni=m height1 :ile ! upp] mol>s are di/+ui%$ f ^? ( ! ,prot]o!riidae by a peculi> arrangem5t ( _! two inn] cones1 & ! elevation ( ! ant]o-po/]ior portion ( ! c+ulum s z to =m an extra pit on ! cr[n4 ,to describe ?is arrangem5t 9 detail is impossible "h1 b x may be /at$ t ! two inn] cones are closely approximat$1 & sep>at$ by a n>r[ ,v-%ap$ not* on ! inn] side ( ! cr[n4 ,! elongat$ c]vical v]tebrae are peculi> 9 t ! ar* is p]=at$ by ! art]y 9 ! same mann] z 9 ! llamas4 ,9 ! ,santa ,cruz b$s ( ,patagonia ! family is repres5t$ by ! g5]aliz$ g5us ,oxyodonto!rium 79 :i* ,!osodon may app>5tly be includ$74 ,x comprises animals rang+ up to ! size ( a tapir1 9 :i* ! no/rils 7 m or less 9 ! normal ant]ior position1 & ! *eek-tee? %ort-cr[n$1 ) ! inn] cones ( ! upp] mol>s well develop$ & sep>at$ by a not*1 & ! pits ( mod]ate dep?4 ,! la/ upp] premol> is simpl] ?an ! mol>s1 & ! can9e1 :i* may be d\ble-root$1 is l ! e>li] premol>s4 ,! radius & ulna1 l ! tibia & fibula1 are di/9ct1 & ! metapodials rudim5t>y4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ,macrau*5ia1 :i* 0 a mu* l>g] llama-l animal1 ! skull is elongat$ & n>r[1 ) rudim5t>y nasals1 & ! ap]ture ( ! nose plac$ ne>ly on ! l9e ( ! eyes & direct$ upw>ds1 ! muzzle n improbably t]m9at+ 9 a %ort trunk4 ,deep pits on ! =ehead probably s]v$ = ! atta*m5t ( special muscles connect$ ) ! latt]4 ,v curi\s is ! /ructure ( ! *eek-tee?1 :i* are high-cr[n$1 ) ! two inn] cones r$uc$ to m]e po9ts1 & ! pits on ! cr[n-surface l>ge & funnel-%ap$4 ,9 fact1 ! p]issodactyle type is almo/ lo/4 ,! c]vical v]tebrae & limb-bones are v long1 ! radius & ulna be+ completely1 & ! tibia & fibula p>tially1 unit$4 ,! typical ,m4 patagonica is a ,plei/oc5e =m z l>ge z a camel1 rang+ f ,patagonia to ,brazil1 b rema9s ( small] species h be5 f\nd 9 ! ,plioc5e 787 ( ,bolivia & ,arg5t9a4 ,! imp]fectly kn[n ,scalabr9ia ( ! ,arg5t9e ,plioc5e appe>s to occupy a position int]m$iate betwe5 ,oxyodonto!rium & ,macrau*5ia1 hav+ ! nasal ap]ture situat$ 9 ! middle ( ! l5g? ( ! skull1 & ! cr[ns ( ! *eek-tee? ne>ly z tall z 9 ! latt]1 b ! l[] mol>s furni%$ ) a project+ process 9 ! h9d] valley1 simil> to "o occurr+ 9 ^? ( ! =m]4 ,9 ?is place may be m5tion$ ano!r /range ungulate f ! ,santa ,cruz b$s ( ,patagonia1 namely1 ,a/rapo!rium1 sometimes reg>d$ z typify+ a subord] by itself4 ,?is huge ungulate _h *eek-tee? s+ul>ly l ^? ( a rh9oc]os1 & an enorm\s pair ( tusk-l upp] incisors1 recall+ ! upp] can9es ( ,ma*a]odus on an enl>g$ scale4 ,9 ! l[] jaw are two l>ge tusk-l can9es betwe5 :i* are ?ree pairs ( curi\sly-=m$ spatulate incisors1 & 9 bo? jaws !re is a long dia/ema4 ,! d5tal =mula appe>s to be i47#a_/c71 c47#j_/a71 p47#b_/a71 m47#c_/c74 ,next ,a/rapo!rium may be provisionally plac$ ! g5us ,homalodonto!rium1 ( :i* ! tee? h mu* l[] cr[ns1 & are ( a less decid$ly rh9oc]otic type ?an 9 ,a/rapo!rium1 & ! :ole d5tition =ms an ev5 & unbrok5 s]ies4 ,! bodies ( ! c]vical v]tebrae are %ort1 ) flatt5$ articul> surfaces1 ! hum]us has an enorm\s deltoid cre/1 sugge/ive ( fossorial p[]s1 & ! femur is flatt5$1 ) a ?ird tro*ant]4 ,accord+ to ! ,arg5t9e palaeontologi/s1 ! c>pus is ( ! alt]nat+ type1 & ! t]m9al phalanges ( ! p5t$actyle feet are bifid1 & v l ^? ( ,ed5tata4 ,inde$1 ?is type ( foot %[s _m ed5tate resemblances4 ,! a/ragalus is squ>e & flatt5$1 articulat+ directly ) ! navicul>1 al?\gh n ) ! cuboid1 & hav+ a slightly convex facet = ! tibia4 ,f ! /ructure ( ! above-m5tion$ type ( foot1 :i* is /at$ to h be5 f\nd 9 association ) ! skull1 x has be5 sugge/$ t ,homalodonto!rium %\ld be plac$ 9 ! ,ancylopoda 7q4v471 b1 to say no?+ ( ! diff]5t =m ( ! *eek-tee?1 all ! o!r ,s\? ,am]ican ,santa ,cruz ungulates are s di/9ct f ^? ( o!r c\ntries t ?is seems unlikely4 ,x may be sugge/$ t we h r to deal ) an in/ance ( p>allelism--a view support$ by ! p>allelism to ! ,equidae pres5t$ by c]ta9 memb]s ( ! ,prot]o!riidae4 7,r4 ,l4997 ,,litotes 7,gr4 ,greek3 litots1 pla9ness1 ,greek3 litos1 pla91 simple1 smoo?71 a rhetorical figure 9 :i* emphasis is secur$ = a /atem5t by turn+ x into a d5ial ( ! contr>y1 e4g4 a citiz5 ( no mean city1 i4e4 a citiz5 ( a fam\s city1 ,a4 is n a man to be neglect$4 ,litotes is sometimes us$ = :at %\ld be m /rictly call$ meiosis 7,gr4 ,greek3 meisis1 less5+1 dim9ution1 ,greek3 mein1 less]71 :]e ! expressions us$ app>5tly are weak or und]/at$1 b ! effect is to int5sify4 ,,litt] 7?r\gh ,o4 ,fr4 lit]e or liti]e1 mod4 litire f ,m$4 ,lat4 lect>ia1 classical lectica1 lectus1 b$1 c\*71 a ^w us$ ( a portable c\*1 %ut 9 by curta9s & borne on poles by be>]s1 & ( a b$ ( /raw or o!r suitable sub/ance = animals2 h5ce appli$ to ! numb] ( "y produc$ by an animal at "o bir?1 & also to any disord]$ heap ( wa/e mat]ial1 rubbi%1 c4 ,9 anci5t ,greece1 prior to ! influ5ce ( ,asiatic luxury aft] ! ,mac$onian conque/1 ! litt] 7,greek3 phoreion7 0 only us$ by invalids or by wom54 ,! ,romans1 :5 ! lectica 0 introduc$1 probably ab\t ! latt] half ( ! #bnd c5tury ,b4,c4 7,gellius x4 #c71 us$ x only = travell+ purposes4 ,l ! ,greek or ,asiatic litt]1 x _h a ro( ( sk9 7pellis7 & side curta9s 7vela1 plagae74 ,juv5al 7iv4 #bj7 speaks ( transp>5t sides 7latis specul>ibus74 ,! slaves :o bore ! litt] on _! %\ld]s 7succoll>e7 7 t]m$ lectic>ii1 & x 0 a sign ( luxury & weal? to employ six or ev5 eight be>]s4 ,"u ! ,empire ! litt] began to be us$ 9 ! /reets ( ,rome1 & its use 0 re/rict$ & grant$ z a privilege 7,suet4 ,claudius74 ,! travell+ lectica mu/ be di/+ui%$ f ! mu* e>li] lectica funebris or f]etrum1 ! fun]al bi] on :i* ! dead 7 c>ri$ to _! burial-place4 ,,little ,,falls1 a city & ! c\nty-seat ( ,morrison c\nty1 ,m9nesota1 ,u4,s4,a41 on bo? banks ( ! ,mississippi riv]1 ab\t #hh m4 ,n4,w4 ( ,m9neapolis4 ,pop4 7#ahij7 #bced2 7#aijj7 #eggd1 ( :om #aeei 7 =eign-born1 *iefly ,g]mans & ,sw$es2 7#aije7 #ehef2 7#aiaj7 #fjgh4 ,x is s]v$ by ! ,nor!rn ,pacific railway4 ,! city is situat$ 9 a prosp]\s f>m+ region1 & has excell5t wat]-p[] & v>i\s manufactures4 ,little ,falls 0 settl$ ab\t #ahej1 0 *>t]$ z a city 9 #ahhi & adopt$ a new *>t] 9 #aijb4 ,"h 0 buri$ ! ,*ippewa *ief1 ,hole-9-!-,day 7c4 #ahbg-ahfh71 or ,bagwunagijik1 :o succe$$ 8 fa!r1 also nam$ ,hole-9-!-,day1 z head *ief ( ! ,*ippewas 9 #ahdf4 ,l 8 fa!r1 ! y\ng] ,hole-9-!-,day l$ 8 tribe aga9/ ! ,si\x1 & he is said to h prev5t$ ! ,*ippewas f jo9+ ! ,si\x ris+ 9 #ahfb4 ,8 body 0 subsequ5tly remov$ by 8 relatives4 ,,little ,,falls1 a city ( ,h]kim] c\nty1 ,new ,york1 ,u4,s4,a41 on ! ,mohawk riv]1 #ba m4 ,e4,s4,e4 ( ,utica4 ,pop4 7#ahij7 #hghc2 7#aijj7 #aj1cha1 ( :om #aiae 7 =eign-born2 7#aiaj c5sus7 #ab1bgc4 ,x is s]v$ by ! ,new ,york ,c5tral ,hudson ,riv]1 ! ,we/ ,%ore1 ! ,utica ,mohawk ,valley 7electric71 & ! ,little ,falls ,dolgeville railways 7! la/ nam$ be+ #ac m4 long & runn+ only to ,salisbury ,c5t] & by ! ,erie canal74 ,! ,mohawk riv] falls "h by a s]ies ( rapids #de ft4 9 less ?an a mile1 furni%+ wat] p[]4 ,among ! manufactures are cotton y>n1 hosi]y & knit goods1 lea!r1 c4 ,9 #aije ! city's factory products 7 valu$ at #d1dga1jhj4 ,! city has "o ( ! l>ge/ *eese-m>kets 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! manufacture ( fl\r & gri/-mill products 0 =m]ly an important indu/ry2 a mill burn$ 9 #aghb by ,tories & ,indians _h suppli$ almo/ ! entire ,mohawk ,valley1 & p>ticul>ly ,=ts ,h]kim] & ,dayton4 ,ne> ! city is ! grave ( ,g5]al ,ni*olas ,h]kim]1 to :om a monum5t 0 erect$ 9 #ahif4 ,little ,falls 0 settl$ by ,g]mans 9 #aghb1 & 0 almo/ imm$iately de/roy$ by ,indians & ,tories4 ,x 0 resettl$ 9 #agij1 & 0 incorporat$ z a village 9 #ahaa & z a city 9 #ahie4 ,see ,george ,a4 ,h>d91 ,hi/ory ( ,h]kim] ,c\nty 7,syracuse1 #ahic74 ,,littlehampton1 a seaport & wat]+-place 9 ! ,*i*e/] p>liam5t>y division ( ,sussex1 ,engl&1 at ! m\? ( ! ,arun1 #fb m4 ,s4 by ,w4 f ,london by ! ,london1 ,brighton ,s\? ,coa/ railway4 ,pop4 ( urban di/rict 7#aija7 #gcfc4 ,!re is a bea* ( firm s&4 ,! h>b\r is easily accessible 9 all wea!rs1 & has a small g5]al trade4 ,,little ,,rock1 ! capital ( ,arkansas1 ,u4,s4,a41 & ! c\nty-seat ( ,pulaski c\nty1 situat$ ne> ! c5tre ( ! /ate & on ! ,s4 bank ( ! ,arkansas riv]1 at ! ,e4 edge ( ! ,oz>k foo?ills4 ,pop4 7#ahij7 #be1hgd2 7#aijj7 #ch1cjg1 ( :om #ad1fid 7 ( negro blood1 & #bjii 7 =eign-born2 7#aiaj c5sus7 #de1ida4 ,little ,rock is s]v$ by ! ,*icago1 ,rock ,isl& ,pacific1 ! ,/ ,l\is ,s\? ,we/]n1 & ! ,/ ,l\is1 ,iron ,m\nta9 ,s\!rn railways & by riv] boats4 ,x occupies a comp>atively level site ( #aa sq4 m4 at an altitude ( #bej to #djj ft4 above sea-level & #ej ft4 or m above ! riv]1 :i* is cross$ "h by ?ree railway bridges & by a c\nty bridge4 ,! city d]iv$ its "n 7orig9ally le ,petit ,ro*e & ,! ,little ,rock7 f a rocky p59sula 9 ! ,arkansas1 di/+ui%$ f ! ,big ,rock 7! site ( ! army po/1 ,=t ,logan ,h4 ,roots71 #a m4 ,w4 ( ! city1 across ! riv]4 ,! ,big ,rock is said to h be5 fir/ discov]$ & nam$ ,le ,ro*] ,franais 9 #agbb by ,sieur ,b]n>d de la ,h>pe1 :o 0 9 se>* ( an em]ald m\nta92 ! ,little ,rock is n[ us$ z an abutm5t = a railway bridge4 ,! /ate capitol1 ! /ate insane asylum1 ! /ate deaf mute in/itute1 ! /ate s*ool = ! bl9d1 a /ate re=m s*ool1 ! p5it5ti>y1 ! /ate libr>y & ! m$ical & law dep>tm5ts ( ! /ate univ]sity are at ,little ,rock2 & ! city is also ! seat ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates c\rt = ! ea/]n di/rict ( ,arkansas1 ( a ,unit$ ,/ates l& (fice1 ( ,little ,rock ,college1 ( ! ,/ ,m>y's ,academy1 ( a ,roman ,ca?olic orphanage & a ,roman ,ca?olic conv5t1 & ( two s*ools = negroes--! ,phil&] ,smi? ,college 7,me?odi/ ,episcopal1 #ahgg71 co-educational1 & ! ,arkansas ,bapti/ ,college4 ,! city is ! seat ( ,prote/ant ,episcopal & ,roman ,ca?olic bi%ops4 ,little ,rock has a ,c>negie libr>y 7#aijh71 an old ladies' home1 a ,flor5ce ,critt5ton rescue home1 a *ildr5's home1 ,/ ,v9c5t's infirm>y1 a city hospital1 a ,ca?olic hospital1 a physicians' & surgeons' hospital & ! ,arkansas hospital = n]v\s diseases4 ,a municipal p>k sy/em includes ,city1 ,=e/1 ,wond]l& & ,we/ ,end p>ks4 ,immigration f ! nor!rn /ates has be5 enc\rag$1 & nor!rn m5 control mu* ( ! bus9ess ( ! city4 ,9 #aije ! value ( factory products 0 #d1fhi1ghg1 be+ #ch4h great] ?an ! value 9 #aijj4 ,cotton & lumb] indu/ries are ! lead+ int]e/s2 ! value ( cotton-se$ oil & cake manufactur$ 9 #aije 0 #ifg1jdc1 ( plan+ mill products #hce1jdi1 & ( lumb] & timb] products #cdb1acd4 ,pr9t+ & publi%+ & ! manufacture ( f\ndry & ma*9e %op products & ( furniture are o!r important indu/ries4 ,valuable deposits ( bauxite are f\nd 9 ,pulaski c\nty1 & ! m9es are ! mo/ important 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,orig9ally ! site ( ! city 0 occupi$ by ! ,quapaw ,indians4 ,! e>lie/ p]man5t settlem5t by ! :ites 0 ab\t #ahac-ahad2 ! c\nty 0 organiz$ 9 #ahah :ile /ill a "p ( ,miss\ri ,t]ritory2 ,little ,rock 0 survey$ 9 #ahba1 0 incorporat$ z a t[n & became ! capital ( ,arkansas 9 #ahba1 & 0 *>t]$ z a city 9 #ahcf4 ,9 #ahej its population 0 only #bafg1 & 9 #ahfj #cgbg2 b 9 #ahgj x 0 #ab1chj4 ,little ,rock 0 en?usia/ically anti-,union at ! outbreak ( ! ,civil ,w>4 ,9 ,febru>y #ahfa1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,ars5al 0 seiz$ by ! /ate au?orities4 ,9 ,septemb] #ahfc ! ,f$]al g5]als ,william ,/eele 7#ahai-ahhe7 & ,john ,w4 ,davidson 7#ahbd-ahha71 op]at+ aga9/ ,g5]al ,/]l+ ,price1 captur$ ! city1 & x rema9$ ?r\gh\t ! re/ ( ! w> "u ,f$]al control4 ,con/itutional conv5tions met at ,little ,rock 9 #ahcf1 #ahfd1 #ahfh & #ahgd1 & also ! ,secession ,conv5tion ( #ahfa4 ,! ,arkansas ,gazette1 e/abli%$ at ,arkansas ,po/ 9 #ahai & soon aft]w>ds remov$ to ! new capital1 0 ! fir/ newspap] publi%$ 9 ,arkansas & "o ( ! fir/ publi%$ we/ ( ! ,mississippi4 ,,littleton 7or ,,lyttelton71 ,,edw>d1 ,,b>on 7#aehi-afde71 son ( ,sir ,edw>d ,littleton 7d4 #afba7 *ief-ju/ice ( ,nor? ,wales1 0 born at ,munsl[ 9 ,%rop%ire2 he 0 educat$ at ,ox=d & became a lawy]1 succe$+ 8 fa!r z *ief-ju/ice ( ,nor? ,wales4 ,9 #afbe he became a memb] ( p>liam5t & act$ 9 #afbh z *airman ( ! committee ( grievances ^u ^: report ! ,petition ( ,"r 0 bas$4 ,z a memb] ( ! p>ty oppos$ to ! arbitr>y measures ( ,*>les ,i4 ,littleton _h %[n m mod]ation ?an "s ( 8 colleagues1 & 9 #afcd1 ?ree ye>s aft] he _h be5 *os5 record] ( ,london1 ! k+ atta*$ him to 8 own side by appo9t+ him solicitor-g5]al4 ,9 ! fam\s case ab\t %ip-money ,sir ,edw>d argu$ aga9/ ,hampd54 ,9 #afdj he 0 made *ief-ju/ice ( ! common pleas & 9 #afda "l keep] ( ! great seal1 be+ creat$ a pe] z ,b>on ,lyttelton4 ,ab\t ?is "t1 ! "l keep] began to display a c]ta9 am\nt ( indiff]5ce to ! royal cause4 ,9 ,janu>y #afdb he refus$ to put ! great seal to ! proclamation = ! arre/ ( ! five memb]s & he also incurr$ ! displeasure ( ,*>les by vot+ = ! militia ord9ance4 ,h[ev]1 he assur$ 8 fri5d ,edw>d ,hyde1 aft]w>ds e>l ( ,cl>5don1 t he _h only tak5 ?is /ep to allay ! suspicions ( ! p>liam5t>y p>ty :o contemplat$ depriv+ him ( ! seal1 & he und]took to s5d ?is to ! k+4 ,he fulfill$ 8 promise1 & 9 ,may #afdb he himself jo9$ ,*>les at ,york1 b x 0 "s "t be=e he rega9$ ! fav\r ( ! k+ & ! cu/ody ( ! seal4 ,littleton di$ at ,ox=d on ! #bg? ( ,augu/ #afde2 he left no sons & 8 b>ony became ext9ct4 ,8 only daught]1 ,anne1 m>ri$ h] c\s9 ,sir ,?omas ,littleton1 ,b>t4 7d4 #afha71 & _! son ,sir ,?omas ,littleton 7c4 #afdg-agaj71 0 speak] ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons f #afih to #agjj1 & treasur] ( ! navy f #agjj to #agaj4 ,macaulay ?us sums up ! "* ( ,speak] ,littleton & 8 relations to ! ,:igs3 ,he 0 "o ( _! able/1 mo/ zeal\s & mo/ /eadfa/ fri5ds2 & _h be51 bo? 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons & at ! bo>d ( treasury1 an invaluable second to ,montague 7! e>l ( ,halifax74 ,,littleton1 ,,sir ,,?omas ,,de 7c4 #adjg-adha71 ,engli% judge & legal au?or1 0 born1 x is suppos$1 at ,frankley ,manor ,h\se1 ,worce/]%ire1 ab\t #adjg4 ,littleton's surname 0 t ( 8 "m1 :o 0 ! sole daught] & heiress ( ,?omas de ,littleton1 "l ( ,frankley4 ,%e m>ri$ "o ,?omas ,we/cote4 ,?omas 0 ! elde/ ( f\r sons ( ! m>riage1 & took ! "n ( ,littleton1 or1 z x seems to h be5 m commonly spelt1 ,luttelton4 ,! date ( 8 bir? is unc]ta92 a ,,ms4 p$igree gives #adbb1 b x 0 probably e>li] ?an ?is4 ,if1 z is g5]ally accept$1 he 0 born at ,frankley ,manor1 x c\ld n h be5 be=e #adjg1 9 :i* ye> ,littleton's gr&fa!r recov]$ ! manor f a di/ant bran* ( ! family4 ,he is said by ,sir ,e4 ,coke to h att5d$ "o ( ! univ]sities1 b !re is no corroboration ( ?is /atem5t4 ,he 0 probably a memb] ( ! ,inn] ,temple1 & lectur$ !re on ! /atute ( ,we/m9/] ,,ii41 ,de ,donis ,conditionalibus4 ,8 "n occurs 9 ! ,pa/on ,lett]s 7ed4 ,j4 ,gairdn]1 i4 #fj7 ab\t #adde z t ( a well-kn[n c\nsel & 9 #adha_/b he receiv$ a grant ( ! manor ( ,%]iff ,hales1 ,%rop%ire1 f a ,sir ,william ,trussel z a rew>d = 8 s]vices z c\nsel4 ,he appe>s to h be5 record] ( ,cov5try 9 #adej2 he 0 made es*eator ( ,worce/]%ire1 & 9 #addg_/h 0 "u-%]iff ( ! same c\nty2 he became s]jeant-at-law 9 #adec & 0 aft]w>ds a ju/ice ( assize on ! nor!rn circuit4 ,9 #adff he 0 made a judge ( ! common pleas1 & 9 #adge a knight ( ! ,ba?4 ,he di$1 accord+ to ! inscription on 8 tomb 9 ,worce/] ca!dral1 on ! #bcrd ( ,augu/ #adha4 ,he m>ri$1 ab\t #addd1 ,joan1 wid[ ( ,sir ,philip ,*etw9d ( ,+e/rie 9 ,/af=d%ire1 & by h] _h ?ree sons1 ?r\gh :om he became ance/or ( ! families hold+ ! pe]ages ( ,cobham 7=m]ly ,lyttelton1 q4v47 & ,ha!rton4 ,8 ,treatise on ,t5ures 0 probably writt5 aft] he _h be5 appo9t$ to ! b5*4 ,x is address$ to 8 second son ,ri*>d1 :o w5t to ! b>1 & ^: "n occurs 9 ! ye> books ( ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,vii4 ,! book1 bo? hi/orically & f its intr9sic m]it1 may be *>act]iz$ z ! fir/ text-book ^u ! ,engli% law ( prop]ty4 ,! law ( prop]ty 9 ,littleton's "t 0 ma9ly conc]n$ ) rights ov] l&1 & x 0 ! law relat+ to ?is class ( rights :i* ,littleton set himself to dige/ & classify4 ,! "t 0 ripe = ! task4 ,ev] s9ce ! ,conque/ regul> c\rts ( ju/ice _h be5 at "w adm9i/]+ a law :i* _h gr[n out ( an admixture ( ,teutonic cu/om & ( ,norman feudalism4 ,"u ,h5ry ,,ii4 ! c\rts _h be5 organiz$1 & ! practice ( keep+ regul> records ( ! proce$+s _h be5 c>efully obs]v$4 ,! c5traliz+ influ5ce ( ! royal c\rts & ( ! ju/ices ( assize1 work+ /eadily ?r\gh ?ree c5turies1 _h made ! rules gov]n+ ! law ( prop]ty uni=m ?r\gh\t ! l&2 local cu/oms 7 conf9$ )9 c]ta9 prescrib$ limits1 & 7 only recogniz$ z giv+ rise to c]ta9 well-def9$ classes ( rights1 su*1 = in/ance1 z ! security ( t5ure acquir$ by ville9s by virtue ( ! cu/om ( ! manor1 & ! rights ( freehold]s1 9 "s t[ns1 to dispose ( _! l& by w4 ,?us1 by ! "t ( ,littleton 7,h5ry ,,vi4 & ,edw>d ,,iv471 an imm5se mass ( mat]ial _h be5 acquir$ & pres]v$ 9 ! rolls ( ! v>i\s c\rts4 ,reports ( important cases 7 publi%$ 9 ! ye> books4 ,a glance at ,/a?am's ,abridgm5t1 ! e>lie/ dige/ ( decid$ cases1 publi%$ ne>ly at ! same "t z ,littleton's ,t5ures1 is suffici5t to %[ ! enorm\s bulk :i* report$ cases _h already atta9$ z mat]ials = ! k ( ,engli% law4 ,littleton's treatise 0 writt5 9 t peculi> dialect comp\nd$ ( ,norman-,fr5* & ,engli% phrases call$ law ,fr5*4 ,al?\gh x _h be5 provid$ by a /atute ( #cf ,edw>d ,,iii4 t viva voce proce$+s 9 c\rt %\ld no long] be conduct$ 9 ! ,fr5* tongue1 :i* 0 mu* unkn[n 9 ! realm1 ! practice ( report+ proce$+s 9 t language1 & ( us+ x 9 legal treatises1 l+]$ till a mu* lat] p]iod1 & 0 at l5g? prohibit$ by a /atute pass$ 9 ! "t ( ! ,commonweal? 9 #afej4 ,unlike ! prec$+ writ]s on ,engli% law1 ,glanville1 ,bracton & ! au?ors ( ! treatises kn[n by ! names ( ,britton & ,fleta1 ,littleton borr[s no?+ f ! s\rces ( ,roman law or ! comm5tators4 ,he deals exclusively ) ,engli% law4 ,! book is writt5 on a def9ite sy/em1 & is ! fir/ attempt at a sci5tific classification ( rights ov] l&4 ,littleton's me?od is to beg9 ) a def9ition1 usually cle>ly & briefly express$1 ( ! class ( rights ) :i* he is deal+4 ,he !n proce$s to illu/rate ! v>i\s *>act]i/ics & incid5ts ( ! class by /at+ p>ticul> in/ances1 "s ( :i* ref] to decisions :i* _h actually occurr$1 b m commonly !y are hypo!tical cases put by way ( illu/ration ( 8 pr9ciples4 ,he occasionally ref]s to report$ cases4 ,8 book is ?us mu* m ?an a m]e dige/ ( judicial decisions2 to "s ext5t he pursues ! me?od :i* gave to ,roman law its bread? & consi/5cy ( pr9ciple4 ,9 ,roman law ?is result 0 atta9$ ?r\gh ! practice ( putt+ to jurisconsults hypo!tical cases to be solv$ by !m4 ,littleton1 9 l mann]1 is con/antly /at+ & solv+ by ref]5ce to pr9ciples ( law cases :i* may or may n h occurr$ 9 actual practice4 ,9 deal+ ) freehold e/ates ,littleton adopts a classification :i* has be5 foll[$ by all writ]s :o h attempt$ to sy/ematize ! ,engli% law ( l&1 especially ,sir ,m4 ,hale & ,sir ,william ,black/one4 ,x is inde$ ! only possible approa* to a sci5tific arrangem5t ( ! intricate e/ates 9 l& kn[n to ,engli% law4 ,he classifies e/ates 9 l& by ref]5ce to _! duration1 or 9 o!r words by ref]5ce to ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! p]sons :o are entitl$ to succe$ ^u ! dea? ( ! p]son 9 possession or t5ant4 ,fir/ ( all1 he describes ! *>act]i/ics ( t5ancy 9 fee simple4 ,?is is /ill z x 0 9 ,littleton's "t ! l>ge/ int]e/ 9 l& kn[n to ! law4 ,next 9 ord] comes t5ancy 9 fee tail1 ! v>i\s classes ( :i* are sket*$ by ,littleton ) brevity & accuracy1 b he is sil5t z to ! important practice1 :i* fir/ receiv$ judicial recognition %ortly be=e 8 dea?1 ( suff]+ a recov]y1 :]eby ?r\gh a s]ies ( judicial fictions a t5ant 9 tail 0 enabl$ to conv]t 8 e/ate tail into a fee simple1 ?us acquir+ full p[] ( ali5ation4 ,aft] discuss+ 9 _! logical ord] o!r freehold int]e/s 9 l&1 he passes to int]e/s 9 l& call$ by lat] writ]s int]e/s less ?an freehold1 namely1 t5ancies = t]ms ( ye>s & t5ancies at w4 ,) ! exception ( t5ancy f ye> to ye>1 n[ s famili> to u1 b :i* 0 a judicial creation ( a date lat] ?an ! "t ( ,littleton1 ! fir/ book is a complete /atem5t ( ! pr9ciples ( ! common law1 z !y = ! mo/ "p /ill exi/1 gov]n+ & regulat+ int]e/s 9 l&s4 ,! fir/ book concludes ) a v int]e/+ *apt] on copyhold t5ures1 :i* m>ks ! exact po9t at :i* ! t5ant by copy ( c\rt roll1 ! successor ( ! ville91 :o 9 8 turn repres5t$ ! freeman r$uc$ to vill5age by ! gr[? ( ! manorial sy/em1 acquir$ security ( t5ure4 ,! second book relates to ! reciprocal rights & duties ( "l & t5ant1 & is ma9ly ( hi/orical int]e/ to ! mod]n lawy]4 ,x conta9s a complete /atem5t ( ! law z x /ood 9 ,littleton's "t relat+ to homage1 fealty & escuage1 ! money comp5sation to be paid to ! "l 9 lieu ( milit>y s]vice to be r5d]$ to ! k+1 a peculi> *>act]i/ic ( ,engli% z di/+ui%$ f ,cont95tal feudalism4 ,littleton !n proce$s to notice ! important features ( t5ure by knight's s]vice ) its di/+ui%+ incid5ts ( ! "r ( w>d%ip ( ! l&s & p]son ( ! infant heir or heiress1 & ! "r ( dispos+ ( ! w>d 9 m>riage4 ,! non-milit>y freehold t5ures are next dealt )2 we h an acc\nt ( socage t5ure1 into :i* all milit>y t5ures 7 subsequ5tly commut$ by a n[ unrecogniz$ act ( ! ,long ,p>liam5t 9 #afej1 aft]w>ds re-enact$ by ! well-kn[n /atute ( ,*>les ,,ii4 7#affj71 & ( frankalmoign1 or ! spiritual t5ure by :i* *ur*m5 held4 ,9 ! description ( burgage t5ure & t5ure 9 vill5age1 ! life ( :i* consi/s 9 ! validity ( anci5t cu/oms recogniz$ by law1 we recognize survivals ( a "t be=e ! iron rule ( feudalism _h m\ld$ ! law ( l& 9 ! int]e/s ( ! k+ & ! great lords4 ,f9ally he deals ) ! law ( r5ts1 discuss+ ! v>i\s k9ds ( r5ts :i* may be res]v$ to ! grantor ^u a grant ( l&s & ! rem$ies = recov]y ( r5t1 especially ! rem$y by di/ress4#a ,! ?ird & conclud+ book ( ,littleton's treatise deals ma9ly ) ! v>i\s ways 9 :i* rights ov] l& c be acquir$ & t]m9at$ 9 ! case ( a s+le possessor or sev]al possessors4 ,?is leads him to discuss ! v>i\s modes 9 :i* sev]al p]sons may simultane\sly h rights ov] ! same l&1 z p>c5]s3--daught]s :o are co-heiresses1 or sons 9 gavelk9d2 jo9t t5ants & t5ants 9 common4 ,next foll[s an elaborate discussion ^u :at are call$ e/ates ^u condition--a class ( int]e/s :i* occupi$ a l>ge space 9 ! e>ly common law1 giv+ rise on "o side to e/ates tail1 on ano!r to mortgages4 ,9 ,littleton's "t a mortgage1 :i* he c>efully describes1 0 m]ely a conveyance ( l& by ! t5ant to ! mortgagee1 ) a condition t1 if ! t5ant paid to ! mortgagee a c]ta9 sum on a c]ta9 day1 he might re-ent] & h ! l& aga94 ,if ! condition 0 n fulfill$1 ! int]e/ ( ! mortgagee became absolute1 & ,littleton gives no indication ( any modification ( ?is /rict rule1 su* z 0 introduc$ by c\rts ( equity1 p]mitt+ ! debtor to r$eem 8 l& by paym5t ( all t 0 due to ! mortgagee al?\gh ! day ( paym5t _h pass$1 & 8 int]e/ _h become at law indefeasible4 ,! rema9d] ( ! "w is occupi$ ) an exposition ( a miscellane\s class ( modes ( acquir+ rights ( prop]ty1 ! analysis ( :i* w\ld occupy too l>ge a space4 ,! "w is ?us a complete summ>y ( ! common law z x /ood at ! "t4 ,x is ne>ly sil5t z to ! rem>kable class ( rights :i* _h already assum$ va/ practical importance--equitable int]e/s 9 l&s4 ,^! are only notic$ incid5tally 9 ! *apt] on ,releases4 ,b x 0 already cle> 9 ,littleton's "t t ?is class ( rights w\ld become ! mo/ important ( all4 ,littleton's own w1 :i* has be5 pres]v$1 may be adduc$ 9 pro( ( ?is ass]tion4 ,al?\gh no?+ 0 m oppos$ to ! _s ( ,norman feudalism ?an t a t5ant ( l&s %\ld dispose ( !m by w1 we f9d ,littleton direct+ by 8 w ! fe(fees ( c]ta9 manors to make e/ates to ! p]sons nam$ 9 8 w4 ,9 o!r words1 9 ord] to acquire ov] l&s p[]s unkn[n to ! common law1 ! l&s _h be5 convey$ to fe(fees :o _h full "r ov] !m accord+ to ! common law1 b :o 7 "u a consci5ti\s obligation to ex]cise ^? rights at ! direction & = ! exclusive b5efit ( ! p]son to ^: use ! l&s 7 held4 ,?is consci5ti\s obligation 0 recogniz$ & en=c$ by ! *ancellor1 & ?us arose ! class ( equitable int]e/s 9 l&s4 ,littleton is ! fir/ writ] on ,engli% law aft] ^! rights _h ris5 into a prom95t position1 & x is curi\s to f9d to :at ext5t !y are ignor$ by him4 ,,bibliography4--,! "w ( ,littleton occupies a place 9 ! hi/ory ( typography z well z ( law4 ,! e>lie/ pr9t$ edition seems to be t by ,john ,lett\ & ,william de ,ma*l9ia1 two pr9t]s :o probably came f ! ,cont95t1 & c>ri$ on _! bus9ess 9 p>tn]%ip1 z _! note to ! edition ( ,littleton /ates1 9 civitate ,londoni>um1 juxta ecclesiam omnium sanctorum4 ,! date ( ?is edition is unc]ta91 b ! mo/ probable conjecture1 bas$ on typographical gr\nds1 places x ab\t ! latt] "p ( #adha4 ,! next edition is "o by ,ma*l9ia alone1 probably ab\t two or ?ree ye>s lat] ?an ! =m]4 ,ma*l9ia 0 !n 9 bus9ess alone juxta pontem quae vulgo dicitur ,fleta brigge4 ,next came ! ,rohan or ,r\5 edition1 errone\sly /at$ by ,sir ,e4 ,coke to be ! e>lie/1 & to h be5 pr9t$ ab\t #aecc4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 ( a mu* e>li] date4 ,toml9s1 ! late/ editor ( ,littleton1 gives reasons = ?9k+ t x _c h be5 lat] ?an #adij4 ,x is /at$ 9 a note to h be5 pr9t$ at ,r\5 by ,william le ,tailleur ad in/antiam ,ri*>di ,pynson4 ,copies ( all ^! editions are 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,9 all ^! editions ! "w is /yl$ ,t5ores ,novelli1 probably to di/+ui% x f ! ,old ,t5ures4 ,!re are ?ree e>ly ,,mss4 ( ,littleton 9 ! ,univ]sity ,libr>y at ,cambridge4 ,"o ( ^! =m]ly conta9$ a note on its fir/ page to ! effect t x 0 b\ght 9 ,/ ,paul's ,*ur*y>d on ,july #bj1 #adhj4 ,x 0 !re=e 9 circulation 9 ,littleton's lifetime4 ,! o!r two ,,mss4 are ( a some:at lat] date2 b "o ( !m conta9s :at seems to be ! e>lie/ ,engli% translation ( ! ,t5ures1 & is probably n lat] ?an #aejj4 ,9 ! #af? c5tury editions ( ,littleton foll[$ 9 rapid succession f ! presses ( ,pynson1 ,r$mayne1 ,b]!let1 ,tottyl & o!rs4 ,! practice ( annotat+ ! text caus$ sev]al additions to be introduc$1 :i*1 h[ev]1 are easily detect$ by comp>ison ( ! e>li] copies4 ,9 #aeha ,we/ divid$ ! text into #gdf sections1 :i* h ev] s9ce be5 pres]v$4 ,_m ( ^! editions 7 pr9t$ ) l>ge m>g9s = purposes ( annotation1 specim5s ( :i* may be se5 9 ,l9coln's ,inn ,libr>y4 ,! practice ( annotat+ ,littleton 0 v g5]al1 & 0 adopt$ by _m em95t lawy]s besides ,sir ,e4 ,coke1 among/ o!rs by ,sir ,m4 ,hale4 ,"o comm5t>y ( ?is k9d1 by an unkn[n h& ( e>li] date ?an ,sir ,e4 ,coke's1 0 edit$ by ,c>y 9 #ahbi4 ,foll[+ ! g5]al practice ( deal+ ) ,littleton z ! great au?ority on ! law ( ,engl&1 ! mo/ p]fect & absolute "w t ev] 0 writt5 9 any human sci5ce1 ,sir ,e4 ,coke made x 9 #afbh ! text ( t portion ( 8 "w :i* he calls ! fir/ "p ( ! in/itutes ( ! law ( ,engl&1 9 o!r words1 ! law ( prop]ty4 ,! fir/ pr9t$ ,engli% translation ( ,littleton 0 by ,ra/ell1 :o seems to h comb9$ ! pr(essions ( au?or1 pr9t] & s]jeant-at-law1 betwe5 #aead & #aecc4 ,_m ,engli% editions by v>i\s editors foll[$1 ! be/ ( :i* is ,tottyl's 9 #aeef4 ,sir ,e4 ,coke adopt$ "s translation e>li] ?an ?is1 :i* has s9ce gone by ! "n ( ,sir ,e4 ,coke's translation4 ,he1 h[ev]1 ?r\gh\t comm5ts n on ! translation b on ! ,fr5* text2 & ! reputation ( ! comm5t>y has to "s ext5t obscur$ ! intr9sic m]it ( ! orig9al4 ,see ,e4 ,wambaugh1 ,littleton's ,t5ures 9 ,engli% 7,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c41 #aijc74 ,,footnote3 #a ,^! two books are /at$1 9 a note to ! table at ! conclusion ( ! "w1 to h be5 made = ! bett] und]/&+ ( c]ta9 *apt]s ( ! ,anti5t ,book ( ,t5ures4 ,?is ref]s to a tract call$ ,! ,old ,t5ures1 said to h be5 writt5 9 ! reign ( ,edw>d ,,iii4 ,by way ( di/+ui%+ x f ?is "w1 ,littleton's book is call$ 9 all ! e>ly editions ,t5ores ,novelli4 ,,littr1 ,,maximili5 ,,paul ,,mile 7#ahja-ahha71 ,fr5* lexicograph] & philosoph]1 0 born 9 ,p>is on ! #a/ ( ,febru>y #ahja4 ,8 fa!r _h be5 a gunn]1 & aft]w>ds s]geant-major ( m>9e artill]y1 9 ! ,fr5* navy1 & 0 deeply imbu$ ) ! revolution>y ideas ( ! day4 ,settl+ d[n z a collector ( taxes1 he m>ri$ ,sophie ,johannot1 a free-?9k] l himself1 & devot$ himself to ! education ( 8 son mile4 ,! boy 0 s5t to ! ,lyce ,l\is-le-,gr&1 :]e he _h = fri5ds ,ha*ette & ,eugne ,burn\f4 ,aft] he _h complet$ 8 c\rse at s*ool1 he hesitat$ = a "t z to :at pr(ession he %\ld adopt1 & mean:ile made himself ma/]1 n only ( ! ,engli% & ,g]man languages1 b ( ! classical & ,sanskrit lit]ature & philology4 ,at la/ he det]m9$ to /udy m$ic9e1 & 9 #ahbb ent]$ 8 "n z a /ud5t ( m$ic9e4 ,he pass$ all 8 exam9ations 9 due c\rse1 & _h only 8 !sis to prep>e 9 ord] to obta9 8 degree z doctor :5 9 #ahbg 8 fa!r di$1 leav+ 8 "m absolutely )\t res\rces4 ,he at once r5\nc$ 8 degree1 &1 :ile att5d+ ! lectures ( ,p4 ,f4 ,o4 ,ray] & tak+ a ke5 int]e/ 9 m$ic9e1 began tea*+ ,lat9 & ,greek = a livelihood4 ,he c>ri$ a musket on ! popul> side 9 ! revolution ( ,febru>y #ahcj1 & 0 "o ( ! national gu>ds :o foll[$ ,*>les ,x4 to ,ramb\illet4 ,9 #ahca he obta9$ an introduction to ,arm& ,c>rel1 ! editor ( ! ,national1 :o gave him ! task ( read+ ! ,engli% & ,g]man pap]s = exc]pts4 ,c>rel by *ance1 9 #ahce1 discov]$ ! ability ( 8 read]1 :o f t "t became a con/ant contributor1 & ev5tually director ( ! pap]4 ,9 #ahcf ,littr began to contribute articles on all sorts ( subjects to ! ,revue des deux mondes2 9 #ahcg he m>ri$2 & 9 #ahci appe>$ ! fir/ volume ( 8 edition ( ! works ( ,hippocrates4 ,! value ( ?is "w 0 recogniz$ by 8 election ! same ye> into ! ,acadmie des ,inscriptions et ,belles-,lettres4 ,at ?is epo* he came across ! works ( ,augu/e ,comte1 ! read+ ( :i* =m$1 z he himself said1 ! c>d9al po9t ( 8 life1 & f ?is "t onw>d appe>s ! influ5ce ( positivism on 8 own life1 &1 :at is ( m importance1 8 influ5ce on positivism1 = he gave z mu* to positivism z he receiv$ f x4 ,he soon became a fri5d ( ,comte1 & popul>iz$ 8 ideas 9 num]\s works on ! positivi/ philosophy4 ,at ! same "t he cont9u$ 8 edition ( ,hippocrates1 :i* 0 n complet$ till #ahfb1 publi%$ a simil> edition ( ,pl9y's ,natural ,hi/ory1 & aft] #ahdd took ,fauriel's place on ! committee engag$ on ! ,hi/oire littraire de la ,france1 :]e 8 k ( ! e>ly ,fr5* language & lit]ature 0 invaluable4 ,x 0 ab\t #ahdd t he />t$ work+ on 8 great ,dictionnaire de la langue franaise1 :i* 01 h[ev]1 n to be complet$ till ?irty ye>s aft]4 ,9 ! revolution ( ,july #ahdh he took "p 9 ! repression ( ! extreme republican p>ty 9 ,june #ahdi4 ,8 essays1 contribut$ dur+ ?is p]iod to ! ,national1 7 collect$ toge!r & publi%$ "u ! title ( ,cons]vation1 rvolution et positivisme 9 #aheb1 & %[ a ?or\gh acceptance ( all ! doctr9es prop\nd$ by ,comte4 ,h[ev]1 dur+ ! lat] ye>s ( 8 ma/]'s life1 he began to p]ceive t he c\ld n :olly accept all ! dogmas or ! m my/ic ideas ( 8 fri5d & ma/]1 b he conceal$ 8 diff]5ces ( op9ion1 & ,comte fail$ to p]ceive t 8 pupil _h outgr[n him1 z he himself _h outgr[n 8 ma/] ,sa9t-,simon4 ,comte's dea? 9 #aheh fre$ ,littr f any fe> ( embitt]+ 8 ma/]'s lat] ye>s1 & he publi%$ 8 own ideas 9 8 ,p>oles de la philosophie positive 9 #ahej1 & at /ill great] l5g? 9 8 "w 9 ,augu/e ,comte et la philosophie positive 9 #ahfc4 ,9 ?is book he traces ! orig9 ( ,comte's ideas ?r\gh ,turgot1 ,kant & ,sa9t-,simon1 !n eulogizes ,comte's own life1 8 me?od ( philosophy1 8 great s]vices to ! cause & ! effect ( 8 works1 & f9ally proce$s to %[ :]e he himself diff]s f him4 ,he approv$ :olly ( ,comte's philosophy1 8 great laws ( society & 8 philosophical me?od1 :i* inde$ he def5d$ w>mly aga9/ ,j4 ,s4 ,mill1 b decl>$ t1 :ile he believ$ 9 a positivi/ philosophy1 he did n believe 9 a religion ( humanity4 ,ab\t #ahfc1 aft] complet+ 8 ,hippocrates & 8 ,pl9y1 he set to "w 9 e>ne/ on 8 ,fr5* diction>y4 ,9 ! same ye> he 0 propos$ = ! ,acadmie ,franaise1 b reject$1 ow+ to ! opposition ( ,mgr4 ,dupanl\p1 bi%op ( ,orleans1 :o d5\nc$ him 9 8 ,av]tissem5t aux pres de famille z ! *ief ( ! ,fr5* mat]iali/s4 ,he also at ?is "t />t$ ) ,g4 ,wyr\b(f ! ,philosophie ,positive1 a review :i* 0 to embody ! views ( mod]n positivi/s4 ,8 life 0 ?us absorb$ 9 lit]>y "w till ! ov]?r[ ( ! empire call$ on him to take a "p 9 politics4 ,he felt himself too old to und]go ! privations ( ! siege ( ,p>is1 & retir$ ) 8 family to ,britanny1 :5ce he 0 summon$ by ,m4 ,gambetta to ,bordeaux1 to lecture on hi/ory1 & !nce to ,v]sailles to take 8 seat 9 ! s5ate to :i* he _h be5 *os5 by ! dep>tm5t ( ! ,se9e4 ,9 ,decemb] #ahga he 0 elect$ a memb] ( ! ,acadmie ,franaise 9 spite ( ! r5ew$ opposition ( ,mgr4 ,dupanl\p1 :o resign$ 8 seat r ?an receive him4 ,littr's ,diction>y 0 complet$ 9 #ahgc4 ,an au?oritative int]pretation is giv5 ( ! use ( ea* ^w1 bas$ on ! v>i\s mean+s x _h held 9 ! pa/4 ,9 #ahge ,littr 0 elect$ a life s5ator4 ,! mo/ notable ( 8 productions 9 ^! ye>s 7 8 political pap]s attack+ & unveil+ ! conf$]acy ( ! ,orleani/s & legitimi/s1 & 9 fav\r ( ! republic1 8 republication ( _m ( 8 old articles & books1 among o!rs ! ,cons]vation1 rvolution et positivisme ( #aheb 7:i* he repr9t$ ^w = ^w1 app5d+ a =mal1 categorical r5unciation ( _m ( ! ,comti/ doctr9es !re9 conta9$71 & a little tract ,p\r la d]nire fois1 9 :i* he ma9ta9$ 8 unalt]able belief 9 mat]ialism4 ,:5 x became obvi\s t ! old man c\ld n live mu* long]1 8 wife & daught]1 :o _h always be5 f]v5t ,ca?olics1 /rove to conv]t him to _! religion4 ,he _h long int]views ) ,pre ,millriot1 a celebrat$ controv]siali/1 & 0 mu* griev$ at 8 dea?2 b x is h>dly probable he w\ld h ev] be5 really conv]t$4 ,nev]!less1 :5 on ! po9t ( dea?1 8 wife _h him baptiz$1 & 8 fun]al 0 conduct$ ) ! rites ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,he di$ on ! #bnd ( ,june #ahha4 ,! foll[+ are 8 mo/ important works3 8 editions ( ,hippocrates 7#ahci-ahfa71 & ( ,pl9y's ,natural ,hi/ory 7#ahdh-ahej72 8 translation ( ,/rauss's ,vie de ,jsus 7#ahci-ahdj71 & ,mll]'s ,manuel de physiologie 7#ahea72 8 edition ( ! works ( ,arm& ,c>rel1 ) notes 7#ahed-aheh72 ! ,hi/oire de la langue franaise1 a collection ( magaz9e articles 7#ahfb72 & 8 ,dictionnaire de la langue franaise 7#ahfc-ahgb74 ,9 ! doma9 ( sci5ce mu/ be not$ 8 edition1 ) ,*>les ,rob91 ( ,ny/5's ,dictionnaire de mdic9e1 de *irurgie1 c4 7#ahee72 9 t ( philosophy1 8 ,analyse raisonne du c\rs de philosophie positive de ,m4 ,a4 ,comte 7#ahde72 ,application de la philosophie positive au g\v]nem5t 7#ahdi72 ,cons]vation1 rvolution et positivisme 7#aheb1 #bnd ed41 ) supplem5t1 #ahgi72 ,p>oles de la philosophie positive 7#ahei72 ,augu/e ,comte et la philosophie positive 7#ahfc72 ,la ,sci5ce au po9t de vue philosophique 7#ahgc72 ,fragm5ts de philosophie et de sociologie contempora9e 7#ahgf72 & 8 mo/ int]e/+ miscellane\s works1 8 tudes et glanures 7#ahhj72 ,la ,v]it sur la mort d',alex&re le gr& 7#ahfe72 tudes sur les b>b>es et le moy5 ge 7#ahfg72 ,mdec9e et mdec9s 7#ahga72 ,littrature et hi/oire 7#ahge72 & ,disc\rs de rception l',acadmie franaise 7#ahgc74 ,= 8 life consult ,c4 ,a4 ,sa9te-,beuve1 ,notice sur ,m4 ,littr1 sa vie et ses travaux 7#ahfc72 & ,n\veaux ,lundis1 vol4 v42 also ! notice by ,m4 ,dur&-,grville 9 ! ,n\velle ,revue ( ,augu/ #ahha2 ,e4 ,c>o1 ,littr et le positivisme 7#ahhc72 ,pa/eur1 ,disc\rs de rception at ! ,academy1 :]e he succe$$ ,littr1 & a reply by ,e4 ,r5an4 7,h4 ,m4 ,s47 ,,liturgy 7,l[ ,lat4 liturgia2 ,gr4 ,greek3 leitos1 public1 & ,greek3 ergon1 "w2 ,greek3 leit\rgos1 a public s]vant71 9 ! te*nical language ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 ! ord] = ! celebration & adm9i/ration ( ! ,eu*>i/4 ,9 ,ea/]n ,*ri/5dom ! ,greek ^w ,greek3 leit\rgia is us$ 9 ?is s5se exclusively4 ,b 9 ,engli%-speak+ c\ntries ! ^w liturgy has come to be us$ 9 a m popul> s5se to d5ote any or all ( ! v>i\s s]vices ( ! ,*ur*1 :e!r conta9$ 9 sep>ate volumes or b\nd up toge!r 9 ! =m ( a ,book ( ,common ,pray]4 ,9 ?is article ! liturgy is treat$ 9 ! =m] & /rict] s5se4 7,= ! anci5t ,a!nian ,greek3 leit\rgiai1 z =ms ( taxation1 see ,,f9ance47 ,9 ord] to und]/& t]ms & ref]5ces x w be conv5i5t to give ! tabul> =m ! *ief compon5t p>ts ( a liturgy1 select+ ! ,liturgy ( ,rome z *>act]i/ic ( ,we/]n1 & t ( ,con/ant9ople z *>act]i/ic ( ,ea/]n1 ,*ri/5dom2 at ! same "t app5d+ an explanation ( "s ( ! te*nical words :i* mu/ be employ$ 9 enum]at+ ^? p>ts4 ,,ord] ,,( ,,! ,,roman ,,liturgy ,ord9>y ( ! ,mass4 #a4 ,introit1 or z x is always call$ 9 ! ,s>um rite1 ,(fice1 a ,psalm or "p ( a ,psalm sung at ! entry ( ! prie/1 or cl]gy & *oir4 #b4 ,kyrie eleison1 n9efold1 & sometimes l5g?ily f>s$ repres5t+ an old]1 n[ obsolete1 litany4 #c4 ,collect1 i4e4 ! collect = ! day4 #d4 ,prophetic lection1 n[ obsolete1 except on ! ,w$nesday & ,saturday ,emb] ,days1 ,good ,friday & ,ea/] ,ev51 & ,w$nesday aft] f\r? & six? ,sundays 9 ,l5t4 #e4 ,epi/le4 #f4 ,gradual4 ,a few v]ses f ! ,psalms1 ! %runk5 rema9d] ( a :ole ,psalm4 #g4 ,sequ5ce4 ,a hymn n[ obsolete except on ,fea/ ( ! ,sev5 ,dol\rs1 ,ea/]1 ,p5teco/1 ,corpus ,*ri/i & at ,masses = ! dead4 #h4 ,gospel4 #i4 ,cre$4 #aj4 ,collect1 n[ obsolete1 ?\gh ! unansw]$ invitation1 ,let u pray1 /ill survives4 #aa4 ,(f]tory4 ,a v]se or v]ses f ! ,psalms sung at ! (f]+ ( ! elem5ts4 #ab4 ,secret4 ,a pray] or pray]s said at ! conclusion ( ! ,(f]tory4 #ac4 ,sursum ,corda4 ,lift up y\r he>ts1 ) foll[+ v]sicles4 #ad4 ,preface4 ,!re are n[ t5 prop] or special prefaces & "o common preface4 ,9 old] missals !y 7 extremely num]\s1 almo/ e ,sunday & ,holy-day hav+ "o assign$ to x4 ,_m ( !m 7 v beautiful4 ,9 old] missals1 ,nos4 #ac1 #ad & #ae 7 sometimes arrang$ n z ! conclud+ "p ( ! ,ord9>y1 b z ! op5+ "p ( ! ,canon ( ! mass4 #ae4 ,sanctus1 or ,t]sanctus1 or ,triumphal ,hymn1 ,holy1 ,holy1 ,holy1 c41 end+ ) ! ,b5$ictus1 ,bless$ is he t come?1 c4 ,canon ( ! ,mass4 #a4 ,introductory pray] = acceptance4 ,te igitur1 c4 #b4 ,int]cession = ! liv+4 ,mem5to1 ,dom9e famulorum1 c4 #c4 ,commemoration ( apo/les & m>tyrs4 ,communicantes et memoriam1 c4 #d4 ,pray] = acceptance & consecration ( (f]+4 ,hanc igitur oblationem1 c4 #e4 ,recital ( words ( in/itution4 ,qui pridie quam pat]etur1 c4 #f4 ,oblation4 ,unde et memores1 c4 #g4 ,invocation4 ,a passage difficult ( int]pretation1 b app>5tly meant to be equival5t to ! ,ea/]n ,epiklesis or invocation ( ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,supplices te rogamus1 c4 #h4 ,int]cession = ! dead4 ,mem5to etiam1 ,dom9e1 famulorum1 c4 #i4 ,"l's ,pray]1 ) a %ort introduction & ! expansion ( ! la/ petition into a pray] kn[n z ! ,embolismus4 #aj4 ,fraction1 i4e4 break+ ( ! ho/ into ?ree p>ts1 to symbolize ! dea? & passion ( ,*ri/4 #aa4 ,commixture1 i4e4 plac+ a small portion ( ! consecrat$ bread into ! *alice symboliz+ ! reunion ( ,*ri/'s body & s\l at ! resurrection4 #ab4 ,agnus ,dei1 i4e4 a ?ree-fold petition to ! ,lamb ( ,god4 #ac4 ,pax1 i4e4 ! kiss ( peace4 ,! anci5t ritual ( ! ,pax has become almo/ obsolete4 #ad4 ,?ree pray]s1 accompany+ ! ,pax & prelim9>y to communion4 #ae4 ,communion ( prie/ & p 7if any71 a %ort an!m call$ ,communio be+ sung mean:ile4 #af4 ,ablution ( pat5 & *alice4 #ag4 ,po/-communion1 i4e4 a conclud+ pray]4 #ah4 ,dismissal4 ,! ,canon ( ! ,mass /rictly ends ) ,no4 #i2 ,nos4 #aj-ah be+ an app5dix to x4 ,,liturgy ,,( ,,con/ant9ople ,mass ( ! ,cate*um5s4 ,aft] prep>ation & ve/+4 #a4 ,! ,deacon's ,litany4 #b4 ,?ree ,an!ms ) accompany+ pray]s4 #c4 ,little ,entrance1 i4e4 c]emonial br++ 9 ( ! ,book ( ! ,gospels4 #d4 ,! ,trisagion1 i4e4 an an!m ) an accompany+ pray] diff]5t f ! ,lat9 ,sanctus or ,t]sanctus4 #e4 ,epi/le4 #f4 ,gospel ) a pray] prec$+ x4 #g4 ,bidd+ pray]4 #h4 ,pray] = cate*um5s4 #i4 ,dismissal ( cate*um5s4 #aj4 ,spread+ ( ! corporal4 ,mass ( ! ,fai?ful4 #aa4 ,pray]s ( ! fai?ful4 #ab4 ,*]ubic ,hymn1 ,let u :o my/ically repres5t ! ,*]ubim1 c4 n repres5t$ 9 ! ,lat9 liturgy4 #ac4 ,great ,entrance1 i4e4 ( ! unconsecrat$ elem5ts ) inc5se & s++ & int]cessions4 #ad4 ,kiss ( ,peace4 #ae4 ,cre$4 #af4 ,! ,b5$iction1 i4e4 #b ,cor4 xiii4 #ad4 #ag4 ,sursum corda4 #ah4 ,preface4 #ai4 ,sanctus1 or ,t]sanctus1 or ,triumphal ,hymn4 #bj4 ,recital ( ,words ( ,in/itution1 prefac$ by recital ( ! ,r$emption4 #ba4 ,! oblation4 #bb4 ,! invocation or ,epiklesis4 #bc4 ,int]cession = ! dead4 #bd4 ,int]cession = ! liv+4 #be4 ,! ,"l's ,pray]4 #bf4 ,pray] ( humble access 7a7 = p 7b7 = prie/4 #bg4 ,elevation ) ! invitation ,holy ?+s to holy p4 #bh4 ,fraction4 #bi4 ,commixture4 #cj4 ,?anksgiv+4 #ca4 ,b5$iction4 ,9 bo? ^! li/s _m int]e/+ features ( c]emonial1 ! use ( inc5se1 ! infusion ( w>m wat] 7,byzant9e only71 c41 h n be5 ref]r$ to4 ,! li/s mu/ be reg>d$ z skeletons only4 ,!re are six ma9 families or gr\ps ( liturgies1 f\r ( !m be+ ( ,ea/]n & two ( !m ( ,we/]n orig9 & use4 ,!y are kn[n ei!r by ! names ( ! apo/les ) :om !y are traditionally connect$1 or by ! names ( ! c\ntries or cities 9 :i* !y h be5 or are /ill 9 use4 ,gr\p ,i4 ,! ,syrian ,rite 7,/ ,james74--,! pr9cipal liturgies to be enum]at$ "u ?is gr\p are ! ,clem5t9e liturgy1 s call$ f be+ f\nd 9 ! eigh? book ( ! ,apo/olic ,con/itutions1 :i* claim 9 _! title1 ?\gh errone\sly1 to h be5 compil$ by ,/ ,clem5t1 ! #a/-c5tury bi%op ( ,rome2 ! ,greek liturgy ( ,/ ,james2 ! ,syriac liturgy ( ,/ ,james4 ,sixty-f\r m liturgies ( ?is gr\p h exi/$1 ! majority be+ /ill 9 exi/5ce4 ,_! titles are giv5 9 ,f4 ,e4 ,brightman's ,liturgies1 ,ea/]n & ,we/]n 7#ahif71 pp4 lviii4-lxi4 ,gr\p ,,ii4 ,! ,egyptian ,rite 7,/ ,m>k74--,?is gr\p includes ! ,greek liturgies ( ,/ ,m>k1 ,/ ,basil & ,/ ,gregory1 & ! ,coptic liturgies ( ,/ ,basil1 ,/ ,gregory1 ,/ ,cyril or ,/ ,m>k2 toge!r ) c]ta9 less kn[n liturgies ! titles ( :i* are enum]at$ by ,brightman 7op4 cit4 pp4 lxxiii4 lxxiv474 ,! liturgy ( ! ,e?iopian *ur* ord9ances & ! liturgy ( ! ,abyss9ian ,jacobites1 kn[n z t ( ! ,apo/les1 fall "u ?is gr\p4 ,gr\p ,,iii4 ,! ,p]sian ,rite 7,,ss4 ,adaeus & ,m>is74--,?is ,ne/orian rite is repres5t$ by ! liturgy :i* be>s ! names ( ,,ss4 ,adaeus & ,m>is toge!r ) two o!rs nam$ aft] ,!odore ( ,mopsue/ia & ,ne/orius4 ,?is gr\p has sometimes be5 call$ ,ea/-,syrian4 ,! titles ( ?ree m ( its n[ lo/ liturgies h be5 pres]v$1 namely ^? ( ,n>ses1 ,b>sumas & ,diodorus ( ,t>sus4 ,! liturgy ( ! ,*ri/ians ( ,/ ,?omas1 on ! ,malab> coa/ ( ,india1 =m]ly belong$ to ?is gr\p1 b x 0 almo/ completely assimilat$ to ! ,roman liturgy by ,portuguese ,jesuits at ! synod ( ,diamp] 9 #aeii4 ,gr\p ,,iv4 ,! ,byzant9e ,rite4--,! ,greek liturgies ( ,/ ,*ryso/om1 ,/ ,basil & ,/ ,gregory ,dialogus1 or ,! ,presanctifi$1 also extant 9 o!r languages1 are ! liv+ repres5tatives ( ?is rite4 ,! ,greek liturgy ( ,/ ,pet] is classifi$ "u ?is gr\p1 b x is m]ely ! ,roman canon ( ! ,mass c41 ins]t$ 9 a ,byzant9e framework1 & seems to h be5 us$ at "o "t by "s ,greek communities 9 ,italy4 ,to ?is gr\p also belongs ! ,arm5ian liturgy1 ( :i* t5 diff]5t =ms h exi/$ 9 addition to ! liturgy n[ 9 g5]al use nam$ aft] ,/ ,a?anasius4 ,we n[ come to ! two we/]n gr\ps ( liturgies1 :i* m ne>ly conc]n ! ,lat9-speak+ nations ( ,europe1 & :i*1 !re=e1 mu/ be treat$ ( m fully4 ,gr\p ,v4 ,! ,hispano-,gallican ,rite 7,/ ,john74--,?is gr\p ( ,lat9 liturgies1 :i* once prevail$ v widely 9 ,we/]n ,europe1 has be5 almo/ univ]sally sup]s$$ by ! liturgy ( ! ,*ur* ( ,rome4 ,:]e x survives1 x has be5 m or less assimilat$ to ! ,roman patt]n4 ,x prevail$ once ?r\gh\t ,spa91 ,france1 nor!rn ,italy1 ,great ,brita9 & ,irel&4 ,! t]m ,ephes9e has be5 appli$ to ?is gr\p or family ( liturgies1 *iefly by ,engli% liturgiologi/s1 & ! names ( ,/ ,john & ( ,ephesus1 8 place ( resid5ce1 h be5 press$ into s]vice 9 support ( a !ory ( ,ephes9e orig91 :i*1 h[ev]1 lacks pro( & may n[ be reg>d$ z a disc>d$ hypo!sis4 ,o!r !ories repres5t ! ,gallican to be a survival ( ! orig9al ,roman liturgy1 or z an importation into ,we/]n ,europe f ! ea/ ?r\gh a ,milanese *annel4 ,! latt] is ,du*esne's !ory 7,*ri/ian ,wor%ip1 ,london1 #aijd1 #bnd ed41 p4 #id74 ,we mu/ be cont5t ) m5tion+ ^! !ories )\t attempt+ to discuss !m4 ,! *ief traces ( ori5tal influ5ce & aff9ity lie 9 ! foll[+ po9ts3--7#a7 v>i\s proclamations made by ! deacon1 includ+ t ( ,sil5tium facite be=e ! epi/le 7,migne1 ,pat4 ,lat4 tom4 lxxxv4 col4 #ecd72 7#b7 ! pres5ce ( a ?ird lesson prec$+ ! epi/le1 tak5 f ! ,old ,te/am5t2 7#c7 ! occasional pres5ce ( preces a s]ies ( %ort int]cessions resembl+ ! ,greek ,ekt5 or deacon's litany2 7#d7 ! position ( ! kiss ( peace at an e>ly po9t 9 ! s]vice1 be=e ! canon1 in/ead ( ! ,roman position aft] consecration2 7#e7 ! exclamation ,sancta sanctis occurr+ 9 ! ,moz>abic rite1 be+ ! c\nt]p>t ( ! ,ea/]n ,greek3 ,ta hagia tois hagiois1 t is holy ?+s to holy p2 7#f7 traces ( ! pres5ce ( ! ,epiklesis1 t is to say1 ! invocation ( ! ,holy ,_s1 9 its ,ea/]n position aft] ! words ( in/itution1 z 9 ! pray] /yl$ ! ,po/-pridie 9 ! ,moz>abic s]vice = ! second ,sunday aft] ! octave ( ! ,epiphany3 ,we besee* !e t ?\ w\lde/ sanctify ?is oblation ) ! p]mixture ( ?y ,_s1 & con=m x ) full trans=mation into ! body & blood ( our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/4 7,migne1 ,pat4 ,lat4 tom4 lxxxv4 col4 #bej74 ,on ! o!r h& ! great v>iabl5ess ( its p>ts1 & ! imm5se numb] ( its prop] prefaces1 ally x to ! ,we/]n family ( liturgies4 ,we proce$ n[ to give a m detail$ acc\nt ( ! *ief liturgies ( ?is gr\p4 #a4 ,! ,moz>abic ,liturgy4--,?is 0 ! national liturgy ( ! ,spani% *ur* till ! close ( ! #aa? c5tury1 :5 ! ,roman liturgy 0 =c$ ^u x4 ,its use1 h[ev]1 l+]$ on1 till 9 ! #af? c5tury ,c>d9al ,jim5es1 anxi\s to prev5t its becom+ q obsolete1 _h its books re/or$ & pr9t$1 & f\nd$ a college ( prie/s at ,tol$o to p]petuate its use4 ,x survives n[ only 9 sev]al *ur*es 9 ,tol$o & 9 a *apel at ,salamanca1 & ev5 !re n )\t c]ta9 ,roman modifications ( its orig9al text & ritual4 ,its date & orig91 l ! date & orig9 ( all exi/+ liturgies1 are unc]ta91 & envelop$ 9 ! mi/s ( antiquity4 ,x is n d]iv$ f ! pres5t ,roman liturgy4 ,its :ole /ructure1 z well z sep>ate details disprove su* a p>5tage1 & !re=e x is /range to f9d ,/ ,isidore ( ,seville 7,lib4 de ,eccles4 ,(fic4 i4 #ae7 attribut+ x to ,/ ,pet]4 ,no pro( is adduc$1 & ! only value :i* c be plac$ ^u su* an unsupport$ ass]tion is t x %[s t a v high & ev5 apo/olic antiquity 0 claim$ = x4 ,a !ory1 orig9at+ ) ,p9ius1 t x may h be5 br\ght by ! ,go?s f ,con/ant9ople :5 !y invad$ ,spa91 is z improbable z x is unprov54 ,x may h be5 d]iv$ f ,gaul4 ,! ,gallican si/] /ood to x 9 ! relation ( tw9-si/]1 if x c\ld n claim t ( "m4 ,! resemblance 0 s great t :5 ,*>les ! ,bald 7#hdc-hgg7 wi%$ to get "s idea ( ! "* ( ! already obsolete ,gallican rite1 he s5t to ,tol$o = "s ,spani% prie/s to p]=m ,mass accord+ to ! ,moz>abic rite 9 8 pres5ce4 ,b !re is no record ( ! conv]sion ( ,spa9 by ,gallican mission>ies4 ,*ri/ianity exi/$ 9 ,spa9 f ! e>lie/ times4 ,probably ,/ ,paul travell$ !re 7,rom4 xv4 #bd74 ,x may be at lea/ conjectur$ t its liturgy 0 ,paul9e r ?an ,petr9e or ,johann9e4 #b4 ,gallican ,liturgy4--,?is 0 ! anci5t & national liturgy ( ! *ur* 9 ,france till ! comm5cem5t ( ! #i? c5tury1 :5 x 0 suppress$ by ord] ( ,*>lemagne1 :o direct$ ! ,roman missal to be ev]y:]e sub/itut$ 9 its place4 ,all traces ( x seem$ = "s "t to h be5 lo/ until ?ree ,gallican sacram5t>ies 7 discov]$ & publi%$ by ,?omasius 9 #afhj "u ! titles ( ,missale ,go?icum1 ,missale ,gallicum & ,missale ,francorum1 & a f\r? 0 discov]$ & publi%$ by ,mabillon 9 #afhg "u ! title ( ,missale ,gallicanum4 ,fragm5t>y discov]ies h be5 made s9ce4 ,mone discov]$ fragm5ts ( elev5 ,gallican masses & publi%$ !m at ,c>lsruhe 9 #ahej4 ,o!r fragm5ts f ! libr>y at ,/ ,gall h be5 publi%$ by ,buns5 7,analecta ,ante-,nica5a1 iii4 #bfc-bff71 & f ! ,ambrosian libr>y at ,milan by ,c>d9al ,mai 7,scriptt4 ,vet4 ,vat4 ,coll4 iii4 #b4 #bdg74 ,a s+le page 0 discov]$ 9 ,gonville & ,caius ,college1 ,cambridge1 publi%$ 9 ,zeits*rift fr ,ka?4 ,!ologie1 vi4 #cgj4 ,^! docum5ts1 illu/rat$ by e>ly ,gallican canons1 & by allusions 9 ! writ+s ( ,sulpicius ,sev]us1 ,caes>ius ( ,arles1 ,gregory ( ,t\rs1 ,g]manus ( ,p>is & o!r au?ors1 enable u to recon/ruct ! great] "p ( ?is liturgy4 ,! previ\sly enum]at$ signs ( ,ea/]n orig9 & influ5ce are f\nd "h z well z 9 ! ,moz>abic liturgy1 toge!r ) c]ta9 o!r m or less m9ute peculi>ities1 :i* w\ld be ( int]e/ to pr(ess$ liturgiologi/s1 b :i* we mu/ n pause to specify "h4 ,!y are ! orig9 ( ! ,ephes9e !ory t ! ,gallican liturgy 0 introduc$ into use by ,ir5aeus1 bi%op ( ,lyons 7c4 #acj-bjj7 :o _h le>n$ x 9 ! ,ea/ f ,/ ,polyc>p1 ! disciple ( ! apo/le ,/ ,john4 #c4 ,ambrosian ,liturgy4--,consid]able v>iety ( op9ion has exi/$ among liturgical writ]s z to ! prop] classification ( ! ,ambrosian or ,milanese liturgy4 ,if we are to accept x 9 its pres5t =m & to make ! pres5t position ( ! great int]cession = quick & dead ! te/ ( its g5us1 !n we mu/ classify x z ,petr9e & consid] x z a bran* ( ! ,roman family4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 we consid] ! important v>iations f ! ,roman liturgy :i* yet exi/1 & ! traces ( /ill m m>k$ v>iation :i* confront u 9 ! old] pr9t$ & ,,ms4 copies ( ! ,ambrosian rite1 we %all detect 9 x an orig9al memb] ( ! ,hispano-,gallican gr\p ( liturgies1 :i* = c5turies und]w5t a gradual b ev]-increas+ assimilation to ,rome4 ,we "k ?is z a matt] ( hi/ory1 z well z a matt] ( inf]5ce f *anges 9 ! text itself4 ,*>lemagne adopt$ ! same policy t[>ds ! ,milanese z t[>ds ! ,gallican *ur*4 ,he c>ri$ (f all ! ,ambrosian *ur* books :i* he c\ld obta91 ) ! view ( sub/itut+ ,roman books 9 _! place1 b ! completion ( 8 int5tions fail$1 p>tly ?r\gh ! atta*m5t ( ! ,lomb>ds to _! own rites1 p>tly ?r\gh ! int]cession ( a ,gallican bi%op nam$ ,eug5ius 7,mabillon1 ,mus4 ,ital4 tom4 i4 ,p>s4 ii4 p4 #ajf74 ,x has be5 ass]t$ by ,joseph ,vicecomes t ?is is an orig9ally indep5d5t liturgy drawn up by ,/ ,b>nabas1 :o fir/ prea*$ ! ,gospel at ,milan 7,de ,missae ,rit4 #a capp4 xi4 xii471 & ?is tradition is pres]v$ 9 ! title & prop] preface = ,/ ,b>nabas ,day 9 ! ,ambrosian missal 7,pamelius1 ,liturgicon1 i4 #che1 #chf71 b x has nev] be5 prov$4 ,we c trace ! foll[+ po9ts 9 :i* ! ,ambrosian diff]s f ! ,roman liturgy1 _m ( !m exhibit+ traces ( ,ea/]n influ5ce4 ,"s ( !m are no long] f\nd 9 rec5t ,ambrosian missals & only survive 9 e>li] ,,mss4 su* z ^? publi%$ by ,pamelius 7,liturgicon1 tom4 i4 p4 #bic71 ,muratori 7,lit4 ,rom4 ,vet4 i4 #acb7 & ,c]iani 79 8 edition1 #ahha1 ( an anci5t ,,ms4 at ,milan74 7a7 ,! pray] entitl$ oratio sup] s9donem correspond+ to ! pray] aft] ! spread+ ( ! corporal2 7b7 ! proclamation ( sil5ce by ! deacon be=e ! epi/le2 7c7 ! litanies said aft] ! ,+ressa 7,introit7 on ,sundays 9 ,l5t1 closely resembl+ ! ,greek ,ekt52 7d7 v>y+ =ms ( introduction to ! ,"l's ,pray]1 9 ,co5a ,dom9i 7,c]iani p4 #aaf7 9 ,pas*a 7,ib4 p4 #abi72 7e7 ! pres5ce ( passages 9 ! pray] ( consecration :i* are n "p ( ! ,roman canon & "o ( :i* at lea/ corresponds 9 import & position ?\gh n 9 words to ! ,greek ,invocation3 ,tuum v]o1 e/1 omnipot5s ,pat]1 mitt]e1 c4 7,ib4 p4 #aaf72 7f7 ! survival ( a di/9ctly ,gallican =mula ( consecration 9 ! ,po/-sanctus 9 ,sabbato ,sancto4 ,v]e sanctus1 v]e b5$ictus ,dom9us no/]1 c4 7,ib4 p4 #abe72 7g7 ! v>y+ nom5clature ( ! ,sundays aft] ,p5teco/2 7h7 ! position ( ! fraction or ritual break+ ( bread be=e ! ,"l's ,pray]2 7i7 ! omission ( ! second oblation aft] ! words ( in/itution 7,muratori1 ,lit4 ,rom4 ,vet4 i4 #acc72 7k7 a ?ird lection or ,prophetia f ! ,old ,te/am5t prec$+ ! epi/le & gospel2 7l7 ! lay (f]+ ( ! oblations & ! =mulae accompany+ _! reception 7,pamelius1 ,liturgicon1 i4 #big72 7m7 ! position ( ! ablution ( ! h&s 9 ! middle ( ! canon j be=e ! words ( in/itution2 7n7 ! position ( ! oratio sup] populum1 :i* corresponds 9 matt] b n 9 "n to ! collect = ! day1 be=e ! ,gloria 9 ,excelsis4 #d4 ,celtic ,liturgy4--,we po/pone ! consid]ation ( ?is liturgy till aft] we h treat$ ( ! next ma9 gr\p4 ,,vi4 ,! ,roman ,rite 7,/ ,pet]74--,!re is only "o liturgy to be enum]at$ "u ?is gr\p1 viz4 ! pres5t liturgy ( ! ,*ur* ( ,rome1 :i*1 ?\gh orig9ally local 9 "* & circumscrib$ 9 use1 has come to be ne>ly co-ext5sive ) ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 sometimes sup]s$+ e>li] national liturgies1 z 9 ,gaul & ,spa91 sometimes incorporat+ m or less ( ! anci5t ritual ( a c\ntry into itself & produc+ f su* incorporation a sub-class ( di/9ct ,uses1 z 9 ,engl&1 ,france & else:]e4 ,ev5 ^! subord9ate ,uses h = ! mo/ "p become1 or are rapidly becom+1 obsolete4 ,! date1 orig9 & e>ly hi/ory ( ! ,roman liturgy are obscure4 ,! fir/ ,*ri/ians at ,rome 7 a ,greek-speak+ community1 & _! liturgy mu/ h be5 ,greek1 & is possibly repres5t$ 9 ! s-call$ ,clem5t9e liturgy4 ,b ! date :5 su* a /ate ( ?+s ceas$1 :5 & by :om ! pres5t ,lat9 liturgy 0 compos$1 :e!r x is an orig9al composition1 or1 z its /ructure seems to imply1 a survival ( "s int]m$iate =m ( liturgy--all ^! are que/ions :i* are wait+ = solution4 ,"o ,,ms4 exi/s :i* has be5 claim$ to repres5t ! ,roman liturgy z x exi/$ 9 ! "t ( ,leo ,i41 #ddj-dfa4 ,x 0 discov]$ at ,v]ona by ,bian*9i 9 #agce & assign$ by him to ! #h? c5tury & publi%$ "u ! title ( ,sacram5t>ium ,leonianum2 b ?is title 0 f ! fir/ conjectural1 & is 9 ! tee? ( ! int]nal evid5ce :i* ! ,,ms4 itself af=ds4 ,! "q is discuss$ at "s l5g? by ,muratori 7,lit4 ,rom4 ,vet4 tom4 i4 cap4 i4 col4 #af74 ,assemani publi%$ x "u ! title ( ,sacram5t>ium ,v]on5se 9 tom4 vi4 ( 8 ,codex ,liturg4 ,eccles4 ,univ4 ,a ,,ms4 ( ! #g? or #h? c5tury 0 f\nd at ,rome by ,?omasius & publi%$ by him 9 #afhj "u ! title ( ,sacram5t>ium ,gelasianum4 ,b x 0 writt5 9 ,france & is c]ta9ly n a pure ,gelasian codex2 & al?\gh !re is hi/orical evid5ce ( ,pope ,gelasius ,i4 7#dib-dif7 hav+ made "s *anges 9 ! ,roman liturgy1 & al?\gh ,,mss4 h be5 publi%$ by ,g]b]tus & o!rs1 claim+ ! title ( ,gelasian1 we nei!r h nor are likely to h g5u9e & contempor>y ,,ms4 evid5ce ( ! real /ate ( ! liturgy 9 t pope's "t4 ,! mo/ mod]n & ! be/ edition ( ! ,gelasian ,sacram5t>y is t by ,h4 ,a4 ,wilson 7,ox=d1 #ahid74 ,! l>g] numb] ( ,,mss4 ( ?is gr\p are copies ( ! ,gregorian ,sacram5t>y1 t is to say1 ,,mss4 repres5t+ or purport+ to repres5t1 ! /ate ( ,roman liturgy 9 ! days ( ,pope ,gregory ! ,great4 ,b !y _c be accept$ z c]ta9 evid5ce = ! foll[+ reasons3 n "o ( !m 0 writt5 e>li] ?an ! #i? c5tury1 n "o ( !m 0 writt5 9 ,italy1 b e "o nor? ( ! ,alps2 e "o conta9s int]nal evid5ce ( a po/-,gregorian date 9 ! %ape ( masses = ! repose or = ! int]cession ( ,/ ,gregory & 9 v>i\s o!r ways4 ,! ,roman liturgy seems to h be5 introduc$ into ,engl& 9 ! #g?1 into ,france 9 ! #i? & into ,spa9 9 ! #aa? c5tury1 ?\gh no d\bt x 0 kn[n 9 bo? ,france & ,spa9 to "s ext5t be=e ^! dates4 ,9 ,france c]ta9 features ( ! s]vice & c]ta9 po9ts 9 ! ritual ( ! anci5t national liturgy became int]wov5 ) its text & =m$ ^? _m v>y+ m$ieval ,gallican ,uses :i* are associat$ ) ! names ( diff]5t ,fr5* sees4 ,! *ief di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ics ( ! ,roman rite are ^!3 7a7 ! position ( ! great int]cession = quick & dead )9 ! canon1 ! commemoration ( ! liv+ be+ plac$ j be=e & ! commemoration ( ! dep>t$ j aft] ! words ( in/itution2 7b7 ! abs5ce ( an ,epiklesis or invocation ( ! ,holy ,gho/ ^u ! elem5ts2 7c7 ! position ( ! ,pax or ,kiss ( ,peace aft] ! consecration & be=e ! communion1 :]eas 9 o!r liturgies x occurs at a mu* e>li] po9t 9 ! s]vice4 ,liturgies ( ! ,briti% ,isl&s4 ,p]iod ,i4 ,! ,celtic ,*ur*4--,until rec5tly almo/ no?+ 0 kn[n ( ! "* ( ! liturgical s]vice ( ! ,celtic *ur* :i* exi/$ 9 ^! isl&s be=e ! ,anglo-,saxon ,conque/1 & cont9u$ to exi/ 9 ,irel&1 ,scotl&1 ,wales & ,cornwall = consid]able ?\gh v>y+ p]iods ( "t aft] t ev5t4 ,b 9 rec5t times a good deal ( light has be5 ?r[n on ! subject1 p>tly by ! publication or republication ( ! few g5u9e works ( ,patrick1 ,columba1 ,columbanus1 ,adamnan & o!r ,celtic sa9ts2 p>tly by ! discov]y ( liturgical rema9s 9 ! ,scotti% ,book ( ,de] & 9 ! ,iri% ,books ( ,dimma & ,mull+ & ! ,/[e ,missal1 c42 p>tly by ! publication ( m$ieval ,iri% compilations1 su* z ! ,leb> ,brecc1 ,lib] ,hymnorum1 ,m>tyrology ( ,o5gus1 c41 :i* conta9 ecclesia/ical kal5d>s1 leg5ds1 treatises1 c41 ( consid]able b v v>y+ antiquity4 ,! evid5ce collect$ f ^! s\rces is suffici5t to prove t ! liturgy ( ! ,celtic *ur* 0 ( ! ,gallican type4 ,9 c5tral ,engl& ! *ur*es1 ) ev]y?+ belong+ to !m1 7 de/roy$ by ! hea!n invad]s at ! close ( ! #e? c5tury2 b ! ,celtic *ur* 9 ! remot] p>ts ( ,engl&1 z well z 9 ! neighb\r+ k+doms ( ,scotl& & ,irel&1 reta9$ its indep5d5ce = c5turies aft]w>ds4 ,an exam9ation ( its few extant s]vice-books & fragm5ts ( s]vice-books yields ! foll[+ evid5ce ( ! ,gallican orig9 & "* ( ! ,celtic liturgy3 7a7 ! pres5ce ( collects & an!ms :i* occur 9 ! ,gallican or ,moz>abic b n 9 ! ,roman liturgy2 7b7 v>i\s =mulae ( ?anksgiv+ aft] communion2 7c7 frequ5t bidd+s or addresses to ! p 9 ! =m ( ,gallican ,praefationes2 7d7 ! ,gallican =m ( consecration1 be+ a pray] call$ ,po/-,sanctus lead+ up to ! words ( in/itution2 7e7 ! complicat$ rite ( fraction or ! break+ ( bread1 z describ$ 9 ! ,iri% treatise at ! end ( ! ,/[e ,missal1 f9ds its only c\nt]p>t 9 ! elaborate c]emonial ( ! ,moz>abic *ur*2 7f7 ! pres5ce ( ! ,gallican c]emonial ( ,p$ilavium or ,wa%+ ( feet 9 ! e>lie/ ,iri% baptismal (fice4 ,= a fur!r description ( ^! & o!r features :i* are *>act]i/ic ( or peculi> to ! ,celtic liturgy ! read] is ref]r$ to ,f4 ,e4 ,w>r5's ,liturgy & ,ritual ( ! ,celtic ,*ur* 7,ox=d1 #ahha74 ,p]iod ,,ii4 ,! ,anglo-,saxon ,*ur*4--,we f9d ourselves "h on firm] gr\nd1 & c speak ) c]ta9ty z to ! nature ( ! liturgy ( ! ,engli% *ur* aft] ! beg9n+ ( ! #g? c5tury4 ,in=mation is drawn f liturgical allusions 9 ! extant canons ( num]\s c\ncils1 f ! volum9\s writ+s ( ,b$e1 ,alcu9 & _m o!r ecclesia/ical au?ors ( ! ,anglo-,saxon p]iod1 & above all f a consid]able numb] ( s]vice-books writt5 9 ,engl& be=e ! ,norman ,conque/4 ,?ree ( ^! books are missals ( m or less complet5ess3 7#a7 ! ,le(ric ,missal1 a composite #aj?- to #aa?-c5tury ,,ms4 pres5t$ to ! ca!dral ( ,exet] by ,le(ric1 ! fir/ bi%op ( t see 7#ajdf-ajgb71 n[ 9 ! ,bodleian libr>y at ,ox=d2 edit$ by ,f4 ,e4 ,w>r5 7,ox=d1 #ahhc72 7#b7 ! missal ( ,rob]t ( ,jumiges1 ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury 7#ajea-ajeb71 writt5 probably at ,w9*e/] & pres5t$ by ,ar*bi%op ,rob]t to 8 old mona/]y ( ,jumiges 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,r\51 9 ! public libr>y ( :i* x n[ lies2 edit$ by ,h4 ,a4 ,wilson 7,london1 #ahif72 7#c7 ! ,r$ ,book ( ,d]by1 a ,,ms4 missal ( ! second half ( ! #aa? c5tury1 n[ 9 ! libr>y ( ,corpus ,*ri/i ,college1 ,cambridge4 ,a p]usal ( ^! volumes proves :at we %\ld h expect$ a priori1 t ! ,roman liturgy 0 9 use 9 ! ,anglo-,saxon *ur*4 ,?is 0 ! case f ! v fir/4 ,t *ur* ow$ its f\ndation to a ,roman pontiff1 & to ,roman mission>ies1 :o br\ght1 z we are told by ,b$e1 _! native liturgical codices ) !m 7,hi/4 ,eccles4 lib4 ii4 cap4 #bh74 ,accord+ly1 :5 we speak ( an ,anglo-,saxon missal1 we mean a ,roman missal only exhibit+ "o or m ( ! foll[+ features1 :i* w\ld diff]5tiate x f an ,italian missal ( ! same c5tury4 7a7 ,rubrics & o!r entries ( a miscellane\s "* writt5 9 ! v]nacul> language ( ! c\ntry4 7b7 ,! commemoration ( national or local sa9ts 9 ! kal5d>1 9 ! canon ( ! mass & 9 ! litanies :i* occur = use on ,ea/] ,ev5 & 9 ! baptismal (fices4 7c7 ,! pres5ce ( a few special masses 9 hon\r ( ^? local sa9ts1 toge!r ) a c]ta9 numb] ( collects ( a necess>ily local "*1 = ! rul]s ( ! c\ntry1 = its natural produce1 c4 7d7 ,! addition ( c]ta9 peculi>ities ( liturgical /ructure & arrangem5t int]polat$ into ! o!rwise purely ,roman s]vice f an extrane\s s\rce4 ,!re are two notewor?y examples ( ?is 9 ,anglo-,saxon s]vice-books4 ,e ,sunday & fe/ival & almo/ e votive mass has its prop] preface1 al?\gh ! numb] ( su* prefaces 9 ! ,gregorian sacram5t>y ( ! same p]iod _h be5 r$uc$ to eight4 ,!re 0 a l>ge b n q equal numb] ( triple episcopal b5$ictions to be pron\nc$ by ! bi%op aft] ! ,"l's ,pray] & be=e ! communion4 ,?is cu/om mu/ ei!r h be5 p]petuat$ f ! old ,celtic liturgy or directly d]iv$ f a ,gallican s\rce4 ,p]iod ,,iii4 ,anglo-,norman ,*ur*4--,! influx ( num]\s =eign]s1 especially f ,norm&y & ,lorra9e1 :i* prec$$1 accompani$ & foll[$ ! ,conque/1 & ! occupation by !m ( ! highe/ po/s 9 *ur* z well z /ate _h a di/9ct effect on ! liturgy ( ! ,engli% *ur*4 ,^! =eign ecclesia/ics br\ght ov] ) !m a pref]5ce = & a habit ( us+ c]ta9 features ( ! ,gallican liturgy & ritual1 :i* !y succe$$ 9 incorporat+ into ! s]vice-books ( ! *ur* ( ,engl&4 ,"o ( ! ,norman prelates1 ,osmund1 c\nt ( ,sez1 e>l ( ,dorset1 *ancellor ( ,engl&1 & bi%op ( ,salisbury 7#ajgh-ajii71 is cr$it$ ) hav+ und]tak5 ! revision ( ! ,engli% s]vice-books2 & ! missal :i* we "k z ! ,s>um ,missal1 or ! ,missal accord+ to ! ,use ( ,s>um1 practically became ! liturgy ( ! ,engli% *ur*4 ,x 0 n only receiv$ into use 9 ! prov9ce ( ,cant]bury1 b 0 l>gely adopt$ beyond ^? limits--9 ,irel& 9 ! #ab? & 9 v>i\s ,scotti% dioceses 9 ! #ab? & #ac? c5turies4 ,x w\ld be beyond our scope "h to give a complete li/ ( ! num]\s & frequ5tly m9ute diff]5ces betwe5 a m$ieval ,s>um & ! e>li] ,anglo-,saxon or contemporane\s ,roman liturgy4 ,!y lie ma9ly 9 diff]5ces ( collects & lections1 v>iations ( ritual on ,c&lemass1 ,a% ,w$nesday & ?r\gh\t ,holy ,week2 ! introduction into ! canon ( ! mass ( c]ta9 clauses & usages ( ,gallican "* or orig92 ! word+ ( rubrics 9 ! subjunctive or imp]ative t5se2 ! peculi> ,preces 9 pro/ratione2 ! procession ( ,corpus ,*ri/i on ,palm ,sunday2 ! =ms ( ejection & reconciliation ( p5it5ts1 c4 ,! v>y+ episcopal b5$ictions z us$ 9 ! ,anglo-,saxon *ur* 7 reta9$1 b ! num]\s prop] prefaces 7 disc>d$1 ! numb] be+ r$uc$ to t54 ,besides ! fam\s & f>-spread+ ,use ( ,s>um1 o!r ,uses1 m local & less kn[n1 grew up 9 v>i\s ,engli% dioceses4 ,9 virtue ( a recogniz$ diocesan indep5d5ce1 bi%ops 7 able to regulate or alt] _! ritual1 & to add special masses or commemorations = use )9 ! limits ( _! jurisdiction4 ,! bett] kn[n & ! m di/9ctive ( ^! ,uses 7 ^? ( ,york & ,h]e=d1 b we also f9d traces ( or allusions to ! ,uses ( ,bangor1 ,li*field1 ,l9coln1 ,ripon1 ,/ ,asaph1 ,/ ,paul's1 ,wells & ,w9*e/]4 ,s]vice-books4--,! ,eu*>i/ie s]vice 0 conta9$ 9 ! volume call$ ! ,missal 7q4v471 z ! ord9>y *oir (fices 7 conta9$ 9 ! volume kn[n z ! ,brevi>y 7q4v474 ,b besides ^! two volumes !re 7 a l>ge numb] ( o!r s]vice-books4 ,mr ,w4 ,maskell has enum]at$ & describ$ n9ety-"o su* volumes employ$ by ! ,we/]n ,*ur* only4 ,x mu/ be und]/ood1 h[ev]1 t _m ( ^! n9ety-"o names are synonyms 7,mon4 ,rit4 ,eccles4 ,anglic4 #ahhb1 vol4 i4 p4 ccxxx474 ,! li/ might be increas$1 b x w be possible "h only to "n & briefly describe a few ( ! m important ( !m4 7#a7 ,! ,ag5da is ! same z ! ,manual1 = :i* see bel[4 7#b7 ,! ,antiphon>y conta9$ ! antiphons or an!ms1 sung at ! canonical h\rs1 & c]ta9 o!r m9or p>ts ( ! s]vice4 7#c7 ,! ,b5$ictional conta9$ ^? triple episcopal b5$ictions previ\sly describ$ z us$ on ,sundays & on ! *ief fe/ivals ?r\gh\t ! ye>4 7#d7 ,! ,collect>ium conta9$ ! collects = ! season1 toge!r ) a few o!r p>ts ( ! day (fices4 ,x 0 an in*oate brevi>y4 7#e7 ,! ,epi/ol>ium conta9$ ! epi/les1 & ! ,evangeli/>ium ! gospels = ! ye>4 7#g7 ,! ,gradual conta9$ ! introit1 gradual1 sequ5ces1 & ! o!r portions ( ! communion s]vice :i* 7 sung by ! *oir at nigh mass4 7#h7 ,! ,leg5da conta9$ ! lections :i* 7 read at mat9s & at o!r times1 & may be tak5 z a g5]ic t]m to include ! ,homili>ium1 ,passional & o!r volumes4 7#i7 ,! ,manual 0 ! "n usually employ$ 9 ,engl& to d5ote ! ,ritual1 :i* conta9$ ! baptismal1 matrimonial & o!r (fices :i* might be p]=m$ by ! p>i% prie/4 7#aj7 ,! ,pontifical conta9$ ! ord]s ( consecration1 ord9ation1 & su* o!r rites z c\ld1 ord9>ily1 only be p]=m$ by a bi%op4 ,to ^! we mu/ add a book :i* 0 n /rictly a *ur* (fice book1 b a h&y book = ! use ( ! laity1 & :i* 0 9 v popul> use & (t5 v highly embelli%$ f ! #ad? to ! #af? c5tury1 ! ,book ( ,h\rs1 or ,horae ,beatae ,m>iae ,virg9is1 also kn[n z ! ,prym] or ,prim]4 ,x conta9$ portions ( ! canonical h\rs1 litanies1 ! p5it5tial ,psalms1 & o!r devotions ( a miscellane\s & private "*4 ,detail$ in=mation ab\t all ^! & o!r books is to be f\nd 9 ,c4 ,wordswor? & ,h4 ,littlehales'1 ,! ,old ,s]vice ,books ( ! ,engli% ,*ur*4 ,! ,ea/]n ,*ur* too possess$ & /ill possesses num]\s & volum9\s s]vice-books1 ( :i* ! *ief are ! foll[+3 7#a7 ,! ,eu*ologian1 conta9+ ! liturgy itself ) ! rema9+ sacram5tal (fices b\nd up 9 ! same volume4 7#b7 ,! ,horologion1 conta9+ ! unv>y+ portion ( ! ,brevi>y4 7#c7 ,! ,m5aea1 be+ equival5t to a complete ,brevi>y4 7#d7 ,! ,m5ologion or ,m>tyrology4 7#e7 ,! ,octoe*us & 7#f7 ,! ,p>acletice1 conta9+ ,trop>ia & answ]+ to ! ,we/]n antiphon>y4 7#g7 ,! ,p5teco/>ion1 conta9+ ! s]vices f ,ea/] ,day to ,all ,sa9ts' ,sunday4 7#h7 ,! ,triodion1 conta9+ ^? f ,septuagesima ,sunday to ,ea/] ,ev54 7#i7 ,! ,typicum is a g5]al book ( rubrics correspond+ to ! ,ord9ale or ! ,pie ( ,we/]n ,*ri/5dom4 ,p]iod ,,iv4 ,! ,re=m$ ,*ur*4--,! ,anglican liturgy ( ,re=mation & po/-,re=mation times is describ$ "u ! head+ ( ,,pray]1 ,,book ,,( ,,common1 b a brief description may be add$ "h ( ! liturgies ( o!r re=m$ *ur*es4 ,! ,liturgy ( ! ,scotti% ,episcopal ,*ur*4--,?is liturgy 9 ne>ly its pres5t =m 0 compil$ by ,scotti% bi%ops 9 #afcf & impos$--or1 to speak m accurately1 attempt$ to be impos$--^u ! ,scotti% p by ! royal au?ority ( ,*>les ,i4 9 #afcg4 ,! prelates *iefly conc]n$ 9 x 7 ,spottiswood1 bi%op ( ,glasg[2 ,maxwell1 bi%op ( ,ross2 ,w$d]burn1 bi%op ( ,dunblane2 & ,=bes1 bi%op ( ,ed9burgh4 ,_! "w 0 approv$ & revis$ by c]ta9 memb]s ( ! ,engli% episcopate1 especially ,laud1 ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury2 ,juxon1 bi%op ( ,london2 & ,wr51 bi%op ( ,ely4 ,?is liturgy has met ) v>i$ =tune & has pass$ ?r\gh sev]al editions4 ,! pres5t ,scotti% (fice dates f #agfd4 ,x is n[ us$ z an alt]native =m ) ! ,engli% communion (fice 9 ! ,scotti% ,episcopal ,*ur*4 ,! g5]al arrangem5ts ( its p>ts approximates m closely to t ( ! fir/ book ( ,edw>d ,,vi4 ?an to ! pres5t ,anglican ,book ( ,common ,pray]4 ,among its notewor?y features are 7a7 ! ret5tion 9 its integrity & 9 its primitive position aft] ! words ( in/itution ( ! invocation ( ! ,holy ,_s4 ,t invocation runs ?us3 ,& we mo/ humbly besee* !e1 ,o m]ciful ,fa!r1 to he> u & ( ?y almighty goodness v\*safe to bless & sanctify ) ?y ^w & ,holy ,_s ^! ?y gifts & creatures ( bread & w9e t !y may become ! body & blood ( ?y mo/ de>ly belov$ ,son 7edit4 #agfd74 ,?is k9d ( petition ?us plac$ is f\nd 9 ! ,ea/]n b n 9 ! ,roman or ,anglican liturgies4 7b7 ,! res]vation ( ! sacram5t is p]mitt$1 by traditional usage1 = ! purpose ( communicat+ ! abs5t or ! sick4 7c7 ,! m9imum numb] ( communicants is fix$ at "o or two in/ead ( ?ree or f\r4 ,= full] in=mation see ,bi%op ,j4 ,d[d51 ,! ,annotat$ ,scotti% ,communion ,s]vice 7,ed9burgh1 #ahhd74 ,am]ican ,liturgy4--,! ,pray] ,book ( ! ,prote/ant ,episcopal ,*ur* 9 ,am]ica 0 adopt$ by ! g5]al conv5tion ( ! ,am]ican *ur* 9 #aghi4 ,x is sub/antially ! same z ! ,engli% ,book ( ,common ,pray]1 b among important v>iations we may "n ! foll[+3 7a7 ,! arrangem5t & word+ ( ! ord] = ,holy ,communion r resembles t ( ! ,scotti% ?an t ( ! ,engli% liturgy1 especially 9 ! position ( ! oblation & invocation imm$iately aft] ! words ( in/itution4 7b7 ,! ,magnificat1 ,nunc dimittis & great] "p ( ,b5$ictus 7 disus$2 b ^! 7 re9/at$ among ! *anges made 9 ! ,pray] ,book 9 #ahib4 7c7 ,t5 selections ( ,psalms are appo9t$ = use z alt]natives = ! ,psalms ( ! day4 7d7 ,gloria 9 excelsis is all[$ z a sub/itute = ,gloria ,patri at ! end ( ! ,psalms at morn+ & ev5+ pray]4 ,9 addition to ^! !re are _m m bo? important & unimportant v>iations f ! ,engli% ,book ( ,common ,pray]4 ,! ,iri% ,pray] ,book4--,! ,pray] ,book 9 use 9 ! ,iri% portion ( ! ,unit$ ,*ur* ( ,engl& & ,irel& 0 ! ,anglican ,book ( ,common ,pray]1 b aft] ! dise/abli%m5t ( ! ,iri% *ur* sev]al *anges 7 introduc$ into x by a synod held at ,dubl9 9 #ahgj4 ,^! *anges includ$ su* important po9ts z3 7a7 ! excision ( all lessons f ! ,apocrypha1 7b7 ( ! rubric ord]+ ! recitation ( ! ,a?anasian ,cre$1 7c7 ( ! rubric ord]+ ! ve/m5ts ( ! second ye> ( ,edw>d ,,vi41 7d7 ( ! =m ( absolution 9 ! (fice = ! visitation ( ! sick1 7e7 ! addition to ! ,cate*ism ( a "q & answ] br++ out m cle>ly ! spiritual "* ( ! real pres5ce4 ,! ,presbyt]ian ,*ur*4--,! ,presbyt]ian *ur*es ( ,scotl& at pres5t possess no liturgy prop]ly s call$4 ,c]ta9 g5]al rules = ! conduct ( div9e s]vice are conta9$ 9 ! ,directory = ! ,public ,wor%ip ( ,god agre$ ^u by ! assembly ( div9es at ,we/m9/]1 ) ! assi/ance ( commission]s f ! ,*ur* ( ,scotl&1 approv$ & e/abli%$ by an act ( ! g5]al assembly1 & by an act ( p>liam5t1 bo? 9 #afde4 ,9 #aeed ,john ,knox _h drawn up an ord] ( liturgy closely modell$ on ! ,g5evan patt]n = ! use ( ! ,engli% congregation to :i* he 0 !n m9i/]+ at ,frank=t4 ,on 8 return to ,scotl& ?is =m ( liturgy 0 adopt$ by an act ( ! g5]al assembly 9 #aefj & became ! e/abli%$ =m ( wor%ip 9 ! ,presbyt]ian *ur* until ! ye> #afde1 :5 ! ,directory ( ,public ,wor%ip took its place4 ,h]e9 regulations are laid d[n = ! conduct ( public wor%ip1 = ! read+ ( ,scripture & = extempore pray] be=e & aft] ! s]mon1 & 9 ! adm9i/ration ( ! sacram5t ( baptism & ! ,"l's ,supp]1 = ! solemnization ( m>riage1 visitation ( ! sick & burial ( ! dead1 = ! obs]vance ( days ( public fa/+ & public ?anksgiv+1 toge!r ) a =m ( ord9ation & a directory = family wor%ip4 ,9 all ^! cases1 ?\gh ! g5]al t]ms ( ! pray] are frequ5tly indicat$1 ! word+ ( x is left to ! discretion ( ! m9i/]1 ) ^! exceptions3 ,at ! act ( baptism ?is =mula mu/ be us$--,i baptize !e 9 ! "n ( ! ,fa!r1 & ( ! ,son1 & ( ! ,holy ,gho/2 & = ! ,"l's ,supp] ^! =ms are sugge/$1 b ) lib]ty to ! m9i/] to use o!r ! l1 us$ by ,*ri/ or 8 apo/les ^u ?is occasion--,accord+ to ! holy in/itution1 comm&1 & example ( our bless$ ,savi\r1 ,jesus ,*ri/1 ,i take ?is bread1 & hav+ giv5 ?anks1 break x1 & give x unto y4 ,take ye1 eat ye2 ?is is ! body ( ,*ri/ :i* is brok5 = y2 d ?is 9 remembrance ( him4 ,& aga9 ,accord+ to ! in/itution1 comm& & example ( our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/1 ,i take ?is cup & give x unto y2 ?is cup is ! ,new ,te/am5t 9 ! blood ( ,*ri/1 :i* is %$ = ! remission ( ! s9s ( _m2 dr9k ye all ( x4 ,!re is also an unv>y+ =m ( words direct$ to be us$ be=e ! m9i/] by ! man to ! woman1 & by ! woman to ! man 9 ! case ( ! solemnization ( matrimony4 ,! =m ( words on all o!r occasions1 includ+ ord9ation1 is left to ! discretion ( ! (ficiat+ m9i/] or ( ! presbyt]y4 ,european ,prote/ant ,*ur*es4 ,! ,calv9i/ic ,*ur*es4--,r m ( ! liturgical elem5t 9 ! %ape ( a set =m ( words ent]s into ! s]vice ( ! ,fr5* & ,g]man ,calv9i/ic ,prote/ants4 ,! ,sunday morn+ s]vice z drawn up by ,calv9 0 to op5 ) a portion ( ,holy ,scripture & ! recitation ( ! t5 comm&m5ts4 ,aft]w>ds ! m9i/]1 invit+ ! p to accompany him1 proce$$ to a confession ( s9s & supplication = grace4 ,!n "o ( ! ,psalms ( ,david 0 sung4 ,!n came ! s]mon1 prefac$ by an extempore pray] & conclud+ ) ! ,"l's ,pray]1 cre$ & b5$iction4 ,! communion s]vice began ) an exhortation lead+ up to ! apo/les' cre$2 !n foll[$ a long exhortation1 aft] :i* ! bread & w9e 7 di/ribut$ to ! p1 :o advanc$ 9 rev]5ce & ord]1 :ile a ,psalm 0 be+ sung1 or a suitable passage ( ,scripture 0 be+ read4 ,aft] all _h communicat$ a set =m ( ?anksgiv+ 0 said by ! m9i/]4 ,!n ! ,song ( ,simeon 0 sung by ! congregation1 :o 7 !n dismiss$ ) ! bless+4 ,?is =m ( s]vice has be5 modifi$ 9 v>i\s ways f "t to "t1 b x rema9s sub/antially ! type ( s]vice 9 use among ! re=m$ ,calv9i/ic *ur*es ( ,g]many1 ,switz]l& & ,france4 ,! ,lu!ran ,*ur*4--,lu!r 0 f> m cons]vative ?an ! re/ ( ! ,prote/ant re=m]s & 8 cons]vatism appe>$ n[h]e m ?an 9 ! s]vice-books :i* he drew up = ! use ( ! *ur* :i* be>s 8 "n4 ,9 #aebc he publi%$ a treatise ,( ! ,ord] ( ! ,s]vice 9 ! ,congregation & 9 #aebf he publi%$ ! ,g]man ,mass4 ,except t ! v]nacul> 0 sub/itut$ = ! ,lat9 language1 ! old framework & ord] ( ! ,roman missal 7 closely foll[$1 beg9n+ ) ! ,confiteor1 ,introit1 ,kyrie eleison1 /ill always sung 9 ,greek1 ,gloria 9 excelsis1 c4 ,! text ( ?is & o!r ,lu!ran s]vices is giv5 9 ,ag5de fr *ri/li*e ,geme9d5 des ,lu!ris*5 ,bek5ntnisses 7,nrdl+51 #ahec74 ,at ! same "t ,lu!r 0 tol]ant & express$ a hope t diff]5t portions ( ! ,lu!ran *ur* w\ld f "t to "t make su* *anges or adaptations 9 ! ord] ( s]vice z might be f\nd conv5i5t4 ,! ,lu!ran *ur*es ( nor!rn ,europe h n be5 sl[ to avail !mselves ( ?is advice & p]mission4 ,mo/ ( !m h drawn up liturgies = !mselves1 sometimes foll[+ v closely1 sometimes diff]+ consid]ably f ! orig9al s]vice compos$ by ,lu!r himself4 ,9 #ahbb1 on ! union ( ! ,lu!ran & ,re=m$ 7,calv9i/ic7 *ur*es ( ,prussia1 a new liturgy 0 publi%$ at ,b]l94 ,x is us$ 9 its entirety 9 ! *apel royal1 b great lib]ty z to its use 0 all[$ to ! p>o*ical cl]gy1 & consid]able v>iations ( text appe> 9 ! m rec5t editions ( ?is s]vice-book4 ,! ,*ur* ( ! ,new ,j]usalem 7,sw$5borgians7 & ! ,ca?olic ,apo/olic ,*ur* 7,irv+ites7 & o!r ,prote/ant bodies h drawn up liturgies = !mselves1 b !y are h>dly ( suffici5t hi/orical importance to be describ$ at l5g? "h4 ,! ,old ,ca?olics1 la/ly1 publi%$ a ,rituale 9 #ahge conta9+ ! occasional (fices = baptism1 matrimony1 burial1 c41 & a =m = reception ( ,holy ,communion1 9 ! ,g]man language4 ,?is latt] is = use 9 ! o!rwise unalt]$ s]vice ( ! mass1 correspond+ 9 purpose to ! ord] ( ,communion 9 ,engli% publi%$ ! #h? ( ,m>* #aedh & 9 use till ,:itsunday #aedi4 7,f4 ,e4 ,w47 ,,lituus1 ! cavalry trumpet ( ! ,romans1 said by ,macrobius 7,saturn4 lib4 vi47 to h resembl$ ! crook$ /aff borne by ! ,augurs4 ,! lituus consi/$ ( a cyl9drical tube #d or #e ft4 long1 hav+ a n>r[ bore1 & t]m9at+ 9 a conical bell jo9t turn$ up 9 su* a mann] z to give ! in/rum5t ! outl9e ( ! lett] ,j4 ,unlike ! bucc9a1 cornu & tuba1 ! o!r milit>y s]vice in/rum5ts ( ! ,romans1 ! lituus has n be5 trac$ dur+ ! middle ages1 ! m$ieval in/rum5t mo/ ne>ly resembl+ x be+ ! cromorne or t\rneb\t1 :i*1 h[ev]1 _h lat]al holes & 0 play$ by means ( a re$ m\?piece4 ,a lituus f\nd 9 a ,roman w>rior's tomb at ,c]vetri 7,etruria7 9 #ahbg is pres]v$ 9 ! ,vatican4 ,victor ,mahillon gives its l5g? z #a m4 #fj1 & its scale z 9 unison ) t ( ! trumpet 9 ,g 7,catalogue descriptif1 #ahif1 pp4 #bi-cj74 7,k4 ,s47 ,,liudpr& 7,,liutpr&1 ,,luitpr&7 7c4 #ibb-igb71 ,italian hi/orian & au?or1 bi%op ( ,cremona1 0 born t[>ds ! beg9n+ ( ! #aj? c5tury1 ( a good ,lomb>d family4 ,9 #ica he ent]$ ! s]vice ( ,k+ ,hugo ( ,italy z page2 he aft]w>ds rose to a high position at ! c\rt ( ,hugo's successor ,b]5g>1 hav+ become *ancellor1 & hav+ be5 s5t 7#idi7 on an embassy to ! ,byzant9e c\rt4 ,fall+ into disgrace ) ,b]5g> on 8 return1 he atta*$ himself to ! emp]or ,otto ,i41 :om 9 #ifa he accompani$ into ,italy1 & by :om 9 #ifb he 0 made bi%op ( ,cremona4 ,he 0 frequ5tly employ$ 9 missions to ! pope1 & 9 #ifh to ,con/ant9ople to dem& = ! y\ng] ,otto 7aft]w>ds ,otto ,,ii47 ! h& ( ,!ophano1 daught] ( ! emp]or ,nicephorus ,phocas4 ,8 acc\nt ( ?is embassy 9 ! ,relatio de ,legatione ,con/ant9opolitana is p]haps ! mo/ graphic & lively piece ( writ+ :i* has come d[n to u f ! #aj? c5tury4 ,! detail$ description ( ,con/ant9ople & ! ,byzant9e c\rt is a docum5t ( r>e value--?\gh highly col\r$ by 8 ill reception & (f5d$ dignity4 ,:e!r he return$ 9 #iga ) ! embassy to br+ ,!ophano or n is unc]ta94 ,liudpr& di$ 9 #igb4 ,he wrote 7#a7 ,antapodoseos1 seu r]um p] ,europam ge/>um1 ,libri ,,vi1 an hi/orical n>rative1 relat+ to ! ev5ts f #hhg to #idi1 compil$ ) ! object ( av5g+ himself ^u ,b]5g> & ,willa 8 que52 7#b7 ,hi/oria ,ottonis1 a "w ( great] imp>tiality & m]it1 un=tunately cov]+ only ! ye>s f #ifj to #ifd2 & 7#c7 ! ,relatio de ,legatione ,con/ant9opolitana 7#ifh-ifi74 ,all are to be f\nd 9 ! ,monum4 ,g]m4 ,hi/4 ( ,p]tz1 & 9 ! ,r]4 ,ital4 ,script4 ( ,muratori2 !re is an edition by ,e4 ,dmml] 7#ahgg71 & a p>tial translation into ,g]man1 ) an introduction by ,w4 ,watt5ba*1 is giv5 9 ! second volume ( ! ,ges*i*tss*reib] d] deuts*5 ,vorzeit 7#ahec74 ,comp>e ,watt5ba*1 ,deuts*l&s ,ges*i*tsquell5 im ,mittelalt]4 ,?ree o!r works1 entitl$ ,adv]s>ia1 ,*ronicon1 #fjf-ifj1 & ,opusculum de vitis ,romanorum pontificum1 are usually1 b wrongly1 assign$ to ,liudpr&4 ,an ,engli% translation ( ! embassy to ,con/ant9ople is 9 ,erne/ ,h5d]son's ,select ,docum5ts ( ! ,middle ,ages 7,bohn s]ies1 #ahif74 ,a complete bibliography is 9 ,a4 ,pot?a/'s ,bibl4 ,hi/4 ,m$ii ,aevi 7,b]l91 #ahif74 ,,live ,,oak1 a city & ! c\nty-seat ( ,suwannee c\nty1 ,florida1 ,u4,s4,a41 #ha m4 by rail ,w4 ( ,jacksonville4 ,pop4 7#ahij7 #fhg2 7#aijj7 #afei2 7#aije7 #gbjj2 7#aiaj7 #cdej4 ,live ,oak is s]v$ by ! ,atlantic ,coa/ ,l9e1 ! ,seabo>d ,air ,l9e1 ! ,live ,oak1 ,p]ry ,gulf & ! ,florida railways4 ,!re are ext5sive areas ( p9e l&s 9 ! vic9ity1 & l>ge quantities ( sea-isl& cotton are produc$ 9 ! c\nty4 ,lumb] & naval /ores are also important products4 ,! fir/ settlem5t on ! site ( ! city 0 made 9 #ahfe by ,john ,p>%ley1 ( ,massa*usetts1 :o erect$ a l>ge saw-mill "h4 ,live ,oak 0 fir/ incorporat$ z a t[n 9 #ahgd1 & 9 #aijc 0 *>t]$ z a city4 ,,liv] 7,o4 ,eng4 lif]2 cf4 cognate =ms1 ,dut* lev]1 ,g]4 ,leb]1 ,sw$4 lefv]1 c42 ! ,o4 ,h4 ,g]4 =ms are lib>a1 lipora1 c42 ! ,teut4 ^w has be5 connect$ ) ,gr4 ,greek3 hp> & ,lat4 jecur71 9 anatomy1 a l>ge r$di%-br[n dige/ive gl& situat$ 9 ! upp] & "r "p ( ! abdom9al cavity4 ,:5 h>d5$ 9 situ its %ape is t ( a "r-angl$1 triangul> prism %[+ five surfaces--sup]ior1 ant]ior1 inf]ior1 po/]ior & "r lat]al :i* repres5ts ! base ( ! prism4 ,x weighs ab\t ?ree p\nds or "o-=tie? ( ! body ,weight4 ,al?\gh ! liv] is a fairly solid organ1 x is pla/ic1 & m\lds itself to ev5 holl[ neighb\r+ visc]a r ?an !y to x4 ,! sup]ior surface is 9 contact ) ! diaphragm1 b has p]itoneum betwe5 7see ,,coelom ,,& ,,s]\s ,,membranes74 ,at its po/]ior m>g9 ! p]itoneum ( ! great sac is reflect$ on to ! diaphragm to =m ! ant]ior lay] ( ! coron>y ligam5t4 ,ne> ! mid l9e ( ! body1 & at "r angles to ! la/1 ano!r reflection1 ! falci=m ligam5t1 runs =w>d1 & ! l9e ( atta*m5t ( ?is indicates ! junction ( ! "r & left lobes ( ! liv]4 ,! ant]ior surface is 9 contact ) ! diaphragm & ! ant]ior abdom9al wall4 ,! atta*m5t ( ! falci=m ligam5t is cont9u$ d[n x4 ,! po/]ior surface is m complicat$ 7see fig4 #a72 />t+ f ! "r & work+ t[>d ! left1 a l>ge triangul> area1 uncov]$ by p]itoneum & 9 direct contact ) ! diaphragm1 is se54 ,?is is b\nd$ on ! left by ! inf]ior v5a cava1 :i* is sunk into a deep groove 9 ! liv]1 & into ! upp] "p ( ?is ! hepatic ve9s op54 ,j to ! "r ( ?is & at ! l[] "p ( ! b>e area is a triangul> depression = ! "r supr>5al body4 ,to ! left ( ! v5a cava is ! ,spigelian lobe1 :i* lies 9 front ( ! bodies ( ! t5? & elev5? ?oracic v]tebrae1 ! less] sac ( p]itoneum1 diaphragm & ?oracic aorta int]v5+4 ,to ! left ( ?is is ! fissure = ! ductus v5osus1 & to ! left ( ?is aga91 ! left lobe1 9 :i* a broad %all[ groove = ! oesophagus may usually be se54 ,sometimes ! left lobe /ret*es z f> z ! left abdom9al wall1 b m (t5 x ends bel[ ! apex ( ! he>t1 :i* is #c 94 to ! left ( ! mid l9e ( ! body4 ,! relations ( ! l[] surface c only be und]/ood if x is realiz$ t x looks backw>d & to ! left z well z d[nw>d 7see fig4 #a74 ,aga9 />t+ f ! "r side1 two impressions are se52 ! ant]ior "o is = ! hepatic flexure ( ! colon1 & ! po/]ior = ! upp] "p ( ! "r kidney4 ,to ! left ( ! colic impression is a small] "o = ! second "p ( ! duod5um4 ,next comes ! gall bladd]1 a pe>-%ap$ bag1 ! fundus ( :i* is 9 front & bel[1 ! neck beh9d & above4 ,f ! neck passes ! cy/ic duct1 :i* is (t5 twi/$ into ! =m ( an ,s4 ,to ! left ( ! gall bladd] is ! quadrate lobe1 :i* is 9 contact ) ! pylorus ( ! /oma*4 ,to ! left ( ?is is ! left lobe ( ! liv]1 sep>at$ f ! quadrate lobe by ! umbilical fissure 9 :i* lies ! r\nd ligam5t ( ! liv]1 ! rema9s ( ! umbilical ve9 ( ! foetus4 ,sometimes ?is fissure is p>tly turn$ into a tunnel by a bridge ( liv] sub/ance kn[n z ! pons hepatis4 ,! "u surface ( ! left lobe is concave = ! int]ior surface ( ! /oma* 7see ,,alim5t>y ,,canal3 ,/oma* ,*amb]71 :ile a convexity1 kn[n z ! tub] om5tale1 fits into ! less] curvature ( t organ4 ,! po/]ior b\nd>y ( ! quadrate lobe is ! transv]se fissure1 :i* is little m ?an an in* long & m ?an half an in* wide4 ,?is fissure repres5ts ! hilum ( ! liv]1 & conta9s ! "r & left hepatic ducts & ! "r & left bran*es ( ! hepatic art]y & portal ve91 toge!r ) n]ves & lymphatics1 ! :ole be+ enclos$ 9 "s cond5s$ subp]itoneal tissue kn[n z ,glisson's capsule4 ,beh9d ! transv]se fissure ! l[] end ( ! ,spigelian lobe is se5 z a knob call$ ! tub] papill>e1 & f ! "r ( ?is a n>r[ bridge runs =w>d & to ! "r to jo9 ! ,spigelian lobe to ! "r lobe & to %ut (f ! transv]se fissure f t = ! v5a cava4 ,?is is ! caudate lobe4 ,! "r surface ( ! liv] is cov]$ ) p]itoneum & is 9 contact ) ! diaphragm1 outside :i* are ! pleura & l[] ribs4 ,f its l[] m>g9 ! "r lat]al ligam5t is reflect$ on to ! diaphragm4 ,a simil> fold passes f ! tip ( ! left lobe z ! left lat]al ligam5t1 & bo? ^! are ! lat]al m>g9s ( ! coron>y ligam5t4 ,sometimes1 especially 9 wom51 a tongue-%ap$ projection d[nw>d ( ! "r lobe is f\nd1 kn[n z ,ri$el's lobe2 x is ( cl9ical int]e/ z x may be mi/ak5 = a tum\r or float+ kidney 7see ,c4 ,h4 ,leaf1 ,proc4 ,anat4 ,soc41 ,febru>y #ahii2 ,j\rn4 ,anat4 & ,phys4 vol4 #cc1 p4 ix474 ,! "r & left hepatic ducts1 :ile /ill 9 ! transv]se fissure1 unite into a s+le duct :i* jo9s ! cy/ic duct f ! gall bladd] at an acute angle4 ,:5 ^! h unit$ ! duct is kn[n z ! common bile duct1 & runs d[n to ! second "p ( ! duod5um 7see ,,alim5t>y ,,canal74 ,illu/ration3 ,f ,a4 ,birm+ham ,cunn+ham's ,text-book ( ,anatomy4 ,,fig4 #a4--,! ,liv] f bel[ & beh9d1 %[+ ! :ole ( ! visc]al surface & ! po/]ior area ( ! p>ietal surface4 ,! portal fissure has be5 slightly op5$ up to %[ ! vessels pass+ ?r\gh x2 ! o!r fissures are repres5t$ 9 _! natural condition--clos$4 ,9 ?is liv]1 :i* 0 h>d5$ 9 situ1 ! impressions ( ! sacculations ( ! colon are di/9ctly visible at ! colic impression4 ,! r\nd ligam5t & ! rema9s ( ! ductus v5osus are hidd5 9 ! dep?s ( _! fissures4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--,transv]se section ?r\gh ! hepatic lobules4 i1 i1 i1 ,int]lobul> ve9s end+ 9 ! intralobul> capill>ies4 c1 c1 ,c5tral ve9s jo9$ by ! intralobul> capill>ies4 ,at a1 a ! capill>ies ( "o lobule communicate ) ^? adjac5t to x4 ,m9ute ,/ructure ( ! ,liv]4--,! liv] is made up ( an enorm\s numb] ( lobules ( a conical =m 7see fig4 #c74 ,if ! portal ve9 is foll[$ f ! transv]se fissure1 x w be se5 to bran* & rebran* until m9ute twigs call$ int]lobul> ve9s 7fig4 #b1 i7 ramify ar\nd ! lobules4 ,f ^! intralobul> capill>ies run t[>d ! c5tre ( ! lobule1 =m+ a network among ! polygonal hepatic cells4 ,on rea*+ ! core ( ! conical lobule !y are collect$ into a c5tral or intralobul> ve9 7fig4 #b1 c7 :i* unites ) o!r simil> ones to =m a sublobul> ve9 7fig4 #c1 s74 ,^! ev5tually rea* ! hepatic radicles1 & s ! blood is conduct$ into ! v5a cava4 ,9 man ! lobules are n di/9ctly sep>at$ "o f ! o!r1 b 9 "s animals1 e4g4 ! pig1 ea* "o has a fibr\s %ea? d]iv$ f ,glisson's capsule 7fig4 #c1 ct474 ,embryology4--,! liv] fir/ appe>s z an entod]mal holl[ longitud9al outgr[? f ! duod5um into ! v5tral mes5t]y4 ,! upp] "p ( ?is =ms ! future liv]1 & gr[s up into ! septum transv]sum f :i* ! c5tral "p ( ! diaphragm is =m$ 7see ,,diaphragm74 ,f ! cephalic "p ( ?is prim>y div]ticulum solid rods ( cells call$ ! hepatic cyl9d]s gr[ out1 & ^! bran* aga9 & aga9 until a cellul> network is =m$ surr\nd+ & break+ up ! umbilical & vitell9e ve9s4 ,! liv] cells1 !re=e1 are entod]mal1 b ! support+ connective tissue mesod]mal f ! septum transv]sum4 ,! l[] 7caudal7 "p ( ! furr[-l outgr[? rema9s holl[ & =ms ! gall bladd]4 ,at fir/ ! liv] is emb$d$ 9 ! septum transv]sum1 b lat] ! diaphragm & x are con/rict$ (f "o f ! o!r1 & soon ! liv] becomes v l>ge & fills ! great] "p ( ! abdom54 ,at bir? x is proportionately mu* l>g] ?an 9 ! adult1 & =ms "o-eighte5? in/ead ( "o-=tie? ( ! body weight1 ! "r & left lobes be+ ne>ly equal 9 size4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4--,v]tical section ?r\gh two hepatic lobules ( a pig4 c1 c1 ,c5tral ve9s receiv+ ! intralobul> capill>ies4 s1 ,sublobul> ve94 ct1 ,int]lobul> connective tissue =m+ ! capsules ( ! lobules4 i1 i1 ,int]lobul> ve9s4 ,comp>ative ,anatomy4--,9 ! ,acrania 7,amphioxus7 ! liv] is probably repres5t$ by a s+le v5tral div]ticulum f ! ant]ior end ( ! inte/9e1 :i* has a hepatic portal circulation & secretes dige/ive fluid4 ,9 all ! ,craniata a solid liv] is develop$4 ,9 ! adult lamprey among ! ,cyclo/omata ! liv] und]goes retrogression1 & ! bile ducts & gall bladd] disappe>1 ?\gh !y are pres5t 9 ! l>val =m 7,ammocoetes74 ,9 fi%es & amphibians ! organ consi/s ( "r & left lobes1 & a gall-bladd] is pres5t4 ,! same description applies to ! reptiles1 b a curi\s network ( cy/ic ducts is f\nd 9 snakes & to a less ext5t 9 crocodiles4 ,9 ! ,v>anidae 7,monitors7 ! hepatic duct is also reti=m 7see ,f4 ,e4 ,b$d>d1 ,proc4 ,zool4 ,soc41 #ahhh1 p4 #aje74 ,9 birds two lobes are also pres5t1 b 9 "s ( !m1 e4g4 ! pigeon1 !re is no gall-bladd]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4--;,diagrammatic ,plan ( ! ,inf]ior ,surface ( a ,multi-lob$ ,liv] ( a ,mammal4 ,! po/]ior or atta*$ bord] is upp]mo/4 u1 ,umbilical ve9 ( ! foetus1 repres5t$ by ! r\nd ligam5t 9 ! adult1 ly+ 9 ! umbilical fissure4 dv1 ,! ductus v5osus4 vc1 ,! inf]ior v5a cava4 p1 ,! v5a portae ent]+ ! transv]se fissure4 llf1 ,! left lat]al fissure4 rlf1 ,! "r lat]al fissure4 cf1 ,! cy/ic fissure4 ll1 ,! left lat]al lobe4 lc1 ,! left c5tral lobe4 rc1 ,! "r c5tral lobe4 rl1 ,! "r lat]al lobe4 s1 ,! ,spigelian lobe4 c1 ,! caudate lobe4 g1 ,! gall bladd]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4--;,human ,liv] %[+ a rev]sion to ! g5]alis$ mammalian type4 ,9 mammals ,sir ,william ,fl[] po9t$ out t a g5]aliz$ type ( liv] exi/s1 f :i* t ( any mammal may be d]iv$ by suppression or fusion ( lobes4 ,! accompany+ diagram ( ,fl[] 7fig4 #d7 repres5ts an ideal mammalian liv]4 ,x w be se5 t ! umbilical fissure 7u7 divides ! organ into "r & left halves1 z 9 ! l[] v]tebrates1 b t ! v5tral "p ( ea* half is divid$ into a c5tral & lat]al lobe4 ,pass+ f "r to left !re are !re=e3 "r lat]al 7rl71 "r c5tral 7rc71 left c5tral 7lc71 & left lat]al 7ll7 lobes4 ,! gall-bladd] 7g71 :5 x is pres5t1 is always situat$ on ! caudal surface or 9 ! sub/ance ( ! "r c5tral lobe4 ,! ,spigelian 7s7 & caudate lobes 7c7 belong to ! "r half ( ! liv]1 ! latt] be+ usually a leaf-%ap$ lobe atta*$ by its /alk to ! ,spigelian1 & hav+ its blade flatt5$ betwe5 ! "r lat]al lobe & ! "r kidney4 ,! v5a cava 7vc7 is always f\nd to ! "r ( ! ,spigelian lobe & dorsal to ! /alk ( ! caudate4 ,9 trac+ ! lobulation ( man's liv] back to ?is g5]aliz$ type1 x is evid5t at once t 8 quadrate lobe does n correspond to any "o g5]aliz$ lobe1 b is m]ely t "p ( ! "r c5tral :i* lies betwe5 ! gall bladd] & ! umbilical fissure4 ,f a c>eful /udy ( human v>iations 7see ,a4 ,?omson1 ,j\rn4 ,anat4 & ,phys4 vol4 #cc1 p4 #edf7 comp>$ ) an ,an?ropoid liv]1 su* z t ( ! gorilla1 depict$ by ,w4 ,h4 ,l4 ,duckwor? 7,morphology & ,an?ropology1 ,cambridge1 #aijd1 p4 #ih71 x is fairly cle> t ! human liv] is =m$1 n by a suppression ( any ( ! lobes ( ! g5]aliz$ type1 b by a fusion ( ^? lobes & oblit]ation ( c]ta9 fissures4 ,?is fusion is1 probably correctly1 attribut$ by ,kei? to ! effect ( pressure foll[+ ! assumption ( ! erect position 7,kei?1 ,proc4 ,anat4 ,soc4 ( ,gt4 ,brita91 ,j\rn4 ,anat4 & ,phys4 vol4 #cc1 p4 xii474 ,! accompany+ diagram 7fig4 #e7 %[s an abnormal human liv] 9 ! ,anatomical ,dep>tm5t ( ,/ ,?omas's ,hospital :i* reproduces ! g5]aliz$ type4 ,9 its lobulation x is s+ul>ly l1 9 _m details1 t ( ! baboon 7,papio maimon7 figur$ by ,g4 ,ruge 7,morph4 ,jahrb41 ,bd4 #ce1 p4 #aig72 see ,f4 ,g4 ,p>sons1 ,proc4 ,anat4 ,soc41 ,feb4 #aijd1 ,j\rn4 ,anat4 & ,phys4 vol4 #cc1 p4 xxiii4 ,georg ,ruge ,die uss]5 ,=mv]hltnisse d] ,leb] bei d5 ,primat51 7,morph4 ,jahrb41 ,bd4 #bi & #ce7 gives a critical /udy ( ! primate liv]1 & among o!r ?+s sugge/s ! recognition ( ! ,spigelian & caudate lobes z p>ts ( a s+le lobe1 = :i* he proposes ! "n ( lobus v5ae cavae4 ,?is d\btless w\ld be an advantage morphologically1 ?\gh = human descriptive a natomy ! pres5t nom5clature is n likely to be alt]$4 ,! gall-bladd] is usually pres5t 9 mammals1 b is want+ 9 ! odd-to$ ungulates 7,p]issodactyla7 & ,procavia 7,hyrax74 ,9 ! giraffe x may be abs5t or pres5t4 ,! cetacea & a few rod5ts are also )\t x4 ,9 ! ott] ! same curi\s network ( bile ducts already record$ 9 ! reptiles is se5 7see ,p4 ,h4 ,burne1 ,proc4 ,anat4 ,soc41 ,j\rn4 ,anat4 & ,phys4 vol4 #cc1 p4 xi474 7,f4 ,g4 ,p47 ,,surg]y ,,( ,,liv] ,,& ,,gall-,,bladd]4--,expos$ z x is 9 ! upp] "p ( ! abdom51 & be+ some:at friable1 ! human liv] is (t5 torn or ruptur$ by bl[s or kicks1 &1 ! l>ge blood-vessels be+ ?us laid op51 fatal haemorrhage into ! belly-cavity may take place4 ,! individual becomes fa9t1 & ! fa9tness keeps on increas+2 & !re are pa9 & t5d]ness 9 ! liv]-region4 ,! "r ?+ to d is to op5 ! belly 9 ! middle l9e1 se>* = a w\nd 9 ! liv] & treat x by deep sutures1 or by plugg+ x ) gauze4 ,cirrhosis ( ! ,liv]4--,z ! result ( *ronic irritation ( ! liv] increas$ supplies ( blood pass to x1 & if ! irritation is unduly prolong$ inflammation is ! result4 ,! commone/ causes ( ?is *ronic hepatitis are alcoholism & syphilis4 ,! new fibr\s tissue :i* is develop$ ?r\gh\t ! liv]1 z ! result ( ! *ronic inflammation1 causes g5]al enl>gem5t ( ! liv] )1 p]haps1 nausea1 vomit+ & jaundice4 ,lat] ! new fibr\s tissue und]goes contraction & ! liv] becomes small] ?an natural4 ,blood !n f9ds difficulty 9 pass+ ?r\gh x1 &1 z a result1 dropsy occurs 9 ! belly 7ascites74 ,?is may be reliev$ by tapp+ ! cavity ) a small holl[ ne$le 7,s\!y's troc>71 or by pass+ into x a l>ge %>p-po9t$ tube4 ,?is relieves ! dropsy1 b x does n cure ! condition on :i* ! dropsy dep5ds4 ,a surgical op]ation is sometimes und]tak5 ) success = enabl+ ! engorg$ ve9s to empty !mselves into ! blood-/ream 9 a mann] s z to avoid ! liv]-r\te4 ,inflammation ( ! ,liv] 7hepatitis7 may also be caus$ by an attack ( micro-organisms :i* h rea*$ x ?r\gh ! ve9s com+ f ! l>ge inte/9e1 or ?r\gh ! ma9 art]ies4 ,!re are1 ( c\rse1 z ! result1 pa9 & t5d]ness1 & !re is (t5 jaundice4 ,! case %\ld be treat$ by re/ 9 b$1 fom5tations1 calomel & sal9e ap]i5ts4 ,b :5 ! hepatitis is ( septic orig91 suppuration is likely to occur1 ! result be+ an hepatic abscess4 ,hepatic ,abscess is especially common 9 p]sons f ! ,ea/ :o h rec5tly und]gone an attack ( dys5t]y4 ,9 addition to ! local pa9 & t5d]ness1 !re is a high temp]ature accompani$ ) %iv]+s or occasional rigors1 ! pati5t becom+ daily m ?9 & mis]able4 ,sometimes ! abscess decl>es itself by a bulg+ at ! surface1 b if n an incision %\ld be made ?r\gh ! belly-wall ov] ! mo/ t5d] spot1 & a direct exam9ation ( ! surface ( ! liv] made4 ,a bulg+ hav+ be5 f\nd1 t "p ( ! liv] :i* app>5tly ov]lies ! abscess %\ld be /it*$ up to ! sides ( ! op5+ made 9 belly-wall1 & %\ld !n be explor$ by a holl[ ne$le4 ,pus be+ f\nd1 ! abscess %\ld be freely op5$ & dra9$4 ,x is inadvisable to explore = a suspect$ abscess ) a holl[ ne$le )\t fir/ op5+ ! abdom51 z septic fluid might ?us be enabl$ to leak out1 & infect ! g5]al p]itoneal cavity4 ,if an hepatic abscess is injudici\sly left to itself x may ev5tually dis*>ge into ! *e/1 lungs or belly1 or x may e/abli% a communication ) a piece ( inte/9e4 ,! only safe way = an abscess to evacuate itself is on to ! surface ( ! body4 ,hydatic ,cy/s are (t5 met ) 9 ! liv]4 ,!y are due to a peculi> developm5t ( ! eggs ( ! tape-worm ( ! dog1 :i* h be5 receiv$ into ! alim5t>y canal ) infect$ wat] or uncook$ vegetables1 su* z wat]cress4 ,! embryo ( ! ta5ia e*9ococcus f9ds its way f ! /oma* or inte/9e into a ve9 pass+ to ! liv]1 &1 settl+ itself 9 ! liv]1 causes s mu* di/urbance !re t a capsule ( inflammatory mat]ial =ms ar\nd x4 ,inside ?is wall is ! special cov]+ ( ! embryo :i* %ortly becomes di/5d$ ) cle> hydatid fluid4 ,! cy/ %\ld be treat$ l a liv]-abscess1 by incision ?r\gh ! abdom9al or ?oracic wall1 by circumf]5tial sutur+ & by exploration & dra9age4 ,tum\rs ( ! ,liv] may be innoc5t or malignant4 ,! mo/ important ( ! =m] is ! gumma ( t]ti>y syphilis2 ?is may /eadily & completely disappe> "u ! influ5ce ( iodide ( potassium4 ,! commone/ =m ( malignant tum\r is ! result ( ! gr[? ( canc]\s elem5ts :i* h be5 br\ght to ! liv] by ! ve9s com+ up f a prim>y focus ( ! l>ge inte/9e4 ,active surgical treatm5t ( su* a tum\r is out ( ! "q4 ,=tunately x is1 z a rule1 pa9less4 ,! ,gall-bladd] may be ruptur$ by ext]nal viol5ce1 & if bile escapes f ! r5t 9 consid]able quantities p]itonitis w be set up1 :e!r ! bile conta9s septic g]ms or n4 ,if1 on op5+ ! abdom5 to f9d out :at s]i\s effects "s sev]e injury has caus$1 ! gall-bladd] be f\nd torn1 ! r5t may be sewn up1 or1 if ?\ght bett]1 ! gall-bladd] may be remov$4 ,! p]itoneal surfaces 9 ! region ( ! liv] %\ld !n be wip$ clean1 & ! abdom9al w\nd clos$1 except = ! passage ?r\gh x ( a gauze dra94 ,bili>y concretions1 kn[n z gall /ones1 are apt to =m 9 ! gall-bladd]4 ,!y are compos$ ( cry/als ( bile-fat1 *ole/]9e4 ,sometimes 9 ! c\rse ( a po/-mortem exam9ation a gall-bladd] is f\nd pack$ full ( gall-/ones :i* dur+ life _h caus$ no inconv5i5ce & _h giv5 rise to no suspicion ( _! pres5ce4 ,9 o!r cases gall-/ones set up irritation 9 ! gall-bladd] :i* runs on to inflammation1 & ! gall-bladd] be+ infect$ by septic g]ms f ! inte/9e 7bacilli coli7 an abscess =ms4 ,abscess ( ! ,gall-bladd] gives rise to a pa9ful1 t5d] swell+ ne> ! c>tilage ( ! n9? rib ( ! "r side4 ,if ! abscess is all[$ to take its c\rse1 adhesions may =m ar\nd x & x may bur/ into ! inte/9e or on to ! surface ( ! abdom51 a bili>y fi/ula rema9+4 ,abscess 9 ! gall-bladd] be+ suspect$1 an incision %\ld be made d[n to x1 &1 its cov]+ hav+ be5 /it*$ to ! abdom9al wall1 ! gall-bladd] %\ld be op5$ & dra9$4 ,! pres5ce ( concretions 9 ! gall-bladd] may n only lead to ! =mation ( abscess b also to invasion ( ! gall-bladd] by canc]4 ,/ones 9 ! gall-bladd] %\ld be remov$ by op]ation1 z1 if left1 !re is a great risk ( _! try+ to escape ) ! bile into ! inte/9e & ?us caus+ a blockage ( ! common bile-duct1 & p]haps a fatal leakage ( bile into ! p]itoneum ?r\gh a p]=at+ ulc] ( ! duct4 ,if be=e op5+ ! gall-bladd] ! surface is /it*$ to ! deepe/ "p ( ! abdom9al w\nd1 ! bili>y fi/ula left z ! result ( ! op5+ ( ! abscess w close 9 due c\rse4 ,bili>y colic is ! "n giv5 to ! di/ress+ symptoms associat$ ) ! passage ( a /one ?r\gh ! n>r[ bile-duct4 ,! individual is d\bl$ up ) acute pa9s :i*1 />t+ f ! hepatic region1 spread ?r\gh ! abdom5 & radiate to ! "r %\ld] blade4 ,inasmu* z ! /one is block+ ! duct1 ! bile is unable to fl[ into ! inte/9e2 s1 be+ absorb$ by ! blood-vessels1 x gives rise to jaundice4 ,! di/ress is due to spasmodic muscul> contraction1 & x comes on at int]vals1 ea* attack increas+ ! pati5t's mis]y4 ,he breaks out into pr(use sweats & may vomit4 ,if ! /one happily f9ds its way into ! inte/9e ! di/ress sudd5ly ceases4 ,9 ! mean:ile relief may be af=d$ by fom5tations1 & by morphia or *lor(orm1 b if no prospect ( ! /one escap+ into ! inte/9e appe>s likely1 ! surgeon w be call$ ^u to remove x by an incision ?r\gh ! gall-bladd]1 or ! bile-duct1 or ?r\gh ! inte/9e at ! spot :]e x is try+ to make its escape4 ,sometimes a gall-/one :i* has f\nd its way into ! inte/9e is l>ge en\gh to block ! b[el & give rise to inte/9al ob/ruction :i* dem&s abdom9al section4 ,a p]son :o is ( :at us$ to be call$ a bili>y nature %\ld live sp>+ly & take pl5ty ( ex]cise4 ,he %\ld avoid fat & ri* food1 butt]1 pa/ry & sauces1 & %\ld dr9k no be] or w9e--unless x be "s v light ,fr5* w9e or ,moselle4 ,he %\ld keep 8 b[els regul>1 or ev5 loose1 tak+ e morn+ a dose ( sulphate ( soda 9 a glass ( hot wat]4 ,a c\rse at ,c>lsbad1 ,vi*y or ,contrexville1 may be helpful4 ,x is d\btful if drugs h any direct influ5ce ^u gall-/ones1 su* z sulphate ( soda1 olive oil or oleate ( soda4 ,no reliance c be plac$ ^u massage 9 produc+ ! onw>d passage ( a gall-/one f ! gall-bladd] t[>ds ! inte/9e4 ,inde$ ?is treatm5t might be n only di/ress+ b h>mful4 7,e4 ,o4997 ,,liv]more1 ,,m>y ,,a%ton ,,rice 7#ahba-aije71 ,am]ican re=m]1 0 born 9 ,bo/on1 ,massa*usetts1 on ! #ai? ( ,decemb] #ahba4 ,%e /udi$ at ! female sem9>y at ,*>le/[n1 ,mass42 taught ,fr5* & ,lat9 !re1 taught 9 a plantation s*ool 9 s\!rn ,virg9ia2 & = ?ree ye>s conduct$ a s*ool ( h] own 9 ,duxbury1 ,mass4 ,^u return+ f ,virg9ia %e _h jo9$ ! abolitioni/s1 & %e took an active "p 9 ! ,wa%+tonian temp]ance movem5t4#a ,9 #ahde %e m>ri$ ,daniel ,p>k] ,liv]more 7#ahai-ahii71 a ,univ]sali/ cl]gyman4 ,9 #aheg !y remov$ to ,*icago1 ,ill9ois1 :]e %e assi/$ h] husb& 9 edit+ ! religi\s weekly1 ,! ,new ,cov5ant 7#aheg-ahfi74 ,dur+ ! ,civil ,w>1 z an associate memb] ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,sanit>y ,commission1 & z an ag5t ( its ,nor?-we/]n bran*1 %e organiz$ _m aid societies1 contribut$ to ! success ( ! ,nor?-we/]n ,sanit>y ,fair 9 ,*icago 9 #ahfc1 & visit$ army po/s & hospitals4 ,aft] ! w> %e devot$ h]self to ! promotion ( woman's suffrage & to temp]ance re=m1 f\nd+ 9 ,*icago 9 #ahfi ,! ,agitator1 :i* 9 #ahgj 0 m]g$ into ! ,woman's ,j\rnal 7,bo/on71 ( :i* %e 0 an associate editor until #ahgb4 ,%e di$ 9 ,melrose1 ,mass4 on ! #bcrd ( ,may #aije4 ,%e _h be5 presid5t ( ! ,ill9ois1 ! ,massa*usetts & ! ,am]ican woman's suffrage associations1 ! ,massa*usetts ,woman's ,*ri/ian ,temp]ance ,union & ! ,woman's ,congress1 & a memb] ( _m o!r societies4 ,%e lectur$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,engl& & ,scotl&1 contribut$ to magaz9es & wrote3 ,! ,*ildr5's ,army 7#ahdd71 temp]ance /ories2 ,?irty ,ye>s ,too ,late 7#ahdh71 a temp]ance /ory2 ,a ,m5tal ,trans=mation 7#ahdh72 ,p5 ,pictures 7#ahfc71 %ort /ories2 ,:at ,%all ,we ,d ,) ,our ,daught]s8 & ,o!r ,lectures 7#ahhc72 ,my ,/ory ( ! ,w> 7#ahhh72 & ,! ,/ory ( ,my ,life 7#ahig74 ,) ,frances ,e4 ,will>d1 %e edit$ ,a ,woman ( ! ,c5tury3 ,biographical ,sket*es ( ,lead+ ,am]ican ,wom5 7#ahic74 ,,footnote3 #a ,?is movem5t 0 />t$ 9 #ahdj by habitus ( a ,baltimore 7,md47 tav]n1 :o !n f\nd$ ! ,wa%+ton ,temp]ance ,society 7nam$ 9 hon\r ( ,george ,wa%+ton74 ,! movem5t spread rapidly 9 #ahda-ahdc1 b by ! close ( #ahdc x _h ne>ly sp5t its =ce4 ,! memb]s ( ! ,society made a pl$ge n to dr9k spiritu\s or malt liquors1 w9e or cid]4 ,wom5 organiz$ ,m>?a ,wa%+ton ,societies z auxili>y organizations4 ,,liv]pool1 ,,e>ls ,,(4 ,,*>les ,,j5k9son1 #a/ e>l ( ,liv]pool 7#agbi-ahjh71 ,engli% /atesman1 elde/ son ( ,colonel ,*>les ,j5k9son 7d4 #agej7 & gr&son ( ,sir ,rob]t ,j5k9son1 ,b>t41 ( ,walcot1 ,ox=d%ire1 0 born at ,w9*e/] on ! #af? ( ,may #agbi4 ,! family 0 desc5d$ f ,an?ony ,j5k9son 7d4 #afaa71 sea-capta91 m]*ant & travell]1 ! fir/ ,engli%man to p5etrate into ,c5tral ,asia4 ,*>les 0 educat$ at ,*>t]h\se s*ool & ,univ]sity ,college1 ,ox=d1 :]e he graduat$ ,m4,a4 9 #ageb4 ,9 #agfa he ent]$ p>liam5t z memb] = ,cock]m\? & 0 made "u-secret>y ( /ate by ,"l ,bute2 he won ! fav\r ( ,george ,,iii41 & :5 ,bute retir$ ,j5k9son became ! lead] ( ! k+'s fri5ds 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons4 ,9 #agfc ,george ,gr5ville appo9t$ him jo9t secret>y to ! treasury2 9 #agff1 aft] a %ort retirem5t1 he became a "l ( ! admiralty & !n a "l ( ! treasury 9 ! ,grafton adm9i/ration2 & f #aggh until ! close ( ,"l ,nor?'s m9i/ry 9 #aghb he 0 secret>y-at-w>4 ,f #aghf to #ahja he 0 presid5t ( ! bo>d ( trade & *ancellor ( ! du*y ( ,lanca/]1 & he 0 popul>ly reg>d$ z enjoy+ ! confid5ce ( ! k+ to a special degree4 ,9 #aggb ,j5k9son became a privy c\ncillor & vice-treasur] ( ,irel&1 & 9 #agge he pur*as$ ! lucrative s9ecure ( cl]k ( ! pells 9 ,irel& & became ma/] ( ! m9t4 ,9 #aghf he 0 creat$ ,b>on ,hawkesbury1 & t5 ye>s lat] e>l ( ,liv]pool4 ,he di$ 9 ,london on ! #ag? ( ,decemb] #ahjh4 ,liv]pool 0 twice m>ri$3 fir/ly to ,amelia 7d4 #aggj71 daught] ( ,william ,watts1 gov]nor ( ,=t ,william1 ,b5gal1 & secondly to ,ca!r9e1 daught] ( ,sir ,cecil ,bis%(f1 ,b>t41 & wid[ ( ,sir ,*>les ,cope1 ,b>t42 he _h a son by ea* m>riage4 ,he wrote sev]al political works1 b except 8 ,treatise on ! ,co9s ( ! ,realm 7#ahje7 ^! are )\t /rik+ m]its4 ,!y are1 ,diss]tation on ! e/abli%m5t ( a national & con/itutional =ce 9 ,engl& indep5d5t ( a /&+ army 7#agef72 ,disc\rse on ! conduct ( ! gov]nm5t ( ,great ,brita9 respect+ neutral nations 7#ageh1 new ed41 #ahcg72 & ,collection ( ,treaties betwe5 ,great ,brita9 & o!r ,p[]s #afdh-aghc 7#aghe74 ,8 ,co9s ( ! ,realm 0 repr9t$ by ! ,bank ( ,engl& 9 #ahhj4 ,8 son1 ,,rob]t ,,banks ,,j5k9son1 #bnd e>l 7#aggj-ahbh71 0 educat$ at ,*>t]h\se & at ,*ri/ ,*ur*1 ,ox=d1 :]e he _h ,george ,cann+1 aft]w>ds 8 close political associate1 = a contempor>y4 ,9 #agij he ent]$ p>liam5t z memb] = ,appleby2 he became ma/] ( ! m9t 9 #agii & =eign secret>y 9 ,add+ton's adm9i/ration 9 #ahja1 :5 he conduct$ ! negotiations = ! abortive treaty ( ,ami5s4 ,on ! accession ( ,pitt to p[] 9 #ahjd1 he obta9$ ! home (fice1 hav+ 9 ! previ\s ye> be5 elevat$ z ,b>on ,hawkesbury to ! ,h\se ( ,lords1 :]e he act$ z lead] ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,he decl9$ ! premi]%ip on ! dea? ( ,pitt 9 #ahjf1 & rema9$ out ( (fice until ,portl& became prime m9i/] 9 #ahjg1 :5 he aga9 became secret>y ( /ate = home affairs4 ,9 #ahjh he succe$$ 8 fa!r z e>l ( ,liv]pool4 ,9 ! m9i/ry ( ,sp5c] ,p]ceval 7#ahji-ahab7 he 0 secret>y = w> & ! colonies4 ,aft] ! assass9ation ( ,p]ceval 9 ,may #ahab he became prime m9i/]1 & reta9$ (fice till compell$ 9 ,febru>y #ahbg to resign by ! illness 7p>alysis7 :i* t]m9at$ 8 life on ! #d? ( ,decemb] #ahbh4 ,! political c>e] ( ! #bnd ,"l ,liv]pool 0 ( a negative "* s f> z legislation 0 conc]n$2 b he held (fice 9 ye>s ( great dang] & depression1 dur+ :i* he kept ord] among 8 colleagues1 compos$ _! qu>rels1 & oil$ ! :eels to make x possible = ! ma*9]y ( gov]nm5t to "w 7,sp5c] ,walpole74 ,! en]gy ( ,ca/l]eagh & ,cann+ secur$ ! success ( ! =eign policy ( 8 cab9et1 b 9 8 home policy he 0 always retrograde4 ,! introduction ( ! bill ( pa9s & p5alties aga9/ ,que5 ,c>ol9e greatly increas$ 8 unpopul>ity1 orig9at$ by ! sev]e measures ( repression employ$ to quell ! g5]al di/ress1 :i* _h be5 creat$ by ! excessive taxation :i* foll[$ ! ,napoleonic w>s4 ,"l ,liv]pool 0 de/itute ( wide sympa?ies & ( true political insight1 & 8 resignation ( (fice 0 foll[$ almo/ imm$iately by ! complete & p]man5t rev]sal ( 8 dome/ic policy4 ,he 0 twice m>ri$ b _h no *ildr51 & he 0 succe$$ by 8 half-bro!r ,,*>les ,,cecil ,,cope ,,j5k9son1 #crd e>l 7#aghd-ahea71 :o left ?ree daught]s4 ,! b>onetcy !n pass$ to a c\s91 & ! pe]age became ext9ct4 ,b 9 #aije ! e>ldom 0 reviv$ 9 ! p]son ( ! #crd e>l's gr&son1 ,,cecil ,,george ,,savile ,,foljambe 7#ahdf-aijg71 :o _h be5 a ,lib]al memb] ( p>liam5t f #ahhj to #ahib1 & 9 #ahic 0 creat$ ,b>on ,hawkesbury4 ,he 0 succe$$ 9 #aijg by 8 son1 ,ar?ur 7b4 #ahgj74 ,= ! life ( ! #bnd e>l see ! anonym\s ,memoirs ( ! ,public ,life & ,adm9i/ration ( ,liv]pool 7#ahbg72 ,c4 ,d4 ,yonge1 ,life & ,adm9i/ration ( ! #bnd ,e>l ( ,liv]pool 7#ahfh72 ,t4 ,e4 ,kebbel1 ,hi/ory ( ,toryism 7#ahhf72 & ,sir ,s4 ,walpole1 ,hi/ory ( ,engl&1 vol4 ii4 7#ahij74 ,,liv]pool1 a city1 municipal1 c\nty & p>liam5t>y bor\gh1 & seaport ( ,lanca%ire1 ,engl&1 #bja m4 ,n4,w4 ( ,london by rail1 situat$ on ! "r bank ( ! e/u>y ( ! ,m]sey1 ! c5tre ( ! city be+ ab\t #c m4 f ! op5 sea4 ,! =m ( ! city is t ( an irregul> semicircle1 hav+ ! base l9e =m$ by ! docks & quays ext5d+ ab\t #i m4 along ! ea/ bank ( ! e/u>y1 :i* "h runs ne>ly nor? & s\?1 & v>ies 9 bread? f #a to #b m4 ,on ! nor? ! city is p>tly b\nd$ by ! bor\gh ( ,bootle1 along ! %ore ( :i* ! l9e ( docks is cont9u$4 ,! area ( ! city is #af1fai acres exclusive ( wat] area4 ,! population at ! c5sus ( #aija 0 #fhd1ieh2 ! e/imat$ population 9 #aijh 0 #gec1bjc2 ! bir?-rate = #aijg 0 #ca4g & ! dea?-rate #ah4c2 9 #aijh ! rateable value 0 #d1fgi1ebj4 ,illu/ration3 ,liv]pool ,map4 ,! city lies on a cont9u\s slope v>y+ 9 gradi5t1 b 9 "s di/ricts v /eep4 ,expos$ to ! we/]n sea breezes1 ) a dry subsoil & excell5t natural dra9age1 ! site is naturally heal?y4 ,! old bor\gh1 ly+ betwe5 ! pool1 n[ completely oblit]at$1 & ! riv]1 0 a conglom]ation ( n>r[ alleys )\t any reg>d to sanit>y provisions2 & dur+ ! #af? & #ag? c5turies x 0 sev]al times visit$ by plague4 ,:5 ! t[n exp&$ beyond its orig9al limits1 & spread up ! slopes beyond ! pool1 a bett] /ate ( ?+s began to exi/4 ,! old] p>ts ( ! t[n h at successive p]iods be5 entirely tak5 d[n & r5ovat$4 ,! comm]cial "p ( ! city is rem>kable = ! numb] ( palatial piles ( (fices1 built *iefly ( /one1 among :i* ! banks & insurance (fices /& pre-em95t4 ,! dem& = cottages ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! #ai? c5tury l$ to ! con/ruction ( :at are call$ c\rts1 be+ n>r[ culs de sac1 close pack$1 ) no ?r\gh v5tilation4 ,?is result$ 9 a high rate ( mortality1 to cont5d ) :i* enorm\s sums h be5 exp5d$ 9 sanit>y re=ms ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,! m mod]n cottages & blocks ( artisan dwell+s h t5d$ to r$uce ! rate ( mortality4 ,p>ks4--,! e>lie/ public p>k1 ! ,pr9ce's ,p>k1 0 laid out 9 #ahdc by private ent]prise1 & is own$ by tru/ees1 b ! rev]sion has be5 acquir$ by ! corporation4 ,sefton ,p>k1 ! mo/ ext5sive1 conta9+ #bfi acres1 0 op5$ 9 #ahgb4 ,a l>ge portion ( ! l& r\nd ! m>g9 has be5 leas$ = ! erection ( villas4 ,wav]tree1 ,new%am1 ,%eil & ,/anley ,p>ks h also be5 con/ruct$ at ! public exp5se4 ,connect$ ) ,wav]tree ,p>k are ! botanic g>d5s4 ,a palm h\se 9 ,sefton ,p>k 0 op5$ 9 #ahif & a cons]vatory 9 ,/anley ,p>k 9 #aijj4 ,s9ce #ahhb sev]al ( ! city *ur*y>ds & burial gr\nds & _m op5 spaces h be5 laid out z g>d5s & recreation gr\nds4 ,a playgr\nd conta9+ #ajh acres 9 ,wav]tree 0 pres5t$ to ! city 9 #ahie by an anonym\s donor1 & 9 #aijb ! gr\nds ( a private resid5ce outside ! city b\nd>ies conta9+ #id acres 7 acquir$ & are n[ kn[n z ,cald]/ones ,p>k4 ,9 #aijf ab\t #ajj acres ( l& 9 ,roby1 also outside ! b\nd>ies1 0 pres5t$ to ! city4 ,! total area ( ! p>ks & g>d5s ( ! city1 n includ+ ! two la/ nam$1 is #hha acres4 ,a b\lev>d ab\t #a m4 9 l5g?1 plant$ ) trees 9 ! c5tre1 leads to ! entrance ( ,pr9ce's ,p>k4 ,public ,build+s4--,sc>cely any ( ! public build+s date f an e>li] p]iod ?an ! #ai? c5tury4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/1 & 9 _m respects ! mo/ int]e/+1 is ! t[n-hall 9 ,ca/le ,/reet4 ,?is 0 erect$ f ! designs ( ,john ,wood ( ,ba?1 & 0 op5$ 9 #aged4 ,! build+ has s9ce und]gone consid]able alt]ations & ext5sions1 b ! ma9 features rema94 ,x is a rectangul> /one build+ 9 ! ,cor9?ian /yle1 ) an advanc$ portico add$ to ! orig9al build+ 9 #ahaa1 & cr[n$ ) a l(ty dome surm\nt$ by a seat$ /atue ( ,britannia1 add$ 9 #ahjb4 ,! int]ior 0 de/roy$ by fire 9 #agie1 & 0 entirely remodell$ 9 ! re/oration4 ,9 #aijj consid]able alt]ations 9 ! int]nal /ructure 7 made1 & ! c\ncil *amb] ext5d$ s z to af=d accommodation = ! enl>g$ c\ncil4 ,x conta9s a spl5did suite ( ap>tm5ts1 includ+ a ball-room approa*$ by a noble /aircase4 ,! build+ is occupi$ by ! mayor z ! municipal mansion h\se4 ,a range ( municipal (fices 0 erect$ 9 ,dale ,/reet 9 #ahfj4 ,! build+ is 9 ! ,palladian /yle1 ) a dom9at+ t[] & squ>e pyramidal spire4 ,! cr[n+ ar*itectural feature ( ,liv]pool is ,/ ,george's ,hall1 complet$ 9 #ahed4 ,! orig9al int5tion 0 to erect a hall suit$ = ! tri5nial music fe/ivals :i* _h be5 held 9 ! t[n4 ,ab\t ! same "t ! corporation propos$ to erect law-c\rts = ! assizes1 :i* _h be5 transf]r$ to ,liv]pool & ,man*e/]4 ,9 ! competitive designs1 ! fir/ prize 0 ga9$ 9 bo? cases by ,h>vey ,lonsdale ,elmes4 ,he 0 employ$ to comb9e ! two objects 9 a new design1 ( :i* ! pres5t build+ is ! outcome4 ,x is =tunate 9 its situation1 occupy+ ! mo/ c5tral position 9 ! t[n1 & surr\nd$ by an area suffici5tly ext5sive to exhibit its proportions1 an advantage :i* 0 acc5tuat$ 9 #ahih by ! removal ( ,/ ,john's *ur*1 :i* previ\sly prev5t$ an un9t]rupt$ view ( ! we/ side4 ,! plan is simple4 ,! c5tre is occupi$ by ! great hall1 #afi ft4 9 l5g?1 &1 ) ! gall]ies1 #hg ft4 wide & #gd ft4 high1 cov]$ ) a solid vault 9 masonry4 ,atta*$ to ea* end1 & op5+ !refrom1 are ! law-c\rts4 ,a corridor runs r\nd ! hall & ! c\rts1 communicat+ ) ! v>i\s accessory rooms4 ,ext]nally ! ea/ front is fac$ ) a f9e portico ( sixte5 ,cor9?ian columns ab\t #fj ft4 9 height4 ,an advanc$ portico ( simil> columns fronts ! s\? end cr[n$ ) a p$im5t fill$ ) sculpture4 ,! /yle is ,roman1 b ! ref9em5t ( ! details is sugge/ive ( ! be/ p]iod ( ,grecian art4 ,! great hall is f9i%$ ) poli%$ granite columns1 m>ble balu/rades & pavem5ts1 poli%$ brass doors ) foliat$ trac]y4 ,! f9e organ 0 built by ,messrs ,willis ( ,london1 f ! specification ( ,dr ,samuel ,wesley4 ,elmes hav+ di$ 9 #ahdg dur+ ! progress ( ! "w1 ! build+ 0 complet$ by ,c4 ,r4 ,cock]ell1 ,r4,a4 ,next to ! public build+s belong+ to ! city1 ! mo/ important is ! ex*ange1 =m+ ?ree sides ( a quadrangle on ! nor? side ( ! t[n-hall4 ,! t[n-hall 0 orig9ally built to comb9e a m]cantile ex*ange ) municipal (fices1 b ! m]*ants pref]r$ to meet 9 ! op5 /reet adjo9+4 ,?is1 ) o!r circum/ances1 l$ to ! erection ( a new ex*ange1 a build+ ( consid]able m]it1 :i* 0 begun 9 #ahjc & op5$ 9 #ahjh4 ,x _h sc>cely be5 9 use = m ?an fifty ye>s :5 x 0 f\nd t ! wants ( comm]ce _h out/ripp$ ! accommodation1 & ! /ructure 0 tak5 d[n to make room = ! pres5t build+4 ,! rev5ue build+s1 begun 9 #ahbh on ! site ( ! orig9al ,liv]pool dock1 =m]ly comb9$ ! cu/oms1 inl& rev5ue1 po/-(fice & dock bo>d dep>tm5ts b are n[ only us$ by ! two fir/ nam$4 ,x is a heavy /ructure1 ) ?ree advanc$ porticoes 9 ! ,ilyssus ,ionic /yle4 ,ne> by /&s ! sailors' home1 a l>ge build+ 9 ! ,elizabe?an /yle4 ,! ,philh>monic ,hall 9 ,hope ,/reet1 ) n mu* pret5sion ext]nally1 is "o ( ! f9e/ music rooms 9 ! k+dom2 x accommodates an audi5ce ( ab\t #bejj4 ,! gr\p ( build+s =m+ ! c\nty sessions h\se1 ! free public libr>y1 museum1 c5tral te*nical s*ool & gall]y ( art are f9ely situat$ on ! slope to ! nor? ( ,/ ,george's ,hall4 ,! libr>y & gall]y ( art are sep>ate build+s1 connect$ by ! circul> read+-room 9 ! middle4 ,! latt] possesses "s features 9 con/ruction wor?y ( note1 hav+ a circul> floor #ajj ft4 9 diamet] )\t columns or any int]m$iate support1 & a lecture-room und]nea?1 amphi!atrical 9 =m1 ) grades or b5*es hewn out ( ! solid rock4 ,9 #ahhd ! c\nty sessions h\se j m5tion$1 adjo9+ ! art gall]y 0 op5$ = public bus9ess4 ,9 #ahii new po/-(fice build+s 9 ,victoria ,/reet 7 complet$4 ,9 #aijg two important additions 7 made to ! build+s ( ,liv]pool1 ! new (fices ( ! dock bo>d1 built on ! site ( a portion ( ! ,old ,george's dock1 & ! new cotton ex*ange 9 ,oldhall /reet4 ,! f9e mass ( build+s :i* con/itute ! univ]sity & ! ,royal ,infirm>y1 ly+ betwe5 ,br[nl[ ,hill & ,pembroke ,place1 bo? gr\ps design$ by ,alfr$ ,wat]h\se1 0 begun 9 #ahhe4 ,liv]pool ca!dral1 int5d$ :5 complet$ to be ! l>ge/ 9 ! c\ntry1 f designs by ,g4 ,f4 ,bodley & ,g4 ,gilb]t ,scott1 0 begun 9 #aijd1 :5 ! f\ndation /one 0 laid by ,k+ ,edw>d ,,vii4 ,! f\ndations 7 complet$ 9 #aijf & ! sup]/ructure begun4 ,! f\ndation ( ! *apt]-h\se 0 laid 9 t ye> by ! duke ( ,connaught1 & "w 0 !n begun on ! ,lady *apel1 ! ve/ries & ! *oir4 ,railways4--,!re are ?ree t]m9al pass5g] /ations 9 ,liv]pool1 ! ,london ,nor? ,we/]n at ,lime ,/reet1 ! ,lanca%ire ,york%ire at ,ex*ange & ! comb9$ /ation ( ! ,midl&1 ,great ,nor!rn ,great ,c5tral at ,c5tral4 ,by ! ,m]sey tunnel 7op5$ 9 #ahhf7 connexion is made ) ! ,wirral railway1 ! ,great ,c5tral1 ! ,great ,we/]n & ! ,london ,nor? ,we/]n1 on ! ,*e%ire side ( ! riv]4 ,! ,liv]pool electric ov]head railway runn+ along ! l9e ( docks f ,sea=? to ,d+le 0 op5$ 9 #ahic1 & 9 #aije a junction 0 made ) ! ,lanca%ire & ,york%ire railway by :i* ?r\gh pass5g] traffic betwe5 ,s\?port & ! ,d+le has be5 e/abli%$4 ,9 #ahie ! ,riv]side /ation at ! ,pr9ce's dock 0 complet$1 giv+ direct access f ! l&+ /age to ! ,london & ,nor? ,we/]n sy/em4 ,wat] ,supply4--,! orig9al supply ( wat] 0 f wells 9 ! s&/one rock1 b 9 #ahdg an act 0 pass$1 "u :i* ext5sive works 7 con/ruct$ at ,riv+ton1 ab\t #be m4 di/ant1 & a mu* l>g] supply 0 obta9$4 ,! va/ increase ( population l$ to fur!r requirem5ts1 & 9 #ahhj ano!r act gave p[] to imp\nd ! wat]s ( ! ,vyrnwy1 "o ( ! afflu5ts ( ! ,sev]n4 ,^! works 7 complet$ 9 #ahib1 a tempor>y supply hav+ be5 obta9$ a ye> e>li]4 ,! corporation _h also1 h[ev]1 obta9$ p[] to imp\nd ! wat]s ( ! ,conwy & ,m>*nant riv]s1 & to br+ !m into ,lake ,vyrnwy1 ! ma9 res]voir1 by means ( tunnels4 ,?is "w 0 complet$ & op5$ by ! pr9ce ( ,wales 7,george ,v47 9 ,m>* #aiaj4 ,tramways4--,! corporation 9 #ahif pur*as$ ! prop]ty1 rights1 p[]s & privileges ( ! ,liv]pool ,electric ,supply ,company1 & 9 ! foll[+ ye> ! und]tak+ ( ! ,liv]pool ,tramway ,company1 :i* !y =mally took ov] 9 ! autumn ( ! same ye>4 ,s9ce t date a l>ge & ext5d$ sy/em ( electric tramways has be5 laid d[n1 :i* has l$ to a v rem>kable increase 9 ! receipts & ! numb] ( pass5g]s c>ri$4 ,adm9i/ration ( ,ju/ice4--,! city has qu>t]-sessions = crim9al cases1 presid$ ov] by ! record]1 & held eight times 9 ! ye>4 ,at lea/ two police c\rts sit daily1 & m if requir$4 ,"o is presid$ ov] by ! /ip5di>y magi/rate & ! o!rs by ! lay magi/rates & ! coron]4 ,! c\rt ( passage is a v anci5t in/itution1 possibly dat+ f ! f\ndation ( ! bor\gh by ,k+ ,john1 & int5d$ = cases aris+ out ( ! imports & exports pass+ ?r\gh ! t[n4 ,its jurisdiction has be5 confirm$ & settl$ by p>liam5t & x is compet5t to try civil cases aris+ )9 ! city to any am\nt4 ,! mayor is ex-(ficio ! judge1 b ! presid+ judge is an assessor appo9t$ by ! cr[n & paid by ! corporation4 ,! c\rt sits ab\t five times a ye>4 ,!re is a ,liv]pool di/rict regi/ry ( ! *anc]y ( ! ,c\nty ,palat9e ( ,lanca/] :i* has concurr5t jurisdiction ) ! high c\rt 7*anc]y division7 )9 ! hundr$ ( ,we/ ,d]by4 ,! vice-*ancellor holds sitt+s 9 ,liv]pool4 ,!re is a ,liv]pool di/rict regi/ry ( ! high c\rt ( ju/ice ) common law1 *anc]y1 probate & admiralty jurisdiction1 "u two di/rict regi/r>s4 ,! ,liv]pool c\nty c\rt has ! usual limit$ jurisdiction ov] a wide local area1 toge!r ) bankruptcy jurisdiction ov] ! c\nty c\rt di/ricts ( ,/ ,hel5s1 ,widnes1 ,ormskirk & ,s\?port1 & admiralty jurisdiction ov] ! same di/ricts ) ! addition ( ,birk5head1 ,*e/]1 ,runcorn & ,w>r+ton4 ,!re are two judges atta*$ to ! c\rt4 ,ecclesia/ical4--,! see ( ,liv]pool 0 creat$ 9 #ahhj "u ! act ( #ahgi1 by ! au?ority ( ! ecclesia/ical commission]s1 an end[m5t fund ( ab\t #ajj1jjj hav+ be5 subscrib$ = ! purpose4 ,! p>i%1 :i* 0 sep>at$ f ,walton-on-!-,hill 9 #afii1 conta9$ two *ur*es1 ,/ ,ni*olas1 ! anci5t *apel1 & ,/ ,pet]'s1 !n built4 ,!re 7 two rectors1 ! liv+ be+ held 9 m$ieties4 ,( rec5t ye>s *anges h be5 sanction$ by p>liam5t4 ,! liv+ is n[ held by a s+le incumb5t1 & a l>ge numb] ( ! *ur*es :i* h s9ce be5 built h be5 =m$ into p>i%es by ! ecclesia/ical commission]s4 ,/ ,pet]'s has be5 con/itut$ ! pro-ca!dral1 p5d+ ! erection ( ! ca!dral4 ,besides ! two orig9al p>i% *ur*es1 !re are #ajc o!rs belong+ to ! e/abli%m5t4 ,! ,roman ,ca?olics =m a v num]\s & p[]ful body 9 ! city1 & x is e/imat$ t f a ?ird to a f\r? ( ! entire population are ,roman ,ca?olics4 ,a l>ge "p ( ^! are ,iri% settl]s or _! desc5dants1 b ?is di/rict ( ,lanca%ire has always be5 a /ronghold ( ,roman ,ca?olicism1 _m ( ! l&$ g5try belong+ to old ,roman ,ca?olic families4 ,*>ities4--,! e>lie/ *>itable f\ndation is ! ,blue ,coat hospital1 e/abli%$ 9 #agjh1 = orphans & fa!rless *ildr5 born )9 ! bor\gh4 ,! orig9al build+1 op5$ 9 #agah1 is a qua9t & *>act]i/ic specim5 ( ! ar*itecture ( ! p]iod4 ,x n[ ma9ta9s two hundr$ & fifty boys & "o hundr$ girls4 ,9 #aijf ! s*ool 0 remov$ to new build+s at ,wav]tree4 ,!re is an orphan asylum1 e/abli%$ 9 #ahdj1 = boys1 girls & infants1 & a seam5's orphan asylum1 begun 9 #ahfi1 = boys & girls4 ,! ,roman ,ca?olics h simil> e/abli%m5ts4 ,! ,liv]pool disp5s>ies f\nd$ 9 #aggh 7 among ! pione]s ( m$ical *>ity4 ,! ,royal ,infirm>y 7op5$ 9 #agdi7 _h a s*ool ( m$ic9e atta*$1 :i* has be5 v successful1 & is n[ m]g$ 9 ! univ]sity4 ,! sailors' home1 op5$ 9 #aheb1 design$ to provide bo>d1 lodg+ & m$ical att5dance at a mod]ate *>ge = ! seam5 frequ5t+ ! port1 is "o ( ,liv]pool's be/-kn[n *>ities4 ,! ,david ,lewis ,workm5's ,ho/el is an ef=t to solve ! difficulty ( provid+ accommodation = unm>ri$ m5 ( ! artizan class4 ,lit]ature1 ,art & ,sci5ce4--,! free libr>y1 museum & gall]y ( arts1 e/abli%$ & manag$ by ! city c\ncil1 0 orig9at$ 9 #ahej4 ,! fir/ libr>y build+ 0 erect$ by ,sir ,william ,br[n4 ,! ,d]by museum1 conta9+ ! collections ( ,edw>d1 ! #ac? e>l1 0 pres5t$ by 8 son4 ,! ,may] museum ( hi/orical antiquities & art 0 contribut$ by ,mr ,joseph ,may]1 ,f4,s4,a4 ,sir ,&rew ,walk] 7d4 #ahic7 erect$ 9 #ahgg ! art gall]y :i* be>s 8 "n4 ,l>ge additions 7 made 9 #ahhd1 ! co/ be+ aga9 defray$ by ,sir ,&rew ,walk]4 ,an annual exhibition ( pa9t+ is held 9 ! autumn & a p]man5t collection has be5 =m$1 :i* 0 augm5t$ 9 #ahid :5 ! examples ( e>ly ,italian art numb]+ altoge!r ab\t #ahj pictures1 collect$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! #ai? c5tury by ,william ,roscoe1 7 deposit$ 9 ! gall]y4 ,! ,picton circul> read+-room1 & ! rotunda lecture-room 7 built by ! corporation & op5$ 9 #ahgi4 ,alt]ations 9 ! museum 7 complet$ 9 #aijb by :i* its size 0 practically d\bl$4 ,! lit]>y & philosophical society 0 e/abli%$ 9 #ahab4 ,! ,royal ,in/itution1 e/abli%$ ma9ly ?r\gh ! ef=ts ( ,roscoe 9 #ahag1 possess$ a f9e gall]y ( e>ly art 9 ! ,walk] ,art ,gall]y1 & is ! c5tre ( ! lit]>y in/itutions ( ! t[n4 ,education4--,sunday s*ools 7 f\nd$ = poor *ildr5 9 #aghd1 z ! result ( a t[n's meet+4 ,^! 7 soon foll[$ by day-s*ools suppli$ by ! v>i\s d5om9ations4 ,! fir/ 7 ! ,old ,*ur* s*ools 9 ,moorfields 7#aghi71 ! ,unit>ian s*ools 9 ,m\nt ,pleasant 7#agij7 & ,mane/y ,lane 7#agib7 & ! ,wesleyan ,brunswick s*ool 7#agij74 ,9 #ahbf ! corporation f\nd$ two elem5t>y s*ools1 "o ( :i*1 ! ,nor? ,corporation s*ool1 0 erect$ 9 "p sub/itution = ! gramm> s*ool f\nd$ by ,john ,crosse1 rector ( ,/ ,ni*olas ,fle%%ambles1 ,london1 a native ( ,liv]pool1 9 #aeae1 & c>ri$ on by ! ,corporation until #ahae4 ,f ?is date onw>d ! numb] rapidly increas$ until ! beg9n+ ( ! ,s*ool ,bo>d 9 #ahgj1 & aft]w>ds4 ,m5tion %\ld be made ( ! tra9+ %ip ,indefatigable moor$ 9 ! ,m]sey = ! sons & orphans ( sailors1 & ! re=matory in/itution at ,heswall1 ,co4 ,*e/]1 :i* has rec5tly replac$ ! tra9+ %ip ,akb> =m]ly moor$ 9 ! ,m]sey4 ,semi-private s*ools 7 f\nd$ by public subscription--! ,royal ,in/itution s*ool 7#ahai71 ! ,liv]pool ,in/itute 7#ahbe7 & ! ,liv]pool ,college 7#ahdj74 ,! fir/ has ceas$ to exi/4 ,! ,in/itute 0 a developm5t ( ! ,me*anics' ,in/itute & 0 manag$ by a c\ncil ( subscrib]s4 ,x 0 divid$ into a high s*ool & a comm]cial s*ool4 ,"u a s*eme ( ! ,bo>d ( ,education "u ! ,*>itable ,tru/s ,act ?is s*ool1 toge!r ) ! ,blackburne ,h\se high s*ool = girls1 became a public second>y s*ool & 0 h&$ ov] to ! corporation 9 #aije4 ,liv]pool ,college 0 =m]ly divid$ into ?ree s*ools1 upp]1 middle & l[]1 = diff]5t classes ( ! community4 ,! middle & l[] s*ools pass$ into ! control ( ! corporation 9 #aijg4 ,! ,sefton ,p>k elem5t>y s*ool & ! ,pupil ,tea*]s' ,college 9 ,cl>5ce ,/reet 7 trans=m$ into municipal second>y s*ools = boys & girls 9 #aijg2 ! corporation has also a second>y s*ool = girls at ,aigbur?4 ,!re are sev]al s*ools ma9ta9$ by ! ,roman ,ca?olics1 two s*ools ( ! ,girls' ,public ,day ,s*ool ,company & a l>ge numb] ( private s*ools4 ,a cadet %ip1 ! ,conway1 = ! tra9+ ( boys int5d+ to become (fic]s 9 ! m]cantile m>9e1 is moor$ 9 ! ,m]sey4 ,!re are two tra9+ colleges = wom51 "o und5om9ational1 & ! o!r conduct$ by ! si/]s ( ,notre ,dame = ,roman ,ca?olic wom54 ,! c5tral municipal te*nical s*ool is 9 ! ,museum ,build+s1 & !re are ?ree bran* te*nical s*ools4 ,!re are also a nautical college1 a s*ool ( cook]y & a s*ool ( art controll$ by ! ,education ,committee4 ,liv]pool ,univ]sity1 z ,univ]sity ,college1 receiv$ its *>t] ( incorporation 9 #ahha1 & 9 #ahhd 0 admitt$ z a college ( ! ,victoria ,univ]sity4 ,9 ! same ye> ! m$ical s*ool ( ! ,royal ,infirm>y became "p ( ! ,univ]sity ,college4 ,9 #aijj a supplem5tal *>t] ext5d$ ! p[]s ( self-gov]nm5t & br\ght ! college into clos] relations ) ! au?orities ( ! city & ) local in/itutions by provid+ = _! full] repres5tation on ! c\rt ( gov]nors4 ,9 #aijc ! *>t] ( incorporation ( ! univ]sity ( ,liv]pool 0 receiv$1 ?us con/itut+ x an indep5d5t univ]sity4 ,! univ]sity is gov]n$ by ! k+ z visitor1 by a *ancellor1 two pro-*ancellors1 a vice-*ancellor & a treasur]1 by a c\rt ( ov] #cjj memb]s repres5t+ donors & public bodies1 a c\ncil1 s5ate1 faculties & convocation4 ,! f9e gr\p ( build+s is situat$ on ,br[nl[ ,hill4 ,trade & ,comm]ce4--,9 #ahjj ! tonnage ( %ips ent]+ ! port 0 #dij1jfj2 9 #aijh x rea*$ #ag1aaa1had tons4 ,9 #ahjj #dgdf vessels ent]$1 av]ag+ #id tons2 9 #aijh !re 7 #be1gci1 av]ag+ #ffe tons4 ,! comm]ce ( ,liv]pool ext5ds to e "p ( ! _w1 b probably ! int]c\rse ) ,nor? ,am]ica /&s pre-em95t1 !re be+ l9es ( /eam]s to ,new ,york1 ,philadelphia1 ,bo/on1 ,baltimore1 ,galve/on1 ,new ,orleans & ! ,canadian ports4 ,cotton is ! great /aple import4 ,gra9 comes next1 ,am]ican 7,nor? & ,s\?7 & ,au/ralian :eat & oats occupy+ a l>ge proportion ( ! m>ket4 ,an enorm\s trade 9 ,am]ican provisions1 includ+ live cattle1 is c>ri$ on4 ,tobacco has always be5 a lead+ article ( import into ,liv]pool1 along ) ! sug> & rum f ! ,we/ ,indies4 ,timb] =ms an important "p ( ! imports1 ! /ack+ y>ds ext5d+ = miles along ! nor!rn docks4 ,9 reg>d to exports1 ,liv]pool possesses decid$ advantages2 ly+ s ne> ! great manufactur+ di/ricts ( ,lanca%ire & ! ,we/ ,rid+ ( ,york%ire1 ?is port is ! natural *annel ( transmission = _! goods1 al?\gh ! ,man*e/] %ip canal div]ts a c]ta9 proportion ( ! traffic1 :ile coal & salt are also l>gely export$4 ,manufactures4--,! manufactures ( ,liv]pool are n ext5sive4 ,attempts h be5 repeat$ly made to e/abli% cotton mills 9 & ne> ! city1 b h result$ 9 failure4 ,eng9e]+ works1 especially connect$ ) m>9e navigation1 h gr[n up on a l>ge scale4 ,%ipbuild+1 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! #ai? c5tury1 0 active & prosp]\s1 b has practically ceas$4 ,dur+ ! latt] half ( ! #ah? c5tury & ! beg9n+ ( ! #ai?1 pott]y & *9a manufacture fl\ri%$ 9 ,liv]pool4 ,john ,sadl]1 a ,liv]pool manufactur]1 0 ! inv5tor ( pr9t+ on pott]y1 & dur+ ! e>ly p]iod ( ,josiah ,w$gwood's c>e] all 8 goods :i* requir$ pr9t+ _h to be s5t to ,liv]pool4 ,a l>ge e/abli%m5t1 call$ ! ,h]culaneum ,pott]y1 0 f\nd$ 9 a suburb on ! bank ( ! ,m]sey1 b ! trade has long disappe>$4 ,li!rl&1 ! inv5tor ( ! lev] wat*1 0 a ,liv]pool manufactur]1 & ,liv]pool-made wat*es h always be5 held 9 high e/imation4 ,!re are sev]al ext5sive sug> ref9]ies & corn mills4 ,! confection]y trade has develop$ dur+ rec5t ye>s1 sev]al l>ge works hav+ be5 built1 induc$ by ! prospect ( obta9+ *eap sug> directly f ! ,liv]pool quays4 ,! cutt+1 bl5d+ & prep>+ ( crude tobacco h l$ to ! erection ( factories employ+ "s ?\s&s ( h&s4 ,!re are also l>ge mills = oil-press+ & mak+ cattle-cake4 ,docks4--,! docks ( ! port ( ,liv]pool on bo? sides ( ! ,m]sey are own$ & manag$ by ! same public tru/1 ! ,m]sey ,docks & ,h>b\r ,bo>d4 ,on ! ,liv]pool side !y ext5d along ! m>g9 ( ! e/u>y #f m41 ( :i* #a m4 is 9 ! bor\gh ( ,bootle4 ,! ,birk5head docks h n su* a frontage1 b !y ext5d a long way backw>d4 ,! wat] area ( ! ,liv]pool docks & bas9s is #dah acres1 ) a l9eal quayage ( #bg m4 ,! ,birk5head docks1 includ+ ! great float ( #abj acres1 conta9 a wat] area ( #afe acres1 ) a l9eal quayage ( #i m4 ,! sy/em ( enclos$ docks 0 begun by ! corporation 9 #agji4 ,!y con/itut$ f ! fir/ a public tru/1 ! corporation nev] hav+ d]iv$ any direct rev5ue f !m1 ?\gh ! common c\ncil ( ! bor\gh 7 ! tru/ees1 & 9 ! fir/ in/ance =m$ ! committee ( managem5t4 ,gradually ! pay]s ( dock rates on %ips & goods acquir$ influ5ce1 & 7 introduc$ into ! gov]n+ body1 & ultimately1 by an act ( #aheg1 ! corporation 0 sup]s$$4 ,! managem5t is ve/$ 9 ! ,m]sey ,docks & ,h>b\r ,bo>d1 consi/+ ( tw5ty-eight memb]s1 f\r ( :om are nom9at$ by ! ,m]sey ,cons]vancy commission]s1 :o consi/ ( ! fir/ "l ( ! ,admiralty1 ! *ancellor ( ! du*y ( ,lanca/] & ! presid5t ( ! ,bo>d ( ,trade1 & ! re/ elect$ by ! pay]s ( rates on %ips & goods1 ( :om a regi/] is kept & annually revis$4 ,! rev5ue is d]iv$ f tonnage rates on %ips1 dock rates on goods1 t[n dues on goods1 ) v>i\s m9or s\rces ( income4 ,d[n to #ahdc ! docks 7 conf9$ to ! ,liv]pool side ( ! ,m]sey4 ,sev]al attempts made to e/abli% docks 9 ,*e%ire _h be5 fru/rat$ by ! ,liv]pool corporation1 :o b\ght up ! l& & kept x 9 _! own h&s4 ,9 #ahdc1 h[ev]1 a s*eme = docks 9 ,birk5head 0 c>ri$ ?r\gh :i* ultimately prov$ unsuccessful1 & ! ent]prise 0 acquir$ 9 #ahee by ,liv]pool4 ,! ,birk5head docks 7 = _m ye>s only p>tially us$1 b are n[ an important c5tre = corn-mill+1 ! importation ( =eign cattle & export trade to ! ,ea/4 ,9 addition to ! wet docks1 !re are 9 ,liv]pool f\rte5 grav+ docks & ?ree 9 ,birk5head1 besides a gridiron on ! ,liv]pool side4 ,! fir/ portion ( ! great l&+ /age1 kn[n z ! ,georges' /age1 0 con/ruct$ 9 #ahdg1 f ! plans ( ,mr 7aft]w>ds ,sir7 ,william ,cubitt1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,?is 0 #ejj ft4 long4 ,9 #aheg ! ,pr9ce's /age1 #ajjj ft4 long1 0 built to ! nor? ( ! ,georges' /age & di/ant f x #ejj ft4 ,9 #ahgd ! int]v5+ space 0 fill$ up & ! ,georges' /age recon/ruct$4 ,! fabric _h j be5 complet$1 & 0 wait+ to be inaugurat$1 :5 on ! #bh? ( ,july #ahgd x 0 de/roy$ by fire4 ,x 0 aga9 con/ruct$ ) improvem5ts4 ,9 #ahif x 0 f>!r ext5d$ to ! nor?1 & its l5g? is n[ #bdgh ft4 & its bread? #hj ft4 ,x is support$ on float+ pontoons ab\t #bjj 9 numb]1 connect$ ) ! riv] wall by eight bridges1 besides a float+ bridge = heavy traffic #eej ft4 9 l5g? & #ce ft4 9 wid?4 ,! s\!rn half is devot$ to ! traffic ( ! ,m]sey f]ries1 ( :i* !re are sev5--,new ,brighton1 ,egremont1 ,seacombe1 ,birk5head1 ,rock ,f]ry1 ,new ,f]ry & ,ea/ham4 ,! nor!rn half is us$ by ocean-go+ /eam]s & _! t5d]s4 ,! w>eh\ses = /or+ produce =m a prom95t feature 9 ! comm]cial "p ( ! city4 ,d[n to #ahda ^! 7 entirely 9 private h&s1 di/ribut$ z *ance might direct1 b 9 t ye> a det]m9$ ef=t 0 made to con/ruct docks ) w>eh\ses on ! m>g9 ( ! quays4 ,?is met ) consid]able opposition f ^? int]e/$1 & l$ to a municipal revolution1 b ! project 0 ultimately c>ri$ out 9 ! con/ruction ( ! ,alb]t dock & w>eh\ses1 :i* 7 op5$ by ,pr9ce ,alb]t 9 #ahde4 ,= g5]al produce ^! w>eh\ses are fall+ some:at into disuse1 b gra9 w>eh\ses h be5 con/ruct$ by ! dock bo>d at ,liv]pool & ,birk5head1 ) ma*9]y = dis*>g+1 elevat+1 di/ribut+1 dry+ & deliv]+4 ,w>eh\ses = ! /orage ( tobacco & wool h also be5 built by ! bo>d4 ,! ,/anley tobacco w>eh\se is ! l>ge/ ( its k9d 9 ! _w1 ! area ( its f\rte5 floors be+ "s #cf acres4 ,dr$g+ op]ations at ! b> ( ! ,que5's *annel1 9 ! *annel itself & at ! l&+ /age enables ! l>ge/ ocean l9]s to ent] ! riv] & approa* ! /age at practically all /ates ( ! tide4 ,! dr$g+ at ! b> 0 begun z an exp]im5t 9 ,septemb] #ahij by two ( ! bo>d's ord9>y hopp] b>ges ( #ejj tons capacity ea* fitt$ ) c5trifugal pumps4 ,! result 0 fav\rable1 & l>g] vessels h be5 introduc$4 ,be=e dr$g+ 0 begun ! dep? ( wat] at dead l[ wat] ( spr+ tides on ! b> 0 only #aa ft42 n[ !re is ab\t #bh ft4 "u ! same conditions4 ,! space ov] :i* dr$g+ has be5 c>ri$ on at ! b> measures ab\t #gjjj ft4 by #abej ft41 ! latt] be+ ! av]age wid? ( ! buoy$ cut or *annel ?r\gh ! b>4 ,dr$g+ has also tak5 place on %oals & projections ( s&-banks 9 ! ma9 sea *annels4 ,municipality4--,"u ! ,municipal ,re=m ,act ( #ahce1 ! b\nd>ies ( ! orig9al bor\gh 7 ext5d$ by ! annexation ( portions ( ! surr\nd+ di/rict1 :ile fur!r additions 7 made 9 #ahie1 #aijb & #aije4 ,! city is divid$ into ?irty-five w>ds ) #ajc c\ncillors & #cd ald]m54 ,9 #ahic ! title ( mayor 0 rais$ to t ( "l mayor4 ,9 #ahhe ! numb] ( memb]s ( p>liam5t 0 increas$ to n9e by ! creation ( six new w>ds4 ,! corporation ( ,liv]pool has possess$ f a v e>ly p]iod consid]able l&$ prop]ty1 ! fir/ grant hav+ be5 made by ,?omas1 e>l ( ,lanca/]1 9 #acji4 ,?is l& 0 orig9ally ( value only z a s\rce ( supply ( turf = fir+1 b 9 mod]n times its capacity z build+ l& has be5 a fruitful s\rce ( pr(it to ! t[n4 ,a l>ge proportion ( ! s\!rn di/rict is held 9 freehold by ! corporation & leas$ to t5ants = t]ms ( sev5ty-five ye>s1 r5ewable f "t to "t on a fix$ scale ( f9es4 ,!re 0 =m]ly ano!r s\rce ( income n[ cut (f4 ,! fee f>m r5ts & t[n dues orig9ally belong+ to ! cr[n 7 pur*as$ f ! ,molyneux family 9 #afgb on a long lease1 & subsequ5tly 9 #aggg conv]t$ into a p]petuity4 ,) ! gr[? ( ! comm]ce ( ! port ^! dues enorm\sly increas$1 & became a cause ( great compla9t by ! %ipp+ int]e/4 ,9 #ahef a bill 0 introduc$ into p>liam5t1 & pass$1 by :i* ! t[n dues 7 transf]r$ to ! ,m]sey ,docks & ,h>b\r ,bo>d on paym5t ( #a1ejj1jjj1 :i* 0 appli$ 9 "p to ! liquidation ( ! bond$ debt ( ! corporation1 am\nt+ to #a1aej1jjj4 ,hi/ory4--,dur+ ! ,norse irruption ( ! #h? c5tury colonies ( ,norsem5 settl$ on bo? sides ( ! ,m]sey1 z is indicat$ by "s ( ! place-names4 ,aft] ! ,conque/1 ! site ( ,liv]pool =m$ "p ( ! fief 7int] ,ripam et ,m]%am7 grant$ by ! ,conqu]or to ,rog] de ,poict\1 "o ( ! great family ( ,montgom]y4 ,al?\gh ,liv]pool is n nam$ 9 ,domesday x is believ$ to h be5 "o ( ! six b]ewicks dep5d5t on ! manor ( ,we/ ,d]by !re9 m5tion$4 ,aft] v>i\s =feitures & regrants f ! cr[n1 x 0 h&$ ov] by ,h5ry ,,ii4 to 8 falcon] ,w>9e4 ,9 a de$ execut$ by ,k+ ,john1 !n e>l ( ,morta91 ab\t #aaia1 confirm+ ! grant ( ?is ) o!r manors to ,h5ry ,fitzw>9e1 son ( ! =m] grantee1 ! "n ( ,liv]pool fir/ occurs4 ,probably its mo/ plausible d]ivation is f ! ,norse ,hli?>-pollr1 ! pool ( ! slopes1 ! pool or inlet at ! m\? ( :i* ! village grew up be+ surr\nd$ by g5tly ris+ slopes4 ,ano!r possible d]ivation is f ! ,prov4 ,e4 lev]1 ! yell[ flag or ru%1 ,a4,s4 laef]4 ,aft] ! p>tial conque/ ( ,irel& by ,/rongb[1 e>l ( ,pembroke1 "u ,h5ry ,,ii41 ! pr9cipal ports ( communication 7 ,bri/ol = ! s\? & ,*e/] = ! nor?4 ,! gradual silt+ up ( ! riv] ,dee soon s ob/ruct$ ! navigation z to r5d] ,*e/] unsuitable4 ,a quay 0 !n con/ruct$ at ,%otwick1 ab\t #h m4 bel[ ,*e/]1 ) a ca/le to protect x f ! incursions ( ! neighb\r+ ,wel%2 b a bett] site 0 s\ght & soon f\nd4 ,into ! tidal wat]s ( ! ,m]sey a small /ream1 f$ by a peat moss on ! elevat$ l& to ! ea/w>d1 ran f nor?-ea/ to s\?-we/1 =m+ at its m\? an op5 pool or sea lake1 ( :i* _m exi/$ on bo? sides ( ! riv]4 ,! triangul> piece ( l& ?us sep>at$ =m$ a promontory ( r$ s&/one rock1 ris+ 9 ! c5tre ab\t #ej ft4 above ! sea-level1 slop+ on ?ree sides to ! wat]4 ,! pool 0 admirably adapt$ z a h>b\r = ! vessels ( t p]iod1 be+ well protect$1 & ! tide ris+ f #ae to #ba ft4 ,k+ ,john repur*as$ ! manor f ,h5ry ,fitzw>9e1 giv+ him o!r l&s 9 ex*ange4 ,"h he f\nd$ a bor\gh1 & by lett]s pat5t dat$ at ,w9*e/]1 #bh? ( ,augu/ #abjg1 invit$ 8 subjects to take up burgages4 ,f ! pat5t rolls & ! %]iff's acc\nts x appe>s t consid]able use 0 made ( ,liv]pool 9 ! #ac? c5tury = %ipp+ /ores & re9=cem5ts to ,irel& & ,wales4 ,9 #abbi a *>t] 0 grant$ by ,h5ry ,,iii41 au?oriz+ ! =mation ( a m]*ants' gild1 ) hanse & o!r lib]ties & free cu/oms1 ) fre$om f toll ?r\gh\t ! k+dom4 ,*>t]s 7 subsequ5tly grant$ by successive mon>*s d[n to ! reign ( ,william & ,m>y1 :i* la/ 0 ! gov]n+ *>t] to ! date ( ! ,municipal ,re=m ,act 7#ahce74 ,9 #ahhj :5 ! diocese ( ,liv]pool 0 creat$1 ! bor\gh 0 trans=m$ into a city by royal *>t]4 ,! cr[n rev5ues f ! burgage r5ts & ! royal cu/oms 7 leas$ 9 fee-f>m f "t to "t1 sometimes to ! corporation1 at o!r times to private p]sons4 ,! fir/ lease 0 f ,h5ry ,,iii41 9 #abbi1 at #aj p] annum4 ,9 ! same ye> ! bor\gh1 ) all its appurt5ances1 0 be/[$ ) o!r l&s on ,ranulf1 e>l ( ,*e/]1 f :om x pass$ to 8 bro!r-9-law ,william de ,f]r]s1 e>l ( ,d]by1 :o seems to h built ,liv]pool ca/le betwe5 #abcb & #abcg4 ,8 gr&son1 ,rob]t de ,f]r]s1 0 implicat$ 9 ! ris+ ( ,simon de ,mont=t & 8 l&s 7 confiscat$ 9 #abff :5 ,liv]pool pass$ into ! h&s ( ,edmund1 e>l ( ,lanca/]4 ,ultimately ,liv]pool aga9 became ! prop]ty ( ! cr[n1 :5 ,h5ry ,,iv4 inh]it$ x f 8 fa!r ,john ( ,gaunt1 duke ( ,lanca/]4 ,9 #afbh ,*>les ,i41 9 great /raits = means :i* 7 refus$ by p>liam5t1 (f]$ = sale ab\t a ?\s& manors1 among :i* ,liv]pool 0 includ$4 ,! portion conta9+ ,liv]pool 0 pur*as$ by c]ta9 m]*ants ( ,london1 :o1 9 #afce1 reconvey$ ! cr[n rights1 includ+ ! fee-f>m r5t ( #ad1 #fs4 #h;d41 to ,sir ,ri*>d ,molyneux1 !n rec5tly creat$ ,visc\nt ,molyneux ( ,m>ybor\gh1 = ! sum ( #dej4 ,9 #afgb all ^! rights & int]e/s 7 acquir$ by ! corporation4 ,ap>t f ! national objects = :i* ,liv]pool 0 f\nd$1 its trade develop$ sl[ly4 ,f #aj p] annum1 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! #ac? c5tury1 ! cr[n rev5ues _h increas$ t[>ds ! end ( ! #ad? c5tury1 to #ch2 b !n !y und]w5t a decl9e4 ,! black dea? pass$ ov] ,liv]pool ab\t #acfj1 & c>ri$ (f a l>ge "p ( ! population4 ,! ,w>s ( ! ,roses 9 ! #ae? c5tury unsettl$ ! nor?-we/]n di/ricts & ret>d$ progress = at lea/ a c5tury4 ,! cr[n rev5ues dim9i%$ f #ch to less ?an half t sum1 & 7 f9ally leas$ at #ad1 #fs4 #h;d41 at :i* !y cont9u$ until ! sale by ,*>les ,i4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 n safe to conclude t ! r$uc$ fee-f>m r5t repres5ts an equival5t decl9e 9 prosp]ity2 ! privileges conf]r$ by ! v>i\s leases diff]$ widely & may acc\nt = mu* ( ! app>5t discrepancy4 ,liv]pool s5t no repres5tatives to ,simon de ,mont=t's p>liam5t 9 #abfd1 b to ! fir/ royal p>liam5t1 summon$ 9 #abie1 ! bor\gh s5t two memb]s1 & aga9 9 #acjg4 ,! writs ( summons 7 !n susp5d$ = two c5turies & a half4 ,9 #aedg ,liv]pool resum$ ! privilege ( return+ memb]s4 ,9 #aehh ! bor\gh 0 repres5t$ by ,francis ,bacon1 ! philosoph] & /atesman4 ,dur+ ! ,civil ,w> ! t[n 0 =tifi$ & g>rison$ by ! p>liam5t4 ,x su/a9$ ?ree sieges1 & 9 #afdd 0 escalad$ & tak5 by ,pr9ce ,rup]t ) consid]able slaught]4 ,! true rise ( ! comm]ce ( ,liv]pool dates f ! ,re/oration4 ,d[n to t p]iod its population _h be5 ei!r /ation>y or retrogressive1 probably nev] exce$+ ab\t #ajjj4 ,its trade 0 *iefly ) ,irel&1 ,france & ,spa91 export+ fi% & wool to ! cont95t1 & import+ w9es1 iron & o!r commodities4 ,! rise ( ! manufactur+ indu/ry ( s\? ,lanca%ire1 & ! op5+ ( ! ,am]ican & ,we/ ,indian trade1 gave ! fir/ impulse to ! progress :i* has s9ce cont9u$4 ,by ! end ( ! c5tury ! population _h increas$ to #ejjj4 ,9 #afii ! bor\gh 0 con/itut$ a p>i% di/9ct f ,walton1 to :i* x _h previ\sly app]ta9$4 ,9 #agji1 ! small exi/+ h>b\r be+ f\nd insuffici5t to accommodate ! %ipp+1 sev]al s*emes 7 prop\nd$ = its enl>gem5t1 :i* result$ 9 ! con/ruction ( a wet dock clos$ ) flood-gates imp\nd+ ! wat]1 s z to keep ! vessels float+ dur+ ! recess ( ! tide4 ,?is dock 0 ! fir/ ( its k9d4 ,! "n ( ! eng9e] 0 ,?omas ,/e]s4 ,ab\t ?is date ! m]*ants ( ,liv]pool ent]$ ^u ! slave trade1 into :i* !y 7 l$ by _! connexion ) ! ,we/ ,indies4 ,9 #agji a s+le vessel ( #cj tons burd5 made a v5ture f ,liv]pool & c>ri$ fifte5 slaves across ! ,atlantic4 ,9 #agcj1 enc\rag$ by p>liam5t1 ,liv]pool w5t he>tily into ! new trade4 ,9 #agea1 fifty-?ree %ips sail$ f ,liv]pool = ,africa1 ( #eccd tons 9 ! aggregate4 ,! %ips sail$ fir/ to ! we/ coa/ ( ,africa1 :]e !y %ipp$ ! slaves1 & !nce to ! ,we/ ,india ,isl&s1 :]e ! slaves 7 sold & ! proce$s br\ght home 9 c>goes ( sug> & rum4 ,9 #agfe ! numb] ( ,liv]pool slav]s _h increas$ to eighty-six1 c>ry+ #bd1bjj slaves4 ,by ! end ( ! c5tury five-six?s ( ! ,african trade c5tr$ 9 ,liv]pool4 ,j be=e its abolition 9 #ahjg ! numb] ( ,liv]pool %ips engag$ 9 ! traffic 0 #ahe1 c>ry+ #di1bac slaves 9 ! ye>4 ,ano!r bran* ( m>itime ent]prise :i* attract$ ! att5tion ( ! m]*ants ( ,liv]pool 0 private]+1 :i*1 dur+ ! latt] half ( ! #ah? c5tury1 0 a fav\rite inve/m5t4 ,aft] ! outbreak ( ! ,sev5 ,ye>s' ,w> ) ,france & ,spa91 9 #agef1 ! comm]ce ( ,liv]pool suff]$ sev]ely1 ! ,fr5* hav+ ov]run ! n>r[ seas ) private]s1 & ! premiums = insurance aga9/ sea risks rose to an am\nt almo/ prohibitive4 ,! ,liv]pool m]*ants took a lesson f ! enemy1 & arm$ & s5t out _! %ips z private]s4 ,"s ( ! e>ly exp$itions prov+ v successful1 almo/ ! :ole community ru%$ into private]+1 ) results ( a v *equ]$ "*4 ,:5 ! ,w> ( ,indep5d5ce broke out 9 #agge ,am]ican private]s sw>m$ ab\t ! ,we/ ,india ,isl&s1 & cross+ ! ,atlantic int]cept$ ,briti% comm]ce 9 ! n>r[ seas4 ,! ,liv]pool m]*ants aga9 turn$ _! att5tion to retaliation4 ,betwe5 ,augu/ #aggh & ,april #aggi1 #abj private]s 7 fitt$ out 9 ,liv]pool1 c>ry+ #aihf guns & #hgde m54 ,see ,w4 ,enfield1 ,hi/4 ( ,lev]pool 7#aggc72 ,j4 ,aik91 ,=ty ,miles r\nd ,man*e/] 7#agie72 ,t4 ,tr\ghton1 ,hi/4 ( ,liv]pool 7#ahaj72 ,m4 ,gregson1 ,portfolio ( ,fragm5ts relat+ to ,hi/4 ( ,lanca%ire 7#ahag72 ,h4 ,smi!rs1 ,liv]pool1 its ,comm]ce1 c4 7#ahbe72 ,r4 ,sy]s1 ,hi/4 ( ,ev]ton 7#ahcj72 ,e4 ,ba9es1 ,hi/4 ( ,c\nty ,palat9e ( ,lanca/]1 vol4 iv4 7#ahcf72 ,t4 ,ba9es1 ,hi/4 ( ,comm]ce & ,t[n ( ,liv]pool 7#aheb72 ,r4 ,brooke1 ,liv]pool dur+ ! la/ qu>t] ( #ah? ,c5tury 7#ahec72 ,j4 ,a4 ,picton1 ,memorials ( ,liv]pool 7#b vols41 #ahgc72 ,ramsay ,muir & ,edi? ,m4 ,platt1 ,a ,hi/ory ( ,municipal ,gov]nm5t 9 ,liv]pool 7#aijf72 ,ramsay ,muir1 ,a ,hi/ory ( ,liv]pool 7#aijg74 7,w4 ,f4 ,i47 ,,liv]s$ge1 an urban di/rict 9 ! ,sp5 ,valley p>liam5t>y division ( ! ,we/ ,rid+ ( ,york%ire1 ,engl&1 #g m4 ,s4,s4,e4 ( ,brad=d1 on ! ,lanca%ire ,york%ire1 ,great ,nor!rn1 & ,london ,nor? ,we/]n railways4 ,pop4 7#aija7 #ac1ihj4 ,! indu/ries are *iefly ! manufacture ( wooll5 goods1 ! mak+ ( ma*9]y1 *emical manufactures & coal m9+4 ,,liv]y1 orig9ally ! provision ( food1 clo?+1 c41 to h\sehold s]vants4 ,! ^w is an adaptation ( ! ,anglo-,fr5* livre1 f livr]1 to deliv] 7,late ,lat4 lib]>e1 to set free1 to s]ve1 to give freely71 9 ! special s5se ( di/ribut+4 ,9 ! s5se ( a fix$ all[ance ( prov5d] = horses1 x survives n[ only 9 liv]y-/able1 i4e4 an e/abli%m5t :]e horses & c>riages are kept or let out = hire4 ,f ! mean+ ( provision ( food & clo?+ ! ^w is appli$ to a uni=m worn by ! reta9]s & s]vants ( a h\sehold4 ,9 ! #ae? c5tury 9 ,engl& a badge1 coll> or o!r insignia1 ! liv]y1 0 worn by all ^? :o pl$g$ !mselves to support "o ( ! great b>ons 9 return = 8 promise ( ma9t5ance1 i4e4 ( protection aga9/ enemies2 ?us arose ! cu/om ( liv]y & ma9t5ance1 suppress$ by ,h5ry ,,vii4 ,! memb]s ( ! ,london city companies wore a di/9ctive co/ume or liv]y1 :5ce ! t]m liv]y companies4 ,9 law1 ! t]m liv]y means deliv]y1 ! legal h&+ ( prop]ty into ! possession ( ano!r2 = liv]y ( seis9 see ,,fe(fm5t4 ,,liv]y ,,companies1 ! "n giv5 to p>ticul> companies or societies 9 ! city ( ,london4 ,!y belong to a class ( in/itutions :i* at "o "t 7 univ]sal 9 ,europe4 ,9 mo/ o!r c\ntries !y h disappe>$2 9 ,engl&1 :ile _! functions h :olly *ang$1 ! organization rema9s4 ,! orig9 ( ! city companies is to be f\nd 9 ! craftgilds ( ! middle ages4 ,! abs5ce ( a /rong c5tral au?ority acc\nts = ! t5d5cy ( conf$]ation 9 ! beg9n+ ( mod]n societies4 ,artificial gr\ps1 =m$ 9 imitation ( ! family1 dis*>g$ ! duties :i* ! family 0 no long] able1 & ! /ate 0 n yet able1 to und]take4 ,! inhabitants ( t[ns 7 =c$ into ! societies kn[n z gild-m]*ants1 :i* 9 c\rse ( "t monopoliz$ ! municipal gov]nm5t1 became exclusive1 & s caus$ ! gr[? ( simil> societies among exclud$ citiz5s4 ,! craftgilds 7 su* societies1 compos$ ( h&icraftsm51 :i* ent]$ ^u a /ruggle ) ! e>li] gilds & f9ally defeat$ !m4 ,! circum/ances & results ( ! /ruggle 7 ( mu* ! same "* 9 ,engl& & on ! cont95t4 ,9 ,london ! victory ( ! crafts is decisively m>k$ by ! ord9ance ( ! "t ( ,edw>d ,,ii41 :i* requir$ e citiz5 to be a memb] ( "s trade or my/]y1 & by ano!r ord9ance 9 #acge :i* transf]r$ ! "r ( election ( corporate (fic]s 7includ+ memb]s ( p>liam5t7 f ! w>d-repres5tatives to ! trad+ companies4 ,h5ce=w>d1 & = _m ye>s1 ! companies engross$ political & municipal p[] 9 ! city ( ,london4 ,! trad+ frat]nities assum$ g5]ally ! "* ( corporations 9 ! reign ( ,edw>d ,,iii4 ,_m ( !m _h be5 *>t]$ be=e1 b _! privileges1 hi!rto ex]cis$ only on suff]ance & by paym5t ( _! t]ms1 7 n[ confirm$ by lett]s pat5t4 ,edw>d ,,iii4 himself became a memb] ( ! frat]nity ( ,l95 ,arm\r]s1 or ,m]*ant ,taylors1 & o!r di/+ui%$ p]sons foll[$ 8 example4 ,f ?is "t !y are call$ liv]y companies1 f n[ g5]ally assum+ a di/9ctive dress or liv]y4 ,! orig9 ( ! ,groc]s' ,company is ?us describ$3 ,tw5ty-two p]sons1 c>ry+ on ! bus9ess ( pepp]]s 9 ,sop]'s ,lane1 ,*eapside1 agree to meet toge!r1 to a d9n]1 at ! ,abbot ( ,bury's1 ,/ ,m>y ,axe1 & commit ! p>ticul>s ( _! =mation into a trad+ society to writ+4 ,!y elect aft] d9n] two p]sons ( ! company s assembl$--,rog] ,osekyn & ,lawr5ce de ,haliwell--z _! fir/ gov]nors or w>d5s1 appo9t+1 at ! same "t1 9 con=mity ) ! pi\s cu/om ( ! age1 a prie/ or *apla9 to celebrate div9e (fices = _! s\ls 7,hea?'s ,acc\nt ( ! ,groc]s' ,company1 quot$ 9 ,h]b]t's ,twelve ,great ,liv]y ,companies1 #ahcf1 i4 #dc74 ,! religi\s obs]vances & ! common fea/s 7 *>act]i/ic features ( ^? in/itutions4 ,!y 7 !re=e n m]ely trade unions 9 ! curr5t mean+ ( t phrase1 b may r be describ$ z =ms ( indu/rial self-gov]nm5t1 ! basis ( union be+ ! memb]%ip ( a common trade1 & ! au?ority ( ! society ext5d+ to ! g5]al welf>e1 spiritual & temporal1 ( its memb]s4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t !y fl\ri%$ at a "t :5 ! sep>ate int]e/s ( ma/] & s]vant _h n yet be5 creat$2 &1 inde$1 :5 t fundam5tal division ( int]e/s arose1 ! companies gradually lo/ _! functions 9 ! regulation ( indu/ry4 ,! fact t ! craftsm5 7 a homog5e\s ord] w acc\nt = ! wide au?ority claim$ by _! societies1 & ! important public p[]s :i* 7 conc$$ to !m4 ,9 ! regulation ( trade !y possess$ ext5sive p[]s4 ,!y requir$ e "o c>ry+ on ! trade to jo9 ! company4 ,9 #acfc1 9 answ] to a remon/rance aga9/ ! mis*ief caus$ by ! m]*ants call$ groc]s :o engross$ all mann] ( m]*&ize v5dable1 & :o sudd5ly rais$ ! prices ( su* m]*&ize )9 ! realm1 x 0 enact$ t all artific]s & p ( my/]ies %all ea* *oose 8 own my/]y#a be=e next ,c&lemas1 & t1 hav+ s *os5 x1 he %all h5ce=? use no o!r4 ,l4 ,br5tano 7,on ,gilds7 holds t x is wrong to repres5t su* regulations z monopoli/ic1 inasmu* z !re 0 no "q :atev] ( a monopoly 9 t "t nor until ! deg5]ation ( ! craftgilds into limit$ corporations ( capitali/s4 ,9 ! regulation ( trade ! "r ( se>* 0 an important in/rum5t4 ,! w>d5s ( ! groc]s are to assay5 weights1 p[d]s1 confeccions1 plat]s1 oyntm5ts & all o!r ?+s belong+ to ! same crafte4 ,! goldsmi?s _h ! assay ( metals1 ! fi%mong]s ! ov]sight ( fi%1 ! v9tn]s ( ! ta/+ ( w9e1 c4 ,! companies en=c$ _! regulations on _! memb]s by =ce4 ,_m ( _! ord9ances look$ to ! dome/ic affairs & private conduct ( ! memb]s4 ,! groc]s orda9 t no man ( ! frat]nite take 8 neyghbor's h\se yt is ( ! same frat]nite1 or enhaunce ! r5t aga9/ ! w ( ! =esaid neyghbor4 ,p]jury is to be puni%$ by ! w>d5s & society ) su* correction z t o!r m5 ( ! fell[%ip may be w>n$ !reby4 ,memb]s r$uc$ to pov]ty by adv5tures on ! sea1 increas$ price ( goods1 borr[+ & pl$g+1 or any o!r mis=tune1 are to be assi/$ out ( ! common money1 accord+ to 8 situation1 if he c\ld n d )\t4 ,foll[+ :at appe>s to be ! natural law ( _! be+1 ! companies gradually lo/ _! indu/rial "*4 ,! c\rse ( decay w\ld seem to h be5 ! foll[+4 ,! capitali/s gradually assum$ ! lead 9 ! v>i\s societies1 ! ri*] memb]s engross$ ! p[] & ! companies t5d$ to become h]$it>y & exclusive4 ,p]sons might be memb]s :o _h no?+ to d ) ! craft1 & ! rise ( great capitali/s & ! developm5t ( competition 9 trade made ! regulation ( indu/ry by means ( companies no long] possible4 ,= an acc\nt ( ! deg5]ation ( craftgilds a g5]al ref]5ce may be made to ,br5tano1 ,on ,gilds 7#ahgj71 & ,c4 ,gross1 ,! ,gild ,m]*ant 7#b vols41 #ahij74 ,! usurpation ( p[] on ! "p ( ! ri*] memb]s 0 n always effect$ )\t opposition4 ,br5tano ref]s to a pamphlet on ! ,clo?work]s' ,company1 publi%$ 9 #afdi1 :i* ass]ts t ! commonalty 9 ! old *>t]s meant1 n ! :ole gild1 b only ! ma/]s1 w>d5s & assi/ants4 ,h]b]t records a dispute 9 ! ,goldsmi?s' ,company 9 #aebi4 ,! mode ( elect+ (fic]s1 & ! sy/em ( managem5t g5]ally1 0 *all5g$ by ?ree memb]s :o call$ !mselves artific]s1 poor m5 ( ! craft ( goldsmi?s4 ,! company1 or r1 ! w>d5s1 ! assi/ants & liv]y pres5t$ a petition to ! "l mayor1 :i* 0 answ]$ by ! discont5t$ craftsm54 ,! dispute 0 c>ri$ into ! c\rt ( *anc]y & ! /> *amb]4 ,! artific]s accus$ ! company ( subv]t+ _! grants1 misappropriat+ ! funds & *ang+ ! con/itution ( ! society1 & !y compla9 ( ?is be+ done by ! usurpation ( p]sons :o 7 b m]*ant goldsmi?s1 & _h b little k 9 ! sci5ce4 ,9 #aeca ! ?ree compla9ants 7 expell$ f ! company1 & !n ! dispute seems to h end$4 ,9 ! la/ /age ( ! companies ! memb]s h ceas$ to h any connexion ) ! trades1 & 9 mo/ cases _! regulative functions h disappe>$4 ,! "o *>act]i/ic :i* has clung to !m ?r\gh\t is t ( own]s ( prop]ty & manag]s ( *>itable tru/s4 ,! connexion betwe5 ! companies & ! municipality is %ortly z foll[s4 ,! ord9ance ( ,edw>d ,,ii4 requir$ freem5 ( ! city to be memb]s ( "o or o!r ( ! companies4 ,by ! ord9ance ( #di ,edw4 ,,iii4 7#acge71 ! trad+ companies 7 to nom9ate ! memb]s ( common c\ncil1 & ! p]sons s nom9at$ alone 7 to att5d bo? at common c\ncils & at elections4 ,an ord9ance 9 #g ,ri*>d ,,ii4 7#achc7 re/or$ ! elections ( common c\ncilm5 to ! w>ds1 b corporate (fic]s & repres5tatives 9 p>liam5t 7 elect$ by a conv5tion summon$ by ! "l mayor f ! nom9ees ( ! companies4 ,an act ( common c\ncil 9 #g ,edw4 ,,iv4 7#adfg7 appo9t$ ! election ( mayor1 %]iffs1 c41 to be 9 ! common c\ncil1 toge!r ) ! ma/]s & w>d5s ( ! companies4 ,by #ae ,edw4 ,,iv4 ma/]s & w>d5s 7 ord]$ to associate ) !mselves ! hone/ m5 ( _! my/]ies1 & come 9 _! be/ liv]ies to ! elections2 t is to say1 ! fran*ise 0 re/rict$ to ! liv]ym5 ( ! companies4 ,at ?is "t ! corporation ex]cis$ supreme control ov] ! companies1 & ! companies 7 /ill g5u9e associations ( ! trad]s & h\sehold]s ( ! city4 ,! delegation ( ! fran*ise to ! liv]ym5 0 ?us1 9 po9t ( fact1 ! selection ( a sup]ior class ( h\sehold]s to repres5t ! re/4 ,:5 ! corporation lo/ its control ov] ! companies1 & ! memb]s ( ! companies ceas$ to be trad]s & h\sehold]s1 ! liv]ym5 7 no long] a repres5tative class1 & "s *ange 9 ! sy/em became necess>y4 ,! ,re=m ,acts ( #ahcb & #ahfg re=m$ ! repres5tation 9 sev]al p>ticul>s4 ,! liv]ym5 ( ! companies1 be+ freem5 ( ! city1 h /ill1 h[ev]1 ! exclusive p[] ( elect+ ! "l mayor1 %]iffs1 *amb]la9 & o!r corporate (fic]s4 ,! contributions made by ! companies to ! public purposes ( ! /ate & ! city are int]e/+ po9ts 9 _! e>ly hi/ory4 ,_! weal? & _! repres5tative "* made !m a mo/ appropriate in/rum5t = ! en=cem5t ( irregul> taxation4 ,! loan ( #ba1bfc1 #fs4 #h;d4 to ,h5ry ,,viii4 = 8 w>s 9 ,scotl&1 9 #aedd1 is believ$ by ,h]b]t to be ! fir/ in/ance ( a pecuni>y grant to ! cr[n1 b ! practice rapidly ga9$ gr\nd4 ,! confiscation ( ecclesia/ical prop]ty at ! "t ( ! ,re=mation affect$ _m ( ! tru/s ( ! companies2 & !y 7 compell$ to make returns ( _! prop]ty devot$ to religi\s uses1 & to pay ov] ! r5ts to ! cr[n4 ,9 c\rse ( "t ! taxation ( ! companies became a regul> s\rce ( supply to gov]nm5t4 ,! hi/orians ( ! city h = ! mo/ "p describ$ ^! z unju/ & tyrannical exactions1 b1 look+ at ! repres5tative & municipal "* ( ! companies1 & ! purposes to :i* _! contributions 7 appli$1 we may reg>d !m z a r\gh b n unfair mode ( taxation4 ,! gov]nm5t1 :5 money 0 want$ = public works1 in=m$ ! "l mayor1 :o apportion$ ! sums requir$ among ! v>i\s societies1 & issu$ precepts = its paym5t4 ,contributions t[>ds sett+ ! poor to "w1 erect+ ! ,royal ,ex*ange1 cleans+ ! city dit*1 discov]+ new c\ntries1 furni%+ milit>y & naval armam5ts1 = m51 arms & ammunition = ! def5ce ( ! city1 are among :at ,h]b]t calls ! spong+ exp$i5ts ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,! cr[n occasionally int]f]$ 9 a m unju/ifiable mann] ) ! companies 9 ! ex]cise ( _! patronage4 ,! ,/u>ts made /r5u\s ef=ts to get ! control ( ! companies4 ,t]rifi$ by ! proce$+s 9 ! quo w>ranto case1 mo/ ( ! companies surr5d]$ _! *>t]s to ! cr[n1 b su* surr5d]s 7 annull$ by ! act ( #b ,william & ,m>y 7#afij7 res]v+ ! judgm5t 9 quo w>ranto aga9/ ! city4 ,! liv]y companies n[ 9 exi/5ce are ! foll[+3 ,apo!c>ies4 ,fell[%ip ,port]s4 ,ne$lemak]s4 ,arm\r]s & ,feltmak]s4 ,pa9t]s4 ,brasi]s4 ,fi%mong]s4 ,patt]n ,mak]s4 ,bak]s4 ,flet*]s4 ,pewt]]s4 ,b>b]s4 ,f\nd]s4 ,plai/]]s4 ,basket ,mak]s4 ,framework ,knitt]s4 ,play+ ,c>d ,blacksmi?s4 ,fruit]]s4 ,mak]s4 ,b[y]s4 ,girdl]s4 ,plumb]s4 ,brew]s4 ,glass ,sell]s4 ,p\lt]s4 ,brod]]s4 ,glazi]s4 ,saddl]s4 ,but*]s4 ,glov]s4 ,salt]s4 ,c>m54 ,gold & ,silv] ,scriv5]s4 ,c>p5t]s ,wyre-draw]s4 ,%ipwrights4 ,clockmak]s4 ,goldsmi?s4 ,silk?r[/]s4 ,clo?work]s4 ,groc]s4 ,sk9n]s4 ,coa* & ,gunmak]s4 ,spectacle mak]s4 ,coa*-,h>ness ,hab]da%]s ,/ation]s4 ,mak]s4 ,horn]s4 ,tall[ ,*&l]s4 ,cooks4 ,innhold]s4 ,t9 ,plate ,work]s4 ,coop]s4 ,ironmong]s4 ,turn]s4 ,cordwa9]s4 ,jo9]s4 ,tyl]s & ,curri]s4 ,lea!rsell]s4 ,bricklay]s4 ,cutl]s4 ,lor9]s4 ,uphold]s4 ,di/ill]s4 ,masons4 ,wax ,*&l]s4 ,drap]s4 ,m]c]s4 ,weav]s4 ,dy]s4 ,m]*ant ,taylors4 ,:eelwrights4 ,fanmak]s4 ,musicians4 ,woolm54 ,f>ri]s4 ,! foll[+ are ! twelve great companies 9 ord] ( civic prec$5ce3 ,m]c]s1 ,groc]s1 ,drap]s1 ,fi%mong]s1 ,goldsmi?s1 ,sk9n]s1 ,m]*ant ,taylors1 ,hab]da%]s1 ,salt]s1 ,ironmong]s1 ,v9tn]s1 ,clo?-work]s4 ,! ,iri% ,society 0 incorporat$ 9 ! #aa ,james ,i4 z ! gov]nor & assi/ants ( ! new plantation 9 ,ul/]1 )9 ! realm ( ,irel&4 ,! twelve companies contribut$ 9 equal portions ! sum ( #fj1jjj = ! new s*eme1 by :i* x 0 int5d$ to settle a ,prote/ant colony 9 ! l&s =feit$ by ! ,iri% rebels4 ,! companies divid$ ! settlem5t into twelve ne>ly equal p>ts1 assign+ "o to ea*1 b ! sep>ate e/ates are /ill held to be "u ! p>am\nt jurisdiction ( ! ,iri% ,society4 ,! *>t] ( ! society 0 revok$ by ! c\rt ( /> *amb] 9 ! reign ( ,*>les ,i41 b a new "o 0 grant$ by ,*>les ,,ii41 "u :i* ! society /ill acts4 ,mo/ ( ! companies adm9i/] *>ities ( l>ge value4 ,_m ( !m are gov]nors ( important s*ools1 e4g4 ! ,sk9n]s h ! ,tonbridge ,gramm> ,s*ool2 ! ,m]c]s1 ,/ ,paul's ,s*ool2 ! ,m]*ant ,taylors1 ! s*ool be>+ _! "n1 c4 ,! con/itution ( ! liv]y companies usually embraces 7a7 ! c\rt1 :i* includes ! ma/] & w>d5s1 & is ! executive & adm9i/rative body2 7#b7 ! liv]y or middle class1 be+ ! body f :i* ! c\rt is recruit$2 & 7#c7 ! g5]al body ( freem51 f :i* ! liv]y is recruit$4 ,"s companies admit wom5 z freem54 ,! fre$om is obta9$ ei!r by patrimony 7by any p]son ov] tw5ty-"o ye>s ( age born 9 lawful w$lock aft] ! admission ( 8 fa!r to ! fre$om71 by s]vitude 7by be+ b\nd z an appr5tice to a freeman ( ! company7 or by r$emption4 ,admission to _m ( ! companies is subject to ! paym5t ( consid]able fees4 ,= example1 9 ! ,m]*ant ,taylors ! fees are--^u tak+ up ! fre$om1 by patrimony or s]vitude1 #a1 #cs4 #d;d42 by r$emption1 #hd2 on admission to ! liv]y1 #hj1 #hs42 on election to ! c\rt ( assi/ants1 #aae1 #ajs4 ,at "o "t ! position ( ! liv]y companies 0 a subject ( mu* political discussion4 ,two p>ties ?reat5$ to attack !m--on "o side ^? :o 7 anxi\s = ext5sive re=ms 9 ! municipal organization ( ,london2 on ! o!r1 ^? :o wi%$ to c>ry =w>d ! process ( inspection & revision ( end[m5ts1 :i* _h already ov]tak5 ! univ]sities1 s*ools & o!r *>ities4 ,a ,royal ,commission 0 appo9t$ 9 #ahhj to inquire into all ! liv]y companies1 into ! circum/ances & dates ( _! f\ndation1 ! objects = :i* !y 7 f\nd$1 & h[ f> ^? objects 7 be+ c>ri$ into effect4 ,a v valuable ,report & ,app5dix 7#d vols41 #ahhd7 0 publi%$1 conta9+1 int] alia1 in=mation on ! con/itution & p[]s ( ! gov]n+ bodies1 ! mode ( admission ( memb]s ( ! companies1 ! mode ( appo9tm5t1 duties & sal>ies & o!r emolum5ts ( ! s]vants ( ! companies1 ! prop]ty (1 or held 9 tru/ =1 ! companies1 its value1 situation & description4 ,! companies v freely made returns to ! commission1 ! only ones n do+ s be+ ! ,brod]]s1 ,b[y]s1 ,di/ill]s1 ,glov]s1 ,t9-,plate ,work]s & ,weav]s4 ,! ,commission e/imat$ ! annual income ( ! companies to be f #gej1jjj to #hjj1jjj1 ab\t #bjj1jjj ( t am\nt be+ tru/ income1 ! balance corporate income4 ,,au?orities4--,9 addition to ! ,report ref]r$ to above ! foll[+ works may be consult$3 ,h4 ,t4 ,riley1 ,memorials ( ,london & ,london ,life 7#ahfh72 ,*ronicle ( ,london f #ajhi to #adhc 7ed4 by ,sir ,n4 ,h4 ,nicolas & ,e4 ,tyrrel1 #ahbg72 ,munim5ta ,gildhallae ,lond9i5sis1 9 ,rolls ,s]ies1 ed4 by ,h4 ,t4 ,riley 7#d vols41 #ahei-ahfb72 ,j4 ,t\lm9 ,smi?1 ,engli% ,gilds 7publi%$ by ,e>ly ,engli% ,text ,society71 ) essay by ,l4 ,br5tano 7#ahgj72 ,w4 ,h]b]t1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,twelve ,great ,liv]y ,companies 7#ahcg72 ,c4 ,gross1 ,! ,gild ,m]*ant 7#b vols41 #ahij72 ,w4 ,c4 ,hazlitt1 ,! ,liv]y ,companies ( ! ,city ( ,london 7#ahib71 conta9s a prcis ( ! ,royal ,commission2 ,p4 ,h4 ,dit*field1 ,! ,city ,companies ( ,london 7#aijd72 ,g4 ,unw91 ,! ,gilds & ,companies ( ,london 7#aijh74 7,t4 ,a4 ,i47 ,,footnote3 #a ,prop]ly ! ^w %\ld be spell$1 z x 0 orig9ally1 mi/]y2 x comes ?r\gh ! ,o4 ,fr4 me/i]1 mod]n mti]1 f ,lat4 m9i/]ium1 s]vice1 employm5t1 & meant a trade or craft1 & h5ce ! plays act$ by craftsm5 & memb]s ( gilds 7 call$ my/]y plays 7see ,,drama74 ,= ! ^w mean+ a hidd5 or secret rite1 ) :i* ?is has s (t5 be5 confus$1 see ,,my/]y4 ,,livia ,,drusilla 7c4 #ee ,b4,c4-,a4,d4 #bi71 ,roman empress1 0 orig9ally ! wife ( ,tib]ius ,claudius ,n]o1 by :om %e _h two sons1 ,drusus & ,tib]ius 7aft]w>ds emp]or74 ,b %e attract$ ! att5tion ( ! future emp]or ,augu/us1 :o 9 #ch compell$ h] husb& to divorce h] & m>ri$ h] himself1 hav+ fir/ got rid ( 8 own wife ,scribonia4 ,h] two sons1 at _! dy+ fa!r's reque/1 7 entru/$ to ! gu>dian%ip ( ,augu/us1 to :om %e bore no *ildr54 ,livia 0 suspect$ ( committ+ v>i\s crimes to secure ! ?rone = ,tib]ius1 :]eas ,augu/us naturally fav\r$ ! claims ( 8 blood-relatives4 ,! premature dea?s ( 8 nephew ,m>cellus 7:om he _h at fir/ fix$ ^u z 8 successor7 & ( 8 gr&sons ,gaius & ,lucius ,caes>1 ! bani%m5t ( 8 gr&son ,agrippa ,po/umus1 & ev5 8 own dea?1 7 attribut$ to h]4 ,b 9 any case ,augu/us's affection = 8 wife appe>s to h suff]$ no dim9ution up to ! la/2 by 8 w he decl>$ h] & ,tib]ius 7:om he _h adopt$ 9 ,a4,d4 #d7 8 heirs2 ,livia inh]it$ a ?ird ( 8 prop]ty2 %e 0 adopt$ into ! ,julian g5s1 & h5ce=? assum$ ! "n ( ,julia ,augu/a4 ,! s5ate also elect$ h] *ief prie/ess ( ! college f\nd$ 9 hon\r ( ! deifi$ ,augu/us4 ,%e _h n[ rea*$ ! summit ( h] ambition1 & at fir/ act$ z jo9t-rul] ) ,tib]ius4 ,tib]ius1 h[ev]1 soon became tir$ ( ! mat]nal yoke2 8 retirem5t to ,capreae is said to h be5 caus$ by 8 desire to escape f h]4 ,livia cont9u$ to live quietly at ,rome1 9 ! full enjoym5t ( au?ority1 until h] dea? at an advanc$ age4 ,tib]ius appe>s to h receiv$ ! news ) indiff]5ce1 if n ) satisfaction2 he abs5t$ himself f ! fun]al1 & refus$ to all[ h] apo!osis2 h] w 0 suppress$ = a long "t & only c>ri$ out1 & ! legacies paid1 by ,caligula4 ,see ,tacitus1 ,annals1 i4 v42 ,dio ,cassius liii4 #cc1 lv4 #ad-bb1 lviii4 #b1 lix4 #b2 ,suetonius1 ,tib]ius1 #ej1 #ea2 ,j4 ,as*ba*1 ,livia1 ,gemahl9 des ,kais]s ,augu/us 7#ahfd72 ,v4 ,g>d?aus51 ,augu/us und se9e ,zeit1 i4 #ajah foll41 ii4 #fca foll4 ,,liv+/on1 ,,edw>d 7#agfd-ahcf71 ,am]ican juri/ & /atesman1 0 born 9 ,cl]mont1 ,columbia c\nty1 ,new ,york1 on ! #bf? ( ,may #agfd4 ,he 0 a great-gr&son ( ,rob]t ,liv+/on1 ! fir/ ( ! family to settle 9 ,am]ica 7see ,,liv+/on1 ,,william1 bel[74 ,he graduat$ at ,pr9ceton 9 #agha1 0 admitt$ to ! b> 9 #aghe1 & began to practise law 9 ,new ,york ,city1 rapidly ris+ to di/9ction4 ,9 #agie-ahja he 0 a ,republican repres5tative 9 ,congress1 :]e he 0 "o ( ! lead]s ( ! opposition to ,jay's treaty1 introduc$ ! resolution call+ ^u ,presid5t ,wa%+ton = all pap]s relat+ to ! treaty1 & at ! close ( ,wa%+ton's adm9i/ration vot$ ) ,&rew ,jackson & o!r radicals aga9/ ! address to ! presid5t4 ,he oppos$ ! ,ali5 & ,s$ition ,laws1 introduc$ legislation on behalf ( ,am]ican seam51 & 9 #ahjj attack$ ! presid5t = p]mitt+ ! extradition by ! ,briti% gov]nm5t ( ,jona?an ,robb9s1 :o _h committ$ murd] on an ,engli% frigate1 & _h !n escap$ to ,s\? ,c>ol9a & falsely claim$ to be an ,am]ican citiz54 ,9 ! debate on ?is "q ,liv+/on 0 oppos$ by ,john ,m>%all4 ,9 #ahja ,liv+/on 0 appo9t$ ,u4,s4 di/rict-attorney = ! /ate ( ,new ,york1 & :ile reta9+ t position 0 9 ! same ye> appo9t$ mayor ( ,new ,york ,city4 ,:51 9 ! summ] ( #ahjc1 ! city 0 visit$ ) yell[ fev]1 ,liv+/on display$ c\rage & en]gy 9 8 endeav\rs to prev5t ! spread ( ! disease & relieve di/ress4 ,he suff]$ a viol5t attack ( ! fev]1 dur+ :i* ! p gave _m pro(s ( _! atta*m5t to him4 ,on 8 recov]y he f\nd 8 private affairs 9 "s confusion1 & he 0 at ! same "t deeply indebt$ to ! gov]nm5t = public funds :i* _h be5 lo/ ?r\gh ! mismanagem5t or di%one/y ( a confid5tial cl]k1 & = :i* he 0 responsible z di/rict-attorney4 ,he at once surr5d]$ all 8 prop]ty1 resign$ 8 two (fices 9 #ahjc1 & remov$ e>ly 9 #ahjd to ,l\isiana4 ,he soon acquir$ a l>ge law practice 9 ,new ,orleans1 & 9 #ahbf repaid ! gov]nm5t 9 full1 includ+ ! int]e/1 :i* at t "t am\nt$ to m ?an ! orig9al pr9cipal4 ,almo/ imm$iately ^u 8 arrival 9 ,l\isiana1 :]e ! legal sy/em _h previ\sly be5 bas$ on ,roman1 ,fr5* & ,spani% law1 & :]e trial by jury & o!r peculi>ities ( ,engli% common law 7 n[ fir/ introduc$1 he 0 appo9t$ by ! legislature to prep>e a provisional code ( judicial proc$ure1 :i* 79 ! =m ( an act pass$ 9 ,april #ahje7 0 cont9u$ 9 =ce f #ahje to #ahbe4 ,9 #ahjg1 aft] conduct+ a successful suit on behalf ( a cli5t's title to a "p ( ! batture or alluvial l& ne> ,new ,orleans1 ,liv+/on attempt$ to improve "p ( ?is l& 7:i* he _h receiv$ z 8 fee7 9 ! ,batture1 ,/e ,m>ie4 ,great popul> excitem5t 0 ar\s$ aga9/ him2 8 workm5 7 mobb$2 & ,gov]nor ,claiborne1 :5 appeal$ to = protection1 ref]r$ ! "q to ! ,f$]al gov]nm5t4 ,liv+/on's case 0 damag$ by ,presid5t ,jeff]son1 :o believ$ t ,liv+/on _h fav\r$ ,burr 9 ! presid5tial election ( #ahjj1 & t he _h aft]w>ds be5 a p>ty to ,burr's s*emes4 ,jeff]son made x impossible = ,liv+/on to secure 8 title1 & 9 #ahab publi%$ a pamphlet = ! use ( c\nsel 9 ! case aga9/ ,liv+/on1 to :i* ,liv+/on publi%$ a cru%+ reply4 ,liv+/on's f9al victory 9 ! c\rts br\ght him little f9ancial pr(it because ( ! heavy exp5ses ( ! litigation4 ,dur+ ! w> ) ,engl& f #ahab to #ahae ,liv+/on 0 active 9 r\s+ ! mix$ population ( ,new ,orleans to resi/ance4 ,he us$ 8 influ5ce to secure amne/y = ,lafitte & 8 foll[]s ^u _! (f] to fight = ! city1 & 9 #ahad-ahae act$ z advis] & volunte] aide-de-camp to ,g5]al ,jackson1 :o 0 8 p]sonal fri5d4 ,9 #ahba1 by appo9tm5t ( ! legislature1 ( :i* he _h become a memb] 9 ! prec$+ ye>1 ,liv+/on began ! prep>ation ( a new code ( crim9al law & proc$ure1 aft]w>ds kn[n 9 ,europe & ,am]ica z ! ,liv+/on ,code4 ,x 0 prep>$ 9 bo? ,fr5* & ,engli%1 z 0 requir$ by ! necessities ( practice 9 ,l\isiana1 & actually consi/$ ( f\r codes--crimes & puni%m5ts1 proc$ure1 evid5ce 9 crim9al cases1 re=m & prison discipl9e4 ,?\gh sub/antially complet$ 9 #ahbd1 :5 x 0 accid5tally burn$1 & aga9 9 #ahbf1 x 0 n pr9t$ entire until #ahcc4 ,x 0 nev] adopt$ by ! /ate4 ,x 0 at once repr9t$ 9 ,engl&1 ,france & ,g]many1 attract+ wide praise by its rem>kable simplicity & vig\r1 & especially by reason ( its philan?ropic provisions 9 ! code ( re=m & prison discipl9e1 :i* noticeably influ5c$ ! p5al legislation ( v>i\s c\ntries4 ,9 ref]r+ to ?is code1 ,sir ,h5ry ,ma9e spoke ( ,liv+/on z ! fir/ legal g5ius ( mod]n times 7,cambridge ,essays1 #ahef1 p4 #ag74 ,! _s ( ,liv+/on's code 0 rem$ial r ?an v9dictive2 x provid$ = ! abolition ( capital puni%m5t & ! mak+ ( p5it5ti>y lab\r n a puni%m5t =c$ on ! prison]1 b a matt] ( 8 *oice & a rew>d = good behavi\r1 br++ ) x bett] accommodations4 ,8 ,code ( ,re=m & ,prison ,discipl9e 0 adopt$ by ,guatemala4 ,liv+/on 0 ! lead+ memb] ( a commission appo9t$ to prep>e a new civil code1#a :i* = ! mo/ "p ! legislature adopt$ 9 #ahbe1 & ! mo/ important *apt]s ( :i*1 includ+ all ^? on contract1 7 prep>$ by ,liv+/on alone4 ,liv+/on 0 aga9 a repres5tative 9 ,congress dur+ #ahbc-ahbi1 a s5ator 9 #ahbi-ahca1 & = two ye>s 7#ahca-ahcc7 secret>y ( /ate "u ,presid5t ,jackson4 ,9 ?is la/ position he 0 "o ( ! mo/ tru/$ advis]s ( ! presid5t1 = :om he prep>$ a numb] ( /ate pap]s1 ! mo/ important be+ ! fam\s anti-nullification proclamation ( ! #aj? ( ,decemb] #ahcb4 ,f #ahcc to #ahce ,liv+/on 0 m9i/] pl5ipot5ti>y to ,france1 *>g$ ) procur+ ! fulfilm5t by ! ,fr5* gov]nm5t ( ! treaty negotiat$ by ,w4 ,c4 ,rives 9 #ahca1 by :i* ,france _h b\nd h]self to pay an indemnity ( tw5ty-five millions ( francs = ,fr5* spoliations ( ,am]ican %ipp+ *iefly "u ! ,b]l9 & ,milan decrees1 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 turn agre$ to pay to ,france #a1ejj1jjj francs 9 satisfaction ( ,fr5* claims4 ,liv+/on's negotiations 7 conduct$ ) excell5t judgm5t1 b ! ,fr5* ,*amb] ( ,deputies refus$ to make an appropriation to pay ! fir/ in/alm5t due "u ! treaty 9 #ahcc1 relations betwe5 ! two gov]nm5ts became /ra9$1 & ,liv+/on 0 f9ally in/ruct$ to close ! legation & return to ,am]ica4 ,he di$ on ! #bcrd ( ,may #ahcf at ,montgom]y ,place1 ,dut*ess c\nty1 ,new ,york1 an e/ate left him by 8 si/]1 to :i* he _h remov$ 9 #ahca4 ,liv+/on 0 twice m>ri$4 ,8 fir/ wife1 ,m>y ,mc,evers1 :om he m>ri$ on ! #aj? ( ,april #aghh1 di$ on ! #ac? ( ,m>* #ahja4 ,9 ,june #ahje he m>ri$ ,madame ,l\ise ,moreau de ,lassy 7d4 #ahfj71 a wid[ n9ete5 ye>s ( age1 ^: maid5 "n 0 ,davezac de ,ca/]a1 & :o 0 a refugee 9 ,new ,orleans f ! revolution 9 ,santo ,dom+o4 ,%e 0 a woman ( extraord9>y beauty & intellect1 & is said to h greatly influ5c$ h] husb&'s public c>e]4 ,see ,c4 ,h4 ,hunt1 ,life ( ,edw>d ,liv+/on 7,new ,york1 #ahfd72 ,liv+/on's ,works 7#b vols41 ,new ,york1 #ahgc72 & ,l\ise ,liv+/on ,hunt1 ,memoir ( ,mrs ,edw>d ,liv+/on 7,new ,york1 #ahhf74 ,,footnote3 #a ,prelim9>y "w 9 ! prep>ation ( a new civil code _h be5 done by ,james ,br[n & ,moreau ,lislet1 :o 9 #ahjh report$ a ,dige/ ( ! ,civil ,laws n[ 9 =ce 9 ! ,t]ritory ( ,orleans ) ,alt]ations & ,am5dm5ts adapt$ to ! pres5t ,=m ( ,gov]nm5t4 ,,liv+/on1 ,,rob]t ,r4 7#agdf-ahac71 ,am]ican /atesman1 son ( ,rob]t ,r4 ,liv+/on 7#agah-agge2 a ju/ice ( ! ,new ,york supreme c\rt aft] #agfc7 & bro!r ( ,edw>d ,liv+/on 7see above71 0 born 9 ,new ,york ,city1 on ! #bg? ( ,novemb] #agdf4 ,he graduat$ at ,k+'s ,college1 ,new ,york 7n[ ,columbia ,univ]sity71 9 #agfe1 0 admitt$ to ! b> 9 #aggc1 & = a %ort "t 0 a law p>tn] ( ,john ,jay4 ,9 #aggc he became record] ( ,new ,york ,city1 b soon id5tifi$ himself ) ! ,:ig or ,patriot elem5t !re1 & 0 =c$ to give up ?is position 9 #agge4 ,he 0 a memb] ( ! second1 ?ird & f\r? ,prov9cial ,congresses ( ,new ,york 7#agge-aggg71 0 a delegate f ,new ,york to ! ,cont95tal ,congress 9 #agge-aggg & aga9 9 #aggi-aghj1 & 0 a memb] ( ! committee :i* draft$ ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce4 ,he 0 prev5t$ f sign+ t docum5t by 8 abs5ce at ! "t to att5d a meet+ ( ! f\r? ,new ,york ,prov9cial ,congress1 :i* on ! #aj? ( ,july became ! ,conv5tion ( ! ,repres5tatives ( ! /ate ( ,new ,york1 & by :i* at ,k+/on 9 #aggg ! fir/ /ate con/itution 0 adopt$1 ,liv+/on hav+ be5 a memb] ( ! committee t draft$ ?is in/rum5t4 ,he 0 ! fir/ *ancellor ( ! /ate1 f #aggg to ,febru>y #ahja1 & is be/ kn[n z ,*ancellor ,liv+/on4 ,9 ?is capacity he adm9i/]$ ! oa? ( (fice to ,wa%+ton at 8 fir/ inauguration to ! presid5cy1 9 ,new ,york1 on ! #cj? ( ,april #aghi4 ,previ\sly1 f ,octob] #agha to ,june #aghc1 he _h be5 ! fir/ secret>y ( =eign affairs "u ! ,conf$]ation1 & 8 ,european correspond5ce1 especially ) ,frankl91 0 ( ! utmo/ value 9 accompli%+ peace ) ,great ,brita94 ,9 #aghh he _h be5 a memb] ( ! ,new ,york ,conv5tion1 :i* ratifi$ = t /ate ! ,f$]al ,con/itution4 ,he became an anti-,f$]ali/ & 9 #agih unsuccessfully oppos$ ,john ,jay 9 ! ,new ,york gub]natorial campaign4 ,9 #ahja1 hav+ refus$ an appo9tm5t z secret>y ( ! navy1 he became m9i/] to ,france on ,presid5t ,jeff]son's appo9tm5t4 ,he _h refus$ ?is po/ :5 ,wa%+ton (f]$ x to him 9 #agid4 ,he arriv$ 9 ,france 9 ,novemb] #ahja1 & 9 #ahjc1 9 association ) ,james ,monroe1 effect$ on behalf ( 8 gov]nm5t ! pur*ase f ,france ( :at 0 !n kn[n z ,l\isiana1 ! cr$it = ?is pur*ase be+ l>gely 8 7see ,,l\isiana ,,pur*ase74 ,9 #ahjd ,liv+/on )drew f public life1 & aft] a ye> ( travel 9 ,europe return$ to ,new ,york1 :]e he promot$ v>i\s improvem5ts 9 agriculture4 ,he did mu* to introduce ! use ( gypsum z a f]tiliz]1 & publi%$ an ,essay on ,%eep 7#ahji74 ,he 0 long int]e/$ 9 ! problem ( /eam navigation2 be=e he w5t to ,france he receiv$ f ! /ate ( ,new ,york a monopoly ( /eam navigation on ! wat]s ( ! /ate & assi/$ 9 ! exp]im5ts ( 8 bro!r-9-law1 ,john ,/ev5s2 9 ,p>is he met ,rob]t ,fulton1 & ) him 9 #ahjb made successful trials on ! ,se9e ( a paddle :eel /eamboat2 9 #ahjc ,liv+/on 7jo9tly ) ,rob]t ,fulton7 receiv$ a r5ewal ( 8 monopoly 9 ,new ,york1 & ! fir/ successful /eam-vessel1 :i* op]at$ on ! ,hudson 9 #ahjg1 0 nam$ aft] ,liv+/on's home1 ,cl]mont 7,n4,y474 ,he di$ at ,cl]mont on ! #bf? ( ,febru>y #ahac4 ,liv+/on & ,george ,cl9ton 7 *os5 to repres5t ,new ,york /ate 9 ,/atu>y ,hall1 9 ! ,capitol1 at ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c42 ! /atue ( ,liv+/on is by ,e4 ,d4 ,palm]4 ,see ,fr$]ick de ,pey/]1 ,biographical ,sket* ( ,rob]t ,r4 ,liv+/on 7,new ,york1 #ahgf72 ,rob]t ,k4 ,morton1 ,rob]t ,r4 ,liv+/on3 ,beg9n+s ( ,am]ican ,diplomacy1 9 ,! ,john ,p4 ,bran* ,hi/orical ,pap]s ( ,r&olph-,macon ,college1 i4 #bii-cbd1 & ii4 #cd-df2 & ,j4 ,b4 ,moore1 ,rob]t ,r4 ,liv+/on & ! ,l\isiana ,pur*ase1 9 ,columbia ,univ]sity ,qu>t]ly1 v4 #f 7#aijd71 pp4 #bba-bbi4 ,,liv+/on1 ,,william 7#agbc-agij71 ,am]ican political lead]1 0 born at ,albany1 ,new ,york1 probably on ! #cj? ( ,novemb] #agbc4 ,he 0 ! son ( ,philip ,liv+/on 7#afhf-agdi71 & gr&son ( ,rob]t ,liv+/on 7#afed-agbe71 :o 0 born at ,ancrum1 ,scotl&1 emigrat$ to ,am]ica ab\t #afgc1 & receiv$ grants 7beg9n+ 9 #afhf7 to ,liv+/on ,manor 7a tract ( l& on ! ,hudson1 compris+ ! great] "p ( :at are n[ ,dut*ess & ,columbia c\nties74 ,?is ,rob]t ,liv+/on1 f\nd] ( ! ,am]ican family1 became 9 #afge secret>y ( ! important ,bo>d ( ,indian ,commission]s2 he 0 a memb] ( ! ,new ,york ,assembly 9 #agaa-agae & #agaf-agbg & its speak] 9 #agah-agbe1 & 9 #agja made ! proposal t all ! ,engli% colonies 9 ,am]ica %\ld be gr\p$ = adm9i/rative purposes into ?ree di/9ct gov]nm5ts4 ,william ,liv+/on graduat$ at ,yale ,college 9 #agda1 /udi$ law 9 ! city ( ,new ,york1 & 0 admitt$ to ! b> 9 #agdh4 ,he s]v$ 9 ! ,new ,york legislature 7#agei-agfj71 b 8 political influ5ce 0 long ex]t$ *iefly ?r\gh pamphlets & newspap] articles4 ,! ,liv+/on family !n l$ ! ,diss5t]s1 :o lat] became ,:igs1 & ! ,de ,lancey family repres5t$ ! ,anglican ,tory int]e/s4 ,?r\gh ! columns ( ! ,indep5d5t ,reflector1 :i* he e/abli%$ 9 #ageb1 ,liv+/on f\ght ! attempt ( ! ,anglican p>ty to br+ ! project$ ,k+'s ,college 7n[ ,columbia ,univ]sity7 "u ! control ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&4 ,aft] ! susp5sion ( ! ,reflector 9 #agec1 he edit$ 9 ! ,new ,york ,m]cury ! ,wat* ,t[] section 7#aged-agee71 :i* became ! recogniz$ organ ( ! ,presbyt]ian faction4 ,9 opposition to ! ef=ts ( ! ,anglicans to procure ! e/abli%m5t ( an ,am]ican episcopate1 he wrote an op5 ,lett] to ! ,"r ,rev]5d ,fa!r 9 ,god1 ,john ,"l1 ,bi%op ( ,ll&aff 7#agfh71 & edit$ & 9 l>ge measure wrote ! ,am]ican ,:ig columns 9 ! ,new ,york ,gazette 7#agfh-agfi74 ,9 #aggb he remov$ to ,elizabe?1 ,new ,j]sey1 :]e aft] #aggc he liv$ on 8 e/ate kn[n z ,lib]ty ,hall4 ,he repres5t$ ,new ,j]sey 9 ! fir/ & second ,cont95tal ,congresses 7#aggd1agge-aggf71 b left ,philadelphia 9 ,june #aggf1 probably to avoid vot+ on ! "q ( adopt+ ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce1 :i* he reg>d$ z inexp$i5t4 ,he 0 *os5 fir/ gov]nor ( ! /ate ( ,new ,j]sey 9 #aggf1 & 0 regul>ly re-elect$ until 8 dea? 9 #agij4 ,loyal to ,am]ican int]e/s & devot$ to ,g5]al ,wa%+ton1 he 0 "o ( ! mo/ useful ( ! /ate executives dur+ ! ,w> ( ,indep5d5ce4 ,:ile gov]nor he 0 a frequ5t contributor to ! ,new ,j]sey ,gazette1 & 9 ?is way he greatly aid$ ! ,am]ican cause dur+ ! w> by 8 d5unciation ( ! enemy & appeals to ! patriotism ( 8 c\ntrym54 ,he 0 a delegate to ! ,f$]al ,con/itutional ,conv5tion ( #aghg1 & support$ ! ,new ,j]sey small-/ate plan4 ,9 #aged he jo9$ ) 8 bro!r1 ,philip ,liv+/on1 8 bro!r-9-law1 ,william ,alex&] 7,"l ,/irl+7 & o!rs 9 f\nd+ :at is n[ kn[n z ! ,society ,libr>y ( ,new ,york4 ,) ! help ( ,william ,smi? 7#agbh-agic71 ! ,new ,york hi/orian1 ,william ,liv+/on prep>$ a dige/ ( ! laws ( ,new ,york = ! p]iod #afia-agef1 :i* 0 publi%$ 9 two volumes 7#ageb & #agfb74 ,he di$ at ,elizabe?1 ,new ,j]sey1 on ! #be? ( ,july #agij4 ,see ,!odore ,s$gwick1 ,jr41 ,life ( ,william ,liv+/on 7,new ,york1 #ahcc72 & ,e4 ,b4 ,liv+/on1 ,! ,liv+/ons ( ,liv+/on ,manor 7#aiaj74 ,8 bro!r1 ,,pet] ,,van ,,brugh ,,liv+/on 7#agaj-agib71 0 a prom95t m]*ant & a ,:ig political lead] 9 ,new ,york4 ,he 0 "o ( ! f\nd]s ( ! ,college ( ,new ,j]sey 7n[ ,pr9ceton ,univ]sity71 0 a memb] ( ! ,new ,york ,c\ncil = "s ye>s be=e ! ,w> ( ,indep5d5ce1 a memb] & presid5t ( ! ,fir/ ,prov9cial ,congress ( ,new ,york 7#agge71 & a memb] ( ! ,second ,prov9cial ,congress 7#agge-aggf74 ,ano!r bro!r1 ,,philip ,,liv+/on 7#agaf-aggh71 0 also prom95t z a lead] ( ! ,new ,york ,:igs or ,patriots4 ,he 0 a memb] ( ! ,new ,york ,assembly 9 #agei-agfi1 a delegate to ! ,/amp ,act ,congress ( #agfe1 a memb] ( ! ,cont95tal ,congress f #aggd until 8 dea? & z su* a sign] ( ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce1 & 9 #aggg-aggh 0 a memb] ( ! fir/ /ate s5ate4 ,william's son1 7,,h5ry7 ,,brockhol/ ,,liv+/on 7#ageg-ahbc71 0 an (fic] 9 ! ,am]ican ,w> ( ,indep5d5ce1 & 0 an able lawy] & judge4 ,f #ahjg until 8 dea? he 0 an associate ju/ice ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,supreme ,c\rt1 & he wrote political pamphlets "u ! p5-"n ,decius4 ,,liv+/one1 ,,david 7#ahac-ahgc71 ,scotti% mission>y & explor] 9 ,africa1 0 born on ! #ai? ( ,m>* #ahac1 at ! village ( ,blantyre ,works1 9 ,lan>k%ire1 ,scotl&4 ,david 0 ! second *ild ( 8 p>5ts1 ,neil ,liv+/on 7= s he spell$ 8 "n1 z did 8 son = _m ye>s7 & ,agnes ,hunt]4 ,8 p>5ts 7 typical examples ( all t is be/ among ! humbl] families ( ,scotl&4 ,at ! age ( t5 ye>s ,david left ! village s*ool = ! neighb\r+ cotton-mill1 & by /r5u\s ef=ts qualifi$ himself at ! age ( tw5ty-?ree to und]take a college curriculum4 ,he att5d$ = two sessions ! m$ical & ! ,greek classes 9 ,&]son's ,college1 ,glasg[1 & also a !ological class4 ,9 ,septemb] #ahch he w5t up to ,london1 & 0 accept$ by ! ,london ,mission>y ,society z a c&idate4 ,he took 8 m$ical degree 9 ! ,faculty ( ,physicians & ,surgeons 9 ,glasg[ 9 ,novemb] #ahdj4 ,liv+/one _h set 8 he>t on ,*9a1 & x 0 a great disappo9tm5t to him t ! society f9ally decid$ to s5d him to ,africa4 ,to an ext]ior 9 ^! e>ly ye>s some:at heavy & unc\?1 he unit$ a mann] :i*1 by univ]sal te/imony1 0 irresi/ibly w9n+1 ) a fund ( g5u9e b simple hum\r & fun t w\ld break out on ! mo/ unlikely occasions1 & 9 aft] ye>s enabl$ him to ov]come difficulties & mell[ refractory *iefs :5 all o!r me?ods fail$4 ,liv+/one sail$ f ,engl& on ! #h? ( ,decemb] #ahdj4 ,f ,algoa ,bay he made direct = ,kuruman1 ,be*uanal&1 ! mission /ation1 #gjj m4 nor?1 e/abli%$ by ,rob]t ,m(fat tw5ty ye>s be=e1 & !re he arriv$ on ! #ca/ ( ,july #ahda4 ,! next two ye>s ,liv+/one sp5t 9 travell+ ab\t ! c\ntry to ! nor?w>ds1 9 se>* ( a suitable outpo/ = settlem5t4 ,dur+ ^! two ye>s he became conv9c$ t ! success ( ! :ite mission>y 9 a field l ,africa 0 n to be reckon$ by ! tale ( d\btful conv]sions he c\ld s5d home ea* ye>--t ! prop] "w = su* m5 0 t ( pione]+1 op5+ up & />t+ new gr\nd1 leav+ native ag5ts to "w x out 9 detail4 ,! :ole ( 8 subsequ5t c>e] 0 a developm5t ( ?is idea4 ,he select$ ! valley ( ,mabotsa1 on "o ( ! s\rces ( ! ,limpopo riv]1 #bjj m4 nor?-ea/ ( ,kuruman1 z 8 fir/ /ation4 ,%ortly aft] 8 settlem5t "h he 0 attack$ by a lion :i* cru%$ 8 left arm4 ,! arm 0 imp]fectly set1 & x 0 a s\rce ( tr\ble to him at times ?r\gh\t 8 life1 & 0 ! means ( id5tify+ 8 body aft] 8 dea?4 ,to a h\se1 ma9ly built by himself at ,mabotsa1 ,liv+/one 9 #ahdd br\ght home 8 wife1 ,m>y ,m(fat1 ! daught] ( ,m(fat ( ,kuruman4 ,"h he lab\r$ till #ahdf1 :5 he remov$ to ,*onuane1 #dj m4 f>!r nor?1 ! *ief place ( ! ,bakwa9 or ,bakw5a tribe "u ,se*ele4 ,9 #ahdg he aga9 remov$ to ,kolob5g1 ab\t #dj m4 we/w>ds1 ! :ole tribe foll[+ _! mission>y4 ,) ! aid & 9 ! company ( two ,engli% sportsm51 ,william ,c4 ,oswell & ,mungo ,murray1 he 0 able to und]take a j\rney to ,lake ,ngami1 :i* _h nev] yet be5 se5 by a :ite man4 ,cross+ ! ,kalah>i ,des]t1 ( :i* ,liv+/one gave ! fir/ detail$ acc\nt1 !y rea*$ ! lake on ! #a/ ( ,augu/ #ahdi4 ,9 ,april next ye> he made an attempt to rea* ,sebituane1 :o liv$ #bjj m4 beyond ! lake1 ?is "t 9 company ) 8 wife & *ildr51 b aga9 got no f>!r ?an ! lake1 z ! *ildr5 7 seiz$ ) fev]4 ,a ye> lat]1 ,april #ahea1 ,liv+/one1 aga9 accompani$ by 8 family & ,oswell1 set out1 ?is "t ) ! int5tion ( settl+ among ! ,makololo = a p]iod4 ,at la/ he succe$$1 & rea*$ ! ,*obe 7,kw&o71 a s\!rn tribut>y ( ! ,zambezi1 & 9 ! end ( ,june rea*$ ! ,zambezi itself at ! t[n ( ,se%eke4 ,leav+ ! ,*obe on ! #ac? ( ,augu/ ! p>ty rea*$ ,cape ,t[n 9 ,april #aheb4 ,liv+/one may n[ be said to h complet$ ! fir/ p]iod ( 8 c>e] 9 ,africa1 ! p]iod 9 :i* ! "w ( ! mission>y _h ! greate/ prom95ce4 ,h5ce=? he appe>s m 9 ! "* ( an explor]1 b x mu/ be rememb]$ t he reg>d$ himself to ! la/ z a pione] mission>y1 ^: "w 0 to op5 up ! c\ntry to o!rs4 ,hav+ se5 8 family (f to ,engl&1 ,liv+/one left ,cape ,t[n on ! #h? ( ,june #aheb1 & turn+ nor? aga9 rea*$ ,l9yante1 ! capital ( ! ,makololo1 on ! ,*obe1 on ! #bcrd ( ,may #ahec1 be+ cordially receiv$ by ,sekeletu & 8 p4 ,8 fir/ object 0 to seek = "s heal?y high l& 9 :i* to plant a /ation4 ,asc5d+ ! ,zambezi1 he1 h[ev]1 f\nd no place free f ! tsetse fly1 & !re=e resolv$ to discov] a r\te to ! int]ior f ei!r ! we/ or ea/ coa/4 ,to accompany ,liv+/one tw5ty-sev5 m5 7 select$ f ! v>i\s tribes "u ,sekeletu1 p>tly ) a view to op5 up a trade r\te betwe5 _! own c\ntry & ! coa/4 ,! />t 0 made f ,l9yante on ! #aa? ( ,novemb] #ahec1 &1 by asc5d+ ! ,liba1 ,lake ,dilolo 0 rea*$ on ! #bj? ( ,febru>y #ahed4 ,on ! #d? ( ,april ! ,kwango 0 cross$1 & on ! #ca/ ( ,may ! t[n ( ,lo&a 0 ent]$1 ,liv+/one1 h[ev]1 be+ all b dead f fev]1 semi-/>vation & dys5t]y4 ,f ,lo&a ,liv+/one s5t 8 a/ronomical obs]vations to ,sir ,?omas ,macle> at ! ,cape1 & an acc\nt ( 8 j\rney to ! ,royal ,geographical ,society1 :i* 9 ,may #ahee aw>d$ him its patron's m$al4 ,lo&a 0 left on ! #bj? ( ,septemb] #ahed1 b ,liv+/one l+]$ long ab\t ! ,portuguese settlem5ts4 ,mak+ a slight dt\r to ! nor? to ,kabango1 ! p>ty rea*$ ,lake ,dilolo on ! #ac? ( ,june #ahee4 ,"h ,liv+/one made a c>eful /udy ( ! hydrography ( ! c\ntry4 ,he n[ = ! fir/ "t appreh5d$ ! true =m ( ! riv] sy/ems & ! cont95t1 & ! conclusions he came to h be5 ess5tially confirm$ by subsequ5t obs]vations4 ,! return j\rney f ,lake ,dilolo 0 by ! same r\te z t by :i* ! p>ty came1 ,l9yante be+ rea*$ 9 ! beg9n+ ( ,septemb]4 ,= ,liv+/one's purposes ! r\te to ! we/ 0 unavailable1 & he decid$ to foll[ ! ,zambezi to its m\?4 ,) a num]\s foll[+1 he left ,l9yante on ! #h? ( ,novemb] #ahee4 ,a =tnight aft]w>ds he discov]$ ! fam\s ,victoria falls ( ! ,zambezi4 ,he _h already =m$ a true idea ( ! configuration ( ! cont95t z a great holl[ or bas9-%ap$ plateau1 surr\nd$ by a r+ ( m\nta9s4 ,liv+/one rea*$ ! ,portuguese settlem5t ( ,tete on ! #bnd ( ,m>* #ahef1 9 a v emaciat$ condition4 ,"h he left 8 m5 & proce$$ to ,quilimane1 :]e he arriv$ on ! #bj? ( ,may1 ?us hav+ complet$ 9 two ye>s & six mon?s "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable & fruitful j\rneys on record4 ,! results 9 geography & 9 natural sci5ce 9 all its dep>tm5ts 7 abundant & accurate2 8 obs]vations necessitat$ a recon/ruction ( ! map ( ,c5tral ,africa4 ,:5 ,liv+/one began 8 "w 9 ,africa ! map 0 virtually a blank f ,kuruman to ,timbuktu1 & no?+ b envy or ignorance c ?r[ any d\bt on ! orig9ality ( 8 discov]ies4 ,on ! #ab? ( ,decemb] he arriv$ 9 ,engl&1 aft] an abs5ce ( sixte5 ye>s1 & met ev]y:]e ! welcome ( a h]o4 ,he told 8 /ory 9 8 ,mission>y ,travels & ,rese>*es 9 ,s\? ,africa 7#aheg7 ) /raight=w>d simplicity1 & ) no ef=t aft] lit]>y /yle1 & no app>5t consci\sness t he _h done any?+ extraord9>y4 ,its publication br\ght :at he w\ld h consid]$ a compet5cy _h he felt himself at lib]ty to settle d[n = life4 ,9 #aheg he sev]$ 8 connexion ) ! ,london ,mission>y ,society1 ) :om1 h[ev]1 he always rema9$ on ! be/ ( t]ms1 & 9 ,febru>y #aheh he accept$ ! appo9tm5t ( ,h] ,maje/y's consul at ,quilimane = ! ea/]n coa/ & ! indep5d5t di/ricts 9 ! int]ior1 & comm&] ( an exp$ition = explor+ ea/]n & c5tral ,africa4 ,! ,zambezi exp$ition1 ( :i* ,liv+/one ?us became comm&]1 sail$ f ,liv]pool 9 ,h4,m4,s4 ,pe>l on ! #aj? ( ,m>* #aheh1 & rea*$ ! m\? ( ! ,zambezi on ! #ad? ( ,may4 ,! p>ty1 :i* includ$ ,dr 7aft]w>ds ,sir7 ,john ,kirk & ,liv+/one's bro!r ,*>les1 asc5d$ ! riv] f ! ,kongone m\? 9 a /eam laun*1 ! ,ma-,rob]t2 rea*+ ,tete on ! #h? ( ,septemb]4 ,! rema9d] ( ! ye> 0 devot$ to an exam9ation ( ! riv] above ,tete1 & especially ! ,kebrabasa rapids4 ,mo/ ( ! ye> #ahei 0 sp5t 9 ! exploration ( ! riv] ,%ir & ,lake ,nyasa1 :i* 0 discov]$ 9 ,septemb]2 & dur+ a great "p ( ! ye> #ahfj ,liv+/one 0 engag$ 9 fulfill+ 8 promise to take su* ( ! ,makololo home z c>$ to g4 ,9 ,janu>y ( next ye> arriv$ ,bi%op ,c4 ,f4 ,mack5zie & a p>ty ( mission>ies s5t out by ! ,univ]sities ,mission to e/abli% a /ation on ! upp] ,%ir4 ,aft] explor+ ! riv] ,rovuma = #cj m4 9 8 new vessel ! ,pione]1 ,liv+/one & ! mission>ies proce$$ up ! ,%ir to ,*ibisa's2 !re !y f\nd ! slave trade rampant4 ,on ! #ae? ( ,july ,liv+/one1 accompani$ by sev]al native c>ri]s1 />t$ to %[ ! bi%op ! c\ntry4 ,sev]al b&s ( slaves :om !y met 7 lib]at$1 & aft] see+ ! mission>y p>ty settl$ 9 ! highl&s to ! s\? ( ,lake ,*ilwa 7,%irwa7 ,liv+/one sp5t f ,augu/ to ,novemb] 9 explor+ ,lake ,nyasa4 ,:ile ! boat sail$ up ! we/ side ( ! lake to ne> ! nor? end1 ! explor] m>*$ along ! %ore4 ,he return$ m resolv$ ?an ev] to d 8 utmo/ to r\se ! civiliz$ _w to put d[n ! desolat+ slave-trade4 ,on ! #cj? ( ,janu>y #ahfb1 at ! ,zambezi m\?1 ,liv+/one welcom$ 8 wife & ! ladies ( ! mission1 ) :om 7 ! sections ( ! ,lady ,nyassa1 a riv] /eam] :i* ,liv+/one _h _h built at 8 own exp5se4 ,:5 ! mission ladies rea*$ ! m\? ( ! ,ruo tribut>y ( ! ,%ir1 !y 7 /unn$ to he> ( ! dea? ( ! bi%op & "o ( 8 companions4 ,?is 0 a sad bl[ to ,liv+/one1 seem+ to h r5d]$ all 8 ef=ts to e/abli% a mission futile4 ,a /ill great] loss to him 0 t ( 8 wife at ,%upanga1 on ! #bg? ( ,april #ahfb4 ,! ,lady ,nyassa 0 tak5 to ! ,rovuma4 ,up ?is riv] ,liv+/one manag$ to /eam #aef m41 b f>!r progress 0 arre/$ by rocks4 ,return+ to ! ,zambezi 9 ! beg9n+ ( #ahfc1 he f\nd t ! desolation caus$ by ! slave trade 0 m horrible & widespread ?an ev]4 ,x 0 cle> t ! ,portuguese (ficials 7 !mselves at ! bottom ( ! traffic4 ,kirk & ,*>les ,liv+/one be+ compell$ to return to ,engl& on acc\nt ( _! heal?1 ! doctor resolv$ once m to visit ! lake1 & proce$$ "s di/ance up ! we/ side & !n nor?-we/ z f> z ! wat]%$ t sep>ates ! ,loangwa f ! riv]s t run into ! lake4 ,mean:ile a lett] 0 receiv$ f ,e>l ,russell recall+ ! exp$ition by ! end ( ! ye>4 ,9 ! end ( ,april #ahfd ,liv+/one rea*$ ,zanzib> 9 ! ,lady ,nyassa1 & on ! #bcrd ( ,july ,liv+/one arriv$ 9 ,engl&4 ,he 0 naturally disappo9t$ ) ! comp>ative failure ( ?is exp$ition4 ,/ill ! geographical results1 ?\gh n 9 ext5t to be comp>$ to ^? ( 8 fir/ & 8 f9al exp$itions1 7 ( high importance1 z 7 ^? 9 v>i\s dep>tm5ts ( sci5ce1 & he _h unkn[+ly laid ! f\ndations ( ! ,briti% protectorate ( ,nyasal&4 ,details w be f\nd 9 8 ,n>rative ( an ,exp$ition to ! ,zambesi & its ,tribut>ies1 publi%$ 9 #ahfe4 ,by ,sir ,rod]ick ,mur*ison & 8 o!r /aun* fri5ds ,liv+/one 0 z w>mly welcom$ z ev]4 ,:5 ,mur*ison propos$ to him t he %\ld g out aga91 al?\gh he seems to h _h a desire to sp5d ! rema9d] ( 8 days at home1 ! prospect 0 too tempt+ to be reject$4 ,he 0 appo9t$ ,briti% consul to ,c5tral ,africa )\t a sal>y1 & gov]nm5t contribut$ only #ejj to ! exp$ition4 ,! *ief help came f private fri5ds4 ,dur+ ! latt] "p ( ! exp$ition gov]nm5t grant$ him #ajjj1 b t1 :5 he le>n$ ( x1 0 devot$ to 8 great und]tak+4 ,! ,geographical ,society contribut$ #ejj4 ,! two ma9 objects ( ! exp$ition 7 ! suppression ( slav]y by means ( civiliz+ influ5ces1 & ! asc]ta9m5t ( ! wat]%$ 9 ! region betwe5 ,nyasa & ,tanganyika4 ,at fir/ ,liv+/one ?\ght ! ,nile problem _h be5 all b solv$ by ,speke1 ,bak] & ,burton1 b ! idea grew ^u him t ! ,nile s\rces mu/ be s\ght f>!r s\?1 & 8 la/ j\rney became 9 ! end a =lorn hope 9 se>* ( ! f\nta9s ( ,h]odotus4 ,leav+ ,engl& 9 ! middle ( ,augu/ #ahfe1 via ,bombay1 ,liv+/one arriv$ at ,zanzib> on ! #bh? ( ,janu>y #ahff4 ,he 0 l&$ at ! m\? ( ! ,rovuma on ! #bbnd ( ,m>*1 & />t$ = ! int]ior on ! #d? ( ,april4 ,8 company consi/$ ( ?irte5 sepoys1 t5 ,johanna m51 n9e ,african boys f ,nasik s*ool1 ,bombay1 & f\r boys f ! ,%ir region1 besides camels1 buffaloes1 mules & donkeys4 ,?is impos+ outfit soon melt$ away to f\r or five boys4 ,r\nd+ ! s\? end ( ,lake ,nyasa1 ,liv+/one /ruck 9 a nor?-nor?-we/ direction = ! s\? end ( ,lake ,tanganyika1 ov] c\ntry mu* ( :i* _h n previ\sly be5 explor$4 ,! ,loangwa 0 cross$ on ! #ae? ( ,decemb] #ahff4 ,on ,*ri/mas day ,liv+/one lo/ 8 f\r goats1 a loss :i* he felt v ke5ly1 & ! m$ic9e *e/ 0 /ol5 9 ,janu>y #ahfg4 ,fev] came ^u him1 & = a "t 0 8 almo/ con/ant companion2 ?is1 ) o!r s]i\s ailm5ts :i* subsequ5tly attack$ him1 & :i* he _h no m$ic9e to c\nt]act1 told on ev5 8 iron frame4 ,! ,*ambezi 0 cross$ on ! #bh? ( ,janu>y1 & ! s\? end ( ,tanganyika rea*$ on ! #ca/ ( ,m>*4 ,"h1 mu* to 8 vexation1 he got into ! company ( ,arab slave deal]s 7among !m be+ ,tippoo-,tib7 by :om 8 movem5ts 7 hamp]$2 b he succe$$ 9 rea*+ ,lake ,mw]u 7,nov4 #ahfg74 ,aft] visit+ ,lake ,m(wa & ! ,lualaba1 :i* he believ$ 0 ! upp] "p ( ! ,nile1 he1 on ! #ah? ( ,july #ahfh1 discov]$ ,lake ,bangweulu4 ,proce$+ up ! we/ coa/ ( ,tanganyika1 he rea*$ ,ujiji on ! #ad? ( ,m>* #ahfi1 a ruckle ( bones4 ,liv+/one recross$ ,tanganyika 9 ,july1 & pass$ ?r\gh ! c\ntry ( ! ,manyema1 b baffl$ p>tly by ! natives1 p>tly by ! slave hunt]s1 & p>tly by 8 long illnesses x 0 n till ! #bi? ( ,m>* #ahga t he succe$$ 9 rea*+ ! ,lualaba1 at ! t[n ( ,nyangwe1 :]e he /ay$ f\r mon?s1 va9ly try+ to get a canoe to take him across4 ,x 0 "h t a p>ty ( ,arab slav]s1 )\t w>n+ or provocation1 assembl$ "o day :5 ! m>ket 0 busie/ & comm5c$ %oot+ ! wom51 hundr$s be+ kill$ or dr[n$ 9 try+ to escape4 ,liv+/one _h ! impression t he 0 9 hell1 b 0 helpless1 ?\gh 8 fir/ impulse 0 to pi/ol ! murd]]s4 ,! acc\nt ( ?is sc5e :i* he s5t home r\s$ indignation 9 ,engl& to su* a degree z to lead to det]m9$ & to a consid]able ext5t successful ef=ts to get ! sultan ( ,zanzib> to suppress ! trade4 ,9 sick5$ disgu/ ! we>y travell] made 8 way back to ,ujiji1 :i* he rea*$ on ! #ac? ( ,octob]4 ,five days aft] 8 arrival 9 ,ujiji he 0 inspir$ ) new life by ! timely arrival ( ,h4 ,m4 ,/anley1 ! ri*ly lad5 almon] ( ,mr ,gordon ,b5nett1 ( ! ,new ,york ,h]ald4 ,) ,/anley ,liv+/one explor$ ! nor? end ( ,tanganyika1 & prov$ conclusively t ! ,rusizi runs into & n out ( x4 ,9 ! end ( ! ye> ! two />t$ ea/w>d = ,unyamwezi1 :]e ,/anley provid$ ,liv+/one ) an ample supply ( goods1 & bade him f>ewell4 ,/anley left on ! #ae? ( ,m>* #ahgb1 & aft] ,liv+/one _h wait$ we>ily 9 ,unyamwezi = five mon?s1 a troop ( fifty-sev5 m5 & boys arriv$1 good & fai?ful fell[s on ! :ole1 select$ by ,/anley himself4 ,?us att5d$1 he />t$ on ! #ae? ( ,augu/ = ,lake ,bangweulu1 proce$+ along ! ea/ side ( ,tanganyika4 ,8 old enemy dys5t]y soon f\nd him out4 ,9 ,janu>y #ahgc ! p>ty got among ! endless spongy jungle on ! ea/ ( ,lake ,bangweulu1 ,liv+/one's object be+ to g r\nd by ! s\? & away we/ to f9d ! f\nta9s4 ,! doctor got worse & worse1 & 9 ! middle ( ,april he _h unwill+ly to submit to be c>ri$ 9 a rude litt]4 ,on ! #bi? ( ,april ,*itambo's village on ! ,lulimala1 9 ,ilala1 on ! s\? %ore ( ! lake1 0 rea*$4 ,! la/ entry 9 ! j\rnal is on ! #bg? ( ,april3 ,knock$ up q1 & rema9--recov]--s5t to buy mil* goats4 ,we are on ! banks ( ! ,molilamo4 ,on ! #cj? ( ,april he ) difficulty w\nd up 8 wat*1 & e>ly on ! morn+ ( ! #a/ ( ,may ! boys f\nd ! great ma/]1 z !y call$ him1 kneel+ by ! side ( 8 b$1 dead4 ,8 fai?ful m5 pres]v$ ! body 9 ! sun z well z !y c\ld1 &1 wrapp+ x c>efully up1 c>ri$ x & all 8 pap]s1 in/rum5ts & o!r ?+s across ,africa to ,zanzib>4 ,x 0 borne to ,engl& ) all hon\r1 & on ! #ah? ( ,april #ahgd1 0 deposit$ 9 ,we/m9/] ,abbey4 ,8 fai?fully kept j\rnals dur+ ^! sev5 ye>s' w&]+s 7 publi%$ "u ! title ( ! ,la/ ,j\rnals ( ,david ,liv+/one 9 ,c5tral ,africa1 9 #ahgd1 edit$ by 8 old fri5d ! ,rev4 ,horace ,wall]4 ,9 ,old ,*itambo's ! "t & place ( 8 dea? are commemorat$ by a p]man5t monum5t1 :i* replac$ 9 #aijb ! tree on :i* 8 native foll[]s _h record$ ! ev5t4 ,9 spite ( 8 suff]+s & ! _m compulsory delays1 ,liv+/one's discov]ies dur+ ^! la/ ye>s 7 bo? ext5sive & ( prime importance z lead+ to a solution ( ,african hydrography4 ,no s+le ,african explor] has ev] done s mu* = ,african geography z ,liv+/one dur+ 8 ?irty ye>s' "w4 ,8 travels cov]$ "o-?ird ( ! cont95t1 ext5d+ f ! ,cape to ne> ! equator1 & f ! ,atlantic to ! ,indian ,ocean4 ,liv+/one 0 no hurri$ travell]2 he did 8 j\rney+ leisurely1 c>efully obs]v+ & record+ all t 0 wor?y ( note1 ) r>e geographical in/9ct & ! eye ( a tra9$ sci5tific obs]v]1 /udy+ ! ways ( ! p1 eat+ _! food1 liv+ 9 _! huts1 & sympa?iz+ ) _! joys & sorr[s4 ,9 all ! c\ntries ?r\gh :i* he travell$ 8 memory is *]i%$ by ! native tribes :o1 almo/ )\t exception1 treat$ ,liv+/one z a sup]ior be+2 8 treatm5t ( !m 0 always t5d]1 g5tle & g5tlemanly4 ,by ! ,arab slav]s :om he oppos$ he 0 also greatly admir$1 & 0 by !m /yl$ ! v great doctor4 ,9 ! annals ( exploration ( ! ,d>k ,cont95t1 wrote ,/anley _m ye>s aft] ! dea? ( ! mission>y explor]1 we look 9 va9 among o!r nationalities = a "n su* z ,liv+/one's4 ,he /&s pre-em95t above all2 he unites 9 himself all ! be/ qualities ( o!r explor]s4 444 ,brita9 444 excell$ h]self ev5 :5 %e produc$ ! /rong & p]sev]ant ,scot*man1 ,liv+/one4 ,b ! direct ga9s to geography & sci5ce are p]haps n ! greate/ results ( ,liv+/one's j\rneys4 ,8 example & 8 dea? act$ l an inspiration1 fill+ ,africa ) an army ( explor]s & mission>ies1 & rais+ 9 ,europe s p[]ful a feel+ aga9/ ! slave trade t ?r\gh him x may be consid]$ z hav+ receiv$ its dea?bl[4 ,p]sonally ,liv+/one 0 a pure & t5d]-he>t$ man1 full ( humanity & sympa?y1 simple-m9d$ z a *ild4 ,! motto ( 8 life 0 ! advice he gave to "s s*ool *ildr5 9 ,scotl&--,fe> ,god1 & "w h>d4 ,see1 besides 8 own n>ratives & ,w4 ,g4 ,blaikie's ,life 7#ahhj71 ! publications ( ! ,london ,mission>y ,society f #ahdj1 ! ,j\rnal & ,proce$+s ( ! ,royal ,geographical ,society1 ! despat*es to ! ,=eign ,(fice s5t home by ,liv+/one dur+ 8 la/ two exp$itions1 & ,/anley's ,autobiography 7#aiji7 & ,h[ ,i ,f\nd ,liv+/one 7#ahgb74 7,j4 ,s4 ,k47 ,,liv+/one ,,m\nta9s1 a b& ( highl&s 9 ,g]man ,ea/ ,africa1 =m+ ! ea/]n bord] ( ! rift-valley ( ,lake ,nyasa1 at ! nor!rn end ( ! lake4 ,9 p>ts ^! highl&s1 kn[n also "u _! native "n ( ,k+a1 pres5t r ! "* ( a plateau ?an ( a true m\nta9 range1 b ! latt] "n may be ju/ifi$ by ! fact t !y =m a comp>atively n>r[ belt ( c\ntry1 :i* falls consid]ably to ! ea/ z well z to ! we/4 ,! nor!rn end is well m>k$ 9 #h #ej ,s4 by an esc>pm5t fall+ to ! ,ruaha valley1 :i* is reg>d$ z a nor?-ea/]n bran* ( ! ma9 rift-valley4 ,s\?w>ds ! ,liv+/one range t]m9ates 9 ! deep valley ( ! ,ruhuhu 9 #aj #cj ,s41 ! fir/ decid$ break 9 ! highl&s t is rea*$ f ! nor?1 on ! ea/ coa/ ( ,nyasa4 ,geologically ! range is =m$ on ! side ( ! lake by a zone ( gneiss runn+ 9 a s]ies ( ridges & valleys g5]ally p>allel to its axis4 ,! ridge ne>e/ ! lake 7:i* 9 ,m\nt ,jamimbi or ,*amembe1 #i #da ,s41 rises to an absolute height ( #ghgj ft41 or #fbjj ft4 above ,nyasa7 falls almo/ %e] to ! wat]1 ! same /eep slope be+ cont9u$ b5ea? ! surface4 ,t[>ds ! s\? ! range appe>s to h a wid? ( "s #bj m4 only1 b nor?w>ds x wid5s out to ab\t #dj m41 ?\gh brok5 "h by ! depression1 dra9$ t[>ds ! ,ruaha1 ( ,buanyi1 on ! s\? side ( :i* is ! highe/ kn[n summit ( ! range 7#ifjj ft474 ,nor? & ea/ ( ,buanyi1 z 9 ! ea/]n half ( ! range g5]ally1 table-topp$ m\nta9s occur1 compos$ above ( horizontally b$d$ qu>tzites1 s&/ones & conglom]ates4 ,! upl&s are g5]ally clo!d 9 ri* grass1 =e/ occurr+ pr9cipally 9 ! holl[s1 :ile ! slopes t[>ds ! lake are cov]$ ) poor scrub4 ,native settlem5ts are scatt]$ ov] ! :ole range1 & ,g]man mission /ations h be5 e/abli%$ at ,bulongwa & ,mt&ala1 a little nor? ( ! nor? end ( ,nyasa4 ,! climate is "h heal?y1 & night fro/s occur 9 ! cold season4 ,european crops are rais$ ) success4 ,at ! foot ( ! m\nta9s on ,lake ,nyasa are ! ports ( ,wi$haf51 at ! m\? ( ! ,ruhuhu1 & ,old ,lang5burg1 at ! nor?-ea/ corn] ( ! lake4 7,e4 ,he47 ,,livius ,,&ronicus 7c4 #bhd-bjd ,b4,c471 ! f\nd] ( ,roman epic poetry & drama4 ,8 "n1 9 :i* ! ,greek ,greek3 ,&ronikos is comb9$ ) ! g5tile "n ( "o ( ! great ,roman h\ses1 :ile indicative ( 8 own position z a manumitt$ slave1 is also significant ( ! influ5ces by :i* ,roman lit]ature 0 fo/]$1 viz4 ! culture ( m5 :o 7 ei!r ,greeks or semi-,graeci by bir? & education1 & ! protection & fav\r be/[$ ^u !m by ! m enlight5$ memb]s ( ! ,roman ari/ocracy4 ,he is suppos$ to h be5 a native ( ,t>5tum1 & to h be5 br\ght1 :ile /ill a boy1 aft] ! capture ( t t[n 9 #bgb1 z a slave to ,rome4 ,he liv$ 9 ! h\sehold ( a memb] ( ! g5s ,livia1 probably ,m4 ,livius ,sal9ator4 ,he det]m9$ ! c\rse :i* ,roman lit]ature foll[$ = m ?an a c5tury aft] 8 "t4 ,! imitation ( ,greek com$y1 trag$y & epic poetry1 :i* produc$ great results 9 ! h&s ( ,naevius1 ,plautus1 ,ennius & _! successors1 receiv$ its fir/ impulse f him4 ,to judge1 h[ev]1 f ! insignificant rema9s ( 8 writ+s1 & f ! op9ions ( ,cic]o & ,horace1 he c h _h no pret5sion ei!r to orig9al g5ius or to arti/ic accompli%m5t4 ,8 real claim to di/9ction 0 t he 0 ! fir/ great s*oolma/] ( ! ,roman p4 ,we le>n f ,suetonius t1 l ,ennius aft] him1 he obta9$ 8 liv+ by tea*+ ,greek & ,lat92 & x 0 probably z a s*ool-book1 r ?an z a "w ( lit]>y pret5sion1 t 8 translation ( ! ,odyssey into ,lat9 ,saturnian v]se 0 execut$4 ,?is "w 0 /ill us$ 9 s*ools 9 ! "t ( ,horace 7,epp4 ii4 #a41 #fi71 &1 al?\gh faultily execut$1 satisfi$ a real want by introduc+ ! ,romans to a k ( ,greek4 ,su* k became ess5tial to m5 9 a high position z a means ( int]c\rse ) ,greeks1 :ile ,greek lit]ature /imulat$ ! m9ds ( lead+ ,romans4 ,moreov]1 s\!rn ,italy & ,sicily af=d$ _m opportunities = witness+ repres5tations ( ,greek com$ies & trag$ies4 ,! ,romans & ,italians _h an indig5\s drama ( _! own1 kn[n by ! "n ( ,satura1 :i* prep>$ !m = ! reception ( ! m regul> ,greek drama4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 ?is ,satura & ! plays ( ,euripides or ,m5&] 0 t x _h no regul> plot4 ,?is ! ,lat9 drama fir/ receiv$ f ,livius ,&ronicus2 b x did s at ! co/ ( its orig9ality4 ,9 #bdj1 ! ye> aft] ! end ( ! fir/ ,punic ,w>1 he produc$ at ! ludi ,romani a translation ( a ,greek play 7x is unc]ta9 :e!r a com$y or trag$y or bo?71 & ?is repres5tation m>ks ! beg9n+ ( ,roman lit]ature 7,livy vii4 #b74 ,livius himself took "p 9 8 plays1 & 9 ord] to sp>e 8 voice he introduc$ ! cu/om ( hav+ ! solos 7cantica7 sung by a boy1 :ile he himself repres5t$ ! action ( ! song by dumb %[4 ,9 8 translation he disc>d$ ! native ,saturnian metre1 & adopt$ ! iambic1 tro*aic & cretic metres1 to :i* ,lat9 m easily adapt$ itself ?an ei!r to ! hexamet] or to ! lyrical measures ( a lat] "t4 ,he cont9u$ to produce plays = m ?an ?irty ye>s aft] ?is "t4 ,! titles ( 8 trag$ies--,a*illes1 ,aegi/hus1 ,equus ,trojanus1 ,h]mione1 ,t]eus--are all sugge/ive ( subjects :i* 7 treat$ by ! lat] tragic poets ( ,rome4 ,9 ! ye> #bjg1 :5 he mu/ h be5 ( a great age1 he 0 appo9t$ to compose a hymn ( ?anksgiv+1 sung by maid5s1 = ! victory ( ! ,metaurus & an int]cessory hymn to ! ,av5t9e ,juno4 ,z a fur!r tribute ( national recognition ! college or gild ( poets & actors 0 grant$ a place ( meet+ 9 ! temple ( ,m9]va on ! ,av5t9e4 ,see fragm5ts 9 ,l4 ,mll]1 ,livi ,&ronici et ,cn4 ,naevi ,fabul>um ,reliquiae 7#ahhe72 also ,j4 ,wordswor?1 ,fragm5ts & ,specim5s ( ,e>ly ,lat9 7#ahgd72 ,momms51 ,hi/4 ( ,rome1 bk4 iii4 *4 #ad4 ,,livno1 a t[n ( ,bosnia1 situat$ on ! ea/]n side ( ! f]tile pla9 ( ,livno1 at ! foot ( ,m\nt ,krug 7#feha ft474 ,pop4 ab\t #ejjj4 ,! ,dalmatian bord] is #g m4 ,w4 ,livno _h a trade 9 gra91 live-/ock & silv] filigree-"w up to #aijd1 :5 a fire swept away m ?an #ejj ( ! old ,turki% h\ses1 toge!r ) ! ,roman citadel4 ,rema9s prove t ,livno occupies ! site ( a ,roman settlem5t1 ! "n ( :i* is unc]ta94 ,! ,roman ,ca?olic conv5t ( ,gurici is #f m4 ,s4 ,,livonia1 or ,,livl& 7,russian1 ,lifl&ia71 "o ( ! ?ree ,baltic prov9ces ( ,russia1 b\nd$ ,w4 by ! ,gulf ( ,riga1 ,n4 by ,e/honia1 ,e4 by ! gov]nm5ts ( ,/ ,pet]sburg1 ,pskov & ,vitebsk1 & ,s4 by ,c\rl&4 ,a gr\p ( isl&s 7#aaaj sq4 m47 at ! entrance ( ! ,gulf ( ,riga1 ( :i* ,oesel1 ,mohn1 ,runo & ,pat]no/] are ! l>ge/1 belong to ?is gov]nm5t4 ,x cov]s an area ( #ah1afj sq4 m41 b ( ?is ! "p ( ,lake ,peipus :i* belongs to x occupies #ajij4 ,its surface is div]sifi$ by sev]al plateaus1 ^? ( ,haanh( & ( ! ,livonian ,aa hav+ an av]age elevation ( #djj to #gjj ft41 :ile sev]al summits rea* #hjj to #ajjj ft4 or m4 ,! edges ( ! plateaus are gapp$ by deep valleys2 ! hilly tract betwe5 ! ,dv9a & its tribut>y ! ,livonian ,aa has receiv$1 f its picturesque n>r[ valleys1 ?ick =e/s & num]\s lakes1 ! "n ( ,livonian ,switz]l&4 ,! plateau ( ,od5ph1 dra9$ by tribut>ies ( ! ,emba* riv]1 :i* fl[s = #ic m4 f ,lake ,virz-yrvi into ,lake ,peipus1 occupies an area ( #bhcj sq4 m41 & has an av]age elevation ( #ejj ft4 ,m ?an a ?\s& lakes are scatt]$ ov] ,livonia1 ( :i* t ( ,virz-yrvi1 hav+ a surface ( #ajf sq4 m4 7#aae ft4 above sea-level71 is ! l>ge/4 ,m>%es & peat-bogs occupy "o-t5? ( ! prov9ce4 ,( ! num]\s riv]s1 ! ,dv9a1 :i* fl[s = #ij m4 along its fronti]1 ! ,p]nau1 ,salis1 ,livonian ,aa & ,emba* are navigable4 ,! ,silurian =mation :i* cov]s ,e/honia1 appe>s 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ,livonia1 ! rema9d] ( ! prov9ce consi/+ ( ,devonian /rata4 ,! :ole is ov]laid ) glacial deposits1 sometimes #djj ft4 ?ick4 ,! typical bottom mora9e1 ) erratics f ,f9l&1 ext5ds all ov] ! c\ntry4 ,glacial furr[s1 /riae & elongat$ tr\ghs are met ) ev]y:]e1 runn+ mo/ly f nor?-we/ to s\?-ea/1 z well z as> or eskrs1 :i* h ! same direction4 ,s&-dunes cov] l>ge tracts on ! %ores ( ! ,baltic4 ,no traces ( m>9e deposits are f\nd high] ?an #ajj or #aej ft4 above ! pres5t sea-level4 ,! soil is n v f]tile4 ,=e/s cov] ab\t two-fif?s ( ! surface4 ,! climate is r sev]e4 ,! mean temp]atures are #dc ,f4 at ,riga 7w9t] #bc1 summ] #fc7 & #dj at ,yuriev4 ,! w9ds are v v>iable2 ! av]age numb] ( ra9y & sn[y days is #adf at ,riga 7ra9fall #bd4a 9474 ,fogs are n uncommon4 ,! population ( ,livonia1 :i* 0 #fba1fjj 9 #ahaf1 rea*$ #a1jjj1hgf 9 #ahgj1 & #a1bie1bca 9 #ahig1 ( :om #dc4d 7 ,letts1 #ci4i ,eh/s1 #g4f ,g]mans1 #e4d ,russians1 #b ,jews & #a4b ,poles4 ,! e/imat$ pop4 9 #aijf 0 #a1daa1jjj4 ,! ,livs1 :o =m]ly ext5d$ ea/ into ! gov]nm5t ( ,vitebsk1 h ne>ly all pass$ away4 ,_! native language1 ( ,f9ni% orig91 is rapidly disappe>+1 _! pres5t language be+ a ,letti% patois4 ,9 #ahdf a gramm> & diction>y ( x 7 made ) difficulty f ! m\?s ( old p4 ,! ,eh/s1 :o resemble ! ,f9ns ( ,tava/l&1 h ma9ta9$ _! e?nic features1 _! cu/oms1 national traditions1 songs & poetry1 & _! h>moni\s language4 ,!re is a m>k$ revival ( national feel+1 fav\r$ by ,"y ,e/honia4 ,! prevail+ religion is ! ,lu!ran 7#gi4h72 #ad4c belong to ! ,or?odox ,greek ,*ur*2 ( ! ,russians1 h[ev]1 a consid]able proportion are ,raskolniks 7,noncon=mi/s72 ! ,roman ,ca?olics am\nt to #b4c1 & ! ,jews to #b4 ,! ,russian civil code 0 introduc$ 9 ! ,baltic prov9ces 9 #ahce1 & ! use ( ,russian1 in/ead ( ,g]man1 9 (ficial correspond5ce & 9 law c\rts 0 ord]$ 9 #ahfg1 b n g5]ally br\ght into practice4 ,ne>ly all ! soil belongs to ! nobility1 ! ext5t ( ! peasants' e/ates be+ only #ae ( ! entire area ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,s]fdom 0 aboli%$ 9 #ahai1 b ! peasants rema9$ "u ! jurisdiction ( _! l&lords4 ,! class ( peasant proprietors be+ re/rict$ to a small numb] ( weal?y peasants1 ! bulk h rema9$ t5ants at w2 !y are v mis]able1 & ab\t "o-f\r? ( !m are cont9ually w&]+ 9 se>* ( "w4 ,f "t to "t ! emigration takes ! %ape ( a mass movem5t1 :i* ! gov]nm5t /ops by =cible measures4 ,! av]age size ( ! l&$ e/ates is #iejj to #aa1jjj acres1 f> above ! g5]al av]age = ,russia4 ,agriculture has rea*$ a high degree ( p]fection on ! e/ates ( ! l&lords4 ,! pr9cipal crops are rye1 oats1 b>ley1 flax & potatoes1 ) "s :eat1 hemp & buck:eat4 ,dairy-f>m+ & g>d5+ are on ! increase4 ,fi%+ 9 ,lake ,peipus gives occupation to ne>ly #ajj1jjj p]sons1 & is also c>ri$ on 9 ! ,gulf ( ,riga & 9 ! riv]s4 ,wooll51 clo?1 cotton & flax mills1 /eam fl\r & saw mills1 di/ill]ies & brew]ies1 ma*9]y works1 pap] mills1 furniture1 tobacco1 soap1 c&le & h>dw>e works are among ! *ief indu/rial e/abli%m5ts4 ,livonia c>ries on a l>ge export trade1 especially ?r\gh ,riga & ,p]nau1 9 petroleum1 wool1 oilcake1 flax1 l9se$1 hemp1 gra91 timb] & wood5 w>es2 ! ,dv9a is ! *ief *annel = ?is trade4 ,education /&s on a mu* high] level ?an else:]e 9 ,russia1 no less ?an #hg ( ! *ildr5 receiv+ regul> in/ruction4 ,! high] educational in/itutions include ,yuriev 7,dorpat7 ,univ]sity1 ,riga polyte*nic & a high s*ool = ! cl]gy4 ,! gov]nm5t is divid$ into n9e di/ricts1 ! *ief t[ns ( :i*1 ) _! populations 9 #ahig1 are3 ,riga1 capital ( ! gov]nm5t 7#bhb1idc72 ,ar5sburg1 9 ! isl& ( ,oesel 7#dfba72 ,yuriev or ,dorpat 7#db1dba72 ,fell9 7#gfei72 ,p]nau 7#ab1hef72 ,walk 7#aj1aci72 ,w5d5 7#fcbg72 ,w]ro 7#daed72 & ,wolm> 7#eabd74 ,! capital ( ! gov]nm5t is ,riga4 ,co9s ( ! "t ( ,alex&] ! ,great1 f\nd on ! isl& ( ,oesel1 %[ t ! coa/s ( ! ,baltic 7 at an e>ly p]iod 9 comm]cial relation ) ! civiliz$ _w4 ,! *ronicle ( ,ne/or m5tions z inhabitants ( ! ,baltic coa/ ! ,*udes1 ! ,livs1 ! ,n>ova1 ,letgola1 ,semigallians & ,kors4 ,x 0 probably ab\t ! #i? c5tury t ! ,*udes became tribut>y to ! ,v>angian-,russian /ates4 ,z !y reacquir$ _! indep5d5ce1 ,y>oslav ,i4 und]took 9 #ajcj a campaign aga9/ !m1 & f\nd$ ,yuriev 7,dorpat74 ,! ,g]mans fir/ p5etrat$ into ,livonia 9 ! #aa? c5tury1 & 9 #aaeh sev]al ,lbeck & ,visby m]*ants l&$ at ! m\? ( ! ,dv9a4 ,9 #aahf ! emiss>ies ( ! ar*bi%op ( ,brem5 began to prea* ,*ri/ianity among ! ,eh/s & ,letts1 & 9 #abja ! bi%op ( ,livonia e/abli%$ 8 resid5ce at ,riga4 ,9 #abjb or #abjd ,innoc5t ,,iii4 recogniz$ ! ord] ( ,bro!rs ( ! ,sword1 ! resid5ce ( its gr& ma/] be+ at ,w5d52 & ! ord]1 spread+ ! ,*ri/ian religion by ! sword among ! natives1 c>ri$ on f t "t a s]ies ( un9t]rupt$ w>s aga9/ ! ,russian republics & ,li?uania1 z well z a /ruggle aga9/ ! ar*bi%op ( ,riga1 ,riga hav+ become a c5tre = trade1 int]m$iate betwe5 ! ,hanseatic t[ns & ^? ( ,novgorod1 ,pskov & ,polotsk4 ,! fir/ active int]f]5ce ( ,li?uania 9 ! affairs ( ,livonia took place imm$iately aft] ! great outbreak ( ! peasants on ,oesel2 ,olgi]d !n deva/at$ all s\!rn ,livonia4 ,! ord]1 hav+ pur*as$ ! ,dani% "p ( ,e/honia1 9 #acdg1 began a w> aga9/ ! bi%op ( ,riga1 z well z aga9/ ,li?uania1 ,pol& & ,russia4 ,! w>s aga9/ ^? p[]s 7 t]m9at$ respectively 9 #adce1 #adff & #adhc4 ,ab\t ! end ( ! #ae? c5tury ! ma/] ( ! ord]1 ,plett5b]g1 acquir$ a position ( great importance1 & 9 #aebg he 0 recogniz$ z a pr9ce ( ! empire by ,*>les ,v4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! au?ority ( ! bi%ops ( ,riga 0 soon completely de/roy$ 7#aeff74 ,! w> ( ! ord] ) ,ivan ,,iv4 ( ,russia 9 #aeeh l$ to a division ( ,livonia1 its nor!rn "p1 ,dorpat includ$1 be+ tak5 by ,russia1 & ! s\!rn "p fall+ "u ! dom9ion ( ,pol&4 ,f t "t 7#aefa7 ,livonia =m$ a subject ( dispute betwe5 ,pol& & ,russia1 ! latt] only =mally abdicat+ its rights to ! c\ntry 9 #aehb4 ,9 #afba x 0 ! !atre ( a w> betwe5 ,pol& & ,sw$51 & 0 conqu]$ by ! latt] p[]1 enjoy+ ?us = tw5ty-five ye>s a mild] rule4 ,9 #afed1 & aga9 at ! beg9n+ ( ! #ah? c5tury1 x became ! !atre ( w> betwe5 ,pol&1 ,russia & ,sw$51 & 0 f9ally conqu]$ by ,russia4 ,! (ficial concession 0 confirm$ by ! treaty ( ,ny/ad 9 #agba4 ,see ,e4 ,s]aphim1 ,ges*i*te ,liv-1 ,e/h-1 und ,kurl&s 7#bnd ed41 ,revel1 #ahig-aijd7 & ,ges*i*te von ,livl& 7,go?a1 #aije1 c474 7,p4 ,a4 ,k42 ,j4 ,t4 ,be47 ,,livy ,,titus ,,livius 7#ei ,b4,c4-,a4,d4 #ag71 ,roman hi/orian1 0 born at ,patavium 7,padua74 ,! anci5t connexion betwe5 8 native city & ,rome help$ to turn 8 att5tion to ! /udy :i* became ! "w ( 8 life4 ,= ,padua claim$1 l ,rome1 a ,trojan orig91 & ,livy is c>eful to place its f\nd] ,ant5or side by side ) ,a5eas4 ,a m real bond ( union 0 f\nd 9 ! dang]s to :i* bo? _h be5 expos$ f ! assaults ( ! ,celts 7,livy x4 #b71 & ,padua mu/ h be5 drawn to ,rome z ! conqu]or ( h] h]$it>y foes4 ,moreov]1 at ! "t ( ,livy's bir?1 ,padua _h long be5 9 possession ( ! full ,roman fran*ise1 & ! hi/orian's family "n may h be5 tak5 by "o ( 8 ance/ors out ( complim5t to ! great ,livian g5s at ,rome1 ^: connexion ) ,cisalp9e ,gaul is well-e/abli%$ 7,suet4 ,tib4 #c71 & by "o ( :om 8 family may h be5 enfran*iz$4 ,livy's easy indep5d5t life at ,rome1 & 8 ari/ocratic lean+s 9 politics seem to %[ t he 0 ! son ( well-born & opul5t p>5ts2 he 0 c]ta9ly well educat$1 be+ widely read 9 ,greek lit]ature1 & a /ud5t bo? ( rhetoric & philosophy4 ,we h also evid5ce 9 8 writ+s t he _h prep>$ himself = 8 great "w by rese>*es into ! hi/ory ( 8 native t[n4 ,8 y\? & e>ly manhood1 sp5t p]haps *iefly at ,padua1 7 ca/ 9 /ormy times1 & ! impression :i* !y left ^u 8 m9d 0 ineffaceable4 ,9 ! ,civil ,w> 8 p]sonal sympa?ies 7 ) ,pompey & ! republican p>ty 7,tac4 ,ann4 iv4 #cd72 b f> m la/+ 9 its effects 0 8 exp]i5ce ( ! lic5ce1 an>*y & confusion ( ^! d>k days4 ,! rule ( ,augu/us he seems to h accept$ z a necessity1 b he c\ld n1 l ,horace & ,virgil1 welcome x z inaugurat+ a new & glori\s era4 ,he writes ( x ) despond5cy z a deg5]ate & decl9+ age2 &1 in/ead ( triumphant prophecies ( _w-wide rule1 su* z we f9d 9 ,horace1 ,livy cont5ts himself ) po9t+ out ! dang]s :i* already ?reat5$ ,rome1 & exhort+ 8 contempor>ies to le>n1 9 good "t1 ! lessons :i* ! pa/ hi/ory ( ! /ate _h to tea*4 ,x 0 probably ab\t ! "t ( ! battle ( ,actium t ,livy e/abli%$ himself 9 ,rome1 & !re he seems *iefly to h resid$ until 8 retirem5t to ,padua %ortly be=e 8 dea?4 ,we h no evid5ce t he travell$ mu*1 ?\gh he mu/ h paid at lea/ "o visit to ,campania 7xxxviii4 #ef71 & he nev]1 s f> z we "k1 took any "p 9 political life4 ,nor1 ?\gh he enjoy$ ! p]sonal fri5d%ip & patronage ( ,augu/us 7,tac4 ,ann4 iv4 #cd7 & /imulat$ ! hi/orical zeal ( ! future emp]or ,claudius 7,suet4 ,claud4 xli471 c we detect 9 him any?+ ( ! c\rti]4 ,!re is n 9 8 hi/ory a trace ( t r gross adulation 9 :i* ev5 ,virgil does n disda9 to indulge4 ,8 republican sympa?ies 7 freely express$1 & z freely p>don$ by ,augu/us4 ,we mu/ imag9e him devot$ to ! great task :i* he _h set himself to p]=m1 ) a m9d free f all di/urb+ c>es1 & 9 ! enjoym5t ( all ! facilities = /udy af=d$ by ! ,rome ( ,augu/us1 ) its lib]al enc\ragem5t ( lett]s1 its newly-f\nd$ libr>ies & its brilliant lit]>y circles4 ,z 8 "w w5t on1 ! fame :i* he _h nev] covet$ came to him 9 ample measure4 ,he is said to h decl>$ 9 "o volume ( 8 hi/ory t he _h already won glory en\gh1 & ! y\ng] ,pl9y 7,epi/4 ii4 #c7 relates t a ,spani>d came all ! way f ,gades m]ely to see him1 &1 ?is accompli%$1 at once return$ home satisfi$4 ,! accession ( ,tib]ius 7,a4,d4 #ad7 mat]ially alt]$ = ! worse ! prospects ( lit]ature 9 ,rome1 & ,livy retir$ to ,padua1 :]e he di$4 ,he _h at lea/ "o son 7,qu9til4 x4 #a4 #ci71 :o also 0 possibly an au?or 7,pl9y1 ,nat4 ,hi/4 i4 #e4 #f71 & a daught] m>ri$ to a c]ta9 ,l4 ,magius1 a rhetorician ( no great m]it 7,s5eca1 ,controv4 x4 #bi4 #b74 ,no?+ fur!r is kn[n ( 8 p]sonal hi/ory4 ,analysis ( ! ,hi/ory4--,= u ! int]e/ ( ,livy's life c5tres 9 ! "w to :i* ! great] "p ( x 0 devot$1 ! hi/ory ( ,rome f its f\ndation d[n to ! dea? ( ,drusus 7#i ,b4,c474 ,its prop] title 0 ,ab urbe condita libri 7also call$ hi/oriae & annales74 ,v>i\s indications po9t to ! p]iod f #bg to #bj ,b4,c41 z t dur+ :i* ! fir/ decade 0 writt54 ,9 ! fir/ book 7#ai4 #c7 ! emp]or is call$ ,augu/us1 a title :i* he assum$ e>ly 9 #bg ,b4,c41 & 9 ix4 #ah ! omission ( all ref]5ce to ! re/oration1 9 #bj ,b4,c41 ( ! /&>ds tak5 at ,c>rhae seems to ju/ify ! inf]5ce t ! passage 0 writt5 be=e t date4 ,9 ! epitome ( book lix4 !re is a ref]5ce to a law ( ,augu/us :i* 0 pass$ 9 #ah ,b4,c4 ,! books deal+ ) ! civil w>s mu/ h be5 writt5 dur+ ,augu/us's lifetime1 z !y 7 read by him 7,tac4 ,ann4 iv4 #cd71 :ile !re is "s evid5ce t ! la/ "p1 f book cxxi4 onw>ds1 0 publi%$ aft] 8 dea? ,a4,d4 #ad4 ,! "w beg9s ) ! l&+ ( ,a5eas 9 ,italy1 & closes ) ! dea? ( ,drusus1 #i ,b4,c41 ?\gh x is possible t ! au?or int5d$ to cont9ue x z f> z ! dea? ( ,augu/us4 ,! division into decades is c]ta9ly n due to ! au?or himself1 & is fir/ he>d ( at ! end ( ! #e? c5tury2 on ! o!r h&1 ! division into libri or volum9a seems to be orig9al4 ,t ! books 7 gr\p$ & possibly publi%$ 9 sets is r5d]$ probable bo? by ! prefaces :i* introduce new divisions ( ! "w 7vi4 #a1 xxi4 #a1 xxxi4 #a7 & by ! description 9 "o ,,ms4 ( books cix4-cxvi4 z bellorum civilium libri octo4 ,su* arrangem5t & publication 9 p>ts 71 moreov]1 common ) anci5t au?ors1 & 9 ! case ( a l5g?y "w almo/ a necessity4 ,( ! #adb libri compos+ ! hi/ory1 ! fir/ #ae c>ry u d[n to ! eve ( ! great /ruggle ) ,c>?age1 a p]iod1 z ,livy reckons x1 ( #dhh ye>s 7xxxi4 #a72 #ae m 7xvi-xxx47 cov] ! #fc ye>s ( ! two great ,punic w>s4 ,) ! close ( book xlv4 we rea* ! conque/ ( ,mac$onia 9 #afg ,b4,c4 ,book lviii4 describ$ ! tribunate ( ,tib]ius ,grac*us1 #acc ,b4,c4 ,9 book lxxxix4 we h ! dictator%ip ( ,sulla 7#ha ,b4,c471 9 ciii4 ,caes>'s fir/ consul%ip 7#ei ,b4,c471 9 cix4-cxvi4 ! civil w>s to ! dea? ( ,caes> 7#dd ,b4,c471 9 cxxiv4 ! defeat ( ,brutus & ,cassius at ,philippi1 9 cxxxiii4 & cxxxiv4 ! battle ( ,actium & ! accession ( ,augu/us4 ,! rema9+ eight books give ! hi/ory ( ! fir/ tw5ty ye>s ( ,augu/us's reign4 ,( ?is va/ "w only a small portion has come d[n to mod]n times2 only ?irty-five books are n[ extant 7i4-x41 xxi4-xlv471 & ( ^! xli4 & xliii4 are incomplete4 ,! lo/ books seem to h disappe>$ betwe5 ! #g? c5tury & ! revival ( lett]s 9 ! #ae?--a fact suffici5tly acc\nt$ = by ! difficulty ( transmitt+ s volum9\s a "w 9 times :5 pr9t+ 0 unkn[n1 = ! /ory t ,pope ,gregory ,i4 burnt all ! copies ( ,livy he c\ld lay 8 h&s on re/s on no good evid5ce4 ,only "o important fragm5t has s9ce be5 recov]$--! portion ( book xci4 discov]$ 9 ! ,vatican 9 #aggb1 & edit$ by ,niebuhr 9 #ahbj4 ,v mu* no d\bt ( ! sub/ance ( ! lo/ books has be5 pres]v$ bo? by su* writ]s z ,plut>* & ,dio ,cassius1 & by epitomiz]s l ,florus & ,eutropius4 ,b our k ( _! cont5ts is *iefly d]iv$ f ! s-call$ p]io*ae or epitomes1 ( :i* we h =tunately a ne>ly complete s]ies1 ! epitomes ( books cxxxvi4 & cxxxvii4 be+ ! only ones miss+4#a ,^! epitomes h be5 ascrib$ )\t suffici5t reason to ,florus 7#bnd c5tury72 b1 ?\gh !y are probably ( ev5 lat] date1 & are disappo9t+ly meagre1 !y may be tak5 z giv+1 s f> z !y g1 a fairly au!ntic description ( ! orig9al4 ,!y h be5 exp&$ ) great +5uity & le>n+ by ,fre9%eim 9 ,drak5bor*'s edition ( ,livy4#b ,! ,prodigio ( ,julius ,obsequ5s & ! li/ ( consuls 9 ! ,*ronica ( ,cassiodorus are tak5 directly f ,livy1 & to t ext5t reproduce ! cont5ts ( ! lo/ books4 ,x is probable t ,obsequ5s1 ,cassiodorus & ! compil] ( ! epitomes did n use ! orig9al "w b an abridgm5t4 ,hi/orical ,/&po9t4--,if we are to =m a correct judgm5t on ! m]its ( ,livy's hi/ory1 we mu/1 above all ?+s1 be> 9 m9d :at 8 aim 0 9 writ+ x1 & ?is he has told u himself 9 ! celebrat$ preface4 ,he set himself ! task ( record+ ! hi/ory ( ! ,roman p1 ! fir/ 9 ! _w1 f ! beg9n+4 ,! task 0 a great "o1 & ! fame to be won by x unc]ta91 yet x w\ld be some?+ to h made ! attempt1 & ! lab\r itself w\ld br+ a welcome relief f ! contemplation ( pres5t evils2 = 8 read]s1 too1 ?is record w1 he says1 be full ( in/ruction2 !y are invit$ to note especially ! moral lessons taught by ! /ory ( ,rome1 to obs]ve h[ ,rome rose to greatness by ! simple virtues & unselfi% devotion ( h] citiz5s1 & h[ on ! decay ( ^! qualities foll[$ deg5]acy & decl9e4 ,he does n1 !re=e1 write1 z ,polybius wrote1 = /ud5ts ( hi/ory4 ,) ,polybius ! greatness ( ,rome is a ph5om5on to be critically /udi$ & sci5tifically expla9$2 ! rise ( ,rome =ms an important *apt] 9 univ]sal hi/ory1 & mu/ be dealt )1 n z an isolat$ fact1 b 9 connexion ) ! g5]al m>* ( ev5ts 9 ! civiliz$ _w4 ,/ill less has ,livy any?+ 9 common ) ! nave anxiety ( ,dionysius ( ,halic>nassus to make x cle> to 8 fell[ ,greeks t ! irresi/ible p :o _h ma/]$ !m 0 9 orig91 9 race & 9 language ,hell5ic l !mselves4 ,livy writes z a ,roman1 to raise a monum5t wor?y ( ! greatness ( ,rome1 & to keep alive1 = ! guidance & ! w>n+ ( ,romans1 ! recollection alike ( ! virtues :i* _h made ,rome great & ( ! vices :i* _h ?reat5$ h] ) de/ruction4 ,9 s writ+ he 0 9 close agreem5t ) ! traditions ( ,roman lit]ature1 z well z ) ! conception ( ! nature & objects ( hi/ory curr5t 9 8 "t4 ,to a l>ge ext5t ,roman lit]ature grew out ( pride 9 ,rome1 =1 ?\gh h] e>lie/ au?ors took ! =m & (t5 ! language ( _! writ+s f ,greece1 x 0 ! greatness ( ,rome t inspir$ ! be/ ( !m1 & x 0 f ! annals ( ,rome t _! !mes 7 tak54 ,& ?is is naturally true 9 an especial s5se ( ! ,roman hi/orians2 ! long li/ ( annali/s beg9s at ! mom5t :5 ! great /ruggle ) ,c>?age _h = ! fir/ "t br\ght ,rome into direct connexion ) ! hi/oric peoples ( ! anci5t _w1 & :5 ,romans !mselves awoke to ! importance ( ! "p res]v$ = ,rome to play 9 univ]sal hi/ory4 ,to write ! annals ( ,rome became at once a task wor?y ( ! be/ ( h] citiz5s4 ,?\gh o!r =ms ( lit]ature might be ?\ght unbecom+ to ! dignity ( a free-born citiz51 ?is 0 nev] s ) hi/ory4 ,on ! contr>y1 m5 ( high rank & tri$ /atesman%ip 7 on t v acc\nt ?\ght all ! fitt] to write ! *ronicles ( ! /ate !y _h s]v$4 ,& hi/ory 9 ,rome nev] lo/ ei!r its social pre/ige or its intimate & exclusive connexion ) ! =tunes ( ! ,roman p4 ,x 0 well en\gh = ,greeks to busy !mselves ) ! mann]s1 in/itutions & de$s ( ! peoples outside4 ,! ,roman hi/orians1 f ,fabius ,pictor to ,tacitus1 c>$ = none ( ^! ?+s4 ,?is exclusive int]e/ 9 ,rome 0 d\btless enc\rag$ by ! peculi> *>act]i/ics ( ! hi/ory ( ! /ate4 ,! ,roman annali/ _h n1 l ! ,greek1 to deal ) ! v>y+ =tunes & sep>ate do+s ( a numb] ( petty communities1 b ) ! cont9u\s life ( a s+le city4 ,nor 0 8 att5tion drawn f ! ma9 l9es ( political hi/ory by ! claims ( art1 lit]ature & philosophy1 = j z ! tie :i* b\nd ,romans toge!r 0 t ( citiz5%ip1 n ( race or culture1 s ! hi/ory ( ,rome is t ( ! /ate1 ( its political con/itution1 its w>s & conque/s1 its milit>y & adm9i/rative sy/em4 ,livy's own circum/ances 7 all su* z to r5d] ^! views natural to him4 ,he began to write at a "t :51 aft] a c5tury ( di/urbance1 ! mass ( m5 _h be5 cont5t$ to pur*ase peace at ! price ( lib]ty4 ,! pres5t 0 at lea/ +lori\s1 ! future d\btful1 & _m turn$ gladly to ! pa/ = consolation4 ,?is retrospective t5d5cy 0 fav\rably reg>d$ by ! gov]nm5t4 ,x 0 ! policy ( ,augu/us to oblit]ate all traces ( rec5t revolution1 & to connect ! new imp]ial rgime z closely z possible ) ! anci5t traditions & in/itutions ( ,rome & ,italy4 ,! ,a5eid ( ,virgil1 ! ,fa/i ( ,ovid1 suit$ well ) 8 own re/oration ( ! anci5t temples1 8 revival ( su* anci5t c]emonies z ! ,ludi ,saecul>es1 8 ef=ts to *eck ! un-,roman luxury ( ! day1 & 8 jeal\s reg>d = ! purity ( ! ,roman /ock4 ,&1 ?\gh we are n[h]e told t ,livy und]took 8 hi/ory at ! emp]or's sugge/ion1 x is c]ta9 t ,augu/us read p>ts ( x ) pleasure1 & ev5 hon\r$ ! writ] ) 8 assi/ance & fri5d%ip4 ,livy 0 deeply p5etrat$ ) a s5se ( ! greatness ( ,rome4 ,f fir/ to la/ its maje/y & high de/9y are pres5t to 8 m9d4 ,a5eas is l$ to ,italy by ! ,fates t he may be ! f\nd] ( ,rome4 ,romulus aft] 8 asc5sion decl>es x to be ! w ( heav5 t ,rome %\ld be mi/ress ( ! _w2 & ,hannibal m>*es into ,italy1 t he may set free ! _w f ,roman rule4 ,b1 if ?is ev]-pres5t consci\sness (t5 gives dignity & elevation to 8 n>rative1 x is also responsible = "s ( its defects4 ,x leads him occasionally into exagg]at$ language 7e4g4 xxii4 #cc1 nullius usquam t]r>um rei cura ,romanos effugiebat71 or into su* mis-/atem5ts z 8 explanation ( ! c\rse tak5 by ! ,romans 9 r5ew+ w> ) ,c>?age1 t x seem$ m suitable to ! dignity ( ! ,roman p4 ,(t5 8 jeal\sy = ! hon\r ( ,rome makes him unfair & "o-sid$4 ,9 all h] w>s n only success b ju/ice is ) ,rome4 ,to ! same g5]al attitude is also due ! omission by ,livy ( all t has no direct be>+ on ! =tunes ( ! ,roman p4 ,i h resolv$1 he says 7xxxix4 #dh71 only to t\* on =eign affairs s f> z !y are b\nd up ) ^? ( ,rome4 ,z ! result1 we get f ,livy v defective acc\nts ev5 ( ! ,italic peoples mo/ closely connect$ ) ,rome4 ,( ! pa/ hi/ory & ! int]nal condition ( ! m di/ant nations %e enc\nt]$ he tells u little or no?+1 ev5 :5 he f\nd su* details c>efully giv5 by ,polybius4 ,sc>cely less /rong ?an 8 int]e/ 9 ,rome is 8 int]e/ 9 ! moral lessons :i* h] hi/ory seem$ to him s well qualifi$ to tea*4 ,?is didactic view ( hi/ory 0 a preval5t "o 9 antiquity1 & x 0 confirm$ no d\bt by ^? rhetorical /udies :i* 9 ,rome z 9 ,greece =m$ ! *ief "p ( education1 & :i* taught m5 to look on hi/ory z little m ?an a /oreh\se ( illu/rations & !mes = declamation4 ,b x suit$ also ! practical b5t ( ! ,roman m9d1 ) its comp>ative indiff]5ce to ab/ract speculation or purely sci5tific rese>*4 ,x is 9 ! highe/ degree natural t ,livy %\ld h s\ght = ! secret ( ! rise ( ,rome1 n 9 any l>ge hi/orical causes1 b 9 ! moral qualities ( ! p !mselves1 & t he %\ld h look$ ^u ! contemplation ( ^! z ! be/ rem$y = ! vices ( 8 own deg5]ate days4 ,he dwells ) delight on ! unselfi% patriotism ( ! old h]oes ( ! republic4 ,9 ^? times *ildr5 obey$ _! p>5ts1 ! gods 7 /ill s9c]ely wor%ipp$1 pov]ty 0 no disgrace1 sceptical philosophies & =eign fa%ions 9 religion & 9 daily life 7 unkn[n4 ,b ?is e?ical int]e/ is closely b\nd up ) 8 ,roman sympa?ies4 ,8 moral ideal is no ab/ract "o1 & ! virtues he praises are ^? :i* 9 8 view made up ! truly ,roman type ( "*4 ,! prom95ce ?us giv5 to ! moral aspects ( ! hi/ory t5ds to obscure 9 "s degree ! true relations & real importance ( ! ev5ts n>rat$1 b x does s 9 ,livy to a f> less ext5t ?an 9 "s o!r writ]s4 ,he is mu* too skilful an arti/ ei!r to resolve 8 hi/ory into a m]e bundle ( examples1 or to ov]load x1 z ,tacitus is sometimes incl9$ to d1 ) reflections & axioms4 ,! moral he wi%es to en=ce is usually ei!r convey$ by ! /ory itself1 ) ! aid p]haps ( a s+le s5t5ce ( comm5t1 or put z a spee* into ! m\? ( "o ( 8 *>act]s 7e4g4 xxiii4 #di2 ! devotion ( ,decius1 viii4 #aj1 cf4 vii4 #dj2 & ! spee* ( ,camillus1 v4 #ed72 & :at little 8 n>rative ?us loses 9 accuracy x ga9s 9 dignity & w>m? ( feel+4 ,9 8 portraits ( ! typical ,romans ( ! old /yle1 su* z ,q4 ,fabius ,maximus1 9 8 descriptions ( ! un%ak5 firmness & calm c\rage %[n by ! fa!rs ( ! /ate 9 ! h\r ( trial1 ,livy is at 8 be/2 & he is s l>gely 9 virtue ( 8 g5u9e appreciation ( "* z a p[]ful =ce 9 ! affairs ( m54 ,?is en?usiasm = ,rome & = ,roman virtues is1 moreov]1 sav$ f deg5]at+ into gross p>tiality by ! g5u9e c&\r ( ,livy's m9d & by 8 wide sympa?ies ) e ?+ great & good4 ,s5eca 7,suasoriae vi4 #bb7 & ,qu9tilian 7x4 #a4 #aja7 be> witness to 8 imp>tiality4 ,?us1 ,hasdrubal's devotion & val\r at ! battle on ! ,metaurus are describ$ 9 t]ms ( eloqu5t praise2 & ev5 9 ,hannibal1 ! lifelong enemy ( ,rome1 he frankly recognizes ! great qualities t balanc$ 8 faults4 ,nor1 ?\gh 8 sympa?ies are unmi/akably ) ! ari/ocratic p>ty1 does he scruple to c5sure ! pride1 cruelty & selfi%ness :i* too (t5 m>k$ _! conduct 7ii4 #ed2 ! spee* ( ,canuleius1 iv4 #c2 ( ,sextius & ,lic9ius1 vi4 #cf72 &1 ?\gh he feels acutely t ! times are out ( jo9t1 & has app>5tly little hope ( ! future1 he /ill believes 9 ju/ice & goodness4 ,he is (t5 righte\sly indignant1 b nev] satirical1 & su* a pessimism z t ( ,tacitus & ,juv5al is :olly =eign to 8 nature4 ,?\gh he /udi$ & ev5 wrote on philosophy 7,s5eca1 ,ep4 #ajj4 #i71 ,livy is by no means a philosophic hi/orian4 ,we le>n inde$ f incid5tal notices t he incl9$ to ,/oicism & dislik$ ! ,epicurean sy/em4 ,) ! scepticism t despis$ ! gods 7x4 #dj7 & d5i$ t !y m$dl$ ) ! affairs ( m5 7xliii4 #ac7 he has no sympa?y4 ,! immortal gods are ev]y:]e ! same2 !y gov]n ! _w 7xxxvii4 #de7 & reveal ! future to m5 by signs & wond]s 7xliii4 #ac71 b only a debas$ sup]/ition w look = _! h& 9 e petty incid5t1 or ab&on itself to an indiscrim9ate belief 9 ! port5ts & miracles 9 :i* popul> cr$ulity delights4 ,! anci5t /ate religion ( ,rome1 ) its temples1 prie/s & auguries1 he n only rev]5ces z an integral "p ( ! ,roman con/itution1 ) a sympa?y :i* gr[s z he /udies x1 b1 l ,v>ro1 & 9 true ,/oic fa%ion1 he reg>ds x z a valuable in/rum5t ( gov]nm5t 7i4 #ai4 #ba71 indisp5sable 9 a well-ord]$ community4 ,z di/9ctly ,/oical is ! doctr9e ( a fate to :i* ev5 ! gods mu/ yield 7ix4 #d71 :i* disposes ! plans ( m5 7i4 #db7 & bl9ds _! m9ds 7v4 #cg71 yet leaves _! wills free 7xxxvii4 #de74 ,b we f9d no trace 9 ,livy ( any sy/ematic application ( philosophy to ! facts ( hi/ory4 ,he is z innoc5t ( ! lead+ ideas :i* %ap$ ! "w ( ,polybius z he is ( ! *eap !oriz+ :i* we>ies u 9 ! pages ( ,dionysius4 ,! ev5ts are graphically1 if n always accurately1 describ$2 b ( ! l>g] causes at "w 9 produc+ !m1 ( _! subtle action & reaction ^u ea* o!r1 & ( ! g5]al conditions amid :i* ! hi/ory work$ itself out1 he takes no ?\ght at all4 ,nor has ,livy mu* acqua9tance ) ei!r ! !ory or ! practice ( politics4 ,he exhibits1 x is true1 political sympa?ies & antipa?ies4 ,he is on ! :ole = ! nobles & aga9/ ! commons2 &1 ?\gh ! unfav\rable col\rs 9 :i* he pa9ts ! lead]s ( ! latt] are possibly reflect$ f ! au?orities he foll[$1 x is evid5t t he despis$ & dislik$ ! multitude4 ,( mon>*y he speaks ) a g5u9e ,roman hatr$1 & we "k t 9 ! la/ days ( ! republic 8 sympa?ies 7 :olly ) ^? :o /rove 9 va9 to save x4 ,he betrays1 too1 an insight into ! evils :i* 7 de/9$ f9ally to und]m9e ! impos+ fabric ( ,roman empire4 ,! decl9e ( ! free population1 ! spread ( slav]y 7vi4 #ab1 vii4 #be71 ! univ]sal crav+ = weal? 7iii4 #bf71 ! employm5t ( =eign m]c5>ies 7xxv4 #cc71 ! corruption ( ,roman race & ,roman mann]s by mixture ) ali5s 7xxxix4 #c71 are all notic$ 9 tones ( solemn w>n+4 ,b 8 retir$ life _h giv5 him no wide exp]i5ce ( m5 & ?+s4 ,x is n surpris+1 !re=e1 to f9d t he fails altoge!r to pres5t a cle> & coh]5t picture ( ! hi/ory & work+ ( ! ,roman con/itution1 or t 8 h&l+ ( intricate que/ions ( policy is weak & inadequate4 ,s\rces4--,if f ! g5]al aim & _s ( ,livy's hi/ory we pass to consid] 8 me?od ( workman%ip1 we are /ruck at once by ! v diff]5t measure ( success atta9$ by him 9 ! two great dep>tm5ts ( an hi/orian's lab\r4 ,he is a consummate arti/1 b an unskill$ & (t5 c>eless inve/igator & critic4 ,! mat]ials :i* lay ready to 8 h& may be r\ghly class$ "u two heads3 7#a7 ! orig9al evid5ce ( monum5ts1 inscriptions1 c41 7#b7 ! writt5 tradition z f\nd 9 ! works ( previ\s au?ors4 ,x is on ! second ( ^! two k9ds ( evid5ce t ,livy almo/ exclusively relies4 ,yet t ev5 = ! v e>ly times a c]ta9 am\nt ( orig9al evid5ce /ill exi/$ is prov$ by ! use :i* 0 made ( x by ,dionysius1 :o m5tions at lea/ ?ree important inscriptions1 two dat+ f ! regal p]iod & "o f ! fir/ ye>s ( ! republic 7iv4 #bf1 iv4 #eh1 x4 #cb74 ,we "k f ,livy himself 7iv4 #bj7 t ! brea/plate d$icat$ by ,aulus ,cornelius ,cossus 7#dbh ,b4,c47 0 to be se5 9 8 own day 9 ! temple ( ,jupit] ,f]etrius1 nor is !re any reason to suppose t ! libri l9tei1 quot$ by ,lic9ius ,mac]1 7 n extant :5 ,livy wrote4 ,= m rec5t times ! mat]ials 7 pl5tiful1 & a ri* field ( rese>* lay op5 to ! /ud5t 9 ! long s]ies ( laws1 decrees ( ! s5ate1 & (ficial regi/]s1 rea*+ back1 z x probably did1 at lea/ to ! beg9n+ ( ! #crd c5tury ,b4,c4 ,nev]!less x seems c]ta9 t ,livy nev] realiz$ ! duty ( consult+ ^! relics ( ! pa/1 ev5 9 ord] to v]ify ! /atem5ts ( 8 au?orities4 ,_m ( !m he nev] m5tions2 ! o!rs 7e4g4 ! libri l9tei7 he evid5tly describes at second h&4 ,antiqu>ian /udies 7 popul> 9 8 day1 b ! in/ances are v few 9 :i* he has turn$ _! results to acc\nt4 ,!re is no sign t he _h ev] read ,v>ro2 & he nev] alludes to ,v]rius ,flaccus4 ,! haz9ess & inaccuracy ( 8 topography make x cle> t he did n attempt to famili>ize himself ) ! actual sc5es ( ev5ts ev5 t took place 9 ,italy4 ,n only does he confuse ,!rmon1 ! capital ( ,aetolia1 ) ,!rmopylae 7xxxiii4 #ce71 b 8 acc\nts ( ! ,roman campaigns aga9/ ,volsci1 ,aequi & ,samnites sw>m ) confusions & difficulties2 nor are ev5 8 descriptions ( ,hannibal's movem5ts free f an occasional vagu5ess :i* betrays ! abs5ce ( an exact k ( localities4 ,! consequ5ce ( ?is indiff]5ce to orig9al rese>* & pati5t v]ification might h be5 less s]i\s _h ! writt5 tradition on :i* ,livy pref]r$ to rely be5 m tru/wor?y4 ,b nei!r ! mat]ials out ( :i* x 0 compos$1 nor ! mann] 9 :i* x _h be5 put toge!r1 7 su* z to make x a safe guide4 ,x 0 inde$ repres5t$ by a long l9e ( respectable names4 ,! majority ( ! ,roman annali/s 7 m5 ( high bir? & education1 ) a long exp]i5ce ( affairs1 & _! defects did n arise f seclusion ( life or ignorance ( lett]s4 ,x is r 9 ! conditions "u :i* !y wrote & 9 ! rules & traditions ( _! craft t ! causes ( _! %ortcom+s mu/ be s\ght4 ,! ,annali/s4 ,x 0 n until ! #f? c5tury f ! f\ndation ( ! city t hi/orical writ+ began 9 ,rome4 ,! fa!r ( ,roman hi/ory1 ,q4 ,fabius ,pictor1 a patrician & a s5ator1 c sc>cely h publi%$ 8 annals be=e ! close ( ! ,second ,punic ,w>1 b ^! annals cov]$ ! :ole p]iod f ! arrival ( ,ev&] 9 ,italy d[n at lea/ to ! battle by ,lake ,trasim5e 7#bag ,b4,c474 ,out ( :at mat]ials1 !n1 did he put toge!r 8 acc\nt ( ! e>li] hi/ory8 ,rec5t criticism has succe$$ 9 answ]+ ?is "q ) "s degree ( c]ta9ty4 ,a c>eful exam9ation ( ! fragm5ts ( ,fabius 7see ,h4 ,pet]1 ,hi/oricorum ,romanorum ,relliquiae1 ,leipzig1 #ahgj2 & ,c4 ,w4 ,nitzs*1 ,rm4 ,annali/ik1 ,b]l91 #ahgc7 reveals 9 ! fir/ place a m>k$ diff]5ce betwe5 ! k+ly p]iod & t :i* foll[$ ! e/abli%m5t ( ! republic4 ,! hi/ory ( ! =m] /ret*es back into ! regions ( pure my?ology4 ,x is little m ?an a collection ( fables told ) sc>cely any attempt at criticism1 & ) no m reg>d to *ronological sequ5ce ?an 0 necess>y to make ! tale run smoo?ly or to fill up su* gaps z t betwe5 ! flight ( ,a5eas f ,troy & ! suppos$ ye> ( ! f\ndation ( ,rome4 ,b f its v comm5cem5t ! hi/ory ( ! republic we>s a diff]5t aspect4 ,! mass ( float+ tradition1 :i* _h come d[n f e>ly days1 ) its tales ( bord] raids & =ays1 ( valiant *iefs & de$s ( patriotism1 is n[ rudely fitt$ into a framework ( a :olly diff]5t k9d4 ,?is framework consi/s ( %ort notices ( important ev5ts1 w>s1 prodigies1 consecration ( temples1 c41 all record$ ) extreme brevity1 precisely dat$1 & c\*$ 9 a some:at ar*aic /yle4 ,!y 7 tak5 probably f "o or m ( ! /ate regi/]s1 su* z ! annals ( ! pontiffs1 or ^? kept by ! a$iles 9 ! temple ( ,c]es4 ,?is b>e (ficial outl9e ( ! pa/ hi/ory ( 8 city 0 by ,fabius fill$ 9 f ! ri* /ore ( tradition t lay ready to 8 h&4 ,! mann] & _s 9 :i* he effect$ ?is comb9ation 7 no d\bt :olly uncritical4 ,usually he seems to h transf]r$ bo? annali/ic notices & popul> traditions to 8 pages mu* 9 ! %ape 9 :i* he f\nd !m4 ,b he unque/ionably gave undue prom95ce to ! tales ( ! pr[ess & glory ( ! ,fabii1 & probably also all[$ 8 own /rong ari/ocratic sympa?ies to col\r 8 v]sion ( ! e>ly political controv]sies4 ,?is fault ( p>tiality 01 accord+ to ,polybius1 a conspicu\s blot 9 ,fabius's acc\nt ( 8 own times1 :i* 01 we are told1 full & 9 ! ma9 accurate1 &1 l ! e>li] portions1 consi/$ ( (ficial annali/ic notices1 supplem5t$1 h[ev]1 n f tradition1 b f 8 own exp]i5ce & f contempor>y s\rces4 ,b ev5 "h ,polybius *>ges him ) fav\r+ ,rome at ! exp5se ( ,c>?age1 & ) ! undue exaltation ( ! great head ( 8 h\se1 ,q4 ,fabius ,cunctator4 ,nev]!less ! comp>ative fidelity ) :i* ,fabius seems to h reproduc$ 8 mat]ials might h made 8 annals ! />t+ po9t ( a critical hi/ory4 ,b un=tunately intellig5t criticism 0 exactly :at !y nev] receiv$4 ,x is true t 9 "s respects a decid$ advance ^u ,fabius 0 made by subsequ5t annali/s4 ,m4 ,porcius ,cato 7#bcd-adi ,b4,c47 wid5$ ! scope ( ,roman hi/ory s z to include t ( ! *ief ,italian cities1 & made ! fir/ s]i\s attempt to settle ! *ronology4 ,9 8 hi/ory ( ! ,punic w>s ,caelius ,antipat] 7c4 #acj ,b4,c47 add$ fre% mat]ial1 drawn probably f ! works ( ! ,sicilian ,greek ,sil5us1 :ile ,lic9ius ,mac] 7#gj ,b4,c47 di/+ui%$ himself by ! use he made ( ! anci5t l95 books4 ,no d\bt1 too1 ! lat] annali/s1 at any rate f ,caelius ,antipat] onw>ds1 improv$ ^u ,fabius 9 treatm5t & /yle4 ,b 9 m ess5tial po9ts we c disc]n no progress4 ,"o annali/ aft] ano!r quietly adopt$ ! e/abli%$ tradition1 z x _h be5 left by 8 pr$ecessors1 )\t any s]i\s alt]ations ( its ma9 outl9es4 ,( indep5d5t rese>* & critical analysis we f9d no trace1 & ! g5]al agreem5t ^u ma9 facts is to be attribut$ simply to ! regul>ity ) :i* ea* writ] copi$ ! "o be=e him4 ,b1 _h ! lat] annali/s cont5t$ !mselves ) simply reproduc+ ! e>li] ones1 we %\ld at lea/ h _h ! old tradition be=e u 9 a simple & tol]ably g5u9e =m4 ,z x 01 :ile !y slavi%ly clung to its sub/ance1 !y succe$$1 z a rule1 9 de/roy+ all traces ( its orig9al =m & col\r+4 ,l4 ,calpurnius ,piso1 tribune 9 #adi ,b4,c4 & consul 9 #acc ,b4,c41 prid$ himself on r$uc+ ! old leg5ds to ! level ( common s5se1 & import+ into !m valuable moral lessons = 8 own g5]ation4 ,by ,caelius ,antipat] ! me?ods ( rhetoric 7 fir/ appli$ to hi/ory1 a disa/r\s prec$5t en\gh4 ,he ins]t$ spee*es1 enliv5$ 8 pages ) *ance tales1 & aim$1 z ,cic]o tells u1 at n m]ely n>rat+ facts b also at beautify+ !m4 ,8 successors c>ri$ /ill f>!r ! practice ( dress+ up ! r bald *ronicles ( e>li] writ]s ) all ! ornam5ts ( rhetoric4 ,! old traditions 7 alt]$1 almo/ beyond ! possibility ( recognition1 by exagg]ations1 int]polations & additions4 ,fre% incid5ts 7 ins]t$1 new motives sugge/$ & spee*es compos$ 9 ord] to infuse ! requir$ life & fre%ness into ^! dry bones ( hi/ory4 ,at ! same "t ! political bias ( ! writ]s1 & ! political ideas ( _! day 7 all[$1 9 "s cases p]haps half unconsci\sly1 to affect _! repres5tations ( pa/ ev5ts4 ,annali/s ( ! ,grac*an age import$ into ! e>ly /ruggles ( patricians & plebeians ! economic controv]sies ( _! own day1 & pa9t$ ! fir/ tribunes 9 ! col\rs ( ! two ,grac*i or ( ,saturn9us4 ,9 ! next g5]ation !y dext]\sly =c$ ! v5]able records ( ! e>ly republic to pron\nce 9 fav\r ( ! asc5dancy ( ! s5ate1 z e/abli%$ by ,sulla4 ,to political bias 0 add$ family pride1 = ! gratification ( :i* ! ar*ives ( ! great h\ses1 ! fun]al panegyrics1 or ! imag9ation ( ! writ] himself suppli$ an ample /ore ( d\btful mat]ial4 ,p$igrees 7 inv5t$1 imag9>y consul%ips & fictiti\s triumphs ins]t$1 & family traditions & family hon\rs 7 =mally incorporat$ ) ! hi/ory ( ! /ate4 ,?+s 7 n mu* bett] ev5 :]e ! annali/s 7 deal+ ) rec5t or contempor>y ev5ts4 ,"h1 inde$1 _! mat]ials 7 naturally full] & m tru/wor?y1 & less room 0 left = fanciful decoration & caprici\s alt]ation ( ! facts4 ,b _! me?ods are 9 ! ma9 un*ang$4 ,:at !y f\nd writt5 !y copi$2 ! gaps !y suppli$1 :]e p]sonal exp]i5ce fail$1 by imag9ation4 ,no bett] pro( ( ?is c be giv5 ?an a comp>ison ( ! annali/'s v]sion ( hi/ory ) t ( ,polybius4 ,9 ! f\r? & fif? decades ( ,livy ! two appe> side by side1 & ! contra/ betwe5 !m is /rik+4 ,polybius1 = in/ance1 gives ! numb] ( ! sla9 at ,cynoscephalae z #hjjj2 ! annali/s raise x z high z #dj1jjj 7,livy xxxiii4 #aj74 ,9 ano!r case 7xxxii4 #f7 ,val]ius ,antias1 ! *ief ( s9n]s 9 ?is respect1 ins]ts a decisive ,roman victory ov] ! ,mac$onians1 9 :i* #ab1jjj ( ! latt] 7 sla9 & #bbjj tak5 prison]1 an a*ievem5t record$ by no o!r au?ority4 ,su* 0 ! writt5 tradition on :i* ,livy ma9ly reli$4 ,we h next to exam9e ! mann] 9 :i* he us$ x1 & "h we are met at ! outset by ! difficulty ( det]m9+ ) exactness :at au?orities he is foll[+ at any "o "t2 = ( ! importance ( full & accurate ref]5ces he has no idea1 & (t5 = *apt]s toge!r he gives u no clue at all4 ,m (t5 /ill he cont5ts himself ) su* vague phrases z !y say1 ! /ory goes1 "s ?9k1 or speaks 9 g5]al t]ms ( anci5t writ]s or my au?orities4 ,ev5 :]e he m5tions a writ] by "n1 x is frequ5tly cle> t ! writ] nam$ is n ! "o ^: lead he is foll[+ at ! mom5t1 b t he is notic$ incid5tally z diff]+ f ,livy's guide = ! "t be+ on "s po9t ( detail 7comp>e ! ref]5ces to ,piso 9 ! fir/ decade1 i4 #ee1 ii4 #cb1 c474 ,x is v r>ely t ,livy explicitly tells u :om he has select$ z 8 *ief s\rce 7e4g4 ,fabius xxii4 #g2 ,polybius xxxiii4 #aj74 ,by a c>eful analysis1 h[ev]1 ( ^? portions ( 8 "w :i* admit ( a comp>ison ) ! text ( 8 ackn[l$g$ au?orities 7e4g4 f\r? & fif? decades1 see ,h4 ,niss51 ,unt]su*ung51 ,b]l91 #ahfc71 & else:]e by comp>+ 8 v]sion ) ! kn[n fragm5ts ( ! v>i\s annali/s1 & ) :at we are told ( _! /yle & me?od ( treatm5t1 we are able to =m a g5]al idea ( 8 plan ( proc$ure4 ,z to ! fir/ decade1 x is g5]ally agre$ t 9 ! fir/ & second books1 at any rate1 he foll[s su* old] & simpl] writ]s z ,fabius ,pictor & ,calpurnius ,piso 7! only ones :om he !re ref]s to by "n71 to :om1 s f> z ! fir/ book is conc]n$1 ,niebuhr 7,lectures1 p4 #cc7 w\ld add ! poet ,ennius4 ,) ! close ( ! second book or ! op5+ ( ! ?ird we come ^u ! fir/ traces ( ! use ( lat] au?ors4 ,val]ius ,antias#c is fir/ quot$ 9 iii4 #e1 & signs ( 8 h&iwork are visible "h & !re ?r\gh\t ! re/ ( ! decade 7vii4 #cf1 ix4 #bg1 x4 #c-e74 ,9 ! f\r? book ! pr9cipal au?ority is app>5tly ,lic9ius ,mac]1 & = ! p]iod foll[+ ! sack ( ,rome by ! ,gauls ,q4 ,claudius ,quadrig>ius1 ^: annals began at ?is po9t 9 ! hi/ory4 ,we h besides a s+le ref]5ce 7vii4 #c7 to ! antiqu>ian ,c9cius1 & two 7iv4 #bc1 x4 #i7 to ,q4 ,aelius ,tub]o1 "o ( ! la/ 9 ! li/ ( annali/s4 ,pass+ to ! ?ird decade1 we f9d ourselves at once confront$ by a "q :i* has be5 long & fully discuss$--! relation betwe5 ,livy & ,polybius4 ,did ,livy use ,polybius at all1 &1 if s1 to :at ext5t8 ,polybius4 ,x is conc$$ on all h&s t ,livy 9 ?is decade makes consid]able use ( o!r au?orities ?an ,polybius 7e4g4 ,fabius xxii4 #g2 ,caelius ,antipat] xxi4 #ch1 #df1 #dg1 xxii4 #ca1 c471 t he only once m5tions ,polybius 7xxx4 #de71 & t1 if he us$ him1 he did s to a mu* less ext5t ?an 9 ! f\r? & fif? decades1 & 9 a v diff]5t mann]4 ,x is also agre$ t we c detect 9 ,livy's acc\nt ( ! ,hannibalic w> two di/9ct elem5ts1 d]iv$ orig9ally1 ! "o f a ,roman1 ! o!r f a non-,roman s\rce4 ,b f ^! g5]ally accept$ premises two opposite conclusions h be5 drawn4 ,on ! "o h&1 x is ma9ta9$ 7e4g4 by ,la*mann1 ,c4 ,pet]1 ,h4 ,pet]1 ,hi/4 ,rom4 ,relliq47 t ^? p>ts ( ,livy's n>rative :i* po9t to a non-,roman au?ority 7e4g4 ,hannibal's movem5ts prior to 8 invasion ( ,italy7 are tak5 by ,livy directly f ,polybius1 ) occasional ref]5ce ( c\rse to o!r writ]s1 & ) ! omission 7z 9 ! lat] decades7 ( all matt]s un9t]e/+ to ,livy or 8 ,roman read]s1 & ! addition ( rhetorical t\*es & occasional comm5ts4 ,x is urg$ t ,livy1 :o 9 ! f\r? & fif? decades %[s himself s s5sible ( ! great m]its ( ,polybius1 is n likely to h ignor$ him 9 ! ?ird1 & t 8 m limit$ use ( him 9 ! latt] case is fully acc\nt$ = by ! clos] connexion ( ! hi/ory ) ,rome & ,roman affairs1 & ! comp>ative excell5ce ( ! available ,roman au?orities1 &1 la/ly1 t ! po9ts ( agreem5t ) ,polybius1 n only 9 matt] b 9 expression1 c only be expla9$ on ! !ory t ,livy is directly foll[+ ! great ,greek hi/orian4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is ma9ta9$ 7especially by ,s*wegl]1 ,nitzs*1 & ,k4 ,btt*]7 t ! ext5t & nature ( ,livy's agreem5t ) ,polybius 9 ?is "p ( 8 "w po9t r to ! use by bo? ( a common orig9al au?ority4 ,x is argu$ t ,livy's mode ( us+ 8 au?orities is tol]ably uni=m1 & t 8 mode ( us+ ,polybius 9 p>ticul> is kn[n ) c]ta9ty f ! lat] decades4 ,consequ5tly ! !ory t he us$ ,polybius 9 ! ?ird decade requires u to assume t 9 ?is "o in/ance he dep>t$ widely1 & )\t suffici5t reason1 f 8 usual c\rse ( proc$ure4 ,moreov]1 ev5 9 ! passages :]e ! agreem5t ) ,polybius is mo/ app>5t1 !re are s _m discrepancies & div]g5cies 9 detail1 & s _m unacc\ntable omissions & additions1 z to r5d] x inconceivable t he _h ! text ( ,polybius be=e him4 ,b all ^! are made intelligible if we suppose ,livy to h be5 "h foll[+ directly or indirectly ! same orig9al s\rces t 7 us$ by ,polybius4 ,! e>lie/ ( ^! orig9al s\rces 0 probably ,sil5us1 ) :om may possibly be plac$1 = books xxi4 xxii41 ,fabius ,pictor4 ,! latt] ,livy c]ta9ly us$ directly = "s p>ts ( ! decade4 ,! =m] he almo/ z c]ta9ly knew only at second h&1 ! int]m$iate au?ority be+ probably ,caelius ,antipat]4 ,?is writ]1 :o conf9$ himself to a hi/ory ( ! ,second ,punic ,w>1 9 sev5 books1 is expressly ref]r$ to by ,livy elev5 times 9 ! ?ird decade2 & 9 o!r passages :]e 8 "n is n m5tion$ ,livy c be %[n to h foll[$ him 7e4g4 xxii4 #e1 #di1 #ej1 #ea1 xxiv4 #i74 ,9 ! latt] books ( ! decade 8 *ief au?ority is possibly ,val]ius ,antias4 ,9 ! f\r? & fif? decades ! "q ( ,livy's au?orities pres5ts no great difficulties1 & ! conclusions arriv$ at by ,niss5 9 8 ma/]ly ,unt]su*ung5 h met ) g5]al acceptance4 ,^! may be %ortly /at$ z foll[s4 ,9 ! portions ( ! hi/ory :i* deal ) ,greece & ! ,ea/1 ,livy foll[s ,polybius1 & ^! portions are easily di/+ui%able f ! re/ by _! sup]ior cle>ness1 accuracy & fulness4 ,on ! o!r h&1 = ! hi/ory ( ,italy & we/]n ,europe he falls back on ,roman annali/s1 especially1 x seems1 on ,claudius ,quadrig>ius & ,val]ius ,antias--a mo/ un=tunate *oice--& f !m too he takes ! annali/ic m\ld into :i* 8 matt] is ca/4 ,critical me?od4 ,livy's g5]al me?od ( us+ ^! au?orities 0 c]ta9ly n su* z w\ld be deem$ satisfactory 9 a mod]n hi/orian4 ,he is inde$ free f ! gross] faults ( delib]ate inju/ice & falsification1 & he resi/s t temptation to inv5t1 to :i* ! m9ds ( au?ors are only too mu* incl9$ 7xxii4 #g74 ,nor is he unconsci\s ( ! necessity = "s k9d ( criticism4 ,he di/+ui%es betwe5 rum\r & ! precise /atem5ts ( recogniz$ au?orities 7cf4 xxi4 #df1 v4 #ba1 vii4 #f74 ,! latt] he reproduc$ 9 ! ma9 fai?fully1 b ) a c]ta9 ex]cise ( discretion4 ,:]e !y disagre$1 he calls att5tion to ! fact1 occasionally pron\nc+ 9 fav\r ( "o v]sion r ?an ano!r 7ii4 #da1 xxi4 #df7 ?\gh (t5 on no adequate gr\nds1 or attempt+ to reconcile & expla9 discrepancies 7vi4 #ab1 #ch74 ,:]e he detects or suspects ! ins]tion ( fabul\s matt] he has no scruple 9 say+ s4 ,gross exagg]ations1 su* z ^? 9 :i* ,val]ius ,antias indulg$1 he r\ndly d5\nces1 & ) equal pla9ness ( spee* he condemns ! family vanity :i* _h s con/antly corrupt$ & di/ort$ ! tru?4 ,i suppose1 he says 7viii4 #dj71 t ! record & memorial ( ^! matt]s ha? be5 deprav$ & corrupt$ by ^! fun]al orations ( praises1 444 :ile e h\se & family drawe? to x ! hon\r & r5[n ( noble exploits1 m>tial feats & dignities by any untru? & lie1 s x be col\rable4 ,! leg5d>y "* ( ! e>lie/ traditions he frankly admits4 ,su* ?+s z are report$ ei!r be=e or at ! f\ndation ( ! city1 m beautiful & set out ) poets' fables ?an gr\nd$ ^u pure & fai?ful records1 ,i mean nei!r to av] nor disprove 7,praef472 & ( ! :ole hi/ory previ\s to ! sack ( ,rome by ! ,gauls 7#cij ,b4,c47 he writes t x 0 obscure bo? 9 reg>d ( exce$+ antiquity1 & also = t 9 ^? days !re 7 v few writ+s & monum5ts1 ! only fai?ful safegu>d & true remembranc]s ( de$s pa/2 &1 besides1 :atsoev] 0 regi/]$ 9 ! comm5t>ies ( ! prie/s & 9 o!r public or private records1 ! same = ! mo/ "p1 :5 ! city 0 burn$1 p]i%$ )al4 ,fur!r ?an ?is1 h[ev]1 ,livy's criticism does n g4 ,:]e 8 writt5 au?orities are n palpably inconsi/5t ) ea* o!r or ) probability he accepts & transcribes _! record )\t any fur!r inquiry1 nor does he ev] attempt to get beh9d ?is record 9 ord] to discov] ! orig9al evid5ce on :i* x re/$4 ,8 acceptance 9 any p>ticul> case ( ! v]sion giv5 by an annali/ by no means implies t he has by c>eful inquiry satisfi$ himself ( its tru?4 ,at ! mo/ x only presupposes a comp>ison ) o!r v]sions1 equally second-h&1 b ei!r less g5]ally accept$ or less 9 h>mony ) 8 own views ( ! situation2 & 9 _m cases ! reasons he gives = 8 pref]5ce ( "o acc\nt ov] ano!r are em95tly unsci5tific4 ,livy's hi/ory1 !n1 re/s on no f\ndation ( orig9al rese>* or ev5 ( c>eful v]ification4 ,x is a compilation1 & ev5 z su* x leaves mu* to be desir$4 ,= we _c cr$it ,livy ) hav+ made su* a prelim9>y survey ( 8 au?orities z w\ld enable him to det]m9e _! relations to ea* o!r1 & fuse _! v>i\s n>ratives into a consi/5t :ole4 ,x is cle>1 on ! contr>y1 t 8 circle ( au?orities = any "o decade 0 a comp>atively small "o1 t ( ^! he select$ "o1 & transcrib$ him ) ! necess>y embelli%m5ts & o!r slight modifications until impell$ by v>i\s reasons to drop him4 ,he !n1 )\t w>n+1 takes up ano!r1 :om he foll[s 9 ! same way4 ,! result is a curi\s mosaic1 9 :i* pieces ( all col\rs & dates are f\nd side by side1 & 9 :i* ev5 ! great arti/ic skill display$ ?r\gh\t fails to conceal ! lack ( int]nal unity4 ,?us _m ( ,livy's inconsi/5cies are due to 8 hav+ piec$ toge!r two v]sions1 ea* ( :i* gave a diff]5tly col\r$ acc\nt ( ! same ev5t4 ,momms5 7,rom4 ,=s*ung51 ii47 has cle>ly %[n t ?is is :at has happ5$ 9 8 relation ( ! legal proce$+s aga9/ ! eld] ,africanus 9 book xxxviii42 & 9 ! /ory ( ! fir/ secession1 z he tells x1 ! old] v]sion :i* repres5t$ x z due to political & ! lat] :i* expla9$ x by economical grievances are f\nd side by side4 ,simil>ly a *ange f "o au?ority to ano!r leads him n unfrequ5tly to copy f ! latt] /atem5ts inconsi/5t ) ^? he took f ! =m]1 to =get :at he has previ\sly said1 or to treat z kn[n a fact :i* has n be5 m5tion$ be=e 7cf4 ii4 #a1 xxxiv4 #f1 & ,weiss5born's ,introduction1 p4 #cg74 ,9 o!r cases :]e ! same ev5t has be5 plac$ by diff]5t annali/s 9 diff]5t ye>s1 or :]e _! v]sions ( x v>i$1 x reappe>s 9 ,livy z two ev5ts4 ,?us ! f\r campaigns aga9/ ! ,volsci 7ii4 #ag seq47 are1 z ,s*wegl] 7,r4,g4 i4 #ac7 rightly says1 simply v>iations ( "o s+le exp$ition4 ,o!r in/ances ( su* d\blettes are ! two s+le combats describ$ 9 xxiii4 #df & xxv4 #ah1 & ! two battles at ,baecula 9 ,spa9 7xxvii4 #ah & xxviii4 #ac74 ,)\t d\bt1 too1 mu* ( ! *ronological confusion obs]vable ?r\gh\t ,livy is due to ! fact t he foll[s n[ "o n[ ano!r au?ority1 he$less ( _! diff]5ces on ?is head4 ,?us he vacillates betwe5 ! ,catonian & ,v>ronian reckon+ ( ! ye>s ( ! city1 & betwe5 ! *ronologies ( ,polybius & ! ,roman annali/s4 ,to ^! defects 9 8 me?od mu/ be add$ ! fact t he does n always succe$ ev5 9 accurately reproduc+ ! au?ority he is = ! "t foll[+4 ,9 ! case ( ,polybius1 = in/ance1 he all[s himself great fre$om 9 omitt+ :at /rikes him z irrelevant1 or t$i\s1 or un9t]e/+ to 8 ,roman read]s1 a process 9 :i* mu* valuable matt] disappe>s4 ,9 o!r cases 8 desire to give a vividness & po9t to :at he d\btless consid]$ ! r bald & dry /yle ( ,polybius leads him into absurdities & inaccuracies4 ,?us by ! treaty ) ,antio*us 7#ahh ,b4,c47 x 0 provid$ t ! ,greek communities ( ,asia ,m9or %all settle _! mutual diff]5ces by arbitration1 & s f> ,livy correctly transcribes ,polybius1 b he adds ) a rhetorical fl\ri%1 or1 if bo? p>ties pref] x1 by w> 7xxxviii4 #ch74 ,else:]e 8 blund]s are app>5tly due to ha/e1 or ignorance or %e] c>elessness2 ?us1 = in/ance1 :5 ,polybius speaks ( ! ,aetolians assembl+ at _! capital ,!rmon1 ,livy 7xxxiii4 #ce7 n only sub/itutes ,!rmopylae b gratuit\sly in=ms 8 read]s t "h ! ,pylaean assemblies 7 held4 ,?anks p>tly to c>elessness1 p>tly to mi/ranslation1 he makes sad havoc 7xxxv4 #e seq47 ( ,polybius's acc\nt ( ! battle ( ,cynoscephalae4 ,f9ally1 ,livy _c be altoge!r acquitt$ on ! *>ge ( hav+ "h & !re modifi$ ,polybius 9 ! int]e/s ( ,rome4 ,spee*es4 ,/yle4--,s]i\s z ^! defects 9 ,livy's me?od appe> if view$ 9 ! light ( mod]n criticism1 x is probable t !y 7 easily p>don$1 if inde$ !y 7 ev] discov]$1 by 8 contempor>ies4 ,= x 0 on ! arti/ic r ?an on ! critical side ( hi/ory t /ress 0 almo/ univ]sally laid 9 antiquity1 & ! ?+ t above all o!rs 0 expect$ f ! hi/orian 0 n s mu* a sci5tific inve/igation & accurate exposition ( ! tru?1 z its skilful pres5tation 9 su* a =m z w\ld *>m & int]e/ ! read]4 ,tri$ by ?is /&>d1 ,livy des]v$ly won & held a place 9 ! v fir/ rank4 ,as9ius ,pollio sne]$ at 8 ,patav9ity1 & ! emp]or ,caligula d5\nc$ him z v]bose1 b ) ^! exceptions ! op9ion ( antiquity 0 unanim\s 9 pron\nc+ him a consummate lit]>y workman4 ,! classical purity ( 8 /yle1 ! eloqu5ce ( 8 spee*es1 ! skill ) :i* he depict$ ! play ( emotion1 & 8 ma/]ly portraiture ( great m51 are all 9 turn w>mly comm5d$1 & 9 our own day we "q if any anci5t hi/orian is ei!r m readable or m widely read4 ,x is true t = u 8 arti/ic treatm5t ( hi/ory is n )\t its drawbacks4 ,! m tra9$ hi/orical s5se ( mod]n times is cont9ually %ock$ by ! obvi\s untru? ( 8 col\r+1 especially 9 ! e>li] p>ts ( 8 hi/ory1 by ! palpable unreality ( _m ( ! spee*es1 & by ! navet ) :i* he omits ev]y?+1 h[ev] important1 :i* he ?9ks w we>y 8 read]s4 ,b 9 spite ( all ?is we are =c$ to ackn[l$ge t1 z a ma/] ( :at we may p]haps call n>rative hi/ory1 he has no sup]ior 9 antiquity2 =1 inf]ior z he is to ,?ucydides1 to ,polybius1 & ev5 to ,tacitus 9 philosophic p[] & bread? ( view1 he is at lea/ _! equal 9 ! skill ) :i* he tells 8 /ory4 ,he is inde$ ! pr9ce ( *ronicl]s1 & 9 ?is respect n unwor?y to be class$ ev5 ) ,h]odotus 7,qu9tilian1 x4 #a4 #aja74 ,nor is any?+ m rem>kable ?an ! way 9 :i* ,livy's f9e ta/e & s5se ( proportion1 8 true poetic feel+ & g5u9e en?usiasm1 sav$ him f ! besett+ faults ( ! mode ( treatm5t :i* he adopt$4 ,! mo/ sup]ficial comp>ison ( 8 acc\nt ( ! e>lie/ days ( ,rome ) t giv5 by ,dionysius %[s f :at dep?s ( t$i\sness he 0 pres]v$ by ^! qualities4 ,in/ead ( ! we>isome prolixity & ! misplac$ p$antry :i* make ! latt] almo/ unreadable1 we f9d ! old tales briefly & simply told4 ,_! primitive beauty is n m>r$ by any attempt to =ce !m into an hi/orical m\ld1 or disguis$ b5ea? an accumulation ( ! insipid inv5tions ( lat] times4 ,at ! same "t !y are n treat$ z m]e tales = *ildr51 = ,livy nev] =gets ! dignity t belongs to !m z ! prelude to ! great epic ( ,rome1 & z consecrat$ by ! fai? ( g5]ations4 ,p]haps an ev5 /rong] pro( ( ! skill :i* enabl$ ,livy to avoid dang]s :i* 7 fatal to weak] m5 is to be f\nd 9 8 spee*es4 ,we _c inde$ reg>d !m1 ) ! anci5ts1 z ! be/ "p ( 8 hi/ory1 = ! majority ( !m are obvi\sly unhi/orical1 & ne>ly all sav\r some:at too mu* ( ! rhetorical s*ools to be p]fectly agreeable to mod]n ta/e4 ,to appreciate !m we mu/ take !m = :at !y are1 pieces ( declamation1 int5d$ ei!r to enliv5 ! c\rse ( ! n>rative1 to place vividly be=e ! read] ! feel+s & aims ( ! *ief actors1 or m frequ5tly /ill to en=ce "s lesson :i* ! au?or himself has at he>t4 ,! sub/ance1 no d\bt1 ( _m ( !m ,livy took f 8 au?orities1 b _! =m is 8 own1 &1 9 ?r[+ into !m all 8 own eloqu5ce & en?usiasm1 he n only act$ 9 con=mity ) ! e/abli%$ traditions ( 8 art1 b f\nd a welcome outlet = feel+s & ideas :i* ! fall ( ! republic _h depriv$ ( all o!r means ( expression4 ,to u1 !re=e1 !y are valuable n only = _! eloqu5ce1 b /ill m z giv+ u our cle>e/ insight into ,livy's own s5tim5ts1 8 l(ty s5se ( ! greatness ( ,rome1 8 appreciation ( ,roman c\rage & firmness1 & 8 rev]5ce = ! simple virtues ( old] times4 ,b1 freely z ,livy uses ?is privilege ( spee*mak+1 8 correct ta/e keeps 8 rhetoric )9 reasonable limits4 ,) a v few exceptions ! spee*es are dignifi$ 9 tone1 full ( life & h at lea/ a dramatic propriety1 :ile ( su* incongru\s & lab\r$ absurdities z ! spee* :i* ,dionysius puts into ! m\? ( ,romulus1 aft] ! rape ( ! ,sab9e wom51 !re are no in/ances 9 ,livy4 ,b1 if our e/imate ( ! m]its ( 8 spee*es is mod]at$ by d\bts z to 8 "r to introduce !m at all1 no su* scruples int]f]e ) our admiration = ! skill ) :i* he has drawn ! portraits ( ! great m5 :o figure 9 8 pages4 ,we may inde$ d\bt :e!r 9 all cases !y are drawn ) p]fect accuracy & imp>tiality1 b ( _! life-l vig\r & cle>ness !re c be no "q4 ,) ,livy ?is portrait-pa9t+ 0 a lab\r ( love4 ,to all great m51 says ,s5eca1 he gave _! due ungrudg+ly1 b he is at 8 be/ 9 deal+ ) ^? :o1 l ,q4 ,fabius ,maximus1 ! ,delay]1 7 9 8 eyes ! mo/ p]fect types ( ! true ,roman4 ,! g5]al effect ( ,livy's n>rative is no d\bt a little spoilt by ! awkw>d arrangem5t1 adopt$ f 8 au?orities1 :i* obliges him to gr\p ! ev5ts by ye>s1 & ?us to di/urb _! natural relations & cont9uity4 ,z ! result 8 hi/ory has ! appe>ance ( be+ r a s]ies ( brilliant pictures loosely /rung toge!r ?an a coh]5t n>rative4 ,b x is impossible n to admire ! copi\s v>iety ( ?\ght & language1 & ! ev5ly fl[+ /yle :i* c>ri$ him safely ?r\gh ! dre>ie/ p]iods ( 8 hi/ory2 & /ill m rem>kable is ! dramatic p[] he displays :5 "s great crisis or ?rill+ episode /irs 8 blood1 su* z ! sack ( ,rome by ! ,gauls1 ! battle by ! ,metaurus & ! dea? ( ,hasdrubal4 ,9 /yle & language ,livy repres5ts ! be/ p]iod ( ,lat9 prose writ+4 ,he has pass$ f> beyond ! bald & meagre diction ( ! e>ly *ronicl]s4 ,9 8 h&s ,lat9 acquir$ a flexibility & a ri*ness ( vocabul>y unkn[n to x be=e4 ,if he writes ) less f9i% & a less p]fect rhy?m ?an 8 fav\rite model ,cic]o1 he excels him 9 ! v>i$ /ructure ( 8 p]iods1 & _! adaptation to ! subject-matt]4 ,x is true t "h & !re ! creamy ri*ness ( 8 /yle becomes v]bosity1 & t he occasionally draws too freely on 8 inexhau/ible /ore ( epi!ts1 metaphors & turns ( spee*2 b ^! faults1 :i* did n escape ! c5sure ev5 ( fri5dly critics l ,qu9tilian1 are comp>atively r>e 9 ! extant p>ts ( 8 "w4 ,f ! t5d5cy to use a poetic diction 9 prose1 :i* 0 s conspicu\s a fault 9 ! writ]s ( ! silv] age1 ,livy is n :olly free4 ,9 8 e>li] books especially !re are num]\s phrases & s5t5ces :i* h an unmi/akably poetic r+1 recall+ sometimes ,ennius & m (t5 8 contempor>y ,virgil4 ,b 9 ,livy ?is poetic elem5t is kept )9 b\nds1 & s]ves only to give w>m? & vividness to ! n>rative4 ,simil>ly1 ?\gh ! influ5ce ( rhetoric ^u 8 language1 z well z ^u 8 g5]al treatm5t1 is cle>ly p]ceptible1 he has n ! p]v]t$ love ( anti!sis1 p>adox & lab\r$ ^w-pa9t+ :i* (f5ds u 9 ,tacitus2 &1 9 spite ( ! ,v5etian ri*ness ( 8 col\r+1 & ! copi\s fl[ ( 8 words1 he is on ! :ole wond]fully natural & simple4 ,^! m]its1 n less ?an ! high tone & easy grace ( 8 n>rative & ! eloqu5ce ( 8 spee*es1 gave ,livy a hold on ,roman read]s su* z only ,cic]o & ,virgil besides him ev] obta9$4 ,8 hi/ory =m$ ! gr\ndwork ( ne>ly all t 0 aft]w>ds writt5 on ! subject4 ,plut>*1 writ]s on rhetoric l ! eld] ,s5eca1 morali/s l ,val]ius ,maximus1 w5t to ,livy = _! /ock examples4 ,florus & ,eutropius abridg$ him2 ,orosius extract$ f him 8 pro(s ( ! s9ful bl9dness ( ! pagan _w2 & 9 e s*ool ,livy 0 firmly e/abli%$ z a text-book = ! ,roman y\?4 ,text4--,! receiv$ text ( ! extant ?irty-five books ( ,livy is tak5 f diff]5t s\rces1 & no "o ( our ,,mss4 conta9s !m all4 ,! ,,mss4 ( ! fir/ decade1 "s ?irty 9 numb]1 are ) "o exception d]iv$1 m or less directly1 f a s+le ar*etype1 viz41 ! rec5sion made 9 ! #d? c5tury by ! two ,nicoma*i1 ,flavianus & ,dext]1 & by ,victorianus4 ,?is is prov$ 9 ! case ( ! old] ,,mss4 by writt5 subscriptions to t effect1 & 9 ! case ( ! re/ by int]nal evid5ce4 ,( all ^! desc5dants ( ! ,nicoma*ean rec5sion1 ! olde/ is ! ,codex ,p>is9us ( ! #aj? c5tury1 & ! be/ ! ,codex ,m$iceus or ,flor5t9us ( ! #aa?4 ,an indep5d5t value atta*es to ! anci5t palimpse/ ( ,v]ona1 ( :i* ! fir/ complete acc\nt 0 giv5 by ,momms5 9 ,abh&l4 d] preussis*5 ,akad4 d] ,wiss5s*aft5 7#ahfh74 ,x conta9s ! ?ird1 f\r?1 fif? & fragm5ts ( ! six? book1 &1 accord+ to ,momms51 ^: conclusions are accept$ by ,madvig 7,em5d4 ,livianae1 #bnd ed41 #ahgg1 p4 #cg71 x is d]iv$1 n f ! ,nicoma*ean rec5sion1 b f an old] ar*etype common to bo?4 ,= ! ?ird decade our *ief au?ority is ! ,codex ,puteanus1 an uncial ,,ms4 ( ! #e? c5tury1 n[ at ,p>is4 ,= ! f\r? we h two lead+ ,,mss4--,codex ,bamb]g5sis1 #aa? c5tury1 & ! slightly old] ,codex ,mogunt9us1 n[ lo/ & only kn[n ?r\gh ! ,ma9z edition ( #aeah-aeai4 ,:at rema9s ( ! fif? decade dep5ds on ! #e? c5tury ,lauri%am5sis or ,v9dobon5sis f ! mona/]y ( ,lors*1 edit$ at ,basel 9 #aeca4 ,a bibliography ( ! v>i\s editions ( ,livy1 or ( all t has be5 writt5 ^u him1 _c be attempt$ "h4 ,! foll[+ may be consult$ = purposes ( ref]5ce2 ,w4 ,engelmann1 ,scriptores ,lat9i 7#h? ed41 by ,e4 ,preuss1 #ahhb72 ,j4 ,e4 ,b4 ,mayor1 ,bibliographical ,clue to ,lat9 ,lit]ature 7#ahge72 ,teuffel-,s*wabe1 ,hi/ory ( ,roman ,lit]ature 7,eng4 trans471 #bef1 #beg2 ,m4 ,s*anz1 ,ges*i*te d] rmis*5 ,litt]atur4 ii4 #a 7#bnd ed41 #ahii74 ,! be/ editions ( ! complete text are ^? ( ,w4 ,weiss5born 7#aheh-ahfb1 conta9+ an introductory essay on ,livy's life & writ+s2 new edition by ,m4 ,mll]1 #aijb71 & ,j4 ,n4 ,madvig & ,j4 ,l4 ,uss+ 7#ahfc-ahgc74 ,! only ,engli% translation ( any m]it is by ,philemon ,holl& 7#afjj74 7,h4 ,f4 ,p42 ,x47 ,,footnotes3 #a ,= ! fragm5ts ( an epitome discov]$ at ,oxyrhyn*us see ,j4 ,s4 ,reid 9 ,classical ,review 7,july1 #aijd72 ,e4 ,kornemann1 ,die neue ,livius-,epitome aus ,oxyrhyn*us1 ) text & comm5t>y 7,leipzig1 #aijd72 ,c4 ,h4 ,moore1 ,! ,oxyrhyn*us ,epitome ( ,livy 9 relation to ,obsequ5s & ,cassiodorus1 9 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,philology 7#aijd71 #bda4 #b ,! v>i\s rum\rs once curr5t ( complete copies ( ,livy 9 ,con/ant9ople1 ,*ios & else:]e1 are notic$ by ,b4 ,g4 ,niebuhr1 ,lectures on ! ,hi/ory ( ,rome f ! fir/ ,punic ,w> 7ed4 ,l4 ,s*mitz1 #ahdd71 i4 #fe4 #c ,= ,livy's debt to ,val]ius ,antias1 see ,a4 ,a4 ,h[>d 9 ,h>v>d ,/udies 9 ,classical ,philology1 xvii4 7#aijf71 pp4 #afa sqq4 ,,liz>d 7,lat4 lac]ta#a71 a "n orig9ally ref]r$ only to ! small ,european species ( f\r-legg$ reptiles1 b n[ appli$ to a :ole ord] 7,lac]tilia71 :i* is repres5t$ by num]\s species 9 all temp]ate & tropical regions4 ,liz>ds are reptiles :i* h a transv]se ext]nal anal op5+ 7in/ead ( a longitud9al slit z 9 ,crocodilians & tortoises7 & :i* h ! "r & left halves ( ! m&ibles connect$ by a sutural symphysis4 ,! majority are di/+ui%$ f snakes by ! possession ( two pairs ( limbs1 ( ext]nal e>-op5+s & movable eyelids1 b s9ce 9 n a few ( ! burr[+1 snake-%ap$ liz>ds ^! *>act]s give way entirely1 x is well-nigh impossible to f9d a diagnosis :i* %\ld be absolutely suffici5t = ! di/9ction betwe5 liz>ds & snakes4 ,9 su* d\btful cases a numb] ( *>act]s h to be resort$ to1 &1 :ile ea* ( ^! may fail :5 tak5 s+ly1 _! comb9ation decides ! "q4 ,x is c]ta9 t ! snakes h be5 evolv$ z a specializ$ bran* f "s ,lac]tilian /ock1 & t bo? ord]s are intimately relat$1 b x is significant t x is only ?r\gh ! degrad$ memb]s ( ! liz>ds t rec5t repres5tatives ( ! two great gr\ps seem to run into ea* o!r4 ,su* critical *>act]s are3-- ,liz>ds4 ,snakes4 ,limbs #b pairs1 #a or #j4 #j or ve/igial h9d-limbs4 ,e>-op5+ ,usually pres5t4 ,always abs5t4 ,eyelids ,mo/ly movable4 ,no movable lids4 ,tongue ,(t5 n retractile4 ,always bifid & retractile into itself4 ,tee? ,pleuro- or acrodont1 ,acrodont1 an*ylos$4 n an*ylos$4 ,m&ibles ,mo/ly firmly unit$ ,nev] ) suture1 suturally4 mo/ly ligam5t\s4 ,columella cranii ,mo/ly pres5t4 ,abs5t4 ,mo/ly ) bony ar*es across ! temporal ,no bony ar*es4 region4 ,o/eod]ms common4 ,no bony ar*es4 ,no o/eod]ms4 ,! liz>ds & snakes are ! two dom9ant reptilian ord]s :i* are /ill on ! increase 9 species1 ?\gh c]ta9ly n 9 size4 ,z a mod]ate e/imate1 ! numb] ( rec5t species ( liz>ds is ab\t #agjj4 ,z a gr\p !y are cosmopolitan1 _! nor!rn limit approa*+ t ( ! p]man5tly froz5 subsoil1 :ile 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e ! s\!rn po9t ( ,patagonia =ms ! f>!/ limit4 ,z we approa* ! tropics1 ! v>iety ( =ms & ! numb] ( individuals increase1 ! mo/ specializ$ & develop$ =ms1 & also ! mo/ degrad$1 be+ f\nd 9 ! tropics4 ,9 ! temp]ate regions !y hib]nate4 ,! majority live on brok5 gr\nd1 ) or )\t mu* vegetation2 _m are arboreal & _m are true des]t animals1 :ile a few are m or less aquatic2 "o1 ! leguan ( ! ,galapagos1 ,amblyrhyn*us1 ev5 ent]s ! sea4 ,"s1 l ! majority ( ! geckos1 are nocturnal4 ,9 adaptation to ^! v>i$ surr\nd+s !y exhibit great v>iety 9 %ape1 size & /ructure4 ,mo/ ( ^! modifications are re/rict$ to ! sk91 limbs1 tail or tongue4 ,mo/ liz>ds live on animal food1 v>y+ f t9y insects & worms to liz>ds1 snakes1 birds & mammals1 :ile o!rs pref] a mix$ or an entirely vegetable diet4 ,accord+ly1 ! tee? & ! :ole dige/ive tract are modifi$4 ,b swiftness1 ! app>atus necess>y = climb+1 runn+ & digg+1 ! me*anism ( ! tongue1 ! muscles ( ! jaws 7h5ce modifications ( ! cranial ar*es7 /& also 9 correlation ) ! k9d ( food & ) ! way 9 :i* x has to be procur$4 ,g5]ally ! tee? are conical or po9t$1 m r>ely blunt1 groov$ or s]rat$4 ,!y are ins]t$ ei!r on ! inn] side ( ! m>g9 ( ! jaws 7pleurodonta7 or on ! edge ( ! bones 7acrodonta74 ,! tongue is g5]ally beset ) m or less scaly or velvety papillae & has always a well-m>k$ po/]ior m>g91 :ile ! ant]ior portion may or may n be m or less retractile into ! po/]ior "p4 ,9 _m liz>ds ! muscles ( ! segm5ts ( ! tail are s loosely connect$ & ! v]tebrae are s weak t ! tail easily breaks (f4 ,! sev]$ "p reta9s its muscul> irritability = a %ort "t1 wriggl+ z if x 7 a liv+ creature4 ,a liz>d ?us mutilat$ does n seem to be mu* affect$1 & ! lo/ "p is sl[ly reproduc$4 ,?is faculty is ( advantage to ^? liz>ds :i* lack o!r means ( escape :5 pursu$ by "s o!r animal1 :i* is satisfi$ ) captur+ ! deta*$ memb]4 ,! motions ( mo/ liz>ds are execut$ ) great b n endur+ rapidity4 ,) ! exception ( ! *ameleon1 all drag _! body ov] ! gr\nd1 ! limbs be+ wide ap>t1 turn$ outw>ds & relatively to ! bulk ( ! body g5]ally weak4 ,b ! limbs %[ ) reg>d to developm5t great v>iation1 & an un9t]rupt$ transition f ! mo/ p]fect condition ( two pairs ) five sep>ate claw$ toes to _! total disappe>ance2 yet ev5 limbless liz>ds reta9 bony ve/iges b5ea? ! sk94 ,! motions ( ^! limbless liz>ds are simil> to ^? ( snakes1 :i* !y resemble 9 _! elongate body4 ,! eggs are elliptical 9 %ape1 bo? poles be+ equal1 & are cov]$ ) a %ell :i* may be ?9 & lea!ry or h>d & calc>e\s4 ,! numb] ( eggs laid is small 9 comp>ison ) o!r reptiles1 r>ely exce$+ a score1 & "s l ! anolids & ! geckos deposit only "o or two4 ,! p>5ts leave ! eggs to hat* :]e !y are deposit$1 9 s& or 9 m\ld4 ,_m liz>ds1 h[ev]1 reta9 ! eggs 9 ! oviducts until ! embryo is fully develop$2 ^! species !n br+ =? liv+ "y & are call$ ovo-vivip>\s by puri/s4 ,"s liz>ds possess a consid]able am\nt ( intellig5ce2 !y play ) ea* o!r1 become v tame1 & act delib]ately accord+ to circum/ances4 ,z a rule ! ,iguanids & ,v>ans are z bright z ! ,agamas are dull4 ,_m h ! p[] ( *ang+ col\r1 a faculty :i* !y %>e only ) v>i\s frogs1 toads & fi%es4 ,liz>ds are n poison\s1 ) ! s+le exception ( ,helod]ma4 ,! ,lac]tilia1 or liz>ds 9 ! wid] s5se1 fall easily into ?ree natural gr\ps3 geckos 7q4v471 *ameleons 7q4v47 & liz>ds4 ,i4 ,subord]1 ,,geckones4 ,pleurodont liz>ds ) well-develop$ limbs2 )\t temporal bony ar*es2 po/?oracic ribs unit$ across ! abdom54 ,tongue1 ?ick & broad1 slightly nick$ ant]iorly4 ,) few exceptions !y h amphicoel\s v]tebrae1 ! p>ietal bones rema9 sep>ate & !y h no eyelids1 ) v few exceptions4 #a4 ,family1 ,geckonidae4--,amphicoel\s2 p>ietals sep>ate2 clavicles dilat$ & ) a p]=ation ne> ! v5tral end4 ,cosmopolitan1 al?\gh ma9ly tropical1 ) ab\t #bgj species 7see ,,gecko74 ,ne>ly all geckos are nocturnal & ! pupil contracts into a v]tical slit1 except 9 a few diurnal k9ds1 e4g4 ,phelsuma ( isl&s 9 ! ,indian ,ocean1 & ,lygodactylus ( ,africa4 ,aelurosaurus ( ,borneo & ,au/ralia1 & ,pt5opus ( ,s\? ,africa1 h upp] & l[] movable eyelids4 ,:il/ ! sk9 is mo/ly s(t on ! back1 ) little granul> tub]cles1 scales 7except on ! belly7 are abs5t1 b !y are pres5t 9 ,homopholis1 9 ,geckolepis ( ,madagasc>1 & mo/ fully develop$ 9 ,t]atosc9cus sc9cus4 ,?is peculi> little inhabitant ( ! /eppes & des]t regions ( ,turke/an & ,p]sia1 by rubb+ ! imbricat+ scales ^u ea* o!r1 produces a %rill cricket-l noise1 :il/ sitt+ at night 9 front ( its hole 9 ! gr\nd4 ,fur!rmore x is s ?or\ghly adapt$ to runn+ ^u ! des]t s& t its digits are devoid ( adhesive lamellae4 ,! same beautiful adaptation to ! surr\nd+s exi/s also 9 ,pt5opus 7) fr+$ toes7 & ,/5odactylus1 :i* are likewise des]ticol\s4 ,aeluronyx ( ,madagasc> & ,sey*elles has cat-l retractile claws4 ,nault9us elegans ( ,new ,zeal& is said to be vivip>\s2 ! o!rs lay b "o r l>ge egg at a "t4 ,_m species h a feeble voice :i* resembles a repeat$ click ( ! tongue1 & _! "n gecko is suppos$ to be an ,indian imitation ( ! s\nd4 #b4 ,family1 ,uroplatidae4--,amphicoel\s2 p>ietals sep>ate2 b ! nasal bones are fus$ toge!r1 & ! clavicles are n dilat$4 ,g5us ,uroplates1 ) a few species1 e4g4 ,u4 fimbriatus 9 ,madagasc>4 #c4 ,family1 ,eubleph>idae4--,procoel\s2 p>ietals unit$2 eyelids functional2 clavicles exp&$ z 9 ! true geckos :i* !y resemble 9 o!r respects4 ,! few g5]a & species are und\bt$ly a het]og5e\s assembly1 z indicat$ by _! v scatt]$ di/ribution1 b !y all agree 9 _! decid$ly h&some col\r patt]n1 b&s ( d>k br[n to m>oon ^u a light gr\nd4 ,eubleph>is1 ) "o species ea* 9 ,panama1 ,mexico1 ,texas & ,cali=nia2 two 9 ,india4 ,coleonyx elegans 9 =e/s ( ,c5tral ,am]ica & ,mexico4 ,psilodactylus 9 ,we/ ,africa4 ,,ii4 ,subord]1 ,,*amaeleontes4 ,acrodont1 ,old ,_w liz>ds1 ) lat]ally compress$ body1 preh5sile tail & well develop$ limbs ) ! digits arrang$ 9 oppos+1 grasp+ bundles ( two & ?ree respectively4 ,! *ameleons 7q4v47 h _m /ructural peculi>ities4 ,,iii4 ,subord]1 ,,lac]tae4 ,procoel\s v]tebrae2 v5tral portions ( ! clavicles n dilat$2 p>ietal bones fus$ into "o4 ,! g5]al appe>ance is too mislead+ = ! classification ( ! ,lac]tae4 ,e4 ,d4 ,cope 7,proc4 ,ac4 ,philad41 #ahfd1 pp4 #bbd et seq4 & ,proc4 ,am]4 ,ass4 xix41 #ahga1 p4 #bcf1 c47 !re=e reli$ ^u m fundam5tal *>act]s1 notably ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( o/eod]ms1 ! =mation ( ! skull1 ! tee? & ! tongue4 ,g4 ,a4 ,b\l5g] 7,ann4 ,nat4 ,hi/4 #e1 xiv41 #ahhd1 p4 #aag1 c47 has fur!r improv$ ^u ! !n prevail+ arrangem5ts1 & has elaborat$ a classification :i*1 us$ by himself 9 ! ?ree volumes ( ! catalogue ( liz>ds 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 is foll[$ 9 ! pres5t article ) slight alt]ations 9 ! ord] ( treatm5t ( ! families4 ,9 ! foll[+ diagnoses ( ! families pref]5ce is giv5 to su* *>act]s z are mo/ easily asc]ta9$4 ,! #ag families fall into #d or #e ma9 gr\ps4 ,presumably ! pres5ce ( o/eod]ms & ( complete cranial ar*es are m ar*aic ?an _! abs5ce1 j z we conclude t limbless =ms h be5 evolv$ f v>i\s gr\ps possess$ ( fully develop$ limbs4 ,zonuridae & ,anguidae assume a c5tral position1 ) ,agamidae & ,iguanidae z two p>allel families 7n v diff]5t f ea* o!r7 ( highe/ developm5t1 "o 9 ! ,old ,_w1 ! o!r 9 ,am]ica4 ,x5osaurus seems to be an (f%oot int]m$iate betwe5 ! ,iguanidae & ! ,anguidae2 a degrad$ =m ( latt] is p]haps ,aniella ( ,cali=nia1 :il/ ,helod]ma & ,lan?anotus are also specializ$ & isolat$ (f%oots4 ,a second gr\p is =m$ by ! few ,am]ican ,xantusiidae1 ! num]\s ,am]ican ,tejidae1 & ! burr[+1 degrad$ ,am]ican & ,african ,amphisba5idae4 ,a ?ird gr\p comprises ! cosmopolitan ,sc9cidae1 ! ,african & ,malagasy ,g]rhosauridae :i* 9 v>i\s features rem9d u ( ! ,anguidae1 & ! ,african & ,eurasian ,lac]tidae :i* are ! highe/ memb]s ( ?is gr\p4 ,anelytropidae & p]haps also ,dibamidae may be degrad$ ,sc9coids4 ,! ,v>anidae /& q alone1 9 _m respects ! highe/ ( all liz>ds1 ) "s1 q sup]ficial1 ,crocodilian resemblances4 ,la/ly !re are ! few ,pygopodidae ( ! ,au/ralian region1 ) /ill q obscure relation%ip4 ,family #a4 ,agamidae4--,acrodont2 tongue broad & ?ick1 n protractile2 no o/eod]ms4 ,old ,_w4 ,! agamas h always two pairs ( well-develop$ limbs4 ,! tee? are usually diff]5tiat$ into incisors1 can9es & mol>s4 ,! sk9 is devoid ( ossifications1 b l>ge & num]\s cutane\s sp9es are (t5 pres5t1 especially on ! head & on ! tail4 ,! family1 compris+ "s #bjj species1 ) ab\t #cj g5]a1 %[s great div]sity ( =m2 ! t]re/rial memb]s are mo/ly flat-bodi$1 ! arboreal m lat]ally compress$ & (t5 ) a v long tail4 ,mo/ ( !m are insectivor\s1 b a few are almo/ entirely vegetable fe$]s4 ,!y are an exclusively ,old ,_w family2 !y are mo/ num]\s 9 ,au/ralia 7except ,new ,zeal&7 & ! ,indian & ,malay c\ntries2 comp>atively few live 9 ,africa 7none 9 ,madagasc>7 & 9 ! c\ntries f ,asia ,m9or to ,india4 ,! majority ( ! gr\nd-agamas1 & ! mo/ common species ( ! pla9s1 des]ts or rocky di/ricts ( ,africa & ,asia1 belong to ! g5]a ,/ellio & ,agama4 ,_! scales are mix$ ) l>g] prom95t sp9es1 :i* 9 "s species are p>ticul>ly develop$ on ! tail1 & dispos$ 9 :orls4 ,ne>ly all travell]s 9 ! nor? ( ,africa m5tion ! ,h>dhn ( ! ,arabs 7,agama /ellio71 :i* is extremely common1 & has drawn ^u itself ! hatr$ ( ! ,mahomm$ans by its habit ( nodd+ its head1 :i* !y int]pret z a mock]y ( _! own movem5ts :il/ engag$ 9 pray]4 ,9 "s ( ! ,grecian isl&s !y are /ill call$ korkordilos1 j z !y 7 9 ! "t ( ,h]odotus4 ,uroma/ix is "o ( ! l>ge/ ( gr\nd-agamas1 & likewise f\nd 9 ,africa & ,asia4 ,! body is uni=mly cov]$ ) granul> scales1 :il/ ! %ort1 /rong tail is arm$ ) p[]ful sp9es dispos$ 9 :orls4 ,! ,indian species 7,u4 h>dwicki7 is ma9ly h]bivor\s2 ! ,african ,u4 acan?9urus & ,u4 sp9ipes1 ! ,dab ( ! ,arabs1 take mix$ food4 ,phrynocephalus is typical ( ! /eppes & des]ts ( ,asia4 ,c]atophora & ,lyriocephalus scutatus1 ! latt] rem>kable = its *ameleon-l appe>ance1 are ,ceylonese4 ,calotes1 peculi> to ,indian c\ntries1 comprises _m species1 e4g4 ,c4 ophioma*us1 g5]ally kn[n z ! bloodsuck] on acc\nt ( ! r$ col\r on ! head & neck display$ dur+ excitem5t4 ,draco 7see ,,dragon7 is ,indo-,malayan4 ,physigna?us is kn[n f ,au/ralia to ,co*9 ,*9a4 ,( ! ,au/ralian agamas no o!r g5us is s num]\sly repres5t$ & widely di/ribut$ z ,grammatophora1 ! species ( :i* gr[ to a l5g? ( f #h to #ah 94 ,_! scales are g5]ally r\gh & sp9\s2 b o!rwise !y possess no /rik+ly di/+ui%+ peculi>ity1 unless ! loose sk9 ( _! ?roat1 :i* is transv]sely fold$ & capable ( inflation1 be reg>d$ z su*4 ,on ! o!r h&1 two o!r ,au/ralian agamoids h atta9$ "s celebrity by _! grotesque appe>ance1 due to ! extraord9>y developm5t ( _! integum5ts4 ,"o 7fig4 #a7 is ! frill$ liz>d 7,*lamydosaurus k+i71 :i* is re/rict$ to ,que5sl& & ! nor? coa/1 & gr[s to a l5g? ( #c ft41 includ+ ! long tap]+ tail4 ,x is provid$ ) a frill-l fold ( ! sk9 r\nd ! neck1 :i*1 :5 erect$1 resembles a broad coll>4 ,?is liz>d :5 />tl$ rises ) ! =e-legs (f ! gr\nd & squats & runs on its h9d-legs4 ,! o!r liz>d is "o :i* mo/ appropriately has be5 call$ ,molo* horridus4 ,x is cov]$ ) l>ge & small sp9e-be>+ tub]cules2 ! head is small & ! tail %ort4 ,x is sluggi% 9 its movem5ts1 & s h>mless t its armature & 7to a casual obs]v]7 repulsive appe>ance are its sole means ( def5ce4 ,x gr[s only to a l5g? ( #aj 941 & is n uncommon 9 ! flats ( ,s\? & ,we/ ,au/ralia4 ,family #b4 ,iguanidae4--,pleurodont2 tongue broad & ?ick1 n protractile2 no o/eod]ms4 ,am]ica1 ,madagasc> & ,fiji ,isl&s4 ,accord+ to ! v v>i$ habits1 _! ext]nal appe>ance v>ies )9 wide limits1 !re be+ among/ ! #cjj species1 ) #ej g5]a1 arboreal1 t]re/rial1 burr[+ & semi-aquatic =ms1 & ev5 "o semi-m>9e k9d4 ,all h well-develop$ limbs4 ,9 _! g5]al /ructure ! ,iguanidae closely resemble ! ,agamidae1 f :i* !y diff] ma9ly by ! pleurodont d5tition4 ,mo/ ( !m are insectivor\s4 ,"s1 especially ,anolis & ,poly*rus1 c *ange col\r to a rem>kable ext5t4 ,! family ranges all ?r\gh ! neotropical region1 inclusive ( ! ,galapagos & ! ,antilles1 into ! s\!rn & we/]n /ates ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,rem>kable cases ( discont9u\s di/ribution are ,*al>odon & ,hoplodon 9 ,madagasc>1 & ,bra*ylophus fasciatus 9 ! ,fiji ,isl&s4 ,conolophus subcri/atus & ,amblyrhyn*us cri/atus inhabit ! ,galapagos2 ! =m] fe$s ^u cactus & leaves1 ! latt] is semi-m>9e1 div+ = ! algae :i* gr[ bel[ tide-m>ks4 ,= ,basiliscus see ,,basilisk2 ,,iguana is dealt ) "u its own head+2 alli$ is ,metopoc]os cornutus ( ,hayti4 ,poly*rus1 ! *ameleon1 & ,liolaemus are ,s\? ,am]ican2 ,ct5osaura ( ,c5tral ,am]ica & ,mexico resembles ! agamoid ,uroma/ix4 ,cory?ophanes & ,laemanctus1 ) only a few species1 are r>e inhabitants ( ! tropical =e/s ( ,c5tral ,am]ica & ,mexico4 ,sauromalus1 ,crotaphytus1 ,callisaurus1 ,holbrookia1 ,uma1 ,uta are typical ,sonoran g5]a1 "s rang+ f ,oregon ?r\gh ,mexico4 ,alli$ is ,sceloporus1 ) ab\t #cd species1 ! mo/ *>act]i/ic g5us ( ,mexican liz>ds2 only #d species live 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & only #c or #d are f\nd s\? ( ! ,i/hmus ( ,tehuantepec & are re/rict$ to ,c5tral ,am]ica4 ,! majority are humivag\s1 :ile o!rs are truly arboreal1 e4g4 ,s4 microlepidotus1 a species :i*1 moreov]1 has ! greate/ possible altitud9al range1 f ! hot c\ntry ( s\!rn ,oaxaca to ! upp] tree-l9e ( ,citlaltepetl1 ab\t #ac1ejj ft4 elevation2 _m species are vivip>\s4 ,phrynosoma1 ) ab\t a doz5 species1 ! horn$ toads ( ,cali=nia to ,texas1 & ?r\gh ,mexico4 ,"s ( ^! comical-look+ little creatures are vivip>\s1 o!rs deposit _! eggs 9 ! gr\nd4 ,!y are well conceal$ by ! col\r ( _! upp] p>ts1 :i* 9 mo/ cases agrees ) ! prevail+ tone ( _! surr\nd+s1 mo/ly arid1 /ony or s&y localities2 ! l>ge spikes on ! head protect !m f be+ swall[$ by snakes4 ,! enl>g$ sp9y scales scatt]$ ov] ! back look z if x 7 spr9kl$ ) ! dri$ husks ( se$s4 ,!y are entirely insectivor\s1 bask on ! broil+ hot s& & !n c run fa/ en\gh2 o!rwise !y are sluggi%1 dig !mselves into ! s& by a peculi> %uffl+ motion ( ! fr+$ edges ( _! flatt5$ bodies1 & :5 surpris$ !y feign dea?4 ,! /atem5t1 p]si/5tly repeat$ 7,o4 ,p4 ,hay1 ,proc4 ,u4,s4 ,nat4 ,mus4 xv41 #ahib1 pp4 #cge-cgh71 t "s1 e4g4 ,p4 bla9villei ( ,cali=nia1 h ! p[] ( squirt+ a blood-r$ fluid f ! corn] ( ! eye1 /ill requires r5ew$ inve/igation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--;,frill$ ,liz>d 7,*lamydosaurus k+i74 ,! smalle/ liz>ds ( ?is family belong to ! g5us ,anolis1 extremely num]\s z reg>ds species 7m ?an #ajj7 & individuals on bu%es & trees ( tropical ,am]ica1 & especially ( ! ,we/ ,indies4 ,!y (f] _m po9ts ( analogy to ! humm+ birds 9 _! di/ribution1 col\rs & ev5 disposition4 ,hundr$s may be se5 on a bright day1 disport+ !mselves on trees & f5ces1 & ent]+ h\ses4 ,l ! iguanas1 !y 7at lea/ ! males7 are provid$ ) a l>ge1 expansible dewlap at ! ?roat1 :i* is brilliantly col\r$1 & :i* !y display on ! slighte/ provocation4 ,?is app5dage is m]ely a fold ( ! sk91 ornam5tal & sexual2 x has no cavity 9 its int]ior1 & has no communication ) ! m\? or ) ! respiratory organs2 x is support$ by ! po/]ior horns ( ! hyoid bone1 & c be erect$ & spread at ! w ( ! animal4 ,! pres5ce ( su* dewlaps 9 liz>ds is always a sign ( an excitable temp]4 ,_m1 e4g4 ,a4 c>ol95sis1 ! *ameleon1 c *ange col\r to an extraord9>y degree4 ,!y are mu* f$ ^u by birds & snakes1 & h a fragile tail1 easily reproduc$4 ,!y br+ =? only "o l>ge egg at a "t1 b probably bre$ sev]al times dur+ ! season4 ,family #c4 ,x5osauridae4--,pleurodont2 solid tee?2 ant]ior "p ( tongue slightly em>g9ate & retractile1 & cov]$ ) flat papillae2 no o/eod]ms4 ,mexico4 ,! only repres5tative ( ?is family is ,x5osaurus gr&is1 record$ f ! m\nta9s ( ,orizaba1 ,cordoba & ,oaxaca4 ,! f\r-foot$ creature is less ?an #a ft4 9 l5g?2 ! body is depress$1 cov]$ above ) m9ute granules & tub]cles2 a di/9ct fold ( sk9 ext5ds f ! axilla to ! gro91 rem9d+ ( ! simil> fold ( "s ,anguidae1 to :i* ?is s+ul> g5us seems to be alli$4 ,family #d4 ,anguidae4--,pleurodont2 tee? solid1 sometimes 7,ophiosaurus7 groov$2 ant]ior "p ( tongue em>g9ate & retractile into ! po/]ior portion2 o/eod]ms on ! body1 & especially on ! head :]e !y are ro(+ ov] ! temporal fossa2 entirely zoophag\s & ovo-vivip>\s4 ,am]ica1 ,europe & ,india4 ,g]rhonotus1 #h species1 9 m\nta9\s c\ntries1 f ,briti% ,columbia to ,co/a ,rica2 l ,diploglossus s4 ,cele/us ( ,mexico1 ! ,antilles & ,c5tral ,am]ica1 ) well-develop$ limbs1 b ) a lat]al fold4 ,anguis fragilis & two species ( ,ophiosaurus are ! only memb]s ( ?is family :i* are n ,am]ican1 & ev5 ! ?ird species ( ,ophiosaurus1 ,o4 v5tralis1 lives 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,ophiosaurus s4 ,pseudopus1 ! glass-snake1 f ,morocco & ! ,balkan p59sula to ,burma & ,foki52 also 9 ! ,u4,s4,a41 ) ! limbs r$uc$ to a pair ( t9y spikes ne> ! v5t1 & a lat]al fold along ! snake-l body4 ,anguis1 ) its sole species fragilis1 ! sl[-worm or bl9d-worm1 is devoid ( a lat]al fold1 & ! limbs are entirely abs5t4 ,europe1 ,alg]ia & we/]n ,asia4 ,family #e4 ,helod]matidae1 ) ,helod]ma ( ,arizona & ,mexico1 & ,lan?anotus ( ,borneo4--,! tee? ( ,helod]ma are recurv$1 ) slightly swoll5 bases1 loosely atta*$ to ! inn] edge ( ! jaws2 ea* too? is groov$1 & ^? ( ! l[] jaw are 9 close vic9ity ( ! s]ies ( labial gl&s :i* secrete a poison2 ! only in/ance among liz>ds4#b ,limbs well develop$4 ,tongue resembl+ t ( ! ,anguidae4 ,! sk9 ( ! upp] surface is granul>1 ) _m irregul> bony tub]cles :i* give x an ugly w>ty look4 ,h4 horridum 9 ,mexico1 & ,h4 suspectum1 ! gila mon/]1 9 ! hot & s&y l[l&s ( ! ,gila bas94 ,! animal1 :i* rea*es a l5g? ( m ?an #b ft41 is blacki%-br[n & yell[ or orange1 & on ! ?ick tail ^! w>n+ col\rs are arrang$ 9 alt]nate r+s4 ,small animals are probably p>alyz$ or kill$ by ! bite1 ! poison be+ effective en\gh to produce sev]e symptoms ev5 9 man4 ,! ,zapotecs1 :o call ! creature ,tala*9i1 & o!r tribes ( ,mexico h end[$ x ) fabul\s prop]ties & fe> x m ?an ! mo/ poison\s snakes4 ,lan?anotus corne5sis1 ( :i* only a few specim5s are kn[n1 is app>5tly closely alli$ to ,helod]ma1 al?\gh ! tee? are n groov$1 o/eod]ms are abs5t & probably also ! poison gl&s4 ,family #f4 ,aniellidae4--,"o g5us1 ,aniella1 ) a few worm- or snake-%ap$ species 9 ,cali=nia1 :i* seem to be degrad$ =ms ( ,anguidae4 ,! eyes & e>s are conceal$1 ! limbs are entirely abs5t1 body & tail cov]$ ) s(t1 imbricat+ scales4 ,! tongue is villose1 smoo?1 bifid ant]iorly4 ,! few tee? are recurv$1 ) swoll5 bases4 ,! skull is mu* r$uc$4 ,total l5g? ( ,a4 pul*ra up to #h 94 ,family #g4 ,zonuridae4--,pleurodont2 tongue %ort1 villose1 sc>cely protractile1 feebly nick$ at ! tip4 ,) o/eod]ms at lea/ ^u ! skull1 :]e !y ro( 9 ! temporal region4 ,africa & ,madagasc>4 ,only #d g5]a1 ) ab\t #ae species4 ,zonurus ( ,s\? ,africa & ,madagasc> has ! :ole head1 neck1 back & tail cov]$ ) /rong bony scales1 ! horny cov]+ ( :i* =ms %>p spikes1 especially on ! tail4 ,!y def5d !mselves by j]k+ head & tail sidew>ds4 ,z4 giganteus rea*es #ae 94 9 l5g?1 & is1 l ! o!r memb]s ( ! family1 zoophag\s4 ,! o!r g5]a live 9 s\!rn & 9 tropical ,africa3 ,pseudocordylus1 ,platysaurus & ,*amaesaura2 ! latt] closely approa*es ! ,anguidae by its snake-%ap$ body1 v long tail & mu* r$uc$ limbs1 :i* 9 ,c4 macrolepis are altoge!r abs5t4 ,family #h4 ,xantusiidae4--,pleurodont2 tongue v %ort & scaly2 no o/eod]ms2 supratemporal fossa ro($ ov] by ! cranial bones2 eyes devoid ( movable lids2 tympanum expos$2 femoral pores pres5t2 limbs & tail well develop$4 ,am]ican4 ,xantusia 7s nam$ aft] ,xantus1 a ,hung>ian collector71 e4g4 ,x4 vigilis & a few o!r species f ! des]t tracts ( ,nevada & ,cali=nia to ,l[] ,cali=nia4 ,lepidophyma flavomaculatum1 ,c5tral ,am]ica2 & ,cricosaura typica 9 ,cuba4 ,family #i4 ,tejidae4--,tee? solid1 almo/ acrodont2 tongue long & n>r[1 deeply bifid1 beset ) papillae2 no o/eod]ms2 scales ( ! back v small or q granul>2 limbs sometimes r$uc$4 ,am]ica4 ,?is l>ge1 typically ,am]ican family comprises m ?an #ajj species :i* h be5 arrang$ 9 _m g5]a4 ,"s are entirely arboreal1 dwell]s 9 =e/s1 :ile o!rs1 l ,cnemidophorus & ,ameiva1 are /rictly t]re/rial1 ) great runn+ p[]s2 a few dwell bel[ ! surface & are trans=m$ into almo/ limbless worm-%ap$ creatures4 ,! family is ess5tially neotropical4 ,( its sev]al doz5 g5]a only two ext5d ?r\gh & beyond ,c5tral ,am]ica3 ,ameiva into ! ea/]n & we/]n ,hot-l&s ( ,mexico1 ,cnemidophorus 7monograph$ by ,h4 ,gad[1 ,proc4 ,zool4 ,soc41 #aijf1 pp4 #bgg-cge7 ?r\gh ,mexico into ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :]e ,c4 sexl9eatus1 ! swift1 has spread ov] mo/ ( ! ,union4 ,tup9ambis teguix91 ! teju ( ,s\? ,am]ica & ! ,we/ ,indies1 is ! l>ge/ memb] ( ! family2 x rea*es a l5g? ( a y>d1 mo/ ( :i*1 h[ev]1 belongs to ! /rong1 :ip-l tail4 ,teguix9 is tak5 f ! ,aztec teco-ix91 i4e4 rock-liz>d1 ! v]nacul> "n ( ,sceloporus torquatus :i* is "o ( ! ,iguanidae misspelt & misappli$4 ,! tejus frequ5t =e/s & plantations & are c>nivor\s1 eat+ any?+ !y c ov]p[]4 ,!y 9 turn are mu* hunt$ = ! sake ( _! delicate fle%4 ,!y def5d !mselves n only ) _! p[]ful jaws & %>p claws1 b also ) la%+ /rokes ( ! long tail4 ,!y also use ?is :ip = kill+ snakes :i* !y are said to eat4 ,_! long-oval1 h>d-%ell$ eggs are deposit$ 9 ! gr\nd4 ,!y retire into self-dug burr[s4 ,cophias & ,scolecosaurus h v mu* r$uc$ limbs4 ,9 ! g5us ,tejus ! tee? ( ! adult become mol>-l2 & 9 ,draca5a !y are trans=m$ into l>ge1 oval cru%]s1 indicat+ /rictly h]bivor\s habits1 :ile mo/ memb]s ( ! family live ^u animal food4 ,family #aj4 ,amphisba5idae4--,! body is cov]$ ) s(t sk91 =m+ num]\s r+s ) m]e ve/iges ( scales4 ,worm-%ap$1 )\t limbs1 except ,*irotes :i* has %ort1 claw$ =e-limbs4 ,eyes & e>s conceal$4 ,tongue slightly elongat$1 cov]$ ) scale-l papillae & bifurcat+4 ,tail extremely %ort4 ,acrodont or pleurodont4 ,am]ica1 ,m$it]ranean c\ntries1 & ,africa ) ! exception ( ,madagasc>4 ,*irotes canaliculatus1 & two o!r species2 ,pacific side ( ,mexico & ,l[] ,cali=nia4 ,) five1 f\r or ?ree claws on ! /\t little digg+ =e-limbs4 ,^! p9k1 worm-l creatures live 9 s&y1 moi/ localities1 burr[+ little tunnels & nev] appe>+ on ! surface4 ,amphisba5a 7q4v474 ,rh9ura ( ,florida1 & also kn[n f ! ,oligoc5e ( ,s\? ,dakota2 ,lepido/]num ( ,s\? ,am]ica2 & ,anops 9 ,am]ica & ,africa2 ,blanus c9]eus1 ,m$it]ranean c\ntries4 ,trogonophis1 ,pa*ycalamus & ,agamodon ( ,africa are all acrodont2 ! o!r g5]a are pleurodont4 ,9 all ab\t a doz5 g5]a1 ) "s #fj1 mo/ly tropical species4 ,family #aa4 ,sc9cidae4--,pleurodont4 ,tongue scaly1 feebly nick$ 9 front4 ,o/eod]ms on ! head & body4 ,limbs (t5 r$uc$4 ,cosmopolitan4 ,! temporal region is cov]$ ov]1 z 9 ! ,lac]tidae & ,anguidae1 ) /rongly develop$ d]mal ossifications4 ,simil> o/eod]ms und]lie ! scales ( ! body & tail4 ,femoral pores are abs5t4 ,all ! sk9ks seem to be vivip>\s1 & !y pref] dry1 s&y gr\nd1 9 :i* !y burr[ & move quickly ab\t 9 se>* ( _! animal food4 ,?is p>tly subt]ranean life is correlat$ ) ! frequ5t r$uction ( ! limbs :i*1 9 closely alli$ =ms1 %[ e /age f fully develop$1 five-claw$ limbs to complete abs5ce4 ,"s h functional =e-limbs b m]e ve/iges ( h9d-limbs2 9 o!rs ?is condition is rev]s$4 ,9 "s des]ticol\s k9ds e4g4 ,ableph>us1 ! l[] eyelid is trans=m$ into a transp>5t cov] :i* is fus$ ) ! rim ( ! r$uc$ upp] lid4 ,! same applies to ! limbless little ,ophiopsiseps nasutus ( ,au/ralia4 ,?is l>ge family conta9s ab\t #djj species1 ) num]\s g5]a2 ! greate/ div]sity 9 numb]s & =ms occurs 9 ! tropical p>ts ( ! ,old ,_w1 especially 9 ! ,au/ralian region1 inclusive ( _m ( ! ,pacific isl&s4 ,new ,zeal& has at lea/ #f species ( ,lygosoma4 ,am]ica1 notably ,s\? ,am]ica1 has comp>atively v few sk9ks4 ,! sk9k1 :i* has giv5 ! "n to ! :ole family1 is a small liz>d 7,sc9cus (fic9alis7 ( #f or #h 94 9 l5g?1 common 9 arid di/ricts ( ,nor? ,africa & ,syria4 ,a peculi>ly w$ge-%ap$ sn\t1 & toes provid$ ) /rong fr+es1 enable ?is animal to burr[ rapidly 9 & "u ! s& ( ! des]t4 ,9 =m] times l>ge quantities ( x 7 import$ 9 a dry /ate into ,europe = (fic9al purposes1 ! drug hav+ ! reputation ( be+ efficaci\s 9 diseases ( ! sk9 & lungs2 & ev5 n[ x may be f\nd 9 apo!c>ies' %ops 9 ! s\? ( ,europe1 c\ntry p reg>d+ x z a p[]ful aphrodisiac = cattle4 ,mab\ia1 ) _m species1 9 ! :ole ( ,africa1 s\!rn ,asia & 9 tropical ,am]ica4 ,m4 7,euprepes7 vittata1 ! poisson de sable ( ,alg]ia1 is semi-aquatic4 ,*alcides s4 ,seps1 ( ! ,m$it]ranean c\ntries & s\?-we/]n ,asia1 has a transp>5t disk on ! l[] eyelid :i* is movable2 limbs v %ort or r$uc$ to m]e ve/iges4 ,lygosoma circumtropical2 ,eumeces1 also ) _m small species1 9 ,am]ica1 ,africa & ,asia4 ,cyclodus s4 ,tiliqua ( ,au/ralia1 ,tasmania & ,malay ,isl&s1 has /\t lat]al tee? ) r\nd$-(f cr[ns2 ,c4 gigas ( ! ,moluccas & ( ,new ,gu9ea is ! l>ge/ memb] ( ! family1 rea*+ a l5g? ( ne>ly #b ft42 ! limbs are well develop$1 z 9 ,tra*ysaurus rugosus ( ,au/ralia1 :i* is easily recogniz$ by ! l>ge & r\gh scales & ! %ort1 broad1 /ump-l tail4 ,family #ab4 ,anelytropidae4--,an artificial assembly ( a few degrad$ ,sc9coids4 ,! worm-%ap$ body is devoid ( o/eod]ms4 ,! tongue is %ort1 cov]$ ) imbricat+ papillae & slightly nick$ ant]iorly4 ,tee? pleurodont4 ,anelytropsis papillosus1 ( :i* only ?ree specim5s are kn[n1 f ! humus ( =e/s 9 ! /ate ( ,v]a ,cruz4 ,eyes conceal$4 ,typhlosaurus & ,feyl9ia 9 tropical ,africa & ,madagasc>4 ,family #ac4 ,dibamidae4--,dibamus novae-,gu9eae ( ,new ,gu9ea1 ! ,moluccas1 ,celebes & ! ,nicob> ,isl&s4 ,tongue arr[-%ap$1 cov]$ ) curv$ papillae4 ,! v]mi=m body is cov]$ ) cycloid imbricat+ scales1 devoid ( o/eod]ms4 ,limbs & ev5 _! ar*es are abs5t1 except+ a pair ( flaps :i* repres5t ! h9d-limbs 9 ! males4 ,family #ad4 ,g]rhosauridae4--,pleurodont4 ,tongue long1 ) papillae1 l t ( ! ,lac]tidae b only feebly nick$ ant]iorly4 ,o/eod]ms on ! head & body1 ro(+ ov] ! temporal region4 ,femoral pores pres5t1 also mo/ly a lat]al fold4 ,limbs sometimes r$uc$ to small /umps4 ,tail long & brittle4 ,! few g5]a & species ( ?is family are re/rict$ to ,africa1 s\? ( ! ,sah>a & ,madagasc>4 ,g]rhosaurus1 ) lat]al fold & complete limbs2 ,tetradactylus also ) a fold1 b ) v v>iable limbs2 ,condylosaurus2 all 9 ,africa4 ,zonosaurus & ,tra*elopty*us 9 ,madagasc>4 ,family #ae4 ,lac]tidae4--,pleurodont4 ,tongue long & bifid1 ) papillae or folds1 ) o/eod]ms on ! head b n on ! body4 ,limbs always well develop$4 ,palae>ctic & palaeotropical ) ! exception ( ,madagasc>2 n 9 ! ,au/ralian region4 ,! ,lac]tidae or true liz>ds comprise ab\t #bj g5]a1 ) "s #ajj species1 mo/ abundant 9 ,africa2 _! nor!rn limit co9cides fairly ) t ( ! p]man5tly froz5 subsoil4 ,!y all are t]re/rial & zoophag\s4 ,! long1 po9t$ tail is brittle4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--;,heads ( ,briti% ,liz>ds4 a1 ,lac]ta vivip>a2 b1 ,l4 agilis2 c1 ,l4 viridis4 ,mo/ ( ! ,european liz>ds ) f\r well develop$ limbs belong to ! g5us ,lac]ta4 ,only ?ree species occur 9 ,great ,brita9 7see fig4 #b74 ,! common liz>d 7,lac]ta vivip>a7 frequ5ts hea?s & banks 9 ,engl& & ,scotl&1 & is locally met ) also 9 ,irel&2 x is vivip>\s4 ,mu* sc>c] is ! second species1 ! s&-liz>d 7,lac]ta agilis71 :i* is conf9$ to "s localities 9 ! s\? ( ,engl&1 ! ,new ,=e/ & its vic9ity2 x does n appe> to atta9 on ,engli% soil ! same size z on ! cont95t ( ,europe :]e x ab\nds1 gr[+ sometimes to a l5g? ( #i 94 ,s+ul>ly1 a snake 7,coronella laevis71 also common on ! cont95t1 & fe$+ pr9cipally on ?is liz>d1 has foll[$ x across ! ,briti% ,*annel1 app>5tly exi/+ 9 ^? localities only 9 :i* ! s&-liz>d has settl$4 ,?is liz>d is ovip>\s4 ,! males diff] by _! bright] gre5 gr\nd col\r f ! females1 :i* are br[n1 spott$ ) black4 ,! ?ird ,briti% species1 ! gre5 liz>d 7,lac]ta viridis71 does n occur 9 ,engl& prop]2 x has f\nd a cong5ial home 9 ! isl& ( ,gu]nsey1 b is !re mu* less develop$ z reg>ds size & beauty ?an on ! cont95t4 ,?is species is l>g] ?an ! two prec$+2 x is gre51 ) m9ute blacki% spots4 ,9 ,g]many & ,france "o o!r species only 7,lac]ta muralis7 appe>s2 b 9 ! s\? ( ,europe ! species ( ,lac]ta are mu* m num]\s1 ! l>ge/ & f9e/1 be+ ,l4 ocellata1 :i* gr[s to a l5g? ( #ah or #bj 941 & is brilliantly gre51 ornam5t$ ) blue eye-l spots on ! sides4 ,ev5 ! small isl&-rocks ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 sometimes only a few hundr$ y>ds 9 diamet]1 are occupi$ by peculi> races ( liz>ds1 :i* h attract$ mu* att5tion f ! fact t !y h assum$ "u su* isolat$ conditions a m or less d>k1 almo/ black1 coloration4 ,l4 muralis1 ) its num]\s v>ieties1 has be5 monograph$ by ,g4 ,a4 ,b\l5g]1 ,trans4 ,zool4 ,soc4 xvii4 7#aije71 pp4 #cea-dbb1 pl4 #bb-bi4 ,o!r g5]a are ,psammodromus & ,acan?odactylus 9 s\?-we/]n ,europe & nor!rn ,africa4 ,cabrita 9 ,india1 ) transp>5t l[] eyelids4 ,ophiops1 likewise ) transp>5t b unit$ lids1 f ,nor? ,africa to ,india4 ,family #af4 ,v>anidae4--,pleurodont4 ,tongue v long1 smoo? & bifid4 ,o/eod]ms abs5t4 ,limbs always well develop$4 ,old ,_w4 ,?is family conta9s only "o g5us1 ,v>anus1 ) ne>ly #cj species1 9 ,africa1 ,arabia & s\!rn ,asia1 & ,au/ralia1 b n 9 ,madagasc>4 ,! g5]ic t]m is d]iv$ f ! ,arabic ,ou>an1 :i* means liz>d4 ,ow+ to a ridicul\s muddle1 ?is ,arabic ^w has be5 tak5 to mean w>n+ liz>d1 h5ce ! ,lat9 ,monitor1 "o ( ! _m synonyms ( ?is g5us1 n[ (t5 us$ z ! v]nacul>4 ,_m ( ! monitors are semi-aquatic1 e4g4 ,v4 niloticus1 & ^! h a lat]ally compress$ tail2 o!rs inhabit dry s&y di/ricts1 e4g4 ,v4 sc9cus1 ! ou>an el ard ( ,nor? ,africa2 o!rs pref] wood$ localities4 ,v4 salvator is ! l>ge/ species1 rea*+ a l5g? ( #g ft42 x ranges f ,nepal & s\!rn ,*9a to ,cape ,york2 a small] species1 common 9 ,new ,gu9ea & ,au/ralia1 is ,v4 g\ldi4 ,!y all are pr$ace\s1 p[]ful creatures1 ) a p>tiality = eggs4 ,_! own eggs are laid 9 holl[ trees1 or buri$ 9 ! s&4 ,! "y are prettily spott$ ) :ite & black ocelli1 b ! coloration ( ! adult is mo/ly v pla94 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4--,monitor ( ! ,nile 7,v>anus niloticus74 ,! foll[+ families are mu* degrad$ 9 con=mity ) _!1 9 mo/ cases1 subt]ranean life4 ,!y are ( d\btful relation%ips & conta9 ea* b a few species4 ,family #ag4 ,pygopodidae4--,pleurodont1 snake-%ap$1 cov]$ ) r\ndi%1 imbricat+ scales4 ,tail long & brittle4 ,=e-limbs abs5t2 h9d-limbs trans=m$ into a pair ( scale-cov]$ flaps4 ,tongue slightly =k$4 ,eyes functional b devoid ( movable lids4 ,au/ralia1 ,tasmania & ,new ,gu9ea4 ,pygopus1 e4g4 ,p4 lepidopus1 ab\t #b ft4 long1 two-?irds belong+ to ! tail1 di/ribut$ ov] ! :ole ( ,au/ralia4 ,lialis burtoni1 ( simil> size & di/ribution1 has ! h9d-limbs r$uc$ to v small1 n>r[ app5dages4 ,! memb]s ( ?is family seem to lead a snake-l life1 n subt]ranean1 & "s are said to eat o!r liz>ds4 ,l4 jic>i1 f ! ,fly riv]1 has a v snake-l appe>ance1 ) a long1 po9t$ sn\t l c]ta9 tree-snakes1 b ) an easily visible e>-op5+2 _! eyelids are r$uc$ to a r+ :i* is compos$ ( two or ?ree r[s ( small scales4 7,h4 ,f4 ,g47 ,,footnote3 #a ,= ! etymology ( ?is ^w1 see ,,crocodile4 #b ,= anatomical detail & exp]im5ts1 see ,r4 ,w4 ,%ufeldt1 ,p4 ,z4 ,s4 7#ahij71 p4 #agh2 ,g4 ,a4 ,b\l5g]1 ibid4 7#ahia71 p4 #aji1 & ,c4 ,/ew>t1 ibid4 7#ahia71 p4 #aai4 ,,liz>d ,,po9t1 or ,,! ,,liz>d1 ! s\!rnmo/ po9t ( ,great ,brita91 9 ,cornwall1 ,engl&1 9 #di #eg #cj ,n41 #e #ab ,w4 ,x is g5]ally ! fir/ ,briti% l& sight$ by %ips b\nd up ! ,engli% ,*annel1 & !re are two ligh?\ses on x4 ,! cliff sc5]y is magnific5t1 & attracts _m visitors4 ,! coa/ is frett$ into sev]al small bays1 su* z ,h\sel &1 mo/ fam\s ( all1 ,kynance ,cove2 caves pi]ce ! cliffs at _m po9ts1 & bold isolat$ rocks fr+e ! %ore4 ,! col\r$ ve9+ ( ! s]p5t9e rock is a rem>kable feature4 ,! ,lion's ,d5 is a *asm =m$ by ! fall+ 9 ( a sea-cave 9 #ahdg2 ! ,/ags is a dang]\s reef /ret*+ s\?w>d f ! po9t1 & at ,asp>agus ,isl&1 ,kynance ,cove1 is a natural funnel 9 :i* ! air is compress$ by ! waves & causes a viol5t ejection ( foam4 ,! pr9cipal village is ,liz>d ,t[n1 #aj m4 f ,hel/on1 ! ne>e/ railway /ation4 ,,ljunggr51 ,,gu/af ,h,,kan ,,jordan 7#ahbc-aije71 ,sw$i% man ( lett]s1 0 born at ,lund on ! #f? ( ,m>* #ahbc4 ,he 0 educat$ at ,lund univ]sity1 :]e he 0 pr(essor ( ,g]man 7#ahej-ahei71 ( ae/hetics 7#ahei-ahhi7 & rector 7#ahge-ahhe74 ,he _h be5 a memb] ( ! ,sw$i% ,academy = tw5ty ye>s at ! "t ( 8 dea? 9 ,septemb] #aije4 ,8 mo/ important "w1 ,sv5ska vitt]het5s hfd] eft] ,gu/av ,,iii4's dd 7#e vols41 ,lund41 #ahgc-ahie71 is a compreh5sive /udy ( ,sw$i% lit]ature 9 ! #ai? c5tury4 ,8 o!r works include3 ,fram/lln+ af de frnm/e e/etiska sy/em]na 7an exposition ( ! pr9cipal sy/em ( ae/hetics2 #b vols41 #ahef-ahfj72 ,sv5ska dramat intill slutet af #ag rhundradet 7a hi/ory ( ! ,sw$i% drama d[n to ! end ( ! #ag? c5tury1 ,lund1 #ahfd72 an edition 7#ahfd7 ( ! ,epi/l> ( ,bellman & ,fr$man1 & a hi/ory ( ! ,sw$i% ,academy 9 ! ye> ( its c5t5>y 7#ahhf74 ,8 scatt]$ writ+s 7 collect$ z ,smrre ,skrift] 7#c vols41 #ahgb-ahha74 ,,llama1 ! ,spani% modification ( ! ,p]uvian "n ( ! l>g] ( ! two dome/icat$ memb]s ( ! camel-tribe indig5\s to ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,! llama 7,lama huanacus glama7 is a dome/icat$ d]ivative ( ! wild guanaco1 :i* has be5 br$ z a bea/ ( burd54 ,*iefly f\nd 9 s\!rn ,p]u1 x g5]ally atta9s a l>g] size ?an ! guanaco1 & is usually :ite or spott$ ) br[n or black1 & sometimes altoge!r black4 ,! foll[+ acc\nt by ,augu/9 de ,z>ate 0 giv5 9 #aedd3 ,illu/ration3 ,llama4 ,9 places :]e !re is no sn[1 ! natives want wat]1 & to supply ?is !y fill ! sk9s ( %eep ) wat] & make o!r liv+ %eep c>ry !m1 =1 x mu/ be rem>k$1 ^! %eep ( ,p]u are l>ge en\gh to s]ve z bea/s ( burd54 ,!y c c>ry ab\t "o hundr$ p\nds or m1 & ! ,spani>ds us$ to ride !m1 & !y w\ld g f\r or five leagues a day4 ,:5 !y are we>y !y lie d[n ^u ! gr\nd1 & z !re are no means ( mak+ !m get up1 ei!r by beat+ or assi/+ !m1 ! load mu/ ( necessity be tak5 (f4 ,:5 !re is a man on "o ( !m1 if ! bea/ is tir$ & urg$ to g on1 he turns 8 head r\nd1 & dis*>ges 8 saliva1 :i* has an unpleasant od\r1 into ! rid]'s face4 ,^! animals are ( great use & pr(it to _! ma/]s1 = _! wool is v good & f9e1 p>ticul>ly t ( ! species call$ pacas1 :i* h v long fleeces2 & ! exp5se ( _! food is trifl+1 z a h&ful ( maize suffices !m1 & !y c g f\r or five days )\t wat]4 ,_! fle% is z good z t ( ! fat %eep ( ,ca/ile4 ,!re are n[ public %ambles = ! sale ( _! fle% 9 all p>ts ( ,p]u1 :i* 0 n ! case :5 ! ,spani>ds came fir/2 = :5 "o ,indian _h kill$ a %eep 8 neighb\rs came & took :at !y want$1 & !n ano!r ,indian kill$ a %eep 9 8 turn4 ,! disagreeable habit ( spitt+ is common to all ! gr\p4 ,9 a wide s5se ! t]m llama is us$ to designate all ! ,s\? ,am]ican ,camelidae4 7,see ,,tylopoda47 ,,llanb]is1 a t[n ( ,c>n>von%ire1 ,n4 ,wales1 #h m4 ,e4 by ,s4 ( ,c>n>von1 by a bran* ( ! ,london ,nor?-,we/]n railway4 ,pop4 7#aija7 #cjae4 ,x is f9ely situat$ 9 a valley ne> ! foot ( ,sn[don4 ,! valley has two lakes1 ,llyn ,p]is & ,llyn ,pad>n1 ( ov] #a m4 & #b m4 long respectively1 ab\t m4 ap>t4 ,f ,pad>n rises ! ,se9t1 call$ ,ro!ll 9 its upp] "p4 ,dolbad>n ,ca/le is a circul> t[] ne> ! foot ( ,p]is lake4 ,dolbad>n means ! ,pad>n mead[4 ,sev]al ,wel% *ur*es are d$icat$ to ,pad>n4 ,9 ! ca/le ,ow5 ,go* 7,ow5 ! ,r$7 0 imprison$ f #abed to #abgg1 by ! la/ ,llewelyn1 ^: bro!r ,dafydd held x = "s "t aga9/ ,edw>d ,i4 ,dur+ ! "t ( ,ow5 ,gl5d[] 7temp4 ,h5ry ,,iv4 & ,h5ry ,v471 ! ca/le (t5 *ang$ h&s4 ,ne> is ,ceunantmawr wat]fall4 ,! ,va5ol slate qu>ries are "h1 & h5ce is ! easie/ asc5t ( ,sn[don1 ) a railway to ! summit4 ,f ! road ov] ! f9e ,llanb]is pass t[>ds ,capel ,curig1 a turn to ! "r leads to ,b$dgel]t1 ?r\gh ,nant ,gwynnant 7:ite or happy valley1 or /ream71 :]e ,pembroke & ,ieuan ap ,rob]t 7= ! ,lanca/rians7 _h _m skirmi%es 9 ! "t ( ,edw>d ,,iv4 ,gwynnant ,lake is ab\t #a m4 long1 by m4 broad1 & bel[ x is ! small] ,llyn ,d9as4 ,,ll&aff1 a city ( ,glamorgan%ire1 ,wales1 on ! ,taff ,vale railway1 #adi m4 f ,london4 ,pop4 7#aija7 #eggg4 ,x is almo/ entirely )9 ! p>liam5t>y bor\gh ( ,c>diff4 ,x is nobly situat$ on ! heights :i* slope t[>ds ! s\!rn bank ( ! ,taff4 ,=m]ly ! see ( ,ll&aff 0 look$ ^u z ! olde/ 9 ! k+dom2 b its orig9 is obscure1 al?\gh ! fir/ two bi%ops1 ,/ ,dubricius & ,/ ,teilo1 c]ta9ly fl\ri%$ dur+ ! latt] half ( ! #f? c5tury4 ,by ! #ab? c5tury1 :5 ,urban 0 bi%op1 ! see _h acquir$ great weal? 7z may be se5 f ! ,book ( ,ll&aff1 a collection ( its records & l&-grants compil$ probably by ,ge(frey ( ,monm\?71 b aft] ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,viii4 ,ll&aff1 l>gely ?r\gh ! ali5ations ( its bi%ops & ! depr$ations ( ! canons1 became impov]i%$1 & its ca!dral 0 left = m ?an a c5tury to decay4 ,9 ! #ah? c5tury a new *ur*1 9 debas$ ,italian /yle1 0 plant$ amid ! ru9s4 ,?is 0 demoli%$ & replac$ 7#ahdd-ahfi7 by ! pres5t re/or$ ca!dral1 due *iefly to ! en]gy ( ,dean ,williams4 ,! olde/ rema9+ portion is ! *ancel ar*1 belong+ to ! ,norman ca!dral built by ,bi%op ,urban & op5$ 9 #aabj4 ,jasp] ,tudor1 uncle ( ,h5ry ,,vii41 0 ! ar*itect ( ! nor?-we/ t[]1 portions ( :i* rema94 ,! ca!dral is also ! p>i% *ur*4 ,! palace or ca/le built by ,urban 0 de/roy$1 accord+ to tradition1 by ,ow5 ,gl5d[] 9 #adjd1 & only a gateway ) flank+ t[]s & "s fragm5ts ( wall rema94 ,aft] ?is1 ,ma!rn ne> ,*ep/[ became ! episcopal resid5ce until ab\t #afij1 :5 x fell into decay1 leav+ ! diocese )\t a resid5ce until ,ll&aff ,c\rt 0 acquir$ dur+ ,bi%op ,ollivant's t5ure ( ! see 7#ahdi-ahhb74 ,= ov] #abj ye>s ! bi%ops _h be5 non-resid5t4 ,! anci5t /one cross on ! gre5 7re/or$ 9 #ahig7 is said to m>k ! spot on :i* ,ar*bi%op ,baldw91 & 8 *apla9 ,giraldus ,cambr5sis1 prea*$ ! ,crusade 9 #aahg4 ,money bequea!d by ,?omas ,h[ell1 a m]*ant1 :o di$ 9 ,spa9 9 #aedj1 ma9ta9s an int]m$iate s*ool = girls1 manag$ by ! ,drap]s' ,company1 ,h[ell's tru/ees4 ,!re is an ,anglican !ological college1 remov$ to ,ll&aff f ,ab]d>e 9 #aijg4 ,! city is almo/ jo9$ to ,c>diff1 ow+ to ! expansion ( t t[n4 ,ll&aff ,c\rt1 already m5tion$1 0 ! anci5t mansion ( ! ,ma!w family1 f :i* ,h5ry ,mat!ws1 #a/ ,visc\nt ,ll&aff 7b4 #ahbf71 0 desc5d$4 ,ano!r bran* ( ?is family =m]ly held ! e>ldom ( ,ll&aff 9 ! ,iri% pe]age4 ,h5ry ,mat!ws1 a b>ri/] & ,cons]vative ,m4,p41 ^: fa!r 0 a judge 9 ,ceylon1 0 home secret>y #ahhf-ahib1 & 0 creat$ visc\nt 9 #ahie4 ,,ll&eilo ,,gr\p1 9 geology1 ! middle subdivision ( ! ,briti% ,ordovician rocks4 ,x 0 fir/ describ$ & nam$ by ,sir4 ,r4 ,i4 ,mur*ison f ! neighb\rhood ( ,ll&eilo 9 ,c>m>!n%ire4 ,9 ! type area x consi/s ( a s]ies ( slaty rocks1 %ales1 calc>e\s flag/ones & s&/ones2 ! calc>e\s middle portion is sometimes t]m$ ! ,ll&eilo lime/one2 & 9 ! upp] portion volcanic rocks are int]calat$4 ,a rem>kable feature 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,ll&eilo rocks 9 ,brita91 m especially 9 ,nor? ,wales & ,cumb]l&1 0 ! outbreak ( volcanic action2 va/ piles ( ,ll&eilo lava & a%es =m su* hills z ,cad] ,idris1 & ! ,ar5igs 9 ,wales1 & ,helvellyn & ,scafell 9 ,we/morl& & ,cumb]l&4 ,! s]ies is also f\nd at ,buil? & 9 ,pembroke%ire4 ,! av]age ?ickness 9 ,wales is ab\t #bjjj ft4 ,! gr\p is usually divid$ 9 ?is area into ?ree subdivisions4 ,9 ! ,corndon di/rict ( ,%rop%ire ! ,middleton ,s]ies repres5ts ! ,ll&eilo gr\p2 x includes1 9 desc5d+ ord]1 ! ,rorr+ton black %ales1 ! ,mead[t[n lime/ones & flags1 & ! we/]n grits & %ales4 ,9 ! ,lake ,di/rict ! great volcanic s]ies ( ,borr[dale1 gre5 slates & porphyries1 #hjjj to #ijjj ft4 9 ?ickness1 lies on ?is horizon2 & 9 ! ,cross ,fell area ! ,milburn b$s ( ! ,skiddaw slates 7see ,,ar5ig7 appe> to be ( ! same age4 ,9 ,scotl& ! ,ll&eilo gr\p is repres5t$ by ! ,gl5kiln %ales1 black %ales & yell[i% mud/ones ) radiol>ian *]ts & volcanic tuffs2 by ! ,b>r ,s]ies1 includ+ ! ,b5an conglom]ates1 ,/9*> lime/one & ,kirkl& s&/ones2 & by ! ,gl5app conglom]ates & ,tapp9s mud/ones & grits s\? ( ,/9*>4 ,graptolitic %ales1 simil> to ^? ( s\!rn ,scotl&1 are traceable into ! nor?-ea/ ( ,irel&4 ,! fossils ( ! ,ll&eilo gr\p include num]\s graptolites1 ,co5ograptus gracilis be+ tak5 z ! zonal fossil ( ! upp] portion1 ,didymograptus ,mur*isoni ( ! l[]4 ,o!r =ms are ,climacograptus ,s*>5b]gi & ,diplograptus foliaceus4 ,_m trilobites are f\nd 9 ^! rocks1 e4g4 ,ogygia ,bu*i1 ,asaphus tyrannus1 ,calym5e cambr5sis1 ,*eirurus ,s$gwickii4 ,among ! bra*iopods are ,crania1 ,lepta5a1 ,l+ula1 ,/rophom5a2 ,c>diola & ,modiolopsis occur among ! ,pelecypods2 ,euomphalus1 ,bell]ophon1 ,mur*isonia among ! ,ga/]opods2 ,conul>ia & ,hyoli!s among ! ,pt]opods2 ! ,cephalopods are repres5t$ by ,or?oc]as & ,cyrtoc]as4 ,! gre5 ro(+ slates & plumbago 7graphite7 ( ! ,lake ,di/rict are obta9$ f ?is gr\p ( rocks1 7see ,,ordovician74 ,,ll&ilo1 or ,,ll&eilo ,,fawr1 a m>ket t[n & urban di/rict ( ,c>m>!n%ire1 ,wales1 picturesquely situat$ above ! "r bank ( ! riv] ,t[y4 ,pop4 7#aija7 #agba4 ,ll&ilo is a /ation on ! ,mid-,wales section ( ! ,london ,nor?-,we/]n railway1 & a t]m9us ( ! ,ll&ilo-,llanelly bran* l9e ( ! ,great ,we/]n4 ,! l>ge p>i% *ur* ( ,/ ,teilo has a l[ embattl$ ,p]p5dicul> t[]4 ,adjo9+ ! t[n is ! beautiful p>k ( ,"l ,dynevor1 :i* conta9s ! ru9$ keep ( ,d9efawr ,ca/le & ! resid5ce ( ! ,rices 7,lords ,dynevor71 erect$ e>ly 9 ! #ag? c5tury b mod]niz$ 9 #aheh4 ,"s ( ! lovelie/ sc5]y ( ,s\? ,wales lies )9 rea* ( ,ll&ilo1 :i* /&s ne>ly 9 ! c5tre ( ! ,vale ( ,t[y4 ,! "n ( ,ll&ilo implies ! t[n's e>ly f\ndation by ,/ ,teilo1 ! great ,celtic mission>y ( ! #f? c5tury1 ! fri5d ( ,/ ,david & reput$ f\nd] ( ! see ( ,ll&aff4 ,! hi/orical int]e/ ( ! place c5tres 9 its proximity to ! ca/le ( ,d9efawr1 n[ commonly call$ ,dynevor1 :i* 0 orig9ally erect$ by ,rhodri ,mawr or 8 son ,cadell ab\t ! ye> #hgf on ! /eep wood$ slopes ov]hang+ ! ,t[y4 ,f ,pr9ce ,cadell's days to ! dea? ( ! ,"l ,rhys1 la/ reign+ pr9ce ( ,s\? ,wales1 9 #aaif1 ,d9efawr cont9u$ to be ! recogniz$ abode ( ,s\? ,wel% royalty4 ,! ca/le ru9s rema9 9 ! possession ( ! ,rices1 ,lords ,dynevor1 heirs & desc5dants ( ,pr9ce ,cadell4 ,at "o p]iod resid5ce & p>k became kn[n z ,new-t[n1 a "n n[ obsolete4 ,"s p]sonal relics ( ! celebrat$ ,sir ,rhys ap ,?omas1 ,k4,g4 7#adea-aebg71 are pres]v$ 9 ! mod]n h\se4 ,d9efawr ,ca/le & its e/ates 7 grant$ away by ,h5ry ,,viii4 on ! execution = high treason ( ,sir ,rhys's gr&son1 ,rhys ap ,griffi?1 b 7 re/or$ to ! family "u ,que5 ,m>y4 ,,ll&ov]y 7,llan-ym-ddyffri71 a m>ket t[n & anci5t municipal bor\gh ( ,c>m>!n%ire1 ,wales1 situat$ amid hills ne> ! left bank ( ! ,t[y4 ,pop4 7#aija7 #ahji4 ,ll&ov]y is a /ation on ! ,mid-,wales section ( ! ,london ,nor?-,we/]n railway4 ,! old-fa%ion$ t[n lies 9 ! p>i% ( ,ll&+at1 & conta9s ! two *ur*es ( ,ll&+at & ,llanfair-ar-y-bryn4 ,! slight rema9s ( ! ca/le /& on a hillock above ! riv] ,brn4 ,! public s*ool 0 f\nd$ "h by ,sir ,?omas ,phillips 9 #ahdg4 ,! place probably owes its ,celtic "n ( ,llan-ym-ddyffri 7! *ur* amid ! wat]s7 to ! proximity ( ,ll&+at *ur* to ! /reams ( ! ,t[y1 ,brn & ,gwydd]ig4 ,on acc\nt ( its comm&+ position at ! head ( ! f]tile vale ( ,t[y1 ,ll&ov]y 0 a /rategic site ( "s importance 9 ! middle ages4 ,! ca/le erect$ "h by ! ,normans e>ly 9 ! #ab? c5tury frequ5tly *ang$ own]s dur+ ! c\rse ( ! ,anglo-,wel% w>s be=e #abhb4 ,9 #adhe ! bor\gh ( ,ll&ov]y1 or ,llanym!v]ye1 0 incorporat$ by a *>t] f ,ri*>d ,,iii41 & ?is k+'s privileges 7 subsequ5tly confirm$ by ,h5ry ,,viii4 9 #aeba1 & by ,elizabe? 9 #aeij1 ! ,tudor que5's orig9al *>t] be+ /ill extant & 9 ! possession ( ! corporation1 :i* is (ficially /yl$ ! bailiff & burgesses ( ! bor\gh ( ,llanym!v]ye1 o!rwise ,ll&ov]y4 ,! bailiff likewise holds ! (fice ( record]1 b has nei!r duties nor emolum5ts4 ,9 ! #ag? c5tury ! vic>age ( ,ll&+at 0 held by ! celebrat$ ,wel% poet & prea*]1 ,rhys ,pri*>d1 commonly call$ ! vic> ( ,ll&ov]y 7d4 #afdd74 ,9 ! middle ( ! #ai? c5tury ,william ,rees ( ,tonn publi%$ at ,ll&ov]y _m important works deal+ ) e>ly ,wel% hi/ory & ar*aeology4 ,,ll&ov]y ,,gr\p1 9 geology1 ! l[e/ division ( ! ,silurian 7,upp] ,silurian7 9 ,brita94 ,c4 ,lapwor? 9 #ahgi propos$ ! "n ,val5tian 7f ! anci5t nor? ,briti% prov9ce ( ,val5tia7 = ?is gr\p4 ,x includes 9 ! type area ! ,t>annon ,%ales #ajjj-aejj ft41 ,upp] ,ll&ov]y & ,may ,hill ,s&/one #hjj ft41 ,l[] ,ll&ov]y1 #fjj-aejj ft4 ,! ,l[] ,ll&ov]y rocks consi/ ( conglom]ates1 s&/ones & slaty b$s4 ,at ,ll&ov]y !y re/ uncon=mably ^u ,ordovician rocks 7,bala71 b 9 _m o!r places no uncon=mity is traceable4 ,^! rocks occur ) a n>r[ crop 9 ,pembroke%ire1 :i* curves r\nd ?r\gh ,ll&ov]y1 & 9 ! ,rhyad] di/rict !y atta9 a consid]able ?ickness4 ,nor?w>ds !y ?9 out t[>ds ,bala ,lake4 ,!y occur also 9 ,c>digan%ire & ,c>m>!n%ire 9 _m places :]e !y h n be5 cle>ly sep>at$ f ! associat$ ,ordovician rocks4 ,!re is a *ange 9 ! fauna on leav+ ! ,ordovician & ent]+ ! ,ll&ov]y4 ,among ! graptolites ! ,diplograptidae beg9 to be replac$ by ! ,monograptidae4 ,*>act]i/ic graptolite zones1 9 desc5d+ ord]1 are3--,monograptus greg>ius1 ,diplograptusvesiculosus1 ,d4 acum9atus4 ,common trilobites are3--,acidaspis1 ,encr9urus1 ,phacops1 ,protus2 among ! bra*iopods are ,or?is elegantula1 ,o4 te/ud9>ia1 ,m]i/ella crassa & ,p5tam]us 7,/rickl&9ia7 l5s 7,p5tam]us is s *>act]i/ic t ! ,ll&ov]y rocks are frequ5tly describ$ z ! ,p5tam]us b$s74 ,! ,upp] ,ll&ov]y1 includ+ ! ,may ,hill ,s&/one ( ,may ,hill1 ,gl\ce/]%ire1 is an ar5ace\s s]ies g5]ally conglom]atic at ! base1 ) local l5ticul> developm5ts ( %elly lime/one 7,norbury1 ,hollies & ,p5tam]us lime/ones74 ,x occurs ) a n>r[ outcrop 9 ,c>m>!n%ire at ! base ( ! ,silurian1 disappe>+ b5ea? ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one we/w>d to reappe> 9 ,pembroke%ire2 nor?-ea/w>d ! outcrop ext5ds to ! ,longmynd1 :i* ! conglom]ate wraps r\nd4 ,z x is foll[$ along ! crop x is f\nd to re/ uncon=mably ^u ! ,l[] ,ll&ov]y1 ,c>adoc1 ,ll&eilo1 ,cambrian & pre-,cambrian rocks4 ,! fossils include ! trilobites ,phacops caudata1 ,encr9urus punctatus1 ,calym5e ,blum5ba*ii2 ! bra*iopods ,p5tam]us oblongus1 ,or?is calligramma1 ,atrypa reticul>is2 ! corals ,favosites1 ,l9do/roemia1 c42 & ! zonal graptolites ,ra/rites maximus & ,monograptus sp9ig]us & o!rs 7,monograptus ,s$gwicki1 ,m4 ,cl+ani1 ,m4 proteus1 ,diplograptus ,hughesii74 ,! ,t>annon %ales1 grey & blue slates1 designat$ by ,a4 ,s$gwick ! pa/e rock1 is traceable f ,conway into ,c>m>!n%ire2 9 ,c>digan%ire1 besides ! slaty facies1 gritty b$s make _! appe>ance2 & 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,buil? s(t d>k %ales4 ,! gr\p is poor 9 fossils ) ! exception ( graptolites2 ( ^! ,cyrtograptus grayae & ,monograptus exiguus are zonal =ms4 ,! ,t>annon gr\p is repres5t$ by ! ,rhyad] ,pale ,%ales 9 ,radnor%ire2 by ! ,br[gill b$s1 ) ,monograptus crispus & ,m4 turriculatus1 9 ! ,lake di/rict2 9 ! ,m(fat ,silurian belt 9 s\? ,scotl& by a ?ick developm5t1 includ+ ! ,hawick rocks & ,ardwell b$s1 & ! ,que5sb]ry gr\p or ,gala 7,grie/on %ales1 ,buckholm grits & ,abbots=d flags72 9 ! ,girvan area1 by ! ,drumyork flags1 ,b>gany gr\p & ,p5kill gr\p2 & 9 ,irel& by ! ,treve%illy %ales ( ,/rang=d ,l\gh1 & ! %ales ( ,salt]/[n1 ,co4 ,l\?4 ,! ,upp] & ,l[] ,ll&ov]y rocks are repres5t$ 9 desc5d+ ord] by ! ,pale %ales1 ,graptolite %ales1 ,grey slates & ,corw5 grit ( ,m]ione?%ire & ,d5bigh%ire4 ,9 ! ,rhyad] di/rict ! ,caban gr\p 7,gafalt b$s1 %ales & grits & ,caban conglom]ate71 & ! ,gwa/ad5 gr\p 7,gigr9 mud/ones1 ,ddol %ales1 ,dyffryn flags1 ,c]ig ,gwynion grits7 lie on ?is horizon2 at ,buil? also !re is a s]ies ( grits & %ales4 ,9 ! ,lake di/rict ! l[] "p ( ! ,/ockdale %ales 7,skelgill b$s7 is ( ,ll&ov]y age4 ,9 s\? ,scotl& 9 ! c5tral & s\!rn belt ( ,silurian rocks1 :i* ext5ds across ! c\ntry f ,luce ,bay to ,/ ,abb's ,head1 ! ,birkhill %ales1 a highly crumpl$ s]ies ( graptolitic b$s1 repres5t ! ,ll&ov]y horizon4 ,9 ! ,girvan area to ! nor? _! place is tak5 by ! ,camregan1 ,%augh ,hill & ,mullock ,hill gr\ps4 ,9 ,irel& ! ,ll&ov]y rocks are repres5t$ by ! ,anascaul slates ( ! ,d+le promontory1 by ! ,ow5duff & ,g[laun grits1 ,co4 ,galway1 by ! ,upp] ,pom]oy b$s1 by ! ,uggool & ,ballaghad]9 b$s1 ,co4 ,mayo1 & by rocks ( ?is age 9 ,coalpit ,bay & ,slieve ,felim ,m\nta9s4 ,economic deposits 9 ,ll&ov]y rocks include slate p5cils 7,teesdale71 build+ /one1 flag-/one1 road metal & lime4 ,lead ore occurs 9 ,wales4 7,see ,,silurian47 7,j4 ,a4 ,h47 ,,ll&r9dod1 or ,,ll&r9dod ,,wells1 a m>ket t[n1 urban di/rict & heal?-resort ( ,radnor%ire1 ,wales1 situat$ 9 a l(ty & expos$ di/rict ne> ! riv] ,i?on1 a tribut>y ( ! ,wye4 ,pop4 7#aija7 #ahbg4 ,ll&r9dod is a /ation on ! ,mid-,wales section ( ! ,london ,nor?-,we/]n railway4 ,! t[n annually receives ?\s&s ( visitors1 & lies )9 easy rea* ( ! beautiful ,wye ,valley & ! wild di/rict ( ,radnor ,=e/4 ,! sal9e1 sulphur & *alybeate spr+s ( ,ll&r9dod h long be5 fam\s4 ,accord+ to a treatise publi%$ by a ,g]man physician1 ,dr ,wessel ,l9d51 9 #aged1 ! sal9e spr+s at ,ffynon-llwyn-y-gog 7! well 9 ! cuckoos' grove7 9 ! pres5t p>i% ( ,ll&r9dod _h acquir$ m ?an a local reputation z e>ly z ! ye> #afif4 ,9 ! #ah? c5tury bo? sal9e & sulphur spr+s 7 l>gely patroniz$ by numb]s ( visitors1 & ab\t #agdi a ,mr ,grosv5or built a hydropa?ic e/abli%m5t ne> ! old *ur*1 on a site n[ cov]$ by a f>m-h\se kn[n z ,ll&r9dod ,hall4 ,,ll&udno1 a seaside resort 9 ! ,arfon p>liam5t>y division ( ,c>n>von%ire1 ,nor? ,wales1 9 a deta*$ portion ( ! c\nty ea/ ( ! ,conwy1 on a /rip ( s&y soil t]m9at+ 9 ! massive lime/one ( ,great ,orme's ,head4 ,pop4 ( urban di/rict 7#aija7 #ibgi4 ,! t[n is rea*$ by ! ,london ,nor?-,we/]n railway1 & lies #bbg m4 ,n4,w4 ( ,london4 ,a village 9 #ahej1 ,ll&udno is to-day "o ( ! mo/ fl\ri%+ wat]+-places 9 ,nor? ,wales4 ,%elt]$ by ! ,great ,orme on ! ,n4,w4 & by ! ,little ,orme on ! ,e41 x faces a wide bay ( ! ,iri% ,sea1 & is back$ by l[ s&hills4 ,a ,m>9e ,drive encircles ! ,great ,orme4 ,! ,little ,orme has cav]ns & ab\nds 9 sea birds & r>e plants4 ,close to ! t[n are ! ,gloddae? woods1 op5 to visitors4 ,on ! ,great ,orme are old circul> build+s1 an anci5t =tress1 a rock+-/one 7cryd ,tudno7 & ! #g?-c5tury *ur* ( ,/ ,tudno1 re/or$ 9 #ahhe4 ,druidical & o!r ,briti% antiquities are num]\s 9 ! di/rict4 ,at ,deganwy1 or ,diganwy1 #b m4 f ,ll&udno1 is a ca/le1 ,d9as ,gonwy 7,conwy =t71 kn[n to ,engli% hi/orians z ,gannoc1 dat+ f ! #aa? or 7accord+ to ! ,wel%7 e>li] ?an ! #i? c5tury4 ,,llanelly1 a m>ket t[n1 urban di/rict1 & seaport ( ,c>m>!n%ire1 ,wales1 situat$ on ! nor? %ore ( ! broad e/u>y ( ! riv] ,l\ghor 7,llw*wr71 kn[n z ,burry riv]1 :i* =ms an inlet ( ,c>m>!n ,bay4 ,pop4 7#aija7 #be1fag4 ,llanelly is a /ation on ! ,s\? ,wales section ( ! ,great ,we/]n railway4 ,! t[n is :olly ( mod]n appe>ance4 ,! "m-*ur* ( ,/ ,elliw1 or ,elli 7:5ce ! t[n d]ives its "n7 has be5 practically rebuilt 7#aijf71 b x reta9s its #ac?-c5tury t[] & o!r anci5t features ( ! orig9al fabric4 ,its situation on a broad e/u>y & its c5tral position ) reg>d to a neighb\rhood ri* 9 coal1 iron & lime/one1 h comb9$ to make ,llanelly "o ( ! _m important indu/rial t[ns ( ,s\? ,wales4 ,an?racite & /eam-coal f ! colli]ies ( ! coa/ & along ! ,l\ghor ,valley are export$ f ! ext5sive docks2 & !re are also l>ge works = ! smelt+ ( copp] & ! manufacture ( t9 plates4 ,llanelly1 ?\gh an anci5t p>i% & a bor\gh by prescription "u a portreeve & burgesses 9 ! old lord%ip ( ,kidwelly1 rema9$ insignificant until ! indu/rial developm5t 9 ,s\? ,wales dur+ ! #ai? c5tury4 ,9 #ahaj ! comb9$ population ( ,llanelly1 ) its f\r subsidi>y hamlets ( ,b]wick1 ,glyn1 ,h5co$ & ,we/[e1 only am\nt$ to #bigb2 9 #ahdj ! inhabitants ( ! bor\gh hamlet alone _h ris5 to #dagc4 ,llanelly is n[ ! mo/ popul\s t[n 9 ,wales outside ! conf9es ( ,glamorgan%ire4 ,9 #ahcb ,llanelly 0 add$ z a contributory bor\gh to ! ,c>m>!n p>liam5t>y di/rict4 ,,llanes1 a seaport ( nor!rn ,spa91 9 ! prov9ce ( ,ovi$o1 on ! riv] ,c>roc$o & ! ,bay ( ,biscay4 ,pop4 7#aijj7 #ah1fhd4 ,! /reets are mo/ly n>r[ & irregul>1 & conta9 "s curi\s old h\ses4 ,! pr9cipal build+s are a f9e ,go?ic *ur* & an old ,augu/9ian mona/]y1 :i* has be5 conv]t$ into a s*ool & meteorological /ation4 ,9 summ] ! f9e climate1 sc5]y & sea-ba?+ attract _m visitors4 ,llanes is a second-class port = light-draught vessels2 b ! entrance is n>r[1 & r difficult 9 r\gh wea!r4 ,! trade is *iefly 9 agricultural produce1 timb]1 butt] & fi%4 ,,llangoll51 a picturesque m>ket-t[n & summ] resort ( ,d5bigh%ire1 ,n4 ,wales1 9 ! ,dee 7,dyfrdwy7 valley1 on a bran* ( ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway1 #i m4 ,s4,w4 ( ,wrexham1 #bjb m4 f ,london by rail4 ,pop4 ( urban di/rict 7#aija7 #ccjc4 ,! ,dee is "h cross$ by a #ad?-c5tury bridge ( f\r ar*es1 "o ( ! sev5 wond]s ( ,wales1 built by ,john ,trevor1 aft]w>ds bi%op ( ,/ ,asaph 7,llanelwy74 ,! ,anglican *ur* ( ,/ ,coll51 ,norman & ,e>ly ,engli%1 has a monum5t 9 ! *ur*y>d to ! ,ladies ( ,llangoll51 ,lady ,eleanor ,butl] & ,hon4 ,s>ah ,ponsonby1 ( ,plas ,newydd1 7#aggh to #ahbi & #ahca respectively74 ,! h\se is n[ a museum4 ,ca/ell ,d9as ,brn 7! ca/le ( ! t[n ( ,brn2 ! m\nta9 /ream bel[ is also call$ ,brn71 ! ru9s ( a =tress on a high conical hill ab\t #a m4 f ! t[n1 is suppos$ly ,briti%1 ( unkn[n date4 ,an old ruyn\s ?+e1 z ! ,elizabe?an poet ,*ur*y>d calls x ev5 9 ! #af? c5tury1 x 0 inhabit$1 app>5tly1 ab\t #acij1 by ,myfanwy ,fe*an ( ! ,tudor ,trevor family & belov$ by ! b>d ,h[el ab ,e9ion ,llygliw1 ^: ode to h] is /ill extant4 ,valle ,crucis ,abbey 7,llan ,egwe/7 is a ,ci/]cian ru9 at ! foot ( ,bronfawr hill1 "s #b m4 ,n4,w4 ( ,llangoll51 f\nd$ ab\t #abjj by ,madoc ab ,gruffydd ,maelor1 "l ( ,d9as ,brn & gr&son ( ,ow5 ,gwyn$d1 pr9ce ( ,wales4 ,llan ,egwe/1 dissolv$ 9 #aece1 0 giv5 by ,james ,i4 to ,"l ,edw>d ,wootton4 ,9 ! mead[ adjo9+1 /ill call$ ,llwyn y ,groes 7grove ( ! cross71 is ,eliseg's ,pill>4 ,eliseg 0 fa!r ( ,bro*mael1 pr9ce ( ,p[ys1 & 8 gr&son1 ,conc5 or ,cong51 appe>s to h erect$ ! pill>1 :i* is n[ brok51 ) an illegible inscription2 ! mod]n inscription dates only f #aggi4 ,at ,llangoll5 are l95 & wooll5 manufactures1 & ne> are colli]ies1 lime & iron works4 ,brew+1 malt+ & slate-qu>ry+ are also c>ri$ on4 ,)9 ! p>i%1 an aqu$uct c>ries ! ,ellesm]e canal across ! ,dee4 ,,llanquihue 7pron4 lan-k-wa71 a prov9ce ( s\!rn ,*ile bord]+ on ! nor!rn %ores ( ! ,gulf & ,/raits ( ,*acao1 & ext5d+ f ! ,pacific to ! ,arg5t9e fronti]4 ,! prov9ce ( ,valdivia lies ,n4 & is sep>at$ f x 9 "p by ! ,bu5o riv]4 ,pop4 7#ahie7 #gh1cae4 ,area #de1eae sq4 m4 ,x is a region ( =e/s1 riv]s & lakes1 & ! great] "p is m\nta9\s4 ,! ra9fall is excessive1 ! av]age at ,pu]to ,montt be+ #ajd 94 a ye>1 & ! temp]ature is s+ul>ly uni=m1 ! av]age = ! summ] be+ #eh1 ( ! w9t] #dg1 & ( ! ye> #ec ,f4 ,!re are sev]al l>ge lakes 9 ! ea/]n "p ( ! prov9ce--,puyehue1 on ! nor!rn fronti]1 ,rupanco1 ,llanquihue & ,todos los ,santos4 ,lake ,llanquihue is ! l>ge/ body ( fre% wat] 9 ,*ile1 hav+ an extreme l5g? f ,n4 to ,s41 or f ,octai to ,v>as1 ( ab\t #cc m41 & extreme bread? ( ne>ly ! same4 ,!re is a regul> /eam%ip s]vice on ! lake betwe5 ,octai & ,v>as1 & its we/]n %ores are well settl$4 ,! volcanoes ( ,calbuco & ,osorno rise f ne> its ea/]n %ores1 ! latt] to a height ( #gchb ft4 ,! outlet ( ! lake is ?r\gh ,maull9 riv]1 ! l[] c\rse ( :i* is navigable4 ,! o!r l>ge riv]s ( ! prov9ce are ! ,bu5o1 :i* receives ! wat]s ( ,lakes ,puyehue & ,rupanco1 & ! ,puelo1 :i* has its rise 9 a lake ( ! same "n 9 ! ,arg5t9e t]ritory ( ,*ubut4 ,a %ort tortu\s riv] ( ?is vic9ity1 call$ ! ,petrohue1 af=ds an outlet = ! picturesque lake ( ,todos los ,santos1 & ent]s ! ,reloncavi ,inlet ne> ! ,puelo4 ,! s\!rn coa/ ( ! prov9ce is ind5t$ by a numb] ( inlets & bays af=d+ good fi%+1 b ! m\?s ( ! riv]s fl[+ into ! ,pacific are m or less ob/ruct$ by s&-b>s4 ,ap>t f ! lumb] indu/ry1 :i* is ! mo/ important1 ! productions ( ,llanquihue include :eat1 b>ley1 potatoes & cattle4 ,! :ite population is compos$ 9 great "p ( ,g]mans1 :o h turn$ l>ge areas ( =e/ l&s 9 ! nor!rn di/ricts into productive :eat fields4 ,! capital is ,pu]to ,montt1 on a ne>ly l&-lock$ bay call$ ! ,reloncavi1 design$ to be ! s\!rn t]m9us ( ! longitud9al railway f ,tacna1 a di/ance ( #baeb m4 ,an important t[n 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ! prov9ce is ,osorno1 on ! ,rahue riv]1 :i* is *iefly inhabit$ by ,g]mans4 ,x exports :eat & o!r f>m produce1 lea!r1 lumb] & be]4 ,,llantrisant1 a small t[n & a contributory p>liam5t>y bor\gh ( ,glamorgan%ire1 ,wales1 picturesquely situat$ ) a s\!rn aspect1 comm&+ a f9e view ( ! vale ( ,glamorgan1 9 a pass on ! m\nta9 range :i* sep>ates t vale f ! valley ( ! ,taff4 ,! population ( ! p>i% 9 #aija 0 #aj1jia & ( ! contributory bor\gh #bjeg4 ,a bran* ( ! ,taff ,vale railway runn+ f ,pontypridd to ,c[bridge & ,ab]?aw has a /ation1 ,cross ,inn1 m4 bel[ ! t[n1 :ile ne>ly #b m4 f>!r s\? x passes 7ne> ! village ( ,pontyclun7 ?r\gh ,llantrisant /ation on ! ,great ,we/]n railway ma9 l9e1 :i* is #aef m4 by rail f ,london & #aa m4 ,n4,w4 f ,c>diff4 ,! ca/le1 :i* accord+ to ,g4 ,t4 ,cl>k 0 second only to ,c>diff 9 milit>y importance1 dates f ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,iii4 or ,edw>d ,i4 ,( ! orig9al build+ no?+ rema9s1 & ( a lat] build+ only a tall & sl5d] fragm5t4 ,x 0 ! head ( ! lord%ip ( ,misk91 a great "p ( :i* 0 9 ! h&s ( native own]s1 until ! la/ ( !m1 ,h[el ap ,m]$i?1 0 expell$ by ,ri*>d de ,cl>e 7#abbi-abfb74 ,s9ce !n x has always be5 9 ! h&s ( ! "l ( ,glamorgan4 ,x 0 9 ! ne> neighb\rhood ( ! t[n t ,edw>d ,,ii4 0 captur$ 9 #acbg4 ,9 #adbf ! !n "l ( ,glamorgan1 ,ri*>d1 #e? e>l ( ,w>wick1 grant$ to ! resid5ts a *>t] confirm+ grants made by 8 pr$ecessors 9 #acdf1 #acig & #adbd4 ,! corporation 0 aboli%$ 9 #ahhc1 & its prop]ty 7includ+ #bhd acres ( common l&7 is adm9i/]$ by a t[n tru/ "u a s*eme ( ! *>ity commission]s4 ,! freem5 ( ! bor\gh1 h[ev]1 /ill hold a c\rt leet 9 ! t[n-hall4 ,! m>ket =m]ly held "h has be5 discont9u$1 b !re are f\r annual fairs4 ,! *ur* 0 d$icat$ to ?ree sa9ts 7,illtyd1 ,gwyno & ,tyfodwg71 :5ce ! "n ,llantrisant4 ,orig9ally a ,norman build+1 mo/ ( ! pres5t fabric belongs to ! #ae? c5tury4 ,!re are num]\s *apels4 ,wel% is /ill ! pr$om9ant language4 ,oliv] ,cromwell's =be>s 7 natives ( ?is p>i%1 z also 0 ,sir ,leol9e ,j5k9s1 secret>y ( /ate "u ,*>les ,,ii4 ,!re are t9plate works at ,pontyclun & num]\s colli]ies 9 ! di/rict4 ,,llantwit ,,major 7,wel% ,llan-,illtyd-,fawr71 a small m>ket t[n 9 ! s\!rn p>liam5t>y division ( ,glamorgan%ire1 ,s\? ,wales1 ab\t #a m4 f ! ,bri/ol ,*annel1 ) a /ation on ! ,b>ry railway1 #e m4 ,s4 ( ,c[bridge4 ,pop4 7#aija7 #aaac4 ,ab\t #a m4 ,n4,n4,w4 ( ! t[n !re 7 discov]$ 9 #ahhh ! rema9s ( a l>ge ,roman villa )9 a squ>e enclosure ( ab\t #h acres1 :i* has be5 id5tifi$ z "p ( ! site ( a ,roman settlem5t m5tion$ 9 ,wel% writ+s z ,ca] ,wrgan4 ,! build+ seem$ to h be5 ! sc5e ( a massacre1 possibly ! "w ( ,iri% pirates 9 ! #e? c5tury1 z "s =ty-?ree human skeletons & ! rema9s ( ?ree horses 7 f\nd )9 its enclosure4 ,etymological reason+ h l$ "s to sugge/ t ! ,roman /ation ( ,bovium 0 at ,bov]ton1 #a m4 ,e4 ( ! t[n1 b x is m likely to h be5 at ,ew5ny 7#b m4 ,s4,e4 ( ,bridg5d7 or p]haps at ,c[bridge4 ,on ! sea coa/ are two camps1 "o kn[n z ,ca/le ,dit*es1 comm&+ ! entrance to ! creek ( ,colhugh1 once ! port ( ,llantwit4 ,9 ! "t ( ,h5ry ,i4 a small colony ( ,flem+s settl$ 9 ! di/rict4 ,! t[n & *ur* d]ive _! "n f ,/ ,illtyd or ,iltutus1 /yl$ ! knight1 a native ( ,brittany & a great-nephew ( ,g]manus ( ,aux]re4 ,hav+ come "u ! influ5ce ( ,/ ,cadoc1 abbot ( ,llanc>van1 #f m4 ,e4,n4,e4 ( ,llantwit1 ,illtyd e/abli%$ at ! latt] place1 ab\t ,a4,d4 #ebj1 a mona/ic college :i* became fam\s z a seat ( le>n+4 ,he attract$ a numb] ( s*ol>s to him1 especially f ,brittany1 includ+ ,samson1 ar*bi%op ( ,dol1 ,maglorius 7,samson's successor7 & ,paul de ,leon1 :ile 8 ,wel% /ud5ts includ$ ,david1 ! patron sa9t ( ,wales1 ,gildas ! hi/orian1 ,paul9us & ,teilo4 ,! college cont9u$ to fl\ri% = sev]al c5turies1 s5d+ =? a l>ge numb] ( mission>ies until1 e>ly 9 ! #ab? c5tury1 its rev5ues 7 appropriat$ to ! abbey ( ,tewkesbury by ,fitzhamon1 ! fir/ ,norman "l ( ,glamorgan4 ,a s*ool seems1 h[ev]1 to h l+]$ on 9 ! place until x lo/ all its emolum5ts 9 ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,viii4 ,! pres5t *ur* ( ,/ ,illtyd is ! result ( a sequ5ce ( *ur*es :i* h sprung f a pre-,norman edifice1 almo/ entirely rebuilt & greatly ext5d$ 9 ! #ac? c5tury & aga9 p>tially rebuilt late 9 ! #ad? c5tury4 ,x consi/s ( an ea/]n *ur* :i* 7accord+ to ,pr(essor ,freeman7 belong$ probably to ! monks1 & is ! only "p n[ us$ = wor%ip1 a we/]n "o us$ z a p>o*ial *ur* be=e ! dissolution1 b n[ disus$1 & /ill f>!r we/ ( ?is a *antry ) sacri/an's h\se1 n[ 9 ru9s4 ,! we/]n *ur* consi/s ( ! nave ( a once cruci=m build+1 :ile 9 cont9uation ( x 0 built ! ea/]n *ur*1 consi/+ ( *ancel1 nave 7( great height & wid? b v %ort71 aisles & an embattl$ we/]n t[] built ov] ! junction ( ! two naves4 ,a p>tial re/oration 0 made 9 #ahhh1 & a c>eful & m complete "o 9 #aijj-aije4 ,9 ! *ur* & *ur*y>d are pres]v$ "s e>ly monum5tal rema9s ( ! ,briti% *ur*1 dat+ f ! #i? c5tury1 & "s possibly f an e>li] date4 ,!y include two cross-%afts & "o cross ) inscriptions 9 debas$ ,lat9 7"o be+ to ! memory ( ,/ ,illtyd7 & two cyl9drical pill>s1 mo/ ( !m be+ decorat$ ) int]lac$ "w4 ,!re are "s good specim5s ( dome/ic ar*itecture ( ! #ag? c5tury4 ,! t[n is situat$ 9 a f]tile di/rict & ! inhabitants dep5d almo/ entirely on agriculture4 ,its weekly m>ket is ma9ly resort$ to = its /ock sales4 ,/ ,donats ca/le1 #b m4 to ! we/1 0 = ne>ly sev5 c5turies ! home ( ! ,/radl+ family4 ,z to ! ,roman rema9s1 see ! ,a!naeum = ,octob] #bj 7#ahhh71 & ! ,antiqu>y = ,augu/ 7#ahib74 ,z to ! *ur*1 see ! ,ar*aeologia ,cambr5sis1 #crd s]4 iv4 #ca 7an article by ,pr(essor ,freeman71 #e? s]41 v4 #dji & xvii4 #abi1 & #f? s]41 iii4 #ef2 ,a4 ,c4 ,fry]1 ,llantwit-,major3 a ,fif? ,c5tury ,univ]sity 7#ahic74 7,d4 ,ll4 ,t47 ,,llanwrtyd ,,wells1 an urban di/rict ( ,brecon%ire1 s\? ,wales1 ) a /ation on ! c5tral ,wales section ( ! ,london ,nor? ,we/]n railway1 #bca m4 f ,london4 ,x is situat$ 9 ! mid/ ( wild m\nta9 sc5]y on ! riv] ,irfon1 a "r-bank tribut>y ( ! ,wye4 ,! place is *iefly not$ = its sulphur & *alybeate spr+s1 ! =m] be+ ! /ronge/ ( ! k9d 9 ,wales4 ,! m$ic9al prop]ties ( ! sulphur wat] 7 discov]$1 or p]haps r$iscov]$1 9 #agcb by a fam\s ,wel% writ]1 ! ,rev4 ,!ophilus ,evans1 !n vic> ( ,llangamm>* 7to :i* liv+ ,llanwrtyd 0 a *apelry till #ahga74 ,sal9e wat] is obta9$ daily 9 ! season f ,buil? ,wells4 ,! ,irfon is celebrat$ z a tr\t-/ream4 ,out ( ! civil p>i%1 :i* has an area ( #aj1ghe acres & _h 9 #aija a population ( #hed1 !re 0 =m$ 9 #aijg ! urban di/rict1 compris+ #afaa acres1 & ) an e/imat$ population at ! date ( =mation ( #hab4 ,wel% is ! pr$om9ant language ( ! di/rict4 ,f\r miles l[] d[n ! ,irfon valley1 at ! junction ( ! ,camm>* & ,irfon1 & ) a /ation on ! ,london ,nor? ,we/]n railway1 is ! village ( ,llangamm>*1 not$ = its b>ium spr+s4 ,! anci5t p>i% ( ,llangamm>* consi/s ( ! t[n%ips ( ,p5buallt & ,treflis1 ! wells be+ 9 ! =m]1 :i* comprises #aa1aeb acres & _h 9 #aija a population ( only #dcc4 ,john ,p5ry1 ! ,puritan m>tyr1 0 born at ,cefn-bri? 9 ?is p>i%4 ,*>les ,wesley's wife1 ,s>ah ,gwynne1 0 ( ,g>?1 an old resid5ce j outside ! p>i%4 ,,llewelyn1 ! "n ( two ,wel% pr9ces4 ,,llewelyn ,i41 ,,ab ,,iorw]? 7d4 #abdj71 pr9ce ( ,nor? ,wales1 0 born aft] ! expulsion ( 8 fa!r1 ,iorw]?1 f ! pr9cipality4 ,9 #aaid1 :ile /ill a y\?1 ,llewelyn recov]$ ! pat]nal inh]itance4 ,9 #abja he 0 ! greate/ pr9ce 9 ,wales4 ,at fir/ he 0 a fri5d ( ,k+ ,john1 ^: illegitimate daught]1 ,joanna1 he took to wife 7#abja72 b ! alliance soon fell ?r\gh1 & 9 #abaa ,john r$uc$ ,llewelyn to submission4 ,9 ! next ye> ,llewelyn recov]$ all 8 losses 9 ,nor? ,wales4 ,9 #abae he took ,%rewsbury4 ,8 ris+ _h be5 enc\rag$ by ! pope1 by ,france1 & by ! ,engli% b>ons4 ,8 rights 7 secur$ by special clauses 9 ,magna ,c>ta4 ,b he nev] desi/$ f 8 w>s ) ! ,m>*]s ( ,s\? ,wales1 & 9 ! e>ly ye>s ( ,h5ry ,,iii4 he 0 sev]al times attack$ by ,engli% armies4 ,9 #abci he 0 /ruck ) p>alysis & retir$ f ! active "w ( gov]nm5t 9 fav\r ( 8 son ,david4 ,he retir$ into a ,ci/]cian mona/]y4 ,see ! li/s ( ,engli% *ronicles = ! reigns ( ,john & ,h5ry ,,iii42 also ! ,wel% *ronicle ,brut y ,tywysogion 7ed4 ,rolls ,s]ies72 ,o4 ,m4 ,edw>ds1 ,hi/ory ( ,wales 7#aija72 ,t4 ,f4 ,t\t 9 ! ,political ,hi/ory ( ,engl&1 iii4 7#aije74 ,,llewelyn ,,ii41 ,,ab ,,gruffydd 7d4 #abhb71 pr9ce ( ,nor? ,wales1 succe$$ 8 uncle ,david 9 #abdf1 b 0 compell$ by ,h5ry ,,iii4 to conf9e himself to ,sn[don & ,anglesey4 ,9 #abed ,h5ry grant$ ,pr9ce ,edw>d ! royal l&s 9 ,wales4 ,! /eady encroa*m5t ( royal (fic]s on ,llewelyn's l& began imm$iately1 & 9 #abef ,llewelyn decl>$ w>4 ,! ,b>ons' ,w> engag$ all ! =ces ( ,engl&1 & he 0 able to make himself "l ( s\? & nor? ,wales4 ,llewelyn also assi/$ ! b>ons4 ,by ! treaty ( ,%rewsbury 7#abfe7 he 0 recogniz$ z ov]lord ( ,wales2 & 9 return ,simon de ,mont=t 0 suppli$ ) ,wel% troops = 8 la/ campaign4 ,llewelyn refus$ to d homage to ,edw>d ,i41 :o !re=e attack$ him 9 #abgf4 ,he 0 besieg$ 9 ! ,sn[don m\nta9s till hung] made him surr5d]1 & conclude ! humiliat+ treaty ( ,conway 7#abgg74 ,he 0 releas$1 b 9 #abhb he revolt$ aga91 & 0 kill$ 9 a skirmi% ) ! ,mortim]s1 ne> ,buil? 9 c5tral ,wales4 ,see ,c4 ,bmont1 ,simon de ,mont=t 7,p>is1 #ahhd72 ,t4 ,f4 ,t\t 9 ! ,political ,hi/ory ( ,engl&1 iii4 7#aije72 ,j4 ,e4 ,morris 9 ,! ,wel% ,w>s ( ,edw>d ,i4 7#aija74 ,,llor5te1 ,,juan ,,antonio 7#agef-ahbc71 ,spani% hi/orian1 0 born on ! #cj? ( ,m>* #agef at ,r9con de ,soto 9 ,aragon4 ,he /udi$ at ! univ]sity ( ,s>agossa1 &1 hav+ be5 orda9$ prie/1 became vic>-g5]al to ! bi%op ( ,calahorra 9 #aghb4 ,9 #aghe he became commiss>y ( ! ,holy ,(fice at ,logroo1 & 9 #aghi its g5]al secret>y at ,madrid4 ,9 ! crisis ( #ahjh ,llor5te id5tifi$ himself ) ! ,bonap>ti/s1 & 0 engag$ = a few ye>s 9 sup]9t5d+ ! execution ( ! decree = ! suppression ( ! mona/ic ord]s1 & 9 exam9+ ! ar*ives ( ! ,inquisition4 ,on ! return ( ,k+ ,f]d9& ,,vii4 to ,spa9 9 #ahad he )drew to ,france1 :]e he publi%$ 8 great "w1 ,hi/oria critica de la inquisicion de ,espaa 7,p>is1 #ahae-ahag74 ,translat$ into ,engli%1 ,fr5*1 ,g]man1 ,dut* & ,italian1 x attract$ mu* att5tion 9 ,europe1 & involv$ its au?or 9 consid]able p]secution1 :i*1 on ! publication ( 8 ,portraits politiques des papes 9 #ahbb1 culm9at$ 9 a p]emptory ord] to quit ,france4 ,he di$ at ,madrid on ! #e? ( ,febru>y #ahbc4 ,bo? ! p]sonal "* & ! lit]>y accuracy ( ,llor5te h be5 assail$1 b al?\gh he 0 n an exact hi/orian !re is no d\bt t he made an hone/ use ( docum5ts relat+ to ! ,inquisition :i* are no long] extant4 ,! ,engli% translation ( ! ,hi/oria 7,london1 #ahbf7 is abridg$4 ,llor5te also wrote ,memorias p>a la hi/oria de la revolucion espaola 7,p>is1 #ahad-ahaf71 translat$ into ,fr5* 7,p>is1 #ahae-ahai72 ,noticias hi/oricas sobre las tres prov9cias vacongadas 7,madrid1 #ahjf-ahjh72 an autobiography1 ,noticia biografica 7,p>is1 #ahah71 & o!r works4 ,,lloyd1 ,,edw>d 7#ahde- 71 ,engli% t5or vocali/1 0 born 9 ,london on ! #g? ( ,m>* #ahde1 8 fa!r1 ,ri*>d ,lloyd1 be+ vic> *orali/ at ,we/m9/] ,abbey4 ,f #aheb to #ahfj he sang 9 ! abbey *oir1 & 0 ?or\ghly tra9$ 9 music1 ev5tually becom+ solo t5or at ! ,*apel ,royal4 ,he began s++ at conc]ts 9 #ahfg1 & 9 #ahga appe>$ at ! ,gl\ce/] ,musical ,fe/ival4 ,8 f9e ev5ly-produc$ voice & pure /yle at once br\ght him into notice1 & he gradually took ! place ( ,sims ,reeves z ! lead+ ,engli% t5or ( ! day1 8 s++ ( classical music1 & especially ( ,h&el1 be+ p>ticul>ly admir$4 ,at ! ,h&el ,fe/ivals aft] #ahhh he 0 ! pr9cipal t5or1 & ev5 9 ! va/ auditorium at ! ,cry/al ,palace he triumph$ ov] ac\/ic difficulties4 ,9 #ahhh1 #ahij & #ahib he paid successful visits to ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 b by degrees he appe>$ less frequ5tly 9 public1 & 9 #aijj he =mally retir$ f ! plat=m4 ,,lloyd1 ,,william 7#afbg-agag71 ,engli% div9e1 successively bi%op ( ,/ ,asaph1 ( ,li*field & ,cov5try1 & ( ,worce/]1 0 born at ,tilehur/1 ,b]k%ire1 9 #afbg1 & 0 educat$ at ,oriel & ,jesus ,colleges1 ,ox=d4 ,he graduat$ ,m4,a4 9 #afdf4 ,9 #affc he 0 preb5d>y ( ,ripon1 9 #affg preb5d>y ( ,salisbury1 9 #affh ar*deacon ( ,m]ione?1 9 #afgb dean ( ,bangor & preb5d>y ( ,/ ,paul's1 ,london1 9 #afhj bi%op ( ,/ ,asaph1 9 #afhi "l-almon]1 9 #afib bi%op ( ,li*field & ,cov5try1 & 9 #afii bi%op ( ,worce/]4 ,lloyd 0 an indefatigable oppon5t ( ! ,roman ,ca?olic t5d5cies ( ,james ,,ii41 & 0 "o ( ! sev5 bi%ops :o = refus+ to h ! ,decl>ation ( ,indulg5ce read 9 8 diocese 0 *>g$ ) publi%+ a s$iti\s libel aga9/ ! k+ & acquitt$ 7#afhh74 ,he engag$ ,gilb]t ,burnet to write ,! ,hi/ory ( ! ,re=mation ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& & provid$ him ) mu* mat]ial4 ,he 0 a good s*ol> & a ke5 /ud5t ( biblical apocalyptic lit]ature & himself prophesi$ to ,que5 ,anne1 ,rob]t ,h>ley1 e>l ( ,ox=d1 ,william ,:i/on1 & ,john ,evelyn ! di>i/4 ,lloyd 0 a /an* support] ( ! revolution4 ,8 *ief publication 0 ,an ,hi/orical ,acc\nt ( ,*ur* ,gov]nm5t z x 0 9 ,great ,brita9 & ,irel& :5 !y fir/ receiv$ ! ,*ri/ian ,religion 7,london1 #afhd1 repr9t$ ,ox=d1 #ahdb74 ,he di$ at ,h>tlebury ca/le on ! #cj? ( ,augu/ #agag4 ,,lloyd1 ,,william ,,watkiss 7#ahac-ahic71 ,engli% man ( lett]s1 0 born at ,hom]ton1 ,middlesex1 on ! #aa? ( ,m>* #ahac4 ,he receiv$ 8 e>ly education at ,newca/le-"u-,lyme gramm> s*ool1 & at ! age ( fifte5 ent]$ a family bus9ess 9 ,london1 ) :i* he 0 connect$ = ?irty-five ye>s4 ,he devot$ 8 leisure to ! /udy ( art1 ar*itecture1 ar*aeology1 ,%akespe>e1 classical & mod]n languages & lit]ature4 ,he di$ 9 ,london on ! #bbnd ( ,decemb] #ahic4 ,! "w by :i* he is be/ kn[n is ,! ,age ( ,p]icles 7#ahge71 *>act]iz$ by s\ndness ( s*ol>%ip1 great le>n+1 & a ?or\gh appreciation ( ! p]iod ) :i* x deals1 b r5d]$ unattractive by a difficult & at times obscure /yle4 ,he wrote also3 ,xan?ian ,m>bles 7#ahde72 ,critical ,essays ^u ,%akespe>e's ,plays 7#ahge72 ,*ri/ianity 9 ! ,c>toons ( ,raphael 7#ahfe71 :i* excit$ consid]able att5tion f ! mann] 9 :i* !ological que/ions 7 discuss$2 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,sicily to ! ,a!nian ,w> 7#ahgb72 ,panics & _! ,panaceas 7#ahfi72 an edition ( ,mu* ,ado ab\t ,no?+1 n[ fir/ publi%$ 9 fully recov]$ metrical =m 7#ahhd2 ! au?or held t all ! plays 7 orig9ally writt5 9 blank v]se74 ,a numb] ( manuscripts /ill rema9 unpubli%$1 ! mo/ important ( :i* h be5 bequea!d to ! ,briti% ,museum1 among/ !m be+3 ,a ,fur!r ,hi/ory ( ,greece2 ,! ,c5tury ( ,mi*ael ,angelo2 ,! ,neo-,platoni/s4 ,see ,memoir by ,sophia ,beale prefix$ to ,lloyd's 7po/hum\sly publi%$7 ,elijah ,f5ton3 8 ,poetry & ,fri5ds 7#ahid71 conta9+ a li/ ( publi%$ & unpubli%$ works4 ,,lloyd ,,george1 ,,david 7#ahfc- 71 ,briti% /atesman1 0 born at ,man*e/] on ! #ag? ( ,janu>y #ahfc4 ,8 fa!r1 ,william ,george1 a ,wel%man ( yeoman /ock1 _h left ,pembroke%ire = ,london at an e>ly age & became a s*ool tea*] !re1 & aft]w>ds 9 ,liv]pool & ,hav]=dwe/1 & !n headma/] ( an elem5t>y s*ool at ,pwllheli1 ,c>n>von%ire1 :]e he m>ri$ ! daught] ( ,david ,lloyd1 a neighb\r+ ,bapti/ m9i/]4 ,soon aft]w>ds ,william ,george became headma/] ( an elem5t>y s*ool 9 ,man*e/]1 b aft] ! bir? ( 8 elde/ son ,david 8 heal? fail$1 & he gave up 8 po/ & took a small f>m ne> ,hav]=dwe/4 ,two ye>s lat] he di$1 leav+ 8 wid[ 9 poor circum/ances2 a second *ild1 ano!r son1 0 po/hum\sly born4 ,mrs ,george's bro!r1 ,ri*>d ,lloyd1 a %oemak] at ,llany/umdwy1 & pa/or ( ! ,campbellite ,bapti/s !re1 n[ became h] *ief support2 x 0 f him t "y ,david obta9$ 8 e>lie/ views ( practical & political life1 & also ! means ( />t+1 at ! age ( f\rte51 on ! c>e] ( a solicitor4 ,hav+ pass$ 8 law prelim9>y1 he 0 articl$ to a firm 9 ,portmadoc1 & 9 #ahhd obta9$ 8 f9al qualifications4 ,9 #ahhh he m>ri$ ,m>g>et1 daught] ( ,ri*>d ,ow5 ( ,criccie?4 ,f ! fir/ he manag$ to comb9e 8 solicitor's "w ) politics1 becom+ secret>y ( ! ,s\? ,c>n>von%ire ,anti-ti! ,league2 & 8 local reputation 0 made by a successful fight1 c>ri$ to ! ,high ,c\rt1 9 def5ce ( ! "r ( ,noncon=mi/s to burial 9 ! p>i% *ur*y>d4 ,9 ! fir/ c\nty c\ncil elections = ,c>n>von%ire he play$ a /r5u\s "p on ! ,radical side1 & 0 *os5 an ald]man2 & 9 #ahij1 at a by-election = ,c>n>von ,bor\ghs1 he 0 return$ to p>liam5t by a majority ( #ah ov] a /rong ,cons]vative oppon5t4 ,he held 8 seat successfully at ! conte/s 9 #ahib1 #ahie & #aijj1 8 reputation z a *ampion ( ,wel% nationalism1 ,wel% noncon=mity & extreme ,radicalism becom+ ?or\ghly e/abli%$ bo? 9 p>liam5t & 9 ! c\ntry4 ,9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons he 0 "o ( ! mo/ prom95t gu]rilla fight]s1 conspicu\s = 8 audacity & pung5cy ( utt]ance1 & 8 capacity = ob/ruction :ile ! ,cons]vatives 7 9 (fice4 ,dur+ ! ,s\? ,african crisis ( #ahii-aijb he 0 specially vehem5t 9 opposition to ,mr ,*amb]la91 & took ! pro-,bo] side s bitt]ly t he 0 mobb$ 9 ,birm+ham dur+ ! #aijj election :5 he attempt$ to address a meet+ at ! ,t[n ,hall4 ,b he 0 aga9 return$ = ,c>n>von ,bor\ghs2 & 9 ! ensu+ p>liam5t he came /ill m to ! front by 8 resi/ance to ! ,education ,act ( #aijb4 ,z ! lead] ( ! ,wel% p>ty1 & "o ( ! mo/ da%+ p>liam5t>ians on ! ,radical side1 8 appo9tm5t to (fice :5 ,sir ,h4 ,campbell-,bann]man became premi] at ! end ( #aije 0 g5]ally expect$2 b 8 elevation direct to ! cab9et z presid5t ( ! ,bo>d ( ,trade 0 some:at ( a surprise4 ,! responsibilities ( adm9i/ration h1 h[ev]1 (t5 conv]t$ a political free-lance into a /eady-go+ (ficial1 & ! ,unioni/ press did its be/ to enc\rage su* a t5d5cy by cont9ual praise ( ! dep>tm5tal action ( ! new m9i/]4 ,8 settlem5t ( ! railway dispute 9 #aijf 0 univ]sally applaud$2 & ! bills he introduc$ & pass$ = reorganiz+ ! port ( ,london1 deal+ ) ,m]*ant ,%ipp+1 & en=c+ ! work+ 9 ,engl& ( pat5ts grant$ !re1 & s increas+ ! employm5t ( ,briti% lab\r1 7 greet$ ) satisfaction by ! t>iff-re=m]s1 :o congratulat$ !mselves t a ,radical free-trad] %\ld ?us ?r[ ov] ! policy ( laiss] faire4 ,! presid5t ( ! ,bo>d ( ,trade 0 ! *ief success ( ! m9i/ry1 & :5 ,mr ,asqui? became premi] 9 #aijh & promot$ ,mr ,lloyd ,george to ! *ancellor%ip ( ! ex*equ]1 ! appo9tm5t 0 well receiv$ ev5 9 ! ,city ( ,london4 ,= t ye> ! budget 0 already settl$1 & x 0 introduc$ by ,mr ,asqui? himself1 ! ex-*ancellor2 b ,mr ,lloyd ,george e>n$ gold5 op9ions1 bo? at ! ,treasury & 9 p>liam5t1 by 8 indu/ry & 8 h&l+ ( ! ,f9ance ,bill1 especially important = its inclusion ( ,old ,age ,p5sions1 9 ! lat] /ages4 ,x 0 n till ! "t came ne>] = ! introduction ( ! budget = #aiji-aiaj t op9ion 9 f9ancial circles %[$ ! *ange :i* 0 aft]w>ds to become s m>k$4 ,a consid]able deficit1 ( ab\t #af1jjj1jjj1 0 9 prospect1 & ! *ancellor ( ! ex*equ] ar\s$ misgiv+s by allud+ 9 a spee* to ! difficulty he _h 9 decid+ :at h5 roo/ to rob4 ,! gov]nm5t _h be5 los+ gr\nd 9 ! c\ntry1 & ,mr ,lloyd ,george & ,mr ,w9/on ,*ur*ill 7 conspicu\sly 9 alliance 9 advocat+ ! use ( ! budget = introduc+ dra/ic re=ms 9 reg>d to lic5s+ & l&1 :i* ! resi/ance ( ! ,h\se ( ,lords prev5t$ ! ,radical p>ty f effect+ by ord9>y legislation4 ,! well-e/abli%$ doctr9e t ! ,h\se ( ,lords c\ld n am5d1 ?\gh x might reject1 a money-bill1 c\pl$ ) ! fact t x nev] _h gone s f> z to reject a budget1 0 reli$ on by ! extremi/s z dictat+ ! obvi\s p>ty tactics2 & be=e ! ye> #aiji op5$1 ! possibility ( ! ,lords be+ driv5 to compel a dissolution by /&+ on _! extreme rights z reg>ds ! f9ancial provision = ! ye> 0 already canvass$ 9 political circles1 ?\gh x 0 h>dly cr$it$ t ! gov]nm5t w\ld precipitate a con/itutional crisis ( su* magnitude4 ,:5 ,mr ,lloyd ,george1 on ! #bi? ( ,april1 introduc$ 8 budget1 its revolution>y "*1 h[ev]1 creat$ widespread dismay 9 ! ,city & among ! prop]ti$ classes4 ,9 a v l5g?y spee*1 :i* _h to be int]rupt$ = half an h\r :ile he recov]$ 8 voice1 he end$ by describ+ x z a w> budget aga9/ pov]ty1 :i* he hop$1 9 ! result1 w\ld become z remote to ! p ( ?is c\ntry z ! wolves :i* once infe/$ its =e/s4 ,"s ( ! orig9al proposals1 :i* 7 mu* criticiz$1 7 subsequ5tly dropp$1 includ+ ! p]man5t div]sion ( ! ,old ,s9k+ ,fund to a ,national ,developm5t ,fund 7creat$ by a sep>ate bill71 & a tax on ungott5 m9]als1 = :i* 0 sub/itut$ a tax on m9]al rights4 ,b ! ma9 features ( ! budget 7 adh]$ to1 & ev5tually pass$ ! ,h\se ( ,commons on ! #d? ( ,novemb]1 9 spite ( ! p]si/5t opposition ( ! scanty ,unioni/ m9ority4 ,ap>t f c]ta9 non-cont5ti\s provisions1 su* z a tax on motorc>s1 ! ma9 features ( ! measure 7 l>ge increases 9 ! _s & tobacco duties1 lic5se duties1 e/ate1 legacy & succession duties1 & income tax1 & an elaborate & novel sy/em ( duties on l&-values 7increm5t duty1 rev]sion duty1 undevelop$ l& duty71 dep5d+ on ! sett+ up ( arrangem5ts = valuation ( a highly complicat$ k9d4 ,! discussions on ! budget entirely monopoliz$ public att5tion = ! ye>1 & :ile ! measure 0 def5d$ by ,mr ,lloyd ,george 9 p>liam5t ) mu* suavity1 & by ,mr ,asqui?1 ,sir ,edw>d ,grey & ,mr ,haldane outside ! ,h\se ( ,commons ) tact & mod]ation1 ! feel+s ( its oppon5ts 7 exasp]at$ by a s]ies ( inflammatory public spee*es at ,limeh\se & else:]e f ! *ancellor ( ! ex*equ]1 :o took ^! opportunities to r\se ! passions ( ! work+-classes aga9/ ! l&$ classes & ! pe]s4 ,:5 ! ,f9ance ,bill w5t up to ! ,h\se ( ,lords1 ,"l ,lansd[ne gave notice t on ! second read+ he w\ld move t ?is ,h\se is n ju/ifi$ 9 giv+ its cons5t to ?is bill until x has be5 submitt$ to ! judgm5t ( ! c\ntry1 & on ! la/ day ( ,novemb] ?is motion 0 c>ri$ by an ov]:elm+ majority ( pe]s4 ,! gov]nm5t pass$ a solemn resolution ( prote/ 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons & appeal$ to ! c\ntry2 & ! g5]al election ( ,janu>y #aiaj took place amid unexampl$ excitem5t4 ,! ,unioni/s ga9$ a hundr$ seats ov] _! previ\s numb]s1 b ! con/itutional issue und\bt$ly help$ ! gov]nm5t to w9 a victory1 dep5d+ inde$ solely on ! votes ( ! ,lab\r memb]s & ,iri% ,nationali/s1 :i* a ye> be=e _h seem$ improbable4 ,ev5ts _h n[ made ,mr ,lloyd ,george & 8 f9ancial policy ! c5tre ( ! ,lib]al p>ty programme2 b p>ty tactics = ! mom5t prev5t$ ! m9i/ry1 :o rema9$ 9 (fice1 f simply s5d+ ! budget up aga9 to ! ,lords & all[+ !m to pass x4 ,!re 0 no majority 9 ! ,commons = ! budget z su*1 s9ce ! ,iri% ,nationali/s only support$ x z an eng9e = de/roy+ ! veto ( ! ,lords & ?us prep>+ ! way = ,iri% ,home ,rule4 ,in/ead1 !re=e1 ( proce$+ ) ! budget1 ! gov]nm5t all[$ ! f9ancial ye> to end )\t "o1 & br\ght =w>d resolutions = curtail+ ! p[]s ( ! ,lords1 on :i*1 if reject$ by !m1 ano!r appeal c\ld be made to ! p 7see ,,p>liam5t74 ,h>dly1 h[ev]1 _h ! battle be5 array$ :5 ! ,k+'s dea? 9 ,may upset all calculations4 ,an imm$iate cont9uance ( ho/ilities betwe5 ! two ,h\ses 0 impossible4 ,a truce 0 call$1 & a conf]5ce arrang$ betwe5 f\r lead]s f ea* side--,mr ,lloyd ,george be+ "o--to consid] :e!r compromise on ! con/itutional "q 0 n feasible4 ,! budget = #aiji-aj w5t quietly ?r\gh1 & be=e ! ,augu/ adj\rnm5t ! *ancellor introduc$ 8 budget = #aiaj-aa1 discussion be+ po/pon$ till ! autumn4 ,x impos$ no new taxation1 & left matt]s precisely z !y 74 7,h4 ,*47 ,,lloyd',s1 an association ( m]*ants1 %ip[n]s1 und]writ]s1 & %ip & insurance brok]s1 hav+ its headqu>t]s 9 a suite ( rooms 9 ! nor?-ea/ corn] ( ! ,royal ,ex*ange1 ,london4 ,orig9ally a m]e ga!r+ ( m]*ants = bus9ess or gossip 9 a c(fee-h\se kept by "o ,edw>d ,lloyd 9 ,t[] ,/reet1 ,london1 ! e>lie/ notice ( :i* occurs 9 ! ,london ,gazette ( ! #ah? ( ,febru>y #afhh1 ?is in/itution has gradually become "o ( ! greate/ organizations 9 ! _w 9 connexion ) comm]ce4 ,! e/abli%m5t exi/$ 9 ,t[] ,/reet up to #afib1 9 :i* ye> x 0 remov$ by ! proprietor to ,lomb>d ,/reet1 9 ! c5tre ( t portion ( ! city mo/ frequ5t$ by m]*ants ( ! highe/ class4 ,%ortly aft] ?is ev5t ,mr ,lloyd e/abli%$ a weekly newspap] furni%+ comm]cial & %ipp+ news1 9 ^? days an und]tak+ ( no small difficulty4 ,?is pap] took ! "n ( ,lloyd's ,news1 &1 ?\gh its life 0 n long1 x 0 ! precursor ( ! n[ ubiquit\s ,lloyd's ,li/1 ! olde/ exi/+ pap]1 ! ,london ,gazette except$4 ,9 ,lomb>d ,/reet ! bus9ess transact$ at ,lloyd's c(fee-h\se /eadily grew1 b x does n appe> t ?r\gh\t ! great] "p ( ! #ah? c5tury ! m]*ants & und]writ]s frequ5t+ ! rooms 7 b\nd toge!r by any rules1 or act$ "u any organization4 ,by & by1 h[ev]1 ! increase ( m>9e insurance bus9ess made a *ange ( sy/em & improv$ accommodation necess>y1 & aft] f9d+ a tempor>y re/+-place 9 ,pope's ,head ,alley1 ! und]writ]s & brok]s settl$ 9 ! ,royal ,ex*ange 9 ,m>* #aggd4 ,"o ( ! fir/ improvem5ts 9 ! mode ( effect+ m>9e insurance 0 ! introduction ( a pr9t$ =m ( policy4 ,hi!rto v>i\s =ms _h be5 9 use2 &1 to avoid num]\s disputes ! committee ( ,lloyd's propos$ a g5]al =m1 :i* 0 adopt$ by ! memb]s on ! #ab? ( ,janu>y #aggi1 & rema9s 9 use1 ) a few slight alt]ations1 to ?is day4 ,! two mo/ important ev5ts 9 ! hi/ory ( ,lloyd's dur+ ! #ai? c5tury 7 ! reorganization ( ! association 9 #ahaa1 & ! pass+ ( an act 9 #ahga grant+ to ,lloyd's all ! rights & privileges ( a corporation sanction$ by p>liam5t4 ,accord+ to ?is act ( incorporation1 ! ?ree ma9 objects = :i* ! society exi/s are--fir/1 ! c>ry+ out ( ! bus9ess ( m>9e insurance2 secondly1 ! protection ( ! int]e/s ( ! memb]s ( ! association2 & ?irdly1 ! collection1 publication & diffusion ( intellig5ce & in=mation ) respect to %ipp+4 ,9 ! promotion ( ! la/-nam$ object an intellig5ce dep>tm5t has be5 develop$ :i* = wid5ess ( range & effici5t work+ has no p>allel among private ent]prises4 ,by ,lloyd's ,signal ,/ation ,act #ahhh1 p[]s 7 conf]r$ on ,lloyd's to e/abli% signal /ations ) telegraphic communications1 & by ! ,d]elict ,vessels 7,report7 ,act #ahif1 ma/]s ( ,briti% %ips are requir$ to give notice to ,lloyd's ag5ts ( d]elict vessels1 :i* in=mation is publi%$ by ,lloyd's4 ,! rooms at ,lloyd's are available only to subscrib]s & memb]s4 ,! =m] pay an annual subscription ( five gu9eas )\t entrance fee1 b h no voice 9 ! managem5t ( ! in/itution4 ,! latt] consi/ ( non-und]writ+ memb]s1 :o pay an entrance fee ( twelve gu9eas1 & ( und]writ+ memb]s :o pay a fee ( #ajj4 ,und]writ+ memb]s are also requir$ to deposit securities to ! value ( #ejjj to #aj1jjj1 accord+ to circum/ances1 z a gu>antee = _! engagem5ts4 ,! managem5t ( ! e/abli%m5t is delegat$ by ! memb]s to c]ta9 ( _! numb] select$ z a committee = manag+ ! affairs ( ,lloyd's4 ,) ?is body lies ! appo9tm5t ( all ! (ficials & ag5ts ( ! in/itution1 ! daily r\t9e ( duty be+ entru/$ to a secret>y & a l>ge /aff ( cl]ks & o!r assi/ants4 ,! mode employ$ 9 effect+ an insurance at ,lloyd's is simple4 ,! bus9ess is done entirely by brok]s1 :o write ^u a slip ( pap] ! "n ( ! %ip & %ipma/]1 ! nature ( ! voyage1 ! subject to be insur$1 & ! am\nt at :i* x is valu$4 ,if ! risk is accept$1 ea* und]writ] subscribes 8 "n & ! am\nt he agrees to take or und]write1 ! insurance be+ effect$ z soon z ! total value is made up4 ,see ,f4 ,m>t91 ,hi/ory ( ,lloyd's & ( ,m>9e ,insurance 9 ,great ,brita9 7#ahgf74 ,,llwyd1 ,,edw>d 7#affj-agji71 ,briti% naturali/ & antiqu>y1 0 born 9 ,c>digan%ire 9 #affj4 ,he 0 educat$ at ,jesus ,college1 ,ox=d1 b did n graduate2 he receiv$ ! degree ( ,m4,a4 h[ev] 9 #agja4 ,9 #afij1 aft] s]v+ = six ye>s z assi/ant1 he succe$$ ,r4 ,plot z keep] ( ! ,a%molean museum1 a position :i* he reta9$ until #agji4 ,9 #afii he publi%$ ,li?ophylacii ,britannici ,i*nographia1 9 :i* he describ$ & figur$ v>i\s fossils1 p]sonally collect$ or receiv$ f 8 fri5ds1 & ^! 7 arrang$ 9 cab9ets 9 ! museum4 ,!y 7 obta9$ f _m p>ts ( ,engl&1 b mo/ly f ! neighb\rhood ( ,ox=d4 ,a second edition 0 prep>$ by ,llwyd1 b n publi%$ until #agfj4 ,he issu$ 9 #agjg ! fir/ volume ( ,ar*aeologia ,britannica 7aft]w>ds discont9u$74 ,he 0 elect$ ,f4,r4,s4 9 #agjh4 ,he di$ at ,ox=d on ! #cj? ( ,june #agji4 ,,loa*4 ,! fi% kn[n z loa*es 7,cobit9ae7 =m a v di/9ct subfamily ( ! ,cypr9idae1 & are ev5 reg>d$ by "s au?ors z con/itut+ a family4 ,*>act]s3 ,b>bels1 ?ree to six pairs2 ph>yngeal tee? 9 "o r[1 9 mod]ate numb]2 ant]ior "p ( ! air-bladd] divid$ into a "r & left *amb]1 sep>at$ by a con/riction1 & enclos$ 9 a bony capsule1 ! po/]ior "p free or abs5t4 ,!y are m or less elongate 9 =m1 (t5 eel-%ap$1 & nak$ or cov]$ ) m9ute scales4 ,mo/ ( ! species are small1 ! l>ge/ kn[n measur+ #ab 7! ,european ,misgurnus fossilis71 #ac 7! ,*9ese ,botia v>iegata71 or #ad 94 7! ,c5tral ,asian ,nema*ilus siluroides74 ,!y mo/ly live 9 small /reams & ponds1 & _m are m\nta9 =ms4 ,!y are almo/ entirely conf9$ to ,europe & ,asia1 b "o species 7,nema*ilus abyss9icus7 has rec5tly be5 discov]$ 9 ,abyss9ia4 ,ab\t #abj species are kn[n1 mo/ly f ,c5tral & ,s\?-,ea/]n ,asia4 ,only two species occur 9 ,great ,brita93 ! common ,nema*ilus b>batulus & ! r>] & m local ,cobitis ta5ia4 ,! latt] ext5ds across ,europe & ,asia to ,japan4 ,_m ( ^! fi%es delight 9 ! mud at ! bottom ( ponds1 9 :i* !y move l eels4 ,9 "s cases ! bran*ial respiration appe>s to be insuffici5t1 & ! inte/9al tract acts z an accessory brea?+ organ4 ,! air-bladd] may be s r$uc$ z to lose its hydro/atic function & become subs]vi5t to a s5sory organ1 its out] expos$ surface be+ connect$ ) ! sk9 by a meatus betwe5 ! b&s ( muscle1 & convey+ ! !rmo-b>ometrical impressions to ! auditory n]ves4 ,loa*es are kn[n 9 "s p>ts ( ,g]many z ,wett]fis*4 ,,load2 ,,lode4 ,! ,o4,e4 ld1 f :i* bo? ^! words are d]iv$1 meant way1 j\rney1 conveyance1 & is cognate ) ,g]4 ,leite4 ,! ,teutonic root is also se5 9 ! ,o4 ,teut4 laidjan1 ,g]4 leit51 f :i* comes to lead4 ,! mean+s ( ! ^w h be5 influ5c$ by a suppos$ connexion ) lade1 ,o4,e4 hladan1 a ^w common to _m old bran*es ( ,teutonic languages 9 ! s5se ( to place1 b us$ 9 ,engli% pr9cipally ( ! plac+ ( c>go 9 a %ip1 h5ce bill ( lad+1 & ( empty+ liquor or fluid out ( "o vessel into ano!r2 x is f ! ^w 9 ?is s5se t is d]iv$ ladle1 a l>ge spoon or cup-l pan ) a long h&le4 ,! two words1 ?\gh etymologically "o1 h be5 diff]5tiat$ 9 mean+1 ! influ5ce ( ! connexion ) lade be+ m m>k$ 9 load ?an 9 lode1 a ve9 ( metal ore1 9 :i* ! orig9al mean+ ( way is cle>ly m>k$4 ,a load 0 orig9ally a c>riage1 & its ,lat9 equival5t 9 ! ,promptorium ,p>vulorum is vectura4 ,f t x pass$ to t :i* is laid on an animal or vehicle1 & s1 z an am\nt usually c>ri$1 ! ^w 0 us$ ( a specific quantity ( any?+1 a unit ( weight1 v>y+ ) ! locality & ! commodity4 ,a load ( :eat #dj bu%els1 ( hay #cf trusses4 ,o!r mean+s ( load are3 9 electricity1 ! p[] :i* an eng9e or dynamo has to furni%2 & 9 eng9e]+1 ! weight to be support$ by a /ructure1 ! p]man5t load be+ ! weight ( ! /ructure itself1 ! ext]nal load t ( any?+ :i* may be plac$ ^u x4 ,,loaf1 prop]ly ! mass ( bread made at "o bak+1 h5ce ! small] portions into :i* ! bread is divid$ = retail+4 ,^! are ( uni=m size 7see ,,bak+7 & are nam$ accord+ to %ape 7t9 loaf1 cottage loaf1 c471 weight 7qu>t]n loaf1 c471 or quality ( fl\r 7br[n loaf1 c474 ,loaf1 ,o4,e4 hlf1 is a ^w common to ,teutonic languages2 cf4 ,g]4 ,laib1 or ,leib1 ,dan4 lev1 ,go?1 hlaifs2 simil> words ) ! same mean+ are f\nd 9 ,russian1 ,f9ni% & ,letti%1 b ^! may h be5 adapt$ f ,teutonic4 ,! ultimate orig9 is unkn[n1 & x is unc]ta9 :e!r bread 7q4v47 or loaf is ! e>li] 9 usage4 ,! ,o4,e4 hlf is se5 9 ,lammas & 9 "l1 i4e4 hla=d = hlafwe>d1 ! loaf-keep]1 or bread-w>d]2 cf4 ! ,o4,e4 ^w = a h\sehold s]vant hlf-ta1 loaf-eat]4 ,! ,late ,lat4 companio1 "o :o %>es1 panis1 bread1 ,eng4 companion1 0 probably an adaptation ( ! ,go?1 gahlaiba1 ,o4,h4 ,g]4 gileipo1 messmate1 comrade4 ,! ^w loaf is also us$ 9 sug> manufacture1 & is appli$ to sug> %ap$ 9 a mass l a cone1 a sug>-loaf1 & to ! small knobs into :i* ref9$ sug> is cut1 or loaf-sug>4 ,! etymology ( ! v]b to loaf1 i4e4 to idle1 l\nge ab\t1 & ! sub/antive loaf]1 an idl]1 a lazy vagabond1 has be5 mu* discuss$4 ,r4 ,h4 ,dana 7,two ,ye>s be=e ! ,ma/1 #ahdj7 call$ ! ^w a newly inv5t$ ,yankee ^w4 ,j4 ,r4 ,l[ell 7,bigl[ ,pap]s1 #bnd s]ies1 ,introd47 expla9s x z ,g]man 9 orig91 & connects x ) lauf51 to run1 & /ates t ! dialectical =m l(5 is us$ 9 ! s5se ( saunt] up & d[n4 ,?is explanation has be5 g5]ally accept$4 ,! ,new ,engli% ,diction>y rejects x1 h[ev]1 & /ates t lauf5 is n us$ 9 ?is s5se1 b po9ts out t ! ,g]man ,l&luf]1 ! ,engli% obsolete ^w l&l\p]1 or l&lop]1 "o :o w&]s ab\t ! c\ntry1 a vagrant or vagabond1 has a resemblance 9 mean+4 ,j4 ,s4 ,f>m] & ,w4 ,e4 ,h5ley's ,diction>y ( ,slang & its ,analogues gives z ,fr5* synonyms ( loaf]1 *evali] de la l\pe & l\peur4 ,,loam 7,o4,e4 lm2 ! ^w appe>s 9 ,dut4 leem & ,g]4 ,lehm2 ! ultimate orig9 is ! root lai-1 mean+ to be /icky1 :i* is se5 9 ! cognate lime1 ,lat4 limus1 mud1 clay71 a f]tile soil compos$ ( a mixture ( s&1 clay1 & decompos$ vegetable matt]1 ! quantity ( s& be+ suffici5t to prev5t ! clay mass+ toge!r4 ,! ^w is also us$ ( a mixture ( s&1 clay & /raw1 us$ = mak+ ca/+-m\lds & bricks1 & = pla/]+ walls1 c4 7see ,,soil74 ,,loan 7adapt$ f ! ,sc&9avian =m ( a ^w common to ,teutonic languages1 cf4 ,sw$4 ln1 ,icel4 ln1 ,dut4 le52 ! ,o4,e4 lan appe>s 9 l5d1 ! ultimate s\rce is se5 9 ! root ( ,gr4 ,greek3 leipe9 & ,lat4 l9qu]e1 to leave71 t :i* is l5t2 a sum ( money or some?+ ( value l5t = a specific or indef9ite p]iod :5 x or its equival5t is to be repaid or return$1 usually at a specifi$ rate ( int]e/ 7see ,,usury & ,,money-,,l5d+74 ,= public loans see ,,f9ance1 ,,national ,,debt1 & ! v>i\s sections on f9ance "u ! names ( ! v>i\s c\ntries4 ,,lo&a 7,so ,paulo de ,lo&a71 a seaport ( ,we/ ,africa1 capital ( ! ,portuguese prov9ce ( ,angola1 situat$ 9 #h #dh ,s41 #ac #g ,e41 on a bay betwe5 ! riv]s ,bango & ,kwanza4 ,! bay1 protect$ f ! surf by a long n>r[ isl& ( s&1 is back$ by a l[ s&y cliff :i* at its s\!rn end sweeps out ) a %>p curve & t]m9ates 9 a bold po9t cr[n$ by ,=t ,san ,miguel4 ,! dep? ( wat] at ! entrance to ! bay is #bj fa?oms or m4 ,! bay has silt$ up consid]ably1 b !re is a good an*orage ab\t #a m4 f ! %ore 9 #g to #ad fa?oms1 besides cranage accommodation & a float+ dock4 ,vessels dis*>ge into light]s1 & are r>ely delay$ on acc\nt ( ! wea!r4 ,a "p ( ! t[n lies on ! =e%ore1 b ! m important build+s--! gov]nm5t (fices1 ! gov]nor's resid5ce1 ! palace ( ! bi%op ( ,angola1 & ! hospital--are situat$ on high] gr\nd4 ,mo/ ( ! ,european h\ses are l>ge /one build+s ( "o /orey ) r$ tile ro(s4 ,lo&a possesses a meteorological obs]vatory1 public g>d51 tramways1 gas-works1 /atues to ,salvador ,correia de ,s1 :o wre/$ ,angola f ! ,dut*1 & to ,p$ro ,alex&r9o1 a =m] gov]nor1 & is ! />t+-po9t ( ! railway to ,ambaca & ,malanje4 ,lo&a 0 f\nd$ 9 #aegf1 & except betwe5 #afdj & #afdh1 :5 x 0 occupi$ by ! ,dut*1 has always be5 9 ,portuguese possession4 ,x 0 = ov] two c5turies ! *ief c5tre ( ! slave trade betwe5 ,portuguese ,we/ ,africa & ,brazil4 ,dur+ t "t ! traffic ( ! port 0 ( no small acc\nt1 & aft] a p]iod ( great depression consequ5t on ! suppression ( t trade1 m legitimate comm]ce 0 develop$4 ,!re is a regul> s]vice ( /eam]s betwe5 ! port & ,lisbon1 ,liv]pool & ,hamburg4 ,! t[n has "s #ae1jjj inhabitants1 includ+ a l>g] ,european population ?an any o!r place on ! we/ coa/ ( ,africa4 ,x is connect$ by subm>9e cables ) ,europe & ,s\? ,africa4 ,fully half ! imports & export trade ( ,angola 7q4v47 passes ?r\gh ,lo&a4 ,,loango1 a region on ! we/ coa/ ( ,africa1 ext5d+ f ! m\? ( ! ,congo riv] 9 #f ,s4 nor?w>ds ?r\gh ab\t two degrees4 ,at "o "t includ$ 9 ! k+dom ( ,congo 7see ,,angola1 ,hi/ory71 ,loango became indep5d5t ab\t ! close ( ! #af? c5tury1 & 0 /ill ( consid]able importance 9 ! middle ( ! #ah? c5tury4 ,buali1 ! capital1 0 situat$ on ! banks ( a small riv] n f> f ! port ( ,loango1 :]e 7 sev]al ,european factories4 ,! c\ntry aft]w>ds became divid$ into a l>ge numb] ( petty /ates1 :ile ,portugal & ,france ex]cis$ an int]mitt5t sov]eignty ov] ! coa/4 ,"h ! slave trade 0 long] ma9ta9$ ?an any:]e else on ! ,we/ ,african seabo>d2 s9ce its extirpation1 palm oil & india-rubb] h be5 ! ma9 objects ( comm]ce4 ,! ,loango coa/ is n[ divid$ betwe5 ,fr5* ,congo & ! ,portuguese di/rict ( ,kab9da 7see ^? articles74 ,! natives1 ma9ly memb]s ( ! ,ba-,kongo gr\p ( ,bantu negroes1 & (t5 call$ ,ba-,fiot1 are 9 g5]al well-built1 /rongly doli*ocephal\s & v ?ick ( skull1 ! sk9 ( v>i\s %ades ( w>m br[n ) ! fa9te/ sugge/ion ( purple4 ,baldness is unkn[n1 & _m ( ! m5 we> be>ds4 ,physical de=mity is extremely r>e4 ,9 religi\s beliefs & 9 ! use ( feti%es !y resemble ! negroes ( ,upp] ,gu9ea4 ,,loba*evskiy1 ,,nicolas ,,ivanovi* 7#agic-ahef71 ,russian ma!matician1 0 born at ,mak>iev1 ,nizhniy-,novgorod1 on ! #bnd ( ,novemb] 7,n4,s47 #agic4 ,8 fa!r di$ ab\t #ahjj1 & 8 "m1 :o 0 left 9 poor circum/ances1 remov$ to ,kazan ) h] ?ree sons4 ,9 #ahjg ,nicolas1 ! second boy1 ent]$ z a /ud5t 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,kazan1 !n rec5tly e/abli%$4 ,five ye>s lat]1 hav+ complet$ ! curriculum1 he began to take "p 9 ! tea*+1 becom+ assi/ant pr(essor 9 #ahad & extraord9>y pr(essor two ye>s aft]w>ds4 ,9 #ahbc he succe$$ to ! ord9>y pr(essor%ip ( ma!matics1 & reta9$ ! *air until ab\t #ahdf1 :5 he seems to h fall5 into (ficial disfav\r4 ,at t "t 8 connexion ) ! univ]sity to :i* he _h devot$ 8 life practically came to an end1 except t 9 #ahee1 at ! celebration ( 8 jubilee1 he br\ght x z a la/ tribute 8 ,pangomtrie1 9 :i* he summ>iz$ ! results ( 8 geometrical /udies4 ,?is "w 0 translat$ into ,g]man by ,h4 ,liebmann 9 #aijb4 ,he di$ at ,kazan on ! #bd? ( ,febru>y 7,n4,s47 #ahef4 ,loba*evskiy 0 "o ( ! fir/ ?9k]s to apply a critical treatm5t to ! fundam5tal axioms ( geometry1 & he ?us became a pione] ( ! mod]n geometries :i* deal ) space o!r ?an z treat$ by ,euclid4 ,8 fir/ contribution to non-,euclidian geometry is believ$ to h be5 giv5 9 a lecture at ,kazan 9 #ahbf1 b ! subject is treat$ 9 _m ( 8 subsequ5t memoirs1 among :i* may be m5tion$ ! ,geometris*e ,unt]su*ung5 zur ,!orie d] ,p>allell9i5 7,b]l91 #ahdj1 & a new edition 9 #ahhg71 & ! ,pangomtrie already ref]r$ to1 :i* 9 ! subtitle is describ$ z a prcis ( geometry f\nd$ on a g5]al & rigor\s !ory ( p>allels4 7,see ,,geometry1 ,non-,euclidean1 & ,,geometry1 ,axioms (47 ,9 addition to 8 geometrical /udies1 he made v>i\s contributions to o!r bran*es ( ma!matical sci5ce1 among !m be+ an elaborate treatise on algebra 7,kazan1 #ahcd74 ,besides be+ a geomet] ( p[] & orig9ality1 ,loba*evskiy 0 an excell5t man ( bus9ess4 ,"u 8 adm9i/ration ! ,univ]sity ( ,kazan prosp]$ z x _h nev] done be=e2 & he n only organiz$ ! tea*+ /aff to a high degree ( effici5cy1 b arrang$ & enri*$ its libr>y1 furni%$ in/rum5ts = its obs]vatory1 collect$ specim5s = its museums & provid$ x ) prop] build+s4 ,9 ord] to be able to sup]vise ! erection ( ! la/1 he /udi$ ar*itecture1 ) su* effect1 x is said1 t he 0 able to c>ry out ! plans at a co/ consid]ably bel[ ! orig9al e/imates4 ,see ,f4 ,engel1 ,n4 ,i4 ,lobat*ewsky 7,leipzig1 #ahii74 ,,lobanov-,,ro/ovski1 ,,alexis ,,borisovi*1 ,,pr9ce 7#ahbd-ahif71 ,russian /atesman1 0 born on ! #cj? ( ,decemb] #ahbd1 & educat$1 l ,pr9ce ,gor*akov & s _m o!r em95t ,russians1 at ! lyceum ( ,ts>skoe ,selo4 ,at ! age ( tw5ty he ent]$ ! diplomatic s]vice1 & became m9i/] at ,con/ant9ople 9 #ahei4 ,9 #ahfc a regrettable incid5t 9 8 private life made him retire tempor>ily f ! public s]vice1 b f\r ye>s lat] he re-ent]$ x & s]v$ = t5 ye>s z adlatus to ! m9i/] ( ! int]ior4 ,at ! close ( ! ,russo-,turki% w> 9 #ahgh he 0 select$ by ! emp]or to fill ! po/ ( ambassador at ,con/ant9ople1 & = m ?an a ye> he c>ri$ out ) great ability ! policy ( 8 gov]nm5t1 :i* aim$ at re-e/abli%+ tranquillity 9 ! ,ea/]n ,"q1 aft] ! di/urbances produc$ by ! reckless action ( 8 pr$ecessor1 ,c\nt ,ignatiev4 ,9 #ahgi he 0 transf]r$ to ,london1 & 9 #ahhb to ,vi5na2 & 9 ,m>* #ahie he 0 appo9t$ m9i/] ( =eign affairs 9 succession to ,m4 de ,gi]s4 ,9 ?is position he display$ mu* ( ! caution ( 8 pr$ecessor1 b adopt$ a m en]getic policy 9 ,european affairs g5]ally & especially 9 ! ,balkan ,p59sula4 ,at ! "t ( 8 appo9tm5t ! attitude ( ! ,russian gov]nm5t t[>ds ! ,slav nationalities _h be5 = sev]al ye>s "o ( extreme res]ve1 & he _h seem$ z ambassador to sympa?ize ) ?is attitude4 ,b z soon z he became m9i/] ( =eign affairs1 ,russian influ5ce 9 ! ,balkan ,p59sula sudd5ly reviv$4 ,s]via receiv$ f9ancial assi/ance2 a l>ge consignm5t ( arms 0 s5t op5ly f ,/ ,pet]sburg to ! pr9ce ( ,mont5egro2 ,pr9ce ,f]d9& ( ,bulg>ia became o/5sibly reconcil$ ) ! ,russian emp]or1 & 8 son ,boris 0 receiv$ into ! ,ea/]n ,or?odox ,*ur*2 ! ,russian embassy at ,con/ant9ople tri$ to br+ ab\t a reconciliation betwe5 ! ,bulg>ian ex>* & ! oecum5ical patri>*2 ,bulg>ians & ,s]vians pr(ess$1 at ! bidd+ ( ,russia1 to lay aside _! mutual ho/ility4 ,all ?is seem$ to =e%ad[ ! creation ( a ,balkan conf$]ation ho/ile to ,turkey1 & ! sultan _h reason to feel al>m$4 ,9 reality ,pr9ce ,lobanov 0 m]ely try+ to e/abli% a /rong ,russian hegemony among ^! nationalities1 & he _h n ! slighte/ int5tion ( provok+ a new crisis 9 ! ,ea/]n ,"q s long z ! g5]al ,european situation did n af=d ,russia a conv5i5t opportunity = solv+ x 9 h] own int]e/ )\t s]i\s int]v5tion f o!r p[]s4 ,mean:ile he consid]$ t ! integrity & indep5d5ce ( ! ,ottoman empire mu/ be ma9ta9$ s f> z ^! o!r p[]s 7 conc]n$4 ,accord+ly1 :5 ,"l ,salisbury propos$ en]getic action to protect ! ,arm5ians1 ! cab9et ( ,/ ,pet]sburg sudd5ly assum$ ! rle ( protector ( ! sultan & veto$ ! proposal4 ,at ! same "t ef=ts 7 made to weak5 ! ,triple ,alliance1 ! pr9cipal in/rum5t employ$ be+ ! ent5te ) ,france1 :i* ,pr9ce ,lobanov help$ to conv]t into a =mal alliance betwe5 ! two p[]s4 ,9 ! ,f> ,ea/ he 0 n less active1 & became ! protector ( ,*9a 9 ! same s5se z he _h %[n himself ! protector ( ,turkey4 ,japan 0 compell$ to give up h] conque/s on ! ,*9ese ma9l&1 s z n to int]f]e ) ! future action ( ,russia 9 ,man*uria1 & ! f9ancial & o!r s*emes = increas+ ,russian influ5ce 9 t "p ( ! _w 7 vigor\sly support$4 ,all ?is activity1 ?\gh comb9$ ) a haughty tone t[>ds =eign gov]nm5ts & diplomati/s1 did n produce mu* g5]al appreh5sion1 probably because !re 0 a widespread conviction t he desir$ to ma9ta9 peace1 & t 8 great ability & /r5g? ( "* w\ld enable him to control ! dang]\s =ces :i* he boldly set 9 motion4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 be=e he _h "t to mature 8 s*emes1 & :5 he _h be5 ! director ( ,russian policy = only eighte5 mon?s1 he di$ sudd5ly ( he>t disease :5 travell+ ) ! emp]or on ! #cj? ( ,augu/ #ahif4 ,p]sonally ,pr9ce ,lobanov 0 a gr& seigneur ( ! ,russian type1 pr\d ( be+ desc5d$ f ! indep5d5t pr9ces ( ,ro/ov1 & at ! same "t an amiable man ( wide culture1 deeply v]s$ 9 ,russian hi/ory & g5ealogy1 & p]haps ! fir/ au?ority ( 8 "t 9 all t relat$ to ! reign ( ! emp]or ,paul4 7,d4 ,m4 ,w47 ,l,,bau1 a t[n ( ,g]many1 9 ! k+dom ( ,saxony1 on ! ,lbau wat]1 #ab m4 ,s4,e4 ( ! t[n ( ,bautz51 on ! ,dresd5-,grlitz railway4 ,pop4 7#aije7 #aj1fhc4 ,!re is a spa1 ,knig ,alb]t-,bad1 l>gely frequ5t$ dur+ ! summ] season4 ,! t[n has agricultural implem5t1 pian(orte1 sug>1 ma*9e-build+ & button works1 & trade 9 gra91 y>n1 l95 & /ock+s4 ,o!r indu/ries are sp9n+1 weav+1 dye+1 blea*+ & brew+4 ,lbau is fir/ m5tion$ z a t[n 9 #abba2 x receiv$ civic rights e>ly 9 ! #ad? c5tury &1 9 #acdf1 became "o ( ! six alli$ t[ns ( ,lusatia4 ,x suff]$ sev]ely dur+ ! ,hussite w> & 0 depriv$ ( its rights 9 #aedg4 ,see ,b]gmann1 ,ges*i*te d] ,ob]lausitz] ,se*s/adt ,lbau 7,bis*(sw]da1 #ahif72 & ,krets*m]1 ,die ,/adl ,lbau 7,*emnitz1 #aijd74 ,,lobby1 a corridor or passage1 also any ap>tm5t s]v+ z an ante-room1 wait+ room or entrance hall 9 a build+4 ,! ,m$4 ,lat4 lobia1 laubia or lobium1 f :i* ! ^w 0 directly adapt$1 0 us$ 9 ! s5se ( a cloi/]1 gall]y or cov]$ place = walk+ atta*$ to a h\se1 z def9$ by ,du ,cange 7,gloss4 ,m$4 et ,inf4 ,lat41 s4v4 ,lobia71 porticus op]ta ad spati&um idonea1 a$ibus adjuncta4 ,! ,fr5* =m ( lobia 0 loge1 cf4 ,ital4 loggia1 & ?is gave ! ,eng4 lodge1 :i* is ?us a d\blet ( lobby4 ,! ultimate d]ivation is giv5 "u ,,lodge4 ,o!r famili> uses ( ! t]m lobby are its application 7#a7 to ! entrance hall ( a p>liam5t h\se1 & 7#b7 to ! two corridors kn[n z division-lobbies1 into :i* ! memb]s ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons & o!r legislative bodies pass on a division1 _! votes be+ record$ accord+ to :i* lobby1 aye or no1 !y ent]4 ,! entrance lobby to a legislative build+ is op5 to ! public1 & ?us is a conv5i5t place = int]views betwe5 memb]s & _! con/itu5ts or ) repres5tatives ( public bodies1 associations & int]e/s1 & ! press4 ,! influ5ce & pressure ?us br\ght to be> ^u memb]s ( legislative bodies has giv5 rise to ! use ( to lobby1 lobby+1 lobbyi/1 c41 ) ?is special significance4 ,! practice1 ?\gh n unkn[n 9 ! ,briti% p>liam5t1 is mo/ preval5t 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica1 :]e ! use ( ! t]m fir/ arose 7see bel[74 ,,lobby+1 9 ,am]ica1 a g5]al t]m us$ to designate ! ef=ts ( p]sons :o are n memb]s ( a legislative body to influ5ce ! c\rse ( legislation4 ,9 addition to ! l>ge numb] ( ,am]ican private bills :i* are con/antly be+ introduc$ 9 ,congress & ! v>i\s /ate legislatures1 !re are _m g5]al measures1 su* z propos$ *anges 9 ! t>iff or 9 ! railway or bank+ laws1 :i* s]i\sly affect special int]e/s4 ,! p :o are mo/ intimately conc]n$ naturally h a "r to appe> be=e ! legislature or its repres5tative1 ! committee 9 *>ge ( ! bill1 & pres5t _! side ( ! case4 ,lobby+ 9 ?is s5se is legitimate1 & may almo/ be reg>d$ z a necessity4 ,un=tunately1 h[ev]1 all lobby+ is n ( ?is innoc5t "*4 ,! great indu/rial corporations1 insurance companies1 & railway & traction monopolies :i* h develop$ 9 comp>atively rec5t ye>s are con/antly 9 ne$ ( legislative fav\rs2 !y are also compell$ to protect !mselves aga9/ legislation :i* is unreasonably sev]e1 & aga9/ :at are kn[n 9 ! slang ( politics z /rikes or hold-ups4#a ,9 ord] t ^! objects may be accompli%$ !re are kept at ,wa%+ton & at ! v>i\s /ate capitals paid ag5ts ^: influ5ce is s well recogniz$ t !y are popul>ly call$ ! ?ird h\se4 ,me?ods ( ! mo/ repreh5sible k9d h (t5 be5 employ$ by !m4 ,attempts h be5 made to rem$y ! evil by con/itutional prohibition1 by /atute law & by ! action ( ! gov]nor ( ! /ate support$ by public op9ion4 ,improp] lobby+ has be5 decl>$ a felony 9 ,cali=nia1 ,georgia1 ,utah1 ,t5nessee1 ,oregon1 ,montana & ,arizona1 & ! con/itutions ( practically all ( ! /ates impose re/rictions ^u ! enactm5t ( special & private legislation4 ,! ,massa*usetts anti-lobby+ act ( #ahij1 :i* has s]v$ z a model = ! legislation ( ,m>yl& 7#aijj71 ,wiscons9 7#aije7 & a few ( ! o!r /ates1 is bas$ ^u ! publicity pr9ciple4 ,c\nsel & o!r legislative ag5ts mu/ regi/] ) ! s]geant-at-arms giv+ ! names & addresses ( _! employ]s & ! date1 t]m & "* ( _! employm5t4 ,9 #aijg alone laws regulat+ lobby+ 7 pass$ 9 n9e /ates--,alabama1 ,connecticut1 ,florida1 ,idaho1 ,miss\ri1 ,nebraska1 ,nor? ,dakota1 ,s\? ,dakota & ,texas4 ,see ,james ,bryce1 ,am]ican ,commonweal? 7,new ,york1 ed4 #ahhi71 i4 #fgc-fgh2 ,paul ,s4 ,re9s*1 ,am]ican ,legislatures & ,legislative ,me?ods 7,new ,york1 #aijg71 *aps4 viii41 ix42 ,m>g>et ,a4 ,s*affn]1 ,lobby+1 9 ,wiscons9 ,comp>ative ,legislation ,bullet9s1 ,no4 #b2 & ,g4 ,m4 ,gregory1 ,! ,corrupt ,use ( ,money 9 ,politics & ,laws = its ,prev5tion 7,madison1 ,wis41 #ahic74 ,,footnote3 #a ,bills introduc$ = purposes ( blackmail4 ,,lobe1 any r\nd project+ "p1 specifically ! l[] "p ( ! ext]nal e>1 "o ( ! p>ts into :i* ! liv] is divid$1 also "o ( sev]al p>ts ( ! bra91 divid$ by m>k$ fissures 7see ,,liv] & ,,bra974 ,! ,greek ,greek3 lobos1 f :i* lobe is d]iv$1 0 appli$ to ! lobe ( ! e> & ( ! liv]1 & to ! pod ( a legum9\s plant4 ,,lobeck1 ,,*ri/ian ,,augu/ 7#agha-ahfj71 ,g]man classical s*ol>1 0 born at ,naumburg on ! #e? ( ,june #agha4 ,aft] hav+ /udi$ at ,j5a & ,leipzig1 he settl$ at ,witt5b]g 9 #ahjb z privat-doc5t1 & 9 #ahaj 0 appo9t$ to a pr(essor%ip 9 ! univ]sity4 ,f\r ye>s lat]1 he accept$ ! *air ( rhetoric & anci5t lit]ature at ,knigsb]g1 :i* he occupi$ till )9 two ye>s ( 8 dea? 7#be? ( ,augu/ #ahfj74 ,8 lit]>y activities 7 devot$ to ! hi/ory ( ,greek religion & to ! ,greek language & lit]ature4 ,8 greate/ "w1 ,aglaophamus 7#ahbi71 is /ill valuable to /ud5ts4 ,9 ?is he ma9ta9s1 aga9/ ! views put =w>d by ,g4 ,f4 ,creuz] 9 8 ,symbolik 7#ahaj-ahbc71 t ! religion ( ! ,greek my/]ies 7especially ^? ( ,eleusis7 did n ess5tially diff] f ! national religion2 t x 0 n esot]ic2 t ! prie/s z su* nei!r taught nor possess$ any high] k ( ,god2 t ! ,ori5tal elem5ts 7 a lat] importation4 ,8 edition ( ! ,ajax ( ,sophocles 7#ahji7 _h ga9$ him ! reputation ( a s\nd s*ol> & critic2 8 ,phryni*us 7#ahbj7 & ,p>alipom5a grammaticae graecae 7#ahcg7 exhibit ! wide/ acqua9tance ) ,greek lit]ature4 ,he _h little sympa?y ) comp>ative philology1 hold+ t x ne$$ a lifetime to acquire a ?or\gh k ( a s+le language4 ,see ! article by ,l4 ,fri$lnd] 9 ,allgeme9e deuts*e ,biographie2 ,c4 ,bursian's ,ges*i*te d] klassis*5 ,philologie 9 ,deuts*l& 7#ahhc72 ,lehrs1 ,populre ,aufstze aus dem ,alt]tum 7#bnd ed41 ,leipzig1 #ahge72 ,ludwi*1 ,ausgewhlte ,briefe von und an ,*r4 ,aug4 ,lobeck und ,k4 ,lehrs 7#ahid72 also ,j4 ,e4 ,s&ys1 ,hi/ory ( ,classical ,s*ol>%ip1 i4 7#aijh71 #ajc4 ,,lobeira1 ,,jo,o 7c4 #abcc-abhe71 a ,portuguese tr\bad\r ( ! "t ( ,k+ ,alphonso ,,iii41 :o is suppos$ to h be5 ! fir/ to r$uce into prose ! /ory ( ,amadis de ,gaula 7q4v474 ,d4 ,c>ol9a ,mi*aelis de ,vasconcellos1 9 h] ma/]ly edition ( ! ,cancioneiro de ,ajuda 7,halle1 #aijd1 vol4 i4 pp4 #ebc-ebd71 gives "s biographical notes on ,joo ,lobeira1 :o is repres5t$ 9 ! ,colocci ,brancuti ,canzoni]e 7,halle1 #ahhj7 by five poems 7,nos4 #bcj-bce74 ,9 numb] #bcj1 ,joo ,lobeira uses ! same rit\rnelle t ,oriana s+s 9 ,amadis de ,gaula1 & ?is has l$ to 8 be+ g5]ally consid]$ by mod]n support]s ( ! ,portuguese case to h be5 ! au?or ( ! romance1 9 pref]5ce to ,vasco de ,lobeira1 to :om ! prose orig9al 0 =m]ly ascrib$4 ,! folklori/ ,a4 ,?omas ,pires 79 8 ,vasco de ,lobeira1 ,elvas1 #aije71 foll[+ ! old tradition1 w\ld id5tify ! noveli/ ) a man ( t "n :o fl\ri%$ 9 ,elvas at ! close ( ! #ad? & beg9n+ ( ! #ae? c5tury1 b ! docum5ts he publi%es conta9 no ref]5ce to ?is ,lobeira be+ a man ( lett]s4 ,,lobelia1 ! typical g5us ( ! tribe ,lobelieae1 ( ! ord] ,campanulaceae1 nam$ aft] ,mat?ias de ,lobel1 a native ( ,lille1 botani/ & physician to ,james ,i4 ,x numb]s ab\t two hundr$ species1 natives ( ne>ly all ! temp]ate & w>m] regions ( ! _w1 except+ c5tral & ea/]n ,europe z well z we/]n ,asia4 ,!y are annual or p]5nial h]bs or "u-%rubs1 r>ely %rubby2 rem>kable arboresc5t =ms are ! tree-lobelias f\nd at high elevations on ! m\nta9s ( tropical ,africa4 ,two species are ,briti%1 ,l4 ,dortmanna 7nam$ by ,l9naeus aft] ,dortmann1 a ,dut* druggi/71 :i* occurs 9 gravelly m\nta9 lakes2 & ,l4 ur5s1 :i* is only f\nd on hea?s1 c41 9 ,dorset & ,cornwall4 ,! g5us is di/+ui%$ f ,campanula by ! irregul> corona & completely unit$ an!rs1 & by ! excessive acridity ( ! milky juice4 ,! species e>lie/ describ$ & figur$ appe>s to be ,l4 c>d9alis1 "u ! "n ,tra*elium am]icanum sive c>d9alis planta1 ! ri* crimson c>d9al's fl[]2 ,p>k9son 7,p>adisus1 #afbi1 p4 #ceg7 says1 x gr[e? ne]e ! riu] ( ,canada1 :]e ! ,fr5* plantation 9 ,am]ica is seat$4 ,x is a native ( ! ea/]n ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,?is & sev]al o!r species are 9 cultivation z ornam5tal g>d5 plants1 e4g4 ! dw>f blue ,l4 ,er9us1 f ! ,cape1 :i*1 ) its num]\s v>ieties1 =ms a famili> b$d+ plant4 ,l4 spl5d5s & ,l4 fulg5s1 gr[+ f #a to #b ft4 high1 f ,mexico1 h sc>let fl[]s2 ,l4 ,tupa1 a ,*ilean p]5nial #f to #h ft4 high1 has r$di% or sc>let fl[]s2 ,l4 t5uior ) blue fl[]s is a rec5t acquisition to ! gre5h\se section1 :ile ,l4 ama5a1 f ,nor? ,am]ica1 z well z ,l4 syphilitica & its hybrids1 f ,virg9ia1 h also blue fl[]s4 ,! la/-nam$ 0 introduc$ 9 #affe4 ,! hybrids rais$ by cross+ c>d9alis1 fulg5s1 spl5d5s & syphilitica1 con/itute a f9e gr\p ( fairly h>dy & %[y g>d5 plants4 ,que5 ,victoria is a well-kn[n v>iety1 b !re are n[ _m o!rs4 ,! ,lobelia is famili> 9 g>d5s "u two v diff]5t =ms1 t ( ! dw>f-tuft$ plants us$ = summ] b$d+1 & t ( ! tall %[y p]5nials4 ,( ! =m] ! be/ type is ,l4 ,er9us1 gr[+ f #d to #f 94 high1 ) _m sl5d] /ems1 be>+ ?r\gh a long p]iod a pr(usion ( small b bright blue two-lipp$ fl[]s4 ,! v>iety speciosa (f]s ! be/ /ra9 ( ! dw>f lobelias2 b ! v>ieties are be+ con/antly sup]s$$ by new sorts4 ,a good v>iety w reproduce itself suffici5tly true f se$ = ord9>y fl[] bord]s1 b to secure exact uni=mity x is necess>y to propagate f cutt+s4 ,! h]bace\s lobelias1 ( :i* ,l4 fulg5s may be tak5 z ! type1 may be call$ h>dy except 9 s f> z !y suff] f damp 9 w9t]2 !y ?r[ up a s]ies ( %ort rosette-l suck]s r\nd ! base ( ! old fl[]+ /em1 & ^! sometimes1 despite all ! c>e tak5 ( !m1 rot (f dur+ w9t]4 ,! roots %\ld ei!r be tak5 up 9 autumn1 & plant$ closely side by side 9 boxes ( dry e>? or a%es1 ^! be+ set = ! "t !y are dormant ei!r 9 a cold frame or 9 any airy place 9 ! gre5h\se2 or !y may be left 9 ! gr\nd1 9 :i* case a brick or two %\ld be put beside ! plants1 "s coal a%es be+ fir/ plac$ r\nd !m1 & slates to protect ! plants be+ laid ov] ! bricks1 "o end re/+ on ! e>? beyond4 ,ab\t ,febru>y !y %\ld be plac$ 9 a w>m pit1 & aft] a few days %ak5 out & ! suck]s p>t$1 & pott$ s+ly into small pots ( light ri* e>?4 ,aft] be+ kept 9 ! =c+ pit until well e/abli%$1 !y %\ld be mov$ to a m airy gre5h\se pit1 & ev5tually to a cold frame prep>atory to plant+ out4 ,9 ! m fav\r$ p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom x is unnecess>y to g to ?is tr\ble1 z ! plants are p]fectly h>dy2 ev5 9 ! suburbs ( ,london !y live = sev]al ye>s )\t protection except 9 v sev]e w9t]s4 ,!y %\ld h a loamy soil1 well enri*$ ) manure2 & require copi\s wat]+s :5 !y />t into free gr[?4 ,!y may be rais$ f se$s1 :i*1 be+ v f9e1 require to be s[n c>efully2 b !y d n fl[] usually till ! second ye> unless !y are s[n v e>ly 9 heat4 ,! species ,lobelia inflata1 ! ,indian tobacco ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 is us$ 9 m$ic9e1 ! entire h]b1 dri$ & 9 fl[]1 be+ employ$4 ,! species d]ives its specific "n f its *>act]i/ic inflat$ capsules4 ,x is some:at irritant to ! no/rils1 & is possess$ ( a burn+1 acrid ta/e4 ,! *ief con/itu5t is a volatile liquid alkaloid 7cf4 nicot9e7 nam$ lobel9e1 :i* occurs to ! ext5t ( ab\t #cj 4 ,?is is a v pung5t body1 ) a tobacco-l od\r4 ,x occurs 9 comb9ation ) lobelic acid & =ms solid cry/all9e salts4 ,! s+le prep>ation ( ?is plant 9 ! ,briti% ,ph>macopeia is ! ,t9ctura ,lobeliae ,e!reae1 compos$ ( five p>ts ( spirits ( e!r to "o ( lobelia4 ,! dose is #e to #ae m9ims4 ,! e!r is employ$ 9 ord] to add to ! efficacy ( ! drug 9 a/hma1 b a simple alcoholic t9cture w\ld be really pref]able4 ,lobelia has c]ta9 ph>macological resemblances to tobacco4 ,x has no action ^u ! unbrok5 sk91 b may be absorb$ by x "u suitable conditions4 ,tak5 int]nally 9 small doses1 e4g4 #e m9ims ( ! t9cture1 x /imulates ! p]i/altic movem5ts ( ! coecum & colon4 ,9 l>ge doses x is a p[]ful ga/ro9te/9al irritant1 closely resembl+ tobacco1 & caus+ gidd9ess1 heada*e1 nausea1 vomit+1 purg+ & extreme pro/ration1 ) clammy sweats & falt]+ rapid pulse4 ,its action on ! circulation is v decid$4 ,! c>diac t]m9als ( ! vagus n]ves are p>alys$1 ! pulse be+ ?us accel]at$ by loss ( ! normal inhibitory influ5ce1 & ! blood-vessels be+ relax$ ow+ to p>esis ( ! vasomotor c5tre4 ,! blood-pressure ?us falls v m>k$ly4 ,! respiratory c5tre is simil>ly depress$1 dea? ensu+ f ?is action4 ,lobelia is ?us a typical respiratory poison4 ,9 less ?an toxic doses ! motor t]m9als ( ! vagi 9 ! bron*i & bron*ioles are p>alys$1 ?us caus+ relaxation ( ! bron*ial muscles4 ,x is d\btful :e!r lobelia affects ! c]ebrum directly4 ,x is excret$ by ! kidneys & ! sk91 bo? ( :i* x /imulates 9 its passage4 ,9 g5]al t]ms ! drug may be said to /imulate non-/rip$ muscul> fibres 9 small1 & p>alyse !m 9 toxic doses4 ,five m9ims ( ! t9cture may be usefully prescrib$ to be tak5 night & morn+ 9 *ronic con/ipation due to in]tia ( ! l[] "p ( ! alim5t>y canal4 ,9 spasmodic 7neurotic7 a/hma1 & also 9 bron*itis accompani$ by a/hmatic spasm ( ! bron*ioles1 ! t9cture may be giv5 9 comp>atively l>ge doses 7e4g4 "o dra*m7 e fifte5 m9utes until nausea is produc$4 ,!reaft]1 :e!r successful or n 9 reliev+ ! spasm1 ! adm9i/ration ( ! drug mu/ be /opp$4 ,,lob5/e91 a t[n ( ,g]many1 9 ! pr9cipality ( ,reuss1 on ! ,lemnitz1 situat$ 9 a pleasant & f]tile c\ntry1 #be m4 ,n4,w4 f ,h( by railway4 ,pop4 7#aije7 #biij4 ,! t[n1 gr\p$ r\nd a rock1 ^u :i* /& ! ru9s ( ! old ca/le1 is exce$+ly picturesque4 ,x conta9s a spaci\s p>i% *ur*1 a palace1 until #ahbd ! resid5ce ( ! pr9ces ( ,reuss-,lob5/e9-,el]sdorf1 & a hydropa?ic e/abli%m5t4 ,! manufactures include dye+1 brew+ & cig>-mak+4 ,see ,z$l] & ,s*ott1 ,fhr] dur* ,lob5/e9 und ,umgebung 7#bnd ed41 ,lob5/e91 #aijc74 ,,lobo1 ,,francisco ,,rodrigues 78#aege-8afbg71 ,portuguese bucolic writ]1 a l9eal desc5dant 9 ! family ( lett]s ( ,b]n>dim ,ribeiro & ,*ri/ovam ,falco4 ,all we "k ( 8 life is t he 0 born ( ri* & noble p>5ts at ,leiria1 & liv$ at ease 9 its picturesque neighb\rhood1 read+ philosophy & poetry & writ+ ( %eph]ds & %eph]desses by ! riv]s ,liz & ,l5a4 ,he /udi$ at ! univ]sity ( ,coimbra & took ! degree ( lic5tiate ab\t #afjj4 ,he visit$ ,lisbon f "t to "t1 & tradition has x t he di$ by dr[n+ on 8 way ?i!r z he 0 desc5d+ ! ,tagus f ,sant>em4 ,?\gh 8 fir/ book1 a little volume ( v]ses 7,romances7 publi%$ 9 #aeif1 & 8 la/1 a rhym$ welcome to ,k+ ,philip ,,iii41 publi%$ 9 #afbc1 are writt5 9 ,spani%1 he compos$ 8 eclogues & prose pa/orals entirely 9 ,portuguese1 & !reby did a r>e s]vice to 8 c\ntry at a "t :51 ow+ to ! ,spani% dom9ation1 ,ca/ilian 0 ! language pref]r$ by polite society & by m5 ( lett]s4 ,8 ,primav]a1 a book t may be comp>$ to ! ,diana ( ,jorge de ,montemr 7,montemayor71 appe>$ 9 #afja1 its second "p1 ! ,pa/or ,p]egr9o1 9 #afjh1 & its ?ird1 ! ,des5ganado1 9 #afad4 ,! dullness ( ^! l5g?y collections ( episodes )\t plan1 ?read or ideas1 is reliev$ by *>m+ & +5i\s pa/oral songs nam$ s]ranilhas4 ,8 eclogues 9 endecasyllables are an e*o ( ^? ( ,camo5s1 b l 8 o!r v]ses !y are inf]ior to 8 r$ondilhas1 :i* %[ ! traditional f\nt ( 8 inspiration4 ,9 8 ,corte na ,aldeia 7#afai71 a man ( lett]s1 a "y nobleman1 a /ud5t & an old man ( easy means1 beguile ! w9t] ev5+s at ,c9tra by a s]ies ( philosophic & lit]>y discussions 9 dialogue :i* may /ill be read ) pleasure4 ,lobo is also ! au?or ( an insipid epic 9 tw5ty cantos 9 ottava rima on ! ,con/able ,d4 ,nuno ,alv>es ,p]eira1 ! h]o ( ! w> ( indep5d5ce aga9/ ,spa9 at ! end ( ! #ad? c5tury4 ,! *>act]i/ics ( 8 prose /yle are h>mony1 purity & elegance1 & he ranks z "o ( ,portugal's lead+ writ]s4 ,a disciple ( ! ,italian s*ool1 8 v]ses are yet free f imitations ( classical models1 8 descriptions ( natural sc5]y are unsurpass$ 9 ! ,portuguese language1 & g5]ally 8 writ+s /rike a true note & %[ a s9c]ity t 0 r>e at ! "t4 ,_! popul>ity may be se5 by ! fact t ! ,primav]a w5t ?r\gh sev5 editions 9 ! #ag? c5tury & n9e 9 all1 a l>ge numb] = s limit$ a m>ket z t ( ,portugal1 :ile six editions exi/ ( ! ,pa/or ,p]egr9o & f\r ( ! epic poem4 ,an edition ( 8 collect$ works 0 publi%$ 9 "o volume 9 ,lisbon 9 #agbc1 & ano!r 9 f\r volumes1 b less complete1 appe>$ !re 9 #aggd4 ,see ,co/a e ,silva1 ,ensaio biographico critico1 v4 #e-aab1 = a critical exam9ation ( ,lobo's writ+s2 also ,b\t]wek's ,hi/ory ( ,portuguese ,lit]ature4 7,e4 ,pr47 ,,lobo1 ,,j]onimo 7#aeic-afgh71 ,jesuit mission>y1 0 born 9 ,lisbon1 & ent]$ ! ,ord] ( ,jesus at ! age ( sixte54 ,9 #afba he 0 ord]$ z a mission>y to ,india1 & 9 #afbb he arriv$ at ,goa4 ,) ! int5tion ( proce$+ to ,abyss9ia1 ^: ,negus 7emp]or7 ,segu$ _h be5 conv]t$ to ,roman ,ca?olicism by ,p$ro ,paez1 he left ,india 9 #afbd4 ,he disemb>k$ on ! coa/ ( ,mombasa1 & attempt$ to rea* 8 de/9ation ?r\gh ! ,galla c\ntry1 b 0 =c$ to return4 ,9 #afbe he set out aga91 accompani$ by ,m5dez1 ! patri>* ( ,e?iopia1 & eight mission>ies4 ,! p>ty l&$ on ! coa/ ( ! ,r$ ,sea1 & ,lobo settl$ 9 ,abyss9ia z sup]9t5d5t ( ! missions 9 ,tigr4 ,he rema9$ !re until dea? depriv$ ! ,ca?olics ( _! protector1 ! emp]or ,segu$4 ,=c$ by p]secution to leave ! k+dom1 9 #afcd ,lobo & 8 companions fell into ! h&s ( ! ,turks at ,massawa1 :o s5t him to ,india to procure a ransom = 8 imprison$ fell[-mission>ies4 ,9 ?is he 0 successful1 b c\ld n induce ! ,portuguese vic]oy to s5d an armam5t aga9/ ,abyss9ia4 ,int5t ^u accompli%+ ?is *]i%$ project1 he emb>k$ = ,portugal1 & aft] he _h be5 %ipwreck$ on ! coa/ ( ,natal1 & captur$ by pirates1 arriv$ at ,lisbon4 ,nei!r at ?is city1 h[ev]1 nor at ,madrid & ,rome1 0 any c\nt5ance giv5 to ,lobo's plan4 ,he accord+ly return$ to ,india 9 #afdj1 & 0 elect$ rector1 & aft]w>ds prov9cial1 ( ! ,jesuits at ,goa4 ,aft] "s ye>s he return$ to 8 native city1 & di$ !re on ! #bi? ( ,janu>y #afgh4 ,lobo wrote an acc\nt ( 8 travels 9 ,portuguese1 :i* appe>s nev] to h be5 pr9t$1 b is deposit$ 9 ! mona/]y ( ,/ ,roque1 ,lisbon4 ,bal?az> ,telles made l>ge use ( ! in=mation !re9 9 8 ,hi/oria g]al da ,e?iopia a ,alta 7,coimbra1 #affj71 (t5 errone\sly attribut$ to ,lobo 7see ,ma*ado's ,biblio!ca ,lusitana74 ,lobo's own n>rative 0 translat$ f a ,,ms4 copy into ,fr5* 9 #agbh by ! ,abb ,joa*im le ,gr&1 "u ! title ( ,voyage hi/orique d',abiss9ie4 ,9 #affi a translation by ,sir ,pet] ,wy*e ( sev]al passages f a ,,ms4 acc\nt ( ,lobo's travels 0 publi%$ by ! ,royal ,society 7translat$ 9 ,m4 ,?v5ot's ,relation des voyages 9 #afgc74 ,an ,engli% abridgm5t ( ,le ,gr&'s edition by ,dr ,johnson 0 publi%$ 9 #agce 7repr9t$ #aghi74 ,9 a ,mmoire ju/ificatif en rhabilitation des pres ,pi]re ,paez et ,jrme ,lobo1 ,dr ,c4 ,t4 ,beke ma9ta9s aga9/ ,bruce ! accuracy ( ,lobo's /atem5ts z to ! s\rce ( ! ,abai bran* ( ! ,nile4 ,see ,a4 de ,back]1 ,biblio?que de la ,compagnie de ,jsus 7ed4 ,c4 ,somm]vogel1 iv41 #ahic74 ,,lob/] 7,o4,e4 lopu/re1 lopy/re1 a corruption ( ,lat4 locu/a1 lob/] or o!r m>9e %ell-fi%2 also a locu/71 an edible cru/acean f\nd on ! coa/s ( ! ,nor? ,atlantic & ,m$it]ranean4 ,! "n is sometimes loosely appli$ to any ( ! l>g] ,cru/acea ( ! ord] ,macrura1 especially to su* z are us$ = food4 ,! true lob/]s1 =m+ ! family ,hom>idae1 are di/+ui%$ f ! o!r ,macrura by hav+ ! fir/ ?ree pairs ( legs t]m9at+ 9 *elae or p9c]s4 ,! fir/ pair are l>ge & massive & are compos$ ( six segm5ts1 :ile ! rema9+ legs are ea* compos$ ( sev5 segm5ts4 ,! /]num ( ! la/ ?oracic somite is immovably unit$ ) ! prec$+4 ,?is la/ "*1 toge!r ) "s peculi>ities ( ! bran*ial sy/em1 di/+ui% ! lob/]s f ! fre%wat] crayfi%es4 ,! common lob/] 7,hom>us gamm>us or vulg>is7 is f\nd on ! ,european coa/s f ,norway to ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,! ,am]ican lob/] 7,hom>us am]icanus71 :i* %\ld p]haps be rank$ z a v>iety r ?an z a di/9ct species1 is f\nd on ! ,atlantic coa/ ( ,nor? ,am]ica f ,labrador to ,cape ,hatt]as4 ,a ?ird species1 f\nd at ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 is ( small size & ( no economic importance4 ,bo? 9 ,europe & 9 ,am]ica ! lob/] is ! object ( an important fi%]y4 ,x lives 9 %all[ wat]1 9 rocky places1 & is usually captur$ 9 traps kn[n z lob/]-pots1 or creels1 made ( wick]work or ( hoops cov]$ ) nett+1 & hav+ funnel-%ap$ op5+s p]mitt+ entrance b prev5t+ escape4 ,^! traps are bait$ ) pieces ( fi%1 pref]ably /ale1 & are sunk on gr\nd frequ5t$ by lob/]s1 ! place ( ea* be+ m>k$ by a buoy4 ,9 ,europe ! lob/]s are g5]ally s5t to m>ket 9 ! fre% /ate1 b 9 ,am]ica1 especially 9 ! nor!rn ,new ,engl& /ates & 9 ! m>itime prov9ces ( ,canada1 ! cann+ ( lob/]s is an important indu/ry4 ,! ,european lob/] r>ely rea*es #aj p\nds 9 weight1 ?\gh individuals ( #ad p\nds h be5 f\nd1 & 9 ,am]ica !re are au!ntic records ( lob/]s weigh+ #bj to #bc p\nds4 ,! effects ( ov]-fi%+ h become app>5t1 especially 9 ,am]ica1 r 9 ! r$uc$ av]age size ( ! lob/]s caught ?an 9 any dim9ution ( ! total yield4 ,! imposition ( a close "t to protect ! spawn+ lob/]s has be5 (t5 tri$1 b z ! female c>ries ! spawn atta*$ to h] body = ne>ly twelve mon?s aft] spawn+ x is impossible to give any effective protection by ?is means4 ,! prohibition ( ! capture ( females c>ry+ spawn1 or1 z x is t]m$1 9 b]ry1 is difficult to en=ce4 ,a m9imum size1 bel[ :i* x is illegal to sell lob/]s1 is fix$ by law 9 mo/ lob/]-fi%+ di/ricts1 b ! value ( ! protection s giv5 has also be5 que/ion$4 ,! ,norway lob/] 7,nephrops norvegicus7 is f\nd1 l ! common lob/]1 f ,norway to ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,x is a small] species1 ) long & sl5d] claws & is ( an orange col\r1 (t5 beautifully m>k$ ) r$ & blue4 ,x is f\nd 9 deep] wat] & is g5]ally captur$ by trawl+4 ,x is a curi\s & unexpla9$ fact t ne>ly all ! individuals s captur$ are males4 ,x is less e/eem$ = food ?an ! common species4 ,9 ,london x is sold "u ! "n ( ,dubl9 prawn4 ,! rock lob/]1 sp9y lob/]1 or sea-crawfi% 7,pal9urus vulg>is7 belongs to ! family ,pal9uridae1 di/+ui%$ f ! ,hom>idae by ! fact t ! fir/ legs are n provid$ ) *elae or p9c]s1 & t all ! legs possess only six segm5ts4 ,! ant5nae are v long & ?ick4 ,x is f\nd on ! s\!rn & we/]n coa/s ( ! ,briti%1 ,isl&s & ext5ds to ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,x is highly e/eem$ = ! table1 especially 9 ,france1 :]e x goes by ! "n ( ,lang\/e4 ,o!r species ( ! same family are us$ = food 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w1 especially on ! ,pacific coa/ ( ,nor? ,am]ica & 9 ,au/ralia & ,new ,zeal&4 ,9 ,melb\rne & ,sydney ! "n ( ,murray lob/] is giv5 to a l>ge species ( crayfi% 7,a/acopsis sp9if]1 =m]ly kn[n z ,a/acus1 or ,potamobius s]ratus7 :i* is mu* us$ = food4 7,w4 ,t4 ,ca47 ,,local ,,gov]nm5t1 a phrase specially adopt$ 9 ,engli% usage = ! dec5traliz$ or deconc5trat$ adm9i/ration1 )9 a /ate or national & c5tral gov]nm5t1 ( local affairs by local au?orities4 ,x is re/rict$ n only 9 respect ( area b also 9 respect ( ! "* & ext5t ( ! duties assign$ to !m4 ,x is n to be confus$ ) local self-gov]nm5t 9 ! wid] s5se 9 :i* ! words are sometimes employ$1 e4g4 = ! grant+ by ! cr[n ( self-gov]nm5t to a colony2 ! expression1 9 a g5]al way1 may mean ?is1 b local gov]nm5t z te*nically us$ 9 ,engl& ref]s m n>r[ly to ! sy/em ( c\nty or municipal adm9i/ration1 & ,engli% usage transf]s x to d5ote ! simil> in/itutions 9 o!r c\ntries4 ,! gr[? & p]si/5ce ( ?is k9d ( subord9ate gov]nm5t is due practically to ! ne$ ( reliev+ ! c5tral au?ority 9 ! /ate1 & to exp]i5ce ( ! failure ( a completely c5traliz$ bureaucracy4 ,! degree to :i* local gov]nm5t is adopt$ v>ies consid]ably 9 diff]5t c\ntries1 & ^? :i* are ! be/ examples ( x 9 mod]n times--! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,france & ,g]many--diff] v mu* 9 _! local in/itutions1 p>tly ?r\gh hi/orical1 p>tly ?r\gh temp]am5tal1 causes4 ,a c]ta9 %ift+ ( ideas f "t to "t1 z to :at is local & :at is c5tral1 is inevitable1 & ! same view is n possible 9 c\ntries ( diff]5t configuration1 hi/ory or political sy/em4 ,! hi/ory & pres5t /ate ( ! local gov]nm5t 9 ! v>i\s c\ntries are dealt ) 9 ! sep>ate articles on !m 7,,engl&1 ,,g]many1 c471 9 ! sections deal+ ) gov]nm5t & adm9i/ration1 or political in/itutions4 ,! be/ rec5t comp>ative /udy ( local gov]nm5t is ,p]cy ,a%ley's ,local & ,c5tral ,gov]nm5t 7,murray1 #aijf71 an admirable acc\nt ( ! evolution & work+ ( ! sy/ems 9 ,engl&1 ,france1 ,prussia & ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,o!r important works1 9 addition to g5]al works on con/itutional law1 are ,j4 ,a4 ,fairlie's ,municipal ,adm9i/ration1 ,%aw's ,municipal ,gov]nm5t 9 ,cont95tal ,europe1 ,r$li* & ,hir/'s ,local ,gov]nm5t 9 ,engl&1 ,mr & ,mrs ,sidney ,webb's elaborate hi/orical inquiry into ,engli% local gov]nm5t 7#aijf71 & = ,g]many1 ,bornhak's ,ges*i*te des preussis*5 ,v]waltungsre*ts4 ,,local ,,gov]nm5t ,,bo>d1 a dep>tm5t ( ! adm9i/ration ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 con/itut$ 9 #ahga4 ,x is ! successor ( ! ,g5]al ,bo>d ( ,heal?1 e/abli%$ 9 #ahdh pursuant to ! ,public ,heal? ,act ( t ye>4 ,! ,g5]al ,bo>d ( ,heal? cont9u$ 9 exi/5ce until #ahed1 :5 x 0 recon/itut$4 ,its exi/5ce "u its new con/itution 0 orig9ally limit$ to "o ye>1 b 0 ext5d$ f ye> to ye> until #aheh1 :5 x 0 all[$ to expire1 its p[]s "u ! v>i\s acts = ! prev5tion ( diseases be+ transf]r$ to ! privy c\ncil1 :ile ^? :i* relat$ to ! control ( local au?orities pass$ to ! secret>y ( /ate = ! home dep>tm5t1 to ^: dep>tm5t ! /aff ( (fic]s & cl]ks belong+ to ! bo>d 0 transf]r$4 ,?is /ate ( affairs cont9u$ until #ahga1 :5 ! ,local ,gov]nm5t ,bo>d 0 creat$ by ! ,local ,gov]nm5t ,bo>d ,act #ahga4 ,x consi/s ( ! "l presid5t ( ! c\ncil1 ! five pr9cipal secret>ies ( /ate1 ! "l privy seal1 ! *ancellor ( ! ex*equ] & a presid5t appo9t$ by ! sov]eign4 ,! bo>d itself seldom meets1 & ! duties ( ! dep>tm5t are dis*>g$ by ! presid5t assi/$ by a p>liam5t>y & a p]man5t secret>y & a p]man5t /aff4 ,! presid5t & "o ( ! secret>ies usually h seats 9 p>liam5t1 & ! presid5t is g5]ally a memb] ( ! cab9et4 ,! sal>y ( ! presid5t1 =m]ly #bjjj1 0 rais$ 9 #aiaj to #ejjj a ye>4 ,! bo>d has all ! p[]s ( ! secret>y ( /ate "u ! ,public ,heal? ,act #ahdh1 & ! num]\s subsequ5t acts relat+ to sanit>y matt]s & ! gov]nm5t ( sanit>y di/ricts2 toge!r ) all ! p[]s & duties ( ! privy c\ncil "u ! acts relat+ to ! prev5tion ( epidemic disease & to vacc9ation4 ,! p[]s & duties ( ! bo>d h be5 l>gely add$ to by legislation s9ce its creation2 x may be said t ! bo>d ex]cises a g5]al sup]vision ov] ! num]\s au?orities to :om local gov]nm5t has be5 entru/$ 7see ,,engl&3 ,local ,gov]nm5t74 ,a committee presid$ ov] by ,"l ,j]sey 9 #aijd inquir$ into ! con/itution & duties ( ! bo>d1 b made no recomm5dation z to any *ange !re94 ,x recomm5d$1 h[ev]1 an increase 9 ! sal>ies ( ! presid5t & ( ! p>liam5t>y & p]man5t secret>ies4 ,,loc>no 7,g]4 ,lugg>us71 a small t[n ( ,italian appe>ance 9 ! ,swiss canton ( ,tess9 or ,tic9o1 ( :i* till #ahha x 0 "o ( ! ?ree capitals 7! o!rs be+ ,bell9zona1 q4v41 & ,lugano1 q4v474 ,x is built at ! nor? or ,swiss end ( ! ,lago ,maggiore1 n f> f ! po9t at :i* ! ,maggia ent]s t lake1 & is by rail #ad m4 ,s4,w4 ( ,bell9zona4 ,its height above ! sea-level is only #fhb ft41 s t x is said to be ! l[e/ spot 9 ,switz]l&4 ,9 #aijj its population 0 #cfjc1 ma9ly ,italian-speak+ & ,romani/s4 ,x 0 tak5 f ! ,milanese 9 #aeab by ! ,swiss :o rul$ x till #agih1 :5 x became "p ( ! canton ( ,lugano 9 ! ,helvetic ,republic1 & 9 #ahjc "p ( t ( ,tess9 or ,tic9o1 !n fir/ erect$4 ,9 #aeee a numb] ( ,prote/ant inhabitants 7 expell$ = religi\s reasons1 & go+ to ,zri* f\nd$ ! silk indu/ry !re4 ,above ,loc>no is ! romantically situat$ sanctu>y ( ! ,madonna del ,sasso 7n[ r5d]$ easily accessible by a funicul> railway7 t comm&s a glori\s view ov] ! lake & ! surr\nd+ c\ntry4 7,w4 ,a4 ,b4 ,c47 ,,lo*1 ,,h5ry ,,br\gham ,,lo*1 #a,,/ ,,b>on 7#ahbg-aijj71 ,briti% colonial adm9i/rator1 son ( ,james ,lo*1 ,m4,p41 ( ,drylaw1 ,midlo?ian1 0 born on ! #bcrd ( ,may #ahbg4 ,he ent]$ ! navy1 b at ! end ( two ye>s quitt$ x = ! ,ea/ ,india ,company's milit>y s]vice1 & 9 #ahdb obta9$ a commission 9 ! ,b5gal ,light ,cavalry4 ,9 ! ,sikh w> 9 #ahde he 0 giv5 an appo9tm5t on ! /aff ( ,sir ,hugh ,g\gh1 & s]v$ ?r\gh\t ! ,sutlej campaign4 ,9 #aheb he became second 9 comm& ( ,sk9n]'s ,horse4 ,at ! outbreak ( ! ,crimean w> 9 #ahed1 ,lo* sev]$ 8 connexion ) ,india1 & obta9$ leave to raise a body ( irregul> ,bulg>ian cavalry1 :i* he comm&$ ?r\gh\t ! w>4 ,9 #aheg he 0 appo9t$ atta* to ,"l ,elg9's mission to ! ,ea/1 0 pres5t at ! tak+ ( ,canton1 & 9 #aheh br\ght home ! treaty ( ,y$o4 ,9 ,april #ahfj he aga9 accompani$ ,"l ,elg9 to ,*9a1 z secret>y ( ! new embassy s5t to secure ! execution by ,*9a ( h] treaty engagem5ts4 ,! embassy 0 back$ up by an alli$ ,anglo-,fr5* =ce4 ,) ,h>ry ,s4 ,p>kes he negotiat$ ! surr5d] ( ! ,taku =ts4 ,dur+ ! advance on ,pek+ ,lo* 0 *os5 ) ,p>kes to complete ! prelim9>y negotiations = peace at ,tung*[4 ,!y 7 accompani$ by a small p>ty ( (fic]s & ,sikhs4 ,x hav+ be5 discov]$ t ! ,*9ese 7 plann+ a trea*]\s attack on ! ,briti% =ce1 ,lo* rode back & w>n$ ! outpo/s4 ,he !n return$ to ,p>kes & 8 p>ty "u a flag ( truce hop+ to secure _! safety4 ,!y 7 all1 h[ev]1 made prison]s & tak5 to ,pek+1 :]e ! majority di$ f torture or disease4 ,p>kes & ,lo*1 aft] endur+ irons & all ! horrors ( a ,*9ese prison1 7 aft]w>ds m l5i5tly treat$4 ,aft] ?ree weeks' "t ! negotiations = _! release 7 successful1 b !y _h only be5 lib]at$ t5 m9utes :5 ord]s 7 receiv$ f ! ,*9ese emp]or1 !n a fugitive 9 ,mongolia1 = _! imm$iate execution4 ,lo* nev] entirely recov]$ 8 heal? aft] ?is exp]i5ce 9 a ,*9ese dungeon4 ,return+ home he 0 made ,c4,b41 & = a :ile 0 private secret>y to ,sir ,george ,grey1 !n at ! ,home ,(fice4 ,9 #ahfc he 0 appo9t$ lieut5ant-gov]nor ( ! ,isle ( ,man4 ,dur+ 8 gov]nor%ip ! ,h\se ( ,keys 0 trans=m$ into an elective assembly1 ! fir/ l9e ( railway 0 op5$1 & ! influx ( t\ri/s began to br+ fre% prosp]ity to ! isl&4 ,9 #ahhb ,lo*1 :o _h become ,k4,c4,b4 9 #ahhj1 accept$ a commission]%ip ( woods & =e/s1 & two ye>s lat] 0 made gov]nor ( ,victoria1 :]e he won ! e/eem ( all classes4 ,9 ,june #ahhi he succe$$ ,sir ,h]cules ,rob9son z gov]nor ( ,cape ,colony & high commission] ( ,s\? ,africa4 ,z high commission] 8 duties call$ = ! ex]cise ( great judgm5t & firmness4 ,! ,bo]s 7 at ! same "t /riv+ to fru/rate ,cecil ,rhodes's s*emes ( nor!rn expansion & plann+ to occupy ,ma%onal&1 to secure control ( ,swazil& & ,zulul& & to acquire ! adjac5t l&s up to ! ocean4 ,lo* firmly support$ ,rhodes1 &1 by in=m+ ,presid5t ,krug] t troops w\ld be s5t to prev5t any invasion ( t]ritory "u ,briti% protection1 he effectually cru%$ ! ,banyail& trek across ! ,limpopo 7#ahij-ia74 ,lo*1 h[ev]1 ) ! approval ( ! imp]ial gov]nm5t1 conclud$ 9 ,july-,augu/ #ahij a conv5tion ) ,presid5t ,krug] respect+ ,swazil&1 by :i*1 :ile ! ,bo]s )drew all claims to t]ritory nor? ( ! ,transvaal1 !y 7 grant$ an outlet to ! sea at ,kosi ,bay on condition t ! republic ent]$ ! ,s\? ,african ,cu/oms ,union4 ,?is conv5tion 0 conclud$ aft] negotiations conduct$ ) ,presid5t ,krug] by ,j4 ,h4 ,h(meyr on behalf ( ! high commission]1 & 0 made at a "t :5 ! ,briti% & ,bond p>ties 9 ,cape ,colony 7 work+ 9 h>mony4 ,! ,transvaal did n1 h[ev]1 fulfil ! necess>y condition1 & 9 view ( ! increas+ly ho/ile attitude ( ! ,pretoria adm9i/ration to ,great ,brita9 ,lo* became a /rong advocate ( ! annexation by ,brita9 ( ! t]ritory ea/ ( ,swazil&1 ?r\gh :i* ! ,bo] railway to ! sea w\ld h pass$4 ,he at l5g? induc$ ! ,briti% gov]nm5t to adopt 8 view & on ! #ae? ( ,m>* #ahie x 0 ann\nc$ t ^! t]ritories 7,amatongal&1 c471 w\ld be annex$ by ,brita91 an ann\ncem5t receiv$ by ,mr ,krug] ) ! greate/ a/oni%m5t & regret4 ,meantime ,lo* _h be5 =c$ to int]v5e 9 ano!r matt]4 ,:5 ! comm&e]+ difficulty ( #ahid _h r\s$ ! ,uitl&]s 9 ! ,transvaal to a dang]\s pit* ( excitem5t1 he travell$ to ,pretoria to use 8 p]sonal influ5ce ) ,presid5t ,krug]1 & obta9$ ! )drawal ( ! obnoxi\s comm&e]+ regulations4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye> he ent]$ a /rong prote/ aga9/ ! new ,transvaal fran*ise law4 ,mean:ile1 h[ev]1 ! g5]al situation 9 ,s\? ,africa 0 assum+ ye> by ye> a m ?reat5+ aspect4 ,cecil ,rhodes1 !n prime m9i/] ( ,cape ,colony1 0 /rongly 9 fav\r ( a m en]getic policy ?an 0 support$ by ! ,imp]ial gov]nm5t1 & at ! end ( ,m>* #ahie ! high commission]1 f9d+ himself1 x is believ$1 out ( t\* ) 8 m9i/]s1 return$ home a few mon?s be=e ! expiry ( 8 t]m ( (fice4 ,9 ! same ye> he 0 rais$ to ! pe]age4 ,:5 ! ,anglo-,bo] w> broke out 9 #ahii ,lo* took a lead+ "p 9 rais+ & equipp+ a body ( m\nt$ m51 nam$ aft] him ,lo*'s ,horse4 ,he di$ 9 ,london on ! #bj? ( ,june #aijj1 & 0 succe$$ z #bnd b>on by 8 son ,edw>d 7b4 #ahgc74 ,,lo*ab]1 a di/rict ( s\!rn ,inv]ness-%ire1 ,scotl&1 b\nd$ ,w4 by ,lo* ,l9nhe1 ! riv] & lo* ,lo*y1 ,n4 by ! ,corry>rick range & adjo9+ hills1 ,n4,e4 & ,e4 by ! di/rict ( ,bad5o*1 ,s4,e4 by ! di/rict ( ,ranno* & ,s4 by ! riv] & lo* ,lev54 ,x measures #cb m4 f ,n4,e4 to ,s4,w4 & #be m4 f ,e4 to ,w41 & is rem>kable = wild & romantic sc5]y1 ,b5 ,nevis be+ ! *ief m\nta94 ,! di/rict has giv5 its "n to a celebrat$ type ( axe1 consi/+ ( a long %aft ) a blade l a scy! & a l>ge hook beh9d x1 :i*1 accord+ to ,sir ,walt] ,scott1 0 introduc$ into ! ,highl&s & ,irel& f ,sc&9avia4 ,x 0 ! weapon ( ! old ,city ,gu>d ( ,ed9burgh4 ,! pa!tic song ( ,lo*ab] no m 0 writt5 by ,allan ,ramsay4 ,,lo*es1 a t[n 9 ,france1 capital ( an arrondissem5t 9 ! dep>tm5t ( ,indre-et-,loire1 #bi m4 ,s4,e4 ( ,t\rs by rail1 on ! left bank ( ! ,indre4 ,pop4 7#aijf7 #cgea4 ,! t[n1 "o ( ! mo/ picturesque 9 c5tral ,france1 lies at ! foot ( ! rocky em95ce on :i* /&s ! ca/le ( ! ,anj\ family1 surr\nd$ by an out] wall #a m4 9 circumf]5ce1 & consi/+ ( ! old collegiate *ur* ( ,/ ,ours1 ! royal lodge & ! donjon4 ,! *ur* ( ,/ ,ours dates f ! #aj? to ! #ab? c5turies2 among its di/+ui%+ features are ! huge /one pyramids surm\nt+ ! nave & ! beautiful c>v+ ( ! we/ door4 ,! royal lodge1 built by ,*>les ,,vii4 & us$ z ! subprefecture1 conta9s ! tomb ( ,agnes ,sorel & ! oratory ( ,anne ( ,brittany4 ,! donjon includes1 besides ! ru9$ keep 7#ab? c5tury71 ! ,m>telet1 celebrat$ z ! prison ( ,lodovico ,s=za1 duke ( ,milan1 :o di$ !re 9 #aejh1 & ! ,t\r ,ronde1 built by ,l\is ,,xi4 & conta9+ ! fam\s iron cages 9 :i* /ate prison]s1 includ+--accord+ to a /ory n[ discr$it$--_! inv5tor ,c>d9al ,balue1 7 conf9$4 ,lo*es has an htel-de-ville & sev]al h\ses ( ! ,r5aissance p]iod4 ,x has a tribunal ( fir/ in/ance1 a communal college & a tra9+ college4 ,liqueur-di/ill+ & tann+ are c>ri$ on toge!r ) trade 9 f>m-produce1 w9e1 wood & live-/ock4 ,on ! "r bank ( ! ,loire1 opposite ! t[n & practically its suburb1 is ! village ( ,beaulieu-ls-,lo*es1 once ! seat ( a b>ony4 ,besides ! p>i% *ur* ( ,/ ,laur5t1 a beautiful specim5 ( #ab?-c5tury ar*itecture1 x conta9s ! rema9s ( ! great abbey *ur* ( ! ,holy ,sepul*re f\nd$ 9 ! #aa? c5tury by ,fulk ,n]ra1 c\nt ( ,anj\1 :o is buri$ 9 ! *ancel4 ,?is *ancel1 :i* ) "o ( ! old] transepts n[ con/itutes ! *ur*1 dates f ! #ae? c5tury4 ,! ,romanesque nave is 9 ru9s1 b ( ! two t[]s "o survives intact2 x is squ>e1 cr[n$ ) an octagonal /eeple ( /one1 & is "o ( ! f9e/ extant monum5ts ( ,romanesque ar*itecture4 ,lo*es 7! ,roman ,leucae7 grew up r\nd a mona/]y f\nd$ ab\t #ejj by ,/ ,ours & belong$ to ! c\nts ( ,anj\ f #hhf till #abje4 ,9 ! latt] ye> x 0 seiz$ f ,k+ ,john ( ,engl& by ,philip ,augu/us1 & f ! middle ( ! #ac? c5tury till aft] ! "t ( ,*>les ,,ix4 ! ca/le 0 a resid5ce ( ! k+s ( ,france4 ,,lo*gelly1 a police burgh ( ,fife%ire1 ,scotl&1 #g m4 ,n4,e4 ( ,dunf]ml9e by ! ,nor? ,briti% railway4 ,pop4 7#aija7 #edgb4 ,! t[n is mod]n & owes its prosp]ity to ! iron-works & colli]ies 9 its imm$iate vic9ity4 ,lo* ,gelly1 f :i* ! t[n takes its "n1 situat$ m4 ,s4,e41 measures m4 9 l5g? by m4 9 bread?1 conta9s "s tr\t & pike1 & has on its we/ banks ,lo*gelly ,h\se1 a seat ( ! e>l ( ,m9to4 ,! ,romans are said to h _h a /ation at ,lo* ,ore 9 ! p>i% ( ,ball+ry1 #b m4 ,n4 by ,w41 :i* 0 dra9$ ab\t ! end ( ! #ah? c5tury & !n cultivat$4 ,to ! ,n4,e4 rises ! hill ( ,b5>ty 7#aaca ft474 ,hally>ds1 ab\t #b m4 ,s4,e4 ( ,lo*gelly1 is a ru9$ h\se t once belong$ to ,sir ,william ,kirkaldy ( ,grange1 :o held ,ed9burgh ,ca/le = ,que5 ,m>y4 ,"h ,james ,v4 0 receiv$ aft] 8 defeat at ,solway ,moss 9 #aedb1 & "h a few ,jacobites us$ to meet 9 #agae4 ,,lo*gilphead1 a municipal & police burgh ( ,argyll%ire1 ,scotl&1 at ! head ( ,lo* ,gilp1 a small arm on ! we/]n side ( ,lo* ,fyne4 ,pop4 7#aija7 #acac4 ,! h]r+-fi%]y is ! *ief indu/ry1 b !re is "s weav+ ( wooll5s &1 9 summ]1 a consid]able influx ( visitors4 ,ardri%aig 7pop4 #abhe71 a seaport on ! we/ ( ! m\? ( ,lo* ,gilp1 is ! ea/ t]m9us ( ! ,cr9an ,canal4 ,x is ! place ( tran%ipm5t f ! l>ge ,glasg[ pass5g] /eam]s to ! small craft built = ! navigation ( ! canal4 ,x is an important h>b\r 9 connexion ) ! ,lo* ,fyne h]r+-fi%]y1 & !re is also a di/ill]y4 ,dur+ ! summ] !re is a coa* s]vice to ,=d at ! l[] end ( ,lo* ,awe4 ,,lo*mab51 a royal & police burgh ( ,dumfries%ire1 ,scotl&1 #h m4 ,n4,e4 ( ,dumfries1 ) a /ation on ! ,cal$onian railway company's bran* f ,dumfries to ,lo*]bie4 ,pop4 7#aija7 #acbh4 ,x is delightfully situat$1 !re be+ eight lakes 9 ! imm$iate neighb\rhood1 :ile ! riv] ,annan1 & ! ,wat]s ( ,ae1 ,k9nel & ,dryfe are 9 ! vic9ity4 ,! t[n hall is a h&some edifice ) clock t[]4 ,at ! s\? end ( ,ca/le ,lo*1 ! *ief lake1 /& ! ru9s1 a m]e %ell1 ( ,lo*mab5 ,ca/le1 dat+ f ! #ac? c5tury1 :]e local tradition decl>es t ,rob]t ,bruce 0 born--an hon\r :i* is also claim$1 h[ev]1 = ,turnb]ry ,ca/le on ! coa/ ( ,ayr%ire4 ,9 ! p>i% *ur* is a bell said to h be5 pres5t$ to ,k+ ,rob]t by ! pope aft] reconciliation ) him4 ,a /atue ( ! k+ /&s 9 front ( ! t[n hall4 ,:e!r x 7 8 bir?place or n1 ! associations ( ,bruce ) ,lo*mab5 7 intimate4 ,he exempt$ 8 foll[]s 9 ! di/rict f feudal s]vice & _! desc5dants--! k9dly t5ants ( ,lo*mab5--7 confirm$ 9 _! t5ure by ! c\rt ( session 9 #ahbd4 ,! ,ca/le ,lo* is ! only fre% wat] 9 ,scotl&1 & possibly 9 ! ,briti% ,isles1 :]e ! v5dace 7coregonus v&esius7 occurs4 ,?is fi%1 :i* is believ$ to be gr[+ sc>c]1 is alleg$ on d\btful au?ority to h be5 introduc$ by ,que5 ,m>y4 ,x is captur$ by ! sweep-net 9 ,augu/1 & is e/eem$ z a delicacy4 ,! lakes adjo9+ ! t[n af=d ! inhabitants exceptional advantages = ! game ( curl+4 ,!re 0 once a team ( ,lo*mab5 ,curl]s entirely compos$ ( %oemak]s 7s\t]s7 :o held _! own aga9/ all com]s1 & _! pr[ess add$ ! phrase to s\t] to ! vocabul>y ( ! sport1 ! ^w indicat+ a mat* 9 :i* ! w9n]s scor$ game to _! oppon5ts' love4 ,lo*mab5 unites ) ,annan1 ,dumfries1 ,kirkcudbright & ,sanquh> 7! ,dumfries burghs7 9 return+ "o memb] to p>liam5t4 ,,lock1 ,,mat?ias1 ,engli% #ah?-c5tury furniture design] & cab9et-mak]4 ,! dates ( 8 bir? & dea? are unkn[n2 b he 0 a disciple ( ,*ipp5dale1 & subsequ5tly ( ! ,adams1 & 0 possibly 9 p>tn]%ip ) ,h5ry ,copel& 7q4v474 ,dur+ ! great] "p ( 8 life he belong$ to t flamboyant s*ool :i* d]iv$ its inspiration f ,l\is ,,xv4 models2 b :5 he fell "u ! influ5ce ( ,rob]t ,adam he absorb$ 8 mann] s completely t x is (t5 difficult to di/+ui% betwe5 !m1 j z x is sometimes easy to conf\nd ,lock's "w ) ! weak] ef=ts ( ,*ipp5dale4 ,?us f be+ extravagantly rococo he progress$ to a simple ord]$ classicism4 ,8 publi%$ designs are n equal to 8 orig9al draw+s1 _m ( :i* are pres]v$ 9 ! ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum1 ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 :ile ! pieces !mselves are (t5 bold] & m solid ?an is sugge/$ by ! au?or's repres5tations ( !m4 ,he 0 a clev] craftsman & holds a di/9ct place among ! m9or furniture design]s ( ! second half ( ! #ah? c5tury4 ,among 8 works1 "s ( :i* 7 issu$ 9 conjunction ) ,copel&1 are3 ,a ,new ,draw+ ,book ( ,ornam5ts 7n4 d472 ,a ,new ,book ( ,ornam5ts 7#agfh72 ,a ,new ,book ( ,pi] ,frames1 ,ovals1 ,gir&oles1 ,tables1 c4 7#agfi72 & ,a ,new ,book ( ,foliage 7#agfi74 ,,lock 7f ! ,o4 ,eng4 loc42 ! ^w appe>s1 9 diff]5t =ms1 9 _m ,teutonic languages1 b ) su* v>i\s mean+s z hole1 ,g]4 ,lo*1 lid1 ,sw$4 lock1 c42 probably ! orig9al 0 a root mean+ to enclose71 a fa/5+1 p>ticul>ly "o :i* consi/s ( a bolt held 9 a c]ta9 position by "o or m movable p>ts :i* require to be plac$ 9 def9ite positions by ! aid ( a key or ( a secret arrangem5t ( lett]s1 figures or signs1 be=e ! bolt c be mov$4 ,x is ) su* fa/5+s t ! pres5t article *iefly deals4 ,! ^w is also us$1 9 ! orig9al s5se ( an enclosure or b>ri]1 = a l5g? ( wat] 9 a riv] or canal1 or at ! entrance ( a dock1 enclos$ at bo? ends by gates1 ! lock-gates1 & fitt$ ) sluices1 to enable vessels to be rais$ f a l[] to a high] level or vice v]sa 7see ,,canal & ,,dock74 ,9 guns & rifles ! lock is ! me*anism :i* effects ! fir+ ( ! *>ge2 x ?us appe>s 9 ! names ( old types ( weapons1 su* z :eel-lock1 mat*-lock1 fl9t-lock 7see ,,arms ,,& ,,arm\r1 ,fire>ms2 also ,,gun & ,,rifle74 ,lock 7,g]4 ,locke7 9 ! s5se ( a curl or tuft ( hair1 ! sep>ate gr\ps 9 :i* ! hair naturally gr[s1 may be1 9 ultimate orig91 connect$ ) ! root ( ! ma9 ^w4 ,lockjaw is ! popul> "n ( ! disease kn[n z tetanus 7q4v474 ,! "n ,lock ,hospital is frequ5tly us$ 9 ,engli% = a hospital = pati5ts suff]+ f v5]eal diseases4 ,accord+ to ! ,new ,engli% ,diction>y !re 0 9 ,s\?w>k z e>ly z #adec a lep]-hospital1 kn[n z ! ,lock ,laz> ,h\se1 :i* lat] 0 us$ = ! treatm5t ( v5]eal diseases4 ,! "n appe>s to h become us$ 9 ! pres5t s5se z e>ly z ! end ( ! #ag? c5tury4 ,lock hospitals 7 e/abli%$ 9 ,london 9 #agde-agdg & 9 ,dubl9 9 #aged-agee4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,! =ms 9 :i* locks are manufactur$1 su* z padlock1 rim-lock1 mortise-lock1 "o-sid$ or two-sid$1 c41 are necess>ily extremely num]\s2 & ! v>iations 9 ! details ( con/ruction ( any "o ( ^! =ms are /ill m num]\s1 s t x is impossible to d m "h ?an describe ! ma9 types :i* h be5 or are 9 common use4 ,probably ! e>lie/ locks 7 ( ,*9ese orig94 ,specim5s ( ^! /ill extant are q z secure z any locks manufactur$ 9 ,europe up to ! #ah? c5tury1 b x is impossible to asc]ta9 ! date ( _! manufacture4 ,) ! exception1 9 all probability1 ( ^! ,*9ese examples1 ! e>lie/ lock ( :i* ! con/ruction is kn[n is ! ,egyptian1 :i* 0 us$ f\r ?\s& ye>s ago4 ,9 fig4 #a1 aa is ! body ( ! lock1 bb ! bolt & cc ! key4 ,! ?ree p9s p1 p1 p drop into ?ree holes 9 ! bolt :5 x is pu%$ 91 & s hold x fa/2 & !y are rais$ aga9 by putt+ 9 ! key ?r\gh ! l>ge hole 9 ! bolt & rais+ x a little1 s t ! p9s 9 ! key pu% ! lock+ p9s up out ( ! way ( ! bolt4 ,x 0 evid5tly to locks & keys ( ?is nature t ! prophet allud$3 ,& ! key ( ! h\se ( ,david w ,i lay ^u 8 %\ld] 7,isaiah xxii4 #bb71 ! ^w muftah us$ 9 ?is passage be+ ! common ^w = key to ?is day4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,9 ! #ah? c5tury ! ,european lock 0 no?+ bett] ?an a m]e bolt1 held 9 its place1 ei!r %ut or op51 by a spr+ b 7fig4 #b71 :i* press$ x d[n1 & s held x at ei!r "o end or ! o!r ( ! convex not* aa2 & ! only imp$im5t to op5+ x 0 ! w>ds :i* ! key _h to pass be=e x c\ld turn 9 ! keyhole4 ,b x 0 always possible to f9d ! %ape ( ! w>ds by m]ely putt+ 9 a blank key cov]$ ) wax1 & press+ x aga9/ !m2 & :5 ?is _h be5 done x 0 unnecess>y to cut out ! key into ! complicat$ =m ( ! w>ds 7su* z fig4 #c71 because no "p ( t key does any "w except ! edge bc f>!/ f ! pipe a2 & s a key ( ! =m fig4 #d w\ld d j z well4 ,?us a small collection ( skeleton keys1 z !y are call$1 ( a few diff]5t patt]ns1 0 all ! /ock 9 trade t a lock-pick] requir$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4 ,lev] locks4 ,! common s+le-tumbl] lock 7fig4 #e7 requires two op]ations in/ead ( "o to op5 x4 ,! tumbl] at turns on a pivot at t1 & has a squ>e p9 at a1 :i* drops into a not* 9 ! bolt bb1 :5 x is ei!r q op5 or q %ut1 & ! tumbl] mu/ be lift$ by ! key be=e ! bolt c be mov$ aga94 ,! tumbl] (f]$ little resi/ance to pick+1 z ! height to :i* x might be lift$ 0 n limit$ & ! bolt w\ld op]ate provid$ only t ?is height 0 suffici5t2 ! improvem5t :i* =m$ ! f\ndation ( ! mod]n key lock 0 ! sub/itution ( :at is kn[n z ! lev] = ! tumbl]1 ! diff]5ce be+ t ! lev] mu/ be lift$ to exactly ! "r height to all[ ! bolt to pass4 ,?is improvem5t1 toge!r ) ! obvi\s "o ( us+ m ?an "o lev]1 0 introduc$ 9 #aggh by ,rob]t ,b>ron1 & is illu/rat$ 9 figs4 #f & #g4 ,unless ! squ>e p9 a 7fig4 #f7 is lift$ by ! key to ! prop] height & no high]1 ! bolt _c move4 ,fig4 #h illu/rates ! key ( su* a lock ) f\r lev]s1 ! diff]5t di/ances betwe5 ! c5tre ( ! key b>rel & ! edge ( ! bit be+ adapt$ to lift ! lev]s to ! respective heights requir$4 ,?is lock diff]s f ! mod]n lev] lock only 9 ! fact t ,b>ron made 8 gat+ 9 ! bolt & c>ri$ /umps on 8 lev]s1 in/ead ( hav+ ! ma9 /ump rivet$ into ! bolt & ! gat+s 9 ! lev]s z is ! mod]n practice4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4 ,a lock op]at+ on exactly ! same pr9ciple b entirely diff]5t 9 con/ruction 7fig4 #i7 0 inv5t$ by ,joseph ,bramah 9 #aghd4 ,x consi/s ( an out] b>rel aaaa1 )9 :i* is a revolv+ b>rel1 cccc1 held 9 place by a /eel disk1 dd1 & provid$ ) a p9 b fix$ ecc5trically = op]at+ ! bolt2 ! b>rel is prev5t$ f turn+ by %eet metal slid]s ss1 :i* slide axially 9 radial grooves 9 ! b>rel & project into slots cut into ! /eel disk :i* is fa/5$ to ! case ( ! lock4 ,ea* slid] has a gat+ cut 9 its out] edge suffici5tly deep to all[ x to embrace ! inw>dly project+ /eel plate & turn on x ) ! b>rel4 ,! key is ( tubul> =m hav+ slots cut 9 its end1 ea* ( a dep? correspond+ to ! position ( ! gat+ 9 "o ( ! slid]s2 s t1 on ins]t+ ! key1 ea* slid] is pu%$ 9--aga9/ a spr+--exactly f> en\gh to br+ its slot opposite ! /eel disk2 9 ?is position ! b>rel c>ry+ ! slid]s is turn$ by ! key & actuates ! bolt4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4 ,up to #ahea x 0 g5]ally believ$ t well-made lev] locks ( all types 7 practically unpickable1 b at ?is "t ,alfr$ ,*>les ,hobbs--an ,am]ican--demon/rat$1 by pick+ ! locks ( ,b>ron1 ,*ubb1 ,bramah & o!rs1 t ?is belief 0 a fallacy4 ,! me?od ( ,hobbs became widely kn[n z ! tickl+ or t5tative me?od4 ,9 ! mod]n lev] lock ! bolt c>ries a project+ piece--! ma9 /ump--:i*1 :5 ! lev]s are all rais$ to ! prop] height1 ent]s ! slots--gat+s--9 _! faces4 ,if1 :5 ! lev]s are n 9 ?is position1 pressure is appli$ to ! bolt1 ! ma9 /ump w press aga9/ ! face ( ! lev]s2 b ow+ to inaccuracies ( workman%ip & o!r causes ! pressure w n be equal on all ! lev]s4 ,if n[1 ! pressure on ! bolt be+ ma9ta9$1 ea* lev] 9 turn is c>efully rais$ a little1 "o w be f\nd on :i* ! pressure ( ! /ump is greate/2 ?is "o is lift$ till x becomes easy & !n c>efully l[]$ till x is su/a9$ by ! pressure ( ! /ump 9 a new position4 ,ano!r lev] n[ be>s ! greate/ pressure1 & ?is 9 its turn is simil>ly treat$4 ,by ?is gradual or t5tative process ! lev]s w 9 "t all be rais$ to ! correct height & ! bolt w slip back )\t1 if suffici5t c>e has be5 ex]cis$1 any ( ! lev]s hav+ be5 rais$ above its correct position4 ,al?\gh ?is me?od ( pick+ only became g5]ally kn[n 9 #ahea1 x is evid5t t x 0 n novel1 s9ce 9 #ahag "o ( ,bramah's workm51 nam$ ,russell1 inv5t$ ! use ( false not*es or gat+s1 :i* 7 slots simil> to ! true gat+ b ( small dep? cut 9 ! face ( ! lev]s4 ,simil> false gat+s 7 us$ 9 ,an?ony ,rad=d ,/rutt's lock 9 #ahai4 ,! only possible object ( ^! gat+s--two ( :i* are %[n 9 ea* ( ! slid]s ( ,bramah's lock--0 to prev5t ! t5tative me?od ( pick+4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 n effici5t = _! purpose al?\gh !y r5d] ! op]ation m difficult & t$i\s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4 ,! be/-kn[n locks up to #ahea 7 ^? ( ,j]emiah ,*ubb1 _! popul>ity be+ due to _! sup]ior workman%ip & probably /ill m to _! title detector4 ,8 lock1 pat5t$ 9 #ahah1 conta9$ a device int5d$ to fru/rate attempts at pick+1 & fur!r to detect if su* an attempt _h be5 made4 ,?is device1 at any rate z f> z detect+ 0 conc]n$1 _h be5 anticipat$ by ! pat5t ( ,?omas ,ruxton 9 #ahaf4 ,s9ce ! device only comes into op]ation :5 any lev] is rais$ too high1 x is n effective aga9/ a skilful application ( ! t5tative me?od4 ,! orig9al =m ( ?is lock is %[n 9 fig4 #aj1 :5 ! lev] ,,dt1 :i* turns on a p9 9 ! middle1 is act$ ^u at its end ,t by a spr+ ,s1 :i* w evid5tly all[ "s play to ! lev] on ei!r side ( ! corn] ,x2 b ! mom5t x is pu%$ pa/ t po9t ! spr+ w c>ry x f>!r 9 ! same direction1 l :at is call$ 9 clock-"w a jump]4 ,9 its prop] position t end always rema9s above ! turn+-po9t2 b1 if any "o ( ! tumbl]s is rais$ too high1 ! o!r end ,d ( ! detector1 :i* rea*es ov] all ! lev]s1 is lift$ s f> t ! end ,t is s5t d[n bel[ ! corn]1 & ! too? ,t !n falls into a not* 9 ! bolt1 & s prev5ts x f be+ drawn back1 ev5 ?\gh all ! lev]s are rais$ prop]ly by ! "r key4 ,x ?us at once becomes obvi\s t somebody has be5 try+ to pick ! lock4 ,! way to op5 x1 !n1 is to turn ! key ! o!r way1 z if to ov]lock ! bolt2 a %ort piece ( gat+ ne> ! end ( ! lev]s all[s ! bolt to advance j f> en\gh to pu% ! too? ( ! detector up aga9 by means ( its incl9ation !re1 & !n ! lock c be op5$ z usual4 ,to r5d] ! me*anism ( locks m inaccessible = pick+ purposes1 two devices1 ! curta9 & ! b>rel1 7 9 use2 ^! devices 7 simply ! "o a disk & ! o!r a cyl9d] c>ry+ a keyhole :i* revolv$ ) ! key & s clos$ ! fix$ keyhole 9 ! case4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4 ,x is to ,hobbs himself t we are indebt$ = ! inv5tion ( ! movable /ump1 s9ce call$ ! safety lev]1 ! only device introduc$ r5d]+ ! t5tative me?od ( pick+ inop]ative4 ,?is inv5tion 0 incorporat$ 9 ! protector locks ( ,hobbs1 ,h>t ,co42 x consi/s 9 ! employm5t ( a movable ma9 /ump :i* is n rivet$ into ! bolt z usual1 b is set on ! end b ( a b5t lev] abc 7fig4 #aa7 :i* lies 9 a holl[ ( ! bolt ,a beh9d x1 turn+ on a pivot 9 ! bolt itself1 & kept /eady by a small friction-spr+ e4 ,! /ump comes ?r\gh a hole 9 ! bolt l>ge en\gh to let x h a little play2 & ! long end a ( ! lev] /&s j above ! edge ( a squ>e p9 d1 :i* is fix$ 9 ! back plate ( ! lock4 ,:5 ! lock is lock$1 if ! bolt be pu%$ back1 no s5sible pressure on ! lev]s is produc$1 b only j en\gh to turn ?is protector lev]1 z ,hobbs call$ x1 on its pivot c1 & s br+ d[n its end a 9 front ( ! squ>e p91 & !n ! bolt c no m be pu%$ back ?an :5 held by ,*ubb's detector4 ,! protector is set free aga9 by m]ely pu%+ ! bolt =w>d ) ! key1 )\t ref]5ce to ! lev]s4 ,h[ev]1 ! protector c\ld be prev5t$ f act+ by a me?od us$ by ! inv5tor himself = ano!r purpose1 viz41 by pu%+ a piece ( wat*-spr+ ?r\gh ! keyhole1 & up beh9d ! bolt1 s z to rea* ! protector at a1 & keep x up :ile ! bolt 0 pu%$ back1 or1 aga91 by pu%+ up ! wat*-spr+ betwe5 any two ( ! lev]s1 & hold+ ! end b ( ! protector ) x1 s z to press ! /ump aga9/ ! lev]s4 ,bo? ^! devices1 h[ev]1 are prev5t$ n[ by lett+ 9 a fea!r ,,ff 9 a groove betwe5 ! bolt & ! back ( ! lock1 :i* no wat*-spr+ c pass1 & also br++ a piece ( ! fea!r =w>d ?r\gh ! front gat+ ( ! lev]s j "u ! /ump4 ,9 ?is =m ! lock is safe aga9/ any mode ( pick+ kn[n4 ,a lock possess+ valuable features 0 inv5t$ 9 #aheb by ,sir ,edmund ,beckett--aft]w>ds ,"l ,grim?orpe--b did n come into g5]al use = comm]cial reasons4 ,all ! locks conta9+ _m lev]s s f> describ$ h a common defect 9 t ! lev]s are mov$ 9 "o direction by ! key & 9 ! o!r by spr+s4 ,b x n infrequ5tly happ5s t dirt or grease gets betwe5 ! lev]s & causes two or m to /ick toge!r1 9 :i* case "o ( !m is lift$ too high & ! bolt is prev5t$ f op]at+4 ,to ov]come ?is difficulty locks1 especially ^? int5d$ = safes1 h be5 made s t alt]nate lev]s move 9 opposite directions1 ! key hav+ two bits on opposite sides4 ,?is con/ruction entails t ! key ent] ! body ( ! lev]s in/ead ( pass+ bel[ !m1 an arrangem5t t _h previ\sly be5 9 use to r$uce ! space into :i* gunp[d] c\ld be pack$ ?r\gh ! keyhole4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4 ,key locks4 ,! key locks *iefly us$ 9 ,engli% safes h be5 ! ord9>y lev] lock ) #f-h or #aj lev]s1 ,*ubb's detector1 ,hobbs's protector or v>iants ( ^!4 ,9 ! ,yale lock1 :i* rev]ts 9 "s degree to ! idea ( ! anci5t ,egyptian lock1 ,am]ica has produc$ "o key lock :i* has come into almo/ univ]sal use 9 t c\ntry & is c]ta9ly wor?y ( note4 ,! key ( ?is lock1 %[n full size at ka 9 fig4 #ab1 is rem>kably small1 be+ /amp$ f a piece ( flat /eel & weigh+ only a small fraction ( an ounce4 ,! b>rel abc has to turn1 z 9 ! ,bramah lock1 9 ord] to move ! bolt1 :i* is n %[n 9 ! figure4 ,t may be done ei!r z 9 ,bramah locks or by a tongue or bit atta*$ to ! end ab ( ! b>rel z 9 sev]al o!r locks4 ,! b>rel is prev5t$ f be+ turn$1 except by ! prop] key1 ?us4 ,! 7app>5tly7 five plugs ) spiral spr+s ov] !m 9 fig4 #ab are really all divid$ at ! cross l9e bc1 be+ all n[ lift$ to ! prop] height by ! key4 ,consequ5tly ! b>rel abc c turn r\nd1 z !re is no plug ei!r project+ f x or project+ into x4 ,b :5 ! key is out1 all ! plugs are pu%$ d[n by ! spr+s1 & s ! upp] ones desc5d into ! b>rel & hold x fa/4 ,& aga91 if any ( ! /eps ( a false key are too high1 "s ( ! l[] plugs w be pu%$ up beyond ! b>rel into ! holes above !m1 & s ! b>rel _c turn4 ,! bevell$ end ( ! key ne> a enables x to be pu%$ 9 "u ! plugs1 ?\gh ) "s friction & resi/ance4 ,x is frequ5tly conv5i5t to h a numb] ( diff]5t locks s arrang$ t1 :il/ ea* has its own individual key1 yet "o special or ma/] key w op]ate any ( ! s]ies4 ,9 w>d$ locks ?is is done by diff]+ ! w>ds ( ! individual locks s t ea* key w only pass its own lock1 & !n fil+ away ! bit ( an extra key s t x w pass all ! w>ds2 ! objection to ?is me?od is t any ( ! individual keys c easily be fil$ away & s =m a ma/] key4 ,a bett] me?od1 :i* meets ?is objection1 consi/s 9 mak+ all ! lev]s except "o--or if ne$ be two--( ea* lock alike & cutt+ ano!r gat+ or wid5+ ! gat+ 9 ! diff]+ lev]s1 s z to pass ! ma/] key :i* has "o--or two--special /eps4 ,! gr[? ( safe deposits has call$ = special locks s t :5 a box *anges t5ants ! outgo+ t5ant's key %all be useless4 ,9 "s cases ! lock has be5 tak5 (f & ano!r sub/itut$1 b ?is is a clumsy make%ift n[ r>ely employ$1 & has be5 sup]s$$ by ! use ( *angeable key locks4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4 ,! fir/ ( ^!1 inv5t$ by ,rob]t ,newell 9 #ahda1 0 introduc$ into ,great ,brita9 f ,am]ica by ,hobbs 9 #ahea4 ,a simpl] =m1 ! con/ruction ( :i* is cle>ly %[n by fig4 #ac1 0 br\ght out by ,hobbs1 ,h>t ,co4 ,! bolt ( ?is lock1 in/ead ( ! ord9>y ma9 /ump1 c>ries a set ( slid]s1 ,,pps1 "o correspond+ to ea* lev] & ea* c>ry+ a projection ,s correspond+ to a portion ( ! ma9 /ump4 ,x w be se5 t if any key hav+ /eps ( c]ta9 l5g?s is ins]t$ :5 ! lock is unlock$ & ! bolt ,b ?r[n !reby1 ea* slid] w be rais$ to a height correspond+ to t to :i* its lev] is rais$ by ! key1 & ! two fix$ tee? ,,cc w engage two ( ! tee? 9 ! front ( ea* slid]1 s t !y w be held 9 place ready to ent] ! lev] gat+s :5 ! same key is ins]t$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4 ,a *angeable key lock introduc$ by ! ,*atwood ,safe ,co4 has no gat+s 9 ! lev]s1 ^: fronts are cut ) tee? ge>+ into simil> tee? cut 9 a set ( disks c>ry+ ! gat+s4 ,! disks are m\nt$ on a /ud :i* c be mov$ by a key f ! back ( ! lock 9 su* a way t :ile ! ma9 /ump is 9 ! gat+s--keep+ ! disks 9 position--! disks are c>ri$ =w>d out ( ge> ) ! lev]s2 ! key c !n be remov$ & ano!r hav+ /eps ( suitable l5g? ins]t$ & turn$ s z to raise ! lev]s1 ! disks be+ !n br\ght back into ge>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4 ,bo? ! above locks require t ! key /eps %\ld h c]ta9 def9ite l5g?s correspond+ to ! tee?1 b a lat] lock resembl+ to "s ext5t t br\ght out by ,hobbs1 ,h>t ,co4 has be5 introduc$ by ! ,*atwood ,co41 9 :i* x is suffici5t aft] unlock+ ! lock to file any ( ! key /eps & s alt] ! patt]n ( ! key 9 any way4 ,9 ?is lock1 :i* is illu/rat$ 9 fig4 #ad1 unlike all ^? t h be5 describ$1 ! lev]s are n pivot$ b slide ^u guide /umps2 ! ma9 /ump is divid$ z 9 ,hobbs ,h>t's lock1 ! v>i\s pieces be+ clamp$ toge!r by a screw to =m a solid /ump4 ,! slid]s compos+ ! ma9 /ump are n provid$ ) tee?1 ! *ang+ be+ effect$ z foll[s3 :5 ! bolt is p>tly %ot by ! correct key1 ! screw :i* b9ds ! slid]s toge!r z x comes opposite an op5+ 9 ! back ( ! case is loos5$1 ! key is remov$ & alt]$--or a fre% key sub/itut$--& is ins]t$ s z to lift ! lev]s to _! correct height & expose ! clamp+ screw at ! back1 :i* is !n tight5$4 ,?is lock is n[ commonly us$ = safe deposits1 comb9$ ) a small lev] lock ( :i* ! cu/odian c>ries ! key1 & :i* ei!r blocks ! bolt ( ! ma9 lock or cov]s ! keyhole4 ,9 connexion ) *angeable key locks requir+ key /eps ( def9ite l5g?s1 mu* +5uity has be5 display$ 9 design+ keys ) movable bits or /eps1 z fig4 #ae1 :i* are useful *iefly z duplicates1 be+ built up to mat* ! key f "t to "t 9 use1 & !n deposit$ 9 "s bank or o!r secure place to be us$ 9 case ( em]g5cy4 ,comb9ation locks4 ,f ! v e>lie/ times secret devices1 ei!r to hide keyholes or to take ! place ( locks prop]1 h be5 9 use2 ^! are to-day only s]i\sly repres5t$ by comb9ation locks :i*1 :il/ foll[+ ! same g5]al pr9ciples z key locks1 diff] entirely 9 con/ruction4 ,locks 9 :i* ! arrang+ ( ! int]nal p>ts 9 _! prop] positions 0 secur$ by ! manipulation ( ext]nal p>ts m>k$ ) lett]s or numb]s 7 common 9 ,*9a 9 v e>ly times1 b _! hi/ory is un=tunately lo/4 ,?is =m ( lock has be5 develop$ to a v high degree ( p]fection & is1 = safes1 9 almo/ univ]sal use to-day 9 ,am]ica4 ,! ,am]ican lock consi/s ( a s]ies ( disks m\nt$ ^u "o sp9dle1 only "o1 h[ev]--! bolt disk--be+ fix$ !reto1 & provid$ ea* ) a gat+ into :i* a /ump connect$ ) ! bolt c drop :5 all ! gat+s lie ^u a giv5 l9e p>allel to ! axis ( ! sp9dle4 ,ea* disk is provid$ ) a driv+ p9 s arrang$ t x c imp+e on & drive a simil> p9 9 its next neighb\r2 ! gat+ 9 ! bolt disk & ! portion ( ! /ump :i* ent]s x are s =m$ t ! disk c draw ! bolt back4 ,! sp9dle is provid$ on ! outside ) a knob & graduat$ disk--usually ) #ajj divisions--surr\nd$ by an annulus on :i* a fix$ position is d5ot$4 ,ea* disk1 includ+ ! bolt disk1 is provid$ ) a p9 project+ f its surface 9 su* a way t ! p9 ( "o disk comes into contact ) t ( ! next disk & drives x r\nd4 ,if1 !n1 ! bolt disk be+ at ! back1 !re are ?ree lett] disks & ! sp9dle is rotat$ to ! left1 ! bolt disk w 9 ! c\rse ( "o revolution pick up lett] disk ,no4 #a--;c\nt+ f ! bolt disk--9 ! second revolution x w pick up ,no4 #b1 & 9 ! ?ird ,no4 #c1 ! revolution be+ cont9u$ = "p ( a turn till ! numb] correspond+ to ! correct position ( ,no4 #c is rea*$4 ,! revolution ( ! sp9dle is n[ rev]s$4 ,! bolt disk leaves ,no4 #a 9 ! fir/ revolution & picks x up aga91 & ! second revolution picks up ,no4 #b4 ,! motion is cont9u$ = "p ( a revolution till ,no4 #b is br\ght to ! correct position 7,no4 #c obvi\sly n be+ di/urb$7 & is !n rev]s$4 ,no4 #a is aga9 left beh9d & pick$ up 9 ! fir/ revolution to ! left1 ! motion be+ cont9u$ till ! correct position ( ,no4 #a is rea*$1 :51 on rev]sal1 ! gat+ 9 ! bolt disk comes into ! correct position1 ! /ump falls & a cont9uance ( ! motion to ! "r draws back ! bolt4 ,a lock con/ruct$ 9 ?is way w\ld be ( little utility1 z ! comb9ation w\ld h to be det]m9$ once = all by ! mak]4 ,! difficulty is got ov] by mak+ ! lett] disks 9 two p>ts1 ! inn] "p c>ry+ ! driv+ p9 & ! out] ! gat+2 ^! two p>ts are lock$ toge!r by small cams or o!r devices :i* come into su* a position t !y c be releas$ ) ! help ( a squ>e key :5 ! lock is unlock$4 ,! comb9ation is set by alt]+ ! position ( ! inn] disks ) ! driv+ p9s 9 relation to ! out] "p c>ry+ ! gat+s :i* are mean:ile held /eady by ! squ>e key4 ,"t locks4 ,"o advantage ( ! comb9ation lock is t !re is no key to be lo/ or /ol51 b ! means adopt$ by burgl>s1 especially 9 ,am]ica1 are su* t ev5 ?is is n a p]fect protection1 cases hav+ occurr$ 9 :i* a p]son has be5 compell$ to disclose ! comb9ation4 ,) key locks ! keyhole ?r\gh ! safe door =ms a di/9ct po9t ( dang]1 & ) comb9ation locks ! sp9dle pass+ ?r\gh ! door may be attack$ by explosives4 ,to obviate ^! two risks "t locks 7 introduc$ 9 ,am]ica & h be5 us$ 9 ,europe4 ,ess5tially ! "t lock consi/s ( a high-class *ronomet] or wat* movem5t1 little liable to get out ( ord]1 driv+ a disk provid$ ) a gat+ su* t ! bolt c only ent] ! gat+ dur+ c]ta9 h\rs2 z a rule two1 ?ree or f\r *ronomet]s are us$1 any "o ( :i* c release ! lock4 ,! ,yale "t lock conta9s two *ronomet] movem5ts :i* revolve two dial plates /udd$ ) tw5ty-f\r p9s to repres5t ! tw5ty-f\r h\rs ( ! day4 ,^! p9s1 :5 pu%$ 91 =m a track on :i* run roll]s support+ ! lev] :i* secures ! bolt or lock+ ag5cy1 b :5 !y are drawn out ! track is brok51 ! roll]s fall d[n & ! bolt is releas$4 ,by pull+ out ! day p9s1 say f #i till #d1 ! door is automatically prep>$ = op5+ betwe5 ^! h\rs1 & at #d x aga9 ( itself locks up4 ,= keep+ ! repository clos$ ov] ,sundays & holidays1 a subsidi>y segm5t or track is br\ght into play by :i* a p]iod ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs is add$ to ! lock$ int]val4 ,c>eful provision is made aga9/ ! ev5tuality ( runn+ d[n or accid5tal /oppage ( ! clock motion1 by :i* ! rightful own] might be z s]i\sly incommod$ z ! burgl>4 ,9 ! ,yale lock1 j be=e ! *ronomet]s run out1 a trigg] is releas$ :i* depresses ! lev] by :i* ! bolt is held 9 position4 7,a4 ,b4 ,*47 ,,locke1 ,,john 7#afcb-agjd71 ,engli% philosoph]1 0 born at ,wr+ton1 #aj m4 ,w4 ( ,belluton1 9 ,som]set%ire1 on ! #bi? ( ,augu/ #afcb1 six ye>s aft] ! dea? ( ,bacon1 & ?ree mon?s be=e ! bir? ( ,sp9oza4 ,8 fa!r 0 a small l&[n] & attorney at ,p5s=d1 ne> ! nor!rn b\nd>y ( ! c\nty1 to :i* neighb\rhood ! family _h migrat$ f ,dorset%ire e>ly 9 t c5tury4 ,! eld] ,locke1 a /rict b g5ial ,puritan1 by :om ! son 0 c>efully educat$ at home1 0 engag$ 9 ! milit>y s]vice ( ! p>liam5t>y p>ty4 ,f ! "t t ,i knew any?+1 ,locke wrote 9 #affj1 ,i f\nd myself 9 a /orm1 :i* has cont9u$ to ?is "t4 ,= f\rte5 ye>s 8 education1 m or less int]rupt$1 w5t on 9 ! rural home at ,belluton1 on 8 fa!r's little e/ate1 half a mile f ,p5s=d1 & #f m4 f ,bri/ol4 ,9 #afdf he ent]$ ,we/m9/] ,s*ool & rema9$ !re = six ye>s4 ,we/m9/] 0 uncong5ial to him4 ,its memories p]haps enc\rag$ ! bias aga9/ public s*ools :i* aft]w>ds di/urb$ 8 philosophic calm 9 8 ,?\ghts on ,education4 ,9 #afeb he ent]$ ,*ri/ ,*ur*1 ,ox=d1 !n "u ,john ,ow51 ! ,puritan dean & vice-*ancellor ( ! univ]sity4 ,*ri/ ,*ur* 0 ,locke's occasional home = ?irty ye>s4 ,= "s ye>s aft] he ent]$1 ,ox=d 0 rul$ by ! ,indep5d5ts1 :o1 l>gely ?r\gh ,ow51 unlike ! ,presbyt]ians1 7 among ! fir/ 9 ,engl& to advocate g5u9e religi\s tol]ation4 ,b ,locke's h]$it>y sympa?y ) ! ,puritans 0 gradually less5$ by ! intol]ance ( ! ,presbyt]ians & ! fanaticism ( ! ,indep5d5ts4 ,he _h f\nd 9 8 y\?1 he says1 t :at 0 call$ g5]al fre$om 0 g5]al bondage1 & t ! popul> ass]tors ( lib]ty 7 ! greate/ engross]s ( x too1 & n unfitly call$ its keep]s4 ,& ! influ5ce ( ! lib]al div9es ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& aft]w>ds %[$ itself 9 8 spiritual developm5t4 ,"u ,ow5 s*ola/ic /udies 7 ma9ta9$ ) a =mality & dogmatism unsuit$ to ,locke's free inquisitive temp]4 ,! av]sion to !m :i* he express$ %[$ ?us e>ly an innate disposition to rebel aga9/ empty v]bal reason+4 ,he 0 n1 accord+ to 8 own acc\nt ( himself to ,lady ,ma%am1 a h>d /ud5t at fir/4 ,he s\ght ! company ( pleasant & witty m51 & ?us ga9$ k ( life4 ,he took ! ord9>y ba*elor's degree 9 #afef1 & ! ma/]'s 9 #afeh4 ,9 ,decemb] #affj he 0 s]v+ z tutor ( ,*ri/ ,*ur*1 lectur+ 9 ,greek1 rhetoric & philosophy4 ,at ,ox=d ,locke 0 nev]!less )9 rea* ( lib]al intellectual influ5ce t5d+ to promote self-education & /rong individuality4 ,! metaphysical works ( ,desc>tes _h appe>$ a few ye>s be=e he w5t to ,ox=d1 & ! ,human ,nature & ,levia?an ( ,hobbes dur+ 8 und]graduate ye>s4 ,x does n seem t ,locke read ext5sively1 b he 0 attract$ by ,desc>tes4 ,! fir/ books1 he told ,lady ,ma%am1 :i* gave him a reli% = philosophy1 7 ^? ( ?is philosoph]1 al?\gh he v (t5 diff]$ f him4 ,at ! ,re/oration pot5t influ5ces 7 draw+ ,ox=d & ,engl& into exp]im5tal inquiries4 ,exp]im5t 9 physics became ! fa%ion4 ,! ,royal ,society 0 !n f\nd$1 & we f9d ,locke exp]im5t+ 9 *emi/ry 9 #affc1 also 9 meteorology1 9 :i* he 0 p>ticul>ly int]e/$ all 8 life4 ,! re/ra9ts ( a pr(essional c>e] 7 n suit$ to ,locke4 ,!re is a surmise t e>ly 9 8 ,ox=d c>e] he contemplat$ tak+ ord]s 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&4 ,8 religi\s disposition attract$ him to !ology4 ,revulsion f ! dogmatic temp] ( ! ,presbyt]ians1 & ! unreason+ en?usiasm ( ! ,indep5d5ts fav\r$ sympa?y aft]w>ds ) ,cambridge ,platoni/s & o!r lib]al ,anglican *ur*m54 ,:i*cote 0 8 fav\rite prea*]1 & close intimacy ) ! ,cudwor? family *e]$ 8 lat] ye>s4 ,b1 ?\gh he has a place among lay !ologians1 dread ( ecclesia/ical imp$im5t to free inquiry1 add$ to /rong incl9ation = sci5tific inve/igation1 made him look to m$ic9e z 8 pr(ession1 & be=e #afff we f9d him practis+ z a physician 9 ,ox=d4 ,nev]!less1 al?\gh kn[n among 8 fri5ds z ,doctor ,locke1 he nev] graduat$ 9 m$ic9e4 ,8 heal? 0 unc]ta91 = he suff]$ ?r\gh life f *ronic consumption & a/hma4 ,a =tunate ev5t soon )drew him f ! m$ical pr(ession4 ,locke e>ly %[$ an incl9ation to politics1 z well z to !ology & m$ic9e4 ,z e>ly z #affe he div]g$ = a %ort "t f m$ical pursuits at ,ox=d1 & 0 engag$ z secret>y to ,sir ,walt] ,vane on 8 mission to ! ,elector ( ,br&5burg4 ,soon aft] 8 return 9 #afff ! incid5t occurr$ :i* det]m9$ 8 c>e]4 ,"l ,a%ley1 aft]w>ds fir/ e>l ( ,%aftesbury1 _h come to ,ox=d = 8 heal?4 ,locke 0 introduc$ to him by 8 physician1 ,dr ,?omas4 ,?is 0 ! beg9n+ ( a la/+ fri5d%ip1 su/a9$ by common sympa?y ) lib]ty--civil1 religi\s & philosophical4 ,9 #affg ,locke mov$ f ,*ri/ ,*ur* to ,exet] ,h\se1 ,"l ,a%ley's ,london resid5ce1 to become 8 confid5tial secret>y4 ,al?\gh he reta9$ 8 /ud5t%ip at ,*ri/ ,*ur*1 & occasionally visit$ ,ox=d1 z well z 8 patrimony at ,belluton1 he f\nd a home & %>$ =tune ) ,%aftesbury = fifte5 ye>s4 ,locke's commonplace books ?r[ welcome light on ! hi/ory ( 8 m9d 9 e>ly life4 ,a pap] on ! ,roman ,commonweal? :i* belongs to ?is p]iod1 expresses convictions ab\t religi\s lib]ty & ! relations ( religion to ! /ate t 7 modifi$ & deep5$ aft]w>ds2 objections to ! sac]dotal conception ( ,*ri/ianity appe> 9 ano!r article2 %ort "w is made ( ecclesia/ical claims to infallibility 9 ! int]pretation ( ,scripture 9 a ?ird2 a s*eme ( utilit>ian e?ics1 wid] ?an t ( ,hobbes1 is sugge/$ 9 a f\r?4 ,! mo/ significant ( ^? e>ly revelations is ! ,essay conc]n+ ,tol]ation 7#afff71 :i* anticipates conclusions m fully argu$ ne>ly ?irty ye>s lat]4 ,! ,%aftesbury connexion mu/ h help$ to save ,locke f ^? idols ( ! ,d5 to :i* pr(essional life & n>r[ exp]i5ce is expos$4 ,x br\ght him into contact ) public m51 ! spr+s ( political action & ! duties ( high (fice4 ,! place he held z ,%aftesbury's advis] is inde$ ! out/&+ circum/ance 9 8 middle life4 ,exet] ,h\se af=d$ e opportunity = society4 ,he became intimate among o!rs ) ! illu/ri\s ,syd5ham2 he jo9$ ! ,royal ,society & s]v$ on its c\ncil4 ,! f\ndation ( ! monum5tal "w ( 8 life 0 laid :5 he 0 at ,exet] ,h\se4 ,he 0 l$ to x 9 ?is way4 ,x 0 8 habit to enc\rage in=mal reunions ( 8 intimates1 to discuss debatable que/ions 9 sci5ce & !ology4 ,"o ( ^!1 9 ! w9t] ( #afgj1 is hi/orically memorable4 ,five or six fri5ds1 he says1 met 9 8 rooms & 7 discuss+ pr9ciples ( morality & religion4 ,!y f\nd !mselves quickly at a /& by ! difficulties t arose on e side4 ,locke propos$ "s criticism ( ! necess>y limits ( human und]/&+ z likely to op5 a way out ( _! difficulties4 ,he und]took to attempt ?is1 & fanci$ t :at he _h to say might f9d suffici5t space on "o %eet ( pap]4 ,:at 0 ?us begun by *ance1 0 cont9u$ by entreaty1 writt5 by incoh]5t p>cels1 & aft] long int]vals ( neglect resum$ aga9 z hum\r & occasions p]mitt$4 ,at ! end ( ne>ly tw5ty ye>s ! issue 0 giv5 to ! _w z ,locke's n[ fam\s ,essay ,conc]n+ ,human ,und]/&+4 ,! fall ( ,%aftesbury 9 #afge enabl$ ,locke to escape f ,engli% politics4 ,he f\nd a retreat 9 ,france1 :]e he c\ld unite calm reflection ^u ! legitimate op]ations ( human und]/&+ ) att5tion to 8 heal?4 ,he sp5t ?ree ye>s p>tly at ,montpelli] & p>tly 9 ,p>is4 ,8 j\rnals & commonplace books 9 ^! ye>s %[ ! ,essay 9 prep>ation4 ,at ,p>is he met m5 ( sci5ce & lett]s--,pet] ,gu5ellon1 ! well-kn[n ,am/]dam physician2 ,ole ,rm]1 ! ,dani% a/ronom]2 ,?oyn>d1 ! critic2 ,mel*isde* ,?v5ot1 ! travell]2 ,h5ri ,ju/el1 ! juri/2 & ,franois ,b]ni]1 ! expositor ( ,gass5di4 ,b !re is no m5tion ( ,malebran*e1 ^: ,re*]*e de la vrit _h appe>$ ?ree ye>s be=e1 nor ( ,arnauld1 ! illu/ri\s rival ( ,malebran*e4 ,locke return$ to ,london 9 #afgi4 ,reaction aga9/ ! c\rt p>ty _h re/or$ ,%aftesbury to p[]4 ,locke resum$ 8 old confid5tial relations1 n[ at ,?anet ,h\se 9 ,ald]sgate4 ,a p]iod ( (t5 int]rupt$ leisure = /udy foll[$4 ,x 0 a "t ( plots & c\nt]plots1 :5 ,engl& seem$ on ! br9k ( ano!r civil w>4 ,9 ! end ,%aftesbury 0 committ$ to ! ,t[]1 tri$ & acquitt$4 ,m insurrection>y plots foll[$ 9 ! summ] ( #afhb1 aft] :i*1 suspect$ at home1 ! v]satile /atesman escap$ to ,holl&1 & di$ at ,am/]dam 9 ,janu>y #afhc4 ,9 ^! two ye>s ,locke 0 mu* at ,ox=d & 9 ,som]set1 = ! lat] movem5ts ( ,%aftesbury did n comm5d !mselves to him4 ,yet ! gov]nm5t _h _! eyes ^u him4 ,john ,locke lives a v cunn+ un9telligible life "h1 ,prideaux report$ f ,ox=d 9 #afhb4 ,i may confid5tly affirm1 wrote ,john ,fell1 ! dean ( ,*ri/ ,*ur*1 to ,"l ,sund]l&1 !re is n any "o 9 ! college :o has he>d him speak a ^w aga9/1 or s mu* z c5sur+1 ! gov]nm5t2 &1 al?\gh v frequ5tly1 bo? 9 public & private1 disc\rses h be5 purposely introduc$ to ! disp>agem5t ( 8 ma/]1 ! e>l ( ,%aftesbury1 he c\ld nev] be provok$ to take any notice1 or discov] 9 ^w or look ! lea/ conc]n2 s t ,i believe !re is n 9 ! _w su* a ma/] ( taciturnity & passion4 ,unpubli%$ correspond5ce ) 8 ,som]set fri5d1 ,edw>d ,cl>ke ( ,*ipley1 describes ,locke's life 9 ^? tr\bl$ ye>s4 ,x also reveals ! op5+ ( 8 intimate int]c\rse ) ! ,cudwor? family1 :o 7 fri5ds ( ! ,cl>kes1 & connect$ by bir? ) ,som]set4 ,! lett]s allude to tol]ation 9 ! /ate & compreh5sion 9 ! *ur*1 :ile !y %[ an indiff]5ce to !ological dogma h>dly consi/5t ) an exclusive connexion ) any sect4 ,9 8 fifty-second ye>1 9 ! gloomy autumn ( #afhc1 ,locke retir$ to ,holl&1 !n ! asylum ( em95t p]sons :o 7 else:]e d5i$ lib]ty ( ?\ght4 ,desc>tes & ,sp9oza _h speculat$ !re2 x _h be5 ! home ( ,erasmus & ,grotius2 x 0 n[ ! refuge ( ,bayle4 ,locke sp5t m ?an five ye>s !re2 b 8 7unpubli%$7 lett]s %[ t exile sat heavily ^u him4 ,am/]dam 0 8 fir/ ,dut* home1 :]e he liv$ 9 ! h\se ( ,dr ,ke51 "u ! assum$ "n ( ,dr ,van d] ,l9d54 ,= a "t he 0 9 dang] ( arre/ at ! in/ance ( ! ,engli% gov]nm5t4 ,aft] mon?s ( concealm5t he escap$2 b he 0 depriv$ ( 8 /ud5t%ip at ,*ri/ ,*ur* by ord] ( ! k+1 & ,ox=d 0 ?us clos$ aga9/ him4 ,holl& introduc$ him to new fri5ds4 ,! *ief ( ^! 0 ,limbor*1 ! successor ( ,episcopius z ,remon/rant pr(essor ( !ology1 lucid1 le>n$ & tol]ant1 ! fri5d ( ,cudwor?1 ,:i*cote & ,m4 ,by ,limbor* he 0 introduc$ to ,le ,cl]c1 ! y\?ful repres5tative ( lett]s & philosophy 9 ,limbor*'s college1 :o _h escap$ f ,g5eva & ,calv9ism to ! mild] atmosph]e ( ,holl& & ! ,remon/rants4 ,! ,biblio?que univ]selle ( ,le ,cl]c 0 !n ! *ief organ 9 ,europe ( m5 ( lett]s4 ,locke contribut$ sev]al articles4 ,x 0 8 fir/ appe>ance z an au?or1 al?\gh he 0 n[ fifty-f\r ye>s ( age4 ,?is t>d9ess 9 au?or%ip is a significant fact 9 8 life1 9 h>mony ) 8 temp]$ wisdom4 ,9 ! next f\rte5 ye>s ! _w receiv$ ?r\gh 8 books ! ?\ghts :i* _h be5 gradually =m+1 & 7 tak+ f9al %ape :ile he 0 9 ,holl&4 ,! ,essay 0 f9i%$ !re1 & a ,fr5* epitome appe>$ 9 #afhh 9 ,le ,cl]c's j\rnal1 ! =eca/ ( ! l>g] "w4 ,locke 0 !n at ,rott]dam1 :]e he liv$ = a ye> 9 ! h\se ( a ,quak] fri5d1 ,b5jam9 ,furley1 or ,furly1 a weal?y m]*ant & lov] ( books4 ,at ,rott]dam he 0 a confidant ( political exiles1 includ+ ,burnet & ! fam\s e>l ( ,pet]bor\gh1 & he became kn[n to ,william1 pr9ce ( ,orange4 ,william l&$ 9 ,engl& 9 ,novemb] #afhh2 ,locke foll[$ 9 ,febru>y #afhi1 9 ! %ip :i* c>ri$ ! pr9cess ,m>y4 ,aft] 8 return to ,engl& 9 #afhi ,locke em]g$ ?r\gh au?or%ip into ,european fame4 ,)9 a mon? aft] he rea*$ ,london he _h decl9$ an (f] ( ! embassy to ,br&5burg1 & accept$ ! mode/ (fice ( commission] ( appeals4 ,! two foll[+ ye>s1 dur+ :i* he liv$ at ,dorset ,c\rt 9 ,london1 7 memorable = ! publication ( 8 two *ief works on social polity1 & ( ! epo*-mak+ book on mod]n philosophy :i* reveals ! ma9 pr9ciples ( 8 life4 ,! e>lie/ ( ^! to appe> 0 8 def5ce ( religi\s lib]ty1 9 ! ,epi/ola de ,tol]antia1 address$ to ,limbor*1 publi%$ at ,g\da 9 ! spr+ ( #afhi1 & translat$ into ,engli% 9 autumn by ,william ,popple1 a ,unit>ian m]*ant 9 ,london4 ,two ,treatises on ,gov]nm5t1 9 def5ce ( ! "r ( ultimate sov]eignty 9 ! p1 foll[$ a few mon?s lat]4 ,! fam\s ,essay conc]n+ ,human ,und]/&+ saw ! light 9 ! spr+ ( #afij4 ,he receiv$ #cj = ! copyright1 ne>ly ! same z ,kant got 9 #agha = 8 ,kritik d] re95 ,v]nunft4 ,9 ! ,essay ,locke 0 ! critic ( ! empirical data ( human exp]i5ce3 ,kant1 z ! critic ( ! intellectual & moral presuppositions ( exp]i5ce1 suppli$ ! complem5t to ! incomplete & ambigu\s answ] to its own lead+ "q t 0 giv5 9 ,locke's ,essay4 ,! ,essay 0 ! fir/ book 9 :i* its au?or's "n appe>$1 = ! ,epi/ola de ,tol]antia & ! ,treatises on ,gov]nm5t 7 anonym\s4 ,locke's a/hma 0 aggravat$ by ! air ( ,london2 & ! c\rse ( public affairs disappo9t$ him1 = ! settlem5t at ! ,revolution fell %ort ( 8 ideal4 ,9 spr+1 #afia1 he took up 8 resid5ce 9 ! manor h\se ( ,otes 9 ,essex1 ! c\ntry seat ( ,sir ,francis ,ma%am1 betwe5 ,ong> & ,h>l[4 ,lady ,ma%am 0 ! accompli%$ daught] ( ,ralph ,cudwor?1 & 0 8 fri5d be=e he w5t to ,holl&4 ,%e told ,le ,cl]c t aft] ,locke's return f exile1 by "s consid]ably long visits1 he _h made trial ( ! air ( ,otes1 :i* is "s #bj m4 f ,london1 & he ?\ght t none w\ld be s suitable = him4 ,8 company1 %e adds1 c\ld n b be v desirable = u1 & he _h all ! assurances we c\ld give him ( be+ always welcome2 b1 to make him easy 9 liv+ ) u1 x 0 necess>y he %\ld d s on 8 own t]ms1 :i* ,sir ,francis at la/ ass5t+ to1 he !n believ$ himself at home ) u1 & resolv$1 if x pleas$ ,god1 "h to end 8 days z he did4 ,at ,otes he enjoy$ = f\rte5 ye>s z mu* dome/ic peace & lit]>y leisure z 0 consi/5t ) brok5 heal?1 & sometimes anxi\s visits to ,london on public affairs1 9 :i* he 0 /ill an active advis]4 ,otes 0 9 e way 8 home4 ,9 8 lett]s & o!rwise we h pleasant pictures ( its inmates & dome/ic life & ! occasional visits ( 8 fri5ds1 among o!rs ,"l ,pet]bor\gh1 ,"l ,%aftesbury ( ! ,*>act]i/ics1 ,sir ,isaac ,newton1 ,william ,molyneux & ,an?ony ,coll9s4 ,at ,otes he 0 busy ) 8 p54 ,! ,lett] on ,tol]ation involv$ him 9 controv]sy4 ,an ,answ] by ,jonas ,proa/ ( ,que5's ,college1 ,ox=d1 _h drawn =? 9 #afij a ,second ,lett]4 ,a rejo9d] 9 #afia 0 foll[$ by ,locke's elaborate ,?ird ,lett] on ,tol]ation 9 ! summ] ( ! foll[+ ye>4 ,9 #afia curr5cy & f9ance 7 mu* 9 8 ?\ghts1 & 9 ! foll[+ ye> he address$ an important lett] to ,sir ,john ,som]s on ! ,consequ5ces ( ! ,l[]+ ( ,int]e/ & ,rais+ ! ,value ( ,money4 ,:5 he 0 9 ,holl& he _h writt5 lett]s to 8 fri5d ,cl>ke ( ,*ipley ab\t ! education ( 8 *ildr54 ,^! lett]s =m$ ! sub/ance ( ! little volume entitl$ ,?\ghts on ,education 7#afic71 :i* /ill holds its place among classics 9 t dep>tm5t4 ,nor 7 ! pr9ciples ( reveal$ religion =gott54 ,! subtle !ological controv]sies ( ! #ag? c5tury made him anxi\s to %[ h[ simple aft] all fundam5tal ,*ri/ianity is4 ,9 ! ,reasonabl5ess ( ,*ri/ianity z deliv]$ 9 ! ,scriptures 7anonym\s1 #afie71 ,locke s\ght to sep>ate ! div9e ess5ce ( ,*ri/'s religion f lat] accretions ( dogma1 & f reason+s due to ov]sight ( ! necess>y limits ( human ?\ght4 ,?is int5d$ ,eir5icon involv$ him 9 controv]sies t la/$ = ye>s4 ,angry polemics assail$ ! book4 ,a c]ta9 ,john ,edw>ds 0 conspicu\s4 ,locke's ,v9dication1 foll[$ by a ,second ,v9dication 9 #afig1 add$ fuel to ?is fire4 ,above all1 ! great ,essay 0 assail$ & (t5 mis9t]pret$ by philosoph]s & div9es4 ,notes ( opposition _h be5 he>d almo/ z soon z x appe>$4 ,john ,norris1 ! metaphysical rector ( ,bem]ton & ,engli% disciple ( ,malebran*e1 criticiz$ x 9 #afij4 ,locke took no notice at ! "t1 b 8 second w9t] at ,otes 0 p>tly employ$ 9 ,an ,exam9ation ( ,malebran*e's ,op9ion ( ,see+ all ,?+s 9 ,god1 & 9 ,rem>ks ^u "s ( ,mr ,norris's ,books1 tracts :i* ?r[ light ^u 8 own ambigu\s !ory ( p]ception ?r\gh ! s5ses4 ,^! 7 publi%$ aft] 8 dea?4 ,a second edition ( ! ,essay1 ) a *apt] add$ on ,p]sonal ,id5tity1 & num]\s alt]ations 9 ! *apt] on ,p[]1 appe>$ 9 #afid4 ,! ?ird1 :i* 0 only a repr9t1 0 publi%$ 9 #afie4 ,wynne's well-kn[n abridgm5t help$ to make ! book kn[n 9 ,ox=d1 & 8 fri5d ,william ,molyneux introduc$ x 9 ,dubl94 ,9 #afie a revival ( controv]sy ab\t ! curr5cy div]t$ ,locke's att5tion4 ,ev5ts 9 t ye> occasion$ 8 ,obs]vations on ,silv] ,money & ,fur!r ,consid]ations on ,rais+ ! ,value ( ,money4 ,9 #afif ,locke 0 induc$ to accept a commission]%ip on ! ,bo>d ( ,trade4 ,?is requir$ frequ5t visits to ,london4 ,meantime ! ,essay on ,human ,und]/&+ & ! ,reasonabl5ess ( ,*ri/ianity 7 becom+ m involv$ 9 a wordy w>f>e betwe5 dogmati/s & latitud9>ians1 tr9it>ians & unit>ians4 ,! controv]sy ) ,edw>ds 0 foll[$ by a m memorable "o ) ,/ill+fleet1 bi%op ( ,worce/]4 ,john ,tol&1 9 8 ,*ri/ianity n ,my/]i\s1 _h exagg]at$ doctr9es 9 ! ,essay1 & !n adopt$ !m z 8 own4 ,9 ! autumn ( #afif1 ,/ill+fleet1 an argum5tative ecclesia/ic m ?an a religi\s philosoph]1 9 8 ,v9dication ( ! ,doctr9e ( ! ,tr9ity1 *>g$ ,locke ) disall[+ my/]y 9 human k1 especially 9 8 acc\nt ( ! metaphysical idea ( sub/ance4 ,locke repli$ 9 ,janu>y #afig4 ,/ill+fleet's rejo9d] appe>$ 9 ,may1 foll[$ by a ,second ,lett] f ,locke 9 ,augu/1 to :i* ! bi%op repli$ 9 ! foll[+ ye>4 ,locke's ,?ird ,lett]1 9 :i* ! ramifications ( ?is controv]sy are pursu$ ) a copi\s exp5diture ( acute reason+ & poli%$ irony1 0 delay$ till #afii1 9 :i* ye> ,/ill+fleet di$4 ,o!r critics ( ! ,essay ent]$ ! li/s4 ,"o ( ! able/ 0 ,john ,s]geant1 a prie/ ( ! ,roman ,*ur*1 9 ,solid ,philosophy ,ass]t$ ,aga9/ ! ,fancies ( ! ,idei/s 7#afig74 ,he 0 foll[$ by ,?omas ,burnet & ,dean ,%]lock4 ,h5ry ,lee1 rector ( ,ti*m>*1 criticiz$ ! ,essay1 *apt] by *apt] 9 a folio volume entitl$ ,anti-,scepticism 7#agjb72 ,john ,br\ghton dealt ano!r bl[ 9 8 ,psy*ologia 7#agjc72 & ,john ,norris return$ to ! attack1 9 8 ,!ory ( ! ,ideal or ,intelligible ,_w 7#agja-agjd74 ,on ! o!r h& ,locke 0 def5d$ ) vig\r by ,samuel ,bolde1 a ,dorset%ire cl]gyman4 ,! ,essay itself 0 mean:ile spread+ ov] ,europe1 impell$ by ! "n ( its au?or z ! *ief philosophical def5d] ( civil & religi\s lib]ty4 ,! f\r? edition 7! la/ :ile ,locke 0 alive7 appe>$ 9 #agjj1 ) important additional *apt]s on ,association ( ,ideas & ,en?usiasm4 ,:at 0 orig9ally meant to =m ano!r *apt] 0 )held4 ,x appe>$ among ,locke's po/hum\s writ+s z ,! ,conduct ( ! ,und]/&+1 "o ( ! mo/ *>act]i/ic ( 8 works4 ,! ,fr5* translation ( ! ,essay by ,pi]re ,co/e1 ,locke's amanu5sis at ,otes1 0 issu$ almo/ simultane\sly ) ! f\r? edition4 ,! ,lat9 v]sion by ,ri*>d ,burridge ( ,dubl9 foll[$ a ye> aft]1 repr9t$ 9 due "t at ,am/]dam & at ,leipzig4 ,9 #agjj ,locke resign$ 8 commission at ! ,bo>d ( ,trade1 & devot$ himself to ,biblical /udies & religi\s m$itation4 ,! ,gospels _h be5 c>efully /udi$ :5 he 0 prep>+ 8 ,reasonabl5ess ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,he n[ turn$ to ! ,epi/les ( ,/ ,paul1 & appli$ ! _s ( ! ,essay & ! ord9>y rules ( critical int]pretation to a lit]ature :i* he v5]at$ z infallible1 l ! pi\s ,puritans :o surr\nd$ 8 y\?4 ,! "w 0 ready :5 he di$1 & 0 publi%$ two ye>s aft]4 ,a tract on ,miracles1 writt5 9 #agjb1 also appe>$ po/hum\sly4 ,fre% adv]se criticism ( ! ,essay 0 report$ to him 9 8 la/ ye>1 & ! book 0 =mally condemn$ by ! au?orities at ,ox=d4 ,i take :at has be5 done r z a recomm5dation ( ! book1 he wrote to 8 "y fri5d ,an?ony ,coll9s1 & :5 y & ,i next meet we %all be m]ry on ! subject4 ,"o attack only mov$ him4 ,9 #agjd 8 adv]s>y1 ,jonas ,proa/1 reviv$ _! old controv]sy4 ,locke 9 consequ5ce began a ,f\r? ,lett] on ,tol]ation4 ,a few pages1 end+ 9 an unf9i%$ p>agraph1 exhau/$ 8 rema9+ /r5g?2 b ! !me :i* _h employ$ him at ,ox=d m ?an =ty ye>s be=e1 & _h be5 a rul+ idea ?r\gh\t ! long int]val1 0 /ill dom9ant 9 ! la/ days ( 8 life4 ,all ! summ] ( #agjd he cont9u$ to decl9e1 t5d]ly nurs$ by ,lady ,ma%am & h] /ep-daught] ,e/h]4 ,on ! #bh? ( ,octob] he di$1 accord+ to 8 la/ record$ words1 9 p]fect *>ity ) all m51 & 9 s9c]e communion ) ! :ole *ur* ( ,*ri/1 by :atev] names ,*ri/'s foll[]s call !mselves4 ,8 grave is on ! s\? side ( ! p>i% *ur* ( ,high ,lav]1 9 :i* he (t5 wor%ipp$1 ne> ! tombs ( ! ,ma%ams1 & ( ,dam>is1 ! wid[ ( ,cudwor?4 ,at ! di/ance ( #a m4 are ! g>d5 & p>k :]e ! manor h\se ( ,otes once /ood4 ,locke's writ+s h made 8 intellectual & moral features famili>4 ,! reasonabl5ess ( tak+ probability z our guide 9 life 0 9 ! ess5ce ( 8 philosophy4 ,! desire to see = himself :at is true 9 ! light ( reasonable evid5ce1 & t o!rs %\ld d ! same1 0 8 rul+ passion1 if ! t]m c be appli$ to "o s calm & judicial4 ,i c no m "k any?+ by ano!r man's und]/&+1 he w\ld say1 ?an ,i c see by ano!r man's eyes4 ,?is repugnance to believe bl9dly :at re/$ on arbitr>y au?ority1 z di/+ui%$ f :at 0 se5 to be su/a9$ by self-evid5t reason1 or by demon/ration1 or by good probable evid5ce1 runs ?r\gh 8 life4 ,he is typically ,engli% 9 8 rev]5ce = facts1 :e!r facts ( s5se or ( liv+ consci\sness1 9 8 av]sion f ab/ract speculation & v]bal reason+1 9 8 suspicion ( my/icism1 9 8 calm reasonabl5ess1 & 9 8 ready submission to tru?1 ev5 :5 tru? 0 incapable ( be+ fully r$uc$ to sy/em by man4 ,! delight he took 9 ex]cis+ reason 9 reg>d to ev]y?+ he did 0 :at 8 fri5d ,pi]re ,co/e rem>k$ 9 ,locke's daily life at ,otes4 ,he w5t ab\t ! mo/ trifl+ ?+s always ) "s good reason4 ,above all ?+s he lov$ ord]2 & he _h got ! way ( obs]v+ x 9 ev]y?+ ) wond]ful exactness4 ,z he always kept ! useful 9 8 eye 9 all 8 disquisitions1 he e/eem$ ! employm5ts ( m5 only 9 proportion to ! good !y 7 capable ( produc+2 = :i* cause he _h no great value = ! critics :o wa/e _! lives 9 compos+ words & phrases 9 com+ to ! *oice ( a v>i\s read+1 9 a passage t has aft] all no?+ important 9 x4 ,he c>$ yet less = ^? pr(ess$ disputants1 :o1 be+ tak5 up ) ! desire ( com+ (f ) victory1 ju/ify !mselves beh9d ! ambiguity ( a ^w1 to give _! adv]s>ies ! m tr\ble4 ,& :5ev] he _h to deal ) ?is sort ( folks1 if he did n be=eh& take a /rong resolution ( keep+ 8 temp]1 he quickly fell into a passion2 = he 0 naturally *ol]ic1 b 8 ang] nev] la/$ long4 ,if he reta9$ any res5tm5t x 0 aga9/ himself1 = hav+ giv5 way to s ridicul\s a passion2 :i*1 z he us$ to say1 may d a great deal ( h>m1 b nev] yet did anyone ! lea/ good4 ,l>ge1 r\nd-ab\t common s5se1 intellectual /r5g? direct$ by a virtu\s purpose1 n subtle or d>+ speculation su/a9$ by an idealiz+ faculty1 9 :i* he 0 defici5t1 is :at we f9d 9 ,locke4 ,defect 9 speculative imag9ation appe>s :5 he enc\nt]s ! va/ & complex f9al problem ( ! univ]se 9 its organic unity4 ,locke is apt to be =gott5 n[1 because 9 8 own g5]ation he s well dis*>g$ ! intellectual mission ( initiat+ criticism ( human k1 & ( diffus+ ! _s ( free inquiry & univ]sal tol]ation :i* has s9ce pr(\ndly affect$ ! civiliz$ _w4 ,he has n bequea!d an impos+ sy/em1 h>dly ev5 a /rik+ discov]y 9 metaphysics1 b he is a signal example 9 ! ,anglo-,saxon _w ( ! love ( atta9able tru? = ! sake ( tru? & goodness4 ,if ,locke made few discov]ies1 ,socrates made none4 ,b bo? are memorable 9 ! record ( human progress4 ,9 ! inscription on 8 tomb1 prep>$ by himself1 ,locke ref]s to 8 books z a true repres5tation ( :at he 04 ,!y are conc]n$ ) ,social ,economy1 ,*ri/ianity1 ,education & ,philosophy1 besides ,miscellane\s writ+s4 ,i4 ,,social ,,economy4--7#a7 ,epi/ola de ,tol]antia 7#afhi1 translat$ into ,engli% 9 ! same ye>74 7#b7 ,two ,treatises on ,gov]nm5t 7#afij7 7! ,patri>*a ( ,film]1 to :i* ! ,fir/ ,treatise 0 a reply1 appe>$ 9 #afhj74 7#c7 ,a ,second ,lett] conc]n+ ,tol]ation 7#afij74 7#d7 ,"s ,consid]ations on ! ,consequ5ce ( ,l[]+ ! ,rate ( ,int]e/ & ,rais+ ! ,value ( ,money 7#afia74 7#e7 ,a ,?ird ,lett] = ,tol]ation 7#afib74 7#f7 ,%ort ,obs]vations on a pr9t$ pap] entitl$1 ,= enc\rag+ ! ,co9+ ( ,silv] ,money 9 ,engl&1 & aft] = ,keep+ x "h 7#afie74 7#g7 ,fur!r ,consid]ations conc]n+ ,rais+ ! ,value ( ,money 7#afie7 7occasion$ by a ,report conta9+ an ,essay = ! ,am5dm5t ( ,silv] ,co9s1 publi%$ t ye> by ,william ,l[ndes1 secret>y = ! ,treasury74 7#h7 ,a ,f\r? ,lett] = ,tol]ation 7#agjf1 po/hum\s74 ,,ii4 ,,*ri/ianity4--7#a7 ,! ,reasonabl5ess ( ,*ri/ianity z deliv]$ 9 ! ,scriptures 7#afie74 7#b7 ,a ,v9dication ( ! ,reasonabl5ess ( ,*ri/ianity f ,mr ,edw>ds's ,reflections 7#afie74 7#c7 ,a ,second ,v9dication ( ! ,reasonabl5ess ( ,*ri/ianity 7#afig74 7#d7 ,a ,p>aphrase & ,notes on ! ,epi/les ( ,/ ,paul to ! ,galatians1 ,fir/ & ,second ,cor9?ians1 ,romans & ,ephesians4 ,to :i* is prefix$ an ,essay = ! und]/&+ ( ,/ ,paul's ,epi/les by consult+ ,/ ,paul himself 7#agje-agjg1 po/hum\s74 7#e7 ,a ,disc\rse ( ,miracles 7#agaf1 po/hum\s74 ,,iii4 ,,education4--7#a7 ,"s ,?\ghts conc]n+ ,education 7#afic74 7#b7 ,! ,conduct ( ! ,und]/&+ 7#agjf1 po/hum\s74 7#c7 ,"s ,?\ghts conc]n+ ,read+ & ,/udy = a ,g5tleman 7#agjf1 po/hum\s74 7#d7 ,in/ructions = ! ,conduct ( a ,"y ,g5tleman 7#agjf1 po/hum\s74 7#e7 ,( ,/udy 7writt5 9 ,france 9 ,locke's j\rnal1 & publi%$ 9 ,l4 ,k+'s ,life ( ,locke 9 #ahcj74 ,,iv4 ,,philosophy4--7#a7 ,an ,essay conc]n+ ,human ,und]/&+1 9 f\r books 7#afij74 7#b7 ,a ,lett] to ! ,bi%op ( ,worce/] conc]n+ "s passages relat+ to ,mr ,locke's ,essay ( ,human ,und]/&+ 9 a late ,disc\rse ( 8 ,lord%ip's 9 ,v9dication ( ! ,tr9ity 7#afig74 7#c7 ,mr ,locke's ,reply to ! ,bi%op ( ,worce/]'s ,answ] to 8 ,lett] 7#afig74 7#d7 ,mr ,locke's ,reply to ! ,bi%op ( ,worce/]'s ,answ] to 8 ,second ,lett] 7#afii74 7#e7 ,an ,exam9ation ( ,fa!r ,malebran*e's ,op9ion ( ,see+ all ,?+s 9 ,god 7#agjf1 po/hum\s74 7#f7 ,rem>ks ^u ,"s ( ,mr ,norris's ,books1 :]e9 he ass]ts ,fa!r ,malebran*e's ,op9ion ( ,see+ all ,?+s 9 ,god 7#agbj1 po/hum\s74 ,,miscellane\s4--7#a7 ,a ,new ,me?od ( a ,common ,place ,book 7#afhf74 ,?is 0 ,locke's fir/ article 9 ! ,biblio?que ( ,le ,cl]c2 8 o!r contributions to x are unc]ta91 except ! ,epitome ( ! ,essay1 79 #afhh74 7#b7 ,! ,fundam5tal ,con/itutions ( ,c>ol9a 7prep>$ 9 #afgc :5 ,locke 0 ,"l ,%aftesbury's secret>y at ,exet] ,h\se1 rem>kable = recognition ( ! pr9ciple ( tol]ation1 publi%$ 9 #agjf1 9 ! po/hum\s collection74 7#c7 ,memoirs relat+ to ! ,life ( ,an?ony1 ,fir/ ,e>l ( ,%aftesbury 7#agjf74 7#d7 ,elem5ts ( ,natural ,philosophy 7#agjf74 7#e7 ,obs]vations ^u ! ,gr[? & ,culture ( ,v9es & ,olives 7#agjf74 7#f7 ,rules ( a ,society :i* met once a ,week1 = _! improvem5t 9 ,useful ,k1 & = ! ,promotion ( ,tru? & ,*ri/ian ,*>ity 7#agjf74 7#g7 ,a ,lett] f a ,p]son ( ,quality to 8 ,fri5d 9 ! ,c\ntry1 publi%$ 9 #ahge 7includ$ by ,des ,maizeaux 9 8 ,collection ( ,sev]al ,pieces ( ,mr ,john ,locke's1 #agbj71 & soon aft]w>ds burn$ by ! common hangman by ord]s f ! ,h\se ( ,lords1 0 disav[$ by ,locke himself4 ,x may h be5 dictat$ by ,%aftesbury4 ,!re are also miscellane\s writ+s ( ,locke fir/ publi%$ 9 ! biographies ( ,"l ,k+ 7#ahcj7 & ( ,mr ,fox ,b\rne 7#ahgf74 ,lett]s f ,locke to ,?oyn>d1 ,limbor*1 ,le ,cl]c1 ,gu5ellon1 ,molyneux1 ,coll9s1 ,sir ,isaac ,newton1 ! fir/ & ! ?ird ,"l ,%aftesbury1 ,lords ,pet]bor\gh & ,pembroke1 ,cl>ke ( ,*ipley & o!rs are pres]v$1 _m ( !m unpubli%$1 mo/ ( !m 9 ! keep+ ( ,"l ,lovelace at ,horseley ,t[]s1 & ( ,mr ,san=d at ,nynehead 9 ,som]set1 or 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,!y express ! graci\s c\rtesy & playful hum\r :i* 7 natural to him1 & 8 v>i$ int]e/s 9 human life4 ,i4 ,social ,economy4--,x has be5 truly said t all ,locke's writ+s1 ev5 ! ,essay on ,human ,und]/&+ itself1 7 occasional1 & int5d$ directly to c\nt]act ! enemies ( reason & fre$om 9 8 own age4 ,?is appe>s 9 8 works on social polity1 writt5 at a "t :5 ! pr9ciples ( democracy & tol]ation 7 /ruggl+ ) div9e "r ( k+s1 & :5 ! popul> ass]tors ( public lib]ty 7 ! greate/ engross]s ( x too4 ,! /ate ) ,locke 0 ! delib]ate outcome ( free contract r ?an a natural gr[? or organism4 ,t ! p1 9 ! ex]cise ( _! sov]eignty1 h ! "r to gov]n !mselves 9 ! way !y judge to be = ! common good2 & t civil gov]nm5t1 :atev] =m x assumes1 has no "r to int]f]e ) religi\s beliefs t are n inconsi/5t ) civil society1 is at ! f\ndation ( 8 political philosophy4 ,he re/$ ?is sov]eignty on virtual mutual contract on ! "p ( ! p !mselves to be s gov]n$4 ,b ! t]ms ( ! contract might be modifi$ by ! sov]eign p !mselves1 f "t to "t1 9 accommodation to *ang+ circum/ances4 ,he saw t ?+s 9 ?is _w 7 9 a con/ant flux1 s t no society c\ld rema9 long 9 ! same /ate1 & t ! grosse/ absurdities mu/ be ! issue ( foll[+ cu/om :5 reason has left ! cu/om4 ,he 0 always dispos$ to lib]al ecclesia/ical concessions = ! sake ( peace1 & he recomm5d$ h>moni\s co-op]ation ) ! civil magi/rate 9 all matt]s ( wor%ip & gov]nm5t t 7 n expressly det]m9$ by ,scripture4 ,! social contract4 ,! attack on ,sir ,rob]t ,film] 9 ,locke's ,fir/ ,treatise on ,gov]nm5t 0 an ana*ronism4 ,! democratic pr9ciple argu$ = 9 ! ,second ,treatise1 :ile 9 advance ( ! practice ( 8 age1 0 9 p>ts anticipat$ by ,aqu9as & ,bod91 z well z by ,grotius & ,hook]4 ,its guid+ pr9ciple is1 t civil rul]s hold _! p[] n absolutely b conditionally1 gov]nm5t be+ ess5tially a moral tru/1 =feit$ if ! conditions are n fulfill$ by ! tru/ees4 ,?is presupposes an orig9al & necess>y law ( nature or reason1 z insi/$ on by ,hook]4 ,b x po9ts to ! con/itution ( civil society 9 ! ab/ract r ?an to ! actual orig9 ( gov]nm5t z a matt] ( fact & pa/ hi/ory4 ,!re is no hi/orical pro( t p[] 0 =mally entru/$ to rul]s by ! consci\s & delib]ate action ( ! rul$4 ,inde$ ,locke seems to all[ t ! cons5t 0 at fir/ tacit1 & by ant]ior law ( nature conditional on ! b5eficial purpose ( ! tru/ be+ realiz$4 ,8 ,treatises on ,gov]nm5t 7 meant to v9dicate ! ,conv5tion p>liam5t & ! ,engli% revolution1 z well z to refute ! ideas ( absolute mon>*y held by ,hobbes & ,film]4 ,!y are classics 9 ! libr>y ( ,engli% con/itutional law & polity4 ,religi\s ,tol]ation4 ,locke's philosophical def5ce ( religi\s lib]ty 9 ! f\r ,lett]s ( ,tol]ation is ! mo/ f>-rea*+ ( 8 contributions to social polity4 ,he _h a m mode/ e/imate ( human res\rces = =m+ true judgm5ts 9 religion1 & a less pron\nc$ op9ion ( ! immorality ( religi\s error1 ?an ei!r ! ,ca?olic or ! ,puritan4 ,! tol]ation :i* he sp5t 8 life 9 argu+ = involv$ a *ange f ! au?oritative & absolute to ! relative po9t ( view1 z reg>ds man's means ( k & belief4 ,x 0 a prote/ aga9/ ^? :o 9 !ology p]emptorily require demon/ration & dem& c]ta9ty :]e probability only is to be _h4 ,! practice ( univ]sal tol]ation amid/ increas+ religi\s diff]5ces 0 an application ( ! conception ( human und]/&+ :i* gov]ns 8 ,essay4 ,once a p>adox x is n[ commonplace1 & ! sup]abundant argum5t 9 ! ,lett]s on ,tol]ation fatigues ! mod]n read]4 ,! *ange is due m to ,locke himself ?an to anyone else4 ,free ?\ght & lib]ty ( consci5ce _h inde$ be5 plead$ =1 on v>i\s gr\nds1 9 ! c5tury 9 :i* he liv$4 ,*ill+wor?1 ,j]emy ,taylor1 ,glanvill & o!r philosophical ?9k]s 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& urg$ tol]ation 9 ! /ate1 9 conjunction ) wide compreh5sion 9 ! *ur*1 on ! gr\nd ( our necess>y intellectual limitation & inability to rea* demon/ration 9 !ological debates4 ,puritans l ,ow5 & ,goodw91 ^: idea ( ecclesia/ical compreh5sion 0 dogmatic & n>r[1 7 ready to accept sect>ian v>iety1 because x 0 _! duty to all[ _m religions 9 ! nation1 b only "o =m ( !ology )9 _! own sect4 ,! exi/5ce ( sep>ate nationalities1 on ! o!r h&1 0 ! ju/ification ( national *ur*es accord+ to ! latitud9>ian *ur*m5 ) :om ,locke associat$3 a national *ur* compreh5sive 9 cre$1 & ?us co-ext5sive ) ! nation 0 _! ideal4 ,locke w5t f> to unite 9 a high] pr9ciple elem5ts 9 ! broad ,anglican & ! ,puritan !ories1 :ile he recogniz$ ! individual lib]ty ( ?\ght :i* di/+ui%es ! national *ur* ( ,engl&4 ,a con/ant s5se ( ! limits ( human und]/&+ 0 at ! bottom ( 8 argum5ts = tol]ance4 ,he _h no objection to a national e/abli%m5t ( religion1 provid$ t x 0 compreh5sive en\gh1 & 0 really ! nation organiz$ to promote goodness2 n to protect ! metaphysical subtleties ( sect>ian !ologians4 ,! recall ( ! national religion to ! simplicity ( ! gospels w\ld1 he hop$1 make tol]ation ( noncon=mi/s unnecess>y1 z few w\ld !n rema94 ,to ! a!i/ alone ,locke refuses full tol]ation1 on ! gr\nd t social obligation c h no hold ov] him1 = ! tak+ away ( ,god dissolves all4 ,he argu$1 too1 aga9/ full tol]ation ( ! ,*ur* ( ,rome 9 ,engl&1 on ! gr\nd ( its unnational allegiance to a =eign sov]eign4 ,! unfitness ( p]secution z a means ( propagat+ tru? is copi\sly insi/$ on by ,locke4 ,p]secution c only trans=m a man into a hypocrite2 belief is legitimately =m$ only by disc]nm5t ( suffici5t evid5ce2 ap>t f evid5ce1 a man has no "r to control ! und]/&+2 he _c det]m9e arbitr>ily :at 8 neighb\rs mu/ believe4 ,?us ,locke's pleas = religi\s tol]ation resolve at la/ into 8 philosophical view ( ! f\ndation & limits ( human k4 ,,ii4 ,! ,reasonabl5ess ( ,*ri/ianity4--,! pr9ciples t gov]n$ ,locke's social polity l>gely det]m9$ 8 attitude to ,*ri/ianity4 ,8 latitud9>ianism 0 ! result ( extraord9>y rev]5ce = tru?1 & a p]ception t k may be suffici5t = ! purposes ( human life :ile x falls inf9itely %ort ( speculative complet5ess4 ,he nev] loses sight ( ess5tial reasonabl5ess z ! only gr\nd on :i* ,*ri/ian fai? c ultimately re/4 ,b ,locke accept$ ,holy ,scripture z infallible ) ! rev]5ce ( a ,puritan4 ,x has ,god = its au?or1 salvation = its end1 & tru? )\t any mixture ( error = its matt]4 ,yet he did n1 l _m ,puritans1 mean ,scripture z int]pret$ by himself or by 8 sect4 ,& fai? 9 its infallibility 0 comb9$ 9 ,locke ) deep di/ru/ 9 en?usiasm4 ,?is pr$ispos$ him to reg>d physical miracles z ! solid crit]ion = di/+ui%+ reasonable religi\s conviction f incl9ations1 fancies & /rong assurances4 ,ass5t 9 religion z 9 ev]y?+ else he c\ld ju/ify only on ! gr\nd ( its h>mony ) reason2 pr(ess$ illum9ation )\t se>*1 & c]ta9ty )\t pro( 0 to him a sign ( abs5ce ( ! div9e _s 9 ! pr(essor4 ,confid5ce t we are "r1 he w\ld say1 is 9 itself no pro( t we are "r3 :5 ,god asks ass5t to ! tru? ( a proposition 9 religion1 he ei!r %[s u its intr9sic rationality by ord9>y means1 or he (f]s miracul\s pro( ( ! reality ( :i* we ne$ reasonable evid5ce4 ,b we mu/ "k :at we mean by miracle4 ,reasonabl5ess1 9 %ort1 mu/ always at la/ be our guide4 ,8 own fai? 9 ,*ri/ianity re/$ on its moral excell5ce :5 x is receiv$ 9 its primitive simplicity1 comb9$ ) ! miracles :i* accompani$ its orig9al promulgation4 ,b ev5 = ^? books :i* h ! atte/ation ( miracles to confirm _! be+ f ,god1 ! miracles1 he says1 are to be judg$ by ! doctr9e1 & n ! doctr9e by ! miracles4 ,miracles alone _c v9dicate ! div9ity ( immoral doctr9e4 ,locke's ,reasonabl5ess ( ,*ri/ianity 0 an attempt to recall religion f ! crude speculations ( !ological sects1 de/ructive ( peace among ,*ri/ians1 to its orig9al simplicity2 b ?is is apt to conceal its transc5d5t my/]y4 ,^? :o practically ackn[l$ge ! supremacy ( ,jesus z ,messiah accept all t is ess5tial to ! ,*ri/ianity ( ,locke4 ,8 own ,*ri/ian belief1 s9c]e & e>ne/1 0 m ! outcome ( ! common s5se :i*1 l>gely ?r\gh him1 m\ld$ ! prud5tial !ology ( ,engl& 9 ! #ah? c5tury1 ?an ( ! nobl] elem5ts pres5t 9 ,m1 ,cudwor? & o!r religi\s ?9k]s ( ! prec$+ age1 or aft]w>ds 9 ,law & ,b]keley1 ,col]idge & ,s*lei]ma*]4 ,,iii4 ,education4--,locke has 8 place among classic writ]s on ! !ory & art ( ,education4 ,8 contribution may be tak5 z ei!r an introduction to or an application ( ! ,essay on ,human ,und]/&+4 ,9 ! ,?\ghts on ,education imag9ative s5tim5t is nev] all[$ to weigh aga9/ utility2 in=mation is subord9ate to ! =mation ( useful "*2 ! "p :i* habit plays 9 individuals is always kept 9 view2 ! dep5d5ce ( intellig5ce & "*1 :i* x is ! purpose ( education to improve1 ^u heal? ( body is /eadily inculcat$2 to make *ildr5 happy 9 und]go+ education is a fav\rite precept2 accumulat+ facts )\t ex]cis+ ?\ght1 & )\t accu/om+ ! y\?ful m9d to look = evid5ce1 is always ref]r$ to z a c>d9al vice4 ,wisdom m ?an mu* le>n+ is :at he requires 9 ! tea*]4 ,9 in/ruction he gives ! fir/ place to t :i* may direct u to heav51 & ! second to ! /udy ( prud5ce1 or discreet conduct1 & managem5t ( ourselves 9 ! sev]al occurr5ces ( our lives1 :i* mo/ assi/s our quiet prosp]\s passage ?r\gh ?is pres5t life4 ,! inf9ity ( real exi/5ce1 9 contra/ ) ! necess>y f9itude ( human und]/&+ & exp]i5ce1 is always 9 8 ?\ghts4 ,?is disproportionat5ess betwe5 ! human m9d & ! univ]se ( reality imposes delib]ation 9 ! selection ( /udies1 & disreg>d = ^? :i* lie out ( ! way ( a wise man4 ,k ( :at o!r m5 h ?\ght is p]haps ( too little acc\nt ) ,locke4 ,x is an idle & useless ?+ to make x "o's bus9ess to /udy :at h be5 o!r m5's s5tim5ts 9 matt]s :]e only reason is to be judge4 ,9 8 ,conduct ( ! ,und]/&+ ! pupil is invit$ to occupy ! po9t at :i* a full view ( all t relates to a "q is to be _h1 & at :i* alone a rational disc]nm5t ( tru? is possible4 ,! un$ucat$ mass ( mank9d1 he compla9s1 ei!r seldom reason at all1 or put passion 9 ! place ( reason1 or = want ( l>ge1 s\nd1 r\nd-ab\t s5se !y direct _! m9ds only to "o "p ( ! evid5ce1 conv]se ) "o sort ( m51 read b "o sort ( books1 & w n come 9 ! he>+ ( b "o sort ( notions1 & s c>ve out to !mselves a little ,go%5 9 ! intellectual _w1 :]e light %9es1 &1 z !y conclude1 day blesses !m2 b ! re/ ( ! va/ expansion !y give up to night & d>kness1 & avoid com+ ne> x4 ,ha/y judgm5t1 bias1 abs5ce ( an a priori indiff]5ce to :at ! evid5ce may 9 ! end require u to conclude1 undue reg>d = au?ority1 excessive love = cu/om & antiquity1 indol5ce & sceptical despair are among ! /ates ( m9d m>k$ by him z mo/ apt to int]f]e ) ! =mation ( beliefs 9 h>mony ) ! ,univ]sal ,reason t is active 9 ! univ]se4 ,,iv4 ,philosophy4--,! ,essay ,conc]n+ ,human ,und]/&+ embodies ,locke's philosophy4 ,x 0 ! fir/ attempt on a great scale1 & 9 ! ,baconian _s1 to e/imate critically ! c]ta9ty & ! adequacy ( human k1 :5 confront$ ) ,god & ! univ]se4 ,! ,introduction to ! ,essay is ! keynote to ! :ole4 ,! ill-=tune ( m5 9 _! pa/ endeav\rs to compreh5d !mselves & _! environm5t is attribut$ 9 a great measure to _! disposition to ext5d _! inquiries into matt]s beyond ! rea* ( human und]/&+4 ,to inquire ) critical c>e into ! orig9al1 c]ta9ty & ext5t ( human k1 toge!r ) ! gr\nds & degrees ( belief1 op9ion & ass5t1 is accord+ly ,locke's design 9 ?is ,essay4 ,exclud+ f 8 enquiry ! physical consid]ation ( ! m9d1 he s\ght to make a fai?ful report1 bas$ on an introspective /udy ( consci\sness1 z to h[ f> a human und]/&+ ( ! univ]se c rea*4 ,al?\gh 8 report might %[ t our k at its highe/ mu/ be f> %ort ( a univ]sal or p]fect compreh5sion ( :atsoev] is1 x might /ill be suffici5t = u1 because suit$ to our individual /ate4 ,! light ( reason1 ! c&le ( ! ,"l1 t is set up 9 u may be f\nd to %9e bright en\gh = all our purposes4 ,if human und]/&+ _c fully solve ! inf9ite problem ( ! univ]se1 man may at lea/ see t at no /age ( 8 f9ite exp]i5ce is he necess>ily ! sport ( *ance1 & t he c practically secure 8 own wellbe+4 ,! la/ book ( ! ,essay1 :i* treats ( ,k & ,probability1 is conc]n$ m directly ?an ! ?ree prec$+ ones ) ,locke's pr(ess$ design4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t ,locke may h begun ) ?is book4 ,x conta9s few ref]5ces to ! =ego+ p>ts ( ! ,essay1 & x might h appe>$ sep>ately )\t be+ mu* less intelligible ?an x is4 ,! o!r books1 conc]n$ *iefly ) ideas & words1 are m ab/ract1 & may h op5$ gradually on 8 m9d z he /udi$ m closely ! subject treat$ 9 ! f\r? book4 ,= ,locke saw t ! ultimate que/ions ab\t our k & its ext5t presuppose que/ions ab\t ideas4 ,)\t ideas k is impossible4 ,idea is ?us a lead+ t]m 9 ! ,essay4 ,x is us$ 9 a way peculi> to himself--! t]m :i*1 ,i ?9k1 /&s be/ = :atsoev] is ! object ( ! und]/&+ :5 a man ?9ks or :atev] x is :i* ! m9d c be employ$ ab\t4 ,b ideas !mselves are1 he rem9ds u1 nei!r true nor false1 be+ no?+ b b>e appe>ances1 ph5om5a z we might call !m4 ,tru? & falsehood belong only to ass]tions or d5ials conc]n+ ideas1 t is1 to our int]pretations ( our ideas accord+ to _! mutual relations4 ,innate ideas4 ,t none ( our ideas are innate is ! argum5t conta9$ 9 ! fir/ book4 ,?is means t ! human m9d1 be=e any ideas are pres5t to x1 is a tabula rasa3 x ne$s ! quick5+ ( ideas to become intellectually alive4 ,! inw>d purpose ( ?is fam\s argum5t is apt to be ov]look$4 ,x has be5 criticiz$ z if x 0 a speculative controv]sy betwe5 empiricism & intellectualism4 ,= ?is ,locke himself is p>tly to blame4 ,x is n easy to det]m9e ! antagoni/ he _h 9 view4 ,"l ,h]b]t is ref]r$ to z a def5d] ( innat5ess4 ,locke 0 p]haps too little read 9 ! lit]ature ( philosophy to d full ju/ice to ^? m subtle ?9k]s :o1 f ,plato d[nw>ds1 h recogniz$ ! ne$ = categories ( ! und]/&+ & presuppositions ( reason 9 ! con/itution ( k4 ,innate1 ,"l ,%aftesbury says1 is a ^w ,mr ,locke poorly plays on4 ,= ! real "q is n ab\t ! "t :5 ideas ent]$ ! m9d1 b :e!r ! con/itution ( man be su* t1 be+ adult & gr[n up1 ! ideas ( ord] & adm9i/ration ( a ,god w n infallibly & necess>ily spr+ up 9 him4 ,?is ,locke himself sometimes seems to all[4 ,t !re are c]ta9 propositions1 we f9d him say+1 :i*1 ?\gh ! s\l f ! beg9n+1 or :5 a man is born1 does n "k1 yet1 by assi/ance f ! outw>d s5ses1 & ! help ( "s previ\s cultivation1 x may aft]w>ds come c]ta9ly to "k ! tru? (1 is no m ?an :at ,i h affirm$ 9 my fir/ book 7,epi/le to ,read]1 9 second edition74 ,& mu* ( our k1 z he %[s 9 ! f\r? book1 is rational insight1 imm$iate or else demon/rable1 & ?us intellectually necess>y 9 its con/itution4 ,:at ,locke really objects to is1 t any ( our suppos$ k %\ld claim immunity f free criticism4 ,he argues 9 ! fir/ book aga9/ ! innat5ess ( our k ( ,god & ( morality2 yet 9 ! f\r? book he f9ds t ! exi/5ce ( ,god is demon/rable1 be+ support$ by causal necessity1 )\t :i* !re c be no k2 & he also ma9ta9s t morality is z demon/rable z pure ma!matics4 ,! positions are n inconsi/5t4 ,! demon/rable rational necessity1 in/ead ( be+ innate1 or consci\s f our bir?1 may lie lat5t or subconsci\s 9 ! individual m9d2 b = all t1 :5 we gradually become m awake intellectually1 su* tru?s are se5 to c>ry _! own evid5ce along ) !m4 ,ev5 9 ! fir/ book he appeals to ! common reason1 :i* he calls common s5se4 ,he w\ld be ?\ght void ( common s5se :o ask$1 on ! "o side1 or1 on ! o!r1 w5t to give a reason1 :y 'x is impossible = ! same ?+ to be & n to be4' ,x c>ries its own light & evid5ce ) x1 & ne$s no o!r pro(3 he t und]/&s ! t]ms ass5ts to x = its own sake1 or else no?+ else w ev] be able to prevail ) him to d x 7bk4 i4 *ap4 #c1 #d74 ,! tru? is t nei!r ,locke1 on ! "o h&1 nor ! intellectuali/s ( ! #ag? c5tury1 on ! o!r1 express$ _! mean+ ) en\gh ( precision2 if !y _h1 ,locke's argum5t w\ld probably h tak5 a =m less op5 to ! *>ge ( m]e empiricism4 ,locke believ$ t 9 attack+ innate pr9ciples he 0 plead+ = univ]sal reasonabl5ess in/ead ( bl9d reliance on au?ority1 & 0 ?us1 z he says1 n pull+ up ! f\ndations ( k1 b lay+ ^? f\ndations sur]4 ,:5 m5 he>d t !re 7 propositions t c\ld n be d\bt$1 x 0 a %ort & easy way to assume t :at are only arbitr>y prejudices are innate c]ta9ties1 & !re=e mu/ be accept$ unconditionally4 ,?is eas$ ! lazy f ! pa9s ( se>*1 /opp$ ! inquiry ( ! d\btful1 conc]n+ all t 0 once /yl$ innate4 ,x 0 no small advantage to ^? :o affect$ to be ma/]s & tea*]s to make ?is ! pr9ciple ( pr9ciples--t pr9ciples mu/ n be que/ion$4 ,! assumption t !y 7 innate 0 en\gh to take m5 (f ! use ( _! own reason & judgm5t1 & to put !m ^u believ+ & tak+ ^u tru/ )\t fur!r exam9ation4444 ,nor is x a small p[] x gives "o man ov] ano!r to h ! au?ority to make a man swall[ t = an innate pr9ciple :i* may s]ve 8 purpose :o tea*e? !m 7bk4 i4 *ap4 #d1 #bd74 ,g5esis ( ideas4 ,! second book proposes a hypo!sis reg>d+ ! g5esis ( our ideas & closes aft] an elaborate endeav\r to v]ify x4 ,! hypo!sis is1 t all human ideas1 ev5 ! mo/ complex & ab/ract & sublime1 ultimately dep5d ^u exp]i5ce4 ,o!rwise1 :at we take to be ideas are only empty words4 ,"h ! important po9t is :at human exp]i5ce involves4 ,locke says t our ideas all come1 ei!r f ! five s5ses or f reflective consci\sness2 & he proposes to %[ t ev5 ^? conc]n$ ) ! ,inf9ite dep5d at la/ on "o or o!r ( ^! two s\rces3 our complex ideas are all made up ( simple ideas1 ei!r f )\t or f )94 ,! v]ification ( ?is hypo!sis1 (f]$ 9 ! ?irte5? & foll[+ *apt]s ( ! second book1 goes to %[ 9 detail t ev5 ^? ideas :i* are mo/ ab/ruse1 h[ remote soev] !y may seem f orig9al data ( outw>d s5se1 or ( inn] consci\sness1 are only su* z ! und]/&+ frames to itself by repeat+ & jo9+ toge!r simple ideas t x _h at fir/1 ei!r f p]ceiv+ objects ( s5se1 or f reflection ^u its own op]ations4 ,to prove ?is1 our ?\ghts ( space1 "t1 inf9ity1 p[]1 sub/ance1 p]sonal id5tity1 causality1 & o!rs :i* seem mo/ remote f ! suppos$ orig9al are exam9$ 9 a pla9 hi/orical me?od1 & %[n to dep5d ei!r on 7a7 p]ception ( ?+s ext]nal1 ?r\gh ! five s5ses1 or on 7b7 reflection ^u op]ations ( ! m9d )94 ,reflection1 ?\gh x be n s5se1 z hav+ no?+ to d ) ext]nal objects1 is yet1 he says1 v l x1 & might prop]ly en\gh be call$ int]nal s5se4 ,b ! sugge/ion t s5se might designate bo? ! spr+s ( exp]i5ce is mislead+1 :5 we f9d 9 ! sequel h[ mu* ,locke tacitly cr$its reflection )4 ,! ambiguity ( 8 language makes opposite int]pretations ( ?is c>d9al "p ( ! ,essay possible2 ! be/ we c d is to comp>e "o "p ) ano!r1 & 9 d\btful cases to give him ! b5efit ( ! d\bt4 ,al?\gh ! second book is a sort ( inv5tory ( our ideas1 z di/+ui%$ f ! c]ta9ty & b\nd>ies ( our k1 ,locke ev5 "h makes ! assumption t ! simple ideas ( ! five s5ses are practically qualities ( ?+s :i* exi/ )\t u1 & t ! m5tal op]ations discov]$ by reflection are ^? ( a p]son cont9u\sly exi/+4 ,he ?us relieves himself ( ! difficulty ( hav+ at ! outset to expla9 h[ ! imm$iate data ( outw>d s5se & reflection are accept$ z qualities ( ?+s & p]sons4 ,he takes ?is z a fact4 ,su*1 accord+ to ,locke1 are ! only simple ideas :i* c appe> ev5 9 ! sublime/ human speculations4 ,b ! m9d1 9 becom+ gradually /or$ ) its simple ideas is able to elaborate !m 9 numb]less modes & relations2 al?\gh x is n 9 ! p[] ( ! mo/ exalt$ wit or enl>g$ und]/&+ to inv5t or frame any new simple idea1 n tak5 9 9 "o or ! o!r ( ^! two ways4 ,all t man c imag9e ab\t ! univ]se or ab\t ,god is necess>ily conf9$ to !m4 ,= pro( ( ?is ,locke w\ld h any "o try to fancy a ta/e :i* _h nev] affect$ 8 palate1 or to frame ! idea ( a sc5t he _h nev] felt1 or an op]ation ( m9d1 div9e or human1 =eign to all human consci\sness4 ,qualities ( matt]4 ,! contra/ & correlation ( ^! two data ( exp]i5ce is sugge/$ 9 ! *apt] on ! qualities ( matt] 9 :i* we are introduc$ to a notewor?y ve9 ( speculation 7bk4 ii4 *ap4 #h74 ,?is *apt]1 on ?+s & _! qualities1 looks l an int]polation 9 an analysis ( m]e ideas4 ,locke "h treats simple ideas ( ! five s5ses z qualities ( outw>d ?+s4 ,& ! s5se data are1 he f9ds1 p>tly 7a7 revelations ( ext]nal ?+s !mselves 9 _! ma!matical relations1 & p>tly 7b7 s5sations1 b\ndless 9 v>iety1 :i* are someh[ awak5$ 9 u ?r\gh contact & collision ) ?+s relatively to _! ma!matical relations4 ,locke calls ! =m] sort prim>y1 orig9al or ess5tial qualities ( matt]1 & ! o!rs second>y or d]iv$ qualities4 ,! prim>y1 :i* are quantities r ?an qualities1 are insep>able f matt]1 & virtually id5tical ) ! ideas we h ( !m4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re is no?+ p]ceiv$ 9 ! ma!matical relations ( bodies :i* 9 ! lea/ resembles _! second>y qualities4 ,if !re 7 no s5ti5t be+s 9 exi/5ce1 ! second>y qualities w\ld cease to exi/1 except p]haps z unkn[n modes ( ! prim>y1 or1 if n1 z some?+ /ill m obscure4 ,on ! o!r h&1 solidity1 ext5sion1 figure & motion w\ld1 he assumes1 be really 9 ! _w z !y are1 :e!r !re 7 any s5sible be+ to p]ceive !m or n4 ,matt]4 ,?us f> ! outcome ( :at ,locke tea*es ab\t matt] is1 t x is ,some?+ capable ( be+ express$ 9 t]ms ( ma!matical quantity1 & also 9 t]ms ( our own s5sations4 ,a fur!r /ep 0 to sugge/ ! ultimate dep5d5ce ( ! second>y qualities ( bodies ^u ! bulk1 figures1 numb]1 situation & motions ( ! solid p>ts ( :i* ! bodies consi/1 ^! ma!matical or prim>y qualities exi/+ z we ?9k ( !m :e!r or n !y are p]ceiv$4 ,?is ,locke proposes 9 a hesitat+ way4 ,= we1 n kn[+ :at p>ticul> size1 figure & texture ( p>ts !y are on :i* dep5d1 & f :i* result1 ^? qualities :i* make our complex idea1 = example1 ( gold1 x is impossible we %\ld "k :at o!r qualities result f1 or are incompatible )1 ! same con/itution ( ! ins5sible p>ts ( gold2 & s consequ5tly mu/ always coexi/ ) t complex idea we h ( x1 or else are inconsi/5t ) x4 ,"s ( ! mo/ rem>kable *apt]s 9 ! second book conc]n :at may be call$ crucial in/ances 9 v]ification ( its fundam5tal hypo!sis ( ! dep5d5ce ( human k ^u ! simple ideas pres5t$ 9 our dual exp]i5ce 7bk4 ii4 *4 #ac-bh74 ,!y c>ry u t[>ds ! ultimate my/]ies :i* attract m$itative m9ds4 ,! hypo!sis1 t ev5 our mo/ pr(\nd & sublime speculations are all limit$ to data ( ! s5ses & ( reflection1 is crucially te/$ by ! modes & sub/ances & relations "u :i*1 9 v>i\s degrees ( complexity1 we someh[ f9d ourselves oblig$ to conceive ^? simple ph5om5a4 ,su* are modes ( quantity 9 space1 & "t & numb]1 "u :i* ,locke reports t we f9d ourselves m5tally impell$ t[>ds imm5sity1 et]nity & ! innum]able--9 a ^w1 t[>ds ,inf9ity :i* seems to transc5d quantity2 !n !re is ! complex ?\ght ( ,sub/ance1 to :i* we f9d ourselves my/]i\sly impell$1 :5 ! simple ph5om5a ( ! s5ses come to be reg>d$ z qualities ( some?+2 aga9 !re is ! obscure idea ( ! id5tity ( p]sons1 not)/&+ _! con/ant *anges ( /ate2 & !re is1 above all1 ! inevitable t5d5cy we someh[ h to refund a *ange into :at we call its ,cause1 ) ! associat$ idea ( active p[]4 ,locke beg9s ) our complex ideas ( ,space1 ,succession or ,"t1 & ,numb]4 ,imm5sity & endlessness & inf9ity4 ,space1 he says1 appe>s :5 we use our s5ses ( sight & t\*2 succession he f9ds sugge/$ by all ! *ang+ ph5om5a ( s5se1 & by :at passes 9 our m9ds2 numb] is sugge/$ by e object ( our s5ses1 & e ?\ght ( our m9ds1 by ev]y?+ t ei!r do? exi/ or c be imag9$4 ,! modifications ( :i* ^! are susceptible he reports to be inexhau/ible & truly inf9ite1 ext5sion alone af=d+ a b\ndless field to ! ma!maticians4 ,b ! my/]y lat5t 9 our ideas ( space & "t is1 t some?+ 9 ! m9d irresi/ibly h9d]s u f all[+ ! possibility ( any limit to ei!r4 ,we f9d ourselves1 :5 we try1 compell$ to lose our positive ideas ( f9ite spaces 9 ! negative idea ( ,imm5sity or ,b\ndlessness1 & our positive ideas ( f9ite times 9 ! negative ?\ght ( ,endlessness4 ,we h nev] se51 & we _c imag9e1 an object ^: ext5t is b\ndless4 ,yet we f9d :5 we reflect t some?+ =ces u to ?9k t space & "t mu/ be unlimit$4 ,?us ,locke seems by implication to ackn[l$ge some?+ add$ by ! m9d to ! orig9al simple ideas ( ext5sion & succession2 ?\gh he f9ds t :at is add$ is n positively conceivable4 ,:5 we reflect on imm5sity & et]nity1 we f9d !m negations ( all t is imag9able2 & t :e!r we try inf9ite addition or inf9ite subdivision4 ,he accepts ?is fact2 he does n inquire :y m9d f9ds itself oblig$ to add )\t limit & to divide )\t limit4 ,he simply reports t imm5sity & et]nity are inevitable negative ideas1 & also t e endeav\r to realize !m 9 positive images mu/ be an attempt to repres5t z quantity :at is beyond quantity4 ,aft] all our additions we are z f> f ! inf9ite idea z we 7 at ! beg9n+4 ,sub/ance & p]sonality4 ,locke is too fai?ful to facts to ov]look ! ultimate my/]ies 9 human exp]i5ce4 ,?is is fur!r illu/rat$ 9 8 ackn[l$gm5t ( ! inconceivable t is at ! root ( our idea ( ,sub/ance4 ,he tries to ph5om5alize x1 & ?us resolve x into simple ideas2 b he f9ds t x _c be ph5om5aliz$1 & yet t we _c disp5se ) x4 ,an unsub/antiat$ succession ( ph5om5a1 )\t a c5tre ( unity to :i* !y are ref]able z qualities1 is un9telligible3 we _c h a language ( adjectives )\t n\ns4 ,locke _h "s appreh5sion ( ?is transc5d5t intellectual obligation4 ,accord+ to 8 report1 ! m9d always obliges u to suppose ,some?+ beyond positive ph5om5a to :i* ! ph5om5a mu/ be attribut$2 b he 0 p]plex$ by ?is confus$ negative idea4 ,s = him ! ^w sub/ance means only an unc]ta9 supposition ( we "k n :at4 ,if "o 7 to ask him :at ! sub/ance is 9 :i* ?is col\r & t ta/e or smell inh]e1 he w\ld f9d himself 9 a difficulty l t ( ! ,indian1 :o1 aft] say+ t ! _w re/$ on an elephant1 & ! elephant on a broad-back$ tortoise1 c\ld only suppose ! tortoise to re/ on ',some?+1 ,i "k n :at4' ,! attempt to conceive x is l ! attempt positively to conceive imm5sity or et]nity3 we are involv$ 9 an endless1 ultimately incompreh5sible1 regress4 ,we fail :5 we try ei!r positively to ph5om5alize sub/ance or to disp5se ) ! sup]ph5om5al ab/raction4 ,our only positive idea is ( an aggregate ( ph5om5a4 ,& x is only ?us1 he says1 t we c approa* a positive conception ( ,god1 namely by enl>g+ indef9itely "s ( ! simple ideas we receiv$ f reflection4 ,:y man mu/ rema9 9 ?is m5tal pr$icam5t1 ,locke did n inquire4 ,he only report$ ! fact4 ,he likewise /ruggl$ bravely to be fai?ful to fact 9 8 report ( ! /ate 9 :i* we f9d ourselves :5 we try to conceive cont9u$ p]sonal id5tity4 ,! p>adoxes 9 :i* he "h gets involv$ illu/rate ?is 7bk4 ii4 *4 #bg74 ,causality4 ,locke's ?\ghts ab\t ,causality & ,active ,p[] are especially notewor?y1 = he re/s our k ( ,god & ( ! ext]nal univ]se on ^? ultimate ideas4 ,! intellectual dem& = ! cause ( an ev5t is :at we f9d we _c help hav+2 yet x is a dem& = :at 9 ! end ! m9d _c fully grasp4 ,locke is cont5t to trace ! idea ( cause & effect1 z f> z m]e natural sci5ce goes1 to our con/ant obs]vation t qualities & f9ite sub/ances beg9 to exi/1 & receive _! exi/5ce f o!r be+s :i* produce !m4 ,we f9d t ?is connexion is :at gives intelligibility to ceaseless & :at seem$ *aotic *anges1 conv]t+ !m into ! div9ely concat5at$ sy/em :i* we call ! univ]se4 ,locke seems h>dly to realize all t is impli$ 9 sci5tific prevision or expectation ( *ange4 ,any?+1 z f> z con/ant obs]vation tells u1 might a priori h be5 ! natural cause ( any?+2 & no f9ite numb] ( obs]v$ sequ5ces1 p] se1 c gu>antee univ]sality & necessity4 ,! idea ( p[]1 or active causation1 on ! o!r h&1 is got1 he ackn[l$ges1 n ?r\gh ! s5ses1 b ?r\gh our consci\sness ( our own volunt>y ag5cy1 & !re=e ?r\gh reflection 7bk4 ii4 *4 #ba74 ,9 bodies we obs]ve no active ag5cy1 only a su/a9$ natural ord] 9 ! succession ( passive s5su\s ph5om5a4 ,! true s\rce ( *ange 9 ! mat]ial _w mu/ be analog\s to :at we are consci\s ( :5 we ex]t volition4 ,locke "h unconsci\sly approa*es ! spiritual view ( active p[] 9 ! physical univ]se aft]w>ds tak5 by ,b]keley1 =m+ ! con/ructive pr9ciple ( 8 philosophy4 ,ideas & words4 ,locke's book ab\t ,ideas leads naturally to 8 ,?ird ,book :i* is conc]n$ ) ,words1 or ! s5sible signs ( ideas4 ,"h he analyses ab/ract ideas1 & in/ructively illu/rates ! confusion apt to be produc$ 9 !m by ! inevitable imp]fection ( words4 ,he unfolds ! relations betwe5 v]bal signs & ! sev]al sorts ( ideas2 words be+ ! means = enabl+ u to treat ideas z typical1 ab/ract & g5]al4 ,"s p>ts ( ?is ?ird book1 conc]n+ ,words1 ,locke tells 8 fri5d ,molyneux1 ?\gh ! ?\ghts 7 easy & cle> en\gh1 yet co/ me m pa9s to express ?an all ! re/ ( my ,essay4 ,& !re=e ,i %\ld n mu* wond]1 if !re be 9 "s places ( x obscurity & d\btfulness4 ,!ory ( k4 ,! ,f\r? ,book1 ab\t ,k prop] & ,probability1 closes ! ,essay4 ,k1 he says1 is p]ception ( relations among ideas2 x is express$ 9 our affirmations & negations2 & real k is disc]nm5t ( ! relations ( ideas to :at is real4 ,9 ! =ego+ "p ( ! ,essay he _h dealt ) ideas & simple appreh5sion1 "h he is conc]n$ ) intuitive judgm5t & demon/rative reason+1 also ) judgm5ts & reason+s ab\t matt]s ( fact4 ,at ! end ( ?is pati5t se>* among our ideas1 he supposes ! read] apt to compla9 t he has be5 all ?is :ile only build+ a ca/le 9 ! air1 & to ask :at ! purpose ( all ?is /ir is1 if we are n !reby c>ri$ beyond m]e ideas4 ,if x be true t k lies only 9 ! agreem5t or disagreem5t ( ideas1 ! visions ( an en?usia/ & ! reason+s ( a sob] man w be equally c]ta94 ,x is no matt] h[ ?+s !mselves are 7bk4 iv4 #d74 ,?is gives ! keynote to ! f\r? book4 ,x does n1 h[ev]1 c>ry him into a critical analysis ( ! rational con/itution ( k1 l ,kant4 ,hume _h n yet %[n ! sceptical objections aga9/ conclusions :i* ,locke accept$ )\t criticism4 ,! subtle agno/ic1 :o d\bt$ reason because reason c\ld n be support$ 9 ! end by empirical evid5ce1 0 less 9 8 view ?an p]sons bl9dly re/+ on au?ority or prejudice4 ,total scepticism he w\ld probably h reg>d$ z unwor?y ( ! s]i\s att5tion ( a wise man4 ,:]e we p]ceive ! agreem5t or disagreem5t ( any ( our ideas !re is c]ta9 k2 & :]ev] we are sure ^! ideas agree ) ! reality ( ?+s1 !re is c]ta9 real k 7bk4 iv4 *4 #d74 ,f\r sorts ( kn[able relations4 ,locke's report ab\t human k & its n>r[ ext5t =ms ! fir/ ?irte5 *apt]s ( ! f\r? book4 ,! rema9d] ( ! book is conc]n$ = ! mo/ "p ) ! probabilities on :i* human life practically turns1 z he & ,butl] are fond ( rem9d+ u4 ,z reg>ds k9ds ( k1 he f9ds t all k we are capable ( mu/ be ass]tion or d5ial ( "s "o ( ?ree sorts ( relation among our ideas !mselves1 or else ( relations betwe5 our ideas & reality t exi/s indep5d5tly ( u & our ideas4 ,accord+ly1 k is conc]n$ ei!r ) 7a7 relations ( id5tity & diff]5ce among ideas1 z :5 we say t blue is n yell[2 or 7b7 ) ma!matical relations1 z t two triangles ^u equal bases betwe5 two p>allels mu/ be equal2 or 7c7 9 ass]tions t "o quality does or does n coexi/ ) ano!r 9 ! same sub/ance1 z t iron is susceptible ( magnetical impressions1 or t ice is n hot2 or 7d7 ) ontological reality1 indep5d5t ( our p]ceptions1 z t ,god exi/s or ,i exi/ or ! univ]se exi/s4 ,! fir/ sort is analytical2 ma!matical & e?ical k repres5ts ! second2 physical sci5ce =ms ! ?ird2 real k ( self1 ,god & ! _w con/itutes ! f\r?4 ,intuition & demon/ration4 ,locke f\nd important diff]5ces 9 ! way 9 :i* k ( any sort is rea*$4 ,9 "s in/ances ! kn[n relation is self-evid5t1 z :5 we judge intuitively t a circle _c be a triangle1 or t ?ree mu/ be m ?an two4 ,9 o!r cases ! kn[n relation is p]ceiv$ to be intellectually necess>y ?r\gh ! m$ium ( premisses1 z 9 a ma!matical demon/ration4 ,all t is /rictly k is rea*$ 9 ^! two ways4 ,b !re is a ?ird sort1 namely s5se-p]ception1 :i* h>dly des]ves ! "n4 ,= our p]ceptions ( ! p>ticul> exi/5ce ( f9ite be+s )\t u g beyond m]e probability1 yet !y are n purely rational4 ,!re is no?+ self-contradictory 9 ! supposition t our p]ceptions ( ?+s ext]nal are illusions1 al?\gh we are someh[ unable to d\bt !m4 ,we f9d ourselves inevitably consci\s ( a diff]5t sort ( p]ception1 :5 we actually see ! sun by day & :5 we only imag9e ! sun at night4 ,locke next inquir$ to :at ext5t k--9 ! way ei!r ( intuitive c]ta9ty1 demon/rative c]ta9ty1 or s5se p]ception--is possible1 9 reg>d to ea* ( ! f\r 7already m5tion$7 sorts ( kn[able relation4 ,!re is only "o ( ! f\r 9 :i* our k is co-ext5sive ) our ideas4 ,x is t ( id5tity & div]sity3 we _c be consci\s at all )\t di/+ui%+1 & e affirmation necess>ily implies negation4 ,! second sort ( kn[able relation is sometimes intuitively & sometimes demon/rably disc]nible4 ,morality1 ,locke ?9ks1 z well z ma!matical quantity1 is capable ( be+ demon/rat$4 ,:]e !re is no prop]ty !re is no inju/ice1 is an example ( a proposition z c]ta9 z any demon/ration 9 ,euclid4 ,only we are m apt to be biass$1 & ?us to leave reason 9 abeyance1 9 deal+ ) que/ions ( morality ?an 9 deal+ ) problems 9 ma!matics4 ,turn+ f ab/ract ma!matical & moral relations to concrete relations ( coexi/5ce & succession among ph5om5a--! ?ird sort ( kn[able relation--,locke f9ds ! light ( pure reason disappe>2 al?\gh ^! relations =m ! greate/ & mo/ important "p ( :at we desire to "k4 ,( ^!1 includ+ z !y d all inductive sci5ce1 he reports t demon/rable k is v %ort1 if inde$ we h any at all2 & are n ?r[n :olly on presumptions ( probability1 or else left 9 ignorance4 ,man _c atta9 p]fect & infallible sci5ce ( bodies4 ,= natural sci5ce dep5ds1 he ?9ks1 on k ( ! relations betwe5 _! second>y qualities on ! "o h&1 & ! ma!matical qualities ( _! atoms on ! o!r1 or else on some?+ yet m remote f our compreh5sion4 ,n[1 z p]ception ( ^! atoms & _! relations is beyond u1 we mu/ be satisfi$ ) inductive presumptions1 = :i* exp]im5tal v]ification af=ds1 aft] all1 only conclusions t wid] exp]i5ce may prove to be inadequate4 ,b ?is moral v5ture ,locke accepts z suffici5t = our purposes4 ,real exi/5ce4 ,our k "u ,locke's f\r? category ( relations--real exi/5ce--includes 7a7 intuitive p]ceptions ( our own exi/5ce2 7b7 demon/rable c]ta9ty ( ! exi/5ce ( ,god2 & 7c7 actual p]ception ( ! exi/5ce ( surr\nd+ ?+s1 z long z1 b only z long z ! ?+s are pres5t to s5se4 ,if ,i d\bt all o!r ?+s1 t v d\bt makes me p]ceive my own exi/5ce1 & w n suff] me to d\bt ( t 7iv4 #i4 #c74 ,fai? 9 ! exi/5ce ( ,god is virtually ) ,locke an expression ( fai? 9 ! pr9ciple ( active causality 9 its ultimate univ]sality4 ,ea* p]son kn[s t he n[ exi/s1 & is conv9c$ t he _h a beg9n+2 ) n less intuitive c]ta9ty he kn[s t no?+ c no m produce any real be+ ?an x c be equal to two "r angles4 ,8 f9al conclusion is t !re mu/ be et]nally a mo/ p[]ful & mo/ kn[+ ,be+1 9 :i*1 z ! orig9 ( all1 mu/ be conta9$ all ! p]fections t c ev] aft] exi/1 & out ( :i* c come only :at x has already 9 itself2 s t z ! cause ( my m9d1 x mu/ be ,m9d4 ,!re is ?us causal necessity = ,et]nal ,m9d1 or :at we call ,god4 ,?is is cauti\sly qualifi$ ?us 9 a lett] to ,an?ony ,coll9s1 writt5 by ,locke a few mon?s be=e he di$3 ,?\gh ,i call ! ?9k+ faculty 9 me 'm9d1' yet ,i _c1 because ( t "n1 equal x 9 any?+ to t inf9ite & incompreh5sible ,be+1 :i*1 = want ( "r & di/9ct conceptions1 is call$ ',m9d' also4 ,b ! imman5ce ( ,god 9 ! ?+s & p]sons t compose ! univ]sal ord]1 ) :at ?is implies1 is a conception =eign to ,locke1 ^: habitual conception 0 ( an extra-mundane deity1 ! dom9ant conception 9 ! #ah? c5tury4 ,k ( ! ext]nal _w4 ,turn+ f our k ( ,_s to our k ( ,matt]1 ne>ly all t "o c affirm or d5y ab\t ?+s ext]nal is1 accord+ to ,locke1 n k b v5ture or presumptive tru/4 ,we h1 /rictly speak+1 no k ( real be+s beyond our own self-consci\s exi/5ce1 ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 & ! exi/5ce ( objects ( s5se z long z !y are actually pres5t to s5se4 ,:5 ,i see an ext]nal object at a di/ance1 a man = in/ance1 ,i _c b be satisfi$ ( 8 exi/5ce :ile ,i am look+ at him4 7,locke might h add$ t :5 "o only 'sees a man' x is m]ely 8 visible qualities t are p]ceiv$2 8 o!r qualities are z little 'actual pres5t s5sations' z if he 7 out ( ! range ( s5se47 ,b :5 ! man leaves me alone1 ,i _c be c]ta9 t he /ill exi/s4 ,!re is no necess>y connexion betwe5 8 exi/5ce a m9ute s9ce 7:5 he 0 pres5t to any s5se ( sight7 & 8 exi/5ce n[ 7:5 he is abs5t f all my s5ses72 by a ?\s& ways he may h ceas$ to be4 ,i h n t c]ta9ty ( 8 cont9u$ exi/5ce :i* we call k2 ?\gh ! great likelihood ( x puts x pa/ d\bt4 ,b ?is is b probability & n k 7*ap4 #aa1 #i74 ,accord+ly1 purely rational sci5ce ( ext]nal ,nature is1 accord+ to ,locke1 impossible4 ,all our int]pretations ( nature are inadequate2 only reasonable probabilities1 n f9al rational c]ta9ties4 ,?is b\ndless region af=ds at ! be/ probabilities1 ultimately gr\nd$ on moral fai?1 all beyond lies )9 ! veil4 ,su* is ,locke's pla91 matt]-(-fact acc\nt ( ! k ( ! ,real t is op5 to man4 ,! rationale ( probability4 ,we le>n little f ,locke z to ! rationale ( ! probabilities on :i* man ?us dep5ds :5 he deals ) ! pa/1 ! di/ant or ! future4 ,! conclud+ *apt]s ( ! f\r? book conta9 wise advice to ^? ^: lives are pass$ 9 an ev]-*ang+ environm5t1 = avoid+ ! frequ5t risk ( error 9 _! conclusions1 ) or )\t ! help ( syllogism1 ! (fice ( :i*1 z a means ( discov]y1 is "h critically consid]$4 ,locke & ,hume4 ,inve/igation ( ! f\ndation ( inductive inf]5ce 0 resum$ by ,hume :]e ,locke left x4 ,) a /ill humbl] view ( human reason ?an ,locke's1 ,hume propos$ z a subject wor?y ( curiosity1 to inquire into ! nature ( t evid5ce :i* assures u ( any real exi/5ce & matt] ( fact1 beyond ! pres5t te/imony ( our s5ses & ! records ( our memory2 a "p ( philosophy t has be5 little cultivat$ ei!r by ! anci5ts or ! mod]ns4 ,hume argues t cu/om is a suffici5t practical explanation ( ?is gradual enl>gem5t ( our objective exp]i5ce1 & t no deep] explanation is op5 to man4 ,all beyond ea* pres5t transitory impression & ! /ores ( memory is !re=e rea*$ bl9dly1 ?r\gh cu/om or habitual association4 ,associative t5d5cy1 individual or inh]it$1 has s9ce be5 ! fav\rite con/ructive factor ( human exp]i5ce 9 ,empirical ,philosophy4 ,?is factor is n prom95t 9 ,locke's ,essay4 ,a %ort *apt] on association ( ideas 0 add$ to ! second book 9 ! f\r? edition4 ,& ! t5d5cy to associate is !re pres5t$1 n z ! fundam5tal factor ( human k1 b z a *ief cause ( human error4 ,locke & ,kant4 ,kant's critical analysis ( pure reason is m =eign to ,locke ?an ! attempts ( #ah?- & #ai?-c5tury associationi/s & evolutioni/s to expla9 exp]i5ce & sci5ce4 ,kant's aim 0 to %[ ! necess>y rational con/itution ( exp]i5ce4 ,locke's design 0 less pr(\nd4 ,x 0 8 di/9ction to pres5t to ! mod]n _w1 9 8 own hi/orical pla9 me?od1 p]haps ! l>ge/ assortm5t ev] made by any individual ( facts *>act]i/ic ( human und]/&+4 ,criticism ( ! presuppositions impli$ 9 ^? facts--by ,kant & 8 successors1 & 9 ,brita9 m unpret5ti\sly by ,reid1 all "u ! /imulus ( ,hume's sceptical criticism--has employ$ philosoph]s s9ce ! au?or ( ! ,essay on ,human ,und]/&+ collect$ mat]ials t rais$ deep] philosophical problems ?an he tri$ to solve4 ,locke's mission 0 to initiate mod]n criticism ( ! f\ndation & limits ( our k4 ,hume negatively1 & ! ,g]man & ,scotti% s*ools con/ructively1 cont9u$ :at x 0 ,locke's glory to h begun4 ,,bibliography4--,! ,essay conc]n+ ,human ,und]/&+ has pass$ ?r\gh m editions ?an any classic 9 mod]n philosophical lit]ature4 ,be=e ! middle ( ! #ah? c5tury x _h rea*$ ?irte51 & x has n[ pass$ ?r\gh "s =ty editions1 besides be+ translat$ into ,lat91 ,fr5*1 ,dut*1 ,g]man & mod]n ,greek4 ,!re are also sev]al abridgm5ts4 ,9 addition to ^? criticisms :i* appe>$ :5 ,locke 0 alive1 among ! mo/ important are ,leibnitz's ,n\veaux ,essais sur l'ent5dem5t huma9--writt5 ab\t #agjj & publi%$ 9 #agfe1 9 :i* ea* *apt] ( ! ,essay ( ,locke is exam9$ 9 a correspond+ *apt] by ,leibnitz2 ,c\s9's cole s5suali/e3 sy/me de ,locke1 9 8 ,hi/oire de la philosophie au ,,xviiie sicle 7#ahbi72 & ! criticisms 9 ,t4 ,h4 ,gre5's ,introduction to ! ,philosophical ,works ( ,hume 7#ahgd74 ,! ,essay1 ) ,prolegom5a1 biographical1 critical & hi/orical1 edit$ by ,pr(essor ,campbell ,fras] & publi%$ by ! ,ox=d ,cl>5don ,press 9 #ahid1 is ! only annotat$ edition1 unless ! ,n\veaux ,essais ( ,leibnitz may be r$uc$ to ?is category4 ,! ,lett]s on ,tol]ation1 ,?\ghts on ,education & ,! ,reasonabl5ess ( ,*ri/ianity h also gone ?r\gh _m editions1 & be5 translat$ into diff]5t languages4 ,! fir/ collect$ edition ( ,locke's ,works 0 9 #agad1 9 ?ree folio volumes4 ,! be/ is t by ,bi%op ,law1 9 f\r qu>tos 7#aggg74 ,! "o mo/ commonly kn[n is 9 t5 volumes 7#ahab74 ,! loge ( ,jean le ,cl]c 7,biblio?que *oisie1 #agje7 has be5 ! basis ( ! memoirs ( ,locke prefix$ to ! successive editions ( 8 ,works1 or conta9$ 9 biographical diction>ies4 ,9 #ahbi a ,life ( ,locke 7#bnd ed4 9 two volumes1 ) consid]able additions1 #ahcj71 0 produc$ by ,pet]1 #g? ,b>on ,k+1 a desc5dant ( ,locke's c\s91 ,anne ,locke4 ,?is adds a good deal to :at 0 previ\sly kn[n1 z ,"l ,k+ 0 able to draw f ! mass ( correspond5ce1 j\rnals & commonplace books ( ,locke 9 8 possession4 ,9 ! same ye> ,dr ,?omas ,fo/] publi%$ "s int]e/+ lett]s f ,locke to ,b5jam9 ,furly4 ,! mo/ copi\s acc\nt ( ! life is conta9$ 9 ! two volumes by ,h4 ,r4 ,fox-,b\rne 7#ahgf71 ! results ( labori\s rese>* among ! ,%aftesbury ,pap]s1 ,locke ,,mss4 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 ! ,public ,record ,(fice1 ! ,lambe?1 ,*ri/ ,*ur* & ,bodleian libr>ies1 & 9 ! ,remon/rants' libr>y at ,am/]dam4 ,monographs on ,locke by ,t4 ,h4 ,f[l] 9 #ahhj1 9 ,engli% ,m5 ( ,lett]s1 & by ,fras]1 9 #ahij1 9 ,blackwood's ,philosophical ,classics may be m5tion$2 also addresses by ,sir ,f4 ,pollock & ,fras] at ! bic5t5>y commemoration by ! ,briti% ,academy ( ,locke's dea?1 publi%$ 9 ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,academy 7#aijd74 ,see also ,c4 ,ba/ide1 ,john ,locke2 ses ?ories politiques et leur influ5ce en ,anglet]re 7,p>is1 #aijg72 ,h4 ,ollion1 ,la ,philosophie gnrale de ,j4 ,l4 7#aiji74 7,a4 ,c4 ,f47 ,,locke1 ,,mat!w 7c4 #afcj-afgg71 ,engli% musician1 p]haps ! e>lie/ ,engli% writ] = ! /age1 0 born at ,exet]1 :]e he became a *ori/] 9 ! ca!dral4 ,8 music1 writt5 ) ,*ri/oph] ,gibbons 7son ( ,orl&o ,gibbons71 = ,%irley's masque ,cupid & ,dea?1 0 p]=m$ 9 ,london 9 #afec4 ,he wrote "s music = ,dav5ant's ,siege ( ,rhodes 9 #afef2 & 9 #affa 0 appo9t$ compos] 9 ord9>y to ,*>les ,,ii4 ,dur+ ! foll[+ ye>s he wrote a numb] ( an!ms = ! ,*apel ,royal1 & excit$ "s criticism on ! score ( novelty1 to :i* he repli$ ) consid]able heat 7,mod]n ,*ur* ,music2 pre-accus$1 c5sur$ & ob/ruct$ 9 its ,p]=mance be=e ,8 ,maje/y1 ,april #a/1 #afff1 c42 copies 9 ! ,fitzwilliam ,museum1 ,cambridge1 & ! ,royal ,college ( ,music74 ,a good deal ( music = ! !atre foll[$1 ! mo/ important be+ = ,dav5ant's productions ( ,! ,tempe/ 7#affg7 & ( ,macbe? 7#afgb71 b "s d\bt z to ?is latt] has aris51 ,purcell1 ,eccles or ,lev]idge1 be+ also cr$it$ ) x4 ,he also compos$ v>i\s songs & in/rum5tal pieces1 & publi%$ "s curi\s works on musical !ory4 ,he di$ 9 ,augu/ #afgg1 an elegy be+ writt5 by ,purcell4 ,,lock]bie1 a municipal & police burgh ( ,dumfries%ire1 ,scotl&1 9 ! di/rict ( ,ann&ale1 #ad m4 ,e4,n4,e4 ( ,dumfries by ! ,cal$onian railway4 ,pop4 7#aija7 #bceh4 ,x has long be5 fam\s = its cattle & %eep sales1 b m p>ticul>ly = ! great ,augu/ lamb fair1 ! l>ge/ 9 ,scotl&1 at :i* z _m z #abf1jjj lambs h be5 sold4 ,! t[n hall & ,ea/on in/itute are 9 ! ,scotti% ,b>onial /yle4 ,! police /ation is p>tly accommodat$ 9 an anci5t squ>e t[]1 once ! /ronghold ( ! ,john/ones1 = a long p]iod ! rul+ family "u ^: protection ! t[n gradually grew up4 ,at ,dryfe ,s&s1 ab\t #b m4 to ! ,w41 a bloody enc\nt] took place 9 #aeic betwe5 ! ,john/ones & ,maxwells4 ,! ,maxwells 7 pursu$ into ,lock]bie & almo/ ext]m9at$2 h5ce ,lock]bie ,lick became a prov]bial expression1 signify+ an ov]:elm+ defeat4 ,,lock]-,,lampson1 ,,fr$]ick 7#ahba-ahie71 ,engli% man ( lett]s1 0 born1 on ! #bi? ( ,may #ahba1 at ,gre5wi* ,hospital4 ,8 fa!r1 :o 0 ,civil ,commission] ( ! ,hospital1 0 ,edw>d ,hawke ,lock]1 y\nge/ son ( t ,capta9 ,william ,lock] :o gave ,nelson ! memorable advice to lay a ,fr5*man close1 & beat him4 ,8 "m1 ,eleanor ,m>y ,elizabe? ,b\*]1 0 a daught] ( ! ,rev4 ,jona?an ,b\*]1 vic> ( ,epsom & fri5d ( ,george ,wa%+ton4 ,aft] a desultory education1 ,fr$]ick ,lock] began life 9 a colonial brok]'s (fice4 ,soon des]t+ ?is uncong5ial call+1 he obta9$ a cl]k%ip 9 ,som]set ,h\se1 :5ce he 0 transf]r$ to ,"l ,hadd+ton's private (fice at ! ,admiralty4 ,"h he became deputy-read] & prcis writ]4 ,9 #ahej he m>ri$ ,lady ,*>lotte ,bruce1 daught] ( ! ,"l ,elg9 :o br\ght ! fam\s m>bles to ,engl&1 & si/] ( ,lady ,augu/a ,/anley4 ,aft] 8 m>riage he left ! ,civil ,s]vice1 9 consequ5ce ( ill-heal?4 ,9 #aheg he publi%$ ,london ,lyrics1 a sl5d] volume ( #ij pages1 :i*1 ) subsequ5t ext5sions1 con/itutes 8 poetical legacy4 ,lyra ,eleganti>um 7#ahfg71 an an?ology ( light & famili> v]se1 & ,pat*work 7#ahgi71 a book ( extracts1 7 8 only o!r publications4 ,9 #ahgb ,lady ,*>lotte ,lock] di$4 ,two ye>s lat] ,lock] m>ri$ ,miss ,hannah ,jane ,lampson1 ! only daught] ( ,sir ,curtis ,mir&a ,lampson1 ,b>t41 ( ,r[fant1 ,sussex1 & 9 #ahhe took 8 wife's surname4 ,at ,r[fant he di$ on ! #cj? ( ,may #ahie4 ,*ronic ill-heal? deb>r$ ,lock] f any active "p 9 life1 b x did n prev5t 8 delight+ a wide circle ( fri5ds by 8 gifts z a ho/ & raconteur1 & f accumulat+ _m treasures z a connoisseur4 ,8 books are catalogu$ 9 ! volume call$ ! ,r[fant ,libr>y 7#ahhf71 to :i* an app5dix 7#aijj7 0 add$1 aft] 8 dea?1 "u ! sup]9t5d5ce ( 8 elde/ son4 ,z a poet1 ,lock] belongs to ! *oir :o deal ) ! gay r ?an ! grave 9 v]se--) ! poli%$ & witty r ?an ! l(ty or emotional4 ,8 good ta/e kept him z f> f ! broadly comic on ! "o side z 8 k9d he>t sav$ him f ! purely cynical on ! o!r4 ,to some?+ ( ,prior1 ( ,pra$ & ( ,hood he add$ qualities ( 8 own :i* l5t 8 "w di/9ction--a di/9ction 9 no wise dim9i%$ by 8 unwe>i$ endeav\r aft] directness & simplicity4 ,a po/hum\s volume ( ,memoirs1 entitl$ ,my ,confid5ces 7#ahif71 & edit$ by 8 son-9-law1 ,mr ,augu/9e ,birrell1 gives an int]e/+ idea ( 8 p]sonality & a too mode/ e/imate ( 8 gifts z a poet4 7,a4 ,d47 ,,lockh>t1 ,,george 7#afgc-agca71 ( ,c>nwa?1 ,scotti% writ] & politician1 0 a memb] ( a ,lan>k%ire family trac+ desc5t f ,sir ,simon ,loc>d 7! "n be+ orig9ally t]ritorial1 de ,lo* ,ard71 :o is said to h accompani$ ,sir ,james ,d\glas on 8 exp$ition to ! ,ea/ ) ! he>t ( ,bruce1 :i* relic1 accord+ to ,froiss>t1 ,loc>d br\ght home f ,spa9 :5 ,d\glas fell 9 battle aga9/ ! ,moors1 & buri$ 9 ,melrose ,abbey2 ?is incid5t 0 ! orig9 ( ! man's he>t )9 a fett]lock borne on ! ,lockh>t %ield1 :i* 9 turn p]haps l$ to ! alt]$ spell+ ( ! surname4 ,george ,lockh>t's gr&fa!r 0 ,sir ,james ,lockh>t ( ,lee 7d4 #afgd71 a "l ( ! c\rt ( session ) ! title ( ,"l ,lee1 :o comm&$ a regim5t at ! battle ( ,pre/on4 ,"l ,lee's elde/ son1 ,sir ,william ,lockh>t ( ,lee 7#afba-afge71 aft] fight+ on ! k+'s side 9 ! ,civil ,w>1 atta*$ himself to ,oliv] ,cromwell1 ^: niece he m>ri$1 & by :om he 0 appo9t$ commission] = ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice 9 ,scotl& 9 #afeb1 & ,engli% ambassador at ! ,fr5* c\rt 9 #afef1 :]e he greatly di/+ui%$ himself by 8 successful diplomacy4 ,"l ,lee's second son1 ,sir ,george ,lockh>t 7c4 #afcj-afhi71 0 "l-advocate 9 ,cromwell's "t1 & 0 celebrat$ = 8 p]suasive eloqu5ce2 9 #afgd1 :5 he 0 disb>r$ = alleg$ disrespect to ! c\rt ( session 9 advis+ an appeal to p>liam5t1 fifty b>ri/]s %[$ _! sympa?y = him by )draw+ f practice4 ,lockh>t 0 readmitt$ 9 #afgf1 & became ! lead+ advocate 9 political trials1 9 :i* he usually appe>$ = ! def5ce4 ,he 0 appo9t$ "l-presid5t ( ! c\rt ( session 9 #afhe2 & 0 %ot 9 ! /reets ( ,ed9burgh on ! #ca/ ( ,m>* #afhi by ,john ,*iesley1 aga9/ :om ! "l-presid5t _h adjudicat$ a cause4 ,sir ,george ,lockh>t pur*as$ ! ext5sive e/ates ( ! e>ls ( ,c>nwa? 9 ,lan>k%ire1 :i* 7 inh]it$ by 8 elde/ son1 ,george1 ^: "m 0 ,philadelphia1 daught] ( ,"l ,:>ton4 ,george ,lockh>t1 :o 0 memb] = ! city ( ,ed9burgh 9 ! ,scotti% p>liam5t1 0 appo9t$ a commission] = arrang+ ! union ) ,engl& 9 #agje4 ,aft] ! union he cont9u$ to repres5t ,ed9burgh1 & lat] ! ,wigton burghs4 ,8 sympa?ies 7 ) ! ,jacobites1 :om he kept in=m$ ( all ! negotiations = ! union2 9 #agac he took "p 9 an abortive movem5t aim+ at ! repeal ( ! union4 ,he 0 deeply implicat$ 9 ! ris+ ( #agae1 ! prep>ations = :i* he assi/$ at ,c>nwa? & at ,dryd51 8 ,ed9burgh resid5ce4 ,he 0 imprison$ 9 ,ed9burgh ca/le1 b probably1 ?r\gh ! fav\r ( ! duke ( ,argyll1 he 0 releas$ )\t be+ br\ght to trial2 b 8 bro!r ,philip 0 tak5 prison] at ! battle ( ,pre/on & condemn$ to be %ot1 ! s5t5ce be+ execut$ on ! #bnd ( ,decemb] #agae4 ,aft] 8 lib]ation ,lockh>t became a secret ag5t ( ! ,pret5d]2 b 8 correspond5ce ) ! pr9ce fell into ! h&s ( ! gov]nm5t 9 #agbg1 compell+ him to g into concealm5t at ,durham until he 0 able to escape abroad4 ,argyll's influ5ce 0 aga9 ex]t$ 9 ,lockh>t's behalf1 & 9 #agbh he 0 p]mitt$ to return to ,scotl&1 :]e he liv$ 9 retirem5t till 8 dea? 9 a duel on ! #ag? ( ,decemb] #agca4 ,lockh>t 0 ! au?or ( ,memoirs ( ! ,affairs ( ,scotl&1 deal+ ) ! reign ( ,que5 ,anne till ! union ) ,engl&1 fir/ publi%$ 9 #agad4 ,^! ,memoirs1 toge!r ) ,lockh>t's correspond5ce ) ! ,pret5d]1 & "o or two pap]s ( m9or importance1 7 publi%$ 9 two volumes 9 #ahag1 =m+ ! well-kn[n ,lockh>t ,pap]s1 :i* are a valuable au?ority = ! hi/ory ( ! ,jacobites4 ,lockh>t m>ri$ ,eupheme ,montgom]ie1 daught] ( ,alex&]1 #i? e>l ( ,egl9ton1 by :om he _h a l>ge family4 ,8 gr&son ,james1 :o assum$ 8 "m's "n ( ,wi%>t 9 addition to t ( ,lockh>t1 0 9 ! ,au/rian s]vice dur+ ! ,sev5 ,ye>s' ,w>1 & 0 creat$ a b>on & c\nt ( ! ,holy ,roman ,empire4 ,he succe$$ to ! e/ates ( ,lee z well z ( ,c>nwa?1 bo? ( :i* prop]ties pass$1 on ! dea? ( 8 son ,*>les )\t issue 9 #ahjb1 to 8 nephew ,alex&]1 :o 0 creat$ a b>onet 9 #ahjf4 ,see ,! ,lockh>t ,pap]s 7#b vols41 ,london1 #ahag72 ,&rew ,lang1 ,hi/ory ( ,scotl& 7#d vols41 ,london1 #aijj74 ,= ! /ory ( ,sir ,simon ,lockh>t's adv5tures ) ! he>t ( ! ,bruce1 see ,sir ,walt] ,scott's ,! ,talisman4 7,r4 ,j4 ,m47 ,,lockh>t1 ,,john ,,gibson 7#agid-ahed71 ,scotti% writ] & editor1 0 born on ! #ad? ( ,july #agid 9 ! manse ( ,cambusne?an 9 ,lan>k%ire1 :]e 8 fa!r1 ,dr ,john ,lockh>t1 transf]r$ 9 #agif to ,glasg[1 0 m9i/]4 ,8 "m1 :o 0 ! daught] ( ! ,rev4 ,john ,gibson1 ( ,ed9burgh1 0 a woman ( consid]able intellectual gifts4 ,he 0 s5t to ! ,glasg[ high s*ool1 :]e he %[$ himself clev] r ?an indu/ri\s4 ,he fell into ill-heal?1 & _h to be remov$ f s*ool be=e he 0 twelve2 b on 8 recov]y he 0 s5t at ?is e>ly age to ,glasg[ ,univ]sity1 & display$ s mu* precoci\s le>n+1 especially 9 ,greek1 t he 0 (f]$ a ,snell exhibition at ,ox=d4 ,he 0 n f\rte5 :5 he ent]$ ,balliol ,college1 :]e he acquir$ a great /ore ( k outside ! regul> curriculum4 ,he read ,fr5*1 ,italian1 ,g]man & ,spani%1 0 int]e/$ 9 classical & ,briti% antiquities1 & became v]s$ 9 h]aldic & g5ealogical lore4 ,9 #ahac he took a fir/ class 9 classics 9 ! f9al s*ools4 ,= two ye>s aft] leav+ ,ox=d he liv$ *iefly 9 ,glasg[ be=e settl+ to ! /udy ( ,scotti% law 9 ,ed9burgh1 :]e he 0 call$ to ! b> 9 #ahaf4 ,a t\r on ! cont95t 9 #ahag1 :5 he visit$ ,goe! at ,weim>1 0 made possible by ! k9dness ( ! publi%] ,blackwood1 :o advanc$ money = a promis$ translation ( ,s*legel's ,lectures on ! ,hi/ory ( ,lit]ature1 :i* 0 n publi%$ until #ahch4 ,ed9burgh 0 !n ! /ronghold ( ! ,:ig p>ty1 ^: organ 0 ! ,ed9burgh ,review1 & x 0 n till #ahag t ! ,scotti% ,tories f\nd a means ( expression 9 ,blackwood's ,magaz9e4 ,aft] a some:at hum-drum op5+1 ,blackwood sudd5ly electrifi$ ! ,ed9burgh _w by an outbur/ ( brilliant criticism4 ,john ,wilson 7,*ri/oph] ,nor?7 & ,lockh>t _h jo9$ its /aff 9 #ahag4 ,lockh>t no d\bt took 8 %>e 9 ! cau/ic & aggressive articles :i* m>k$ ! e>ly ye>s ( ,blackwood2 b 8 biograph]1 ,mr ,&rew ,lang1 br+s evid5ce to %[ t he 0 n responsible = ! virul5t articles on ,col]idge & on ,! ,cockney ,s*ool ( ,poetry1 t is on ,leigh ,hunt1 ,keats & _! fri5ds4 ,he has be5 p]si/5tly accus$ ( ! lat] ,blackwood article 7,augu/ #ahah7 on ,keats1 b he %[$ at any rate a real appreciation ( ,col]idge & ,wordswor?4 ,he contribut$ to ,blackwood _m spirit$ translations ( ,spani% ballads1 :i* 9 #ahbc 7 publi%$ sep>ately4 ,9 #ahah ! brilliant & h&some "y man attract$ ! notice ( ,sir ,walt] ,scott1 & ! acqua9tance soon rip5$ into an intimacy :i* result$ 9 a m>riage betwe5 ,lockh>t & ,scott's elde/ daught] ,sophia1 9 ,april #ahbj4 ,five ye>s ( dome/ic happ9ess foll[$1 ) w9t]s sp5t 9 ,ed9burgh & summ]s at a cottage at ,*iefswood1 ne> ,abbots=d1 :]e ,lockh>t's two elde/ *ildr51 ,john ,hugh & ,*>lotte1 7 born2 a second son1 ,walt]1 0 born lat] at ,brighton4 ,9 #ahbj ,john ,scott1 ! editor ( ! ,london ,magaz9e1 wrote a s]ies ( articles attack+ ! conduct ( ,blackwood's ,magaz9e1 & mak+ ,lockh>t *iefly responsible = its extravagances4 ,a correspond5ce foll[$1 9 :i* a meet+ betwe5 ,lockh>t & ,john ,scott 0 propos$1 ) ,jona?an ,h5ry ,*ri/ie & ,horace ,smi? z seconds4 ,a s]ies ( delays & complicat$ negotiations result$ e>ly 9 #ahba 9 a duel betwe5 ,*ri/ie & ,john ,scott1 9 :i* ,scott 0 kill$4 ,?is unhappy affair1 :i* has be5 ! subject ( mu* misrepres5tation1 is fully discuss$ 9 ,mr ,lang's book on ,lockh>t4 ,betwe5 #ahah & #ahbe ,lockh>t work$ indefatigably4 ,9 #ahai ,pet]'s ,lett]s to 8 ,k9sfolk appe>$1 & 9 #ahbb he edit$ ,pet] ,motteux's edition ( ,don ,quixote1 to :i* he prefix$ a life ( ,c]vantes4 ,f\r novels foll[$3 ,val]ius 9 #ahba1 ,"s ,passages 9 ! ,life ( ,adam ,blair1 ,m9i/] ( ,gospel at ,cross ,meikle 9 #ahbb1 ,reg9ald ,dalton 9 #ahbc & ,mat!w ,wald 9 #ahbd4 ,b 8 /r5g? did n lie 9 novel writ+1 al?\gh ! vigor\s quality ( ,adam ,blair has be5 recogniz$ by mod]n critics4 ,9 #ahbe ,lockh>t accept$ ! editor%ip ( ! ,qu>t]ly ,review1 :i* _h be5 9 ! h&s ( ,sir ,john ,taylor ,col]idge s9ce ,gif=d's resignation 9 #ahbd4 ,he _h n[ e/abli%$ 8 lit]>y position1 &1 z ! next heir to 8 unm>ri$ half-bro!r's prop]ty 9 ,scotl&1 ,milton ,lockh>t1 he 0 suffici5tly indep5d5t1 ?\gh he _h ab&on$ ! legal pr(ession4 ,9 ,london he _h great social success1 & 0 recogniz$ z a brilliant editor4 ,he contribut$ l>gely to ! ,qu>t]ly ,review himself1 8 biographical articles be+ especially admirable4 ,he %[$ ! old rail+ _s 9 an amus+ b viol5t article 9 ! ,qu>t]ly on ,t5nyson's ,poems ( #ahcc1 9 :i* he fail$ to discov] ! m>k ( g5ius4 ,he cont9u$ to write = ,blackwood2 he produc$ = ,con/able's ,miscellany 9 #ahbh :at rema9s ! mo/ *>m+ ( ! biographies ( ,burns2 & he und]took ! sup]9t5d5ce ( ! s]ies call$ ,murray's ,family ,libr>y1 :i* he op5$ 9 #ahbi ) a ,hi/ory ( ,napoleon4 ,b 8 *ief "w 0 ! ,life ( ,sir ,walt] ,scott 7#g vols41 #ahcg-ahch2 #bnd ed41 #aj vols41 #ahci74 ,!re 7 n want+ ^? 9 ,scotl& :o tax$ ,lockh>t ) ung5]\s exposure ( 8 subject1 b to mo/ heal?y m9ds ! impression convey$ by ! biography 01 & is1 q ! opposite4 ,c>lyle did ju/ice to _m ( its excell5cies 9 a criticism contribut$ to ! ,london & ,we/m9/] ,review 7#ahcg74 ,lockh>t's acc\nt ( ! transactions betwe5 ,scott & ! ,ballantynes & ,con/able caus$ great outcry2 & 9 ! discussion t foll[$ he %[$ un=tunate bitt]ness by 8 pamphlet1 ,! ,ballantyne ,humbug h&l$4 ,! ,life ( ,scott has be5 call$1 aft] ,boswell's ,johnson1 ! mo/ admirable biography 9 ! ,engli% language4 ,! proce$s1 :i* 7 consid]able1 ,lockh>t resign$ = ! b5efit ( ,scott's cr$itors4 ,! close ( ,lockh>t's life 0 sadd5$ by family b]eavem5t1 result+ 9 8 own breakd[n 9 heal? & spirits4 ,8 elde/ boy 7! suff]+ ,hugh ,littlejohn ( ,scott's ,tales ( a ,gr&fa!r7 di$ 9 #ahca2 ,scott himself 9 #ahcb2 ,mrs ,lockh>t 9 #ahcg2 & ! surviv+ son1 ,walt] ,lockh>t1 9 #aheb4 ,resign+ ! editor%ip ( ! ,qu>t]ly ,review 9 #ahec1 he sp5t ! next w9t] 9 ,rome1 b return$ to ,engl& )\t recov]+ 8 heal?2 & be+ tak5 to ,abbots=d by 8 daught] ,*>lotte1 :o _h become ,mrs ,james ,rob]t ,hope-,scott1 he di$ !re on ! #be? ( ,novemb] #ahed4 ,he 0 buri$ 9 ,dryburgh ,abbey1 ne> ,sir ,walt] ,scott4 ,lockh>t's ,life 7#b vols41 ,london & ,new ,york1 #ahig7 0 writt5 by ,&rew ,lang4 ,a4 ,w4 ,poll>d's edition ( ! ,life ( ,scott 7#aijj7 is ! be/4 ,,lockh>t1 ,,sir ,,william ,,/eph5 ,,alex&] 7#ahda-aijj71 ,briti% g5]al1 0 born 9 ,scotl& on ! #bnd ( ,septemb] #ahda1 8 fa!r be+ a ,lan>k%ire cl]gyman4 ,he ent]$ ! ,indian army 9 #aheh1 9 ! ,b5gal native infantry4 ,he s]v$ 9 ! ,indian ,mut9y1 ! ,bhutan campaign 7#ahfd-ff71 ! ,abyss9ian exp$ition 7#ahfg-fh2 m5tion$ 9 despat*es71 ! ,haz>a ,black ,m\nta9 exp$ition 7#ahfh-fi2 m5tion$ 9 despat*es74 ,f #ahfi to #ahgi he act$ z deputy-assi/ant & assi/ant qu>t]ma/]-g5]al 9 ,b5gal4 ,9 #ahgg he 0 milit>y atta* ) ! ,dut* army 9 ,a*e54 ,he s]v$ 9 ! ,afghan ,w> ( #ahgh-hj1 0 m5tion$ 9 despat*es & made a ,c4,b41 & f #ahhj to #ahhe 0 ,d4,q4,g4 9 ! intellig5ce bran* at headqu>t]s4 ,he comm&$ a brigade 9 ! ,?ird ,burmese ,w> 7#ahhf-hg71 & 0 made ,k4,c4,b41 ,c4,s4,i41 & receiv$ ! ?anks ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,an attack ( fev] br\ght him to ,engl&1 :]e he 0 employ$ z assi/ant milit>y secret>y = ,indian affairs2 b 9 #ahij he return$ to ,india to take comm& ( ! ,punjab fronti] =ce1 & = five ye>s 0 engag$ 9 v>i\s exp$itions aga9/ ! hill tribes4 ,aft] ! ,waziri/an campaign 9 #ahid-ie he 0 made ,k4,c4,s4,i4 ,he became full g5]al 9 #ahif1 & 9 #ahig he 0 giv5 ! comm& aga9/ ! ,afridis & ,mohm&s1 & conduct$ ! difficult ,tirah campaign ) great skill4 ,he 0 made ,g4,c4,b41 & 9 #ahih became comm&]-9-*ief 9 ,india4 ,he di$ on ! #ah? ( ,m>* #aijj4 ,sir ,william ,lockh>t 0 n only a fir/-rate soldi]1 b also _h a great gift = deal+ ) ! native tribesm54 ,among ! latt] he _h ! sobriquet ( ,amir ,sahib1 on acc\nt ( _! respect & affection = him4 ,,lock ,,hav51 a city & ! c\nty-seat ( ,cl9ton c\nty1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,u4,s4,a41 on ! we/ bran* ( ! ,susquehanna riv]1 ne> ! m\? ( ,bald ,eagle ,creek1 ab\t #gj m4 ,n4,n4,w4 ( ,h>risburg4 ,pop4 7#aijj7 #gbaj 7#fah =eign-born & #abb negroes72 7#aiaj7 #gggb4 ,x is s]v$ by bran*es ( ! ,p5nsylvania & ! ,new ,york ,c5tral ,hudson ,riv] railways & by electric int]urban railways4 ,! city is pleasantly situat$ 9 an agricultural region1 & !re are l>ge deposits ( cem5t & ( fire-brick clay 9 ! vic9ity4 ,lock ,hav5 is ! seat ( ! ,c5tral ,/ate ,normal ,s*ool 7op5$ #ahgg71 & has a public libr>y & a hospital4 ,!re are v>i\s manufactures4 ,! municipality owns & op]ates ! wat]-works4 ,! locality 0 settl$ 9 #agfi4 ,a t[n 0 f\nd$ 9 #ahcc1 ! ,p5nsylvania ,canal 7no long] 9 use "h7 0 complet$ to ?is po9t 9 #ahcd1 & ! "n ( ! place 0 sugge/$ by two canal locks & ! h>b\r1 or hav51 = rafts 9 ! riv]4 ,lock ,hav5 0 made ! c\nty-seat imm$iately aft] ! erection ( ,cl9ton c\nty 9 #ahci1 0 incorporat$ z a bor\gh 9 #ahdj1 & fir/ *>t]$ z a city 9 #ahgj4 ,,lockport1 a city ( ,w c\nty1 ,ill9ois1 ,u4,s4,a41 on ! ,des ,pla9es riv] & ! ,ill9ois ,mi*igan ,canal1 & ! t]m9us ( ! ,*icago ,sanit>y ,di/rict ,dra9age ,canal1 ab\t #cc m4 ,s4,w4 ( ,*icago & #d m4 ,n4,n4,e4 ( ,joliet4 ,pop4 7#aijj7 #bfei 7#eeb be+ =eign-born & #acj negroes72 7#aiaj7 #beee4 ,lockport is s]v$ by ! ,*icago ,alton1 & ! ,at*ison1 ,topeka ,santa ,f railways1 & by ! ,*icago ,joliet ,electric railway4 ,x is 9 a picturesque f>m+ c\ntry1 & !re are good lime/one qu>ries 9 ! valley ( ! ,des ,pla9es riv]4 ,x has manufactures & a consid]able trade1 especially 9 gra94 ,a settlem5t 0 made "h ab\t #ahbg2 9 #ahcg ! site 0 *os5 z headqu>t]s = ! ,ill9ois ,mi*igan ,canal & a village 0 laid out2 x 0 incorporat$ 9 #ahec1 & 0 *>t]$ z a city 9 #aijd4 ,9 #ahib "w 0 begun on ! ,*icago ,dra9age ,canal1 ^: controll+ works are "h & ^: plant1 develop+ #dj1jjj h4p4 f ! #dj ft4 fall betwe5 ,joliet & ,lockport1 supplies ,lockport ) *eap p[] & has made x a manufactur+ r ?an a comm]cial city4 ,,lockport1 a city & ! c\nty-seat ( ,niag>a c\nty1 ,new ,york1 ,u4,s4,a41 on ! ,erie ,canal1 #bf m4 by rail ,n4 by ,e4 ( ,buffalo & #ef m4 ,w4 ( ,ro*e/]4 ,pop4 7#aijj7 #af1eha1 ( :om #bjcf 7 =eign-born & #afj 7 negroes2 7#aiaj c5sus7 #ag1igj4 ,x is s]v$ by ! ,new ,york ,c5tral ,hudson ,riv] & ! ,erie railways1 by ! ,int]national railway 7electric int]urban71 & by ! ,erie ,canal4 ,! city owes its "n to ! five d\ble locks ( ! canal1 :i* "h falls #ff ft4 7ov] a cont9uation ( ! ,niag>a esc>pm5t locally kn[n z ,m\nta9 ,ridge7 f ! level ( ,lake ,erie to t ( ! ,g5esee riv]4 ,9 #aiji a s*eme 0 on foot to replace ^! five locks by a huge lift lock & to con/ruct a l>ge h>b\r imm$iately ,w4 ( ! city4 ,! surplus wat] f ,tonaw&a ,creek1 long claim$ bo? by ! ,canal & by ! ,lockport manufactur]s1 aft] supply+ ! canal furni%es wat]-p[]1 & electric p[] is d]iv$ f ,niag>a4 ,! factory products1 mo/ly pap] & wood-pulp1 fl\r & c]eal foods1 & f\ndry & ma*9e-%op products1 7 valu$ 9 #aije at #e1hjg1ihj4 ,lockport lies 9 a ri* f>m+ & fruit 7especially apple & pe>7 c\ntry1 conta9+ ext5sive s&/one & ,niag>a lime/one qu>ries1 & is a %ipp+ po9t = ! fruits & gra9s & ! lime/one & s&/one ( ! surr\nd+ c\ntry4 ,_m build+s 9 ! bus9ess "p ( ! city are heat$ by ! ,holly di/ribut+ sy/em1 :i* pipes /eam f a c5tral /ation or plant1 & orig9at$ 9 ,lockport4 ,! city owns & op]ates ! wat]-works1 long op]at$ "u ! ,holly sy/em1 :i*1 z well z ! ,holly di/ribut+ sy/em1 0 devis$ by ,birdsill ,holly1 a civil eng9e] ( ,lockport4 ,9 #aiji a new sy/em 0 virtually complet$1 wat] be+ tak5 f ! ,niag>a riv] at ,tonaw&a & pump$ !nce to a /&-pipe 9 ,lockport4 ,! site1 t ( ! mo/ ea/]ly village 9 ,new ,york /ate held by ! ,neutral ,nation ( ,indians1 0 "p ( ! tract b\ght by ! ,holl& ,company 9 #agib-agic4 ,subsequ5tly mo/ ( ! l& on :i* ! city /&s 0 b\ght f ! ,holl& ,company by ,esek ,br[n1 ! proprietor ( a local tav]n1 & f\rte5 o!rs1 b !re 7 few settl]s until aft] #ahbj4 ,9 #ahbb ! place 0 made ! c\nty-seat1 & 9 #ahbc x 0 mu* enl>g$ by ! settlem5t "h ( workm5 on ! ,erie ,canal1 & 0 ! headqu>t]s = a "t ( ! canal contractors4 ,x 0 incorporat$ z a village 9 #ahbi1 0 rea*$ by ! ,erie railway 9 #aheb1 & 9 #ahfe 0 *>t]$ z a city4 ,,lockroy1 ,,d\>d 7#ahch- 71 ,fr5* politician1 son ( ,joseph ,philippe ,simon 7#ahjc-ahia71 an actor & dramati/ :o took ! "n ( ,lockroy1 0 born 9 ,p>is on ! #ah? ( ,july #ahch4 ,he _h begun by /udy+ art1 b 9 #ahfj enli/$ z a volunte] "u ,g>ibaldi4 ,! next ?ree ye>s 7 sp5t 9 ,syria z secret>y to ,erne/ ,r5an1 & on 8 return to ,p>is he emb>k$ 9 militant j\rnalism aga9/ ! second empire 9 ! ,fig>o1 ! ,diable quatre1 & ev5tually 9 ! ,rappel1 ) :i* 8 "n 0 !nce=w>d intimately connect$4 ,he comm&$ a battalion dur+ ! siege ( ,p>is1 & 9 ,febru>y #ahga 0 elect$ deputy to ! ,national ,assembly :]e he sat on ! extreme left & prote/$ aga9/ ! prelim9>ies ( peace4 ,9 ,m>* he sign$ ! proclamation = ! election ( ! ,commune1 & resign$ 8 seat z deputy4 ,arre/$ at ,vanves he rema9$ a prison] at ,v]sailles & ,*>tres until ,june :5 he 0 releas$ )\t be+ tri$4 ,he 0 m ?an once imprison$ = viol5t articles 9 ! press1 & 9 #ahgb = a duel ) ,paul de ,cassagnac4 ,he 0 return$ to ! ,*amb] 9 #ahgc z ,radical deputy = ,b\*es-du-,rhne 9 #ahgf1 #ahgg & #ahha = ,aix1 & 9 #ahha he 0 also elect$ 9 ! #aa? arrondissem5t ( ,p>is4 ,he elect$ to sit = ,p>is1 & 0 repeat$ly re-elect$4 ,dur+ ! elections ( #ahic he 0 %ot at by a cab-driv] poet nam$ ,moore1 b 0 n s]i\sly injur$4 ,= ! fir/ t5 ye>s ( 8 p>liam5t>y life he vot$ consi/5tly ) ! extreme left1 b !n adopt$ a m opportuni/ policy1 & gave 8 unres]v$ support to ! ,brisson m9i/ry ( #ahhe4 ,9 ! new ,freyc9et cab9et =m$ 9 ,janu>y he held ! portfolio ( comm]ce & indu/ry1 :i* he reta9$ 9 ! ,goblet m9i/ry ( #ahhf-ahhg4 ,9 #ahhe he _h be5 return$ at ! head ( ! poll = ,p>is1 & 8 inclusion 9 ! ,freyc9et m9i/ry 0 tak5 to indicate a prospect ( reconciliation betwe5 ,p>isian ,radicalism & (ficial ,republicanism4 ,dur+ 8 t5ure ( ! portfolio ( comm]ce & indu/ry he made ! prelim9>y arrangem5ts = ! ,exposition ( #ahhi1 & 9 a witty lett] he def5d$ ! erection ( ! ,t\r ,eiffel aga9/ arti/ic ,p>is4 ,aft] ! ,panama & ,b\langi/ sc&als he became "o ( ! lead+ politicians ( ! ,radical p>ty4 ,he 0 vice-presid5t ( ! ,*amb] 9 #ahid & 9 #ahie1 :5 he became m9i/] ( m>9e "u ,lon ,b\rgeois4 ,8 dra/ic measures ( re=m al>m$ mod]ate politicians1 b he _h ! confid5ce ( ! c\ntry1 & held ! same portfolio "u ,h5ri ,brisson 7#ahih7 & ,*>les ,dupuy 7#ahih-ahii74 ,he gave 8 support to ! ,waldeck-,r\sseau ,adm9i/ration1 b actively criticiz$ ! m>9e policy ( ,camille ,pelletan 9 ! ,combes m9i/ry ( #aijb-aije1 dur+ :i* p]iod he 0 aga9 vice-presid5t ( ! ,*amb]4 ,m4 ,lockroy 0 a p]si/5t & successful advocate ( a /rong naval policy1 9 def5ce ( :i* he publi%$ ,la ,m>9e de ,gu]re 7#ahij71 ,six mois rue ,royale 7#ahig71 ,la ,df5se navale 7#aijj71 ,du ,wes] la ,vi/ula 7#aija71 ,les ,m>9es franaise et allem&e 7#aijd71 ,le ,programme naval 7#aijf74 ,8 o!r works include ,m4 de ,moltke et la gu]re future 7#ahia7 & ,j\rnal d'une b\rgeoise p5dant la ,rvolution 7#ahha7 d]iv$ f ! lett]s ( 8 great-gr&mo!r4 ,m4 ,lockroy m>ri$ 9 #ahgg ,madame ,*>les ,hugo1 ! daught]-9-law ( ! poet4 ,,lockwood1 ,,sir ,,frank 7#ahdf-ahig71 ,engli% lawy]1 0 born at ,donca/]4 ,8 gr&fa!r & great-gr&fa!r 7 mayors ( ,donca/]1 & ! =m] = "s ye>s fill$ ! (fice ( judge on ! racec\rse4 ,he 0 educat$ at a private s*ool1 at ,man*e/] gramm> s*ool1 & ,caius ,college1 ,cambridge4 ,call$ to ! b> at ,l9coln's ,inn 9 #ahgb1 he jo9$ ! old midl& circuit1 aft]w>ds go+ to ! nor?-ea/]n1 mak+ 9 8 fir/ ye> #abj gu9eas & 9 ! next #bfe gu9eas4 ,f t "t he _h a c>e] ( un9t]rupt$ success4 ,9 #ahhb he 0 made a que5's c\nsel1 9 #ahhd he 0 made record] ( ,%effield1 & 9 #ahid he became solicitor-g5]al 9 ,"l ,roseb]y's m9i/ry1 & 0 knight$1 hav+ fir/ ent]$ p>liam5t z ,lib]al memb] = ,york 9 #ahhe1 aft] two unsuccessful attempts1 ! "o at ,k+'s ,lynn 9 #ahhj1 ! o!r at ,york 9 #ahhc4 ,he 0 solicitor-g5]al = less ?an a ye>4 ,9 #ahif ,"l ,*ief ,ju/ice ,col]idge1 ,mr ,montague ,crackan?orpe & ,sir ,frank ,lockwood w5t to ! ,unit$ ,/ates to att5d1 z specially invit$ repres5tatives ( ! ,engli% b>1 ! n9ete5? meet+ ( ! ,am]ican ,b> ,association4 ,on ?is trip ,sir ,frank ,lockwood su/a9$ ! reputation :i* he enjoy$ 9 ,engl& z a humor\s aft]-d9n] speak]1 & help$ to /r5g!n ! bond ( fri5d%ip :i* unites ! b5* & b> ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ) ! b5* & b> ( ,engl&4 ,he di$ 9 ,london on ! #ah? ( ,decemb] #ahig4 ,lockwood _h consid]able tal5t = draw+1 inh]it$ f 8 fa!r1 :i* he employ$1 *iefly = ! amusem5t ( himself & 8 fri5ds1 9 ! mak+ ( admirable c>icatures 9 p5 & ink1 & ( sket*es ( humor\s incid5ts1 real or imag9>y1 relat+ to ! topic ne>e/ at h&4 ,an exhibition ( !m 0 held soon aft] 8 dea?4 ,see ,augu/9e ,birrell's biography ( ,lockwood & ,! ,frank ,lockwood ,sket*-,book 7#ahih74 ,,lockwood1 ,,wilton 7#ahfa- 71 ,am]ican arti/1 0 born at ,wilton1 ,connecticut1 on ! #ab? ( ,septemb] #ahfa4 ,he 0 a pupil & an assi/ant ( ,john ,la ,f>ge1 & also /udi$ 9 ,p>is1 becom+ a well-kn[n portrait & fl[] pa9t]4 ,he became a memb] ( ! ,society ( ,am]ican ,arti/s 7#ahih71 & ( ! ,copley ,society1 ,bo/on1 & an associate ( ! ,national ,academy ( ,design1 ,new ,york4 ,,locky]1 ,,sir ,,joseph ,,norman 7#ahcf- 71 ,engli% a/ronom]1 0 born at ,rugby on ! #ag? ( ,may #ahcf4 ,aft] complet+ 8 education on ! ,cont95t ( ,europe1 he obta9$ a cl]k%ip 9 ! ,w> ,(fice 9 #aheg4 ,8 leisure 0 devot$ to ! /udy ( a/ronomy1 & he 0 appo9t$ 9 #ahgj secret>y to ! duke ( ,devon%ire's royal commission on sci5ce4 ,9 #ahge he 0 transf]r$ to ! ,sci5ce & ,art ,dep>tm5t at ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 & on ! f\ndation ( ! ,royal ,college ( ,sci5ce he became director ( ! sol> physics obs]vatory & pr(essor ( a/ronomical physics4 ,eight ,briti% gov]nm5t exp$itions = obs]v+ total sol> eclipses 7 conduct$ by him betwe5 #ahgj & #aije4 ,on ! #bf? ( ,octob] #ahfh he communicat$ to ! ,p>is ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 almo/ simultane\sly ) ,dr ,p4 ,j4 ,c4 ,janss51 a spectroscopic me?od = obs]v+ ! sol> prom95ces 9 daylight1 & ! names ( bo? a/ronom]s appe> on a m$al :i* 0 /ruck by ! ,fr5* gov]nm5t 9 #ahgb to commemorate ! discov]y4 ,locky] 0 elect$ a fell[ ( ! ,royal ,society 9 #ahfi1 & receiv$ ! ,rum=d m$al 9 #ahgd4 ,he initiat$ 9 #ahff ! spectroscopic obs]vation ( sunspots2 appli$ ,doppl]'s pr9ciple 9 #ahfi to det]m9e ! radial velocities ( ! *romosph]ic gases2 & successfully inve/igat$ ! *emi/ry ( ! sun f #ahgb onw>d4 ,besides num]\s contributions to ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,royal & ! ,royal ,a/ronomical ,societies1 he publi%$ sev]al books1 bo? explanatory & speculative4 ,! ,*emi/ry ( ! ,sun 7#ahhg7 is an elaborate treatise on sol> spectroscopy bas$ on ! hypo!sis ( elem5tal dissociation ?r\gh ! int5sity ( sol> heat4 ,! ,meteoritic ,hypo!sis 7#ahij7 prop\nds a compreh5sive s*eme ( cosmical evolution1 :i* has evok$ m diss5t ?an approval1 :ile ! ,sun's ,place 9 ,nature 7#ahig7 lays d[n ! l9es ( a classification ( ! />s1 dep5d+ ^u _! suppos$ temp]ature-relations4 ,among ,locky]'s o!r works are--,! ,dawn ( ,a/ronomy 7#ahid71 to :i* ,/oneh5ge & o!r ,briti% ,/one ,monum5ts a/ronomically consid]$ 7#aijf7 may be consid]$ a sequel2 ,rec5t & com+ ,eclipses 7#ahig72 & ,inorganic ,evolution 7#aijj74 ,he 0 creat$ ,k4,c4,b4 9 #ahig1 & act$ z presid5t ( ! ,briti% ,association 9 #aijc-aijd4 ,8 fif? son1 ,,william ,,james ,,/ew>t ,,locky] 7b4 #ahfh71 devot$ himself to sol> rese>*1 & became *ief assi/ant 9 ! ,sol> ,physics ,obs]vatory1 ,s\? ,k5s+ton4 ,,locle1 ,,le1 a t[n 9 ! ,swiss canton ( ,neu*tel1 #bd m4 by rail ,n4 ( ,neu*tel1 & #e m4 ,s4,w4 ( ,la ,*aux de ,fonds4 ,x is built 7#cjce ft4 above ! sea-level7 on ! ,bi$ /ream 9 a valley ( ! ,jura1 & is ab\t #a m4 f ! ,fr5* fronti]4 ,9 #afha ,daniel ,jean ,ri*>d introduc$ wat*-mak+ "h1 :i* soon drove out all o!r indu/ries4 ,9 #aijj ! population 0 #ab1eei1 ma9ly ,prote/ants & ,fr5*-speak+4 ,! *ur* t[] dates f #aeba1 b ! old t[n 0 de/roy$ by fire 9 #ahcc4 ,! valley 9 :i* ! t[n is situat$ us$ to be subject to inundations1 b 9 #ahje a tunnel 0 con/ruct$ by means ( :i* ! surplus wat]s ( ! ,bi$ are c>ri$ into ! ,d\bs4 ,ab\t #a m4 ,w4 ( ! t[n ! ,bi$ plung$ into a deep *asm1 on ! /eep rock face ( :i* 7 =m]ly ! subt]ranean mills ( ! ,col des ,ro*es1 situat$ "o above ano!r2 b ! /ream is n[ div]t$ by ! above-m5tion$ tunnel1 :ile ano!r s]ves ! railway l9e f ,le ,locle to ,morteau 9 ,france 7#h m474 7,w4 ,a4 ,b4 ,c47 ,,locm>iaqu]1 a village ( we/]n ,france1 on ! ,w4 %ore ( ! ,gulf ( ,morbihan1 9 ! dep>tm5t ( ,morbihan1 #h m4 ,s4 ( ,auray by road4 ,pop4 7#aijf7 #gef4 ,locm>iaqu] has a small port1 & oy/] culture is c>ri$ on close to x4 ,roman rema9s are to be se51 b ! place owes its celebrity to ! megali?ic monum5ts 9 ! vic9ity1 "s ( :i* are among ! l>ge/ extant4 ,! m5hir ( ,m5-er-,h'roeck 7,fairy /one71 :i* 0 brok5 into f\r pieces by lightn+ 9 ! #ah? c5tury1 previ\sly measur$ ab\t #fg ft4 9 height1 & f #i to #ac ft4 9 ?ickness4 ,,locomotor ,,ataxia 7,gr4 ,greek3 ha1 priv41 & ,greek3 taxis1 ord]2 synonyms1 ,tabes dorsalis1 po/]ior sp9al scl]osis71 a progressive deg5]ation ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 involv+ ! po/]ior columns ( ! sp9al cord ) o!r /ructures1 & caus+ muscul> incoord9ation & disord] ( gait & /ation4 ,! ess5tial symptoms ( ! disease--/amp+ gait1 & sway+ ) ! eyes %ut1 ! occurr5ce ( bl9dness & ( small fix$ pupils--7 recogniz$ by ,romb]g 7#ahea71 b x 0 ! cl9ical g5ius ( ,du*5ne & 8 ma/]ly description ( ! symptoms :i* l$ to its acceptance z a def9ite disease 7#aheh71 & he nam$ x locomotor ataxia aft] its mo/ /rik+ symptom4 ,9 #ahfi ,argyll ,rob]tson discov]$ t ! eye-pupil is inactive to light b acts ^u accommodation 9 ! great majority ( cases4 ,?is mo/ important sign is nam$ ! ,argyll ,rob]tson pupil4 ,) an ev]-increas+ k ( ! widespread "* ( ?is disease & its manifold v>iations 9 ! complex ( symptoms1 ! t5d5cy among neurologi/s is to rev]t to ! t]m employ$ by ,romb]g--tabes dorsalis4 ,locomotor ataxia1 al?\gh x expresses a v *>act]i/ic feature ( ! disease1 has ?is objection3 x is a symptom :i* does n occur 9 ! fir/ 7preataxic7 /age ( ! disease2 inde$ a great numb] ( ye>s may elapse be=e ataxy comes on1 & sometimes ! pati5t1 aft] suff]+ a v long "t f ! disease1 may die f "s int]curr5t complication1 hav+ nev] be5 ataxic4 ,x is g5]ally recogniz$ by neurologi/s t p]sons :o are n ! subjects ( acquir$ or h]$it>y syphilis d n suff] f ?is disease2 & ! av]age "t ( onset aft] infection is t5 ye>s 7see ,,neuropa?ology74 ,!re are ?ree /ages3 7#a7 ,! preataxic1 7#b7 ! ataxic1 7#c7 ! b$-ridd5 p>alytic4 ,! duration ( ! fir/ /age may be f "o or two ye>s1 up to tw5ty ye>s or ev5 long]4 ,9 ?is /age v>i\s symptoms may arise4 ,! pati5t usually compla9s ( %oot+1 lightn+-l pa9s 9 ! legs1 :i* he may attribute to rheumatism4 ,if a physician exam9es him he w almo/ c]ta9ly f9d ! knee-j]ks abs5t & ,argyll ,rob]tson pupils pres5t2 probably on inquiry he w asc]ta9 t ! pati5t has _h "s difficulty 9 />t+ ur9ation1 or t he is unable to reta9 8 wat] or to empty 8 bladd] completely4 ,9 o!r cases1 tempor>y or p]man5t p>alysis ( "o or m muscles ( ! eyeball 7:i* causes squ9t & d\ble vision71 a failure ( sight end+ 9 bl9dness1 attacks ( vomit+ 7or ga/ric crises71 pa9less spontane\s fractures ( bones & dislocations ( jo9ts1 fail+ sexual p[] & impot5ce1 may lead ! pati5t to consult a physician1 :5 ?is disease w be diagnos$1 al?\gh ! pati5t may n z yet h _h locomotor ataxy4 ,all cases1 h[ev]1 if !y live long en\gh1 pass into ! second ataxic /age4 ,! suff]] compla9s n[ ( difficulty ( walk+ 9 ! d>k2 he sways ) 8 eyes %ut & feels z if he w\ld fall 7,romb]g's symptom72 he has ! s5sation ( walk+ on wool1 numbness & =mication ( ! sk91 & _m s5sory di/urbances 9 ! =m ( p>tial or complete loss ( s5sibility to pa91 t\* & temp]ature4 ,^! di/urbances affect especially ! feet & legs1 & ar\nd ! trunk at ! level ( ! f\r? to ! sev5? ribs1 giv+ rise to a girdle s5sation4 ,!re may be a numb$ feel+ on ! inn] side ( ! arm1 & muscul> incoord9ation may affect ! upp] limb z well z ! l[]1 al?\gh !re is no wa/+ or any electrical *ange4 ,! ataxic gait is v *>act]i/ic1 ow+ to ! loss ( reflex tonus 9 ! muscles1 & ! abs5ce ( guid+ s5sations f all ! deep /ructures ( ! limbs1 muscles1 jo9ts1 bones1 t5dons & ligam5ts1 z well z f ! sk9 ( ! soles ( ! feet2 !re=e ! suff]] has to be guid$ by vision z to :]e & h[ to place 8 feet4 ,?is necessitates ! b5d+ =w>d ( ! body1 ext5sion ( ! knees & broad5+ ( ! basis ( support2 he g5]ally uses a walk+ /ick or ev5 two1 & he j]ks ! leg =w>d z if he 7 on wires1 br++ ! sole ( ! foot d[n on ! gr\nd ) a wide /amp+ action4 ,if ! arm be affect$1 he is unable to t\* ! tip ( 8 nose ) ! eyes %ut4 ,soon] or lat] he passes into ! ?ird b$-ridd5 /age1 ) muscles wa/$ & _! tonus s mu* lo/ t he is 9 a p]fectly helpless condition4 ,! complications :i* may arise 9 ?is disease are int]curr5t affections due to septic conditions ( ! bladd]1 b$sores1 pneumonia1 vascul> & he>t affections4 ,ab\t #aj ( ! cases1 at lea/1 develop g5]al p>alysis ( ! insane4 ,?is is n surpris+ see+ t x is due to ! same cause1 & ! etiology ( ! two diseases is su* z to lead _m neurologi/s to consid] !m "o & ! same disease affect+ diff]5t p>ts ( ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,tabes dorsalis occurs ) mu* great] frequ5cy 9 m5 ?an 9 wom5 7see ,,neuropa?ology74 ,! avoidance ( all /ress ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 :e!r physical1 emotional or intellectual1 is indicat$1 & a simple regul> life1 )\t /imulants or indulg5ce ( ! sexual passion1 is ! be/ means ( delay+ ! progress ( ! disease4 ,great att5tion %\ld be paid to micturition1 s z to avoid ret5tion & infection ( ! bladd]4 ,drugs1 ev5 anti-syphilitic rem$ies1 appe> to h b little influ5ce ^u ! c\rse ( ! disease4 ,,loco-,,we$s1 or ,,crazy-,,we$s1 legum9\s plants1 *iefly species ( ,a/ragalus & ,lup9us1 :i* produce a disease 9 cattle kn[n z loco-disease4 ,! "n is app>5tly tak5 f ! ,spani% loco1 mad4 ,! disease affects ! n]v\s sy/em ( ! animals eat+ ! plants1 & is accompani$ by exhau/ion & wa/+4 ,,locri1 a p ( anci5t ,greece1 inhabit+ two di/9ct di/ricts1 "o ext5d+ f ! nor?-ea/ ( ,p>nassus to ! nor!rn half ( ! ,euboean *annel1 betwe5 ,boeotia & ,malis1 ! o!r s\?-we/ ( ,p>nassus1 on ! nor? %ore ( ! ,cor9?ian ,gulf1 betwe5 ,phocis & ,aetolia4 ,! =m] 7 divid$ into ! nor!rn ,locri ,epicnemidii1 situat$ on ! spurs ( ,m\nt ,cnemis1 & ! s\!rn ,locri ,opuntii1 s nam$ f _! *ief t[n ,opus 7q4v473 & ! "n ,opuntia is (t5 appli$ to ! :ole ( ?is ea/]ly di/rict4 ,hom] m5tions only ^! ea/]n ,locrians3 _! national h]o 9 ! ,trojan w> is ,ajax ,oileus1 :o (t5 appe>s aft]w>ds on ,locrian co9s4 ,f ,hesiod's "t onw>ds1 ! ,opuntians 7 ?\ght by "s to be ( ,lelegian orig9 7see ,,leleges71 b !y 7 ,hell5iz$ e>ly 7?\gh matri>*al cu/oms surviv$ among !m7--1 & ,deucalion1 ! fa!r ( ,hell5 himself1 is describ$ z ! fir/ k+ ( ,opus4 ,! we/]ly ,locri 9 ,ozolae on ! ,cor9?ian ,gulf1 a rude & b>b>\s p1 make no appe>ance 9 ,greek hi/ory till ! ,peloponnesian w>4 ,x 0 believ$ t !y _h sep>at$ f ! ea/]n ,locrians f\r g5]ations be=e ! ,trojan w>2 yet ,hom] has no h9t ( _! exi/5ce4 ,probably ! ,locrians 7 once a s+le p1 ext5d+ f sea to sea1 till subsequ5t immigrations =c$ !m ap>t into two sep>ate di/ricts4 ,! ,locrian dialect ( ,greek is little kn[n1 b resembles t ( ,elis3 x has ,greek3 / = ,greek3 /h2 uses alpha2 & has ,greek3 ois 9 dat4 plur4 #crd decl4 ,a colony ( ,locrians 7:e!r f ,opus or ,ozolae 0 disput$ 9 antiquity7 settl$1 ab\t ! end ( ! #h? c5tury ,b4,c41 at ! s\?-we/ extremity ( ,italy4 ,!y are (t5 call$ ,locri ,epizephyrii f ,cape ,zephyrion #ae m4 ,s4 ( ! city4 ,_! f\nd]'s "n 0 ,euan!s4 ,_! social organization resembl$ t ( ! ,opuntian ,locri1 & l !m !y v5]at$ ,ajax ,oileus & ,p]sephone4 ,ari/otle 7ap4 ,polyb4 xii4 #e sqq47 records a tradition t ^! we/]n ,locrians 7 base-born1 l ! ,p>!nians ( ,t>5tum2 b ?is 0 disput$ by 8 contempor>y ,timaeus4 ,see ,,locri 7t[n7 bel[4 7,j4 ,l4 ,m47 ,,locri1 an anci5t city ( ,magna ,graecia1 ,italy4 ,! orig9al settl]s took possession ( ! ,zephyrian promontory 7,capo ,bruzzano "s #ab m4 ,n4 ( ,capo ,sp>tiv5to71 & ?\gh aft] ?ree or f\r ye>s !y transplant$ !mselves to a site #ab m4 f>!r nor?1 /ill ne> ! coa/1 #b m4 ,s4 ( ,g]ace ,m>9a bel[ ! mod]n ,g]ace1 !y /ill reta9$ ! "n ( ,locri ,epizephyrii 7,greek3 ,lokroi hoi epizephurioi71 :i* s]v$ to di/+ui% !m f ! ,ozolian & ,opuntian ,locri ( ,greece itself 7see prec$+ article74 ,! f\ndation ( ,locri goes back to ab\t #fhc ,b4,c4 ,x 0 ! fir/ ( all ,greek communities to h a writt5 code ( laws giv5 by ,zaleucus 9 #ffd ,b4,c4 ,f ,locri 7 f\nd$ ! colonies ( ,meisma & ,heiponium 7,hipponium74 ,x succe$$ 9 repell+ ! attacks ( ,croton 7battle on ! riv] ,sagras1 p]haps sometime 9 ! #f? c5tury71 & f\nd 9 ,syracuse a support aga9/ ,rhegium3 x 0 ?us an active adv]s>y ( ,a!nian aggr&isem5t 9 ! we/4 ,p9d> extolls its uprightness & love ( ! h]oic muse ( beauty1 ( wisdom1 & ( w>1 9 ! #aj? & #aa? ,olympian ,odes4 ,/esi*orus 7q4v47 0 inde$ ( ,locrian orig94 ,b x ow$ its greate/ ext]nal prosp]ity to ! fact t ,dionysius ,i4 ( ,syracuse select$ 8 wife f ,locri3 its t]ritory 0 !n increas$1 & ! circuit ( its walls 0 d\bl$1 b x lo/ its fre$om4 ,9 #cef ,b4,c4 x 0 rul$ by ,dionysius ,,ii4 ,f ! battle ( ,h]aclea to ! ye> #bje 7:5 x 0 captur$ by ,p4 ,cornelius ,scipio ,africanus ,maior1 & plac$ "u ! control ( 8 legate ,q4 ,plem9ius71 ,locri 0 cont9ually *ang+ its allegiance betwe5 ,rome & h] enemies2 b x rema9$ an ally1 & 0 only oblig$ l o!r ,greek coa/ t[ns to furni% %ips4 ,9 lat] ,roman times x is (t5 m5tion$1 b 0 app>5tly ( no great importance4 ,x is m5tion$ incid5tally until ! #f? c5tury ,a4,d41 b 0 de/roy$ by ! ,s>ac5s 9 #iae4 ,excavations 9 #ahhi-ahij l$ to ! discov]y ( an ,ionic temple 7! ,doric /yle be+ usual 9 ,magna ,graecia7 at ! nor?-we/ angle ( ! t[n--orig9ally a cella ) two naves1 a clos$ pronaos on ! ,e4 & an adytum at ! back 7,w471 lat] conv]t$ into a hexa/yle p]iph]al temple ) #cd pa9t$ t]ra-cotta columns4 ,?is 0 !n de/roy$ ab\t #djj ,b4,c4 & a new temple built on ! ru9s1 hepta/yle p]ipt]al1 ) no int]m$iate columns 9 ! cella & opi/hodomos1 & ) #dd columns 9 all4 ,! figures f ! p$im5t ( ! tw9 ,dioscuri1 :o accord+ to ! leg5d assi/$ ,locri aga9/ ,crotona1 are 9 ! ,naples museum 7see ,r4 ,koldewey & ,o4 ,pu*/e91 ,grie*is*e ,tempel 9 ,unt]itali5 und ,sicili51 ,b]l91 #ahii1 pp4 l sqq474 ,subsequ5t excavations 9 #ahij-ahia 7 ( ! greate/ importance1 b ! results rema9$ unpubli%$ up to #aijh4 ,f a %ort acc\nt by ,p4 ,orsi 9 ,atti del ,congresso ,/orico1 vol4 v4 7,ar*eologia7 ,rome1 #aijd1 p4 #bja1 we le>n t ! exploration ( ! environs ( ! temple l$ to ! discov]y ( a l>ge numb] ( ar*aic t]ra-cottas1 & ( "s l>ge tr5*es1 cov]$ ) tiles1 conta9+ "s #ad1jjj scyphoi arrang$ 9 r[s4 ,! plan ( ! city 0 also trac$2 ! walls1 ! l5g? ( :i* 0 ne>ly #e m41 consi/$ ( ?ree p>ts--! =tifi$ ca/les 7,greek3 phr\ria7 ) l>ge t[]s1 on ?ree diff]5t hills1 ! city prop]1 & ! l[] t[n--! latt] enclos$ by long walls runn+ d[n to ! sea4 ,9 ! ,roman p]iod ! city 0 re/rict$ to ! pla9 ne> ! sea4 ,s9ce ^! excavations1 a c]ta9 am\nt ( unau?oriz$ "w has gone on1 & "s ( ! rema9s h be5 de/roy$4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ^! excavations "s prehi/oric objects h be5 discov]$1 :i* confirm ! acc\nts ( ,?ucydides & ,polybius t ! ,greek settl]s f\nd ! ,siculi "h be=e !m4 7,t4 ,z47 ,l,,cse 7,g]4 ,leuts*au71 ! capital ( ! c\nty ( ,szepes1 9 ,hung>y1 #bcj m4 ,n4,e4 ( ,budape/ by rail4 ,pop4 7#aijj7 #fhde1 mo/ly ,g]mans & ,slovaks4 ,! c\nty ( ,szepes is ! highe/ "p ( ,hung>y1 & its nor?-we/]n portion is occupi$ by ! ,ttra ,m\nta9s4 ,lcse lies 9 an elevat$ position surr\nd$ by m\nta9s1 & is "o ( ! olde/ t[ns ( ,hung>y4 ,! *ur* ( ,/ ,james is a ,go?ic /ructure ( ! #ac? c5tury1 ) ri*ly c>v$ alt>1 sev]al monum5ts1 & a celebrat$ organ erect$ 9 #afbc1 & long reput$ ! l>ge/ 9 ,hung>y4 ,! old t[n-hall1 re/or$ 9 #ahid1 conta9s a ,prote/ant upp] gymnasium1 f\nd$ 9 #aedd1 & "o ( ! olde/ pr9t+ e/abli%m5ts 9 ,hung>y1 f\nd$ 9 #aehe4 ,bee-keep+ & ! rais+ ( g>d5 produce are ! *ief indu/ries4 ,f\nd$ by ,saxon coloni/s 9 #abde1 ,lcse _h by ! e>ly "p ( ! #af? c5tury atta9$ a position ( great relative importance4 ,9 #aeii a fire de/roy$ ! great] "p ( ! t[n1 & dur+ ! #ag? c5tury x suff]$ repeat$ly at ! h&s ( ! ,transylvanian pr9ces & lead]s4 ,,locus 7,lat4 = place2 9 ,gr4 ,greek3 topos71 a geometrical t]m1 ! inv5tion ( ! notion ( :i* is attribut$ to ,plato4 ,x occurs 9 su* /atem5ts z ^!3 ! locus ( ! po9ts :i* are at ! same di/ance f a fix$ po9t1 or ( a po9t :i* moves s z to be always at ! same di/ance f a fix$ po9t1 is a circle2 conv]sely a circle is ! locus ( ! po9ts at ! same di/ance f a fix$ po9t1 or ( a po9t mov+ s z to be always at ! same di/ance f a fix$ po9t2 & s 9 g5]al a curve ( any giv5 k9d is ! locus ( ! po9ts :i* satisfy1 or ( a po9t mov+ s z always to satisfy1 a giv5 condition4 ,! !ory ( loci is ?us id5tical ) t ( curves 7see ,,curve & ,,geometry3 ,analytical74 ,! notion ( a locus applies also to solid geometry4 ,"h ! locus ( ! po9ts satisfy+ a s+le 7or onefold7 condition is a surface2 ! locus ( ! po9ts satisfy+ two conditions 7or a tw(old condition7 is a curve 9 space1 :i* is 9 g5]al a twi/$ curve or curve ( d\ble curvature4 ,,locu/4#a ,9 its g5]al acceptation ?is t]m is appli$ only to c]ta9 insects ( ! ord] ,or?opt]a1 family ,acridiidae4 ,! family ,locu/idae is n[ view$ zoologically 9 a s5se t does n admit ( ! species be/ kn[n z locu/s be+ includ$ !re94 ,! idea ( a v de/ructive insect is univ]sally associat$ ) ! t]m2 !re=e _m or?opt]\s species t _c be consid]$ true locu/s h be5 s-call$2 9 ,nor? ,am]ica x has ev5 embrac$ c]ta9 ,hemipt]a-,homopt]a1 belong+ to ! ,cicadidae1 & 9 "s p>ts ( ,engl& cock*af]s are s designat$4 ,9 a m n>r[ def9ition ! attribute ( migration is associat$ ) ! de/ructive prop5sities1 & x !re=e becomes necess>y t a true locu/ %\ld be a migratory species ( ! family ,acridiidae4 ,moreov]1 ! t]m has yet a slightly diff]5t signification z view$ f ! ,old or ,new ,_w4 ,9 ,europe by a locu/ is meant an insect ( l>ge size1 ! small] alli$ species be+ ord9>ily kn[n z gras%opp]s1 h5ce ! ,rocky ,m\nta9 locu/ ( ,nor? ,am]ica is to ,ea/]n ideas r a gras%opp] ?an a locu/4 ,9 ,europe1 & a great] "p ( ! ,old ,_w1 ! be/ kn[n migratory locu/ is t :i* is sci5tifically t]m$ ,pa*ytylus c9]asc5s ) :i* an alli$ species ,p4 migratorius has be5 (t5 conf\nd$4 ,ano!r locu/ f\nd 9 ,europe & neighb\r+ di/ricts is ,calopt5us italicus1 & /ill ano!r1 ,acridium p]egr9um1 has once or twice occurr$ 9 ,europe1 ?\gh its home 7ev5 9 a migratory s5se7 is m prop]ly ,africa & ,asia4 ,^! practically include all ! locu/s ( ! ,old ,_w1 ?\gh a migratory species ( ,s\? ,africa kn[n z ,pa*ytylus p>dal9us 7presum$ to be di/9ct f ,p4 migratorius7 %\ld be m5tion$4 ,! ,rocky ,m\nta9 locu/ ( ,nor? ,am]ica is ,calopt5us spretus1 & 9 t cont95t !re occurs an ,acridium 7,a4 am]icanum7 s closely alli$ to ,a4 p]egr9um z to be sc>cely di/9ct !refrom1 ?\gh !re x does n manife/ migratory t5d5cies4 ,9 ! ,we/ ,indies & ,c5tral ,am]ica ,a4 p]egr9um is also report$ to occur4 ,! females excavate holes 9 ! e>? 9 :i* ! eggs are deposit$ 9 a long cyl9drical mass envelop$ 9 a glut9\s secretion4 ,! "y l>vae hat* & imm$iately comm5ce _! de/ructive c>e]4 ,z ^! insects are hemimetabolic !re is no quiesc5t /age2 !y g on increas+ rapidly 9 size1 & z !y approa* ! p]fect /ate ! rudim5ts ( ! w+s beg9 to appe>4 ,ev5 9 ?is /age _! locomotive p[]s are ext5sive & _! voracity great4 ,once w+$ & p]fect ^! p[]s become inf9itely m disa/r\s1 r$\bl$ by ! developm5t ( ! migratory in/9ct4 ,! laws regulat+ ?is in/9ct are n p]fectly und]/ood4 ,food & temp]ature h a great deal to d ) x1 & !re is a t5d5cy = ! flights to take a p>ticul> direction1 v>i$ by ! physical circum/ances ( ! bre$+ di/ricts4 ,s likewise ea* species has its area ( con/ant location1 & its area ( extraord9>y migration4 ,p]haps ! mo/ feasible ( ! sugge/ions z to ! causes ( ! migratory impulse is t locu/s naturally bre$ 9 dry s&y di/ricts 9 :i* food is sc>ce1 & are impell$ to w&] to procure ! necess>ies ( life2 b aga9/ ?is x has be5 argu$ t sw>ms br$ 9 a highly productive di/rict 9 :i* !y h tempor>ily settl$ w seek ! b>r5 home ( _! ance/ors4 ,ano!r +5i\s sugge/ion is t migration is intimately connect$ ) a dry condition ( ! atmosph]e1 urg+ !m to move on until compell$ to /op = food or procreative purposes4 ,sw>ms travel consid]able di/ances1 ?\gh probably g5]ally few] ?an #ajjj m41 ?\gh sometimes v mu* m4 ,z a rule ! progress is only gradual1 & ?is adds va/ly to ! deva/at+ effects4 ,:5 an ext5sive sw>m tempor>ily settles 9 a di/rict1 all vegetation rapidly disappe>s1 & !n hung] urges x on ano!r /age4 ,! l>ge ,old ,_w species1 al?\gh und\bt$ly phytophag\s1 :5 compell$ by hung] sometimes attack at lea/ dry animal sub/ances1 & ev5 cannibalism has be5 ass]t$ z an outcome ( ! failure ( all o!r k9ds ( food4 ,! l5g? ( a s+le flight mu/ dep5d ^u circum/ances4 ,f peculi>ities 9 ! examples ( ,acridium p]egr9um tak5 9 ,engl& 9 #ahfi1 x has be5 ass]t$ t !y mu/ h come direct by sea f ! we/ coa/ ( ,africa2 & :at is probably ! same species has be5 se5 9 ! ,atlantic at lea/ #abjj m4 f l&1 9 sw>ms completely cov]+ ! %ip2 ?us1 9 c]ta9 cases flight mu/ be su/a9$ = sev]al days & nights toge!r4 ,! height at :i* sw>ms fly1 :5 _! horizontal c\rse is n liable to be alt]$ by m\nta9s1 has be5 v v>i\sly e/imat$ at f #dj to #bjj ft41 or ev5 9 a p>ticul> case to #ejj ft4 ,! ext5t ( sw>ms & ! numb] ( individuals 9 a sw>m _c be accurately asc]ta9$4 ,!y come sometimes 9 su* numb]s z to completely obscure ! sun1 :5 ! noise made by ! ru/l+ ( ! w+s is deaf5+4 ,nev]!less "s idea on ?is po9t may be =m$ f ! asc]ta9$ fact t 9 ,cyprus 9 #ahha1 at ! close ( ! season1 #a1fjj1jjj1jjj egg-cases1 ea* conta9+ a consid]able numb] ( eggs1 _h be5 de/roy$2 ! e/imat$ weight exce$+ #acjj tons4 ,yet two ye>s lat]1 x is believ$ t n few] ?an #e1jgf1jjj1jjj egg-cases 7 aga9 deposit$ 9 ! isl&4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--,pa*ytylus migratorius4 ,?is & ! o!r figures are all natural size4 ,9 ,europe ! be/ kn[n & ord9>ily mo/ de/ructive species is ,pa*ytylus c9]asc5s1 & x is to x t mo/ ( ! num]\s records ( deva/ations 9 ,europe ma9ly ref]1 b x is probably n less de/ructive 9 _m p>ts ( ,africa & ,asia4 ,t ! arid /eppes ( c5tral ,asia are ! home ( ?is insect appe>s probable2 /ill mu* on ?is po9t is envelop$ 9 unc]ta9ty4 ,9 any case ! area ( p]man5t di/ribution is enorm\s1 & t ( occasional di/ribution is /ill great]4 ,! =m] area ext5ds f ! p>allel ( #dj ,n4 9 ,portugal1 ris+ to #dh 9 ,france & ,switz]l&1 & pass+ into ,russia at #ee1 !nce cont9u+ across ! middle ( ,sib]ia1 nor? ( ,*9a to ,japan2 !nce s\? to ! ,fiji ,isl&s1 to ,new ,zeal& & ,nor? ,au/ralia2 !nce aga9 to ,mauritius & ov] all ,africa to ,madeira4 ,! s\!rn di/ribution is unc]ta9 & obscure4 ,tak+ exceptional di/ribution1 x is well kn[n t x occasionally appe>s 9 ! ,briti% ,isles1 & has 9 !m app>5tly be5 notic$ z f> nor? z ,ed9burgh2 s also does x occasionally appe> 9 ,sc&9avia1 & x has probably be5 se5 up to #fc ,n4 9 ,f9l&4 ,look+ at ?is va/ area1 x is easy to conceive t an elem5t ( unc]ta9ty mu/ always exi/ ) reg>d to ! exact det]m9ation ( ! species1 & 9 ,europe especially is ?is ! case1 because !re exi/s a di/9ct species1 kn[n z ,p4 migratorius1 ! migratory area ( :i* appe>s to be conf9$ to ,turke/an & ea/]n ,europe4 ,p4 c9]asc5s is c]ta9ly ! mo/ common ( ! locu/s occasionally f\nd 9 ! ,briti% ,isles1 & ,e4 de ,selys-,long*amps is ( op9ion t x bre$s regul>ly 9 ,belgium1 :]eas ! true ,p4 migratorius is only accid5tal 9 t c\ntry4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--;,acridium p]egr9um4 ,a ,s\? ,african species alli$ to ! prec$+ & provisionally id5tifi$ z ,pa*ytylus salcicollis is notewor?y f ! manife/ation ( ! migratory in/9ct 9 immature w+less individuals4 ,! families ( "y1 aft] de/roy+ ! vegetation ( a di/rict1 unite 9 a va/ army & move away 9 se>* ( fre% pa/ures1 deva/at+ ! c\ntry z !y g & proce$+ ( necessity on foot1 h5ce !y are kn[n to ! ,dut* z voetgang]s4 ,travell+ nor?w>ds t[>ds ! c5tre ( ! cont95t1 ! home ( _! p>5ts be=e migration1 !y are div]t$ f _! c\rse by no ob/acles4 ,^u rea*+ a riv] or /ream !y se>* ! bank = a likely spot to cross1 !n fe>lessly ca/ !mselves ^u ! wat] :]e !y =m float+ isl&s ( insects1 mo/ ( :i* usually succe$ 9 ga9+ ! opposite bank1 ?\gh _m p]i% 9 ! attempt4 ,acridium p]egr9um 7fig4 #b7 c sc>cely be consid]$ ev5 an accid5tal visitor to ,europe2 yet x has be5 se5 9 ! s\? ( ,spa91 & 9 _m examples spread ov] a l>ge "p ( ,engl& 9 ! ye> #ahfi4 ,x is a l>g] insect ?an ,p4 migratorius4 ,!re is e reason to believe t x is ! mo/ de/ructive locu/ ?r\gh\t ,africa & 9 ,india & o!r p>ts ( tropical ,asia1 & its ravages are z great z ^? ( ,p4 migratorius4 ,presumably x is ! species occasionally notic$ 9 a va/ sw>m 9 ! ,atlantic1 v f> f l&1 & presumably also x occurs 9 ! ,we/ ,indies & "s p>ts ( ,c5tral ,am]ica4 ,9 ! ,arg5t9e ,republic a 7possibly7 di/9ct species 7,a4 p>an5se7 is ! migratory locu/4 ,calopt5us italicus 7fig4 #c7 is a small] insect1 ) a less ext5d$ area ( migration2 ! de/ruction occasion$ 9 ! di/ricts to :i* x is limit$ is (t5 sc>ce less ?an t ( its m t]rible allies4 ,x is ess5tially a species ( ! ,m$it]ranean di/rict1 & especially ( ! ,european side ( t sea1 yet x is also f\nd 9 ,nor? ,africa1 & appe>s to ext5d f> into s\!rn ,russia4 ,calopt5us spretus 7fig4 #d7 is ! ,rocky ,m\nta9 locu/ or hateful gras%opp] ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican cont95t4 ,?\gh a comp>atively small insect1 n s l>ge z "s ( ! gras%opp]s ( ,engli% fields1 its de/ructiv5ess has procur$ = x great notoriety4 ,by e>ly travell]s & settl]s ! species 0 n recogniz$ z di/9ct f "s ( its non-migratory cong5]s4 ,b 9 #ahgg1 ,congress appo9t$ a ,unit$ ,/ates ,entomological ,commission to inve/igate ! subject4 ,! report ( ! commission]s 7,c4 ,v4 ,riley1 ,a4 ,s4 ,pack>d & ,c4 ,?omas7 deals ) ! :ole subject ( locu/s bo? 9 ,am]ica & ! ,old _w4 ,c4 spretus has its home or p]man5t area 9 ! arid pla9s ( ! c5tral region ea/ ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 ext5d+ slightly into ! s\!rn portion ( ,canada2 outside ?is is a wide fr+e to :i* ! t]m sub-p]man5t is appli$1 & ?is is aga9 b\nd$ by ! limits ( only occasional di/ribution1 ! :ole occupy+ a l>ge portion ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican cont95t2 b x is n kn[n to h cross$ ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s we/w>d1 or to h ext5d$ into ! ea/]n /ates4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4--;,calopt5us italicus4 ,z to rem$ial or prev5tive measures t5d+ to *eck ! ravages ( locu/s1 little un=tunately c be said2 b any?+ t w apply to "o species may be us$ ) practically all4 ,some?+ c be done 7z is n[ done 9 ,cyprus7 by (f]+ a price = all ! egg-tubes collect$1 :i* is ! mo/ direct mann] ( attack+ !m4 ,"s little c be done by de/roy+ ! l>vae :ile 9 an unw+$ condition1 & by digg+ tr5*es 9 ! l9e ( m>* into :i* !y c fall & be dr[n$ or o!rwise put an end to4 ,little c be done ) ! w+$ hordes2 />vation1 ! outcome ( _! own "w1 probably "h does mu*4 ,9 ,s\? ,africa "s success has att5d$ ! spray+ ( ! sw>ms ) ars5ic4 ,x has be5 %[n t ) all migratory locu/s ! bre$+-places1 or true homes1 are comp>atively b>r5 di/ricts 7mo/ly elevat$ plateaus72 h5ce ! progress ( colonization1 & ! conv]sion ( ^? h]et(ore b>r5 pla9s into areas ( f]tility1 may 7& probably w7 gradually less5 ! evil4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4--,rocky ,m\nta9 ,locu/ 7,calopt5us spretus74 7,aft] ,riley47 a1 a1 a1 ,female 9 diff]5t positions1 oviposit+4 b1 ,egg-pod extract$ f gr\nd1 ) ! end brok5 op54 c1 ,a few eggs ly+ loose on ! gr\nd4 d1 e %[ ! e>? p>tially remov$1 to illu/rate an egg-mass already 9 place1 & "o be+ plac$4 f1 %[s :]e su* a mass has be5 cov]$ up4 ,locu/s h _m enemies besides man4 ,_m birds gre$ily dev\r !m1 & x has _m times be5 rem>k$ t migratory sw>ms ( ! insects 7 closely foll[$ by myriads ( birds4 ,pr$atory insects ( o!r ord]s also attack !m1 especially :5 !y are 9 ! unw+$ condition4 ,moreov]1 !y h /ill m deadly insect foes z p>asites4 ,"s attack ! fully develop$ w+$ insect4 ,b ! great] "p attack ! eggs4 ,to su* belong c]ta9 beetles1 *iefly ( ! family ,can?>idae1 & especially c]ta9 two-w+$ flies ( ! family ,bombyliidae4 ,^! latt]1 bo? 9 ! ,old & ,new ,_w1 mu/ prev5t va/ quantities ( eggs f produc+ l>vae4 ,! l>g] ,old ,_w species =m articles ( food ) c]ta9 semi-civiliz$ & savage races1 by :om !y are consid]$ z delicacies1 or z "p ( ord9>y diet1 accord+ to ! race & ! me?od ( prep>ation4 7,r4 ,m',l42 ,r4 ,i4 ,p47 ,,footnote3 #a ,! ,lat4 locu/a 0 fir/ appli$ to a lob/] or o!r m>9e %ell-fi% & !n1 f its resemblance1 to ! insect4 ,,locu/-,,tree1 or ,,c>ob-,,tree 7,c]atonia siliqua71 a memb] ( ! tribe ,cassieae ( ! ord] ,legum9osae1 ! sole species ( its g5us1 & widely diffus$ spontane\sly & by cultivation f ,spa9 to ! ea/]n ,m$it]ranean regions4 ,! "n ( ! g5us is d]iv$ f ! (t5 curv$ pod 7,gr4 ,greek3 k]ation1 a little horn74 ,! fl[]s h no petals & are polygam\s or dioeci\s 7male1 female & h]maphrodite fl[]s occur74 ,! se$-pod is compress$1 (t5 curv$1 indehisc5t & coriace\s1 b ) sweet pulpy divisions betwe5 ! se$s1 :i*1 z 9 o!r g5]a ( ! ,cassieae1 are album9\s4 ,! pods are eat5 by m5 & animals1 & 9 ,sicily a _s & a syrup are made f !m4 ,^! husks be+ (t5 us$ = sw9e are call$ sw9e's bread1 & are probably ref]r$ to 9 ! p>able ( ! ,prodigal ,son4 ,x is also call$ ,/ ,john's bread1 f a misund]/&+ ( ,matt4 iii4 #d4 ,! c>ob-tree 0 reg>d$ by ,spr5gel z ! tree ) :i* ,moses sweet5$ ! bitt] wat]s ( ,m>ah 7,exod4 xv4 #be71 z ! kh>rb1 accord+ to ,avic5na 7p4 #bje71 has ! prop]ty ( sweet5+ salt & bitt] wat]s4 ,g]>d 7,h]ball1 p4 #abda7 cultivat$ x 9 #aeig1 x hav+ be5 introduc$ 9 #aegj4 ,,lod,,ve1 a t[n ( s\!rn ,france1 capital ( an arrondissem5t ( ! dep>tm5t ( ,hrault1 #cf m4 ,w4,n4,w4 ( ,montpelli] by rail4 ,pop4 7#aijf71 #fadb4 ,x is situat$ 9 ! s\!rn ,cv5nes at ! foot ( /eep hills 9 a small valley :]e ! ,s\londres jo9s ! ,l]gue1 a tribut>y ( ! ,hrault4 ,two bridges ov] ! ,l]gue connect ! t[n ) ! faub\rg ( ,c>mes on ! left bank ( ! riv]1 & two o!rs ov] ! ,s\londres lead to ! ext5sive ru9s ( ! *teau de ,montbrun 7#ac? c5tury74 ,! old =tifi$ ca!dral ( ,/ ,fulcran1 f\nd$ by him 9 #iej1 dates 9 its pres5t condition f ! #ac?1 #ad? & #af? c5turies2 ! cloi/]1 dat+ f ! #ae? & #ag? c5turies1 is 9 ru9s4 ,9 ! picturesque environs ( ! t[n /&s ! well-pres]v$ mona/]y ( ,/ ,mi*el de ,grammont1 dat+ f ! #ab? c5tury & n[ us$ z f>m build+s4 ,9 ! neighb\rhood are ?ree f9e dolm5s4 ,! manufacture ( wooll5s = army clo?+ is ! *ief indu/ry4 ,wool is import$ 9 l>ge quantities f ! neighb\r+ dep>tm5ts1 & f ,morocco2 ! exports are clo? to ,italy & ! ,levant1 w9e1 br&y & wood4 ,! t[n has tribunals ( fir/ in/ance & ( comm]ce1 a bo>d ( trade-arbitrators1 a *amb] ( arts & manufactures1 & a communal college4 ,lodve 7,luteva7 exi/$ be=e ! invasion ( ! ,romans1 :o = "s "t call$ x ,=um ,n]onis4 ,! inhabitants 7 conv]t$ to ,*ri/ianity by ,/ ,fl\r1 fir/ bi%op ( ! city1 ab\t #cbc4 ,aft] pass+ successively into ! h&s ( ! ,visigo?s1 ! ,franks1 ! ,o/rogo?s1 ! ,arabs & ! ,c>ol+ians1 x became 9 ! #i? c5tury a sep>ate c\nt%ip1 & aft]w>ds ! doma9 ( its bi%ops4 ,dur+ ! religi\s w>s x suff]$ mu*1 especially 9 #aegc1 :5 x 0 sack$4 ,x ceas$ to be an episcopal see at ! ,revolution4 ,,lodge1 ,,edmund 7#agef-ahci71 ,engli% writ] on h]aldry1 0 born 9 ,london on ! #ac? ( ,june #agef1 son ( ,edmund ,lodge1 rector ( ,c>%alton1 ,surrey4 ,he held a cornet's commission 9 ! army1 :i* he resign$ 9 #aggc4 ,9 #aghb he became ,bluemantle pursuivant-at-arms 9 ! ,college ( ,arms4 ,he subsequ5tly became ,lanca/] h]ald1 ,norroy k+-at-arms1 ,cl>5cieux k+-at-arms1 &1 9 #ahcb1 knight ( ! ord] ( ! ,guelphs ( ,hanov]4 ,he di$ 9 ,london on ! #af? ( ,janu>y #ahci4 ,he wrote ,illu/rations ( ,briti% ,hi/ory1 ,biography & ,mann]s 9 ! reigns ( ,h5ry ,,viii41 ,edw>d ,,vi41 ,m>y1 ,elizabe? & ,james ,i4 444 7#c vols41 #agia71 consi/+ ( selections f ! ,,mss4 ( ! ,h[>d1 ,talbot & ,cecil families pres]v$ at ! ,college ( ,arms2 ,life ( ,sir ,julius ,caes> 444 7#bnd ed41 #ahbg74 ,he contribut$ ! lit]>y matt] to ,portraits ( ,illu/ri\s ,p]sonages ( ,great ,brita9 7#ahad1 c471 an elaborate "w ( :i* a popul> edition is includ$ 9 ,bohn's ,illu/rat$ ,libr>y4 ,8 mo/ important "w on h]aldry 0 ,! ,g5ealogy ( ! exi/+ ,briti% ,pe]age 444 7#ahcb2 enl>g$ edition1 #ahei74 ,9 ,! ,annual ,pe]age & ,b>onetage 7#ahbg-ahbi71 reissu$ aft] #ahcb z ,pe]age ( ! ,briti% ,empire1 & g5]ally kn[n z ,lodge's ,pe]age1 8 %>e did n g beyond ! title-page4 ,,lodge1 ,,h5ry ,,cabot 7#ahej- 71 ,am]ican political lead] & au?or1 0 born 9 ,bo/on1 ,massa*usetts1 on ! #ab? ( ,may #ahej4 ,he graduat$ at ,h>v>d ,college 9 #ahga & at ! ,h>v>d ,law ,s*ool 9 #ahge2 0 admitt$ to ! ,suffolk 7,massa*usetts7 b> 9 #ahgf2 & 9 #ahgf-ahgi 0 in/ructor 9 ,am]ican hi/ory at ,h>v>d4 ,he 0 a memb] ( ! ,massa*usetts ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives 9 #ahhj-ahha1 & ( ! ,national ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives 9 #ahhg-ahic2 succe$$ ,h5ry ,l4 ,dawes z ,unit$ ,/ates ,s5ator f ,massa*usetts 9 #ahic2 & 9 #ahii & 9 #aije 0 re-elect$ to ! ,s5ate1 :]e he became "o ( ! mo/ prom95t ( ! ,republican lead]s1 & an influ5tial support] ( ,presid5t ,roosevelt4 ,he 0 a memb] ( ! ,alaskan ,b\nd>y ,commission ( #aijc1 & ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,immigration ,commission ( #aijg4 ,9 ! ,national ,republican ,conv5tion ( #ahif 8 influ5ce did mu* to secure ! adoption ( ! gold /&>d plank ( ! p>ty's plat=m4 ,he 0 ! p]man5t *airman ( ! ,national ,republican ,conv5tion ( #aijj1 & ( t ( #aijh4 ,9 #ahgd-ahgf he edit$ ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,review ) ,h5ry ,adams2 & 9 #ahgi-ahhb1 ) ,john ,t4 ,morse1 ,jr41 he edit$ ! ,int]national ,review4 ,9 #ahhd-ahij he 0 an ov]se] ( ,h>v>d ,college4 ,8 doctoral !sis at ,h>v>d 0 publi%$ ) essays by ,h5ry ,adams1 ,j4 ,l4 ,laughl9 & ,erne/ ,"y1 "u ! title ,essays on ,anglo-,saxon ,l& ,law 7#ahgf74 ,he wrote3 ,life & ,lett]s ( ,george ,cabot 7#ahgg72 ,alex&] ,hamilton 7#ahhb71 ,daniel ,web/] 7#ahhc7 & ,george ,wa%+ton 7#b vols41 #ahhi71 9 ! ,am]ican ,/atesm5 s]ies2 ,a ,%ort ,hi/ory ( ! ,engli% ,colonies 9 ,am]ica 7#ahha72 ,/udies 9 ,hi/ory 7#ahhd72 ,bo/on 7#ahia71 9 ! ,hi/oric ,t[ns s]ies2 ,hi/orical & ,political ,essays 7#ahib72 ) ,!odore ,roosevelt1 ,h]o ,tales f ,am]ican ,hi/ory 7#ahie72 ,c]ta9 ,accept$ ,h]oes 7#ahig72 ,! ,/ory ( ! ,am]ican ,revolution 7#b vols41 #ahih72 ,! ,w> ) ,spa9 7#ahii72 ,a ,fight+ ,frigate 7#aijb72 ,a ,fronti] ,t[n 7#aijf72 &1 ) ,j4 ,w4 ,g>n]1 ,a ,hi/ory ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7#d vols41 #aijf74 ,he edit$ ,! ,works ( ,alex&] ,hamilton 7#i vols41 #ahhe-ahhf7 & ,! ,f$]ali/ 7#ahia74 ,8 son1 ,,george ,,cabot ,,lodge 7#ahgc-aiji71 also became kn[n z an au?or1 ) ,! ,song ( ! ,wave 7#ahih71 ,poems1 #ahii-aijb 7#aijb71 ,! ,great ,adv5ture 7#aije71 ,ca93 a ,drama 7#aijd71 ,h]akles 7#aijh7 & o!r v]se4 ,,lodge1 ,,sir ,,oliv] ,,joseph 7#ahea- 71 ,engli% physici/1 0 born at ,p5khull1 ,/af=d%ire1 on ! #ab? ( ,june #ahea1 & 0 educat$ at ,newport 7,salop7 gramm> s*ool4 ,he 0 int5d$ = a bus9ess c>e]1 b be+ attract$ to sci5ce he ent]$ ,univ]sity ,college1 ,london1 9 #ahgb1 graduat+ ,d4,sc4 at ,london ,univ]sity 9 #ahgg4 ,9 #ahge he 0 appo9t$ read] 9 natural philosophy at ,b$=d ,college = ,wom51 & 9 #ahgi he became assi/ant pr(essor ( appli$ ma!matics at ,univ]sity ,college1 ,london4 ,two ye>s lat] he 0 call$ to ! *air ( physics 9 ,univ]sity ,college1 ,liv]pool1 :]e he rema9$ till 9 #aijj he 0 *os5 fir/ pr9cipal ( ! new ,birm+ham ,univ]sity4 ,he 0 knight$ 9 #aijb4 ,8 orig9al "w includes inve/igations on lightn+1 ! seat ( ! electromotive =ce 9 ! voltaic cell1 ! ph5om5a ( electrolysis & ! spe$ ( ! ion1 electromagnetic waves & wireless telegraphy1 ! motion ( ! ae!r ne> ! e>?1 & ! application ( electricity to ! disp]sal ( fog & smoke4 ,he presid$ ov] ! ma!matical & physical section ( ! ,briti% ,association 9 #ahia1 & s]v$ z presid5t ( ! ,physical ,society 9 #ahii-aijj & ( ! ,society = ,psy*ical ,rese>* 9 #aija-aijd4 ,9 addition to num]\s sci5tific memoirs he wrote1 among o!r works1 ,lightn+ ,conductors & ,lightn+ ,gu>ds1 ,signall+ )\t ,wires1 ,mod]n ,views ( ,electricity1 ,electrons & ,! ,e!r ( ,space1 toge!r ) v>i\s books & pap]s ( a metaphysical & !ological "*4 ,,lodge1 ,,?omas 7c4 #aeeh-afbe71 ,engli% dramati/ & miscellane\s writ]1 0 born ab\t #aeeh at ,we/ ,ham4 ,he 0 ! second son ( ,sir ,?omas ,lodge1 :o 0 "l mayor ( ,london 9 #aefb-aefc4 ,he 0 educat$ at ,m]*ant ,taylors' ,s*ool & ,tr9ity ,college1 ,ox=d2 tak+ 8 ,b4,a4 degree 9 #aegg & t ( ,m4,a4 9 #aeha4 ,9 #aegh he ent]$ ,l9coln's ,inn1 :]e1 z 9 ! o!r ,inns ( ,c\rt1 a love ( lett]s & a crop ( debts & difficulties 7 alike wont to spr+ up 9 a k9dly soil4 ,lodge1 app>5tly 9 disreg>d ( ! wi%es ( 8 family1 spe$ily %[$ 8 incl9ation t[>ds ! loos] ways ( life & ! light] aspects ( lit]ature4 ,:5 ! p5it5t ,/eph5 ,gosson _h 79 #aegi7 publi%$ 8 ,s*oole ( ,abuse1 ,lodge took up ! glove 9 8 ,def5ce ( ,poetry1 ,music & ,/age ,plays 7#aegi or #aehj2 repr9t$ = ! ,%akespe>e ,society1 #ahec71 :i* %[s a c]ta9 re/ra9t1 ?\gh nei!r defici5t 9 =ce ( invective nor backw>d 9 display ( erudition4 ,! pamphlet 0 prohibit$1 b appe>s to h be5 circulat$ privately4 ,x 0 answ]$ by ,gosson 9 8 ,playes ,confut$ 9 ,five ,actions2 & ,lodge retort$ ) 8 ,al>um ,aga9/ ,usur]s 7#aehd1 repr9t$ ib47--a tract = ! times :i* no d\bt 0 9 "s measure indebt$ to ! au?or's p]sonal exp]i5ce4 ,9 ! same ye> he produc$ ! fir/ tale writt5 by him on 8 own acc\nt 9 prose & v]se1 ,! ,delectable ,hi/ory ( ,=bonius & ,prisc]ia1 bo? publi%$ & repr9t$ ) ! ,al>um4 ,f #aehg onw>ds he seems to h made a s]ies ( attempts z a playwright1 ?\gh mo/ ( ^? attribut$ to him are ma9ly conjectural4 ,t he ev] became an actor is improbable 9 itself1 & ,colli]'s conclusion to t effect re/$ on ! two assumptions t ! ,lodge ( ,h5sl[e's ,m4,s4 0 a play] & t 8 "n 0 ,?omas1 nei!r ( :i* is support$ by ! text 7see ,c4 ,m4 ,+leby1 ,0 ,?omas ,lodge an ,actor8 #ahfh74 ,hav+1 9 ! _s ( 8 age1 tri$ ! waves ) ,capta9 ,cl>ke 9 8 exp$ition to ,t]ceira & ! ,can>ies1 ,lodge 9 #aeia made a voyage ) ,?omas ,cav5di% to ,brazil & ! ,/raits ( ,magellan1 return+ home by #aeic4 ,dur+ ! ,can>ies exp$ition1 to beguile ! t$ium ( 8 voyage1 he compos$ 8 prose tale ( ,rosalynde1 ,euphues' ,gold5 ,legacie1 :i*1 pr9t$ 9 #aeij1 aft]w>ds furni%$ ! /ory ( ,%akespe>e's ,z ,y ,l ,x4 ,! novel1 :i* 9 its turn owes "s1 ?\gh no v consid]able1 debt to ! m$ieval ,tale ( ,gamelyn 7unw>rantably app5d$ to ! fragm5t>y ,cookes ,tale 9 c]ta9 ,,mss4 ( ,*auc]'s works71 is writt5 9 ! euphui/ic mann]1 b decid$ly attractive bo? by its plot & by ! situations aris+ f x4 ,x has be5 frequ5tly repr9t$4 ,be=e />t+ on 8 second exp$ition he _h publi%$ an hi/orical romance1 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,rob]t1 ,second ,duke ( ,norm&y1 surnam$ ,rob]t ! ,divell2 & he left beh9d him = publication ,ca?>os1 ,diog5es 9 8 ,s+ul>ity1 a disc\rse on ! immorality ( ,a!ns 7,london74 ,bo? appe>$ 9 #aeia4 ,ano!r romance 9 ! mann] ( ,lyly1 ,euphues ,%ad[1 ! ,battaile ( ! ,s5ces 7#aeib71 appe>$ :ile ,lodge 0 /ill on 8 travels4 ,8 second hi/orical romance1 ! ,life & ,dea? ( ,william ,longbe>d 7#aeic71 0 m successful ?an ! fir/4 ,lodge also br\ght back ) him f ! new _w ,a ,m>g>ite ( ,am]ica 7publi%$ #aeif71 a romance ( ! same description int]sp]s$ ) _m lyrics4 ,already 9 #aehi ,lodge _h giv5 to ! _w a volume ( poems be>+ ! title ( ! *ief among !m1 ,scillaes ,metamorphosis1 ,ent]lac$ ) ! ,un=tunate ,love ( ,glaucus1 m briefly kn[n z ,glaucus & ,scilla 7repr9t$ ) preface by ,s4 ,w4 ,s+] 9 #ahai74 ,to ?is tale ,%akespe>e 0 possibly indebt$ = ! idea ( ,v5us & ,adonis4 ,"s read]s w\ld p]haps be prep>$ to give up ?is & mu* else ( ,lodge's sug>$ v]se1 f9e ?\gh mu* ( x is 9 quality1 l>gely borr[$ f o!r writ]s1 ,fr5* & ,italian 9 p>ticul>1 9 ex*ange = ! lo/ ,sailor's ,kal5d>1 9 :i* he mu/ 9 "o way or ano!r h rec\nt$ 8 sea adv5tures4 ,if ,lodge1 z has be5 suppos$1 0 ! ,alcon 9 ,col9 ,cl\t's come ,home ,aga91 x may h be5 ! influ5ce ( ,sp5s] :i* l$ to ! composition ( ,phillis1 a volume ( sonnets1 9 :i* ! voice ( nature seems only n[ & !n to become audible1 publi%$ ) ! n>rative poem1 ,! ,complaynte ( ,el/r$1 9 #aeic4 ,a ,fig = ,momus1 on ! /r5g? ( :i* he has be5 call$ ! e>lie/ ,engli% satiri/1 & :i* conta9s eclogues address$ to ,daniel & o!rs1 an epi/le address$ to ,drayton1 & o!r pieces1 appe>$ 9 #aeie4 ,lodge's asc]ta9$ dramatic "w is small 9 quantity4 ,9 conjunction ) ,gre5e he1 probably 9 #aeij1 produc$ 9 a popul> ve9 ! odd b f> f feeble play ( ,a ,look+ ,glasse = ,london & ,engl& 7pr9t$ 9 #aeid74 ,he _h already writt5 ,! ,w\nds ( ,civile ,w>4 ,lively set =? 9 ! ,trag$ies ( ,m>ius & ,scilla 7produc$ p]haps z e>ly z #aehg1 & publi%$ 9 #aeid71 a good second-rate piece 9 ! half-*ronicle fa%ion ( its age4 ,mr ,f4 ,g4 ,fleay ?9ks !re 7 gr\nds = assign+ to ,lodge ,muc$orus & ,amad9e1 play$ by ! ,que5's ,m5 ab\t #aehh1 a %>e ) ,rob]t ,gre5e 9 ,george a ,gre5e1 ! ,p9n] ( ,wakefield1 & 9 ,%akespe>e's #bnd "p ( ,h5ry ,,vi42 he also reg>ds him z at lea/ "p-au?or ( ,! ,true ,*ronicle ( ,k+ ,leir & 8 ?ree ,daught]s 7#aeid72 & ,! ,tr\blesome ,raigne ( ,john1 ,k+ ( ,engl& 7c4 #aehh72 9 ! case ( two o!r plays he all[$ ! assignation to ,lodge to be purely conjectural4 ,t ,lodge is ! ,"y ,juv5al ( ,gre5e's ,groatswor? ( ,wit is no long] a g5]ally accept$ hypo!sis4 ,9 ! latt] "p ( 8 life--possibly ab\t #aeif1 :5 he publi%$ 8 ,wits ,mis]ie & ! ,_w's ,madnesse1 :i* is dat$ f ,l[ ,leyton 9 ,essex1 & ! religi\s tract ,prosopopeia 7if1 z seems probable1 x 0 871 9 :i* he rep5ts him ( 8 lewd l9es ( o!r days--he became a ,ca?olic & engag$ 9 ! practice ( m$ic9e1 = :i* ,wood says he qualifi$ himself by a degree at ,avignon 9 #afjj4 ,two ye>s aft]w>ds he receiv$ ! degree ( ,m4,d4 f ,ox=d ,univ]sity4 ,8 works h5ce=? h a sob] ca/1 compris+ translations ( ,josephus 7#afjb71 ( ,s5eca 7#afad71 a ,le>n$ ,summ>y ( ,du ,b>tas's ,div9e ,sepma9e 7#afbe & #afcg71 besides a ,treatise ( ! ,plague 7#afjc71 & a popul> manual1 :i* rema9$ unpubli%$1 on ,dome/ic ,m$ic9e4 ,e>ly 9 #afjf he seems to h left ,engl&1 to escape ! p]secution !n direct$ aga9/ ! ,ca?olics2 & a lett] f him dat$ #afaj ?anks ! ,engli% ambassador 9 ,p>is = enabl+ him to return 9 safety4 ,he 0 abroad on urg5t private affairs ( "o k9d & ano!r 9 #afaf4 ,f ?is "t to 8 dea? 9 #afbe no?+ fur!r conc]n+ him rema9s to be not$4 ,lodge's works1 ) ! exception ( 8 translations1 h be5 repr9t$ = ! ,hunt]ian ,club ) an introductory essay by ,mr ,edmund ,gosse4 ,?is preface 0 repr9t$ 9 ,mr ,gosse's ,sev5te5? ,c5tury ,/udies 7#ahhc74 ,( ,rosalynde !re are num]\s mod]n editions4 ,see also ,j4 ,j4 ,juss]&1 ,engli% ,novel 9 ! ,"t ( ,%akespe>e 7,eng4 trans41 #ahij72 ,f4 ,g4 ,fleay1 ,biographical ,*ronicle ( ! ,engli% ,drama 7vol4 ii41 #ahia74 7,a4 ,w4 ,w47 ,,lodge1 a dwell+-place1 small & usually tempor>y1 a hut1 boo? or t5t4 ,! ^w 0 9 ,m4 ,eng4 logge1 f ,fr4 loge1 arb\r1 9 mod]n ,fr5* a hut2 also box 9 a !atre2 ! ,fr5* ^w1 l ! ,italian loggia1 came f ! ,m$4 ,lat4 laubia or lobia1 ! %elt]$ prom5ade 9 a cloi/]1 f :i* ,engli% lobby is d]iv$4 ,! ,lat9 is ( ,teutonic orig9 f ! ^w :i* survives 9 ! ,mod4 ,g]4 ,laube1 an arb\r1 b :i* e>li] 0 us$ = any hut1 boo?1 c4 ,! ^w is probably ultimately f ! root :i* appe>s 9 leaf1 mean+ a r\gh %elt] ( foliage or b\ghs4 ,! ^w is especially us$ ( a h\se built ei!r 9 a =e/ or away f habitation1 :]e p /ay = ! purpose ( sport1 z a hunt+ lodge1 %oot+ lodge1 c4 ,! mo/ frequ5t use ( ! ^w is ( a small build+1 usually plac$ at ! entrance to an e/ate or p>k & inhabit$ by a dep5dant ( ! own]4 ,9 ! same s5se ! ^w means ! room or box inhabit$ by ! port] ( a college1 factory or public in/itution4 ,among ,freemasons & o!r societies ! lodge is ! "n giv5 to ! meet+-place ( ! memb]s ( ! bran* or di/rict1 & is appli$ to ! memb]s collectively z a meet+ ( ! lodge4 ,! gov]n+ body ( ! ,freemasons presid$ ov] by ! gr& ma/] is call$ ! ,gr& ,lodge4 ,at ! univ]sity ( ,cambridge ! h\se :]e ! head ( a college lives is call$ ! lodge4 ,=m]ly ! ^w 0 us$ ( ! d5 or lair ( an animal1 b is n[ only appli$ to t ( ! beav] & ! ott]4 ,x is also appli$ to ! t5t ( a ,nor? ,am]ican ,indian1 a wigwam or tepee1 & to ! numb] ( inhabitants ( su* a t5t4 ,9 m9+ ! t]m is us$ ( a subt]rane\s res]voir made at ! bottom ( ! pit1 or at diff]5t levels 9 ! %aft = ! purpose ( dra9+ ! m9e4 ,x is us$ also ( a room or l&+-place next to ! %aft1 = dis*>g+ ore1 c4 ,,lodg] ,,& ,,lodg+s4 ,! t]m lodg] 7,fr4 log]1 to lodge7 is us$ 9 ,engli% law 9 sev]al slightly diff]5t s5ses4 ,x is appli$ 7i47 mo/ frequ5tly & prop]ly to a p]son :o takes furni%$ rooms 9 a h\se1 ! l&lord also resid+ on ! premises1 & supply+ him ) att5dance2 7ii47 sometimes to a p]son1 :o takes unfurni%$ rooms 9 a h\se f9d+ 8 own att5dance2 7iii47 to a bo>d] 9 a bo>d+-h\se 7q4v474 ,x is ) 7i47 & 7ii47 alone t ?is article is conc]n$4 ,:]e furni%$ ap>tm5ts are let = imm$iate use1 ! law implies an und]tak+ on ! "p ( ! l&lord t !y are fit = habitation1 &1 if ?is condition is brok51 ! t5ant may refuse to occupy ! premises or to pay any r5t4 ,b !re is no impli$ contract t ! ap>tm5ts %all cont9ue fit = habitation2 & ! rule has no application 9 ! case ( unfurni%$ lodg+s4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( express agreem5t to ! contr>y1 a lodg] has a "r to ! use ( ev]y?+ necess>y to ! enjoym5t ( ! premises1 su* z ! door bell & knock] & ! skylight ( a /aircase1 :e!r ! r5t ( ap>tm5ts c be di/ra9$ = by ! imm$iate l&lord :]e he resides on ! premises & supplies att5dance is a "q ! answ] to :i* is involv$ 9 "s unc]ta9ty4 ,! weight ( au?ority seems to support ! negative view 7see ,foa1 ,l&lord & ,t5ant1 #crd ed4 p4 #dcd74 ,to make good a "r to di/ra9 x is necess>y to %[ t ! t]ms ( ! lett+ create a t5ancy or exclusive occupation & n a m]e lic5ce1 :]e ! own]1 al?\gh resid+ on ! premises1 does n supply att5dance1 ! "q dep5ds on :e!r !re is a real t5ancy1 giv+ ! lodg] an exclusive "r ( occupation z aga9/ ! own]4 ,! ord9>y te/ is :e!r ! lodg] has ! control ( ! out] door4 ,b ! :ole circum/ances ( ea* case h to be tak5 acc\nt (4 ,a lodg] is rateable to ! poor-rate :]e he is 9 exclusive occupation ( ! ap>tm5ts let to him1 & ! l&lord does n reta9 ! control & dom9ion ( ! :ole /ructure4 ,z to di/ress on a lodg]'s goods = r5t due by an imm$iate to a sup]ior l&lord1 see ,,r5t4 ,z to ! t]m9ation ( %ort t5ancies1 z ( ap>tm5ts1 see ,,l&lord ,,& ,,t5ant4 ,! l&lord has no li5 on ! goods ( ! lodg] = r5t or *>ges4 ,ov]cr[d+ lodg+-h\ses may be dealt ) z a nuisance "u ! ,public ,heal? ,acts #ahge & #ahia & ! ,h\s+ ( ! ,work+ ,classes ,acts4 ,z to ! lodg] fran*ise1 see ,,regi/ration ,,( ,,vot]s4 ,x has be5 held 9 ,engl& t keep]s ( lodg+-h\ses d n come )9 ! category ( ^? p]sons 7see ,,c>ri]2 ,,innkeep]7 :o hold !mselves out to ! public g5]ally z tru/wor?y 9 c]ta9 employm5ts2 b t !y are "u an obligation to take reasonable c>e = ! safety ( _! lodg]s' goods2 see ,sc>bor\gh v4 ,cosgrove1 #aije1 #b ,k4,b4 #hje4 ,z to ,scots ,law see ,bell's ,pr94 s4 #bcf 7#d74 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! ,engli% doctr9e ( an impli$ w>ranty ( fitness = habitation on a lett+ ( furni%$ ap>tm5ts has only met ) p>tial acceptance2 x 0 repudiat$1 e4g4 9 ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia1 b has be5 accept$ 9 ,massa*usetts4 ,9 ! ,fr5* ,code ,civil1 !re are "s special rules ) reg>d to furni%$ ap>tm5ts4 ,! lett+ is reput$ to be made = a ye>1 a mon? or a day1 accord+ z ! r5t is s mu* p] ye>1 p] mon? or p] day2 if t te/ is inapplicable1 ! lett+ is deem$ to be made accord+ to ! cu/om ( ! place 7art4 #ageh74 ,!re are simil> provisions 9 ! ,civil ,codes ( ,belgium 7art4 #ageh71 ,holl& 7art4 #afbb7 & ,spa9 7,civil ,code1 art4 #aeha74 ,see also ! articles1 ,,bo>d+ ,,h\se1 & ,,flat2 & ! bibliographies to ,,flat & ,,l&lord ,,& ,,t5ant4 7,a4 ,w4 ,r47 ,,lodi1 a t[n & episcopal see ( ,pi$mont1 ,italy1 9 ! prov9ce ( ,milan1 #bj m4 by rail ,s4,e4 ( t city1 on a hill above ! "r bank ( ! ,adda1 #bcj ft4 above sea-level4 ,pop4 7#aija7 #ai1igj 7t[n71 #bf1hbg 7commune74 ,! site ( ! city is an em95ce ris+ v gradually f ! ,lomb>d pla91 & ! surr\nd+ c\ntry is "o ( ! ri*e/ dairy di/ricts 9 ,italy4 ,! ca!dral 7#aaeh71 ) a ,go?ic faade & a #af?-c5tury lat]al t[]1 has a re/or$ int]ior4 ,! *ur* ( ! ,incoronata 0 erect$ by ,battaggio 7#adhh7 9 ! ,bramantesque /yle4 ,x is an elegant octagonal dom$ /ructure1 & is decorat$ ) frescoes by ! ,piazza family1 natives ( ! t[n1 & f\r l>ge alt>-pieces by ,cali/o ,piazza 7di$ aft] #aefa74 ,!re is a f9e organ ( #aejg4 ,! #ac?-c5tury ,go?ic *ur* ( ,san ,francesco1 re/or$ 9 #ahhi1 ) #ad?-c5tury pa9t+s1 is also noticeable4 ,! ,palazzo ,modegnani has a f9e gateway 9 ! /yle ( ,bramante1 & ! hospital a cloi/]$ quadrangle4 ,9 ! ,via ,pompeia is an e>ly ,r5aissance h\se ) f9e decorations 9 m>ble & t]ra-cotta4 ,besides an ext5sive trade 9 *eese 7,lodi produc+ m ,p>mesan ?an ,p>ma itself7 & o!r dairy produce1 !re are manufactures ( l951 silk1 majolica & *emicals4 ,! anci5t ,laus ,pompeia lay #c m4 ,w4 ( ! pres5t city1 & ! site is /ill occupi$ by a consid]able village1 ,lodi ,vec*io1 ) ! old ca!dral ( ,s4 ,bassiano1 n[ a brick build+1 :i* conta9s #ae?-c5tury frescoes4 ,x 0 ! po9t :]e ! roads f ,m$iolanum to ,plac5tia & ,cremona div]g$1 & !re 0 also a road to ,tic9um turn+ (f f ! =m]1 b x is h>dly m5tion$ by classical writ]s4 ,x appe>s to h be5 a municipium4 ,no ru9s exi/ above gr\nd1 b v>i\s antiquities h be5 f\nd "h4 ,f :i* ,pompeius1 :e!r ,cn4 ,pompeius ,/rabo1 :o gave citiz5%ip to ! ,transpadani1 or 8 son1 ! m fam\s ,pompey1 x took its "n is n c]ta94 ,9 ! middle ages ,lodi 0 second to ,milan among ! cities ( nor!rn ,italy4 ,a dispute ) ! ar*bi%op ( ,milan ab\t ! inve/iture ( ! bi%op ( ,lodi 7#ajbd7 prov$ ! beg9n+ ( a protract$ feud betwe5 ! two cities4 ,9 #aaaa ! ,milanese laid ! :ole place 9 ru9s & =bade _! rivals to re/ore :at !y _h de/roy$1 & 9 #aaeh1 :5 9 spite ( ?is prohibition a fairly fl\ri%+ settlem5t _h aga9 be5 =m$1 !y repeat$ _! "w 9 a m ?or\gh mann]4 ,a numb] ( ! ,lodigians _h settl$ on ,colle ,eghezzone2 & _! village1 ! ,borgo d',isella1 on ! site ( a temple ( ,h]cules1 soon grew up "u ! patronage ( ,fr$]ick ,b>b>ossa into a new city ( ,lodi 7#aafb74 ,at fir/ subs]vi5t to ! emp]or1 ,lodi 0 be=e long compell$ to ent] ! ,lomb>d ,league1 & 9 #aaih x =m$ alliance (f5sive & def5sive ) ,milan4 ,! /rife betwe5 ! ,somm>iva or ari/ocratic p>ty & ! ,ov]gnaghi or democratic p>ty 0 s sev]e t ! city divid$ into two di/9ct communes4 ,! ,ov]gnaghi1 expell$ 9 #abcf1 7 re/or$ by ,fr$]ick ,,ii4 :o took ! city aft] ?ree mon?s' siege4 ,lodi 0 actively conc]n$ 9 ! re/ ( ! ,guelph & ,ghibell9e /ruggle4 ,9 #adaf its rul]1 ,giovanni ,vignati1 0 trea*]\sly tak5 prison] by ,filippo ,m>ia ,visconti1 & aft] t "t x became dep5d5t on ,milan4 ,! duke ( ,brunswick captur$ x 9 #afbe1 9 ! int]e/s ( ,spa92 & x 0 occupi$ by ! ,fr5* 7#agja71 by ! ,au/rians 7#agjf71 by ! k+ ( ,s>d9ia 7#agcc71 by ! ,au/rians 7#agcf71 by ! ,spani>ds 7#agde71 & aga9 by ! ,au/rians 7#agdf74 ,on ! #aj? ( ,may #agif 0 f\ght ! battle ( ,lodi betwe5 ! ,au/rians & ,napoleon1 :i* made ! latt] ma/] ( ,lomb>dy4 ,,lodz 7,ldz2 m correctly ,lodzia71 a t[n ( ,russian ,pol&1 9 ! gov]nm5t ( ,piotrkw1 #hb m4 by rail ,s4,w4 ( ,w>saw4 ,x is situat$ on ! ,lodz plateau1 :i* at ! beg9n+ ( ! #ai? c5tury 0 cov]$ ) imp5etrable =e/s4 ,n[ x is ! c5tre ( a gr\p ( indu/rial t[ns--,zg]z1 ,leczyca1 ,pabianice1 ,kon/ant9ov & ,aleks&rov4 ,*iefly ow+ to a consid]able immigration ( ,g]man capitali/s & work]s1 ,lodz has gr[n ) ,am]ican-l rapidity4 ,x consi/s pr9cipally ( "o ma9 /reet1 #g m4 long1 & is a sort ( ,poli% ,man*e/]1 manufactur+ cottons1 wooll5s & mix$ /uffs1 ) *emicals1 be]1 ma*9]y & silk4 ,"o ( ! v few educational in/itutions is a pr(essional indu/rial s*ool4 ,! population1 :i* 0 only #ej1jjj 9 #ahgb1 rea*$ #cea1egj 9 #aijj2 ! ,poles numb]+ ab\t #cg1 ,g]mans #dj & ,jews #bb4 ,,loess 7,g]4 ,lss71 9 geology1 a v>iety ( loam4 ,typical loess is a s(t1 por\s rock1 pale yell[i% or buff 9 col\r2 "o *>act]i/ic prop]ty is its capacity to reta9 v]tical1 or ev5 ov]-hang+1 walls 9 ! banks ( /reams4 ,^! v]tical walls h be5 well describ$ by von ,ri*?(5 7,fhr] fr ,=s*ungsreis5de1 ,b]l91 #ahhf7 9 ,*9a1 :]e !y /& 9 "s places #ejj ft4 high & conta9 innum]able cave dwell+s2 anci5t roads too h worn _! way v]tically d[nw>ds deep into ! deposit1 =m+ tr5*-l ways4 ,?is "* 9 ! loess ( ! ,mississippi region gave rise to ! "n ,bluff =mation4 ,a co>se column> /ructure is (t5 exhibit$ on ! v]tical wea!r$ faces ( ! rock4 ,ano!r *>act]i/ic is ! pres5ce ?r\gh\t ! rock ( small capill>y tubules1 :i* appe> to h be5 occupi$ by rootlets2 ^! are (t5 l9$ ) calcite4 ,typical loess is usually calc>e\s2 "s geologi/s reg>d ?is z an ess5tial prop]ty1 & :5 ! rock has become decalcifi$1 z x frequ5tly is on ! surface by wea!r+1 !y call x loess-loam 7lsslehm74 ,9 ! l[] portions ( a loess deposit ! calcium c>bonate t5ds to =m concretions1 :i* on acc\nt ( _! mimetic =ms h receiv$ su* names z lssk9d*51 lsspupp51 p\pes du loess1 loess dolls4 ,9 deposits ( ?is nature 9 ,s\? ,am]ica ^! concretion>y masses =m di/9ct b$s4 ,b$d+ is abs5t f typical loess4 ,! m9]al composition ( loess v>ies some:at 9 diff]5t regions1 b ! p>ticles are always small2 !y consi/ ( angul> gra9s ( qu>tz1 f9e p>ticles ( hydrat$ silicates ( alum9a1 mica scales & undecompos$ fragm5ts ( felsp>1 hornbl5de & o!r rock-=m+ silicates4 ,9 ,europe & ,am]ica loess deposits are associat$ ) ! m>g9s ( ! great ice %eets ( ! glacial p]iod2 ?us 9 ,europe !y /ret* irregul>ly ?r\gh ! c5tre ea/w>ds f ! nor?-we/ ( ,france1 & are n f\nd nor? ( ! #eg? p>allel4 ,9 bo? regions loess deposits are f\nd )9 & ^u glacial deposits4 ,= ?is reason ! loess is v commonly assign$ to ! ,plei/oc5e p]iod2 b "s ( ! loess deposits ( nor!rn ,europe h be5 9 process ( =mation int]mitt5tly f ! ,mioc5e p]iod onw>d1 & 9 ,s\? ,am]ica ! great loess =mations kn[n z ! ,pampean or ,patagonian belong to ! ,eoc5e1 ,oligoc5e & ,plei/oc5e p]iods4 ,mo/ geologi/s are agre$ t ! loess is an aeolian or w9d-borne rock1 =m$ mo/ probably dur+ p]iods ( tundra or /eppe conditions4 ,! capill>y tubules are suppos$ to h be5 caus$ by ! roots ( grass & h]bage :i* kept gr[+ ^u ! surface ev5 :ile ! deposit 0 sl[ly increas+4 ,o!rs cont5d t loess is ( ! nature ( alluvial loam2 ?is may be true ( c]ta9 deposits class$ z loess1 b x _c be true ( mo/ ( ! typical loess =mations1 = !y lie ^u old] rocks q indep5d5tly ( altitude1 f ne> sea level up to #ejjj ft4 9 ,europe & to #aa1ejj ft4 9 ,*9a2 !y are (t5 develop$ on "o side ( a m\nta9 range & n ^u ! o!r1 & 9 a s]ies ( approximately p>allel valleys ! loess is frequ5tly f\nd ly+ ^u "o side & t ! same 9 ea* case1 facts po9t+ to ! ag5cy ( preval5t w9ds4 ,! ?ickness ( loess deposits is usually n m ?an #cc ft41 b 9 ,*9a x rea*es #ajjj ft4 or m2 x also atta9s a great ?ickness 9 ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,num]\s proboscidian & o!r mammalian fossils h be5 f\nd 9 ! loess ( ,europe2 ! tapir1 ma/odon & giant slo?s occur 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 b ! mo/ common fossils are small l& %ells & su* amphibi\s pond =ms z ,succ9ea4 ,c]ta9 loess deposits 9 ,turke/an h be5 attribut$ to ra9-wa%1 ?is is ! s-call$ lake-loess 7see-lss72 accord+ to ,tuk[ski ! diff]5ce betwe5 sub-a]ial & lake loess is t ! =m] is por\s1 dry & p]vi\s1 :ile ! latt] is lam9at$1 pla/ic & imp]vi\s4 ,two types ( loess h be5 recogniz$ 9 ,russia1 ! ,hill- or ,t]race-loess & ! ,l[-level-loess1 a product ( ! wea!r+ ( und]ly+ rocks4 ,9 ,s\? ,g]many ! foll[+ ord] has be5 recogniz$3 7#a7 an upp] unb$d$1 non-calc>e\s loess1 7#b7 ! gehanglss1 mix$ ) subsoil rocks1 & 7#c7 ! s& or ?al-lss1 ) "s gravel4 ,! effect ( vegetation on ! upp] lay]s ( loess is to produce soils ( great f]tility1 su* z ! black e>? 7,ts*]nozom7 ( s\!rn ,russia1 ! d>k ,bordelss ( ! ,magdeburg di/rict1 & ! black cotton soil 7regur7 ( ! ,deccan4 ,,l(ft1 ,,capel 7#agea-ahbd71 ,engli% miscellane\s writ]1 0 born 9 ,london on ! #ad? ( ,novemb] #agea4 ,he 0 educat$ at ,eton1 & ,pet]h\se1 ,cambridge1 :i* he left to become a memb] ( ,l9coln's ,inn4 ,he 0 call$ to ! b> 9 #agge1 & left by 8 fa!r's & uncle's dea?s ) a h&some prop]ty & ! family e/ates4 ,he 0 a prolific writ] on a v>iety ( topics1 & a vigor\s cont5ti\s advocate ( p>liam5t>y & o!r re=ms1 & c>ri$ on a volum9\s correspond5ce ) all ! lit]>y m5 ( 8 "t4 ,he became ! patron ( ,rob]t ,bloomfield1 ! au?or ( ,! ,f>m]'s ,boy1 & secur$ = him ! v successful publication ( t "w4 ,byron1 9 a note to 8 ,engli% ,b>ds & ,scot* ,review]s1 ridicul$ ,l(ft z ! ,maec5as ( %oemak]s & preface-writ] g5]al to di/ress$ v]sem52 a k9d ( gratis acc\*eur to ^? :o wi% to be deliv]$ ( rhyme1 b d n "k h[ to br+ =?4 ,he di$ at ,montcali]i1 ne> ,tur91 on ! #bf? ( ,may #ahbd4 ,8 f\r? son ,capel ,l(ft1 ! y\ng] 7#ahjf-ahgc71 also a writ] on v>i\s topics1 inh]it$ 8 fa!r's lib]al ideas & pr9ciples1 & c>ri$ !m 9 y\? to great] extremes4 ,9 8 old age he ab&on$ ^! !ories1 :i* _h br\ght him into ! company ( "s ( ! lead+ political agitators ( ! day4 ,he di$ 9 ,am]ica1 :]e he _h a ,virg9ia e/ate4 ,,l(ot5 ,,& ,,ve/]aal51 a l>ge & picturesque gr\p ( isl&s ly+ ,n4,e4 & ,s4,w4 (f ! ,n4,w4 coa/ ( ,norway1 betwe5 #fg #cj & #fi #bj ,n41 & betwe5 #ab & #af #ce ,e4 =m+ "p ( ! amt 7c\nty7 ( ,nordl&4 ,! extreme l5g? ( ! gr\p f ,&5aes1 at ! nor? ( ,&1 to ,r/1 is ab\t #aej m42 ! aggregate area ab\t #aefj sq4 m4 ,x is sep>at$ f ! ma9l& by ! ,ve/fjord1 ,tjaeldsund & ,vaagsfjord1 & is divid$ into two sections by ! ,raftsund betwe5 ,h9d & /-,vaag4 ,to ! ,w4 & ,s4 ( ! ,raftsund lie ! ,l(ot5 ,isl&s prop]1 ( :i* ! mo/ important are /-,vaag1 ,gims1 ,ve/-,vaag1 ,flak/ad1 ,mosk5aes1 ,mosk51 ,vr & ,r/2 ,e4 & ,n4 ( ! ,raftsund are ! isl&s ( ,ve/]aal51 ! *ief be+ ,h9d1 ,ulv1 ,lang1 ,skogs & ,&4 ,! isl&s1 :i* are all ( granite or metamorphic gneiss1 are precipit\s & l(ty4 ,! highe/ po9ts & f9e/ sc5]y are f\nd on /-,vaag1 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! n>r[1 cliff-b\nd ,raftsund & ,troldfjord4 ,! pr9cipal peaks are ,higraf/9d 7#chaa ft471 ,gjeitgalj>t9d 7#ceee71 ,rult5 7#cdhc71 ! ,noldt9d] 7#cdfg71 ,sv>tsundt9d 7#cejf74 ,! long l9e ( jagg$ & fanta/ic peaks se5 f ! ,ve/fjord =ms "o ( ! mo/ /rik+ prospects on ! ,norwegian coa/1 b /ill f9] is ! panorama f ! ,dig]mul] 7#aaej ft471 embrac+ ! isl&s1 ! ,ve/fjord1 & ! m\nta9s ( ! ma9l&4 ,! *annels :i* sep>ate ! isl&s are n>r[ & tortu\s1 & g5]ally ( great dep?2 !y are rem>kable = ! /r5g? ( _! tidal curr5ts1 p>ticul>ly ! ,raftsund & ! fam\s ,mael/rm or ,mosk5/rm betwe5 ,mosk5aes & ,mosk54 ,! viol5t tempe/s :i* sweep ov] ! ,ve/fjord1 :i* is expos$ to ! ,s4,w41 are graphically describ$ 9 ,jonas ,lie's ,d5 ,fremsynte 7#ahgj7 & 9 ,h4 ,s*ultze's ,udvalgte ,skrift] 7#ahhc71 z ! ,mael/rm is imag9atively by ,edg> ,allan ,poe4 ,?\gh situat$ :olly )9 ! ,arctic circle1 ! climate ( ! ,l(ot5 & ,ve/]aal5 gr\p is n rigor\s :5 comp>$ ) t ( ! re/ ( ,norway4 ,! iso!rmal l9e :i* m>ks a mean ,janu>y temp]ature ( #cb ,f4 runs s\? f ! ,l(ot5s1 pass+ a little to ! ea/ ( ,b]g5 onw>d to ,go!nburg & ,cop5hag54 ,! prevail+ w9ds are f ! ,s4 & ,w41 ! mean temp]ature = ! ye> is #ch4e ,f41 & ! annual ra9fall is #dc4cd 94 ,9 summ] ! hills h only pat*es ( sn[1 ! sn[ limit be+ ab\t #cjjj ft4 ,! natural pa/ure produc$ 9 fav\rable localities p]mits ! re>+ ( cattle to "s ext5t2 b ! gr[? ( c]eals 7*iefly b>ley1 :i* "h matures 9 n9ety days7 is insignificant4 ,! isl&s yield no wood4 ,! *>act]i/ic indu/ry1 & an important s\rce ( ! national weal?1 is ! cod fi%]y c>ri$ on along ! ea/ coa/ ( ! ,l(ot5s 9 ! ,ve/fjord 9 spr+4 ,?is employs ab\t #dj1jjj m5 dur+ ! season f all p>ts ( ,norway1 ! population be+ !n ab\t d\bl$1 & ! surplus accommodat$ 9 tempor>y huts4 ,! av]age yield is valu$ at ab\t #ce1jjj4 ,! fi% are tak5 9 nets let d[n dur+ ! night1 or on l9es upw>ds ( a mile 9 l5g?1 or on ord9>y h&-l9es4 ,! fi%]m5 are paid 9 ca%1 & l>ge sums ( money are s5t to ! isl&s by ! ,norwegian banks ea* ,febru>y4 ,great loss ( life is frequ5t dur+ ! sudd5 local /orms4 ,! fi%1 :i* is dri$ dur+ e>ly summ]1 is export$ to ,spa9 7:]e x is kn[n z bacalao71 ,holl&1 ,great ,brita91 ,belgium1 c4 ,indu/ries aris+ out ( ! fi%]y are ! manufacture ( cod-liv] oil & ( artificial manure4 ,! summ] cod fi%]ies & ! lob/] fi%]y are also valuable4 ,! h]r+ is tak5 9 l>ge quantities (f ! we/ coa/s ( ,ve/]aal51 b is a some:at caprici\s visitant4 ,! isl&s conta9 no t[ns prop]ly s call$1 b ,kabelvaag on /-,vaag & ,svolva] on a few rocky islets (f t isl& are consid]able c5tres ( trade & 79 ! fi%+ season7 ( population2 ,ld+5 also1 at ! head ( ! ,ve/fjord on ,h9d1 is mu* frequ5t$ z a port ( call4 ,a *ur* exi/$ at ,vaag5 7,kabelvaag7 9 ! #ab? c5tury1 & "h ,hans ,eg$e1 ! mission>y ( ,gre5l&1 0 pa/or4 ,!re are factories = fi% guano at ,h5n+va] 7/-,vaag71 ,kabelvaag1 ,svolva]1 ,ld+51 & at ,bretesns on ,/ore ,molla4 ,regul> means ( communication are af=d$ by ! /eam]s :i* trade betwe5 ,hamburg or ,*ri/iania & ,hamm]fe/1 & also by local vessels2 less accessible spots c be visit$ by small boats1 9 ! managem5t ( :i* ! natives are adepts4 ,!re are "s roads on ,h9d1 ,lang1 & ,&4 ,! l>ge/ isl& 9 ! gr\p1 & inde$ 9 ,norway1 is ,h9d1 ) an area ( #hfj sq4 m4 ,! s\?-ea/]n portion ( x belongs to ! amt ( ,troms4 ,9 ! isl& ( ,& !re is a b$ ( coal at ! m\? ( ,ramsaa4 ,,l(t 7connect$ ) lift1 i4e4 rais$ 9 ! air2 ,o4 ,eng4 lyft2 cf4 ,g]4 ,luft2 ! ,fr5* t]m is gr5i] & ,g]4 ,bod571 ! t]m giv5 9 ar*itecture to an upp] room 9 ! ro(1 sometimes call$ cockl(t2 :5 appli$ ov] /abl+ x is kn[n z a hay-l(t2 ! gall]y ov] a *ancel scre51 c>ry+ a cross1 is call$ a rood-l(t 7see ,,rood74 ,! t]m is also giv5 to a gall]y provid$ 9 ! *oir-aisle ( a ca!dral or *ur*1 & us$ z a wat*+-l(t at night4 ,,l(tus1 ,,adam 7c4 #aecc-afje71 ar*bi%op ( ,armagh & ,dubl91 & "l *ancellor ( ,irel&1 ! son ( a ,york%ire g5tleman1 0 educat$ at ,cambridge4 ,he accompani$ ! e>l ( ,sussex to ,irel& z 8 *apla9 9 #aefj1 & ?ree ye>s lat] 0 consecrat$ ar*bi%op ( ,armagh by ,hugh ,curw51 ar*bi%op ( ,dubl94 ,9 #aefe ,que5 ,elizabe?1 to supplem5t ! meagre income d]ivable f ! ar*iepiscopal see ow+ to ! di/urb$ /ate ( ! c\ntry1 appo9t$ ,l(tus tempor>ily to ! dean]y ( ,/ ,patrick's2 & 9 ! same ye> he became presid5t ( ! new commission = ecclesia/ical causes4 ,9 #aefg he 0 translat$ to ! ar*bi%opric ( ,dubl91 :]e ! que5 look$ to him to c>ry out re=ms 9 ! ,*ur*4 ,on sev]al occasions he tempor>ily execut$ ! functions ( "l keep]1 & 9 ,augu/ #aeha he 0 appo9t$ "l *ancellor ( ,irel&4 ,l(tus 0 con/antly occupi$ 9 attempts to improve 8 f9ancial position by obta9+ additional pref]m5t4 ,he _h be5 oblig$ to resign ! dean]y ( ,/ ,patrick's 9 #aefg1 & tw5ty ye>s lat] he qu>rell$ viol5tly ) ,sir ,john ,p]rot1 ! "l deputy1 ov] ! proposal to appropriate ! rev5ues ( ! ca!dral to ! f\ndation ( a univ]sity4 ,l(tus1 h[ev]1 fav\r$ ! project ( f\nd+ a univ]sity 9 ,dubl91 ?\gh on l9es diff]5t f ,p]rot's proposal1 & x 0 l>gely ?r\gh 8 influ5ce t ! corporation ( ,dubl9 grant$ ! l&s ( ! priory ( ,all ,hall[s z a beg9n+ ( ! end[m5t ( ,tr9ity ,college1 ( :i* he 0 nam$ fir/ provo/ 9 ! *>t] creat+ ! f\ndation 9 #aeia4 ,l(tus1 :o _h an important %>e 9 ! adm9i/ration ( ,irel& "u successive lords deputy1 & ^: zeal & effici5cy 7 comm5d$ by ,james ,i4 on 8 accession1 di$ 9 ,dubl9 on ! #e? ( ,april #afje4 ,by 8 wife1 ,jane ,purdon1 he _h tw5ty *ildr54 ,8 bro!r ,rob]t 0 fa!r ( ,,adam ,,l(tus 7c4 #aefh-afdc71 :o became "l *ancellor ( ,irel& 9 #afai1 & 9 #afbb 0 creat$ ,visc\nt ,l(tus ( ,ely1 ,k+'s c\nty1 9 ! pe]age ( ,irel&4 ,"l ,l(tus came into viol5t conflict ) ! "l deputy1 ,visc\nt ,falkl&1 9 #afbd2 & at a lat] date 8 qu>rel ) ,/raf=d 0 /ill m fi]ce4 ,"o ( ! articles 9 ,/raf=d's impea*m5t 0 bas$ on 8 deal+s ) ,l(tus4 ,! title1 :i* became ext9ct on ! dea? ( 8 gr&son1 ! #crd visc\nt1 9 #agbe 7:5 ! family e/ate ( ,mona/]evan1 re-nam$ ,moore ,abbey1 pass$ to 8 daught]'s son ,h5ry1 #d? e>l ( ,drogh$a71 0 re-grant$ 9 #agef to 8 c\s9 ,ni*olas ,l(tus1 a l9eal desc5dant ( ! ar*bi%op4 ,x aga9 became ext9ct m ?an once aft]w>ds1 b 0 on ea* occasion reviv$ 9 fav\r ( a desc5dant ?r\gh ! female l9e2 & x is n[ held by ! m>quis ( ,ely 9 conjunction ) o!r family titles4 ,see ,ri*>d ,mant1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,*ur* ( ,irel& 7#b vols41 ,london1 #ahdj72 ,j4 ,r4 ,o',flanagan1 ,lives ( ! ,"l ,*ancellors ( ,irel& 7#b vols41 ,london1 #ahgj72 ,john ,d',alton1 ,memoirs ( ! ,ar*bi%ops ( ,dubl9 7,dubl91 #ahch72 ,h5ry ,cotton1 ,fa/i ,ecclesiae ,hib]nicae 7#e vols41 ,dubl91 #ahdh-ahgh72 ,william ,monck ,mason1 ,hi/ory & ,antiquities ( ! ,college & ,ca!dral ,*ur* ( ,/ ,patrick1 ne> ,dubl9 7,dubl91 #ahai72 ,g4 ,e4 ,c41 ,complete ,pe]age vol4 iii41 sub4 ,ely 7,london1 #ahij74 ,,log 7a ^w ( unc]ta9 etymological orig91 possibly onomatopoeic2 ! ,new ,engli% ,diction>y rejects ! d]ivation f ,norwegian lg1 a fall5 tree71 a l>ge piece ( g5]ally unhewn1 wood4 ,! ^w is also us$ 9 v>i\s figurative s5ses1 & m p>ticul>ly = ! nautical log1 an app>atus = asc]ta9+ ! spe$ ( %ips4 ,its employm5t 9 ?is s5se dep5ds on ! fact t a piece ( wood atta*$ to a l9e 0 ?r[n ov]bo>d to lie l a log 9 a fix$ position1 motionless1 ! vessel's spe$ be+ calculat$ by obs]v+ :at l5g? ( l9e ran out 9 a giv5 "t 7common log72 & ! ^w has be5 reta9$ = ! mod]n pat5t or cont9u\s log1 ?\gh x works 9 an entirely diff]5t mann]4 ,! orig9 ( ! common log is obscure1 b ! beg9n+s ( ! cont9u\s log may be trac$ back to ! #af? c5tury4 ,by an inv5tion probably due to ,humfray ,cole & publi%$ 9 #aegh by ,william ,b\rne 9 8 ,inv5tions & ,devices1 x 0 propos$ to regi/] a %ip's spe$ by means ( a little small close boat1 ) a :eel1 or :eels1 & an axle-tree to turn clockwork 9 ! little boat1 ) dials & po9t]s indicat+ fa?oms1 leagues1 scores ( leagues & hundr$s ( leagues4 ,ab\t #affh ,dr ,r4 ,hooke %[$ "s memb]s ( ! ,royal ,society an in/rum5t = ! same purpose1 dep5d+ on a vane or fly :i* rotat$ z ! vessel progress$ 7,bir*1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,royal ,society1 iv4 #bca71 & ,sir ,isaac ,newton 9 #agae report$ unfav\rably on ! m>9e surveyor ( ,h5ry de ,saum>ez1 :i* also dep5d$ on a rotator4 ,conradus ,mel 9 8 ,antiqu>ius ,sac] 7#agai7 describ$ a pantometron nauticum :i* he claim$ w\ld %[ )\t calculation ! di/ance sail$ by ! %ip2 & ,j4 ,smeaton 9 #aged publi%$ improvem5ts on ! app>atus ( ,saum>ez4 ,william ,foxon ( ,dept=d 9 #aggb1 ,james ,gu]im& ( ,middlesex 9 #aggf 7by 8 m>9e p]ambulator71 & ,r4 ,h4 ,g[] 9 #aggb1 practically demon/rat$ ! regi/ration ( a vessel's spe$ by me*anical means4 ,visc\nt de ,vaux 9 #ahjg made use ( wat]-pressure1 z did ! ,rev4 ,e4 ,l4 ,b]?on 9 #ahdi1 & ,c4 ,e4 ,kelway inv5t$ an electrical log 9 #ahgf4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,common ,log4--,to asc]ta9 ! %ip's spe$ by ! common log f\r articles are necess>y--a log-%ip or log-*ip1 log-reel1 log-l9e & log-glass4 ,! log-%ip 7fig4 #a7 is a wood5 quadrant 94 ?ick1 ) a radius ( #e or #f 941 ! circumf]5ce ( :i* is weight$ ) lead to keep x upright & ret>d its passage ?r\gh ! wat]4 ,two holes are made ne> its l[] angles4 ,"o end ( a %ort piece ( ?9 l9e is pass$ ?r\gh "o ( ^! holes1 & knott$2 ! o!r end has splic$ to x a h>d bone peg :i* is ins]t$ 9 ! o!r hole4 ,! holes are s plac$ t ! log-%ip w hang squ>e f ! span ?us =m$4 ,! log-l9e is secur$ to ?is span & consi/s ( two p>ts4 ,! portion ne>e/ ! log-%ip is kn[n z ! /ray l9e2 its l5g? v>ies f #aj to #bj fa?oms1 b %\ld be suffici5t to ensure t ! log-%ip %all be outside ! di/urb+ elem5t ( ! %ip's wake4 ,! po9t :]e x jo9s ! o!r "p is m>k$ by a piece ( bunt+1 & ! l9e f ?is po9t t[>ds its o!r end is m>k$ at kn[n int]vals ) knots1 :i* consi/ ( pieces ( cord work$ 9 betwe5 its /r&s4 ,a mean degree ( ! m]idian be+ assum$ to be #fi4ji /atute miles ( #ebhj ft41 ! nautical mile 7#a_/fj degree7 is tak5 z #fjhj ft41 :i* is a suffici5tly close approximation = practical purposes1 & ! di/ances betwe5 ! knots are made to be> ! same relation to #fjhj ft4 z #bh seconds to an h\r 7#cfjj seconds72 t is1 !y are plac$ at int]vals ( #dg ft4 #c 94 ,! end ( ! fir/ int]val ( ?is l5g? 7c\nt+ f ! piece ( bunt+7 is m>k$ by a bit ( lea!r1 ! second by a cord ) two knots1 ! ?ird by "o ) ?ree knots1 & s on2 ! middle ( ea* ( ^! l5g?s 7half-knot7 is also m>k$ by a cord ) "o knot4 ,x foll[s t1 if1 say1 five knots ( ! l9e run out 9 #bh seconds1 ! %ip has gone #e #dg ft4 9 t "t1 or is mov+ at ! rate ( #e #fjhj ft4 7 five nautical miles7 an h\r2 h5ce ! common use ( knot z equival5t to a nautical mile4 ,9 ! log-glass ! "t is measur$ by runn+ s&1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is apt to be affect$ by ! humidity ( ! atmosph]e4 ,sometimes a #cj-second glass is us$ in/ead ( a #bh-second "o1 & ! int]vals betwe5 ! knots on ! log-l9e are !n made #ej ft4 #g 94 in/ead ( #dg ft4 #c 94 ,= spe$s ov] six knots a #ad-second glass is employ$1 & ! spe$ indicat$ by ! log-l9e is d\bl$4 ,! log-l9e1 aft] be+ well soak$1 /ret*$ & m>k$ ) knots1 is w\nd uni=mly on ! log-reel1 to :i* its inn] end is securely fa/5$4 ,to heave ! log1 a man holds ! log-reel ov] 8 head 7at high spe$s ! man & portable reel are sup]s$$ by a fix$ reel & a w9* fitt$ ) a brake71 & ! (fic] places ! peg 9 ! log-%ip1 :i* he !n ?r[s cle> & to w9dw>d ( ! %ip1 all[+ ! l9e to run freely out4 ,:5 ! bunt+ at ! end ( ! /ray l9e passes 8 h&1 he calls to 8 assi/ant to turn ! glass1 & all[s ! l9e to pay out freely4 ,:5 all ! s& has run ?r\gh1 ! assi/ant calls ,/op6 :5 ! log-l9e is quickly nipp$1 ! knots c\nt$1 & ! int]m$iate portion e/imat$4 ,! /ra9 on ! log-%ip :5 ! log-l9e is nipp$1 causes ! peg to be )drawn f x1 & ! log-%ip is readily haul$ 94 ,9 normal circum/ances1 ! log is hove e h\r4 ,9 a /eam vessel runn+ at high spe$ on an ocean r\te1 ) eng9es work+ smoo?ly & uni=mly1 a c>eful (fic] ) correct l9e & glass c obta9 v accurate results ) ! common log4 ,gr\nd ,log4--,9 ! deltas ( %oal riv]s1 ) a /rong tide or curr5t & no l& visible1 a #e lb4 lead is sub/itut$ = ! log-%ip2 ! lead re/s on ! bottom1 & ! spe$ is obta9$ 9 a mann] simil> to t previ\sly describ$4 ,su* a gr\nd-log indicates ! actual spe$ ov] ! gr\nd1 & 9 addition1 :5 ! log-l9e is be+ haul$ 91 x w %[ ! real c\rse ! %ip is mak+ ov] ! gr\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4--,! ,a#a ,h>poon ,%ip ,log4 ,pat5t ,log4--,! screw or rotatory log ( ,edw>d ,massey1 inv5t$ 9 #ahjb1 came into g5]al use 9 #ahcf & cont9u$ until #ahfa4 ,! regi/]+ :eelwork 0 conta9$ 9 a %all[ rectangul> box 7fig4 #b71 ) a float plate on its upp] side1 c>ry+ ?ree indicat+ dials1 record+ respectively fractions1 units & t5s ( miles 7up to a hundr$74 ,! rotator 0 connect$ to ! log by a rope #f ft4 9 l5g?1 actuat+ a univ]sal jo9t on ! fir/ sp9dle ( ! regi/]2 x consi/$ ( an air-tight ?9 metal tube ) a con$ =e-end1 c>ry+ flat metal vanes set at an angle4 ,alex&] ,ba9 9 #ahdf sugge/$ enclos+ ! :eelwork 9 ! rotator4 ,9 ,?omas ,walk]'s h>poon or frictionless log1 introduc$ 9 #ahfa1 ! :eelwork 0 enclos$ 9 a cyl9drical case ( ! same diamet] z ! body ( ! rotator or fan1 & ! latt] 0 br\ght close up to ! regi/]1 =m+ a compact ma*9e & avoid+ ! use ( ! #f-;ft4 l9e4 ,two ye>s lat] a he>t-%ap$ float plate 0 atta*$ to ! case1 & ! log call$ ! ,a#a ,h>poon %ip log 7fig4 #c74 ,! log %\ld be wa%$ 9 fre% wat] :5 practicable1 to prev5t oxidization ( ! :eels1 & be lubricat$ ) suitable oil ?r\gh a hole 9 ! case4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4--,! ,*]ub ,log4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4--,neptune ,patt]n = secur+ ,rotator4 ,^! logs 7 t[$ f ! %ip1 b ) quick passages & well survey$ coa/s1 ! ne$ arose = a pat5t log :i* c\ld be readily consult$ f ! deck1 & f :i* ! di/ance run "u v>y+ spe$s c\ld be quickly asc]ta9$4 ,to meet ?is requirem5t1 ,walk] 9 #ahgh introduc$ ! ,*]ub log 7fig4 #d71 a taffrail "o1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is n z a rule us$ = spe$s ov] #ah knots4 ,ow+ to ! increas$ friction produc$ by a rotator mak+ approximately #ijj revolutions p] mile1 t[$ at ! end ( a l9e v>y+ f #dj fa?oms = a #ab-knot spe$ to #fj fa?oms = #bj knots1 ! pull ( ! l9e & rotator is borne by con$ roll]s1 hav+ _! outl9es tap]+ to a common po9t 9 _! rotation1 ?us giv+ a broad roll+ surface4 ,/rong worms & :eels are sub/itut$ = ! light clockwork4 ,9 fig4 #d ! %oe ,h is secur$ to ! taffrail1 & ! rotator 9 ! wat] is hook$ to ! eye ( ! sp9dle ,m by ! hook ,d4 ,! case ,a conta9s ! regi/]+ :eelwork & a s\nd+ bell4 ,! half gimbal ,b pivot+ 9 ! socket ( ! base ,c all[s ! regi/] to receive ! /ra9 9 ! direct l9e4 ,! be>+s & roll]s are lubricat$ ) ca/or oil e twelve h\rs ?r\gh holes 9 ! slid+ case ,e1 & c be exam9$ by unscrew+ ! case ,e & ! eye ,m4 ,:5 n 9 use1 ! regi/] is remov$ f ! %oe by lift+ a small screw button ne> ,c4 ,! t[ l9e is usually plait$1 & to avoid a knot close to ! rotator1 ! latt] is secur$ to ! =m] by a knot inside an egg-%ap$ %ell 7fig4 #e1 ,neptune patt]n74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4--,walk]'s ,neptune ,log4 ,walk]'s ,neptune log 7fig4 #f7 is us$ = vessels ( high spe$4 ,case ,a conta9s ! :eelwork1 & case ,e ! sp9dle & /eel ball be>+s2 9 ea* case are op5+s1 clos$ by slid+ tubes1 = exam9ation & lubrication4 ,9 fig4 #f ! cases ,a & ,e are %[n op54 ,fig4 #g %[s ! dial plate4 ,9 fig4 #h ! ball be>+s are %[n unscrew$ f ! body ( ! log1 ) eye1 cap & sp9dle4 ,!y consi/ ( two r[s ( balls roll+ 9 two pairs ( ,v races or grooves4 ,! out] pair receive ! /ra9 ( ! rotator1 & ! inn] are = adju/m5t & to prev5t lat]al movem5t4 ,! balls & races are enclos$ 9 a skeleton cage 7fig4 #i7 unscrew+ f ! cap ,f 7fig4 #f7 = clean+ or r5ewal2 ! adju/m5t ( ! be>+s is made by screw+ up ! cage cap b1 lock$ by a special wa%] & ! two screws a1 a 7figs4 #h1 #i74 ,if ! out] races become worn1 ! complete cage & be>+s are rev]s$2 ! /ra9 ( ! l9e is !n transf]r$ to :at _h previ\sly be5 ! inn] ) practically unworn balls & races4 ,x is = ?is purpose t ! skeleton cage is screw$ int]nally at bo? ends1 fitt+ a screw$ r+ inside ! cap ,f 7fig4 #f74 ,to enable ! indications ( ! log regi/] on ! taffrail to be record$ 9 ! *>t room or any o!r "p ( ! vessel z desir$1 a *>t room electric regi/] has be5 introduc$4 ,by means ( an electric in/allation betwe5 ! log regi/] aft & ! electric regi/] 9 ! *>t room1 e t5? ( a mile indicat$ by ! =m] is record$ by ! latt]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4--;,dial-plate ( ,neptune ,log4 ,walk]'s ,rocket log 7fig4 #aj7 is a taffrail "o1 ) be>+s ( h>d5$ /eel1 & is int5d$ to be slung or secur$ to ! taffrail by a l9e2 ! gimbal patt]n has a fitt+ = ! deck4 ,9 taffrail logs1 ! movem5t ( ! l9e ow+ to its l5g? becomes spasmodic & j]ky1 increas+ ! vibration & friction2 to obviate ?is a gov]nor or fly-:eel is introduc$1 ! hook ( ! t[ l9e ,k 7fig4 #aa7 & ! eye ( ! regi/] ,m be+ atta*$ to ! gov]nor4 ,fig4 #aa repres5ts ! arrangem5t fitt$ to ! ,neptune log2 ) ! ,*]ub log1 a small piece ( l9e is introduc$ betwe5 ! gov]nor & ! eye ( ! regi/]4 ,! two pr9cipal ,am]ican taffrail logs are ! ,negus & ,bliss 7,messrs ,norie & ,wilson74 ,! =m] be>s a g5]al resemblance to ! ,*]ub log1 b ! dial plate is horizontal & ! faces turn upw>ds4 ,! ma9 %aft be>+s are 9 two sets & compos$ ( /eel balls runn+ 9 /eel cones & cups2 ! gov]nor is an iron rod ab\t #af 94 long1 ) #a 94 balls at ! extremities4 ,! ,bliss resembles ! ,rocket log 9 %ape1 & is secur$ to ! taffrail by a rope or sl+4 ,a gov]nor is n employ$4 ,! blades ( ! rotator are adju/able1 be+ fitt$ into its tube or body by slits & holes & !n sold]$4 ,! out] ends ( ! blades are slit 7fig4 #ab7 to =m two tongues1 & ) ! wr5* 7fig4 #ab7 ! angle ( ! pit* c be alt]$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4--;,ball ,be>+s ( ,neptune ,log4 ,all pat5t logs h errors1 ! am\nts ( :i* %\ld be asc]ta9$ by %ore obs]vations :5 pass+ a well survey$ coa/ 9 tideless wat]s on a calm day4 ,con/ant use1 increas$ friction 7m especially at high spe$s71 & damage to ! rotator w alt] an asc]ta9$ log error2 head or foll[+ seas1 /rong w9ds1 curr5ts & tidal /reams also affect ! correctness4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4--;,ball ,be>+s ( ,neptune ,log 9 ,skeleton ,case4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4--,rocket ,log4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4--,neptune ,log fitt$ ) ,gov]nor4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4--;,bliss ,log4 ,a ,log ,book is a m>9e or sea j\rnal1 conta9+1 9 ! ,briti% navy1 ! spe$1 c\rse1 leeway1 direction & =ce ( ! w9d1 /ate ( ! wea!r1 & b>ometric & !rmometric obs]vations4 ,"u ! head+ ,rem>ks are not$ 7= vessels ) sail p[]7 mak+1 %ort5+ & trimm+ sails2 & 7= all %ips7 employm5t ( crew1 times ( pass+ prom95t l&m>ks1 alt]+ ( c\rse1 & any subject ( int]e/ & importance4 ,! deck log book1 kept by ! (fic]s ( ! wat*1 is copi$ into ! %ip's log book by ! navigat+ (fic]1 & ! latt] is an (ficial j\rnal4 ,9 /eam vessels a r\gh & fair eng9e room regi/] are kept1 giv+ in=mation ) reg>d to ! eng9es & boil]s4 ,9 ! ,briti% m]cantile m>9e all %ips 7except ^? employ$ exclusively 9 trad+ betwe5 ports on ! coa/s ( ,scotl&7 are compell$ to keep an (ficial log book 9 a =m approv$ by ! ,bo>d ( ,trade4 ,a mate's log book & eng9e room regi/] are n compulsory1 b are usually kept4 7,j4 ,w4 ,d47 ,,logan1 ,,john 7c4 #agbe-aghj71 also kn[n z ,,tahgahjut1 ,am]ican ,indian *ief1 a ,cayuga by bir?1 0 ! son ( ,%ikellamy1 a :ite man :o _h be5 captur$ :5 a *ild by ! ,indians1 _h be5 re>$ among !m1 & _h become *ief ( ! ,indians liv+ on ! ,%amok9 ,creek 9 :at is n[ ,nor?umb]l& c\nty1 ,p5nsylvania4 ,! "n ,logan 0 giv5 to ! son 9 hon\r ( ,james ,logan 7#afgd-agea71 secret>y ( ,william ,p5n & a /eadfa/ fri5d ( ! ,indians4 ,john ,logan liv$ = "s "t ne> ,re$sville1 ,p5n41 & remov$ to ! banks ( ! ,ohio riv] ab\t #aggj4 ,he 0 n te*nically a *ief1 b acquir$ great influ5ce among ! ,%awnees1 into :i* tribe he m>ri$4 ,he 0 on good t]ms ) ! :ites until ,april #aggd1 :51 friction hav+ aris5 betwe5 ! ,indians & ! :ites1 a b& ( m>aud]s1 l$ by "o ,grea?\se1 attack$ & murd]$ sev]al ,indians1 includ+1 x appe>s1 ,logan's si/] & possibly "o or m o!r relatives4 ,believ+ t ,capta9 ,mi*ael ,cresap 0 responsible = ?is murd]1 ,logan s5t him a decl>ation ( ho/ilities1 ! result ( :i* 0 ! bloody conflict kn[n z ,"l ,dunmore's w>4 ,logan refus$ to jo9 ! ,%awnee *ief1 ,corn/alk1 9 meet+ ,gov]nor ,dunmore 9 a peace c\ncil aft] ! battle ( ,po9t ,pleasant1 b s5t him a message :i* has become fam\s z an example ( ,indian eloqu5ce4 ,! message seems to h be5 giv5 by ,logan to ,colonel ,john ,gibson1 by :om x 0 deliv]$ to ,"l ,dunmore4 ,?omas ,jeff]son fir/ call$ g5]al att5tion to x 9 8 ,notes on ,virg9ia 7#aghg71 :]e he quot$ x & add$3 ,i may *all5ge ! :ole orations ( ,demo/h5es & ,cic]o1 & ( any m em95t orator1 if ,europe has furni%$ m em95t1 to produce a s+le passage sup]ior to x4 ,logan became a victim ( dr9k1 & 9 #aghj 0 kill$ ne> ,lake ,erie by 8 nephew :om he _h attack$4 ,!re is a monum5t to him 9 ,fair ,hill ,cemet]y1 ne> ,auburn1 ,new ,york4 ,brantz ,may]'s ,tahgahjut1 or ,logan ! ,indian & ,capta9 ,mi*ael ,cresap 7,baltimore1 #ahea1 #bnd ed41 ,albany1 #ahfg7 def5ds ,capta9 ,cresap aga9/ ,jeff]son's *>ges1 & also que/ions ! au!nticity ( ,logan's message1 ab\t :i* !re has be5 consid]able controv]sy1 ?\gh its actual word+ seems to be t ( ,gibson r ?an ( ,logan4 ,,logan1 ,,john 7#agdh-aghh71 ,scotti% poet1 0 born at ,s\tra1 ,midlo?ian1 9 #agdh4 ,8 fa!r1 ,george ,logan1 0 a f>m] & a memb] ( ! ,burgh] sect ( ! ,secession *ur*4 ,john ,logan 0 s5t to ,musselburgh gramm> s*ool1 & 9 #agfb to ! univ]sity ( ,ed9burgh4 ,9 #agfh-agfi he 0 tutor to ,john1 aft]w>ds ,sir ,john1 ,s9clair1 at ,ulb/]1 ,cai?ness1 & 9 #aggj1 hav+ left ! ,secession *ur*1 he 0 lic5s$ z a prea*] by ! presbyt]y ( ,hadd+ton4 ,9 #agga he 0 pres5t$ to ! *>ge ( ,s\? ,lei?1 b 0 n orda9$ till two ye>s lat]4 ,on ! dea? ( ,mi*ael ,bruce 7q4v47 he obta9$ t poet's ,,mss4 ) a view to publication4 ,9 #aggj he publi%$ ,poems on ,sev]al ,occasions1 by ,mi*ael ,bruce ) a preface1 9 :i*1 aft] eulogiz+ ,bruce1 :o _h be5 a fell[ /ud5t ( 81 he rem>k$ t to make up a miscellany "s poems wrote by diff]5t au?ors are ins]t$1 all ( !m orig9als1 & none ( !m de/itute ( m]it4 ,! read] ( ta/e w easily di/+ui% !m f ^? ( ,mr ,bruce1 )\t _! be+ p>ticul>iz$ by any m>k4 ,logan 0 an active memb] ( ! committee ( ! ,g5]al ,assembly ( ! ,*ur* ( ,scotl& :i* work$ f #agge to #agha at revis+ ! ,translations & ,p>aphrases = public wor%ip1 9 :i* _m ( 8 hymns are pr9t$4 ,9 #aggi-agha he deliv]$ a c\rse ( lectures on ! philosophy ( hi/ory at ,/ ,m>y's ,*apel1 ,ed9burgh4 ,an analysis ( ^! lectures1 ,elem5ts ( ! ,philosophy ( ,hi/ory 7#agha71 be>s /rik+ resemblance to ,a ,view ( ,anci5t ,hi/ory 7#aghg71 pr9t$ z ! "w ( ,dr ,w4 ,ru!r=d1 b ?\ght by ,logan's fri5ds to be 84 ,9 #agha he publi%$ 8 own ,poems1 includ+ ! ,ode to ! ,cuckoo & "s o!r poems :i* _h appe>$ 9 8 volume ( ,mi*ael ,bruce's poems1 & also 8 own contributions to ! ,p>aphrases4 ,8 o!r publications 7 ,an ,essay on ! ,mann]s & ,gov]nm5ts ( ,asia 7#aghb71 ,runnam$e1 a trag$y 7#aghc71 & ,a ,review ( ! ,pr9cipal ,*>ges aga9/ ,w>r5 ,ha/+s 7#aghh74 ,8 connexion ) ! !atre gave (f5ce to 8 congregation at ,s\? ,lei?2 he 0 intemp]ate 9 8 habits1 & !re 0 "s local sc&al atta*$ to 8 "n4 ,he resign$ 8 *>ge 9 #aghf1 reta9+ "p ( 8 /ip5d1 & proce$$ to ,london1 :]e he became a writ] = ! ,engli% ,review4 ,he di$ on ! #bh? ( ,decemb] #aghh4 ,two po/hum\s volumes ( s]mons appe>$ 9 #agij & #agia4 ,!y 7 v popul>1 & 7 repr9t$ 9 #ahaj4 ,8 ,poetical ,works 7 pr9t$ 9 ,dr ,rob]t ,&]son's ,briti% ,poets 7vol4 xi41 #agie71 ) a life ( ! au?or4 ,!y 7 repr9t$ 9 simil> collections1 & sep>ately 9 #ahje4 ,logan 0 accus$ ( hav+ appropriat$ 9 8 ,poems 7#agha7 v]ses writt5 by ,mi*ael ,bruce4 ,! /atem5ts ( ,john ,birrell & ,david ,pe>son on behalf ( ,bruce 7 includ$ 9 ,dr ,&]son's ,life ( ,logan4 ,! *>ge ( plagi>ism has be5 reviv$ f "t to "t1 notably by ,dr ,w4 ,mackelvie 7#ahcg7 & ,mr ,james ,mack5zie 7#aije74 ,! :ole controv]sy has be5 m>k$ by /rong p>tisan%ip4 ,! *ief po9ts aga9/ ,logan are ! suppression ( ! major portion ( ,bruce's ,,mss4 & "s prov$ cases ( plagi>ism 9 8 s]mons & hymns4 ,ev5 9 ! beautiful ,braes ( ,y>r[ "o ( ! v]ses is borr[$ direct f an old bord] ballad4 ,! traditional evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ,bruce's au?or%ip ( ! ,ode to ! ,cuckoo c h>dly be set aside1 b ,dr ,rob]tson ( ,dalm5y1 :o 0 ,logan's lit]>y executor1 /at$ t he _h gone ov] ! ,,mss4 procur$ at ,k9nesswood ) ,logan4 ,logan's au?or%ip ( ! poems 9 dispute is def5d$ by ,david ,la+1 ,ode to ! ,cuckoo ) rem>ks on its au?or%ip1 9 a lett] to ,j4 ,c4 ,%airp1 ,,ll4,d4 7#ahgc72 by ,john ,small 9 ! ,briti% & ,=eign ,evangelical ,review 7,july1 #ahgg1 ,april & ,octob]1 #ahgi72 & by ,r4 ,small 9 two pap]s 7ibid41 #ahgh74 ,see also ,,bruce1 ,,mi*ael4 ,,logan1 ,,john ,,alex&] 7#ahbf-ahhf71 ,am]ican soldi] & political lead]1 0 born 9 :at is n[ ,murphysbor\gh1 ,jackson c\nty1 ,ill9ois1 on ! #i? ( ,febru>y #ahbf4 ,he _h no s*ool+ until he 0 f\rte52 he !n /udi$ = ?ree ye>s 9 ,%iloh ,college1 s]v$ 9 ! ,mexican w> z a lieut5ant ( volunte]s1 /udi$ law 9 ! (fice ( an uncle1 graduat$ f ! ,law ,dep>tm5t ( ,l\isville ,univ]sity 9 #ahea1 & practis$ law ) success4 ,he ent]$ politics z a ,d\glas ,democrat1 0 elect$ c\nty cl]k 9 #ahdi1 s]v$ 9 ! ,/ate ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives 9 #ahec-ahed & 9 #aheg1 & = a "t1 dur+ ! int]val1 0 prosecut+ attorney ( ! ,?ird ,judicial ,di/rict ( ,ill9ois4 ,9 #aheh & #ahfj he 0 elect$ z a ,democrat to ! ,national ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives4 ,?\gh unatta*$ & un5li/$1 he f\ght at ,bull ,run1 & !n return$ to ,wa%+ton1 resign$ 8 seat1 & ent]$ ! ,union army z colonel ( ! #ca/ ,ill9ois ,volunte]s1 :i* he organiz$4 ,he 0 reg>d$ z "o ( ! able/ (fic]s :o ent]$ ! army f civil life4 ,9 ,grant's campaigns t]m9at+ 9 ! capture ( ,vicksburg1 :i* city ,logan's division 0 ! fir/ to ent] & ( :i* he 0 milit>y gov]nor1 he rose to ! rank ( major-g5]al ( volunte]s2 9 ,novemb] #ahfc he succe$$ ,%]man 9 comm& ( ! ,,xv4 ,army ,corps2 & aft] ! dea? ( ,mc,pherson he 0 9 comm& ( ! ,army ( ! ,t5nessee at ! battle ( ,atlanta4 ,:5 ! w> clos$1 ,logan resum$ 8 political c>e] z a ,republican1 & 0 a memb] ( ! ,national ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives f #ahfg to #ahga1 & ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,s5ate f #ahga until #ahgg & aga9 f #ahgi until 8 dea?1 :i* took place at ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c41 on ! #bf? ( ,decemb] #ahhf4 ,he 0 always a viol5t p>tisan1 & 0 id5tifi$ ) ! radical w+ ( ! ,republican p>ty4 ,9 #ahfh he 0 "o ( ! manag]s 9 ! impea*m5t ( ,presid5t ,johnson4 ,8 w> record & 8 great p]sonal foll[+1 especially 9 ! ,gr& ,army ( ! ,republic1 contribut$ to 8 nom9ation = ,vice-,presid5t 9 #ahhd on ! ticket ) ,james ,g4 ,bla9e1 b he 0 n elect$4 ,8 impetu\s oratory1 popul> on ! plat=m1 0 less adapt$ to ! halls ( legislation4 ,he 0 comm&]-9-*ief ( ! ,gr& ,army ( ! ,republic f #ahfh to #ahga1 & 9 ?is position successfully urg$ ! obs]vance ( ,memorial or ,decoration ,day1 an idea :i* probably orig9at$ ) him4 ,he 0 ! au?or ( ,! ,great ,conspiracy3 ,its ,orig9 & ,hi/ory 7#ahhf71 a p>tisan acc\nt ( ! ,civil w>1 & ( ,! ,volunte] ,soldi] ( ,am]ica 7#ahhg74 ,!re is a f9e /atue ( him by ,/ ,gaud5s 9 ,*icago4 ,! be/ biography is t by ,george ,f4 ,dawson1 ,! ,life & ,s]vices ( ,g54 ,john ,a4 ,logan1 z ,soldi] & ,/atesman 7,*icago & ,new ,york1 #ahhg74 ,,logan1 ,,sir ,,william ,,edmond 7#agih-ahge71 ,briti% geologi/1 0 born 9 ,montreal on ! #bj? ( ,april #agih1 ( ,scotti% p>5ts4 ,he 0 educat$ p>tly 9 ,montreal1 & subsequ5tly at ! ,high ,s*ool & univ]sity ( ,ed9burgh1 :]e ,rob]t ,jameson did mu* to excite 8 int]e/ 9 geology4 ,he 0 9 a bus9ess h\se 9 ,london f #ahag to #ahcj4 ,9 #ahca he settl$ 9 ,swansea to take *>ge ( a colli]y & "s copp]-smelt+ works1 & "h 8 int]e/ 9 geology f\nd abundant scope4 ,he collect$ a great am\nt ( in=mation respect+ ! ,s\? ,wales coal-field2 & 8 data1 :i* he _h depict$ on ! #a-;94 ordnance survey map1 7 g5]\sly plac$ at ! disposal ( ! geological survey "u ,sir ,h4 ,t4 de la ,be*e & fully utiliz$4 ,9 #ahdj ,logan br\ght be=e ! ,geological ,society ( ,london 8 celebrat$ pap] ,on ! "* ( ! b$s ( clay ly+ imm$iately bel[ ! coal-seams ( ,s\? ,wales1 & on ! occurr5ce ( coal-b\ld]s 9 ! ,p5nant ,grit ( t di/rict4 ,he !n po9t$ out t ea* coal-seam re/s on an "u-clay ) rootlets ( ,/igm>ia1 & he express$ 8 op9ion t ! "u-clay 0 ! old soil 9 :i* grew ! plants f :i* ! coal 0 =m$4 ,to confirm ?is obs]vation he visit$ ,am]ica 9 #ahda & exam9$ ! coal-fields ( ,p5nsylvania & ,nova ,scotia1 :]e he f\nd ! "u-clay almo/ inv>iably pres5t b5ea? ! seams ( coal4 ,9 #ahdb he 0 appo9t$ to take *>ge ( ! newly e/abli%$ geological survey 9 ,canada1 & he cont9u$ z director until #ahfi4 ,dur+ ! e>li] ye>s ( ! survey he _h _m difficulties to surm\nt & privations to und]go1 b ! "w 0 c>ri$ on ) great tact & en]gy1 & he sp>$ no pa9s to make 8 reports tru/wor?y4 ,he describ$ ! ,laur5tian rocks ( ! ,laur5tian m\nta9s 9 ,canada & ( ! ,adirondacks 9 ! /ate ( ,new ,york1 po9t+ out t !y compris$ an imm5se s]ies ( cry/all9e rocks1 gneiss1 mica-s*i/1 qu>tzite & lime/one1 m ?an #cj1jjj ft4 9 ?ickness4 ,! s]ies 0 rightly recogniz$ z repres5t+ ! olde/ type ( rocks on ! globe1 b x is n[ kn[n to be a complex ( highly alt]$ s$im5t>y & intrusive rocks2 & ! suppos$ olde/ kn[n fossil1 ! ,eozoon describ$ by ,sir ,j4 ,w4 ,dawson1 is n[ reg>d$ z a m9]al /ructure4 ,logan 0 elect$ ,f4,r4,s4 9 #ahea1 & 9 #ahef 0 knight$4 ,9 ! same ye> he 0 aw>d$ ! ,wolla/on m$al by ! ,geological ,society ( ,london = 8 rese>*es on ! coal-/rata1 & = 8 excell5t geological map ( ,canada4 ,aft] 8 retirem5t 9 #ahfi1 he return$ to ,engl&1 & ev5tually settl$ 9 ,s\? ,wales4 ,he di$ at ,ca/le ,malgwyn 9 ,pembroke%ire1 on ! #bbnd ( ,june #ahge4 ,see ! ,life1 by ,b4 ,j4 ,h>r+ton 7#ahhc74 7,h4 ,b4 ,wo47 ,,logan1 a city & ! c\nty-seat ( ,ca*e c\nty1 ,utah1 ,u4,s4,a41 on ! ,logan riv]1 ab\t #gj m4 ,n4 ( ,salt ,lake ,city4 ,pop4 7#aijj7 #edea 7#addj =eign-born72 7#aiaj7 #gebb4 ,x is s]v$ by ! ,oregon ,%ort ,l9e railroad4 ,x lies at ! m\? ( ,logan ,caon1 ab\t #dejj ft4 above ! sea1 & comm&s magnific5t views ( ! ,wasat* ,m\nta9s & ! f]tile ,ca*e ,valley4 ,at ,logan is a temple ( ! ,latt]-,day ,sa9ts 7or ,mormons71 built 9 #ahhc1 & ! city is ! seat ( ! ,agricultural ,college ( ,utah1 ( ,brigham ,"y ,college1 & ( ,new ,j]sey ,academy 7#ahgh71 erect$ by ! wom5 ( ! ,synod ( ,new ,j]sey & manag$ by ! ,woman's ,bo>d ( ,home ,missions ( ! ,presbyt]ian ,*ur*4 ,! ,agricultural ,college 0 f\nd$ 9 #ahhh & op5$ 9 #ahij2 an agricultural exp]im5t /ation is connect$ ) x & ! in/itution comprises s*ools ( agriculture1 dome/ic sci5ce & arts1 comm]ce1 me*anic arts & g5]al sci5ce4 ,six exp]im5t /ations 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! /ate & a c5tral exp]im5tal f>m ne> ,/ ,george1 ,wa%+ton c\nty1 7 9 #aijh "u ! direction ( ! exp]im5t /ation 9 ,logan4 ,brigham ,"y ,college 0 end[$ by ,brigham ,"y 9 #ahgg & 0 op5$ 9 #ahgh2 x (f]s c\rses 9 ! arts1 !ology1 civil eng9e]+1 music1 physical culture1 dome/ic sci5ce1 nurse tra9+ & manual tra9+4 ,logan has v>i\s manufactures1 & is ! trade c5tre = a f]tile f>m+ region4 ,! municipality owns & op]ates its wat] works & its electric light+ plant4 ,logan 0 settl$ 9 #ahei & fir/ incorporat$ 9 #ahff4 ,,logansport1 a city & ! c\nty-seat ( ,cass c\nty1 ,indiana1 ,u4,s4,a41 on ! ,waba% riv]1 at ! m\? ( ! ,eel riv]1 ab\t #fg m4 ,n4 by ,w4 ( ,indianapolis & #aag m4 ,s4 by ,e4 ( ,*icago4 ,pop4 7#aijj7 #af1bjd1 ( :om #adcb 7 =eign-born1 7#aiaj c5sus7 #ai1jej4 ,x is s]v$ by six divisions ( ! ,pittsburg1 ,c9c9nati1 ,*icago ,/ ,l\is1 two divisions ( ! ,v&alia 7,p5nsylvania ,l9es71 & ! ,waba% railways1 & by electric int]urban l9es4 ,! city is ! seat ( ! ,nor!rn ,indiana ,hospital = ! ,insane 7#ahhh71 & has a public libr>y1 & a hospital 7conduct$ by ! ,si/]s ( ,/ ,joseph74 ,among ! pr9cipal build+s are ! c\rt h\se1 a ,masonic temple1 an ,odd ,fell[s' temple1 & build+s ( ! ,ord] ( ,elks1 ( ! ,knights ( ,py?ias1 & ( ! frat]nal ord] ( ,eagles4 ,situat$ 9 ! c5tre ( a ri* agricultural region1 ,logansport is "o ( ! mo/ important gra9 & produce m>kets 9 ! /ate4 ,! ,waba% & ! ,eel riv]s provide good wat] p[]1 & ! city has v>i\s manufactures1 besides ! railway repair %ops ( ! ,v&alia & ( ! ,pittsburg1 ,c9c9nati1 ,*icago ,/ ,l\is railways4 ,! value ( ! city's factory product increas$ f #b1ajj1cid 9 #aijj to #b1iee1iba 9 #aije1 or #dj4g4 ,lime/one1 = use 9 ! manufacture ( iron1 is qu>ri$ 9 ! vic9ity4 ,! city owns & op]ates ! wat] works & ! electric-light+ plant4 ,logansport 0 platt$ 9 #ahbh1 0 probably nam$ 9 hon\r ( a ,%awnee *ief1 ,capta9 ,logan 7d4 #ahab71 became ! c\nty-seat ( ,cass c\nty 9 #ahbi1 & 0 *>t]$ z a city 9 #ahch4 ,,log>1 a riv] & valley ( ,afghani/an4 ,! ,log> riv] dra9s a wide tract ( c\ntry1 ris+ 9 ! s\!rn slopes ( ! ,sanglakh range & receiv+ afflu5ts f ! ,kh>w> hills1 ,n4,e4 ( ,ghazni4 ,x jo9s ! ,kabul riv] a few miles bel[ ! city ( ,kabul4 ,! ,log> valley1 :i* is wat]$ by its s\!rn afflu5ts1 is ri* & beautiful1 ab\t #dj m4 long by #ab wide1 & highly irrigat$ ?r\gh\t4 ,ly+ 9 ! vic9ity ( ! capital1 ! di/rict contributes l>gely to its food-supply4 ,! valley 0 trav]s$ 9 #ahgi by a brigade "u ,sir ,f4 7aft]w>ds ,"l7 ,rob]ts4