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"w1 has be5 engag$ 9 a cong5ial task1 "o be/ suit$ to 8 peculi> turn ( m9d1 z well z to 8 individual acquirem5ts1 & "o ^u :i* he c\ld1 !re=e1 ) ! greate/ ease & accuracy dilate4 ,?is brief explanation w %[ 9 :at _s ! ,publi%]s emb>k$ 9 ! und]tak+2 & ! accompany+ li/ ( ! writ]s may be receiv$ z a pro( t !y h succe$$ 9 secur+ ! s]vices ( ! mo/ compet5t au?orities4 ,) t portion ( ! book ) :i* he 0 practically acqua9t$ ea* ( ! foll[+ g5tlem5 has dealt3 ,w4 ,m>t91 ,esq41 ,c4 ,bak]1 ,esq41 ,r4 ,b4 ,wormald1 ,esq41 ,j4 ,f4 ,wood1 ,esq41 ,a4 ,mc,laren1 ,esq41 ,/oneh5ge1 au?or ( 8,rural ,sports10 & ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,g4 ,wood1 au?or ( sev]al works on ,natural ,hi/ory1 :o also furni%$ "s ( ! designs4 ,! rema9+ illu/rations are by ,william ,h>vey & ,h>rison ,weir2 & ! cr$it = ! able mann] 9 :i* !y h be5 engrav$ is due to ! bro!rs ,dalziel4 #b1 ,,f>r+don ,,/reet1 ,febru>y1 #ahef4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,"p ,i4 ,,easy ,,games ,,)\t ,,toys4 ,,outdoor4 ,,page ,hop1 ,/ep1 & ,jump #a ,hopp+ on ! ,bottle #b ,hop-,scot* #b ,fr5* & ,engli% #c ,draw+ ! ,ov5 #d ,i ,spy #d ,pit*-,/one #c ,duck-,/one #e ,prison]'s ,base1 or ,prison ,b>s #e ,fox #g ,ba/e ! ,be> #g ,leap-,frog #h ,fly ! ,g>t] #h ,spani% ,fly #i ,t\* #aj ,t\*-,wood & ,t\*-,iron #aj ,buck1 ,buck1 h[ _m ,horns d ,i hold up8 #aj ,w>n+ #aj ,foll[ my ,lead] #aa ,! ,fugleman #aa ,h>e & ,h\nds #aa ,/eeple ,*ase #ac ,duck & ,drake #ac ,simon ,says #ad ,k+ ( ! ,ca/le #ad ,battle = ! ,bann] #ad ,sn[-,balls #ae ,sn[ ,ca/le #af ,sn[ ,giant #ag ,jack6 ,jack6 %[ a ,light6 #ah ,j+l+ #ai ,jump little ,nag-tail6 #ai ,jump+ ,rope #bj ,my ,gr&mo!r's ,clock #bj ,ru%+ ,bases #ba ,see-saw #ba ,?read ! ,ne$le #bb ,tom ,tiddl]'s ,gr\nd #bb ,two to ,"o #bb ,walk1 ,moon1 ,walk6 #bb ,want a day's "w8 #bc ,w y ,li/8 #bc ,:oop6 #bd ,high ,b>b>ee6 #bd ,bull 9 ! ,r+ #bd ,cock ,fight #be ,dropp+ ! ,h&k]*ief #be ,,indoor4 ,bl9d ,man's ,buff #bf ,bob-,*]ry #bf ,buff #bg ,conc]t #bg ,consequ5ces #bh ,cross ,que/ions ,crook$ ,answ]s #bh ,dumb ,motions #bi ,family ,coa* #bi ,frog 9 ! ,middle #cj ,! ,f\r ,elem5ts #ca ,h& #ca ,hot ,boil$ ,beans #cb ,hot ,cockles #cb ,h[8 ,:]e8 & ,:58 #cb ,hunt ! ,slipp] #cc ,hunt ! ,r+ #cc ,hunt ! ,:i/le #cc ,magic ,music #cd ,po/ #cd ,prov]bs #ce ,puss 9 ! ,corn] #cf ,r$-,cap & ,black-,cap #cf ,%ad[ ,buff #cg ,slate ,games #cg ,trades #dj ,truss$ ,f[ls #dj ,! ,two ,hats #dj ,:at is my ,?\ght l8 #da ,,easy ,,games ,,) ,,toys4 ,,outdoor4 ,,balls #dc ,cat* ,ball #dc ,d\tee-,/ool #dc ,egg-,hat #dd ,fe$] #dd ,monday1 ,tuesday #de ,n9e-,holes #df ,nor!rn ,spell #df ,r\nd]s #df ,sev5s #dh ,/ool-,ball #dh ,trap1 ,bat1 & ,ball #dh ,,hoops #di ,! ,hoop #ej ,enc\nt]s #ej ,hoop ,race #ea ,po/+ #ea ,t\rnam5t #eb ,turnpike #eb ,,kites #ec ,h[ to make a ,kite #ec ,fly+ ! ,kite #ed ,mess5g]s #ee ,calico ,kites #ee ,fancy ,kites #ee ,,m>bles #eg ,b\nce ,eye #eh ,conqu]or #eh ,die ,%ot #eh ,eggs 9 ! ,bu% #ei ,increase ,p\nd #ei ,knock out1 or ,lag out #ei ,long ,taw #fj ,n9e-,holes1 or ,bridge ,bo>d #fj ,odd or ,ev5 #fa ,pick+ ! ,plums #fa ,! ,pyramid #fa ,r+ ,taw #fa ,spans & ,snops1 & ,b\nce ,ab\t #fb ,teetotum ,%ot #fb ,?ree-,holes #fb ,tip%>es1 or ,h&]s #fc ,,tops #fd ,! ,humm+-top #fd ,peg-top #fe ,spani% ,peg-top #fe ,! ,:ip-top #fe ,*ip-/one #ff ,peg-9-!-,r+ #ff ,,miscellane\s ,,toys #fh ,! ,apple ,mill #fh ,aunt ,sally #fh ,baton #fi ,cat #fi ,cat & ,m\se #gj ,knock-'em-d[n #ga ,pea-%oot]s #ga ,quoits #ga ,n9e-p9s #gb ,skittles #gb ,dut*-p9s #gc ,?r[+ ! ,hamm] #gc ,! ,boom]ang #gd ,! ,skip-jack1 or ,jump-jack #gd ,! ,sl+ #gd ,walk+ on ,/ilts #gf ,! ,suck] #gf ,,indoor4 ,battl$ore & ,%uttlecock #gh ,b&ilor #gi ,cup & ,ball #gi ,! ,cutwat] #gi ,fox & ,geese #hj ,goose #ha ,head1 ,body1 & ,legs #ha ,knuckle-bones #hb ,m]elles1 or ,n9e ,m5's ,morris #hc ,pap] ,d>t #hc ,! ,popgun #hd ,pu%-p9 #hd ,s*immel #hd ,spelicans #hf ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,a?letic ,,sports ,,& ,,manly ,,ex]cises4 ,,angl+ #hi ,a ,^w ab\t ,fi% #ij ,ab\t ! ,rod #ia ,*oos+ ! ,rod #ia ,l9es or ,bottoms #ib ,%ott+ ! ,l9e #ic ,! ,float #ic ,reels or ,w9*es #id ,reel ,l9es #id ,hooks #id ,h[ to bait a ,hook #ie ,baits #ie ,to ,bait ) ,greaves #ig ,to ,sc\r & ,pres]ve ,worms #ig ,! ,plummet #ig ,plumb+ ! ,dep? #ig ,l&+-hook & ,l&+-net #ih ,cle>+ ,r+ & ,l9e #ih ,drag-hook #ih ,bank ,runn] #ih ,live-bait ,kettle #ii ,disgorg] #ii ,angl+ ,axioms #ii ,salmon #ajj ,tr\t #ajj ,jack or ,pike #aja ,gudgeon #ajc ,roa* #ajd ,dace #aje ,p]* #ajf ,grayl+ #ajg ,*ub #ajh ,c>p #aji ,t5* #aaj ,pope1 or ,ruff #aaj ,bream #aaa ,fl\nd] #aaa ,eels #aab ,/ickleback & ,m9n[ #aac ,b>bel #aad ,natural ,fly-fi%+1 or ,dipp+ #aae ,fly-fi%+ & ,artificial ,flies #aae ,mat]ials = mak+ ,flies #aae ,,ar*]y #aba ,! ,long-b[ #abb ,! ,cross-b[ #abb ,feats ( ! ,b[ #abc ,l5g? ( ,b[s & ,arr[s1 & h[ us$ 9 ,anci5t ,times #abd ,m>ks = ,%oot+ at #abd ,equipm5t = ,ar*]y #abe ,anci5t ,directions = ,ar*]y #abe ,decl9e ( ,ar*]y #abe ,mod]n ,ar*]y #abf ,! ,b[ #abf ,! ,/r+ #abf ,/r++ ! ,b[ #abg ,! ,arr[s #abg ,! ,quiv] #abh ,! ,tassel1 ,brace1 ,belt1 & ,p\* #abh ,%oot+ ,glove1 & ,grease ,pot #abi ,! ,t>get #abi ,butts #acj ,h[ to draw ! ,b[ #acj ,flight ,%oot+ #aca ,cl\t ,%oot+ #aca ,rov+ #aca ,g5]al ,h9ts = ,ar*]s #acb ,,box+ #acc ,,canoes ,,& ,,canoe+ #adj ,,cricket #adc ,! ,bat #ade ,! ,ball #ade ,! ,/umps #ade ,pads or ,gu>ds #adf ,batt+ ,gloves #adg ,wicket-keep+ ,gloves #adh ,! ,laws ( ,cricket #adh ,! ,laws ( ,s+le ,wicket #aeb ,! ,batsman4--,h9ts to ,"y ,play]s #aec ,field+ #aei ,b[l+ #afb ,! ,wicket-keep] #afe ,long-/op #aff ,po9t #aff ,%ort-slip #aff ,cov]-po9t #afg ,long-slip #afg ,long-on #afg ,long-(f #afg ,leg #afg ,mid-wicket on & (f #afg ,?ird ,man up #afg ,diagram ,i4--,fa/ ,r\nd-arm ,b[l+ #afh ,diagram ,,ii4--,m$ium ,pace ,r\nd-arm ,b[l+ #afi ,diagram ,,iii4--,sl[ ,"u-h& ,b[l+ #afi ,,croquet4--,mat]ials ( ! ,game #agj ,! ,mallets #agj ,! ,balls #aga ,! ,hoops #aga ,! ,po/s #agb ,clips #agb ,m>k+ ,bo>d #agc ,tunnel #agc ,! ,cage #agc ,a ,croquet ,/& #agd ,h[ ! ,game is play$ #agd ,diagram1 ,no4 ,i4 #agg ,,ii4 #agh ,,iii4 #agi ,,iv4 #ahj ,rules #aha ,/rik+ #aha ,ord] ( ,play+ #aha ,! ,croquet #ahb ,! ,po/s #ahe ,! ,rov] #ahe ,h9ts to ,"y ,play]s #ahf ,,driv+ #aib ,introduction #aib ,! ,horse 9 ,h>ness #aic ,! ,horse #aid ,! ,h>ness #aid ,! ,c>riage #aie ,putt+ to #aif ,directions = ,driv+ #aif ,,f5c+ #aih ,! ,gu>d #aii ,advance #bjj ,retreat #bja ,! ,longe #bja ,! ,recov] #bja ,! ,engage #bjb ,p>ades #bjb ,qu>te #bjc ,ti]ce #bjc ,seconde #bje ,demi-,c]cle #bje ,octave #bjf ,contre-,p>ades #bjf ,attacks #bjg ,! ,/raight ,?ru/ #bjg ,! ,dis5gagem5t #bjg ,! ,"o-,two #bjh ,! ,beat & ,?ru/ #bjh ,! ,beat & ,dis5gagem5t #bjh ,cut ov] ! ,po9t #bjh ,cut ov] ! ,dis5gagem5t #bjh ,d\ble #bji ,all ,fe9ts #bji ,! ,assault #bji ,g5]al ,advice #baj ,broadswords #baj ,positions #baa ,t>get #bab ,cuts & ,gu>ds #bac ,cuts #bac ,po9ts #bad ,gu>ds #bae ,p>ry #bae ,hang+ ,gu>d #baf ,inside ,gu>d #baf ,outside ,gu>d #bag ,attack & ,def5ce #bag ,draw ,swords #bah ,recov] ,swords #bai ,c>ry ,swords #bai ,slope ,swords #bai ,return ,swords #bai ,practices #bbj ,second ,practice #bbj ,?ird ,practice #bbj ,f\r? ,practice #bba ,fif? ,practice #bba ,=t & ,feeble #bbb ,draw+ ,cut #bbb ,g5]al ,advice #bbb ,,fives #bbc ,,foot-,,ball #bbd ,,golf+ #bbf ,,gymna/ics #bbh ,introduction #bbh ,hi/orical ,memor&a #bbi ,mod]n ,gymna/ics #bcj ,walk+ #bcj ,! ,tip-toe ,m>* #bca ,runn+ #bcb ,jump+ #bcb ,leap+ #bcc ,to climb up a ,bo>d #bcd ,climb+ ! ,pole #bcd ,rope #bce ,trees #bce ,! ,giant ,/ride1 or ,fly+ ,/eps1 & its capabilities #bce ,p>allel ,b>s #bda ,! ,horizontal ,b> #bdc ,! ,horse #bdf ,! ,sw+ #bdi ,?r[+ ! ,javel9 #bec ,! ,trapeze1 ,s+le & ,d\ble #bed ,tricks & ,feats ( ,gymna/ics #bfb ,,hockey #bfe ,,rackets #bfh ,,rid+ #bgj ,! ,horse #bga ,! ,m>ks ( ,age 9 ! ,horse #bga ,! ,paces ( ! ,horse #bgb ,t]ms us$ by ,horsem5 #bgd ,=m ( ! ,horse #bgd ,v>ieties ( ! ,horse suitable = ,boys #bgd ,! ,acc\trem5ts & ,aids #bge ,m\nt+ #bgg ,dism\nt+ #bgh ,! ,managem5t ( ! ,re9s #bgh ,! ,seat #bgi ,! ,control ( ! ,horse #bhj ,managem5t ( ! ,walk #bhj ,! ,trot & ,cant] #bha ,! ,managem5t ( ! ,gallop #bhb ,leap+ #bhb ,treatm5t ( ,vices #bhd ,,r[+ #bhh ,hi/orical ,memor&a #bhh ,con/ruction ( ,anci5t ,%ips & ,galleys #bhi ,roman ,galleys1 ,%ips1 c4 #bij ,( ,boats #bia ,! ,compon5t ,p>ts ( ,boats #bib ,! ,o>s & ,sculls #bic ,sea ,r[+ #bic ,riv] ,r[+ #bic ,managem5t ( ! ,o> #bid ,! ,ess5tial ,po9ts 9 ,r[+ #bie ,managem5t ( ! ,boat #bie ,r[+ toge!r #bif ,caution to ,"y ,r[]s #bif ,,sail+ #big ,*>act]s ( a ,ya*t #cja ,v>i\s k9ds ( ,ya*ts #cjb ,description ( ! ,cutt] ,ya*t #cjc ,con/ruction ( ! ,hull #cjc ,some?+ ab\t ! ,ma/s1 ,sp>s1 ,ropes1 c4 #cjf ,sail+ a ,ya*t #cjh ,br++ up #caj ,mak+ ,snug #caj ,go+ back #caj ,jib+ #caj ,br++ up at ,moor+s #caj ,( ! ,m>9]s' ,compass1 & v>i\s ,nautical ,t]ms #caa ,cautions & ,directions #cab ,nautical ,t]ms #cab ,,skat+ #caf ,! ,skate #cag ,putt+ on ! ,skates #cah ,h[ to />t ^u ! ,inside ,edge #cai ,movem5t on ! ,outside ,edge #cai ,=w>d ,roll #cbj ,! ,dut* ,roll #cbj ,! ,figure ( ,eight #cba ,! ,figure ( ,?ree #cba ,! ,back ,roll #cba ,g5]al ,directions to be foll[$ by ,p]sons le>n+ to ,skate #cbb ,,slid+ #cbc ,,swimm+ #cbe ,places & ,times = ,ba?+ & ,swimm+ #cbg ,ent]+ ! ,wat] #cbh ,aids to ,swimm+ #cbh ,/rik+ (f & ,swimm+ #cbi ,h[ to manage ! ,legs #ccj ,plung+ & ,div+ #ccj ,swimm+ "u ,wat] #cca ,swimm+ on ! ,side #ccb ,swimm+ on ! ,back )\t employ+ ! ,feet #ccb ,float+ #ccc ,tread+ ,wat] #ccc ,! ,fl+ #ccc ,swimm+ on ! ,back #ccd ,?ru/+ #ccd ,! ,d\ble ,?ru/ #cce ,to ,swim l a ,dog #cce ,! ,mill #cce ,! ,:eel backw>ds & =w>ds #cce ,to ,swim ) "o ,h& #ccf ,h& ov] ,h& ,swimm+ #ccf ,balanc+ #ccf ,! ,cramp #ccg ,sav+ f ,dang] #ccg ,sports & ,feats 9 ,swimm+ #cch ,b]n>di's sy/em ( ,upright ,swimm+ #cch ,! ,prussian ,sy/em ( ,pfuel #cci ,,tra9+ #cdb ,,"p ,,iii4 ,,sci5tific ,,pursuits4 ,,ac\/ics #cdg ,diff]5ce betwe5 ,s\nd & ,noise #cdg ,s\nds1 h[ propagat$ #cdg ,to %[ h[ ,s\nd travels ?r\gh a ,solid #cdg ,to %[ t ,s\nd dep5ds on ,vibration #cdg ,musical ,figures result+ f ,s\nd #cdg ,to make an olian ,h>p #cdh ,! ,invisible ,girl #cdh ,v5triloquism #cdi ,,a]onautics #cej ,balloons #cej ,h[ to make an ,air-balloon #cea ,h[ to ,fill a ,balloon #ceb ,to make ,fire-,balloons #ceb ,p>a*utes #ceb ,,*emi/ry #cec ,gases #ceg ,oxyg5 ,gas #ceh ,exp]im5ts #cei ,nitrog5 #cfj ,exp]im5ts #cfa ,atmosph]ic ,air #cfb ,hydrog5 #cfd ,exp]im5ts #cfd ,wat] #cfe ,exp]im5t #cff ,*lor9e #cfg ,exp]im5ts #cfh ,muriatic ,acid ,gas1 or ,hydric ,*loride #cfi ,exp]im5ts #cgj ,iod9e #cga ,exp]im5ts #cga ,brom9e #cga ,exp]im5ts #cga ,fluor9e #cgb ,exp]im5t #cgb ,c>bon #cgb ,exp]im5ts #cgc ,c>bon & ,hydrog5 #cgd ,exp]im5t #cge ,coal ,gas #cgf ,exp]im5t #cgf ,phosphorus #cgg ,exp]im5ts #cgg ,sulphur #cgh ,metals #cgi ,potassium #cha ,exp]im5ts #cha1 #chb1 #chc ,cry/allization ( ,metals #chc ,exp]im5t #chc ,to =m a ,solid f two ,liquids #chd ,to =m a ,liquid f two ,solids #chd ,exp]im5ts #chd ,*anges ( ,col\r produc$ by ,col\rless ,liquids #che ,,electricity #chf ,simple ,means ( produc+ ,electricity #chf ,attraction & ,repulsion exhibit$ #chg ,h[ to make an ,electrical ,ma*9e #chh ,! ,conductor #chi ,! ,plate ,electrical ,ma*9e #chi ,h[ to draw ,sp>ks f ! tip ( ! ,nose #chi ,h[ to *>ge a ,leyd5 ,j> #cij ,! ,electrical ,batt]y #cij ,danc+ ,balls & ,dolls #cia ,! ,electrical ,kiss #cia ,r++ ,bells #cia ,work+ ,p[] ( ,electricity #cib ,! ,electrifi$ ,wig #cib ,imitation ,?und] ,cl\ds #cic ,! ,lightn+ ,/roke imitat$ #cic ,! ,sportsman #cid ,,galvanism1 ,,or ,,voltaic ,,electricity #cie ,orig9 ( ,galvanism #cie ,simple ,exp]im5t to excite ,galvanic ,action #cif ,) ,metal ,plates 9 ,wat] #cif ,to make a ,magnet by ! ,voltaic ,curr5t #cig ,effects ( ,galvanism on a ,magnet #cig ,*ange ( ,col\r by ,galvanism #cig ,! ,galvanic ,%ock #cih ,! ,electrotype #cih ,h[ to make an ,electrotype ,app>atus #cih ,to obta9 ! ,copy ( a ,co9 or ,m$al #cii ,,heat #cii ,heat or ,caloric #cii ,expansion #djb ,,hydraulics #djd ,! ,syphon #dje ,! ,pump #dje ,! ,hydraulic ,danc] #djf ,! ,wat] ,snail or ,ar*im$ean ,screw #djg ,,magnetism #djh ,relation ( ,magnetism to ,electricity #djh ,to make ,artificial ,magnets #dji ,h[ to ,magnetise a ,pok] #dji ,to %[ ,magnetic ,repulsion & ,attraction #dji ,nor? & ,s\? ,poles ( ! ,magnet #daj ,pol>ity ( ! ,magnet #daj ,! ,magnetic ,fi% #daj ,swan #daa ,to susp5d a ,ne$le 9 ! ,air by ,magnetism #daa ,to make ,artificial ,magnets )\t ! aid ei!r ( ,natural ,load/ones or ,artificial ,magnets #daa ,horse-%oe ,magnets #dab ,exp]im5t to %[ t s(t ,iron possesses ,magnetic ,prop]ties :ile x rema9s 9 ! vic9ity ( a ,magnet #dab ,electro-,magnetism #dac ,p[] ( ! ,electro-,magnet #dac ,! ,m>9]'s ,compass1 & ,exp]im5ts ) a ,pocket ,compass #dac ,v>iation ( ! ,ne$le #dad ,dip ( ! ,ne$le #dad ,useful ,amusem5t ) ! ,pocket ,compass #dad ,int]e/+ ,p>ticul>s conc]n+ ! ,magnet #dae ,,me*anics #dag ,exp]im5t ( ! ,law ( ,motion #dag ,balanc+ #dah ,! ,pranc+ ,horse #dah ,to con/ruct a ,figure1 :i* be+ plac$ ^u a curv$ surface & incl9$ 9 any position1 %all1 :5 left to itself1 return to its =m] position #dah ,to make a ,c>riage run 9 an inv]t$ position )\t fall+ #dah ,to cause a ,cyl9d] to roll by its own weight up-hill #dah ,! ,balanc$ ,/ick #dai ,! ,*9ese ,m&>9 #dai ,to make a ,%ill+ turn on its edge on ! po9t ( a ,ne$le #dai ,! ,danc+ ,pea #dbj ,obliquity ( ,motion #dbj ,! ,bridge ( ,knives #dba ,! ,top]'s ,tripod #dba ,,! ,,microscope #dbb ,! ,comp\nd ,microscope #dcb ,,optics ,,& ,,optical ,,amusem5ts #dee ,light z an ,effect #dee ,refraction #def ,! ,invisible ,co9 made ,visible #def ,! ,multiply+ ,glass #deg ,transp>5t ,bodies #deg ,! ,prism #deg ,composition ( ,light #deg ,a ,natural ,cam]a ,obscura #deh ,bullock's-eye ,exp]im5t #deh ,! ,cam]a ,obscura #deh ,! ,cam]a ,lucida #dei ,! ,magic ,lant]n #dfj ,pa9t+ ! ,slides #dfj ,to exhibit ! ,magic ,lant]n #dfa ,effects ( ! ,magic ,lant]n #dfa ,tempe/ at ,sea #dfa ,! ,phantasmagoria #dfb ,dissolv+ ,views #dfb ,h[ to raise a ,gho/ #dfb ,! ,?aumatrope #dfc ,! ,bird 9 ! ,cage #dfc ,con/ruction ( ! ,phantasmacope #dfd ,curi\s ,optical ,illusions #dfd1 #dfe ,! ,picture 9 ! ,air #dfe ,brea?+ ,light & ,d>kness #dff ,to %[ t ,rays ( ,light d n ob/ruct ea* o!r #dff ,optics ( a ,soap-bubble #dfg ,! ,kaleidoscope #dfg ,simple ,sol> ,microscope #dfh ,anamorphoses #dfh ,! ,cosmorama #dgj ,di/ort$ ,l&scapes #dgj ,,photography #dgb ,h[ to make ! ,negative on ,glass1 us+ ,collodion bromoiodiz$ = ,iron developm5t #dgb ,,pneumatics #dgg ,weight ( ! ,air ,prov$ by a pair ( ,bell[s #dgg ,! ,pressure ( ! ,air %[n by a ,w9e-glass #dgh ,ano!r ,exp]im5t #dgh ,ela/icity ( ! ,air #dgh ,reason = ?is #dgi ,! ,air-,pump #dgi ,to prove t ,air has ,weight #dgi ,to prove ,air ela/ic #dhj ,sov]eign & ,fea!r #dhj ,air 9 ! ,egg #dhj ,! ,desc5d+ ,smoke #dhj ,! ,s\ndless ,bell #dha ,! ,float+ ,fi% #dha ,! ,div+ ,bell #dhb ,exp]im5ts #dhb1 #dhd1 #dhe ,) ,ice or ,sn[ #dhe ,)\t ,sn[ or ,ice #dhe ,,spectrum ,,analysis #dhf ,h[ to use ! ,spectroscope #dhh ,to obta9 ! ,bright ,l9es 9 ! ,spectrum giv5 by any ,sub/ance #dhh ,pr(essor ,/okes' ,absorption ,b&s #dhi ,to ,map out any ,spectrum #dhi ,,"p ,,iv4 ,,dome/ic ,,pets4 ,,bees ,,& ,,bee-,,keep+ #dic ,,! ,,can>y #dig ,,dogs #ejf ,,gold ,,& ,,silv] ,,fi% #eaf ,glasses #eag ,fe$+ #eag ,diseases #eag ,,! ,,gu9ea ,,pig #eah ,,! ,,h$gehog #ebj ,,! ,,jackdaw #eba ,,! ,,jay #ebc ,,! ,,magpie #ebd ,,owls #ebf ,,! ,,p>rot #ecb ,,pigeons #eda ,v>ieties ( ,pigeons #ede ,blue ,rock ,dove #ede ,! ,antw]p1 or ,sm]le #edf ,! ,p\t] #edg ,! ,c>ri] #edh ,! ,dragon #edi ,! ,tumbl] #edi ,! ,b>b #eej ,! ,owl #eea ,! ,turbit #eea ,! ,fantail #eea ,! ,trumpet] #eeb ,! ,jacob9 #eec ,,p\ltry #eed ,f[ls #eed ,fatt5+ #eee ,lay+ #eee ,hat*+ #eee ,re>+ ( ,*ick5s #eef ,! ,p9tado1 or ,gu9ea ,f[l #eeg ,ducks #eeh ,,! ,,rabbit #efj ,,! ,,rav5 #egj ,,silkworms #egd ,food ( ! ,silkworm #egf ,hat*+1 ,fe$+1 & ,temp]ature #egf ,m\lt+s #egg ,! ,cocoon #egg ,! ,aurelia #egh ,w9d+ ! ,silk #egh ,! ,mo? #egh ,g5]al ,rem>ks #egi ,,! ,,squirrel #ehj ,,:ite ,,mice #ehg ,,"p ,v4 ,,miscellane\s4 ,,bagatelle #eia ,engli% ,bagatelle #eia ,! ,fr5* ,game #eia ,sans ,egal #eia ,! ,cannon ,game #eib ,mississippi #eib ,,billi>ds #eic ,! ,angles ( ! ,table #eig ,! ,am]ican ,game #fjb ,pyramids1 or ,pyramid ,pool #fjb ,w9n+ & ,los+ ,c>ambole ,game #fjb ,pool #fjc ,italian ,skittle ,pool #fjd ,,boat-,,build+ #fje ,cutt] #fjf ,smack #fjg ,s*oon] #fjg ,lugg] #fjh ,,c>p5t]+ #fji ,! ,%op & ,b5* #fji ,( ,planes #faj ,saws #faa ,! ,spoke ,%ave #fac ,/ock & ,bits #fac ,h[ to make a ,:eelb>r[ #fac ,! ,way to make a ,box #fae ,to cut ! ,dovetails #fae ,! ,bottom ( ! ,box #faf ,,! ,,game ,,( ,,*ess #fag ,! ,laws ( ! ,game #fah ,! ,k+'s ,knight's op5+ #fbj ,game ,i4--,philidor's ,def5ce #fba ,,ii4--,petr(f's #fbb ,v>iation ,a4 on ,:ite's #e? ,move #fbb ,game ,,iii4--,! ,giuoco ,piano #fbb ,v>iation ,a4 on ,:ite's #f? ,move #fbb ,game ,,iv4--,! ,evans' ,gambit #fbc ,v>iation ,a4 on ,:ite's #i? ,move #fbc ,b4 #fbd ,a4 on ,black's #aj? ,move #fbd ,! ,gambit decl9$ #fbe ,game ,v4--,ruy ,lopez ,knight's ,game #fbf ,v>iation ,b4 on ,black's #crd ,move #fbg ,c4 #fbg ,game ,,vi4--,! ,scot* ,gambit #fbg ,v>iation ,a4 on ,black's #d? ,move #fbh ,! ,k+'s ,bi%op's ,op5+ #fcj ,game ,i4--,! ,lopez ,gambit #fcj ,v>iation ,a4 on ,:ite's #d? ,move #fca ,game ,,ii4--,! ,d\ble ,gambit #fca ,game ,,iii4 #fca ,v>iation ,a4 on ,black's #d? ,move #fcb ,! ,k+'s ,gambit #fcb ,game ,i4 #fcb ,! ,salvio ,gambit #fcc ,v>iation ,a4 on ,black's #d? ,move #fcc ,game ,,ii4--,! ,muzio ,gambit #fcc ,game ,i4--,! ,allgai] ,gambit #fce ,game ,,ii4 #fce ,game ,i4--,! ,bi%op's ,gambit #fcf ,game ,,ii4 #fcf ,! ,gambit refus$ #fch ,game ,i4 #fch ,game ,,ii4 #fci ,! ,c5tre ,gambit #fci ,game ,i4 #fci ,v>iation ,a4 on ,black's #crd ,move #fdj ,game ,,ii4 #fdj ,! ,que5's ,gambit #fda ,game ,i4 #fda ,v>iation ,a4 on ,black's #crd ,move #fda ,game ,,ii4 #fdb ,,! ,,"y ,,conjur] #fdc ,sleight ( ,h& #fde ,! ,fly+ ,%ill+ #fde ,ano!r ,me?od #fdf ,! ,beads & ,/r+s #fdf ,to get a ,r+ out ( a ,h&k]*ief #fdg ,to tie a ,knot 9 a ,h&k]*ief :i* _c be drawn tight #fdg ,! ,?ree ,cups #fdh ,to tie a ,h&k]*ief r\nd y\r ,leg1 & get x (f )\t unty+ ! ,knot #fdh ,! ,magic ,bond #fdi ,! ,old ,man & 8 ,*air #fdi ,to tie a ,knot on ! ,left ,wri/ )\t lett+ ! ,"r ,h& approa* x #fea ,! ,h&cuffs #fea ,to pull a ,/r+ ?r\gh y\r ,button-hole #feb ,! ,cut ,/r+ re/or$ #feb ,! ,gordian ,knot #fec ,! ,knot loos5$ #fec ,to put ,nuts into y\r ,e> #fed ,to crack ,walnuts 9 y\r ,elb[ #fed ,to take ,fea!rs out ( an empty ,h&k]*ief #fed ,tricks requir+ ,special ,app>atus #fed ,! ,die ,trick #fee ,! ,p5etrative ,p5ce #fef ,! ,doll ,trick #feg ,! ,fly+ ,co9s #feg ,! ,vani%$ ,groat #feh ,! ,re/or$ ,docum5t #feh ,! ,magic ,r+s #feh ,! ,fi% & ,ink ,trick #fei ,! ,cannon ,balls #fei ,! ,%ill+ 9 ! ,ball ( ,cotton #ffj ,! ,egg & ,bag ,trick #ffj ,! ,danc+ ,egg #ffa ,bell & ,%ot #ffa ,! ,burn$ ,h&k]*ief re/or$ #ffb ,! ,fire-,eat] #ffb ,tricks ) ,c>ds #ffc ,to make ! ,pass #ffc ,to tell a ,c>d by its ,back #ffd ,! ,c>d nam$ )\t be+ ,se5 #ffd ,! ,c>d told by ! ,op]a ,glass #ffd ,! ,f\r ,k+s #fff ,audacity #fff ,! ,c>d f\nd at ! ,second ,guess #fff ,! ,c>d f\nd "u ! ,hat #ffg ,to call ! ,c>ds out ( ! ,pack #ffg ,heads & ,tails #ffg ,! ,surprise #ffh ,! ,revolution #ffh ,! ,slipp$ ,c>d #ffh ,! ,nail$ ,c>d #ffh ,to asc]ta9 ! ,numb] ( ,po9ts on ?ree ,unse5 ,c>ds #ffi ,to tell ! ,numb]s on two ,unse5 ,c>ds #ffi ,! ,pairs repair$ #ffi ,! ,que5 digg+ = ,diamonds #fgj ,! ,triple ,deal #fgj ,! ,quadruple ,deal #fga ,tricks ) ,c>ds t require ,app>atus #fga ,! ,c>ds 9 ! ,vase #fga ,! ,metamorphosis #fgb ,to *ange a ,c>d 9 a ,p]son's ,h& #fgc ,,cryptography #fgd ,,! ,,deaf ,,& ,,dumb ,,alphabet #fhb ,! ,alphabet #fhb ,! ,numb]s #fhe ,,dom9oes #fhe ,! ord9>y ,boy's ,game #fhf ,all ,fives #fhg ,! ,matadore ,game #fhg ,all ,?rees #fhg ,tidley-,w9k #fhh ,! ,=tress #fhh ,:i/ ,dom9oes #fhh ,,draughts #fhi ,h[ to play ! ,game #fij ,! ,moves #fij ,laws ( ! ,game #fij ,games = ,practice #fia ,game ,i4 #fia ,game ,,ii4 #fib ,,fireworks #fic ,gunp[d] #fic ,h[ to make ,t\*-pap] #fid ,cases = ,squibs1 ,fl[]-pots1 ,rockets1 ,roman ,c&les1 c4 #fid ,to *oke ! ,cases #fid ,composition = ,squibs1 c4 #fid ,h[ to fill ! ,cases #fie ,to make ,crack]s #fie ,roman ,c&les & ,/>s #fie ,rockets #fif ,ra9s #fif ,ca!r9e ,:eels #fif ,v>i\s ,col\r$ ,fires #fif ,crimson ,fire #fif ,blue #fig ,gre5 #fig ,purple #fig ,:ite #fig ,spur #fig ,blue ,lights #fig ,port or ,wild ,fires #fig ,sl[ ,fire = ,:eels #fig ,dead ,fire = ,:eels #fig ,cautions #fig ,to make an ,illum9at$ ,spiral ,:eel #fih ,! ,gr& ,volute #fih ,a brilliant ,yew-tree #fii ,,g>d5+ #gjj ,on ,lay+ out a ,small ,g>d5 #gjb ,plant+ ! ,gr\nd ) ,trees1 ,fl[]s1 c4 #gjc ,! ,noble/ ,k9d ( ,g>d5+ = ,boys #gjc ,! ,boy's ,fl[] ,g>d5 #gaj ,fruit ,g>d5 #gag ,cropp+ ! ,gr\nd #gai ,digg+ #gai ,hoe+ #gbj ,rak+ #gbj ,we$+ #gbj ,s[+ ,se$s #gba ,transplant+ #gba ,wat]+ #gbb ,v>i\s ,modes ( ,propagation #gbc ,lay]s #gbc ,pip+s #gbc ,graft+ #gbd ,tongue-,graft+ #gbd ,budd+ #gbe ,in>*+ #gbe ,graft+ ,clay #gbf ,prun+ #gbf ,tra9+ #gbf ,insects & ,depr$ators #gbg ,protection f ,fro/ #gbg ,! ,"y ,g>d5]'s ,cal5d> = ! ,"w to be done 9 all ! ,mon?s ( ! ,ye> #gbh ,janu>y #gbh ,febru>y #gbi ,m>* #gbi ,april #gbi ,may #gcj ,june #gcj ,july #gca ,augu/ #gca ,septemb] #gca ,octob] #gcb ,novemb] #gcb ,decemb] #gcb ,,mimicry ,,& ,,v5triloquism #gcc ,,puzzles #gcf ,! ,divid$ ,g>d5 #gcf ,! ,v]tical ,l9e ,puzzle #gcf ,! ,c>dbo>d ,puzzle #gcf ,! ,button ,puzzle #gcf ,! ,circle ,puzzle #gcg ,! ,cross ,puzzle #gcg ,?ree-,squ>e ,puzzle #gcg ,cyl9d] ,puzzle #gcg ,! ,nuns #gch ,! ,dog ,puzzle #gch ,cutt+ out a ,cross #gch ,ano!r ,cross ,puzzle #gch ,! ,f\nta9 ,puzzle #gch ,! ,cab9et-mak]'s ,puzzle #gci ,! ,/r+ & ,balls ,puzzle #gci ,! ,d\ble-head$ ,puzzle #gci ,! ,r[ ( ,halfp5ce #gdj ,typographical ,advice #gdj ,! ,l&lord made to ,pay #gdj ,fa!r & ,son #gdj ,,answ]s ,,to ,,puzzles #gda ,! ,divid$ ,g>d5 #gda ,v]tical ,l9e ,puzzle #gda ,cut ,c>d ,puzzle #gda ,button ,puzzle #gda ,circle ,puzzle #gda ,! ,cross ,puzzle #gdb ,?ree-,squ>e ,puzzle #gdb ,cyl9d] ,puzzle #gdb ,! ,nuns' ,puzzle #gdb ,! ,dog's ,puzzle #gdb ,cutt+ out a ,cross ,puzzle #gdc ,ano!r ,cross ,puzzle #gdc ,! ,f\nta9 ,puzzle #gdc ,! ,cab9et-mak]'s ,puzzle #gdc ,/r+ & ,balls ,puzzle #gdd ,d\ble-,head$ ,puzzle #gdd ,! ,r[ ( ,halfp5ce #gdd ,typographical ,puzzle #gde ,! ,l&lord made to ,pay #gde ,fa!r & ,son #gde ,,%[s #gdf ,pun* & ,judy #gdf ,fantocc9i #gdi ,! ,sailor #gea ,! ,juggl] #gea ,! ,headless ,man #gea ,! ,milkwoman #gea ,,po/age-,,/amp ,,collect+1 ,,or ,,philately #geb ,,t9sell+ #gfh ,,! ,,am]ican ,,game ,,( ,,base-,,ball #gfi ,am]ican ,billi>ds #gig ,la ,crosse #hab ,,"p ,i4 ,,easy ,,games ,,)\t ,,toys4 ,,outdoor4 ,illu/ration ,,hop1 ,,/ep ,,& ,,jump4 ,make a m>k on ! gr\nd at a place call$ ! 8/>t+ po9t40 ,at t5 y>ds' di/ance f ?is make ano!r1 call$ ! 8spr+40 ,!n let ! play]s arrange !mselves at ! />t+ po9t1 & 9 succession run to ! second m>k call$ ! spr+4 ,f ! spr+ make fir/ a hop on "o leg1 f ?is make a long /ep1 & f ! /ep a long jump4 ,^? :o g ov] ! greate/ space ( gr\nd are ( c\rse ! victors4 ,,hopp+ ,,on ,,! ,,bottle4 ,v>i\s games are 9 vogue among boys1 9 :i* hopp+ on "o foot is ! pr9cipal object4 ,among ^! is "o :i* n only assi/s 9 /r5g!n+ ! limbs1 b also tea*es ! p]=m]s ! useful art ( balanc+ !mselves ^u a movable sub/ance4 ,a wood5 bottle1 a r\nd wood5 log1 or some?+ ( t description1 is laid ^u ! gr\nd1 a m>k is made at a c]ta9 di/ance1 & ! play]s h to hop f ! m>k ^u ! bottle1 & reta9 _! possession :ile !y c\nt a numb] agre$ ^u4 ,9 ! old5 times ( ,greece1 ?is 0 consid]$ an ex]cise ( suffici5t importance to give x a place at ! public games4 ,! p]=m] 9 ?is case _h to hop ^u inflat$ lea!r bags1 c>efully greas$1 & ( c\rse1 by _! inevitable upsett+s & fl\nd]+1 caus$ great amusem5t to ! spectators4 ,! sports took place on ! ,dionysia1 or fe/ivals ( ,bac*us1 :5 ! v9tage 0 ga!r$ 91 & ! victor 0 appropriately rew>d$ ) a cask ( w9e4 ,! ru/ics 9 _m p>ts ( ,engl& introduce a modification ( ?is game 9 _! rural fe/ivals4 ,two m5 place !mselves opposite to ea* o!r1 ! "r knee ( ea* be+ support$ on a wood5 cyl9d]1 :ile ! rema9+ foot is totally unsupport$4 ,:5 !y are fairly balanc$1 !y grasp ea* o!r by ! %\ld]s1 & endeav\r to ca/ _! oppon5t to ! gr\nd1 :ile !mselves reta9 _! position ^u _! fickle support4 ,,hop-,,scot*4 ,?is is a game play$ by hopp+ on "o foot & kick+ an oy/]-%ell or piece ( tile f "o comp>tm5t to ! o!r1 )\t halt+ ! lift$ foot1 except 9 "o case1 to ! gr\nd1 & )\t suff]+ ! %ell or tile to re/ on any ( ! l9es4 ,a diagram is fir/ drawn simil> to ! subjo9$4 ,x consi/s ( twelve comp>tm5ts1 ea* be+ numb]$1 & at its fur!r end ! pleasant & invit+ picture ( a plum pudd+ ) knife & =k !re9 /uck4 ,9 comm5c+ ! game1 ! play]s take _! /& at ! place m>k$ by a />1 & 8quoit0 = inn+s4 ,! object is1 t ( do+ :at e boy is suppos$ to l above all ?+s to d1 i4 e4 8pit* into ! pudd+10 & he :o c d ?is1 & g ne>e/ to ! plum 9 ! c5tre1 plays fir/4 ,illu/ration ,me?od ( ,play+4--,! w9n] beg9s by ?r[+ 8 %ell into ,no4 #a2 he !n hops into ! space1 & kicks ! tile out to ! /> 992 he next ?r[s ! tile into ,no4 #b1 kicks x f ,no4 #b to ,no4 #a1 & !nce out4 ,he !n ?r[s x into ,no4 #c1 kicks x f #c to #b1 f #b to #a1 & out4 ,he next ?r[s x into ,no4 #d1 kicks x f #d to #c1 f #c to #b1 f #b to #a1 & out2 & s he proce$s till he has pass$ ! cross & comes to ,no4 #g1 :5 he is p]mitt$ to re/ himself1 by /&+ ) "o foot 9 ,no4 #f & ! o!r 9 ,no4 #g2 b he mu/ resume hopp+ be=e he kicks ! tile home4 ,he !n passes ?r\gh ! b$s #h1 #i1 #aj & #aa1 z he did ^? ( #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 c41 & s on1 till he gets to plum pudd+1 :5 he may re/1 & plac+ 8 tile on ! plum1 he is requir$1 :ile /&+ on "o foot1 to kick x ) su* =ce z to s5d x ?r\gh all ! o!r b$s to 99 at "o kick4 ,if "o play] ?r[s 8 tile into ! wrong comp>tm5t1 or :5 he is kick+ x out1 he loses 8 inn+s1 z he does also if ! tile or 8 foot at any "t re/s on a l9e1 or if he kicks 8 tile out ( ! diagram4 ,,fr5* ,,& ,,engli%4 ,?is is an old ,greek game1 &1 l v _m simple boys' games1 has reta9$ its popul>ity to ! pres5t day4 ,its ,greek "n 0 r a jaw-crack+ "o1 b may be lit]ally translat$ by 8,pully-haully40 ,x consi/s ( two p>ties ( boys1 :o are *os5 on diff]5t sides by lots4 ,"o p>ty takes hold ( "o end ( a /rong rope1 & ! o!r p>ty ( ! o!r end4 ,a m>k be+ made midway betwe5 ! p>ties1 ea* /rives to pull ! o!r ov] x1 & ^? :o are s pull$ ov]1 lose ! game4 ,9 ?is game1 two lead]s %\ld be appo9t$1 :o mu/ calculate ! p[]s ( _! own side1 & conc]t plans accord+ly4 ,! lead] ( ei!r side %\ld h a code ( signals1 9 ord] to communicate ) 8 own fri5ds1 t he may direct !m :5 to /op1 :5 to slack51 or :5 to pull h>d4 ,s important is ! lead]'s (fice1 t a side ) a good lead] w always vanqui% a mu* sup]ior =ce :i* has no comm&] to guide x4 ,= example1 :5 all ! boys are pull+ furi\sly at ! rope1 ! lead] ( "o side sees t 8 oppon5ts are lean+ back too mu*1 dep5d+ on _! weight m ?an on _! /r5g?4 ,he imm$iately gives ! signal to slack51 :5 d[n g half ! enemy on _! backs1 & are run away ) m]rily by ! successful p>ty1 :o drag !m ov] ! m>k ) ! greate/ ease4 ,or if ! enemy beg9s to be we>i$ ) h>d pull+1 an unanim\s tug w (t5 br+ !m upright1 :ile !y are (f _! gu>d1 & once mov$1 ! victory is easily ga9$4 ,we h se51 assi/$1 & l$ ?is game hundr$s ( times1 & nev] fail$ to f9d x productive ( v great amusem5t4 ,no knots are to be p]mitt$ on ! rope1 nor is ! game to be consid]$ z won1 unless ! entire side has be5 dragg$ ov] ! l9e4 ,,draw+ ,,! ,,ov54 ,?is is a game n v dissimil> to ! prec$+1 b n s mu* to be recomm5d$1 z ! clo!s are v apt to be torn1 & if ! play]s engage too r\ghly1 ! wri/s are n unfrequ5tly injur$4 ,! me?od ( play+ ! game is z foll[s3--,sev]al boys seat !mselves 9 a r[1 clasp+ ea* o!r r\nd ! wai/1 ?us fanta/ically repres5t+ a bat* ( loaves4 ,two o!r play]s !n approa*1 repres5t+ ! bak]'s m51 :o h to deta* ! play]s f ea* o!r's hold4 ,to atta9 ?is object1 !y grasp ! wri/s ( ! second boy1 & endeav\r to pull him away f ! boy 9 front ( him4 ,if !y succe$1 !y pass to ! ?ird1 & s on until !y h drawn ! entire bat*4 ,z sometimes an ob/9ate loaf /icks s tight to its companion1 t x is n torn away )\t br++ ) x a h&ful ( jacket or o!r "p ( ! clo?+1 ! game ought n to be play$ by any b little boys4 ,i ,,spy4 ,?is is a capital game = ! summ] mon?s4 ,! play]s divide !mselves into two p>ties1 "o p>ty rema9+ at a spot call$ 8,b\nds10 & conceal+ _! faces1 :ile ! o!r p>ty goes out & hides4 ,aft] wait+ = a few m9utes1 ! home p>ty %\ts1 8,com+1 com+1 com+40 ,aft] a %ort pause !y repeat ! cry1 & aft] ano!r %ort int]val !y aga9 %\t1 8,com+40 ,if any out-play] is n conceal$1 he may cry1 8,no10 & a few m9utes m are all[$4 ,at ! la/ %\t1 ! home play]s1 leav+ "o to gu>d b\nds1 sally =? 9 se>* ( _! hidd5 companions4 ,directly "o ( ! seek]s sees "o ( ! hid]s1 he %\ts1 8,i ,spy10 & runs home z fa/ z he c1 pursu$ by ! "o he has f\nd1 :o tries to t\* him be=e he c rea* b\nds4 ,if he succe$s1 ! "o s t\*$ is consid]$ tak51 & /&s aside4 ,if ! hid+ p>ty c t\* ?ree1 or m1 if especially agre$ ^u1 !y get _! hide ov] aga94 ,! object ( ! hid]s is to int]cept ! seek]s1 & prev5t !m f rea*+ b\nds )\t be+ t\*$4 ,! wor/ play] is left at ! b\nds1 9 ord] to w>n 8 companions1 :i* he does by ! ^w 8,home10 z any hid] may t\* any seek]4 ,,pit*-,,/one4 ,?is game is play$ by two boys1 ea* ( :om takes a smoo? r\nd pebble4 ,"o play] !n ?r[s 8 pebble ab\t tw5ty feet be=e him1 & ! next tries to /rike x ) 8 /one1 ea* "t ( /rik+ c\nt+ z "o4 ,if ! two pebbles are ne> en\gh = ! play] to place "o ^u ! o!r ) 8 h&1 he is at p]fect lib]ty to d s4 ,x is easy en\gh to play at ?is game :5 ! pebbles are at "s di/ance ap>t2 b :5 !y lie ne> ea* o!r1 x is v difficult to take a good aim1 & yet s5d "o's own pebble beyond ! rea* ( ! adv]s>y's aim4 ,two f\r-p\nd cannon balls are ! be/ objects to pit*1 z !y roll ev5ly1 & d n split1 z pebbles always d :5 !y get a h>d knock4 ,,duck-,,/one4 ,?is game may be play$ by any numb] ( play]s4 ,a l>ge /one is select$1 & plac$ on a p>ticul> spot1 & ! play]s fir/ 8,p9k = ,duck10 t is1 !y ea* ?r[ _! /ones up to ! m>k1 & ! "o :o is f>!/ f x becomes 8,duck40 ,! ,duck places 8 /one on ! o!r1 :ile ! re/ ( ! play]s return to ! b\nds1 & 9 succession pit* _! /ones at 8 ) ! endeav\r to knock x (f4 ,if ?is is accompli%$1 ,duck mu/ imm$iately replace x1 & ! ?r[]s mu/ pick up _! /ones & run to ! b\nds4 ,z soon z ,duck has replac$ 8 /one1 he runs aft] any ( ! o!r play]s1 & if he c succe$ 9 cat*+ or m]ely t\*+ any "o ( !m1 ! play] s t\*$ becomes ,duck4 ,illu/ration ,,prison]',s ,,base1 ,,or ,,prison ,,b>s4 ,?is is a mo/ delightful game1 & is a v great fav\rite among boys ( all classes4 ,x is comm5c$ by *oos+ ,capta9s1 :i* is ei!r done by lot or by ! 8sweet voices0 ( ! y\?s4 ,if by lot1 a numb] ( /raws ( diff]5t l5g?s are put 9 a bun*1 & ^? :o draw f "o end1 ! o!r be+ hidd51 ! two longe/ /raws1 are ! two 8,capta9s20 ea* ( :i* has ! privilege ( *oos+ 8 m53 ! draw] ( ! longe/ ( ! two /raws has ! fir/ *oice4 ,:5 ?is has be5 arrang$ ea* ,capta9 selects1 alt]nately1 a boy till ! :ole are drawn out4 ,?is me?od is1 h[ev]1 (t5 att5d$ ) consid]able inconv5i5ce1 z x is n impossible t ! lots may fall on ! two wor/ play]s4 ,x is v mu* bett] to let ! boys *oose ! two ,capta9s1 z ! two be/ play]s w !n assur$ly be elect$1 & mo/ ( ! success ( ! game dep5ds on ! ,capta9s4 ,! lead]s be+ ?us *os51 ! next po9t is to m>k out ! homes & prisons4 ,fir/1 two semicircles are drawn1 l>ge en\gh to hold ! two p>ties1 ! di/ance betwe5 ! semicircles be+ ab\t tw5ty paces4 ,^! are ! 8homes10 or 8b\nds40 ,tw5ty paces 9 front ( ^!1 two o!r semicircles1 ( a r l>g] size1 are m>k$ out4 ,^! are ! prisons2 ! prison ( ea* p>ty be+ 9 a l9e ) ! enemy's home4 ,^! prelim9>ies be+ settl$1 ! sides draw lots2 ! side draw+ ! longe/ /raw hav+ to comm5ce ! game4 ,! ,capta9 ( side ,a ord]s out "o ( 8 own side1 usually a poor play]1 :o is b\nd to run at lea/ beyond ! prisons be=e he returns4 ,directly he has />t$1 ! ,capta9 ( side ,b s5ds out "o ( 8 m5 to pursue1 &1 if possible1 to t\* him be=e he c rega9 8 own home4 ,if ?is is accompli%$1 ! successful runn] is p]mitt$ to return home sca?less1 :ile ! vanqui%$ p>ty mu/ g to ! prison belong+ to 8 side2 f :i* he _c /ir1 until "s "o f 8 own side releases him1 by t\*+ him 9 spite ( ! enemy4 ,?is is n an easy task2 z1 9 ord] to rea* ! prison1 ! play] mu/ cross ! enemy's home4 ,x is all[able = ! prison] to /ret* 8 h& z f> t[>ds 8 rescu] z possible1 b he mu/ keep "s "p ( 8 body )9 ! b\nds2 & if sev]al prison]s are tak51 x is suffici5t = "o to rema9 )9 ! prison1 :ile ! re/1 by jo9+ h&s1 make a *a9 t[>ds ! boy :o is try+ to release !m4 ,:5 ?is is accompli%$1 bo? ! prison] & 8 rescu] return home1 no "o be+ able to t\* !m until !y h rea*$ _! home & aga9 />t$ (f4 ,b ! game is n only re/rict$ to ! two orig9ally s5t out4 ,directly ,capta9 ,a sees 8 man press$ by 8 oppon5t1 he s5ds out a ?ird1 :o is 9 8 turn pursu$ by ano!r f side ,b2 ea* be+ able to t\* any :o h prec$$1 b none :o h left _! home aft] him4 ,! game soon becomes spirit$2 prison]s are made & releas$1 ! two ,capta9s wat*+ ! game1 & r>ely expos+ !mselves1 except 9 cases ( em]g5cy1 b direct+ ! :ole proce$+s4 ,! game is consid]$ won1 :5 "o p>ty has succe$$ 9 imprison+ ! :ole ( ! o!r side4 ,mu* dep5ds ^u ! ,capta9s1 :o sometimes1 by a bold da%1 rescue ! mo/ important ( _! prison]s1 & !reby turn ! fate ( ! battle2 or1 :5 ! att5tion ( ! opposite side is occupi$ by "s h>dly-conte/$ /ruggle1 s5d "s insignificant play] to ! rescue2 :o walks quietly up to ! prison1 & unsuspect$ly lets out ! prison]s "o by "o4 ,no play] is p]mitt$ to t\* m ?an "o p]son until he has return$ to 8 home2 :5 he c sally out aga9 arm$ ) fre% /r5g?1 l ,antu ( old1 :o c\ld n be conqu]$ at wre/l+1 because :5ev] he t\*$ ! gr\nd 8 /r5g? 0 r5ew$ by 8 "m ,e>?4 ,,fox4 ,?is game 0 ext5sively play$ at ! s*ool :]e our boyhood 0 pass$2 b we nev] saw x else:]e4 ,x us$ to af=d u su* amusem5t 9 ! long summ] ev5+s1 t x des]ves a place 9 ?is collection ( sports4 ,"o play] is t]m$ ,fox1 & is furni%$ ) a d51 :]e none ( ! play]s may mole/ him4 ,! o!r play]s arm !mselves ) twi/$ or knott$ h&k]*iefs1 7"o end to be ti$ 9 knots ( almo/ incr$ible h>dness17 & range !mselves r\nd ! d5 wait+ = ! appe>ance ( ! ,fox4 ,he be+ also arm$ ) a knott$ h&k]*ief1 hops out ( 8 d54 ,:5 he is fairly out1 ! o!r play]s attack him ) _! h&k]*iefs1 :ile he endeav\rs to /rike "o ( !m )\t putt+ d[n 8 o!r foot4 ,if he does s he has to run back z fa/ z he c1 )\t ! p[] ( /rik+ ! o!r play]s1 :o ba/e him ! :ole way4 ,if1 h[ev]1 he succe$s 9 /rik+ "o )\t los+ 8 balance1 ! "o s /ruck becomes ,fox2 &1 z he has bo? feet d[n1 is accord+ly ba/$ to 8 d54 ,! d5 is useful z a re/+-place = ! ,fox1 :o is (t5 sorely we>i$ by futile attempts to cat* 8 foes4 ,illu/ration ,,ba/e ,,! ,,be>4 ,?is is a funny game4 ,! play]s g5]ally draw lots = ! fir/ ,be>1 :o selects 8 own ,keep]4 ,! ,be> kneels on ! gr\nd1 & 8 ,keep] holds him ) a rope ab\t f\r feet long1 )9 a circle ( ab\t five feet 9 diamet]4 ,! o!r play]s tie knots 9 _! h&k]*iefs1 & beg9 to /rike or ba/e ! ,be>1 by runn+ close to1 or into ! r+4 ,%\ld ! ,keep] t\* any ( ! boys :ile !y are at ?is sport )\t dragg+ ! ,be> out ( ! r+1 or %\ld ! ,be> cat* hold ( any play]'s leg1 s z to hold him fa/1 ! play] s t\*$ or caught becomes ,be>4 ,! second ,be> may select 8 ,keep] z be=e1 & ! play cont9ues4 ,illu/ration3 ,,an ,,in/rum5t ,,( ,,torture4 ,,leap-,,frog4 ,?is is an excell5t game ( agility1 & v simple4 ,x consi/s ( any numb] ( play]s2 b f six to eight is ! mo/ conv5i5t numb]4 ,hav+ by agreem5t or lots det]m9$ :o %all give ! fir/ 8back10 "o play] s select$ places himself 9 position1 ) 8 head incl9$ & 8 %\ld]s elevat$1 & 8 h&s re/+ on 8 knees1 at t5 y>ds' di/ance f ! o!r play]s2 "o ( :om imm$iately runs & leaps ov] him1--hav+ made 8 leap1 he sets a back at ! same di/ance =w>d f ! boy ov] :om he has j leap$4 ,! ?ird boy leaps ov] ! fir/ & second boy1 & sets a 8back0 beyond ! second2 & ! f\r? boy leaps ov] ! fir/1 second1 & ?ird1 & sets a 8back0 beyond ! ?ird1 & s on till ! play]s are out4 ,! game may cont9ue = any l5g? ( "t1 & g5]ally la/s till ! play]s are tir$2 b ! prop] rule %\ld be1 t all :o d n g clean ov] %\ld be out4 ,^? :o 8make backs0 %\ld /& p]fectly /iff & firm2 & ^? :o 8make leaps0 %\ld n re/ 9 _! flight heavily ^u ! %\ld]s ( _! playmates1 s z to ?r[ !m d[n1 :i* is n fair play4 ,,fly ,,! ,,g>t]4 ,*alk or make a l9e1 or1 z x is usually t]m$1 8a g>t]10 on ! gr\nd2 on ?is l9e "o ( ! play]s mu/ place himself & b5d d[n z 9 leap-frog1 :ile ! o!r play]s 9 rotation leap ov] him1 ! la/ "o z he flies ov] call+ out 8,foot x40 ,if he %\ld fail 9 giv+ ?is notice1 he is out1 & mu/ take ! o!r boy's place at ! g>t]4 ,! boy1 imm$iately ! ^w is giv51 rises1 & places 8 "r heel close to ! middle ( ! left foot2 he next moves ! left =w>ds & places t heel close up to ! toes ( 8 "r foot1 & b5ds d[n z be=e4 ,?is movem5t is call$ a 8/ep10 & is repeat$ ?ree times4 ,! o!r play]s %\ld fly f ! g>t] ea* "t a /ep is made1 & ! la/ play] mu/ inv>iably call out 8,foot x0 z he leaps ov]4 ,aft] mak+ ! ?ree 8/eps10 ! play] giv+ ! back takes a %ort run1 &1 f ! spot :]e he made 8 la/ /ep to1 jumps z f> =w>ds z he possibly c1 & b5ds d[n aga92 ! o!rs jump f ! g>t] & !n fly ov]4 ,%\ld any ( ! play]s be unable to jump easily ov] ! "o giv+ ! back1 b r slide d[n ^u1 or ride on him1 ! play] s fail+ mu/ take ! o!r's place at ! g>t]1 & ! game be begun aga92 if1 also1 ?r\gh ! impetus acquir$ 9 tak+ ! jump f ! g>t]1 a play] %\ld happ5 to place 8 h&s on ! back ( ! play] b5d+ d[n1 & !n )draw !m 9 ord] to take ! spr+ ov]1 he is out1 & mu/ take 8 turn at ! g>t]4 ,x is usual1 9 "s places1 = ! boy giv+ ! back to take a hop1 /ep1 & a jump aft] he has foot$ x ?ree times1 ! o!r play]s do+ ! same1 & !n fly+ ov]4 ,,spani% ,,fly4 ,?is game is capable ( be+ v>i$ to any ext5t by an +5i\s boy1 b x is g5]ally play$ 9 ! foll[+ way3--,"o boy1 select$ by *ance1 sets a back1 z 9 8fly ! g>t]10 & ano!r is *os5 lead]4 ,! game is comm5c$ by ! lead] leap+ ov] ! "o :o gives ! back1 & ! o!r play]s foll[ 9 succession2 ! lead] !n leaps back1 & ! o!rs foll[2 !n !y all g ov] 9 a cross direction1 & return1 mak+1 9 all1 f\r diff]5t ways4 ,! lead] !n takes 8 cap 9 bo? h&s1 & leaves x on ! boy's back :ile he is 8ov]+10 & 8 foll[]s p]=m ! same trick2 9 return+1 ! la/ man takes ! lead1 & removes 8 cap )\t di/urb+ ! o!rs1 & ea* boy does ! same3 ?is trick is repeat$ 9 a cross direction4 ,! next trick is ?r[+ up ! cap j be=e ov]+1 & cat*+ x be=e x falls2 ! next1 rev]s+ ! cap on ! head1 & s balanc+ x :ile ov]+1 )\t ev] t\*+ x ) ! h&s2 bo? tricks mu/ be p]=m$ :ile leap+ ! f\r diff]5t ways4 ,! lead]1 ) 8 cap /ill balanc$1 n[ ov]s1 & all[s 8 cap to drop on ! opposite side2 ! o!rs d likewise1 b !y mu/ be c>eful n to let _! caps t\* ! o!rs1 nor to let _! feet t\* any ( ! caps 9 alight+2 ! lead] n[ /oops d[n1 picks up 8 cap ) 8 tee?1 & ?r[s x ov] 8 head & ! boy's back2 he !n leaps aft] 8 cap1 b avoids t\*+ x ) 8 feet4 ,! o!r play]s foll[ him z be=e4 ,! next trick is 8knuckl+10--t is to say1 ov]+ ) ! h&s cl5*$2 ! next1 8slapp+10 :i* is p]=m$ by plac+ "o h& on ! boy's back1 & hitt+ him ) ! o!r1 :ile ov]+2 ! la/1 8spurr+10 or t\*+ him up ) ! heel4 ,all ^! tricks mu/ be p]=m$ 9 ! f\r diff]5t directions1 & any boy fail+ to d !m prop]ly goes d[n1 & ! game beg9s afre%4 ,,t\*4 ,?is is a brisk game1 & may be play$ by any numb] ( boys4 ,"o ( ! play]s be+ *os5 z ,t\*1 x is 8 bus9ess to run ab\t 9 all directions aft] ! o!r play]s1 till he c t\* "o1 :o imm$iately becomes ,t\* 9 8 turn4 ,sometimes :5 ! game is play$ x is held z a law t ,t\* %all h no p[] ov] ^? boys :o c t\* iron & wood4 ,! play]s !n1 :5 out ( brea?1 ru% to ! ne>e/ iron or wood !y c f9d1 to r5d] !mselves secure4 ,cross-t\* is sometimes play$1 9 :i*1 :5ev] ano!r play] runs betwe5 ,t\* & ! pursu$1 ,t\* mu/ imm$iately leave ! "o he is aft] to foll[ him4 ,b ?is r confuses1 & spoils ! game4 ,,t\*-,,wood ,,& ,,t\*-,,iron4 ,^! games are f\nd$ on ! above4 ,:5 ! boys pursu$ by ,t\* c t\* ei!r wood or iron !y are safe1 ! rule be+ t he mu/ t\* !m z !y run f "o piece ( wood or iron to ano!r4 ,,buck1 ,,buck1 ,,h[ ,,_m ,,horns ,,d ,i ,,hold ,,up8 ,?is is a v good game = ?ree boys4 ,! fir/ is call$ ! ,buck1 ! second ! ,frog1 & ! ?ird ! ,umpire4 ,! boy :o plays ! ,buck gives a back ) 8 head d[n1 & re/s 8 h&s on "s wall or pal+ 9 front ( him4 ,! ,frog n[ leaps on 8 back1 & ! ,umpire /&s by 8 side3 ! ,frog n[ holds up "o1 two1 ?ree1 five1 or any numb] ( f+]s1 & cries1 8,buck6 ,buck6 h[ _m horns d ,i hold up80 ,! ,buck !n endeav\rs to guess ! "r numb]2 if he succe$s1 ! ,frog !n becomes ,buck1 & 9 turn jumps on 8 back4 ,! ,umpire det]m9es :e!r ,buck has guess$ ! numb]s rightly or n4 ,9 "s places x is ! cu/om to bl9dfold ! ,buck1 9 ord] to prev5t him see+4 ,?is plan1 h[ev]1 is sc>cely necess>y4 ,,w>n+4 ,?is is an excell5t game = cold wea!r4 ,x may be play$ by any numb] ( boys4 ,9 play+ x 8loose b\nds0 are made ne> a wall or f5ce1 ab\t f\r feet wide & twelve long4 ,"o ( ! boys is select$1 :o is call$ ! ,cock1 :o takes 8 place )9 ! b\nds2 ! o!r play]s are call$ ! ,*ick5s1 :o di/ribute !mselves 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! playgr\nd4 ,! ,cock n[ clasps 8 h&s toge!r1 & cries1 8,w>n+ once1 w>n+ twice1 a bu%el ( :eat1 & a bu%el ( rye1 :5 ! ,cock cr[s out jump ,i40 ,he !n1 keep+ 8 h&s /ill clasp$ be=e him1 runs aft] ! o!r play]s2 :5 he t\*es "o1 he & ! play] s t\*$ imm$iately make = ! b\nds2 ! o!r play]s imm$iately try to capture !m be=e !y get !re2 if !y succe$1 !y are privileg$ to get ^u _! backs & ride !m home4 ,! ,cock & 8 ,*ick n[ come out ( ! b\nds h&-9-h&1 & try to t\* "s o!r ( ! play]s2 ! mom5t !y d ?is !y break h&s1 & !y & ! play] n[ t\*$ run to ! b\nds z be=e1 :ile ! o!r play]s try to ov]take !m1 s z to secure ! ride4 ,! ?ree n[ come f ! b\nds 9 ! same mann]1 capture or t\* a boy1 & return4 ,if1 :ile try+ to t\* ! o!r boys1 ! play]s :5 sally+ f ! gr\nds break h&s be=e !y t\* any "o1 !y may imm$iately be ridd51 if !y c be caught be=e !y rea* ! b\nds4 ,sometimes :5 ?ree play]s h be5 t\*$ ! ,cock is all[$ to jo9 ! out p>ty1 b ?is is ( no advantage 9 play+ ! game4 ,,foll[ ,,my ,,lead]4 ,?is may be play$ by any numb] ( boys3 "o be+ select$ z ! ,lead]1 & ! o!rs are ! ,foll[]s4 ,! ,foll[]s arrange !mselves 9 a l9e beh9d ! ,lead]1 :o imm$iately beg9s to progress1 & ! o!rs are b\nd to foll[ him4 ,! fun ( ?is sport is 9 ! ,lead] c>ry+ 8 ,foll[]s into 8unc\? places10 ov] v>i\s 8ob/acles10 su* z h$ges1 /iles1 gate-po/s1 c41 ?r\gh 8extraord9>y difficulties10 z dit*es & quagmires1--e play] be+ expect$ to p]=m 8 feats ( agility2 & ^? :o fail are oblig$ to g la/1 & be> ! emphatic "n ( ! 8,ass40 ,! game la/s till ! ,lead] gives up1 or ! boys are all tir$ out4 ,,! ,,fugleman4 ,?is is a game some?+ l ! above4 ,x consi/s ( ! ,fugleman & 8 ,squad4 ,! ,fugleman places himself 9 a c5tral spot1 & arranges 8 ,squad be=e him 9 a l9e4 ,he !n comm5ces ) v>i\s odd ge/ures1 :i* all ! ,squad are b\nd to imitate4 ,he moves 8 head1 arms1 legs1 h&s1 feet1 9 v>i\s directions1 sometimes sneezes1 c\ghs1 weeps1 laughs1 & bell[s1 all ( :i* ! ,squad are to imitate4 ,sometimes ?is is a mo/ amus+ sc5e1 & provokes great laught]4 ,^? :o are obs]v$ to laugh1 h[ev]1 are imm$iately ord]$ to /& out ( ! l9e1 & :5 half ! numb] ( play]s are s put out1 ! o!rs are all[$ to ride !m ?ree times r\nd ! playgr\nd1 :ile ! ,fugleman ) a knott$ h&k]*ief accel]ates _! motions4 ,,h>e ,,& ,,h\nds4 ,illu/ration ,?is is p]haps ! v be/ game t c be introduc$ into a s*ool4 ,! pr9ciple ( x is v simple1 t "o boy repres5ts ! ,h>e & runs away1 :ile ! o!rs repres5t ! ,h\nds & pursue him4 ,! prop] managem5t ( ! game1 h[ev]1 requires "s skill4 ,:5 we 7 at s*ool 9 ! nor?1 ?is game 0 ext5sively play$2 & 9 m rec5t times1 :5 we ourselves 7 ma/]s in/ead ( s*ol>s1 we r$uc$ ! game to a complete sy/em4 ,! fir/ ?+ to be done is to *oose a ,h>e1 or if ! *ase is to be a long "o1 two ,h>es are requir$4 ,! ,h>e %\ld n be ! be/ runn]1 b %\ld be d>+1 & at ! same "t prud5t1 or he may trespass into =bidd5 l&s1 & !reby cause great mis*ief4 ,a ,huntsman & ,:ipp]-9 are !n *os54 ,! ,huntsman %\ld be ! be/ play]1 & ! ,:ipp]-9 second be/4 ,?+s hav+ advanc$ s f>1 ! :ole p>ty sally =?4 ,! ,h>e is furni%$ ) a l>ge bag ( :ite pap] torn into small squ>es1 :i* he scatt]s on ! gr\nd z he goes4 ,an arrangem5t is made t ! ,h>e %all n cross 8 pa?1 nor return home until a c]ta9 "t2 9 ei!r ( :i* cases he is consid]$ caught4 ,! ,h\nds also are b\nd to foll[ ! track or 8sc5t0 implicitly1 & n to make %ort cuts if !y see ! ,h>e4 ,! ,h>e !n />ts1 & has ab\t sev5 m9utes' grace1 at ! expiration ( :i* "t ! ,huntsman bl[s a horn ) :i* he is furni%$1 & sets (f1 ! ,h\nds keep+ ne>ly 9 ,indian file1 ! ,:ipp]-9 br++ up ! re>4 ,! ,huntsman is also furni%$ ) a :ite flag1 ! ,:ipp]-9 ) a r$ "o1 ! /aves be+ po9t$ & %od ) metal4 ,(f !y g m]rily en\gh1 until at la/ ! ,huntsman loses ! sc5t4 ,he imm$iately %\ts 8,lo/60 on :i* ! ,:ipp]-9 /icks 8 flag 9 ! gr\nd :]e ! sc5t 0 la/ se51 & ! entire l9e walks or runs r\nd x 9 a circle1 )9 :i* !y are tol]ably sure to f9d ! track4 ,! ,huntsman 9 ! mean:ile has /uck 8 flag 9 ! gr\nd1 & exam9es ! c\ntry to see 9 :at direction ! ,h>e is likely to h gone4 ,:5 ! track is f\nd1 ! play] :o discov]s x %\ts ,tally ho6 ! ,huntsman takes up 8 flag1 & asc]ta9s :e!r x is really ! track or n4 ,if s1 he bl[s 8 horn aga91 ! ,h\nds =m 9 l9e betwe5 ! two flags1 & (f !y g aga94 ,x is incr$ible h[ useful ! two flags are4 ,_m a ,h>e has be5 lo/ because ! ,h\nds =got :]e ! la/ track 0 se51 & wa/$ "t 9 se>*+ = x aga94 ,moreov]1 !y seem to enc\rage ! play]s wond]fully4 ,we us$ (t5 to make our *ases f\rte5 or fifte5 miles 9 l5g?2 b be=e su* an und]tak+ is comm5c$1 x is necess>y to prep>e by a s]ies ( %ort] *ases1 :i* %\ld h[ev] be giv5 9 an opposite direction to ! c\rse fix$ ^u = ! gr& *ase1 z o!rwise ! tracks are apt to get mix$1 & ! ,h\nds are ?r[n out4 ,! ,h>e %\ld always c>efully survey 8 int5d$ c\rse a day or two previ\sly1 & !n he w avoid gett+ himself into quagmires1 or imprison$ 9 ! b5d ( a riv]4 ,a pocket compass is a mo/ useful auxili>y1 & prev5ts all *ance ( los+ ! way1 a mis=tune :i* is n at all unlikely to happ5 ^u ! ,wilt%ire d[ns or among ! ,d]by%ire hills4 ,,/eeple ,,*ase4 ,?is is a trial ( spe$ & agility1 & may be play$ by any numb] ( boys4 ,x consi/s 9 ! boys agree+ ^u "s di/ant object = a m>k1 su* z a conspicu\s tree1 or h\se1 or /eeple4 ,! play]s !n />t (f 9 :atev] direction !y please1 ea* "o be+ at lib]ty to *oose 8 own c\rse4 ,9 a long run ( a mile or s x v (t5 happ5s t h$ges1 dit*es1 & o!r ob/ructions1 h to be got ov]1 :i* adds great int]e/ to ! play1 & ! be/ climb]s & jump]s are ! mo/ likely to come 9 victors4 ,he :o comes 9 fir/ to ! appo9t$ object is call$ ! ,k+1 ! second ! ,duke1 ! ?ird ! ,m>quis1 ! f\r? ! ,visc\nt1 ! fif? ! ,e>l1 ! six? ! ,knight4 ,! la/ receives ! dignifi$ appellation ( ! ,snail1 & ! la/ b "o ! ,tortoise4 ,at ,ox=d !re 7 9 our und]graduate days two clubs = ! purpose ( ,/eeple-*as+1 "o nam$ ! ,kang>oo ,club1 & ! o!r ! ,*>itable ,gr9d]s1 ^: p]=mances ov] h$ges & dit*es 7 really a/oni%+4 ,!re 0 also a club :i* kept a set ( beagles1 & us$ to hunt a r$ h]r+ ) int5se p]sev]ance4 ,,duck ,,& ,,drake4 ,?is is a v simple sport1 b necess>ily re/rict$ to ^? spots :]e !re is a riv]1 or a pond ( "s magnitude4 ,x consi/s 9 ?r[+ oy/]-%ells1 flat /ones1 or brok5 tiles along ! wat]1 s z to make !m hop z (t5 z possible4 ,"o hop is call$ ,dick1 ! second ,duck1 & ! ?ird ,drake4 ,! sea-%ore is a capital place = ?is sport1 z1 if ! play] c only succe$ 9 mak+ ! /one t\* ! top ( a wave1 x is tol]ably c]ta9 to make a succession ( hops f wave to wave4 ,if a rifle-bullet is %ot along ! wat]1 x w g a great di/ance1 mak+ v long hops1 & spla%+ up ! wat] at e b\nd4 ,9 w>1 ?is me?od ( fir+ at an enemy t lies l[ is ext5sively made use (1 & is call$ 8rico*et practice40 ,x is also mu* us$ 9 naval w>f>e4 ,,simon ,,says4 ,?is1 if well manag$1 is a v comical game4 ,! play]s are arrang$ z 9 ,fugleman1 ! play] :o enacts ,simon /&+ 9 front4 ,he & all ! o!r play]s cl5* _! fi/s1 keep+ ! ?umb po9t$ upw>ds4 ,no play] is to obey 8 comm&s unless prefac$ ) ! words1 8,simon says40 ,simon is himself subject$ to ! same rules4 ,! game comm5ces by ,simon comm&+1--8,simon says1 turn d[n30 on :i* he turns 8 ?umbs d[nw>ds1 foll[$ by ! o!r play]s4 ,he !n says1 8,simon says1 turn up10 & br+s 8 h&s back aga94 ,:5 he has done s sev]al times1 & ?9ks t ! play]s are (f _! gu>d1 he m]ely gives ! ^w1 8,turn up10 or 8,turn d[n10 )\t mov+ 8 h&s4 ,"s "o1 if n all1 is sure to obey ! comm&1 & is subject to a =feit4 ,simon is also subject to a =feit1 if he tells 8 companions to turn d[n :ile ! ?umbs are already d[n1 or vice v]s4 ,) a %>p play] enact+ ,simon1 ! game is v spirit$4 ,,k+ ,,( ,,! ,,ca/le4 ,?is is a v good game1 & to play x prop]ly !re mu/ be 9 ! c5tre ( ! playgr\nd a small hill or hillock4 ,"o play]1 select$ by *oice or lot1 asc5ds ?is hill1 & is call$ ! ,k+2 & ! object ( ! o!r play]s is to pull or pu% him f 8 elevation1 :ile he uses 8 endeav\rs to keep 8 8pride ( place40 ,fair pulls & fair pu%es are only all[$ at ?is game2 ! play]s mu/ n take hold ( any "p ( ! clo!s ( ! ,k+1 & mu/ conf9e _! grasps to ! h&1 ! leg1 or ! arm4 ,if a play] violates ^! rules1 he is to sit d[n ^u ! gr\nd1 & is call$ 8,dummy40 ,! play] :o succe$s 9 de?ron+ ! ,k+1 takes 8 place1 & is subject$ to ! l attacks4 ,,battle ,,= ,,! ,,bann]4 ,?is game is to be play$ f a m\nd1 ! same z ! above1 & x may consi/ ( any numb] ( play]s4 ,ea* p>ty selects a ,capta91 & hav+ done ?is1 divide !mselves into ,attack]s & ,def5d]s4 ,! def5d+ p>ty provide !mselves ) a small flag1 :i* is fix$ on a /aff on ! top ( ! m\nd1 & !n arrange !mselves on its side & at its base1 s z to def5d x f ! attacks ( _! oppon5ts1 :o advance t[>ds ! hillock1 & endeav\r to ?r[ d[n ^? t oppose !m4 ,^? t are s ?r[n on ei!r side1 are call$ 8dead m510 & mu/ lie quiet till ! game is f9i%$1 :i* is conclud$ ei!r :5 all ! attack+ p>ty are dead1 or ! bann] is c>ri$ (f by "o ( !m4 ,! play] :o c>ries (f ! bann] is call$ ! ,knight1 & is *os5 ,capta9 = ! next game4 ,illu/ration ,,sn[-,,balls4 ,e boy has play$ at sn[-balls1 f ! "t t 8 little f+]s 7 fir/ able to grasp & m\ld a h&ful ( sn[4 ,eld]ly g5tlem5 "k to _! co/ h[ apt ! y\?ful fri5d is to hurl v h>d sn[-balls1 :i* appe> to pick out ! t5d]e/ p>ts ( 8 p]son1 g5]ally contriv+ to lodge j at ! juncture ( ! *9 & ! com=t]1 or com+ ) a deaf5+ squa% 9 ! v c5tre ( 8 e>4 ,ev5 ! dread policeman does n always escape2 & :5 he turns r\nd1 indignant at ! tempor>y loss ( 8 %9y hat1 he _c recognise 8 assailant 9 ! boy :o is calmly :i/l+ ! la/ new nigg]-song1 z he saunt]s along1 ) bo? 8 h&s 9 8 pockets4 ,! prud5t s*oolma/] w also n v5ture too ne> ! playgr\nd1 unless he has provid$ himself ) an umbrella4 ,x is r a rem>kable fact1 t :5ev] a ,gramm>-s*ool & a ,national-s*ool are )9 a reasonable di/ance ( ea* o!r1 !y are always at deadly feud4 ,s x 0 at ! s*ool :]e our y\?ful days 7 pass$4 ,"o w9t]'s morn+1 j aft] s*ool _h op5$1 ! door 0 flung viol5tly op51 & a p>ty ( ,national-s*ool boys hurl$ a volley ( sn[-balls at ! head-ma/]4 ,he1 aft] ! door _h be5 secur$1 rem>k$ 9 a p>ticul>ly mild voice1--8,n[1 boys1 if ,i _h be5 at s*ool1 & my s*oolma/] _h be5 assault$ by ,national-s*ool boys1 ,i %\ld h gone out & giv5 !m a ?ra%+4 ,rememb]1 ,i d n at all advise y to d s1 b m]ely m5tion ! c\rse t ,i %\ld h adopt$ "u su* circum/ances4 ,we w resume lessons at ?ree40 ,s say+1 he took (f 8 g[n1 put on 8 hat & gloves1 & walk$ out to see ! fun4 ,n[1 ! prospect ( a morn+'s holiday w\ld h made u attack a =ce ( tw5ty times our numb]1 b z !y only out-numb]$ u ?reefold1 we comm5c$ a pursuit )\t hesitation4 ,aft] a %>p engagem5t1 we drove !m back to _! own s*oolroom4 ,! cause ( _! yield+ 01 t !y ?rew at r&om among u1 :]eas ea* ( our balls 0 aim$ at ! face ( an oppon5t1 & we v seldom miss$4 ,:5 !y _h rea*$ _! s*ool1 !y clos$ & b>r$ _! door2 at :i* we made su* a batt]+1 t _! ma/]1 a l>ge negro1 ru%$ out ^u u1 v[+ v5geance1 & fl\ri%+ a great cane4 ,he 0 all[$ to proce$ a few y>ds f ! door1 :5 "o sn[-ball took (f 8 hat1 & two m lodg$ 9 8 face4 ,he imm$iately w5t to ! "r-ab\t1 & made = ! s*ool1 :i* he rea*$ "u an avalan*e ( sn[4 ,we pursu$1 b he _h succe$$ 9 fa/5+ ! door1 & we c\ld n op5 x = "s "t4 ,:5 we did1 ! s*ool 0 des]t$2 n a boy 0 to be se54 ,!re 0 no back entrance to acc\nt = _! disappe>ance1 & we 7 completely puzzl$4 ,at la/1 :5 we _h quiet$ d[n a little1 a murmur+ 0 he>d app>5tly bel[ our feet1 & on exam9ation we f\nd t ! entire s*ool _h tak5 %elt] 9 ! coal-cell>4 ,we made a da% at ! door 7a trap-door71 & 9 spite ( ! %[]s ( coal t came f bel[1 fa/5$ & padlock$ ! door1 c>efully ?r[+ ! key among a clump ( fir-trees1 :]e x 0 n likely to be f\nd4 ,hav+ a*iev$ ?is victory1 we _h a sn[-ball mat* among ourselves1 & !n return$ to s*ool4 ,ab\t five o'clock1 9 ru%$ ! black s*oolma/]1 :o _h only j be5 lib]at$ by ! blacksmi?1 & :o came to compla9 ( our conduct4 ,s f>1 h[ev]1 f obta9+ any satisfaction1 he 0 =c$ to apologise = ! conduct ( 8 boys4 ,,sn[ ,,ca/le4 ,! object ( ?is game is1 t a ca/le ( sn[ is built1 :i* is attack$ by "o p>ty & def5d$ by ! o!r4 ,! me?od ( build+ ! ca/le is z foll[s3--,a squ>e place is cle>$ 9 ! sn[1 ! size ( ! project$ ca/le4 ,z _m boys z possible !n g to "s di/ance f ! cle>$ squ>e1 & comm5ce mak+ sn[-balls1 roll+ !m t[>ds ! ca/le4 ,by ! "t t !y h rea*$ x1 ea* ball is l>ge en\gh to =m a f\ndation-/one4 ,by cont9u+ ?is plan1 ! walls are built ab\t five feet six in*es high1 a rais$ /ep runn+ r\nd ! int]ior1 on :i*1 ! def5d]s /& :ile hurl+ ! balls aga9/ _! oppon5ts4 ,9 ! c5tre are deposit$ innum]able sn[-balls1 ready made2 & a small boy is usually press$ into ! s]vice1 to make sn[-balls z fa/ z !y are want$4 ,if ! wea!r is v cold1 "s wat] spla%$ ov] ! ca/le h>d5s & /r5g!ns x consid]ably4 ,! ar*itect ( ! ca/le mu/ n =get to leave space = a door4 ,illu/ration ,,sn[ ,,giant4 ,?is is made 9 ! same way z ! sn[ ca/le1 t is1 by roll+ l>ge sn[-balls to ! place :]e ! giant is to be erect$1 & !n pil$ up & c>v$ into =m4 ,he is n consid]$ complet$ until two coals are ins]t$ = eyes1 & until he is fur!r decorat$ ) a pipe & an old hat4 ,:5 he is q f9i%$1 ! juv5ile sculptors retire to a di/ance1 & ) sn[-balls endeav\r to knock d[n _! giant1 ) z mu* ze/ z !y exhibit$ 9 build+ him4 ,if a sn[ giant is well made1 he w la/ until ! leaves are out1 ! sun hav+ b little p[] on s l>ge a mass ( h>d sn[4 ,!re is a leg5d extant respect+ ! pres]vation ( sn[ ?r\gh ! w>m] p>ts ( ! ye>4 ,a c]ta9 ,scot* laird _h = a t5ant a c]ta9 f>m]4 ,! laird _h be5 reque/$ by influ5tial p]sonages to transf] ! f>m to ano!r man directly ! lease 0 run out4 ,! f>m]'s wife1 he>+ ( ?is f "s gossip ( h]s1 w5t to h] l&lord1 & bes\ght him to grant a r5ewal ( ! lease4 ,:5 %e call$1 he 0 at d9n] ) a num]\s p>ty ( fri5ds1 & repli$ 9 a mock+ tone1 t ! lease %\ld be r5ew$ :5 %e br\ght him a sn[-ball 9 ,july4 ,%e imm$iately call$ ^u ! gue/s to be> witness to ! (f]1 & w5t home4 ,9 due "t ! w9t] came1 & ) x ! sn[4 ,"o day1 h] husb&1 an excell5t lab\r]1 b n ov] bright1 ask$ h] :y %e 0 wa/+ s mu* meal4 ,at t "t1 %e _h tak5 a l>ge vessel ( meal to a valley1 & 0 p\r+ x into ! space betwe5 two great /ones4 ,^u ! meal %e plac$ a l>ge quantity ( sn[1 :i* %e /amp$ d[n until x 0 h>d4 ,^u ?is %e p\r$ m meal1 & plac$ ^u ! meal a lay] ( /raw4 ,! :ole affair 0 !n ?ickly cov]$ ov] ) /raw & re$s4 ,to h] husb&1 :o ?\ght %e _h fairly lo/ h] s5ses1 %e deign$ no reply1 except t ! meal w\ld repay itself4 ,s affairs w5t on until ,july1 :5 ! good dame1 he>+ t h] l&lord _h invit$ a l>ge p>ty to d9e ) him1 _m ( :om _h be5 at ! p>ty :5 ! promise 0 made1 proce$$ to ! /ore ( sn[1 :i* %e f\nd ab\t half dim9i%$4 ,! rema9d] %e knead$ h>d1 & put x 9 a :eelb>r[1 well cov]$ ) /raw1 :i* %e roll$ up to ! laird's own h\se4 ,:5 once !re1 %e took out h] sn[-ball1 & pres5t+ x to h] l&lord1 be=e all 8 gue/s1 dem&$ ! r5ewal ( h] lease4 ,x may be satisfactory to "k1 t ! laird1 /ruck ) h] +5uity & p]sev]ance1 at once grant$ h] reque/4 ,illu/ration ,,jack6 ,,jack6 ,,%[ ,a ,,light6 ,?is game c only be play$ 9 ! dusk ( ev5+1 :5 all ! surr\nd+ objects are lo/ 9 ! deep5+ gloom4 ,! play]s divide into two p>ties1 & toss up = inn+s1 :i* be+ ga9$1 ! w9n]s />t (f to hide !mselves1 or get s f> away t ! o!rs _c see !m2 ! los]s rema9+ at ! home4 ,"o ( ! hid+ p>ty is provid$ ) a fl9t & /eel1 :i*1 z soon z !y are all ready1 he /rikes toge!r2 ! sp>ks emitt$ guide ! seek]s z to :at direction !y mu/ proce$ 91 & !y mu/ endeav\r to capture ! o!rs ere !y rea* home2 if !y _c t\* m ?an two ( ! boys1 ! hid]s resume _! inn+s1 & ! game cont9ues z be=e4 ,x is mo/ usual1 h[ev]1 = ! boys at ! home to call out1 8,jack1 ,jack6 %[ a light60 be=e ! possessor ( ! fl9t & /eel does s4 ,:5 "o p>ty is captur$1 ! fl9t & /eel mu/ be giv5 up to ! captors1 t !y may c>ry on ! game z be=e4 ,,j+l+4 ,! j+l+ mat* is a common div]sion at c\ntry wakes & fairs1 & is (t5 play$ by s*oolboys4 ,! mat* %\ld be play$ on a s(t grass-plot )9 a l>ge circle1 enclos$ ) ropes4 ,! play]s r>ely exce$ n9e or t54 ,all ( ^!1 except "o ( ! mo/ active1 :o is ! 8j+l]10 h _! eyes bl9dfold$ ) h&k]*iefs4 ,! j+l] holds a small bell 9 8 h&1 :i* he is oblig$ to keep r++ incessantly s long z ! play cont9ues1 :i* is commonly ab\t tw5ty m9utes4 ,! bus9ess ( ! j+l] is to elude ! pursuit ( 8 bl9dfold$ companions1 :o foll[ him by ! s\nd ( ! bell 9 all directions1 & sometimes oblige him to ex]t 8 utmo/ abilities to effect 8 escape1 :i* mu/ be done )9 ! b\nd>ies ( ! rope1 = ! laws ( ! sport =bid him to pass beyond x4 ,if he be caught 9 ! "t allott$ = ! cont9uance ( ! game1 ! p]son :o caught him w9s ! mat*2 if1 on ! contr>y1 !y are n able to take him1 he is proclaim$ ! w9n]4 ,illu/ration ,,jump ,,little ,,nag-,,tail6 ,9 ?is game1 six or eight play]s on ea* side is ! be/ numb]4 ,! two lead]s %\ld toss up = *oice ( p>tn]s1 & aft] select+ !m1 toss aga9 = inn+s4 ,! los] mu/ !n place himself q upright1 ) 8 face to a wall1 aga9/ :i* he re/s 8 h&s2 & "o ( 8 p>tn]s %\ld next /oop d[n1 & put 8 head aga9/ 8 lead]'s skirts1 z %[n 9 ! annex$ illu/ration2 ano!r p>tn] also b5ds1 & places 8 head aga9/ ! skirts ( ! second play]1 & ! re/ ( ! p>tn]s mu/ take _! places 9 ! same mann]1 "o beh9d ! o!r3 :5 ?us arrang$1 !y are call$ 8nags40 ,"o ( ! w9n+ p>ty next takes a run1 & plac+ 8 h&s on ! back ( ! la/ play] or 8nag10 endeav\rs to spr+ on to ! back ( ! fir/1 or at lea/ to cle> z _m 8nags0 z he possibly c1 9 ord] to all[ room = ^? foll[+ him to leap on ! backs ( ! o!r 8nags10 :i* !y %\ld d 9 succession1 until !y are all fairly a/ride4 ,if any ( ! 8nags0 s9k "u ! weight1 or 9 try+ to support !mselves t\* ! gr\nd ei!r ) _! h&s or knees1 or if ! rid]s c keep _! seats )\t t\*+ ! gr\nd1 :il/ _! lead] c\nts tw5ty1 or repeats ! words1 8,jump little nag-tail "o1 two1 ?ree60 ?ree times1 conclud+ ) 8(f1 (f1 (f60 ! rid]s resume _! inn+s1 & beg9 aga92 on ! contr>y1 %\ld !re n be suffici5t space = all to leap on1 or !y are unable to keep _! seats on ! backs ( ! 8nags10 !y lose _! inn+s1 & become 8nags0 9 _! turn4 ,! 8nags0 mu/1 :ile 9 ! l9e1 hold ei!r by ! tr\s]s ( ! play] be=e !m1 or else lean _! h&s on _! knees1 or cross _! arms on _! brea/s4 ,ea* rid] mu/ call out 8,w>n+0 be=e he leaps on ! back ( "o ( ! 8nags40 ,,jump+ ,,rope4 ,two play]s sw+ r\nd a long rope1 & :5 ! revolutions become tol]ably regul>1 "o1 two1 or ev5 m boys /ep =w>ds1 & all[+ x to sw+ ov] _! heads1 jump up z x desc5ds1 s z to let x pass "u _! feet z 9 ! case ( ! common skipp+-rope4 ,! leap]s mu/ /ep =w>ds ! mom5t ! rope is at its highe/1 9 ord] to be ready to skip ov] z x sw+s close to ! gr\nd2 & !y %\ld be c>eful to keep ! same "t ) ! motions ( ! boys hold+ ! rope1 s z n to be /ruck by x 9 its circuit4 ,ano!r game may be play$ ) a long skipp+-rope1 by ! play] at "o end hold+ ! rope 9 8 outside h&1 mak+ a /ep or two t[>ds ! o!r play]1 & ) 8 help sw++ x r\nd1 & !n skipp+ ov] x4 ,,my ,,gr&mo!r',s ,,clock4 ,9 ?is amus+ sport ! play]s jo9 h&s1 & ext5d _! arms to _! full ext5t4 ,"o ( ! outside play]s rema9s /ation>y1 & ! o!rs run r\nd him z fa/ z !y c1 :i* proce$+ is call$ 8w9d+ ! clock40 ,9 ?is mann] ! /raight l9e becomes a confus$ spiral1 & all ! play]s get huddl$ toge!r 9 a mo/ laughable mann]4 ,! w9d+ ( ! clock usually leads to su* disord] t x is next to impossible to unw9d x )\t break+ ! l9e ( boys4 ,,ru%+ ,,bases4 ,two bases hav+ be5 made1 "o at ea* end ( ! playgr\nd1 all ! play]s take up _! position 9 "o ( !m1 except "o1 :o is g5]ally elect$ by c\nt+ out2 ?is play]1 :o is call$ 8! ,k+10 /ations himself midway betwe5 ! bases1 & endeav\rs to cat* ! o!rs z !y ru% ?r\gh 8 t]ritory f base to base4 ,%\ld ! k+ succe$ 9 cat*+ "o ( ! trespass]s1 he raps him on ! head1 say+1 8,i cr[n !e k+60 & ! "o s cr[n$ jo9s ! fir/ k+ betwe5 ! bases1 & helps to cat* ! o!r play]s4 ,:5 ! out-play]s consid]ably outnumb] ^? rema9+ 9 ! bases1 !y may ent] ! bases1 &1 if !y are /rong en\gh1 pull ! o!rs out & cr[n !m4 ,9 ?is lively game ! rule is1 t a play] mu/ run to ! opposite base if he puts bo? feet outside 8 own4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,engl& ?is game is kn[n by ! "n ( 8,k+ ,cs>40 ,illu/ration ,,see-,,saw4 ,= ?is amusem5t a /\t plank %\ld be laid across a fell$ tree or a l[ wall2 x mu/ be v nicely balanc$ if ! play]s are ( ! same weight2 b if "o is heavi] ?an ! o!r1 ! end on :i* he int5ds to sit %\ld be ! %orte/4 ,two play]s !n take _! seats on ! plank1 "o at ea* end1 :il/ a ?ird /ations himself on ! middle ( x1 z repres5t$ 9 ! illu/ration2 ! "n ( ?is play] is 9 "s places ,jack o' bo? ,sides1 & 9 o!rs ,pudd+4 ,z ! play]s by turns make slight spr+s f _! toes1 !y are ea* alt]nately elevat$ & depress$1 & x is ! duty ( ,pudd+ to assi/ ^! movem5ts by be>+ all 8 weight on ! foot1 on ! highe/ end ( ! plank1 beyond ! c5tre ( ! tree or wall on :i* x re/s4 ,?is w be be/ und]/ood by ref]r+ to ! illu/ration3 ?us1 ,a is ! trunk ( a tree2 across x a plank is laid1 on :i* two play]s1 ,b1 ,c1 take _! seats2 ,d is 8,pudd+20 x w be se5 t 8 left foot is beyond ! c5tre ( ! trunk ,a1 on ! highe/ end ( ! bo>d1 & consequ5tly 8 weight be+ add$ to t ( ,b w depress t end ( ! plank1 & ! end on :i* ,c sits mu/1 ( c\rse1 rise2 ,pudd+ !n be>s on 8 "r foot1 & ,c 9 turn desc5ds2 & ?us ! game cont9ues dur+ pleasure1 ,pudd+ be>+ alt]nately on ea* side4 ,,?read ,,! ,,ne$le4 ,?is game c be play$ by any numb] ( boys1 :o mu/ all jo9 h&s2 ! game is begun by ! outside play]s at ea* end ( ! l9e hold+ ! foll[+ dialogue3 8,h[ _m miles to ,babylon80 8,?reescore & t540 8,c ,i get !re by c&le-light80 8,yes1 & back aga940 8,!n op5 ! gates )\t m ado1 & let ! k+ & 8 m5 pass ?r\gh40 ,! play] & ! "o next to him at ! end ( ! l9e opposite ! la/ speak] !n elevate _! jo9$ h&s z high z !y c1 to all[ ! speak] to run "u1 & ! :ole l9e foll[s him1 /ill hold+ h&s4 ,?is %\ld be done1 if possible1 )\t break+ ! l9e by lett+ ! h&s g1 & is /yl$ 8?read+ ! ne$le40 ,:5 all ! boys h pass$ ?r\gh1 ! same conv]sation beg9s aga91 except+ t ! respond5t 9 8 turn becomes ! inquir]1 & runs betwe5 ! opposite play]s1 ! o!rs foll[+ z be=e4 ,,tom ,,tiddl]',s ,,gr\nd4 ,?is is a v fav\rite game ) little boys1 & may be consid]$ z a modification ( ru%+ bases4 ,a l>ge base is =m$ by draw+ a l9e across ! playgr\nd1 & "o boy1 call$ 8,tom ,tiddl]10 takes 8 /ation )9 x1 :ile ! o!rs run 9 cry+ out1 8,"h am ,i on ,tom ,tiddl]'s gr\nd1 pick+ up gold & silv]40 ,if ,tom ,tiddl] c t\* any boy :ile he is on 8 gr\nd1 ! boy s t\*$ takes 8 place z ! gu>dian ( ! imag9>y gold & silv]4 ,,two ,,to ,,"o4 ,two to "o is a v capital ex]cise ) a common skipp+-rope4 ,x is done by skipp+ 9 ! usual way = a %ort "t1 & !n increas+ ! rapidity ( y\r movem5ts1 & leap+ tol]ably high1 endeav\r+ to sw+ ! rope r\nd s quickly t y c pass x twice "u y\r feet :ile y are tak+ ! leap2 practise ?is till y are q pr(ici5t1 & !n try to pass ! rope ?ree times "u y\r foot in/ead ( twice4 ,,walk1 ,,moon1 ,,walk6 ,?is may be play$ by any numb] ( boys1 :o all tie l>ge knots 9 "o corn] ( _! pocket-h&k]*iefs1 & !n toss up to see :o %all be 8,moon20 ! los] is ! "o to :om ! "p falls1 & he mu/ be bl9dfold$4 8,moon0 n[ /&s ) 8 legs /ret*$ ap>t1 :ile 8 playmates g beh9d him 9 succession1 & j]k _! h&k]*iefs betwe5 8 legs1 z f> z !y c & 9 :atsoev] direction !y please4 ,:5 all ! boys h done ?is1 "o ( !m cries 8,walk1 ,moon1 walk60 :i* is a signal = ! bl9dfold$ play] to walk =w>ds until he treads ^u "o ( ! h&k]*iefs1 :5 9 an in/ant ! o!r play]s pick up _! knott$ h&k]*iefs1 ) :i* !y belab\r ! unlucky own] ( ! "o trodd5 ^u by ,moon1 z he runs to a di/ant base & back2 aft] :i* he becomes ,moon1 & ! game cont9ues z be=e4 ,,want ,a ,,day',s ,,"w8 ,?is is a capital game :5 well play$1 & ! antics & grimaces ( boys :o are mimics cause great m]rim5t4 ,x also gives a boy a good notion ( h[ me*anical lab\r is done1 z no boy w ask = "w unless he und]/&s some?+ ( ! nature ( ! bus9ess he solicits to be employ$ ^u4 ,! game beg9s ?us1 & x matt]s n h[ _m boys are engag$ 9 x3--,a l9e is drawn2 )9 t l9e is ! %op1 & :5 a bad workman is dis*>g$ he is pu%$ across ! l9e4 ,! employ]1 or ma/]1 %\ld be a v %>p lad4 ,a boy comes up1 & ! ma/] asks him if he wants a day's "w2 ! boy says he does4 ,he is !n ask$ :at trade he is2 if he says a tailor1 a coat is suppos$ to be giv5 to him to make2 if a %oemak]1 a pair ( %oes2 if a t9k]1 a saucepan to bottom2 if a /onemason1 a /one to cut or saw1 & e boy mu/ imitate ! actions ( ! tailor1 %oemak]1 c41 :ile at "w1 :atev] ! trades may be4 ,!n ! ma/] looks ov] ! "w1 f9ds fault1 gets 9 a rage1 dis*>ges ! workman1 &1 if he c1 turns him out ( ! %op4 ,b if 9 ! /ruggle ! boy turns ! employ] out1 he !n becomes ma/]1 & ! o!r is set to "w4 ,s t1 aft] a few good-natur$ trials ( /r5g?1 ea* boy 9 turn g5]ally becomes ma/]4 ,,w ,,y ,,li/8 ,?is is a v old game1 & 9 "s places is call$ 8play+ at soldi]s20 ! :ole c]emony ( enli/+ is gone ?r\gh1 tak+ ! %ill+ & swe>+ to s]ve ! ,que51 c4 ,b !re ought to be two p>ties ( boys1 ( n less ?an a doz51 ) a comm&+ (fic] on ea* side4 ,aft] le>n+ _! ex]cise1 su* z %\ld]+ arms & m>*+1 w> breaks out2 !n "o p>ty is ,engli% & ! o!r ! enemy4 ,_! weapons ought to be bulru%es1 or /\t re$s1 su* z are us$ 9 build+1 or some?+ t w n d any injury :5 ! *>ge comm5ces4 ,! side t breaks or takes away ! mo/ weapons is ! conqu]or1 & mu* skill may be display$ 9 captur+ ! arms ( o!rs1 & reta9+ y\r own4 ,if boys c get "s old soldi] to drill !m a few times1 ?is may be made z good a game z !y c play at4 ,we h too few milit>y amusem5ts 9 our ,engli% games4 ,,:oop6 ,"o play] takes 8 /ation at a spot call$ ! 8home10 :ile ! o!rs g to seek out v>i\s hid+-places 9 :i* to ensconce !mselves2 :5 all are ready1 "o ( !m calls out 8,:oop60 on :i* ! play] at ! 8home0 in/antly goes 9 se>* ( ! hid]s1 & endeav\rs to t\* "o ( !m z !y run back to 8home20 if he c d s1 ! "o caught takes 8 place at ! 8home10 :ile he jo9s ! out play]s4 ,illu/ration ,,high ,,b>b>ee6 ,9 ?is game sides are *os51 & "o p>ty rema9s 8at home10 :ile ! o!r hides4 ,:5 ! hid]s are all ready1 "o ( !m calls out 8,high ,b>b>ee60 ^u :i* ! seek]s sally =? to look = !m1 z 9 8,:oop60 ,if ! seek]s c succe$ 9 t\*+ a c]ta9 numb] ( ! hid]s be=e !y c get to 8home10 !y take _! turn at hid+4 ,! numb] to be caught mu/ be agre$ ^u be=eh&1 & ( c\rse dep5ds ^u ! numb] ( play]s4 ,x is usual to m5tion ?is numb] 9 ! cry--?us1 8,high b>b>ee6 ?ree caught he60--8f\r caught he60 & s =?4 ,z a g5]al rule1 ! numb] to be caught %\ld exce$ half ! numb] ( ! hid]s4 ,,bull ,,9 ,,! ,,r+4 ,?is active1 m]ry1 noisy game c be play$ by any numb] ( boys1 & comm5ces by _! jo9+ h&s & =m+ a r+1 hav+ enclos$ "s boy 9 ! middle1 :o is ! ,bull4 ,x is ! ,bull's "p to make a ru%1 break ?r\gh ! r+1 & escape1 & ! "p ( ! boys :o =m ! r+ to hold _! h&s s fa/ toge!r t he _c break _! hold4 ,be=e mak+ a ru% ! ,bull mu/ cry 8boo0 to give w>n+1 s t ! boys may grasp _! h&s m tightly4 ,! :ole r+ g5]ally replies to ! ,bull's *all5ge by cry+ 8boo0 all toge!r1 & a pretty noise !y make4 ,:5 ! ,bull breaks ?r\gh ! r+ he is pursu$ until captur$1 & ! boy :o seizes him fir/ is 8,bull0 :5 !y return4 ,a good 8,bull0 w lead !m a pretty dance1 cle>+ h$ges & dit*es2 & if he gets back & t\*es "s m>k agre$ ^u1 ne> to :]e he broke ?r\gh ! r+1 he is 8,bull0 aga94 ,,cock ,,fight4 ,?is humor\s sport mu/ n be conf\nd$ ) ! cruel battles betwe5 game-cocks once s popul> 9 ,engl&4 ,two boys repres5t ! fea!r$ combatants2 ea* hops ^u "o leg1 ) 8 arms fold$1 & bumps aga9/ ! o!r1 endeav\r+ to compel him to put bo? feet to ! gr\nd4 ,! boy :o keeps up longe/ w9s ! game4 ,,dropp+ ,,! ,,h&k]*ief4 ,a tol]ably l>ge r+ %\ld be =m$ by sev]al boys /&+ 9 a circle & jo9+ h&s2 ano!r boy1 :o /&s out1 :5 all are ready walks r\nd outside ! r+1 drops a h&k]*ief beh9d "o ( ! play]s1 & imm$iately runs (f2 he is in/antly foll[$ by ! "o beh9d :om he dropp$ ! h&k]*ief1 & :o mu/ track him 9 all 8 w9d+s 9 & out "u ! arms ( ! boys 9 ! r+1 :o elevate !m = ! purpose1 & inde$ :]ev] he runs to2 %\ld ! pursu] be able to t\* ! pursu$1 ! =m] takes ! h&k]*ief 9 8 turn1 & ! latt] jo9s h&s 9 ! circle4 ,if ! boy :o dropp$ ! h&k]*ief is enabl$ to elude 8 foll[] by pass+ ?r\gh & ab\t ! r+1 he walks aga9 r\nd & drops ! h&k]*ief beh9d "s o!r play]4 ,,easy ,,games ,,)\t ,,toys ,,indoor4 ,,bl9d ,,man',s ,,buff ,illu/ration3 8,,see+',s ,,believ+40 ,consi/s 9 "o p]son hav+ a h&k]*ief b\nd ov] 8 eyes1 s z to completely bl9d him1 & ?us bl9dfold$ try+ to *ase ! o!r play]s1 ei!r by ! s\nd ( _! foot/eps1 or _! subdu$ m]rim5t1 z !y scramble away 9 all directions1 endeav\r+ to avoid be+ caught by him2 :5 he c manage to cat* "o1 ! play] caught mu/ 9 turn be bl9d$1 & ! game be begun aga94 ,9 "s places x is cu/om>y = "o ( ! play]s to inquire ( ,buff 7be=e ! game beg9s71 8,h[ _m horses has y\r fa!r got80 to :i* inquiry he responds1 8,?ree40 8,:at col\rs are !y80 8,black1 :ite1 & grey40 ,! que/ion] !n desires ,buff to 8turn r\nd ?ree times1 & cat* :om y may10 :i* reque/ he complies )1 & !n tries to capture "o ( ! play]s4 ,x is (t5 play$ by m]ely turn+ ! bl9dfold h]o r\nd & r\nd )\t que/ion+ him1 & !n beg9n+4 ,! h&k]*ief mu/ be ti$ on fairly1 s z to all[ no little holes = ,buffy to see ?r\gh4 ,bl9d ,man's ,buff is a v anci5t pa/ime1 hav+ be5 kn[n to ! ,grecian y\?s4 ,9 ,engl& x =m]ly w5t ,by ! "n ( ,hoodman ,bl9d1 because x 0 cu/om>y to bl9d ,buff ) 8 hood4 ,,bob-,,*]ry4 ,atta* a *]ry to a piece ( /r+1 & !n fa/5 x to a door1 suffici5tly high to compel ! play] to jump a little 9 ord] to cat* ! *]ry 9 8 m\?4 ,! *]ry is !n set sw++2 & ! play]s1 rang+ !mselves 9 l9e1 jump at ! *]ry1 "o aft] ! o!r4 ,?is game is productive ( mu* amusem5t1 & may be kept up = a long "t4 ,,buff4 ,9 ?is game "o ( ! play]s ent]s ! room1 arm$ ) a pok]1 ) :i* he taps on ! floor4 8,:]e d y come f80 inquires "o ( ! company4 8,alas6 f poor ,buff1 :o is full ( grief40 8,& :at did he say to y80 8,he spoke ?us10 is ! reply-- 8,buff said #8,baff1' ,& gave me ?is /aff1 ,& bade me n laugh ,till ,i came to 8 h\se aga940 ,hav+ ?us spok51 ! mess5g] leaves ! room4 ,:ile he has be5 deliv]+ 8 spee*1 ! company1 h[ev]1 endeav\r to make him laugh1 by ask+ him any absurd que/ions t may pres5t !mselves to _! imag9ation4 ,if !y d n succe$ 9 ?is1 ! emiss>y ( ! great ,buff deliv]s himself ( a m l5g?y address3-- 8,buff says #8,baff' to all 8 m51 ,& ,i say #8,baff' to y aga92 ,b he nei!r laughs nor smiles ,9 spite ( all y\r cunn+ wiles1 ,b keeps 8 face ) a v good grace1 ,& c>ries 8 /aff to ! v next place40 ,,conc]t4 ,a noisi] game ?an ?is c\ld sc>cely be desir$ by ! mo/ boi/]\s ( our "y fri5ds4 ,! play]s hav+ select$ a 8conductor10 seat !mselves r\nd him 9 a circle4 ,! conductor n[ assigns to ea* a musical in/rum5t1 & %[s h[ x is to be play$4 ,:5 all are provid$ ) _! imag9>y in/rum5ts1 ! conductor ord]s !m to tune1 & by s do+1 he gives ea* musician a capital opportunity = mak+ all sorts ( discordant noises4 ,:5 ! diff]5t in/rum5ts h be5 tun$1 ! conductor waves an unse5 bton1 & comm5ces humm+ a lively air1 9 :i* he is accompani$ by ! :ole ( 8 b&1 ea* play] endeav\r+ to imitate ) 8 h&s ! diff]5t movem5ts made 9 p]=m+ on a real in/rum5t4 ,e n[ & !n ! conductor pret5ds to play on a c]ta9 in/rum5t1 & ! play] to :om x belongs mu/ in/antly alt] 8 movem5ts = ^? ( ! conductor1 & cont9ue to wield ! bton until ! *ief play] ab&ons 8 in/rum5t4 ,%\ld a play] omit to take ! conductor's (fice at ! prop] "t1 he mu/ pay a =feit4 ,! fun ( ?is game greatly dep5ds ^u ! hum\r ( ! conductor1 & ! adroitness ) :i* he rel9qui%es 8 bton & takes up ! in/rum5ts ( ! o!r play]s4 ,,consequ5ces4 ,! fir/ play] writes an adjective on ! upp] "p ( a slip ( pap]1 & !n folds ! slip s t ! writt5 ^w _c be se5 by ! next play]1 :o writes ! "n ( a g5tleman1 real or imag9>y1 on ! pap]1 :i* he passes to ano!r aft] hav+ fold$ x ov] aga94 ,! ?ird play] writes an adjective2 ! f\r?1 a lady's "n2 ! fif?1 ! "n ( a place2 ! six?1 :at ! g5tleman said to ! lady2 ! sev5?1 ! lady's reply2 ! eigh?1 ! consequ5ces2 & ! n9?1 :at ! _w said ab\t ! :ole affair4 ,"o ( ! play]s n[ unfolds ! slip & reads :at has be5 writt5 by ! diff]5t p]sons engag$ 9 ! game1 add+ a few words to unite ! disjo9t$ memb]s ( ! little n>rative4 ,z a specim5 ( ! ludicr\s result :i* arises f ea* play]'s ignorance ( :at has be5 writt5 by 8 companions1 we give ! foll[+ pa!tic tale1 9 :i* ! words & phrases pr9t$ 9 italics repres5t ^? writt5 on ! slip ( pap]3--8,! ill-fav\r$ ,pet] ,wilk9s met ! adorable ,j5ny ,jones 9 ! silv] m9e ( ,potosi4 ,he said to h]1 #8,w y love me !n z n[8' & %e repli$1 #8,:5 did ,i refuse y any?+8' ,! consequ5ces 71 he dr[n$ himself 9 ! wat]-butt & %e m>ri$ ! bak]1 & ! _w said1 #8,s]v$ !m "r6'0 ,:5 !re are only ?ree or f\r play]s1 ! slip ( pap] is to be pass$ r\nd f "o to ano!r until x is fill$ up4 ,:5 ! play]s are num]\s1 ?ree or f\r slips may be comm5c$ simultane\sly by diff]5t p]sons4 ,,cross ,,que/ions ,,& ,,crook$ ,,answ]s4 ,?is game w be be/ describ$ by a %ort dialogue4 ,h>ry4--,i am go+ to put a "q 9 a :isp] to ,tom1 :o is seat$ on my "r h&1 to :i* he w reply 9 ! same tone4 ,he w !n put a "q to 8 next neighb\r1 & receive 8 answ]4 ,:5 ! t\r ( ! circle is made1 ,i %all comm5ce by /at+ al\d ! "q put to me by my left-h& neighb\r1 answ]+ x by ! reply receiv$ 9 answ] to my own f ,tom4 ,he w !n d ! same1 giv+ my "q & 8 next neighb\r's reply4--7,:isp]s to ,tom47 ,( :at use are ! bell[s8 ,tom4--,to bl[ up ! fire4--7,to ,*>les7 ,( :at use is a fire-eng9e8 ,*>les4--,to put out a fire4--7,to ,john7 ,( :at use is a pl\gh8 ,john4--,to pl\gh up ! gr\nd4--7,to ,james7 ,( :at use is a cap8 ,james4--,to cov] ! head4--7,to ,edw>d7 ,( :at use is a %oe8 ,edw>d4--,to protect y\r foot4--7,to ,william7 ,( :at use is a black p98 ,william4--,to fa/5 y\r coll> )4--7,to ,h>ry7 ,( :at use is a b>omet]8 ,h>ry4--,to tell ! wea!r4--7,al\d7 ,william has j ask$ me ! use ( a b>omet]8 ,tom replies1 8,to bl[ up ! fire60 ,tom4--,h>ry has ask$ me ! use ( ! bell[s2 & ,*>les replies1 8,to put out ! fire60 ,*>les4--,tom wi%es to "k ! use ( ! fire-eng9e1 & ,john tells him1 8,to pl\gh up ! gr\nd10 c4 ,any mi/ake is puni%$ by a =feit4 ,,dumb ,,motions4 ,! play]s =m sides1 & decide :o %all be ma/]s & :o m54 ,! pr9cipal aim ( ! m5 is to keep work+ z long z possible1 & to prev5t ! ma/]s tak+ _! places4 ,! m5 consult secretly among !mselves1 & decide ^u "s trade or pr(ession1 ! practice ( :i* may be c]ta9 movem5ts ( ! arms1 h&s1 or legs4 ,!y n[ range !mselves opposite ! ma/]s1 & ! =eman tells !m ! fir/ & la/ lett]s ( ! trade !y are ab\t to ex]cise2 z = example1 ,c--r = c>p5t]1 ,d--t = druggi/1 ,b--h = blacksmi?1 & s on4 ,! m5 n[ set to "w & express 9 dumb motions ! v>i\s lab\rs belong+ to ! craft !y h *os54 ,let u suppose t !y h select$ ! trade ( blacksmi?3 "o ( ! play]s w appe> to be bl[+ ! =ge bell[s1 ano!r w seem to be fil+ some?+ 9 a vice1 :ile o!rs w be viol5tly ex]t+ !mselves by wield+ imag9>y sl$ge-hamm]s r\nd an unse5 anvil4 ,if any ( ! m5 speak at _! "w1 or make use ( inappropriate ge/ures1 ! :ole side is out4 ,! ma/]s are all[$ "o guess ea*1 & if none ( !m c hit ^u ! "r trade1 ! m5 tell !m _! occupation1 & !n fix ^u ano!r4 ,if ! ma/]s c guess ! "n ( ! trade1 ! m5 are out & become ma/]s4 ,! m5 ne$ n cont9ue _! lab\rs until all ! ma/]s h guess$1 b may /op work+1 & dem& _! wages1 aft] hav+ pli$ _! craft = a reasonable "t4 ,:5 ! "n ( a trade consi/s ( two words1 ! m5 mu/ tell ! fir/ & la/ lett] ( ea* ^w1 z ,c--h ,b--r1 = coa* build]4 ,,family ,,coa*4 ,! *ief play] 9 ?is amus+ game mu/ possess ! faculty ( inv5t+ a long /ory1 z well z a tol]ably good memory4 ,?is play] gives to ea* ( ! o!rs ! "n ( "s p]son or ?+ to be m5tion$ 9 ! /ory he is ab\t to relate4 ,= example1 he may call "o 8! coa*man10 ano!r 8! :ip10 ano!r 8! inn10 ano!r ! 8old g5tleman10 ano!r ! 8footman10 ano!r 8! luggage10 & s on1 until he has nam$ all ! p]sons engag$ 9 ! game4 ,! /ory-tell] n[ takes 8 /& 9 ! c5tre ( ! room1 & comm5ces 8 n>rative2 9 ! c\rse ( :i* he takes c>e to m5tion all ! names giv5 to ! play]s4 ,:5 ! "n ( a play] is m5tion$1 he mu/ imm$iately rise f 8 seat1 turn r\nd1 & sit d[n aga91 or else pay a =feit = 8 inatt5tion2 & :5ev] 8! family coa*0 is nam$1 all ! play]s mu/ rise simultane\sly4 ,9 ! foll[+ example ( a /ory1 ! names giv5 to ! diff]5t play]s are pr9t$ 9 italics3 8,an old g5tleman1 dread+ an attack ( ! g\t1 resolv$ to pay a visit to ! hot wells ( ,ba?2 he !re=e summon$ 8 coa*man1 & ord]$ him to prep>e ,,! ,,family ,,coa* 7all ! play]s rise1 turn r\nd1 & sit d[n aga974 ,! coa*man1 n lik+ ! prospect ( s long a j\rney1 tri$ to p]suade ! old g5tleman t ,,! ,,family ,,coa* 0 out ( repair1 t ! lead] 0 almo/ bl9d1 & t he 7! coa*man7 c\ld n drive )\t a new :ip4 ,! old g5tleman /orm$ & swore ^u he>+ ^! paltry excuses1 & ord]$ ! coa*man out ( ! room1 :ile ! little dog sprang f "u 8 ma/]'s *air & flew at ! calves ( ! (f5d]1 :o 0 =c$ to make a precipitate exit4 ,e>ly ! next morn+1 ,,! ,,family ,,coa* belong+ to ! old g5tleman /opp$ at an inn on ! ,ba? road1 mu* to ! surprise ( ! l&lord1 :o _h nev] se5 su* a lumb]+ conveyance be=e4 ,,! ,,family ,,coa* conta9$ ! old g5tleman1 ! old lady 78 wife71 & ! little dog t _h made su* a furi\s attack on ! poor coa*man's legs4 ,! l&lord call$ ! l&lady1 :o came bu/l+ out ( ! inn to welcome ! old g5tleman & old lady4 ,! footman jump$ d[n f beh9d ,,! ,,family ,,coa*1 & help$ ! old g5tleman & ! old lady to alight1 :ile ! boots & *amb]maid belong+ to ! inn busi$ !mselves ) ! luggage4 ,! little dog trott$ aft] ! old lady1 b j z x 0 go+ into ! inn1 ! coa*man gave x a cut ) 8 :ip4 ,! little dog h[l$1 ^u :i* ! old g5tleman turn$ r\nd1 & see+ ! coa*man ) 8 :ip rais$1 he seiz$ him by ! ?roat4 ,! footman came to ! assi/ance ( 8 fri5d ! coa*man1 & ! o/l] belong+ to ! inn took ! side ( ! old g5tleman4 ,! l&lord1 l&lady1 *amb]maid1 boots1 cook1 /able-boy1 b>maid1 & all ! o!r inmates ( ! inn1 ru%$ into ! road to see :at 0 ! matt]1 & _! cries1 jo9$ to ! yells ( ! little dog & ! screams ( ! old lady1 s fright5$ ! lead]1 ! :ite horse1 & ! br[n m>e1 t !y ran away ) ,,! ,,family ,,coa*40 ,( c\rse ?is tale might h be5 cont9u$ to any l5g?1 b ! specim5 we h giv5 w be suffici5t to give ! /ory-tell] "s idea ( :at is expect$ f him to keep up ! fun ( ! game4 ,,frog ,,9 ,,! ,,middle4 ,?is is a highly amus+1 ?\gh v simple game4 ,"o play] seat$ on ! gr\nd is surr\nd$ by 8 comrades1 :o pull & buffet him till he c cat* "o ( !m1 :5 ! p]son s caught takes 8 place1 & is buffet$ 9 l mann]4 ,z ! play]s sport r\nd ! ,frog1 !y usually cry1 8,frog 9 ! middle--c't cat* me60 b !y frequ5tly f9d t ?is is va9 boa/+1 z ,froggy does cat* !m n[ & !n4 ,,! ,,f\r ,,elem5ts4 ,! p>ty be+ seat$ 9 a circle1 ! play] :o has be5 *os5 to comm5ce ! game takes a knott$ h&k]*ief1 & ?r[s x sudd5ly into ano!r's lap1 call+ out at ! same "t ei!r 8,e>?60 8,wat]60 8,air60 or 8,fire60 ,if 8,e>?0 be call$ out1 ! play] into ^: lap ! h&k]*ief has fall5 mu/ "n "s quadrup$ be=e ! o!r c c\nt t52 if 8,wat]60 he mu/ "n a fi%2 if 8,air60 a bird2 & if 8,fire60 he mu/ rema9 sil5t4 ,%\ld ! play] "n a wrong animal1 or speak :5 he ought to be sil5t1 he mu/ pay a =feit & take a turn at ?r[+ ! h&k]*ief2 b %\ld he p]=m 8 task prop]ly1 he mu/ ?r[ ! h&k]*ief back to ! fir/ play]4 ,^? :o h nev] jo9$ 9 ?is simple game c h no idea ( ! absurd errors into :i* ! diff]5t play]s fall :5 summon$ unaw>es to "n a p>ticul> k9d ( animal4 ,,h&4 ,! game ( ,h& is ( great antiquity1 & is common to almo/ e nation1 :e!r savage or civiliz$4 ,9 _m ( ! rural di/ricts ( ,engl& ?is univ]sal pa/ime is kn[n by ! "n ( 8,coddem40 ,to play at ,h&1 sides mu/ be =m$1 & ! play]s ( ea* side mu/ seat !mselves at a table opposite _! antagoni/s4 ,*ance decides :i* ( ! sides %all fir/ hide ! piece2 :i* may be any small object t c be easily held 9 ! clos$ h& ( "o ( ! play]s4 ,"o ( ! =tunate play]s n[ exhibits ! piece to 8 oppon5ts2 hav+ done :i*1 he cries out1 8,h&s d[n60 at :i* signal he & 8 comrades put _! h&s out ( sight1 & 9 ! language ( ! game1 comm5ce 8work+ ! piece10 :i* op]ation is p]=m$ by %ift+ ! piece f h& to h&1 s z to deceive ! opposite play]s z to its :]eab\ts4 ,:5 ! piece has be5 prop]ly work$1 ! *ief play] calls out1 8,h&s up10 & he & all 8 comrades simultane\sly place _! clos$ fi/s on ! table4 ,! top play] on ! opposite side has n[ to fix ^u ! h& 9 :i* ! piece is conceal$4 ,!re are two ways ( guess+1 ei!r ( :i* he may adopt2 ! fir/ is to po9t at once to ! h& suppos$ to conta9 ! piece1 & cry out1 8,h&60 ,! second mode ( guess+ is to po9t to ^? h&s :i* appe> to be empty1 say+ ) ea* guess1 8,take t h& away60 & :5 mo/ ( ! h&s h be5 remov$ f ! table1 to fix ^u ! mo/ likely-look+ "o among ^? t rema94 ,if ! guess] c f9d ! piece )\t mak+ a mi/ake1 he claims x = 8 p>ty1 & is entitl$ to guess aga9 :5 ! opposite side rega9s x2 b if he makes a mi/ake1 ei!r by ord]+ ! h& t holds ! piece to be remov$1 or by 8h&+0 an empty fi/1 8 antagoni/s reta9 ! piece1 & hav+ conceal$ x1 ! second play] attempts to discov] its :]eab\ts4 ,f our description1 ! read] w probably reg>d ,h& z a m]e frivol\s game ( *ance2 b we c assure him t *ance has little to d ) ! discov]y ( ! piece4 ,a good ,h& play] wat*es ! faces ( 8 oppon5ts :ile _! h&s are engag$ 9 work+ ! piece "u ! table2 he scrut9ises ! diff]5t h&s1 & does n all[ himself to be misl$ by any ( ! cunn+ devices :i* ! hid]s employ to ?r[ him (f ! "r sc5t2 aga91 :5 he has ! piece 9 8 possession1 he takes c>e n to let a tightly-cl5*$ fi/1 a guilty smile1 or an anxi\s expression1 betray ! fact to 8 w>y antagoni/4 ,,hot ,,boil$ ,,beans4 ,9 ?is game1 "o ( ! play]s is s5t out ( ! room1 :ile ! o!rs hide a h&k]*ief or any small article t c be easily secret$4 ,:5 ! article has be5 conceal$1 ! door is op5$1 & ! seek] is invit$ to ent] 9 ^! words3 8,hot boil$ beans & butt]2 walk 9 & f9d y\r supp]40 ,! seek] n[ sets to "w to look = ! hidd5 article4 ,:5 he approa*es ! place ( concealm5t1 8 playmates mu/ give him notice ( x1 by tell+ him t he is 8r w>m10 8v hot10 or1 if he gets v ne> x1 t he 8burns40 ,:5 he w&]s away f ! object ( 8 se>*1 he is told t he is 8cold20 & if he p]si/s 9 8 mi/ak5 c\rse1 he is in=m$ t he 8freezes40 ,%\ld ! seek] succe$ 9 f9d+ ! hidd5 article1 ano!r play] goes out ( ! room 9 8 /ead4 ,,hot ,,cockles4 ,"o play] ) 8 eyes b&ag$ lays 8 head on a *air1 or 9 ano!r play]'s lap1 :ile ! o!rs /rike him on 8 back ) _! op5 h&s4 ,9 ?is un5viable position he rema9s until he c guess :o /rikes him1 :5 ! /rik] takes 8 place4 ,! poet ,gay describes ?is pa/ime 9 ! foll[+ l9es3-- 8,z at ,hot ,cockles once ,i laid me d[n1 ,& felt ! weighty h& ( _m a cl[n1 ,buxoma gave a g5tle tap1 & ,i ,quick rose1 & read s(t mis*ief 9 h] eye40 ,,h[8 ,,:]e8 ,,& ,,:58 ,"o ( ! play]s is s5t out ( ! room1 :ile ! o!rs fix ^u a subject1 :i* may be any?+ to :i* ! ?ree que/ions1 8,h[ d y l x80 8,:]e d y l x80 & 8,:5 d y l x80 w apply4 ,:5 ! subject has be5 decid$ ^u1 ! out-play] is summon$4 ,he n[ puts ! fir/ "q to ! ne>e/ play]1 :o returns him a puzzl+ answ]2 he !n passes to ! next1 & repeats ! same "q2 !n to ! next1 & s on1 until he has made ! r\nd ( ! room4 ,if none ( ! answ]s enable him to guess ! subject1 he tries ea* play] ) ! second "q1 & if ! answ]s to ?is leave him /ill 9 ! d>k1 he solicits a reply f ea* to ! ?ird & la/ "q4 ,%\ld ! play] fail to guess ! subject aft] ask+ ! ?ree que/ions1 he pays a =feit & takes ano!r turn outside2 b %\ld he succe$ 9 guess+ x dur+ 8 r\nds1 ! play] la/ que/ion$ mu/ pay a =feit1 & g out ( ! room 9 8 place4 ,! 9-play]s %\ld always endeav\r to hit ^u "s ^w t has two or ?ree mean+s = a subject1 z su* a ^w r5d]s ! answ]s extremely confus+4 ,= in/ance1 if ,jack be ! subject decid$ on1 "o ( ! play]s may say1 9 answ] to ! fir/ qu]y1 t he likes x 8fri$10 ref]r+ to fi% call$ ! ,jack2 9 answ] to ! second1 t he likes x 8be=e ! kit*5 fire10 ref]r+ n[ to a roa/+-jack2 & 9 answ] to ! ?ird1 t he likes x :5 he is 8dress+10 n[ reg>d+ ! subject z a boot-jack4 ,,hunt ,,! ,,slipp]4 ,?is old-fa%ion$ pa/ime is s g5]ally kn[n t x is sc>cely necess>y to describe x2 h[ev]1 z x =ms "o ( ! m]rie/ indoor sports = ! long w9t] ev5+s1 x w\ld be absurd to omit x 9 ?is "w4 ,sev]al boys seat !mselves 9 a circle on ! gr\nd1 & ano!r1 tak+ 8 place inside ! r+1 gives a slipp] to "o ( !m1 by :om x is imm$iately & secretly h&$ to "o ( 8 neighb\rs2 x is n[ pass$ r\nd f "o sitt] to ano!r1 ) z mu* dext]ity z possible1 s z to completely p]plex ! 8hunt]0 7or play] /&+ 9 ! middle7 9 8 endeav\rs to 8*ase ! slipp] by its s\nd10 & :o mu/ cont9ue 8 se>* until successful4 ,! play] 9 ^: possession x is f\nd mu/ 9 8 turn 8hunt ! slipp]10 :il/ ! =m] hunt] jo9s ! sitt]s4 ,,hunt ,,! ,,r+4 ,a game almo/ simil> to ! =m]4 ,a piece ( tape1 on :i* a r+ is fa/5$1 is held by ! play]s z !y /& 9 a circle1 ) "o 9 ! middle4 ,! r+ is pass$ f h& to h&1 & ! hunt]'s bus9ess is to f9d out 9 ^: h& ! r+ is4 ,,hunt ,,! ,,:i/le4 ,a boy :o has nev] se5 ! game play$ is elect$ hunt]2 ! o!rs seat !mselves on ! gr\nd1 z 9 ,hunt ! ,slipp]4 ,! hunt]1 hav+ be5 %[n ! :i/le1 kneels 9 ! c5tre ( ! circle1 & lays 8 head 9 ! lap ( "o ( ! play]s until ! :i/le is conceal$4 ,:ile he is 9 ?is po/ure1 ! :i/le is to be secretly atta*$ to ! back "p ( 8 jacket or coat1 by means ( a piece ( /r+ & a b5t p94 ,"o ( ! play]s n[ bl[s ! :i/le & drops x1 & ! hunt]1 be+ releas$1 is told to f9d x2 b ?is is no easy task1 z he c>ries ! object ( 8 se>* ab\t 8 own p]son4 ,z ! hunt] kneels 9 ! c5tre ( ! gr\p1 ! diff]5t play]s bl[ ?r\gh ! :i/le & drop x1 z ! opportunities occur4 ,! puzzl$ hunt] is sometimes fairly tir$ out be=e he discov]s ! trick t is play$ ^u him4 ,we ne$ sc>cely say t ! :i/le %\ld be v small & light4 ,,magic ,,music4 ,?is is a v simil> game to ,hot ,boil$ ,beans4 ,"o play] hav+ be5 s5t out ( ! room1 ! o!rs arrange "s simple task = him to p]=m on 8 return4 ,:5 ?is has be5 done1 he is summon$ by ! magic music1 :i* is play$ by "o ( 8 comrades1 ei!r by tapp+ a tea-tray ) a key1 or by rattl+ ! pok] & tongs toge!r4 ,! boy :o has be5 s5t out ( ! room mu/ p]=m 8 appo9t$ task "u ! guidance ( ! musician1 :o s regulates 8 p]=mance on ! rude in/rum5ts t ! music gets l\d & noisy :5 ! puzzl$ play] does :at he ought n to d1 & gr[s s(t & quiet :5 he does any?+ t[>ds ! p]=mance ( 8 task4 ,to r5d] ?is game m intelligible1 we w suppose ! task to be ! removal ( a c]ta9 *air f "o room to ano!r4 ,! play] hav+ ent]$ ! room is salut$ by ! magic music1 ! unmean+ clatt] ( :i* only confuses him at fir/4 ,he walks t[>ds ! side ( ! room :]e ! *air is /ation$1 & z he approa*es x ! clatt] gr[s fa9t]2 ?is in=ms him t he is 9 ! "r pa?4 ,he t\*es ! table1 b removes 8 h& at ! s\nd ( ! music1 :i* sudd5ly gets t]ribly noisy4 ,he t\*es ! *air2 ! music ceases4 ,he n[ kn[s t he is expect$ to d some?+ ) ?is p>ticul> *air1 s he v naturally sits d[n ^u x2 b he jumps up directly he he>s ! 8clatt]1 clatt]1 clatt]0 ( ! music4 ,he lifts ! *air1 & z he does s ! music gr[s s(t aga94 ,he n[ turns ! *air upside d[n2 c>ries x into ! middle ( ! room2 places x on ! s(a2 b all to no purpose1 z he _c /op ! cont9ual clatt] ( ! magic music4 ,at la/ he c>ries ! *air into ! adjo9+ room2 ! music ceases1 & 8 tr\blesome task is accompli%$4 ,9 ?is noisy b amus+ game ! play]s g out ( ! room1 & h tasks set !m 9 turns4 ,! musician g5]ally reta9s 8 (fice ?r\gh\t ! game4 ,,po/4 ,?is excit+ game may be play$ by an unlimit$ numb]1 & is p>ticul>ly adapt$ = a l>ge p>ty4 ,"o ( ! play]s1 call$ 8! po/man10 has 8 eyes b&ag$ z 9 ,bl9d ,man's ,buff2 ano!r volunte]s to fill ! (fice ( 8po/ma/]-g5]al10 & all ! re/ seat !mselves r\nd ! room4 ,at ! comm5cem5t ( ! game ! po/ma/] assigns to ea* play] ! "n ( a t[n1 &1 if ! play]s are num]\s1 he writes ! names giv5 to !m on a slip ( pap]1 9 case 8 memory %\ld fail him4 ,^! prelim9>ies hav+ be5 arrang$1 ! bl9d po/man is plac$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! room1 & ! po/ma/]-g5]al retires to "s snug corn]1 :5ce he c ov]look ! o!r play]s4 ,:5 ?is important function>y calls out ! names ( two t[ns1--?us1 8,london to ,halifax10--! play]s :o be> ^! names mu/ imm$iately *ange seats1 & z !y run f "o side ( ! room to ano!r1 ! po/man tries to capture !m4 ,if ! po/man c succe$ 9 cat*+ "o ( ! play]s1 or if he c manage to sit d[n on an empty *air1 ! play] t is caught1 or exclud$ f 8 place1 becomes po/man4 ,! po/ma/]-g5]al is n *ang$ ?r\gh\t ! game unless he gets tir$ ( 8 (fice4 ,:5 a play] rema9s seat$ aft] 8 "n has be5 call$ he mu/ pay a =feit1 or if ! game is play$ )\t =feits he mu/ g to ! bottom ( ! class1 :i* is repres5t$ by a p>ticul> *air1 & to make room = him all ! play]s :o 7 =m]ly bel[ him %ift _! places4 ,,prov]bs4 ,"o play] leaves ! room1 & :ile he is abs5t ! re/ fix ^u "s prov]b4 ,! words are !n di/ribut$ among !m1 & ea* play]1 9 reply to a "q ask$ by ! guess]1 has to introduce 8 p>ticul> ^w4 ,:5 all ! words h be5 introduc$1 ! guess] has to guess ! "n ( ! prov]b1 & ano!r play] takes 8 place4 ,if1 h[ev]1 he _c make x out1 he has to leave ! room aga94 ,,li/ ,,( ,,prov]bs4 ,a false fri5d is worse ?an a bitt] enemy4 ,a p5ny sav$ is a p5ny ga9$4 ,a man is kn[n by ! company he keeps4 ,a bad workman qu>rels ) 8 tools4 ,all is n gold t glitt]s4 ,a fri5d 9 ne$ is a fri5d inde$4 ,a good "n is bett] ?an weal?4 ,a good ^w co/s no?+4 ,a little ra9 lays mu* du/4 ,a little sp>k makes a great flame4 ,a bird 9 h& is wor? two 9 a bu%4 ,bett] late ?an nev]4 ,b>k+ dogs seldom bite4 ,cut y\r coat accord+ to y\r clo?4 ,empty vessels make ! mo/ s\nd4 ,example is bett] ?an precept4 ,evil beg9n+s h bad end+s4 ,fri5ds are pl5ty :5 ! purse is full4 ,good w>e makes quick m>kets4 ,great cry & little wool4 ,ga!r ?i/les1 expect prickles4 ,half a loaf is bett] ?an no bread4 ,he> twice be=e y speak once4 ,9 a calm sea e man is a pilot4 ,idle folks h ! lea/ leisure4 ,x's an ill w9d t bl[s nobody good4 ,if a ?+ is wor? do+1 x is wor? do+ well4 ,x's a sad he>t t nev] rejoices ,lea/ said is soone/ m5d$4 ,let !m laugh t w94 ,look be=e y leap4 ,long look$ = comes at la/4 ,make hay :ile ! sun %9es4 ,_m a slip betwe5 ! cup & ! lip4 ,make ! be/ ( a bad b>ga94 ,m>ry 9 ha/e1 rep5t at leisure4 ,( two evils *oose ! lea/4 ,"o good turn des]ves ano!r4 ,opportunity makes ! ?ief4 ,out ( sight out ( m9d4 ,p5ny wise & p\nd fooli%4 ,prev5tion is bett] ?an cure4 ,pride w h a fall4 ,%ort reckon+s make long fri5ds4 ,/rike :ile ! iron's hot4 ,/ill wat]s run deep4 ,safe b9d1 safe f9d4 ,! be/ "p ( val\r is discretion4 ,wa/e n1 want n4 ,:]e !re's a w !re's always a way4 ,wilful wa/e makes w(ul want4 ,,puss ,,9 ,,! ,,corn]4 ,f\r play]s take _! /ations 9 ! f\r corn]s ( a room1 & a fif?1 call$ 8,puss10 places himself 9 ! middle ( x2 ! play]s 9 ! corn]s !n *ange places by runn+ to ! opposite ends1 & ,puss mu/ endeav\r to get into "o ( ! vacant places be=e ! opposite play] is able to rea* x2 if he c d s1 ! play] left out becomes ,puss4 ,,r$-,,cap ,,& ,,black-,,cap4 ,! play]s sit r\nd 9 a circle1 ea* tak+ a col\r4 ,?us "o is r$-cap1 ano!r black-cap1 & s on4 ,"o ( !m1 :o takes ! place ( ma/]1 & has no col\r1 tak+ up a cap says3 8,hullo1 "h's a false /it*4 ,:o made x1 blue-cap80 ,blue-cap !n answ]s1 8,:o1 sir8 ,i1 sir80 8,yes1 y1 sir60 8,n ,i1 sir40 8,:o !n1 sir80 8,yell[-cap1 sir40 ,yell[-cap !n />ts up & says1 8,:o1 sir8 ,i1 sir80 & goes ?r\gh ! dialogues1 giv+ ano!r col\r4 ,! play] :o neglects to />t up :5 8 col\r is m5tion$1 or :o does n repeat ! "q correctly1 pays a =feit4 ,,%ad[ ,,buff4 ,%ad[ ,buff diff]s v mat]ially f ,bl9d ,man's ,buff1 b x is equally amus+4 ,a l>ge piece ( :ite l95 %\ld be fa/5$ neatly up at "o end ( room1 s t x hangs q smoo?2 ,buff 7n bl9d$7 seats himself on a l[ /ool ) 8 face to ! l951 & a table1 on :i* is a light$ c&le1 %\ld be plac$ ab\t f\r or five feet beh9d him1 & ! re/ ( ! lights 9 ! room ext+ui%$4 ,buffy's playfell[s next pass 9 succession1 betwe5 ! c&le & him1 di/ort+ _! features 9 z grotesque a mann] z possible--hopp+1 limp+1 & p]=m+ v>i\s odd antics1 s z to make _! %ad[s v unlike _! usual looks4 ,buffy mu/ !n try to guess to :om ! %ad[s belong1 & if he guesses correctly1 ! play] ^: %ad[ he recognises takes 8 place4 ,buff is all[$ only "o guess = ea* p]son1 & mu/ n turn 8 head ei!r to ! "r or left to see :o passes4 ,,slate ,,games4 ,birds1 ,bea/s1 & ,fi%es4--8,n[1 ,tom10 said ,h>ry1 8get y\r slate & p5cil1 & ,i'll %[ y su* a jolly game4 ,well n[1 look "h1 ,i h put d[n h a4 ,n[ t /&s = a bea/'s "n1 ! fir/ & la/ lett]s ( :i* are h & a1 ) ?ree lett]s betwe51 repres5t$ by ! crosses40 8,let's see10 repli$ ,tom1 scrat*+ 8 head1 8,i "k--,h>e40 8,y muff6 ,!re are only f\r lett]s 9 #8h>e1' & five 9 my ^w4 ,try aga9--m9d y h only ?ree guesses2 s look out40 ,tom wond]$ aga9 = a m9ute1 & !n sudd5ly blurt$ out1 8,i "k--,horse40 8,wrong aga910 repli$ ,h>ry2 8! la/ lett] ( ,horse is e & n a4 ,n[ be c>eful1 ,tom1 = ?is is y\r la/ turn40 ,aga9 ,tom scrat*$ 8 head1 bit 8 f+]s1 & aft] m$itat+ = at lea/ two m9utes & a half1 %\t$ out 9 a mom5t ( inspiration--8,hy5a60 ,z he 0 "r1 x n[ became 8 turn to put d[n a "n4 ,s he wrote on ! slate s w1 at ! same "t tell+ ,h>ry x 0 a bird2 = accord+ to ! rules ( ?is game y mu/ say :e!r ?is "n repres5ts a bea/1 a fi%1 a bird1 an insect1 or a reptile4 ,h>ry 9 a m9ute %\t$ 8,sp>r[60 & s ! game w5t on2 & su* a capital game did ,tom & ,h>ry h1 t !y s5t ?is acc\nt ( x to u 9 ! hope t we w\ld make x kn[n to ! _w 9 8,e ,boy's ,book40 ,fr5* & ,engli%4--,on ! slate %\ld be drawn a plan some:at l ! foll[+4 ,! dots repres5t soldi]s1 "o side be+ t]m$ ,fr5* & ! o!r ,engli%4 ,ea* play] is provid$ ) a %>ply po9t$ p5cil1 & ! game is play$ z foll[s3--,engli%1 keep+ ! po9t ( 8 p5cil on a spot d5ot$ by a cannon1 draws x quickly across ! slate 9 ! direction ( ! o!r army4 ,! p5cil naturally leaves a l9e to m>k 8 track1 & if ?is m>k passes ?r\gh any ( ! m5 belong+ to ! o!r side1 !y are consid]$ dead4 ,! game is ov] z soon z all ! m5 on "o side are dead4 ,ea* play] has a c]ta9 space on ! slate allott$ to him1 & he may dispose 8 m5 9 :atev] "p ( x he pleases4 ,! track ( ! p5cil mu/ be /raight or curv$2 any %ot 9 :i* !re is an angle does n c\nt4 ,9 p4 #ch we give a battle-field :]e ! /rife is end$4 ,9 ?is ! ,engli% side has kill$ all ! opposite side 9 eight %ots1 :ile ! ,fr5* 9 eight h only be5 able to kill n9e m54 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,n\ghts & ,crosses4--,?is is a capital game1 & "o :i* e s*ool-boy truly enjoys4 ,a figure is drawn z foll[s1 & ! object ( ! "o play] is to draw ?ree crosses 9 a l9e be=e ! o!r c draw ?ree n\ghts4 ,?us ,a beg9s by draw+ a 9 ! c5tre division2 ,b foll[s ) a n\ght 9 ! top "r-h& corn]4 ,a !n draws a 9 ! bottom "r-h& corn]1 because by ?is means he gets two crosses 9 a l9e1 & spoils "o ( ,b's *ances4 ,b 9 a hurry in/antly places a #j 9 ! top left-h& corn]1 & ,a foll[s by plac+ 8 betwe5 ! two #j's4 ,b !n1 see+ t 9 ! c5tre l9e ,a already has two crosses1 places a #j 9 ! ?ird vacant space ( ! l9e2 :ile ,a1 z a la/ res\rce1 plants 8 9 ! second space ( ! left-h& l9e4 ,!n :5 ,b puts a #j 9 ! c5tre space at ! left-h&1 ,a places a 9 ! bottom left-h& corn]1 & ! game is drawn1 ! plan /&+ z above4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,,trades4 ,e play]1 except "o :o holds ! (fice ( read]1 selects a trade or pr(ession1 :i* he mu/ reta9 ?r\gh\t ! game4 ,:5 all h *os5 _! trades1 ! read] op5s a book at r&om1 & reads a passage f x al\d2 b :5 he comes to any common n\n1 he looks at "o ( ! tradesm51 :o mu/ in/antly "n "s article t he is suppos$ to h = sale1 or "s implem5t connect$ ) ! ex]cise ( 8 craft4 ,by ?is sub/itution ( "o n\n = ano!r1 ! mo/ pa!tic passage is conv]t$ into an indescribable jumble ( absurdities4 ,9 ! foll[+ burlesqu$ extract f an ,ea/]n tale1 ! words 9 italics are suppos$ to be suppli$ by ! diff]5t tradesm51 9 place ( ! n\ns omitt$ by ! read]3-- 8,"o (f]$ ! pr9ce a bucket ( ! mo/ preci\s mutton *ops ( ,golconda2 ano!r a curi\s piece ( a ,well+ton boot1 made by a ,european arti/2 ano!r a piece ( ! ri*e/ plum-pudd+ f ! looms ( ,*9a2 ano!r a gridiron1 said to be a sov]eign rem$y aga9/ all poisons & infecti\s diseases2 ano!r a *oice piece ( ! mo/ fragrant ,turkey rhub>b1 9 a w>m+-pan1 inlaid ) acid drops2 ano!r a c(f9 full ( g5u9e treacle2 ano!r a rock+-horse ( ! pure/ bre$ ( ,arabia2 & ano!r a ,fl&]s brick ( exquisite beauty4 ,! :ole c\rt ( ! palace 0 ov]spread ) g+]bread-nuts2 & long r[s ( slaves 7 cont9ually pass+ load$ ) corn-pla/]s1 t5p5ny-nails1 bees'-wax1 & o!r articles ( high price40 ,,truss$ ,,f[ls4 ,two boys hav+ seat$ !mselves on ! floor1 are truss$ by _! playmates2 t is to say1 ea* boy has 8 wri/s ti$ toge!r ) a h&k]*ief1 & 8 legs secur$ j above ! ancles ) ano!r2 8 arms are !n pass$ ov] 8 knees1 & a broom/ick is pu%$ ov] "o arm1 "u bo? knees1 & out aga9 ov] ! o!r arm4 ,! 8truss$ f[ls0 are n[ c>ri$ into ! c5tre ( room & plac$ opposite ea* o!r1 ) _! toes j t\*+4 ,! fun n[ beg9s2 z ea* f[l endeav\rs1 ) ! aid ( 8 toes1 to turn 8 antagoni/ ov] on 8 back or side1 & ! "o :o c succe$ 9 do+ ?is w9s ! game4 ,x frequ5tly happ5s t bo? play]s turn ov] toge!r1 to ! great amusem5t ( ! spectators4 ,on bo>d %ip ^! comical enc\nt]s frequ5tly take place betwe5 ! boys1 :o are truss$ by _! eld] %ipmates4 ,,! ,,two ,,hats4 ,?is game1 al?\gh only two p]sons are engag$ 9 x at a "t1 furni%es mu* amusem5t1 f ! contradictory nature ( its words & actions4 ,! rules relative to x are z foll[3--,if ?ree mi/akes are made by ! p]son :o responds to ! inquiries ( ! play] :o br+s ! hats r\nd1 & :om = di/9ction's sake we w call ! que/ion]1 he mu/ pay ?ree =feits1 & is out ( ! game2 :5 ! que/ion] desires ! respond5t to be seat$1 ! latt] mu/ /& up2 :5 he begs him to put 8 hat on1 he mu/ take x (f2 :5 he reque/s him to /&1 he mu/ sit2 & 9 e po9t1 ! respond5t mu/ take special c>e to d always ! v rev]se ( :at ! que/ion] wi%es him4 ,! que/ion] may sit d[n1 /& up1 put 8 hat on1 or take x (f1 )\t desir+ ! respond5t to d s1 or giv+ him ! lea/ intimation ( 8 int5tion2 ! latt] mu/1 !re=e1 be always on 8 gu>d1 s z to act 9 a contr>y way 9 an in/ant1 else he incurs a =feit4 ,^! rules be+ settl$1 ! game is simply ?is3 "o play] places a hat on 8 head1 takes ano!r 9 8 h&1 & gives x to "o ( ! company2 he !n beg9s conv]s+ ) him1 endeav\r+ bo? by words & actions to puzzle him z mu* z he c1 s z to cause him to pay a =feit4 ,we w give a slight specim5 ( a dialogue1 describ+ ! accompany+ movem5ts ( ! hats1 9 :i* ,a is ! que/ion]1 ,b ! respond5t3 ,a4 7tak+ 8 hat (f47 ,a v beautiful ev5+1 sir4 ,b4 7putt+ 8 hat on47 ,yes1 inde$1 a mo/ lovely "o4 ,a4 7putt+ 8 hat on1 & sitt+ d[n1 ,b4 in/antly tak+ 8 (f & gett+ up47 ,pray be seat$1 sir2 ,i really _c ?9k ( sitt+ :ile y /& 7gets up1 & ,b4 sits d[n74 ,h y be5 out ( t[n ?is ye>8 7takes (f 8 hat47 ,b4 7putt+ 8 on47 ,i h n yet1 b ,i ?9k ,i %all1 be=e 7,a4 sits d[n1 ,b4 gets up7 ! beauty ( ! season has entirely pass$ away1 v5ture a few miles out ( t[n4 ,a4 7putt+ 8 hat on47 ,i beg t5 ?\s& p>dons1 y are /&+ :ile ,i am sitt+2 p>don me1 y\r hat is on--y mu/ pay a =feit4 ,x g5]ally happ5s1 t be=e ! dialogue has be5 c>ri$ ?us f> ! respond5t has incurr$ ?ree =feits1 & is1 ( c\rse1 out2 ! que/ion] !n goes 9 succession to ! o!rs1 & ! same sc5e is repeat$ by ea*3 ! conv]sation1 x is almo/ ne$less to add1 %\ld be v>i$ z mu* z possible1 & ! m nons5sical x is ! bett]4 ,,:at ,,is ,,my ,,?\ght ,,l8 ,! lead] ( ! game comm5ces x by ask+ ea* ( 8 companions 9 turn1 8,:at is my ?\ght l80 to :i* !y reply at haz>d1 by m5tion+ any?+ t fir/ comes into _! ?\ghts1 ( c\rse avoid+ nam+ ! same ?+ twice ov]1 z t incurs ! p5alty ( a =feit4 ,! lead] c>efully notes d[n all ! answ]s he receives1 & !n reveal+ 8 ?\ght1 desires to "k :at ! ?+ ?\ght ( resembles 9 :at x has be5 comp>$ to4 ,john4--,*>les1 :at is my ?\ght l8 ,*>les4--,a "y girl4 ,john4--,james8 ,james4--,a que54 ,john4--,n[1 ,h>ry8 ,h>ry4--,a lion4 ,john4--,tom8 ,tom4--,beauty4 ,john4--,y1 ,william8 ,william4--,an oak-tree4 ,john4--,alfr$1 x is y\r turn4 ,alfr$4--,a beautiful woman4 ,john4--,&rew8 ,&rew4--,hope4 ,john4--,ar?ur8 ,ar?ur4--,a h$gehog4 ,john4--,b58 ,b54--,a rose4 ,john4--,& y1 ,cecil8 ,cecil4--,a v9e4 ,john4--,my ?\ght 0 a rose2 s n[1 ,*>les1 tell me :y a rose is l a "y girl4 ,*>les4--,because x is lovelie/ :5 only half-bl[n4 ,john4--,& :y a que58 ,james4--,because ! rose is ! que5 ( all fl[]s4 ,john4--,h>ry1 :y is a rose l a lion8 ,h>ry4--,because x is "o ( ! emblems ( ,engl&4 ,john4--,& :y1 ,tom1 is x l beauty8 ,tom4--,because x soon fades4 ,john4--,william1 :y is x l an oak8 ,william4--,because bo? spr+ f ! e>?4 ,john4--,& y1 ,alfr$2 :y is a rose l a beautiful woman8 ,alfr$4--,because its fragrance (t5 rema9s aft] ! *>ms are fad$4 ,john4--,&rew1 :y is a rose l hope8 ,&rew4--,because 9 return+ sun%9e x =gets ! pa/ /orm4 ,john4--,ar?ur1 :y is a rose l a h$gehog8 ,ar?ur4--,because its ?orns def5d x f a r\gh grasp4 ,john4--,y1 ,b51 hav+ fix$ ^u ! same ?+ z myself1 mu/ pay a =feit4 ,cecil1 :y is a rose l a v9e8 ,cecil4--,because 9 old times !y 7 bo? consid]$ ess5tial to a banquet4 ,i c ?9k ( no?+ bett]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,easy ,,games ,,) ,,toys1 ,,outdoor4 ,,easy ,,games ,,) ,,toys4 ,,outdoor4 ,illu/ration3 ,,balls ,,cat* ,,ball4 ,?is is v simple play4 ,! ball is ?r[n into ! air by "o play]1 ! o!rs /&+ r\nd him4 ,he calls out ! "n ( ! play]1 = :om ! ball is ?r[n4 ,if x be caught by ! play] s call$1 be=e ! ball rea*es ! gr\nd twice1 he scores a po9t2 if any ( ! o!r play]s cat* x1 !y score a po9t1 & ! o!r loses "o4 ,,d\tee-,,/ool4 ,?is is a v>iety ( ! above game4 ,a c]ta9 numb] ( /ools are set up 9 a circul> =m1 & at a di/ance f ea* o!r1 & e "o is occupi$ by a s+le play]2 :5 ! ball is /ruck1 :i* is done1 z be=e1 by ! h&1 e "o ( !m is oblig$ to alt] 8 situation1 runn+ 9 succession f /ool to /ool2 & if he :o ?rew ! ball c rega9 x 9 "t to /rike any ( ! play]s be=e he rea*es ! /ool to :i* he is runn+1 he takes 8 place1 & ! p]son t\*$ mu/ ?r[ ! ball1 until he c 9 l mann] return to ! circle4 ,,egg-,,hat4 ,illu/ration ,all ! play]s engag$ 9 ?is fav\rite pa/ime mu/ place _! caps on ! gr\nd1 close to ! wall1 9 su* a mann] t a ball may be easily pit*$ into !m4 ,a l9e be+ m>k$ on ! gr\nd ab\t fifte5 feet f ! wall1 "o ( ! play]s takes 8 /ation at x1 & beg9s ! game by ?r[+ ! ball into "o ( ! caps2 ! mom5t ?is is done all ! boys run away1 except+ ! "o into ^: cap ! ball is ?r[n1 :o imm$iately runs to take x out1 & endeav\rs to /rike "o ( ! fugitives by ?r[+ ! ball at him2 if he c d s1 ! "o /ruck has a small /one1 call$ 8an egg10 plac$ 9 8 cap1 & has to take 8 turn at pit*+ ! ball4 ,%\ld ! ?r[] fail to hit "o ( ! boys z !y are runn+ away1 an 8egg0 is put into 8 cap1 & he has to pit* ! ball into ! caps aga94 ,if a play] fails to ?r[ ! ball into a cap1 he e>ns an 8egg10 b cont9ues ?r[+ until he succe$s4 ,:5 a play] gets ?ree 8eggs0 9 8 cap1 he is out4 ,:5 all ! play]s b "o h be5 /ruck out1 he is consid]$ ! w9n]1 & ! puni%m5t ( ! los]s !n comm5ces2 "o ( !m /&+ ne> ! wall b\nces ! ball at x ) all 8 =ce1 & next /&s ) 8 back to ! wall1 /ret*+ out 8 "r arm1 & plac+ ! back ( 8 h& q close to ! wall1 :ile ! w9n]1 /&+ :]e ! ball fell1 takes aim1 & ?r[s ! ball at ! said los]'s h& ?ree times3 ea* ( ! los]s likewise receives ! same puni%m5t f him4 ,9 "s places x is usual1 :5 "o boy gets out1 = him to b\nce ! ball aga9/ ! wall1 & all ! o!r play]s1 /&+ at ! spot :]e ! ball fir/ t\*$ ! gr\nd1 to h _! ?ree balls at 8 back1 z he /&s ) 8 face to ! wall4 ,%\ld ! ball 9 reb\nd+ sw]ve ei!r to ! "r or left1 a l9e mu/ be drawn1 f ! spot :]e x falls1 to a place directly 9 a /raight l9e f ! boy at ! wall2 ?us1 suppose ,a is ! boy :o has j b\nc$ ! ball1 :i* in/ead ( go+ direct to ,b1 has deviat$ f ! /raight l9e ,a ,b to ,c1 a l9e %\ld be drawn f ,c to ,b1 & ! w9n] %\ld /& at ! latt]4 ,,fe$]4 ,illu/ration ,9 ?is game f\r or five /ones or m>ks mu/ be plac$ on ! gr\nd1 z 9 ! annex$ figure1 ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d1 ,e1 ab\t twelve or fifte5 y>ds asund]2 ^! m>ks are call$ bases1 & "o ( !m1 z ,a1 is /yl$ 8home40 ,! play]s next toss up = ! (fice ( 8fe$]10 :o takes 8 place ab\t two y>ds 9 front ( 8home10 z at ,f1 & ! re/ ( ! play]s /& at & r\nd ! home4 ,! fe$] !n calls out 8,play60 & pit*es ! ball to ! fir/ play]1 :o endeav\rs to /rike x ) a bat1 z f> z he possibly c2 %\ld he succe$ 9 hitt+ ! ball1 he imm$iately drops ! bat1 & runs to ! fir/ base on 8 "r h&1 z ,e1 :ile ! fe$] is go+ aft] ! ball3 b if he c run all ! bases & !n home1 be=e ! ball is 9 h&1 s mu* ! bett]4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! fe$] obta9s ! ball soon en\gh to ?r[ x at1 & /rike him ) x z he is runn+ f base to base1 ! play] is out2 he is also out if ! fe$] cat*es ! ball3 9 ei!r case ! play] becomes fe$]1 & ! latt] runs home to jo9 8 playmates4 ,%\ld any ( ! o!r play]s be out at ! bases1 :5 "o is caught or /ruck out1 !y also mu/ run home4 ,if ! fir/ play] c\ld only rea* ! base ,e1 aft] /rik+ ! ball1 he %\ld1 :5 ! second play] /rikes x1 run to ! base ,d1 z x is n all[able = two p]sons to be at "o base at "o & ! same m9ute2 he proce$s 9 ! same mann] to ! ?ird & f\r? bases1 until he arrives home aga91 ?us enabl+ ! o!rs to get to _! bases & home 9 _! respective turns4 ,! play] ) ! bat is n oblig$ to take e ball ! fe$] *ooses to give him2 if he does n l a ?r[1 he cat*es ! ball & ?r[s x back aga94 ,he is n all[$ to make m ?an ?ree 8(f]s0 at ! ball2 if he does s he is out1 & mu/ be fe$]4 ,illu/ration ,,monday1 ,,tuesday4 ,?is game1 :i* takes its title f ! names assum$ by ! play]s1 is play$ by sev5 boys1 ea* ( :om calls himself aft] "o ( ! days ( ! week4 ,to %[ ! mann] ( play+ ! game1 we w suppose t "s boys are play+ at x1 & t ! ball is tak5 by 8,w$nesday20 he ?r[s x up aga9/ a wall1 call+ out at ! same "t ! assum$ "n ( any "o ( ! o!r play]s1 :o %\ld be /&+ ar\nd--we w suppose1 = in/ance1 8,friday60 ,all ! boys b ,friday run away1 & he endeav\rs to cat* x ere x falls to ! gr\nd2 if he c d s1 he ?r[s x up aga91 call+ out ano!r boy's "n--say 8,sunday60 ,%\ld ! ball t\* ! gr\nd be=e he c cat* x1 he mu/ pick x up & ?r[ x at ! retreat+ p>ty2 & if he succe$s 9 hitt+ "o ( !m1 ! boy /ruck has to ?r[ ! ball up ! next "t2 b if he _c /rike "o he loses a po9t1 z 9 ,egg-hat2 inde$1 9 ! rules respect+ ! puni%m5t ( ! los]s1 & ! numb] ( po9ts ea* play] is re/rict$ to1 x resembles t game4 ,,n9e-,,holes4 ,dig ne> a wall n9e holes1 ( ab\t six in*es 9 diamet]1 & ?ree deep4 ,let ea* play] h "o ( ^!1 accord+ to 8 numb]1 :i* mu/ be det]m9$ by lot4 ,at ab\t six y>ds f ! holes draw a l9e1 & f ?is1 z a field+ place1 "o play] pit*es ! ball into "o ( ! holes4 ,! boy to :om ?is hole is assign$ imm$iately runs to x1 :ile all ! o!r play]s run (f 9 diff]5t directions4 ,! play] snat*es ! ball f ! hole1 & ?r[s x at "o ( ! 8runn]s20 if he hits him1 ! "o s hit becomes 8pit*]10 & ! "o t /ruck him m>ks "o4 ,%\ld he n hit him1 ! play] :o ?r[s ! ball loses a po9t1 & b[ls4 ,! play] :o misses 8 aim at ?r[+ ! ball at 8 p>tn]s a second "t becomes a 8,t5n]40 ,if he loses a ?ird hit1 he is a 8,fifte5]20 if ! f\r?1 he /&s out & c play no m4 ,:5 all ! play]s are ?us out1 ! la/ play] rema9+ 9 w9s ! game1 & he c compel ea* ( ! los]s to /& ) _! h&s op5 aga9/ ! wall1 = him to ?r[ at1 & give :at is call$ ! 8,br&y ,ball40 ,if ! ball be a s(t "o1 ?is conclusion ( ! game is all v well2 b if a h>d ball be us$1 x ought to be omitt$1 or ! 8,br&y0 may be too /rong4 ,,nor!rn ,,spell4 ,?is game is play$ ) a trap & ball1 :i* is /ruck ) a bat or bludgeon at ! pleasure ( ! play]s2 b ! latt] is mo/ commonly us$4 ,! p]=mance ( ?is game does n require ! att5dance ( ei!r ( ! p>ties 9 ! field to cat* or /op ! ball1 = ! conte/ betwe5 !m is simply :o %all /rike x ! greate/ di/ance 9 a giv5 numb] ( /rokes2 ! l5g? ( ea* /roke is measur$ be=e ! ball is return$1 by means ( a cord made fa/ at "o end ne> ! trap1 ! o!r be+ /ret*$ into ! field by a p]son /ation$ !re = t purpose1 :o adju/s x to ! ball1 :]ev] x may be4 ,! cord is divid$ into y>ds1 :i* are prop]ly numb]$ ^u 9 x 9 succession1 s t ! p]son at ! bottom ( ! gr\nd c easily asc]ta9 ! di/ance ( ea* /roke by ! numb] ( ! y>ds1 :i* he calls to ! play]s to place to _! acc\nt1 & ! ball is ?r[n back4 ,,r\nd]s4 ,?is is a mo/ excell5t game1 & v popul> 9 "s ( our ,engli% c\nties4 ,x is play$ ) a mod]ate-siz$ ball & a h&-bat1 i4 e4 a bat t c be held 9 "o h&1 & :i* is ab\t two feet 9 l5g?1 smoo?1 & r\nd4 ,two p>ties play at ! game1 & !re ought n to be less ?an five on a side2 & ! fir/ inn+s is decid$ by ?r[+ up ! ball1 ! p>ty cat*+ x be+ all[$ to g 9 fir/4 ,illu/ration ,9 play+ ! game1 five /ones1 or /akes 7call$ bases71 or1 if ^! be n conv5i5t1 z _m holes may be made1 at ab\t sixte5 y>ds ap>t1 =m+ ! five p>ts ( a p5tagon1 z 9 ! diagram4 ,at ! c5tre ( ?is figure is a /ation call$ ! fe$]'s place1 be+ ! spot at :i* "o ( ! out p>ty /&s to give ! ball to ! batsman1 or to 8fe$0 him1 z x is te*nically t]m$4 ,! out p>ty are di/ribut$ ov] ! field1 except ! fe$]1 :o takes 8 /ation at ,f to deliv] ! balls1 :ile "o ( ! 9 p>ty takes ! bat & places himself at ,fig4 #a1 :i* is enclos$ )9 a circle1 & call$ ! ,home1 & :]e all ! re/ ( ! 9 p>ty /&4 ,! fe$] !n says 8,play10 & deliv]s 8 ball to ! batsman1 :o imm$iately /rikes x z f> z he c4 ,z soon z he has done s1 he drops 8 bat1 & runs to z _m ( ! /ations z he c2 b he mu/ t\* at all1 or he w be out4 ,if :ile he is runn+ to ! second1 or betwe5 any ( ! bases1 ! return$ ball is s5t up & /rikes him1 he is out1 & ! next ( ! 9 p>ty takes up ! bat4 ,if he is n /ruck :ile he runs1 z soon z he rea*es "o ( ! /ations ! next ( ! 9 p>ty takes up ! bat1 ano!r ball is giv5 by ! fe$]1 & he runs to ! fir/1 or z _m o!r ( ! /ations z he c2 ! fir/ batsman does ! same1 s z to g ! :ole r\nd ( ! bases to ! home at ,no4 #a4 ,! 9 play] is also out if he tips ! ball beh9d him1 or if he misses /rik+ x :5 deliv]$4 ,! 9 play]s z !y arrive at home take ! bat aga91 till !y are got out1 accord+ to ! rules ( ! game j giv54 ,:5 x happ5s t all are out b two1 ! be/ ( ! two may1 ) ! cons5t ( ! o!r1 call = 8?ree fair hits = ! r\nd]40 ,/&+ at ! home1 ! fe$] !n gives him 9 succession ?ree balls4 ,he may decl9e z _m balls z he pleases1 if !y d n suit him2 b if he /rikes at ! ball1 he is only all[$ to d s twice )\t runn+4 ,on ! deliv]y ( ! ?ird ball1 he mu/ run ! entire c\rse1 t\*+ ) 8 bat at e "o ( ! five po9ts4 ,if1 dur+ 8 progress1 he be t\*$ by ! ball1 or x be gr\nd$ at ! home :ile he is abs5t1 he is decl>$ out1 & ! opposite side g 9 & take _! places4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 he rea*es home )\t be+ /ruck or ! ball gr\nd$1 8 side g 9 aga91 & cont9ue ! game z be=e4 ,%\ld he miss ! ball :5 /rik+ at x ! ?ird "t1 ! r\nd] is lo/4 ,9 ! play ! fe$] is all[$ to make fe9t or pret5ce ( ?r[+ ! ball1 9 ord] to tempt a play] to run f 8 base1 s z to get a *ance ( hitt+ him4 ,x is usual also = ! out p>ty to place a play] beh9d ! home1 s t :5 a batsman makes a tip on ! side ( ! home1 he may seize ! ball & /rike him out be=e he rea*es ! fir/ base4 ,,sev5s4 ,?is game is v l ,cat*-ball4 ,! object is to cat* a ball sev5 times 9 a p>ticul> fa%ion2 h5ce ! "n4 ,! play] beg9s by ?r[+ ! ball 9 ! air & cat*+ x sev5 times ) bo? h&s4 ,!n he cat*es x sev5 times ) ! "r h&1 next sev5 times ) ! left4 ,!n he ?r[s ! ball up1 claps 8 h& :ile x is 9 ! air1 & cat*es x sev5 times ) bo? h&s1 !n ) ! "r1 & !n ) ! left4 ,! play]s are all[$ to make z _m m v>iations z !y please2 & he :o goes ?r\gh ! s]ies fir/ w9s ! game4 ,,/ool-,,ball4 ,?is is an old ,engli% sport1 m5tion$ by ,g[] & ,*auc]1 & 0 at "o p]iod common to wom5 z well z m54 ,9 ! nor!rn p>ts ( ,engl&1 p>ticul>ly 9 ,york%ire1 x is practis$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3--,a /ool be+ set ^u ! gr\nd1 "o ( ! play]s takes 8 place be=e x1 :ile 8 antagoni/1 /&+ at a di/ance1 tosses a ball1 ) ! int5tion ( /rik+ ! /ool4 ,x is ! =m] play]'s bus9ess to prev5t ?is1 by break+ x away ) ! h&1 reckon+ "o to ! game = e /roke ( ! ball2 if1 on ! contr>y1 x %\ld be miss$ by ! h&1 & t\* ! /ool1 ! play]s *ange places4 ,! conqu]or ( ! game is he :o /rikes ! ball mo/ times be=e x t\*es ! /ool4 ,illu/ration ,,trap1 ,,bat1 ,,& ,,ball4 ,?is game is s call$ f ! trap us$ to elevate ! ball :5 x is to be /ruck by ! batsman4 ,x is "o ( ! e>lie/ games play$ ) ! trap & ball1 & we c trace x to ! comm5cem5t ( ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,! mann] 9 :i* x 0 !n play$ 0 some:at diff]5t to ! /yle at ! pres5t day4 ,z n[ play$1 ! trap is no long] elevat$1 b set on ! gr\nd1 & is g5]ally made 9 ! =m ( a %oe1 ! heel "p be+ holl[$ out = ! reception ( ! ball3 b "s boys1 :5 !y _c get a trap1 make a hole 9 ! gr\nd1 & hav+ obta9$ ! cro*et bone ( an ox1 place x 9 a slant+ position1 "o end be+ 9 ! hole & ! o!r out ( x4 ,! elevat$ end is !n %>ply /ruck ) ! bat1 :i* causes ! ball to rise to a consid]able height1 & !n all ! purposes ( a trap are answ]$1 especially if ! gr\nd be h>d & dry4 ,x is usual 9 ! pres5t game ( ,trap & ,ball to place two b\nd>ies1 at a giv5 di/ance f ! trap1 betwe5 :i* x is necess>y = ! ball to fall :5 /ruck by ! batsman1 = if x falls outside ( ei!r1 he gives up 8 bat & is out4 ,he is also out if he /rikes ! ball into ! air1 s t x is caught by an opposite play]2 &1 aga91 if ! ball :5 return$ by an adv]s>y t\*es ! trap1 or re/s )9 "o bat's l5g? ( x4 ,e /roke tells = "o t[>ds ! /rik]'s game4 ,!re are "s v>iations 9 ! play ( ! game 9 diff]5t c\nties4 ,9 ,essex & ,suffolk1 = in/ance1 ! game is play$ ) a cudgel in/ead ( a bat1 :i* w\ld seem to be a pref]able weapon1 z ^? :o /rike ) x r>ely miss _! bl[1 b frequ5tly s5d x to an a/oni%+ di/ance1 no b\nd>ies be+ set4 ,! ball be+ /opp$ by "o ( ! oppos+ p>ty1 ! /rik] =ms 8 judgm5t ( ! ability ( ! p]son :o is to ?r[ x back1 & calls 9 consequ5ce = any numb] ( scores t[>ds ! game t he ?9ks prop]4 ,x is !n return$1 & if x appe>s to 8 antagoni/ to re/ at a suffici5t di/ance to ju/ify ! /rik]'s call1 he obta9s 8 numb]2 b :5 a contr>y op9ion is held1 a measurem5t takes place1 & if ! scores dem&$ exce$ 9 numb] ! l5g? ( ! cudgel f ! trap to ! ball1 he loses ! :ole1 & is out2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 if ! l5g?s ( ! bat are m ?an ! scores call$ =1 ! matt] t]m9ates 9 ! /rik]'s fav\r1 & !y are set up to 8 acc\nt4 ,illu/ration3 ,,hoops ,trundl+ ! hoop is a pa/ime ( unc]ta9 orig91 b x has long contribut$ to ! heal? & amusem5t ( ! y\? ( ,great ,brita94 ,iron hoops h almo/ sup]s$$ ! old-fa%ion$ wood5 ones1 & in/ead ( be+ trundl$ ) a /ick1 !y are usually guid$ by an iron hook %ap$ l ! annex$ figure4 ,on a cold fro/y morn+ ! hoop is an invaluable companion to a boy1 z he is enabl$ by its aid to defy ! wea!r1 & disp5se ) ov]coats1 com=t]s1 & all su* devices = keep+ out ! w9try w9d4 ,(t5 h we envi$ our juv5ile fri5ds1 z !y h ru%$ pa/ u ) _! hoops1 & lam5t$ t cu/om %\ld prev5t gr[n-up p indulg+ 9 ! same heal?ful recreation4 ,illu/ration ,,! ,,hoop4 ,! prop] & legitimate hoop1 h[ev]1 %\ld be made ( a /\t a%5 la?1 r\nd on ! outside & flat on ! inside1 & %\ld be well fa/5$ at its po9t ( juncture2 x %\ld be 9 height s z to rea* midway betwe5 ! y\ng/]'s elb[ & %\ld]1 s t he may n h to /oop :ile /rik+ x4 ,! /ick %\ld be ab\t sixte5 in*es long1 & made ( t\gh a%2 &1 9 b[l+ ! hoop1 ! b[l] %\ld /rike x vigor\sly 9 ! c5tre1 & 9 a direction horizontal ) ! gr\nd4 ,su* hoop ex]cise is exce$+ly good1 & a good run ) su* a hoop w w>m ! y\? 9 ! v colde/ wea!r4 ,! games1 prop]ly s call$1 t c be play$ ) ! hoop are v few1 & n g5]ally kn[n4 ,,enc\nt]s4 ,two boys />t at diff]5t ends ( ! playgr\nd ) _! hoops1 &1 meet+ 9 ! middle1 ea* endeav\rs to knock d[n ! hoop ( 8 antagoni/1 :ile 8 own rema9s upright4 ,!re is no small skill requir$ 9 ?is game1 = x is n always easy to make ! hoops t\* ea* o!r at all4 ,!n a light hoop has little *ance aga9/ a heavy "o1 unless x c /rike x sideways1 = if x 7 /ruck directly 9 front1 x w\ld be c]ta9ly upset4 ,also1 a ready h& at recov]+ a fall+ or tott]+ hoop w9s _m a game t appe>s to be hopelessly lo/4 ,wood5 hoops1 also1 give due ex]cise to ! arm2 & !re is "s tact requir$ 9 kn[+ exactly :]e to /rike a hoop1 s z to propel x ) ! greate/ =ce4 ,?is _c well be done ) iron hoops1 & =ms "o ( ! objections to !m4 ,moreov]1 boys always compla9 t !y soon lose _! r\nd =m1 & are awkw>d to b[l4 ,/ill1 !re is some?+ *e]+ 9 ! r++ s\nd ( an iron hoop1 z x ru%es along "u ! pressure ( ! curv$ iron rod t is us$ in/ead ( a hoop-/ick2 & z long z boys don't drive !m aga9/ ! legs ( unw>y pass5g]s1 !y are v well 9 _! way4 ,illu/ration ,,hoop ,,race4 ,any numb] ( boys c jo9 9 ?is excit+ sport1 b !y ought all to be provid$ ) hoops z ne>ly equal 9 size z possible4 ,at a giv5 signal ! play]s all />t toge!r1 & ea* endeav\rs to rea* ! w9n+ po/ 7:i* may be any di/ant object7 be=e 8 companions4 ,he :o arrives at ! w9n+-po/ la/ is g5]ally receiv$ ) groans1 hisses1 & o!r vocal signs ( disapprobation4 ,,po/+4 ,bases1 call$ po/+-/ations1 are =m$ at regul> di/ances1 9 a l>ge circle or ellipse1 & at ea* base a play] is /ation$4 ,e play]1 except ! hoop-driv]1 has *>ge ( a base4 ,let u suppose t !re are sev5 play]s--,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d1 ,e1 ,f1 & ,g1 & t ! latt] holds ! hoop3 ! o!r six play]s hav+ tak5 possession ( _! /ations1 ,g n[ />ts f ! /ation belong+ to ,f1 & drives ! hoop t[>ds ,a1 :o waits1 ) hoop-/ick 9 h&1 ready to relieve ,g ( 8 *>ge4 ,g /ops at ! po/+-/ation1 :ile ,a trundles ! hoop to ,b1 :o takes *>ge ( x1 & deliv]s x to ,c4 ,c trundles ! hoop to ,d2 ,d transf]s x to ,e2 ,e deliv]s x to ,f2 & ,f conveys x 9 safety to ! fir/ play]1 ,g4 ,9 ?is way ! game cont9ues1 until all ! play]s h work$ r\nd ! circle five or six times4 ,x is consid]$ v disgraceful to t\* ! hoop ) ! h&1 or to all[ x to fall aft] x has be5 />t$ on its j\rney4 ,! game is r5d]$ mu* m lively by increas+ ! numb] ( play]s1 & hav+ two or ?ree hoop-driv]s to foll[ ea* o!r f base to base4 ,,t\rnam5t4 ,?is game is almo/ ! same z ,enc\nt]s4 ,two boys drive _! hoops "o aga9/ ! o!r1 & he ^: hoop falls 9 ! enc\nt] is conqu]$4 ,) eight play]s ?is game may be r5d]$ v excit+4 ,f\r ( ! play]s /& 9 a r[1 ab\t six feet ap>t1 &1 at a consid]able di/ance1 ! o!r f\r take _! /&1 fac+ !m4 ,at a giv5 signal ea* play] da%es t[>ds 8 oppon5t1 & /rives to ov]turn 8 hoop4 ,! f\r victors n[ pair (f1 & *>ge two aga9/ two4 ,! conqu]ors !n urge _! hoops "o aga9/ ! o!r1 & he :o succe$s 9 ov]turn+ ! hoop ( 8 antagoni/ w9s ! game4 ,wood5 hoops are m suitable = ,t\rnam5t ?an iron ones1 ?\gh ! game is usually play$ ) ! latt]4 ,,turnpike4 ,five or six boys c play at ?is game1 ?\gh only "o hoop is requir$4 ,*ance decides :i* ( ! play]s %all fir/ take ! hoop4 ,! o!r play]s become turnpike-keep]s4 ,ea* turnpike is =m$ ( two bricks or /ones1 plac$ on ! gr\nd1 & sep>at$ by ab\t ?ree f+]s' bread?s4 ,^! turnpikes are fix$ at regul> di/ances1 & _! numb] is regulat$ by ! numb] ( keep]s4 ,:5 all is ready1 ! fir/ play] />ts 8 hoop1 & endeav\rs to drive x ?r\gh all ! turnpikes2 %\ld he succe$ 9 ?is1 he turns ! hoop1 drives x back aga91 & reta9s x until x t\*es "o ( ! turnpikes1 ! keep] ( :i* n[ becomes hoop-driv]4 ,:5 a play] t\*es ! hoop ) 8 h&1 or all[s x to fall1 he mu/ deliv] x up to ! ne>e/ turnpike-keep]4 ,ea* keep] mu/ /& on t side ( 8 turnpike :i* is t[>ds ! "r h& ( ! hoop-driv]1 & x !re=e foll[s t he mu/ alt] 8 position :5 ! hoop-driv] returns4 ,%\ld a keep] /& on 8 wrong side1 ! driv] ne$ n s5d ! hoop ?r\gh 8 turnpike4 ,:5 ! play]s are num]\s1 !re may be two or m hoops driv5 at once4 ,illu/ration3 ,,hoop ,,/icks4 ,illu/ration3 ,,kites ,! =m ( ! kite & mann] ( fly+ x mu/ be famili> to all our read]s4 ,?is fav\rite toy probably receiv$ its d5om9ation f hav+ orig9ally be5 made 9 ! %ape ( ! bird call$ ! kite4 ,! fly+ ( pap] kites is a fav\rite pa/ime among ! ,*9ese4 ,on a c]ta9 day !y hold a sort ( kite fe/ival1 & !n p ( all ages ha/5 to ! hills to fly _! kites1 ! fanta/ic %apes & gaudy col\rs ( :i* produce an extraord9>y effect4 ,philosoph]s h occasionally tak5 ! kite out ( ! h&s ( ! s*oolboy1 & h appli$ x to useful & curi\s purposes4 ,by means ( a kite =m$ ( a silk h&k]*ief /ret*$ ov] a wood5 frame1 ,dr4 ,frankl9 drew d[n lightn+ f ! cl\ds1 & demon/rat$ its id5tity ) electricity4 ,_m ye>s ago ,mr4 ,pocock1 ( ,bri/ol1 travell$ on ! road betwe5 ,ba? & ,london 9 a c>riage drawn by two pap] kites1 support$ at a mod]ate elevation1 & impell$ by ! w9d4 ,! pap] kite has also be5 employ$ to convey a l9e ov] ! capital ( ,pompey's ,pill>4 ,we d n expect our read]s to p]=m any electrical or locomotive exp]im5ts ) _! kites2 b we are q sure t !y may d]ive great amusem5t f ^! little arial ma*9es1 especially if !y manufacture !m ) _! own h&s4 ,we "k ( no pleasant] occupation = a summ]'s day ?an wat*+ ! graceful flight ( a well-made kite4 ,illu/ration ,,h[ ,,to ,,make ,a ,,kite4 ,= ! upright get a good /raight la?1 z ,a ,b1 9 ! annex$ figure1 & next procure half ( a ?9 hoop or cane = ! b[ ,c ,d1 & !n tie ! hoop to ! upright at ,a1 & take c>e to h z mu* on "o side ( ! upright z on ! o!r2 o!rwise y\r kite w be sure to fall on "o side :5 fly+4 ,not* ! two ends ( ! b[ ,c ,d1 & tie a long piece ( /r+ to ,d2 pass x r\nd ! upright at ,e1 & !n fa/5 x at ,c2 next c>ry ! /r+ to ,a1 pass x d[n to ,d1 & tie x !re3 f !nce x is to be cont9u$ to ,b1 pass$ r\nd a not* !re1 & c>ri$ up aga9 to ,c1 !n d[n ! upright at ,f1 & up to ,d1 :]e x is to be f9ally fa/5$ (f4 ,! skeleton be+ ?us f9i%$1 ! next ?+ to be done is to pa/e sev]al %eets ( pap] s z to =m a surface l>ge en\gh to cov] ! kite & all[ ( a little turn ov] to fa/5 ! out] edges2 aft] y h pa/$ ! pap] on to ! skeleton1 y mu/ make two holes1 9 ! upright1 z at ,g1 ,g1 ?r\gh :i* ! belly-b& is to be pass$1 knott+ ! two ends ( ! /r+ to keep x f slipp+ ?r\gh ! holes4 ,! w+s are to be made ( sev]al %eets ( pap]1 cut into slips1 roll$ close up1 s z to be> "s resemblance to a tassel1 & ti$ to ! sides ( ! kite at ,c1 ,d4 ,! tail1 :i* %\ld be ab\t fifte5 times ! l5g? ( ! kite1 is made by fold+ a numb] ( pieces ( pap] s z to be ab\t an in* 9 bread?1 & f\r in*es 9 l5g?1 & aft]w>ds ty+ !m on a /r+ at int]vals ( ?ree in*es1 & is f9i%$ by affix+ to ! end ( ! /r+ a l>ge tassel made 9 ! same mann] z ! w+s4 ,tie ! /r+ ) :i* y int5d to fly ! kite to ! belly-b&1 & y\r kite is complete & ready = s]vice4 ,,fly+ ,,! ,,kite4 ,illu/ration ,we ne$ n ent] v m9utely into ! rules to be obs]v$ 9 fly+ a kite1 z e boy is acqua9t$ ) !m4 ,unless !re be a nice breeze /irr+1 ! kite-fly] ne$ n expect to h mu* sport1 z no?+ c be m vexati\s ?an attempt+ to fly a kite :5 !re is n suffici5t w9d = ! purpose4 ,to raise ! kite 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 ! fly] w require ! aid ( ano!r boy4 ,! own] ( ! kite hav+ unw\nd a consid]able l5g? ( /r+1 n[ turns 8 face t[>ds ! w9d & prep>es = a run1 :ile 8 assi/ant holds ! kite by its l[] extremity z high z he c f ! gr\nd4 ,at a giv5 signal ! assi/ant lets ! kite g1 & if all circum/ances be fav\rable x w so> upw>ds ) great rapidity4 ,) a well-con/ruct$ kite1 9 a good breeze ! fly] ne$ n tr\ble himself to run v fa/ nor v f>1 z 8 kite w soon f9d its balance1 & float q /eadily on ! w9d4 ,! kite-fly] %\ld be c>eful n to let out /r+ too fa/4 ,:5 a kite pit*es1 x is a sign t x is built lop-side1 or t its tail is n long en\gh4 ,,mess5g]s4 ,"s boys amuse !mselves by s5d+ mess5g]s up to _! kites :5 !y h let out all _! /r+4 ,a mess5g] is =m$ ( a piece ( pap] ?ree or f\r in*es squ>e1 9 ! c5tre ( :i* a hole is made4 ,! end ( ! /r+ is pass$ ?r\gh ! hole1 & ! w9d quickly drives ! mess5g] up to ! kite4 ,! kite-fly] %\ld be c>eful n to s5d up too _m mess5g]s1 le/ !y weigh d[n ! kite4 ,,calico ,,kites4 ,calico has _m advantages ov] pap] z a cov]+ = kites2 x is n s liable to be torn1 is n damag$ by wet1 & may be sewn on ! framework mu* m neatly ?an pap] c be pa/$4 ,be+ mu* heavi] ?an pap]1 x is1 h[ev]1 only suit$ = l>ge kites4 ,a portable calico kite may n[ be procur$ at mo/ ( ! toy-%ops4 ,! framework ( ?is kite is =m$ ( two sl5d] pieces ( wood1 :i* turn on a common c5tre 9 su* a mann] t !y c ei!r be %ut up1 s t "o piece lies flat ^u ! o!r1 or op5$ out into ! =m ( a cross4 ,! calico cov]+ is atta*$ to ?is cross by means ( tapes4 ,?is portable kite c be roll$ up & c>ri$ to ! field )\t inconv5i5ce4 ,,fancy ,,kites4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,+5i\s boys n[ & !n take a h9t f ! ,*9ese1 & s %ape & pa9t _! kites t !y resemble diff]5t animate & inanimate objects4 ,! 8(fic] kite10 :i* has ! figure ( a soldi] pa9t$ on x1 & ! 8hawk kite10 :i* rudely repres5ts a fly+ hawk1 are common =ms ( fancy kites4 ,a v funny effect may be produc$ by pa9t+ a kite l a sailor1 & atta*+ moveable arms1 in/ead ( ! ord9>y tassel w+s1 to ! %\ld]s4 ,we pres5t our read]s ) a few sugge/ive =ms1 :i* are q novel4 ,all fancy kites %\ld be pa9t$ ) ! mo/ gl>+ col\rs1 & ! figures on !m drawn z co>sely z possible1 z !y are int5d$ to be se5 at a great di/ance4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,high ,,fly]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,m>bles ,9 anci5t times1 :5 we 7 boys1 & indulg$ 9 ! luxury ( m>bles1 !y 7 v diff]5t f _! pres5t =m4 ,!y 7 made ( /one1 nicely poli%$1 & "s ( !m1 call$ 8alleys10 ( ! pure/ m>ble4 ,_m ( ! /one m>bles 7 beautifully v>iegat$1 & n[ & !n a fancy pet 0 treasur$ "u ! "n ( 8taw10 :i* _h some:at ! virtues ( a talisman1 = to 8lose x or to give x0 7 8su* p]dition10 z ,o!llo says1 z c\ld nev] be exce$$4 ,( late ye>s1 m>bles1 l all o!r matt]s1 h und]gone consid]able *ange4 ,=eign m>bles h be5 introduc$1 prodigi\sly *eap]1 x is true1 ?an our old ,engli% m>bles1 b inf9itely worse2 & v>i\s k9ds ( 8pat5t m>bles0 h _h _! day4 ,"s ( ^! g by ! "n ( ,dut*m51 o!rs are call$ ,fr5*m51 & o!rs aga9 ,*9am51 :ile x is n q impossible to procure "s "r old ,engli% m>bles1 :i*1 if !y c be procur$1 are /ill ! be/4 ,we w\ld advise all m>ble play]s to procure ^!1 if !y c1 z 8m>bles0 is a royal game1 & ought to be duly hon\r$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h[ ,,to ,,hold ,,y\r ,,taw4 ,h[ to ,%oot y\r ,m>ble4--,! art ( hold+ a m>ble to %oot x prop]ly seems to be lo/ among our ,london boys1 :o are g5]ally cont5t to ?r[ "o m>ble at ano!r1 or if !y %oot x to hold x 9 ! turn ( ! =e-f+]1 =c+ x out by ! ?umb1 :i* is plac$ beh9d x4 ,?is1 9 our boyi% days1 0 held to be a v illegitimate way ( proce$+1 d]ogatory to ! true m>ble-play]1 & bore ! di%on\rable appellation ( 8fulk+10 & any "o :o made x 8 rule to hold a m>ble 9 su* a mann] 0 look$ ^u z a *>latan1 or almo/ a *eat4 ,! true way to hold y\r taw is to place x betwe5 ! po9t ( ! =ef+] & ! fir/ jo9t ( ! ?umb1 & to propel x f ! nail ( ! ?umb ) /rong muscul> =ce2 & s great 0 ! skill atta9$ by _m boys1 t !y w\ld sometimes /rike a m>ble at five y>ds' di/ance1 & frequ5tly %oot "o to six or sev54 ,,b\nce ,,eye4 ,?is game is play$ by sev]al play]s1 ea* ( :om puts d[n a m>ble 9 a small r+4 ,"o play] !n /&s 9 a p]p5dicul> position ov] ! clu/] ( m>bles1 &1 tak+ 8 own b\nce 9 8 h&1 lets x fall f 8 eye on to ! heap1 & ^? =c$ out ( ! r+ by ?is me?od are consid]$ won4 ,if he does n succe$ 9 ?is1 & 8 m>ble falls )9 ! r+1 x belongs to ! common /ock1 & is !re imp\nd$4 ,,conqu]or4 ,!re is a game call$ 8,conqu]or10 :i* is ext5sively play$ 9 "s places4 ,a piece ( h>d gr\nd1 & free f /ones1 is *os5 = ! spot4 ,! fir/ play] lays 8 m>ble on ! gr\nd1 & ! second ?r[s 8 own at x ) all 8 =ce1 & endeav\rs to break x4 ,if he succe$s1 8 m>ble c\nts "o1 & ! vanqui%$ play] lays d[n ano!r m>ble4 ,if two play]s h m>bles t h already vanqui%$ o!rs1 ! 8,conqu]or0 c\nts all ! conqu]$ ( ! o!r p>ty 9 addition to 8 own4 ,= example1 suppose ,a1 be+ conqu]or ( tw5ty1 breaks ,b1 also a conqu]or ( tw5ty1 ,a c\nts =ty-"o1 i4 e4 tw5ty ( 8 own1 tw5ty = ! vanqui%$ belong+ to ,b1 & "o = ,b itself4 ,nuts1 *e/nuts1 & o!r simil> objects are also employ$ 9 ?is game1 only !y are fa/5$ to a /r+1 & swung aga9/ ! oppon5t1 in/ead ( be+ ?r[n4 ,,die ,,%ot4 ,illu/ration ,?is is a v good game1 & requires bo? skill & caution4 ,x is play$ by elevat+ a die ^u a m>ble1 ^: sides are slightly gr\nd d[n1 s t x w /& firmly1 & fir+ at x f an (f+1 :i* is g5]ally at a di/ance ( ab\t f\r feet f x4 ,! die-keep] und]takes to pay to ! %oot] :o knocks d[n ! die ! numb] :i* falls upp]mo/1 receiv+ "o m>ble f ea* play] z he %oots4 ,,eggs ,,9 ,,! ,,bu%4 ,?is game is a great improvem5t ^u odd or ev54 ,dick asks ,tom to guess ! numb] ( 8eggs 9 ! bu%0--t is1 ! numb] ( m>bles 9 8 clos$ h&4 ,if ,tom c guess ! "r numb]1 he takes all2 b if he is out 9 8 reckon+1 he pays ,dick z _m m>bles z w make up or leave ! exact numb]4 ,suppose ,dick has six m>bles 9 8 h&2 n[1 if ,tom %\ld guess ei!r f\r or eight1 he w\ld h to =feit two m>bles to ,dick1 because f\r is two less1 & eight is two m1 ?an ! exact numb]4 ,! play]s hold ! 8eggs 9 ! bu%0 alt]nately4 ,,increase ,,p\nd4 ,9 mo/ respects resembles ,r+ taw1 ! v>iations be+1 t if be=e a m>ble is %ot out ( ! r+ "o play]'s taw is /ruck by ano!r's 7except+ 8 p>tn]'s71 or if 8 taw rema9s )9 ! r+1 he puts a %ot 9 ! p\nd1 cont9ues 9 ! game1 & %oots aga9 f ! (f+ be=e any ( 8 companions4 ,if 8 taw is /ruck aft] "o or m m>bles h be5 driv5 out ( ! r+1 if he has tak5 any %ots himself1 he gives !m to ! play] :o /ruck him1 puts a taw 9 ! r+1 & %oots f ! (f+1 z be=e4 ,if1 h[ev]1 he has n won any m>bles dur+ ! game1 be=e 8 taw is /ruck1 he is 8kill$0 & put out ( ! game2 he is likewise out if1 aft] any %ots h be5 /ruck out1 8 taw gets )9 ! p\nd--if x rema9s on ! l9e x is no?+4 ,he !n puts ! m>bles 7if he has won any7 into ! circle1 add+ "o to !m = ! taw /ruck1 & %oots aga9 f ! (f+4 ,9 case he _c ga9 any %ots aft] 8 taw gets 8fat10 z rema9+ 9 ! r+ is t]m$1 he is kill$1 & out = ! re/ ( ! game4 ,:5 only "o m>ble rema9s 9 ! r+1 ! taw may cont9ue inside x )\t be+ 8fat40 ,ea* play] seldom puts m ?an "o m>ble 9 ! r+ at ! beg9n+ or a game4 ,,knock ,,out1 ,,or ,,lag ,,out4 ,illu/ration ,?is game is play$ by knock+ m>bles aga9/ a wall1 or p]p5dicul> bo>d set up = ! purpose2 & ! skill display$ 9 x dep5ds ^u ! play]'s att5tion to :at is call$ 9 me*anics ! resolution ( =ces3 = in/ance1 if an object be /ruck aga9/ ! wall at ,a f ! m>k at ,b1 x w return aga9 to ,b 9 a /raight l9e2 if x be s5t f ,c to ,a1 x w1 in/ead ( return+ to ,c1 pass (f aslant to ,d1 & its c\rse w =m ! angle ,c ,a ,d2 ! angle ( incid5ce be+ equal to ! angle ( reflection4 ,! game is play$ by any numb] ( play]s3 ! fir/ play] ?r[s 8 m>ble aga9/ ! wall1 s t x may reb\nd & fall ab\t a y>d di/ant f x2 ! o!r play]s !n1 9 succession1 ?r[ _! m>bles aga9/ ! wall1 9 su* a way z to cause !m to /rike any ( ^? already lagg$ out1 & ! m>ble /ruck is consid]$ won by ! own] ( ! taw t /rikes x1 9 addition to :i* ! w9n] has ano!r ?r[4 ,:5 only two boys play1 ea* successively ?r[s out till "o ( ! 8lagg]s0 is /ruck1 & he :o /rikes takes up all4 ,,long ,,taw4 ,illu/ration ,long taw is play$ by two p]sons 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,"o boy places 8 m>ble on ! gr\nd at ,a1 ! o!r at ,b2 !n bo? retire to ! spot ,c4 ,! fir/ boy n[ %oots at ,b f a l9e m>k$ at ,c4 ,if he /rikes x1 he takes x & %oots at ,a2 if he /rikes ,a1 he !n w9s ! game4 ,if1 h[ev]1 he misses ,b1 ! second boy !n %oots at ,b2 if he /rikes x1 he c !n ei!r %oot at ! fir/ boy's taw at ! place at :i* x lies1 or he c %oot at ,a4 ,if he hits 8 oppon5t's taw1 he is said to kill him1 & w9s ! game1 or if he %oots at ,a1 & hits x4 ,! boy :o hits ! la/ %ot has ! privilege ( %oot+ at ! taw ( ! o!r1 provid$ x has n already be5 kill$4 ,if he hits x1 ! taw is tak51 or ! own] mu/ pay "o1 & ! game ends2 & if he misses x1 ! game is !n at an end also4 ,long taw is a game seldom play$ by ,london boys1 b is v common 9 ! diff]5t ,engli% c\nties4 ,,n9e-,,holes1 ,,or ,,bridge ,,bo>d4 ,?is game is play$ by means ( a piece ( bo>d cut into ! =m ( a bridge1 hav+ n9e ar*es1 & j l>ge en\gh to let ! m>bles pass ?r\gh1 z 9 ! subjo9$ diagram4 ,"o ( ! play]s und]takes to be 8bridge-keep]10 & ! /ipulation usually made is1 t he %\ld receive "o = e unsuccessful %ot1 & pay to ^? :o %oot _! m>bles ?r\gh ! ar*es ! numb]s /&+ ov] !m4 ,! place f :i* ! play]s %oot _! m>bles is g5]ally ab\t f\r feet f ! bridge4 ,illu/ration ,,odd ,,or ,,ev54 ,"o play] ext5ds 8 clos$ h& conta9+ "s m>bles1 & asks 8 oppon5t to guess :e!r _! numb] is odd or ev54 ,%\ld he guess wrong1 he =feits a m>ble1 & 8 que/ion] tries him ) ano!r lot2 b %\ld he guess "r1 ! fir/ play] mu/ pay him a m>ble1 & take a turn at guess+4 ,,pick+ ,,! ,,plums4 ,illu/ration ,?is game consi/s 9 ea* play] plac+ a m>ble on a l9e drawn ^u ! gr\nd ?us1 & ! :ole %oot+ at !m 9 succession f a m>k ab\t f\r feet (f4 ,! ord] ( ! %ots is det]m9$ be=eh&1 by pit*+ at a m>ble f a six-feet (f+1 ^? ne>e/ be+ fir/1 second1 ?ird1 & f\r? 9 ord]1 z ! m>bles lie4 ,! m>bles knock$ (f ! l9e are won by ! respective %oot]s4 ,,! ,,pyramid4 ,illu/ration ,9 ?is game a boy g5]ally sits ^u ! gr\nd1 ) 8 legs op5 wide1 &1 mak+ a small circle1 places 9 x ?ree m>bles at ! ?ree po9ts ( a triangle1 & ! f\r? on ! top ( !m1 s z to =m a small pyramid4 ,a di/ance ( ab\t f\r feet is !n *os5 z ! po9t to %oot f1 & ! o!r play]s %oot at ! pyramid4 ,^? t /rike x h all ! m>bles !y knock out ( ! r+2 b if !y miss1 !y lose _! %ots4 ,,r+ ,,taw4 ,illu/ration ,r+ taw is a game requir+ skill & judgm5t1 & is a mo/ excell5t game4 ,x is play$ z foll[s4 ,two r+s are drawn ^u ! gr\nd1 a small "o1 six in*es 9 diamet]1 enclos$ by a l>g] "o1 six feet 9 diamet]4 ,into ! small r+ ea* play] puts a m>ble1 call$ 8%ot40 ,! play]s !n proce$ to any "p ( ! l>ge r+1 & f !nce1 z an (f+1 %oot at ! m>bles 9 ! c5tre4 ,if a play] knocks a m>ble out ( ! r+ he w9s x1 & he is entitl$ to %oot aga9 be=e 8 companions c h a %ot4 ,:5 all ! play]s h %ot _! m>bles1 !y %oot f ! places at :i* _! m>bles re/$ at ! la/ %ot4 ,if ! %oot]'s taw rema9 9 ! small circle1 he is out1 & has to drop a m>ble 9 ! r+1 & he mu/ put 9 besides all ! m>bles he _h previ\sly won 9 t game4 ,x is a rule1 also1 t :5 "o play] %oots at & /rikes ano!r's taw1 ! taw s /ruck is consid]$ dead1 & its own] mu/ give up to ! /rik] ( ! taw all ! m>bles he may h previ\sly won dur+ ! game4 ,! game is conclud$ :5 all ! m>bles are %ot out ( ! r+1 or all ! taws are kill$4 ,,spans ,,& ,,snops1 ,,& ,,b\nce ,,ab\t4 ,?is consi/s ( "o boy lay+ d[n 8 taw1 &1 giv+ a di/ance1 8 antagoni/ %oots at x2 if he misses1 ! fir/ boy %oots at ! taw ( ! second1 till "o is /ruck1 :i* ! /rik] claims4 ,b\nce ,ab\t is ! same game play$ by ?r[+ l>ge m>bles in/ead ( %oot+ small] ones1 he :o /rikes ! o!r's b\nce be+ ! w9n]4 ,,teetotum ,,%ot4 ,illu/ration ,?is is play$ on ! same conditions z ,die ,%ot4 ,a teetotum is set sp9n+ by ! keep]1 &1 :5 9 motion1 any play] is all[$ to %oot at x1 ^u ! paym5t ( "o m>ble1 receiv+1 if he /rikes1 turns ov]1 & /ops ! teetotum1 z _m m>bles z are indicat$ on ! side t falls upp]mo/4 ,?is is a v skilful game1 & requires good %ots4 ,,?ree-,,holes4 ,?is game is play$ by mak+ ?ree holes 9 ! gr\nd1 ab\t a y>d & a half or two y>ds asund]4 ,ab\t two y>ds f ! fir/ hole a l9e is drawn4 ,! "r to %oot fir/ is decid$ by *ance4 ,! fir/ %oot] n[ knuckles d[n at ! l9e1 & endeav\rs to %oot into ! fir/ hole4 ,if he does ?is he proce$s to ! second1 !n to ! ?ird1 & w9s ! game2 b ?is r>ely occurs4 ,if he misses ! fir/ hole1 ! o!r play]s %oot _! taws1 & if nei!r ( !m ent] ! hole1 ! fir/ %ot imm$iately does s2 & !n he has ! privilege ei!r ( proce$+ to ! second hole1 or ( kill+ ! o!r m5 by %oot+ at & hitt+ !m1 :5 !y mu/ ei!r give up _! taws or drop "o4 ,sometimes a play] w kill all 8 antagoni/s 9 succession )\t proce$+ to any hole except ! fir/1 & ?us w9s ! game2 at o!r times ! game may be won by any ( ! play]s kill+ _! antagoni/s dur+ any p]iod ( ! game4 ,x is a rule t no "o c 8kill a taw0 till he has be5 9 ! fir/ hole4 ,illu/ration ,,tip%>es1 ,,or ,,h&]s4 ,?is game is play$ by two or m play]s4 ,to play x1 a hole1 ( ! diamet] ( ?ree in*es1 is fir/ made on a smoo? or level piece ( gr\nd1 & a l9e is m>k$ at ab\t sev5 feet f x4 ,ea* boy puts d[n two1 ?ree1 or f\r m>bles1 z may be agre$ ^u1 & !n ! :ole p>ty b[l = _! ?r[s1 by retir+ to ?ree times ! di/ance already m>k$ f ! hole1 & b[l+ "o m>ble to x2 ! ord] ( ?r[s be+ det]m9$ by ! ne>ness t ea* boy's m>ble approa*es ! hole4 ,:5 ?is is settl$1 ! fir/ ?r[] takes all ! m>bles 9 8 h&1 & ?r[s !m 9 a clu/] t[>ds ! hole4 ,if an ev5 numb] falls 91 su* z #b1 #d1 #f1 #h1 #aj1 he w9s all2 b if an odd numb] falls 91 he loses all4 ,illu/ration3 8,,m>bles ,,are ,,out0 ,illu/ration3 ,,tops ,! peg-top appe>s to be a mod]n inv5tion1 b ! :ip-top is ( great antiquity1 x hav+ be5 us$ 9 remote times by ! ,grecian boys2 x 0 well kn[n at ,rome 9 ! days ( ,virgil1 & 9 ,engl& z e>ly at lea/ z ! f\rte5? c5tury1 :5 its =m 0 ! same z x is n[4 ,/rutt1 9 8 8,sports & ,pa/imes ( ! ,p ( ,engl&10 relates ! foll[+ amus+ anecdote ( ,pr9ce ,h5ry1 ! elde/ son ( ,james ,i41 :i* he met ) 9 an old manuscript at ! ,briti% ,museum3 8,! fir/ "t t ! pr9ce w5t to ! t[n ( ,/irl+ to meet ! k+1 see+ a little )\t ! gate ( ! t[n a /ack ( corn 9 proportion n unlike to a top :]e) he us$ to play1 he said to "s t 7 ) him1 #8,lo1 !re is a goodly top6' ,:]eupon "o ( !m say+1 #8,:y d y n play ) x !n8' he answ]$1 #8,set y x up = me & ,i w play ) x4'0 ,,! ,,humm+-,,top4 ,^! _c easily be made1 b c v easily be pur*as$ by ^? :o are s lucky z to h ! money4 ,!y are made holl[1 hav+ at _! cr[n a peg1 r\nd :i* is w\nd a /r+2 ?is1 be+ pull$ ?r\gh a k9d ( =k1 gives motion to ! top1 & sets x sp9n+--! =k & ! /r+ be+ left 9 ! sp9n]'s h&4 ,9 sp9n+ ! top1 c>e %\ld be tak5 to w9d ! /r+ firmly & ev5ly on ! peg2 & :5 x is pull$ out1 nei!r too mu* nor too little =ce %\ld be us$1 & a firm & /eady h& %\ld be employ$1 :ile ! top %\ld be held 9 a p]p5dicul> position4 ,! /r+ %\ld be drawn ) a /eadily increas+ =ce1 or ! top w n hum prop]ly4 ,illu/ration ,,peg-,,top4 ,!re are v>i\s k9ds ( ,peg-tops1 & !y also v>y 9 %ape1 "s be+ mu* r\nd] ?an o!rs4 ,^? are ! be/ :i* are %ap$ l a pe>4 ,!re is also great v>iety z reg>ds ! %ape & size ( ! peg1 :i* 9 "s tops is %ort & ?ick1 9 o!rs long & tap]+4 ,aga91 tops are made ( diff]5t k9ds ( wood1 "s be+ made ( deal1 o!rs ( elm1 "s ( yew-tree1 & o!rs ( boxwood4 ,^! la/ are ! ,box]s s highly priz$4 ,"s ( ! v be/ tops are made ( lignum vit1 ) long1 h&some pegs4 ,illu/ration ,,spani% ,,peg-,,top4 ,illu/ration ,! ,spani% peg-top is made ( mahogany4 ,x is %ap$ some:at l a pe>2 in/ead ( a %>p iron peg1 x has a small r\nd$ knob at ! end4 ,z x sp9s = a mu* long] "t ?an ! ,engli% peg-top1 & does n require to be ?r[n ) any degree ( =ce 9 ord] to set x up1 x is extremely well adapt$ = play+ on floor+ or pavem5t4 ,,! ,,:ip-,,top4 ,:ip-top is a capital sport :5 play$ by two p]sons2 & is play$ by fir/ :irl+ ! top into motion by turn+ x %>ply ) bo? h&s1 & !n by flogg+ x till its motion becomes v rapid4 ,:5 two p]sons play :ip-top1 ! object %\ld be = ea* to :ip 8 top to a c]ta9 goal1 he :o rea*es x fir/ be+ ! victor4 ,,*ip-,,/one4 ,?is game is play$ by two boys1 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,two l9es1 ab\t six feet ap>t1 are m>k$ ^u ! gr\nd1 :i* ought to be smoo? & h>d4 ,"s small /ones are !n procur$ & plac$ midway betwe5 ! l9es2 !y %\ld n be l>g] ?an a small bean1 & ! black & poli%$ ones are ! mo/ s\ght aft]4 ,! tops are n[ set up sp9n+ on ! gr\nd1 & ! play]s1 be+ ea* provid$ ) a small wood5 spoon1 dext]\sly introduce !m "u ! pegs ( ! sp9n+ tops1 & !n1 ) ! top /ill sp9n+ 9 ! spoon1 ?r[ ! po9t ( ! peg aga9/ ! /one1 s z to *ip x out ( b\nds2 he :o does ?is ! soone/ be+ ! victor4 ,:ile ! top cont9ues to sp91 he may take x up ) ! spoon z _m times z he c1 & :5 x sp9s out he mu/ aga9 w9d up1 pursu+ ! same plan till he 8*ips out40 ,directions4--,9 w9d+ up ! top d n wet ! end ( ! l9e too mu*1 & take c>e to lay x closely & ev5ly )9 ! grooves4 ,9 ?r[+ ! top f y1 ! l9e mu/ be pull$ 9 ) a peculi> j]k ( ! h&1 :i* practice alone c give4 ,! /r+ button %\ld be held close 9 ! h&1 betwe5 ! la/ two f+]s ( ! h&4 ,!re is :at is call$ an 8und]h&0 way ( sp9n+ a top1 i4 e4 by hold+ x peg d[nw>ds1 ?r[+ x 9 a /raight l9e =w>d1 & )draw+ ! /r+2 b z we dislike ev]y?+ und]h&1 we %all n recomm5d ?is practice any m ?an we %all ! ,spani% tops1 :i* are spun aft] ?is me?od4 ,illu/ration ,,peg-,,9-,,!-,,r+4 ,?is game may be play$ by any numb] ( boys4 ,a r+ ab\t a y>d 9 diamet] is fir/ m>k$ on ! gr\nd1 & ano!r r+ surr\nd+ ! fir/1 & at a y>d's di/ance f x1 is also m>k$4 ,! play]s mu/ /& on ?is r+1 & f x ?r[ _! tops4 ,"o play] beg9s by ?r[+ 8 top sp9n+ into ! r+1 & :ile x is !re sp9n+ ! o!r play]s are at lib]ty to peg at x z quickly z !y c4 ,if none ( !m hit x :ile x is sp9n+1 & if x rolls out ( ! r+1 ! own] is all[$ to take x up1 & hav+ w\nd x1 to peg at ! o!rs :i* may be /ill sp9n+ 9 ! circle4 ,%\ld any ( ! tops1 :5 !y cease sp9n+1 fall )9 ! r+1 !y are consid]$ dead1 & are plac$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! circle = ! o!rs to peg at4 ,! play] :o succe$s 9 /rik+ any ( ! tops out ( ! circle claims ^? s /ruck out4 ,9 "s places ea* play] may ransom 8 top ) a m>ble4 ,sleep+ tops are expos$ to mu* dang] 9 ! play1 = !y (f] a fair m>k to ! 8pegg]10 & (t5 get split1 :5 ! 8peg0 is tak5 by ! splitt] z 8 trophy4 ,long-pegg$ tops are ! be/ = ! game1 = !y lie m ^u _! sides aft] _! fall1 &1 be=e ! sp9n+ entirely ceases1 are ! m likely to sp9 out ( ! r+4 ,!re is a way ( mak+ ! top spr+ out ( ! r+ directly x has t\*$ ! gr\nd4 ,only long-pegg$ tops w execute ?is feat4 ,x is done by draw+ ! h& %>ply t[>ds ! body j z ! top leaves ! /r+4 ,:5 ! manuvre is well execut$1 ! top w drive any oppon5t t x /rikes entirely out ( ! r+1 :ile x does n rema9 )9 ! dang]\s circle itself = m ?an a few seconds4 ,illu/ration3 8,,tops ,,are ,,940 ,illu/ration3 ,,miscellane\s ,,toys ,!re are "s out-door games play$ ) toys :i* d n fall "u any ( our previ\s head+s4 ,^! games we n[ lay be=e our read]1 toge!r ) a description ( ! toys 9 common use4 ,,! ,,apple ,,mill4 ,! ,apple ,mill is made by bor+ a hole 9 a nut1 j l>ge en\gh to pass a ?9 skew] ?r\gh2 ! k]nel %\ld !n be extract$1 & ano!r hole bor$ 9 ! side ( ! nut1 z ,a 9 ! annex$ figure4 ,a skew] %\ld next be cut or ?9n$1 leav+ x l>ge en\gh at ! top to =m a head1 z %[n 9 ! cut4 ,a piece ( /r+ is !n to be ti$ to ! skew]1 & pass$ ?r\gh ! hole 9 ! side ( ! nut at ,a1 & an apple /uck on ! end ( ! skew]4 ,! mill be+ n[ complete 9 all its works1 x %\ld be twirl$ r\nd 9 ! same mann] z ! humm+ top to w9d up ! /r+1 hold+ ! nut /ation>y betwe5 ! =ef+] & ?umb ( ! left h&2 :5 ?is is done1 ! /r+ mu/ be pull$ out quickly1 & ! mill w imm$iately sp9 r\nd4 ,:5 an apple _c be procur$1 a small potato w s]ve equally well4 ,illu/ration ,,aunt ,,sally4 ,?is amus+ game is ( a v simple "*1 consi/+ ess5tially 9 ?r[+ at a small object4 ,aunt ,sally h]self is compos$ ( a head & bu/ cut out ( a solid block ( wood1 & g5]ally c>v$ ) negro features1 & pa9t$ black4 ,9 ! middle ( h] nose1 or betwe5 h] lips1 a hole is bor$1 into :i* is /uck a %ort pipe4 ,to break x is ! object ( ! game4 ,an iron rod s]ves to support ! wood5 figure at a prop] elevation f ! gr\nd2 & :5 9 gala co/ume1 ,aunt ,sally is usually array$ 9 a mob cap & a petticoat4 ,! mode ( play+ ! game is z foll[s3-- ,! iron rod is /uck 9 ! gr\nd1 a pipe put into ! old lady's m\?1 & a l9e drawn ^u ! gr\nd1 at twelve1 sixte51 or m paces4 ,at ?is l9e ! play]s /&1 & ea* is furni%$ ) ?ree %ort cudgels1 ab\t eighte5 in*es 9 l5g?1 :i* !y hurl at ,aunt ,sally's head1 9 hopes ( hitt+ ! pipe4 ,! be/ plan is to ?r[ ! cudgels und]h&1 giv+ !m a rapid rotatory movem5t at ! same "t4 ,"s p]sons ins]t an additional pipe into ea* e>2 b ?is is an innovation1 & leads to c>eless ?r[+4 ,x is bett] to hang a %eet1 net1 or l>ge clo? beh9d ,aunt ,sally1 9 ord] to cat* ! /icks1 & save ! tr\ble ( cont9ually fet*+ !m f a di/ance4 ,)9 doors1 ! iron rod is furni%$ ) a load$ p$e/al4 ,illu/ration ,,baton1 ,or1 8,?r[+ ,/icks40 ,?is v popul> game among ! ,greeks 0 by !m call$ ,kyndalismos4 ,x 0 play$ ) %ort batons1 & requir$ consid]able /r5g? & quickness ( eye4 ,) u ! game is play$ 9 mu* ! same mann] z ! ,greeks play$ x4 ,a /ick is fix$ 9 a k9d ( cup or hole1 ab\t six in*es deep1 9 a loose moi/ soil1 & ! play]s consi/ ( ! ,keep] & ,?r[]s4 ,! ,keep] places on ! top ( ! /ick "s article1 su* z an apple or orange1 & ! ,?r[]s endeav\r to knock x (f1 by ?r[+ at x ) %ort ?ick /icks1 or batons2 :oev] succe$s 9 do+ ?is claims ! prize1 :5ev] x falls )\t ! hole4 ,! ,?r[] w soon f9d 9 8 play1 t to hit ! /ick is ( little importance1 z f ! p]p5dicul> l9e ( gravity :i* ! apple or orange w take 9 its desc5t1 x is almo/ c]ta9 to fall into ! hole4 ,! aim1 !re=e1 %\ld be to /rike ! object f ! /ick4 ,?is game is v common at fairs & simil> places1 & ?ree /icks1 ) articles ^u !m1 are usually set up1 b :i* (f] no advantage to ! ?r[]s4 ,,cat4 ,tip ,cat1 al?\gh n altoge!r a nice pa/ime1 ought to be notic$ "h4 ,x is a dang]\s game1 & %\ld be play$ ) great caution on ! "p ( ! play]s4 ,x is a ru/ic game1 well kn[n1 & g5]ally goes by ! "n ( ,cat4 ,x is play$ ) a cudgel or bludgeon1 resembl+ t us$ = trap-ball4 ,its "n is d]iv$ f a piece ( wood call$ a 8,cat10 ( ab\t six in*es 9 l5g?1 & an in* & half1 or two1 9 diamet]1 dim9i%$ f ! middle to bo? ! ends1 be+ ( ! %ape ( a sp9dle or d\ble cone2 by ?is contrivance ! places ( ! trap & ball are at once suppli$1 = :5 ! ,cat is laid ^u ! gr\nd1 ! play] ) 8 /ick tips x at "o end by a sm>t /roke1 :i* causes x to rise 9 ! air ) a rotatory motion1 high en\gh = him to /rike x z x falls1 9 ! same mann] z he w\ld a ball4 ,illu/ration ,!re are v>i\s me?ods ( play+ ! game ( ,cat4 ,! fir/ is exce$+ly simple1 & consi/s 9 mak+ a l>ge r+ ^u ! gr\nd1 9 ! middle ( :i* ! /rik] takes 8 /ation4 ,8 bus9ess is to beat ! ,cat ov] ! r+2 if he fails 9 s do+ he is out1 & ano!r play] takes 8 place2 if he is successful1 he judges ) 8 eye ! di/ance ! ,cat is driv5 f ! c5tre ( ! r+1 & calls = a numb] at pleasure to be scor$ = ! game3 if ! numb] dem&$ be f\nd1 ^u measurem5t1 to exce$ ! same numb] ( l5g?s ( ! bludgeon1 he is out2 on ! contr>y1 if x does n1 he obta9s 8 call4 ,! second me?od ( play+ ,cat is to make f\r1 six1 or eight holes 9 ! gr\nd1 9 a circul> direction1 & z ne>ly z possible at equal di/ances f ea* o!r1 & at e hole is plac$ a play] ) 8 bludgeon4 ,"o ( ! opposite p>ty :o /&s 9 ! field tosses ! ,cat to ! batsman :o is ne>e/ him1 & e "t ! ,cat is /ruck ! play]s are oblig$ to *ange _! situations1 & run once f "o hole to ano!r 9 succession4 ,if ! ,cat be driv5 to any v great di/ance1 !y cont9ue to run 9 ! same ord]1 & claim a score ( "o t[>ds ! game e "t !y quit "o hole & run to ano!r4 ,b if ! ,cat be /opp$ by _! oppon5ts1 & ?r[n across betwe5 any two ( ! holes1 be=e ! play]1 :o has quitt$ "o ( !m1 c rea* ! o!r1 he is out4 ,,cat ,,& ,,m\se4 ,?is sport1 :i* is ( ,fr5* orig91 is = two play]s only4 ,bo? be+ bl9dfold$1 !y are ti$ to ! ends ( a long /r+1 :i* is fa/5$ by a loose knot 9 ! middle to a po/1 &1 z ! knot is v slightly ti$1 ! play]s are enabl$ to move ab\t ) facility4 ,! play] :o takes ! "p ( ! 8m\se0 scrapes two pieces ( wood toge!r1 s z to make a grat+ noise1 & = :i* purpose ! edges ( "o ( ! pieces ( wood are not*$3 ! s\nd attracts ! o!r play]1 :o repres5ts ! 8cat10 & he imm$iately uses 8 utmo/ ef=ts to cat* 8 prey1 by foll[+ ! noise z well z he c1 ! 8m\se0 at ! same "t /ruggl+ ab\t1 9 ord] to escape be+ caught4 ,,knock-',,em-,,d[n1 ,illu/ration ,a simil> game to ,aunt ,sally1 b a simpl] "o1 is made by scoop+ a hole 9 ! gr\nd1 & plac+ 9 x an upright /ick2 on ! top ( x is plac$ a /one1 or simil> sub/ance4 ,! play] !n retires to a di/ance1 & fl+s at ! /one ) cudgels or balls1 ! latt] be+ pref]able4 ,if ! /one falls into ! hole1 ! play] only c\nts "o t[>ds ! game2 b if x falls outside ! hole1 he c\nts two4 ,?is is a capital game = ! seaside1 & c be play$ ^u ! s&s4 ,?is game is almo/ simil> to ,baton4 ,,pea-,,%oot]s4 ,! pea-%oot] is a tube ( metal1 ?r\gh :i* a pea may be propell$ ) great =ce by a puff ( air f ! m\?4 ,! ord9>y t9 pea-%oot]s sold 9 ! %ops are comp>atively wor?less4 ,we %\ld advise ! read] to procure a /raight piece ( brass tube f two to f\r feet long1 & get a brazi] to t9 "o end ( x1 s t ! brass may n corrode :5 plac$ 9 ! m\?4 ,) su* a tube peas1 pellets ( clay1 & o!r projectiles may be %ot ) great precision to a consid]able di/ance4 ,! game ( puff & d>t is play$ ) a long brass tube1 & a small d>t hav+ a ne$le po9t4 ,! d>t is bl[n ?r\gh ! tube at a t>get1 on :i* !re are divisions be>+ diff]5t numb]s4 ,,quoits4 ,! game ( ,quoits is v excell5t4 ,x seems to h d]iv$ its "n f ! anci5t discus1 & ) u 9 ! pres5t day is a circul> plate ( iron p]=at$ 9 ! middle1 n always ( "o size1 b l>g] or small] to suit ! /r5g? or conv5i5ce ( ! sev]al c&idates4 ,illu/ration ,to play at ,quoits an iron p9 call$ a hob is driv5 into ! gr\nd )9 a few in*es ( ! top1 & at ! di/ance ( eighte5 or tw5ty y>ds1 z may be agre$ ^u1 a second p9 ( iron is also fix$4 ,! play]s are g5]ally divid$ into p>ties1 & ! play]s pit* ! quoits f hob to hob2 ^? :o pit* ! ne>e/ reckon+ t[>ds ! game4 ,b ! det]m9ation is discrim9ately made2 = in/ance1 if a quoit belong+ to ,a lies ne>e/ to ! hob1 & a quoit belong+ to ,b ! second1 ,a c claim b "o t[>ds ! game1 ?\gh all 8 o!r quoits be ne>] to ! hob ?an all ! o!r quoits ( ,b1 because "o quoit ( ,b be+ ! second ne>e/ to ! hob1 cuts out1 z x is call$1 all beh9d x4 ,if no su* quoit _h int]f]$1 !n ,a w\ld h reckon$ all 8 z "o ea*4 ,hav+ all ca/ _! quoits1 ! play]s walk to ! opposite side1 & det]m9e ! /ate ( ! play4 ,!n tak+ _! /& !re1 ?r[ _! quoits back aga91 & cont9ue to d s alt]nately1 till ! end ( ! game4 ,a quoit t falls ) its flat side upw>d does n c\nt4 ,illu/ration ,,n9e-,,p9s4 ,illu/ration ,?is game1 z its "n d5otes1 is play$ by means ( n9e p9s1 :i* are set up 9 a regul> ord]1 ! aim ( ! play]s be+ to ?r[ d[n z _m z possible 9 ! fewe/ attempts4 ,ea* play] is p]mitt$ to ?r[ ?ree times at ! p9s1 & if he c knock !m all d[n 9 two ?r[s1 x is call$ a 8s+le10 & !y are aga9 set up = 8 la/ ?r[2 or1 if he c knock !m d[n 9 "o ?r[1 x is call$ a 8d\ble10 & !y are set up4 ,a heavy wood5 ball1 call$ a 8b[l10 is us$ to ?r[ at ! p9s4 ,,skittles4 ,illu/ration ,skittles is play$ 9 a mann] some:at simil> to ! prec$+ game1 b ! numb] ( p9s is only f\r4 ,^! are v l>ge1 & are arrang$ on a squ>e framework1 s z to pres5t "o ( ! angles to ! play]4 ,! b[l us$ = play+ ?is game is ( ! %ape ( a *eese1 & is usually made ( lignum vit1 z be+ v heavy & h>d wood4 ,! game requires m bodily /r5g? ?an n9e-p9s1 z ! b[l mu/ be ?r[n ^u ! skittles1 & n roll$ up to !m4 ,! be/ play is to ?r[ ! b[l ) a r\nd-h&$ sw+ ( ! arm1 s z to /rike ! ne>e/ skittle at ! "r ( its upp] ?ird4 ,! ball !n spr+s to ! second skittle1 & f ?is g5]ally twi/s to ! ?ird1 :ile ! f\r? skittle is s5t d[n by ! roll ( ! "o fir/ /ruck4 ,x is v difficult to make ?is ?r[ successfully1 & _m play]s pref] driv+ d[n ! fir/ & ?ird skittles ) a /raight=w>d %oot1 & !n mak+ _! second ball spr+ across f ! second to ! f\r?4 ,?is latt] /roke appe>s v difficult1 b is soon le>nt2 ! great po9t be+ to ?r[ ! b[l high1 s t x may drop z p]p5dicul>ly z possible on ! left ( ! upp] ?ird ( ! second skittle4 ,9 ! long run1 ! con/ant repetition ( ?is practice w ov]balance occasional brilliancy ( play4 ,,dut*-,,p9s4 ,illu/ration ,?is game is no?+ m ?an a modification ( n9e-p9s2 ! p9s be+ high]1 & ! c5tre "o be>+ ! "n ( k+1 & a cr[n ^u its head4 ,! great po9t 9 ?is game is to /rike ! k+ out ( ! bo>d )\t knock+ d[n any ( ! subjects4 ,if ?is c be done1 ! game is won4 ,9 all o!r cases1 ! k+ c\nts = no m ?an any ( 8 subjects4 ,,?r[+ ,,! ,,hamm]4 ,?is is a good a?letic sport1 b ! ,hamm] c sc>cely be call$ a toy4 ,! hamm] us$ by ru/ics is g5]ally ! sl$ge-hamm] ( ! blacksmi?1 ) a head weigh+ "s twelve or f\rte5 p\nds4 ,! play]s are all s+le & d n jo9 9 p>ties1 & ! prize is giv5 to him :o makes ! greate/ numb] ( long ?r[s 9 a doz54 ,x does n m]ely require /r5g? to ?r[ ! sl$ge-hamm]1 b a nice calculation ( ! area :i* ! ,hamm] has to pass ov] 9 its flight1 comb9$ ) ! /r5g? ( ! ?r[]4 ,,! ,,boom]ang4#a ,illu/ration ,?is in/rum5t is a curv$ piece ( wood1 flat on "o side1 & slightly r\nd$ on ! o!r4 ,x is us$ by ! natives ( ,new ,s\? ,wales1 :o c ?r[ x s dext]\sly z to kill a man beh9d a tree1 :]e he may h fl$ = safety4 ,x %\ld be held horizontally 9 ?r[+ x1 & ca/ by br++ ! arm backw>ds1 & aft] mak+ a v>iety ( curves x w come back aga9 to ! p]son :o s5d x4 ,if skilfully ?r[n1 x may be made to g 9 almo/ any direction ! ?r[] pleases4 #a ,! in/rum5t repres5t$ 9 ! cut is ! ,au/ralian boom]ang4 ,^? us$ 9 ,engl& h a %>p] curve4 ,,! ,,skip-,,jack1 ,,or ,,jump-,,jack4 ,! skip-jack is manufactur$ out ( ! m]ry-?\ght ( a goose1 :i* mu/1 ( c\rse1 be well clean$ be=e x is us$4 ,a /rong d\bl$ /r+ mu/ be ti$ at ! two ends ( ! bone1 & a piece ( wood ab\t ?ree in*es long put betwe5 ! /r+s1 z %[n 9 ! m>g9al illu/ration1 & twi/$ r\nd until ! /r+ acquires ! =ce ( a spr+4 ,a bit ( %oemak]'s wax %\ld !n be put 9 ! holl[ ( ! bone at ! spot :]e ! end ( ! piece ( wood t\*es1 & :5 ! wood is press$ slightly on ! wax ! jack is set2 x adh]es b a v %ort "t1 & !n spr+s =cibly up4 ,! skip-jack is plac$ on ! gr\nd ) ! wax d[nw>ds1 & 9 "s p>ts ( ! c\ntry x is usual to call out1 8,up1 ,jack60 or 8,jump1 ,jack60 j be=e x spr+s4 ,illu/ration ,,! ,,sl+4 ,illu/ration ,! art ( sl++1 or ( ca/+ /ones ) a sl+1 is ( v high antiquity4 ,we see x repres5t$ on ! ,nimr\d monum5ts1 & ! feat ( ! div9e y\?1 ,david1 is famili> to e "o4 ,9 ! e>lie/ times !re 7 b&s ( sl+]s1 & probably :ole regim5ts ( !m1 & !re is little d\bt t ! art ( sl++ prec$$ t ( ar*]y4 ,! =m] seem$1 h[ev]1 to belong to ! ,asiatic1 z ! latt] did to ! ,european nations4 ,our ,saxon ance/ors1 also1 seem to h be5 skilful 9 _! mann] ( hold+ ! sl+4 ,its =m is pres]v$ 9 sev]al ( _! pa9t+s1 & ! mann] 9 :i* x 0 us$ by !m1 z f> back z ! eigh? c5tury1 may be se5 9 ! annex$ cut4 ,we h also suffici5t te/imony to prove1 t m5 arm$ ) sl+s =m$ "p ( ! ,anglo-,norman soldi]y4 ,illu/ration ,9 c\ntry di/ricts1 sl++ ( /ones is a common sport2 & ! sl+ s us$ consi/s simply ( a piece ( lea!r cut into ! subjo9$ =m1 to :i* are affix$ two cords1 "o hav+ a loop4 ,9 us+ x1 lea!r is suff]$ to hang f ! /rong d[nw>ds2 ! sl+] places 8 little f+] 9 ! loop1 & holds ! o!r end 9 8 h&1 & !n putt+ ! /one 9 ! hole ( ! sl+ at ,a1 :i* prev5ts its fall+1 :irls ! :ole r\nd = ?ree or f\r times1 to obta9 a /rong c5trifugal =ce1 & sudd5ly lett+ g ( t "p ( ! sl+ held 9 8 h&1 ! /one flies =w>d ) inconceivable rapidity1 mak+ a twang+ s\nd 9 ! e> z x flies4 ,sl++ is a v good ex]cise = imp>t+ /r5g? to ! arm1 b "y sl+]s %\ld be v c>eful :]e !y s5d _! /ones1 or !y may d mu* damage4 ,illu/ration ,if any ( my read]s may wi% to con/ruct a bett] k9d ( sl+1 !y may d x 9 ! foll[+ mann]3--,get a curri] to cut a piece ( v /rong bucksk9 lea!r 9 ?is %ape1 ! c5tre be+ cut into b>s4 ,two long /rips ( ! same lea!r are !n cut ( ?is %ape1 ,illu/ration two cuts be+ made along !m1 s z to leave ?ree lea!r cords4 ,^! are plait$ toge!r1 & ! flat ends firmly sewn to ! c5trepiece4 ,! %ape w !n be ?is3 ,illu/ration ,a sl+ made on ?is pr9ciple w c>ry a /one ( a p\nd weight4 ,! loop & po9t %\ld be :ipp$ ) silk4 ,! accuracy t c be obta9$ ) su* a weapon is a/oni%+1 only ! missiles %\ld always be lead5 bullets ( ! same weight--two or ?ree ounces be+ ! be/ av]age weight4 ,at ! s*ool :]e my boyhood 0 sp5t1 we us$ to s5d su* bullets j ov] ! wea!r-cock ( "o ( ! l(tie/ spires 9 ,engl&1 & /ripp$ a *e/nut-tree ( its blossoms4 ,"o ye> !re 0 a solit>y blossom on ! top ( ! tree1 :i* defi$ our ef=ts = _m days4 ,! blossoms 7 soon knock$ (f1 b ! gre5 /alk resi/$ ! bl[s = a long "t4 ,x 0 batt]$ to pieces1 b b5t to ! /rokes1 & _h to be knock$ (f 9 fragm5ts4 ,i m5tion ?is to %[ ! accuracy ( aim t c be atta9$ by practice4 ,,walk+ ,,on ,,/ilts4 ,illu/ration ,among ! ,swiss1 & 9 sev]al di/ricts 9 ! ,s\? ( ,france1 walk+ on /ilts is n only an amus+1 b a useful1 practice1 z by means ( ^! crane-l legs m5 & wom5 trans=m !mselves into ! ord] ( 8,wad]s10 emulat+ ! long-legg$ /orks & h]ons1 & c cross ov] m>%es & flood$ gr\nds )\t wett+ _! feet4 ,/ilts are easily made1 be+ no?+ b a pair ( poles1 ) a wood5 /ep at ! sides = ! feet to /& on4 ,! poles are kept 9 _! prop] place by ! h&s4 ,a little practice w soon r5d] a y\? 8easy on 8 /ilts10 & !y may be made an amus+ & heal?y ex]cise4 ,illu/ration ,,! ,,suck]4 ,! suck] is a toy ( ! simple/ con/ruction imag9able2 x is made by m]ely cutt+ a circul> piece out ( "s tol]ably /\t lea!r1 bor+ a hole 9 its c5tre1 & !n pass+ a /r+ ?r\gh ! hole1 tak+ ! precaution to make a l>ge knot at ! end ( ! /r+1 to prev5t its be+ drawn completely ?r\gh ! hole4 ,be=e us+ ! suck]1 x mu/ be /eep$ 9 wat] until x becomes q s(t & pliable4 ,if its smoo?1 moi/ surface be n[ press$ s closely aga9/ ! flat side ( a /one or o!r body1 t ! air _c ent] betwe5 !m1 ! weight ( ! atmosph]e press+ on ! upp] surface ( ! lea!r w cause x to adh]e s /rongly1 t ! /one1 if its weight be proportion$ to ! ext5t ( ! disc ( lea!r1 may be rais$ by lift+ ! /r+4 ,if ! suck] c\ld act ) full effect1 e squ>e in* ( its surface w\ld support ab\t ! weight ( f\rte5 p\nds4 ,! feet ( ! common h\se-fly are provid$ ) m9ute natural suck]s1 by aid ( :i* ! insect is enabl$ to run up a smoo? pane ( glass & walk along ! ceil+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,our "y read]s w 9 all probability rem>k t we h laid b little /ress on games ) toys1 & t comp>atively few toys h be5 m5tion$4 ,we h done s int5tionally1 because ! book is writt5 expressly = boys1 & ^?1 ,engli% boys4 ,n[ an ,engli% boy always likes a toy t w d some?+4 ,= example1 he c>es n "o f>?+ = all ! elegant imitations ( guns 9 ! _w1 z long z he c h 8 pea-%oot]2 & ! walnut /ock1 ! glitt]+ decorations1 & ! burni%$ b useless b>rel ( ! toy gun1 are no?+ 9 8 eyes1 :5 comp>$ ) ! pla9 t9 b>rel ( 8 belov$ pea-%oot]1 :i* w ?r[ a missile ) rifle-l accuracy ( aim4 ,= ^! reasons1 we h m5tion$ b v few toys1 look+ ) contempt ^u ^? innum]able fabrications t f9d _! place 9 ! w9d[s ( toy-%ops1 & 9 n9ety-n9e cases out ( a hundr$ are only pur*as$ = ! imm$iate gratification ( spoilt *ildr51 :o unconsci\sly illu/rate ! real objects ( toys1 by pull+ !m to pieces1 & conv]t+ ! fragm5ts to unexpect$ uses4 ,illu/ration3 ,,end ,,( ,,toys4 ,,easy ,,games ,,) ,,toys4 ,,indoor4 ,!re are _m elaborate toys :i* are n includ$ "u ?is head1 z !y are always sold ) pr9t$ directions = us+ !m4 ,! games :i* foll[ are play$ ) toys ( ! simple/ con/ruction1 _m ( :i* may be easily manufactur$ by ! read]4 ,,battl$ore ,,& ,,%uttlecock4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,?is game is s well kn[n z to require b little rem>k4 ,! ,battl$ores may be pur*as$ at ! toy-%ops1 z may also be ! ,cocks2 b _m ( our "y fri5ds :o "k any?+ ab\t c>p5try may easily make bo? = !mselves4 ,! ,battl$ores c be cut out ) a key-hole saw into ! subjo9$ %ape4 ,!y %\ld be ab\t a qu>t] ( an in* ?ick1 ! h&les ab\t six in*es long1 & ! 8spades0 ( ab\t five in*es long1 & five broad4 ,! ,%uttlecock may be made by cutt+ a piece ( cork into ! foll[+ =m1 & plac+ a small brass nail at its l[] end4 ,! top %\ld be plum$ ) five fea!rs /&+ outw>ds f ! rim1 be+ fa/5$ by a little gum into small holes cut !re94 ,! practice ( ! game is = two play]s to beat ! ,cock backw>ds & =w>ds f "o to ! o!r1 & ! "o t lets x fall1 by fail+ to /rike x ) 8 bat1 is to give to ! o!r a pea1 bead1 p91 or "s o!r small article4 ,"s =eign]s1 p>ticul>ly ! ,*9ese1 play at ?is game ) ! toes1 h&s1 elb[s1 & o!r p>ts ( ! body1 & w keep ! ,cocks up 9 a mo/ amus+ mann]1 9 ! mid/ ( _m grotesque ge/ures4 ,,b&ilor4 ,?is toy is simply a :eel or pulley ( h>d wood1 hav+ a v deep groove1 r\nd :i* a /rong b f9e cord is w\nd4 ,! play] holds ! free end ( ! cord betwe5 8 f+] & ?umb1 gives a rapid rotatory motion to ! b&ilor1 by all[+ x to fall t[>ds ! gr\nd2 by a sudd5 j]k he n[ tight5s ! cord 9 ! groove1 & ! toy rises t[>ds 8 h&4 ,a little practice w enable any "o to keep ! b&ilor 9 motion = a consid]able "t by caus+ x to rise & fall alt]nately4 ,,cup ,,& ,,ball4 ,a ball ( ivory or h>d wood is atta*$ to a /em ( ! same sub/ance1 hav+ a %all[ cup at "o end & a po9t at ! o!r4 ,! play] holds ! /em 9 8 "r h&1 z %[n 9 ! figure2 &1 hav+ caus$ ! ball to revolve by twirl+ x betwe5 ! f+] & ?umb ( 8 left1 he j]ks x up & cat*es x ei!r 9 ! cup1 or ^u ! spike1 to receive :i* a hole is made 9 ! ball4 ,we ne$ sc>cely say t ! latt] feat c only be p]=m$ by a skilful play]4 ,cup & ,ball 0 ! fav\rite pa/ime at ! c\rt ( ,h5ry ,,iii4 ( ,france4 ,illu/ration ,,! ,,cutwat]4 ,! ,cutwat] is a circul> piece ( %eet lead1 not*$ l a saw r\nd ! edge1 & hav+ two holes pi]c$ 9 x at "s di/ance f ea* o!r1 ?r\gh :i* is pass$ a piece ( /r+1 ! two ends be+ aft]w>ds ti$ toge!r4 ,! annex$ figure %[s ?is toy1 & ! way x is to be held by ! play]4 ,to set ! ,cutwat] 9 action1 ! d\ble /r+ mu/ be alt]nately pull$ & slack5$4 ,e "t ! /r+ is relax$ ! disc revolves1 9 consequ5ce ( ! impetus x has acquir$ f ! previ\s pull2 & e "t ! /r+ is tight5$1 x :irls r\nd 9 an opposite direction1 z ! d\ble /r+ is !n untwi/$4 ,if ! edge ( ?is toy be dipp$ 9 wat]1 x may be made to spr9kle ! by/&]s & ! play]2 h5ce its title ( 8,cutwat]40 ,illu/ration ,,fox ,,& ,,geese4 ,illu/ration ,fifte5 ord9>y draughtsm5 compose ! flock ( geese4 ,! fox may ei!r be two draughtsm5 plac$ "o ^u ano!r1 or any small object :i* may be at h&4 ,! game is play$ on a bo>d m>k$ z %[n 9 ! annex$ engrav+4 ,! fox is plac$ 9 ! middle ( ! bo>d1 & ! geese on ! po9ts on "o side ( x1 z %[n 9 ! illu/ration4 ,! game is to conf9e ! fox to "s spot on ! bo>d1 s t !re %all be ei!r ! edge ( ! bo>d or else two r[s ( m5 r\nd him4 ,:5 ! fox _c escape1 ! game is done1 & ! play] ( ! geese w9s2 b :5 "o ( ! geese is left on a po9t next to t occupi$ by ! fox1 & is n support$ by ano!r goose beh9d1 or by ! edge ( ! bo>d1 ! fox c take x1 & by jump+ ov] its head to ! next space1 he may1 p]haps1 escape ! p]secutions ( "s ( ! o!rs1 z all ! geese are compell$ to move =w>ds t[>ds ! end ( ! bo>d t 0 unoccupi$ at ! comm5cem5t ( ! game4 ,! fox is all[$ to move ei!r backw>ds or =w>ds4 ,nei!r fox nor goose mu/ be mov$ m ?an "o space at a "t4 ,if ! fox neglects to take :5 he has a *ance1 he is huff$1 & "o ( ! captur$ geese is re/or$ to ! back ( ! bo>d4 ,! fox %\ld avoid gett+ into ! l[] squ>e ( ! bo>d if possible1 z he w f9d x difficult to extricate himself f a position :i* c be s easily blockad$4 ,illu/ration ,!re is ano!r me?od ( play+ fox & geese on a *essbo>d2 namely1 ) f\r :ite m51 repres5t+ ! geese1 & "o black "o1 repres5t+ ! fox4 ,! geese are rang$ on ! f\r :ite squ>es ne>e/ "o play]1 & ! fox may be plac$ :]e 8 own] pleases4 ,! be/ place = him is t m>k$ 9 ! diagram1 z he c manuvre 9 a v puzzl+ way4 ,! geese c only move =w>d1 & ! fox moves ei!r way4 ,! object ( ! geese is to p5 up ! fox s t he _c move1 & ! fox has to break ?r\gh4 ,if ! game is prop]ly play$1 ! geese mu/ w91 ! secret be+ to keep !m all 9 l9e z mu* z possible4 ,! fox tries to prev5t ?is plan f be+ foll[$ up2 & if he c succe$ 9 d\bl+ ! geese1 or gett+ "o to /& be=e ano!r1 he is ne>ly sure to pass ?r\gh !m4 ,,goose4 ,to play at ,goose a bo>d mu/ be made conta9+ sixty-?ree circles1 plac$ s z to =m "s resemblance to ! %ape ( a goose1 & numb]$ consecutively4 ,two dice & a box1 & z _m c\nt]s z !re are play]s1 are requir$4 ,ea* play] 9 turn ?r[s ! dice1 & accord+ to ! numb] he ?r[s1 s he reckons1 c\nt+ f ,no4 #a1 & plac+ 8 c\nt] on ! numb] he obta9s4 ,! play] :o fir/ rea*es sixty-?ree w9s ! game4 ,b m>k2 he mu/ ?r[ sixty-?ree exactly1 or else he has to c\nt ! surplus numb] back f sixty-?ree4 ,= in/ance1 suppose :5 at sixty he ?r[s eight1 ?is makes sixty-eight1 five ov] sixty-?ree4 ,! play] mu/1 !re=e1 take five back f sixty-?ree1 & leave 8 c\nt] at fifty-eight4 ,! game is call$ ,goose f ! fact t a goose is usually drawn on e f\r? & fif? r+2 & ! play] :o l&s on "o ( ^!1 scores d\ble ! numb] he has j ?r[n4 ,sev]al ob/acles occur1 h[ev]1 on ! j\rney4 ,on "o r+ is drawn a bridge1 to pass :i* a toll ( "o c\nt] mu/ be paid4 ,a little f>!r on is an inn1 :]e ! play] halts = two turns & pays two to ! pool2 b if he fall into ! pond1 ! un=tunate wight has to /ay !re until ano!r play] tumbles 9 too1 :5 he is all[$ to proce$ on 8 j\rney4 ,! la/ h9drance is a gloomy prison1 9 :i* ! same rule holds good1 except t ! reliev+ p>ty1 in/ead ( go+ on z 9 ! case ( ! pond1 rema9s 9 durance vile until somebody else ent]s ! prison-h\se4 ,o!r ob/acles may be ins]t$ at ! play]s' option4 ,,head1 ,,body1 ,,& ,,legs4 ,"o play] takes an oblong piece ( pap]1 & hav+ divid$ x into ?ree equal p>ts by fold+1 he sket*es a comic head1 ei!r ) p5 or p5cil1 9 ! upp] space2 he !n d\bles ! pap] ov]1 & h&s x to ano!r1 :o draws a body 9 ! middle comp>tm5t1 folds ! pap] ov] once m1 & passes x to a ?ird1 :o completes ! figure by draw+ a pair ( legs 9 ! l[] space4 ,! play] :o draws ! head1 mu/ cont9ue ! neck a little way into ! middle space1 & he :o sket*es ! body mu/ j comm5ce ! legs 9 ! l[] comp>tm5t2 ?is arrangem5t insures ! connexion ( head1 body1 & legs4 ,our fir/ illu/ration %[s h[ ! pap] is to be fold$ ov] = draw+ ! diff]5t p>ts ( a figure4 ,ea* play] %\ld be provid$ ) a p5 or p5cil1 & a few pieces ( pap]2 hav+ drawn a head1 he %\ld fold 8 sket* 9 a prop] mann] & pass x to 8 "r-h& neighb\r2 9 ?is way a numb] ( figures may be f9i%$ simultane\sly4 ,a k ( draw+ is n expect$ ( any play]1 z ! crude/ notion ( a head1 a body1 or a pair ( legs1 w fully meet ! requirem5ts ( ! game4 ,^? :o h nev] play$ at ,head1 ,body1 & ,legs1 c h no idea ( ! absurd comb9ations t spr+ f ! indep5d5t lab\rs ( ! diff]5t play]s2 ?us1 a man's body w sometimes get jo9$ to a donkey's head1 & be support$ by ! legs ( an o/ri*4 ,illu/ration ,,knuckle-,,bones4 ,?is game is play$ ) five little bones f a %eep's trott]4 ,"o play] tosses up ! knuckle-bones1 sometimes "o at a "t1 sometimes all toge!r1 & cat*es !m ei!r 9 ! palm or on ! back ( 8 h&1 accord+ to c]ta9 rules4 ,%\ld he fail to p]=m "o ( ! tricks prop]ly1 he mu/ h& ! bones to 8 oppon5t1 :o attempts to g ?r\gh ! same s]ies ( manuvres ) !m4 ,:5 ! fir/ play] rega9s ! bones ?r\gh ! unskilful play ( 8 adv]s>y1 he once m attempts ! feat he fail$ to accompli% be=e1 & if he succe$s he tries to pass ?r\gh ! subsequ5t /ages ( ! game4 ,! play] :o fir/ arrives at ! end ( ! regulat$ s]ies ( tricks w9s ! game4 ,x w\ld be impossible to give ! read] a cle> idea ( ! mann] ( p]=m+ ea* trick )\t ! aid ( diagrams4 ,9 almo/ e s*ool may be f\nd an exp]i5c$ play] at knuckle-bones1 ^: directions w be ( m value ?an any rem>ks we c make1 ?\gh we 7 to devote a c\ple ( pages to ?is pa/ime4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,engl& a simil> game1 call$ 8,jack/ones10 is play$ ) small r\nd pebbles4 ,,m]elles1 ,,or ,,n9e ,,m5',s ,,morris4 ,illu/ration ,?is is an anci5t ,engli% game1 & ought n to be laid aside2 s we resuscitate x = ! b5efit ( "y ,engl&4 ,x us$ to be play$ 9 ,engl& on ! gr\nd ) /ones1 b may be play$ be/ on a table indoors4 ,! =m ( ! m]elle-table1 & ! l9es ^u x1 z x appe>$ 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury1 are "h repres5t$4 ,^! l9es are /ill ! same4 ,! black spots at e angle & int]section ( ! l9es are ! places = ! m5 to be laid ^u4 ,! m5 are diff]5t 9 =m & col\r1 = di/9ction sake4 ,! mann] ( play+ is briefly ?us3 ,two p]sons1 hav+ ea* ( !m n9e pieces1 or m51 lay !m d[n alt]nately1 "o by "o1 ^u ! spots2 & ! bus9ess ( ei!r p>ty is to prev5t 8 antagoni/ f plac+ ?ree ( 8 pieces s z to =m a r[ ( ?ree )\t ! int]v5tion ( an oppos+ piece4 ,if a r[ be =m$1 he t made x is at lib]ty to take up "o ( 8 competitor's pieces f any "p he ?9ks mo/ to 8 advantage2 except+ he has made a r[1 :i* mu/ n be t\*$ if he h ano!r piece ^u ! bo>d t is n a compon5t "p ( t r[4 ,:5 all ! pieces are laid d[n1 !y are play$ backw>ds & =w>ds 9 any direction t ! l9es run1 b c only move f "o spot to ano!r at "o "t4 ,he t takes all 8 antagoni/'s pieces1 is ! conqu]or4 ,,pap] ,,d>t4 ,illu/ration ,to =m ?is d>t y mu/ take an oblong piece ( pap]1 & fold x d[n ! middle l5g?wise2 !n d\ble ea* ( ! l[] corn]s up to ! middle crease1 & fold ! d\bl$ pap] ov] to ! same m>k2 y mu/ n[ turn ea* fold$ side outw>ds1 & y\r d>t w resemble ! annex$ figure4 ,! pap] d>t1 :5 ?r[n f ! h&1 r>ely hits ! object aim$ at1 z x g5]ally makes a graceful curve 9 pass+ ?r\gh ! air4 ,boys sometimes amuse !mselves by fight+ %am battles ) ^! h>mless weapons4 ,,! ,,popgun4 ,illu/ration ,! be/ ,popguns are made ( a /rong /raight piece ( eld]-tree1 :i* ought to be cut f an inn] bran*1 & %\ld be ab\t six in*es long4 ,! pi? ( ?is %\ld be pi]c$ out by an iron ramrod fitt+ ! hole2 & :5 ! inside is made ?or\ghly smoo? by rubb+ ! rod up & d[n1 x is ready = use4 ,! pellets are made ) moi/5$ t[--br[n pap] is a na/y ?+ to put into ! m\?1 & we %all nev] advise ! use ( x4 ,:5 ! pellet is prep>$1 x %\ld be laid ov] ! m\? ( ! gun 9 su* a quantity z to require squeez+ & plugg+ 94 ,! fir/ pellet %\ld be driv5 ?r\gh ! gun to its o!r end2 ! second pellet is to be driv5 91 9 a simil> mann] to ! fir/1 & !n x is =c$ ?r\gh ! gun3 ! air betwe5 ! pellets be+ incompressible beyond a c]ta9 po9t1 =ces out ! l[] pellet ) a l\d 8pop20 h5ce ! ! t]m 8,popgun10 :i* has be5 appli$ to !m4 ,popgun-play+ is n a v heal?y ex]cise1 ! press+ ( ! ramm] aga9/ ! pit ( ! /oma* frequ5tly lead+ to d]angem5t ( t organ4 ,to prev5t ?is1 ! lad :o plays at popgun %\ld h a small r\nd bo>d slung ov] 8 neck by a /r+1 hang+ z l[ z ! pit ( 8 /oma*1 l a 8conductor's ticket10 aga9/ :i* he %\ld press ! h&le ( 8 ramrod :5 he fires (f 8 popgun4 ,,pu%-,,p94 ,?is trifl+ game is usually play$ by two boys4 ,ea* play] places a p9 on ! table1 & !n endeav\rs to pu% "o p9 across ! o!r ) 8 f+]-nail2 %\ld he succe$1 bo? p9s become 8 prop]ty4 ,at />t+1 ! p9s mu/ be plac$ head to head1 & ! play]s pu% alt]nately4 ,sometimes ea* play] puts d[n two1 ?ree1 or ev5 m p9s4 ,,s*immel4 ,to play ?is amus+ game1 :i* is ( ,g]man orig91 x is necess>y to be furni%$ ) five c>ds1 on :i* are pa9t$ ! figures ( a :ite horse1 an inn1 a bell1 a hamm]1 & a bell & hamm]2 ) eight little ivory cubes m>k$ on "o side only1 six numb]$ #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 #f1 & ! o!r two m>k$1 "o ) a bell & ! o!r ) a hamm]2 ) a box = ?r[+ ! dice1 a hamm] = dispos+ ( ! c>ds by auction1 & a proportionate quantity ( c\nt]s = ! play]s4 ,! c>ds1 dice-box1 & auctione]'s hamm]1 are %[n 9 ! annex$ illu/ration4 ,any y\? :o c draw may easily prep>e ! c>ds2 ! cubes may be procur$ f an ivory-work]'s & may be m>k$ ) ink4 ,! game c be play$ by z _m p]sons z are pres5t4 ,! c\nt]s are to be di/ribut$ by "o ( ! play]s :o holds ! (fice ( ca%i]1 _! value hav+ be5 previ\sly det]m9$ ^u by ! play]s4 ,?is be+ done1 twelve are to be deposit$ by ea* play] 9 ! pool4 ,! ca%i] !n disposes ( ! five c>ds sep>ately to ! highe/ bidd]s1 ! produce ( :i* is also to be plac$ 9 ! pool4 ,! :ite horse is by f> ! mo/ valuable c>d1 & !re=e fet*es ! highe/ price 9 c\nt]s4 ,! inn ranks next1 & is usually pur*as$ by ! mo/ speculative play]1 z its value dep5ds ^u circum/ances4 ,! bell & ! hamm] g5]ally fet* ! same numb] ( c\nt]s1 ^! c>ds be+ equally valuable1 & ! c>d ^u :i* bo? bell & hamm] are pa9t$ fet*es ab\t half ! numb] t is giv5 = "o ( ! s+le figures4 ,! bidd]s are n b\nd to conf9e !mselves to ! numb] ( c\nt]s dealt out to !m at ! beg9n+ ( ! game2 %\ld !y exce$ x1 !y may pay ! rema9d] ( ! debt by in/alm5ts out ( _! receipts 9 ! c\rse ( ! game4 ,illu/ration ,ea* p]son is at lib]ty to pur*ase z _m c>ds z he may ?9k prop]4 ,! dice are !n to be ?r[n by ! play]s alt]nately1 beg9n+ ) ! hold] ( ! :ite horse1 any "o be+ all[$ to dispose ( 8 ?r[ to ! highe/ bidd]4 ,:5 all blanks are ?r[n1 ea* ( ! play]s pays "o to ! hold] ( ! :ite horse1 & he pays "o to ! inn4 ,if ) ! blanks ! bell1 or hamm]1 or ! bell & hamm] toge!r are ?r[n1 ! possessor ( ! c>d s ?r[n pays "o to ! :ite horse4 ,:5 numb]s accompany ! bell1 hamm]1 or bell & hamm]1 ! ca%i] is to pay ! c\nt]s1 to ! am\nt ( numb]s ?r[n1 to ! hold] ( su* c>d1 f ! pool2 b if numb]s are ?r[n unaccompani$1 ! ca%i] !n pays to ! ?r[]4 ,:5 ! pool is ne>ly empty !re arises an advantage to ! inn1 = if a play] ?r[s a figure great] ?an ! quantity conta9$ 9 ! pool he pays ! ov]plus to ! inn2 ?us3 suppose #d are 9 ! pool1 if ! play]s ?r[s #aj1 he is to pay #f to ! inn2 & if #b are ?r[n1 ^? #b are paid to him f ! pool1 & s on till a figure is ?r[n :i* cle>s ! pool1 & s concludes ! game4 ,if all blanks are ?r[n aft] ! inn beg9s to receive1 ! play]s pay no?+1 b ! own] ( ! :ite horse pays "o to ! inn2 & %\ld ! bell1 c4 be ?r[n ) ! blanks1 ! hold] ( t c>d pays "o to ! inn2 & if numb]s accompany ! bell1 c4 ! hold] ( t c>d mu/ pay to ! inn ! numb] ?r[n above ^? rema9+ 9 ! pool4 ,nuts are sometimes us$ z c\nt]s1 & ! play]s keep _! w9n+s4 ,sometimes ! ca%i] receives a halfp5ny or a p5ny a doz5 = ! c\nt]s1 & :5 ! game is f9i%$ ! receipts are divid$ among ! play]s accord+ to _! w9n+s4 ,^? :o d n hold c>ds frequ5tly f9d !mselves ri*] at ! close ( ! game ?an _! speculative companions1 ^: w9n+s d n always exce$ ! price paid = _! c>ds4 ,,spelicans4 ,spelicans are made ( ?9 pieces ( ivory cut into diff]5t =ms1 "s be+ l spe>s1 o!rs saws1 be>d$ hooks1 c42 ( "s ( ! patt]ns !re are duplicates1 :il/ ( o!rs only "o4 ,ea* patt]n has a value assign$ to x1 ! l[e/ be+ five1 & ! highe/ =ty2 ! numb]s d n run 9 regul> succession--z five1 six1 sev51 eight--b irregul>ly1 z five1 sixte51 tw5ty-five4 ,hooks1 made ( bone1 are us$ po9t]s4 ,! game is play$ z foll[s3--,"o play] %\ld take up all ! spelicans 9 a bundle1 & hold+ !m at a little height f ! table1 let !m fall d[n 9 a confus$ heap on x2 ea* play] mu/ !n try alt]nately to take away a spelican f ! heap )\t mov+ any ( ! o!rs1 & ?is x is g5]ally v easy to accompli% at ! fir/1 = ! top ones are mo/ly unconnect$ ) ! re/1 b z ! play]s proce$ x requires "s tact to j]k !m out1 ) ! help ( ! hook1 made po9t$ = t purpose4 ,! play] :o1 at ! entire removal ( ! heap1 has ! greate/ numb] ( spelicans1 w9s ! game4 ,%\ld any ( ! spelicans1 :ile be+ remov$ %ake ! o!rs1 !y mu/ be put back into ! heap aga94 ,x is usual 9 "s places1 in/ead ( ea* play] remov+ a spelican alt]nately1 = "o to cont9ue lift+ up ! spelicans until he happ5s to %ake "o1 :5 ano!r play] takes 8 turn until he 9 l mann] fails1 :5 ano!r tries 8 =tune2 & s ! game cont9ues1 until all ! spelicans are )drawn4 ,,"p ,,ii4 ,a?letic ,sports & ,manly ,ex]cises3 ,,includ+ ,,angl+1 ,,ar*]y1 ,,box+1 ,,canoes ,,& ,,canoe+1 ,,cricket1 ,,croquet1 ,,driv+1 ,,f5c+1 ,,fives1 ,,foot-,,ball1 ,,golf1 ,,gymna/ics1 ,,hockey1 ,,rackets1 ,,rid+1 ,,r[+1 ,,sail+1 ,,skat+1 ,,slid+1 ,,swimm+1 ,,tra9+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,a?letic ,,sports4 ,illu/ration ,,angl+4 8,:5 ,i 0 a m]e s*oolboy1 ,ere yet ,i le>nt my book1 ,i felt an it* = angl+ ,9 e little brook4 8,an osi] rod1 "s ?read = l9e1 ,a crook$ p9 = hook2 ,&1 ?us equipp'd1 ,i angl$ ,9 e little brook4 8,:]e /icklebacks & m9n[s ,ea* day ,i caught 9 /ore1 ,) /one-roa*es & mill]'s ?umbs3-- ,^! brooks af=d no m4 8,b ,i a little angl]1 ,) crook$ p9 = hook1 ,w\ld %un ea* noisy wrangl]1 ,to fi% ! little brook40 ,:at c be m delightful ?an angl+8 ,n inde$ s mu* on acc\nt ( ! fi% we may cat*1 b = ! pleasantness ( ! recreation itself1 = ! cool /reams1 ! %ady trees1 ! little sunny nooks1 ! t9y or gigantic cascades1 ! me&]+ rills1 ! /ill pools1 8) s$ges ov]hung20 ! picturesque mill-:eels1 ! deep mill-ponds1 8smoo? %eet$ by ! flood20 & above all1 = ! hair-bread? escapes1 = ! duck+s1 = ! haz>ds1 = ! triumphs4 ,we d n wond] at boys be+ fond ( angl+1 x is almo/ an in/9ct ) !m1 & has long be5 a fav\rite amusem5t ) boys ( all degrees1 ages & con/itutions4 ,!re=e we %all be some:at compreh5sive 9 our notices ( ?is int]e/+ sport1 t e boy :o c bait a hook & hold a l9e may be an angl] if he w4 ,a ,,^w ,,ab\t ,,fi%4 ,fir/1 h[ev]1 let u say a ^w ab\t fi% 9 g5]al1 be=e we come to fi% 9 p>ticul>4 ,fi% or fi%es are1 to speak sci5tifically1 a class ( v]tebrat$ animals 7hav+ a backbone7 inhabit+ ! wat]2 :i* brea! ?r\gh ! m$ium ( t fluid by means ( bran*i or gills1 in/ead ( lungs2 :i* swim by means ( f9s1 & are mo/ly cov]$ ) scales4 ,!y are also g5]ally furni%$ ) a :ite membrane\s bag close to ! backbone1 call$ ! air bladd]1 by ! dilatation or compression ( :i* x is suppos$ !y c rise or s9k 9 ! wat] at pleasure4 ,all p>ts ( _! bodies seem to aid !m 9 swimm+ 9 ! wat]2 _! f9s1 _! tails1 & ! undulation ( _! back-bones assi/ progression1 & _! :ole /ructure is z mu* adapt$ = swimm+ z t ( a bird is = flight4 ,! f9s ( fi% consi/ ( ?9 ela/ic membrane1 support$ by bony rays1 & are d5om9at$ accord+ to _! position--dorsal on ! back1 pectoral on ! brea/1 v5tral ne> ! v5t1 anal t betwe5 ! v5t & ! tail1 & caudal ! tail f9s4 ,! dorsal & v5tral f9s appe> to balance ! fi%1 & ! pectoral to pu% x =w>d2 :ile ! tail f9s are ! gr& in/rum5ts ( motion1 & enable ! creature to d>t =w>d almo/ z rapidly z ! bullet f a gun4 ,) reg>d to ! s5ses ( fi%es1 ! eye holds ! fir/ place2 b ?is is be/ adapt$ = see+ "u wat]4 ,( ! organ ( he>+ !re is no outw>d sign4 ,! organ ( ta/e is ?\ght to be v uns5sitive1 & ! s5se ( t\* b slightly develop$4 ,to pres]ve _! own exi/5ce1 & to transmit x to _! po/]ity1 seems to be _! only enjoym5t2 !y move =w>d 9 pursuit ( :atev] !y c swall[1 conqu]1 or enjoy1 & _! insatiable appetite impels !m to enc\nt] e dang]1 :il/ to _! rapacity !re seems to be no b\nd4 ,a s+le pike has be5 kn[n to dev\r a hundr$ roa* 9 ?ree days4 ,! fecundity ( fi% is prodigi\s4 ,! numb] ( eggs 9 ! codfi% (t5 am\nts to m ?an ?ree millions2 ^? ( fl\nd]s are above a million1 ( ! mack>el #ejj1jjj1 ( ! sole #ajj1jjj1 & ( ! lob/] #bj1jjj2 b ! /urgeon is f> m productive ?an any ( ^!1 z x has be5 kn[n to h m ?an tw5ty millions ( eggs6 ,)\t say+ any m ab\t 8,fi% 9 ! ab/ract10 z ! angl] call$ 8 8cat*10 :5 he return$ )\t "o1 we mu/ g to ! art ( 8cat*+ fi%20 & ! fir/ ?+ to be att5d$ to is ! necess>y fi%+ app>atus1 :i* may be increas$ to any ext5t2 b ! "y angl] w\ld be wise to limit 8 /ock z mu* z possible4 ,we h fi%$ _m a hundr$ miles ( wat]1 & kill$ _m a ?\s& ( fi%1 ) no bett] equipm5t ?an ?is3--,"o rod ( ab\t f\rte5 feet long1 ) ?ree tops1--"o /iff top1 = bottom fi%+ & troll+1 & two = fly-fi%+4 ,two reels or w9*es1 "o hold+ a silk & hair l9e ( ?irty-five y>ds 9 l5g? = fly-fi%+1 & ! o!r hold+ a simil> l9e1 ( =ty y>ds1 b mu* /rong]1 = bottom fi%+1 troll+1 c4 ,"o mod]ate-siz$ creel or fi%+ basket4 ,"o t9 bait-box = worms or g5tles2 "o t9 live-bait c = c>ry+ pike baits or m9n[s2 & "o /rong bag = c>ry+ gr\nd-bait4 ,a l&+-net2 "s %oemak]'s wax 9 a piece ( s(t lea!r2 a l>ge clasp-knife2 a pair ( %>p-po9t$ scissors2 a pocket-book1 ! c5tre fill$ ) leaves ( flannel to hold flies1 & ! rema9d] fitt$ up ) gut1 hooks1 silk1 bait+-ne$les1 a pair ( small pli]s1 split %ot1 floats1 c4 ,illu/ration ,,ab\t ,,! ,,rod4 ,! rod is a mat]ial article 9 ! "y angl]'s catalogue1 & mu* c>e %\ld be tak5 to procure a good "o4 ,! fi%+-tackle %ops keep a great v>iety1 made ( bamboo cane1 hazel1 hickory1 & o!r k9ds ( wood4 ,rods are ( diff]5t l5g?s1 "s fitt$ z walk+-canes1 & o!rs made to pack 9 canvass bags2 ! latt] are pref]r$1 because y may h !m any l5g?1 & !y are m true4 ,^? made ( bamboo cane are ! be/ = g5]al angl+2 b ! rods made ( ! :ite cane mu* sup]ior = f9e fi%+1 p>ticul>ly = roa*1 be+ v light 9 weight1 b /iff4 ,,*oos+ ,,! ,,rod4 ,9 *oos+ a rod 7n a s*ool rod1 = no "o likes to *oose t71 obs]ve t x is p]fectly /raight1 :5 all ! jo9ts are put toge!r & t x gradually tap]s f ! butt to ! top1 & is f twelve to sixte5 feet long4 ,a bad rod is likely to snap 9 /rik+ a heavy fi%4 ,rods fitt$ ) sev]al tops are at once ! be/ & mo/ conv5i5t4 ,"s angl]s h "o rod = troll+1 ano!r = b>bel1 p]*1 or o!r heavy fi%1 z well z "o = fly-fi%+--:i* boys may h :5 !y become m5--b a ?or\ghly good rod w suit ! juv5ile = all purposes4 ,we h n[ "o ) :i* we c fi% = any?+1 f a bleak to a pike1 by only *ang+ ! top & second jo9ts4 ,a good troll+ rod %\ld be made ( ! *oice/ /\t & well-season$ bamboo cane1 f f\rte5 to sixte5 feet 9 l5g?4 ,:5 troll+ ) ! gorge1 or live-bait fi%+1 a long rod is necess>y1 to enable ! angl] to drop 9 8 bait$ hook ov] high s$ges1 ru%es1 c4 z also :5 ! wat] is bright1 = he %\ld !n keep z f> away f x z he c1 :i* a long rod enables him to d :ile dipp+1 ca/+1 or sp9n+ 8 bait4 ,if ei!r a jack or pike see him1 x is v r>e inde$ t he w take ! bait2 & aga91 ) a long rod y w be able to drop y\r bait$ hook 9 "s v likely place = jack or pike1 su* z a small hole1 division1 or cle> place among a b$ ( we$s1 9 a riv] or any o!r wat] :]e !re are any we$s4 ,!re is "s diff]5ce ( op9ion among angl]s ab\t ! numb] ( r+s necess>y = troll+ rods3 ^? :o h _! l9e on a ?umb w9d]1 or on a bank runn]1 seldom place m ?an two or ?ree r+s on _! rod1 & o!rs h only "o l>ge r+ at ! top2 b if a w9* is us$1 !re %\ld be a r+ to e jo9t includ+ ! butt2 make ea* r+ ( d\ble twi/ wire1 fix$ s z always to /& out1 & ne>ly l>ge en\gh to admit ! top ( y\r little f+]2 ! top jo9t %\ld h two r+s1 ! top "o ne>ly ?ree times ! size ( ! o!rs2 ?is prev5ts any ob/ruction ( ! l9e runn+1 :i* is ( mat]ial consequ5ce4 ,:5 n 9 use1 rods %\ld be kept nicely /[$ 9 a mod]ately dry place1 & !y ought to be well scrap$ & rev>ni%$ e ?ree ye>s2 %\ld ! jo9ts become loose by %r9k+1 !y %\ld be slightly moi/5$4 ,%\ld any accid5t befall a rod :ile fi%+1 & y %\ld n h a sp>e top ) y1 y\r only rem$y w be to splice y\r rod4 ,to d ?is ! ends ( ! brok5 pieces = ab\t two in*es mu/ be laid p>allel to ea* o!r1 & !n tightly b\nd toge!r ) wax$ silk1 or v /rong yell[ hemp5 tw9e4 ,,l9es ,,or ,,bottoms4 ,next to ! rod ! l9e is ( ! utmo/ importance4 ,good l9es %\ld be well twi/$4 ,! twi/$ l9es %\ld be made :olly ( silk1 or silk hair1 b ^? made ( gut are ! /ronge/ & be/ = "y angl]s2 ! twi/$ hair are ! *eape/1 & ! s+le horsehair ! f9e/4 ,! "y angl] w f9d a l9e ( ab\t f\r y>ds 9 l5g? ! mo/ useful4 ,a s+le gut l9e1 ) a small porcup9e float1 is commonly useful = g5]al fi%+2 ! plait$ silk l9es are ! be/ = troll+1 & are less incl9$ to break or tangle ?an ! twi/$4 ,,%ott+ ,,! ,,l9e ,! l9e mu/ be %ott$1 t ! float may p>tially s9k 9 ! wat]2 & 9 putt+ on ! %ots1 place !m all toge!r )9 ?ree in*es ( ! bottom loop ( ! l9e2 to :i* loop fix ! loop ( ! hair or gut to :i* ! hook is ti$4 ,:5 y make a l9e ( silk1 gut1 or hair1 rememb] x mu/ be always f9e/ at ! bottom1 :]e ! hook is fa/5$1 v gradually increas+ 9 ?ickness to ! top4 ,,! ,,float4 ,!re are v>i\s k9ds ( floats1 ea* adapt$ = diff]5t k9ds ( fi%+4 ,! pr9cipal are3 #a4 ,tip-capp$ floats2 #b4 ,cork floats2 #c4 ,plugg$ floats4 ,! tip-capp$ floats are made ( sev]al pieces ( quills1 or ( re$ = ! middle1 & ivory or tortoise%ell = ! top & bottom1 & n>r[ at ea* end1 gradually increas+ 9 circumf]5ce to ! middle4 ,!y are sup]ior to all o!rs = angl+ 9 wat]s :i* are n v rapid1 p>ticul>ly 9 roa* fi%+1 z ! lea/ movem5t or f9e bite s9ks !m bel[ ! wat]4 ,! tip-capp$ float is also be/ = pond fi%+ = c>p & t5*1 z x requires b few %ot to s9k x1 & consequ5tly di/urbs ! wat] b little :5 ca/4 ,! "y angl] %\ld note t ! caps :i* fix ! l9es to ! float are n r\gh at ! edge1 z ?is r\ghness *afes & weak5s a f9e l9e2 %\ld ?is be ! case1 he %\ld smoo? !m be=e use4 ,! be/ caps are made ( gutta-p]*a4 ,illu/ration ,cork ,floats are g5]ally made ( quills at ! top1 ) a piece ( cork1 :i* is burn$ or bor$ 9 ! middle to admit ! quill1 & !n fil$ or gr\nd d[n smoo? & pa9t$4 ,! bottom is plugg$ ) wood1 & has a r+ to let ! l9e pass ?r\gh4 ,cork floats are well calculat$ to fi% 9 heavy or rapid /reams1 z !y require a great _m %ot to s9k !m1 :i* weight ( %ot prev5ts ! bait$ hook f pass+ too rapidly ov] ! bottom4 ,cork floats are made ( v>i\s sizes & =ms2 in/ead ( common quills1 "s introduce ! quills ( ! porcup9e1 :i* make an excell5t /rong float4 ,except = live-bait fi%+ a tap]+ cork float is pref]able to a r\nd "o4 ,plugg$ ,floats4--,^! k9d ( floats are ! *eape/1 & made ( indiff]5t quills1 "s ( !m ( "o goose quill ) a wood5 plug at ! bottom1 f :i* !y take _! "n3 !y are v apt to loos5 by ! plug com+ out4 ,!y are (t5 us$ by ! "y angl]1 because !y are *eap2 b we may say 9 ! words ( ! anci5t ,roman1 8,bad is ! be/40 ,,reels ,,or ,,w9*es4 ,a reel or w9* is a mo/ necess>y addition to ! rod & l9e1 z x enables y to v>y ! l5g? ( y\r l9e at pleasure1 & to play y\r fi%4 ,! be/ w9*es are ^? to fix 9 a groove on ! rod1 & are fa/5$ ) brass f]rules made = ! purpose on ! butt1 because y c fa/5 su* a w9* to any siz$ jo9t4 ,illu/ration ,!re are ?ree k9ds ( w9*es1 *eck1 multipli]s1 & pla93 ! multiply+ w9* is apt soon to get out ( ord]1 unless c>efully & con/antly oil$1 & is o!rwise ! lea/ effici5t & mo/ exp5sive ( ! ?ree4 ,i w\ld recomm5d "y angl]s at fir/1 to pur*ase a pla9 & /rong w9*1 :i* w answ] e purpose1 & be mu* less exp5sive4 ,a *eck w9* is1 h[ev]1 ! be/4 ,,reel ,,l9es ,are mo/ly made ( silk & horsehair1 twi/$ or plait$ toge!r1 b "s are made entirely ( silk4 ,i pref] ! latt]1 z x is less likely to twi/1 runs m freely1 & is less likely to rot4 ,! l5g? ( l9es v>y f fifte5 to eighty y>ds2 b = g5]al purposes ?irty or five-&-?irty y>ds is q long en\gh4 ,! l9e %\ld always be unw\nd aft] a day's fi%+1 z1 if x is all[$ to rema9 wet on ! reel1 x soon rots4 ,,hooks4 ,hooks are to be b\ght at ! angl+ %ops1 ( all sizes1 & suitable = ! k9d ( fi% to be caught4 ,!re are great controv]sies among adept angl]s ab\t hooks1 :i* are sometimes z viol5t z ^? ^u politics or religion4 ,"s angl]s pref] :at are call$ ! ,lim]ick hooks1 "s ! ,k5dal2 :ile o!rs aga9 pref] ! ,kirby or ,sneckb5d4 ,we are hook$ to ! ,kirby1 z we consid] ^? to be by f> ! be/ = hold+ ! fi%--a mo/ important p>ticul>4 ,! hooks f\nd mo/ suitable = ! foll[+ fi% are ^!3-- ,,b>bel1 #a1 #g1 #h1 #i4 ,,bleak1 #aa1ab1 #ac4 ,,bream1 #aj4 ,,c>p1 #g1 #h1 #i4 ,,*ub1 #h1 #i4 ,,dace1 #aj1 #aa1 #ab4 ,,eels1 #h4 ,,fl\nd]s1 #c4 ,,grayl+1 #aj1 #ab4 ,,gudgeon1 #i1 #aj4 ,,loa*es1 #ac4 ,,mill]',s ,,?umb1 #ac4 ,,m9n[1 #ac4 ,,p]*1 #g4 ,,roa*1 #aj1 #aa1 #ab4 ,,rudd1 #aj4 ,,ruffe1 #aj4 ,,smelt1 #i1 #aj4 ,,t5*1 #i1 #aj4 ,,tr\t1 #f1 #aj4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,bait ,a ,,hook4 ,to bait a hook ) a worm1 use ! foll[+ me?od3 ,fir/ ent] ! po9t ( ! hook close to ! top ( ! worm's head1 & c>ry x c>efully d[n to )9 a qu>t] ( an in* ( its tail2 to d :i* y mu/ g5tly squeeze or "w up ! worm ) y\r left ?umb & f+]1 :ile ) y\r "r y are gradually work+ ! hook d[nw>ds4 ,! small lively piece ( ! worm at ! po9t ( ! hook mov+ ab\t w entice ! fi%2 b1 m9d1 if too mu* ( ! worm hangs loose1 ?\gh x may entice fi% to nibble1 yet !y w seldom take ! :ole 9 _! m\?1 s z to enable ! angl] to hook !m2 on ! contr>y1 he is frequ5tly tantaliz$ ) a bite1 &1 :5 he /rikes1 f9ds "p ( 8 worm gone1 & 8 fi% too4 ,!re=e1 to bait a hook well ) a worm is necess>y to ensure hook+ a fi% :5 y /rike2 & x consi/s 9 draw+ ! worm )\t injur+ x 7use him z y w\ld a fri5d1 ,walton says7 q ov] & up ! %ank ( ! hook1 leav+ only a small lively "p ( ! tail bel[4 ,if y bait ) half a worm1 pref] ! tail end1 & ent] ! po9t ( ! hook into ! top "p1 & br+ x d[n ne>ly to ! end ( ! tail1 leav+ only a v small piece ( x loose4 ,if y bait ) two worms on ! same hook1 draw ! fir/ up above ! %ank1 :ile y put ! second on 9 ! same mann] z direct$ ) "o worm1 b ent] ! hook ne> ! tail ( ! second worm2 !n draw ! fir/ "o d[n on ! second ov] ! %ank ( ! hook1 & all w !n be well cov]$1 & ! bait w be a v bon-bon = p]*1 *ub1 c>p1 b>bel1 & all l>ge fi%2 b :5 angl+ = gudgeon1 & o!r small fi%1 half a r$ worm is suffici5t1 & ! tail end is be/4 ,if blood-worms are us$1 put on two or ?ree1 9 do+ :i* be t5d]1 or y w bur/ !m4 ,,baits4 ,! pr9cipal baits are-- #a4 ,,! ,,lob-,,worm4 #b4 ,,! ,,br&l+4 #c4 ,,! ,,m>%-,,worm4 #d4 ,,! ,,tagtail4 #e4 ,,! ,,a%-,,grub4 #f4 ,,c[dung ,,bait4 #g4 ,,cat]pill>s4 #h4 ,,cabbage-,,worms4 #i4 ,,crab-,,tree-,,worms4 #aj4 ,,g5tles4 #aa4 ,,cad-,,worms4 #ab4 ,,flag-,,worms4 #ac4 ,,gras%opp]s4 #ad4 ,,wasp-,,grub4 #ae4 ,,cock*af]s4 #af4 ,,bread ,,pa/e4 #ag4 ,,*eese ,,pa/e4 #a4 ,lob-worms are f\nd 9 g>d5s or *ur*y>ds1 late 9 ! ev5+2 !y h a r$ head1 a /reak d[n ! back1 & a broad tail4 ,?is is a good worm = salmon1 *ub1 tr\t1 b>bel1 eels1 & l>ge p]*4 #b4 ,br&l+ is f\nd 9 old dunghills1 rott5 e>? or c[-dung1 & ! be/ 9 tann]s' b>k4 ,x is a good bait = any k9d ( fi%4 #c4 ,! ,m>%-worm is f\nd 9 m>%y gr\nds1 or on ! banks ( riv]s2 & is a good bait = tr\t1 p]*1 gudgeon1 grayl+1 & bream4 #d4 ,! ,tagtail is f\nd 9 m>ly l&s or mead[s1 aft] a %[]2 & is a good bait = tr\t :5 ! wat] is muddy4 #e4 ,! ,a%-grub is f\nd 9 ! b>k ( trees4 ,x is a good bait = grayl+1 dace1 roa*1 or *ub4 #f4 ,c[dung ,bait is f\nd "u c[dung1 f ,may to ,mi*aelmas2 & is good bait = grayl+1 dace1 roa*1 or *ub4 #g4 ,cat]pill>s c be f\nd on almo/ e tree or plant4 ,almo/ any small cat]pill> w answ]4 #h4 ,! ,cabbage cat]pill> is f\nd on cabbages4 #i4 ,! ,crabtree-worm c be tak5 by beat+ ! bran*es ( ! crab-apple4 #aj4 ,g5tles4 ,^! are br$ 9 putrid meat--liv] produc+ ! be/--or may g5]ally be obta9$ f ! but*]s4 ,!y are an excell5t bait = mo/ k9ds ( fi%4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,caddis ,,fly4 #aa4 ,caddis is f\nd 9 dit*es1 or on ! sides ( brooks4 ,x is an excell5t bait = tr\t1 grayl+1 roa*1 dace1 or *ub4 #ab4 ,flag-worms are f\nd among flags 9 old pits or ponds1 & are good bait = grayl+1 t5*1 bream1 c>p1 roa*1 & dace4 #ac4 ,gras%opp]s are f\nd 9 sun-burnt grass1 & are good bait = *ub1 tr\t1 & grayl+4 #ad4 ,wasp-grubs are to be obta9$ f wasps' ne/s1 & are a good bait = mo/ fi% t w take g5tles4#b #b ,wasp-grubs w keep bett]1 & be easi] to fit on ! hook1 if !y are bak$ = half-an-h\r4 #ae4 ,cock*af]s are f\nd humm+ r\nd ! bu%es at ab\t dusk on a summ] ev5+1 & ev]y:]e1 & sometimes 9 c[dung2 are a capital bait = *ub1 ?\gh n = any?+ else4 #af4 ,:ite-bread ,pa/e is prep>$ by dipp+ :ite bread 9 wat] 7soak+ & squeez+ x 9 ! corn] ( a pocket-h&k]*ief is ! be/ way71 & !n work+ x a little 9 ! palm ( ! h&4 ,x is a good bait = c>p1 t5*1 *ub1 or roa*4 ,"s add a little honey4 #ag4 ,*eese ,pa/e is made ) fre% *eese1 work$ up 9 ! h&4 ,x is a good bait = *ub4 #ah4 ,gr\nd ,bait %\ld be us$ 9 ! spot ab\t to be fi%$1 &1 if possible1 ! night be=e1 & %\ld be fre%4 ,= c>p1 *ub1 roa*1 or dace1 use :ite bread soak$ 9 wat]1 & mix$ ) bran1 poll>d1 or meal4 ,= b>bel1 *&l]'s greaves1 boil$ & work$ up into a ball ) clay4 ,g5tles may also be us$ z gr\nd bait = any ( ! above4 ,,to ,,bait ,,) ,,greaves4 ,fir/ select ! :ite/ pieces f ^? y h soak$1 & put two or ?ree ( !m ^u y\r hook1 or z mu* z w cov] x f ! b5d to & ov] ! po9t2 ^! pieces %\ld be put on ! hook sep>ately1 "o aft] ! o!r--n a l>ge piece d\bl$1 z "s slov5ly boys w d1 = !n ! hook is prev5t$ f ent]+ firmly ! fi% y may /rike4 ,^! little p>ticul>s ( bait+ are ( consid]able advantage to "y angl]s1 :o ought to rememb] also t x is a bad practice to soak greaves 9 hot wat]1 = x makes !m rott51 & !y 9 consequ5ce soon fall (f ! hook4 ,,to ,,sc\r ,,& ,,pres]ve ,,worms4 ,to d ?is1 ! "y angl] %\ld provide himself ) a quantity ( fre% moss4 ,wa% out all ! e>? & squeeze x1 b n too dry2 !n put x into a j> & squeeze x lightly d[n3 ?r[ 9 ! worms ^u x4 ,! j> %\ld be kept 9 a cool place 9 summ]1 & ! moss *ang$ once 9 ?ree or f\r days4 ,g5tles %\ld be ?r[n into a mixture ( damp s& or bran to sc\r !m1 & w be ready 9 two or ?ree days4 ,,! ,,plummet4 ,plummets are us$ by angl]s = s\nd+ ! dep? ( a /ream or hole4 ,!y are ( two k9ds1 ei!r ! fold+ plummet1 or ! common plummet4 ,! fold+ plummet1 :i* is ! bett]1 is made ( a slip ( %eet lead1 fold$ up2 & ?is ! "y angl] %\ld nev] be )\t4 ,,plumb+ ,,! ,,dep? ,illu/ration ,is p]=m$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,if a fold+ plummet1 unfold ab\t two in*es ( x1 pass ! hook ov] its side1 & !n fold ! plummet up aga93 y\r hook is n[ secur$ f draw+ away f ! plummet4 ,z success dep5ds mu* 9 angl+ at a prop] dep?1 ! "y angl] %\ld take due pa9s1 & measure ! dep? accurately be=e he beg9s fi%+4 ,:5 ! plumb-lead t\*es ! bottom1 & ! top ( ! float is ev5 ) ! surface ( ! wat]1 y w h ! true dep?4 ,,l&+-,,hook ,,& ,,l&+-,,net4 ,illu/ration ,! l&+-hook or gaff is a l>ge hook1 :i* is sometimes b>b$ l a fi%-hook1 & sometimes pla91 fa/5$ to "o end ( a h&le2 ?is latt] is occasionally compos$ ( sev]al pieces1 :i* run "o into ano!r1 l ! slides ( a telescope4 ,a l&+-net is a small net m\nt$ on a iron r+1 :i* is fa/5$1 l ! l&+-hook1 to ! end ( a h&le or pole4 ,,cle>+ ,,r+ ,,& ,,l9e4 ,! cle>+-l9e is made ( sev]al y>ds ( /rong small cord1 to ! end ( :i* is fa/5$ a heavy r+ ( lead or brass4 ,if ! hook %\ld get fa/ 9 a heavy we$1 po/1 or any?+ else1 ?is r+ is put ov] ! butt ( ! rod1 & suff]$ to slip d[n ! l9e to ! hook4 ,! rod %\ld be held 9 ! "r h&1 ! top po9t+ d[nw>ds1 ! cle>+-l9e 9 ! left1 ! r+ fall+ on ! hook1 f its weight1 g5]ally cle>s ! hook f :at x may h /ruck aga9/4 ,if n1 ! angl] %\ld hold ! rod firmly1 & draw ! l9e sideways1 & break away4 ,9 ?is case1 ! angl] seldom loses m ?an a hook1 if he acts z above direct$2 b )\t ! assi/ance ( a cle>+-l9e he frequ5tly loses 8 float z well z 8 hook & l9e1 & sometimes breaks 8 top jo9t4 ,! brass cle>+-r+s are to be pref]r$1 because !y are jo9t$1 & 9 consequ5ce c be us$ :5 ! angl] has a w9* 9 8 rod1 9 :i* case ! lead5 r+ c\ld n be pass$ ov] ! w9*4 ,,drag-,,hook4 ,! drag is a piece ( iron ) ?ree or f\r /\t wire hooks )\t b>bs1 plac$ back to back1 fa/5$ to a /rong cord l9e1 & :i* is us$ to draw away we$s4 ,,bank ,,runn]4 ,! bank-runn] is mo/ly us$ 9 ! day-"t1 :5 ! angl] is fi%+ = roa*1 b>bel1 c4 ,x is /uck 9 ! bank1 ! bottom be+ /rong turn$ wood1 %>p5$ = ! purpose1 ) a w9d] at ! top = ! l9e1 :i* %\ld be f =ty to sixty y>ds long1 made ( silk1 ?9 cord1 or plait$ ,dut* tw9e4 ,b !re %\ld be a cork & bullet to ! l9e1 & ! bait a dace or gudgeon1 :i* %\ld swim ab\t mid-wat]4 ,,live-,,bait ,,kettle4 ,?is %\ld be ( an oblong =m1 & n r\nd2 bright inside1 & br[n out4 ,9 gett+ out ! bait1 nev] put y\r h& into ! wat]1 :i* fright5s ! fi%1 &1 by heat+ ! wat]1 makes !m sickly & dull2 b make use ( a small net1 :i* is easily c>ri$ 9 ! fi%-kettle1 by hav+ a piece ( ! lid cut away 9 "o corn]4 ,,disgorg]4 ,?is is an in/rum5t ) a =k$ top1 ab\t six in*es long1 made ( iron1 brass1 or bone4 ,its use is to get ! hook f a fi% :5 swall[$2 & 9 us+ x1 ! =k$ end is ?ru/ d[n ^u ! swall[$ hook ) "o h&1 :ile ! l9e is held tight ) ! o!r3 pressure disgorges ! hook1 & x is !n easily drawn out4 ,9 attempt+ to get a gorg$ hook f a fi% )\t ?is in/rum5t1 y run a haz>d ( break+ ! hook & hurt+ y\rself4 ,:5 ! fi% is hook$ ?r\gh ! lip1 ! angl] has only to hold ! fi% /eadily 9 "o h&1 :ile ) ! o!r he c>efully dis5gages ! hook4 ,,angl+ ,,axioms4 #a4 ,nev] fi% any wat] )\t leave f ! proprietor1 unless x be wat] t is free to all com]s4 #b4 ,nev] use unfair bait1 or attempt to take fi% 9 any b a fair & sportsmanlike mann]4 #c4 ,nev] />t on a day's fi%+ )\t fir/ consid]+ ! w9d1 wea!r1 & wat]4 #d4 ,nev] let y\r %ad[ fall on ! wat]4 #e4 ,use ! f9e/ tackle ( :i* y\r fi%+ w admit4 #f4 ,nev] beg9 bottom fi%+ )\t fir/ plumb+ ! dep?4 #g4 ,nev] intrude ^u ano!r fi%]man's wat]4 #h4 ,& always rememb] t no?+ is lo/ by polit5ess4 ,,acc\nts ,,( ,,! ,,v>i\s ,,fre%-,,wat] ,,fi%1 ,,) ,,_! ,,habits1 ,,haunts1 ,,seasons1 ,,& ,,! ,,me?ods ,,( ,,tak+ ,,!m4 ,,! ,,salmon4 ,! ,salmon is ! k+ ( fre%-wat] fi%4 ,x is h&some 9 =m1 its head is small1 its nose po9t$1 its back & sides grey1 its belly silv]y1 & its fle% ! well-kn[n salmon col\r4 ,! male may g5]ally be di/+ui%$ by its hav+ ! l[] jaw m 8hook$10 or turn$ up at ! po9t1 ?an ! female2 ! head is also g5]ally some:at long]1 9 comp>ison to ! re/ ( ! body4 ,illu/ration ,salmon bite be/ f six till elev5 9 ! =5oon1 & f ?ree 9 ! aft]noon until sunset1 especially :5 !re is a mod]ate breeze ^u ! wat]4 ,! *ief mon?s to angle = !m are ,m>*1 ,april1 ,may1 & ,june4 ,!y are to be fi%$ = ) lob-worms1 or 9 sp9n+ ) m9n[s1 b a l>ge artificial fly is ! mo/ kill+ bait4 ,! rod1 = a boy1 %\ld n be less ?an fifte5 feet long1 ) a good runn+ l9e1 & ! reel %\ld conta9 at lea/ f\rscore y>ds4 ,! hook mu/ be l>ge & long 9 ! %ank4 ,few ( our "y read]s1 h[ev]1 w be able to g salmon fi%+ till !y h rea*$ maturity1 &1 !re=e1 to give detail$ in/ructions z to ! modes ( captur+ ! fi% w\ld be sup]flu\s4 ,,! ,,tr\t4 ,?is beautiful fi% is mu* priz$4 ,izaak ,walton says ( x1 8,x is m %>p-sight$ ?an any hawk1 & m wat*ful & timor\s ?an y\r high-mettl$ m]l9 is bold40 ,9 its habits x is a v solit>y & pr$aci\s fi%4 ,! tr\t are f\nd 9 lakes & riv]s & m9or /reams1 & are f9e/ 9 appe>ance f ! beg9n+ ( ,april to ! end ( ,july or middle ( ,augu/3 _! pr9cipal spawn+ "t is f ,novemb] to ,janu>y4 ,! mo/ brilliant & beautiful tr\t are g5]ally f\nd 9 /reams t fl[ rapidly ov] rocky or *alky bottoms4 ,!y fe$ ^u worms1 m9n[s1 & o!r small fi%1 b _! fav\rite food consi/s ( insects1 flies1 cat]pill>s1 c4 ^u :i* !y ?rive & fatt5 prodigi\sly4 ,illu/ration ,9 angl+ = ! tr\t we mu/ h a /\t rod & runn+ tackle4 ,! pr9cipal baits = him are natural & artificial flies1 m9n[s1 & worms4 ,! m9n[ is1 p]haps1 ! mo/ tak+ bait = l>ge tr\t3 x %\ld be ca/ lightly on ! wat]1 & drawn tripp+ly aga9/ ! curr5t s z to sp94 ,! angl] mu/ /rike directly 8 bait is seiz$4 ,! fav\rite haunts ( ! tr\t are sc\rs1 mill tails1 eddies1 pools1 ! roots ( ov]hang+ trees1 & ! 8ne!rs0 ( bridges & weirs4 ,,! ,,jack ,,or ,,pike4 ,! mighty luce or pike1 says ,walton1 is tak5 to be ! tyrant1 z ! salmon is ! k+1 ( ! fre% wat]s4 ,8 aspect is savage b by no means repulsive1 & :5 9 f9e condition a l>ge pike is altoge!r a gr&-look+ fi%4 ,8 tee? are v %>p & v num]\s1 be+ upw>ds ( sev5 hundr$1 & 8 voraci\s appetite is su* t no?+ comes amiss to him4 ,he has be5 kn[n to swall[ ! plummet1 & ! clay & bran balls ( gr\nd bait ( ! angl]1 & he w prey ^u 8rats & mice & su* small de]10 ) ducks1 geese1 & ev5 swans1 :i* he has be5 kn[n to pull "u wat]4 ,he (t5 gr[s to an enorm\s size 7no wond]71 & has be5 tak5 upw>ds ( n9ety p\nds 9 weight4 ,pike are fond ( dull1 %ady1 & unfrequ5t$ wat]s1 ) a s&y1 *alky1 or clayey bottom1 & are f\nd among or ne> flags1 bulru%es1 or wat] docks4 ,!y seldom seek a v rapid /ream1 al?\gh weirs & mill-pools are (t5 _! fav\rite retreat 9 ! e>ly summ] mon?s--t is1 9 ,june & ,july1 :5 !y h rec5tly spawn$4 ,9 w9t] !y retire into ! dep?s1 eddies1 & wat]s little act$ ^u by ! curr5t4 ,illu/ration ,! pike is 9 its prime dur+ ,octob] & ,novemb]1 b is 9 season f ,june to ,febru>y2 ! baits us$ = x are gudgeon1 m9n[s1 *ub1 & bleak1 & %\ld be ab\t ?ree or f\r in*es 9 l5g?4 ,! rod %\ld be /rong2 ! l9e ( dress$ silk1 at lea/ sixty y>ds long1 w\nd ^u ! w9* already describ$4 ,hooks = troll+1 call$ dead gorges1 & o!r sorts = troll+1 snap1 c4 & fi%+ ne$les1 are to be b\ght at e %op :]e fi%+ tackle is sold2 9 ! *oice ( ! fir/1 let !m n be too l>ge1 nor _! temp] injur$ by ! lead on ! %anks1 nor ! po9ts /& too pr\d2 & al?\gh usually sold on wire1 x is recomm5d$ to cut (f ! wire ab\t half an in* f ! lead1 & ) a d\ble silk1 well wax$1 fa/5 ab\t a foot ( good gimp to ! wire1 ) a noose at ! o!r end ( ! gimp l>ge en\gh to admit ! bait to pass ?r\gh to hang x ^u ! l9e4 ,! be/ baits are gudgeon & dace ( a middl+ size2 put ! bait+ ne$le 9 at ! m\? & out at ! middle ( ! tail1 draw+ ! gimp & hook aft] x1 fix+ ! po9t ( ! hook ne> ! eye ( ! fi%2 tie ! tail to ! gimp1 :i* w n only keep x 9 a prop] position1 b prev5t ! tail f cat*+ aga9/ ! we$s & roots 9 ! wat]4 ,?us bait$1 ! hook is to be fa/5$ to ! l9e & dropp$ g5tly 9 ! wat] ne> ! sides ( ! riv]1 across ! wat]1 or :]e x is likely pike resort2 keep ! bait 9 con/ant motion1 sometimes lett+ x s9k ne> ! bottom & gradually rais+ x4 ,:5 ! bait is tak51 let ! pike h :at l9e he *ooses4 ,x w be soon kn[n :5 he has rea*$ 8 hole1 :i* he g5]ally flies to1 by 8 n draw+ m4 ,all[ him t5 m9utes = gorg+ ! bait1 w9d up ! l9e g5tly till y ?9k x is ne>ly at its /ret*1 & !n /rike4 ,manage him ) a g5tle h&1 keep+ him1 h[ev]1 f roots & /umps1 :i* he w try to fa/5 ! l9e ^u1 till he is suffici5tly tir$1 & a l&+ net c be us$2 b by no means1 h[ev] app>5tly exhau/$ he may be1 attempt to lift him out ) ! rod & l9e only4 ,illu/ration ,9 troll+1 ! bait hook %\ld nev] be ?r[n too f>2 9 small riv]s ! opposite bank may be fi%$ ) ease1 ?\gh ! viol5ce ( its falls ^u ! wat] 9 long ?r[s soon spoils ! bait by rubb+ (f its scales4 ,9 angl+ = pike always pref] a r\gh w9d4 ,if a pike goes sl[ly up a /ream1 aft] tak+ ! bait1 x is said to be ! sign ( a good fi%4 ,,! ,,gudgeon4 ,is "o ( ! mo/ delici\s fi% = eat+1 al?\gh small 9 size4 ,x bites freely f ! latt] end ( spr+ until autumn1 9 gloomy w>m days1 f an h\r aft] sunrise to )9 ! same space ( its sett+2 & dur+ ! re/ ( ! ye>1 9 ! middle ( ! day1 :5 x is w>me/4 ,9 angl+ = gudgeon ! tackle mu/ be v f9e1 a s+le hair or f9e gut f9e1 a hook ,no4 #h or #i1 a %ort rod & l9e1 & a small tap]+ cork float4 ,! gudgeon w take ! small r$-worm gre$ily1 & blood-worms--! fir/ is p]haps ! be/4 ,a rake or ! boat-hook %\ld be kept frequ5tly /irr+ ! bottom4 ,to ! spot s /irr$ gudgeon assemble 9 %oals1 expect+ food f ! discol\r+ ( ! wat]4 ,!y are apt to nibble at ! bait2 ! angl] ought n1 !re=e1 to /rike till ! float goes well d[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,gudgeon ,,& ,,bream4 ,%\ld any "y angl] desire a good day's fi%+ = gudgeon1 & a pleasant walk into ! b>ga91 he %\ld seek out "s seque/]$ gravelly /ream1 & provid+ himself ) a rake ) a long h&le1 he may h sport till he is tir$ ( x4 ,he w f9d ! fi% scatt]$ up & d[n e riv] 9 ! %all[s dur+ ! heat ( summ]1 b 9 w9t] !y get into deep] wat]4 ,gudgeon are to be fi%$ = !re ) y\r hook always t\*+ ! gr\nd4 ,,! ,,roa*4 ,! roa* is a h&some fi% ei!r 9 or out ( ! wat]4 ,x inhabits _m ( our deep /ill riv]s1 delight+ mo/ 9 quiet wat]s4 ,x is greg>i\s1 keep+ 9 l>ge %oals4 ,x delights 9 gravelly1 s&y1 or a k9d ( slimy m>l bottom1 "u a deep g5tle runn+ /ream2 9 summ] x (t5 frequ5ts %all[s ne> ! tails ( =ds1 or lies "u banks among we$s1 "u ! %ades ( b\ghs1 & at or opposite ! m\? ( a rivulet or brook1 t empties itself into a l>ge riv]4 ,9 w9t] ! roa* l to get into cle>1 deep1 & /ill wat]s4 ,! tackle = roa* mu/ be f9e & /rong1 a twelve-foot rod & a five-foot l9e1 a porcup9e float1 & hooks ,no4 #aa or #ab4 ,! bait1 g5tils1 bread-pa/e1 boil$ :eat or r$ worms4 ,! gr\nd bait %\ld be damp meal or bran1 mix$ ) soak$ bread or clay 7! =m] be/74 ,9 fi%+ = roa* 9 ponds1 *ew & ?r[ 9 :ite bread4 ,! hook %\ld be ,no4 #f1 & ! bait ei!r t\* ! bottom or lie )9 "o in* ( x4 ,z _m g5tils %\ld be put on ! hook z w cov] x1 all b ! b>b4 ,/rike directly ! float goes d[n4 ,! season = roa* fi%+ 9 ! ,?ames beg9s ab\t ! latt] end ( ,augu/ & cont9ues ?r\gh ! w9t]4 ,to ,london ,bridge & among ! %ipp+ bel[ x1 numb]s ( roa* return 9 ,june & ,july1 aft] hav+ be5 up ! riv] to spawn1 & _m ( !m are tak5 by means ( a /rong cord1 to :i* is fa/5$ a lead5 weight1 m or less1 accord+ to ! /r5g? ( ! curr5t2 a foot above ?is lead a tw9e twelve feet long is jo9$ to ! cord1 & to ?is tw9e at conv5i5t di/ances are ti$ a doz5 hair l9ks1 ) roa* hooks at ! ends2 ^! are bait$ ) :ite snails or p]iw9kles1 ! fi%]man holds ! cord 9 8 h&1 & easily feels ! bit+ ( ! fi%1 :i* is a signal to pull up1 & frequ5tly five or six are tak5 at a haul4 ,illu/ration3 ,,roa* ,,& ,,dace4 ,,! ,,dace4 ,dace are greg>i\s--are great bre$]s--v lively--& dur+ summ] fond ( play+ ne> ! surface4 ,_! haunts are deep wat]1 ne> ! piles ( bridges1 :]e ! /ream is g5tle1 & has a s&y or clayey bottom4 ,!y l deep holes t are %ad$ by wat]-lily leaves1 & "u ! foam caus$ by an eddy2 9 ! w>m mon?s !y are to be f\nd 9 %oals on ! %all[s & gravels4 ,! baits = dace are r$-worms1 g5tles1 & small flies1 natural or artificial1 us$ z 9 fly-fi%+ = tr\t4 ,9 angl+ = dace ) worms1 maggots1 c4 ! tackle _c be too f9e1 ! float small1 ! hook ,no4 #i1 ! %ot a foot f x2 by bait+ ! place ) a few maggots be=e fi%+1 ! div]sion w be increas$4 ,if y angle 9 an eddy betwe5 two mill /reams1 & ! wat] is only two or ?ree feet deep1 !re w be a great] *ance ( success ?an :]e x is deep]2 bait & /rike z 9 roa* fi%+4 ,! gr\nd-bait may also be ! same4 ,fi% = dace )9 ?ree in*es ( ! gr\nd1 especially :]e ! ant fly is ! bait "u wat]4 ,9 fi%+1 take advantage if y c ( a /ill1 w>m1 gloomy day1 or g 9 a summ]'s ev5+ to a gravelly or s&y %all[1 or tail end ( a mill-/ream1 & z long z ! light cont9ues ! dace w yield div]sion4 ,,! ,,p]*4 8,p]* fe$ on p]*10 is an old maxim2 ! p]* be+ ! only "o ( all fre%-wat] fi% t fe$s on its own k9d4 ,8 excuse is a prodigi\s appetite1 l t ( ,saturn1 :o ate 8 own (fspr+4 ,not)/&+ ?is wick$ prop5sity1 ! p]* is a beautiful fi%1 ! back & "p ( ! sides be+ a deep gre51 m>k$ ) broad black b>s1 po9t+ d[nw>ds2 ! spaces betwe5 are gold51 ! belly :ite1 & ! f9s t+$ ) sc>let4 ,!y v>y greatly 9 size4 ,! l>ge/ p]* we ev] caught weigh$ ?ree p\nds twelve ounces1 & 0 tak5 ) a roa* bait ne> ,ri*mond4 ,_! g5]al l5g? is ab\t t5 or twelve in*es4 ,illu/ration ,p]* are f\nd 9 ponds & 9 cle> riv]s ) pebbly1 clayey1 or s&y bottoms4 ,!y are fond ( wat] mod]ately deep1 & frequ5t holes ne> to g5tle /reams :]e !re is an eddy1 ! holl[s "u banks1 among we$s & roots ( trees1 piles ( bridges1 or 9 ponds :i* are f$ by a brook or rivulet4 ,! p]* is a bold bit] 9 ! summ]1 b sc>cely ev] 9 ! w9t]4 ,9 ! middle ( a w>m sun%9y day1 y are sure to h him ) a prop] bait4 ,9 ! w9t] he bites be/ 9 l>ge quiet eddies1 to :i* he retreats aft] ! fir/ heavy flood4 ,! baits = p]* are v>i\s1 z well z ! mann] ( us+ !m4 ,( worms1 ! be/ are br&l+s1 & r$ dunghill-worms1 well sc\r$4 ,! hook may be v>i$ f ,no4 #b to #f1 be+ well :ipp$ to a /rong silkworm gut1 ) a %ot or two a foot f x4 ,put ! po9t ( ! hook 9 at ! head ( ! worm1 out aga9 a little l[] ?an ! middle1 pu%+ x above ! %ank ( ! hook ^u ! gut2 !n put ! po9t ( ! hook into ! worm aga9 ! rev]se way1 & draw ! head "p d[n s z to cov] ! hook entirely4 ,?is is ! mo/ entic+ me?od t c be adopt$ 9 worm-fi%+4 ,use a small cork float to keep ! bait at six or twelve in*es f ! bottom1 or sometimes ab\t mid-wat]4 ,9 angl+ ne> ! bottom1 raise ! bait v frequ5tly f !nce almo/ to ! surface1 lett+ x gradually fall aga94 ,%\ld a good %oal be met )1 !y are s gre$y t sometimes !y may be all caught4 ,o!r baits = p]* are cadbait & g5tles2 b ! be/ & mo/ entic+ bait is a live m9n[4 ,if y f9d ! fi% %y1 try n long 9 "o spot4 ,9 bait+ y\r hook ) ! m9n[1 fix y\r hook ?r\gh 8 upp] lip1 & use a small reel ) y\r rod4 ,y\r hook %\ld be ,no4 #e1 fa/5$ to a l9k ( gut4 ,,! ,,grayl+4 ,! grayl+ is a fi% ( elegant =m2 ! back is ( a dusky purple1 ! sides ( a f9e silv]y grey1 ) ! scales 9 long p>allel r[s or l9es 7f :i* ! fi% d]ives its "n71 m>k$ ) black spots1 irregul>ly plac$4 ,x is r a hog-back$ fi%2 &1 f ! nose & belly t\*+ ! gr\nd toge!r1 is suppos$ to fe$ mo/ly at ! bottom4 ,9 l5g? x seldom exce$s sixte5 in*es1 b "s h be5 caught upw>ds ( five p\nds 9 weight4 ,illu/ration ,! haunts ( ! grayl+ are 9 rapid1 cle> /reams1 p>ticul>ly su* z fl[ ?r\gh m\nta9\s c\ntries4 ,!y are usually tak5 9 ! same mann] z ! tr\t1 & ) simil> baits4 ,!y d n bite freely till late 9 ,augu/1 or e>ly 9 ,septemb]1 & may be f\nd at ! tails ( %>p /reams & 9 deep wat]4 ,!y rise m boldly ?an ! tr\t1 & if miss$ sev]al times w /ill pursue ! bait4 ,!y w bite dur+ ! :ole ( ! cold cl\dy days2 b ! pref]able "t to look aft] !m is betwe5 eight & twelve o'clock 9 ! morn+1 & f f\r 9 ! aft]noon till aft] sunset4 ,gras%opp]s1 wasp-grubs1 maggots1 & ! artificial fly1 are ! mo/ kill+ baits4 ,,! ,,*ub4 ,?is fi% takes its "n f ! %ape ( ! head1 n only 9 our own1 b 9 o!r languages4 ,! head & back are ( a deep dusky gre51 ! sides silv]y4 ,! tail is =k$1 & v black at ! end1 & altoge!r ! *ub is r a h&some fi%1 al?\gh its fle% is n mu* 9 e/eem4 ,! haunts ( ! *ub are 9 riv]s ^: bottoms are ( s& or clay1 or :i* fl[ ov] a gravelly bottom1 9 deep holes1 "u holl[ banks2 9 summ]1 p>ticul>ly :]e %ad$ by trees1 c4 !y frequ5tly float on ! surface1 & are sometimes f\nd 9 /reams & deep wat]s1 :]e ! curr5ts are /rong4 ,9 ponds f$ by a rivulet !y gr[ to a l>ge size4 ,illu/ration ,to fi% = *ub at ! bottom1 y %\ld h a /\t long rod1 a /rong l9e 7& if y use a reel1 y w be ! bett] able to fi% "u bu%es71 ) two y>ds or m ( ! be/ silkworm gut at bottom2 a hook proportionate to ! bait us$2 a swan-quill float2 & ! l9e s %ott$1 eight or t5 in*es f ! hook1 z to s9k ! float to a qu>t] ( an in* above ! surface4 ,! same gr\ndbait is to be us$ z = c>p4 ,! be/ baits are greaves1 *eese pa/e1 or ! tail end ( a well-sc\r$ lob-worm4 ,! cock*af] is also a v tempt+ bait1 especially t[>ds dusk3 no float or %ot are requir$ = ?is4 ,aft] bait+ y\r hook ) a cock*af]1 move x two or ?ree times ne> ! surface1 z 9 ! act ( fly+2 !n drop x 9 ! wat]1 tapp+ ! rod g5tly1 :i* w cause ! appe>ance ( its /ruggl+ to escape4 ,?is attracts ! *ub1 :o are s fond ( ?is bait1 t !y w rise two or ?ree at a "t to seize x4 ,b m9d & be ready ) y\r l&+-net4 ,! *ub w take a grub1 wasps1 maggots1 pa/e ( f9e new bread work$ 9 ! h&1 & t+$ ) v]milion1 to make x look l salmon-roe2 b ! be/ bait = bottom or float-fi%+ = ! *ub is new ,*e%ire *eese1 work$ ) ! crumb ( a new roll1 or ! pi? f ! backbone ( an ox4 ,9 bait+ ) ! *eese1 put a r\nd lump ! size ( a *]ry on a l>ge hook1 s z to cov] ! b5d1 & "s way up ! %ank2 fi% six in*es f ! bottom1 or 9 cold wea!r ! bait may lie on ! gr\nd4 ,:5 !re is a bite1 ! float w be drawn "u wat]3 /rike imm$iately1 & give him play1 hold+ a tol]ably tight l9e1 to keep ! fi% cle> f we$s & /umps4 ,! be/ "t = fi%+ = *ub is *iefly be=e sunrise to n9e 9 ! morn+1 & f f\r till aft] sunset 9 ! summ]2 b1 9 w9t]1 ! middle ( ! day is be/4 ,9 hot wea!r1 ! *ub is to be fi%$ = at or ne> ! top ( ! wat]1 & n deep] ?an midwat]2 & 9 cold wea!r1 close to or ne> ! bottom2 & ! ma9 po9t 9 tak+ ! fi% is = ! angl] to keep himself out ( sight4 ,a v deadly way ( kill+ *ub1 & c]ta9ly ! mo/ arti/ic me?od1 is ) ! artificial fly1 us$ z 9 tr\t fi%+4 ,flies are made expressly = ?is purpose1 & ( ^! ! be/ are r$ & black palm]s1 & ! ,m>l[ buzz4 ,,! ,,c>p4 ,c>p are e/eem$ among ! ri*e/ fre%-wat] fi% we h 9 ! k+dom1 & are z cunn+ z foxes4 ,! angl]1 !re=e1 mu/ be 8wide awake0 to cat* him1 & also z pati5t z a sa9t4 ,he may1 h[ev]1 fi% = him at any "t 9 ! day dur+ w>m wea!r4 ,! bait may be ei!r worms or pa/e4 ,( worms1 ! blui% m>% or mead[ is ! be/2 b a r$-worm1 n too big1 w d3 ( pa/e1 ! be/ is made ( bread & honey2 & ! spot int5d$ %\ld be well bait$ be=eh&4 ,9 a l>ge pond1 to draw !m toge!r1 ?r[ 9 ei!r gra9s1 or soak$ bread work$ up ) meal or bran2 foll[ ?is ) a few ( ! small baits y int5d to angle )4 ,illu/ration ,:il/ y are fi%+1 *ew a little bread1 & ?r[ x 9 ab\t ! place :]e y\r float swims4 ,9 fi%+ = c>p 9 ponds1 ! bait & ab\t half a foot ( ! gut ne>e/ ! hook %\ld lie on ! bottom2 o!rwise ! c>p w cont9ually suck ! bait (f4 ,:5 ! c>p has fairly tak5 ! bait1 y w p]ceive ! float move /eadily away or "u wat]1 !n /rike1 & n till !n4 ,9 ?is way1 ) due pati5ce1 y w prove a mat* = ^! crafty fi%4 ,,! ,,t5*4 ,! t5* is "o ( our mo/ useful fre%-wat] fi%es1 = ! ease ) :i* x may be pres]v$1 & ! goodness ( its fle%4 ,x is v usual to bre$ x 9 ponds1 b naturally1 l _m o!rs ( ! c>p tribe1 x is g5]ally f\nd 9 lakes & /ill wat]s2 its fav\rite haunts are 9 places well %ad$ ) bu%es or ru%es4 ,9 /&+ wat]s1 x lies "u we$s1 ne> sluices1 & at pond-heads4 ,illu/ration ,! be/ baits = t5* are bread pa/e & r$ worms1 b he usually pref]s ! latt]4 ,he fe$s be/ 9 ! ?ree hot mon?s4 ,! worm %\ld be put on ! hook 9 ! me?od direct$ = p]*1 b ! hook itself %\ld be ( a some:at small] size4 ,use a light float & /rong gut l9e1 & let ! bait swim )9 an in* or two ( ! bottom4 ,,! ,,pope1 ,,or ,,ruff1 ,is some?+ l a p]* 9 %ape1 b m bluff & bulky4 ,he is f\nd pr9cipally 9 sl[1 deep1 quiet riv]s1 :i* h a loamy bottom4 ,! spawn+ "t is 9 ,april4 ,! be/ baits = him are r$-worms & br&l+s4 ,! places :]e he is to be _h are :]e ! wat] is deep & /ill2 & ^! places %\ld be bait$ ) "s clay-balls1 ) :i* worms are mix$4 ,%\ld ! wat] be muddy1 worms w d alone2 b if cle>1 clay mu/ be us$ to r5d] x opaque be=e y fi%4 ,! fi% w bite at any "t ( a w>m summ]'s day1 :5 ! sky is cl\dy4 ,9 angl+1 use a ,no4 #h or #i hook1 ) a quill float2 & ! mom5t y see ! float disappe>1 /rike4 ,illu/ration ,,! ,,bream4 ,! bream1 at full gr[?1 is a l>ge & /ately fi%1 & is (t5times z fat z a hog4 ,he is pr9cipally f\nd 9 l>ge ponds or 9 lakes1 & 9 /ill riv]s :]e ! wat]s are deep & %ad$ by we$s2 & may be tak5 ?r\gh\t ! latt] "p ( summ] & autumn4 ,! baits are _m3 pa/e made ( :ite bread & honey1 g5tles1 wasp-grubs1 & br&l+s2 b mu* ! be/ g5]al bait is ! tail end ( a lob-worm4 ,use lob-worms1 cut 9 pieces1 brew]s' gra9s1 or greaves1 z gr\ndbaits 9 ! places :]e y int5d to angle4 ,use a gut l9e1 quill float1 & hook ! same z = p]*4 ,s\nd ! bottom1 :i* %\ld be eight or t5 feet deep1 & /& at lea/ two y>ds f ! bank f :i* y fi%2 ! bait %\ld j t\* or trip along ! bottom4 ,,! ,,fl\nd]4 ,! fl\nd] is a well-kn[n flat-fi% v common ab\t our own coa/s2 & %\ld any ( our "y fri5ds be at ! seaside1 x is well t !y %\ld "k h[ to take fl\nd]4 ,!y are also f\nd 9 riv]s1 at "s di/ance f ! sea4 ,!y may be tak5 9 ,may1 ,july1 & ,augu/1--n 9 ,june1 z t is _! spawn+ "t4 ,! be/ baits are r$-worms & m>%-worms1 on a ,no4 #f hook2 & y %\ld fi% at ! bottom4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,fl\nd]4 ,,eels4 ,eels are d5iz5s ( ! mud2 b !y are fond ( clean n f\l mud1 & ought nev] to be s\ght aft] 9 fil?y places4 ,!re are _m modes ( tak+ !m3 by rod & l9e1 by dead l9e1 by sniggl+1 by bobb+1 & by spe>+4 ,:5 a rod is us$1 y %\ld put a br&l+ or r$-worm on a ,no4 #h hook2 ! bait %\ld t\* ! bottom2 &1 :5 y h a 8bite10 ! float %\ld be drawn q "u wat] be=e y /rike4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,! dead l9e is a l9e ( :ipcord1 ) hooks ab\t two feet asund]1 bait$ ) lob-worms or small fi%1 & hav+ a weight at ! end4 ,y %\ld also h a bank-runn]--a reel on a p9 or /ake /uck into ! gr\nd on ! edge ( ! bank2 ! l9e & baits %\ld be ?r[n 91 & left = ! eels to amuse !mselves )1--look$ to1 & drawn up at y\r leisure4 ,9 sniggl+1 a lob-worm is put ^u a /\t wor/$ ne$le2 ! l9e is on a w9d]2 & ! fi% w be f\nd ne> flood-gates1 :>f+s1 bridges1 piles1 holes 9 ! banks ( riv]s1 ponds1 & canals4 ,! bait %\ld be put into ! lurk+-places ( ! eel1 by means ( a /ick ) a =k$ head2 & :5 ! bait is tak51 :i* w easily be kn[n by ! pull ( ! /r+1 /rike4 ,bobb+ = eels4--,9 ?is process long r$-worms are /rung on ?reads ( wor/$1 until a bun* z l>ge z ! two fi/s is =m$ ar\nd a piece ( lead4 ,! :ole is sunk to ! bottom1 or ne>ly s1 !n rais$ a little1 !n depress$1 s z to induce ! eels to bite4 ,:5 ?is occurs1 heave up )\t hurry4 ,! numb] ( eels tak5 9 ?is way is (t5 prodigi\s4 ,9 spe>+ eels1 ! spe>] usually goes into ! mud 9 a pair ( pants or mud patt5s1 pieces ( squ>e bo>d fa/5$ into ! heel to prev5t s9k+4 ,he takes an eel-spe> 9 8 h&1 some?+ l ,neptune's trid5t1 & progs ! mud all ov]1 & ! eels are caught betwe5 ! =k$ blades ( ! spe>4 ,great numb]s ( eels are tak5 9 ?is way on ! muddy ooze ( salt or fre%-wat] riv]s4 ,,! ,,/ickleback ,,& ,,m9n[4 ,illu/ration ,! /ickleback is a d>k-col\r$ little fi%1 f\nd 9 dit*es & ponds4 ,!y are be/ caught ) a small h&-net1 & are occasionally us$ z bait = p]*4 ,! m9n[ is v beautiful 9 appe>ance1 be+ ( a rose col\r und]nea?1 & may be tak5 ) a worm & a ,no4 #ac hook at any "t ( day2 b m easily ) a small h&-net4 ,!y are commonly f\nd 9 little rivulets1 rills1 or small s&y /reams1 & are highly priz$ by ! angl] z baits = _m k9ds ( fi%4 ,,! ,,b>bel4 ,! b>bel is a bold1 /urdy1 h&some-look+ fi%1 al?\gh its fle% is co>se to ! eat]2 b he is a r>e fell[ = sport1 & (t5 af=ds great amusem5t z well z *agr9 to ! angl] by 8 bolt+ (f ) ! l9e by a 8c\p de b>bel10 & break+ x ) 8 tail4 ,izaak ,walton says1 t b>bel 8flock toge!r l %eep40 ,b>bel are to be f\nd 9 ! /ronge/ runs ( wat]4 ,9 summ]1 !y love ! %all[e/ & %>pe/ /reams1 & w lurk "u we$s1 & w root & dig 9 ! s& l pigs4 ,sometimes he retires to deep & swift bridges1 or to flood-gates or weirs1 & w re/ himself aga9/ piles or holl[ places4 ,9 w9t] he gets into deep wat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,b>bel ,,) ,,gold ,,c>p4 ,9 fi%+ = b>bel 9 l>ge /reams1 y %\ld g out 9 a boat provid$ ) greaves1 g5tles1 & r$-worms2 &1 be=e y beg9 fi%+1 y %\ld ?r[ 9 pl5ty ( gr\ndbait--su* z soak$ greaves1 bran & clay made into small balls1 maggots1 or lob-worms4 ,!y may be angl$ = ) a /\t rod1 /rong runn+ l9e1 cork float1 & ,no4 #g or #h hook1 bait$ ) m>%worms or greaves4 ,! b>bel be+ a %>p bit]1 /rike ! mom5t y feel a nibble4 ,he may be caught f ,may to ,octob] all day1 b be/ 9 ! morn+ & ev5+4 ,aft] he is /ruck he w frequ5tly make a run1 b y mu/ play him g5tly2 keep him cle> ( we$s1 & try to get him into deep wat]2 & :5 y h him1 m9d he does n b\nce out ( y\r h& & drop d[n ! /ream aga94 ,,natural ,,fly-,,fi%+1 ,,or ,,dipp+4 ,fi%+ ) a fly may be practis$ ei!r ) ! natural fly1 usually call$ 8dipp+10 or ) ! artificial fly2 9 :i* latt] case ! sport is call$ 8fly-fi%+10 or sometimes 8:ipp+40 ,dipp+ requires a mod]ately long & /iff rod1 ( ab\t twelve or ?irte5 feet4 ,! l9e %\ld n be above a y>d 9 l5g? f ! end ( ! rod1 b ! reel %\ld conta9 suffici5t to play ! fi% if necess>y4 ,:5 ! riv] is mu* ov]hung ) bu%es1 x is a good plan to w9d ! l9e r\nd ! end ( ! top jo9t1 leav+ only a few in*es dep5d5t2 & !n1 hav+ ?ru/ ! rod ?r\gh "s small op5+ 9 ! bu%es1 gradually to unw9d ! l9e by turn+ ! rod 9 ! h&1 s z to drop ! fly on ! wat] 9 ! mo/ g5tle mann]4 ,9 ?is insidi\s way l>ge fi% are (t5 tak5 ) any ( ! flies :i* are 9 season & f\nd at ! "t on ! banks ( ! riv] :i* is fi%$1 especially if !y are only j com+ out1 & ! fi% are n yet satiat$ ) !m4 ,x is q ne$less to give a li/ ( ! natural flies :i* are likely to prove s]viceable to ! fi%]man1 because he has only to look = ^? :i* at ! "t are tempt+ ! fi%1 & !n to endeav\r to f9d !m on ! banks1 & at once to try _! p[]s4 ,9 ! case ( *ub1 h[ev]1 he w f9d gras%opp]s & humble-bees m useful ?an any ( ! flies1 & yet !y are nei!r ( !m (t5 se5 ^u ! wat]s1 & may be consid]$ exceptional cases4 ,! fi% :i* w g5]ally take ! natural fly are grayl+1 tr\t1 *ub1 & dace4 ,,fly-,,fi%+ ,,& ,,artificial ,,flies4 ,= ?is delightful sport1 :i* captivates alike ! sexag5>ian & ! s*oolboy1 rods & tackle ( ! f9e/ quality are requir$4 ,x is true1 t a good workman w take fi% ev5 ) a will[ w&1 b /ill he w\ld d f> bett] ) a rod turn$ out by a good mak]2 & few "y h&s w be able to d mu* )\t a well-f9i%$ specim5 ( ! art ( rod-mak+4 ,! rod %\ld be /rong1 yet f9e1 & ei!r ( dress$ silk1 or silk & hair mix$4 ,! l[] portion1 call$ ! foot-l5g?1 is ( gut1 g5]ally occupy+ ab\t five or six feet ( x1 to :i* "o1 two1 or ?ree flies are atta*$1 ! "o at ! end be+ call$ a /ret*]1 & ! o!rs dropp]s4 ,! fly-fi%] %\ld be able to make 8 own flies1 z !re is a great advantage 9 be+ able to 8d = oneself20 & x may sometimes happ5 t he may be out ( a p>ticul> fly :5 f> away f 8fly %ops40 ,,mat]ials ,,= ,,mak+ ,,flies4 ,fea!rs ( v>i\s k9ds2 hairs ( v>i\s k9ds2 v f9e sew+ silk2 gold & silv] twi/4 ,( ! fir/1 ! "y fly-fi%] mu/ provide himself ) ! fea!rs ( ! duck1 cock1 gr\se1 snipe1 bitt]n1 woodcock1 p>tridge1 l&rail1 />l+1 jay1 gold5 plov]1 & peacock4 ,( ! second1 ! fur f ,tommy's tail1 f ! sk9s ( squirrels1 moles1 & wat] rats1 camel's hair1 h>e's e>1 fur f its neck1 ! yell[ fur f ! neck ( ! m>t91 mohairs ( diff]5t %ades1 camlets1 black horsehair1 hog's d[n dy$ v>i\s col\rs4 ,& ) ^!1 gimps1 silks1 & t9sel1 a good pair ( pli]s1 & a pair ( f9e-po9t$ scissors4 ,9 mak+ y\r fly1 imitate z ne>ly z possible ! natural fly y wi% to repres5t2 to d ?is prop]ly1 x w be well to dissect a natural fly1 & to imitate its sev]al p>ts1 & !n to recon/ruct x ) a ref]5ce to ! :ole4 ,) a hook ( ! prop] size1 & a fea!r ( ! "r col\r1 ! fly-mak] may n[ comm5ce4 ,8 fea!r mu/ be /ripp$ d[n on ea* side1 leav+ j s mu* z w d = ! w+s at ! f9e end2 a piece ( f9e gut1 free f imp]fection1 & prop]ly te/$ z to its /r5g?2 dubb+ or hackle2 & a piece ( f9e silk well wax$ ) %oemak]'s wax4 ,let ! essay be n[ made4 ,hold y\r hook 9 ! left h&1 wrap ! silk r\nd ! b>e hook two or ?ree times1 & put ! f9e/ end ( ! gut on ! "u side ( ! hook4 ,if y are work+ = a tackle fly1 beg9 at ! b& & "w up to ! head1 aft] turn+ ?ree or f\r times r\nd ! hook & gut2 fa/5 on ! tackle1 & cont9ue ! w9d+ ( ! silk until x rea*es ! end ( ! hook1 !n turn x back two or ?ree times1 to =m ! head4 ,! dubb+ mu/ n[ be twi/$ r\nd ! silk1 & wrapp$ ^u ! hook = ne>ly half ! propos$ l5g? ( ! body2 fa/5 x !re by a s+le loop1 t bo? h&s may be at lib]ty to manage ! tackle4 ,:5 suffici5t ( ! fea!r is w\nd ^u ! hook1 ! rema9d] %\ld be held "u ! ?umb ( ! left h&1 & ! entangl$ fibres pick$ out ) a ne$le4 ,! silk & dubb+ mu/ n[ be twi/$ ov] ! end ( ! tackle1 until ! body ( ! fly is ( ! l5g? requir$1 & !n fa/5$4 ,if gold or silv] twi/ is us$1 ! twi/ %\ld be fa/5$ to ! l[] end ( ! body be=e ! dubb+ is appli$ to ! silk4 ,to make a w+$ fly1 ! same me?od mu/ be obs]v$ 9 ty+ on ! hook2 !n take ! fea!r :i* is to =m ! w+s1 & place x ev5 on ! upp] side ( ! %ank1 ) ! roots po9t+ t[>ds ! b5d ( ! hook2 fa/5 ! fea!rs1 by w9d+ ! silk ov] x1 & cut ! root end close ) a pair ( scissors1 & divide ! w+s z equally z possible ) a ne$le1 pass+ ! silk two or ?ree times betwe5 !m1 to make !m /& 9 a prop] position2 br+ ! silk d[n ! %ank ( ! hook ! propos$ l5g? ( ! body1 & fa/5 x1 !n apply ! dubb+ to ! silk1 & twi/ x t[>ds ! w+s2 fa/5 9 ! hackle = legs1 & w9d x neatly "u ! w+s1 s z to hide ! ends ( ! cut fibres3 ! silk mu/ be fa/5$ above ! w+s--be c>eful ( ?is4 ,x w\ld be impossible = u1 nor w\ld x be v useful to ! "y fly-fi%]1 to give him directions = mak+ e k9d ( fly4 ,we may1 h[ev]1 ?r[ out a few h9ts conc]n+ ! mak+ ( mo/ ( ! flies 9 common use1 & ( ! mat]ials employ$4 ,illu/ration #a4 ,! gre5 drake or ,may fly4--,?is is "o ( ! mo/ kill+ tr\t flies1 b x is seldom 9 ! wat] = a long] p]iod ?an ?ree weeks4 ,! "t ( its appe>ance v>ies 9 diff]5t riv]s1 b x g5]ally rises ab\t ! la/ week 9 ,may1 & cont9ues = ab\t ?ree weeks4 ,! w+s are made ( ! light fea!rs ( a grey drake1 dy$ a pale yell[-gre5 col\r1 by be+ boil$ = a m9ute or two 9 a decoction ( gre5 vitriol4 ,! body is =m$ ( amb]-col\r$ mohair or silk ribbon1 ) d>k gre5 silk2 ! head ( peacock's h>l1 & ! tail ( ?ree long hairs tak5 f a sable muff4 #b4 ,! black gnat4--,! body ( ?is fly is made ( black o/ri* h>l1 & ! w+s ( a pale />l+'s fea!r2 x mu/ be dress$ %ort & ?ick4 ,x is 9 use f ! end ( ,april till ! end ( ,may1 & is a good kill] :5 ! wat] is l[4 #c4 ,h>e's e>4--,! w+s are made f ! fea!r ( a />l+'s w+1 ! body f ! fur ( ! h>e's e>1 ! legs ( a g+] cock's hackle4 #d4 ,cock tail4--,w+s ( ! light fea!r f a snipe's w+1 ! body ( yell[ mohair4 #e4 ,:irl+ dun4--,w+s ( a snipe's fea!r1 body ( blue fur wrapp$ ) yell[ silk1 & a blue cock's hackle = legs2 ! tail ( two hairs f a col\r$ muff4 #f4 ,grey drake4--,w+s ( a d>k grey fea!r ( ! mall>d1 ! body ( :ite silk1 /rip$ ) d>k silk1 ! head ( a peacock's h>l1 & ! tail ( ?ree hairs f a sable muff4 #g4 ,c[dung fly4--,! w+s ( ! fea!r ( a l&rail1 ! body ( yell[ camlet1 mix$ ) a little br[n be>-fur1 & a g+] hackle = legs2 ! w+s %\ld be dress$ flat4 #h4 ,bee fly4--,! body ( ?read ( v>i\s col\rs1 arrang$ 9 /ripes ( ! foll[+ ord]3--black1 :ite1 light yell[1 :ite1 black1 :ite2 ! legs ( a black hackle2 ! w+s f ! fea!rs ( a blue pigeon's w+3 ! body mu/ be dress$ ?ick4 #i4 ,r$ palm]4--,! body ( d>k-r$ mohair1 ribb$ ) gold twi/1 & wrapp$ ) a r$ cock's hackle4 #aj4 ,peacock palm]4--,! body ( a peacock's h>l1 wrapp$ ) a dusky-r$ cock's hackle4 #aa4 ,k+dom fly4--,w+s ( a woodcock's fea!r1 ! body ( :ite silk1 /rip$ ) gre51 & ! legs ( a r$ cock's hackle4 #ab4 ,:ite gnat4--,! w+s ( a small :ite fea!r1 ! body ( :ite silk1 & ! legs ( a r$ cock's hackle4 #ac4 ,blue dun4--,! w+s ( a />l+'s fea!r1 ! body ( blue fur f a wat] rat1 mix$ ) a little lemon-col\r mohair2 ! tail is =k$1 & %\ld be made ( two fibres f ! fea!r us$ = ! w+4 #ad4 ,r$ ant4--,! w+s ( a light />l+'s fea!r1 ! body ( peacock's h>l made ?ick at ! tail1 & a g+] hackle = legs4 #ae4 ,gold sp9n]4--,w+s ( a />l+'s fea!r1 body ( orange silk1 ribb$ ) gold twi/1 & ! legs ( a r$ hackle4 #af4 ,great :ite mo?4--,w+s ( a fea!r f ! w+ ( a :ite owl1 ! body ( :ite cotton1 & a :ite cock's hackle wrapp$ r\nd ! body4 #ag4 ,gov]nor4--,w+s ( a woodcock's fea!r1 ! body ( a peacock's h>l1 ti$ ) orange silk4 #ah4 ,m>* br[n4--,w+s ( ! d>k mottl$ fea!r f ! tail ( a p>tridge1 ! body ( fur f a h>e's e>1 well mix$ ) a little yell[ wor/$1 & a grizzl$ cock's hackle = legs4 #ai4 ,/one fly4--,w+s ( a dusky-blue cock's hackle1 or a mottl$ fea!r f a h5 pheasant1 ! body ( d>k-br[n & yell[ camlet mix$1 & a grizzl$ hackle = legs2 ! w+s %\ld be flat4 #bj4 ,black silv] palm]4--,! body ( black o/ri* h>l1 ribb$ ) silv] twi/1 & wrapp$ ) black cock's hackle4 #ba4 ,will[ fly4--,! w+s ( d>k grizzl$ cock's hackle1 ! body ( blue squirrel's fur1 mix$ ) yell[ mohair4 #bb4 ,yell[ palm]4--,! w+s ( :ite hackle1 dy$ yell[1 ! body ( yell[ silk4 #bc4 ,black palm]4--,! body ( black o/ri*'s h>l1 wrapp$ ) a black cock's hackle4 #bd4 ,black palm] ribb$ ) gold4--,! body ( peacock's h>l1 wrapp$ ) a black cock's hackle1 & ribb$ ) gold twi/4 #be4 ,m>l[ ,buzz or ,cock-a-,b\ndhu4--,?is is "o ( ! mo/ kill+ flies kn[n1 & %\ld nev] be (f ! l9e dur+ ! tr\t season4 ,! body ( peacock's h>l1 ribb$ ) gold twi/1 & a d>k-r$ cock's hackle ov] all4 #bf4 ,! ,gr\se ,hackle4--,?is is also a v kill+ fly1 especially late 9 ! ev5+1 dur+ ,june1 ,july1 & ,augu/4 ,body ( br[n fur1 ribb$ ) gold twi/1 & a gr\se hackle ov] all2 hook ,no4 #aj4 ,! =ego+ li/ comprises tw5ty-six ( ! mo/ kill+ flies2 & ! foll[+ are ! mon?s 9 :i* !y w be f\nd to kill be/4 ,febru>y1 r$ c[dung fly1 blue dun2 ,m>*1 br[n2 ,april1 black gnat1 /one fly1 gravel or spid] fly1 ! gre5 tail1 br[n1 blue dun2 ,may1 gre5 drake1 grey drake1 oak fly1 hazel fly1 little iron blue & yell[ sally2 ,june1 h>e's e>1 cock tail1 :irl+ dun1 m>l[ buzz1 bee fly1 k+dom fly1 :ite gnat1 blue gnat1 blue dun1 gov]nor1 f]n fly2 gold sp9n]2 ,july1 r$ ant1 r$ sp9n]1 yell[ dun1 coa*man1 f]n fly2 ,augu/1 :irl+ blue1 r$ sp9n]1 pale yell[ dun2 ,septemb]1 will[ fly1 silv] twi/$ blue1 :irl+ blue4 ,x w\ld ( c\rse be impossible1 9 a "w ( ?is description1 to give a li/ ( all ! artificial flies us$ by exp]i5c$ fi%]m51 b ! above are a few ( ! mo/ kill+4 ,= bleak1 dace1 roa*1 *ub1 c4 a piece ( a maggot1 or a small piece ( :ite lea!r1 %\ld be plac$ at ! end ( ! hook4 ,hav+ ?us giv5 ! 8ord] ( flies10 natural & artificial1 we may imag9e ! "y fly-fi%]1 ) rod 9 h&1 proportionate to 8 /r5g? & ! bread? ( ! /ream1 ready to ?r[ 8 fly2 b let 8 rod & runn+ tackle be 9 good ord]1 & ! idea ( ! coa*man's :ip out ( 8 m9d4 ,he is n to flog ! wat]1 b to tickle x4 ,! novice %\ld tea* himself to h&le ! l9e1 by beg9n+ ) x alone1 7i4 e4 )\t flies or hook17 try+ a %ort l5g? fir/1 & l5g!n+ x gradually4 ,9 us+ ! rod1 x %\ld be drawn vigor\sly back1 ?\gh )\t a j]k1 & ?r[n =w>d aga9 :5 ! l9e has rea*$ its full ext5t beh9d4 ,take c>e 9 do+ ?is1 t ! fly be n :ipp$ (f4 ,:5 tol]ably exp]t1 put on "o fly1 & try a:ile ) t1 adopt+ two or ?ree :5 able to use !m prop]ly4 ,9 fly-fi%+ keep z f> f ! wat] z possible1 especially if fi%+ = tr\t4 ,let only ! flies t\* ! wat]1 & keep mov+ !m g5tly & sl[ly on ! surface4 ,:5 a fi% rises1 let n a mom5t elapse be=e y /rike1 & d x %>ply4 ,:5 y h two flies on y\r l9e1 y mu/ try to ?r[ y\r l9e s t ! bottom fly %all rea* ! wat] fir/2 x mu/ be done always z lightly z possible1 s t x may resemble a natural fly settl+ ^u ! wat]4 ,y mu/ suff] ! l9e to float g5tly d[n ! /ream1 at ! same "t work+ x t[>ds y4 ,! be/ "t = angl+ ) ! fly is :5 !re is a g5tle breeze ^u ! wat]2 s\? & we/ w9ds are to be pref]r$1 :5 ! wat] has be5 di/urb$ by heavy ra9s & is j resum+ its natural col\r1 or :5 ! day is dull & cl\dy4 ,! be/ "t1 morn+ & ev5+4 ,9 cold wea!r ! fi% bite deep]1 & y %\ld !n let ! fly s9k a little4 ,take c>e to h ! w9d 9 y\r back1 & ! sun 9 y\r face1 if possible4 ,:5 y see a rise1 ?r[ y\r fly ab\t half a y>d above ! fi%'s nose1 & let x fall d[n ) ! /ream2 wat* x n>r[ly1 & /rike z ! fi% rises1 giv+ him an 8inf9ite little mom5t0 to ta/e4 ,:5 y h hook$1 play y\r fi% c>efully1 keep+ up 8 head & runn+ him d[n ! /ream1 at ! same "t /e]+ him t[>ds y4 ,if y see a fi% rise at a natural fly1 ?r[ y\r bait a little be=e him1 s t he may take x z 8"o ( ! numb]40 ,to "k :at flies ! fi% are mo/ likely to take1 obs]ve :at natural flies are ab\t ! wat]1 or on ! grass1 trees1 or bu%es 9 ! vic9ity ( ! riv]2 & take t fly :i* is ! mo/ 9 abundance1 ei!r natural or artificial at y\r discretion4 ,su* are a few practical p>ticul>s conc]n+ angl+ & fly-fi%+1 suffici5t to enable any "y angl] to beg94 ,= m abundant in=mation we ref] him to ,mr4 ,/odd>t & ,mr4 ,/ew>t1 = fly-fi%+1 ,mr4 ,*olmondeley ,p5nell = pike-fi%+1 8,hewitt ,:eatley0 = grayl+ fi%+1 & ,mr4 ,francis ,francis = ! v>i\s modes ( bottom fi%+4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,,ar*]y4 8,& he 0 clad 9 coat & pode ( gr5e2 ,a %efe ( pecocke arr[s bryght & %5e ,"u 8 belt he b>e1 ful ?reftely4 ,well c\de he dresse 8 tackle yomanly4 ,8 arr[s dr\p$ n ) fea!rs l[e1 ,& 9 8 h&e he b>e a myghty b[e40--,,*auc]4 ,! skill ( ! ,engli% 9 ar*]y 0 always v great4 ,our ance/ors us$ ! b[ = a d\ble purpose3 9 "t ( w>1 x 0 a f> m dreadful in/rum5t ( de/ruction ?an our pres5t soldi]'s musket2 :ile 9 ! 8pip+ times ( peace10 x became an object ( amusem5t4 ,! victories ! ,engli% obta9$ ov] _! enemies 9 times ( w> 7 _m1 & :at ! _w calls glori\s2 & !y /& ^u record 9 our hi/ory1 :]e ! "y read] may p]use !m ) int]e/ & advantage4 ,illu/ration3 ,,saxon ,,b[ ,,& ,,arr[4 ,! ,anglo-,saxons & ! ,danes 7 c]ta9ly well acqua9t$ ) ! use ( ! b[1 :i* !y us$1 n s mu* = w> purposes1 z 9 ! sports ( ! field4 ,b x is well kn[n t ! ,normans us$ ! b[ z a milit>y weapon1 & "u _! gov]nm5t ! practice ( ar*]y 0 n only mu* improv$1 b g5]ally diffus$ ?r\gh\t ! k+dom4 ,! long-b[ 0 an in/rum5t ( ,norman introduction1 & !re seems good reason to believe t ! arbali/1 or cross-b[1 0 us$ by ^! /urdy invad]s4 ,,! ,,long-,,b[4 ,illu/ration3 ,,norman-,,b[4 ,! use ( ! ,engli% long-b[ arriv$ at ! highe/ p]fection 9 ! reign ( ,edw>d ,,iii42 &1 not)/&+ ! introduction ( fire-arms1 cont9u$ = a long "t aft] to be successfully cultivat$4 ,cressy1 ,poicti]s1 ,ag9c\rt1 & _m o!r victories1 7 obta9$ by its use2 & ,sir ,john ,=tescue writes1 8,t mighte ( ! realme ( ,engl&e /&y? ^u h] ar*]s10--z x w n[ ^u our riflem5 or %>p%oot]s1 :5 our army %all get ! "r k9d ( gun4 ,,! ,,cross-,,b[4 ,illu/ration ,! cross-b[1 or arbali/1 0 a popul> weapon ) ! ,etolians1 & 0 introduc$ into ,engl& 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,! arr[s %ot f x 7 call$ 8guorrels40 ,x 0 fa/5$ ^u a /ock1 & dis*>g$ by means ( a cat* or trigg]1 :i* probably gave rise to ! lock on ! mod]n musket4 ,"o hi/orian in=ms u1 t ,ri*>d ! ,fir/ 0 w\nd$ by an arr[ f a b[ ( ?is k9d2 & also1 t ! ,engli% cross-b[ 0 us$ *iefly at sieges ( =tifi$ places1 & on %ip-bo>d 9 battles ^u ! sea4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 us$ 9 recreation1 & acquir$ great reputation among ! citiz5s ( ,london1 :o _h 8butts0 9 v>i\s places = ! practice ( ?is k9d ( ar*]y2 z at ,new+ton ,butts1 ,br5t=d ,butts1 & o!r spots1 :i* /ill reta9 ! "n ( ,butts3 & 9 ! reign ( ,edw>d ,,iv4 an act pass$1 :i* direct$ t butts %\ld be 9 e t[n%ip1 :]e ! inhabitants %\ld %oot on e fea/-day1 "u a p5alty ( a halfp5ny :5 !y %all omit ! ex]cise4 ,illu/ration ,,feats ,,( ,,! ,,b[4 ,mr4 ,grose in=ms u t an ar*] c\ld %oot six arr[s 9 ! "t necess>y to *>ge & dis*>ge a musket2 & ev5 9 mod]n days1 a practis$ b[man has be5 kn[n to %oot twelve arr[s 9 a m9ute into a circle n l>g] ?an ! circumf]5ce ( a man's hat1 at a di/ance ( =ty y>ds4 ,( ! p[] ( ! b[1 & ( ! di/ance x w c>ry1 "s rem>kable anecdotes are told4 ,x5ophon m5tions an ,arcadian1 ^: head 0 %ot ?r\gh by a ,c>du*ian ar*]4 ,/u>t m5tions a r&om %ot ( a ,turk1 :i* he f\nd to be #ehd y>ds2 & ,mr4 ,/rutt saw ! ,turki% ambassador %oot #dhj y>ds 9 ! old ar*]y-gr\nd 9 ,london4 ,an old au?or speaks ( a ,turki% b[1 ! arr[ ( :i* 0 kn[n to pi]ce a /eel t>get two in*es ?ick4 ,9 ! j\rnal ( ,k+ ,edw>d ,,vi41 x is m5tion$ t #ajj ar*]s ( ! k+'s gu>d %ot at an in* bo>d1 & t "s ( ! arr[s pass$ ?r\gh ?is1 & into ano!r bo>d beh9d x1 al?\gh ! wood 0 extremely solid & firm4 ,william de ,br5sia relates t a ,wel%man hav+ direct$ an arr[ at a horse-soldi] ( 81 :o 0 clad 9 arm\r1 & _h 8 lea!rn coat "u x1 ! arr[1 beside pi]c+ ! man ?r\gh ! hip1 /ruck also ?r\gh ! saddle1 & mortally w\nd$ ! horse on :i* he sat4 ,ano!r ,wel% soldi] hav+ %ot an arr[ at "o ( 8 horsem51 :o 0 cov]$ ) /rong arm\r1 ! %aft p5etrat$ ?r\gh 8 ?igh1 & fix$ 9 ! saddle2 b :at is mo/ rem>kable is1 t z ! horseman drew 8 bridle aside1 9 ord] to turn r\nd1 he receiv$ ano!r arr[ 9 ! opposite ?igh1 :i* pass+ ?r\gh x1 he 0 firmly fix$ to ! saddle on bo? sides4 ,mr4 ,b>r+ton1 9 ! 8,ar*ologi10 relates a tradition t "o ,leigh1 an attorney 7x mu/ h be5 a b>ri/]71 %ot an arr[ a mile 9 ?ree flights2 & ,c>ew1 speak+ ( ! ,corni% ar*]s two c5turies back1 says t ! butts = long %oot+ 7 plac$ #dhj y>ds ap>t4 ,su*1 my good fri5ds1 are ! feats y may emulate ) ! b[4 ,,l5g? ,,( ,,b[s ,,& ,,arr[s1 ,,& ,,h[ ,,us$ ,,9 ,,anci5t ,,times4 ,illu/ration3 ,,norman ,,b[man ,,equipp$ ,,= ,,battle4 ,! l5g? ( ! b[ v>i$1 b 0 usually ! height ( ! be>]1 z ! ,act ( ,edw>d ,,iv4 comm&s e man to h a b[ 8 own height4 ,! arr[s 7 ( diff]5t weights & sizes2 ! light] sort1 = long ranges1 ab\t two feet ?ree in*es2 :ile ! heavy 7 a clo? y>d 9 l5g?4 ,! heads _h v>i\s %apes1 among :i* ! broad arr[ ext5d$ 9 wid? to ne>ly f\r in*es to ! extremity ( ! w+s4 ,( ^!1 #bd 9 a %eaf 7 put into a quiv]1 &1 9 action1 ab\t #ab 9 ! girdle4 ,!y 7 trimm$ ) ?ree goose-quill fea!rs ea*1 & :5 ! ar*]s %ot 9 volley1 ! quantity ( arr[s 9 ! air 0 comp>$ by ,froiss>t to a fall ( sn[4 ,! f>!/ range ( arr[s 0 e/imat$ at elev5 score y>ds4 ,! ar*]s1 9 ord] ( battle1 g5]ally c>ri$1 beside ! b[1 axe1 & t>get1 a /ake po9t$ at bo? ends4 ,!y =m$ 9 op5 ranks1 9 files eight deep4 ,:5 on ! po9t ( engag+1 !y advanc$ a few paces beyond ! int5d$ l9e1 & fix$ _! /akes1 incl9$ t[>ds ! enemy1 9 ! gr\nd4 ,!y !n /epp$ backw>d1 & f beh9d ^! *evaux-de-frise dealt =? _! de/ructive arr[s2 & :5 ! enemy 7 ?r[n into confusion1 !y salli$1 & ) small battle-axes & swords complet$ ! defeat4 ,,m>ks ,,= ,,%oot+ ,,at4 ,! m>ks usually %ot at by ! ar*]s = pa/ime 7 8butts10 8prickes10 & 8rov]s40 ,! 8butt0 0 a level m>k1 made by plac+ a t>get on a slope ( a hill or bank ( e>?1 & requir$ a /rong arr[4 ,! 8pricke0 0 a 8m>k ( compass10 b always ( "o di/ance1 & _h "s emblem on a pole = %oot+ at2 & to ?is m>k /rong swift arr[s ( "o flight1 ) a middl+ size fea!r1 7 be/ suit$4 ,! 8rov]0 0 a m>k ( unc]ta9 l5g?1 & (t5 an arr[ %ot =? f a b[4 ,o!r m>ks 7 us$1 z ! /&>d1 ! t>get1 hazel-w&s1 rose-g>l&s1 & ! pop9jay1 :i* 0 an artificial p>rot or peacock1 or sometimes ! common cock1 set ^u a po/ or pole1 z se5 9 ! engrav+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,%oot+ ,,at ,,! ,,pop9jay4 ,,equipm5t ,,= ,,ar*]y4 ,rog] ,as*am1 :o 0 well v]s$ 9 ! subject ( ar*]y1 says t x 0 necess>y = ! ar*] to h a brac]1 or close sleeve1 to lace ^u ! left arm2 & to ?is 0 add$ a %oot+-glove = ! protection ( ! f+]s4 ,! b[ 0 to be made ( elm1 a%1 or yew2 ! b[-/r+ to be compos$ ( good hemp1 flax1 or silk2 ! arr[s 7 to be made ( oak1 hornbeam1 or bir*4 ,! fea!rs f a goose1 & especially ( a grey goose1 he ?\ght pref]able to any = ! plum+ ( an arr[4 ,,anci5t ,,directions ,,= ,,ar*]y4 ,as*am says3 8,fir/ take c>e ( a graceful attitude40 ,! ar*] %\ld /& fairly & upright ) 8 body1 8 left foot at a conv5i5t di/ance f 8 "r1 hold+ ! b[ by its middle1 ) 8 left arm /ret*$ out1 & ) ! fir/ ?ree f+]s & ! ?umb ( 8 "r h& on ! l[] "p ( ! arr[ affix$ to ! /r+ ( ! b[4 ,! not* ( ! arr[ to re/ betwe5 ! =e-f+] & ! middle f+] ( ! "r h&4 ,! arr[1 9 draw+ ! b[1 0 to be elevat$ to ! "r e>4 ,! %aft ( ! arr[ bel[ ! fea!rs to be re/$ on ! knuckle ( ! =e-f+] ( ! left h&4 ,! arr[ 0 to be drawn to ! head1 & n held too long 9 t situation1 b neatly & sm>tly dis*>g$4 ,among ! requisites necess>y to con/itute a good ar*] are1 a cle> sight /eadily direct$ to ! m>k1--a prop] judgm5t ( di/ances1 to det]m9e ! l5g? ( ! gr\nd4 ,he ought also to "k h[ to take advantage ( a side-w9d1 & to be well acqua9t$ ) :at compass 8 arr[s w\ld take 9 _! flight4 8,c\rage10 he says also1 8is an indisp5sable requisite2 z he :o %oots ) ! lea/ trepidation is sure to %oot badly40 ,,decl9e ,,( ,,ar*]y4 ,not)/&+ ! great advantages ( ar*]y 9 anci5t days1 someh[ or o!r x began to decl9e ev5 at ! "t ( its z5i?2 s t1 f "t to "t1 acts ( p>liam5t 7 made to compel ! citiz5s ( ,london1 & o!r t[ns1 to practise x4 ,"s ( our mon>*s made sumptu\s ar*]y ent]ta9m5ts4 ,9 ! reign ( ,que5 ,elizabe?1 a gr& %oot+-mat* 0 held 9 ,london ( all ! ar*]s 9 ! surr\nd+ di/ricts2 & ^! meet+ at ! appo9t$ "t1 ) _! diff]5t companies1 proce$$ 9 a pomp\s m>* f ,m]*ant ,tailors' ,hall1 numb]+ #c1jjj ar*]s1 sumptu\sly app>ell$1 e man hav+ a long-b[ & f\r arr[s2 #idj ( !m _h gold *a9s ab\t _! necks4 ,?is spl5did company 0 att5d$ by #d1jjj :iffl]s & bellm54 ,! que5 met !m 9 ,smi?field1 & presid$ at _! sports4 ,b /ill ! art cont9u$ to decl9e1 &1 ) ! increase ( o!r w>like weapons1 became at la/ almo/ ext9ct4 ,)9 ^! few ye>s1 h[ev]1 x has aga9 become a some:at fav\rite ex]cise1 ne> ,london1 & 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,9 ,scotl&1 ! 8,royal ,company ( ,ar*]s0--! ,que5's body-gu>d = ,scotl&--comprises _m ( ! ,scotti% nobility1 & ,k+ ,george ,,iv4 recognis$ x4 ,x n[ comprises ab\t #ejj memb]s1 :o meet weekly1 & at c]ta9 seasons cont5d = sev]al annual prizes4 ,conv9c$ z we are t ! practice ( ar*]y possesses1 9 po9t ( heal?1 all ! advantages ( field sports1 )\t _! cruelty to animals1 & demoraliz+ oppression to our fell[-creatures1 we /rongly recomm5d x to our juv5ile fri5ds4 ,x is an ex]cise adapt$ to e age & e degree ( /r5g?2 & especially adapt$ to "y ladies1 ^: s$5t>y occupations1--r5d]$ /ill m injuri\s by ! pe/if]\s ,b]l9 wool1--disposes !m to disease & consumption4 ,i d n wi% to s+ ! praises ( ! art to _! full ext5t1 b ,i wi% to see x univ]sally cultivat$1 & %\ld hail ) pleasure ! "t :5 x c be aga9 said1 z ) ,/atius1 8,pudor e/ nesc]e sagittas40 ,,mod]n ,,ar*]y4 ,proce$+ n[ to ! mod]n practice ( ! art1 we mu/ fir/ beg9 ) ,,! ,,b[4 ,! ,b[ may be made ( ! yew-tree1 laburnum1 ?orn1 or acacia1 & is g5]ally =m$ ( two pieces ( wood jo9$ toge!r1 ! back piece be+ ( a diff]5t wood to ! front1 & ! gra9 rev]s$4 ,x is ( great importance to secure a good b[4 ,we w\ld n1 !re=e1 advise ! "y ar*] to make "o1 b to buy "o at a good ar*]y %op1 :]e !y may be _h at all prices4 ,^u mak+ a pur*ase1 he %\ld exam9e ! b[ well1 to obs]ve :e!r x be well set 9 all its p>ts1 ( an elegant cut or %ape1 & free f flaws1 knots1 or cracks4 ,he %\ld look well at ! ends1 & to ^? po9ts on :i* ! b[-/r+ is fix$1 :i* ought to be tipp$ ) horn4 ,! prop] l5g? ( a b[ = a y\? is ab\t five feet4 ,! flat or outw>d "p ( a b[ is call$ its back1 & ! inw>d "p its belly2 & 9 /r++ x ! "y ar*] %\ld be p>ticul>ly c>eful to keep ! belly inw>ds1 or ! b[ w break4 ,,! ,,/r+4 ,! /r+ ( ! b[ %\ld be made ( hemp1 & :ipp$ ) sew+ silk at t "p ( x :i* receives ! arr[1 m>k$ ,c 9 ! annex$ plan4 ,! ?ickness ( ! /r+ %\ld dep5d ^u ! l5g? ( ! b[1 & %\ld nev] be too ?9 = its p[]s1 z ! snapp+ ( a /r+ sometimes causes ! snapp+ ( ! b[4 ,! "y ar*] %\ld nev] use a /r+ 9 ! lea/ out ( ord]1 & %\ld avoid cat-gut /r+s especially4 ,a b[ five feet long1 :5 b5t1 %\ld h a /r+ ab\t five in*es f ! c5tre4 ,?is w be a guide 9 /r++ ! b[4 ,! "y ar*] %\ld take great pride 9 ! c>e ( 8 b[1 especially ( ! /r+1 & look c>efully1 aft] e day's %oot+1 at ! 8:ipp+0 ( ! /r+1 & at ! we>+ po9ts1 repair+ ! lea/ defect4 ,he ought also to place 8 b[ 9 an oil-sk9 case1 l9$ ) baize2 & :5 put away = ! season x %\ld be well rubb$ ) oil1 & poli%$4 ,he %\ld also h always two or ?ree sp>e /r+s 9 read9ess1 9 case ! "o 9 use may fly4 ,illu/ration ,,/r++ ,,! ,,b[4 ,! "y ar*] mu/ be v c>eful 9 p]=m+ ?is feat1 or he w fail 9 ! attempt2 to d s safely1 he mu/ take ! b[ 9 8 "r h& by ! h&le1 ! flat "p t[>ds him2 !n let 8 arm re/ aga9/ 8 side1 !n put ! l[] end ( ! b[ aga9/ ! inside ( ! "r foot1 br+ 8 left foot =w>d1 & place ! c5tre ( ! left wri/ on ! upp] level ( ! b[ bel[ ! loop ( ! /r+1 ! =e-f+] knuckle on "o edge ( ! b[1 & ! top ( ! ?umb ^u ! o!r2 !n up ) ! b[ & loop x4 ,?is feat1 h[ev]1 c be be/ le>n$ by see+ ano!r exp]t p]son p]=m x4 ,9 un/r++ ! b[1 ! %ort horn %\ld be plac$ on ! gr\nd aga9/ ! "r foot1 ! middle ( ! b[ grasp$ 9 ! "r h&1 & ! left wri/ plac$ on ! upp] horn1 s t ! =e-f+] may unloop ! /r+ :5 ! b[ is br\ght d[n1 z 9 ! mann] ( /r++ x4 ,,! ,,arr[s4 ,illu/ration ,arr[s are g5]ally made ( "s :ite wood1 su* z a%1 deal1 or ! wood ( ! orbele popl>1 & are sometimes v>ni%$4 ,!y are bo? blunt & %>p4 ,! %>p ones are = t>get %oot+1 ! blunt ones pr9cipally = rov+2 !y also v>y z reg>ds l5g?1 "s be+ long1 & "s %ort4 ,9 pur*as+ !m1 ! pr9cipal ?+ to be att5d$ to is1 t !y are p]fectly /raight1 well made1 & t ! plumes are securely fitt$4 ,!re %\ld be ?ree on ea* arr[2 "o1 :i* is ( a d>k] col\r ?an ! re/1 is call$ ! cock plume1 & 9 %oot+ %\ld be plac$ upp]mo/4 ,! l5g? & weight ( ! arr[s %\ld be 9 proportion to ! size ( ! b[4 ,! nicks ( arr[s %\ld be cas$ ) horn1 & !y %\ld fit ! /r+ exactly4 ,,! ,,quiv]4 ,illu/ration ,! quiv] is us$ to conta9 ! arr[s1 & is usually made ( wood1 or t91 or lea!r1 ^? made ( ! latt] mat]ial be+ ! mo/ s]viceable & conv5i5t to we>4 ,x %\ld be long en\gh to conta9 ! arr[s up to ! fea!r1 )\t bruis+ or cru%+ ! plumes1 :i* ought always to be kept p]fectly /raight & unruffl$4 ,! quiv] 9 %oot+ is n c>ri$1 b ! arr[s are plac$ 9 a p\* atta*$ to ! belt4 ,illu/ration3 ,,tassel4 ,illu/ration3 ,,brace4 ,,! ,,tassel1 ,,brace1 ,,belt ,,& ,,p\*4 ,! ,tassel is usually made ( gre5 wor/$1 & is us$ by ! ar*] = ! purpose ( cleans+ ! arr[ f dirt aft] be+ tak5 f ! gr\nd4 ,x is usually susp5d$ on ! left side ( ! ar*]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,belt4 ,! ,brace is ( lea!r1 & is buckl$ on ! arm to save x f be+ hurt by ! /r+ ^u ! dis*>ge ( ! arr[4 ,x ought to be v smoo? on its surface1 s z to (f] no imp$im5t to ! b[-/r+4 ,! ,belt is made ( lea!r1 & is buckl$ r\nd ! wai/4 ,x has fa/5$ to x a p\*1 = ! tempor>y reception ( ! arr[s 9 %oot+4 ,,%oot+ ,,glove1 ,,& ,,grease ,,pot4 ,! ,%oot+ ,glove is made ( c[-hide1 or horse ball lea!r4 ,x has places or /alls = ?ree f+]s only1 ) a wri/ /rap to fa/5 x on4 ,its use is to protect ! f+]s f ! action ( ! /r+1 & 9 select+ x ! "y ar*] %\ld be c>eful t ! f+] /alls are nei!r too long nor too %ort = ! h&4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,glove4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,grease ,,pot4 ,! ,grease ,box hangs usually by ! side ( ! tassel1 & conta9s a small portion ( grease compos$ ( suet & bees-wax well comp\nd$4 ,?is is us$ = rubb+ on ! f+]s ( ! %oot+ glove1 & is indisp5sable to ! ar*]4 ,,! ,,t>get4 ,t>gets are made ) plait$ /raw b&s1 w\nd r\nd a c5tre1 & sewn toge!r4 ,ov] ?is body is plac$ a fac+ ( canvass1 ! gr\nd ( :i* is pa9t$ :ite2 ^u ! :ite are pa9t$ f\r circles1 & a gold c5tre call$ ! bull's eye4 ,! fir/ circle close to ! eye is r$2 ! next :ite1 call$ ! inn] :ite2 ! ?ird black2 & ! f\r? :ite1 call$ ! out] :ite2 :ile ! outside v]ge1 call$ ! petticoat ( ! t>get1 is pa9t$ gre54 ,illu/ration ,a c]ta9 value 9 %oot+ is giv5 to ea* circle ( ! t>get1 :i* is ?us comput$3 ,out] :ite #a2 ,black #c2 ,inn] :ite #e2 ,r$ #g1 & ! ,gold ,eye #i4 ,!re are usually two t>gets 9 an ar*]y field1 plac$ at c]ta9 di/ances f ea* o!r1 :i* %ort5s ! lab\r ( walk+2 = if "o t>get only be us$1 a great deal ( "t is lo/ 9 go+ f ! %oot+ m>k to ! t>get to fet* ! arr[s1 & 9 return+ to ! spot aga94 ,! prizes usually %ot = 9 ar*]y mat*es are gold & silv] m$als1 silv] cups1 silv] arr[s1 silv] gilt bugles1 prize b[s & arr[s4 ,!re are g5]ally two prizes giv52 ! fir/ = ! %ots ne>e/ ! gold c5tre1 ! second = ! numb] ( %ots put into ! t>get1 accord+ to _! value4 ,a p]son is usually appo9t$ to regi/] ! %ots at ! t>gets1 :o has a c>d simil> to ! =m giv5 bel[1 by :i* he takes an acc\nt ( ! hits z !y are made4 ,,names ,,gold ,,r$ ,,inn] ,,black ,,out] ,,total ,,value ,,:ite ,,:ite ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,smi? #b #c #g #c #aa #bf #ajj ,jones #a #f #e #h #g #bg #ajg ,br[n #c #d #i #g #ah #da #aci ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,! m>k+s are usually made by ! m>k] ) a p91 holes be+ less liable to oblit]ation ?an p5cil m>ks4 ,,butts4 ,are usually made ( pieces ( turf pil$ "o ^u ano!r1 & laid "o ^u ! o!r 9 ! foll[+ %ape4 ,!y are usually ab\t six feet high & f\r feet broad at ! face1 ^u :i* a circul> piece ( ?9 :ite pa/ebo>d1 ab\t six in*es 9 diamet]1 is affix$ ) pegs4 ,butts are g5]ally plac$ 9 ! field 9 sets ( f\r1 s z n to /& 9 ! way ( ea* o!r4 ,& :5 %ot at1 ! arr[s plac$ 9 ! pa/ebo>d m>k are alone reckon$1 & ^? :o "h place ! greate/ numb] ( %ots are ! w9n]s ( ! prize4 ,illu/ration ,,h[ ,,to ,,draw ,,! ,,b[4 ,! anci5t directions = draw+ ! b[1 or r ! arr[1 h be5 already giv54 ,! ar*] hav+ plac$ himself opposite to ! t>get1 ) 8 face a little incl9$ to ! "r1 %\ld sw+ himself slightly r\nd1 s t 8 eye & ! t>get are 9 an exact l9e4 ,he %\ld /& q upright1 8 left foot slightly 9 advance4 ,hold+ ! b[ horizontally 9 8 left h&1 he %\ld draw an arr[ f 8 p\* & c>ry x "u ! /r+ & ov] ! left side ( ! b[4 ,! =e-f+] ( ! left h& n[ holds ! arr[ secure on ! wood5 "p ( ! b[ at its c5tre1 :ile ! "r h& fixes ! nick ( ! arr[ on ! /r+1 :]e x is held fa/ betwe5 ! fir/ & second f+]s1 ! cock fea!r be+ upp]mo/4 ,! =e-f+] ( ! left h& may n[ be remov$ f ! arr[1 & ! c5tre ( ! b[ grasp$ tightly4 ,! b[ is n[ rais$ gradually by ! left h&1 at ! same "t t ! /r+ is pull$ by ! "r2 & :5 ! arr[ is drawn ab\t two-?irds ( its l5g?1 ! neck ( x %\ld be br\ght close to ! "r e> & ! aim %\ld be tak54 ,! aim %\ld be tak5 quickly1 & ! /r+ loos5$ freely f ! f+]s ) a peculi> t\*1 :i* no books c tea*1 & :i* no?+ b exp]i5ce & skill c give4 ,9 long %ots ! "r h& mu/ be l[]$1 & ! arr[ s5t s z to =m a great] curve 9 its flight4 ,! ar*] %\ld look at 8 m>k1 n at 8 %aft1 & :5 he has %ot %\ld retreat to ! leftw>d1 & take 8 position beh9d ! p]son ) :om he is %oot+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,position ,,9 ,,%oot+4 ,,flight ,,%oot+4 ,?is is pr9cipally engag$ 9 = ! purpose ( asc]ta9+ ! greate/ di/ance to :i* ! arr[s c be s5t by ! respective %oot]s4 ,x requires no skill 9 aim+1 b mu* c>e 9 draw+ ! arr[1 z no?+ is m likely to fracture ! b[ ?an flight %oot+4 ,! ar*] :o s5ds 8 arr[s to ! greate/ di/ance is ! w9n]4 ,,cl\t ,,%oot+4 ,9 cl\t %oot+ ! t>get is only a small piece ( :ite pa/ebo>d atta*$ to a /ick ab\t five feet f ! gr\nd1 & plac$ at a di/ance ( f #abj to #aej y>ds4 ,9 x sev5 makes ! game1 & all arr[s t fall )9 two b[s' l5g? ( ! foot ( ! /ick are m>k$ 9 c\nt+4 ,,rov+4 ,s call$ f ! %oot]s rov+ f place to place1 ov] field1 hea?1 moor1 common1 f9d+ _! m>ks 9 trees1 po/s1 bu%es1 c4 ,! di/ances con/antly v>y+1 give to "y ar*]s a great deal ( practice2 besides :i*1 ! v>iety ( ! sc5]y1 & ! v>i\s incid5ts t occur 9 a day's rov+1 are (t5 highly int]e/+ & excit+4 ,by rov+ ! eye gets a habit ( measur+ di/ances1 & ! h& & arm /r5g? = ! b[4 ,blunt-head$ arr[s are ! be/ = rov+1 ( :i* ab\t a doz5 ought to be c>ri$ by ea* ar*]4 ,%>p arr[s w\ld imb$ !mselves too deeply 9 trees to be easily extract$4 ,9 a rov+ p>ty1 arr[s t rea* )9 five b[s' l5g? ( ! m>k tell1 & ^? :i* are ne>e/ cut ! o!rs out4 ,ea* ar*] measures ) 8 own b[4 ,! numb] ( ! game is (t5 n9e1 b g5]ally twelve4 ,,g5]al ,,h9ts ,,= ,,ar*]s4 #a4 ,9 comm5c+ ar*]y nev] beg9 ) a /iff b[1 b select "o adapt$ to y\r /r5g?1 & *ange ?is = a /rong] f "t to "t4 #b4 ,nev] %oot ) ano!r p]son's b[4 #c4 ,nev] put an arr[ 9 ! /r+ :5 any "o /&s betwe5 y & ! t>get1 or y may %oot out an eye4 #d4 ,nev] talk1 jibe1 or je/ at ! "t ( %oot+4 #e4 ,always /udy to take a graceful attitude 9 %oot+1 or 9 mov+ ab\t ! field4 #f4 ,nev] draw a b[ ne> ano!r p]son2 z1 %\ld x snap1 ! dang] w be great] to him ?an y\rself4 #g4 ,nev] let y\r b[-/r+ get untwi/$ or ravell$ by neglect4 #h4 ,nev] exhibit impati5ce at ! t>dy ef=ts ( y\r compe]s1 or *agr9 at y\r own failures4 #i4 ,nev] %oot alone if y c help x1 z x leads to neglig5ce & indiff]5ce4 ,illu/ration ,,box+4 ,we w fir/ give briefly "s ( ! reasons :y we h det]m9$ to m5tion ?is bran* ( ! manly ex]cises4 ,fir/ly1 we d s because we h a great p]sonal e/eem = ! art1 ?\gh none c be m /]nly oppos$ to its abuse4 ,secondly1 because x af=ds "o ( ! f9e/ ex]cises 9 ! _w1 employ+ e limb & e muscle 9 ! body1 giv+ at ! same "t read9ess ( h& & quickness ( eye1 :ile x te/s & improves ! pati5ce & endurance4 ,&1 ?irdly1 because e "o likes to "k h[ to use ! weapons :i* ,nature has giv5 him1 & w contrive to acquire ! desir$ k :5ev] he c f9d an opportunity4 ,all ,engli%m51 & !re=e all ,engli% boys1 are pr\d ( _! natural weapon1 & comp>e x ) ! knife1 ! load$ /ick1 ! knuckl$u/]1 & ! pi/ol ( o!r nations4 ,! pr9ciple ( fair play & ju/ice is /rongly develop$ 9 an ,engli% brea/1 & 9 no?+ is ! pr9ciple s ?or\ghly c>ri$ out z 9 box+4 ,no unfair advantage is all[$ to ei!r side1 no /rik+ ^u ! vital p>ts ( ! body is p]mitt$1 & ! use ( ! foot1 too?1 or nail is =bidd5 "u ! sev]e/ p5alties4 ,ev5 9 ! v prize r+1 :]e m5 are tra9$ = ! express purpose ( hitt+ ea* o!r ) ! utmo/ =ce ( :i* human arms are capable1 !re is little h>m done1 & 9 a few days bo? combatants look z if no?+ _h happ5$ to !m4 ,x is n s ev5 9 a wre/l+ c\nty1 or 9 "s few p>ts ( our own l& :]e m5 fight l brute bea/s1 & use _! be/ endeav\rs to maim or bl9d _! adv]s>ies = life4 ,a well-kn[n ,am]ican writ] has express$1 9 8 own humor\s language1 ! a/oni%m5t :i* he felt at witness+ a %ort 8turn up0 at an ,engli% cattle-fair4 ,! grave propriety ( ! affair1 & ! admirable ord] 9 :i* x 0 conduct$1 /ruck him ) pr(\nd admiration1 z contra/$ ) ! 8+lori\s & inevitable ,yankee cl9*es1 foll[$ by a g5]al mle10 :i* 9 popul> language is t]m$ a 8free fight10 & 9 :i* e "o attacks e "o else ) any weapons & 9 any mann]4 ,be=e proce$+ to our g5u9e ,engli% ,box+1 we mu/ j m5tion ! ,fr5* 8savate10 ( :i* we h he>d s mu* ( late4 ,we h se5 x practis$ & taught 9 ! salles d'armes1 & = x1 z a sy/em = box+1 we h ! pr(\nde/ contempt2 z also = t execrable ,fr5* cu/om ( /rik+ upw>ds ) ! knee :5 at close qu>t]s--an atrocity = :i* we %\ld l to see a man s\ndly horse:ipp$ on ! spot4 ,n[1 ! savate simply consi/s 9 ?is4 ,y make a fe9t1 z if to /rike 9 ! usual mann]1 & !n1 in/ead ( /rik+ ) ! fi/1 y kick ) ! foot4 ,or1 :5 y\r antagoni/ is press+ y %>ply1 y s5d ! po9t ( y\r toe into 8 *e/1 & /op him4 ,or1 y retreat f him1 sudd5ly turn r\nd1 & kick at him backw>ds--( c\rse be+ q unable to tell :]e ! bl[ w alight1 & possibly inflict+ an injury ! effects ( :i* w be felt = life4 ,^? :o are practis$ 9 ?is manuvre w employ x ) wond]ful skill4 ,!y w hit y on ! nose or on ! =ehead )\t ! lea/ app>5t ef=t1 & ) ! greate/ c]ta9ty2 !y w fl+ y back f y\r advance ) /unn+ =ce1 & ! effect ( ! la%-out is t]rific4 ,inde$1 if ! object ( box+ be to use all means ( (f5ce & def5ce1 ! savate is indisp5sable4 ,hav+ _m opportunities ( visit+ sev]al s*ools ( arms1 we c>efully consid]$ ?is sy/em1 :i* 0 !n totally unkn[n to u2 & aft] wat*+ x well = "s "t1 dur+ our resid5ce 9 ,p>is1 we came to ! conclusion t ! savate is useful en\gh 9 case y are attack$ by ruffianly fell[s1 :om y mu/ ne$s maim1 le/ !y %\ld maim y2 & t by ! comb9$ use ( ! savate & a /ick1 or ev5 ! fi/1 a man may knock ov] a c\ple ( assailants simultane\sly & effectually4 ,& if a ,fr5*man :o uses ! savate 7 oppos$ to an ,engli%man :o nev] he>d ( x1 ! probability is t ! =m] w\ld w91 because ! latt] w\ld lay himself op5 to a mode ( attack :i* he _h always be5 taught to consid] unfair & unmanly4 ,b we d n believe t x w\ld be ( ! slighte/ value aga9/ any "o :o knew t 8 antagoni/ w\ld employ x1 & ?9k t ! p]son attempt+ to use x w\ld f9d himself hurl$ to ! gr\nd1 & probably discov] t 8 leg 0 viol5tly spra9$4 ,s mu* = ! savate4 ,x is n easy to tea* any bran* ( ! sci5ce ( arms 9 a book1 & box+ is p]haps z difficult to be le>n$ f books z f5c+4 ,/ill1 some?+ c be done ev5 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ink & pap]2 & ! read] c1 at all ev5ts1 le>n to avoid ! errors to :i* a total novice is subject4 ,! fir/ & mo/ important po9t is ! position 9 :i* ! box] /&s4 ,?is is n v dissimil> to t ( a left-h&$ f5c]1 except t ! "r arm1 in/ead ( be+ rais$1 is br\ght across ! body1 s t x def5ds ! pit ( ! /oma* 7te*nically call$ ! 8m>k071 & only leaves a v small portion ( ! *e/ op5 to a bl[4 ,! left arm is r high] ?an if x held a foil1 & ! elb[ is kept well to ! side4 ,?is latt] po9t is mo/ important1 z x is impossible to hit /raight f ! %\ld] if ! elb[ %\ld project f ! side4 ,! weight ( ! body re/s mo/ly on ! "r leg1 s t ! box] c /ep backw>ds or =w>ds1 :ile /ill keep+ 8 side to ! adv]s>y4 ,if y /& opposite a good sp>r] 9 box+ attitude1 y w be surpris$ to f9d h[ well gu>d$ he is1 & h[ difficult x is to hit him1 ev5 if he nei!r moves nor attempts to return ! bl[4 ,8 left h& keeps y well away f him1 & 8 "r is ready ei!r to /op or ?r[ (f y\r bl[4 ,illu/ration ,x w be se5 f ! =ego+ description1 z well z by ref]5ce to ! illu/ration1 t a "r-h&$ box] /&s ) 8 left side t[>ds ! oppon5t1 uses 8 left h& = ! *ief "p ( ! hitt+1 & res]ves ! "r = /opp+1 p>ry+1 or return+ bl[s :5 at close qu>t]s1 or :at is te*nically call$ a 8rally40 ,practise ?is attitude be=e a glass4 ,y w soon see if y lay y\rself op51 & w le>n to /& 9 a correct position4 ,advance & retreat also be=e ! glass1 & s make sure t y d n expose "s weak po9t :ile s do+4 ,i met a ,fr5* g5tleman :o _h made himself really a cr$itable box]1 m]ely by practis+ be=e 8 mirror2 & aft] a few days ( practical "w ) ! gloves he became q a =midable antagoni/4 ,illu/ration ,ano!r important po9t is ! mak+ up ( ! fi/--n su* a simple matt] z x seems4 ,! f+]s mu/ be cl5*$ tightly1 & ! ?umb d\bl$ d[n outside !m1 s t :5 pres5t$ t[>ds y\r antagoni/ he c see no "p ( x project+ ov] ! f+]s4 ,?is c also be practis$ at ! glass4 ,if ! h& be rightly held1 x w be se5 t ! knuckles =m a k9d ( ar*1 ( :i* ! middle knuckle is ! key/one4 ,x is ) ?is knuckle t y /rike2 & be sure to cl5* ! h& ) all y\r p[] z y deliv] ! /roke2 o!rwise y w run a sad risk ( dislocat+ ei!r a f+] or a ?umb4 ,! position ( ! head is ( no small importance4 ,on no acc\nt be> =w>ds1 z is ! way ( muffs1 b keep x lightly ?r[n back1 & nev] take y\r eye (f t ( y\r oppon5t4 ,gre5horns always l[] ! head1 & ru% at _! antagoni/ ) _! arms fly+ ab\t l ! sails ( a w9dmill2 & ! natural consequ5ce is1 t _! oppon5t quickly /eps aside1 lets !m pass1 & knocks !m neatly ov] by a bl[ on ! temple1 :i* !y _c possibly see or gu>d4 ,hav+ got our attitude & d\bl$ our fi/1 we n[ le>n to /rike4 ,deliv] y\r bl[ /raight & f ! %\ld]1 n m]ely ) ! arm4 ,put all y\r body into ! /roke1 & aid x ) ! spr+ ( ! "r foot aga9/ ! gr\nd4 ,?us y add to ! bl[ ! =ce ( a kick1 & ! /roke comes ) su* t]rific =ce t ,i h se5 a tall man lift$ fairly (f ! gr\nd & deposit$ on 8 back by a /raight %\ld]-hit1 ev5 ?\gh ! two 7 m]ely sp>r+ ) ! gloves4 ,nev] draw back y\r h& be=e y /rike1 z t tells y\r oppon5t :at y are contemplat+4 ,y\r /roke %\ld fla% out l ! lightn+1 )\t w>n+ & /raight to ! m>k4 ,y _c /rike too rapidly1 & y _c recov] y\rself too quickly4 ,practise ?is repeat$ly be=e a glass1 & note ! l5g? ( y\r rea*1 = 9 a k ( di/ance lies half ! art ( box+4 ,z a g5]al rule1 if y c get y\r left toe on a level ) y\r antagoni/'s heel1 y h y\r prop] di/ance4 ,?is rule1 h[ev]1 is necess>ily v>iable1 z 9 ! case ( ! conte/ to :i* allusion has j be5 made1 :]e "o p>ty c\ld rea* a full foot beyond ! o!r1 & _h1 9 consequ5ce1 ! advantage ( twelve in*es ( space at 8 disposal4 ,n[ t we h practis$ ! left h& & arm1 let u turn to ! "r4 ,except :5 /rik+1 y ne$ n tr\ble y\rself to close ! fi/ v tightly1 b may let ! h& lie 9 an easy & uncon/ra9$ position across ! *e/1 ready = use 9 any direction t may be requir$4 ,! *ief use ( ! "r h& & arm are = p>ry+ & /opp+1 :i* are ?us a*iev$3-- ,if y\r oppon5t deliv]s a bl[ at ! face or upp] "p ( ! *e/1 & y f9d y\rself 9 a good position1 d n retreat f x1 b fl+ y\r "r arm %>ply outw>ds & upw>ds1 cat*+ ! oppon5t's arm by ! wri/1 & ?r[+ x out ( ! direction 9 :i* x 0 aim$4 ,! effect ( ! p>ry is v p[]ful1 z x mo/ly lays op5 ! antagoni/'s head1 & gives opportunity = a sm>t return bl[ ) ! left h&2 x is !n ne> ! oppon5t's head1 & has only a %ort di/ance to trav]se4 ,?is return bl[ is te*nically call$ ! 8c\nt]10 & is usually v effective1 z x takes effect j at ! mom5t :5 ! antagoni/ is expect+ 8 own bl[ to /rike1 & turns ! tables on him aft] a r disc\rag+ fa%ion4 ,practise ?is also be=e ! glass1 p>ry+ an imag9>y bl[ f ! oppon5t1 & simultane\sly %oot+ y\r own left h& aga9/ ! spot :]e y\r antagoni/'s head ought to be4 ,i h (t5 f\nd t a quick d\ble bl[ :5 c\nt]+ is v emb>rass+1 & gives an opportunity ( /epp+ 9 & plant+ y\r "r h& aft] y\r left ) enorm\s effect4 ,/opp+ is p]=m$ 9 ano!r mann]1 & mu/ (t5 be us$ :]e ! p>ry is impracticable4 ,= example1 if y\r antagoni/ /rikes at ! body ! p>ry _c be accompli%$1 & y mu/ ei!r get away1 /op1 or take ! bl[ 9 hopes ( retaliation4 ,9 /opp+ y receive ! bl[ on y\r arm1 & !reby break its =ce1 :ile1 unless y\r oppon5t is possess$ ( h]culean /r5g?1 ! arm sc>cely feels ! /roke1 yield+ be=e ! assault & act+ l ! cotton bales t h sav$ _m a %ip f ! enemy's cannon4 ,if y are =tunate en\gh to f9d a good box]1 get him to give y a few lessons 9 ! practical dep>tm5t ( ! art1 & 9 all cases be c>eful to keep y\r temp]4 ,i "k t few ?+s are m annoy+ ?an :5 y h made a tell+ plan ( attack1 & are j ab\t to beg9 its execution1 to be *eck$ by a %ort dab on ! nose1 :i* makes y\r eyes wat] & ! lids bl9k1 & =ces y to act on ! def5sive = ! next few m9utes1 :ile ! te>s are /ream+ d[n y\r *eeks1 & y _c use a h&k]*ief by reason ( ! gloves4 ,rememb] t !re are two gold5 rules = a box]1 namely1 hit /raight & keep y\r temp]4 ,fail 9 ei!r ( ^! requisites1 & y w probably come (f second be/2 fail 9 bo?1 & y w c]ta9ly d s4 ,li/5 to an acc\nt ( a battle :]e /r5g? & weight & ang] 7 ov]mat*$ by skill & coolness3--8,z ! assailant ru%$ 9 he ran a prom95t feature ( 8 face aga9/ a fi/ :i* 0 travell+ 9 ano!r direction1 & imm$iately aft] /ruck ! knuckles ( ! "y man's o!r fi/ a sev]e bl[ ) ! "p ( 8 p]son kn[n z ! epiga/rium to "o bran* ( sci5ce1 & ! bread-basket to ano!r4 ,?is second r\nd clos$ ! battle40 ,s we say aga91 keep y\r temp] & hit /raight4 ,y see a circul> bl[ takes m "t to deliv] ?an a /raight "o1 & if y\r oppon5t sw+s 8 arm r\nd at y1 :ile y d>t out y\r own fi/ at him1 y\r bl[ w h tak5 effect long be=e 8 clumsy circumgyratory attempt has complet$ its j\rney4 ,let me "h (f] ano!r piece ( advice4 ,d n buy *eap gloves4 ,y may get !m at a sav+ ( half-a-cr[n or s1 b y w soon wi% t y _h exp5d$ ! money 9 obta9+ a bett] pair4 ,gloves require ! be/ horsehair1 arrang$ aft] a peculi> fa%ion1 9 ord] to give !m ! mix$ s(tness & ela/icity :i* !y require4 ,inf]ior gloves soon become h>d & knotty1 ! /uff+ gets ?9 9 "s places1 especially j 9 ^? v p>ts :]e x is mo/ requir$4 ,! consequ5ce is1 t ! gloves become practically useless1 & ! bl[s are ne>ly z sev]e z if /ruck ) ! b>e h&4 ,rememb] t1 al?\gh we /rongly approve ( box+1 x is n to be und]/ood t we want e "o to be fight+4 ,we v mu* approve ( f5c+ & s+le-/ick1 b we c]ta9ly h no wi% t e "o :o le>ns to use ! foil or ! s+le-/ick 9 mimic combat %\ld want to try 8 rapi] or 8 broadsword 9 deadly fight4 ,z a m]e ex]cise x /&s supreme2 b x is ev5 some?+ beyond an ex]cise4 ,x %[s t sup]ior /r5g? & height & weight are p[]less be=e sup]ior skill1 & t a small boy :o kn[s h[ to box w c]ta9ly conqu] a big "o :o is ignorant ( ! art4 ,we say aga91 we d n recomm5d fight+2 b /ill x is good to "k h[ to /& up 9 "o's own def5ce1 & we he>tily wi% t :5 we w5t to s*ool "s k9d fri5d _h taught u ! rudim5ts ( ! art4 ,! brutal bully ( a s*ool nev] holds 8 own :5 he meets ) an antagoni/ :o is skilful 9 ! use ( 8 h&s1 & is =c$ to confess t 8 brute /r5g? & cruel nature are useless 9 su* a conte/4 ,we once saw a s*ool bully get 8 des]ts 9 a *>m+ mann]4 ,he _h fall5 ^u 7( c\rse7 a mu* small] boy1 & 0 *as+ him d[n a passage betwe5 a d\ble r[ ( =ms4 ,sudd5ly 8 victim turn$ r\nd1 & deliv]$ a "r-&-left bl[ on ! *9 ( 8 torm5tor1 a/oni%+ him 9 no slight degree4 ,! bully press$ on1 ?9k+ to annihilate 8 imp]t95t antagoni/1 b c\ld n d s on acc\nt ( ! n>r[ness ( ! passage4 ,z he press$ =w>d ! bold little fell[ retreat$ backw>ds1 /ep by /ep1 popp+ 9 8 bl[s %>p & quick1 & /epp+ back j z ^? ( 8 p]secutor 7 deliv]$4 ,! bully nev] gu>d$ a s+le bl[ or succe$$ 9 hitt+ "o1 & by ! "t t !y _h made _! way ?r\gh ! defile he 0 oblig$ to confess himself beat51 & 0 depos$ = ev] f ! despotic ?rone :i* he _h s long disgrac$4 ,illu/ration ,,canoes ,,& ,,canoe+4 ,despite ! ass]tion ( ev5 s great an au?ority z ,mr4 ,macgregor1 ^: "n has n[ become a h\sehold ^w1 canoe+ is an amusem5t t mu/ necess>ily involve a consid]able am\nt ( dang]1 & ought to be indulg$ 9 by no "o :o has n1 accord+ to ! ,eton phrase1 pass$ 9 swimm+4 ,:e!r or n x is a v com=table means ( locomotion is purely a matt] ( p]sonal feel+2 b 9 face ( ! fact t ! ,canoe ,club n[ numb]s upw>ds ( a hundr$ memb]s1 & t ! boat-build]s h _h ext5sive ord]s = canoes1 x is only fair to suppose t ^? :o v5ture enjoy ! new mode ( locomotion4 ,!re is "o circum/ance t w1 no d\bt1 obta9 = canoes great fav\r1 especially ) "y p1 & t is1 _! *eapness4 ,messrs4 ,se>le at ,lambe?1 ,simmons at ,putney1 or ,:eel] at ,ri*mond1 w build a good /\t travell+ canoe1 aft] ! fa%ion ( ! ,rob ,roy1 = #ael42 :i* price includes ma/1 sails1 apron1 paddles1 & all necess>ies4 ,any respectable boatbuild] w\ld no d\bt d ! same1 :5 he is once provid$ ) ! necess>y in/ructions1 :i*1 ,i ne$ sc>cely add1 x is ess5tial %\ld be c>ri$ out to ! lett]1 = ! slighte/ deviation f ! recognis$ /&>d might cause ! mo/ disagreeable results4 ,! foll[+ po9ts are ! mo/ important4 ,9 hav+ a canoe built1 x is a matt] ( consid]able mom5t1 t 9 c]ta9 portions ( its framework x %\ld be con/ruct$ = & peculi>ly adapt$ to ! p>ticul> p]son :o is go+ to use x4 ,! l5g? ( ! foot decides ! height ! canoe %\ld be f keel to deck2 ! l5g? ( ! legs ! space requir$ = ! 8well20 :ile ! weight1 ( c\rse1 decides ! displacem5t t is to be acc\nt$ =1 & mu/ be tak5 into consid]ation at ! same "t z ! am\nt ( luggage t x is propos$ to c>ry4 ,oak is ! be/ wood t c be us$1 ) ! top /reak ( mahogany & ! deck ( f9e c$>4 ,^! 7 ! mat]ials ( ! ,rob ,roy1 & z h] weight ) all h] fitt+s 0 only #ga lbs41 x w\ld be unreasonable to want "o light]2 inde$1 = any?+ l knock+ ab\t flimsy canoes are utt]ly & entirely useless1 & only aggravate ! lab\r ( paddl+4 ,! l5g? ov] all %\ld be #ad feet2 beam1 #bf in*es2 dep?1 f top ( deck to bottom ( keel1 #ab in*es1 ?\gh t[>ds ! gunwale ?is is r$uc$ to #h in*es4 ,! well %\ld be #cb in*es long & #bj broad1 & protect$ by a comb+ ( oak half an in* 9 height4 ,if y\r canoe is int5d$ = travell+ purposes1 ! beam %\ld be #f in*es abaft mid%ips2 s t :5 /ores1 provisions1 sails1 & s on1 are /[$ away =w>d1 x br+s ! craft to v ne>ly an ev5 keel4 ,o!rwise1 x %\ld only be #a foot abaft mid%ips4 ,! bo>ds t compose ! floor1 & on :i* y h to sit1 re/+ y\r back aga9/ ! backbo>d1 are ab\t two feet long1 & are fitt$ s t ! knees j t\* ! comb+1 :ile ! heels are aga9/ ! footbo>d on ! keel1 ?us obviat+ ! discom=t t w\ld foll[ on hav+ to keep ! legs /ret*$ out /raight at full l5g?4 ,z ,i take x = grant$ t no "o w\ld ?9k ( go+ to ! exp5se ( hav+ a canoe built )\t secur+ ! s]vices ( "s "o :o c\ld supply him ) ! _m m9or details t x w\ld be impossible to give "h1 ,i %all n ent] m m9utely into any ( ! less important matt]s1 b w\ld add1 t a com=table backbo>d1 aft] ! foll[+ patt]n1 goes a long way to light5+ ! lab\r ( paddl+4 ,x %\ld be made ( two /rips ( oak1 #ah in*es long1 #b in*es wide1 ar*$ by two crosspieces1 "o ( :i* %\ld be groov$1 s z to re/ on ! comb+1 & "w aft] ! fa%ion ( a h+e1 x be+ fa/5$ !reon by a /\t cord4 ,! result is t ! muscles d[n ! back are support$ & re/$ :ile ! sp9e is left free4 ,! greate/ possible c>e %\ld be tak5 9 select+ ! apron1 :i* is too (t5 left to ! la/ mom5t & *os5 9 a hurry4 ,be+ int5d$ to prev5t ! wat] mak+ its way ov] ! deck into ! well1 & at ! same "t to avoid be+ fa/5$ 9 any way likely to imp$e ! canoei/ 9 case ( an upset1 x may readily be und]/ood t x requires nice discrim9ation & h&iwork4 ,x %\ld fit close to him--9 %ort1 he %\ld be measur$ = x z = a coat4 ,mr4 ,macgregor has inv5t$ a new apron1 ! receipt = :i* may be easily obta9$1 z well z any o!r p>ticul>s1 at ,messrs4 ,se>le's at ,lambe?4 ,i %\ld recomm5d ! novice 9 canoe+ to re/ cont5t ) propell+ himself by ! aid ( 8 paddle = a :ile--9 fact1 until he is ?or\ghly at home 9 8 craft & ! way to manuvre h]4 ,spruce-fir is ! be/ wood ( :i* to h x made1 z x comb9es lightness & durability1 two qualities t c be readily appreciat$ aft] a day's locomotion4 ,! action1 ?\gh x ne$ n be viol5t1 except 9 curr5ts & s on1 is v fatigu+1 ow+ to ! motion ! body takes f side to side4 ,at ! same "t1 practice w prove to ! novice t he requires to move b v little f "o side to ! o!r4 ,!re c ( c\rse be no h>m 9 hav+ a ma/ fitt$ to y\r canoe1 & z soon z y feel capable ( ! risk1 set x up1 hoi/ y\r sail1 & be prep>$ to capsize4 ,?is latt] alt]native is only add$ by way ( w>n+4 ,) caution no?+ ( ! sort ne$ happ51 = ! /iffness ( canoes "u sail 9 a /rong w9d & heavy wea!r has be5 satisfactorily prov$ on m ?an "o occasion4 ,messrs4 ,silv] & ,co4 ( ,bi%opsgate ,/reet1 make ! sails accord+ to a regulation patt]n t has be5 suppli$ !m1 :ile ! boom1 y>d1 & wov5 cord c be/ be obta9$ at ,mr4 ,f>l['s1 ! fi%+-tackle mak]'s1 9 ! ,/r&4 ,i h ?\ght x advisable to give ^! names1 z !y are recomm5d$ by ,mr4 ,macgregor himself1 :o speaks 9 _! fav\r ) t be/ ( all good reasons = do+ s1 namely1 t he has f\nd _! w>es satisfactory4 ,9 conclusion1 ,i am b\nd to add t ,i am "u mu* obligation to him = ! in=mation he has af=d$ me conc]n+ ?is pleasant & novel =m ( aquatic amusem5t4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,,cricket4 8,come on1 lads6 come on3 come on1 "o & all3 ,n[ %\ld] ! bat1 & sp9 up ! ball4 ,take ! field l "y ,trojans2 y\r pr[ess essay3 ,:ile ! batsman cries1 ,ready1 ! b[l] says1 ,play3 ,!n run l wild de] pursu$ by ! h\nds1 ,& gr\nd y\r bat pr\dly j ov] ! b\nds40--,,cunn+ham4 ,! game ( cricket is ! noble/ ( ,engli% pa/imes4 ,x comb9es a?letic p[]1 grace1 quickness ( eye & ( h&1 nimbl5ess ( leg1 & sci5tific skill4 ,x is play$ by high & l[1 ri* & poor1 man & boy2 & !re is no game1 ei!r native or =eign1 c compete ) x = manl9ess1 fairness1 & heal?fulness4 ,e "o %\ld le>n to play x1 & all %\ld beg9 e>ly4 ,h[ x orig9at$1 or :o evolv$ its beautiful laws & regulations1 x is n[ difficult to discov]4 ,we h no?+ l x among ! sports ( ! ,greeks & ,romans1 & we c only trace x to an old ,engli% pa/ime 9 ! reign ( ,edw>d ,,iii41 call$ 8club-ball40 ,/rutt1 9 8 8,pa/imes ( ! ,p ( ,engl&10 gives ! foll[+ engrav+s1 repres5t+ two specim5s ( club-ball3 ! fir/ f a ,,ms4 9 ! ,bodleian ,libr>y1 dat$ #acdd1--;& exhibits a female figure 9 ! act ( ?r[+ a ball to a man1 :o elevates 8 bat to /rike x4 ,! next specim5 ( ball1 tak5 f a draw+ m anci5t ?an ! =m]1 i4 e4 a g5ealogical roll ( k+s ( ,engl& to ! "t ( ,h5ry ,,iii41 9 ! ,royal ,libr>y1 pres5ts two play]s only2 & he :o is possess$ ( ! bat holds ! ball also1 :i* he ei!r ?rew into ! air1 & /ruck ) 8 bat z x desc5d$1 or ca/ =cibly ^u ! gr\nd1 & beat x away :5 x reb\nd$4 ,b we %\ld be r incl9$ to trace ! game ( cricket to trap-ball1 :i* 01 no d\bt1 an improvem5t ^u ! e>ly games play$ ) ! bat & ball4 ,?is may be trac$ z f> back z ! f\rte5? c5tury1 & a curi\s specim5 ( ! mann] 9 :i* x 0 !n play$ is giv5 9 a beautiful ,,ms4 9 ! possession ( ,francis ,d\ce1 ,esq4 ,"h are only two play]s2 b ! game !n consi/$ ( six or eight ( a side1 & ! size ( ! bat indicates ! hold] to h possess$ no great judgm5t 9 /rik+ ! ball4 ,!re 0 ano!r game1 call$ 8/ool-ball10 f :i* "s h suppos$ cricket to h be5 d]iv$2 b !re is no evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ?is position1 & x seems r m reasonable to look ^u x z a modification ( 8trap-ball0 ?an any o!r game4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,,! ,,bat4 ,! regulation size ( ! bat1 call$ by ,felix ! mighty sceptre ( delight1 is #ch in*es 9 l5g?1 ( :i* #be in*es are tak5 up by ! pod1 or1 accord+ to ! m mod]n t]m1 ! blade1 & #ac by ! h&le4 ,no bats are made long] ?an ?is1 al?\gh1 ( c\rse1 !y are all[$ to be ( v>i\s small] proportions1 9 ord] to suite ! height ( ! play]4 ,illu/ration ,we mu/ /rongly impress on all "y play]s ! great importance ( us+ a bat 9 proportion to _! /r5g?4 ,if !y use a v heavy bat1 !y w n be able to move x quickly en\gh to play ! ball prop]ly1 & are apt1 9 consequ5ce1 to get into a sluggi% /yle ( play1 :i* is almo/ sure to /ick to !m all _! lives4 ,a v light bat is equally injuri\s3 ! batsman sees an easy ball approa*1 plays h>d at x1 :51 in/ead ( go+ "r ov] ! head ( long-on1 x drops an easy cat* into mid-wicket's h&s1 9 consequ5ce ( !re n be+ en\gh driv+ p[] 9 ! bat to s5d x fur!r4 ,illu/ration ,,! ,,ball4 ,! pres5t /yle ( ball1 ) ! exception ( "s v slight modifications1 seems to h be5 9 use s9ce cricket assum$ any?+ l its pres5t =m4 ,accord+ to ! rules ( ! pres5t day1 x mu/ n be m ?an #i in*es 9 circumf]5ce1 & mu/ n weigh m ?an #e or less ?an #e ounces4 ,mat* balls are always treble-seam$1 & are sold at ! av]age price ( #gs4 #f;d4 ,b = ord9>y practice1 a d\ble-seam$ ball1 at ab\t #fs41 w be f\nd q good en\gh1 & w answ] j z well z ! m exp5sive article4 ,,! ,,/umps4 ,! /umps h und]gone m *ange dur+ ! la/ hundr$ & fifty ye>s ?an any ( ! accessories to cricket4 ,at fir/ !y 7 two 9 numb] & only #ab in*es high4 ,a ?ird /ump1 #b feet 9 l5g?1 0 laid across !m1 al?\gh1 ) ! exception ( be+ knock$ d[n by ! b[l]1 x 0 simil> 9 no respect to ! bails ( ! pres5t day1 z ! wicket-keep] 0 oblig$1 9 ord] to /ump a p]son1 to place ! ball 9 a l>ge hole dug betwe5 ! two /umps4 ,illu/ration ,9 ! ye> #aghj ! wid? betwe5 ! two /umps 0 decreas$ to #f in*es4 ,x 0 also at ?is "t t a bail 0 introduc$1 = x is almo/ impossible to dignify ! transv]se /ump1 #b feet long1 :i* 0 9 use till ?is date1 by t appellation4 ,9 #agha a ?ird /ump 0 add$1 & ! height ( ! wickets increas$ to #bb in*es4 ,! addition ( a /ump 0 ma9ly ow+ to ! fact1 t ,lumpy1 a celebrat$ b[l] ( t day1 s5t ! ball almo/ ?ree times runn+ betwe5 ! two /umps4 ,?is 0 ?\ght s unfair = ! b[l]1 t x 0 resolv$ to increase ! numb] ( /umps 9 ord] to give him a bett] *ance4 ,9 #ahad we f9d t ! wickets 7 increas$ 9 height to #bf in*es1 & 9 wid? to #h in*es1 & 9 #ahag ano!r in* 0 add$ to _! l5g?4 ,?is1 ) ! exception ( divid+ ! bail into two equal p>ts1 is ! la/ *ange t has tak5 place4 ,,pads ,,or ,,gu>ds4 ,s9ce ! introduction ( r\nd-h& b[l+1 pads or gu>ds h come into vogue1 & at ! pres5t "t x is really a dang]\s feat to play )\t !m4 ,! fir/ notion ( a leg-gu>d 0 two ?9 bo>ds plac$ anglewise on ! "r %94 ,s9ce t "t improvem5ts h be5 effect$ 9 !m at v>i\s times1 until !y h arriv$ at _! pres5t /ate ( excell5ce4 ,illu/ration ,! leg-gu>d itself is n[ s well-kn[n z to r5d] any description ( x ne$less2 b z !re are two or ?ree fa/5+s 9 use1 x w p]haps be z well to /ate :at !y are1 & also :i* is ! be/4 ,! fir/ consi/s ( ?ree sets ( tape1 "o r\nd ! ancle & two r\nd ! knee4 ,^! naturally take a great deal ( "t to fa/5 prop]ly1 & if "o breaks1 ! pad is r5d]$ useless = "s "t4 ,! next is ?ree pieces ( ela/ic1 ) a cat* :i* fa/5s almo/ in/antane\sly2 b 9 c\rse ( "t x loses its ela/icity1 & ! pad dangles on "o leg 9 a loose & awkw>d mann]4 ,! ?ird1 & 9 our op9ion ! be/ fa/5+1 is two sets ( /raps1 ) holes pi]c$ at v slight int]vals4 ,! play] c !n h 8 pad z tight z he pleases1 )\t ! *ance ( ! fa/5+s break+ or becom+ loose1 z 9 ! case ( ! o!r two4 ,!re are sev]al o!r gu>ds1 su* z elb[ & private-gu>ds2 b !y are sc>cely ev] us$4 ,illu/ration ,,batt+ ,,gloves4 ,^! are n[ made ) ! palm cut cle> away1 ?us enabl+ ! batsman to hold ! bat 9 a mu* firm] mann] ?an he c\ld 7 ! palm ( 8 h& cov]$ by ! glove4 ,z w be se5 by ref]r+ to ! accompany+ cut1 ! india-rubb] is plac$ diff]5tly on ! two h&s4 ,?is diff]5ce w be m p>ticul>ly notic$ on ! two ?umbs4 ,! left "o1 z x is always beh9d ! h&le ( ! bat1 requires no gu>d2 b ! back ( ! left h& be+ 9 front ( ! b[l]1 is cov]$ ) a semicircle ( india-rubb]1 :ile ! /rips ( ! india-rubb] on ! f+]s are mu* long] ?an ^? on ! "r h&4 ,x may be urg$ by ^? :o object to ! use ( batt+ gloves1 t ! ball is likely to fly (f !m & give a cat*4 ,?is1 al?\gh true1 v r>ely happ5s1 & besides1 if ! ball came ) en\gh =ce to fly into ! air (f ! glove1 is x n v probable t1 )\t a glove to %ield !m1 ! f+]s w\ld be brok5 by ! same collision8 ,illu/ration ,,wicket-,,keep+ ,,gloves4 ,^! might be m appropriately t]m$ gauntlets1 = !y are mu* long] ?an ! ord9>y gloves1 & entirely cov] ! wri/4 ,?anks to ! sugge/ions ( ! be/ wicket-keep]s ( ! day1 !y h n[ be5 greatly improv$1 & h padd+ only 9 ^? p>ts :]e x c possibly be requir$4 ,x is absurd to try to keep wicket well )\t we>+ ^! gauntlets2 !re=e let no "y cricket] be fool-h>dy en\gh to attempt ! feat4 ,z ! "r & left h& gloves are precisely ! same1 ! arti/ has drawn "o glove 9 two positions1 9 ord] to %[ ! front & back ( x4 ,,! ,,laws ,,( ,,cricket4 ,! foll[+ are ! laws :i* gov]n ! game ev]y:]e4 ,!y h be5 rec5tly revis$ by ! ,m>ylebone ,club1 usually consid]$ ! highe/ au?ority 9 ! game4 #a4 ,! ,ball mu/ weigh n less ?an #e ounces1 nor m ?an #e ounces4 ,x mu/ measure n less ?an #i in*es1 nor m ?an #i in*es1 9 circumf]5ce4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ea* inn+s ei!r p>ty may call = a new ball4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 n cu/om>y to h a new ball at ! beg9n+ ( ea* inn+s4 ,"o a mat* is usually consid]$ suffici5t4 #b4 ,! ,bat mu/ n exce$ #d in*es 9 ! wide/ "p2 x mu/ n be m ?an #ch in*es 9 l5g?4 #c4 ,! ,/umps mu/ be #c 9 numb]1 #bg in*es out ( ! gr\nd2 ! bails #h in*es 9 l5g?2 ! /umps ( equal & ( suffici5t ?ickness to prev5t ! ball f pass+ ?r\gh4 #d4 ,! ,b[l+ ,crease mu/ be 9 a l9e ) ! /umps2 #f feet #h in*es 9 l5g?2 ! /umps 9 ! c5tre2 ) a return crease at ea* end t[>ds ! b[l]1 at "r angles4 #e4 ,! ,popp+ ,crease mu/ be #d feet f ! wicket1 & p>allel to x1 unlimit$ 9 l5g?1 b n %ort] ?an ! b[l+ crease2 unlimit$ 9 l5g?1 s t ! batsman may keep out ( ! way ( ! ball :5 x is ?r[n 94 #f4 ,! wickets mu/ be pit*$ opposite to ea* o!r by ! umpires1 at ! di/ance ( #bb y>ds4 #g4 ,x %all n be lawful = ei!r p>ty dur+ a mat*1 )\t ! cons5t ( ! o!r1 to alt] ! gr\nd by roll+1 wat]+1 cov]+1 m[+1 or beat+1 except at ! comm5cem5t ( ea* inn+s1 :5 ! gr\nd %all be swept & roll$1 unless ! side next go+ 9 object to x4 ,?is rule is n meant to prev5t ! /rik] f beat+ ! gr\nd ) 8 bat ne> to ! spot :]e he /&s dur+ ! inn+s1 nor to prev5t ! b[l] f fill+ up holes ) sawdu/1 c4 :5 ! gr\nd is wet4 #h4 ,aft] ra9 ! wickets may be *ang$ ) ! cons5t ( bo? p>ties4 #i4 ,! ,b[l] %all deliv] ! ball ) "o foot on ! gr\nd beh9d ! b[l+ crease1 & )9 ! return crease1 & %all b[l f\r balls be=e he *ange wickets1 :i* he %all be p]mitt$ to d only once 9 ! same inn+s4 ,9 a "o day's mat* six balls are usually all[$ z an ov]4 #aj4 ,! ball mu/ be b[l$2 if ?r[n or j]k$1 ! umpire %all call 8no ball40 #aa4 ,he may require ! /rik] at ! wicket f :i* he is b[l+ to /& on t side ( x :i* he may direct4 #ab4 ,if ! b[l] %all toss ! ball ov] ! /rik]'s head1 or b[l x s wide t 9 ! op9ion ( ! umpire x %all n be fairly )9 ! rea* ( ! batsman1 he %all adjudge "o run to ! p>ty receiv+ ! inn+s )\t an appeal1 :i* %all be put d[n to ! score ( wide balls2 su* balls %all n be reckon$ z "o ( ! f\r or six balls3 b if ! batsman %all by any means br+ himself )9 rea* ( ! ball1 ! run %all n be scor$4 #ac4 ,if ! b[l] deliv] a 8no ball0 or a 8wide ball10 ! /rik] %all be all[$ z _m runs z he c get1 & he %all n be put out except by runn+ out4 ,9 ! ev5t ( no run be+ obta9$ by any o!r means1 !n "o run %all be add$ to ! score ( 8no balls0 or 8wide balls10 z ! case may be4 ,all runs obta9$ = 8wide balls0 to be scor$ to 8wide balls40 ,if ! ball %all fir/ t\* any "p ( ! /rik]'s dress or p]son 7except 8 h&s71 ! umpire %all call 8leg bye40 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! batsman runs two byes f a wide or a no ball1 !y are scor$ z two wides only4 ,_m "y play]s are 9 ! habit ( runn+ a s+le bye (f a wide ball1 )\t ev] ?9k+ t !y endang] _! wicket )\t ! slighte/ possible *ance ( advantage to !mselves4 #ad4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ea* inn+s ! umpire %all call 8play20 f t "t to ! end ( ea* inn+s no trial ball %all be all[$ to any b[l]4 ,?is rule is v seldom en=c$1 z a new b[l] is almo/ inv>iably all[$ a trial ball1 ?\gh n on ! wicket4 #ae4 ,! ,/rik] is ,out if ei!r ( ! bails be /ruck (f1 or if a /ump be b[l$ out ( ! gr\nd2 #af4 ,or1 if ! ball1 f a /roke ( ! bat or h&1 b n ! wri/1 be held be=e x t\*es ! gr\nd1 al?\gh x be hugg$ to ! body ( ! cat*]2 #ag4 ,or1 if 9 /rik+1 or at any o!r "t :ile ! ball %all be 9 play1 bo? 8 feet %all be ov] ! popp+-crease1 & 8 wicket put d[n1 except 8 bat be gr\nd$ )9 x2 #ah4 ,or1 if 9 /rik+ at ! ball1 he hit d[n 8 wicket2 #ai4 ,or1 if "u pret5ce ( runn+ or o!rwise1 ei!r ( ! /rik]s prev5t a ball f be+ caught1 ! /rik] ( ! ball is out2 #bj4 ,or1 if ! ball be /ruck1 & he wilfully /rike x aga92 ,?is does n prev5t ! batsman f hitt+ ! ball (f 8 wicket :5 x glides 9 f n be+ block$ ) suffici5t =ce4 #ba4 ,or1 if 9 runn+ ! wicket be /ruck d[n by a ?r[1 or by ! h& or arm 7) ball 9 h&71 be=e 8 bat 79 h&7 or "s "p ( 8 p]son be gr\nd$ ov] ! popp+-crease4 ,b if bo? ! bails be (f1 a /ump mu/ be /ruck out ( ! gr\nd2 #bb4 ,or1 if any "p ( ! /rik]'s dress knock d[n ! wicket2 #bc4 ,or1 if ! /rik] t\* or take up ! ball :ile at play1 unless at ! reque/ ( ! opposite p>ty2 #bd4 ,or1 if ) any "p ( 8 p]son he /op ! ball1 :i* 9 ! op9ion ( ! umpire at ! b[l]'s wicket %all h be5 pit*$ 9 a /raight l9e f x to ! /rik]'s wicket1 & w\ld h hit x4 ,on ! #ae? ( ,april1 #ahfc1 ! ,m4 ,c4 ,c4 alt]$ ?is rule z foll[s3--8,or1 if ! ball hit any "p ( 8 p]son :i* 9 ! op9ion ( ! umpire at ! b[l]'s wicket %all h be5 plac$ 9 a /raight l9e f x to ! /rik]'s wicket40 ,b at _! next meet+1 discov]+ t _! =m] proce$+s 7 in=mal1 !y cancell$ _! new rule2 s t ! law rema9s z be=e4 ,x is almo/ impossible = a r\nd-arm b[l]1 unless he b[l ov] ! wicket1 to pit* ! ball 9 a /raight l9e4 #be4 ,if ! play]s h cross$ ea* o!r1 he t runs = ! wicket :i* is put d[n is out4 #bf4 ,a ball be+ caught1 no runs %all be reckon$4 #bg4 ,a /rik] be+ run out1 t run :i* he & 8 p>tn] 7 attempt+ %all n be reckon$4 #bh4 ,if a lo/ ball be call$1 ! /rik] %all be all[$ six runs2 b if m ?an six %all h be5 run be=e 8lo/ ball0 %all h be5 call$1 !n ! /rik] %all h all :i* h be5 run4 #bi4 ,aft] ! ball %all h be5 f9ally settl$ 9 ! wicket-keep]'s or b[l]'s h&1 x %all be consid]$ dead2 b :5 ! b[l] is ab\t to deliv] ! ball1 if ! /rik] at 8 wicket g outside ! popp+-crease be=e su* actual deliv]y1 ! said b[l] may put him out1 unless 7) ref]5ce to ! #ba/ law7 8 bat 9 h&1 or "s "p ( 8 p]son1 be )9 ! popp+-crease4 #cj4 ,! /rik] %all n retire f 8 wicket & return to x to complete 8 inn+s aft] ano!r has be5 91 )\t ! cons5t ( ! opposite p>ty4 #ca4 ,no sub/itute %all 9 any case be all[$ to /& out1 or run betwe5 wickets = ano!r p]son1 )\t ! cons5t ( ! opposite p>ty2 & 9 case any p]son %all be all[$ to run = ano!r1 ! /rik] %all be out1 if ei!r he or 8 sub/itute be (f ! gr\nd 9 mann] m5tion$ 9 laws #ag & #ba1 :ile ! ball is 9 play4 #cb4 ,9 all cases :]e a sub/itute %all be all[$1 ! cons5t ( ! opposite p>ty %all also be obta9$ z to ! p]son to act z sub/itute1 & ! place 9 ! field :i* he %all take4 #cc4 ,if any fieldsman /op ! ball ) 8 bat1 ! ball %all be consid]$ dead1 & ! opposite p>ty %all add five runs to _! score2 if any be run1 !y %all h five 9 all4 #cd4 ,! ball hav+ be5 hit1 ! /rik] may gu>d 8 wicket ) 8 bat1 or ) any "p ( 8 body except 8 h&s2 t ! #bcrd law may n be infr+$4 #ce4 ,! wicket-keep] %all n take ! ball = ! purpose ( /ump+ until x has pass$ ! wicket2 he %all n move until ! ball be out ( ! b[l]'s h&2 he %all n by any noise incommode ! /rik]2 & if any "p ( 8 p]son be ov] or be=e ! wicket1 al?\gh ! ball hit x1 ! /rik] %all n be out4 #cf4 ,! umpires are ! sole judges ( fair or unfair play2 & all disputes %all be det]m9$ by !m1 ea* at 8 own wicket2 b 9 case ( a cat*1 :i* ! umpire at ! wicket b[l$ f _c see suffici5tly to decide ^u1 he may apply to ! o!r umpire1 ^: op9ion %all be conclusive4 #cg4 ,! umpires 9 all mat*es %all pit* fair wickets2 & ! p>ties %all toss up = *oice ( inn+s4 ,! umpires %all *ange wickets aft] ea* p>ty has _h "o inn+s4 #ch4 ,!y %all all[ two m9utes = ea* /rik] to come 91 & t5 m9utes betwe5 ea* inn+s4 ,:5 ! umpire %all call 8play10 ! p>ty refus+ to play %all lose ! mat*4 #ci4 ,!y are n to ord] a /rik] out unless appeal$ to by ! adv]s>ies2 #dj4 ,b if "o ( ! b[l]'s feet be n on ! gr\nd beh9d ! b[l+-crease1 & )9 ! return-crease1 :5 he %all deliv] ! ball1 ! umpire at 8 wicket1 unask$1 mu/ call 8no ball40 #da4 ,if ei!r ! /rik]s run a %ort run1 ! umpire mu/ call 8"o %ort40 ,! run is ( c\rse n scor$4 #db4 ,no umpire %all be all[$ to bet4 #dc4 ,no umpire is to be *ang$ dur+ a mat*1 )\t ! cons5t ( bo? p>ties1 except 9 case ( violation ( ! #dbnd law2 !n ei!r p>ty may dismiss ! transgressor4 #dd4 ,aft] ! deliv]y ( f\r or six balls ! umpire mu/ call 8ov]10 b n until ! ball %all be f9ally settl$ 9 ! wicket-keep]'s or b[l]'s h&2 ! ball %all !n be consid]$ dead2 nev]!less1 if an idea be ent]ta9$ t ei!r ( ! /rik]s is out1 a "q may be put previ\sly to1 b n aft]1 ! deliv]y ( ! next ball4 #de4 ,! umpire mu/ take especial c>e to call 8no ball0 in/antly ^u deliv]y2 8wide ball0 z soon z x %all pass ! /rik]4 #df4 ,! play]s :o g 9 second %all foll[ _! inn+s1 if !y h obta9$ eighty runs less ?an _! antagoni/s1 except 9 all mat*es limit$ to only "o day's play1 :5 ! numb] %all be limit$ to sixty in/ead ( eighty4 #dg4 ,:5 "o ( ! /rik]s %all h be5 put out1 ! use ( ! bat %all n be all[$ to any p]son until ! next /rik] %all come 94 ,,note4--,! ,committee ( ! ,m>ylebone ,club ?9k x desirable t1 previ\sly to ! comm5cem5t ( a mat*1 "o ( ea* side %\ld be decl>$ ! manag] ( x2 & t ! new laws ) respect to sub/itutes may be c>ri$ out 9 a _s ( fairness & mutual concession1 x is _! wi% t su* sub/itutes be all[$ 9 all reasonable cases1 & t ! umpire %\ld inquire if x is done ) ! cons5t ( ! manag] ( ! opposite side4 ,compla9ts hav+ be5 made t x is ! practice ( "s play]s :5 at ! wicket to make holes 9 ! gr\nd = a foot+1 ! ,committee are ( op9ion t ! umpires %\ld be emp[]$ to prev5t x4 ,,! ,,laws ,,( ,,s+le ,,wicket4 #a4 ,:5 !re %all be less ?an five play]s on a side1 b\nds %all be plac$ #bb y>ds ea* 9 a l9e f ! (f & leg-/ump4 #b4 ,! ball mu/ be hit be=e ! b\nds to entitle ! /rik] to a run1 :i* run _c be obta9$ unless he t\* ! b[l+-/ump or crease 9 a l9e ) 8 bat1 or "s "p ( 8 p]son1 or g beyond !m1 return+ to ! popp+-crease1 z at d\ble wicket1 accord+ to ! #ba/ law4 #c4 ,:5 ! /rik] %all hit ! ball1 "o ( 8 feet mu/ be on ! gr\nd1 & beh9d ! popp+-crease1 o!rwise ! umpire %all call 8no hit40 #d4 ,:5 !re %all be less ?an five play]s on a side1 nei!r byes nor ov]?r[s %all be all[$1 nor %all ! /rik] be caught out beh9d ! wicket1 nor /ump$ out4 #e4 ,! fieldsman mu/ return ! ball s t x %all cross ! play betwe5 ! wicket & ! b[l+-/ump1 or betwe5 ! b[l+-/ump & ! b\nds2 ! /rik] may run till ! ball be s return$4 #f4 ,aft] ! /rik] %all h made "o run1 if he />ts aga9 he mu/ t\* ! b[l+-/ump1 & turn be=e ! ball cross ! play1 to entitle him to ano!r4 #g4 ,! /rik] %all be entitl$ to ?ree runs = lo/ ball1 & ! same numb] = ball /opp$ ) bat1 ) ref]5ce to ! #bh? & #ccrd laws ( d\ble wicket4 #h4 ,:5 !re %all be m ?an f\r play]s on a side1 !re %all be no b\nds4 ,all hits1 byes1 & ov]?r[s %all !n be all[$4 #i4 ,! b[l] is subject to ! same laws z at d\ble wicket4 #aj4 ,n m ?an "o m9ute %all be all[$ betwe5 ea* ball4 ,,! ,,batsman4--,,h9ts ,,to ,,"y ,,play]s4 ,! fir/ po9t to be consid]$ 9 batt+ is ! sort ( bat to be us$4 ,_m "y cricket]s cramp _! play by us+ a bat mu* too heavy = !m4 ,n[1 x /&s to reason t "o %\ld be able to h a complete ma/]y ov] ! weapon "o wields4 ,a bat weigh+ ab\t two p\nds w be f\nd q heavy en\gh = mo/ s*oolboys4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be urg$ t ! heavie/ bats drive ! f>!/1 & t _m ( ! old-fa%ion$ play]s made "s ( _! fam\s hits ) !m2 b x mu/ also be borne 9 m9d t ^? 7 ! days ( und]h& b[l+1 & t at ! pres5t "t cutt+ & leg-hitt+1 9 consequ5ce ( ! swift r\nd-arm b[l+1 are inf9itely m preval5t ?an =w>d drives1 & t 9 _m cases ! position ( field-on is done away ) altoge!r4 ,!re=e let u beg "y play]s to use a light bat1 "o t feels almo/ z a :ip 9 _! h&s1 & "o ) :i* !y c play back z quickly z is necessitat$ by ! spe$ ( ! b[l+4 ,& n[ a few words ) reg>d to gu>d4 ,( c\rse1 9 _m in/ances1 ! di/ance f ! wickets dep5ds consid]ably ^u ! pace & pit* ( ! b[l+1 b z a rule ! safe/ gu>d is ab\t f\r in*es f ! popp+-crease4 ,?is block n only gives y a bett] *ance ( /opp+ %oot]s1 b also enables y to play =w>d bett]1 s9ce y c cov] m gr\nd ?an if y\r block 7 ne>] ! wicket4 ,a leg hit c also be made soon]1 & consequ5tly squ>]1 & ) a good long block !re is less *ance ( hitt+ y\r wicket 9 play+ back1 & m *ance ( /opp+ a full-pit*$ ball be=e x t\*es ! gr\nd4 ,! left foot %\ld be at "r angle to ! wickets1 & ! o!r p>allel ) !m4 ,free hitt]s keep _! h&s at ! upp] "p ( ! h&le ( ! bat1 :il/ "s play]s1 :o h a reputation = /ead9ess1 hold x ) ! h&s ?ree or f\r in*es ap>t4 ,! =m] position enables a play] to hit mu* soon]1 & also to h a mu* long] rea*4 ,! advantages ( ! position are readily discov]$ :5 !re is a *ance ( a cut or a leg-hit4 ,! batsman %\ld /& q erect1 endeav\r+ to make ! mo/ ( 8 height4 ,be=e ! ball is deliv]$1 ! bat %\ld be rais$1 ) ! full face pres5t$ to ! b[l]1 & cov]+ z mu* ( ! wicket z possible4 ,! mom5t ! b[l] is ab\t to deliv] ! ball1 raise y\r bat slightly f ! block1 keep+ x almo/ /raight to him4 ,if y hold x1 z "s play]s d1 /ill on ! block-hole until ! ball approa*es1 y are almo/ sure to be too late = ! ball2 & al?\gh1 if x be /raight1 y may keep x (f y\r wicket1 yet x is a hundr$ *ances to "o t y w miss all ! leg balls1 or ^? :i* come to ! (f-side4 ,play1 too1 z l[ z possible4 ,x is mu* bett] to hit a ball well along ! gr\nd = two1 ?an to s5d "o high into ! air1 al?\gh y get f\r or five = x4 ,soon] or lat] y w lose y\r wicket1 = ! ball is sure at "s "t to be caught by long-on or long-(f4 ,assum+ t ! play] has tak5 up 8 position at ! wicket1 we mu/ n[ fully impress ^u him ! importance ( n be+ 9 a hurry to score4 ,9 fact1 no?+ is s injuri\s z mak+ runs 9 ! fir/ ov]4 ,! be/ maxim to be obs]v$ is1 play /eadily until y c und]/& ! b[l+4 ,x is a/oni%+ h[ mu* confid5ce y ga9 aft] y h play$ a doz5 balls or s4 ,!n1 :5 y h1 z x 71 tak5 ! measure ( y\r oppon5t1 lunge out1 z soon z y get a *ance1 & %[ ! field y\r fav\rite drive1 & prep>e to make a score4 ,9 writ+ ! la/ s5t5ce1 we are rem9d$ ( ! _m mi%aps & ev5 s]i\s accid5ts t h occurr$ on ! cricket-field 9 consequ5ce ( ! c>eless mann] 9 :i* "s play]s run4 ,!y ru% betwe5 ! wickets1 wat*+ ! c\rse ( ! ball r ?an ! wicket t[>ds :i* !y are go+2 occasionally !y run too f> & lose "t1 or else d n run f> en\gh & lose runs2 or1 :at is ev5 worse1 a collision takes place betwe5 ! two batsm51 & "o is run out1 if n s]i\sly injur$ by ! bat or body ( 8 comrade4 ,! simple/ plan1 !re=e1 is always to run on ! "r side1 to keep ! bat 9 ! "r h&1 & to wat* ! wicket t[>ds :i* y are runn+4 ,x has (t5 be5 rem>k$ t ! mo/ difficult balls to play are %oot]s1 & ^? t are well pit*$ up & j take ! bail (f4 ,inde$1 "s %oot]s are almo/ sure to take a wicket2 ! mom5t1 !re=e1 t a ball %oots1 drop ! bat back close to ! /umps1 & *op d[n ^u ! ball4 ,/opp+ a %oot] is always a sign ( good play1 & (t5 at ,"l's produces m applause ?an a hit :i* scores two or ?ree runs4 ,"s play]s1 l ,p>r & ,c>p5t]1 c /op %oot]s s well1 t al?\gh !y only *op d[n ^u !m1 yet ! =ce ( ! /roke (t5 drives ! ball f> en\gh to obta9 a run4 ,h[ happ5s x t s _m play]s miss ! cut1 al?\gh !y attempt ?is /roke at almo/ e ball t rises to ! (f8 ,z a rule1 "y play]s hit too soon1 & if !y t\* ! ball1 9 mo/ cases !y give ei!r po9t or cov]-po9t an easy cat*2 o!rs hit 9 "t1 b play ) a horizontal bat1 ! face ( :i* is pres5t$ to ! b[l]4 ,! ball !n rises 9 _m in/ances ei!r to slip or long-slip1 ) ! usual result4 ,9 cutt+1 ! batsman %\ld wait until ! ball has almo/ pass$ ! wicket1 & !n drop d[n ^u x1 ) ! face ( ! bat almo/ t[>ds ! gr\nd4 ,?is keeps ! ball d[n & drives x 9 ! direction requir$4 ,9 cutt+1 ! left foot acts z a pivot1 & ! "r foot is drawn back4 ,! advantage ( tak+ a long block is "h %[n1 z occasionally ?is leg knocks d[n ! wicket2 & if ! block is ne> ! /umps1 !y are easily /ruck by ! bat itself4 ,9 leg-hitt+1 on ! contr>y1 ! "r acts z a pivot1 & ! left is ?r[n =w>ds4 ,! soon] ! hit is made ! squ>] ! ball goes1 &1 z a rule1 ! great] di/ance also4 ,s9ce !n1 9 swift b[l+1 long-on is g5]ally done away )1 a leg ball t is hit 9 front ( long leg is safe to obta9 m runs ?an if hit mu* beh9d ! wicket4 ,a v common habit among "y play]s is to /rike at wide balls4 ,_m & _m a "t h we se5 a batsman ru% out to a wide (f-ball1 & s5d x into po9t's or cov]'s h&s1 ?us depriv+ himself ( 8 inn+s & 8 side ( a run4 ,be=e we conclude ?is some:at desultory *apt]1 we mu/ urge ^u ev]ybody ! importance ( we>+ bo? gloves & leg-gu>ds :5 play+ aga9/ swift b[l+4 ,! _m dang]\s accid5ts t h happ5$ 9 consequ5ce ( ! legs & h&s hav+ no protection1 %\ld induce e p]son to gu>d himself z mu* z possible4 ,"o c /& up to ! wicket mu* bett]1 & h f> m confid5ce1 :5 "o kn[s t a bl[ f ! ball ^u ! legs is likely to produce no ill effect4 ,! abs5ce ( pads causes _m play]s to run away f ! ball1 & if ! ball turns1 ! (f-/ump 9 mo/ cases w soon be pro/rate4 ,be c>eful1 too1 9 runn+1 t y gr\nd y\r bat on ! popp+-crease4 ,no?+ is s tantaliz+ to a play] z to lose a run ?r\gh ! c>elessness ( 8 companion1 :o 9 8 excitem5t runs an in* or s %ort ( ! prop] di/ance4 ,! mom5t ! ball has left ! b[l] at y\r wicket1 walk a y>d or two2 y may by ?is means /eal _m a run t x w\ld be impossible to obta9 if y 7 at y\r own wicket :5 ! ball 0 hit4 ,nev]1 if y c possibly avoid x1 hit a ball on ! wrong side4 ,h[ disgu/+ x is to see a big awkw>d play] swipe a ball "r r\nd to ! (f-side :i* he %\ld h drawn or play$ to mid-wicket on6 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,leg ,,hit4 ,d n run away f ! ball4 ,if y d1 y c nev] get a good leg hit2 besides1 y naturally expose y\r wicket1 & if ! ball turns 9 7z x (t5 w d71 y w f9d x almo/ impossible to be back 9 "t to save y\r (f-/ump4 ,z a rule1 play =w>d :5ev] y c2 b be sure y don't run out ( y\r gr\nd to hit unless y feel p]fectly confid5t ( y\r success4 ,wait+ = ! ball is always a dang]\s exp]im5t1 & w (t5 result 9 y\r play+ back s f> t y upset y\r own wickets :5 9 ! act ( a*iev+ a mo/ sci5tific cut4 ,be c>eful to keep "o foot /eadily plant$ )9 ! popp+-crease2 x is sometimes impossible to help be+ b[l$ or caught1 b ! wor/ play] 9 ! _w c always prev5t ! wicket-keep] /ump+ him4 ,m9d1 too1 t ! bat ought to /rike ! ball1 & n ! ball ! bat4 ,be always cauti\s ( /raight balls1 h[ev] tempt+ !y may appe>4 ,rememb] t if y miss !m1 y are safe to lose y\r wicket2 !re=e always treat !m ) ! respect t !y des]ve4 ,balls1 too1 t come ab\t five in*es above ! bails %\ld g5]ally be all[$ to pass1 = unless y are well skill$ 9 ! art ( hitt+ d[n1 y are sure to give a cat*4 ,& n[ a ^w or two ) reg>d to ! ?ree leg hits--! draw1 ! =w>d1 & ! backw>d leg hit4 ,:5 a ball seems pit*$ at ! leg /ump1 hold y\r bat /raight1 z x 71 = a block2 b ! mom5t ! bat meets ! ball1 turn ! face ( x a trifle r\nd t[>ds y1 & ! ball w !n slip (f betwe5 y\r legs & ! /umps4 ,?is is call$ ! draw4 ,?is play1 h[ev]1 requires a great deal ( practice1 & %\ld v r>ely be attempt$ by inexp]i5c$ play]s4 ,! =w>d leg hit is made 9 ! foll[+ mann]3--,:5 a ball is pit*$ r wide on ! ne> side1 advance ! left foot 9 front ( ! wicket1 turn half r\nd1 & hit d[n ^u ! ball z h>d z y c4 ,:5 ! ball is pit*$ inside ! ne> /ump1 /ep back ) ! "r foot1 & ) an upright bat play x (f ! wicket4 ,! ball w fly rapidly along ! gr\nd1 & usually betwe5 leg & long-/op4 ,recollect1 ! soon] y hit at a leg ball ! squ>] x goes4 ,! cut is ! mo/ difficult ( all1 & c only be accompli%$ :5 ! ball rises a little wide ( ! (f-bail4 ,ev5 !n y are v likely to play ei!r too soon or too late at x1 & x is v r>e inde$ t a play] makes a really good legitimate cut4 ,:5 y see ! ball ab\t to rise a foot away f (f-bail1 draw ! "r leg backw>ds1 &1 ) a horizontal bat1 give ! ball some?+ betwe5 a pat & a pu%1 betwe5 po9t & %ort-slip4 ,?is is v f> f be+ a sci5tific def9ition ( ?is delightful /roke2 b ,i ?9k1 f ! pla9 mann] 9 :i* ,i h /at$ x1 t x w be m likely to be und]/ood4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,cut4 ,! te*nical names = ! v>i\s balls ! batsman is likely to receive are--! full pit*1 ! tice1 ! hop1 ! half volley1 ! gr\nd ball1 & ! %oot]4 ,leg balls & balls to cut we h already expla9$4 ,at fir/ sight1 a full pit* w\ld seem "o ( ! easie/ balls to play2 b 9 reality x is n2 & _m a good batsman1 :o c\ld play any numb] ( well-pit*$ balls1 has lo/ 8 wicket by play+ ra%ly or across a toss4 ,aga91 if hit c>elessly1 x is almo/ sure to be caught by "o ( ! long-fields2 & (t51 :5 ! batsman tries to play x d[n1 x hits ! top ( 8 bat1 & goes into long-/op's h&s4 ,! be/ plan 7if y are n v tall71 :5 y ?9k x is too high to take y\r wicket1 is to leave x alone altoge!r2 b :5 y feel p]suad$ t if y miss ! ball x w take ! /umps1 ei!r play x d[n1 or else hit x :]e !re is no field4 ,! tice is almo/ a full pit*4 ,if y h a long rea*1 g 9 & play x =w>d2 if n1 h[ev]1 keep y\r bat d[n & block x4 ,runn+ 9 is g5]ally a bad habit1 z x is sure to eng5d] a loose /yle ( play4 ,! long hop1 if /raight1 %\ld be play$ v c>efully1 & ) an upright bat4 ,^? batsm5 :o h1 z x is call$1 8got _! eye 910 c usually /rike at "o ) impunity2 b z ! ball is liable to twi/ e "t x rea*es ! gr\nd1 ! "y play] %\ld be v c>eful 9 /rik+ at x4 ,a half volley is a ball :i* rises well f ! pit*4 ,cat*es are1 h[ev]1 (t5 ! result ( hitt+ "r at a half volley4 ,a gr\nd ball is p]haps bett] kn[n among our "y fri5ds z a sneak4 ,if play$ at ) a high bat1 ! wicket is almo/ sure to fall4 ,! be/ plan is to keep ! bat well d[n1 & play =w>d at x4 ,if ! bat is kept 9 a /raight l9e ) ! ball1 y _c miss x1 & (t5 by play+ x =w>d y c s5d x pa/ ! b[l]4 ,a %oot] is ! mo/ difficult ball to play1 & if n treat$ ) prop] respect1 is sure to take ! wicket4 ,! mom5t ! ball %oots1 play back1 dropp+ ! bat d[n on x )9 an in* ( ! /umps4 ,y are by ?is means v likely to keep x (f y\r wicket1 b d n try to hit x4 ,left-h& b[l+ g5]ally turns 9 f ! (f2 !re=e play =w>d at x4 ,,field+4 ,al?\gh n ( s int]e/+ a "* z batt+ & b[l+1 yet field+ is 9 itself ( too mu* importance to be ov]look$1 or ev5 c>elessly practis$1 by anybody :o desires to become a cricket]4 ,_m a mat* has be5 lo/ by loose field+1 & in/ances )\t numb] h occurr$ ( a man :o1 aft] be+ miss$ be=e he has made a run1 has s5t 8 score up to fifty be=e receiv+ 8 dismissal4 ,x is a/oni%+ h[ _m runs may be sav$ by c>eful field+4 ,hits :i* at fir/ seem good = f\r1 only obta9 "o ?r\gh good field+1 & t ev5 a %>p run4 ,quick field+ %\ld be practis$ by ! tyro1 be=e ei!r ( ! o!r two dep>tm5ts ( ! game4 ,z soon z a boy gets a ball 9 8 h&1 he tries to cat* x1 or to get a companion to ?r[ x to him2 & ?us be=e he ev5 kn[s h[ to h&le a bat1 _m a boy has 9 him ! elem5ts ( a good field4 ,z1 h[ev]1 ! fasc9ation ( batt+ gr[s ^u him1 he c>es less = ! o!r p>ts ( ! game2 & ?us x happ5s t al?\gh we h _m g5tlem5 cricket]s :o bat j z well z pr(essionals1 yet ! latt] obta9 ! ma/]y ?r\gh _! sup]ior b[l+ & field+1 :i* !y are oblig$ to practise z (t5 z batt+1 9 ord] to obta9 ! reputation ( good play]s4 ,i h1 h[ev]1 he>d x /at$ t no f9] field+ c be se5 ?an t %[n 9 ! ,univ]sity mat*4 ,?is is g5]ally admitt$2 b x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ! ,univ]sity mat* is play$ by "y m5 ^: ages v>y f tw5ty to five-&-tw5ty1 :]eas mo/ ( ! play]s are ov] ?irty1 & "s rapidly approa*+ to =ty1 an age at :i* ! bones are n s lissom z ^? t h j arriv$ at man's e/ate4 ,z a pro( ( ?is ,i may cite ! ,g5tlem5 & ,play]s' mat* at ,"l's1 a conte/ 7if su* x c be call$7 :i* is only wor? see+ on acc\nt ( ! excell5t b[l+ & field+ ( ! pr(essional play]s4 ,x is satisfactory to "k t x is ! op9ion ( mo/ judges ( ! game1 t z long z ! g5tlem5 p]si/ 9 practis+ batt+ only1 !y w sc>cely h a *ance aga9/ ! play]s4 ,no advice1 h[ev]1 w produce ! same good ^u a "y play] 9 ! matt] ( field+ z wat*+ a mat* 9 :i* "s ( ! be/ play]s take "p4 ,9 ?is he %\ld be> well 9 m9d ! mann] 9 :i* ! ball is /opp$ & ?r[n to ! wicket-keep]4 ,suppos+ t our cricket] c /op & cat* a ball pretty well1 ! next po9t = him to /udy is to ?r[ x 9 c>efully4 ,h[ _m m5 t %\ld h be5 run out save _! wickets ?r\gh ! bad ?r[+ ( a field1 :o1 ei!r ?r\gh hurry or n]v\sness1 pit*es ! ball ov] ! wicket-keep]'s head1 or s5ds x 9 s mu* along ! gr\nd z to r5d] ! pick+ up ( x %>ply by ! wicket-keep] a matt] ( impossibility6 ,! be/ plan is to ?r[ 9 a cat* to ! top ( ! bails4 ,a long hop occasionally meets ) success2 b if ! gr\nd is bumpy1 & ! ball is ?r[n 9 f a di/ance1 x is v possible t x w g ov] ! man's head4 ,"o ( ! mo/ prom95t fail+s ( a "y elev5 is ! c>eless mann] 9 :i* !y back up4 ,ov]?r[s 9 a pr(essional elev5 are almo/ a matt] ( impossibility1 = if ! ball passes "o field !re is almo/ sure to be ano!r beh9d him to /ay its progress2 :]eas1 9 "s clubs1 if !re is "o man to back up ! wicket-keep]1 ! ball is consid]$ safe1 & z he g5]ally /&s )9 a few y>ds ( ! wicket1 he usually misses ! ball if x passes ! amateur ,locky]4 ,if1 h[ev]1 x is exp$i5t to ?r[ ! ball to ! b[l]1 & he does n wi% to hurt 8 f+]s1 an ov]?r[ is sure to foll[1 = long-on or long-(f sc>cely ev] ?9ks x 8 duty to /& beh9d ! b[l]'s wicket :5 ! ball is ?r[n 94 ,ov]?r[s 9 !mselves are n only annoy+1 because !y are obta9$ ?r\gh no m]it ( ! batsman1 b because !y always produce a m]ciless laugh f ! spectators1 & occasionally epi!ts ( a n v complim5t>y "*4 ,x is !re=e ! capta9's b\nd5 duty to make 8 elev5 back up well1 & n to consid] ! ball safe unless two or ?ree p are beh9d ! wicket at :i* x is ?r[n4 ,"o naturally imag9es t ! wicket-keep]'s h&s get occasionally damag$ f ! %>p ?r[+ to :i* he is subject$4 ,:atev] he w\ld d )\t 8 ?ick gauntlets1 x is unpleasant to imag9e4 ,c>e %\ld on all occasions1 !re=e1 be tak5 to save 8 h&s1 & :5 ! batsm5 are n runn+1 !re is no ne$ to ?r[ ! ball z h>d z possible at him4 ,! long-/op1 :o returns ! ball to ! wicket-keep] (t5] ?an any o!r field1 %\ld s5d x 9 g5tly :5 !re is no run1 & ! wicket-keep] ought1 9 ?r[+ x to ! b[l]1 to toss x z quietly z he c1 9 ord] n to dead5 ! f+]s ( t important function>y4 ,:il/ writ+ ab\t b[l] & wicket-keep]1 we _c all[ ! opportunity to pass ( reque/+ all play]s to obey ) ! utmo/ fidelity any ord] giv5 to !m 9 ! field4 ,! wicket-keep] c1 by rais+ 8 h&1 *ange ! positions ( ! field unkn[n to ! batsman1 :o1 hitt+ a ball to a place :i* he ?9ks is n cov]$1 & f9d+ x sudd5ly /opp$1 sees t he mu/ play m c>efully 9 future4 ,two ( ! mo/ important positions 9 ! field are ! mid-wickets & cov]-po9t1 & no play]1 unless he is a safe cat*1 & c return ! ball %>ply1 %\ld ev] be plac$ !re4 ,x has be5 comput$ t mid-wicket runs m out ?an any o!r field4 ,anybody :o has se5 ,r4 ,daft 9 ?is place w be surpris$ at ! rapidity ) :i* he picks up ! ball & s5ds x 94 ,! space t a good cov]-po9t c comm& is really a/oni%+4 ,play]s see+ t ! ball has pass$ po9t feel sure t x is safe = "o1 :]eas1 if cov] runs 9 & s5ds x 9 well to ! wicket-keep]1 "o ( ! batsm5 w probably h 8run out0 to 8 "n4 ,long-/op %\ld on no acc\nt be too close to ! wicket4 ,if he takes a position :]e he feels sure he c /op "o run1 he w d mu* m s]vice ?an ne>] ! /umps4 ,n only w he be able to /op "s balls :i* might h gone ov] 8 head1 b he may /ay ! progress ( _m leg-hits & slipp$ balls1 besides /&+ a bett] *ance ( a cat*4 ,cat*+ comes s naturally t we ne$ say little ab\t x4 ,! *ief po9t to be rememb]$ is to keep ! h&s well toge!r4 ,occasionally "o sees--9 cat*+--! ball slip ?r\gh a man's h&s altoge!r4 ,at o!r times ! ball lodges 9 ! h&s = an in/ant1 & !n drops to ! gr\nd1 because ! arms 7 n drawn back ) ! ball1 b held out to meet x4 ,9 cat*+1 ! arms %\ld always be drawn back z ! ball comes1 z ?is less5s ! =ce ) :i* ! ball /rikes ! h&s4 ,a good plan1 b "o :i*1 h[ev]1 requires mu* practice1 is to pat ! ball up z x comes1 & !n to cat* x4 ,x is evid5t t :5 ! ball has ?us be5 s5t up1 x desc5ds mu* m sl[ly ?an :5 x comes direct f ! bat4 ,ev51 h[ev]1 if1 9 spite ( advice & practice1 "o ( ! field is un=tunate en\gh to miss a cat*1 ! capta9 %\ld n all[ any unfeel+ rem>ks to be made4 ,! angui% ( ! un=tunate play] is q deep en\gh )\t be+ aggravat$ by gr[ls & sne]s f comrades :o may p]haps d ! same ?+ 9 a few m9utes4 ,! capta9 %\ld also d all he c to prev5t talk+ 9 ! field4 ,x is "t to d t :5 a wicket falls1 b v unlike a true cricket] to endeav\r to attract ! field's att5tion j z ! b[l] is ab\t to deliv] ! ball4 ,,b[l+4 ,we h read 9 a manual ( ,cricket t !re are f\r /yles ( b[l+1 & ,felix1 we believe1 9 8 excell5t "w on ! ,bat1 /ates t !re are five modes1 all ( :i* are 9 g5]al use4 ,= ! pres5t purpose1 h[ev]1 we ?9k x w be suffici5t if we conf9e our rem>ks to two /yles1-- #a4 ,r\nd-arm ,b[l+4 #b4 ,und]h& ,b[l+4 ,! =m] is an innovation ^u ! latt]1 &1 l all improvem5ts1 met ) a great deal ( opposition at fir/1 s9ce x 0 m difficult to play1 & made ! inn+s %ort]4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 ! batt+ seems to h obta9$ z mu* ma/]y ov] ! r\nd-arm b[l+ z be=e x _h ov] ! und]h&1 & x is ev5 probable t 9 a few ye>s a new /yle w be introduc$1 9 ord] to decrease ! inord9ate l5g? :i* inn+s assume n[-a-days4 ,! foll[+ h9ts apply to ! r\nd-arm b[l+3-- ,! ball %\ld be held ) ! f+]s across ! seams1 z ?is occasionally makes ! ball twi/1 & r5d]s ! def5ce ( ! batsman a matt] ( m difficulty4 ,_m b[l]s1 h[ev]1 c nev] get :at is te*nically call$ 8a twi/ on10 :]eas o!rs1 aft] an h\r's practice1 c manage to make ! ball twi/ 9 any direction !y please4 ,x is also important to take a run ( a few y>ds1 increas+ ! di/ance 9 proportion to ! pace4 ,?is all[s ! b[l] to get 8 arm into sw+1 & increases ! impetus ) :i* ! ball is deliv]$4 ,! b[l] %\ld always /& ) 8 body well t[>ds ! o!r wicket4 ,we h se5 a man run almo/ r\nd ! wicket & deliv] ! ball )\t look+ at ! /umps he is suppos$ to aim at4 ,long practice _h enabl$ him to b[l pretty well1 b ! absurdity ( 8 position 0 s app>5t t x provok$ a laugh f all :o saw x4 ,x mu/ n be imag9$1 h[ev]1 t a b[l] %\ld always deliv] ! same /yle ( ball4 ,_m a wicket 7p>adoxical z x may seem7 falls f a ball t is n /raight4 ,a batsman :o has _h a hit to leg = f\r1 becomes at once anxi\s to get ano!r4 ,v (t51 if a b[l] pit*es ! ball 9 a diff]5t mann]1 ! batsman endeav\rs to give ano!r specim5 ( 8 fav\rite hit1 & equally (t5 loses 8 wicket4 ,practise1 !re=e1 *ange ( pace & pit*1 z cat*es are almo/ sure at "s "t to be ! result4 ,nyr51 "o ( ! e>lie/ writ]s on ,cricket1 speaks ( ?is plan 9 ! foll[+ mann]3-- 8,:5 x is difficult to "p two batsm51 & ei!r ( !m has a fav\rite hit1 ,i h (t5 succe$$ 9 gett+ him out by op5+ ! field :]e 8 hit is plac$1 at ! same "t h9t+ to ! b[l] to give him a diff]5t /yle ( ball4 ,?is1 ) ! op5+ ( ! field1 has tempt$ him to plant 8 fav\rite hit1 & 9 8 anxiety to d s he has n unfrequ5tly committ$ an error fatal to him40 ,9 writ+ ( r\nd-arm b[l+ let u recomm5d "y b[l]s to practise b[l+ ov] ! wicket 9 pref]5ce to :at is usually t]m$ r\nd or outside x4 ,! =m] plan is ! only mode t necessitates /raight b[l+1 s9ce1 f ! position ( ! arm1 ! ball may be /raight all ! way1 :]eas1 9 ! latt]1 ! ball mu/ come 9 f ! leg side4 ,aga91 x w be recollect$ t 9 ! late discussion ab\t leg be=e wicket1 _m ( ! be/ judges gave x z _! op9ion t ! batsman c\ld n be giv5 out l4 b4 w4 unless ! ball 0 deliv]$ ov] ! wicket4 ,to ^! advantages may be add$ ! fact t a mu* bett] view ( ! oppon5t's /umps c be obta9$1 & t ! di/ance is also %ort] ?an f ! outside ( ! wicket4 ,among ! mo/ common faults ( "y play]s may be cit$ a habit ( n pit*+ ! ball f> en\gh4 ,?is is ma9ly ow+ to a want ( p[] 9 ! arms1 b /ill a little c>eful practice w consid]ably assi/ ! play]4 ,^? nice specim5s ( b[l+ kn[n z bail]s1 :5 ! bail is knock$ (f1 c only be obta9$ by a ball t is well pit*$ up4 ,%oot]s1 also1 are ! result ( balls t t\* ! gr\nd ne> ! wicket4 ,we may also add t a ball t is pit*$ %ort is easy to play1 s9ce x c be se5 well1 & its com+ 9 contact ) ! gr\nd dead5s its =ce & *ecks its spe$4 ,ano!r practice :i* is (t5 condemn$ is a habit ( b[l+ fa/4 ,n[1 x is a great mi/ake to imag9e t fa/ b[l+ is ! mo/ difficult to play1 z may be asc]ta9$ by ! fact t our fa/e/ b[l]s by no means take ! mo/ wickets1 except+ ,jackson1 ^: b[l+1 h[ev]1 is n s successful n[ z x 0 at "o "t4 ,fa/ b[l+ does n s readily all[ accuracy ( pit* z a sl[] /yle2 besides1 a fa/ b[l] soon gets tir$1 !n b[ls loosely1 & !n gets tak5 (f4 ,^? tips 7= !y are no?+ else7 to ! slips = f\r or five1 are m ! result ( ! b[l] ?an ! batsman4 ,let u1 !re=e1 e>ne/ly recomm5d "y b[l]s to beg9 b[l+ sl[ly1 & to increase _! pace z !y gr[ old] & /rong]4 ,_m a promis+ b[l] has be5 irretrievably spoilt by beg9n+ to b[l too fa/ = 8 /r5g?1 & f9d+ 9 a %ort "t t he has no /yle at all1 & t ! fruit ( 8 lab\r is pr9cipally f\nd 9 ! numb] ( byes scor$ (f him4 ,p>ticul> c>e mu/ also be tak5 to avoid b[l+ ov] ! %\ld]4 ,x is a pity t !re is n "s m /r+5t rule ?an at pres5t exi/s ) reg>d to law #aj1 al?\gh 9 su* a case ! mo/ successful b[l]s w\ld f9d _! occupation gone2 besides1 z ! no-ball+ ( a b[l] by an umpire usually causes ! greate/ unpleasantness 9 a mat*1 spoil+ ! amicable feel+ :i* almo/ inv>iably exi/s 9 ! cricket-field1 x is mu* bett] to avoid ! head & front ( ! (f5d+1 by practis+ ! be/ means to prev5t ! arm gett+ ov] ! %\ld]4 ,we recollect at s*ool a big /urdy fell[1 :o1 n cont5t ) b[l+ ov] 8 %\ld]1 deliv]$ ! ball always z fa/ z he c\ld4 ,8 b[l+1 h[ev]1 7z might be expect$7 0 s loose t 8 s]vices 7 nev] call$ into requisition at a mat*2 b at practice he occasionally h&l$ ! ball1 mu* to ! dread ( ! batsman he oppos$4 ,"o day he 0 b[l+ aga9/ ! pres5t writ] 9 8 usual head/rong /yle1 & actually s5t a ball ov] ! wicket-keep]'s head into long-/op's h&s4 ,?is naturally fright5$ u1 z we ?\ght x j possible t ! next might hit u on ! *e/4 ,a n>r[ escape we _h1 = ! v next 0 pit*$ s high1 t1 _h we n quickly dropp$ on ! gr\nd1 x w\ld h hit u on ! head ) su* =ce z probably to /op cricket ) u = ev]4 ,our rem>ks on und]h& b[l+1 or sl[s1 mu/ necess>ily be brief4 ,t good sl[s are effective1 p>ticul>ly aga9/ c\nty tw5ty-twos1 is prov$ by ! analysis ( ,r4 ,c4 ,t9ley's b[l+1 & ! de/ructive p[] ( ,mr4 ,v4 ,e4 ,walk]'s sl[s is well kn[n to mo/ ( ^? :o h play$ aga9/ him4 ,x is (t5 a good plan to beg9 ) a fa/ b[l] at "o end & sl[s at ! o!r4 ,! *ange ( pace & deliv]y is v puzzl+ to ! batsman1 :o is compell$ to play ! two /yles on a diff]5t plan4 ,if1 h[ev]1 a sl[ b[l] is hit ab\t mu*1 he %\ld be *ang$ at once1 z ! hits f sl[s g5]ally add up quick] ?an ^? f r\nd-arm4 ,if *ange ( pit* is advantage\s 9 ! swift b[l+1 x is ! v s\l ( sl[s4 ,full pit*es1 leg balls1 (f balls1 %oot]s1 all /yles & =ms1 %\ld be all[$ full play4 ,! b[l]1 too1 mu/ dodge ab\t1 & make himself an extra field1 go+ :]ev] he imag9es ! ball w be hit4 ,9 writ+ ab\t sl[s we _c pass unm5tion$ ! great advantage d]iv$ f mak+ a ball twi/ 9 f ! leg4 ,x is always und]/ood t ! leg /ump is ! h>de/ to def5d1 & consequ5tly ! be/ to attack4 ,a sl[ ball is pit*$ a little wide ( ! leg1 ! batsman runs away f 8 gu>d1 &1 9 8 imag9ation1 sees ! ball hit to squ>e leg = f\r4 ,9 reality1 h[ev]1 he f9ds 8 (f-/ump knock$ d[n by ?is same leg ball at :i*1 9 8 ignorance1 he /ruck too soon1 & !re=e saw x hit 8 /ump be=e he c\ld be back to /op x4 ,! positions ( ! field may be v>i$ accord+ to ! op9ion ( ! b[l]4 ,illu/ration ,,! ,,wicket-,,keep]4 ,! duties ( ! wicket-keep] are to /op ! balls :5 miss$ by ! /rik]1 to /ump him :5 (f 8 gr\nd1 & to cat* ! ball1 & knock ! wickets d[n be=e ! /rik]1 :5 runn+1 c gr\nd 8 bat ov] ! popp+-crease4 ,s9ce ! introduction ( fa/ b[l+ ?is position has become ! mo/ dang]\s 9 ! field1 & a wicket-keep] seldom gets ?r\gh a mat* )\t receiv+ "s bruises4 ,he %\ld always we> pads & gloves4 ,"s p recomm5d a gu>d = ! abdom51 b ?is is sc>cely ev] us$4 ,! wicket-keep] %\ld1 if possible1 be capta9 ( 8 elev54 ,z he is beh9d ! /rik]1 he c by a motion ( 8 h& move any ( ! field clos] or fur!r1 unkn[n to ! batsman4 ,?is naturally requires great tact1 & is (t5 ! means ( sav+ _m a run1 or ( gett+ a wicket4 ,he %\ld /& 9 a some:at /oop+ position1 8 left leg well =w>d & 8 h&s close toge!r1 :ile 8 eyes %\ld wat* e movem5t ( ! ball4 ,he %\ld be v cauti\s ab\t tak+ leg balls1 z1 if he gets too ne>1 he is likely to receive a bl[ f ! batsman4 ,z soon z ! ball is ?r[n to him f ! long-/op1 he ought to advance two or ?ree y>ds 7provid$1 9 ! meantime1 ! batsm5 are n runn+71 & s5d x g5tly into ! b[l]'s h&s4 ,! mom5t a hit is made1 he %\ld /& on t side ( ! wicket f>!/ f ! ball1 & wait quietly till x is ?r[n 94 ,! ball %\ld be ?r[n 9 by "o pit*1 & n 9 long hops1 z is (t5 ! case among bad play]s4 ,above all1 he %\ld knock ! wicket d[n z seldom z possible1 b cont5t himself ) /rik+ a bail (f :5 he ?9ks ! batsman is out ( 8 gr\nd4 ,,long-,,/op4 ,/&s beh9d ! wicket-keep]1 9 ord] to prev5t byes4 ,he mu/ be c>eful n to be too f> away f ! wicket1 or else clev] play]s are apt to /eal a bye be=e ! ball has rea*$ him4 ,! mom5t he gets ! ball1 he %\ld return x %>ply into ! wicket-keep]'s h&s1 & sc>cely ev] ?r[ x ov] to ! b[l]4 ,he %\ld assi/ 9 back+ up %ort slip1 & also endeav\r to save runs on ! leg side4 ,:5 sl[s are put on 9 a mat*1 ! long-/op is usually *ang$ to a position ab\t twelve y>ds beh9d ! b[l]'s head4 ,,po9t4 ,/&s 9 a direct l9e ) ! popp+-crease1 at a di/ance ( ab\t twelve y>ds on ! (f-side1 = fa/ b[l+4 ,! fa/] ! b[l+1 ! %>p] he %\ld /&4 ,he %\ld comm5ce at fir/ at ! di/ance we h j m5tion$1 & approa* :5 he sees ! play] ab\t to /rike4 ,a %>p po9t may (t5 /op a h>d hit to cov]-po9t4 ,?is position is1 h[ev]1 r dang]\s 9 fa/ b[l+1 &1 at ! same "t1 "o ( ! mo/ important4 ,= sl[ b[l+1 he %\ld come 9 to ab\t five y>ds1 & /& at a m acute angle ?an :5 ! deliv]y is v swift4 ,,%ort-,,slip4 ,/&s a few y>ds beh9d ! wicket on ! (f-side4 ,z ?is position does n entail mu* runn+1 x is usually allott$ to ! b[l]s4 ,! balls come 9 v %>ply :5 ! b[l+ is swift1 & ! p]son occupy+ ?is position has to wat* ! ball v att5tively1 or he /&s a v good *ance ( receiv+ x 9 8 face4 ,x is also 8 duty to back up ! wicket-keep]1 & to take 8 place at ! wicket :5 t function>y runs aft] ! ball4 ,,cov]-,,po9t4 ,/&s "s di/ance beh9d po9t1 to prev5t a second run4 ,! %>p] ! b[l+ is1 ! squ>] he %\ld /&4 ,he mu/ also be p>ticul> 9 back+ up1 z he c prev5t _m an ov]?r[4 ,,long-,,slip4 ,p]=ms ! same duties1 & occupies ! same position1 ) reg>d to slip z ! la/-m5tion$ field does to po9t4 ,he %\ld1 :5 he c1 back up long-/op & save a second run4 ,,long-,,on4 ,/&s deep on ! on-side4 ,:5 ! b[l+ is v swift1 he c take ! place ( mid-wicket on1 z a ball 9 su* a case is seldom hit fair1 ei!r on ! on or (f side4 ,he mu/ be a good cat*1 a good ?r[]1 & v swift on 8 legs4 ,,long-,,(f4 ,occupies ! same position z long-on at ! o!r side ( ! wicket4 ,,leg4 ,/&s ab\t ! same di/ance beh9d ! wicket on ! on-side z long-on does be=e x4 ,he mu/ possess a quick eye & great agility4 ,leg-hits1 aft] t\*+ ! gr\nd1 usually turn (f 9 q a diff]5t direction f :at "o w\ld expect4 ,leg %\ld !re=e try to get !m be=e !y pit*1 or else be c>eful 9 runn+ to meet !m4 ,,mid-,,wicket ,,on ,,& ,,(f4 ,/& halfway betwe5 ! long-fields & ! /rik]'s wicket4 ,z _m cat*es come to ^! p>ts ( ! field1 !y %\ld be v %>p & active1 & try to prev5t ! ball go+ pa/ !m4 ,,?ird ,,man ,,up4 ,9 v swift b[l+ ! long-on (t5 takes ?is position4 ,he /&s betwe5 po9t & %ort-slip1 9 a direct l9e ) ! b[l+-crease1 at a di/ance ( ab\t twelve y>ds4 99 99 99 99 99 ,& n[1 hav+ giv5 ! functions ( ! fieldsm51 we propose to %[1 by diagrams1 _! positions ) reg>d to fa/ & sl[ b[l+4 ,,diagram ,i4--,,fa/ ,,r\nd-,,arm ,,b[l+4 ,illu/ration3 ,s4 ,/rik]2 #a4 ,! ,b[l]2 #b4 ,wicket-,keep]2 #c4 ,long-,/op2 #d4 ,%ort-,slip2 #e4 ,po9t2 #f4 ,long-,slip2 #g4 ,mid-,wicket on2 #h4 ,long-(f2 #i4 ,cov]-,po9t2 #aj4 ,?ird ,man up2 #aa4 ,long-,leg2 ,u4 ,umpire4 ,,diagram ,,ii4--,,m$ium ,,pace ,,r\nd-,,arm ,,b[l+4 ,illu/ration3 ,s4 ,/rik]2 #a4 ,b[l]2 #b4 ,wicket-,keep]2 #c4 ,long-,/op2 #d4 ,%ort-,slip2 #e4 ,po9t2 #f4 ,long-,slip2 #g4 ,long-on2 #h4 ,long-(f2 #i4 ,cov]-,po9t2 #aj4 ,mid-,wicket on2 #aa4 ,leg2 ,u4 ,umpire4 ,,diagram ,,iii4--,,sl[ ,,und]h& ,,b[l+4 ,illu/ration3 #a4 ,b[l]2 #b4 ,wicket-,keep]2 #c4 ,leg2 #d4 ,%ort-,slip4 #e4 ,po9t2 #f4 ,extra ,long-on2 #g4 ,long-on2 #h4 ,long-(f2 #i4 ,mid-,wicket (f2 #aj4 ,mid-,wicket on2 #aa4 ,squ>e-,leg2 ,s4 ,/rik]4 ,u4 ,umpire4 99 99 99 99 99 ,z 9 v swift b[l+ ! ball is (t5 hit to ! (f1 x w be se5 t 9 ,diagram ,i4 we h plac$ no less ?an six out ( ! elev5 on t side4 ,mid-wicket on & long-(f %\ld be a little ne>] ! b[l]1 & long-slip ne>] ! long-/op1 ?an repres5t$ 9 ! illu/ration4 ,9 ,diagram ,,ii4 ?ird man up is made mid-wicket on1 :ile cov]-po9t comes 9 ne>] ?an :5 ! b[l+ 0 v fa/4 ,9 ,diagram ,,iii41 z ! b[l+ is sl[1 no long-/op is requir$2 he is !re=e s5t z an additional field beh9d ! b[l]4 ,%ort-slip /&s 9 v close to ! wickets4 ,,croquet4 ,,mat]ials ,,( ,,! ,,game4 ,,! ,,mallets4 ,illu/ration ,! mallet1 ( :i* 9 a ,croquet set !re are eight1 v>ies 9 l5g? f #cb to #ci in*es4 ,! h&le is ?9 & r\nd1 & is fa/5$ into ! head some:at 9 ! mann] ( an ord9>y mallet us$ = knock+ 9 t5t pegs4 ,! head slightly resembles 9 %ape a dice-box1 inasmu* z x is n>r[] 9 ! c5tre ?an at ! ends4 ,! mallet is ! active ag5t 9 ! game1 j z ! bat is at cricket2 & z ! mallet is always 9 ! h&s ( ! /rik]1 c>e %\ld be tak5 t x is well plan$4 ,t[>ds ! top ( ! h&le a few circul> l9es may be cut ) advantage1 z !y give a firm] hold to ! h&4 ,at ! bottom ( ! h&le is usually pa9t$ a col\r1 or a numb] ( l9es1 correspond+ to ! m>ks on "o ( ! balls4 ,su* an arrangem5t1 al?\gh n absolutely necess>y--s9ce a play] c use any mallet )\t int]f]+ ) ! game--is ( advantage 9 accord+ to ea* play] ! same col\r$ mallet z 8 ball2 & 7 ! mallets uncol\r$1 disputes w\ld probably arise ab\t "o :i* 0 a great] fav\rite ?an ! o!rs4 ,"s p pref] to h ! col\r ( all ! balls pa9t$ on _! mallets4 ,?is is a v good plan if "o is 9 ! habit ( play+ ) inatt5tive p1 :o w n recollect :5 x is _! turn to play4 ,z ! h>d surface ( ! end ( ! mallet-head com+ %>ply 9 contact ) a ball (t5 cracks1 *ips1 or breaks x 9 two pieces1 x has be5 sugge/$ t a piece ( wa%-lea!r %\ld be let 9 at ea* end ( ! head1 9 ord] to dead5 ! =ce ( ! /roke4 ,we d n1 h[ev]1 recomm5d ! adoption ( ?is plan1 z x is v exp5sive1 & ! wa%-lea!r is n only likely to be soon torn1 b 9 ! c\rse ( ! game may come out altoge!r2 besides1 a ,croquet-ball c always be replac$ = a trifl+ sum1 &1 if play$ ) c>efully1 ought to la/ twelve mon?s at lea/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,croquet4 ,illu/ration ,,! ,,balls4 ,! balls are eight 9 numb]1 & are g5]ally pa9t$ diff]5t col\rs--blue1 p9k1 black1 yell[1 br[n1 orange1 r$1 gre54 ,! size v>ies f #c in*es to #c in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! balls ( "s ( ! bett] ,croquet games are n entirely cov]$ ) pa9t1 b adorn$ simply by a b& ( pa9t1 ab\t half an in* 9 wid?1 or ) l9es ( blue & r$1 v>y+ f "o to f\r 9 numb]1 z 9 ! illu/ration4 ,balls col\r$ ?us are1 h[ev]1 n s easily di/+ui%able z ^? :i* are pa9t$ all ov]4 ,,! ,,hoops4 ,illu/ration ,! hoops1 t5 9 numb]1 are made ( iron4 ,!y are ab\t #af in*es high1 & #ab in*es wide2 al?\gh ^! dim5sions are n ( mu* importance4 ,9 "s games ! hoops are ( bronze1 or else are pa9t$ a gold5 col\r4 ,usually1 h[ev]1 !y are ( a black1 iron t9t4 ,! set ) :i* we g5]ally play is pa9t$ :ite4 ,?is plan is 9 _m respects advantage\s1 = z ! %ades ( ev5+ close r\nd ! play]s ! contra/ betwe5 ! grass & ! hoops becomes less vivid1 & consequ5tly 9 ! excitem5t ( ! game a play] occasionally tumbles ov] a hoop1 & probably hurts 8 legs2 :51 h[ev]1 ! hoops are pa9t$ :ite1 ! play c be cont9u$ to a late h\r )\t ! *ance ( su* a casualty z ! break+ ( "o's %9s aga9/ ! iron hoops4 ,,! ,,po/s4 ,! po/s1 two 9 numb]1 %\ld be f #bd to #cf in*es high4 ,"o end mu/ be %>p5$ into a po9t1 9 ord] to all[ x to /ick well 9 ! gr\nd4 ,"o is call$ ! />t+1 ! o!r ! turn+ po/4 ,! top half is1 9 ! *eap] sets1 divid$ into eight divisions1 ea* ( :i* is pa9t$ accord+ to ! col\rs ( ! ball4 ,?us1 beg9n+ f ! top1 we trace ! divisions into ! foll[+ ord]3-- #a4 ,blue4 #b4 ,p9k4 #c4 ,black4 #d4 ,yell[4 #e4 ,br[n4 #f4 ,orange4 #g4 ,gre54 #h4 ,r$4 ,! ord] ( ! col\rs acts z a guide to ! play]s2 & s9ce ^? on ea* side play alt]nately1 x foll[s t 9 a game ( eight1 ! d>k balls--blue1 black1 br[n1 & gre5--are mat*$ aga9/ ! light balls--p9k1 yell[1 orange1 & r$4 ,! advantage ( ?is arrangem5t is pla9ly manife/1 s9ce1 dur+ ! game1 ! play]s1 )\t ref]r+ to ! peg1 w "k t ! light col\rs play alt]nately ) ! d>k4 ,we admit1 h[ev]1 t op9ion may be divid$ ab\t ! lightness ( r$ z a col\r2 & we !re=e hope t ! ,croquet-mak]s w *ange x into :ite1 :i* is n likely to be conf\nd$ ) ! yell[1 = ! latt]1 9 consequ5ce ( be+ 9 m frequ5t use1 is sure to become d>k 9 mu* %ort] "t ?an ! =m]4 ,"s1 h[ev]1 z 9 ! illu/ration1 h r$ & blue divisions1 m>k$ f "o to f\r1 to correspond ) ! numb] ( r+s pa9t$ on ! balls4 ,illu/ration ,,clips4 ,illu/ration ,a set ( ,croquet-clips--little pieces ( t91 col\r$ accord+ to ! col\rs ( ! balls1 9 ord] to slip ov] ! hoops1 & ?us %[ ! hoop ?r\gh :i* ! play] has next to pass--has be5 lately introduc$4 ,we d n1 h[ev]1 recomm5d ! use ( !m1 z !y are liable to cause mu* confusion1 & c]ta9ly give a great deal ( tr\ble to ^? play]s :o adopt !m4 ,,m>k+ ,,bo>d4 ,a g5tleman has inv5t$ a m>k+-bo>d1 on :i* is plac$ ! position ( ea* play] aft] 8 /roke is made2 b z ?is requires an umpire to m>k ! positions ( ! balls1 we d n ?9k ! plan wor? adoption4 ,illu/ration ,,tunnel4 ,9 "s games a v n>r[ hoop--sc>cely wide en\gh = ! ball to pass ?r\gh--has be5 introduc$ "u ! "n ( tunnel4 ,x c]ta9ly adds to ! complication ( ! game4 ,illu/ration ,,! ,,cage ,is ano!r novelty1 =m$ by plac+ two hoops across ea* o!r1 & fa/5+ a bell at ! po9t ( int]section1 :i* has to be /ruck by ! ball pass+ ?r\gh4 ,illu/ration ,a ,,croquet ,,/& ,is "o ( ! be/ ( ! rec5t inv5tions 9 ,croquet1 & is to be recomm5d$ z a great improvem5t ov] ! unwieldy box1 :i* conta9s usually a ,croquet set1 & :i* is g5]ally s badly arrang$ t a qu>t] ( an h\r is occupi$ 9 tak+ out ! ,croquet implem5ts1 & ab\t d\ble t "t 9 replac+ !m aft] ! game is ov]4 ,,h[ ,,! ,,game ,,is ,,play$4 ,sides are *os5 9 ! usual mann]1 ! capta9 ( "o side tak+ ! fir/ ball & ! capta9 ( ! o!r ! second2 :ile ! rema9+ balls are giv5 to ! o!r play]s 9 ! ord] 9 :i* !y are *os54 ,eight p]sons c play at ?is game1 b any small] numb] w d equally well4 ,if only six or f\r play1 ! same numb] ( balls mu/ be us$2 b if two play1 ! game is improv$ by ea* play] tak+ two balls & play+ !m alt]nately z usual4 ,if !re be an odd numb] ( play]s--ei!r ?ree1 five1 or sev5--! play]s play aga9/ ea* o!r1 or else "o p]son takes two balls & plays = ea* side4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t to amuse a l>ge p>ty two games %\ld g on at once1 ?r\gh ! same hoops1 "o side to beg9 at ! />t+-po/ & ! o!r at ! turn+-po/4 ,! confusion1 h[ev]1 caus$ by ! balls gett+ 9 ea* o!r's way w\ld q spoil all *ance ( good play4 ,assum+ t ea* play] has a ball & a mallet1 t ! hoops are arrang$ 9 ei!r ( ! ?ree positions giv5 on pages #agg1 #agh1 #agi1 #ahj1 we n[ come to ! mode ( play+ ! game4 ,! object is to drive ! balls ?r\gh all ! hoops1 9 ! direction indicat$ by ! dott$ l9es on ! diagrams1 & to /rike ! two po/s4 ,! side all ( ^: memb]s succe$ 9 p]=m+ ?is feat fir/ w9s ! game4 ,n[1 al?\gh ?is is ! *ief object ( ! game1 yet ! act f :i* x d]ives its title1 to wit 8,croquet10 is ( mu* great] importance ?an w\ld at fir/ be imag9$4 ,if a play] hit ) 8 ball any ( ! o!rs1 he is all[$ to place 8 own aga9/ ! ball he has /ruck1 & sett+ 8 foot ^u 8 own ball1 he hits x ) ! mallet1 & ! =ce ( ! bl[ drives ! oppon5t's ball a consid]able di/ance 9 ! direction t[>ds :i* ! mallet is direct$4 ,z ! play] is all[$ to croquet ei!r fri5d or foe1 x is evid5t t he c d a great deal ( damage or s]vice1 accord+ to 8 incl9ation1 s9ce he is at lib]ty to drive ! ball 9 any direction he pleases4 7,see ,rules ( ! ,croquet1 page #ahb47 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be borne 9 m9d t no play] c croquet or be croqu$ until he has be5 ?r\gh ! fir/ hoop4 ,! hold] ( ! fir/ ball1 plac+ 8 ball a mallet's l5g? 9 any direction f ! />t+-po/1 endeav\rs by /rik+ x ) ! end ( 8 mallet to drive x ?r\gh ! fir/ hoop4 ,if he succe$s1 he cont9ues 8 turn1 & attempts to s5d ! ball ?r\gh ! second hoop1 & !n ?r\gh ! ?ird2 = driv+ ! ball ?r\gh a hoop or croqu+ ano!r ball imp>ts ! privilege ( an additional /roke4 ,:5 he has f9i%$1 ! second goes on1 & ! o!r play]s foll[ 9 ! ord] 9 :i* ! balls are m>k$ ^u ! po/4 ,till a play] has gone ?r\gh ! fir/ hoop he is n all[$ to h an extra turn1 if 8 ball hit t ( ano!r4 ,9 a %ort "t is palpably %[n ! great advantage ( ! croquet4 ,(t5 :5 a play] has 8 ball 9 a good position 9 front ( a hoop1 ano!r w hit x & drive x to ! o!r end ( ! croquet-gr\nd1 compell+ ! croqu$ ball to take two or ?ree turns be=e x c rega9 its =m] position4 ,occasionally two or ?ree balls lie close to ea* o!r1 & "o is /ruck by a ball :i* 0 "s di/ance (f4 ,! /rik] is n[ all[$ to place 8 ball by ! side ( ! "o he has /ruck1 & !n1 aft] croqu+ x1 is almo/ sure ( hitt+ ! two o!rs1 s9ce 8 la/ /roke has br\ght him v ne> to !m4 ,! play] :o rea*es ! turn+-po/ fir/ has great advantages = a "t1 = z soon z he t\*es x he comm5ces 8 return j\rney1 & meet+ ! o!r play]s on _! road to ! f>!/ po9t ( _! voyage1 he is able to croquet !m & consid]ably imp$e _! progress4 ,:ile writ+ ab\t ! turn+-po/1 we _c refra9 f call+ att5tion to a /range rule :i* appe>s 9 a rec5tly-issu$ manual ( ,croquet4 ,9 ?is "w x is /at$ t on t\*+ ! po/ ! /rik] discont9ues play+1 & is n all[$ = ! act ! same privilege t he obta9s = pass+ ?r\gh a hoop4 ,?is regulation is1 we ?9k1 s unfair t we _c all[ ?is "w to g to press )\t tak+ ! opportunity ( record+ our prote/ aga9/ ! adoption ( ! rule 9 "q4 ,x mu/ be evid5t to anybody :o kn[s any?+ ab\t ! game t x is a m difficult task to /rike ! po/ ?an to pass ?r\gh a hoop4 ,n[1 t\*+ ! po/ is a po9t 9 ! game1 = x is "o ( ! /ations t ev]ybody mu/ pass on ! j\rney2 & z = ea* o!r po9t1 su* z pass+ a hoop or croqu+1 ! play] is all[$ an additional turn1 surely x /&s to reason t ! same advantage %\ld be accord$ to a play] :o p]=ms ! feat ( /rik+ ! turn+-po/4 ,capta9 ,mayne ,reid & all ! o!r writ]s on ,croquet 7) "o exception7 agree ) u 9 ! view we h tak5 on ?is subject1 to :i* we h at "s l5g? drawn att5tion1 9 ! hope t ! au?or ( ! obnoxi\s rule w ?9k fit to make ! necess>y alt]ation4 ,:5 a play] has pass$ ?r\gh all ! hoops1 he becomes :at is call$ 9 ! te*nical language ( ,croquet a ,rov]1 & is privileg$ to rove ab\t ov] ! gr\nd croqu+ 8 fri5ds & foes 7see page #ahe74 ,x is !re=e obvi\s t a good play] c prove1 :5 ?us situat$1 ( imm5se advantage to 8 side1 & %\ld on no acc\nt hit ! />t+ or w9n+ po/ till all on 8 side h pass$ ?r\gh ! la/ hoop 7see page #aia74 ,good play]s1 h[ev]1 g5]ally cont5t !mselves ) pass+ ?r\gh all ! hoops b two1 z x (t5 happ5s t if a ,rov] is tiresome 8 adv]s>ies unite 9 _! ef=ts to drive 8 ball aga9/ ! />t+-po/1 & ?us kill him4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 !y _c d until he has pass$ ?r\gh all ! hoops4 ,! excitem5t t[>ds ! end ( ! game is almo/ inconceivable2 ea* /roke is wat*$ ) ! ke5e/ int]e/4 ,gradually "o by "o ! play]s hit ! po/1 until p]haps only two rema91 & n[ occurs an opportunity = skilful play4 ,if ! two oppon5ts are good play]s1 !y af=d a r>e treat to ! by/&]s4 ,! object ( ea* is fir/ to hit ! po/1 &1 fail+ 9 t1 to keep z f> (f 8 adv]s>y z he c4 ,bo? endeav\r1 at ! same "t draw+ ne>] to ! great object 9 view1 to keep ! po/ betwe5 _! own & ! o!r ball4 ,at l5g? "o plays at ! po/1 misses x1 & s5ds 8 ball ne> 8 adv]s>y1 :o fir/ hits x1 next croquets x away1 & !n /rikes ! po/1 :ile all 8 side wave _! mallets al(t1 & l\dly %\t 8,victory60 ,illu/ration3 ,,diagram ,,no4 #a4--,?is position1 :i* is ! simple/ ( ^? we h drawn1 is ! "o :i* we recomm5d all "y play]s to adopt4 ,! space betwe5 ! hoops & betwe5 ! hoops & ! po/s %\ld be ab\t six feet1 al?\gh x c be v>i$ 9 proportion to ! capabilities ( ! diff]5t play]s4 ,! c\rse ( ! ball is indicat$ by ! dott$ l9es1 & ! arr[s %[ ! direction 9 :i* at />t+ ! ball %\ld travel4 ,al?\gh x may appe> r a simple matt] to g ?r\gh ! two fir/ hoops by "o /raight /roke1 yet ! un=tunate play] w soon f9d out 8 mi/ake by exp]i5ce1 & t1 9 attempt+ to pass ?r\gh ! hoops1 8,sl[ & sure0 is ! be/ maxim to adopt4 ,illu/ration3 ,,diagram ,,no4 #b4--;,9 ?is1 ! second1 diagram x w be se5 t ! two c5tre side hoops are done away )1 & t "o is plac$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! game in/ead3 b al?\gh 9 ! play we n[ require "o hoop less ?an 9 ! =m] diagram1 yet ! play] w h to pass ?r\gh ! same numb] ( hoops z be=e1 s9ce he travels twice ?r\gh ! hoop 9 ! c5tre--once on 8 way to ! turn+-po/1 & once on 8 return4 ,?is position is necess>ily n s simple z ! la/ "o1 = n[ all *ance ( go+ ?r\gh ! ?ree side hoops 9 "o turn is done away )1 & few play]s w be able to make ! passage 9 less ?an ?ree turns4 ,illu/ration3 ,,diagram ,,no4 #c4--;,9 ?is ! same numb] ( hoops is us$ z 9 ! fir/ diagram1 b ! hoops numb]$ respectively #d & #i1 in/ead ( be+ plac$ p>allel to ! o!rs1 are n[ at "r-angles to !m3 ?us1 9 play+ f #c to #d1 "o has to keep to ! "r ( ! second r+1 & !n to pass ?r\gh x f ! outside ( ! game--a mu* m difficult arrangem5t ?an ei!r ( ! o!r positions we h describ$4 ,z ! play]'s k ( ,croquet increases1 _m o!r positions w sugge/ !mselves2 b ^? we h pr9t$ are ! simple/1 & are ! diagrams 9 g5]al use at ! pres5t "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,diagram ,,no4 #d4--;,9 ?is diagram ! cage is introduc$2 o!rwise x is ne>ly ! same z ,diagram ,no4 #b4 ,! read] is n[ reque/$ to give 8 att5tion to ! foll[+ ,rules1 :i* we believe w be f\nd to meet all ! requisites ( ! game4 ,,rules4 ,,/rik+4 #a4 ,at ! comm5cem5t ( ! game ! ball is to be plac$ a mallet's l5g? f ! />t+-po/ 9 any direction1 & ! play] endeav\rs to drive x ?r\gh ! fir/ hoop4 ,z ! di/ance betwe5 ! fir/ po/ & ! fir/ hoop dep5ds s mu* ^u ! size ( ! ,croquet-gr\nd1 ! fir/ rule may be alt]$ to suit ! conv5i5ce ( ! play]s2 b if ! l5g? is less ?an a mallet1 ! play] w probably /rike ! po/ ) 8 own mallet4 #b4 ,9 /rik+ ! ball1 ! play] mu/ /& on "o side ( ! ball1 & n beh9d x4 #c4 ,9 /rik+1 ! mallet mu/ be ab\t an in* f ! gr\nd1 & mu/ n be pu%$ along x :5 ! /roke is made1 except :5 ! di/ance betwe5 ! ball & "s o!r object is too small to admit ! mallet l5g?wise4 ,"s play]s wi% only "o h& to be us$ 9 /rik+4 ,mo/ ( ! l>ge sets1 h[ev]1 are too heavy to all[ ?is rule to be g5]ally c>ri$ out4 #d4 ,! ball mu/ be /ruck ) an end ( ! mallet1 & n by ! side4 ,,ord] ,,( ,,play+4 #e4 ,! balls are to be play$ 9 ! ord] 9 :i* !y are m>k$ ^u ! po/4 #f4 ,if any play] play out ( 8 turn1 he f9i%es ! /roke2 b = ! violation ( ! la/ rule he is depriv$ ( ! next turn4 ,x may p]haps be sugge/$ t a play]1 see+ a good opportunity = "s effective /roke1 w\ld purposely play out ( 8 turn4 ,?is we d\bt2 = n only w\ld ! deprivation ( 8 next turn d him a great deal ( damage1 b ! *ances are t "o ( ! o!r play]s w\ld /op him be=e he _h comm5c$ ! /roke4 #g4 ,if a play] play ) a wrong ball1 he has to replace ! ball & lose 8 next turn4 ,?is p5alty is n en=c$ aga9/ a play] if ! error be n discov]$ be=e ! arrival ( 8 second turn4 #h4 ,if a play] by a /roke ( 8 mallet drives 8 ball ?r\gh ! next hoop 9 ! ord] ( 8 c\rse1 he is all[$ to cont9ue 8 /roke4 #i4 ,a play] may 9 "o /roke drive 8 ball ?r\gh m ?an "o hoop4 #aj4 ,if a ball1 9 go+ ?r\gh a hoop1 /rike ano!r ball1 ! play] c ei!r cont9ue 8 /roke at ! next hoop1 or else croquet ! ball t is /ruck2 b he is n all[$ two turns = pass+ ?r\gh a hoop1 & !n hitt+ a ball4 #aa4 ,if a ball /rike ano!r ball1 & !n pass ?r\gh a hoop1 ! play] c ei!r croquet or cont9ue 8 /roke1 & has n to pass ?r\gh ! same hoop aga94 ,f ?is rule ! read] may inf]1 t if a ball g ?r\gh its hoop ei!r by /rik+ ano!r ball or by hitt+ ! sides ( ! hoop1 x is consid]$ to h pass$ ! hoop4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t a ball is dead directly x croquets ano!r1 & t !re=e any /roke x makes aft] t is ( no avail2 b z ?is n only does away ) ,rule #aa1 b prev5ts any play] croqu+ two balls 9 "o /roke1 we _c adopt x4 #ab4 ,if a ball1 in/ead ( play+ at its hoop1 play at a ball on ! o!r side ( ! hoop1 & consequ5tly h to be mov$ by ! h& ?r\gh its own hoop 9 ord] to croquet1 x is n consid]$ to h gone ?r\gh ! hoop1 b mu/ return to ! prop] side ( ! hoop 9 ! ord9>y mann]4 #ac4 ,a ball is n ?r\gh a hoop if ! h&le ( ! mallet :5 laid across ! two sides ( ! hoop f :5ce ! ball came t\*es ! ball )\t mov+ ! hoop4 #ad4 ,if a play] /rike a ball :i* he _c croquet1 & by t /roke g ?r\gh a hoop1 ! la/ /roke holds good1 & he has ano!r turn4 #ae4 ,if a ball1 :5 croqu$ ?r\gh its hoop 9 a wrong direction1 roll back ?r\gh ! hoop1 x has n to pass ?r\gh ! same hoop 9 ! same direction aga94 ,,! ,,croquet4 ,:5 ! game ( ,croquet fir/ came into fa%ion1 !re 0 only "o mode ( ! croquet1 :i* 0 t usually kn[n z ! tight croquet4 ,s9ce !n o!r =ms1 kn[n z ! loose & slipp+ croquet1 h come into fa%ion1 & h met ) s mu* fav\r t x is impossible to d5y _! claims to our att5tion4 ,9 ! tight croquet ! play] mu/ keep 8 foot ^u 8 own ball1 & is n all[$ to move x :ile he makes ! /roke2 b 9 ! loose croquet he ne$ n ev5 put 8 foot on 8 own ball at all1 & is able consequ5tly to drive n only 8 adv]s>y's ball1 b also 8 own1 9 any direction he pleases4 ,! adoption ( ?is plan1 ev5 al?\gh x l5g!ns & complicates ! game1 af=ds s mu* pleasure to ! play]s !mselves1 t x is becom+ univ]sally adopt$4 ,"s writ]s1 h[ev]1 insi/ t to rov]s only %\ld ! privilege ( ! loose croquet be accord$2 :il/ o!rs1 on ! o!r h&1 w\ld all[ ! privilege only to ^? :o are n rov]s4 ,9 fact1 s mu* is to be said on ea* side1 t ! bett] plan is to all[ ! play]s to *oose :i* ( ^! c\rses !y ?9k fit to adopt4 ,9 "s places1 9 addition to ! loose croquet1 a practice prevails :i* is usually kn[n by ! t]m 8tak+ two (f40 ,?us if a play] croquet a ball1 he is all[$ to drive 8 own ball 9 any direction he pleases1 )\t t\*+ ! croqu$ ball4 ,aft] ?is he has ano!r /roke1 s t he is enabl$ to get close to any ball on ! gr\nd4 ,?is plan seems to u s highly objectionable1 & s ?or\ghly subv]sive ( all good play1 t we mu/ decl9e to recomm5d x4 ,x %\ld also be kn[n t _m ( our correspond5ts object to loose croquet altoge!r1 on ! gr\nd t x t5ds greatly to prolong ! turns1 & ?us spoils ! game1 z p1 gr[n tir$ ( wait+1 lose all int]e/ 9 x1 & =get :5 _! turn comes to play4 ,:at expressions m common on ! gr\nd ?an 8,^: turn is x n[80 #af4 ,a play] is all[$ ! privilege ( croqu+ :5ev] 8 ball /rikes ano!r1 except :5 by do+ s he makes ! ball t is /ruck hit ! w9n+-po/1 if x h pass$ ?r\gh ! hoops4 #ag4 ,9 ! tight croquet ! play] mu/ keep 8 foot firmly ^u 8 own ball1 & if ! /roke move x ! ball mu/ aft]w>ds be br\ght back to ! position x occupi$ be=e x 0 /ruck4 ,"s writ]s insi/ t if ! croqueur's ball slip1 he loses 8 turn4 ,?is arrangem5t is too absurd to be tol]at$ = an in/ant4 #ah4 ,no ball c croquet1 or be croqu$1 until x has pass$ ?r\gh ! fir/ hoop4 ,x has be5 ! cu/om to all[ a play] to take up 8 ball1 & play1 :5 8 turn comes1 f ! />t+-po/ aga91 if he misses ! fir/ hoop4 ,?is plan1 h[ev]1 has no?+ to recomm5d x4 ,x w\ld enable a play] :o wi%$ to play la/ to d s at ease by int5tionally miss+ ! hoop1 & is obvi\sly s unfair t we h no wi% to adopt x4 #ai4 ,no ball 7except a rov]7 c croquet ! same ball twice1 until x 7! croqueur7 has pass$ ?r\gh a hoop or t\*$ ! po/ s9ce its fir/ croquet4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! croqueur be a rov]1 he _c croquet ! same ball twice 9 "o turn4 ,9 ei!r case1 h[ev]1 he is at lib]ty to /rike ! same ball twice1 b ?is act does n all[ him ! privilege ( a fre% /roke4 #bj4 ,a croquet ne$ n necess>ily be a di/9ct /roke4 ,if ! /rik+ ball 9 its passage hit ei!r a po/ or a hoop1 & !n cannon ^u a ball1 ! privilege holds good2 & if1 also1 "o ball /rike two or m o!rs1 ea* ( ^! is croqu$ 9 ! ord] 9 :i* !y 7 /ruck2 b ! /rik] has only "o additional /roke :5 he has croqu$ ! lot1 & n "o = ea* ball he has /ruck4 #ba4 ,z ! mov+ ( ! croqu+ ball 9 ! tight croquet is ( itself illegal1 x /&s to reason t if ?is ball dur+ ! /roke slip & t\* ano!r ball1 ! play] has n ! "r to claim ! privilege ( ! croquet4 ,9 ! loose croquet a play] may by 8 croqu+ /roke drive 8 own ball ?r\gh a hoop4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,tight ,,croquet4 #bb4 ,a play]1 aft] /rik+ a ball1 is n necess>ily compell$ to croquet x1 b is all[$ to play 9 any direction he pleases4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be und]/ood t he mu/ play f ! place :]e 8 ball is1 & n1 s9ce he abnegates ! privilege ( x1 z aft] a croquet1 f a position t\*+ ! ball he has /ruck4 #bc4 ,if a play] hit a rov]1 & by ! bl[ =ce ! o!r ball aga9/ ! w9n+-po/1 he _c croquet ! ball1 z x is pla9ly dead2 he h[ev] reta9s ! privilege ( ano!r turn4 ,z ! ball is dead1 x mu/ be mov$ at once4 #bd4 ,if a play] 9 ! act ( croqu+ d n move ! croqu$ ball at lea/ #f in*es1 he is at lib]ty to take ! /roke ov] aga94 ,( c\rse ! croqu$ ball mu/ be plac$ 9 ! position x occupi$ be=e x 0 /ruck4 #be4 ,if a ball g ?r\gh a hoop & !n croquet a ball1 bo? /rokes c\nt4 #bf4 ,if a play] croquet a ball illegally1 bo? balls mu/ be re/or$ to _! =m] positions4 #bg4 ,if a ball hit two or m balls by "o /roke1 & croquet "o1 x is =c$ to croquet all x has /ruck1 & is n all[$ to croquet "o & leave ! o!rs alone4 ,,! ,,po/s4 ,"s writ]s give c]ta9 privileges = pass+ two hoops at a "t1 & = /rik+ ! po/s--su* z plac+ ! ball a mallet's l5g? 9 any direction f its orig9al position4 ,?is plan1 h[ev]1 is v irregul>1 & af=ds too great an advantage to "o play] to be adopt$4 #bh4 ,/rik+ ! po/s enables ! play] to h a fre% turn1 & is 9 all respects equival5t to pass+ a hoop4 #bi4 ,a play] :o1 hav+ gone ?r\gh all ! hoops1 /rikes ! w9n+-po/1 is dead2 & be+ out ( ! game1 is n all[$ to h a fre% turn4 #cj4 ,if ei!r ( ! po/s be /ruck by a ball t is driv5 ?i!r by a croqu+ or croqu$ ball1 or 9 pass+ ?r\gh ! next hoop to x 9 ! "r direction1 ! /roke holds good4 #ca4 ,if a ball be mov$ by a play] :5 x %\ld n h be5 t\*$1 x mu/ be re/or$ to its =m] position1 ev5 if ! /roke h s5t x aga9/ a po/ or ?r\gh a hoop4 #cb4 ,if any ball 7or balls7 be /ruck by ! ball mov$1 z 9 ! la/ rule1 x mu/ be at once replac$ 9 its =m] position4 #cc4 ,if a ball1 9 ! tight croquet1 slip f "u ! feet & /rike ! turn+-po/1 ! /roke does n c\nt4 ,by ! same rule1 if a play] 9 croqu+ /rike ! w9n+-po/1 ! /roke does n c\nt4 #cd4 ,if a ball be hit (f ! gr\nd on a gravel-walk or a fl[]-b$1 x is to be plac$ at once #ab in*es at "r-angles f ! limit ( ! b\nd>y4 ,,! ,,rov]4 #ce4 ,z a rov] has pass$ ?r\gh all ! hoops1 he is n all[$ to croquet ! same ball twice 9 "o turn4 #cf4 ,a rov] has only ! "r to play a second "t :5 he croquets ano!r ball4 #cg4 ,a ball is dead z soon z x has pass$ ?r\gh all ! hoops & /ruck ! two po/s4 #ch4 ,a rov] :o hits ano!r ball1 & !n ! po/1 is dead1 & _c take ano!r turn4 ,a rov] :o croquets ano!r ball aga9/ ! po/ is accord+ to ,rule #bc all[$ ano!r turn2 b if a rov]1 9 croqu+ a ball1 lets 8 ball slip aga9/ ! po/1 he is dead accord+ to ! pr9ciples ( loose croquet4 #ci4 ,! game is f9i%$ :5 all ! play]s on "o side h gone ?r\gh all ! hoops & /ruck ! two po/s4 #dj4 ,a mat* is ! be/ ( ?ree games4 #da4 ,a t\rnam5t is ! be/ ( ?ree mat*es4 ,,h9ts ,,to ,,"y ,,play]s4 ,x is almo/ impossible 7z ! read] w already h p]ceiv$7 to ov]e/imate ! great importance t 8! croquet0 be>s ^u ! game4 ,a play] :o devotes all 8 ef=ts to pass ?r\gh ! hoops w f9d himself soon left beh9d by ^? :o look ^u t dep>tm5t ( ! game z m]ely subs]vi5t to ! m fasc9at+ task ( driv+ away a foe1 or ( help+ a fri5d2 & ?is fact becomes m & m pat5t :5 ! numb] ( play]s is six or eight4 ,true1 :5 only two play1 if "o gets a good />t1 x is a some:at difficult matt] = ! o!r play] to /ay 8 progress2 & z ?is inevitably takes away half ! int]e/ ( ! game1 we recomm5d a pair ( play]s to use a c\ple ( balls1 s9ce by s do+ "o c assi/ ! o!r1 & develop ! croquet to great advantage2 b !n1 aga91 x is n exp$i5t to devote ! :ole ( "o's en]gies to produce a collision betwe5 two balls4 ,! play]'s fir/ rule %\ld be to pass ?r\gh a hoop2 if1 h[ev]1 he sees an equal *ance ( pass+ ?r\gh x aft] he has gone out ( 8 r\te to drive an adv]se play] away1 he %\ld at all times make use ( ! croquet2 = x mu/ be rememb]$ t keep+ an enemy back is almo/ equival5t to mak+ progress1 & t ! game _c be lo/ z long z a foe's ball is beh9d "o's own4 ,! art ( ! tight croquet consi/s 9 plac+ ! /rik+ ball 9 juxtaposition to t ball :i* has be5 croqu$1 & !n1 sett+ ! left foot ^u 8 own ball1 ! /rik] hits x %>ply ) 8 mallet1 & consequ5tly ! o!r ball is driv5 by ! p[] ( ! /roke to a di/ance 9 proportion to ! =ce ) :i* ! ball 0 /ruck4 ,9 ! loose croquet1 h[ev]1 ! play] ne$ n place 8 foot ^u ! ball at all1 b by adopt+ ! foll[+ /roke c drive ! two balls =w>d 9 ! same direction1 or by hitt+ 8 own ball ) a slant+ mallet c drive ! balls away at an angle to ea* o!r4 ,! purpose ( ?is feat is ei!r to aid a fri5d or to d damage to an enemy4 ,a fri5d c by croqu+ s5d a p>tn] ?r\gh ! hoop he wi%es to pass1 or else drive an enemy--:o has obta9$ a good position1 & :o feels c]ta9 ( go+ ?r\gh a hoop at 8 next turn--exactly 9 ! opposite direction to t 9 :i* he wi%es to travel4 ,9 ord]1 h[ev]1 to make ?is /roke v effective1 great c>e mu/ be tak5 ) reg>d to ! way 9 :i* ! ball is driv54 ,_m ?\ghtless play]s ?9k no?+ ( driv+ a foe close to a fri5d1 or1 9 ! hopes ( assi/+ _! side1 s5d a fri5d 9 ! imm$iate neighb\rhood ( a foe--?us improv+ ! position ( ! adv]se side1 & damag+ t ( _! own4 ,! diff]5ce t a few ?\ghtful play]s make to a side is wond]ful4 ,:il/ o!rs hit _! balls ab\t )\t ev] ?9k+ t at 8 next turn a foe w probably croquet !m1 ! c>eful play]s1 anticipat+ ! positions ( ! o!r bails1 place !mselves 9 a position f :i*1 :5 _! next turn comes1 !y c ei!r g ?r\gh a hoop1 or croquet ! ball ( a m c>eless play]4 ,?us1 if foe ,b is beh9d a hoop ?r\gh :i* ,a has to pass1 b requires two turns = ! passage1 x w\ld be v absurd if ,a 7 to place himself close to ,b1 9 ! hope ( pass+ ?r\gh next "t1 s9ce ,b w\ld be sure to croquet him1 & place him 9 ev5 a worse position ?an he occupies 9 ! illu/ration4 ,a %\ld cont5t himself by play+ to ,c1 = ,b w\ld n g s f> out ( 8 way to croquet him1 & !n ,a c\ld g ?r\gh ! r+ ! next "t he plays4 ,illu/ration ,if ,a is at ! side ( a hoop ?r\gh :i* he _c possibly pass 9 "o turn1 he %\ld play beh9d ! r+ to ! spot m>k$ ,b1 & n 9 a l9e m>k$ ,a ,c1 or else he w\ld probably g ei!r too f> or n f> en\gh1 & be =c$ to accompli% 9 ?ree turns :at1 if he _h gone to ,b1 he c\ld probably h done 9 two4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,suppose ,b to be plac$ 9 front ( ! f\r? hoop 7see ,positions ( ,hoops1 ,diagram ,no4 #b71 & ,a1 ^: turn x is1 to be beh9d ,no4 #b2--_m play]s w\ld j g ?r\gh ,no4 #b1 & !n quietly drop d[n to ,no4 #c1 9 ! hope ( pass+ ?r\gh at ! next turn4 ,a ?\ghtful play]1 h[ev]1 w\ld1 by driv+ 8 ball %>ply ?r\gh hoop ,no4 #b1 obta9 a position close to ,b1 & next1 tak+ a second turn = go+ ?r\gh ! hoop1 w\ld be able to croquet ,b1 & drive him a long way (f 8 hoop1 & !n return to a good position beh9d ,no4 #c4 ,! foll[+ position w %[ "o ( ! advantages ( ! loose croquet4 ,x is ! turn ( ! ball ,c to play1 & he has to g ?r\gh ! hoop e 9 ! direction e ,a4 ,9 8 pres5t position x is impossible = him to g ?r\gh ! hoop at "o turn4 ,if1 h[ev]1 he croquets ,d1 & !n indulges 9 ! loose croquet1 he c drive 8 own ball to ,b1 & s5d ! o!r to ,a4 ,he c !n pass ?r\gh ! hoop1 & c croquet ,d aga9 at ! spot ,a4 ,illu/ration ,we h m5tion$ ?is problem m z an example = "y play]s ?an because x is a recognis$ rule4 ,_m su* plans1 equally advantage\s to foll[1 w readily pres5t !mselves to play]s 9 ! c\rse ( ! game1 & 9 no m =cible mann] c !y %[ _! good play ?an by disreg>d+ ! passage ( a hoop 9 ord] to croquet a foe & ?us spoil 8 position4 ,x c be easily und]/ood t a play] :o1 by pass+ ?r\gh all ! hoops1 obta9s ! title ( 8,rov]10 & may !re=e rove :]ev] he pleases1 has f> m p[] ?an "o ^: flight is fett]$ by be+ compell$ to pass ?r\gh ! little iron hoops t dot ! ,croquet-gr\nd4 ,he c ei!r keep close to a lagg>d fri5d1 & aid him by ! croquet1 or he c take up a position a little 9 advance ( a =w>d foe1 & delay 8 progress 9 a v unpleasant mann]4 ,suppose t ,a has j pass$ ?r\gh ! la/ hoop b two1 & t ,b1 a rov]1 has tak5 up a position close to ! hoop1 9 su* a mann] t a portion ( x int]v5es betwe5 him & ,a4 ,if1 !n1 ! latt] play ne> ! hoop1 ,b is sure to croquet him & drive him away4 ,he is !re=e compell$ to keep "s di/ance (f ! hoop until a fri5d comes to aid him1 unless a *ange 9 8 position all[s him to croquet ,b1 :i*1 if ! latt] is a good play]1 is n likely to occur4 ,n[1 hav+ %[n h[ a rov] c worry a foe1 let u demon/rate h[ he c aid a fri5d4 ,a is close to ! hoop ?r\gh :i* he has to pass1 & ,b1 a rov] ( 8 own side1 is 9 a l9e ) him4 ,if ,b hit ,a1 he w probably drive him (f 8 hoop & spoil 8 turn2 b if ,b play to ,c1 a spot halfway betwe5 ! two hoops1 ,a c g ?r\gh 8 hoop1 croquet ,b at ,c1 drive him to ,d1 & !n g ?r\gh ! next hoop1 croquet ,b at ,d 7= he has be5 ?r\gh a hoop s9ce he la/ croqu$ him71 drive him to ! o!r side ( ! next hoop1 & s on4 ,a rov] play+ ) ano!r ball c be ( m help to him ?an h9drance to a foe2 & z x is m important to get ! balls ( "o's own side =w>d ?an to delay ^? ( a foe1 ! =m] plan %\ld1 :5 feasible1 be adopt$4 ,?us x w be se5 t a good rov] is ( ! greate/ s]vice to ! side1 & t ! soon] he is plac$ hors de combat ! bett] = ! opposite side4 ,! rov]s on ! o!r side %\ld !re=e d all !y c to make ! rov]'s ball hit ! po/ by croqu+ x aga9/ x1 if possible2 = al?\gh if all on 8 side hit ! po/ be=e ^? on ! o!r side ! game is won1 yet :5 ! be/ play]1 be+ dead1 is able to r5d] no fur!r assi/ance1 ! game (t5 goes aga9/ t side4 ,?is plan1 h[ev]1 mu/ be adopt$ ) ! greate/ precaution & c>e1 & on no acc\nt :atev] %\ld a bad play] be ?us dispos$ (1 s9ce ! m]e fact ( keep+ him 9 ! game is ( ! highe/ importance1 z 8 s]vices are ( little avail to 8 own side1 :o _c w9 z long z "o ( _! p>ty rema9s 9 ! game4 ,) ^! few desultory h9ts we conclude ?is article1 :i* all beg9n]s %\ld /udy c>efully1 & 7we hope7 ) advantage4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,,driv+4 8,! ra% boy ,phaeton 8 pr\d *>iot drove ,till he 0 smitt5 by almighty ,jove3 ,take he$1 "y driv]1 :ile y l him boa/1 ,y are n #8spill$' aga9/ an ugly po/40--,swift4 ,,introduction4 ,our "y fri5ds ought to "k1 n only h[ to ride1 b also h[ to drive4 ,f ! v e>lie/ times1 horse & *>iot races 7 consid]$ ! noble/ ( sports1 & ,apollo is repres5t$ z driv+ ! *>iot ( ! sun4 ,! f\r horses 7 typical ( ! f\r seasons ( ! ye>4 ,f\r horses driv5 abrea/ 0 common also to ! ,olympic games1 & ! ,hippodrome 0 ! sc5e ( *>iot races 9 :i* ev5 a great] numb] 0 sometimes us$4 ,x 01 inde$1 an impos+ sight to see ! ,hippodromic c\rse at ! "t ( "o ( ^! *>iot fe/ivals4 ,! place set ap>t = ! conte/ 0 ab\t a mile 9 l5g?4 ,ov] a b> t ran across ! entrance ( ! li/s 0 plac$ a braz5 dolph91 & ^u an alt> 9 ! middle ( ! b>ri] /ood an eagle ( ! same metal4 ,by means ( a ma*9e1 put 9 motion by ! presid5t ( ! games1 ! eagle sudd5ly sprang up into ! air ) its w+s ext5d$1 s z to be se5 by all spectators2 & at ! same mom5t ! dolph9 sank to ! gr\nd1 :i* 0 a signal = ! c>s to arrange !mselves 9 ord] = ! race4 ,besides ! /atue ( ,hippodamia1 & ! table on :i* 7 plac$ ! cr[ns & palm-bran*es1 !re 7 sev]al images & alt>s 9 ! c\rse1 p>ticul>ly t ( ! g5ius ,t>axippus1 :o1 z 8 "n imports1 0 said to inspire ! horses ) a secret t]ror1 :i* 0 increas$ by ! %rill clang\r ( ! trumpets plac$ ne> ! b\nd>y1 & ! deaf5+ %\ts & outcries ( ! multitude4 ,:ile ! *>iots 7 rang$ 9 l9e ready to />t1 ! horses1 ^: ard\r x 0 difficult to re/ra91 attract$ all eyes by _! beauty1 z well z = ! victories :i* "s ( !m _h already ga9$4 ,p9d> speaks ( no less ?an =ty *>iots engag$ at "o & ! same "t4 ,if we recollect t !y _h to run twelve times ! l5g? ( ! ,hippodrome1 9 go+ & return+1 & to /e] r\nd a pill> or goal erect$ ne> ea* extremity1 we may imag9e :at confusion mu/ h ensu$ :51 ^u ! signal trumpet be+ s\nd$1 !y />t$ amid a cl\d ( du/1 cross+ & jo/l+ ea* o!r1 & ru%+ =w>d ) su* rapidity t ! eye c\ld sc>cely foll[ !m4 ,at "o ( ! b\nd>ies a n>r[ pass 0 left only = ! *>iots1 :i* (t5 baffl$ ! skill ( ! exp]te/ driv]2 & !re 7 upw>ds ( tw5ty turn+s to make r\nd ! two pill>s2 s t at almo/ e mom5t "s accid5t happ5$1 calculat$ to excite ! pity or insult+ laught] ( ! assembly4 ,9 su* a numb] ( *>iots at full spe$1 pu%+ = prec$5ce 9 turn+ r\nd ! columns1 on :i* victory (t5 dep5d$1 "s 7 sure to be da%$ to pieces1 cov]+ ! c\rse ) _! fragm5ts1 & add+ to ! dang]s ( ! race4 ,z x 01 moreov]1 exce$+ly difficult = ! *>iote]1 9 8 un/eady two-:eel$ c>1 to reta9 8 /&+ attitude1 _m 7 ?r[n out1 :5 ! ma/]less horses plung$ wildly ab\t ! ,hippodrome1 ov]turn+ o!rs :o _h1 p]haps1 previ\sly escap$ e dang]1 & ?\ght !mselves sure ( w9n+4 ,to increase ! confusion1 & !reby af=d bett] opportunities = ! display ( skill & c\rage1 !re 0 reason to believe t "s artifice 0 employ$ = ! express purpose ( fright5+ ! horses :5 !y rea*$ ! /atue ( ,t>axippus4 ,s great sometimes 0 _! con/]nation1 t1 no long] reg>d+ ! re91 ! :ip1 or ! voice ( _! ma/]1 !y broke loose1 or ov]turn$ ! *>iot1 & w\nd$ ! driv]4 ,su* is ! anci5t description giv5 by a ,greek writ] ( ! *>iot races ( ! ,hippodrome4 ,we h no coa* rac+ n[-a-days1 except omnibus rac+ 9 ! /reets3 n a great deal ( 8coa*+40 ,n[ & !n1 inde$1 we see ! 8,brighton f\r-horse10 & />t ) wond] at ! sight4 ,b /ill !re are necessities = private driv+1 m important at ! pres5t ?an at any =m] p]iod2 & we hold driv+ to be n only a necess>y1 b an indisp5sable accompli%m5t to e "y g5tleman4 ,,! ,,horse ,,9 ,,h>ness4 ,a horse fully equipp$ 9 h>ness1 atta*$ to a d5net or /anhope1 is "o ( ! mo/ beautiful ?+s to look at 9 ! _w3 few boys are tru/$ to drive a pair2 nor h !y physical p[] = ! task4 ,we w !re=e conf9e our att5tion *iefly to s+le h>ness1 add+ only a %ort description ( ! v>i\s k9ds ( c>riages 9 common use4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! y\?ful *>iote] c drive a s+le horse well1 he w f9d no difficulty 9 controll+ a pair1 provid$ _! m\?s are suffici5tly t5d] = 8 /r5g? to manage4 ,! horse is "h repres5t$ h>ness$ to a light d5net-gig4 ,,! ,,horse ,may be ei!r a full-siz$ h>ness horse1 or a gall[ay1 or a pony2 ! two la/ be+ ! be/ fitt$ = juv5ile driv+4 ,illu/ration ,,! ,,h>ness1 ,9 e case1 is compos$ ( ! same p>ts1 :i* consi/ ( ?ree ess5tial divisions3 #a/1 ! driv+1 or guid+ "p2 #b;d1 ! draw+ "p2 & #c;d1 t = hold+ up ! %afts4 ,! driv+ "p comprises ! bridle & re9s4 ,! bridle is made up ( a front piece 7#a71 a head piece 7#b71 two *eek pieces & w9k]s 7#c71 a nose b& 7#d71 & a ?roat la% 7#e74 ,! *eek pieces are buckl$ to ! bit 7#f7 by means ( lea!r loops1 call$ billets1 z also are ! driv+-re9s 7#g71 & ! be>+-re91 :i* is atta*$ to a sep>ate bit call$ ! bridoon 7a pla9 snaffle71 & !n is hook$ to ! pad-hook4 ,?is is n[ v g5]ally disp5s$ )1 z %[n 9 ! cut at ! head ( ?is article2 b = "y driv]s x is (t5 desirable :5 !y h n /r5g? to *eck ! fall ( a horse4 ,! draw+ p>ts consi/ ( a padd$ oval r+ fitt$ to ! %\ld]s1 & call$ ! coll> 7#aj71 sometimes replac$ by a padd$ /rap across ! *e/ call$ ! brea/-/rap4 ,on ! coll> are fa/5$ two iron b>s call$ hames 7#ab71 by means ( a /rap at ! top & bottom 7#h-aa71 & ^! hames h a r+ 9 ! upp] "p = ! re9s to pass ?r\gh1 call$ ! hame t]ret 7#i72 & ne>] ! l[] "p1 a /rong arm ( iron cov]$ ) a coat+ ( brass1 silv]1 or lea!r1 :i* receives 9 its eye ! tug ( ! trace 7#ac47 ,! trace 7#ag7 is a long & /rong /rap ( d\ble lea!r1 /it*$1 :i* runs f ! coll> to ! draw+ b>1 & may be l5g!n$ or %ort5$ by a buckle4 ,! "p = hold+ ! gig up consi/s ( a pad or saddle1 :i* is buckl$ on to ! horse by ! belly-b& 7#af71 & f :i* ! %aft is susp5d$ by ! back-b& & %aft-tug4 ,x is prev5t$ f slipp+ =w>d by ! crupp]1 :i* is slipp$ ov] ! tail4 ,besides ^! p>ts1 "s horses h 9 addition a bree*5 7#ah-ai7 :i* holds ! %afts back 9 go+ d[n hill2 & :5 !y are addict$ to kick+1 a /rap is buckl$ ov] _! hips to ! %aft :i* is call$ a kick+-/rap4 ,illu/ration ,,! ,,c>riage4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,britzs*ka4 ,! ,d5net-gig1 z repres5t$ 9 ! la/ page1 is ! mo/ common =m = a two-:eel$ c>riage2 b !re are also ! ,/anhope1 ! ,cabriolet1 z "h %[n1 ! ,tilbury1 & ! ,dog-c>t4 ,! v>i\s op5 f\r-:eel$ c>riages are ! ,britzs*ka1 ,b>\*e1 & ,phaeton2 & ( clos$ f\r-:eel$ c>riages !re are ! ,br\gham & ,cl>5ce on elliptic spr+s1 & ! *>iot & family coa* ) c spr+s4 ,:5 ^! two la/ are made to op51 !y are call$ ! ,l&aulet & ,l&au4 ,illu/ration3 ,,new ,,br\gham4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,family ,,coa*4 ,,putt+ ,,to4 ,be=e driv+1 x is necess>y t ! horse or pony %\ld be 8put to10 :i* is effect$ z foll[s3 #a/1 slip ! %afts ?r\gh ! tugs1 or1 if !re are hooks1 drop !m d[n into !m2 #b;d1 put ! traces on to ! draw+-b>1 ei!r hook+ !m on1 or else slipp+ !m on to ! eyes1 & be+ c>eful to place ! lea!r /ops 9 ^!1 to prev5t ! trace com+ (f2 #c;d1 buckle ! belly-b& suffici5tly tight2 & #d?1 buckle ! kick+-/rap1 or bree*51 if ei!r is us$4 ,aft] ?is1 ! re9s are tak5 f ! t]rets1 :]e !y 7 previ\sly plac$1 & ! horse is ready4 ,,directions ,,= ,,driv+4 ,9 driv+1 ! re9s are held diff]5tly f ! mode already describ$ z us$ 9 rid+1 ! =e-f+] be+ fir/ plac$ betwe5 !m1 & !n bo? ! re9s are grasp$ by all ! o!r f+]s1 & ! ne>-side re9 is also held firmly aga9/ ! =e-f+] by means ( ! ?umb4 ,9 ?is way1 on an em]g5cy1 ! ne> or left re9 may be pull$ by itself1 by hold+ x firmly ) ! ?umb1 & suff]+ ! o!r1 or (f re91 to slip ?r\gh ! f+]s1 or vice v]s4 ,! mo/ usual way is to pull ! left re9 ) ! left h&1 & ! "r ) ! "r h&1 by hook+ "o or two f+]s ov] x :ile held firmly 9 ! left4 ,9 ?is mann]1 ) ! :ip also held 9 ! "r h&1 ! horse is guid$ or /opp$4 ,! "y driv] %\ld take c>e & keep 8 feet well be=e him1 ) 8 knees z /raight & firm z possible1 s t 9 case ( a fall ( ! horse he may n be ?r[n =w>ds out ( ! vehicle he is driv+4 ,he %\ld also sit squ>e to 8 "w1 ) 8 elb[ held easily to 8 side1 & 8 left ?umb po9t+ to 8 horse's head1 by :i*1 z 9 rid+1 8 elb[ is pretty sure to be prop]ly plac$4 ,! bit %\ld n be too firmly pull$ aga9/1 b a light & 8give & take0 k9d ( h&l+ is ! be/1 by :i* ! horse is all[$ fre$om ( action1 & yet is *eck$ if he makes a mi/ake4 ,9 meet+ o!r vehicles1 ! rule is to keep to y\r left1 & 9 pass+ !m1 to leave !m also on y\r left4 ,?is %\ld be rigidly adh]$ to = fe> ( ! accid5ts :i* w\ld o!rwise con/antly happ54 ,illu/ration ,9 ref]5ce to driv+ 9 ,am]ica1 no?+ bett] c be giv5 ?an ! rules ( ! ,engli% s*ool = driv+4 ,9 ,am]ica ! rule gov]n+ ! side to pass ano!r rid] on is ! rev]se ( ! ,engli% rule4 ,9 ,am]ica ! law is 8drive to ! "r40 ,9 ,engl& x is to ! left4 ,! =m] appe>s to u to be ! 8"r0 "o4 ,illu/ration ,,f5c+4 ,f5c+ is ! art ( us+ ! small-sword or rapi]4 ,! small-sword has a /raight blade1 ab\t ?irty-two in*es 9 l5g?1 outside ! gu>d1 & is fa%ion$ = ?ru/+ only4 ,al?\gh x is an art ( ! greate/ antiquity1 v great improvem5ts h be5 made 9 x dur+ ! la/ half-c5tury1 *iefly by ,fr5* ma/]s1 :o excel ^? ( all o!r c\ntries4 ,?is has be5 attribut$ to v>i\s causes2 by "s to ! agility & ackn[l$g$ p[] ( rapid physical action possess$ by ?is nation2 by o!rs1 to _! natural vivacity & m5tal quickness4 ,9 my op9ion1 h[ev]1 a m direct & p[]ful cause may be trac$ 9 ! great enc\ragem5t & univ]sal patronage :i* x has ev] receiv$ f e grade ( a *ivalr\s & milit>y p4 ,e regim5t has its matre d'armes1 & e b>rack its f5c+-s*ool4 ,inde$1 9 s important a light 0 ! prop] tea*+ ( ?is art held1 t "o ( ! ,fr5* k+s 7,l\is ,,xiv47 grant$ lett]s-pat5t to tw5ty em95t ma/]s1 :o alone 7 p]mitt$ to tea* 9 ,p>is4 ,:5 a vacancy occurr$1 no int]e/ & no fav\r c\ld enable a c&idate to obta9 ?is privilege3 he _h to f5ce 9 public ) six ( ^! *os5 ma/]s2 & if by any ( !m he 0 beat5 by two di/9ct hits1 he 0 consid]$ unqualifi$ to tea* 9 ! capital4 ,indep5d5t ( its value z ! sci5tific use ( ! sword1--! g5tleman's weapon ( def5ce1 p> excell5ce1--f5c+ /&s unrivall$ z an ex]cise2 & x is 9 ?is s5se t x w n[ be treat$4 ,! mo/ em95t physicians :i* ?is c\ntry h produc$ h all1 9 ! mo/ e>ne/ mann]1 recomm5d$ x to ! att5tion ( ! "y4 ,?us1 ,dr4 ,clive says3-- 8,muscul> ex]tion is ess5tial 9 p]fect+ ! =m ( ! body1 & ^? ex]cises :i* require ! ex]cise ( ! greate/ numb] ( muscles are ! mo/ conducive to ?is end4 ,f5c+ causes m muscles to act at ! same "t ?an mo/ o!r ex]cises4 ,x promotes ! expansion ( ! *e/1 & improves respiration1 :]eby ! functions ( ! mo/ important organs ( ! body are m p]fectly p]=m$40 ,sir ,an?ony ,c>lisle uses simil> language3-- 8,accord+ to my judgm5t1 ! ex]cise ( f5c+ t5ds to promote bodily heal?1 & ! developm5t ( a?letic p[]s4 ,x is likewise app>5t1 t ! attitudes & ex]tions ( f5c+ are conducive to ! manly =ms & muscul> en]gies ( ! human figure40 ,aga91 ,sir ,ev]>d ,home1 9 /ill /rong] t]ms3-- 8,( all ! diff]5t modes 9 :i* ! body c be ex]cis$1 !re is none1 9 my judgm5t1 t is capable ( giv+ /r5g? & velocity1 z well z precision1 to ! action ( all ! volunt>y muscles ( ! body 9 an equal degree z ! practice ( f5c+1 & none m conducive to bodily heal?40 ,i %all give "o m extract f ano!r physician ( equal em95ce1 ,dr4 ,babb+ton3-- 8,i am ( op9ion t1 9 addition to ! amusem5t :i* ?is ex]cise 7f5c+7 af=ds1 x is p>ticul>ly calculat$ to excite 9 "y p]sons a great] degree ( en]gy & circumspection ?an !y might o!rwise possess2 & x is obvi\s t1 9 respect ( heal?1 t mode ( ex]tion is sup]ior to all o!rs1 :i*1 :ile x gives motion & activity to e "p ( ! body1 produces at ! same "t correspond+ int]e/ 9 ! m9d40 ,sir ,john ,s9clair1 ,dr4 ,pemb]ton1 c41 speak 9 t]ms equally recomm5datory4 ,to avoid all dang] 9 ! lessons & practice1 foils are sub/itut$ = real swords4 ,/rong wire masks are worn on ! face1 a well-padd$ glove on ! h&1 & ! upp] "p ( ! body1 at :i* alone ! ?ru/s are aim$1 is protect$ by a /rong jacket1 ! "r side & coll> ( :i* %\ld be ( lea!r4 ,! fir/ movem5t a beg9n] has to le>n is ! mann] ( plac+ himself 9 ! position call$ ,,! ,,gu>d4 ,x is f ?is position t all movem5ts are made1 :e!r (f5sive or def5sive4 ,let ! beg9n] be plac$ ) 8 knees /raight1 8 feet at "r angles1 heel to heel2 ! "r foot1 "r side1 & face direct$ to ! ma/]4 ,! body mu/ be held upright & firm1 ! arms hang+ d[n by ! side1 b easily & )\t con/ra9t2 ! left h& hold+ ! foil a few in*es b5ea? its gu>d4 ,next let him br+ ! "r h& across ! body1 & seize ! foil-h&le2 by a second movem5t1 br+ ! foil above ! head1 ! h&s sep>at+ z !y asc5d1 until bo? arms be ne>ly ext5d$ upw>ds & outw>ds4 ,"h pause4 ,?is may be call$ ! fir/ position ( ! ,gu>d4 ,^! movem5ts %\ld be frequ5tly practis$1 z !y accu/om ! arms to move indep5d5tly ( ! body1 flatt5 ! jo9ts ( ! %\ld]s1 & give prom95ce to ! *e/4 ,illu/ration ,to arrive at ! second position ( ! ,gu>d1 ! "r arm1 ) ! foil1 is br\ght d[n to ! front1 until ! "r elb[ is a little above & 9 advance ( ! wai/2 ! =e-arm & foil slop+ upw>ds2 ! po9t ( ! foil be+ ! height ( ! upp] "p ( ! face2 !n1 by a second movem5t1 ! le>n] mu/ s9k d[n1 sep>at+ ! knees1 & /epp+ =w>d ) ! "r foot f\rte5 or sixte5 in*es2 =1 ( c\rse1 ! gu>d ( a tall man w be wid] ?an t ( a %ort "o4 ,h[ev]1 8 own com=t 9 ! position w direct him z to ! di/ance2 & ! g5]al rule is1 t ! knee ( ! left leg w jut ov] ! toes ( ! left foot1 & ! "r leg f ankle to knee be p]p5dicul>4 ,x is 9 ?is position t he w receive all attacks f an adv]s>y1 & f ?is position w all 8 own attacks be made4 ,also 9 ?is position w he ,,advance ^u an adv]s>y1 :5 beyond hitt+ di/ance4 ,! /ep 9 ! advance is usually ab\t t ( ! wid? ( ! ,gu>d1 al?\gh ( c\rse ?is w\ld v>y ) circum/ances4 ,! /ep is made by advanc+ ! "r foot ! di/ance ,i h nam$2 & on its rea*+ ! gr\nd1 ! left foot is br\ght up1 & takes its place4 ,to ,,retreat1 ! rev]se ( ! above movem5t is made4 ,! left foot takes ! lead1 /epp+ to ! re> ab\t z f> z ! "r _h /epp$ to ! front2 ! "r occupy+ its place on its tak+ up its new position4 ,! next movem5t1 ,,! ,,longe1 is a v important movem5t1 & is r difficult to make prop]ly1 & fatigu+ to practise4 ,inde$1 ! fir/ movem5ts 9 f5c+ are ! mo/ try+ to ! le>n]2 & he mu/ n be disc\rag$ if he fails to d !m correctly at fir/--practice only w give him ?is p[]4 ,! ,longe is t ext5sion ( body :i* accompanies e attack1 & is ?us made3 ,! "r arm is ext5d$ /raight f ! %\ld]1 ! arm & blade be+ on ! same level2 by a second movem5t1 ! "r foot is rais$ f ! gr\nd1 & a /ep made =w>d1 ab\t eighte5 in*es 9 l5g?1 :ile ! left rema9s firmly plant$ 9 its place4 ,at ! in/ant t ?is /ep is made1 ! left h& is all[$ to fall )9 a few in*es ( ! left ?igh1 & ! left knee is /iff5$ back until ! leg is p]fectly /raight4 ,illu/ration ,! ?igh ( ! "r leg w n[ be 9 a position ne>ly horizontal2 f ! knee d[nw>ds1 p]p5dicul>4 ,hav+ execut$ ! ,longe1 ! next movem5t to be made is ,,! ,,recov]2 t is1 to return f ! position ( ! ,longe to t ( ! ,gu>d1 & is ?us effect$3 ,! left arm is nimbly ?r[n up to its place1 ! "r arm drawn 91 & ! left knee re-b5t4 ,^! movem5ts mu/ be made at ! same "t1 z x is _! unit$ action t enables a p]son to recov] f s ext5d$ a position z ! ,longe quick en\gh to avoid a ?ru/ if 8 own attack has fail$4 ,^! movem5ts mu/ be frequ5tly practis$ be=e any o!rs are attempt$--! ,gu>d1 ! ,advance1 ! ,retreat1 ! ,longe1 & ! ,recov]2 & :5 ! le>n] has atta9$ "s pr(ici5cy 9 !m1 he may beg9 ! m delicate movem5ts ( attack & def5ce4 ,( ^! ,i w n[ speak4 ,,! ,,engage4 ,x is cu/om>y = adv]s>ies1 on com+ to ! ,gu>d1 to ,engage1 or to jo9 blades1 on :at is call$ ! inside1 t is1 ! "r side2 al?\gh !re are occasions on :i* x is advisable to engage on ! outside1 or on ! left2 o!rwise call$ ! ,qu>te or ,ti]ce sides4 ,two m5 ?us oppos$ to ea* o!r w at once p]ceive t !re are two l9es ( attack op5 to !m1 i4 e4 ! l9e inside & ! l9e outside ! blade--^!1 & no m4 ,b ^! may be1 & 9 f5c+ are1 subdivid$ into inside above ! h&1 & inside "u ! h&1 & ! same subdivision = outside4 ,?is gives f\r l9es ( attack--or1 to speak m simply1 gives f\r op5+s ?r\gh :i* an adv]s>y may be assail$4 ,n[1 to protect ea* ( ^! assailable po9ts1 are f\r def5sive movem5ts1 call$ ,,p>ades4 ,ea* op5+ has its own p>ade or def5ce1 & ea* p>ade w gu>d its own op5+1 &1 /rictly speak+1 no o!r4 ,! op5+ inside above ! h& is def5d$ by two p>ades4 ,illu/ration ,z its "n imports1 ! fir/ & mo/ natural p>ade is t ( ,prime4 ,! action ( draw+ ! sword f its %ea? is almo/ exactly ! movem5t made use ( 9 ! p>ade ( ,prime4 ,9 ?is p>ade1 ! h& is rais$ z high z ! =ehead1 s t ! f5c] c see 8 oppon5t's face "u 8 wri/4 ,! blade ( ! foil is almo/ horizontal1 b ! po9t is r l[]$ t[>ds ! gr\nd4 ,z ?is p>ade w ?r[ ! "r side ( ! body op5 to ! adv]s>y's sword1 x is good play to dis5gage f left to "r1 & deliv] a rapid ?ru/ at ! adv]s>y1 9 ord] to anticipate him be=e he c br+ 8 own sword r\nd = ano!r ?ru/4 ,8 po9t w be ?r[n f> out ( l9e1 s t he is beh9d-h& 9 po9t ( "t4 ,?is is a v useful p>ade = f5c]s ( %ort /ature1 z !y c sometimes get 9 _! blade "u _! adv]s>y's arm1 aft] !y h p>ri$ 8 ?ru/4 ,! o!r p>ade is t ( ,,qu>te4 ,x is ?us =m$4 ,on ! approa* ( ! po9t ( an adv]s>y's blade 7& h[ ^! approa*es are made ,i w pres5tly expla971 ! "r h& is mov$ a few in*es--?ree or f\r w be en\gh--across ! body on ! inside2 ! h& be+ nei!r depress$ nor rais$1 & ! foil be+ kept on ! same slope z 9 ! ,gu>d4 ,?is gu>ds ! body on ! inside above ! h&1 b 7& "h comes an important law 9 f5c+7 ! v movem5t :i* has gu>d$ ! body on "o side has expos$ x on ! o!r3 ?is is ! case ) all ! simple p>ades4 ,illu/ration ,suppose1 n[1 t ! expos$ "p outside above ! h& 7 assail$1 !n ! def5ce = x is ! p>ade ( ,,ti]ce4 ,x is =m$ by turn+ ! h& ) ! nails d[nw>ds1 & cross+ to ! opposite side "s six or eight in*es2 ! h& & po9t at ! same elevation z be=e3 ?is w gu>d ?is op5+4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! attack _h be5 made "u in/ead ( ov] ! h&1 !n ! prop] p>ade w\ld h be5 ,seconde4 ,illu/ration ,!re is ano!r me?od ( p>ry+1 call$ ,qu>te1 ov] ! arm1 :i* is execut$ by mak+ almo/ ! same p>ade z 9 ,ti]ce1 ) ?is exception--fir/1 ! h& is reta9$ 9 its orig9al position1 ) ! nails upw>ds2 &1 secondly1 ! po9t is n rais$ above ! eye ( ! adv]s>y4 ,illu/ration ,x is r m delicate ?an ti]ce1 b wants its p[] & en]gy4 ,! ,ripo/es1 or reply ?ru/s1 are made1 z !y w\ld h be5 _h ! p>ade be5 t ( ,ti]ce4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,,seconde is =m$ by turn+ ! h& 9 ! same position 9 :i* x 0 turn$ = ,ti]ce1 b ! po9t ( ! foil slopes z mu* d[nw>ds z 9 ,ti]ce x did upw>ds2 ! direction & di/ance = ! h& to trav]se be+ ! same4 ,aga91 _h ! attack be5 deliv]$ at none ( ^!1 b at ! inside "u ! h&1 !n ! prop] p>ade w\ld h be5 ,,demi-,,c]cle1 :i*1 z its "n expresses1 is a half-circle1 describ$ by a sweep ( ! blade trav]s+ ! "u l9e4 ,next comes ! p>ade ( ,,octave4 ,9 ?is p>ade ! h& is held z 9 ,qu>te2 ! hilt ( ! foil is kept l[] ?an t ( ! oppon5t2 ! blade is almo/ horizontal1 ! po9t be+ only slightly l[] ?an ! hilt1 & direct$ t[>ds ! body ( ! adv]s>y4 ,illu/ration ,octave is extremely useful :5 ! f5c] misses 8 p>ade ( ,demi-c]cle1 z !re is b a %ort di/ance = ! po9t to trav]se1 & x g5]ally meets ! blade ( ! adv]s>y be=e ! po9t c be prop]ly fix$4 ,moreov]1 x br+s ! po9t s ne> ! adv]s>y's body1 t he w n v5ture to make ano!r ?ru/ until he has remov$ ! foil4 ,?us ,i h enum]at$1 & p>tly expla9$1 ! =ms & uses ( ^! f\r p>ades3 !y are call$ ,simple ,p>ades1 to di/+ui% !m f ano!r set ( def5sive movem5ts1 call$ ,,contre-,,p>ades4 ,i h said & %[n t a man /&+ foil 9 h&1 9 ! position ( ! gu>d1 is expos$ 9 f\r di/9ct places to ?ru/s f an adv]s>y )9 long+ di/ance4 ,i h also %[n t he has a def5ce = ea* ( ^! expos$ places2 b if a man has b "o def5ce = ea* assailable "p1 !n 8 adv]s>y1 kn[+ be=eh& :at ! def5ce mu/ be1 w\ld be prep>$ be=eh& to deceive him4 ,b if he has a res]ve--if he has a second def5ce = ea* "p1 !n ! adv]s>y _c tell :at ! def5ce w be1 until 8 attack1 false or real1 is begun4 ,to meet ?is cont+5cy1 a second s]ies ( def5ces h be5 devis$1 :i* are ( an entirely diff]5t nature f ! ,simple ,p>ades4 ,aga91 z ea* ( ! simple p>ades is fram$ to gu>d only "o op5+1 x 0 f\nd desirable t ! contre-p>ades %\ld be ( a m compreh5sive "*4 ,!y are !re=e devis$ s t ea* is capable ( protect+ ! entire front4 ,x is evid5t t ?is object c\ld n be atta9$ )\t ! sacrifice ( quickness1 because a l>g] space mu/ be trav]s$1 & !re=e m "t is occupi$ ) a contre ?an a simple p>ade4 ,to "k "o contre-p>ade is virtually to "k all1 z !y are all =m$ on ! same plan4 ,!y are all full circles 9 ! position ( h& & direction ( foil ( ! diff]5t simple p>ades2 or m cle>ly speak+1 ea* simple p>ade has a contre-p>ade2 !re are1 !re=e1 f\r simple & f\r contre-p>ades1 :i* may be ?us arrang$3-- ,qu>te ,contre de ,qu>te4 ,ti]ce ,contre de ,ti]ce4 ,seconde ,contre de ,seconde4 ,demi-c]cle ,contre de ,c]cle4 ,i h said t a contre-p>ade is a full circle 9 ! position ( h& & direction ( blade ( its simple2 ?us1 contre de qu>te is made by reta9+ ! h& 9 ! position ( qu>te1 :ile ! foil describes a circle desc5d+ on ! inside1 & return+ by ! outside to ! place ( its dep>ture4 ,s ) all ! o!rs1 ! foil foll[+ ! direction ( ! simple p>ade1 ( :i* x is ! contre4 ,^! complete ! entire sy/em ( def5ces4 ,i n[ come to movem5ts ( an opposite nature1 namely1 ! ,,attacks1 & %all beg9 ) ! mo/ simple ( !m4 ,i w aga9 suppose two adv]s>ies /&+1 en gu>d1 )9 long+ di/ance ( ea* o!r3 n[ ! mo/ simple movem5t t ! attack+ p>ty c\ld make w\ld be1 ,,! ,,/raight ,,?ru/ to ! outside or inside1 accord+ to 8 l9e ( engagem5t4 ,i h1 9 describ+ ! longe1 9 effect describ$ ! /raight ?ru/2 x is b a longe 9 a /raight l9e1 tak+ c>e1 h[ev]1 to feel firmly ! adv]s>y's blade1 b tak+ c>e also n to press or lean on x dur+ ! deliv]+ ( ! ?ru/4 ,next 9 "* comes ,,! ,,dis5gagem5t4 ,?is attack is made by dropp+ ! po9t ( ! foil b5ea? ! adv]s>y's blade1 & rais+ x on ! opposite side1 at ! same "t1 ris+ ) ! arm fully ext5d$2 on ! completion ( ! ext5sion ! longe is made & ! ?ru/ deliv]$4 ,,! ,,"o-,,two is b a d\ble dis5gagem5t1 ! fir/ be+ b a fe9t or false attack1 to induce ! adv]s>y to =m a p>ade to cov] ! "p ?reat5$1 = ! cov]+ ( "o "p ( ! body exposes ! opposite3 ! second dis5gagem5t is made to take advantage ( ?is exposure4 ,! arm is ext5d$ halfway on ! fir/1 & !n :olly on ! second1 to be imm$iately foll[$ by ! longe4 ,,! ,,beat ,,& ,,?ru/4 ,?is is ano!r v>iety ( attack4 ,suppos+ ! adv]s>y's blade to be firmly jo9$ to y\rs1 :5 y wi%$ to deliv] a /raight ?ru/1 !re w\ld !n be dang] ( y\r fall+ ^u 8 po9t4 ,?is dang] is avoid$ by giv+ a slight beat on 8 blade ! in/ant prec$+ y\r ext5sion ( arm1 ( c\rse to be foll[$ en suite by ! longe4 ,! companion attack to ?is attack is ,,! ,,beat ,,& ,,dis5gagem5t4 ,! beat "h takes ! "* ( ! fir/ dis5gagem5t 9 "o-two1 i4 e4 becomes a fe9t1 & is int5d$ to induce ! adv]s>y to return to ! place he occupi$ :5 ! beat 0 made4 ,y !n imm$iately pass to ! opposite side ( 8 blade 9 ! mann] describ$ 9 ! dis5gagem5t4 ,x w be se5 t all ^! movem5ts pass "u ! adv]s>y's blade4 ,h[ev]1 !re are c]ta9 situations 9 ! assault1 z a f5c+ b\t is call$1 :5 an adv]s>y is m assailable ov] ! po9t ?an "u ! blade2 = ?is purpose !re is :at ! ,fr5* call ! c\p sur po9t1 or ,,cut ,,ov] ,,! ,,po9t4 ,x is ?us made3 ,by ! action ( ! h&1 & )\t draw+ x back at all1 ! foil is rais$ & br\ght d[n on ! opposite side ( ! adv]s>y's blade1 ! arm be+ ext5d$ dur+ its fall to ! horizontal position1 on atta9+ :i* ! longe is deliv]$4 ,,cut ,,ov] ,,& ,,dis5gagem5t is on ! same pr9ciple z ! "o-two & ! beat & dis5gagem5t4 ,on ! adv]s>y oppos+ ! fir/ movem5t 7! cut7 ) a p>ade1 ! second movem5t 7! dis5gagem5t7 is made to ! opposite side1 to be foll[$ ( c\rse by ! longe2 ! ext5sion ( ! arm be+ divid$ betwe5 ! two movem5ts4 ,^! attacks are call$ simple attacks1 because !y may be p>ri$ by "o or m simple p>ades1 accord+ to ! numb] ( movem5ts 9 ! attack4 ,9 fact1 e attack c be p>ri$1 & e p>ade c be deceiv$3 x is ! additional movem5t la/ made :i* hits or gu>ds4 ,?us1 y ?reat5 by a dis5gagem5t to ! outside2 y\r adv]s>y b>s y\r way effectually by ! p>ade ( ti]ce2 y make a second dis5gagem5t to ! inside1 :i* is n[ expos$ f ! v fact ( ! outside be+ gu>d$ 7= bo? l9es ( attack _c be gu>d$ at ! same "t71 ?us conv]t+ y\r attack into "o-two2 b if y\r adv]s>y p>ries qu>te on y\r second movem5t1 y\r attack w\ld be w>d$ (f4 ,?is c be c>ri$ mu* fur!r1 b ! above w1 ,i ?9k1 be suffici5t to expla9 ! nature ( simple p>ades & attacks4 ,to deceive a contre-p>ade1 a sep>ate movem5t1 call$ a d\bl1 or ,,d\ble1 has be5 inv5t$2 x is v simple 9 pr9ciple1 & admirably answ]s ! purpose4 ,= in/ance1 if y 7 to ?reat5 y\r adv]s>y by a dis5gagem5t to ! outside1 & if1 in/ead ( ti]ce1 he p>ri$ contre de qu>te1 ! d\ble is !n made by y\r mak+ a second dis5gagem5t to ! same side z ! fir/1 = x w be f\nd t 8 contre de qu>te has replac$ ! blades 9 ! positions !y occupi$ previ\s to y\r dis5gagem5t4 ,y w !n h an op5+1 & may f9i% ! attack by ! longe4 ,z all ! contre-p>ades are on ! same plan & pr9ciple1 s are all ! d\bles4 ,( c\rse1 x is und]/ood t y w make all ! movem5ts ( ! d\ble en suite1 & )\t all[+ y\r adv]s>y's blade to ov]take y\rs4 ,,all ,,fe9ts4 ,! =ego+ movem5ts hav+ be5 well practis$ 9 ! lesson1 ! next /ep is t ( all fe9ts & all p>ades1 & may be practis$ ei!r ) a ma/] or fell[-pupil4 ,! practice consi/s ( "o pupil /&+ on ! def5sive entirely1 :ile ano!r assumes ! (f5sive1 & attacks him ) all ! fe9ts ( :i* he is ma/]1 ! o!r1 ( c\rse1 def5d+ ) all 8 p>ades4 ,x is excell5t practice1 z x accu/oms ! pupil to ?9k = himself gradually1 he hav+ ?us b "o set ( movem5ts to ?9k ab\t4 ,he is !re=e enabl$ to make !m boldly1 )\t hav+ to enc\nt] unkn[n movem5ts f 8 adv]s>y4 ,x also enables him to see ! ext5t ( 8 res\rces1 bo? = attack & def5ce4 ,:5 he c bo? attack & def5d ) "s pres5ce ( m9d1 he may !n beg9 ,,! ,,assault2 t is1 he may enc\nt] an adv]s>y1 to attack or def5d z occasion pres5ts4 ,he is !n left to 8 own res\rces entirely4 ,! foll[+ ,,g5]al ,,advice1 giv5 by a v em95t f5c] & excell5t tea*]1 _c fail to be ( use3-- 8,d n put y\rself on ! position ( ! gu>d )9 ! rea* ( y\r adv]s>y's ?ru/1 especially at ! "t ( draw+ y\r sword4 8,if y are mu* inf]ior make no long assaults4 8,d no?+ t is useless2 e movem5t %\ld t5d to y\r advantage4 8,let y\r movem5ts be made z mu* )9 ! l9e ( y\r adv]s>y's body z possible4 8,endeav\r bo? to discov] y\r adv]s>y's designs1 & to conceal y\r own4 8,two skilful m51 act+ toge!r1 fight m ) _! heads ?an _! h&s4 8,! small] y c make ! movem5ts ) y\r foil1 ! quick] w y\r po9t arrive at y\r adv]s>y's body4 8,d n endeav\r to give _m ?ru/s on ! longe1 ?us runn+ ! risk ( receiv+ "o 9 ! int]im4 8,if y\r adv]s>y drops 8 foil by accid5t1 or 9 consequ5ce ( a sm>t p>ade ( y\rs1 y %\ld imm$iately pick x up1 & pres5t x to him politely4 8,always jo9 blades 7if possible7 previ\sly to ano!r attack1 aft] a hit is giv540 ,,broadsword4 ,! pr9cipal di/9ction betwe5 ! broadsword & ! rapi] is1 t ! latt] is =m$ only = ?ru/+1 :ile ! =m] is adapt$ = cutt+ also4 ,inde$1 ^? :o use ! broadsword are1 9 my op9ion1 too apt to neglect ! use ( ! po9t1 & to give _! att5tion almo/ exclusively to ! cuts4 ,! fir/ lesson 9 ! sword ex]cise is necess>ily to "k h[ to /&4 ,! le>n] %\ld be in/ruct$ to p]=m ! diff]5t movem5ts by ^w ( comm&1 rememb]+ to consid] ! fir/ p>ts ( ! ^w z a caution1 & n to /ir until ! la/ syllable is utt]$4 ,at ! la/ syllable1 ! movem5t %\ld be p]=m$ sm>tly4 ,9 giv+ ! ^w1 ! in/ructor always makes a slight pause1 9 ord] to give 8 pupils "t to rememb] :at !y mu/ d4 ,= example1 ! words ,draw ,swords1 is giv5 ?us1 ,draw 4 4 4 4 4 ,swords--! ^w swords be+ spok5 sm>tly1 9 ord] t ! movem5t may correspond4 ,,positions4 ,fir/ ,position4--,make ! t>get#c ab\t f\rte5 in*es 9 diamet]1 & place x on ! wall1 hav+ its c5tre ab\t f\r feet f ! gr\nd4 ,draw a p]p5dicul> l9e f ! spot at ! bottom ( ! t>get to ! gr\nd1 & cont9ue x on ! floor1 9 ord] to ensure ! prop] position ( ! heels4 ,! le>n] /&s p]fectly upright opposite ! t>get1 ) 8 "r side t[>ds x1 8 heels close toge!r1 8 "r toe po9t+ to ! t>get1 & 8 left foot at "r angles ) ! left4 ,8 arms mu/ be clasp$ beh9d 8 back1 8 "r palm support+ ! left elb[1 & 8 left h& grasp+ ! "r arm j above ! elb[4 ,9 ?is position1 he mu/ b5d bo? knees & s9k d[n z f> z possible4 ,?is w n be v f> at fir/1 b he w soon s9k d[n q easily4 ,see accompany+ figure 7#a74 #c ,= t>get1 see next page4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,second ,position4--,?is is accompli%$ by plac+ ! "r foot sm>tly 9 front1 ab\t sixte5 or f\rte5 in*es be=e ! left4 ,see 7#b74 ,he mu/ accu/om himself to balance himself s p]fectly on 8 left foot1 t he c place ! "r ei!r be=e or beh9d x1 )\t los+ 8 balance4 ,?ird ,position4--,! ?ird position mu/ !n be le>n$4 ,?is consi/s 9 /epp+ well =w>d ) ! "r foot1 until ! left knee is q /raight1 & ! "r knee exactly p]p5dicul>ly plac$ ov] ! "r foot4 ,great c>e mu/ be tak5 to keep ! heels exactly 9 ! same l9e1 & ! body p]fectly upright4 ,see ,figure 7#c74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,^! prelim9>ies hav+ be5 settl$1 ! le>n] /&s upright be=e ! t>get1 z 9 7#a74 ,a sword is !n put into 8 h&1 & ! t>get is expla9$ z foll[s3-- ,illu/ration ,,t>get4 ,! int]ior l9es repres5t ! cuts4 ,cut "o be+ direct$ f ,no4 #a diagonally ?r\gh ! t>get1 com+ out at #d4 ,cut two is ! same1 only f left to "r4 ,?ree is made upw>ds diagonally1 & f\r is ! same1 only 9 ! opposite direction4 ,cut five is horizontally ?r\gh ! t>get1 f "r to left1 & six f left to "r4 ,cut sev5 is p]p5dicul>ly d[nw>ds4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 t ! cuts are fairly giv5 ) ! edge4 ,! swords drawn on ! t>get repres5t ! gu>ds4 ,! sev5? gu>d ought1 h[ev]1 n to be made directly across1 b mu/ h ! po9t directly r =w>ds & d[nw>ds1 z a cut #g glides (f ! blade1 & c be in/antly answ]$ ei!r by a ?ru/ or by cut #a4 ,! two d>k circles repres5t ! places :]e ! ?ru/s take effect4 ,illu/ration ,! le>n] beg9s by tak+ ! sword 9 8 "r h&1 hav+ its edge t[>d ! t>get & its back re/+ on 8 %\ld]4 ,8 "r arm is b5t at "r angles1 & ! elb[ aga9/ 8 side4 ,! left h& mu/ re/ ^u ! hip1 ! ?umb be+ to ! re>4 ,at ! ^w-- ,,cuts ,,& ,,gu>ds4 ,,cuts4 ,cut #a4--,! "y swordsman ext5ds 8 "r arm1 & makes ! cut cle> ?r\gh ! t>get4 ,:5 ! po9t has cle>$ ! t>get1 cont9ue ! sweep ( ! sword1 & by a turn ( ! wri/ br+ x ) its back on ! left %\ld]1 its edge t[>ds ! left4 ,! arm is !n ready = ,cut #b4--;,br+ ! sword f #b to #c1 cont9ue ! movem5t ( ! sword1 & turn ! wri/ s t ! po9t is bel[ ! "r hip & ! edge t[>ds ! gr\nd4 ,cut #c4--;,cut ?r\gh ! t>get diagonally1 br++ ! sword f ,no4 #c to ,no4 #b1 & br+ ! sword onw>ds1 s t x re/s ) ! edge d[nw>ds1 & po9t bel[ ! left hip4 ,at ,cut #d4--;,cut f #d to #a1 & br+ ! sword r\nd until its po9t is ov] ! "r %\ld]1 & its edge well to ! "r4 ,cut #e4--;,at ! ^w ,five1 make a horizontal cut f #e to #f1 & sweep ! sword r\nd until x re/s on ! left %\ld]1 ) its edge to ! left1 & its po9t well ov] ! %\ld]4 ,cut #f4--;,cut horizontally ?r\gh ! t>get1 f #f to #e1 & br+ ! sword ov] ! head1 ) its edge upw>ds1 & its po9t hang+ ov] ! back4 ,f ?is position1-- ,cut #g4--,make a d[nw>d /roke until ! sword rea*es ! c5tre ( ! t>get4 ,arre/ x !re1 & rema9 ) ! arm ext5d$1 wait+ = ! ^w ,,po9ts4 ,fir/ ,po9t4--,draw back ! sword1 until ! "r wri/ is aga9/ ! "r temple1 ! edge ( ! sword be+ upw>ds4 ,make a slight pause1 & !n ?ru/ sm>tly =w>d t[>ds ! c5tre ( ! t>get1 rais+ ! "r wri/ z high z ,no4 #a1 & press+ ! left %\ld] well back4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fir/ ,,po9t4 ,second ,po9t4--,turn ! wri/ r\nd to ! left1 s t ! edge comes upw>ds1 draw ! h& back until x re/s on ! brea/1 & give ! po9t =w>ds1 to ! c5tre ( ! t>get1 rais+ ! h& z be=e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,second ,,po9t4 ,?ird ,po9t4--,give ! h&le ( ! sword a slight twi/ 9 ! h& to ! "r1 s t ! edge aga9 comes upp]mo/1 & ! gu>d re/s aga9/ ! back ( ! h&4 ,draw back ! h& until x re/s aga9/ ! "r hip1 & deliv] x =w>ds t[>ds ! spot at ! bottom ( ! t>get1 rais+ ! wri/ z high z ! spot 9 ! c5tre4 ,! object 9 rais+ ! wri/ is to deceive ! eye ( ! oppon5t1 :o w be m likely to notice ! position ( y\r wri/ ?an ( y\r po9t4 ,9 all ! ?ru/s1 ! left %\ld] %\ld be r br\ght =w>d be=e ! po9t is giv51 & press$ well back :ile x is be+ deliv]$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,?ird ,,po9t4 ,,gu>ds4 ,wait aft] ! ?ird po9t has be5 deliv]$ = ! ^w ,def5d4--,at ?is ^w draw up ! h& sm>tly1 & =m ! fir/ gu>d4 ,make ! o!r gu>ds 9 succession z !y are nam$1 :ile ! in/ructor proves _! accuracy by giv+ ! correspond+ cuts4 ,! gu>ds mu/ be le>n$ f ! t>get1 by plac+ ! sword 9 exactly ! same position z ^? del9eat$4 ,! gu>ds are ^!3-- ,a ,fir/ gu>d4 ,b ,second4 ,c ,?ird4 ,d ,f\r?4 ,e ,fif?4 ,f ,six?4 ,g ,sev5?4 ,! two spots ,h & ,i m>k ! places t[>ds :i* ! po9ts are made1 ,h = ! fir/ & second po9t1 ,i = ! ?ird4 ,,p>ry4 ,! p>ry or p>ade ( a ?ru/ is execut$ ) ! back ( ! sword4 ,! firme/ way ( p>ry+ is to hold ! sword p]p5dicul>1 ) its edge to ! "r & its hilt ab\t ! height ( & close to ! "r %\ld]2 !n1 by sweep+ ! sword r\nd f left to "r1 any ?ru/ )9 its sweep is ?r[n wide ( ! body4 ,! p>ry is execut$ ) ! wri/ & n ) ! arm1 :i* mu/ n move4 ,,hang+ ,,gu>d4 ,:5 ! pupil is acqua9t$ ) bo? cuts & gu>ds1 he %\ld le>n ! hang+ gu>d1 a mo/ useful position1 z x keeps ! body well hidd5 "u ! sword1 & at ! same "t leaves ! sword 9 a good position to /rike or ?ru/4 ,x is accompli%$ 9 ! foll[+ way4 ,/ep out to ! second position1 z 9 ,figure #b1 raise ! arm until ! h& is j ov] ! "r foot1 & z high z ! head4 ,! edge ( ! sword is upw>ds1 & ! po9t is direct$ d[nw>ds & t[>ds ! left4 ,! left %\ld] is press$ r =w>d1 & ! neck & *e/ drawn inw>d4 ,9 ?is position1 ! swordsman is 9 a position to receive or make an attack z he may ?9k fit4 ,x is r fatigu+ at fir/1 ow+ to ! unaccu/om$ position ( ! arm & head1 b ! fatigue is soon ov]come1 & !n x w be f\nd t !re is no attitude :i* gives equal advantages4 ,illu/ration3 ,,hang+ ,,gu>d4 ,!re are two o!r modes ( /&+ on gu>d1 ea* possess+ _! peculi> advantages4 ,^! are1 ! inside & outside gu>d4 ,! inside gu>d is made z foll[s3-- ,,inside ,,gu>d4 ,/& 9 ! second position1 hav+ ! wri/ ( ! "r h& ne>ly z l[ z ! wai/1 ! h& be+ exactly ov] ! "r foot4 ,! po9t ( ! sword is rais$ z high z ! eyes1 & ! edge is turn$ inw>ds1 z w be se5 f ! accompany+ engrav+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,inside ,,gu>d4 ,,outside ,,gu>d4 ,! outside gu>d is =m$ 9 ! same mann] z ! inside1 ) ! exception t ! edge ( ! sword is turn$ well outw>ds4 ,illu/ration3 ,,outside ,,gu>d4 ,to get to ! hang+ gu>d1 ! words are giv5 z foll[s3--inside gu>d--outside gu>d--gu>d4 ,,attack ,,& ,,def5ce4 ,! swordsman hav+ le>n$ ?us f>1 is taught to comb9e ! ?ree movem5ts ( /rik+1 ?ru/+1 & gu>d+1 by ! foll[+ ex]cise3-- #a4 ,inside ,gu>d4 #b4 ,outside ,gu>d4 #c4 ,gu>d4 #d4 ,cut ,"o4 #e4 ,fir/ ,gu>d4 #f4 ,cut ,two4 #g4 ,second ,gu>d4 #h4 ,cut ,?ree4 #i4 ,?ird ,gu>d4 #aj4 ,cut ,f\r4 #aa4 ,f\r? ,gu>d4 #ab4 ,cut ,five4 #ac4 ,fif? ,gu>d4 #ad4 ,cut ,six4 #ae4 ,six? ,gu>d4 #af4 ,cut ,sev54 #ag4 ,sev5? ,gu>d4 #ah4 ,fir/ ,po9t4 ,prep>e = ! po9t 9 ,fir/ ,position4 ,two4 ,?ru/ 9 ,?ird ,position4 #ai4 ,second ,po9t4 ,prep>e = x 9 ,fir/ ,position4 ,two4 ,?ru/ 9 ,?ird ,position4 #bj4 ,?ird ,po9t4 ,prep>e4 ,two4 ,?ru/4 #ba4 ,p>ry4 ,prep>e to p>ry 9 ,fir/ ,position4 ,two4 ,p>ry4 #bb4 ,gu>d4 ,! "y swordsman mu/ rememb] t 9 ?is1 z 9 all ! ex]cises1 ! cuts & po9ts mu/ be giv5 9 ! ?ird position1 z 9 ! accompany+ illu/ration1 :i* %[s ! swordsman j z he has deliv]$ ! sev5? cut1 & is wait+ = ! next ^w be=e he resumes ! fir/ position4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sev5? ,,cut4 ,! gu>ds1 on ! contr>y1 are giv5 9 ! fir/ position1 z is se5 9 ! figure on p4 #bai1 :i* illu/rates ! sev5? gu>d4 ,^! ex]cises are always le>n$ ) ! s+le-/ick1 or basket-hilt$ cudgel1 9 ord] to avoid ! dang]s :i* w\ld be inevitable if ! sword 7 us$4 ,b z ! s+le-/ick is only an imitation ( ! sword1 ,i w give ! me?od ( gett+ ! sword out ( ! %ea? into any position requir$4 ,,draw ,,swords4 ,! fir/ ^w ( comm& is draw swords4 ,at ! ^w draw1 seize ! %ea? j bel[ ! hilt1 ) ! left h&1 & raise ! hilt z high z ! hip1 at ! same "t grasp+ ! hilt ) ! "r h&1 turn+ ! edge ( ! sword to ! re>1 & draw+ x p>tially f ! %ea?1 to ensure its easy removal4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sev5? ,,gu>d4 ,at ! ^w swords1 draw ! blade sm>tly out ( ! scabb>d1 ?r[+ ! po9t upw>ds1 at ! full ext5t ( ! arm1 ! edge be+ /ill to ! re>4 ,,recov] ,,swords4 ,! wri/ is n[ sm>tly l[]$ until x is level ) ! *91 ! blade upright1 & ! edge to ! left4 ,?is is ! position ( recov] swords4 ,! elb[ mu/ be kept close to ! body1 z 9 ! cut4 ,illu/ration3 ,,recov] ,,swords4 ,,c>ry ,,swords4 ,! wri/ is n[ %>ply l[]$ until ! arm hangs at its full l5g?1 ! wri/ be+ 9 ! l9e ) ! hip1 ! edge ( ! sword to ! front1 & its back re/+ 9 ! holl[ ( ! %\ld]1 ! f+]s lightly hold+ ! hilt4 ,! left h& hangs at ! side until ! ^w inside gu>d1 :5 x is plac$ on ! left hip4 ,,slope ,,swords4 ,at ! ^w swords1 raise ! "r h& sm>tly1 until x =ms a "r angle at ! elb[4 ,,return ,,swords4 ,at ! ^w1 raise ! blade until x is p]p5dicul>1 move ! hilt to ! holl[ ( ! left %\ld]1 drop ! po9t ( ! sword into ! scabb>d 7:i* has be5 grasp$ by ! left h& & slightly rais$17 at ! same "t turn+ ! edge to ! re>4 ,pause an in/ant1 & s5d ! sword sm>tly into ! %ea?1 remov+ bo? h&s z ! hilt /rikes aga9/ ! m\? ( ! scabb>d3 drop !m to ! side1 ) ! palms outw>ds1 & /& 9 ! fir/ position4 ,,practices4 ,!re are _m ex]cises ) ! broadsword1 call$ ,practices4 ,i h giv5 "o ( !m1 :i* is to be practis$ alone2 b :5 ! pupil has atta9$ "s confid5ce 9 ! use ( 8 weapon1 he mu/ be plac$ opposite ano!r pupil1 & !y mu/ g ?r\gh !m1 ea* tak+ ! attack & def5ce 9 turn4 ,! "y swordsman mu/ be provid$ ) a v /\t wire mask1 :i* def5ds ! face & "p ( ! neck1 & :i* %\ld be work$ 9 a k9d ( helmet above1 to gu>d aga9/ ! disa/r\s consequ5ces ( receiv+ ! sev5? gu>d4 ,no practices1 loose or o!rwise1 %\ld be p]mitt$ )\t ! masks1 z nei!r p>ty w\ld be able to cut or ?ru/ ) prop] confid5ce4 ,,second ,,practice4 ,?is is v useful 9 tea*+ ! po9t & p>ry1 z well z giv+ /ead9ess on ! feet4 ,two boys are plac$ opposite ea* o!r1 at j su* a di/ance1 t :5 p]fectly erect !y c t\* ! hilt ( _! adv]s>y's sword ) ! po9t ( _! own4 ,! "o :o gives ! fir/ po9t is call$ ,front ,rank1 7!re may be a doz5 9 ea* rank1 ea* hav+ tri$ ! di/ance to 8 "r by ext5d+ 8 sword17 & ! "o :o gives fir/ p>ry is call$ ,re> ,rank4 ,,^w ,,( ,,comm&4 ,,front ,,rank4 ,,re> ,,rank4 ,gu>d4 ,hang+ ,gu>d4 ,hang+ ,gu>d4 ,?ird ,po9t4 ,prep>e to give ,?ird ,po9t4 ,prep>e to ,p>ry4 ,po9t4 ,give ,?ird ,po9t1 & :5 ,p>ry ,?ird ,po9t1 p>ri$ spr+ back to ,fir/ & prep>e to ,position1 & prep>e to p>ry4 give ,?ird ,po9t4 ,po9t4 ,p>ry ,?ird ,po9t1 & prep>e ,give ,?ird ,po9t1 = ,?ird ,po9t4 & prep>e to ,p>ry4 ,po9t1 c4 c4 ,?is %\ld be cont9u$ until bo? are we>y4 ,bo? swordsm5 %\ld le>n to d x m rapidly e "t !y practise4 ,next "t ( go+ ?r\gh x1 front rank & re> rank *ange places1 z !y mu/ d 9 all ! practices4 ,,?ird ,,practice4 ,,^w ,,( ,,comm&4 ,,front ,,rank4 ,,re> ,,rank4 ,gu>d4 ,hang+ ,gu>d4 ,hang+ ,gu>d4 ,leg4 ,cut ,f\r4 ,cut ,sev54 ,inside ,gu>d4 ,inside ,gu>d4 ,inside ,gu>d4 ,leg4 ,cut ,six at ,leg4 ,cut ,six at ,neck4 ,outside ,gu>d4 ,outside ,gu>d4 ,outside ,gu>d4 ,leg4 ,cut ,five at ,leg4 ,cut ,five at ,neck4 ,gu>d4 ,hang+ ,gu>d4 ,hang+ ,gu>d4 ,slope ,swords4 ,slope ,swords4 ,slope ,swords4 ,9 ?is & ! o!r practices1 ! cuts mu/ be deliv]$ 9 ! ?ird position1 & ! gu>ds 9 ! fir/4 ,9 ! ?ird & f\r? practices1 ! cuts mu/ be giv5 lightly1 z _m ( !m are n int5d$ to be gu>d$1 b m]ely to %[ ! p[]s ( ! sword 9 v>i\s positions4 ,,f\r? ,,practice4 ,,^w ,,( ,,comm&4 ,,front ,,rank4 ,,re> ,,rank4 ,gu>d4 ,hang+ ,gu>d4 ,hang+ ,gu>d4 ,head4 ,sev5? ,cut4 ,sev5? ,gu>d4 ,head4 ,sev5? ,gu>d4 ,cut ,sev54 ,leg4 ,f\r? ,cut4 ,sev5? ,gu>d4 ,leg4 ,sev5? ,gu>d4 ,f\r? ,cut4 ,head4 ,sev5? ,cut4 ,sev5? ,gu>d4 ,head4 ,sev5? ,gu>d4 ,sev5? ,cut4 ,gu>d4 ,hang+ ,gu>d4 ,hang+ ,gu>d4 ,slope ,swords4 ,slope ,swords4 ,slope ,swords4 ,9 ?is & ! prec$+ ex]cise1 ! p[] ( %ift+ ! leg is %[n4 ,if two swordsm5 attack ea* o!r1 & ,no4 #a /rikes at ! leg ( ,no4 #b1 x w be bett] = ,no4 #b n to oppose ! cut by ! ?ird or f\r? gu>d1 b to draw back ! leg sm>tly1 & cut six or sev5 at ! adv]s>y's head or neck4 ,9 loose play1 z x is call$1 i4 e4 :5 two p>ties engage ) swords )\t foll[+ any ^w ( comm&1 b /rike & gu>d z !y c1 bo? play]s /& 9 ! second position1 because !y c ei!r advance or retreat z !y *oose1 & c longe out to ! ?ird position = a ?ru/ or a cut1 or spr+ up to ! fir/ position = a gu>d ) equal ease4 ,x is (t5 a k9d ( trap1 to put ! "r leg m =w>d ?an usual1 9 ord] to induce ! adv]s>y to make a cut at x4 ,:5 he does s1 ! leg is drawn back1 ! /roke passes h>mless1 & ! deceiv$ /rik] gets ! /ick ( 8 oppon5t on 8 head or %\ld]s4 ,we n[ come to a v complicat$ ex]cise1 call$ ! ,,fif? ,,practice4 ,,^w ,,( ,,comm&4 ,,front ,,rank4 ,,re> ,,rank4 ,draw ,swords4 ,draw ,swords4 ,draw ,swords4 ,inside ,gu>d4 ,inside ,gu>d4 ,inside ,gu>d4 ,outside ,gu>d4 ,outside ,gu>d4 ,outside ,gu>d4 ,gu>d4 ,hang+ ,gu>d4 ,hang+ ,gu>d4 ,head4 ,sev5? ,cut4 ,sev5? ,gu>d4 ,head4 ,sev5? ,gu>d4 ,sev5? ,cut4 ,arm4 ,second ,cut at ,arm4 ,second ,gu>d4 ,head4 ,sev5? ,gu>d4 ,sev5? ,cut4 ,head4 ,sev5? ,cut4 ,sev5? ,gu>d4 ,arm4 ,second ,gu>d4 ,second ,cut at ,arm4 ,head4 ,sev5? ,cut4 ,sev5? ,gu>d4 ,head4 ,sev5? ,gu>d4 ,sev5? ,cut4 ,"r ,side4 ,six? ,cut4 ,six? ,gu>d4 ,head4 ,sev5? ,gu>d4 ,sev5? ,cut4 ,head4 ,sev5? ,cut4 ,sev5? ,gu>d4 ,"r ,side4 ,six? ,gu>d4 ,six? ,cut4 ,gu>d4 ,hang+ ,gu>d4 ,hang+ ,gu>d4 ,?is practice is capital ex]cise1 & looks v impos+4 ,all ^! practices ought to be s famili>1 t ! words ( comm& are n ne$$1 ! only ^w requir$ be+ ,fir/1 ,second1 or ,?ird ,practices1 z ! case may be4 ,i rememb] once1 t two ( my pupils _h atta9$ su* a ma/]y ( _! weapons1 t we us$ (t5 to g ?r\gh ! practices ) real swords4 ,on "o occasion1 we 7 act+ a *>ade1 & my elde/ pupil & myself 7 enact+ ! "p ( two di/+ui%$ =eign]s 7c\ntry unkn[n7 :o 7 to get up a fight4 ,s we began by a little qu>rel1 & f9ally drew our swords & set h>d to "w at ! fif? practice1 :i* we c\ld d ) extreme rapidity1 & )\t ! use ( words ( comm&4 ,! spectators 7 horrifi$1 & ! ladies greatly al>m$2 = !re seems to be no p>ticul> ord] 9 t practice1 & an inexp]i5c$ eye w\ld c]ta9ly fancy t ! combatants 7 9 e>ne/4 ,,=t ,,& ,,feeble4 ,! half ( ! sword blade next ! hilt is call$ ! 8=t10 because x is ! /ronge/ place on :i* ! cut ( an adv]s>y c be receiv$4 ,always p>ry & gu>d ) ! =t ( y\r sword1 z1 if y try to gu>d a cut ) ! 8feeble10 :i* is ! rema9+ half ( ! blade1 y\r gu>d w be =c$1 & ! cut take effect4 ,,draw+ ,,cut4 ,! draw+ cut is made be/ ) a curv$ sword1 & is execut$ by plac+ ! edge ( ! sword on ! object1 & draw+ x ov] x until x is sev]$4 ,a good l>ge mangel worzel is capital practice4 ,place ! root loose on a table1 /& at arm's l5g? f x1 lay ! edge ( ! sword lightly on x1 & slice ! root by repeat$ly draw+ ! sword ov] x4 ,?is is v difficult1 al?\gh x looks easy en\gh1 & is sure to j> ! arm f ! wri/ to ! %\ld] ! fir/ "t or two1 :ile ! sword glides (f z if ! root 7 cas$ 9 poli%$ /eel4 ,h[ev]1 a little practice w soon ov]come ! difficulty4 ,?is cut is mu* 9 use among ! ,sikhs4 ,,g5]al ,,advice4 ,nev] look at y\r own sword1 b wat* ! eye & sword wri/ ( y\r oppon5t4 ,rememb] t ! great po9t 9 ?is ex]cise1 z 9 f5c+1 is to ga9 "t4 ,endeav\r1 !re=e1 to advance y\r po9t ne>] y\r adv]s>y ?an 8 is to y4 ,beg9 ! assault out ( di/ance1 s t nei!r p>ty c compla9 ( be+ tak5 by surprise4 ,if ! two p>ties ex*ange a cut or a ?ru/ at ! same mom5t1 ! "o :o gave 8 cut or ?ru/ 9 ! ?ird position is victori\s4 ,:5 a cut or ?ru/ is made1 ! "o :o receives x passes 8 sword1 i4 e4 /ick1 into 8 left h&1 & 8 oppon5t comes to inside gu>d4 ,always spr+ back to ! second position aft] deliv]+ a cut or ?ru/4 ,keep ! l9e ( direction c>efully1 or y w leave an op5 space = ! adv]s>y to get 8 sword into4 ,la/ & mo/ important1 ,don't lose y\r temp]4 ,illu/ration ,,fives4 ,x is impossible to play at ?is excell5t game unless !re be a high wall1 free f abutm5ts1 & a smoo?1 dry1 pav$ gr\nd be=e x4 ,:5 ?is c be procur$1 a l9e is drawn on ! wall1 ab\t #ch in*es f ! gr\nd2 ano!r l9e is drawn on ! gr\nd1 ab\t #aj feet f ! wall1 ,a2 & two o!rs are drawn on ea* side z b\nd>ies1 ,b ,c4 ,! in/rum5ts us$ 9 ! play are a ball ( tightly-sewn lea!r & a fives-bat4 ,x has a long h&le1 & an oval b[l ( wood4 ,! ball is h>d1 reb\nd+1 small1 & :ite4 ,! game may be play$ by two or f\r p2 9 ! la/ case1 two on ea* side4 ,! me?od ( play is z foll[s3--,! game may be play$ ei!r s+le-h&$ or ) p>tn]s4 ,:5 x is play$ ) p>tn]s1 ! play]s toss up = inn+s4 ,! fir/ play] takes ! ball1 & /rikes x aga9/ ! wall ) 8 bat above ! l9e on ! wall1 & s t x may fall )\t ! l9e on ! gr\nd4 ,! o!r !n /rikes x1 & ! play]s cont9ue to hit x aga9/ ! wall1 ei!r be=e x comes to ! gr\nd or at ! fir/ b\nce1 until "o ( !m miss+ x1 or driv+ x out ( b\nds1 or b5ea? ! wall-l9e1 loses or goes out4 ,( c\rse ! ball may fall any:]e )9 ! side b\nd>ies1 aft] be+ once /ruck up by ! play] :o is 94 ,! game is usually fifte51 b is sometimes ext5d$ to tw5ty-five4 ,! game above describ$ is t kn[n z bat-fives1 & diff]s little f ! game ( rackets1 except t x may be play$ 9 any op5 c\rt1 & t a diff]5tly-%ap$ bat & a l>g] ball are employ$4 ,fives 0 orig9ally play$ ) ! h&1 in/ead ( a racket1 & 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury 0 call$ ,h& ,t5nis 9 ,engl&1 & 9 ,france1 ,palm ,play4 ,x is said to h obta9$ ! "n ( ,fives1 f t5 ( ! ,e>l ( ,h]t=d's s]vants hav+ play$ be=e ,que5 ,elizabe?1 five ( a side2 b m probably on acc\nt ( ! five f+]s ( ! h&4 ,?is game ( 8h&-fives0 is ! "o ord9>ily play$ by boys1 & kn[n te*nically z 8fives40 ,! ball is hit aga9/ ! wall entirely by ! h&1 & no bat ( any description is us$4 ,! game may be play$ by two or m p1 & is usually fifte54 ,play]s ) t5d] h&s usually play ) an ord9>y kid or padd$ glove1 ei!r ( :i* is q admissible4 ,!re are v>iations ( ! game at diff]5t s*ools1 ow+ to peculi>ities 9 ! %ape ( ! c\rts4 ,at ,eton1 = in/ance1 a buttress ( ! *apel abuts into ! c\rt1 & ! ,eton c\rts at ,ox=d are made on a simil> plan4 ,b ! game z ord9>ily play$ is t z describ$ above4 ,,foot-,,ball4 ,unc]ta9 z to ! date ( its orig91 !re is no ,engli% game :i* is at once s popul> & ab\t :i* s mu* diff]5ce ( op9ion exi/s4 ,all agree z to its manly "*1 its capabilities = endurance1 activity1 h>dihood1 & /rategical skill1 b !re are v few :o agree entirely z to ! rules by :i* ! game %\ld be play$4 ,9 anci5t records !re is no m5tion ( ! game be=e ! reign ( ,edw>d ,,iii42 & at t p]iod x seems to h be5 s popul> t by royal edict x 0 put d[n1 z be+ antagoni/ic to ! royal amusem5t ( ar*]y4 ,b t x fl\ri%$1 & fl\ri%$ consid]ably1 beyond t date1 !re is no d\bt4 ,9 _m m>ket-t[ns ( ,engl& & ,scotl&1 & notably 9 t ( ,k+/on-on-,?ames1 all bus9ess is susp5d$ on ,%rove ,tuesday1 & a great game ( foot-ball is play$ 9 ! m>ket-place4 ,all is (ficially conduct$1 & ! mayor is hon\r$ ) ! privilege ( 8kick-(f40 ,x w\ld seem a pity at fir/ sight t !re is no au?ority l t ( ! ,m>ylebone ,club to revise ! laws ( foot-ball & insi/ ^u _! be+ obs]v$ 9 all places :]e ! game is play$4 ,foot-ball z n[ con/itut$ is n1 & _c be1 a national game4 ,!re are h>dly two s*ools 9 ,engl& t agree 9 its fir/ pr9ciples1 & t are n cont9ually wrangl+ & disput+ z to h[ ! game %\ld be play$4 ,to t\* ! ball ) ! h&s is 9 "s eyes a h]esy1 & 9 o!rs an uncommon virtue4 ,"s s*ools advocate runn+ ) ! ball1 :ile o!rs consid] su* lic5ce z antagoni/ic to ! prop] pr9ciples & well-be+ ( ! game4 ,&1 inde$1 look+ r\nd at ! v>i\s head-qu>t]s ( foot-ball 9 ,engl&1 x really does seem a difficult matt] to reconcile ! games z n[ play$ s z to suit all ta/es4 ,rugby & ,eton foot-ball c h>dly be look$ ^u z ! same game4 ,illu/ration3 ,,football4 ,we h "o set ( p advocat+ ! employm5t ( only elev51 or at mo/ tw5ty1 play]s on a side1 & ano!r ma9ta9+ t a hundr$ or s on a side matt]s little4 ,we h "o s*ool play+ ! game aga9/ a brick wall1 ano!r us+ b\nd>ies ( canvas1 ano!r da%+ ! ball ab\t 9 n>r[ cloi/]s1 & ano!r m>%all+ a little army ( play]s1 ) regul>ly organiz$ back & =w>d play]s1 res]ve =ces1 vangu>d1 sc\ts1 runn]s1 all ( :om h _! direct influ5ce on ! fate & =tunes ( ! game4 ,! great ess5tials = foot-ball are pluck1 endurance1 & good temp]4 ,half ! disputes at foot-ball :i* are ascrib$ to 8hack+0 & 8%9n+0 w\ld n h occurr$ _h good temp] be5 obs]v$4 ,no "o 8hacks0 or 8%9s0 wilfully1 except he loses 8 temp]2 & a play] 9 foot-ball1 z 9 o!r games1 :o _c keep 8 temp] is unfit 9 e way to enjoy ! game4 ,z a mat* at foot-ball is n[ made1 two p>ties1 conta9+ any numb] ( competitors1 take ! field1 &1 hav+ toss$ up = sides1 /& betwe5 two goals1 plac$ at a di/ance ( "s eighty y>ds ap>t4 ,! p>ty t loses ! toss has ! privilege ( 8kick-(f40 ,! goal is m>k$ by two upright poles1 driv5 into ! gr\nd ab\t t5 y>ds ap>t4 ,! ball1 :i* us$ =m]ly to be made ( a bl[n bladd]1 is n[ made ( an inflat$ vulcaniz$ india-rubb] case1 inclos$ aga9 9 a case ( lac$ & well-sewn lea!r4 ,! object ( ea* p>ty is to drive ! ball ?r\gh ! goal ( _! antagoni/s4 ,! skill ( ! play]s is be/ employ$ 9 attack+ & def5d+ ! goals4 ,9 ! game ( football ! few] ! rules1 & ! simpl] ^? rules are1 ! bett]4 ,! great 8bone ( cont5tion0 ) lov]s ( ! game is1 z to :e!r play]s %\ld be all[$ to t\* ! ball ) _! h&s or n4 ,eton & ,we/m9/] play]s w be argu+ = ev] t ! game is foot-ball1 & n h&-ball2 :ile ,rugbans1 on ! o!r h&1 w cont5d t )\t ! use ( ! h&s z well z ! feet ! game is robb$ ( "o ( its pr9cipal *>ms4 ,9 ! foll[+ rules a m$ium c\rse is advocat$1 z1 :ile no?+ looks s bad z to see a lazy or inactive play]1 :o does n c>e to foll[ ! ball1 play+ fives ) x :5ev] x comes )9 8 rea*1 x w\ld be equally absurd to /op a play] :o cat*es ! ball fairly ei!r on ! full or fir/ b\nd f runn+ a y>d or s ) x 9 8 h&s1 9 ord] to all[ him to get up ! necess>y impetus = a /rong drop-kick4 ,) reg>d also to 8(f-side10 x is ess5tially necess>y t "s cle> & def9ite rules %\ld be laid d[n4 ,:at c possibly look worse ?an to see a play]1 aga9 "o ( ^? :o are too indol5t to 8foll[ up0 ! ball1 coolly /& 9 ! middle ( ! c\rse1 or1 worse /ill1 at ! v door ( 8 neighb\r's goal1 wait+ until ! ball is kick$ up to him1 9 ord] t he1 fre% & full ( w9d z he is1 may foll[ x 9 to ! goal8 ,x is hop$ t ! foll[+ rules may give g5]al satisfaction1 & prev5t disputes & ob/acles3-- #a4 ,a goal may be obta9$ by a fair full kick or drop-kick (f ! h&1 provid$ ! ball goes ov] ! b> :i* runs betwe5 ! goal-po/s2 or a goal may be obta9$ by a fair foot-ball 8bulley10 :i* s5ds ! ball ?r\gh all ob/acles any:]e betwe5 ! po/s4 #b4 ,! foot-ball c\rse mu/ be m>k$ by side b\nd>ies4 ,:5 ! ball is kick$ outside ^! b\nd>ies1 a play] ( ei!r side may kick x into ! c\rse aga9 9 a /raight l9e f :]e x w5t out4 #c4 ,a play] :o %all n h be5 beh9d ! la/ play] on 8 own side :o kick$ ! ball %all be consid]$ 8(f 8 side40 #d4 ,no play] :o %all be 8(f 8 side0 %all be all[$ to kick ! ball until x %all h t\*$ "o ( ! opposite side1 :5 he becomes on 8 side aga91 & may jo9 9 ! game4 #e4 ,a play] :o obta9s a fair cat* ( ! ball1 ei!r full or on ! fir/ b\nd1 may take a %ort run1 9 ord] to obta9 a 8drop-kick10 or may kick x at once full (f 8 h&s4 #f4 ,any play] ( ! opposite side may use 8 be/ endeav\rs to prev5t a drop or full kick aft] a fair cat*4 #g4 ,no 8hold+0 mu/ be all[$ at any p]iod ( ! game4 #h4 ,no 8%9n+0 or 8hack+0 is to be all[$4 #i4 ,at ! comm5cem5t ( ! game ! capta9s ( ea* side %all det]m9e mutually h[ long ! game is to la/4 #aj4 ,at ! end ( ! "t1 no matt] 9 :at position ! game is1 "o ( ! capta9s %all cry 8no game10 & ! game %all imm$iately cease4 ,,golf+4 ,illu/ration ,golf+ is play$ ) a club & ball4 ,! club is f ?ree to f\r feet long1 accord+ to ! height & l5g? ( arm ( ! play]4 ,x is curv$ & massive t[>ds ! end1 to give /r5g? & weight4 ,?is knob is =m$ = /r5g? f "s v t\gh wood1 z bee*1 & z x curves & proce$s upw>ds is plan$ (f1 s z to adapt itself to ! h&le1 to :i* x is p>tly glu$ & tightly cord$ d[n4 ,a want ( due att5tion to ^! p>ticul>s 9 ! mak+ ( x w r5d] ! head liable to split & fly (f by ei!r a v h>d or indirect /roke4 ,! face ( ! club is fur!r secur$ by a piece ( h>d bone1 & occasionally ( ivory1 at lea/ half an in* ?ick4 ,x is also load$ ) f f\r to six ounces ( lead1 accord+ to ! w ( ! play]4 ,! h&le is usually b\nd ) cord1 li/1 or velvet1 at ! pleasure ( ! own]4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 to be rememb]$1 t ! =m ( ! club1 ! mat]ials ( :i* x is made1 & ! numb]s tak5 to ! golf+ gr\nd1 v>y consid]ably1 accord+ to ! circum/ances & habits ( ! play]s1 ! att5dant cad or caddie hav+ usually _m v>ieties1 to suit e peculi>ity "u :i* ! ball may be plac$2 = 9 _m clubs x c nev] be t\*$ by ! h& until hol$4 ,! golf ball is ab\t ! size ( an egg1 & is made v h>d4 ,x is compos$ ( /\t lea!r1 :i*1 hav+ be5 previ\sly soak$ 9 boil+ wat]1 all[s ( its be+ fir/ v firmly sew$1 & !n turn$ inside out1 leav+ a small op5+ only1 by :i* x is v =cibly /uff$ ) fea!rs4 ,! lea!r be+ yet wet1 x contracts into a ball ( ! dim5sions /at$1 b nev] gets circul>1 z t us$ 9 ! game ( cricket4 ,x is aft]w>ds pa9t$ ov] ) sev]al coats ( :ite pa9t2 9 do+ :i* x is requisite t ! lead us$ %\ld be v pure & exce$+ly well gr\nd d[n1 z well z t ea* coat laid on %\ld be p]fectly dry & h>d be=e ano!r is appli$4 ,! game is play$ by two or m p]sons1 s t !re be an equal numb] on ea* side2 b only two balls are us$1 "o belong+ to ea* p>ty1 ea* p>ty also /rik+ 9 turn3 b if ! la/ /rik] does n drive 8 ball z f> z t ( 8 oppon5t1 "o ( 8 p>ty mu/ !n /rike "o1 or p]haps two m1 & ! game is ?us m>k$ by call+ out "o1 two1 or ?ree m1 z ! case may be4 ,if m ?an two are play+1 ! same p]son does n /rike twice 9 succession3 a miss is consid]$ "o4 ,! p>ty :o puts ! ball into ! hole 9 ! fewe/ /rokes w9s ! game4 ,! gr\nds us$ = ?is sport v>y 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ,scotl&4 ,"s are ne>ly squ>e1 9 :i* case a hole is made 9 ea* corn]2 b if x be irregul> 9 figure1 x is n uncommon to place "o at ea* angle1 s t ! p>ty %all trav]se ! :ole surface1 & f9i% at ! spot f :5ce he />t$2 a qu>t] ( a mile be+ usually all[$ betwe5 ea* hole4 ,besides ! /ick1 or club1 already describ$1 !re are o!rs1 usually c>ri$ by an att5dant = ea* p>ty4 ,^! are call$1 by way ( di/9ction1 putt]s--( :i*1 h[ev]1 !re are sev]al sorts1 "o be+ %ort1 /iff1 & heavy1 simil> 9 figure1 b long] on ! head1 = mak+ a /eady & direct /roke :5 ne> ! hole4 ,ano!r1 =m$ ( iron1 in/ead ( wood1 is us$ = mak+ a hit at a ball :5 v unfav\rably plac$1 z 9 a rut1 :]e ! common club w\ld be 9 dang] ( break+4 ,:5 a ball falls into a hole or rut1 f :i* x is impossible to /rike x out1 ! p>ty is all[$1 by a special agreem5t1 9 "s clubs1 to take x out ) 8 h&1 & ?r[ x up 9 a l9e ) ! spot1 :i* is acc\nt$ z "o1 & he !n /rikes f :]e x *ances to re/2 b1 z already obs]v$1 ?is indulg5ce does n ext5d to e ,golf+ ,society4 ,illu/ration ,,gymna/ics4 ,,introduction4 ,! /udy ( ,gymna/ics is ( ! utmo/ importance to "y p]sons1 z its object is to call into ex]cise1 & to tra9 to p]fection1 all ! corporeal or bodily p[]s4 ,x is ! education ( ! limbs1 jo9ts1 & muscles2 & includes n only ! sy/ematic tra9+ ( ^!1 b also assi/s ! sci5ces ( rid+1 driv+1 wre/l+1 r[+1 sail+1 skat+1 swimm+1 c4 ,9 ! foll[+ gymna/ic ex]cises we h det]m9$ to introduce only ^? m simple & useful feats :i* may be said to make up ! 8,alphabet ( ! ,sci5ce10 & all ! individual & progressive ex]cises are susceptible ( be+ ev]y:]e introduc$4 ,!y may be p]=m$ 9 v small spaces1 & require no p>ticul> prep>ation1 exp5se1 or place4 ,by att5tion to ! directions any pupil betwe5 ! ages ( twelve & sixte5 may tra9 & ex]cise himself1 & a numb] ( o!r *ildr5 y\ng] ?an himself2 & ?is excell5t /udy may ?us become a s\rce ( amusem5t & delight4 ,illu/ration3 ,,gymna/ics4 ,,hi/orical ,,memor&a4 ,! fir/ gymnasium is said to h be5 e/abli%$ at ,sp>ta1 & "s ye>s aft]w>ds at ,a!ns4 ,9 ! =m] city ! ex]cises p>took ( a rude milit>y "*2 b among ! ,a!nians1 :o 7 always dispos$ to m+le ! elem5ts ( ! beautiful 9 :atev] !y und]took1 gymna/ics 7 ref9$1 & ! ,gymnasia became temples ( ! ,graces4 ,9 ea* !re 0 a place call$ ,pal/ra1 9 :i* wre/l+1 box+1 runn+1 leap+1 ?r[+ ! discus1 & o!r ex]cises ( ! k9d 7 taught4 ,gymna/ics 7 aft]w>ds divid$ into two pr9cipal bran*es--! ,pal/r1 tak+ its "n f ! ,pal/ra1 & ! ,or*e/r4 ,! =m] embrac$ ! :ole class ( a?letic ex]cises2 ! latt] danc+1 & ! art ( ge/iculation & declamation4 ,! ,gymnasia 7 spaci\s edifices1 surr\nd$ by g>d5s & a sacr$ grove4 ,_! pr9cipal p>ts 73 #a4 ,! ,portices1 furni%$ ) seats & side build+s1 :]e ! y\?s met to conv]se4 #b4 ,! ,ephebeion1 t "p ( ! edifice :]e ! y\? alone ex]cis$4 #c4 ,! ,apodyt]ion1 or undress+ room to ! ,coni/]ium1 or small c\rt 9 :i* 0 kept ! yell[ k9d ( s& spr9kl$ by ! wre/l]s ov] _! bodies aft] be+ ano9t$ ) ! aroma1 or oil temp]$ ) wax4 #e4 ,! ,pal/ra prop]ly 0 ! place = wre/l+4 #f4 ,! ,sphri/]ium1 :]e ! game ( ball 0 play$4 #g4 ,alit]ium1 :]e ! wre/l]s ano9t$ !mselves ) oil4 #h4 ,! ,area or great c\rt1 :]e runn+1 leap+1 & pit*+ ! quoit 7 p]=m$4 #i4 ,! ,xy/a1 op5 walks 9 :i* ! y\?s ex]cis$ !mselves 9 runn+4 #aj4 ,! ,balanea1 or ba?s4 ,beh9d ! ,xy/a lay ! ,/adium1 :i*1 z its "n imports1 0 ! eigh? ( a mile 9 l5g?2 & 9 ?is 7 p]=m$ all sorts ( ex]cises1 9 ! pres5ce ( l>ge numb]s ( p]sons & ! *iefs ( ! /ate4 ,to all ^! bran*es ( gymna/ics ! ,grecian y\? appli$ !mselves ) peculi> eag]ness1 & on quitt+ ! s*ools devot$ to !m a p>ticul> portion ( _! "t1 s9ce !y reg>d$ !m z a prep>ation = victory 9 ! ,olympic & o!r games1 & z ! be/ possible means = promot+ heal? & rip5+ ! physical p[]s2 nor c\ld any?+ be bett] adapt$ = ^? ^: h]oism 0 lib]ty1 & ^: fir/ great aims 7 to be good citiz5s & ! def5d]s ( _! c\ntry4 ,! ,romans nev] made gymna/ics a national matt]1 b consid]$ !m m]ely z prep>atory to ! milit>y s]vice2 &1 ?\gh =m+ a "p ( ! exhibitions at fe/ivals1 !y 7 practis$ only by a p>ticul> class tra9$ = brutal ent]ta9m5ts1 at :i* l>ge bets 7 laid by ! spectators1 z is /ill ! cu/om on our own racec\rse3 b :5 all ! acquisitions ( ! human intellect 7 lo/ 9 ! utt] corruption ( ! ,roman empire & ! irruptions ( w&]+ nations1 ! gymna/ic art p]i%$4 ,,mod]n ,,gymna/ics4 ,! comm5cem5t ( t\rnam5ts dur+ ! ,d>k ,ages 9 "s degree reviv$ a?letic ex]cises2 b ! inv5tion ( gunp[d]1 ! use ( ! small sword1 ! rifle1 & sci5tific tactics1 by :i* battles 7 ga9$ m by skill ?an =ce1 kept d[n ! tra9+ ( ! body = a?letic feats4 ,b 9 ! la/ c5tury1 :5 m5 broke loose f ! yoke ( au?ority1 & education began to be /udi$1 x 0 f\nd t physical education _h be5 =gott54 ,salzmann1 a ,g]man cl]gyman1 inv5t$ a sy/em ( physical ex]cises1 pr9cipally conf9$ to runn+1 leap+1 swimm+1 climb+1 & balanc+2 & at ! comm5cem5t ( ! pres5t c5tury a ,g]man ( ! "n ( ,volk] e/abli%$ ! fir/ gymnasium 9 ,london1 :ile ,capta9 ,clias1 a ,swiss1 e/abli%$ "o 9 ! ,royal ,milit>y ,asylum2 & s9ce !n _m ( ! be/ s*ools & colleges h a gymnasium atta*$ to _! e/abli%m5ts4 ,x g5]ally happ5s t ! pupils ( a gymnasium1 aft] a "t1 lose _! int]e/ 9 ! ex]cises4 ,! reason ( ?is appe>s to be t little or no diff]5ce is made 9 ! ex]cises ( diff]5t ages1 & x is natural t an ex]cise repeat$ = ye>s %\ld become we>isome4 ,gymna/ics1 !re=e1 :5 !y are taught1 %\ld be divid$ into two c\rses4 ,9 ! fir/ c\rse we w\ld include walk+ & p$e/rian excursions1 elem5t>y ex]cises ( v>i\s te/s1 runn+1 leap+ 9 height1 9 l5g?1 9 dep?1 leap+ ) a pole 79 l5g? & height71 vault+1 balanc+1 ex]cises on ! s+le & p>allel b>s1 climb+1 ?r[+1 dragg+1 pu%+1 lift+1 c>ry+1 wre/l+1 jump+ 7#a4 ) ! hoop2 #b4 ) ! rope71 ex]cises ) ! dumb bells1 v>i\s gymna/ic feats or games2 &1 la/ly1 swimm+1 skat+1 f5c+1 rid+ on horseback1 r[+1 c4 ,gymna/ic ex]cises may be begun by a boy ( ab\t eight ye>s ( age1 or may be comm5c$ at any age2 b 9 all cases he %\ld beg9 g5tly1 & proce$ gradually1 )\t any abrupt transitions4 ,!y %\ld be comm5c$ be=e breakfa/ 9 ! morn+1 or be=e d9n] or supp]2 b nev] imm$iately aft] meals3 & ! pupil %\ld be v c>eful1 aft] becom+ heat$ by ex]cises1 ( draughts or cold1 & especially refra9 f ly+ on ! damp gr\nd1 or f /&+ )\t 8 coat or o!r g>m5ts2 & rigidly gu>d aga9/ ! dang]\s practice ( dr9k+ cold wat]1 :i*1 9 _m in/ances1 has be5 kn[n to produce imm$iate dea?4 ,,walk+4 ,9 all gymna/ic ex]cises walk+1 runn+1 & jump+ des]ve ! pref]5ce1 because !y are ! mo/ natural movem5ts ( man1 & ^? :i* he has mo/ frequ5t occasion to use4 ,?is ex]cise1 )9 ! rea* ( ev]ybody1 ought to be plac$ among ! numb] ( ^? :i* are direct cons]vators ( heal?1 & :i* h ! mo/ important b5eficial effects ^u our m5tal & moral economy4 ,walk+ provokes appetite1 assi/s dige/ion1 accel]ates ! circulation1 br+s ! fluids to ! sk91 /r5g!ns ! memory1 & gives *e]fulness to ! m9d1 & 9 fatigu+ ! limbs gives repose to ! s5ses & ! bra94 ,x might be suppos$ t e "o kn[s h[ to walk3 n s1 h[ev]2 "s p]sons crawl1 "s hobble1 "s %uffle along4 ,few h ! graceful noble movem5t t ought to belong to progression1 or1 h[ev] well =m$1 pres]ve a really erect position & an air ( becom+ confid5ce & dignity4 ,to tea* walk+--t is to say1 to tea* "y p]sons to walk prop]ly--we %\ld advise a class ( !m to unite1 t !y may be able to tea* !mselves1 :i* !y may readily d if !y foll[ ! in/ructions giv5 bel[4 ,a company ( boys be+ =m$1 ! elde/1 or ! "o be/ adapt$ to ! task1 %\ld act z capta91 & at ! ^w ( comm&1 8,fall 910 all ! boys are to advance on ! same l9e1 pres]v+ betwe5 ea* ! di/ance ( ab\t an arm's l5g?4 ,at ! ^w 8,dress0 ea* boy places 8 "r h& on ! left %\ld] ( ! next1 ext5d+ 8 arm at full l5g?1 & turn+ 8 head to ! "r4 ,at ! ^w 8,att5tion0 ! arms fall d[n by ! side1 & ! head returns to ! fir/ position4 ,! capta9 %\ld n[ place 8 little regim5t 9 ! foll[+ mann]3--#a4 ,! head up4 #b4 ,! %\ld]s back4 #c4 ,! body erect4 #d4 ,! /oma* 94 #e4 ,! knees /raight1 ! heels on ! same l9e4 #f4 ,! toes turn$ v slightly outw>ds4 ,! capta9 n[ /&s be=e 8 m51 & advanc+ 8 left foot1 8 knee /raight1 & 8 toe incl9$ t[>ds ! gr\nd1 he c\nts "o1 two1 plac+ 8 boot on ! gr\nd1 ! toe be=e ! heel2 he !n directs 8 pupils to obey him1 & to foll[ 8 motions1 & says1 8,m>*10 :5 ea* foot is advanc$ simultane\sly1 till he gives ! ^w 8,halt40 ,he !n makes !m advance1 :eel to ! "r & left1 9 sl[ "t1 quick "t1 always obs]v+ ! position ( ! body1 & requir+ t !y move all toge!r4 ,,! ,,tip-,,toe ,,m>*4 ,?is movem5t is prep>atory to runn+ & jump+4 ,! boys be+ 9 l9e1 ! ^w 8,on tip-toes0 is giv53 ea* boy places 8 h&s on 8 sides1 & waits = ! ^w1 8,rise20 :5 !y all g5tly raise !mselves on _! toes1 jo9+ _! heels toge!r1 & keep+ ! knees /raight1 rema9 9 ?is position till ! ^w 8,re/0 is giv51 :5 !y fall back slightly on _! heels1 _! h&s at ! same "t fall+ d[n by _! sides4 ,proce$+ 9 ?is mann] ?r\gh a few c\rses1 ) su* *anges z may pres5t !mselves1 ! pupils w soon acquire a habit ( graceful walk+1 ( ! highe/ importance to e "o :o /udies a g5tlemanly be>+4 ,,runn+4 ,runn+ is bo? useful & natural2 x fav\rs ! developm5t ( ! *e/1 dilates ! lungs1 &1 :5 mod]ate1 is a highly salut>y ex]cise4 ,to run fa/ & gracefully "o %\ld z x 7 graze ! gr\nd ) ! feet1 by keep+ ! legs z /raight z possible :il/ mov+ !m =w>d4 ,dur+ ! c\rse ! upp] "p ( ! body is incl9$ a little =w>d1 ! arms are z x 7 glu$ to ! sides1 & turn$ 9 at ! po9t ( ! hips1 ! h&s %ut1 & ! nails turn$ inw>ds4 ,! faults 9 runn+ are sw++ ! arms1 rais+ ! legs too high beh9d1 tak+ too l>ge /rides1 b5d+ ! knees too mu*1 & 9 n prop]ly manag+ _! w9d4 ,9 all runn+ ex]cises ! "y %\ld beg9 gradually1 & nev] run !mselves out ( brea? at any "t4 ,by c>eful practice a boy may soon acquire ! p[] ( runn+ a mile 9 t5 m9utes2 ?is is call$ mod]ate runn+3 9 :at is call$ prompt runn+ a ?\s& y>ds 9 two m9utes is ?\ght v good "w1 & 9 quick runn+ #fjj y>ds 9 a m9ute is consid]$ good4 ,! fir/ di/ance t *ildr51 f eight to t5 ye>s ( age1 may be made to run is ab\t #bjj y>ds2 ! second1 = ^? m advanc$1 #cjj y>ds2 & ! ?ird1 = adults1 #djj y>ds4 ,x is h[ev] mo/ ess5tial1 t 9 runn+ boys %\ld n ov]-tax _! /r5g? or 8w9d40 ,we are n all con/itut$ alike1 & a boy :o c\ld la/ = #bjj y>ds or s might injure himself consid]ably by rac+ = a mile4 ,,jump+4 ,( all ! corporeal ex]cises jump+ is "o ( ! mo/ useful2 & dur+ our lives v _m in/ances occur ( a good jump hav+ done u ess5tial s]vice4 ,to jump ) grace & assurance "o %\ld always fall on ! toes1 tak+ c>e especially to b5d ! knees on ! hips3 ! upp] "p ( ! body %\ld be incl9$ =w>ds1 & ! arms ext5d$ t[>ds ! gr\nd4 ,! h&s %\ld s]ve to break ! fall :5 jump+ f a great height4 ,9 jump+ we %\ld hold ! brea? & nev] alight on ! heels4 ,boys %\ld ex]cise !mselves 9 jump+1 by jump+ 9 l5g?1 & jump+ f a height1 ) att5tion to ! above cautions4 ,!y may make progressive ex]cises 9 l5g? by v>y+ ! di/ance f "t to "t1 & 9 height by jump+ f a flight ( /airs or /eps1 increas+ a /ep at a "t3 !y w soon be able to jump 9 l5g? ?ree y>ds1 & f a height six feet1 )\t injury4 ,,leap+4 ,leap+ is some:at diff]5t to :at is call$ jump+1 z ! object is to pass ov] an ob/acle2 &1 z 9 jump+1 x is ( great importance to draw 9 ! brea?1 :ile ! h&s %\ld be %ut1 ! arms p5d5t1 to op]ate aft] ! mann] ( a fly-:eel or p5dulum4 ,x may be practis$ by a leap+ /&1 :i* c be easily made ( two /icks or /akes sunk 9 ! gr\nd1 9 :i* little cat*es are made at v>i\s di/ances1 on :i* an ev5 piece may be laid1 t may readily be knock$ ov]1 s z to (f] no resi/ance to ! jump]1 & injure him by an ugly fall4 ,! pr9cipal ex]cises 9 leap+ are3--#a4 ,! high leap )\t a run4 #b4 ,! high leap ) a run4 #c4 ,! long leap )\t a run4 #d4 ,& ! long leap ) a run4 ,9 ! fir/ ( ^! ! legs & feet are clos$1 ! knees are b5t till ! calves ne>ly t\* ! ?ighs1 & ! arms are ?r[n 9 ! direction ( ! leap1 :i* increases ! impulse4 ,?is leap may be practis$ at ! foll[+ progressive heights1--eighte5 in*es1 tw5ty-f\r in*es1 ?irty-two in*es1 =ty-eight in*es1 :i* la/ is p]haps :at few lads w\ld atta94 ,! high leap ) a run4--,! run %\ld nev] exce$ twelve paces1 ! di/ance betwe5 ! po9t ( spr++ & ! ob/acle to leap ov] to be ab\t ?ree-fif?s ! height ( ! ob/acle f ! gr\nd2 & 9 mak+ x ! leap] %\ld g fairly & /raightly ov] )\t ve]+ to ! side1 & desc5d on ! ball ( ! foot j beyond ! toes4 ,! heights t may be cle>$ by ! runn+ leap v>y f ?ree to six feet4 ,a good leap] ( sixte5 ye>s old ought to leap f\r feet six in*es1 & an extraord9>ily good leap] five feet4 ,adults well tra9$ w leap six1 & "s h be5 kn[n to leap sev5 feet4 ,! long leap )\t a run4--,! long leap may be m>k$ out f f\r to eight feet1 accord+ to ! agility & /r5g? ( ! leap]2 & ! object to be cle>$1 a small block ( wood1 :i* %\ld 9 ?is k9d ( leap be nev] m ?an six in*es high1 plac$ midway4 ,9 leap+ ! body is b5t =w>d1 ! feet are clos$1 ! arms fir/ sway =w>ds1 !n backw>ds1 & !n =w>ds at ! mom5t ( tak+ ! leap4 ,9 ?is k9d ( leap t5 or twelve feet is consid]$ good "w4 ,! long leap ) a run4--,! run %\ld be on firm level gr\nd4 ,! body %\ld be incl9$ =w>d1 & ! run consi/ ( ab\t twelve paces1 a small block ( wood1 z be=e1 be+ plac$ mid di/ance 9 ! leap4 ,! spr+ %\ld be pr9cipally on ! "r foot1 & ! arms %\ld be ?r[n =w>ds at ! "t ( ! leap4 ,9 desc5d+1 if ! leap be a v long "o1 ! leap] %\ld desc5d pr9cipally ^u 8 toes2 if ! leap be n v long1 he may desc5d on ! balls ( ! toes4 ,! leap is consid]$ good if fifte5 feet be cle>$1 b tw5ty may be done by a good leap]1 & "o or two individuals h fairly rea*$ tw5ty-?ree feet4 ,vault+4--,vault+ is p]=m$ by spr++ ov] "s /ation>y body1 su* z a gate or b>1 by ! aid ( ! h&s1 :i* be> ^u x4 ,to p]=m x1 ! vault] may approa* ! b> ) a slight run1 & plac+ 8 h&s ^u x1 heave himself up & ?r[ 8 legs obliquely ov] x4 ,! legs %\ld be kept close toge!r3 :ile ! body is 9 susp5sion ov] ! b>1 ! "r h& supports & guides x1 :ile ! left is free4 ,! vault] may comm5ce ?is ex]cise ) a b> or a /ile ?ree feet high1 & ext5d x gradually to six feet4 ,leap+ ) a ,pole4--,a great v>iety ( leaps may be practis$ ) a pole1 :i* %\ld be ( a suffici5t l5g?1 & %od at "o end ) iron1 s z to take hold ( ! gr\nd4 ,! leap] %\ld grasp ) 8 "r h& t "p ( ! pole a little bel[ ! level ( 8 head1 & ) 8 left t "p ( x j bel[ ! level ( 8 hips2 he %\ld !n make a slight run1 &1 plac+ ! pole on ! gr\nd1 take a spr+ =w>d1 & sw+ himself slightly r\nd1 s t :5 he alights ! fall may be br\ght t[>ds ! place f :i* he rose4 ,! pole is also employ$ 9 bo? long & deep leaps4 ,9 bo? ( ^! ! mode ( hold+ ! pole is simil>2 b 9 leap+ f a height ! pole %\ld be grasp$ at ! level ( ! knee1 & !n ! leap]1 ) a slight circul> sw+1 %\ld desc5d on ! balls ( 8 toes4 ,,to ,,climb ,,up ,a ,,bo>d4 ,?is %\ld be firmly fix$ at an angle ( ?irty degrees4 ,! climb] %\ld seize bo? sides ) 8 h&s1 & place 8 feet 9 ! middle on ! soles4 ,?is w tea* him to hold firm by 8 h&s1 & to cl+ ) 8 feet4 ,z ! climb] gets us$ to ?is ex]cise1 ! angle ( ! bo>d may be increas$4 ,! "y gymna/ c asc5d :5 ! plank is p]fectly p]p5dicul>4 ,a pole may be m\nt$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,,climb+ ,,! ,,pole4 ,! pole %\ld be ab\t n9e in*es 9 diamet]1 & firmly fix$ 9 ! gr\nd 9 a p]p5dicul> position4 ,9 m\nt+1 ! pole is to be grasp$ firmly ) bo? h&s1 ! "r above ! left4 ,! legs are alt]nately to grasp ! pole 9 ! asc5t by means ( ! great toe1 :i* is turn$ t[>ds ! pole4 ,9 desc5d+1 ! friction is to be ?r[n on ! inn] "p ( ! ?ighs1 & ! h&s are left comp>atively free4 ,climb+ ! ma/ is simil> to climb+ ! pole2 b 9 ?is ex]cise ! climb] is unable to grasp x ) 8 h&s1 b holds x 9 8 arms3 ! position ( ! legs is ! same z = ! pole4 ,,climb+ ,,! ,,rope4 ,9 climb+ ! rope1 x is firmly grasp$ by ! h&s1 :i* are plac$ "o above ! o!r1 & s mov$ alt]nately4 ,! heels are cross$ ov] ! rope1 :i* is held fa/ by _! pressure1 ! body be+ support$ pr9cipally by !m4 ,9 ! sailor's me?od ! rope passes f ! h&s r\nd ! inside ( ! ?igh1 "u ! knee-jo9t1 ov] ! outside ( ! leg1 & across ! in/ep4 ,b ! ent]pris+ gymna/ w n be satisfi$ until he c climb ! rope by 8 h&s only1 all[+ ! re/ ( 8 body to hang freely susp5d$4 ,,climb+ ,,trees4 ,9 climb+ trees ! h&s1 & feet1 & knees1 are all to be us$2 b ! climb] %\ld nev] =get t x is to ! h&s t he has to tru/4 ,he %\ld c>efully look upw>ds & select ! bran*es = 8 h&s1 & ! knobs & o!r excresc5ces ( ! trees = 8 feet4 ,he %\ld also m>k ! be/ op5+s = ! advance ( 8 body4 ,he %\ld also be p>ticul>ly cauti\s 9 lay+ hold ( )]$ bran*es1 or ^? t h suff]$ decay at _! junction ) ! body ( ! tree1 9 consequ5ce ( ! gr[? ( moss1 or ?r\gh ! effects ( wet4 ,9 desc5d+1 he %\ld be m cauti\s ?an 9 asc5d+1 & hold fa/ by 8 h&s4 ,he %\ld r>ely slide d[n by a bran* to ! gr\nd1 z di/ances are v ill-calculat$ f ! bran*es ( a tree4 ,,! ,,giant ,,/ride1 ,,or ,,fly+ ,,/eps1 ,,& ,,its ,,capabilities4 ,! valuable & invigorat+ app>atus :i* is call$ ! ,giant ,/ride 9 "s places1 & ! ,fly+ ,/eps 9 o!rs1 is to be f\nd 9 _m s*ools :]e an inclos$ op5-air playgr\nd c be secur$4 ,except+ on a few occasions1 or :5 ! *>m ( novelty induces ! boys to ex]cise1 x is seldom 9 mu* fav\r1 & is usually se5 idle1 ) ! ironwork ru/+1 ! beam rott+1 & ! ropes yield+ to exposure4 ,9 fact1 x really seems z if ! ma/]s & tea*]s 7 do+ _! be/ to weak5 _! app>atus1 & to cause a sev]e accid5t :5ev] x breaks d[n1 z su* is always ! case1 soon] or lat]4 ,! ru/y iron gives way to a h>d] pull ?an usual1 ! ropes snap1 or ! upright po/ breaks (f level ) ! gr\nd1 & falls ) dreadful =ce4 ,we knew ( a boy be+ kill$ by su* an accid5t1 & 9 consequ5ce ! p>5ts ( ! o!r pupils laid ! blame on ! ,giant ,/ride itself1 in/ead ( on ^? :o all[$ x to get into su* a /ate ( decay4 ,boys1 too1 soon get tir$ ( x2 !y take hold ( ! ropes1 run r\nd a few times1 & !n leave x1 naturally1 see+ no int]e/ 9 su* a proce$+4 ,b 9 reality ! ,giant ,/ride is a mo/ useful article 9 ! muscul> education1 z x ex]cises at ! same "t ! arms & legs1 is capital = ! lungs1 & /r5g!ns ^? invaluable muscles ab\t ! lo9s :i* we s sadly neglect1 & by reason ( ^: weakness _m dang]\s injuries occur to "y & old4 ,!re is some?+ mo/ fasc9at+ 9 ! ex]cises t c be a*iev$ on ?is app>atus2 ! gymna/ seems to be almo/ end[$ ) w+s1 & 9 8 arial c\rse h>dly t\*es ! gr\nd ) 8 toes1 fly+1 l fea!r$ ,m]cury1 ?r\gh ! air1 & lit]ally bask+ 9 ! pure elem5t4 ,! common po/ure ( hold+ ! b>s close to ! brea/1 & !n runn+ r\nd ! po/1 is radically false1 & deprives ! ,giant ,/ride ( all its use1 & ! great] "p ( its pleasure4 ,be+ ourselves ard5t advocates ( ?is in/rum5t z af=d+ an am\nt ( heal?y ex]cise n to be obta9$ by any o!r means1 we gladly take ?is opportunity ( describ+ ! manufacture & capabilities ( ! ,giant ,/ride4 ,hav+ fix$ ^u a suitable spot ( level gr\nd1 well laid ) gravel1 & c>efully dra9$1 dig a hole at lea/ sev5 feet 9 dep?1 & fill ab\t eighte5 in*es ) /ones ab\t ! size ( ! fi/1 or1 to use a homely b expressive simile1 z if a sack ( potatoes _h be5 empti$ into x4 ,p\nd & press ! /ones well d[n1 & !n p\r r\gh gravel ^u !m until y h made ! surface tol]ably level4 ,! object ( ^! /ones is to prev5t ! wat] f accumulat+ r\nd ! po/ & rott+ x4 ,n[ = ! po/4 ,?is %\ld be at lea/ tw5ty feet long1 s z to leave ab\t fifte5 feet project+ :5 set upright 9 ! hole4 ,! butt %\ld be left v l>ge1 z is done ) ord9>y wood5 gate-po/s1 & ! :ole affair ought to be made ( ?or\ghly season$ wood4 ,unless ?is is ! case1 x is sure to rot1 & !n d[n x comes "s day1 :5 lea/ expect$4 ,triangul> /eps %\ld be nail$ ^u opposite sides1 l ^? on railway signal-po/s1 z o!rwise ! daily task ( remov+ & replac+ ! ropes w be v irksome4 ,illu/ration ,get a blacksmi? to make a /\t iron p91 su* z is %[n at a1 hav+ a project+ %\ld]1 to prev5t x f ent]+ too f> into ! wood4 ,he %\ld also make a /rong iron coll> to put ov] ! top ( ! pole1 z is se5 at b1 :]e ! p9 is also %[n fix$4 ,! la/ piece ( blacksmi?'s "w is an iron disc1 hav+ a cap or ?imble 9 ! middle1 :i* is int5d$ to receive ! iron p91 & to enable ! disc to sp9 r\nd freely4 ,f\r holes are bor$ ?r\gh ! edge ( ! disc1 z se5 at c4 ,pur*ase f\r iron ,s hooks1 & ! same numb] ( swivels1 & good /ore ( well-made half-in* rope1 & ! ma*9e may !n be set up4 ,fir/ *> c>efully ! :ole ( ! butt t is to ent] ! gr\nd1 & = ab\t six in*es above1 9 ord] to prev5t ! wood f be+ injur$ by wet4 ,place x upright 9 ! hole1 te/+ x by a plumb-l9e ti$ to ! top1 & fill 9 ! hole ) e>?1 p\nd+ x d[n firmly ) a heavy ramm]4 ,y _c be too c>eful ab\t ?is process1 & ! app>atus %\ld n be us$ until ! e>? has _h "t to settle4 ,:ile wait+ = ?is op]ation1 cut ! rope into appropriate l5g?s1 & fa/5 "o end ( ea* rope to a swivel1 & ! o!r to ! c5tre ( a /\t bton ( elm or oak wood1 ab\t eighte5 in*es long4 ,unless y are v sure ( y\r p[]s ( splic+ ropes & mak+ 8eyes10 let ! ropemak] d ?is = y1 z x is a mo/ important op]ation1 & involves ! security ( ! gymna/ 9 no slight degree4 ,x is necess>y to h swivels1 z ! ropes w\ld o!rwise become s twi/$ z to lose _! fre$om ( play1 or ev5 to weak5 _! /ructure4 ,^! prep>ations be+ complet$1 m\nt ! po/ by ! /eps1 tak+ ! cap ) y1 grease ! p9 well ) an end ( tall[-c&le1 & slip ! cap ^u x1 tak+ c>e to sp9 x well 9 ord] to assure y\rself t all is "r4 ,hang ! swivels to ! circul> plate by means ( ! ,s hooks1 "o curve ( :i* passes ?r\gh ! hole 9 ! plate1 & ! o!r ?r\gh ! loop 9 ! swivel4 ,! ropes %\ld be j s long t :5 !y hang loosely along ! pole ! cross-b> %\ld be two feet f ! gr\nd4 ,z1 h[ev]1 new ropes /ret* 9 a wond]ful mann]1 x is ne$ful to all[ consid]ably = ?is prop]ty4 ,"o ?+ m is ne$$1 & !n ! :ole app>atus w be complete4 ,measure ! greate/ di/ance :i* c be rea*$ by ! feet ( any "o sw++ r\nd by ! ropes1 & ab\t "o y>d beyond t l9e erect a sl5d] pole ne>ly z high z ! c5tral po/1 hav+ pegs driv5 at int]vals ( f\r in*es4 ,?is is int5d$ to aid ! le>n] 9 leap+1 & ! mode by :i* ?is object is accompli%$ is se5 9 fig4 #a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,hav+ n[ ev]y?+ ready1 we fir/ look to all ! fa/5+s1 a precaution :i* mu/ nev] be neglect$2 see t ! p9 & swivels are well greas$1 take ! cross-b> ( "o rope 9 bo? h&s1 & retire f ! po/ z f> z ! out/ret*$ arms w p]mit4 ,( c\rse1 if !re are f\r p]=m]s1 ea* takes 8 /& exactly opposite 8 neighb\r4 ,x is bett] n to ex]cise alone1 on acc\nt ( ! unequal /ra9 on ! po/2 & x is evid5t t ! opposite play]s %\ld be z ne>ly z possible ( simil> weights1 s z to balance ea* o!r 9 _! c\rse4 ,x may easily be imag9$ t ! /ra9 ^u ! base ( ! po/ is enorm\s1 !re be+ a lev]age ( fifte5 feet1 & t "s precautions are necess>y to prev5t injury4 ,keep+ our "r sides to ! po/1 & ! rope tightly /ret*$1 we beg9 to run1 ?r[+ z mu* weight z possible on ! rope1 & z little z possible on ! feet4 ,z ! pace increases1 ! feet are tak5 (f ! gr\nd1 & t\* x at long] int]vals1 until1 :5 at full spe$1 !y only come to ! gr\nd occasionally1 j suffici5t to ma9ta9 ! impetus4 ,hav+ kept up ?is spe$ z long z is agreeable1 we slack5 ! pace gradually1 & /op4 ,next "t we take c>e to run ! contr>y way1 keep+ ! left side t[>ds ! pole4 ,?is is done to ex]cise equally ! muscul> sy/em on bo? sides ( ! body2 & to save "t & space1 we w say1 once = all1 t :5 any feat is describ$1 x mu/ be accompli%$ 9 ei!r direction ) equal ease4 ,we w n[ expla9 ! me?od ( leap+1 "o ( ! mo/ excit+ ( all ^! ex]cises4 ,set ! /r+ to q a l[ elevation1--say two feet f ! gr\nd1--/& ) y\r back to x1 ! cross-b> 9 y\r h&s1 & run quickly r\nd4 ,:5 y come ab\t "o qu>t] ( ! di/ance1 try to fl+ y\rself into ! air1 n by jump+ ) ! legs1 b by lett+ ! :ole weight dep5d on ! rope1 s t ! c5trifugal =ce takes y (f y\r feet4 ,z y t\* ! gr\nd1 take ab\t ?ree long /eps1 & at ! ?ird /ep hurl y\rself aga9 (f ! gr\nd1 ) ! body /raight1 & ! feet ext5d$ well beh9d1 & ! impetus w c>ry y ov] ! /r+1 & l& y neatly on ! o!r side4 ,y w soon le>n to increase ! height ( ! jump1 until y c pass ov] ! /r+ at an elevation ( t5 feet ) p]fect c]ta9ty4 ,ano!r v pretty1 ?\gh n s da%+1 a feat is to sp9 r\nd on y\r own axis z y run r\nd ! c\rse4 ,at fir/ x is ne$ful to manage ?is cauti\sly1 z a slip ( ! foot is sure to di/urb y\r balance1 & s5d y ignom9i\sly scrap+ y\r way ov] ! gravel 9 a d]ogatory & r pa9ful position4 ,:51 h[ev]1 y h ma/]$ ?is art1 y c g r\nd revolv+ ! :ole "t1 keep+ y\r legs /raight1 feet toge!r1 & toes po9t$4 ,!re are _m modifications ( ^! ex]cises :i* ,i %\ld "r well l to describe2 b z our space is limit$1 we mu/ cont5t ourselves ) two m4 ,at ! same "t ,i may say1 t if any ( ! read]s ( ?is book succe$ 9 a*iev+ !m1 !y w bid fair to atta9 no mean position 9 ! gymna/ic art4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,9 ! fir/ ( ^! ex]cises ! p]=m] nev] moves h& or foot1 b holds himself /raight1 /iff1 & immovable z an ,egyptian /atue1 & 9 ! c\rse ( 8 progress r\nd ! c5tral po/ 8 feet describe a s]ies ( circles1 or r spirals1 :ile 8 h&s m]ely move 9 a circle1 & s]ve z ! axis on :i* ! body revolves4 ,?is feat is n v easily made intelligible1 b ) ! help ( two diagrams we hope t our read]s w compreh5d x4 ,fig4 #b %[s ! me?od ( comm5c+ x4 ,! p]=m] grasps ! cross-b> 9 bo? h&s at ! full /ret* ( 8 arms1 holds himself q /raight & /iff1 po9ts 8 toes1 & !n falls =w>d1 z %[n 9 ! engrav+4 ,if he has ! /r5g? & n]ve to hold himself q /iff1 ?\gh 8 face comes r ne> ! gr\nd1 ! :ole body sw+s (f ! gr\nd1 ! h&s be+ ! pivot1 & ! feet take ! c\rse d5ot$ by ! dott$ l9e1 ! h&s reta9+ _! position4 ,x is possible1 by d9t ( practice1 to manage s z to make ! entire circuit ( ! pole 9 f\r su* revolutions1 & ! c\rse ( ! p]=m] is %[n by ! accompany+ diagram 7fig4 #c71 :]e ! d>k circle 9 ! c5tre repres5ts ! pole1 ! dott$ l9e is ! c\rse tak5 by ! h&s1 & ! cont9u\s l9e ! c\rse ( ! feet4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,?is is a mo/ elegant & graceful p]=mance1 & nev] fails to elicit ! admiration & applause ( ! by/&]s4 ,!re seem to be no means ( propulsion1 & ! p]=m] appe>s1 to an un9itiat$ spectator1 to be impell$ by a simple act ( volition4 ,! la/ is ! mo/ d>+ & difficult ( all ! feats1 be+ no?+ less ?an pass+ ov] ! /r+ ) ! head d[nw>ds & ! feet 9 ! air4 ,?is ne$ n be attempt$ by any b a tol]able gymna/1 & is a*iev$ by runn+ at ! /r+ 9 ! mann] already describ$1 & j z ! body is ris+ 9 ! sw+ draw+ ! h&s sm>tly to ! brea/1 ?r[+ ! feet into ! air1 & clasp+ ! rope betwe5 !m4 ,x is a mo/ da%+ feat1 & g5]ally takes spectators entirely by surprise4 ,we %\ld well h lik$ a long] disquisition on a fav\rite subject1 b mu/ n[ take our leave1 m]ely assur+ ! read] t ! few ex]cises :i* we h describ$ are ! keys to ! ?or\gh ma/]y ( ! ,giant ,/ride4 ,z a la/ caution1 let u recomm5d t ! ropes %\ld be tak5 d[n e ev5+ & put 9 a dry spot1 z !y are liable to be mu* weak5$ if p]mitt$ to hang 9 ! op5 air4 ,9 wet wea!r ! same precaution %\ld be tak54 ,,p>allel ,,b>s4 ,^! are two pieces ( wood1 f six to eight feet 9 l5g?1 & ab\t f\r in*es squ>e1 ! edges r\nd$4 ,= lads1 !y are fix$ at ab\t eighte5 in*es ap>t1 & support$ by two r\nd /&>ds1 firmly fix$ 9 ! gr\nd1 f ?ree to f\r feet high1 accord+ to ! /ature ( ! boys4 ,balanc+4--,be+ plac$ betwe5 ! b>s & 9 ! c5tre1 put y\r h&s "r & left on ! b>s at ! same "t4 ,aft] a little jump upw>ds1 pres]ve y\r equilibrium on bo? wri/s1 ! legs close2 ?is is call$ ! fir/ position4 ,!n communicate to y\r body a g5tle movem5t ( balanc+ f beh9d1 =w>ds1 & cont9ue ?is = sev]al times1 ! body mov+ z x 7 ^u a pivot4 ,?is %\ld be practis$ until ! body sw+s freely backw>ds & =w>ds4 ,illu/ration ,to br+ bo? legs ov]4--,f ! fir/ position1 aft] a little movem5t ( balanc+1 br+ bo? legs1 close & at once1 ov] "o ( ! b>s =w>ds1 )\t t\*+ x or mov+ y\r h&s f ! place4 ,! same ought to be made backw>ds1 f "r to left4 ,illu/ration ,to jump out4--,aft] hav+ communicat$ to ! body a movem5t ( balance1 ! mom5t at :i* ! legs are rais$ ov] ! b>s1 jump backw>ds ov] ! "r )\t t\*+ x ) ! feet or wai/2 !n p]=m ! same jump =w>ds4 ,by ! vault+ jump y may easily come betwe5 ! b>s1 & also br+ y\r body ov] bo? )\t t\*+ !m o!rwise ?an ) y\r h&s4 ,illu/ration ,to rise & s9k d[n4--,be+ 9 equilibrium 9 ! middle ( ! b>s1 place ! legs backw>ds1 ! heels close to ! upp] "p ( ! ?igh4 ,f ?is position1 come g5tly d[n1 till ! elb[s ne>ly meet beh9d ! back1 !n rise up g5tly )\t any impulse or t\*+ ! gr\nd ) y\r feet4 ,to kiss ! b> beh9d ! h&s4--,9 ! same position z be=e1 br+ ! body g5tly d[n betwe5 ! b>s )\t t\*+ ! gr\nd ) y\r knees2 kiss ! b> beh9d ea* h& alt]nately1 & !n rise up 9 ! fir/ position4 ,jump+ on ! ,b>s4--,keep ! knees /raight & jump along ! b>s backw>d & =w>d4 ,aft]w>ds1 d ! same ) ! f+]s turn$ inside4 ,^! w be le>n$ easi]1 if ! "y gymna/ tries !m fir/ ) b5t knees4 ,illu/ration3 ,,walk+ ,,on ,,! ,,b>s4 ,walk+ on ! ,b>s4--,walk on ! h&s to ! end & back aga94 ,9 walk+ backw>ds1 take c>e to keep ! elb[s /raight1 or y w come d[n4 ,:5 ?is is done ) ease1 d ! same1 only keep y\r f+]s inside ! b>s4 ,illu/ration3 ,l4 ,l4--,sit on ! gr\nd betwe5 ! b>s2 take hold ( ! b>s ) y\r h&s & raise y\r body /ill 9 ! sitt+ position1 & /ay !re z long z y c4 ,:5 t is le>n$1 jump along ! b>s 9 ! same attitude4 ,keep y\r knees /raight1 & don't m9d if y\r limbs a*e a little4 ,illu/ration ,! ,arm ,sw+4--,re/ ! =e arms on ! b>s1 & sw+4 ,:5 tir$ ( sw++1 let ! body hang /raight1 & !n rise on ! h&s4 ,n easy at fir/1 b soon done ) practice4 ,! ,roll4--,re/ on ! =e arms1 sw+ backw>d1 & turn completely ov]1 cat*+ ! b>s "u ! arms4 ,x looks difficult1 b is easy en\gh1 only want+ a little n]ve4 ,! ,janus4--,sit a/ride ! b>s1 hav+ y\r h&s r beh9d4 ,n[ raise ! feet1 sw+ ?r\gh ! b>s1 & come up a/ride on ! o!r side4 ,y\r arms w !n be twi/$1 & y\r face w be look+ 9 ! opposite direction4 ,sw+ boldly1 or ! %9s w be knock$ aga9/ ! b>s4 ,illu/ration ,! ,sausage4--,kneel on ! b>s4 ,/ret* ! h&s z f> =w>d z possible1 & hit* ! toes ov] ! b>s beh9d1 at ! same "t /ret*+ !m backw>ds z f> z possible4 ,n[ let ! body s9k betwe5 ! b>s1 be+ support$ by ! h&s & in/eps4 ,n[ rise aga94 ,difficult1 b soon le>nt4 ,illu/ration ,to /& on a b>4--,sit a/ride "o ( ! b>s4 ,place ! heel ( ! "r foot on ! b>1 hit*+ ! left in/ep "u x4 ,draw y\rself up by means ( ! left in/ep4 ,take c>e ( y\r balance4 ,?is is a v useful accompli%m5t1 & may possibly /& ! gymna/ 9 good /ead4 ,! ,drop4--,/& on ! b>s ) ea* foot ov] "o ( ! po/s4 ,spr+ slightly into ! air1 put ! feet toge!r1 & come d[n /iff1 cat*+ y\rself by y\r h&s4 ,?is %\ld be done ov] ! po/s1 z ! b>s might be brok51 7 ! weight ( ! fall] to come 9 ! middle4 ,illu/ration ,! ,spr+4--,sw+ at "o end1 & ) a sudd5 impulse leap to ! o!r on y\r h&s4 ,take c>e ( ! balance ( ! body1 or y w come on y\r back betwe5 ! b>s4 ,illu/ration ,! ,b>b]'s ,curl4--,hang on "o end ( ! b>s z 9 ! ,l4 ,keep ! knees /raight1 & turn ov] sl[ly1 n lett+ ! feet come to ! gr\nd4 ,/ay !re :ile y c\nt t51 & come back ! same way4 ,,! ,,horizontal ,,b>4 ,let two /rong upright po/s be firmly fa/5$ into ! gr\nd1 ab\t six feet ap>t1 & let a wood5 b> be /rongly mortis$ into _! tops4 ,! b> %\ld be made ( :ite deal1 ab\t two in*es & a half 9 diamet]4 ,! b> mu/ h no knot 9 x1 or x w break4 ,x %\ld be s high f ! gr\nd t a spr+ is requir$ to rea* x ) ! h&s4 ,! surface ( ! b> %\ld be free f all r\ghnesses1 b n poli%$4 ,! ,grasp4--,! f+]s %\ld be hook$ ov] ! pole1 keep+ ! ?umb on ! same side z ! f+]s4 ,hang z long z possible1 fir/ ) bo? h&s1 !n ) ea* h& by turns4--,see p4 #bdd4 ,! ,walk4--,hang by ! h&s1 & walk by !m f "o end ( ! pole to ! o!r1 backw>ds & =w>ds4 ,d n slip4 ,d x fir/ ) bo? h&s on ! same side ( ! pole1 aft]w>ds ) a h& at ea* side4--,see p4 #bdd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,grasp4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,walk4 ,illu/ration3 ,,brea/+ ,,! ,,b>4 ,brea/+ ! ,b>4--,hang by ! h&s1 & draw up ! body sl[ly until ! *e/ t\*es ! b>4 ,practise ?is z (t5 z possible--knees /raight4 ,illu/ration ,kick+ ! ,b>4--,hang by ! h&s & draw up ! feet v sl[ly until ! in/ep t\*es ! pole4 ,d x sev]al times4 ,difficult at fir/1 b soon le>n$4 ,d n kick ab\t1 or j]k y\rself upw>d1 or y may /ra9 y\rself4 ,illu/ration ,sw++4--,hang by ! h&s & sw+ backw>ds & =w>ds4 ,practise ?is until y\r heels are consid]ably above y\r head ea* way4 ,aft] a :ile1 let g ( ! pole z y sw+ back1 & cat* x aga9 z y come d[n4 ,an in* or two at fir/ is en\gh1 b d n be satisfi$ until ! h&s c h a space ( eight or t5 in*es betwe5 !mselves & ! b>4 ,illu/ration ,to sit on ! ,b>4--,hang by ! h&s1 & pass "o ( y\r feet ?r\gh !m1 hit*+ y\r knee ov] ! b>4 ,!n give a good sw+ backw>ds1 & come up sitt+ on ! b> ) "o leg4 ,n[ draw ! o!r leg ov]1 & d n tumble (f4 ,circl+ ! ,b>4--,hang by ! h&s1 & curl ! body g5tly ov] ! b>4 ,if x is too difficult1 /op = a m9ute or two1 try some?+ else1 & aft] an int]val try x aga94 ,x w be soon le>n$4 ,! true ,lov]'s ,knot4--,grasp ! b>2 pass ! left knee ?r\gh ! "r arm1 s z to let ! knee re/ 9 ! elb[2 pass ! "r knee ov] ! in/ep ( ! left foot2 let g ) ! left h&1 & ) x grasp ! "r foot4 ,y w n[ be susp5d$ by ! "r h&1 & w be pack$ up 9 a rem>kably small space4 ,take c>e ( ! "r wri/1 or y w sp9 r\nd & twi/ (f4 ,illu/ration3 ,,circl+ ,,! ,,b>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,true ,,lov]',s ,,knot4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pass+ ,,?r\gh ,,! ,,arms4 ,pass+ ?r\gh ! ,arms4--,hang by ! h&s1 & br+ ! feet betwe5 !m1 p]mitt+ !m to pass ?r\gh until !y c ne>ly t\* ! gr\nd2 n[ return 9 ! same way4 ,?is _c be done prop]ly )\t practis+1 z ! muscles ( ! %\ld] blades mu/ be capable ( great relaxation1 toge!r ) great p[]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,gras%opp]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,hang+ ,,by ,,! ,,legs4 ,! ,gras%opp]4--,sit on ! pole1 grasp+ x ) ! f+]s to ! front4 ,slide gradually (f1 until ! small ( ! back re/s aga9/ ! pole1 :ile ! arms are elevat$ at ! elb[s l a gras%opp]'s legs4 ,n[ draw y\rself up aga94 ,hang+ by ! legs4--,?is is easy en\gh1 & a capital pres]vative aga9/ det]m9ation ( ! blood to ! bra94 ,fir/ practise x ) bo? legs ov] ! pole2 !n take (f ! left leg & hit* x ov] ! "r in/ep2 !n le>n to hang by "o leg only1 :ile y try to c>ry a weight 9 y\r h&s4 ,:5 y are p]fect & confid5t1 sit on ! pole1 & drop (f backw>ds1 cat*+ y\rself by ! legs4 ,?is mu/ be done ) a fall l a plummet1 or ! body w sw+1 & probably unhit* ! legs f ! pole4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,arm-,,*air4 ,! ,arm-*air4--,hang on ! b> by ! arms j bel[ ! elb[s1 keep+ ! elb[s firmly press$ to ! side4 ,! h&s %\ld be l[] ?an ! b>1 to c\nt]act ! sw+ ( ! body4 ,illu/ration3 ,,hang+ ,,by ,,! ,,feet4 ,hang+ by ! feet4--,hang by ! h&s1 & curl up ! body1 until ! in/eps are well hit*$ ov] ! b>4 ,let g ! h&s cauti\sly1 & p]mit ! body to hang at full l5g?4 ,! be/ way to rea* ! b> aga9 is to seize "o ( y\r legs1 & pull y\rself up by x4 ,to leave ! ,b>4--,nev] get on ! b> or leave x 9 a clumsy mann]2 !re %\ld be art ab\t ev]y?+4 ,to leave ! b> effectively is well wor? practis+4 ,"h are six modes3-- #a4 ,sit on ! b>2 drop & hang by ! legs1 at ! same "t giv+ ! body a sw+ =w>ds :i* w loos5 ! hold ( ! legs4 ,alight on ! h&s1 & get g5tly on ! feet4 ,?is is r a brilliant f9i%1 & n s difficult z x appe>s4 #b4 ,sit on ! b>1 place bo? h&s on "o side1 & vault ov]4 #c4 ,sit a/ride1 place bo? h&s on ! b> 9 front1 br+ up bo? feet1 at ! same "t spr++ upright2 run along ! b> & jump (f ! end1 or slide d[n ! po/ if x is too high to jump4 #d4 ,hang by ! h&s1 draw up ! body until ! *e/ t\*es ! b>2 spr+ (f backw>ds by ! =ce ( ! arms4 #e4 ,hang by ! h&s1 & sw+ completely r\nd once1 lett+ ! impetus hurl y =w>d4 ,take c>e to cross ! feet & come d[n on ! toes4 #f4 ,if y are tir$ & _c p]=m any ( ^! ?+s1 m]ely hang by ! h&s1 & come r\nd ?r\gh !m1 b nev] m]ely loose ! pole4 ,,! ,,horse4 ,!re is n a m graceful or m int]e/+ s]ies ( ex]cises ?an ^? p]=m$ on ! ,wood5 ,horse4 ,!y are v useful also1 z !y give exce$+ pliancy to ! limbs1 & tea* ! gymna/ h[ to take advantage ( ! weight ( ea* memb]4 ,!y h also ! advantage ( requir+ "s d>+1 & a spirit$ lad w always surpass at ^! ex]cises4 ,! horse is made ( a great cyl9d] ( wood m\nt$ on f\r legs1 :i* are firmly fa/5$ into ! gr\nd--_! ends %\ld be *>r$ z 0 direct$ = ! ,giant ,/ride4 ,ne>] "o end ?an ! o!r a piece ( /\t r\gh lea!r is firmly nail$1 to repres5t ! saddle1 & two curv$ pieces ( wood b\nd ! saddle & repres5t ! pommels4 ,! h9d pommel %\ld be ne>ly half an in* high] ?an ! o!r4 ,!y may be cov]$ ) lea!r also4 ,on ! (f side ( ! horse a pit ab\t a foot deep & f\r feet squ>e %\ld be dug & fill$ ) sawdu/1 :ile on ! ne> side ! pav+ %\ld be ei!r v f9e gravel1 or1 if possible1 s&4 ,!re %\ld be sev]al horses1 adapt$ to ! diff]5t sizes ( boys :o are to practise on !m4 ,:5 a boy c place 8 *9 on a level ) ! saddle1 he %\ld *ange to a high] horse1 z ! top ( ! saddle ought to be on a level ) ! nose ( ! gymna/4 ,m\nt+4--,/& by ! horse1 place "o h& on ea* pommel1 spr+ up1 s t ! body is support$ by ! h&s1 :ile ! legs re/ lightly aga9/ ! horse4 ,keep ! body upright & knees /raight4 ,d[n & up aga9 sev]al times4 ,always come d[n on ! toes4 ,illu/ration ,n[ d ! same ?+2 b1 9 spr++ up1 ?r[ out ! "r leg until x is ne>ly at "r angles ) ! body1 !n ! left4 ,aft]w>ds spread bo? legs z widely z possible4 ,:5 ?is c be done ) ease1 spr+ up z be=e1 re/ a mom5t1 !n ?r[ ! "r leg easily ov] ! saddle1 remov+ ! "r h&1 & !re y are4 ,dism\nt+4--,put ! left h& on ! =e pommel1 "r h& on ! saddle1 spr+ (f & come to ! gr\nd1 keep+ y\r "r h& /ill on ! saddle4 ,be sure 9 all ^! ex]cises to come d[n on ! toes4 ,illu/ration ,su/a9+ ! body4--#a4 ,spr+ up z 9 m\nt+1 & ?r[ ! body away f ! horse1 br++ x back aga9 )\t com+ to ! gr\nd4 #b4 ,m\nt1 & putt+ bo? h&s on ! front pommel1 raise ! body z high z y c4 ,don't be afraid ( go+ too high4 #c4 ,d ! same1 b sw+ ! body backw>ds & =w>ds4 ,h>d "w1 b capital ex]cise4 #d4 ,d ! same1 & slap ! soles ( y\r %oes toge!r4 ,knee practice4--#a4 ,put y\r h&s on ! pommels1 spr+ up1 & lodge y\r "r knee on ! saddle4 ,d[n1 & !n ! left knee4 ,!n bo? knees4 ,practise ^! well4 #b4 ,h&s on pommels1 leap up & t\* ! saddle ) bo? toes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,knee ,,practice4 ,illu/ration3 ,,t\* ,,saddle4 ,illu/ration3 ,,jump+ ,,(f4 #c4 ,kneel on ! saddle ) bo? knees2 n[ lean well =w>d & jump (f4 ,v easy1 b requires confid5ce4 ,sw++ practice4--#a4 ,sit beh9d ! saddle1 put ! left h& on ! front pommel1 & ! "r h& on ! o!r4 ,raise ! body & sw+ r\nd ! horse1 seat+ y\rself on 8 neck1 be=e ! saddle4 ,*ange h&s1 & sw+ r\nd until y rega9 y\r =m] position4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration #b4 ,put bo? h&s on ! front pommel1 raise ! body1 & sudd5ly sw+ boldly upw>ds1 turn+ r\nd & cross+ ! legs1 s t y w sit on ! saddle ) y\r face to ! tail4 ,keep ! h&s 9 _! places1 & sw+ back aga9 9 ! same mann]4 ,miscellane\s ,ex]cises4--,h&s on pommels1 spr+ up & put ! "r leg ?r\gh ! arms1 lett+ ! left hang /raight4 ,)draw ! "r leg1 & spr+ up aga91 us+ ! left leg1 & lett+ ! "r hang d[n4 ,h&s on pommels1 spr+ up1 & seat y\rself l a lady beh9d ! saddle2 spr+ d[n to ! gr\nd1 & seat y\rself 9 a simil> mann] be=e ! saddle4 ,h&s on pommels1 spr+ up1 cross y\r feet1 pass !m ?r\gh ! h&s1 & come to ! gr\nd on ! opposite side4 ,illu/ration ,take a %ort run1 place ! h&s on ! pommels1 & vault completely ov] ! horse1 keep+ ! knees /raight4 ,illu/ration ,sit beh9d ! saddle1 put bo? h&s on ! h9d pommel1 & ?r[ y\rself (f ov] ! horse's tail4 ,h&s on pommels1 spr+ up1 make ! body into an ,l1 let ! feet pass ?r\gh ! h&s & re/ susp5d$ )\t t\*+ ! saddle4 ,knees q /raight4 ,illu/ration ,a good "o = a f9i%4--,take a run1 put bo? h&s on ! v top ( ! pommels1 & ?r[ y\rself ov] 9 a regul> som]set4 ,t is n bad1 b y c d bett] aft] ! som]set has be5 well le>n$4 ,illu/ration ,?r[ ! som]set z be=e1 only d n let g ! h&s4 ,y w n[ be /&+ ) y\r back to ! horse1 ! sp9e consid]ably b5t1 & y\r arms ?r[n ov] y\r head4 ,wait s = a few seconds1 & !n ) a p[]ful ef=t ?r[ y\rself back aga91 s z to come on ! gr\nd on ! same side ( ! horse f :i* y />t$4 ,?is is really difficult1 z x requires practice1 /r5g?1 & confid5ce1 b x looks s well t x is wor? le>n+4 ,! writ] ( ^! few in/ructions has (t5 a/oni%$ ! natives ) x1 & has lately repeat$ x aft] two ye>s' abs5ce f any gymnasium4 ,,! ,,sw+4 ,let no "o despise ?is ex]cise4 ,x is wor? le>n+1 if only z a pres]vation aga9/ sea sickness4 ,if any "o c /& a tw5ty-feet sw+ = half-an-h\r1 ! sea may toss its wor/1 = he w come (f unsca!d4 ,n[1 ,i d n mean to say t m]ely sitt+ on a bo>d & gett+ swung by "s "o else is any great object3 f> f x4 ,b !re are "s v graceful ex]cises to be manag$ on ! sw+4 ,"h are "s3-- #a4 ,! way to get into ! sw+ is z foll[s3--,take "o rope 9 ea* h&1 j above ! seat2 walk backw>ds until ! ropes are freely /ret*$4 ,n[ run %>ply =w>ds1 lett+ ! h&s glide up ! ropes z f> z possible1 & ! in/ant t y feel a *eck1 grasp ! rope tightly1 & spr+ into ! seat /&+4 ,:5 !re1 "w easily up by alt]nately b5d+ & /raight5+ ! knees4 7,see #a47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 #b4 ,:5 9 good sw+1 slip ! feet (f ! seat 7:i* %\ld n be m ?an f\r in*es wide72 let ! h&s slide d[n ! ropes1 & come d[n sitt+4 ,to recov] ! /&+ position1 rea* upw>ds ) ! h&s z high z possible1 & draw y\rself upw>ds z ! sw+ is go+ =w>ds1 :5 ! seat w place itself exactly "u y\r feet4 #c4 ,n[ = "s feats4 ,let ! sw+ g v g5tly4 ,place bo? h&s at ! level ( ! %\ld]s1 & sudd5ly ext5d !m1 keep+ ! arms /raight4 ,take c>e1 z !re w be a viol5t vibration1 & y w be %ot out ( ! sw+ be=e y "k :]e y are4 ,practise x fir/ :ile ! sw+ is /ill1 b d n be satisfi$ until y c d x :ile 9 /rong sw+1 & )\t clos+ ! h&s1 m]ely lett+ ! palms re/ aga9/ ! ropes4 7,see #b47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,sw+ /ill4 ,/& up on ! seat1 & grasp ! rope ) ! h&s z l[ z possible1 )\t b5d+ ! body or ! knees4 ,n[ lean =w>d1 mak+ y\r h&s ! pivot1 & d n be a/oni%$ at f9d+ y\r heels 9 ! air1 & y\r head d[nw>d4 ,to recov] y\rself1 ! body mu/ be b5t a little4 7,see #c47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,/& sideways on ! seat1 grasp "o rope ) bo? h&s lean+ y\r back aga9/ ! o!r1 tak+ c>e to h ! rope well betwe5 ! %\ld] blades4 ,put ! inn] c5tre ( ! left foot aga9/ ! opposite rope1 & fix ! "r foot 9 ! same mann] aga9/ ! left heel4 ,n[ let g bo? h&s1 & lean well backw>ds1 :5 y w be exactly balanc$4 ,:5 y are secure ) a quiet sw+1 practise x :ile ! sw+ is mov+1 until y c lie securely aga9/ ! rope :ile y are mov+ freely4 ,! balance is entirely kept by ! %\ld] blades aga9/ ! rope1 & ! arms mu/ be fold$ 9 ord] to ?r[ ! %\ld] blades well back4 ,if ! gymna/ gets al>m$1 & puts 8 h&s out to save himself1 ! rope slips (f 8 back1 & out he goes4 7,see #d47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,:ile ! sw+ is work+1 sudd5ly hang out at "o side1 support+ y\rself by "o h& on ! rope1 & "o foot on ! seat4 ,practise ?is on bo? sides4 7,see #e47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,seize ! left rope ) bo? h&s1 press ! feet firmly aga9/ ! ropes :]e !y jo9 ! seat1 & fall out =w>ds4 ,! ropes w n[ cross1 & :5 ! sw+ is 9 full op]ation1 ! curves describ$ are mo/ elegant4 ,to recov] ! ord9>y position1 wait until ! sw+ is go+ backw>ds1 & a p[]ful twi/ ( ! body w uncross ! ropes1 :5 ! "r h& %\ld take hold ( ! "r rope & /eady ! sw+4 7,see #f47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,:5 ! sw+ is 9 motion1 grasp ! ropes z tight z possible1 & raise ! feet until !y are high 9 air betwe5 ! ropes4 ,take c>e ( ! balance 9 ! back sw+1 z1 if ! body is suff]$ to b5d backw>ds1 ! h&s w h>dly be> ! /ra94 ,n[ slide sl[ly & c>efully d[n ! ropes until ! head re/s on ! footbo>d4 ,to make a tell+ exit f ! sw+1 two ways may be adopt$4 ,fir/ way3--,get ! sw+ into a firm1 /eady movem5t1 sit d[n1 & br+ bo? h&s inside ! ropes2 & j z ! sw+ has pass$ its c5tre1 /rike ! seat away ) ! h&s & y w %oot =w>d sev]al y>ds4 ,take c>e to come d[n on ! toes1 & to lean well backw>ds z y leave ! sw+1 z ! impetus w br+ y upright z y t\* ! gr\nd4 7,see #g47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,! second me?od is1 to seat y\rself 9 ! same mann]1 & z ! sw+ crosses its c5tre backw>ds1 lean well =w>ds & /rike away ! seat4 ,y w !n be hurl$ backw>ds1 & if y\r balance is good1 w come to ! gr\nd 9 a v elegant attitude4 ,be sure to lean well =w>d1 cross ! feet1 clasp ! h&s1 & come d[n on ! toes4 7,see #h47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,great c>e mu/ be tak5 to lean well backw>ds if y %oot out =w>ds1 & well =w>ds z y %oot backw>ds1 or 9 ! "o case y w come ) y\r nose on ! gr\nd1 & 9 ! o!r y w f9d ! back ( y\r head r damag$4 ,s practise ) g5tle sw+s at fir/1 & !n increase4 ,i h (t5 done x ) ! sw+ at full spe$1 & 9 "o in/ance 9 a public gymnasium1 ,i %ot s f> =w>d t ! spot 0 m>k$ by a r[ ( iron nails driv5 into ! floor4 ,9 a volume ( ?is nature1 x is impossible to give m ?an a comp>atively slight sket* ( any subject4 ,i am sure1 h[ev]1 t if ! read] w ma/] ev5 ^! %ort in/ructions 9 gymna/ic ex]cises1 he w be able to realize t great bless+1 ! s\nd body1 9 :i* only a s\nd m9d c reside4 ,8 tra9$ eye w be accu/om$ to measure in/9ctively any ob/acle 9 8 way1 & ! tra9+ ( 8 body w enable him to put =? ! full p[] ( 8 muscles to ov]come ! ob/acle4 ,dang] w lose half its p]ils to him :o ?us kn[s h[ to meet x4 ,a /rong rope w be z safe z a /aircase to him2 x w be p]fectly indiff]5t to him :e!r 8 head or 8 heels be upp]mo/1 & he w be enabl$ by ! pres5ce ( m9d :i* su* /udies eng5d] to ?9k out calmly modes ( escape f dang] :i* w\ld in/antly ov]:elm ^? ^: bodies are un9/ruct$4 ,b ev5 to pass by ! "q ( utility1 x is a duty ( man to pres]ve 8 body 9 heal?1 & to develop its p[]s4 ,e man w\ld ?9k himself wrong to neglect ! m9d2 surely !n1 e man ought no less to ?9k x wrong to neglect ! body1 :i* is made by ! same mighty ,h& t implant$ ! m9d )9 x4 ,inde$1 ! neglect$ body is sure to injure ! m9d1 & !re=e ^? :o improve _! bodies are at ! same "t improv+ _! m9ds4 ,i "k "o "y man1 :o owes all 8 heal?1 & probably 8 life1 to gymna/ic ex]cise4 ,f 8 e>lie/ *ildhood he 0 always ail+1 & ?r\gh ! :ole ( 8 *ildhood 0 nev] suff]$ to sleep unwat*$4 ,:5 he ent]$ ^u manhood1 ! *ildi% illness *ang$ into annual fev]s1 :i* held _! sway until he _h be5 = "s "t at "o ( ! ,univ]sities4 ,8 m$ical att5dant advis$ him to take regul> ex]cise1 & recomm5d$ ! /udy ( gymna/ics4 ,he rapidly improv$ 9 heal? & /r5g?1 8 fev] has n attack$ him = eight or n9e ye>s1 & he actually l$ ! gymnasium = a :ole ye>4 ,7 ,i to h ! *>ge ( a s*ool1 ,i %\ld consid] ! gymnasium z "p ( ! regul> s*ool discipl9e1 & take c>e t ! boys 7 ex]cis$ z c>efully 9 _! bodily z _! m5tal p[]s4 ,,?r[+ ,,! ,,javel94 ,illu/ration ,?is play is v int]e/+1 & gives /r5g? to ! arm1 & exactness to ! eye4 ,9 play+ x1 a squ>e t>get mu/ be procur$1 made ( ?ick wood1 ab\t f\r feet 9 diamet]1 & on :i* %\ld be m>k$ conc5tral circles1 ! same z ^? ( a t>get 9 ar*]y4 ,?is %\ld be well support$ beh9d by two /\t back pieces1 re/+ 9 ! gr\nd1 s z to prev5t ! t>get f be+ easily ov]turn$4 ,! circles may be sev]al 9 numb]2 ! c5tre %\ld be black1 & ab\t six in*es 9 diamet]1 & c\nt t52 ! second circle %\ld be r$1 & %\ld c\nt five2 & ! ?ird %\ld be light blue1 & c\nt ?ree4 ,! o!r p>ts ( ! t>get to c\nt z may be agre$4 ,! javel9s %\ld consi/ ( poles ( a% or fir1 ab\t an in* & half 9 diamet]1 & %\ld be five feet six in*es 9 l5g?4 ,!y %\ld h a spike 9 "o end1 :i* %\ld be surr\nd$ ) a rim ( iron2 ! spike %\ld be ab\t two in*es long1 ?ick1 & /rong1 s z to enable x to become fix$ 9 ! t>get )\t splitt+ x4 ,! game may be play$ by any numb] ( boys1 & is comm5c$ z foll[s3-- ,"o play] takes a javel9 9 8 "r h&1 & walk+ to a di/ance f ! t>get1 previ\sly agre$ ^u by ! play]s1 he poises 8 javel91 by hold+ x 9 ! holl[ ( 8 h&1 betwe5 ! ball ( ! ?umb & ! fle%y "p at ! side1 & 8 elb[ is at ! same "t b5t1 & 8 arm elevat$ s t 8 h& is a little above 8 e>1 ! javel9 be+ at ! same "t nicely balanc$ ) ! small] f+]s1 t\*+ x s z to direct its c\rse2 x is !n laun*$ =w>d at ! t>get1 &1 if prop]ly pois$1 direct$ & ?r[n1 w g to x 9 a direct l9e4 ,! po9t at :i* x /rikes ! t>get is !n m>k$1 & !n ! o!r play]s foll[ 9 ! same way = twelve times 9 succession3 ! p]son :o scores ! mo/ m>ks be+ ! victor4 ,illu/ration ,! javel9 w fly bett] & /raight] if a rotatory movem5t is communicat$ to x by a slight pull ( ! little f+] z x leaves ! h&4 ,:5 "s skill has be5 obta9$ 9 d>t+1 blunt javel9s ) padd$ ends %\ld be procur$1 & ! play]s %\ld accu/om !mselves to avoid1 p>ry1 or cat* a javel9 ?r[n at !m4 ,:5 !y c d s ) c]ta9ty1 !y may /orm a =t4 ,! be/ =t is a h$ge ) gaps4 ,! play]s divide into two p>ties1 "o def5d+ & ! o!r attack+4 ,ea* play] %\ld be furni%$ ) ?ree javel9s at lea/1 well padd$ & nicely balanc$4 ,! art ( cat*+ & return+ a javel9 is exce$+ly useful 9 ?is game4 ,we well rememb] an occasion :51 on /orm+ a =t1 "o ( our oppon5ts1 ^: frame 0 l>g] ?an 8 s\l1 _h prud5tly retir$ into ! backgr\nd until all our spe>s 7 exhau/$1 b1 on see+ u weaponless1 he ) great c\rage ran up to ! h$ge & hurl$ 8 spe>1 z we 7 runn+ =w>d to pick up a fall5 lance4 ,! mom5t he _h ?r[n ! javel9 he ran away z fa/ z he c\ld1 b 0 ov]tak5 by 8 own weapon1 :i* took him 9 ! re>1 & toppl$ him ov] 9 beautiful /yle4 ,we h only kn[n "o accid5t at ?is game1 & t 0 caus$ by ! impetuosity ( "o ( ! g>rison1 :o on see+ an enemy crawl+ up ?r\gh ! gap1 & f9d+ himself )\t a spe>1 snat*$ up a b[ t 0 ly+ ne>1 & made a ?ru/ at him1 :i* s5t ! %>p horn tip ( ! b[ ?r\gh 8 "u lip4 ,,! ,,trapeze3 ,,s+le ,,& ,,d\ble4 ,%\ld ! int5d+ gymna/ possess a /rongly-built b>n or ou?\se1 :i* is l>ge en\gh to p]mit ! trapeze to h fair play1 & /rong en\gh to endure ! /ress ( ! sw++ weight1 ! ropes c be susp5d$ f a beam1 ei!r belong+ to ! build+ or ins]t$ = ! express purpose1 & re/+ at ea* end on /rong brackets4 ,b z su* build+s are v seldom to be obta9$1 we "h give a sket* ( a plan inv5t$1 we believe1 by ,messrs4 ,snoxell1 ! well-kn[n furni%]s ( gymnasia4 ,al?\gh its /ructure may appe> to be light & flimsy1 x is 9 reality possess$ ( /r5g? :i* r5d]s a fracture impossible1 & is inde$ f> m fitt$ to resi/ ! enorm\s /ra9 :i* is laid ^u x1 ?an if x 7 made ( massive beams mortic$4 ,illu/ration ,9 ! fir/ place ! upright poles 7a7 d n pass into ! gr\nd1 b are support$ ^u /one slabs1 s !re is no fe> ( t t]rible enemy ( ! gymnasium--rott+ wood1 :i* sil5tly decays & sudd5ly snaps (f level ) ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,! cross piece 7b7 is affix$ to ! uprights by a simple cap1 b5t at "r angles1 z is se5 at f4 ,! cross piece is p]man5tly secur$ into ! cap1 b ! uprights c be slipp$ 9 & out )\t difficulty4 ,at c may be se5 f\r sl5d] wire ropes1 ! upp] ends ( :i* are fa/5$ to ! uprights1 & ! l[] ends are furni%$ ) hooks4 ,^! hooks are int5d$ to be slipp$ into ! /aples 7e71 :i* are firmly secur$ into ! gr\nd1 j z ! old bull-r+s 7 fix$4 ,at d are se5 ! tight5+ screws1 :i* are simply turn$ by h&1 & %ort5 ! wire ropes j z ! connect+ screws ( a railway tra9 draw ! c>riages toge!r4 ,! app>atus is s p]fectly simple t x c be set up or tak5 d[n by two boys 9 five m9utes1 or by "o boy 9 r a long] p]iod4 ,! process is z foll[s3-- ,! uprights are slipp$ into ! caps1 & ! hooks at ! ends ( ! wire ropes or /ays are hit*$ into ! /aples ( "o side1 say at e4 ,! uprights are !n re>$1 & _! bases set on ! /ones4 ,! hooks ( ! opposite /ays are !n hit*$ into ! /aples at e e1 & ! screws at d turn$ until ! /ays are q tight & ! uprights are p]fectly p]p5dicul>4 ,x seems r a complicat$ process to read ab\t1 b x is rem>kably simple :5 r$uc$ to action4 ,we h m\nt$ & dism\nt$ "o ( ^! +5i\s contrivances 9 a wond]fully %ort space ( "t1 & )\t any assi/ance4 ,= practis+ ! feat ( pass+ ?r\gh ! air f "o trapeze to ano!r a d\ble set ( app>atus is requir$2 b = mo/ useful purposes "o set is suffici5t4 ,! ropes by :i* ! b> is susp5d$ mu/ be ?or\ghly /ret*$ be=e !y are atta*$ to ! b>1 or !re w be no c]ta9ty 9 ! sw+4 ,few p]sons :o h n _h practical exp]i5ce on ?is subject w\ld imag9e h[ greatly ! l5g? ( a rope is increas$ by ! process ( /ret*+1 & h[ absolutely necess>y is ?is precaution4 ,! ropes are pass$ at ea* end ov] an iron eye1 ! upp] "o ( :i* is hit*$ ov] a hook on ! cross b>1 & ! o!r receives ! hook :i* susp5ds ! b>4 ,on look+ at ! illu/ration ! read] w notice ^! hooks j above ! b>4 ,!y are useful1 because1 :5 ne$$1 a pair ( r+s c be sub/itut$ = ! b>1 & p]mit c]ta9 v>iations 9 ! p]=mances1 ,/ill1 _! pres5ce or abs5ce is q optional1 & ! only rem>k t ne$ be made is1 t !y %\ld be furni%$ ) spr+s l ! fa/5+ ( a breguet *a91 s z to gu>d aga9/ ! possibility ( slipp+4 ,! b> itself mu/ be v heavy1 or o!rwise x w n h suffici5t weight to keep ! cords at full /ret*1 & 9 consequ5ce w n sw+ truly4 ,^? :i* 7 employ$ by ,leot>d 7 iron1 ) a m]e %ell ( wood1 s z to give a pleasant hold = ! h&s1 & we h se5 !m made ( iron1 coat$ ) lea!r4 ,! la/ po9t t ne$s notice is ! p]* or /& f :i* ! p]=m] laun*es himself4 ,?is may be fix$ at any conv5i5t elevation1 & its c5tre %\ld exactly co9cide ) ! c5tre ( ! b>4 ,hav+ n[ ! app>atus ready1 let u comm5ce ! p]=mance4 ,set ! b> sw++ boldly2 asc5d ! p]* quickly1 & seize ! b> 9 bo? h&s4 ,wait = a mom5t1 until ! ropes are fully /ret*$1 & !n laun* y\rself = a sw+4 ,n[ !re are two ways ( do+ ev]y?+--a "r & a wrong way2 & ! pres5t in/ance af=ds no exception to ! rule4 ,! wrong way--& ! usual way--is to fall =w>ds f ! p]*4 ,n[ ?is is q wrong2 & if y act 9 su* a mann] y w bungle y\r sway1 & w n reta9 suffici5t impetus to enable y to return to ! p]*4 ,! "r mode ( />t+ is z foll[s3 ,/& z se5 9 ! accompany+ illu/ration--! sp9e well b5t backw>ds1 ! body tol]ably /iff1 & lean+ well aga9/ ! heavy b>4 ,n[ draw y\rself up g5tly by ! arms1 z if y 7 try+ to lift y\r *9 above ! b>1 & y w f9d y\rself />t$ )\t any tr\ble4 ,keep ! back /ill b5t1 & z y desc5d all[ ! arms gradually to assume a p]fectly /raight position4 ,y w !n sw+ out fairly & boldly1 & by ! lea/ possible sway at ! end ( ! sw+ w reta9 suffici5t impetus to enable y to resume y\r /& on ! p]*4 ,ev5 9 ?is !re is an art4 ,if y m]ely all[ y\rself to sw+ back z y sw+ =w>d1 y w be disagreeably rem9d$ ( y\r error1 by hitt+ ! back ( ! leg sm>tly aga9/ ! edge ( ! p]*4 ,9 ord] to avoid ?is mis=tune1 draw up ! legs %>ply j be=e y rea* ! end ( ! return sw+1 & y w f9d !m come d[n on ! p]* ) p]fect ease4 ,if y are us+ ! r+s in/ead ( ! b>1 y c v>y ?is "p ( ! p]=mance by turn+ r\nd 9 ! air1 & cross+ ! ropes s t y alight on ! p]* ) y\r back t[>ds ! trapze1 ?\gh x is necess>y to give a %>p twi/ z y\r foot t\*es ! p]*1 & s to turn 9 ! direction 9 :i* y />t$4 ,illu/ration ,take notice t ! arms are always at full l5g? dur+ ! sw+1 & t ! illu/rations :i* repres5t ! p]=m] sw++ ) b5t arms are entirely errone\s4 ,!re is ano!r fault into :i* ! arti/s mo/ly fall4 ,?9k+ t !y are obta9+ pictorial effect1 !y repres5t ! ropes :i* su/a9 ! b> z =m+ an angle ) ! arms ( ! p]=m]1 :]eas ! arms1 body1 & ropes are1 or ought to be1 all 9 ! same l9e4 ,! real attitude 9 ! trapze is giv5 9 ! accompany+ illu/ration1 :]e9 x w be se5 t ! ropes1 ! arms1 & ! body are all 9 ! same l9e2 &1 inde$1 a little reflection w prove t !y mu/ be s4 ,note ! position & action1 or r ! non-action ( ! body1 & be c>eful to imitate x4 ,dur+ ! sw+1 let ! body & limbs hang at full l5g?1 & be sure to keep ! feet ne>ly toge!r1 & ! toes po9t$4 ,! illu/rations are all wrong 9 ?is respect4 ,!y always w %[ ! p]=m] 9 an attitude :i* ! draughtsman is pleas$ to ?9k a graceful "o2 b x is inexpressibly graceless & ridicul\s 9 ! eyes ( a gymna/4 ,illu/ration ,:5 y h accompli%$ ! sw+ & return satisfactorily1 y may advance ano!r /ep4 ,sw+ (f z usual2 &1 :5 y h rea*$ ! extremity ( ! sw+1 y w f9d y\rself balanc$ = a mom5t motionless1 ! attraction ( gravitation be+ balanc$ by ! impetus ( ! sw+4 ,j at ?is important po9t1 %ift y\r hold on ! b>1 & *ange sides1 z y w\ld d if ! b> 7 hang+ quietly4 ,y w !n face ! spot :5ce y />t$1 & 9 l&+ on ! p]* y mu/ be c>eful to give y\rself a twi/ z y place y\r feet on ! p]*1 & ) a slight ex]tion ( ! arms y w draw y\rself upright )\t difficulty1 & )\t runn+ ! risk ( fall+ (f ! p]* aga9--a frequ5t & ignom9i\s mis=tune4 ,x w n[ be "t to practise ! desc5t f ! sw++ trapze to ! gr\nd4 ,beg9 by sitt+ on ! b>1 grasp+ x ) ! h&s1 & fall+ (f backw>ds1 tak+ c>e to come to ! gr\nd ) po9t$ toes & cross$ feet4 ,! reason ( ?is precaution is t1 if ! feet are cross$1 ! knees are sep>at$1 & t :5 ! body yields--z x mu/ d :5 x t\*es ! e>?--!re is no dang] ( hitt+ ! *9 aga9/ ! knee1 & !reby receiv+ a mom5t>y %ock to ! bra9 by ! tee? /rik+ toge!r4 ,:5 y c manage ! 8fall-back10 z x is call$1 ) tol]able ease & c]ta9ty1 seize ! b> ) ! h&s1 set x sw++1 keep+ y\r face to ! p]*1 & :5 y are ne>ly at ! full ext5t ( ! sw+ loos5 y\r hold1 & all[ y\rself to come to ! gr\nd4 ,be v c>eful to po9t ! toes1 z has already be5 describ$1 & cont9ue ! practice until y c /& on ! p]*1 laun* y\rself backw>ds1 & fly (f at ! highe/ po9t ( ! sw+4 ,always leave ! b> :ile y are sw++ backw>ds1 because ! attitude ( ! body is !n su* z to insure y\r com+ to ! gr\nd 9 ! correct position2 :]eas1 if y d s :ile sw++ =w>d1 y are ne>ly c]ta9 to ov]balance y\rself1 & ei!r fall on y\r nose1 or g /agg]+ along 9 a v ignom9i\s /yle4 ,! next process is to />t z usual1 raise y\rself 9 a sitt+ position on ! b>1 & ask "s "o to remove ! p]*4 ,fall back z be=e1 only1 in/ead ( com+ on ! gr\nd1 hang by ! legs1 & accu/om y\rself to sw+ 9 ?is attitude4 ,:5 y c accompli% t feat )\t difficulty1 & feel no n]v\sness at y\r /range position1 remove "o leg f ! b> & hang by ! o!r4 ,practise ?is ) bo? feet4 ,x is n ne>ly s difficult z x looks1 & is an important feat to p]=m1 because x gives su* p]fect pres5ce ( m9d4 ,! next feat looks positively awful1 b1 z usual 9 gymna/ic p]=mances1 is p]fectly easy1 requir+ no skill at all & only a little c\rage4 ,sit on ! b> :5 x is /ill1 & d ! 8fall-back40 ,b1 in/ead ( all[+ ! feet to pass betwe5 ! ropes1 spread ! legs z f> ap>t z possible1 & b5d up ! feet rigidly4 ,! consequ5ce is1 t ! in/eps hit* 9 ! ropes1 slide d[n !m1 & ! body becomes susp5d$ by ! feet1 :i* are firmly hit*$ betwe5 ! ropes & ! b>1 z se5 9 ! accompany+ illu/ration4 ,illu/ration ,if y possess a second trapze1 y may n[ proce$ to ! beautiful s]ies ( p]=mances :i* are a*iev$ ^u !m4 ,let !m at fir/ be set mod]ately ne> ea* o!r1 s t :5 ! b> ( ! fir/ trapze is at full sw+1 x passes )9 a y>d or f\r feet ( ! second4 ,/>t (f z usual1 & j z y are well on ! rise1 aft] pass+ ?r\gh ! upright1 loose y\r hold ( ! b>1 & y w pass ?r\gh ! air t[>ds ! second b> :i* y cat* rapidly4 ,if y p]=m ! feat nicely1 y w h s mu* impetus to sp>e t y w be c>ri$ along on ! second b>1 & may ei!r attempt to return or quietly drop to ! gr\nd at ! end ( ! sw+4 ,if y pref] ! latt] c\rse1 be sure to turn ?r\gh y\r arms & come d[n on y\r toes4 ,y w f9d t ! return to ! p]*1 simple z x looks1 is by f> ! mo/ difficult feat t has yet be5 m5tion$4 ,make b ! lea/ mi/ake & failure is c]ta94 ,if y d n cat* ! b> exactly at ! "r mom5t1 y lose y\r impetus1 & if y d n seize x exactly 9 ! "r place y d n sw+ truly betwe5 ! uprights1 & consequ5tly _c l& on ! spot at :i* y aim4 ,! me?od ( p]=m+ ?is feat is z foll[s3 ,sw+ (f ! p]*1 pass to ! second b>1 & :ile at ! full ext5t ( ! sw+1 *ange sides1 & give y\rself a slight impulse ) ! feet4 ,y w n[ meet ! fir/ b> sw++ t[>ds y1 & if y c seize x j at ! "r mom5t1 y w f9d y\rself ) suffici5t impetus to rea* ! p]*4 ,if n1 sw+ once m1 give y\rself a he>ty impulse ) ! legs & try x aga94 ,failure is c]ta9 at fir/1 b aft] a little practice ! feat becomes easy4 ,"h we mu/ prote/ aga9/ ! totally errone\s ideas ( arti/s respect+ ! attitude ( ! body :ile ! p]=m] passes f "o b> to ano!r4 ,we ?9k t )\t an exception !y all repres5t him z %oot+ horizontally ?r\gh ! air1 ) 8 h&s /ret*$ out1 & ) "o leg b5t & ! o!r /raight4 ,n[1 if any "o w wat* a p]=m] on ! trapze1 he w see t ! attitude is ne>ly p]p5dicul>1 & t any o!r position is really absurd & impracticable4 ,illu/ration ,9 ! accompany+ illu/ration1 we h giv5 a sket* ( ! real attitude ( ! p]=m]1 :]e9 x w be se5 t ! body is ne>ly p]p5dicul>1 & t ! arms are kept b5t1 ) ! h&s close to ! %\ld]s1 ready to be d>t$ out 9 a mom5t :5 ! trapze sw+s )9 di/ance4 ,we are ! m p>ticul> 9 giv+ ^! illu/rations1 because !y are ne$$ 9 ord] to correct ! v false notions :i* are preval5t respect+ ?is beautiful ex]cise4 ,p>5ts especially are apt to =m _! judgm5ts f ! illu/rations :i* are se5 ^u adv]tis+ bills & 9 illu/rat$ j\rnals1 & ?9k+ t ! ex]cise mu/ be att5d$ ) great dang]1 d n l to give _! p]mission = _! sons to le>n x4 ,let our read]s be assur$ t !re is no m dang] 9 ?is beautiful ex]cise ?an 9 jump+ ov] a *air--p]haps n q s mu*--:ile ! mann] 9 :i* x develops ! muscul> p[]s ( ! arms1 %\ld]s1 & lo9s1 is unapproa*able by any o!r sy/em4 ,"o caution is1 h[ev]1 ne$ful4 ,take c>e t e loop & splice be p]fectly secure1 look ov] ! :ole ( ! app>atus daily1 & nev] v5ture ^u ! trapze until y h asc]ta9$ t no?+ is likely to give way4 ,if y p]ceive ! slighte/ feel+ ( insecurity1 ! :ole enjoym5t ( ! ex]cise is lo/1 & no b5efit c be expect$ f x4 ,,tricks ,,& ,,feats ,,( ,,gymna/ics4 ,! book4--,fix a book betwe5 ! toes ( ! feet1 &1 by a j]k1 ?r[ x ov] ! head4 ,! *alk l9e4--,draw a l9e ) *alk on ! floor2 aga9/ ?is place ! toes ( bo? feet2 !n kneel d[n1 & rise up aga9 )\t leav+ ! l9e1 or us+ ! h&s4 ,/epp+ ?r\gh4--,take a small piece ( cane ab\t a foot long1 & hold+ x betwe5 ! h&s1 leap ?r\gh x4 ,aft]w>ds take a tobacco-pipe1 & p]=m ! same feat )\t break+2 aft] ?is1 jo9 ! h&s toge!r1 & leap ?r\gh !m1 :i* is n v difficult ( accompli%m5t4 ,armless4--,ly+ ^u ! back ) ! arms across ! *e/1 ! attempt mu/ be made to rise on ! feet aga94 ,hop aga9/ ! wall4--,/& ) "o toe close aga9/ ! wall1 ab\t two feet f ! gr\nd1 & turn ! o!r ov] x1 )\t remov+ ! toe f ! wall4 ,/oop if y c4--,"o boy hav+ plac$ 8 heels aga9/ ! wall1 ano!r mu/ place ne> 8 toes a %ill+1 & tell him he may h x if he c pick x up4 ,?is he w f9d to be impossible = him to d :ile 8 heels t\* ! wall1 z !re is no room = 8 back to balance ! o!r p>ts ( 8 body4 ,! spr+ f ! wall4--,plac+ y\rself at a prop] di/ance f ! wall ) y\r face opposite to x1 ?r[ y\rself =w>d until y support y\rself by "o h&4 ,!n spr+ back into y\r =m] position4 ,beg9 ?is feat at a %ort di/ance f ! wall1 & increase ! di/ance by degrees4 ,! 8a?lete0 w1 9 a %ort "t1 be able to /& at ne>ly ! l5g? ( 8 body f ! wall4 ,?is feat is sometimes call$ ! palm spr+1 b ! palm has really no?+ to d ) x4 ,! ?umb spr+ is simil>1 b dang]\s1 & _m h spra9$ _! ?umbs 9 attempt+ x4 ,illu/ration ,! long rea*4--,?is is a some:at difficult feat1 & requires great caution 9 its p]=mance4 ,a l9e is *alk$ on ! floor1 at :i* ! toes mu/ be plac$1 & f :i* !y are n to remove4 ,! left h& is !n to be ?r[n =w>d 9 a long rea* until ! body desc5ds ^u x1 )\t any "p t\*+ ! floor 9 its desc5t2 ! "r h& is n[ to be /ret*$ out z f> =w>d z possible1 & ) a piece ( *alk1 a m>k is made on ! floor at its fulle/ ext5t1 ! body be+ su/a9$ by ! left h& dur+ ! op]ation4 ,! boy %\ld n[ recov] ! upright position on 8 legs1 by spr++ back f ! left h& )\t t\*+ ! floor 9 any way4 ,! l5g? rea*$1 & ! p]fection ) :i* ! body recov]s itself1 di/+ui%es ! w9n] ( ! game4 ,illu/ration ,! /oop+ /ret*4--,9 ?is feat a l9e is drawn on ! floor1 at :i* ! out] edge ( ! left foot is plac$1 & beh9d ?is1 at a %ort di/ance1 ! "r heel4 ,tak+ a piece ( *alk 9 ! left h&1 ! y\ng/] passes x betwe5 ! legs1 & "u ! b5d ( ! left knee1 *alk+ ! floor ) x z f> =w>d z he c4 ,he !n recov]s 8 position )\t mov+ 8 feet f ! l9e at :i* !y _h be5 fix$4 ,illu/ration ,! *air feat4--,place ?ree *airs 9 ! situation indicat$ 9 ! cut 7p4 #bfd71 & lay d[n ^u !m1 ! head re/+ on "o1 ! heels ^u ano!r1 & ! l[] "p ( ! body on ! ?ird or middle *air1 :i* %\ld be mu* light] ?an ! o!rs4 ,!n1 by /iff5+ ! body & limbs1 & ?r[+ up ! *e/ into a /ate ( rigidity1 x w n be difficult = a boy to remove ! middle *air1 & to pass x q ov] on ! o!r side ( him4 ,illu/ration ,! pok] feat4--,take a common pok] & hold x ! l[] end d[nw>ds1 9 ! mann] %[n 9 ! cut1 i4 e4 by ! f+]s1 ?umb1 & ball ( ! palm4 ,!n1 by ! m]e motion ( ! f+]s & ?umb1 & ! fulcrum ( ! palm1 "w ! pok] upw>ds till y raise x ?r\gh ! :ole l5g? to t "p ( x :i* goes into ! fire4 ,?is trick dep5ds ma9ly ^u ! /r5g? ( ! muscles ( ! h& & f+]s1 comb9$ ) a c]ta9 knack to be acquir$ by practice4 ,illu/ration ,! /ick feat1 or f h& to m\?4--,take a piece ( /ick ( ! l5g? ( ! =e arm1 measur+ f ! elb[ to ! end ( ! middle f+]4 ,hold x 9 ! h& horizontally be=e y1 ! knuckles be+ d[n & ! nails upw>ds1 & ! elb[ be+ on a l9e ) ! h&4 ,!n raise ! left end ( ! /ick f ! brea/ to ! m\?1 )\t any o!r movem5t ( ! h& ?an ! arm at ! wri/4 ,?is is a difficult feat1 b may be easily acquir$ by practice4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,walk+ on /ilts4--,among ! ,swiss1 & 9 sev]al di/ricts 9 ! ,s\? ( ,france1 walk+ on /ilts is n only an amus+1 b a useful practice1 z by means ( ^! crane-l legs m5 & wom5 trans=m !mselves into ! ord] ( 8,wad]s10 emulat+ ! long-legg$ /orks & h]ons1 & c cross ov] m>%es & flood$ gr\nds )\t wett+ _! feet4 ,/ilts are easily made1 be+ no?+ b a pair ( poles1 ) a wood5 /ep at ! sides = ! feet to /& on4 ,! poles are kept 9 _! prop] place by ! h&s4 ,a little practice w soon r5d] a y\? 8easy on 8 /ilts10 & !y may be made an amus+ & heal?y ex]cise4 ,,hockey4 ,9 all ! g5]al pr9ciples1 hockey be>s a great resemblance to foot-ball1 ! game consi/+ 9 driv+ a ball ?r\gh a goal4 ,! ball1 h[ev]1 is ( mu* small] dim5sions1 ev5 :]e a ball1 & n a bung1 is us$2 & x is impell$1 n by ! foot1 b by c]ta9 /icks1 or clubs1 call$ hockeys1 or hookeys1 because ! end ) :i* ! ball is /ruck is m or less hook$4 ,! %ape & dim5sions ( ! hockey-/ick are entirely arbitr>y1 be+ left to ! peculi> ta/e ( ! own]s4 ,"s l _! hockeys to be %>ply hook$1 :ile o!rs pref] !m m]ely b5t ov] at ! end4 ,"s play]s l a v ?ick1 heavy /ick1 :i* c be put d[n 9 front ( ! ball 9 ord] to neutralize ! bl[s ( ! opposite side1 :ile o!rs c play be/ ) a slight & spr+y weapon1 t c be us$ ) "o h&1 & is employ$ to tap ! ball away j z an oppon5t is ab\t to /rike1 & to coax x1 z x 71 t[>ds ! goal ?r\gh ! mass ( adv]se /icks4 ,illu/ration ,! f\r /icks %[n 9 ! engrav+ are v good samples ( ! =ms be/ adapt$ = use4 ,fig4 #a is mu* 9 fav\r ) "s play]s1 & is !re=e giv52 b = our own "p we nev] c\ld play to our satisfaction ) x1 ! l>ge & deep curve deceiv+ ! eye & caus+ ! play] to let ! ball pass ?r\gh ! hook1 besides runn+ ! risk ( entanglem5t 9 ! oppon5t's /ick4 ,fig4 #b is usually a fav\rite1 b ! angle ( ! head ) ! h&le is arrang$ accord+ to ! fancy ( ! play]4 ,"s l ! head to be made ( horn1 back$ ) lead l a golf-/ick2 b ?is =mation is h>dly necess>y1 co/+ a r l>ge sum1 & n convey+ correspond5t advantages4 ,fig4 #c is a que] & ecc5tric =m1 :i* is n suitable to e play] on acc\nt ( its weight & g5]ally l>ge proportions4 ,we h1 h[ev]1 se5 x employ$ ) extraord9>y effect by a play] :o 0 accu/om$ to drive 8 oppon5ts into a /ate ( consid]able excitem5t by 8 faculty ( /opp+ ! ball ) ?is ov]gr[n weapon1 & !n plant+ x s firmly t all ! oppos+ /icks c\ld n get at ! ball 9 spite ( _! batt]+4 ,9 ?is way he w\ld save _m a game t _h well-nigh be5 giv5 up z hopeless1 & by ?us *eck+ ! ball on its way to ! goal1 w\ld give "t = 8 own side to come up & turn ! tables4 ,! great hook$ end ( ?is club 0 b\nd ) v /rong iron wire4 ,! same play] 0 equally successful ) a /ick ! exact rev]se ( ! prec$+1 & repres5t$ z fig4 #d4 ,?is 0 a v slight a%5 /ick1 ) a small1 b r heavy head1 s t :5 %ak5 x w\ld b5d & spr+ l :alebone4 ,?is little /ick 0 us$ = d>t+ among ! /ruggles & clatt] ( cont5d+ weapons1 & giv+ ! ball j a wee pat n[ & !n at critical mom5ts1 s z to edge x a little ne>] ! goal1 & at ! same "t to knock x away j z ! bl[ ( ! oppon5t desc5d$4 ,illu/ration ,! ball us$ = ?is game is sometimes an ord9>y cask bung4 ,z ?is w\ld spe$ily be knock$ to pieces1 x is g5]ally quilt$ ) /r+1 z %[n 9 ! illu/ration1 = ! bett] pres]v+ its integrity4 ,soon] or lat]1 h[ev]1 x goes to pieces1 = ! /r+ is sure to be cut or worn ?r\gh1 & ! cork soon gives way4 ,balls1 too1 are apt to get _! jackets knock$ (f1 & if /ruck h>d w sometimes fly 9 ! face ( a play]1 :o _c avoid x at s %ort a di/ance1 & d no small damage4 ,a holl[ india-rubb] ball is v good2 b ! be/ t we h yet se51 0 a common globul> india-rubb] bottle1 su* z c be procur$ at any /ation]'s1 ) ! neck cut (f1 & p>tly fill$ up by leav+ a /rip ( ! neck & secur+ x by ! prop] v>ni%4 ,x made a capital ball4 ,no?+ c\ld hurt x1 & x c\ld hurt no "o4 ,we h _h x driv5 into our face at two y>ds' di/ance1 & felt little ! worse = x five m9utes aft]w>ds4 ,x w\ld n roll v f> by itself1 b requir$ to be edg$ c>efully by ! /icks2 x nev] c\ld get cut aga9/ fl9ts1 or spoil$ by ?orns or spl9t]s2 x 0 big en\gh to be easily se5 if knock$ into a dit* or ov] a h$ge1 & if /ruck into wat] x w\ld n s9k b come to ! surface at once1 bobb+ ab\t z if to draw att5tion to its pres5ce4 ,x rema9$ 9 con/ant action = two ye>s to our k1 _h be5 employ$ = sev]al seasons be=e we made its acqua9tance1 & = aught we "k may be 9 use n[4 ,9 fact1 if x 7 only kept out ( ! way ( a fire or an o/ri*1 we "k no?+ t w\ld hurt ! ball except burn+ or swall[+4 ,ev5 9 ! latt] case we fancy t ! o/ri* w\ld be ! suff]] r ?an ! ball4 ,hav+ n[ describ$ ! in/rum5ts1 we w proce$ to ! me?od ( play+ ! game4 ,z has already be5 m5tion$1 ?is game is 9 pr9ciple simil> to foot-ball4 ,two goals are set up1 at a conv5i5t di/ance f & exactly opposite to ea* o!r1 z 9 foot-ball4 ,! same goals inde$ w answ] z = t game1 only ! cross pole %\ld be la%$ to ! uprights at a mu* l[] elevation1 say ?ree feet six in*es or f\r feet f ! gr\nd1 & ! uprights %\ld be )9 six feet ( ea* o!r4 ,v good & simple goals c be made by tak+ long osi]s1 will[ bran*es or brambles1 po9t+ ! two ends1 b5d+ !m ov] & /ick+ ! po9t$ extremities into ! e>?1 s z to make an ar*4 ,a peg is driv5 exactly half-way betwe5 ! goals1 goal-l9es are drawn z at foot-ball1 & ! gr\nd is !n laid out4 ,! play]s1 hav+ previ\sly *os5 _! sides1 arrange !mselves betwe5 ! goals1 fac+ ea* o!r1 & always hav+ _! left sides t[>ds ! enemy's goal & _! "r t[>ds _! own4 ,! ball is !n ?r[n 9 ! air1 s z to fall on or ne> ! wood5 peg1 & ea* p>ty try ) _! /icks to drive x ?r\gh ! goal ( ! enemy4 ,! rules ( ?is f9e game are few & simple4 #a4 ,! game is won by ! ball pass+ ?r\gh ! enemy's goal4 #b4 ,! ball mu/ be /ruck ?r\gh ! goal ) ! /ick1 n ?r[n or kick$4 #c4 ,ea* play] %all /rike f "r to left1 & any play] infr++ ?is rule is liable to ! p5alty ( a bl[ on ! %9s f any ( ! opposite side4 #d4 ,ea* play] %all rema9 on 8 own side1 & if he crosses to t ( ! oppon5ts is liable to ! same p5alty4 #e4 ,no play] %all raise ! head ( 8 /ick high] ?an 8 %\ld]1 on pa9 ( ! same p5alty4 #f4 ,! ball may be /opp$ ) ! /ick1 or ) any "p ( ! p]son1 provid$ t ! int]v5+ play] is on 8 own side4 #g4 ,if ! ball be kick$ or ?r[n ?r\gh ! goal1 or if /ruck beyond ! goal-l9es1 x is to be fet*$ by ! junior play] ( ! side :o /ruck ! la/ bl[1 & g5tly ?r[n t[>ds ! c5tre peg4 #h4 ,any play] wilfully /rik+ ano!r1 except :5 inflict+ ! p5alty conta9$ 9 rules #c1 #d1 & #e1 is imm$iately to be exclud$ f ! game4 ,by means ( ^! rules1 ! game ( hockey is %orn ( ! dang] consequ5t on ! loose & unre/ra9$ play t is sometimes se51 ! /icks br&i%$ 9 all directions1 & ! two sides s int]mix$ t x is h>dly possible to discrim9ate betwe5 !m4 ,_m a p]son has be5 s]i\sly damag$ by su* undiscipl9$ play1 & tee? h be5 /ruck out1 or ev5 eyes lo/ 9 ! conte/4 ,by /rict adh]5ce1 h[ev]1 to ! above rules1 !re is no fe> ( incurr+ any injuries1 & ?is really f9e game is r5d]$ z safe z x is excit+4 ,z a g5]al rule1 a good play] seldom if ev] /rikes ! ball ) any viol5ce1 b keeps x well 9 h&1 trundl+ x along r ?an knock+ x =cibly1 & endeav\r+1 if he f9ds x likely to pass out ( 8 control1 to /rike x g5tly t[>ds ano!r ( 8 own side1 :o may keep x 9 its c\rse t[>ds ! enemy's goal4 ,a bad play]1 on ! contr>y1 ru%es ab\t )\t any def9ite purpose1 %\ts cont9ually at ! top ( 8 voice1 br&i%es 8 /ick to ! dang] ( o!r p]sons' eyes & ! detrim5t ( 8 own h&s1 :i* are sure to be pa9fully bli/]$ 9 half an h\r1 & exhau/s 8 /r5g? & brea? s e>ly 9 ! game1 t he fails j at ! critical mom5t1 & sees ! ball driv5 pa/ him )\t be+ able to *eck x4 ,z a p>t+ ^w ( advice1 let u recomm5d to our read]s to play ?is game z quietly z !y c contrive to d1 & z a gold5 rule1 always to keep ! head ( ! hockey-/ick close to ! gr\nd4 ,above all1 keep y\r temp] intact1 & don't lose x ev5 if "o ( y\r own side %\ld make "s /upid mi/ake1 & lose y a w9n+ game4 ,take especial c>e to keep /rictly to ! rules1 & if y\r oppon5t %\ld break !m & r5d] himself liable to ! p5alty1 be m]ciful to 8 %9s1 & inflict ! puni%m5t z a w>n+ to det] f future transgression1 & n z a spiteful opportunity = giv+ a bl[ :i* _c be return$4 ,,rackets4 ,?is game is n easily play$ )\t :at is call$ a racket gr\nd1 :i* consi/s ( a l>ge space ( gr\nd1 a p>allelogram1 ( n less ?an fifty y>ds long1 by tw5ty-five broad4 ,:]e su* an advantage pres5ts itself1 ! game may be easily attempt$4 ,sometimes ! high dead wall ( a g>d5 may be made into a racket wall1 by fix+ up "s bo>ds & net-"w along ! top1 suppos+ !re is space en\gh bel[1 :5 ! game may be play$ 9 a small way4 ,! wall %\ld be pa9t$ black1 & ! gr\nd be divid$ into f\r equal divisions1 :i* %\ld be di/9ctly m>k$ ei!r by *ipp+ a groove 9 x by a spade1 or by *alk4 ,x is v ess5tial1 h[ev]1 t ! floor+ ( ! c\rt %\ld be pav$4 ,^! divisions are1 two close to ! wall1 z ,a & ,b1 & two 9 front ( !m1 z ,c & ,d1 :i* divisions are occupi$ by ^? :o play ! game4 ,! wall %\ld be m>k$ by a broad l9e ( :ite pa9t at =ty-two in*es f ! gr\nd1 & above ?is l9e e ball mu/ /rike4 ,! ball is1 accord+ to law1 only to weigh "o ounce1 & is ei!r :ite1 or made s f "t to "t by dipp+ into a bag ( *alk1 t x may be ! bett] se5 aga9/ ! black wall by ! play]s4 ,! ball is made ( pure :ite & tightly-sewn lea!r4 ,! bat us$ to propel ! ball is ( a legal make1 & its l[] end ( a spoon =m1 ov] :i* is plac$ a /rong net-"w ( silk-wire1 or catgut4 ,! bat is call$ a racket4 ,illu/ration ,h[ ! game is play$4--,rackets is a v simple game1 & may be play$ ei!r by two or m play]s4 ,:5 x is play$ by f\r p]sons1 "o /&s 9 ea* ( ! comp>tm5ts1 ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d2 ^? ne> ! wall be+ call$ 9-h&1 & ^? fur!/ f x out-h& play]s4 ,:5 two play1 ea* play] takes two ( ! divisions1 & ! "o :o takes ! ,a fir/ f ! wall is call$ 9-h& play]1 & ! o!r out-h& play]4 ,hav+ det]m9$ by lot :o is to beg9 ! game1 ! 9-h& play] ne>e/ ! wall /rikes 8 ball aga9/ x2 if x /rikes "u ! l9e1 goes ov] ! wall1 does n reb\nd into ! out-h& spaces1 or goes beyond ! racket gr\nd1 ! /rik] is out1 & ! out-h& play] takes 8 place2 b if ! play] is m successful1 & ! ball reb\nds into ! out-h& spaces1 & hopp+ f ! gr\nd is s5t back to ! wall aga91 to reb\nd into "o ( ! 9 spaces1 ! game goes on4 ,9 a close-c\rt game ! 8s]v]0 :o s]ves ! ball prop]ly above ! l9e b n accurately into 8 adv]s>y's c\rt is all[$ ?ree trials be=e 8 8h&0 is out4 ,! play ( ! game is1 t ! 9-play] %\ld s5d ! ball 9 su* a mann] aga9/ ! wall t1 on its reb\nd1 ! opposite p>ty1 or play]1 %all be able to pick x up or hit x4 ,:5ev] ?is happ5s1 he :o /ruck ! ball c\nts "o po9t1 or an ace1 & ! play is cont9u$ until "o play] or p>ty scores elev51 or1 z is sometimes & n[ m frequ5tly play$1 fifte54 ,?is capital game1 s conducive to heal? & af=d+ su* excell5t ex]cise1 may be play$ ei!r 9 an op5 c\rt--t is1 a c\rt ) only "o wall1 aga9/ :i* ! game is play$--or 9 a clos$ c\rt :i* is surr\nd$ by f\r walls4 ,sometimes a compromise is made by ! employm5t ( ! ord9>y high front wall1 & a small] back wall1 omitt+ ! side walls altoge!r4 ,! clos$ c\rt game is ! be/ & f> ! mo/ sci5tific1 b ! great exp5se necess>y = erect+ a prop] c\rt compels _m to cont5t !mselves ) an ord9>y old-fa%ion$ op5 c\rt game1 = !re seems little d\bt t ! op5 c\rt game is ! olde/ & ! "o :i* 9 old days 0 held 9 highe/ fav\r4 ,illu/ration ,,rid+4 8,fleet z ! w9d1 he %oots along ! pla91 ,& kn[s no *eck1 nor he$s ! curb+ re92 ,8 fi]y eyeballs1 =midably bright1 ,d>t a fi]ce glory1 & a gl[+ light2 ,pr\d ) excess ( life he paws ! gr\nd1 ,te>s up ! turf1 & spurns ! s& ar\nd40--,blacklock4 ,a boy on horseback is a k+ on 8 ?rone2 he feels m ?an 8boy0 ! mom5t he gets a/ride ( any?+ 9 ! %ape ( a nag4 ,boys h an in/9ct = rid+1 an impulse !y _c resi/1 l ! in/9ct = eat+1 brea?+ or mov+4 ,9 8 e>lie/ days1 9 ! v 8boyhood ( be+10 8,ride a-cock horse to ,banbury ,cross0 is a ditty ( inf9ite delight1 & long be=e ! days ( cord]oys ! eque/rian ex]cise ( 8,gr&fa!r's ,/ick0 af=ds him 8joy ineffable40 ,!n comes ! noble game ( ,hippas1 or ! wood5 8,bucephalus10 on :i* he feels great] ?an ,alex&]2 & la/1 ?\gh v little1 yet /ill n lea/1 ! 8pet ,%etl&10 :i* adds to ! bliss ( be+ m\nt$1 a positive progressive locomotion1 & ! 8great] ?an ,alex&]0 is made great] /ill4 ,consid]+1 !re=e1 t all boys love rid+1 x is = u to tell !m h[ !y may 8m\nt ! fi]y ,pegasus10 & ride ) elegance & safety1 8,to wit* ! _w ) noble horseman%ip40 ,illu/ration3 ,,rid+4 ,,! ,,horse4 ,! horse is "o ( ! mo/ beautiful & graceful animals 9 nature1 & p]haps ! mo/ useful to man1 ?\gh 9 ?is respect x w\ld be difficult to say :i* ( ! f\r or five dome/icat$ quadrup$s be>s ! palm4 ,dur+ life1 ! horse & ! dog w\ld ea* conte/ ! po9t2 :ile 9 relative value aft] dea?1 ! bullock1 %eep1 & sw9e1 are fairly entitl$ to an equal %>e ) !m4 ,b !re is some?+ v captivat+ 9 ! appe>ance ( ! horse1 :e!r us$ = ! purposes ( w>1 or = rac+1 or = hunt+1 or road-"w2 & 9 all ^! sev]al capacities ! read]s ( ?is book may possibly admire him1 ?\gh x is *iefly z ! rid+-horse1 or hack1 t he usually attracts _! notice4 ,9 ! animal k+dom1 ! horse belongs to ! division ,,v]tebrata1 & class ,,mammalia1 he hav+ a back-bone compos$ ( v]tebr1 & 8 "y be+ suckl$4 ,8 broad & undivid$ ho( places him among ! ungulata2 & la/ly1 8 tee? are z foll[s1 viz4 six front tee?1 above & bel[1 call$ 8nipp]s20 two can9e 9 ea* jaw1 call$ 8tusks20 & ! rema9d]1 consi/+ ( gr9d]s1 hav+ flat surfaces oppos$ to ea* o!r1 ) r\gh ridges on !m1 by :i* ! grass1 hay1 & corn are rubb$ or gr\nd d[n to a f9e pulp1 adapt$ to ! /oma*4 ,^! tee? are mov$ or roll$ on ea* o!r by a peculi> action ( ! muscles ( ! jaw1 s z to aid ! process4 ,,! ,,m>ks ,,( ,,age ,,9 ,,! ,,horse4 ,by means ( ! gradual we>+ d[n ( ! front tee?1 or nipp]s1 ! age ( ! horse may be kn[n4 ,ea* ( ! nipp]s has a holl[ 9 its upp] surface1 :i* is v deep & black :5 ! too? fir/ rises above ! gum1 & is gradually effac$ by ! friction caus$ by ! cropp+ ( ! grass1 or by bit+ at ! mang]1 or o!r k9ds ( rubb+2 b z ^! v>y a good deal accord+ to circum/ances1 s ! precise degree ( we>+ away w also be liable to fluctuations2 & ! rules laid d[n only approximate to ! tru?1 )\t positive accuracy z to a few mon?s4 ,!re are also two sets ( tee?2 a milk set1 :i* fir/ rise1 beg9n+ at once aft] bir?1 & a p]man5t set1 :i* replace ! milk-tee? z !y fall out4 ,! milk-tee? come up two at a "t1 b all are up by ! end ( ! fir/ ye>4 ,! p]man5t tee?1 also1 make _! appe>ance by twos1 ! fir/ pair %[+ !mselves 9 ! place ( ! two middle milk-tee? 9 ! ?ird ye>1 & be+ g5]ally level ) ! o!r milk-tee? by ! end ( ! f\r? ye>1 by :i* "t ! next pair h fall5 out1 & ! p]man5t tee? h %[n !mselves 9 _! places4 ,at five ye>s ( age ! horse has lo/ all 8 nipp]s1 & 8 corn] p]man5t tee? h ne>ly complet$ _! gr[?4 ,! tusks are also above ! gums4 ,! c5tre nipp]s are n[ mu* worn1 & ! next are becom+ slightly s4 ,at six ye>s old ! 8m>k0 9 ! c5tre nipp]s is q gone2 at sev5 ye>s ( age ?is disappe>s f ! next pair1 & at eight f ! corn] nipp]s2 aft] :i*1 none b a pr(ess$ judge is likely to make out ! age ( ! horse by an inspection ( 8 m\?2 &1 inde$1 at all times ! tyro is liable to be deceiv$ by ! frauds ( ! l[ horse-deal]1 :o cuts (f ! top ( ! tee?1 & !n scoops out a holl[ ) a g\ge2 aft] :i* a hot iron gives ! black surface :i* 9 ! natural /ate is pres5t$ to ! eye4 ,?is trick is call$ 8bi%op+40 ,,! ,,paces ,,( ,,! ,,horse4 ,! natural paces ( ! horse are ! walk1 trot1 & ! gallop2 to !m are add$ by man ! cant]1 & sometimes ! amble & ! run4 ,9 ! walk1 ea* leg is tak5 up & put d[n sep>ately1 "o aft] ! o!r1 ! pr9t ( ! h9d foot 9 good walk]s g5]ally ext5d+ a few in*es beyond t ( ! =e foot4 ,! ord] 9 :i* ! feet t\* ! gr\nd is z foll[s3 #a/1 ! (f =e foot2 #b;d1 ! ne> h9d foot2 #c;d1 ! ne> =e foot2 & #d?1 ! (f h9d foot4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,! gallop consi/s ( a succession ( leaps1 dur+ a great "p ( :i* all ! feet are (f ! gr\nd4 ,z ! feet come to ! gr\nd !y /rike x 9 regul> succession2 b ! exact ord] w dep5d ^u ! lead1 :i* may be ei!r ) ! (f or ne> =e leg4 ,:5 9 action & ! horse is lead+ ) ! (f =e foot 7:i* if well brok5 he w\ld d71 ! (f h9d & ne> =e feet t\* ! gr\nd simultane\sly next ! ne> h9d foot1 & la/ly1 ! (f =e foot :i* he leads )4 ,9 ! trot1 ! two legs ( opposite sides are mov$ exactly toge!r1 & t\* ! gr\nd at ! same mom5t2 :il/ 9 ! amble ! two legs ( ea* side move toge!r1 & ! horse is support$ = ! in/ant ^u ! half ( 8 usual & regul> f\ndation4 ,to c\nt]act ?is defici5cy 9 ! c5tre ( gravity1 ! body is balanc$ f side to side 9 a waddl+ mann]4 ,,t]ms ,,us$ ,,by ,,horsem54 ,! left side is call$ ! 8ne> side10 ! "r ! 8(f40 ,f\r in*es make 8a h&40 ,! upp] "p ( ! horse's neck is call$ 8 8cre/20 ! bony ridge 9 front ( ! saddle ! 8)]s10 ! "p betwe5 ! saddle & ! tail ! 8cr\p20 ! bony po9ts1 "o on ea* side ! bosom1 ! 8%\ld] po9ts20 & ! l9e betwe5 ^! & ! back ( ! )]s1 correspond+ ) ! %\ld] blade1 is ! 8l9e ( ! %\ld]40 ,! body betwe5 ! hip & %\ld] l9e is call$ ! 8middle piece40 ,9 ! =e legs1 ! two divisions are call$ ! 8arm0 & 8cannon20 above :i* is ! 8elb[-jo9t10 & betwe5 !m ! 8knee-jo9t40 ,9 ! h9d leg1 ! two p>ts are call$ ! 8?igh0 & 8cannon20 & ! jo9ts are ! 8/ifle0 & 8hock40 ,bel[ ^!1 9 bo? ! h9d & =e legs1 are ! upp] & l[] 8pa/]ns10 !n ! 8coronet10 or r+ betwe5 ! leg & foot1 & la/ly1 8! ho(40 ,,=m ,,( ,,! ,,horse4 ,x is a common obs]vation ( ! horseman t ! horse c g 9 all =ms2 & ?is is borne out by ! fact1 t he does occasionally d s2 b nev]!less1 x is well kn[n1 t among a l>ge numb] x w be f\nd t ^? ^: =m is mo/ 9 accordance ) ! %ape consid]$ ! be/ by good judges1 w turn out ! be/ mov]s4 ,9 te*nical language1 ! horse ^: 8po9ts0 are ! be/ w be ! be/ horse4 ,^! po9ts are consid]$ to be3 a neat head well set on a lean wiry neck1 ! latt] ) a v g5tle curve1 ^: convexity looks upw>ds 7! opposite =m to ?is makes ! 8ewe neck072 mod]ately high )]s2 a slop+ %\ld]1 wide 9 ! blade1 :i* %\ld be well furni%$ ) muscles2 /rong muscul> lo9s2 a cr\p n too /raight nor too droop+1 ) ! tail set on ) an elegant sweep2 ribs well r\nd$1 & c>ri$ back ne> to ! hips1 s z to make ! horse :at is call$ 8well ribb$20 circumf]5ce or gir? ( good dim5sions1 indicat+ pl5ty ( 8bell[s' room20 ?ighs & arms muscul>2 hocks & knees bony & l>ge1 )\t be+ diseas$2 cannon bones l>ge & flat1 ) ! susp5sory ligam5t & t5don l>ge1 /rong1 & cle>ly def9$2 fetlock jo9ts /rong1 b n r\nd & inflam$4 ,! eye %\ld be full1 cle>1 & free f specks2 & ! e>s %\ld be mod]ately small & erect2 ! feet %\ld be r\nd1 & n contract$ at ! heels1 ) a well-=m$ frog4 ,,v>ieties ,,( ,,! ,,horse ,,suitable ,,= ,,boys4 ,besides ! sev]al k9ds ( horses suitable = gr[n p1 ^? = boys are ! gall[ay1 ! cob1 & ! pony4 ,! fir/ ( ^! may be consid]$ ei!r a small horse or a l>ge pony1 & is usually ab\t f\rte5 h&s high2 & ?\gh /rong & capable ( c>ry+ weight1 yet ( a mod]ately light & active make4 ,he is s call$ f ! di/rict :]e he 0 orig9ally br$ 9 l>ge numb]s4 ,! cob is a ?ick & v /rong pony1 or gall[ay1 frequ5tly made to look /ill m s by cutt+ 8 tail & mane %ort1 call$ 8hogg+0 !m1 ?us-- ,illu/ration ,correctly speak+1 a pony is und]/ood to be "u ?irte5 h&s 9 height1 a gall[ay betwe5 ?irte5 & f\rte5 & a half1 any?+ ov] t a horse4 ,_m ponies are n[ br$ almo/ ( pure ,arabian blood1 & !y are well suit$ = lads :o h ma/]$ ! e>ly difficulties connect$ ) keep+ ! seat "u all ord9>y circum/ances2 b z !y are g5]ally v high-spirit$1 !y are sc>cely suit$ = ! beg9n]1 & he _h bett] cont5t himself ) an animal ( m plebeian p$igree & sluggi% temp]am5t4 ,,! ,,acc\trem5ts ,,& ,,aids ,requir$ by ! "y amateur1 are ei!r a pad or saddle1 accord+ to 8 age1 toge!r ) a bridle & a :ip or /ick4 ,spurs are seldom desirable = any b ! accompli%$ rid]1 z !y are apt to irritate ! pony if n us$ ) discretion1 & x is r difficult to put an old head ^u "y %\ld]s4 ,if ! le>n] is v "y1 a pad :i* is made )\t any tree af=ds a bett] hold = ! knees ?an a regul> saddle1 & w also enable him to ride )\t /irrups1 :i* feat he w h>dly manage on an ord9>y smoo? saddle4 ,! /irrups are ( ! foll[+ =m1 b are (t51 = boys1 made mu* light]4 ,!y ought always to be us$ ) /rong /irrup lea!rs1 & ^! %\ld be atta*$ to ! saddle by spr+-b>s1 :i* release ! /irrups 9 case ( ! leg be+ entangl$ 9 !m aft] a fall4 ,! groom %\ld always remove ! lea!rs aft] ! ride1 & replace !m on ! opposite side ( ! saddle1 by :i* means _! t5d5cy to hang z %[n at 7a71 is rectifi$1 & !y assume ! position indicat$ by ! "o m>k$ 7b71 bo? repres5t+ ! left1 or ne>1 side4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,! bridle is ei!r a s+le or a d\ble-re9$ "o1 accord+ to ! m\? ( ! pony ridd54 ,a s+le-re9$ bridle is usually a snaffle1 x be+ v improp] to all[ any "o to ride ) a curb alone1 unless he has v /eady & light h&s4 ,! snaffle bit is m]ely a jo9t$ b> ( iron 7#e #e7 9 ! accompany+ sket*1 b :5 us$ alone x has a light cross-b> z well z ! r+ !re %[n1 9 ord] to prev5t ! bit be+ pull$ ?r\gh ! m\?4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 9 ! d\ble-re9$ bridle is omitt$1 s9ce x w\ld int]f]e ) ! action ( ! curb4 ,snaffles are ei!r smoo? or twi/$1 & are made ( all sizes1 ! smalle/ be+ only adapt$ = occasional use1 & n = ! h&s ( ! le>n]1 :o %\ld h a l>ge smoo? "o4 ,! curb-bit consi/s ( ?ree p>ts2 ! m\?piece 7#a71 :i* usually has a b5d 9 x call$ ! port1 = ! purpose ( press+ aga9/ ! ro( ( ! m\?2 secondly1 ( ! *eek-piece 7#b71 :i* has a r+ 7#c7 at ! l[] end = ! atta*m5t ( ! re91 & ano!r at ! upp] end = ! head-piece ( ! bridle2 & ?irdly1 ! curb-*a9 7#d74 ,?is *a9 is press$ aga9/ ! outside ( ! l[] jaw1 by ! upp] arm ( ! curb us$ z a lev]1 & x %\ld be hook$ up suffici5tly tight to act ^u x by pull+ ! re91 :il/ at ! same "t x %\ld be loose en\gh to prev5t its frett+ ! jaw4 ,?is delicacy ( adju/m5t requires "s little practice1 & ! "y rid] %\ld always ask 8 tea*] to %[ him ! prop] mode ( apply+ ! curb-*a94 ,sometimes a m>t+ale is ne$$1 9 ord] to keep ! pony's head d[n1 b g5]ally ! "y rid] is bett] )\t x1 if he w keep 8 h&s well d[n1 & avoid all j]k+ ( ! m\?4 ,,m\nt+4 ,illu/ration ,! rid]1 ev5 at ! e>lie/ age1 %\ld fir/ exam9e ! gir?s & ! bridle1 & see if !y are prop]ly adju/$2 = ?\gh :5 leav+ home he may be able to dep5d ^u a /eady & exp]i5c$ groom1 yet1 aft] putt+ up at /range /ables1 he is liable to be l$ into an accid5t by c>eless s]vants1 & !re=e x is bett] to get into ! habit ( always inspect+ ^! ess5tials to safety & com=t4 ,if !re is an att5dant groom1 he %\ld hold ! re9 ) 8 "r h&1 /&+ by ! (f %\ld] ( ! horse1 s z ) 8 left h& to hold ! /irrup iron = ! rid]'s "r foot z he ?r[s x ov] ! horse's back4 ,! next ?+ to be done is = ! rid] to /& at ! %\ld] ( ! pony ) 8 left side t[>ds t "p4 ,he !n lays hold ( ! re9s ) 8 left h&1 draw+ !m up s %ort z to feel ! m\?1 & at ! same "t twi/+ a lock ( ! mane 9 8 f+]s s z to /eady ! h&4 ,next1 ! left foot is plac$ 9 ! /irrup :5 ! accompany+ attitude is pres5t$1 exactly z "h %[n4 ,at ?is mom5t a spr+ is giv5 f ! "r foot1 ! "r h& rea*es ! cantle ( ! saddle1 & ! body is rais$ till ! "r leg is br\ght up to ! level ( ! left1 :5 ! slighte/ imag9able pause is made1 & !n ! "r leg is ?r[n ov] ! back ( ! pony1 keep+ ! toe d[n & heel elevat$1 or ) ! spur on mis*ief may happ51 :ile ! "r h& leaves its hold1 & ! body falls into its position 9 ! c5tre ( ! saddle2 aft] :i*1 ! "r foot has only to be plac$ 9 ! /irrup to complete ! act ( m\nt+4 ,,dism\nt+ ,illu/ration ,is exactly ! rev]se ( ! la/ process1 & requires1 fir/1 ! re9s to be %ort5$ & held 9 ! left h& ) a lock ( ! mane2 secondly1 ! "r leg is tak5 out ( ! /irrup1 & is ?r[n ov] ! back ( ! horse until x is br\ght d[n to ! level ( ! o!r leg4 ,aft] ?is1 if ! pony is ( a small size1 suitable to t ( ! rid]1 ! body is g5tly l[]$ to ! gr\nd1 & ! left leg is lib]at$ f ! /irrup2 b if ! horse is too high = ?is1 ! foot is tak5 out ( ! /irrup by rais+ ! body by means ( ! h&s on ! pommel & cantle ( ! saddle1 & !n ! body is l[]$ to ! gr\nd by _! assi/ance4 ,illu/ration ,,! ,,managem5t ,,( ,,! ,,re9s ,is ( great importance to ! com=t ( ! rid]1 & also to 8 appe>ance1 = unless !y are held prop]ly1 ! body is sure to be awkw>dly balanc$4 ,:5 ! s+le re9 is us$1 ! be/ position is to place ! middle1 r+1 & little f+]s betwe5 ! two re9s1 & !n to turn bo? ov] ! =e-f+]1 :]e !y are tightly held by ! ?umb4 ,9 all cases ! ?umb ought to po9t t[>ds ! horse's e>s1 by :i* ! elb[ is sure to be kept 9 its place close to ! side1 & a good comm& ( ! re9s is insur$4 ,if a d\ble-re9$ bridle is employ$1 ! middle f+] sep>ates ! two snaffle re9s1 & ! little "o ^? atta*$ to ! curb1 all be+ turn$ ov] ! =e-f+]1 & firmly held by ! ?umb4 ,9 bo? cases ! ends ( ! re9s are turn$ ov] ! left1 or ne>1 side ( ! pony's %\ld]4 ,:5 x is int5d$ to turn ! horse to ! left1 x is only necess>y to raise ! ?umb t[>ds ! *e/ ( ! rid]2 & on ! contr>y1 :5 ! desire is to turn him to ! "r1 ! little f+] is turn$ d[nw>ds & backw>ds t[>ds ! =k4 ,9 _m well-brok5 ponies ! m]e mov+ ( ! :ole h& to ! "r or left is suffici5t1 :i*1 by press+ ! re9s aga9/ ! neck1 indicates ! wi% ( ! rid]1 & is promptly respond$ to by ! h&y pony4 ,?is action1 h[ev]1 is object$ to by "s good horsem51 ?\gh1 9 my op9ion1 mo/ errone\sly1 z x is capable ( be+ made highly effective 9 practice4 ,illu/ration ,,! ,,seat ,%\ld always be squ>e to ! front1 )\t ei!r %\ld] be+ 9 advance2 ! lo9s mod]ately ar*$ inw>ds )\t /iffness2 ! elb[s close to ! side1 b held easily2 ! knees plac$ ^u ! padd$ "p ( ! flat 9 front ( ! /irrup-lea!rs2 toes turn$ v slightly outw>ds1 & ! foot re/+ on ! /irrup1 ! inside ( :i* %\ld be opposite ! ball ( ! great toe1 & ! outside correspond+ ) ! little toe4 ,9 hunt+1 h[ev]1 x may be plac$ 8home10 t is1 ) ! /irrup close to ! in/ep4 ,! heel %\ld be well l[]$ z f> z possible b5ea? ! level ( ! toe1 :i* gives a firm seat4 ,b ! great po9t is to obta9 a good grasp ( ! saddle by ! knees1 :i* %\ld be always ready to lay hold l a vice1 )\t h[ev] con/antly tir+ ! muscles by su* an ef=t4 ,! left h& is n[ to be held v slightly above ! pommel ( ! saddle1 & ! "r easily by ! side ( x1 ) ! :ip held 9 a slant+ position1 z at page #bgc1 9 :i* h[ev] bo? h&s are mu* too high above ! )]s4 ,9 ord] to %[ ! effect ( an incorrect mode ( hold+ ! re9s1 ! rid] has only to place 8 h&s ) ! knuckles 9 a horizontal position1 & ! elb[ is sure to be turn$ out 9 a mo/ awkw>d mann]4 ,,! ,,control ,,( ,,! ,,horse ,is effect$ by ! re9s1 heels1 voice1 & :ip1 v>i\sly us$ accord+ to 8 disposition & temp]4 ,"s require only ! mo/ g5tle usage1 :i* 9 fact is almo/ always ! mo/ efficaci\s1 especially by "y p1 = :om ! horse & dog seem to h an especial affection1 & to be always m ready to obey !m ?an might be expect$1 :5 _! want ( /r5g? to en=ce _! wi%es is consid]$4 ,! "y rid] w !re=e g5]ally f9d x to 8 own int]e/1 z well z t ( ! noble animal he be/rides1 to use 8 :ip & heel z little z possible1 & to effect 8 object solely by 8 voice & ! g5tle/ pressure ( ! bit4 ,9 ?is way ! mo/ high-c\rag$ horses are kept 9 ord] by "y lads 9 ! rac+ /ables1 & ! amateur w d well to foll[ _! example4 ,x is a/oni%+ h[ fond horses & dogs are ( be+ talk$ to by _! juv5ile ma/]s1 & x is "r to gratify _! love ( society by s do+ on all occasions4 ,! re9s s]ve1 z already expla9$1 to turn to ! "r or left1 or by draw+ tight to /op ! horse1 & on ! contr>y1 by relax+ !m to cause him to proce$1 aid$ if necess>y by ! voice1 heel1 or :ip4 ,:5 x is desir$ t ! "r leg %\ld lead 9 ! cant] or gallop1 ! left re9 is pull$ & ! left leg press$ aga9/ ! flank1 by :i* means ! body ( ! pony is made to pres5t ! "r side obliquely =w>ds1 & by consequ5ce ! "r leg leads (f4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if x is wi%$ to lead ) ! left leg1 or to *ange f ! "r1 ! "r re9 is pull$1 ! "r leg press$ to ! side1 & !n ! left %\ld] looks =w>ds & ! left leg leads (f4 ,,managem5t ,,( ,,! ,,walk4 ,:5 x is wi%$ to make ! pony walk1 he mu/ be quiet$ d[n by soo?+ him ) ! voice if he has be5 excit$ by ! gallop or trot2 & !n1 by sitt+ v quietly 9 ! saddle1 & loos+ ! re9s z mu* z w all[ ! head to nod 9 unison ) ! action ( ! body & legs1 ! walk is g5]ally at once fall5 into1 & !re is no f>!r difficulty except to prev5t a /umble4 ,a tight re9 is n desirable 9 ?is pace1 s9ce x prev5ts t lib]ty ( action :i* is requir$1 & leads to a %ort walk1 or v (t5 a jog-trot2 & yet !re %\ld be su* a g5tle hold1 or prep>ation = a hold r1 z w suffice to *eck ! m\? 9 case ( a mi/ake4 ,?is is a v difficult art to acquire1 & is only le>nt by long practice2 b z few ponies fall at ?is pace1 great lib]ty may g5]ally be all[$ to _! m\?s4 ,besides ?is1 little is necess>y1 m ?an to sit /eadily1 b n /iffly1 9 ! saddle1 & n to sway ab\t m ?an is suffici5t to avoid ! appe>ance ( hav+ swall[$ a pok]4 ,,! ,,trot ,,& ,,cant] ,are effect$ by r diff]5t me?ods1 b bo? require a v /eady h&1 & a quiet treatm5t4 ,9 ord] to cause ! pony to trot1 ! re9s are tak5 r %ort 9 ! h&1 & ! m\? is held some:at firmly1 b tak+ great c>e n to j]k x4 ,! animal is !n slightly /imulat$ by ! voice1 & ! body1 if necess>y1 rises f ! saddle1 z 9 ! trot1 s z to indicate :at is want$4 ,?is seldom fails to effect ! purpose1 & ! horse at once breaks into a trot2 or1 if v irritable1 he may be compell$ to d s by lay+ hold ( an e> & twi/+ x1 to avoid :i* he drops 8 head1 & trots z a natural consequ5ce4 ,! cant] is also an acquir$ pace1 & = its due p]=mance a curb-bridle is requir$4 ,9 ord] to make ! pony beg9 ?is pace1 ! left re9 is pull$1 & ! rid]'s left leg press$ aga9/ ! side1 by :i* ! horse's "r leg is made to lead (f1 ?is be+ ! mo/ usual1 & c]ta9ly ! mo/ com=table 8lead0 = ! rid]4 ,! h&s mu/ make a v g5tle & /eady pull on ! curb-re91 & ! body g5]ally mu/ be v quiet 9 ! saddle1 :il/1 at ! same "t1 a v g5tle /imulus is giv5 by ! voice1 :i* mu/ be repeat$ at %ort int]vals1 or ! cant] w be *ang$ to a trot1 or walk1 bo? ( :i* are pref]r$ to x by mo/ ponies & horses4 ,"y rid]s %\ld avoid cant]+ long ^u "o leg1 z x leads to inflammation ( ! jo9ts1 & !y %\ld ei!r *ange ! lead or alt] ! pace to a trot or walk4 ,illu/ration ,,! ,,managem5t ,,( ,,! ,,gallop ,requires little in/ruction1 practice be+ ! ma9 ag5t 9 effect+ a good seat dur+ ?is pace4 ,! seat is ei!r close to ! saddle1 ) ! body incl9+ backw>ds 7p4 #bge71 or /&+ 9 ! /irrups1 9 :i* position ! knees & calves only t\* ! saddle1 & ! body is b5t =w>ds ov] ! )]s 7p4 #bgc74 ,x %\ld be ! endeav\r ( ! rid]1 :ile he b5ds 8 %\ld]s =w>ds1 to ?r[ 8 lo9s well back1 s z to avoid /ra9+ ! horse's =e-qu>t]s1 by be>+ too mu* weight ^u !m4 ,?is is done by ! hold ( ! knees on ! saddle1 & by keep+ ! feet back1 also by r\nd+ ! lo9s backw>ds1 & ?us ?r[+ ! c5tre ( gravity z f> z possible beh9d ! /irrup lea!rs4 ,! object ( /&+ 9 ! /irrups is to save ! horse :5 at 8 full gallop1 z 9 rac+1 or 9 hunt+1 :5 he is go+ ov] pl\gh$ gr\nd or up hill4 ,9 ei!r ( ^! cases1 ?is attitude all[s ! horse to ex]t himself )\t feel+ ! weight ( ! rid] imp$e 8 movem5ts m ?an c be avoid$4 ,,leap+ ,is only an extra ex]tion add$ to ! ord9>y spr+ ( ! gallop1 ! attitude be+ exactly ! same4 ,x is be/ le>nt by beg9n+ ) small dit*es1 :i* ! rid] is soon able to cle> )\t difficulty4 ,he may next try %eep-hurdles1 or v l[ /iles2 b ! latt] be+ /rong & firmly fix$1 are dang]\s to ! rid]1 unless ! pony is v sure ( cle>+ !m4 ,a leap+-b>1 if procurable1 %\ld always be adopt$ 9 pref]5ce to ei!r1 z a fall ov] x is n att5d$ ) any bad consequ5ces4 ,! groom %\ld place x at ! l[e/ not*1 & ! pony !n may be suff]$ to cle> x at a mod]ate gallop2 aft] :i*1 if ! "y rid] is able to sit pretty closely1 he may be indulg$ ) a high] not*1 & gradually x may be rais$ until ! limits ( ! pony's p[]s are rea*$4 ,9 rid+ at a b>1 ! le>n] %\ld lay hold ( a snaffle-re9 9 ea* h&1 tak+ c>e to keep !m close toge!r1 by ! "r re9 be+ held also 9 ! left h&4 ,! pony is !n to be urg$ to a sm>t cant] or h& gallop1 & held /raight to ! b> 9 ?is way1 s t he is oblig$ to leap2 or if dislik+ ! act1 be+ urg$ by ! :ip d[n ! %\ld]1 or ! spur1 or ! groom's voice & :ip beh9d4 ,"y rid]s1 h[ev]1 %\ld nev] be put ^u a bad or reluctant leap]1 b %\ld be taught ^u "o :i* is fond ( ! amusem5t4 ,at ! mom5t ( ris+ into ! air = ! leap ! re9s are relax$1 b %\ld n be left q loose2 :ile ! pony is 9 ! air ! body becomes upright1 & z he desc5ds x leans well back1 until1 aft] a high leap1 x almo/ t\*es ! cr\p4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod ! re9s %\ld be suff]$ to rema9 ne>ly loose1 ! h& b>ely feel+ ! m\?2 b z ! pony rea*es ! gr\nd a /rong] hold is tak51 9 ord] to gu>d aga9/ a mi/ake1 :i* might require ! aid ( ! rid] to prev5t a fall4 ,x is n t he c keep ! animal up1 b t he *ecks him1 & makes him ex]t himself 9 a d\ble degree4 ,!re are v>i\s k9ds ( leap+2 z ! fly+ leap1 ! /&+ leap1 ! leap 9 h&1 c4 ,! fly+ leap is m]ely "o tak5 at a fa/ pace1 & :5 ! rid] c ma9ta9 a good seat 9 ! gallop1 x is ! easie/ ( all to sit4 ,! /&+ leap is effect$ f a /ate ( quiesc5ce1 & is mu* m difficult to sit1 because ! horse rises & falls m sudd5ly & abruptly4 ,betwe5 ! two is ! sl[ or /eady leap1 :i* is only effect$ safely by ! clev] hunt] or well-brok5 pony2 b :5 p]fect x is almo/ z smoo? z a rock+-horse4 ,?is is ! mode 9 :i* ! "y rid] %\ld be taught to leap4 ,leap+ 9 h& is necess>y = mo/ ponies 9 ! hunt+ field1 :i* w\ld o!rwise nev] be able to compete ) full-siz$ hunt]s 9 ! way !y d4 ,! "y hunt]1 :5 he meets ) a gate or o!r /rong f5ce1 :i* he kn[s is too mu* = ! p[]s ( 8 pony1 at once gets (f & leads him ov] by ! re92 & :5 well taught1 ^! little creatures w (t5 tilt !mselves ov] high timb]1 c4 9 a m>vell\sly clev] mann]1 s t ,i h kn[n !m 9 ?is way obta9 a good place 9 long & sev]e runs4 ,if1 !re=e1 my read]s are all[$ to p>take 9 ?is excit+ sport dur+ _! ,*ri/mas holidays1 !y %\ld tea* _! ponies to leap 9 h&1 or !y w be sure to be ?r[n out4 ,illu/ration ,,treatm5t ,,( ,,vices4 ,! *ief vices :i* are met ) among ponies are--#a/1 ,ob/9ate ,/opp+2 #b;d1 ,/umbl+ f ,c>elessness2 #c;d1 ,re>+2 #d?1 ,kick+2 #e?1 ,%y+2 & #f?1 ,runn+ ,away4 ,illu/ration ,ob/9ate ,/opp+1 :i* 9 its wor/ =ms is call$ 8jibb+10 is a v tr\blesome vice1 & ev5 9 ! saddle is sometimes att5d$ ) dang]1 :il/ 9 driv+ x is s to a dreadful degree4 ,! rid] %\ld nev] attempt to =ce 8 pony =w>d ) ! :ip or spur1 :i* only aggravates ! bad-temp]$ brute2 b %\ld pati5tly sit quiet 9 ! saddle1 & keep 8 temp]1 until ! pony *ooses to move =w>d aga94 ,9 ?is way sometimes v vici\s animals are cur$ :5 !y f9d t _! /able is n ! soon] rea*$ by _! device2 on ! o!r h&1 if ! :ip is us$1 ! pony1 especially if ( ,wel% bre$1 is v apt to lie d[n & roll 8 rid] 9 ! dirt1 or ev5 sometimes to bolt into a riv]1 or pond1 & leave him 9 dang] ( 8 life4 ,my "y fri5ds w !re=e rememb] my advice :5 be+ m\nt$ ^u an ob/9ate pony1 & hav+ lo/ _! temp]s1 !y h proce$$ to use _! :ips1 & are bemir$ or half dr[n$ 9 consequ5ce4 ,/umbl+ is m a defect ( con=mation ?an a vice2 b nev]!less1 x greatly dep5ds ^u a want ( _s to keep up a /eady action ( ! =e legs4 ,x (t5 happ5s t a pony trots along = a mile or two safely en\gh2 b aft] go+ t di/ance he becomes lazy & c>eless1 & trips ) "o foot & !n ) ! o!r1 a sure prelude to su* a fall z ! foll[+1 :i* w\ld be a v bad "o1 & suffici5t to cut bo? knees to ! bone1 & to cause s]i\s damage to ! rid]4 ,! only way to avoid su* accid5ts is to keep ! pony at a /eady pace1 fa/ en\gh to keep him alive1 b n en\gh s to tire him4 ,loose /ones & brok5 gr\nd %\ld be avoid$1 & a c>eful hold %\ld be kept ^u ! m\?1 )\t be+ s tight z to gag x4 ,:5 a /umble actually takes place1 ! body %\ld be well ?r[n back & ! m\? =cibly j]k$1 s z to make ! pony ex]t himself to keep 8 legs4 ,an unsafe animal ( ?is k9d is1 h[ev]1 :olly unfit = "y rid]s1 & !y %\ld nev] be all[$ to ride "o4 ,illu/ration ,re>+ is a v dang]\s vice1 & n v common among ponies aft] !y are once brok5 94 ,if ! rid] %\ld1 h[ev]1 be plac$ ^u a re>]1 he %\ld be c>eful to avoid hang+ ^u ! bit :5 he rises 9 ! air1 b on ! contr>y %\ld loose ! re9s entirely1 & clasp ! neck1 if ! pony %\ld rise v high 9 ! air4 ,! accompany+ sket* %[s ?is vice 9 a v trifl+ degree1 & 9 su* a case ! seat ?us repres5t$ is suffici5tly =w>d to prev5t accid5ts4 ,illu/ration ,! rid] w1 h[ev]1 obs]ve t ! re9s are q loose4 ,x (t5 happ5s t ?is vice is produc$ by too tight & sev]e a curb 9 a t5d] m\?1 & t ^u *ang+ ! bit1 or lett+ out ! curb *a91 ! t5d5cy to rise is entirely gone4 ,:5ev]1 !re=e1 ! "y rid] f9ds 8 pony incl9$ to re>1 let him look well to 8 bit1 & at once drop ! curb re9 if he has "o4 ,if1 h[ev]1 he has only a snaffle1 he may re/ assur$ t x is a regul> habit1 & at once make up 8 m9d ei!r to battle ) x or to *ange 8 pony4 ,illu/ration ,kick+ is mu* m common among ponies ?an re>+1 & v _m ( ^! little animals are giv5 to practise x4 ,x is p]haps p>tly ow+ to ! teas+ ( _! "y ma/]s t x is s common2 b :atev] ! cause1 !re c be no d\bt t x is too preval5t among !m4 ,sometimes x exi/s z a regul> attempt to unhorse ! rid]1 :i* is a v tr\blesome habit1 & "o v difficult to break1 because x s (t5 succe$s t ! pony is tempt$ to try aga94 ,:5 ?is vice is met )1 ! rid] %\ld d all 9 8 p[] to keep 8 pony's head up1 by j]k+ ! bit1 & at ! same "t he %\ld sit well back1 ) 8 feet well =w>ds1 ) heels d[n1 & tru/ to 8 knees 9 hold+ on4 ,:5 kick+ is only ! result ( high spirits & 8fre%ness10 ! be/ rem$y is a sm>t gallop1 :i* soon /ops all ^! pranks1 & makes ! mo/ riot\s animal quiet4 ,%y+ is also v common among ponies1 & 9 !m is (t5 ! result ( cunn+1 :i* leads !m to pret5d a great] degree ( %yness ?an !y really possess4 ,! be/ mode ( treatm5t is to take z little notice z possible ( ! %y+1 b c>efully to make ! pony pass ! object at :i* he is look+1 )\t reg>d+ h[ ?is is effect$4 ,! :ip %\ld seldom be us$ at all1 & nev] aft] ! object is pass$4 ,bolt+1 or ,runn+ ,away1 is (t5 ! result ( want ( ex]cise1 b sometimes x is a sy/ematic vice4 ,a p[]ful bit & a /eady seat1 ) good h&s1 are ! be/ means ( grappl+ ) ?is habit1 :i* is sometimes a v dang]\s "o4 ,if ! pony really runs away1 ! rid] %\ld n pull dead at 8 m\?1 b %\ld relax 8 hold = a %ort "t1 & !n take a %>p pull1 :i* is (t5 effectual4 ,a good gallop until he is tir$ w (t5 cure a runaway = ! re/ ( 8 life4 ,!re are a v>iety ( bits int5d$ expressly to c\nt]act ?is vice1 su* z ! ,hanov]ian ,pelham1 ! curb ) a high port1 c42 b no?+ is p]fectly effectual :]e !re is a det]m9ation to run away4 ,a nose-b& has lately be5 inv5t$ = ! purpose1 :i* answ]s bett] ?an any?+ hi!rto br\ght out2 x consi/s ( a long nose-b& :i* crosses beh9d ! jaw & !n hooks on to ! bit 9 ! same way z ! ord9>y curb-*a94 ,:5 ! re9 is pull$ h>d1 ?is nose-b& is drawn tight r\nd ! jaw1 by :i* ! m\? is clos$1 & ! port is press$ /rongly aga9/ ! ro( ( ! m\?1 caus+ a great degree ( pa91 suffici5t to /op mo/ horses4 ,?is p[]ful rem$y1 :i* has be5 nam$ ! ,bucephalus nose-b&1 %\ld n lightly be us$2 b 9 ! case ( a runaway horse1 or pony1 x is ! only really efficaci\s "o4 ,illu/ration ,,r[+4 8,a boat1 a boat1 is ! toy = me1 ,to rollic ab\t 9 on riv] & sea2 ,to be a *ild ( ! breeze & ! gale1 ,& l a wild bird on ! deep to sail1 ,?is is ! life = me60--,proct]4 ,,hi/orical ,,memor&a4 ,! sea s]vice is ! glory ( ,old ,engl&1 not)/&+ all ! glori\s l& s]vice ( anci5t & mod]n days4 ,a c\ntry hav+ ne>ly t5 ?\s& miles ( sea-coa/1 ) num]\s ports1 h>b\rs1 e/u>ies1 riv] m\?s1 & capaci\s bays1 mu/ ev] be a m>itime nation1 & look = its supremacy to ! sea--to h] sons be+ amphibi\s2 & no?+ is bett] calculat$ to develop ! inh]5t in/9ct = sea duties ?an ! amusem5ts ( boat+1 ( r[+1 ( sail+1 & o!r aquatic sports4 ,e "y g5tleman 9 ,engl& %\ld "k h[ to manage a boat1 & to sail a cutt]2 & x w be our duty to initiate him into ! me?ods ( do+ s4 ,! orig9 ( %ips mu/ be trac$ to ! ark ( ,noah2 b ?is 0 n a sail+ or a r[+ vessel1 b simply a l>ge float+ h\se or receptacle = ,noah & 8 family1 & ! v>i\s types ( animat$ nature4 ,! fir/ navigators 7 ! ,phnicians1 :o sail$ 9 v>i\s seas4 ,!y 7 succe$$ by ! %ips ( ,c>?age1 ,egypt1 ,v5ice1 ,g5oa1 ,holl&1 & ,portugal4 ,! ,saxons "u ,alfr$1 & ! ,danes "u ,canute1 _h =midable navies4 ,alfr$1 :o asc5d$ ! ?rone 9 #hgb1 comm5c$ ! fir/ ,engli% fleet 9 p]son1 & is said to h sugge/$ a v>iety ( improvem5ts 9 ! /ructure1 z well z greatly to h increas$ ! size ( ! vessels1 "s ( ! l>ge/ ( :i* c>ri$ sixty o>s4 ,aft] ! dea? ( ,alfr$1 ! naval p[] ( ,engl& seems to h la9 dormant2 & ?is1 no d\bt1 tempt$ ! ,norman invasion 9 #ajff1 "u ,william ! ,ba/>d1 :o sail$ = ! coa/ ( ,engl& ) a fleet ( #ijj vessels2 & s s5sible 0 he ( ! importance ( ! naval s]vice1 t he gave c]ta9 privileges to c]ta9 t[ns on ! sea-coa/1 :i* 7 f _! numb] call$ ! ,c9que ,ports4 ,ri*>d ,i4 fitt$ out l>ge fleets2 & 8 successor1 ,john1 ass]t$ ! exclusive "r ( ! ,engli% nation to ! dom9ion ( ! seas4 ,! reign ( ,edw>d ,i4 0 also di/+ui%$ = successes at sea4 ,h5ry ,,vii41 on ga9+ ! ?rone1 9 #adhe1 put ! navy into a respectable condition2 & a l>ge %ip1 call$ ! 8,great ,h>ry10 :i* may prop]ly be t]m$ ! fir/ %ip ( ! ,briti% navy1 0 built at a co/ ( #ad1jjjl4 ,! discov]y ( ,am]ica1 ab\t ! p]iod ( ! accession ( ,h5ry ,,viii41 gave a new /imulus to our navy1 & _m %ips 7 !n built ( l>ge tonnage1 "s ( a ?\s& tons4 ,b ,que5 ,elizabe?1 deeply impress$ ) ! maxim1 t 8:osoev] comm&s ! sea1 comm&s ! trade ( ! _w10 & t 8:osoev] comm&s ! trade1 comm&s ! ri*es ( ! _w10 & consequ5tly ! _w itself1 s enc\rag$ & re/or$ ! m>9e1 t %e may be call$ ! 8,re/or] ( ! naval p[] ( ,engl&20 &1 9 a few ye>s aft]1 ! invasion ( ! ,spani% ,armada put our naval p[] to ! pro(4 ,*>les ,i41 ! great & c\rage\s ,cromwell1 & ev5 ! pleasure-lov+ ,*>les ,,ii41 7 all impress$ ) ! great advantages ( a =midable navy2 & 9 ! reign ( ,anne1 fifty-two ,fr5* %ips1 conta9+ m ?an #c1jjj guns1 7 captur$4 ,& dur+ ! reign ( ,george ,,iii4 ! naval sup]iority 0 plac$ by a s]ies ( glori\s successes beyond all dispute2 & x is to be hop$ t ! reign ( our belov$ ,que5 ,victoria1 :o is h]self a sailor1 & full ( e g5]\s aspiration t belongs to a ,briti% ,t>1 w1 not)/&+ ! 8mi/akes ( ! ,admiralty10 prove t ,engl& /ill reta9s ! sov]eignty ( ! ocean1 & on t elem5t %e w defy ! _w4 ,,con/ruction ,,( ,,anci5t ,,%ips ,,& ,,galleys4 ,! ,egyptian vessels are ! e>lie/ ( :i* any well-au!nticat$ graphic illu/ration has be5 pres]v$4 ,we "h give a view ( "o ( _! e>lie/ sail+ vessels4 ,! celebrat$ ,egyptian vessel call$ ! 8,isis0 is said to h be5 9 l5g? #ahj feet1 9 bread? #de feet1 & 9 height1 f ! upp] edge ( ! deck to ! bottom ( ! well1 #dc feet4 ,! well-kn[n %ip ( ,hi]o1 k+ ( ,syracuse1 0 ne>ly #djj tons burd54 ,illu/ration ,,roman ,,galleys1 ,,%ips1 ,,etc4 ,illu/ration ,!y 7 9 l5g? ab\t #abe feet1 & 9 bread? #aj feet4 ,_! fir/ requisite 0 swiftness1 & no "p ( ! side 0 left vacant :]e an o> c\ld be put out2 h5ce !y _h (t5 ?ree banks ( o>s1 "o above ! o!r4 ,9 mo/ anci5t %ips1 !re 0 plac$ at ! pr[ an image call$ 8! sign40 ,! "p ( ! vessel t cut ! wat] 0 call$ ! 8goose40 ,at ! /]n1 :i* g5]ally resembl$ a %ield1 0 set or "s way del9eat$ a repres5tation ( ! deity to ^: tutel>y fav\r ! %ip 0 committ$1 & to :i* daily pray] & sacrifice 7 (f]$4 ,w> %ips 7 *iefly r[$ ) o>s1 t !y might be able to tack ab\t4 ,! fir/ long %ips 7 r[$ ) fifty o>s1 b aft]w>ds a l>g] numb] 0 us$4 ,9 ! m p]fect condition ( anci5t navigation1 !re 7 "s %ips t _h z _m z five ti]s ( o>s1 & ?ree hundr$ r[]s4 ,two l>ge holes at ! pr[ ( ! vessel1 occasionally us$ = o>s1 7 call$ ! %ip's 8eyes20 & a wood5 projection at ! pr[1 cov]$ ) brass1 0 call$ a 8beak20 & pieces ( wood plac$ on ea* side ( ! pr[ ( a vessel1 to w>d (f ! =ce ( ! enemy's beak1 7 call$ ! %ip's 8e>s40 ,ov] ^! vessels 7 c]ta9 rais$ plat=ms1 & on _! =eca/les 7 t[]s on :i* ! soldi]s /ood1 ^: %ields 7 usually hung ^u ! rail+s :i* begirt ! %ip4 ,! sides ( ! pr[ 7 call$ 8*eeks40 ,! an*ors at fir/ us$ 7 (t5 l>ge /ones1 or ev5 bags ( s&2 aft]w>ds1 h[ev]1 ! anci5t %ips c>ri$ an*ors ) "o1 two1 & f\r flukes4 ,! l>g] an*or 0 call$ ! 8sacr$ an*or10 & res]v$ = ! mo/ try+ occasions4 ,among ! anci5ts1 %ips 7 usually t]m$ 8horses10 :i* expla9s _m anci5t fables4 ,! eld] ,pl9y1 = in/ance1 tells u ( a boy :o 0 c>ri$ by wat] "s miles e day on ! back ( a dolph9 to s*ool2 ! vessel1 9 all probability1 hav+ a dolph9 at ! pr[4 ,arion1 ! fam\s musician ( ,lesbos1 hav+ made great weal? 9 =eign p>ts by 8 pr(ession1 0 return+ home by %ip1 :5 ! sailors resolv$ to kill him1 & seize ^u 8 ri*es4 ,play+ once aga91 at 8 la/ reque/1 a fav\rite tune1 he leap$ into ! sea4 ,a dolph91 attract$ by 8 melody1 receiv$ him safely on its back1 & c>ri$ him aga9 to ! coa/ :]e ,p]i&] liv$4 ,arion1 d\btless1 escap$ by a boat1 ! =e-"p ( :i* consi/$ ( a dolph94 ,hav+ ?us giv5 ! "y read] a notion ( anci5t boats & %ips1 we %all n[ proce$ to make him acqua9t$ ) ! mod]n practices ( r[+1 boat+1 sail+1 c4 ,,( ,,boats4 ,a ,boat is prop]ly a vessel propell$ by o>s4 ,9 a m ext5sive s5se ! ^w is appli$ to o!r small vessels1 :i* diff] 9 con/ruction & "n1 accord+ to ! s]vices 9 :i* !y are employ$4 ,?us !y are light or /rong1 %>p or flat-bottom$1 op5 or deck$1 accord+ z !y are int5d$ = swiftness or burd51 deep or %all[ wat]1 c4 ,! ,b>ge is a long1 light1 n>r[ boat1 employ$ 9 h>b\rs1 & unfit = sea4 ,! ,long ,boat is ! l>ge/ boat belong+ to a %ip1 g5]ally furni%$ ) two sails1 & is employ$ = cruis+ %ort di/ances1 br++ ! c>go & bales on bo>d1 c4 ,! ,laun* is m flat-bottom$ ?an ! long boat1 :i* x has g5]ally sup]s$$4 ,! ,p9nace resembles ! b>ge1 b is small]4 ,! ,cutt]s ( a %ip are broad] & deep] ?an ! b>ge or p9nace1 & are employ$ 9 c>ry+ light articles1 s+le pass5g]s1 c4 on bo>d4 ,yawls are us$ = simil> purposes to ! b>ge & p9nace4 ,a ,gig is a long1 n>r[ boat1 us$ = exp$ition1 & r[$ ) six or eight o>s4 ,! ,jolly ,boat is small] ?an a yawl1 & is us$ = go+ on %ore4 ,a m]*ant %ip seldom has m ?an two boats1--a long boat & a yawl4 ,a ,:]ry is a light1 %>p boat1 us$ 9 a riv] or h>b\r = transport+ pass5g]s4 ,a ,punt is a flat-bottom$ boat1 *iefly us$ = fi%+ on a fre% wat] riv]4 ,a ,skiff is a small %>p-nos$ boat1 us$ 9 riv]s4 ,a ,d+y is a v small /iff boat us$ by ya*ts4 ,a ,ya*t is a pleasure sail+-boat4 ,a ,lugg] is a boat :i* is furni%$ ) sails ( a peculi> cut4 ,a ,funny is a small light boat us$ 9 riv] r[+1 & made ) h] b[ & /]n ne>ly alike4 ,,! ,,compon5t ,,p>ts ,,( ,,boats4 ,illu/ration ,r[+ boats consi/ ( ! b[s 7#a72 ! /em1 or entrance 7#b72 ! /]n 7#h71 :]e are ! rudd] & ! l9es = /e]+2 ! r[locks 7#c71 = giv+ pur*ase to ! o>s2 & ! ?w>ts1 or seats 7#d74 ,at ! bottom are ! foot-bo>ds 7#e71 :i* are easily remov$1 9 ord] to bail out any wat] :i* may leak into ! boat4 ,besides ^! p>ts !re is a bo>d plac$ across ! boat = ! feet ( ! r[]1 call$ a /ret*]4 ,! :ole boat is compos$ ( "o or m planks1 call$ /reaks1 nail$ ^u a light oak framework1 call$ ! timb]s1 or ribs2 & ! upp] /reak1 ^u :i* ! r[locks are plac$1 is call$ ! wale-/reak4 ,boats ) two r[locks opposite ea* o!r are call$ scull+ boats1 & are propell$ by a pair ( light o>s call$ sculls1 ! art be+ call$ 8scull+40 ,:5 a boat is fitt$ ) a pair ( r[locks n opposite ea* o!r1 x is call$ a pair-o>$ boat4 ,if ) two 9 ! middle opposite ea* o!r1 & two o!rs1 "o be=e & ! o!r beh9d1 b n opposite ea* o!r1 x is call$ a r&an4 ,:5 a boat has f\r r[locks1 none ( :i* are opposite "o ano!r1 x is call$ a f\r-o>$ boat1 & s on up to t5 o>s1 :i* is ! utmo/ limit 9 common use = any k9d ( boat b ! pleasure b>ge1 :i* sometimes has tw5ty-f\r o>s1 z 9 ! ,city b>ges ( ,london4 ,! r[lock ne>e/ ! b[ is call$ ! b[ r[lock1 or ,no4 #a2 ! next ,no4 #b1 & s on2 & ! o>s us$ 9 !m receive ! same numb]1 ! "o ne>e/ ! /]n be+ call$ ! 8/roke o>40 ,! r[locks 9 riv] & sea boats are some:at diff]5t 9 %ape ?\gh id5tical 9 pr9ciple1 bo? consi/+ ( a squ>e space ( ab\t ! bread? ( a man's h&1 & bo? ly+ on ! wale-/reak2 b 9 riv] boats be+ g5]ally b\nd$ be=e & beh9d by a flat piece ( oak or a% call$1 respectively1 ! ?[l-p9 & /opp]2 :il/ 9 sea boats !y are m]ely common r\nd wood5 p9s dropp$ into holes made 9 ! wale-/reak1 b /ill receiv+ ! same names4 ,! ?[l-p9 is = ! purpose ( pull+ ! o> aga9/1 :il/ ! /opp] prev5ts ! o> f slipp+ =w>ds :5 ! r[] is pu%+ x 9 t direction aft] ! /roke4 ,,! ,,o>s ,,& ,,sculls4 ,illu/ration ,a scull is a small o> us$ ) "o h&1 & requir+ a pair1 z 9 ! case ( o>s1 "o be+ plac$ 9 ! r[lock on ea* side ! boat1 & ! pair be+ us$ by "o p]son ) 8 "r & left h&s4 ,o>s are us$ by bo? h&s1 & a pair-o>$ boat consequ5tly requires two o>sm52 a f\r-o>$ boat f\r1 & s on4 ,bo? sculls & o>s consi/ ( ! same p>ts1 except t ! h&le ( ! o> is made long en\gh = bo? h&s1 z at 7b74 ,9 e case !re is a r\nd$ h&le 7a b71 a loom1 squ>e 9 =m1 & ext5d+ f ! h&le to ! button1 or ab\t "o-?ird ( ! l5g? ( ! o>2 & beyond ! button is ! blade1 :i* is fir/ ne>ly r\nd1 & !n gradually wid5s1 until x assumes ! =m be/ adapt$ = lay+ hold ( ! wat]1 :i* is n[ f\nd to be broad r ?an long1 z 0 =m]ly ?\ght to be desirable4 ,! button is a piece ( lea!r nail$ on to prev5t ! o> f slipp+ ?r\gh ! r[lock1 b only us$ 9 riv] r[+1 z x is n adapt$ = ! r\gh "w :i* is (t5 met ) 9 sea r[+4 ,,sea ,,r[+4 ,?is is necess>ily less elegant ?an riv] r[+1 because ( ! r\gh nature ( ! elem5t on :i* ! ex]cise is pursu$4 ,! o> mu/ be held firmly 9 ! h&s1 ! inside h& be+ plac$ at 7b71 & ! outside at 7a71 & bo? h&s grasp+ ! o> betwe5 ! ?umbs & f+]s4 ,! :ole art consi/s 9 ! crew mov+ backw>ds & =w>ds toge!r1 call$ 8sw++10 & lay+ hold ( ! wat] z well z !y c1 tak+ c>e to avoid pull+ 9 ! air ) great =ce :5 !re is a tr\gh or int]val betwe5 two waves1 & on ! o!r h& equally avoid+ a heavy wave1 :i* has a t5d5cy to da% ! o> out ( ! h&4 ,all ?is requires practice 9 ! r[]s1 & also 9 ! /e]sman1 call$ ! coxswa91 :o %\ld wat* = ! high waves1 & w>n 8 m5 :5 a heavy "o is com+4 ,he %\ld also take c>e to cross ! roll ( ! sea z mu* z possible1 s z to avoid be+ /ruck on ! side ( ! boat call$ 8! c\nt]10 :i* w\ld ei!r swamp h]1 or else knock ! o>s out ( ! r[locks4 ,9 ?is k9d ( r[+1 ! 8fea!r+0 ( ! o>1 to be pres5tly describ$1 is n attempt$1 on acc\nt ( ! r\ghness ( ! wat]1 b x m]ely is pull$ /eadily1 b /rongly1 backw>ds1 & is !n pu%$ =w>ds 9 ! r[locks4 ,,riv] ,,r[+4 ,! art ( riv] r[+ is capable ( a high degree ( elegance1 & few sights are m pleas+ to a lov] ( graceful =ms ?an t ( a crew ( f9e lads1 or "y m51 r[+ well toge!r & 9 good /yle4 ,to d ?is requires great practice1 & att5tion to a few ess5tial po9ts1 :i* ,i w "h endeav\r to describe4 ,,managem5t ,,( ,,! ,,o>4 ,! r[] %\ld1 z f> z possible1 take "s good o>sman = 8 model1 & endeav\r to imitate him 9 e respect1 :i* is ! only mode ( acquir+ a good /yle4 ,description is useful 9 putt+ ! le>n] 9 ! way ( acquir+ :at is to be taught1 b x is n all-suffici5t = ! purpose4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! le>n] %\ld place himself squ>e on ! seat1 ) 8 feet /raight be=e him1 & ! toes slightly turn$ out4 ,! knees may ei!r be kept toge!r1 9 ! ,newca/le or ,clasp] /yle1 or sep>at$ consid]ably1 z practis$ g5]ally 9 ,engl&1 ! latt] be+ 9 my op9ion ! bett] mode1 z x all[s ! body to come m =w>d ov] ! knees4 ,! feet are to be plac$ firmly aga9/ ! /ret*]1 :i* is to be let out or %ort5$1 to suit ! l5g? ( ! individual2 & "o foot may be plac$ 9 ! /rap :i* is g5]ally atta*$ to ! /ret*] 9 mod]n boats4 ,! o> is !n tak5 9 h&1 rais+ x by ! h&le1 & !n ei!r at once plac+ x 9 ! r[lock1 or else fir/ dropp+ x flat on ! wat]1 & !n rais+ ! h&le x may g5tly be l[]$ to its place4 ,! outside h& is plac$ ^u ! h&le at 7a71 ) ! ?umb z well z ! f+]s above x1 :ile ! o!r h& firmly grasps x l[] d[n at 7b71 keep+ ! nut t[>ds ! p]son4 ,! arms are n[ quickly ?ru/ =w>d till !y are q /raight at ! elb[s1 aft] :i* ! back foll[s !m by b5d+ =w>d at ! hips1 c>efully avoid+ any r\ndness ( ! %\ld]s4 ,:5 ! h&s h rea*$ _! full /ret* !y are rais$1 & ! blade quietly & neatly dropp$ into ! wat]2 imm$iately aft] :i*1 & ) ! wat] j cov]+ ! blade1 ! body is br\ght back ) a graceful yet p[]ful action1 till x rea*es a "p a little beh9d ! p]p5dicul> ( ! back ( ! seat1 :5 ! h&s are br\ght back to ! ribs1 ! elb[s glid+ close by ! hips2 & at ! la/ mom5t1 z ! h& t\*es ! rib1 ! wri/ ( ! inside h& is depress$1 ! knuckles be+ at ! same "t br\ght aga9/ ! *e/1 & ! o> is made to rotate 9 ! r[lock1 :i* is call$ 8fea!r+0 x1 & by :i* x is br\ght cleanly out ( ! wat]4 ,! next action is to pu% ! o> rapidly =w>d aga91 fir/ h[ev] re/or+ x to its orig9al position 9 ! r[lock1 :i* is effect$ by rais+ ! wri/1 & !n d>t+ ! arms =w>d till ! elb[s are q /raight1 :i* br+s ! r[] to :]e we />t$ f 9 ! description4 ,9 8back+ wat]0 ! rev]se ( ^! actions takes place4 ,! o> is fir/ rev]s$ 9 ! r[lock1 & !n x is pu%$ ?r\gh ! wat] ) z mu* p[] z is ne$$1 & pull$ ?r\gh ! air4 ,:5 ! o>s on "o side are pull$1 & ^? on ! o!r are back$1 ! boat is made to turn on its own wat]4 8,hold+ wat]0 is effect$ by ! o>s be+ held 9 ! position ( back+ )\t mov+ !m4 ,,! ,,ess5tial ,,po9ts ,,9 ,,r[+4 #a/4 ,to /raight5 ! arms be=e b5d+ ! body =w>d2 #b;d1 to drop ! o> cleanly into ! wat]2 #c;d1 to draw x /raight ?r\gh at ! same dep?2 #d?1 to fea!r neatly1 & )\t br++ ! o> out be=e do+ s2 #e?1 to use ! back & %\ld]s freely1 keep+ ! arms z /raight z possible2 & #f?1 to keep ! eyes fix$ ^u ! r[] be=e !m1 avoid+ look+ out ( ! boat1 by :i* means ! body is almo/ sure to sw+ backw>ds & =w>ds 9 a /raight l9e4 ,,managem5t ,,( ,,! ,,boat4 ,e boat )\t a rudd] is manuvr$ 9 ! wat]1 ei!r by pull+ bo? sides alike1 9 :i* case x progresses 9 a /raight l9e1 or by rev]s+ ! action ( ! o>s1 equally on bo? sides1 pu%+ !m ?r\gh ! wat] in/ead ( pull+ !m1 & call$ back+ wat]1 :5 ! boat rec$es2 or by pull+ "o side only1 on :i* ! boat describes a segm5t ( a circle1 :i* is made small] by pull+ "o o>1 & back+ ! o!r4 ,by means ( a rudd] ! boat is made to take a c]ta9 c\rse1 indep5d5t ( ! r[]s1 call$ 8/e]+10 ! *ief art 9 :i* consi/s 9 keep+ ! rudd] z /ill z possible1 by hold+ ! l9es 8taut10 & avoid+ pull+ !m f "o side to ! o!r m ?an is absolutely necess>y4 ,"s /e]sm5 ?9k x necess>y to sw+ backw>ds & =w>ds ) a great ef=t1 b ?is is q useless1 & ! m /ill !y keep ! bett]4 ,e coxswa9 %\ld "k ! c\rse ( ! /ream or tide2 & :5 meet+ o!r boats he %\ld1 if he is go+ d[n /ream1 give !m ! side ne>e/ ! %ore1 s z to all[ !m ! advantage ( ! slack wat]1 :i* is q prejudicial to him4 ,:5 a crew are /e]$ by a compet5t coxswa91 !y ought to be p]fectly ob$i5t to 8 comm&s1 r[+ exactly z he tells !m4 ,8 ord]s are communicat$ by ! foll[+ words1 viz4 :5 desir+ 8 crew to r[ he says1 8,pull all20 or if wi%+ any "o o> to be pull$1 he says 8,pull b[10 or 8,pull1 ,no4 #c10 or #d1 c4 z ! case may be4 ,if !y are to /op r[+1 he says 8,easy all10 or = any "o o>1 8,easy b[10 or ,no4 #b4 ,! same k9d ( ord] is convey$ :5 8back+0 or 8hold+ wat]0 is desir$2 ! only v>iation1 z be=e1 be+ betwe5 conf9+ 8 ord] to any "o or m o>s1 or ext5d+ x to all4 ,9 ?is way all ! evolutions practicable on ! wat] are manag$1 & ! coxswa9 has complete control ov] ! boat1 be+ able to cause h] to be r[$ sl[ly or quickly1 or to be /opp$1 back$1 or turn$ on h] own c5tre4 ,,r[+ ,,toge!r ,is ( ! utmo/ importance to ! success ( a boat :5 %e is mann$ by a crew2 & !y %\ld all endeav\r to atta9 ! same /yle z ! 8/roke-o>10 :o %\ld be ! be/ 9 ! boat1 & z free f faults z possible4 ,9 a f\r or eight-o>$ boat1 e "o ( ! crew w\ld d well to imitate 8 /roke by r[+ ) him occasionally 9 a pair-o>$ boat1 or else1 if ?is is n practicable1 by pull+ beh9d a wat]man :o r[s 9 ! same /yle z ! /roke-o>4 ,9 ?is way an uni=m k9d ( r[+ is atta9$1 & ! boat is propell$ equally by all at ! same "t4 ,! great object is = all to lay hold ( ! wat] at ! same mom5t1 & pull _! o>s ?r\gh x & out ) ! same p[] & at ! same "t2 ?is is call$ 8keep+ /roke40 8,keep+ "t0 means1 all 8fea!r+0 ! o> toge!r1 by :i* ! peculi> click ( ! o>s 9 ! r[locks is made exactly at ! same in/ant4 ,:5 ?is is n done precisely toge!r1 ! 8"t0 is defective1 & ! e> at once detects ! error2 b ev5 :5 ! 8"t0 is ev] s good1 ! want ( keep+ /roke is fatal to ! spe$ ( any boat1 h[ev] good ! individuals may be4 ,,cautions ,,to ,,"y ,,r[]s4 ,d n be ov] anxi\s to avoid 8cat*+ crabs10 :i* is an ev5t likely to occur 9 e>ly practice2 & %\ld x happ51 ?r[ ! o> quickly upw>ds out ( ! r[lock1 & no mis*ief w ensue4 ,! "y r[] %\ld be at once %[n h[ to free 8 o> 9 ?is way1 & !n he may pull ) t fre$om f re/ra9t :i* is necess>y to produce a good /yle4 ,d n /& on ! seats1 or lean out ( ! boat1 & nev] attempt any practical jokes on ! wat]1 z x is a dang]\s elem5t to trifle )4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,,sail+4 8,! t>'s a jolly t>1 t c h&1 reef & /e]1 ,t c nimbly ca/-(f & belay2 ,:o 9 d>ke/ ( nights f9ds ea* halli>d & ge>1 ,& dead reckon+ kn[s well1 & leeway3 ,b ! t> to please me mu/ m jolly be1 ,he mu/ laugh at ! waves z !y ro>40--,dibd94 ,x w\ld be v difficult to trace to its orig9 ! art ( sail+4 ,p]haps ! curl$ leaf pass+ ov] ! wat]1 ) "o end erect1 might h giv5 to obs]vant man ! fir/ notion ( a sail4 ,x has be5 suppos$ t ! ,nautila1 ,argonaut1 or sailor-fi%1 0 sugge/ive ( ! fir/ sail+-vessel2 b long be=e ! ,argonaut _h be5 notic$1 sails ( "s k9d or o!r _h no d\bt be5 common4 ,a man c\ld n /& 9 ! simple/ boat )\t p]ceiv+ t ! w9d ex]t$ a p[] ^u him & 8 boat2 & !re=e ! idea ( a sail mu/ h be5 id5tical ) ! fir/ laun*+ ( ! rude/ boat4 ,! sci5ce ( sail+1 h[ev]1 has gr[n up gradually ?r\gh a succession ( ages1 & has n[ rea*$ a p]fection ( :i* ! anci5ts _h no idea4 ,we w fir/ speak ( ! v>i\s k9ds ( vessels1 :i* are di/+ui%$ pr9cipally by ! numb] ( ma/s1 & ! numb] & %ape ( _! sails4 ,a ,sloop is prop]ly a vessel ) "o ma/1 hav+ h] sails1 ) ! exception ( h] topsails1 set 9 ! plane ( h] l5g?1 :i* is te*nically call$ 8set =e & aft40 ,h] topsail is a squ>e sail1 rigg$ at "r angles to ! plane ( h] l5g?4 ,! b[sprit is g5]ally elevat$ f ! b[s1 incl9+ slightly to ! deck4 ,! t]m 8sloop0 is n[ usually appli$ to a man-(-w>1 %ip-rigg$1 & c>ry+ less ?an #ah guns4 ,illu/ration ,a ,cutt] diff]s f a sloop 9 be+ )\t a squ>e sail1 & 9 hav+ h] b[sprit horizontal2 h] ma/ at ! same "t 8rak+0 aft4 ,h] topsail is =e & aft1 & triangul> 9 %ape4 ,a ,brig is a squ>e-rigg$ vessel1 ) two ma/s4 ,illu/ration ,a ,s*oon] is a two-ma/$ vessel1 ) =e & aft topsails1 :i* are call$ gaff-topsails4 ,sometimes %e has a squ>e =e-topsail & top-gallantsail4 ,illu/ration ,a ,brigant9e is some?+ betwe5 a s*oon] & a brig1 & is work$ ei!r ) o>s 7call$ sweeps7 or sails4 ,illu/ration3 ,,dut* ,,galleot4 ,a ,dut* ,galleot is rigg$ l a s*oon]1 b ( a broad] & m ,*9ese build1 h] bottom be+ ne>ly flat4 ,a ,billy-boy is rigg$ sometimes l a sloop1 & sometimes l a s*oon]2 b h] bottom is ne>ly flat1 & %e draws b little wat]4 ,a ,smack is a small vessel ) "o ma/ l a cutt]1 us$ pr9cipally = fi%+4 ,a ,canoe is a boat us$ by savages1 usually made ( a trunk ( a tree1 holl[$4 ,illu/ration ,a ,felucca has two triangul> sails1 is us$ 9 ! ,m$it]ranean1 & is p>ticul>ly swift4 ,x c also use o>s 9 calm wea!r4 ,illu/ration ,a ,junk is a ,*9ese vessel1 us$ ei!r = w> or m]*&ise1 is built v heavily4 ,a ,proa is us$ by ! natives ( ! ,ladrone ,isl&s1 & is rem>kable = its swiftness & sail+ close to ! w9d4 ,! lee-side is q /raight1 & ! wea!r-side is convex1 l a common boat4 ,bo? head & /]n are equally %>p2 & 9 work+ h] !re is no necessity to tack or turn at any "t4 ,besides ?is peculi>ity ( con/ruction1 ! proa has on h] lee-side :at is call$ an 8out-rigg]10 :i* is made ( two poles1 ext5d+ ab\t #aj feet f h] side1 hav+ at _! extremity a piece ( solid wood4 ,?is prev5ts h] f hav+ any lee-way4 ,%e w sail ) a good w9d tw5ty miles an h\r4 ,illu/ration ,! natives ( ! ,society ,isl&s use a canoe1 av]ag+ 9 l5g? f t5 to =ty feet4 ,x is made ( a trunk ( a tree1 holl[$ out2 & is j wide en\gh = a p]son to sit d[n4 ,x w c>ry f "o to z _m z ?irty p]sons4 ,x also has an outrigg]1 l a proa4 ,:5 a native leaves "o isl& to g to ano!r1 he jo9s two l>ge canoes toge!r1 & builds on !m a small hut1 :i* w hold all 8 family4 ,?is is ! mo/ conv5i5t way to travel 9 a canoe1 = x is difficult to see any?+ b "o's knees :5 sitt+ d[n 9 ! ord9>y mann]4 ,^! canoes c>ry a squ>e sail 9 ! =e-"p4 ,we w n[ speak ( ! vessels we h mo/ to d )--viz4 ya*ts4 ,,*>act]s ,,( ,a ,,ya*t4 ,spe$1 safety1 & accommodation are ! ?ree fir/ qualities ( a ya*t4 ,%e ought to be pleas+ to ! eye :5 afloat1 ( su* a bread? z to c>ry h] canvass ) ease1 & at ! same "t s %>p 9 h] b[ & well-%ap5 a/]n z to displace h] weight ( wat] smoo?ly & gradually1 :ile %e leaves x 9 ! same way4 ,,v>i\s ,,k9ds ,,( ,,ya*ts4 ,ya*ts are ( v>i\s k9ds1 accord+ to _! size4 ,if m ?an eighty tons burd51 ! s*oon] is mo/ suitable2 =1 z ! sp>s are m num]\s1 !y are proportionally light]4 ,! s*oon]1 z has be5 be=e obs]v$1 has two ma/s--! =ema/ & ma9ma/2 ! "o be>+ ! sail call$ ! boom-=esail1 & ! o!r a ma9sail4 ,%e has two or m headsails1 call$ /aysail1 =e-/aysail1 & jib4 ,h] topsails are ei!r squ>e or =e & aft4 ,! ,cutt] has "o ma/ & f\r sails--viz4 ma9sail1 ma9topsail1 =esail1 & jib4 ,"s small] craft h l>g] jibs1 & no =esail4 ,! ,d&y-rigg$ ,ya*t diff]s f a cutt]1 9 hav+ no boom = h] ma9sail1 :i* c consequ5tly be brail$ up by a rope pass+ r\nd x4 ,%e has a miz5-ma/ /&+ 9 ! /]n1 :i* sets a sail call$ a miz51 & :i* is /ret*$ on a horizontal sp>1 project+ ov] ! /]n4 ,?is /yle ( rig is m safe = a ya*t1 z ! boom 9 ord9>y cutt]s is liable to sweep p]sons ov]bo>d2 & ! sail c be tak5 9 quick] by brail+ x up ?an by l[]+ x d[n4 ,illu/ration ,! ,hatte5] has only two sails1 a =e & a ma9 sail1 ( a triangul> %ape4 ,ea* has a sp> /&+ f ! deck to ! peak ( ! sail1 & a boom at ! bottom1 l a cutt]4 ,?is rig1 f sett+ m canvass abaft1 is well adapt$ = n>r[ wat]s4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,"o ( ! mo/ h&y rigs = a "y sailor is a triangul> ma9sail & =esail rig1 on a good-siz$ op5 boat4 ,%e %\ld be at lea/ tw5ty feet long1 & five feet on h] beam4 ,! =esail is c>ri$ ov] ! /em = ab\t a foot1 by means ( an iron b[sprit1 :i* %ips & un%ips on ! nose ( ! boat4 ,h] ma9sail has a sp> rea*+ f ! l[] "p ( ! ma/ to ! upp] corn] ( ! sail2 a rope is fa/5$ 9 ! middle ( ?is sp>1 & passes ?r\gh a block on ! ma/1 by :i* ! sail is hoi/$4 ,! advantages ( ?is rig are1 t x c be easily manag$1 :ile "u x ! boat is mu* saf] ?an "u mo/ o!r k9ds ( rig2 =1 %\ld a squall arise1 ! ya*tsman has only to let fly 8 =e%eet & put 8 helm alee1 & ! boat w "r imm$iately4 ,) ?is rig1 a boat /&s v well to w9dw>d1 & may be easily br\ght ab\t4 ,,description ,,( ,,! ,,cutt] ,,ya*t4 ,b ! vessel ) :i* we h mo/ to d 9 our directions = sail+ is ! ,cutt] ,ya*t1 :i* /&s clos] to ! w9d ?an any o!r k9d ( ,european boat2 & ( :i* we propose1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 to give a g5]al description4 ,,con/ruction ,,( ,,! ,,hull4 ,! fir/ /ep 9 ! con/ruction ( ! hull is lay+ d[n ! keel or backbone ( ! vessel2 :i* is done by fix+ a /rong piece ( wood1 g5]ally oak1 ^u blocks1 t ! re/ ( ! timb] may be securely add$2 ! /em is !n jo9$ to ! =e-po/1 ne>ly at "r angles1 slant+ a little =w>d z x asc5ds2 & ! /]n-po/ to its aft] or h9d] "p1 slop+ upw>ds & backw>ds4 ,! timb]s & ribs are next cut out ( solid wood1 & plac$ transv]sely on ! keel1 _! wid? v>y+ accord+ to ! l9es ( a plan previ\sly drawn out1--be+1 ( c\rse1 f>!/ ap>t at ! beam2 ^!1 z well z ! planks ( l>g] craft1 are made to b5d into ! requir$ %ape by be+ /eam$ & bolt$ 9 :ile hot4 ,! skeleton be+ complet$1 h] planks are !n secur$ by copp] or iron nails to ! timb]s1 & rivet$4 ,! deck is made ( n>r[ planks1 runn+ =e & aft4 ,f ! level ( ! deck1 h] sides are rais$ by upright timb]s1 call$ 8/an*eons10 cas$ ov] by ! bulw>ks1 & surm\nt$ by a rail call$ ! 8gunwale40 ,"s ya*ts are only half-deck$1 ! aft]-"p be+ left op5 & fitt$ ) seats2 b1 9 ord] to prev5t ! wat] f gett+ 91 a portion ( deck1 call$ wat]-ways1 is left at ea* side2 :i* opposes a fur!r b>ri] by its t]m9at+ on ! inn] edge 9 a high cre/ or comb+4 ,! /epp+ ! ma/ requires great c>e1 s9ce ! good or bad sail+ ( ! boat dep5ds v greatly ^u x4 ,if we divide ! l5g? ( a good ya*t into ?ree p>ts1 ! po9t at :i* ! =emo/ "p jo9s ! middle "p w be ! wide/ "p1 & !re w be ne>ly ! place = ! cutt]'s ma/4 ,b ! ,am]ican build]s h dep>t$ f ?is rule 9 ! con/ruction ( _! celebrat$ ya*t1 8,! ,am]ica10 ^: model1 aft] all ! /udy & +5uity t h be5 appli$ to ya*t-build+1 seems to resemble ! simple yet beautiful model :i* nature has giv5 u 9 ! duck4 ,! b[ ( ?is vessel rises v gradually = "s di/ance along ! keel1 l ! brea/ ( ! duck2 &1 fur!r imitat+ ! same model1 h] beam or wide/ "p is abaft1 or fur!r back ?an ! c5tre4 ,?is sup]ior vessel w sail ne>ly f\r po9ts (f ! w9d1 & w probably "w an entire *ange 9 ! pres5t /yle ( ya*t-build+4 ,we h n[ glanc$ at all ! pr9cipal p>ts ( ! hull1 except t all-important "p1 ! rudd]2 :i* sw+s by a h+e f ! /]n-po/1 & is mov$ by a h&le fix$ to its upp] "p1 be>+ ! "n ( 8a till]10 & :i* is us$ to /e] ! boat4 ,be=e proce$+ ) our in/ructions = sail+ a ya*t1 x w be necess>y to describe ! action ( ! rudd]2 z ! art ( /e]+ is ! nice/ & mo/ important bran* ( seaman%ip4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,! rudd] is a flat bo>d1 ) a pole ris+ up on ! side1 :i* is fa/5$ to ! vessel2 on ! top ( :i* is fix$ ! till]4 ,9 l>ge vessels1 !re are two ropes fa/5$ to ! till]1 :i* are c>ri$ ?r\gh blocks on ea* side ( ! vessel2 !n br\ght back ?r\gh blocks fa/5$ on ! miz5ma/1 & pass$ r\nd a :eel1 by :i* means a great] comm& is obta9$ ov] ! rudd]4 ,:5 ! till] is mov$ to ! "r 7/>bo>d71 ! rudd]1 ( c\rse1 is =c$ 9 ! wat] to ! left 7port74 ,z ! vessel moves on1 ! wat] presses aga9/ ! rudd] on ! port side1 & ?us =ces h] /]n to ! />bo>d side1 & h] b[ to ! port4 ,:5 ! till] is mov$ to ! left1 x ( c\rse produces a contr>y effect4 ,if ! %ip is mov+ backw>ds1 !n1 by mov+ ! till] to ! "r1 ! b[ is also turn$ to ! "r2 = ! wat] presses aga9/ ! rudd] beh9d x on ! left side1 & ?us pu%es ! /]n to ! left4 ,9 /e]+1 c>e mu/ be tak5 n to /e] too mu*1--t is1 n to move ! rudd] too viol5tly or m ?an is necess>y1--z ?is mat]ially /ops h] way4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cutt] ,,at ,,an*or4 ,we "h pres5t ! "y ya*tsman ) a cutt] at an*or1 ) h] ropes & sp>s numb]$2 & :i* ought to be ?or\ghly kn[n1 z well z ! uses to :i* !y are appli$ 9 sail+ a ya*t3-- #a4 ,/em4 #b4 ,/]n4 #c4 ,till]4 #d4 ,an*or4 #e4 ,cable4 #f4 ,b[sprit4 #g4 ,bob/ay4 #h4 ,ma/4 #i4 ,topma/4 #aj4 ,truck4 #aa4 ,vane & ,sp9dle4 #ab4 ,cross-trees4 #ac4 ,trussle-trees4 #ad4 ,gaff4 #ae4 ,boom4 #af4 ,topma/-%r\d4 #ag4 ,topma/-back/ay4 #ah4 ,topma/-/ay4 #ai4 ,runn] & ,tackle4 #bj4 ,travell] = ,jib4 #ba4 ,=e/ay4 #bb4 ,topp+ ,lift4 #bc4 ,lift ,blocks4 #bd4 ,ma9%eet4 #be4 ,peak ,halli>ds4 #bh4 ,=e%eet4 #bi4 ,signal ,halli>ds4 #cj4 ,companion4 #ca4 ,=eca/le4 #cb4 ,rudd]4 ,,some?+ ,,ab\t ,,! ,,ma/s1 ,,sp>s1 ,,ropes1 ,,etc4 ,! ,ma/ 7#h7 is a sp> set ne>ly upright1 incl9+ a little aft1 to support y>ds & sails4 ,9 a ya*t1 x is kept 9 its place by two %r\ds on ea* side1 made ( /rong rope1 & fa/5$ to ! sides ( ! vessel4 ,! ,b[sprit 7#f7 is a sp> c>ri$ out f ! =ep>t ( a ya*t1 secur$ at its inn] end betwe5 two /rong po/s pi]c+ ! deck1 call$ 8! bitts40 ,x is kept 9 its place by ! bob/ay 7#g71 :i* is fa/5$ to ! /em1 & by a %r\d on ea* side secur$ to ! b[4 ,! ,boom 7#ae7 is t sp> :i* sets out ! ma9sail bel[1 & is atta*$ at "o end to ! ma/ by a swivel cable1 call$ ! 8goose-neck10 & is eas$ (f or haul$ 9 at ! o!r by ! ma9%eet 7#bd71 :i* is a rope pass+ f ! end ( ! boom ?r\gh a block on ! side ( ! vessel4 ,! ,gaff 7#ad7 sets out ! ma9sail above1 & slides up & d[n ! ma/ by means ( a cresc5t end1 :i* embraces x4 ,! sides ( ?is curve are call$ 8horns40 ,! ,topma/ 7#i7 /&s above ! ma/1 & is made to slide up & d[n4 ,on x a topsail 7i4 e4 a gaff-topsail7 is set 9 light w9ds2 b bo? sail & ma/ are g5]ally l[]$ 9 squally wea!r4 ,x is kept /eady by a back/ay 7#ag7 on ea* side ( ! =etopma/-/ay4 ,! latt] is br\ght d[n to ! b[sprit4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cutt] ,,be=e ,,! ,,w9d4 ,ropes4--,!re are v>i\s ropes to hoi/ & l[] sails1 call$ hauly>ds 7pron\nc$ halli>ds74 ,!re are also o!r ropes ( great importance1 especially ^? call$ ! %eets1 :i* are to haul 9 ! sails1 & make !m /& to ! w9d4 ,9 a ya*t1 ! ma9sail has sometimes a %eet ea* side2 & sometimes only "o %eet reev$ ?r\gh d\ble blocks1 :i* travel on an iron rod1 call$ 8a horse10 f side to side4 ,! jib has two %eets1 ! />bo>d & port 7"r & left74 ,! =esail has ! same1 except 9 "s in/ances1 :5 x has b "o %eet work+ on a travell]1 l ! ma9sail4 ,! topsail has only "o1 :i* is rove ?r\gh a %eave at ! end ( ! gaff & a block at ! ?roat ( ! gaff1 & !n d[n to a cleat or fa/5+ place on ! deck4 ,signal hauly>ds are = haul+ up ! col\rs1 & pass ?r\gh a small %eave1 9 ! truck 7#aj71 at ! end ( ! topma/4 ,! ensign hauly>ds are reev$ ?r\gh a small block at ! peak end1 & lead d[n to ! boom4 ,! o!r ropes on bo>d a ya*t are = ! support ( ! sp>s1 & are call$ 8/&+ rigg+10 :ile ^? us$ = ! sails are call$ 8runn+ rigg+40 ,illu/ration3 ,,topma/ ,,& ,,=etopma/ ,,/ay4 ,,sail+ ,a ,,ya*t4 ,if ! read] has paid att5tion to our in/ructions1 he ought n[ to be pretty well conv]sant ) build1 rigg+1 sp>s1 & sails ( a ya*t2 ! next ?+1 !re=e1 is to expla9 ! actual practical sail+ ( a ya*t4 ,! numb] ( h&s mu/ dep5d on ! tonnage ( ! boat & ! numb] ( sails4 ,x is be/ to h a /e]sman1 & "o h& = ea* sail4 ,our ya*t is n[ ly+ at an*or1 or moor+s1 :i* consi/s ( a *a9 & buoy1 fa/5$ to a heavy an*or sunk 9 ! b$ ( ! riv]4 ,hav+ got on bo>d1 by means ( ! little boat call$ a 8d+y10 we fir/ unloose ! =e & ma9sail1 & =e/aysail2 haul out ! jib on ! b[sprit1 ready = hoi/+2 hoi/ ! col\rs1 ) ! "n ( ! ya*t or club to :i* %e belongs1 to ! gaff-end2 & /& by to hoi/ ! canvass4 ,we w suppose x j pa/ high wat]1 ! ya*t sw++ ebb1 & ! w9d up /ream2 we %all1 !re=e1 h tide ) u1 & ! w9d aga9/ u4 ,we n[ hoi/ ! ?roat & peak halli>ds1 till ! =m] is well up block to block2 !n1 by haul+ at ! peak-halli>ds till ! aft] "p ( ! sail is taut 7tight71 ! ma9sail is set1 & %e sw+s head to w9d4 ,! next ?+ is to hoi/ ! =e/aysail & ! jib1 :i* mu/ be well pur*as$ up1 & ! %eet well haul$ 91 be=e we c get h] on ! w9d1 i4 e4 sail close up to ! w9d4 ,! ropes mu/ n[ be coil$ up1 & hung on ! cleat belong+ to ea*4 ,our canvass be+ n[ up1 we may ca/ (f1 slack out ! ma9sail1 haul 9 jib%eet on ! contr>y tack to :i* we int5d to sail1 & we are "u weigh4 ,we h already told ! read] t 8/>bo>d0 means "r1 & 8port0 means left4 ,=m]ly1 ! ^w 8l>bo>d0 0 us$ = left2 b1 ow+ to ! simil>ity betwe5 ! two words />bo>d & l>bo>d1 ! ^w port 0 sub/itut$ = ! latt]4 ,a boat is said to be on ! />bo>d tack1 :5 ! w9d is bl[+ f ! />bo>d side2 ! port side is !n call$ ! lee side1 & ! />bo>d ! wea!r side4 ,%e is on ! port tack :5 ! w9d bl[s f ! port side1 :i* is !n call$ ! wea!r side1 & ! />bo>d ! lee side4 ,:5 9 /e]+ %e is br\ght ne>] ! w9d1 %e is said to 8luff20 & :5 fur!r f x1 to 8be> away40 ,:5 ! helm is put s z to cause ! boat to luff1 ! helm is 8put up20 :5 x causes ! boat to be> away1 x is 8put d[n10 or a-lee4 ,proce$+ to our cruise1 we mu/ haul ! jib-%eet well 91 put ! helm up1 & sail close to ! w9d2 z1 ! w9d be+ aga9/ u1 we %all h to 8beat up10 t is1 sail 9 a zigzag direction4 ,9 sail+ close to ! w9d1 we mu/ always take c>e n to sail too close1 b always keep ! canvass q full4 ,^u ! skill ( ! /e]sman1 ma9ly dep5d ! motions ( ! boat2 he mu/ endeav\r to atta9 ! happy m$ium ( keep+ ! boat close to ! w9d1 & yet n all[+ ! canvass to %ake4 ,! practis$ ya*tsman feels ) 8 helm e v>iation ( ! w9d1 & meets x ) a turn to port or />bo>d2 b ! "y sailor w\ld d well to wat* ! col\r at ! ma/head1 &1 by keep+ x 9 a l9e ) ! gaff1 he w n /e] v wildly4 ,we are n[ gett+ ne> ! opposite bank f :5ce we />t$1 & mu/ !re=e tack4 ,if ! boat is quick 9 /ays 7i4 e4 w g r\nd quickly71 & ! bottom is n muddy1 & is deep en\gh = ! boat1 we may g pretty close to ! bank be=e we tack2 b if %e is a sl[ tub1 we mu/ beg9 9 good "t4 ,fir/1 we mu/ see t all ! canvass is q full2 !n ! ma9sail mu/ be haul$ to ! middle ( ! boat1 or amid%ips1 & ! helm put gradually d[n4 ,:5 %e is head to w9d1 let fly ! jib%eet2 if %e is on ! />bo>d tack1 haul 9 ! port =e%eet taut1 :i* is call$ back+ ! =esail2 ! w9d1 by bl[+ on ! =esail1 assi/s ! boat r\nd4 ,:5 %e beg9s to fill on ! o!r tack1 ca/ (f ! port 7n[ ! wea!r7 =e%eet1 & haul 9 ! lee%eet & also ! jib%eet1 & trim ! ma9sail 7i4 e4 let g1 or haul 91 ! ma9%eet71 accord+ to ! direction ( ! w9d4 ,if :5 ! boat is 9 /ays1 or head to w9d1 %e moves nei!r way1 put ! helm amid%ips2 if %e moves back1 put ! helm ! contr>y way to :at y _h x be=e1 resum+ its =m] position :5 %e moves on aga94 ,:5 ! w9d gets m on our beam 7i4 e4 bl[s directly across u71 we may slack out ! canvass a little2 ! m aft x bl[s1 s mu* m we mu/ squ>e our sails4 ,!re is a heavy cl\d 9 ! w9d's eye1 t admoni%es u t a squall is brew+1 & ! d>k ripple ( ! wat] to w9dw>d tells u t x w soon be "h4 ,keep h] well full1 t z ! squall /rikes h] %e may h good way on2 & luff into ! w9d z soon z ! squall beg9s3 & if %e does n "r at once1 let g jib & =e%eets2 if t fails1 ca/ (f ! ma9%eet1 & s5d a h& to /& by ! =e & jib halli>ds1 :i* mu/ be let g :5 ! squall becomes viol5t4 ,we mu/ n[ reef ! ma9sail2 to effect ?is1 all[ pl5ty ( room = driv+ to leew>d2 set taut ! 8topp+-lift10 a rope :i* hoi/s up ! end ( ! boom2 l[] ! halli>ds2 hook at ! end ( ! boom an e>r+ :i* is high] up 9 ! sail1 & tie up ! reef-po9ts2 !n1 hav+ set up our ma9sail1 hoi/$ a small] jib1 & drawn 9 ! =e%eet1 we are "u sail aga94 ,we mu/ take c>e always to obs]ve ! rules ( sail+1 :5 meet+ ) ano!r ya*t4 ,:i*ev] boat is runn+ free mu/ make way = "o close haul$2 = a boat :5 close haul$ _c conv5i5tly alt] h] c\rse1 b :5 %e is runn+ free %e is always able to move to :i* side %e pleases4 ,z we get into wid] wat]1 we %all f9d m swell1 t imp$es ! boat to w9dw>d2 b1 if ! waves be long en\gh1 !re is a way ( eas+ h] ov] !m1 by putt+ d[n ! helm slightly1 j be=e ! highe/ ( !m /rikes h] b[2 ?us1 by /opp+ ! boat's way1 %e /rikes ! sea ) less viol5ce4 ,,br++ ,,up4 ,our de/9ation outw>d b\nd be+ 9 sight1 we mu/ prep>e to br+ up4 ,! an*or mu/ be got on deck2 ! cable pass$ ?r\gh ! hawsehole1 & %ackl$ or fa/5$ to ! an*or1 ) its /ock made ready & secur$2 !n susp5d$ ov] ! b[sprit %r\ds1 & made ready to let g4 ,l[] ! head-sails1 put d[n ! helm till %e is head to w9d1 & :5 %e is fairly /opp$ we may drop ! an*or4 ,,mak+ ,,snug4 ,! ma9sail may n[ be tric$ up1 ) ! peak l[]$1 & ) ! helm to "o qu>t] or ! o!r1 accord+ z ! tide sets2 we may !n hope to lie securely z long z we *oose4 ,,go+ ,,back4 ,9 gett+ "u weigh once m1 fir/ haul ! cable %ort2 get all ! canvass ready to set up2 weigh an*or1 &1 z ! w9d is fair1 set ! head sails fir/ & ! ma9sail aft]w>ds2 ! peak %\ld n be too high 9 runn+1 nor ! back ( ! ma9sail fa/1 b rais$ slightly to let ! w9d into ! head sails4 ,! tide is n[ aga9/ u2 we mu/1 !re=e1 keep out ( ! /r5g? ( x z mu* z possible4 ,,jib+4 ,9 r\nd+ ! next po9t we %all jib1 or jibe1 "o ( ! mo/ difficult manuvres 9 sail+2 = 9 do+ s !re is dang] ( broa*+-to1 s z to run on %ore2 ( be+ swept ov]bo>d by ! boom z x passes f side to side2 & ( c>ry+ away or snapp+ ! boom itself4 ,to avoid ^! mis*ances1 give ! %ore a wide b]?2 take 9 ! ma9%eet1 keep+ its coils cle> = runn+ out2 trice up ! tack ( ! ma9sail1 & if ! breeze is /rong1 l[] ! peak2 y may !n put y\r helm to ! opposite side to :i* ! boom sw+s1 &1 on ! in/ant ! ma9sail has trav]s$ to ! o!r side1 *ange y\r helm to ! rev]se & meet h]2--?is prev5ts ! broa*+-to :i* w\ld o!rwise occur4 ,,br++ ,,up ,,at ,,moor+s4 ,we are /ill aga9/ ! tide1 & our moor+s are 9 sight4 ,to br+ h] up h&somely calls = m skill ?an ev5 h&l+ h] well4 ,our object n[ mu/ be to lay h] /ill at ! moor+s f :5ce we />t$1 & at ! same "t to h en\gh way to rea* !m4 ,9 our pres5t case x w be be/ to r\nd h] to ab\t an hundr$ y>ds %ort ( ! moor+s1 &1 :5 head to w9d1 l[] ! ma9sail1 leav+ ! head sails /&+--?is ) putt+ up ! helm w br+ h] head r\nd aga9--!n take 9 ! jib1 &1 if %e has way en\gh1 ! =esail also2 & ) ! oppos+ tide we may /e] our craft s /eadily to ! buoy z to take x on bo>d ) ease4 ,hav+ in=m$ ! "y sailor ( :at is necess>y to be done on bo>d1 we w n[ impress on 8 m9d a few useful nautical t]ms & maxims1 :i* may lead to ! pres]vation ( life & limb4 ,,( ,,! ,,m>9]s' ,,compass1 ,,& ,,v>i\s ,,nautical ,,t]ms4 ,illu/ration ,! anci5ts1 ^: only guides ov] ! trackless wat]s 7 ! heav5ly bodies1 s (t5 obscur$ by cl\ds1 c\ld n v5ture f> f %ore4 ,x is ! compass :i* has enabl$ u to /e] boldly across ! deep4 ,! directive p[] ( ! load/one has be5 long kn[n to ! ,*9ese1 & x 0 br\ght ov] to ,europe ab\t ! ye> #abfj4 ,! communication ( ! magnetic p[] to /eel & susp5d+ x on a pivot1 is und\bt$ly an ,european inv5tion4 ,! compass is compos$ ( a magnetic ne$le susp5d$ freely on a pivot1 & support+ a c>d m>k$ ) ! ?irty-two po9ts ( direction into :i* ! horizon is divid$1 & :i* are !nce call$ ! po9ts ( ! compass4 ,! ne$le always po9ts ne>ly nor?1 & ! direction ( ! boat may be easily se5 by look+ at ! c>d4 ,! :ole app>atus on bo>d a %ip is enclos$ 9 a box ) a glass cov]1 to all[ ! c>d to be se5 )\t be+ di/urb$ by ! w9d4 ,?is box is also sometimes susp5d$1 to prev5t ! ne$le be+ affect$ by ! motion ( ! vessel4 ,! :ole is !n plac$ at ! b9nacle1 9 sight ( ! helmsman4 ,9 ! inside ( t "p ( ! compass-box :i* is directly 9 a l9e ) ! b[1 is a cle> black /roke1 call$ ! lubb] l9e1 :i* ! helmsman uses to keep 8 c\rse2 t is1 he mu/ always keep ! po9t ( ! c>d :i* indicates h] c\rse po9t+ at ! lubb] l9e4 ,e "y ya*tsman mu/ le>n to box ! compass2 t is1 to repeat all its po9ts 9 ord]4 ,,cautions ,,& ,,directions4 #a4 ,nev] leave any?+ 9 ! gangway1 & keep ! decks cle>4 #b4 ,coil up all ropes2 & h a place = ev]y?+1 & ev]y?+ 9 its place4 #c4 ,take c>e t 9 tack+ or jib+ ! boom does n knock y ov]bo>d4 #d4 ,/& cle> ( ropes' ends & blocks fly+ ab\t1 :5 y are tack+1 & ! sails %ak+4 #e4 ,keep a good look out ahead1 & also = squalls1 :i* may g5]ally be obs]v$ to w9dw>d4 #f4 ,always obey ! ord]s ( ! /e]sman promptly4 #g4 ,keep all y\r /&+ rigg+ taut4 #h4 ,:5 ! boat is on ! w9d1 sit on ! wea!r side4 #i4 ,%\ld ! boat capsize1 keep y\rself cle> ( ! rigg+1 & swim a%ore4 ,! "y ya*tsman %\ld on no acc\nt attempt to take comm& ( a boat till he is ?or\ghly exp]i5c$1 & %\ld nev] g 9 "o )\t hav+ at lea/ "o exp]i5c$ h& on bo>d2 he %\ld also always h 8 eyes op5 to :at is go+ on1 & be ev] ready to l5d assi/ance ) ! greate/ promptitude4 ,quickness & agility are ! *>act]i/ics ( a sailor2 )\t ^!1 num]\s w\ld be ! losses at sea4 ,! ca/+ (f or belay+ a rope quickly1 is (t5 att5d$ ) ! mo/ important consequ5ces1 9 :i* ! los+ or sav+ ( life may be conc]n$2 & we w\ld !re=e advise all :o are emul\s ( be+ sailors1 to be att5tive to _! duties1 quick 9 _! evolutions1 & /eady 9 all _! do+s4 ,,nautical ,,t]ms4 ,aback1 ! situation ( ! sails :5 ! w9d presses _! surfaces aga9/ ! ma/4 ,abaft1 t[>ds ! /]n2 e4g41 abaft ! ma9ma/1 beh9d ! ma9ma/4 ,ab\t1 on ! o!r tack2 go+ ab\t1 tack+4 ,abrea/1 alongside (4 ,adrift1 brok5 f moor+s4 ,afloat1 on ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,ahead1 9 ! direction ( ! vessel's head4 ,amid%ips1 9 ! middle ( ! vessel4 ,apeak1 :5 ! cable is hove taut1 s z to br+ ! vessel ne>ly ov] ! an*or4 ,a/]n1 9 ! direction ( h] /]n4 ,ava/1 an ord] to /op4 ,a?w>t1 across--z 8?w>t hawse40 ,back/ays1 ropes runn+ f topma/ & top-gallantma/ to h] sides4 ,balla/1 heavy mat]ials plac$ 9 ! bottom ( ! boat1 to br+ h] l[ 9 ! wat]4 ,beacon1 a po/ or buoy plac$ ov] a %all[ bank1 to w>n vessels4 ,be>+s1 ! wide/ "p ( ! vessel bel[ ! upp] deck4 ,! be>+s ( an object is its direction accord+ to ! po9ts ( ! compass4 ,belay1 to2 to make a rope fa/4 ,b5d1 to2 is to make a sail fa/ to ! y>d1 or a cable to ! an*or4 ,b]?1 ! place :]e ! vessel lies2 a man's sleep+ place on bo>d4 ,bulw>ks1 ! woodworks ( a vessel above deck2 also ! wood5 p>tition betwe5 cab9s4 ,bunt+1 ! wooll5 /uff ( :i* %ips' col\rs are made4 ,buoy1 a float+ cask or piece ( wood4 ,cab91 ! aft] "p ( ! vessel 9 :i* ! (fic]s live4 ,cap/an1 a ma*9e plac$ p]p5dicul>ly on deck1 r\nd :i* ! cable is pass$1 9 ord] to hoi/ ! an*or4 ,x is mov$ r\nd ) b>s ( wood /uck into x1 :i* are call$ h&spikes or cap/anb>s4 ,ca!ad1 l>ge pieces ( wood ov] ! b[1 hav+ %eaves )9 !m1 by :i* ! an*or is hoi/$ or l[]$4 ,cleat1 pieces ( wood on :i* ropes are belay$4 ,comb+s1 rais$ woodwork r\nd ! hat*es1 to prev5t ! wat] go+ d[n to ! hold4 ,companion1 ladd] lead+ d[n to ! /ate cab9s4 ,davits1 rods ( timb] or iron1 ) %eaves or blocks at _! ends1 project+ ov] a vessel's side or /]n1 to hoi/ boats up to4 ,draught1 ! dep? ( wat] :i* a vessel requires to float h]4 ,fea!r1 to2 to lift ! blade ( ! o> horizontally z x comes out ( ! wat]4 ,f5d]s1 pieces ( wood or rope hang+ ov] ! side ( a boat1 to keep x f *af+4 ,fa?om1 six feet4 ,flat1 a %eet is said to be haul$ flat1 :5 x is haul$ d[n close4 ,=e & ,aft1 l5g?wise ) ! vessel4 ,=eca/le1 ! "p ( ! vessel be=e ! =ema/4 ,f\l ,an*or1 :5 ! cable has a turn r\nd ! an*or4 ,gaff1 a sp> to :i* ! head ( a =e & aft sail is b5t4 ,gage1 dep? ( wat] 9 a vessel--?is wat] is call$ 8bilge wat]40 ,gangway1 t "p ( a vessel's side ?r\gh :i* p pass 9 & out ( ! vessel4 ,gaskets1 pieces ( rope or plait$ /uff1 us$ to fa/5 ! sail to ! y>d :5 x is furl$4 ,give way1 to2 to r[ m =cibly4 ,grapnel1 a small an*or ) sev]al claws1 g5]ally f\r1 us$ to secure boats4 ,gunwale1 7pron4 ,gun'el17 ! upp] rail ( a boat or vessel4 ,gybe1 or ,jibe1 to2 to %ift ov] ! boom ( a =e-&-aft sail4 ,halli>ds1 ropes us$ = hoi/+ or l[]+ y>ds & sails4 ,hat*way1 an op5+ ( ! deck4 ,hat*es1 ! cov]+s ( hat*ways4 ,haws]1 a l>ge rope4 ,helm1 ! /e]+ app>atus4 ,hold wat]1 to2 to /op ! progress ( a boat1 by keep+ ! o>s 9 ! wat]4 ,jib1 a triangul> headsail4 ,jib-boom1 a sp> rigg$ out beyond ! b[sprit4 ,juryma/1 a tempor>y ma/ rigg$ 9 ! place ( a lo/ "o4 ,lee ,bo>d1 a bo>d fitt$ to ! lee side ( flat-bottom$ boats1 to prev5t _! drift+ to leew>d4 ,log1 a j\rnal ( ! proce$+s ( a vessel2 also a l9e ) a triangul> piece ( bo>d1 call$ ! log %ip1 :i* is ca/ ov]bo>d to asc]ta9 ! %ip's rate ( sail+4 ,luff1 to2 to /e] ! boat ne>] ! w9d4 ,lur*1 ! sudd5 roll+ ( a vessel to "o side4 ,m>l+-spike1 an iron p9 %>p5$ at "o end1 to sep>ate ! /r&s ( a rope4 ,m>t+ale1 or ,dolph9-/rik]1 a %ort p]p5dicul> sp> "u ! b[sprit's end4 ,miss /ays1 to fail go+ ab\t4 ,oakum1 pieces ( y>n pick$ to pieces1 us$ = caulk+4 ,ov]haul1 to2 :5 a rope is pass$ ?r\gh two blocks1 9 ord] to make a tackle1 ! rope :i* is haul$ on is call$ ! fall2 if "o ( ! blocks gets loose1 ! act ( haul+ on ! rope betwe5 ! blocks1 9 ord] to sep>ate !m1 is call$ ov]haul+4 ,pa9t]1 a rope atta*$ to ! b[ ( a boat4 ,p5dant1 a long n>r[ flag at ! ma/-head4 ,qu>t]1 t "p ( ! vessel betwe5 ! /]n & ! ma9 *a9s4 ,ratl9es 7pron4 ,rat'l9's17 ropes fa/5$ across ! %r\ds1 l ! /eps ( a ladd]4 ,scud1 to2 to drive along be=e a gale ) no sail1 or only en\gh to keep h] ahead ( ! sea4 ,also1 l[ ?9 cl\ds fly+ swiftly be=e ! w9d4 ,spank]1 or ,driv]1 ! aft] sail ( a %ip or b>k4 ,x is =e & aft sail set ) a boom & gaff4 ,splice1 to2 to jo9 two ropes toge!r by entw9+ _! /r&s2 a rope is g5]ally =m$ ( ?ree /r&s twi/$ toge!r4 ,spr+1 to2 to split a ma/4 ,/ays1 l>ge ropes lead+ f ! ma/head =w>d4 ,/aysail1 a sail hoi/$ on a /ay4 ,/e]age1 ! "p ( ! betwe5 decks j be=e ! aft] cab94 ,/ret*]1 pieces ( wood plac$ across a boat's bottom = ! r[]s to put _! feet aga9/4 ,surge1 l>ge swell+ waves break+ ov] rocks4 ,taut1 tight4 ,?roat1 ! inn] edge ( ! gaff :i* embraces ! ma/4 ,unb5d1 to2 to untie4 ,unmoor1 to2 to heave up "o an*or1 or to unfa/5 ! %ip f h] moor+s4 ,vane1 a piece ( bunt+ fly+ at ! ma/head to %[ ! direction ( ! w9d4 ,wai/1 ! "p ( ! upp] deck betwe5 ! qu>t]deck & =eca/le4 ,wake1 ! pa? t a %ip leaves beh9d h] 9 ! wat]4 ,we>1 to2 to come r\nd on ! o!r side ( ! w9d )\t back+4 ,illu/ration3 ,let ,a ,b be ! vessel1 ,g ! direction ( ! w9d2 ,a ,b is sail+ 9 ! direction ,b ,c1 & wants to *ange h] c\rse to ,a ,d2 if %e tacks1 %e trav]ses ! direction ,c ,h ,d2 if %e we>s1 %e goes (f f ! w9d 9 ! direction ,c ,e ,d4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,,skat+4 ,skat+ is "o ( ! f9e/ gymna/ic ex]cises1 by :i* man1 z ,klop/ock says1 8l ! ,hom]ic gods1 /rides ) w+$ feet ov] ! sea transmut$ into solid gr\nd40 ,x is "o ( ! heal?ie/ ex]cises1 br++ ! body into action by a great v>iety ( motions4 ,! art is m5tion$ 9 ! ,edda1 writt5 eight hundr$ ye>s ago1 9 :i* ! god ,ull] is repres5t$ z di/+ui%$ by beauty1 arr[s1 & skates4 ,illu/ration3 ,,skat+4 ,x is n kn[n at :at p]iod skat+ 0 introduc$ into ,engl&1 b !re are indications ( x 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 = ,fitz ,/eph51 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ,london1 says1 t x 0 9 t "t cu/om>y1 :5 ! ice 0 suffici5tly /rong1 = ! "y citiz5s ( ,london to fa/5 ! leg-bones ( animals "u ! soles ( ! feet by ty+ !m r\nd ! ancles1 & !n tak+ a pole %od ) iron into _! h&s1 !y pu%$ !mselves =w>d by /rik+ x aga9/ ! ice1 & mov$ ) a cel]ity equal to a bird fly+ ?r\gh ! air or an arr[ f a cross-b[4 ,fitz ,/eph5 describes ano!r k9d ( div]sion on ! ice 9 ^! words1 :i* may be acceptable to ! "y read]4 ,he says3 8,o!rs make a seat ( ice z l>ge z a mill/one1 & hav+ plac$ "o ( _! companions on x1 !y draw him along1 :5 x sometimes happ5s t mov+ 9 slipp]y places !y all fall d[n toge!r1 :i* is r>e sport1 provid$ no h>m be eng5d]$40 ,ibral m5tions1 t 9 8 "t x 0 cu/om>y to use sl$ges1 :i* be+ ext5d$ f ! c5tre by means ( a /rong rope1 ^? :o are seat$ on !m are mov$ r\nd ) great rapidity4 ,! use ( ! mod]n skate is suppos$ to h be5 br\ght f ,holl&1 & = _m ye>s skat+ has be5 ex]cis$ ) mu* elegance 9 ,engl& & 9 ,scotl&4 ,someh[ or o!r1 we d n ( late ye>s h ^? sev]e fro/s :i* enable ! skat] to practise 8 art ) vig\r2 b !re is n[ a skat+ club 9 ,london :o anticipate trips to ,holl& dur+ ! w9t] mon?s1 :]e ! art may be practis$ 9 all its p]fection4 ,9 e>ly days we 7 8prodigi\sly10 z ,dom9ie ,sampson w\ld say1 fond ( ! sport4 ,our fir/ attempts 7 made dur+ ! great fro/ 9 #ahac-ad1 :i* la/$ elev5 weeks1 & dur+ :i* "t !re 0 a fair on ! ,?ames1 & skat+ 0 practis$ 9 a mo/ delightful mann]4 ,"o ( ! f9e/ & mo/ beautiful skat]s ( t p]iod 0 ,rob]t ,f]gusson1 a ,scot*man1 :o _h be5 a 8g5tleman ( means10 9 ! e>ly "p ( 8 life1 b hav+ %ot1 hors$1 t&em'd1 dog'd1 & skat$ away 8 sub/ance1 0 s r$uc$ z to become a tea*] ( 8 fav\rite art1 & ne> ! wat] works ( old ,london ,bridge1 on ! we/ side1 he pit*$ 8 t5t dur+ ! fro/1 invit+ 8g5tlem510 :o c\ld af=d a 8cr[n0 to become 8 pupils 9 ! art ( 8,l& fly+10 z he t]m$ x4 ,he boa/$ ( hav+ taught ! ,pr9ce ( ,wales1 & he sport$ ! ?ree o/ri* fea!rs & 8,i* di50 ov] 8 canvas4 ,to him 9 y\?ful ard\r we repair$1 & ! sub/ance ( 8 tea*+s we subjo9 = ! special b5efit ( our "y fri5ds4 ,! fir/ maxim ( ,f]gusson to 8 pupils 01 8,?r[ fe> to ! dogs20 ! next1 8,put on y\r skates securely20 & ! ?ird1 8,keep y\r balance30 & premis+ ?is z a 8/>t10 ,i %all n[ describe ! v>i\s k9ds ( skates1 & ! me?ods ( us+ !m4 ,,! ,,skate4 ,!re are v>i\s k9ds ( skates4 ,"s1 su* z ! ,dut* skates1 are v l>ge & some:at cumb]some1 b v safe = ^? :o skate ) heavy loads on _! %\ld]s1 z !y d 9 ,holl&1 ,d5m>k1 & ,russia4 ,9 ^! ! iron (t5 projects above six in*es f ! wood1 & curls up t[>ds ! %9-bone above a foot1 t ! skat] may glide ! m easily ov] ! hillocks ( sn[ common to l>ge expanses ( ice4 ,illu/ration ,"s skates are :at are call$ flut$1 t is1 !y h a groove runn+ along ! c5tre ( ! iron1 :i* are ! be/ = beg9n]s1 z !y take a bett] hold ( ! ice4 ,! pla9 skates h no su* groove1 & are bett] adapt$ = ^? :o h p>tially acquir$ ! art1 z ) !m ! utmo/ velocity & elegance ( movem5t may be p]=m$4#d #d ,flut$ skates1 h[ev]1 are dang]\s = any b ^? ( light weight1 z ! cut ice is apt to 8ball0 9 ! groove1 & s to ?r[ ! we>]1 if he leans on "o side4 ,! iron ( ! skate1 :i* lies "u ! foot1 is call$ its blade2 ?is v>ies 9 diff]5t k9ds ( skates1 & ! practis$ pr(essor ( skat+ w *oose a high or a l[ blad$ skate1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! ice2 b ! beg9n] %\ld nev] use a skate ^: blade is m ?an ?ree qu>t]s ( an in* 9 dep? & a qu>t] ( an in* 9 bread?1 = :5 ! blades are deep] ?an ?is1 ! balance ( ! body is n s easily pres]v$1 & ! ancles are liable to be spra9$ or twi/$4 ,,putt+ ,,on ,,! ,,skates4 ,9 putt+ on ! skate1 ! 8y\ng/]0 %\ld kneel on "o knee & fa/5 ! skate on ! foot ( ! o!r leg4 ,if he %\ld h a high lac$ boot1 call$ 9 ! ea/]n c\nties a 8high-l[10 he w f9d su* an excell5t support to ! :ole ma*9]y4 ,or if he c provide himself ) a 8skate boot10 9 :i* ! skate & %oe are all ( a piece1 he w d bett]4 ,su* skates 7 inv5t$ 9 ! great fro/ ab\t sev5 ye>s ago1 b j z !y 7 com+ 9 ! fro/ w5t out2 b !y c /ill be procur$4 ,at all ev5ts1 ! skat] %\ld be> 9 m9d t ! skate mu/ be fa/5$ securely & firmly to ! foot1 by be+ well fa/5$ to ! heel & sole ( ! boot by means ( ! screw & po9ts1 & well1 b n clumsily1 /rapp$ r\nd ! ancle1 exactly s tight z to conf9e ! foot )\t hurt+ x or imp$+ ! motions ( ! ancle jo9ts4 ,!re is a new skate n[ 9 use by ! ,london ,skat+ ,club1 call$ ! ela/ic skate1 or spr+ skate1 9 :i* a spr+ is introduc$ at ! bottom ( ! foot1 :i* keeps x fa/ 9 e "p4 ,skates are also n[ made ( gutta p]*a1 & ^! are well wor?y ! notice ( ! "y skat]4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,/>t ,,^u ,,! ,,inside ,,edge4 ,illu/ration ,hav+ ris5 to ! p]p5dicul>1 ! le>n] %\ld fir/ asc]ta91 by mov+ 8 feet ab\t on ! ice1 :e!r ! skates are firmly & com=tably fix$ on 8 feet4 ,he %\ld !n walk a little on !m1 support+ himself by a light pole ab\t six feet 9 l5g?1 hav+ an iron spike at its end4 ,hav+ 9 ?is mann] got a little us$ to ! feel ( ! skate on 8 foot1 he %\ld !n endeav\r to ?r[ away all fe> & /rike out sl[ly ) ! "r foot1 lean+ on ! inside edge ( ! skate1 & mak+ ! pressure greate/ at t "p ( ! skate opposite ! ball ( ! great toe1 at ! same "t b5d+ slightly =w>d4 ,:5 ! skate has mov$ ab\t a y>d =w>d 9 ?is mann]1 ! left foot %\ld be br\ght to ! ice 9 precisely simil> mann]4 ,! figure repres5ts ! skat] />t+ & proce$+ on ! inside edge4 ,,movem5t ,,on ,,! ,,outside ,,edge4 ,hav+ practis$ on ! inside edge = "s days1 to get us$ to ! skates1 ! le>n] may aft]w>ds attempt ! 8outside edge10 :i* is no?+ m ?an ?r[+ !mselves ^u ! out] edge ( ! skate1 & mak+ ! balance ( ! body b5d to t side :i* w necess>ily enable !m to =m a semicircle4 ,9 ?is mu* assi/ance w be d]iv$ by plac+ a bag ( lead %ot 9 ! pocket next to ! foot employ$ 9 mak+ ! outside /roke1 :i* w produce an artificial poise ( ! body at fir/ v useful4 ,at ! comm5cem5t ( ! outside /roke ! knee ( ! employ$ leg %\ld be a little b5t1 & gradually br\ght to a rectil9eal position :5 ! /roke is complet$4 ,! be/ me?od ( gett+ to ! 8outside edge0 is to =m ! circle inw>ds--say ) ! "r foot & ) consid]able =ce2 9 ! c\rse ( ?is1 place ! left foot d[n 9 front ( ! "r1 & lean p[]fully on ! outside ( ! left heel4 ,a little practice & confid5ce 9 8 balance w enable ! /ud5t to lift 8 "r foot1 & hang x beh9d :ile he proce$s to cut outside ) 8 left foot4 ,let him !n /op1 & beg9 ! inw>d circle ) ! left foot1 & slip d[n ! out] edge ( ! "r heel 9 ! same way4 ,! "y skat] has n[ le>n$ to balance himself1 & c v5ture to /rike out at once to ! "r1 on ! heel ( ! "r foot1 keep+ ! left susp5d$ beh9d1 ) its toe closely po9t$ to ! heel ( ! "r4 ,z he advances1 ! left mu/ be br\ght pa/ ! inside ( ! "r ) a slight j]k2 ?is slight j]k produces an oppos+ balanc+ motion ( ! body2 ! "r foot !n quickly poises1 fir/ on ! outside ( ! heel1 & !n on ! inside ( its toe1 & by plac+ ! left foot d[n be=e x1 & /rik+ outside to ! left1 giv+ at ! same "t a slight pu% ) ! inside ( ! "r toe1 he passes f "r to left4 ,hav+ le>n$ ?is mu*1 ! skat] w proce$ to *ange f left to "r1 & !n f "r to left aga91 )\t any tr\ble4 ,to skate 8outside edge0 prop]ly1 ! toe ( ! susp5d$ foot mu/ be po9t$ close to ! ice beh9d ! o!r1 & kept !re until ! foot be rega9$1 :5 x mu/ be br\ght %>ply r\nd to ! *ange4 ,! skat] mu/ keep himself erect1 lean+ mo/ on ! heel4 ,?is mode ( skat+ hav+ be5 acquir$1 an endless v>iety ( figures1 devices1 & modes ( movem5t may be practis$2 su* z 8! roll10 ! figure ( #c1 ( #f1 or ( #h1 8! spread-eagle10 8! m]cury10 8! backw>d outside edge10 8! circle10 8! waltz10 8! m9uet10 8! pir\ette10 8! quadrille10 c4 ,! fir/ /ep t[>ds figure skat+ is ! ,,=w>d ,,roll1 :i* is p]=m$ 9 ! mann] already prescrib$ 9 ! directions on ! 8outside edge40 ,to p]=m x gracefully1 ! skat] %\ld br+ 8 left %\ld] =w>d1 ?r[ 8 "r arm back1 look ov] t %\ld]1 & boldly incl9e 8 body to t side1 proce$+ alt]nately1 ) ease1 grace1 & delib]ation4 ,:5 he wi%es to /op1 he %\ld br+ bo? 8 feet toge!r1 & /op gradually2 or he may /op sudd5ly1 by press+ on ! heels ( 8 skates1 tak+ c>e n to ?r[ 8 toes up too mu*1 or he w cut 8all-f\rs40 ,,! ,,dut* ,,roll is s call$ f ! motion be+ us$ 9 ,holl& by ! travell+ & trad+ classes 9 _! common avocation4 ,! figures x pres5ts on ! ice are small segm5ts ( v l>ge circles2 :i* enables ! skat] to div]ge b v slightly f ! "r l9e ( 8 c\rse1 & consequ5tly accel]ates 8 progress4 ,illu/ration ,,! ,,figure ,,( ,,eight4 ,illu/ration ,?is is compos$ by m]ely f9i%+ ! great circles1 ( :i* ! above segm5ts =m a "p4 ,to produce x1 :5 ! skat] comes to ! f9i% ( ! /roke on ! "r foot1 he %\ld ?r[ ! left q across x1 :i* w make him be> h>d on ! outside ( ! "r skate1 f :i* he mu/ imm$iately /rike4 ,by complet+ ! circle 9 ?is mann] on ea* leg1 ! figure subjo9$ is p]=m$4 ,,! ,,figure ,,( ,,?ree4 ,illu/ration ,?is is p]=m$ pr9cipally on ! inside edge backw>ds4 ,! head ( ! #c is =m$ ( half a small circle on ! heel ( ! outside edge2 b :5 ! circle is ne>ly complet$1 ! skat] leans sudd5ly =w>d1 & re/s on ! same toe inside1 & a backw>d motion is produc$1 :i* develops ! tail ( ! #c4 ,! "r legg$ figure is t ( ! #c 9 its natural position1 & ! figure made by ! left leg is ! same figure rev]s$2 z p] example4 ,9 ^! evolutions1 ! motion is n1 /rictly speak+1 backw>ds1 b r sideways1 z 8 face & body are always 9 ! direction ( 8 motions4 ,,! ,,back ,,roll4 ,by ! 8back roll10 z x is t]m$1 ! skat] moves f "o foot to ! o!r alt]nately4 ,8 face is turn$ t[>ds ! left %\ld]4 ,! inside ( ! left skate be>s on ! ice1 & ! skat] imm$iately /rikes f x to ! outside back ( ! o!r1 by press+ x into ! ice z =cibly z he c at ! toe4 ,! 8back cross roll0 is p]=m$ 9 a simil> mann]1 ! /roke be+ f ! outside1 in/ead ( ! inside ( ! skate4 ,illu/ration ,! above motions comb9e ! elem5ts ( skat+1 & hav+ acquir$ ^!1 ! le>n] may p]=m an inf9ite v>iety ( movem5ts1 su* z 8! cornua ammonis10 8! ,dut* maze10 8! fi%10 8! kite10 8! true lov]s' knot10 c42 ) any o!r devices 8 imag9ation may sugge/4 ,he may also engage 9 ! quadrille or waltz1 & exhibit 8 p]son 9 e v>iety ( graceful =m1 at ! same "t t he ex]cises e muscle ( ! body4 ,,g5]al ,,directions ,,to ,,be ,,foll[$ ,,by ,,p]sons ,,le>n+ ,,to ,,skate4 #a4 ,let y\r dress fit closely1 b at ! same "t be ( suffici5t ease to ensure fre$om ( motion4 ,nei!r skirts to coats nor full tr[s]s %\ld be worn4 #b4 ,let flannel be worn next ! sk9 by ! delicate1 & an extra "u-g>m5t by ! robu/4 ,let ! *e/ be well def5d$ aga9/ ! cold4 ,a piece ( br[n pap] laid betwe5 ! wai/coat & %irt is "o ( ! be/ *e/ protectors4 #c4 ,be c>eful 9 v5tur+ ^u ! ice1 unless x be suffici5tly /rong to be> ! weight ( ! numb] t flock to x2 & wat* = ! increase ( numb]s1 t y may retire be=e dang] ensues4 #d4 ,avoid r\gh & v smoo? ice1 & look c>efully out = ob/ructions !reon2 su* z small twigs ( trees1 /ones1 or 8hobbles20 z well z = rott5 ice1 cracks :]e ! ice has ris5 high] on "o side ?an ! o!r1 or holes4 ,%\ld y sudd5ly come ^u rott5 ice1 d n /op1 b pass ov] x z rapidly z possible4 ,%\ld y fall d[n ^u x1 roll l5g?wise t[>ds ! firm] "p1 )\t attempt+ to /& or walk ^u x4 #e4 ,%\ld ! skat] fall into a hole1 he %\ld ext5d 8 pole or /ick across x1 & hold on to x till assi/ance arrives3 %\ld he h no /ick1 he may ext5d 8 arms horizontally across ! edges ( ! ice1 till a rope c be ?r[n to him4 #f4 ,aft] an unlucky imm]sion 9 ! wat]1 ! un=tunate skat] %\ld imm$iately take (f 8 skates1 &1 if able1 run home z quickly z he c4 ,he %\ld !n pull (f all 8 wet clo!s1 take a tablespoonful ( br&y 9 a glass ( hot wat]1 rub himself ?or\ghly ) dry t[els1 & g to b$4 ,illu/ration ,,slid+4 ,:at c be jolli] or m enjoyable ?an slid+ = an h\r ^u a crisp w9try morn+1 :5 ! sn[ is ly+ ?ree in*es deep on ! gr\nd8 ,y may say :at y please ab\t ! pleasures ( skat+1 b if y talk = an h\r y'll nev] conv9ce u t !re's m fun 9 x ?an 9 slid+4 ,we confess we gaze ) admiration at a man twi/+ ab\t on ! ice l a teetotum on a ricketty tea-tray1 & t :51 l a crab1 he goes backw>ds or waltzes r\nd on "o foot1 :ile ! o!r is gracefully pois$ 9 ! air1 we feel a pleasure 9 look+ at him2 b !n1 aft] wat*+ a p>ty ( skat]s = a %ort "t1 we beg9 to wond] h[ x is t !y all look s solemn1 z if ea* man 7 engag$ on su* an important task t he c\ld n speak a ^w to 8 neighb\r1 & !n we come to ! conclusion t !re is m display ?an real jolly pleasure 9 skat+1 & t ! highly-tra9$ skat] goes ?r\gh 8 evolutions r 9 ! hope ( af=d+ satisfaction to ! spectators ?an ( d]iv+ enjoym5t himself1 = we defy any jolly-temp]$ fell[ to feel jovial on a w9t] morn+ 9 company )\t laugh+ & %\t+ ) glee at any p]son he comes across4 ,!re=e1 :5 on turn+ f ! my/ic movem5ts ( a tr\p ( skat]s to a p>ty ( slid]s1 we he> !m laugh & %\t at ea* o!r1 8n[1 !n1 keep ! pot boil+10 & o!r *oice s5t5ces1 & :5 we see a broad gr9 ( pleasure pla9ly depict$ on _! rosy faces1 we _c b ?9k t ! enjoym5t ( slid+ %[s itself 9 a f> m demon/rative mann] ?an skat+1 & t m pleasure is d]iv$ f look+ at a cr[d ( m]ry ur*9s go+ gaily d[n a slide ?an 9 see+ quadrilles danc$1 or names cut on ! ice1 by a b& ( skill$ pt9eurs4 ,we also l slid+ on acc\nt ( its simplicity4 ,all t its devotees require is a good %>p fro/4 ,:at c>e !y = ice8 ,! hobnails 9 ,london boys' boots soon produce a %9y slipp]y surface1 & 9 a %ort "t a respectable slide is made out ( ! dripp+s f a wat]-c1 :i* a s]vant may h fill$ at ! pump ! day be=e4 ,!re are1 we are sure1 few ,engli% lads :o d n "k h[ to slide4 ,x seems to come z a matt] ( c\rse to mo/ boys2 b /ill1 le/ !re be "s b5ight$ y\? to :om ! pleasures ( ! slide are /ill unkn[n1 we mu/ ins]t a few h9ts on ! subject4 ,take a %>p run ( ab\t t5 y>ds1 & z soon z y feel t y are ^u ! slide1 pu% ! sole ( ! left foot z f> along z y c1 mak+ ! weight ( ! body re/ almo/ ^u x4 ,y w !n slide away1 ! "r foot foll[+ )\t any ef=t on y\r "p4 ,we say advis$ly d n pu% y\r foot until y feel well ^u ! slide1 = if y are n v c>eful ab\t ?is po9t y w endeav\r to slide on t "p ( ! e>? :i* is n slipp]y1 & al?\gh ! mom5tum may impel y z f> z ! slipp]y portion1 yet y\r progress w n be v great1 z ! =ce :i* 0 requir$ to c>ry y along ! :ole l5g? ( ! slide is p>tly wa/$ by ! resi/ance :i*1 at ! />t-(f1 ! h>d e>? (f]s to y\r foot4 ,!n1 we h se5 _m boys 9 _! fir/ attempts to slide1 place ! heel ^u ! slide be=e ! toe4 ,! consequ5ce is t !y ei!r fall ov]1 or else only slip along a few y>ds1 = a mom5t's reflection w %[ t mu* great] =ce c be ex]t$ by pu%+ ! sole along ?an is ex]t$ :5 ! heel takes its place1 & 9 ! latt] case1 in/ead ( ! weight ( ! body assi/+ "o's progress1 x probably causes ! y\?ful tyro to fall backw>ds ^u ,"m ,e>?1 & to wond] h[ x happ5s t he does n get on s well at fir/ z o!r boys4 ,& n[ surmis+ t ! slid] is pr(ici5t 9 ! fir/ rudim5ts ( ! art1 let u enum]ate a few ( ! feats :i* a slid] may p]=m :ile on ! glassy track4 ,=emo/ among/ ^! /&s ! po/man's knock1 9 :i* a boy slides ^u "o foot only1 :ile ) ! o!r he gives d\ble taps quickly ^u ! ice1 9 imitation ( ! noise made by ! r$-coat$ mess5g] at our /reet doors4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 %\ld n be attempt$ until ! p]=m] is well on ! slide1 or ! result w probably be t he'll measure 8 l5g? ^u ! gr\nd4 ,?is is also kn[n z 8knock+ at ! cobbl]'s door40 ,!n comes ! 8c>ambole10 :i* consi/s 9 ! slid] s9k+ d[n two or ?ree times dur+ 8 j\rney1 & ris+ z he rea*es its t]m9ation2 unless1 h[ev]1 he is v c>eful ! weight ( 8 body w drag him d[n altoge!r1 & he w cont9ue 8 j\rney on ano!r portion ( 8 frame1 r ?an on 8 feet4 ,b ! be/ accompli%m5t to be p]=m$ on a slide is ! game kn[n z 8turnpikes40 ,two /ones or bricks are plac$ on ! slide1 ) suffici5t di/ance betwe5 !m = a boy's foot to pass ?r\gh4 ,! turnpike1 ?us r\ghly made1 is to be kept by "o ( ! p>ty4 ,(f />t ! slid]s1 tak+ c>e to pass ?r\gh ! pike1 )\t displac+ or ev5 t\*+ its walls4 ,woe betide ! unlucky wight ^: foot infr+es ?is rule6 ,he is in/antly turn$ (f ! slide1 & has to wait until "s o!r incauti\s play] commits a l (f5ce1 & is ?us compell$ to take 8 place4 ,su* are a few ( ! feats p]=m$ by adepts 9 ?is graceful art4 ,mo/ lads1 h[ev]1 w be able to inv5t _m m = !mselves1 & num]\s are ! sports t c be indulg$ 94 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,,swimm+ ,swimm+ is ! mo/ useful ( all a?letic accompli%m5ts1 z by x human life is frequ5tly sav$ :i* might h be5 sacrific$4 ,x is also useful 9 ! developm5t ( muscul> /r5g?1 z well z highly b5eficial to ! n]v\s sy/em1 & repairs ! vital functions :5 fall+ into decl9e4 ,9 places ne> ! sea or riv]s1 to "k h[ to swim is an indisp5sable accompli%m5t4 ,! anci5ts1 p>ticul>ly ! ,greeks1 held ! art 9 su* high e/imation z to be/[ rew>ds ^u ! mo/ p]fect swimm]s4 ,f ! little famili>ity ) imm]sion 9 wat] :i* ! inhabitants ( our ov]-gr[n t[ns & cities possess1 a v great proportion ( ! ,engli% population are b little acqua9t$ ) ! art ( swimm+1 & ) ! mode 9 :i* !y %\ld conduct !mselves :5 risk ( dr[n+ pres5ts itself4 ,! ,engli%1 above all o!r p]sons1 %\ld be good swimm]s1 expos$ z !y are by _! insul> situation1 & comm]cial pursuits1 & disposition to visit o!r l&s1 s frequ5tly to p]ils by sea2 yet1 :ile mo/ t[ns on ! ,cont95t ab\nd 9 ba?s & swimm+-s*ools1 9 ,briti% t[ns !y are /ill few 9 numb]4 ,mo/ animals h a natural aptitude = swimm+1 n f\nd 9 man2 = !y w at once swim :5 ev5 fir/ ?r[n into ! wat]2 b x mu/ be notic$ t ! motions !y !n employ mu* m resemble _! ord9>y movem5ts ( progression ?an ^? made use ( by m5 "u simil> circum/ances4 ,! *ildr5 ( _m unciviliz$ nations1 especially 9 w>m climates1 frequ5t ! wat] f an e>ly age1 & seem almo/ to swim by in/9ct4 ,! rem>kable p[]s ( endurance1 agility1 & /r5g? manife/$ :ile 9 ! wat] by _m individuals ( savage tribes are well kn[n1--p[]s :i* (t5 enable !m to come (f victori\s 9 /ruggles ) "s ( ! fi]ce/ inhabitants ( ^? riv]s & coa/s4 ,! art ( swimm+ is by no means difficult ( atta9m5t1 & sev]al au?ors h suppli$ directions to facilitate its acquisition4 ,above all ?+s1 self-confid5ce 7n ra%ness lead+ into dang]7 is requir$2 &1 :5 ?is is possess$1 all difficulty soon ceases4 ,dr4 ,frankl91 himself an exp]t swimm]1 recomm5ds t at fir/ a famili>ity ) ! buoyant p[] ( wat] %\ld be ga9$2 & to acquire ?is1 he directs ! le>n]1 aft] advanc+ into ! wat] brea/ high1 to turn r\nd1 s z to br+ 8 face to ! %ore3 he is !n to let an egg fall 9 ! wat]1 :i*1 be+ :ite1 w be se5 at ! bottom4 ,8 object mu/ n[ be1 by div+ d[n ) 8 eyes op51 to rea* & br+ up ! egg4 ,he w easily p]ceive t !re is no dang] 9 ?is exp]im5t1 z ! wat] gets %all[]1 ( c\rse1 t[>ds ! %ore1 & because :5ev] he likes1 by depress+ 8 feet1 he c raise 8 head aga9 above wat]4 ,! ?+ t w mo/ /rike beg9n]s w be ! great difficulty !y exp]i5ce 9 =c+ !mselves ?r\gh ! wat] to rea* ! egg1 9 consequ5ce ( ! great resi/ance ! wat] itself (f]s to _! progress3 & ?is is inde$ ! practical lesson d]ivable f ! exp]im5t2 = ! le>n] becomes aw>e ( ! v great su/a9+ or support+ p[] ( wat]1 & h5ce has confid5ce4 ,?is su/a9+ p[] ( wat] is %[n "u _m circum/ances3 ?us1 a /one :i* on l& requires two m5 to remove x1 might 9 wat] be easily c>ri$ by "o4 ,a man might walk )\t h>m on brok5 glass 9 deep wat]1 because 8 weight is support$ by ! wat]4 ,?is k ( fluid support con/itutes ! gr\ndwork ( all ef=ts 9 swimm+1 or 9 self-pres]vation f dr[n+4 ,%\ld a p]son accid5tally fall into ! wat]1 provid$ he reta9$ 8 pres5ce ( m9d1 a k ( ! above facts w\ld save him probably f a 8wat]y grave40 ,! body be+ b v slightly heavi] ?an ! volume ( wat] x displaces1 w1 ) a v slight motion ( ! h&s "u wat]1 float4 ,:5 ! *e/ is ?or\ghly inflat$ ) air1 x is light] ?an wat]1 & floats naturally1 hav+ half ! head above wat]2 s t ! p]son expos$ to dang] has only to turn ^u 8 back1 9 ord] t t half1 consi/+ ( 8 face1 ) ! m\? & no/rils1 be above ! wat] l9e4 ,b to float ?us ^u ! wat]1 ! greate/ c>e mu/ be tak5 n to elevate ! arms or o!r p>ts above its surface2 & x is 9 rememb]+ ?is caution1 t pres5ce ( m9d 9 ! "t ( dang]s conf]s s mu* b5efit2 =1 9 ! mom5t ( t]ror1 a p]son ?r[n into ! wat] almo/ in/9ctively /ret*es out 8 h&s al(t to grasp at "s object1 !reby depriv+ himself ( a means ( proce$+ :i* w\ld frequ5tly keep him afloat until succ\r arriv$4 ,by elevat+ any "p ( ! body 9 ?is way1 we remove x f ! support af=d$ by ! wat]1 & ?us r5d] s9k+ inevitable4 ,dr4 ,arnot1 9 allusion to ?is subject1 says t _m p]sons are dr[n$ :o might be sav$1 = ! foll[+ reasons3-- #a4 ,f _! believ+ t _! con/ant ex]tions are necess>y to pres]ve ! body f s9k+1 & _! h5ce assum+ ! position ( a swimm]1 ) ! face d[nw>ds1 9 :i* ! :ole head mu/ be kept out ( ! wat]1 9 ord] to enable !m to brea!2 :]eas1 :5 ly+ on ! back1 only ! face ne$ be above ! wat]4 #b4 ,f ! gr\ndless fe> t wat] ent]+ by ! e>s may dr[n z if x ent]$ by ! m\? or nose1 & _! employ+ ex]tions to prev5t ?is4 #c4 ,! keep+ ( ! h&s above wat]1 already allud$ to4 #d4 ,neglect+ to take ! opportunity ( ! int]vals ( ! waves pass+ ov] ! head1 to r5ew ! air 9 _! *e/ by an inspiration4 #e4 ,_! n kn[+ ! importance ( keep+ ! *e/ z full ( air z possible1 :i* has ne>ly ! same effect z ty+ a bladd] full ( air ar\nd ! neck w\ld h4 ,b al?\gh float+ 9 wat] is suffici5t to pres]ve f imm$iate dang]1 ?is w n alone enable u to swim4 ,to swim1 does n mean simply to float1 b to progress2 & progression by ?is means dep5ds1 l ! flight ( birds1 ^u ! law 9 ,me*anics ( e action be+ foll[$ by a correspond+ reaction1 b 9 an opposite direction2 & ?us1 z ! reaction ( ! air compress$ by ! d[nw>d action ( ! bird's w+1 causes x to m\nt al(t 9 proportion to ! =ce x communicates by t motion2 s ! backw>d /roke communicat$ by ! simultane\s movem5t ( ! h&s & feet ( ! swimm]1 causes 8 =w>d progress 9 ! wat]4 ,:5 once famili>is$ ) ! support d]iv$ f ! wat] itself1 he soon le>ns to make ! /roke correctly1 especially if aid$ & support$ by "s m exp]i5c$ fri5d1--a f> bett] assi/ant ?an corks & bladd]s4 ,,places ,,& ,,times ,,= ,,ba?+ ,,& ,,swimm+4 ,x is presum$ t mo/ "y lads :o g to ba! w take ! opportunity ( le>n+ to swim4 ,9 cr[d$ cities !re are b few places 9 :i* ! y\ng/] c le>n ! art2 b 9 ! c\ntry !re are _m riv]s1 ponds1 canals1 or lakes1 :]e bo? ba?+ & swimm+ may be indulg$ 9 )\t annoyance4 ,! be/ k9d ( place = ba?+ is on a %elv+ gravelly %ore1 on :i* ! wat] gradually deep5s1 & :]e no awkw>d sweep ( curr5t may take ! ba!r (f 8 legs4 ,! spot %\ld also be free f holes1 we$s1 & h>d /ones2 & a muddy bottom is to be avoid$ by all means4 ,%\ld ! banks ( su* a spot be %ad$ by a few trees1 & %\ld !re be close by an op5 space = a run on ! grass aft] ! ba!1 s mu* ! bett]2 & ! "y le>n] w !n h ! *ief inducem5t to v5ture ! sudd5 dip or head-long plunge4 ,! be/ "t ( ! day = ba?+ or swimm+ is ei!r be=e breakfa/1 betwe5 ! h\rs ( six & eight 9 ! summ]-"t1 or betwe5 elev5 & twelve o'clock 9 ! =5oon4 ,delicate p]sons %\ld n ba! e>ly 9 ! morn+2 & x w\ld be always well to mun* a biscuit be=e e>ly ba?+ at all times4 ,no "o %\ld ev] ?9k ( ent]+ ! wat] on a full /oma*1 or imm$iately aft] d9n]1 & nev] :5 ov]-heat$ & exhau/$ by fatigue4 ,he %\ld also avoid ent]+ x :5 cold1 or ) a heada*e4 ,be=e ba?+1 x is be/ to take a mod]ate walk ( ab\t a mile1 &1 :ile ! sy/em is 9 a gl[1 to undress quickly & plunge 94 ,x is bad to walk till y get hot1 !n to sit d[n & cool1 & aft]w>ds to ent] ! wat]2 _m h lo/ _! lives by ?is4 ,x is also v wrong to ent] ! wat] dur+ ra91 z ! clo!s are (t5 wett$ or damp1 :i* gives ! ba!r cold4 ,,ent]+ ,,! ,,wat]4 ,hav+ /ripp$ ! body1 ! ba!r %\ld select ! be/ place on ! bank = go+ d[n to ! /ream2 & !n1 proce$+ cauti\sly b quickly1 wade up to 8 brea/s1 turn 8 head to ! %ore1 & dip4 ,he !n te*nically1 z ! boys say1 gets 8 p9* ov]4 ,%\ld he n be man en\gh to proce$ 9 ?is way1 he %\ld1 z soon z he gets 8 feet wet1 spla% "s wat] ov] 8 head1 & g into ! wat] m gradually1 & try ! rapid ru% & dip :5 he gets bold]4 ,he mu/ n attempt to swim or /rike out till he c ma/] ! feat ( go+ into ! wat] up to 8 arm-pits1 & till he feels himself confid5t & void ( timidity4 ,,aids ,,to ,,swimm+4 ,_m aids h be5 us$ = ! b5efit ( "y swimm]s3 corks & bladd]s fa/5$ "u ! arms are ! common ones2 b !y (f] dang]\s temptations = ba!rs to g out ( _! dep?1 & !n %\ld cramp1 cold1 or any o!r accid5t occur1 ! ev5t may be fatal4 ,besides1 ^! aids (t5 slip ab\t f "o place to ! o!r4 ,we rememb]1 9 our y\ng] days1 ( ! 8corks0 slipp+ to ! hips1 & ( see+ a "y fri5d1 n[ an old man1 susp5d$ 9 ! wat] ) 8 head d[nw>ds2 :ile collaps+ ( bladd]s & ( air-jackets is by no means uncommon4 ,! be/ aid to a "y swimm] is a judici\s fri5d1 himself a good swimm]1 :o w hold up 8 head1 :5 he /rikes (f1 by ! 8tip ( ! f+] to ! tip ( ! *910 & :o at ! same "t w %[ him h[ to /rike (f1 & h[ to manage 8 h&s & feet4 ,x is n a bad plan to put out a sp> f a boat1 to :i* a rope is atta*$1 :i* ! "y le>n] may make use ( by affix+ x to a belt r\nd 8 body "u 8 arms1 :i* w af=d him support :ile he le>ns to /rike 8 legs 9 ! wat]4 ,! rope may also be held 9 ! h& ( a fri5d1 by ! side ( ! boat1 & ! le>n] may /rike (f h&s & feet z ! boat proce$s4 ,! plank is a dang]\s aid1 f its t5d5cy to slip ab\t1 & to take ! swimm] out ( 8 dep?2 &1 al?\gh x has _m advantages1 is v unsafe4 ,! safe/ plan ( all is1 z we h be=e /at$1 = ! le>n] to advance gradually up to 8 arm-pits 9 ! wat]1 & !n1 turn+ ab\t1 to /rike sl[ly out t[>ds ! %ore1 tak+ c>e to keep 8 legs well up f ! bottom4 ,rigid p]sev]ance 9 ?is c\rse w 9 a v %ort "t enable ! y\ng/] to feel himself afloat1 & mov+ at 8all f\rs10--a delight equal to t exp]i5c$ by ! *ild :o fir/ feels t he c walk f *air to *air4 ,,/rik+ ,,(f ,,& ,,swimm+4 ,illu/ration ,9 /rik+ (f1 ! le>n]1 hav+ turn$ himself to ! %ore1 z be=e recomm5d$1 %\ld fall t[>ds ! wat] g5tly1 keep+ 8 head & neck p]fectly upright1 8 brea/ advanc+ =w>d1 8 *e/ inflat$2 !n1 )draw+ ! legs f ! bottom1 & /ret*+ !m out1 /rike ! arms =w>d 9 unison ) ! legs4 ,! back c sc>cely be too mu* holl[$1 or ! head too mu* ?r[n back1 z ^? :o d o!rwise w swim ) _! feet too ne> ! surface1 in/ead ( all[+ !m to be ab\t a foot-&-half deep 9 ! wat]4 ,! h&s %\ld be plac$ j 9 front ( ! brea/1 ! f+]s po9t+ =w>d & kept close toge!r1 ) ! ?umbs to ! edge ( ! =e-f+]s3 ! h&s mu/ be made r concave on ! inside1 ?\gh n s mu* z to dim9i% ! size4 ,9 ! /roke ( ! h&s1 !y %\ld be c>ri$ =w>d to ! utmo/ ext5t1 tak+ c>e t !y d n t\* ! surface ( ! wat]2 !y %\ld next be swept to ! side1 at a di/ance f1 b z l[ z1 ! hips2 & %\ld !n be drawn up aga91 by br++ ! arms t[>ds ! side1 b5d+ ! elb[s upw>ds & ! wri/s d[nw>ds1 s z to let ! h&s hang d[n :ile ! arms are rais+ !m to ! fir/ attitude4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,manage ,,! ,,legs4 ,! legs1 :i* %\ld be mov$ alt]nately ) ! h&s1 mu/ be drawn up ) ! knees inw>ds1 & ! soles ( ! feet incl9$ outw>ds2 & !y %\ld !n be ?r[n backw>ds1 z widely ap>t f ea* o!r z possible4 ,^! motions ( ! h&s & legs may be practis$ out ( ! wat]2 & :il/ ex]cis+ ! legs1 :i* c only be done "o at a "t1 ! le>n] may re/ "o h& on ! back ( a *air to /eady himself1 :ile he moves ! opposite leg4 ,:5 9 ! wat]1 ! le>n] mu/ take c>e to draw 9 8 brea? at ! in/ant t 8 h&s1 desc5d+ to 8 hips1 cause 8 head to rise above ! surface ( ! wat]2 & he %\ld exhale 8 brea? at ! mom5t 8 body is propell$ =w>d ?r\gh ! action ( ! legs4 ,if he does n att5d precisely to ^! rules1 he mu/ inv>iably h a d[nw>d motion1 &1 z ! boys say1 swim fur!/ :]e x is deepe/4 ,,plung+ ,,& ,,div+4 ,illu/ration ,!re are two k9ds ( plung+2 t belong+ to %all[1 & t belong+ to deep wat]4 ,9 %all[-wat] plung+1 ! le>n] %\ld fl+ himself z f> =w>d z possible into ! /ream at a v oblique angle2 & :5 he t\*es ! wat]1 he %\ld raise 8 head1 keep 8 back holl[1 & /ret* 8 h&s =w>d4 ,9 ! deep-wat] plunge1 8 body is to desc5d at a great] angle2 8 arms are to be /ret*$ out1 8 h&s clos$ & po9t$1 & 8 body b5t1 s t 8 nose almo/ t\*es 8 toes4 ,illu/ration ,div+ is "o ( ! greate/ amusem5ts connect$ ) swimm+4 ,!re are _m k9ds2 ! two mo/ common & easie/ & necess>y modes ( go+ bel[ ! surface1 are-- #a4 ,! feet-=emo/ jump4 #b4 ,! head-=emo/ jump4 ,9 ! fir/1 ! legs1 arms1 & head are to be kept p]fectly rigid & /iff4 ,! pupil mu/ n all[ fe>1 or ! /range s5sation felt 9 ! b[els 9 leap+ f consid]able heights1 to induce him to spread ! arms or legs1 or to b5d 8 body4 ,9 ! second mode1 or head-=emo/ plunge1--:i* is ! safe/ mode = p]sons :o are heavily built ab\t ! *e/ & %\ld]s1 if !y h to ent] ! wat] f heights1--! head is drawn d[n ^u ! *e/1 ! arms /ret*$ =w>d1 & h&s clos$ to a po9t2 & z soon z ! swimm] feels t he has left ! bank1 8 knees1 :i* till !n 7 b5t1 are to be /iff5$4 ,! div] mu/ avoid /rik+ on ! belly--! g5]al consequ5ce ( fe>2 & turn+ ov] s z to come d[n on 8 back or side--! consequ5ce ( pu%+ ) ! feet4 ,:5 he has gone z deep z he wi%es1 ! arms are to be rais$ & press$ d[nw>ds4 ,,swimm+ ,,"u ,,wat]4 ,:5 "u ! wat]1 ! swimm] may ei!r move 9 ! usual way1 or keep 8 h&s /ret*$ be=e him1 :i* w enable him to cut ! wat] m easily1 & greatly relieve 8 *e/4 ,if he obs]ves t he approa*es too ne> ! surface ( ! wat]1 he mu/ press ! palms ( 8 h&s upw>ds4 ,if he wi%es to dive to ! bottom1 he mu/ turn ! palms ( 8 h&s upw>ds1 /rik+ ) !m repeat$ly & rapidly :il/ ! feet are repos+2 & :5 he has obta9$ a p]p5dicul> position1 he %\ld /ret* out 8 h&s l feel]s1 & make ! usual movem5t ) 8 feet1 !n he w desc5d ) great rapidity to ! bottom4 ,x is well to accu/om ! eyes to op5 !mselves "u ! wat]1 at lea/ 9 ^? b$s ( wat] t admit ! light1 z x w enable ! swimm] to asc]ta9 ! dep? ( wat] he is 94 ,,swimm+ ,,on ,,! ,,side4 ,9 ?is1 ! body is turn$ ei!r on ! left or "r side1 :ile ! feet p]=m _! usual motions4 ,! arm f "u ! %\ld] /ret*es itself out quickly1 at ! same "t t ! feet are /rik+4 ,! o!r arm /rikes at ! same "t ) ! impell+ ( ! feet4 ,! h& ( ! latt] arm beg9s its /roke on a level ) ! head4 ,:ile ! h& is aga9 br\ght =w>d 9 a flat position1 & ! feet are contract$1 ! /ret*$-out h& is1 :ile work+1 drawn back t[>ds ! brea/1 b n s mu* impell+ z su/a9+4 ,z swimm+ on ! side pres5ts to ! wat] a small] surface ?an on ! wai/1 :5 rapidity is requir$1 ! =m] is (t5 pref]able to ! latt]4 ,,swimm+ ,,on ,,! ,,back ,,)\t ,,employ+ ,,! ,,feet4 ,illu/ration ,?is is tw(old3 #a4 ,9 ! direction ( ! feet4 ,! body is plac$ 9 a horizontal position1 ! feet are /ret*$ out /iffly1 & ! heels & toes are kept 9 contact2 !n ! body is to be some:at curv$ at ! seat1 ! h&s are to be /ret*$ flatly =w>d ov] ! body1 &1 sl[ly /rik+ 9 small circles1 ! lo9s are some:at drawn up at ea* /roke4 #b4 ,9 ! direction ( ! head4 ,! body is plac$ horizontally1 b some:at curv$ 9 ! seat1 ! head 9 its natural position1 ! arms are kept close to ! body1 ) ! elb[s incl9$ inw>ds1 & ! h&s describe small circles f ! back to ! front1 at ab\t a foot-&-half f ! hips4 ,^! modes s]ve to ex]cise & /r5g!n ! arms 9 an extraord9>y degree )\t 9 ! lea/ fatigu+ ! brea/4 ,,float+4 ,! body is laid horizontally on ! back1 ! head is b5t backw>ds z mu* z possible1 ! arms are /ret*$ out ov] ! head 9 ! direction ( ! body1 ! feet are left to _! natural position2 if !y s9k1 ! lo9s mu/ be kept z l[ z possible4 ,9 ?is position1 ! p]son1 :o is specifically light] ?an wat]1 rema9s1 & may float at pleasure4 ,! lungs %\ld be kept inflat$1 t ! brea/ may be di/5d$ & ! circumf]5ce ( ! body augm5t$4 ,9 ord] n to s9k :ile 9 ! act ( tak+ brea?1 :i* ! great] specific weight ( ! body w\ld effect1 ! brea? mu/ be quickly expell$1 & z quickly drawn 9 aga91 & !n reta9$ z long z possible2 =1 z ! back is 9 a flat position1 ! s9k+1 on acc\nt ( ! resi/ance ( ! wat]1 does n take place s rapidly b ! quick respiration w re/ore ! equilibrium be=e ! wat] rea*es ! nose4 ,,tread+ ,,wat]4 ,?is is a p]p5dicul> position ( ! swimm]1 & is ( great use to enable him to save a p]son f dr[n+4 ,x is 9 g5]al ?\ght to be extremely difficult1 b x is v easy4 ,!re are two ways ( p]=m+ ! action3 9 ! fir/ ! h&s are compress$ aga9/ ! hips1 & ! feet describe _! usual circle2 ! o!r mode consi/s 9 n contract+ bo? legs at ! same "t1 b "o aft] ! o!r1 s t :ile ! "o rema9s contract$ ! o!r describes a circle4 ,9 ?is mode1 h[ev]1 ! legs mu/ n be /ret*$ out1 b ! ?ighs are plac$ 9 a di/5d$ position1 & curv$ z if 9 a half-sitt+ po/ure4 ,,! ,,fl+4 ,illu/ration ,! swimm] lays himself flat ^u 8 wai/1 draws 8 feet z close z possible "u ! body1 /ret*es 8 h&s =w>ds1 &1 ) bo? feet & h&s beat+ ! wat] viol5tly at ! same "t1 raises himself out ( ! wat]4 ,9 ?is mann] "o may succe$ 9 ?r[+ oneself out ( ! wat] z high z ! hips4 ,?is ex]cise is v useful1 = sav+ oneself by cat*+ a rope or any o!r object t hangs f above ! surface ( ! wat]1 or f any p]p5dicul> height4 ,,swimm+ ,,on ,,! ,,back4 ,illu/ration ,9 ?is ! swimm] turns ^u 8 back 9 ! wat] by ! comb9$ motion ( ! arm & leg1 & ext5d+ 8 body1 8 head be+ 9 a l9e ) x1 s t ! back & upp] "p ( ! head may be imm]s$1 :ile ! face & brea/ are out ( ! wat]4 ,! h&s %\ld be plac$ on ! ?ighs /raight d[n1 & ! legs mov$ z 9 =w>d swimm+1 tak+ c>e t ! knees d n rise above ! surface 9 /rik+ !m out4 ,sometimes ! h&s are us$ aft] ! motion ( a w+ or fan1 by :i* a slight progression is also made at ! same "t t ! surface ( ! body is well lift$ out ( ! wat]4 ,,?ru/+4 ,9 ! ?ru/ ! swimm] lies horizontally ^u 8 wai/1 & makes ! common motions 9 swimm+4 ,he !n simply /ret*es "o arm =w>ds1 z 9 swimm+ on ! side1 b rema9s ly+ ^u ! wai/1 &1 9 a widely describ$ circle1 he c>ries ! o!r h&1 :i* is work+ "u ! brea/1 t[>ds ! hip4 ,z soon z ! arm has complet$ ?is motion1 x is lift$ f ! wat] 9 a /ret*$ position1 & ?r[n =w>d 9 ! greate/ horizontal level1 & is !n sunk ) ! h& flat into ! wat]2 :ile ! swimm] ?us /ret*es =? ! arm1 he1 ) ! o!r h& /ret*$ z wide z possible1 describes a small circle 9 ord] to su/a9 ! body2 aft] ?is he br+s 8 h& 9 a l>gely describ$ circle rapidly to ! hip1 lifts ! arm out ( ! wat]1 & ?ru/s x =w>d4 ,dur+ ! describ+ ( ! l>g] circle ! feet make _! movem5ts4 ,to make ! ?ru/ beautifully1 a consid]able degree ( practice is requir$4 ,?is mode ( swimm+ is useful :]e a great degree ( rapidity is requir$ = a %ort di/ance4 ,,! ,,d\ble ,,?ru/4 ,9 ! p]=mance ( ?is ! arm is ?ru/ =w>ds1 backw>ds1 & aga9 =w>ds )\t dipp+ into ! wat]2 9 ! meantime ! /ret*$-=? arm describes two circles be=e x beg9s ! l>g] "o4 ,,to ,,swim ,,l ,a ,,dog4 ,illu/ration ,9 ?is motion ea* h& & foot is us$ alt]nately z a dog uses !m :5 swimm+1 z ! t]m implies4 ,! h&s are alt]nately drawn t[>ds ! *9 9 a compress$ =m1 & !n exp&$ & slightly holl[$1 ) f+]s close1 & z !y /rike ! wat] ! feet are likewise drawn t[>ds ! belly1 & /ruck backw>ds ) a k9d ( kick4 ,?is mode ( swimm+ is ( use to relieve ! swimm] f "t to "t :5 go+ a di/ance4 ,,! ,,mill4 ,! swimm] lays himself on 8 back & contracts himself s t ! knees are br\ght almo/ to ! *91 & :ile "o ( ! h&s keeps ! equilibrium by describ+ circles1 ! o!r cont9ues work+4 ,?us ! body is kept turn+ r\nd m or less rapidly4 ,,! ,,:eel ,,backw>ds ,,& ,,=w>ds4 ,9 ! =w>d :eel ! h&s are put z f> backw>ds z possible1 & s press$ aga9/ ! wat] t ! head is impell$ "u ! surface1 & ! feet1 by a pressure ( ! h&s 9 a contr>y direction1 are rapidly flung above ! head1 :i* 9 ?is mann] is rapidly br\ght aga9 to ! surface4 ,9 ! backw>d :eel ! swimm] lies ^u 8 back1 he contracts himself1 ! h&s1 /ret*$ =w>d z f> z possible1 describe rapidly small circles1 ! feet rise1 & z ! po9t ( equilibrium has be5 br\ght z ne> z possible to ! feet1 ! head s9ks & ! feet are ?r[n ov]4 ,,to ,,swim ,,) ,,"o ,,h&4 ,! le>n] to d ?is swims on "o side1 keeps 8 feet some:at deeply sunk1 :ile ! arm :i* 9 ! meantime ought to "w is kept quiet--& might ev5 be tak5 out ( ! wat]4 ,x is a good practice ( /r5g? to c>ry1 fir/ "u & !n ov] ! wat]1 a weight ( f\r or eight p\nds4 ,,h& ,,ov] ,,h& ,,swimm+4 ,illu/ration ,9 ?is process1 ! "r h& is lift$ out ( ! wat] f beh9d1 swung =w>ds ?r\gh ! air ) a k9d ( circul> sweep to ! ext5t ( its rea* =w>d1 !n dropp$ into ! wat] edgeways1 & imm$iately turn$1 ) ! palm a little holl[$1 d[nw>ds1 ! body be+ at ! same "t ?r[n a little on "o side1 & ! "r leg /ruck out backw>ds to its full ext5t4 ,! h& desc5ds t[>ds ! ?igh1 & !n passes upw>ds ?r\gh ! wat] 9 a k9d ( curve t[>ds ! surface4 ,! left h& & leg p]=m a simil> movem5t alt]nately ) ! "r1 & ! measure ( progression atta9$ by ^! comb9$ simil> movem5ts is v consid]able4 ,,balanc+4 ,illu/ration ,:5 ! swimm] has obta9$ ease & confid5ce 9 ! wat]1 he w f9d _m ?+s easy :i* be=e he deem$ impossible4 ,balanc+ is "o ( ^!4 ,to p]=m x he has only1 :5 out ( 8 dep?1 to fall g5tly back ) 8 *9 elevat$ to a l9e pass+ exactly ?r\gh ! c5tre ( 8 body f ! *9 to ! toes1 !n1 fold+ 8 arms & rema9+ p]fectly motionless1 he may susp5d himself p]p5dicul>ly3 b if he %\ld ext5d 8 arms backw>ds1 & pass !m gradually beyond 8 head1 8 toes1 tips ( 8 knees1 abdom51 & "p ( 8 *e/1 ) ! :ole ( 8 face w appe>1 & he w be balanc$ & float horizontally )\t ! slighte/ motion4 ,illu/ration ,,! ,,cramp4 ,! cramp g5]ally proce$s f acidity ( ! b[els1 aris+ f a bad /ate ( ! /oma*1 or f ! effects ( ! cold wat] on ! muscul> sy/em4 ,"s p]sons are v subject to x on slight occasions1 & su* p]sons w d well nev] to g out ( _! dep?4 ,b %\ld a tol]able swimm] be seiz$ ) ! cramp1 he %\ld n be fright5$1 b ! mom5t ! cramp is felt 9 ! foot or leg1 /rike out t foot or leg ) ! heel elongat$1 & ! toes drawn upw>ds t[>ds ! %9-bone1 nev] m9d+ any little pa9 x may occasion1 z he ne$ n fe> break+ a bone1 muscle1 or t5don4 ,%\ld ?is n succe$1 he %\ld ?r[ himself on 8 back1 & float quietly1 & paddle himself g5tly to ! %ore4 ,he may also swim ) 8 h&s l a dog1 & practise any ( ! motions ( ! upp] "p ( ! body = keep+ 8 head above wat] till assi/ance arrives4 ,,sav+ ,,f ,,dang]4 ,above all ?+s ! good swimm] %\ld be anxi\s to save life1 & to rescue ^? :o are 9 dang]1 )\t himself becom+ ! victim1 z x (t5 happ5s4 ,! foll[+ rules are highly important to be obs]v$4 ,! swimm] mu/ avoid approa*+ ! dr[n+ p]son 9 front1 9 ord] t he may n be grasp$ by him2 = :atev] a dr[n+ p]son seizes1 he holds ) convulsive =ce1 & x is no easy matt] to get dis5tangl$ f 8 grasp2 !re=e he %\ld seize him f beh9d1 & let g ( him imm$iately if ! o!r turns t[>ds him4 ,8 be/ way is to impel him be=e him to ! %ore1 or to draw him beh9d2 if ! space to be pass$ be too great1 he %\ld seize him by ! foot & drag him1 turn+ him on 8 back4 ,if ! dr[n+ p]son %\ld seize him1 !re is no alt]native = ! swimm] ?an to drop him at once to ! bottom ( ! wat]1 & !re to wre/le ) 8 antagoni/2 ! dr[n+ man1 by a k9d ( in/9ct to rega9 ! surface1 :5 drawn d[n to ! bottom1 usually quits 8 prey1 p>ticul>ly if ! div] attacks him !re ) all 8 p[]4 ,= two swimm]s ! lab\r is easi]1 because !y c mutually relieve ea* o!r4 ,if ! dr[n+ p]son has /ill "s pres5ce ( m9d rema9+1 !y w !n seize him "o "u "o arm1 & ! o!r "u ! o!r1 & )\t any great ef=t 9 tread+ wat]1 br+ him along ) 8 head above wat]1 :ile !y enjo9 him to keep himself /ret*$ out & z mu* z possible )\t motion4 ,,sports ,,& ,,feats ,,9 ,,swimm+4 #a4 ,! ,float4--,9 ?is sport "o swimm] lays himself horizontally on ! back1 ) ! feet /ret*$ out1 ! h&s press$ close to ! body1 & ! head rais$ =w>d4 ,! o!r swimm] takes hold ( him by ! extremity ( ! feet1 &1 swimm+ ) "o h&1 impels him =w>d4 ,! fir/ rema9s motionless4 #b4 ,! ,plank4--,"o swimm] lays himself horizontally z be=e1 ano!r lays hold ( him ) bo? 8 h&s1 imm$iately above ! ancle1 & pulls him obliquely into ! wat]1 :ile he ext5ds himself & impels himself =w>d2 ?us bo? ! swimm]s drop rapidly ! "o ov] ! o!r4 #c4 ,! ,pickaback ,spr+4--,"o swimm] treads ! wat]1 ! o!r swims ne> him beh9d1 places 8 h&s ^u ! %\ld]s ( ! fir/1 & presses him d[n4 ,he !n leaves 8 hold1 & puts 8 feet ^u 8 %\ld]s1 &1 fl++ himself out ( ! wat]1 pu%es ! fir/ t[>ds ! bottom4 ,n[ he treads wat]1 & ! fir/ p]=ms ! "p ( ! second1 & s on4 #d4 ,! ,%ove4--,two swimm]s place !mselves horizontally on _! backs1 ! legs are /rongly ext5d$1 & ! soles ( ! feet be> aga9/ ea* o!r2 ea* impels =w>d ) all 8 p[]1 & he :o succe$s 9 pu%+ back ! o!r is ! conqu]or4 #e4 ,! ,wre/le4--,two swimm]s place !mselves opposite to ea* o!r1 tread wat] & hold _! "r h&s 9 ! air2 ! "q is1 :o %all fir/ =ce 8 oppon5t "u ! wat] by pressure4 ,only ! head ( ! adv]s>y is to be t\*$1 & t only by pressure4 ,,b]n>di',s ,,sy/em ,,( ,,upright ,,swimm+4 ,?is sy/em has be5 introduc$ into _m ( ! naval & milit>y colleges on ! ,cont95t1 & has = its di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ic ! swimm+ 9 an upright position4 ,! fir/ object is to tea* ! pupil h[ to float 9 an upright po/ure4 ,he is taught ! use ( 8 legs & arms = balanc+ ! body 9 wat]1 & !n to imitate z mu* z possible ! movem5t ( ! limbs ^u l&4 ,he !n pays great att5tion to ! movem5ts ( ! head1 ! smalle/ incl9ation ( :i* on ei!r side in/antly op]ates on ! :ole body4 ,he next le>ns ! me?od ( us+ 8 arms & legs2 & = ?is purpose is direct$ to /ret* 8 arms lat]ally on ea* side1 & !n1 by plac+ "o foot =w>d & ! o!r backw>d1 he is enabl$ to float easily & progress sl[ly4 ,! same circul> sweep ( ! h&s & ! action ( ! legs are next practis$1 & ! feet %\ld be /ruck d[nw>ds & a little =w>ds1 :5 ! movem5t ( ! arms is ! rev]se ( ! old me?ods ( swimm+4 ,! "y swimm] :o has gone ?r\gh ! v>i\s c\rses laid d[n by u1 w easily compreh5d ! pr9ciple ( ,b]n>di's sy/em1 & z easily c>ry x out if he w take ! tr\ble4 ,x is mu* less fatigu+ ?an ! old plan1 & c be c>ri$ on = a long] p]iod1 & is ( invaluable s]vice to troops :o may h to cross riv]s or dykes1 & to all :o may be expos$ to ! v>i\s accid5ts ( flood & field4 ,,! ,,prussian ,,sy/em ,,( ,,pfuel4 ,! be/ ( all me?ods = tea*+ swimm+ is t orig9ally introduc$ by ,g5]al ,pfuel into ! ,prussian swimm+-s*ools4 ,by ?is me?od a p]son may be made a v good swimm] 9 a v %ort "t4 ,! app>atus = tea*+ consi/s ( a hemp5 girdle five in*es 9 wid?1 ( a rope f five to six fa?oms 9 l5g?1 ( a pole eight feet long1 & a horizontal rail fix$ ab\t ?ree-&-a-half feet above ! plat=m1 on :i* ! tea*] /&s1 to re/ ! pole on4 ,! dep? ( ! wat] 9 ! place *os5 = swimm+ %\ld1 if possible1 be n less ?an eight feet1 & ! cle>e/ & calme/ wat] %\ld be select$4 ,! pupil we>s draw]s1 fa/5$ by a b& above ! hips & cov]+ ab\t half ! ?ighs4 ,he is n[ plac$ ne> ! horizontal rail1 8 h&s re/+ ^u x1 :ile ! tea*] %[s him ! motion :i* he w h to make ) 8 legs 9 ! wat]4 ,?is he does by guid+ ! motion ( "o leg :ile ! pupil re/s1 on ! o!r4 ,?is motion we %all expla9 pres5tly4 ,! swimm+ girdle1 ab\t five in*es wide1 is n[ plac$ r\nd ! pupil's brea/1 s t its upp] edge re/s on ! *e/1 )\t gett+ tight4 ,! tea*] takes ! rope1 :i* is fa/5$ to ! r+ ( ! girdle1 9 8 h&1 & directs ! pupil to leap into ! wat]1 keep+ ! legs /raight & close toge!r1 & ! arms close to ! body1 &1 :at is v important1 to brea! out ?r\gh ! nose z soon z 8 head rises above ! wat]1 in/ead ( brea?+ 9 fir/1 z e man naturally does aft] a susp5sion ( brea?4 ,! object ( ?is is to prev5t ! wat] f gett+ into ! ?roat1 :i* produces an unpleasant feel+ ( *ok+ & heada*e4 ,?is expiration soon becomes p]fectly natural to ! swimm]s4 ,! pupil is next invit$ to leap4 ,he is drawn up imm$iately by ! rope1 pull$ to ! ladd]1 & all[$ to ga9 confid5ce gradually4 ,! rope is n[ fa/5$ by a noose to ! end ( ! pole1 ! o!r end ( x be+ kept 9 ! h& ( ! tea*]2 ! pole is re/$ on ! horizontal rail1 & ! pupil /ret*es himself horizontally on ! wat]1 :]e he rema9s1 support$ by ! pole4 ,next ! arms are ext5d$ /iffly =w>d1 ! h&s clasp$1 ! *9 t\*es ! wat]2 ! legs are also /iffly /ret*$ out1 ! heels be+ toge!r1 ! feet turn$ out1 & ! toes drawn up4 ,?is horizontal position is important1 & mu/ be execut$ correctly4 ,no limb is p]mitt$ to be relax$4 ,! movem5t ( ! limbs is n[ taught2 t ( ! legs is taught fir/4 ,! tea*] fir/ says1 l\dly & sl[ly1 8,"o20 :5 ! legs are sl[ly drawn "u ! body2 at ! same "t ! knees are sep>at$ to ! greate/ possible di/ance1 ! sp9e is b5t d[nw>ds1 & ! toe kept outw>ds4 ,! tea*] !n says briskly1 8,two20 ^u :i* ! legs are /iffly /ret*$ out ) a mod]ate degree ( quickness1 :ile ! heels are sep>at$1 & ! legs describe ! wide/ possible angle1 ! toes be+ contract$ & kept outw>ds4 ,! tea*] !n says quickly1 8,?ree20 ^u :i* ! legs1 ) ! knees held /iffly1 are quickly br\ght toge!r1 & ?us ! orig9al position is aga9 obta9$4 ,! po9t at :i* ! motions 8two0 & 8?ree0 jo9 are ! mo/ important1 because x is ! object to receive z l>ge & compact a w$ge ( wat] betwe5 ! legs z possible2 s t :5 ! legs are br\ght toge!r _! action ^u ?is w$ge may urge ! body =w>d4 ,9 ord9>y cases ( swimm+1 ! h&s are n us$ to propel1 b m]ely to assi/ 9 keep+ on ! surface4 ,by degrees1 !re=e1 8two0 & 8?ree0 are c\nt$ 9 quick succession1 & ! pupil is taught to ext5d ! legs z widely z possible4 ,aft] "s "t1 :at 0 done "u ! heads 8two0 & 8?ree0 is done :5 8two0 is call$ out4 ,:5 ! tea*] sees t ! pupil is able to propel himself ) ease1 :i* he frequ5tly acquires ! p[] ( do+ 9 ! fir/ lesson1 & t he p]=ms ! motions already m5tion$ ) regul>ity1 he tea*es ! motions ( ! h&s1 :i* mu/ n be all[$ to s9k1 z !y are mu* dispos$ to d :ile ! motion ( ! legs is practis$4 ,! motion ( ! h&s consi/s ( two p>ts4 ,:5 ! tea*] says 8,"o10 ! h&s1 :i* 7 held ) ! palms toge!r1 are op5$1 laid horizontally an in* or two "u wat]1 & ! arms are ext5d$ till !y =m an angle ( #ij2 !n ! elb[ is b5t1 & ! h&s are br\ght up to ! *91 hav+ describ$ an ar* d[nw>d & upw>d2 ! l[] "p ( ! ?umb t\*es ! *91 ! palms be+ toge!r4 ,:5 ! tea*] says 8,two10 ! arms are quickly /ret*$ =w>d1 & ?us ! orig9al horizontal position is rega9$4 ,! legs rema9 /iffly ext5d$ dur+ ! motion ( ! h&s4 ,if ! motion ( ! h&s is c>efully & correctly p]=m$1 ! legs & arms are mov$ toge!r2 s t :ile ! tea*] says 8,"o10 ! pupil p]=ms ! fir/ motion ( ! h&s & legs2 :5 he says 8,two10 ! second & ?ird motions ( ! feet1 & ! second ( ! h&s4 ,z soon z ! tea*] p]ceives t ! pupil beg9s to support himself1 he slack5s ! rope a little1 & in/antly /raight5s x if ! pupil is ab\t to s9k4 ,:5 ! pupil c swim ab\t t5 /rokes 9 succession1 he is releas$ f ! pole1 b n f ! rope4 ,:5 he c swim ab\t fifty /rokes1 he is releas$ f ! rope too2 b ! tea*] rema9s ne> him ) a long pole until he c swim #aej /rokes 9 succession1 s t1 %\ld he s9k1 ! pole is imm$iately held out to him4 ,aft] ?is he may swim 9 ! area ( ! s*ool1 "u ! sup]9t5d5ce ( ! tea*]1 until he proves t he c swim half-an-h\r 9 succession1 s t1 %\ld he s9k1 ! pole is imm$iately held out to him2 he is !n consid]$ fit to be left to himself4 ,su* are ! outl9es ( ! ,g]man plan ( swimm+2 &1 mu* z we dislike ! ,g]man educational quack]y1 we are /ill oblig$ to confess t s*ools = swimm+ might be1 & ought to be1 e/abli%$ 9 ?is c\ntry 9 unison ) ! above sy/em4 ,no well-conduct$ bo>d+-s*ool ought to be )\t a swimm+-s*ool2 & ! h9ts above giv5 w be exce$+ly useful to ! swimm] :o has to tea* himself1 z well z to ! gymna/ic tutor :o has to tea* o!rs ! art2 & we conclude by e>ne/ly recomm5d+ ! accompli%m5t ( swimm+ to our "y read]s4 ,illu/ration ,,tra9+4 ,x is impossible t any "o c indulge to any ext5t ei!r 9 p$e/rianism or r[+ )\t go+ into "s sort ( tra9+1 h[ev] slight x may be4 ,be=e ei!r c be ?or\ghly enjoy$1 x is ess5tial t ! body %\ld be br\ght into condition1 & ! con/itution prep>$ = ! sev]e te/s to :i* x is sure to be put4 ,until ?is has be5 satisfactorily accompli%$ 7& x _c be done )\t mu* p]sev]ance & self-d5ial7 success at regattas or 9 a?letic sports is q out ( ! "q1 & ! mo/ s]i\s results w att5d any attempt to take "p 9 su* proce$+s4 ,c\rage & det]m9ation to w9 a race1 :e!r on l& or wat]1 are qualities v mu* to be admir$1 yet !y are entirely aft] consid]ations2 ! fir/ & *ief endeav\r mu/ be to r$uce ! sup]flu\s fat )\t weak5+ ! sy/em1 to secure s\ndness 9 w9d & limb--9 %ort1 ?or\ghly to prep>e ! body1 s t x may be equal to ! em]g5cies t may h]eaft] pres5t !mselves4 ,tra9+ %\ld n1 h[ev]1 be begun ha/ily4 ,be=e x is comm5c$1 c>e %\ld be tak5 to get ! /oma* into condition = ! diet+ x w h to und]go4 ,^! prelim9>y proce$+s w be m or less prolong$1 accord+ to ! habits ( life ( ! pati5t4 ,if a boy has be5 giv5 to dr9k+ l>ge quantities ( be]1 eat+ indige/ible ?+s1 or smok+1 he does n comm5ce "u su* fav\rable circum/ances z ^? :o h n s indulg$ !mselves4 ,probably he has injur$ 8 dige/ion & int]f]$1 h[ev] slightly1 ) 8 liv]2 a /ate ( ?+s t he c readily appreciate by ! re/lessness ( 8 night's re/1 & a furr$ tongue1 & unpleasant ta/e 9 8 m\? 9 ! morn+4 ,! fir/ ?+ he mu/ d is gradually to less5 8 quantity ( be] daily1 till he c leave x (f altoge!r if necess>y1 to es*ew ! pa/ry-cook's & fruit]]'s1 & consign 8 pipe to ! du/-hole4 ,:5 once he has made up 8 m9d to g 9 = a sy/em ( tra9+1 he %\ld comm5ce by tak+ a mild ap]i5t dose1 su* z "s salts & s5na1 or a rhub>b pill1 ! latt] foll[$ 9 ! morn+1 if necess>y1 by a black dose4 ,he mu/ avoid go+ to ! extreme1 & purg+ himself too viol5tly--! m$ic9e is solely int5d$ to cle> ! /oma* prep>atory to its new treatm5t--& hav+ gone ?us f> he may1 )\t any fe>1 put himself ^u ! diet :i* %all pres5tly be set out4 ,he :o has be5 wise en\gh to satisfy himself ) v little be]1 & /ill less ( raspb]ry puff or unripe gre5gages1 & has refra9$ altoge!r f tobacco1 :i* to "y p is simply poison1 may1 unless ( weak or sickly con/itution1 beg9 to tra9 )\t any prelim9>y prep>ations4 ,if 8 he>t & s\l are really 9 ! conte/ = :i* he desires to get himself into condition1 & he possesses a small am\nt ( /r5g? ( m9d1 he w soon become accu/om$ to ! daily r\t9e ( food & ex]cise4 ,x is no use beg9n+1 & !n yield+ to ! temptation = ?is or t nice ?+2 :5 once ! ordeal has be5 comm5c$1 x mu/ be c>ri$ out /rictly & accurately1 or x may z well be ab&on$ altoge!r4 ,= ! desir$ /ate ( body c only be arriv$ at by "o means1 namely1 a l>ge am\nt ( self-d5ial & close adh]5ce to ! prescrib$ diet4 ,!re is ( c\rse "s slight diff]5ce 9 ! sy/ems ( tra9+ to be pursu$ = r[+ & p$e/rianism2 at ! same "t1 9 ! *ief & important po9ts precisely ! same c\rse has to be tak54 ,if a boy has a walk+ or runn+ race 9 view1 he mu/ rememb] ?is1 t he has to suit 8 daily ex]cise accord+ to ! di/ance ( ! competition 9 :i* he is go+ to take "p4 ,= %ort races he ne$ d little m ?an keep 8 dige/ion & w9d 9 good ord]1 tak+ c>e to h say a c\ple ( h\rs' good ex]cise 9 ! c\rse ( ! day4 ,we w\ld "h v5ture to correct a grave mi/ake made v (t5 by "y runn]s1 :o ?9k t by cont9ual practis+ & 8spurt+0 !y le>n to improve _! pace4 ,!y c adopt no bett] means = defeat+ _! own end ?an ?is1 z x w t5d f> m to dim9i% _! pace ?an to improve x4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if !y h a long c\rse ( sev]al miles to get ov]1 spe$ is n s mu* a matt] ( importance z endurance1 & ?is latt] quality c only be obta9$ by accu/om+ ! body to long & sev]e ex]cise4 ,= "y p]sons1 h[ev]1 x is extremely injudici\s to attempt too great di/ances1 & we w\ld advise t two miles1 & no m1 be made ! outside limit4 ,long] sp9s ?an ?is are seldom1 if ev]1 tri$ 9 ord9>y amateur races4 ,accord+ly z ! mat* t is to be conte/$ is 9 runn+ or walk+1 s mu/ ! day's ex]cise be regulat$4 ,avoid1 if = ! =m]1 tak+ too mu* runn+ practice1 & t nev] = a great] di/ance ?an t ( ! race 9 :i* y are to take "p4 ,good %>p1 brisk walk+ is m s]viceable ?an any?+ else 9 gett+ ! body into ord]4 ,& n[1 presum+ t a boy is 9 s\nd heal?1 ) good lungs & no unpleasant ?ump+s ab\t 8 he>t1 let u see h[ he %\ld regulate 8 tra9+4 ,six o'clock to get out ( b$ & comm5ce ! day4 ,no "o :o int5ds to tra9 himself really s]i\sly w wi% to lie long]4 ,!n a cold tub ) a big sponge & lots ( wat]1 foll[$ by a sev]e rubb+ ) a r\gh ,turki% t[el1 t leaves y all a-gl[4 ,dress z quickly z y c1 & g out = half an h\r's walk1 or run1 z y feel incl9$4 ,be sure1 h[ev]1 n to fatigue y\rself1 & see t y come 9 to breakfa/1 say at half-pa/ sev51 ) a good appetite4 ,^? :o c eat porridge w f9d x a capital ?+ to comm5ce breakfa/ )1 foll[$ by ! lean portion ( a broil$ *op or /eak1 ) bread at lea/ two days old4 ,tea we believe to be undesirable1 & a p9t ( really s\nd bitt] be] w be f\nd to agree mu* bett]4 ,!re is no ne$ to b9d y\rself d[n to a /ipulat$ quantity ( food2 eat :at y feel to require1 & no m4 ,aft] breakfa/ get z mu* re/ z y c1 say = a c\ple ( h\rs2 !n take y\rself (f = a c\ple ( h\rs' walk+ or runn+1 gett+ back to d9n] by ab\t two o'clock4 ,! programme = ?is meal is simple en\gh3 a jo9t ( roa/ meat1 ei!r mutton or beef1 a potato1 & sometimes a little caulifl[]1 or brocoli1 j to make a *ange1 bread z be=e1 & ano!r p9t ( bitt] be]4 ,! liquids are ! ?+s 9 :i* ! /ricte/ c>e mu/ be tak51 & ! daily quantity regulat$4 ,p\ltry is sometimes introduc$1 b we h>dly ?9k x good--9 fact1 z f> z y c1 /ick to ! good pla9 jo9t1 or *op1 or /eak1 ) bread & be]1 & y w be a/oni%$ h[ y w f9d y\r condition improv$4 ,aft] d9n] re/ aga9 = two or ?ree h\rs1 & !n ab\t six o'clock take y\rself (f = ano!r h\r's ex]cise1 on y\r return f :i* y w no d\bt be fully prep>$ ) an appetite = supp]4 ,?is meal %\ld always be a light "o1 z x is bad at all times1 & especially 9 tra9+1 to g to b$ on a full /oma*4 ,unless y feel y absolutely require x1 d n take any meat2 o!rwise1 a *op is ! lea/ objectionable1 & a half-p9t ( be]4 ,nev]1 "u any circum/ances1 exce$ ?ree p9ts ( be] a day4 ,butt]1 spices1 pepp]s1 & sauces %\ld on no acc\nt be tak51 &1 z we said be=e1 s we aga9 repeat1 smok+ mu/ be abjur$4 ,if ! directions giv5 are foll[$ out1 defeat w n be occasion$ ?r\gh any error 9 ! sy/em ( prep>ation4 ,illu/ration ,,"p ,,iii4 ,sci5tific ,pursuits3 ,,includ+ ,,ac\/ics4 ,,a]onautics4 ,,*emi/ry4 ,,electricity4 ,,galvanism4 ,,heat4 ,,hydraulics4 ,,magnetism4 ,,me*anics4 ,,microscope4 ,,optics ,,& ,,optical ,,illusions4 ,,photography4 ,,pneumatics4 ,,spectrum4 ,,ac\/ics4 ,ac\/ics is ! sci5ce relat+ to s\nd & he>+4 ,s\nd is he>d :5 any %ock or impulse is giv5 to ! air1 or to any o!r body :i* is 9 contact directly or indirectly ) ! e>4 ,,diff]5ce ,,betwe5 ,,s\nd ,,& ,,noise4 ,noises are made by ! cracks ( :ips1 ! beat+ ( hamm]s1 ! creak ( a file or saw1 or ! hubbub ( a multitude4 ,b :5 a bell is /ruck1 ! b[ ( a viol9 drawn across ! /r+s1 or ! wett$ f+] turn$ r\nd a musical glass1 we h :at are prop]ly call$ s\nds4 ,,s\nds1 ,,h[ ,,propagat$4 ,s\nds are propagat$ on all bodies mu* aft] ! mann] t waves are 9 wat]1 ) a velocity ( #a1adb feet 9 a second4 ,s\nds 9 liquids & 9 solids are m rapid ?an 9 air4 ,two /ones rubb$ toge!r may be he>d 9 wat] at half a mile2 solid bodies convey s\nds to great di/ances1 & pipes may be made to convey ! voice ov] e "p ( ! h\se4 ,,to ,,%[ ,,h[ ,,s\nd ,,travels ,,?r\gh ,a ,,solid4 ,take a long piece ( wood1 su* z ! h&le ( a hair broom1 & plac+ a wat* at "o end1 apply y\r e> to ! o!r1 & ! tick+s w be di/9ctly he>d4 ,,to ,,%[ ,,t ,,s\nd ,,dep5ds ,,on ,,vibration4 ,t\* a bell :5 x is s\nd+1 & ! noise ceases2 ! same may be done to a musical /r+ ) ! same results4 ,hold a musical pit*-=k to ! lips1 :5 x is made to s\nd1 & a quiv]+ motion w be felt f its vibrations4 ,^! exp]im5ts %[ t s\nd is produc$ by ! quick motions & vibrations ( diff]5t bodies4 ,,musical ,,figures ,,result+ ,,f ,,s\nd4 ,cov] ! m\? ( a w9e glass1 hav+ a foot-/alk1 ) a ?9 %eet ( membrane1 ov] :i* scatt] a lay] ( f9e s&4 ,! vibrations excit$ 9 ! air by ! s\nd ( a musical in/rum5t1 held )9 a few in*es ( ! membrane1 w cause ! s& on its surface to =m regul> l9es & figures ) a/oni%+ cel]ity1 :i* v>y ) ! s\nd produc$4 ,,to ,,make ,,an ,,olian ,,h>p4 ,?is in/rum5t consi/s ( a long n>r[ box ( v ?9 deal1 ab\t six in*es deep1 ) a circle 9 ! middle ( ! upp] side ( an in* & a half 9 diamet]1 9 :i* are to be drill$ small holes4 ,on ?is side sev51 t51 or m /r+s ( v f9e catgut are /ret*$ ov] bridges at ea* end l ! bridges ( a fiddle1 & screw$ up or relax$ ) screw p9s4 ,! /r+s mu/ all be tun$ to "o & ! same note1#e & ! in/rum5t %\ld be plac$ 9 a w9d[ p>tly op51 9 :i* ! wid? is exactly equal to ! l5g? ( ! h>p1 ) ! sa% j rais$ to give ! air admission4 ,:5 ! air bl[s ^u ^! /r+s ) diff]5t degrees ( =ce1 x w excite diff]5t tones ( s\nd4 ,sometimes ! bla/ br+s out all ! tones 9 full conc]t1 & sometimes x s9ks !m to ! s(te/ murmurs4 #e ,d is a good note = x4 ,! upp] /r+ may be tun$ to ! upp] ,d1 & ! two l[] to ! l[] ,d & ,d ,d4 ,! 8h>monics0 are ! s\nds produc$4 ,a colossal imitation ( ! in/rum5t j describ$ 0 inv5t$ at ,milan 9 #aghf1 by ! ,abbate ,gattoni4 ,he /ret*$ sev5 /rong iron wires1 tun$ to ! notes ( ! gamut1 f ! top ( a t[] sixty feet high1 to ! h\se ( a ,signor ,moscate1 :o 0 int]e/$ 9 ! success ( ! exp]im5t2 & ?is app>atus1 call$ ! 8giant's h>p10 9 bl[+ wea!r yield$ l5g!n$ peals ( h>moni\s music4 ,9 a /orm ?is music 0 he>d at a great] di/ance4 ,,! ,,invisible ,,girl4 ,illu/ration ,! facility ) :i* ! voice circulates ?r\gh tubes 0 kn[n to ! anci5ts1 & no d\bt has af=d$ ! prie/s ( all religions means ( deception to ! ignorant & cr$ul\s4 ,b ( late days ! light ( sci5ce dispels all su* wick$ deceptions4 ,a v clev] ma*9e 0 produc$ at ,p>is sev]al ye>s ago1 & aft]w>ds exhibit$ 9 ,london "u ! "n ( ! 8,invisible ,girl10 s9ce ! app>atus 0 s con/ruct$ t ! voice ( a female at a di/ance 0 he>d z if x orig9at$ f a holl[ globe1 n m ?an a foot 9 diamet]4 ,x consi/$ ( a wood5 frame some?+ l a t5t b$/ead1 =m$ by f\r pill>s a a a a1 connect$ by upp] cross rails b b1 & simil> rails bel[1 :ile x t]m9at$ above 9 f\r b5t wires c c1 proce$+ at "r angles ( ! frame1 & meet+ 9 a c5tral po9t4 ,! holl[ copp] ball d1 ) f\r trumpets t t1 cross+ f x at "r angles1 hung 9 ! c5tre ( ! frame1 be+ connect$ ) ! wires alone by f\r n>r[ ribbons r r4 ,! que/ions 7 propos$ close to ! op5 m\? ( "o ( ^! trumpets1 & ! reply 0 return$ f ! same orifice4 ,! means us$ 9 ! deception 7 z foll[3 a pipe or tube 0 atta*$ to "o ( ! holl[ pill>s1 & c>ri$ into ano!r ap>tm5t1 9 :i* a female 0 plac$2 & ?is tube hav+ be5 c>ri$ up ! leg or pill> ( ! in/rum5t to ! cross-rails1 _h an ap]ture exactly opposite two ( ! trumpet m\?s2 s t :at 0 spok5 0 imm$iately answ]$ ?r\gh a v simple mode ( communication4 ,,v5triloquism4 ,?is is an art by no means v difficult ( acquirem5t1 if ! "y read] w take ! pa9s4 ,x is produc$ by a reflection ( s\nd )9 ! m\?1 ! voice be+ br\ght to ! l[e/ possible place 9 ! l>ynx4 ,:5 ! art is acquir$ by practice1 ! voice may be made to appe> z if com+ f any "p ( a room1 f up a *imney1 or f ! dep?s ( a cell>4 ,! celebrat$ ,dr4 ,wolcott1 bett] kn[n z ,pet] ,p9d>1 us$ to amuse 8 fri5ds 9 a rem>kable mann] ) ?is art4 ,he w\ld repres5t 8 l&lady z dem&+ paym5t ( h] r5t1 & hold a colloquy ) h]1 :i* w\ld at la/ rise to t]ms ( reproa* & fury1 & end by a noise z if ! l&lady _h be5 kick$ d[n /airs4 ,! m>vell\s p[]s ( ,mat!ws1 ,le ,lagg1 ,alex&]1 &1 la/ly1 ,mr4 ,love1 are famili> to mo/ p]sons4 ,to le>n ! art1 ! "y practition] mu/ h ! p[] ( enunciat+ well1 & t )\t motion ( ! lips1--( disguis+ ! voice1 s z to imitate o!r s\nds1--& ( adapt+ ! degree to ! app>5t s\rce ( ! s\nd4 ,by practice ?is art is atta9able by any p]son ^: organs ( spee* are completely & fully develop$4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,,a]onautics4 ,,balloons4 ,! art ( sail+ or navigat+ a body ?r\gh ! air is call$ aronautics4 ,9 remote ages1 ,ic>us is said to h ris5 s high 9 ! air t ! sun melt$ 8 w+s1 & he fell into ! gean sea1 & 0 dr[n$2 & !re is reason to believe1 f "s figures t h rec5tly be5 discov]$ on ,egyptian & ,assyrian monum5ts1 t ! anci5ts possess$ means ( ris+ 9 ! air ) :i* we are n n[ acqua9t$4 ,! air-balloon1 z n[ con/ruct$1 is a bag ( silk ( l>ge dim5sions1 usually cut 9 gores1 & is1 :5 exp&$ by gas1 ( a pe>-%ape4 ,x asc5ds 9 ! atmosph]e because its :ole bulk is mu* light] ?an ! air w\ld be 9 ! space x occupies4 ,x is1 9 fact1 a vessel fill$ ) a fluid :i* w float on ano!r fluid light] ?an itself4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,make ,,an ,,air-,,balloon4 ,! be/ %ape = an air-balloon1 or r a gas-balloon1 is t ( a pegtop4 ,& 9 prep>+ ! gores proce$ z foll[s3 ,get "s close texture silk1 & cut x into a =m resembl+ a n>r[ pe> ) a v ?9 /alk4 ,f\rte5 ( ^! pieces w be f\nd to be ! be/ numb]2 &1 ( c\rse1 ! bread?s ( ea* piece mu/ be measur$ accord+ly4 ,:5 sew+ !m toge!r1 x w be ( advantage to coat ! p>ts t ov]lap ) a lay] ( v>ni%1 z ?is w save mu* tr\ble aft]w>ds1 & hold ! silk firm] 9 its place dur+ ! /it*+4 ,! ?reads mu/ be plac$ v regul>ly1 or ! balloon w be drawn out ( %ape1 & x w be f\nd useful if ! gores are cov]$ ) an int]ior coat+ ( v>ni% be=e !y are f9ally sewn toge!r4 ,take c>e n to h ! v>ni% too ?ick4 ,to ! upp] "p ( ! balloon !re %\ld be a valve op5+ inw>ds1 to :i* a /r+ %\ld be fa/5$1 pass+ ?r\gh a hole made 9 a small piece ( wood fix$ 9 ! l[] "p ( ! balloon1 s t ! a]onaut may op5 ! valve :5 he wi%es to desc5d2 & ?is %\ld be imitat$ on a small scale1 s t ! "y aronaut may be p]fectly famili> ) ! con/ruction ( a balloon4 ,! gores are to be cov]$ ) a v>ni% ( ,india-rubb] dissolv$ 9 a mixture ( turp5t9e & naph?a4 ,ov] ! :ole ( ! upp] "p %\ld be a net-"w1 :i* %\ld come d[n to ! middle ) v>i\s cords1 proce$+ f x to ! circumf]5ce ( a circle ab\t two feet bel[ ! balloon4 ,! circle may be made ( wood1 or ( sev]al pieces ( sl5d] cane b\nd toge!r4 ,! me%es %\ld be small at top1 aga9/ :i* "p ( ! balloon ! inflammable air ex]ts ! greate/ =ce1 & increase 9 size z !y rec$e f ! top4 ,illu/ration ,! c> is made ( wick]-"w2 x is usually cov]$ ) lea!r1 & is well v>ni%$ or pa9t$4 ,x is susp5d$ by ropes proce$+ f ! net :i* goes ov] ! balloon4 ,balloons ( ?is k9d _c be made small] ?an six feet 9 diamet]1 ( oil$ silk1 z ! weight ( ! mat]ial is too great = ! air to buoy x up4 ,!y may be made small] ( ?9 slips ( bladd]1 or o!r membrane glu$ toge!r1 or ( ?9 gutta-p]*a clo?1 :i* is n[ ext5sively us$ = ?is purpose2 ) ?is !y may be made a foot 9 diamet]1 & w rise beautifully4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,fill ,a ,,balloon4 ,procure a l>ge /one bottle :i* w hold a gallon ( wat]1 into ?is put a p\nd ( iron fil+s1 or granulat$ z9c1 ) two qu>ts ( wat]1 & add to ?is by degrees "o p9t ( sulphuric acid4 ,!n take a tube1 ei!r ( glass or metal1 & introduce "o end ( x ?r\gh a cork1 :i* place 9 ! bottle1 !n put ! o!r end into ! neck ( ! balloon1 & ! gas w rise into ! body ( x4 ,:5 q full )draw ! tube1 & tie ! neck ( ! balloon ) /rong cord v tightly4 ,if fre$ x w n[ rise 9 ! air4 ,,to ,,make ,,fire-,,balloons4 ,illu/ration ,cut ! gores1 accord+ to ! =ms already giv51 f well-wov5 tissue pap]1 pa/e ! gores nicely toge!r1 & look well ov] ! surface ( ! pap] = any small hole or slit1 ov] :i* pa/e a piece ( pap]1 & let x dry4 ,pass a wire r\nd ! neck ( ! balloon1 & h two cross pieces at its diamet] a little b5t1 s t a piece ( s(t cotton dipp$ 9 spirits ( w9e may be laid on !m4 ,:5 all is prep>$ let "s "o hold ! balloon f its top by means ( a /ick1 :ile y dip ! cotton 9 spirits ( w9e till x is ?or\ghly saturat$1 place x "u ! balloon & set fire to x1 b be v c>eful y d n set fire to ! balloon4 ,:5 ! air is suffici5tly heat$ )91 ! balloon w indicate a desire to rise1 & :5 x pulls v h>d1 let x g1 & x w asc5d to a great height 9 ! air1 & at night pres5t a v beautiful appe>ance4 ,,p>a*utes4 ,illu/ration ,^! are easily made by cutt+ a piece ( pap] 9 a circul> =m1 & plac+ ?reads r\nd ! edges1 :i* may be made to conv]ge to a po9t1 at :i* a cork may be plac$ z a balance4 ,!y asc5d by ! air gett+ "u !m1 & are frequ5tly bl[n to a great di/ance4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sci5tific ,,pursuits4 ,illu/ration ,,*emi/ry4 ,9 ! elev5? c5tury1 & dur+ ! reign ( ,k+ ,h5ry ! ,fir/1 surnam$ ,beaucl]k1 or ! f9e s*ol>1 !re appe>$ = ! fir/ "t 9 c]ta9 books1 pr(ess+ to tea* ! art mak+ ( gold1 ! words *emi/ry1 *emi/1 d]iv$ f ! ,greek 4 ,sev5 hundr$ ye>s & m h pass$ away1 & t :i* 0 only ! pursuit ( a %ad[ call$ al*emy1 has result$ 9 ! acquisition ( a great & noble sci5ce1 n[ & aga9 call$ *emi/ry4 ,:5 we g to ! ,fr5* ,exposition1 we %all d\btless pass by mu* t is wor?y ( notice1 & br+ away ) u only a g5]al impression ( ! wond]s x conta9s4 ,s x is ) ! great edifice ,*emi/ry2 we may1 9 ^! brief pages1 peep 9 at ! op5 door1 b %\ld we desire to g beyond ! ?re%old1 !re are num]\s guides1 su* z ,roscoe1 ,wilson1 & ,f[nes1 :o w conduct u ?r\gh ! mazes ( ! int]ior1 & expla9 9 elem5t>y language ! beautiful processes :i* h become s useful to mank9d4 ,*emi/ry is "o ( ! mo/ compreh5sive ( all ! sci5ces1 & at ! same "t "o :i* comes home to u 9 ! mo/ ord9>y ( our daily avocations4 ,mo/ ( ! arts ( life are indebt$ to x = _! v exi/5ce1 & ne>ly all h be51 f "t to "t1 improv$ by ! application ( its pr9ciples4 ,*emi/ry is1 9 fact1 ! sci5ce :i* treats ( ! composition ( all mat]ial bodies1 & ( ! means ( =m+ !m into new comb9ations1 & r$uc+ !m to _! ultimate elem5ts1 z !y are t]m$1 t is1 bodies :i* we are unable to split up1 z x 71 or sep>ate into o!r bodies4 ,to take a common sub/ance z an illu/ration2 wat]1 by a great numb] ( processes1 c be sep>at$ into two o!r sub/ances1 call$ oxyg5 & hydrog51 9 ! proportion by weight ( #h p>ts ( ! fir/ to #a ( ! second2 b no p[] t we at pres5t possess c sep>ate ! oxyg5 & hydrog5 into any o!r bodies2 !y are !re=e call$ ultimate elem5ts1 or undecomposable bodies4 ,aga91 sulphate ( magnesia 7common ,epsom salts7 c be v easily sep>at$ into two o!r sub/ances1--sulphuric acid & magnesia2 & 9 ?is in/ance1 bo? ^! sub/ances c aga9 be sub-divid$--! acid into sulphur & oxyg51 & ! magnesia into a metallic body call$ magnesium & oxyg52 b sulphur1 oxyg51 & magnesium are incapable ( fur!r division1 & are !re=e call$ ultimate elem5ts4 ,^! ultimate elem5ts am\nt to #fd 9 numb]1 accord+ to ! pres5t /ate ( our k1 & may be arrang$ 9 v>i\s ways2 ! simple/ plan1 p]haps1 is divid+ !m into ,non-metallic & ,metallic elem5ts4 ,! ,non-metallic elem5ts are3--#a4 ,oxyg54 #b4 ,hydrog54 #c4 ,nitrog54 #d4 ,*lor9e4 #e4 ,iod9e4 #f4 ,brom9e4 #g4 ,fluor9e4 #h4 ,c>bon4 #i4 ,sulphur4 #aj4 ,sel5ium4 #aa4 ,tellurium4 #ab4 ,silicon4 #ac4 ,boron4 #ad4 ,phosphorus4 ,! la/-nam$ elem5t is ! connect+ l9k ) ! metals ?r\gh ars5ic1 :i* phosphorus closely resembles 9 its *emical prop]ties4 ,! ,metallic elem5ts may be sub-divid$ into ! metals ( ! alkalies1 ! metals ( ! alkal9e e>?s1 ! metals ( ! e>?s1 & ! o!r metals sometimes call$ metals prop]4 #a/4 ,! metallic bases ( ! alkalies3--potassium1 sodium1 li?ium1 ammonium1 csium1 rubidium4 #b;d4 ,! metallic bases ( ! alkal9e e>?s3--calcium1 /rontium1 b>ium4 #c;d4 ,! metallic bases ( ! e>?s3--alum9ium1 gluc9um1 zirconium1 ?orium1 yttrium1 erbium1 c]ium1 lan?anum1 didymium4 #d?4 ,! metals prop]1 ! mo/ important ( :i* are3--plat9um1 gold1 silv]1 m]cury1 copp]1 iron1 t91 lead1 nickel1 z9c1 bismu?1 antimony1 manganese1 cobalt1 ars5ic4 ,n[1 f ^! elem5t>y bodies1 unit$ toge!r 9 v>i\s proportions1 is =m$ ! inf9ite v>iety ( sub/ances ar\nd u1 :e!r animal1 vegetable1 or m9]al2 9 fact1 a few only are g5]ally employ$2--9 ! case ( animals & vegetables1 oxyg51 hydrog51 c>bon1 nitrog51 ) occasionally "s sulphur1 calcium1 phosphorus1 & silicon1 suffice = build+ up ! beautiful =ms ( animat$ nature2 :ile ! fabric ( our globe itself consi/s = ! mo/ "p ( ! e>?s2 silex1 i4 e4 fl9t or cry/al2 lime1 9 ! %ape ( *alk1 m>ble1 or lime/one1 su* z our flag/ones are compos$ (2 slate & granite1 :i* are comp\nds ( alum9ium1 silica1 & small quantities ( oxide ( iron1 & sometimes a little pota%1 c42 & ?r\gh _! masses are project$ irregul> /reams--ve9s z !y are t]m$--( ! metals1 ei!r 9 a pure /ate1 z is ! case sometimes ) gold1 silv]1 plat9um1 m]cury1 & p]haps "o or two o!rs2 or comb9$ ) "o ( ! non-metallic elem5ts1 or ) "o ano!r4 ,late calculations h det]m9$ ! composition ( ! e>?'s solid cru/ 9 #ajj p>ts by weight to be ,oxyg5 #ddj to #dhg ,silicon #bbh #cfb ,alum9ium #ii #fa ,iron #ii #bd ,calcium #ff #ji ,magnesium #bg #ja ,sodium #bd #be ,potassium #ag #ca ----- ----- #ajj #ajj ,all ^! comb9ations are effect$ by c]ta9 p[]s1 t]m$ =ces2 ^? :i* cause ! union ( ! elem5ts are call$ ! =ces ( attraction2 ^? caus+ _! sep>ation1 ! =ces ( repulsion4 ,! =ce ( attraction :5 ex]t$ betwe5 masses ( matt]1 is t]m$ gravitation2 :5 x unites p>ticles ( matt] ( a simil> k9d & produces masses1 x is call$ ! attraction ( cohesion2 :5 ! p>ticles unit$ are ( a dissimil> "*1 x is !n t]m$ *emical or elective aff9ity4 ,= example1 ! cry/als ( ,epsom salts are =m$ f m9ute p>ticles ( ! salt1 unit$ into a l>g] or small] mass by ! attraction ( cohesion1 :ile ! elem5ts ( :i* ea* p>ticle consi/s1 namely1 ! sulphur1 oxyg51 & magnesium1 are unit$ by ! attraction ( *emical aff9ity4 ,cohesion ?us unites p>ticles ( a simil> k9d2 *emical aff9ity1 ( a dissimil> nature4 ,x is to cohesion t ! exi/5ce ( masses ( matt] is ow+1 & its p[] increases z ! squ>es ( ! di/ances dim9i%1 9 an inv]se ratio to ! squ>es ( ! di/ances ( ! p>ticles on :i* x acts4 ,! p[] ex]t$ by cohesion may be exhibit$ 9 v>i\s ways4 ,?is is "o3 ,procure two discs ( glass ab\t ?ree in*es 9 diamet]1 _! surfaces be+ gr\nd extremely smoo?2 fix ea* into a squ>e piece ( wood1 tak+ c>e t !y are plac$ accurately 9 ! c5tre2 !n put !m toge!r1 by slid+ _! edges v c>efully ov] ea* o!r1 s z to avoid any air gett+ betwe5 !m1 & y w f9d a great =ce necess>y to sep>ate !m4 ,a hook %\ld be fix$ into ! c5tre ( ea* piece ( wood1 s t !y may be susp5d$1 & a weight hung to ! l[] "o4 ,x is almo/ impossible = any "o to sep>ate !m by m]ely pull+ !m ) bo? h&s2 a weight ( _m p\nds is requir$ = t purpose4 ,9 l mann] two fre%ly-cut surfaces ( ca\t*\c w1 on be+ squeez$ toge!r1 coh]e s p]fectly1 t x is difficult to te> !m asund]1 & x is 9 ?is way t tubes ( ca\t*\c may be rapidly prep>$ = exp]im5ts1 :]e little or no pressure is ex]t$4 ,*emical aff9ity is sometimes call$ elective1 or ! effect ( *oice1 z if "o sub/ance ex]t$ a k9d ( pref]5ce = ano!r1 & *ose to be unit$ to x r ?an to t ) :i* x 0 previ\sly comb9$2 ?us1 if y p\r "s v9eg>1 :i* is a weak acetic acid1 ^u "s pe>la% 7a comb9ation ( pota% & c>bonic acid71 or "s c>bonate ( soda 7a comb9ation ( ! same acid ) soda71 a viol5t eff]vesc5ce w take place1 occasion$ by ! escape ( ! c>bonic acid1 displac$ 9 consequ5ce ( ! pota% or soda pref]r+ ! acetic acid1 & =m+ a comp\nd call$ an acetate4 ,!n1 if "s sulphuric acid be p\r$ on ?is new comp\nd1 ! acetic acid w 9 its turn be displac$ by ! great] atta*m5t ( ei!r ( ! bases1 z !y are t]m$1 = ! sulphuric acid4 ,aga91 if into a solution ( blue vitriol 7a comb9ation ( sulphuric acid ) oxide ( copp]7 ! bright blade ( a knife be introduc$1 ! knife w spe$ily be cov]$ ) a coat ( copp]1 deposit$ 9 consequ5ce ( ! acid pref]r+ ! iron1 ( :i* ! knife is made1 a quantity ( x be+ dissolv$ 9 exact proportion to ! quantity ( copp] deposit$4 ,illu/ration ,x is on ! same pr9ciple t a v beautiful prep>ation1 call$ a silv]-tree1 or a lead-tree1 may be =m$ ?us3--,fill a wide bottle1 capable ( hold+ f half a p9t to a p9t1 ) a tol]ably /rong solution ( nitrate ( silv] 7lun> cau/ic71 or acetate ( lead1 9 pure di/ill$ wat]2 !n atta* a small piece ( z9c by a /r+ to ! cork or /opp] ( ! bottle1 s t ! z9c %all hang ab\t ! middle ( ! bottle1 & set x by :]e x may be q undi/urb$2 9 a %ort "t1 brilliant plates ( silv] or lead1 z ! case may be1 w be se5 to collect ar\nd ! piece ( z9c1 assum+ m or less ( ! cry/all9e =m4 ,?is at fir/ is a case ( elective aff9ity2 ! acid ) :i* ! silv] or lead 0 unit$ pref]s ! z9c to ei!r ( ^? metals & 9 consequ5ce disc>ds !m 9 ord] to atta* ! z9c to itself1 subsequ5tly a voltaic curr5t is set up betwe5 ! two metals1 & ! process w cont9ue until almo/ ! :ole ( ! z9c is tak5 up1 or ne>ly ! :ole ( ! silv] or lead deposit$4 ,aga91 _m animal & vegetable sub/ances consi/ = ! mo/ "p ( c>bon or *>coal1 unit$ ) oxyg5 & hydrog5 9 ! proportion :i* =ms wat]4 ,n[ oil ( vitriol 7/rong sulphuric acid7 has s p[]ful an aff9ity1 or s great a ?ir/ = wat]1 t x w ab/ract x f almo/ any body 9 :i* x exi/s2 if y !n p\r "s ( ?is acid on a lump ( sug>1 or place a *ip ( wood 9 x1 ! sug> or wood w spe$ily become q black1 or be *>r$1 z x is call$1 9 consequ5ce ( ! oxyg5 & hydrog5 be+ remov$ by ! sulphuric acid1 & only ! c>bon1 or *>coal1 left4 ,:5 ,cleopatra dissolv$ pe>ls ( wondr\s value 9 v9eg>1 %e 0 exhibit+ unwitt+ly an in/ance ( *emical elective aff9ity2 ! pe>l be+ simply c>bonate ( lime1 :i* 0 decompos$ by ! great] aff9ity or fondness ( lime = its new acqua9tance 7! acetic acid ( ! v9eg>7 ?an = ! c>bonic acid1 ) :i* x _h be5 unit$ all its life1--an example ( incon/ancy 9 /rong contra/ ) ! conduct ( its own]1 :o *ose dea? r ?an become ! mi/ress ( h] lov]'s conqu]or4 ,,gases4 ,! ?ree p]man5t gase\s elem5ts are oxyg51 hydrog51 & nitrog54 ,! comp\nd gases are v num]\s1 "s be+ combu/ible1 & o!rs support]s ( combu/ion4 ,gases are = ! mo/ "p transp>5t & col\rless1 ) a few exceptions1 & ( c\rse1 l ! air ( ! atmosph]e1 invisible4 ,!y are little affect$ by ! attraction ( cohesion1 b r1 on ! contr>y1 ! p>ticles compos+ !m h a con/ant t5d5cy to sep>ate f ea* o!r1 s t _! =ce ( expansion is only limit$ by ! pressure "u :i* !y may be kept1 & ! temp]ature !y may be expos$ to4 ,!y h a t5d5cy to p5etrate ea* o!r1 z x 72 = in/ance1 if y take a j> ( heavy gas1 su* z c>bonic gas1 set x ) its m\? upw>ds1 !n inv]t ov] x ano!r j> conta9+ hydrog51 a gas ne>ly tw5ty-two times light]2 9 a v %ort "t ! two gases w h become ?or\ghly mix$1 ! heavy c>bonic acid hav+ ris51 & ! light hydrog5 fall51 until ! gases are ?or\ghly mix$1 ea* j> conta9+ an equal quantity ( ea* gas4 ,,oxyg5 ,,gas4 ,?is gas1 s nam$ f two ,greek words signify+ ! mak] ( acid1 0 discov]$ by ,dr4 ,prie/ly 9 #aggd4 ,he obta9$ x by heat+ ! r$ oxide ( m]cury 9 a glass retort1 :5 ! gas escap$ 9 consid]able quantities4 ,9 ! ensu+ ye> ,s*eele obta9$ x by a v>iety ( me?ods1 & a few ye>s aft]w>ds ,lavoisi] discov]$ t x 0 conta9$ 9 atmosph]ic air1 :]e x exi/s 9 ! proportion ( ab\t "o-fif?1 ! rema9+ f\r-fif?s be+ almo/ entirely nitrog54 ,oxyg5 gas may be obta9$ = ! purpose ( exp]im5t1 by heat+ to r$ness ! black oxide ( manganese 9 an iron bottle1 to ! m\? ( :i* a flexible tube is atta*$ to convey away ! gas z fa/ z x is lib]at$ f ! manganese4 ,! fir/ portions %\ld be all[$ to escape1 be+ mix$ ) ! air 9 ! tubes & bottle1 & ! rema9d] may be collect$ 9 a gasomet]1 or 9 glass j>s inv]t$ ov] wat]4 ,ano!r me?od to obta9 ! gas1 & "o to be us$ only 9 ! abs5ce ( o!r +r$i5ts1 is to mix 9 a retort "s ( ?is same oxide ( manganese ) ab\t half its weight ( /rong sulphuric acid1 & apply heat to ! retort1 :5 ! gas w come ov] 9 consid]able quantities2 ! fir/ portions mu/ be all[$ to escape z be=e4#f ,if ! gas is requir$ v pure1 a small quantity ( ! salt call$ *lorate ( potassa may be heat$ 9 a retort1 & oxyg5 gas w be evolv$1 & may be collect$ z be=e4 ,if y h an iron bottle1 ! fir/ mode is by f> ! *eape/1 z ! heat ( a bright fire is suffici5t = ! op]ation1 & a l>ge quantity ( gas is obta9$ 9 a %ort "t f a v inexp5sive mat]ial4 ,! mo/ rapid & conv5i5t process ( all is to heat a mixture ( two p>ts *lorate ( pota%1 & "o ( p[d]$ black oxide ( manganese1 9 a common clean oil flask1 to :i* a cork & b5t tube has be5 adapt$4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 n to mi/ake sulphide ( antimony = black oxide ( manganese1 z v s]i\s accid5ts h aris5 f ?is cause4 #f ,"s boil+ wat] %\ld be add$ to ! mass left 9 ! retort directly ! gas has ceas$ to come away1 or x w adh]e to ! glass s firmly1 t ! retort w c]ta9ly be spoilt4 ,oxyg5 is l>gely di/ribut$ ov] our globe1 bo? 9 its uncomb9$ /ate1 & 9 union ) o!r sub/ances4 ,besides =m+ "o-fif? ( ! atmosph]e1 x =ms eight-n9?s by weight ( all ! wat] 9 ! ocean1 riv]s1 & spr+s on ! face ( ! :ole e>?4 ,x also1 9 comb9ation ) v>i\s metals1 =ms ! v>i\s e>?s & m9]als ( :i* ! cru/ ( ! e>? consi/s1 s t x is ! mo/ abundant & widely di/ribut$ sub/ance 9 nature1 & 9 comb9ation ) o!r elem5ts1 =ms ne>ly half ! weight ( ! solid e>?4 ,9 its uncomb9$ /ate x is a col\rless gas1 some:at heavi] ?an atmosph]ic air1 )\t ta/e or smell4 ,x is a p[]ful support] ( combu/ion1 & is absolutely necess>y = ! support ( animal life1 :i* _c exi/ = any "t )\t a free supply ( ?is gas1 :i* is con/antly consum$ 9 ! act ( brea?+1 & is replac$ by an equival5t portion ( c>bonic acid gas4 ,! want ( oxyg5 is p>tly ! cause ( ! oppression felt 9 cr[d$ rooms1 :]e ! air _c be r5ew$ s fa/ z is requir$ = ! numb] ( p]sons :o are con/antly consum+ ! oxyg52 & if an animal be conf9$ "u a glass j> inv]t$ ov] wat]1 x w pres5tly die1 j = ! same reason t burn+ tap]s are ext+ui%$ "u simil> circum/ances4 ,if a jet ( ?is gas be ?r[n ^u a piece ( *>coal1 sulphur1 or almo/ any combu/ible body 9 a /ate ( ignition1 x w make x burn ) great vividness & rapidity4 ,= a complete s]ies ( exp]im5ts ) oxyg5 see 8,! ,boy's ,play-book ( ,sci5ce40 ,,exp]im5t4 ,b by f> ! mo/ int5se heat1 & mo/ brilliant light1 may be produc$ by introduc+ a piece ( phosphorus into a j> ( oxyg54 ,! phosphorus may be plac$ 9 a small copp] cup1 ) a long h&le ( ?ick wire pass+ ?r\gh a hole 9 a cork t fits ! j>4 ,! phosphorus mu/ fir/ be ignit$2 &1 z soon z x is introduc$ into ! oxyg51 x gives out a light s brilliant t no eye c be> x1 & ! :ole j> appe>s fill$ ) an int5sely lum9\s atmosph]e4 ,x is well to dilute ! oxyg5 ) ab\t "o-f\r? "p ( common air to mod]ate ! int5se heat :i* is ne>ly c]ta9 to break ! j> if pure oxyg5 is us$4 ,illu/ration ,,exp]im5t4 ,if a piece ( *>coal1 :i* is pure c>bon or ne>ly s1 be ignit$1 & introduc$ into a j> conta9+ oxyg5 or common atmosph]ic air1 ! product w be c>bonic gas only1 ( :i* we %all speak pres5tly4 ,z mo/ combu/ible bodies conta9 bo? c>bon & hydrog51 ! result ( _! comb9ation is c>bonic acid & wat]4 ,?is is ! case ) ! gas us$ = illum9ation2 & 9 ord] to prev5t ! wat] s produc$ f spoil+ goods 9 %ops1 v>i\s plans h be5 devis$ = c>ry+ (f ! wat] :5 9 ! /ate ( /eam4 ,?is is g5]ally accompli%$ by susp5d+ ov] ! burn]s glass bells1 communicat+ ) tubes op5+ into ! *imney1 or pass+ outside ! h\se4 ,to %[ t oxyg51 or "s equival5t1 is necess>y = ! support ( combu/ion1 fix two or ?ree pieces ( wax-tap] on flat pieces ( cork1 & set !m float+ on wat] 9 a s\p-plate1 light !m1 & inv]t ov] !m a glass j>2 z !y burn1 ! heat produc$ may p]haps at fir/ exp& ! air s z to =ce a small quantity out ( ! j>1 b ! wat] w soon rise 9 ! j>1 & cont9ue to d s until ! tap]s expire1 :5 y w f9d t a consid]able portion ( ! air has disappe>$1 & :at rema9s w no long] support flame2 t is1 ! oxyg5 has be5 conv]t$ p>tly into wat]1 & p>tly into c>bonic acid gas1 by unit+ ) ! c>bon & hydrog51 ( :i* ! tap] consi/s1 & ! rema9+ air is pr9cipally nitrog51 ) "s c>bonic acid2 ! pres5ce ( ! latt] may be prov$ by decant+ "s ( ! rema9+ air into a bottle1 & !n %ak+ "s lime-wat] ) x1 :i* w absorb ! c>bonic acid & =m *alk1 r5d]+ ! wat] q turbid4 ,,nitrog54 ,?is gas is1 z its "n implies1 ! produc] ( nitre1 or at lea/ =ms a portion ( ! nitric acid conta9$ 9 nitre4 ,x is r light] ?an atmosph]ic air1 col\rless1 transp>5t1 incapable ( support+ animal life1 on :i* acc\nt x is sometimes call$ azote--an objectionable "n1 z x is n a poison l _m o!r gases1 b de/roys life only 9 ! abs5ce ( oxyg54 ,?is gas ext+ui%es all burn+ bodies plung$ into x1 & does n itself burn4 ,x exi/s l>gely 9 nature1 = f\r-fif?s ( ! atmosph]e consi/s ( nitrog5 gas4 ,x is also an important con/itu5t ( animal bodies1 & is f\nd 9 ! vegetable _w4 ,nitrog5 may be mo/ easily obta9$ = exp]im5t by sett+ fire to "s phosphorus conta9$ 9 a porcela9 or metallic cup1 plac$ "u a gas j> full ( air1 & re/+ on ! %elf ( ! pneumatic tr\gh1 or 9 a s\p-plate fill$ ) wat]4 ,nitrog5 comb9es 9 five diff]5t proportions ) oxyg51 produc+ five di/9ct *emical comp\nds1 nam$ respectively nitr\s oxide1 nitric oxide1 nitric tri-oxide1 nitric tetr-oxide1 nitric p5t-oxide1 :i* la/1 unit$ ) wat]1 =ms nitric acid1 n[ call$ hydric nitrate1 z nitr\s acid is t]m$ hydric nitrite4 ,illu/ration ,nitr\s oxide gas is g5]ally kn[n by ! "n ( 8laugh+ gas10 f ! jolly s5sations exp]i5c$ on inhal+ x4 ,x may be procur$ by di/ill+ 9 a glass retort a salt call$ nitrate ( ammonia1 :i* yields ! gas 9 consid]able quantities1 & x %\ld be kept /&+ 9 j>s ov] wat] = "s h\rs be=e x is us$4 ,x %\ld be transf]r$ into a silk air-tight bag1 furni%$ ) a /opcock & m\?piece1 f :i* ! gas may be brea!d2 a little practice is requir$ to d ?is easily1 & m resolution to desi/ :5 ! gas beg9s to produce its effects1 z x appe>s to fasc9ate ! exp]im5t]1 & actual =ce is (t5 necess>y to remove ! bag f ! m\?4 ,! effects produc$ v>y accord+ to ! temp]am5t ( ! p]son inhal+ x2 !y are1 h[ev]1 always ( a highly pleasurable nature1 muscul> action be+ g5]ally greatly exalt$1 compell+ ! individual to race r\nd ! ap>tm5t & execute leaps & pir\ettes p]fectly a/\nd+4 ,"s p]sons %\t & s+1 & ,i h se5 "o exp5d 8 sup]flu\s animation 9 twi/+ 8 features into su* ludicr\s grimaces z w\ld be ! envy ( ! c&idates at a gr9n+ mat*1 & beat !m all out ( ! field4 ,sir ,h4 ,davy 0 ! discov]] ( ?is gas1 & ( its peculi> effects on ! n]v\s sy/em1 & a full acc\nt ( x may be f\nd 9 8 8,rese>*es on ,nitr\s ,oxide ,gas40 ,?is gas is heavi] ?an air1 & supports combu/ion ne>ly z en]getically z oxyg51 z may be %[n by introduc+ a piece ( ignit$ phosphorus into a j> ( ?is gas4 ,x w n1 h[ev]1 support ! life ( small animals1 su* z mice1 :i* introduc$ into x die v quickly4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plan ,,( ,,pneumatic ,,tr\gh4 ,illu/ration3 ,,section ,,( ,,pneumatic ,,tr\gh4 ,! next comp\nd ( nitrog5 ) oxyg51 :5 "o proportion ( nitrog5 unites ) two ( oxyg51 is t]m$ nitric oxide gas4 ,x may be easily procur$ by heat+ 9 a retort "s copp] turn+s 9 dilute nitric acid4 ,x is col\rless & transp>5t1 & has ! prop]ty ( comb9+ ) oxyg5 to =m o!r comp\nds4 ,,exp]im5t4 ,into a j> ( ?is gas /&+ ov] wat] pass "s oxyg5 gas4 ,! j> w be fill$ ) r$ fumes1 :i* w be rapidly absorb$ by ! wat]4 ,if atmosph]ic air be us$ in/ead ( oxyg51 !re w rema9 9 ! j> ! nitrog5 ( ! air1 am\nt+ to f\r-fif?s ( ! air employ$4 ,?is gas is de/ructive to animal life1 9 consequ5ce ( its prop]ty ( unit+ ) ! oxyg5 9 ! lungs1 & produc+ ! highly corrosive nitr\s acid gas4 ,x w1 h[ev]1 support ! combu/ion ( a few sub/ances1 phosphorus = in/ance1 provid$ x is suffici5tly heat$ be=e be+ plung$ into ! gas4 ,we pass ov] ! ?ird & f\r? comp\nds ( nitrog5 ) oxyg51 z !y are n calculat$ = amus+ exp]im5ts4 ,nitric acid is easily prep>$ on ! small scale1 by gradually heat+ equal p>ts by weight ( nitric & sulphuric acid 9 a retort to :i* a receiv] has be5 adapt$4 ,! receiv]1 :i* may be a clean oil flask1 %\ld be kept cool ) wett$ blott+ pap]4 ,nitrog5 comb9es ) *lor9e & iod9e1 =m+ detonat+ comp\nds1 ! =m] be+ s extremely dang]\s t x w be bett] to pass x by4 ,! comp\nd ) iod9e1 call$ iodide ( nitrog51 may v easily be made by p\r+ /rong solution ( ammonia 7a comp\nd ( nitrog5 & hydrog57 ^u "s iod9e 9 a phial1 %ak+ !m well toge!r1 & aft] lett+ !m /& = a few h\rs1 p\r+ (f ! fluid2 ! black p[d] rema9+ 9 ! phial is ! explosive comp\nd1 ! iodide ( nitrog54 ,:5 dry1 x is v apt to detonate spontane\sly2 x %\ld !re=e be %ak5 out ( ! phial :ile wet1 & spread 9 v small quantities on sep>ate pieces ( blott+ pap]1 :i* %\ld be kept ap>t f ea* o!r4 ,:5 ?or\ghly dry1 ! slighte/ t\* ) ! po9t ( a fea!r1 %ak+ ! pap] on :i* x re/s1 or ev5 op5+ too rapidly ! door ( a closet :]e x has be5 put to dry1 w cause x to explode1 produc+ a quantity ( violet-col\r$ fumes4 ,! explosion is some:at viol5t1 produc+ a %>p crack+ noise2 & ! greate/ c>e %\ld be tak5 9 exp]im5t+ ) x4 ,,atmosph]ic ,,air4 ,z has be5 already m5tion$1 nitrog5 is ! pr9cipal con/itu5t ( ! air ( ! atmosph]e :i* surr\nds our globe1 ext5d+ to a height ( ab\t =ty-five miles above x1 & play+ a mo/ important "p 9 ! economy ( nature1 inorganic z well z organic4 ,?is atmosph]ic air consi/s by volume ( ne>ly f\r-fif?s ( nitrog51 & r m ?an "o-fif? ( oxyg51 viz4 sev5ty-n9e ( ! =m] to tw5ty-"o ( ! latt]1 or tw5ty-?ree p>ts by weight ( oxyg5 & sev5ty-sev5 ( nitrog52 x g5]ally conta9s also a v>iable proportion ( ! vap\r ( wat]1 & a v small quantity ( c>bonic acid gas1 be+ only ab\t f\r volumes to #aj1jjj ( air4 ,its con/itu5t p>ts are easily sep>at$1 z x is a me*anical mixture & n a *emical comp\nd1 ?\gh ! mixture by diffusion is s complete t *emi/s h n be5 able to asc]ta9 any diff]5ce 9 ! composition ( air tak5 f all p>ts ( ! _w1 & f diff]5t heights1 up to ! highe/ po9t :i* has to ?is "t be5 atta9$4 ,! atmosph]e presses on ! surface ( ! globe1 & e be+ on x1 ) a =ce ( ab\t fifte5 p\nds to e squ>e in* ( surface1 b z x presses equally 9 all directions1 upw>ds z well z d[nw>ds1 its weight _c be p]ceiv$ unless ! pressure be remov$ f "o surface by "s artificial means4 ,atmosph]ic air conta9s1 besides ! oxyg5 & nitrog51 its pr9cipal con/itu5ts1 a small proportion ( c>bonic acid gas1 z has be5 m5tion$1 & ?is may be %[n by fill+ a tube ab\t half full ( lime-wat]1 & %ak+ x ) ! air conta9$ 9 ! o!r half1 :5 x w become slightly turbid f ! insoluble c>bonate ( lime =m$4 ,:5 we consid] t e liv+ animal is con/antly consum+ oxyg51 & replac+ x by c>bonic acid gas1 & t all burn+ bodies1 fires 9 our dwell+s1 furnaces1 artificial lights ( all k9ds1 act 9 ! same way 9 ab/ract+ ! oxyg5 f ! air1 & replac+ x by imm5se quantities ( c>bonic acid gas1 :i* is a poison to all animals :o brea!1 or attempt to brea! x1 we mu/ wond] :at becomes ( ?is irrespirable gas1 z x is f\nd to exi/ 9 ! air 9 quantities s m9ute1 & by :at means ! oxyg5 is re/or$1 & ! air aga9 made fit = respiration4 ,?is is effect$ by "o ( ^? laws :i* ! wisdom ( ! ,creator has impress$ ^u matt]1 by :i* "o "p ( creation z x 7 balances ano!r1 & all proce$s 9 an endless circle ( *ange4 ,?is c>bonic acid1 :i* is s poison\s to animal life1 is ! food ( ! vegetable _w1 plants hav+ ! p[] ( tak+ up ! c>bonic acid into _! pores2 conv]t+ ! c>bon into _! own sub/ance1 & reject+ ! oxyg51 :i* is aga9 respir$ by animals1 c4 ,9 ! same way1 all animal refuse is ! food ( vegetables1 & is us$ "u ! "n ( manures4 ,! atmosph]e conta9s also a v>iable quantity ( vap\r ( wat]1 invisible z long z x is 9 ! /ate ( vap\r1 b x may be r5d]$ obvi\s by br++ any v cold body into w>m air1 :5 ! vap\r w cond5se on ! cold body 9 ! =m ( small drops ( wat]4 ,a tumbl] ( fre%-pump$ wat] br\ght into a cr[d$ room1 is almo/ imm$iately cov]$ ) moi/ure1 & x may also be se5 on bottles ( w9e :i* h be5 put into ice be=e com+ to table4 ,fogs are occasion$ by ! cond5sation ( vap\r produc$ by mix+ a curr5t ( w>m air ) a cold] air4 ,! banks ( ,newf\ndl& are notori\s = d5se fogs1 occasion$ by ! w>m air br\ght f ! s\? by ! great ,gulf /ream1 mix+ ) ! cold air f ! ,arctic regions1 & ?us precipitat+ ! vap\r 9 a visible =m1 r5d]+ ev]y?+ b itself invisible4 ,! fam\s ,london fogs dep5d ^u ! same precipitation ( ! vap\r ( wat]1 ) ! addition ( ! smoke f ! num]\s sea-coal fires1 :i* give x t int]e/+ yell[ t+e = :i* x is s rem>kable4 ,aque\s vap\r appe>s to imp>t a transp>5cy to air1 & p]mits objects to be se5 m di/9ctly 9 proportion to its quantity2 h5ce1 :5 di/ant hills appe> ne>]1 & objects ^u !m m di/9ct ?an usual1 ra9 may be expect$1 ! air be+ fully *>g$ ) vap\r ready to be deposit$ on ! slighte/ cause4 ,,hydrog54 ,illu/ration ,hydrog5 gas is ! lighte/ sub/ance kn[n1 be+ fifte5 times light] ?an atmosph]ic air4 ,x is col\rless & transp>5t1 incapable ( support+ combu/ion or respiration1 b is itself combu/ible4 ,hydrog51 z its "n implies 7be+ d]iv$ f two ,greek words1 signify+ ! g5]ator ( wat]71 is a con/itu5t ( wat] 9 ! proportion ( "o-n9? by weight1 & is always obta9$ by decompos+ t fluid1 by pres5t+ to x "s body to take up its o!r +r$i5t1 oxyg51 & s set ! hydrog5 at lib]ty4 ,if ! /eam ( wat] be pass$ ?r\gh a r$-hot gun b>rel1 conta9+ iron fil+s1 ! wat] is decompos$1 ! iron tak+ ! oxyg51 & ! hydrog5 comes ov] 9 torr5ts2 b z e "o has n a gun b>rel & furnace to heat x1 ! usual mode is to employ dilute sulphuric acid1 & iron fil+s1 or z9c1 9 small pieces1 & x may be collect$ ov] wat] by means ( a b5t tube issu+ f ! bottle 9 :i* x is =m$4 ,x is s light t x 0 us$ to fill balloons be=e coal gas 0 to be _h1 & if y procure a light air-tight bag ( silk1 or ?9 membrane su* z a turkey's crop1 & fill x ) ! gas1 x w asc5d rapidly1 & dance ab\t ! ceil+ ( a room4 ,,exp]im5ts4 #a4 ,atta* a tobacco-pipe to a bladd] fill$ ) ?is gas1 & bl[ "s soap-bubbles ) x2 !y w rise v rapidly1 & if a light$ tap] be appli$ to !m !y burn4 ,if y mix 9 a soda wat] bottle "o-?ird ( oxyg5 ) two-?irds ( hydrog51 & apply flame1 ! mixture w explode ) a %>p report4 ,great c>e mu/ be tak5 9 all exp]im5ts ) ! mix$ gases4 ,to avoid dang] ! gases are plac$ 9 sep>ate india-rubb] bags1 & are only br\ght toge!r at ! jet4 ,?is is an exp5sive app>atus1 & %\ld only be us$ by exp]i5c$ p]sons4 ,illu/ration #b4 ,if a j> ( ?is gas be held ) its m\? d[nw>ds1 & a light$ tap] pass$ up well into ! j>1 ! tap] w be ext+ui%$1 & ! gas take fire1 & burn quietly at ! m\? ( ! j>2 if mix$ ) oxyg5 or atmosph]ic air1 x w explode4 ,illu/ration ,hold ov] ! jet ( hydrog5 issu+ f a small tube1 holl[ cyl9d]s ( glass or e>!nw>e1 ,flor5ce flasks1 or holl[ glass balls1 & musical s\nds w be produc$1 :i* 7 suppos$ to dep5d on "s peculi> prop]ty ( hydrog5 gas1 until ,mr4 ,f>aday tri$ flame f coal gas1 olefiant gas1 & ev5 ! vap\r ( e!r1 :5 ! s\nds 7 /ill produc$1 & he attribut$ !m to a cont9u\s explosion1 or s]ies ( explosions1 produc$ by ! union ( oxyg5 ) ! hydrog5 ( ! flames4 ,,wat]4 ,) oxyg51 hydrog5 unites to =m ! important comp\nd wat]1 :i* exi/s n only 9 ! obvi\s =m ( oceans1 riv]s1 lakes1 ra9s1 dews1 c4 c4 b is f\nd intimately comb9$ ) _m sub/ances1 giv+ !m "s ( _! peculi> prop]ties4 ,_m cry/als h a def9ite proportion ( wat] comb9$ ) !m1 & on los+ ?is wat] !y lose _! cry/all9e =m4 ,_m acids also _c exi/ z acids )\t wat]4 ,! slak+ ( lime dep5ds ^u ! union ( wat] ) ! lime1 ! dry p[d] result+ f ! process be+ a hydrate ( lime1 ! wat] hav+ become solidifi$1 & 9 pass+ f ! fluid to ! solid /ate gives out its lat5t caloric1 produc+ ! heat obs]v$ dur+ ! process4 ,:5 a l>ge quantity ( lime1 a b>ge-load = in/ance1 has got wett$ by accid5t1 ! heat evolv$ has be5 suffici5t to set fire to ! b>ge4 ,at ! temp]ature ( #cb ( ,fahr5heit's !rmomet]1 wat] loses its fluid =m1 & becomes ice4 ,z x solidifies1 x />ts into beautiful cry/als1 :i* unite & cross ea* o!r at det]m9ate angles4 ,ice is light] ?an ! wat] on :i* x floats1 =m+ a protection to ! wat] b5ea?1 & prev5t+ x f be+ froz5 s rapidly2 else1 if ! ice 7 heavi] ?an wat]1 & consequ5tly sank z soon z =m$1 ea* portion ( wat] w\ld be froz5 9 its turn1 until riv]s became solid ?r\gh\t1 & e liv+ creature 9 !m mu/ be de/roy$4 ,n[1 ! temp]ature ( ! wat] "u ! ice is seldom mu* bel[ #dj1 & if c>e be tak5 to break holes at int]vals to all[ access to ! air1 ! fi% & o!r aquatic animals seldom suff] ev5 9 our colde/ w9t]s4 ,al?\gh x is impossible to raise ice ev5 "o degree above #cb )\t ?aw+1 x is n difficult to r$uce wat] _m degrees bel[ t po9t )\t freez+ x4 ,illu/ration ,9 ord] to obta9 bo? ! con/itu5ts ( wat] 9 a sep>ate /ate1 x mu/ be decompos$ by galvanism1 ea* pole ( a batt]y t]m9at+ 9 a sep>ate tube conta9+ wat]1 :5 ! result w be t at ! positive pole oxyg5 gas w be evolv$1 & hydrog5 at ! negative1 ! latt] be+ d\ble ! quantity ( ! =m]4 ,n[1 if y mix ! gases ?us obta9$1 introduce !m into a vessel call$ a 8,eudiomet]10 & pass an electric sp>k ?r\gh !m f a ,leyd5 phial1 a sudd5 fla% w be se51 & ! gases w entirely disappe>1 be+ aga9 conv]t$ into wat]4 ,if y h a m]curial tr\gh1 & p]=m ?is exp]im5t ov] m]cury1 ! inside ( ! eudiomet] w exhibit m9ute drops ( wat]4 ,?us y h prov$ bo? by analysis & syn!sis1 t wat] consi/s ( oxyg5 & hydrog51 9 ! proportion ( "o volume ( ! =m] to two ( ! latt]4 ,,exp]im5t4 ,take "s p]fectly pure di/ill$ wat]1 filt] x1 surr\nd x ) a mixture ( light sn[1 or p[d]$ ice1 & salt1 tak+ c>e to keep x p]fectly /ill1 a !rmomet] hav+ be5 previ\sly plac$ 9 x4 ,! m]cury w gradually s9k _m degrees bel[ ! freez+ po9t #cb 7x has be5 r$uc$ z l[ z #d71 ! wat] /ill rema9+ fluid2 :5 all at once1 ei!r f %ak+ ! table1 or simply because ! r$uction c be c>ri$ no fur!r1 x sudd5ly />ts into ice1 & ! !rmomet] jumps up at once to #cb1 :]e x rema9s until ! :ole is froz51 :5 ! temp]ature gradually s9ks to t ( ! surr\nd+ m$ium4 ,n[ if y remove ! glass ( ice f ! freez+ mixture into ! ap>tm5t1 & wat* ! !rmomet]1 y w f9d x gradually rise to #cb1 & !re rema9 until all ! ice is melt$1 :5 x w gradually acquire ! temp]ature ( ! room4 ,! reason ( ?is is1 t ! wat] 9 pass+ f ! solid to ! fluid =m absorbs1 & 9 pass+ f ! fluid to ! solid =m gives out caloric1 s ma9ta9+ ! temp]ature at #cb1 ! po9t at :i* ! *ange ( =m takes place1 until x is complet$4 ,betwe5 ! temp]ature ( #cb & #bab1 wat] exi/s 9 a fluid =m1 "u ord9>y circum/ances2 b at ! latt] po9t x assumes ! =m ( vap\r or /eam1 & acquires _m ( ! prop]ties ( gases1 be+ indef9itely expansible by heat1 ! =ce increas+ z ! temp]ature is rais$1 provid$ ! /eam be conf9$1 until x becomes irresi/ible1--witness ! frequ5t explosions ( /eam-eng9es ev5 9 ?is c\ntry2 & 9 ,am]ica1 :]e ! eng9es are work$ at a high pressure1 accid5ts are ( daily occurr5ce4 ,! temp]ature at :i* wat] boils is modifi$ by ! pressure appli$ to x4 ,?us1 z y asc5d a m\nta91 & s pass ?r\gh a portion ( ! atmosph]e1 wat] boils at a l[] temp]ature1 until at great heights x boils at s l[ a heat1 t good tea _c be made because x is impossible to heat ! wat] suffici5tly4 ,"u ! exhau/$ receiv] ( an air-pump1 wat] boils at ab\t #adj4 ,,*lor9e4 ,ano!r gase\s elem5t1 sometimes call$ a support] ( combu/ion1 is nam$ *lor9e1 f a ,greek ^w signify+ yell[i% gre54 ,?is gas 0 =m]ly call$ 8oxymuriatic acid10 be+ suppos$ to be a comp\nd ( oxyg5 & muriatic acid gases1 until ,sir ,h4 ,davy1 9 a s]ies ( ma/]ly exp]im5ts c>ri$ on dur+ ! ye>s #ahjh-i-aj & #aa1 prov$ t x conta9$ no oxyg5 or muriatic acid1 & t x 0 9 fact a simple or undecomp\nd$ sub/ance1 & *ang$ its "n to *lor9e1 :i* "n 01 aft] "s discussion1 accept$ by ! sci5tific _w1 & is /ill 9 use4 ,?is gas may be obta9$ = exp]im5t1 by g5tly heat+ 9 a retort a mixture ( muriatic or hydro*loric acid1 hydro*loride1 z x is n[ call$1 ) "s black oxide ( manganese3 ! muriatic acid1 a comp\nd ( *lor9e & hydrog51 is decompos$1 & s is ! oxide ( manganese1 giv+ out "s ( its oxyg51 :i* takes ! hydrog5 f ! muriatic acid to =m wat]1 :ile ! *lor9e gas1 ) :i* ! hydrog5 _h be5 unit$1 is set at lib]ty1 & may be collect$ 9 j>s ov] wat]4 ,illu/ration ,*lor9e gas is transp>5t1 ( a gre5i% yell[ col\r1 has a peculi> disagreeable ta/e & smell1 & if brea!d ev5 9 small quantities1 occasions a s5sation ( suffocation1 ( tightness 9 ! *e/1 & viol5t c\gh+1 att5d$ ) great pro/ration4 ,i h be5 compell$ to retire to b$ f hav+ upset a bottle conta9+ "s ( ?is gas4 ,x de/roys mo/ vegetable col\rs :5 moi/1 & is 9 fact ! ag5t n[ univ]sally employ$ = blea*+ purposes4 ,x has also ! p[] ( comb9+ ) & de/roy+ all noxi\s smells1 & is invaluable z a purifi] ( f\l rooms1 & de/roy] ( infection4 ,= ^! latt] purposes x is us$ 9 comb9ation ) lime1 ei!r 9 sub/ance or solution1 "u ! "n ( 8,*loride ( ,lime40 ,sir ,w4 ,burnett has lately discov]$ t ! *loride ( z9c answ]s ! same purposes z ! *loride ( lime1 & has ! advantage ( be+ itself de/itute ( smell1 & 8 fluid is frequ5tly sub/itut$ = ! o!r4 ,*lor9e gas is a p[]ful support] ( combu/ion1 _m ( ! metals tak+ fire spontane\sly :5 introduc$ 9 a f9e /ate ( division into ! gas4 ,,exp]im5ts4 #a4 ,into a j> ( *lor9e gas introduce a few %eets ( copp] leaf1 sold "u ! "n ( ,dut* foil1 :5 x w burn ) a dull r$ light4 #b4 ,if "s metallic antimony 9 a /ate ( p[d] be p\r$ into a j> ( ?is gas1 x w take fire z x falls1 & burn ) a bright :ite light4 #c4 ,a small piece ( ! metal potassium may be introduc$1 & w also take fire4 #d4 ,a piece ( phosphorus w also g5]ally take fire spontane\sly :5 introduc$ into ?is gas4 ,9 all ^! cases direct comp\nds ( ! sub/ances ) *lor9e are produc$1 call$ *lorides4 #e4 ,if a light$ tap] be plung$ quickly into ! gas1 x w cont9ue to burn ) a dull light1 giv+ (f a v l>ge quantity ( smoke1 be+ 9 fact ! c>bon ( ! wax tap]1 ) :i* ! *lor9e does n unite2 :ile ! o!r con/itu5t ( ! tap]1 ! hydrog51 =ms muriatic acid by union ) ! *lor9e4 #f4 ,?is sub/ance has ! prop]ty ( de/roy+ mo/ vegetable col\rs1 & is us$ 9 l>ge quantities = blea*+ calico1 l951 & ! rags ( :i* pap] is made4 ,x is a curi\s fact t x %[s ?is prop]ty only :5 wat] is pres5t1 = if a piece ( col\r$ clo? is introduc$ dry into a j> ( ! gas1 also dry1 no effect w be produc$--wet ! clo?1 & re9troduce x1 & 9 a v %ort "t its col\r w be dis*>g$4 #g4 ,introduce a quantity ( ! infusion ( ! common r$ cabbage1 :i* is ( a beautiful blue col\r1 into a j> ( ?is gas1 & x w in/antly become ne>ly z pale z wat]1 reta9+ a slight t+e ( yell[4 ,a solution ( sulphate ( indigo c always be obta9$1 & answ]s well = ?is exp]im5t4 ,,muriatic ,,acid ,,gas1 ,,or ,,hydric ,,*loride4 ,) *lor9e1 hydrog5 =ms a comp\nd call$ muriatic1 or hydro*loric acid gas4 ,x _c easily be =m$ by ! direct union ( its elem5ts1 b is procur$ f "s comp\nd 9 :i* x exi/s ready =m$4 ,common salt 7*loride ( sodium7 is g5]ally employ$2 & :5 act$ on by /rong sulphuric acid 7or oil ( vitriol71 ! gas is dis5gag$ 9 abundance4 ,x mu/ be collect$ ov] m]cury1 = wat] absorbs x1 =m+ ! liquid muriatic1 or hydro*loric acid4 ,a light$ tap] plung$ into ?is gas is in/antly ext+ui%$4 ,x is v dang]\s to animal life if respir$4 ,x has ! prop]ty ( de/roy+ animal effluvia1 & 0 once employ$ to purify ! ca!dral ( ,dijon1 :i* 0 s fill$ ) putrid emanations f ! bodies buri$ 9 x1 t x _h be5 clos$ = "s "t4 ,x p]fectly succe$$1 b x is s de/ructive to all metallic sub/ances t x is n us$ n[1 = ! *lorides ( lime & z9c h s9ce be5 discov]$ to act m effectually ?an ! muriatic acid gas1 )\t its inconv5i5ce4 ,! comp\nds ( hydrog5 ) iod9e are pass$ ov]4 ,) nitrog51 hydrog5 unites & =ms "o ( ! mo/ extraord9>y comp\nds 9 ! :ole range ( *emi/ry1--! gas call$ ammonia4 ,?is is ! only gas possess+ :at are call$ alkal9e prop]ties2 i4 e4 x *anges ! blue col\r ( c]ta9 vegetables to gre51 yell[ to deep br[n1 & unites ) ! acids to =m neutral comp\nds1 j z ! o!r alkalies1 pota% & soda1 :i* are oxides ( metals4 ,x may be procur$ 9 abundance by heat+ ! hydro*lorate ( ammonia1 or sal ammoniac1 z x is usually call$1 ) quick-lime1 :i* takes ! hydro*loric acid1 & sets free ?is rem>kable gas4 ,x mu/ be receiv$ ov] m]cury1 z x is absorb$ to almo/ any ext5t by wat]1 =m+ ! fluid sold z 8spirits ( h>t%orn0 9 ! %ops4 ,?is gas is col\rless & transp>5t1 light] ?an atmosph]ic air1 & w n support combu/ion2 x has a v pung5t b n disagreeable smell4 ,"u c]ta9 circum/ances x is combu/ible4 ,,exp]im5ts4 #a4 ,take a bottle conta9+ *lor9e gas1 & inv]t ov] its m\? ano!r fill$ ) ammoniacal gas2 !n if ! bottles be held 9 ! h& 7gu>d$ by a pair ( gloves71 & sudd5ly turn$1 s t ! *lor9e be upp]mo/1 ! two gases w unite s rapidly t a :ite flame fills ! bottles = an in/ant4 #b4 ,sub/itute = ! *lor9e ( ! la/ exp]im5t a bottle ( c>bonic or hydro*loric acid gas2 9 ei!r case ! gases disappe>1 & a light :ite p[d] settles on ! sides ( ! bottles1 be+ ! c>bonate or hydro*lorate ( ammonia1 accord+ to ! acid us$4 ,c>bonate ( ammonia is ! sub/ance sold = 8smell+ salts20 & ! hydro*lorate1 or muriate ( ammonia1 is ! salt call$ 8sal ammoniac10 :5ce ! alkal9e gas 0 fir/ obta9$1 & f :i* x got its "n ( ammonia4 ,! salt itself 0 s call$1 because x 0 =m]ly br\ght f ! des]ts ne> ! ru9s ( ! temple ( ,jupit] ,ammon4 ,?is salt is1 z has be5 %[n1 a comp\nd ( muriatic acid gas & ammoniacal gas1 conta9+ !re=e only ?ree simple elem5ts--hydrog51 *lor9e1 & nitrog51 all gases1 & kn[n only 9 ! gase\s /ate1 its symbol be+ ,,nh,cl2 yet !y by union =m a solid body1 resembl+ 9 all ess5tial qualities ! salts ( pota% & soda1 :i* are oxides ( kn[n metals4 ,moreov]1 if "s m]cury be plac$ 9 a solution ( ?is salt1 & subject$ to ! action ( galvanism1 ! negative pole be+ appli$ to ! m]cury1 & ! positive to ! sal ammoniac1 ! m]cury pres5tly loses its fluidity1 increases greatly 9 size1 & 9 fact pres5ts ! same appe>ance z :5 x is mix$ ) "s metal1 =m+ :at is call$ an 8amalgam40 ,:5 ! batt]y ceases to act1 a succession ( :ite films =ms on ! surface ( ! amalgam1 & ! m]cury soon returns to its orig9al /ate4 ,h[ is ?is to be expla9$8 ,"s *emi/s h suppos$ t !re mu/ be a base unit$ to ! m]cury1 & h nam$ ?is hypo!tical sub/ance 8ammonium10 to correspond to potassium & sodium1 ! bases ( pota% & soda1 :i* resemble ammonia 9 s _m prop]ties4 ,b :at is ?is ammonium8 & h[ is x =m$8 = hydrog5 & nitrog5 are simple elem5t>y bodies4 ,are all metals comp\nds ( gases8 & are !re b a few elem5ts in/ead ( ! #fd n[ enum]at$8 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is a difficult "q1 n fitt$ = discussion "h4 ,c>bonate ( ammonia may be obta9$ by mix+ toge!r p[d]$ *alk 7:i* is a c>bonate ( lime7 & muriate ( ammonia1 & heat+ ! mixture 9 close vessels1 :5 ! salt 9 "q w rise 9 fumes1 & be cond5s$ 9 a mass 9 ! upp] "p ( ! vessel4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 s l>gely produc$ 9 o!r manufactures1 p>ticul>ly 9 gas-works1 t !re is no necessity to resort to ! m exp5sive & direct me?od4 ,x is ! well-kn[n 8smell+ salts40 ,! only o!r salt ( ammonia wor? our notice "h is ! nitrate1 f ! de/ructive di/illation ( :i* is obta9$ ! nitr\s oxide1 or laugh+ gas1 already m5tion$4 ,,iod9e4 ,on ! coa/s ( c]ta9 isl&s belong+ to ! ,duke ( ,argyll1 va/ quantities ( sea-we$ are occasionally torn up f _! ocean b$s & deposit$ on ! %ores4 ,?is we$1 aft] be+ p>tially dri$ by exposure to ! sun & air1 is burnt 9 a %all[ pit2 ! a%es are !n collect$1 & =m ! comm]cial raw mat]ial call$ kelp1 f :i* iod9e is procur$ by a gradual s]ies ( processes4 ,,exp]im5ts4 ,iod9e has a beautiful metallic lu/re1 ) a blui% black col\r1 & %\ld be kept 9 a well-/opp]$ bottle4 ,a small quantity plac$ 9 a cle> flask & heat$1 af=ds a magnific5t violet vap\r1 :i* may be p\r$ f ! flask into ano!r glass vessel1 :5 x cond5ses aga9 into cry/all9e plates4 ,! col\r ( ! vap\r orig9ates ! "n ( ?is elem5t1 s call$ f ! ,greek 1 violet-col\r$4 ,if a little iod9e be plac$ 9 contact ) a ?9 slice ( phosphorus1 ! latt] takes fire almo/ imm$iately4 ,,brom9e4 ,s call$ f ! ,greek 1 a bad od\r1 is mo/ intimately alli$ ) *lor9e & iod9e2 l ^! elem5ts x belongs to ! sea1 & is a con/itu5t ( sea-wat]4 ,brom9e is a v heavy fluid1 & %\ld be pres]v$ by keep+ x cov]$ ) wat] 9 a /opp]$-bottle4 ,exp]im5ts ) liquid brom9e are n recomm5d$1 z all ! mo/ int]e/+ ones c be p]=m$ ) ! vap\r1 :i* is easily procur$ by lett+ fall a few drops ( brom9e into a w>m dry bottle4 ,,exp]im5ts4 ,p\nd$ antimony spr9kl$ into ! vap\r takes fire imm$iately4 ,a ?9 slice ( phosphorus plac$ 9 a deflagrat+ ladle & plac$ into ! vap\r ( brom9e ignites v quickly4 ,a solution ( sulphate ( indigo1 or an infusion ( r$ cabbage1 are easily blea*$ by be+ %ak5 viol5tly ) ! vap\r ( brom9e4 ,,fluor9e4 ,9 _m p>ts ( ,engl&1 especially 9 ,devon%ire1 ,cornwall1 & above all 9 ,d]by%ire1 is f\nd a v beautiful m9]al1 kn[n by ! "n ( ,fluor ,sp>1 ,d]by%ire ,sp>1 & call$ by ! m9]s ,blue ,john1 to di/+ui% x f ano!r m9]al f\nd1 9 ! same locality1 call$ ,black ,jack4 ,x occurs 9 v regul> & frequ5tly l>ge cry/als 9 ! =m ( cubes1 & occasionally 9 octodra4 ,x is a comp\nd ( calcium ) fluor9e1 & is v abundant 9 c]ta9 fossil bones4 ,?is elem5t1 9 comb9ation ) hydrog5 & call$ hydr(luoric acid1 acts s en]getically ^u all sub/ances conta9+ silica1 t x _c be pres]v$ 9 vessels ( glass or porcela9--v few ( ! metals are capable ( resi/+ its action1 lead be+ ne>ly ! only common metal possess$ ( ?is p[]4 ,gutta p]*a may also be employ$ = vessels to hold x4 ,?is prop]ty ( dissolv+ silica1 has caus$ ?is acid to be us$ = engrav+ on glass4 ,,exp]im5t4 ,mix "o "p ( p[d]$ fluor-sp>1 q pure1 ) two p>ts ( oil ( vitriol1 9 a sauc]1 & apply a g5tle heat1 :5 ! acid w be dis5gag$ 9 ! =m ( vap\r4 ,prep>e a piece ( glass aft] ! mann] ( engrav+ on copp]1 by coat+ x ) a ?9 cov]+ ( wax1 plac+ a pap] ov] ! wax1 & !n draw+ any design ) a %>p-po9t$ in/rum5t1 :51 on remov+ ! pap]1 ! wax-coat+ w be f\nd to be remov$ :]ev] ! in/rum5t has pass$ ov] x4 ,n[ inv]t1 ?is glass ov] ! fumes ( ! acid = half an h\r or s1 & !n heat ! glass s z to s(t5 ! coat+1 & wipe x (f2 ! design w !n appe> 8bitt5 90 z ! t]m is1 t is1 ! acid w h dissolv$ ! glass :]ev] x 0 n protect$ by ! wax1 & w exhibit ! design indelibly fix$ on ! glass4 ,?is acid requires ! greate/ c>e 9 h&l+1 = x is extremely corrosive1 produc+ v tr\blesome ulc]s if x comes 9 contact ) ! sk92 ev5 ! fumes w produce sm>t+ if ! sk9 is long expos$ to !m4 ,,c>bon4 ,! next sub/ance 9 our li/ ( elem5t>y bodies is nam$ c>bon4 ,! pure/ =m ( c>bon is ! preci\s /one call$ diamond1 :i* consi/s entirely ( c>bon 9 a cry/alliz$ =m4 ,! ,fr5* *emi/ ,lavoisi] 0 ! fir/ :o prov$ ! combu/ibility ( ! diamond2 & ,sir ,h4 ,davy f\nd t :5 once set on fire x w\ld cont9ue to burn 9 oxyg5 gas air1 & t ! product ( ! combu/ion 0 c>bonic acid gas1 exactly equal 9 quantity to ! gas produc$ by burn+ an equal weight ( pure *>coal1 ! mo/ common =m ( c>bon4 ,plumbago1 or 8black-lead10 z x is v improp]ly call$1 is also ne>ly pure c>bon1 a v small quantity ( iron be+ unit$ ) x4 ,by f> ! great] "p ( all vegetable1 & a v l>ge portion ( animal bodies consi/s ( c>bon2 & 9 ! /ate ( c>bonic acid 9 comb9ation ) lime & "s o!r e>?s1 x =ms ne>ly ! half ( all ! *alk1 m>ble1 & lime/one ( our hills2 s t x is1 9 "o %ape or o!r1 "o ( ! mo/ widely diffus$ bodies 9 nature4 ,c>bon =ms two gase\s comp\nds ) oxyg52 ! fir/1 call$ c>bonic oxide1 is easily obta9$ by boil+ oxalic acid ) its own bulk ( sulphuric acid1 9 a flask to :i* a cork & b5t tube is atta*$4 ,! gas comes ov] 9 l>ge quantities1 & mu/ be collect$ 9 a gas j>1 or ! pneumatic tr\gh4 ,x is inflammable1 & burns ) a lamb5t blue flame4 ,! o!r comp\nd1 c>bonic acid1 is transp>5t1 col\rless1 mu* heavi] ?an atmosph]ic air1 has an agreeable ta/e1 has ! p[] ( irritat+ ! muc\s membrane ( ! nose1 7z any "o c tell :o has drunk soda-wat]71 )\t possess+ any p>ticul> od\r1 is absorb$ by wat]1 does n support respiration1 & ext+ui%es flame4 ,c>bonic acid gas may be obta9$ ) ! greate/ facility by p\r+ "s muriatic or sulphuric acid1 dilut$ ) ab\t six p>ts ( wat]1 ^u "s pieces ( m>ble or lime/one 9 a bottle ) a tube atta*$1 :5 ! gas comes ov] 9 torr5ts4 ,x may be collect$ ov] wat]4 ,,exp]im5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,/opp]$ ,,bottle ,,= ,,hold+ ,,gas4 #a4 ,to %[ ! great comp>ative weight ( ?is gas1 place a light$ tap] at ! bottom ( a tall glass j>1 !n take a j> full ( c>bonic acid gas1 & p\r x z y w\ld p\r wat] into ! j> conta9+ ! light$ tap]2 y w soon f9d ! tap] w be ext+ui%$ z effectually z if y _h p\r$ wat] on x1 & ! smoke ( ! tap] w float on ! surface ( ! gas 9 v beautiful wavy =ms4 #b4 ,heat a piece ( ! metal potassium 9 a metal spoon 7plat9um is be/71 & if introduc$ 9 a /ate ( ignition into ! gas1 x w cont9ue burn+ brilliantly1 produc+ a quantity ( d5se smoke1 :i* is ! c>bon f ! c>bonic acid1 ! potassium hav+ seiz$ ! oxyg5 & be+ conv]t$ by x into pota%4 #c4 ,if a m\se1 bird1 or o!r small animal1 be plac$ 9 a j> ( ?is gas1 x becomes ins5sible almo/ imm$iately1 b if spe$ily remov$ x w occasionally recov]4 #d4 ,%ake up "s wat] ) "s ( ?is gas 9 a bottle2 ! great] "p ( ! gas w be absorb$ by ! wat]1 :i* acquires a sp>kl+ appe>ance & a pleasant %>p ta/e2 ) ! addition ( a little soda ?is becomes ! well-kn[n bev]age call$ soda-wat]1 s fam\s = remov+ ! morn+ heada*es caus$ by 8t salmon0 hav+ disagre$ at ye/]day's d9n]4 ,x is ! pres5ce ( ?is gas :i* r5d]s x s dang]\s to desc5d into deep wells1 = by its great weight x collects at ! bottom1 & in/antly suffocates any un=tunate p]son :o incauti\sly subjects himself to x4 ,h5ce x is prud5t always to let d[n a light$ c&le be=e any "o desc5ds into a well1 or o!r deep excavation1 & if ! c&le is ext+ui%$1 x is necess>y to ?r[ d[n sev]al pails ( wat]1 lime-wat] if possible1 & aga9 to try ! c&le1 :i* mu/ burn freely be=e x is safe = any "o to desc5d4 ,x is ?is same gas "u ! "n ( 8*oke-damp10 :i* proves s dang]\s to m9]s1 p>ticul>ly aft] an explosion ( 8fire-damp10 = x is ! pr9cipal product ( ! explosion1 & x is by no means an easy matt] to dislodge x4 ,c>bonic acid gas has be5 cond5s$ into ! fluid =m by caus+ x to be dis5gag$ "u great pressure2 ! fluid acid has ! appe>ance ( wat]4 ,:5 ! pressure is remov$1 z by all[+ "s ( ! fluid acid to escape f ! vessel 9 :i* x has be5 cond5s$1 x in/antly reassumes ! gase\s =m1 & 9 s do+ absorbs s mu* lat5t caloric t a portion ( ! acid is actually solidifi$1 & appe>s 9 ! %ape ( sn[1 :i* may be collect$ & pres]v$ = a %ort "t4 ,aft] a lecture by ,mr4 ,addams be=e ! ,a%molean ,society ( ,ox=d1 ,i c>ri$ a k9d ( sn[ball ( c>bonic acid = a di/ance ( #ejj or #fjj y>ds1 & plac$ x 9 a sauc] 9 a room4 ,x evaporat$ v rapidly1 & left no residue1 n ev5 a m>k :]e x _h la94 ,x 0 too cold to be t\*$ by ! nak$ h& )\t pa94 ,c>bonic acid & lime are mutually te/s = ea* o!r4 ,if a j> conta9+ a little lime-wat] be put into a j> ( ?is gas1 x spe$ily becomes turbid1 ! gas unit+ ) ! lime1 & produc+ *alk 7! c>bonate ( lime71 :i* is insoluble 9 wat]4 ,?is gas is produc$ 9 l>ge quantities by ! respiration ( animals1 z may be prov$ by respir+ ?r\gh a tube imm]s$ 9 lime-wat]1 :5 ! wat] w be in/antly r5d]$ turbid f ! =mation ( *alk4 ,,c>bon ,,& ,,hydrog54 ,to ! comb9ation ( ^! elem5ts 9 v>i\s proportions1 & ) ! occasional addition ( o!r sub/ances1 we are indebt$ = all1 or ne>ly all1 our means ( obta9+ light & heat4 ,coal1 wood1 _s1 oil1 & all ! v>ieties ( fats1 are compos$ pr9cipally ( c>bon & hydrog51 & may easily be conv]t$ into ! gas ) :i* our h\ses & /reets are light$1 :i* is ne>ly pure c>burett$ hydrog54 ,! two *ief def9ite gase\s comp\nds ( ^! two elem5ts are ! light c>burett$ hydrog51 & ! heavy c>burett$ hydrog51 or olefiant gas4 ,! fir/ is easily procur$ by /irr+ ! bottom ( /agnant wat] on a hot summ]'s day1 & collect+ ! bubbles 9 a bottle fill$ ) wat] & inv]t$ ov] ! place :]e ! bubbles rise4 ,?is gas burns ) a yell[i% flame1 & :5 mix$ ) a c]ta9 proportion ( air1 or oxyg5 gas1 explodes ) great viol5ce on ! application ( a flame4 ,x is ! mu* dread$ fire-damp g5]at$ s pr(usely 9 "s coal-m9es1 & caus+ su* fe>ful de/ruction to life & prop]ty :5 accid5tally inflam$4 ,! o!r comp\nd1 ! heavy c>burett$ hydrog51 =ms "p ( ! gas us$ = illum9ation2 &1 9 fact1 :atev] sub/ance is employ$ = artificial light1 :e!r oil1 tall[1 wax1 c4 c4 x is conv]t$ into ?is gas by heat1 & !n furni%es ! light by its own combu/ion4 ,?is gas has "s v curi\s prop]ties1 & may be obta9$ ne>ly pure by mix+ 9 a retort1 v c>efully1 "o "p ( spirits ( w9e & f\r ( sulphuric acid4 ,a lamp mu/ be plac$ "u ! retort1 :5 ! gas w be spe$ily dis5gag$1 & come ov] 9 great abundance2 x may be collect$ ov] wat]4 ,?is gas is transp>5t1 col\rless1 w n support combu/ion1 b is itself inflammable1 burn+ ) a brilliant :ite light1 & be+ conv]t$ into c>bonic acid & wat]4 ,if mix$ ) ?ree or f\r times its bulk ( oxyg51 or ) common atmosph]ic air 9 mu* l>g] proportions1 x explodes ) great viol5ce4 ,?is gas is sometimes call$ 8olefiant gas10 f ! prop]ty x has ( =m+ an oily sub/ance :5 mix$ ) *lor9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,j> ,,= ,,collect+ ,,gases4 ,,exp]im5t4 ,into a j> /&+ ov] wat] half full ( ?is gas1 pass an equal quantity ( *lor9e gas4 ,! gases w spe$ily unite & =m an oily-look+ liquid1 :i* may be collect$ f ! sides ( ! j> z x trickles d[n4 ,by cont9ually supply+ ! j> ) ! two gases z !y comb9e1 a consid]able quantity ( ?is sub/ance may be collect$4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 t ! olefiant gas is r 9 excess4 ,! sub/ance produc$ is insoluble 9 wat]1 ) :i* x %\ld be wa%$ by %ak+ !m toge!r 9 a tube1 & has a pleasant sweeti% ta/e & aromatic smell1 some:at resembl+ e!r4 ,,coal ,,gas4 ,! gas s univ]sally employ$ = ! purposes ( illum9ation is a mixture ( ! c>burett$ & ! bi-c>burett$ hydrog51 ) m9ute portions ( o!r gases sc>cely wor? m5tion+4 ,x is procur$ by submitt+ coals to a r$ heat 9 iron retorts1 hav+ a tube pass+ f "o end1 along :i* passes all ! fluid & gase\s matt] sep>at$ f ! coal1 namely1 gas t>1 ammoniacal liquor1 & v>i\s gases1 c>burett$ hydrog51 c>bonic acid1 sulphurett$ hydrog51 c4 c4 ,! t> & ammoniacal liquor rema9 9 ! vessel 9 :i* ! tubes f ! retorts t]m9ate1 & ! gase\s productions are convey$ ?r\gh wat] & lime to sep>ate ! impurities2 ! rema9+ gas1 n[ fit = use1 passes into l>ge iron vessels1 call$ gasomet]s1 inv]t$ ov] wat] 7l ! j>s 9 a pneumatic tr\gh71 :5ce x is s5t ?r\gh pipes & di/ribut$ :]e requir$4 ,:at rema9s 9 ! retorts is call$ coke4 ,x consi/s pr9cipally ( *>coal1 mix$ ) ! e>?y & metallic p>ticles conta9$ 9 ! coal4 ,,exp]im5t4 ,if y possess an iron bottle1 fill x ) p[d]$ coal1 & atta* a flexible tube to x1 & put x 9 ! fire3 z soon z x becomes r$ hot1 l>ge quantities ( smoke w escape f ! end ( ! tube1 be+ ! gas mix$ ) all its impurities4 ,by pass+ x ?r\gh wat] 7if mix$ ) lime x w be bett]71 ! gas may be collect$ 9 j>s /&+ ov] wat]1 & submitt$ to exp]im5t4 ,if y d n possess a bottle1 take a tobacco-pipe ) a l>ge b[l1 7a 8*ur*w>d50 = example72 fill ! b[l ) small coal1 cov] x ) clay or putty1 & :5 dry put x into ! fire1 & ! gas w soon appe> at ! o!r end ( ! pipe1 :5 x may be light$1 or ! gas may be collect$ ov] wat]1 z 9 ! =m] exp]im5t4 ,! light c>burett$ hydrog5 conta9$ 9 ?is gas is giv5 (f spontane\sly 9 "s coal-m9es1 & z x =ms explosive mixtures ) atmosph]ic air1 ! m9es :]e x ab\nds c\ld n be work$ except at ! greate/ risk until ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t c5tury1 :5 ,sir ,h4 ,davy1 :ile prosecut+ "s rese>*es on ! nature ( flame1 f\nd t flame w\ld n pass ?r\gh metallic tubes1 & he gradually r$uc$ ! l5g? ( ! tubes1 until he f\nd f9e iron wire gauze =m$ an effectual b>ri] aga9/ ! passage ( flame4 ,he !n ?\ght t if ! light 9 a lant]n 7 surr\nd$ ) ?is gauze1 x might safely be us$ 9 an inflammable atmosph]e1 :]e a nak$ light w\ld in/antly cause an explosion4 ,^u submitt+ ! lamp to exp]im5t1 he f\nd t by pass+ coal gas by degrees into a vessel 9 :i* "o ( 8 lamps 0 susp5d$1 ! flame fir/ became mu* l>g]1 & !n 0 ext+ui%$1 ! cyl9d] ( gauze be+ fill$ ) a pale flame1 & ?\gh ! gauze sometimes became r$-hot1 x did n ignite ! gas outside4 ,z ! supply ( coal gas 0 dim9i%$1 ! wick ( ! lamp 0 rek9dl$1 & all w5t on z at fir/4 ,a coil ( plat9um wire 0 aft]w>ds susp5d$ 9 ! lamps1 :i* becomes int5sely heat$ by ! burn+ gas1 & gives out suffici5t light to enable ! m9] to see to "w4 ,z long z ! gauze is p]fect x is almo/ impossible = ! ext]nal air to be k9dl$ by ! wick ( ! lamp1 b ! m9]s are s c>eless t !y w (t5 remove ! gauze to get a bett] light1 to look = a tool1 or "s cause equally trivial1 & _m lives h be5 lo/ 9 consequ5ce ( su* c>elessness4 ,! effect ( f9e wire gauze 9 prev5t+ ! passage ( flame may be %[n by br++ a piece ( ! gauze gradually ov] ! flame ( a _s-lamp1 until x ne>ly t\*es ! wick1 :5 ! flame w be ne>ly ext+ui%$1 b ! vap\r ( ! _s passes ?r\gh1 & may be light$ on ! upp] side ( ! gauze1 :i* w ?us h a flame on ei!r side1 ?\gh totally unconnect$ ) ea* o!r4 ,! flame f a gas-burn] w answ] z well z ! _s-lamp4 ,ne>ly all ! fluids1 & solids also1 us$ = procur+ artificial light1 su* z naph?a1 v>i\s oils1 tall[1 wax1 sp]maceti1 spirits ( w9e1 e!r1 c4 c4 are comp\nds ( c>bon & hydrog5 9 diff]5t proportions1 ) ! occasional addition ( "s o!r elem5ts1 especially oxyg5 & hydrog51 9 ! proportions to =m wat]2 z a g5]al rule1 ^? bodies conta9+ ! greate/ proportion ( c>bon give ! mo/ light1 ?\gh n necess>ily ! mo/ heat4 ,,phosphorus4 ,! next body we h to notice is phosphorus1 a mo/ rem>kable sub/ance1 procur$ f ! e>?y "p ( bones by a process n wor? detail+ "h4 ,x %\ld be always kept "u wat]1 & ! nak$ f+]s %\ld n be all[$ ev5 to t\* x1 = ! smalle/ piece gett+ "u ! nail w inflame ! fir/ "t ! h& comes ne> ! fire1 & produce a sore v pa9ful & difficult to heal4 ,x %\ld be cut "u wat] by a knife or scissors1 & remov$ ) a pair ( =ceps4 ,its combu/ible prop]ties h be5 frequ5tly m5tion$4 ,x has also ! prop]ty ( %9+ 9 ! d>k1 s t if y write on a wall ) a solution ( phosphorus 9 oil1 ! lett]s w appe> lum9\s 9 ! d>k--!re is no dang]1 except+ f ! greas9ess ( ! oil4 ,( ! comp\nds ( phosphorus ) oxyg5 we h no?+ to d "h1 b x =ms ) hydrog5 a v curi\s gase\s comp\nd1 :i* takes fire spontane\sly on ! contact ( air1 or almo/ any gas conta9+ oxyg54 ,,exp]im5ts4 ,x may be procur$ 9 ei!r ( two ways1 accord+ to ! purpose = :i* x is want$4 ,! simple/ way is to put a lump or two ( phosphuret ( lime into a sauc]1 ab\t two in*es 9 dep?1 conta9+ "s v dilut$ hydro*loric acid2 bubbles ( gas w spe$ily arise1 & bur/+ on ! surface ( ! fluid w burn ) a slight explosion1 & a circul> wrea? ( smoke w rise into ! atmosph]e1 enl>g+ z x rises1 & wrea?+ itself r\nd & r\nd 9 ! mo/ elegant =ms4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 t ! phosphuret is fre%1 & has be5 kept 9 a well-clos$ bottle1 or ! exp]im5t w fail4 ,! ap>tm5t mu/ be free f draughts4 ,if y desire to collect ! gas1 ano!r me?od mu/ be employ$4 ,illu/ration ,fill a small retort q full1 neck & all1 ( a solution ( cau/ic pota%1 drop five or six pieces ( phosphorus into x1 place ! f+] on ! end ( ! retort1 & imm]se x 9 a bas9 also conta9+ a hot solution ( pota%1 remove ! f+]1 & on apply+ ! heat ( a lamp to ! retort1 ! gas w soon be dis5gag$ rapidly1 & drive out ! fluid 9 ! retort2 x !n escapes into ! air1 :5 x inflames ) ! same appe>ances z be=e describ$4 ,or x may be collect$ 9 gas j>s fill$ ) ! pota% solution1 & held ov] ! m\? ( ! retort4 ,! object 9 us+ hot solution ( pota% 9 ! bas9 is1 t :5 ! gas ceases to be giv5 (f1 & ! heat ( ! lamp is )drawn1 ! hot fluid may gradually fill ! vacuum :i* w =m 9 ! retort1 & s prev5t its be+ brok54 ,?is gas is transp>5t & invisible1 l mo/ o!r gases4 ,x is v poison\s if inhal$4 ,if kept = any "t1 x loses its prop]ty ( spontane\s inflammation1 & mu/ !re=e be made at ! "t x is requir$4 ,,sulphur4 ,sulphur1 or brim/one1 z x is frequ5tly call$1 is sold 9 ! =m ( /icks1 or roll brim/one1 or 9 f9e p[d] call$ fl[]s ( brim/one4 ,x is capable ( %[+ electric ph5om5a :5 rubb$1 giv+ out slight sp>ks1 & fir/ attract+ & !n repell+ light bodies1 su* z small pieces ( pap]1 c4 ,x is s bad a conductor ( heat1 t if grasp$ sudd5ly 9 a hot h&1 x w crack & split into pieces j z glass does :5 sudd5ly heat$ or cool$--( c\rse ,i am speak+ ( ! roll brim/one4 ,wat] has no effect on x1 z may be se5 9 ! pans plac$ = pet dogs to dr9k out (1 :]e ! same piece ( brim/one lies = ye>s entirely unalt]$1 ?\gh x is suppos$ to prev5t ! dogs f hav+ ! mange6 ,sulphur is l>gely us$ 9 ! arts1 pr9cipally 9 ! manufacture ( gunp[d]1 & fireworks ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,x comb9es ) hydrog51 & =ms a gase\s comp\nd call$ sulphurett$ hydrog51 :i* is almo/ ! mo/ poison\s ( all ! gases4 ,x =tunately has s abom9able smell1 t due notice is giv5 ( its pres5ce4 ,rott5 eggs1 a dirty gun-b>rel1 cabbage wat]1 putrid animal & vegetable matt]1 c4 are indebt$ to ?is gas = _! invit+ od\r2 & x is f\nd 9 c]ta9 m9]al spr+s1 z at ,h>rogate1 :]e ! wat] conta9s a consid]able quantity ( ?is gas1 & is f\nd useful 9 _m diseases ( ! sk94 ,x is also giv5 (f 9 a gase\s =m by "s volcanoes4 ,?is gas may be obta9$ by p\r+ dilute hydro*loric acid ^u a metallic sulphuret1 su* z t call$ crude antimony1 be+ a native sulphuret ( t metal4 ,! gas may be kept = a %ort "t ov] wat]4 ,x is col\rless & transp>5t1 inflammable1 b q irrespirable1 a small bird dy+ in/antly :5 plac$ 9 air conta9+ only #a_/aejj? ( ?is gas4 ,its mo/ rem>kable prop]ty p]haps is ! effect x has on c]ta9 metallic oxides1 & o!r metallic salts1 black5+ !m in/antly4 ,:ite pa9t is easily /a9$ by ?is gas1 & x w d>k5 ! col\r ( a metal 9 a solution1 especially ( lead1 ev5 :5 dilut$ ) #bj1jjj times its weight ( wat]4 ,by way ( exp]im5t1 slips ( rib&1 silk1 or ev5 pap]1 may be wett$ ) v>i\s metallic solutions1 su* z silv]1 m]cury1 lead1 c4 or words may be writt5 ) ! solutions1 & on hold+ !m ov] a /ream ( ?is gas !y w be in/antly d>k5$4 ,if ?is gas be collect$ 9 ! pneumatic tr\gh1 :i* is usually pa9t$ :ite1 y w h ! pleasure ( see+ ! col\r *ang$ to a v d>k br[n1 :5 y\r exp]im5ts are f9i%$4 ,) ?is v limit$ description ( "s ( ! non-metallic elem5ts & _! comb9ations1 we mu/1 = want ( space1 take leave ( ?is division ( *emi/ry2 8! beg9n+ ( :i* is pleasure1 its progress k1 its objects tru? & utility40--7,davy47 ,,metals4 ,we h a few words to say ab\t a class ( bodies call$ metals1 :i* are ( ! utmo/ importance to mank9d1 & inde$ )\t "s ( !m1 especially iron1 few ( ! arts ( civiliz$ life c\ld exi/4 ,fifty sub/ances are n[ includ$ 9 ! li/ ( metals2 "s ( !m1 h[ev]1 are only suppos$ to exi/1 su* z ammonium1 ! suppos$ base ( ammonia2 & v _m are to be view$ r 9 ! light ( *emical curiosities1 z f _! great r>ity !y are too exp5sive = use1 ev5 if possess$ ( valuable prop]ties ( :i* o!rs might be de/itute4 ,sev]al metals h be5 kn[n f ! e>lie/ p]iod ( :i* we h any record2 su* 7 iron1 gold1 silv]1 copp]1 lead1 t91 m]cury1 & probably z9c1 or at lea/ its ores2 = brass1 :i* is an alloy ( copp] & z9c1 is frequ5tly m5tion$ 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,9 ! sixte5? c5tury o!rs 7 discov]$1 su* z antimony & bismu?4 ,9 ! la/ c5tury1 cobalt1 ars5ic1 plat9um1 nickel1 manganese1 & *romium1 toge!r ) sev]al unimportant metals1 7 discov]$ by v>i\s philosoph]s2 :ile 9 ! pres5t c5tury1 ,dr4 ,wolla/on discov]$ rhodium1 ! h>de/ & ne>ly ! mo/ inde/ructible ( all ! metals2 & a few ye>s lat]1 ,sir ,humphry ,davy f\nd t ! alkalies1 pota%1 & soda1 ) _m ( ! e>?s z !y 7 call$1 _h ea* a metal = its base1 to :i* he gave ! ,lat9 "n ( ! alkali or e>?1 ) ! t]m9ation um1 z potassium1 ! base ( potassa1 sodium ( soda1 calcium ( calx 7lime71 c4 ,until ,sir ,h4 ,davy's discov]y ( ! metals ( ! alkalies1 great specific gravity 0 reg>d$ z "o ( ! mo/ /rik+ *>act]i/ics ( a metal1 ! lighte/ ( !m be+ mu* heavi] ?an ! heavie/ e>?2 b potassium is v mu* light] ?an wat]1 & n mu* heavi] ?an spirits ( w9e4 ,! o!r metals v>y f a specific gravity ( ne>ly tw5ty-"o--or tw5ty-"o times heavi] ?an an equal bulk ( wat]--t ( plat9um1 to some:at less ?an sev51 :i* is ! specific gravity ( antimony4 ,:5 pure1 !y all h a lu/re1 diff]+ inde$ among !mselves1 b s peculi> t x is call$ ! metallic lu/re1 = in/ance1 gold & copp] are yell[ & r$--ne>ly all ! o!rs :ite1 b ( a diff]5t %ade2 /ill !re is no mi/ak+ _! metallic "*1 no o!r sub/ances at all equall+ !m 9 ?is respect4 ,!y are also opaque1 al?\gh "s1 l gold1 :5 r$uc$ to ?9 films1 all[ light to pass ?r\gh !m4 ,!y are all good conductors ( heat & electricity1 ?\gh "s possess t prop]ty to a great] ext5t ?an o!rs4 ,_m ( !m are :at is call$ malleable1 t is1 may be ext5d$ or spread out by roll+1 or beat+ !m ) a hamm]2 & ductile1 or h ! prop]ty ( be+ drawn out into wire4 ,gold1 silv]1 copp]1 & iron1 are ! mo/ rem>kable 9 ?is respect4 ,all ! metals are fusible1 b "s require v diff]5t degrees ( heat to r5d] !m fluid1--plat9um requir+ ! heat ( ! oxy-hydrog5 bl[pipe1 :ile t9 melts 9 ! flame ( a c&le1 & m]cury is fluid at all temp]atures 9 ?is climate1 b becomes solid at #dj ,fahr4 bel[ #j1--;a temp]ature occasionally exp]i5c$ 9 ! ,arctic regions1 :]e ! m]curial !rmomet] is useless1 ! m]cury becom+ solid4 ,!y are all excell5t conductors ( heat & electricity1 & h ! prop]ty ( reflect+ light & =m+ mirrors2 = look+-glasses owe _! p[] ( reflect+ objects pr9cipally to :at is call$ ! 8silv]+20 t is1 a mixture ( m]cury & t9 spread ov] ! back ( ! glass1 :i* be+ transp>5t1 all[s ! image reflect$ f ! metal to pass ?r\gh x4 ,! foll[+ classification is mo/ in/ructive1 because x sugge/s to ! "y /ud5t t !re mu/ be id5tical prop]ties 9 ! metals ?us plac$ toge!r3-- ,class #a4 ,ammonium1 csium1 li?ium1 potassium1 sodium4 ,class #b4 ,calcium1 b>ium1 /rontium4 ,class #c4 ,alum9ium1 c]ium1 didymium1 erbium1 gluc9ium1 lan?anum1 ?orium1 yttrium1 zirconium4 ,class #d4 ,z9c class3 cadmium1 magnesium1 z9c4 ,class #e4 ,iron class3 cobalt1 *romium1 indium1 iron1 manganese1 nickel1 uranium4 ,class #f4 ,t9 class3 niobium1 tantalum1 t91 titanium4 ,class #g4 ,tung/5 class3 molybd5um1 tung/51 vanadium4 ,class #h4 ,ars5ic class3 antimony1 ars5ic1 bismu?4 ,class #i4 ,lead class3 lead1 ?allium4 ,class #aj4 ,silv] class3 copp]1 m]cury1 silv]4 ,class #aa4 ,gold class3 gold1 iridium1 osmium1 palladium1 plat9um1 rhodium1 ru!nium4 ,,potassium4 ,potassium 0 discov]$ by ,sir ,h4 ,davy 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t c5tury1 :ile act+ ^u pota% ) ! enorm\s galvanic batt]y ( ! ,royal ,in/itution1 consi/+ ( #b1jjj pairs ( #d-;in* plates4 ,x is a brilliant :ite metal1 s s(t z to be easily cut ) a p5knife1 & s light z to swim ^u wat]1 on :i* x acts ) great en]gy1 unit+ ) ! oxyg51 & lib]at+ ! hydrog51 :i* takes fire z x escapes4 ,,exp]im5t4 ,trace "s cont9u\s l9es on pap] ) a camel's-hair bru% dipp$ 9 wat]1 & place a piece ( potassium ab\t ! size ( a pea on "o ( ! l9es1 & x w foll[ ! c\rse ( ! p5cil1 tak+ fire z x runs1 & burn+ ) a purpli% light4 ,! pap] w be f\nd cov]$ ) a solution ( ord9>y pota%4 ,if turm]ic pap] be us$1 ! c\rse ( ! potassium w be m>k$ ) a deep br[n col\r4--,coroll>y4 ,h5ce1 if y t\* potassium ) wet f+]s y w burn !m6 ,if a small piece ( ! metal be plac$ on a piece ( ice1 x w in/antly take fire1 & =m a deep hole1 :i* w be f\nd to conta9 a solution ( pota%4 ,9 consequ5ce ( its great aff9ity = oxyg51 potassium mu/ be kept 9 "s fluid de/itute ( t elem5t1 su* z naph?a4 ,caution6--,z ! globules ( potassium aft] conv]sion into pota%1 :5 ?r[n on ice or wat] bur/1 /rew+ small p>ticles ( cau/ic hot pota% 9 e direction1 ! greate/ c>e %\ld be tak5 to keep at a suffici5t di/ance :il/ p]=m+ ! above exp]im5t4 ,saltpetre1 or nitre1 is a comp\nd ( ?is metal 7or r its oxide7 ) nitric acid4 ,x is "o ( ! +r$i5ts ( gunp[d]1 & has ! prop]ty ( quick5+ ! combu/ion ( all combu/ible bodies4 ,mix "s *lorate ( pota% ) lump sug>1 bo? be+ p[d]$1 & drop on ! mixture a little /rong sulphuric acid1 & x w in/antly bur/ into flame4 ,?is exp]im5t also requires caution4 ,want ( space precludes u f consid]+ ! individual metals & _! comp\nds 9 detail2 x mu/ suffice to describe "s exp]im5ts %[+ "s ( _! prop]ties4 ,! diff]5t aff9ities ( ! metals = oxyg5 may be exhibit$ 9 v>i\s ways4 ,! silv] or z9c tree has already be5 describ$1 page #ceg4 ,,exp]im5ts4 #a4 ,into a solution ( nitrate ( silv] 9 di/ill$ wat] imm]se a clean plate or slip ( copp]4 ,! solution1 :i* 0 col\rless1 w soon beg9 to assume a gre5i% t9t1 & ! piece ( copp] w be cov]$ ) a coat+ ( a light grey col\r1 :i* is ! silv] =m]ly unit$ to ! nitric acid1 :i* has be5 displac$ by ! great] aff9ity or lik+ ( ! oxyg5 & acid = ! copp]4 #b4 ,:5 ! copp] is no long] coat$1 b rema9s clean & bright :5 imm]s$ 9 ! fluid1 all ! silv] has be5 deposit$1 & ! glass n[ conta9s a solution ( copp]4 ,place a piece ( clean iron 9 ! solution1 & x w almo/ in/antly be coat$ ) a film ( copp]1 & ?is w cont9ue until ! :ole ( t metal is remov$1 & its place fill$ by an equival5t quantity ( iron1 s t nitrate ( iron is f\nd 9 ! liquid4 ,! oxyg5 & nitric acid rema9 unalt]$ 9 quantity or quality dur+ ^! *anges1 be+ m]ely transf]r$ f "o metal to ano!r4 ,a piece ( z9c w displace ! iron 9 l mann]1 leav+ a solution ( nitrate ( z9c4 ,ne>ly all ! col\rs us$ 9 ! arts are produc$ by metals & _! comb9ations2 inde$1 "o is nam$ *romium1 f a ,greek ^w signify+ col\r1 on acc\nt ( ! beautiful t9ts obta9$ f its v>i\s comb9ations ) oxyg5 & ! o!r metals4 ,all ! v>i\s t9ts ( gre51 orange1 yell[1 & r$1 are obta9$ f ?is metal4 ,solutions ( mo/ ( ! metallic salts give precipitates ) solutions ( alkalies & _! salts1 z well z ) _m o!r sub/ances1 su* z :at are usually call$ prussiate ( pota%1 hydro-sulphuret ( ammonia1 c42 & ! col\rs diff] accord+ to ! metal employ$1 & s small a quantity is requir$ to produce ! col\r t ! solutions be=e mix+ may be ne>ly col\rless4 ,,exp]im5ts4 #a4 ,to a solution ( sulphate ( iron add a drop or two ( a solution ( prussiate ( pota%1 & a blue col\r w be produc$4 #b4 ,sub/itute sulphate ( copp] = iron1 & ! col\r w be a ri* br[n4 #c4 ,ano!r blue1 ( q a diff]5t t9t1 may be produc$ by lett+ a few drops ( a solution ( ammonia fall into "o ( sulphate ( copp]--a precipitate ( a light blue falls d[n1 :i* is dissolv$ by an additional quantity ( ! ammonia1 & =ms a transp>5t solution ( ! mo/ spl5did ri* blue col\r4 #d4 ,into a solution ( sulphate ( iron let fall a few drops ( a /rong infusion ( galls1 & ! col\r w become a blui%-black--9 fact1 ink4 ,a little tea w answ] z well z ! infusion ( galls4 ,?is is ! reason :y c]ta9 /uffs =m]ly 9 g5]al use = dress+ g[ns = g5tlem5 7 s objectionable2 = z !y 7 indebt$ to a salt ( iron = _! col\r1 buff z x 0 call$1 a drop ( tea accid5tally spilt produc$ all ! effect ( a drop ( ink4 #e4 ,put into a l>gi% te/ tube two or ?ree small pieces ( granulat$ z9c1 fill x ab\t "o-?ird full ( wat]1 put 9 a few gra9s ( iod9e & boil ! wat]1 :i* w at fir/ acquire a d>k purple col\r1 gradually fad+ z ! iod9e comb9es ) ! z9c4 ,add a little m iod9e f "t to "t1 until ! z9c is ne>ly all dissolv$4 ,if a few drops ( ?is solution be add$ to an equally col\rless solution ( corrosive sublimate 7a salt ( m]cury7 a precipitate w take place ( a spl5did sc>let col\r1 bright] if possible ?an v]milion1 :i* is also a prep>ation ( m]cury4 ,,cry/allization ,,( ,,metals4 ,"s ( ! metals assume c]ta9 def9ite =ms 9 return+ f ! fluid to ! solid /ate4 ,bismu? %[s ?is prop]ty m readily ?an mo/ o!rs4 ,,exp]im5t4 ,melt a p\nd or two ( bismu? 9 an iron ladle ov] ! fire2 remove x z soon z ! :ole is fluid2 & :5 ! surface has become solid break a hole 9 x1 & p\r out ! /ill fluid metal f ! int]ior2 :at rema9s w exhibit beautifully =m$ cry/als ( a cubic %ape4 ,sulphur may be cry/alliz$ 9 ! same mann]1 b its fumes :5 heat$ are s v unpleasant t few w\ld wi% to enc\nt] !m4 ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable facts 9 *emi/ry1 a sci5ce ab\nd+ 9 wond]s1 is ! circum/ance1 t ! m]e contact ( hydrog51 ! lighte/ body kn[n1 ) ! metal plat9um1 ! heavie/1 :5 9 a /ate ( m9ute division1 call$ spongy plat9um1 produces an int5se heat1 suffici5t to inflame ! hydrog53 ( c\rse ?is exp]im5t mu/ be made 9 ! pres5ce ( atmosph]ic air or oxyg54 ,"t & space 7or r ! want ( !m7 compel u to conclude ) a few exp]im5ts ( a miscellane\s "*4 ,,to ,,=m ,a ,,solid ,,f ,,two ,,liquids4#g ,prep>e sep>ately1 saturat$ solutions ( sulphate ( magnesia 7,epsom salts7 & c>bonate ( pota%4 ,on mix+ !m ! result w be ne>ly solid4 #g ,saturat$ solutions are made by add+ ! salt to boil+ wat] until x w take up no m1 lett+ x /& till cold & !n p\r+ (f ! liquid4 ,solutions ( muriate ( lime & c>bonate ( pota% w answ] z well4 ,,to ,,=m ,a ,,liquid ,,f ,,two ,,solids4 ,rub toge!r 9 a ,w$gewood mort> a small quantity ( sulphate ( soda & acetate ( lead1 & z !y mix !y w become liquid4 ,c>bonate ( ammonia & sulphate ( copp]1 previ\sly r$uc$ to p[d] sep>ately1 w also1 :5 mix$1 become liquid1 & acquire a mo/ spl5did blue col\r4 ,! great] numb] ( salts h a t5d5cy to assume regul> =ms1 or become cry/allis$1 :5 pass+ f ! fluid to ! solid /ate2 & ! size & regul>ity ( ! cry/als dep5ds 9 a great measure on ! sl[ or rapid escape ( ! fluid 9 :i* !y 7 dissolv$4 ,sug> is a capital example ( ?is prop]ty2 ! ord9>y loaf-sug> be+ rapidly boil$ d[n1 z x is call$3 :ile to make sug>-c&y1 :i* is no?+ b sug> 9 a cry/alliz$ =m1 ! solution is all[$ to evaporate sl[ly1 & z x cools x =ms into ^? beautiful cry/als t]m$ sug>-c&y4 ,! ?reads f\nd 9 ! c5tre ( "s ( ! cry/als are m]ely plac$ = ! purpose ( ha/5+ ! =mation ( ! cry/als4 ,,exp]im5ts4 #a4 ,make a /rong solution ( alum1 or ( sulphate ( copp]1 or blue vitriol1 & place 9 !m r\gh & irregul> pieces ( cl9k] f /oves1 or wire-baskets1 & set !m by 9 a cool place1 :]e !y w be free f du/1 & 9 a few days cry/als ( ! sev]al salts w deposit !mselves on ! baskets1 c42 !y %\ld !n be tak5 out ( ! solutions1 & dri$1 :5 !y =m v pretty ornam5ts = a room4 #b4 ,fill a ,flor5ce flask up to ! neck ) a /rong solution ( sulphate ( soda1 or ,glaub]'s salt1 boil x1 & tie ! m\? ov] ) a piece ( moi/5$ bladd] :ile boil+1 & set x by 9 a place :]e x _c be di/urb$4 ,aft] tw5ty-f\r h\rs x w probably /ill rema9 fluid4 ,pi]ce ! bladd] cov]+ ) a p5knife1 & ! entrance ( ! air w cause ! :ole mass in/antly to cry/allize1 & ! flask w become q w>m f ! lat5t caloric1 ( :i* we h spok5 be=e1 giv5 out by ! salt 9 pass+ f ! fluid to ! solid /ate4 ,x is bett] to prep>e two or ?ree flasks at ! same "t1 to provide aga9/ accid5ts1 = ! lea/ %ake w (t5 cause cry/allization to take place be=e ! prop] "t4 ,,*anges ,,( ,,col\r ,,produc$ ,,by ,,col\rless ,,liquids4 ,make a /rong infusion ( ! leaves ( ! r$ cabbage1 :i* w be ( a beautiful blue col\r2 drop into x a few drops ( dilute sulphuric acid1 & ! col\r w *ange to a bright r$2 add "s solution ( c>bonate ( pota%1 or soda1 & ! r$ col\r w gradually give way to ! orig9al blue2 cont9ue add+ ! alkal9e solution1 & ! fluid w assume a bright gre5 col\r4 ,n[ resume ! acid1 & z x is dropp$ 91 ! col\r w aga9 *ange f gre5 to blue1 & f blue to r$4 ,n[ ?is simple exp]im5t illu/rates ?ree po9ts3 fir/1 t acids *ange ! col\r ( mo/ vegetable blues & gre5s to r$2 second1 t alkalies *ange mo/ blues & r$s to gre52 & ?ird1 t :5 ! acid & alkali are unit$ toge!r1 !y bo? lose _! prop]ty ( *ang+ col\r1 & become :at is call$ a neutral salt1 i4 e4 a comp\nd possess+ ! prop]ties ( nei!r ( its con/itu5ts4 ,illu/ration ,,electricity4 ,no bran* ( sci5ce is m capable ( af=d+ amusem5t1 comb9$ ) in/ruction1 ?an electricity1 & !re are few sci5ces 9 :i* ! exp]im5ts are m easily p]=m$4 ,we w\ld !re=e especially recomm5d x to our "y fri5ds4 ,! t]m electricity is d]iv$ f ! ,greek ^w electron1 signify+ amb]1 because electrical attraction 0 fir/ discov]$ f its be+ notic$ t :5 amb] 0 rubb$ into a c]ta9 degree ( w>m?1 x _h ! p[] ( attract+ small bodies to itself4 ,electricity !re=e prim>ily treats ( ! ph5om5a & effects produc$ by ! friction or rubb+ toge!r ( c]ta9 bodies call$ electrics4 ,^! consi/ ( glass1 amb]1 res9\s matt]s1 silks1 hair1 wool1 fea!rs1 v>i\s vegetable sub/ances1 & atmosph]ic air1 & ! electricity s obta9$ is usually call$ ,frictional ,electricity1 to di/+ui% x f t produc$ by *emical action1 & call$ ,voltaic ,electricity4 ,,simple ,,means ,,( ,,produc+ ,,electricity4 ,to %[ ! nature ( electrical action1 rub a piece ( seal+-wax or amb] ^u ! coat-sleeve1 & x w attract light bodies1 su* z /raws or small pieces ( pap]4 ,if a clean glass tube be rubb$ sev]al times ?r\gh a silk5 or lea!r clo?1 & pres5t$ to any small sub/ances1 x w imm$iately attract & !n repel !m2 & if a pok] susp5d$ by a dry silk /r+ be pres5t$ to its upp] end1 !n ! l[] end ( ! pok] w exhibit ! same ph5om5a z ! tube itself1 :i* %[s t ! opposite electrical condition may be induc$ ^u o!r bodies by ! m]e neighb\rhood & approa* ( ano!r electrifi$ body1 & ! effect s produc$ is call$ induc$ electricity4 ,illu/ration ,:5 an electrifi$ conductor is support$ by non-conductors1 s t ! electric fluid _c pass f ! conductor to ! e>?1 x is said to be insulat$3 ?us ! human body is a conductor ( electricity--b if a p]son /&+ on a glass /ool 7z repres5t$ 9 ! draw+7 be *>g$ ) electricity1 ! electric fluid _c pass f him to ! e>?1 & he is said to be insulat$2 & if he be t\*$ by ano!r p]son /&+ on ! gr\nd1 sp>ks w be exhibit$ at ! po9t ( contact1 :]e also ! p]son t\*+ w feel a prick+ s5sation4 ,illu/ration ,,attraction ,,& ,,repulsion ,,exhibit$4 ,illu/ration ,9 ord] to illu/rate c]ta9 rem>kable facts 9 ?is sci5ce ( an amus+ "*1 att5tion mu/ be direct$ to ! figure ,a ,b1 :i* is a metal /&2 ,c is a small piece ( cork or pi?1 :i* is susp5d$ f ! hook by a dry silk5 ?read4 ,hav+ rubb$ an electric1 z a dry rod ( glass1 & pres5t$ x to ,c1 ! ball w be in/antane\sly attract$ to ! glass & w adh]e to x4 ,aft] !y rema9 9 contact = a few seconds1 if ! glass be )drawn )\t be+ t\*$ by ! f+]s1 & aga9 pres5t$ to ! ball1 ! latt] w be repell$ in/ead ( attract$1 z 9 ! fir/ in/ance4 ,by be+ t\*$ ) ! f+]1 ! ball c be depriv$ ( its electricity1 & if aft] ?is has be5 done we pres5t a piece ( seal+-wax 9 ! place ( ! glass =m]ly employ$1 ! v same ph5om5a w take place4 ,on ! fir/ application ! ball w be attract$1 & on ! second repell$4#h #h ,= a m complete acc\nt ( ?is int]e/+ sci5ce we w\ld ref] ! "y read] to 8,! ,boy's ,playbook on ,sci5ce10 or1 if m advanc$1 to 8,noad's ,manual ( ,electricity40 ,be=e ! "y read] c p]=m any v important exp]im5ts ) electricity1 he mu/ become possess$ ( an ,,electrical ,,ma*9e1 :i* is an in/rum5t contriv$ = ! purpose ( rubb+ toge!r ! surfaces ( glass & lea!r4 ,!y g5]ally consi/ ( a cyl9d]1 or plate ( glass1 & a piece ( silk or lea!r = x to rub aga9/1 cov]$ ) an amalgam1 ! me?od ( prep>+ :i* we %all h]eaft] describe4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,make ,,an ,,electrical ,,ma*9e4 ,illu/ration ,x is v easy to make a glass ma*9e ( ! cyl9drical =m1 if ! mak] _c af=d to buy "o4 ,fir/ procure a common w9e bottle ( good dim5sions1 & ?icki% glass4 ,drill a hole ?r\gh its bottom1 ) a file moi/5$ ) dilute sulphuric acid4 ,a blacksmi?1 if suppli$ ) ! acid1 w\ld und]take to d ?is "p ( ! "w4 ,?r\gh ?is hole & ! m\? pass a sp9dle1 z repres5t$ 9 ! cut4 ,! end ( ,b %\ld be squ>$ to fix a h&le on1 & ! sp9dle %\ld be fix$ firmly 9 ! bottle4 ,! bottle is !n to be fix$ 9 a frame 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ! end ( ! sp9dle ,c passes ?r\gh a hole at ,b2 & ! o!r end at ,c has ! h&le = turn+ ! ma*9e4 ,illu/ration ,next make a cu%ion ( wa%-lea!r /uff$ ) wool1 & fa/5$ to ! top ( a frame ( ! foll[+ figure4 ,?is frame is to be ( su* a height t ! cu%ion %all press aga9/ ! sides ( ! bottle1 & a piece ( black silk is sewn on to ! top ( ! cu%ion1 & hangs ov] ! bottle ,d4 ,! cu%ion %\ld be sme>$ ) an amalgam1 =m$ by melt+ toge!r 9 ! b[l ( a tobacco-pipe "o "p ( t9 ) two ( z9c2 to :i*1 :ile fluid1 %\ld be add$ six p>ts ( m]cury4 ,^! %\ld be /irr$ ab\t till q cold1 & !n r$uc$ to a f9e p[d] 9 a mort>1 & mix$ ) a suffici5t quantity ( l>d to =m a ?icki% pa/e4 ,:5 all is done1 ! ma*9e is complete4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cu%ion4 ,,! ,,conductor4 ,! electricity be+ g5]at$ by ! friction produc$ betwe5 ! rubb] & ! bottle f ! motion imp>t$ by ! h&le1 x is necess>y to draw x (f = use4 ,?is is p]=m$ by :at is call$ a conductor4 ,?is is made by cov]+ a cyl9d] ( turn$ wood six in*es long & two & a half in*es 9 diamet]1 & nicely r\nd$ at ! ends1 ) t9foil1 :i* is !n m\nt$ on a /& on a glass rod4 ,:5 us$1 x is to be plac$ 9 ! direction ( ! l5g?4 ,9 x "s p9s are ins]t$1 ) ! po9ts outside1 9 a l9e ev5 )1 & ab\t half an in* f1 ! bottle1 & x %\ld be ( su* a height z to come j bel[ ! silk apron4 ,:5 x is wi%$ to *>ge a ,leyd5 j>1 x is to be plac$ at ! r\nd end ( ! conductor4 ,by ^! simple means a great v>iety ( pleas+ exp]im5ts may be p]=m$2 b to %[ ! v>i\s ph5om5a connect$ ) ?is int]e/+ /udy1 we %all n[ describe an electrical ma*9e ( ! newe/ con/ruction1 & p]=m our exp]im5ts ) x4 ,,! ,,plate ,,electrical ,,ma*9e4 ,illu/ration ,=m]ly ! electrical ma*9e 0 made 9 ! =m ( a cyl9d]1 b n[ x consi/s ( a plate ,a1 z se5 9 ! engrav+4 ,! plate is turn$ by ! h&le ,f ?r\gh ! rubb] ,b ,b1 :i* diffuses ! excitem5t ov] ! glass4 ,! po9ts or balls at ea* side ( ! plate c>ry (f a con/ant /ream ( positive electricity to ! prime conductor ,c4 ,negative electricity is g5]at$ by insulat+ ! conductor to :i* ! cu%ion is atta*$1 & cont9u+ ! prime conductor ) ! gr\nd1 s z to c>ry (f ! fluid collect$ f ! plate4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,draw ,,sp>ks ,,f ,,! ,,tip ,,( ,,! ,,nose4 ,if ! p]son :o works ! ma*9e be support$ on a /ool hav+ glass legs1 & connect$ ) ! conductor by means ( a glass rod1 ! electricity w pass f ! conductor to him1 & z x _c get away1 ow+ to ! glass on :i* he /&s be+ a non-conductor1 any p]son on t\*+ him c draw ! electricity f him1 :i* w exhibit itself 9 small sp>ks z x passes to ! p]son :o t\*es him4 ,if t\*$ on ! nose1 sp>ks ( fire w issue f x4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,*>ge ,a ,,leyd5 ,,j>4 ,illu/ration ,a mo/ useful piece ( electrical app>atus is call$ ! ,leyd5 j>1 "h repres5t$4 ,x is employ$ = ! purpose ( obta9+ a quantity ( electricity1 :i* may be appli$ to any sub/ance4 ,x consi/s ( a glass j>1 coat$ bo? inside & )\t1 f\r-fif?s ( ! way up1 ) t9foil4 ,a knob rises ?r\gh a wood5 top communicat+ ) ! inside ( ! j>4 ,:5 x is wi%$ to *>ge ! j>1 ?is knob is appli$ to ! prime conductor ( ! electrical ma*9e :5 9 action1 & a quantity ( electricity be+ giv5 (f1 ! j> w rema9 *>g$ ) x till a connexion is made1 by "s good conductor ( electricity1 betwe5 ! knob & ! outside t9foil4 ,a piece ( brass *a9 mu/ hang f ! /em t c>ries ! knob1 & connect x ) ! int]ior ( ! j>4 ,,! ,,electrical ,,batt]y4 ,illu/ration ,if sev]al ( ^! j>s be unit$1 a l>ge quantity ( electricity c be collect$2 b1 9 arrang+ !m1 all ! int]ior coat+s mu/ be made to communicate by metallic rods1 & a simil> union mu/ be effect$ among ! ext]ior coat+s4 ,:5 ?us arrang$1 ! :ole s]ies may be *>g$ z if !y =m$ b "o j>4 ,illu/ration ,= ! purpose ( mak+ a direct communication betwe5 ! inn] or out] coat+s ( a j> or batt]y1 by :i* a dis*>ge is effect$1 an in/rum5t call$ a dis*>g+ rod is employ$4 ,x consi/s ( two b5t metallic rods1 t]m9at+ at "o end by brass balls1 & connect$ at ano!r by a jo9t :i* is fix$ to ! end ( a glass h&le1 & :i*1 act+ l a pair ( compasses1 all[s ( ! balls be+ sep>at$ at c]ta9 di/ances4 ,:5 op5$ to ! prop] degree1 "o ( ! balls is made to t\* ! ext]ior coat+1 & ! o!r ball is !n br\ght into contact ) ! knob ( ! j>1 :5 a dis*>ge is effect$2 :ile ! glass h&le secures ! p]son hold+ x f ! effects ( ! %ock4 ,,danc+ ,,balls ,,& ,,dolls4 ,illu/ration ,get two r\nd pieces ( wood1 ,a ,b1 & coat !m ) t9foil2 or two pieces ( metal plate2 atta* "o ( !m to ! prime conductor by a *a91 & let x hang ab\t two or ?ree in*es f ! knob4 ,place "s pi?-balls ^u ! bottom piece ( wood ,b1 & br+ x "u ! o!r4 ,imm$iately ?is is done1 & ! upp] piece is *>g$ ) electricity f ! ma*9e1 ! pi?-balls w jump up & d[n1 & f "o to ! o!r ) great rapidity4 ,if "s ( ! pi? be =m$ into little figures1 !y w also dance & leap ab\t 9 ! mo/ grotesque mann]4 ,! same may be made to dance by m]ely hold+ ! inside ( a dry glass tumbl] to ! prime conductor = a few m9utes1 :ile ! ma*9e is 9 action1 & !n if ?is be plac$ ov] !m !y w jump ab\t1 to ! a/oni%m5t ( ! spectators1 z ! cause ( _! motions is n q s app>5t4 ,,! ,,electrical ,,kiss4 ,?is amus+ exp]im5t is p]=m$ by means ( ! electrical /ool4 ,let any lady *all5ge a g5tleman n acqua9t$ ) ! exp]im5t to fav\r h] ) a salute4 ,! lady !reupon m\nts ! glass /ool1 & takes hold ( a *a9 connect$ ) ! prime conductor4 ,! ma*9e be+ !n put 9 motion ! g5tleman approa*es ! lady1 & imm$iately he attempts to impr9t ! seal ( s(t affection ^u h] coral lips1 a sp>k w fly 9 8 face1 :i* g5]ally det]s him f 8 ra% & wick$ int5tion4 ,,r++ ,,bells4 ,illu/ration ,bells may be made to r+ by electricity 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,let ?ree small bells be susp5d$ f a brass wire1 ,d ,d1 & support$ by a glass pill> ,a1 pass+ ?r\gh bell ,b to ! bell ,e4 ,! electrical app>atus be+ atta*$ to ! knob ,f1 ! electricity passes d[n ! wires ,d ,d to ! bells1 :i* are !n positively electrifi$ & attract ! clapp]s ,c ,c1 t are negatively s1 9 consequ5ce ( be+ insulat$ by ! silk5 /r+s1 :i* are n conductors4 ,! bells !re=e attract ! clapp]s till !y are *>g$1 :5 !y /rike aga9/ ! c5tre bell to dis*>ge !mselves1 & ?us a peal is rung on ! bells until ! electricity is driv5 (f4 ,,work+ ,,p[] ,,( ,,electricity4 ,?is may be %[n 9 a v>iety ( ways4 ,! subjo9$ ma*9e w exhibit ! pr9ciple ^u :i* _m +5i\s toys may be made by ! "y philosoph]4 ,9 ! figure ,a is a wood5 bo>d or /&1 ,b ,b ,b ,b1 f\r pill>s ( glass1 gutta-p]*a1 or seal+-wax1 hav+ f9e wires1 ,c ,c1 /ret*$ above4 ,on ^! re/ ! rotatory wire or :eel ,f1 hav+ its po9ts turn$ ! rev]se ways4 ,by means ( a *a9 atta*$ to ! conductor1 & to ! in/rum5t at ,b1 ! electricity passes ov] ! pill> ,b1 up ! wire ,c into ! :eel1 & (f at ! po9ts1 :i* causes x to be turn$ r\nd on an incl9$ plane till x rea*es ! top4 ,illu/ration ,,! ,,electrifi$ ,,wig4 ,:ile a p]son is on ! electrical /ool1 if he be *>g$ ) mu* electricity1 8,ea* hair w /& on end1 ,l quills ^u ! fretful porcup9e40 ,illu/ration ,a wood5 head--n y\r own1 b a real wood5 head--) a wig ( /ream+ hair1 & a h&some face to correspond1 may be made 9 ! foll[+ =m1 ) a wire 9 ! neck to support x by1 & fix$ 9 ! conductor ( an electrical ma*9e4 ,:5 ?is is put 9 motion ! hair w rise up1 z 9 ! figure1 9 a mann] to a/oni% ev5 ! 8big-wigs40 ,,imitation ,,?und]cl\ds4 ,illu/ration ,to %[ ! mann] 9 :i* ?und]cl\ds p]=m _! op]ations 9 ! air1 ,a ,a is a wood5 /&1 on :i* are erect$ two uprights1 ,b ,b2 ,c ,c are two small pulleys1 ov] :i* a silk5 cord c pull easily2 ,e is ano!r silk5 l9e /ret*$ across f "o upright to ano!r2 on ^! silk5 cords two pieces ( ?9 c>dbo>d cov]$ ) t9foil1 & cut s z to repres5t cl\ds1 are to be fix$ horizontally1 & made to communicate1 by means ( ?9 wires ,f & ,g1 "o ) ! inside1 & ! o!r ) ! outside1 ( a *>g$ j>1 ,d4 ,n[1 by pull+ ! loop ( ! silk l9e1 ! cl\ds w be br\ght ne> ! cl\d #b2 cont9ue ?is sl[ly1 until ! cl\ds 7:i* are furni%$ ) two small brass balls7 are )9 an in* ( ea* o!r1 :5 a beautiful fla%1 /rongly resembl+ lightn+ 9 m9iature1 w pass f "o cl\d to ! o!r1 re/or+ electrical equilibrium4 ,,! ,,lightn+ ,,/roke ,,imitat$4 ,illu/ration ,if ! j> ,d be put beh9d ! /&1 & ! cl\d #b remov$1 a vessel communicat+ by means ( a wire ) ! outside ( ! j> may be swum 9 wat] "u ! rema9+ cl\d2 ! ma/ be+ made ( two pieces1 & b slightly jo9$ toge!r1 ) a holl[ space 9 "o half ( ! ma/1 into :i* ! ends ( ! conductor pass1 b d n t\*1 leav+ an int]val ( ab\t a qu>t] ( an in* betwe5 !m4 ,! holl[ is !n fill$ ) gun-cotton1 & clos$ ) cork4 ,:5 ! cl\d is pass$ ov] ! vessel1 ! ma/ w be /ruck & %att]$ to pieces4 ,a /rip ( t9foil1 arrang$ ) p9s ov] ! holl[ "p ( ! ma/1 w %[ h[ a cont9u\s conductor w convey ! dis*>ge safely away4 ,,! ,,sportsman4 ,?is app>atus is capable ( af=d+ mu* amusem5t4 ,a is a /& ( wood1 ,b is a common ,leyd5 j>1 out ( :i* proce$ ! wires ,h ,h--"o t]m9at+ 9 ball ,f1 ! o!r 9 ! ball ,d--to :i* are atta*$ a numb] ( pi? birds by silk5 /r+s2 ,e is a %elf = ! birds to re/ ^u2 ,c is ! sportsman2 ,g 8 gun4 ,illu/ration ,to put ?is op]ation 9 motion ! ,leyd5 j> is to be *>g$ ) electricity by affix+ a *a9 to ! bottom "p ( x1 & connect+ x ) an electrical ma*9e 9 ! usual mann]1 or by apply+ x to a prime conductor1 :5 ! birds w fly (f ! knob to :i* !y are fix$ 9 consequ5ce ( _! be+ repell$4 ,if ! sportsman & gun be !n turn$1 s t ! end ( 8 gun %all t\* ! knob ,f1 an electric sp>k w pass f "o to ! o!r1 a report w be he>d1 & ! birds w fall d[n z if %ot1 9 consequ5ce ( ! electricity hav+ be5 tak5 f ! ,leyd5 j>4 ,!re %\ld be a communication betwe5 ! sportsman & ! j> =m$ ( t9foil1 or "s metal1 z %[n by ! dott$ l9e on ! /&4 ,su* are a few ( _m num]\s exp]im5ts :i* may be made by ! "y exp]im5t]1 :o is fond ( sci5ce & has any +5uity2 b %\ld he l to amuse himself ) an electrify+ ma*9e ( little co/1 he may w>m a %eet ( br[n pap]1 & !n rub x briskly on a teatray ) india-rubb]2 on rais+ ! pap] 9 a d>k room1 he w see _m pretty electrical sp>ks4 ,! back ( a black tom cat is sometimes recomm5d$ z a *eap electrical ma*9e2 b z ! wi%es ( ! animal h to be consult$1 p]haps x is wis] to leave ! cat alone4 ,illu/ration ,,galvanism1 ,,or ,,voltaic ,,electricity4 8,to play ) fire ,!y say is dang]\s2 :at is x !n ,to %ake h&s ) ! lightn+1 & to sport ,) ?und]80--,,tyl]4 ,galvanism1 or electricity ( quantity1 9 contradi/9ction to frictional electricity1 call$ electricity ( int5sity1 owes its "n to ! exp]im5ts on animal irritability made 9 #agij by ,m4 ,galvani1 a pr(essor ( anatomy at ,bologna4 ,^! exp]im5ts 7 sugge/$ by ! foll[+ circum/ances4 ,,orig9 ,,( ,,galvanism4 ,x happ5$ t ! wife ( ,galvani1 :o 0 consumptive1 0 advis$ to take z an article ( food "s s\p made ( ! fle% ( frogs4 ,sev]al ( ^! creatures 7 kill$ & sk9n$1 & 7 ly+ on ! table 9 ! laboratory close to an electrical ma*9e1 ) :i* a pupil ( ! pr(essor 0 mak+ exp]im5ts4 ,:ile ! ma*9e 0 9 action1 he *anc$ to t\* ! b>e n]ve ( ! leg ( "o ( ! frogs ) ! blade ( ! knife t he _h 9 8 h&1 :5 sudd5ly ! :ole limb 0 ?r[n into viol5t convulsions4 ,galvani 0 n pres5t :5 ?is occurr$2 b be+ in=m$ ( x1 he imm$iately set himself to inve/igate ! cause4 ,he f\nd t x 0 only :5 a sp>k 0 drawn f ! prime conductor1 & :5 ! knife or any o!r good conductor 0 9 contact ) ! n]ve1 t ! contract+ took place2 & aft] a "t he discov]$ t ! effect 0 indep5d5t ( ! electrical ma*9e1 & might be equally well produc$ by mak+ a metallic communication betwe5 ! outside muscle & ! crural n]ve4 ,,simple ,,exp]im5t ,,to ,,excite ,,galvanic ,,action4 ,if ! "y exp]im5t] w obta9 a piece ( z9c ( ! size ( half a cr[n & place x on ! top ( 8 tongue1 & place a half-cr[n und]nea? x1 & br+ ! edges ( ! half-cr[n & z9c 9 contact 9 front ( 8 tongue1 he w notice a peculi> s5sation 9 ! n]ves ( ?is organ1 & "s ta/e w be imp>t$ to 8 m\? at ! mom5t ( contact4 ,,) ,,metal ,,plates ,,9 ,,wat]4 ,illu/ration ,if we take two plates ( diff]5t k9ds ( metal1 plat9um 7or copp]7 & z9c1 = example1 & imm]se !m 9 pure wat]1 hav+ wires atta*$ to !m above1 !n if ! wire ( ea* is br\ght into contact 9 ano!r vessel ( wat]1 a galvanic circle w be =m$1 ! wat] w be sl[ly decompos$1 its oxyg5 w be fix$ on ! z9c wire1 & at ! same "t a curr5t ( electricity w be transmitt$ ?r\gh ! liquid to ! plat9a or copp] wire1 on ! end ( :i* ! o!r elem5t ( wat]1 namely1 ! hydrog51 w make its appe>ance 9 ! =m ( m9ute gas bubbles4 ,! electrical curr5t passes back aga9 into ! z9c at ! po9ts ( its contact ) ! plat9a1 & ?us a cont9u$ curr5t is kept up1 & h5ce x is call$ a galvanic circle4 ,! mom5t ! circuit is brok5 by sep>at+ ! wires ! curr5t ceases1 b is aga9 r5ew$ by mak+ !m t\* ei!r 9 or out ( ! wat]4 ,if a small quantity ( sulphuric acid be add$ to ! wat]1 ! ph5om5on w be m app>5t4 ,! end ( ! wire atta*$ to ! piece ( plat9um or copp] is call$ ! positive pole ( ! batt]y1 & t ( ! wire atta*$ to ! z9c ! negative pole4 ,! curr5t ( electricity "h g5]at$ w be extremely feeble2 b ?is c be easily increas$ by multiply+ ! glasses & ! numb] ( ! pieces ( metal4 ,if we take six su* glasses in/ead ( "o1 p>tially fill !m ) dilute sulphuric acid1 & put a piece ( z9c & copp] into ea*1 connect+ !m by means ( copp] wire f glass to glass ?r\gh ! :ole s]ies1 a /rong] curr5t ( electricity w be ! result4 ,! exp]im5t] mu/ be c>eful n to let ! wire & z9c t\* ea* o!r at ! bottom ( ! tumbl]s1 & mu/ also rememb] t ! copp] ( glass #a is connect$ ) ! z9c ( glass #b1 & s on4 ,illu/ration ,,to ,,make ,a ,,magnet ,,by ,,! ,,voltaic ,,curr5t4 ,to effect ?is1 make a connexion betwe5 ! poles ( ! above or any excit$ batt]y ) ! two ends ( a wire =m$ into a spiral coil1 by b5d+ common bonnet-wire closely r\nd a cyl9d]1 or tube1 ( ab\t an in* 9 diamet]2 into ?is coil introduce a ne$le or piece ( /eel wire1 lay+ x l5g?ways d[n ! circles ( ! coil4 ,9 a few m9utes aft] ! electric fluid has pass$ ?r\gh ! spiral wire1 & consequ5tly r\nd ! ne$le or wire1 ! latt] w be f\nd to be /rongly magnetiz$1 & to possess all ! prop]ties ( a magnet4 ,,effects ,,( ,,galvanism ,,on ,a ,,magnet4 ,if a galvanic curr5t1 or any electric curr5t1 be made to pass along a wire "u :i*1 & 9 a l9e ) x1 a compass is plac$1 x w be f\nd t ! ne$le w no long] po9t nor? & s\?1 b w take a direction ne>ly across ! curr5t1 & po9t almo/ ea/ & we/4 ,,*ange ,,( ,,col\r ,,by ,,galvanism4 ,put a teaspoonful ( sulphate ( soda into a cup1 & dissolve x 9 hot wat]2 p\r a little cabbage blue into ! solution1 & put a portion into two glasses1 connect+ !m by a piece ( l95 or cotton clo? previ\sly moi/5$ 9 ! same solution4 ,on putt+ "o ( ! wires ( ! galvanic pole into ea* glass1 ! acid accumulates 9 ! "o1 turn+ ! blue to a r$1 & ! alkali 9 ! o!r1 r5d]+ x gre54 ,if ! wires be n[ rev]s$1 ! acid accumulates ev5tually 9 ! glass :]e ! alkali appe>$1 :ile ! alkali passes to ! glass :]e ! acid 04 ,,! ,,galvanic ,,%ock4 ,if ! ends ( ! wires ( a small galvanic batt]y are connect$ ) a prop] electro-magnetic coil1 :i* may n[ be pur*as$ at a v *eap rate1 & ! wires f ! coil be plac$ 9 sep>ate bas9s ( wat]1 !n1 on dipp+ ! f+]s ( ea* h& 9 ! bas91 a sm>t %ock w be felt1 ) a p>ticul> a*+ accompani$ ) trembl+4 ,) a /rong batt]y & l>g] coil ?is effect is felt z high z ! %\ld]s4 ,! %ock w also be felt by simply hold+ ! wires ( a p[]ful galvanic batt]y1 "o 9 ea* h&1 provid$ ! h&s be moi/5$ ) salt & wat]4 ,sev]al p]sons may receive ! %ock f ! batt]y & coil toge!r by jo9+ h&s4 ,,! ,,electrotype4 ,! electro-galvanic curr5t has 9 no case be5 m int]e/+ly employ$ ?an 9 ! process ( electrotyp+4 ,x consi/s ( a mode ( obta9+ ! copy ( co9s1 m$als1 engrav$ plates1 & o!r objects1 :i* may be easily illu/rat$4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,make ,,an ,,electrotype ,,app>atus4 ,illu/ration ,take an e>!n j> & a por\s tube2 fill ! tube ) t5 p>ts ( wat] & "o ( sulphuric acid2 put x into ! j>1 into :i* p\r z mu* ( a solution ( sulphate ( copp] 7blue vitriol7 z w fill ?ree p>ts ( x2 place 9 ! tube a piece ( z9c1 to :i* a copp] wire is sold]$ & b5t r\nd1 s t "o end be imm]s$ 9 ! sulphate ( copp]2 & a deposit ( ! copp] w be imm$iately =m$ ^u ! wire4 ,if !re be pl5ty ( acid & wat]1 s z to all[ ( ! action endur+ = a long "t1 ?is process w g on till x has deposit$ all ! copp]4 ,?is is ! pr9ciple ^u :i* electrotyp+ proce$s1--a pr9ciple ref]able to electro-*emical decomposition4 ,! diagram repres5ts an out] vessel ( wood1 glass1 or e>!nw>e1 capable ( hold+ a p9t ( liquid1 )9 :i* !re is susp5d$ a %ort lamp-glass ,a1 ! "o end be+ op51 & ! o!r1 ,b1 clos$ ) a diaphragm ( pla/] ( ,p>is2 ,c is a small bag ( cry/als ( sulphate ( copp]1 to keep up ! /r5g? ( ! solution2 ,z is ! z9c1 & ,m ! metal4 ,,to ,,obta9 ,,! ,,copy ,,( ,a ,,co9 ,,or ,,m$al4 ,nev] place ! orig9al m$al 9 ! app>atus1 or ! deposit$ copp] may adh]e s tightly to x t ! removal de/roys ! beauty ( ! m$al4 ,hav+ tak5 an impression 9 seal+-wax1 cov] ! latt] ) black-lead1 & atta* a wire s t x is 9 contact ) ! black-lead4 ,to ! wire & ca/ ?us arrang$ a piece ( %eet or ca/ z9c1 amalgamat$ ) m]cury1 mu/ be atta*$1 & we are at once furni%$ ) ! mat]ials = ! batt]y1 z ! object to be copi$ supplies ! place ( ! copp]4 ,! m$al mu/ always be plac$ horizontally4 ,n[ let ! app>atus be *>g$ ) ! solution1 by p\r+ into ! out] vessel a portion ( ! copp]y solution1 s t x w /& ab\t an in* above ! m$al2 !n p\r 9 ! glass ! dilute acid to ! same height z ! =m]2 n[ introduce ! z9c into ! acid1 & ! object to be copi$ into ! solution ( copp]1 :i* w imm$iately be deposit$ on ! m$al1 & :5 ( a suffici5t ?ickness may be tak5 (f4 ,,heat4 ,,heat1 ,,or ,,caloric4 ,! *ief ag5t 9 caus+ ! repulsion or sep>ation ( ! p>ticles ( bodies f ea* o!r is heat1 or m correctly caloric1 by :i* is und]/ood ! unkn[n cause ( ! effect call$ heat4 ,philosoph]s are n agre$ ^u ! nature ( ?is wond]ful ag5t4 ,x p]vades all nature1 is ! cause ( ne>ly all ! *anges t take place bo? 9 organic & inorganic matt]1 & has great influ5ce 9 ! meteorological ph5om5a :i* we obs]ve 9 ! atmosph]e t surr\nds our planet4 ,x appe>s to be intimately connect$ ) light1 electricity1 & magnetism1--subjects :i* ! g5ius ( ,f>aday & o!rs h inve/igat$1 & by _! discov]ies br\ght u ne>] to ! k ( ! real nature ( ^! mo/ wond]ful =ces4 ,caloric1 !n1 exi/s 9 all bodies1 & has a con/ant t5d5cy to equalize itself1 z f> at lea/ z its outw>d manife/ation1 call$ temp]ature1 is conc]n$2 = if a hot body be br\ght ne> cold] ones1 x w give up heat to !m1 until by its loss & _! ga9 !y all become ( ! same temp]ature2 & ?is proce$s m or less rapidly1 accord+ z ! orig9al diff]5ce ( temp]ature 0 great] or less4 ,"s o!r circum/ances also influ5ce ?is equalization4 ,! conv]se w take place on introduc+ a cold body among w>m] ones1 :5 heat w be ab/ract$ f all ! bodies )9 rea* ( its influ5ce1 until x has absorb$ suffici5t caloric to br+ its own temp]ature to an equality ) !irs4 ,?is is ! true explanation ( ! app>5t production ( cold4 ,:51 = in/ance1 an iceb]g comes across a %ip's c\rse1 x appe>s to give out cold1 :]eas1 x has ab/ract$ ! heat f ! air & sea 9 its neighb\rhood1 & !y 9 turn act ^u ! %ip & ev]y?+ 9 x1 until "o common temp]ature is produc$ 9 all ! neighb\r+ bodies4 ,x does n foll[ t ! bodies ?us equaliz$ 9 temp]ature conta9 equal quantities ( caloric2 f> f x4 ,ea* body requires a p>ticul> quantity ( caloric to raise its temp]ature ?r\gh a c]ta9 numb] ( degrees2 & su* quantity is call$ its specific caloric4 ,a p\nd ( wat]1 = in/ance1 w take j twice z mu* caloric z a p\nd ( olive oil1 to raise its temp]ature ?r\gh ! same numb] ( degrees2 ! specific caloric ( wat] is !re=e d\ble t ( oil4 ,mix any quantity ( oil at #fj ( temp]ature ) an equal weight ( wat] at #ij1 & y w f9d ! temp]ature ( ! mixture to be ne>ly #hj1 in/ead ( only #gd or #ge1 %[+ t :ile ! wat] has lo/ only #aj ( caloric1 ! mixture has ris5 #bj4 ,if ! oil be at #ij1 & ! wat] at #fj1 ! result+ temp]ature w be only #gj1 or !reab\ts1 in/ead ( #ge1 ! mean2 ?us1 "h ! hot oil has lo/ #bj1 :ile ! mixture has ris5 only #aj2 ! wat]1 !n1 conta9s at ! same temp]ature twice z mu* caloric z ! oil2 its specific caloric is d\ble t ( ! oil4 ,?is mean temp]ature does result :5 equal weights ( ! same body at diff]5t temp]atures are mix$ toge!r4 ,! s5sations call$ heat & cold are by no means accurate measures ( ! real temp]ature ( any sub/ances1 = _m causes influ5ce ^! s5sations1 "s belong+ to ! sub/ances !mselves1 o!rs to ! /ate ( our organs at ! "t4 ,e "o has rem>k$ t metals 9 a w>m room feel w>m]1 & 9 a cold room cold] ?an wood5 articles1 & ^! aga9 ?an wooll5 or cotton articles ( dress or furniture2 ?is arises f metals be+ :at is t]m$ bett] conductors ( heat ?an wood1 & ?is bett] ?an wool1 c41 t is1 !y give out or absorb caloric m rapidly ?an ^! la/4 ,"s philosoph]s1 wi%+ to asc]ta9 h[ mu* heat ! human body c\ld endure1 _h a room heat$ ) /oves1 e crevice be+ c>efully /opp$1 until ! temp]ature rose s high t a beef/eak plac$ on ! table 0 suffici5tly cook$ to be eat54 ,!y 7 dress$ 9 flannel1 & c\ld ) impunity t\* ! c>pets1 curta9s1 c41 9 ! room2 b ! iron h&les1 fire-irons1 & all metallic sub/ances1 burnt _! f+]s2 & "o :o wore silv] spectacles 0 oblig$ to remove !m to save 8 nose4 ,! fallacy ( our s5sations may be easily %[n by tak+ two bas9s1 plac+ 9 "o "s wat] at #ajj1 9 ano!r "s wat] at z l[ a temp]ature z c easily be procur$--hold ! "r h& 9 "o1 ! left 9 ! o!r1 = a few m9utes1 & !n mix !m1 & place bo? h&s 9 ! mixture2 x w feel q cold to ! h& t _h be5 9 ! hott] wat]1 & hot to ! o!r4 ,9 ord] to arrive at a correct e/imate ( ! temp]ature ( bodies1 in/rum5ts are made use ( call$ !rmomet]s1 or measur]s ( heat1 :i* %[ increase or dim9ution ( temp]ature by ! ris+ or fall+ ( a column ( "s fluid 9 a tube ( glass1 "o end ( :i* is exp&$ into a bulb1 & ! o!r h]metically seal$4 ,?is effect is produc$ by ! expansion or swell+ ( ! fluid z caloric is add$ to1 & its contraction :5 caloric is ab/ract$ f x4 ,col\r$ spirits ( w9e1 or quicksilv]1 are ! mo/ usual !rmometric fluids1 & ! tube conta9+ !m is fix$ to a wood5 or metallic frame1 on :i* c]ta9 divisions are m>k$1 call$ degrees4 ,t 9 g5]al use 9 ,engl& is call$ ,fahr5heit's1 f ! "n ( ! p]son :o fir/ introduc$ t p>ticul> scale4 ,9 ?is !rmomet]1 ! po9t at :i* ! m]cury 9 ! tube /&s :5 plung$ into melt+ ice1 is m>k$ #cb1 & ! di/ance betwe5 t po9t1 & ! po9t to :i* ! m]cury rises 9 boil+ wat]1 is divid$ into #ahj equal p>ts1 call$ degrees2 s t wat] is said to boil at #bab #ahj #cb4 ,!re are two o!r scales ( temp]ature us$ 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w1 b x is n wor? :ile to notice !m "h4 ,n only d diff]5t bodies at ! same degree ( temp]ature conta9 v diff]5t quantities ( caloric1 b ?is also is ! case ) ! same body 9 diff]5t =ms4 ,ice1 wat]1 & /eam1 are ?ree =ms ( ! same body1 b ice at #cb conta9s mu* less caloric ?an wat] at ! same temp]ature1 & wat] at #bab conta9s mu* less caloric ?an /eam 7or wat] 9 a /ate ( vap\r7 at t temp]ature4 ,place 9 a j> any giv5 quantity ( sn[1 or small pieces ( ice1 at #cb1 & 9 ano!r ! same weight ( wat] at #cb1 p\r on ea* an equal weight ( wat] at #agb1 & y w f9d t 9 ! fir/ case ! ice w be melt$1 b ! temp]ature w rema9 at #cb or !reab\ts1 :ile ! temp]ature ( ! wat] 9 ! o!r vessel w h ris5 to #ajj or !reab\ts1 be+ z ne> z possible ! half ( ! excess ( ! temp]ature ( ! hot wat]1 #adj ov] t ( ! cold1 namely #gj add$ to #cb1 ! orig9al temp]ature4 ,n[1 :at has become ( ! heat :i* 0 add$ to ! ice1 & is app>5tly lo/8--x is absorb$ by ! ice 9 its passage to ! fluid /ate2 s t wat] may be said to be a comp\nd ( ice & caloric4 ,aga91 take #aj ounces ( wat] at ab\t #ej1 & add #a oz4 ( wat] at #bab1 & ! temp]ature ( ! mixture w be ab\t #ff2 !n cond5se "s /eam at #bab1 into ano!r #aj oz4 ( wat] until x has become #aa oz41 & y w f9d ! temp]ature w be ne>ly #bab4 ,:y does ! ounce ( /eam at #bab raise ! temp]ature ( ! wat] s mu* high] ?an ! ounce ( wat] at ! same temp]ature8 ,obvi\sly because x conta9s hidd5 9 its sub/ance a va/ quantity ( caloric1 n to be detect$ by ! !rmomet]2 9 fact1 t /eam is a comp\nd ( wat] & caloric1 z wat] is a comp\nd ( ice & caloric2 & ?is caloric :i* exi/s1 m or less1 9 all bodies )\t produc+ any obvi\s effect1 is call$ lat5t caloric1 f ! ,lat9 v]b lateo1 to lie hid4 ,! quantity ( caloric ?us absorb$ z x 7 by v>i\s bodies1 diff]s = ea* body1 & = ! same body 9 diff]5t =ms1 z m5tion$ above4 ,,expansion4 ,z a g5]al rule1 all bodies1 :e!r solid1 liquid1 or gase\s1 are exp&$ by caloric4 ,?is may be %[n by exp]im5ts 9 ea* =m ( matt]4 ,h a small iron rod made1 :i* :5 cold j passes ?r\gh a hole 9 a plate ( metal2 heat x1 & x w no long] pass2 aft] a "t ! rod w return to its =m] temp]ature1 & !n w g ?r\gh ! hole z be=e4 ,! rod increases 9 l5g? z well z wid?2 if y h a gauge divid$ into #a_/ajj ( an in*1 & place ! rod 9 x :5 cold1 not+ its position1 on heat+ x w ext5d to a great] l5g? 9 ! gauge1 return+ to its =m] place :5 cool4 ,! effect ( caloric 9 caus+ fluids to exp& is actually employ$ z a measure ( quantity 9 ! !rmomet]1 ! rise ( ! fluid 9 ! tube :5 heat$ dep5d+ on ! increas$ bulk ( ! fluid occasion$ by ! addition ( caloric4 ,! same fact is to be notic$ e day :5 ! cook fills ! kettle1 & places x on ! fire4 ,z ! wat] becomes w>m] x exp&s1 t is1 takes up m room ?an x did be=e1 & ! wat] escapes by sl[ degrees1 increas+ z ! heat increases1 up to ! po9t ( boil+1 :5 a sudd5 commotion takes place f ! cond5sation ( a portion ( ! wat] into /eam4 ,b x is 9 ! =m ( vap\r or gas1 7:i* by ! bye is n ! same ?+1#i7 t ! expansive =ce ( caloric is mo/ obvi\s4 ,! gigantic p[]s ( ! /eam-eng9e dep5d entirely on ! t5d5cy ( vap\r to exp& on ! addition ( caloric2 & ?is =ce ( expansion appe>s to h no limit2 boil]s made ( iron plates an in* or ev5 m 9 ?ickness1 & ! build+s or %ips conta9+ !m1 hav+ be5 torn to pieces & scatt]$ 9 all directions by ! expansive p[] ( /eam4 ,take a bladd]1 & fill x ab\t half full ( air1 & tie ! neck securely2 ^u hold+ x to ! fire x w swell out1 & become q t5se f ! expansion ( ! conta9$ air4 #i ,x may be well to /ate "h1 t by vap\r is g5]ally und]/ood ! arial =m ( a sub/ance usually exi/+ 9 a solid or fluid =m at ord9>y temp]atures2 z ! vap\r ( iod9e1 a solid2 ( m]cury1 wat]1 spirits1 & o!r fluids3 :ile ! t]m gas is appli$ to ^? bodies usually kn[n 9 ! arial /ate2 ?us oxyg51 nitrog51 c>bonic acid1 hydrog51 c4 c41 are call$ gases4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 b an arbitr>y di/9ction2 = _m ( ^! gases h1 by ! comb9$ influ5ce ( cold & p[]ful pressure1 be5 conv]t$ into fluids1 & ev5 solids--c>bonic acid gas = in/ance6 ,! pr9cipal s\rce ( caloric is ! sun1 ^: beams1 diffus$ ?r\gh all nature by ! refractive prop]ty ( ! atmosph]e1 are ! s\rce ( vitality bo? to vegetables & animals1 & :5 conc5trat$ by a l>ge convex l5s1 produce ! mo/ int5se heat1 suffici5t to light a piece ( diamond1 & melt plat9um4 ,caloric is also produc$ or evolv$ by combu/ion1 by friction1 p]cussion1 *emical comb9ation1 electricity1 & galvanism4 ,! evolution ( heat by friction may be witness$ daily 9 a ?\s& in/ances4 ,lucif] mat*es are light$ by rubb+ ! highly inflammable sub/ances ) :i* !y are tipp$ aga9/ a piece ( s&-pap]4 ,ne>ly all savage p procure fire by rubb+ a piece ( h>d wood viol5tly aga9/ a s(t] piece4 ,! axle-trees ( /eam-eng9es1 & ev5 ( c>riages1 h be5 kn[n to be s heat$ by friction z to endang] burn+ ! c>riage2 & x is v usual to be oblig$ to p\r a quantity ( cold wat] on ! iron axle ( ! c>riages ( an express tra9 aft] an h\r ( con/ant & rapid "w4 ,if y m]ely rub ! blade ( a knife rapidly on a piece ( wood1 x w become hot en\gh to burn y\r h&4 ,p]cussion is m]ely a m en]getic k9d ( friction1 & is (t5 resort$ to by ! blacksmi? to light 8 furnace4 ,he places a nail or o!r piece ( s(t iron on 8 anvil1 & beats x rapidly ) ! hamm]1 :5 x becomes actually r$ hot4 ,! production ( sp>ks by /rik+ fl9t aga9/ /eel1 or two pieces ( fl9t "o aga9/ ! o!r1 are famili> in/ances ( heat produc$ by p]cussion4 ,"o ( ! mo/ p[]ful means ( produc+ heat is ! process ( combu/ion4 ,combu/ion1 z ! ^w imports1 is ! burn+ toge!r ( two or m sub/ances1 a *emical union ( oxyg5 g5]ally ) c>bon & hydrog5 9 "s %ape or o!r4 ,9 our ord9>y fires we burn coal1 a hydro-c>bon z x is call$2 & ! gas :i* is n[ s univ]sally us$ = ! purpose ( illum9ation1 is a comp\nd ( ! same bodies--s wax1 tall[1 oil ( v>i\s k9ds1 bo? ( animal & vegetable orig91 are all hydro-c>bons4 ,on ! application ( a suffici5t heat1 & a free access ( atmosph]ic air1 or ( "s o!r gas conta9+ oxyg5 9 a c]ta9 /ate ( comb9ation1 ^! bodies take fire1 & cont9ue to burn ei!r ) flame1 or a r$ or ev5 :ite heat )\t flame1 until !y are consum$2 t is1 until !y h ent]$ into new comb9ations ) ! oxyg51 & are conv]t$ into c>bonic acid & wat]1 ! c>bon =m+ ! fir/ product1 ! hydrog5 ! o!r4 ,illu/ration ,! foll[+ exp]im5t %[s ! production ( heat by *emical action alone4 ,bruise "s fre% prep>$ cry/als ( nitrate ( copp]1 spread !m ov] a piece ( t9-foil1 spr9kle !m ) a little wat]2 !n fold up ! foil tightly z rapidly z possible1 & 9 a m9ute or two x w become r$-hot1 ! t9 app>5tly burn+ away4 ,?is heat is produc$ by ! en]getic action ( ! t9 on ! nitrate ( copp]1 tak+ away its oxyg5 9 ord] to unite ) ! nitric acid1 = :i*1 z well z = ! oxyg51 ! t9 has a mu* great] aff9ity ?an ! copp] has4 ,combu/ion )\t flame may be %[n 9 a v elegant & agreeable mann]1 by mak+ a coil ( plat9um wire by twi/+ x r\nd ! /em ( a tobacco-pipe1 or any cyl9drical body1 = a doz5 times or s1 leav+ ab\t an in* /raight1 :i* %\ld be ins]t$ into ! wick ( a _s-lamp2 light ! lamp1 & aft] x has burnt = a m9ute or two ext+ui% ! flame quickly2 ! wire w soon become r$ hot1 &1 if kept f draughts ( air1 w cont9ue to burn until all ! _s is consum$4 ,spongy plat9um1 z x is call$1 answ]s r bett] ?an wire1 & has be5 employ$ 9 ! =mation ( fumigators = ! draw+-room1 9 :i*1 in/ead ( pure _s1 "s p]fume1 su* z lav5d] wat]1 is us$2 by its combu/ion an agreeable od\r is diffus$ ?r\gh ! ap>tm5t4 ,^! little lamps 7 mu* 9 vogue a few ye>s ago1 b are n[ ne>ly out ( fa%ion4 ,exp]im5ts on combu/ion might be multipli$ almo/ to any am\nt1 b ! above w be suffici5t = ! pres5t4 ,:5 we come to treat ( ! prop]ties ( ! gases & "s o!r sub/ances1 we %all h occasion to recur to ?is subject4 ,! production ( caloric by *emical comb9ation may be exhibit$ by mix+ c>efully "o "p ( oil ( vitriol ) two ( wat]1 :5 suffici5t heat w be produc$ to boil "s wat] 9 a ?9 & n>r[ tube1 :i* may be us$ z a rod to /ir ! mixture4 ,! production ( heat by electric & galvanic ag5cy belongs to ano!r subject4 ,i w cont5t myself ) say+ "h1 t ^! =ces af=d ! mo/ p[]ful aid 9 decompos+ & unit+ v>i\s bodies1 & t x 0 by ! imm5se p[] ( a batt]y ( #b1jjj pairs ( plates1 belong+ to ! ,royal ,in/itution 9 ,london1 t ,sir ,h4 ,davy discov]$ ! metallic bases ( ! alkalies & e>?s4 ,,hydraulics4 ,! sci5ce ( ,hydraulics compreh5ds ! laws :i* regulate non-ela/ic fluids 9 motion1 & especially wat]1 c4 ,illu/ration ,wat] c only be set 9 motion by two causes--! pressure ( ! atmosph]e1 or its own gravity4 ,! pr9cipal law conc]n+ fluids is1 t !y always pres]ve _! own level4 ,h5ce wat] c be di/ribut$ ov] a t[n f any res]voir t is high] ?an ! h\ses to be suppli$2 & ! same pr9ciple w enable u to =m f\nta9s 9 a g>d51 or o!r place4 ,%\ld any ( our "y fri5ds wi% to =m a f\nta91 or jet d'eau1 !y may1 by br++ a pipe f ,t1 a wat]-tank1 :i* %\ld be at ! upp] "p ( ! h\se1 convey ! wat] d[n to ! g>d54 ,!n by lead+ x ?r\gh ! e>?1 und]nea? ! pa? or grass-plot1 & turn+ x to a p]p5dicul> position1 ! wat] w spr+ out1 & rise ne>ly z high z ! level ( t 9 ! tank4 ,! "p ( ! pipe at ,b %\ld h a turnkey1 s t ! wat] may be let on or %ut (f at pleasure4 ,,! ,,syphon4 ,illu/ration ,! syphon ,b is a b5t tube1 hav+ "o leg %ort] ?an ! o!r4 ,x acts by ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e4 ,9 ord] to make a syphon act1 x is necess>y fir/ to fill bo? legs q full ( ! fluid2 & !n ! %ort] leg mu/ be plac$ 9 ! vessel to be empti$4 ,imm$iately ^u )draw+ ! f+] f ! long] leg1 ! liquor w fl[4 ,any "y p]son may =m a syphon by a small piece ( lead5 pipe1 b5t into ! =m above4 ,,! ,,pump4 ,illu/ration ,! action ( ! common pump is z foll[s3 ,:5 ! h&le ,a is rais$1 ! pi/on-rod ,b desc5ds1 & br+s ! pi/on-valve1 call$ ! suck]1 or bucket1 to ano!r valve1 ,c1 :i* is fix$1 & op5s inw>ds t[>ds ! pi/on4 ,:5 ! h&le is drawn d[n1 ! pi/on is rais$1 &1 z x is air-tight1 a vacuum is produc$ betwe5 ! two valves2 ! air 9 ! b>rel ( ! pump1 betwixt ! l[] valve & ! wat]1 !n =ces op5 ! l[] valve1 & ru%es ?r\gh to fill up ?is vacuum2 & ! air 9 ! pump be+ less d5se ?an ! ext]nal atmosph]e1 ! wat] is =c$ a %ort way up ! b>rel4 ,:5 ! pi/on aga9 desc5ds to ! l[] valve1 ! air betwe5 !m is aga9 =c$ out by =c+ op5 ! upp] valve2 & :5 ! pi/on is rais$1 a vacuum is aga9 produc$1 & ! air bel[ ! l[] valve ru%es up1 & ! wat] 9 consequ5ce is aga9 rais$ a little fur!r4 ,?is op]ation cont9ues until ! wat] rises above ! l[] valve2 at e /roke aft]w>ds1 ! wat] passes ?r\gh ! valve ( ! desc5d+ pi/on1 & is rais$ by x1 on its asc5t1 until x issues out ( ! sp\t4 ,,! ,,hydraulic ,,danc]4 ,illu/ration ,make a little figure ( cork1 9 ! %ape ( a danc+ m\ntebank1 sailor1 c4 ,9 ?is figure place a small holl[ cone1 made ( ?9 leaf brass4 ,:5 ?is figure is plac$ ^u any jet d'eau1 su* z t ( ! f\nta9 recomm5d$ to be con/ruct$1 x w be susp5d$ on ! top ( ! wat]1 & p]=m a great v>iety ( amus+ motions4 ,if a holl[ ball ( v ?9 copp]1 ( an in* 9 diamet]1 be plac$ on a simil> jet1 x w rema9 susp5d$1 turn+ r\nd & spread+ ! wat] all ab\t x4 ,,! ,,wat] ,,snail1 ,,or ,,ar*im$ean ,,screw1 ,illu/ration may easily be con/ruct$4 ,pur*ase a y>d ( small lead5 pipe1 & twi/ x r\nd a pole1 z 9 ! foll[+ figure1 ,a2 place a h&le at its upp] end1 ,b1 & let its l[] end re/ 9 ! wat]4 ,betwe5 ! la/ turn ( ! pipe & ! orifice place a paddle-:eel1 ,c4 ,n[1 %\ld ! wat] be t ( a runn+ /ream1 ! =ce ( ! /ream w turn ! pipe1 & ! wat] w rise 9 x till x empties itself into ! tr\gh at ,d4 ,%\ld ! wat] h no motion1 ! turn+ ( ! h&le at ,b w elevate ! wat] f ! l[] to ! high] level4 ,illu/ration ,,magnetism4 ,! attractive p[] ( ! load/one has be5 kn[n f a v remote p]iod4 ,! natural magnet appe>s native 9 a grey iron ore 9 octah$ral cry/als1 compos$ ( #afh p>ts ( iron1 & #fd p>ts ( oxyg51 ,fe,o4 ,its prop]ties seem to h be5 /udi$ 9 ,europe dur+ ! d>k ages1 & a directive p[] is allud$ to by ,c>d9al ,james de ,vitri1 :o fl\ri%$ ab\t ! ye> #abjj1 :o obs]v$1 t x 0 indisp5sable to ^? :o travel mu* by sea4 ,9 mod]n times1 ! hi/ory z well z ! nature ( ! magnet has engag$ rem>kable att5tion2 & x has be5 det]m9$ beyond all dispute t ! magnet 0 us$ by ! ,*9ese "u ! "n ( ! t*e-*y 7direct+-/one7 ab\t #bfjd ye>s be=e ,*ri/4 ,x pass$ f !m to ! ,arabs1 & 0 fir/ us$ 9 ,europe aft] ! ,crusades2 & ,ludi ,ve/omanus ass]ts1 t ab\t ! ye> #aejj he saw a pilot 9 ! ,ea/ ,indies direct 8 c\rse by a magnetic ne$le l ^? n[ 9 use4 ,,relation ,,( ,,magnetism ,,to ,,electricity4 ,! mo/ rem>kable !ories h be5 inv5t$ to acc\nt = ! ph5om5a ( magnetism4 ,halley imag9$ magnetic globes to be mov+ to & fro 9 ! int]ior ( ! e>?4 ,b>l['s !ory1 :i* ref]s ! :ole to electrical curr5ts1 is ! mo/ rational4 ,dr4 ,f>aday1 = ^: k9dness to u 9 e>ly days we always feel grateful1 9 a s]ies ( v curi\s exp]im5ts1 has succe$$ 9 id5tify+ magnetism ) galvanism1 by direct+ galvanic curr5ts at "r angles to ! direction ( p[]ful magnets4 ,& its connexion ) ?is & ! common species ( electricity has depriv$ x ( all its conjur+ p[]s1 & r$uc$ x to ! well-def9$ action ( electrical bodies4 ,x is n = u to write ei!r a hi/ory ( ?is int]e/+ subject1 or to treat x z a sci5ce to be acquir$2 b z x embodies a great numb] ( mo/ in/ructive & amus+ exp]im5ts1 we ?9k x prop] to introduce x "h4 ,,to ,,make ,,artificial ,,magnets4 ,?is may be done by /rok+ a piece ( h>d /eel ) a natural or artificial magnet4 ,take a common sew+-ne$le & pass ! nor? pole ( a magnet f ! eye to ! po9t1 press+ x g5tly 9 s do+4 ,aft] rea*+ ! end ( ! ne$le ! magnet mu/ n be pass$ back aga9 t[>ds ! eye1 b mu/ be lift$ up & appli$ aga9 to t end1 ! friction be+ always 9 ! same direction4 ,aft] repeat+ ?is = a few times ! ne$le w become magnetis$1 & attract iron fil+s1 c4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,magnetise ,a ,,pok]4 ,hold x 9 ! left h& 9 a position slightly incl9$ f ! p]p5dicul>1 ! l[] end po9t+ to ! nor?1 & !n /rike x sm>tly sev]al times ) a l>ge iron hamm]1 & x w be f\nd to possess ! p[]s ( a magnet1 al?\gh b slightly4 ,,to ,,%[ ,,magnetic ,,repulsion ,,& ,,attraction4 ,susp5d two %ort pieces ( iron wire1 ,n ,s1 ,n ,s1 s t !y w hang 9 contact 9 a v]tical position4 ,if ! nor? pole ( a magnet ,n be n[ br\ght to a mod]ate di/ance betwe5 ! wires1 !y w rec$e f ea* o!r1 z 9 figure #a4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b ,fig #a4 ,! ends ,s ,s be+ made s\? poles by induction f ! nor? pole ,n1 w repel ea* o!r1 & s w ! nor? poles ,n ,n4 ,?is sep>ation ( ! wires w increase z ! magnet approa*es !m1 b !re w be a p>ticul> di/ance at :i* ! attractive =ce ( ,n ov]comes ! repulsive =ce ( ! poles ,s ,s1 & causes ! wires to conv]ge1 z 9 figure #b2 ! nor? poles ,n ,n /ill exhibit+ _! mutual repulsion4 ,,nor? ,,& ,,s\? ,,poles ,,( ,,! ,,magnet4 ,ea* magnet has its poles1 nor? & s\?--! nor? or s\? poles ( "o magnet1 repel ! nor? & s\? pole ( ano!r4 ,if a magnet1 z 9 ! foll[+ figure1 be dipp$ 9 "s iron fil+s1 !y w be imm$iately attract$ to "o end4 ,suppos+ ?is to be ! nor? pole1 ea* ( ! ends ( ! fil+s1 n 9 contact ) ! magnet1 w become nor? poles1 :ile ! ends 9 contact w by induction become s\? poles4 ,bo? w h a t5d5cy to repel ea* o!r1 & ! fil+s w /& on ! magnet z 9 ! figure4 ,illu/ration ,,pol>ity ,,( ,,! ,,magnet4 ,illu/ration ,! be/ me?od ( prov+ ?is is to take a magnet or a piece ( /eel r5d]$ magnetic1 & to place x on a piece ( cork by lay+ x 9 a groove cut to receive x4 ,if ! cork be plac$ 9 ! c5tre ( a bas9 ( wat]1 & all[$ to swim freely on its surface1 s t x is n attract$ by ! sides ( ! bas91 x w be f\nd to turn its nor? pole to ! nor?1 & its s\? pole to ! s\?1 ! same z ! m>9]'s compass4 ,if y fix two magnets 9 two pieces ( cork1 & place !m also 9 a bas9 ( wat]1 & !y are 9 a p>allel position ) ! same poles toge!r1 t is1 nor? to nor?1 & s\? to s\?1 !y w mutually repel ea* o!r2 b if ! contr>y poles po9t to "o ano!r1 z nor? to s\?1 !y w be attract$4 ,,! ,,magnetic ,,fi%4 ,illu/ration ,fi% are to be pur*as$ at ! toy-%ops1 by :i* ! "y 8magntique0 may p]=m ?is exp]im5t2 !y are made holl[1 & w float on ! wat]4 ,9 ! m\? ( ea* %\ld be ins]t$ a piece ( magnetic wire4 ,! angl+ rod is l any o!r rod1 & has a silk5 ?read = a l9e1 & an iron hook also /rongly magnetis$4 ,to cat* ! fi% x is only necess>y to put ! hook 9 contact ) ! noses ( ! fi%1 & !y w be tak5 )\t any ( ! baits m5tion$ 9 ! =m] "p ( ?is "w4 ,,! ,,magnetic ,,swan4 ,illu/ration ,! figure ( a swan %\ld be cut 9 cork1 & )9 its beak a small /rongly magnetis$ piece ( /eel %\ld be plac$4 ,! swan %\ld !n be cov]$ ) a coat+ ( :ite wax1 & fa%ion$ fur!r into ! %ape ( a swan1 & glass beads may be plac$ 9 its head = eyes4 ,?is %\ld be plac$ 9 a small tub or l>ge bas9 ( wat]1 & to make x swim ab\t1 y %\ld place 9 a :ite /ick ab\t n9e in*es long a magnetic b>1 on :i* ! nor? & s\? poles are m>k$4 ,if y wi% to br+ ! swan t[>ds y1 pres5t to him ! nor? pole ( ! w&1 if y wi% x to retire1 pres5t ! s\? pole1 & ?us y may direct ! swan to any "p y desire4 ,,to ,,susp5d ,a ,,ne$le ,,9 ,,! ,,air ,,by ,,magnetism4 ,place a magnet on a /& to raise x a little above ! table2 !n br+ a small sew+-ne$le conta9+ a ?read1 )9 a little ( ! magnet1 keep+ hold ( ! ?read to prev5t ! ne$le f atta*+ itself to ! magnet4 ,! ne$le 9 endeav\r+ to fly to ! magnet1 & be+ prev5t$ by ! ?read1 w rema9 curi\sly susp5d$ 9 ! air1 rem9d+ u ( ! fable ( ,mahom$'s c(f94 ,,to ,,make ,,artificial ,,magnets ,,)\t ,,! ,,aid ,,ei!r ,,( ,,natural ,,load/ones ,,or ,,artificial ,,magnets4 ,illu/ration ,take an iron pok] & tongs1 or two b>s ( iron1 ! l>g] & ! old] ! bett]1 & fix+ ! pok] upright1 hold to x ) ! left h& ne> ! top ,p by a silk ?read1 a b> ( s(t /eel ab\t ?ree in*es long1 "o f\r? ( an in* broad1 & "o tw5tie? ?ick2 m>k "o end1 & let ?is end be d[nw>ds4 ,!n grasp+ ! tongs ,t ) ! "r h& a little bel[ ! middle1 & keep+ !m ne>ly 9 a v]tical l9e1 let ! b> ,b be rubb$ ) ! l[] end ,l ( ! tongs1 f ! m>k$ end ( ! b> to its upp] end ab\t t5 times ( ea* side ( x4 ,by ?is means ! b> ,b w receive z mu* magnetism z w enable x to lift a small key at ! m>k$ end2 & ?is end ( ! b> be+ susp5d$ by its middle1 or made to re/ on a jo9t1 w turn to ! nor?1 & is call$ its nor? pole1 ! unm>k$ end be+ ! s\? pole4 ,?is is ! me?od recomm5d$ by ,mr4 ,caxton1 9 8 process1 :i* he reg>d$ sup]ior to ^? 9 =m] use1 & ( :i* a m detail$ acc\nt w be f\nd 9 8 int]e/+ volume4 ,,horse-,,%oe ,,magnets4 ,illu/ration ,! =m ( a horse-%oe is g5]ally giv5 to magnetis$ b>s1 :5 bo? poles are want$ to act toge!r1 :i* frequ5tly happ5s 9 v>i\s exp]im5ts1 su* z = lift+ weights by ! =ce ( magnetic attraction1 & = magnetis+ /eel b>s by ! process ( d\ble t\*1 = :i* !y are exce$+ly conv5i5t4 ,! foll[+ is ! me?od ( mak+ a p[]ful magnetic batt]y ( ! horse-%oe =m4 ,twelve b>s or plates ( /eel are to be tak51 & hav+ be5 previ\sly b5t to ! requir$ =m1 t is1 ! horse-%oe %ape1 !y are !n b\nd toge!r by means ( rivets at _! ends2 be=e be+ f9ally fa/5$ !y are ea* sep>ately magnetis$1 & aft]w>ds f9ally unit$4 ,horse-%oe magnets %\ld h a %ort b> ( s(t iron adapt$ to connect ! two poles1 & %\ld nev] be laid by )\t su* a piece ( iron adh]+ to !m4 ,b> magnets %\ld be kept 9 pairs ) _! poles turn$ 9 contr>y directions1 & !y %\ld be kept f ru/4 ,bo? k9ds ( magnets h _! p[] n only pres]v$ b increas$1 by keep+ !m surr\nd$ ) a mass ( dry fil+s ( s(t iron1 ea* p>ticle ( :i* w re-act by its induc$ magnetism ^u ! po9t ( ! magnet to :i* x adh]es1 & ma9ta9 9 t po9t its primitive magnetic /ate4 ,,exp]im5t ,,to ,,%[ ,,t ,,s(t ,,iron ,,possesses ,,magnetic ,,prop]ties ,,:ile ,,x ,,rema9s ,,9 ,,! ,,vic9ity ,,( ,a ,,magnet4 ,illu/ration ,let ,m be a magnet & ,k a key1 held horizontally ne> "o ( its poles1 or ne> its l[] edge4 ,!n if ano!r piece ( iron1 su* z a small nail1 be appli$ to ! o!r end ( ! key1 ! nail w hang f ! key1 & w cont9ue to d s :ile ! magnet is sl[ly )drawn2 b :5 x has be5 remov$ beyond a c]ta9 di/ance1 ! nail w drop f ! key1 because ! magnetism induc$ 9 ! key becomes at t di/ance too weak to support ! weight ( ! nail4 ,t ?is is ! real cause ( its fall+ (f may be prov$ by tak+ a /ill light] fragm5t ( iron1 su* z a piece ( v sl5d] wire1 & apply+ x to ! key4 ,! magnetism ( ! key w /ill be suffici5tly /rong to support ! wire1 ?\gh x _c ! nail1 & x w cont9ue to support x ev5 :5 ! magnet is yet fur!r remov$2 at l5g?1 h[ev]1 x drops (f4 ,,electro-,,magnetism4 ,! id5tity ( magnetism ) electricity allud$ to 9 a =m] p>agraph1 has l$ to ! =mation ( a new sci5ce "u ! above "n1 & to "s ( ! int]e/+ exp]im5ts connect$ ) x1 we %all briefly allude = ! amusem5t ( ! "y read]4 ,,p[] ,,( ,,! ,,electro-,,magnet4 ,illu/ration ,! same influ5ce :i* affects ! magnetic ne$le already describ$1 w also communicate magnetism to s(t iron4 ,if a b> ( t metal b5t1 z 9 ! draw+1 be surr\nd$ ) a common bonnet wire1 or a copp] wire prev5t$ f t\*+ ! iron by a w9d+ ( cotton or ?read1 & !n if a curr5t ( voltaic electricity be s5t ?r\gh ! wire1 ! b> becomes a p[]ful magnet1 & w cont9ue s z long z ! connexion ) ! batt]y is pres]v$4 ,on break+ ! contact1 ! magnetism disappe>s4 ,?is exp]im5t may be easily made by ! "y read] ) a horse-%oe magnet1 surr\nd$ by sev]al coils ( wire4 ,p is ! positive1 & ,n ! negative pole4 ,,! ,,m>9]',s ,,compass ,,& ,,exp]im5ts ,,) ,a ,,pocket ,,compass4 ,! m>9]'s compass is an artificial magnet fitt$ 9 a prop] box1 & consi/s ( ?ree p>ts--#a1 ! box2 #b1 ! c>d or fly2 & #c1 ! ne$le4 ,! box is susp5d$ 9 a squ>e wood5 case1 by means ( two conc5tric brass circles call$ gimbals1 s fix$ by braz5 axes to ! two boxes1 t ! inn] "o1 or compass-box1 reta9s a horizontal position 9 all motions ( ! %ip4 ,! c>d is a circul> piece ( pap] :i* is fa/5$ ^u ! ne$le1 & moves ) x4 ,! out] edge ( ! c>d is divid$ into ?irty-two po9ts1 z %[n 9 ! engrav+1 call$ po9ts ( ! compass4 ,! ne$le is a sl5d] b> ( h>d5$ /eel1 hav+ a holl[ agate cup 9 ! c5tre1 :i* moves ^u ! po9t ( a pivot made ( brass4 ,illu/ration ,,v>iation ,,( ,,! ,,ne$le4 ,! magnetic ne$le does n po9t exactly nor? & s\?1 b ! nor? pole ( ! ne$le takes a direction to ! we/ ( ! true nor?4 ,x is con/antly *ang+1 & v>ies at diff]5t p>ts ( ! e>?1 & at diff]5t times ( ! day4 ,,dip ,,( ,,! ,,ne$le4 ,ano!r rem>kable & evid5t manife/ation ( ! influ5ce ( ! magnetism ( ! e>? ^u ! ne$le is ! incl9ation or dip ( ! latt]1 :i* is a deviation f its horizontal place 9 a d[nw>d direction 9 nor!rn regions ( its nor?1 & 9 s\!rn regions ( its s\? pole4 ,9 balanc+ ! ne$le on ! c>d1 on acc\nt ( ?is dipp+1 a small weight or moveable piece ( brass is plac$ on "o end ( ! ne$le1 by ! %ift+ ( :i* ei!r ne>] to or fur!r f ! c5tre1 ! ne$le w always be balanc$4 ,,useful ,,amusem5t ,,) ,,! ,,pocket ,,compass4 ,pocket compasses are to be b\ght = five or six %ill+s1 & may be us$ 9 _m ways4 ,9 travell+ ov] m\nta9s or a wide ext5d$ moor1 !y are indisp5sably necess>y2 & no "o %\ld g a t\r into ,wales1 ,scotl&1 or ! lakes )\t su* a companion1 & x w be a v useful & amus+ ex]cise = any "y p]son to take ! be>+s ( 8 own or "s p>ticul> locality1 & make out :at may be call$ a be>+ c>d4 ,?is he may easily d 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,suppos+ he wi%es1 = in/ance1 to take ! be>+s ( 8 own h\se1 he has no?+ to d b to set 8 pocket compass ^u a map ( ! di/rict1--a c\nty map w d v well1 unless 8 h\se /&s on ! v]ge ( a c\nty1 !n two c\nty maps w be necess>y4 ,he mu/ make ! nor? ( ! map exactly co9cide ) ! nor?1 z indicat$ by 8 compass1 & hav+ fix$ 8 map 9 ?is situation1 he %\ld take a rul] & piece ( pap]1 & dot d[n ! exact be>+s ( ea* important t[n1 or place1 or village1 ar\nd him4 ,let him suppose himself1 = in/ance1 9 ! t[n ( ,cambridge1 & lay+ d[n 8 map z indicat$ by ! compass1 nor? to nor? & s\? to s\?1 he w f9d ! foll[+ places due nor?1 ,wilb]ton1 ,w5twor?2 ,little ,wilbraham1 ,tev]%am1 due ea/2 ,dux=d & ,*e/]field1 s\?2 ,coton & ,/4 ,neots 9 ,hunt+don%ire1 we/4 ,! o!r po9ts ( ! compass may be fill$ up 9 ! same mann]4 ,%\ld !re=e our "y fri5d be ^u any elevat$ situation ne> 8 own dwell+1 or ^u any o!r elevat$ spot f :i* ! be>+s h be5 tak51 he w be able to in=m 8 "y fri5ds t su* & su* a place lies 9 su* a direction1 t ?is place lies due nor?1 ! o!r nor?-we/1 a ?ird s\?-ea/1 ! f\r? s\?-we/1 c4 c4 ,illu/ration ,,int]e/+ ,,p>ticul>s ,,conc]n+ ,,! ,,magnet4 ,fire-irons :i* h re/$ 9 an upright position 9 a room dur+ ! summ] mon?s are (t5 highly magnetic4 ,iron b>s /&+ erect1 su* z ! grat+s ( a prison cell1 or ! iron rail+s be=e h\ses1 are (t5 magnetic4 ,! great iron-clad %ips1 :i* h n[ replac$ ! wood5 walls ( ,old ,engl&1 are p[]fully magnetic1 & !re=e affect ! compass by :i* ! vessel is /e]$2 +5i\s arrangem5ts are !re=e made to correct ! effect ( ! local attraction1 s t ! man-(-w> may be /e]$ correctly4 ,magnetism may be made to pass ?r\gh a deal bo>d2 to exhibit :i*1 lay a ne$le on ! smoo? "p above1 & run a magnet along ! "u side1 & ! ne$le w be f\nd to foll[ ! c\rse ( ! magnet4 ,a magnet dipp$ into boil+ wat] loses "p ( its magnetism1 :i* h[ev] returns ^u its cool+4 ,a sudd5 bl[ giv5 to a magnet (t5 de/roys its magnetic p[]4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,,me*anics4 8,^! are ma*9ations comical40--,,=d4 ,!re is no subject ( su* importance z ,me*anics1 z its pr9ciples are f\nd$ ^u ! prop]ties ( matt] & ! laws ( motion2 & 9 kn[+ some?+ ( ^!1 ! tyro w lay ! f\ndation ( all sub/antial k4 ,! prop]ties ( matt] are ! foll[+3 ,solidity 7or ,imp5etrability71 ,divisibility1 ,mobility1 ,ela/icity1 ,brittl5ess1 ,malleability1 ,ductility1 & ,t5acity4 ,! laws ( motion are z foll[3-- #a4 ,e body cont9ues 9 a /ate ( re/ or ( uni=m rectil9eal motion1 unless affect$ by "s extrane\s =ce4 #b4 ,! *ange ( motion is always proportionate to ! impell+ =ce4 #c4 ,action & reaction are always equal & contr>y4 ,,exp]im5t ,,( ,,! ,,law ,,( ,,motion4 ,9 %oot+ at 8taw10 if ! m>ble be /ruck 8plump10 z x is call$1 x moves =w>d exactly 9 ! same l9e ( direction2 b if /ruck sideways1 x w move 9 an oblique direction1 & its c\rse w be 9 a l9e situat$ betwe5 ! direction ( its =m] motion & t ( ! =ce impress$4 ,?is is call$ ! resolution ( =ces4 ,,balanc+4 ,! c5tre ( gravity 9 a body is t "p ab\t :i* all ! o!r p>ts equally balance ea* o!r4 ,9 balanc+ a /ick ^u ! f+]1 or ^u ! *91 x is necess>y only to keep ! *9 or f+] exactly "u ! po9t :i* is call$ ! c5tre ( gravity4 ,,! ,,pranc+ ,,horse4 ,illu/ration ,cut out ! figure ( a horse1 & hav+ fix$ a curv$ iron wire to ! "u "p ( its body1 place a small ball ( lead ^u x4 ,place ! h9d legs ( ! horse on ! table1 & x w rock to & fro4 ,if ! ball be remov$1 ! horse w\ld imm$iately tumble1 because unsupport$1 ! c5tre ( gravity be+ 9 ! front ( ! prop2 b ^u ! ball be+ replac$1 ! c5tre ( gravity imm$iately *anges its position1 & is br\ght "u ! prop1 & ! horse is aga9 9 equilibrio4 ,,to ,,con/ruct ,a ,,figure1 ,,:i*1 ,,be+ ,,plac$ ,,^u ,a ,,curv$ ,,surface1 ,,& ,,incl9$ ,,9 ,,any ,,position1 ,,%all1 ,,:5 ,,left ,,to ,,itself1 ,,return ,,to ,,its ,,=m] ,,position4 ,! feet ( ! figure re/ on a curv$ pivot1 :i* is su/a9$ by two load$ balls bel[2 = ! weight ( ^! balls be+ mu* great] ?an t ( ! figure1 _! effect is to br+ ! c5tre ( gravity ( ! :ole b5ea? ! po9t on :i* x re/s2 consequ5tly ! equilibrium w resi/ any slight =ce to di/urb x4 ,,to ,,make ,a ,,c>riage ,,run ,,9 ,,an ,,inv]t$ ,,position ,,)\t ,,fall+4 ,illu/ration ,x is pretty well kn[n to mo/ boys1 t if a tumbl] ( wat] be plac$ )9 a broad wood5 hoop1 ! :ole may be :irl$ r\nd )\t fall+1 ow+ to ! c5trifugal =ce4 ,on ! same pr9ciple1 if a small c>riage be plac$ on an iron b& or rail1 x w asc5d ! curve1 become inv]t$1 & desc5d aga91 )\t fall+4 ,,to ,,cause ,a ,,cyl9d] ,,to ,,roll ,,by ,,its ,,own ,,weight ,,up-,,hill4 ,illu/ration ,procure a c(fee-cani/]1 & load+ x at ,f ) a piece ( lead1 :i* may be fix$ 9 ) sold]1 ! position ( ! c5tre ( gravity is ?us alt]$4 ,if a cyl9d] s con/ruct$ be plac$ on an incl9$ plane1 & ! load$ "p above1 x w roll up-hill )\t assi/ance4 ,,! ,,balanc$ ,,/ick4 ,illu/ration ,procure a piece ( wood1 ab\t n9e in*es 9 l5g? & ab\t half an in* 9 ?ickness1 & ?ru/ into its upp] end ! blades ( two p5knives1 on ei!r side "o4 ,place ! o!r end ^u ! tip ( ! =e-f+]1 & x w keep its place )\t fall+4 ,,! ,,*9ese ,,m&>94 ,illu/ration ,con/ruct out ( ! pi? ( ! eld] a little m&>92 !n provide a base = x to sit 91 l a kettle-drum4 ,into ?is put "s heavy sub/ance1 su* z half a lead5 bullet2 fa/5 ! figure to ?is1 & 9 :atev] position x may be plac$1 x w1 :5 left to itself1 imm$iately return to its upright position4 ,,to ,,make ,a ,,%ill+ ,,turn ,,on ,,its ,,edge ,,on ,,! ,,po9t ,,( ,a ,,ne$le4 ,illu/ration ,take a bottle1 ) a cork 9 its neck1 & place 9 x1 9 a p]p5dicul> position1 a middle-siz$ ne$le4 ,fix a %ill+ into ano!r cork1 by cutt+ a nick 9 x2 & /ick into ! same cork two small table-=ks1 opposite ea* o!r1 ) ! h&les incl9+ outw>ds & d[nw>ds4 ,if ! rim ( ! %ill+ be n[ pois$ on ! po9t ( ! ne$le1 x may easily be made to sp9 r\nd )\t fall+1 z ! c5tre ( gravity is bel[ ! c5tre ( susp5sion4 ,,! ,,danc+ ,,pea4 ,illu/ration ,if y /ick ?r\gh a pea1 or small ball ( pi?1 two p9s at "r angles1 & def5d ! po9ts ) pieces ( seal+wax1 x may be kept 9 equilibrio at a %ort di/ance f ! end ( a /raight tube1 by means ( a curr5t ( brea? f ! m\?1 :i* imp>ts a rotatory motion to ! pea4#aj #aj ,! p9s are only us$ to hold ! pea /eady be=e x is bl[n f ! pipe1 z ! pea alone w dance q z well4 ,,obliquity ,,( ,,motion4 ,cut a piece ( pa/ebo>d into ! foll[+ %ape1 & describe on x a spiral l9e2 cut ?is out ) a p5knife1 & !n susp5d x on a l>ge skew] or p91 z se5 9 ! engrav+4 ,if ! :ole be n[ plac$ on a w>m /ove1 or ov] ! flame ( a c&le or lamp1 x w revolve ) consid]able velocity4 ,! c>d1 aft] be+ cut into ! spiral1 may be made to repres5t a snake or dragon1 & :5 9 motion w produce a v pleas+ effect4 ,illu/ration ,,! ,,bridge ,,( ,,knives4 ,illu/ration ,place ?ree glasses1 ,a ,a ,a1 9 ! =m ( a triangle1 & arrange ?ree knives ^u !m1 z %[n 9 ! figure1--! blade ( ,no4 #a ov] t ( ,no4 #b1 & t ov] ,no4 #c1 :i* re/s on ,no4 #a4 ,! bridge s made w be self-support$4 ,,! ,,top]',s ,,tripod4 ,illu/ration ,place ?ree tobacco-pipes 9 ! position %[n 9 ! engrav+1 ! m\? ( ! b[ls d[nw>ds1 & ! l[] end ( ! /ems ^u ! /em j by ! b[ls4 ,?is tripod1 if c>efully put toge!r1 w support consid]ably m ?an a pot ( 8,lockwood's home-brew$10 equally celebrat$ ) ! trick4 ,,! ,,microscope4 ,at any "t ( ! ye> or h\r ( ! day !re are few pursuits m int]e/+1 & at ! same "t in/ructive1 ?an ! /udy ( ,nature by means ( ! microscope4 ,?is in/rum5t has revolutioniz$ sci5ce1 solv$ _m problems t _h we>i$ ! s\ls ( old] naturali/s1 & ev5 9 its simple/ =m is beyond all value to ^? :o love ,nature & ! objects :i* !y see ar\nd !m4 ,! microscope op5s a new _w to u4 ,:5 ! fir/ telescope 0 direct$ to ! heav5s1 & unlock$ ! my/]ies ( ! skies1 :5 x crumbl$ into du/ all ! !ories ( ! pa/ c5turies1 & told mank9d t ! planets 7 n m]ely in/rum5ts ( =tune-tell+1 ^: voices 7 intelligible to a *os5 few1 b orbs f> va/] ?an our own2 ev5 !n ! new _w ( ?\ght into :i* man ent]$ 0 no wid] ?an t :i* is display$ by ! poore/ l5s t possesses ! p[] ( magnify+4 ,all ( u mu/ admire ! m ?an awful gr&eur ( t univ]se :]e( we =m s inf9itesimal a "p1 :]e9 ! />s are scatt]$ z ! s& on ! sea-%ore1 & e /> a sun1 ! c5tre ( a sy/em ( orbs too di/ant = ! eye ( man to p]ceive4 ,look+ at our ne>e/ planet1 & obs]v+ on h] face va/ m\nta9-*a9s1 rav9es into :i* ! light ( ! sun c nev] p5etrate1 & volcanoes ^: crat]s are s wide t !y w\ld take 9 ! :ole ( ,london1 ! :ole ( ,birm+ham1 & all ! c\ntry betwe5 !m1 we c judge by analogy ( ! unse5 wond]s :i* mu/ exi/ 9 ! _w beyond our k54 ,b to him :o c read ,nature rightly1 ! microscope is a tea*] z gr& z its si/] in/rum5t1 & ! awful magnific5ce ( ,nature is z evid5t 9 a midge's w+ z 9 ! m pat5t glories ( ! sun1 moon1 & />s4 ,9 ! foll[+ pages we hope to put ! read]s ( ?is book 9 ! way to read _! microscope rightly--possibly to make x--& to %[ t mu* c be done ) small means :5 8!re's a w10 & to indicate to !m t objects ( no small int]e/ c be f\nd )\t /irr+ f ! room 9 :i* we sit1 or ev5 f ! table on :i* our microscope is plac$4 ,"s ( our read]s may say1 :5 !y read ! head+ ( ?is pap]1 t !y %\ld l a microscope v mu*1 b t !y h no money to buy x1 & t _! p>5ts _c af=d "o4 ,?is is j ! feel+ :i* we us$ to h :5 a boy1 = 9 ^? days microscopes 7 microscopes inde$1 & y _h y\r *oice betwe5 a little in/rum5t1 ) a s]ies ( brass cups1 hav+ glasses 9 !m1 :i* magnifi$ slightly b def9$ cle>ly1 or a great composition ( brass & iron1 look+ l a rocket-tube1 ) an eye-piece at "o end & a glass %ot at ! o!r4 ,9 0 v co/ly1 v impos+1 & magnifi$ v highly2 b x /ra9$ ! eyes pa9fully1 _h no def9+ capacities1 & made all ! objects look z if !y 7 se5 ?r\gh a ?ick fog4 ,practically1 !re=e1 ! =m] 0 ! only in/rum5t t 0 available4 ,a /ill m useful in/rum5t1 h[ev]1 0 t :i* c always be obta9$ = a few %ill+s1 & :i* is n[ made wond]fully *eap & wond]fully good2 we mean ! d\ble or treble pocket-l5s4 ,s we say1 if y _c af=d a really good microscope1 d n wa/e y\r money ^u inf]ior & pret5ti\s in/rum5ts1 b get a s\nd pocket-l5s4 ,x has a ?\s& advantages4 ,x is portable1 & is ev5 m useful 9 ! fields ?an 9 ! h\se4 ,x def9es v cle>ly1 & ne$s little tr\ble 9 manipulation4 ,we ne$ n say h[ difficult is ! task ( gett+ a complicat$ in/rum5t to def9e prop]ly1 h[ impossible ) a bad "o4 ,! object & ! glass c be held 9 any light1--a matt] ( no small consid]ation :5 exam9+ any?+ new1 & try+ to make out its /ructure4 ,x is n easily put out ( ord]1 & if treat$ ) ! mo/ ord9>y c>e1 w la/ = a lifetime4 ,y c pu% x "u wat]1 & x w magnify z well z 9 ! air2 & if y are w&]+ on ! riv]-side1 y c lie d[n on ! bank1 dip ! upp] "p ( y\r head into ! wat]1 toge!r ) ! glass1 & wat* c>efully ! subaquatic objects )\t remov+ !m4 ,! wat] w n hurt ! eye 9 ! lea/1 ?\gh a non-swimm] may p]haps f9d a little difficulty 9 8 fir/ attempt4 ,x makes a good burn+-glass1 %\ld fire be ne$$1 & no o!r means ( procur+ a sp>k be at h&4 ,x c be us$ s z to %[ ! pr9ciple ( a cam]a obscura1 & to illu/rate ! mann] 9 :i* photographic portraits are tak54 ,x c be made into an admirable dissect+ microscope1 & ne$s sc>cely any practice 9 ! manipulation4 ,^! are "s ( its advantages1 & !re are _m o!rs :i* ne$ n be m5tion$4 ,ev5 if y %\ld be able to procure a good microscope1 get a pocket-l5s z well1 = y w want !m bo?1 & we may say t ! mo/ practis$ microscopi/s1 & ^? :o are possessors ( ! mo/ elaborate in/rum5ts1 are ! v m5 :o are mo/ c]ta9 to h a pocket-l5s ab\t !m1 & to use x mo/ frequ5tly4 ,practise well ) ! pocket-l5s be=e y m$dle ) ! comp\nd microscope4 ,y w wa/e no "t1 b w r ga9 by x2 = y w be le>n+ ! rudim5ts ( a new sci5ce1 & lay+ a solid f\ndation on :i* to build4 ,:5ev] we see a lad take out 8 pocket-l5s 9 a bus9ess-l way1 use x skilfully1 & put x back ) a me*anical facility t tells ( con/ant practice1 we "k t !re is a lad :o has le>n$ ! *ief lesson ( a naturali/1--namely1 ! art ( obs]v+4 ,we speak highly ( ! pocket-l5s1 because we ?9k highly ( x & owe mu* to x4 ,"o or two practical rem>ks on ! prop] h&l+ ( ! pocket-l5s may be ( use4 ,d n always employ ! same eye 9 look+ ?r\gh ! l5s1 b use ! eyes alt]nately4 ,!re is always a temptation to employ ! same eye1 :i* ?us receives a k9d ( tra9+ 9 vision2 b x is a temptation always to be resi/$4 ,) "s p]sons ! "r eye is mo/ 9 fav\r1 & ) o!rs ! left2 & :5 ! fav\rite eye gets all ! "w1 x too frequ5tly suff]s4 ,:e!r y look ) ! "r or ! left eye1 keep bo? eyes op54 ,x is a pitiful sight to see a human face all screw$ up into a corn]1 ! lids ( ! unus$ eye convulsively squeez$ toge!r1 & ! m\? slant+ upw>ds1 z if 9 sympa?y ) ! eye4 ,n only does ! human face become repulsively mean & port5t\sly ugly by su* action1 b ! sight ( ! eye is s]i\sly /ra9$1 & sometimes impair$ = life4 ,at fir/ ! beg9n] w f9d a little difficulty 9 re/rict+ 8 vision to "o eye :ile ! o!r rema9s op51 j z a beg9n] on ! pian(orte feels himself puzzl$ :5 he tries to make 8 "r h& g "o way & 8 left h& ano!r2 b 9 ei!r case a little practice & pl5ty ( p]sev]ance are sure to ov]come all ob/acles1 & 9 a wond]fully %ort "t ! difficulty w n only be ov]come1 b =gott54 ,we speak "h ) "s feel+1 because1 :ile engag$ on a "w on ! microscope1 we 7 necess>ily oblig$ to "w mu* at night1 & inadv]t5tly employ$ ! left eye m ?an ! "r2 ! consequ5ce ( :i* imprud5ce 0 t we h be5 oblig$ ev] s9ce t "t to give ! left eye p]fect re/1 z f> z artificial vision goes1 &1 except :5 look+ ?r\gh a b9ocul> in/rum5t1 we h n v5tur$ to use x ei!r to a microscope or telescope4 ,! vision accommodates itself to circum/ances ) wond]ful ease1 & ! obs]v] le>ns ! curi\s art ( cutt+ (f all communication betwe5 ! unus$ eye & ! bra92 s t1 al?\gh ! objects ar\nd may impr9t !mselves ^u ! ret9a1 ! m9d is z totally unconsci\s ( !m z if !y _h no exi/5ce4 ,if possible1 always exam9e an object )\t remov+ x1 z !reby y see x z x is1 )\t alt]+ any ( ! conditions ) :i* x is surr\nd$4 ,%\ld ?is n be practicable1 take ! object to be view$ 9 ! left h& & ! l5s 9 ! "r4 ,place ! wri/s ( ! two h&s toge!r1 & !n y w f9d t "o supports ! o!r1 & t ! l5s c be held 9 ! prop] focus )\t ! lea/ difficulty4 ,aft] y h us$ ! l5s = "s little "t1 y w le>n to hit ^u ! "r focus almo/ to a hair's bread?1--s z to lose no "t1 a matt] ( "s importance :5 a liv+ creature is to be exam9$1 especially if x be 9 motion4 ,z to ! selection ( objects1 none is necess>y4 ,look at ev]y?+2 & ! ugli] & m unpromis+ x is1 let x be ! clos] exam9$4 ,we d n m]ely use our aids to vision = ! sake ( see+ beautiful ?+s1 ?\gh ! microscopi/ sees m beauty 9 a day ?an o!rs w see 9 a ye>4 ,we want to see h[ ! _w & its con/itu5t p>ts are made2 & ?\gh admiration w n be want+1 yet x does n1 or ought n1 to hold ! fir/ place4 ,always h a motive = look+ at e object1 & if y h none1 try to make "o4 ,"o ( our fri5ds1 kn[n by "n at lea/ to mo/ ( my read]s1 /ruck out1 "s ye>s ago1 a mo/ curi\s tra9 ( ?\ght :ile look+ at an object :i* is se5 daily by ?\s&s ( human be+s1 & w probably soon give ! public ! b5efit ( x4 ,we h se5 ! object hundr$s ( times1 b ! ideas :i* x sugge/$ did n happ5 to occur to u4 ,illu/ration ,we are n[ ab\t to sugge/ a v simple piece ( me*anism1 by :i* ! pocket-l5s c be conv]t$ into a microscope t w s]ve = dissection & _m o!r purposes4 ,! accompany+ sket* is tak5 f an in/rum5t ( our own manufacture4 ,x is ( v r\gh make1 & by an old ,indian (fic] w\ld be contemptu\sly t]m$ 8cut*a40 ,measur$1 h[ev]1 by its p]=mance1 x is q z satisfactory z ^? in/rum5ts :i* are made by pr(ess$ opticians1 & :i* ! same old ,indian w\ld class "u ! hon\r$ title ( 8pucka40 ,melt ?ree or f\r p\nds ( lead 9 an iron ladle1 & make a m\ld1 consi/+ ( a holl[ hemisph]e ( pap] or c>dbo>d1 ?r\gh ! c5tre ( :i* an iron rod has be5 pass$4 ,! holl[ ( ! pap] %\ld resemble an ord9>y sauc]4 ,p\r ! lead into ! sauc]1 & let x cool4 ,! pap] m\ld w be scor*$ by ! heat & r5d]$ useless1 b an out] coat+ ( lead w be cool & h>d be=e ! pap] is q de/roy$4 ,! rod & lead5 /& w n[ appe> z 9 ! illu/ration4 ,next take a piece ( /\t brass wire & a w9e-cork2 twi/ ! wire r\nd ! cork sev]al times2 cut (f "o end close to ! cork2 %>p5 ! o!r1 & turn x up z se5 9 ! engrav+4 ,bore a hole ?r\gh ! cork1 j l>ge en\gh to all[ ! upright rod to slip ?r\gh x1 & !re is ! 8/&0 ( y\r microscope4 ,n[ take y\r pocket-l5s1 & get an optician to bore a hole ?r\gh "o end ( x1 j l>ge en\gh to receive ! upturn$ end ( ! wire2 slip ! l5s on ! wire1 & ! microscope is complete4 ,! cork1 ?\gh grasp+ ! upright /em ) tol]able firmness1 c be slid up & d[n s z to insure ! correct focus1 & c be pu%$ aside :5ev] ! object has to be view$ ) ! nak$ eye & mu/ n be remov$ f its place4 ,?is in/rum5t is a capital "o = dissect+ purposes1 & w answ] q z well z ^? exp5sive affairs t are to be pur*as$ 9 ! %ops4 ,if1 h[ev]1 our read]s w\ld l to possess a real & well-made in/rum5t1 he _c d bett] ?an get "o ( ,ross's ,dissect+ ,microscopes1 :i* are v /eady1 &1 z may be se51 c be adju/$ to almo/ any position4 ,a rack-&-p9ion movem5t = elevat+ or l[]+ ! slid+ pill> w\ld be useful4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ross',s ,,dissect+ ,,microscope4 ,if ! object be transp>5t1 & requires to be se5 by transmitt$ light1 ! foll[+ plan w answ]3--,take a ?9 piece ( wood1 cut or pun* a r\nd hole out ( ! middle1 & support x on f\r legs4 ,wires or wood5 pegs fix$ 9 corks w answ] ! purpose well1 & if ! corks be glu$ to ! corn]s ( ! bo>d1 ! legs c be ins]t$ or remov$ at pleasure4 ,! wood ( :i* cig>-boxes are made w answ] ! purpose v well4 ,its dim5sions %\ld be ab\t ?ree in*es 9 l5g? by two 9 wid?4 ,n[ buy "o ( ! doll's look+-glasses t are sold = a p5ny1 & put x "u ! /&4 ,lay a flat piece ( glass ov] ! hole1 place ! object ^u x1 & direct ! light ?r\gh x by means ( ! mirror bel[4 ,if su* a mirror _c be obta9$1 x is easy en\gh to make "o1 by m\nt+ a piece ( look+-glass 9 a cork frame1 & mak+ x sw+ on pivots1 l ! glasses ( our dress+-rooms4 ,! "y microscopi/ mu/ rememb] t :5 he is exam9+ any object by transmitt$ light1 he mu/ arrange x z flatly z possible on ! glass4 ,9 _m cases1 a /ill neat] manipulation is requir$1--z1 = example1 :5 ! petals ( fl[]s are "u exam9ation4 ,?9 glass is to be pur*as$ at any optician's1 & if cut 9 squ>es1 in/ead ( circles1 is v mu* *eap]1 & q z useful = all practical purposes4 ,lay ! petal on ! glass plate1 place a piece ( ! ?9 glass ^u x1 & press x g5tly :ile exam9+ x4 ,if x /ill rema9s ?ick & dull1 put a drop ( pure wat] on ! petal1 & replace ! ?9 glass1 :5 ! /ructure w almo/ inv>iably be detect$4 ,ev]y?+ dep5ds on ! prop] managem5t ( ! object & ! arrangem5t ( ! light4 ,"s opaque objects c be se5 be/ by direct light1 & o!rs by transmitt$ light4 ,if a leaf be exam9$1 p>ticul>ly if x be a ?ick & heavy "o1 l t ( ! ivy1 ! upp] & l[] membranes mu/ be /ripp$ ap>t1--a task :i* is easily p]=m$ by te>+ a small slit1 & !n ripp+ x sm>tly across4 ,a pair ( =ceps w be requir$ = ?is & o!r delicate "w1 & may be obta9$ at a *eap rate4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 to keep ! po9ts exactly ev51 & if at any "t "o ( !m appe>s to be %ort] ?an ! o!r1 !y %\ld be rubb$ on a hone until !y are br\ght p]fectly level4 ,illu/ration ,^! %\ld be made ( /eel2 b ! "y microscopi/ w f9d t a second pair made ( brass1 & mu* r\gh] 9 f9i%1 are invaluable aids z he takes 8 walks into ! c\ntry4 ,by _! aid he c pick up m9ute objects1 draw insects out ( crevices )\t damag+ !m1 & pluck ! t9ie/ fl[]s )\t h>m+ _! petals4 ,!y c be c>ri$ 9 ! wai/coat pocket1 & ! co/ is sixp5ce4 ,any lad :o kn[s h[ to h&le sold] c make a pair = himself 9 a few m9utes4 ,a p5knife ) "o blade kept scrupul\sly %>p is ess5tial1 & we h f\nd an old lancet ( ! greate/ s]vice4 ,lancets h gone s mu* out ( fa%ion1 t ! second-h& in/rum5t %ops ab\nd ) !m4 ,we did n all[ our own lancet to be %ut up1 b remov$ ! blade f ! tortoise-%ell h&le1 & fix$ x ^u a wood5 h&le1 ab\t f\r in*es 9 l5g?1 s t x look$ v clumsy1 b 0 extremely useful4 ,two pairs ( scissors are ne$ful1--"o v f9e1 & ! o!r mod]ately /rong4 ,bo? pairs1 h[ev]1 mu/ h v %ort blades & v long h&les1 & ! scissors su* z ladies use are ( v little use1 ! %ort h&les caus+ ! f+]s ( ! "r h& to %ade ! object4 ,z to ! f9e pair1 x is h>dly possible to h ! h&les too long or ! blades too %ort2 = if ! po9ts c be sep>at$ a qu>t] ( an in*1 no?+ m is ne$$4 ,if a pair ( b5t scissors c also be obta9$1 !y are extremely pleasant to "w )1 & save mu* tr\ble4 ,illu/ration ,= arrang+ ! objects "u ! microscope1 !re are no in/rum5ts equal to ^? :i* are "h engrav$4 ,!y are no?+ m ?an ord9>y ne$les /uck into ! h&les ( camel's-hair bru%es4 ,! upp]mo/ is made ( ! l>ge/-siz$ d>n+-ne$le1 & is useful = mak+ little holes1 & simil> purposes4 ,! two next in/rum5ts are ! mo/ g5]ally useful1 & sev]al ( ea* %\ld be always at h&4 ,nos4 #d & #e are = special purposes2 ! =m] = hold+ tissues aside1 & ! latt] = lift+ !m up4 ,! ne$les mu/ n be long] ?an ^? 9 ! illu/ration1 z !y w\ld o!rwise be too spr+y1 & apt to te> ! object in/ead ( pull+ or pu%+ x4 ,! b5d+ is readily done 9 ! flame ( a _s-lamp1 or ev5 ( a common c&le2 b 9 ! latt] case ! ne$le is always cov]$ ) soot1 :i* mu/ be wip$ (f be=e its %ape c be se54 ,! ela/icity ( ! ne$les is lo/ by ! op]ation1 b is easily re/or$ by heat+ !m r$-hot1 & plung+ !m imm$iately into cold wat]4 ,! end ( ! h&le %\ld be wrapp$ ) ?read1 9 ord] to prev5t x f splitt+4 ,pill-boxes ( v>i\s sizes are ( v great s]vice to ! microscopi/4 ,we always h !m arrang$ 9 8ne/s10 i4 e4 six or sev5 inside ea* o!r1 s t space is greatly economiz$1 z long z !y are n 9 absolute use4 ,all delicate objects %\ld be plac$ 9 sep>ate boxes1 & ! pr$ace\s insects mu/ be treat$ 9 ! same mann]1 or !y w c]ta9ly de/roy "o ano!r1 or1 at all ev5ts1 inflict su* injuries z w make !m useless = microscopic purposes4 ,illu/ration ,:5 ! insects are to be kill$ on ! spot1 we employ ano!r & a v simple plan4 ,we take "o ( ! old-fa%ion$ wood5 lucif]-mat* boxes1 bore a hole 9 ! lid1 & pu% ?r\gh ! hole a swan-quill or ! b>rel ( "o ( ! swan-quill /eel p5s4 ,a glass tube is /ill bett]1 b is too fragile4 ,beeswax is tightly work$ into ! junction ( ! tube ) ! wood1 s z to make x z ne>ly air-tight z possible4 ,a cork /opp] is !n cut to fit ! tube4 ,! accompany+ illu/ration w %[ ! box complet$4 ,:5 ?is is f9i%$1 we take ! smalle/-siz$ pill-box1 bore a numb] ( holes 9 x ) a r$-hot ne$le1 place a little piece ( solid ammonia )9 x1 & inclose x 9 ! lucif]-box4 ,its effects are almo/ in/antane\s2 = sc>cely has ! insect t\*$ ! bottom ( ! box be=e x is helpless1 & 9 a v few mom5ts x is q dead1 s p[]ful is ammonia t[>ds insects4 ,! read] w ( c\rse und]/& t ! pill-boxes mu/ nev] h be5 us$ = pills1 & t ! mat*-box mu/ be c>efully clean$ be=e employ+ x 9 ! microscopic s]vice4 ,moreov]1 any boxes t h be5 us$ = lepidopt]\s insects become useless1 inasmu* z ! scales always fall f ! w+s1 & cl+ to ! sides ( ! box1 s z to mix ) succe$+ objects1 & v mu* puzzle ! obs]v]4 ,aquatic & m>9e objects require bottles1 &1 z a g5]al rule1 ^! bottles ought always to h wide m\?s4 ,inde$1 if !re be no %\ld] at all1 _! purpose w be bett] s]v$1 z a small object is v apt to be caught "u ! %\ld]1 & to give mu* tr\ble be=e x c be remov$ )\t injury4 ,wide & %ort te/-tubes answ] admirably = collect+2 & x w always be advisable to h a few small te/-tubes ready fitt$ ) corks1 = ! purpose ( isolat+ ^? specim5s :i* might receive or cause injury by be+ mix$ ) o!rs4 ,to remove m9ute objects f "o vessel into ano!r is a v easy process4 ,take a glass tube1 m>k (f a portion ab\t eight in*es 9 l5g?1 cut a little not* ) a file1 & b5d x sm>tly1 :5 x w break neatly across1 )\t leav+ po9ts or hav+ ! regul>ity ( its ends injur$ by gaps4 ,turn ea* end r\nd & r\nd 9 ! flame ( ! _s-lamp1 & y h an ord9>y 8pipette40 ,! object ( plac+ ! ends ( ! tube 9 ! flame is to r5d] ! edges q smoo? & r\nd$4 ,n[ m>k (f ! same l5g? ( tube1 & place ! m>k$ portion 9 ! flame1 tak+ c>e to w>m x well fir/1 le/ ! sudd5 heat %\ld crack ! glass4 ,keep x cont9ually turn+ betwe5 ! f+]s1 & :5 x is q s(t1 & ( a f9e r$ heat1 draw ! h&s sm>tly ap>t1 & y w produce a c\ple ( tubes tap]+ to v f9e po9ts4 ,break (f ! tap]+ portions at any conv5i5t po9t1 r\nd ! edges z be=e1 & y w !n h pipettes suitable = small objects4 ,z !re are _m specim5s1 especially ! small] animalcul1 :i* h a habit ( retir+ into ! remote/ corn]1 x is necess>y to b5d ano!r pipette1 s z to foll[ !m4 ,= our own "p1 we pref] ! pipette to be b5t ne>ly to a "r angle4 ,! mode ( us+ ^! simple in/rum5ts is z foll[s3--,place ! =ef+] or ?umb firmly on ! l>ge end1 & pu% ! po9t "u wat]4 ,:5 ! op5+ is close to ! s\ght-= object1 lift ! f+] sudd5ly1 & admit ! air into ! tube4 ,! wat] w imm$iately ru% 9 at ! l[] end1 & if ! orifice has be5 prop]ly direct$1 w c>ry ! object into ! tube4 ,! f+] is aga9 appli$ to ! m\? ( ! tube1 & ! object c be !n c>ri$ (f4 ,z ) ! pocket-l5s almo/ e object is to be view$ by means ( direct light1 ! "y obs]v] w f9d himself mu* aid$ by a suitable backgr\nd4 ,any small object1 su* z a m9ute insect1 a se$1 or a hair1 becomes v indi/9ct if held up aga9/ ! light1 or ev5 :5 view$ aga9/ a brok5 backgr\nd ( trees1 h\ses1 or h]bage4 ,! simple/ plan ( secur+ a prop] backgr\nd is to take a disc ( ivory1 bone1 or ev5 ( :ite c>dbo>d1 & to black5 "o side ( x4 ,! black pa9t :i* is us$ = ?is purpose mu/ be )\t gloss1 & h :at is call$ a 8dead0 surface4 ,ink answ]s v well = ! purpose1 & s does ivory-black2 b ,indian ink is too glossy to be s]viceable4 ,to procure specim5s f ! wat] is a matt] ( "s difficulty if manag$ badly1 b easy en\gh :5 ! collector kn[s 8 bus9ess4 ,x is ( c\rse ne$ful to atta* ! collect+ vessel to ! end ( a rod1 & to plunge x into ! spots :i* look mo/ fav\rable4 ,n[ ev5 s simple a matt] z ?is requires "s little c>e1 if ! "y microscopi/ really wi%es to obta9 ! be/ specim5s4 ,a common walk+-/ick w answ] mo/ purposes2 b ! mo/ effici5t rod = ! purpose is "o ( ! common walk+-/ick fi%+-rods )\t ! top jo9t1 z x c be c>ri$ )\t attract+ att5tion1 & c be l5g!n$ at w by add+ ! diff]5t jo9ts4 ,illu/ration ,_m me?ods h be5 propos$ by :i* ! vessel is to be atta*$ to ! rod2 b t :i* ,i am ab\t to describe is c]ta9ly ! simple/ & mo/ effective t ,i h tri$4 ,get a piece ( gutta-p]*a tub+1 j l>ge en\gh to be slipp$ on ! end ( ! rod or /ick2 m>k (f an in* or s1 & cut ! tube ne>ly ?r\gh1 z at a 9 ,fig4 #a4 ,n[ cut x away longitud9ally1 s t a long tongue ( gutta-p]*a is left1 z at b1 & ! in/rum5t is complet$4 ,its application is z simple z its /ructure4 ,b5d ! tongue ov]1 s z to =m a loop1 & pu% ! end ?r\gh ! %ort tube4 ,slip ! neck ( ! bottle into ! loop1 & draw ! tongue until x is tol]ably tight4 ,pu% ! end ( ! /ick into ! tube1 tak+ c>e to hold ! tongue firmly 9 its place1 & ! vessel w !n be fa/5$ at "r angles to ! /ick4 ,! :ole arrangem5t c be se5 9 ,fig4 #b1 :]e a repres5ts ! gutta-p]*a tube1 b ! tongue1 c ! /ick1 & d ! vessel4 ,! me?od ( collect+ by means ( ?is in/rum5t is z foll[s3--,imm]se ! vessel 9 ! wat]1 ) ! m\? d[nw>ds1 s t no wat] may ent]4 ,pu% x g5tly t[>ds ! spot :i* is to be inve/igat$1 move x ab\t a little1 s z to cause a di/urbance1 & !n turn ! vessel ) its m\? upw>ds4 ,wat] w in/antly ru% 91 c>ry+ ) x ! objects :i* are to be exam9$4 ,! cont5ts ( ! vessel may !n be transf]r$ to ! l>ge bottle1 & ano!r dip made4 ,conf]void gr[?s1 especially ^? :i* accumulate 9 a k9d ( scum on ! surface1 %\ld be obta9$ v quietly1 )\t previ\s di/urbance ( ! wat]4 ,aft] ! pond or /ream or dit* has be5 well se>*$1 ! bottle %\ld be r\ghly exam9$1 by means ( a pocket-l5s1 & ! cont5ts sort$ into ! small] tubes1 z has already be5 m5tion$4 ,?is precaution is especially ne$ful :5 any ( ! m9ute cru/acea call$ ,entomo/raca are captur$1 z !y are mo/ voraci\s be+s1 & w make sad havoc among o!r specim5s1 unless !y are plac$ 9 sep>ate bottles4 ,!y are mo/ly l>ge en\gh to be detect$ ) ! nak$ eye1 & look some?+ l little fleas1 z !y move along4 ,z ! ,entomo/raca ca/ _! %ells repeat$ly dur+ _! lives1 "s species p]=m+ ?is op]ation e two days1 a beautiful s]ies ( objects c be obta9$ by ga!r+ ! ca/ %ells1 & prep>+ !m = ! microscope1 accord+ to ! directions t w be f\nd 9 ! foll[+ pages4 ,^! %ells are peculi>ly valuable1 z !y reta9 ! *ief ext]nal *>act]i/ics ( ! creature to :i* !y belong$1 ! limbs1 plumes1 & ev5 ! delicate bri/les be+ pres]v$ entire4 ,x is 9 ! p[] ( ! microscopi/ to ret>d or ha/5 ! *ange ( %ell1 heat & light aid+ developm5t1 & cold & d>kness ret>d+ x4 ,! rem>kable 8ephippium10 or saddle1 :i* is f\nd on ! backs ( ! ,daphnia1 ! ,mo9a1 & o!r ,entomo/raca1 & :i* is us$ z a receptacle = eggs1 %\ld be se>*$ = & pres]v$4 ,a v ?9 & v flat bottle is a mo/ useful assi/ance 9 detect+ ! "* ( any unkn[n object1 especially if x be liv+4 ,su* a bottle may easily be made by heat+ "o ( ! small te/-tubes 9 ! _s-lamp until x is ( a gl[+ r$ heat1 & !n press+ ! sides toge!r4 ,"s little neatness is requir$ 9 ?is process1 z an unskilful op]ator is apt to press ! sides unequally1 & to leave a bulg+ projection at ! end4 ,%\ld a high] p[] be requir$ ?an is furni%$ by ! pocket-l5s1 a 8,codd+ton0 l5s is ! v be/ t c be obta9$4 ,9 g5]al %ape x resembles ! well-kn[n 8,/anhope0 l5s2 b ! latt] is s v inf]ior an article1 t x ought nev] to be pur*as$4 ,! two glasses c easily be di/+ui%$ by ! %ape ( ! ends2 ^? ( ! ,codd+ton be+ alike1 :ile 9 ! ,/anhope "o is mu* m convex ?an ! o!r4 ,at fir/ ! "y obs]v] g5]ally f9ds "s difficulty 9 arrang+ ?is l5s1 s z to hit (f ! focus exactly2 b if he adopts ! foll[+ plan1 he w soon h&le a ,codd+ton z easily z an ord9>y pocket-l5s4 ,! object %\ld be held 9 ! left h& & ! glass 9 ! "r4 ,let ! wri/s be plac$ firmly aga9/ ea* o!r1 & ! l5s br\ght z close z possible to ! object1 )\t q t\*+ x4 ,n[ br+ ! eye to ! l5s1 tak+ c>e n to di/urb ! arrangem5t1 & !n gradually draw ! object away f ! l5s4 ,! mom5t t ! prop] focus is obta9$ ! object w be se5 ) beautiful cle>ness1 & by draw+ ! object f ! l5s1 in/ead ( approa*+ ! l5s to ! object1 !re is no dang] ( injur+ ! "o or ! o!r by contact4 ,! great advantages ( ! ,codd+ton are ! exce$+ cle>ness ) :i* x %[s ! object1 ! p]fect def9ition ( e l9e1 its a*romatic "*1 & its fre$om f col\rs1 & ! flatness ( ! 8field20 s t ! circumf]5ce is def9$ z p]fectly z ! c5tre4 ,x c n[ be obta9$ v *eaply at any ( our microscopical opticians1 & %\ld always be m\nt$ on a tol]ably long h&le4 ,,! ,,comp\nd ,,microscope4 ,we h already describ$ ! simpl] =ms ( magnify+ in/rum5ts1 toge!r ) ! be/ me?od ( us+ !m4 ,we n[ purpose to describe ! m complicat$ in/rum5t call$ ! comp\nd microscope1 & h9ts w be giv5 z to ! be/ me?od ( mak+ prep>ations = x4 ,! great di/9ction betwe5 ! simple & comp\nd microscope is1 t :]eas ! =m] in/rum5t magnifies ! object1 ! latt] magnifies ! magnifi$ image ( ! object4 ,9 ! lea/ elaborate =m ( ?is in/rum5t !re are two glasses1 "o at ea* end ( a tube1 ! small glass magnify+ ! object1 & be+ !re=e call$ ! 8object glass10 :ile ! o!r1 :i* magnifies ! image ( ! object1 is plac$ next to ! eye1 & is !re=e t]m$ ! 8eye-glass40 ,9 practice1 h[ev]1 ?is arrangem5t is f\nd to be s extremely defective1 t ! in/rum5t 0 q useless1 except z an exp]im5tal toy2 = ! two enemies ( ! optician1 *romatic & sph]ical ab]ration1 prevail$ s exce$+ly1 t e object appe>$ z if surr\nd$ ) prismatic col\rs1 & e l9e 0 blurr$ & indi/9ct4 ,9 ?is unc]ta9 /ate ! comp\nd microscope rema9$ = _m ye>s1 its sup]b capabilities be+ sc>cely recognis$4 ,! *ief fault 0 ?\ght to be 9 ! mat]ial ( :i* ! object-glass 0 made1 & = a long s]ies ( ye>s all exp]im5ts 7 conduct$ ) a view to an improvem5t 9 ?is respect4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! diamond _h be5 employ$ z an object-glass1 & _h fail$ equally ) ^? ( less co/ly mat]ial1 att5tion 0 direct$ to ! "r po9t--namely1 ! arrangem5t ( ! diff]5t glasses1--& at l5g? opticians succe$$ 9 obta9+ a pit* ( excell5ce :i* c be almo/ t]m$ p]fection4 ,x w\ld be impossible to describe ! me?od :i* is employ$ = ?is purpose1 & x mu/ suffice to say t ! pr9ciple is t ( play+ (f "o defect aga9/ ano!r1 & s mak+ !m mutually correct _! errors4 ,! magnify+ p[]s ( ! comp\nd microscope c be v great1 & x is !re=e necess>y t extreme c>e %\ld be tak5 9 its manipulation4 ,x w be possible = a clumsy p]son to d m damage to a good in/rum5t 9 ?ree m9utes ?an c be repair$ 9 z _m weeks4 ,be=e proce$+ to ! managem5t ( ! microscope & ! con/ruction ( ! 8slides10 we w briefly describe "o or two *ief =ms ( ! comp\nd microscope4 ,illu/ration ,! accompany+ illu/ration repres5ts ! simple/ =m ( ! comp\nd microscope z at pres5t made4 ,x consi/s ( a /& & a slid+ tube1 9 :i* are set ! glasses :i* magnify ! object & its image4 ,at ! top is ! tube1 :i* is capable ( be+ slid up & d[n 9 ! %\ld] ( ! /&1 s z to obta9 ! prop] focus4 ,above is se5 ! eye-glass2 & ! object-glass is %[n at ! bottom ( ! tube4 ,bel[ ! object-glass is ! 8/age0 on :i* ! object to be magnifi$ is laid2 & l[e/ ( all is a mirror1 :i* s]ves to reflect ! light upw>ds ?r\gh ! object1 & :i* c be turn$ by means ( ! knobs at ! sides4 ,! object-glass is compos$ ( two pieces1 :i* c readily be sep>at$4 ,if bo? are us$1 suffici5t magnify+ p[] is ga9$ to %[ ! scales on a butt]fly's w+ & simil> m9ute objects2 :ile1 if "o is remov$1 ! object is n magnifi$ to s great an ext5t1 b a l>g] portion c be se51 & ! def9ition is cle>]4 ,! co/ ( ?is in/rum5t1 toge!r ) a few accessories1 is half-a-gu9ea4 ,!re is ano!r microscope con/ruct$ on ! same pr9ciple1 :i* is a v sup]ior in/rum5t1 ?\gh x does n at fir/ sight pres5t any rem>kable diff]5ce4 ,x possesses1 h[ev]1 f\r times ! magnify+ p[] ( t :i* has j be5 m5tion$4 ,in/ead ( two magnifi]s1 !re are f\r1 & sev]al subsidi>y articles are s5t ) x1--su* z a cond5s]1 a live box1 an aquatic box1 & half a doz5 slides ready prep>$4 ,?is in/rum5t co/s "o sov]eign4 ,illu/ration ,b if ! read] c by any possibility af=d x1 let u advise him 9 ! /ronge/ t]ms to devote ?ree gu9eas to ! purpose1 & get a really good in/rum5t4 ,= ?is small sum a microscope may n[ be obta9$ :i* c\ld n h be5 pur*as$ = tw5ty times ?ree gu9eas only a few ye>s ago4 ,"o ( ^! beautiful in/rum5ts is se5 9 ! accompany+ illu/ration2 9 :i* may be se5 ! tube1 ) its eye-piece & object-glass1 & ! /&1 conta9+ ! /age & ! mirror4 ,! arrangem5t1 h[ev]1 is v diff]5t2 = ! focus is n obta9$ by slid+ ! tube up & d[n1 b by turn+ ! l>ge mill$ heads :i* we see on a level ) ! /age1 & :i* raise or depress ! tube by means ( a rack & p9ion4 ,z an extremely high p[] c be us$ ) ?is in/rum5t1 a /ill f9] adju/m5t is requir$1 s z to obta9 a v accurate focus4 ,?is is se5 on ! front ( ! tube4 ,! read] w notice t ! microscope c be incl9$ backw>ds1 = x is s made t x c be set to any angle :i* may be/ suit ! obs]v]4 ,! value ( ?is arrangem5t is v great1 z x p]mits ! obs]v] to sit at 8 ease 9 a *air1 )\t be+ =c$ to crane 8 neck ov] ! microscope1 & look p]p5dicul>ly d[n4 ,ano!r advantage att5d+ ?is arrangem5t is t ! secretions :i* lubricate ! eye d n int]rupt ! vision1 z is apt to be ! case :5 look+ directly d[nw>ds4 ,! mirror1 too1 c be turn$ 9 any direction1 & its di/ance f ! /age less5$ or increas$ by means ( a draw-tube4 ,?ree diff]5t p[]s are suppli$ ) ?is microscope1 toge!r ) a live-box1 dissect+ & /age =ceps1 c42 & ! :ole is made s z to admit ( additional app>atus4 ,! microscope fits into a neat squ>e box1 9 :i* is pl5ty ( room = v>i\s articles :i* w pres5tly be describ$4 ,^! ?ree microscopes c be obta9$ f ,messrs4 ,bak]1 #bdd1 ,high ,holborn2 & we m5tion !m1 n because we wi% to make any invidi\s di/9ctions betwe5 ! _m excell5t opticians :o n[ make microscopes1 b because we happ5 to h us$ ,messrs4 ,bak]'s in/rum5ts = "s ye>s1 & c be> practical te/imony to _! p]=mance4 ,ano!r ?ree-gu9ea microscope ought1 h[ev]1 to be m5tion$4 ,x is ! ,society ( ,arts microscope1 :i* is made by ,messrs4 ,field1 opticians1 ( ,birm+ham4 ,9 =m x closely resembles ! in/rum5t :i* has j be5 m5tion$1 b diff]s 9 "s ( ! details1 z x possesses a 8diaphragm-plate0 "u ! /age = regulat+ ! admission ( light1 &1 in/ead ( ?ree object-glasses & "o eye-piece1 has two object-glasses & two eye-pieces4 ,dr4 ,c>p5t] m5tions t1 up to #ahfa1 no less ?an eighte5 hundr$ ( ^! microscopes _h be5 sold4 ,to ?is in/rum5t ! m$al ( ! ,society ( ,arts 0 aw>d$4 ,ei!r ( ^! microscopes af=ds all t an ord9>y obs]v] is likely to ne$2 & if he adds a few articles ( supplem5t>y app>atus1 he w f9d himself possess$ ( a microscope t w s]ve all purposes except sci5tific controv]sy4 ,presum+ t ! read] has suppli$ himself ) "o or o!r ( ! comp\nd microscopes1 we w proce$ to %[ ! me?od ( us+ !m4 ,! manipulation ( a comp\nd microscope is n s easy z x looks4 ,! possessor ( a really good in/rum5t may fail hopelessly 9 8 attempts to see a s+le object4 ,n[1 !re are ?ree ess5tial po9ts :i* a microscopi/ mu/ att5d to1--namely1 ! correct focus1 ! prop] light1 & ! prep>ation ( ! object4 ,( ^! ! focus is ( c\rse ! mo/ important1 & c be be/ obta9$ z foll[s3-- ,lay ! object on ! /age ( ! microscope1 s z to get its c5tre exactly "u ! c5tre ( ! object-glass1 & illum9ate x z y be/ c4 ,put on ! l[e/ p[]1 &1 )\t look+ ?r\gh ! tube1 l[] ! object-glass until x ne>ly t\*es ! object4 ,n[ look ?r\gh ! tube1 & raise ! object-glass gradually f ! object1 until ! "r focus is obta9$4 ,! reason = tak+ ^! precautions is1 t if y look ?r\gh ! tube & l[] x ^u ! object1 y w 9 all probability pu% ! glass aga9/ ! object1 & damage ei!r ! "o or ! o!r4 ,:5 y h ?us le>n$ ! focus ( ! l[e/ p[]1 add ano!r1 & repeat ! process2 & s on until y h made out ! focus ( ea* object-glass4 ,if y h m ?an "o eye-piece1 try !m bo? ) ea* object-glass4 ,! prop] light is our next po9t1 & ^u x re/s ! *ief beauty ( ! effect4 ,! light :i* w suit "o object w n suit ano!r1 & ev5 ! same object %\ld be exam9$ "u e v>iety ( light4 ,"s objects are be/ %[n :5 ! light is ?r[n ^u !m f above1 & o!rs :5 x is ?r[n ?r\gh !m f bel[4 ,aga91 ! direction ( ! light is ( va/ importance2 = x w easily be se5 t an oblique light w exhibit m9ute projections by ?r[+ a %ad[ on "o side & brilliancy on ! o!r1 :ile a v]tical illum9ation w\ld fail to %[ !m4 ,on ! same pr9ciple1 "o object w be %[n bett] ) ! light 9 front1 & ano!r :5 x is on "o side4 ,illu/ration ,"o ( ! mo/ effective means ( atta9+ ?is object is by us+ ! 8bull's-eye cond5s]10 :i* is sometimes fix$ to ! /age1 b is usually deta*$1 z repres5t$ 9 ! illu/ration4 ,z ! upright /em is telescopic1 ! glass c be rais$ to a consid]able height1 :ile ! jo9t & slid+-rod p]mit ! l5s to be appli$ at any angle :i* promises ! mo/ brilliant light4 ,z = ! k9d ( light t is employ$1 !re is no?+ :i* equals t ( a :ite cl\d2 b z su* cl\ds are r>e1 & are at ! be/ extremely transi5t1 & c only be se5 by day1 v>i\s artificial me?ods ( illum9ation h be5 inv5t$4 ,novices g5]ally ?9k t :5 ! sky is bright & blue !y w be v successful 9 _! illum9ation1 & feel griev\sly disappo9t$ at f9d+ t !y obta9$ mu* m light f ! cl\ds1 ^: disappe>ance !y _h anxi\sly be5 wat*+4 ,f9d+ t ! blue sky gives sc>cely any light at all1 !y ru% to ! o!r extreme1 turn ! mirror t[>ds ! sun1 & p\r su* a blaze ( light ^u ! object1 t ! eye is bl9d$ by ! sc9tillat+ refulg5ce1 & ! object is (t5 injur$1 because ! mirror is capable ( reflect+ heat z well z light4 ,9 ! daytime !re is no?+ bett] ?an ! 8:ite-cl\d illum9ator10 :i* is made easily en\gh by means ( pla/] ( ,p>is4 ,a %eet ( ?9 :ite pap] fa/5$ aga9/ a w9d[-pane is also useful2 & ! simple plan ( dabb+ ! glass ) putty w h a b5eficial effect 9 s(t5+ ! light1 :5 ! w9d[ has a s\!rn aspect4 ,9 default ( ^! conv5i5ces1 x w be (t5 suffici5t to fix a piece ( :ite lett]-pap] ov] ! mirror1 or ev5 to dull its surface ) wax4 ,at all ev5ts1 he :o aspires to be a true microscopi/ mu/ be ready ) exp$i5ts1 & if he f9ds himself 9 a difficulty1 he mu/ summ>ily inv5t a me?od ( obviat+ x4 ,at night a lamp is necess>y2 c&les are useless1 because !y h two faults--!y flick]1 & !y become l[] z !y burn4 ,! latt] defect c be cur$ by us+ a c&le-lamp1 b no arrangem5t w cure ! flame ( flick]+2 x is peculi>ly try+ to ! eyes1 & de/ructive ( accurate def9ition4 ,an ord9>y mod]ator lamp answ]s pretty well1 & a small "o is ev5 bett] = ! microscopi/ ?an "o ( l>ge dim5sions4 ,! *ief drawback to ! mod]ator lamp is1 t ! flame _c be elevat$ or l[]$1 s t ! only way to procure a light at a high] elevation1 is to /& ! lamp on a block ( wood or a book4 ,small lamps are1 h[ev]1 made expressly = ! microscope1 &1 if possible1 %\ld be procur$1 & us$ = no o!r purpose1 & intru/$ to no o!r h&s4 ,if y want a really brilliant1 cle>1 :ite light1 y mu/ trim ! lamp y\rself4 ,a small piece ( pale blue or neutral-t9t glass1 int]pos$ betwe5 ! lamp & ! microscope1 has a wond]ful effect 9 dim9i%+ ! yell[ hue :i* belongs m or less to all artificial lights :i* are produc$ by ! combu/ion ( oil or fat4 ,we h no d\bt b t 9 a few ye>s we %all be rid ( ! clumsy & dirty ma*9es t we call lamps1 & h sub/itut$ = !m ! pure brilliancy ( ! electric light4 ,:atev] lamp y use1 a %ade is absolutely necess>y1 9 ord] to def5d ! eyes4 ,let me "h w>n my "y read]s1 t !y _c be too c>eful ( _! eyes4 ,9 ! exub]ance ( y\?ful /r5g? & heal? we are too apt to treat our eyes z unc]emoni\sly z our dige/ion1 & 9 lat] ye>s we awake to unavail+ rep5tance4 ,illu/ration ,_m %ades c be pur*as$2 b x is f> bett] to make y\r own aft] ! %ape "h exhibit$4 ,!y are n pretty to look at1 b !y save ! eyes bett] ?an any o!r =m1 & :e!r = read+1 writ+1 or microscopic "w1 y %\ld use no o!r4 ,! peculi> m]it ( !m consi/s 9 ! fact t ! light is ?r[n on ! spot :]e x is want$1 & is cut (f f ev]y?+ except t spot4 ,ano!r po9t :i* calls = extreme att5tion is ! p]fect cleanl9ess ( ! glasses4 ,x is a/oni%+ h[ a t9y du/-mote1 or ! lea/ cond5sation ( damp1 w dim9i% ! p[]s ( ! microscope1 & h[ (t5 ! in/rum5t is blam$ = indi/9ctness1 :5 ! real fault lies 9 ! c>elessness ( ! op]ator4 ,ev5 :5 ! greate/ c>e is tak51 du/ is sure to settle on ! glasses1 especially on ! eye-piece1 & be=e us+ ! microscope ! glasses ought to be c>efully exam9$4 ,nev] wipe !m ) an ord9>y h&k]*ief1 b get a piece ( new wa%-lea!r2 beat x well until no du/ issues f x1 & !n put x into a box1 ) a tightly-fitt+ cov]4 ,use ?is1 & no?+ else1 = clean+ ! glasses1 & y w avoid ^? horrid scrat*es ) :i* ! eye-glass & object-glass ( c>eless op]ators are always disfigur$4 ,moi/ure is v apt to cond5se on ! glasses & to ru9 _! cle>ness4 ,if ! microscope be br\ght f a cold into a w>m room1 ! glasses w be in/antly cov]$ ) moi/ure1 j z ! outside ( a tumbl] ( cold wat] is always cov]$ ) f9e dew :5 br\ght into a w>m room4 ,! microscope %\ld !re=e be kept at lea/ an h\r 9 ! room :]e9 x is to be us$1 s t ! in/rum5t & ! atmosph]e may be ( ! same temp]ature4 ,y %\ld make ! microscope a trifle w>m] ?an ! surr\nd+ atmosph]e1 & s avoid all dang] ( cond5sation4 ,:5 *ang+ ! object-glass or eye-piece1 always keep ! h& z f> away f ! glass z possible1 & manipulate ) ! tip ( ! =ef+] & ?umb4 ,! human sk9 always gives out s mu* exhalation1 t ev5 :5 ! h& is cold ! glasses w be dimm$2 & x is a peculi>ity ( su* moi/ure1 t x adh]es to ! glasses ) great p]t9acity1 & does n evaporate l ! dew :i* is cond5s$ f ! atmosph]e4 ,9 ord] to insure p]fect success 9 ?is important p>ticul>1 ! "y microscopi/ w d well to get ! optician f :om he pur*as$ 8 in/rum5t to expla9 its con/ruction1 & to give him a lesson or two 9 ! art ( tak+ x to pieces & putt+ x toge!r aga92 = unless ea* glass c be sep>ately clean$1 no "o c be q sure t ! in/rum5t w p]=m z x ought to d4 ,! be/ me?od ( asc]ta9+ :e!r x is q clean is to ?r[ ! light upw>ds by means ( ! mirror1 & !n to turn ! eye-piece sl[ly r\nd4 ,if any du/ or moi/ure has collect$ ei!r ^u ! eye-glass or ! 8field-glass10 :i* =ms ! second l5s ( ! eye-piece1 x w be imm$iately detect$4 ,turn+ ! object-glass w 9 a simil> mann] detect impurities ^u its surface4 ,we w n[ proce$ to ! mann] 9 :i* objects are exam9$4 ,suppose1 = example1 t we take a butt]cup-leaf1 because x c be f\nd at almo/ any "t ( ! ye>4 ,place a piece ( glass on ! /age1 lay ! leaf on x1 put on ! l[e/ p[]1 set ! focus1 & !n look at ! leaf4 ,y w probably be disappo9t$1 & see no?+ b a confus$ mass ( undulat+ d>k gre51 l a gre5 c>pet ?r[n c>elessly on ! gr\nd1 & se5 9 ! dim twilight4 ,two po9ts are n[ ne$$2 ! fir/ be+ to get ! leaf flat1 s z to avoid ! undulation1 & ! second be+ to ?r[ a prop] light ^u x4 ,take out ! leaf1 &1 in/ead ( lay+ x entire "u ! microscope1 select ! flatte/ "p1 & cut x out ) scissors4 ,a piece ! size ( a silv] p5ny w be amply l>ge en\gh4 ,lay ?is piece on ! glass1 get ! focus afre%1 & !n look ?r\gh ! microscope4 ,! leaf w n[ appe> mu* m regul>1 & w be se5 z a r\gh surface1 mottl$ ) :ite & trav]s$ by p9k & gre5 ridges1 :i* are ! l>ge & small n]vures4 ,by means ( a mirror or ! cond5s] ?r[ a bright] light ^u x1 & x w be se5 to be cov]$ ) a slight r\ghness1 ! nature ( :i* _c be cle>ly asc]ta9$2 !n add ! next highe/ p[]1 & try if ! /ructure ( t r\ghness c be made out4 ,curi\sly en\gh1 al?\gh ! magnify+ p[] has be5 m ?an d\bl$1 ! r\ghness has mu* ! same appe>ance z be=e2 s t we mu/ try ano!r plan1 & look at ! leaf edgeways4 ,take ! piece ( leaf 9 ! /age-=ceps1 b d n t\* x ) y\r h&2 fix ! =ceps on ! /age & turn ! leaf s t x pres5ts its edge to ! object glass4 ,get y\r focus1 & y w n[ see ! cut edge ( ! leaf1 & w at once di/+ui% its /ructure4 ,on ei!r side may be se5 ! upp] & l[] cuticle1 & 9 ! c5tre ! s(t gre5 sub/ance1 or 8p>5*yma10 z x is call$4 ,f ! cuticle project a numb] ( %ort hairs1 & :5 ! focus is accurately obta9$1 ! cause ( ! r\ghness w be se5 9 a va/ numb] ( m9ute projections1 :i* are1 9 fact1 id5tical 9 /ructure ) ! hairs1 ?\gh n s well develop$4 ,! "u-cuticle ( ! leaf is mu* m int]e/+ ?an ! upp]4 ,illu/ration ,n[ *ange ! illum9ation1 &1 in/ead ( ?r[+ ! light ^u ! object f above1 turn ! mirror s z to direct x ?r\gh ! object f bel[4 ,no app>5t result w foll[1 because ! leaf is s ?ick & opaque t ! light _c pass ?r\gh x4 ,hold ! leaf horizontally1 &1 by means ( ! /age-=ceps1 rip x sm>tly across1 & if y d ?is rightly1 y w f9d t ! two cuticles are p>tly sep>at$1 s z to all[ ei!r to be exam9$ sep>ately4 ,at fir/ ! leaf w mo/ probably be torn along "o ( ! l>ge n]vures1 s t ! cuticles are n p]fectly sep>at$4 ,nev] m9d failure1 b try aga92 & y are sure1 aft] a few ef=ts1 to hit ^u ! "r me?od ( te>+ ! leaf4 ,illu/ration ,"o ( ! mo/ useful capabilities ( ! 8live-box0 is n[ %[n4 ,z may be se5 by ! figure & section1 x consi/s ( an inn] tube ) a ?ick glass1 & an out] tube ) a ?9 glass4 ,! out] tube c be tak5 (f1 wat] or any o!r sub/ance laid on ! ?ick glass1 & !n ! out] tube or cov] is slid d[n ^u x until ! object is press$ flatly betwe5 ! two glasses4 ,:5 y h succe$$ 9 gett+ a conv5i5t slip ( ! leaf1 lay x on ! ?ick glass ( ! inn] tube1 & put a drop ( wat] on x4 ,put on ! cov]1 & pu% x d[n until ! piece ( leaf is press$ flat1 )\t be+ squeez$4 ,n[ look ?r\gh ! microscope1 & y w see a beautiful sight1 %[+ h[ mu* !re is 9 a despis$ leaf1 :i* we daily tread "u foot4 ,illu/ration ,! cells ( :i* ! cuticle is *iefly compos$ are se5 9 _m a wav+ outl9e1 :ile at _! po9ts ( junction are plac$ ! rem>kable contrivances call$ 8/omata10 or m\?s1 :i* are ! ap]tures ?r\gh :i* ! atmosph]e is enabl$ to p5etrate into ! int]ior ( ! leaf4 ,! two semilun> cells at ! sides ( ! op5+ may be consid]$ z lips1 :i* op5 & close accord+ z ! plant ne$s ! air or n4 ,! num]\s dots :i* are se5 ^u ! leaf are ( a vivid gre5 col\r1 & x is to _! pres5ce t ! leaf owes its hue4 ,we h giv5 ^! details because !y are applicable to ! exam9ation ( all leaves & petals1 & %[ ! "y obs]v] ! me?od :i* is to be adopt$ :5 look+ = ! fir/ "t at a /range object4 ,illu/ration ,if ! microscopi/ %\ld foll[ up 8 "w prop]ly1 & make sket*es ( e object :i* he places "u ! microscope1 he _c d bett] ?an use ! cam]a-lucida1 a neat little in/rum5t1 :i* is fitt$ into ! eye-piece ( ! microscope4 ,dr4 ,beale's neutral glass is z efficaci\s 9 c>eful h&s1 & only co/s a f\r? ( ! sum4 ,?is in/rum5t _c be appli$ to ! t5 & tw5ty %ill+ microscopes1 z x requires t ! tube %\ld be p]fectly horizontal4 ,! me?od ( us+ x is simple en\gh4 ,aft] fix+ ! object & gett+ ! "r focus1 set ! in/rum5t horizontally1 & arrange ! light s t ! object is well illum9at$1 & its l9es q cle> & well def9$4 ,n[ remove ! cap ( ! eye-piece1 & fix ! cam]a-lucida 9 its /ead4 ,lay a draw+-pad on ! table "u ! cam]a-lucida1 look ?r\gh ! squ>e op5+ 7or1 if y use ,mr4 ,beale's glass1 look ?r\gh ! neutral glass71 & y w see ! object app>5tly project$ on ! pap]4 ,we say app>5tly1 because 9 reality ! image is n ?r[n on ! pap] at all1 b on ! cam]a1 & ! eye ref]s x to ! pap]1 z be+ ! ne>e/ object4 ,9 fact1 ! pr9ciple on :i* ?is cam]a-lucida is arrang$ is exactly t ( ! ,polyte*nic gho/1 :i* appe>s to be 9 "o place1 :]eas x is 9 ano!r4 ,n[ take a p5cil1 cut x to a v f9e po9t1 & trace ! outl9e ( ! object on ! pap]4 ,at fir/ y w ?9k ?is to be an impracticable task1 = ! po9t ( ! p5cil w totally vani%4 ,soon1 h[ev]1 ! eye w s adju/ itself z to see ! p5cil & ! object p]fectly well1 & by a little practice ! obs]v] w be able to sket* e object z rapidly & firmly z if he 7 copy+ a draw+1 by means ( trac+-pap]4 ,! neutral glass is p]haps to be pref]r$ to ! cam]a-lucida1 z x is le>n$ m easily1 & gives less tr\ble ?an t in/rum5t4 ,its co/ is five %ill+s4 ,aft] y h practis$ y\rself well 9 ! h&l+ ( ! microscope1 y\r ambition w take ano!r /ep1 & lead y to ! prep>ation ( p]man5t objects4 ,9 ord] to set y\rself up ) ! ne$ful app>atus1 y w h to disburse ab\t five %ill+s4 ,a small _s-lamp w co/ eighte5p5ce1 & a small bottle ( ,canada balsam1 ano!r ( asphalte v>ni%1 & ano!r ( ,dean's gelat9e1 w make ab\t eighte5p5ce or two %ill+s m4 ,a few p5ce w pur*ase a %eet or two ( ornam5tal pap]1 & a few m a flat plate ( brass or copp]1 ab\t five in*es by ?ree4 ,! re/ ( ! five %ill+s may be exp5d$ 9 8slides0 & ?9 glass1 cut squ>e4 ,slides are m]ely slips ( glass1 ?ree in*es 9 l5g? by "o 9 wid?1 & ! ?9 glass is us$ = lay+ ^u ! objects & def5d+ !m f du/4 ,we advise ! squ>e glass1 because x sc>cely co/s "o qu>t] z mu* z ! r\nd glass1 & is equally effective :5 prop]ly manag$4 ,!re are sev]al me?ods ( 8putt+ up0 prep>ations--namely1 dry1 9 ,canada balsam1 9 gelat9e1 & 9 cells4 ,we w take !m 9 _! ord]4 ,! simple/ plan is1 ( c\rse1 ! 8dry0 mode4 ,suppose t y want to pres]ve a t9y piece ( d[n1 or ! scales f a butt]fly's w+4 ,fir/ wa% all ! slides & glasses well1 by dipp+ !m into a /rong solution ( soda1 & !n into hot wat]1 9 ord] to get rid ( grease1 tak+ c>e nev] to t\* !m ) ! h&1 b to take !m out ( ! wat] ) ! =ceps4 ,?is c be done at any "t1 & ! glasses c>efully wrapp$ up & plac$ 9 a box ready = use4 ,y n[ select "o ( ! slides1 & lay ! object exactly 9 its c5tre4 ,if v m9ute objects are us$1 !y mu/ be exam9$ 9 ord] to see :e!r !y are prop]ly dispos$4 ,! next process is1 to take "o ( ! ?9 glasses ) ! microscope1 & lay x v c>efully ov] ! object4 ,!n cut a piece ( ornam5tal pap]1 ab\t two in*es long & sev5-eigh?s ( an in* 9 wid?2 cut or pun* a circul> piece out ( its c5tre1 damp x well1 & cov] ! wrong side slightly1 b completely1 ) pa/e4 ,lay x on ! slide1 s t ! c5tre ( ! hole %all co9cide ) t ( ! object1 "w x d[n neatly ) ! f+]s1 & x w hold ! squ>e piece ( ?9 glass1 :i* is te*nically call$ ! 8cov]10 9 its place4 ,wat* x occasionally z x dries1 & be ready to press d[n any "p ( ! pap] t may />t up4 ,write1 ) ink1 ! "n ( ! object on ! end ( ! slide4 ,:5 y h made a doz5 or two ( ^! prep>ations1 x w be "t to lett] & index !m4 ,on ea* slide pa/e a slip ( :ite pap]1 & on ! pap] write a brief notice ( ! object1 ?us-- --------------- ,,scales4 ,d4 ,,head ,,mo?4 --------------- ,!n scrat* ) a bit ( fl9t1 or ) a writ+-diamond1 if y h "o1 a numb] on ! end ( ! slide1 & h a note-book ) a correspond+ numb] opposite to :i* y ent] ! description at a full] l5g?1 ?us3-- #ah--,scales ( ,dea?'s ,head ,mo? 7,a*]ontia ,atropos71 f c5tre ( "u-surface ( "r =e w+4 ,dry4 ,june #d1 #ahfd4 ,! cross signifies t y prep>$ ! object y\rself1 & ! reason = add+ ! date is1 t 9 aft] ye>s y w h a valuable guide z to ! durability ( y\r prep>ations4 ,if ! specim5 has be5 pur*as$ or pres5t$1 always add ! "n ( ! sell] or donor1 z well z ! date4 ,^! precautions may seem to be ne$lessly m9ute1 b we h s (t5 se5 :ole sets ( valuable prep>ations r5d]$ useless = want ( ticket+1 t we _c too /rongly impress on our read]s ! necessity = ! note-book z well z ! label1 ! "o act+ z a *eck ^u ! o!r4 ,:5 ! label has be5 affix$1 & ! details transf]r$ to ! note-book1 ! ink may be wa%$ (f ! end ( ! slide4 ,!re is ano!r conv5i5t me?od ( putt+ up ! elytra ( beetles1 p>ts ( v>i\s insects1 mosses1 m9ute %ells1 & simil> objects4 ,take a common pill-box ( ! smalle/ size1 & cut a little cyl9d] ( cork1 t w ne>ly1 b n q1 equal ! height ( ! box1 & fa/5 "o end to ! bottom ( ! box ) glue4 ,n[ black5 ! int]ior ( ! box & ! cork cyl9d]4 ,put a little drop ( ,canada balsam1 ,arabian cem5t1 or gum ,arabic on ! top ( ! cyl9d]2 put ! object on x1 press x into its place1 &1 :5 ! cem5t is h>d1 ! prep>ation is complete4 ,! cov] ( ! box s]ves to keep ! object f du/4 ,n[ we come to ! ,canada balsam1 a sub/ance :i* produces beautiful effects :5 rightly h&l$1 b is mo/ aggravat+ to ! le>n]1 caus+ alt]nate irascibility & depression ( spirits4 ,_m objects1 su* z ! ant5n & feet ( insects1 w n %[ _! full beauty unless !y are m\nt$ 9 ,canada balsam4 ,! me?od ( do+ s is z foll[s3--,a week or two be=eh& put ! objects into e!r or spirits ( turp5t9e1 & all[ !m to rema9 !re until want$4 ,pile up "s old books1 or take a c\ple ( conv5i5t wood5 blocks2 lay y\r brass plate ^u !m2 light ! _s-lamp1 & put x "u ! plate s z to heat x4 ,lay two or ?ree slides on ! plate1 & all !n c be heat$ at ! same "t4 ,w>m ! bottle ( ,canada balsam1 & ) a glass rod take out a v little drop1 & put x exactly 9 ! middle ( ! slide4 ,9 ord] to insure ?is po9t1 ,i always put a dot ( ink on ! wrong side ( ! slide4 ,/ir x ab\t ) "o ( ! ne$les m5tion$ on page #dbh1 & if any bubbles rise1 break !m4 ,:5 ! balsam is q s(t & liquid1 take "o ( ! objects out ( ! bottle & put x into ! balsam1 exactly ov] ! black dot4 ,n[ add a little m balsam1 s z to cov] x1 & let x lie = a few mom5ts4 ,take "o ( ! glass cov]s1 put a v little balsam on its c5tre1 & lay x neatly ov] ! object1 press+ x d[n gradually & equally4 ,unless ?is be done1 ! object w n rema9 9 ! c5tre1 b w %oot out on "o side1 & ! :ole op]ation mu/ be begun de novo4 ,remove x f ! hot plate & lay x on a cool surface1 /ill cont9u+ ! pressure until ! balsam has begun to h>d54 ,lay a little lead5 weight--a pi/ol-bullet p>tly flatt5$ is excell5t = ! purpose--& on ! cov] write ! "n ( ! object1 z already m5tion$1 & !n proce$ to prep>e ano!r slide4 ,tw5ty su* slides may be prep>$ 9 ! c\rse ( a morn+1 & :5 !y are f9i%$ !y %\ld be laid c>efully 9 a cold place1 :]e !y w be free f du/4 ,9 a week or s ! balsam w be q h>d1 & !n ! slide may be complet$4 ,take an old knife1 :i* %\ld be kept = ?is special purpose2 heat ! blade 9 ! _s-lamp1 & !n run x along ! edges ( ! slide1 s z to take (f ! sup]flu\s balsam :i* has escap$ f b5ea? ! cov]4 ,?is mu/ be done v quickly1 or ! balsam inside ! cov] w be heat$ by ! knife1 & ! prep>ation spoil$4 ,:5 ?is is done1 cut ! ornam5tal pap]1 z already describ$1 numb] & label ! slide1 wa% (f ! ink1 & !n ! prep>ation is complete4 ,"s objects are v tr\blesome to prep>e1 & require to be soak$ 9 turp5t9e & boil$ repeat$ly 9 ! balsam be=e !y are completely p5etrat$ ) x4 ,objects :i* are put up 9 ,deane's gelat9e are manag$ aft] a simil> fa%ion1 save t ! gelat9e is to be heat$ by plac+ ! bottle 9 hot wat]1 & t ! turp5t9e is n ne$$4 ,vegetable /ructures %[ beautifully :5 ?us prep>$4 ,to remove ! sup]flu\s gelat9e use a wet & n a hot knife4 ,cells are v difficult to manage1 & ! novice _h bett] n attempt to make !m1 b is h]eby advis$ to pur*ase !m ready made4 ,suppose t ! "y microscopi/ has dissect$ ! dige/ive organs ( a bee1 & wi%es to pres]ve x 9 _s2 8 be/ plan w be to use a cell = ! purpose4 ,let him buy a cell ( suffici5t dep?1 float ! prep>ation into x1 fill x up ) _s1 put ! cov] loosely on1 & leave x = a week1 occasionally rais+ ! cov] & /irr+ ! prep>ation ) a ne$le1 9 ord] to get rid ( any air-bubbles t may h be5 entangl$ 9 ! tissues4 ,!n let him wipe ! edges ( ! cell v dry1 put on a slight lay] ( gold-size or asphalte v>ni%--! =m] is pref]able--fill up ! cell a 8bump]10 & lay ! cov] v g5tly ^u x1 beg9n+ at "o end & g5tly l[]+ x4 ,) blott+-pap] ! liquid t escapes mu/ be remov$1 ! edges dri$ afre%1 a flatt5$ bullet plac$ on ! cov]1 & ) a v small camel's-hair bru% ! slighte/ possible coat+ ( size pa9t$ r\nd ! edge ( ! cell4 ,:5 x has h>d5$ ano!r may be giv51 & s on1 until a ?ick h>d wall ( size has be5 built up r\nd ! edges & made ! cov] completely air-tight4 ,we presume t ! read] does n int5d to use 8 microscope m]ely z a toy1 b t he desires to ga9 "s insight into ! works ( ,nature1 & is !re=e will+ to set to "w 9 a sy/ematic mann]4 ,x is n[ kn[n t bo? animal & vegetable /ructures are built up by means ( c]ta9 m9ute p>ticles1 te*nically call$ ,,cells1 & t 9 e "p ( a plant or ( an animal c be recognis$ ! con/itu5ts ( :i* x is =m$4 ,we w1 !re=e1 beg9 ) ! vegetables4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cell1 ,,/rawb]ry4 ,"s ( ! l[e/ plants1 su* z ! m9ute alg t inhabit ! wat]1 af=d excell5t examples ( ! simple vegetable cell2 b z ^! plants are n readily procur$ by a beg9n]1 we w select "s famili> object :]e9 ! cells may be f\nd4 ,if any s(t & pulpy fruit be tak5 :5 x is q ripe1 & submitt$ to ! microscope1 ! vegetable cell w be se5 9 a tol]ably p]fect =m4 ,! ?ree r\nd$ objects %[n 9 ! accompany+ illu/ration are cells f ! /rawb]ry1 specim5s ( :i* c easily be se51 if a v ?9 slice be cut ) a razor or lancet1 ! latt] be+ ! pref]able in/rum5t4 ,be c>eful to dip ! blade 9 wat] be=e cutt+ ! fruit1 & to float ! slice f ! blade to ! glass slide by plac+ !m bo? "u wat]4 ,unless ?is precaution be tak51 ! section w n be flat1 b w be crumpl$ up1 & ! cells w n be prop]ly se54 ,)9 ea* ( ^! cells may be se5 a small r\nd$ object1 :i* is te*nically call$ ! 8nucleus20 & 9 "s cases a small] nucleus1 call$ ! 8nucleolus10 may be obs]v$ )9 ! nucleus itself4 ,! increase ( cells mo/ly takes place by a process ( division4 ,a l9e passes across ! nucleus1 :i* pres5tly sep>ates into two di/9ct p>ts1 ea* ( :i* rec$es f ! o!r1 caus+ ! cell to enl>ge & alt] its %ape4 ,pres5tly a l9e is se5 across ! cell itself1 & 9 due "t ! cell is also divid$ into two p>ts1 ea* hav+ its own nucleus4 ,9 ! pres5t in/ance ! cell is totally sph]ical1 because ! fruit f :i* x 0 tak5 0 s(t1 & all[$ ! con/itu5t cells to exp&4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! vegetable sub/ance becomes h>d1 ! cells are press$ closely toge!r1 & _! %apes are v mu* alt]$4 ,sometimes1 :5 ! cells are ( ne>ly ! same size1 & ! pressure is equal on e side1 ! cells =m regul> twelve-sid$ figures1 call$ 8dodecah$ra10 :i*1 :5 t occurs1 %[ a six-sid$ outl9e4 ,a v ?9 slice ( raw potato w %[ ! twelve-sid$ cells beautifully1 & has ! fur!r advantage ( exhibit+ ! />* globules ) :i* ! cells are fill$4 ,"h is a figure ( a potato cell1 :i* pres5ts a six-sid$ outl9e1 j l t ( a bee's wax5 dwell+1 & :i* is cr[d$ ) ! beautiful globules ( />*4 ,if ! read] likes to make a few doz5 balls ( clay1 & to squeeze !m toge!r 9 a mass1 he w f9d t ! c5tral balls w h lo/ _! globul> %ape1 & assum$ a m or less regul> twelve-sid$ =m1 v mu* l t ( ! potato cells4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cell1 ,,potato4 ,illu/ration3 ,,/ellate ,,tissue4 ,sometimes ! cells run out longitud9ally into cyl9d]s1 & atta9 ! really enorm\s l5g? ( ?ree in*es2 sometimes !y become flatt5$1 z ! sk9 or epid]mis ( _m plants2 & (t5times !y pu% out _! sides into arms or rays1 l />s1 & =m ! tissue :i* is te*nically call$ 8/ellate40 ,"h is a specim5 ( /ellate tissue tak5 f ! pi? ( ! common ru%1 :]e9 ! rays are se5 to be v regul>3 g5]ally1 h[ev]1 ! rays are extremely irregul>1 & require "s little practice to detect !m4 ,/ellate tissue may be se5 9 ! :ite portion ( orange-peel1 9 ! ?ick fle%y sub/ance ( _m aquatic plants1 9 c]ta9 leaf-/alks1 & 9 _m simil> objects4 ,we w n[ see h[ ! s(t cells :i* =m ! pulpy fruit ( ! /rawb]ry c be *ang$ into ! h>d timb] ( ! oak or iron-wood tree4 ,illu/ration3 ,,r+$ ,,/ructure4 ,:]ev] a cell is de/9$ to =m "p ( a p]man5t tissue1 x is /r5g!n$ by receiv+ c]ta9 additions to its walls4 ,^! additions are te*nically kn[n z 8second>y deposit10 & are made 9 v>i\s ways4 ,sometimes !y ext5d 9 a ?9 lay] ov] ! :ole cell-wall1 leav+ a numb] ( little holes1 :i* are call$ 8pits10 & e>n+ ! "n ( 8pitt$ /ructures40 ,v frequ5tly ! second>y deposit is arrang$ 9 a s]ies ( r+s1 an example ( :i* is giv5 9 ! accompany+ illu/ration4 ,?is object is tak5 f ! mi/letoe4 ,good examples ( ! r+$ /ructures may be se5 9 ! an!rs ( _m plants1 & 9 ! leaf-/em ( ! common rhub>b1 an example ( :i* is %[n 9 ! next illu/ration4 ,ano!r v common =m ( second>y deposit is ! spiral1 :i* is g5]ally us$ :]e /r5g? & ela/icity are unit$4 ,two examples ( ! spiral =m are giv5 9 ! illu/ration2 ! fir/ tak5 f ! lily1 & ! second f ! 8rhizome10 or subt]ranean /em ( ! wat]-lily4 ,illu/ration3 ,,r+$ ,,& ,,spiral ,,/ructures4 ,ano!r beautiful =m ( second>y deposit is se5 9 ! f]n root4 ,if ! root be cut longitud9ally1 & ! d>k h>d fibre dissolv$ c>efully out ) nitric acid1 ! deposit w seem to h assum$ ! %ape ( a w9d+ /aircase1 & is !n call$ 8scal>i=m10 or ladd]-%ap$4 ,simil> /ructures may be f\nd 9 asp>agus4 ,illu/ration3 ,,wood-,,cells4 ,! read] w see t ! h>dness ( ! /ructure dep5ds entirely on ! am\nt ( second>y deposit1 & we accord+ly f9d t :5 ! wood is h>d & fit to be work$ ) tools ! cells are almo/ :olly fill$ ) ! second>y deposit4 ,9 ?is /ate !y are call$ 8wood-cells40 ,examples ( ^! cells may be se5 9 ! accompany+ illu/ration4 ,9 ! fir/ example1 :i* is tak5 f ! eld]-tree1 f\r cells are %[n 9 ord] to display ! mann] 9 :i* _! po9t$ ends are arrang$4 7,! read] mu/ rememb] t 9 all wood-cells ! ends are po9t$47 ,9 ! next example1 :i* is tak5 f ! *rysan!mum1 ! pitt$ /ructure is /ill reta9$2 b 9 ! la/ figure1 :i* is drawn f ! lime-tree1 ! entire cell is fill$ ) second>y /ructure4 ,! read] mu/ und]/& t we c only give ! v]ie/ outl9e ( ! subject1 & pr(ess to d no?+ m ?an indicate ! me?od ( obs]vation1 leav+ ! pupil to "w out ! details by himself4 ,illu/ration3 ,,hair ,,( ,,lav5d]4 ,ano!r curi\s developm5t ( ! plant-cells is ! =mation ( ,,hairs4 ,^! objects alone af=d an inexhau/ible field = ! microscopi/1 & any "o :o *ooses to "w out ! subject w f9d himself repaid if he makes a good s]ies ( prep>ations4 ,9 _! prim>y =ms ! hairs are se5 m]ely z little projections on ! epid]mis1 :e!r ( ! /em1 leaf1 or petal1 & by degrees assume _! v>i$ & beautiful =ms4 ,9 ord] to %[ ! s+ul> =ms :i* hairs sometimes assume1 an illu/ration is "h giv5 ( ! hairs ( ! lav5d] leaf4 ,?is is "o ( ! hairs t give ! leaf its silv]y gloss4 ,x consi/s ( an upright /em1 f ! top ( :i* a numb] ( =k$ bran*es %oot out horizontally1 mu* l an op5 umbrella held upright4 ,! object ( ?is rem>kable =m is1 t ! delicate vessels 9 :i* ! p]fume is held %\ld escape injury4 ,if ! read] w ref] to ! second figure1 :i* repres5ts a mu* magnifi$ view ( ! edge ( ! leaf1 he w see ! globul> p]fume-gl& /&+ "u ! %elt] ( ! bran*+ hairs4 ,! foll[+ plants af=d valuable examples ( hair3--,arabis1 m>vel ( ,p]u1 s[?i/le1 tobacco1 s\!rnwood1 hollyhock1 snapdragon1 pansy 79 ?roat ( fl[]71 deutzia 7"u-side ( leaf71 v]b5a1 alyssum1 tradescantia1 borage1 c[hage1 & _m o!rs4 ,! beautiful effect produc$ by ! petals ( fl[]s is caus$ by ! imp]fect hairs ) :i* _! surfaces are /udd$4 ,! ,,poll5 ( plants is always wor? obs]v+1 & "s specim5s are ( rem>kably beautiful %apes4 ,take t ( al?a1 crocus1 cactus1 hea?1 violet1 daisy1 lily1 sn[drop1 wallfl[]1 will[-h]b 7a v beautiful =m71 hollyhock1 p]iw9kle1 primrose1 c4 ,put "s up 9 ,deane's gelat9e1 & dry "s1 besides exam9+ !m all :5 fre%4 ,! microscopi/ ought to exam9e ! /ructures ( ,,wood by mak+ sections 9 ! directions transv]se & longitud9al4 ,a razor w answ] v well = ! purpose1 & ! wood %\ld always be soak$ inside1 & ! razor wett$ be=e ! section is made4 ,x is (t5 useful to make diagonal sections ( sev]al woods1 especially ^? ( ! p9e & junip]4 ,all ! =e/ trees %\ld be exam9$1 & _! roots & b>k %\ld n be omitt$4 ,cut sections ( coconut-%ell1 vegetable ivory1 sug>-cane 7a mo/ beautiful object :5 m\nt$ opaque71 bamboo1 but*]'s broom1 c4 ,,mosses are beautiful objects1 & c always be f\nd4 ,exam9e p>ticul>ly ! fruit or se$-vessel1 & note ! /ructure ( its diff]5t p>ts4 ,put ^! on a slide1 & brea! on !m1 not+ at ! same "t any *ange :i* may take place4 ,! ,,spore ,,cases ( f]ns are extremely beautiful1 & %\ld be c>efully exam9$4 ,! little br[n dots or /reaks t are se5 on ! "u surface ( ! fronds are call$ 8sori10 & conta9 a l>ge b v>iable numb] ( ! sporanges4 ,^! consi/ ( /alk$ sacs or cases1 & diff] mu* 9 %ape1 accord+ to ! species ( f]n4 ,if ! f]n be fre% f :i* ! sorus is tak51 ! sporanges may be se5 wri?+ & twi/+ l s _m s]p5ts1 & sometimes x happ5s t "o ( ! sporanges bur/s1 & sudd5ly cov]s ! field ( ! microscope ) m9ute black dots4 ,^! dots are ! spores or se$s ( ! f]n1 & :5 magnifi$ ) a v high p[]1 !y are se5 to be v>i\sly %ap$4 ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable spores is t ( ! equisetum1 or m>e's tail ( ! wat]4 ,?is spore looks l a ball ) some?+ coil$ r\nd x4 ,z soon z ! spore is dis*>g$ f its case1 f\r ?reads are se5 to uncoil !mselves f ar\nd x1 & by _! ela/icity to cause ! spore to jump ab\t z if alive4 ,^! fibres are te*nically nam$ ela/]s1 & are prolongations ( ! out] coat ( ! spore4 ,,fungi ( all k9ds %\ld be exam9$4 ,!re is nev] any difficulty 9 f9d+ fungi1 ?\gh ! autumn is ! be/ "t ( ye> = ?is purpose4 8,m\ld10 z x is popul>ly call$1 is a =m assum$ by _m species ( fungus1 :i*1 ?\gh objectionable to ! c>eful h\sewife1 are full ( int]e/ to ! microscopi/4 ,! well-kn[n mu%room & toad/ools are ! highe/ ( ! fungi4 ,! black spots on leaves are fungi1 mo/ly belong+ to ! g5us pucc9ia1 & ! be/ specim5s are g5]ally f\nd on ! wild rose or bramble4 ,! black 8smut0 ( :eat is ano!r fungus1 v pretty "u ! microscope1 b v obnoxi\s to ! f>m]2 & ! 8bunt0 also belongs to ! same va/ tribe ( plants1 f\r ?\s& species ( :i* are n[ kn[n to exi/4 ,! "y obs]v] %\ld also look = ! beautiful cry/als :i* exi/ 9 _m vegetable cells4 ,! ,,raphides1 z ^! cry/als are call$1 are ( v>i\s =ms1 mo/ly %ap$ l curv$ ne$les1 b (t5 assum+ v pretty & regul> outl9es4 ,raphides are pl5tifully f\nd 9 ! bulb ( ! onion1 9 ! rhub>b1 ! lily1 ! iris1 c4 ,!y are be/ m\nt$ z opaque objects &1 if ! read] c procure a b9ocul> microscope1 he w see ! =m ( ! raphides bett] ?an ) ! s+le-tube in/rum5t4 ,,se$s ( diff]5t plants %\ld be c>efully exam9$1 especially ^? ( small dim5sions1 :i* (t5 exhibit "s wond]ful beauties ( /ructure4 ,! w+$ se$ ( v>i\s plants1 su* z ! ?i/le1 ! d&elion1 ! val]ian1 & ! will[-h]b1 are extremely int]e/+ objects2 :ile ^? ( ! yell[ snapdragon1 ! mulle91 ! ,rob9 ,hood1 & ! bur-se$1 are rem>kably beautiful 9 =m1 ?\gh !y h no p>a*ute1 z ! fea!ry app5dage is call$4 ,leav+ dry l&1 we w devote a %ort "t to ! wat]4 ,let ! read] take ) him ! simple collect+ app>atus m5tion$ on page #dcj1 & secure specim5s ( ! wat] f diff]5t ponds1 dit*es1 & /reams4 ,= collect+ ! l>g] objects a little net1 :i* c be pur*as$ *eap1 is ( v great use4 ,x is easily made by any t9man1 & if ! "y microscopi/ kn[s ! use ( sold]1 z all exp]im5tal philosoph]s ought to d1 he c put x toge!r 9 a few m9utes4 ,x is =m$ ( a /rip ( z9c b5t into ! requisite =m1 & ) a socket1 to :i* a h&le c be atta*$4 ,a piece ( co>se musl91 or1 r1 f9e 8net10 is !n /ret*$ ov] ! bottom1 & ! app>atus is complete4 ,9 ! wat] is sure to be f\nd "o ( ! l[e/ =ms ( vegetable life--namely1 ! 8conf]void alg40 ,look = ^! 9 bright1 cle> pools1 plac+ ! collect+ bottle ne> any gre5i% film collect$ ar\nd ! /ems ( plants1 or spread ov] ! /ones on ! b$ ( ! pool4 ,if ?is film be v c>efully tak5 up1 x w produce _m int]e/+ =ms ( vegetable life4 ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable ( ^! vegetables is t :i* is call$ 8volvox globator10 a figure ( :i* is "h giv54 ,illu/ration3 ,,volvox4 ,?is wond]ful object is ab\t z l>ge z ! head ( a v small p91 s t x is visible to ! nak$ eye1 & looks l a t9y globule pass+ ?r\gh ! wat]4 ,:5 x is plac$ "u a l5s ( mod]ate p[]1 say ( an in* focus1 x exhibits "s v /range peculi>ities4 ,x cont9ually revolves1 & by its revolution is able to enjoy a mod]ate degree ( locomotion1 ?\gh )\t any app>5t object4 ,small d>k spots are also se5 ^u x4 ,if a half-in* l5s be n[ us$1 ! /ructure ( ! volvox beg9s to be exhibit$4 ,! :ole surface is cov]$ ) a network ( v f9e fibres1 hav+ a spot at ! int]section ( ea* me%4 ,on apply+ a /ill high] p[]1 say ! f\r-t5?s ( an in*1 ! /ructure is fur!r elucidat$1 & ! dots on ! surface are se5 to consi/ ( gre5i% bodies1 ea* furni%$ ) a pair ( delicate fibres1 te*nically nam$ cilia1 :i* are con/antly vibrat+1 & cause ! revolution ( ! g5]al mass4 ,! d>k spots are n[ se5 to be ! "y plants 9 diff]5t /ages ( progress4 ,f six to t5 ( ^! are inclos$ )9 ! p>5t1 & :5 ! latt] has rea*$ its full age1 ! membrane bur/s asund]1 & ! little volvoces are lib]at$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,clo/]ium4 ,ano!r int]e/+ =m is ! clo/]ium1 a g5us :i* is sure to produce sev]al good examples4 ,we may m5tion t ! ponds 9 ,blackhea? are v ri* 9 ^! curi\s vegetables1 & a v consid]able s]ies ( conf]voids may be obta9$ f !m4 ,! clo/]ia are easily recognis$ by _! resemblance to ! ,au/ralian 8boom]ang40 ,z our space is rapidly wan+1 we mu/ leave ! vegetable1 & proce$ to ! animal k+dom4 ,z is ! case ) vegetables1 ! animal /ructure is compos$ ( cells1 ?\gh !y _c be s easily trac$ z 9 ! examples :i* we h already notic$4 ,! "y obs]v] may readily p]ceive ! animal cell1 9 its l>ge/ & simple/ =m1 by plac+ a little ( ! yolk ( egg "u ! microscope4 ,,c>tilage1 or gri/le1 is easily se5 to be compos$ ( cells4 ,! nails ( ! f+]s af=d good objects = ! microscopi/ 9 se>* ( animal cells4 ,if a ?9 section be plac$ "u ! microscope1 none b an exp]i5c$ obs]v] w be able to make out ! pres5ce ( cells at all2 b if ! section be soak$ 9 8liquor potass10 ! cells imm$iately swell up1 & _! %ape is at once made pla94 ,take ! ,,bone ( a "y *ick5 or rabbit1 & make a ?9 section t embraces bo? ! bone & c>tilage1 & !re w !n be a beautiful object = ! microscopi/1 %[+ h[ ! c>tilage is *ang$ by degrees into bone4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bone1 ,,transv]se4 ,sections ( bone %\ld also be made1 bo? transv]se & longitud9al4 ,! ,,blood is ano!r object :i* mu/ be c>efully exam9$4 ,! 8corpuscles0 :i* give ! col\r+ matt] to ! blood are cells ( diff]5t size1 accord+ to ! creature f :i* !y are tak54 ,! dim5sions ( ! animal ex]cise no app>5t influ5ce on ! corpuscles1 = ^? ( 8proteus angu9us10 a little creature n l>g] ?an a lamprey1 are _m times l>g] ?an ^? ( ! ox4 ,9 ! accompany+ illu/ration is %[n a s]ies ( specim5s1 9 ord] to %[ ! great diff]5ce 9 _! %ape & size1 all be+ drawn to scale & magnifi$ by ! same l5s4 ,! circul> corpuscles 9 ! left-h& upp] corn] are ^? ( man2 imm$iately bel[ is a s+le corpuscle f ! pigeon4 ,! great c5tral corpuscle is tak5 f ! proteus2 ! two 9 ! l[] "r-h& corn] are f ! frog1 "o ( ^! be+ view$ edgeways2 & ( ! rema9+ two1 t on ! left h& belongs to ! tortoise1 & t on ! "r to a fi%4 ,illu/ration3 ,,blood ,,corpuscles4 ,! insect tribes are an inexhau/ible s\rce ( objects = ! microscopi/1 :o may f9d t ev5 a s+le fly w give him employm5t = _m mon?s4 ,! scales f ! butt]fly's w+1 ! wond]ful comp\nd eyes ) :i* insects are gift$1 ! /ructure ( _! feet1 & _! entire anatomy1 are always at ! s]vice ( any microscopi/ :o really c>es = 8 "w4 ,x w\ld1 ( c\rse1 be impossible to give ev5 a li/ ( ! int]e/+ portions ( ! diff]5t insects2 s "o or two examples mu/ suffice u4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ant5n ,,( ,,fly4 ,take ! ,,ant5n ( ! insect tribes1 & see h[ beautifully !y are =m$1 h[ graceful is ! %ape1 & h[ elaborate ! /ructure4 ,a l[ p[] w be useful = exhibit+ _! g5]al %ape & outl9e1 b x is n until we "k h[ to use ! high] p[]s t ! real beauty ( ^! curi\s organs is se54 ,9 ! accompany+ illu/ration is giv5 "p ( an ant5na ( ! common blue-bottle fly1 9 ord] to %[ ! rem>kable cavities :i* exi/ )9 ! ant5n1 & :i* are ?\ght by "s anatomi/s to be organs ( he>+1 & by o!rs to be organs ( smell4 ,illu/ration3 ,,w+s ,,( ,,bee4 ,! ,,w+s ( insects are also mo/ rem>kable1 & possess _m peculi>ities ( /ructure :i* _c be detect$ )\t ! aid ( a microscope4 ,take1 = example1 ! w+s ( any hym5opt]\s insect1 say ^? ( a humble-bee1 & see h[ beautiful is ! /ructure :i* causes ! f\r w+s to be unit$ into two :5 ! insect is ab\t to fly4 ,9 ! illu/ration may be se5 a pair ( ^! w+s1 toge!r ) ! r[ ( hooks :i* b9d !m toge!r4 ,a /ill m magnifi$ repres5tation ( ! hooks is plac$ ne> ! w+s4 ,x is n[ asc]ta9$ t ! w+s ( insects are connect$ ) ! brea?+ app>atus1 & t ! respiration ( ! insect ext5ds ev5 to ! v tips ( ^! s+ul> organs1 :i* are n modifications ( exi/+ limbs1 z 9 ! birds1 b additional /ructures4 ,! circulation ( insects may (t5 be se5 by plac+ a portion ( a transp>5t w+ "u a mod]ately high p[]4 ,we h (t5 se5 x 9 ! w+ ( ! great wat]-beetle4 ,a s]ies ( v beautiful prep>ations may be made 9 ord] to %[ ! di/9ction betwe5 ! w+s ( diff]5t insects2 & z ! ord]s ( insects are f\nd$ ^u _! w+s1 !re ought to be at lea/ "o example ( ea* ord]4 ,! proboscis ( insects is always wor?y ( c>eful exam9ation4 ,z to ! brea?+ app>atus itself1 ! be/ mode ( exam9+ x is to op5 a cat]pill>1 remove a "p ( ! l>ge brea?+ tube :i* runs along ea* side1 & place x "u ! microscope4 ,x %\ld always be tak5 s z to include "o ( ! spiracles1 or brea?+-holes4 ,an example ( a brea?+-tube1 tak5 f a silk-worm1 is giv5 9 ! illu/ration4 ,illu/ration3 ,,brea?+-,,tube1 ,,silkworm4 ,,hairs ( animals are v curi\s & int]e/+ objects4 ,!y %\ld be m\nt$ 9 ?ree modes--namely1 dry transp>5t1 dry opaque1 & 9 ,canada balsam1 transp>5t4 ,be sure to procure "s hair ( ! bat1 ! %eep1 ! m\se1 ! de]1 ! mole1 & any ( ! weasel tribe4 ,_m insects h v beautiful hair1 b ! mo/ lovely hair 9 ! animal k+dom is t :i* is obta9$ f ! sea-m\se4 ,fi% scales %\ld also be procur$1 & specim5s %\ld be tak5 f ! lat]al l9e4 ,,molluscs ( all k9ds af=d _m beautiful objects1 & ! obs]v] %\ld be v c>eful to exam9e ! wond]ful tongue-ribbon ( ! snail1 ! slug1 ! p]iw9kle1 ! :elk1 & o!r simil> molluscs4 ,if meant to be exam9$ by pol>iz$ light1 ! tongue-ribbon %\ld be m\nt$ 9 ,canada balsam4 ,,cry/als %\ld always =m "p ( a collection4 ,take ^? ( common salt1 nitre1 sug>1 *lorate ( pota%1 salic9e1 c42 inde$1 any?+ t w cry/allize %\ld be prep>$ & m\nt$1 z su* objects w (t5 be mo/ useful :5 exam9+ unkn[n sub/ances4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bird',s-,,head ,,process4 ,illu/ration3 ,,noctiluca4 ,illu/ration3 ,,p$icill>i4 ,,zoophytes mu/ ( c\rse f9d a place 9 ! cab9et1 & ! "y microscopi/ ought to put up a few specim5s ( ! 8bird's-head0 processes :i* are f\nd 9 ! bugul>ia & o!r inhabitants ( ! sea4 ,! pretty noctiluca1 to :i* is mo/ly ow+ ! phosphoresc5ce ( ! sea1 %\ld be pres]v$1 & ! extraord9>y app5dages to ! sk9 ( c]ta9 />-fi% & sea ur*9s %\ld be exam9$4 ,^! are call$ p$icill>i1 & a sket* ( !m is giv5 9 ! illu/ration4 ,illu/ration ,,optics ,,& ,,optical ,,amusem5ts4 8',see+ is believ+1' s ! sages say1 ,to prove ?is false1 he> me1 my fri5ds1 ,i pray1 ,& v soon y all w be agree+1 ,t n\ght is s deceptive z our see+40--,,m>t94 ,optics is ! sci5ce ( light & vision4 ,conc]n+ ! nature ( light1 two !ories are at pres5t v ably ma9ta9$ by _! respective advocates4 ,"o is t]m$ ! ,newtonian !ory1 & ! o!r ! ,huyg5ean4 ,! ,newtonian !ory consid]s light to consi/ ( inconceivably small bodies emanat+ f ! sun1 or any o!r lum9\s body4 ,! ,huyg5ean conceives x to consi/ 9 ! undulations ( a highly ela/ic & subtle fluid1 propagat$ r\nd lum9\s c5tres 9 sph]ical waves1 l ^? aris+ 9 a placid lake :5 a /one is dropp$ into ! wat]4 ,,light ,,z ,,an ,,effect4 ,light foll[s ! same laws z gravity1 & its int5sity or degree decreases z ! squ>e ( ! di/ance f ! lum9\s body increases4 ,?us1 at ! di/ance ( two y>ds f a c&le we %all h f\r times less light ?an we %\ld h1 7 x only "o y>d f x1 & s on 9 ! same proportion4 ,illu/ration ,,refraction4 ,bodies :i* suff] ! rays ( light to pass ?r\gh !m1 su* z air1 wat]1 or glass1 are call$ refract+ m$ia4 ,:5 rays ( light ent] ^!1 !y d n proce$ 9 /raight l9es1 b are said to be refract$1 or b5t out ( _! c\rse1 z se5 9 ! draw+4 ,! ray ( light proce$+ f ,b ?r\gh ! glass ,l ,g is b5t f ! po9t ,c1 in/ead ( pass+ 9 ! direction ( ! dott$ l9e4 ,b if ! ray ,f ,c falls p]p5dicul>ly on ! glass1 !re is no refraction1 & x proce$s 9 a direct l9e to ,k2 h5ce refraction only takes place :5 rays fall obliquely or aslant on ! m$ia4 ,illu/ration ,,! ,,invisible ,,co9 ,,made ,,visible4 ,if a co9 be plac$ 9 a bas91 s t on /&+ at a c]ta9 di/ance x be j hid f ! eye ( an obs]v] by ! rim or edge ( ! bas91 & !n wat] be p\r$ 9 by a second p]son1 ! fir/ keep+ 8 position2 z ! wat] rises ! co9 w become visible1 & w appe> to h mov$ f ! side to ! middle ( ! bas94 ,illu/ration ,,! ,,multiply+ ,,glass4 ,! multiply+ glass is a semicircul> piece ( glass cut into facets or di/9ct surfaces2 & 9 look+ ?r\gh x we h an illu/ration ( ! laws ( refraction1 = if a small object1 su* z a fly1 be plac$ at ,d1 an eye at ,e w see z _m flies z !re are surfaces or facets on ! glass4 ,illu/ration ,,transp>5t ,,bodies4 ,transp>5t bodies1 su* z glass1 may be made ( su* =m z to cause all ! rays :i* pass ?r\gh !m f any giv5 po9t to meet 9 any o!r giv5 po9t beyond !m1 or :i* w disp]se !m f ! giv5 po9t4 ,^! are call$ l5ses1 & h diff]5t names accord+ to _! =m4 #a4 ,is call$ ! plano-convex l5s4 #b4 ,plano-concave4 #c4 ,d\ble convex4 #d4 ,d\ble concave4 #e4 ,a m5iscus1 s call$ f its resembl+ ! cresc5t moon4 ,illu/ration ,,! ,,prism4 ,! prism is a triangul> solid ( glass1 & by x ! "y optician may decompose a ray ( light into its primitive & supplem5t>y col\rs1 = a ray ( light is ( a comp\nd nature4 ,by ! prism ! ray ,a is divid$ into its ?ree primitive col\rs1 blue1 r$1 & yell[2 & _! f\r supplem5t>y ones1 violet1 indigo1 gre51 & orange4 ,! be/ way to p]=m ?is exp]im5t is to cut a small slit 9 a w9d[-%utt]1 on :i* ! sun %9es at "s p]iod ( ! day1 & directly opposite ! hole place a prism ,p2 a beam ( light 9 pass+ ?r\gh x w !n be decompos$1 & if let fall ^u a %eet ( :ite pap]1 or aga9/ a :ite wall1 ! sev5 col\rs ( ! ra9b[ w be obs]v$4 ,illu/ration ,,composition ,,( ,,light4 ,! beam ( light pass+ ?r\gh ! prism is decompos$1 & ! spaces occupi$ by ! col\rs are 9 ! foll[+ proportions3--r$1 #f2 orange1 #d2 yell[1 #g2 gre51 #h2 blue1 #h2 indigo1 #f2 violet1 #aa4 ,n[1 if y pa/e a %eet ( :ite pap] on a circul> piece ( bo>d ab\t six in*es 9 diamet]1 & divide x ) a p5cil into fifty p>ts1 & pa9t col\rs 9 !m 9 ! proportions giv5 above1 pa9t+ !m d>k 9 ! c5tre p>ts1 & gradually fa9t] at ! edges1 till !y bl5d ) ! "o adjo9+4 ,if ! bo>d be !n fix$ to an axle1 & made to revolve quickly1 ! col\rs w no long] appe> sep>ate & di/9ct1 b becom+ gradually less visible !y w ultimately appe> :ite1 giv+ ?is appe>ance to ! :ole surface ( ! pap]4 ,illu/ration ,a ,,natural ,,cam]a ,,obscura4 ,! human eye is a cam]a obscura1 = on ! back ( x on ! ret9a e object 9 a l&scape is beautifully depict$ 9 m9iature4 ,?is may be prov$ by ! ,,bullock',s ,,eye ,,exp]im5t4 ,procure a fre% bullock's eye f ! but*]1 & c>efully ?9 ! out] coat ( x beh9d3 take c>e n to cut x1 = if ?is %\ld be done ! vitre\s hum\r w escape1 & ! exp]im5t _c be p]=m$4 ,hav+ s prep>$ ! eye1 if ! pupil ( x be direct$ to any bright objects1 !y w appe> di/9ctly del9eat$ on ! back "p precisely z objects appe> 9 ! in/rum5t we are ab\t to describe4 ,! effect w be height5$ if ! eye is view$ 9 a d>k room ) a small hole 9 ! %utt]1 b 9 e case ! appe>ance w be v /rik+4 ,,! ,,cam]a ,,obscura4 ,illu/ration ,?is is a v pleas+ & in/ructive optical app>atus1 & may be pur*as$ = f\r or five %ill+s4 ,b x may be easily made by ! "y optician4 ,procure an oblong box1 ab\t two feet long1 twelve in*es wide1 & eight high4 ,9 "o end ( ?is a tube mu/ be fitt$ conta9+ a l5s1 & be made to slide backw>ds & =w>ds s z to suit ! focus4 ,)9 ! box %\ld be a pla9 mirror recl9+ backw>ds f ! tube at an angle ( =ty-five degrees4 ,at ! top ( ! box is a squ>e ( unpoli%$ glass1 ^u :i* f b5ea? ! picture w be ?r[n1 & may be se5 by rais+ ! lid ,a4 ,to use ! cam]a place ! tube ) ! l5s on x opposite to ! object1 & hav+ adju/$ ! focus1 ! image w be ?r[n ^u ! gr\nd-glass z above /at$1 :]e x may be easily copi$ by a p5cil or 9 col\rs4 ,illu/ration ,! =m ( a cam]a obscura us$ 9 a public exhibition is z foll[s3--,d ,d is a l>ge wood5 box /a9$ black 9 ! inside1 & capable ( conta9+ f "o to eight p]sons4 ,a ,b is a slid+ piece1 hav+ a slop+ mirror ,c1 & a d\ble convex l5s ,f1 :i* may ) ! mirror ,c be slid up or d[n s z to accommodate ! l5s to ne> & di/ant objects4 ,:5 ! rays proce$+ f an object )\t fall ^u ! mirror1 !y are reflect$ ^u ! l5s ,f1 & br\ght to fall on ! bottom ( ! box1 or ^u a table plac$ horizontally to receive !m1 :i* may be se5 by ! spectator ^: eye is at ,e4 ,,! ,,cam]a ,,lucida4 ,illu/ration ,?is in/rum5t consi/s ( a glass prism1 ,c1 ,d1 ,d1 ,e1 hav+ f\r sides cov]$4 ,! sides ,c1 ,d1 be+ expos$ to ! object to be del9eat$1 rays pass ?r\gh ! glass & fall on ! slop+ side ,d1 ,e2 f ?is !y are reflect$ to ! top1 & f9ally pass out ( ! prism to ! eye2#aa n[ f ! direction at :i* ! rays ent] ! eye1 x receives !m z if com+ f an image at ,a1 ,b1 & if a %eet ( pap] be plac$ bel[ ! in/rum5t1 a p]fect del9eation ( ! object may be trac$ ) a p5cil4 ,?is is a v useful in/rum5t to "y draughtsm54 #aa ,! eye is to be appli$ to ! little circul> hole se5 on ! upp] surface4 ,,! ,,magic ,,lant]n4 ,illu/ration ,?is is "o ( ! mo/ pleas+ ( all optical in/rum5ts1 & x is us$ to produce enl>g$ pictures ( objects1 :i* be+ pa9t$ on a glass 9 v>i\s col\rs are ?r[n ^u a scre5 or :ite %eet plac$ aga9/ ! wall ( a l>ge room4 ,x consi/s ( a sort ( t9-box1 )9 :i* is a lamp1 ! light ( :i* 7/rongly reflect$ by ! reflector ,t17 passes ?r\gh a great plano-convex l5s ,e fix$ 9 ! front4 ,?is /rongly illum9ates ! objects :i* are pa9t$ on ! slides or slips ( glass1 & plac$ be=e ! l5s 9 an inv]t$ position1 & ! rays pass+ ?r\gh !m & ! l5s ,f1 fall on a %eet1 or o!r :ite surface1 plac$ to receive ! image4 ,! glasses on :i* ! figures are drawn are inv]t$1 9 ord] t ! images ( !m may be erect4 ,,pa9t+ ,,! ,,slides4 ,! slides conta9+ ! objects usually %[n 9 a magic lant]n1 are to be b\ght at opticians ) ! lant]n1 & c be procur$ *eap] & bett] 9 ?is way ?an by any attempt at manufactur+ !m4 ,%\ld1 h[ev]1 ! "y optician wi% to make a few slides ( objects ( p>ticul> int]e/ to himself1 he may proce$ z foll[s3-- ,illu/ration ,draw fir/ on pap] ! figures y wi% to pa9t1 lay x on ! table1 & cov] x ov] ) a piece ( glass ( ! above %ape2 n[ draw ! outl9es ) a f9e camel's hair p5cil 9 black pa9t mix$ ) v>ni%1 & :5 ?is is dry1 fill up ! o!r p>ts ) ! prop] col\rs1 %ad+ ) bi/re also mix$ ) v>ni%4 ,! transp>5t col\rs are alone to be us$ 9 ?is k9d ( pa9t+4 ,,to ,,exhibit ,,! ,,magic ,,lant]n4 ,! room = ! exhibition ought to be l>ge1 & ( an oblong %ape4 ,at "o end ( x susp5d a l>ge %eet s z to cov] ! :ole ( ! wall4 ,! company be+ all seat$1 d>k5 ! room1 & plac+ ! lant]n ) its tube 9 ! direction ( ! %eet1 introduce "o ( ! slides into ! slit1 tak+ c>e to inv]t ! figures2 !n adju/ ! focus ( ! glasses 9 ! tube by draw+ x 9 or out z requir$1 & a p]fect repres5tation ( ! object w appe>4 ,,effects ,,( ,,! ,,magic ,,lant]n4 ,mo/ extraord9>y effects may be produc$ by means ( ! magic lant]n2 "o ( ! mo/ effective ( :i* is a ,,tempe/ ,,at ,,sea4 ,?is is effect$ by hav+ two slides pa9t$1 "o ) ! tempe/ z approa*+ on "o side1 & cont9u+ 9 int5sity till x rea*es ! o!r4 ,ano!r slide has %ips pa9t$ on x1 & :ile ! lant]n is 9 use1 t conta9+ ! %ips is dext]\sly drawn be=e ! o!r1 & repres5ts %ips 9 ! /orm4 ,illu/ration ,! effects ( sunrise1 moonlight1 />light1 c41 may be imitat$1 also by means ( d\ble slides1 & figures may be introduc$ sometimes ( fe>ful proportions4 ,illu/ration ,heads may be made to nod1 faces to laugh2 eyes may be made to roll1 tee? to gna%2 crocodiles may be made to swall[ tig]s2 combats may be repres5t$2 b "o ( ! mo/ in/ructive uses ( ! slides is to make !m illu/rative ( a/ronomy1 & to %[ ! rotation ( ! seasons1 ! cause ( eclipses1 ! m\nta9s 9 ! moon1 spots on ! sun1 & ! v>i\s motions ( ! planet>y bodies1 & _! satellites4 ,,! ,,phantasmagoria4 ,betwe5 ! phantasmagoria & ! magic lant]n !re is ?is diff]5ce3 9 common magic lant]ns ! figures are pa9t$ on transp>5t glass1 consequ5tly ! image on ! scre5 is a circle ( light hav+ figures ^u x2 b 9 ! phantasmagoria all ! glass is made opaque1 except ! figures1 :i*1 be+ pa9t$ 9 transp>5t col\rs1 ! light %9es ?r\gh !m1 & no light c come ^u ! scre5 except t :i* passes ?r\gh ! figure1 z is "h repres5t$4 ,illu/ration ,!re is no %eet to receive ! picture1 b ! repres5tation is ?r[n on a ?9 scre5 ( silk or musl9 plac$ betwe5 ! spectators & ! lant]n4 ,! images are made to appe> approa*+ & rec$+ by remov+ x fur!r f ! scre51 or br++ x ne>] to x4 ,?is is a great advantage ov] ! ord9>y arrangem5ts ( ! magic lant]n1 & by x ! mo/ a/oni%+ effects are (t5 produc$4 ,,dissolv+ ,,views4 ,! dissolv+ views1 by :i* "o l&scape or sc5e appe>s to pass into ! o!r :ile ! sc5e is *ang+1 are produc$ by us+ two magic lant]ns plac$ side by side1 & t c be a little incl9$ t[>ds ea* o!r :5 necess>y1 s z to mix toge!r ! rays ( light proce$+ f ! l5ses ( ea*1 :i* produces t confusion ( images1 9 :i* "o view melts z x 7 into ! o!r1 :i* gradually becomes cle> & di/9ct2 ! pr9ciple be+ ! gradual ext9ction ( "o picture1 & ! production ( ano!r4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,raise ,a ,,gho/4 ,illu/ration ,! magic lant]n1 or phantasmagoria1 may be us$ 9 a numb] ( m>vell\s ways1 b 9 none m /rik+ ?an 9 rais+ an app>5t spectre4 ,let an op5 box1 ,a ,b1 ab\t ?ree feet long1 a foot & a half broad1 & two feet high1 be prep>$4 ,at "o end ( ?is place a small sw+ dress+-glass1 & at ! o!r let a magic lant]n be fix$ ) its l5ses 9 a direction t[>ds ! glass4 ,a glass %\ld n[ be made to slide up & d[n 9 ! groove ,c ,d1 to :i* a cord & pulley %\ld be atta*$1 ! end ( ! cord com+ to ! "p ( ! box m>k$ ,a4 ,on ?is glass ! mo/ hide\s spectre t c be imag9$ may be pa9t$1 b 9 a squat or contract$ position1 & :5 all is done1 ! lid ( ! box mu/ be prep>$ by rais+ a k9d ( gable at ! end ( ! box ,b1 & 9 its l[] "p at ,e an oval hole %\ld be cut suffici5tly l>ge to suff] ! rays ( light reflect$ f ! glass to pass ?r\gh !m4 ,on ! top ( ! box at ,f place a *af+-di%1 ^u :i* put "s burn+ *>coal4 ,n[ light ! lamp ,g 9 ! lant]n1 spr9kle "s p[d]$ camphor or :ite inc5se on ! *>coal1 adju/ ! slide on :i* ! spectre is pa9t$1 & ! image w be ?r[n ^u ! smoke4 ,9 p]=m+ ?is feat ! room mu/ be d>k5$1 & ! box %\ld be plac$ on a high table1 t ! hole ?r\gh :i* ! light comes may n be notic$4 ,,! ,,?aumatrope4 ,?is ^w is d]iv$ f two ,greek words1 "o ( :i* signifies wond]1 & ! o!r to turn4 ,x is a v pretty philosophical toy1 & is f\nd$ ^u ! pr9ciple 9 optics1 t an impression made ^u ! ret9a ( ! eye la/s = a %ort int]val aft] ! object :i* produc$ x has be5 )drawn4 ,! impression :i* ! m9d receives la/s = ab\t ! eigh? "p ( a second1 z may be easily %[n by :irl+ r\nd a light$ /ick1 :i* if made to complete ! circle )9 t p]iod1 w exhibit n a fi]y po9t1 b a fi]y circle 9 ! air4 ,,! ,,bird ,,9 ,,! ,,cage4 ,cut a piece ( c>dbo>d ( ! size ( a p5ny piece1 & pa9t on "o side a bird1 & on ! o!r a cage2 fa/5 two pieces ( ?read "o on ea* side at opposite po9ts ( ! c>d1 s t ! c>d c be made to revolve by twirl+ ! ?reads ) ! f+] & ?umb3 :ile ! toy is 9 its revolution1 ! bird w be se5 )9 ! cage4 ,a bat may 9 ! same mann] be pa9t$ on "o side ( ! c>d1 & a cricket] ^u ! o!r1 :i* w exhibit ! same ph5om5on1 aris+ f ! same pr9ciple4 ,illu/ration ,,con/ruction ,,( ,,! ,,phantasmascope4 ,! above-nam$ figure is a ,?aumatrope1 z mu* z ! "o we are ab\t to describe1 al?\gh ! t]m ,phantasmascope is g5]ally appli$ to ! latt] in/rum5t2 :i* consi/s ( a disc ( d>k5$ t9-plate1 ) a slit or n>r[ op5+ 9 x1 ab\t two in*es 9 l5g?4 ,x is fix$ ^u a /&1 & ! slit plac$ upw>ds1 s t x may easily be look$ ?r\gh4 ,ano!r disc ( pa/ebo>d1 ab\t a foot 9 diamet]1 is n[ prep>$ & fix$ on a simil> /&1 b ) ?is diff]5ce1 t x is made to revolve r\nd an axis 9 ! c5tre4 ,on ?is pa/ebo>d disc1 pa9t 9 col\rs a numb] ( frogs 9 relative & progressive positions ( leap+2 make betwe5 ea* figure a slit ( ab\t a qu>t] ( an in* deep3 & :5 ?is second disc is made to revolve at a foot di/ance beh9d ! fir/1 & ! eye is plac$ ne> ! slit1 ! :ole ( ! figures1 in/ead ( appe>+ to revolve ) ! disc1 w all appe> 9 ! attitudes ( leap+ up & d[n1 increas+ 9 agility z ! velocity ( ! motion is increas$4 ,x is necess>y1 :5 try+ ! effect ( ?is in/rum5t1 to /& be=e a look+-glass1 & to pres5t ! pa9t$ face ( ! ma*9e t[>ds ! glass4 ,a v great numb] ( figures may be prep>$ to produce simil> effects--horses ) rid]s 9 v>i\s attitudes ( leap+1 toads crawl+1 snakes twi/+ & wri?+1 faces laugh+ & cry+1 m5 danc+1 juggl]s ?r[+ up balls1 c42 all ( :i*1 by ! peculi> arrangem5t above detail$1 w seem to be 9 motion4 ,a little +5uity display$ 9 ! con/ruction & pa9t+ ( ! figures ^u ! pa/ebo>d disc w af=d a great fund ( amusem5t4 ,,curi\s ,,optical ,,illusions4 ,"o ( ! mo/ curi\s facts relat+ to ! sci5ce ( vision is ! absolute ins5sibility ( a c]ta9 portion ( ! ret9a to ! impression ( light1 s t ! image ( any object fall+ on t po9t w\ld be invisible4 ,:5 we look ) ! "r eye1 ?is po9t w be ab\t fifte5 degrees to ! "r ( ! object obs]v$1 or to ! "r ( ! axis ( ! eye1 or ! po9t ( mo/ di/9ct vision4 ,:5 look+ ) ! left eye1 ! po9t w be z f> to ! left4 ,! po9t 9 "q is ! basis ( ! optic n]ve1 & its ins5sibility to light 0 fir/ obs]v$ by ! ,fr5* philosoph]1 ,m>iotte4 ,?is rem>kable ph5om5on may be exp]im5tally prov$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3-- ,place on a %eet ( writ+-pap]1 at ! di/ance ( ab\t ?ree in*es ap>t1 two col\r$ waf]s2 !n1 on look+ at ! left-h& waf] ) ! "r eye1 at ! di/ance ( ab\t a foot1 keep+ ! eye /raight above ! waf]1 & bo? eyes p>allel ) ! l9e :i* =ms ! waf]s1 ! left eye be+ clos$1 ! "r-h& waf] w become invisible2 & a simil> effect w take place if we close ! "r eye1 & look ) ! left4 ,,ano!r4 ,cut a circul> piece ( :ite pap]1 ab\t two in*es 9 diamet]1 & affix x to a d>k wall4 ,at ! di/ance ( two feet on ea* side1 b a little l[]1 make two m>ks2 !n place y\rself directly opposite ! pap]1 & hold ! end ( y\r f+] be=e y\r face1 s t :5 ! "r eye is op5 x %all conceal ! m>k on y\r left1 & :5 ! left eye is op5 ! m>k on y\r "r4 ,if y !n look ) bo? eyes at ! end ( y\r f+]1 ! pap] disc w be invisible4 ,,ano!r4 ,fix a simil> disc ( pap]1 two in*es 9 diamet]1 at ! height ( y\r eye on a d>k wall2 a little l[] ?an ?is1 at ! di/ance ( two feet on ! "r h&1 fix ano!r ( ab\t ?ree in*es 9 diamet]2 n[ place y\rself opposite ! fir/ %eet ( pap]1 &1 %utt+ ! left eye1 keep ! "r eye /ill fix$ on ! fir/ object1 & :5 at ! di/ance ( ab\t t5 feet1 ! second piece ( pap] w be invisible4 ,,! ,,picture ,,9 ,,! ,,air4 ,"o ( ! num]\s optical illusions :i* h f "t to "t be5 evolv$ by sci5tific m9ds1 is t ( mak+ an image or picture appe> 9 ! air4 ,?is is produc$ by means ( a mirror1 & an object 9 relief1 ^u :i* a /rong light is ?r[n1--! mirror be+ set at su* an angle z to ?r[ up ! reflection ( ! image to a c]ta9 po9t 9 ! view ( ! spectator4 ,?is illusion is produc$ z foll[s3 ,let a scre5 be con/ruct$ 9 :i* is an ar*$ ap]ture1 ! c5tre ( :i* may be five feet f ! floor3 beh9d ! scre5 is plac$ a l>ge mirror ( an elliptical =m4 ,an object is n[ plac$ beh9d ! scre51 ^u :i* ! light ( a /rong lamp is ?r[n f a po9t above ! mirror1 & is receiv$ by ! mirror & reflect$ to ! c5tre ( ! ar*$ cavity 9 ! scre51 :]e x w appe> to ! spectator4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 to place ! image 9 an inv]t$ position1 & ! light1 :i* mu/ be v p[]ful1 %\ld be s plac$ t none ( x may rea* ! op5+4 ,,brea?+ ,,light ,,& ,,d>kness4 ,illu/ration ,! foll[+ exp]im5t1 if p]=m$ ) c>e1 is exce$+ly /rik+4 ,let ,s be a c&le1 ^: light falls at an angle ( #ef #de ^u two plate glasses1 ,a ,b1 plac$ close to ea* o!r2 & let ! reflect$ rays1 ,a ,c1 ,b ,d1 fall at ! same angle ^u two simil> plates1 ,c ,d1 b s plac$ t ! plane ( reflection f ! latt] is at "r angles to ! plane ( reflection f ! =m]4 ,an eye plac$ at ,e1 & look+ at ! same "t on ! two plates1 ,c & ,d1 w see v fa9t images ( ! c&le1 ,s2 :i* by a slight adju/m5t ( ! plates1 may be made to disappe> almo/ :olly1 all[+ ! plate ,c to rema9 :]e x is4 ,*ange ! position ( ,d1 till its incl9ation to ! ray1 ,b ,d1 is dim9i%$ ab\t #c1 or made ne>ly #ec #aa4 ,! di/ance may be easily f\nd by a little practice4 ,:5 ?is is done1 ! image t _h disappe>$ on look+ into ,d w be re/or$1 s t ! spectator at ,e1 ^u look+ into ! two mirrors1 ,c ,d1 w see no light 9 ,c1 because ! c&le has ne>ly disappe>$1 :ile ! c&le is di/9ctly se5 9 ,d4 ,if1 :ile1 ! spectator is look+ into ^! two mirrors1 ei!r he or ano!r p]son brea!s ^u !m g5tly & quickly1 ! brea? w revive ! ext+ui%$ image 9 ,c1 & w ext+ui% ! visible image 9 ,d4#ab #ab ,explanation4--,! light ,a1 ,c1 ,b1 ,d is pol>iz$ by reflection f ! plates ,a ,b1 because x is incid5t at ! pol>iz+ angle #ef #de' = glass4 ,:5 we brea! ^u ! plates ,c ,d1 we =m ^u _! surface a ?9 film ( wat]1 ^: pol>iz+ angle is #ec #aa1 s t if ! pol>iz$ rays ,a1 ,c1 ,b1 ,d fall ^u ! plates ,c1 ,d1 at an angle ( #ec #aa1 ! c&le f :i* !y proce$$ w\ld n be visible1 or !y w\ld n suff] reflection f ! plates ,c ,d4 ,at all ! o!r angles ! light w\ld be reflect$1 & ! c&le visible4 ,n[ ! plate ,d is plac$ at an angle ( #ec #aa1 & ,c at an angle ( #ef #de1 s t :5 a film ( wat] is brea!d ^u !m1 ! light w be reflect$ f ! latt]1 & none f ! =m]2 t is1 ! act ( brea?+ ^u ! glass plates w re/ore ! invisible1 & ext+ui% ! visible image4 ,,to ,,%[ ,,t ,,rays ,,( ,,light ,,d ,,n ,,ob/ruct ,,ea* ,,o!r4 ,illu/ration ,make a small hole 9 a %eet ( pa/ebo>d1 ,a1 & plac+ x upright be=e ?ree c&les1 ,b1 plac$ closely toge!r1 x w be f\nd t ! images ( all ! c&le flames w be =m$ sep>ately on a piece ( pap]1 ,c1 laid on ! table to receive !m4 ,?is proves t ! rays ( light d n ob/ruct ea* o!r 9 _! progress1 al?\gh all cross 9 pass+ ?r\gh ! hole4 ,,optics ,,( ,a ,,soap-,,bubble4 ,illu/ration ,if a soap-bubble be bl[n up1 & set "u a glass1 s t ! motion ( air may n affect x1 z ! wat] glides d[n ! sides & ! top gr[s ?9n]1 sev]al col\rs w successively appe> at ! top1 & spread !mselves f !nce d[n ! sides ( ! bubble1 till !y vani% 9 ! same ord] 9 :i* !y appe>$4 ,at l5g?1 a black spot appe>s at ! top1 & spreads till ! bubble bur/s4#ac #ac ,! ?9ne/ sub/ance ev] obs]v$ is ! aque\s film ( ! soap-bubble previ\s to bur/+2 yet x is capable ( reflect+ a fa9t image ( a c&le1 or ! sun4 ,h5ce its ?ickness mu/ correspond ) :at ,sir ,isaac ,newton calls ! beg9n+ ( black1 :i* appe>s 9 wat] at ! ?ickness ( ! sev5 hundr$ & fifty ?\s&? "p ( an in*4 ,,! ,,kaleidoscope4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,if any object be plac$ betwe5 two plane mirrors1 incl9$ t[>ds ea* o!r at an angle ( ?irty degrees1 ?ree sev]al images w be p]ceiv$ 9 ! circumf]5ce ( a circle4 ,on ?is pr9ciple is =m$ ! kaleidoscope1 inv5t$ by ,sir ,david ,brew/]1 & by means ( :i* ! reflect$ images view$ f a p>ticul> po9t exhibit symmetrical figures1 "u an inf9ite arrangem5t ( beautiful =ms & col\rs4 ,! kaleidoscope may be b\ght at any toy-%op1 b x is requisite t e "y p]son %\ld be able to con/ruct "o = himself4 ,he mu/1 !re=e1 procure a tube ( t9 or pap]1 ( ab\t t5 in*es 9 l5g?1 & two & a half or ?ree in*es 9 diamet]4 ,"o end ( ?is %\ld be /opp$ up ) t9 or pap]1 securely fa/5$1 9 :i* is to be made a hole1 ab\t ! size ( a small pea1 = ! eye to look ?r\gh4 ,two pieces ( well-silv]$ look+-glass1 ,b ,b1 are n[ to be procur$2 !y mu/ be n q s long z ! tube1 & !y %\ld be plac$ 9 x l5g?ways1 at an angle ( #fj degrees1 meet+ toge!r 9 a po9t at ,a1 & sep>at+ to ! po9ts ,c ,c1 ! poli%$ surfaces look+ inw>ds4 ,a circul> piece ( ! glass is n[ to be laid on ! top ( ! edges ( ! reflectors1 ,b ,b2 :i*1 by _! n be+ q s long z ! tube1 w all[ room = its fall+ 91 & x w be support$ by ! edges ( ! tube1 :i* may be slightly b5t ov]1 to prev5t ! glass f fall+ out4 ,?is hav+ be5 done1 n[ proce$ to make ! 8cap0 ( ! in/rum5t4 ,a rim ( t9 or pa/ebo>d mu/ be cut1 s z to fit ov] ! glass end ( ! tube2 & 9 ?is1 on ! out] side1 a piece ( gr\nd glass mu/ be fa/5$1 s t ! :ole may fit on ! tube l ! lid ( a pill-box4 ,!n1 be=e putt+ x on1 obta9 "s small pieces ( brok5 glass ( v>i\s col\rs1 beads1 little /rips ( wire1 or any o!r object1 & place !m 9 ! cap2 & by pass+ x ov] ! end1 s t ! brok5 glass1 c4 has free motion1 ! in/rum5t is complete4 ,to use x1 apply ! eye to ! small hole1 &1 on turn+ x1 ! mo/ beautiful =ms w appe>1 9 ! mo/ wond]ful comb9ations4 ,! foll[+ curi\s calculation has be5 made ( ! numb] ( *anges ?is in/rum5t w admit (4 ,suppos+ x to conta9 #bj small pieces ( glass1 & t y make #aj *anges 9 a m9ute1 x w take an inconceivable space ( "t1 i4 e4 #dfb1hhj1hii1egf ye>s1 & #cfj days1 to g ?r\gh ! imm5se numb] ( *anges ( :i* x is capable4 ,,simple ,,sol> ,,microscope4 ,hav+ made a circul> hole 9 a w9d[-%utt]1 ab\t ?ree in*es 9 diamet]1 place 9 x a glass l5s ( ab\t twelve in*es focal di/ance4 ,to ! inside ( ! hole adapt a tube1 hav+ at a small di/ance f ! l5s a slit1 capable ( receiv+ "o or two v ?9 plates ( glass1 to :i* ! object to be view$ mu/ be affix$ by means ( a little gum-wat] exce$+ly transp>5t4 ,into ?is tube fit ano!r1 furni%$ at its extremity ) a l5s half-an-in* focal di/ance4 ,place a mirror be=e ! hole ( ! w9d[-%utt] on ! outside1 9 su* a mann] z to ?r[ ! light ( ! sun into ! tube1 & y w h a sol> magic lan?orn4 ,! me?od ( employ+ ?is arrangem5t ( l5ses = microscopic purposes is z foll[s3--,hav+ d>k5$ ! room1 & by means ( ! mirror reflect$ ! sun's rays on ! glasses 9 a direction p>allel to ! axis1 place "s small object betwe5 ! two moveable plates ( glass1 or affix x to "o ( !m ) v transp>5t gum-wat]1 & br+ x exactly into ! axis ( ! tube2 if ! moveable tube be !n pu%$ out or drawn 91 till ! object be a little beyond ! focus1 x w be se5 pa9t$ v di/9ctly on a c>d1 or piece ( :ite pap]1 held at a prop] di/ance1 & w appe> to be greatly magnifi$4 ,a small insect w appe> z a l>ge animal1 a hair z big z a walk+-/ick1 & ! almo/ invisible eels 9 pa/e or v9eg> z l>ge z common eels4 ,,anamorphoses4 ,?is is a v curi\s optical effect1 produc+ a di/ort$ & grotesque figure f a regul> "o4 ,! t]m is d]iv$ f two ,greek words1 signify+ a di/ortion ( figure1 & by its means _m optical puzzles may be produc$ geometrically4 ,take any subject1 su* z ! portrait ( a head2 divide x v]tically & horizontally ) p>allel l9es1 ( :i* ! out] sides %all =m ! b\nd>y1 ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d1 & ! :ole %all be equidi/ant4 ,!n1 on a sep>ate piece ( pap]1 or c>dbo>d1 prep>e a draw+ simil> to ,fig4 #b by ! foll[+ means3-- #a4 ,draw a horizontal l9e1 a b1 equal to ,a ,b1 & divide x into z _m equal p>ts z ! latt] is divid$4 #b4 ,let fall a p]p5dicul> l9e1 e v1 f ! middle ( a b1 & !n draw s v p>allel to a b4 #c4 ,bo? e v & s v may be any l5g? at pleasure1 b ! long] ! fir/ is1 & ! %ort] ! o!r1 s w ! anamorphoses be m & m de=m$4 ,! proportions 9 our figures are suffici5tly diff]5t4 #d4 ,aft] hav+ drawn f ! po9t v "r l9es1 v #a1 v #b1 v #c1 v #d1 to ! divisions ( a b1 draw ! l9e s b1 & ?r\gh ea* po9t :]e s b int]sects ! div]g5t l9es draw o!r horizontal l9es p>allel to a b4 ,we n[ h a trapezium1 a b c d divid$ into z _m cells z ! squ>e 9 ,fig4 #a4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,! next /ep is to fill up all ! cells ( ,fig4 #b ) portions ( ! device1 proportionate to _! position 9 ,fig4 #a4 ,= in/ance1 9 ,fig4 #a ! nose is 9 ! second v]tical division f ! left1 & 9 ! ?ird & f\r? horizontal divisions f ! top1 & t portion ( ! face mu/ accord+ly be plac$ 9 a correspond+ "p ( ,fig4 #b4 ,by ^! means we procure ! anamorphosis se5 9 ,fig4 #b1 :i* :5 view$ f a p>ticul> position1 w lose all its di/ortion1 & assume an appe>ance resembl+ t 9 ,fig4 #a4 ,?is position lies imm$iately ov] ! po9t v1 & at a height above x equal to ! l5g? ( ! l9e s v2 & ! means ( det]m9+ x are z foll[s4 ,place ! draw+ horizontally be=e a w9d[2 take a slip ( c>d1 & re/ its l[] edge on ! l9e s v1 ! c>d be+ accurately v]tical2 pi]ce a small hole 9 ! c>d v]tically ov] ! po9t v1 & at a height f x equal to ! l5g? ( ! l9e s v1 !n ) ! eye plac$ imm$iately beh9d ! c>d1 look ?r\gh ! orifice at ! anamorphosis1 & x w be f\nd t z soon z x has become accu/om$ to ! novelty ( ! exp]im5t1 ! anamorphosis w lose its di/ortion1 & appe> almo/ exactly l ! symmetrical figure4 ,x w\ld be v difficult1 & w\ld require geometrical reason+ ( a l5g!n$ k9d1 to %[ :y ?is p>ticul> =m ( con/ruction %\ld lead to su* results4 ,,! ,,cosmorama4 ,illu/ration ,! pr9ciple ^u :i* ! cosmorama is =m$ is s simple1 t any p]son may easily fit up "o 9 a small summ] h\se1 c4 ,no?+ m is necess>y ?an to fix 9 a hole a d\ble convex l5s ( ab\t ?ree feet focus1 ,a1 & at r less ?an ?is di/ance a picture1 ,b1 is to be hung4 ,to absorb all ! rays ( light b ^? necess>y = see+ ! picture1 a squ>$ frame ( wood black5$ on ! inside is plac$ betwe5 ! l5s & ! picture4 ,! picture may be hung 9 a l>ge box hav+ a light com+ 9 ^u x f above1 or 9 a small closet illum9at$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,%\ld x be wi%$ to %[ x by c&le-light1 a lamp1 c1 may be plac$ on ! top ( ! wood5 frame1 & if ! light ( ?is be conv]g$ by a l5s to a mod]ate radius1 x w be m effective4 ,,di/ort$ ,,l&scapes4 ,illu/ration ,l&scapes or o!r matt]s may be drawn s z to produce curi\s optical illusions by ! foll[+ me?od4 ,take a piece ( smoo? :ite pa/ebo>d & sket* ! design ^u x4 ,prick ! outl9es 9 e "p ) a f9e p9 or ne$le1 !n place ! prick$ draw+ 9 a p]p5dicul> position1 & put a light$ c&le beh9d x4 ,place be=e x ano!r piece ( pa/ebo>d1 & foll[ ) a p5cil ! l9es giv5 by ! light1 & y h produc$ a di/ort$ l&scape4 ,n[ take away ! c&le & ! prick$ draw+1 & place y\r eye :]e ! light 01 & ! draw+ w assume ! regul> =m4 ,to get y\r eye 9 ! prop] position1 x w be advisable to cut out a piece ( c>d accord+ to ! accompany+ patt]n1 & rais+ x on its base1 ,b1 look ?r\gh ! hole at ,a1 :5 ! object w appe> 9 its prop] proportions4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,,photography4 8,come l %ad[s1 b n s dep>t40--,,%akspe>e4 ,associat$ ) ! use ( iod9e & brom9e is an art :i* e intellig5t boy may practise1 if he w att5d to ! foll[+ precise details k9dly furni%$ by ,mr4 ,ri*>d ,?omas1 ( #aj1 ,pall ,mall1 :o has devot$ _m ye>s to ! c>eful /udy ( all ! processes connect$ ) x1 & f :om all ! be/ app>atus & pure/ *emicals requir$ may be obta9$4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,make ,,! ,,negative ,,on ,,glass1 ,,us+ ,,collodion ,,bromo-,,iodiz$ ,,= ,,iron ,,developm5t4 #a4 ,! edges ( ! glass %\ld be gr\nd all r\nd1 also slightly on ! surface ( ! edges4 ,?is prev5ts contraction ( ! film1 enabl+ x to resi/ ! action ( a heavy /ream ( wat]4 ,m>k "o side 9 ! corn] ) a diamond1 & ^u ?is side be/[ ! greate/ c>e4 #b4 ,to clean ! glass1 if new4--,make a mixture ( spirits ( w9e & solution ( ammonia1 equal p>ts2 r5d] x z ?ick z cream ) tripoli2 ) a piece ( cotton-wool kept = ?is purpose rub a small quantity ov] t side m>k$ z describ$1 wa% well "u a tap ( wat]1 & wipe dry ) a piece ( old l951 wa%$ )\t soap1 & kept scrupul\sly clean = ?is purpose4 ,plates %\ld n1 h[ev]1 be clean$ 9 ! op]at+ room ) ! above mixture2 ! vap\r ( ammonia might prove injuri\s to ! *emicals4 #c4 ,n[ poli% ) an old :ite silk h&k]*ief4 ,if ?is latt] precaution be n tak51 small p>ticles ( l95 w be left ^u ! plate3 ^! are p]haps only se5 :5 dra9+ (f ! collodion2 !y =m nuclei & eddies1 *eck+ ! collodion 9 its c\rse4 ,"s ( ^! m9ute fibres are wa%$ (f1 & contam9ate ! next picture4 ,to all lov]s ( clean pictures our advice !re=e is1 hav+ well dri$ ! plate ) old l951 lay x1 clean side upw>ds1 ^u a few %eets ( common glaz$ demy pap] 7n blott+71 & rub x h>d ) ! silk until s5sibly w>m3 ?is has ! d\ble advantage ( disp]s+ fibres & moi/ure1 = all glass plates are slightly 9 a hygrometric condition4 ,d\ble ! silk rubb] up to =m a pad1 & ) ?is ! glass mu/ be firmly du/$ d[n j be=e p\r+ on ! collodion1 :i* w !n run mo/ ev5ly3 if ! coat$ plate is n[ view$ by transmitt$ light1 n a speck or blemi% w be se5 ^u x4 ,:5 a plate clean$ z above describ$ is brea!d ^u1 ! moi/ure does n evaporate sl[ly1 b flies (f4 ,d n be afraid ( putt+ ! glass into an electrical condition ) ! silk rubb]3 on ?is acc\nt objections h be5 rais$ to ! use ( silk3 practically1 h[ev]1 ,i f9d x a mo/ valuable auxili>y 9 ?is />t+-po9t ( ! process1 ! p]fect manipulation ( :i* makes an important diff]5ce 9 ! value ( ! f9i%$ picture4 ,:at c be m in>ti/ic & annoy+ to an educat$ eye ?an spots1 pat*es1 />s1 & sky rockets1 ! =ms & %apes ( :i* rival1 9 numb]less v>iety1 a display ( fireworks8 ,let u n1 !re=e1 be cont5t$ ) pictures1 h[ev] good 9 o!r respects1 pres5t+ ^! de=mities--s _m blots on ! photographic escut*eon4 ,to clean a glass aft] hav+ us$ x1 :5 n v>ni%$4--,wa% (f ! collodion film ) wat]1 !n clean ! m>k$ side ) pla9 tripoli & wat]1 & dry z above4 ,to coat ! plate4--,fir/ remove all ! p>ticles ( dri$ collodion f ! m\? ( ! bottle4 ,n[ p\r ^u ! c5tre ( ! clean$ glass z mu* collodion z x w hold4 ,d n p]=m ?is op]ation hurri$ly1 take "t1 & sy/ematically incl9e ! plate 9 su* a mann] t ! collodion may run into ea* corn] 9 succession2 :5 p]fectly cov]$1 p\r (f g5tly ! excess into ! bottle at "o ( ! corn]s ne>e/ to y3 ) obs]vation & practice dext]ity is easily acquir$4 ,!re are _m ways ( coat+ ! plate2 ea* p]son w adopt t :i* practice tea*es him is be/4 ,! pneumatic plate-hold] is a conv5i5t little in/rum5t to use = hold+ ! plate :il/ p\r+ on ! collodion3 x may be us$ = bo? small & l>ge plates4 ,keep ! corn] ( ! glass plate 9 contact ) ! neck ( ! bottle :il/ p\r+ (f ! collodion2 o!rwise ! film w be wavy 9 places4 #d4 ,z soon z ! collodion ceases to run1 plunge ! prep>$ glass g5tly1 )\t /opp+1 into ! nitrate ( silv] ba?1 :i* is prep>$ z foll[s4 ,into a #bj-oz4 /opp]$ bottle put nitrate ( silv]1 #a ozs42 di/ill$ wat]1 #d ozs43 dissolve4 ,to ?is solution add iodide ( potassium1 #d grs41 dissolv$ 9 #a dra*m ( di/ill$ wat]4 ,mix ^! two solutions3 ! precipitate 7iodide ( silv]7 ?us =m$ is by %ak+ entirely dissolv$4 ,add #af ozs4 ( di/ill$ wat]1 :5 ! excess ( iodide ( silv] is aga9 ?r[n d[n1 b 9 su* a f9ely divid$ /ate z to r5d] ! saturation ( ! ba? ) iodide ( silv] p]fect4 ,n[ drop 9 suffici5t ( ! oxide ( silv] to turn ! turbid yell[ solution a dirty br[n col\r2 s long z ?is effect is produc$ ! quantity ( oxide ( silv]1 h[ev] mu* 9 excess1 is ( no consequ5ce2 %ake ! bottle well = t5 m9utes or s at int]vals2 !n add alcohol1 #cj m9ims1 & filt]2 to ! filt]$ solution add dilute nitric acid ( ! /r5g? /at$1 #e m9ims4 ,! ba? is n[ ready = use1 & %\ld be q neutral4 #e4 ,all[ ! prep>$ glass to rema9 9 ?is ba? f five to t5 m9utes1 accord+ to ! temp]ature4 ,move x up & d[n ?ree or f\r times :il/ 9 ! ba?1 9 ord] to get rid ( ! greasy appe>ance on ! surface3 dra9 x1 b n too closely4 ,:5 9 ! frame1 place ^u ! back a piece ( common blott+-pap]1 to absorb moi/ure1 & ! two l[] silv] wires %\ld also be cov]$ ) slips ( blott+-pap]2 aft] :i* ! soon] x is plac$ 9 ! cam]a ! bett]4 #f4 ,! "t ( exposure c only be asc]ta9$ by practice--no rules c be laid d[n2 & ,i am unacqua9t$ ) any royal road1 b t ( exp]i5ce1 lead+ to con/ant success 9 ?is mo/ important po9t4 #g4 ,! plate hav+ be5 tak5 f ! cam]a1 & plac$ ^u a levell$ /&1 or held 9 ! h&1 develop imm$iately ! lat5t image ) ! foll[+ solution3-- ,iron develop+ solution4--,protosulphate ( iron1 oz42 glacial acetic acid1 oz42 spirits ( w9e1 oz42 di/ill$ wat]1 #h ozs43 mix4 ,p\r on ( ?is solution only en\gh to cov] ! plate easily1 comm5c+ at t edge ( ! negative :i* /ood upp]mo/ 9 ! cam]a2 move ! solution to & fro until x has become intimately mix$ ) ! silv] on ! plate2 !n p\r (f into ! develop+ glass1 & at once return x on to ! plate4 ,:5 z mu* int5sity has be5 obta9$ z possible ) ! iron develop]1 x %\ld be ?or\ghly remov$ by wa%+ ) wat]4 ,any int5sity may be obta9$ aft]w>ds by us+ ei!r ( ! foll[+ solutions3-- #h4 ,int5sify+ solution4--,pyrogallic acid1 #f grs42 glacial acetic acid1 oz42 di/ill$ wat]1 #f ozs43 mix4 ,a few drops ( a #cj-;gr4 solution ( nitrate ( silv]1 ! quantity to be regulat$ accord+ to ! int5sity requir$1 to be add$1 at ! mom5t ( us+1 to z mu* ( ! pyrogallic solution z may be necess>y4 ,int5sify+ solution 7ano!r =m74--#a4 ,pyrogallic acid1 #h grs42 citric acid1 #bj grs42 di/ill$ wat]1 #b ozs4 #b4 ,nitrate ( silv]1 #h grs42 di/ill$ wat]1 #b ozs4 ,mix small quantities ( ! solutions #a & #b1 9 equal portions1 ! mom5t be=e us+4 ,! pyrogallic solution1 made ) good acetic acid1 may be kept = a mon? or m 9 a cool place4 ,nev]!less1 if ! conditions ( light & situation are unfav\rable1 ,i %\ld pref] ?is solution j made4 ,! iron solutions act be/ :5 fre%ly prep>$4 ,x is suppos$ by "s t a prolong$ action ( ! iron develop] produces fogg9ess4 ,?is may be ! case :5 impure or improp]ly prep>$ collodion is us$1 b c]ta9ly n :5 ! prep>ation is pure & ( ! prop] quality4 ,:5 ! image is suffici5tly int5se1 wa% freely ) common filt]$ wat]2 !n p\r on a saturat$ solution ( hyposulphate ( soda1 :i* %\ld imm$iately remove ! iodide ( silv]3 wa% aga9 well ) wat]2 all[ z mu* z ! plate w hold to soak 9 = at lea/ a qu>t] ( an h\r1 *ang+ ! wat] occasionally1 to remove all traces ( hyposulphate2 la/ly1 wa% ! plate ) a little di/ill$ wat]1 /& up to dry1 &1 if requir$1 v>ni% ei!r ) _s or amb] v>ni%4 ,! foll[+ solution is also v commonly us$ = fix+ ! negative3--,cyanide ( potassium1 oz42 wat]1 #ab ozs4 ,att5tion to ! foll[+ rules & cautions w assi/ ! op]ator 9 ! production ( p]fect pictures3-- #a4 ,d n di/urb ! deposit :i* w occasionally be f\nd at ! bottom ( ! bottle conta9+ ! collodion4 #b4 ,remove all p>ticles ( dri$ film f ! neck ( ! bottle be=e p\r+ ! collodion on ! plate4 #c4 ,nev] use damp clo?s1 lea!rs1 or buffs1 = giv+ ! f9al poli% to ! plate4 ,negatives ) an indi/9ct & muddy surface are frequ5tly produc$ f ?is cause4 #d4 ,let ! film set prop]ly be=e imm]sion 9 ! nitrate ( silv] ba?3 its condition c be asc]ta9$ by g5tly t\*+ ! l[] "p ( ! coat$ plate ) ! end ( ! f+]4 #e4 ,nev] omit to pass a broad camel-hair bru% ov] ! plate j be=e p\r+ on ! collodion4 #f4 ,be> 9 m9d t1 z light is ! produc+ ag5t1 s w x prove a de/ructive "o3 n less ?an f\r folds ( yell[ calico %\ld be us$ to ob/ruct :ite light2 & 9 t case ! ap]ture cov]$ %\ld be no l>g] ?an is necess>y to admit suffici5t light = work+ by4 ,exam9e occasionally ! yell[ calico3 :5 ?is mat]ial is us$ to exclude :ite light1 x becomes blea*$ by con/ant exposure4 ,d n tru/ alone to any col\r$ glass2 no glass yet made is anti-act9ic "u all aspects ( light & conditions ( exposure4 #g4 ,:5 ! negative requires int5sify+1 c>efully wa% (f all traces ( ! fir/ develop+ solution be=e proce$+ to int5sify4 ,?is op]ation may be p]=m$ ei!r be=e or aft] ! iodide is remov$ by fix+4 #h4 ,glass ba?s are pref]able to porcela91 ebonite1 or gutta-p]*a ba?s = solution ( nitrate ( silv]4 #i4 ,9 us+ ei!r _s or amb] v>ni%1 be=e p\r+ x (f1 keep ! plate horizontal a few seconds4 ,?is gives "t = soak+ 91 & prev5ts ! =mation ( a dull surface aris+ f too ?9 a coat+4 #aj4 ,rub ! l5ses occasionally ) a s(t & clean wa%-lea!r2 ! rapidity ( action is mu* influ5c$ by ! brightness ( ! l5ses3 _! surfaces are con/antly affect$ by moi/ure 9 ! atmosph]e1 :i* cond5s+1 de/roys ! brilliancy ( ! image4 #aa4 ,! :ite blott+-pap] us$ = "s photographic purposes is n suitable = filt]+ solutions2 t only %\ld be employ$ :i* is made = ?is purpose1 & is sold "u ! "n ( filt]+-pap]4 #ab4 ,hyposulphate ( soda4--,a great deal ( rubbi% is sold "u ! "n ( ?is salt4 ,z a te/ ( its quality1 #a dra*ms %\ld entirely dissolve 9 #a dra*m ( wat]1 & ?is solution %\ld dissolve r m ?an #d gra9s ( iodide ( silv]4 #ac4 ,*emicals4--,! purity ( photographic *emicals _c be too /rongly urg$2 ! *eape/ are n always ! mo/ economical4 ,! comm]cial prep>ations are g5]ally n to be dep5d$ ^u1 z ^!1 ?\gh p]haps unadult]at$1 are1 /rictly speak+1 n *emically pure4 ,x is be/ to procure !m f well-kn[n *emi/s1 :o und]/& ! purpose = :i* !y are int5d$1 & make ! prep>ation ( ^! sub/ances peculi>ly a bran* ( _! bus9ess4 #ad4 ,nev] leave *emical solutions expos$ 9 di%es3 :5 done )1 p\r !m back into glass-/opp]$ bottles1 & decant = use f any deposit1 or filt] if necess>y4 #ae4 ,9 all photographic processes x is absolutely necess>y to be *emically clean2 & ?is sometimes is n easy4 ,z a rule1 nev] be satisfi$ ) cleanly appe>ances only1 b take su* measures z %all insure ! abs5ce ( all extrane\s matt] 9 prep>+ ! solutions1 clean+ ! glasses1 di%es1 c4 #af4 ,all /a9s on ! h&s1 l951 c4 may be remov$ by means ( cyanog5 soap or cyanide ( potassium1 :i* %\ld be appli$ )\t wat] at fir/1 !n ?or\ghly wa%$ (f4 ,to assi/ ! op]ation1 ! h&s may be n[ g5tly rubb$ ) a f9e piece ( pumice-/one1 :5 ! /a9s quickly disappe>4 ,= m p]fect & complete directions ! read] is ref]r$ to a mo/ excell5t "w1 8,! ,mod]n ,practice ( ,photography10 by ,r4 ,w4 ,?omas1 ,f4,c4,s4 ,illu/ration ,,pneumatics4 8,!re is a tricksy _s 9 ! air ,t plays sad gambols40--,,b5 ,,jonson4 ,! bran* ( ! physical sci5ces :i* relates to ! air & its v>i\s ph5om5a is call$ ,pneumatics4 ,by x we le>n _m curi\s p>ticul>s4 ,by x we f9d t ! air has weight & pressure1 col\r1 d5sity1 ela/icity1 compressibility1 & "s o!r prop]ties ) :i* we %all endeav\r to make ! "y read] acqua9t$ by _m pleas+ exp]im5ts1 e>ne/ly impress+ ^u him to lose no opportunity ( mak+ physical sci5ce 8 /udy4 ,! common lea!r suck] by :i* boys raise /ones w %[ ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e4 ,x consi/s ( a piece ( s(t b firm lea!r1 hav+ a piece ( /r+ drawn ?r\gh its c5tre4 ,! lea!r is made q wet & pliable1 & !n its "u "p is plac$ on ! /one & /amp$ d[n by ! foot4 ,?is press+ excludes ! air f betwe5 ! lea!r & ! /one1 & by pull+ ! /r+ a vacuum is left und]nea? its c5tre2 consequ5tly ! lea!r is firmly atta*$ to ! /one1 :i* enables y to lift x4 ,,weight ,,( ,,! ,,air ,,prov$ ,,by ,a ,,pair ,,( ,,bell[s4 ,%ut ! nozzle & valve-hole ( a pair ( bell[s1 & aft] hav+ squeez$ ! air out ( !m1 if !y are p]fectly air-tight1 we %all f9d t a v great =ce1 ev5 "s hundr$s ( p\nds1 is necess>y = sep>at+ ! bo>ds4 ,!y are kept toge!r by ! weight ( ! air :i* surr\nds !m 9 ! same mann] z if !y 7 surr\nd$ by wat]4 ,,! ,,pressure ,,( ,,! ,,air ,,%[n ,,by ,a ,,w9e-,,glass4 ,place a c>d on a w9e-glass fill$ ) wat]1 !n inv]t ! glass3 ! wat] w n escape1 ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e on ! outside ( ! c>d be+ suffici5t to support ! wat]4 ,illu/ration ,,ano!r4 ,illu/ration ,inv]t a tall glass j> 9 a di% ( wat]1 & place a light$ tap] "u x2 z ! tap] consumes ! air 9 ! j>1 ! wat]1 f ! pressure )\t1 rises up to supply ! place ( ! oxyg5 remov$ by ! combu/ion4 ,9 ! op]ation ( cupp+ ! op]ator holds ! flame ( a lamp "u a bell-%ap$ glass4 ,! air )9 ?is be+ r>efi$ & exp&$1 a consid]able portion is giv5 (f4 ,9 ?is /ate ! glass is plac$ ^u ! fle%1 & z ! air )9 x cools x contracts1 & ! glass adh]es to ! fle% by ! diff]5ce ( ! pressure ( ! int]nal & ext]nal air4 ,,ela/icity ,,( ,,! ,,air4 ,illu/ration ,?is c be %[n by a beautiful philosophical toy1 :i* may easily be con/ruct$4 ,procure a glass j> su* z is "h repres5t$1 & put wat] into x4 ,!n m\ld ?ree or f\r little figures 9 wax1 & make !m holl[ )91 & hav+ ea* a m9ute op5+ at ! heel1 by :i* wat] may pass 9 & out4 ,place !m 9 ! j>1 z se5 9 ! figure1 & adju/ !m by ! quantity ( wat] admitt$ to !m1 s t 9 specific gravity !y diff] a little f ea* o!r4 ,! m\? ( ! j> %\ld n[ be cov]$ ) a piece ( sk9 or india-rubb]1 & !n1 if ! h& be press$ ^u ! top or m\? ( ! j>1 ! figures w be se5 to rise or desc5d z ! pressure is g5tle or heavy2 ris+ & fall+1 or /&+ /ill1 accord+ to ! pressure made4 ,,reason ,,= ,,?is4 ,! reason ( ?is is1 t ! pressure on ! top ( ! j> cond5ses ! air betwe5 ! cov] & ! wat] surface2 ?is cond5sation !n presses on ! wat] bel[1 & influ5ces x ?r\gh its :ole ext5t1 compress+ also ! air 9 ! figures1 =c+ z mu* m wat] into !m z to r5d] !m heavi] ?an wat]1 & !re=e heavy en\gh to s9k4 ,,! ,,air-,,pump4 ,! "t 01 & t n v long ago1 :5 ! air-pump 0 only obta9able by ! philosophical pr(essor or by p]sons ( enl>g$ means4 ,b n[1 ow+ to our 8*eap way ( do+ ?+s10 a small air-pump may be obta9$ = ab\t a gu9ea1 & we w\ld /rongly advise our "y fri5ds to procure "o1 z x w be a s\rce ( endless amusem5t to !m2 &1 suppos+ t !y take our advice1 we sugge/ ! foll[+ exp]im5ts4 ,illu/ration ,! air-pump consi/s ( a bell glass1 call$ ! receiv]1 ,a1 & a /&1 ^u :i* is a p]=at$ plate1 ,b4 ,! hole 9 ?is plate is connect$ ) two pi/ons1 ! rods ( :i* are mov$ by a :eel h&le backw>ds & =w>ds1 & ?us pump ! air out ( ! receiv]4 ,:5 ! air is ?us tak5 out1 a /op-cock is turn$1 & !n ! exp]im5ts may be p]=m$4 ,"u ! receiv] ( an air-pump1 :5 ! air has be5 ?or\ghly exhau/$1 light & heavy bodies fall ) ! same swiftness4 ,animals quickly die = want ( air1 combu/ion ceases1 a bell s\nds fa9t1 & wat] & o!r fluids *ange to vap\r4 ,,to ,,prove ,,t ,,air ,,has ,,weight4 ,take a flor5ce flask1 fitt$ up ) a screw & f9e oil$ silk valve4 ,screw ! flask on ! plate ( ! air-pump1 exhau/ ! air1 take x (f ! plate1 & weigh x4 ,!n let 9 ! air1 & aga9 weigh ! :ole1 & x w be f\nd to h increas$ by sev]al gra9s4 ,illu/ration ,,to ,,prove ,,air ,,ela/ic4 ,place a bladd] out ( :i* all ! air has app>5tly be5 squeez$ "u ! receiv]1 ^u x lay a weight1 exhau/ ! air1 & x w be se5 t ! small quantity ( air left )9 ! bladd] w s exp& itself z to lift ! weight4 ,put a cork$ bottle into ! receiv]1 exhau/ ! air1 & ! cork w fly out4 ,,sov]eign ,,& ,,fea!r4 ,illu/ration ,place a nicely-adju/$ pair ( =ceps at ! top ( ! receiv]1 communicat+ ) ! top ( ! outside ?r\gh a hole1 s t !y may be op5$ by ! f+]s4 ,!n place on ea* ( ! little plates a sov]eign & a fea!r4 ,exhau/ ! air f ! receiv]2 & hav+ done s1 deta* ! objects1 s t !y may fall4 ,9 ! op5 air ! sov]eign w fall long be=e ! fea!r1 b 9 vacuo1 z 9 ! receiv] n[ exhau/$ ( its air1 !y w fall bo? toge!r1 & rea* ! bottom ( ! glass at ! same in/ant4 ,,air ,,9 ,,! ,,egg4 ,take a fre% egg1 & cut (f a little ( ! %ell & film f its small] end2 !n put ! egg "u a receiv]1 & pump out ! air2 ^u :i* all ! cont5ts ( ! egg w be =c$ out by ! expansion ( ! small bubble ( air conta9$ 9 ! great end betwe5 ! %ell & ! film4 ,,! ,,desc5d+ ,,smoke4 ,set a light$ c&le on ! plate1 & cov] x ) a tall receiv]4 ,! c&le w cont9ue to burn :ile ! air rema9s1 b :5 exhau/$ w g out1 & ! smoke f ! wick1 in/ead ( ris+1 w desc5d 9 d5se cl\ds t[>ds ! bottom ( ! glass1 because ! air :i* w\ld h support$ x has be5 )drawn4 ,illu/ration3 ,,air ,,9 ,,! ,,egg4 ,illu/ration3 ,,desc5d+ ,,smoke4 ,,! ,,s\ndless ,,bell4 ,set a bell on ! pump-plate1 hav+ a contrivance s z to r+ x at pleasure1 & cov] x ) a receiv]2 !n make ! clapp] s\nd aga9/ ! bell1 & x w be he>d to s\nd v well2 n[ exhau/ ! receiv] ( air1 & !n :5 ! clapp] /rikes aga9/ ! sides ( ! bell ! s\nd c be sc>cely he>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,s\ndless ,,bell4 ,illu/ration3 ,,float+ ,,fi%4 ,,! ,,float+ ,,fi%4 ,if a glass vessel conta9+ wat]1 9 :i* a c\ple ( fi% are put1 be plac$ "u ! receiv]1 ^u exhau/+ ! air ! fi% w be unable to keep at ! bottom ( ! glass1 ow+ to ! expansion ( ! air )9 _! bodies1 conta9$ 9 ! air bladd]4 ,!y w consequ5tly rise & float1 belly upw>ds1 ^u ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,,! ,,div+ ,,bell4 ,! div+ bell is a pneumatic eng9e1 by means ( :i* p]sons c desc5d to great dep?s 9 ! sea1 & recov] f x valuable portions ( wrecks & o!r ?+s4 ,its pr9ciple may be well illu/rat$ by ! foll[+ exp]im5t4 ,take a glass tumbl]1 & plunge x into ! wat] ) ! m\? d[nw>ds1 & x w be f\nd t ! wat] w n rise mu* m ?an half way 9 ! tumbl]4 ,?is may be made v evid5t if a piece ( cork be suff]$ to float inside ! glass on ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,! air )9 ! tumbl] does n entirely exclude ! wat]1 because air is ela/ic1 & consequ5tly compressible1 & h5ce ! air 9 ! tumbl] is :at is call$ cond5s$4 ,! div+ bell is =m$ ^u ! above pr9ciple2 b in/ead ( be+ ( glass1 x is a wood5 or metal vessel1 ( v l>ge dim5sions1 s z to hold ?ree or f\r p]sons1 :o are suppli$ ) air f above by means ( p[]ful pumps1 :il/ ! excess ( air escapes at ! bottom ( ! bell1 z may be se5 any day at ! ,royal ,polyte*nic ,in/itution4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,,exp]im5ts4 #a4 ,place a cyl9d] ( /rong glass1 op5 at bo? ends1 on ! plate ( ! air-pump1 & put y\r h& on ! o!r end1 & y w ( c\rse be able to remove x at pleasure4 ,n[ exhau/ ! air f ! int]ior ( ! cyl9d]1 & at ea* /roke ( ! pump y w feel y\r h& press$ tight] & tight] on ! cyl9d]1 until y w n be able to remove x3 z soon z ! air is aga9 admitt$ to ! int]ior ( ! cyl9d]1 ! pressure )9 w be re/or$1 & ! h& aga9 be at lib]ty4 #b4 ,tie a piece ( moi/5$ bladd] v firmly ov] "o end ( a simil> glass cyl9d]1 & place ! op5 end on ! plate ( ! pump4 ,z soon z y beg9 to exhau/ ! air f ! int]ior1 ! bladd]1 :i* 0 previ\sly q horizontal1 w beg9 to bulge inw>ds1 ! concavity increas+ z ! exhau/ion proce$s1 until ! bladd]1 no long] able to be> ! weight ( ! sup]9cumb5t air1 breaks ) a l\d report4 #c4 ,! ela/icity ( air1 or inde$ ( any gase\s body1 may be %[n by introduc+ "u ! air-pump receiv] a bladd] conta9+ a v small quantity ( air1 its m\? be+ closely ti$4 ,z y exhau/ ! air f ! receiv]1 t portion conta9$ 9 ! bladd] be+ no long] press$ ^u by ! atmosph]e1 w gradually exp&1 di/5d+ ! bladd] until x appe>s ne>ly full3 on readmitt+ ! air into ! receiv]1 ! bladd] w at once %r9k to its =m] dim5sions4 ,a %rivell$ apple plac$ "u ! same conditions w appe> plump :5 ! air is remov$ f ! receiv]1 & resume its =m] appe>ance on ! readmission ( ! air4 #d4 ,!re is a v pretty app>atus made = ! purpose ( %[+ ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e1 consi/+ ( a holl[ globe ( brass1 ab\t ?ree in*es 9 diamet]1 divid$ into two equal p>ts1 :i* fit v accurately toge!r4 ,x is furni%$ ) two h&les2 "o ( !m screw$ into a holl[ /em1 communicat+ ) ! int]ior ( ! globe1 & fitt+ on to ! air-pump3 ! o!r is atta*$ to a %ort /em on ! opposite side ( ! globe4 ,9 ! natural /ate ! globe may easily be sep>at$ into its two hemisph]es by "o p]son pull+ ! h&les1 b aft] ! air has be5 exhau/$ f ! int]ior x requires two v /rong m5 to sep>ate ! p>ts1 & !y w (t5 fail to d s4 ,by turn+ ! /opcock1 & readmitt+ ! air into ! int]ior ( ! globe1 x w come asund] z easily z at fir/4 ,we are indebt$ to ! weight ( ! atmosph]e = ! p[] we possess ( rais+ wat] by ! common pump2 = ! pi/on ( ! pump )draw+ ! air f ! int]ior ( ! pipe1 :i* t]m9ates 9 wat]1 ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e =ces ! wat] up ! pipe to supply ! place ( ! air )drawn4 ,x 0 soon f\nd1 h[ev]1 t :5 ! column ( wat] 9 ! pipe 0 m ?an ?irty feet high1 ! pump became useless1 = ! wat] refus$ to rise high]4 ,:y8 ,x 0 f\nd t a column ( wat] ab\t ?irty feet high ex]t$ a pressure equal to ! weight ( ! atmosph]e1 ?us e/abli%+ an equilibrium betwe5 ! wat] 9 ! pipe & ! atmosph]ic pressure4 ,illu/ration ,?is is ! pr9ciple on :i* ! b>omet]1 or measur] ( weight1 z its "n imports1 is con/ruct$4 ,! metal ,m]cury is ab\t ?irte5 & a half times heavi] ?an wat]2 consequ5tly1 if a column ( wat] ?irty feet high balances ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e1 a column ( m]cury ?irty in*es high ought to d s also--& ?is is 9 fact ! case4 ,if y take a glass tube ne>ly ?ree feet long1 & clos$ at "o end1 & fill x ) m]cury2 !n1 plac+ y\r f+] on ! op5 end1 inv]t ! tube into a bas9 or sauc] conta9+ "s ( ! same metal2 ^u remov+ y\r f+] 7:i* mu/ be done c>efully1 :ile ! m\? ( ! tube is completely cov]$ by ! m]cury17 x w be se5 t ! fluid w fall a few in*es1 leav+ ! upp] "p ( ! tube empty4 ,su* a tube ) a graduat$ scale atta*$ is 9 tru? a b>omet]1 & z ! weight ( ! atmosph]e increases or decreases1 s ! m]cury rises or falls 9 ! tube4 ,?is in/rum5t is ( ! greate/ value to ! seaman1 = a sudd5 fall ( ! b>omet] w (t5 give notice ( an imp5d+ /orm :5 all is f9e & calm1 & ?us enable ! m>9] to make ! prep>ations necess>y to meet ! dang]4 ,x 0 discov]$ by an ,italian philosoph] nam$ ,torricelli1 & f him ! vacuum =m$ 9 ! upp] end ( ! tube above ! surface ( ! m]cury has be5 call$ ! ,torricellian vacuum4 ,x is by f> ! mo/ p]fect vacuum t c be obta9$1 conta9+ necess>ily no?+ b a m9ute quantity ( ! vap\r ( m]cury4 ,,exp]im5t4 ,pass a little e!r ?r\gh ! m]cury 9 ! tube1 & z soon z x rea*es ! empty space x w boil viol5tly1 depress+ ! m]cury1 until ! pressure ( its own vap\r is suffici5t to prev5t its ebullition4 ,if y n[ cool ! upp] "p ( ! tube1 s z to cond5se ! vap\r1 ! pressure be+ ?us remov$1 ! e!r w aga9 beg9 to boil1 & s alt]nately1 z (t5 z y please1 9 ord] to %[ ?is fact ) effect1 ! bore ( ! tube %\ld n be less ?an half an in* 9 diamet]4 ,illu/ration ,,exp]im5t4 ,to %[ t ! heat ab/ract$ by ! boil+ ( "o liquid w freeze ano!r1 fill a tall n>r[ glass ab\t half full ( cold wat] 7! cold] ! bett]71 & place 9 x a ?9 glass tube conta9+ "s e!r4 ,put !m "u ! receiv] ( an air-pump4 ,z y exhau/ ! air1 ! e!r w beg9 to boil1 until at l5g?1 by cont9u+ ! exhau/ion1 ! wat] imm$iately surr\nd+ ! tube ( e!r w freeze1 & a tol]ably l>ge piece ( ice may ?us be obta9$4 ,e!r evaporates s rapidly ev5 "u ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e1 t a small animal1 su* z a m\se1 may be actually froz5 to dea? by con/antly dropp+ e!r ^u x4 ,if p\r$ on ! h&1 x produces a degree ( cold t soon becomes1 to say ! lea/1 unpleasant4 ,,exp]im5t4 ,place a flat sauc] conta9+ ab\t a p\nd ( oil ( vitriol "u ! receiv] ( ! air-pump1 & set 9 x a wat* glass conta9+ a little wat]1 support$ on a /& ) glass legs4 ,exhau/ ! receiv]1 :5 ! wat] w evaporate1 b )\t boil+2 & ! vap\r be+ absorb$ z x =ms by ! oil ( vitriol1 ! vacuum is pres]v$1 & ! evaporation cont9ues1 until ! vap\r has ab/ract$ s mu* caloric f ! rema9d] ( ! wat] t x is all at once conv]t$ into ice4 ,9 mo/ elem5t>y works on *emi/ry may be f\nd a long table ( freez+ mixtures1 z !y are call$1 "s ) & o!rs )\t ice or sn[4 ,we h select$ a few f ea* division4 ,,) ,,ice ,,or ,,sn[4 ,sn[ or p[d]$ ice #b p>ts4 ,p[d]$ common salt #a ,sn[ #e ,p[d]$ common salt #b ,p[d]$ sal ammoniac #a ,sn[ #c ,dilute sulphuric acid #b ,sn[ #b ,cry/alliz$ muriate ( lime #c ,,)\t ,,sn[ ,,or ,,ice4 ,sulphate ( soda #c p>ts4 ,dilute nitric acid #b ,nitrate ( ammonia #a ,wat] #a ,phosphate ( soda #b ,dilute nitric acid #a ,sulphate ( soda #b ,muriatic acid #a ,! effects ( mo/ ( ^! mixtures may be consid]ably increas$ by previ\sly cool+ ! +r$i5ts sep>ately 9 o!r freez+ mixtures4 ,9 connexion ) ?is bran* ( sci5ce1 & especially ) *emi/ry1 ! y\?ful philosoph] %\ld practise ! art ( decant+ air f "o j> to ano!r /&+ ov] wat]1 beg9n+ by pass+ x f a small to a l>g] j>1 !n ) two ( equal size2 & :5 he c accompli% ! transf] )\t p]mitt+ ev5 "o bubble to escape1 he may essay ! mu* m difficult task ( transf]r+ ! air f a l>ge to a small] j>4 ,illu/ration ,he %\ld also practise us+ ! bl[pipe until he c keep up a /eady & un9t]rupt$ flame = t5 m9utes or a qu>t] ( an h\r1 )\t /opp+ = brea?4 ,x is q possible to repl5i% w9d 9 ! m\?1 :i* alone ought to be us$1 )\t int]rupt+ ! brea?+ = an in/ant1 b x requires "s practice4 ,illu/ration3 7#a7 ,box bl[pipe1 ,a1 ! /em2 ,b1 ! m\?piece2 ,c1 ! box1 9 :i* is plac$ a piece ( sponge to absorb ! moi/ure ( ! brea?2 ,d1 ! extremity 7?is is moveable1 & ea* bl[pipe has sev]al1 ) diff]5t ap]tures72 ,e1 ! holl[ pivot1 9 :i* ! extremity & its arm turn4 ,! box is op5$ by ! mill$ r+ se5 at ! bottom4 ,,spectrum ,,analysis4 ,if ! y\?ful /ud5t wi%es to occupy 8 leisure 9 a mo/ amus+ & in/ructive mann]1 & at ! same "t to acquire a ready me?od ( te/+ = ! pres5ce ( ! v>i\s metals1 he _c d bett] ?an pur*ase f ,mr4 ,john ,br[n+1 ( #aaa1 ,m9ories1 ! ,amateur's ,spectroscope1 price two gu9eas2 or1 if suffici5tly +5i\s1 a prism & l5ses may be pur*as$ = sixte5 %ill+s1 & fitt$ up 9 pap] tubes4 ,inde$1 x is always bett] to buy "s complete set or portion ( a set ( app>atus1 in/ead ( ! tra%y s-call$ 8,boys' ,cab9ets10 :i* conta9 v mu* t is useless & v little = in/ructive exp]im5ts4 ,! in/rum5t enables ! obs]v] to exam9e ! prop]ties ( metallic salts :5 9 ! /ate ( a gl[+ or inc&esc5t gas4 ,common light af=ds a cont9u\s spectrum or b& ( col\rs1 r$ at "o end & violet at ! o!r1 ! int]m$iate col\rs be+ orange1 yell[1 gre51 blue1 & indigo4 ,! spectra ( ! metals 9 ! /ate ( lum9\s vap\r are n cont9u\s1 b are repres5t$ by di/9ct b&s or l9es ( light4 ,illu/ration3 ,sol> ,spectrum1 & ,spectra ( ! ,alkanes & ,alkal9e ,e>?s4 ,copi$ f ! ,orig9al ,draw+s ( ,g4 ,,kir*h(f & ,r4 ,,buns54 ,e elem5t1 metallic or o!rwise1 :5 conv]t$ into a lum9\s gas1 produces l9es :i* are always f\nd 9 ! same "p ( ! spectrum1 & are !re=e unalt]able 9 position4 ,! in/rum5t 7,fig4 #a7 is call$ ! ,spectroscope4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4--,,! ,,amateur',s ,,spectroscope4 ,a1 ,tube ) knife edges2 ,b1 ! prism2 ,c1 ! telescope2 ,d1 ! lamp1 suppli$ ) gas by pipe ,e2 ,f1 /& c>ry+ ! plat9um wire4 ,! wire may be held 9 ! h&1 b is m conv5i5t :5 atta*$ to a /&4 ,! in/rum5t 7,fig4 #b7 w exhibit ! d>k fix$ l9es 9 ! sol> spectrum1 & also ! bright l9es 9 ! spectra ( inc&esc5t metals4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4--,,! ,,h]s*el-,,br[n+ ,,direct ,,vision ,,spectroscope4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,a1 ano!r =m ( gas lamp2 ,b1 ! flame2 ,c1 adju/+ /& to c>ry ! plat9um wire & ! lamp4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,use ,,! ,,spectroscope4 ,screw ! tube c>ry+ ! knife edges at ! small end into ! prism bore1 & ! telescope into its prop] r+4 ,n[ place any common bright light exactly 9 front ( ! knife edges1 & :ile look+ ?r\gh ! telescope arrange ! knife edges until a bright & cont9u\s spectrum is visible4 ,,to ,,obta9 ,,! ,,bright ,,l9es ,,9 ,,! ,,spectrum ,,giv5 ,,by ,,any ,,sub/ance4 ,remove ! bright flame f ! front ( ! knife edges1 & sub/itute 9 its place ! flame ( a common _s lamp or1 /ill bett]1 a gas-jet kn[n z a ,buns5's ,burn]4 ,take a piece ( plat9um wire ab\t ! sub/ance ( a f9e sew+ ne$le2 b5d ! end into a small loop ab\t ! eigh? ( an in* 9 diamet]2 fuse a small bead ( ! sub/ance1 or salt1 to be exp]im5t$ on into ! loop ( ! plat9um wire1 & atta*+ x to any sort ( light /& or support1 br+ ! bead into ! front edge ( ! flame1 a little bel[ ! level ( ! knife edges4 ,if ! flame be opposite ! knife edges1 on look+ ?r\gh ! eye-piece ( ! telescope ! fix$ l9es due to ! sub/ance w be pla9ly visible4 ,:5 m9ute quantities h to be exam9$1 ! sub/ance %\ld be dissolv$1 & a drop ( ! solution1 in/ead ( a solid bead1 be us$ on ! plat9um wire4 ,! delicacy ( ?is me?od ( analysis is v great4 ,swan f\nd1 9 #aheg 7,ed4 ,phil4 ,trans41 vol4 xxi4 p4 #daa71 t ! l9es ( sodium are visible :5 a quantity ( solution is employ$ :i* does n conta9 m ?an #a_/b1ejj1jjj ( a gra9 ( sodium4 ,to view ,fraunh(]'s l9es on ! sol> spectrum x is only necess>y to turn ! knife edges t[>ds a :ite cl\d1 & make ! slit =m$ by ! knife edges v n>r[ by turn+ ! screw at ! side ( !m4 ,9 e in/ance ! focus ( ! telescope mu/ be adju/$ 9 ! ord9>y way1 by slid+ ! draw tube until x suits ! obs]v]'s sight1 & di/9ct vision is obta9$4 ,x %\ld be not$ t l9es at v>i\s p>ts ( ! spectrum require a diff]5t adju/m5t 9 focuss+ ! telescope4 ,! small prism turn+ on a jo9t 9 front ( ! knife edges is = ! purpose ( %[+ two spectra 9 ! field ( view at ! same "t4 ,to d ?is x mu/ be br\ght close to ! front ( ! knife edges4 ,!n "o flame mu/ be plac$ 9 ! position 9 :i* ! flame ( ! c&le is %[n 9 ! small figure1 & ! o!r directly 9 front ( ! slit4 ,on look+ ?r\gh ! telescope1 z be=e describ$1 ! spectra due to ! two sub/ances w be se5 "o above ! o!r4 ,:5 ! slit is turn$ t[>ds a bright cl\d1 & a light is us$ 9 ! position ( ! c&le flame1 ! spectrum ( any sub/ance may be se5 comp>$ ) ! sol> spectrum4 ,9 ?is mann] ,kir*h(f det]m9$ 9 ! sol> spectrum ! pres5ce ( ! l9es ( ! great] numb] ( ! elem5ts :i* are believ$ to exi/ 9 ! sun4 ,,pr(essor ,,/okes' ,,absorption ,,b&s4 ,?is in/rum5t is expressly adapt$ to ! prismatic analysis ( organic bodies1 accord+ to ! me?od recomm5d$ by ,pr(essor ,/okes 9 8 lecture at ! ,*emical ,society1 pr9t$ 9 ! ,*emical ,news4 ,to obs]ve ^! b&s x is only necess>y to place a v dilute solution ( ! sub/ance 9 a te/-tube1 !n fix ! te/-tube 9 ! small clip atta*$ to a r+ :i* slips on 9 front ( ! knife edges4 ,^u br++ any bright light 9 front ( ! tube1 on look+ ?r\gh ! telescope1 if ! in/rum5t has be5 prop]ly adju/$1 a bright spectrum w be se51 int]rupt$ by ! d>k b&s due to ! sub/ance 9 solution4 ,"o ( ! simple/ & mo/ int]e/+ exp]im5ts ( ?is k9d c be made by prep>+ dilute solutions ( madd]1 port w9e1 & blood4 ,9 ^! v dilute solutions no diff]5ce c be detect$ by ! unassi/$ eye1 b on submitt+ !m 9 ! mann] already describ$ to ! te/ ( spectrum analysis1 v diff]5t appe>ances w be pres5t$4 ,! absorption b&s may1 h[ev]1 be mo/ conv5i5tly exam9$ & accurately inve/igat$ by means ( ,sorby & ,br[n+'s new ,micro-,spectroscope4 ,,to ,,map ,,out ,,any ,,spectrum4 ,place ! eye-piece ) cross wires 9 ! telescope1 ) ! cross 9 ! %ape ( an ,x4 ,!n move ! telescope s t ! po9t :]e ! wires cross comes successively 9 contact ) ! v>i\s l9es1 not+ ! read+s ( ! nonius on ! arc4 ,f ^! read+s1 by ! help ( any me*anical scale ( equal p>ts1 a map may be easily con/ruct$4 ,by ! assi/ance ( spectrum analysis f\r new metals h be5 discov]$1 viz4 ,csium1 ,rubidium1 ,?allium1 ,norium4 ,x is (t5 a cause ( grumbl+ ) "y beg9n]s 9 *emi/ry t !re is s mu* wa%+ ( glasses & slopp+ requir$ to obta9 prop] results f te/s2 b "h is a mo/ ref9$ mode ( te/+1 :i* may be c>ri$ on 9 ! draw+-room1 & s delicate t a portion ( sodium salt ev5 less ?an #a_/ahj1jjj1jjj? "p ( a gra9 c be easily detect$4 ,=m]ly ! metal ,li?ium 0 consid]$ to be a v r>e "o1 b s9ce ! use ( ! spectroscope1 quantities less ?an ! #a_/f1jjj1jjj? ( a gra9 h be5 detect$2 x n[ appe>s t li?ium is a v common metal1 & exi/s 9 ! human body1 ! sea1 & may be obta9$ f _m o!r common s\rces4 ,li?ium has be5 f\nd 9 ! a%es ( m>9e plants1 ! a%es ( tobacco--9 milk1 c(fee1 tea1 human blood1 & 9 muscul> tissue2 x has also be5 f\nd 9 meteoric /ones4 ,! col\r$ plate is a fai?ful copy ( ,kir*h(f's ,diagram1 & %[s ! sol> spectrum1 also ! spectra ( potassium1 sodium1 li?ium1 /rontium1 calcium1 b>ium1 rubidium4 ,,"p ,,iv4 ,dome/ic ,pets4 ,,bees4 ,,can>ies4 ,,dogs4 ,,gold ,,fi%4 ,,gu9ea ,,pigs4 ,,h$gehogs4 ,,jackdaws4 ,,jays4 ,,magpies4 ,,owls4 ,,p>rots4 ,,pigeons4 ,,p\ltry4 ,,rabbits4 ,,rav5s4 ,,silkworms4 ,,squirrels4 ,,:ite ,,mice4 ,illu/ration3 ,,our ,,dome/ic ,,pets4 ,illu/ration ,,bees ,,& ,,bee-,,keep+4 ,9 treat+ ( t useful insect ! honey-bee1 we w fir/ expla9 briefly ! dome/ic economy ( ! hive1 & ! di/9ction betwe5 ! diff]5t individuals compos+ ! entire colony1 & !n pass on to ! m practical details ( bee-keep+4 ,a beehive conta9s ?ree k9ds ( individuals--a que51 drones1 & work]s4 ,! que5 is a female1 & is ! "m ( ! community4 ,! drones are males1 & ! work+ bees neut]s1 be+ nei!r males nor females4 ,dur+ ! w>m] "p ( ! ye> ! que5 seems to be incessantly employ$ 9 lay+ eggs4 ,%e is sl[ & maje/ic 9 h] motions1 & diff]s f ! work]s 9 hav+ a l>g] & long] body1 %ort] w+s1 & a curv$ /+4 ,! drones are males2 ?\gh mu* m bulky1 !y are n s long z ! que51 b mu* l>g] ?an ! work+ bees4 ,!y live on honey1 b br+ none home4 ,:5 ! season = sw>m+ has pass$1 ! work]s expel !m f ! hive1 & none make _! appe>ance till ! foll[+ spr+4 ,! work+ bees are ! smalle/ 9 ! hive & by f> ! mo/ num]\s2 & !y d ! entire "w ( ! community--!y build ! cells1 gu>d ! hive & ! que51 collect & /ore ! honey1 elaborate ! wax1 fe$ ! "y1 & expel ! drones4 ,! av]age numb] ( ^! ?ree k9ds ( bees 9 a hive is "o que51 two ?\s& drones1 & t5 to tw5ty ?\s& work]s1 ! numb]s v>y+ ) ! /r5g? ( ! hive & ! season4 ,= ! great] "p ( ! ye> ! que5 lays only work]s' eggs2 b dur+ ! spr+ %e also lays ^? :i* produce drones4 ,z soon z ?is takes place1 ! work]s beg9 to con/ruct royal cells1 9 :i*1 )\t discont9u+ to lay ! drone eggs1 ! que5 deposits eggs :i* are de/9$ to produce que5s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,que5 ,,bee4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,drone4 ,illu/ration3 ,,work+ ,,bee4 ,! work]s' eggs hat* 9 a few days1 & produce little :ite maggots1 :i* imm$iately op5 _! m\?s to be f$2 ^! ! work]s att5d to ) ! greate/ c>e4 ,9 six days ea* maggot fills up its cell2 x is !n ro($ 9 by ! work]s1 sp9s a silk5 cocoon & becomes a *rysalis1 & on ! tw5ty-fir/ day x comes =? a p]fect bee4 ,! drones em]ge on ! tw5ty-fif? day1 & ! que5s on ! sixte5?4 ,! combs ( a beehive comprise a numb] ( hexagonal cells1 built by ! bees z receptacles = honey & = ! nurs]ies ( _! "y4 ,ea* comb 9 a hive is compos$ ( two ranges ( cells1 back$ aga9/ ea* o!r4 ,!re is a cont9u$ s]ies ( ^! d\ble cells 9 e well-fill$ hive1 ! spaces betwe5 !m be+ j suffici5t to all[ two bees1 "o on ! surface ( ea* comb1 to pass )\t t\*+4 ,ea* cell is six-sid$1 ! six sides be+ p]fectly equal4 ,?is is "o ( ! geometrical figures t ensures ! greate/ economy ( mat]ial & ! l>ge/ space4 ,! con/ruction ( sev]al combs is usually go+ on at ! same "t1 until ! hive is fill$4 ,! cells ( ! drones are l>g] ?an ^? design$ = ! work]s2 & ^? design$ = ! hat*+ ( ! "y que5s pe>-%ap$1 ) ! small end d[nw>ds4 ,! f9e/ honey is /or$ 9 new cells con/ruct$ = ! purpose ( receiv+ x4 ,! usual modes ( e/abli%+ an api>y are1 ei!r by ! pur*ase ( /ock or ( sw>ms4 ,:5 int5d+ to pur*ase a /ock1 d n buy ^u recomm5dation1 b le>n to judge = y\rself4 ,if y obs]ve ! bees cr[d+ 9 & out ( ! hive dur+ ! middle ( ! day1 a consid]able numb] ( !m hav+ little yell[ pellets or balls on _! h9d] legs1 a v fav\rable op9ion may be =m$ ( ! heal? & condition ( ! int]ior1 & especially ( ! prolific /ate ( ! que54 ,if ! bees appe> savage1 & bold 9 _! attacks1 x is a good sign4 ,9 ! pur*ase ( sw>ms ! "y bee-keep] mu/ bew>e ( imposition2 = x v (t5 happ5s t1 in/ead ( hav+ ! fir/ sw>m1 he is *eat$ by hav+ a second ?ru/ ^u him4 ,?is is seldom s l>ge2 b x has ! advantage ( a "y que51 z ! old que5 always goes (f ) ! fir/ sw>m4 ,a good sw>m g5]ally numb]s ab\t tw5ty ?\s& bees1 & may 9 c\ntry places be obta9$ = f half-a-gu9ea to a gu9ea4 ,!re are sev]al di/9ct sy/ems ( bee-keep+1 ea* ( :i* requires a %ort notice4 ,fir/1 ! old-fa%ion$ plan ( keep+ ! bees 9 a common bell-%ap$ /raw hive1 or skep4 ,:5 ?is me?od is foll[$1 ! hives are usually all[$ to /& = two summ]s2 at ! end ( ! second season ! bees are de/roy$ by ! fumes ( burn+ sulphur1 & ! honey tak54 ,! plan is a v bad "o1 z ! honey obta9$ is mix$ ) bee bread1 is rank 9 flav\r1 & d>k 9 col\r1 & is nev] wor? m ?an ab\t sixp5ce p] p\nd4 ,illu/ration ,a great improvem5t is to h ! hives made ) flat tops1 l ! /raw hive %[n at ! "r h& ( ! engrav+4 ,:5 ! bees are fir/ hiv$1 ?is is clos$ by a /raw mat4 ,9 ! spr+ ( next ye>1 :5 ! bees become num]\s & clu/] r\nd ! entrance1 ?is mat is remov$1 & a small hive1 t]m$ a 8sup]10 or a box or glass1 neatly furni%$ ) a piece or two ( cle> empty comb1 is put ov]2 ! bees asc5d into ?is1 build combs1 :i* !y /ore ) pure virg9 honey1 )\t brood or bee bread2 & ?is1 :5 full1 is remov$1 leav+ ! /ock bel[ undi/urb$ = ! next season4 ,9 our engrav+ ! arti/ has drawn ?is hive too small2 x %\ld h be5 z l>ge z ! common skeps :i* are %[n on ! left-h& side4 ,flat-topp$ hives1 t are able to be sup]$1 may be made ( wood1 l a common box4 ,"o ( ^! is %[n on ! gr\nd1 & two1 plac$ "o ov] ! o!r1 are %[n beh9d ! flat-topp$ /raw hive4 ,9 ,ayr%ire1 :]e !y are v skill$ 9 bee-managem5t1 !y use eight-sid$ boxes1 ) n>r[ slides to close ! op5+s 9 ! top4 ,^! boxes are plac$ "o ov] ! o!r1 & l>ge tops ( pure virg9 honey1 tw5ty to ?irty p\nds 9 weight1 are n unfrequ5tly tak5 (f4 ,! back hive 9 our gr\p is "o ) side boxes1 or1 z x is sometimes call$1 a collat]al hive4 ,^! are ! mo/ exp5sive 9 fir/ co/1 & ! lea/ productive ( all ! v>ieties4 ,! cottage hives1 ) ?ree little glasses1 in/ead ( "o l>ge "o1 are only play?+s1 & n at all productive4 ,frame hives1 9 :i* ea* comb is plac$ 9 a sep>ate frame1 s t x c be tak5 out & exam9$1 are v useful = mak+ obs]vations on ! natural hi/ory ( ! bees1 b are n s well suit$ = pr(itable purposes z ! hives t we h describ$ t are arrang$ 9 /orey or ) l>ge sup]s4 ,9 remov+ a sup] ( honey1 x %\ld be fir/ loos5$ f ! hive by draw+ a ?9 /r+ betwe5 ! two2 & !n1 :5 ! bees h become quiet1 tak5 quietly away1 & cov]$ ov]1 until ^? rema9+ 9 x h discov]$ t !y are away f ! que51 :5 !y w rapidly fly back to ! hive1 on be+ uncov]$4 ,b ! honey mu/ n be left expos$1 or x w\ld attract all ! bees 9 ! neighb\rhood1 & w\ld rapidly be /or$ up 9 ! hives4 ,9 tak+ (f ! sup]s1 x is be/ to be protect$ f ! /+s ( ! bees4 ,?is is readily done by mak+ a bag ( l5o1 op5 at top & bottom2 9 use1 ! top is ti$ r\nd ! hat1 ! bag encircles ! head & face1 & ! bottom is tuck$ "u ! coll> ( ! coat1 :i* is button$ closely r\nd ! neck4 ,9 ?is mann] ! face is p]fectly protect$ f /+s2 b ) ! k1 quietness1 & confid5ce acquir$ by practice1 almo/ any?+ c be done to bees by a skill$ bee-ma/]1 ev5 )\t a veil4 ,,! ,,can>y4 ,! can>y is a ju/ly fav\r$ pet among boys1 = x is a h>dy bird t requires a v small am\nt ( tr\ble4 ,x is a pleasant1 fasc9at+ little be+1 full ( qua9t ways & sprightly attitudes1 &1 bett] ?an all1 ! cage is its native elem5t4 ,?\gh an ard5t admir] ( all birds1 & inde$ ( ev]y?+ :i* draws ! brea? ( life1 we c nev] pass ! cage :]e9 is conf9$ a l>k1 a night+ale1 a bullf9*1 or any o!r ( our indig5\s birds1 )\t a feel+ ( sadness & regret4 ,!y are n cage birds1 & nev] ought to be conf9$ )9 ! n>r[ limits ( wood & wire4 ,_! attitudes %[ _! uneas9ess4 ,! mell[1 exultant tone ( ! skyl>k s\nds z joy\sly :5 ! bird is imprison$ )9 a cage z :5 x so>s high 9 air1 its w+s quiv]+ 9 ! breeze1 its frame rejoic+ 9 ! glory ( ! sunbeams1 & its k5 survey+ ! wide panorama :i* lies spread b5ea? its gaze4 ,b ! ge/ures ( ! bird are full ( eloqu5t mis]y1 & speak volumes to him :o w /op & look ) 8 eyes z well z li/5 ) 8 e>s4 ,see h[ ! bird fl+s itself upw>ds f ! little pat* ( turf1 :i* is b a %all[ mock]y ( ! gre5 sw>d to :i* ! skyl>k is accu/om$--h[ x da%es itself aga9/ ! ro( ( gre5 baize1 :i* repres5ts s feebly ! expanse ( azure sky--& h[ x le>ns at la/ ! lessons ( exp]i5ce1 & /&s helplessly 9 ! bay w9d[ ( ! cage1 its w+s %iv]+ re/lessly1 & its feet trampl+ impati5tly1 9 lieu ( ! ! upw>d leap & so>+ flight :i* x longs to und]take1 b :i* x w nev] m be p]mitt$ to exp]i5ce4 ,no m w x roam ?r\gh ! wide expanse ( air1 no m w x seek = its mate1 & "k all ! joys ( ne/ & *ildr54 ,h5ce=? x is b a prison] 9 solit>y conf9em5t1 )\t hope ( escape1 & its v individuality de/roy$ by surr\nd+ circum/ances4 ,s ) ! g5]ality ( our cage birds4 ,! man :o w\ld imprison ! night+ale1 :o w\ld limit to "o spot ! bird t loves to w&]1 & :o w\ld condemn to solit>y conf9em5t ! creature :i* is peculi>ly de/9$ = conjugal affection1 :i* f9ds expression 9 liquid melody1 ought to be imprison$ = a mon? or two1 j to see h[ he likes x4 8,i c't get out10 is ! lam5t utt]$ 9 sil5t ge/ure by all birds t ought to roam 9 wild fre$om1 & h be5 imprison$ 9 a cage4 ,we always wi% to op5 ! cage door1 & set free ! prison]2 at all ev5ts1 to remove x to "s spot :]e x might be lib]at$ )\t dang] to itself4 ,b ) ! can>y ! case is diff]5t4 ,! pretty little bird nev] has kn[n wid] fre$om ?an t ( ! cage1 & a humane bird-keep] w end[ x ) increas$ fre$om by enl>g+ ! size ( its dwell+4 ,! free use ( w+s has nev] be5 kn[n to ! bird1 nor ev5 to its p>5ts2 & ! p]* is to ! can>y m famili> ?an ! b\gh4 ,release an imprison$ l>k1 & aft] ! fir/ few mom5ts ( surprise x w spe$ away exult+ 9 its fre$om4 ,release a night+ale or a ?ru%1 & x w d>t swiftly to ! well-kn[n %elt] ( ! woods4 ,b release a can>y1 & y h committ$ an act ( positive cruelty4 ,! poor bird kn[s n :]e to g or h[ to procure its food4 ,?r\gh\t all its little life x has be5 accu/om$ to reside )9 ! n>r[ limits ( its cage1 & to f9d its food & wat] prep>$ )\t any exp5diture ( lab\r4 ,consequ5tly1 x has no idea ( se>*+ = food1 b sits bewild]$ on a bran* ( "s tree1 & w\ld p]i% ) hung] simply because x does n "k h[ to procure food4 ,ignorance is ev] ! p>5t ( fe>1 & a can>y-bird has be5 kn[n to p]i% ( hung] :5 remov$ to a l>ge f a small cage1 simply because x d>$ n fly d[n f ! comp>atively l(ty p]* on :i* x _h settl$ :5 fir/ introduc$1 & to :i* x clung ) ! t5acity ( fe>4 ,ev5 ! g5u9e ,briti% soldi] c h>dly be m helpless :5 depriv$ ( ord9>y milit>y r\t9e ?an is a can>y-bird :5 set free & =c$ to fly alone into ! _w4 ,! v col\r ( ! bird prev5ts x f obta9+ food l o!rs ( ! same tribe4 ,all ! small birds are absurdly jeal\s ( novelty1 & w mob & worry any fea!r$ be+ to :i* !y are n accu/om$4 ,y may assemble a cr[d ( !m at any "t by fix+ a comb ( sc>let clo? on ! head ( a sp>r[1 & glue+ a few sc>let hackles into its tail4 ,! little birds w always ga!r r\nd an owl t has made its appe>ance 9 ! daytime1 & w scold ! intrud] until "o w\ld ?9k t _! ?roats w\ld be ho>se4 ,_! ang] t[>ds ! owl is1 h[ev]1 mitigat$ by a :olesome dread ( its beak & talons1 & x may !re=e be imag9$ t :5 !y f9d a little yell[ bird sitt+ all alone on a bran*1 & look+ bewild]$ at ! position 9 :i* x f9ds itself1 !y are n v likely to lose s excell5t an opportunity ( bully+ a =eign] )\t dang] to !mselves4 ,successive g5]ations ( captivity h r5d]$ ! can>y unfit = fre$om1 & !re=e ! "y naturali/ ne$ n ?9k himself cruel because he keeps ! bird 9 a cage4 ,z to cages1 ! simple =m :i* has already be5 describ$ 9 vol4 i4 p4 #ba ( 8,e ,boy's ,magaz9e0 w be f\nd amply suffici5t = all purposes4 ,! wires1 h[ev]1 %\ld be clos] toge!r ?an is requir$ = squirrels1 s t ! cat may n be able to d>t h] li! paw betwe5 !m & hook out ! inmates4 ,! size ( ! cage is ( little consequ5ce1 except t y c nev] make x too l>ge4 ,if a :ole room c be giv5 up to ! birds1 ! bett] !y w be pleas$ & ! bright] !y w look2 &1 if possible1 x %\ld be light$ f above4 ,:]ev] ! birds may be plac$1 v5tilation is ( ! greate/ consequ5ce4 ,we rememb] be+ once summon$ to give our op9ion ^u ! cont9u$ illness ( "s can>ies ( :i* e c>e 0 tak54 ,!y _h fre% wat] daily1 7 pl5tifully suppli$ ) s&1 & 7 f$ ) ! prop] se$s1 & cresses1 gr\ndsel1 & o!r gre5 meat1 & yet !y droop$ & mop$1 & nev] seem$ well4 ,no fault c\ld be f\nd ) ! arrangem5ts1 & !re=e we look$ = ! cause ( illness 9 ano!r direction4 ,! air ( ! room seem$ v close :5 ,i ent]$ x1 & on exam9ation we f\nd t !re 0 no outlet :atev]1 ! *imney hav+ be5 block$ up & ! w9d[s c>efully %ut1 9 ord] to prev5t ! birds f escap+4 ,we at once recomm5d$ t a pane ( glass %\ld be remov$ at ! top ( ! w9d[1 & a piece ( p]=at$ z9c ins]t$ in/ead2 & :5 ?is 0 done ! birds recov]$ !mselves1 & resum$ _! normal aspect4 ,! two secrets--if secrets !y c be call$--9 bird-keep+ are a good supply ( fre% food & wat] & p]fect cleanl9ess4 ,! =m] necess>ies c be easily insur$ 9 a v simple mann]1 & %\ld be made aft] ! patt]n ( ! accompany+ figures4 ,bo? are f\nd$ on ! same pr9ciple--namely1 t ( self-fe$+ f a res]voir4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,! se$-box is ?us con/ruct$4 ,get an old cig>-box1 f :i* ! aroma ( tobacco has be5 remov$ by long air+1 & take (f ! lid & ! :ole ( "o side2 cut (f two-?irds ( ! lid-piece1 bore ?ree holes 9 x1 & fix x :]e ! lid 01 z at a2 cut ! re/ ( ! lid 9 two1 & fix ! pieces 9 ! box1 s z to sep>ate x into ?ree comp>tm5ts1 fix+ !m ) glue & a few v t9y brads4 ,y %\ld use pieces ( sl5d] brass wire = ! purpose4 ,if y left ! box 9 ?is condition all ! se$ w\ld run out at ! r\nd holes1 & y mu/ !re=e correct t error4 ,h[ ?is is done w be se5 9 fig4 #b1 :i* gives a section ( ! se$-box4 ,cut a squ>$ piece ( wood1 :i* w j slide into ! p>tition1 s z to make a flat floor+ to x4 ,b1 in/ead ( lay+ x flat1 place x 9 a slop+ direction1 z se5 at d1 s t a small space is left betwe5 ! end ( ! floor & ! back ( ! box4 ,! read] w see t :5 ! se$ is p\r$ into ! p>tition x w drop ?r\gh ! op5 space at ! back1 & fall into ! bottom ( ! box4 ,! birds put _! heads ?r\gh ! holes to eat ! se$s1 & z fa/ z !y peck !m away bel[1 m fall f above & supply ! defici5cy4 ,9 ! front1 & above ! holes1 fix a piece ( glass1 :i* is repres5t$ by b 9 fig4 #b1 & :i* is se5 9 its place 9 fig4 #a4 ,! object ( ! glass is to p]mit ! bird-keep] to see :5 !re is a suffici5cy ( se$4 ,! slop+ top is also ( glass1 :i* is fix$ by a /rip ( ,am]ican lea!r1 act+ z a h+e4 ,x is made ( glass1 & set at a %>p angle1 9 ord] to prev5t ! birds f p]*+ on x1 :i* !y are c]ta9 to d if !y c f9d ! lea/ foo?old4 ,x w be f\nd t ! be/ cem5t :]e) to fix ! glass is gold-size1 & t a coat or two ( black seal+-wax v>ni% makes a nice f9i% to ! job4 ,! holes ?r\gh :i* ! birds fe$ %\ld n be mu* l>g] ?an ! size ( _! heads4 ,! reason ( ?is arrangem5t is t ! can>ies are apt to %ell ! se$s :ile _! heads are ov] ! vessel 9 :i* ! food is conta9$1 s t ! husks fall among ! se$1 & x is n easy to discov] :5 ! supply is exhau/$4 ,b no diurnal bird w fe$ 9 ! d>k1 & z ! can>y effectually d>k5s ea* hole by introduc+ its head1 x w n crack & eat ! se$ until x has )drawn its head & re/or$ itself to light4 ,! object ( ! p>titions is t ! birds c be suppli$ ) diff]5t k9ds ( se$1 ea* ( :i* c be re/rict$ to its own division4 ,! receptacles %\ld be ( diff]5t sizes--! l>ge/ = can>y-se$1 ! next 9 size = rape1 & ! lea/ = millet1 among :i* a little hemp may be %ak54 ,9 front ( ! holes1 & ab\t ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* f !m1 %\ld be fix$ a p]*1 ^u :i* ! birds c sit :ile !y fe$4 ,at ! back ( ! se$-box are fa/5$ a c\ple ( /\t hooks--^? :i* mill9]s call 8/ay-hooks0 answ] admirably--s t ! box may be hung on ! wires at any conv5i5t height4 ,x %\ld n be plac$ on ! gr\nd1 because 9 t case ! can>ies w /uff all ! refuse /ems ( ! gre5-meat into ! fe$+-holes1 & w probably mix s& & husks ) ! se$s4 ,!y are z mis*iev\s z monkeys1 & q z ready at discov]+ & tak+ advantage ( ! slighte/ opportunities ( do+ some?+ :i* !y "k is =bidd54 ,! 8f\nta90 f :i* !y dr9k is made on a simil> pr9ciple4 ,f\nta9s c be pur*as$ at any bird-deal]'s2 b z x is pref]able t boys %\ld use _! h&s r ?an dra9 _! pockets1 we (f] simple directions = mak+ a f\nta9 z efficaci\s1 ?\gh n q s elegant1 z ^? :i* are pur*as$ 9 ! %ops4 ,! mat]ials requir$ = ! purpose are v simple1 & consi/ ( "s wire1 bo? /\t & f9e1 ( an empty ,flor5ce-oil flask1 a sauc]1 & "s wood4 ,! mode ( employ+ !m is %[n by ! illu/ration 7fig4 #c74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c ,make ?ree r+s ( /\t wire1 ea* dim9i%+ 9 diamet]1 & arrange !m z se5 at b1 ! smalle/ be+ upp]mo/4 ,f\r pieces ( /\t wire are !n firmly atta*$1 s z to make a k9d ( conical /&4 ,7 n ! birds s mis*iev\s1 ?is w\ld be suffici5t = all purposes2 b z !y are sure to g & ba! 9 ! wat]1 !y mu/ be kept out by int]m$iate wires1 s z to make a k9d ( cage1 ?r\gh :i* ! birds c put _! heads1 b :i* w n p]mit ! passage ( _! bodies4 ,!n take y\r oil-flask1 /rip (f all ! ru%5 cov]+1 & wa% ! int]ior ) /rong soda until e trace ( ! oil is remov$4 ,place x 9 ! wire frame1 z %[n at c1 & try :e!r x /&s upright4 ,if ! wire r+ %\ld be too l>ge1 & all[ ( its slipp+ ?r\gh too f>1 cut a r\nd hole ( ! prop] size 9 a piece ( pa/ebo>d or v ?9 wood1 lay x on ! r+1 & !n introduce ! flask4 ,make a r\nd /ool or table1 su* z is se5 9 ! illu/ration1 & fix ! turn$-up ends ( ! wires to x ) small /aples4 ,if ! f\nta9 7 on ! gr\nd1 ! birds w\ld fill ! sauc] ) s& & husks2 & if x 7 n firmly fa/5$1 x w\ld be knock$ ov] by ! flutt]+ w+s ( a pass+ bird4 ,! /ool mu/ be wide & /rong1 or ! :ole affair w be upset4 ,! mode ( prep>+ ! f\nta9 is v simple4 ,fill ! flask ) wat]1 & /op up ! m\? ) a %all[ cork4 ,place a sauc] 7l a7 "u ! wire frame1 ins]t ! flask1 hold its m\? 9 ! sauc] ) "o h&1 & remove ! cork ) ! o!r4 ,! wat] w imm$iately ru% into ! sauc]1 & w half fill x1 b ow+ to ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e no m wat] w desc5d4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! birds h drunk en\gh to br+ ! level ( ! wat] bel[ ! m\? ( ! flask1 air imm$iately ru%es up 9 great bubbles1 d[n comes a correspond+ am\nt ( wat]1 & a fre% supply is ?us af=d$4 ,9 can>y-keep+ mu* dep5ds ^u ! k9d ( bird4 ,we presume t a good s+] w be requir$1 z well z a /rong & heal?y bird4 ,if y are n le>n$ 9 can>y lore1 try to induce an exp]i5c$ fri5d to *oose a bird = y2 b if y are n =tunate en\gh to possess su* assi/ance1 ! foll[+ concise directions may aid y4 ,look at ! birds = sale1 & note ^? t /& /raighte/ on _! p]*es1 & t hop quickly & sm>tly ab\t ! little apologies = cages 9 :i* !y are mo/ly conf9$4 ,next he> !m s+ be=e decid+ on y\r pur*ase1 & select ! "o t possesses ! sweete/ & fulle/ tone4 ,! deal] c always make ! bird s+ :5 he likes1 & if any bird refuses to s+1 d n buy x1 h[ev] h&some x may look4 ,if possible1 procure "o t possesses ! night+ale's song2 y w h to pay r heavily = x1 b any "o :o c af=d su* a bird w be amply repaid by ! v great sup]iority ( ! song1 :i* is dive/$ ( t e>-pi]c+ %rillness s unpleasant 9 mo/ can>ies4 ,:5 y are satisfi$ ) ! song1 look ! bird well ov] to see t x has no defects2 & if y pref] ! v>iegat$ bre$1 take c>e ( ?ree pr9cipal po9ts--namely1 ! top ( ! head1 te*nically call$ ! 8cap20 ! m>k+s on ! back1 call$ 8spangles20 & ! numb] ( quill fea!rs 9 ! w+s & tail4 ,! cap mu/ be uni=m & ri* 9 col\r1 ! spangles bold & well def9$1 & ! quill fea!rs n less ?an eighte5 9 ea* w+ & twelve 9 ! tail4 ,imp]fect or damag$ fea!rs c easily be replac$ by pull+ !m out1 = _! places w soon be fill$ ) new & p]fect fea!rs4 ,"s p]sons pref] ! yell[ v>ieties1 & _m are fond ( ! cre/$ can>ies4 ,we int5tionally omit all m5tion ( 8fancy0 can>ies1 = ! fa%ion *anges ) !m z fa/ z x does ) tulips or dress4 ,! fa%ion 9 can>ies seldom outlives a ye>1 & ! prize bird ( "o ye> w possibly be despis$ 9 ! next season4 ,d n1 !re=e1 be p]suad$ to attempt ! pur*ase ( co/ly fancy can>ies4 ,!y may c]ta9ly be ( great value :5 y happ5 to buy !m1 b 9 a few ye>s no "o w ?9k any?+ ( !m4 ,*oose /rong1 sweet-voic$1 & heal?y birds1 ) col\rs t please y\r eye1 & leave ! fancy can>ies to pr(essional bre$]s4 ,z to ! g5]al managem5t ( ! can>y1 x may be summ$ up by say+ t x *iefly consi/s 9 judici\sly lett+ alone4 ,don't m$dle ) ! birds m ?an is absolutely ne$$1 & d n worry !m ) m$ic9es :5ev] !y seem to be unwell4 ,z1 h[ev]1 all can>ies are liable to c]ta9 ailm5ts1 9 :i* a k ( ! prop] treatm5t is highly useful1 we w j give a few pla9 directions4 ,"o pe/ is vigor\s ?r\gh\t ! ye>1 & always ready to seize on ! birds1 & t is ! 8r$-mite10 a p>asite kn[n to all bird-keep]s4 ,if y f9d y\r birds re/less1 especially at night1 & see !m cont9ually peck+ among ! roots ( ! fea!rs1 & especially if !y lose appetite1 & become fretful & ill-temp]$ to _! companions1 look out = ! r$-mite4 ,y c always detect ! t9y b =midable foe by plac+ ! bird 9 a d>k room1 &1 aft] a few h\rs1 hold+ a bright lamp close by ! cage4 ,if !re are any mites ab\t1 y w soon see !m crawl+ ^u ! p]*es1 ! wires1 & ev5 %[+ !mselves among ! fea!rs4 ,!y are n l>g] ?an ! dot ov] ! lett] i1 b _! numb]s are (t5 v consid]able1 & ! injury !y inflict is great4 ,let n "o escape1 = x may be ! p>5t ( hundr$s m4 ,:5 ! r$-mites h once obta9$ possession ( a cage1 _! extirpation is a task ( v great difficulty to ^? :o d n und]/& ! con/itution ( ! creatures4 ,s difficult1 inde$1 is ! bus9ess1 t _m fanci]s w n ev5 attempt x1 b burn ! cage & buy ano!r4 ,! metal cages1 :i* are n[ s common1 are pref]able to ^? made ( wood & wire1 inasmu* z !y pres5t v few spots :]e9 ! r$-mite c f9d a hid+-place1 & = t reason metal is to be pref]r$ to wood4 ,ev5 if !y h ga9$ admission to an ord9>y cage1 !y c be extirpat$ )\t v mu* tr\ble4 ,we h succe$$ 9 do+ s 9 sev]al in/ances1 & ?9k t 9 a =tnight any cage c be fre$ ( its tr\blesome p>asites4 ,fir/ place ! cage 9 ! sun = a %ort "t1 s z to induce ! light-hat+ mites to leave ! bird & hide !mselves 9 ! crevices ( ! cage4 ,remove ! bird1 & transf] x to ano!r cage1 or ev5 a box1 & let x wait4 ,take ! cage & exam9e x well1 introduc+ a heat$ ne$le or ?9 blade ( iron into e crevice4 ,next take "s insect-de/roy+ p[d]1 =ce x into a holl[ pap] cyl9d]1 light ! pap]1 put x into ! cage1 & envelop ! :ole 9 a newspap]4 ,leave x !re = an h\r1 & :5 y remove x y w see doz5s ( ! r$-mites1 ( all sizes1 ly+ dead on ! floor1 or cl++ half-/upefi$ by ! fumes ( ! p[d]4 ,scrape !m all into boil+ wat]1 & du/ ! :ole ( ! cage ) ! p[d]4 ,by ?is "t e mite w be dead2 b !re is a goodly /ore ( eggs :i* w be hat*$ 9 due "t1 & infe/ ! cage anew4 ,^! are de/roy$ by means ( oil4 ,take a camel's hair bru% & "s salad-oil1 & ) ! bru% apply ! oil to e crevice4 ,if !re %\ld be ! t9ie/ scrat* on ! wood1 t\* x ) ! oil4 ,let oil be appli$ to e spot :]e ! wires ent] ! wood1 :]e !y cross ea* o!r1 & :]e ! h+es ( ! door are fix$4 ,e egg w ?us be de/roy$1 & ! cage fre$4 ,ab\t half an h\r be=e y re/ore ! bird to ! cage hold x 9 ! left h&1 & du/ x well ) ! p[d]1 bl[+ up ! fea!rs1 s z to get x well to ! roots4 ,scatt] "s ( ! p[d] ^u a piece ( s(t rag1 & roll ! bird 9 x1 c>efully b9d+ d[n its legs & w+s1 "u ea* ( :i* a p9* ( p[d] mu/ be spr9kl$4 ,y c n[ att5d to ! head1 :i* requires r neat h&l+1 z ! p[d] is v apt to settle ^u ! eyes & to worry ! bird4 ,let y\r fea!r$ pet lie = half an h\r 9 ?is b5eficial bondage1 & !n replace x 9 ! cage1 scatt]+ "s p[d] ^u ! floor4 ,! bird w %ake its plumage %>ply1 & s5d a cl\d ( du/ fly+1 & 9 a m9ute or two w beg9 to peck among ! fea!rs & settle ! plumage4 ,! diff]5t aspect ( ! bird is !n q rem>kable1 = x ex*anges ! fussy1 anxi\s1 fretful mom5ts = quiet ease1 & ev5 :5 x does peck among ! fea!rs1 x does s g5tly & delib]ately1 & seems q ano!r bird4 ,m\lt+ is a disord] to :i* ! can>y is annually subject1 & :i* requires "s little att5tion4 ,"s "t 9 ! autumn all ! can>ies ex*ange ! fea!rs :i* h endur$ ! we> & te> ( a twelvemon? = a completely new suit4 ,fea!rs are subject to damage 9 _m ways1 & j be=e ! m\lt takes place ! bird is q ragg$ & disreputable 9 dress4 ,mean:ile ! g]ms ( new fea!rs h be5 gr[+ 9 ! sockets :i* held ! old suit1 & 9 ! c\rse ( a few weeks all ! fea!rs are %$ & replac$ by o!rs4 ,x may easily be imag9$ t su* an op]ation is n a*iev$ )\t mu* physical di/urbance1 & x is accord+ly f\nd t all birds are m or less indispos$ dur+ ! "t ( ! m\lt4 ,sc>cely any two birds are affect$ 9 precisely ! same mann]1 & ! 8m\lt+ sickness0 tells ) especial sev]ity ^u ! "y4 ,quiet & n\ri%+ food are ! be/ rem$ies = ! curi\s mixture ( languor & fev] :i* is always visible among ! birds2 & ! mo/ accompli%$ can>y-bre$]s are 9 ! habit ( giv+ ! yolk ( h>d-boil$ eggs1 & ev5 a little raw meat1 scrap$ & cut v f9e4 ,sometimes1 9 _! desire = animal food1 ! birds pluck ! newly-=m$ fea!rs f ! bodies ( _! companions1 & nibble ! /ill vascul> & ble$+ ends4 ,w9e is recomm5d$ by "s fanci]s1 b we _c agree ) !m4 ,! m\lt is a natural ailm5t1 & ! rem$ies :i* are be/ calculat$ to modify its effects ^u ! heal? are ^? to :i* ! natural in/9cts ( ! birds w\ld lead !m4 ,frequ5tly ! claws & bill ( ! can>y become ov]gr[n1 & produce v unpleasant results2 ! latt] caus+ mu* difficulty 9 tak+ food1 & ! =m] entangl+ ! foot 9 ! wires ( ! cage4 ,! rem$y 9 ei!r case is ! same4 ,take ! bird 9 ! left h&1 & hold x aga9/ ! light2 ! ov]gr[n portions ( ! claws w !n be easily di/+ui%$1 inasmu* z a delicate sc>let l9e runs along ! c5tre ( ea* claw & ne>ly rea*es its extremity4 ,tak+ ?is l9e z y\r guide1 y c>efully cut (f ! ov]gr[n p>ts ) a %>p pair ( scissors1 & cause !reby imm$iate relief to y\r fea!r$ pati5t4 ,! bill mu/ be cut 9 ! same way1 b requires a little m c>e & "s neatness 9 trimm+4 ,no pa9 is giv5 to ! bird :5 ! op]ation is rightly conduct$1 = nei!r bill nor claw possesses s5sation4 ,dys5t]y & di>rha are v common among cage birds1 & %\ld be treat$1 ! =m] ) a drop or two ( ca/or-oil1 & ! latt] ) a lump ( *alk to peck at1 & a ru/y nail 9 ! wat]4 ,sometimes ! bird loses ! fea!rs ( ! head & neck1 & pres5ts a mo/ unga9ly appe>ance4 ,9 su* cases rub ! head ) almond-oil1 & fe$ ! bird = a few days on a mixture ( lettuce1 scald$ bread1 olive-oil1 & a spr9kl+ ( maw se$4 ,heal? w soon return1 & at ! next m\lt ! bird w recov] its lo/ plumage4 ,brok5 legs are ( frequ5t occurr5ce1 & mo/ly happ5 by ! bird entangl+ itself 9 ! wires & !n /ruggl+ to free itself4 ,ov]gr[n claws are a f]tile cause ( ?is mis=tune4 ,d n try to b&age or 9 any way to m$dle ) ! leg2 b put ! bird 9 a sep>ate cage1 take away ! p]*es1 place ! food & wat] )9 rea*1 s t ! pati5t may p>take ( !m )\t ne$+ to /&1 & wait until ! limb is heal$4 ,! bones unite v rapidly1 & 9 a week or t5 days ! limb w be ne>ly z /rong z be=e ! accid5t1 & w betray no sign ( ! rec5t mis=tune4 ,,dogs4 ,x is to be suppos$ t ea* read] ( ^! pages is ei!r ! possessor ( a dog1 or desires to obta9 t privilege1 & t he w wi% to le>n 9 a few l9es ! be/ way ( manag+ & tra9+ 8 fav\rite4 ,!re are _m works :i* treat ( ! ,dog2 b all ^? :i* are tru/wor?y are ( v l>ge dim5sions1 necess>ily co/ly1 & conta9 a va/ am\nt ( in=mation :i* is v valuable to ! own] ( h\nds1 to ! sportsman1 or to ! game-keep]1 b is n requir$ by ! g5]ality ( ^? to :om ^! words are address$4 ,we h1 !re=e1 endeav\r$ to cond5se into ! few pages :i* c be allott$ to a s+le subject all ! in=mation :i* is absolutely ne$$ by ^? :o keep dogs m]ely = amusem5t & ! love ( _! society4 ,fir/ly1 we may answ] "h a "q t is (t5 ask$--namely1 :i* is ! be/ bre$ ( dogs = ord9>y purposes8 ,we ( c\rse exclude all ! /rictly sport+ dogs1 su* z ! foxh\nd & h>ri]1 ! greyh\nd1 & p]haps ! bull-dog1 ?\gh !re is some?+ to be said 9 fav\r ( ! la/-m5tion$1 & some:at malign$1 animal4 ,! tasks t we wi% to impose on ! dog are light & simple4 ,we want him to be wat*ful at night1 to al>m ! h\se at ! s\nd ( a /range /ep on ! premises2 if possible1 we want him to be c\rage\s en\gh to attack an intrud]4 ,we want him to be a pleasant companion 9 our daily walks1 to hunt aft] any?+ at :i* we may set him1 to swim aft] any object t we may po9t out1 & to retrieve any?+ = :i* we may s5d him4 ,at ! same "t1 we want him to be completely "u comm&1 & to be ob$i5t at ! lea/ ^w or sign4 ,la/ly1 we want him to be cleanly & com=table 9 ! h\se1 to "k h[ to keep out ( ! way :5 he is n want$1 & to be suffici5tly clev] to le>n all k9ds ( amus+ p]=mances4 ,:]e1 !n1 %all we f9d an animal t is capable ( fulfill+ all ^! conditions8 ,!re are sev]al v>ieties ( dogs :i* are well suit$ = g5]al purposes4 ,!re is ! spaniel = example1 fai?ful1 affectionate1 clev]1 & docile4 ,!re is ! poodle1 p]haps ! be/ 8trick0 dog 9 ! _w1 ) 8 funny curly coat & 8 s(t br[n eye1 full ( intellig5ce almo/ human4 ,!re is ! ,newf\ndl& dog1 :o is p]haps almo/ too big to be a dwell] )9 ! h\se4 ,!re is ! t]ri]1 an amus+1 bright-ey$1 agile-limb$1 fussy animal4 ,!re is ! ,italian greyh\nd1 "o ( ! mo/ beautiful animals 9 ! _w1 b too delicate to please ! ta/e ( a boy4 ,!re is ! ,scot* t]ri]1 t odd1 wiry-hair$1 clev] creature1 :i* has s (t5 be5 immortalis$ by affectionate own]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,spaniel4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,t]ri]4 ,all ^! v>ieties are delightful animals1 & we l !m all4 ,b _h we ! *oice ( a dog1 we %\ld take nei!r ( !m1 pref]r+ a mixture betwe5 ! t]ri] & ! bull-dog1 provid$1 ( c\rse1 t ea* 7 ( good bre$4 ,_m p fancy t a bull-t]ri] is a dang]\s dog to h ab\t ! h\se1 & imag9e t x is giv5 to bit+ )\t due cause1 & is too savage to be turn$ into a pet4 ,b mu* ( ?is misappreh5sion may be trac$ to ! long-e/abli%$ & popul> error reg>d+ ! bull-dog4 ,x is seldom t a fav\rable acc\nt ( ?is animal is giv51 & x is ?\ght to be brutal1 /upid1 v9dictive1 & irreclaimably f]oci\s4 ,x is impossible to d5y t too _m bull-dogs agree ) ?is description2 b x is equally impossible to d5y t :5ev] !y possess su* bad *>act]s ! fault lies almo/ entirely ) _! ma/]4 8,l ma/]1 l dog10 is an old & true say+1 :i* has be5 bas$ on ! exp]i5ce ( _m ye>s4 ,if ! bull-dog is prop]ly treat$1 if ! own] makes ! animal 8 companion1 & if he c>efully /udies its "*1 z e pet own] ought to d1 enc\rag+ ! good qualities1 & g5tly reprov+ ! bad1 x w be z g5tle & mu* m quiet ?an a ,k+ ,*>les or a toy t]ri]4 ,looks are c]ta9ly aga9/ ! animal4 ,!re is1 p]haps1 no creature ) a m fell aspect ?an a ?or\gh-br$ bull-dog4 ,its und]hung jaw1 its glitt]+ tee?1 its sunk5 eyes1 its trem5d\s *e/1 & l[]+ c\nt5ance are calculat$ to inspire t]ror r ?an int]e/4 ,yet1 :5 a bull-dog is manag$ ) a due appreciation ( can9e nature1 its aspect ?or\ghly belies its true nature4 ,we "k a ?or\gh-br$ bull-dog belong+ to a fri5d1 "o ( ! fi]ce/ & mo/ sull5-look+ bea/s imag9able4 ,e "o gives ! animal a v wide b]?2 & we confess t :5 we fir/ saw x we ?\ght t its own] 0 n act+ v wisely 9 p]mitt+ x to walk ab\t unmuzzl$4 ,yet ?is creature is playful & h>mless z a kitt54 ,its great jaws look positively awful z x op5s its m\?1 & until its real qualities are kn[n1 x requires "s little pres5ce ( m9d to )/& its playful ru%4 ,= a pet1 h[ev]1 ! bull-dog is sc>cely suit$1 n be+ suffici5tly active or lively4 ,! purely-br$ ,engli% t]ri]1 on ! o!r h&1 is z m]curial a bea/ z "o c wi% to see2 b x has little /ead9ess ( purpose1 is apt to run riot1 & is a rank c[>d1 n d>+ to face a rat1 & hav+ s]i\s d\bts be=e x c make up its m9d to attack a m\se2 !re=e ! skilful dog-fanci] contrives a judici\s mixture ( ! two bre$s1 & engrafts ! t5acity1 endurance1 & dauntless c\rage ( ! bull-dog ^u ! m agile & frivol\s t]ri]4 ,?us he obta9s a dog t c d almo/ any?+1 & ?\gh p]haps x may n surpass1 x c]ta9ly rivals1 almo/ e o!r v>iety ( ! can9e species 9 its accompli%m5ts4 ,9 ! capacity = le>n+ tricks x sc>cely yields1 if x does yield at all1 to ! poodle4 ,x c retrieve z well z ! dog :i* is especially br$ = t purpose4 ,x c hunt ! fox ) ! regul> h\nds4 ,x c swim & dive z well z ! ,newf\ndl& dog4 ,9 ! h\se x is "o ( ! w>ie/ & mo/ intellig5t ( dogs1 p]mitt+ no unaccu/om$ foot/ep to ent] ! doma9 )\t giv+ w>n+4 ,x w *ase rabbits1 weasels1 rats1 or1 inde$1 any game1 ) unext+ui%able ard\r1 & w fight any foe at :i* its ma/] may set x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,bull ,,dog4 ,"o fault inde$ x has4 ,x is j a trifle too qu>relsome ) o!r dogs1 & :5 x meets a /range individual ( its own species1 & has gone ?r\gh all ! prelim9>ies ( back-ar*+1 bri/le-sett+1 sotto voce gr[l+1 & ! v>i\s p]=mances ) :i* two /range dogs greet ea* o!r1 x is a little too apt to cut matt]s %ort by *all5g+ ! o!r to in/ant combat4 ,ev5 ?is fault1 h[ev]1 is easily ov]come by a k9d b firm ma/]1 :o c impress ^u 8 pupil t x is n to fight any?+ at :i* he has n set x4 ,& "h let u make a few rem>ks ^u ! managem5t ( dogs4 ,sev]ity is n at all ne$$1 b firmness ( purpose is indisp5sable4 ,pati5ce & good temp] are also two requisites1 )\t :i* no "o %\ld attempt to manage a dog4 ,! animal mu/ be made to feel t :5 an ord] is giv5 x has to obey at once1 & n ev5 ! v slighte/ act ( disob$i5ce %\ld be pass$ unnotic$4 ,he w soon le>n t lesson1 & ! re/ is easy4 ,if y c procure a dog 9 8 e>ly puppyhood1 x is c]ta9ly ! v be/ me?od1 & y w n require a :ip2 b %\ld ! animal h atta9$ maturity1 y may employ ?is in/rum5t1 b mu/ use x ) ! greate/ discretion4 ,if ! dog is wor?y ( ! "n1 y c puni% him 9 a f> m effectual way by appeal+ to 8 s5se ( %ame ?an by flogg+ him2 b if y once lose y\r temp]1 & beg9 to inflict a beat+ on ! animal1 half y\r influ5ce w vani%4 ,if ! dog wilfully disobeys y1 z w (t5 be ! case :5 he is full-gr[n & is try+ y\r mettle1 take him by ! neck1 tell him h[ wick$ he has be51 & give him "o v %>p bl[2 n m ?an "o1--because if y d s he gets s fright5$ t he =gets all ab\t ! scold+4 ,!n let him h ano!r *ance1 repeat ! ord]1 & if he disobeys aga91 inflict ano!r /roke4 ,he is n likely to (f5d a ?ird "t2 & :5 he obeys ! ord]1 speak k9dly to him1 praise him1 & make mu* ( him1--= y c d m ) a dog by praise ?an by rat+4 ,) a dog :i* y h possess$ f puppyhood !re is seldom ! lea/ necessity = sev]ity4 ,! creature is s accu/om$ to d :at 8 ma/] desires1 t he h>dly conceives ! possibility ( disob$i5ce4 ,g5tle firmness is all t is necess>y 9 su* a case2 inde$1 we are always oppos$ to ! infliction ( pa91 except 9 r>e in/ances1 :]e x is ! only means by :i* ! animal c be taught ! necessity = ob$i5ce4 ,we _c be> to see a dog look up to its ma/] ) ! half-fright5$1 half-%r9k+ expression :i* is obs]vable 9 "o t has be5 accu/om$ to ! :ip4 ,! animal ought to consid] its ma/] z its be/ fri5d1 & to run to him :5 x is 9 di/ress1 r ?an to fe> 8 pres5ce & tremble at 8 voice4 ,! ,rev4 ,j4 ,g4 ,wood1 writ+ on ?is subject1 says3-- 8,my de> old ,rory us$ to be mo/ abjectly mis]able :5 he _h (f5d$ me4 ,8 frisky tail & pret5ti\s e>s w\ld droop on su* occasions1 8 easy assur$ c>riage w\ld s9k into a li/less1 spiritless gait1 he w\ld hide 8 head l a naughty *ild1 he w\ld n leave or ent] ! room op5ly1 b w\ld make ! transit ( ! ap>tm5t by sl9k+ "u ! *airs & tables1 s z to keep himself out ( sight z mu* z possible4 ,he w\ld crawl "u my *air1 & aft] wait+ "s "t 9 hopes t ,i %\ld notice him1 w\ld j pu% 8 nose aga9/ my heel1 & !n retreat aga9 to 8 hid+-place4 ,he w\ld n eat1 nor dr9k1 nor sleep1 nor be com=t$ by any "o until ,i _h spok5 ! desir$ words ( =giv5ess4 8,& !n1 :5 ! fir/ words ( reconciliation 7 spok51 h[ he w\ld advance ) hope beam+ 9 8 c\nt5ance1 /ill mix$ ) diffid5ce1 le/ he %\ld h mi/ak5 ! tone ( voice4 ,& :5 he 0 q c]ta9 t he 0 p>don$1 :5 he felt my h& ^u 8 head1 h[ wild he 0 ) delight6 ,h[ he w\ld jump ab\t1 & run f "o p]son to ano!r on 8 h9d legs1 & roll ov] on 8 back1 & pret5d to bite e "o 9 turn1 & knock ! cat ov]1 & b>k until he _h to be turn$ out ( ! room = ! sake ( pres]v+ ! drums ( our e>s4 8,!n h[ he w\ld get out ( ! h\se1 da% d[n ! /reet at full spe$1 come pelt+ back aga91 jump on ! w9d[ sill1 bang ) 8 tail = admission1 & !n walk q sob]ly to 8 usual place1 & lie on ! he>?rug j z if no?+ _h happ5$4 8,!re c]ta9ly are dogs ^: feel+s are q beyond ! rea* ( human sympa?ies2 b x is m ?an probable t _! call\sness is attributable to ! bad treatm5t ( _! own]1 & n to any inh]5t defect 9 ! animal's nature4 ,9 my little book1 #8,glimpses into ,petl&1' ! read] may see an acc\nt ( a ridicul\s dog :o fairly got ! bett] ( me by simple vacuity & selfi%ness4 ,i nev] saw su* a dog 9 my life1 & ,i really d n want to see su* ano!r4 8,no?+ c\ld be made ( him4 ,he did n c>e = k9dness2 he c\ld n be influ5c$ by ! :ip2 he nev] ?\ght ( obey+ ord]s2 he got into e scrape 9 :i* a dog c\ld by any possibility fall2 & 0 altoge!r a hopeless subject4 ,_h ,i be5 a novice 9 ! managem5t ( animals1 ,i %\ld h ?\ght myself 9 fault2 b be+ tol]ably exp]i5c$ 9 su* matt]s1 ,i 0 at no loss to set ! failure d[n to its "r s\rce4 8,j be=e comm5c+ ?is acc\nt1 ,i receiv$ a lett] f a correspond5t :o _h read ! acc\nt ( #8,r\ghie1' & wrote a v9dication ( ! ,skye t]ri]1 to :i* v>iety ! dog belong$4 ,my correspond5t /at$ t if ! ,skye t]ri] 7 obta9$ :5 "y1 & well treat$1 x 0 "o ( ! mo/ affectionate & fai?ful animals t c\ld be f\nd2 b t if x 7 b&i$ ab\t f "o ma/] to ano!r1 x lo/ all its lov+ qualities1 & became a reckless1 selfi% bea/4 ,su* _h evid5tly be5 ! case ) #8,r\ghie1' & ?us 8 peculi> disposition 0 acc\nt$ =40 ,we w n[ j run ?r\gh ! li/ ( ! dogs :i* are be/ suit$ = pets4 ,( ! bull-dog we h already spok51 z also ( ! t]ri]1 :i*1 z we h said1 %\ld be1 if possible1 a mixture ( ! two v>ieties4 ,if y c secure a good heal?y puppy f well-br$ p>5ts1 ?9k y\rself =tunate1 & make mu* ( ! dog4 ,d n crop 8 e>s4 ,if y h any sport+ fri5ds1 !y w advise y to d s1 tell y t x spoils ! dog1 & give y all k9ds ( advice ab\t x4 ,n[1 9 ! fir/ place1 x is reasonable to ?9k t ! dog's ,mak] kn[s be/ ! k9d ( e> t is mo/ suitable = ! dog1 & frames x accord+ly4 ,if ! %ort1 cropp$ =m _h really be5 ! be/1 x w\ld h be5 made aft] t patt]n1 & n left to ! scissors ( ! dog-doctor to complete ! "w4 ,s we say to our read]s1 defy ! ridicul\s prevail+ fa%ion1 & oppose common s5se to x4 ,9 a few m ye>s ?is cropp+ process w be pron\nc$ obsolete & unnatural2 s be among/ ^? :o lead op9ion1 & save y\r dogs ! pa9 ( t cruel & unnecess>y process4 ,n long ago worm+ 0 all ! fa%ion4 ,no dog 0 consid]$ safe unless x _h be5 worm$2 t is1 unless ! "u side ( ! tongue _h be5 cut op51 & ! c5tral t5don pull$ out4 ,( c\rse1 :5 a t5don is drawn f ! liv+ body & laid 9 ! cold air1 x contracts & twi/s ab\t4 ,!re=e x 0 held to be a worm1 & ev]y:]e believ$ to be ! cause ( hydrophobia4 ,horses1 aga91 7 cropp$ 9 a mo/ atroci\s mann]4 ,_! e>s 7 clipp$ close to _! head1 & _! tails 7 cut q %ort1 leav+ only a few in*es ( hair on ! /ump2 s t ! ,fr5* satiri/ 0 q ju/ifi$ 9 8 sne] aga9/ ! ,engli% z a p1 :o1 he said1 cut (f ! tails ( _! horses & ! heads ( _! k+s4 ,! ,fr5* did bo? aft]w>ds1 ) ! addition ( a que5 & a few pr9ces4 ,nor 0 ?is all4 ,! "u side ( ! tail 0 cut across 9 sev]al places--nick+1 ! op]ation 0 call$--& !n ! tail 0 =cibly b5t upw>ds1 & ti$ 9 t position until ! w\nds heal$1 & ! memb] left immovable4 ,fancy ! torture ! poor animals mu/ h und]gone1 ! fre% w\nds be+ torn op5 & expos$ to ! air6 ,mr4 ,wat]ton1 ! v5]able naturali/1 rem>ks t 9 =m] days he tri$ to aid ! cause ( humanity by 8 example1 & rode a horse ) a prop] all[ance ( tail & ) uncropp$ e>s4 ,! exp]im5t fail$4 ,! 8arbitrium popul>is aur0 0 pleas$ to decl>e itself aga9/ e>s & tails4 ,!re 0 su* a commotion :5ev] ! humane rid] v5tur$ to %[ himself abroad on a horse :i* possess$ ! abom9ations ( e>s & a tail--he 0 s mobb$1 & 8 horse 0 s reft ( 8 tail by ! ur*9s :o want$ fi%+-l9es--t1 = ! sake ( ! bea/ z well z himself1 ,mr4 ,wat]ton 0 oblig$ to con=m to ! popul> v]dict1 & dock ! tail ( 8 horse z a compromise = 8 e>s4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 ! v]dict ( popul> op9ion has und]gone a *ange1 & horses are p]mitt$ to we> _! e>s & tails2 & ! "t w come be=e v long :5 a dog w be ?\ght z mu* disfigur$ by hav+ cropp$ e>s z he is n[ ?\ght to be :5 he is all[$ to we> ^? memb]s 9 _! natural proportions4 ,! only rational excuse t c be put =w>d = adopt+ su* a practice is t :i* is employ$ by ! own]s ( game-cocks1 :5 !y clip ! combs ( _! fea!r$ protgs4 ,x is1 t ! l5g? ( ! e> af=ds a hold = an antagoni/4 ,b z x is n to be suppos$ t any ( my read]s are likely to belong to t brutal class ( human be+s :o keep dogs = ! purpose ( mak+ !m fight ea* o!r1 we may pron\nce t n "o s+le valid reason c be urg$ = depriv+ a dog ( 8 e>s4 ,!re is ! poodle1 a delightful dog = a pet4 ,!y are docile 9 no ord9>y degree1 & c le>n all k9ds ( tricks )\t seem+ to take mu* tr\ble4 ,p]=m+ dogs mo/ly belong to ?is v>iety1 & v amus+ are ! tricks :i* !y w le>n4 ,!y w dance a polka ) easy skill4 ,!y w imitate a ball-room company ) su* ludicr\s burlesque t no "o c resi/ ! temptation ( laugh+4 ,!y w walk ab\t on _! h9d legs1 on _! =e legs1 & h ev5 be5 se5 to walk ) ! two legs ( "o side1 ! o!r legs be+ held up 9 ! air4 ,x 0 difficult to imag9e h[ !y c\ld h be5 taught su* a feat2 b x _h be5 done by sett+ a bo>d on edge1 hit*+ ! two legs ( ! left side ov] ! bo>d1 & mak+ ! dog walk along 9 ?is attitude4 ,aft] pass+ along ! bo>d ?ree or f\r times1 ! dogs f\nd t !y c\ld light5 ! lab\r by hold+ _! upp] legs cle> ( ! bo>d1 & s !y soon le>n$ to disp5se ) its pres5ce4 ,if y d h a poodle1 y mu/ wa% him (t5 & c>efully1 because ^! long1 curly-head$ dogs are apt to give out a disagreeable od\r unless !y are kept v clean4 ,b d n on any acc\nt clip 8 hair 9 ! /upid & ugly fa%ion t is s (t5 adopt$1 & :i* 0 fir/ import$ f ,france4 ,9 t c\ntry !y %ave all k9ds ( dogs 9 ! same mann]1 leav+ only a ruff r\nd ! neck1 a tuft on ea* leg1 & a tuft on ! end ( ! tail4 ,!re are m5 & wom5 :o make ! clipp+ ( dogs a pr(ession4 ,!y h c>ts ) pictures ( dogs und]go+ ! process1 & !y p]ambulate ! /reets 9 se>* ( pati5ts1 j z knife-gr9d]s d 9 se>* ( "w4 ,:5 !y h collect$ a goodly assemblage ( dogs1 !y set (f to ! riv] side1 & take up _! /ation "u "o ( ! bridges4 ,! poor dogs1 :i* h be5 trail+ beh9d ! c>t at ! end ( cords1 are n[ b\nd & muzzl$1 & mis]able objects !y look z !y lie on _! sides await+ ! %e>s ( ! op]ator4 ,! hair t is remov$ is put into sacks1 & sold1 x is said1 = manure2 & ! dogs are return$ to _! own]s1 metamorphos$ out ( all k1 & %iv]+ at ! slighte/ breeze4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,poodle4 ,if y\r dog %\ld be ev] tr\bl$ ) ticks & fleas1 y may free him f 8 foes 9 t5 m9utes4 ,fir/ tie up 8 m\? ) a piece ( broad tape1 to prev5t him f lick+ (f ! sub/ance :i* is to be appli$2 & if he is n v well "u comm&1 tie 8 legs also4 ,!n lay him on a clo?1 spr9kle him ov] ) ! insect-p[d]1 :i* may be procur$ 9 small quantities at ,no4 #cc1 ,newgate ,/reet1 & rub ! p[d] well into 8 fur f 8 nose to ! tip ( 8 tail4 ,:5 y h done ?is1 roll ! clo? r\nd him1 & p9 x well toge!r1 s z to envelop him entirely 9 its folds4 ,y may let him lie z long z y l1 b t5 m9utes w mo/ly be suffici5t2 !n ) a h>d bru% g all ov] him1 & bru% out all ! p[d] into ! clo?4 ,y w be surpris$ at ! multitude ( p>asites :i* w be ly+ dead & dy+ 9 ! clo?4 ,! p[d]1 insects1 & all %\ld be c>efully %ot into ! fire1 & y\r doggie w be grateful to y = ! relief :i* y h af=d$ him4 ,p]haps next to ! bull-t]ri] ought to come ! ,scot* t]ri]1 a dog t w hunt any?+1 & is always a qua9t1 indep5d5t bea/1 ) some?+ ( ! lawless ,highl&] ab\t him1 b a capital companion = any "o :o values dogs & kn[s h[ to treat !m4 ,spaniels are all beautiful creatures1 v affectionate1 & (t5 v clev]2 b _! long1 silky hair gets sadly b$abbl$ ) mud & wet1 & !y _c be admitt$ into ! h\se until !y h und]gone a c>eful purification4 ,:atev] dog y may h1 d n tie him up 9 a k5nel1 or1 at all ev5ts1 all[ ! animal to enjoy human society = "s h\rs daily4 ,dogs are made savage by ?is too frequ5t proc$ure1 especially ^? ^: blood is pure/ & ^: spirits are highe/4 ,a dog t is *a9$ to "o spot is sure to be irritable & capti\s1 j z w\ld be ! case ) a man :o is ti$ to "o spot4 ,ev5 ! k+ly _s ( ,napoleon lo/ its gr&eur & became peevi% & fretful :5 t re/less & ambiti\s nature 0 conf9$ )9 ! n>r[ limits ( a rocky isl&2 & we _c expect t ! m9d ( a dog %\ld be sup]ior to t ( an autocrat4 ,z to ! food ( ! dog1 !re is "o simple rule1--d n ov]fe$ him2 &1 above all1 nev] let him h scraps at meal times4 ,x is a v tempt+ practice1 = ! dog is s ins9uat+ 9 ! mann] ( 8 reque/1 & 8 ?anks are express$ s w>mly1 t "s little /r5g? ( m9d is requir$ to refuse 8 dem&s4 ,/ill x is "o ( ! occasions on :i* ! dog's own] mu/ %[ 8 firmness1 = !re are few m mis]able be+s ?an a fat1 ov]-f$ dog4 ,8 life is a positive burd5 to him1 & ! only rem$y is to />ve him d[n to 8 prop] dim5sions4 ,give ! animal b little meat & pl5ty ( biscuit1 fe$ x once only p] diem1 & y w be repaid by ! heal?y & active condition ( y\r pet4 ,la/ly1 z x is likely t ! dog may fall into "o ( ^? can9e ailm5ts :i* are to dogs :at measles & *ick5-pox & :oop+-c\gh are to *ildr51 we w j give a brief piece ( advice4 ,di/emp] is ! mo/ common & mo/ annoy+ ( ^? ailm5ts2 & if ! s]vices ( a pr(essional dog-doctor c be _h1 let ! animal be plac$ "u 8 c>e4 ,if no su* assi/ance c be obta9$1 ! be/ plan is to give ! dog no solid food1 b to adm9i/] gruel or weak bro?1 to prohibit e k9d ( ex]cise1 & see t ! v5tilation & cleanl9ess ( 8 h\se are z p]fect z possible4 ,leave ! re/ to nature2 & :5 ! pati5t is recov]+1 let x be l$ ab\t to ex]cise1 s z to avoid ov]-fatigue1 :i* w\ld1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 ?r[ him back aga94 ,illu/ration ,,gold ,,& ,,silv] ,,fi%4 ,^! are ( ! c>p family1 & h be5 kn[n 9 ?is c\ntry f ! ye> #afia4 ,!y ab\nd 9 ! fre%-wat] ponds1 lakes1 & riv]s ( ,*9a2 nor are !y1 inde$1 at ! pres5t "t q uncommon 9 our own climate1 be+ n[ naturalis$ 9 ponds1 & bre$+ freely 9 pure wat]s4 ,at ,hampton ,c\rt are to be se5 "s ( ! f9e/ specim5s ( ! family1 orig9ally plac$ !re by ,mr4 ,jesse1 to :om ! frequ5t]s ( t place ( public resort are s mu* indebt$4 ,!y h increas$ to sev]al hundr$s1 & _m ( !m are ( prodigi\s size & v fat1 be+ to fi% :at royal port]s are to m54 ,! col\rs ( gold-fi% are liable to ! greate/ v>iation3 "s are ne>ly all gold1 m+l$ ) r$2 "s are m>k$ ) a f9e blue1 br[n1 or bright silv] hue2 b ! usually pr$om9ant col\r is t ( a brilliant gold4 ,z an article ( food1 !y are n us$2 & are only valu$ = _! beauty & g5tl5ess4 ,x is a curi\s fact 9 ! hi/ory ( ! gold-fi%1 t x w be> )\t injury ! extremes ( heat & cold2 z x w live equally well 9 a tank1 9 a glass vase1 & 9 a pond 9 ! op5 air4 ,in/ances h be5 kn[n ( gold-fi% hav+ be5 froz5 h>d & /iff 9 ! wat]1 b yet1 ^u be+ gradually ?aw$1 becom+ p]fectly heal?y & well4 ,al?\gh _m pres]ves ( gold & silv] fi% exi/ 9 ?is c\ntry1 ! supply 0 pr9cipally f ,portugal1 :]e !y ab\nd4 ,!y are br\ght ov] 9 l>ge numb]s ab\t spr+ "t2 & !n num]\s p]ambulatory g5tlem51 hav+ pur*as$ a few small glasses ( ! mo/ inf]ior description1 & fi% at twop5ce ea*1 v mod]ately ask1 & (t5 receive1 = a c\ple ( fi%1 glass1 & wat] ! sum ( five %ill+s2 b our "y fri5ds mu/ bew>e ( su* p]sons1 = ! fi% !y sell usually die 9 a few days or weeks4 ,! silv]-fi% diff]s f ! gold-fi% only 9 col\r1 :i* is simil> to silv] tissue3 x g5]ally has sc>let f9s1 & is curi\sly m>k$ 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! body4 ,bo? v>ieties are also subject to v>iations 9 ! f9s1 :i* are occasionally d\ble2 & specim5s h be5 se5 ) triple tails4 ,,glasses4 ,! glasses1 or globes1 %\ld be mod]ately l>ge1 ) wide m\?s1 & ?ree-f\r?s fill$ ) wat]4 ,= two fi% ! globe %\ld be at lea/ a foot 9 diamet]2 & = ?ree or f\r fi%1 sixte5 in*es4 ,!y %\ld be kept 9 a cool place--nev] expos$ to a burn+ sun1 or ! heat ( a fire4 ,too _m %\ld nev] be cr[d$ into "o glass4 ,a few bran*es ( box %\ld be kept 9 ! globe1 = !m to rub aga9/1 :i* %\ld be *ang$ once a week4 ,,fe$+4 ,"s p]sons fancy t gold & silv] fi% ne$ no food4 ,x is true t !y w subsi/ = a long "t ) no?+ b wat]1 :5 x is pure & frequ5tly *ang$4 ,!y are be/ pleas$ ) su* jejune diet z bread or biscuit2 b ^! %\ld be giv5 sp>+ly1 le/1 turn+ s\r1 !y corrupt ! wat]4 ,!y w also fe$ on ! aquatic plant call$ lemna1 or duck's-we$1 & also on small fry4 ,hawk9s1 ! editor ( ,walton1 says t f9e gravel %\ld be /rew$ at ! bottom ( ! vessel t conta9s ! fi%2 & he directs !m to be f$ on bread & g5tles1 & to h _! wat] frequ5tly *ang$4 ,,diseases4 ,y c easily tell :5 a fi% is fall+ (f 9 8 heal? by obs]v+ him frequ5tly com+ up to ! surface ( ! wat] = air4 ,?is %[s he has n suffici5t p[] 9 8 gills to extract ! air f ! wat]4 ,he also looks dull1 & 8 motions are languid2 a hazy or cobwebby appe>ance likewise seems to envelop 8 body1 & p]haps "s ( ! scales w drop (f4 ,:5 a fi% gets into ?is unheal?y /ate1 he %\ld be imm$iately remov$ f ! o!rs1 :o %\ld h fre% wat] giv5 !m sev]al days 9 succession4 ,! be/ rem$y = diseas$ fi% is to put !m into a pond = a few weeks2 & x is especially necess>y = female fi%1 :i*1 if n s treat$1 frequ5tly die = want ( spawn+4 ,a fi% is sometimes sav$ by be+ plac$ 9 a little artificial dam1 made f "s runn+ /ream 9 a g>d51 = two or ?ree days2 b _! diseases are at all times v difficult to rem$y4 ,! be/ way is to prev5t !m by ! precaution>y measures--pl5ty ( room & pure wat]4 ,illu/ration ,,! ,,gu9ea-,,pig4 ,! gu9ea-pig1 or re/less cavy1 is a prettily-m>k$1 /upid1 little animal1 :i* came orig9ally f ,s\? ,am]ica1 & has long be5 a fav\rite ) mo/ little boys1 = :5 a boy becomes a y\? he aspires to keep+ some?+ m int]e/+ ?an ^! s5seless little squeak]s4 ,/ill x is a pretty sight to see ! old ones foll[$ by two or ?ree litt]s1 & to wat* _! antics :5 pleas$1 :i* consi/ ( a squeak & a peculi> %>p turn1 z if !y tri$ to jump out ( _! sk9s1 b c\ld n1 = !y are fitt$ 9 too tightly = t4 ,z = ! use !y are1 :y1 !y eat & sleep-- 8,j d no?+ all ! day1 ,& s\ndly sleep ! night away40 ,x is1 h[ev]1 a pretty1 h>mless1 little animal2 b z a pet is f> inf]ior to o!rs t are m commonly kept4 ,?\gh g5tle & in(f5sive 9 its mann]s1 x seems incapable ( feel+ ! slighte/ atta*m5t = ^? :o fe$ & c>ess x--ev5 = its own (fspr+ x ev9ces little or no affection3 x w n only suff] !m to be de/roy$ be=e its face1 )\t mak+ ! smalle/ ef=ts to def5d !m1 b w ev5 at times dev\r !m itself4 ,= all useful purposes gu9ea-pigs are utt]ly valueless1 ?\gh _! fle% is us$ z an article ( food 9 _! native c\ntry2 & _! sk9s1 not)/&+ ! beautiful sleekness ( _! appe>ance1 h z yet be5 turn$ to no acc\nt by ! furri]4 ,_! only recomm5dations1 !re=e1 are ! g5tl5ess ( _! disposition1 ! cleanl9ess ( _! habits1 & ! beautiful col\r+ ( _! coats4 ,9 ?is latt] respect !y are v v>i$2 black1 :ite1 bright r$di% br[n1 & a mixture ( ! ?ree1 call$ tortoise%ell1 be+ ! pr9cipal v>ieties4 ,! latt] are ! mo/ priz$1 p>ticul>ly :]e ! d>k col\rs pr$om9ate4 ,9 _! native c\ntry !y are g5]ally ( a pure :ite1 ) p9k eyes1 & x is no?+ unusual to h "o out ( a litt] :ite ) p9k eyes 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,rats are suppos$ by _m p to h a great antipa?y to gu9ea-pigs1 c>efully avoid+ ! place :]e !y are conf9$4 ,"u ?is impression--:i*1 h[ev]1 is an errone\s "o--!y are frequ5tly kept by fanci]s 9 _! rabbit-h\ses & pigeon-l(ts1 z a means ( protect+ _! /ock aga9/ ! depr$ations ( ^? rapaci\s v]m94 ,!y are all[$ to run almo/ any:]e1 & to %ift = !mselves3 no att5tion :atev] ne$ be paid to ! fe$+ ( !m1 ! m]e refuse scatt]$ ab\t ! floor be+ suffici5t = _! subsi/5ce4 ,:51 h[ev]1 !y are kept = amusem5t1 _! cages are g5]ally made precisely simil> to ! rabbit's hut*1 only ( r small] dim5sions3 _! treatm5t1 too1 9 mo/ respects1 is mu* ! same z t pursu$ ) reg>d to t animal4 ,_! ord9>y food %\ld be oats giv5 twice a day1 & n too _m at a "t4 ,!y are also v fond ( bran1 :i* is a *eap diet2 & !y w fatt5 ^u x1 & keep heal?y1 if all[$ pl5ty ( ex]cise4 ,gre5 meat %\ld also =m a portion ( _! usual diet1 p>ticul>ly ! wild sorts1 su* z d&elions1 s[?i/le1 planta91 c42 tea-leaves !y are rem>kably fond (1 b ^! %\ld only be giv5 !m n[ & !n by way ( a treat2 bread1 also1 !y are v p>tial to1 dipp$ 9 milk or wat]4 ,!y are sold by all bird-fanci]s2 ! prices v>y+ f sixp5ce to half-a-cr[n1 accord+ to _! age1 col\r1 c43 z be=e rem>k$1 ! d>k ri*-col\r$ tortoise%ell ones are consid]$ ! mo/ valuable4 ,illu/ration ,,! ,,h$gehog4 ,?is1 ?\gh a r\gh & prickly cu/om] to h&le1 is a clean little animal1 & a great pet ) c\ntry boys4 ,if y h ev] se5 "o--& !y are commonly sold at ! %ops kept by m5 :o call !mselves bird-fanci]s1 or ev5 hawk$ ab\t ! /reets ( ,london by c\ntrym5--if y h se5 "o1 y are aw>e t1 sav+ ! belly1 !y are cov]$ ) %>p spikes1 & t :5 al>m$1 or :5ev] !y please1 !y h ! p[] ( roll+ !mselves up into a tight r\nd ball1 :i* %[s no?+ b spikes1 & may be roll$ along1 l a cricket-ball1 )\t caus+ ! little animal to uncoil itself1 :ile e spike is firm & erect z a ne$le1 & almo/ z %>p4 ,:ile 9 ?is %ape v few dogs c worry ! h$gehog2 & z = ! fox1 :o is r p>tial to him1 true to 8 wily nature1 he rolls ! poor h$gehog along ) 8 paws until he comes to a pool ( wat]1 :5 ! h$gehog unrolls himself1 exclaim+1 no d\bt1 8,hey6 :y1 :at's ?is8 ,i c't brea!60 & try+ to peep ab\t & see :at's ! matt]1 ! fox1 on ! look-out1 seizes him by ! belly1 & eats him all up1 sav+ ! sp9es4 ,7 y to ?ru/ a doz5 p9s ) l>ge heads ?r\gh a piece ( p>*m5t1 y w\ld h an exact repres5tation ( ! sp9es ( ! h$gehog1 e "o ( :i* is reta9$ inside ! sk9 by ! l>ge p9-l head4 ,"s say t x sucks ! c[s1 & draws (f _! milk2 b ?is is absurd1 z its m\? is n adapt$ = suck+4 ,its fav\rite food are insects & snails3 x also fe$s on frogs & mice1 & w ev5 kill a snake1 & eat x all up1 beg9n+ at ! tail4 ,! way x kills a snake is v curi\s4 ,x gives ! snake a bite on ! back1 !n rolls itself up l a ball1 rema9+ /ill z a /one = "s "t1 :ile ! snake la%es & wri!s ab\t 9 agony2 z soon z ! snake is a little quiet ! h$gehog gives him ano!r %>p bite on ! sp9e1 & s cont9ues until ! snake is kill$2 !n he beg9s at ! tail1 z ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,g4 ,wood tells u 9 8 8,illu/rat$ ,natural ,hi/ory10 & eats him up 8z "o w\ld a radi%40 ,9 a natural /ate x sleeps all ! w9t]1 roll$ up 9 a hole :i* x has fill$ ) grass1 moss1 or leaves2 & :5 dome/icat$1 x w hide itself 9 "s d>k corn] = weeks1 & nev] once make its appe>ance1 unless x *ances to awake & feel hungry2 !n "s day y w see x come creep+ t[>ds ! fire1 & be v glad to see x too4 ,h$gehogs are great de/roy]s ( beetles1 eat+ !m up z quickly z y w\ld a h&ful ( rais9s1 & seem+ fond ( !m4 ,!y ne$ no look+ aft] at all1 b w take c>e ( !mselves1 ?\gh x is z well to h a little hut* to put !m into n[ & !n4 ,_! fe$+-"t is 9 ! night2 & if !re are black-beetles 9 ! kit*51 ! be/ plan is to leave ! h$gehog !re1 & let him dev\r all he c cat*4 ,!y h f\r or five "y ones at a litt]1 :i* are born bl9d4 ,x is no uncommon sight to see a c\ntryman ) bo? old & "y ones to sell4 ,y c buy a "y h$gehog = sixp5ce1 & an old "o = a %ill+1 or less ?an t ev54 ,we "k ( no animal t is less tr\ble to keep1 & 9 "t x becomes s tame z to come out ( its hid+-place :5 call$4 ,,! ,,jackdaw4 ,to procure a rav51 an ord] to a deal] is almo/ necess>y2 b e boy %\ld be a%am$ if he _c cat* a "y jackdaw = himself4 ,^! qua9t birds make _! ne/s 9 all k9ds ( places1 especially affect+ old build+s1 su* z *ur* t[]s1 ru9s1 or colleges4 ,!re is h>dly an anci5t *ur* ?r\gh\t ! k+dom :]e a basketful ( "y jackdaws c\ld n be obta9$ )9 half an h\r1 & old ru9s positively sw>m ) !m4 ,x is curi\s to see h[ birds ( su* diff]5t habits z jackdaws1 owls1 pigeons1 & />l+s w roo/ amicably 9 ! same locality1 n appe>+ to h ! lea/ di/ru/ ( ea* o!r1 or mak+ half ! fuss ab\t _! dwell+-places t is creat$ nightly by ! sp>r[s :5 settl+ to re/4 ,fail+ ru9s & t[]s1 he w take possession ( des]t$ rook-ne/s2 & 9 cases ( great di/ress1 :5 ! c\ntry is wide1 :]e m5 w n build t[]s1 :]e rooks & cr[s w n build ne/s1 he is =c$ to fly = succ\r to ! sea-%ore & ! w>r51 & make 8 home ) ! gannets & ! rabbits4 ,_m a p]son has be5 surpris$1 on look+ into a des]t$ rabbit burr[1 to f9d x *ok$ up ) a /range mass ( /icks & twigs1 & /ill m surpris$ :5 he has br\ght to view a c\ple ( jackdaw's eggs1 or he>s ! hungry cries ( ! "y birds4 ,?is seem+ alliance ( ! rabbit & ! jackdaw is n unique1 = x is obs]v$ 9 ! ,coquimbo owl1 or burr[+ owl1 z x is sometimes call$1 & ! prairie dog ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 bo? ( :i* reside )9 ! same w>r51 & seem p]fectly satisfi$ ) ea* o!r's company4 ,illu/ration ,! sea-birds1 too1 receive ! jackdaw into alliance1 & :ole colonies ( ^! grey-hood$ birds may be se5 hov]+ ab\t ! l(ty cliffs t b\nd our coa/s1 cry+ 8,jack6 ,jack60 9 inh>moni\s *orus ) ! sea-birds' wail4 ,sometimes a "y & too artless bird leaves its ne/ be=e x is rightly able to use its w+s1 & is unable to asc5d to ! summit ( ! cliffs1 flapp+ idly ab\t ! %ore1 driv5 ne>] & ne>] to ! rocks by ! advanc+ tide4 ,! :ole colony is r\s$ by ! mis=tune4 ,!y :eel ab\t 9 ! air ov] ! un=tunate bird ) cries ( di/ress2 !y d _! be/ to enc\rage x to asc5d2 b _! endeav\rs are all 9 va94 ,"t aft] "t x aims at ga9+ ! summit ( ! cliff1 b /rikes aga9/ ! rock1 & falls aga9 to ! s&s4 ,9 "s spots x contrives to ga9 an elevat$ p]*1 & !n waits ! ebb ( ! tide2 b 9 ^? places :]e ! rocks af=d no re/+-place )9 a mod]ate di/ance ( ! wat]'s edge ! fate ( ! poor bird is seal$4 ,jackdaws are v easily tam$1 & become v talkative1 aft] _! fa%ion4 ,_! vocabul>y is1 h[ev]1 limit$1 & is mo/ly re/rict$ to ! ^w 8,jack10 :i* is utt]$ on e imag9able occasion4 ,if ! bird sees its ma/] com+1 x calls 8,jack60 9 ord] to express its joy2 if x does n see him1 x calls 8,jack60 9 ord] to induce him to come4 ,if x he>s a /range noise1 x uses ! same rem>k by way ( giv+ notice2 & if x he>s its own "n1 x ?9ks itself b\nd to repeat ! ^w z a polite recognition4 ,x is a v vigilant bird1 & is q z useful z a wat*-dog to ^? :o wi% to ga9 e>ly intellig5ce ( /range visitors4 ,x is n ne>ly s mis*iev\s z _m ( its compe]s1 b sits = ! great] "p ( ! day on "s *os5 p]*1 & !nce surveys ! objects ar\nd4 ,a pass+ bee or beetle1 h[ev]1 imm$iately ar\ses its en]gies3 x p\nces on !m ) unfail+ c]ta9ty1 batt]s !m to a %apeless pulp aga9/ a /one1 & swall[s !m leisurely4 ,x w also cat* mice1 kill !m by sev]e bl[s ( ! beak ^u ! head1 pull !m to pieces1 & eat !m sy/ematically1 reject+ ! sk9 z indige/ible & unsav\ry4 ,z a g5]al rule1 x %\ld be left out ( ! way ( wat]2 = x is a positive slave to ! ba?1 & w\ld ba! s frequ5tly t x w\ld n ev5 give itself "t to become dry4 ,x may be f$ on bread & milk1 oats1 mice1 small birds1 insects1 meat1 or1 inde$1 ^u almo/ any?+ t c be eat5 by ! rapaci\s or frugivor\s birds4 ,x is ( an affectionate nature1 & w atta* itself firmly to ^? :o ext5d _! sympa?y t[>ds x4 ,,! ,,jay4 ,! jay is a truly h&some bird1 & w be> comp>ison ) any ( ! exotic species ( ! same g5us4 ,al?\gh x does n possess ! exub]ance ( plumage nor ! vivid brilliancy ( col\r t di/+ui% _m ( ! jays :i* inhabit ! hott] p>ts ( ! _w1 !re is great beauty 9 ! s(tly-ton$ hues ( ! g5]al plumage & ! boldly-contra/$ b>s ( azure & black ^u ! w+s4 ,! moveable cre/ ^u ! head imp>ts a wond]ful intellig5ce to ! expression1 & :5 ! bird ruffles up & displays ^! ornam5tal plumes1 a fre% *>m is add$ to its appe>ance4 ,! jay is n ne>ly s common a pet z ! magpie or jackdaw1 probably because x is a r>e bird1 & seems ye>ly to be dim9i%+ 9 numb]s4 ,x is n s impati5t ( captivity z ! magpie1 & w be> conf9em5t 9 a l>ge cage ) tol]able h>d9ess4 ,9 its native /ate ! jay seems to be r m ( a veget>ian ?an ! previ\sly m5tion$ examples ( ! corv9e birds4 ,/ill x w eat meat1 small birds1 mice1 insects1 worms1 c41 & has be5 kn[n to attack & deva/ate ! ne/s ( ! ?ru% & o!r birds1 & dev\r ! half-fl$g$ "y4 ,b if any proprietor ( a jay is desir\s ( giv+ 8 pet an especial treat1 he %\ld supply him ) a fre% egg4 ,any egg w answ] ! purpose1 b if ! jay seems to h a pref]5ce1 ! gaily-col\r$ egg ( ! ?ru%1 p]haps1 is mo/ attractive4 ,l ! magpie1 he w soon le>n to talk1 & displays p[]s ( imitation sc>cely1 if at all1 inf]ior to ^? enjoy$ by t lively bird4 ,ev5 su* s\nds z ! l[+ ( cattle1 ! grunt+ ( pigs1 ! bleat+ ( %eep1 or ! neigh+ ( horses1 are reproduc$ ) m>vell\s fidelity by ! jay1 al?\gh its ord9>y note is a s(t & r pleas+ cry4 ,illu/ration ,,! ,,magpie4 ,b :at are we to say ( ! magpie1 ! v ,m]cury ( ! fea!r$ tribes1--light1 active1 eloqu5t1 & ! mo/ accompli%$ ?ief 9 ! _w8 ,he we>s all 8 bad qualities 9 ! face1 is n ! lea/ ( a hypocrite1 & c>ries (f 8 del9qu5cies ) s impud5t an air t no "o c help admir+ him1 h[ev] !y may object to 8 pr9ciples4 ,n be+ s pl5tiful 9 ,engl& z ! jackdaw1 & build+ 8 ne/ on ! summits ( l(ty trees1 he is n s readily procur$ z t bird4 ,he is1 h[ev]1 s extremely amus+ 9 8 mann]s1 t mo/ p]sons w\ld r exp5d a little m money 9 procur+ a heal?y magpie ?an give a mu* less sum = ! m phlegmatic jackdaw4 ,8 mis*iev\s prop5sities are prov]bial1 & anybody :o keeps "o ( ^! birds mu/ be prep>$ = ! commission ( e imag9able del9qu5cy4 ,nor mu/ he blame ! bird if x %\ld happ5 to /eal 8 wat*-*a91 peck a hole ?r\gh 8 be/ boots1 fill 8 b$ ) /icks & pebbles1 upset 8 ink-bottle1 te> 8 pap]s1 put 8 kid gloves into ! dirtie/ procurable puddle1 or play practical jokes ( a simil> k9d2 he has only himself to ?ank = 8 c>elessness 9 all[+ x access to 8 doma9s4 ,b if he makes up 8 m9d t "u su* provok+ circum/ances ! blame re/s ) himself1 & t he w n be angry ) ! bird = foll[+ ! dictates ( its in/9ct1 he w f9d 8 magpie a mo/ ent]ta9+ companion1 z full ( odd tricks z a monkey1 & z playful z a kitt54 ,x requires v little att5tion1 & provid$ t he be regul>ly f$1 & furni%$ ) a %elt] 9 case ( inclem5t wea!r1 he w live to a v5]able old age4 ,! f]tility ( inv5tion t *>act]ises a magpie's m9d is p]fectly a/oni%+1 & ! anecdotes t are relat$ by e "o :o has wat*$ 8 habits are z v>i$ z !y are wond]ful4 ,!re is an am\nt ( self-reliance 9 ! creature :i* betrays itself 9 e ge/ure1 z well z 9 ! kn[+ twi/ ( ! head2 & ! triumphant 8c>rack0 t accompanies a successful piece ( mis*ief & ! impud5t flirt ( ! tail af=d unmi/akeable evid5ce ( ! bird's true "*4 ,none ( ! corv9e birds %\ld be kept 9 cages4 ,! jackdaw p]haps suff]s lea/ f su* captivity1 & ! magpie p]haps ! mo/4 ,x has su* a re/less nature1 t x is ev] on ! move1 & if conf9$1 9 a cage1 may be se5 hopp+ f p]* to floor1 & f floor to p]*1 9 mis]able monotony ( movem5t4 ,moreov]1 8 beautiful tail always suff]s sev]ely f contact ) ! b>s ( ! cage2 & ev5 if x is n rubb$ d[n to a m]e /ump1 z is frequ5tly ! case1 x is always r5d]$ ragg$ & disreputable at ! tip4 ,z a g5]al fact1 ! ord9>y wick] cages are ( small use4 ,a lively1 active magpie1 ) all its s5ses develop$1 w make little ( su* a cage4 ,sometimes he w direct 8 att5tion to ! door1 & nev] re/ until he has pull$ x (f ! h+es4 ,sometimes he w set delib]ately to "w1 & peck s fi]cely & cont9u\sly at ! b>s1 t he w break !m away 9 spl9t]s1 & make 8 way out4 ,h[ev]1 ! be/ plan is to avoid cages2 or if ! bird really mu/ be plac$ 9 conf9em5t1 let ! cage be roomy1 & made ( wire4 ,p]haps ! *ief *>m ( ! magpie is 8 great capability = le>n+ to talk1 & 8 exce$+ read9ess to display t accompli%m5t4 ,"s individuals are m eloqu5t ?an o!rs1 h a cle>] articulation & a bett] memory1--j z is ! case among human be+s4 ,b ?\gh all magpies may n be peculi>ly excell5t 9 _! p[]s ( conv]sation1 !y c all be taught to talk aft] a fa%ion1 & are seldom *>y ( exhibit+ _! p[]s4 ,a magpie has be5 kn[n to imitate ! human voice s p]fectly t he has induc$ 8 dupe to answ] 8 qu]ies1 believ+ !m to h be5 made by ! lad ^: peculi> voice 0 s well simulat$4 ,v little tr\ble is ne$ful to tea* a magpie to talk1 = 8 imitative in/9cts are v l>gely develop$1 & he is sure to reproduce ) m>vell\s fidelity ! v>i\s s\nds :i* he may he>4 ,he c b>k l a dog1 mew l a cat1 cry l a *ild1 scream l a co/]mong]1 & occasionally swe> l a troop]4 ,b he means no h>m1 & may be p>don$ = ! unref9$ language he is sometimes 9 ! habit ( us+4 ,magpies require pl5ty ( wat]--n s mu* = dr9k+1 al?\gh !y are always ?ir/y birds1 b = wa%+4 ,!y are extremely fond ( ba?+1 & a pl5tiful supply ( wat] is ne$ful to keep _! beautiful plumage 9 prop] condition4 ,! food ( ! magpie is ! same z t ( ! jackdaw4 ,,owls4 ,!re are worse pets to be f\nd ?an owls4 ,!y are n s imm$iately engag+ z _m creatures t h already be5 m5tion$1 b by prop] managem5t !y c be made into v companionable birds1 qua9t1 grotesque1 & affectionate )al4 ,! *ief drawback to ! owl z a pet is its nocturnal habits1 :i* cause ! bird to sleep dur+ ! day & to be awake dur+ ! night4 ,to a c]ta9 degree ?is cu/om may be correct$4 ,! *ief reason :y ! owl wakes at night is1 t x preys ^u mice & o!r nocturnal creatures1 :e!r mammals or insects1 & mu/ 9 consequ5ce be able to p\nce ^u !m z !y rove abroad4 ,n[1 al?\gh at fir/ to wake ! owl w be f\nd r a t$i\s bus9ess1 & to keep x awake /ill m difficult1 a pres5t ( a m\se1 or a small bird1 or a l>ge beetle1 w g5]ally r\se x1 & cause x to rema9 awake = "s little "t4 ,to *ange ! creature into a :olly diurnal bird is impossible1 inasmu* z ! entire bodily /ructure1 z well z ! temp]am5t1 is t ( a nocturnal be+4 ,! eyes1 = example1 are =m$ = vision 9 a v dim light1 be+ ( v great size1 & ) pupils s l>ge t ! ord9>y light ( day is pa9ful to ! bird1 & dazzles x s mu* t x _c see suffici5tly to direct its flight4 ,exceptional cases h occurr$1 9 :i* owls h be5 se5 abroad 9 ! daytime1 & be5 obs]v$ 9 ! act ( cat*+ mice at mid-day2 b su* an ev5t occurs v seldom4 ,ev5 :5 ! bird is plac$ 9 a comp>atively d>k room1 :]e ! rays ( ! sun _c beat ^u x1 ! eyes are cont9ually bl9k+ z long z !y are op51 & ! l>ge nictitat+ membrane is ev] & anon drawn ov] !m4 ,x may "h be m5tion$ t ! nictitat+ membrane is a k9d ( inn] eyelid1 made ( v ela/ic membrane1 :i* is ga!r$ up 9 "o corn] ( ! socket1 c be drawn ov] ! eye by means ( special muscles1 & returns by its own ela/icity :5 ! t5sion is remov$4 ,x is peculi>ly /rong 9 birds ( prey1 & ! be/ examples ( ?is curi\s /ructure are to be f\nd 9 ! owls4 ,illu/ration3 ,,:ite1 ,,or ,,b>n1 ,,owl ,9 g5]al1 ! owl sits1 or r /&s1 dur+ ! daytime1 fa/ asleep1 hav+ a v qua9t aspect1 ! eyes be+ r$uc$ to a m]e pair ( l9es1 slop+ t[>ds ! bill1 & surr\nd$ by ! r\nd discs ( /iff fea!rs :i* =m a 8splay$0 w9d[ 9 ! d5se plumage1 & all[ ! bird a wid] scope ( vision ?an x w\ld enjoy if ! ap]ture 9 ! fea!rs 7 no l>g] ?an ! eye itself4 ,altoge!r ! bird looks wond]fully l a ,*9ese m&>9 ( v high rank1 & consequ5tly ( great obesity2 ! slop+ l9e> eyelids be+ j z oblique z ^? ( ! ,*9am51 & ! two fea!r discs repres5t+ ! huge r\nd spectacles ) :i* ! ,*9ese are accu/om$ to aid _! vision4 ,! position ( ! owl :5 at re/ is r curi\s4 ,in/ead ( sitt+ ) its head repos+ on ! %\ld]1 its legs b5t1 & its claws firmly grasp+ ! p]*1 ! bird /&s /iffly upright1 ) its legs p]fectly /raight & its head upright4 ,"h we ought to m5tion ! popul> error t birds sleep ) _! heads "u _! w+s4 ,n only is ?is mi/ake impress$ ^u ! "y1 & fo/]$ by su* famili> nurs]y-rhymes z t ( 8,! nor? w9d do? bl[10 b x is 9 =ce ev5 among educat$ p]sons1 :o h le>n$ to obs]ve z well z to ?9k4 ,9 a rec5t controv]sy ab\t fre% air & human lungs "s ( ! advocates = /uff9ess & clos$ w9d[s employ$ z an argum5t ! imag9$ fact t1 :5 birds g to sleep1 !y exclude fre% air by tuck+ _! heads "u _! w+s4 ,! =ce ( _! argum5ts & ! accuracy ( _! facts 7 ab\t on a p>4 ,_m birds compose !mselves to sleep1 b no "o ev] yet saw a bird put its head "u its w+ :5 go+ to roo/4 ,! real process is simple en\gh1 z any "o c prove :o w take ! tr\ble to wat* a p>rot or can>y4 ,! bird fir/ settles itself 9 a com=table attitude1 :i* v>ies accord+ to ! species1 & !n turns its head r\nd1 & puts its beak among ! loose fea!rs ( ! %\ld]1 ! w+s be+ kept clos$ & held firmly aga9/ ! body4 ,owls may be procur$ 9 v>i\s me?ods4 ,if ! read] %\ld happ5 to possess prop] premises1 he w f9d t to attract owls w be z easy z to buy !m1 & w give him bett] opportunities ( /udy+ _! habits4 ,all t is requir$ is ! comm& ( a retir$ spot1 :]e ! birds w n be annoy$4 ,a little +5uity & ! exp5diture ( a few %ill+s w d ! re/4 ,x is impossible to h a bett] or m complete plan ( attract+ ! owls ?an t :i* is employ$ by ,mr4 ,wat]ton at ,walton ,hall4 ,he c1 & does1 attract all k9ds ( birds to 8 doma9 by ! simple plan ( af=d+ !m a secure %elt] & ! prospect ( food4 ,9 ! case ( ! owls ! fir/ precaution is ! only "o t is ne$ful1 ! birds be+ p]fectly capable ( f9d+ food = !mselves4 ,possibly a few mice ?r[n on ! gr\nd might assi/ 9 attract+ ! birds2 b z !y w come :5 no su* precaution is tak51 su* bait may be omitt$4 ,!re is a popul> idea t nei!r ! lion1 ! eagle1 or ! owl w eat game :i* !y h n kill$4 ,no?+ c be m oppos$ to fact ?an su* a notion3 = ! lion is g5]ally kill$ by lay+ 9 8 haunts a dead animal1 :i* he is sure to eat2 ! eagle is only too glad to pick up a dead lamb2 & ! owl w c>ry (f almo/ any numb] ( dead mice t are plac$ 9 its way4 ,if ! read] wi%es to attract owls to 8 premises1 he mu/ prep>e habitations = !m4 ,kn[+ t ! common b>n owl1 or :ite owl1 z x is sometimes call$1 is fond ( re/+ 9 build+s1 ,mr4 ,wat]ton has tak5 great pa9s to erect c]ta9 domiciles ( :i* ! owls are likely to approve4 ,a l>ge hole made 9 an old ru9 is sure to attract ! b>n owl1 especially if x be well %elt]$ ) ivy1 & a /\t p]* across ! cavity may be useful4 ,!re are owl-h\ses 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! doma91 all t5ant$ by "s bird1 & mo/ ( !m by ! inhabitant = ^: use !y 7 made4 ,! jackdaw is ! mo/ p]t9aci\s usurp] t c be imag9$4 ,any h\se t w suit an owl w suit a jackdaw1 & ! daw is s ke5 at discov]y & s quick at utiliz+ 8 faculties1 t he takes possession1 & fills ! hole ) /icks1 be=e ! owls h a *ance ( secur+ _! home4 ,if ! br[n owl is want$1 !re are few places l a holl[ tree1 an article :i* c (t5 be pur*as$ v *eaply1 set up 9 ! gr\nds1 & its int]ior arrang$ = ! reception ( ! birds4 ,a writ] 9 ! ,field newspap] has m5tion$ t he has be5 v successful 9 attract+ ! br[n owl by means ( an empty eighte5-gallon cask1 made v clean1 & fa/5$ 9 a tree4 ,a p]* 0 plac$ inside1 a conv5i5t entrance-hole cut1 & a quantity ( v dry t\*wood plac$ )94 ,on ?is t\*wood mu* ( ! success seem$ to dep5d1 = :]ev] x 0 omitt$ ! owls decl9$ to take possession ( ! cask4 ,9 ord] to fit x = its purpose1 x 0 c>efully dri$ 9 an ov54 ,! ext]ior ( ! cask 0 pa9t$ s z to h>monize ) ! col\rs ( ! tree4 ,%\ld ! read] be unable to fit up su* a resid5ce1 he may always pur*ase "y owls at a *eap rate1 & c tra9 !m aft] 8 own fa%ion4 ,9 ord] to %[ h[ mu* amusem5t may be giv5 by s despis$ a bird z ! owl1 ! foll[+ extract f a private lett] is int]e/+3-- 8,i saw a curi\s sight ye/]day1 :i* ,i ?9k q wor? communicat+ to y4 ,"s folks ab\t u h got a "y owl j fl$g$1 & "o ( ! boys _h giv5 him = 8 supp] a dead swift1 r high & gamey4 ,:ile he 0 enjoy+ ?is da9ty1 a "y tabby kitt51 t4 ab\t eight weeks1 came on ! sc5e1 & walk+ up to ! owl1 delib]ately invit$ h]self to a %>e 9 ! repa/4 ,mr4 ,owl did n express any objection1 save by exp&+ 8 w+s ov] 8 food1 m suo1 :]eupon pussy crept "u ! out/ret*$ w+1 & w5t 9 = h] %>e4 ,x 0 droll en\gh to see ! two go+ halves1 especially z e n[ & !n ! owl got pussy's e> by mi/ake1 & %e 9 l mann] began gnaw+ at 8 claw4 8,b ! sc5e rea*$ its climax by ! appe>ance ( five "y duckl+s hat*$ on ,?ursday la/0 7! date ( ! lett] %[s t x 0 writt5 on ,friday1 & consequ5tly t ! duckl+s 9 "q 7 j eight days old71 8:o surr\nd$ ! gr\p1 & did :at !y c\ld to help4 ,! smell ( ! dead bird attract$1 z ,i suppose1 _m small flies1 :i* hov]$ ab\t & settl$1 n[ on ! owl1 n[ on ! cat1 & n[ on ! un=tunate swift4 ,!y _h bett] h /ay$ away1 h[ev]1 = ! duckl+s snapp$ !m up z fa/ z !y alight$1 :ile bo? ! owl & ! cat seem$ q to disreg>d ! pokes & pecks :i* _! bodies receiv$ f ! /urdy bills ( ! duckl+s40 ,if ! read] %\ld keep owls 9 conf9em5t1 :]e !y _c procure food = !mselves1 he mu/ rememb] t !y are hungry be+s1 & give !m pl5ty ( food4 ,!y w eat almo/ any k9d ( meat1 b are v fond ( mice & small birds1 ! latt] ( :i* !y w mo/ly contrive to swall[ entire4 ,!re is no d\bt t all ! ,briti% owls fe$ ^u small birds :5 !y c procure !m4 ,!y h be5 obs]v$ 9 ! act ( robb+ ! ne/s1 9 spite ( ! screams & attacks ( ! angry p>5ts1 & ! skulls1 fea!rs1 & bones ( ! murd]$ birds h be5 se5 9 ! pellets :i* all owls disgorge4 ,illu/ration3 ,,br[n ,,owl4 ,9 common ) mo/ raptorial birds1 ! owls disgorge ! indige/ible p>ts ( _! food1 su* z ! bones1 ! fea!rs1 & ! sk92 & z ! owl eats its prey entire1 ! am\nt ( su* sub/ances is rem>kable4 ,!y are =m$ into egg-%ap$ masses1 & may be f\nd 9 pl5ty 9 ! ne/ or on ! gr\nd ne> ! ne/4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ! c\ntry ^! ca/+s are call$ 8quids40 ,:5 !y are fir/ eject$1 !y are wet & r t5aci\s2 b !y rapidly become dry1 & c !n be crumbl$ d[n into a s(t flock-l sub/ance1 :i* =ms ! b$ on :i* ! eggs repose4 ,^! eggs c easily be recognis$ by _! peculi> %ape & texture4 ,9 =m !y are v globul>1 _! %ells are v ?91 & ! surface is r\gh & *alk-l1 z if "s "o _h gr\nd a piece ( *alk into co>se p[d]1 mix$ x ) gum1 & pa9t$ ! egg ) ! mixture4 ,any "o :o is exp]i5c$ 9 su* matt]s kn[s an owl's egg z soon z he h&les x1 ev5 ?\gh he _c see ! object :i* he t\*es4 ,_! me?od ( eat+ mice is v curi\s1 & t ! owl %\ld d]ive any gratification f ! process seems to be r rem>kable4 ,! owl cat*es ! m\se ) its foot--a memb] t is wond]fully fitt$ = ! purpose--& !n %ifts ! m\se to its beak2 9 ?is respect diff]+ f ! hawks1 :i* hold ! prey ) ! foot1 & only use ! beak = ! purpose ( te>+ x to pieces4 ,at ! ,zoological ,g>d5s ! falcons may be se5 at fe$+-"t ) ! meat 9 _! claws1 nev] tak+ x 9 ! beak :5 !y move1 b hobbl+ ab\t ) a lump ( raw meat hang+ to "o foot1 & pres5t+ a v absurd spectacle4 ,:5 ! owl has settl$ itself into a com=table position1 x gives a k9d ( snap & a gulp1 & 9 a mom5t ! head ( ! m\se is 9 its ?roat4 ,ano!r gulp & a %ake ( ! head1 & ! m\se has disappe>$1 ) ! exception ( ! tail1 :i* hangs on "o side ( ! beak4 ,?is "p ( ! process seems to af=d ! owl ! greate/ satisfaction1 = ! bird rema9s = "s "t 9 ?is attitude1 /&+ p]fectly /ill1 b giv+ ! tail an occasional roll 9 ! beak4 ,sudd5ly ! head goes back ) a j]k1 ! eyes close1 !re is a mighty gulp1 & ! tail has foll[$ ! m\se into ! bird's /oma*4 ,! :ole process ( swall[+ ! prey is v mu* l t :i* may be obs]v$ 9 ! toad1 ! gulp+ ef=t to swall[ appe>+ to be equally great 9 ei!r case4 ,all owls c be treat$ 9 a simil> mann]1 s t !re is no ne$ ( m5tion+ !m individually4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ei!r ( ! e>$ owls c be obta9$1 ! "y naturali/ %\ld n fail to d s4 ,owls kept 9 captivity %\ld n be plac$ 9 cages1 provid$ t o!r accommodation c be furni%$1 b %\ld h a d>k recess 9 :i* !y c sit dur+ ! day1 & :]e !y c always be f\nd4 ,!y are n easily se5 by inexp]i5c$ eyes1 z !y h a habit ( *oos+ p]*es 9 spots :]e _! col\r h>monizes ) t ( ! locality4 ,:5 prop]ly treat$1 ! owl c be made q tame2 b unless x be tak5 :5 "y1 x is r unc]ta9 9 temp]1 bit+ v %>ply4 ,if any "o approa*es ! owl1 & he>s a quick1 snapp+ s\nd1 z if an ela/ic piece ( wood 7 8flick$0 aga9/ a table1 he may take x z a w>n+ t ! bird does n approve ( him1 & t he _h bett] n tru/ 8 h&s too ne> ! owl4 ,any "o c see h[ cat-l are ! owls 9 _! g5]al physiognomy1 z well z 9 _! nocturnal & m\se-lov+ habits2 & !y ev5 c>ry _! fel9e prop5sities into peculi>ities ( diet4 ,no animals are less aquatic ?an ! cat1 & yet none are m fond ( fi%4 ,ev5 ! be/ br$ & mo/ c>efully-tra9$ cat f9ds a difficulty 9 resi/+ h] appetite :5 %e sees fi% on ! table1 & %e c h>dly h a great] treat ?an an occasional sprat1 h]r+1 or plaice4 ,angl]-cats are n uncommon3 sev]al t 7 accu/om$ to haunt ! wat] side h be5 kn[n to cat* ! fi% 9 %all[ wat]1 & w\ld ev5 plunge into deep wat] = _! prey4 ,9 l mann] ! owl is a great fi%-lov]1 & has be5 se5 9 ! act ( dropp+ into ! wat]1 & ris+ aga9 9 ! air ) a fi% 9 its claws4 ,n[ x is an inv>iable rule ) animals ( all k9ds1 t ^! little ab]rations1 if we may s t]m !m1 are conducive to heal?3 a v famili> in/ance is ! occasional grass-eat+ prop5sities ( ! dog & cat4 ,! "y naturali/ w !re=e consult ! heal? ( 8 owl pets by giv+ !m a fi% n[ & !n1 z well z a few l>ge insects1 9 addition to _! ord9>y diet4 ,,! ,,p>rot4 ,among ! va/ multitude ( birds :i* inhabit all p>ts ( ! e>?1 or ev5 among ! _m species :i* are f\nd 9 our own c\ntry1 x is no easy matt] to make a fir/ *oice4 ,we w1 h[ev]1 comm5ce ) ! p>rot2 & be=e proce$+ to describe ! sev]al species :i* are g5]ally 9 vogue among ,engli% fanci]s1 we may rem>k t ! p>rots1 p>oquets1 macaws1 & cockatoos are f\nd 9 almo/ e w>m portion ( ! globe4 ,_m ( ! l>ge/ & mo/ magnific5t species inhabit ,s\? ,am]ica1 :ile ,au/ralia is rem>kable = possess+ sev]al examples ( ?is beautiful gr\p ( bird t are mo/ int]e/+ to ! "y naturali/ on acc\nt ( _! =m1 col\r1 & habits4 ,"o species1 ! ,long-bill$ ,p>rot1 or ,ne/or1 sci5tifically call$ ,ne/or productus1 is n[1 z is fe>$1 totally ext9ct1 ! la/ kn[n specim5 hav+ be5 %ot "s ye>s ago4 ,?is curi\s bird 0 notable = a wond]fully long upp] m&ible1 v l a pickaxe 9 %ape1 & employ$ 9 mu* ! same s]vice1 be+ us$ = digg+ out ( ! gr\nd ! roots & o!r vegetable sub/ances on :i* ! bird 0 accu/om$ to fe$4 ,x is r rem>kable t1 al?\gh ?is /range l& is v ri* 9 ! p>rot tribe1 none ( !m except ! cockatoo c be taught to speak1 be+ app>5tly incapable ( any imitation ( ! human voice1 & r>ely utt]+ any s\nd except a scream or a *uckle4 ,asia also possesses "s v elegant species4 ,all ! birds belong+ to ?is tribe are furni%$ ) r big heads1 v l>ge & curv$ beaks1 ) ! upp] m&ible hook$ well ov] ! l[]1 :i* is %ort & /\t2 & _! toes are s =m$ t !y are divid$ into two opposable sets1 s z to p]mit ! bird to grasp an object 9 its claws almo/ z if !y 7 h&s4 ,9 climb+1 an ex]cise ( :i* ! p>rots are v fond1 ! "y naturali/ w probably obs]ve t ! bird makes ne>ly z mu* use ( its beak z ( its feet2 & ev5 :5 tame & accu/om$ to p]* on ! h& ( its own]1 x aids itself 9 its movem5ts by tak+ hold ( ! f+]s ) its beak1 al?\gh too g5tly to cause any injury4 ,! species :i* is mo/ celebrat$ = talk+ is ! ,grey ,p>rot1 a well-kn[n bird1 liv+1 :5 wild1 9 ,we/]n ,africa1 & be+ at once id5tifi$ by its grey plumage & %ort r$ tail4 ,!re are sev]al modes ( obta9+ ?is bird1 su* z reque/+ a naval fri5d to br+ "o home on 8 return1 or go+ & fet*+ "o = y\rself4 ,b z !re are few :o are s happy z to h an accommodat+ nautical fri5d or relative1 & /ill few] :o are able to und]go ! p]ils & h>d%ips ( a sea voyage1 ! be/ way is to g to a respectable deal]1 & give him an ord] = a "y heal?y bird4 ,we say a "y bird1 because ! pur*as] w !n be able to tea* x e ^w t x speaks1 & w f9d 8 fea!r$ pet become f> m famili> ?an if x ent]$ 8 possession :5 ag$ & ) fix$ habits4 ,moreov]1 an old] bird is v apt to pick up all k9ds ( phrases employ$ by ! sailors on bo>d ! %ip 9 :i* x made its voyage2 & al?\gh su* a vocabul>y excites no p>ticul> surprise at sea1 x is r too =cible & idiomatic = society4 ,! wor/ ( ! matt] is1 t ! p>rot is possess$ ( an iron memory1 & nev] seems to =get any?+ x has once le>n$1 h[ev] its acquirem5ts may h be5 ov]laid ) fre% tea*+s4 ,x has (t5 happ5$ t a p>rot :i* has behav$ = a long "t 9 ! mo/ exempl>y mann]1 & employ$ none b ! mo/ ref9$ language1 has sudd5ly met ) a s\nd :i* recall$ all its old associations1 & induc$ ! bird to p\r =? a copi\s volley ( language too l\d to be disreg>d$1 & too pla9 to be misund]/ood4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,grey ,,p>rot4 ,& p>rots are j l *ildr5 9 _! prop5sities = say+ ! mo/ dreadful ?+s exactly at ! mo/ inconv5i5t times & to ! mo/ fa/idi\s p]sons1 always *oos+ a dead sil5ce = mak+ "s deeply repreh5sible rem>k1 & inv>iably address+ _! obs]vations to "s lady or "s /aid ecclesia/ical dignit>y4 ,p>rots are m>vell\sly n]v\s birds1 & :ile "y w (t5 ?r[ !mselves into su* p>oxysms ( fe> at ! m]e sight ( a /rang]1 t !y w ev5 endang] _! lives4 ,!y h an odd & unpleasant habit ( scold+ on su* occasions1 utt]+ l\d1 r\gh1 grat+ cries1 z pi]c+ to ! e> z ! s\nd ( a file or a saw1 & /ret*+ out _! necks ) ruffl$ fea!rs & agitat$ ge/ures4 ,"s birds reta9 ?is extreme timidity = a v long "t1 9 spite ( all attempts to conciliate !m4 ,z ! managem5t ( ! diff]5t species is ne>ly1 if n q1 id5tical1 x is unnecess>y to tr\ble ! read] ) a detail$ description ( ea* k9d ( p>rot & ! mode ( treat+ x2 x w be suffici5t to tell him h[ to manage ^! birds g5]ally1 & give a brief acc\nt ( ! c\ntry1 =m1 & col\r ( ^? species :i* are mo/ commonly br\ght to ?is c\ntry4 ,!re are1 inde$1 s _m1 t x is impossible to m5tion m ?an five or six sorts2 b if ! read] desires to le>n m ab\t ! p>rot tribe1 let him ref] to ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,g4 ,wood's 8,illu/rat$ ,natural ,hi/ory10 vol4 ii41 :]e he w f9d ! subject treat$ at l5g?1 & ) l>ge figures ( all ! mo/ rem>kable species4 ,! ,amazon1 or ,gre5 ,p>rot1 is s call$ f its col\r1 :i* is mo/ly bright gre51 ) "s yell[ & purple t9ts "h & !re4 ,?is species is br\ght to ,engl& "u ! title ( ! ,gre5 ,p>rot1 ! second species be+ m prop]ly call$ ! ,fe/ive ,p>rot4 ,x is mu* l>g] ?an ! common species1 be+ ab\t fifte5 or sixte5 in*es 9 l5g?1 & hav+ ! fea!rs ( ! l[] "p ( ! back ( a deep v]milion4 ,tea*+ ?is bird to talk is by no means a difficult task1--n ne>ly s difficult1 inde$1 z h9d]+ x f le>n+ accompli%m5ts :i* x is n desir$ to possess1 or induc+ x to refra9 f produc+ objectionable s\nds1 :e!r articulate or o!rwise4 ,9 ord] to tea* ! p>rot to imitate s\nds1 ! be/ & simple/ mode is to take ! bird into a p]fectly quiet room1 :]e x c he> & see no "o b ! in/ructor1 & w n h its att5tion di/ract$ by surr\nd+ objects4 ,!n1 aft] tak+ e c>e to r5d] ! fea!r$ pet famili>1 speak ! words1 or produce ! s\nds1 :i* ! bird is requir$ to imitate1 & be c>eful to avoid v>y+ !m ev5 by ! fraction ( a tone4 ,y w soon see ! pupil tak+ notice ( ! (t-repeat$ s\nd1 & x w pres5tly hold its head aside1 z if to cat* ! tones m cle>ly4 ,aft] a :ile x w try to imitate !m1 & z soon z x makes an attempt1 h[ev] imp]fect1 make mu* ( ! bird1 & give x a small morsel ( "s special da9ty4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,gre5 ,,p>rot4 ,p>rots are l>gely gift$ ) ! faculty call$ by phr5ologi/s 8love ( praise10 & are 9 no slight degree incit$ by self-e/eem2 s t x is possible to induce ! bird to p]=m ! odde/ feats by c>efully work+ on ^! two prop5sities4 ,!y h an almo/ morbid love ( be+ notic$1 & crave = words ( praise ) z mu* appreciation z if !y c\ld und]/& _! import4 ,y c ?r[ "o p>rot into a v passion ( jeal\sy by pret5d+ n to he> x1 & talk+ to ano!r bird4 ,"o difficulty 9 ! managem5t ( ^! birds is1 t :5 y h taught !m to ex]cise _! p[]s ( imitation1 !y are apt to pick up a k9d ( *ance-m$ley ( e s\nd !y he>1 in/ead ( adh]+ to "o lesson & le>n+ x ?or\ghly be=e !y beg9 ano!r4 ,break+ !m ( ! habit is a difficult task1 b c be a*iev$ ) ord9>y c>e4 ,! simple/ plan is to p\nce at once on ! obnoxi\s s\nd1 &1 by nev] lett+ x pass unnotic$1 give ,polly an idea t x is n to be utt]$4 ,if %e p]si/ 9 h] del9qu5cy1 ! be/ way is to scold h]1 & put h] at once into a d>k closet1 or ?r[ a ?ick %awl ov] ! cage1 s z to exclude ! light4 ,p>rots dete/ be+ left 9 ! d>k1 & x is surpris+ h[ soon ! bird f9ds t h] utt]ance ( ! =bidd5 s\nd is sure to be foll[$ by condign puni%m5t1 & !re=e ceases to be guilty ( ! (f5ce4 ,:]e9 %all our p>rot live8 ,?is is a natural & a ne$ful "q1 & requires a few l9es 9 reply4 ,assum+ t1 9 any case1 ! bird is to h pl5ty ( room1 z is ne$ful = a creature s re/less & active1 a cage is to be recomm5d$1 unless ! p>rot is v tame1 & !re is no fe> ( /range cats2 we say /range cats1 because ,polly w g5]ally contract an alliance ) ! cat & dog ( ! h\sehold1 & be on ! mo/ fri5dly t]ms ) !m4 ,illu/ration ,a good =m ( cage is "h giv54 ,z ! read] w obs]ve1 x is mu* wid] across ! top ?an is usually ! case4 ,?is is to give ! bird room to trav]se ! cage1 or luxuriate 9 its sw+1 )\t ! dang] ( rubb+ its tail into a %abby & ragg$ condition4 ,!re is a metal hoop susp5d$ by a *a91 & x is f\nd t p>rots are v fond ( gett+ into ?is hoop1 & sw++ ab\t4 ,! cage %\ld be made ( galvaniz$ iron wire1 v /rong1 & at lea/ five feet high4 ,we desire to dissuade our read]s1 9 ! /ronge/ t]ms1 f pur*as+ cages made ( brass wire = _! p>rot1 or inde$ = any o!r bird4 ,brass is t]ribly apt to produce v]digris1 especially 9 ,london or 9 any o!r l>ge t[n1 & :]e gas is mu* us$2 & z birds1 & p>rots especially1 are fond ( nibbl+ ! wires1 !y may be poison$1 & die a pa9ful dea?4 ,%\ld1 h[ev]1 ! bird be tru/wor?y1 we w\ld recomm5d "o ( ! common crut* p]*es1 to :i* ! bird is secur$ by a *a91 hav+ "o end fa/5$ to a r+ on its foot1 & ! o!r end affix$ to ! crut*4 ,if ! room 9 :i* ! bird is kept w p]mit ! arrangem5t1 by f> ! be/ plan is to add a /rong twi/$ wire to ! crut*1 & c>ry x to ! ceil+1 z is done 9 ! ,cry/al ,palace4 ,! *a91 in/ead ( be+ fa/5$ to ! crut*1 t]m9ates 9 a r+1 :i* slides ^u ! upright wire1 & p]mits ! bird to m\nt or desc5d at w4 ,illu/ration ,polly w be *>m$ ) ?is addition to h] range ( locomotion1 & ! sight ( 8 pet bird enjoy+ h]self _c fail to repay ! own] = ! slight extra tr\ble he has tak54 ,p>rots are v fond ( ex]cis+ _! /rong beaks1 & are apt to gnaw _! p]*es s incessantly1 t !y cut !m 9 two1 despite ! h>dness ( ! mat]ial4 ,prev5tion1 !y say1 is bett] ?an cure2 & if ! "y p>rot-own] w take c>e to give 8 bird n[ & !n a /\t piece ( elm wood1 ) ! b>k n remov$1 he w f9d t ,polly w pref] to te> & rasp away at ! elm bo>d to bit+ h] h>d p]*1 :]e !re is no b>k to be /ripp$ (f4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,cockatoo4 ,! pretty ,cockatoos are always great fav\rites1 _! =m be+ v elegant1 _! col\r delicate1 & _! talkative p[]s v great4 ,^! birds are natives ( ,au/ralia & ! ,indian ,isl&s1 & d]ive _! "n f ! peculi> cry ( "s memb]s ( _! k9d1 :i* exactly resembles ! ^w cockatoo4 ,! two species g5]ally f\nd 9 captivity are ! great ,wide-cre/$ ,cockatoo1 kn[n by ! cre/ ( broad & slightly-holl[$ fea!rs :i* decorate ! head1 & :i* c be rais$ & ev5 ?r[n =w>d :5 ! bird is excit$ ) pleasure or ang]4 ,! col\r ( ?is bird is :ite1 & ! "u surface ( ! cre/ is t+$ ) r$4 ,x comes f ! ,moluccas1 & is des]v$ly 9 fav\r z a pet1 be+ docile1 affectionate1 & v qua9t 9 its habits4 ,! o!r species is ! ,less]1 or ,sulphur-cre/$1 ,cockatoo1 also f ! ,moluccas & ,indian ,isl&s4 ,x is easily kn[n by ! po9t$ sulphur-yell[ cre/1 :i* is cont9ually be+ rais$ & ?r[n =w>d4 ,bo? k9ds c le>n to talk to "s ext5t1 ?\gh !y are n su* admirable l+ui/s z _! k9sm5 ! p>rots4 ,! pretty ,r+ ,p>oquet is a native ( ! ,ea/ ,indies1 & is a v famili> inhabitant ( our avi>ies & cages4 ,x is a g5tle creature1 & mo/ affectionate to a k9d own]4 ,x is mightily fond ( walnuts1 & ! bird c be kept 9 a /ate ( great good-hum\r = an h\r or m by giv+ x half a "o1 & tell+ x to pick out ! cont5ts ) its hook$ bill4 ,! bird seems p]fectly happy1 hold+ ! nut 9 "o claw1 %ift+ x ) great dext]ity1 s z to get x into ! be/ position = extract+ ! k]nel1 & utt]+ ! :ile a little1 l[ *uckle ( gratification4 ,! colloquial p[]s ( ?is bird are mod]ate2 b x does n le>n s readily1 nor repeat s accurately1 z ! grey or gre5 p>rot4 ,! ,macaws are notable = _! v long tails1 v big beaks1 & v brilliant col\r+4 ,! two species usually se5 9 ,engl& are ! ,sc>let & ! ,blue-&-,yell[ ,macaw4 ,!y come f ,s\!rn ,am]ica1 & h a mo/ magnific5t appe>ance :ile fly+ f tree to tree1 ) ! sunbeams fla%+ f _! gorge\s plumage4 ,z a pet1 ! macaw is r too noisy1 & has a horribly l\d & dissonant yell by way ( a cry4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 a magnific5t bird1 (t5 measur+ m ?an a y>d 9 l5g?4 ,! col\r ( ! plumage is almo/ entirely ( a ri* gl[+ sc>let1 reliev$ "h & !re by a little blue1 yell[1 & gre54 ,! ,blue-&-,yell[ ,macaw is ano!r native ( tropical ,am]ica1 & ?\gh n s gorge\sly respl5d5t a bird z its sc>let relation1 is yet a rem>kably h&some creature4 ,z may be surmis$ f its popul> appellation1 ! col\r is *iefly ( ! two t9ts blue & yell[1 mix+ occasionally s z to produce gre54 ,)\t go+ too deeply into m9ute details1 x w suffice to say t ! upp] "p ( ! back1 ! w+s1 & ! tail are azure blue1 & ! "u "p k+'s yell[4 ,on ! =ehead is a pat* ( gre51 ! *9 is black1 & ! *eeks are :ite & nak$1 ) ! exception ( ?ree n>r[ b&s ( v t9y fea!rs drawn successively b5ea? ! eyes4 ,! p>rot tribe may be f$ ^u v>i\s vegetable sub/ances1 su* z gra9 ( diff]5t k9ds1 se$s1 nuts1 ,indian corn1 & biscuits4 ,! /ones ( pea*es are great fav\rites ) ^! birds1 :o d]ive mu* amusem5t f pick+ ) _! scoop-l tongues ! s(t fruit f ! int]/ices ( ! r\gh /one4 ,!y ought n to h any k9d ( animal food1 n ev5 milk1 :i* is frequ5tly recomm5d$ = _! use1 z _! sy/ems are apt to become heat$1 & !n !y pull away _! fea!rs 9 _! attempts to alleviate ! irritation4 ,sometimes a p>rot w pluck itself b>e 9 e "p :]e its bill c rea*1 & s injure itself mat]ially4 ,a capsicum pod n[ & !n is1 h[ev]1 a treat1 & may be giv5 sp>+ly4 ,be c>eful to use glass or e>!nw>e pans = _! food1 & see e morn+ t ! cage & pans are q clean & bright4 ,,pigeons4 ,! practice ( re>+ pigeons = fancy or amusem5t has be5 = a long "t preval5t 9 ,engl&4 ,9 anci5t times ! 8dove-cote0 0 a g5]al app5dix to ! family hall or f>m]'s home/ead2 & at ! pres5t "t x may /ill occasionally be obs]v$ pe]+ above ! trees 9 c\ntry di/ricts2 :ile 9 ,london ! pigeon-l(t1 ) its 8dorm]s10 8area10 8traps10 & o!r appliances1 may be frequ5tly se5 on ! h\se-tops1 m especially 9 ! di/ricts inhabit$ by ! work+ classes4 ,pigeons live toge!r 9 pairs2 & :5 a cock & h5 once =m an atta*m5t1 ! union g5]ally la/s dur+ _! lives4 ,! pigeon 9 a wild /ate bre$s only twice or ?rice 9 ! season1 b ! dome/ic birds w bre$ e six weeks1 or dur+ ! great] "p ( ! ye>4 ,:atev] numb] ( broods a pair ( pigeons may br+ up 9 a ye>1 ! h5 nev] lays b two eggs be=e %e sits4 ,%e incubates = eighte5 days aft] ! lay+ ( ! second egg4 ,bo? ! cock & h5 assi/ 9 ! hat*+3 ! h5 usually sits f ! aft]noon till ab\t elev5 o'clock on ! foll[+ morn+2 ! cock !n takes h] place1 & sits :ile %e goes out to fe$ & ex]cise h]self1 & g5]ally keeps on ! ne/ until two or ?ree o'clock 9 ! aft]noon4 ,:5 fir/ hat*$1 ! "y are f$ = ab\t eight days ) a milky secretion prep>$ 9 ! crop ( ! p>5ts1 & regurgitat$ into ! m\? ( ! "y1 & aft]w>ds ) gra9 & se$s ! old ones h pick$ up 9 ! fields & treasur$ 9 _! crops4 ,9 ?is mode ( supply+ ! "y ) food f ! crop birds ( ! pigeon k9d diff] f ^? ( any o!r family4 ,illu/ration ,=m]ly x 0 common to erect build+s z dove-cotes 9 ! neighb\rhood ( great c\ntry mansions3 _m ( ^! 7 ( consid]able size & elevation1 z %[n 9 ! engrav+4 ,! cu/om1 h[ev]1 has fall5 into disuse1 & pigeon-h\ses ( m mod]ate sizes are n[ g5]ally employ$4 ,a small "o is v (t5 =m$ f a w9e-cask1 :i* has holes cut 9 its sides1 & a small plat=m made be=e ea*1 to =m a re/+-place 9 front = ! birds to alight ^u4 ,! int]ior is divid$ into *amb]s by ! c>p5t]1 or any boy ( common c>p5t]+ +5uity may readily d x himself4 ,! cask is !n elevat$ on a /\t ?ick scaffold+ pole or ! trunk ( a /raight tree1 & made p]fectly secure4 ,9 arrang+ ! int]nal *amb]s = ! birds c>e %\ld be tak5 t !y are l>ge en\gh = !m to turn r\nd 9 ) ease4 ,! cote %\ld be fix$ 9 a w>mi% spot1 & n expos$ to cold ea/]ly & nor!rly w9ds4 ,! top ( ! cask %\ld be ?at*$ or bo>d$1 & ?is protection %\ld come well ov] ! holes & sides ( ! cote1 s z to protect x f ! heat ( ! sun 9 summ] & ! drift+ ( ! ra9 9 unseasonable wea!r4 ,illu/ration ,! "y fanci] may employ "o aft] ! fa%ion %[n on ! foll[+ page3 ?is1 ) its comp>tm5ts1 may be fix$ up aga9/ ! s\? or s\?-we/ side ( a /able1 b>n1 or out-h\se4 ,! outside %\ld be well pa9t$1 & ! alight+ places slightly slant$1 s t ! wat] or ra9 may n lodge on !m1 b run (f to ! gr\nd outside4 ,! :ole %\ld be s plac$ t x c be approa*$ by a ladd]1 :i* ought n to be p]man5tly atta*$ to ! cote1 or x may be a means = ! intrusion ( cats & v]m94 ,x sometimes happ5s t a sp>e l(t or room pres5ts itself to ! "y pigeon-fanci]1 :i* may be made use ( = a pigeon-h\se4 ,:5 ?is is ! case1 x c easily be fill$ up ) pigeon-boxes1 :i* may be arrang$ r\nd ! sides1 :ile holes are made on ! outside ( ! build+ = ! pigeons to fly 9 & out at4 ,broad flat p]*es may also be plac$ across ! room1 ^u :i* ! birds may re/4 ,! boxes = ! ne/s %\ld be at lea/ a foot squ>e4 ,x is f> m advantage\s & pr(itable to keep pigeons 9 a sp>e room ?an to employ ! dove-cotes on a pole1 or ^? fix$ aga9/ ! side ( a h\se1 z d\ble ! numb] ( "y birds may be re>$1 ! ne/s be+ %elt]$ f ! inclem5cy ( ! wea!r4 ,illu/ration ,z to ! comp>tm5ts1 or ne/s1 e "o %\ld be furni%$ ) an e>!nw>e ne/-pan1 ( a size adapt$ to ! pigeons = :i* !y are int5d$4 ,s& or gravel %\ld be spr9kl$ ov] ! %elves & on ! floor1 z ! small /ones ) :i* x ab\nds are useful to ! birds 9 help+ !m to dige/ _! food1 & a little old mort>-rubbi% or p\nd$ burnt oy/]-%ells %\ld be giv51 to supply ! lime necess>y = ! %ells ( ! eggs4 ,ev]y?+ ab\t !m %\ld be kept v clean1 & ! :ole app>atus1 ( :atev] k9d x may be1 %\ld und]go a frequ5t & ?or\gh purification1 :ile ! ne/-pans or boxes %\ld be well clean$ aft] e hat*+4 ,illu/ration ,!re is a contrivance ( great use :i* is employ$ = lett+ into ! l(t ^? birds :o may n happ5 to come home be=e ! areas are clos$ = ! night4 ,! object ( ?is door1 :i* is call$ ! 8bolt+ wire10 is to let ! birds 9 )\t lett+ ^? 9 ! l(t pass out4 ,x is made by plac+ be=e a squ>e ap]ture cut 9 ! pigeon-h\se a c\ple ( wires ab\t ?ree in*es ap>t f ea* o!r 7z se5 9 ! draw+73 ^! sw+ loosely ^u a piece ( wood1 :i* turns on a wire1 & _! l[] ends come ov] ! l[] l$ge on ! inside4 ,by ?is arrangem5t1 :5 a bird outside presses aga9/ ! b>s & tries to get 91 ! :ole op5s inw>ds1 & he easily ent]s2 b if "o f )9 tries to get out1 ! wires press aga9/ ! l$ge at ! bottom1 & effectually prev5t 8 egress4 ,)9 ! pigeon-h\se %\ld be plac$ boxes = ! gra91 pulse1 & beans t ! birds fe$ ^u4 ,pigeons are great dev\r]s ( food1 & w eat any k9d ( gra91 su* z :eat1 b>ley1 oats1 peas1 beans1 vet*es1 ,indian corn1 t>es1 c4 ,small beans1 call$ pigeon's beans1 are ! be/ g5]al food = all pigeons4 ,if possible1 ! peas1 beans1 or t>es giv5 to ! birds %\ld be old1 z new pulse is apt to disagree1 & purge !m4 ,hempse$ is v /imulat+1 & al?\gh pigeons are v fond ( x1 x %\ld be sp>+ly giv54 ,pigeons are v fond ( lime & salt1 & to supply !mselves peck out ! mort> f betwe5 ! tiles4 ,to prev5t ?is1 x is be/ to make !m :at is call$ a 8cat10 :i* w be exce$+ly grateful to !m1 z x w t5d to keep !m 9 good heal?4 ,?is is done 9 ! foll[+ mann]3-- ,mix "s sift$ gravel or e>? ) old mort>-rubbi%1 or p\nd$ burnt %ells1 if ?is _c be obta9$2 add a few h&fuls ( salt2 & make ! :ole into a mass ) wat]4 ,portions ( ?is may be put into fl[]-pots1 & plac$ 9 situations :]e ! birds c get at !m easily4 ,illu/ration3 ,,mat+ ,,cage4 ,pigeons are (t5 sadly annoy$ by v]m94 ,to prev5t ! increase ( ^! intrud]s1 ! mo/ scrupul\s att5tion %\ld be paid to cleanl9ess 9 e "p ( ! h\ses1 ne/s1 & places ( resort1 & ! birds %\ld be provid$ ) %all[ pans ( wat] to wa% 94 ,sometimes !re is a little tr\ble att5d+ ! mat+ ( pigeons1 & x is ( great importance t !y %\ld be prop]ly mat*$1 or ! "y w n be purely br$4 ,! mat+ coops %\ld h a ?9 lattice-"w p>tition betwe5 !m1 s t ! birds may make acqua9tance ) ea* o!r1 & mat* toge!r1 :5 !y may be plac$ 9 "o p54 ,:5 !y are prop]ly mat$1 !y may be left at lib]ty to arrange & build _! ne/s1 :i* !y w d v readily4 ,! illu/ration on ! prec$+ page %[s ! con/ruction ( ! mat+ cage4 ,,v>ieties ,,( ,,pigeons4 ,! ,columbid1 or family ( pigeons1 are "o ( ! mo/ num]\s & mo/ widely di/ribut$ families ( birds4 ,!y are all vegetable fe$]s2 & _m congregate 9 flocks4 ,b not)/&+ _! numb]s1 g5]al di/ribution1 & beauty1 only two1 out ( a great numb] ( species1 h be5 br\ght into subjection by man3 ^! are ! common pigeon1 or h\se pigeon1 kn[n z ! ,rock pigeon :5 9 ! wild /ate1 & abundant 9 sev]al p>ts ( ! cliffy & cav]n$ %ores ( ! ,briti% ,isl&s1 & ! ,coll>$1 or ,cream-col\r$ dove1 ) a n>r[ black coll> r\nd ! neck4 ,?is latt] is frequ5tly kept 9 conf9em5t3 x bre$s freely if 9 v l>ge cages1 & x may be re>$ 9 ! op5 air 9 ?is c\ntry if protect$ dur+ sev]e w9t]s4 ,illu/ration ,,blue ,,rock ,,dove4 ,! ,blue ,rock dove is ! und\bt$ orig9 ( all ! diff]5t v>ieties ( dome/ic pigeons4 ,x is a mo/ beautiful bird2 its g5]al col\r is blue1 ) two black b>s across ! w+s4 ,9 "s few ( ! l>ge dove-cotes blue rocks /ill exi/2 b ! pure race1 uncontam9at$ by int]mixture ) any ( ! num]\s v>ieties ( dome/ic pigeons1 is sc>cely to be obta9$ except 9 ! di/ant isl&s ( ! ,hebrides1 or 9 remote di/ricts unfrequ5t$ by man4 ,x is a swift fly]1 a good =ag]1 & a prolific bird2 b its comp>ative wildness r5d]s x ill adapt$ = a dome/ic pet4 ,illu/ration ,,! ,,antw]p1 ,,or ,,sm]le4 ,sm]les are ! ,fly+ ,pigeons ( ,belgium4 ,^! extraord9>y birds1 t p]=m races ( #ejj miles1 return+ home to ,brussels & ! adjac5t t[ns f ! s\? ( ,france1 & ev5 f ,spa91 closely resemble ! blue rock 9 g5]al =m2 b1 z %[n 9 ! engrav+1 ! fea!rs ( ! w+s are r broad]1 & ! head & beak ?ick] & %ort]4 ,!y are ( v>i\s col\rs1 z blue1 *ecqu]$1 r$1 mealy1 c4 ,_! desire to return home is s great t x is useless to attempt to e/abli% a /ud ( !m1 by lib]at+ old birds1 h[ev] long !y may be %ut up2 ! only plan is to re> "y f !m :il/ conf9$ 9 a room or l(t1 or to obta9 "y birds t h nev] fl[n at ! place ( _! bir?4 ,^!1 f ! peculi> noise !y make1 are t]m$ 8squeak]s40 ,we d n "k any m delightful fancy = boys ?an ,antw]ps1 z !y are /rong1 h>dy1 f]tile1 & require no special tr\ble2 good wat] & a little c>e 9 clean+ is all !y ask2 & !y rew>d _! own]s by be+ always ready to convey to _! home messages f any di/ance :i* !y may h be5 tra9$ to fly4 ,! tra9+ is ?us accompli%$3 ! "y birds1 :5 !y c fly r\nd ) ! o!rs1 & da% ab\t 9 ! air 9 t vigor\s /yle t *>act]ises ! bre$1 are tak5 a %ort di/ance f home & set free4 ,!y rise1 & circl+ r\nd & r\nd1 descry _! home1 & make /raight = x4 ,_! next j\rney is long]1 & s on2 ! di/ances are gradually increas$1 until ! birds w return ev5 = sev]al hundr$ miles4 ,:5 ^! birds are us$ to convey messages1 ! pap] mu/ be s atta*$ z n to imp$e _! flight4 ,! prop] mode ( do+ ?is is to write ^u a /rip ( ?9 s(t pap]1 ab\t half an in* broad by ?ree or f\r in*es long3 ?is is roll$ r\nd ! leg1 & secur$ by a ?read4 ,an ord9>y lett]1 ti$ to ! bird 9 ! mann] t is (t5 repres5t$ 9 engrav+s1 w\ld entirely prev5t its flight4 ,illu/ration ,,! ,,p\t]4 ,! bre$s ( pigeons t are mo/ valu$ by fanci]s are ^? t diff] 9 ! greate/ degree f ! blue rock doves & ! common mongrel dove-h\se pigeons4 ,( ^! ! ,p\t]s1 ,c>ri]s1 & ,tumbl]s are ! mo/ e/eem$4 ,! p\t] is a rem>kable bird1 di/+ui%$ by ! extraord9>y p[] x possesses ( inflat+ or bl[+ out ! neck3 x is also *>act]is$ by ! extreme l5g? ( its legs1 :i* %\ld be fea!r$ to ! toes1 & ! l5g? ( ! fea!rs ( ! w+s & tail4 ,p\t]s are ( v>i\s col\rs3 "s are purely :ite1 b 9 g5]al !y are blue1 or black1 m>k$ or pi$ ) :ite ^u ! crop1 & ) :ite flight fea!rs 9 ! w+s2 !re are also r$ & yell[ pi$ birds4 ,! prop]ties = :i* a p\t] is valu$ are usually /at$ z be+ five 9 numb]2 viz4 l5g? ( leg1 l5g? ( fea!rs1 sl5d]ness ( body1 size ( crop1 & col\r4 ,p\t]s possess+ all ^! prop]ties ( ! bre$ 9 a v p]fect degree are r>e1 & consequ5tly v valuable4 ,t51 or ev5 tw5ty1 p\nds is no uncommon price = a pair ( birds suffici5tly good to w9 prizes 9 ! competitions at ! exhibitions ( p\ltry & pigeons2 b v fair specim5s may be b\ght at ! deal]'s = a few %ill+s p] pair4 ,p\t]s are n su* good nurses z _m o!r pigeons1 (t5 neglect+ _! "y be=e !y c fe$ !mselves1 :5 !y die1 unless f$ by be+ cramm$ ) beans at lea/ twice a day4 ,= ?is reason we w\ld n recomm5d ! "y fanci] to beg9 ) ?is bre$4 ,illu/ration ,,! ,,c>ri]4 ,! ,c>ri] ( ! pres5t day is n1 z its "n might seem to imply1 ev] us$ to c>ry messages1 b is a high-class fancy v>iety1 valu$ 9 proportion to ! p]fection ( its prop]ties4 ,9 a good c>ri] ! beak is long1 ?ick1 & /raight2 ! beak-wattle1 or membrane at its base1 well develop$1 & /&+ well up f ! head4 ,! eye-wattle1 or membrane r\nd ! eye1 %\ld be l>ge1 flat1 & circul>2 ! skull n>r[ & long2 ! neck v sl5d] & long2 ! plumage firm & glossy1 ! tail & flight fea!rs be+ long4 ,! col\r mo/ valu$ 9 c>ri]s is a brilliant jet black3 _m fir/-rate birds are :at are call$ duns1 a v>iety ( br[n4 ,!re are also :ite & blue c>ri]s1 & occasionally pi$ birds are se54 ,! blacks & duns are1 h[ev]1 ! mo/ p]fect 9 prop]ties2 & !y may be mat$ toge!r )\t risk1 z !y w always produce ei!r black or dun "y birds1 & n1 z might be expect$1 a mixture ( ^! col\rs1 or a bird int]m$iate 9 col\r betwe5 ! two4 ,c>ri]s are v fair sitt]s & nurses1 b !y are subject to diseases ( ! eyes1 & are n z well suit$ to "y fanci]s z "s ( ! o!r bre$s4 ,illu/ration ,,! ,,dragon4 ,= grace1 /yle1 & beauty !re are no pigeons sup]ior to ,dragons4 ,!y are almo/ ev]y?+ a "y fanci] c\ld desire--good hom+ birds1 able to d #ej or #ajj miles ) ease2 active on ! w+1 close sitt]s1 good nurses1 f]tile bre$]s1 requir+ no special c>e2 full-siz$ birds1 good 9 a pie1 & n exp5sive 9 fir/ co/4 ,_! g5]al =m is some:at l t ( ! c>ri]1 b !y are mu* m active1 & f> quick] 9 flight4 ,"s ( ! be/ dragons are blue2 o!rs are :ite1 r$1 yell[1 & black4 ,!y diff] f ! c>ri] 9 ! size ( ! eye & beak-wattle1 & 9 ! beak4 ,illu/ration ,,! ,,tumbl]4 ,! ,tumbl]s are ! v opposite ( ! bre$s la/ describ$4 ,small birds1 ) r\nd$ heads1 %ort beaks1 & pretty little r$ pranc+ feet1 !y are ! v pets ( ! pigeon fancy4 ,9 col\r ! tumbl]s v>y v mu*4 ,!re are blues1 blacks1 & o!r self col\rs2 !n "s h :ite heads--^! are t]m$ bald heads2 o!rs h a :ite m>k bel[ ! "u bill--s !y are t]m$ be>ds2 b ! v>iety mo/ valu$ is t t]m$ ! almond tumbl]4 ,9 ?is bre$ e fea!r ( ! plumage is v>iegat$ ) black1 yell[1 & :ite1 ! yell[ =m+ ! gr\nd col\r4 ,^! almond birds are re>$ by exp]i5c$ fanci]s ) beaks s %ort t !y are h>dly able to br+ up _! own "y1 & o!rs h to be employ$ = ! purpose4 ,birds ( ?is extreme "* are n suit$ to "y fanci]s2 b ! ord9>y fly+ tumbl]s1 :i* c be b\ght at any deal]'s = a few %ill+s p] pair1 are mo/ pleasant pets--good bre$]s1 active & joy\s on ! w+1 con/antly turn+ som]saults 9 ! air1 good 9 a pie1 & able to fly home1 if tra9$1 "s ?irty or =ty miles ) ease4 ,illu/ration ,,! ,,b>b4 ,! ,b>b1 or1 z x us$ =m]ly to be call$1 ! ,b>b>y pigeon1 f ! c\ntry f :]e x 0 orig9ally obta9$1 is reg>d$ ) great e/eem by fanci]s1 & v good specim5s _c be obta9$ except at high prices4 ,9 size ! b>b is r a small bird4 ,! col\rs are usually black1 dun1 r$1 yell[1 or :ite2 blue b>bs1 /range to say1 are n kn[n4 ,! eye ( ! b>b is surr\nd$ by a nak$ sk9 or wattle ( a r$ col\r2 ?is %\ld be circul> 9 =m1 & ! l>g] x is ! m ! bird is valu$3 ! skull %\ld be broad1 & ! beak %ort & /\t4 ,b>bs are good sitt]s1 & br+ up _! "y ones v well4 ,!y are also /rik+ 9 appe>ance1 ! r$ eye-wattle contra/+ well ) ! col\rs ( ! plumage4 ,illu/ration ,,! ,,owl4 ,l ! b>bs1 ! be/ ,owl pigeons also come f ! nor? ( ,africa4 ,=m]ly !re 0 v common 9 ?is c\ntry an elegant1 %ort-beak$ bird ( a beautiful blue or silv]y col\r1 kn[n z ! owl3 ?is 0 ( m$ium size1 & possess$ rapid p[]s ( flight4 ,beautiful z ! bre$ 01 x has almo/ entirely be5 sup]s$$ at ! pigeon %[s by a v petite1 delicate1 :ite bre$1 ! fir/ specim5s ( :i* 7 br\ght to ?is c\ntry f ,tunis ab\t a doz5 ye>s s9ce4 ,a v good specim5 ( ?is *>m+ little v>iety is repres5t$ 9 our engrav+4 ,s9ce t true blue & black owls ( ! small size h also be5 introduc$4 ,! great drawback to ?is fairy-l little bre$ is its delicacy4 ,! "y fanci] w\ld d well to *oose = 8 fir/ fav\rites a h>di] v>iety4 ,,! ,,turbit4 ,! ,turbit is a pigeon some:at resembl+ ! owl1 b its head is flatt]1 & x has a turn$ cr[n ( fea!rs at ! back ( ! neck4 ,9 col\r x is peculi>4 ,! w+s1 ) ! exception ( ! l>g] flight-fea!rs1 are col\r$1 & ! rema9d] ( ! body %\ld be :ite4 ,!re are turbits ( all v>ieties ( col\r1 or1 z !y are t]m$1 blue1 black1 r$1 yell[1 & silv] turbits4 ,,! ,,fantail4 ,!re are a numb] ( pigeons :i* are /rik+ly di/+ui%$ by rem>kable peculi>ities 9 ! =m ( ! plumage2 su* are ! ,fantail1 ! ,trumpet]1 & ! ,jacob94 ,! fantail is p]haps ! be/ kn[n ( ^!4 ,! numb] ( fea!rs 9 ! tail ( an ord9>y pigeon is f\rte51 b 9 ?is bre$ x is greatly increas$2 9 "s specim5s ev5 to ?ree times t numb]1 & ?irty fea!rs are n uncommon 9 good birds4 ,! c>riage ( ! tail is also greatly *ang$2 in/ead ( be+ borne beh9d1 l t ( an ord9>y pigeon1 x is held al(t1 l ! exp&$ tail ( a peacock4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,fantail4 ,! engrav+ repres5ts "o ( ! be/ :ite fantails1 ! tail full1 c>ri$ well ov] ! back1 & ! long swan-l neck ?r[n back s z to t\* ! tail4 ,fantails are good h>dy birds1 & z !y c be b\ght at all prices1 v well suit ! "y fanci]4 ,moreov]1 !y soon become v tame1 & may be re>$ almo/ ev]y:]e4 ,illu/ration ,,! ,,trumpet]4 ,! ,trumpet] is n z common a v>iety z ! fan-tail1 b is fully z rem>kable4 ,x d]ives its "n f its peculi> voice1 :i* is q unlike ! ord9>y coo1 coo1 ( a common pigeon2 & x is also di/+ui%$ by ! s+ul> arrangem5t ( ! fea!rs on its head & feet3 ! latt] are fea!r$ to s great an ext5t t ! bird appe>s to h f\r w+s4 ,_m ( ! l>g] quills on ! feet ( a good trumpet] w exce$ f\r in*es 9 l5g? if unbrok54 ,trumpet]s h a tuft ov] ! beak & a turn ( fea!rs at ! back ( ! head4 ,!y require to be kept mo/ scrupul\sly clean2 o!rwise ! elegant app5dages on ! feet become clogg$ ) dirt1 & ! birds lose all _! attractiv5ess & beauty4 ,illu/ration ,,! ,,jacob94 ,no v>iety ( pigeon excels ! little ,jacob9 9 its qua9t prett9ess4 ,! t9y little head is half conceal$ 9 a recurv$ c[l ( fea!rs :i* runs d[n at ! sides ( ! neck1 & ne>ly meets 9 front4 ,! head1 ! flight fea!rs ( ! jacob91 & ^? ( ! tail1 %\ld be purely :ite1 ^? ( ! re/ ( ! plumage col\r$4 ,! mo/ common col\rs are r$ or yell[2 b !re are also black jacks1 z !y are sometimes call$ = %ortness1 & also blues1 & "s t are entirely :ite4 ,jacks bre$ v freely1 & we _c recomm5d a pretti] pigeon1 or "o bett] adapt$ to ! juv5ile fanci]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! =ego+ bre$s include all ! be/ kn[n v>ieties4 ,x is true !re are _m o!rs describ$ 9 ! works on pigeons1 b none bett] fitt$ = ! "y & inexp]i5c$ fanci]4 ,! bre$ kn[n z ,runts are *>act]is$ by _! enorm\s size1 sometimes weigh+ ev5 z mu* z f\r p\nds or ev5 f\r & a half p\nds a pair4 ,b !y d n fly well1 & are m suit$ = pigeon pies ?an = a fanci]'s l(t4 ,!re are also ! bre$s kn[n z ,nuns1 ,spots1 & ,helmets1 :i* are :ite ) m or less col\r on ! head1 c42 b = beauty ( m>k+ none surpass ^? blue bre$s t possess ! arrangem5t ( col\rs 9 ! plumage t *>act]ises ! orig9al wild rock dove4 ,,p\ltry4 ,,f[ls4 ,!re are few occupations m attractive ?an ! c>e & *>ge ( dome/ic p\ltry4 ,x is mo/ int]e/+ to behold a h5 ) h] family1 & to m>k h] c>e & t5d]ness = !m2 :ile to see ! little *icks !mselves1 pick+ & scrat*+ ab\t1 bask+ 9 ! sun1 or runn+ hi!r & ?i!r aft] ! h51 or ne/l+ "u h] w+s1 is a v pleasant sight4 ,l ! pigeons1 f[ls are all desc5d$ f a s+le species ( wild bird1 ! common wild jungle f[l ( ,india4 ,?is has be5 dome/icat$ f a v e>ly p]iod1 & c>ri$ to all habitable p>ts ( ! globe4 ,a l>ge numb] ( diff]5t v>ieties exi/ 9 a dome/ic /ate1 none ( :i* are kn[n 9 ! wild condition4 ,! *ief bre$s kn[n 9 ,engl& at ! pres5t "t are ! ,dork+s1 ,game1 ,spani%1 ,hamburghs1 ,poli%1 ,co*9s1 ,brahmas1 ,malays1 ,bantams1 ,silky f[ls1 & ! common b>n-door f[l1 :i* is a v mongrel bre$4 ,! be/ kn[n ,fr5* v>ieties are v valuable = economical purposes3 !y are ,h\dans1 ,crve ,curs1 & ! ,la ,fl*e bre$s4 ,f[ls require bo? animal & vegetable food4 ,:5 all[$ to range at l>ge _! great se>* is = worms & insects1 :i* !y obta9 = !mselves4 ,!y mu/ be suppli$ ) gra91 su* z b>ley1 oats1 tail :eat1 c42 & !y %\ld also be well furni%$ ) raw vegetables1 grass1 cabbage or lettuce leaves1 unless !y h a free range ov] ! fields4 ,boil$ potatoes & o!r vegetables are also v s]viceable to !m4 ,! /aple food %\ld1 h[ev]1 be gra91 & ?is may be mix$ ) boil$ potatoes4 ,! quantity ( b>ley = ea* f[l is ab\t a qu>t a week1 if !y are entirely f$ by h&2 b 9 b>n or /able y>ds !y require mu* less4 ,!y %\ld also always h a pl5tiful supply ( pure & clean wat]4 ,all f[ls dep5d5t ^u man = food %\ld be f$ regul>ly twice or ?rice a day 9 ! same place4 ,! food %\ld be giv5 to !m at ne>ly ! same h\r--eight o'clock 9 ! morn+ & f\r 9 ! aft]noon1 z 9 ! spr+ & autumn birds retire e>ly to roo/1 & x is v bad managem5t to call !m f _! p]*es = fe$+4 ,"y *ick5s %\ld be f$ mu* m frequ5tly if x is wi%$ t !y %\ld gr[ into f9e1 h&some birds4 ,,fatt5+4 ,:5 f[ls are to be fatt5$ = ! table1 !y mu/ be f$ (t5]1 & ) diff]5t descriptions ( food1 ?an :5 !y are simply kept = re>+ /ock or lay+ eggs4 ,!y !n require gr\nd b>ley or oatmeal1 :i* fatt5s !m mu* quick] if mix$ ) milk4 ,indian corn is also a capital fatt5]1 &1 z x is n[ *eap1 may be us$4 ,gross food1 made up ( impure fat1 grease1 & fle%-food is v bad = f[ls4 ,:5 fatt5+ = ! table1 !y %\ld h _! food ?ree times a day1 at morn+1 noon1 & ev5+2 & !y %\ld be kept w>m & com=table dur+ ! night4 ,f[l h\ses %\ld be w>m & dry1 & h compact e>!n floors1 well rais$1 & litt]$ d[n ) gravel1 f :i* ! l>ge /ones h be5 tak5 & ! small ones left4 ,,lay+4 ,ne/s 7baskets or boxes7 mu/ be made = ! h51 9 :i* a *alk egg or two %\ld be put4 ,! ne/s may be made ( %ort /raw4 ,"s h5s w lay "o egg e day1 & o!rs "o e o!r day4 ,! eggs ought to be tak5 f ! ne/ e aft]noon1 :5 no m may be expect$ to be laid2 = if left 9 ! ne/ ! heat ( ! h5s1 :5 lay+ ! next day1 w r5d] !m less fit = dome/ic use4 ,,hat*+4 ,:5 ! h5 has laid h] numb] ( eggs1 nature has provid$ = _! be+ hat*$ by giv+ ! bird an in/9ct to sit or incubate4 ,?is in/9ct is made kn[n by a p>ticul> sort ( cluck1 & by ! h5 sitt+ /eadily on ! ne/ 9 :i* %e has be5 9 ! habit ( lay+4 ,9 select+ ! eggs to be sat ^u by ! h51 *oose su* z h be5 rec5tly laid1 & n ^? ( angul> %ape or extra size3 ! latt] are (t5 d\ble yolk$1 & r>ely produce *ick5s4 ,! numb] ( eggs to be hat*$ by ! h5 mu/ 9 "s degree dep5d ^u h] size4 ,a mod]ate-siz$ h5 w v nicely cov] eight or n9e eggs 9 ! cold spr+ mon?s1 & twelve or ?irte5 9 ,april or ,may4 ,an odd numb] is (t5 *os52 b !re is no advantage 9 s do+4 ,! h5 hav+ receiv$ h] eggs may be !n left to h]self2 %e %\ld h wat] plac$ at a conv5i5t di/ance1 & h] food may be giv5 to h] ne> ! place ( sitt+4 ,! h5 sits on h] eggs tw5ty-"o days1 dur+ :i* p]iod %e seems 9 a dozy /ate1 & seems to require b little food or ex]cise4 ,"s h5s w fe$ e day2 b o!rs w g = sev]al days )\t leav+ ! ne/1 or tak+ n\ri%m5t3 ^! %\ld be lift$ (f ! ne/1 & f$ daily4 ,:5 *ick5s are hat*+1 :i* usually takes place tw5ty-"o days aft] ! eggs are plac$ "u ! h51 x is be/ to leave !m entirely to !mselves4 ,z soon z ! h5 becomes a "m1 a great *ange is se5 9 h] "*--all h] =m] habits give way to mat]nal solicitude4 ,a good h5 att5ds to h] brood ) ! mo/ p]sev]+ fondness2 %e w attack ! fi]ce/ animal :o d>es to mole/ h] prog5y4 ,,re>+ ,,( ,,*ick5s4 ,:5 ! *ick5s are hat*$1 !y require no food till ! foll[+ day1 :5 !y may be f$ ) crumbs ( bread slightly moi/5$ ) milk1 & egg beat5 up ) an equal quantity ( milk1 & !n heat$ s z to =m a s(t cu/>d3 ?is is ! be/ food t c be giv5 !m4 ,!y %\ld also h a few grits1 & aft] a few days "s small :eat4 ,if ! wea!r is dry & w>m1 x is be/ n to coop ! h5s1 z by scrat*+ !y obta9 a supply ( insect food & worms = ! *icks1 :i* is bett] ?an any?+ else t c be giv5 !m2 b !y %\ld n be let out 9 damp wea!r 9 long grass be=e ! dew has dri$ up4 ,if coop$1 ! coop & h5 %\ld be plac$ 9 "s nice dry & sunny spot 9 ! lawn or g>d51 )9 sight ( ! dwell+-h\se1 & :]e no cats are likely to pr[l ab\t4 ,!re %\ld be a little pan ( wat] set )9 rea* ( ! h51 ne> ! b>s ( ! coop1 & /ones %\ld be plac$ 9 x to prev5t ! "y brood f dr[n+ !mselves1 & ?is wat] %\ld be frequ5tly *ang$4 ,illu/ration ,! *anges ( wea!r %\ld be wat*$1 & :5 x sets 9 wet or cold ! "y brood %\ld be c>efully protect$ by ! removal ( ! coop into "s w>m %elt]$ place1 su* z a /able1 coa*-h\se1 or ou?\se2 & s ) c>e cont9ue to be nurs$1 gu>d$1 wat*$1 & att5d$ to1 till !y are ab\t sev5 weeks old1 :5 !y w ( !mselves sep>ate f _! p>5t h51 take to ! roo/1 & act indep5d5tly4 ,!re is a great *oice ( bre$s 9 ! diff]5t v>ieties1 & we w /ate ! advantages ( ea*4 ,dork+s are l>ge heavy f[ls1 fir/-rate = ! table1 good sitt]s & mo!rs3 b r delicate1 require a good grass range1 & d n d well on damp soils4 ,spani% are h&some f[ls1 lay num]\s l>ge eggs1 d n sit2 are n s good = ! table z ! ,dork+s1 be+ long] 9 ! limbs1 & n s fle%y4 ,co*9s & ,brahmas are l>ge dome/icat$ f[ls1 v h>dy2 c be kept 9 by a l[ f5ce2 !y are good lay]s1 good sitt]s1 good mo!rs1 & useful family f[ls on ! table4 ,hamburghs are pretty1 light1 active1 roam+ f[ls2 !y are call$ ev]la/+ lay]s1 z !y nev] wi% to sit1 b lay on incessantly1 except at m\lt+-"t4 ,!y d n be> close conf9em5t well1 & are difficult to keep 9 enclos$ places1 z !y fly l pheasants1 & "k n b\nds4 ,! cre/$ ,poli%1 black1 :ite1 & spangl$1 are also non-sitt]s & good lay]s2 b !y are n s h>dy z ! spangl$ ,hamburghs4 ,game are h>dy1 v fair lay]s1 good sitt]s1 ! be/ ( mo!rs2 plump on ! table1 ?\gh n v l>ge2 well able to take c>e bo? ( !mselves & _! *ick5s4 ,bantams are pretty little pets1 t may be suff]$ to roam ab\t a g>d5 )\t do+ any injury4 ,! ,fr5* bre$s--,h\dans1 ,crve ,curs1 & ,la ,fl*e--are rem>kable = _! good qualities z table f[ls4 ,! ,:ite ,silky f[ls are a v s+ul> bre$1 ) divid$ fea!rs1 l wool or silk1 black sk9s1 & black bones4 ,!y h _! good po9ts1 h[ev]3 !y are admirable sitt]s & nurses1 & br+ up "y p>tridges & pheasants bett] ?an any o!r f[ls4 ,!y are also v good to eat1 ?\gh _! black sk9 r5d]s !m r unsightly on ! table4 ,^! v>ieties (f] suffici5t *oice ev5 to ! mo/ p>ticul> amateur1 :o %\ld make 8 selection 9 accordance ) 8 wants & 8 locality--accord+ z he requires egg-produc]s or *ick5s = ! table1 & :e!r he c af=d 8 f[ls ! advantages ( a free range ov] gre5 fields1 or has to keep !m 9 a conf9$ space1 ne> a suburban resid5ce4 ,,! ,,p9tado1 ,,or ,,gu9ea ,,f[l4 ,gu9ea f[ls associate readily ) ! common f[ls 9 a p\ltry-y>d2 b !y h ?is peculi>ity1 t ! cocks & h5s are s ne>ly alike t x is difficult to di/+ui% !m1 except by ! voice1 ! h5s only utt]+ ! con/antly-reit]at$ cry ( 8,g back6 ,g back60 ,! head is cov]$ ) a k9d ( casque1 ) wattles "u ! bill1 & ! :ole plumage is ei!r black or d>k grey spr9kl$ ) regul> & uni=m :ite spots4 ,! p9tado is a native ( ,africa4 ,^! birds lay pl5ty ( eggs1 r small] ?an ^? ( ! common h51 & speckl$4 ,!y may be re>$ by plac+ ! eggs "u a h52 b ! *icks are extremely t5d]1 & v (t5 a sudd5 *ange ( ! w9d 9 ,m>* w sweep (f a :ole brood 9 a few h\rs4 ,! "y %\ld be f$ ) cu/>d1 c41 z ord]$ = f[ls4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,,ducks4 ,! common wild duck1 or mall>d1 is ! orig9al /ock ( ! dome/icat$ duck1 & appe>s to h be5 reclaim$ at a v e>ly p]iod4 ,! mall>ds come f ! nor? ( ,europe1 at ! end ( autumn1 &1 migrat+ s\?w>d1 arrive at ! beg9n+ ( w9t]1 9 l>ge flocks1 & spread !mselves ov] all ! l\ghs & m>%y wat]s 9 ! ,briti% ,isles4 ,! tame duck is a l>g] bird1 & v>ies greatly 9 col\r4 ,tame ducks are easily re>$3 ! be/ way to get !m is to place duck's eggs "u a h51 = ! tame duck is (t5 a c>eless "m2 ! h51 on ! contr>y1 g5]ally hat*es a duckl+ f e egg ) :i* %e is entru/$4 ,%e does n conduct h] "y to ! wat]1 & g5]ally exhibits mu* anxiety :5 ! "y brood take to x2 b %e wat*es ov] !m1 & is ev] ready to def5d !m f dang]4 8,! village s*oolboy10 z old ,bewick says1 8witnesses ) delight ! antic movem5ts ( ! little brood "u ! *>ge ( a fo/]-"m1 :o ) anxi\s fe>s paddles ^u ! br9k & utt]s h] unavail+ cries or calls1 :ile ! duckl+s1 reg>dless ( h] w>n+s1 & rejoic+ 9 ! elem5t s well adapt$ to _! nature1 are spla%+ ov] ea* o!r b5ea? ! p5dant foliage1 & div+ _! heads b5ea? ! wat]40 ,illu/ration ,!re are _m v>ieties ( ! tame duck4 ,"o ( ^? mo/ 9 reque/ is ! d>k-col\r$ ,r\51 :i* is v prolific 9 eggs4 ,! ,aylesbury1 or :ite v>iety1 is l>ge & pr(itable4 ,! ,muscovy duck is a di/9ct species1 & n a m]e v>iety1 mu* l>g] ?an ! common duck1 & di/+ui%$ by a membrane ( a r$ col\r1 cov]+ ! *eeks & ext5d+ beh9d ! eyes4 ,!re are also sev]al o!r =eign species1 z ! ,m&>9 & ,c>ol9a ducks1 :i* are kept r = ornam5t ?an use4 ,ducks sit = ?irty days4 ,!y beg9 to lay 9 ,febru>y1 & :5 n wat*$ w lay abroad & conceal _! eggs4 ,!y g5]ally lay at night1 or v e>ly 9 ! morn+4 ,:ile sitt+1 ! duck requires a seclud$ & s(t place4 ,on hat*+1 %e %\ld be tak51 ) h] brood1 & put "u a coop2 a %all[ pan ( wat] %\ld be plac$ ne> h] = h] dr9k & = t ( ! "y ones1 b x %\ld be v %all[4 ,9 a few days %e may be let loose1 :51 ) h] brood1 %e w imm$iately take to ! wat]4 ,"y ducks %\ld be f$ ^u oatmeal or b>leymeal1 & kept 9 a w>m place at night "t1 & n let out e>ly 9 ! morn+4 ,!y %\ld at fir/ be kept f wat] to swim 91 z x always does !m h>m4 ,:5 ! ducks gr[ l>ge1 !y may be f$ ^u oats ?r[n into a pan ( wat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,muscovy ,,drake4 ,,! ,,rabbit4 ,( all dome/icat$ animals de> to ! ,briti% s*oolboy's he>t ! rabbit is1 p]haps1 ! mo/ g5]al fav\rite4 ,rabbits may be kept simply z pets or curiosities1 or z a comm]cial speculation1 & 9 ei!r or all ( ^! conditions !y are sure to answ] ! expectations ( ! own]1 provid$ only t ord9>y pa9s be tak5 ) !m4 ,z pets1 !y c be made tame1 affectionate1 & playful2 z curiosities1 !y c be modifi$1 by c>eful bre$+1 into ! odde/ %apes & mo/ ecc5tric col\r+2 :ile1 z a comm]cial speculation1 !y c1 ) prop] c>e & =e?\ght1 be r5d]$ extremely pr(itable1 & w pay a heavy p]c5tage on ! orig9al outlay4 ,z an example ( ?is fact we may m5tion ! case ( a "y c>p5t]1 "o ( ^? /eady1 h>dwork+1 intellig5t m5 :o are sure to get on 9 ! _w1 simply because !y keep _! eyes op5 to all t passes1 always wat* = opportunities1 & always seize !m :5 f\nd4 ,?is man us$ to make a consid]able addition to 8 income by 8 rabbits1 fatt5+ & sell+ a l>ge numb] annually1 besides /eadily increas+ 8 /ock4 ,he 0 ev] wat*ful on _! acc\nt1 & nev] w5t to a h\se :]e he 0 employ$ 9 8 trade )\t ask+ = ! wa/e potatoes1 cru/s ( bread1 & simil> sub/ances1 :i* he us$ to take home & conv]t1 by judici\s mixture1 into nutritive diet = ! rabbits4 ,z1 h[ev]1 !re are b few boys :o keep rabbits = ! purpose ( mak+ money by !m1 we w treat at great] l5g? on _! g5]al managem5t ?an on ! me?od ( fe$+ !m at ! lea/ co/ & sell+ !m at ! highe/ price4 ,be=e rabbit-keep+ is attempt$ x is necess>y to prep>e1 v c>efully1 a habitation = ! future pet1 & 9 ! foll[+ pages w be f\nd full in/ructions = t task4 ,x is h>dly possible to take too mu* tr\ble ab\t ! rabbit-h\se1 & any abatem5t 9 ?is respect is sure to prove ! tru? ( ! old prov]b1 t p5ny wisdom is p\nd fooli%ness4 ,two objects are to be consid]$ 9 ?is matt]2 ! fir/ & mo/ important be+ ! com=t & happ9ess ( ! creature :o is int5d$ to live 9 ! h\se1 & ! second ! wa/e ( "t1 money1 & pati5ce1 :i* ! con/ant sickness & ultimate dea? ( ! rabbit is sure to inflict ^u a neglectful own]4 ,s we advise ! int5d+ rabbit-keep] to exp5d pl5ty ( tr\ble ^u 8 h\se or hut*1 & assure him t ! heal?y & ?riv+ condition ( 8 pets w m ?an repay ! tr\ble1 & _! rapidly-increas+ numb]s m ?an defray ! exp5ses orig9ally incurr$4 ,%\ld a s+le rabbit be at fir/ kept--a good me?od1 by ! way1 ( exp]im5t+ be=e und]tak+ ! m ardu\s & responsible task ( sett+ up a regul> e/abli%m5t--a h\se or hut* l t :i* is repres5t$ 9 ! accompany+ illu/ration w be all t is ne$$4 ,illu/ration ,su* a "o z ?is may be easily made by any boy ( ord9>y +5uity1 z no great neatness 9 jo9ts is ne$$1 & ! only requisites are /r5g? & compactness4 ,%\ld n ! "y c>p5t] possess ! wood & tools ne$$ = ! entire con/ruction ( ! hut*1 8 be/ plan w be to pur*ase an old tea-*e/ or egg-box f ! groc]'s1 & modify x into ! necess>y =m4 ,! box w co/ ab\t f\rp5ce1 or sixp5ce at ! mo/2 ! wire w co/ a p5ny1 & ! nails ano!r p5ny4 ,if no tools c be borr[$1 a boy c set himself up = ord9>y "w at a v *eap rate1 ! foll[+ be+ all t is really ne$$3-- ,saw1 "o %ill+2 hamm]1 eightp5ce2 half-in* *isel1 ) h&le1 sixp5ce2 small ?ree-corn]$ file1 twop5ce2 two bradawls1 "o l>ge1 & ! o!r r small1 twop5ce1--^! w be )\t h&les1 & ! be/ way is to drive ! 8tang0 ( ! bradawl into ! end ( a /ick ( firewood1 !n cut ! /ick into a h&le1 %ape x ) a knife1 & b9d ! end ) /r+ or wire to prev5t x f splitt+4 ,^! h&les are j z useful z ^? :i* are pur*as$1 & h ! advantage ( co/+ no?+ b a few m9utes' lab\r4 ,! :ole set ( tools ne$ n co/ m ?an half-a-cr[n or1 at ! mo/1 ?ree %ill+s4 ,z w be se5 f ! illu/ration1 ! hut* is divid$ into two portions1 t on ! left h& be+ mu* ! l>g]1 & employ$ by ! rabbit z a day-room4 ,t on ! "r is small1 & is us$ z a sleep+ ap>tm5t4 ,^! two *amb]s are sep>at$ by a p>tition ( bo>d1 9 :i* is cut a hole1 ?r\gh :i* ! inmate c pass backw>ds & =w>ds4 ,illu/ration ,z x is (t5 necess>y to conf9e ! rabbit 9 ei!r comp>tm5t :ile ! o!r is be+ cleans$1 ! ap]ture mu/ be clos$ by means ( a slid+ door drawn up & d[n ?r\gh ! ro(1 z se5 at ,a4 ,we h f\nd by exp]i5ce t ! purpose 0 fully answ]$ by sub/itut+ a /rong iron wire = ! wood5 h&le1 & lett+ x pass ?r\gh ! hole bor$ 9 ! ro(4 ,we m5tion ?is1 because x is always be/ to "k ! simple/ & easie/ plan ( proce$+4 ,! wire is firmly secur$1 z se5 9 ! engrav+4 ,aft] cutt+ ! slid+ door to ! prop] %ape1 bore a hole at a ) ! little bradawl4 ,%>p5 "o end ( an iron wire 7! same z t ( :i* ! op5 front is made7 & pu% x firmly into ! hole4 ,n[ b5d ! wire upw>ds1 until x lies flat ^u ! wood1 & !n b5d x ov] ! edge1 z se5 at b4 ,cut (f an in* ( wire1 %>p5 bo? ends1 b5d !m s z to =m a /aple1 & drive ! /aple ov] ! wire at b1 s z to hold x firmly 9 its place4 ,two small holes %\ld be made ) ! little bradawl 9 ! prop] direction1 & ! hamm] mu/ d ! re/4 ,b5d up ! wire aga91 cut x (f to ! prop] l5g?1 & all is ready = fix+1 :i* is done z foll[s3-- ,take ! bo>d :i* is to =m ! p>tition1 & :i* is easie/ made f ! lid ( ! box1 & cut out a r\nd1 ar*$1 or squ>e hole ne> ! bottom1 ! hole be+ ab\t an in* n>r[] e way ?an ! slid+ door4 ,lay ! door ov] ! hole1 & place on ea* side ( x a /rip ( wood a trifle ?ick] ?an ! door4 ,^! slips are te*nically call$ guides1 because !y guide ! door 9 ! "r direction3 try :e!r ! door w slide easily up & d[n !m1 &1 if s1 nail !m firmly 9 _! places4 ,!n get a second pair ( wood5 slips1 n s ?ick1 b ab\t half an in* wid] ?an ! fir/ pair2 lay !m on ! guides s t !y ov]lap ! door1 & !n nail !m d[n4 ,! door w !n slide up & d[n :5 pull$ or pu%$ by ! wire4 ,to make ?is "p ( ! proce$+s q cle> a section ( ! door & slide is giv5 bel[3 g repres5ts ! guides2 f ! bo>d & _! slips :i* ov]lap ! door2 & ! door itself is %[n by ! dott$ l9es b994 ,:5 fitt$ toge!r ! p>tition-bo>d1 ) its door & slides1 is %[n 9 ! engrav+4 a1 a1 a repres5ts ! bo>d itself2 b is ! slid+ door1 & c ! wire by :i* x is work$2 d is ! hole ( communication1 :i* is op5$ or clos$ z ! door is mov$ up or d[n2 :i* is "h %[n z half clos$4 ,illu/ration ,! divid+-bo>d be+ ?us complet$1 m>k ! place :]e ! wire c is to come ?r\gh ! ro(1 & bore a hole ab\t half z l>ge aga9 z ! wire1 s z to all[ x to play freely4 ,by ! simple plan ( mak+ a l>ge nail or wa/e bit ( wire r$ hot1 & *>r+ ?is hole1 ! swell+ by damp & consequ5t /ick+ ( ! wire w be prev5t$4 ,all be+ ready1 slip ! divid+-bo>d into ! box1 tak+ c>e to ins9uate ! wire into its prop] place1 get x q upright & squ>e1 make sure t ! slid+ door plays )\t hit*+1 & !n nail x all tight4 ,b5d ! top ( ! wire into a loop1 & ! mo/ tr\blesome "p ( ! bus9ess is ov]4 ,! "y c>p5t] mu/ rememb] t ! divid+-bo>d1 ) its slid+ door1 mu/ be made & fix$ be=e any?+ else is done1 z x n only /r5g!ns ! box & keeps x 9 %ape1 b w\ld dem& twice z mu* tr\ble aft] ! door & front h be5 made4 ,we n[ come to an easi] & m ornam5tal "p ( ! "w4 ,9 ! engrav+ bo? doors op5 f ! front1 ! "o be+ wir$ & ! o!r pla9 wood2 b x is be/ to h ! l>g] door op5 f beh9d1 z ! wire-"w is !n twice z /rong1 & all ! tr\ble ( mak+ a h+$ frame is disp5s$ )4 ,put ! box on ! gr\nd1 & draw a l9e f "o end to ! o!r1 j half an in* f ! edge4 ,m>k ! l9e (f 9 half-in*es1 & bore holes q ?r\gh ! wood1 "o hole com+ at e half-in*4 ,repeat ! same process imm$iately bel[1 b be c>eful only to bore ! holes half ?r\gh ! wood1 or ! wire w ( c\rse fall ?r\gh4 ,!n cut y\r wire into l5g?s1 measur+ !m by ! dep? ( ! box1 & cutt+ !m ab\t "o-?ird ( an in* %ort] ?an ! total dep?4 ,lay+ !m aga9/ ! end is a simple me?od ( gett+ ! precise l5g?4 ,%>p5 "o end ( ea* piece ( wire1 pu% ! %>p5$ end ?r\gh ! hole at ! top1 draw ! wire d[n1 ins9uate ! po9t into ! hole bel[1 & !n1 hold+ ! middle ( ! wire ) ! f+]s ( ! left h&1 9 ord] to keep x f b5d+1 drive x d[n ) ! hamm] until q level ) ! top ( ! box4 ,:5 all ! wires are ?us driv5 home1 nail a /rip ( wood ov] !m at ! top1 & !y c nev] come out aga94 ,x w be bett] to /r5g!n x fur!r by pass+ a simil> wire horizontally across ! o!rs1 driv+ ea* end into ! wood1 & b9d+ all toge!r ) f9e wire4 ,?is w be a protection ?r\gh :i* n ev5 a rat c\ld crawl1 & :i* no cat c\ld te> away ) h] hook$ claws4 ,! door ( ! sleep+ ap>tm5t is easily made ( a s+le piece ( bo>d1 cut to ! requisite %ape1 affix$ by lea!rn or metal h+es1 & fa/5$ by a simple hasp4 ,! door ( ! day-room is made 9 a simil> mann]1 b op5s f beh9d4 ,a r[ ( deep not*es %\ld be cut at ! bottom ( ?is door1 & correspond+ holes bor$ ?r\gh ! back ( ! sleep+-room floor1 9 ord] to let all ! wet dra9 away & keep ! rabbit dry4 ,! hut* %\ld be made to slant a little backw>ds s z to aid 9 ! dra9age4 ,slate floors h be5 sugge/$1 9 ord] to prev5t ! ill-dra9$ moi/ure f soak+ into ! sub/ance--a result :i* is sure to take place1 soon] or lat]1 ) a wood5 floor4 ,slate1 h[ev]1 is r exp5sive1 b x is easily clean$1 & c be ?or\ghly wa%$2 s t ! sugge/ion is wor?y ( notice4 ,hav+ complet$ ! hut*1 we mu/ next see ab\t a fe$+-tr\gh4 ,! ord9>y tr\ghs are no?+ m ?an long wood5 boxes2 ^? :o use !m g5]ally f9d t ! food is mu* wa/$ by be+ scrap$ out ) ! =e feet1 & t ! rabbit contracts a habit ( sitt+ 9 ! tr\gh1 :i*1 9 c\rse ( "t1 r5d]s x v (f5sive1 & makes ! food un:olesome4 ,b by a little ex]cise ( +5uity bo? ^! annoyances c be prev5t$4 ,to *eck ! scrat*+ out ( ! food1 run a /rong wire f "o end ( ! tr\gh to ! o!r1 ab\t half an in* bel[ ! edge1 & "o in* f ! side4 ,:5 ! rabbit beg9s to scrat*1 ! paws come aga9/ ! wire1 & get s j>r$ t ! creature soon rel9qui%es ! bad habit4 ,illu/ration ,! habit ( squatt+ 9 ! tr\gh is easily prev5t$ by a v simple plan4 ,a /rong wire1 ab\t ?ree or f\r in*es long1 accord+ to ! dep? ( ! tr\gh1 is set upright 9 ! c5tre4 ,ano!r wire is arrang$ z se5 9 ! illu/ration1 ! ends be+ driv5 firmly into ! wood ( ! tr\gh1 & ! middle pass+ ?r\gh a loop at ! end ( ! c5tral wire4 ,9 ! engrav+1 a repres5ts ! wire :i* prev5ts ! animal f scrat*+1 & b t :i* keeps x f gett+ into ! tr\gh4 ,! edges1 :e!r ( ! tr\gh1 ! slid+ door1 or ! guides1 mu/ be ei!r b\nd ) t9 or edg$ ) z9c wire1 ! latt] be+ r pref]able4 ,! read] w obs]ve t 9 ! engrav+ ( ! hut* x is %[n /&+ on a table1 ! top ( :i* projects f> beyond ! legs4 ,! object ( ?is precaution is to keep (f rats1 :i* are ! bane ( all rabbit-own]s1 & c climb up almo/ any?+4 ,!y1 _c1 h[ev]1 walk l a fly1 9 a rev]s$ position1 on a flat surface1 & 9 consequ5ce1 a project+ bo>d ( five or six in*es 9 wid? is an effectual protection aga9/ ^! pe/s4 ,! hut* is easily kept clean by att5d+ to ea* ap>tm5t sep>ately4 ,fir/ close ! slid+ door1 s z to conf9e ! rabbit 9 ! ap>tm5t 9 :i* x happ5s to be1 & ) a hoe or simil> implem5t scrape ! floor q clean1 aft]w>ds rubb+ x ) a wisp ( /raw4 ,take c>e t e scrap ( refuse food has be5 remov$4 ,!n close ! out] door1 op5 ! slide1 drive ! rabbit into ! clean ap>tm5t1 close ! slide1 & scrape & rub ! second *amb]4 ,! tr\gh %\ld be remov$ :5 ! day-room is clean$1 & c>efully exam9$ be=e x is replac$4 ,! hut* be+ clean1 ! slide may be op5$1 & ! animal all[$ to run ab\t4 ,! hut* %\ld be cleans$ at lea/ e day1 & if a second clean+ be add$ x w n come amiss4 ,?is cont9ual clean+ w involve "s tr\ble2 b no "o ought to keep a rabbit :o neglects ?is ess5tial duty1 or to und]take ! *>ge ( an animal unless he int5ds to make x z happy z x c be 9 a /ate ( imprisonm5t4 ,a supply ( /raw %\ld be plac$ 9 ! sleep+-room = a b$1 & %\ld be *ang$ daily4 ,if possible1 ! rabbit %\ld be all[$ to take a half-h\r's run e day2 b precautions mu/ be tak5 aga9/ its burr[+ habits & ! *ance ( f9d+ & eat+ some?+ poison\s4 ,9 ! wild /ate1 a rabbit nev] eats any?+ t is injuri\s1 b :5 dome/icat$ _m ( its in/9cts are 9 abeyance1 & x w eat _m sub/ances :i* x w\ld reject :5 wild4 ,! be/ def5ce aga9/ burr[+ is to h a brick floor = ! animal to run ab\t on4 ,!re is also a sub/ance call$1 ,i believe1 ,p>k]'s cem5t1 :i*1 :5 laid d[n1 becomes rapidly dry1 & is s h>d t n ev5 ! tee? ( a rat1 mu* less ! claws ( a rabbit1 c "w _! way ?r\gh x4 ,?is cem5t is mix$ ) wat] & s& to ! consi/5cy ( ?ick cream1 & :ile settl+ is 8flatt$0 ) bo>ds1 & makes an admirable level floor+1 easily wa%$ & z h>d z /one4 ,on ?is sub/ance ! rabbit c be all[$ to amuse itself )\t dang]1 & :5 its "t ( recreation has expir$ x %\ld be caught & replac$ 9 its hut*4 ,we may "h m5tion t ! prop] me?od ( tak+ up a rabbit is to hold x by ! e>s ) ! "r h&1 & to support ! body by plac+ ! left h& "u x4 ,%\ld a numb] ( rabbits be kept1 x is z well to all[ ea* family to h a run 9 succession4 ,x is v pretty to see ! playful antics ( ! "y rabbits1 ! races !y run ) ea* o!r1 ! scuffl+s !y h 9 ! corn]s1 & ! /aid mann] 9 :i* ! "m sits & looks on1 & :5 !y become too noisy sil5ces !m by a /amp ( h] foot4 ,?is ge/ure is us$ ei!r z a signal ( al>m or defiance1 & ! =ce ( ! rabbit's h9d foot is really a/oni%+4 ,we h kn[n a buck rabbit vanqui% a l>ge cat 9 a fair fight simply by jump+ ov] h] back & kick+ fi]cely z he pass$4 ,he /ruck out :ole bun*es ( pussy's fur1 & ! cat1 unaccu/om$ to su* treatm5t1 ran away & left h] antagoni/ victori\s & triumphant4 ,x is necess>y to sep>ate ! rabbits 9 _! ex]cise1 & n to p]mit two families to occupy ! same gr\nd at ! same "t1 z !y are v qu>relsome animals1 & w fight desp]ately among !mselves4 ,9 any case ! buck rabbits %\ld n be all[$ to mix ) ! o!rs1 = !y are t]rible bullies1 & w assault & kill ev5 _! own *ildr51 )\t ! lea/ remorse4 ,:5 prop]ly t5d$1 ! rabbit becomes q tame & famili>1 & w come to its own] at ! s\nd ( its "n4 ,! food ( rabbits is easily obta9$1 & consi/s ( bran1 poll>d1 gra91 & v>i\s vegetables4 ,p>sley is an especial fav\rite1 b cabbage leaves %\ld be avoid$ z f> z possible1 z !y are apt to h a bloat+ & puffy effect1 & are (t5 injuri\s1 especially to "y rabbits1 giv+ !m ! disord] t is well kn[n "u ! expressive t]m ( 8potbelly40 ,! foll[+ is a li/ ( vegetables :i* rabbits c always eat 9 safety3-- ,grasses ( ! f9] sorts--! co>se1 l>ge-blad$ grasses are n to a rabbit's ta/e--lettuce1 p>sley1 c>rots & _! gre5 tops1 turnip-tops1 gre5 e>s ( corn1 s[ or milk ?i/les1 clov]1 t>es1 vet*es1 beet-root & leaves1 v9e leaves occasionally1 gre5 furze tops1 potatoes1 & ,j]usalem arti*okes4 ,c[-p>sley1 z x is popul>ly call$ 7,myrrhis temul5ta71 is a v fav\rite vegetable ) ! rabbit3 b unless ! ga!r] is p]fectly acqua9t$ ) its =m & leafage1 he w be wise to leave x /&+2 = x m>vell\sly resembles ! common hemlock 7,conium maculatum71 :i* is extremely poison\s2 & unless ! two plants be ?or\ghly kn[n1 ! rabbit may be poison$ ?r\gh ! mi/ak5 k9dness ( ! own]4 ,z ?is plant is a really valuable "o1 we w give a few simple & pla9 directions = di/+ui%+ x f hemlock4 ,c[-p>sley is ab\t ?ree feet 9 height1 ! leaves are greatly bran*$1 & ! /em is ribb$1 spott$ ) purple1 & cov]$ ) num]\s %ort hairs slightly b5t d[nw>ds4 ,! hemlock 9 g5]al %ape resembles ! c[-p>sley1 b x may be kn[n by ! smoo? r$di% purple spots & its unpleasant smell :5 ! leaves are grasp$ 9 ! h&4 ,v>i\s dry gra9s1 su* z b>ley1 oats1 & ,indian corn1 are useful to ! rabbit2 & dry peas are also b5eficial if sp>+ly giv5 :5 ! creature has be5 p>tak+ l>gely ( gre5 food4 ,v little wat] is ne$$2 b x is bett] to put into ! hut* a small pan ) a few spoonfuls ( wat] 9 x4 ,a v little oil-cake is useful 9 ! w9t]4 ,at fir/ ! rabbits d n l x1 b !y soon become accu/om$ to its ta/e1 & are !n v fond ( x4 ,be=e proce$+ to ! mode ( bre$+ rabbits1 we w glance at ! v>ieties into :i* ^! creatures are modifi$ by c>eful managem5t4 ,! ?ree *ief po9ts 9 a 8fancy0 rabbit are ! e>s1 ! dewlap1 & ! curve ( ! back4 ,! e>s mu/ 9 e case be exce$+ly long1 & mu/ nev] /& upright1 z 9 ! common rabbit ( ! w>r54 ,! mo/ p]fect & valuable =m is ! ,full1 ,flat1 or ,p]fect ,lop4 ,9 ?is v>iety ! e>s lie z if h+$ to ! head at _! bases1 & b5t d[nw>d1 s t :5 ! animal is repos+ ! tips %\ld q or ne>ly t\* ! gr\nd4 ,! convex "p ( ! e> mu/ be upw>ds1 or ! value ( ! creature is det]iorat$4 ,! next valuable v>iety is t]m$ ! ,o>-,lop1 because ! e>s spread horizontally f ! head1 l ! o>s ( a wat]man's boat4 ,a really good ,o>-,lop rabbit is seldom se51 & :5 f\nd is ?\ght by "s to be equal to ! ,p]fect ,lop1 ( :i*1 inde$1 x seems to be ! prelim9>y /age4 ,9 all cases ! measurem5t across ! e>s f tip to tip ought nev] to be less ?an sixte5 in*es2 ! m !y exce$ t measurem5t1 ! m valuable is ! animal4 ,illu/ration3 ,,p]fect-,,lop ,,rabbit4 ,illu/ration3 ,,o>-,,lop ,,rabbit4 ,! ,horn-,lop is ano!r v curi\s v>iety1 d]iv+ its "n f ! position ( ! e>s1 :i* fall completely ov] ! face1 ) _! po9ts direct$ to ! front4 ,9 "s specim5s !y fall s completely ov] ! face t ! edges pass ov] ! eyes1 & mu/ act z a p>tial b>ri] to p]fect sight1 l ! lea!r bl9k]s t are s absurdly atta*$ to draught horses4 ,illu/ration3 ,,horn ,,rabbit4 ,! lopp$ e>s d n %[ !mselves :5 ! rabbit is "y1 & = ! fir/ mon? or two x is n easy to decide :e!r ! little creatures belong to ! /raight or ! lop-e>$ v>iety4 ,moreov]1 x (t5 happ5s t "o or two ( ea* family reta9 ! upright e>s ?r\gh\t _! :ole exi/5ce2 & x is ( n unfrequ5t occurr5ce t ! 8lop0 is delay$ = a v long "t1 & !n sudd5ly makes its appe>ance4 ,sometimes "o e> w exhibit ! lop mo/ p]fectly1 :ile ! o!r rema9s upright or v slightly b5t4 ,"s fanci]s atta* a piece ( lead to ! recusant e> 9 ord] to make x co9cide ) ! o!r1 b we d n agree ) ! practice4 ,! e> nev] looks q natural1 & z ! rabbit w h or1 z ! phrase is1 ?r[ "y ones ) p]fect lops1 x may be kept = bre$+ if a doe2 if a buck1 x c be fatt5$ = ! table4 ,! second po9t ( int]e/ is ! dewlap1 ! l>ge d\ble p\* :i* is se5 "u ! *9 & ?roat1 & :i* is peculi> to ! fancy rabbit4 ,if ! dewlap be n l>ge & full1 ) its two lobes well develop$1 & suffici5tly firm to =m a cu%ion = ! head :ile ! animal recl9es1 ! rabbit w be ?\ght wor?less by fanci]s4 ,! %ape ( ! fancy rabbit is v diff]5t f t ( ! common v>iety4 ,x is altoge!r on a l>g] scale1 & ! back rises s mu*1 t its summit ought to be two in*es high] ?an ! top ( ! head4 ,! col\r1 aga91 is v important4 ,x may be :ite1 black1 mottl$1 tortoise%ell1 blue1 & 9 fact any col\r except ! pla9 grey4 ,:atev] x be1 x mu/ be arrang$ aft] a special position4 ,on ea* side ( ! nose mu/ be a pat* ( ! d>k] col\r ( ! body1 =m+ :at is call$ ! 8butt]fly smut40 ,a l>ge pat* on ! back is call$ ! 8saddle10 & a r[ ( spots t]m$ ! 8*a90 is drawn 9 front ( ! body & seems to hang ov] ! %\ld]4 ,! legs mu/ be :ite1 & ! tail & sn\t ( ! same col\r4 ,v few rabbits possess all ^! qualities2 b ev5 ! comb9$ excell5ces ( smut1 *a91 & saddle w fail to ga9 a high rank = any rabbit :i* does n possess a good 8c>riage10 i4 e4 ^: back is n at lea/ two in*es above its head1 & ^: nose & e>-tips d n ne>ly t\* ! gr\nd4 ,"s writ]s say t ! fancy rabbits are m delicate ( heal? & less easy to re> ?an ! common v>iety2 b we h br$ _m families ( !m1 & nev] f\nd any difficulty 9 re>+ !m4 ,_! sup]ior size r5d]s !m valuable = cul9>y purposes1 &1 z out ( e family ! great] numb] are defici5t 9 ! requisite m>ks ( a fancy rabbit1 ! table c be well suppli$ ) ^! fat & well-flav\r$ creatures4 ,! la/ v>iety we %all m5tion is ! beautiful ,angola rabbit1 rem>kable = its long silk5 hair1 a speak+ lik5ess ( :i* may be se5 9 ,l&se]'s wond]ful picture ( ,titania4 ,we w n[ devote a few words to ! bre$+ ( rabbits4 ,! rabbit w bre$ at a v e>ly age1 i4 e4 f eight mon?s upw>ds2 b ^? :o want heal?y "y ought n to all[ ! rabbits to bre$ be=e !y are "o ye> old1 or aft] !y h complet$ _! f\r? ye>4 ,! buck & doe %\ld be always kept 9 diff]5t hut*es1 out ( ea* o!r's sight1 & only all[$ to rema9 toge!r = a v %ort "t4 ,! rabbit usually bre$s f\r times 9 ! ye>1 or ev5 (t5]2 b z a g5]al rule x is n advisable to all[ m ?an ?ree bre$s 9 ! ye>4 ,:5 ! doe rabbit feels ! "t approa*+ = h] "y to be born1 %e beg9s to bite 9 little pieces ! hay ( h] b$1 & :5 %e does s a supply ( v f9e s(t hay %\ld be plac$ )9 h] rea*4 ,%e !n pulls ?is toge!r 9 h] sleep+-*amb]1 & mixes x ) d[ny fur pluck$ f h] own body1 ready = ! reception ( ! expect$ family4 ,x is z well to put a pan ( wat] )9 rea*1 z ! animal g5]ally ?ir/s aft] ! "y are born1 & unless %e c get at wat]1 is apt to eat ! "y m]ely on acc\nt ( ! moi/ure4 ,"o ( my own rabbits act$ 9 a v odd mann]4 ,%e call$ to "o ( h] family1 tell+ x to come to h]4 ,! disob$i5t *ild refus$1 & ! "m accord+ly seiz$ x by "o e> & dragg$ x along4 ,un=tunately1 %e pull$ s h>d 9 "o direction1 & ! "y "o pull$ s h>d 9 ! o!r1 t ! e> 0 fairly dragg$ f ! head4 ,! "m treat$ ! matt] v easily1 ate ! sev]$ e>1 caught hold ( ! o!r1 & succe$$ 9 r$uc+ h] (fspr+ to ob$i5ce4 ,:ile engag$ 9 matur+ h] "y1 ! "m requires a v ample supply ( food1 eat+ ne>ly twice z mu* z at o!r times4 ,%e mu/ h pl5ty ( gre5 food1 & a ma% ( b>ley meal & milk w be f\nd b5eficial4 ,= ! fir/ week or t5 days ! door ( ! sleep+-room %\ld n be op5$1 z ! "m-rabbit is v jeal\s ( h] "y1 & if !y are h&l$1 or ev5 look$ at1 w sometimes eat !m4 ,?is is a t]rible habit1 & if a rabbit once act 9 t mann]1 provid$ t %e is well suppli$ ) food & dr9k1 ! be/ plan is to fatt5 h] = ! table4 ,! "y are suckl$ = ab\t five weeks1 :5 ! "m weans !m1 & !y le>n to eat t5d] grass-blades1 & o!r gre5 food4 ,if ! family be v l>ge1 !re is sure to be at lea/ "o small & weakly among ! numb]4 ,?is %\ld be remov$ & de/roy$1 s z to ensure t only ! /rong & heal?y are re>$4 ,!re are sev]al diseases to :i* dome/ic rabbits are liable1 b ^! ailm5ts are ne>ly all caus$ ?r\gh neglig5ce2 & 9 a really well-appo9t$ & c>efully-t5d$ rabbitry a sickly animal is h>dly ev] se54 ,except 9 ! case ( valuable fancy animals1 ! tr\ble & exp5se ( attempt+ ! cure ( a diseas$ rabbit are s great1 t few w f9d !mselves repaid1 ev5 by ! recov]y ( ! invalid4 ,recov]y1 h[ev]1 is s v dubi\s1 t 9 almo/ e case x is *eap] & m humane to kill ! animal at once1 :i* is p]=m$ in/antane\sly & pa9lessly by hold+ ! creature up by ! h9d legs1 & ) ! edge ( ! "r h& /rik+ x a %>p bl[ beh9d ! e>s4 ,let ! "y rabbit-keep] re/ assur$1 t if "o ( 8 pets %\ld fall ill1 ! sickness w 9 n9ety-n9e cases out ( a hundr$ be *>geable to "s neglig5ce ( 8 own4 ,,! ,,rav54 ,all ! memb]s ( ! ,cr[ tribe h a decid$ family lik5ess2 &1 z a g5]al fact1 ! relation%ip c be recognis$ z long z !y belong to ! ,briti% species4 ,b z !re are sev]al =eign birds :i* be> a decid$ resemblance to ?is tribe1 ?\gh really belong+ to o!r families1 x is ne$ful to give a few h9ts z to ! me?od by :i* ^! may be di/+ui%$4 ,! "y obs]v] mu/ look fir/ at ! beak1 !n at ! w+s1 & la/ly at ! legs4 ,9 all ^! birds ! beak is /rong & conical1 ar*$ on ! keel1 i4 e4 ! ridge along ! upp] surface1 ) ! sides r flatt5$ z f> z ! tip4 ,! no/rils are set at ! base ( ! beak1 & hidd5 by plumes4 ,! w+s are nev] v l>ge1 & mo/ly po9t$4 ,! t>si1 i4 e4 ! long1 /raight leg-bones1 are ( mod]ate l5g?1 & cov]$ ) /rong1 %ield-l scales4 ,! ,briti% repres5tatives ( ?is l>ge family are ! c>rion cr[1 ! rook1 ! ,roy/on or hood$ or grey cr[1 ! *\gh1 ! rav51 ! jackdaw1 ! jay1 & ! magpie4 ,! ,rav51 once s pl5tiful ov] ,engl&1 is n[ ne>ly ext9ct1 except 9 "s ( ! wild uncultivat$ di/ricts1 :]e x /ill l+]s1 utt]+ its ho>se1 l\d cry1 flapp+ its broad w+s1 & committ+ no small havoc among ! "y or feeble animals t h ! mis=tune to dwell 9 its neighb\rhood4 ,to procure a rav5 is n[ a difficult task1 & c seldom be accompli%$ except by giv+ an ord] to ! regul> deal]s4 ,we d n advise any ( our "y read]s to possess !mselves ( a rav5 unless !y h ample space = ! bird1 & are q c]ta9 t x _c get into any mis*ief4 ,ei!r a magpie1 a jay1 or a jackdaw1 seems to be possess$ ) an incessant _s ( mis*ief1 b ! rav5 seems to h en\gh = ! ?ree1 & z x possesses enorm\s muscul> p[] & irrepressible audacity1 x is a peculi>ly unsafe inmate ( a h\se or g>d54 ,= our own "p1 we h be5 = "s mon?s undecid$ :e!r we %all h a rav5 or n4 ,we %\ld greatly l to possess "o ( ^! birds1 b !n we "k t he w\ld pull up all our newly-s[n se$s1 bully our cat1 peck ! s]vants' heels1 get into ! milk-pail1 te> our pap]s to pieces1 &1 9 %ort1 spoil ev]y?+ )9 8 rea*4 ,we c\ld1 ( c\rse1 *a9 him up1 & clip 8 w+s1 or put him into a metal cage1 b we ?9k all su* proce$+s to be ne$lessly cruel1 especially 9 ! case ( a bird l ! rav51 ^: in/9ct tea*es x to roam f> & wide1 & ^: opportunities ( ex]cise ought nev] to be conf9$ to ! limit$ space compreh5d$ by a *a9 or a cage4 ,:5 treat$ prop]ly1 ! rav5 possesses a v m9e ( amus+ & companionable qualities1 at all ev5ts to ^? :o treat x k9dly1 & :om x does n suspect ( any int5tion to injure4 ,x is a capital talk]1 equall+ ! p>rot 9 t respect1 except t ! voice is v gruff & l[1 z if spok5 f "u a fea!r b$4 ,! rav5 is n long 9 tak+ ! measure ( its companions1 & has a supreme contempt = ^? :o display weakness ( m9d or res\rces4 ,no?+ seems to make a rav5 s happy z fright5+ somebody4 ,he likes to come quietly beh9d a n]v\s p]son1 deliv] a heavy dab at ! ankle ) 8 iron bill1 & !n walk away z if he knew no?+ ab\t ! assault4 ,he w fright5 dogs half out ( _! s5ses1 *ase ! cats1 drive ! f[ls ab\t1 & z to ! horses1 he mo/ly takes a fancy to !m1 sitt+ on _! backs1 or walk+ calmly & delib]ately among _! legs4 ,inde$ ! rav5 always has a great affection = /able life4 ,he likes to saunt] 9 & out ( ! /alls1 to flap 8 way f "o horse to ano!r1 to peck at /rang]s1 to patronise ! help]s1 to be on speak+ t]ms ) ! grooms1 &1 we regret to say1 has a /range tal5t = pick+ up all ! evil language :i* is too (t5 f\nd 9 & ab\t ! /able-y>d4 ,he enc\rages ! pres5ce ( dogs & cats1 because he always /eals _! d9n]s2 & if he c f9d an opportunity ( mak+ a sly raid ^u ! lun*eon ( a groom1 he is sure to seize x4 ,he becomes ! patri>* ( ! y>d1 & /&s by 8 dignity z su*4 ,he won't die1 b lives on1 ye> aft] ye>2 sees successive g5]ations ( horses1 grooms1 & proprietors pass away1 & seems to despise !m = n liv+ z long z himself4 ,"t seems to h little p[] ) him4 ,8 fea!rs take a grey] hue :5 he is a c5tury or two old1 b 9 disposition he rema9s ev] "y1 malici\s1 crafty1 active1 qua9t1 & voraci\s4 ,he w eat any?+1 & c be taught to dev\r ! mo/ rem>kable sub/ances1 provid$ t he ?9ks !m v valuable1 & n int5d$ = food4 ,raw meat is p]haps 8 fav\rite diet1 & he is greatly pleas$ ) rats1 mice1 small birds1 fat beetles1 big grubs or worms1 & simil> delicacies4 ,b he w eat bread :5 he _c get meat2 & if he c only be got to believe t ! article is extremely valuable1 he w make a breakfa/ on a newspap] or a %irt-coll>4 ,he c be easily induc$ to swall[ ev5 a black-lead p5cil or a pocket-h&k]*ief1 by a v simple process4 ,drop ! article z if accid5tally1 se>* = x anxi\sly1 g away )\t seem+ to see x1 & h>dly w y\r back be turn$ :5 ! rav5 w h snat*$ up ! miss+ article & convey$ x to 8 /oreh\se4 ,if wat*$ f a spot :]e ! obs]v] _c be se51 he w be notic$ to proce$ 9 a v me?odical mann]4 ,he w fir/ pick up 8 prize1 & walk ab\t solemnly ) x 9 8 beak1 z if display+ a captur$ trophy ( w>4 ,he w !n put 8 foot on x1 seize "o corn] ( ! pap] or h&k]*ief 9 8 beak1 & delib]ately te> x into /rips1 :i* he w probably swall[4 ,z to ! p5cil1 he pegs at x ) ! po9t ( 8 beak at a wond]ful pace1 mak+ ! spl9t]s fly 9 all directions1 & ev] & anon look+ r\nd1 to see t no "o is wat*+ him4 ,clev] z is ! rav51 & intellig5t beyond ! wont ( birds1 8 v sup]iority 9 ?is respect (t5 has ! effect ( r5d]+ him a victim to sup]ior p[]s4 ,!re is sc>cely any bird t c be hoax$ m readily ?an a rav51 or t c be 8drawn out0 ) great] ease4 ,^? :o hum\r 8 ways c make a p]fect puppet ( him1 & induce him to play mo/ undignifi$ antics1 )\t giv+ him ! lea/ idea h[ ?or\ghly he is be+ impos$ ^u4 ,our la/ advice is t1 unless ! read] c af=d pl5tiful space = 8 bird1 & assure x a k9d treatm5t1 he w act wisely n to attempt to procure a rav54 ,%\ld1 h[ev]1 he be able to af=d x ^! necess>ies ( exi/5ce1 by all means let him procure "o ( ^! mo/ amus+ birds4 ,rav5s require sc>cely any tr\ble1 & :5 !y h fairly e/abli%$ !mselves1 w n des]t _! homes "u any circum/ances4 ,!y ought to be f$ once1 & once only1 p] diem1 = !y w f9d pl5ty ( insects1 worms1 & o!r little delicacies1 )\t giv+ any tr\ble4 ,!y %\ld always be furni%$ ) a place ( retreat into :i* !y c retire :5ev] !y feel tir$ ( ! _w1 & !y l ! h]mitage to be deep1 d>k1 & w>m1 %elt]$ f w9d & ra91 & out ( ! way ( inquisitive eyes4 ,f9ally1 a rav5 is an excell5t judge ( "*1 & if he is really appreciat$1 he w become a firm & fai?ful fri5d4 ,illu/ration ,,silkworms4 8,! pr\de/ k+ ,may ?ank ! silkworm = 8 robe ( /ate40--,,ak5side4 ,! re>+ & managem5t ( silkworms is an innoc5t & agreeable pa/ime bo? to boys & girls1 & x is v int]e/+ 9 _m po9ts ( view4 ,"o fact is1 t :ile ! cat]pill>s ( all ! o!r tribes ( mo?s & butt]flies1 :5 !y h arriv$ at a c]ta9 /ate ( maturity1 %[ a re/less disposition1 & w&] ab\t & hide !mselves 9 a v>iety ( places 9 ord] to sp9 _! cocoons1 ! silkworm1 on ! contr>y1 is cont5t to rema9 /ation>y 9 ! op5 tray or box 9 :i* x may be plac$4 ,aft] consum+ its imm$iate supply ( mulb]ry leaves1 x waits = a fur!r quantity1 & :5 ! p]iod arrives = sp9n+ its cocoon1 in/ead ( %[+ any migratory disposition1 x seems to place itself ) confid5ce "u ! c>e ( man to provide x ) a suitable place = its conv5i5ce & protection4 ,! silkworm is sy/ematically kn[n "u ! "n ( ! ,bombyx ,mori ( ,l9nu1 or ! ,mulb]ry-tree ,mo?1 :i* 9 ! w+$ /ate is ( a cream col\r1 ) sev]al transp>5t b&s ( a d>k] col\r across ! ant]ior w+s & a cresc5t-%ap$ c5tral m>k4 ,! cat]pill> :5 full gr[n is ne>ly ?ree in*es 9 l5g?1 & is too well kn[n to our "y fri5ds to ne$ any p>ticul> description4 ,! eggs :5 good are ( a pale slate or d>k lilac col\r2 !y may be pur*as$ 9 ,cov5t ,g>d5 m>ket = ab\t t5 %ill+s p] ounce2 & c>e %\ld be tak5 to obta9 !m ( a prop] col\r1 because ^? t are ( a pale yell[ are imp]fect4 ,! silkworm :5 fir/ hat*$ is black1 & does n exce$ 9 l5g? "o-f\r? ( an in*4 ,! desire = food is ! fir/ symptom x exhibits ( life1 & at ?is p]iod x is m active ?an at any o!r4 ,:5 ab\t eight days h elaps$ aft] its hat*+1 its head becomes consid]ably enl>g$1 & x turns sick1 refuses food1 & rema9s 9 a /ate ( le?>gy = ab\t ?ree days4 ,?is sickness w\ld appe> to arise f ! pressure ( ! animal's sk91 :i* has become too tight = ! increas$ bulk ( its body4 ,inde$1 ! v great diff]5ce 9 ! size ( ! worm f ! beg9n+ to ! end ( ! cat]pill> /ate is s great1 t ,nature has furni%$ x ) sev]al sk9s1 ea* ( :i* x ca/s 9 succession4 ,illu/ration ,! body ( ! cat]pill> is begirt by twelve r+s1 :i* approa* to or rec$e f ea* o!r accord+ to its motion2 !re are n9e brea?+-holes on ea* side ( ! body1 sev5 eyes on ea* side ( ! head1 & two small orifices bel[ ! jaws1 ?r\gh :i* ! worm ejects its silk5 filam5t4 ,! art ( us+ ?is filam5t\s sub/ance seems to h orig9at$ ) ! ,*9ese1 & to h be5 discov]$ at a v e>ly p]iod1 & ! raw mat]ial 0 pur*as$ by ! ,p]sians1 ,tyrians1 & ,indians = a long "t be=e x 0 introduc$ into ,europe4 ,= _m ages silk bore an enorm\s price at ,rome1 b ab\t ! middle ( ! six? c5tury two monks arriv$ at ,con/ant9ople f ,india1 br++ ) !m ! :ite mulb]ry & ! eggs ( ! silkworm1 :i* h s9ce be5 re>$ 9 ,italy1 ,spa91 ,france1 & o!r p>ts ( ,europe4 ,,food ,,( ,,! ,,silkworm4 ,! silkworm fe$s1 z e "o kn[s1 on ! leaves ( ! :ite mulb]ry2 or1 :5 ^! _c be obta9$1 ^u ^? ( ! black mulb]ry2 or1 9 lieu ( ^!1 ^u ! leaves ( ! common g>d5 lettuce4 ,! :ite mulb]ry is especially cultivat$ = ! value ( its leaves1 its fruit be+ insipid & v inf]ior to t ( ! common species1 ! leaves ( :i* are equally good 9 ?is c\ntry = ! food ( ! silkworm4 ,!re has be5 a v>iety lately introduc$ f ! ,philipp9e ,isles 7,morus multicaulis71 :i* has l>g] leaves1 & :i* is easily propagat$ by cutt+s put into a cucumb] frame 9 ,octob]1 & transplant$ 9 ! foll[+ ,may2 yet1 /ill1 to ensure success 9 ! re>+ ( silkworms ! "y naturali/ %\ld /ick to ! old black mulb]ry1 z su* trees are to be f\nd 9 v>i\s vic9ities4 ,to propagate ?is1 a bran* f ano!r tree may be set 9 ! e>?1 :i* w frequ5tly gr[4 ,! amiable ,sir ,john ,philipport ( ,hamm]smi?1 s celebrat$ = 8 8,elysian groves & f\nta9s fair10 & = 8 /]l+ ,engli% qualities1 has 9 8 gr\nds a f9e mulb]ry-tree1 :i* he re>$ by plac+ a v loose bran* 9 ! gr\nd 9 ! autumn ( #ahej1 :i* ?rew out roots1 & />t$ at once into a tree4 ,! /ory ( a gate-po/ made ( a mulb]ry trunk becom+1 & n[ rema9+1 a fruitful tree1 is well au!nticat$4 ,! leaves to be us$ %\ld be ^? ( a l>ge & well-gr[n1 prolific tree1 & !y %\ld be ga!r$ ) c>e1 s t ! "y buds ( future leaves %\ld 9 no way be injur$2 moreov]1 a tree %\ld nev] be /ripp$ twice 9 a ye>4 ,,hat*+1 ,,fe$+1 ,,& ,,temp]ature4 ,illu/ration ,hav+ procur$ ! eggs1 :i* %\ld be obta9$ ab\t ! latt] end ( ,april--!y are g5]ally b\ght on slips ( pap] j z !y 7 laid by ! mo?--!y %\ld be plac$ 9 trays made ( /\t c>tridge or ?9 pa/ebo>d ( ! =m se5 9 ! cut1 & !re %\ld be provid$ to g ov] ! case "s ?9 gauze4 ,! trays may be plac$ 9 a w9d[ fac+ ! s\?1 :]e !y are fully expos$ to ! rays ( ! sun2 !re !y %\ld rema9 undi/urb$ till !y beg9 to hat*2 & z ! "y worms appe> !y %\ld be remov$ into o!r trays1 & f$ ) ! mulb]ry leaves4 ,! temp]ature %\ld be regulat$ f sixty-six to sev5ty degrees1 & ! room v5tilat$1 & pres]v$ equally free f damp or too mu* dryness4 ,!y %\ld be kept p>ticul>ly clean1 dead leaves & dung cle>$ c>efully away1 & 9 lift+ !m f "o tray to ano!r !y %\ld n be t\*$ by ! f+]s1 b remov$ by ?reads ( cotton pass$ "u _! bodies1 or ) a camel's-hair p5cil4 ,,m\lt+s4 ,! cat]pill> has f\r m\lt+s1 :i* may be all accompli%$ 9 ! p]iod ( f\r days ea*1 if ! heat ( ! room be increas$ to f n9ety-five to "o hundr$ degrees ( ,fahr5heit4 ,:5 ! heat is regulat$ to a l[] /&>d1 ! fir/ m\lt+ takes place on ! f\r? or fif? day aft] hat*+1 ! second 9 f\r days m1 ! ?ird 9 five or six days m1 & ! la/ 9 ab\t eight days4 ,t5 days m are requir$ aft] ?is m\lt+1 s t 9 ab\t ?irty-two days aft] hat*+ ! cat]pill> has atta9$ its full size4 ,dur+ all ^! *anges ( ! worm x requires ! nice/ att5tion4 ,illu/ration ,,! ,,cocoon4 ,at ! end ( ! "t m5tion$ above ! worms *ange to a cle> p9k or fle% col\r1 & look semi-transp>5t2 !y refuse _! food1 become re/less1 & prep>e to sp9 or =m _! cocoon4 ,at ?is "t c>e %\ld be tak5 to raise ! walls ( _! tray habitation1 or !y w climb ov] !m & be lo/4 ,:at is call$ ! cocoon ne/ %\ld n[ be prep>$ by twi/+ ! corn]s ( a piece ( writ+-pap]1 & rais+ its edges into ! =m ( ! l[] %ell ( an oy/]4 ,a numb] ( ^! %\ld be prep>$ & affix$ to a piece ( tape1 ) _! po9t$ ends d[nw>ds2 & into ea* "o a s+le worm %\ld be plac$ :5 x quits its food1 & seems ready to sp93 x w !n dispose its web 9 su* a mann] z to leave a cavity )94 ,! cocoon consi/s ( ?ree di/9ct lay]s ( silk3 ! fir/ is loose & flossy1 & is uns]viceable = ! silk manufacture2 ! second is clos]1 ! silk cross+ f side to side2 & ! ?ird is /ill f9]1 & is glu$ /rongly toge!r1 s z to =m a compact inn] coat+4 ,,! ,,aurelia4 ,:5 ! cocoon is complet$1 ! enclos$ cat]pill> aga9 ca/s its sk91 ) ! head & jaws atta*$ to x1 :5 x appe>s "u ! =m ( a conical *rysalis ( ! ord9>y %ape4 ,at fir/ ! *rysalis1 :5 op5$1 exhibits only a yell[i% fluid1 b by degrees ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! future mo? appe>1 & 9 ab\t a =tnight or ?ree weeks a slight swell+ ( ! *rysalis indicates ! approa* ( ano!r *ange2 a rupture d[n its back succe$s1 & by degrees ! mo? bur/s ?r\gh its horny coat+ into ! holl[ *amb] ( ! cocoon1 & if left to itself w\ld soon eat its way out4 ,illu/ration ,,w9d+ ,,! ,,silk4 ,! *rysalis1 h[ev]1 mu/ be prev5t$ f eat+ ?r\gh ! cocoon2 & previ\s to ! egress ( ! mo? f its aurelian /ate1 ! silk mu/ be w\nd (f4 ,:51 by tak+ up ! cocoon1 x is f\nd t ! cat]pill> has pass$ into ! aurelian /ate--:i* may easily be kn[n by %ak+ x1 z !n ! aurelia1 f its h>d] texture & %runk5 size1 w be he>d to rattle--!n x is "t to w9d (f ! silk4 ,! cocoon is plac$ 9 a cup ( w>m wat]1 aft] ! loose outw>d silk has be5 remov$1 & !n1 an end be+ tak51 ! :ole cont9u\s filam5t may be w\nd (f on a piece ( c>d4 ,! l5g? ( ! ?read ( a cocoon v>ies f #fjj to #a1jjj feet2 yet ! :ole does n weigh m ?an ?ree gra9s & a half4 ,an ounce ( eggs w produce ab\t #dj1jjj cat]pill>s1 :i* w consume #a1jgc lbs4 ( leaves1 & produce f #hj lbs4 to #ajj lbs4 ( cocoon1 or ab\t eight p\nds ( raw silk4 ,illu/ration ,,! ,,mo?4 ,:5 ! silk is w\nd (f ! aurelia pres5ts itself1 & be+ put 9 a sep>ate case1 x rema9s motionless = ab\t tw5ty days1 :5 sudd5ly x appe>s z a pale yell[ mo?1 ) w+s :i* seem sc>cely adapt$ = flight4 ,x crawls heavily ab\t ! place :]e x has be5 hat*$1 hav+ a slight tremor 9 its w+s1 & eats no?+3 ! male spe$ily dies2 ! females hov] ab\t a :ile )\t fly+1 & lay _! eggs on ! slips ( pap] pres5t$ to !m = t purpose4 ,!y !n soon p]i%4 ,! female mo? g5]ally produces ab\t #cjj or #djj eggs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,mo?4 ,,g5]al ,,rem>ks4 ,! place :]e silkworms are br$1 %\ld p]sons wi% to pursue _! re>+ ^u a l>g] scale1 mu/ be free f noisome smells1 cattle1 & all noises4 ,p]sons att5d+ !m mu/ be scrupul\sly clean 9 _! p]sons1 & wa% !mselves aft] e meal4 ,great att5tion mu/ also be paid to ! temp]ature ( ! ap>tm5t 9 :i* !y are kept1 :i* mu/ also be free f all du/ or smoke2 & ! mo/ ?\ghtful & t5d] c>e is requisite 9 ev]y?+ connect$ ) _! treatm5t & managem5t4 ,illu/ration ,,! ,,squirrel4 ,! pretty little squirrel has long held a high place 9 ! affections ( pet-lov]s1 & !re are few :o h n admir$ ! brisk lively movem5ts1 ! full intellig5t eye1 & ! s(t bu%y tail ( ?is creature4 ,to possess a tame squirrel is (t5 a legitimate object ( boy ambition1 n unfrequ5tly %>$ by _! eld]s4 ,9 ord] to give our read]s a few h9ts z to ! procur+1 managem5t1 & tam+ ( ?is pretty playmate1 we (f] ! foll[+ sugge/ions4 ,! fir/ c>e ( e int5d+ possessor ( a squirrel %\ld be to prep>e a com=table home = ! expect$ gue/1 s t ! little creature may f9d its fir/ association ) captive life z agreeable z x c be made4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 ! "y naturali/ %\ld try to give to ! squirrel's future home ! greate/ possible resemblance to ! native domicile4 ,! v be/ h\se = a squirrel is an unus$ room1 fitt$ up ) /rong tree-bran*es1 & furni%$ ) a cosy little box1 fill$ ) hay & dry mosses1 by way ( a b$*amb]4 ,z1 h[ev]1 su* accommodation is n readily f\nd1 we w j describe ! mode ( mak+ a v /rong1 sightly1 & cleanly cage1 at a comp>atively small exp5se1 & possess+ ! advantage ( com+ to pieces :5 ne$$1 & be+ pack$ flat l a portfolio = removal4 ,x w be mu* *eap] ?an a pur*as$ cage1 q z h&some1 & m easily cleans$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,make1 or1 if y are n a good workman1 get a c>p5t] to make1 a %all[ wood5 tray ab\t two in*es deep1 l9$ ) t91 :i* %\ld be turn$ fairly ov] ! edges1 or sundry difficulties w appe> 9 c\rse ( "t4 7,see fig4 #a47 ,!n g to a wire-work]'s1 & ord] him to make two frames ( galvaniz$ iron wire1 l fig4 #b1 & two m l fig4 #c1 ea* be+ ab\t half an in* %ort] ?an ! int]ior l5g? & wid? ( ! tray1 into :i* !y are int5d$ to fit easily4 ,also h ano!r piece ( simil> wire made l>ge en\gh to b5d ov] ! ar*$ tops ( ! end-pieces1 s z to make a ro( l ! transepts ( ! ,cry/al ,palace4 ,! edges ( ! side & end-pieces %\ld be v /\t1 b ^? ( ! ro( only mod]ately /rong1 or x w n b5d easily4 ,x w be bett] to h a squ>e op5+ at ea* end1 :i* %\ld be clos$ by a door ( simil> mat]ials4 ,z ?is wirework w be ( co>se manufacture1 & h tol]ably wide int]vals1 ! co/ w be v mod]ate4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,aft] ^! frames h be5 procur$1 fit !m toge!r1 & fa/5 !m by twi/+ bits ( wire r\nd ! edges at int]vals ( ?ree in*es or s4 ,put ?is frame into ! tray1 & ! cage is complete4 ,! /aples at ! ends are useful = receiv+ ! hook$ end ( a slight iron rod1 loop$ at ! o!r end to ! edg+-wire1 z se5 9 fig4 #d4 ,^! rods act z braces to keep ! :ole /ructure firm1 & also hold x d[n to ! tray4 ,"s suitable /icks or bran*es %\ld be fa/5$ to ! wires1 z ! squirrel is fond ( play+ ab\t on !m4 ,?is is ! day-room ( ! squirrel1 & its b$room is m]ely a prop]-siz$ box1 ) wire-"w sub/itut$ = ! wood5 bottom1 a h+$ lid1 & a hole cut 9 "o end4 ,?is %\ld be support$ on f\r legs2 a nail at ea* corn] 7n a brass-head$ nail7 w answ] ! purpose p]fectly well4 ,?is box is simply plac$ 9 ! tray at ! back ( ! cage4 ,if x c be manag$1 a duplicate tray w be exce$+ly conv5i5t1 z ! cage ne$s ! extreme/ cleanl9ess1 & c be simply purifi$ by *ang+ ! tray e morn+1 wa%+ v c>efully ! "o j remov$1 & leav+ x 9 ! air till ! next day4 ,a duplicate sleep+-box w be equally s]viceable4 ,! box %\ld be furni%$ ) p]fectly clean hay1 mosses1 li*5s1 c4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,! cage %\ld nev] be less ?an two feet long1 two high1 & "o foot wide4 ,all %\ld be ?us p>ticul> ab\t ! size ( ! cage1 because we hold x to be a cruel de$ to take an active little creature l ! squirrel f its fields & wide woods1 :]e x c sport at w ov] unlimit$ space1 & coop x up 9 a close1 evil-smell+1 little cage1 :]e its only ex]cise c be obta9$ by driv+ a :eel r\nd1 & its wond]ful faculty ( leap+ :olly *eck$4 ,h[ mu* :eel-"w w\ld ! squirrel d if x _h ! *oice ( a tree or a :eel = its ex]cise8 ,ev5 9 a cage1 provid$ x be ( a prop] size1 ! little creature w\ld n tr\ble itself to get into a :eel1 b pref] clamb]+ ab\t ! wires1 & jump+ f "o side to ano!r1 9 ! exub]ance ( its activity4 ,_m p]sons ass]t t ! squirrel is q fond ( ! :eel1 & delights 9 driv+ x2 b !y =get t ! poor little creature is driv5 to t z its la/ res\rce = ne$ful ex]cise2 & x no m delights 9 pull+ a wire :eel ?an ! cag$ lion & tig] delight 9 _! re/less pac+ ( _! d5s4 ,! ex]cise ( ! p[]s ) :i* x is s lib]ally gift$ is ess5tial to ! heal? ( ! squirrel1 & its heal? mu/ suff] if x be n p]mitt$ to leap4 ,look at x 9 a tree1 & j see :at a/oni%+ jumps ! pretty creature takes2 h[ x w spr+ fairly f ! gr\nd to ! trunk ( a tree1 mak+ a jump ( "s six or sev5 feet 9 l5g? & f\r 9 height2 h[ x gallops up ! p]p5dicul> /em1 ) its tail laid beh9d x1 l a fox's bru%2 h[ x scuttles up ! bran*es1 always contriv+ to keep ! b\gh betwe5 itself & ! spectator2 & !n h[1 :5 x has arriv$ at ! topmo/ bran*1 & consid]s itself safe1 x sits up 9 its own *>m+ly imp]t95t position1 spreads its tail ov] its head1 & looks d[n ) a calmly sup]cili\s contempt on ! clumsy two-legg$ animal bel[1 :o _c run up a tree1 & has no bu%y tail = a p>asol4 ,no "o :o has once witness$ ?is sight c\ld ev] be guilty ( su* a cruel act z p5n+ up a squirrel 9 a small cage1 :]e x has no room to p]=m its pretty tricks2 & if ! read] _c furni% 8 pet ) a prop] h\se1 we e>ne/ly dissuade him f keep+ a squirrel at all4 ,hav+ prep>$ ! h\se1 ! next bus9ess is to procure ! inhabitant4 ,be ev] w>y ( ^? w&]+ deal]s :o c>ry a squirrel ab\t = sale 9 _! arms1 /roke its head1 & put _! f+]s to its m\? to %[ its tam5ess4 ,9 almo/ e case ! man is a *eat1 & 9 _m in/ances a cruel "o4 ,! app>5t tam5ess ( "s ( ^! little creatures is caus$ by a small dose ( /ry*n9e1 :i* r5d]s ! animal dull & spiritless1 & is g5]ally fatal 9 ! c\rse ( a day or two2 s t ! disappo9t$ pur*as] f9ds 8 pet dead & /iff at ! bottom ( its cage be=e he has possess$ x = _m h\rs4 ,"s ( ^! m5 are said to employ a prep>ation ( opium = ! same purpose4 ,9 cases :]e ^! impo/ors wi% to sell an old & cross-gra9$ squirrel z a g5tle1 "y "o1 !y pull out its front tee?1 s t ! poor creature n only _c bite1 b feels su* pa9 9 its jaws t x recoils :5ev] ! cruel own] puts 8 f+] to its m\? z a pro( ( its good education & g5tle disposition4 ,z all rod5t animals dep5d solely on _! beautifully-=m$ & *isel-%ap$ =e tee? = _! subsi/5ce1 ! un=tunate squirrel is unable to eat1 & dies mis]ably ( hung]4 ,tak+ w>n+1 !re=e1 ( ^! h9ts1 let e int5d+ pur*as] ( a squirrel be v w>y respect+ ! sell]1 & exam9e ! squirrel's eye1 to see if x be bright & lively1 & its m\?1 to see if ! tee? be p]fect4 ,! age ( ! squirrel may also be kn[n by its tee?3 if "y1 !y are ne>ly :ite2 if old1 ( a deep yell[4 ,squirrels :5 tak5 aft] !y h rea*$ _! full age are ne>ly always vici\s & ill-temp]$4 ,! be/ way1 !re=e1 to obta9 a good squirrel is ei!r to ord] x f a respectable deal]1 :o w be sure to supply a "y & heal?y animal1 or to be indep5d5t ( deal]s1 & take ! creature out ( ! ne/4 ,= ?is purpose ! "y naturali/ %\ld g into ! woods ab\t ! middle ( summ]1 & look c>efully among ! bran*es = ! home ( ! squirrel1 call$ ei!r a 8cage0 or a 8drey10 accord+ to ! locality4 ,! ne/ is made on ! ext]ior ( leaves & f9e twigs1 & l9$ ) moss1 li*5s1 & simil> s(t sub/ances4 ,!re are two k9ds ( ne/s1 "o us$ 9 summ] & ! o!r 9 w9t]4 ,! w9t] ne/ is v c>efully conceal$1 be+ plac$ at ! junction ( sev]al l>ge bran*es ) ! trunk1 s z to %ield x f pry+ eyes bel[1 ! bla/s ( ! ke5 w9t] w9d1 & to support its l>ge dim5sions4 ,! summ] cage1 on ! contr>y1 is n s c>efully conceal$1 b is plac$ ^u a consid]able elevation1 & (t5 ^u b\ghs s sl5d] t !y b5d 9 a mo/ al>m+ mann] b5ea? ! weight4 ,/ill1 x (t5 happ5s t a ne/ c be rea*$ )\t dang]1 9 :i* may be f\nd "o or two "y squirrels ( j ! prop] age4 ,:5 captur$ at an e>ly age1 ! squirrel (t5 becomes extremely tame & confid+1 & w play ) its own] z if !y _h bo? liv$ 9 ! same ne/4 ,x is a pretty sight to witness ! gambols ( a squirrel ) its human playfell[1 to see ! active little animal jump on ! %\ld]s1 run all ov] ! body1 p]* on ! head1 poke its wise little head into a pocket1 & !n ) a quick dive ( ! ready paw br+ out a nut1 :i* x /raightway cracks & eats z m]rily z if 9 its native woods4 ,su* a sight is pleasant = _m reasons2 n ! lea/ be+ t x proves ! k9dly disposition ( ! boy ) :om a squirrel1 ?\gh naturally timid1 w ?us fe>lessly play1 & x gives promise ( m ext5d$ sympa?ies :5 he atta9s to rip] ye>s & m matur$ faculties4 ,! squirrel :5 9 conf9em5t is be/ f$ on ! sub/ances :i* x eats :ile 9 ! wild /ate1 su* z nuts1 acorns1 corn1 & simil> sub/ances4 ,x w also eat bread-&-milk1 & likes to nibble a biscuit by way ( a treat4 ,z ! squirrel is kn[n to be c>nivor\s to a c]ta9 degree1 x may be useful to give x occasionally a "y bird1 or a few eggs ( ! ?ru%1 sp>r[1 or any o!r common bird4 ,we _c1 h[ev]1 give p]sonal te/imony to ! good effect ( ?is diet4 ,h>d %ell-fruits1 su* z nuts1 acorns1 c41 are absolutely necess>y to ?is animal1 z ! /ructure ( ! tee? compels x to be cont9ually nibbl+4 ,9 all ! rod5t animals ! front tee? are f\r 9 numb]1 flat1 slightly curv$1 & edg$ l a *isel4 ,!y play aga9/ ea* o!r 9 su* a mann] t !y mutually keep ea* o!r %>p2 & 9 ord] to supply ! con/ant we>+ away to :i* !y are subject1 !y gr[ ?r\gh\t ! :ole lifetime ( ! animal1 be+ pu%$ =w>d by fre% gr[? at ! base4 ,x sometimes happ5s t a rod5t animal1 su* z a rat or a rabbit1 loses "o ( its tee?1 & ! consequ5ce is t ! correspond+ too? 9 ! jaw1 f9d+ no?+ to *eck x1 gr[s s long t x has be5 kn[n to rea* ev5 ! =ehead1 to =m a complete r+1 & sometimes to p5etrate ! o!r jaw4 ,9 all ^! cases ! poor creature 0 mis]ably ?91 & w\ld probably h di$ f gradual />vation at no di/ant p]iod4 ,! la/-m5tion$ po9t 9 squirrel-keep+1 ?\gh ( c\rse ! mo/ important1 is ! absolute necessity = ! mo/ scrupul\s cleanl9ess4 ,9 _! native /ate1 all animals are clean to a degree t might %ame _m a human be+1 & _! in/9ctive sanit>y cu/oms are mo/ praisewor?y4 ,ev5 ! pig1 = in/ance1 s (t5 cit$ z an example ( fil?y habits1 is :5 wild a model ( cleanl9ess1 & :5 dome/icat$ absolutely revels 9 a ?or\gh scrubb+ ) soap & hot wat]4 ,! squirrel1 9 l mann]1 ?\gh p]fectly sweet & clean 9 a wild /ate1 is sure to be mo/ (f5sive 9 captivity1 unless ! cage be c>efully purifi$ daily4 ,x is = ?is reason t we are s p>ticul> 9 recomm5d+ galvaniz$ iron = ! mat]ials ( ! cage1 avoid+ wood altoge!r1 z an evil od\r readily p5etrates wood1 & c nev] be totally expell$4 ,! duplicate tray & sleep+-box w prove to be ( ! greate/ s]vice 9 keep+ ! cage clean1 & w save mu* tr\ble to ! proprietor & annoyance to ! inhabitant4 ,%\ld ! squirrel-re>] pref] to employ wood 9 any "p ( ! cage1 he mu/ be sure to b9d ) %eet-t9 e edge & angle ( ! woodwork1 z ! little creature w nibble at ! expos$ edges s cont9ually ) its *isels ( tee?1 t x w spe$ily r5d] ! article useless4 ,be=e clos+ ^! rem>ks1 let u enjo9 on e int5d+ re>] ( a pet to consid] well be=e he und]takes ! sole gu>dian%ip ( any creature1 & to assure himself t he w p]=m ) punctuality & complet5ess ! _m little (fices requir$ by animals :5 tak5 f _! natural /ate ( exi/5ce1 deb>r$ f ! ex]cise ( _! ord9>y capacities1 & r5d]$ incapable ( procur+ food or keep+ !mselves 9 t /ate ( cleanl9ess :i* is ! ord9>y condition ( creatures 9 a /ate ( nature4 ,he mu/ make up 8 m9d t ! task w be some:at tr\blesome1 & w n[ & !n int]f]e ) contemplat$ projects2 b at ! same "t he mu/ rigidly det]m9e t no?+ %all cause him to =get1 or induce him to omit1 "o s+le duty t[>ds ! little creature "u 8 c>e4 ,x is dumb1 & has no language to decl>e its wants or proclaim its injuries2 & ?is v dumbness ought to incite 9 e "r-feel+ he>t a /rong compassion = ! helpless /ate 9 :i* ! creature is plac$1 an un%akeable resolution to make x z happy z x c be "u ! circum/ances4 ,x is possible to elevate ! "* ( a k9dly-treat$ pet to su* a degree1 t x w volunt>ily =sake ! society ( its own k9d = t ( man1 & ev5 if grant$ its lib]ty1 w refuse to avail itself ( ! gift1 & return to ! protection ( ! %elt]+ h&4 ,by humane & sympa!tic treatm5t a pet may be made happi] ?an 9 its native /ate1 & be sav$ _m pangs ( suff]+ by a k9dly own]4 ,all animals :5 wild h to pass ?r\gh a sort ( s*ool+1 & get sadly knock$ ab\t & bulli$ by _! eld]s be=e !y atta9 maturity & /r5g? to become bullies 9 _! turn2 b if re>$ 9 graci\s captivity1 !y w escape ! ordeal ?r\gh :i* !y mu/ h pass$4 ,la/ly1 let ! own] rememb] t 8 little fav\rite is :olly dep5d5t on him = e necess>y & com=t ( life1 & t x w be a piece ( arrant cruelty--or1 at all ev5ts1 ( inexcusable ?\ghtlessness--to p]mit ! captive to feel ! pangs ( hung] or ?ir/1 or to suff] ! discom=t ( an unclean home4 ,illu/ration ,,:ite ,,mice4 ,! m\se is a lively little animal1 & "o ( ! mo/ timid1 al?\gh he eats 9 ! trap z soon z he is caught4 ,! br[n m\se c v r>ely be tam$2 b :ite mice are br$ & br\ght up 9 a /ate ( dome/ication1 & ! "y fanci] c obta9 a pair = a %ill+ at any ( ! fanci]s4 ,! female has frequ5tly six or eight broods 9 a ye>1 b at ^! times %e mu/ be sep>at$ f ! buck1 :o v frequ5tly de/roys ! "y ones4 ,cages = :ite mice may be easily pur*as$ by ^? :o h ! money--m>k t--& y may indulge y\rselves1 my "y fri5ds1 to any tune1 f ! sweet j+le ( sixp5ce to ! respectable cl9k ( a gold5 sov]eign4 ,! be/ k9d ( cage is t l a squirrel's1 b on a small scale4 ,"s boys :o h +5uity w con/ruct pretty little h\ses = _! :ite mice4 ,we rememb] see+ "o on :i* !re 0 a mill1 by :i* ! :ite mice1 v mu* l mill]s 9 _! looks1 gr\nd _! own corn by means ( a turnab\t fix$ on a po/ ( ! dormitory1 & x 0 v amus+ to see ! little creatures come out ( ! *imney & look ab\t z unlike *imney-sweeps z :ite is to black4 ,! pr9cipal food = :ite mice is bread-&-milk1 oatmeal grits1 & any o!r common food1 except *eese1 :i* is bad = !m4 ,!y %\ld be kept p>ticul>ly clean1 & _! cages ought to be arrang$1 & b$s made up e day1 or !y w give out a mo/ disagreeable smell4 ,piebald mice are sometimes produc$ by a union ( ! common field-m\se ) a :ite m\se3 !re are also "s exp5sive v>ieties1 su* z ! black m\se1 & ! black & :ite m\se1 :i* ! "y g5tlem5 :o h m money ?an wit may pur*ase = a few %ill+s ea*2 b we say sixp5ce3 sixp5ce apiece is en\gh = any pets ( ?is k9d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,miscellane\s4--,,conjur+1 ,,*ess1 ,,etc4 ,,"p ,v4 ,miscellane\s3 ,,includ+ ,,bagatelle4 ,,billi>ds4 ,,boat-,,build+4 ,,c>p5t]+4 ,,*ess4 ,,conjur+4 ,,cryptography4 ,,deaf ,,& ,,dumb ,,alphabet4 ,,dom9oes4 ,,draughts4 ,,fireworks4 ,,g>d5+4 ,,mimicry ,,& ,,v5triloquism4 ,,puzzles4 ,,%[s4 ,,/amp-,,collect+4 ,,t9sell+4 ,,bagatelle4 ,:atev] div]sity ( op9ion !re may be ) respect to ! skill requir$ to excel at bagatelle1 !re c be none ) reg>d to its popul>ity4 ,! famili> long gre5 table1 ) its r\nd end & n9e numb]$ cups let 9 level ) ! clo?1 is f\nd ne>ly ev]y:]e4 ,! games play$ on a bagatelle bo>d are v>i\s1 ! pr9cipal ( :i* are1 ,engli% bagatelle 7:i* is ! ord9>y game71 ,fr5* bagatelle1 ,sans ,egal1 ,mississippi1 ,tron ,madame1 ! ,cannon game or ,bagatelle v]sus ,billi>ds4 ,_m ( ! /rokes at billi>ds w be f\nd useful at bagatelle1 b mu* less /r5g? w be requir$4 ,,engli% ,,bagatelle ,may be play$ by any numb] ( p]sons4 ,! ord] ( prec$5ce is settl$ by ea* p]son /rik+ a ball up ! bo>d1 & :oev] gets ! highe/ numb] takes ! lead & possession ( ! :ole n9e balls4 ,he places 8 ball on ! :ite spot ne>e/ ! /rik+ po9t1 & ! black ball 7:i* c\nts d\ble7 on ! spot ne>e/ ! holes4 ,! black ball mu/ be /ruck at ! comm5cem5t ( e r\nd1 b aft]w>ds ! play] c ei!r play = ! holes direct or by /rik+ ! o!r balls4 ,! mace or cue may be us$1 z agre$ ^u4 ,any numb] ( r\nds may be play$1 & ! score is c\nt$ f ! m>k$ holes into :i* ! balls are driv54 ,! sides ( ! table are fill$ ) holes & pegs to m>k ! progress ( ! game4 ,,! ,,fr5* ,,game ,diff]s f ! ,engli% 9 two or ?ree ess5tial p>ticul>s4 ,x is g5]ally play$ by two or f\r p]sons1 :o1 in/ead ( play+ ) ! :ole n9e balls1 take x 9 turn to /rike1 & score all !y make until a hole is miss$4 ,! play] =feits "o po9t if he misses ! black ball1 :i* c\nts d\ble1 z 9 ! ,engli% game4 ,a hundr$ up is ! usual score1 & occasionally diff]5t values are giv5 to col\r$ balls1 s t a black c\nts d\ble1 a r$ ! same1 or adds two to ! score o!rwise made4 ,,sans ,,egal ,is a fav\rite game = two p]sons4 ,! lead is decid$ z 9 ! ,engli% game1 & ea* play] has f\r balls ( diff]5t col\rs4 ,! black ball is plac$ z 9 ! ,engli% game1 & ! play]s take alt]nate /rokes4 ,! "o t holes ! black ball c\nts x t[>ds 8 game1 z well z all he may hole ( 8 own2 b %\ld he hole any ( 8 adv]s>y's1 ! numb] is scor$ to ! own] ( !m4 ,! game is play$ #ba or #ca up1 & ! w9n] ( "o r\nd takes ! lead 9 ! next4 ,,! ,,cannon ,,game4 ,?is is also call$ 8,billi>ds v4 ,bagatelle10 & is play$ by two p]sons1--#aja up4 ,?ree balls ( diff]5t col\rs are us$--black1 r$1 & :ite3 ! *oice ( ! two la/1 & ! lead1 is det]m9$ z 9 ! ,engli% game4 ,! game is comm5c$ by plac+ ! black ball on ! spot2 b %\ld ! play] miss x1 8 oppon5t scores five2 & if ! ball is hol$ at ! same "t1 ! numb] ( ! cup is also c\nt$ to 8 oppon5t1 :o !n takes ! turn4 ,! black ball inv>iably c\nts d\ble1 & is tak5 out ( ! cup e "t x is hol$ & plac$ on 8! spot10 z at ! comm5cem5t4 ,if ! play]'s ball is hol$ aft] contact ) ! black ball1 or aft] hav+ made a cannon1 x c\nts ! numb] ( ! cup1 & is return$ to him1 :5 he cont9ues to play until he misses4 ,a cannon scores two to ! game1 b ! black ball mu/ be /ruck fir/1 or else five is add$ to ! adv]s>y's score4 ,!re are a few o!r po9ts to be obs]v$4 ,! play] cont9ues play+ aft] mak+ a cannon1 or aft] hol+ 8 own or adv]s>y's ball1 if he has /ruck ! black ball fir/4 ,%\ld any ball reb\nd beyond ! c5tre ( ! table or be =c$ (f ! bo>d1 x mu/ n be play$ t r\nd1 unless x is ! black ball1 :i* mu/ be plac$ on 8! spot10 z at ! comm5cem5t ( ! game4 ,,mississippi4 ,?is is a v>iation ( ! game by means ( a wood5 p]=at$ bridge1 ea* ar* ( :i* be>s a p>ticul> numb]4 ,! bridge is plac$ close up to ! circle1 & ea* play] /rikes up "o ball2 he :o gets ! highe/ numb] takes ! lead1 & plays ! n9e balls successively4 ,! balls mu/ /rike "o ( ! cu%ions previ\s to ent]+ ! bridge1 o!rwise ! numb] w be scor$ to ! adv]s>y4 ,! game may be play$ #cj1 #fj1 or #ajj up1 z may be agre$ on4 ,,billi>ds4 ,( all indoor games1 billi>ds ranks highe/4 ,x is )\t d\bt ! k+1 & reigns triumphant ov] *ess1 backgammon1 p>l\r croquet2 & s9ce ^? delightful m9iature billi>d tables h be5 introduc$1 x is rapidly sup]s$+ bagatelle z a p>l\r game4 ,^! m9iature tables possess all ! advantages ( ! l>g] & m ari/ocratic tables4 ,! same pr9ciples op]ate1 ! practice is simil>1 & ! laws :i* gov]n ! play are alike2 ne$ x be a matt] ( wond] t billi>ds is fa/ becom+ z popul> & univ]sal z x is excell5t8 ,:5 a boy fir/ tries 8 h& at billi>ds1 he is g5]ally conf\nd$ by ! app>5tly erratic conduct ( ! balls4 ,!y are apt to div]ge into ! /range/ places1 & someh[ manage to rema9 precisely 9 ^? spots :]e a practis$ play] c make a good break f !m4 ,?is arises fir/ f ! want ( a k ( ! laws :i* regulate mov+ bodies1 ! g5]al pr9ciples ( billi>ds1 & an acqua9tance ) ! v>i\s 8/rokes10 & ! effects !y produce4 ,?us to become a good billi>d-play] requires a nicety ( t\*1 a good eye1 & s\nd judgm5t4 ,^! are to be acquir$ if ! play] att5ds to ! foll[+ pr9ciples & po9ts ( ! game4 ,mo/ boys are aw>e t billi>ds is play$ on an oblong table twelve feet long by six feet wide1 inside ! cu%ions3 ! small] tables pres]ve ^! g5]al proportions4 ,9 ,france1 = in/ance1 ! table is "s f\r feet by eight feet1 & )\t pockets1 x be+ us$ solely = ! cannon game2 b ,engli% tables h inv>iably six pockets1 "o at ea* corn] & two at ! sides4 ,no good table is n[ made )\t a slate b$1 p]fectly level1 & cov]$ ) f9e gre5 clo?4 ,! old li/ cu%ions are n[ sup]s$$ by ^? made ( vulcaniz$ india-rubb]1 :i* n only resi/s ! det]iorat+ influ5ce ( ! wea!r1 b increases ! 8spe$0 ( ! table4 ,! surface ( ! clo? is m>k$ ) ?ree 8spots40 ,! fir/ 8spot0 is plac$ ab\t twelve in*es f ! upp] end or top ( ! table1 & is kn[n z 8! spot40 ,! second is plac$ two feet six in*es f ! top1 & ! ?ird is 9 ! c5tre ( ! table4 ,two feet six in*es f ! bottom ( ! table is ! 8baulk l9e10 on :i* is inscrib$ a semicircle1 call$ ! 8/rik+ po9t10 %[n on figs4 #d to #g4 ,! position ( ! semicircle is also m>k$ by ?ree spots1 "o at ea* end & "o at ! c5tre4 ,! moveable adjuncts to ! table are cues1 balls1 butt1 & a re/ or jigg]4 ,) respect to ^! "o or two words ( advice4 ,see t y\r cue is well balanc$2 bew>e ( fancy cues2 let ! lea!r$ tip be mod]ately broad1 & keep x always well *alk$4 ,! balls are p]fect sph]es turn$ out ( ! c5tre ( ! tusk4 ,x may be m5tion$ t ! ord9>y l5g? ( a cue is f\r feet n9e in*es1 & ! diamet] ( 8mat* balls0 is two in*es & a sixte5?4 ,! 8butt0 is a /iff1 ?ick cue1 well lea!r$ at ! butt end1 & is us$ occasionally = pu%+ ! ball :5 x is necess>y to come (f a cu%ion at an exact angle4 ,! uses ( ! 8re/0 & long cues are obvi\s4 ,ere t\*+ on ! game itself1 !re are a few ess5tial po9ts :i* claim ! att5tion ( a "y play]4 ,!y are ^!3 #a4 ,! atta9m5t ( a good position4 #b4 ,! mak+ ( a firm 8bridge40 #c4 ,! acquirem5t ( a good1 easy1 b firm1 /roke4 ,! la/ two ess5tials dep5d 9 a great measure on ! fir/4 ,x is obvi\s t ! billi>d play] requires an easy play = 8 "r arm1 & firmness 9 8 left to give solidity to ! 8bridge40 ,to ensure ?is he mu/ /& firmly on 8 "r leg1 s t x supports ! weight ( 8 body4 ,! left leg %\ld be plac$ slightly 9 advance1 & press$ g5tly to balance ! body only4 ,?is w ?r[ additional weight on ! left arm1 :i* re/s on ! table1 & leave ! "r arm free4 ,if ! position is a good "o1 ! left leg may be lift$ f ! floor )\t di/urb+ ! body4 ,to =m ! 8bridge10 ! left h& mu/ be fir/ ext5d$ on ! table1 & ! f+]s drawn up /raight t[>ds ! wri/1 s z to elevate ! knuckles4 ,if well done1 ! tips ( ! f+]s1 ! wri/1 & ball ( ! ?umb w t\* ! table4 ,! po9t ( ! ?umb mu/ be !n kept slightly ap>t f ! f+]s to =m a groove1 9 :i* ! cue c re/1 z %[n 9 fig4 #a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--,,! ,,bridge4 ,! bridge %\ld be =m$ almo/ six in*es f ! ball4 ,to /rike well1 surely1 & firmly1 ! cue mu/ be held 9 ! grasp ( ! "r h&4 ,?is is ess5tial1 = unless ! cue is s held x w be impossible to make a good1 & !re=e a sure1 /roke4 ,all fancy modes ( hold+ ! cue by ! tips ( ! f+]s %\ld be avoid$4 ,! cue may be laid on ! groove ( ! bridge1 & drawn back1 & !n firmly & /eadily s5d x =w>d 9 a /raight l9e1 keep+ ! "r h& well d[n beh9d y1 s t ! =ce ( ! bl[ comes f ! %\ld]1 n ! elb[4 ,! eye mu/ be educat$ to guide ! h&1 &1 hit or miss1 ! /roke %\ld be giv5 at once4 ,!re %\ld be no hesitation1 no see-saw+ ( ! cue to & fro1 & no viol5t motions :atev]4 ,! body %\ld be s plac$ z to give firmness to ! bridge1 ease to ! "r arm--:i* %\ld be kept /raight1 ) ! po9t ( ! cue slightly above ! surface ( ! clo?--& a g5]al fre$om f con/ra9t1 :i* is highly ess5tial to success4 ,! be/ me?od ( practice = a "y beg9n] is to place a ball be=e 8 cue & /rike x firmly & g5tly into diff]5t pockets1 or at diff]5t m>k$ po9ts ( ! cu%ion1 until he c pocket ! ball & hit a giv5 po9t ) fre$om & precision4 ,! ball mu/ be fairly /ruck ) ! tip ( ! cue1 n pu%$ or j]k$ =w>d2 & h5ce x w be necess>y to draw back ! po9t ( ! cue five or six in*es ere /rik+ ! ball4 ,! /roke1 ?\gh firm1 mu/ n be viol5t1 le/ ! natural angles ( ! table %\ld be de/roy$4 ,if ! ball is wat*$ c>efully aft] x has /ruck ! cu%ion1 x w be f\nd to return at an exactly equal angle to ! "o at :i* x 0 /ruck4 ,9 o!r words1 8! angle ( reflexion is equal to ! angle ( incid5ce40 ,?is is ! fir/ & mo/ important rule ( billi>ds1 & "o t %\ld nev] be =gott54 ,! v>iation ( ! /r5g? & direction ( ! /roke w be f\nd to mat]ially affect ?is law1 & enables ! skill$ play] to make ^? =midable & seem+ly impossible /rokes :i* secure him 8 victory4 ,?is peculi>ity ( ! angles is be/ illu/rat$1 & ! practice ( ! /ud5t advanc$1 by plac+ ano!r ball at a little di/ance be=e ! play]1 :i* we w call ! object ball4 ,if we place !m 9 a l9e ) "o ( ! m>k$ places on ! cu%ion1 & /rike ! fir/ ball fair 9 ! c5tre1 & cause x to /rike ! object ball full1--if ?is is done1 x w /rike ! m>k$ spot1 & come (f at ! same angle z y\r fir/ ball w\ld h done4 ,= ! purposes ( play ! object ball is divid$ ?us3-- ,illu/ration3 #a4 ,full ,ball4 #b4 ,?ree-qu>t] ,ball4 #c4 ,half ,ball4 #d4 ,qu>t] ,ball4 #e4 ,eigh? ,ball4 #f4 ,v f9e ,ball4 ,,fig4 #b4--;,,divid+ ,,! ,,object ,,ball4 ,fig4 #b1 ,no4 #a1 %[s ! object ball /ruck full1 fig4 #b1 ,no4 #b1 ! ?ree-qu>t] ball1 & s on4 ,! half ball is ! mo/ important 9 practice1 z by x ! natural angle is made1 an angle t is ( ! greate/ importance at billi>ds1 ?\gh ea* h _! p>ticul> uses1 :i* ! "y play] %\ld endeav\r to und]/&4 ,he w f9d t ! balls div]ge at diff]5t angles1 m or less acute1 accord+ z ! object ball is /ruck 8full0 or 8f9e20 ! f9e ball be+ precisely ! rev]se ( ! ?ree-qu>t] ball4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4--,,! ,,play]',s ,,ball ,,divid$ ,,= ,,! ,,side-,,/roke4 ,!re are _m ord9>y haz>ds & cannons :i* c be made by simply divid+ ! object ball1 b ! motion :i* ! /rik+ ball obta9s aft] contact ) ! object ball w be modifi$ by ! position ( ! cue & ! mann] 9 :i* x is /ruck4 ,fir/ let u take ! position ( ! cue4 ,= ! full c5tre /roke or /raight haz>d ! ball mu/ be /ruck well 9 ! c5tre1 & produce :at is t]m$ ! ret>d1 or /op ball1 if ! object ball is /ruck full likewise4 ,if ! /rik]'s ball is /ruck consid]ably above its c5tre1 x produces ! foll[+ /roke4 ,to make ! ball jump1 x mu/ be /ruck %>ply on ! top ) a 8d[nw>d1 =w>d motion10 & ?is1 if c>efully done1 w cause ! ball to jump ov] a neighb\r+ & int]v5+ ball4 ,:5 ! ball is /ruck l[1 x produces ! recoil1 & ! /rik]'s ball w return f ! object ball to ! play]4 ,?is leads ! beg9n] to ! greate/ ( all mod]n improvem5ts 9 ! game1 ! side-/roke4 ,x is f\nd t x is mu* easi] to divide ! /rik]'s ball ) accuracy ?an ! object ball1 b :5 bo? balls are divid$ ) judgm5t ! highe/ sci5tific play is obta9$4 ,! application ( side & twi/ to ! /rik]'s ball is (t5 misappli$ by beg9n]s1 & is frequ5tly ! cause ( mis*iev\s results2 = all /ud5ts %\ld rememb] t 8! h>d] y /rike ! balls ! m rapidly !y fly ap>t20 & frequ5tly a modification ( ! /r5g? ( ! /roke w a*ieve ! desir$ result bett] ?an ! application ( 8side10 :i* may fail4 ,x %\ld always be rememb]$ t ! ball mu/ be /ruck on ! side on :i* x is int5d$ to g aft] contact ) ! object ball1 & t ! effect is n produc$ until aft] x has come 9 contact ) ano!r ball or ! cu%ion4 ,x is us$ = ! same purpose z ! division ( ! object ball1 & accompli%es ! same object4 ,9 ord] t x may be prop]ly und]/ood we give 9 fig4 #c ! play]'s ball divid$ = ! side-/roke4 ,! /ud5t c only acquire a k ( ! effect ( ! /rokes giv5 at ^! v>i$ po9ts by practice1 or f ! in/ruction ( an exp]t tea*]2 all t a writ] c d is to lay d[n well-def9$ & easily-und]/ood axioms1 rules1 & cautions4 ,?us1 if ! ball is /ruck at c c1 at ! top1 x becomes ! foll[+ ball2 at ! bottom c c1 a recoil2 at f f x w give a /rong side to ! ball at ! l[] angles1 ! screw or twi/1 :i* causes ! balls to twi/ back2 ! upp] angles w give high "r-h& side or left-h& side1 accord+ to ! side !y are /ruck4 ,,! ,,angles ,,( ,,! ,,table ,%\ld nev] be =gott54 ,!y *ange inf9itely1 & if ! /ud5t has made good use ( ! h9ts giv5 z to ! elem5t>y practice ) "o ball1 he w h acquir$ "s valuable in=mation1 & soon see ! tru? ( ! axiom1 t ! 8angle ( reflexion is equal to ! angle ( incid5ce20 & ! advantage ( a k ( ! angles ( ! table w be be/ se5 9 mak+ cannons1 = _m play]s w make !m (f "o1 two1 ?ree1 & ev5 f\r cu%ions4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4--;,,angles ,,( ,,! ,,table4 ,fig4 #d %[s a s]ies ( v useful angles1 :i* may be advantage\sly /udi$4 ,! black l9es repres5t ! c\rse ( ! ball be=e rev]b]ation1 ! dott$ l9es its c\rse aft] ! fir/ reflexion1 & ! fa9t l9es its c\rse aft] ! second reflexion4 ,9 ^! examples ! ball is suppos$ to be /ruck fairly 9 ! c5tre ) mod]ate =ce1 except 9 case #a1 :]e ! effects ( diff]5t /r5g?s is %[n4 ,an ord9>y1 mod]ate /roke w\ld br+ ! ball into ! left-h& corn] pocket1 :ile a h>d] /roke w\ld produce ! angles a b3 if play$ ) great] /r5g? ! angles c d w result4 8,bricole0 angles are made across ! table1 & are ( c\rse proportionately m acute4 ,! ,bricole game is be+ oblig$ to /rike a cu%ion1 & make ! ball rev]b]ate or recoil f x previ\s to hitt+ ! adv]s>y's ball4 ,?is is a v great disadvantage1 & is us$ pr9cipally 9 8cramp games10 :]e ! advantage ( "o play] is neutraliz$ by ?is2 or by play+ cannons aga9/ cannons & haz>ds1 or f\r pockets to two1 or five to "o1 or cannons & w9n+ haz>ds aga9/ ! :ole game4 ,all /rokes at billi>ds are di/+ui%$ by ! "n ( cannons or haz>ds4 ,cannon is a contraction ( c>ambole1 & is a /roke 9 :i* ! play] /rikes bo? balls 9 succession ) 8 own4 ,! 8los+ haz>d0 is :5 ! play]'s own ball is =c$ into ei!r ( ! six pockets1 aft] contact ) ! o!r ball4 ,! 8w9n+ haz>d0 is made by =c+ ! ball play$ ^u into ei!r pocket aft] contact4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4--;,,cannons4 ,"h are a few examples ( cannons made f ! cu%ion1 )\t ! use ( ! side-/roke4 ,!y only indicate ! inf9ite v>iety t c be made4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4--,,w9n+ ,,haz>ds4 ,"s r difficult1 b useful1 w9n+ haz>ds are %[n 9 fig4 #f4 ,! /roke ,a is t]m$ ! 8spot /roke40 ,?is /roke is sometimes made a score or m times 9 succession by a good play]4 ,x is "o ( ! be/ ( w9n+ haz>ds4 ,x requires a ne>ly full ball ( mod]ate /r5g?1 & to repeat x f "o side to ! o!r y %\ld slightly divide y\r own ball by putt+ on a little side 7see ,d e 9 fig4 #c72 & y w f9d y\r ball 9 ! "r position to repeat ! /roke4 ,sometimes x may be made by a sl[ hoi/1 :i* causes ! ball to come back to ! />t+-po9t2 or ! ball may be /opp$ a little beh9d ! object ball1 & ?us make a succession ( haz>ds f ! same pocket4 ,! *ampion billi>d-play]1 ,rob]ts1 makes trem5d\s breaks f ! 8spot /roke40 ,get a good play] to %[ ! v>iety ( ways 9 :i* x c be made1 & practise x4 ,"h are a few examples ( ! effect ( divid+ ! object ball4 ,/rokes #a to #ad are made f ! baulk into ! top end pockets by divid+ ! object ball f a ne>ly full ball1 z 9 #aj1 #aa1 #ab1 #ac1 #ad1 to an eigh? 9 #a & #i4 ,/roke #e repres5ts a half ball vulg>ly call$ a pair ( bree*es4 ,/roke #aa %\ld be made to hug ! cu%ion4 ,/rokes #ae & #af mu/ be play$ g5tly ) a half ball1 & #ag ) a qu>t] ball4 ,/rokes #ah to #cc %[ a v>iety ( cuts made by /rik+ ! ball 9 ! direction %[n by ! l9e betwe5 ! :ite ball & ! r$4 ,n[ = a few los+ haz>ds4 ,!y require a little diff]5t treatm5t4 ,"h are a few4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4--,,los+ ,,haz>ds4 ,! fir/ eight /rokes require a screw1 & m or less side1 accord+ to _! position2 #i1 #aj1 #aa1 & #ab require /rong side1 z %[n2 & 9 #ac ! /rik]'s ball mu/ fir/ /rike ! cu%ion g5tly1 reb\nd1 hit ! o!r ball1 & fall into ! corn] pocket4 ,/roke #ad is an ugly position = a beg9n]1 yet x frequ5tly occurs4 ,y mu/ put on pl5ty ( side to y\r own ball1 :i* w remove ! object ball1 & y\r ball w !n roll along ! cu%ion into ! pocket4 ,/roke #bb alone requires a ^w 9 explanation4 ,x %[s n[ ! los+ haz>d is made f baulk (f ! r$ on ! spot4 ,put on a /rong-side twi/1 & practise x well4 ,rememb] t practice c alone make p]fect4 ,be always decid$1 play /eadily1 & d n lose y\r temp]4 ,n[ = a few h9ts ) respect to ! games to be play$4 ,) e billi>d table a set ( rules is suppli$1 & ^! mu/ be /udi$ & obey$1 z regulat+ ! game2 b an endless v>iety ( games may be extemporis$ to suit ! v>i\s p>ties & skill ( ! pr(essors4 ,,! ,,am]ican ,,game ,is play$ ) f\r balls1 a light r$1 or p9k1 & d>k r$4 ,! balls are plac$ on ! spots 9 ! c5tre betwe5 ! pockets4 ,! baulk is n conf9$ to ! semicircle1 b y c place y\r ball any:]e )9 ! l9e :i* is ext5d$ level ) ! w9n+-haz>d spot4 ,! game is usually play$ #fc up1 & consi/s ( w9n+ haz>ds & cannons4 ,9 ?is game 8d\bles0 are ( great advantage4 ,d\bles are s call$ :5 a play] /rikes 8 own or an object ball at a c]ta9 angle ( ! cu%ion1 s z to cause x to come (f at an equal angle & g into a pocket at ! opposite side ( ! table4 ,x is call$ a 8d\ble d\ble0 if ! ball returns & goes into a pocket on ! side ( ! table x fir/ /ruck2 & !re is a game 9 :i* no score is made unless ! cu%ion is fir/ /ruck ) ! ball4 ,,pyramids1 ,,or ,,pyramid ,,pool1 ,is play$ ) fifte5 r$ & "o :ite ball4 ,! r$ balls are arrang$ 9 a triangle1 ?us3-- o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o ,! fir/ ball is plac$ on ! w9n+-haz>d spot4 ,! :ite ball is plac$ 9 baulk4 ,! game is plac$ by hol+ all ! r$ balls4 ,a great deal w dep5d 9 ?is on keep+ ! :ite ball safe1 s t y\r adv]s>y may h to play a cramp /roke4 ,x is a pretty game to play ) fri5ds4 ,pyramids c be s modifi$ z to suit a numb] ( play]s1 ea* /rik+ 9 succession1 & scor+ accord+ to ! numb] ( balls pocket$4 ,a small /ake is plac$ on ea* ball to give an int]e/ 9 ! game4 ,:5 play$ 9 ?is mann]1 ! w9n] :o scores ! greate/ numb] takes ! /akes4 8,,w9n+ ,,& ,,los+ ,,c>ambole ,,game0 ,is play$ by ei!r two or f\r p]sons4 ,w9n+ & los+ haz>ds1 cannons1 & =feits1 g to make ! score1 :i* is usually #ej4 ,if f\r play]s make a mat*1 & play side aga9/ side1 !y play #fc up1 & ! p>tn]s may in/ruct ea* o!r4 ,?is plan is op5 to objection1 & a f> bett] "o is = ea* to play 8 own game1 & h&icap ! inf]ior play]s by giv+ !m t5 or fifte5 po9ts at ! comm5cem5t4 ,9 ?is case1 if ei!r p>ty gives a miss1 x is f> bett] t he %\ld lose "o po9t ?an ! o!rs %\ld take "o ea*4 ,! :ite & spot :ite balls are !n play$ alt]nately1 z if only two 7 play+4 ,! game comm5ces by /r++ = ! lead & ! *oice ( balls4 ,! play] mu/ place 8 ball )9 ! /rik+ r+1 & /& )9 ! limits ( ! corn] ( ! table4 ,he ^: ball re/s ne>e/ to ! cu%ion at ! baulk end ( ! table w9s ! lead1 & *ooses 8 own ball4 ,a few g5]al h9ts respect+ ! rules only is necess>y4 ,! r$ ball is plac$ on ! l[] ( ! two spots at ! bottom ( ! table1 & replac$ !re :5 x is hol$ 7i4 e4 pocket$7 or =c$ ov] ! edge ( ! table1 or :5 ! balls are brok5 or1 9 o!r words1 plac$ z at ! comm5cem5t ( a game4 ,:oev] breaks ! balls leads (f4 ,) respect to scor+3 if ! /rik] holes ! :ite ball 7call$ a :ite w9n+ haz>d71 or if he holes 8 own ball f ! :ite ball 7call$ a :ite los+ haz>d71 he ga9s two po9ts2 if he does bo?1 he ga9s f\r po9ts4 ,if he holes ! r$ ball1 he w9s ?ree2 & if by ! same /roke he holes 8 own f ! r$1 he w9s ?ree m4 ,,pool4 ,!re are sev]al ways ( play+ pool4 ,!re is ! ord9>y game1 ) z _m balls z !re are play]s1 or ) two balls only1 ! play]s play+ 9 turns1 & play+ ) alt]nate balls2 play+ ) ! ne>e/ ball2 play+ at ! la/ play]2 or ! play] play+ at :i*ev] ball he *ooses4 ,! mo/ popul> game is t 9 :i* ! play] plays at ! la/ play]4 ,:5 col\r$ balls are us$1 !y are play$ z ! col\rs are plac$ on ! m>k+ bo>d4 ,ea* play] has ?ree lives at />t+4 ,b !re is ?is drawback to pool3 if ! play] happ5s to lose all 8 lives 9 rapid succession1 he is condemn$ to +lori\s idl5ess until ! pool is play$ out1 & !n ! same ?+ may happ54 ,?is may be obviat$ by all[+ ! lives to be unlimit$1 & pay+ no?+ into ! g5]al pool1 s t if a play]'s ball be pocket$1 he has only to pay 8 /ake & rema9 on h& until 8 turn comes r\nd aga94 ,9 ?is mann] ! play]s may cont9ue _! game = an unlimit$ p]iod1 & a new-com] may jo9 ! game at any "t4 ,!re is a cannon game :i* af=ds excell5t practice4 ,all ! pool or pyramid balls are rang$ 9 a l9e aga9/ ! top & bottom cu%ion1 hav+ ! pla9 :ite ball 9 ! middle4 ,a cue is !n laid flat aga9/ !m1 & !y are pu%$ along ! table1 s z to /rike ! opposite cu%ion4 ,! object ( ! play] is to take ! :ite ball & make z _m consecutive cannons z possible4 ,%\ld 8 own ball run into a pocket1 he is oblig$ to /op & let ! next play] 92 & if any ( ! col\r$ balls run into a pocket1 x mu/ /ay !re1 & ( c\rse decrease ! *ances ( a long s]ies ( cannons4 ,?is is mu* m difficult ?an x looks4 ,!re is a cannon game ) "o r$ & ! two :ite balls4 ,9 ?is pocket+ ei!r ( ! :ite balls causes two to be d$uct$ f ! score1 & pocket+ ! r$ ball loses ?ree4 ,! regul> ,fr5* game consi/s ( cannons only2 misses & pockets d n c\nt ei!r way4 ,x is usually play$ on a ,fr5* table1 )\t pockets1 ) two & a half in* balls1 & a heavy "o4 ,! baulk is n conf9$ to ! semicircle4 ,at ! comm5cem5t ! r$ is plac$ on ! w9n+ spot1 & ! non-/rik]'s ball on ! c5tre spot 9 baulk4 ,,italian ,,skittle ,,pool ,is an excell5t game = boys4 ,x is play$ ?irty-"o po9ts up4 ,f\r balls are us$1 two be+ :ite1 "o r$1 & "o blue2 & five skittles are plac$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! table4 ,ea* ( ! skittles is numb]$ 9 ! foll[+ ord]3--,! fir/ opposite ! baulk is numb]$ #a2 ! "o to ! "r #b2 ! "o opposite to ! fir/ #c2 ! opposite to ! second1 on ! left1 #d2 & ! "o 9 ! c5tre #e4 ,! r$ ball is plac$ z 9 ! cannon game1 ! blue "o b5ea? x4 ,! two :ite balls are kept by ! two play]s :o h to play fir/4 ,!re is a peculi>ity 9 ?is game1 f ! fact t a numb]1 f "o to sixte51 is *os5 by ! play] at r&om1 & ! m>k] secretly adds x to ! score1 & 9 ord] to w9 ! pool ! play] mu/ make betwe5 ! po9ts ( ! game & ^? on ! hidd5 ball ?irty-"o po9ts1 nei!r m nor less3 if he makes m he is te*nically dead1 & out ( ! game4 ,! fir/ play] has to /rike ! r$ ball1 ! second ! blue "o1 :ile ! foll[+ play]s may use ei!r4 ,! po9ts are made by knock+ d[n ! skittles1 ea* ( :i* c\nts z _m po9ts z its numb]1 & by :atev] ball ^! skittles are knock$ d[n !y always c\nt4 ,if a ball is knock$ out ( ! table1 x de/roys all ! po9ts made by ! /roke4 ,any play] rea*+ tw5ty-n9e or ?irty po9ts has a "r to /op on 8 decl>+ s1 only ! po9ts he makes 9 8 subsequ5t play c\nt to ! advantage or disadvantage1 :i*ev] x may be1 ( ! previ\s play]4 ,! survivor f among/ all ! play]s :o h di$ by ov]/epp+ ! ?irty-"o po9ts w9s ! pool4 ,he :o knocks d[n ! f\r outside skittles1 leav+ ! c5tre "o only /&+1 makes :at is call$ ! royal1 & w9s ! pool4 ,!re are "s m9ute rules ab\t /opp+1 :i* mu/ be decl>$ imm$iately on rea*+ tw5ty-n9e or ?irty po9ts1 & only "o p]son c /op4 ,! advantage ( /opp+ is ! *ance ( be+ ! survivor4 ,on a wet day1 9 a c\ntry h\se1 ! be/ r\nd game is ,p5ny ,pot1 play$ l pool1 & = e ball pocket$ ! play] receives a small /ake1 & plays until he ceases to score4 ,aft] mak+ a w9n+ haz>d1 ! ne>e/ ball is play$ on4 ,a life is =feit$ = e miss1 c\p 7i4 e4 play+ a ball into a pocket )\t its t\*+ ano!r ball71 or los+ haz>d1 & paid to ! own] ( ! ball play$ on4 ,illu/ration3 ,,boat ,,build+ ,?is truly ,engli% amusem5t _c be too highly extoll$1 z x is calculat$ to incite boys to emulate ea* o!r 9 acquir+ pr(ici5cy 9 an art :i* ex]cises _! +5uity & ta/e1 :ile x inculcates habits ( pati5t indu/ry4 ,a good sail+ %ip is r a tr\blesome ?+ to con/ruct2 b :5 a lad sees x 8walk ! wat]s l a ?+ ( life0 he exp]i5ces feel+s :i* fully repay him = all 8 lab\r4 ,e boy ought to le>n to swim1 if only to prev5t anxi\s p>5ts includ+ boat-sail+ ) dang]\s pa/imes t ought n to be enc\rag$4 ,we are always pleas$ to see boys sail+ _! m9iature vessels1 & we _c ?9k t an occasional duck+ ought to int]f]e ) an occupation s befitt+ to ! y\? ( a great m>itime nation4 ,z long z ,fr5* boys amuse !mselves ) play+ at soldi]s1 we tru/ ,engli% boys w cont9ue to build & sail _! model %ips4 ,illu/ration ,if y wi% to possess a good %ip1 y mu/ make x y\rself1 z ! sm>tly-pa9t$ vessels ( ! toy-%ops are usually made to sell1 & n to sail4 ,to =m ! hull y w require a few c>p5t]'s tools1 su* z a c\ple ( *isels1 a g\ge1 & a saw1 9 addition to t invaluable in/rum5t1 a good pocket-knife4 ,hav+ procur$ a suitable piece ( good :ite deal1 ) a /raight gra91 m>k a l9e d[n ! middle1 on ! upp] & l[] sides1 & at bo? ends2 !n m>k out ) p5cil ! %ape ( ! int5d$ vessel1 :i* %\ld be broad 9 proportion to l5g?1 & deep 9 proportion to ! wid?4 ,mo/ boys %ape _! vessels be=e scoop+ !m out1 b x is f> bett] to rev]se ! process1 & holl[ out ! wood be=e comm5c+ ! outside4 ,! deck is to be made ( a ?9 piece ( deal1 & mu/ be fitt$ v accurately1 s t no wat] may ent] ! hold4 ,a flu% deck1 )\t a rais$ edge or gunwale1 is to be pref]r$1 z su* a deck does n hold ! wat]4 ,! ma/ %\ld be made ( /rong1 light wood2 %\ld be tap]+1 & r long4 ,! less rigg+ !re is ! bett]2 two %r\ds & a few /ays w be en\gh4 ,! be/ models = m9iature %ips are ^? vessels t are rigg$ 8=e & aft10 su* z cutt]s & s*oon]s2 squ>e-rigg$ %ips are unmanageable unless made v l>ge4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cutt]4 ,our fir/ illu/ration %[s a model cutt]1 ) h] sails set4 ,! pr9cipal sail is t]m$ ! ma9sail1 ! "o above x ! gaff topsail1 & ! triangul> sail atta*$ to ! b[sprit ! =esail or jib4 ,! blocks us$ 9 rigg+ a model %ip are to be made ( boxwood or ald]4 ,! latt] is a s(t] wood ?an ! =m]1 & c be m readily fa%ion$ into %ape ) a p5knife4 ,! holes = ! cords %\ld be bor$ ?r\gh ! pieces ( wood be=e !y are %ap$ into blocks1 z x is n easy to drill ! blocks )\t splitt+ !m4 ,! rudd] %\ld be atta*$ to ! keel by b5t p9s4 ,! little /aples on ! keel1 9 :i* ! b5t p9s "w1 are to be =m$ ( brass wire4 ,! /em ( ! rudd] passes ?r\gh a hole 9 ! /]n ( ! vessel1 & is provid$ ) a till]4 ,be=e laun*+ ! %ip1 ! till] mu/ be fix$ s z to keep ! rudd] at ! requir$ angle4 ,_m boys fe> to laun* _! %ips 9 l>ge ponds2 b if a %ip is prop]ly rigg$1 & answ]s to h] rudd]1 !re ne$ be no d\bt z to h] safe arrival at port4 ,illu/ration3 ,,smack4 ,! smack is n s graceful z ! cutt]1 b is a capital sail]4 ,! l>ge sail is call$ a spritsail1 f ! sp> or sprit :i* crosses x diagonally f ! ma/ to ! upp] aftmo/ corn]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,s*oon]4 ,a s*oon] is a vessel ) two ma/s1 & =e-&-aft sails l ^? ( a cutt]4 ,! s*oon]-rig is n suit$ to v small boats4 ,illu/ration3 ,,lugg]4 ,! lugg] is %[n 9 ! annex$ engrav+4 ,! lug-sail :i* di/+ui%es ?is rig is a squ>e sail fa/5$ to a y>d t hangs obliquely to ! ma/ at "o-?ird ( its l5g?4 ,a lug-sail may be fitt$ to a s+le-ma/$ boat4 ,! lugg] is an excell5t boat = sail+1 b x lacks ! trim appe>ance ( ! cutt]4 ,cutt]s or s*oon]s int5d$ = fa/ sail+ %\ld h b "o =esail1 z a l>ge balloon-jib rigg$ ) a boom holds m w9d ?an an ord9>y jib & /aysail4 ,! %ips %\ld be well balla/$ to prev5t ! w9d capsiz+ !m1 & _! topma/s %\ld be made moveable1 z 9 r\gh wea!r x w be f\nd necess>y to 8/rike0 !m4 ,ea* boat may h two sets ( sails--"o set l>ge1 = light w9ds1 & ! o!r consid]ably small]1 to be set up :5 ! w9d is high4 ,! sails %\ld be made ( v light /uff--?9 calico is be/--& %\ld h a l9e run r\nd !m1 ) loops = hook+ !m on to ! sp>s4 ,bew>e ( putt+ too _m blocks & useless ropes ab\t y\r boats1 z ! light] ! upp] "p ( a vessel is ! bett] %e w sail4 ,9 conclusion1 sp>e no pa9s 9 f9i%+ y\r "w neatly1 s t y\r boats may be> witness to y\r skill & pati5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,raw ,,mat]ial4 ,illu/ration ,,c>p5t]+4 8,all made out ( my own head4 ,& wood en\gh left = ano!r40 ,no?+ is m useful to a y\? ?an to be able to d a little c>p5t]+4 ,to be h&y ) a *isel & saw1 a nail & a hamm]1 saves _m a p\nd 9 ! c\rse ( ! ye>4 ,if y call 9 a c>p5t] = a little "w he is sure to sp9 out a 8regul> job40 ,i rememb] once buy+ "s oak sapl+s1 :i* co/ me eightp5ce a /ick2 & want+ to build a summ]-h\se1 ,i requir$ eight ( !m to be sawn ?r\gh1 s ,i appli$ to a c>p5t]1 & ! /icks 7 cut1 b to my a/oni%m5t1 sixte5 %ill+s 0 *>g$ = ?is little 8job10 al?\gh ! wood co/ me only five %ill+s & f\rp5ce4 ,i f\nd out aft]w>ds t ! prop] price = saw+ w\ld h am\nt$ to ab\t f\r %ill+s1 s t twelve %ill+s pr(it 0 clapp$ on = ! b5efit ( my exp]i5ce4 ,i j m5tion ?is to %[ my "y fri5ds1 t if !y wi% to make summ]-h\ses = _! g>d5s1 cages = _! birds1 f[l-h\ses1 rabbit-hut*es1 or boxes = _! books1 !y mu/ le>n to make !m = !mselves4 ,i %all !re=e (f] !m a little advice ^u 8c>p5t]+40 ,,! ,,%op ,,& ,,b5*4 ,endeav\r to procure "s small ou?\se1 9 :i* y may erect :at is call$ a c>p5t]'s or jo9]'s b5*4 ,^! may v (t5 be b\ght second-h&1 or if n1 c easily be procur$ at a reasonable rate4 ,i am v p>ticul> 9 recomm5d+ a b5*1 z )\t x y w f9d _m ob/acles to y\r "w4 ,y mu/ also provide y\rself ) a set ( tools1--gimlets1 hamm]s1 planes1 saws1 g\ges1 files1 nails1 screws1 & su* articles ( use4 ,illu/ration ,! b5* is compos$ ( a plat=m or top1 support$ by f\r /\t legs2 ,a is :at is call$ ! b5* hook2 ?is ought to be fitt$ 9 tight1 s z to move up & d[n ) a hamm] only4 ,! use ( x is to keep any wood /eady y may h to plane3 ,b is ! b5* screw1 us$ = keep+ any wood firm & /eady y may h to saw1 :i* is to be put 9 ! grip & screw$ tight4 ,sometimes ! edges ( wood require to be plan$1 & !n ! wood is put 9 ! grip or *eeks ( ! b5* & held tight :ile y plane x4 ,! holes 9 ! side ( ! b5*1 ,c ,c1 are = ! ins]tion ( a movable p9 to support ! end ( ! bo>d y h to plane or saw1 :i* is n 9 ! screw4 ,! height ( y\r b5* %\ld be ab\t #b feet #h in*es4 ,! common l5g? is f #aj to #ab feet1 & ! bread? ab\t #c feet #f in*es4 ,,( ,,planes4 ,illu/ration ,c is :at is call$ ! jack plane1 :i* is ! fir/ to be us$4 ,x is ab\t #ag in*es 9 l5g?1 & is us$ to take ! r\gh p>ts f a piece ( wood4 ,x %\ld be held /eadily by fix+ ! "r h& at ! h&le 7h71 & ! left ov] ! top & side at 7s71 & pu%$ =w>d on ! wood1 :5 ! knife 7k7 w take (f a %av+ :i* runs ?r\gh ! hole 7o71 & falls on ! side4 ,9 us+ ! plane ! endeav\r %\ld be to take (f a clean %av+1 :i* is done by us+ ! in/rum5t uni=mly & /eadily ov] e surface to be plan$4 ,illu/ration ,d is ano!r k9d ( plane1 call$ ! try+ plane1 hav+ a d\ble top or h&le4 ,x is us$ to regulate & smoo?1 to a high] degree1 ! surface ( ! wood t _h previ\sly be5 smoo!d f ! r\gh by ! jack plane4 ,its l5g? is ab\t #bb in*es1 & x is broad] ?an ! jack plane4 ,!re is ano!r plane call$ ! long plane1 :i* is us$ = fac+ a piece ( /uff1 :i* x does ) ! greate/ exactness2 its l5g? is ab\t #b feet #d in*es4 ,!re is also ! jo9]'s plane1 :i* is ! longe/ ( all ! planes1 be+ #cj in*es long4 ,b ! mo/ h&y ( ! planes to ! boy c>p5t] is ! smoo?+ plane1 ,e4 ,x is ! la/ plane us$ 9 jo9+1 & gives ! utmo/ degree ( smoo?ness to ! surface ( a piece ( f9i%$ "w2 x is ab\t #g in*es 9 l5g?1 ! sides ( ! /ock are curv$1 & resemble 9 figure a c(f92 x is us$ 9 a simil> way to ! o!r4 ,illu/ration ,,saws4 ,illu/ration ,!re are _m k9ds ( saws1 b ! mo/ useful "o is :at is call$ ! 8h& saw40 ,x has a blade or plate ab\t #bh in*es long2 ! tee? ( :i* are s =m$ z to all[ y to cut ! wood crossways z well z l5g?ways4 ,! h&le ( ! saw is made s z to all[ a full yet free grasp ( ! h&1 ei!r = a pull or a ?ru/4 ,! panel saw4 ,?is saw has a plate ne>ly ( ! same size z a h& saw1 & is us$ = cutt+ v ?9 bo>ds1 :i* ! r\gh tee? ( ! h& saw w\ld n cut ?r\gh )\t break+ !m4 ,illu/ration ,! t5on saw is ( a diff]5t %ape to ! o!rs1 & is made to cut across ! gra9 ( ! wood s z to leave ! ends nicely ev51 t x may fit to ! piece x is jo9$ to1 :i* is call$ a %\ld]1 be+ t "p :i* comes 9 contact ) ! fibre ( ! wood ?us3 ,illu/ration ,to d ?is x requires t ! tee? %\ld be mu* small]1 & !y are !re=e plac$ s close z eight or t5 to ! in*1 accord+ to ! l5g? ( ! blade4 ,illu/ration ,! dovetail saw4 ,!re is ano!r mo/ useful saw x w\ld be ( advantage = ! "y c>p5t] to h1 namely1 ! dovetail saw4 ,x is ab\t #i in*es long1 & conta9s at lea/ fifte5 tee? 9 ! in*4 ,x is us$ = cutt+ ! dovetails ( boxes4 ,its plate is v ?91 & x requires "s c>e 9 us+4 ,x has a back = ! purpose ( /r5g?1 =m$ ( a ?9 piece ( brass or iron1 let 9 s z to give ! blade ! requisite firmness necess>y 9 us+ x4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,! compass saw4 ,! plate ( ?is k9d ( saw is v n>r[1 & n m ?an "o in* wide at ! broade/ "p1 gradually dim9i%+ to ab\t a qu>t] ( an in* at ! l[] end4 ,x is ab\t #ae in*es 9 l5g?1 & is us$ = cutt+ a piece ( wood into a circul> =m1 & ! plate be+ n>r[ all[s x to foll[ ! foot ( ! compass to a v small diamet]4 ,! keyhole saw4 ,! keyhole saw is mu* small] ?an ! above4 ,x is us$ = cutt+ %ort curves1 small holes1 c41 su* z a keyhole4 ,! h&le is ! same =m z t ( ! *isel1 a small slit be+ cut ?r\gh f end to end4 ,x has a screw on "o side1 9 ord] t ! blade may be set to any l5g?1 accord+ to ! circumf]5ce ( ! hole to be cut4 ,illu/ration ,,! ,,spoke ,,%ave4 ,illu/ration ,?is is a v useful tool4 ,x is employ$ = smoo?+ ! edges ( r\nd pieces1 or o!r ends requir+ to be %av$ d[n4 ,x is a n>r[ plane made ( boxwood1 & has g5]ally a /eel blade let into x to cut2 x is us$ by tak+ hold ( ea* end ) a h&1 & mov+ x to & fro ov] ! wood to be %av$ d[n4 ,,/ock ,,& ,,bits4 ,illu/ration ,!re are ab\t ?irty-six bits to a set1 all ( diff]5t %apes & sizes2 b our "y fri5ds ne$ n get q s _m3 if !y provide !mselves ) a c\ple ( a m$ium size1 ?is w be suffici5t1 su* z ! c5tre bit & ! aug] bit4 ,! c5tre bit w cut holes v>y+ f a qu>t] ( an in* to ?ree qu>t]s ( an in* 9 diamet]1 & is us$ by press+ ! knob end aga9/ ! *e/1 & twirl+ ! c5tre "p r\nd ) ! h&4 ,x cuts a hole v clean1 leav+ x q smoo? inside4 ,! aug] bit is = ! same purpose1 & is us$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,ano!r bit1 call$ ! tap] %ell bit1 is us$ = mak+ holes wid]1 & is a v useful implem5t4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,make ,a ,,:eelb>r[4 ,illu/ration ,"o ( ! h&ie/ ?+s 9 a g>d5 is a :eelb>r[1 & "o ( ! prettie/ = ! "y c>p5t] to ex]cise 8 +5uity ^u4 ,to make "o1 take a wide plank or bo>d ab\t an in* & a qu>t] ?ick4 ,proce$ to y\r b5*1 & hav+ fitt$ x to its prop] position1 take y\r jack plane & plane (f ! r\gh1 next use y\r smoo?+ plane to make x smoo?4 ,!n take y\r p5cil & draw ^u its side ! foll[+ figure1 ,a4 ,!n take y\r compass saw & cut r\nd ! m>ks y h made3 to d ?is y w h to fix y\r bo>d 9 ! screw ( y\r b5*4 ,:5 ?is is done take y\r spoke %ave1 & %ave ! edges all r\nd till !y are v smoo? & ev51 & y h "o side ( y\r b>r[4 ,lay ?is on ano!r piece ( bo>d1 & m>k ! %ape ( x ) y\r p5cil2 cut & %ave x exactly z y did ! fir/ side1 s t :5 f9i%$ ! two w exactly correspond2 !n cut a piece (f ano!r bo>d = ! back & front ( ! b>r[1 ( ! subjo9$ %ape1 by ! same me?od y cut ! sides1 & plane & f9i% !m up 9 a simil> way4 ,cut "s t5ons at ! end ( ea* exactly to correspond ) ! mortices %[n on ! sides1 ,d ,d2 let !m be a trifle l>g] ?an ! mortices1 s t !y w drive 9 tight4 ,!n cut ! bottom out neatly1 & nail x to ! sides4 ,hav+ proce$$ ?us f>1 cut out ! legs ( y\r b>r[1 ,b1 & nail "o on ea* side z %[n 9 ! figure4 ,give ea* leg a %\ld] = ! sides to re/ ^u4 ,illu/ration ,to make ! :eel4 ,take a piece ( bo>d1 ,a1 & /rike a circle ^u x ! size y wi% y\r :eel to be (1 ,b1 & ) ! compass saw cut close r\nd to ! /roke2 cut out a squ>e hole1 ,c1 9 ! c5tre = ! nave to jo94 ,!n get ! blacksmi? to put an iron rim r\nd ! :eel to keep x f splitt+1 & a r\nd p9 9 ea* side ( ! nave1 & put a /aple 9 ea* side ( ! b>r[ to keep ! :eel 9 its place4 ,pa9t ! :ole ( any col\r y *oose1 & y w h ,,pun*',s ,,coa*4 ,illu/ration ,,! ,,way ,,to ,,make ,a ,,box4 ,fir/ asc]ta9 ! size y wi% y\r box to be (4 ,!n cut (f y\r /uff1 b take c>e to cut x a qu>t] ( an in* long] ?an ! size ( y\r box f outside to outside4 ,%\ld y want x deep] or broad] ?an ! l5g? ( a deal1 ! wide/ ( :i* is g5]ally only elev5 in*es2 suppose1 = in/ance1 y wi% y\r box to be #ah in*es deep1 & y h only #i-;in* deal to make x )1 y w ( c\rse h to jo9 two toge!r1 or make :at is call$ 9 c>p5t]+ a glue jo9t4 ,fir/1 !n1 aft] y h cut (f y\r /uff1 take y\r jack plane & 8scuffle ! r\gh (f20 !n put y\r bo>d edgeways into ! b5*-screw1 & take y\r try+ plane or long plane to get ! edge ( ! deals t are to be glu$ toge!r p]fectly /raight & ev52 & la/ly1 use ! jo9] plane1 :i* w take (f a nice uni=m %av+ ( ! :ole l5g? ( ! bo>d4 ,proce$ exactly 9 ! same mann] ) ! o!r bo>d to be jo9$ to ! fir/4 ,!n1 aft] hav+ made ea* ?or\ghly smoo?1 clap ! two toge!r & see if !y w lie close 9 e "p1 if n1 y mu/ plane !m till !y d1 tak+ c>e to plane ! edges p]fectly squ>e1 or at "r angles to ! surface ( ! bo>d1 = if y are n c>eful 9 ?is p>ticul>1 :5 y\r bo>ds are glu$ toge!r !y w be ( ?is =m4 ,:5 y h jo9$ !m prop]ly = glue+1 let y\r glue be nicely hot & n too ?ick1 & hold bo? edges ( ! bo>ds toge!r s t y c ) a bru% put ! glue on bo? at "o "t1 put ! two toge!r v quickly1 let "o ( !m be 9 ! b5*-screw1 & :ile !re rub ! o!r backw>ds & =w>ds till ! glue sets1 :i* x w soon d if well jo9$4 ,let ! :ole dry1 & !n ! glu$ "p w be z /rong z any o!r "p ( ! bo>d4 ,illu/ration ,aft] y\r sides1 ends1 bottom1 & top are ?us prep>$1 y mu/ !n plane !m up nicely1 s t !y are p]fectly smoo? & /raight4 ,use fir/ ! jack plane1 !n ! try+ plane4 ,:5 ?is is done y h to proce$ to a nice little job1 namely1 to dovetail ! corn]s toge!r1 s z to =m y\r box4 ,9 ?is process mu* dep5ds ^u ! plan+ & squ>+ ( ! /uff1 = if y h n done ?is nicely ! dovetail+ w be v imp]fectly p]=m$4 ,assum+ t ev]y?+ has be5 well done1 !n take ! two ends ( ! box1 & see t ea* is p]fectly squ>e & true to ! o!r4 ,!n all[ "o-eigh? ( an in* m ?an ! ?ickness ( y\r sides1 & set out ! ends1 squ>+ x ov] on bo? sides1 :i* :5 ! dovetails are cut out w =m ! inside ( ! box4 ,,to ,,cut ,,! ,,dovetails4 ,take "o 8end-piece0 ( ! box & place x endways into ! b5*-screw1 & m>k out ! dovetails on ! edge ( ! bo>d inside1 ?us3 ,illu/ration !n ) y\r dovetail saw cut 9 into ! m>ks d[n to ! l9es squ>$ ov] on ! flat side l ?is-- ,illu/ration ,!n ) a *isel cut out t "p ( ! wood t is cross$1 & leave ! o!r "p1 ?is be+ ! "p :i* w =m ! p9s or tails4 ,!n take "o side ( y\r box & lay x flat on ! b5*1 ! inside upp]mo/2 !n place ! end y h cut on x1 keep+ ! edges flu%1 & m>k r\nd ! %ape ( ! p9s1 :i* w leave !m aft] ?is =m-- ,illu/ration ! black places be+ ! mortices :i* are to be cut out4 ,9 cutt+ out ^! y mu/ be c>eful to cut )9 side ( ! /roke1 s t ! mortices w be a little small] ?an ! p9s1 :i* w admit ( _! be+ driv5 9 q tight1 & w all[ ! glue to adh]e to !m 7= y h to glue ^! :5 y fix !m74 ,:5 y h ?us put ! ends & sides toge!r let !m /& till ! glue gets dry1 !n take y\r planes & plane ! qu>t] ( an in* (f ! p9s :i* y all[$ to be a little long] ?an ! l5g? ( ! box1 & y h !n made ! body ( y\r box4 ,,! ,,bottom ,,( ,,! ,,box4 ,illu/ration ,cut y\r bottom ! exact size ( ! box1 nail ! bottom on1 & 8get out0 a piece ( wood 7by cutt+ & plan+ 9 ! usual mann]7 to nail r\nd s z to =m a skirt+ to x1 & at ! same "t hide ! jo9ts ( ! bottom2 8get out0 a simil> piece ( wood to nail r\nd ! top :i* w =m ! lid4 ,!n get a pair ( box jo9ts & a lock1 & hav+ put !m on by a /roke ( y\r own +5uity y w h a 8box40 ,illu/ration ,,! ,,game ,,( ,,*ess4 ,x is ! pr9cipal aim ( ?is little treatise to assi/ ! "y play] 9 8 exam9ation ( ! !ory ( ! op5+s 9 ! game ( *ess--a bran* ( /udy t to ! beg9n] g5]ally appe>s to be ( a mo/ dull & un9vit+ "*1 b :i*1 nev]!less1 is ( ! highe/ importance to all ^? :o are ambiti\s ( atta9+ to any degree ( pr(ici5cy 9 ! game4 ,be=e proce$+ fur!r1 we w\ld presume t ! "y play] possesses at lea/ an elem5t>y k ( ! game1 su* z ! moves & value ( ! v>i\s pieces1 ! laws ( *eck+1 c4 ,%\ld he n be ?us =tunate1 we w\ld /rongly advise him to h rec\rse to ! assi/ance ( "s *ess-fri5d = an explanation ( ! elem5t>y pr9ciples2 =1 ?anks to ! almo/ daily increas+ k ( ! game1 !re are few localities s remote t _c produce a bro!r ( ! free-masonry ( *ess4 ,?\gh1 9 compliance ) ! "t-hon\r$ cu/om ( all writ]s on *ess1 we subjo9 a brief description ( ! v>i\s pieces & _! moves1 yet x is our firm conviction t no beg9n] has ev] succe$$ 9 ma/]+ by ! assi/ance ( 8! books0 alone1 ! m]e elem5t>y pr9ciples ( ! game4 ,9 ! foll[+ pages we h endeav\r$ to give a brief synopsis ( ! mo/ important ( ! op5+s1 collect$ f ! mo/ approv$ au?orities1 & at ! same "t to pres5t to ! tyro z x 7 a pass+ glimpse ( ! *ief mod]n discov]ies4 ,if we h occasionally /ray$ f ! beat5 pa?1 or ins5sibly div]g$ into any ( ! z yet unexplor$ regions ( *ess1 we w\ld fa9 crave ! read]'s k9d indulg5ce = any ( ^? errors :i* almo/ inv>iably f9d _! way into v>iations t h n und]gone ! 8lim labor10 or ! te/ ( actual play4 ,f9ally1 %\ld we h _h ! good =tune by ! foll[+ pages to assi/ a s+le beg9n] 9 ma/]+ any ( ! elem5t>y difficulties :i* beset ! r\gh road t only leads to pr(ici5cy 9 *ess--%\ld !re1 ?r\gh our means1 h be5 add$ b a s+le recruit to ! ranks ( ,caissa1 well w our lab\r h be5 repaid6 ,,! ,,laws ,,( ,,! ,,game4 ,i4--,! *ess-bo>d mu/ be s plac$ t ea* play] has a :ite corn] squ>e ne>e/ 8 "r-h&4 ,if ! bo>d h be5 improp]ly plac$1 x mu/ be adju/$1 provid$ f\r moves on ea* side h n be5 play$1 b n aft]w>ds4 ,,ii4--,if a ,piece or ,pawn be misplac$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! game1 ei!r play] may insi/ ^u ! mi/ake be+ rectifi$1 if he discov] x be=e play+ 8 f\r? move1 b n aft]w>ds4 ,,iii4--,%\ld a play]1 at ! comm5cem5t ( ! game1 omit to place all 8 m5 on ! bo>d1 he may correct ! omission be=e play+ 8 f\r? move1 b n aft]w>ds4 ,,iv4--,if a play]1 und]tak+ to give ! odds ( a ,piece or ,pawn1 neglect to remove x f ! bo>d1 8 adv]s>y1 aft] f\r moves h be5 play$ on ea* side1 has ! *oice ( proce$+ ) or recomm5c+ ! game4 ,v4--,:5 no odds are giv51 ! play]s mu/ take ! fir/ move ( ea* game alt]nately1 draw+ lots to det]m9e :o %all beg9 ! fir/ game4 ,if a game be drawn1 ! play] :o began x has ! fir/ move ( ! foll[+ "o4 ,,vi4--,! play] :o gives ! odds has ! "r ( mov+ fir/ 9 ea* game1 unless o!rwise agre$4 ,:5ev] a ,pawn is giv51 x is und]/ood to be always ! ,k+'s ,bi%op's ,pawn4 ,,vii4--,a ,piece or ,pawn t\*$ mu/ be play$1 unless at ! mom5t ( t\*+ x ! play] say 8,j'ad\be0 or words to t effect2 b if a ,piece or ,pawn be displac$ or ov]turn$ by accid5t1 x may be re/or$ to its place4 ,,viii4--,:ile a play] holds ! ,piece or ,pawn he has t\*$1 he may play x to any o!r ?an ! squ>e he took x f2 b1 hav+ quitt$ x1 he _c recall ! move4 ,,ix4--,%\ld a play] take "o ( 8 adv]s>y's ,pieces or ,pawns1 )\t say+ 8,j'ad\be0 or words to t effect1 8 adv]s>y may compel him to take x2 b if x _c be legally tak51 he may oblige him to move ! ,k+2 %\ld 8 ,k+1 h[ev]1 be s po/$ t he _c be legally mov$1 no p5alty c be inflict$4 ,x4--,%\ld a play] move "o ( 8 adv]s>y's m51 8 antagoni/ has ! option ( compell+ him--#a/1 to replace ! ,piece or ,pawn & move 8 ,k+2 #b;d1 to replace ! ,piece or ,pawn & take x2 #c;d1 to let ! ,piece or ,pawn rema9 on ! squ>e to :i* x _h be5 play$1 z if ! move 7 correct4 ,,xi4--,if a play] take "o ( 8 adv]s>y's m5 ) "o ( 8 own t _c take x )\t mak+ a false move1 8 antagoni/ has ! option ( compell+ him to take x ) a ,piece or ,pawn t c legally take x1 or to move 8 own ,piece or ,pawn :i* he t\*$4 ,,xii4--,%\ld a play] take "o ( 8 own m5 ) ano!r1 8 adv]s>y has ! option ( oblig+ him to move ei!r4 ,,xiii4--,if a play] make a false move1 i4 e4 play a ,piece or ,pawn to any squ>e to :i* x _c legally be mov$1 8 adv]s>y has ! *oice ( ?ree p5alties2 viz41 #a/1 ( compell+ him to let ! ,piece or ,pawn rema9 on ! squ>e to :i* he play$ x2 #b;d1 to move correctly to ano!r squ>e2 #c;d1 to replace ! ,piece or ,pawn & move 8 ,k+4 ,,xiv4--,%\ld a play] move out ( 8 turn1 8 adv]s>y may *oose :e!r bo? moves %all rema91 or ! second be retract$4 ,,xv4--,:5 a ,pawn is fir/ mov$ 9 a game1 x may be play$ "o or two squ>es2 b 9 ! latt] case ! oppon5t has ! privilege ( tak+ x en passant ) any ,pawn :i* c\ld h tak5 x _h x be5 play$ "o squ>e only4 ,a ,pawn _c be tak5 en passant by a ,piece4 ,,xvi4--,a play] _c ca/le 9 ! foll[+ cases3-- #a4 ,if ! ,k+ or ,rook h be5 mov$4 #b4 ,if ! ,k+ be 9 *eck4 #c4 ,if !re be any ,piece betwe5 ! ,k+ & ,rook4 #d4 ,if ! ,k+ pass ov] any squ>e attack$ by "o ( ! adv]s>y's ,pieces or ,pawns4 ,%\ld a play] ca/le 9 any ( ! above cases1 8 adv]s>y has ! *oice ( ?ree p5alties2 viz41 #a/1 ( insi/+ t ! move rema92 #b;d1 ( compell+ him to move ! ,k+2 #c;d1 ( compell+ him to move ! ,rook4 ,,xvii4--,if a play] t\* a ,piece or ,pawn t _c be mov$ )\t leav+ ! ,k+ 9 *eck1 he mu/ replace ! ,piece or ,pawn & move 8 ,k+2 b if ! ,k+ _c be mov$1 no p5alty c be inflict$4 ,,xviii4--,if a play] attack ! adv]se ,k+ )\t say+ 8,*eck10 8 adv]s>y is n oblig$ to att5d to x2 b if ! =m]1 9 play+ 8 next move1 7 to say 8,*eck10 ea* play] mu/ retract 8 la/ move1 & he t is "u *eck mu/ obviate x4 ,,xix4--,if ! ,k+ has be5 9 *eck = sev]al moves1 & x _c be asc]ta9$ h[ x occurr$1 ! play] ^: ,k+ is 9 *eck mu/ retract 8 la/ move & free 8 ,k+ f ! *eck2 b if ! moves made subsequ5t to ! *eck be kn[n1 !y mu/ be retract$4 ,,xx4--,%\ld a play] say 8,*eck10 )\t giv+ x1 & 8 adv]s>y1 9 consequ5ce1 move 8 ,k+1 or t\* a ,piece or ,pawn to int]pose1 he may retract su* move1 provid$ 8 adv]s>y h n complet$ 8 la/ move4 ,,xxi4--,e ,pawn :i* has rea*$ ! eigh? or la/ squ>e ( ! *ess-bo>d1 mu/ be imm$iately ex*ang$ = a ,que5 or any o!r ,piece ! play] may ?9k fit1 ev5 ?\gh all ! ,pieces rema9 on ! bo>d4 ,x foll[s1 !re=e1 t he may h two or m ,que5s1 ?ree or m ,rooks1 ,bi%ops1 or ,knights4 ,,xxii4--,if a play rema91 at ! end ( ! game1 ) a ,rook & ,bi%op aga9/ a ,rook2 ) bo? ,bi%ops only2 ) ,knight & ,bi%op only1 c41 he mu/ *eckmate 8 adv]s>y 9 fifty moves on ea* side at mo/1 or ! game w be consid]$ z drawn2 ! fifty moves comm5ce f ! "t ! adv]s>y gives notice t he w c\nt !m4 ,! law holds good = all o!r *eckmates ( ,pieces only1 su* z ,que51 or ,rook only1 ,que5 aga9/ a ,rook1 c4 c4 ,,xxiii4--,if a play] agree to *eckmate ) a p>ticul> ,piece or ,pawn1 or on a p>ticul> squ>e1 or engage to =ce 8 adv]s>y to /alemate or *eckmate him1 he is n re/rict$ to any numb] ( moves4 ,,xxiv4--,a /alemate is a drawn game4 ,,xxv4--,if a play] make a false move1 ca/le improp]ly1 c4 c41 ! adv]s>y mu/ take notice ( su* irregul>ity be=e he t\*es a ,piece or ,pawn1 or he w n be all[$ to inflict any p5alty4 ,,xxvi4--,%\ld any "q arise1 respect+ :i* !re is no law1 or 9 case ( a dispute respect+ any law1 ! play]s mu/ ref] ! po9t to ! mo/ skilful dis9t]e/$ by/&]s1 & _! decision mu/ be consid]$ z conclusive4 ,,! ,,k+',s ,,knight',s ,,op5+4 ,,:ite4 ,,black4 #a4 ,p4 to ,k's #d?4 #a4 ,p4 to ,k's #d?4 #b4 ,k's ,kt4 to ,b's #c;d4 ,black has n[ only ?ree satisfactory me?ods ( def5ce2 viz41 #b4 ,p4 to ,q's #c;d2 #b4 ,k's ,kt4 to ,b's #c;d2 #b4 ,q's ,kt4 to ,b's #c;d4 ,he may1 h[ev]1 adopt five o!r modes ( play2 viz41 ,p4 to ,k4 ,b's #c;d2 ,q4 to ,k4 ,b's #c;d2 ,b4 to ,q's #c;d2 ,p4 to ,q's #d?2 & ,p4 to ,k4 ,b's #d?4 ,( ^! ! fir/ ?ree are utt]ly unt5able1 & ! la/ two are highly dang]\s4 ,%\ld he play #b4 ,p4 to ,k4 ,b's #c;d1 y reply ) #c4 ,kt4 takes ,k's ,p41 *eck+ ) ,q4 at ,k4 ,r's #e?1 if ! ,kt4 be tak54 ,%\ld he play #b4 ,q4 to ,k4 ,b's #c;d1 or ,b4 to ,q's #c;d1 y equally reply ) ,b4 to ,q4 ,b's #d?1 ) ! advantage4 ,if he adopt #b4 ,p4 to ,q's #d?1 y play #c4 ,p4 takes ,p41 foll[+ x up ) ,q's ,kt4 to ,b's #c;d1 if he retake ) ,que54 ,if he play #b4 ,p4 to ,k4 ,b's #d?1 y reply #c4 ,kt4 takes ,k's ,p41 or ,b4 to ,q4 ,b's #d?1 & obta9 ! bett] game %ortly4 ,hav+ dispos$ ( ^! unsafe def5ces1 we w n[ return to ! exam9ation ( ! ?ree satisfactory replies3--,p4 to ,q's #c;d2 ,k's ,kt4 to ,b's #c;d2 ,q's ,kt4 to ,b's #c;d4 ,= ! la/ two1 see ,games ,,ii4 & ,,iii4 ,,game ,i4--,,philidor',s ,,def5ce4 ,,:ite4 ,,black4 #a4 ,p4 to ,k's #d?4 #a4 ,p4 to ,k's #d?4 #b4 ,k's ,kt4 to ,b's #c;d4 #b4 ,p4 to ,q's #c;d4 #c4 ,p4 to ,q's #d?4 ,?is is y\r be/ reply2 if in/ead y play1-- #c4 ,b4 to ,q's ,b's #d?1 he plays-- #c4 ,b4 to ,k's #b;d4 7be/47 #c4 ,p4 takes ,p4 7be/47 #d4 ,q4 takes ,p4 #d4 ,q's ,kt4 to ,b's #c;d4 ,if y play #d4 ,kt4 takes ,p41 probably 8 be/ reply is ,p4 to ,q's #d?4 #e4 ,b4 to ,q4 ,kt4's #e?4 #e4 ,b4 to ,q's #b;d4 #f4 ,q4 to ,q's sq4 #f4 ,b4 to ,k's #b;d1 or ,k's ,kt4 to ,k's #b;d4 #g4 ,q's ,kt4 to ,b's #c;d1 ) ! bett] position4 ,y may also1 in/ead ( #d4 ,q4 takes ,p41 try ,k's ,b4 to ,q4 ,b's #d?4 ,black's be/ reply seems to be ,q's ,kt4 to ,b's #c;d4 ,,game ,,ii4--,,petr(f',s ,,def5ce4 ,,:ite4 ,,black4 #a4 ,p4 to ,k's #d?4 #a4 ,p4 to ,k's #d?4 #b4 ,k's ,kt4 to ,b's #c;d4 #b4 ,k's ,kt4 to ,b's #c;d4 ,?is def5ce 0 br\ght into notice by ,petr(f "s ye>s ago1 & has be5 approv$ ( by _m ( ! lead+ play]s4 ,x is an excell5t def5ce :5 receiv+ ! odds ( a piece4 #c4 ,kt4 takes ,k's ,p4 #c4 ,p4 to ,q's #c;d4 #d4 ,kt4 to ,k4 ,b's #c;d4 #d4 ,kt4 takes ,k's ,p4 #e4 ,p4 to ,q's #d?1 7or ,v>4 ,a47 #e4 ,p4 to ,q's #d?4 #f4 ,b4 to ,q's #c;d4 #f4 ,b4 to ,k's #b;d1 7n to ,q's #c;d47 #g4 ,ca/les4 #g4 ,q's ,kt4 to ,b's #c;d4 #h4 ,p4 to ,q4 ,b's #d?4 #h4 ,q's ,b4 to ,k's #c;d4 #i4 ,p4 to ,q4 ,r's4 #c;d4 #i4 ,ca/les4 #aj4 ,q4 to ,q4 ,b's #b;d1 ) a slightly bett] game4 ,v>iation ,a4 on ,:ite's #e? ,move4 ,:ite has ano!r move at ?is po9t1 :i* seems at lea/ z good z #e4 ,p4 to ,q's #d?2 viz41 ,q's ,kt4 to ,b's #c;d4 ,,:ite4 ,,black4 #e4 ,q's ,kt4 to ,b's #c;d4 #e4 ,kt4 takes ,kt4 #f4 ,q's ,p4 takes ,kt4 #f4 ,b4 to ,k's #b;d4 #g4 ,b4 to ,q's #c;d4 ,:ite has ! bett] op5$ game4 ,,game ,,iii4--,,! ,,giuoco ,,piano4 ,,:ite4 ,,black4 #a4 ,p4 to ,k's #d?4 #a4 ,p4 to ,k's #d?4 #b4 ,k's ,kt4 to ,b's #c;d4 #b4 ,q's ,kt4 to ,b's #c;d4 ,?is is recomm5d$ by ne>ly all au?ors1 z ,black's be/ reply4 ,( late1 h[ev]1 !re has be5 an op9ion preval5t among _m ( our be/ play]s1 t x is inf]ior to ,k's ,kt4 to ,b's #c;d1 or ev5 ,p4 to ,q's #c;d4 ,= our own "p1 we incl9e to ! old move ( ,q's ,kt4 to ,b's #c;d1 b d\bt :e!r !re is any def5ce by :i* ,black c acquire a p]fectly ev5 game4 #c4 ,b4 to ,q4 ,b's #d?4 #c4 ,b4 to ,q4 ,b's #d?4 7be/47 #d4 ,p4 to ,q4 ,b's #c;d4 #d4 ,k's ,kt4 to ,b's #c;d4 7be/47 #e4 ,p4 to ,q's #d?4 #e4 ,p4 takes ,p4 #f4 ,p4 to ,k's #e?1 7or ,v>4 ,a47 #f4 ,p4 to ,q's #d?4 7be/47 #g4 ,k's ,b4 to ,q4 ,kt4's #e?4 #g4 ,k's ,kt4 to ,k's #e?4 #h4 ,p4 takes ,p4 #h4 ,b4 to ,q4 ,kt4's #c;d4 7be/47 #i4 ,ca/les4 #i4 ,q's ,b4 to ,k4 ,kt4's #e?4 #aj4 ,b4 takes ,kt4 7*47 #aj4 ,p4 takes ,b4 #aa4 ,q's ,b4 to ,k's #c;d1 or ,q's ,kt4 #aa4 ,ca/les4 to ,b's #c;d4 ,^! are ! moves giv5 9 ! ,h&book1 & ! game is dismiss$ z equal4 ,9 actual play1 h[ev]1 we %\ld take ,black's game = *oice4 ,v>iation ,a4 on ,:ite's #f? ,move4 ,,:ite4 ,,black4 #f4 ,p4 takes ,p4 #f4 ,b4 to ,q4 ,kt4's #e? 7*47 ,:ite's #f? move is recomm5d$ by ! ,g]man ma/]s1 & 9 our op9ion is pref]able to ,p4 to ,k's #e?2 ,black's be/ reply is to *eck1-- #g4 ,b4 to ,q's #b;d4 #g4 ,b4 takes ,b4 7*47 #h4 ,q's ,kt4 takes ,b4 #h4 ,p4 to ,q's #d?4 #i4 ,p4 takes ,p4 #i4 ,kt4 takes ,p4 #aj4 ,q4 to ,q4 ,kt4's #c;d4 #aj4 ,q's ,kt4 to ,k's #b;d4 #aa4 ,k's ,r4 to ,k's sq4 ,we mu* pref] ,:ite's game4 ,,game ,,iv4--,,! ,,evans' ,,gambit4 ,x w\ld be impossible1 9 ! n>r[ limits assign$ to our treatise1 to ent] into ! m]its ( ?is op5+2 we %all !re=e give "o or two ( ! lead+ v>iations1 & ref] le>n]s1 :o may be desir\s ( a m compreh5sive analysis1 to ,mr4 ,walk]'s excell5t articles on ?is popul> op5+1 9 ,vol4 ix4 ( ! 8,*ess ,play]'s ,*ronicle10 ! 8,h&book10 & ,mr4 ,bod5's useful little "w1 entitl$ 8,a ,popul> ,introduction to ,*ess40 ,,:ite4 ,,black4 #a4 ,p4 to ,k's #d?4 #a4 ,p4 to ,k's #d?4 #b4 ,k's ,kt4 to ,b's #c;d4 #b4 ,q's ,kt4 to ,b's #c;d4 #c4 ,b4 to ,q4 ,b's #d?4 #c4 ,b4 to ,q4 ,b's #d?4 #d4 ,p4 to ,q4 ,kt4's #d?4 #d4 ,b4 takes ,q4 ,kt4's ,p4 #e4 ,p4 to ,q4 ,b's #c;d4 #e4 ,b4 to ,q4 ,b's #d?4 #f4 ,ca/les4 #f4 ,p4 to ,q's #c;d4 7be/47 #g4 ,p4 to ,q's #d?4 #g4 ,p4 takes ,p4 #h4 ,p4 takes ,p4 #h4 ,b4 to ,q4 ,kt4's #c;d4 #i4 ,b4 to ,q4 ,kt4's #b;d4 #i4 ,k's ,kt4 to ,b's #c;d4 ,in/ead ( #i4 ,b4 to ,q4 ,kt4's #b;d1 y may adopt sev]al o!r modes ( play2 viz41 #i4 ,b4 to ,q4 ,r's #c;d2 #i4 ,r4 to ,k's sq42 #i4 ,p4 to ,k4 ,r's #c;d2 #i4 ,q's ,kt4 to ,b's #c;d4 ,to ! two fir/ ( ^!1 ,black equally replies ) ,q's ,b4 to ,k4 ,kt4's #e?1 ) ! bett] game4 7,= #i4 ,p4 to ,k4 ,r's #c;d1 & #i4 ,q's ,kt4 to ,b's #c;d1 see ,v>iations ,a4 & ,b47 #aj4 ,p4 to ,q's #e?4 #aj4 ,q's ,kt4 to ,k's #b;d4 7be/47 #aa4 ,b4 takes ,k's ,kt4 #aa4 ,p4 takes ,b4 #ab4 ,k's ,kt4 to ,q's #d?4 ,:ite has r ! bett] game4 ,v>iation ,a4 on ,:ite's #i? ,move4 ,,:ite4 ,,black4 #i4 ,p4 to ,k4 ,r's #c;d4 #i4 ,kt4 to ,q4 ,r's #d?4 ,?is is ! move usually recomm5d$ = ! def5ce4 ,black may h[ev] adopt1 #i4 ,p4 to ,k4 ,r's #c;d1 app>5tly ) little disadvantage4 #aj4 ,b4 to ,q's #c;d4 #aj4 ,k's ,kt4 to ,k's #b;d4 #aa4 ,p4 to ,q4 ,r's #d?4 #aa4 ,ca/les4 #ab4 ,r4 to ,q4 ,r's #b;d4 #ab4 ,k4 to ,r's sq4 #ac4 ,r4 to ,k's #b;d4 #ac4 ,p4 to ,k4 ,b's #d?4 ,! game is ab\t equal4 ,v>iation ,b4 on ,:ite's #i? ,move4 ,,:ite4 ,,black4 #i4 ,q's ,kt4 to ,b's #c;d4 ,we h long suspect$ t ! =ce ( ?is =m ( ! attack has be5 va/ly und]rat$4 ,! foll[+ v>iations are tak5 f an able analysis by ,mr4 ,g4 ,b4 ,fras]1 ( ,dundee1 :o has k9dly pres5t$ ! result ( 8 lab\rs 9 ! inve/igation ( ?is attack at our disposal3-- #i4 ,b4 to ,k4 ,kt4's #e?4 ,?is move is consid]$ by all ! mod]n writ]s on ,*ess to be ,black's be/ reply4 #aj4 ,q4 to ,q4 ,r's #d?4 #aj4 ,b4 takes ,kt4 ,9 reply to ,:ite's la/ move1 ,black may play ei!r #aj4 ,q4 to ,q's #b;d1 or #aj4 ,b4 to ,q's #b;d1 in/ead ( ! move 9 ! text4 ,if he adopt #aj4 ,q4 to ,q's #b;d1 ,:ite replies ) ,b4 to ,q4 ,kt4's #e?1 app>5tly w9n+ a piece4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ to u t p]haps ,black's be/ move is #aj4 ,k4 to ,b's sq41 to :i* ,:ite might reply ) ,k4 ,kt4 to 8 #e?2 & on ,black's mov+ ,k4 ,kt4 to ,r's #c;d1 advance ! ,p4 to ,q's #e?4 7,= ,b4 to ,q's #b;d1 see ,v>iation ,a47 #aa4 ,p4 to ,q's #e?4 #aa4 ,b4 to ,k4 ,kt4's #e?4 7be/47 #ab4 ,p4 takes ,q's ,kt4 #ab4 ,p4 takes ,p4 ,black might play also ,q's ,r4 to ,q4 ,kt4's sq41 :]eupon foll[s1-- #ac4 ,p4 takes ,p4 7dis4 *47 #ac4 ,b4 to ,q's #b;d4 #ad4 ,q4 to ,q4 ,kt4's #c;d1 & w9s4 #ac4 ,p4 to ,k's #e?4 ,:ite might also ) advantage take ! ,q4 ,b's ,p4 *eck+1 al?\gh ! move 9 ! text seems /rong]4 #ac4 ,b4 to ,k's #c;d4 ,if he play1-- #ac4 ,q4 to ,q's #b;d4 #ad4 ,p4 takes ,p4 #ad4 ,p4 takes ,p4 #ae4 ,kt4 to ,q's #e?1 & w9s4 #ad4 ,b4 takes ,b4 #ad4 ,p4 takes ,b4 #ae4 ,q4 takes ,p4 7*47 #ae4 ,k4 to ,b's sq4 #af4 ,b4 to ,q4 ,r's #c;d1 ) a w9n+ game4 ,v>iation ,a4 on ,black's #aj? ,move4 ,,:ite4 ,,black4 #aj4 ,b4 to ,q's #b;d4 #aa4 ,q4 to ,q4 ,kt4's #c;d4 #aa4 ,kt4 to ,q4 ,r's #d?4 7be/47 #ab4 ,b4 takes ,k4 ,b's ,p4 #ab4 ,k4 to ,b's sq4 #ac4 ,q4 to ,q's #e?4 #ac4 ,kt4 to ,k4 ,b's #c;d4 #ad4 ,q4 to ,k4 ,kt4's #e?4 #ad4 ,k4 takes ,b4 #ae4 ,p4 to ,k's #e?4 #ae4 ,p4 to ,k4 ,r's #c;d4 ,?is is ,black's be/ reply4 ,if he retire ! ,kt4 to 8 squ>e1 or to ,k's squ>e1 or ,k4 ,kt4's #e?1 ,:ite w obta9 a w9n+ game1 by #af4 ,q4 to ,k4 ,b's #d?4 7*47 #af4 ,q4 to ,k4 ,b's #d?4 #af4 ,p4 to ,k4 ,kt4's #d?4 7be/47 #ag4 ,q4 to ,q's #b;d4 ,?is seems ,:ite's mo/ promis+ move4 ,he may also play #ag4 ,q4 takes ,kt41 ^u :i* ,black ex*anges ,que5s ) ! bett] game4 #ag4 ,kt4 to ,k4 ,r's #b;d4 #ah4 ,p4 to ,q's #e?4 #ah4 ,b4 to ,k4 ,b's #d?4 ,black might also take ,pawn ) ,pawn1 & ! game w\ld probably be cont9u$ ?us3-- #ah4 ,p takes ,p4 #ai4 ,kt4 takes ,p4 7*47 #ai4 ,k4 to ,kt4's #b;d4 #bj4 ,b4 to ,q4 ,kt4's #b;d4 #bj4 ,kt4 to ,k4 ,b's #c;d4 #ba4 ,k4 to ,r's sq4 #ba4 ,r4 to ,k's sq4 #bb4 ,p4 to ,k4 ,b's #d?1 & w w94 #ai4 ,p4 to ,k's #f?4 7*47 #ai4 ,k4 to ,k's #b;d4 #bj4 ,kt4 to ,q's #d?4 #bj4 ,b4 to ,k4 ,kt4's #c;d4 #ba4 ,p4 to ,k4 ,b's #d?1 ) a f9e attack4 ,in/ead ( retir+ 8 ,bi%op to ,q4 ,b's #d?1 z 9 ,game ,,iv41 ,black may1 ?\gh app>5tly less advantage\sly1 play him to ,q4 ,r's #d?4 ,,:ite4 ,,black4 #a4 ,p4 to ,k's #d?4 #a4 ,p4 to ,k's #d?4 #b4 ,k's ,kt4 to ,b's #c;d4 #b4 ,q's ,kt4 to ,b's #c;d4 #c4 ,b4 to ,q4 ,b's #d?4 #c4 ,b4 to ,q4 ,b's #d?4 #d4 ,p4 to ,q4 ,kt4's #d?4 #d4 ,b4 takes ,p4 #e4 ,p4 to ,q4 ,b's #c;d4 #e4 ,b4 to ,q4 ,r's #d?4 #f4 ,p4 to ,q's #d?4 7be/47 #f4 ,p4 takes ,p4 #g4 ,ca/les4 #g4 ,p4 to ,q's #c;d4 #h4 ,q4 to ,q4 ,kt4's #c;d4 #h4 ,q4 to ,k4 ,b's #c;d4 7be/47 #i4 ,p4 takes ,p41 ) a v f9e game4 ,n4,b4--,%\ld ,black at 8 #g? move1 in/ead ( #g4 ,p4 to ,q's #c;d1 play ,p4 to ,q4 ,b's ,p41 or ,k's ,kt4 to ,b's #c;d1 y1 9 reply1 advance ,p4 to ,k's #e?1 ) a p[]ful attack4 ,,! ,,gambit ,,decl9$4 ,we n[ come to consid] ! consequ5ces ( ,black's n accept+ ! gambit pawn at move #d4 ,,:ite4 ,,black4 #a4 ,p4 to ,k's #d?4 #a4 ,p4 to ,k's #d?4 #b4 ,k's ,kt4 to ,b's #c;d4 #b4 ,q's ,kt4 to ,b's #c;d4 #c4 ,b4 to ,q4 ,b's #d?4 #c4 ,b4 to ,q4 ,b's #d?4 #d4 ,p4 to ,q4 ,kt4's #d?4 #d4 ,b4 to ,q4 ,kt4's #c;d #e4 ,b4 to ,q4 ,kt4's #b;d4 #e4 ,p4 to ,q's #c;d4 #f4 ,p4 to ,q',s #d?4 ,we pref] ,:ite's game4 ,!re is also ano!r me?od ( decl9+ ! ,gambit1 :i*1 al?\gh hi!rto unanalys$1 seems to pres5t "s int]e/+ features4 ,,:ite4 ,,black4 #a4 ,p4 to ,k's #d?4 #a4 ,p4 to ,k's #d?4 #b4 ,k's ,kt4 to ,b's #c;d4 #b4 ,q's ,kt4 to ,b's #c;d4 #c4 ,b4 to ,q4 ,b's #d?4 #c4 ,b4 to ,q4 ,b's #d?4 #d4 ,p4 to ,q4 ,kt4's #d?4 #d4 ,p4 to ,q's #d?4 #e4 ,p4 takes ,q's ,p4 #e4 ,kt4 takes ,q4 ,kt4's ,p4 #f4 ,p4 to ,q4 ,b's #c;d4 #f4 ,kt4 takes ,q's ,p4 #g4 ,q4 to ,q4 ,kt4's #c;d4 #g4 ,p4 to ,q4 ,b's #c;d4 #h4 ,b4 takes ,kt4 #h4 ,q4 takes ,b4 7be/47 #i4 ,q4 takes ,q4 #i4 ,q4 takes ,q4 #aj4 ,kt4 takes ,k's ,p4 ,ev5 ,game4 ,x is v possible "s ( ,:ite's moves may be improv$ ^u1 b ! =ego+ v>iation seems satisfactorily to demon/rate t ,black c ga9 no advantage4 ,be=e tak+ our leave ( ?is beautiful op5+1 we w\ld aga9 rem9d ! "y play]1 t x is p]fectly immat]ial1 :e!r ,black at move #e captures ! gambit pawn ) ,b4 or ,kt41 if ) ! latt] ,:ite equally replies ) ,p4 to ,q4 ,b's #c;d2 & on ,black's retir+ ! ,kt4 to ,q4 ,b's #c;d 7be/71 ! position becomes ! same z giv5 9 a previ\s v>iation4 ,,game ,v4--,,ruy ,,lopez ,,knight',s ,,game4 ,we w n[ proce$ to exam9e ?is1 p]haps1 ! /ronge/ & mo/ emb>rass+ attack ! bo>d af=ds4 ,x is ?r\gh fe> ( ?is v>iation1 t _m ( our be/ play]s h ab&on$ ! usual def5ce ( #b4 ,q's ,kt4 to ,b's #c;d1 & turn$ to ! ,k+'s ,knight's def5ce1 or ! old move ( ,p4 to ,q's #c;d4 ,,:ite4 ,,black4 #a4 ,p4 to ,k's #d?4 #a4 ,p4 to ,k's #d?4 #b4 ,k's ,kt4 to ,b's #c;d4 #b4 ,q's ,kt4 to ,b's #c;d4 #c4 ,b4 to ,q4 ,kt4's #e?4 #c4 ,k's ,kt4 to ,b's #c;d4 ,by play+ y\r ,bi%op ?us1 y aga9 ?reat5 to w9 8 ,k's ,p4 ,! move 9 ! text1 commonly kn[n z ! ,b]l9 def5ce1 is p]haps z good a reply z ! position admits4 ,he has1 h[ev]1 ?ree o!r plausible moves2 viz41 ,b4 to ,q4 ,b's #d?2 ,b4 to ,k's #b;d2 ,p4 to ,q's #c;d1 :i* w be t\*$ ^u h]eaft]4 #d4 ,p4 to ,q's #d?4 #d4 ,p4 takes ,p4 ,?is move 7or p]haps /ill bett]1 #d4 ,ca/les7 appe>s to yield a f> /rong] attack ?an ! old move ( ,q4 ,k's #b;d4 ,black1 in/ead ( ,p4 takes ,p41 might ei!r reply ) #d4 ,k's ,kt4 takes ,k's ,p41 or #d4 ,q's ,kt4 takes ,q's ,p4 ,if ! =m]1 p]haps ca/l+ at once is y\r be/ reply2 if ! latt]1 y take ,kt4 ) ,k's ,kt41 & !n play ,p4 to ,k's #e?1 z 9 ! pres5t v>iation4 #e4 ,p4 to ,k's #e?4 #e4 ,kt4 to ,k's #e?4 #f4 ,ca/les4 #f4 ,b4 to ,k's #b;d4 7be/47 #g4 ,kt4 takes ,p4 #g4 ,kt4 takes ,kt4 7or ,v>4 ,a47 #h4 ,q4 takes ,kt4 #h4 ,p4 to ,k4 ,b's #d?4 #i4 ,p4 takes ,p4 en passant4 #i4 ,kt4 takes ,p4 #aj4 ,q's ,kt4 to ,b's #c;d4 ,:ite has a v f9e game4 ,we w n[ turn our att5tion to ! o!r modes ( play ,black may adopt at 8 #c;d move1 in/ead ( ,k's ,kt4 to ,b's #c;d2 viz41 ,b4 to ,q4 ,b's #d?2 ,p4 to ,q's #c;d2 ,b4 to ,k's #b;d4 7see ,v>iations ,b4 ,c47 ,v>iation ,b4 on ,black's #c;d ,move4 ,,:ite4 ,,black4 #a4 ,p4 to ,k's #d?4 #a4 ,p4 to ,k's #d?4 #b4 ,k's ,kt4 to ,b's #c;d4 #b4 ,q's ,kt4 to ,b's #c;d4 #c4 ,b4 to ,q4 ,kt4's #e?4 #c4 ,b4 to ,q4 ,b's #d?4 #d4 ,p4 to ,q4 ,b's #c;d4 #d4 ,k's ,kt4 to ,k's #b;d4 7be/47 #e4 ,ca/les4 #e4 ,ca/les4 #f4 ,p4 to ,q's #d?4 #f4 ,p4 takes ,p4 #g4 ,p4 takes ,p4 #g4 ,b4 to ,q4 ,kt4's #c;d4 #h4 ,p4 to ,q's #e?4 #h4 ,q's ,kt4 to 8 sq4 ,:ite may also play #h4 ,q's ,kt4 to ,b's #c;d ) advantage4 #i4 ,p4 to ,q's #f?4 #i4 ,p4 takes ,p4 #aj4 ,q4 takes ,p4 #aj4 ,b4 to ,q4 ,b's #b;d4 #aa4 ,q4 to ,q4 ,r's #c;d4 #aa4 ,p4 to ,q's #d?4 #ab4 ,k's ,r4 to ,q's sq4 #ab4 ,b4 to ,q's #c;d4 ,! move #ab4 ,k4 ,r4 to ,q's sq4 is recomm5d$ 9 ! ,h&book z giv+ ,:ite an advantage ( position4 ,! reply1 h[ev]1 9 ! text1 :i* occurr$ to ! writ] 9 actual play1 seems calculat$ to free ,black f 8 emb>rassm5t4 ,v>iation ,c4 on ,black's #c;d ,move4 ,,:ite4 ,,black4 #c4 ,p4 to ,q's #c;d4 #d4 ,p4 to ,q's #d?4 #d4 ,b4 to ,q's #b;d4 #e4 ,ca/les4 ,black has a tol]ably safe ?\gh con/ra9$ position4 ,n4,b4--,= #c4 ,b4 to ,k's #b;d1 see ! games illu/rative ( ?is op5+4 ,,game ,,vi4--,,! ,,scot* ,,gambit4 ,?is op5+ d]ives its "n f hav+ be5 adopt$ 9 ! great mat* by correspond5ce betwe5 ! ,london & ,ed9burgh ,*ess ,clubs4 ,! attack consequ5t on ?is op5+ at "o "t consid]ably emb>rass$ ,mr4 ,co*rane1 :o consid]$ !re 0 no satisfactory def5ce to x4 ,major ,ja5is*1 h[ev]1 ) *>act]i/ic pati5ce & analysis1 has prov$ ! contr>y4 ,,:ite4 ,,black4 #a4 ,p4 to ,k's #d?4 #a4 ,p4 to ,k's #d?4 #b4 ,k's ,kt4 to ,b's #c;d4 #b4 ,q's ,kt4 to ,b's #c;d4 #c4 ,p4 to ,q's #d?4 #c4 ,p4 takes ,p4 ,if he play #d4 ,kt4 takes ,p41 y reply ) ei!r ,kt4 takes ,kt41 or ,kt4 takes ,k's ,p41 & obta9 ! bett] position4 #d4 ,b4 to ,q4 ,b's #d?4 #d4 ,b4 to ,q4 ,b's #d?4 ,?is is n[ ackn[l$g$ to be ,black's be/ move2 = #d4 ,b4 to ,q4 ,kt4's #e?4 7*47 see ,v>iation ,a4 #e4 ,p4 to ,q4 ,b's #c;d4 #e4 ,k's ,kt4 to ,b's #c;d4 7be/47 ,& ! position is ! same z giv5 9 ! lead+ v>iation ( ! ,giuoco ,piano1 see page #fbb4 ,%\ld ,black in/ead play3 ,p4 takes ,q4 ,b's ,p41 y take 8 ,k4 ,b's ,p4 ) y\r ,b4 7*472 & if he takes ! ,bi%op ) ,k+1 play ,q4 to ,q's #e? 7*471 & !n take 8 ,bi%op4 ,v>iation ,a4 on ,black's #d? ,move4 ,,:ite4 ,,black4 #a4 ,p4 to ,k's #d?4 #a4 ,p4 to ,k's #d?4 #b4 ,k's ,kt4 to ,b's #c;d4 #b4 ,q's ,kt4 to ,b's #c;d4 #c4 ,p4 to ,q's #d?4 #c4 ,p4 takes ,p4 #d4 ,b4 to ,q4 ,b's #d?4 #d4 ,b4 to ,q4 ,kt4's #e?4 7*47 #e4 ,p4 to ,q4 ,b's #c;d4 #e4 ,p4 takes ,p4 #f4 ,ca/les4 #f4 ,p4 to ,q4 ,b's #g?4 ,in/ead ( #f4 ,ca/les1 y might adopt ,mr4 ,co*rane's me?od ( cont9u+ ! attack1 by #f4 ,p4 takes ,p4 ,n4,b4--,x w\ld be v bad play ( ,black to take ! ,q4 ,kt4's ,p41 in/ead ( ! move 9 ! text4 #g4 ,q4 takes ,p4 #g4 ,p4 to ,q's #c;d4 #h4 ,p4 to ,q4 ,r's #d?4 #h4 ,b4 to ,q4 ,r's #d?4 #i4 ,p4 to ,q4 ,kt4's #d?4 #i4 ,b4 to ,kt4's #c;d4 #aj4 ,q4 to ,q4 ,kt4's #c;d1 ) a f9e game4 ,!re is ano!r n un9t]e/+ me?od ( attack1 :i* ,:ite might adopt at 8 fif? move1 in/ead ( #e4 ,p4 to ,q4 ,b's #c;d2 viz41 ,k's ,kt4 to 8 #e?4 #e4 ,k's ,kt4 to 8 #e?4 #e4 ,k's ,kt4 to ,r's #c;d4 7be/47 #f4 ,kt4 takes ,k4 ,b's ,p4 #f4 ,kt4 takes ,kt4 #g4 ,b4 takes ,kt4 7*47 #g4 ,k4 takes ,b4 #h4 ,q4 to ,r's #e?4 #h4 ,p4 to ,k4 ,kt4's #c;d4 #i4 ,q4 takes ,b4 #i4 ,p4 to ,q's #d?4 ,black's #i? move 0 fir/ sugge/$ 9 an able analysis on ?is v>iation by ,messrs4 ,ja5is* & ,s*umm(f1 9 ! 8,*ess ,play]'s ,*ronicle0 = ,july1 #ahej4 ,x is f> sup]ior to ! old move ( ,p4 to ,q's #c;d1 & )\t great c>e on y\r "p w give him an irresi/ible attack4 #aj4 ,ca/les4 #aj4 ,p4 takes ,p4 ,?is is y\r /ronge/ move1 & appe>s to h be5 ov]look$ by ! tal5t$ au?ors ( ! article 9 "q3-- #aj4 ,p4 to ,q4 ,b's #c;d4 7be/47 #aj4 ,r4 to ,k's sq4 ,if ,black play #aj4 ,p4 to ,q's #f?1 y reply ) ,q4 to ,q4 ,b's #d? 7*471 w9n+ ! ,k+'s ,pawn4 #aa4 ,b4 to ,k4 ,kt4's #e?4 #aa4 ,q4 to ,q's #c;d4 #ab4 ,q4 takes ,q4 #ab4 ,p4 takes ,q4 #ac4 ,p4 takes ,p4 #ac4 ,kt4 takes ,p4 #ad4 ,q's ,kt4 to ,b's #c;d4 ,& ,black w h great difficulty 9 avoid+ ! loss ( a ,pawn4 ,!re is ano!r v>iation ( ?is op5+ hi!rto1 we believe1 unanalys$1 :i*1 al?\gh x pres5ts _m po9ts ( int]e/1 seems altoge!r unkn[n to ! majority ( amateurs4 ,,:ite4 ,,black4 #a4 ,p4 to ,k's #d?4 #a4 ,p4 to ,k's #d?4 #b4 ,k's ,kt4 to ,b's #c;d4 #b4 ,q's ,kt4 to ,b's #c;d4 #c4 ,p4 to ,q's #d?4 #c4 ,p4 takes ,p4 #d4 ,b4 to ,q4 ,b's #d?4 #d4 ,b4 to ,q4 ,b's #d?4 #e4 ,ca/les4 #e4 ,p4 to ,q's #c;d4 #f4 ,k's ,kt4 to 8 #e?4 #f4 ,k's ,kt4 to ,r's #c;d4 #g4 ,p4 to ,k4 ,b's #d?4 #g4 ,p4 to ,q's #f?4 7dis4 *47 ,if he play #g4 ,b4 to ,k4 ,kt4's #e?1 y\r be/ reply seems to be ,q4 to ,k's sq41 al?\gh y might obta9 a /rong b haz>d\s attack by play+ ,q4 to h] #c;d1 & aft]w>ds1 on 8 attack+ h]1 ) ,q's ,kt4 to ,q4 ,kt4's #c;d4 #h4 ,k4 to ,r's sq4 #h4 ,p4 takes ,p4 #i4 ,q4 takes ,p4 #i4 ,q's ,kt4 to ,q's #e?4 #aj4 ,q4 to ,q4 ,b's #c;d4 ,& al?\gh m9us a ,pawn1 y h a f9e game4 ,if he n[ play ,p4 to ,k4 ,b's #c;d1 y reply ) ,b4 to ,k's #c;d4 ,,! ,,k+',s ,,bi%op',s ,,op5+4 ,,:ite4 ,,black4 #a4 ,p4 to ,k's #d?4 #a4 ,p4 to ,k's #d?4 #b4 ,k4 ,b4 to ,q4 ,b's #d?4 #b4 ,k4 ,b4 to ,q4 ,b's #d?4 ,by ?is move y attack 8 weake/ po9t1 viz4 ! ,k4 ,b's ,p4 ,mo/ ( ! classical writ]s on ,*ess concur 9 recomm5d+ ! same move z ,black's be/ reply4 ,major ,ja5is* & ! ,g]man au?ors unanim\sly recomm5d #b4 ,k's ,kt4 to ,b's #c;d 9 pref]5ce1 ! move g5]ally adopt$ 9 actual play4 7,see ,game ,,iii47 ,:ite has n[ sev]al me?ods ( cont9u+ ! attack4 ,he may play ! move recomm5d$ by ,philidor1 viz4 ,p4 to ,q4 ,b's #c;d1 to :i* ,black may reply ) ei!r ,k's ,kt4 to ,b's #c;d1 or ,q4 to ,k4 ,kt4's #d?1 or ,p4 to ,q's #d?1 9 e case ) at lea/ an equal game4 ,y may also play ,k's ,kt4 to ,b's #c;d1 & ^u ,black's br++ out 8 ,q's ,kt41 ! position is resolv$ into ! ,giuoco ,piano4 ,if y play ,q4 to ,k4 ,r's #e?1 7a move frequ5tly adopt$ by "y play]s17 ,black w reply ) ,q4 to ,k ,b's #c;d1 or to ,k's #b;d1 ) no inf]iority ( position4 ,besides ^! moves y h two o!rs at comm&1 viz4 ,q4 to ,k's #b;d1 & ,p4 to ,q4 ,kt4's #d?1 :i* we w proce$ to exam9e4 ,,game ,i4--,,! ,,lopez ,,gambit4 ,,:ite4 ,,black4 #a4 ,p4 to ,k's #d?4 #a4 ,p4 to ,k's #d?4 #b4 ,k4 ,b4 to ,q4 ,b's #d?4 #b4 ,k4 ,b to ,q4 ,b's #d?4 #c4 ,q4 to ,k's #b;d4 #c4 ,q's ,kt4 to ,b's #c;d4 ,by play+ ?us y ?reat5 at once to take 8 ,k4 ,b's ,p4 7*471 & if ,k4 takes ,b1 to w9 8 ,bi%op 9 return by ! *eck ( ! ,q4 ,! move 9 ! text is ,black's be/ reply1 any o!r move w\ld leave y ) at lea/ an ev5 position4 #d4 ,p4 to ,q4 ,b's #c;d4 #d4 ,k's ,kt4 to ,b's #c;d4 ,in/ead ( ,p4 to ,q4 ,b's #c;d1 y may take ! adv]se ,k4 ,b's ,p 7*472 see ,v>iation ,a4 #e4 ,p4 to ,k4 ,b's #d?4 #e4 ,b4 takes ,k's ,kt4 #f4 ,r4 takes ,b4 #f4 ,ca/les4 #g4 ,p4 to ,q's #c;d4 #g4 ,p4 to ,q's #d?4 ,) a sup]ior game4 ,v>iation ,a4 on ,:ite's #d? ,move4 ,,:ite4 ,,black4 #d4 ,b4 takes ,k4 ,b's ,p4 7*47 #d4 ,k4 takes ,b4 #e4 ,q4 to ,q4 ,b's #d?4 7*47 #e4 ,p4 to ,q's #d?4 #f4 ,q4 takes ,b4 #f4 ,p4 takes ,k's ,p4 #g4 ,q4 to ,q4 ,b's #d? 7*47 #g4 ,b4 to ,k's #c;d4 #h4 ,q4 takes ,p4 #h4 ,k's ,kt4 to ,b's #c;d4 ,black has by f> ! bett] game4 ,,game ,,ii4--,,! ,,d\ble ,,gambit4 ,,:ite4 ,,black4 #a4 ,p4 to ,k's #d?4 #a4 ,p4 to ,k's #d?4 #b4 ,k's ,b4 to ,q4 ,b's #d?4 #b4 ,k's ,b4 to ,q4 ,b's #d?4 #c4 ,p4 to ,q4 ,kt4's #d?4 #c4 ,b4 takes ,p4 #d4 ,p4 to ,k4 ,b's #d?4 #d4 ,p4 to ,q's #d?4 ,8 be/ move4 ,if1 9 lieu ( ,p4 to ,q's #d?1 he adopt ,p4 takes ,k4 ,b's ,p41 y reply ) ,k's ,kt4 to ,b's #c;d1 & obta9 a f9e attack4 #e4 ,p4 takes ,q's ,p4 #e4 ,p4 to ,k's #e?4 ,if y play ,b4 takes ,p41 ,black replies ) ,p4 to ,q4 ,b's #c;d1 ) ! bett] game4 #f4 ,k's ,kt4 to ,k's #b;d4 #f4 ,k's ,kt4 to ,b's #c;d4 #g4 ,ca/les4 #g4 ,ca/les4 #h4 ,q's ,kt4 to ,b's #c;d4 #h4 ,p4 to ,q4 ,b's #c;d4 #i4 ,p4 takes ,p4 #i4 ,q's ,kt4 takes ,p4 ,black has ! bett] game1 !reby prov+ t ! ,d\ble ,gambit1 if correctly met1 is disadvantage\s to ! fir/ play]4 ,,game ,,iii4 ,,:ite4 ,,black4 #a4 ,p4 to ,k's #d?4 #a4 ,p4 to ,k's #d?4 #b4 ,k's ,b4 to ,q4 ,b's #d?4 #b4 ,k's ,kt4 to ,b's #c;d4 #c4 ,k's ,kt4 to ,b's #c;d4 #c4 ,kt4 takes ,k's ,p4 7be/47 ,y\r ?ird move is probably ! be/ on ! bo>d2 #c4 ,p4 to ,q's #d?1 & #c4 ,p4 to ,q's #c;d1 seem mu* inf]ior1 z ,black imm$iately ga9s ! attack4 #d4 ,q's ,kt4 to ,b's #c;d4 #d4 ,k's ,kt4 to ,b's #c;d4 ,y\r f\r? move 0 introduc$ two or ?ree ye>s ago1 & 0 fir/ analys$ by ,mr4 ,bod51 9 8 8,popul> ,introduction10 :]e ,black's reply1 ( #d4 ,k's ,kt4 to ,b's #c;d1 is recomm5d$ z 8 be/2 we believe1 h[ev]1 he c at lea/ z advantage\sly play #d4 ,kt4 takes ,q's ,kt41 or1 z has be5 sugge/$ to u1 #d4 ,p4 to ,q's #d?42 see ,v>iation ,a4 #e4 ,kt4 takes ,k's ,p4 #e4 ,p4 to ,q's #d?4 #f4 ,b4 to ,q4 ,kt4's #c;d4 #f4 ,b4 to ,q's #c;d4 ,equal game4 ,v>iation ,a4 on ,black's #d? ,move4 ,,:ite4 ,,black4 #d4 ,kt4 takes ,q's ,kt4 #e4 ,q's ,p4 takes ,kt4 #e4 ,p4 to ,q4 ,b's #c;d4 ,he may also play #e4 ,p4 to ,k4 ,b's #c;d1 by :i* he pres]ves 8 ,pawn1 ?\gh ) a some:at inf]ior position4 #f4 ,kt4 takes ,k's ,p4 #f4 ,p4 to ,q's #d?4 #g4 ,b4 to ,q's #c;d4 #g4 ,b4 to ,q's #c;d4 #h4 ,k's ,kt4 to ,b's #c;d4 #h4 ,ca/les4 #i4 ,ca/les4 ,black has no inf]iority ( position4 ,,! ,,k+',s ,,gambit4 ,,game ,i4 ,?is beautiful & brilliant db1 :i*1 z ,mr4 ,/aunton obs]ves1 gives bir? to ! mo/ intricate & beautiful comb9ations ! *ess-m5 are susceptible (1 has be5 a univ]sal fav\rite ) e class ( play]s f ! e>lie/ /ages ( ,european ,*ess up to ! pres5t day4 ,9 ord] to facilitate ! analysis ( ?is op5+1 z f> z our n>r[ limits w p]mit1 we %all divide x into its ?ree pr9cipal heads2 viz41 ,! ,k+'s ,knight's ,gambit1 ,! ,allgai] ,gambit1 & ! ,k+'s ,bi%op's ,gambit1 & aft]w>ds devote a few words to ! ,gambit ,decl9$4 ,,:ite4 ,,black4 #a4 ,p4 to ,k's #d?4 #a4 ,p4 to ,k's #d?4 #b4 ,p4 to ,k4 ,b's #d?4 #b4 ,p4 takes ,p4 #c4 ,k's ,kt4 to ,b's #c;d4 #c4 ,p4 to ,k4 ,kt4's #d?4 ,?is is ,black's be/ move1 inde$ ! only "o to reta9 ! gambit pawn4 ,he1 h[ev]1 may obta9 a ne>ly equal game by #c4 ,p4 to ,q1's #d?4 ,if he play #c4 ,b4 to ,k's #b;d1 commonly kn[n z ! ,cunn+ham ,gambit1 ,:ite replies ) ,b4 to ,q4 ,b's #d?1 & on ,black's *eck+ ) ,b4 at ,r's #e?1 plays ,k4 to ,b's sq41 ) a mu* bett] game4 #d4 ,b4 to ,q4 ,b's #d?4 #d4 ,b4 to ,k4 ,kt4's #b;d 7be/71 or ,v>4 ,a4 #e4 ,p4 to ,q ,b's #c;d4 #e4 ,p4 to ,k4 ,r's #c;d4 7be/47 ,%\ld ,black play ! obvi\s-look+ move ( #d4 ,p4 to ,q's #c;d1 ,:ite ga9s a /rik+ advantage by ! foll[+ mode ( play3-- #f4 ,q4 to ,q4 ,kt4's #c;d4 #f4 ,q4 to ,k's #b;d4 #g4 ,q4 to ,q4 ,kt4's #e?4 7*47 #g4 ,b4 on ,p4 int]poses4 #h4 ,q4 takes ,k4 ,kt4's ,p41 c4 #f4 ,p4 to ,q's #d?4 #f4 ,p4 to ,q's #c;d4 #g4 ,ca/les4 #g4 ,q's ,kt4 to ,q's #b;d4 ,?is is usually consid]$ 8 be/ move1 ?\gh ,q's ,kt4 to ,b's #c;d1 or ,k's ,kt4 to ,k's #b;d1 are p]haps equally good4 #h4 ,p4 to ,k4 ,kt4's #c;d4 #h4 ,p4 to ,k4 ,kt4's #e?4 ,if he takes ,p4 ) ,p41 y get a f9e attack by ,b4 takes ,k4 ,b's ,p4 7*47 #i4 ,kt4 to ,k4 ,r's #d?1 7or to ,k's #i4 ,kt4 to ,q4 ,kt4's #c;d4 sq47 #aj4 ,b4 to ,q4 ,kt4's #c;d4 #aj4 ,p4 to ,k4 ,b's #f?4 ,he has a ,pawn m1 & a /rong position4 ,n4,b4--,in/ead ( #e4 ,p4 to ,q4 ,b's #c;d1 y may also play #e4 ,p4 to ,k4 ,r's #d?1 ) a good attack4 ,,! ,,salvio ,,gambit4 ,v>iation ,a4 on ,black's #d? ,move4 ,,:ite4 ,,black4 #a4 ,p4 to ,k's #d?4 #a4 ,p4 to ,k's #d?4 #b4 ,p4 to ,k4 ,b's #d?4 #b4 ,p4 takes ,p4 #c4 ,k's ,kt4 to ,b's #c;d4 #c4 ,p4 to ,k4 ,kt4's #d?4 #d4 ,b4 to ,q4 ,b's #d?4 #d4 ,p4 to ,k4 ,kt4's #e?4 #e4 ,kt4 to ,k's #e?4 #e4 ,q4 to ,k4 ,r's #e?4 7*47 ,in/ead ( #e4 ,kt4 to ,k's #e?1 y may ca/le1 = :i* see ,game ,,ii4 7,! ,muzio ,gambit47 #f4 ,k4 to ,b's sq4 #f4 ,k's ,kt4 to ,r's #c;d4 #g4 ,p4 to ,q's #d?4 #g4 ,p4 to ,k4 ,b's #f?4 #h4 ,p4 takes ,p4 #h4 ,p4 to ,q's #c;d4 #i4 ,b4 takes ,k's ,kt4 #i4 ,q's ,p4 takes ,kt4 ,& ,black has a f9e ,game4 ,y seem to h no bett] move ?an #i4 ,b4 takes ,k's ,kt42 if y play ,kt4 to ,q's #c;d1 he replies ) ,k4 ,kt4's ,p4 takes ,p41 & y\r game is gone4 ,,game ,,ii4--,,! ,,muzio ,,gambit4 ,,:ite4 ,,black4 #a4 ,p4 to ,k's #d?4 #a4 ,p4 to ,k's #d?4 #b4 ,p4 to ,b's #d?4 #b4 ,p4 takes ,p4 #c4 ,k's ,kt4 to ,b's #c;d4 #c4 ,p4 to ,k4 ,kt4's #d?4 #d4 ,b4 to ,q4 ,b's #d?4 #d4 ,p4 to ,k4 ,kt4's #e?4 #e4 ,ca/les4 #e4 ,p4 takes ,kt4 ,?is sacrifice ( ! ,kt41 d>+ z x may appe> at fir/ sight1 is1 nev]!less1 consid]$ by mod]n analysis to be q s\nd4 #f4 ,q4 takes ,p4 #f4 ,q4 to ,k4 ,b's #c;d4 7be/47 #g4 ,p4 to ,k's #e?4 #g4 ,q4 takes ,k's ,p4 ,y\r #g? move is giv5 by mo/ ( 8! books0 z ! be/4 ,we h f\nd ,q's ,kt4 to ,b's #c;d at ?is po9t a /rong move 9 actual play4 #h4 ,p4 to ,q's #c;d4 #h4 ,k's ,b4 to ,r's #c;d4 #i4 ,q's ,b4 to ,q's #b;d4 #i4 ,k's ,kt4 to ,k's #b;d4 #aj4 ,q's ,kt4 to ,b's #c;d4 #aj4 ,p4 to ,q4 ,b's #c;d4 ,"s au?ors recomm5d ,q's ,kt4 to ,b's #c;d z m attack+ ?an ! move 9 ! text4 ,x has h[ev] be5 prov$ unt5able 9 ! 8,h&book0 7page #bha47 #aa4 ,q's ,r4 to ,k's sq4 #aa4 ,q4 to ,q4 ,b's #d?4 7*47 #ab4 ,k4 to ,r's sq4 #ab4 ,p4 to ,q's #d?4 ,mr4 ,/aunton recomm5ds #ab4 ,r4 to ,k4 ,b's #b;d1 in/ead ( retir+ ! ,k+ to ,r's sq4 ,we h tri$ ?is move 9 actual play1 foll[+ x up ) ,q's ,r4 to ,k4 ,b's sq41 :i* seems to give ,:ite an ov]:elm+ attack4 #ac4 ,q4 to ,k4 ,r's #e?4 #ac4 ,q4 to ,q's #c;d4 #ad4 ,b4 takes ,q4 ,p4 #ad4 ,p4 takes ,b4 #ae4 ,kt4 takes ,q's ,p4 #ae4 ,q's ,kt4 to ,b's #c;d4 #af4 ,q's ,b4 to 8 #c;d4 #af4 ,q4 to ,k4 ,kt4's #c;d4 #ag4 ,r4 takes ,kt4 7*47 #ag4 ,k4 to ,b's sq4 ,! moves up to ?is po9t1 bo? = attack & def5ce1 are giv5 by ,ja5is* & ! 8,h&book0 z ! be/ ! bo>d af=ds2 ) ! be/ play1 probably ! game ought to be drawn4 ,we mu* regret t our space w n all[ ( a m elaborate analysis ( ?is beautiful gambit2 we tru/1 h[ev]1 t ! above v>iations w %[ ! "y play] ! difficulty & res\rce ( ?is op5+4 ,we _c quit ! subject )\t allud+ to a def5ce lately introduc$ by ,messrs4 ,kl+ & ,horwitz1 :i* consi/s 9 ,black's play+ ,q4 to ,k's #b;d at 8 #e? move1 in/ead ( tak+ ! ,kt4 ,) all def]5ce & respect = ! wond]ful & almo/ inexhau/ible p[] ( analysis display$ by ^! two em95t play]s1 we mu/ confess t we h our d\bts z to ! s\ndness ( ! move 9 "q4 ,! "y play]s1 h[ev]1 w f9d x full analys$ 9 ,kl+ & ,horwitz's 8,*ess ,/udies10 "o ( ! mo/ valuable & int]e/+ works on ,*ess ( mod]n days1 :i* ne$s n our recomm5dation to f9d its way to ! book-%elf ( e lov] ( ,*ess4 ,,game ,i4--,,! ,,allgai] ,,gambit4 ,?is op5+1 ! inv5tion ( :i* is errone\sly ascrib$ to ,allgai]1 has ( late ye>s become a fav\rite ) all classes ( play]s1 ?\gh we agree ) ,mr4 ,bod5 9 consid]+ t its res\rces h be5 consid]ably ov]rat$1 al?\gh n p]haps f ! same reason z adduc$ 9 8 8,popul> ,introduction40 ,,:ite4 ,,black4 #a4 ,p4 to ,k's #d?4 #a4 ,p4 to ,k's #d?4 #b4 ,p4 to ,k4 ,b's #d?4 #b4 ,p4 takes ,p4 #c4 ,k's ,kt4 to ,b's #c;d4 #c4 ,p4 to ,k4 ,kt4's #d?4 #d4 ,p4 to ,k4 ,r's #d?4 #d4 ,p4 to ,k4 ,kt4's #e?4 ,y may "h play y\r ,kt4 to ,k's #e?1 or to ,k4 ,kt4's #e?4 ,mod]n au?orities agree 9 recomm5d+ ! =m]1 z giv+ a m la/+ attack4 ,z1 h[ev]1 "s v emb>rass+ positions may arise f play+ ! ,kt4 to 8 #e?1 we w exam9e ! consequ5ces result+ f x at pres5t1 leav+ ! move ( #e4 ,kt4 to ,k's #e? = aft] exam9ation1 7,game ,,ii474 #e4 ,kt4 to ,kt4's #e?4 #e4 ,p4 to ,k4 ,r's #c;d4 7be/47 #f4 ,kt4 takes ,k4 ,b's ,p4 #f4 ,k4 takes ,kt4 #g4 ,b4 to ,q4 ,b's #d?4 7*47 #g4 ,p4 to ,q's #d?4 ,y\r #g? move gives a f> m emb>rass+ attack ?an ! old move ( ,q4 takes ,k4 ,kt4's ,p41 to :i* ,black replies1 ,k's ,kt4 to ,b's #c;d4 ) a w9n+ position4 ,9 ! pres5t game ,black's reply ( ,p4 to ,q's #d? is 8 only move4 ,if he retire ,k4 to ,kt4's sq41 y mu/ ga9 "s advantage by ,q4 takes ,k4 ,kt4's ,p41 c4 #h4 ,b4 takes ,p4 7*47 #h4 ,k4 to ,k's sq4 ,9 our op9ion ! move ( ,k4 to ,k's sq4 is pref]able to ,k4 to ,kt4's #b;d4 ,at all ev5ts ! def5ce seems mu* simpl]1 & at lea/ z satisfactory4 #i4 ,p4 to ,q's #d?4 #i4 ,p4 to ,k4 ,b's #f?4 7be/47 #aj4 ,p4 takes ,p4 #aj4 ,b4 to ,k's #b;d4 ,) a w9n+ game4 ,,game ,,ii4 ,,:ite4 ,,black4 #a4 ,p4 to ,k's #d?4 #a4 ,p4 to ,k's #d?4 #b4 ,p4 to ,k4 ,b's #d?4 #b4 ,p4 takes ,p4 #c4 ,k4 ,kt4's to ,b's #c;d4 #c4 ,p4 to ,k4 ,kt4's #d?4 #d4 ,p4 to ,k4 ,r's #d?4 #d4 ,p4 to ,k4 ,kt4's #e?4 #f4 ,kt4 to ,k's #e?4 #e4 ,p4 to ,k4 ,r's #d?4 ,black's #e? move has be5 recomm5d$ by almo/ all ! au?orities z ! correct reply2 al?\gh ! moves #e4 ,p4 to ,q's #c;d2 #e4 ,b4 to ,k's #b;d2 or #e4 ,k's ,kt4 to ,b's #c;d1 seem1 to say ! lea/1 equally advantage\s = ! second play]4 #f4 ,b4 to ,q4 ,b's #d?4 #f4 ,kt4 to ,k4 ,r's #c;d4 #g4 ,p4 to ,q's #d?4 #g4 ,p4 to ,k4 ,b's #f?4 #h4 ,p4 takes ,p4 7be/47 #h4 ,p4 to ,q's #c;d4 #i4 ,kt4 to ,q's #c;d4 #i4 ,b4 to ,k's #b;d4 #aj4 ,b4 to ,k's #c;d4 ,?is is ! move giv5 by ! 8books20 ,b4 to ,k4 ,b's #d?1 h[ev]1 appe>s at lea/ z good4 #aj4 ,b4 takes ,k4 ,r's ,p4 7*47 #aa4 ,k4 to ,q's #b;d4 #aa4 ,p4 takes ,p4 #ab4 ,q4 takes ,p4 #ab4 ,b4 to ,k4 ,kt4's #e?4 #ac4 ,q4 to ,k4 ,b's #d?4 #ac4 ,q's ,kt4 to ,b's #c;d4 ,"o ( ! advantages ( ! move #aj4 ,b4 to ,k4 ,b's #d?1 z sugge/$ above1 seems to be t ! ,:ite ,q4 c\ld n be play$ to ,k's #c;d1 in/ead ( ! m assailable "p ( ,k4 ,b's #d?4 #ad4 ,q's ,kt4 to ,b's #c;d4 ,& ! game1 9 spite ( ! =midable appe>ance ( ! adv]se ,bi%ops1 seems 9 ,:ite's fav\r1 f ! disposition ( 8 =ces1 s well calculat$ = a vigor\s assault4 ,n4,b4--,x w\ld be v unadvisable = ,black to reply to ,:ite's move ( ,kt4 to ,q4 ,b's #c;d4 ) ,kt4 takes ,q's ,p4 #ad4 ,kt4 takes ,q's ,p4 #ae4 ,b4 takes ,kt4 #ae4 ,b4 to ,k4 ,kt4's #d?4 #af4 ,b4 takes ,k's ,r4 #af4 ,b4 takes ,q4 7*47 #ag4 ,kt4 takes ,b4 ,& ,:ite has a m ?an ample equival5t = 8 lo/ ,que51 & a consid]able sup]iority ( position4 ,,game ,i4--,,! ,,bi%op',s ,,gambit4 ,,:ite4 ,,black4 #a4 ,p4 to ,k's #d?4 #a4 ,p4 to ,k's #d?4 #b4 ,p4 to ,k4 ,b's #d?4 #b4 ,p4 takes ,p4 #c4 ,b4 to ,q4 ,b's #d?4 #c4 ,q4 to ,k4 ,r's #e?4 7*47 ,black's #c;d move is ! "o g5]ally recomm5d$ at ?is po9t4 ,he has1 h[ev]1 ! option ( sev]al o!r moves1 ! mo/ important ( :i* seems to be ,p4 to ,q's #d?4 7,see ,game ,,ii47 #d4 ,k4 to ,b's sq4 #d4 ,p4 to ,k4 ,kt4's #d?4 7be/47 ,if ,black1 in/ead ( ! move 9 ! text1 play ,b4 to ,q4 ,b's #d?1 a move frequ5tly adopt$ by "y play]s1 y reply ) ,p4 to ,q4's #d? & ,k's ,kt4 to ,b's #c;d1 ) a f9e position4 #e4 ,q's ,kt4 to ,b's #c;d4 #e4 ,b4 to ,k4 ,kt4's #b;d4 7be/47 #f4 ,p4 to ,q's #d?4 #f4 ,p4 to ,q's #c;d4 #g4 ,k's ,kt4 to ,b's #c;d4 #g4 ,q4 to ,k4 ,r's #d?4 #h4 ,p4 to ,k4 ,r's #d?4 #h4 ,p4 to ,k4 ,r's #c;d4 #i4 ,p4 to ,k's #e?4 #i4 ,p4 takes ,p4 ,major ,ja5is*1 to :om we owe almo/ all our k ( ?is f9e op5+1 at "o "t we believe recomm5d$ #i4 ,b4 to ,k4 ,kt4's #e? = ,black1 in/ead ( ,p4 takes ,p41 b has we believe qualifi$ 8 op9ion 9 fav\r ( ! move 9 ! text4 #aj4 ,q's ,kt4 to ,q's #e?4 #aj4 ,k4 to ,q's sq4 #aa4 ,p4 takes ,p4 #aa4 ,b4 to ,q's #b;d4 #ab4 ,k4 to ,kt4's sq4 #ab4 ,q4 to ,k4 ,kt4's #c;d4 #ac4 ,p4 takes ,p4 #ac4 ,p4 takes ,p4 #ad4 ,r4 takes ,r4 #ad4 ,b4 takes ,r4 #ae4 ,k's ,kt4 takes ,p4 #ae4 ,q4 takes ,k's ,kt4 ,?is sacrifice is ! inv5tion ( ,petr(f1 ! great ,russian ma/]2 & )\t ! greate/ c>e 9 ! def5ce1 w give y an ov]p[]+ attack4 #af4 ,q's ,b4 takes ,p4 #af4 ,q4 to ,k4 ,kt4's #c;d4 7be/47 #ag4 ,p4 to ,k's #f?4 #ag4 ,p4 takes ,p4 #ah4 ,kt4 takes ,q4 ,b's ,p4 #ah4 ,p4 to ,k's #d?4 #ai4 ,kt4 to ,k's #f?4 7*47 ,,game ,,ii4 ,,:ite4 ,,black4 #a4 ,p4 to ,k's #d?4 #a4 ,p4 to ,k's #d?4 #b4 ,p4 to ,k4 ,b's #d?4 #b4 ,p4 takes ,p4 #c4 ,b4 to ,q4 ,b's #d?4 #c4 ,p4 to ,q's #d?4 ,we w\ld recomm5d ?is def5ce to ! "y play]1 7especially :5 receiv+ ! odds ( a piece17 z x leads at once to at lea/ an ev5 game1 & avoids an intricate & difficult s]ies ( moves1 ! lea/ error 9 :i* w\ld be fatal4 #d4 ,b4 takes ,p4 #d4 ,k's ,kt4 to ,b's #c;d4 #e4 ,q4 to ,k's #b;d4 #e4 ,kt4 takes ,b4 ,?is is probably y\r be/ move1 ?\gh ,kt4 to ,q4 ,b's #c;d1 may be play$ )\t dang]4 #f4 ,p4 takes ,kt4 7dis4 *47 #f4 ,b4 to ,k's #b;d4 #g4 ,q4 to ,k4 ,b's #c;d4 7be/47 #g4 ,b4 to ,k4 ,r's #e?4 7*47 #h4 ,p4 to ,k4 ,kt4's #c;d4 #h4 ,p4 takes ,p4 #i4 ,p4 takes ,p4 #i4 ,b4 to ,k4 ,kt4's #d?4 #aj4 ,q's ,kt4 to ,b's #c;d4 ,! game is ab\t ev54 ,in/ead ( ,black's #h? move ( ,p4 takes ,p41 ,mr4 ,/aunton sugge/s ! highly +5i\s move ( ca/l+2 & ! game w\ld probably be cont9u$ ?us3-- #h4 ,ca/les4 #i4 ,kt4 to ,k's #b;d4 7be/47 #i4 ,r4 to ,k's sq4 ,?is is y\r be/ reply1 if y capture ei!r ,b4 or ,p4 y lose 9 a few moves4 7,see ! 8,h&book10 p4 #cce47 #aj4 ,q's ,kt4 to ,b's #c;d4 #aj4 ,b4 to ,k4 ,b's #c;d4 ,we d n see t ,black has any?+ bett]4 #aa4 ,q's ,kt4 to ,k's #d?4 ,& ,:ite has "s little advantage4 ,x is wor? :ile rem>k+1 t if ,black n[ adopt ! tempt+ move ( ,b4 to ,k4 ,kt4's #e?1 ,:ite w w9 at lea/ a pawn4 ,we leave ! 8modus op]&i0 = ! inve/igation ( ! "y play]4 ,we _c take our leave ( ?is inexhau/ible op5+1 )\t once m recomm5d+ ! amateur :o is ambiti\s ( becom+ initiat$ into ! my/]ies ( ! ,bi%op's ,gambit1 to /udy ! admirable articles on ?is db1 publi%$ by ,major ,ja5is*1 9 ! late volumes ( ! 8,*ess-,play]'s ,*ronicle10 :i* exhibit1 p]haps1 ! mo/ pati5t & pr(\nd analysis ! annals ( ,*ess h ev] produc$4 ,,! ,,gambit ,,refus$4 ,! refusal ( ! gambit1 ?\gh x may be done ) p]fect safety1 g5]ally leads to a dull & un9t]e/+ game2 we w\ld !re=e advise ! "y play] to accept ! pr(f]$ pawn1 m especially :5 receiv+ ! odds ( a piece1 z he w ga9 m k ( ! game by obs]v+ ! mann] 9 :i* a f9e play] pursues 8 attack1 ?an c be obta9$ f all ! works t h ev] be5 writt5 on ! subject4 ,,game ,i4 ,,:ite4 ,,black4 #a4 ,p4 to ,k's #d?4 #a4 ,p4 to ,k's #d?4 #b4 ,p4 to ,k4 ,b's #d?4 #b4 ,b4 to ,q4 ,b's #d?4 ,?is has usually be5 receiv$ z ! be/ me?od ( decl9+ ! gambit1 ?\gh a pref]5ce has sprung up lately 9 fav\r ( ,p4 to ,q's #d? 7,see ,game ,,ii474 ,major ,ja5is* recomm5ds ,k's ,kt4 to ,b's #c;d1 to :i* y reply ) ,p4 takes ,p42 & ^u 8 tak+ ,k's ,p4 ) ,kt41 y play ,k's ,kt4 to ,b's #c;d4 #c4 ,k's ,kt4 to ,b's #c;d4 #c4 ,p4 to ,q's #c;d4 #d4 ,p4 to ,q4 ,b's #c;d4 #d4 ,b4 to ,k4 ,kt4's #e?4 #e4 ,p4 to ,k4 ,r's #c;d4 #e4 ,b4 takes ,kt4 ,we believe y\r #e? move is n[ m g5]ally pref]r$ to ,b4 to ,k's #b;d4 ,y may also play #e4 ,p4 to ,q's #d?41 ?\gh x is some:at haz>d\s4 #f4 ,q4 takes ,b4 #f4 ,q's ,kt4 to ,b's #c;d4 #g4 ,b4 to ,q4 ,b's #d?1 or ,kt4's #e?4 ,& ! game is ab\t ev54 ,,game ,,ii4 ,,:ite4 ,,black4 #a4 ,p4 to ,k's #d?4 #a4 ,p4 to ,k's #d?4 #b4 ,p4 to ,k4 ,b's #d? #b4 ,p4 to ,q's #d?4 #c4 ,p4 takes ,q's ,p4 #c4 ,p4 to ,k's #e?4 7be/47 ,y may also play #c4 ,k's ,kt4 to ,b's #c;d41 app>5tly )\t dang]4 #d4 ,p4 to ,q's #d?4 #d4 ,q4 takes ,q's ,p4 ,y\r #d? move seems f> /rong] ?an ! usually receiv$ play ( ,b4 to ,q4 ,kt4's #e?4 7*47 #e4 ,p4 to ,q4 ,b's #d?4 #e4 ,q4 to ,q's sq4 #f4 ,b4 to ,q4 ,b's #d?4 ,y h ! bett] game4 ,,! ,,c5tre ,,gambit4 ,?is op5+1 ?\gh pass$ ov] by _m ( ! books1 frequ5tly gives bir? to _m beautiful & critical positions1 & unless prop]ly oppos$1 is v emb>rass+4 ,,game ,i4 ,,:ite4 ,,black4 #a4 ,p4 to ,k's #d?4 #a4 ,p4 to ,k's #d?4 #b4 ,p4 to ,q's #d?4 #b4 ,p4 takes ,p4 #c4 ,b4 to ,q4 ,b's #d?4 #c4 ,k's ,kt4 to ,b's #c;d4 ,y may also play "h ,p4 to ,k4 ,b's #d?1 a move z yet1 we believe1 unanalys$4 7,see ,game ,,ii47 ,black's reply is ! correct "o1 :]eby he r$uces ! game to a position simil> to "o 9 ! ,k4 ,kt4's def5ce to ! ,k+'s ,bi%op's game4 7,= ,b4 to ,q4 ,kt4's #e?4 7*47 see ,v>iation ,a47 #d4 ,p4 to ,k's #e?4 #d4 ,p4 to ,q's #d?4 #e4 ,b4 to ,q4 ,kt4's #c;d4 #e4 ,kt4 to ,k's #e?4 ,retir+ ! ,bi%op ?us is f> bett] ?an tak+ ! ,kt4 ) ,k's ,p4 7,see ! ,giuoco ,piano = a simil> position47 #f4 ,k's ,kt4 to ,k's #b;d4 #f4 ,p4 to ,q4 ,b's #d?4 ,if y play #f4 ,k's ,kt4 to ,b's #c;d41 ,black w ga9 "s advantage by ,b4 to ,q4 ,kt4's #e?4 7*47 #g4 ,p4 to ,k4 ,b's #c;d4 #g4 ,kt4 to ,k4 ,kt4's #d?4 #h4 ,kt4 to ,k4 ,b's #d?4 #h4 ,p4 to ,q4 ,b's #e?4 #i4 ,b4 to ,q4 ,r's #d?4 7*47 #i4 ,kt4 to ,q4 ,b's #c;d4 #aj4 ,b4 takes ,kt4 7*47 #aj4 ,p4 takes ,b4 #aa4 ,q4 takes ,p4 ,ev5 game4 ,^! are ! moves giv5 by ,ja5is*1 :o seems to consid] ! position 9 ,black's fav\r4 ,v>iation ,a4 on ,black's #c;d ,move4 ,,:ite4 ,,black4 #a4 ,p4 to ,k's #d?4 #a4 ,p4 to ,k's #d?4 #b4 ,p4 to ,q's #d?4 #b4 ,p4 takes ,p4 #c4 ,b4 to ,q4 ,b's #d?4 #c4 ,b4 to ,q4 ,kt4's #e?4 7*47 #d4 ,p4 to ,q4 ,b's #c;d4 #d4 ,p4 takes ,p4 #e4 ,p4 takes ,p4 #e4 ,q4 to ,k4 ,b's #c;d4 #f4 ,p4 takes ,b4 #f4 ,q4 takes ,q's ,r4 ,p]haps y\r s\nde/ move at ?is po9t is #f4 ,q4 to ,q4 ,kt4's #c;d1 z recomm5d$ 9 ! ,g]man ,h&book1 al?\gh1 by ! mode ( play 9 ! text1 y get an attack t amply comp5sates = ! loss ( ! 8ex*ange40 #g4 ,q4 to ,q4 ,kt4's #c;d4 #g4 ,q4 to ,k4 ,b's #c;d4 #h4 ,q's ,kt4 to ,b's #c;d4 ,aft]w>ds play+ ,kt4 to ,k's #b;d1 ) a f9e position4 ,,game ,,ii4 ,,:ite4 ,,black4 #a4 ,p4 to ,k's #d?4 #a4 ,p4 to ,k's #d?4 #b4 ,p4 to ,q's #d?4 #b4 ,p4 takes ,p4 #c4 ,p4 to ,k4 ,b's #d?4 #c4 ,b4 to ,q4 ,b's #d?4 ,?is appe>s to be 8 be/ reply4 #d4 ,b4 to ,q4 ,b's #d?4 #d4 ,p4 to ,q's #c;d4 ,by y\r la/ move y ?reat5$ to take 8 ,k4 ,b's ,p4 7*eck+7 & if he took y\r ,bi%op ) ,k+1 to play ,q4 to ,k4 ,r's #e?4 7*47 c4 ,if ,black1 in/ead ( ,p4 to ,q's #c;d1 play ,k's ,kt4 to ,b's #c;d1 y reply ) ,p4 to ,k's #e?2 & ^u 8 play+ ,p4 to ,q's #d?1 y mu/ ga9 "s advantage by captur+ 8 ,kt4 ) ,k's ,p4--a mode ( play n feasible 9 a simil> position 9 ! ,giuoco ,piano4 #e4 ,k's ,kt4 to ,b's #c;d4 #e4 ,q's ,kt4 to ,b's #c;d4 ,if he play ,b4 to ,k4 ,kt4's #e?1 y reply ) ,p4 to ,k's #e?1 & %\ld he take ,p4 ) ,p4 y get a w9n+ position by ,b4 takes ,k4 ,b's ,p4 7*47 #f4 ,ca/les4 #f4 ,p4 to ,q's #f?4 #g4 ,k4 to ,r's sq4 #g4 ,p4 takes ,p4 7dis4 *47 #h4 ,q4 takes ,p4 ,& ?\gh m9us a pawn1 y h an ample equival5t 9 ! attack4 ,x is highly probable t _m moves1 bo? ( attack & def5ce1 9 ?is some:at novel v>iation may be improv$ ^u4 ,i only regret t ,i am preclud$1 bo? by want ( "t & space1 f go+ fur!r into ! v>iations4 ,,! ,,que5',s ,,gambit4 ,,game ,i4 ,,:ite4 ,,black4 #a4 ,p4 to ,q's #d?4 #a4 ,p4 to ,q's #d?4 #b4 ,p4 to ,q4 ,b's #d?4 #b4 ,p4 takes ,p4 ,x is consid]$ m advisable to decl9e ! gambit4 7,see ,game ,,ii47 ,by tak+ ! ,pawn1 ,black g5]ally subjects himself to "s slight inf]iority ( position4 #c4 ,p4 to ,k's #c;d4 #c4 ,p4 to ,k's #d?4 ,y\r move ( ,p4 to ,k's #c;d1 appe>s some:at pref]able to ,p4 to ,k's #d?1 z recomm5d$ by ! 8classical0 writ]s on ,*ess1 to :i* ,black w\ld equally reply ) ,p4 to ,k's #d?1 ) an ev5 game4 ,x is wor? :ile rem>k+1 t if he attempt to su/a9 ! gambit pawn by ,p4 to ,q4 ,kt4's #d?1 y ga9 ! advantage4 7,see ,v>iation ,a47 #d4 ,k's ,b4 takes ,p4 #d4 ,p4 takes ,q's ,p4 #e4 ,p4 takes ,p4 #e4 ,k's ,kt4 to ,b's #c;d4 #f4 ,q's ,kt4 to ,b's #c;d4 #f4 ,b4 to ,q's #c;d4 #g4 ,k's ,kt4 to ,b's #c;d4 #g4 ,q's ,kt4 to ,b's #c;d4 #h4 ,ca/les4 #h4 ,ca/les4 #i4 ,p4 to ,k4 ,r's #c;d4 #i4 ,p4 to ,k4 ,r's #c;d4 ,:ite has p]haps a slightly bett] position4 ,v>iation ,a4 on ,black's #c;d ,move4 ,,:ite4 ,,black4 #a4 ,p4 to ,q's #d?4 #a4 ,p4 to ,q's #d?4 #b4 ,p4 to ,q4 ,b's #d?4 #b4 ,p4 takes ,p4 #c4 ,p4 to ,k's #c;d4 #c4 ,p4 to ,q4 ,kt4's #d?4 #d4 ,p4 to ,q4 ,r's #d?4 #d4 ,b4 to ,q's #b;d4 ,if he play ,p4 to ,q4 ,b's #c;d1 y take ,pawn ) ,pawn1 & on 8 retak+1 w9 a piece by ,q4 to ,k4 ,b's #c;d4 #e4 ,p4 takes ,p4 #e4 ,b4 takes ,p4 #f4 ,p4 to ,q4 ,kt4's #c;d4 #f4 ,q4 to ,q's #d?4 #g4 ,p4 takes ,p4 #g4 ,b4 takes ,p4 #h4 ,q4 to ,q4 ,r's #d?4 7*47 w9n+ a piece4 ,^! moves are f ,mr4 ,/aunton's ,h&book4 ,,game ,,ii4 ,,:ite4 ,,black4 #a4 ,p4 to ,q's #d?4 #a4 ,p4 to ,q's #d?4 #b4 ,p4 to ,q4 ,b's #d?4 #b4 ,p4 to ,k's #c;d4 ,?is is n[ ackn[l$g$ to be 8 be/ me?od ( decl9+ ! gambit4 #c4 ,q's ,kt4 to ,b's #c;d4 #c4 ,k's ,kt4 to ,b's #c;d4 #d4 ,p4 to ,k's #c;d4 #d4 ,p4 to ,q4 ,b's #d?4 ,y\r #d? move is ! "o giv5 by all 8! books40 ,9 ! late mat* betwe5 ,messrs4 ,lw5?al & ,h>rwitz1 ! latt] sev]al times adopt$ ! move ( #d4 ,q's ,b4 to ,k4 ,b's #d?1 at ?is juncture1 ) advantage1 a sortie hi!rto d5\nc$ by mo/ ( ! mod]n writ]s on ,*ess4 #e4 ,k's ,kt4 to ,b's #c;d4 #e4 ,q's ,kt4 to ,b's #c;d4 #f4 ,p4 to ,q4 ,r's #c;d4 #f4 ,p4 to ,q4 ,r's #c;d4 ,!re is no advantage on ei!r side4 ,we w n[ briefly exam9e ^? o!r me?ods ( op5+ a game1 :i* ei!r play] may adopt 9 lieu ( #a4 ,p4 to ,k's #d?1 or #a4 ,p4 to ,q's #d?4 ,! mo/ important ( ^! ! second play] has at 8 comm& to reply to #a4 ,p4 to ,k's #d?1 are1 #a4 ,p4 to ,q4 ,b's #d?1 & #a4 ,p4 to ,k's #c;d4 ,x is true !re are o!r moves1 su* z #a4 ,p4 to ,q's #d?2 #a4 ,p4 to ,k4 ,kt4's #c;d42 #a4 ,p4 to ,q4 ,kt4's #c;d42 #a4 ,p4 to ,q's #c;d42 b !y are ( s r>e occurr5ce 9 actual play1 we %all h>dly be ju/ifi$ 9 our n>r[ limits = ent]+ into an analysis ( !m4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,,! ,,"y ,,conjuror ,,includ+ ,,sleight ,,( ,,h& ,,) ,,objects ,,or ,,c>ds1 ,,) ,,& ,,)\t ,,app>atus4 ,f ! v e>ly ages ( ! _w ! art ( leg]dema91 commonly call$ conjur+1 has be5 kn[n & practis$4 ,9 "s ( ! old hea!n c]emonies ! prie/s made use ( skilful deceptions1 9 ord] to impose ^u ! p2 & 9 anci5t ,egypt1 9 ,greece1 & 9 ,rome1 ! wor%ip ( ! gods 0 frequ5tly associat$ ) m]e tricks1 :i* 7 us$ = ! purpose ( obta9+ an influ5ce by a pret5ce ( extraord9>y & sup]natural p[]s4 ,among ! ,ea/]n nations juggl+ 0 a pr(ession1 & to ?is day ! juggl]s ( ,h9du/an & o!r ,ori5tal nations are s skilful t !y are able to deceive ev5 ! mo/ acute obs]v]s4 ,9 our own c\ntry1 aft] ! ,norman ,conque/1 ! juggl] 7:o 0 call$ jongleur1 or joculator7 0 a m9/rel z well z a conjur]1 a read] ( ! />s or a/rolog]1 & at ! same "t a je/]1 a m]ry-&rew1 & a tell] ( droll /ories4 ,^! jongleurs travell$ f place to place1 & exhibit$ at fairs1 fea/s1 & m]rymak+s1 z well z 9 ! h\ses ( noblem51 :]e !y div]t$ ! company 9 ! great halls4 ,9 ! f\rte5? c5tury !y gave m att5tion to tricks & feats ( skill1 & became kn[n z treget\rs4 ,! p]=mances ( "s ( ^! g5try 7 s m>vell\s1 t ! common p believ$ !m to be ! result ( wit*craft1 & class$ ! treget\r ) ! w>lock & ! sorc]]4 ,*auc]1 :o no d\bt _h frequ5tly an opportunity ( see+ ! tricks exhibit$ by ! treget\rs ( 8 "t1 says1 8,!re ,i sawe play5ge jogel\rs1 magyci5s1 traget\rs1 phetonysses1 *>m]esses1 old wit*es1 & sorc]esses20 & ! old poet goes on to say ( !m1 8,sometimes !y w br+ on ! similitude ( a grim lion1 or make fl[]s spr+ up z 9 a mead[2 sometimes !y cause a v9e to fl\ri%1 be>+ :ite & r$ grapes1 or %[ a ca/le built ) /one1 & :5 !y please !y cause ! :ole to disappe>30 & 9 ano!r "p ( 8 works he says3-- 8,!re saw ,i ,coll ,treget\r ,^u a table ( sycam\r ,play an unc\! ?ynge to tell2 ,i sawe hym c>y a wyndemell ,"u a walnot %ale40--,h\se ( ,fame1 book iii4 ,our le>n$ mon>* ,james ,i4 0 p]fectly conv9c$ t ^! & o!r inf]ior feats exhibit$ by ! treget\rs ( 8 day c\ld only be p]=m$ by diabolical ag5cy4 ,! pr(ession _h already fall5 v l[1 & at ! close ( ! reign ( ,que5 ,elizabe? ! p]=m]s 7 rank$ by ! moral writ]s ( t "t n only ) ruffians1 blasphem]s1 ?ieves1 & vagabonds1 b also ) ,jews1 ,turks1 h]etics1 pagans1 & sorc]]s2 & 9 m mod]n times1 by way ( d]ision1 ! juggl] 0 call$ a mocus-pocus1 or hokus-pokus1 a t]m applicable to a pickpocket or a common *eat4 ,! foll[+ pages are n int5d$ to make ! "y read] ei!r a *eat or a trick/]2 !re is no?+ p]haps s utt]ly contemptible 9 e-day life z trick]y & deceit1 & we w\ld caution our "y fri5ds n to cultivate a love ( deception1 :i* is only all[able 9 su* feats ( amusem5t1 because x is 9 fact n deception at all1 :5 ev]ybody expects to be puzzl$1 & is only left to f9d out ! my/]y ! be/ way he c4 ,) ?is sage advice we %all pres5t a collection ( amus+ conjur+ tricks1 premis+ t a consid]able numb] ( tricks usually embodi$ 9 ?is division w be f\nd 9 t "p ( our "w relat+ to ,sci5tific ,exp]im5ts & ,amusem5ts1 z !y m prop]ly belong to 8,natural ,magic10 & are to be ref]r$ to ! v>i\s op]ations ( nature 9 ! sev]al dep>tm5ts ( art1 sci5ce1 & philosophy4 ,,sleight ,,( ,,h&4 ,x is int5d$ 9 ! foll[+ pages to lay m /ress ^u ^? tricks :i* require no app>atus ?an ^u ^? = :i* special app>atus or ! assi/ance ( a conf$]ate is requir$4 ,no "o is ne>ly s well pleas$ by a trick ^: ess5ce evid5tly lies 9 ! ma*9]y1 :ile e "o feels pleasure at see+ a sleight ( h& trick neatly execut$4 ,! audi5ce (t5 despise all ! num]\s boxes1 bottles1 v>iegat$ cov]s1 & o!r gimcracks :i* are g5]ally se5 on a conjuror's table2 & are seldom s pleas$ ) any p]=m] z ) "o :o does n ev5 require a table1 b presses into 8 s]vice articles borr[$ f 8 audi5ce4 ,! spectators %\ld nev] be able to say1 8,ah6 ! trick lies 9 ! box3 he d>es n %[ x to u60 ,! foll[+ tricks h almo/ all be5 successfully p]=m$1 & h caus$ "s reputation 9 ! magic art4 ,"s ( !m are ! inv5tion ( "o ( ! mo/ em95t 8conjurors0 ( mod]n times4 #a4 ,,! ,,fly+ ,,%ill+4 ,?is trick mu/ be frequ5tly practis$ be=e x is produc$ 9 public4 ,borr[ two col\r$ silk h&k]*iefs f ! company1 & h ?ree %ill+s 9 y\r h&1 b only %[ two1 keep+ ! o!r "o firmly fix$ aga9/ ! fir/ jo9t ( ! second & ?ird f+]s4 ,y mu/ also h a f9e ne$le & ?read /uck inside ! cuff ( y\r coat4 ,!n take "o ( ! h&k]*iefs1 & put 9 bo? %ill+s1 b pret5d t only "o is 9 ! h&k]*ief2 !n put ! h&k]*ief into a hat1 leav+ "o corn] hang+ out4 ,n[ hold up ! ?ird %ill+ 7:i* ! spectators imag9e is ! second71 & ask "o ( ! company to lay ! second h&k]*ief ov] x4 ,y !n ask him to hold ! %ill+ tight betwe5 8 f+] & ?umb1 :ile y twi/ up ! h&k]*ief4 ,:ile do+ s1 ) bo? h&s conceal$ "u ! h&k]*ief1 y pass a few /it*es "u ! %ill+1 & replace ! ne$le4 ,?is be+ done1 spread "o corn] ( ! h&k]*ief ov] ! h& ( ! p]son :o is /ill hold+ ! %ill+1 &1 tak+ hold ( ano!r corn]1 tell him to drop ! %ill+ :5 y h c\nt$ ?ree4 ,at ! ^w 8?ree0 he lets g ! %ill+1 & y :isk ! h&k]*ief into ! air1 :5 ! %ill+ appe>s to h vani%$1 b is really held 9 ! h&k]*ief4 ,y !n tell ! a/oni%$ individual to draw ! o!r h&k]*ief out ( ! hat by ! corn] t is hang+ out4 ,! two %ill+s are he>d to fall into ! hat1 & e "o is p]suad$ t y h conjur$ "o ( ! %ill+s out ( ! p]son's h&1 & s5t x into ! hat4 #b4 ,,ano!r ,,me?od4 ,p]haps ! spectators may ask to see x aga91 or dem& to m>k ! %ill+4 ,9 ?is case1 v>y x z foll[s4 ,ask "s "o 7always *oose ! mo/ incr$ul\s ( ! p>ty7 to m>k a %ill+ ( 8 own & give x y4 ,take ! same h&k]*ief & give him ! %ill+ to hold t is already enclos$ 9 x1 z 9 ! la/ trick1 dropp+ ! m>k$ %ill+ into ! palm ( y\r h&4 ,twi/ x up z be=e1 & !n leave x entirely 9 8 h&s4 ,direct him to place x on a table1 & cov] x ) a bas9 or sauc]4 ,ask him to give y a cup or tumbl]1 & hold x "u ! table1 b5ea? ! place :]e ! sauc] is4 ,!n tell him to knock ?ree times on ! sauc]1 & at ! ?ird knock let ! m>k$ %ill+ fall into ! tumbl]4 ,h& him ! tumbl]1 & :ile he is exam9+ ! %ill+ to see if x is ! same "o t he m>k$1 take up ! sauc]1 & %ake out ! h&k]*ief t is ly+ "u x1 z 9 ! la/ trick4 ,y mu/ !n return ! h&k]*ief1 & :ile y pret5d to be se>*+ = ! m>ks1 draw out ! ?read t held ! %ill+ & drop ! co9 into ! palm ( y\r h&1 tak+ c>e to rub betwe5 y\r f+] & ?umb ! spot :]e ! ?reads _h be51 9 ord] to eradicate ! m>ks4 ,?is v>iation seldom fails to confuse ! company4 ,y mu/ rememb] to keep talk+ ! :ole "t1 & always try to make a joke1 or o!rwise to di/ract ! att5tion ( ! audi5ce1 :ile y are execut+ ! necess>y *anges4 #c4 ,,! ,,beads ,,& ,,/r+s4 ,illu/ration ,ask "s lady to l5d y ! beads (f h] bracelet1 or h by y five or six beads1 :i* y may h& r\nd = exam9ation4 ,!n get "s "o to cut two pieces ( ?9 /r+ ( equal l5g?1 & twi/ !m ab\t y\r f+]s1 appe>+ to lay !m side by side1 b 9 reality plac+ !m z 9 ! figure1 & !n1 by twi/+ !m toge!r ) app>5t c>elessness1 ! mann] 9 :i* !y are arrang$ w n be se51 p>ticul>ly if y keep ! po9t ( junction hidd5 ei!r by a f+]1 or by ?r[+ ! %ade ( y\r h& ^u x4 ,:5 ! beads are return$1 ?read !m all1 tak+ c>e to pass ! c5tre bead ov] ! po9t ( juncture4 ,y !n br+ ! ends ( ! /r+ #a & #b toge!r & tie !m s1 do+ ! same ) #c & #d4 ,n[ give ! ti$ ends to two p]sons1 direct+ !m to hold !m tight4 ,y ne$ n fe> t ! beads w come (f1 ev5 if !y pull h>d4 ,!n grasp ! beads ) bo? h&s1 direct+ ! hold]s to slack5 ! /r+s4 ,y !n1 "u cov] ( ! left h&1 :i* is plac$ above ! beads1 slip ! c5tre bead to "o side1 & draw out ! two loops :i* h be5 hidd5 9 x4 ,! beads w !n easily come (f into y\r "r h&4 ,tell ! hold]s to pull h>d1 :i* !y w d1 & ! same mom5t remove y\r h&s1 %[+ ! empty /r+s & all ! beads 9 y\r "r h&4 ,!n h& r\nd ! beads & /r+s z be=e4 ,rememb] to rub out ! m>ks 9 ! /r+s caus$ by ! loops be=e y remove y\r h&s4 #d4 ,,to ,,get ,a ,,r+ ,,out ,,( ,a ,,h&k]*ief4 ,b5d a piece ( gold wire into ! =m ( a r+1 hav+ previ\sly %>p5$ bo? ends4 ,y h a real r+ made ( ! same piece ( wire1 & conceal+ ! false r+ 9 ! palm ( y\r h&1 (f] ! real "o to be inspect$4 ,:5 x is return$1 borr[ a h&k]*ief1 &1 :ile tak+ x f ! l5d]1 slip ! real r+ into y\r left h&1 & take ! false "o at its po9t ( junction4 ,?r[ ! h&k]*ief ov] ! r+1 & give x to "s "o to hold betwe5 8 f+] & ?umb4 ,let ! h&k]*ief fall ov] x1 & give a piece ( /r+ to a second spectator1 direct+ him to tie x r\nd ! h&k]*ief1 ab\t two in*es bel[ ! r+1 s z to enclose x 9 a bag1 & tell him to d s z tightly z he c4 ,:ile he is do+ ?is1 take up y\r conjur+ w&1 a rod ( "s h>d wood1 ab\t eighte5 in*es long1 & :5 ! knot is ti$1 /ep =w>d1 pass+ ! rod into y\r left h&1 tak+ c>e to slip ov] x ! real r+1 :i* has la9 conceal$ !re4 ,slip y\r left h& to ! c5tre ( ! rod1 & direct ea* ( ! two p]sons to hold "o end ( x 9 8 "r h&4 ,!n tell ! "o :o has ! r+ & h&k]*ief1 to lay !m on y\r left h&1 :i* y imm$iately cov] ) y\r "r4 ,!n tell !m to spread ano!r h&k]*ief ov] y\r h&s1 & to say aft] y any nons5se t y l to inv5t4 ,:ile !y are s do+1 unb5d ! false r+1 & draw x ?r\gh ! h&k]*ief by "o ( its po9ts1 c>efully rubb+ betwe5 ! ?umb & f+] ! place :]e x came ?r\gh4 ,hang ! empty h&k]*ief ov] ! r+ :i* is on ! rod1 & take away y\r h&s1 :i* y exhibit empty1 z y h /uck ! false r+ inside y\r cuff4 ,take away ! upp] h&k]*ief1 & let a ?ird p]son come to exam9e1 :5 he w f9d ! r+ gone out ( ! h&k]*ief1 & hung ^u ! rod4 #e4 ,,to ,,tie ,a ,,knot ,,9 ,a ,,h&k]*ief ,,:i* ,,_c ,,be ,,drawn ,,tight4 ,illu/ration ,ca/ an ord9>y knot on a h&k]*ief1 & give ! end out ( y\r "r h& to "s spectator1 & tell him to pull h>d & %>p :5 y c\nt ?ree4 ,j z he pulls1 slip y\r left ?umb "u ! h&k]*ief1 z drawn 9 ! cut1 & x w be pull$ out q /raight )\t any knot at all4 ,y mu/ let g ! end t hangs ov] ! left h&1 & grasp ! h&k]*ief betwe5 ! ?umb & =ef+]4 #f4 ,,! ,,?ree ,,cups4 ,illu/ration ,?is is an admirable delusion1 b requires v c>eful managem5t1 & %\ld be practis$ repeat$ly be=e x is exhibit$ publicly4 ,y get ?ree t9 cups1 ( ! %ape %[n 9 ! cut4 ,!y %\ld h two or ?ree ridges runn+ r\nd !m at ! m\?1 9 ord] to give a bett] hold4 ,f\r balls %\ld n[ be made ( cork1 & c>efully black5$4 ,"o ( ! balls is held conceal$ betwe5 ! roots ( ! ?ird & f\r? f+]s1 :ile ! o!r ?ree are h&$ r\nd = exam9ation1 toge!r ) ! cups4 ,:5 !y are return$1 ! "y conjuror beg9s by plac+ ea* ball "u a cup1 or1 if he *ooses1 asks "o ( ! spectators to d s = him4 ,:ile ?is is be+ done1 he slips ! f\r? ball to ! tips ( ! second & ?ird f+]s4 ,he !n lifts up cup ,no4 #a1 replac+ x on ! table a few in*es f its fir/ position1 & at ! same "t slips ! f\r? ball "u x4 ,he takes up ball ,no4 #a1 & pret5ds to ?r[ x away1 b 9 reality he slips x into ! place :i* ! f\r? ball _h occupi$4 ,he does ! same ) ! ?ree cups1 & !n comm5ces a %am se>* aft] ! lo/ balls1 9 :i* he accid5tally 767 knocks ov] "o ( ! cups1 &1 to 8 pret5d$ a/oni%m5t1 f9ds a ball "u x4 ,he !n knocks ov] bo? ! o!r cups1 & f9ds 9 !m ! two miss+ balls4 ,he aga9 places ! balls "u ! cups1 tak+ c>e to slip ! f\r? ball "u cup ,no4 #c4 ,he !n takes up cup ,no4 #a & pret5ds to ?r[ ! ball into ,no4 #c1 b hides x z be=e4 ,z !re are already two balls 9 ,no4 #c1 ! spectators imag9e t he really has ?r[n ! ball into x4 ,he replaces cup ,no4 #c ov] bo? balls1 & slips among !m ball ,no4 #a4 ,he !n takes up cup ,no4 #b1 & goes ?r\gh ! same process1 & on knock+ ov] cup ,no4 #c1 all ?ree balls are f\nd toge!r "u x1 & :ile ! spectators are be+ a/oni%$1 ball ,no4 #b c be quickly got rid (4 ,a r />tl+ t]m9ation to ?is trick c be manag$ by tak+ up "o ( ! cups ) its m\? upw>ds1 hold+ ! f+] & ?umb close to its m\?4 ,!n by ?r[+ ano!r cup into x1 lett+ g ! fir/ & cat*+ ! second1 y appe> to h ?r[n ! second cup ?r\gh ! fir/4 #g4 ,,to ,,tie ,a ,,h&k]*ief ,,r\nd ,,y\r ,,leg1 ,,& ,,get ,,x ,,(f ,,)\t ,,unty+ ,,! ,,knot4 ,hold ! h&k]*ief by bo? ends1 lay ! c5tre ( ! h&k]*ief on y\r knee1 & pass ! two ends bel[1 appe>+ to cross !m1 b 9 reality hit*+ !m )9 ea* o!r1 z repres5t$ 9 ! engrav+1 :i* %[s ! mann] 9 :i* ?is is manag$4 ,draw ?is loop tight1 & br+ back ! ends to ! same side on :i* !y 7 orig9ally1 & tie !m above4 ,if ! loop is prop]ly made1 x w /& a good pull4 ,!n1 aft] %[+ ! spectators h[ firmly x is ti$1 put y\r h& "u ! knot1 & by giv+ x a %>p pull1 x w come (f4 ,illu/ration ,! engrav+ repres5ts ! mann] 9 :i* ! loop is made1 b x mu/ be made consid]ably small] ?an x is %[n1 or x w be se54 ,9 fact1 x ought n to be a loop at all1 z x %\ld be almo/ conceal$ "u ! fold ( ! h&k]*ief4 ,d n %[ ?is 9 public until y c tie x ) rapidity & precision4 #h4 ,,! ,,magic ,,bond4 ,illu/ration ,take a piece ( /r+1 & tie ! two ends toge!r ) a weav]'s knot1 z t holds ! be/1 & arrange x ov] ! f+]s z repres5t$ 9 ! engrav+4 ,hav+ done s1 let ! long loop hang loose1 lift bo? loops (f ! ?umb1 draw !m =w>d until ! /r+ is q tight1 & !n put !m beh9d ! h&1 by pass+ !m betwe5 ! second & ?ird f+]s4 ,!n pull ! "p ( ! /r+ t is across ! roots ( ! f+]s1 & ! :ole affair w come (f4 #i4 ,,! ,,old ,,man ,,& ,,8 ,,*air4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a ,take ! same piece ( /r+ z 9 ! la/ trick1 hold y\r left h& ) ! palm upp]mo/1 & hang ! /r+ ov] ! palm4 ,spread all ! f+]s1 & ) ! "r h& br+ =w>d ! loop t hangs beh9d1 by pass+ x ov] ! second & ?ird f+]s4 ,loose ! loop1 take hold ( ! "p ( ! /r+ t crosses ! h&1 & pull x =w>ds4 ,:5 tight1 pass x to ! back ( ! h&1 ! rev]sal ( ! movem5t t br\ght x =w>ds4 ,loose ! loop1 ins]t ! =e-f+] & little f+] ( ! "r h& "u ! /r+ t encircles ! left =e-f+] & little-f+]1 & pass ! two loops to ! back ( ! h&1 z %[n 9 ! cut1 ,fig4 #a4 ,tuck bo? loops "u ! cross-/r+ at ! back1 & y\r prelim9>ies are complet$4 ,!n beg9 y\r /ory3 8,!re 0 once ^u a "t an old man1 :o /ole a p\nd ( c&les4 ,"h !y are40 ,y !n hold y\r left h& z at ! comm5cem5t1 hook ! "r =e-f+] "u ! cross-piece at ! back1 & draw x d[nw>d until x is long en\gh to be pass$ ov] ! second & ?ird f+]s to ! front4 ,pass x ov]1 & draw x sl[ly upw>ds1 :5 ! similitude ( a p\nd ( c&les hang+ by _! /r+ w be se54 7,see ,fig4 #b47 8,! old man1 be+ tir$1 hung up 8 c&les10 y !n hang ! long loop ov] y\r ?umb1 8& sat d[n 9 8 high-back$ *air1 :i* y see "h40 ,y !n hit* ! "r =e-f+] & middle f+] "u ! two loops t w be f\nd hang+ beh9d ! left h&1 br+ !m to ! front1 raise !m p]p5dicul>ly1 & ! *air w be se5 z 9 ,fig4 #c4 ,! ?umb mu/ be rais$ p]p5dicul>ly1 & br\ght z mu* z possible into ! c5tre ( ! h&1 or ! *air w be all aside4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c #a4 ,"r =e-f+]4 #b4 ,"r middle-f+]4 ,illu/ration3 #a4 ,=e-f+] ( left h&4 #b4 ,little f+] ( left h&4 #c4 ,=e-f+] ( "r h&4 #d4 ,middle f+] ( "r h&4 ,fig4 #d ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e #a4 ,"r middle-f+]4 #b4 ,"r =e-f+]4 ,illu/ration3 #a4 ,"r =e-f+]4 #b4 ,left h&4 ,fig4 #f 8,:5 ! old man 0 re/$1 x began to become d>k1 & he took a pair ( scissors to cut d[n a c&le = himself4 ,"h are ! scissors40 ,:ile y are say+ ?is1 y slip ! loop (f ! ?umb1 & y get ,fig4 #d4 ,move ! blades & h&les ( ! scissors1 z if cutt+ some?+ ) !m4 8,j z he _h light$ x1 9 came a policeman1 & produc$ 8 /aff1 ) ! ,que5's cr[n at ! top40 ,n[ let g ! little f+] ( ! left h&1 & ! loop w run up ! /r+ t[>ds ! "r h&1 produc+ ,fig4 #e4 8,! old man 9 va9 tri$ to resi/1 = ! policeman call$ a comrade to 8 assi/ance1 & !y ti$ a cord r\nd ! old man's arms 9 a tight knot1 l ?is10--slip ! "r middle-f+] out ( its loop1 & y w obta9 ,fig4 #f1--8;& c>ri$ him (f to prison40 #aj4 ,,to ,,tie ,a ,,knot ,,on ,,! ,,left ,,wri/1 ,,)\t ,,lett+ ,,! ,,"r ,,h& ,,approa* ,,x4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b ,take a piece ( ?ick pliant /r+ by ea* end1 & ) a quick j]k ( ! "r h& ca/ a loop on x z 9 ,fig4 #a4 ,! j]k mu/ be giv5 upw>ds & t[>ds ! left h&1 & its impetus w cause ! loop to run up ! /r+ until x falls ov] ! left wri/1 z 9 ,fig4 #b4 ,! mom5t t ! =w>d j]k is giv5 ! "r h& %\ld be drawn back1 s t ! loop is drawn tight directly x has settl$ on ! wri/4 ,bo? ends %\ld be let fall :5 ! knot is firm4 ,?is is a v nice little sleight ( h& to practice 9 ! int]vals betwe5 m %[y tricks1 &1 al?\gh r difficult to le>n1 is soon acquir$4 #aa4 ,,! ,,h&cuffs4 ,illu/ration ,let two p]sons1 ,a & ,b1 h _! h&s ti$ toge!r ) /r+1 s t ! /r+s cross1 z repres5t$ 9 ! engrav+4 ,! object is1 to free !mselves f ea* o!r )\t unty+ ! knot4 ,x is execut$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,let ,b ga!r up ! /r+ t jo9s 8 h&s1 pass ! loop "u ! /r+ t b9ds ei!r ( ,a's wri/s1 slip x ov] ,a's h&1 & bo? w be free4 ,by a rev]sal ( ! same process1 ! /r+ may be replac$4 #ab4 ,,to ,,pull ,a ,,/r+ ,,?r\gh ,,y\r ,,button-,,hole4 ,take a piece ( /r+ ab\t two feet 9 l5g?1 & tie ! ends toge!r4 ,pass x ?r\gh a button-hole ( y\r coat2 hit* "o ?umb at ea* end1 hook ! little f+]s into ! upp] /r+s ( ! opposite h&4 ,!n draw ! h&s well outw>d1 & ! /r+ w look v complicat$1 z 9 ! engrav+4 ,illu/ration ,to get out ! /r+1 loose ! hold ( ! "r ?umb & left little f+]1 & sep>ate ! h&s sm>tly1 :5 ! /r+ w appe> to h be5 pull$ out ?r\gh ! sub/ance ( y\r coat4 ,x is an improvem5t ( ! trick1 if1 imm$iately on loos+ ! hold ( ! "r ?umb1 y *ange ! /r+ f ! "r little f+] on to ! ?umb4 #ac4 ,,! ,,cut ,,/r+ ,,re/or$4 ,illu/ration3 #a4 ,! twi/$ /r+4 #b4 ,! mann] ( hold+ x4 ,tie toge!r ! ends ( a piece ( /r+1 pass "o h& ?r\gh ea* end1 twi/ x once r\nd1 & put bo? ends into ! left h&4 ,draw ! "r h& rapidly along ! d\ble /r+s until y come to ! place :]e ! /r+s h cross$ ea* o!r1 z se5 9 ! engrav+4 ,conceal ! junction ) ! ?umb & f+] ( ! "r h&2 hold ! /r+s 9 a simil> mann] ) ! left h&1 & tell "s "o to cut ! /r+ betwe5 !m4 ,y %[ t ! /r+ has be5 divid$ into two pieces1 & say t y w jo9 !m ) y\r tee?4 ,put all f\r ends into y\r m\?1 & remove ) y\r tongue ! little loop t has be5 cut (f4 ,:5 y take ! /r+ out ( y\r m\?1 ! spectators w n notice ! abs5ce ( s small a portion ( its l5g?1 & w fancy t y really h jo9$ !m4 #ad4 ,,! ,,gordian ,,knot4 ,illu/ration3 #a ,illu/ration3 #b ,take a silk h&k]*ief1 & lay x on a table4 ,take ea* ( ! corn]s1 & lay !m across ea* o!r 9 ! middle ( ! h&k]*ief1 :i* w !n be squ>e1 z 9 ! cut1 ,fig4 #a4 ,d ! same ) ! new corn]s1 & g on until ! h&k]*ief is r$uc$ to ! size ( y\r h&4 ,!n ) y\r left f+] & ?umb take hold ( ! c5tre1 tak+ c>e to grasp all ! f\r corn]s t lie !re1 & ) ! "r f+] & ?umb take hold ( ! out] lay] ( silk1 & pull x t[>ds y z f> z x w come4 ,!n turn x a little on y\r left h&1 & repeat ! op]ation until x is all screw$ up into a tight ball1 z is repres5t$ 9 ! engrav+1 ,fig4 #b4 ,no ends w be !n p]ceptible1 & a p]son :o is unacqua9t$ ) ! mode w nev] be able to untie x4 ,( c\rse y mu/ prep>e x previ\sly4 ,:5 ! p]son to :om y give x has fail$ to untie x1 y take ! ball 9 y\r h&1 & hold+ x beh9d y\r back1 y rev]se ! me?od by :i* x 0 ti$1 & :5 x is loose a good %ake w release x4 #ae4 ,,! ,,knot ,,loos5$4 ,illu/ration ,?is is a v amus+ deception4 ,y ask any "o = a h&k]*ief1 & tie ! ends firmly toge!r 9 a d\ble knot1 all[+ him to feel x1 or pull ! ends z tight z he pleases4 ,y !n ?r[ ! c5tre ( ! h&k]*ief ov] ! knot1 & ask ! p]son to hold x tight betwe5 8 f+] & ?umb4 ,y ask him if ! knot is /ill !re1 to :i* he w answ] 9 ! affirmative4 ,y !n take hold ( any "p ( ! h&k]*ief1 & direct ! hold] to drop ! h&k]*ief at ! ^w 8?ree40 ,y c\nt1 8"o1 two1 ?ree10 at :i* ^w he looses 8 hold ( ! h&k]*ief1 & !re is no ve/ige left ( ! knot4 ,! me?od ( manag+ ?is trick is z foll[s3--,take ! h&k]*ief & tie ! ends 9 a simple knot1 keep+ "o end tight1 & ! o!r end loose4 ,we w call ! tight end ,a1 & ! loose "o ,b4 ,keep ,a always 9 ! "r h&1 & on ! /ret* horizontally1 & ! h&k]*ief w look z 9 ! cut4 ,d ?is :5 y tie x ! second "t1 & draw ,b tight1 :i* w !n =m a d\ble tie r\nd ,a1 b w n hold x firm4 ,:5 y ?r[ ! h&k]*ief ov] ! knot1 y draw out ,a ) ! f+] & ?umb ( ! left h&1 & ! knot w app>5tly rema9 firm1 al?\gh 9 reality x is no?+ b a d\ble twi/ ( silk1 :i* ( c\rse falls loose :5 ! h&k]*ief is dropp$4 #af4 ,,to ,,put ,,nuts ,,into ,,y\r ,,e>4 ,take ?ree nuts 9 ! left h&1 %[ !m1 & take out "o ( !m betwe5 y\r "r f+] & ?umb1 & ano!r betwe5 ! fir/ & ?ird f+]4 ,?is latt] is n se5 by ! company4 ,y !n put "o ( !m 9 y\r m\? & reta9 x !re1 unkn[n to ! spectators1 :ile y exhibit ! second z ! "o t y put into y\r m\?4 ,?is second "o y c>ry to y\r e>1 z if y meant to ins]t x !re1 & on replac+ x 9 y\r left h&1 only two nuts w be left in/ead ( ?ree1 ! ?ird ( :i* appe>s to h gone into y\r e>4 #ag4 ,,to ,,crack ,,walnuts ,,9 ,,y\r ,,elb[4 ,conceal a v /rong walnut 9 y\r "r h&1 & take two o!r walnuts out ( ! di%4 ,place "o ( !m on ! jo9t ( y\r arm1 & say t y are go+ to break x by ! p[] ( y\r muscles4 ,y w n[ h "o walnut 9 y\r arm & two 9 y\r "r h&4 ,close y\r left arm1 & /rike x an app>5tly viol5t bl[ ) ! "r h&1 at ! same "t cl5*+ ! "r h& viol5tly1 :i* w sma% ! second walnut 9 x1 & ! spectators he>+ ! cra% w be sure to fancy t x is caus$ by ! demolition ( ! walnut 9 y\r arm4 ,!n op5 y arm v g5tly 7= fe> ( dropp+ any ( ! fragm5ts1 y mu/ say71 &1 :5 pret5d+ to take out ! walnut :i* y _h plac$ !re1 y sub/itute = x ! brok5 "o f y\r "r h&4 #ah4 ,,to ,,take ,,fea!rs ,,out ,,( ,,an ,,empty ,,h&k]*ief4 ,procure at ! milit>y clo?i]'s f\r or five l>ge plumes1 su* z are worn by (fic]s4 ,take (f y\r coat1 & lay ! plumes along y\r arms1 ! /em be+ t[>d y\r h&4 ,n[ put on y\r coat aga91 & ! fea!rs w lie q smoo?ly & unsuspect$4 ,borr[ a h&k]*ief f "o ( ! spectators1 & wave x ab\t to %[ t x is empty4 ,?r[ x ov] y\r left h&1 & ) ! "r draw out "o ( ! plumes f up ! coat-sleeve1 at ! same "t giv+ x a fl\ri% 9 ! air1 :i* w loos5 all ! fibres ( ! fea!r1 & make x appe> mu* too l>ge to h be5 conceal$ ab\t ! p]son4 ,wave ! h&k]*ief aga91 & repeat ! op]ation until all ! plumes are gone4 ,y c c>ry en\gh plumes "u ! sleeve to cov] a table )1 & if y prep>e a bo>d or an ornam5tal vase full ( holes1 y c place ! plumes upright z y take !m out4 ,,tricks ,,requir+ ,,special ,,app>atus4 ,none ( ! foll[+ tricks are :olly manag$ by ! app>atus1 z su* p]=mances are unwor?y ( notice4 ,!re=e1 e trick m5tion$ 9 ! foll[+ pages mu/ be c>efully practis$ 9 private be=e x is produc$ 9 public4 ,! app>atus1 ( c\rse1 _c be inspect$ by ! audi5ce1 & = t reason x is bett] to mix !m ) ^? tricks :i* h be5 already m5tion$1 9 ord] t suspici\s p]sons may be quiet$ by an occasional p]mission to inspect ! objects us$ 9 ! p]=mances4 ,! "y conjuror %\ld always v>y ! mode ( p]=mance 9 ! non-ess5tials1 & %\ld /udy comb9ations ( "o trick ) ano!r1 by :i* means he w produce m a/oni%+ results ?an if he re/rict$ himself to ! me?ods m5tion$ 9 ?is "w4 ,he %\ld also inv>iably make a little spee*1 ackn[l$g+ t he is only deceiv+ ! eye & n ! m9d1 & %\ld !re=e reque/ ! company n to ask any que/ions1 or to dem& inspection ( any ( 8 app>atus4 #ai4 ,,! ,,die ,,trick4 ,get a wood5 die ab\t two in*es & a half squ>e 7#a71 & a holl[ t9 die exactly ! size ( ! wood5 "o1 b )\t "o ( ! sides 7#b74 ,!n pa9t !m bo? exactly alike1 z 9 ! engrav+4 ,x w be bett] to let an accid5tal flaw appe> on ! same side ( ea*4 ,!n get a t9 cov] 7#d7 t exactly fits ! dies4 ,n[ = ! trick itself4 ,illu/ration ,borr[ two hats1 & :ile y turn y\r back ^u ! audi5ce z y g to y\r table1 slip into "o ( !m ! false die4 ,place bo? hats on ! table1 & s5d r\nd ! real die & cov] = inspection4 ,:5 !y are return$1 say1 8,n[1 ladies & g5tlem51 x is my int5tion to place ^! hats "o above ano!r1 ?us40 ,y !n place ! two hats z 9 ,no4 #c1 ! holl[ die be+ 9 ! bottom hat4 8,i %all !n cov] ! die ?us10 :i* y d1 8& aft] ,i h knock$ on ! cov]1 ,i %all take x (f1 & y w f9d t ! die is n "u ! cov]1 z x is n[10 tak+ x (f1 8b inside ! hat1 l ?is40 ,y !n put ! real die into ! hat4 8,y d n believe me1 ladies & g5tlem51 b ,i w soon conv9ce y40 ,y !n take out ! false die1 & replac+ ! upp] hat1 put ! die on ! upp] hat 7( c\rse1 ) ! op5 side d[nw>d7 & place ! cov] ov] x4 ,pick up y\r conjur+ w&1 give x a few fl\ri%es1 & br+ x d[n on ! cov]4 ,grasp ! cov] tightly ne> ! bottom1 :5 bo? cov] & false die w come up toge!r2 put ! end ( y\r w& into !m1 & give !m a good rattle4 ,!n knock (f ! upp] hat ) a bl[ ( ! w&1 & pu% ! l[] "o (f ! table1 s t ! die tumbles out ( x4 ,always use pl5ty ( ge/ure ab\t y\r tricks4 #bj4 ,,! ,,p5etrative ,,p5ce4 ,get a brazi] to cut out all ! int]ior ( five p5ce1 only leav+ ! rims4 ,he mu/ !n bore out ne>ly all ! int]ior ( a six? p5ny1 m]ely leav+ a %ell ( copp] at ! top4 ,a long rivet mu/ !n be let into ! rim z %[n 9 ,fig4 #a1 ,no4 #b1 & a hole mu/ be drill$ 9 ea* ( ! five r+s1 z 9 ,no4 #c4 ,! rivet is to be pass$ ?r\gh ! holes 9 ! r+s1 & fa/5$ bel[1 s t all ! r+s c play easily ^u x4 ,fig4 #a1 ,no4 #a1 is a section ( ! entire app>atus1 ! dott$ l9es repres5t+ ! rivet4 ,!y c !n be plac$ z %[n 9 ,fig4 #b1 ,no4 #a1 & no "o w imag9e t !y are only %ams1 z y c rattle !m or move !m ab\t ^u ea* o!r4 ,a lea!rn cov]1 ,fig4 #b1 ,no4 #b1 is !n made1 :i* passes easily ov] ! heap ( p5ce1 b be+ pliable1 is capable ( pick+ up ! holl[ p5ce ) x1 :5 x is held firmly4 ,to ! "u surface ( ! table y fa/5 a little %elf1 ,fig4 #b1 ,no4 #c1 :i* moves on a h+e1 & is let fall by plac+ ! foot on ! p$al1 ,fig4 #b1 ,no4 #d1 :i* draws ! cat*4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a ,fig4 #b ,to p]=m ! trick1 place six real p5ce on ! little %elf1 & h ! %am p5ce on ! table4 ,take !m up & rattle !m1 & put !m d[n z 9 ,fig4 #b1 ,no4 #a4 ,keep a sixp5ce 9 ! palm ( y\r h&1 pick up ! %am p5ce1 & z y put !m d[n1 slip ! sixp5ce "u !m1 z y d ! ball 9 trick #f4 ,take ! cov]1 & put x ov] ! %am p5ce1 make a %ort spee*1 & knock ! cov] ) y\r w&1 at ! same "t press+ ! p$al ) y\r foot1 :i* w cause all ! six real p5ce to tumble d[n ) a great cra%4 ,take up ! cov] & false p5ce toge!r1 put ! end ( y\r w& into !m & hold !m up triumphantly1 %[+ ! spectators t ! six p5ce h be5 replac$ by a silv] sixp5ce4 ,:ile y are pick+ up ! p5ce1 slip ! %am ones out ( ! cov] into y\r left h&1 & take "s opportunity ( lett+ ! empty cov] roll t[>ds ! audi5ce1 "o ( :om y ask to pick x up & br+ x y4 ,?is manuvre g5]ally dis>ms all suspicion1 = ! pick]-up is sure to exam9e x v closely4 ,i h only giv5 m]e outl9es ( ?is really excell5t trick1 :i* may be v>i$ 9 a hundr$ ways1 & is capable ( comb9ation ) o!r tricks to a l>ge ext5t4 ,x w add to its complicity1 if a set ( six half-p5ce is also made l ! p5ce4 ,= ! p$al may be sub/itut$ a lev] runn+ imm$iately "u ! surface ( ! table1 if ! p]=m] pref]s to h a %ort clo? on x4 ,!re %\ld be always two clo?s on ! table1--! l[] "o ?ick & s(t1 to prev5t j+l+ ( objects1 & ! upp] "o :ite1 z x displays ev]y?+ bett] ?an a col\r$ "o4 ,! +5uity ( ! "y conjuror w easily f9d me?ods ( v>y+ ?is trick4 ,illu/ration #ba4 ,,! ,,doll ,,trick4 ,get a comical look+ doll1 & cut (f 8 head diagonally1 tak+ c>e to d x v neatly4 ,drive a peg into ! neck1 & bore a hole 9 ! body1 into :i* ! peg fits1 z 9 ! cut4 ,pa9t 8 body & head c>efully1 & if y put a gold *a9 or two r\nd 8 neck1 x w conceal ! l9e ( junction4 ,make also a coat ( silk1 & sew a pocket inside ! edge ( ! skirt4 ,take up ! doll1 & say1 8,n[1 ladies & g5tlem51 "h is a v le>n$ man4 ,obs]ve ! developm5t ( 8 =ehead1 ! sagacity ( 8 nose1 ! eloqu5ce ( 8 lips1 ! dignity ( 8 spectacles1 & ! philosophy ( 8 pigtail4 ,he is pr(essor ( a/ronomy at ,timbuctoo1 & "h is 8 g[n ( (fice4 ,see h[ h&some he looks 9 x4 ,he is go+ to ,am/]dam to see ! eclipse ( ! la/ new comet4 ,he has ! hon\r to wi% y all f>ewell be=e />t+ on 8 j\rney4 ,n[1 pr(essor1 we are wait+ to see y g4 ,oh6 y want funds1 d y8 ,i beg y\r p>don2 "h is a %ill+ = y40 ,s say+1 y take y\r "r h& f "u ! g[n1 tak+ ) x ! body1 & put ! body into y\r pocket1 :ile y j+le "s silv]4 ,! head is n[ support$ by y\r left h&4 ,pret5d to give him "s money1 & !n say1 8,:at6 y won't g unless y h m6 ,get along60 ,hit ! head a h>d rap ) y\r "r h&1 :i* drives x into ! pocket1 :i* y hold op5 = x ) y\r left ?umb & little f+]4 8,oh de>6 ! doctor is dead1 & _c be f\nd40 ,say+ ?is1 y grasp ! g[n by ! place :]e ! head is1 & %ake x ab\t to %[ t x is empty4 ,if y l1 y c make ano!r oration & hold a dialogue1 mak+ ! doctor resuscitate himself1 :i* is ( c\rse done by tak+ ! head out ( ! pocket ) ! left h&1 & work+ x ab\t by ! peg4 #bb4 ,,! ,,fly+ ,,co9s4 ,take two sov]eigns1 or r brass imitations1 & gr9d !m d[n until !y are r$uc$ to half _! ?ickness4 ,d ! same ) two %ill+s1 & fa/5 !m accurately toge!r1 s t y w h two co9s1 ea* hav+ "o silv] face1 & "o brass face4 ,take "o ( !m 9 ea* h&1 %[+ ! silv] side ( "o & ! brass side ( ano!r1 & (f] to *ange !m )\t mov+ y\r arms4 ,%ut y\r h&s1 & ! co9s w turn ov]4 ,!n1 on op5+ !m aga91 !y w appe> to h *ang$ f "o h& into ! o!r4 #bc4 ,,! ,,vani%$ ,,groat4 ,put a little wax on ! nail ( ! middle f+] ( ! "r h&1 & take a f\rp5ny piece into ! palm ( ! same h&4 ,close ! h&1 press+ ! wax on ! co94 ,!n rapidly op5 x1 & ! silv] piece w adh]e to ! wax1 & be q conceal$ beh9d ! f+] :5 y hold y\r h& up4 #bd4 ,,! ,,re/or$ ,,docum5t4 ,make a memor&um book1 & l9e ! cov] ) pap] :i* has be5 previ\sly rubb$ ) a mixture ( lamp-black & oil4 ,! pap] mu/ be loosely affix$1 s t x c be rais$ up1 & a leaf f ! memor&um book plac$ "u x4 ,y mu/ also make a flat box1 hav+ a d\ble op5+4 ,y n[ take a leaf out ( ! memor&um book1 & ask "s "o to write a s5t5ce1 at ! same "t (f]+ him ! book to write ^u4 ,! p5cil ) :i* y furni% him is v h>d1 & he is =c$ to press ^u ! pap] 9 ord] to m>k4 ,9 s do+1 ! black is transf]r$ by ! pressure ( ! p5cil f ! black5$ pap] to ! :ite leaf t has be5 plac$ "u x1 & ( c\rse makes an exact copy ( ! writ+4 ,y !n give ! man 8 docum5t1 put ! memor&um book 9 y\r pocket1 & g out ( ! room to fet* y\r box1 :i* y h =gott54 ,:ile y are out ( ! room1 y take out ! leaf f "u ! black pap]1 & put x into "o side ( ! flat box1 & %ut d[n ! cov] t hides x4 ,y br+ 9 ! box1 apologis+ = y\r abs5ce1 & give ! box1 op5 at ! o!r side1 into ! writ]'s h&s4 ,tell him to burn 8 writ+ 9 a c&le1 & to place ! a%es 9 ! box4 ,he does s1 & clos+ ! box1 returns x to y4 ,y !n fl\ri% ab\t a little ) ! box1 wave x 9 ! air1 br+ x d[n ) a bang on ! table1 /rike x ) y\r w&1 & !n1 op5+ x z at fir/1 y produce ! duplicate leaf1 :i* ! writ] ackn[l$ges to be 8 own h&-writ+4 ,if ! lamp-black %\ld h come (f & sme>$ ! pap]1 y c acc\nt = x by obs]v+ t x is v difficult to get rid ( all traces ( ! burn+4 #be4 ,,! ,,magic ,,r+s4 ,get a blacksmi? to make a numb] ( r+s1 ab\t six or sev5 in*es 9 diamet]1 z 9 ! cut4 ,a is made ) a spr+ op5+ on "o side1 ,b is a set ( two r+s =g$ p]man5tly )9 ea* o!r1 ,c is a set ( ?ree r+s =m$ 9 ! same mann]1 & ,d ,d are two simple r+s4 ,! r+s %\ld be ab\t ! ?ickness ( a r l>ge blacklead p5cil4 ,illu/ration ,lay ! r+s on "o ano!r1 & !y w all appe> to be sep>ate & di/9ct2 ,d ,d %\ld be ! upp]mo/ r+s1 !n ,b1 !n ,a1 & !n ,c4 ,h& r\nd ,d = inspection1 & if any m are desir$1 h& r\nd ! o!r ,d4 ,:5 return$1 y hang !m ov] y\r left arm1 or grasp !m 9 y\r h&1 & tell ! company t y are go+ to weave all ! r+s toge!r4 ,y cla% !m toge!r1 & aft] go+ ?r\gh "s complicat$ movem5ts1 br+ out ,b1 :i* ! spectators w ?9k y h j fa/5$ toge!r4 ,h& !m r\nd4 ,:5 !y are return$1 mix !m all up1 & br+ out ,c4 ,!n take ,a 9 y\r h&1 & pass+ "o ( ! out] r+s ( ,c ?r\gh ! op5+1 y h f\r r+s toge!r4 ,!n add ,d & y h five4 ,take (f ,d & sub/itute ,b1 :i* w give y six4 ,s y g on1 weav+ !m into all k9ds ( fanta/ic %apes4 ,y mu/ always conceal ! jo9t 9 ,a ) y\r ?umb1 & contrive z (t5 z y c to h "o at lea/ ( ! r+s ,d at lib]ty4 ,?is is a capital trick1 & may be div]sifi$ to any ext5t1 especially if ! numb] ( r+s is increas$4 #bf4 ,,! ,,fi% ,,& ,,ink ,,trick4 ,?is is really a fir/-rate delusion4 ,y br+ be=e ! spectators a glass vase1 full ( ink4 ,y dip a ladle into x1 & p\r out "s ( ! ink ^u a plate1 9 ord] to conv9ce ! audi5ce t ! sub/ance 9 ! vase is really ink4 ,y !n ?r[ a h&k]*ief ov] ! vase & in/antly )draw x1 :5 ! vase is f\nd to be fill$ ) pure wat]1 9 :i* a c\ple ( gold fi% are swimm+4 ,?is app>5t impossibility is p]=m$ z foll[s4 ,to ! int]ior ( ! vessel is fitt$ a black silk l9+1 :i* adh]es closely to ! sides :5 press$ by ! wat]1 & :i* is )drawn inside ! h&k]*ief dur+ ! p]=mance ( ! trick4 ,! ladle has a holl[ h&le ) an op5+ into ! b[l4 ,9 ! h&le is a spoonful or s ( ink1 :i* runs into ! b[l :5 x is held d[nw>ds dur+ ! act ( dipp+ x into ! vase4 #bg4 ,,! ,,cannon ,,balls4 ,! p]=m] ( ?is trick borr[s a numb] ( hats1 & places !m on ! table4 ,he !n returns ea* p]son 8 hat1 & on turn+ x ov]1 a ?irty-two p\nd] cannon ball rolls out4 ,! me?od ( p]=m+ ?is delusion is z foll[s4 ,get a turn] to make a numb] ( wood5 balls1 ea* ! size ( a ?irty-two p\nd] cannon ball1 & let a hole be bor$ 9 ea* :i* w admit ! middle f+]4 ,! balls are arrang$ hole upw>ds on a %elf on y\r table on ! side opposite to ! audi5ce1 s t ! balls are ne>ly level ) ! top ( ! table4 ,:5 y take a hat (f ! table1 y slip y\r =e or middle f+] into ! ball j z y w\ld into a ?imble1 & by b5d+ ! f+]1 br+ ! ball into ! hat4 ,illu/ration ,any object may be br\ght into a hat 9 ?is mann]1 a great cabbage1 = in/ance1 hav+ a hole cut 9 ! /alk4 #bh4 ,,! ,,%ill+ ,,9 ,,! ,,ball ,,( ,,cotton4 ,get a t9man to make a flat t9 tube1 :i* w j all[ a %ill+ to pass ?r\gh x4 ,w9d a quantity ( wor/$ r\nd x1 s z to make x into a ball4 ,^! prelim9>ies hav+ be5 accompli%$1 p]=m any trick t w get a %ill+ out ( sight1 su* z ,no4 #a or #b4 ,!n tell ! spectators t y w br+ ! m>k$ %ill+ into ! middle ( a ball ( wor/$4 ,take d[n ! ball f ! place :]e x is ly+1 drop ! %ill+ into ! tube1 & )draw ! tube1 leav+ ! %ill+ 9 ! ball4 ,a good squeeze or two w hold x tight1 & oblit]ate e m>k ( ! tube4 ,place ! ball 9 a tumbl]1 take ! end ( ! wor/$1 & give x to "s "o to unw9d4 ,?is be+ done1 ! %ill+ w be f\nd 9 ! v c5tre ( ! ball1 ) ! end ( ! wor/$ wrapp$ tightly r\nd x4 #bi4 ,,! ,,egg ,,& ,,bag ,,trick4 ,get a *9tz or clo? bag made d\ble1 & betwe5 ! two bags make six or sev5 pockets1 ea* ( :i* w hold an egg1 & hav+ an op5+ into ! bag4 ,fill ! pockets ) eggs1 & y are ready = ! p]=mance4 ,hold ! bag by ! place :]e ! eggs are1 %ake x1 turn x inside out & %[ t !re is no?+ 9 x4 ,!n tell ! spectators t y are sure t !re is a h5 9 ! bag4 ,put y\r head ne> ! m\? ( ! bag1 & make a cluck+ l a h54 ,y !n say1 8,i knew ,i 0 "r1 & %e has laid an egg40 ,s say+1 y put y\r h& into ! bag & take out "o ( ! eggs1 tak+ c>e to pret5d to grope 9 "o ( ! corn]s = x4 ,?is is repeat$ until all ! eggs b "o are gone4 ,y !n1 aft] tak+ out ! la/ egg1 say t "s p ?9k t ! eggs are n real1 b y w conv9ce !m by ocul> inspection4 ,say+ ?is1 y break ! egg 9 a sauc] ) y\r "r h&1 & :ile ! p are occupi$ ) x1 y drop ! bag beh9d y\r table1 or hang x on a hook out ( sight1 & take up ano!r exactly l x1 into :i* y h put a h54 8,^! are real eggs10 y !n say1 8& if any "o d\bts _! reality1 !y _c d\bt t ?is is a real h540 ,y !n turn ! bag upside d[n1 & %ake out ! h54 ,if any "o wi%es to inspect t bag1 he c d s )\t be+ mu* wis] = x4 #cj4 ,,! ,,danc+ ,,egg4 ,s5d = "s eggs1 & take c>e to place among !m "o :i* has be5 empti$ ( its cont5ts1 & to :i* is fa/5$ a long hair1 at ! o!r end ( :i* is ti$ a crook$ p94 ,borr[ a small /ick f "o ( ! spectators1 & z y g beh9d y\r table contrive to hook ! b5t p9 into y\r coat1 pass+ x ov] ! /ick4 ,!n place ! egg on an inv]t$ hat1 & ask = "s music1 & directly x beg9s to s\nd1 a slight & imp]ceptible depression or elevation ( ! /ick w cause ! egg to twi/ & roll ab\t ^u x z if x _h life4 ,y mu/ be c>eful to turn g5tly r\nd n[ & !n1 s z app>5tly to v>y ! di/ance ( ! egg f ! body4 #ca4 ,,bell ,,& ,,%ot4 ,get a wood5 bell made1 s ?ick t !re is a consid]able space betwe5 ! out] & inn] surfaces1 especially on ! upp] "p ( ! bell4 ,a holl[ mu/ be cut 9 ?is1 & ! h&le s made1 t :5 x is at re/1 x is =c$ upw>ds by a spr+1 & draws up ! r\nd piece ( wood to :i* ! clapp] *a9 is atta*$1 & closes ! ap]ture1 z %[n 9 ! engrav+4 ,illu/ration ,y h a c>dbo>d measure1 :i* is ( precisely ! same capacity z ! cavity 9 ! bell1 & j wide en\gh to hold a f>?+4 ,into ?is y privately put a f>?+1 & !n fill up ! measure ) %ot1 heap+ x a little1 to comp5sate = ! f>?+4 ,y make up a tale ab\t a man go+ out %oot+1 & r++ ! bell ( ! gunmak]'s %op4 7,y !n r+ y\r wood5 bell47 ,h[ ! man b\ght a measure full ( %ot = a f>?+1 7y p\r ! %ot into ! bell & back aga9 two or ?ree times17 b 0 s long haggl+ ov] ?ree %ots1 t ! gunmak] took away ! %ot1 7"h y aga9 p\r ! %ot into ! bell1 & by press+ on ! h&le1 all[ !m all to run into ! holl[17 & kept ! f>?+ = 8 tr\ble4 ,! man w5t out ( ! %op1 b soon came 9 aga91 & rang furi\sly4 7,"h y aga9 r+ ! bell1 :i* is n[ app>5tly empty1 & inv]t ! measure on ! table4 ,! f>?+ n be+ held by ! f+] & ?umb w n[ fall on ! tableclo?47 ,!n f9i% ! /ory ) an acc\nt ( ! mann] 9 :i* ! man got back 8 f>?+4 ,:5 y h f9i%$1 inv]t ! bell ov] ! empty measure1 & on press+ ! h&le1 ! %ots w refill x4 ,d n t\*1 x until y h done ano!r trick or two1 & !n1 :5 y put ! bell aside1 r+ x aga91 & rem>k t ! pur*as] 0 a silly fell[ aft] all1 = "h are 8 %ots 9 8 measure4 #cb4 ,,! ,,burn$ ,,h&k]*ief ,,re/or$4 ,illu/ration ,get a t9man to make a d\ble cani/]1 su* z is %[n 9 ! cut1 ) an op5+ at ea* end4 ,?is mu/ s slide )9 a t9 tube1 t ei!r end c be conceal$ )9 x alt]nately1 z se5 9 ! engrav+1 :]e ! end ,a is %[n1 & ,b is conceal$4 ,9 ?is position x looks l an ord9>y cani/]4 ,! int]ior is divid$ into two p>ts4 ,into ,b put a piece ( cambric made to look l a h&k]*ief4 ,borr[ a cambric h&k]*ief1 & say1 8,n[1 ladies & g5tlem51 ,i %all burn ?is h&k]*ief to a%es1 place !m 9 ?is cani/]0 7s say+1 y put x into ,a71 8& :5 ,i h utt]$ a spell1 x w be re/or$ p]fectly :ole4 ,w ! own] say :at m>k x has80 ,:ile ! audi5ce are look+ t[>ds ! own]1 y turn ! cani/] ov]1 & pu% up ! cani/] until ! %\ld] ( ,b is on a level ) ! top ( ! tube4 ,:5 ! m>k has be5 decl>$1 y op5 ,b1 take out ! cambric1 & pret5d to v]ify ! m>k4 ,y !n put x into a c&le flame1 & :5 x has burnt entirely to a%es1 put ! a%es into ,b1 %ut x up1 & rapidly rev]se x z y turn r\nd to y\r audi5ce1 s t ,a is upp]mo/ aga94 ,!n1 utt] any nons5se y l1 op5 ,a & take out ! h&k]*ief un9jur$4 ,x r adds to ! trick if y drop a little eau de cologne into ,a be=e comm5c+4 #cc4 ,,! ,,fire-,,eat]4 ,if ! "y conjuror is desir\s ( appe>+ 9 ! "* ( a fire-eat]1 x is v easily manag$4 ,he mu/ prep>e a piece ( ?ick /r+1 by soak+ x 9 a solution ( nitre1 & !n dry+ x4 ,he cuts (f a piece ab\t an in* 9 l5g?1 lights "o end1 & wraps x up 9 a piece ( t[ :i* he holds 9 8 left h&4 ,! trifl+ smoke w be conceal$ by a huge bundle ( loose t[ also c>ri$ 9 ! left h&4 ,he takes a h&ful ( t[ 9 8 "r h&1 puts x into 8 m\?1 *ews x up1 & appe>s to swall[ x4 ,he !n takes ano!r h&ful1 & ) x ! piece 9 :i* is ! /r+4 ,z he puts ?is into 8 m\?1 he takes out ! piece :i* he has already *ew$4 ,by tak+ brea? ?r\gh ! no/rils1 & brea?+ x out ?r\gh ! m\?1 smoke beg9s to issue =?1 & ! :ole int]ior ( ! m\? is soon light$ up ) a gl[4 ,:5 ! m\? is %ut1 & ! t[ press$ toge!r1 ! fire goes out1 except ! piece ( prep>$ /r+4 ,m t[ is !n tak5 into ! m\?1 & treat$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,9 ?is %ort acc\nt ( conjur+1 ,i h purposely avoid$ su* tricks z require exp5sive app>atus4 ,su* app>atus is ei!r entirely beyond a boy's rea*1 or at all ev5ts he ought n to be enc\rag$ 9 ! notion ( sp5d+ mu* money on objects ( no real use4 ,a boy ( any +5uity w make ! great] "p ( ! app>atus himself1 or at lea/ he c d ! pa9t+ & poli%+ ( 8 ma*9]y4 ,i h m5tion$ no ma*9]y t ne$ co/ m ?an two or ?ree %ill+s at ! outside1 & n t1 if a boy is acqua9t$ ) ! use ( tools4 ,,tricks ,,) ,,c>ds4 ,9 accordance ) ! previ\s rule1 ! pr9cipal /ress is laid on c>d tricks t require no app>atus1 & may be p]=m$ ) ord9>y c>ds4 #a4 ,,to ,,make ,,! ,,pass4 ,?is is a necess>y beg9n+ = c>d tricks4 8,mak+ ! pass0 is ! te*nical t]m = %ift+ ei!r ! top or ! bottom c>d to any place 9 ! pack t y l4 ,x is almo/ impossible to describe x1 & ,i c only say t x w be le>nt bett] 9 five m9utes f a fri5d1 ?an 9 z _m h\rs f a book4 ,z1 h[ev]1 a fri5d is n always to be f\nd :o c p]=m ! pass1 ,i w endeav\r to describe x4 ,illu/ration ,! c>ds are held 9 bo? h&s1 "r h& und]nea? & left above1 z 9 ! engrav+1 :]e1 z ! bottom c>d is to be rais$ to ! top1 ! little f+] is se5 betwe5 t c>d & ^? above x4 ,by a quick movem5t ( ! "r h&1 ! bottom c>d is slipp$ away t[>ds ! left1 & is plac$ ^u ! top c>d1 "u %ad[ ( ! left h&1 :i* is rais$ = ! mom5t to all[ ( its passage4 ,?is movem5t mu/ be assidu\sly practis$ be=e x is exhibit$ 9 public1 z no?+ looks m awkw>d ?an to see x clumsily p]=m$1 9 :i* case two or ?ree c>ds g5]ally tumble on ! floor4 #b4 ,,to ,,tell ,a ,,c>d ,,by ,,its ,,back4 ,:ile %uffl+ ! pack1 ca/ a glance at ! bottom c>d1 make ! pass1 & br+ x to ! top4 ,cont9ue to %uffle1 & lay ^u x by degrees z _m c>ds z y l1 say six4 ,!n lay ! pack on ! table1 face d[nw>ds1 & divide x into sev5 heaps1 beg9n+ at ! bottom1 & leave ! sev5? heap l>g] ?an any ( ! o!rs4 ,:5 y h done ?is1 take "o c>d f ! top ( ! sev5? heap1 appe> to calculate1 & lay x1 face upw>ds1 on "o ( ! o!r heaps4 ,d s ) five m c>ds1 ?us leav+ y\r slipp$ c>d at ! top ( ! sev5? heap4 ,y !n ann\nce t by ! aid ( ! six c>ds y w "n ! sev5?4 ,y "n x accord+ly1 aft] c>efully /udy+ ! o!r c>ds1 & on ask+ a spectator to take x up1 x w be se5 t y are "r4 ,if y place five c>ds above ! slipp$ c>d1 y w lay out six heaps1 & if eight c>ds1 !re w ( c\rse be n9e heaps4 #c4 ,,! ,,c>d ,,nam$ ,,)\t ,,be+ ,,se54 ,z 9 ! la/ trick1 ca/ a glance at ! bottom c>d1 say ! ace ( spades4 ,lay out ! pack 9 z _m heaps z y l1 not+ :]e t "o is laid :i* conta9s t bottom c>d4 ,ask any "o to take up ! top c>d ( any heap1 look at x1 & replace x4 ,y !n ga!r up ! heaps app>5tly by *ance1 b y take c>e to put ! heap conta9+ ! bottom c>d ^u ! c>d :i* has be5 *os54 ,y !n give any "o ! c>ds to cut1 & on c\nt+ !m ov]1 ! c>d t imm$iately foll[s ! ace ( spades is ! c>d *os54 ,if by any accid5t ! two c>ds %\ld be sep>at$ :5 cut1 ! upp] c>d ( ! pack is ! *os5 "o1 & c be pick$ out ) seem+ c>e4 #d4 ,,! ,,c>d ,,told ,,by ,,! ,,op]a ,,glass4 ,make out a table1 su* z is giv5 on ! next page1 ,fig4 #a1 & place x 9 an op]a-glass1 s t ! figures w be visible :5 y look ?r\gh x4 ,= conv5i5ce1 ,i h made m9e z se5 9 ,fig4 #b1 ! numb]s #a1 #b1 #c 9 ea* s]ies be+ und]/ood4 ,! be/ plan is to write ! numb]s1 or cut !m out ( a book1 & pa/e !m on a circul> piece ( c>dbo>d1 :i* mu/ !n be soak$ 9 oil1 s z to make x semi-transp>5t4 ,! light w !n easily pi]ce ?r\gh x1 & ! figures w be bett] visible ?an if x 7 opaque4 ,x w be se5 t ,fig4 #b conta9s z mu* matt] z ,fig4 #a1 & t two-?irds ( ! figures are sav$ by x4 --------------------------------------- #a4 #aca #aj4 #acb #ai4 #acc #b4 #bca #aa4 #bcb #bj4 #bcc #c4 #cca #ah4 #ccb #ba4 #ccc --------------------------------------- #d4 #aba #ac4 #abb #bb4 #abc #e4 #bba #ad4 #bbb #bc4 #bbc #f4 #cba #ae4 #cbb #bd4 #cbc --------------------------------------- #g4 #aaa #af4 #aab #be4 #aac #h4 #baa #ag4 #bab #bf4 #bac #i4 #caa #ah4 #cab #bg4 #cac --------------------------------------- ,,fig4 #a4 -------------- _/ _/ _/ _/ #a4 #ca4 #aj4 #cb4 _/ _/ #d4 #ba4 #ac4 #bb4 _/ _/ #g4 #aa4 #af4 #ab4 ----------------------------- #ai4 #cc4 _/ _/ #bb4 #bc4 _/ _/ #be4 #ac4 _/ _/ _/ _/ --------------- ,,fig4 #b4 ,^! prelim9>ies be+ arrang$1 tell any "o to take any tw5ty-sev5 c>ds out ( a pack1 & to ?9k ( any "o ( !m4 ,deal !m into ?ree heaps1 & ask him 9 :i* heap x is1 & :at numb] f ! top he w\ld l x to come aft] ! ?ird deal4 ,suppose he *ooses x to be ! tw5ty-six? c>d1 y take up y\r op]a-glass1 & look = ! numb] #bf4 ,?is y w f9d la/ b "o1 arrang$ ?us1--#bf4 #bac4 ,! mean+ is1 t if ! *os5 c>d is to be ! tw5ty-six?1 ! heap 9 :i* x 0 f\nd mu/ be = ! fir/ "t plac$ second1 ! second "t fir/1 & ! la/ "t ?ird4 ,s y pick up ! c>ds1 tak+ c>e to keep t heap numb] two4 ,y aga9 deal !m 9 ?ree heaps1 & ?is "t y place ! heap 9 :i* is ! *os5 c>d at ! top1 be+ numb] "o4 ,deal !m a ?ird "t1 & on ga!r+ up ! heaps1 place x at ! bottom4 ,!n1 on c\nt+ f ! top1 ! *os5 c>d w be f\nd to be ! tw5ty-six?4 #e4 ,,! ,,f\r ,,k+s4 ,take ! f\r k+s out ( a pack ( c>ds1 & also two o!r c\rt c>ds1 :i* are n to be %[n4 ,spread out ! k+s be=e ! spectators1 b conceal ! two c\rt c>ds betwe5 ! ?ird & f\r? k+s4 ,lay ! c>ds face d[nw>ds on ! table4 ,take (f ! bottom c>d1 :i* is ( c\rse "o ( ! k+s2 %[ x z if by accid5t1 & place x on ! top4 ,take ! next c>d1 7:i* is "o ( ! c\rt c>ds17 & place t 9 ! middle ( ! pack4 ,take ! ?ird c>d1 7i4 e4 ! second c\rt c>d17 & place t also ne> ! middle ( ! pack4 ,!re w !n be "o k+ at ! top & ?ree at ! bottom4 ,ask any "o to cut ! c>ds1 & to exam9e !m :5 he w f9d all f\r k+s toge!r 9 ! middle ( ! pack4 ,x is bett] to use c\rt c>ds to place betwe5 ! ?ird & f\r? k+s1 because if ! c>ds %\ld slip aside1 !y w\ld n be s readily di/+ui%$ z common c>ds4 ,,audacity4 ,sev]al tricks may be successfully play$ by %e] audacity4 ,a :ole p>ty has be5 a/oni%$ by ! p]=m] hold+ a pack ( c>ds ov] 8 head1 & nam+ ea*4 ,! fact 01 t he 0 /&+ exactly opposite a l>ge mirror1 9 :i* ! c>ds 7 reflect$1 :ile ! spectators1 hav+ _! backs to ! mirror1 suspect$ no?+4 ,"h are "o or two tricks t dep5d on audacity = success4 #f4 ,,! ,,c>d ,,f\nd ,,at ,,! ,,second ,,guess4 ,(f] ! c>ds to any "o1 & let him draw "o4 ,y !n hold ! c>ds beh9d y\r back1 & tell him to place 8 c>d on ! top4 ,pret5d to make a great %uffl+1 b only turn t c>d ) its back to ! o!rs1 /ill keep+ x at ! top4 ,!n hold up ! c>ds ) _! faces t[>ds ! spectator1 & ask him if ! bottom c>d is 84 ,:ile do+ s1 y inspect 8 c>d at y\r leisure4 ,he ( c\rse d5ies x1 & y beg9 %uffl+ aga9 furi\sly4 8,let me d t10 he w probably say2 s1 z y are p]fectly acqua9t$ ) 8 c>d1 y let him %uffle z mu* z he likes1 & !n1 :5 y get ! c>ds back aga91 %uffle until 8 c>d is at ! bottom4 ,!n pass !m beh9d y\r back1 make a ruffl+ noise ) !m1 & %[ him 8 own c>d at ! bottom4 #g4 ,,! ,,c>d ,,f\nd ,,"u ,,! ,,hat4 ,h a ne$le /uck j inside y\r sleeve4 ,h& ! c>ds1 c4 j z 9 ! prec$+ trick1 & tell ! tak] to put ! c>d on ! top4 ,take out ! ne$le1 & prick a hole ne>ly ?r\gh ! top left-h& corn]4 ,replace ! ne$le1 %uffle ! c>ds1 or let any "o %uffle !m4 ,place ! pack on ! table1 cov] !m ) a hat1 & ! m>k$ c>d w be kn[n by a little rais$ knob on ! "r-h& top corn]4 ,draw out c>d by c>d1 say+ :e!r x is t c>d or n1 until y come to ! m>k$ "o1 :i* y ?r[ on ! table c>elessly1 & :5 y are ab\t tak+ out ano!r c>d1 /op sudd5ly1 & pret5d to f9d1 by "s magic process1 t x is ! *os5 c>d4 #h4 ,,to ,,call ,,! ,,c>ds ,,out ,,( ,,! ,,pack4 ,tell ! spectators t y w call six c>ds out ( ! pack4 ,secure a c>d1--say ! ace ( spades1--9 ! palm ( y\r h&4 ,?r[ ! pack on ! table1 face d[nw>ds1 spread out ! c>ds1 give "o ( ! spectators y\r conjur+ w&1 & tell him1 :5 y "n a c>d1 to t\* "o1 :i* y w take up4 ,fir/ "n ! ace ( spades4 ,he t\*es a c>d1 :i* y take up )\t %[+ ! face ( x4 ,?is c>d may be1 say ! eight ( diamonds4 ,put x into y\r left h&1 & place x ^u ! ace ( spades :i* is already !re1 s t ! two look l "o c>d4 ,!n call = ! eight ( diamonds4 ,ano!r c>d is t\*$1 say ! que5 ( clubs4 ,?is y put ) ! o!rs1 &1 aft] pret5d+ to calculate1 call = ! que5 ( clubs4 ,proce$ 9 ?is mann] until six c>ds h be5 drawn4 ,!n sub/itute ! la/ c>d drawn 7:i* is ( c\rse a wrong "o7 = ! ace ( spades1 & conceal x 9 ! palm ( y\r h&4 ,!n /rew ! o!rs on ! table1 & :ile ! eyes ( ! spectators are fix$ ^u !m1 get rid ( ! c>d 9 y\r left h&4 ,x is a good plan to ask "s "o to write d[n ! names ( ! c>ds z !y are call$1 & !n to h ! li/ call$ ov]1 9 ord] t e "o may see t !re has be5 no mi/ake4 #i4 ,,heads ,,& ,,tails4 ,:ile y are %uffl+ ! c>ds1 contrive to arrange quietly all _! heads "o way1 or z _m z possible1 reject+ all ! diamonds except ! k+1 que51 knave1 & sev51 & pass+ !m to ! bottom4 ,put ! pack ^u ! table1 take (f a numb] ( ! upp] c>ds1 & (f] !m = "s "o to *oose a c>d f4 ,:ile he is look+ at x1 turn ! c>ds r\nd1 & (f] !m to him1 9 ord] t he may replace x4 ,%uffle ! c>ds1 & on look+ !m ov]1 ! *os5 c>d w be /&+ ) its head "o way1 :ile ! o!rs are rev]s$4 #aj4 ,,! ,,surprise4 ,:5 y h discov]$ a c>d1 ! foll[+ plan w make a /rik+ t]m9ation to ! trick4 ,get ! c>d to ! bottom ( ! pack1 & tell "o ( ! spectators to hold ! c>ds by "o corn] z tightly z he c4 ,give !m a %>p rap ) y\r f+]1--n ) y\r h&1--& all ! c>ds w be /ruck out ( 8 hold1 & fall on ! floor1 except ! bottom c>d1 :i* w rema9 betwe5 8 f+] & ?umb4 ,x has a r m da%+ effect1 if y put ! *os5 c>d at ! top1 & /rike !m upw>ds1 :5 ! :ole pack w fly ab\t ! room1 l a flock ( butt]flies1 only leav+ ! top c>d 9 ! p]son's grasp4 #aa4 ,,! ,,revolution4 ,ano!r neat way ( f9i%+ a trick is z foll[s4 ,get ! c>d to ! top ( ! pack2 & tak+ c>e t all ! c>ds are ev51 drop ! pack on ! floor1 tak+ c>e j z y let g1 to slip ! top c>d a little (f ! re/ ( ! pack4 ,9 fall+1 ! resi/ance ( ! air w turn ! c>d ov]1 & x w re/ ) its face upw>ds on ! top ( ! pack4 #ab4 ,,! ,,slipp$ ,,c>d4 ,asc]ta9 ! bottom c>d ( ! pack2 hold ! c>ds 9 y\r left h&1 ) _! faces d[nw>ds4 ,place y\r "r h& ^u !m1 & ) y\r "r =e-f+] slide !m sl[ly ov] ea* o!r1 ask+ "s "o to /op any c>d he *ooses1 by putt+ 8 f+] ^u x4 ,:5 he has done s1 op5 ! pack at t c>d1 b :ile op5+ x1 make ! pass1 & br+ ! bottom c>d "u ! "o t\*$4 ,hold up ! c>ds1 & ask ! *oos] to be sure ( 8 c>d2 h& all ! c>ds to him1 & let him %uffle z mu* z he *ooses4 ,aft]w>ds discov] ! c>d 9 any mann] t y pref]4 ,! foll[+ is a good plan4 #ac4 ,,! ,,nail$ ,,c>d4 ,take a flat-head$ nail1 & file x d[n until its po9t is z %>p z a ne$le1 & ! head q flat4 ,! nail %\ld be ab\t half an in* long1 or ev5 %ort] if any?+4 ,pass ! nail ?r\gh ! c5tre ( any c>d1--say ! ace ( spades1--& conceal x 9 y\r left h&4 ,take ano!r pack ( c>ds1 get ! ace ( spades to ! bottom1 & p]=m ! prec$+ trick4 ,:5 ! c>ds are return$1 %uffle !m ab\t1 & ex*ange ! pi]c$ c>d = ! o!r4 ,put ! pi]c$ c>d at ! bottom ( ! pack1 & ?r[ ! c>ds viol5tly aga9/ a door1 :5 ! nail w be driv5 9 by ! pressure ( ! o!r c>ds aga9/ its head1 & ! *os5 c>d w be se5 nail$ to ! door4 ,! nail %\ld be put ?r\gh ! face ( c>d1 s t :5 ! o!rs fall on ! floor1 x rema9s fac+ ! spectators4 #ad4 ,,to ,,asc]ta9 ,,! ,,numb] ,,( ,,po9ts ,,on ,,?ree ,,unse5 ,,c>ds4 ,9 ?is amusem5t ! ace c\nts elev51 ! c\rt c>ds t5 ea*1 & ! o!rs accord+ to ! numb] ( _! spots4 ,ask any "o to *oose any ?ree c>ds1 & lay !m on ! table1 ) _! faces d[nw>ds4 ,on ea* ( ^! he mu/ place z _m z ) ! numb] ( ! c>d w make fifte54 ,he gives y ! rema9+ c>ds1 & :5 y h !m 9 y\r h&1 y c\nt !m ov] on ! pret5ce ( %uffl+ !m1 & by add+ sixte51 y w h ! numb] ( po9ts on ! ?ree c>ds4 ,= example1 ! spectator *ooses a f\r1 an eight1 & a k+4 ,on ! f\r he places elev5 c>ds1 on ! eight sev51 & on ! k+ five4 ,!re w be !n six c>ds left4 ,add to ^! six sixte51 & ! result w be tw5ty-two1 :i* is ! numb] ( po9ts on ! ?ree c>ds1 ! k+ c\nt+ t51 add$ to ! eight & ! f\r4 #ae4 ,,to ,,tell ,,! ,,numb]s ,,on ,,two ,,unse5 ,,c>ds4 ,z 9 ! prec$+ trick1 ! ace c\nts elev51 & ! c\rt c>ds t5 ea*4 ,let ! p]son :o *ooses ! two c>ds lay !m on ! table ) _! faces d[nw>d1 & place on ea* z _m z w make _! numb] tw5ty-five4 ,take ! rema9+ c>ds & c\nt !m1 :5 !y w be f\nd to be j z _m z ! po9ts 9 ! two c>ds4 ,= example1 take an ace & a que51 i4 e4 elev5 & t51 & lay !m on ! table4 ,on ! ace y mu/ put f\rte5 c>ds1 & on ! que5 fifte54 ,!re w be !n fifte5 c>ds 9 "o heap & sixte5 9 ! o!r3 ^! add$ toge!r make ?irty-"o c>ds3 ^! subtract$ f ! numb] ( c>ds 9 ! pack1 i4 e4 fifty-two1 leave tw5ty-"o1 ! jo9t numb] ( ! ace & ! que54 #af4 ,,! ,,pairs ,,re-,,pair$4 ,tell out tw5ty c>ds 9 pairs1 & ask t5 p to take a pair ea*1 & rememb] !m4 ,take up ! pairs 9 _! ord]1 & lay !m on ! table 9 ord]1 accord+ to ! accompany+ table1 :i* =ms a memoria te*nica1 & may be con/ru$4 ,mutus gave a "n to ! ,coci1 7a p :o h yet to be discov]$47 ,m ,u ,t ,u ,s #ad #a #b #c #b #d ,d ,e ,d ,i ,t #e #f #e #g #c ,n ,o ,m ,e ,n #h #i #a #f #h ,c ,o ,c ,i ,s #aj #i #aj #g #d #ad ,! figures repres5t ! pairs1 i4 e4 ! #a "u ,m signifies t ,m belongs to ! fir/ pair4 ,arrang+ ^! words 9 y\r m9d on ! table1 take ! fir/ c>d ( ! fir/ pair1 lay x on ,m 9 ,mutus1 & ! second on ! ,m 9 ,nom54 ,! next pair goes entirely 9 ,mutus1 be+ two ,u's4 ,! fir/ c>d ( ! second pair goes on ,t 9 ,mutus1 & ! second on ,t 9 ,d$it2 & s on until all ! c>ds are laid 9 _! places4 ,ask ea* p]son 9 succession 9 :i* r[s 8 c>ds are1 & y c imm$iately po9t !m out4 ,= example1 if he says ! second & ?ird r[1 y po9t out ! second & f\r? c>ds 9 ^? r[s1 because !y bo? repres5t ! lett] ,e4 ,if ano!r says ! fir/ & la/ r[s1 y po9t out ! la/ c>d 9 ea*1 because ! c>ds repres5t ,s 9 ,mutus & ,s 9 ,cocis4 ,x w be se5 t ! :ole table consi/s ( t5 lett]s1 ea* repeat$4 #ag4 ,,! ,,que5 ,,digg+ ,,= ,,diamonds4 ,select f a pack ! aces1 k+s1 que5s1 & knaves1 toge!r ) f\r common c>ds ( ea* suit4 ,lay d[n ! f\r que5s 9 a r[1 & say1 8,"h are f\r que5s go+ to dig = diamonds4 7,lay a common diamond ov] ea* que547 ,!y ea* took a spade ) !m 7place a common spade on ea* diamond7 & dug until !y 7 ne>ly tir$4 ,_! f\r k+s1 ?9k+ t !y might be attack$ by robb]s1 s5t f\r soldi]s to keep gu>d4 7,lay an ace on ea* spade47 ,ev5+ came1 & ! que5s _h n return$1 s ! k+s1 fe>+ t !y might h come to h>m1 became uneasy & set (f !mselves4 7,place a k+ on ea* ace47 ,!y 7 only j 9 "t1 = z !y came along1 !y met _! que5s be+ c>ri$ (f by f\r villa9s 7lay a knave on ea* k+71 :o1 al?\gh only arm$ ) clubs 7place a common club on ea* knave71 _h ov]p[]$ ! gu>ds & driv5 !m (f4 ,b ! f\r k+s1 be+ possess$ ( bold he>ts 7lay a common he>t ov] ea* k+71 soon vanqui%$ ! villa9s1 & b\nd !m40 ,ga!r up ! c>ds1 place ! heaps ^u ea* o!r & direct "s "o to cut !m4 ,h !m cut f\r or five times1 & cont9ue to d s until a common he>t appe>s at ! bottom4 ,!n cont9ue ! tale1 & say1 8,! p>ty !n return$ home 9 ! foll[+ ord]4 ,fir/ ! que5 7lay d[n ! top c>d7 ) ! diamonds :i* %e _h f\nd 7lay d[n ! second c>d1 :i* w be a diamond7 9 "o h&1 & h] spade 7! ?ird c>d w be a spade7 9 ! o!r1 c4 c40 ,y cont9ue deal+ out ! c>ds 9 t mann]1 & x w be f\nd t !y w be 9 precisely ! same ord] z :5 !y 7 tak5 up4 #ah4 ,,! ,,triple ,,deal4 ,take any tw5ty-"o c>ds1 & ask "s to *oose "o f !m4 ,lay !m out 9 ?ree heaps1 & ask ! p]son :o took ! c>d 9 :i* heap x is4 ,y may turn y\r back :ile he se>*es4 ,ga!r !m up & put t heap betwe5 ! o!r two4 ,d ?is twice m1 & ! *os5 c>d w always be ! elev5? f ! top4 #ai4 ,,! ,,quadruple ,,deal4 ,?is is a v>iation ( ! prec$+4 ,take tw5ty-f\r c>ds1 & lay !m 9 f\r heaps4 ,act z 9 ,no4 #ah1 putt+ ! heap 9 :i* is ! *os5 c>d second4 ,! t5? c>d w be ! "o ?\ght (4 ,,tricks ,,) ,,c>ds1 ,,t ,,require ,,app>atus4 ,"o or two ( ^! tricks mu/ suffice1 because1 9 g5]al1 ! app>atus requir$ = c>ds is exce$+ly exp5sive4 ,^? t are "h giv5 require b little app>atus1 & any boy ) ! use ( 8 h&s c make x4 #bj4 ,,! ,,c>ds ,,9 ,,! ,,vase4 ,make a vase ) five divisions1 two ( :i* hold an entire pack ( c>ds1 & ! rema9+ ?ree are only l>ge en\gh j to admit "o c>d ea*1 z 9 ! figure4 ,a /rong silk ?read is fa/5$ at ,a1 passes ov] ! ?ree little comp>tm5ts1 ?r\gh ! bottom ( ! vase1 & runn+ ov] two pulleys1 t]m9ates 9 ! weight at ,b4 ,illu/ration ,take ?ree c>ds1 say ! ace ( spades1 ! t5 ( diamonds1 & ! k+ ( he>ts1 out ( a pack ( c>ds1 & put "o into ea* ( ! little divisions1 press+ ! ?read d[n into ! bottom ( ea* division4 ,if ! c>ds are left1 ! weight w desc5d1 & ! /r+ be+ tight5$1 w pu% ! c>ds upw>ds4 ,s a k9d ( trigg] %elf is made1 on :i* ! weight re/s4 ,! rema9d] ( ! pack y put into division #b4 ,:5 y %[ ! trick1 y take ano!r pack ( c>ds exactly l t :i* is already 9 ! vase1 & h&+ x to ?ree p]sons successively1 compel !m to *oose ! ace ( spades1 ! t5 ( diamonds1 & ! k+ ( he>ts4#ae ,let "s "o %uffle ! c>ds1 & :5 ?is is done1 put ! pack into division #a4 ,tell ! spectators t :5 y h /ruck ?ree times on ! table1 ! c>ds w come out ( ! vase4 ,at ! ?ird /roke1 loos5 ! cat* on :i* ! weight /&s1 by means ( a /r+ t communicates ) y\r table1 & ! ?ree c>ds w rise sl[ly up4 ,9 ord] to %[ t ! c>ds h really vani%$ f ! pack1 take ! pack out ( division #b & let any "o exam9e x4 #ae ,?is may be done by mak+ ! pass4 ,if y pref]1 y c draw ! ?read y\rself1 by hav+ a k9d ( p$al "u y\r table1 to :i* ! o!r end ( ! /r+ is atta*$1 in/ead ( be+ fa/5$ to ! weight ,b4 ,if y pref] ! weight1 y mu/ h a small %elf = ! weight to re/ ^u1 :5 x has desc5d$ suffici5tly l[1 or ! c>ds w be =c$ entirely out by ! ?read4 ,c is a repres5tation ( "o ( ! divisions1 %[+ ! semi-circul> cut t is made 9 !m = ! conv5i5ce ( tak+ out ! c>ds4 #ba4 ,,! ,,metamorphosis4 ,9 ?is mo/ excell5t trick y *oose f ! pack ! f\r eights & ! two ( diamonds2 y put ! f\r eights 9 ! left h& & ! two on ! table2 y take 9 ! two1 plac+ an eight on ! table1 & !y are all two's4 ,y ex*ange ! two = ! eight1 & !y all become black c>ds2 y aga9 ex*ange ! eight = ! two1 & !y all turn r$2 & aft] aga9 ex*ang+1 y h1 z be=e1 ! f\r eights & ! two ( diamonds4 ,! me?od ( accompli%+ ?is trick is z foll[s3 ,get ?ree pla9 :ite c>ds1 exactly l play+ c>ds1 & pa9t !m z 9 ! engrav+4 ,mix !m ) an ord9>y pack1 & :5 y are se>*+ = ! f\r eights1 ) :i* y say y are go+ to p]=m a trick1 take !m f ! pack1 & ) !m an ord9>y eight ( clubs & a two ( diamonds4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a ,%[ ! c>ds z 9 ,fig4 #b1 mak+ ! spectators obs]ve t !re are ! f\r eights4 ,put ! two ( diamonds beh9d ! eight ( clubs1 & lay ! eight on ! table4 ,! two mu/ be ins]t$ be=e ! eight is remov$1 or ! my/]y ( ! m>k+ w be app>5t4 ,close ! c>ds1 turn !m ov]1 & spread !m out1 :5 !y w appe> z 9 ,fig4 #c4 ,take 9 ! eight & lay ! two on ! table2 close ! c>ds1 & :ile %uffl+ !m1 turn c>d ,no4 #b ! o!r way upw>ds4 ,! c>ds w !n all appe> black1 z 9 ,fig4 #d4 ,take 9 ! two & remove ! eight1 turn !m ov]1 & spread !m out1 :5 !y w appe> all r$1 z 9 ,fig #e4 ,f9ally1 take 9 ! eight1 replac+ ! two on ! table1 rev]se ,no4 #b1 & y w h ! f\r eights & ! two ( diamonds j z !y 7 at fir/4 ,y mu/ inv5t pl5ty ( talk dur+ y\r *anges4 ,if ! spectators say t ! c>ds are d\ble1 spread !m out1 & hold !m up to ! light1 7= ! light _c p5etrate ?r\gh ! places :]e ! c>ds are plac$ ov] ea* o!r17 & if !y are /ill sceptical1 h& !m ! two ( diamonds to look at1 & 9 a mom5t or two h& !m ! eight ( clubs1 ask+ !m :e!r !y w\ld l to exam9e a black c>d also4 ,?is w effectually dis>m suspicion4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e #bb4 ,,to ,,*ange ,a ,,c>d ,,9 ,a ,,p]son',s ,,h&4 ,cut v neatly ! spots f a ?ree ( spades4 ,lay ! pi]c$ c>d on an ace ( diamonds1 & rub pomatum on ! ace ( diamonds ?r\gh ! places :i* ! spades occupi$4 ,remove ! pi]c$ c>d1 & spr9kle ! ace ( diamonds ) jet p[d]1 :i* adh]+ to ! pomatum1 w trans=m ! c>d into a ?ree ( spades4 ,place ! trans=m$ c>d at ! bottom ( ! pack1 & %[ a p]son :at c>d x is4 ,make him decl>e x t e "o may he>1 !n place x on ! table1 face d[nw>ds1 & pu% x ov] ! clo? to ! spectator1 :i* action w rub (f all ! jet p[d]4 ,tell him to place 8 h& on ! c>d4 ,let a ?ree ( spades be at ! top ( ! pack1 & an ace ( diamonds ! second f ! bottom4 ,%[ ano!r p]son ! ace ( diamonds1 & ask him to tell ! "n ( ! c>d op5ly4 ,put ! pack d[n1 face d[nw>ds1 ,& 9 s do+1 make ! pass1 & br+ ! ?ree ( spades to ! bottom4 ,tap ! h& ( ! p]son :o is gu>d+ ! c>d1 & !n tell him to take up ! c>d & %[ x to ! spectators1 :5 x w be se5 to be ! ace ( diamonds4 ,simultane\sly1 y take up ! pack1 & %[ ! ?ree ( spades at ! bottom4 ,,cryptography4 ,! mean+ ( ! ^w 8,cryptography0 is1 z is well kn[n1 8hidd5 or secret writ+s10 & 0 us$ 9 anci5t times1 :5 conspiracies 7 common1 & murd]s an e-day occurr5ce1 z ! means ( communicat+ f "o p]son to ano!r 9 su* a mann] t x c\ld n be read by any "o save ^? :o 7 admitt$ into ! secret ( its con/ruction4 ,a widespread conspiracy1 or1 z x w\ld be m prop]ly t]m$1 rebellion1 c\ld n be c>ri$ on betwe5 p]sons at a di/ance f ea* o!r unless !y resort$ to cryptography2 9 fact1 ! means ( correspond5ce 0 9 ^? times ( s sl[ & dang]\s a nature1 t )\t ! utmo/ c>e & secrecy 9 ! arrangem5t ( ! ciph] x w\ld c]ta9ly h be5 discov]$1 & !n dea? w\ld be ! consequ5ce4 ,9 ord] to mature _! designs 9 safety1 & to ?r[ (f all suspicion1 m5 7 oblig$ to put _! wits to "w & inv5t "s way ( in=m+ ea* o!r ( ev]y?+ t did transpire1 s t no "o else %\ld be ! wis] = x3 ?us 0 cryptography discov]$2 & wond]ful cunn+ & +5uity 7 display$ 9 its con/ruction1 z w be se5 by ! examples t are giv54 ,x 0 also us$ 9 =m] times 9 transact+ affairs ( /ate1 9 communicat+ messages f "o g5]al to ano!r 9 "t ( w>1 & 9 _m o!r ways ( a m innoc5t nature1 too num]\s to m5tion4 ,n[1 at ! pres5t "t1 :5 all is peace & prosp]ity1 & news is br\ght to our v doors by po/ & telegraph1 cryptography is only int]e/+ z a curi\s /udy1 or to amuse ourselves 9 an idle h\r by f9d+ out its hidd5 my/]ies4 ,! fir/ & mo/ common =m ( cryptograph we read ( 0 by ! transposition ( lett]s1 & is1 z we may see1 capable ( great improvem5t2 inde$1 x is ! basis on :i* mo/ ( ! lett] ciph]s are =m$ at ! pres5t day4 ,we give ! foll[+ z an example3-- ,=--a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z4 ,use--d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z a b c4 ,! s5t5ce1 8,we meet to-night10 9 ?is ciph] w\ld become1 8,zh phhw wr-qljkw40 ,! next is =m$ on ! pr9ciple ( ! above1 b is r m intricate3 = in/ance1 if we want$ to in=m "s "o t1 8,all go+ on well1 s5d supplies z soon z possible10 we %\ld put x d[n 9 ! foll[+ ord]3-- a g s p s o l o e l o s l n n i o s g w d e n i o e s s a b i l u a s l n l p s p e ,y mu/ read x d[n ! fir/ p]p5dicul> column1 !n d[n ! second1 & s on4 ,y mu/ !n =m ! lett]s 9 ! horizontal columns into imag9>y words1 & place !m d[n on pap] z y w\ld a common s5t5ce1 ?us3--8,ag spso loelos lnn iosgwd5 ioes sab iluas lnlp spe40 ,y mu/ arrange ) y\r correspond5t be=eh& t ! wid? ( ! horizontal column %\ld consi/ ( six lett]s 7or m1 if y l72 s by plac+ ! lett]s six 9 a l9e1 "o "u ! o!r1 )\t reg>d to words1 ! puzzle is easy to solve4 ,ano!r good ciph] is by us+ ! figures #a & #b diff]5tly arrang$ = e lett] 9 ! alphabet1 z w be se5 by ! foll[+ key3-- a b c d e f g h i #aaaaa #aaaab #aaaba #aaabb #aabaa #aabab #aabba #aabbb #abaaa j k l m n o p q r #abaab #ababb #abbaa #abbab #abbba #abbbb #baaaa #baaab #baaba s t u v w x y z #baabb #babaa #babab #babba #bbbbb #bbbab #bbbba #bbabb ,n[ if we want$ to write ! words 8,come n[10 we %\ld d x 9 ?is way1 kn[+ t !re are five figures to e lett]1 & :5 a ^w is =m$ !re is a comma3-- #aaabaabbbbabbabaabaa1 #abbbaabbbbbbbbb4 ,! next 0 a fav\rite ( t un=tunate k+1 ,*>les ,i43-- ,illu/ration ,! next is r good & some:at difficult3-- ,divide a piece ( c>dbo>d into tw5ty-six dep>tm5ts1 & 9 ea* place a lett]2 !n take ano!r piece 7small en\gh t ! lett]s on ! fir/ piece c be se571 & fit x into ! c5tre ( ! fir/1 divid+ ?is into ! same numb] ( dep>tm5ts2 !n put a piece ( ?read ?r\gh ! c5tre ( bo?1 s t y c turn ! smalle/ c>d r\nd1 fill+ ! spaces up ) lett]s 9 any way y l4 ,?us3 ,illu/ration ,9 us+ ! dial1 turn x r\nd until1 say1 ! lett] m 9 ! middle c>d comes "u ! lett] ,a 9 ! out] circle2 next take :at y want to write1 & f9d x lett] by lett] 9 ! out] circle1 putt+ d[n on pap] :at appe>s directly "u x 9 ! inn] circle4 ,n[ if y want to write 8,i %all come soon10 fir/ write ! lett]s ,a m1 s z to enable y\r correspond5t to fix 8 dial l y\r own1 z ! ,a is 9 ! out] circle & ! m "u x 9 ! inn]--8,am d ufmyy rjxi ujjk40 ,y may arrange y\r dial 9 any way y l1 b mu/ be sure to place :at lett] is "u ! ,a at ! beg9n+ ( y\r ciph]4 ,! next is some?+ l ! la/3-- ,illu/ration ,n[ if y want to tell "s "o t 8,!y are all com+ ov]10 y mu/ write x d[n & place ! figures #e1 #d1 #c ov] e lett] 9 succession4 ,?us3-- #e #d #c #e #d #c #e #d #c #e #d #c #e #d #c #e #d #c #e #d4 ,t h e y a r e a l l c o m i n g o v e r4 ,!n look = ! lett] ,t 9 ! dial2 ! figure #e be+ ov] x1 y mu/ look = ! fif? lett] f x1 :i* is ,o3 put x d[n1 & g on to ! next lett] 9 ! message1 ,h2 f9d ,h 9 ! circle1 & z #d is ov] x1 put d[n ! f\r? lett] f x1 ,d3 = ,e1 ) ! #c ov] x1 we mu/ write d[n ! ?ird lett] f ,e2 & = ! next lett]1 ,y1 #e be+ ov] x1 ! fif? lett]2 & s on1 always c\nt+ 9 ! direction ( ! arr[s4 ,! ciph] w run ev5tually3 8,odbt woz wig ylhekb kszn40 ,! way to read ?is ciph] is to put #edc d[n ! same z be=e1 & to c\nt !m on ! circle 9 ! opposite way to :i* ! arr[s are po9t+4 ,! mo/ fam\s & complex ciph] p]haps ev] writt5 0 by ,"l ,bacon4 ,x 0 arrang$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3-- aaaaa /&s = a aaaab b aaaba c aaabb d aabaa e aabab f aabba g aabbb h abaaa i j abaab k ababa l ababb m abbaa n abbab o abbba p abbbb q baaaa r baaab s baaba t baabb u v babaa w babab x babba y babbb z ,n[1 suppose y want to in=m "s "o t 8,all is well20 fir/ place d[n ! lett]s sep>ately accord+ to ! above alphabet-- aaaaa ababa ababa abaaa baaab babaa aabaa ababa ababa4 ,!n take a s5t5ce five times ! l5g? 9 lett]s ( 8,all is well10--say x is1 8,we 7 sorry to h he>d t y h be5 s unwell40 ,!n fit ?is s5t5ce to ! ciph] %[n above1 l ?is-- a a a a a a b a b a a b a b a a b a a a b a ,w e w e r e s o r r y t o h a v e h e a r d --- --- --- --- --- --- a a b b a b a a a a b a a a b a b a a b a b a4 t h at y o u h a v e b e e n s o u n w e l l4 ------ --- --- --- --- --- --- ,m>k+ ) a da% e lett] t comes "u a ,b4 ,!n put ! s5t5ce d[n on y\r pap]1 pr9t+ all m>k$ lett]s 9 italics1 & ! o!rs 9 ! ord9>y way1 ?us-- 8,we 7 sorry to have heard ?at you have been so unwell40 ,! p]son :o receives ! ciph] puts x d[n & writes an ,a "u e lett] except ^? 9 italics2 ^! he puts a ,b "u2 he !n divides ! ciph] obta9$ into p]iods ( five lett]s1 looks at 8 alphabet1 & f9ds ! mean+ to be1 8,all is well40 ,"h is a specim5 ( a music cryptograph3-- ,illu/ration ,! next is good1 b r l5g?y3-- a b c d e f g h 43444 34443 43344 44434 44443 43433 44344 34444 i j k l m n o p 33444 44334 43434 34344 44433 44343 33344 43334 q r s t u v w x 33333 33433 34343 33443 34334 33334 43333 33343 y z 34333 43343 ,"h is ! key ( ano!r3-- #a #b #c #d #e a b e d e--#a f g h i k--#b l m n o p--#c q r s t u--#d v w x y z--#e ,9 pick+ out ! lett] y want1 y mu/ see "u :at numb] x /&s1 !n see :at numb] is at ! end ( ! l9e1 !n put ^? two figures toge!r1 & !y w repres5t ! lett]3 ?us1 #ae repres5ts ,v2 #bc1 ,m2 #dc1 ,o2 & #ee1 ,z4 ,! s5t5ce1 8,we meet to-night10 w\ld be--#beea1 #bceaeadd1 #dddc1 #ccdbbbcbdd4 ,! next is a v difficult & complex cryptograph to deciph]4 ,draw a table ( f\r columns1 l ! figure bel[4 ,9 ! fir/ column place ! six diff]5t arrangem5ts ( ! figures #a1 #b1 #c1 & numb] ! o!r columns #a/1 #b;d1 & #c;d respectively3-- -------------------------------- #a/4 #b;d4 #c;d4 -------------------------------- #abc t y c n h r e m e a o i #acb b e f s y h i s g t r t #bac e r e e t m x w a e n t #bca e r m c k m a r a h h y #cba l m r t i c i h l o e g -------------------------------- ,y mu/ agree ) y\r correspond5t h[ _m lett]s wide ea* ( ! ?ree columns %all be--we w say f\r4 ,!n take y\r s5t5ce--say x is1 8,!y are com+ by ! fir/ /eam] next week f ,am]ica2 we hope !y w come "r40 ,y mu/ !n place e lett] d[n sep>ately1 writ+ ! figures 9 ! fir/ column 9 succession ov] !m1 ?us-- #a #b #c #a #c #b #b #a #c #b #c #a #c #a #b #c #b #a #a #b #c #a #c #b #b #a #c #b ,t h e y a r e c o m i n g b y t h e f i r s t s t e a m #c #a #c #a #b #c #b #a #a #b #c #a #c #b #b #a #c #b #c #a #c #a #b #c #b #a #a #b #c #a e r n e x t w e e k f r o m ,a m e r i c a w e h o p e t h e #c #b #b #a #c #b #c #a #c #a #b #c #b #a4 y w i l l c o m e r i g h t4 ,ov] ! fir/ lett]1 8t10 /&s 8#a10 !re=e write 8t0 9 ! column m>k$ fir/2 ov] 8h0 is 8#b10 !re=e write 8h0 9 ! second column2 ov] 8e0 is 8#c10 !n put 8e0 9 ! ?ird column1 & s on2 b :5 f\r lett]s are writt5 abrea/ y mu/ beg9 a new l9e4 ,aft] do+ ! above1 y mu/ take ! lett]s 9 ea* column sep>ately 7beg9n+ ) ! fir/71 & =m !m into imag9>y words1 putt+ a dot "u ! la/ lett] ( ea* column to %[ y\r correspond5t t ! column ends !re2 ?us-- ,tycnb efse ree ermc w pee lmrt4 hrem yhi/mx wk m> eot wi cih4eaoi gtrtae ntfoei ah hyl oeg44 ,! p]son receiv+ ! message kn[s ! wid? ( ! column 7f\r lett]s71 ! arrangem5t ( ! figures #a1 #b1 #c1 & ! use ( ! dots1 & recon/ructs 8 table directly2 he !n puts ! lett]s 9 ord] by a backw>d process to ! "o we h gone ?r\gh1 & reads ! message4 ,! next is a ciph] ( a diff]5t k9d3-- ,o ,p ,a ,b ,c ,d 4 4 4 --------------- ,m ,n 4 ,q ,r 4 ,e ,f 4 --------------- 4 4 4 ,k ,l ,i ,j ,g ,h ,s ,t _/ _/ 4 _/ ,w ,x 4 - 4 ,u ,v _/ 4 _/ _/ ,y ,z ,! dots /& = ! la/ lett] 9 ea* squ>e3 ?us ,o w\ld be 1 & ,p ! same ) a dot put 9 ! middle1 ?us 44 ,a & ,b 4 ,! s5t5ce1 8,,r\tl$ge',s ,,magaz9e ,,= ,,boys10 w\ld be --- _/ _/ --- --- --- --- _/ 4 4 _/ 4 4 _/ --- --- _/ --- --- --- _/ 1 --- --- _/ --- --- --- _/4 4 --- --- --- _/ --- --- 1 --- --- 4 4 --- --- ---1 _/ _/ 4 _/ _/ --- --- _/ _/ 4 ,9 f9d+ out ! mean+ ( a cryptograph1 y mu/ fir/ settle 9 y\r m9d to :at class ( ciph] x belongs1 :e!r x is writt5 by means ( lett]s1 figures1 or signs2 hav+ done s1 y mu/ g to "w ) pati5ce1 & try to f9d out1 by means ( p]sev]ance & /udy1 :at ea* figure1 sign1 or lett] repres5ts2 z ev5 ! above specim5s ( cryptography c be s alt]$ & improv$ ^u1 yet cont9u+ 9 _! orig9al =m to "s ext5t1 t x w\ld be impossible to give positive rules to enable any "o to deciph] any k9d ( cryptograph2 9 fact1 x c only be done by ^? :o h made x _! /udy = ye>s1 & consequ5tly h _h great exp]i5ce 9 ! matt]4 ,mo/ ( ! examples giv5 w only enable "o to deciph] ! mo/ simple k9ds1 su* z are g5]ally f\nd 9 magaz9es1 c42 = if t intricate ciph] ( ,"l ,bacon's 7 put 9 a book = boys1 x w\ld be a wa/e ( pap]1 z we w v5ture to say t n "o 9 a ?\s& w\ld be able to f9d x out4 99 99 99 99 99 ,!re is ano!r class ( cryptographs :i* we h n yet notic$1 & :i* are done by means ( sympa!tic inks1 a li/ ( :i* w consequ5tly be int]e/+4 ,inks :i* appe> :5 heat$1 & become invisible :5 cool$3-- ,solution ( nitro-muriate ( cobalt2 :5 heat$ turns gre54 ,solution ( acetate ( cobalt1 ) a little nitre2 rose-col\r :5 w>m4 ,inks :i* rema9 visible :5 heat$1 b d n disappe> :5 cool$3-- ,onion-juice1 yell[2 equal p>ts ( copp] & sal-ammoniac 9 wat]1 yell[2 aqua=tis1 spirits ( salt1 oil ( vitriol1 & salt & wat]1 yell[ or br[n4 ,inks :i* appe> :5 expos$ to light3-- ,dilut$ solution ( nitrate ( silv]4 ,dilut$ solution ( t]*loride ( gold4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pet] ,,p\nce1 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,tea*] ,,( ,,! ,,deaf ,,& ,,dumb1 ,,in/ruct+ ,a ,,boy4 ,,! ,,deaf ,,& ,,dumb ,,alphabet4 ,among/ ! _m useful inv5tions :i* h be5 plann$ = ! solace ( individuals depriv$ ( "s portion ( _! s5ses1 ! art by :i* deaf & dumb p]sons are taught to express _! own ?\ghts1 & to compreh5d ^? ( o!rs1 is "o ( ! mo/ noble4 ,! e>lie/ attempt at a me?od ( tea*+ ! deaf & dumb 0 made 9 ,spa91 t[>ds ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 by a ,b5$ict9e monk nam$ ,pet] ,p\nce2 & )\t d\bt he mu/ h =m$ 8 idea f obs]v+ ! natural prop5sity ( ! dumb to supply ! want ( ! organs ( spee* by mak+ signs4 ,aft] ! essay ( ,pet] ,p\nce _m successful trials 7 made1 & 9 #afib ,john ,conrad ,amman1 a ,swiss physician1 r$uc$ ! plans to a fix$ me?od1 or art1 & publi%$ ! s*eme ( x at ,am/elod4 ,! fir/ asylum = ! deaf & dumb 9 ,london 0 f\nd$ 9 ! ye> #agib4 ,,! ,,alphabet4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,illu/ration3 ,b ,illu/ration3 ,c ,a is express$ by t\*+ ! top ( ! ?umb ( ! left h& ) ! =ef+] ( ! "r4 ,b4 ,jo9 ! =ef+] & ?umb ( ea* h&1 & place ! backs ( ! =ef+] nails toge!r4 ,c4 ,b5d ! f+]s & ?umb ( ! left h&1 s z to =m ?ree p>ts ( a circle4 ,illu/ration3 ,d ,illu/ration3 ,e ,illu/ration3 ,f ,illu/ration3 ,g ,d4 ,b5d ! f+]s & ?umb ( ! "r h& into a semicircle1 & !n jo9 !m to ! =ef+] ( ! left1 :i* keep 9 a /raight l9e4 ,e4 ,t\* ! top ( ! =ef+] ( ! left h& ) ! =ef+] ( ! "r4 ,f4 ,place ! =ef+] ( ! "r h& across ! backs ( ! fir/ & second f+]s ( ! left4 ,g4 ,cl5* bo? h&s1 & put "o fi/ ^u ! o!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,h ,illu/ration3 ,i ,illu/ration3 ,j ,h4 ,pass ! palm ( ! "r h& across t ( ! left1 sweep+ x along to ! tips ( ! f+]s1 z if bru%+ some?+ (f4 ,i4 ,t\* ! top ( ! second f+] ( ! left h& ) ! =ef+] ( ! "r4 ,j4 ,cl5* ! h&s toge!r1 z direct$ = ! lett] ,g4 ,illu/ration3 ,k ,illu/ration3 ,l ,illu/ration3 ,m ,k4 ,=m a semicircle ) ! ?umb & =ef+] ( ! "r h&1 & jo9 x to ! =ef+] ( ! left1 :i* mu/ be kept /raight out2 bo? =ef+]s mu/ meet at ! second jo9ts4 ,l4 ,place ! =ef+] ( ! "r h& across ! c5tre ( ! palm ( ! left1 s t ! top ( ! f+] may be exactly 9 ! middle ( ! palm4 ,m4 ,place ?ree f+]s ( ! "r h& flat ^u ! palm ( ! left4 ,n4 ,place two f+]s ( ! "r h& flat ^u ! palm ( ! left4 ,o4 ,t\* ! top ( ! ?ird f+] ( ! left h& ) ! =ef+] ( ! "r4 ,illu/ration3 ,n ,illu/ration3 ,o ,illu/ration3 ,p ,illu/ration3 ,q ,p4 ,place ! tips ( ! =ef+] & ?umb ( ! left h& 9 a semicircul> =m aga9/ ! fir/ & second jo9ts ( ! =ef+] ( ! "r1 :i* %\ld be kept /raight4 ,q4 ,=m a circle ) ! =ef+] & ?umb ( ! left h&1 & !n curve ! =ef+] ( ! "r into ! %ape ( a hook1 & place x exactly :]e ! o!r f+]s jo94 ,illu/ration3 ,r ,illu/ration3 ,s ,illu/ration3 ,t ,r4 ,b5d ! =ef+] ( ! "r h& & re/ x on ! palm ( ! left4 ,s4 ,b5d ! little f+] ( ea* h& & lock !m toge!r4 ,t4 ,fix ! tip ( ! =ef+] ( ! "r h& aga9/ ! middle ( ! l[] edge ( ! left4 ,illu/ration3 ,u ,illu/ration3 ,v ,illu/ration3 ,w ,illu/ration3 ,x ,illu/ration3 ,y ,illu/ration3 ,z ,u4 ,t\* ! top ( ! little f+] ( ! left h& ) ! =ef+] ( ! "r4 ,v4 ,place ! fir/ & second f+]s ( ! "r h&1 ap>t1 ^u ! palm ( ! left4 ,w4 ,lock ! f+]s ( "o h& betwe5 ^? ( ! o!r4 ,x4 ,cross ! =ef+]s at ! second jo9ts4 ,y4 ,ext5d ! ?umb & =ef+] ( ! left h&1 & at ! l[] "p ( ! =k s made place ! =ef+] ( ! "r h&4 ,z4 ,elevate "o h& t[>ds ! face1 & re/ ! elb[ ^u ! palm ( ! o!r4 ,! end ( e s5t5ce is indicat$ by snapp+ ! second f+] & ?umb ( ! "r h&4 ,?is result is requisite to avoid ! confusion :i* might result f runn+ ! s5t5ces into ea* o!r4 ,,! ,,numb]s ,are d5ot$ by hold+ up "o f+] to signify #a1 two f+]s = #b1 ! op5 h& = #e1 bo? h&s = #aj1 & s on4 ,,dom9oes4 ,!re 0 a "t :5 dom9oes 0 a mu* m fav\rite game ?an at pres5t4 ,9 _m old h\ses beautifully f9i%$ sets ( dom9oes are yet kept1 a mem5to ( ! fav\r 9 :i* ! game 0 once1 & /ill des]ves to be1 held4 ,= boys x is second to none1 z x improves _! p[] ( calculation1 ex]cises _! judgm5t1 & leads !m to acquire a habit ( e/imat+ *ances 9 connexion ) numb]s1 :i* is exce$+ly useful 9 aft]-life4 ,! ord9>y game ( dom9oes is play$ ) tw5ty-eight pieces1 :i* include e comb9ation ( numb]s1 f d\ble-blank to d\ble-#f2 b boxes ( dom9oes are n uncommon :i* h fifty-two pieces1 or ev5 eighty-five pieces1 "o includ+ d\ble-#i's1 & ! latt] d\ble-#ab's4 ,^! are m us$ 9 ! nor? ?an ! s\?4 ,! dom9oes are usually made ( oblong pieces ( ivory1 frequ5tly cem5t$ to an ebony back2 :il/ on ! front !y are divid$ into two p>ts by a f9e l9e across ! middle1 & m>k$ ) r\nd black spots4 ,^! are #a & #a1 #a & #b1 & s on to #f2 !n #b & blank1 #b & #a1 & s on4 ,:]e a set ( dom9oes is n h&y1 a pack ( :at pr9t]s call ?ird-l>ge c>ds may be made available1 if !y are m>k$ ) a p51 & ! backs kept p]fectly clean4 ,^! may be %uffl$ & dealt 9 a simil> mann] to play+ c>ds2 b ! dom9oes mu/ be plac$ face d[nw>ds on ! table & 8%uffl$0 by be+ well mix$ toge!r4 ,! turn to comm5ce is call$ 8! pose10 & is ! same 9 all games ( dom9oes4 ,aft] ! play]s h drawn f ! bulk ! numb] ( dom9oes ea* requires1 d\ble-#f is call$ =1 & he :o has x plays fir/4 ,if x is n 9 h&1 !n ! highe/ d\ble plays2 if no d\bles are out1 !n ! call is f ! highe/ dom9o to ! l[e/1 z #f--e1 #f--d1 & s on4 ,,! ,,ord9>y ,,boy',s ,,game ,is play$ 9 two modes4 ,! fir/ is call$ ! ,fr5* game4 ,aft] ! dom9oes are well %uffl$1 ea* play] 7usually two7 draws f ! bulk ! numb] ( dom9oes agre$ ^u4 ,sev5 is ! common numb]1 & ?is leaves f\rte5 dom9oes on ! table4 ,! dom9oes are ei!r held 9 ! h&1 or set on _! sides on ! table1 s t ! pips are visible to ! play] only4 ,9 ! nor? ( ,engl& a small t91 angul> frame is us$ to hold ! dom9oes4 ,! play] hold+ ! highe/ d\ble !n plays fir/1 & !n ea* plays 9 turn by plac+ a dom9o ( ! same numb] ( pips to ! dom9o play$ at ei!r end :5 y bo? h play$4 ,if y\r oppon5t _c d ?is x is call$ 8a g10 & y c !n play = him1 until he c play4 ,if y c play to bo? ends1 d n d s until y h exhau/$ y\r h& at "o end1 & be sure to get out y\r d\bles at ! e>lie/ opportunity1 unless by s do+ y close bo? ends aga9/ y\rself4 ,by pursu+ ?is plan y c1 :5 press$1 play at ! ends clos$ aga9/ y\r adv]s>y ! dom9o y h res]v$ = t purpose4 ,:5 y h play$ all y\r dom9oes out1 y w9 ! game2 or :5 nei!r c play1 he t has ! l[e/ numb] ( pips1 n pieces1 w9s ! game4 ,x is be/1 h[ev]1 to play a def9ite numb] up1 su* z #cj1 #ej1 or #ajj4 ,9 ^! cases ! game is bett] play$ by ! ,second mode1 :i* is comm5c$ 9 ! same mann]2 b :5 y play a d\ble1 & x is y\r turn1 y c play x out & /ill keep y\r turn4 ,:5 y\r adv]s>y _c play1 y play = him1 & = y\rself too1 be=e he c play aga94 ,! game is c\nt$ ?us3--,:5 "o has play$ all 8 dom9oes out1 he c\nts ! numb] ( pips 9 8 adv]s>y's h&1 & scores !m 9 8 fav\r2 if nei!r c play1 ! "o :o has ! fewe/ left c\nts ! o!r's numb]s1 & subtracts ! numb] ( 8 own1 & scores ! balance 9 8 own fav\r4 ,=m]ly ! :ole numb] 0 scor$1 b ?is is dispirit+ to ! los]4 ,9 ?is game x is bett] to try to play s t nei!r c g on aga9 ?an to play out all ! dom9oes4 ,by a little practice x w be se5 t heavy dom9oes d n always lose1 or light ones w94 ,9 play+ ^! & any game at dom9oes x %\ld be und]/ood t a dom9o once play$ %\ld n be recall$1 z x frequ5tly de/roys all int]e/ 9 ! game4 ,sometimes x is und]/ood t if ! dom9o is n plac$ on ! table y may recall x2 b x is bett] to play x at once1 z a skilful play] c easily calculate ! *ances 9 8 fav\r4 ,!re are two or ?ree v>iations on ! fir/ me?od4 ,9 "o ! w9n] ( ! game scores all ! po9ts left 9 8 own h& 7if any71 z well z ^? 9 8 oppon5t's4 ,ano!r me?od is1 :5 "o play] _c g1 ! o!r is n b\nd to proce$1 ev5 if able1 b c at once %ut ! game & c\nt1 if he likes to d s4 ,ano!r v>iation is to p]mit ! second play]1 if he *ooses1 to take all ! dom9oes b two left on ! bo>d4 ,if he does n *oose1 ! next play] may draw z _m z he *ooses 7always except+ two72 & if "o _c play1 he mu/ draw until he c d s4 ,! pose 9 ?is game is alt]nate1 or is tak5 by ! w9n]4 ,,all ,,fives ,is a game play$ by f\r p]sons1 two aga9/ two1 ea* play] tak+ five dom9oes4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be play$ by two p]sons only1 :5 sev5 dom9oes are giv5 to ea*1 & none are aft]w>ds add$4 ,! score seldom exce$s #ca1 or any small] numb]1 & is m>k$ on a cribbage-bo>d4 ,! object ( ?is game is to play s t ! two ends ( ! dom9oes1 aft] y h play$1 are a multiple ( five4 ,?us ! fir/ play] endeav\rs to make a po9t by putt+ d[n a #e & blank1 #d & #a1 #c & #b1 ea* ( :i* c\nts #e3 if he has ! d\ble-#e x c\nts #b4 ,! o!r play]s foll[ on 9 ! same way1 endeav\r+ to make #e1 #aj1 #ae1 or #bj1 = :i* !y score #a1 #b1 #c1 or #d respectively4 ,?is game requires great caution1 s z to prev5t y\r oppon5t f scor+1 if y _c d s y\rself4 #bj is ! l>ge/ numb] t c be made3 ?us1 if !re is a #d at "o end & a #f at ! o!r end1 ! next play]1 hav+ ! d\ble-#f1 plays x to ! #f1 & ! foll[+ play]1 hav+ ! d\ble-#d1 plays x to ! #d2 d\bles 9 ?is1 z 9 all o!r games ( dom9oes1 be+ laid across1 !re are #ab at "o end & #h at ! o!r1 mak+ #bj1 or f\r fives4 ,:5 "o h& is play$ out1 or nei!r c g1 ! l[e/ numb] c\nts "o t[>ds game4 ,?is is peculi>ly a game ( /ratagems1 & :5 "o holds ! d\ble-#e1 he g5]ally tries to keep x until !re is a #e at ea* end1 :5 he plays x & scores #c1 & g5]ally1 9 t case1 #a = game z well4 ,,! ,,matadore ,,game ,is on an entirely diff]5t pr9ciple4 ,y d n fit ! same numb]s toge!r1 z 9 o!r games at dom9oes1 b y mu/ add a numb] :i*1 :5 jo9$ to "o already !re1 makes sev54 ,! d\ble-blank1 ! #d--c1 #f--a1 & #e--b1 are t]m$ matadores1 & c be play$ at any /age1 & ei!r end turn$ outw>d at w1 = y\r oppon5t to play to4 ,?ree dom9oes only are tak5 at ! outset1 & if "o ( ! play]s _c 8g10 he mu/ draw until he c d s1 unless ! numb] ( dom9oes left on ! bo>d is r$uc$ to two4 ,! game is play$ #cj1 #ej1 or #ajj up1 & ! w9n] c\nts to 8 score 8 oppon5t's pips4 ,,all ,,?rees ,is a capital game = boys1 & ex]cises ! play]s 9 ! f\r rules ( ari?metic4 ,x is play$ simil>ly to ! ,all ,fives1 only #c is ! multiple in/ead ( #e3 ?us1 #c1 #f1 #i1 #ab1 #ae1 & #ah po9ts c\nt #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 & #f1 respectively4 ,,tidley-,,w9k ,is a good r\nd game4 ,any numb] c play1 s long z !re are two or m dom9oes left on ! bo>d1 aft] ?ree dom9oes ea* h be5 tak54 ,! pose is settl$ z be=e2 b ! lead] has ! privilege ( play+ to 8 d\ble1 if he c d s1 & any p]son hav+ a d\ble 9 8 turn c play to x1 if he c4 ,! game runs r\nd1 & ! fir/ p]son :o plays out pron\nces himself 8,tidley-,w9k10 & is ! w9n]4 ,,! ,,=tress4 ,:5 f\r p]sons are play+1 ?is w be f\nd "o ( ! mo/ amus+ ( games4 ,x is sometimes call$ 8,seba/opol40 ,all ! dom9oes are divid$ equally among/ ! play]s4 ,! d\ble-#f is play$ fir/1 & !n e p]son mu/ play a #f to ! d\ble1 & ?us =m a cross4 ,! p]son :o has n a #f loses 8 turn4 ,! play !n proce$s 9 ! usual way1 only t ! play] c *oose :i* corn] he likes to play at4 ,! result is a curi\s irregul> figure resembl+ ! gr\nd-plan ( a =tress1 ) ba/ions1 c42 h5ce its "n4 ,,:i/ ,,dom9oes ,is also play$ by f\r p]sons1 sev5 dom9oes be+ giv5 to ea*4 ,! p]sons 9 ?is case are p>tn]s1 & sit opposite to ea* o!r4 ,?is game is l$ (f z all o!rs1 b requires consid]able p[]s ( memory to play x prop]ly1 = x is necess>y to rememb] n only ! numb]s play$1 b :o play$ x1 & "u :at circum/ances1 s z to help y\r p>tn]'s h& & *eckmate y\r oppon5t's4 ,sev]al o!r games ( dom9oes may be play$2 b ! =ego+1 ) _! numb]less v>iations1 w enable any "o to ma/] ! pr9ciples ( any o!r introduc$4 ,illu/ration ,,draughts4 8,:ite to black & black to :ite4 ,n[ give ! *all5ge--wage ! fight40--,,cl>kson4 ,illu/ration ,draughts is a mod]n inv5tion1 & is a good prelim9>y to *ess4 ,x is n s intricate a game1 = ! pieces are ( equal value till !y become k+s1 & c only move "o way2 b l *ess1 success dep5ds entirely ^u skill1 & "o false move frequ5tly occasions ! loss ( ! game4 ,draughts seems to h come into vogue 9 ,europe ab\t ! middle ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 & = a long "t !re 7 two me?ods ( play+ x2 ! "o commonly us$ 9 ,engl& be+ ! ,fr5* game1 :i* is play$ ^u a *ess-bo>d1 & ! o!r ! ,poli% game1 :i* requires a bo>d ) t5 squ>es or *equ]s 9 ea* r[1 & tw5ty m54 ,! m5 9 ! ,poli% game c only move =w>ds z !y d 9 ! ,fr5* game1 b !y h ! privilege ( tak+ backw>ds & =w>ds1 & ! k+1 :5 made1 if n oppos$ by two m5 close toge!r1 c move f "o corn] ( ! bo>d to ! o!r ,! ,poli% game admits ( mo/ v>iety1 & is 9 our op9ion inf9itely ! be/1 b x is little play$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 except by =eign]s1 _m ( :om dur+ ! ,great ,exhibition ye> prov$ !mselves adepts at ! game4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,play ,,! ,,game4 ,! draughtbo>d consi/s ( sixty-f\r squ>es1 black & :ite1 & !re are twelve m51 or pieces1 ( a :ite col\r1 & twelve ( a black col\r to be us$4 ,! bo>d %\ld be plac$ ) an upp] :ite corn] t[>ds ! "r h&4 ,! play]s select ea* twelve m5 ( ! col\r !y pref]4 ,! pieces1 or m51 are to be ?us plac$ on ! bo>d3 ! black pieces on ! fir/ twelve :ite squ>es1 & ! :ite on ! la/ twelve :ite squ>es4 ,:5 !y are ?us plac$ ! game beg9s4 ,,! ,,moves4 ,! pieces move =w>d diagonally1 & x is ! object ( ! play]s to take all ea* o!r's m52 ! play] :o has ! black pieces tak+ ! :ite1 & ! play] :o has ! :ite m5 tak+ ! black4 ,! fir/ play]--say ,black--moves 8 piece angul>ly to ! fir/ :ite squ>e1 & !n1 if no?+ int]v5es betwe5 8 piece & t ( 8 oppon5t1 & !re is a vacant squ>e 9 8 l9e left beh9d him1 ! :ite c pass 8 piece ov] him to ! space s unoccupi$1 & take 8 man1 :i* is )drawn f ! bo>d4 ,! same may be repeat$ by ! adv]s>y2 & ?us ! play]s g on tak+ ea* o!r's pieces till "o or ! o!r _c move1 or all ! pieces are tak54 ,:5 a piece1 h[ev]1 arrives at ! la/ r[ ( ! enemy's gr\nd1 x becomes :at is call$ a k+1 & is cr[n$ by ano!r piece be+ plac$ on x4 ,x may !n be mov$ backw>ds & =w>ds at pleasure1 & c take bo? ways4 ,:5 a play] neglects to take a piece1 he is :at is call$ huff$1 t is1 he loses ! piece t ought to h be5 mov$4 ,,laws ,,( ,,! ,,game4 #a4 ,! moves are alt]nate1 ! fir/ move be+ det]m9$ by lot4 #b4 ,! *oice ( m5 to be also decid$ by lot1 b !y %\ld be *ang$ e ?ree games4 #c4 ,:i*ev] piece is t\*$ mu/ be play$4 #d4 ,no play] c rema9 m ?an five m9utes )\t play+4 ,he may be w>n$ at ! end ( five m9utes4 #e4 ,nei!r play] mu/ leave ! room )\t p]mission ( 8 adv]s>y4 #f4 ,9 case ( huff1 ! oppon5t1 9 lieu ( tak+ a piece = ! omission1 c insi/ on 8 be+ tak54 #g4 ,ea* p>ty mu/ sit free s z n to ob/ruct a view ( ! bo>d1 & no po9t+ at pieces is all[$4 #h4 ,:5 a false move is made1 ! piece mu/ be mov$ to :atev] squ>e ! oppon5t dictates4 #i4 ,all disputes betwe5 play]s to be ref]r$ to a ?ird p>ty4 #aj4 ,by/&]s mu/ make no rem>ks dur+ ! game4 ,,games ,,= ,,practice4 ,play+ draughts is a game :i* is be/ le>n$ by exp]i5ce & repeat$ defeats4 ,x requires circumspection & caution1 & especially dem&s calculation ( ! effects ( ! diff]5t moves ^u ! =tune ( ! game4 ,! moves %\ld be calculat$ m5tally4 ,! m5 %\ld be kept z mu* 9 ! c5tre ( ! bo>d z possible2 & ! g5tlemanly play] w consid] all drawn games z won by 8 oppon5t1 & nev] triumph ov] ! vanqui%$4 ,! foll[+ games w give ! "y play] a good g5]al idea ( draughts1 b 8 success z a play] w dep5d entirely ^u 8 own application & habit ( ?\ght3-- ,,game ,i4 ,no4 ,col\r4 f to #a4 ,b4 #aa #ae #b4 ,w4 #bb #ah #c4 ,b4 #ae #bb #d4 ,w4 #be #ah #e4 ,b4 #h #aa #f4 ,w4 #bi #be #g4 ,b4 #d #h #h4 ,w4 #be #bb #i4 ,b4 #ab #af #aj4 ,w4 #bd #bj #aa4 ,b4 #aj #ae #ab4 ,w4 #bg #bd #ac4 ,b4 #af #ai #ad4 ,w4 #bc #af #ae4 ,b4 #ae #ai #af4 ,w4 #bd #ae #ag4 ,b4 #i #ad #ah4 ,w4 #ah #i #ai4 ,b4 #aa #be #bj4 ,w4 #cb #bg #ba4 ,b4 #e #ad #bb4 ,w4 #bg #bc #bc4 ,b4 #f #aj #bd4 ,w4 #af #ab #be4 ,b4 #h #aa #bf4 ,w4 #bh #bd #bg4 ,b4 #be #bi #bh4 ,w4 #cj #be #bi4 ,b4 #bi #bb #cj4 ,w4 #bf #ag #ca4 ,b4 #aa #ae #cb4 ,w4 #bj #af #cc4 ,b4 #ae #ah #cd4 ,w4 #bd #bj #ce4 ,b4 #ah #bg #cf4 ,w4 #ca #bd #cg4 ,b4 #ad #ah #ch4 ,w4 #af #aa #ci4 ,b4 #g #af #dj4 ,w4 #bj #aa #da4 ,b4 #ah #bc #db4 ,w4 #aa #h #dc4 ,b4 #bc #bg #dd4 ,w4 #h #d #de4 ,b4 #bg #ca #df4 ,w4 #d #h #dg4 ,b4 #ca #bg #dh4 ,w4 #bd #bj #di4 ,b4 #bg #bc #ej4 ,w4 #h #aa #ea4 ,b4 #bc #ah #eb4 ,w4 #aa #h #ec4 ,b4 #ah #ae c4 ,:ite loses4 ,,game ,,ii4 ,no4 ,col\r4 f to #a4 ,b4 #aa #ae #b4 ,w4 #bb #ah #c4 ,b4 #ae #bb #d4 ,w4 #be #ah #e4 ,b4 #h #aa #f4 ,w4 #bi #be #g4 ,b4 #d #h #h4 ,w4 #be #bb #i4 ,b4 #ab #af #aj4 ,w4 #bd #bj #aa4 ,b4 #aj #ae #ab4 ,w4 #ba #ag #ac4 ,b4 #g #aj #ad4 ,w4 #bg #bd #ae4 ,b4 #h #ab #af4 ,w4 #ag #ac #ag4 ,b4 #i #ad #ah4 ,w4 #ah #i #ai4 ,b4 #e #ad #bj4 ,w4 #bd #ai #ba4 ,b4 #ae #bd #bb4 ,w4 #bh #ai #bc4 ,b4 #ad #ag #bd4 ,w4 #cb #bg #be4 ,b4 #aj #ad #bf4 ,w4 #bg #bd #bg4 ,b4 #c #g #bh4 ,w4 #cj #be #bi4 ,b4 #f #i #cj4 ,w4 #ac #f #ca4 ,b4 #a #aj #cb4 ,w4 #bb #ac #cc4 ,b4 #ad #ah #cd4 ,w4 #bc #ad #ce4 ,b4 #af #cj #cf4 ,w4 #be #ba #cg4 ,b4 #aj #ag #ch4 ,w4 #ba #ad #ci4 ,b4 #cj #be #dj4 ,w4 #ad #i #da4 ,b4 #aa #ae #db4 ,w4 #i #f #dc4 ,b4 #b #i #dd4 ,w4 #ac #f #de4 ,b4 #ae #ah #df4 ,w4 #f #b #dg4 ,b4 #g #aj #dh4 ,w4 #b #f #di4 ,b4 #aj #ad #ej4 ,w4 #f #i #ea4 ,b4 #be #ba #eb4 ,w4 #ca #bf #ec4 ,b4 #ad #ag c4 ,drawn4 ,,fireworks4 ,our book is int5d$ = ! gratification ( boys4 ,we "k full well ! int5se delight tak5 by boys 9 risk+ _! limbs or _! lives1 especially :5 su* risk is accompani$ ) noise4 ,boys always h done s1 & always w d s 9 spite ( ! v be/ ( advice or precautions4 ,z1 !re=e1 x is impossible to keep !m f mak+ noises & endang]+ !mselves1 we h 9 ! foll[+ pages endeav\r$ to %[ !m h[ to make z mu* noise z possible ) z little dang] z possible4 ,:at is !re t makes ! mo/ noise & is mo/ dang]\s8 ,gunp[d]1 ( c\rse4 ,!re=e1 we h giv5 descriptions ( ! be/ me?ods ( employ+ ?is mat]ial1 feel+ q sure t ( accid5ts ) gunp[d] n9e out ( e t5 are caus$ by ignorance4 ,we knew a boy :o lo/ ! use ( a ?umb1 & took all ! sk9 (f ! palm ( 8 "r h&1 by ignorant managem5t ( p[d]4 ,he _h read ( bla/+ rocks1 & no?+ w\ld satisfy him b bla/+ a bank4 ,s he bor$ a deep hole 9 x ) a /ick1 fill$ ! hole ) gunp[d]1 & !n pok$ a light$ lucif] into ! p[d]4 ,! consequ5ce 01 t 8 face 0 s scor*$ z n to be recognis$1 all 8 eyebr[s & eyela%es & mo/ ( 8 hair 7 burn$ (f1 :ile 8 "r h& 0 injur$ z has be5 already m5tion$4 ,n[ t boy _h be5 /udi\sly kept out ( ! way ( p[d] by female relatives1 & 0 naturally pr(\ndly ignorant ( its effects4 ,_h he be5 taught to h&le x1 he w\ld n n[ be =c$ to keep 8 "r h& clos$1 or to write by hold+ ! p5 betwe5 ! f+]s ( 8 cl5*$ h&4 ,,gunp[d]4 ,x w n be v advisable = ! firework boy to make 8 own p[d]1 b /ill x w n be amiss t he %\ld "k h[ x is prep>$4 ,pulv]ise sep>ately #e drams ( nitrate ( potass1 #a dram ( sulphur1 & #a dram ( newly burnt *>coal1 mix !m toge!r 9 a mort> ) a little wat]1 s z to make ! comp\nd into a d\gh1 :i* roll out into r\nd pieces ( ! ?ickness ( a p9 ^u a slab4 ,?is mu/ be done by mov+ a bo>d backw>ds & =w>ds until ! d\gh is ( a prop] size4 ,:5 ?ree or f\r ( ^! pieces are ready put !m toge!r ?us1-- ,illu/ration & cut !m (f into small gra9s4 ,place ^! gra9s on a %eet ( pap] 9 a w>m place :]e !y w soon dry1 b away f a fire4 ,dur+ granulation ! d\gh mu/ be prev5t$ f /ick+ by us+ a little ( ! dry comp\nd p[d]4 ,?is mode ( granulation1 ?\gh t$i\s1 is ! only "o to be us$ = s small a quantity = ! sake ( exp]im5t4 ,9 mak+ p[d] 9 a l>ge way x is granulat$ by pass+ ! composition ?r\gh sieves4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,make ,,t\*-,,pap]4 ,dissolve 9 a little spirits ( w9e or v9eg> a little saltpetre1 !n take "s purple or blue pap]1 & wet x ) ! above liquor & x w be fit = use4 ,:5 pa/+ pap] on any ( ! foll[+ works take c>e t ! pa/e does n t\* t "p :i* is to burn4 ,! me?od ( us+ ?is pap] is to cut x into slips long en\gh to g once r\nd ! m\? ( a s]p5t1 crack]1 c4 ,,cases ,,= ,,squibs1 ,,fl[]-,,pots1 ,,rockets1 ,,roman ,,c&les1 ,,etc4 ,procure a h>d wood5 cyl9d]1 or1 if possible1 "o made ( metal1 ^: diamet] corresponds ) t ( ! int]ior ( ! propos$ case4 ,roll r\nd x sev]al folds ( c>tridge pap]1 & pa/e ! edges well1 s t x may be held securely4 ,tie x r\nd until dry4 ,illu/ration ,,to ,,*oke ,,! ,,cases4 ,:5 ! cases are ?us made !y w require to be ti$ at ! l[] end4 ,?is is call$ *ok+ !m1 & z mu* =ce is requir$ x is necess>y4 ,fix a wire into a small solid cyl9d] 7d74 ,take ano!r %ort piece 7b7 an in* or two long1 ) a hole up x to admit ! o!r end ( ! wire1 fit x on & pass x up ! case4 ,!n hav+ fa/5$ a piece ( :ipcord to a po/1 w9d x r\nd ! "p left holl[ by ! wire1 :i* %\ld be ab\t half an in* f ! end2 pull x tight ) ! "r h& & "w ! case r\nd ) ! left4 ,cut out a piece ( t\* pap] two in*es long & an in* & a half broad1 w9d x r\nd ! *oke1 & tie x on ) a piece ( f9e /r+--twi/ x to a po9t4 ,! cases are be/ *ok$ :ile damp4 ,illu/ration ,,composition ,,= ,,squibs1 ,,etc4 ,gunp[d] half a p\nd1 *>coal #a ounce1 brim/one #a ounce1 or 9 l proportion2 gr9d !m 9 a mull] or p\nd !m 9 a mort>4 ,or y may take #a "p /eel fil+s1 #a *>coal1 #a sulphur1 & #d p[d]1 :i* is a v good mixture1 & c be rubb$ toge!r 9 a mort>4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,fill ,,! ,,cases4 ,y\r cases mu/ be v dry :5 ready1 & %\ld be put into an iron or wood5 m\ld2 fir/ put 9 a ?imble full ( y\r p[d]1 & ram x d[n v h>d ) y\r rul]1 !n put 9 a little m till ! case is full1 ramm+ x d[n h>d e "t4 ,if y h no m\ld1 hold ! case 9 y\r left h& ) ! twi/$ t\*-pap] d[nw>ds1 & fill x aft] ! same mann]4 ,:5 y h fill$ )9 an in* ( ! top1 fill up ?is ) loose p[d] n ramm$1 = a bang1 & fold 9 ! ends2 aft] fill+ a doz5 or two melt "s pit* 9 a small ladle1 & sme> ! ends ( ! case ) x by means ( a small bru%4 ,,to ,,make ,,crack]s4 ,cut "s /\t c>tridge-pap] into pieces ?ree in*es & a half broad & "o foot long1 fold d[n "o edge ( ^! pieces l5g?wise ab\t ?ree qu>t]s ( an in* broad1 !n fold ! d\ble edge d[n a qu>t] ( an in*1 & turn ! s+le edge back half ov] ! d\ble fold4 ,op5 x1 & lay all along ! *annel :i* is =m$ by ! fold+ ( ! pap] "s meal p[d]1 !n fold x ov] & ov] till ! pap] is d\bl$ up1 rubb+ x d[n at e turn2 ?is be+ done b5d x backw>ds & =w>ds two in*es & a half1 or !reab\ts1 at a "t1 z (t5 z ! pap] w all[4 ,hold all ^! folds flat & close1 & ) a small p9*+ cord give "o turn r\nd ! middle ( ! crack] & p9* x close2 b9d x ) pack?read z tight z y c1 !n 9 ! place :]e x 0 p9*$ prime "o end & cap x ) t\*-pap]4 ,:5 ^! crack]s are fir$ !y w give a l\d report at e turn ( ! pap]2 if y want a great numb] ( ^!1 y h only to cut ! pap] long]1 or jo9 x on to a great] l5g?2 b if !y are made v long y mu/ h a piece ( wood ) a groove 9 x deep en\gh to let 9 half ! crack]1 :i* w hold x /raight :ile y are p9*+ x4 ,illu/ration ,,roman ,,c&les ,,& ,,/>s4 ,illu/ration ,^! are be/ made ) ! foll[+ +r$i5ts3 #a ounce ( p[d]1 #a ounce ( sulphur1 & #b ounces ( nitre4 ,"s p]sons1 h[ev]1 pref] #a "p sulphur1 #a *>coal1 #a iron fil+s1 #d ( p[d]1 & #h ( nitre4 ,! composition be+ made1 9 fill+ ! cases fill ! contr>y way to a squib--/op up ! *oke by driv+ d[n a piece ( pap]4 ,put 9 #a quill ( gunp[d] loose & #a /> made 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 #a ounce ( camphor1 #a ( sulphur1 #b ( meal p[d]1 #a ounce ( ! col\r$ fires1 moi/5 !m ) oil ( turp5t9e1 & "w !m into little r\nd balls4 ,hav+ plac$ a /> )9 ! case1 put 9 above x #c quills ( ! composition1 ram d[n1 !n p[d]1 />1 & composition alt]nately1 till ! case is full4 ,pa/e t\*-pap] r\nd ! top & twi/ to a po9t4 ,,rockets4 ,illu/ration ,!re are sev]al recipes = mak+ rockets1 ! be/ ( :i* is #c ounces ( *>coal1 #f ( sulphur1 #h ( nitre1 #cb ( meal p[d]4 ,ano!r v good "o is1 #c ounces ( iron fil+s1 #d ( p[d]$ *>coal1 #h ( sulphur1 #af ( nitre1 & #fd ( meal p[d]4 ,if a small] quantity is want$ divide ea* proportion by #b1 if a /ill small] divide by #d4 ,9 ?is cut s is ! loose gunp[d] ) eight or t5 />s ^u x2 c is t "p ( ! rocket 9 :i* ! composition is to be ramm$ h>d1 p ! prim+ or quick mat*1 t ! t\* pap]4 ,! cases are to be put into a m\ld & ! composition mu/ be well ramm$4 ,! cases %\ld be f\r times ! ?ickness ( ^? = squibs4 ,,ra9s4 ,illu/ration ,sometimes gold or silv] ra9s are add$ to rockets1 :i* give !m a v beautiful appe>ance4 ,a gold ra9 is made ( #b p>ts sawdu/1 #d sulphur1 #d meal p[d]1 #f glass du/1 #af nitre1 9 all #cb p>ts4 ,a silv] ra9 may be made ( #b p>ts salt prunella1 #h sulphuret ( antimony1 #h sulphur1 #h meal p[d]1 & #ad nitre1 9 all #cb p>ts4 ,,ca!r9e ,,:eels4 ,^! are v pretty fireworks1 & are made to turn on a pivot4 ,!re are _m recipes = ! composition ( :i* !y are =m$2 #a "p camphor1 #a sulphur1 #a nitre1 #b meal p[d]4 ,ano!r is1 #c p>ts iron fil+s1 #d sulphur1 #ab nitre1 #af meal p[d]4 ,?is composition is to be ramm$ into small cases1 & b\nd r\nd a small :eel1 hav+ a hole = a pivot 9 ! c5tre4 ,,v>i\s ,,col\r$ ,,fires4 ,! foll[+ recipes w give ! "y firework mak] a great v>iety ( ! mo/ beautiful fires4 ,!y %\ld nev] be fir$ 9 a room1 h[ev]1 & always away f a dwell+4 ,,crimson ,,fire4 ,! pr9cipal +r$i5t 9 ?is is nitrate ( /rontium1 ( :i* #dj p>ts are tak51 ) #ac ( sulphur1 #ae ( *lorate ( potass1 #d ( sulphuret ( antimony1 & #b ( lamp-black4 ,^!1 z all ! +r$i5ts = ! o!r fires1 %\ld be rubb$ 9 a ladle1 & !y may be us$ 9 a ladle or iron di% set on ! gr\nd4 ,,blue ,,fire4 ,! +r$i5ts ( blue fire are #bj p>ts2 #ab ( nitre1 #d ( sulphur1 #b ( sulphuret ( antimony1 & #b ( lamp-black4 ,,gre5 ,,fire4 ,! +r$i5ts = gre5 fire are 9 #ed p>ts2 #db ( nitrate ( b>ytes1 #h ( sulphur1 #c ( *lorate ( potass1 & #a ( lamp-black4 ,,purple ,,fire4 ,! be/ recipe = purple fire is ( #fj p>ts2 #be ( nitre1 #be ( nitrate ( /rontium1 #g ( sulphur1 #b ( realgor1 & #a ( lamp-black4 ,,:ite ,,fire4 ,! be/ & pure/ :ite fire is made ( #bd p>ts ( nitre1 #g ( sulphur1 #b ( r$ ars5ic1 & #a ( lamp-black4 ,,spur ,,fire4 #i p>ts ( nitre1 #d ( sulphur1 & #c ( lamp-black1 well rubb$ toge!r4 ,,blue ,,lights4 ,^! are made ( #d p>ts ( sulphur1 #b ( nitre1 & #a ( p[d]1 & are ramm$ into squib-cases ! contr>y way4 ,,port ,,or ,,wildfires4 ,saltpetre #d p>ts1 meal p[d] #f p>ts1 & sulphur #c p>ts4 ,! composition to be moi/5$ ) l9se$ oil4 ,,sl[ ,,fire ,,= ,,:eels4 ,saltpetre #d p>ts1 sulphur #b p>ts1 & meal p[d] #b p>ts4 ,,dead ,,fire ,,= ,,:eels4 ,saltpetre #e p>ts1 sulphur #a "p1 lapis calam9>is #a "p1 & antimony #a "p4 ,,cautions4 ,su* are ! pr9ciples & me?ods by :i* fireworks may be made2 b we w\ld advise our "y fri5ds to be v cauti\s1 & nev] to attempt mak+ any fireworks by c&le-light2 always to select "s ou?\se = _! op]ations2 to see t no iron or /eel implem5ts are ab\t ! place 9 :i* _! fireworks are be+ manufactur$1 or !y may g (f be=e !y wi% x2 to use wood5 or brass implem5ts 9 ! bruis+1 gr9d+1 & sift+ ( _! mixtures2 & nev] to br+ ! fireworks1 or any ( _! +r$i5ts1 into ! dwell+-h\se1 or !y may sudd5ly receive a 8,heavy bl[ & great disc\ragem5t40 ,,to ,,make ,,an ,,illum9at$ ,,spiral ,,:eel4 ,illu/ration ,procure a circul> horizontal :eel two feet 9 diamet] ) a hole q ?r\gh ! nave1 !n take f\r ?9 pieces ( deal ?ree feet long ea*1 & ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* broad ea*4 ,"o end ( ea* ( ^! pieces is to be nail$ to ! felloe ( ! :eel at an equal di/ance f "o ano!r2 & ! o!r end nail$ to a block ) a hole 9 its bottom1 :i* mu/ be p]p5dicul> ) t 9 ! block ( ! :eel1 b n s l>ge4 ,! :eel be+ ?us made1 a hoop plan$ d[n v ?9 mu/ be nail$ to ! felloe ( ! :eel1 & w\nd r\nd ! f\r /icks 9 a spiral l9e f ! :eel to ! block at ! top2 on ! top ( ?is block a case ( ,*9ese fire mu/ be fix$1 & on ! :eel any numb] ( cases1 :i* mu/ incl9e d[nw>ds & burn two at a "t4 ,! axis ( ! :eel mu/ be a little long] ?an ! cone1 & made v smoo? at ! top1 on :i* ! upp] block is to turn & ! :ole weight ( ! :eel to re/4 ,! entire fram+ ( ! :eel1 ) its connect+ tubes1 is %[n 9 ! above cut4 ,,! ,,gr& ,,volute4 ,illu/ration ,%\ld my "y fri5ds wi% to prep>e a gr& volute illum9at$ ) a revolv+ :eel2 ! fir/ /ep is to procure a l>ge circul> :eel1 & on its rim lay z _m f\r-ounce cases z w complete ! circle1 only all[+ a suffici5t di/ance betwe5 ! cases t ! fire may pass free1 :i* may be done by cutt+ ! upp] "p ( ! end ( ea* a little %elv+4 ,on ea* spoke fix a f\r-ounce case ab\t ?ree in*es f ! rim ( ! :eel4 ,^! cases are to burn "o at a "t4 ,on ! front ( ! :eel =m a spiral l9e ) /rong wire1 on :i* tie port-fires1 plac+ !m on a slant ) _! m\?s to face ! same way z ! cases on ! :eel2 all ^! port fires mu/ be fir$ ) ! second cases ( ! :eel4 ,let !re be a s]ies ( wood5 spokes all made to screw into a block into ! c5tre4 ,:5 ! l>ge :eel beg9s to dis*>ge ! fireworks1 ! spiral :eel w ( c\rse revolve & produce a v beautiful illum9at$ cone4 ,a ,,brilliant ,,yew-,,tree4 ,to prep>e a brilliant yew-tree1 a frame l ! "o repres5t$ 9 ! draw+ mu/ be firmly atta*$ to ! gr\nd4 ,:5 ! bran*es are fix$1 place illum9at+ port-fires on ! top ( ea*1 z _m z is conv5i5t2 beh9d ! top ( ! /em fa/5 a g]b or :ite f\nta91 :i* mu/ be fir$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! illum9ation on ! tree4 ,a s]ies ( ^!1 v>y+ 9 ! angul> directions tak5 by ! b\ghs1 produce a v f9e effect4 ,illu/ration ,su* are a few g5]al directions respect+ ! mak+ ( fireworks2 b we h aga9 to advise our "y fri5ds to be cauti\s ( ! gunp[d]1 & to keep away f ! fire1 or f a light1 or f flames1 /eel1 iron1 or any o!r matt] likely to cause a sp>k4 ,illu/ration ,,g>d5+4 8',tis a delightful task ,to re> ! t5d] fl[]1 to see ! bud ,put =? its bloom1 ! little se$l+ spr\t ,f its d>k grove1 to meet ! sunbeams1 & ,to dr9k ! graci\s ra94 ,"h ,innoc5ce ,may well amuse h]self1 & bli! ,indu/ry ,make mate ) ants1 & bees1 & busy ?+s1 ,f morn to ev5+ daily40--,,m>t94 ,g>d5+ is "o ( ! mo/ delightful occupations = "y p]sons4 ,x comb9es innoc5t amusem5t1 ex]cise ( ! heal?ie/ k9d1 skill1 =e?\ght1 me?od1 ta/e1 & is full ( in/ruction1--lead+ ! m9d1 n only to ! wond]ful op]ations ( nature1 b to ! great ,orig9ator & ,pres]v] ( all ?+s4 ,g>d5+ 0 ! fir/ ( ! arts4 ,be=e man _h fall5 f 8 8high e/ate10 & lo/ 8 heir%ip ( heav51 he 0 plac$ by 8 ,creator 9 a g>d51 & ord]$ to dress x & to keep x4 ,! su/5ance ( man 9 all c\ntries is d]iv$1 directly or indirectly1 f ! vegetable k+dom3 x is suppos$ t he fir/ made 8 appe>ance 9 t f]tile & fruitful l& f :5ce we get our be/ grasses4 ,x 0 natural1 !n1 t "s rude k9d ( g>d5+ %\ld fir/ occupy ! att5tion ( primitive man4 ,9 a savage /ate1 n[1 9 _m c\ntries1 plants supply all ! wants ( man to an ext5t great] ev5 ?an we are apt to suppose1 f ! necessity & possibility ( a great] v>iety ( animal food 9 our own climate4 ,illu/ration3 ,,miscellane\s4--,,g>d5+1 ,,f5c+1 ,,etc4 ,f ! e>lie/ times ( pr(ane hi/ory1 g>d5s are allud$ to4 ,! g>d5s ( ! ,hesp]ides ab\nd$ ) fruit ( ! mo/ delici\s k9d1 & ! hang+ g>d5s ( ,babylon 7 among ! wond]s ( ! _w4 ,! g>d5s ( ! ,p]sians are call$ by ,x5ophon1 8delightful places1 f]tile & beautiful20 & ! g>d5s ( ,alc9\s ab\nd$ ) fruits1 grapes1 & v>i\s horticultural wond]s4 ,! philosoph]s ( ,a!ns walk$ 9 ornam5tal g>d5s1 among %ady groves1 /atues1 & f\nta9s4 ,!re are _m s-call$ /yles ( g>d5+1 b ^! are readily divisable into two v>ieties--! geometrical & natural /yle4 ,9 ! fir/ may be compris$ all g>d5s laid out ) /raight or geometrical l9es4 ,9 ! second1 :i* is (t5 call$ ! ,engli% /yle1 we include g>d5s & p>ks :]e ! irregul>ity t we obs]ve 9 pretty wild places1 or 9 ,nature's own g>d5s1 are pres]v$ m or less judici\sly & ta/efully4 ,on ! "o h&1 we take ,nature = a model2 on ! o!r1 we m]ely apply geometrical l9es to ! g>d5 & its cont5ts4 ,z ! geometrical g>d5 is m]ely a ?+ ( /raight l9es1 x is v mu* easi] to dispose ?an ! natural1 ) :i* a great _m p make sad mi/akes1 & !n blame ! /yle in/ead ( _! own ta/e4 ,x is v mu* easi] to make /raight walks1 & circles1 & figures ( all k9ds 9 a g>d51 ?an to imitate on a small scale ! v>iety1 & indef9ite1 ev]-pleas+ "* exhibit$ by ,nature :]e %e mo/ attracts u ) floral beauty4 ,h[ev]1 to see "s specim5s ( ! v>i\s /yles ( g>d5s w give a bett] idea ( _! wor?1 & ma9 features1 ?an any read+4 ,we w indicate a few ( ! places :]e good examples are to be se54 ,! ,cry/al ,palace is p]haps ! be/ place to obs]ve _! diff]5ces1 p>ticul>ly z mo/ boys visit t attractive place4 ,! great t]races & f\nta9s are1 ( c\rse1 9 ! geometrical /yle2 :ile ! m remote1 or out] p>ts ( ! gr\nds1 are a good example ( ! natural or ,engli% /yle ( lay+ out gr\nds4 ,! irregul> 8lakes10 surr\nd$ by vegetation1 ! rock cropp+ out "h & !re1 ! natural-look+ gr\p+ ( f9e trees1 & ! freely roll+ beautiful gre5 grass m\nds1 c4 are1 ?\gh p]haps n ! mo/ frequ5t$1 c]ta9ly among ! be/ features ( ! ,cry/al ,palace4 ,! ,royal ,botanic ,g>d5s 9 ! ,reg5t's ,p>k is also a good1 a v good example ( ! be/ me?od ( lay+ out g>d5s 9 ! ,engli% /yle4 ,x is disfigur$1 h[ev]1 by a small1 mean k9d ( geometrical g>d51 :i* we mu/ n be suppos$ to praise4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! g>d5 ( ! ,royal ,horticultural ,society at ,s\? ,k5s+ton is a capital example ( a completely opposite /yle--! ,italian & geometrical2 & once hav+ se5 ^!1 any boy c at once di/+ui% betwe5 ! two1 & probably say :i* he mo/ admires4 ,9 ,france1 dur+ ! reign ( ,l\is ,,xv41 ! bad & artificial me?od 0 c>ri$ to excess2--clipp$ h$ges1 always laid out 9 /raight l9es--fl[]-b$s tortur$ into fanta/ic %apes--trees cut into ! =m ( pyramid hay/acks1 animals1 c4 ,! g>d5s 7 l ! mann]s & dress ( t p]iod1 9 :i* sc>cely any?+ natural 0 left4 ,! ,dut* imitat$ ! ,fr5*3 & ?is k9d ( g>d5+ cont9u$ to prevail till attack$ by ,addison1 9 ! 8,spectator10 & ,pope1 9 8 ,f\r? ,moral ,epi/le4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,g>d5 ,,9 ,,! ,,"t ,,( ,,l\is ,,xv4 ,h[ev]1 ! boy's g>d5 is s small z a rule1 t to attempt any k9d ( ambiti\s 8lay+ out0 w\ld be nons5se2 & hav+ ?us expla9$ :at is meant by diff]5t 8/yles0 9 g>d5+1 we proce$ to %[ h[ ! boy's g>d5 %\ld be laid out4 ,,on ,,lay+ ,,out ,a ,,small ,,g>d54 ,illu/ration ,! size ( a piece ( gr\nd :i* we %\ld recomm5d to ! "y g>d5] ought to be ab\t #cc y>ds long1 & ab\t #be broad4 ,x %\ld be divid$ into f\r portions1 z 9 ! diagram4 ,a ,b ,c ,d are f\r pa?s1 #e feet wide1 :i* might be gravell$1 & ! edges %\ld be plant$ ) box1 or "s neat & t9y fl[]+ plant4 ,! bord]s %\ld be ab\t #b feet 9 wid?2 & ?is1 ) ! bread? ( ! pa?1 w take #i feet1 or #c y>ds1 f ! #be y>ds ( wid?2 :i* w leave #aa y>ds1 or #aa y>ds broad1 = ea* ( ! f\r comp>tm5ts4 ,! l5g? ( ! f\r comp>tm5ts--r$uc$ by #i feet1 or #c y>ds1 z be=e1 = ! cross-pa? & two bord]s--w all[ ea* ( ! f\r comp>tm5ts to be #ae y>ds 9 l5g?2 s t ea* qu>t] ( ! g>d5 w\ld conta9 #ae y>ds multipli$ by #aa y>ds1 & w\ld equal #afe squ>e y>ds1 :i* aga9 multipli$ by #d1 w\ld give #ffj squ>e y>ds ( surface1 :i* w\ld be amply suffici5t = a "y p]son to obta9 some?+ l an idea ( g>d5+1 & at ! same "t be a pr(itable advantage4 ,?is w be f\nd too l>ge1 h[ev]1 except = ^? :o wi% to "w at g>d5+ 9 e>ne/1 & h1 moreov]1 pl5ty ( "t & ?\ght to give to ! matt]4 ,"o half ! size w be f\nd to suit a great] numb]4 ,9 su*1 ! same plan & proportion+ may be c>ri$ out4 ,,plant+ ,,! ,,gr\nd ,,) ,,trees1 ,,fl[]s1 ,,etc4 ,9 ! =ego+ diagram1 ! bord]s are = fl[]s1 & ! o!r p>ts ( ! comp>tm5ts = ! rais+ ( vegetables2 b "h & !re a space %\ld be left = ! plant+ ( fruit-trees1 rose-trees1 currants1 gooseb]ries1 raspb]ries1 c4 ,! places m>k$ by dots 7997 are :]e fruit-trees may be plant$1 :i* %\ld consi/ ( "s ( ! be/ sorts ( apple1 *]ry1 pe>1 & plum-trees1 :i* ought to be plant$ f f\r to five y>ds ap>t4 ,9 ! bord]s1 rose-trees1 bo? ( ! /&>d & common k9d1 might be plant$1 z indicat$ by ! dots 79972 & at ! f\r corn]s1 :]e ! pa?s int]sect1 climb+-roses %\ld be plac$1 hav+ /rong poles ^u :i* _! t5drils & bran*es may run4 ,! spaces 9 ! bord] may be appropriat$ to ! v>i\s k9ds ( fl[]s1 at ! *oice ( ! "y g>d5]4 ,,! ,,noble/ ,,k9d ,,( ,,g>d5+ ,,= ,,boys4 ,!re is "o k9d ( g>d5+ ! results ( :i* w af=d a high] satisfaction to boys1 :5 !y become m51 ?an any o!r pa/ime or ex]cise !y c possibly engage 91 & t is ! plant+ ( f9e h>dy trees4 ,^! w n require mu* att5tion1 or any beyond ! plant+4 ,!y w gr[ freely & vigor\sly :5 y are at s*ool or asleep1 soon f9d _! own supply ( moi/ure by /rik+ _! roots deeply into ! gr\nd1 & are able to )/& our cold & cl\dy climate at all seasons4 ,ne>ly all intellig5t & educat$ m5 are admir]s ( f9e trees4 ,_m :o c>e no?+ ab\t our ord9>y l[-ly+ plants1 take ! highe/ int]e/ 9 f9e h>dy trees--! late ,pr9ce ,consort & ! pres5t ,emp]or ( ! ,fr5*1 = in/ance4 ,g5]ally we display ?is int]e/ 9 trees by plant+ !m ext5sively :5 we come to be m52 b h[ mu* w\ld _m lov]s ( trees n give to h comm5c$ _! tree-plant+ at an e>ly age1 s t !y might walk "u giant groves ( _! own plant+6 ,! ,indian says1 8,he has n liv$ 9 va9 :o has plant$ a tree20 & c]ta9ly x is a noble ?+ to embelli% ! e>? ) its f9e/ ornam5ts1 & plant t9y %oots t w 9 "t become great trees1 & %$ leaves ov] ! graves ( our *ildr5 = ages4 ,& x is well to obs]ve 9 ! beg9n+1 t a tree ( ?or\ghly h>dy & vigor\s disposition is "o ( ! mo/ la/+ ?+s on e>?4 ,?\gh a liv+ ?+1 susceptible1 l ourselves1 ( almo/ e *ange ( atmosph]e1 cold or heat1 x (t5 survives great monum5ts ( /one1 & may live & see ext+ui%$ n only _m g5]ations ( m5 b ev5 ! lives ( nations4 ,! age ( _m trees has be5 comput$ ^u fair pro( to be great] ?an t ( ! ,pyramids ( ,egypt4 ,!re are trees 9 ,am]ica :i* 7 ( colossal developm5t ere t c\ntry 0 discov]$1 s t ! gr[? ( a mighty nation may require b little "t comp>$ to t witness$ by ! giant ,well+tonia1 ^: b>k y may h se5 at ! ,cry/al ,palace4 ,9 our own c\ntry ! age ( _m oaks & yews is prov]bial4 ,b ap>t altoge!r f ! mighty age :i* our f9e/ trees atta91 let u v5]ate !m = _! beauty1 dignity1 & utility4 ,:at s full ( life & *ange1 s inexhau/ive 9 _! well-built & subtle ramifications1 z ! bran*es & bran*lets ( a f9e tree6 8,! pill>s ( ! valleys1 ! fr+es ( ! hills10 z an eloqu5t writ] calls !m1 8s /ately1 s et]nal0 are1 :ile ! mo/ useful ( all ?+s to man1 at ! same "t ! mo/ beautiful natural objects :i* he c contemplate4 ,no?+ adds s mu* to ! beauty ( p>k1 pleasure gr\nd1 or g>d51 z ! plant+ ( h&some & suitable trees3 9 fact1 !y are ! only true & pleas+ ornam5ts ( su*4 ,:at con/itutes ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! aspect ( nak$1 bla/-swept1 & desolate-look+ hea?s1 or l[l&--monoton\s gr\nd ( any k9d1 9 fact--& "o ( ^? gr& p>ks ( old ,engl&1 say ,goodwood1 or ,ri*mond1 or inde$ any pleasure gr\nd su* z y may see 9 almo/ e p>i%1 ) e %ady f]ny corn]1 or lane op5+1 or tree-fr+$ slop+ grass m\nd1 a picture ( fre% & *angeful lovel9ess8 ,:y1 simply ! pres5ce ( trees4 ,) !m y may imp>t e *>m to ! wilde/ hea? or flatte/ prairie--) !m ! highe/ & gr&e/ beauty may be imp>t$ to ! *>m+ly undulat$ surface ( a great "p ( ! ,briti% ,isles4 ,s mu* = ! trees & _! attractions4 ,:at is next to be done8 ,x is to be hop$ t e boy fond ( g>d5+ has already made up 8 m9d to plant a tree1 or sev]al4 ,we h se5 a great _m little boys' g>d5s1 b x 0 ! fate ( mo/ ( !m to become disus$ & neglect$1 dug up or =gott51 :5 ! little g>d5]s _h arriv$ at ! 8big boy10 or manhood /age4 ,! inmates be+ small & fleet+1 ( c\rse e trace soon dep>t$4 ,b by adopt+ ! k9d ( g>d5+ "h recomm5d$1 a pleas+ & /ately s\v5ir ( pleasant e>ly days w be ! result4 ,x mu/ n1 h[ev]1 be attempt$ 9 ! ord9>y little boy's g>d51 :i* is usually a small pat* "u a wall1 or 9 "s obscure spot totally unfit = trees4 ,if y once make up y\r m9d to plant a tree1 ! fir/ ?+ to d is to *oose a good position = x4 ,x %\ld be "o 9 :i* x w gr[ well1 & 9 :i* ! tree w n be 9 ! way ( any?+ else4 ,?is w save x f be+ di/urb$ aft] x gets to "s size1 & y\r hopes f be+ disappo9t$ 9 a way y lea/ expect$4 ,& la/ly1 x w be v desirable to s place ! tree t its effect :5 gr[n up may be a good & beautiful "o4 ,x is1 = in/ance1 v bad managem5t to plant ! noble ,well+tonia1 or ,c$> ( ,lebanon1 ne> a h\se4 ,?is is v (t5 done 9 suburban & villa g>d5s1 b if ! trees atta9 _! natural size !y spoil ! h\se1 or mu/ be cut d[n4 ,! f9e/ c$> ( ,lebanon we "k ( is plant$ )9 tw5ty feet ( a h\se1 & completely ov]%ad[s x2 yet s noble is ! tree t ! own] w\ld n t\* x on any acc\nt3 he w\ld give a great deal1 h[ev]1 to h x 9 a prop] position4 ,! plant+ ( a l>ge k9d ( tree :]e x may1 :5 gr[n up1 /op a pleasant view1 is also a great mi/ake4 ,f ^! in/ances x w be se5 t ! position is a subject ( ! highe/ importance 9 tree-plant+4 ,n[1 z ( c\rse e boy _c be a judge ( tree-plant+1 x w be f\nd ! be/ plan to consult papa or ! g>d5] ab\t x4 ,!y w be s well pleas$ at ! idea ( y\r plant+ a tree in/ead ( a g]anium or a wallfl[]1 t y are sure to be enc\rag$ ) advice & assi/ance4 ,to plant x 9 ! ord9>y boys' g>d5 w\ld be a great mi/ake4 ,x %\ld be at once put 9 a position 9 :i* x might fl\ri% undi/urb$ = ages4 ,g5]ally1 h>dy trees are n fa/idi\s z to soil4 ,m]e plant+ is all ! noble h>dy a%1 ! graceful bir*--! lady ( ! woods--! spread+ bee*1 & o!rs ( our native trees require4 ,b :5 we come to plant ! gr&e/ ( all trees--! ,well+tonia & ! ,c$> ( ,lebanon1 ) _m ( ! nobl] p9es ( ,nor? ,am]ica--if ! soil be n naturally v good1 we mu/ make a prep>ation = ! "y plant4 ,?is is to be done by digg+ out a hole & tak+ ! bad soil out at ! bottom1 leav+ ! top spit at "o side1 & !n fill+ 9 ! op5+1 say six feet wide or s1 ) good soil tak5 f a pa/ure & *opp$ up ) a spade4 ,?is %\ld be rais$ above ! surface to all[ = subsequ5t s9k+1 & also to keep ! neck ( ! "y tree a little above ! level gr\nd4 ,! "p meant by ! neck1 is ! base ( ! /em1 or1 9 o!r words1 ! "p :]e root beg9s & /em t]m9ates4 ,z mo/ g>d5s or pleasure gr\nds are well dra9$1 ! little plant] is n likely to h mu* to cont5d ) on t score1 b :]e ! bottom or l[] soil is ( a disagreeable nature1 g>d5]s v (t5 place a quantity ( brok5 bricks or r\gh /ones 9 ! bottom ( ! hole1 & ov] !m place turf to prev5t ! top soil f fall+ d[n4 ,! be/ "t = plant+ is 9 ! autumn--say ,septemb]1 ,octob]1 or ,novemb]2 b any "t ?r\gh ! autumn1 w9t]1 or e>ly spr+ w d1 provid$ ! gr\nd be n saturat$ ) ra91 & all o!r circum/ances be fav\rable4 ,! *oos+ ( a good "y tree is an important po9t4 ,d n h any?+ to d ) ^? gr[n 9 pots2 ! roots ( su* are usually contort$ r\nd ! ball1 & 9 a v bad condition to make good trees4 ,nice symmetrical plants gr[+ 9 a nurs]y1 say at ab\t f two to f\r feet high1 are ! be/4 ,! price ( ev5 ! be/ ( su* w n am\nt to m ?an t ( an ord9>y toy1 :ile 9 ! case ( ! common native trees1 & su* ?+s z ! will[s1 t gr[ freely f a suck]1 x is a m]e trifle4 ,inde$1 9 ! case ( boys :o live :]e !re is any?+ l an ext5sive g>d5 or gr\nds1 mo/ probably good "y trees w be at h& ready to plant4 ,x w be well to h ! assi/ance ( ! g>d5] 9 plant+ a r>e ?+ l ! ,well+tonia1 ?\gh aft] a little practice an intellig5t boy c d x easily4 ,! ma9 po9ts are1 to place ! roots ( ! tree on soil made pretty firm1 to spread ! roots out c>efully be=e cov]+ !m1 & f9ally1 if ! wea!r or soil %\ld happ5 to be v dry1 to give ! gr\nd a ?or\gh soak+ ( wat]4 ,?is w refre% ! little root fibres1 make !m 8take k9dly to ! e>?10 &1 9 %ort1 put ! little tree 9 a fair way = its long life4 ,& z boys may frequ5tly h occasion to wat] _! g>d5s1 z well z o!r p1 we may assure !m t "o ?or\gh good wat]+ is bett] ?an a doz5 bad ones4 ,a bad wat]+ is "o 9 :i* ! surface ( ! soil is m]ely wett$1 & if y poke d[n a little way y f9d ! soil q dry3 a good wat]+ is "o 9 :i* ! wat] desc5ds deep & f> into ! soil1 z deep or deep] ?an ! roots g1 9 fact4 ,! dragg+ ab\t ( wat] 9 pots is a v labori\s & awkw>d affair4 ,if ! little g>d5] c secure ! loan ( ! wat]-b>rel on :eels1 & h x fill$ q full1 & ! cont5ts g5tly suppli$ to ! root ( 8 tree1 he w save himself mu* tr\ble1 & probably h no fur!r att5tion to pay to x 9 t way dur+ ! c\rse ( 8 life4 ,by ! way1 h y ev] he>d ! little /ory ab\t ! fam\s ,jean ,jacques ,r\sseau & 8 little tree8 ,if n1 "h x is4 ,:5 he 0 a little pupil ab\t t5 ye>s ( age1 8 ma/] plant$ a walnut-tree to give a grateful %ade to a place imm$iately outside ! h\se4 ,! plant+ ( ?is walnut-tree 0 att5d$ ) "s c]emony1 little ,r\sseau & 8 fri5d1 a fell[-bo>d]1 act+ z godfa!rs1 s++ songs ( triumph ar\nd x4 ,! ma/] & 8 assi/ants =m$ a k9d ( bas9 ar\nd ! tree1 or1 9 o!r words1 made a little embankm5t ( e>? ar\nd x1 s t ! wat] c\ld n escape4 ,jean ,jacques & 8 companion saw & 7 mu* int]e/$ 9 all ?is1 made up _! m9ds t x 0 a nobl] ?+ to plant trees ?an to plant col\rs on a brea*1 & at once became v anxi\s to plant4 ,?is !y soon did by cutt+ a slip ( will[1 & plant+ x ) due c]emony on ! t]race ne> ! augu/ walnut-tree t _h be5 plant$ by ! ma/]4 ,!y made a bas9 ( e>? r\nd x 9 imitation ( ! bigg] "o1 & !n came _! gr& difficulty--h[ to wat] x4 ,!y 7 n p]mitt$ to fet* any1 or !y w\ld h gladly done s1 ?\gh x 0 at a di/ance4 ,! tree 0 safe = a %ort "t f "s cause or o!r1 & began to put =? a few leaves1 :i* !y hop$ w\ld 9 due "t af=d !m %elt] & %ade2 b hot days came1 & x 0 app>5t t unless ! little tree _h wat] x w\ld surely die4 ,:at 0 to be done8 ,well1 x is pretty evid5t t ei!r ( !m c\ld ?9k a little1 ev5 at t age1 = ! little rogues made up _! m9ds to make a t9y grass-cov]$ canal betwe5 ! l>ge bas9 & _! little "o1 s t :5 ! ma/] came to wat] 8 big tree1 ! wat] might run f 8 bas9 to !irs6 ,_! fir/ essay fail$2 ! e>? fell 91 & !y 7 mis]able = a mom5t1 b soon set to "w aga94 ,?is "t !y cut an old box into n>r[ planks1 & l9$ ! furr[ ) !m1 made ! slope s t ! wat] w\ld be sure to run z desir$1 & cov]$ ! tr5* ov] s t nobody c\ld see x1 putt+ a grat+ ( twigs ov] ! upp] end1 s z to hide appe>ances & keep out rubbi%1 & wait$ 9 hope & fe> = ! result4 ,! ma/] & 8 m5 came & p\r$ 9 ! wat]1 :i* soon ran ?r\gh ! furr[ to ! little tree4 ,?is 0 too mu* = our o!rwise sagaci\s little g>d5]s4 ,!y ro>$ ) delight at ! success ( _! plan1 & betray$ x to ! ma/]1 :o imm$iately s5t = a pick-axe1 & cut up _! little tr5*1 %\t+ at ! same "t1 8,an aqu$uct6 an aqu$uct60 ,!y 7 ( c\rse sorry1 b soon took he>t1 & plant$ ano!r tree1 :i* liv$ to be a big "o4 ,to h set ?is slip 9 competition ) a l>ge "o1 ,r\sseau tells1 gave him a degree ( glory he _h n kn[n be=e1 & says t he _h a ju/] idea ( x at t age ?an ,cs> _h at ?irty4 ,we w next turn to ! selection ( trees1 & to ! v>i\s wants ( ^? :o are likely to plant4 ,! mo/ popul> trees 9 ,engl& at pres5t are ^? noble ev]gre5 p9es4 ,!y are n all suit$ = t[n g>d5+1 b v mu* s = mo/ p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,ar\nd ! beautiful mausoleum rais$ to conta9 ! rema9s ( ! late ,pr9ce ,consort at ,frogmore1 !re is a r[ ( ^! trees1 mo/ly tap]+ & sl5d] 9 habit1 & v d>k gre54 ,!y h be5 plant$ by ! v>i\s memb]s ( ! ,royal family 9 memoriam4 ,! late ,pr9ce 0 v fond ( ^! p9e-trees1 & _m c\ntry g5tlem5 take ! greate/ int]e/ 9 _! plant+4 ,we m]ely tell y ?is to po9t out t ! plant+ ( trees is an object ( ambition ) _m ( ! be/ & ! highe/ 9 ! l&4 ,:5 ,h] ,maje/y1 & _m o!r di/+ui%$ p]sons1 visit a nobleman's place or a public p>k1 "o ( ! mo/ graceful acts !y c d is to plant a tree2 & ! cu/om is v g5]al4 ,let u hope1 !n1 t _m boys w imitate ! example ( ,r\sseau1 & say1 :y %\ld n we too plant trees8 ,b to return to our p9es1 or conif]s1 z !y are call$4 ,! race is a wond]fully beautiful "o--s mu* s1 t y mu/ take c>e1 or y may plant ?+s t w d v well = a few ye>s1 p]haps1 b get q kill$ by ! fir/ v sev]e fro/4 ,x is a sad sight to see a tree :i* has p]haps gr[n to consid]able size & beauty kill$ to ! v gr\nd by a fro/ su* z we _h 9 ,janu>y1 #ahff--"s ( our noble/ p9es p]i%$ !n2 & !re=e a li/ ( ! mo/ ?or\ghly h>dy k9ds mu/ prove useful4 ,! giant ,well+tonia ( ,cali=nia is =tunately h>dy 9 all p>ts ( ^! isl&s4 ,s is ! great arbor-vit ( ,nootka ,s\nd 7,?uja gigantea71 a specim5 ( :i* obta9$ ! fir/ prize = trees ( ?is k9d at ! great ,p>is ,exhibition4 ,"o ( ! mo/ beautiful ( all p9es1 "o :i* has its 8leaves10 or little bran*lets r1 z graceful z ^? ( a f]n1 is ,?ujiopsis borealis1 & x too is p]fectly h>dy4 ,we regret t h>d names mu/ be us$1 b !n1 z ?\s&s ( our plants are n natives ( ,engl&1 !y h ( c\rse no recognis$ ,engli% "n1 & to translate ! sci5tific "o w\ld simply produce an awkw>d b>b>ism4 ,9 addition to ! above1 ! foll[+ trees ( ?is f9e family may be plant$ ) ! confid5ce t we %all n see !m p]i% 9 ! vig\r & beauty ( y\?3--,lawson's cypress 7we give y ! ,engli% "n :]e possible74 ,ne>ly all k9ds ( junip]4 ,picea ,p9sapo1 nobilis1 & ,nordmanniana1 all noble trees--also amabilis & cephalonica4 ,abies ,alb]tii1 ,mor9da1 ,m5ziesii1 ! ,c$> ( ,lebanon1 & ! ,deod> c$>--^! are hurt n[ & !n1 b on ! :ole are h>dy en\gh g5]ally4 ,! common spruce fir2 ! ,scot* fir1 always a picturesque tree4 ,! decidu\s cypress1 a f9e tree = ! m>g9s ( wat]1 :]e aft] a "t its roots s5d up mo/ curi\s knobs1 9 _m cases ne>ly z big z a beehive1 above ! gr\nd4 ,x is q extraord9>y to see ! specim5s ( ?is noble tree 9 ! pleasure gr\nds at ,syon1 ! ,duke ( ,nor?umb]l&'s f9e place ne> ,br5t=d4 ,! new ,japanese l>* 7,l4 ,kmpf]i71 ! ,au/rian p9e1 ! ,swiss nut p9e 7,p4 ,cembra71 ! ,corsican p9e4 ,! y\?ful g>d5]1 :o lives ne> a l>ge nurs]y1 p>k1 or place l ,kew1 ,glasnev9 ,botanic ,g>d5s1 ne> ,dubl91 ! ,botanic ,g>d5s at ,ed9burgh1 ! g>d5s ( ! ,cry/al ,palace1 at ,syd5ham1 or _m places ( ?is k9d1 w\ld d well to exam9e specim5s ( ! k9ds nam$1 or inde$ any o!rs1 s t he may take 8 *oice2 mak+ sure to inquire1 h[ev]1 t ! p>ticul> k9d he selects is p]fectly h>dy3 a tree may be q h>dy 9 "o "p ( ! c\ntry1 & q t5d] 9 ano!r4 ,! curi\s & f9e monkey puzzle 7,arauc>ia imbricata71 = in/ance1 has be5 kill$ 9 "s p>ts by sev]e fro/s1 9 o!rs x has always escap$ ) impunity4 ,x is always easy to asc]ta9 facts ( ?is k9d 9 a neighb\rhood1 & ( c\rse we %\ld make a po9t ( cultivat+ ! ?+s t are be/ suit$ to our climate & soil4 ,s mu* = conif]\s trees4 ,we w next turn to a f> nobl] gr\p1 s f> z reg>ds our wants--decidu\s trees1 or ^? t lose _! leaves 9 w9t]4 ,^! are g5]ally q h>dy1 & make l>ge & long-liv$ trees4 ,!y may be gr[n 9 _m places :]e ! p9es w\ld n live1 & are !re=e admirably suit$ = places 9 & ne> t[ns4 ,!y %\ld be pref]r$ by all boys :o live 9 suburban g>d5s1 z 9 su* ! leaves ( p9es & ev]gre5s are sure to be soil$ & disfigur$1 if n half-kill$1 by smut4 ,_m ( ^! decidu\s trees fl[] beautifully1 & 9 n a few ! leaves1 ev5 9 our dull clime1 assume ri* & v>i$ t9ts 9 autumn4 ,! foll[+ li/ includes ! noble/1 be/1 & h>die/ kn[n3--,! great ,columbian maple1 ! silv]y maple 7,a4 erioc>pum71 ! r$ maple 7,a4 col*icum rubrum71 ! ,norway maple1 ! purple-leav$ sycamore1 & ! v>iegat$ negundo2 ! d\ble horse *esnut 7! fl[] ( ?is la/s v mu* long] ?an ! s+le k9d71 ! r$ *esnut1 ! ,hung>ian lime-tree1 & ! ,mississippi lime1 ! tree ( heav5 7,ailan?us gl&ulosa71 ! tulip-tree1 ! ,japanese sophora 7a noble tree1 f9e = dry soils71 ! ,k5tucky c(fee-tree 7n a l>ge tree1 b ) v graceful leaves71 ! haw?orns 9 v>iety1 bo? r$ & :ite4 ,"s ( ! haw?orns be> h&some fruit1 & ( su* ! mo/ di/9ct is ,aronia1 ,layi1 ,celsiana & ,d\glasii4 ,! fl[]+ a%1 ! %[y ,*9ese ,pyrus spectabilis1 ! ,am]ican a%1 ! ,canadian a% or lancewood2 ! ,corni%1 ,*i*e/]1 & ,iri% elms 7! la/ be+ a tree ( l>ge gr[?7 & also mo/ p>ticul>ly ! weep+ v>iety ( ! wy* elm2 ! black walnut1 & ! yell[-twigg$ will[2 ! silv]-leav$ popl>1 ! ,c>ol9a popl>1 & ( c\rse ! ,lomb>dy popl>2 ! spl5did we/]n plane1 :i* does s well 9 t[ns1 ! ,ea/]n plane1 & ! ,spani% plane4 ,la/ly1 we w "n ! noble oaks1 bo? ! ,am]ican & our own4 ,! ,am]ican oaks are among ! f9e/ trees ( ! _w4 ,! be/ ( !m are ,q4 ambigua1 ,pr9us1 ! *ampion oak1 ! sc>let oak1 ! black oak1 & ! will[ oak4 ,any ( ^! w =m long-liv$ & noble trees4 ,! prec$+ rem>ks & in/ructions g5]ally apply to ! wants ( boys ^: p>5ts h g>d5s ( "s size4 ,b a v l>ge class are n s =tunate--h n suffici5t space to develop a good tree1 & p]haps live 9 or ne> t[ns1 :]e x may be difficult to gr[ a good "o4 ,= conv5i5ce sake1 we w divide ^! into two classes--^? :o h small g>d5s 9 ! c\ntry1 & ^? :o h small g>d5s 9 or ne> t[ns or cities4 ,9 ! =m]1 x w be bett] to pay full att5tion to subjects ( a comp>atively dw>f ?\gh h>dy & long-liv$ habit1 & to f9e h>dy %rubs l ! hollies1 c4 ,except on ! v m>g9s ( a small c\ntry place1 x is a mi/ake to plant great trees1 z at "s "t !y are pretty sure to become an ov]%ad[+ nuisance1 too ne> ! h\se to be se5 to advantage1 & also too ne> to be agreeable or heal?ful4 ,( beautiful dw>f ev]gre5 trees suit$ = su*1 !re is no?+ bett] ?an ! comp>atively new ,ret9osporas1 :i* are at once graceful1 h>dy1 & beautiful4 ,!y are natives ( ,japan1 & 9 any l>ge nurs]y v>i\s h&some & comp>atively dw>f p9es may be select$ suitable = ! same purpose4 ,= ! t[n or suburban g>d5 ! be/ ?+s are decid$ly beautiful dw>f & free-fl[]+ decidu\s trees1 l ! almond1 ! v>i\s f9ely col\r$ d\ble pea*es1 ! beautiful d\ble *]ries1 ! ,*9ese crab1 ! silv]y eleagnus1 ! bett] k9ds ( haw?orn1 & if !re be room = a l>ge tree1 ! plane is ! be/4 ,( c\rse !re is great diff]5ce 9 ! climate & atmosph]e ( :at are call$ suburbs4 ,?us1 9 _m ( ! suburbs ( ,london x is ne>ly impossible to get a p9e-tree to live1 :ile 9 ! suburbs ( _m o!r t[ns & cities ! *oice/ trees fl\ri% freely4 ,b t5 or twelve ye>s' increase ( smoke & increase ( h\ses may make a sad diff]5ce to ! pleasante/ ( suburbs1 & ?+s t fl\ri%$ heal?fully at "o "t may gradually p]i% f increas+ smut & vil5ess ( atmosph]e4 ,! be/ trees ( ! p9e tribe = t[n plant+ are ! dw>f & beautiful ,?uja aurea1 well suit$1 f its dw>f size1 = ! pleasure gr\nd or fl[] g>d52 ! ,au/rian p9e1 ! common arbor-vit1 & p]haps a few o!rs2 b z a rule1 x is bett] n to plant p9es :]e !y w be expos$ to ! evil effects ( a city atmosph]e4 ,on ! o!r h&1 all trees t lose _! leaves 9 w9t] are likely to d well 9 su* places1 because !y are leafless & q at re/ 9 ! w9t]1 :5 e *imney is vomit+ =? poison1 & ! air is ?ick ) fil?4 ,!n1 :5 ! atmosph]e beg9s to cle>1 & ! spr+ returns1 !y put =? _! leaves & expose !m dur+ ! be/ ( ! ye>1 :ile ! poor p9e or ev]gre5 has to /& expos$ at all seasons4 ,,! ,,boy',s ,,fl[] ,,g>d54 ,( c\rse e boy :o c>es ab\t g>d5+ w h a little fl[] g>d54 ,t is ! fir/ ?+ he is likely to attempt1 &1 p]haps1 on ! :ole1 t :i* he may attempt ) ! greate/ c]ta9ty ( success4 ,a nice little v>i$ fl[] g>d5 is a s\rce ( int]e/ & pleasant ex]cise = a boy n9e mon?s out ( twelve4 ,b x is n by imitat+ ! common /yle ( fl[] g>d5 t a boy c make 8 little piece pretty & int]e/+ = ! l5g? ( "t we h nam$4 ,no?+ c be m bald & awkw>d-look+1 m mis]able 9 aspect1 ?an mo/ fl[] g>d5s he is likely to see at ! pres5t day2 & !re=e he mu/ n attempt to imitate !m1 b foll[ ! in/ructions to be pres5tly giv54 ,! reason :y ! great] numb] ( fl[] g>d5s ( ! pres5t "t are bad & mis]ably vulg>-look+1 is t ^? :o arrange !m simply use a few sorts ( plants1 & _m ( !m 9 great excess1 s t an oppressive k9d ( monotony is produc$1 :i* is any?+ b agreeable 9 ! fl[] g>d52 &1 besides1 ne>ly e fl[] g>d5 y ent] is v l e o!r--no life or int]e/ to be se5 9 !m z a rule2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 a great deal ( m]e gaud9ess4 ,9 addition to ^! dem]its1 ! ord9>y type ( fl[] g>d5 is usually fill$ ) t5d] plants--plants :i* mu/ be put out 9 ! gr\nd :5 ! fro/s are q gone1 9 ! beg9n+ ( ,june1 & tak5 up aga9 z soon z !y reappe> 9 autumn--leav+ ! gr\nd b>e = ! w9t] & long spr+4 ,n[1 ev5 if ?is 7 ! mo/ beautiful way ( manag+ a fl[] g>d51 x w\ld n suit ! boy g>d5]4 ,he has1 z a rule1 no "t to att5d to t5d] plants1 & if he once plants 8 g>d51 keeps x clean1 & adds a new memb] to x n[ & !n1 x is p]haps z mu* z c be expect$1 consid]+ h[ _m o!r ?+s he has to d4 ,besides1 he goes away to s*ool n[ & !n1 & :at is to become ( 8 t5d] plants !n8 ,mo/ boys w be pr\d to take c>e ( _! own ?+s1 & w be mu* bett] satisfi$ ) a h>dy little plant1 :i* _c suff] :5 !y g away = six weeks at a "t1 ?an ) "o t may g (f ) ! fir/ fro/4 ,cle>ly ! be/ ?+ = ! "y g>d5] to d is to cultivate ! mo/ int]e/+ & pretty ( ! h>dy fl[]s ( all seasons4 ,usually ^! are inf9itely m int]e/+ ?an ! t5d] exotics ( ! gr& fl[] g>d54 ,_m ( !m are ,engli% plants1 notably ! beautiful lily ( ! valley1 ! p9k1 ! c>nation1 ! graceful ,solomon's seal1 ! v>i\s lovely primroses & polyan?uses1 & a ho/ ( o!rs4 ,yes1 y w d mo/ wisely by adopt+ all ^? *>m+ old inmates ( our g>d5s1 :i*1 indep5d5tly ( _! associations1 are n to be surpass$ = _! beauty by any t5d]l+s4 ,x w be our pleasant duty to po9t out to y ! k9d t y may gr[ ) ! greate/ ease1 & pick out = y ! mo/ beautiful k9ds kn[n4 ,x is mo/ ess5tial to be v c>eful ab\t ! plants y put 9 y\r little fl[] g>d51 = y\r space is g5]ally small1 & !re is 9 consequ5ce ! great] necessity to take c>e t e spot ( x is occupi$ ) a 8good ?+10 z g>d5]s are wont to say4 ,!re are hundr$s ( plants m5tion$ 9 g>d5 books1 & sold 9 nurs]ies1 t are little bett] ?an we$s1 & :i* w\ld1 !re=e1 sadly disfigure y\r g>d54 ,pres5tly we %all write y a li/1 :i* may be implicitly dep5d$ ^u--e plant be+ beautiful1 h>dy1 & 9 all respects suit$ to y\r wants4 ,z boys are usually allott$ b a small portion ( bord] = _! fl[] g>d51 x is bett] to adopt ! mix$ bord] sy/em1 t is1 a mixture ( diff]5t k9ds1 ta/efully arrang$1 & h no?+ to d ) :at is call$ 8b$d+-out10 or plant+ great masses ( "o ?+4 ,by ! mix$ sy/em1 y w be enabl$ to enjoy a little ( ev]y?+1 & at all seasons1 f ! "t t ! crocus op5s its brightly-burni%$ gold5 blossoms 9 e>ly spr+1 till ! ,*ri/mas rose v5tures to %[ its l>ge :ite fl[]s 9 ! dep? ( w9t]4 ,d y l exquisitely col\r$ little fl[]s 9 ! dawn ( spr+--little brightly blue ?+s t 8come be=e ! swall[ d>es80 ,y c gr[ su* )\t exp5se or tr\ble 9 y\r little p>t]re4 ,! *>m+ bu%es ( dw>f %rubs1 & l>ge bord] fl[]s1 :i* bloom 9 ,may1 mu/ h *>ms = y z = all ( u1 & ^! too y may h 9 p]fection2 :ile ! roses ( ,june & ,july1 ! lilies ( ,augu/1 & ! gr& gladiolus ( ! autumn1 w all be p]fectly at home 9 y\r bord]s1 z w e good & beautiful fl[] g>d5 plant4 ,9 lay+ out y\r small pat* ( fl[] g>d51 x is be/ to conf9e y\rself to a c5tral b$ 7:i* may be squ>e1 r\nd1 or oval71 & bord]s ar\nd t1 & n to attempt any?+ elaborate 9 ! way ( lay+4 ,attempts to lay out small bits ( gr\nd 9 a geometrically elaborate or ,lilliputian imitation ( ! natural /yle1 is almo/ sure to end 9 ! production ( some?+ ridicul\s or cockneyfi$4 ,conf9e y\r att5tion *iefly to ! plants1 lay+ out ! gr\nd 9 a conv5i5t mann]4 ,let ! design be subord9ate altoge!r to ! plants4 ,all trivial artificial ornam5ts1 9 ! way ( %ells1 col\r$ gravel1 /atuettes1 sundials1 c4 %\ld be left out ( ! plan altoge!r4 ,! mo/ beautiful g>d5s are ^? 9 :i* plant-beauty1 & t alone1 is conspicu\s4 ,if y c make ! visitor =get all ab\t design--=get ev]y?+ b ! fact t he is 9 a beautiful & v>i$ g>d51 ) nature's own gems1 free & heal?y1 on e side1 y w atta9 ! highe/ success ( :i* ! anci5t art ( g>d5+ is capable4 ,we w suppose1 !n1 t y h select$ y\r little bit ( gr\nd4 ,! next ?+ to d is to prep>e x ?or\ghly4 ,n[1 9 ord9>y cases ?is is n half done4 ,we are go+ to recomm5d y to plant p]man5t ?+s1 plants :i* w n require removal = _m ye>s1 & y w n h a ?or\gh opportunity ( prep>+ ! gr\nd aft] y once plant4 ,!re=e1 ! prep>ation ( ! gr\nd is ( t5fold great] importance 9 y\r case ?an 9 t ( ! ord9>y g>d5]1 ^: b$s ( g]aniums1 or su*like1 are empty 9 w9t]1 s t he has an opportunity ( dress+ & digg+ !m e ye>4 ,be=e m>k+ ! walks or any?+ ( ! k9d1 :51 9 fact1 y\r little piece ( gr\nd comes into y\r h&s at fir/1 remove all matt]s f its surface1 add manure to x 9 abundance1 & h ! :ole dug z deep z y c g1 )\t br++ up ! bad subsoil at ! bottom4 ,if ! gr\nd be s&y1 s mu* ! bett]2 !n all y h d is to give x pl5ty ( c[1 or any o!r ri* manure t comes to h&4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 x be ( a clayey1 /iff1 t5aci\s nature1 l mu* ( ! gr\nd to ! nor? side ( ,london1 y mu/ act q diff]5tly4 ,mo/ pretty bord] plants l a light1 w>m1 free or s&y soil1 & abhor a heavy1 wet "o4 ,! way to cure1 if we may s speak1 or1 9 o!r words1 improve ! v /iff soil1 is to add pl5ty ( s&1 leaf-m\ld1 horse manure1 or gritty scrap+s f roads1 or any o!r loos5+ mat]ial ( ?is k9d t y c obta94 ,dig x 9 deep1 & dig ! gr\nd ov] aga91 s t x may be ?or\ghly incorporat$ ) ! soil4 ,all ?is %\ld be done 9 autumn1 if y h ! "t--9 e>ly autumn1 if possible4 ,:5 well done1 & ! gr\nd levell$1 !n y may m>k y\r little walks--) a l9e--& y\r c5tral b$2 & if 9 ?is op]ation y c get ! g>d5] to assi/ y1 d s by all means4 ,9 _m cases ! g>d5] gets ready ! boys' g>d51 & pres5ts x to him ready = plant+1 & t is ! be/ way2 = ! plant+ & att5tion requir$ aft]w>ds w be z mu* z y c d1 if y d x well4 ,a ^w or two z to edg+s = ! bord]s & ! b$4 ,don't h any?+ to d ) ^? na/y /one edg+s1 s mu* adv]tis$ ( late1 z !y look v ugly & out ( place 9 a g>d54 ,! neat little edg+ ( box is1 p]haps1 ! prettie/ z well z ! olde/ 9 exi/5ce4 ,b we are incl9$ to ?9k t little edg+s ( plants t fl[] are ! be/ = y\r case4 ,try to be orig9al ) y\r edg+ z ) ev]y?+ else1 if possible1 & :atev] may be us$ z an edg+ ne> y\r g>d51 avoid1 & h some?+ di/9ct4 ,we "k ( ab\t "o hundr$ pretty plants = mak+ edg+s1 b c only m5tion su* "h z y are likely to be able to obta9 )\t difficulty4 ,! be/ are ! rosy ?rift 7,arm]ia vulg>is rubra71 a lovely spr+ plant2 ! pretty little :ite & blue campanula pumila1 & its :ite v>iety2 ! l>ge blue g5tian ( ! ,alps 7,g4 aculis71 ?is is pl5tiful 9 ,scotl&1 b n ab\t ,london2 ! pretty little blue aubrietia1 to be obta9$ ev]y:]e2 ! v>iegat$ cocksfoot grass 7,dactylis glom]ata v>iegata2--:at a pity x is t we are oblig$ to use su* names72 & ! d\ble daisy 9 v>i\s col\rs4 ,%\ld y make a box edg+1 use ! dw>fe/ & be/ k9d2 & if y happ5 to notice any o!r dw>f h>dy plants t make ta/eful edg+s1 use any y fancy1 by all means4 ,! m v>iety we h ! bett]1 & ! only ?+ t x is p>ticul>ly desirable y %\ld avoid is any =ms ( ^? crock]y w>es1 or artificial /one edg+s1 z !y are all z bad & ugly z ne$ be4 ,we w n[ foll[ ) a li/ ( ! mo/ suitable plants = y\r g>d54 ,to ea* plant a figure w be atta*$1 to indicate ! position x %\ld occupy 9 y\r b$s or bord]s4 ,we w1 = conv5i5ce sake1 ?r[ ! v>i\s heights ( ! plants us$ into ?ree classes--#a1 = ! smalle/ plants1 or ^? fitt$ = ! front ( ! bord]2 #b1 = ! m$ium-siz$1 or ^? suitable = ! middle p>ts2 & f9ally1 #c1 = ! tall] k9ds1 :i* require to be plac$ at ! back1 or ne> ! back ( ! bord]4 ,d\btless y w make a po9t ( gr[+ ! rose2 t is des]v$ly ev]ybody's fav\rite4 ,y may plant ! rose ei!r 9 ! back "p ( y\r bord]1 z a /&>d 9 ! middle1 z a dw>f bu%1 or on ! front edge1 pegg$ d[n close to ! e>?--n a bad way ( gr[+ x1 by ! way4 ,b avoid ! /&>d rose1 if y c2 x is ugly1 awkw>d1 & by no means s satisfactory z a rose 8gr[+ ^u its own roots30 t means1 a k9d n graft$ ^u ano!r1 b q on its own res\rces4 ,roses g5]ally are graft$ ^u free gr[+ common k9ds1 kn[n z /ocks4 ,! mo/ pleas+ 9 ! end1 & by f> ! mo/ satisfactory1 are ! roses ^u _! own roots4 ,!y make dw>f b long-liv$ & vigor\s bu%es--! v be/ ?+s y c employ 9 ! middle p>ts ( y\r bord]s4 ,if !re be suffici5t room1 h a doz5 k9ds ( roses1 ea* diff]5t4 ,e spr+1 f dea?s dur+ ! w9t]1 & *anges ( "o k9d or ano!r1 y w h to look ov] y\r bord]s to fill up vacancies4 ,x is be/ done ab\t ! end ( ,may1 :5 y may exactly see ! /ate ( ! plants 9 ! bord]1 by fill+ up ! majority ( ^! vacancies ) ! bett] k9ds ( b$d+ plants1 c4 ,by do+ s y may enjoy bo? phases ( g>d5+--! beautiful & int]e/+ h>dy fl[]s1 to be pres5tly nam$1 & ! brilliant & common fl[]s ( ! summ] p>t]re1 ! pretty k9ds ( v]b5as1 ! dw>f & neat lobelias1 ! v>iegat$ & o!r g]aniums1 & 9 fact1 any k9d ( b$d+ plant t comes to h&4 ,next1 = ! selection ( ! m valuable & m uncommon h>dy fl[]s1 leav+ out all su* z are difficult to obta94 ,among all ! fl[]s ( spr+1 few are bett] kn[n ?an "s ( ! anemones--ap5n9a 7#a71 fulg5s 7#a71 coronata 7#a71 sylve/ris 7#a71 & ,honor9e ,iob]t 7#b71 are ! v be/4 ,among !m we h ! sweete/ blue1 ! brighte/ sc>let1 & ! pure/ :ite4 ,( ! columb9es 7,aquilegias71 ! be/ = y\r purposes are ! common bord] v>ieties4 ,!y are mo/ly fitt$ = ! c5tral l9e ( ! bord]4 ,( ! magnific5t delph9iums1 s ri*ly blue1 tall1 & /ately1 !re are _m beautiful new k9ds--s _m t ,i ne$ n enum]ate !m1 b mo/ nurs]ym5 are pretty sure to h v>ieties ( !m4 ,be+ tall1 !y are mo/ly suit$ = ! back1 or ne>ly ! back portions ( ! bord]s3 if y h a c5tral b$1 !y w also look v well t[>ds ! middle ( x4 ,by ! way1 ! middle ( su* b$ might well be devot$ to a *oice %rub or two1 say a good rhodod5dron or kalmia--t is1 if ! soil w\ld suit su*4 ,! peony is almo/ too big = su* little g>d5s2 b a plant or two may be v5tur$ 9 "s unimportant spot4 ,! yell[ ba*elor's button 7,ranunculus acris1 fl4 pl4 #b71 is v pretty1 & s exce$+ly is ,dielytra spectabilis 7#b74 ,baptisia au/ralis 7#c74 ,coronilla v>ia 7#b74 ,galega (fic9alis alba 7#c74 ,la?yrus gr&iflorus 7#c71 a climb+ plant1 v f9e = go+ up a l[ trellis4 ,! :ite & r$ ev]la/+ peas 7#c71 also climb]s4 ,orobus v]nus 7#b74 ,! p]5nial ,lup9 7#c74 ,a*illea gyptiacum 7#b71 ,a4 aurea 7#a71 ,a4 ,eupatorium 7#c71 & ,a4 millefolium roseum 7#b7--;all f9e & free4 ,( ,mi*aelmas daisies 7,a/]s71 ,a4 v]sicolor 7#a71 elegans 7#c71 turb9ellus 7#b71 ,amellus 7#b71 w be f\nd highly beautiful4 ,! ,pyre?um 9 f9e v>iety ( beautiful col\r & size3 !y h be5 rais$ ( late ye>s 9 great quantity by ,mr4 ,salt] ( ! ,hamm]smi? nurs]ies1 & are admirably suit$ to ! middle l9e ( bord]s1 !re=e ! figure #b w indicate _! position to a ,t2 _! col\r is ri* & di/9ct 9 ! extreme4 ,! f9e autumnal fl[]+ ,phlox 7#c7 is also sold 9 great & beautiful v>iety1 & %\ld h a place 9 e good collection4 ,six or eight ( ! be/ k9ds %\ld be 9 ! boy's g>d54 ,ne>ly e nurs]yman supplies !m *eap4 ,9 ! h>ebell family 7,campanulas7 we w f9d "s v f9e1 p>ticul>ly pumila 7#a71 c>patica 7#a71 p]sicifolia 7#c71 & ,p4 alba 7#c71 gr&is 7#b71 macran?a 7#c71 rotundifolia 7#b74 ,! fleur-de-lis1 or ,iris1 has "s beautiful v>ieties1 ( :i* ! be/ are g]manica 7#b71 flor5t9a 7#b71 pallida 7#b71 ,de ,b]gii 7#b71 pumila 7#a74 ,tritoma gr&is 7#c71 & glaucesc5s 7#c71 are noble ?+s = ! back ( a bord]4 ,! d\ble wallfl[]s 7#b71 ! alp9e wallfl[] 7#a7 7,*eiran?us alp9us74 ,! ,pot5tillas 7#b74 ,v]onica ame?y/9a 7#b71 & corymbosa 7#b74 ,! ,virg9ian tradescantia 7#b72 ! crimson loose-/rife 7#c72 ,ly?rum roseum sup]bum4 ,i give y ! h>d names s t y may h ! less difficulty 9 procur+ ! plants1 = _m may "k !m by _! ,lat9 "n1 :o w\ld n "k !m by _! common "o1 & vice v]s4 ,! ,am]ican c[slip 7#a73 ?is be+ a v *a/e & pretty plant1 h z mu* z y c ( x4 ,salvia arg5tea 7#b74 ,?is plant has gr& silv]y leaves1 & %\ld be 9 e collection4 ,p]5nial c&y tuft1 #a 7,ib]is74 ,!re are ?ree k9ds ( ?is--corrafolia1 saxatilis1 & ,g>rexiana1 all good1 h>dy1 & beautiful4 ,arabis alp9a 7#a72 ,aubrietia purpurea 7#a72 ,alyssum saxatile 7#a73 all ?ree v easy to gr[1 & v common4 ,! beautiful little ,hepaticas 9 v>i\s col\rs1 blue1 :ite1 & r$4 ,y mu/ secure a /ock ( ^!1 above all ?+s2 !y are among ! prettie/ ( spr+ fl[]s1 & w 8set (f0 *>m+ly ! front p>ts ( y\r bord]s4 ,!re is a f9e new k9d ( hepatica 7,h4 angulosa71 a noble k9d1 :i* y w also d well to obta93 give x a r %ady position 9 light soil4 ,"o or two tufts ( ! ,*ri/mas rose w be q en\gh4 ,:5 ?is beg9s to %[ its fl[]s1 a few weeks be=e ,*ri/mas1 y w d well to cov] ! plant ) a h&-glass1 leav+ a little air at ! top4 ,?is w prev5t ! fl[]s f be+ injur$ or hurt by ra92 !y w gr[ v mu* l>g] & :it] ?an if left expos$4 ,( ,p5t/emons 7#b71 a good v>iety %\ld be gr[n1 especially if ! soil be light & good1 su* z !y delight 94 ,s$um fab>ia 7#b71 is a f9e autumnal fl[]+ plant1 :i* mu/ n be =gott54 ,rudbeckia ,newmannii 7#c71 a v f9e autumnal bloom]4 ,li?osp]mum fruticosum 7#a71 a wond]fully pretty plant = ! fronts ( bord]s4 ,any k9d ( p9k 7#a7 t y c conv5i5tly obta91 %\ld be gr[n2 !y are sweet1 h>dy1 neat1 &1 9 a ^w1 p]fect = y\r purposes4 ,!y are consid]ably v>i$ ( late ye>s1 & highly useful = cutt+ = b\quets1 c4 ,! front ( ! bord] is ! be/ place = !m4 ,imm$iately beh9d !m1 & sc>cely s f> back z ! l9e ( ! second r[1 is ! place = ! c>nations & picotees1 :i* ( c\rse y w be sure to cultivate4 ,!re is no?+ m beautiful 9 our g>d5s ?an _m ( ^!1 s beautifully & ri*ly col\r$1 & s delicately & exquisitely m>g9$ & /rip$4 ,l9um n>bon5se 7#b71 & ,p]5ne album 7#b71 noble k9ds ( h>dy flax1 are also good4 ,! no!ra tribe w furni% "s beauty3 notably ! sweetly col\r$ 4 acaulis 7#a71 :i* op5s its v l>ge fl[]s 9 ! ev5+1 & keeps !m op5 till ne>ly breakfa/-"t 9 ! morn+2 ! noble yell[ macroc>pa2 & ! l>ge ev5+ primrose 74 ,lam>kiana74 ,"s dw>f t9y %rubs1 t fl[] freely1 w look beautiful 9 y\r bord]1 & ( su* y _c f9d "o m beautiful ?an ! e>ly spr+ fl[]+ hea?1 #a 7,erica c>nea72 x is a mass ( h&some bloom1 & v h>dy & neat 9 habit4 ,o!r capital little %rubs are ,daphne ,cneorum1 sweet & pretty--v>i\s dw>f k9ds ( native hea?s1 & ,g5i/a t9ctoria 7#a71 & sagittalis 7#a74 ,9 addition to ! above1 x ne$ h>dly be add$1 t su* univ]sally e/eem$ plants z ! lily ( ! valley 7#a71 ! primrose 7#a71 & ! polyan?us1 %\ld be well repres5t$4 ,latt]ly !re h be5 rais$ consid]ably v>i$ k9ds ( primrose & polyan?us1 & no?+ c be m *>m+ ?an mix$ masses ( su*4 ,f a packet ( se$ ( ea* 7ask = t ( ! ord9>y mix$ k9ds71 y may raise a consid]able v>iety ( beautiful k9ds4 ,d\ble daisies 7#a71 too1 9 v>i\s col\rs1 w be f\nd v pretty 9 ! spr+1 z w ! num]\s k9ds ( pansy 7#a71 ! g5tian1 & ! =get-me-n4 ,by ! way1 y mu/ n =get "s tufts ( ! common =get-me-n2 x does v well z a bord] plant 9 all b ! drie/ soils4 ,at ,tr5?am x is ta/efully employ$ to =m a m>g9 r\nd "s pretty little g>d5s1 d$icat$ to ! v>i\s y\ng] memb]s ( ! family2 & we h kn[n p to be s full ( gratitude to a dep>t$ dog1 z to plant a r+ ( x r\nd ! little monum5tal slab :i* indicat$ 8 place ( burial 9 ! g>d5 bord]4 ,! v>i\s pretty & v dw>f k9ds ( saxifrage 7#a71 & ,s$um 7#a71 too1 y w f9d neat & di/9ct = ! v front ( y\r bord]1 9 :i* y w ( c\rse arrange ! dw>fe/ plants4 ,"o ^w m4 ,x w\ld be a pity to conf9e y to ?is or any o!r selection4 ,! m v>i$ y\r g>d5 is1 & ! m di/9ct f t ( y\r fri5ds or neighb\rs1 ! bett]4 ,! selection above giv5 is z good z c be made1 & may save y f gett+ a lot ( ugly we$s 9 y\r g>d51 "u ! "n ( fl[]s2 b 9 addition to ^!1 y w\ld d well to add any o!r pretty plant met ) 9 y\r rambles1 & :i* seems to y wor?y ( a place2 :ile ) fri5ds :o cultivate plants1 y may ex*ange any t y h pl5ty (1 = new v>ieties1 or any?+ t y may fancy4 ,,! ,,boy',s ,,fruit ,,g>d54 ,!re are few boys :o _c appreciate ! virtues ( a delici\s melt+ pe> or good apple2 & our object 9 writ+ ?is pap] is to tell !m h[ to gr[ su* 9 a comp>atively %ort space ( "t4 ,9 old times1 &1 inde$1 g5]ally at pres5t1 p plant = ^? :o come aft] !m--8plant = _! heirs10 9 fact1--plant trees t w come into be>+ 9 twelve ye>s or s2 & !re=e "s may say1 :y (f] ! boys su* a f>-(f treat8 ,b times *ange1 & ! sy/em :i* produces ! f9e/ fruits n[ 9 our m>kets1 happ5s to be exactly suit$ to ! boy's g>d54 ,l>ge & beautiful apples h be5 sold 9 ,p>is dur+ ! pa/ spr+ = z mu* z ?ree francs a-piece6 ,^! 7 9 _m1 or 9 ne>ly all cases1 gr[n ^u little trees n m ?an a foot f ! gr\nd1 & sev]al ( !m n m ?an two or ?ree ye>s old6 ,! ,fr5* are ! be/ gr[]s ( apples & pe>s 9 exi/5ce2 & 9 ,france orig9at$ ?is dw>f me?od ( gr[+ !m4 ,! way !y d x is z foll[s3--,! be/ k9ds ( apples are graft$ on a v>iety kn[n z ! ,p>adise1 :i* induces a v dw>f gr[? & e>ly f]tility 9 ! k9ds gr[n ^u x4 ,we h se5 ^! fruit+1 ?is ye>1 at two ye>s ( age1 be>+ f9e fruit1 mu* bett] ?an y see on trees develop$ to full size4 ,!y are gr[n 9 two ways1 g5]ally z cordons1 & occasionally z little /&>ds4 ,! 8cordon0 is simply a s+le plant ( apple1 tra9$ along a wire1 support$ ab\t a foot f ! gr\nd4 ,! little /&>d1 or bu%1 is simply a dim9utive ,lilliputian k9d ( tree--j su* z a boy w\ld wi% = 9 8 g>d54 ,n tall]1 if z tall z himself1 he c %ort5 ! %oots & ga!r ! fruit ) ! greate/ ease4 ,! culture ( ^! little trees is s simple t no boy ne$ fail ) !m4 ,a sunny spot %\ld 9 ! fir/ in/ance be *os51 t is1 if ! "y g>d5] c get x2 & x is n (t5 t he is all[$ any b a bye nook ( "s k9d or o!r2 & no wond]1 because hi!rto boys' g>d5s h simply be5 %ort-liv$ little exhibitions ( untid9ess1 nev] yield+ any result & v little beauty4 ,b ! "y g>d5] :o manages well 8 fairy "p ( fruit g>d51 w soon produce a little feature t any place might be pr\d (4 ,next1 z to h[ to d x4 ,v little gr\nd is requir$4 ,a small pat* w af=d space = a great numb] ( little trees4 ,a sunny op5 spot %\ld be select$1 :]e ! trees w h all ! advantages ( sun & air to p]fect _! fruit1 & r5d] _! %oots %ort1 firm1 & f]tile1 in/ead ( sappy1 gross1 & useless4 ,! soil %\ld be ( a slightly s&y or loamy nature1 & n wet4 ,if ! gr\nd be badly dra9$1 & wat] lies 9 x mu*1 x is almo/ hopeless to attempt fruit-gr[+1 & ! little g>d5] _h 9 t case bett] turn 8 att5tion to some?+ ) :i* 8 soil & circum/ances are likely to agree4 ,"o ( ! *ief po9ts 9 g>d5+ is to *oose ! c\rse mo/ suit$ = y\r own soil1 climate1 & position4 ,?us ! boy :o lives 9 a great city1 or ! suburb ( "o1 & :o has to cont5d ) ! smoke & o!r evils incid5t to su*1 mu/ pursue a v diff]5t plan ( g>d5+ to ! boy :o lives 9 ! c\ntry1 & has all ! advantages ( pure1 sweet air = 8 plants4 ,! be/ ( all soils = our little fruit-trees1 is "o mod]ately s&y1 yet n too loose & free1 ) :at we may t]m a free bottom1 t is1 a s&y or o!r subsoil b5ea?1 :i* w p]mit ! wat] to pass (f freely f ! f]tile or upp] e>?4 ,b al?\gh ?is is ! be/ soil1 !re are few o!rs t we ne$ reject--! wor/1 p]haps1 be+ deep1 /iff1 soap-l clay4 ,! be/ "t to plant is 9 ! autumn4 ,be sure y ask = ! "y apple-trees graft$ on ! 8,p>adise10 & ! pe>s on ! ,qu9ce /ock4 ,bo? apples & pe>s may be gr[n z little /&>d trees or z cordons4 ,9 plant+1 d n put ! roots deep1 & spread !m out ev51 =m+ fir/ a r firm & slightly convex surface1 on :i* to place ! little plant4 ,?is w be f\nd to suit v mu* bett] ?an mak+ a loose sort ( hole into :i* to put ! roots4 ,x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t :5 fruit-trees s5d _! roots deep into ri* or cold gr\nd1 !y produce a lot ( co>se1 useless wood1 b>r5 ( fruit1 or ne>ly s4 ,to c\nt]act ?is t5d5cy1 :at is call$ root-prun+ has be5 resort$ to4 ,x simply consi/s 9 tak+ up ! trees once 9 two ye>s or s1 & replant+ !m--at lea/1 ?is is ! way ) our little trees4 ,x may n be necess>y on _m soils2 b :]e x is1 x may be readily done dur+ pleasant dry wea!r 9 autumn4 ,! *eck giv5 to ! tree by ! di/urbance1 causes x to =m f]tile buds & a /ubby habit4 ,x is well t ! "y amateur g>d5] %\ld "k ?is1 s t he may apply a rem$y if 8 fruit-trees gr[ too /rong & prove b>r54 ,b g5]ally !y are f]tile en\gh1 & ev5 sometimes produce a successful crop ! fir/ ye> aft] plant+2 ! second ye> !y %\ld be> well4 ,! accid5t ( a sev]e fro/ :ile ! trees are 9 fl[]1 w ( c\rse always d mis*ief1 & may ru9 a crop2 b all are liable to ?is1 z well z our ,lilliputians4 ,x is be/ to plant ! erect little trees 9 a small squ>e--pe>s & apples sep>ate1 = uni=mity sake--& to place ! cordons ar\nd ?is1 j z ! ,fr5* make a sort ( edg+ ( !m 9 _! g>d5s4 ,inde$1 if ! boy _c obta9 a neat little sunny squ>e = 8 t9y trees1 he w h>dly fail to succe$ 9 gett+ p]mission to arrange a few 9 cordon fa%ion along ! edge ( "s bord]4 ,x is simply done by ei!r driv+ d[n a /rong wood5 po/1 or an iron "o1 s z to support a wire at ab\t t5 in*es or a foot f ! gr\nd4 ,b5ea? t1 ! trees are to be plant$1 say at a di/ance ( six or eight feet1 & ti$ along ! wire4 ,:5 once ?is is done !re is no fur!r tr\ble1 except to p9* back ! %oots 9 summ] s z to keep !m close & compact4 ,?is op]ation requires a little att5tion4 ,! ma9 /em1 :i* is ( c\rse ti$ c>efully b n too tightly to ! wire s5ds out side %oots 9 ! summ]4 ,:5 ^! are ab\t f\r1 or say f ?ree to five in*es long1 !y are to be p9*$ back1 or 9 o!r words1 nipp$ (f1 )9 ab\t an in* ( ! base ( ! "y %oot1 9 ! case ( apple-trees--9 ! case ( pe>-trees x %\ld be left some:at long]4 ,?is is = ! summ] prun+2 9 w9t] x may be necess>y to g ov] ! trees ) a knife1 & remove or %ort5 awkw>d spurs1 or cut out dead bits "h & !re2 b ! summ] p9*+ is ! *ief ?+ to be done 9 ! matt]4 ,:5 ! trees produce too pl5tiful a crop ( fruit1 ^! %\ld be ?9n$ :5 v "y1 s t ^? left may assume ! spl5did flav\r & size :i* makes fruit gr[n 9 ?is way sup]ior to t gr[n 9 ! old & l>ge tree sy/em4 ,i w n[ give y a li/ ( ! be/ k9ds to use 9 ?is way1 & :i* c be b\ght 9 any respectable nurs]y4 ,( apples ! v be/ are ,colville ,blan*e & ,re9ette de ,canada1 ,cox's orange pipp91 ,haw?ornd51 ,h]e=d%ire ,pe>ma91 ,greaves' pipp91 or any o!r fir/-class k9d ( apple4 ,( pe>s1 ,m>ie ,l\ise1 ,w9t] ,nelis1 ,beurr ,diel1 ,j>gonelle1 ,beurr d',amanlis1 & ,josph9e de ,mal9es1 w be f\nd v suitable = ! dw>f bu% or cordon /yle1 z w mo/ fir/-class pe>s4 ,cropp+ ! ,gr\nd4 ,,digg+4 ,:5 l& is fir/ br\ght "u ! spade x %\ld be well dug1 & x ought to be tr5*$ up2 t is1 a full spit or spadeful %\ld be tak5 & ?r[n some:at high] ?an ! g5]al level ( ! gr\nd1 & turn$1 s t ! "u "p ( ! soil is br\ght to ! surface2 9 do+ ?is effectually a sort ( tr5* w be left at ! "p :]e ! spade goes 91 & at ! end ( digg+ a piece ( gr\nd 9 ?is mann] ?is tr5* w be requir$ to be fill$ up4 ,x is usual = g>d5]s to provide = ?is at ! onset by br++ a b>r[ full ( ! m\ld f ! "p at :i* ! spade is fir/ put 91 & fill+ up ! tr5* s left at ! end ( ! process4 ,common digg+1 :5 ! gr\nd is n to be tr5*$1 consi/s 9 turn+ x ov] regul>ly & ev5ly ) ! spade4 ,:5 manure is necess>y1 x is ei!r ho$ ov] ! gr\nd & dug 9 z ! digg] proce$s1 or 9 tr5*+ x may be laid 9 ea* successive tr5* z x is made1 :i* w ( c\rse be cov]$ by ! next l9e ( digg+4 ,fl[]-b$s are be/ turn$ up ) a small ?ree-prong$ spade-=k2 & x is (t5 necess>y to use ! same in/rum5t :5 digg+ betwe5 /rawb]ry & o!r roots1 :i* is te*nically call$ =k+4 ,! e>? 9 ?is process is n turn$ ov]1 b only brok5 up & loos5$1 & ! h&le ( ! =k n turn$ 9 ! process1 b drawn g5tly backw>ds ) a k9d ( knock1 :i* c be easily acquir$ by practice4 ,,hoe+4 ,illu/ration ,! hoe is ( v great use 9 a g>d54 ,!re are g5]ally ?ree k9ds ( hoes3 #a/1 ! n>r[2 #b;d1 ! broad2 & #c;d1 ! ,dut* hoe4 ,! small hoe is us$ = hoe+ 9 fl[]-b$s2 ! broad "o = e>?+ up peas1 potatoes1 c41 & ! ,dut* hoe is ( s]vice 9 dry wea!r 9 cle>+ ! gr\nd quickly ( we$s4 ,! two =m] hoes are us$ by draw+ ! h&le to y1 & h5ce call$ draw hoes2 b ! ,dut* hoe is us$ by ?ru/+ =w>d1 :5 ! we$s cut up by x fall ?r\gh ! holl[ portion at 7a7 cle> ( ! op]ation4 ,9 hoe+ ! ho] %\ld be p>ticul>ly c>eful to g q to ! roots ( ! we$s1 & cle> ( ! roots ( ! plants4 ,9 hoe+ up peas he %\ld be c>eful to draw ! e>? nicely among ! haulms2 & 9 hoe+ up cabbages n to spr9kle ! dirt among ! t5d] leaves =m+ ! he>t ( ! plant4 ,,rak+4 ,!re are two k9ds ( rakes1--! broad & n>r[4 ,! broad rake is = rak+ ov] se$ b$s1 & ! n>r[ "o = rak+ bord]s among fl[]s1 c4 ,9 ! use ( ! rake ! g>d5] %\ld fir/ lightly drag (f all ! we$s & /ones f ! soil4 ,9 hold+ ! h&le ( ! rake high1 all ! loose /ones1 we$s1 c41 w be easily drawn f ! gr\nd )\t ! m\ld2 :5 ! h&le is held l[1 ! tee? ( ! rake ent] ! gr\nd & scrat* x up1 :i* is sometimes necess>y to be done2 b ! little g>d5] %\ld be c>eful n to rake away 8 soil2 & ! little h>d balls ( e>? t come ov] ) ! /ones1 c4 %\ld be pulv]is$ by ! back ( ! rake4 ,,we$+4 ,! g>d5 %\ld always be kept p]fectly cle> ( we$s2 a we$ 9 a g>d5 is a disgrace to ! g>d5]1 & unless a "y p]son makes up 8 m9d to be v p>ticul> 9 ?is he _h bett] nev] ?9k ( g>d5+4 ,*ickwe$1 d&elion1 planta91 b9dwe$1 & e o!r description ( extrane\s gr[? %\ld be quickly remov$1 & t wor/ ( all we$s1 call$ ! g>d5]'s plague1 8c\*grass10 %\ld be extirpat$ entirely1 z %\ld all suck]s f ! roots ( trees4 ,we$s1 if n 9 se$1 %\ld be ?r[n into ! manure pit1 b /icks or /ones %\ld nev] be mix$ ) !m4 ,,s[+ ,,se$s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,dibb]4 ,! gr\nd hav+ be5 dug & rak$1 & o!rwise prep>$1 is fit = ! reception ( ! se$4 ,radi%es1 c>rots1 p>snips1 are s[n by ! h& broadca/2 ! way ( s[+ c>rot se$ is to mix x ) ! e>? 9 a l>ge fl[]-pot1 & !n to scatt] x v ?9ly ov] ! b$3 at lea/1 t way is suit$ to ! boy's g>d52 9 ! op5 g>d5 & ! field !y s[ c>rots & p>snips 9 drills4 ,peas are s[n 9 drills ab\t ?ree in*es deep & f\r feet ap>t4 ,broad beans are put 9 ) a dibb] 9 /raight l9es ab\t five in*es ap>t1 ! r[s be+ f\r feet f ea* o!r4 ,fr5* beans are s[n ?9ly 9 drills ab\t f\r feet ap>t4 ,sc>let runn]s are put 9 by ! dibb] s+ly ab\t ?ree in*es ap>t1 & %\ld h bean /icks plac$ ne> !m z soon z !y appe>1 ^u :i* to climb4 ,cabbage-plants %\ld be put 9 by ! dibb] ab\t n9e in*es ap>t1 9 r[s ab\t f\r feet di/ant f ea* o!r4 ,caulifl[]s %\ld be plant$ eighte5 in*es ap>t ei!r way1 z %\ld ,scot* kale & spr\t+ brocoli4 ,sp9a* may be s[n ?9ly 9 drills ?ree feet ap>t1 or broadca/ 9 b$s4 ,lettuce-se$1 cabbage-se$1 caulifl[]-se$1 & all k9ds ( fl[]-se$s %\ld be fir/ s[n 9 w>m situations 9 good m\ld v ?9ly1 & !n ! plants %\ld be transplant$ z !y gr[ ( suffici5t size4 ,potatoes %\ld be plant$ ) ! dibb] n9e in*es ap>t1 9 r[s ?ree feet ap>t1 z %\ld ,j]usalem arti*okes4 ,onions %\ld be s[n broadca/1 9 b$s ab\t six feet wide & fifte5 or tw5ty long4 ,! b$s = p>snips & c>rots may be six feet wide & ?irty long4 ,,transplant+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,tr[el4 ,?is is a mo/ important op]ation1 & is indisp5sable 9 ! art ( g>d5+4 ,a va/ numb] ( se$s mu/ be s[n 9 b$s1 & aft]w>ds transplant$ into _! f9al situations2 ?is is p>ticul>ly ! case ) reg>d to fl[]s4 ,! in/rum5t ) :i* transplant+ is p]=m$ is call$ a tr[el1 ( :i* !re are bo? small & l>ge4 ,9 us+ x ! pr9cipal ?+ to be att5d$ to1 is to take ! be/ & mo/ vigor\s ( ! plants rais$ 9 ! se$b$1 )\t injur+ _! roots1 & ) ! e>? ar\nd !m1 & plac+ !m1 ) z little di/urbance ( _! roots z possible1 9 _! new situations4 ,9 transplant+ %rubs1 c4 f pots1 ! plant] %\ld v slightly break ! e>? r\nd ! roots ( ! plant1 s t its fibres may h free play 9 ! new e>?4 ,9 transplant+ %rubs1 c4 p>ticul> c>e %\ld be tak5 9 digg+ !m up1 s t ! "y fibres ( ! roots are n injur$4 ,:5 %rubs1 c4 are fir/ transplant$1 !y %\ld be mod]ately wat]$1 & ( c\rse x is bad managem5t to plant %rubs at a "t :5 !y are likely to suff] f sun4 ,! "r "t to transplant is 9 ! autumn & spr+1 :5 ! gr\nd is nice & dry1 & 89 good work+ ord]10 z g>d5]s t]m x4 ,,wat]+4 ,nature is ! be/ wat]] ( plants1 & x is good policy to leave ! matt] z mu* z possible 9 h] h&s2 b we mu/ assi/ h] n[ & !n by apply+ x ourselves4 ,9 wat]+1 pond wat] is mu* bett] ?an pump wat]2 & 9 w>m wea!r1 if no pond wat] c be procur$1 x is well to pump ! wat] into "s l>ge tank or tub1 & let x /& = "s h\rs expos$ to ! sun & air be=e us+ x4 ,morn+ & ev5+ are ! prop] times = wat]+2 ! middle ( ! day1 or dur+ a hot sun%9e1 is a v improp] "t = us+ ! wat]+-pot 9 summ]-"t1 al?\gh x is ! be/ "t = us+ x 9 ! w9t]4 ,9 wat]+ plants 9 fl[]-pots ! f+] %\ld be fir/ pass$ r\nd ! pot :]e ! m\ld jo9s ! sides ( ! pot1 s z to close up ! little crack or crevice betwe5 !m1 o!rwise ! wat] w pass d[n ?is crack1 & g out at ! hole at ! bottom ( ! pot )\t af=d+ x any b5efit4 ,9 wat]+1 nev] let ! wat] pass f ! wat]+-pot close to ! /em1 b r turn up ! e>? 9 a little circul> space = a few in*es r\nd ! plant1 s t ! wat] may soak d[n to ! extremities ( ! roots1 :]e ! spongelets are :i* draw up ! nutrim5t f ! e>? to support ! plant4 ,:5 y wat]1 wat] well & ?or\ghly1 & !n !re w be little ne$ to d x (t54 ,to wat] frequ5tly1 & give a little at a "t1 is v bad g>d5+4 ,,v>i\s ,,modes ,,( ,,propagation4 ,plants are reproduc$ or propagat$ 9 v>i\s ways2 "s by se$s1 "s by (fsets1 z tulips & hyac9?s2 "s by divid+ ! root1 "s by lay]s1 "s by cutt+s4 ,currant & gooseb]ry-trees1 z well z rose-trees1 & also ! v9e1 are propagat$ by cutt+s2 i4 e4 pieces ( ! "y la/-ye> bran*es are cut (f ab\t six in*es 9 l5g?1 &1 ! top be+ tak5 (f1 are plac$ ) ! ?icke/ end 9 ! gr\nd4 ,/rawb]ries are reproduc$ by divid+ ! root1 or by tak+ ! runn] :i* ! plant has itself fix$ 9 ! gr\nd z ! nucleus ( a new plant1 & putt+ x 9 a prop] situation4 ,raspb]ries give out suck]s f ! p>5t root1 :i* may be tak5 (f & replant$1 l ! lilac1 ! rose1 & _m o!r plants2 b 9 tak+ !m (f1 :i* is g5]ally done by a spade1 !y %\ld be tak5 pretty ne> to ! p>5t /em1 & %\ld h fibr\s roots atta*$4 ,9 tak+ (fsets1 su* z ^? ( bulb\s roots1 x is only necess>y to take ^? :i* nature h]self sep>ates f ! p>5t bulb2 9 tub]s1 su* z ! arti*oke & potato1 ! tub]s ( middle size are to be tak5 & plant$2 or 9 reg>d to ! latt] root1 ! eyes or %oots only are sometimes plant$1 ! root be+ cut into v>i\s portions4 ,,lay]s4 ,if we obs]ve ! /rawb]ry plant1 we f9d t at a c]ta9 season ( ! ye> x ?r[s out (fsets1 & at c]ta9 di/ances a knob or knot arises1 f :i* roots %oot into ! e>?1 :ile f its upp] c5tre a bud appe>s1 & !n a new plant is =m$4 ,! process ( lay]+ is to artificially produce ?is1 & simil> op]ations ( nature4 ,"s plants ?r[ out roots :5ev] _! /ump or bran*es come 9 contact ) ! soil1 b o!rs require ! assi/ance ( art4 ,! art ( lay]+1 !re=e1 consi/s 9 tak+ ! %oot ( a gr[+ plant z ne> ! root z possible2 ?is is fir/ to be cut half ?r\gh1 & !n a slit is made 9 an upw>d direction1 &1 a piece ( twig be+ plac$ 9 ! divid$ "p1 ! %oot is pegg$ d[n ) ! jo9t buri$ 9 ! gr\nd4 ,aft] a "t ?is jo9t beg9s to ?r[ out roots1 & :5 ^! are firmly e/abli%$ & beg9 to draw nutrim5t f ! e>?1 ! %oot may be deta*$ f its p>5t /em1 & x !n becomes a new plant4 ,lay]s may be made 9 ! spr+ mon?s1 & also 9 ! mon? ( ,july4 ,,pip+s ,are cutt+s ( c>nations1 p9ks1 c4 ,!y are tubul> /ems1 hav+ jo9ts at c]ta9 di/ances1 & !y are pull$ asund] by ! f+]s at ^! jo9ts2 ! l[] leaves are !n pull$ (f1 & ! pipe is plac$ 9 "s nicely prep>$ soil1 leav+ its upp] portion1 consi/+ ( ! spr\t+ leaf bud1 to gr[1 :ile ! l[] pipe %oots into a root4 ,,graft+4 ,graft+1 in>*+1 & budd+1 are g5]ally p]=m$ 9 ! mon? ( ,m>*4 ,! op]ation ( in>*+ is sometimes p]=m$ by nature4 ,:5 two bran*es ( a tree lie 9 contact1 ! r\gh w9ds ( w9t] (t5 cause !m to rub aga9/ ea* o!r1 s t a w\nd is produc$ 9 "o or bo?1 & ! juices t fl[ f ! w\nd$ p>ts gradually cause an incorporation ( ! sub/ances1 s t ! two bran*es become unit$ into "o4 ,?is is n to be wond]$ at 9 bran*es ( ! same tree1 or 9 ^? ( ! same k9d1 b x is a matt] ( "s surprise to f9d t a tree be>+ small & unpalatable fruit may be cut d[n1 & ! rema9+ "p graft$ ) a scion f a species be>+ l>ge & delici\s fruit1 in/ead ( ! small s\r fruit ( ! /alk4 ,?us x is !n t by graft+1 we pres]ve & multiply a fav\r$ v>iety ( trees :i* c\ld n be propagat$ f se$s ) any c]ta9ty ( success4 ,9 ord] to ! full success ( ?is op]ation1 graft+ mu/ be p]=m$ accord+ to ! rules t exp]i5ce has laid d[n4 ,! fir/ is to graft or unite only su* species z h a relation%ip subsi/+ betwe5 !m4 ,! op]ation nev] succe$s unless ?is union ( nature is att5d$ to1 & ! plants belong to ! same g5us4 ,! next rule requires t ! inn] b>k ( ! scion1 & ! inn] b>k ( ! /alk1 be exactly unit$ toge!r1 9 ord] to facilitate ! free c\rse ( ! sap4 ,! mo/ common me?od ( graft+ is :ip-graft+1 or tongue-graft+4 ,! "n ( :ip-graft+ is giv5 f ! me?od ( cutt+ ! /ock & ! scion slop+ on "o side s z to fit ea* o!r1 & !n ty+ !m toge!r 9 ! mann] ( a :ip-?ong to ! %aft or h&le4 ,! scion & /ock are cut obliquely1 & z ne>ly z possible at correspond+ angles4 ,! top ( ! /ock is !n cut (f ne>ly horizontally1 & a slit is made ne> ! c5tre ( x d[nw>ds1 & a simil> "o 9 ! scion upw>ds4 ,! tongue1 or w$ge-l process =m+ ! upp] "p ( ! slop+ face ( ! scion1 is !n ins]t$ d[nw>ds 9 ! cleft ( ! /ock1 ! inn] b>ks be+ br\ght closely to unite on "o side s z n to be displac$ by ty+1 :i* ought to be done imm$iately ) a rib&1 or matt+1 or bass1 br\ght 9 a neat mann] sev]al times r\nd ! /ock4 ,! next op]ation is to clay ! :ole ov] an in* ?ick all r\nd1 = ab\t half an in* or m bel[ ! bottom ( ! graft to an in* ov] ! top ( ! /ock1 f9i%+ ! coat ( clay 9 a k9d ( oval =m1 clos+ x effectually1 s t no light1 wet1 nor w9d1 may p5etrate4 ,,tongue-,,graft+4 ,tongue-graft+ is n v diff]5t to :ip-graft+1 & is p]=m$ z foll[s4 ,! /ock be+ ready1 cut x (f at ?ree or f\r in*es f ! gr\nd1 &1 ) a v %>p1 /raight1 & n>r[-blad$ knife1 cut a ?9 slip ( wood & b>k upw>ds f ab\t two in*es bel[ ! top ( ! %ort5$ /ock4 ,make ?is cut at "o pull ( ! knife1 ins]t+ ! edge r horizontally1 & :5 x has gone ?r\gh ! b>k & into ! wood a little %ort ( ! middle1 pull /raight upw>ds4 ,!n at less ?an half-way d[n ?is cut a ?9 tongue1 n m ?an ?ree-eigh?s ( an in* long4 ,proce$ 9 ! same way ) ! ?ick "p ( ! scion1 mak+ a slop+ cut ( ab\t ! same l5g? z ! cut ( ! /ock1 & make a tongue to correspond ) t 9 ! /ock4 ,br+ ! f\r edges ( ! b>k1 t is1 ! two edges ( ! cut 9 ! top ( ! /ock & ! two correspond+ edges ( ! cut 9 ! bottom ( ! scion1 to meet precisely1 :i* c nev] be ! case unless ! fir/ cut 9 ! /ock & t 9 ! scion is ev5 z a die1 & p]=m$ ) a knife z %>p z a razor4 ,! two p>ts ?us =m$1 ! tongues & ! /ock clasp+ "o ano!r mu/ be b\nd up z be=e4 ,,budd+4 ,budd+ is ! art ( tak+ a bud f "o tree & mak+ x gr[ on ano!r4 ,a bud c only be plant$ ^u a tree ( ! same k9d z itself1 & ! op]ation is g5]ally p]=m$ 9 ! mon? ( ,augu/4 ,! bud %\ld be tak5 f a %oot ( ! same ye>'s gr[?1 &1 9 tak+ x1 %\ld be neatly cut out by incisions made above x1 bel[ x1 & longitud9ally on ei!r side1 & ! piece tak5 %\ld include ! bud1 )\t injury to ! b>k1 & a small piece ( wood ( an oblong =m po9t$ at its extremity4 ,a place is n[ cut to receive ! bud 9 ! %oot ( a /ock1 & ! be/ place is ne> ! =k ( a bran*2 ! me?od ( cutt+ is simil> to t adopt$ = tak+ out ! bud1 & ! b>k is op5 on bo? sides ( ! slit1 & ! piece ( b>k to :i* ! bud is atta*$ is !n fill$ 91 & ! b>k ( ! /ock clos$ ov] x2 ! two p>ts are !n b\nd toge!r ) /rips ( fre% matt+ ti$ 9 b[s & ends1 = ! purpose ( be+ easily loos5$ z ! bud increases 9 gr[?4 ,! op]ation ( budd+ requires ! aid ( a budd+-knife1 :i* may be readily pur*as$1 & ! success ( ! op]ation dep5ds ^u ! c>e & nicety ) :i* x is p]=m$4 ,,in>*+4 ,we h already m5tion$ h[ nature p]=ms :at is call$ in>*+4 ,! g>d5]'s art consi/s simply 9 b5d+ a bran* p>tly cut ?r\gh1 & ins]t+ ! belt ?us =m$ into a slit made d[nw>ds 9 ! /ock to receive x4 ,! p>ts be+ nicely fitt$ are b\nd ) matt+4 ,9 five or six mon?s ! head ( ! /ock may be cut (f1 & ! plant remov$4 ,,graft+-,,clay4 ,mo/ ( ! op]ations ( graft+ require clay to be put r\nd ! p>ts4 ,?is is made ( ?ree p>ts ( /iff yell[ clay to "o ( horse-dung fre% z x falls1 ) a little cut hay1 well mix$ toge!r2 ano!r k9d ( clay is made ( a p\nd ( pit* & a p\nd ( yell[ wax1 mix$ ) two p\nds ( c[-dung4 ,! use ( !m 9 cov]+ ! graft+ po/s is to keep !m moi/ & cool till a prop] union has tak5 place4 ,,prun+4 ,! prop] "t = prun+ trees is 9 ,decemb] or ,janu>y1 = !n ! sap is d[n1 & no injury c be done2 & ! art 9 prun+ consi/s 9 cutt+ away ! 8wat] %oots10 or non-be>+ wood1 8dead wood10 & 8sup]flu\s wood40 ,! wat] %oots1 z !y are call$1 appe> to be /rong gr[+ bran*es1 b g5]ally produce nei!r fl[]s nor fruit2 ! sup]flu\s wood are ^? %oots :i* gr[ 9 ! way ( ea* o!r1 or cross ea* o!r1 :i* %\ld always be remov$4 ,! great pr9ciple 9 prun+ a fruit tree is to leave all ! tree free & op51 s t ! air & sun%9e may pass ?r\gh x1 & to pres]ve ! buds ( ! be>+ wood4 ,! %oots %\ld be cut (f z ne> to ! /em or bran* z possible1 & all gr[?s or suck]s :i* appe> bel[ ! cr[n ( ! tree %\ld be tak5 (f4 ,! pres5t practice ( ?umb-prun+ is v excell5t2 by ?is means ! sup]flu\s %oots1 c41 are remov$ by ! ?umb nail z soon z !y appe>1 & ?us ! tree does n exhau/ itself by ! gr[? ( useless wood4 ,! "y prun] %\ld be v c>eful 9 cutt+ away1 & recollect t :at he cuts (f he _c put on aga94 ,,tra9+4 ,! tra9+ ( trees applies pr9cipally to ^? t are fa/5$ to wood5 trellises1 to poles1 or to walls4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! art is to ext5d ! be>+ bran*es ( a tree or plant1 s z to improve its gr[?1 its beauty1 & its produce4 ,pea*es1 nect>9es1 apricots1 v9es1 c41 are tra9$ aga9/ walls by %r$s ( clo? be+ plac$ r\nd ! bran*es1 & ! two ends nail$ to ! wall4 ,9 do+ ?is1 c>e %\ld be tak5 to give ! bran* room to play1 & yet to conf9e x1 n to hurt ! t5d] fruit-%oots 9 ! op]ation1 & to let all ! bran*es be free ( ea* o!r4 ,roses & jasm9es are (t5 tra9$ r\nd v]&ahs by _! diff]5t p>ts be+ ti$ ) ropes' end or t>r$ tw9e to diff]5t p>ts ( ! trelliswork4 ,sometimes fl[]s are tra9$ by be+ ti$ to /akes or long poles1 & o!rs are br\ght to pass ?r\gh ! r\nd ( an ornam5tal ladd]1 or ?r\gh ! me%es ( wirework ( diff]5t =ms4 ,b 9 e k9d ( tra9+ ! pr9ciple is ! same1 namely t ( keep+ ! bran*es cle> ( ea* o!r1 & ( pres]v+ ! fl[]+ & be>+ %oots4 ,neatness & ta/e are also indisp5sable requisites to ! tra9+ & managem5t ( trees & fl[]s1 :e!r = use or ornam5t4 ,,insects ,,& ,,depr$ators4 ,!re are v>i\s k9ds ( depr$ators :i* f9d _! way into g>d5s2--worms1 slugs1 cat]pill>s1 moles1 ants1 birds1 butt]flies1 snails1 c4 ,^! mu/ be got rid (1 or kept d[n1 o!rwise ! g>d5+ lab\rs are soon at an end4 ,9 wild nature all ! above 8v]m910 z "s p designate !m1 are ( ! greate/ s]vice 9 "s way or o!r2 ev5 worms & moles1 :i* are v de/ructive 9 g>d5s1 are ( great s]vice on commons1 & !re=e 9 de/roy+ !m we %\ld always d s ) z little pa9 z possible to ! individuals2 &1 z prev5tion is bett] ?an cure1 ! "y g>d5] %\ld look out 9 w9t] = ! eggs ( v>i\s mo?s & butt]flies1 :i* may be (t5 se5 encircl+ ! twigs ( trees1 or "u ! eaves ( pal+1 c41 & de/roy !m4 ,cat]pill>s are be/ got rid ( by pick+ !m f ! plants2 & slugs1 & snails1 & worms1 are (t5 eradicat$ by turn+ a brood ( "y ducks into ! gr\nd = a %ort "t1 :]e !y c d no injury to ! b$s4 ,!y may also be entrapp$ by lay+ cabbage leaves 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! g>d51 "u :i* !y w creep 9 ! night "t4 ,moles mu/ be caught ) a mole-trap set 9 ! l9e ( _! m>*4 ,x consi/s simply ( a b5t /ick1 & a wire =m$ into a noose1 slightly atta*$ to ! neck ( a peg1 into :i* ! animal runs 8 head & gets /rangl$1 by ! ela/icity ( ! rod draw+ up ! noose :5 ! peg is di/urb$4 ,ants are be/ got rid ( by de/roy+ _! ne/ & eggs1 ! latt] ( :i* are excell5t food = "y *ick5s1 pheasants1 c4 ,! mo/ de/ructive insect is ! aphis1 :i* attacks ! rose1 & ?is is be/ de/roy$ by ! fumigation ( tobacco-smoke1 ei!r ?r\gh a pair ( common bell[s1 or by means ( ! :irl-fumigator1 :i* may be pur*as$ = a few %ill+s2 b ! mo/ c]ta9 mode ( de/ruction is to obta9 a few 8gold5 beetles10 & put ne> ! plants infect$ by aphides2 ^! are _! natural enemies1 & :]e !y are plac$ ! aphides w soon become ext9ct4 ,illu/ration ,,protection ,,f ,,fro/4 ,! common trees & fruits ( ! g>d5 require b little c>e z reg>ds fro/ 9 our comp>atively mild w9t]s1 b _m plants1 trees1 & %rubs1 com+ orig9ally f w>m] climates1 require mu* att5tion dur+ w9t] to keep !m alive4 ,x is useless to attempt pres]v+ g]aniums1 myrtles1 & a great _m ( our common summ] plants1 )\t keep+ !m ?r\gh ! w9t] 9 a gre5h\se ( "s k9d or o!r4 ,a small gre5h\se may n[ be *eaply erect$1 b = ! pres]vation ( a small numb] ( plants ! gre5h\se pit is ! *eape/ & mo/ conv5i5t sub/itute4 ,x consi/s only ( a hole twelve feet by f\r dug 9 ! gr\nd to ! dep? ( six feet1 hav+ at ! top a skylight4 ,x %\ld if possible be dug 9 a %elt]$ situation1 op5 to ! s\? & well back$ beh9d1 & ! glass-top1 :i* %\ld m]ely consi/ ( "o frame laid 9 a slant+ position to ! s\? ov] ! top ( ! hole1 ! back ( :i* is rais$ to support x1 ! front be+ slightly l[]$4 ,! entrance to ! pit is at ! side1 to :i* a /\t wood5 door nail$ ov] ) /raw b&s %\ld be atta*$1 & two or ?ree /eps %\ld lead to ! int]ior ( ! pit1 :]e a few %elves may be arrang$ ^u :i* to place ! fl[]s1 c4 ,9 ?is pit fl[]s1 cutt+s1 bulbs1 & a v>iety ( o!r ?+s1 may be pres]v$ ?r\gh ! w9t]1 ) v little co/ or tr\ble1 & x w be ( a great deal ( use 9 _m o!r respects4 ,illu/ration ,,! ,,"y ,,g>d5]',s ,,cal5d> ,,= ,,! ,,"w ,,to ,,be ,,done ,,9 ,,all ,,! ,,mon?s ,,( ,,! ,,ye>4 ,,janu>y4 ,9 ,janu>y1 if ! wea!r w p]mit1 manure ! gr\nd1 & dig ! manure 94 ,plant out "s /rong e>ly cabbage 9 w>m situations3 plant e>ly k9ds ( ,w9dsor beans4 ,s[ peas1 e>ly ,w>wick1 9 drills two feet & a-half asund]2 s[ a fir/ e>ly crop ( sp9a*2 s[ e>ly radi%es1 & cov] !m ) /raw two in*es ?ick1 !n uncov] e mild day1 & cov] aga9 9 ! ev5+4 ,plant 9 ! fl[] bord] ! v>i\s bulbs1 su* z sn[drops1 crocuses1 daffodils1 jonquils1 c41 & also _! (fsets4 ,plant also ! h>dy h]bace\s plants1 su* z a/]s1 gold5 rods1 campanulas1 ,cant]bury bells1 c4 ,keep gravel walks clean4 ,,febru>y4 ,peas1 beans1 sp9a*1 lettuce1 c>rots1 p>snips1 beet1 c41 may n[ be s[n2 & 9 hotb$s cucumb]s1 small salad+1 melons1 lettuce1 c4 ,give air to plants "u frames 9 ! natural gr\nd4 ,dig & prep>e ! comp>tm5ts ( b$s & bord]s2 s[ _m sorts ( h>dy annual fl[] se$s2 ! t5d] sorts 9 hotb$s1 su* z l>kspurs1 c&y-tuft1 yell[ lup9es1 pansies1 virg9 /ock1 sweet scabi\s mignonette1 t5-weeks /ock1 c4 ,& = edg+s ( bord]1 plant box1 ?rift1 daisies1 p>sley1 /rawb]ries1 c4 ,,m>*4 ,/ill cont9ue to prep>e an appropriate gr\nd by digg+ & manur+1 s[ aga9 peas1 beans1 c41 if necess>y1 & especially a b$ ( turnips4 ,n[ is ! "t also to s[ small h]bs1 z ?yme1 savory2 y may also n[ plant v>i\s slips or cutt+s ( rosem>y1 rue1 wormwood1 & lav5d]4 ,^! %\ld be ! outw>d %oots produc$ la/ ye>1 five or six in*es long1 & %\ld be plant$ 9 a %ady bord]1 six in*es ap>t4 ,n[ also may be s[n na/urtiums1 :i* may be s[n 9 pat*es1 dibb$ 9 six in*es ap>t1 or 9 drills1 ne> a rail or runn+ f5ce4 ,potatoes may also be n[ plant$ 9 op5 wea!r4 ,9 plant+ !m1 take c>e to get ! be/ sorts1 & pick out "s ( ! f9e/ ( a mod]ately l>ge size1 & !n divide ! tub]s into two or ?ree p>ts1 leav+ an eye or two to ea*2 plant ! pieces 9 r[s ab\t eighte5 in*es f ea* o!r1 & ab\t f\r in*es deep4 ,n[ also is ! "t = prun+ ! v>i\s fruit trees1 plant+ fre% sets ( raspb]ries1 /rawb]ries1 c4 ,9 ! fl[] g>d5 ! t5d] annuals are to be s[n 9 hotb$s1 su* z cockscomb1 balsam1 *9a-a/]1 tobacco1 convolvulus1 c4 ,ranunculuses1 anemones1 & ! h>dy annuals1 may be s[n 9 ! op5 gr\nd1 & transplant+ ( all k9ds ( plants1 %rubs1 c41 may n[ be p]=m$4 ,,april4 ,?is is a transplant+ mon?1 p>ticul>ly = cabbages & caulifl[]s1 all :i* %\ld be n[ tak5 & put out = summ] use4 ,cel]y %\ld also n[ be prick$ out4 ,cont9ue to plant1 if necess>y1 pot h]bs & sweet h]bs1 su* z root$ slips ( balm1 p5ny royal1 & camomile4 ,x is a good "t also to plant out slips ( m9t f ! roots2 o!r crops ( peas may also n[ be s[n1 z also a late crop ( beans4 ,n[ also y may s[ g\rds & pumpk9s 9 a frame4 ,all prun+ mu/ be f9i%$4 ,insects mu/ be look$ aft] on fruit trees4 ,v9es may be laid d[n 9 lay]s2 wall-fruit ?9n$2 /rawb]ry b$s we$$1 & kept v clean2 new-budd$ & new-graft$ trees well exam9$ to see if ! clay keeps close to ! grafts4 ,9 ! fl[] g>d5 or bord]s "s ( ! t5d] annuals may n[ be prick$ out1 & "s ( ! o!rs s[n 9 ! frame1 su* z ,pr9ce's fea!r1 capsicum1 love-apples1 ,indian corn1 g\rds1 sweet balsam1 m>vel ( ,p]u2 /ocks1 & ! h>dy annuals1 may n[ be s[n 9 ! op5 gr\nd1 z ,adonis poppy1 sweet peas1 cat*-fly1 annual sunfl[]1 l>kspur1 lup9es1 ,v5us's look+-glass4 ,! be/ way to s[ sweet peas is 9 pots1 & protect !m well f ! birds1 :o w o!rwise n leave "o4 ,in>*+ may n[ be p]=m$ on ev]gre5s & o!r plants1 :i* y may wi% to propagate ?is way4 ,,may4 ,lettuces w n[ want ty+ up4 ,peas w require /ick+4 ,d n tie y\r lettuces up too tightly1 & :5 y /ick y\r peas put 9 ! /ick 9 a slant+ direction4 ,cle> & ?9 c>rots & p>snips1 leav+ ! l>ge/ plants at lea/ f\r in*es f ea* o!r2 ?9 also onions2 plant out caulifl[]s4 ,s[ brocoli se$s = ! crop to come 9 on ! foll[+ w9t] & e>ly spr+4 ,s[ & plant savoys2 top ! broad beans t are n[ 9 blossom1 :i* w make ! pods set soon] & swell fa/]4 ,plant ! v>i\s k9ds ( ,fr5* beans1 su* z ! :ite speckl$1 9 drills ab\t ?ree feet ap>t1 & s[ !m ?94 ,prick out & plant cel]y2 cont9ue to s[ radi%es & small salad+ = daily use4 ,wat] new plant$ crops1 & n[ let m ?an common c>e be tak5 to de/roy we$s among/ crops ( e k9d2 & n[ is ! "t = us+ y\r ,dut* hoe freely among ! r[s ( peas1 beans1 & sp9a*2 b d n leave y\r we$s ab\t 9 ! drills or bord]s2 cle> all c>efully away1 & keep ! g>d5 clean & neat4 ,,june4 ,look aft] y\r melons1 pumpk9s1 g\rds1 & cucumb]s1 9 frames2 let !m be well suppli$ ) fre% air & wat]4 ,to save caulifl[] se$1 m>k "s ( ! be/ & e>lie/ plants1 ) ! l>ge/ & :ite/ & close/ fl[] heads1 :i* %\ld n be cut1 b left to run to se$4 ,peas may /ill be s[n1 & ,fr5* beans also1 z may cabbage & colewort se$4 ,ga!r m9t1 balm1 & o!r aromatic h]bs1 t[>ds ! end ( ?is mon?1 = dry+4 ,exam9e any new plant$ trees1 see t !y are n too dry1 & t !y are well secur$4 ,wat] %\ld be giv5 to ^? t %[ any symptoms ( flagg+2 wat] !m well1 b n frequ5tly4 ,take c>e t y\r /rawb]ry b$s are also well wat]$4 ,hang up nets be=e e>ly *]ry-trees aga9/ walls1 & ov] small trees1 to protect !m f ! birds4 ,mo/ ( ! t5d] annuals may be n[ f9ally plant$ out1 & n[ is ! "t to take up ! roots ( tulips1 cr[n imp]ials1 jonquils1 c41 & to take away ! (fsets4 ,cont9ue to support ) /icks all ! tall gr[+ fl[]+ plants4 ,cut box-edg+s1 & regulate y\r fl[] bord]s1 keep+ y\r plants well wat]$ if ! wea!r %\ld be v dry4 ,,july4 ,y may n[ s[ a bat* ( turnips = w9t] or autumn use1 & also "s c>rot se$ to raise "y c>rots = use lat] 9 ! autumn4 ,cel]y may be transplant$1 w9t] sp9a* may be s[n1 lettuces may be plant$ out1 coleworts may be s[n4 ,ga!r y\r cucumb]s z !y appe>1 & ga!r all sorts ( se$s z !y rip5 9 dry wea!r1 pull+ up ! /ems ) ! se$ :]e x c be done4 ,br+ out ! cockscombs1 d\ble balsams1 & all o!r curi\s annuals kept till ?is "t 9 frames4 ,transplant annuals into ! bord]s4 ,lay c>nations & sweetwilliams2 propagate p9ks by pip+s2 transplant p]5nial plants4 ,take up bulb\s roots1 cut box-edg+s1 regulate y\r fl[] bord]s4 ,plant cutt+s & slips ( succul5t plants2 %ift g]aniums & o!r plants into l>g] pots1 if necess>y4 ,,augu/4 ,caulifl[] se$ mu/ be s[n betwe5 ! #ah? & ! #bd?4 ,cel]y %\ld n[ be transplant$ into tr5*es1 & lettuce plant$ out4 ,9 ! end ( ! mon? ! dry fl[] /ems ( aromatic plants1 su* z hyssop1 sage1 lav5d]1 %\ld be cut d[n4 ,n[ look well out = v>i\s se$s z !y rip51 :i* ga!r by cutt+ or pull+ (f ! se$-/alks1 !n place !m 9 ! full sun aga9/ a h$ge or wall to get !m ?or\ghly dry4 ,all fl[]s %\ld n[ be c>efully att5d$1 & wat]$ :5 necess>y4 ,! p9k pip+s %\ld n[ be plant$ out 9 b$s1 & ! se$s ( _m bulb\s fl[]s1 su* z tulips1 hyac9?s1 lilies1 may be s[n to obta9 new v>ieties4 ,fl[] bord]s %\ld occasionally be gone ov] ) a %>p hoe1 aft] :i* !y %\ld be rak$ ov] neatly1 & all we$s & litt] cle>$ away4 ,,septemb]4 ,lettuces may n[ be plant$ 9 frames1 or 9 v w>m bord]s1 = w9t] use4 ,brocoli1 cabbage & savoy plants may also be plant$ out1 & "y plants prick$ out into nurs]y b$s4 ,cel]y %\ld be e>!d up1 & y %\ld tie up ! leaves ( endive to blan* ! plants :ite4 ,! sp9a* s[n 9 ,augu/ %\ld be ?9n$ & cle>$ out1 & small salad+ %\ld be s[n once a-week or =tnight4 ,ga!r ripe se$s z be=e1 & see t ! birds d n dev\r !m4 ,n[ is a good "t to plant ! /rong runn] plants into sep>ate b$s1 & at ab\t fifte5 in*es asund] ei!r way4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! mon? hyac9? & tulip roots may be plant$1 z well z any o!r bulb\s root4 ,anemone & ranunculus se$ may be s[n1 & p]5nial plants transplant$4 ,cont9ue to keep ! fl[] bord]s always v clean1 & beg9 digg+ vacant b$s & bord]s = future plant+4 ,,octob]4 ,n[ ! apples & pe>s beg9 to rip54 ,se$s are /ill to be look$ = & pres]v$1 vacant spaces ( gr\nd are to be dug up & manur$4 ,fruit trees may n[ be transplant$1 & currant & gooseb]ry-trees may be plant$4 ,recollect t ! currant-trees may be cut close d[n to ! fruit buds1 b ! gooseb]ry only half way d[n ! la/ ye>'s wood4 ,cut out irregul> gr[?s & suck]s1 & keep !m tra9$ to a s+le /em bel[4 ,/rawb]ry b$s %\ld ?is mon? h _! w9t] dress+ ( manure1 & all ! runn]s cle>$ away close to ! head ( ! ma9 plants4 ,raspb]ry plants may be prun$1 ! old /ems cut away1 & ! la/ ye>'s suck]s' /ems select$ = ! next ye>'s be>+s1 & ea* ( !m %ort5$ "o-?ird 9 height4 ,9 ! fl[]-g>d5 ! bord]s %\ld be nicely dress$1 & all k9ds ( plants may be transplant$1 or _! roots divid$1 & bulbs n yet plant$ may be put into ! e>?4 ,plant all k9ds ( %rubs & ev]gre5 trees4 ,,novemb]4 ,n[ is ! "t = digg+ up potatoes1 & tak+ up c>rots1 p>snips1 onions1 c41 & /or+ !m = w9t] use4 ,w9t] sp9a* %\ld be we$$1 & ! r$ beet-root dug up4 ,onions may be prick$ out to come 9 e>ly 9 ! spr+4 ,trees may be prun$2 all sorts ( fruit trees & bulb\s roots plant$4 ,n[ t5d] plants %\ld be remov$ to ! pit or gre5h\se4 ,,decemb]4 ,peas may be s[n 9 a w>m %elt]$ spot to come 9 e>ly 9 ! spr+1 z may ,w9dsor & broad beans4 ,cel]y %\ld be well e>!d up1 & all vacant gr\nd manur$1 dug1 or tr5*$4 ,secure ! roots ( newly plant$ trees f ! fro/ by lay+ dungy litt] r\nd !m1 & ! same may be done to ! spots 9 :i* hyac9?s1 tulips1 anemones1 & ranunculuses are plant$4 ,small "y t5d] se$l+ fl[] plants also require c>e at ?is season4 ,! bord]s may n[ be f9ally cle>$ & laid nice & smoo?1 ! rema9d] ( pot plants remov$ to ! gre5h\se or pit1 :i* %\ld be clos$ dur+ ! night1 & only op5$ 9 f9e mild wea!r2 z ! fro/ comes on place mats above ! glass dur+ ! night1 :i* %\ld be remov$ 9 ! morn+4 ,all leaves f trees1 c41 %\ld be collect$ 9 a pit = manure1 free f /icks or /ones1 & ! :ole g>d5 put into ord] = ! fro/4 ,,mimicry ,,& ,,v5triloquism4 8,h[ c ,i become a v5triloqui/80 is ! frequ5t ?\ght ( a boy2 & he is told1 probably1 t x is an exceptional faculty1 & _c possibly be acquir$4 ,?is is n s2 p]sev]ance & practice are alone necess>y to produce ^? wond]ful results :i* nev] fail to captivate ! public1 if ! /ud5t has a fair musical e>1 & a tal5t = imitation :i* few boys are )\t4 ,! deceptive nature ( ! s\nds are ! result ( c]ta9 natural pr9ciples1 :i* are call$ 9 to aid ! exp]im5t]4 ,^? :o h se5 any pr(essors ( ! v5triloquial art n[ liv+ mu/ h be5 /ruck by ! app>5t ease ) :i* ! effects are produc$4 ,?is is n only ! result ( practice1 b ! c>eful att5tion to c]ta9 ac\/ic pr9ciples :i* regulate ! direction ( s\nds4 ,a sudd5 *ange 9 ! direction ( s\nd is (t5times v p]plex+ to ! e>1 ev5 :5 ! eye c assi/ ! o!r organs4 ,! *ange ( direction ( ! s\nd ( a peal ( bells1 :i* is (t5 int]rupt$ by int]v5+ build+s1 is a famili> in/ance ( ?is1 _! s\nd appe>+ to come f diff]5t places z ! he>] *anges 8 position4 ,we c easily imag9e t :5 ! he>] is /ill1 & ! s\rce ( ! s\nd moves1 ! deception becomes mu* great]1 if skilfully appli$ to ! purpose4 ,! fir/ great secret is to take a full & deep inspiration1 s t ! lungs may be well fill$1 to be us$ z a ,highl&] uses ! w9dbag ( 8 bagpipes1 z requir$4 ,if we rememb] t ! l>ynx1 :i* is ! cavity 9 ! ?roat beh9d ! tongue1 is capable ( consid]able flexibility1 z well z ! tra*ea or w9dpipe1 we h good mat]ials = v5triloquial effect2 ?us ! m\? & tongue h really1 b n app>5tly1 a great deal to d ) ! modifications ( ! assum$ voice4 ,a clev] v5triloqui/ recomm5ds ! m\? to be kept clos$1 & ! tongue roll$ back1 s z to regulate1 z x 71 ! s\nd :i* is =m$ 9 ! l>ynx4 ,?is may be done by /r5g!n+ ! abdom9al muscles2 & x is probably f ?is be+ s frequ5tly done1 t ! "n ( 8belly-speak+0 arose4 ,! highe/ p]fection ( v5triloquism is speak+ ) ! lips clos$1 & app>5tly )\t an ef=t ( any k9d4 ,"s old & "s mod]n pr(essors _h ?is m>vell\s p[] 9 p]fection4 ,x has be5 rec5tly obs]v$ t by con/ant practice ! veil ( ! palate c be s ex]cis$ t x c be rais$ or depress$ at w1 s z to dilate or contract ! inn] no/rils4 ,! effect ( ?is contraction is ! same z ,mr4 ,h>dy's roll$ tongue2 x muffles1 z x 71 ! s\nd1 r5d]s x weak & dull1 z if com+ f a di/ance4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! no/rils are dilat$ to any ext5t1 ! s\nd gradually becomes app>5tly clos] & clos]1 because x is m di/9ct4 ,! unc]ta9ty ( ! direction ( s\nd greatly aids ! v5triloqui/4 ,if a man & a woman are plac$ at ei!r end ( a tol]ably l>ge room1 & ea* imitates ) tol]able success ! voice ( ! o!r1 ! confusion betwe5 ! eye & ! e> is s great t x becomes next to impossible to "k :i* x 0 t spoke4 ,x is ?us necess>y t ! v5triloqui/ %\ld ei!r by ^w or ge/ure direct ! att5tion ( 8 he>]s to ! spot f :5ce !y expect ! s\nd to proce$4 ,really1 9 practice1 !re is little diff]5ce betwe5 ! s\nd ( a muffl$ voice1 :e!r x is outside ! door1 above ! ceil+1 or d[n 9 ! cell>4 ,x is possible to acquire su* a k ( ! modifications ( s\nd by di/ance1 ob/ructions1 or o!r causes1 z to imitate !m ) wond]ful accuracy4 ,! late ,mr4 ,love us$ to c>ry on a dialogue ) a p]son 9 a box1 & by a ma/]ly modulation ( 8 voice he gave x a muffl$ tone :5 he sat ^u ! box1 & diff]5t degrees ( %>pness z he gradually op5$ ! lid4 ,! be/ practice is to beg9 ) imitations only ( diff]5t voices1 until "s progress is made4 ,!n comm5ce to practise ! muffl$ voice until ! audi5ce are satisfi$ t x is done tol]ably well1 = ! op]ator _c judge ( ! effect x is produc+ save by exp]i5ce4 ,! voice may n[ be *ang$ until ! second voice is m>k$ by "s di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ic1 su* z bass1 alto1 gruff1 or speak+4 ,!n ! di/ant voice may be tri$1 to be modulat$ z be=e z success is atta9$4 ,a well-kn[n v5triloqui/ us$ to make "s excell5t effects by speak+ ) a clos$ m\? :5 draw+ an inspiration1 in/ead ( ! usual me?od ( speak+ dur+ ! expiration ( ! brea?4 ,we w suppose a v5triloqui/ ab\t to give an illu/ration ( 8 art4 ,he fir/ takes c>e t none ( 8 audi5ce are betwe5 ! l9e ( 8 m\? & ! spot f :i* ! s\nd appe>s to proce$4 ,?us ! simple/ cause ( v5triloquial effect is produc$ by /&+ ) y\r back to ! audi5ce & y\r face to ! door4 ,) clos$ jaws y direct a muffl$ voice aga9/ ! door4 ,! s\nd :i* rea*es ! e>s ( ! audi5ce is a voice app>5tly outside ! door1 b 9 reality x is an e*o ( ! artificial voice only4 ,take a simple example4 ,y knock at ! door1 & 9 y\r natural voice y inquire if anyone is !re4 ,assum+ ! muffl$ tone1 y say t 8x's a fri5d10 & !n inquire 8 "n & bus9ess4 ,! answ]s be+ giv51 y slightly op5 ! door & ! corn] ( y\r lips at ! same "t1 & !n ! voice loses its muffl$ tone1 & appe>s m di/9ct z x comes clos]4 ,! deception is m difficult to ma9ta91 & ! v5triloqui/ sudd5ly turns r\nd & %[s t ! voice is 9 reality a m]e %ade4 ,if we try ! ceil+ voice1 or ! famili> 8man on ! ro(10 we %\ld use ! upp] notes1 & res]ve ! l[] notes = ! 8man 9 ! cell>40 ,9 ei!r ( ^! illusions ! lips %\ld n be op5$ at all4 ,! modulation ( tones %\ld be manag$ 9 ! l>ynx1 by ! action ( ! tongue only1 unless ! voice is suppos$ to come d[n ! *imney into ! room4 ,9 ei!r case ! m\? %\ld be turn$ to ! place f :5ce ! s\nd is suppos$ to proce$2 & :5 speak+ 9 8 natural tones1 ! p]=m] %\ld address himself directly to ! audi5ce2 always us+ appropriate ge/ures to signify ! asc5t or desc5t ( ! own] ( ! fictiti\s voice4 ,^! two voices are 9 reality ! only true v5triloquial voices4 ,! v>iation ( tone & acc5t dep5ds m on ! organs ( imitation ?an on true v5triloquism1 ?\gh :5 bo? arts are comb9$ ! effect is s mu* enhanc$ z to become p]fectly m>vell\s4 ,"o ( ! simple/ s\nds to produce is t ( ! humm+-bee1 wasp1 or bluebottle fly4 ,! fir/ s\nd is produc$ 9 ! *e/1 ! latt] by ! lips4 ,x is always well to attempt to cat* ! insect aft] x has indicat$ its pres5ce4 ,?is enables ! s\nd to be rais$ 9 tone1 & occasionally muffl$ :5 ! (f5d+ suppositi\s insect is inclos$ 9 ! h&k]*ief4 ,! imitation ( a knife-gr9d] is easily done1 ! gr9d+ be+ produc$ by a %>p hiss+ s\nd ?r\gh ! tee?1 & ! 8buff+0 or poli%+1 by g5tly clos+ ! lips & draw+ ! brea? ?r\gh !m until !y vibrate--a n uncommon s*oolboy accompli%m5t4 ,! saw+ ( wood1 ! fry+ ( a pancake1 ! uncork+ ( a bottle1 & ! gurgl+ noise ( p\r+ out ! liquid1 may all be successfully imitat$2 b ^! are mu* less /rik+ & +5i\s ?an true v5triloquism4 ,illu/ration ,,puzzles4 #a4 ,,! ,,divid$ ,,g>d54 ,a p]son let 8 h\se to sev]al inmates1 :o occupi$ diff]5t floors1 & hav+ a g>d5 atta*$ to ! h\se1 he 0 desir\s ( divid+ x among !m4 ,!re 7 t5 trees 9 ! g>d51 & he 0 desir\s ( divid+ x s t ea* ( ! five inmates %\ld h an equal %>e ( g>d5 & two trees4 ,h[ did he d x8 ,illu/ration #b4 ,,! ,,v]tical ,,l9e ,,puzzle4 ,draw six v]tical l9es1 z bel[1 &1 by add+ five o!r l9es to !m1 let ! :ole =m n9e4 #c4 ,,! ,,c>dbo>d ,,puzzle4 ,take a piece ( c>dbo>d or lea!r1 ( ! %ape & measurem5t indicat$ by ! diagram1 cut x 9 su* a mann] t y y\rself may pass ?r\gh x1 /ill keep+ x 9 "o piece4 ,illu/ration #d4 ,,! ,,button ,,puzzle4 ,9 ! c5tre ( a piece ( lea!r make two p>allel cuts ) a p5knife1 & j bel[ a small hole ( ! same wid?2 !n pass a piece ( /r+ "u ! slit & ?r\gh ! hole1 z 9 ! figure1 & tie two buttons mu* l>g] ?an ! hole to ! ends ( ! /r+4 ,! puzzle is1 to get ! /r+ out aga9 )\t tak+ (f ! buttons4 ,illu/ration #e4 ,,! ,,circle ,,puzzle4 ,get a piece ( c>dbo>d1 ! size & %ape ( ! diagram1 & pun* 9 x twelve circles or holes 9 ! position %[n4 ,! puzzle is1 to cut ! c>dbo>d into f\r pieces ( equal size1 ea* piece to be ( ! same %ape1 & to conta9 ?ree circles1 )\t cutt+ into any ( !m4 ,illu/ration #f4 ,,! ,,cross ,,puzzle4 ,cut ?ree pieces ( pap] to ! %ape ( ,no4 #a1 "o to ! %ape ( ,no4 #b1 & "o to t ( ,no4 #c4 ,let !m be ( proportional sizes4 ,!n place ! pieces toge!r s z to =m a cross4 ,illu/ration #g4 ,,?ree-,,squ>e ,,puzzle4 ,cut sev5te5 slips ( c>dbo>d ( equal l5g?s1 & place !m on a table to =m six squ>es1 z 9 ! diagram4 ,x is n[ requir$ to take away five ( ! pieces1 yet to leave b ?ree p]fect squ>es4 ,illu/ration #h4 ,,cyl9d] ,,puzzle4 ,illu/ration ,cut a piece ( c>dbo>d ab\t f\r in*es long1 ( ! %ape ( ! diagram1 & make ?ree holes 9 x z repres5t$4 ,! puzzle is1 to make "o piece ( wood pass ?r\gh1 & also exactly to fill1 ea* ( ! ?ree holes4 #i4 ,,! ,,nuns4 ,tw5ty-f\r nuns 7 arrang$ 9 a conv5t by night by a si/]1 to c\nt n9e ea* way1 z 9 ! diagram4 ,f\r ( !m w5t out = a walk by moonlight4 ,h[ 7 ! rema9d] plac$ 9 ! squ>e s z /ill to c\nt n9e ea* way8 ,! f\r :o w5t out return$1 br++ ) !m f\r fri5ds2 h[ 7 !y all plac$ /ill to c\nt n9e ea* way1 & ?us to deceive ! si/]1 z to :e!r !re 7 #bj1 #bd1 #bh1 or #cb1 9 ! squ>e8 ,illu/ration #aj4 ,,! ,,dog ,,puzzle4 ,! dogs are1 by plac+ two l9es ^u !m1 to be sudd5ly ar\s$ to life & made to run4 ,qu]y1 ,h[ & :]e %\ld ^! l9es be plac$1 & :at %\ld be ! =ms ( !m8 ,illu/ration #aa4 ,,cutt+ ,,out ,a ,,cross4 ,h[ c be cut out ( a s+le piece ( pap]1 & ) "o cut ( ! scissors1 a p]fect cross1 & all ! o!r =ms z %[n 9 ! cuts8 ,illu/ration #ab4 ,,ano!r ,,cross ,,puzzle4 ,) ?ree pieces ( c>dbo>d ( ! %ape & size ( ,no4 #a1 & "o ea* ( ,no4 #b & #c1 to =m a cross4 ,illu/ration #ac4 ,,! ,,f\nta9 ,,puzzle4 ,a is a wall1 ,b ,c ,d ?ree h\ses1 & ,e ,f ,g ?ree f\nta9s or canals ,x is requir$ to br+ ! wat] f ,e to ,d1 f ,g to ,b1 & f ,f to ,c1 )\t "o cross+ ! o!r1 or pass+ outside ( ! wall ,a4 ,illu/ration #ad4 ,,! ,,cab9et-,,mak]',s ,,puzzle4 ,a cab9et-mak] _h a circul> piece ( v5e]+1 ) :i* he has to v5e] ! tops ( two oval /ools2 b x s happ5s t ! area ( ! /ools1 exclusive ( ! h&-holes 9 ! c5tre1 & ! circul> piece1 are ! same1 7z t ( ! circle47 ,h[ mu/ he cut 8 /uff s z to be exactly suffici5t = 8 purpose8 #ae4 ,,! ,,/r+ ,,& ,,balls ,,puzzle4 ,get an oblong /rip ( wood or ivory1 & bore ?ree holes 9 x1 z %[n 9 ! cut4 ,!n take a piece ( tw9e1 pass+ ! two ends ?r\gh ! holes at ! extremities1 fa/5+ !m ) a knot1 & ?read ^u x two beads or r+s1 z depict$ above4 ,! puzzle is to get bo? beads on ! same side1 )\t remov+ ! /r+ f ! holes1 or unty+ ! knots4 ,illu/ration #af4 ,,! ,,d\ble-,,head$ ,,puzzle4 ,cut a circul> piece ( wood z 9 ! cut ,no4 #a1 & f\r o!rs1 l ,no4 #b4 ,! puzzle consi/s 9 gett+ !m all into ! cross-%ap$ slit1 until !y look l ,fig4 #c4 ,illu/ration #ag4 ,,! ,,r[ ,,( ,,halfp5ce4 ,place t5 halfp5ce 9 a r[ on ! table4 ,!n take up "o ( !m & place x on ano!r1 nev] 9 any case pass+ ov] m ?an a p5ny 7t is to say1 two halfp5ce74 ,repeat ! op]ation until no halfp5ny rema9s by itself 9 ! r[4 #ah4 ,,typographical ,,advice4 ,y are to read ! foll[+ directions3-- ,if y\r ,b m t put 3 ,:5 y\r ,,is 4 putt+ 3 #ai4 ,,! ,,l&lord ,,made ,,to ,,pay4 ,a well-kn[n mis] once invit$ 8 t5ants to d9n] at an inn1 & to ! surprise ( ! l&lord1 ask$ him to jo9 ! p>ty4 ,:5 ! bill 0 br\ght 91 ! mis] propos$ t !y %\ld ca/ lots :o %\ld pay ! :ole score = ! tw5ty-"o p]sons :o _h d9$4 ,x 0 agre$ t !y %\ld be c\nt$ by ! days ( ! week1 & t e "t ! c\nt] call$ 8,saturday10 ! p]son s nam$ %\ld leave ! room until !re 0 only "o man left1 & he %\ld be payma/]4 ,h[ did ! mis] contrive to ?r[ ! exp5se on ! l&lord8 #bj4 ,,fa!r ,,& ,,son4 ,an old c\ntry squire plant$ a numb] ( oaks :5 8 son 0 born1 & on ! tw5ty-sev5? bir?day ( ! "y man !re 0 a tree = e ye>1 & yet ?\gh !re 7 only #bg trees1 !re 7 t5 r[s & six trees 9 ea* r[1 :i* made sixty1 ! age ( ! squire himself4 ,h[ did he manage x8 ,,answ]s ,,to ,,puzzles4 #a4 ,,! ,,divid$ ,,g>d5 ,,answ]4 ,illu/ration #b4 ,,answ] ,,to ,,v]tical ,,l9e ,,puzzle4 --- #c4 ,,answ] ,,to ,,cut ,,c>d ,,puzzle4 ,d\ble ! c>dbo>d or lea!r l5g?ways d[n ! middle1 & !n cut fir/ to ! "r1 ne>ly to ! end 7! n>r[ way71 & !n to ! left1 & s on to ! end ( ! c>d2 !n op5 x & cut d[n ! middle1 except ! two ends4 ,! diagram %[s ! prop] cutt+s4 ,by op5+ ! c>d or lea!r1 a p]son may pass ?r\gh x4 ,a laurel leaf may be treat$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,illu/ration #d4 ,,answ] ,,to ,,! ,,button ,,puzzle4 ,draw ! n>r[ slip ( ! lea!r ?r\gh ! hole1 & ! /r+ & buttons may be easily releas$4 #e4 ,,answ] ,,to ,,! ,,circle ,,puzzle4 ,illu/ration #f4 ,,answ] ,,to ,,! ,,cross ,,puzzle4 ,illu/ration #g4 ,,answ] ,,to ,,! ,,?ree-,,squ>e ,,puzzle4 ,take away ! pieces numb]$ #h1 #aj1 #a1 #c1 #ac1 & ?ree squ>es only w rema94 ,,answ] ,,to ,,no4 #h4 ,illu/ration ,take a r\nd cyl9d] ( ! diamet] ( ! circul> hole1 & ( ! height ( ! squ>e hole4 ,hav+ drawn a /raight l9e across ! end1 divid+ x into two equal p>ts1 cut an equal section f ei!r side to ! edge ( ! circul> base1 a figure l t repres5t$ by ! woodcut 9 ! m>g9 w\ld !n be produc$1 :i* w\ld fulfil ! requir$ conditions4 #i4 ,,answ] ,,to ,,! ,,nuns' ,,puzzle4 ,illu/ration #aj4 ,,! ,,dogs' ,,puzzle ,,answ]$1 ,,see ,,dott$ ,,l9es ,illu/ration #aa4 ,,answ] ,,to ,,cutt+ ,,out ,a ,,cross ,,puzzle4 ,illu/ration ,take a piece ( writ+ pap] ab\t ?ree times z long z x is broad1 say six in*es long & two wide4 ,fold ! upp] corn] d[n1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #a2 !n fold ! o!r upp] corn] ov] ! fir/1 & x w appe> z 9 ,fig4 #b2 y next fold ! pap] 9 half l5g?wise1 & x w appe> z 9 ,fig4 #c4 ,!n ! la/ fold is made l5g?wise also1 9 ! middle ( ! pap]1 & x w exhibit ! =m ( ,fig4 #d1 :i*1 :5 cut ?r\gh ) ! scissors 9 ! direction ( ! dott$ l9e1 w give all ! =ms m5tion$4 #ab4 ,,answ] ,,to ,,ano!r ,,cross ,,puzzle4 ,illu/ration #ac4 ,,answ] ,,to ,,! ,,f\nta9 ,,puzzle4 ,illu/ration #ad4 ,,answ] ,,to ,,! ,,cab9et-,,mak]',s ,,puzzle4 ,illu/ration ,! cab9et-mak] mu/ f9d ! c5tre ( ! circle1 & /rike ano!r circle1 half ! diamet] ( ! fir/1 & hav+ ! same c5tre4 ,!n cut ! :ole into f\r p>ts1 by means ( two l9es drawn at "r angles to ea* o!r1 !n cut along ! inn] circle1 & put ! pieces toge!r z 9 ! above diagram4 #ae4 ,,answ] ,,to ,,! ,,/r+ ,,& ,,balls ,,puzzle4 ,draw ! loop well d[n1 slipp+ ei!r ball ?r\gh x4 ,pu% x ?r\gh ! hole at ! extremities1 pass x ov] ! knot1 & draw x ?r\gh aga94 ,! same process mu/ be repeat$ ) ! o!r ball2 ! loop c !n be drawn ?r\gh ! hole 9 ! c5tre1 & ! ball w slide along ! cord until x rea*es ! o!r side4 ,! /r+ is !n replac$1 hav+ bo? balls on ! same side4 ,?is plan ( pass+ ! loop ov] ! knot is a key to all ! puzzles ( ?is nature4 ,!re is ano!r & p]haps a neat] way ( p]=m+ ?is trick4 ,draw ! loop ?r\gh ! c5tral hole1 & br+ x ?r\gh f> en\gh to pass "o ( ! balls ?r\gh4 ,hav+ done ?is1 draw ! /r+ back1 & bo? balls w be f\nd on ! same side4 #af4 ,,answ] ,,to ,,! ,,d\ble-,,head$ ,,puzzle4 ,arrange !m side by side 9 ! %ort arms ( ! cross1 draw out ! c5tre piece1 & ! re/ w foll[ easily4 ,! rev]sal ( ! same process w put !m back aga94 ,illu/ration #ag4 ,,! ,,r[ ,,( ,,halfp5ce4 ,to p]=m ?is trick successfully1 y mu/ place ! f\r? on ! fir/1 sev5? on ! ?ird1 fif? ^u ! n9?1 ! second ^u ! six?1 & ! eigh? ^u ! t5?4 #ah4 ,,typographical ,,puzzle4 ,?is puzzle %\ld be read ?us3-- ,if y\r grate be 7great ,b7 empty1 put coal on4 ,:5 y\r grate is 7great ,,is7 full1 /op putt+ coal on4 #ai4 ,,! ,,l&lord ,,made ,,to ,,pay4 ,! c\nt+1 :i* /opp$ at e sev5? man1 0 made to beg9 at ! six? f ! l&lord1 :o sat at ! end ( ! table4 #bj4 ,,fa!r ,,& ,,son4 ,! trees 7 plant$ 9 ?is =m3-- ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 ,,%[s4 ,"u ?is head we describe ^? %[s :i* may be exhibit$ by any +5i\s y\? = ! amusem5t ( a l>ge circle ( fri5ds4 ,p>5ts frequ5tly employ ! it9]ant ,pun*-&-,judy man to a/oni% & delight a juv5ile p>ty ) 8 comical puppets2 & we are conv9c$ t !y act wisely1 z *ildr5 ( all ages enjoy no?+ s mu* z a good %[4 ,! read]1 by foll[+ our directions1 may exhibit ! freaks ( ,pun* & ,judy1 ! danc+ figures ( ! ,fantocc9i1 ! grotesque %ad[s ( ! ,gallanty ,%[2 9 f9e1 he may become q an exp]t %[man4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pun* ,,judy ,by foll[+ our directions1 ! read] may1 ) comp>atively little tr\ble1 con/ruct "s comical puppets1 & acquire suffici5t skill 9 work+ !m1 to give private repres5tations ( ! celebrat$ drama ( 8,pun* & ,judy10 :i* nev] fails to excite ! laught] ( old & "y4 ,9 c>v+ ! heads ( ! puppets1 ! +5uity ( ! read] w be mo/ sev]ely tax$4 ,ea* head mu/ be fa%ion$ out ( a piece ( s(t wood1 ) a %>p p5knife1 & !n pa9t$ ) oil col\rs4 ,an old wood5 doll w be a capital model = ! read] to "w f1 only he mu/ cut mu* deep]1 9 ord] to make ! features ( 8 puppets suffici5tly prom95t4 ,pun*'s nose & *9 may be =m$ ( sep>ate pieces ( wood1 & !n fa/5$ on to ! face ) a little glue4 ,our arti/ has drawn a full-l5g? figure ( ,pun* 7see next page71 & ! faces ( ! o!r *>act]s 9 ! drama--namely1 #a4 ,judy2 #b4 ,beadle2 #c4 ,=eign]2 #d4 ,gho/2 #e4 ,doctor2 #f4 ,cl[n2 #g4 ,jones2 #h4 ,hangman4 ,! c>v] %\ld /udy ^! illu/rations att5tively1 & endeav\r to imitate !m4 ,! eyes ( ! ,gho/ are two black beads1 :i* may be fix$ by p9s1 or loosely atta*$ by %ort pieces ( ?read1 s t !y may roll ab\t 9 _! sauc]-l sockets4 ,! eyes ( ! o!r puppets may be =m$ ( :ite beads1 fix$ by black-head$ p9s 9 small cavities made to receive !m4 ,! hair & be>d ( ! ,=eign]1 & ! ,cl[n's ?ree tufts1 may be made ( any k9d ( fur2 ! ,hangman's wig1 & ! ,doctor's scanty locks1 ( wor/$4 ,ea* head %\ld be ab\t ! size ( an ord9>y h5's egg1 & %\ld h a hole made at ! bottom1 l>ge en\gh to receive ! tip ( ! %[man's f+]4 ,illu/ration ,pun* is ! only puppet t exhibits 8 legs to ! audi5ce1 & !re=e ! only "o requir+ l[] limbs2 ^! legs1 z well z ! h&s ( all ! *>act]s1 are to be cut out ( wood & pa9t$4 ,! clo? figures ( ! puppets mu/ be s con/ruct$1 t ! exhibitor c easily slip !m ov] 8 h& & wri/2 to ^! holl[ bodies ! heads & h&s are to be securely fa/5$ ) a little glue1 or "s small tacks4 ,pun*'s figure may be =m$ ( r$ m]9o1 or any o!r gay-col\r$ /uff2 ! 8goodly hun*0 & prom95t /oma* mu/ n be =gott52 ^! important app5dages may be /uff$ ) cotton or t[4 ,judy's dress may be made ( cotton pr9t2 ! ,beadle's1 ( blue clo?1 edg$ ) gold lace2 ! ,=eign]'s1 ( almo/ any k9d ( /uff2 ! ,doctor's1 ( black clo?2 & ! dresses ( ,jones & ! ,hangman1 ( any sob]-col\r$ /uffs4 ,! ,gho/ mu/ be envelop$ 9 a long :ite l95 g[n2 & ! popul> fav\rite1 ! ,cl[n1 mu/ be array$ 9 ! true pantomimic /yle4 ,9 con/ruct+ ! dresses1 ! read] w h 8 pati5ce sorely tri$1 unless he c p]suade a few "y ladies to aid him ) _! nimble f+]s4 ,motion is giv5 to ea* ( ! puppets by ! %[man's h&1 ! =ef+] ( :i* moves ! head1 :ile ! ?umb & second f+] "w ! two arms2 ! annex$ engrav+ w elucidate ?is op]ation4 ,illu/ration ,we h n yet allud$ to two important *>act]s 9 ! drama--namely1 ! ,baby & ! ecc5tric dog ,toby4 ,any little doll may be dress$ 9 long-clo!s to repres5t ! ,baby1 s ! read] may be sp>$ ! tr\ble ( c>v+ ano!r head4 ,! "p ( ,toby is g5]ally fill$ by a liv+ p]=m]1 b z we d n suppose ! read] to be ! own] ( a prop]ly-tra9$ cur1 we recomm5d him to procure "o ( ^? b>k+ or squeak+ dogs :i* are sold at ! toy-%ops2 ) su* a ,toby1 ! fun ( ! piece w be increas$ r ?an dim9i%$4 ,pun*'s /ick mu/ be ab\t a foot long1 & q half an in* ?ick2 x mu/ be =m$ ( t\gh wood1 z "s r\gh "w is p]=m$ ) x dur+ ! progress ( ! drama4 ,! gall[s mu/ be ( ! lett] ,f =m1 & mu/ h two holes bor$ ?r\gh ! end ( ! project+ beam2 ! cord hav+ be5 knott$ at "o end1 is to be pass$ ?r\gh ea* hole4 ,hav+ describ$ ! puppets1 we w n[ say a few words ab\t ! %[ 9 :i* !y are to be exhibit$4 ,! d+y curta9s :i* conceal ! /reet p]=m] ( ,pun*1 are support$ by a tall rectangul> frame ( wood1 :i* ! read] c\ld n imitate )\t consid]able lab\r & "s k ( c>p5try4 ,! %[ we recomm5d is simply a box ab\t ?ree feet squ>e1 op5 9 front & at bottom2 ?is is hung ^u nails aga9/ ! wall1 above ! head ( ! amateur %[man1 :o is hidd5 f view by curta9s :i* rea* f ! box to ! floor4 ,! box may be a l>ge tea-*e/ inv]t$1 ) ! lid & "o ( its sides remov$4 ,! inside ( ! box %\ld be hung ) gre5-baize1 or any o!r d>k-col\r$ /uff4 ,a prosc5ium cut out ( pa/ebo>d1 & ta/efully pa9t$1 %\ld be fa/5$ 9 front ( ! box1 s z to conceal ! unsightly edges ( ! wood4 ,a %elf ( wood ab\t f\r in*es wide %\ld project beyond ! prosc5ium1 s z to =m a little /age ^u :i* ,pun* may drum 8 legs1 lay d[n 8 /ick1 & place ! dead bodies ( 8 victims2 ?is %elf may be fix$ by screws pass+ ?r\gh ! two sides ( ! box4 ,dur+ ! p]=mance ! puppets mu/ be kept 9 an op5 box hang+ aga9/ ! wall )9 rea* ( ! %[man4 ,! read] hav+ prep>$ ev]y?+1 %\ld le>n ! drama1 & practise ! diff]5t voices :i* he int5ds to give to ! diff]5t *>act]s4 ,he w probably be "s "t be=e he c acquire ! peculi> squeak ( ,pun*1 :i* is g5]ally suppos$ to be produc$ by an in/rum5t call$ a 8squeak]40 ,) none ( squeak]s we h se5 c\ld any di/9ct words be utt]$1 & we !re=e recomm5d ! read] to tru/ to 8 own p[]s ( mimicry4 ,) reg>d to ! musical accompanim5ts1 ! amateur %[man %\ld get "s k9d si/] or c\s9 to sit at ! piano1 ! notes ( :i* are mu* m pleas+ ?an ^? ( ! ,p&ean pipes & drum4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fantocc9i ,ab\t sixty ye>s ago1 a puppet-%[ 0 exhibit$ at ! we/-end ( ,london1 ) ! ,italian title ( ,fantocc9i1 :i* greatly attract$ ! notice ( ! public1 & 0 spok5 ( z an extraord9>y p]=mance2 x 01 h[ev]1 no?+ m ?an a revival ( ! old puppet-%[1 :i* drew cr[d$ & fa%ionable audi5ces dur+ ! reign ( ,que5 ,anne1 & rivall$ ! m pomp\s exhibitions ( ! l>g] !atres4 ,9 ! pres5t day ,fantocc9i are exhibit$ 9 ! op5 /reets by ! it9]ant %[man1 ^: ragg$ coat & batt]$ hat %[ h[ puppets h fall5 9 ! e/imation ( ! fa%ionable public4 ,any +5i\s y\? may amuse & a/oni% a l>ge circle ( fri5ds ) an exhibition ( danc+ puppets1 z ! diff]5t figures are n difficult to con/ruct1 & _! motions are v easily manag$4 ,! puppets may be common wood5 dolls dress$ up 9 appropriate co/umes4 ,! arms & legs are to be loosely atta*$ to ! bodies1 s t !y may be mov$ ab\t 9 any direction by ?reads fa/5$ to _! extremities4 ,^! ?reads may be =m$ ( black sew+-silk1 or /rong black cotton4 ,all ! ?reads proce$+ f ! diff]5t limbs & jo9ts ( a puppet are to be atta*$ to a /ick 9 su* a mann] z to all[ ! figure to /& 9 a natural attitude2 ! annex$ engrav+ %[s two puppets ?us support$4 ,illu/ration ,! puppet-%[ may be =m$ 9 ! foll[+ simple mann]3--,take a tall1 ?ree-sid$ clo!s-horse1 & place its out] edges aga9/ ! wall s t x may inclose a squ>e space2 !n hang curta9s or %awls ov] ! horse1 leav+ no "p uncov]$ except a rectangul> space close to ! floor 9 front2 to ?is op5+ y may1 if y ?9k prop]1 fix a pa9t$ prosc5ium4 ,n[ place a small t[el-horse1 hung ) black /uff1 at ! di/ance ( a foot beh9d ! prosc5ium1 to s]ve z a backgr\nd to ! /age1 & to conceal y\r legs :ile y are engag$ 9 work+ ! puppets3 hav+ done ?is1 lay d[n a little gre5-baize c>pet on t "p ( ! floor :i* repres5ts ! /age1 & y\r puppet-%[ w be complete4 ,! puppets may be illum9at$ by c&les plac$ on ! floor 9 front ( ! prosc5ium4 ,! spectators are to be /ation$ z f> f ! %[ z possible1 s t !y may n p]ceive ! ?reads4 ,! p]=m] takes 8 seat beh9d ! small horse1 & hold+ ! /ick to :i* ! ?reads are fa/5$ 9 8 left h&1 he manages ! motions ( ! puppet ) ! f+]s ( 8 "r h&4 ,:5 ! motions are v complicat$1 ! %[man may atta* ! /ick to a /r+ hang+ f a rod plac$ across ! top ( ! %[1 & employ ! f+]s ( bo? h&s 9 work+ ! figure4 ,) v little practice ! amateur puppet-man may acquire great pr(ici5cy 9 ! art ( giv+ lifelike movem5ts to ! dolls4 ,! read] may dress up 8 puppets 9 any fancy co/umes1 b he mu/ endeav\r to give to ea* its appropriate action4 ,! foll[+ *>act]s may p]haps be all[$ to figure 9 8 ,fantocc9i3-- ,,! ,,sailor4 ,?is puppet1 :i* is repres5t$ 9 our illu/ration1 is a popul> fav\rite4 ,! doll %\ld h :isk]s ( ,b]l9 wool glu$ on its *eeks1 & a trim black silk pigtail atta*$ to ! back ( ! head4 ,x is to be dress$ 9 ! conv5tional naval co/ume1 namely1 a blue jacket1 loose :ite tr\s]s1 & a /raw hat4 ,on its entrance x %\ld be made to b[ to ! audi5ce 9 a *>act]i/ic mann]1 by incl9+ its body & kick+ "o leg beh9d x4 ,! ,sailor's ,hornpipe is !n to be /ruck up by ! piani/1 & ! puppet made to dance to ! music4 ,if ! %[man c manage six /r+s at once1 two ?reads1 n %[n 9 our illu/ration1 may be atta*$ to ! knees4 ,,! ,,juggl] ,may be dress$ 9 a fanciful ,ea/]n co/ume2 a /r+ is to be atta*$ to ! head1 & ano!r to ea* ( ! h&s4 ,a gild$ ball1 hav+ a hole pi]c$ ?r\gh x1 is /rung on ea* h&-?read1 & to ea* ball a f9e silk5 ?read is atta*$4 ,our illu/ration %[s h[ ! five ?reads are to be atta*$ to ! support+-/ick4 ,a little practice w enable ! %[man to "w ?is puppet s dext]\sly t ! spectators w be fairly puzzl$ to tell h[ ! rapid toss+ & cat*+ ( ! balls is manag$4 ,,! ,,headless ,,man4 ,?is puppet may be dress$ accord+ to ! read]'s fancy2 its head is n fa/5$ to ! body1 b is /rung on a ?read atta*$ to ! neck4 ,:5 ! %[man has made ! doll dance = a %ort "t1 he pulls ! head f ! body by means ( a ?read fa/5$ to x1 & makes ! headless puppet dance on z if no?+ _h happ5$4 ,,! ,,milkwoman4 ,a puppet1 dress$ l a woman ) a yoke ( milkcans1 makes its appe>ance & p]=ms a c\ntry jig4 ,be=e ! dance is conclud$ a little :ite doll jumps out ( ea* c4 ,! milkwoman tries to cat* ! dolls1 b !y fly out ( sight4 ,! trick is easily manag$2 to ! head ( ea* little doll is fa/5$ a ?read1 :i* ! %[man pulls at ! prop] "t4 ,! yoke may be cut out ( a piece ( s(t deal1 & ! cans may be made ( pa/ebo>d cov]$ ) t9foil4 ,illu/ration ,,po/age ,,/amp ,,collect+1 ,,or ,,philately4 ,our "y read]s may va9ly turn ov] ! pages ( any exi/+ diction>y to f9d ! sci5tific alias ( ! head+ ( ?is article4 ,we tru/ ! omission w be soon suppli$1 ,philately1 or ,po/age ,/amp ,collect+1 hav+ rea*$ ! dignity ( a recognis$ sci5ce4 ,! ^w is ! ,engli% r5d]+ ( ! ,fr5* t]m ,philatlie1 be/[$ by a di/+ui%$ ,p>isian amateur 9 sub/itution = :at 0 call$ timbromania1 ! latt] portion ( :i* ^w caus$ an unpleasant association ( ideas1 & gave rise to _m a sne] f ! wiseacres :o _h n s5se en\gh to und]/& ! real utility ( ! pa/ime4 ,x is d]iv$ f ! ,greek & 1 ! ne>e/ equival5t traceable 9 classical lore to a mod]n po/age /amp4 ,to s*oolboys 9 g5]al be ascrib$ ! hon\r ( introduc+ ! elegant & in/ructive fancy =m+ ! subject ( our diss]tation4 ,! "y /ud5ts ( ! college ( ,l\va9 9 p>ticul> claim to h be5 ! e>lie/ collectors3 !nce ! fancy spread ov] ,france & ,g]many1 inoculat+ _m an ,engli% pupil 9 cont95tal sem9>ies1 by :om x 0 transmitt$ home4 ,"s ,l\va9 s*ol>s in=m$ u la/ ye> t x _h be5 long prohibit$ by ! pr(essors1 z t5d+ to induce inatt5tion to _! regul> tasks6 ,we ?9k ?is a mi/ak5 notion2 conv9c$ t a k ( geography1 hi/ory1 & ! values ( =eign co9s is mat]ially facilitat$ by ! /udy ( po/age /amps2 :i*1 moreov]1 induces neatness1 regul>ity1 & a sure refuge f ennui on a ra9y day4 ,be=e ! reign ( po/age /amps1 :o ev] he>d ( ! obscure city :5ce emanates t unit ( a /range set ( five1 engrav$ at page #gei1 or ! equally my/]i\s ,?urn & ,taxis8 ,:at c give a bett] idea ( ! *ances & *anges few] ?an t5 ye>s h produc$ 9 ! va/ tract ( l& kn[n z ! ,danubian ,pr9cipalities1 ^: /amps are repres5tatives ( ,moldavia alone1 ( ,moldo-,walla*ia unit$1 & ( ! same c\ntries resum+ _! anci5t d5om9ation ( ,r\mania1 fir/ "u ,pr9ce ,c\za1 n[ "u ,pr9ce ,*>les ( ,hoh5zoll]n8 ,illu/ration ,at ! head ( ?is pap] is a repr9t ( an engrav+ tak5 f an old "w on anci5t & mod]n po/s1 pr9t$ at ,p>is 9 #agjh4 ,x portrays ! v>i\s me?ods ( transmitt+ news 9 use be=e ! pres5t almo/ univ]sal sy/em4 ,! left-h& t[] be>s a light$ beacon2 on ! top ( ! "r & c5tral t[]s are m5 suppos$ to be %\t+ messages to be pass$ onw>ds f place to place1 9 ! way "s ( our "y classical s*ol>s w rememb] is m5tion$ by ,cs>1 book vii4 *apt] #c4 ,! c>ri] pigeon above1 & ! dog 9 ! =egr\nd1 repres5t o!r well-kn[n modes4 ,! =m] 01 & /ill is1 common 9 ! ,ea/1 & by no means disus$ "h 9 ! case ( races1 prize-fights1 c42 ! latt] 0 employ$ by ! ,portuguese dur+ _! ,ea/ ,indian conque/s1 & has be5 us$ until a late p]iod by ! ,p]uvians & o!r ,am]icans4 ,an e>ly anticipation ( ! mod]n po/-paid envelope is /ill 9 exi/5ce1 appropriately address$ to ! celebrat$ au?oress ( 8,cyrus ! ,great10 ! orig9ator ( 7ang>a71 or po/+-/ations2 b1 /range to say1 ,p]sia1 ! e>lie/ po/al pione]1 has n yet adopt$ ! /amp sy/em1 ?\gh essays h be5 submitt$ to ! ,/ate4 ,illu/ration ,! ,cali=nian ,pony ,expresses1 & ! e>lie/ emission ( ,bu5os ,aires1 are exempl>s ( ?is primitive way ( communication4 ,! la/-nam$ /amp has be5 suppos$ m]ely an essay2 b we h se5 x po/-m>k$4 ,a modification ( ! same is ! ,humboldt ,express ( ,langton & ,co4 & a sort ( trave/ie1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates local ( ,d4 ,o4 ,blood4 ,o!r me?ods ( transmitt+ correspond5ce1 c4 are typifi$ by ! sail+ vessels ( ,briti% ,guiana1 ! /eam]s on ! ext9ct /amps ( ,bu5os ,aires1 & ! ,pacific ,/eam ,navigation ,company2 ^? ( ,la ,guaira & ! ,russian = ! ,levant sea-ports4 ,an ,am]ican idea1 ev5 too g-ahead = ! reckless ,yankees1 = we _c he> t x 0 ev] put 9 practice1 is also "h embodi$4 ,illu/ration ,ne>ly two c5turies aft] ! plan 0 broa*$ 9 ,p>is appe>$ ! well-kn[n absurd ,mulready envelope1 an extraord9>y evid5ce ( (ficial vag>ies1 t su* an abortion %\ld h receiv$ pref]5ce ov] hundr$s ( essays1 ( :i* ! cut pictures by no means ! be/6 ,illu/ration ,! curr5t envelopes = ,great ,brita91 simple & comp\nd1 compris+ e value f "o p5ny to "o %ill+ & sixp5ce1 except+ only elev5p5ce & "o %ill+ & fivep5ce1 are c]ta9ly p]fection2 b are s little kn[n or us$ t few are aw>e ( o!r ?an ! p5ny ones4 ,we ?9k our undes]v$ly vaunt$ p5ny label f> surpass$ 9 its own /yle by t ( ! isl&s ( ,antigua or ,/4 ,v9c5t1 & ! ,/4 ,kitt's essay "h giv54 ,illu/ration ,9 ! ?ird ye> aft] ! introduction ( po/al labels 9 ,great ,brita91 ! canton ( ,zuri* w\ld appe> to h ent]ta9$ ! idea ( imitat+ our example1 ! wond]fully r>e if n unique pair ( essays be>+ ! date ( #ahdc te/ify+ visibly to t int5tion4 ,brazil1 h[ev]1 9 ! same ye> actually produc$ its fir/ set1 & is entitl$ to all ! m]it ( second+ ?is m>vell\sly successful move ( ours4 ,?is 0 ! l>ge figure s]ies1 cont9u$ 9 ! same /yle till ^? lately sup]s$$1 ( :i* ! r$ #bhj & ! yell[ #dcj reis alone rema9 9 use4 ,al?\gh ! ,zuri* above allud$ to 0 nev] 9 circulation1 a pair some?+ l x 0 s1 ei!r 9 ! same or foll[+ ye>4 ,! canton ( ,g5eva next foll[$ ! lead4 ,"o ( its /amps is unique on acc\nt ( ! cu/om ( divid+ x :5 b half value 0 ne$$4 ,! canton ( ,basle next jo9$ ! philatelic ranks1 foll[$ aft] ?ree ye>s' int]val by ,vaud & ,neuf*atel4 ,a twelvemon? previ\sly our transatlantic bre?r5 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates />t$ ! #e c5ts bronze be>+ ! head ( ,frankl91 & ! l>ge #aj c5ts ) t ( ,wa%+ton4 ,9 ! same ye> 7#ahdg7 a decree = ! adoption ( po/age /amps 9 ,belgium 0 made1 :i* 0 c>ri$ into effect a ye> & a half aft]w>ds4 ,six mon?s 9 advance appe>$ ! beautifully engrav$ effigies ( ! ,fr5* ,republic2 dur+ ! c\rse ( tw5ty ye>s foll[$ ! c\nt]feit pres5tm5ts ( ! ,presid5cy1 ! uncircl$1 & ! laurell$ heads ( ! ,emp]or ,napoleon4 ,illu/ration ,! ensu+ ye> witness$ emanations f ,au/ria1 ,bav>ia1 ,lomb>do-,v5etia1 ,prussia1 ,saxony1 ,s>d9ia1 & ! fir/ ( ! int]m9able issues ( ,spa93 also ! long solit>y pair record+ ! abortive insurrection ( ,s*leswig ,hol/e9 9 #ahdh-ej4 ,! po/al repres5tatives ( ,s*leswig1 ( ,hol/e91 & ( ! two ,/ates 9 comb9ation1 n[ numb] two doz56 ,?is succession ( /amps w ev] possess a /rong hi/orical int]e/ 9 consequ5ce ( _! c\ntry's connexion ) ! />tl+ ev5ts att5dant on ! cont95tal convulsions ( #ahff4 ,a simil> value 9 relation to ,european annals1 entitl+ !m to ! /yle & title ( ,pap] ,m$als1 mu/ be laid on ! n[ ext9ct ho/s ( ,hanov]ian labels & envelopes1 ) ^? ( ! defunct (fice ( ,?urn & ,taxis1 ov]:elm$ by ! ne$le-guns ( ,prussia1 aft] an exi/5ce ( m ?an ?ree hundr$ ye>s4 ,an approximate idea ( ! numb] ( po/age /amps1 curr5t & ext9ct1 may be obta9$ f ! late/ edition ( any good catalogue4 ,t ( ,opp5's ,album 7#aj? edition7 conta9s ab\t #b1hjj di/9ct individual /amps1 b includes no v>ieties ( col\r o!r ?an ^? recognis$ by ! mo/ fa/idi\sly dispos$ collectors1 su* z ! light & d>k blues ( ,?urn & ,taxis1 fir/ issue2 nei!r does x take mu* note ( pro(s or essays1 or any ( railway or local ,briti% labels1 or ( diff]5ces 9 wat]m>k or mode ( p]=ation2 :i* latt] v>iations are n[ consid]$ important by ! high] ord] ( philateli/s4 ,! /amp-issu+ localities am\nt at pres5t to #abb1 #ea be+ 9 ,europe2 ( ^! no few] ?an sev5 h enli/$ )9 ! pa/ twelvemon?s1 viz4 ,s]via1 ! ,virg9 ,isl&s1 ,guatemala1 ,salvador 7see p4 #geh71 ,heligol&1 ,breslau1 & ,turk's ,isl&4 ,! latt] is exquisitely engrav$1 b ) ! exception ( ! p9k1 ! col\rs are execrable4 ,! fir/ two1 & ! ,breslau local are app5d$4 ,illu/ration ,exclud+ ! ,unit$ ,/ates locals1 ^: "n is legion1 z well z ^? ( ,hamburg1 mo/ ( :i* are spuri\s1 ! emissions ( ,spa9 c\nt ! highe/4 ,!y am\nt to ne>ly n9ety impressions = g5]al po/al purposes1 besides sev]al telegraphic & exclusively (ficial issues4 ,! lat] portraitures ( ,h] ,ca?olic ,maje/y1 if correct1 prove h[ v well %e c>ries h] age1 ) ! assi/ance1 p]haps1 ( "s ,spani% ,madame ,ra*el4 ,comp>e "o ( ! curr5t set ) ^? depict$ at pages #gei & #gfg & note ! dates4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 & ^? ( ,colombia1 or ! ,granad9e ,conf$]ation1 af=d u ea* ! lib]al all[ance ( betwe5 fifty & sixty v>ieties 9 col\r1 device1 or value3 ! /amps ( ! =m] c\ntry1 :i* are usually models ( *oice engrav+1 be> almo/ inv>iably ! heads ( _! wor?ies1 su* z ! late ,presid5t ,l9coln1 & ,g5]al ,?omas 7,/onewall7 ,jackson4 ,illu/ration ,! memory ( ! great ,conf$]ate /ruggle w be ev] pres]v$ by ! po/age /amps issu$ f v>i\s cities 9 ! revolt+ ,/ates2 su* z ,memphis1 ,baton ,r\ge1 ,mobile1 ,*>le/on1 ,new ,orleans1 c4 ,^! _h fancy devices1 b ! features ( ,jeff]son ,davis & ,j4 ,c4 ,calh\n w rea* po/]ity on two ( ! ,conf$]ate issues4 ,on "o ( !m also figures 8,hickory0 ,jackson1 a h]o ( ! w> 9 #ahab4 ,x is a s+ul> fact t ! illu/rat$ po/age /amp magaz9es1 c4 are pur*as$ by non-philatelic collectors = ! purpose ( cutt+ out ! m9iature portraits ( celebrities1 ^: effigies are o!rwise less conv5i5tly atta9able4 ,illu/ration ,! palm ( beauty w be assign$ nem4 con4 to ! curr5t pair ( ,nova ,scotia types4 ,!re are ?ree ( ea*1 "o repres5t+ ! full front bu/ ( our graci\s ,que5 9 /ate attire2 ! o!r ,h] ,maje/y's pr(ile3 ! =m] 9 sc>let1 gre51 & black2 ! latt] 9 lilac1 blue1 & black4 ,( ^! ! pair ( black are by f> ! mo/ effective4 ,"o ( !m is m or less p]fectly r5d]$ by ! ,newf\ndl& #ab c5ts1 & ! ,s\? ,au/ralian two %ill+1 & f\rp5ny /amps2 ! o!r by ! #bd c5ts ( ! =m] colony4 ,!re are num]\s o!r exquisite specim5s ( ! engrav]'s art to be f\nd 9 a collection ( po/age /amps4 ,! ,fr5* republics1 ! ,greek ,m]curies1 ! ,russian & ,poli% adhesives1 & ! ,hong ,kongs are admirable4 ,! curr5t ,saxons1 ,bav>ians1 all ! ,portuguese1 & ! lately emitt$ ,heligol&s are ! be/ examples ( ! relief or cameo /yle3 engrav+s ( ^! give b a poor idea ( ! orig9al4 ,! same me?od ( type is mu* less effective 9 ! ,prussians1 ,old5burgs1 ,s*leswigs & ,hol/e9s2 b radiates 9 full effulg5ce 9 ! faultless envelopes ( our own c\ntry1 9 ^? ( ,bad51 ,hanov]1 & ! ext9ct ,saxons & ,prussians2 ) our colonials ( ,ceylon & ! ,mauritius4 ,! ,am]ican ,bank ,note ,company1 we mu/ p]=ce1 mo/ unpatriotically1 admit to be unrivall$ 9 pla9 engrav+2 ( :i* ! ,nova ,scotias1 & "s o!rs not$ above are in/ances3 ! trio ( l>ge newspap] & p]iodical labels issu$ la/ ye> 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :i* be> ! pr(iles ( ,wa%+ton1 ,frankl91 & ,l9coln respectively1 & ! ,c5tral-,fair locals too1 are wellnigh p]fection4 ,! symbolical ,newf\ndl&s are equally notewor?y4 ,to ! same1 or a bran* firm1 we believe ourselves indebt$ = ! lovely l&scapes ( ,guatemala1 ,nic>agua1 ,co/a ,rica1 & ,salvador4 ,illu/ration ,! swans ( ,we/]n ,au/ralia1 repeat$ 9 su* v>iety ( col\r1 ev] attract att5tion2 z d ! keys ( ,brem51 ! ca/les ( ,hamburg1 ! comp\nds ( my/]i\s ,b]g$orf1 ! eagles ( ,lubeck1 ! qua9t emissions ( ! ,arg5t9e ,conf$]ation1 & ! cross$ keys & ti>a ( ! ,papal ,/ates1 aft] ! eye is we>i$ by ! incessant array ( heads & armorial be>+s exhibit$ by ! majority ( /amp-emitt+ c\ntries4 ,! adhesives ( ! k+doms once compos+ ! ,two ,sicilies are bo? equally rem>kable2 t ( ,naples = its s+ul>ity1 t ( ,sicily f its peculi> boldness ( design & ri* col\r+4 ,illu/ration ,! fir/ /amps ( ,luxemb\rg1 ^? ( ! ,dut* ,ea/ ,indies1 & ,holl&1 exhibit m>vell\s v>iations 9 ! portraiture ( "o & ! same individual sov]eign4 ,illu/ration ,! m>ketable value ( a po/age /amp = collections does n1 h[ev]1 by any means1 dep5d ^u its beauty or de=mity4 ,! great] portion ( ! m attractive 9 appe>ance are pur*asable at a v l[ figure3 ! mo/ beautiful ( all1 ! ,nova ,scotian black pr(ile1 c be _h at its natal place = "o c5t1 or an ,engli% halfp5ny4 ,! circul> specim5 ( meagre ugl9ess bel[ may be wor? a c\ple ( sov]eigns1 ev5 :5 cancell$2 a mod]ately well-/or$ juv5ile album c\ld be pur*as$ = ! price ( an unus$ specim51 7 su* exi/+1 :i* we /rongly d\bt4 ,t ( ,romagna & ! e>ly ,van ,diem5's ,l& are little bett]4 ,illu/ration ,"s ( ! frightful libels on ! augu/ c\nt5ances ( ! ,emp]or ,napoleon1 ! ,que5 ( ,spa91 & our own ,sov]eign1 fet* also exorbitant fancy prices4 ,! ,fr5* affair goes by ! "n ( ! ,cay5ne essay2 possibly because its concoctor 01 or at lea/1 des]v$ to be1 transport$ ?i!r = 8 impud5ce4 ,! ,que5s' pr(iles on _! colonial /amps = ! ,philipp9es & ! ,mauritius are m]e c>icatures4 ,slight improvem5t on ! ,briti% ,guiana /amp is made by "s ( ! ,honolulu emissions2 also ! local ,bav>ian2 ! ,bollo ,/raord9>io ( ,tuscany2 ! #aj & #ae c5times p]cevoir ( ,france2 & ! ,l& ,po/ trio ( ,bad54 ,! latt] h ! advantage ( be+ pr9t$ on yell[ pap]4 ,"s ( ! ,s&wi* ,isl&s /amps1 nev]!less1 f> out/rip ! productions ( "s c\ntries t 7 highly civiliz$ long ere ! full dress ( "o ( _! natives consi/$ ( aught save a few beads4 ,portraits ( ! great1 ! late1 & ! regnant k+s be>+ ! jo9t "n ( ,kamehameha exi/ on /amps3 ! "o giv5 does b scant ju/ice to its *a/ely design$ orig9al4 ,illu/ration ,! ,fr5* labels j allud$ to are plac$ by ! po/al au?orities on insuffici5tly paid lett]s4 ,!y are only surreptiti\sly pur*asable at ! po/-(fices1 n be+ = public use2 b ?is bit ( r$-tapeism is easily evad$ = a con-sid-er-ation4 ,( simil> "* are ! ,bav>ian be=e-m5tion$1 & ! ,italian segnatassa1 figur$ above4 ,a collector 9 ,leghorn1 unable to procure "o ( ^! latt]1 wrote a lett] to himself )\t /amp+ x1 expect+ "o ( ! !n new labels to be affix$ be=e deliv]y4 ,su* 0 ! case2 b ! lett] ly+ on ! hall-table1 a fri5d ( ours innoc5tly ab/ract$ ! /amp & inclos$ x to ourselves z ! la/ new po/al curiosity4 ,besides su* slightly abnormal deviations f ! g5]al run ( po/age /amps1 may be enum]at$ ! 8too late0 label =m]ly us$ by ! colony ( ,victoria1 n[ p>ticul>ly re*]* by philateli/s1 especially 9 an uncancell$ /ate4 ,?is individual is unique 9 its application2 b !re are sev]al impressions exclusively devot$ to ! regi/ration ( lett]s4 ,^? ( ,victoria1 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 & ,que5sl& 7l ! cut1 b ! ^w 8regi/]$0 sub/itut$ = ! value7 are well kn[n2 & ! rec5tly emitt$ ,prussians1 "o ( :i* is giv5 on ! next page1 are ( some:at k9dr$ nature4 ,! qua9t c5tre device is an (f%oot f t f]tile field = philateli/s1 ,new ,granada1 alias ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,columbia2 ! ,r /&+ = regi/rados 7regi/]$74 ,illu/ration ,besides /rictly gov]nm5tal issues1 _m private firms & individuals h be5 tacitly all[$ to issue po/age /amps1 m or less p>tak+ ( ! "* ( regul> (ficial emanations4 ,su* are ^? ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 am\nt+ to upw>ds ( five hundr$2 "s ( :i*1 ?\gh catalogu$1 nev] did duty1 & 7 only concoct$ = sale4 ,!y are n[1 we believe1 all ext9ct4 ,"s ( !m are repres5t$ on previ\s pages4 ,! ,city ( ,hamburg has produc$ upw>ds ( a hundr$1 ( :i* ! great] "p are impo/ors4 ,an unimpea*$ "o w be f\nd depict$ f>!r on4 ,! pages devot$ to ! ,u4 ,s4 locals by ^? :o collect !m1 pres5t a mo/ v>i$ & extraord9>y appe>ance1 f ! endless v>ieties ( device & col\r employ$4 ,pr(iles1 bu/s1 figures ( m5 & animals1 num]als1 pla9 inscriptions1 symbolical & allegorical repres5tations meet ! eye1 v>i$ ) all ! col\rs 9 & out ( ! ra9b[4 ,illu/ration ,dresd51 ,breslau1 ,montreal1 ,%anghai1 ,con/ant9ople1 ,ed9burgh1 ,glasg[1 & ,london1 also contribute _! quota t[>ds ! ranks ( locals4 ,^! are all emissions ( private firms3 ^? ( ! ?ird place m5tion$ are m ?an d\btful2 ! latt] are n[ prohibit$ by law4 ,to ^! may be add$ ^? ( ,?rondhjems 7,dron!im71 ,tamm]=s1 ,hels+=s1 ) ! ,levant1 ,danubian1 & ,pacific ,/eam ,companies4 ,! legally au?oris$ issues ( ,malta1 ! ,dani% ,we/ ,indies1 c4 & ! v l[ values ( cont95tal /amps1 may be likewise t]m$ locals2 n be+ available out ( _! own bir?place4 ,! ,la ,guairas1 "o ( :i* is figur$ at page #ged1 mu/ n be omitt$ f ! li/4 ,illu/ration ,/ill f>!r ?an ! unaccr$it$ locals f a /rictly legitimate po/al collection are ! num]\s labels issu$ by ! sev]al railroads4 ,!y am\nt to a consid]able numb] altoge!r1 rang+ 9 value f "o f>?+ to five %ill+s4 ,_m ( ! =eign telegraph /amps are extremely ta/y1 especially ! ,belgian & ,spani%3 ^!1 h[ev]1 are n usually admitt$ into collections4 ,/ill less are our own n[ disus$ 8,cu/oms0 labels1 :i* f> exce$ ! po/als 9 beauty2 z d our receipt1 bill1 & legal adhesives1 "s ( :i* are z high z #el4 or m 9 value4 ,! 8ne$le-gun0 w> ( #ahff introduc$ q a novel g5us ( po/age envelopes4 ,!y 7 employ$ 9 ,prussia1 ,saxony1 c42 "s = ! use ( civilians writ+ to _! fri5ds or relatives at camp2 o!rs = ! exclusive s]vice ( ! milit>y4 ,"s ,brazilian y\?s1 ( m +5uity ?an probity1 concoct$ an imitation ( ^!1 & pass$ !m (f at a price among deal]s & amateurs1 z be+ employ$ = a simil> purpose 9 ! conflict betwe5 ! ,brazilians & ,p>aguayans4 ,! highe/ pric$ po/age /amps 7 ! once r>e ,pony ,expresses 7see page #gec71 "o ( :i* co/ #d doll>s 7#afs4 #h;d47 ,! #b doll> "o ranks next2 !n ! five %ill+ ( ,new ,s\? ,wales1 ! ,mauritius1 & our own2 ! #if c5ts ( ,hong ,kong1 ! #h reales ( ,mexico1 ! #ij c5ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! #a scudo ( ,rome1 & ! #be pia/res ( ,turkey4 ,! ,ceylons are ! mo/ num]\s 9 v>ieties ( value1 hav+ no few] ?an ?irte51 f "o halfp5ny to two %ill+s4 ,f f\r to six is ! av]age numb] ( monet>y d5om9ations = ! same c\ntry4 ,"s h m1 z ,hong ,kong1 :i* c\nts t54 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates h ! same numb]1 besides f\r additional values 9 envelopes4 ,new ,s\? ,wales has eight1 & ,victoria n9e values4 ,france has n9e at pres5t1 b a high] pric$ /amp is ann\nc$4 ,lib]ia1 ,turk's ,isl&1 & ,briti% ,honduras h only ?ree2 ,gr5ada1 ,nic>agua1 ,briti% ,columbia1 & ,antigua1 issue b two2 & ,vanc\v]'s ,isl&1 ,malta1 ,si]ra ,leone1 & ,corri5tes1 only "o4 ,! la/-nam$ locality1 be+ a small prov9ce ( ! ,arg5t9e ,republic1 has issu$ ! same die = two sev]al values4 ,x 0 orig9ally m>k$ un real1 b ?is 0 subsequ5tly eras$1 no designation ( value appe>+4 ,?ree c5tavos 0 !n its price4 ,x is impress$ 9 black1 on blue1 z well z gre5 pap]4 ,l ! ,new ,cal$onian1 x 0 pr9t$ 9 %eets f a s+le block1 ea* impression slightly diff]+4 ,?is is "o ( ! few exceptions to ! rule ( po/age /amps be>+ a facial value4 ,! e>li] issues ( ! ,mauritius1 ,tr9idad1 & ,b>badoes p>take ( ! same defect1 be+ di/+ui%able by col\r only4 ,! ,ionian ,isl&]s 7 9 a l category3 b ! sole exi/+ specim5s ( ?is inconv5i5ce are ! halfp5ny & p5ny ,b>badians1 & ! :ole set ( ,/4 ,lucias4 ,! result ( ?is is1 t ! values ( m ?an "o ( ! e>ly /amps ( ! ,mauritius are /ill a subject ( debate among "s erudite philateli/s4 ,"o ( ^! /amps is sometimes f\nd endors$ ) 8eightp5ce0 9 black lett]s1 ano!r ) 8f\rp5ce40 ,?is clumsy me?od is ev5 yet be+ adopt$ 9 a few in/ances1 we suppose to save ! exp5se ( a new plate4 ,! orig9al sixp5ny ( ,/4 ,hel5a is pr9t$ 9 ?ree diff]5t col\rs besides its own blue1 & does duty 9 gre51 c>m9e1 & r$1 cruelly tattoo$ ) pr9t$ *>act]s accord+ to ! /at$ value4 ,! n9ep5ny ( ,s\? ,au/ralia1 d(f+ its mode/ hue = a bright orange1 h&-/amp$ ) black1 is wor? a p5ny m ?an h]et(ore4 ,9 l mann]1 ! ,italian gov]nm5t1 wi%+ to put ! screw on its fai?ful subjects1 rais$ ! t>iff on home lett]s f #ae to #bj c5tesimi1 & b>r$ out ! orig9al value4 ,! provisional ,ea/ ,indian may be jo9$ to ?is uncomely gr\p ( disfigur$ id5tities1 z also ! newly emitt$ set = ,s+apore4 ,illu/ration ,! impressions ( ,nevis2 ^? n[ curr5t ( ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope2 & :at are t]m$ ! ,sydney /amps ( ,new ,s\? ,wales1 are elegantly symbolical ( _! respective localities4 ,! adhesives ( ,briti% ,columbia1 ,si]ra ,leone1 & ,briti% ,honduras1 claim a v high rank = elegance ( design & correctness ( execution among our colonials4 ,! ext9ct %ill+ /amp ( ,victoria may wor?ily dispute ) its lately sup]s$$ sixp5ny ! un5viable di/9ction ( ugl9ess4 ,exclud+ ! railway /amps1 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates newspap] labels1 ,lib]ia produces ! l>ge/ /amps2 ,meckl5b]g ,s*w]9 & ,brunswick ! smalle/4 ,! latt] two c\ntries pres5t ! s+ul>ity ( all[+ ! f\r small /amps to be us$ s+ly or 9 comb9ation4 ,! inscriptions on /amps be+ ( c\rse 9 ! language ( _! native c\ntry1 _m impressions necess>ily be> a p>ticul>ly qua9t appe>ance2 z ^? ( ,egypt1 ,turkey1 ,ca%me]1 ,%anghai1 ,pol&1 ,moldavia 7see page #gfe71 & ,s]via 7see p4 #gef74 ,! e>ly emission ( ! ,arg5t9e ,conf$]ation is also an oddity4 ,illu/ration ,! %apes ( po/age /amps pres5t b little v>iation2 a v l>ge majority be+ m or less unequally sid$ rectangles4 ,few are p]fectly squ>e4 ,! set ( ,b]g$orf1 & ! disus$ ,dani% & ,?urn & ,taxis adhesives are in/ances1 ! =m] %[+ ! fur!r peculi>ity ( diff]5t sizes 9 regul> gradation accord+ to value4 ,! impressions run sometimes on upright1 sometimes on oblong rectangles4 ,! n>r[e/ ( ! latt] is "o ( ^? ( ,wells1 ,f>go1 & ,co42 ( ! =m]1 a v r>e ,engli% essay1 too elaborate = description4 ,illu/ration ,"s few are octagonal1 m or less irregul>2 "s oval2 "s p]fectly r\nd2 "s indescribable1 z ! "o-&-n9ep5ny ,ceylon2 & ! n9ep5ny envelope ( ! ,mauritius4 ,! e>li] emissions ( ,nova ,scotia & ,new ,brunswick 7 pr9t$ 9 su* a way z to r5d] ! /amp loz5ge-%ap$4 ,illu/ration ,a small m9ority are triangul>2 ! sup]s$$ /amps ( ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 a solit>y type ( ,newf\ndl&1 & "o ( ,new ,granada1 are ! only ones we c recollect ev] see+1 except a black ,au/rian newspap] adhesive4 ,! ,langton local is unique 9 =m4 ,illu/ration ,_m /amps h be5 issu$ exclusively = newspap]s1 feuilletons1 & pr9t$ matt] 9 g5]al1 su* z "s ,au/rian & ,v5etian impressions4 ,! ,b4 ,g4 & tassa gazzette ( ,mod5a1 ! #f c4 & #i c5tesimi ( ,p>ma1 & o!rs1 7 ( l nature2 z are ! l[] pric$ ,fr5*1 ,italians1 & ,belgians4 ,t ( ,frank=t is n adhesive1 b h&-/amp$1 l ^? on our own newspap]s1 & is by "s consid]$ inadmissible 9 /rictly po/al collections4 ,! return$ lett] /amps mu/ n pass unm5tion$4 ,t ( ,wurtemb]g 0 long 8alone 9 its glory20 b ,muni*1 ,augsburg1 ,nuremb]g1 & o!r ,bav>ian cities1 h lately adopt$ !m4 ,^? =m+ ! seal on return$ lett]s 9 our own c\ntry are collect$ by "s amateurs4 ,illu/ration ,! enorm\s accumulation ( pro(s & essays1 all :i* are ignor$ by _m philateli/s1 are n to be lightly reject$4 ,! =m] are c]ta9ly articles de luxe or fantaisie1 be+ simply v]itable /amps pr9t$ 9 abnormal col\rs1 z "s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 c4 ,( ! latt] are ?ree sorts--^? by au?orisation2 ^? propos$ by ent]pris+ individuals to v>i\s gov]nm5ts2 & ^? inv5t$ = sale to entrap ! unw>y4 ,! be/1 z 9 ! case ( ,engl&1 7 n always *os53 look at ! essay ( ,pellas ! ,g5oese1 & admire ,italian discrim9ation--if y c4 ,! ,sicilian1 on ! o!r h&1 is indubitably inf]ior to ! adopt$ design4 ,9 ! c5tre lies ! audaci\s (fspr+ ( ! ,f5ian rebellion4 ,illu/ration ,sev]al essays propos$ = ,gov]nm5ts :i* h n yet in/itut$ ! po/age /amp sy/em1 are surpass+ly beautiful 9 device & execution4 ,^? by ,m4 ,rie/]1 ( ,p>is1 are p>ticul>ly elegant1 ,bolivia = example4 ,! ,poisson d',avril 7,april ,fool7 /amp is a curiosity 9 philatelic lore2 x 0 gravely *ronicl$ z emanat+ f ,moresnet1 & deceiv$ ! v kn[+ ones4 7,see cut at foot ( next page47 ,! longe/ reign 9 po/al annals is twelve ye>s2 ! defunct ,dut* hav+ la/$ t p]iod4 ,( ! ,spani% sets only two h outliv$ a twelvemon? un*ang$4 ,! #a franc ( ! ,fr5* empire1 & ! fir/ issue ( ,s*leswig-,hol/e9 7see p4 #gee71 7 curr5t r m1 ! #be c5times ( ! ,empire & ! ,italian 7repres5t$ bel[7 less ?an a ye>4 ,! tornese1 ,neapolitan arms1 & ! same transmogrifi$ into ! ,cross ( ,savoy1 endur$ ea* ab\t a mon?4 ,! s*ill+ violet1 & #c s*4 rose ( ,b]g$orf1 7 a n9e days' wond]4 ,illu/ration ,among ! notabilities ( a *oice po/age-/amp collection may be *ronicl$ ! ,connel essay4 ,a ,new ,brunswick po/ma/] ( t "n took ! lib]ty ( hav+ 8 own physiognomy transf]r$ to a %eet ( po/age /amps2--! result 0 8 resignation4 ,! t5p5ny above depict$ is unique1 & 0 long suppos$ to be f ,van ,diem5's ,l&2 b we r believe x an ,engli% essay4 ,! space all[$ u compels an abrupt conclusion4 ,we _h int5d$ t\*+ on ! eight v>i\s di/9ct modes ( p]=ation1 besides v>iations2 & ! di/+ui%+ wat]m>ks ( v>i\s issues4 ,we %\ld also h lik$ to describe ! amus+ & excit+ hum\rs ( #8,*ange1 :i* _m ( our read]s may rememb] witness+ 9 ,lomb>d ,/reet & its neighb\rhood1 or 9 ! g>d5s ( ! ,luxemb\rg & ! ,tuil]ies 9 ,p>is1 dur+ ! e>ly days ( /amp-collect+2 b we tru/ en\gh has be5 writt5 to excite ! int]e/ ( _m :o h pur*as$ ?is volume on o!r acc\nts1 yet may ?us be induc$ to become vot>ies to ! int]e/+ & in/ructive pursuit ( ,philately4 ,illu/ration ,,t9sell+4 ,%\ld ! read] feel incl9$ to try 8 h& at t9sell+1 he mu/ procure "o ( ^? full-l5g? !atrical portraits t are sold at ! %ops = a p5ny ea*4 ,he ought to select "o ( ! be/-kn[n figures1 z he w !n h no difficulty 9 procur+ ! emboss$ gold & silv] "w ) :i* x is to be adorn$4 ,! :ole figure mu/ be c>efully pa9t$ ) wat]-col\rs1 & ! arti/ %\ld take pa9s ) ^? p>ts :i* are n int5d$ to be cov]$ or cut away4 ,hav+ f9i%$ ! prelim9>y op]ation ( col\r+1 ! arti/ %\ld neatly cut away ^? p>ts ( ! engrav+ :i* repres5t drap]y1 & place "u ! spaces ?us =m$1 sat91 silk1 or velvet ( ! prop] col\r1 :i* may be secur$ to ! back ( ! picture ) a little gum4 ,_m t9sell]s employ regul> pr9t-col\r]s to %ade _! silks & sat9s1 b we /rongly advise ! read] to tru/ to 8 own abilities1 & boldly set "w to indicate ! folds ( ! drap]y by prop] %ad[s4 ,! pieces cut out ( ! engrav+ w %[ him :]e ! diff]5t %ad[s ought to fall1 & z = ! col\rs to be us$1 we may /ate z a g5]al rule t silk1 sat91 or velvet ( a c]ta9 col\r ought to be %ad$ ) d>k] t9ts ( ! same col\r4 ,gum-wat] %\ld be mix$ ) ! col\rs us$ 9 %ad+1 to prev5t !m runn+ :5 appli$ to ! wov5 fabric4 ,! arti/ may n[ proce$ to ! "w ( t9sell+1 :i* consi/s 9 gumm+ little spangles & emboss$ ornam5ts ov] c]ta9 p>ts ( ! picture4 ,e piece ( arm\r1 e button1 e jewel1 & e weapon1 %\ld be repres5t$ 9 emboss$ "w4 ,all ! pieces requir$ = t9sell+ a figure may be pur*as$ at ! prop] %ops4 ,9 ! figure ( ! w>rior1 ! brea/plate1 %ield1 sword1 & jewels w\ld h to be =m$ ( pieces ( gilt or silv] pap] cut & /amp$ into prop] %apes & patt]ns4 ,! price ( ea* piece ( emboss$ "w dep5ds ( c\rse ^u its size or elaborat5ess4 ,:5 ! picture is f9i%$1 x %\ld be m\nt$ on f9e c>d-bo>d1 & plac$ 9 a neat frame4 ,,! ,,am]ican ,,game ,,( ,,base-,,ball4 ,! national game ( ball ( ! ,am]ican p1 ?\gh hav+ its orig9 9 ! ,engli% game ( r\nd]s1 nev]!less possesses suffici5tly m>k$ features to entitle x to ! di/9ction claim$ = x4 ,unlike ! s*oolboy pa/ime f :i* x orig9at$1 x requires manly qualities 9 a high degree to excel 9 x4 ,9 fact1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 base-ball z play$ 9 ,am]ica1 & r\nd]s z play$ 9 ,engl&1 is z great z ! contra/ betwe5 ! graceful & d>+ movem5ts ( an accompli%$ skat] ( ! pres5t "t1 & ^? ( ! skat]s :o1 ) pieces ( ivory fa/5$ to _! feet1 us$ to /rive to glide ov] ! ice 9 ! ye> #afjj4 ,9 base-ball1 z 9 r\nd]s1 y use a bat & a ball & run r\nd bases2 b !re all resemblance ceases4 ,! ,am]ican game ( base-ball1 z n[ play$1 is n m ?an t5 ye>s old1 = its date only ext5ds back to ! p]iod j previ\s to ! organization ( ! ,national ,association ( ,base-,ball ,play]s1 :i* ,association =m$ ! pres5t code ( rules1 & is ! only au?oriz$ body hav+ any sup]visory p[] ov] ! game4 ,9 fact1 ! hi/ory ( ! game comm5ces ) ! =mation ( ! ,national ,association1 inasmu* z ! rules previ\sly 9 vogue 7 crude & irregul>1 & diff]5t 9 "o locality f :at !y 7 9 ano!r4 ,s9ce ! organization ( ! ,national ,association & ! meet+ ( ! fir/ annual conv5tion1 h[ev]1 ! game has spread ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry1 & entirely sup]s$$ e o!r game ( ball z a national pa/ime4 ,at fir/ ! ,association consi/$ ( delegates f clubs1 b n[ x is compos$ ( a congregation ( repres5tatives f ,/ate base-ball associations1 gov]n$ by ! ,national ,association prop]1 ea* ,/ate association hav+ imm$iate control ( ! affairs ( its own clubs1 & possess+ its own judici>y committee to settle disputes1 b no sup]visory control ov] ! play+ rules ( ! game1 t matt] be+ plac$ 9 ! h&s ( a committee ( rules ( ! p>5t ,association1 to :i* is also atta*$ a judici>y committee1 =m+ a c\rt ( appeal f ! decisions ( ,/ate judici>y committees1 & also a c\rt to adjudicate ^u disputes betwe5 clubs ( two ,/ates4 ,at ! la/ conv5tion ( ! 8,national ,association ( ,base-,ball ,play]s10 :i* 0 held 9 ,philadelphia1 ,dec4 #aa1 #ahfg1 & 9 :i* clubs f all sections ( ! c\ntry1 f ,ma9e to ,i[a1 & ,mi*igan to ,k5tucky1 7 repres5t$1 ! foll[+ code ( rules 0 adopt$ to gov]n ! play dur+ ! season ( #ahfh3-- ,,rules ,,& ,,regulations ,,adopt$ ,,by ,,! ,,national ,,association ,,( ,,base-,,ball ,,play]s4 ,,rule ,i4--,,! ,,ball1 ,,bat1 ,,& ,,bases4 ,,sec4 #a4 ,! ball mu/ weigh n less ?an five1 nor m ?an five & "o-qu>t]1 ounces avoirdupois4 ,x mu/ measure n less ?an n9e & "o-qu>t]1 nor m ?an n9e & "o-half1 in*es 9 circumf]5ce4 ,x mu/ be compos$ ( india-rubb] & y>n1 & cov]$ ) lea!r1 &1 9 all mat* games1 %all be furni%$ by ! *all5g+ club1 & become ! prop]ty ( ! w9n+ club z a trophy ( victory4 ,,sec4 #b4 ,! bat mu/ be r\nd1 & mu/ n exce$ two & a half in*es 9 diamet] 9 ! ?icke/ "p4 ,x mu/ be made ( wood1 & %all n exce$ =ty-two in*es 9 l5g?4 ,,sec4 #c4 ,! bases mu/ be f\r 9 numb]1 plac$ at equal di/ances f ea* o!r1 & securely fa/5$ ^u ea* corn] ( a squ>e ^: sides are respectively ?irty y>ds4 ,!y mu/ be s con/ruct$ & plac$ z to be di/9ctly se5 by ! umpire1 & mu/ cov] a space equal to "o squ>e foot ( surface4 ,! fir/1 second1 & ?ird bases %all be canvas-bags1 pa9t$ :ite1 & fill$ ) "s s(t mat]ial2 ! home base & pit*]'s po9ts to be ea* m>k$ by a flat plate1 pa9t$ :ite4 ,,sec4 #d4 ,! base f :i* ! ball is /ruck %all be designat$ ! home base1 & mu/ be directly opposite to ! second base2 ! fir/ base mu/ always be t ^u ! "r-h& side1 & ! ?ird base t ^u ! left-h& side ( ! /rik]1 :5 occupy+ 8 position at ! home base4 ,& 9 all mat* games a l9e connect+ ! home & fir/ base1 & ! home & ?ird base1 %all be m>k$ by ! use ( *alk1 or o!r suitable mat]ial1 s z to be di/9ctly se5 by ! umpire4 ,! base-bag %all be consid]$ ! base1 & n ! po/ to :i* x is1 or %\ld be1 fa/5$4 ,,rule ,,ii4--,,! ,,pit*+ ,,dep>tm5t4 ,,sec4 #a4 ,! pit*]'s position %all be designat$ by two l9es two y>ds 9 l5g?1 drawn at "r angles to ! l9e f ! home to ! second base1 hav+ _! c5tres ^u t l9e at two fix$ iron plates1 plac$ at po9ts fifte5 & sixte5 & "o-?ird y>ds di/ant f ! home-base4 ,! pit*] mu/ /& )9 ^! l9es1 & mu/ deliv] ! ball z ne> z possible ov] ! c5tre ( ! home base1 & fairly = ! /rik]4 ,,sec4 #b4 ,%\ld ! pit*] repeat$ly fail to deliv] to ! /rik] fair balls1 = ! app>5t purpose ( delay+ ! game1 or = any cause1 ! umpire1 aft] w>n+ him1 %all call "o ball1 & if ! pit*] p]si/s 9 su* action1 two1 & ?ree balls2 :5 ?ree balls %all h be5 call$1 ! /rik] %all take ! fir/ base2 & %\ld any base be occupi$ at t "t ea* play] occupy+ x or !m %all take "o base )\t be+ put out4 ,all balls deliv]$ by ! pit*]1 /rik+ ! gr\nd 9 front ( ! home base1 or pit*$ ov] ! head ( ! batsman1 or pit*$ to ! side opposite to t :i* ! batsman /rikes f1 %all be consid]$ unfair balls4 ,,sec4 #c4 ,! ball mu/ be pit*$1 n j]k$ or ?r[n1 to ! bat2 & :5ev] ! pit*] moves ) ! app>5t purpose or pret5sion to deliv] ! ball1 he %all s deliv] x1 & mu/ h nei!r foot 9 advance ( ! front l9e at ! "t ( deliv]+ ! ball2 & if he fails 9 ei!r ( ^! p>ticul>s1 !n x %all be decl>$ a balk4 ,! ball %all be consid]$ j]k$1 9 ! mean+ ( ! rule1 if ! pit*]'s arm t\*es 8 p]son :5 ! arm is swung =w>d to deliv] ! ball2 & x %all be reg>d$ z a ?r[1 if ! arm be b5t at ! elb[1 at an angle f ! body1 or horizontally f ! %\ld]1 :5 x is swung =w>d to deliv] ! ball4 ,,sec4 #d4 ,no play] %all be put out on any hit ball on :i* a balk or a ball has be5 call$2 & nei!r %all a /rike or a f\l ball be call$1 or a base run on su* a hit ball4 ,b bases c be tak5 on ?ird-8call$0 balls1 & on 8balk$0 balls1 9 accordance ) ,section #b ( ,rule ,,ii4 ,,rule ,,iii4--,,! ,,batt+ ,,dep>tm5t4 ,,sec4 #a4 ,! /rik]1 :5 ab\t to /rike ! ball1 mu/ /& a/ride ( a l9e drawn ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! home base1 n exce$+ ?ree feet f ei!r side !re(1 & p>allel ) ! front l9e ( ! pit*]'s position1 & he mu/ n take any backw>d /ep :5 /rik+ at ! ball4 ,! p5alty = an infr+em5t ( ?is rule %all be ! call+ ( "o /rike2 & :5 ?ree su* /rikes h be5 call$1 ! /rik] %all be decl>$ out4 ,if a ball on :i* su* a /rike is call$ be hit & caught1 ei!r fair or f\l1 ! /rik] %all be decl>$ out4 ,no base %all be run on any su* call$ /rike1 & any play] runn+ ! bases %all be all[$ to return to ! base he has left1 )\t be+ put out4 ,z soon z ! /rik] has /ruck a fair ball1 he %all be consid]$ 8a play] runn+ ! bases40 ,,sec4 #b4 ,play]s mu/ /rike 9 regul> rotation1 &1 aft] ! fir/ inn+s is play$1 ! turn comm5ces ) ! play] :o /&s on ! li/ next to ! "o :o 0 ! ?ird play] out4 ,,sec4 #c4 ,%\ld a /rik] /& at ! bat )\t /rik+ at fair balls1 = ! app>5t purpose ( delay+ ! game1 or ( giv+ advantage to a play]1 ! umpire1 aft] w>n+ him1 %all call "o /rike1 &1 if he p]si/s 9 su* action1 two1 & ?ree /rikes4 ,:5 ?ree /rikes are call$1 & ! ball be caught1 ei!r be=e t\*+ ! gr\nd or ^u ! fir/ b\nd1 ! /rik] %all be decl>$ out1 provid$ ! balls /ruck at are n ^? on :i* balls or balks h be5 call$1 or n ^? /ruck at = ! purpose ( wilfully /rik+ out4 ,if ?ree balls are /ruck at & miss$1 & ! la/ "o is n caught1 ei!r fly+ or ^u ! fir/ b\nd1 ! /rik] mu/ attempt to make 8 run1 & he c be put out on ! bases 9 ! same mann] z if he _h /ruck a fair ball4 ,,sec4 #d4 ,! /rik] is out if a f\l ball is caught1 ei!r be=e t\*+ ! gr\nd or ^u ! fir/ b\nd2 or if a fair ball is /ruck1 & ! ball be held be=e t\*+ ! gr\nd2 or if a fair ball is /ruck1 & ! ball be held by an adv]s>y on fir/ base1 be=e ! /rik] t\*es t base4 ,,rule ,,iv4--,,runn+ ,,! ,,bases4 ,,sec4 #a4 ,play]s mu/ make _! bases 9 ! ord] ( /rik+2 & :5 a fair ball is /ruck1 & n caught fly+1 ! fir/ base mu/ be vacat$1 z also ! second & ?ird bases1 if !y are occupi$ at ! same "t4 ,play]s may be put out on any base1 "u ^! circum/ances1 9 ! same mann] z :5 runn+ to ! fir/ base4 ,,sec4 #b4 ,any play] runn+ ! bases is out1 if at any "t he is t\*$ by ! ball1 :ile 9 play1 9 ! h&s ( an adv]s>y1 )\t "s "p ( 8 p]son be+ on ! base4 ,,sec4 #c4 ,no run or base c be made ^u a f\l ball4 ,su* a ball %all be consid]$ dead1 & n 9 play1 until x %all fir/ h be5 settl$ 9 ! h&s ( ! pit*]4 ,9 su* cases play]s runn+ bases %all return to !m1 & may be put out 9 s return+1 9 ! same mann] z :5 runn+ to fir/ base4 ,nei!r c a run or base be made :5 a fair ball has be5 caught )\t hav+ t\*$ ! gr\nd2 b su* a ball %all be consid]$ alive & 9 play4 ,9 su* cases1 also1 play]s runn+ bases %all return to !m1 & may be put out 9 s return+1 9 ! same mann] z :5 runn+ to fir/ base2 b play]s1 :5 balls are s caught1 may run _! bases imm$iately aft] ! ball has be5 settl$ 9 ! h&s ( ! play] cat*+ x4 ,,sec4 #d4 ,:5 a balk is made by ! pit*]1 e play] runn+ ! bases is entitl$ to "o base1 )\t be+ put out4 ,,sec4 #e4 ,a play] mak+ ! home base %all be entitl$ to score "o run4 ,,sec4 #f4 ,if two h&s are already out1 no play] runn+ home at ! "t ! ball is /ruck c make a run to c\nt 9 ! score ( ! game1 if ! /rik] is put out4 ,,sec4 #g4 ,play]s runn+ bases mu/ t\* !m1 &1 s f> z possible1 keep ^u ! direct l9e betwe5 !m1 & mu/ t\* !m 9 ! foll[+ ord]--fir/1 second1 ?ird1 & home2 & if return+1 mu/ rev]se ?is ord]2 & %\ld any play] run ?ree feet out ( ?is l9e1 = ! purpose ( avoid+ ! ball 9 ! h&s ( an adv]s>y1 he %all be decl>$ out2 or if he fail to t\* ea* base he runs to he %all be decl>$ out1 unless he return to su* base be=e ! ball be held on x4 ,,sec4 #h4 ,if ! play] is prev5t$ f mak+ a base by ! int5tional ob/ruction ( an adv]s>y1 he %all be entitl$ to t base1 & %all n he put out4 ,any ob/ruction t c\ld readily h be5 avoid$ %all be consid]$ z int5tional4 ,,rule ,v4--,,! ,,game4 ,,sec4 #a4 ,! game %all consi/ ( n9e inn+s to ea* side1 :51 %\ld ! numb] ( runs be equal1 ! play %all be cont9u$ until a majority ( runs1 ^u an equal numb] ( inn+s1 %all be decl>$1 :i* %all conclude ! game4 ,an inn+s mu/ be conclud$ at ! "t ! ?ird h& is put out4 ,,sec4 #b4 ,9 play+ all mat*es1 n9e play]s f ea* club %all con/itute a full field2 & !y %all be memb]s ( ! club :i* !y repres5t4 ,!y also mu/ n h be5 memb]s ( any o!r club1 ei!r 9 or out ( ! ,national ,association1 = ?irty days imm$iately prior to ! mat*4 ,positions ( play]s & *oice ( inn+s %all be det]m9$ by capta9s previ\sly appo9t$ = t purpose by ! respective clubs4 ,e play] tak+ "p 9 a regul> mat* game1 no matt] :at numb] ( inn+s are play$1 %all be1 9 ! mean+ ( ?is section ( ! rules1 consid]$ a memb] ( ! club he plays )4 ,,sec4 #c4 ,:5 a club s5ds a *all5ge to play a fir/-n9e mat* game ( base-ball1 & ! same is accept$1 ! fir/ game %all be play$ ^u ! gr\nds ( ! *all5g+ club1 )9 fifte5 days f ! date ( ! acceptance ( ! *all5ge2 ! second game %all be play$ ^u ! gr\nds ( ! *all5g$ club )9 fifte5 days !reaft]2 & if a ?ird game be necess>y1 x %all be play$ ^u gr\nds to be mutually agre$ ^u1 )9 fifte5 days f ! date ( ! second game2 provid$3 t ! above arrangem5t may be v>i$ by mutual cons5t4 ,& :5 a fir/-n9e mat* game is to be play$1 ! conte/ants %all pres5t on ! field _! recogniz$ fir/-n9es1 z f> z practicable4 ,,sec4 #d4 ,:5ev] a mat* %all h be5 det]m9$ ^u betwe5 two clubs1 play %all be call$ at ! exact h\r appo9t$2 & %\ld ei!r p>ty fail to produce _! play]s )9 ?irty m9utes !reaft]1 ! p>ty s fail+ %all admit a defeat1 & %all deliv] ! ball be=e leav+ ! gr\nd1 :i* ball %all be receiv$ by ! club :o are ready to play1 & ! same %all be consid]$ z won1 & s c\nt$ 9 ! li/ ( mat*es play$2 & ! w9n+ club %all be entitl$ to a score ( n9e runs = any game s =feit$1 unless ! del9qu5t side fail to play on acc\nt ( ! rec5t dea? ( "o ( its memb]s1 & suffici5t "t has n elaps$ to enable !m to give _! oppon5ts due notice be=e arriv+ on ! gr\nd4 ,,sec4 #e4 ,no p]son :o %all be 9 arre>s to any o!r club ?an ! "o he plays )1 %all be compet5t to take "p 9 any mat* game4 ,,sec4 #f4 ,no play]1 n 9 ! n9e tak+ _! positions on ! field 9 ! ?ird inn+s ( a game1 %all be sub/itut$ = a play]1 except = reason ( illness or injury4 ,,sec4 #g4 ,no mat* game %all be comm5c$ :5 ra9 is fall+2 & nei!r %all any su* game be cont9u$ aft] ra9 has fall5 = five m9utes4 ,no mat* game %all be po/pon$ unless by ! mutual cons5t ( ! conte/+ clubs4 ,,sec4 #h4 ,e mat* game %all be decid$ by ! be/ two games out ( ?ree1 unless a s+le game %all be mutually agre$ ^u by ! conte/+ clubs2 & all mat*es %all t]m9ate be=e ! close ( ! season4 ,,sec4 #i4 ,no p]son :o %all be 9 arre>s to any o!r club1 or :o %all at any "t receive comp5sation = 8 s]vices z a play]1 %all be compet5t to play 9 any mat*4 ,no play]s1 :o play base-ball = money1 %all take "p 9 any mat* game2 & any club giv+ any comp5sation to a play]1 or hav+1 to _! k1 a play] 9 _! n9e play+ 9 a mat* = comp5sation1 %all be deb>r$ f memb]%ip 9 ! ,national ,association2 & !y %all n be consid]$ by any club belong+ to ?is ,association z a prop] club to engage 9 a mat* )2 & %\ld any club s engage ) !m1 !y %all =feit memb]%ip4 ,,rule ,,vi4--,,miscellane\s4 ,,sec4 #a4 ,if an adv]s>y /ops ! ball ) 8 hat or cap1 or if a ball be /opp$ by any p]son or p]sons n engag$ 9 ! game1 no play] runn+ ! bases c be put out unless ! ball %all fir/ h be5 settl$ 9 ! h&s ( ! pit*] :ile he /&s 9 ! l9e ( 8 position4 ,,sec4 #b4 ,any play] :o %all int5tionally prev5t an adv]s>y f cat*+ or field+ ! ball1 %all be decl>$ out2 or if any play] be prev5t$ f mak+ a base by ! int5tional ob/ruction ( an adv]s>y1 he %all be entitl$ to t base1 & %all n be decl>$ out1 ev5 if t\*$ ) ! ball4 ,,sec4 #c4 ,if a fair ball be held by a play] be=e t\*+ ! gr\nd1 aft] reb\nd+ f ! h&s or p]son ( a play]1 x %all be consid]$ a fair cat*4 ,& if a f\l ball be simil>ly held aft] t\*+ ! gr\nd b once1 x %all be consid]$ a fair cat*4 ,,sec4 #d4 ,if ! ball1 f ! /roke ( a bat1 fir/ t\*es ! gr\nd1 ! p]son ( a play]1 or any o!r object1 beh9d ! l9e or range ( home & ! fir/ base1 or home & ! ?ird base1 x %all be t]m$ f\l1 & mu/ be s decl>$ by ! umpire1 unask$4 ,if ! ball fir/ t\*es ! gr\nd ei!r ^u or 9 front ( ! l9e or range ( ^? bases1 x %all be consid]$ fair4 ,,sec4 #e4 ,clubs may adopt su* rules respect+ balls knock$ beyond or outside ( ! b\nds ( ! field1 z ! circum/ances ( ! gr\nd may dem&2 & ^! rules %all gov]n all mat*es play$ ^u ! gr\nd1 provid$ t !y are di/9ctly made kn[n to ! umpire previ\s to ! comm5cem5t ( ! game4 ,,sec4 #f4 ,! capta9s ( ea* n9e %all alone be all[$ to appeal = ! rev]sal ( a decision ( ! umpire4 ,,sec4 #g4 ,no base c be run1 or play] be put out1 on a dead ball4 ,,rule ,,vii4--,,duties ,,( ,,! ,,umpire4 ,,sec4 #a4 ,! umpire %all take c>e t ! regulations respect+ ! ball1 bats1 bases1 & ! pit*]'s & /rik]'s positions1 are /rictly obs]v$1 & he %all require ! *all5g+ club to furni% a ball1 on :i* ! size1 weight1 & ! "n ( ! manufactur] %all be /amp$4 ,he %all be ! sole judge ( fair & unfair play1 & %all det]m9e all disputes & diff]5ces :i* may occur dur+ ! game4 ,he %all take special c>e to decl>e all f\l balls & balks1 imm$iately ^u _! occurr5ce1 9 a di/9ct & audible mann]4 ,he %all1 9 e in/ance1 be=e leav+ ! gr\nd1 decl>e ! w9n+ club1 & %all record 8 decision 9 ! books ( ! scor]s4 ,! umpire %all also require t ! game be record$ by a scor] = ea* ( ! conte/+ clubs4 ,9 all mat*es ! umpire %all be select$ by ! capta9s ( ! respective sides1 & %all p]=m all duties above enum]at$4 ,,sec4 #b4 ,! umpire 9 any mat* %all det]m9e :5 play %all be susp5d$2 &1 if ! game _c be fairly conclud$1 x %all be decid$ by ! la/ equal inn+s1 provid$ five inn+s h be5 play$2 & ! p>ty hav+ ! greate/ numb] ( runs %all be decl>$ ! w9n]4 ,,sec4 #c4 ,:5 ! umpire calls 8play10 ! game mu/ at once be proce$$ )2 & ! p>ty fail+ to take _! appo9t$ positions 9 ! game )9 five m9utes !reaft] %all =feit ! game4 ,:5 ! umpire calls 8"t10 play %all be susp5d$ until he calls 8play0 aga94 ,,sec4 #d4 ,:5 ! umpire 8calls0 a game1 x %all end2 b :5 he m]ely susp5ds play = any /at$ p]iod1 x may be resum$ at ! po9t at :i* x 0 susp5d$1 provid$ su* susp5sion does n ext5d beyond ! day ( ! mat*4 ,,sec4 #e4 ,no p]son engag$ 9 a mat*1 ei!r z umpire1 scor]1 or play]1 %all be ei!r directly or indirectly int]e/$ 9 any bet ^u ! game4 ,nor %all any p]son be p]mitt$ to act z umpire or scor] 9 any mat* unless he %all be a memb] ( ! ,national ,association1 or ( a ,/ate bran* !re(4 ,nei!r %all ! umpire or scor] be *ang$ dur+ a mat*1 unless ) ! cons5t ( bo? p>ties1 except = reason ( illness or injury1 or = a violation ( ! above rules4 ,,sec4 #f4 ,no decision giv5 by ! umpire %all be rev]s$ ^u ! te/imony ( any play]2 & no decision :atev] %all be rev]s$1 except = a palpable infr+em5t ( ! rules1 & !n only on an appeal by ! capta94 ,,sec4 #g4 ,no p]son %all be p]mitt$ to approa* or to speak ) ! umpire1 scor]s1 or play]s1 or 9 any mann] to int]rupt or int]f]e dur+ ! progress ( ! game1 unless by special reque/ ( ! umpire4 ,any mat* game play$ by any club 9 contrav5tion to ! rules adopt$ by ! ,national ,association1 %all be consid]$ null & void1 & %all n be c\nt$ 9 ! li/ ( mat* games won & lo/4 99 99 99 99 99 ,= ! in=mation ( clubs desir\s ( jo9+ ! ,national ,association1 or ( organis+ a ,/ate bran* !re(1 we give bel[ ^? portions ( ! con/itution ( ! ,association be>+ ^u ! subject3-- ,,article #c1 ,,section #a4 ,?is ,association %all be compos$ ( delegates f ! sev]al ,/ate base-ball associations :i* h be5 duly admitt$ to a repres5tation 9 ! conv5tion =m+ ?is con/itution1 or :i* may be admitt$ to a repres5tation 9 ! mann] h]e9aft] provid$4 ,ea* ,/ate association %all be entitl$ to "o delegate = e t5 clubs1 or fractional "p ( t5 clubs1 belong+ to su* association4 ,no individual club %all be entitl$ to repres5tation 9 ?is ,association unless locat$ 9 a /ate1 t]ritory1 or di/rict1 :]e !re are n suffici5t clubs to =m a ,/ate association4 ,ea* delegate %all be entitl$ to "o vote1 & no vote by proxy %all be all[$4 ,,sec4 #b4 ,any ,/ate base-ball association desir+ to be repres5t$ 9 ?is ,association %all pres5t to ! record+ secret>y1 at lea/ ?irty days previ\s to ! annual meet+ ( ?is ,association1 a writt5 (ficial c]tificate1 sign$ by ! presid5t & secret>y ( ! ,/ate association !y repres5t1 giv+ ! names & numb] ( ! clubs compos+ said association1 date ( _! organization1 names ( _! (fic]s1 & numb] ( memb]s belong+ to ea* club2 also ! date ( organization ( ! ,/ate association1 & ! names ( _! delegates4 ,t]ritories & ! di/rict ( ,columbia %all be consid]$ z /ates )9 ! mean+ ( ?is section4 ,,sec4 #c4 ,all applications %all be imm$iately submitt$ to ! committee on nom9ations2 b no su* application %all be receiv$ by said secret>y unless pres5t$ ?irty days previ\s to ! annual meet+4 ,said committee %all !reupon asc]ta9 ! condition1 "*1 & /&+ ( su* ,/ate base-ball association1 & report ! same at ! annual meet+1 ) ! said application & _! op9ion !reon2 & a ballot %all !reupon be _h at su* meet+1 ^u ! admission ( su* ,/ate base-ball association1 :51 if two-?irds ( ! memb]s pres5t vote 9 fav\r !re(1 su* ,/ate base-ball association %all be decl>$ duly entitl$ to repres5tation 9 ?is ,association4 ,any in=mality or irregul>ity 9 ! =m or sub/ance ( ! application may be waiv$ by a two ?irds vote ( ! memb]s pres5t at ! annual meet+4 ,,sec4 #d4 ,no ,/ate association %all be repres5t$ 9 ! ,association unless compos$ ( t5 clubs1 numb]+ at lea/ eighte5 active memb]s ea*1 or by any delegate "u tw5ty-"o ye>s ( age2 nor %all any ,/ate base-ball association be s repres5t$ until its delegates h paid a fee h]e9aft] designat$4 ,,sec4 #e4 ,any ,/ate association organiz$ aft] ! adj\rnm5t ( ! annual meet+ ( ?is ,association1 may be elect$ probation>y memb]s !re(1 aft] con=m+ to ! requirem5ts ( sections second1 ?ird1 & f\r?1 by ! nom9at+ committee4 ,!y %all be liable to ! paym5t ( dues & assessm5ts1 & be eligible to all ! privileges ( regul> memb]s ( ! ,association until ! next annual meet+1 at :i* "t !y mu/ be duly elect$ 9 ! same mann] z all regul> memb]s4 ,,! ,,game ,,( ,,base-,,ball4 ,z be=e ass]t$1 ! ,am]ican game ( base-ball requires a high degree ( physical ability1 & ! possession ( manly *>act]i/ics to excel 9 x2 = al?\gh 9 !ory a s*oolboy c\ld easily compreh5d ! sy/em1 9 practice an am\nt ( manly vig\r1 c\rage1 & physical endurance is requisite1 surpris+ to ^? :o reg>d ! game 9 ! light only ( an improv$ edition ( ! old ,engli% s*ool-game ( r\nd]s4 ,! !ory ( base-ball is z simple z t ( any field sport 9 vogue1 & !re9 lies "o ( its attractive features4 ,b yet to play ! game up to its highe/ po9t ( excell5ce requires z great a degree ( m5tal ability1 & ! possession ( z _m manly physical attributes1 z any kn[n game ( ball4 ,! !ory ( base-ball is z foll[s3--,9 ! fir/ place1 a level field = play is select$1 ab\t ?ree hundr$ feet wide & five hundr$ long4 ,a space ( gr\nd is !n m>k$ out 9 ! =m ( a squ>e1 ) "o corn] z ! position ( ! home base1 & ! o!r corn]s = ! fir/1 second1 & ?ird bases1 ! fir/ base be+ on ! "r ( ! batsman1 z he /&s at home base1 & ! ?ird base on ! left4 ,! conte/ants 9 a game consi/ ( n9e play]s on ea* side1 & ^! n9e play]s occupy ! foll[+ positions3 cat*]1 pit*]1 fir/1 second1 & ?ird basem51 %ort-/op1 & left1 c5tre1 & "r field]s4 ,! fir/ six play]s above-nam$ =m ! 89-field]s10 & ! la/ ?ree ! 8out-field]s10 ! n9e tak+ ! field be+ kn[n z ! 8out-h&10 or 8field40 ,aft] ! p>ties toss = ! inn+s1 ! los+ side g to ! bat1 & ! w9n+ p>ty to ! field1 & ea* man to 8 position4 ,! pit*] !n deliv]s ! ball to ! batsman ( ! opposite n9e1 :o endeav\rs to s5d x out ( rea* ( ! oppos+ field p>ty1 & f> en\gh into ! field to admit ( 8 runn+ r\nd ! f\r bases1 9 :i* case he scores "o run1 provid$ he is n put out 9 ! int]im4 ,he is foll[$ by 8 companions1 "o aft] ! o!r 9 regul> rotation1 until ?ree ( ! batt+ side are put out1 :5 ! field side take ! bat & h _! inn+s4 ,n9e inn+s con/itute a full game1 & no game is consid]$ z play$ unless five full inn+s h be5 complet$4 ,! ball--! only trophy 9 a mat*--goes to ! p>ty mak+ ! mo/ runs 9 a full game1 or 9 any numb] ( ev5 inn+s play$ n less ?an five4 ,9 case ( a tie at ! close ( ! n9? inn+s1 ! game1 unless by mutual cons5t1 mu/ be prolong$ inn+s aft] inn+s1 until "o or o!r ( ! conte/+ sides obta9s ! mo/ runs4 ,& if any?+ occur to int]rupt or put a /op to ! game be=e five inn+s on ea* side h be5 play$1 ! game mu/ be drawn4 ,! rules & regulations ( ! game def9e all fur!r p>ticul>s 9 ref]5ce to x4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,play ,,ea* ,,position4 ,,g5]al ,,rules4 ,!re are n9e positions 9 a base-ball field1 two less ?an 9 a field ( cricket]s 9 a mat*4 ,! cat*] plays beh9d ! batsman to receive ! ball f ! pit*]4 ,! pit*] /&s ne> ! c5tre ( ! 9-field1 =ty-five feet f home base1 & he is all[$ only to 8pit*0 ! ball to ! bat1 n to ?r[ x1 j]k x1 or b[l x4 ,! fir/ base man att5ds to balls field$ to him on ! base1 8 pr9cipal duty be+ to hold ! ball1 :ile hav+ "o foot on ! base1 be=e ! batsman rea*es x4 ,! second & ?ird basem5 h n only to hold ! ball1 b also to t\* play]s runn+ to ! bases be=e !y c t\* ! bases4 ,! %ort-/op att5ds to ! duties ( back+ up ! pit*] & basem5 g5]ally1 & ( /opp+ balls f ! bat1 & s5d+ !m to ! bases1 :5 ! ball happ5s to come )9 rea*4 ,! pr9cipal duties ( ! ?ree out-field]s are to cat* long high balls1 & to return 9 gr\nd balls s5t to _! positions4 ,b ! foll[+ are special in/ructions to occupants ( ea* position 9 ! n9e3-- ,,! ,,cat*]4 ,?is play] is expect$ to cat* or /op all balls pit*$ or ?r[n to ! home base4 ,he mu/ be fully prep>$ to cat* all f\l balls1 especially 8tips10 & be able to ?r[ ! ball accurately & swiftly to ! bases1 & also to keep a bright look-out ov] ! :ole field4 8,f\l balls0 are ^? high balls :i* are hit s z to fall to ! gr\nd back ( ! l9e ( ! bases1 f home to fir/ base & home to ?ird4 8,tips0 are also f\l balls1 com+ %>ply f ! bat to ! cat*]4 ,:5 a play] has made 8 fir/ base1 ! cat*] %\ld take a position ne>] ! /rik]1 9 ord] to take ! ball f ! pit*] be=e x b\nds2 & ! mom5t ! ball is deliv]$ by ! pit*]1 & ! play] runs f ! fir/ to ! second base1 ! cat*] %\ld take ! ball be=e b\nd+1 & s5d x to ! second base z swiftly z possible1 9 "t to cut (f ! play] be=e he c t\* ! base4 ,9 ?r[+ to ! base x w\ld be z well1 9 ! majority ( cases1 to s5d ! ball a little to ! "r ( ! base4 ,! same advice holds good 9 ref]5ce to a play] runn+ f ! second base to ! ?ird4 ,! cat*] %\ld h a ?or\gh und]/&+ ) ! pit*] 9 reg>d to a code ( signals by means ( :i* he c n only direct ! pit*] to ?r[ to a base to cat* a play] napp+ (f ! base--z a wicket-keep] does ! batsman :5 out ( 8 gr\nd 9 cricket--b also s z to direct him :]e to s5d a ball to ! bat1 high or l[1 9 or out1 z ! peculi>ity ( ! batsman's play may require4 ,! cat*] ne$s to be a swift & accurate ?r[] to ! bases1 a plucky play] 9 fac+ & /opp+ swiftly-pit*$ balls1 & a pati5t play] 9 8 ef=ts to prev5t pass$ balls f inaccurate pit*+4 ,:5 fac+ a swift pit*]1 8 aim %\ld be to /op ! ball1 & to be on ! qui vive = %>p 8tips40 ,(f sl[ pit*+ m activity is requir$1 z ! *ances (f]$ = difficult cat*es f f\l balls are great]4 ,z ! position occupi$ by ! cat*] af=ds him ! be/ view ( ! field1 ! p]son fill+ x is g5]ally *os5 capta91 al?\gh ! pit*] is sometimes select$ = t position4 ,we w\ld sugge/1 h[ev]1 t "s o!r play] ?an ! pit*] be *os5 = capta91 f ! fact t ! physical lab\r atta*$ to t position t5ds to increase ! play]'s excitem5t1 especially if ! conte/ is a close "o1 & x is requisite t ! capta9 %\ld be z cool & collect$ z possible4 ,! cat*]1 :5ev] he sees two or m field]s runn+ to cat* a ball1 %\ld designate by "n ! "o he deems mo/ likely to cat* x1 9 :i* case ! o!rs %\ld refra9 f ! attempt to cat* ! ball on ! fly1 & /rive only to cat* x 9 case ( its be+ o!rwise miss$4 ,,! ,,pit*]4 ,m skill & judgm5t is requisite 9 ?is position ?an 9 any o!r 9 ! game4 ,9 fact1 half ! battle almo/ 9 a conte/ dep5ds ^u ! ability ( ! pit*]2 & yet ! be/ man 9 ! position is comp>atively useless 9 a n9e unless he be well support$ 9 ! field4 ,9 cricket a b[l] c take wickets :5 unassi/$ by a good field p>ty1 b 9 base-ball a pit*]'s skill is entirely ?r[n away unless well support$ 9 ! field1 especially by ! 9-field portion ( ! n9e4 ,! pit*]'s position is )9 ! l9es ( a space ( gr\nd six feet by f\r 9 ext5t1 locat$ on ! l9e betwe5 home & second base1 ! front l9e ( ! position be+ di/ant =ty-five feet f ! home base4 ,! pit*]1 9 deliv]+ ! ball to ! bat1 is prohibit$ f ei!r ?r[+1 j]k+1 or b[l+ ! ball1 & he is also prohibit$ f mak+ any motion 9 8 deliv]y :i* w admit ( a ball be+ ?r[n1 su* z b5d+ 8 arm outw>d at ! elb[1 c4 ,& if he makes any "o ( ! s]ies ( motions he uses 9 deliv]+ ! ball1 & fails to deliv] x1 !n he incurs ! p5alty ( a 8balk10 9 :i* case play]s runn+ ! bases1 b n ! /rik]1 are all[$ to take "o base4 ,! rules gov]n+ ! deliv]y ( ! ball also require ! pit*] to deliv] ! ball ov] ! home base--:i* is sixte5 in*es 9 wid?--& 8fairly = ! /rik]10 viz4 )9 ! legitimate rea* ( ! bat1 & z ne> z possible to ! po9t indicat$ by ! batsman1 ! b\nd>y l9e 9 "q ext5d+ f )9 a foot ( ! gr\nd to ! height ( ! batsman's head4 ,! pit*] 9 8 /yle ( deliv]y1 may adopt any movem5t he likes1 provid$ he moves to deliv] :ile /&+ )9 ! l9es ( 8 position4 ,x is reg>d$ z ?r[+ ! ball1 h[ev]1 if x be deliv]$ 9 any way except by a /raight arm1 sw++ p]p5dicul>ly ) ! body2 & x is consid]$ z 8j]k$10 if ! arm t\*es ! side ( ! body 9 deliv]y4 ,he %\ld rememb] t ! rules def9e unfairly-pit*$ balls to be ^? pit*$ ov] ! head ( ! batsman2 to ! side opposite to t he /rikes f2 on ! gr\nd be=e rea*+ ! home base1 or pit*$ s z to hit ! batsman :5 he is /&+ 9 8 legitimate position--viz4 a/ride ! l9e ( ! home base1 & di/ant "o foot f x4 ,! pit*] %\ld be exce$+ly cauti\s1 & on ! al]t 9 wat*+ ! bases :5 ! play]s are attempt+ to run1 & 9 su* cases %\ld endeav\r 8 utmo/ to ?r[ a swift & true ball to ! basem54 ,:5 a play] attempts to run 9 to ! home base :ile he is pit*+1 he %\ld foll[ ! ball to ! home base z soon z x leaves 8 h&1 & be ready at ! base to take x f ! cat*]4 ,! pit*] w frequ5tly h to occupy a base on occasions :5 ! prop] gu>dian has left x to field ! ball4 ,& 9 cases :]e a f\l ball has be5 /ruck1 & ! play] runn+ a base endeav\rs to return to ! "o he has left1 he %\ld be ready to receive ! ball at ! po9t ne>e/ ! base 9 "q1 9 ord] to comply ) t section ( ! rules :]e9 9 su* cases x is requir$ t ! ball be settl$ 9 ! h&s ( ! pit*] be=e x is 9 play4 ,! pit*] has to face ! mo/ dang]\s balls s5t f ! bat1 & !re=e he requires to be a plucky1 c\rage\s fell[1 n afraid ( be+ hurt4 ,he %\ld also be an accurate ?r[] at %ort di/ances1 & a sure cat*4 ,b ! mo/ important requisite 9 ! position1 next to ! ability to pit* ! ball accurately1 is good judgm5t 9 pit*+ accord+ to ! skill & peculi>ities ( 8 oppon5ts at ! bat4 ,,! ,,base ,,play]s4 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,baseman4 ,! pr9cipal duty ( ?is field] is to hold ! ball 9 h&1 ) "s "p ( 8 p]son t\*+ ! fir/ base1 be=e ! batsman rea*es x4 ,if held simultane\sly ) ! base runn]'s t\*+ ! base1 ! latt] is n out4 ,! fir/ baseman's position1 9 ! beg9n+ ( an inn+s1 is ab\t tw5ty feet back ( 8 base & t[>ds second base1 b n too f> away f ! f\l ball l9e or f 8 base1 z ! majority ( balls1 :i* come any:]e ne> en\gh = him to field1 are hit )9 tw5ty feet ( 8 base4 ,! mom5t ! ball is /ruck1 & he f9ds t x does n come ne> him1 he %\ld promptly return to 8 base1 & /& 9 read9ess1 ) "o foot on ! base1 to receive ! ball f any play] :o may h field$ x4 ,z we said be=e1 ! /rik] c be put out at ?is base )\t be+ t\*$ by ! ball1 provid$ ! field]1 ) ! ball 9 h&1 t\*es ! base ) any "p ( 8 p]son be=e ! /rik] rea*es x4 ,! play] w f9d x good practice to /& ) "o foot on ! base1 & see h[ f> he c rea* & take ! ball f ! field]2 ?is practice w prep>e him = balls t are ?r[n %ort ( ! base4 ,9 ! same mann] he %\ld le>n to jump up & take high balls4 ,?is position requires ! play] fill+ x to be ! v be/ ( cat*]s1 z he w be requir$ to hold v swiftly-?r[n balls4 ,! mom5t he has held ! ball1 he %\ld promptly return x to ! pit*]1 or to ei!r ( ! o!r bases a play] is runn+ to1 z 9 "s in/ances two1 & sometimes ?ree1 play]s are put out by promptitude 9 ?is respect4 ,,! ,,second ,,baseman4 ,?is position requires its occupant to be a v active field] inde$1 & especially a good judge ( fly balls1 & a sure cat*4 ,he %\ld also be a swift & accurate ?r[] at %ort di/ances4 ,8 position1 9 ! beg9n+ ( an inn+s1 is at 8"r %ort10 t is1 ab\t tw5ty or ?irty feet back ( 8 position & t[>ds ! f\l ball l9e1 9 fact ne>ly opposite ! %ort-/op's position on ! o!r side4 ,b he %\ld take 8 position accord+ to ! kn[n peculi>ities ( ! batsman he faces4 ,he %\ld back up ! pit*] well1 all[+ no balls to pass bo? t play] & himself too4 ,:5 ! /rik] rea*es ! fir/ base1 ! second baseman %\ld imm$iately return to 8 base & /& prep>$ to receive ! ball f ! cat*]1 & put out 8 oppon5t by t\*+ him ) ! ball1 :i* x is requisite to d on ?is base z well z on ! ?ird & home bases1 except 9 ! cases ( balls caught on ! fly1 or f\l balls1 9 bo? ( :i* in/ances a play] c be put out 9 return+ to ! base he has left1 9 ! same mann] z :5 runn+ to ! fir/ base1 viz4 by ! ball be+ held by ! baseman1 ) "s "p ( 8 p]son on ! base1 be=e ! base runn] rea*es x4 ,:5 ! cat*] fails to ?r[ ! ball ) accuracy to ! second baseman1 ! latt] %\ld by all means manage to /op ! ball1 if he _c cat* x 9 "t to put out 8 oppon5t4 ,he %\ld also promptly return ! ball to ! pit*]4 ,he %\ld be especially on ! look-out = a d\ble play :5 a base runn] is on fir/ base1 9 :i* case all t ! baseman has to d1 to put two play]s out1 is to field ! ball f ! bat %>ply1 or receive x f %ort-/op or ! ?ird baseman1 & fir/ t\*+ second base ) ball 9 h&1 to s5d ! ball to fir/ base 9 "t to cut (f ! play] runn+ !re4 ,:5 a base runn]1 too1 is on fir/ base1 & a high ball is hit = ! second baseman to cat*1 if he sees ! base runn] /&+ ne> 8 fir/ base ready to run back on ! cat* be+ made1 he %\ld manage to let ! ball pass ?r\gh 8 h&s1 p>tly *eck$ 9 its progress1 b n held1 9 :i* case ! base runn] be+ !reby =c$ f 8 fir/ base c be easily captur$ at second4 ,%\ld ! second baseman1 h[ev]1 see ! base runn] try+ to get to second1 he %\ld hold ! fly ball1 & return x promptly to fir/ base1 !reby putt+ two play]s out on a d\ble play--"o on ! cat*1 & ! o!r on return+ to 8 base on ! cat*1 z base runn]s h to d 9 su* cases4 ,,! ,,?ird ,,baseman4 ,?is position is ! mo/ difficult "o1 to play skilfully1 ( any ( ! ?ree bases1 z ! ?r[+ to fir/ base f ?is position requires a /rong] arm ?an t f %ort-/op or second base1 :ile ! ?ird baseman has ! mo/ difficult cat*es to make on f\l balls ( any 9-field] except ! cat*]4 ,besides :i*1 errors 9 ! way ( failures to /op balls ?r[n or batt$ to ?is position are m important 9 _! results ?an at any o!r base1 z an error at ?ird base gives a run1 :ile at fir/ or second only a lo/ base is ! result4 ,! ?ird baseman1 aft] field+ a ball f ! bat1 has to ?r[ x g5]ally f a hundr$ & tw5ty-five to a hundr$ & fifty feet to ! fir/ base1 :ile ! %ort-/op has n to ?r[ x a hundr$1 & ! second base play] g5]ally n m ?an ab\t eighty or n9ety4 ,a good ?ird base play] c readily play at fir/ or second ) comp>ative ease1 b skilful play]s on ! fir/ & second bases _c z readily play ?ird base4 ,9 fact1 x is a position requir+ m practice to excel 9 x ?an t ( ei!r ( ! o!r bases4 ,?is position is no place = a left-h&$ man1 fir/ base be+ ! only suitable place 9 ! infield = su* a play]4 ,:5 ?ree m5 are on ! bases1 ! ?ird baseman frequ5tly has a f9e opportunity af=d$ him = d\ble plays4 ,suppose1 = in/ance1 t ea* base is occupi$1 & a ball is s5t direct to ! ?ird baseman1 8 po9t ( play is to ?r[ ! ball to ! pit*] or cat*] at home base1 & = ! play] receiv+ x to return x promptly to ?ird base1 & if ?is is done %>ply two play]s c be readily put out on ! "o ball4 ,! rule = all basem5 is to cut (f ! play] ne>e/ to home base4 ,= in/ance1 if ?ree m5 are on ! bases1 & a ball is hit to ! fir/ baseman1 ! latt]1 in/ead ( putt+ ! /rik] out1 %\ld ?r[ ! ball home1 unless !re 0 no field] ne> en\gh to take x4 ,s 9 ! case ( a ball hit to %ort-/op1 "u simil> circum/ances1 unless two m5 are out1 9 :i* case ! sure/ play %\ld be select$4 ,,! ,,%ort-,,/op4 ,?is is ! position 9 ! field = ! mo/ active ( ! six 9-field]s4 ,( c\rse1 l all 9-field]s1 8 duties include ! /opp+ ( hot gr\nd-balls1 & 9 ?r[+ ! same accurately to ! base ! /rik] ( ! ball happ5s to be runn+ to1 g5]ally ! fir/ base4 ,b 8 pr9cipal "w is to back up all ! 9-field]s4 ,he %\ld be on ! al]t ! mom5t ! ball is hit1 & if x does n come )9 8 rea*1 he %\ld be ready to get on a base to receive x1 or to back up ! field] x is ?r[n 9 to2 9 fact1 ! %ort-/op %\ld be ! 8g5]al utility0 man ( ! n9e1 & especially active 9 sav+ ! pit*] f ov] "w 9 field+4 ,! %ort-/op %\ld be a fe>less field]1 & "o ready & able to /op a swift gr\nd-ball2 & if he c ?r[ swiftly & accurately1 x w\ld be z well to be a little delib]ate 9 s5d+ ! ball to ! fir/ base1 z x is bett] to be sure & j 9 "t1 ?an to risk a wild ?r[ by be+ 9 too great a hurry4 ,8 position is g5]ally 9 ! c5tre ( ! triangle =m$ by ! second & ?ird bases & ! pit*]'s position1 b he %\ld *ange x accord+ to 8 k ( ! /rik]'s /yle ( batt+4 ,he mu/ be on ! al]t to take f\l balls on ! b\nd1 t are miss$ on ! fly by ei!r ! ?ird baseman or pit*]1 or inde$ any o!r play] he c get ne> en\gh to be ( assi/ance to 9 ?is respect4 ,9 do+ ?is1 h[ev]1 he %\ld be c>eful n to int]f]e ) ! field] :o is ab\t cat*+ ! ball s z to prev5t him do+ s4 ,an effective %ort-/op & a good fir/ base play]1 especially if !y are famili> ) ea* o!r's play1 w mat]ially contribute to ! successful issue ( a well-conte/$ game4 ,,! ,,out-,,field]s4 ,a great deal dep5ds ^u ! skill ( ! ?ree out-field]s ( a n9e1 :5 ! pit*+ is ( m$ium pace1 & pl5ty ( *ances = cat*es are (f]$ (f ! pit*+4 ,! pr9cipal qualifications ( out-field]s are3 ! p[] to ?r[ a ball 9 well ne>ly a hundr$ y>ds1 & ! ability to judge high fly balls & to cat* surely4 ,! ?ree positions require equally good field]s1 ?\gh1 if ! nature ( ! gr\nd requires "o man bett] ?an ano!r1 ! be/ judge ( a ball %\ld be plac$ 9 ! difficult position4 ,out-field]s %\ld wat* ! batsman closely1 & ei!r lay out well = ! heavy hitt]s1 or get clos] 9 = ^? :o /rive to hit 8safe0 balls j ov] ! heads & out ( rea* ( ! 9-field]s4 ,aft] ! ball has be5 ei!r caught or /opp$1 ! out-field] %\ld promptly return x1 ei!r to ! base requir+ x1 or to ! pit*]4 ,out-field]s %\ld nev] hold ! ball a mom5t long] ?an is necess>y to ?r[ x4 ,ano!r po9t ( _! field+ %\ld be to />t ! mom5t ! ball is hit1 & try _! utmo/ to take x on ! fly1 & n wait until x is ab\t t\*+ ! gr\nd4 ,be> 9 m9d t x is easi] to run =w>d to take a ball ?an1 by be+ too eag]1 to try & take x by runn+ backw>d2 rememb]1 h[ev]1 t a ball hit high to long field inv>iably appe>s to be com+ fur!r ?an x really does4 ,,! ,,batsman4 ,! position ( ! batsman is expressly def9$ by ! rules1 :i* require t ! /rik]1 :5 ab\t to /rike ! ball1 mu/ /& a/ride ! l9e ( ! home base4 ,?is l9e is six feet 9 l5g?1 runn+ ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! home base1 & p>allel ) ! front l9e ( ! pit*]'s position4 ,he c take a /ep =w>d1 b he is prohibit$ f tak+ any backw>d /ep4 ,! batsman is kn[n z ! 8/rik]10 & s consid]$ 9 ! rules1 until he has /ruck a fair ball1 :5 he imm$iately becomes 8a play] runn+ ! bases10 & ceases to be ! 8/rik]40 ,:5 ! batsman takes 8 position at ! home base1 viz4 /&+ a/ride ! l9e ( ! base1 & n less ?an "o foot to ! left ( x1 ! umpire asks him :]e he wants a ball1 & ! batsman responds by say+ 8knee high10 or 8wai/ high10 or by nam+ ! "* ( ! call he wants pit*$ to him1 ! pit*] be+ requir$ by ! rules to deliv] to ! batsman a ball )9 ! legitimate rea* ( 8 bat1 & z ne> ! place indicat$ z he c1 & also to pit* ov] ! home base2 & if he fails to d ?is twice1 ! umpire1 aft] fir/ w>n+ him ( ! p5alty he incurs1 is requir$ to call a ball = e unfair ball deliv]$ aft] ! w>n+ has be5 giv51 & :5 ?ree su* balls h be5 call$ ! batsman drops 8 bat & goes to fir/ base4 ,9 /rik+ at ! ball x mu/ be hit fairly to entitle ! batsman to run = 8 fir/ base1 & x is only hit 8fairly0 :5 s5t to ! field 9 front ( ! l9es ( ! bases rea*+ f home to fir/ base & home to ?ird base4 ,if ! ball f ! bat fir/ t\*es ! gr\nd back ( ^! l9es1 x is consid]$ 8f\l10 & 9 t case1 ?\gh ! batsman c be caught out1 he _c run to 8 base4 ,! mom5t ! batsman hits a fair ball1 !re=e1 he drops 8 bat & runs to fir/ base1 & if he rea*es x be=e ! ball is held by ! baseman :ile t\*+ ! base1 ! /rik] escapes be+ put out2 b if ! ball be held by ! baseman1 :ile on 8 base1 be=e ! batsman rea*es x1 ! latt] is out4 ,! batsman is liable to be put out 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,if ! ball he hits 8fair0 %\ld be caught by any ( ! field]s be=e t\*+ ! gr\nd2 or if a ball he hits 8f\l0 %\ld be caught by any ( ! field]s ei!r 8on ! fly0 or on ! fir/ b\nd2 or if he /rikes at ! ball ?ree times & fails to hit x ea* "t1 & ! ball1 on ! ?ird /rike1 be held on ! b\nd1 or1 if n s held1 x be held on ! fir/ base be=e ! /rik] rea*es x1 ! batsman is out2 & la/ly1 he is out if he takes a /ep backw>d ?ree times :5 /rik+ at a ball4 ,^! are ! v>i\s ways 9 :i* ! batsman or /rik] c be put out4 ,aft] mak+ 8 fir/ base1 & !reby becom+ a 8base runn]10 he is liable to be put out z foll[s4 ,if he be t\*$ by any field] ) ! ball 9 h& & 9 play1 :5 he is (f a base1 he is out2 also1 if :5 runn+ to a base on a f\l ball1 he fail to get back to ! base be=e ! ball1 9 play1 is held by ! baseman2 or1 if 9 runn+ to a base on a fair fly ball1 he be simil>ly (f 8 base :5 ! ball is held by ! base play] aft] be+ caught2 also1 if he fail to rea* ! next base to ! "o he occupies :5 a fair ball is hit1 & n caught1 & ! ball be held on ! base he is runn+ to be=e he rea*es x1 he is out4 ,,base-,,runn+4 ,! mom5t ! /rik] hits a fair ball he ceases to be ! 8/rik]10 & becomes at once 8a play] runn+ ! bases10 & he !n becomes liable to be put out 9 ! sev]al ways allud$ to "u ! head ( 8,! ,batsman10 viz4 by be+ 8=c$ (f0 8 base2 by be+ 8run out20 & by be+ put out 9 return+ on a fly or f\l ball4 ,we w n[ illu/rate m p>ticul>ly ! mann] 9 :i* ! base-runn] c be ?us put out4 ,:51 z above ref]r$ to1 ! /rik] has made 8 fir/ base1 & become a 8base-runn]10 & he is occupy+ ! fir/ base :5 a fair ball is hit1 ! mom5t su* a ball be /ruck t mom5t he ceases to h any "r to occupy ! fir/ base1 he be+ :at is t]m$ 8=c$ (f0 by ! batsman4 ,9 su* case he mu/ try & make 8 second base be=e ! ball is held by a field] on ! base4 ,if he fails to d ?is he is out4 ,:5 occupy+ ! fir/ base1 too1 :5 a fair ball is hit & is held on ! fly1 he is requir$ to return & t\* ! base be=e he c legally run = ! next base2 b ! mom5t he has t\*$ ! base1 aft] ! cat* has be5 made1 he c !n run = ! next base4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! ball t is hit be a f\l ball1 !n he mu/ n only return to ! base he left :5 ! ball 0 /ruck1 b he mu/ rema9 on x until ! ball has be5 settl$ 9 ! h&s ( ! pit*] be=e he c aga9 attempt to run to ! next base4 ,if at any "t1 too1 :5 ! ball is 9 play1 he be caught (f a base1 & be t\*$ by ! ball 9 ! h&s ( any field]1 he is also out4 ,if1 too1 9 runn+ r\nd ! bases at any "t he %\ld fail to t\* any ( ! bases1 he mu/ return & t\* ! base he fail$ to t\* :5 fir/ runn+ r\nd1 & 9 su* case1 if ! ball be held on ! base be=e he c t\* x1 he is out2 & he mu/ also return to t\* ! base1 9 su* case1 ! same way z he ran r\nd1 he n be+ all[$ to cross ov] f home base to second1 or f ?ird to fir/4 ,base-runn]s %\ld1 h[ev]1 rememb] t !y h a "r to return to ! base !y h left--except :5 8=c$ (f0 by ! batsman--until !y t\* ! next base2 & no base-runn]1 occupy+ a base1 c =ce ano!r (f ! next base1 unless he himself be =c$ (f by ! batsman1 or by a base-runn] :o is =c$ (f by ! batsman4 ,t is1 a play] occupy+ ! second base1 :5 !re is no "o on ! fir/ base1 _c =ce a base-runn] (f ! ?ird4 ,:5 all ! bases are occupi$1 & ! batsman hits a fair ball :i* is n caught1 !n ea* base-runn] is oblig$ to vacate ! base he occupies & run to ! next1 & 9 ?is case all t is necess>y to put ei!r base-runn] out1 is simply = any field] to hold ! ball on ! base ! base-runn] is try+ to rea* be=e ! latt] rea*es x4 ,x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t ! mom5t ! batsman is put out by a fair fly cat*1 or put out at fir/ base1 t mom5t ! base-runn]s prec$+ him cease to be 8=c$0 to leave _! bases1 & 9 ?is case !y mu/ be t\*$ by ! ball1 9 ! h&s ( a field]1 be=e !y c be put out4 ,base-runn]s1 too1 :5 high balls are hit into ! out] field1 & 9 su* way z to make a cat* app>5tly c]ta91 %\ld /& on _! bases 9 read9ess to run to ! next base ! mom5t ! ball is held by ! out-field]4 ,:5 a base-runn] is on ! fir/ base1 & a high ball is 8popp$ up10 :i* looks z if x w\ld surely be caught by ! %ort-/op or pit*]1 or inde$ by any 9-field]1 ! base-runn] has a d\ble difficulty to escape f1 inasmu* z1 if ! ball is caught on ! fly1 he has to return to ! base he left :5 ! ball 0 hit2 b %\ld ! ball1 in/ead1 be purposely dropp$ be=e be+ held1 he !n becomes oblig$ to run = 8 second base1 & is 9 su* case liable to be easily put out f be+ =c$ (f 8 fir/ base4 ,ei!r horn ( ! dilemma is bad1 b ! safe/ way g5]ally is to anticipate ! ball be+ caught1 & to /& ready to get back to fir/ base easily1 z ! ef=t to drop ! ball = a d\ble play is "o n (t5 successful4 ,a base-runn]1 :5 on fir/ base at a "t :5 ano!r is on ! ?ird1 c safely run d[n to second1 except :]e two h&s are out1 z ! cat*] 9 ! =m] case sacrifices ! "o base to prev5t ! play] on ! ?ird f gett+ a *ance to run home4 ,:5 two h&s are out1 h[ev]1 x does n matt] s mu*1 z ! cat*] c f> easi] put ! ?ird h& out by a ?r[ to second ?an c ! base-runn] at ! ?ird get home be=e ! ?ird h& be put out4 ,9 ! position 9 a game :5 two h&s are out & a base-runn] is runn+ home1 ! run he w\ld o!rwise make does n c\nt1 if ! batsman be put out be=e he makes 8 fir/ base2 & nei!r does x c\nt 9 su* case1 if ! base-runn] 9 "q fails to t\* ! home base be=e ! ?ird h& is put out4 ,play]s :o desire to become exp]t z base-runn]s %\ld n only famili>ise !mselves ) ! !ory ( base-runn+ by att5tive /udy ( ! rules1 b !y mu/ realize by practical exp]i5ce all ! po9ts ( play above allud$ to be=e !y c successfully exemplify _! !oretical k1 or d]ive any advantage f x4 ,x is "o ?+ to be ?or\ghly acqua9t$ ) ! mann] 9 :i* any special object 9 view %\ld be atta9$1 b x is altoge!r a m difficult matt] to practically illu/rate y\r !ory2 & an aft]noon's exp]i5ce 9 runn+ bases aga9/ a field ( practical exp]ts w\ld soon %[ y ! fallacy ( tru/+ to ?or\gh !oretical k = success4 ,,on ,,field+ ,,g5]ally4 ,skill 9 field+ is ! fir/ requisite ( an exp]t base-ball play]4 ,:at is call$ a 8muff90 play] is "o :o is a m]e tyro 9 h&l+ ! ball4 ,muff9s c bat well1 & yet n be any?+ b 8muff9s40 ,occasionally1 too1 we f9d an effective pit*] :o is a 8muff90 9 field+4 ,b a play] :o c field well1 ?\gh he may n be a skill$ batsman1 or ev5 able to pit* effectively1 is nev]!less eligible to a position 9 ! fir/ n9e ( a club1 :5 a good batsman :o is n a good field] w\ld be v prop]ly rul$ out4 ,among ! requisites ( a fir/-class field] are3 fir/1 ! moral qualifications ( c\rage1 n]ve1 control ( temp] & coolness ( judgm5t 9 em]g5cies1 toge!r ) p]sev]ance 9 ! face ( difficulties & 9 cont5d+ manfully aga9/ l>ge odds4 ,! physical ability necess>y consi/s ( ! /r5g? to ?r[ a ball a hundr$ y>ds2 ! agility to cat* a fly+ ball close to ! gr\nd1 or two or ?ree feet above y\r head2 ! activity to pick up a ball :ile runn+2 ! quickness ( ! eye to judge ! fall ( a high ball1 or ! reb\nd ( a f\l "o2 & ! endurance to /& ! fatigue ( a long game4 ,among ! g5]al rules wor?y ! att5tion ( field]s are ! foll[+3-- ,! mo/ important rule is ! "o :i* comm&s ob$i5ce to ! directions ( ! capta9 ( ! n9e4 ,field]s %\ld also be> 9 m9d t ! capta9 ( ! n9e is alone ! spokesman ( ! p>ty & ! comm&] ( ! field4 ,secondly4 ,no out-field] %\ld hold a ball a mom5t long] ?an x is necess>y = him to h&le x 9 ?r[+4 ,9 ! 9-field1 h[ev]1 a ball c be sometimes held by ! field] ) safety & advantage4 ,?irdly4 ,nev] /& /ill 9 y\r position simply because ! ball happ5s to g 9 ano!r direction ?an ! position y occupy1 b always be on ! move to aid ! o!r field]s or to back !m up4 ,activity 9 ! field1 & judgm5t 9 be+ prompt 9 support1 is "o ( ! important requisites ( a fir/-class field]4 ,f\r?ly4 ,play e>ne/ly at all times1 :e!r 9 an ord9>y practice game or 9 a mat*4 ,get into ! habit ( do+ y\r be/ on all occasions4 ,x is inv>iably ! m>k ( a va9 & conceit$ ball play] to walk on ! field & play 9 a game z if he 0 conf]r+ a fav\r by p>ticipat+ 9 ! conte/2 & play]s :o play ) an air ( indiff]5ce z to ! result ( ! game1 or :o become despond5t :5 ! odds are aga9/ !m1 are no play]s = a fir/ class n9e4 ,fif?ly4 ,next to see+ a man field well1 ! mo/ attractive ?+ is to see a play] take ?+s easily & good-natur$ly4 ,if y miss a fly ball1 all[ an important ball to pass y1 or fail to h&le a ball 9 "t on a base1 no?+ is m boyi% ?an to v5t y\r ill-temp] on "s "o :o may h balk$ y 9 cat*+ x1 or ?r[n x to y badly4 ,control y\rself & take x smil+ly1 or if y lack ! moral c\rage to d t1 keep y\r tongue /ill at lea/4 ,y\r good-natur$ fell[s1 :o play _! be/ all ! "t1 & yet take ev]y?+ bad or good ) a good-natur$ smile1 are z desirable z companions on a ball field z y\r gr[l]s are to be dete/$4 ,six?ly4 ,:5 an error ( play is committ$1 d y\r be/ at once to rem$y ! evil by us+ y\r be/ ef=ts to get at ! ball ei!r aft] 8muff+0 x1 lett+ x pass y1 or fail+ to hold x4 ,"s play]s aft] miss+ a ball w walk aft] x l an ill-temp]$1 sulky t5-ye> old4 ,sev5?ly4 ,!re is no habit field]s h t is m *>act]i/ic ( s*ool-boys1 or :i* leads to m unpleasantness & ill-feel+ 9 a mat*1 ?an t ( f9d+ fault ) ^? :o commit errors ( play 9 ! field4 ,e man 9 ! field tries to d 8 be/ = 8 own cr$it sake1 & if he fails c5sure b adds to 8 *agr9 )\t 9 ! lea/ improv+ 8 play2 on ! contr>y1 fault-f9d+ is only calculat$ to make him play worse4 ,9 no game are ! am5ities ( social life m necess>y to a full enjoym5t ( ! pa/ime ?an 9 base-ball4 ,p>ticul>ly acceptable are words ( comm5dation = good play & rem>ks calculat$ to remove ! annoyance aris+ f errors 9 ! field1 to "y ball play]s1 & ^! =m "s ( ! /ronge/ inc5tives to extra ex]tion on _! "p1 besides promot+ k9dly feel+s on ! field & dur+ ! game4 ,! fact is1 su* m5 z y\r con/itutional grumbl]s are ! nuisances ( a ball field1 & de/roy all ! pleasure :i* w\ld o!rwise result f ! game4 ,e manly play] w keep sil5t :5 he sees an error committ$1 or if he makes any rem>k at all1 w apologize = x 9 "s way4 ,^? :o f9d fault & gr[l at errors ( play are ( ! class :o pref] to gratify _! malice & ill-temp] at ! exp5se ( ! unlucky field] :o happ5s to 8muff0 a ball or two 9 a game4 ,la/ly4 ,rememb] t ! w9n+ ( ! trophy is "o ( ! ma9 objects 9 view1 & z x is n ! mo/ important ?+ 9 life to w9 x1 or a v great disa/] to lose x1 ! less y act z if x 01 ! less likelihood ( ! spectators suspect+ y ( hav+ "s ult]ior object 9 view1 su* z ! w9n+ ( a sum ( money1 = in/ance4 ,to conclude1 h[ev]1 let x be rememb]$ by e play] 9 a mat* t a cr$itable victory abides only ) t p>ty :o1 9 w9n+ ! mat*1 h m>k$ _! play z mu* by _! c\rtesy ( demean\r1 lib]ality ( action1 & ! good-nature !y h display$ 9 ! conte/1 z by _! skill 9 ! sev]al dep>tm5ts ( ! game4 ,,! ,,umpire ,,& ,,8 ,,duties4 ,! position ( an umpire 9 a base-ball mat* is "o m>k$ by on]\s & important duties4 ,be=e proce$+ to comm5t on :at ^! duties are p>ticul>ly1 we w fir/ give ! rules ( ! game applicable to ! position :i* are includ$ 9 ,rule ,,vii4 ( ! code ( rules & regulations3-- ,,sec4 #a4 ,! umpire %all take c>e t ! regulations respect+ ! ball1 bats1 bases1 & ! pit*]'s & /rik]'s positions1 are /rictly obs]v$1 & he %all require ! *all5g+ club to furni% a ball1 on :i* ! size1 weight1 & ! "n ( ! manufactur] %all be /amp$4 ,he %all be ! sole judge ( fair & unfair play1 & %all det]m9e all disputes & diff]5ces :i* may occur dur+ ! game4 ,he %all take special c>e to decl>e all f\l balls & balks imm$iately ^u _! occurr5ce1 9 a di/9ct & audible mann]4 ,he %all1 9 e in/ance1 be=e leav+ ! gr\nd1 decl>e ! w9n+ club1 & %all record 8 decision 9 ! books ( ! scor]s4 ,! umpire %all also require t ! game be record$ by a scor] = ea* ( ! conte/+ clubs4 ,9 all mat*es ! umpire %all be select$ by ! capta9s ( ! respective sides1 & %all p]=m all ! duties above enum]at$4 ,,sec4 #b4 ,! umpire 9 any mat* %all det]m9e :5 play %all be susp5d$2 & if ! game _c be fairly conclud$1 x %all be decid$ by ! la/ equal inn+s1 provid$ five inn+s h be5 play$1 & ! p>ty hav+ ! greate/ numb] ( runs %all be decl>$ ! w9n]4 ,,sec4 #c4 ,:5 ! umpire calls 8play10 ! game mu/ at once be proce$$ )2 & ! p>ty fail+ to take _! appo9t$ positions 9 ! game )9 five m9utes !reaft] %all =feit ! game4 ,:5 ! umpire calls 8"t10 play %all be susp5d$ until he calls 8play0 aga94 ,,sec4 #d4 ,:5 ! umpire 8calls0 a game1 x %all end2 b :5 he m]ely susp5ds play = any /at$ p]iod1 x may be resum$ at ! po9t at :i* x 0 susp5d$1 provid$ su* susp5sion does n ext5d beyond ! day ( ! mat*4 ,,sec4 #e4 ,no p]son engag$ 9 a mat*1 ei!r z umpire1 scor]1 or play]1 %all be ei!r directly or indirectly int]e/$ 9 any bet ^u ! game4 ,nor %all any p]son be p]mitt$ to act z umpire or scor] 9 any mat* unless he %all be a memb] ( ! ,national ,association1 or ( a ,/ate bran* !re(4 ,nei!r %all ! umpire or scor] be *ang$ dur+ a mat*1 unless ) ! cons5t ( bo? p>ties1 except = reason ( illness or injury1 or = a violation ( ! above rules4 ,,sec4 #f4 ,no decision giv5 by ! umpire %all be rev]s$ ^u ! te/imony ( any play]2 & no decision :atev] %all be rev]s$1 except = a palpable infr+em5t ( ! rules1 & !n only on an appeal by ! capta94 ,,sec4 #g4 ,no p]son %all be p]mitt$ to approa* or to speak ) ! umpire1 scor]s1 or play]s1 or 9 any mann] to int]rupt or int]f]e dur+ ! progress ( ! game1 unless by special reque/ ( ! umpire4 ,any mat* game play$ by any club 9 contrav5tion to ! rules adopt$ by ! ,national ,association %all be consid]$ null & void1 & %all n be c\nt$ 9 ! li/ ( mat* games won & lo/4 ,x w be se5 by ! above rules1 t among ! mo/ important are ^? requir+ ea* play] fir/1 to be a memb] ( a club belong+ to ! ,national ,association1 or a ,/ate bran* !re(4 ,secondly1 t he is to be consid]$ ! sole judge ( fair & unfair play1 & "o f ^: decision !re is no appeal1 except 9 c]ta9 in/ances :]e ! rules are grossly mis9t]pret$1 9 :i* case ! injur$ p>ties c appeal = r$ress to ! judici>y committee ( _! ,/ate association4 ,also1 t f ! "t 8play0 is call$ until ! p]iod ! umpire ei!r susp5ds play by call+ 8"t10 or closes ! game by 8call+0 x1 ! game mu/ be proce$$ )1 or o!rwise ! p>ty fail+ to play =feits ! ball4 ,also t ! umpire is requir$ to see t ! ball play$ ) is "o hav+ ! mak]'s "n /amp$ on x1 & likewise ! figures indicat+ ! size & weight ( ! ball4 ,,h9ts ,,to ,,umpires4 ,! umpire %\ld inv>iably r5d] 8 decision 9 accordance ) ! fir/ impressions ( ! po9t ( play made on 8 m9d4 ,if he hesitates at all1 ! influ5ce ( any p>ticul> bias he may h w affect 8 judgm5t1 & v likely make 8 decision a p>tial "o4 ,be prompt1 !re=e1 to decide accord+ to ! v fir/ impression made4 ,promptness 9 decid+ is /rong te/imony 9 fav\r ( imp>tial judgm5t1 & is always satisfactory to conte/ants4 ,he %\ld also see t ! f\l ball po/s are 9 position1 & especially t ! rule requir+ *alk l9es f home to fir/ base1 & home to ?ird1 be compli$ )4 ,he %\ld keep sil5t :5 a fair ball is /ruck1 b if ask$ if x be a fair ball1 he c ( c\rse say s2 b he is n requir$ to call fair balls4 ,! umpire1 be=e call+ 8play10 %\ld see t ! capta9s ( ! conte/+ sides are mutually agre$ ^u :at ! rules ( ! gr\nd are = ! mat*4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 t a ball go+ ov] a f5ce %all give b "o base1 or t a ball tak5 on ! fly f a tree1 or ! ro( ( a h\se1 or ! side ( a f5ce1 %all be reg>d$ z a b\nd cat*1 & only legitimate 9 ! case ( a f\l ball2 or t a ball pass+ ! cat*]1 & be+ /opp$ by a f5ce too close to ! home base1 %all give "o base1 c4 ,"o ( 8 mo/ difficult duties is t ( call+ balls = unfair deliv]y 9 pit*+1 & also 9 call+ /rikes on ! batsm5 = n hitt+ at fair balls4 ,! umpire %\ld fir/ in/ruct himself 9 reg>d to ! def9ition ( unfair balls1 & ! foll[+ rules w give him ! requir$ in=mation3-- ,fir/ly4 ,a ball t /rikes ! gr\nd 9 front ( ! home base is n a fair ball2 z1 9 ! fir/ place1 by /rik+ ! gr\nd be=e rea*+ ! baseman1 x becomes a 8b[l$0 ball1 & secondly1 because x is n pit*$ 8ov] ! home base10 & 8fairly = ! /rik]20 = unless x goes ov] ! home base be=e t\*+ ! gr\nd1 x is n 8pit*$10 b 8b[l$0 ov]1 & unless s pit*$1 x _c be 8fairly = ! /rik]40 ,secondly4 ,a ball t is pit*$ on ! side opposite to t ! batsman habitually /rikes f is n a fair ball1 because n pit*$ 8= ! /rik]40 ,?irdly4 ,a ball t is pit*$ s z to hit ! /rik]--provid$ he is /&+ 9 8 legitimate position1 viz4 a/ride ! l9e ( ! home base1 & "o foot to ! left ( ! base--is n a fair "o1 = ! same reason4 ,! /rik] %\ld1 h[ev]1 /& f> en\gh f ! base to admit ( ! ball be+ pit*$ ov] x )\t its /rik+ him4 ,f\r?ly4 ,balls1 too1 :i* are pit*$ beyond ! legitimate rea* ( ! batsman1 ei!r 9 front ( him or ov] 8 head1 are1 = ! same reason1 n fair balls4 ,all ( ! above balls are 8unfair0 balls1 & mu/ be call$ :5 x is legitimate to call a ball at all1 t is1 fir/1 aft] two unfair balls h be5 pit*$1 & secondly1 aft] ! pit*] has !n be5 w>n$ ( ! p5alty--?is w>n+ be+ giv5 9 ! =m ( ! words1 8ball to ! bat10 or "s exclamation ( simil> purport4 ,%\ld ! /rik] n /& 9 8 position1 z requir$ by ! rules1 or %\ld he hit at balls at a diff]5t height to t he calls =1 9 su* case ! umpire is n requir$ to call any ( ! above deliv]$ balls z unfair balls except ^? out ( ! batsman's rea*4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we n[ proce$ to close our in/ructions 9 ! game ) a *apt] on scor+1 :i* is a "p ( base-ball requir+ a consid]able degree ( /ati/ical & analytical tal5t to d x well4 ,,on ,,scor+ ,,9 ,,base-,,ball4 ,! pres5t sy/em ( scor+ 0 fir/ introduc$ by ! writ] 9 #ahfg1 & s9ce !n has be5 adopt$ by e compet5t scor] 9 ! c\ntry4 ,! scor] ( a base-ball mat* has ei!r a simple task to p]=m1 or a duty requir+ 8 close att5tion to e movem5t ( ! play]s 9 ! field4 ,to record ! 8outs0 & 8runs0 9 a mat* requires simply ! use ( ! figures #a1 #b1 #c = ! score ( outs 9 ea* inn+s1 & dots = ea* run scor$1 & at ! close ( ! game ^! are add$ up & ! total ( ea* plac$ opposite ! "n ( ! batsman mak+ !m2 ! score ( runs made ea* inn+s be+ record$ at ! foot ( ea* column ( ! inn+s4 ,to score a game prop]ly1 h[ev]1 consid]able "w is necess>y1 z w be se5 by ! foll[+4 ,,in/ructions ,,to ,,scor]s4 ,! foll[+ diagrams %[ ! blank =ms ( ! score-%eets us$ 9 record+ ! play1 & also ! total result1 9 a mat* game ( base-ball2 & we pres5t ^! blanks be=e proce$+ ) our in/ructions 9 scor+3-- ,no4 ,i4 ,diagram ( ,score ,%eet us$ to record ! ,movem5ts ( ! ,play]s 9 a ,mat* ,game4 ,! ,score ( ! ,club ( ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,base ,bases,bases run- on on ,total ,play ,play$ at 44444444444444 #ahf4 n+4 er- hits4score4 call$4 rors4 ---------------------------------------- ----- ,h4,l4,b4,m4,b4,t4,o4,r4,,batsm54#a4b4c4 d4e4f4g4h4i4aj4 ---------------------------------------- ----- #a4 ---------------------------------------- ----- #b4 ---------------------------------------- ----- #c4 ---------------------------------------- ----- #d4 ---------------------------------------- ----- #e4 ---------------------------------------- ----- #f4 ---------------------------------------- ----- #g4 ---------------------------------------- ----- #h4 ---------------------------------------- ----- #i4 ---------------------------------------- ----- ,total ---------------------------------------- ----- ,gr& total ---------------------------------------- ----- ---------------------------------------- - ,game ,posi- ,good ,plays 9 ,total,z- end$4 tion4 ! ,field4 put si/- out4 +4 --------- ------------ ,,field]s4 ,b4,f4,l4,d4,k4,r4 ------------------------------------ #a4 ------------------------------------ #b4 ------------------------------------ #c4 ------------------------------------ #d4 ------------------------------------ #e4 ------------------------------------ #f4 ------------------------------------ #g4 ------------------------------------ #h4 ------------------------------------ #i4 ------------------------------------ ------------------------------------ ------------------------------------ ,w9n+ ,club 44444444444444444444 ,scor]s 4444444444444444444444 ,umpire 44444444444444444444444444 ,duration ( game 4444444444444 ,! lett]s on ! left ref] to ! batt+ score1 z foll[s3--,r1 = runs2 ,o1 = outs2 ,t1 = ! numb] ( times ! fir/ base is made on hits2 ,b1 = numb] ( bases on hits2 ,m1 = fir/ base on muffs2 ,b1 = fir/ base on call$ balls2 ,l1 = left on bases aft] clean hits2 & ,h1 = home-runs4 ,on ! "r1 ! lett]s ref] to ! field+ only3 ,b1 = outs on bases2 ,f1 = fair fly-cat*es2 ,l1 = f\l fly-cat*es2 ,d1 = f\l b\nd cat*es2 ,k1 = outs on /rikes2 ,r1 = run out2 ! la/ two columns be+ = ! record ( ! total numb] ( play]s put out by ea* field]1 & ! total numb] ( times ea* assi/$ 9 putt+ out play]s4 ,! foll[+ diagram pres5ts ! blank =m us$ to record ! p>ticul>s ( a mat* game at its close3-- ,no4 ,,ii4 ,batt+ ,score4 ,club4 ,club4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,,play]s4 ,,pos4 ,o4 ,r4 ,b4 ,,play]s4 ,,pos4 ,o4 ,r4 ,b4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #a4 #a4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #b4 #b4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #c4 #c4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #d4 #d4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #e4 #e4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #f4 #f4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #g4 #g4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #h4 #h4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #i4 #i4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,totals ,totals ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,inn+s4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,,clubs4 #a4 #b4 #c4 #d4 #e4 #f4 #g4 #h4 #i4 ,,totals4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,home runs ,no4 ( times fir/ base on hits times times4 ,no4 ( times fir/ base by errors times times4 ,no4 ( times fir/ base on ?ree balls times times4 ,total bases on hits ,times left on bases aft] clean hits ,field+ ,score4 ,base play--put out by ,fly cat*es ,f\l b\nd cat*es ,cat*es on /rikes ,d\ble plays ,outs on bases times times4 ,outs on f\l balls times times4 ,total errors ( play ,umpire1 ,mr4 ( ! ,club1 ( ,own]s1 ,messrs4 & ,"t ( game h\rs m9utes4 ,9 record+ a game on score-%eet ,no4 #a we proce$ z foll[s3--,"u ! head+ ( 8,batsm50 we place ! names ( ! batt+ n9e1 & "u ! head+ ( 8,field]s0 we place ! names ( ! oppos+ n9e4 ,^! names are record$ on ! two score-%eets ( ! score-book2 ! names ( ! two n9es ?us appe>+ on ! book twice1 once z batsm5 & once z field]s4 ,ov] ! head+ 8,batsm50 we record ! "t ( comm5c+ ! game1 & ?is is done only on ! page ( ! n9e :o fir/ g to ! bat2 ! figures ( ! h\r ( clos+ ! game be+ record$ ov] ! head+ 8,field]s10 on ! page ( ! n9e :o la/ g to ! bat2 & ov] ! figures ( ! 8inn+s0 we record ! "n ( ! gr\nds ! mat* 0 play$ on1 & ! date ( ! game4 ,ea* field] is numb]$ f #a to #i1 & 9 record+ by :om play]s are put out ^! figures are us$ to indicate ! "n ( ! field]4 ,9 record+ ! positions ( ! field]s we simply use ! initials ( ! words ( ! position1 ?us ,c = 8cat*]10 ,p = 8pit*]10 c4 ,in/ead ( us+ ,c = 8c5tre field10 we use ,m = 8middle field10 z ,c is us$ = 8cat*]40 ,! figures #a1 #b1 #c are us$ to indicate ! outs ( ea* inn+s1 & a dot ?us 747 = ea* run4 ,dots only are us$ 9 record+ ! details ( ! batt+ on ! left h& ( ! score-%eet1 & also = record+ ! p>ticul>s ( ! field+ on ! left4 ,?us1 if ! batsman secures 8 fir/ base by a 8clean hit0--t is1 n by means ( a wild ?r[1 a dropp$ fly ball1 or a palpably muff$ ball--we place a dot 9 ! squ>e ( ! column ( 8times bases on hits0 opposite ! batsman's "n2 & if in/ead he be put out on ! fly1 we place a dot 9 ! squ>e ( ! column head$ 8fly cat*es10 on ! "r1 & opposite ! field]'s "n4 ,n[ ! above score only gives ! data = e/imat+ ! skill ( ! batsman z f> z 8 score ( bases on hits1 or on muffs1 c4 is conc]n$1 & ( ! skill ( ! field] z f> z ! record ( ! totals ( 8 "w 9 ! field is conc]n$4 ,to complete ! score1 h[ev]1 some?+ m has to be done1 & t is1 to record h[ & by :om ea* batsman is put out2 & h[ ?is is to be done we n[ proce$ to %[4 ,! scor] mu/ fir/ make himself famili> ) ! foll[+ abbreviations ( words us$ to indicate ! v>i\s movem5ts & actions ( ! field]s1 & ^! abbreviations w be f\nd v easy to commit to memory4 ,!y are z foll[s3-- ,a1 ,put out at fir/ base4 ,b1 second base4 ,c1 ?ird base4 ,h1 home base4 ,f1 ,put out on fly cat*4 ,k1 ?ree /rikes4 ,r ,o1 ,put out betwe5 bases4 ,l ,f1 on f\l fly4 ,l ,d1 on f\l b\nd4 ,t ,f1 on tip fly4 ,t ,d1 on tip b\nd4 ,h ,r1 = home run4 ,z be=e /at$1 ! figures #a1 #b1 #c are us$ = record+ ! outs1 & dots = runs2 ) small figures ?us1 #a/1 #b;d1 #c;d1 to indicate be+ left on ! bases4 ,! key to ! above abbreviations is z foll[s4 ,! fir/ ?ree lett]s ( ! alphabet indicate ! fir/ ?ree bases1 & we use ! initial lett]s ( ! words ,home1 ,fly1 ,run ,out1 & ,tip1 & ! la/ lett] ( ! words ,/ruck1 ,f\l1 & ,b\nd4 ,?us ,l /&s = f\l & ,f = fly1 & bo? toge!r = 8f\l fly40 ,! above sy/em w be f\nd to include ev]y?+ necess>y 9 record+ ! important details ( a game1 to ! ext5t ( %[+ ! good plays made at ! bat & 9 ! field4 ,9 8report+0 ! details ( a mat*1 h[ev]1 we necess>ily require a /ill m elaborate sy/em1 & our %ort-h& sy/em = ! use ( report]s w be f\nd 9 detail 9 our 8,,book ,,( ,,ref]5ce10 publi%$ 9 ,new ,york4 ,9 ord] to illu/rate fully ! work+ ( ! sy/em ( scor+ above describ$1 we w proce$ to score an imag9>y game z foll[s3-- ,suppose ! field]s 9 _! places & ! batsman 9 81 & ! scor]s ready to record ! game4 8,play0 is call$1 & ! "t ( beg9n+ ! game at once record$4 ,! fir/ /rik] !n hits a ball1 :i* is caught on ! fly by ! left-field]1 :o is ! sev5? /rik]1 we w say1 on ! o!r side4 ,on ! squ>e ( ! fir/ inn+s opposite ! "n ( ! fir/ /rik] y fir/ write d[n ! figure #a1 indicat+ ! fir/ h& out1 & above x write ! figure #g & ! lett] ,f1 & y\r record w !n appe> ?us3 4444444 3 #g ,f 3 3 #a 3 4444444 ! #g repres5t+ ! "n ( ! field]1 & ! lett] ,f ! initial ( ! ^w fly1 %[+ by :om & 9 :at mann] ! play] 0 put out4 ,opposite ! "n ( ! sev5? field]1 too1 "u ! head ( 8,on fair fly10 y write d[n a dot1 :i* gives him cr$it = ! fly cat* 9 ! score ( good plays4 ,! second /rik] n[ takes ! bat1 &1 hitt+ a l[ gr\nd] to c5tre-field1 makes 8 second base j be=e ! ball is well field$ 9 to ! second baseman4 ,to record ?is prop]ly y place a dot opposite ! batsman's "n to ! left "u ! head ( 8numb] ( times0 bases are made on hits2 & 9 ! next column y place two dots1 %[+ ! numb] ( bases made on ! hit2 or1 if y l to be m p>ticul>1 y c write ! figure #b 9 place ( ! two dots1 & !n y w "k ! bases he made on ea* hit4 ,! ?ird /rik] n[ comes to ! bat1 & hits a ball to %ort-/op1 :o passes x to ! fir/ baseman 9 "t to put ! play] out4 ,y n[ h to record ! second h& out1 & y d x ?us3 fir/1 ! figure #b = second h& out1 & ! figure #c = ! "n ( ! %ort-/op1 :o is ! ?ird /rik] on ! li/ ( names on ! o!r side1 & !n #d = ! fir/ baseman1 :o is ! f\r? /rik]4 ,! squ>e w !n appe> ?us3 4444444 3#c-d ,a3 3 #b 3 4444444 !reby %[+ t ! batsman 0 ! second h& out by a ball field$ to ! fir/ base play] by ! %ort-/op4 ,y !n1 opposite ! field]s' names to ! "r1 "u ! head ( 8numb] ( times assi/+10 place a dot opposite ! ?ird field]'s "n1 & "u ! head ( 8on bases10 a dot opposite ! "n ( ! f\r? field]1 ?us cr$it+ ! %ort-/op ) ! assi/ance r5d]$ & ! fir/ baseman ) putt+ ! batsman out4 ,! f\r? /rik] n[ takes ! bat & /rikes out1 & y !n record ! out by ! figure #c = ! ?ird h& out1 & ! lett] ,k = /ruck out 79 ?is in/ance1 z 9 "o or two o!rs1 z we h %[n1 we use ! la/ lett] ( ! ^w71 & "u ! head ( 8on ?ird /rike10 opposite ! field]'s "n act+ z cat*]1 we place a dot4 ,?is closes ! inn+s4 ,:5 ! game is clos$1 we add up ! total outs & runs *>g$ & cr$it$ to ea* batsman1 & place ! totals "u ! head+ ( 8,outs & ,runs0 to ! left ( ! batsm5's names4 ,! above w suffice to %[ ! g5]al plan ( scor+ we adopt 9 ?is sy/em4 ,! /ati/ics ( ! batsman's play1 to ! left ( ! batsm5's names1 include 8 total score ( outs & runs1 ! total numb] ( times ! fir/ base is made1 & ! numb] ( bases made on clean hits2 & a simil> record ( bases made on 8muff$0 & wildly ?r[n balls1 & on balk$ & call$ balls1 toge!r ) ! numb] ( times base-runn]s are left on bases1 & ! numb] ( clean home runs4 ,! /ati/ics ( ! field+1 to ! "r ( ! field]s' names1 include ! totals ( outs on bases1 on fair fly cat*es1 on f\l fly & f\l b\nd cat*es1 on ?ree /rikes1 f be+ run out1 ! totals ( ! play]s put out1 & ( times assi/+ to put !m out4 ,! ,am]ican game ( base-ball w be f\nd an excell5t sub/itute = cricket 9 ,engl&1 = ^? :o h n ! leisure "t = ! ,engli% game1 z a full game ( n9e inn+s a side c be play$ 9 ?ree h\rs at mo/4 ,x is a m vigor\s ex]cise ?an cricket1 & 9 a closely conte/$ mat*1 fully z excit+ to spectators1 :5 und]/ood4 ,= boys1 aft] s*ool h\rs1 x is f> bett] ?an cricket1 ow+ to ! %ort "t requir$ to play a game4 ,,am]ican ,,billi>ds4 ,! f\r ball1 or 8,am]ican game0 ( billi>ds1 diff]s bo? f ! ,engli% & ,fr5* game1 & 9 a measure comb9es ! m]its ( bo?4 ,?\gh x does n require ! skill ! ,fr5* game does1 x avoids1 by cu/om1 ! simple1 me*anical 8haz>d0 feature ( ! ,engli% game1 z fir/-class ,am]ican billi>d-play]s at ! haz>d & c>om game nev] hole ! spot ball consecutively1 z 9 ! ,engli% game4 ,9 fact1 ! haz>d feature ( ! ,am]ican game is rapidly fall+ into disuse1 ! f\r ball c>om game tak+ its place4 ,! ,am]ican tables n[ are made )\t side pockets1 & no saloon has any tables ( ?is k9d1 except = play+ pool2 ! f\r pocket tables & c>om tables )\t pockets be+ ! only /yle 9 vogue n[4 ,! f\r pocket tables 7 introduc$ by ,mi*ael ,phelan1 ,esq41 ! 8fa!r0 ( ! game 9 ,am]ica4 ,! g5]al pr9ciples ( ! ,am]ican game1 :i* unites ^? ( all o!rs1 are z foll[s3-- ,,! ,,c>om4 ,to make a c>om1 ! play] mu/ cause 8 own ball to /rike two or m balls 9 ! same %ot4 ,:5 he /rikes 8 adv]s>y's ball1 & ei!r ! light or d>k r$1 he scores two4 ,:5 he /rikes ! two r$ balls1 or1 9 billi>d phrase1 c>oms on !m1 he scores ?ree4 ,,! ,,haz>d4 ,!re are two sorts ( haz>ds--w9n+ & los+4 ,a ,,w9n+ ,,haz>d is made by pocket+ ! adv]s>y's ball1 or ei!r ( ! r$ balls4 ,9 ! fir/ case1 ! play] scores two2 9 ! second1 he scores ?ree4 ,:5 ! play] pockets 8 own ball x is a ,,los+ ,,haz>d4 ,if 8 ball is pocket$ aft] hav+ /ruck ! :ite or adv]s>y's ball1 two po9ts are add$ to ! adv]s>y's score4 ,if ! ball is pocket$ aft] hav+ /ruck ei!r ( ! r$ balls1 ?ree po9ts are add$ to ! adv]s>y's score4 ,if ! ball be pocket$ aft] hav+ made a c>om or w9n+ haz>d1 ! play] _c score ! c\nt he may h made4 ,a miss1 or a failure on ! "p ( ! play] to /rike any o!r ball ) 8 own1 c\nts "o = ! oppon5t4 ,! ^w c>om1 us$ 9 ?is portion ( ! "w1 is d]iv$ f ! ,fr5* ^w 8c>ombolage40 ,9 ,engl& ! ^w 8cannon0 is us$1 an evid5tly corrupt d]ivation4 ,9 le>n+ all games ( billi>ds practical exp]i5ce is ! be/ tea*]4 ,no am\nt ( intellectual /udy c imp>t to a novice ! manual dext]ity & adroitness ess5tial to ! display ( ! beauties ( ! game4 ,b mon?s ( lab\r & le>n+ by practical exp]i5ce alone may be avoid$ by le>n+ ?or\ghly be=eh& ! pr9ciples ( ! sci5ce aft]w>ds to be practis$ z an art4 ,among ! mo/ important ?+s 9 billi>ds is a good attitude1 & to atta9 ?is %\ld be ! /ud5t's fir/ ef=t4 ,good attitude is ! #8gr\ndwork' ( a play]'s success4 ,if 8 attitude be ungraceful1 viz4 /ra9$ or unnatural1 8 play+ w assur$ly be unreliable4 ,! /ud5t's attitude mu/1 9 ! fir/ place1 be p]fectly easy & natural4 ,8 left foot %\ld be slightly advanc$1 9 a /raight l9e1 ! "r drawn backw>ds & po9t+ outw>ds1 to ! ext5t & at ! angle mo/ famili> & conv5i5t to ! play]4 ,! left arm %\ld be ext5d$ & support$ on ! table by ! tips ( ! f+]s & ! junction ( ! palm & ! wri/ 7:i* position ( ! h& con/itutes ! natural bridge74 ,8 body %\ld be p]fectly balanc$1 & %\ld =m an acute angle ) ! side ( ! table at :i* he /&s4 ,! tap]+ end ( ! cue %\ld re/ 9 ! natural groove =m$ by ! elevation ( ! ?umb2 ! ?ick end %\ld be grasp$ 9 ! "r h&1 loosely :ile be+ drawn back prep>atory to ! /roke1 & firmly at ! mom5t ( contact ) ! ball4 ,! cue %\ld be held 9 a p]fectly horizontal position1 except 9 ! case ( "s p>ticul> /rokes1 :i* w be describ$ 9 ! prop] place4 ,beg9n]s %\ld pay especial att5tion to ?is4 ,x %\ld be impell$ *iefly by ! =e-arm1 :ile ! body %\ld rema9 p]fectly /eady1 z ! slighte/ sway+ motion ( x w give a false direction to ! /roke4 ,! spe$ ( ! cue1 & n ! weight ( ! body1 gives /r5g? to ! /roke4 ,9 ! in/ructions 9 ! game conta9$ 9 ! body ( ?is "w1 ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( ! game are fully exemplifi$ & enl>g$ ^u4 ,b !re are exceptions to ^! fundam5tal rules to :i* we n[ briefly ref]1 & among !m may be prom95tly nam$ ! results ( ! diff]5t degrees ( /r5g? ) :i* ! cue ball is /ruck1 inasmu* z important modifications ( ! angles ( incid5ce & reflexion are produc$ by ! v>ieties ( /r5g? 9 ! impulsion ( ! ball4 ,x is a g5]al law t ! angle ( incid5ce is equal to ! angle ( reflexion2 ?is law is1 h[ev]1 modifi$ 9 billi>ds by ! degree ( /r5g? ) :i* ! cue ball is /ruck4 ,! angle :i* ! cue-ball w take aft] /rik+ a cu%ion1 be+ mat]ially alt]$ by ! =ce imp>t$ to x1 ! great] ! /r5g? ! m acute w ! angle ( reflexion become4 ,:5 ! ball1 in/ead ( be+ play$ aga9/ a fix$ & in]t body1 su* z a cu%ion1 is play$ aga9/ a moveable sph]e1 su* z itself1 ! angle =m$ by ! l9e ( direction ( ! object-ball1 & ! l9e ( ! subsequ5t c\rse ( ! cue-ball1 w be m obtuse ! great] ! /r5g? communicat$ to ! cue-ball4 ,)\t an approximate k ( ! diff]5t degrees ( /r5g? to be imp>t$ 9 ord] to produce diff]5t angles1 ! pupil lab\rs ?r\gh a maze ( unc]ta9ty2 & if n ( a pati5t & reflective t5d5cy1 is incl9$ to arrive at ! ha/y & errone\s conclusion1 t *ance con/itutes an important elem5t 9 successful billi>d play+4 ,be=e comm5t+ fur!r on ! game we w proce$ to give ! rules ( ! ,am]ican f\r ball game1 & also ( ! ,fr5* ?ree ball game z play$ 9 ,am]ica2 & "h we w\ld ackn[l$ge our indebt$ness to ,messrs4 ,phelan & ,coll5d]1 ! great billi>d-table manufactur]s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 = ! privilege ( quot+ f _! complete publications on ! sci5ce & practice ( ! game ( billi>ds4 ,,rules ,,( ,,! ,,am]ican ,,f\r ,,ball ,,game1 ,,by ,,mi*ael ,,phelan1 ,,esq4 ,,on ,,/r++ ,,= ,,! ,,lead4 ,:oev]1 play+ f )9 ! 8/r+-l9e0 aga9/ an outside cu%ion1 br+s ! return+ cue-ball ne>e/ ! head cu%ion1 :i* is ! "o at :i* ! play]s /&1 is entitl$ to *oice ( balls & lead4 ,provid$-- #a4 ,t1 9 /r++1 ! play]'s ball has n t\*$ 8 oppon5t's :ile ! latt] 0 at re/4 #b4 ,nor has fall5 into any ( ! pockets4 ,9 ei!r case ! play] loses *oice & lead4 #c4 ,%\ld ! cue-balls1 bo? be+ 9 motion1 come 9 contact1 ! /rokes are invalid1 & mu/ be play$ ov]4 #b4 ,9 8/r++10 x is requir$ t bo? cue-balls %all be /ruck simultane\sly1 or s ne>ly toge!r t "o ball _c rea* ! l[] cu%ion be=e ! o!r has be5 put 9 motion4 ,,note4--,x w be well = play]s to be> 9 m9d also t 9 8/r++0 = ! lead bo? cue-balls %\ld be /ruck1 if n simultane\sly1 at lea/ s ne> toge!r t "o ball _c rea* ! l[] cu%ion be=e ! o!r has be5 put 9 motion4 ,,on ,,lead+4 #a4 ,! play] :o w9s ! *oice ( balls & lead mu/ ei!r roll 8 ball d[n t[>ds ! l[] cu%ion1 z an object = 8 adv]s>y to play at1 or else compel 8 adv]s>y to lead (f z above describ$4 #b4 ,9 lead+1 ! play]'s ball mu/ be play$ f )9 ! /r+-l9e1 & /ruck ) suffici5t /r5g? to c>ry x beyond ! deep-r$ ball on its appropriate spot at ! foot ( ! table4 ,b x mu/ n be play$ ) su* /r5g? z to repass1 aft] com+ 9 contact ) ! l[] cu%ion1 ! deep-r$ ball4 ,nor yet mu/ x t\* ei!r r$ ball1 nor lodge on ! cu%ion1 nor fall into a pocket1 nor jump (f ! table4 ,9 any ( ! cases m5tion$ 9 ?is section1 or 9 case ! cue-ball is n /ruck ) suffici5t /r5g? to pass beyond ! deep-r$1 x %all be optional ) ! adv]s>y 7,play] ,no4 #b7 to make ,no4 #a spot 8 ball on ! pool spot ne>e/ ! l[] cu%ion1 or lead aga93 or he may take ! lead himself4 #c4 ,no c\nt or =feiture c be made or incurr$ until two /rokes h be5 play$4 #d4 ,once ! lead is made1 ! game is consid]$ z comm5c$1 & nei!r play] c )draw except "u circum/ances specifi$ on page #hjc4 ,,on ,,op5+ ,,! ,,game4 #a4 ,! game is op5$ by play] ,no4 #b play+ on ! :ite ball at ! foot ( ! table4 #b4 ,%\ld he fail to hit ! :ite fir/1 or fail to hit x at all1 he =feits "o po9t1 :i* %all be add$ to 8 adv]s>y's score4 ,%\ld he pocket himself aft] hitt+ a r$ ball fir/1 he loses ?ree po9ts1 ev5 ?\gh he may h subsequ5tly hit ! :ite4 ,,on ,,=feitures4 #a4 ,if ! /rik] fails to hit any ( ! o!r balls ) 8 own1 he =feits "o po9t1 :i*1 z well z o!r =feitures1 mu/ be add$ to 8 adv]s>y's score4 7,see note1 page #hab47 #b4 ,! /rik] =feits two :5 ! ball t he plays ) is pocket$1 or lodges on ! cu%ion1 or goes ov] ! table1 aft] hav+ /ruck or be5 9 fix$ contact ) ! o!r :ite1 no matt] :e!r x has t\*$ "o or bo? ( ! r$s4 ,an exception to ?is clause w be f\nd 9 ,sec4 #b1 on 8,op5+ ! ,game40 #c4 ,! /rik] =feits ?ree :5 ! ball t he plays ) is pocket$1 or lodges on ! cu%ion1 or goes ov] ! table1 aft] hav+ come 9 contact ) "o or bo? ( ! r$s1 & n ! :ite4 ,! same applies if nei!r r$ nor :ite be /ruck4 #d4 ,if ! play] cause any ball to jump (f ! table1 & %\ld x1 by /rik+ any ( ! by/&]s1 be flung back ^u ! table1 x mu/ /ill be treat$ z if x _h fall5 to ! floor4 ,if a r$ ball1 x mu/ be spott$2 if a :ite1 held 9 h&4 ,%\ld x be ! la/ /rik]'s ball1 he =feits two or ?ree1 ! same z if he _h gone into a pocket4 ,,on ,,f\l ,,/rokes4 ,! p5alty ( a f\l /roke is1 t ! play] _c c\nt any po9ts he may h made by su* /roke1 & 8 adv]s>y is entitl$ to ! next play4 ,! foll[+1 9 addition to ^? already m5tion$1 are f\l /rokes3-- #a4 ,if ei!r play] plays ) 8 oppon5t's ball1 ! /roke is f\l2 &1 if successful1 he _c c\nt1 provid$ ! error is f\nd out be=e a second %ot is made4 #b4 ,%\ld two or m /rokes h be5 made previ\s to ! discov]y1 ! reckon+ _c be di/urb$1 & ! play] may cont9ue 8 run ) ! same ball1 or he may h ! balls *ang$4 ,! same privilege is ext5d$ to ! oppos+ play] :5 8 turn comes to play4 #c4 ,%\ld x be f\nd t bo? play]s h us$ ! wrong ball successively1 he :o 0 fir/ to play ) ! wrong ball _c put 9 a claim ( f\l aga9/ 8 oppon5t1 z ! latt]1 9 us+ ! wrong ball1 0 simply play+ f 8 prop] position on ! table4 ,x is ! position ( ! cue-ball1 & n its m]e col\r or designation1 t gov]ns4 ,aside f ?is1 be=e "o play] c *>ge ano!r ) error1 x mu/ be %[n t no act ( 8 contribut$ to t error4 #d4 ,?\gh ! /rik]1 :5 play+ ) ! wrong ball1 _c c\nt :at po9ts he may make1 except 9 ^? cases m5tion$ above1 nev]!less1 :atev] =feitures he may incur :ile play+ ) ! wrong ball1 he is b\nd to pay1 z if he _h be5 play+ ) 8 own4 #e4 ,%\ld1 h[ev]1 bo? ! :ite balls be (f ! table toge!r1 & %\ld ei!r play]1 by mi/ake1 pick up ! wrong "o & play ) x1 ! /roke mu/ /&1 & he c c\nt :atev] he has made4 ,z he plays f 8 prop] position1 x is immat]ial1 because no advantage is to be ga9$1 :i* ball he uses4 ,9 ?is case1 z 9 ! o!rs :]e x is p]mitt$ to play ) ! wrong ball1 ! balls %\ld be *ang$ at ! conclusion ( ! run4 ,?is w prev5t confusion & disputes4 #f4 ,if ! /rik] play at a ball be=e x is fully at re/1 or :ile any o!r ball is roll+ on ! table1 ! /roke is f\l4 #g4 ,if1 aft] go+ into a pocket1 a cue-ball or an object-ball %\ld reb\nd & return to ! b$ ( ! table1 x mu/ be treat$ z a ball n pocket$4 #h4 ,if ! play]1 :5 play+ ) ! butt or side ( 8 cue1 does n )draw ! butt or side be=e ! cue-ball t\*es ! object-ball1 ! /roke is f\l4 #i4 ,a /roke made :ile a r$ ball is (f ! table1 provid$ its spot is unoccupi$1 is f\l4 ,:5 its prop] spot is occupi$1 ! r$ mu/ rema9 (f ! table until its spot is vacat$ & all ! balls h ceas$ roll+4 ,see foll[+ rule4 #aj4 ,if ! game be+ play$ is "o 9 :i* haz>ds1 or pockets1 d n c\nt1 a r$ ball t has be5 pocket$ or =c$ (f ! table %all be spott$ on ano!r spot1 provid$ its own is occupi$1 & provid$ also ! non-/rik]'s ball is (f ! table at ! "t4 ,if ! light-r$1 x %all be plac$ on ! d>k-r$ spot2 & if t spot is occupi$1 ! light-r$ %all be plac$ on ! pool spot at ! foot ( ! table4 ,if ! d>k-r$1 x %all be plac$ on ! light-r$ spot1 c4 ,if bo? r$s are (f ! table at ! same "t1 & _! spots are occupi$ by ! two :ites1 "o ( ! r$s may be plac$ on ! pool spot4 ,! o!r mu/ rema9 (f ! table until its prop] spot is vacant4 ,,note4--,9 ! full game1 or :5 pockets are c\nt$1 ! old rule applies1 & ! r$ ball1 :5 its spot is occupi$1 mu/ rema9 (f ! table until its spot is uncov]$ & all ! balls h ceas$ roll+4 #aa4 ,if1 aft] mak+ a successful /roke1 ! play] ob/ructs or o!rwise affects ! free c\rse ( any ball 9 motion1 ! /roke is f\l1 & he _c score ! po9ts made !reby4 #ab4 ,a t\* is a %ot4 ,& if1 :ile ! balls are at re/1 a play] t\*es or di/urbs any ball on ! table o!r ?an 8 own1 x is f\l4 ,he has1 h[ev]1 ! privilege ( play+ a /roke = safety1 provid$ 8 own ball has n be5 t\*$1 b he c make no c\nt on ! %ot4 #ac4 ,9 play+ a %ot1 if ! cue leaves ! ball & t\*es x aga91 ! /roke is f\l4 #ad4 ,if ! /rik]1 ?r\gh /ret*+ =w>d or o!rwise1 has n at lea/ "o foot on ! floor :ile /rik+1 ! %ot is f\l1 & no po9ts c be reckon$4 #ae4 ,if1 :5 ! play]'s ball is 9 h&1 he does n cause x to pass outside ! /r+ be=e t\*+ any ( ! object-balls or cu%ion 7except 9 ! case m5tion$ 9 ! foll[+ rule71 ! /roke is f\l1 & 8 oppon5t may *oose :e!r he w play ) ! balls z !y are1 h !m replac$ 9 _! orig9al positions1 or cause ! /roke to be play$ ov]2 or1 %\ld ! play] make a los+ haz>d "u su* circum/ances1 ! p5alty may be en=c$4 #af4 ,play+ at a ball ^: base or po9t ( contact ) ! table is outside ! 8/r+10 is consid]$ play+ out ( ! 8/r+20 & ! /roke is a fair "o1 ev5 ?\gh ! side :i* ! cue-ball /rikes is hang+ ov]1 & !re=e )9 ! 8/r+40 #ag4 ,play+ directly at a ball t is consid]$ 9 ! 8/r+0 is f\l1 ev5 ?\gh ! cue-ball %\ld pass :olly beyond ! 8/r+0 l9e be=e com+ 9 contact4 #ah4 ,giv+ a miss inside ! 8/r+10 :5 ! play] is 9 h&1 is f\l4 ,b he may1 = safety1 cause 8 ball to g out ( ! 8/r+0 & return4 #ai4 ,if a play] alt]s ! /roke he is ab\t to make1 at ! sugge/ion ( any p>ty 9 ! room1--ev5 if x be at ! sugge/ion ( 8 p>tn] 9 a d\ble mat*1--! alt]$ /roke is f\l4 #bj4 ,plac+ m>ks ( any k9d :atev]1 ei!r ^u ! cu%ions or table1 is f\l2 & a play]1 :ile engag$ 9 a game1 has no "r to practise a p>ticul> /roke on ano!r table4 ,,on ,,cases ,,:]e ,,! ,,balls ,,are ,,9 ,,contact4 ,at ! reque/ ( a majority ( ! lead+ play]s1 amateur & pr(essional1 ! rule obs]v$ s9ce #aheh1 "u :i* no c\nt c\ld be effect$ unless ! /rik] fir/ play$ ^u "s ball o!r ?an t ) :i* 8 own 0 9 contact1 has be5 am5d$ z bel[4 ,! new rule came into effect ,janu>y #a1 #ahfg4 #a4 ,:5 ! cue-ball is 9 contact ) any o!r ball1 ! /rik] may effect a c\nt ei!r by play+ fir/ ^u "s ball o!r ?an t ) :i* 8 own is 9 contact1 or by play+ fir/ aga9/ ! cu%ion1 or by a masse4 ,9 ei!r ( ! two la/-m5tion$ cases1 x is immat]ial :i* ball ! return+ cue-ball /rikes fir/4 #b4 ,%\ld ! cue-ball be 9 contact ) all ! o!r balls on ! table1--or1 if ) two balls only1 :ile ! rema9+ ball is on ! table1 9 su* a way t ! /rik] _c play ei!r on ! free ball or ! cu%ion fir/1--x %all be optional ) him to h all ! balls tak5 up & ! r$s spott$ z at ! comm5cem5t ( ! game4 ,x %all also be at 8 option to take ! lead himself or compel 8 oppon5t to lead4 ,?is is ! same z />t+ ! game anew1 except t !re is no occasion to 8/r+0 = ! lead & *oice ( balls4 ,,on ,,)draw+ ,,f1 ,,)\t ,,f9i%+ ,a ,,game4 #a4 ,! play] may prote/ aga9/ 8 adv]s>y /&+ 9 front ( him1 or 9 su* close proximity z to dis>range 8 aim4 #b4 ,also1 aga9/ l\d talk+ or any o!r annoyance by 8 oppon5t1 :ile he is mak+ 8 play4 #c4 ,also1 aga9/ be+ refus$ ! use ( ! bridge1 or any o!r ( ! in/rum5ts us$ 9 t room 9 play+1 except :5 a special /ipulation to ! contr>y 0 made be=e comm5c+ ! game4 #d4 ,or 9 case 8 adv]s>y %all refuse to abide by ! m>k]'s1 ref]ee's1 or company's decision on a disput$ po9t1 :i* x 0 agre$ betwe5 !m to submit to ! m>k] or company = arbitration4 ,9 any "o1 or all ( ! =ego+ cases1 if ! disc\rtesy be p]si/$ 91 ! p>ty aggriev$ is at lib]ty to )draw1 & ! game %all be consid]$ z drawn1 & any /akes :i* may h be5 dep5d+ on x mu/ be return$4 #e4 ,%\ld ! int]ruption or annoyance h be5 accid5tal1 ! m>k]1 if s reque/$ by ! play]1 :o is entitl$ to repeat 8 /roke1 mu/ replace ! balls z ne> z possible 9 ! position !y occupi$ be=e ! play] made ! /roke 9 :i* he 0 int]rupt$4 ,,on ,,cases ,,9 ,,:i* ,,! ,,m>k] ,,mu/ ,,replace ,,! ,,balls1 ,,if ,,call$ ,,on1 ,,z ,,ne>ly ,,z ,,possible ,,9 ,,_! ,,=m] ,,position4 #a4 ,9 ! case m5tion$ 9 ! #e? p>agraph ( ! prec$+ rule4 #b4 ,:]e any ( ! balls1 :5 at re/1 are mov$ by accid5t4 #c4 ,:]e any ( ! balls1 :ile roll+1 are sudd5ly ob/ruct$ ei!r by accid5t or design on ! "p ( any p]son o!r ?an ! play]4 ,9 ?is case1 ! m>k]1 if s reque/$ by ! play]s or ref]ee1 %all place ! int]rupt$ ball z ne>ly z possible 9 ! situation :i* x w\ld app>5tly h occupi$ _h x n be5 /opp$4 #d4 ,:]e ! cue-ball1 re/+ on ! edge ( a pocket1 drops into x be=e ! /rik] has "t to play4 #e4 ,:]e ! object-ball1 9 a simil> position1 is roll$ back into ! pocket by any ( ! ord9>y vibrations ( ! table or atmosph]e4 #f4 ,9 all ! cases a=em5tion$ :]e x is specifi$ t 9 consequ5ce ( a f\l /roke ! play]'s oppon5t %all h ! option ei!r ( play+ at ! balls z !y are1 or caus+ !m to be replac$ by ! m>k]4 #g4 ,:5 ei!r or bo? ( ! r$ balls are pocket$1 or =c$ (f ! table1 x is ! m>k]'s duty to spot !m be=e ano!r /roke is play$--except 7! game be+ play$ is c>oms & pockets7 ! spot appropriate to ei!r be occupi$ by "o ( ! play+ balls1 9 :i* case ! r$ "o mu/ be kept 9 h& until its position is uncov]$4 #h4 ,if1 aft] play+ a ball1 ! play] %\ld attempt to ob/ruct or accel]ate its progress by /rik+ x aga91 bl[+ at x1 or any o!r means1 8 oppon5t may ei!r play at ! balls z !y /&1 or call ^u ! ref]ee or m>k] to replace !m 9 ! position !y w\ld o!rwise h occupi$4 #i4 ,x is ! duty ( ea* play] to see t a ball is prop]ly spott$ be=e ! next /roke is made4 ,z 9 ! case :]e a play] is 9 h&1 a claim ( f\l1 aft] ! cue-ball has be5 /ruck 9 ! "o in/ance1 & ! r$ ball di/urb$ 9 ano!r1 _c be ent]ta9$4 ,all claims to ! effect t ! r$ ball is n on its spot1 or t ! /rik]'s ball is n inside ! 8/r+0 :5 he is ab\t to play aft] hav+ be5 9 h&1 %\ld be made be=e ! /roke is play$1 z x c seldom be decid$ aft] ! /roke1 :e!r !re 0 any gr\nd = ! claim4 ,,on ,,! ,,duty ,,( ,,! ,,play]s ,,to ,,ea* ,,o!r4 #a4 ,ea* play] mu/ look aft] 8 own int]e/1 & ex]cise 8 own discretion4 ,8 oppon5t _c be compell$ to answ] su* que/ions z1 8,is ! ball outside or inside ! /r+80 8,are ! balls 9 contact80 & s =?4 ,^! are que/ions = ! play]'s own judgm5t to decide4 #b4 ,:5 ! cue-ball is v ne> ano!r ball1 ! play] mu/ n play directly ^u t ball )\t hav+ w>n$ 8 adv]s>y t !y d n t\*1 & giv5 him or 8 umpire "t to be satisfi$ on t po9t4 #c4 ,x is obligatory ^u ! adv]s>y or umpire to call 8"t60 or give "s o!r notice ( 8 approa*1 if1 :ile ! play] is prep>+ to make a /roke1 ei!r ( !m desires to look at ! balls1 or submit a "q to ! ref]ee4 #d4 ,ea* play] %\ld att5d /rictly to 8 own game1 & nev] int]f]e ) 8 adv]s>y's1 except 9 ! cases m5tion$ 9 ,section #i1 on p4 #hjd1 or :5 a f\l /roke or "s o!r violation ( ^! rules may call = =feiture4 ,,on ,,! ,,duty ,,( ,,! ,,m>k] ,,& ,,! ,,spectators ,,to ,,! ,,play]s4 #a4 ,9 a s+le game1 no "o1 except ! play] & 8 umpire1 has a "r to int]f]e ) ! play1 or po9t out an error :i* ei!r has be5 or is ab\t to be committ$4 ,! play] to ^: prejudice ! f\l /roke is be+ or has be5 made1 %\ld f9d t out = himself4 #b4 ,ev5 aft] a /roke has be5 made1 no "o 9 ! room has any "r to comm5t ^u x1 ei!r = praise or blame3 = ! same /roke may occur aga9 9 ! c\rse ( ! game1 & ! play]'s play may be mat]ially alt]$ by ! criticism to :i* he has j be5 li/5+4 #c4 ,let ! m>k] & spectators keep _! places z mu* z possible1 = if !y cr[d or move ar\nd ! table !y are liable to int]f]e ) ! play]s1 & c]ta9 to di/ract _! att5tion4 #d4 ,:5 ! spectators are appeal$ to by ! m>k] or ref]ee = _! op9ion on a po9t :i* he has be5 ask$1 b f9ds himself unable to decide1 su* ( !m z are well acqua9t$ ) ! game %\ld answ] accord+ to ! be/ ( _! k & belief4 ,^? :o "k little or no?+ ( ! game w\ld oblige !mselves & o!rs by at once confess+ _! incompet5cy4 ,ei!r !y may n h se5 ! disput$ /roke1 or1 see+ x1 may n h be5 famili> ) its m]its4 ,,! ,,?ree-,,ball ,,c>om ,,game4 ,?is is consid]$ by _m ! f9e/ & mo/ sci5tific game ( billi>ds 9 vogue4 ,! game is play$ ) ?ree balls only1 two :ite & "o r$1 & on a c>om table4 ,! r$ is plac$ on ! spot assign$ to ! d>k-r$ 9 ! ,am]ican f\r-ball game4 ,at ! comm5cem5t ( ! game "o ( ! :ite balls is plac$ on ! light-r$1 or upp] spot1 connect$ ) :i* is a describ$ radius or semicircle ( six in*es1 usually m>k$ on ! clo? ) *alk4 ,! o!r :ite ball1 be+ 89 h&10 may be play$ f any "p ( ?is semicircle1 :i* answ]s = :at is kn[n z ! 8/r+0 9 ! f\r-ball game1 & :5ev] ! cue-ball is 89 h&0 ! play] has ! "r ( play+ x f ?is half circle4 ,po9ts are reckon$ by c>oms1 :i* ord9>ily c\nt "o po9t ea*2 b :5 ! rule ( c\nt+1 z 9 ! f\r-ball game1 is all[$1 !n misses c\nt1 b n o!rwise4 ,9 ,france1 :]e ! ?ree-ball game _h its orig91 !re is no /&>d code ( rules to gov]n x4 ,9 ,am]ica ! foll[+ rules are obs]v$3-- #a4 ,! game is begun by /r++ = ! lead & *oice ( balls1 z 9 ! f\r-ball game1 ! same regulations gov]n+4 ,9 8/r++10 ! play]s %\ld endeav\r to /rike ! cue-balls simultane\sly1 & he ^: ball /ops ne>e/ ! cu%ion at ! head ( ! table %all h ! *oice ei!r ( play+ fir/ or ( mak+ 8 adv]s>y d s--a privilege :i* !reaft] %all belong to bo? play]s alt]nately4 #b4 ,unless a special agreem5t be ent]$ into betwe5 ! play]s & ! table-keep]1 ! game commonly consi/s ( tw5ty-"o po9ts1 if ea* c>om c\nts "o only1 & ( =ty-five :5 ea* c>om c\nts two1 & misses are scor$4 #c4 ,! fir/ to play places 8 ball 9 any "p ( ! semicircle1 at 8 option4 ,he !n plays at ! ball on ! deep-r$ spot1 & has no "r to hit ! :ite fir/ )\t hav+ caus$ 8 ball to t\* ! cu%ion at "s po9t outside ( ! 8/r+40 #d4 ,play] ,no4 #b1 ^: ball has be5 plac$ on ! spot1 plays 9 8 turn4 ,on a c>om table he has ! "r to play on ei!r ball1 ev5 ?\gh bo? %\ld be )9 ! 8/r+40 ,on a pocket table x is 8 privilege to h ! r$ plac$ on its appropriate spot1 or he may elect to play ! balls z !y are4 ,%\ld he adopt ! latt] c\rse 9 ?is in/ance1 or at any o!r "t he happ5s to be 9 h& on a pocket table1 he mu/1 be=e hitt+ ei!r ( ! balls 9 ! 8/r+10 cause 8 own to pass outside4 #e4 ,:5 a play] is 9 h& on a c>om table1 & ! o!r balls are )9 ! 8/r+10 he may play directly ^u ei!r4 ,b on a pocket table1 he c only play z describ$ 9 ,section #d4 ,fur!rmore1 he mu/ conf9e 8 ball to ! semicircle1 & n let ! l[] half ( 8 body pass beyond ! "r l9e :i* ! edge ( ! side cu%ion w\ld describe if prolong$4 #f4 ,! play] mu/ h at lea/ "o foot on ! floor4 #g4 ,a ball exactly on ! 8/r+ l9e0 is consid]$ )9 ! /r+4 #h4 ,! c>om is good1 & ! po9ts c\nt = ! play]1 ev5 ?\gh 8 ball %\ld be lo/2 & he cont9ues to play4 ,a ball is consid]$ lo/ :i* goes into a pocket1 jumps (f ! table1 or rema9s on a cu%ion4 #i4 ,a pu%+ /roke subjects ! play] to ! loss ( ! po9t or po9ts he may h made by t /roke1 & puts 8 ball out ( h&4 #aj4 ,a play] :o plays be=e all ! balls h ceas$ roll+ loses 8 /roke1 & 8 h& is out4 #aa4 ,:5 ! cue-ball is 9 contact ) "o or m balls1 all are tak5 up & plac$ z at ! comm5cem5t ( ! game2 & ! play]1 be+ consid]$ 9 h&1 cont9ues 8 play4 #ab4 ,if ! balls are di/urb$ accid5tally1 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( any ag5cy o!r ?an ! play] himself--z1 = in/ance1 ?r\gh ! int]f]5ce ( 8 oppon5t1 or ! m>k]1 or o!r outside p>ty--!y mu/ be replac$1 & ! play] all[$ to play4 #ac4 ,if1 9 play+1 or aft] hav+ play$1 ! play] di/urbs any ball o!r ?an 8 own1 he _c make a c\nt+ /roke1 b he may play = safety4 ,b if he t\*es 8 own ball1 except ) ! cue1 or if he t\*es x m ?an once ) t in/rum5t1 ! /roke is f\l1 & he _c play = safety4 #ad4 ,a play] has no "r to di/urb ! balls1 & ought n to d x )\t ! cons5t ( 8 adv]s>y4 #ae4 ,:5 ! cue-ball is v ne> ano!r ball1 ! play] ought n to play )\t w>n+ 8 adv]s>y t !y d n t\*1 & giv+ him "t to satisfy himself on t po9t4 #af4 ,play+ ) ! wrong ball is f\l4 ,! rules z to play+ ) ! wrong ball 9 ! f\r-ball game are applicable to ! ?ree-ball game4 #ag4 ,bl[+ on a ball1 or us+ any o!r means to alt] its c\rse or position1 is f\l4 ,if ! play] s (f5d+ is 9 play1 he mu/ yield ! table to 8 adv]s>y1 %\ld ! latt] dem& x4 ,9 all cases1 ! oppos+ play] %all h ! privilege ei!r ( hav+ ! ball or balls replac$1 or play$ ) z !y are4 #ah4 ,if a lo/ ball1 on be+ put back on ! table1 di/urbs ano!r1 ! ball s di/urb$ mu/ be put 9 its place aga9 by ! m>k] or ref]ee1 & ! play] ^: turn x is to play %all proce$4 #ai4 ,! r$ ball be+ lo/1 & its spot be+ occupi$1 x %all be plac$ on ! 8/r+0 spot2 if ?is latt] %\ld happ5 to be occupi$ also1 !n ! r$ %all be plac$ on ! pool spot at ! foot ( ! table4 ,a :ite ball be+ lo/ & its spot be+ occupi$1 %all be plac$ on ! deep-r$ spot1 or if t is occupi$1 on ! pool spot1 provid$ t x is n ! turn ( ! play] ^: ball is lo/ to play4 ,9 t case1 !re is no occasion = spott+ ! lo/ ball4 #bj4 ,on a c>om table1 a lo/ :ite ball t has be5 plac$ on ! 8/r+0 spot _c be mov$ aft] ! oppos+ play] has play$ a /roke :ile ! ball 0 9 ?is position2 b on a pocket table1 :]e ! own] ( a :ite ball t has be5 lo/ is compell$ to play outside ( ! 8/r+10 he c1 :5 8 turn comes1 play f any po9t )9 ! semicircle1 provid$ t 8 ball has n be5 /ruck by ano!r4 ,on a pocket table1 x is held t a ball is 9 h& until x has be5 /ruck or mov$ f its position1 x hav+ be5 plac$ on ! spot simply to af=d ! 9-/rik] a *ance to c\nt4 ,on ! contr>y1 on a c>om or pocket-less table1 cu/om has made ! rule t a lo/ ball ceases to be 9 h& aft] "o /roke has be5 play$2 &1 9 consid]ation ( ?is rul+1 ! play]1 in/ead ( be+ all[$ to %ift ! position ( 8 ball1 is privileg$1 9 ?is c\ntry1 to play at any ball irrespective ( its be+ 9 or out ( ! 8/r+10 & reg>dless1 also1 ( :e!r he /&s at ! head or at ei!r side ( ! table4 ,explanation4--,! two rules la/ prec$+ may be fur!r expla9$ 9 ?is wise3 ,ei!r on a pocket or a c>om table1 a ball t rolls on to & occupies ! 8/r+0 spot 9 ! c\rse ( play _c be mov$ aside to p]mit ! spott+ ( a :ite ball t has become 8lo/40 ,! lo/ ball mu/ be spott$ on ! d>k-r$1 or ! pool spot1 z direct$ 9 rule #ai1 if its own] is n entitl$ to ! next play1 or )9 ! semicircle if he is4 ,b :51 on a c>om table1 a :ite ball has be5 plac$ on ! 8/r+0 spot by ei!r play]1 in/ead ( hav+ roll$ !reon1 x may be mov$ aside to accommodate a 8lo/0 :ite ball1 provid$ t subsequ5t to ! plac+ ( ! ball z m5tion$ no /roke has be5 play$4 ,9 m>k$ contra/ ) ?is1 a :ite ball t has be5 plac$ on ! 8/r+0 spot on a pocket table1 may be mov$ aside at any "t 9 ord] to p]mit ! spott+ ( a 8lo/0 :ite ball1 provid$ always t ! fir/-m5tion$ ball has n be5 t\*$ :ile occupy+ ! spot4 #ba4 ,a play] :o ab&ons a game decl>es x lo/ by s do+4 ,!re is a pretty v>iation ( ?is game call$ ! 8,pillet ,game10 9 :i* ! above rules are v>i$ only to ! ext5t ( requir+ ! cue-ball to t\* ! cu%ion fir/ be=e a c>om c c\nt1 ! score 9 ?is game be+ t5 po9ts up only4 ,,h9ts ,,to ,,amateurs4 ,! old adage1 8,exp]i5ce is a great tea*]10 holds equally true 9 billi>ds z 9 any o!r ( ! _m occupations ( life4 ,!re is no royal road to le>n+1 b ! /ud5t ( ! pres5t day enjoys va/ facilities ov] 8 ance/ors 9 ! acquirem5t ( e v>iety ( k4 ,e new fact promulgat$ aids 9 ! developm5t ( additional facts1 :i*1 ?\gh ev] exi/5t1 h b j be5 discov]$4 ,be>+ ^! axioms 9 m9d1 we propose to embody 9 ! pres5t article a few h9ts to billi>d play]s1 :i* w enable ! tyro at once to b5efit by ! in=mation :i* ! pr(ici5t has only obta9$ by ye>s ( practice & obs]vation4 ,rememb] t all play]s h equal rights1 & t no g5tleman w take any advantage ( an antagoni/ except+ su* z he may be fairly entitl$ to by sup]iority ( judgm5t or ( skill4 ,nev] make any rem>k or unnecess>y noise :5 y\r adv]s>y is ab\t to play1 b /& away f ! table & n opposite ! pocket at :i* he may be play+4 ,d n play c>elessly1 or /rike at r&om1 b ) "s def9ite object 9 view2 & if no eligible /roke pres5ts itself1 endeav\r to leave ! balls z safe = y\r oppon5t z y\r skill w p]mit4 ,nev] despair ( w9n+ a game2 c>e & caution frequ5tly insure success1 ev5 aga9/ app>5t impossibilities4 ,=tune may seem to be aga9/ y1 b rememb] t 9 ! long run luck w inv>iably succumb to skill4 ,attempt only /rokes :i* seem to be )9 ! compass ( y\r abilities1 except ! necessities ( ! case require a deviation f ?is rule4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is only to be consid]$ a g5]al law1 & n by any means imp]ative4 ,effect+ ! /roke at h& is b a "p ( ! game1 & ! play] %\ld endeav\r1 9 mak+ ?is %ot1 to leave ! balls 9 a position :]e a second c\nt c be secur$4 ,by way ( illu/ration ( "s ( ! 8po9ts0 9 ! game ( billi>ds1 we pres5t bel[ a few diagrams1 & ! fir/ is t illu/rative ( ! me?od ( tak+ advantage ( ! *ances = mak+ po9ts4 ,! foll[+ is an explanation ( abbreviations us$ 9 describ+ diagrams3-- ,a4 /&s = above ! c5tre ( ! ball2 ,b4 = bel[ x2 ,r4 to ! "r ( x2 ,l4 to ! left2 & ,d4 = diagonal4 ,q4 ,p4 means ! /r5g? or quantity ( p[] ) :i* ! cue-ball mu/ be /ruck4 ,we describe z foll[s3 ,q4 ,p4 ,no4 #a1 /r5g? en\gh to make ! ball roll f ! /r+ to ! l[] cu%ion & back to ! head cu%ion4 ,q4 ,p4 ,no4 #b1 f ! /r+ to ! l[] cu%ion1 back to ! head cu%ion1 & f t to opposite ! c5tre pocket4 ,to propel x f ! /r+ to ! opposite cu%ion1 !nce back to ! head1 & f t back to ! l[] cu%ion is ,q4 ,p4 ,no4 #c4 ,q4 ,p4 ,no4 #d1 is suffici5t =ce to propel ! ball f ! /r+ to ! l[] cu%ion1 back to ! head cu%ion1 back to ! l[] cu%ion aga91 & !nce half way d[n ! table4 ,9 play+ billi>ds we frequ5tly f9d ! balls 9 a position :]e a c\nt c be effect$ 9 sev]al diff]5t ways4 ,9 su* cases1 x is advisable = ! play] to take into consid]ation ! probabilities ( effect+ ! /roke1 & ! position ( ! balls !reaft]4 ,if ! /roke be at all d\btful1 he %\ld play :]e he w\ld h ! greate/ prospect ( success1 or1 9 o!r words1 8take ! *ances40 ,we w suppose ! cue-ball to be 9 h&1 & ! play] desir\s ( secur+ a good 8break40 ,! diagram bel[ illu/rates ! position4 ,illu/ration ,if1 9 ! above case1 ! /ud5t is play+ ! usual game1 x w\ld be advisable = him to play on ! object-ball1 s z to pocket x & return ov] l9e #a1 9 ?is way tak+ ?ree *ances to make a c\nt4 ,if he is play+ c>oms alone1 x w\ld be bett] = him to play on ! left ( ! object-ball1 s z to draw x back 9 ! /r+1 z ne> ! o!r balls z possible4 ,to make ! fir/ /roke3 /rike ! cue-ball ,a41 ,r41 ) ,q4 ,p4 #b2 & if ! object-ball be pocket$ 9 ! corn]1 z repres5t$1 ! c>om w be made on "o ( ! balls numb]$ #b & #c4 ,to make ! second /roke3 /rike ! cue-ball ,a41 ,r41 ) ,q4 ,p4 #b1 ! object-ball to be hit ,l4 ,,br++ ,,! ,,balls ,,toge!r4 ,! gr& /r5g? & sci5ce ( ! game consi/s 9 manag+ ! balls s z to leave !m 9 a fav\rable position = ! next play1 or if ! play] consid]s x impossible to c\nt1 to leave !m z safe z may be = 8 antagoni/4 ,we _c insi/ too /rongly ^u a p]fect ma/]y ( ?is art4 ,aft] ! play] has acquir$ a ?or\gh practical k ( ! philosophy ( ! foll[1 ! =ce & ! twi/1 ! next great ess5tial is ! ex]cise ( judgm5t ) reg>d to ! feasibility ( /rokes & _! relative relation to ! game4 ,! t]m judgm5t is appli$ to ! *oice ( /rokes4 ,! play]1 = in/ance1 may h two app>5t %ots2 ! fir/ may recomm5d itself to him because x is m facile1 b if made w leave ! balls safe1 :ile ! second1 al?\gh m difficult1 w1 if successful1 leave ! balls 9 a position :]e a second c\nt or ev5 a run c be effect$4 ,judgm5t1 !re=e1 w\ld dictate t he %\ld attempt ! second1 r ?an ! fir/4 ,! diagram annex$ w illu/rate our rem>ks4 ,illu/ration ,/rike ! cue-ball ,b41 ,l41 ) ,q4 ,p4 #b1 ! object-ball to be hit s z to make x roll ov] ! l9es1 z repres5t$1 & ! play] w h a break ( balls1 :i*1 ) judici\s managem5t1 w enable him to effect a long run4 ,) "o m illu/ration ( ?is feature ( sci5tific play we close our article4 ,to play ! balls z %[n 9 ! illu/ration foll[+ ! play] mu/ /rike ! cue-ball a little bel[ ! c5tre1 & ) a dead5$ /roke1 c>om+ g5tly on ! second ball2 ! object-ball ab\t "o-?ird to ! "r4 ,?is c>om %\ld be practis$ until ea* position has become famili> to ! play]4 ,illu/ration ,9 ei!r practice or ord9>y play ! beg9n] %\ld nev] play c>elessly1 or /rike at r&om1 b ) "s def9ite object 9 view2 & if no eligible /roke pres5ts itself1 endeav\r to leave ! balls z safe = y\r oppon5t z y\r skill w p]mit4 ,note4--,!re are two exceptions to ?is rule4 ,! fir/ occurs 9 lead+ (f1 & has already be5 expla9$4 ,! second is :]e ! cue-ball1 :ile at re/1 is 9 contact ) ano!r ball4 ,!n ! play] does n =feit4 ,x is impossible to cause ! cue-ball to hit1 by a direct /roke1 ! ball ) :i* x is 9 contact1 & ! play] %\ld n be p5aliz$ = fail+ to accompli% an impossibility4 ,b1 z x is possible = him to c\nt by play+ away f t ball--= example1 by /rik+ "s o!r ball1 or a cu%ion1 fir/1 or by tak+ up all ! balls if 8 own is 9 contact ) two or m--x is a settl$ rul+ t1 9 case he %\ld pocket 8 ball ei!r by accid5t or design1 or s5d x ov] ! table1 or cause x to lodge ^u ! cu%ion1 he mu/ pay =feit--two po9ts1 if 8 ball 0 9 contact ) a :ite1 & ?ree if ) a r$4 ,,! ,,canadian ,,game ,,( ,,la ,,crosse4 ,! game ( ,la ,crosse1 n[ kn[n z ! 8,national game0 ( ! new dom9ion ( ,canada1 is ( ,indian orig91 & is ! olde/ & only legitimate ,am]ican game ( ball n[ 9 vogue4 ,la ,crosse 0 play$ among ! ,am]ican ,indians be=e ! tread ( a 8pale face0 invad$ ! 8native hea?0 ( ! r$ man1 & consequ5tly our ,briti% fri5ds _c claim ! cr$it ( ev5 orig9at+ ! basis ( ?is game1 z 9 base-ball1 ?\gh ,la ,crosse resembles ! ,scot* game ( ,golf4 ,an attractive feature ( ,la ,crosse is t x c be play$ :5 base-ball or cricket _c4 ,no roll+ or levell+ ( gr\nds are requir$1 & b a m]ely nom9al exp5se = mat]iel4 ,! rules ( ,la ,crosse are simple en\gh = a *ild to compreh5d !m2 b yet x is a game capable ( yield+ a great degree ( excit+ sport1 bo? to ! "y & old z p>ticipants1 & to bo? sexes z spectators4 ,moreov]1 :]ev] !re is an ord9>y field or common1 if ! grass be n too long1 a gr\nd is ready = a mat*4 ,z reg>ds ! physical requisites & advantages1 ! =m] are ! possession ( p$e/rian skill & endurance to a m or less degree1 ) consid]able activity ( movem5t1 :ile ! latt] consi/ ( ! b5efits ! excitem5t ( a conte/ & ! rapid ex]cise ! game yields1 agility1 spe$1 & endurance be+ develop$ 9 ! process ( becom+ a skilful play] 9 ! game4 ,la ,crosse is play$ by twelve m5 on ea* side4 ,^! twelve play]s occupy ! foll[+ positions1 viz43 goal-keep]1 po9t1 cov]-po9t1 c5tre1 home1 & sev5 field]s4 ,! goal-keep]'s duty is to def5d ! goal2 po9t is ! play] occupy+ ! position out 9 ! field1 & ne>e/ ! goal-keep]2 cov]-po9t fronts ! latt]'s position2 ! 8c5tre0 is ! play] :o faces ! play+ p>ty 9 ! c5tre ( ! field2 home is ! position ( ! play] :o /&s ne>e/ ! goal ( ! oppos+ twelve2 & ! field]s skirmi% r\nd g5]ally4 ,ea* conte/+ twelve elect a capta9 to sup]9t5d ! game1 & !y *oose umpires & toss = *oice ( goal4 ,!re are two umpires1 & ^! select a ref]ee1 ^: decision on disput$ po9ts is f9al4 ,! 8crosse0 is a species ( battl$ore1 ! ball be+ 9 ! place ( ! %uttlecock1 ! diff]5ce be+1 t ! portion ( ! bat =m$ by network is ( a simil> =m to an ,engli% kite 7see diagram74 ,! network requires to be /rung tightly toge!r1 s z n to 8bag10 b to be q level4 ,! ball is made ( s(t spongy rubb]1 n exce$+ eight in*es 9 circumf]5ce4 ,! goals consi/ ( flag-poles1 ) flags1 ! poles /&+ six feet above ! gr\nd1 & six feet ap>t g5]ally1 b ! di/ance is optional on mutual agreem5t by ! capta9s ( ! conte/+ sides4 ,9 front ( ea* goal1 & di/ant six feet !refrom1 is drawn a l9e1 call$ ! 8goal crease10 & )9 ?is l9e ! play]s ( ! opposite side to t ! goal belongs to are prohibit$ f /&+1 unless ! ball is ne> ! flags4 ,! position ( ! umpires is beh9d ! above goal flags4 ,! goal-keep]1 :ile def5d+ ! goal1 may /op ! ball 9 any mann] he *ooses4 ,! game consi/s ( ea* p>ty /riv+1 by means ( ! crosse1 or nett$ bat ea* play] uses1 to s5d ! ball to ! goal ( _! adv]s>ies2 & 9 do+ ?is ! ball mu/ n be h&l$1 or ev5 t\*$ by ! h&1 except x falls into a hole1 9 :i* case ! man h&l+ x mu/ bat x direct to ! ne>e/ oppon5t2 & except by ! goal-keep] :ile def5d+ 8 goal4 ,b ! app5d$ rules describe all fur!r laws ( ! game4 ,x 0 n until #ahfg t a regul> code ( rules 0 adopt$ = ! gov]nm5t ( all regul> ,la ,crosse clubs4 ,^! laws 7 enact$ at ! ,conv5tion ( ,la ,crosse ,clubs1 ,septemb] #bf1 #ahfg1 & are n[ ! rules ( play = ,canada4 ,a ,canadian writ] on ! game says3--8,al?\gh our e>ly days 7 devot$ to cricket1 we mu/ confess to a decid$ pref]5ce = our own game1 ) its a?letic /ruggles4 ,!re is no?+ l ,la ,crosse4 ,no o!r game ?r[s su* a fasc9ation ov] ! spectator1 :o seems rivet$ to ! spot 9 admiration ( ! da%+ & skilful play ( ! *ampion twelve4 ,= beauty & v>iety1 skilful play & sob] excitem5t1 x has no equal40 ,any in=mation requir$ ab\t ! game by ^? desir\s ( =m+ clubs1 w be furni%$ by address+ ! ,secret>y ( ! ,montreal ,la ,crosse ,club1 ,montreal1 ,canada4 ,! foll[+ are ! recognis$ code ( rules gov]n+ ,la ,crosse 9 ! ,canadas1 :]e x has be5 adopt$ z ! 8,national game0 ( ! new dom9ion3-- ,,laws ,,( ,,la ,,crosse4 ,,! ,,crosse4 ,,rule #a4--,! 8crosse0 may be ( any size to suit ! play]1 b ! network mu/ n be bagg$3 x mu/ be flat :5 ! ball is n on x4 ,a lead+ or outside /r+1 above ! level ( ! o!rs1 may be us$4 ,x may re/ on ! top ( ! /ick1 b mu/ n h any?+ "u to increase its height4 ,,! ,,ball4 ,,rule #b4--,! ball %all be india-rubb] sponge1 n less ?an eight1 & n m ?an n9e1 in*es 9 circumf]5ce4 ,9 mat*es x %all be furni%$ by ! *all5g$ p>ty4 ,,! ,,goals4 ,,rule #c4--,! goals may be plac$ at any di/ance f ea* o!r1 & 9 any position agreeable to ! capta9s ( bo? sides4 ,! top ( ! flag-pole %all be six feet above ! gr\nd1 includ+ any top ornam5t1 & six feet ap>t1 & 9 a mat* may be furni%$ by ei!r p>ty4 ,,! ,,goal ,,crease4 ,,rule #d4--,!re %all be a l9e or crease1 to be call$ ! goal-crease1 drawn 9 front ( ea* goal1 at a di/ance ( six feet f ! flags1 )9 :i* no oppon5t %all /&1 unless ! ball is actually ne> or ne>+ ! flags4 ,,spectators4 ,,rule #e4--,spectators mu/ /& at lea/ tw5ty feet f ! goals4 ,,umpires4 ,,rule #f4--,!re %all be two umpires at ea* goal1 "o = ea* side4 ,unless o!rwise agre$ ^u by ! capta9s1 !y %all n be memb]s ( ei!r club engag$ 9 a mat*1 nor c !y be *ang$ dur+ a mat*1 except = reasons ( illness or injury4 ,!y mu/ be ?or\ghly acqua9t$ ) ! game1 & 9 e way compet5t to act4 ,be=e a mat* beg9s1 !y %all see t all ! regulations respect+ ! crosse1 ball1 goal1 goal-crease1 c4 are /rictly compli$ )1 & 9 decid+ :e!r or n a crosse is bagg$ !y %all take ! op9ion ( ! capta9s & ! ref]ee4 ,dur+ ! game !y %all /& beh9d ! flags1 & %all h p[] to decide all disputes1 subject to ,rule #g1 & susp5d f play any play] infr++ ^! laws4 ,no umpire %all1 ei!r directly or indirectly1 be int]e/$ 9 any bet ^u ! result ( ! mat*4 ,no p]son %all speak to ! umpires1 or di/ract _! att5tion :5 ! ball is ne> or ne>+ _! goal4 ,,ref]ee4 ,,rule #g4--,! umpires %all select a ref]ee1 to :om all disput$ games :]eon !y are a tie may be left = decision4 ,he %all take ! evid5ce ( ! play]s p>ticul>ly int]e/$1 ! respective op9ions ( ! diff]5t umpires1 &1 if necess>y1 ! op9ions & (f]s ( ! capta9s1 9 cases :]e ! discont9uance ( ! game is ?reat5$4 ,8 decision %all 9 all cases be f9al4 ,,capta9s4 ,,rule #h4--;,field capta9s1 to sup]9t5d ! play1 may be appo9t$ by ea* side previ\s to a mat*1 :o %all toss up = *oice ( goal1 & select umpires4 ,!y %all report any infr+em5t ( ! laws to ! umpires4 ,!y %all be memb]s ( ! club by :om !y are appo9t$1 & may or may n be play]s 9 a mat*2 & if n1 !y %all n c>ry crosses4 ,,designation ,,( ,,play]s4 ,,rule #i4--,! play]s ( ea* side %all be designat$ z foll[s3-- #a4 ,goal-keep]1 :o def5ds ! goal4 #b4 ,po9t1 :o is fir/ man out f goal4 #c4 ,cov]-po9t1 :o is 9 front ( po9t4 #d4 ,c5tre1 :o 8faces0 9 ! c5tre ( ! field4 #e4 ,home1 :o is ne>e/ ! oppon5t's goal4 ,! rema9+ play]s %all be t]m$ 8field]s40 ,,numb] ,,( ,,play]s4 ,,rule #aj4--,twelve play]s on a side %all con/itute a full field1 & !y mu/ h be5 regul> memb]s ( ! club !y repres5t1 & ( no o!r club1 = ?irty days prior to a mat*4 ,,*ange ,,( ,,play]s4 ,,rule #aa4--,no *ange ( play]s %all be made aft] a mat* has be5 comm5c$1 except = reasons ( accid5t or injury dur+ ! mat*4 ,:5 a mat* has be5 agre$ ^u1 & "o side is defici5t 9 ! numb] ( play]s1 _! oppon5ts may ei!r limit _! own play]s' numb]s to equal !m1 or compel !m to fill up ! complem5t4 ,,spik$ ,,soles4 ,,rule #ab4--,! play]s %all n we> spik$ soles to _! %oes4 ,,t\*+ ,,! ,,ball ,,) ,,! ,,h&4 ,,rule #ac4--,! ball mu/ n be t\*$ ) ! h&1 save 9 ! cases ( ,rules #ad & #ae4 ,,goal-,,keep]4 ,,rule #ad4--,! goal-keep]1 :ile def5d+ ! goal )9 ! goal-crease1 may /op balls 9 any mann]4 ,,ball ,,tak5 ,,up ,,) ,,! ,,h&4 ,,rule #ae4--,:5ev] ! ball is tak5 up1 or out ( a hole1 ) ! h&1 dur+ ! progress ( a game1 x mu/ be fac$ = ) ! ne>e/ oppon5t4 ,,accid5tal ,,game4 ,,rule #af4--,%\ld ! ball be accid5tally put ?r\gh a goal by "o ( ! play]s def5d+ x1 x is game = ! side attack+ t goal4 ,%\ld x be put ?r\gh a goal by any "o n actually a play]1 x %all n c\nt = or aga9/ ei!r side4 ,,hold+1 ,,/rik+1 ,,& ,,pu%+4 ,,rule #ag4--,play]s %all n hold ea* o!r1 nor grasp an oppon5t's crosse2 nei!r %all !y delib]ately /rike or trip ea* o!r1 nor pu% ) ! h&4 ,,*ang+ ,,sides4 ,,rule #ah4--;,aft] ea* game ! play]s %all *ange goals1 unless o!rwise agre$ ^u4 ,,p5alties ,,= ,,f\l ,,play4 ,,rule #ai4--;,any play] convict$ ( delib]ate f\l play1 or infr+em5t ( ^! rules1 %all be susp5d$ f play by ! umpires1 at reque/ ( 8 capta94 ,,decid+ ,a ,,mat*4 ,,rule #bj4--;,a mat* %all be decid$ by w9n+ ?ree games out ( five1 unless o!rwise agre$ ^u4 ,,am5d+ ,,laws4 ,,rule #ba4--;,any am5dm5t1 revision1 or alt]ation1 propos$ to be made 9 any "p ( ^! laws1 %all be made only at ! ,annual ,conv5tions ( 8,! ,national ,la ,crosse ,association ( ,canada10 & by a ?ree-f\r?s' vote ( ! memb]s pres5t4 ,r4 ,,clay1 ,,son1 ,,& ,,taylor1 ,,pr9t]s1 ,,bread ,,/reet ,,hill4 ,,transcrib]',s ,,notes3 ,?is text foll[s ! orig9al "w z mu* z possible4 ,inconsi/5cies 9 lay-out1 spell+1 hyph5ation1 capitalisation1 etc4 h be5 reta9$1 except z m5tion$ bel[4 ,! ,table ( ,cont5ts 9 ! orig9al "w usually does n %[ all levels2 ?is has n be5 *ang$4 7,sub-7section head]s %[ diff]5t levels1 bas$ on ! text4 ,! sub-sections "u ,baseball1 ,am]ican ,billi>ds & ,la ,crosse are n m5tion$ 9 ! orig9al ,table ( ,cont5ts1 ^! h n be5 add$4 ,rem>ks on ! text3 ,page #ge1 hang f ! /rong d[nw>ds3 possibly typographical error4 ,page #abg1 orbele popl>3 possibly error or v>iant spell+ ( abele popl> 7:ite popl>74 ,page #acj1 table3 ,smi?'s scores are n accord+ to ! calculation giv5 9 ! text2 ?is has n be5 *ang$4 ,page #chi1 illu/ration plate electrical ma*9e3 ref]5ce lett]s ,b are n visible 9 ! orig9al illu/ration4 ,page #dei1 fir/ illu/ration3 ref]5ce lett]s ,d1 ,e & ,f are n visible 9 ! orig9al illu/ration4 ,page #dhg1 spectra3 ! scans available ( ?is edition %[ a fraction ( lett]s 9 ! "r-h& m>g9 ( ! page4 ,a lat] edition 7#ahha7 ( ! book %[s ! same illu/ration1 ! symbols = ! elem5ts h be5 tak5 f t edition4 ,! 8metal discov]$ by ,pr(essor ,buns50 is rubidium4 ,page #dij li/s ! same elem5ts4 ,page #efi3 ,angola rabbit x possibly a misspell+ ( ,angora rabbit2 ! ^w occurs 9 o!r publications ( ! same p]iod1 & has n be5 *ang$4 ,page #fae3 8!y w be ( ?is =m40 ,illu/ration mov$ to "u p>agraph2 444 on ! edge ( ! bo>d inside1 ?us3 illu/ration mov$ to be=e p>agraph4 ,page #fbg1 7or ,v>4 ,a473 !re is no ,v>4 ,a4 = ?is game 9 ! orig9al "w4 ,page #fej1 ,fig4 #f3 ref]5ce numb] #a is miss+ f ! orig9al illu/ration4 ,page #fgj1 444 & ask "s to *oose 4443 possibly 7"p (7 a ^w is miss+ 7someone1 "s p]son or simil>74 ,page #fhb1 ,am/elod43 ,am/elodanum 7,am/]dam74 ,page #fig1 realgor3 possibly error or v>iant ( realg>4 ,page #gbd1 ,9 ord] to ! full success 4443 possibly a ^w is miss+ 7,9 ord] to a*ieve 444 or simil>74 ,page #gfd3 ,meckl5b]g ,s*w]93 possibly error or ,engli% v>iant spell+ = ,meckl5burg ,s*w]94 ,page #gih1 c>ombolage3 ! ,fr5* ^w is c>ambolage4 ,page #hab1 a simil> =m to an ,engli% kite 7see diagram73 ! diagram is n pres5t 9 ! orig9al "w ,*anges made to ! text3 ,"s miss+ punctuation1 repeat$ words & typographical errors h be5 correct$ sil5tly4 ,footnotes h be5 mov$ to und]nea? p>agraph !y ref] to4 i4e4 & i4 e4 h be5 /&>dis$ to i4 e4 ,"s illu/rations h be5 mov$ f )9 text to und]nea?_/above p>agraph4 ,sev]al tables & =ms h be5 mov$ & re-arrang$2 !re=e page numb]s ref]r+ to illu/rations are n necess>ily correct 9 ?is text4 ,p>ts ( "s illu/rations h be5 enhanc$ = bett] visibility4 ,page vii3 ,sn[-,ball *ang$ to ,sn[-,balls2 ,w y ',li/ *ang$ to ,w y ,li/ 7bo? z 9 text7 ,page viii3 ,! ,hoop add$ 7z 9 text7 ,page ix3 ,"u-h&-h& b[l+ *ang$ to ,"u-h& b[l+2 ,s+le ,wicket *ang$ to ,! ,laws ( ,s+le ,wicket 7z 9 text7 ,page x3 ,! ,britzs*aka1 ,new ,br\gham & ,! ,family ,coa* delet$ f ,to,c1 ^! are illu/rations1 n sections2 ,,broadswords treat$ z hi]>*ically high] level section1 z 9 ! text ,page xiii3 ,phantasmacope *ang$ to ,phantasmascope ,page xv3 ,to crack ,walnuts on y\r ,elb[ *ang$ to ,to crack ,walnuts 9 y\r ,elb[ 7z 9 text7 ,page xvi3 ,! ,r[ ( ,halfp5ce add$ ,page #a3 ,head+ ,,"p ,i add$ = consi/5cy ) o!r p>ts ,page #af3 ,national-s*ool doys *ang$ to ,national-s*ool boys ,page #ag3 wat] sla%$ ov] *ang$ to wat] spla%$ ov] ,page #ca3 ! second mode *ang$ to ,! second mode ,page #abd3 fix$ _! /aes *ang$ to fix$ _! /akes ,page #aee3 snoot]s *ang$ to %oot]s ,page #aff3 allot$ *ang$ to allott$ ,page #agj3 illu/ration rotat$ #ij ,page #agb3 illu/ration 7po/7 rotat$ #ij ,page #ahi1 illu/ration3 d *ang$ to ,d z 9 text ,page #bjh3 c\p sur pe9t *ang$ to c\p sur po9t ,page #bab1 figure ,t>get3 inv]t$ ,r *ang$ to #a ,page #bah3 ,page #fje *ang$ to ,page #bai ,page #bfe1 illu/ration3 #g *ang$ to #d z 9 text ,page #cjb3 proportionably *ang$ to proportionally ,page #caj3 n two high *ang$ to n too high ,page #cae1 fir/ illu/ration3 text p>agraph *ang$ to caption ,page #cbh3 free f noles *ang$ to free f holes ,page #cei3 ,is is a p[]ful support] *ang$ to ,x is a p[]ful support] ,page #cgj1 sal ammoniac3 ,,nh,c *ang$ to ,,nh,cl ,page #cga3 section title ,,iod9e--,,brom9e--,,fluor9e *ang$ to ,,iod9e z 9 ,to,c 7sections on ,brom9e & ,fluor9e foll[ on same & next page7 ,page #cha3 hickel *ang$ to nickel ,page #cia1 illu/ration r++ bells3 ref]5ce lett] ,a add$ ,page #cib3 ! knob ,e *ang$ to ! knob ,f ,page #dje3 jet-d'eau *ang$ to jet d'eau ,page #djf3 jet-d'-eau *ang$ to jet d'eau ,page #djh3 sup]scripts 9 *emical =mula *ang$ to subscripts z else:]e ,page #ddh3 a op5 umbrella *ang$ to an op5 umbrella ,page #dec3 repres5tatation *ang$ to repres5tation ,page #dhi3 ,kir*(f *ang$ to ,kir*h(f2 fraction #a_/b1ejj1jj3 ! num]ator 0 lack+ 9 ! orig9al1 num]ator #a has be5 add$ ,page #dij3 ,kir*(f's *ang$ to ,kir*h(f's ,page #die3 combe *ang$ to combs ,page #eje1 ,frequ5tly ! claws 4443 8=m]0 & 8latt]0 rev]s$ ,page #edi1 illu/ration ,tumbl]3 mov$ to be=e section1 caption delet$ = consi/5cy ) o!r bre$s ,page #eea1 illu/ration ,fantail3 mov$ to be=e section1 caption delet$ = consi/5cy ) o!r bre$s ,page #eed3 hi!r & hi!r *ang$ to hi!r & ?i!r2 crve cur *ang$ to crve cur ,page #eeg3 crve cur *ang$ to crve cur ,page #eic3 indi>ubb] *ang$ to india-rubb] z else:]e ,page #fdj1 ,v>iation ,a4 on ,black's #c;d ,move3 column head]s ,,black & ,,:ite *ang$ to ,,:ite & ,,black ,page #fdb1 ,,game ,,ii1 ,:ite's second move3 #a4 *ang$ to #b4 ,page #fgf1 ,*>les ,i4 code3 lett] r ins]t$ ,page #fgh3 cod$ messages correct$ to be 9 agreem5t ) ciph] giv5 & cod+ proc$ure ,page #gji3 ,mississipi *ang$ to ,mississippi ,page #gab3 ,liliputian *ang$ to ,lilliputian ,page #gai3 ,beurre ,diel *ang$ to ,beurr ,diel 7z 9 ,beurr d',amanlis1 same s5t5ce7 ,page #gcg1 ,cross ,puzzle illu/ration3 pieces r5umb]$ accord+ to solution ,page #gfj3 p]evoir *ang$ to p]cevoir ,page #gfg3 ,van ,dieman's ,l& *ang$ to ,van ,diem5's ,l&