,transcrib]s' notes3 ,"s tables don't sum to ! numb]s indicat$2 no corrections h be5 made4 ,all numb]s are f ! orig9al4 ,m9or inconsi/5cies 9 hyph5ation h be5 reta9$4 ,subscripts are repres5t$ by und]score & curly braces e4g41 ,,co#b4 ,italics are repres5t$ by und]scores be=e & aft] e4g41 italics4 ,bold is repres5t$ by equal signs be=e & aft] e4g41 bold4 ,small caps h be5 replac$ ) ,,all ,,caps4 ,,am]ican ,,society ,,( ,,civil ,,eng9e]s ,,in/itut$ #aheb ,,transactions ,pap] ,no4 #aaee ,,! ,,new ,,york ,,tunnel ,,ext5sion ,,( ,,! ,,p5nsylvania ,,railroad4 ,,! ,,nor? ,,riv] ,,tunnels4,a ,,by ,b4 ,h4 ,m4 ,,hewett ,,& ,w4 ,l4 ,,br[n1 ,,memb]s1 ,,am4 ,,soc4 ,c4 ,e4 ,a ,pres5t$ at ! meet+ ( ,june #a/1 #aiaj4 ,,introduction4 ,! section ( ! ,p5nsylvania ,railroad ,tunnel "w describ$ 9 ?is pap] is t ly+ betwe5 ,t5? ,av5ue1 ,new ,york ,city1 & ! l>ge %aft built by ! ,company at ,weehawk51 ,n4 ,j41 & ?us comprises ! cross+ ( ! ,nor? or ,hudson ,riv]1 ! b>ri] :i* has /ood = su* a long "t betwe5 ! railroads & _! possession ( t]m9al /ations 9 ,new ,york ,city4 ,! g5]al plan & section1 ,plate ,,xxviii1 %[s ! "w includ$4 ,?is pap] is writt5 f ! po9t ( view ( ^? engag$ by ! ,*ief ,eng9e] ( ! ,railroad ,company to look aft] ! "w ( con/ruction 9 ! field4 ,! hi/ory ( ! und]tak+ is n includ$1 ! v>i\s phases ?r\gh :i* _m ( ! designs & plans pass$ are n foll[$1 nor are ! consid]ations reg>d+ f\ndations "u ! subaque\s portions ( ! tunnels & ! v>i\s te/s made 9 connection ) ?is subject set out1 z all ^! matt]s w be f\nd 9 o!r pap]s on ^! tunnels4 ,?is pap] only aims to describe1 z briefly z possible1 ! actual designs :i* 7 f9ally adopt$1 ! actual conditions met on ! gr\nd1 & ! me?ods ( con/ruction adopt$ by ! contractors4 ,= easy ref]5ce1 & to keep ! descriptions ( "w ( a simil> "* toge!r1 ! subject w be treat$ "u ! f\r ma9 head+s1 viz43 ,%afts1 ,plant1 ,l& ,tunnels1 & ,riv] ,tunnels4 ,,%afts4 ,x is n int5d$ to give mu* l5g? to ! description ( ! ,%afts or ! ,l& ,tunnels1 z m int]e/ w probably c5t] 9 ! ,riv] ,tunnels4 ,! %afts did n =m "p ( ! regul> tunnel contract1 b 7 built "u contract by ! ,unit$ ,eng9e]+ & ,contract+ ,company :ile ! contract plans = ! tunnel 7 be+ prep>$4 ,9 ?is way1 :5 ! tunnel contracts 7 let1 ! contractor f\nd ! %afts ready1 & he c\ld get at 8 "w at once4 ,two %afts 7 provid$1 "o on ! ,new ,york side & "o on ! ,new ,j]sey side4 ,_! exact situation is %[n on ,plate ,,xxviii4 ,!y 7 plac$ z ne> z possible to ! po9t at :i* ! disappe>ance ( ! rock f ! tunnels made x necess>y to />t ! %ield-driv5 portion ( ! "w4 ,! details ( ! %afts w n[ be describ$ briefly4 ,! ,manhattan ,%aft4--,! ,manhattan ,%aft is locat$ ab\t #ajj ft4 nor? ( ! tunnel c5t]2 !re 0 no?+ noticeable ab\t its con/ruction4 ,g5]al figures relat+ to bo? %afts are giv5 9 ,table #a4 ,! ,weehawk5 ,%aft4--,! ,weehawk5 ,%aft is %[n 9 ,fig4 #a4 ,?is1 z w be se5 f ,table #a1 0 a comp>atively l>ge piece ( "w4 ,! %aft is ov] ! tunnels1 & includes bo? ( !m4 ,9 ! orig9al design ! wall ( ! %aft 0 int5d$ to foll[ 9 plan ! prop]ty l9e %[n 9 ,fig4 #b1 & m]ely to ext5d d[n to ! surface ( ! rock1 :i*1 z disclos$ by ! prelim9>y bor+s1 0 "h ab\t #ae ft4 bel[ ! surface4 ,h[ev]1 z ! excavation proce$$1 x 0 f\nd t ?is plan w\ld n d1 z ! dep? to ! rock surface v>i$ greatly1 & 0 (t5 mu* l[] ?an expect$2 ! rock itself1 moreov]1 0 v trea*]\s1 ! cause be+ t ! l9e ( junction betwe5 ! triassic s&/one1 :i* is "h ! c\ntry rock1 & ! intrusive trap ( ! ,b]g5 ,hill ridge1 occurs ab\t "o-?ird ( ! l5g? ( ! %aft f its we/]n end1 caus+ m or less dis9tegration ( bo? k9ds ( rock4 ,!re=e x 0 decid$ to l9e ! %aft ) concrete ?r\gh\t its entire dep?1 ! %ape be+ *ang$ to a rectangul> plan1 z %[n 9 ! draw+s4 ,at ! same "t t ! %aft 0 excavat$1 a l5g? ( #dj ft4 ( tunnels at ea* end ( x 0 tak5 out1 also on acc\nt ( ! trea*]\s nature ( ! gr\nd1 ?us avoid+ risk ( injury to ! %aft :5 ! tunnel contractors comm5c$ "w4 ,!re 0 mu* tr\ble ) floods dur+ ! fall ( #aijc1 & num]\s heavy falls ( gr\nd occurr$1 9 spite ( extreme c>e & mu* heavy timb]+4 ,! greate/ c>e 0 also tak5 9 plac+ ! concrete l9+1 & ! fram+ to support ! =ms 0 c>efully design$ & ( heavy con/ruction2 ! =ms 7 ( fir/-class workman%ip1 & great c>e 0 tak5 to keep !m true to l9e4 ,a smoo? surface 0 giv5 to ! concrete by plac+ a #c-;94 lay] ( mort> at ! front ( ! walls & tamp+ ?is dry fac+ mixture well d[n ) ! re/ ( ! concrete4 ,! ea/ & we/ walls act z reta9+ walls1 :ile ^? on ! nor? & s\? are fac+ walls1 & are ti$ to ! rock ) /eel rods emb$d$ & gr\t$ into ! rock & into ! concrete4 ,ample dra9age = wat] at ! back ( ! wall 0 provid$ by upright1 op5-jo9t1 vitrifi$ dra9s at frequ5t int]vals1 ) dry-laid /one dra9s lead+ to !m f all wet spots 9 ! gr\nd4 ,a g5]al view ( ! f9i%$ "w is %[n 9 ,fig4 #a1 ,plate ,,xxix1 & ,table #a gives ! mo/ important dates & figures relat+ to ?is %aft4 ,,table #a4--,,p>ticul>s ,,( ,,%afts ,,on ,,! ,,nor? ,,riv] ,,tunnels ,,( ,,! ,,p5nsylvania ,,railroad ,,tunnels ,,into ,,new ,,york ,,city4 ,location4 ,dep? ,wid?,l5g?,excavation,concrete ,date ,date 9 9 97includ+9 cubiccomm5c$4f9i%$4 feet4 feet4 feet4 drifts71 y>ds4 9 cubic y>ds4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,manhattan3 #ee #bb #cb #b1jaj #bji;,june #aj?1 ,decemb] #aa? ,av5ue #aijc4 #aa?1 & #cb;d #aijc4 ,/reet4 ,weehawk53 #gf ,at ,at #ee1cae #i1haj;,june #aa?1,septemb] ,baldw9 bottombottom #aijc4a/1 ,av5ue4 #ef1 at#aae4ge #aijd4 topat top #ajj4 #aed4 ,location4 ,gr\nd met3 ,l9$ )3 ,co/ to ,co/ p] ,railroad cubic foot4 ,company4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,manhattan3,top #ac ft4 fill$2 ,concrete #ab1idc4ge #j4cce #aa? r$ mica s*i/ & re9=c$ ,av5ue &granite4 ) /eel #cb;d beams d[n to ,/reet4 rock4 ,weehawk53,top #f ft4 fill$1 #cj;,concrete ) #aff1afb1ih #j4ccg ,baldw9 ft4 s& & /eel ,av5ue4 h>dpan1 decompos$ tie-rods 9 rock 7trap & rock4 s&/one7 bel[4 ,illu/ration3 ,,f9al ,,design ,,( ,,weehawk5 ,,%aft ,,plan ,,longitud9al ,,section ,,transv]se ,,section ,,fig4 #a4 ,aft] ! tunnel "w 0 f9i%$1 bo? %afts 7 provid$ ) /airs lead+ to ! surface1 a protective head-h\se 0 plac$ ov] ! ,new ,york ,%aft1 & a re9=c$ concrete f5ce1 #h ft4 high1 0 built ar\nd ! ,weehawk5 ,%aft on ! ,company's prop]ty l9e1 t is1 foll[+ ! outl9e ( ! %aft z orig9ally design$4 ,,plant4 ,work+ ,sites4 ,be=e beg9n+ a description ( ! tunnel "w1 x may be well to set out 9 "s detail ! arrangem5ts made on ! surface = conduct+ ! "w und]gr\nd4 ,all ! "w 0 c>ri$ on f two %afts1 "o at ,elev5? ,av5ue & #cb;d ,/reet1 ,new ,york ,city--call$ ! ,manhattan ,%aft--& "o at ,baldw9 ,av5ue1 ,weehawk51 ,n4 ,j4--call$ ! ,weehawk5 ,%aft4 ,illu/ration3 ,,weehawk5 ,,%aft4 ,,excavation ,,fig4 #b4 ,! *>act]i/ics ( ! two sites 7 radically diff]5t1 & call$ = diff]5t me?ods ( h&l+ ! transportation problem4 ,! %aft site at ,manhattan is %[n on ,plate ,,xxx4 ,x w be se5 t !re 0 n mu* room1 9 fact1 ! site 0 too cramp$ = com=t2 ! total area1 includ+ ! space occupi$ by ! old f\ndry1 us$ = p[]-h\ses1 (fices1 etc41 0 ab\t #c1bej sq4 yd4 ,?is made x necess>y to h two /ages1 "o on ! gr\nd level = h&l+ mat]ials into ! y>d1 & an ov]head gantry on :i* ! excavat$ mat]ials 7 h&l$ (f ! premises4 ,! y>d at ,weehawk5 0 mu* l>g]2 x is also %[n on ,plate ,,xxx4 ,its area 0 ab\t #ae1djj sq4 yd4 9 ! y>d prop]1 & !re 0 an additional space ( ab\t #gej sq4 yd4 alongside ! :>f at ! ,nor? ,slip1 on ! riv] front1 connect$ ) ! ma9 portion ( ! y>d by an ov]head tre/le4 ,all ! c>s at ,manhattan 7 mov$ by h&1 b at ,weehawk5 two electric locomotives ) ov]head transmission 7 us$4 ,p[]-,h\se ,plant4 ,at ! ,manhattan ,%aft ! p[]-h\se plant 0 in/all$ on ! gr\nd floor ( ! old f\ndry build+ :i* occupi$ ! nor? side ( ! leas$ area4 ,?is 0 a brick build+1 q old1 & 9 r a tumble-d[n condition :5 ! ,company took possession1 & 9 consequ5ce x requir$ q a good deal ( repair & /r5g!n+ "w4 ,! fir/ floor ( ! build+ 0 us$ by ! contractor z (fices1 m5's qu>t]s1 doctor's (fices1 & s on1 & on ! next "o above1 :i* 0 ! top floor1 7 ! (fices occupi$ by ! ,railroad ,company's field eng9e]+ /aff4 ,on ! ,weehawk5 side1 ! plant 0 h\s$ 9 a wood5-frame1 s+le-/ory /ructure1 cov]$ ) corrugat$ iron4 ,x 0 rectangul> 9 plan1 measur+ #hj by #acj ft4 ,at bo? sides ( ! riv] ! eng9es 7 b$d$ on solid concrete on a rock f\ndation4 ,! in/allation ( ! plant on ! ,manhattan side occupi$ f ,may1 #aijd1 to ,april1 #aije1 & on ! ,weehawk5 side f ,septemb]1 #aijd1 to ,april1 #aije4 ,air pressure 0 on ! tunnels at ! ,new ,york side on ,june #be?1 #aije1 & on ! ,weehawk5 side on ! #bi? ( ! same mon?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxix4 ,,trans4 ,,am4 ,,soc4 ,,civ4 ,,engrs4 ,,vol4 ,,lxviii1 ,no4 #aaee4 ,,hewett ,,& ,,br[n ,,on ,,p5nsylvania ,r4 ,r4 ,,tunnels3 ,,nor? ,,riv] ,,tunnels4 ,,fig4 #a4 ,,fig4 #b4 ,! plants conta9$ 9 ! two p[]-h\ses 7 almo/ id5tical1 !re be+ only slight diff]5ces 9 ! details ( arrangem5t due to local conditions4 ,a li/ ( ! ma9 items ( ! plant at "o p[]-h\se is %[n 9 ,table #b4 ,,table #b4--,,plant ,,at ,,"o ,,p[]-,,h\se4 ,no4 ( items4,description ( item4 ,co/4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,?ree #ejj-;h4p4 wat]-tube ,/]l+ boil]s #ae1ahf ,two ,fe$ pumps1 ,george ,f4 ,blake ,manufactur+ ,company #gdj ,"o ,h5ry ,r4 ,wor?+ton surface cond5s] #f1eci ,two ,electrically-driv5 circulat+ pumps on riv] front #e1ifa ,?ree ,l[-pressure compressors1 ,+]soll-,s]geant ,drill #cc1ghj ,company ,"o ,high-pressure compressor1 ,+]soll-,s]geant ,drill #f1ffe ,company ,?ree ,hydraulic p[] pumps1 ,george ,f4 ,blake ,manufactur+ #c1jge ,company ,two ,g5]al ,electric ,company's g5]ators c\pl$ to ,ball #g1fbf & ,wood eng9es ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,total co/ ( ma9 items ( plant #gi1egb ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,,summ>y ,,( ,,co/ ,,( ,,"o ,,plant4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,total co/ ( ma9 items ( plant #gi1egb ,co/ ( f\r %ields 7includ+ in/allation1 demolition1 #ajc1efj l>ge additions & r5ewals1 pip+1 pumps1 etc47 ,co/ ( pip+1 connections1 drills1 d]ricks1 in/allation #aja1hah ( (fices & all miscellane\s plant ,co/ ( in/allation1 includ+ prep>ation ( site #ci1ecd ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,total prime co/ ( "o p[]-h\se plant #cbd1dhd ,! foll[+ is a %ort description ( ea* item ( plant 9 ,table #b3 ,boil]s4--,at ea* %aft !re 7 ?ree #ejj-;h4p41 wat]-tube boil]s1 ,class ,f 7made by ,/]l+ & ,company1 ,*icago1 ,ill474 ,!y _h indep5d5t /eel /acks1 #ed 94 9 diamet] & #ajj ft4 above grate level2 ea* _h #e1jjj sq4 ft4 ( heat+ surface & #aaf sq4 ft4 ( grate area4 ,! fir+ 0 by h&1 & !re 7 %ak+ grates & f\r doors to ea* furnace4 ,"u normal conditions ( "w1 two boil]s at ea* plant 7 able to supply all ! /eam requir$4 ,! av]age work+ pressure ( ! /eam 0 #ace lb4 p] sq4 94 ,! /eam pip+ sy/em 0 on ! loop or by-pass plan4 ,! diamet] ( ! pipes v>i$ f #ad 94 9 ! ma9 head] to #aj 94 9 ! body ( ! loop4 ,! diamet] ( ! exhau/ /eam ma9 increas$ f #h 94 at ! remote ma*9es to #bj 941 & !n to #cj 941 at ! /eam sep>ator1 :i* 9 turn 0 connect$ ) ! cond5s]s4 ,a pipe ) an automatic relief valve f ! exhau/ to ! atmosph]e 0 us$ :5 ! cond5s]s 7 %ut d[n4 ,all pip+ 0 ( ! /&>d1 flang$ extra-heavy type1 ) bronze-seat$ gate-valves on ! pr9cipal l9es1 & globe-valves on "s ( ! auxili>y ones4 ,!re 0 an #h-;94 wat] leg on ! ma9 head] fitt$ ) a ,mason-,kelly trap1 & o!r small] wat] traps 7 set at suitable int]vals4 ,ea* boil] 0 fitt$ ) safety valves1 & !re 7 automatic release valves on ! high-& l[-pressure cyl9d]s ( ea* compressor1 z well z on ea* air receiv]4 ,buck:eat coal 0 us$1 & 0 deliv]$ to ! b9s on ! ,manhattan side by teams & on ! ,weehawk5 side by railroad c>s or 9 b>ges1 :5ce x 0 tak5 to ! p[]-h\se by #b-;ft4 gauge c>s4 ,an av]age ( #bj tons ( coal 9 ea* #bd h\rs 0 us$ by ea* plant4 ,! wat] 0 tak5 directly f ! public s]vice supply ma94 ,! daily quantity us$ 0 approximately #d1jjj gal4 = boil] purposes & #d1djj gal4 = g5]al plant use4 ,wood5 ov]head tanks hav+ a capacity ( #ad1jjj gal4 at ea* plant s]v$ z a #ab-;h\r em]g5cy supply4 ,fe$ ,pumps4--,!re 7 two fe$ pumps at ea* plant4 ,!y _h a capacity ( #gjj cu4 ft4 p] m941 free dis*>ge4 ,! plung]s 7 d\ble1 ( #f-;94 diamet]1 & #aj-;94 /roke1 ! /eam cyl9d]s 7 ( #aj-;94 diamet] & #aj-;94 /roke4 ,an injector ( ! ,metropolitan ,d\ble-,tube type1 ) a capacity ( #gjj cu4 ft4 p] m941 0 fitt$ to ea* boil] = use 9 em]g5cies4 ,! fe$-wat] heat] 0 a ,no4 #i ,co*rane1 gu>ante$ to heat #de1jjj lb4 ( wat] p] h\r1 & _h a total capacity ( #he4g cu4 ft4 ,x 0 heat$ by ! exhau/ /eam f ! non-cond5s+ auxili>y plant4 ,cond5s] ,plant4--,!re 7 two surface cond5s]s at ea* plant4 ,ea* _h a cool+ surface suffici5t to cond5se #bb1ejj lb4 ( /eam p] h\r1 ) wat] at a temp]ature ( #gj ,fahr4 & b>omet] at #cj 941 ma9ta9+ a vacuum ( #bf 94 9 ! cond5s]4 ,ea* 0 fitt$ ) a ,blake1 horizontal1 direct-act+1 vacuum pump4 ,circulat+-,wat] ,pumps4--,two circulat+-wat] pumps1 supply+ salt wat] directly f ! ,hudson ,riv]1 7 plac$ on ! :>f4 ,!y 7 #h-;94 c5trifugal pumps1 ea* driv5 by a #cf-;h4p41 ,g5]al ,electric ,company's direct-curr5t motor 7#bbj volts & #faj rev4 p] m9471 ! curr5t be+ suppli$ f ! contractor's p[]-h\se g5]ators4 ,! pumps 7 run alt]nately #bd h\rs ea* at a "t4 ,^? on ! ,manhattan side 7 #a1cjj ft4 f ! p[]-h\se1 & deliv]$ _! wat] ?r\gh a #af-;94 pipe2 ^? on ! ,weehawk5 side 7 #dej ft4 away1 & deliv]$ ?r\gh a #ad-;94 pipe4 ,!re 0 also a direct connection ) ! city ma9s1 9 case ( an accid5t to ! salt-wat] pumps4 ,l[-,pressure ,compressors4--,at ea* plant !re 7 ?ree l[-pressure compressors4 ,^! 7 = ! supply ( compress$ air to ! work+ *amb]s ( ! subaque\s %ield-driv5 tunnels4 ,!y 7 also us$ on occasions to supply compress$ air to ! cyl9d]s ( ! high-pressure compressors1 ?us l>gely increas+ ! capacity ( ! latt] :5 h>d press$ by an unusual call on acc\nt ( heavy drill+ "w 9 ! rock tunnels4 ,!y 7 ( a new design1 ( duplex ,corliss type1 hav+ cross-comp\nd /eam cyl9d]s1 design$ to op]ate cond5s+1 b capable ( work+ non-cond5s+2 ! air cyl9d]s 7 simple duplex4 ,! /eam cyl9d] valves 7 ( ! ,corliss release type1 ) vacuum da%-pots4 ,! valves 9 ! air cyl9d]s 7 me*anically-op]at$ pi/on valves1 ) end inlet & dis*>ge4 ,! eng9es us$ /eam at #ace lb4 pressure4 ,! high-& l[-pressure /eam cyl9d]s 7 #ad 94 & #cj 94 9 diamet]1 respectively1 ) a /roke ( #cf 94 & a maximum spe$ ( #ace rev4 p] m94 ,! two air cyl9d]s 7 #bc 94 9 diamet]1 & _h a comb9$ capacity ( #ce4a cu4 ft4 ( free air p] revolution1 &1 :5 runn+ at #abe rev4 p] m941 ea* ma*9e _h an actual capacity ( #d1chi cu4 ft4 ( free air p] m941 or #bfc1cdj cu4 ft4 p] h\r4 ,! air cyl9d]s 7 cov]$ by wat]-jackets ?r\gh :i* salt wat] f ! circulat+ pumps fl[$4 ,a gauge pressure ( #ej lb4 ( air c\ld be obta9$4 ,ea* compressor 0 fitt$ ) an automatic spe$ & air-pressure regulator1 design$ to v>y ! cut-(f accord+ to ! volume ( air requir$1 & 0 provid$ ) an aft]-cool] fitt$ ) t9n$-brass tube & eight ,tob9-bronze tube-plates hav+ #hji sq4 ft4 ( cool+ surface2 ea* "o 0 capable ( r$uc+ ! temp]ature ( ! air deliv]$ by x to )9 #aj ,fahr4 ( ! temp]ature ( ! cool+ wat] :5 its compressor 0 op]at$ at its fulle/ capacity4 ,f ! aft]-cool] ! air pass$ into a v]tical receiv]1 #d ft4 #f 94 9 diamet] & #ab ft4 high1 !re be+ "o su* receiv] = ea* compressor4 ,! receiv]s 7 te/$ to a pressure ( #ajj lb4 p] sq4 94 ,! aft]-cool]s 7 provid$ ) traps to collect precipitat$ moi/ure & oil4 ,! cool]s & receiv]s 7 fitt$ ) safety valves set to bl[ (f at #a lb4 above ! work+ pressure4 ,! air supply 0 tak5 f )\t1 & above ! p[]-h\se ro(1 b 9 v cold wea!r x c\ld be tak5 f )9 doors4 ,high-,pressure ,compressors4--,!re 0 "o high-pressure compressor at ea* plant4 ,ea* consi/$ ( two duplex air cyl9d]s fitt$ to a cross-comp\nd1 ,corliss-,bass1 /eam eng9e4 ,! two /eam cyl9d]s 7 #ad & #bf 94 9 diamet]1 respectively1 & ! air cyl9d]s 7 #ad 94 9 diamet] & _h a #cf-;94 /roke4 ,! air cyl9d] 0 wat]-jacket$ ) salt wat] suppli$ f ! circulat+ wat] pumps4 ,! capacity 0 ab\t #a1ajj cu4 ft4 ( free air p] m94 :5 runn+ at #he rev4 p] m94 & us+ intake air at normal pressure1 b1 :5 receiv+ air f ! l[-pressure compressors at a pressure ( #cj lb4 p] sq4 941 ! capacity 0 #c1cje cu4 ft4 ( free air p] m942 receiv+ air at #ej lb4 p] sq4 941 ! capacity w\ld h be5 #d1hdg cu4 ft4 ( free air p] m94 ,?is latt] arrangem5t1 h[ev]1 call$ = m air ?an ! l[-pressure compressors c\ld deliv]4 ,) ! l[-pressure compressor runn+ at #abe rev4 p] m94 7its maximum spe$71 x c\ld furni% en\gh air at #dc4h lb4 p] sq4 94 to supply ! high-pressure compressor runn+ at #he rev4 p] m94 7its maximum spe$72 &1 ) ! high-pressure compressor deliv]+ compress$ air at #aej lb41 ! comb9$ capacity ( ! arrangem5t w\ld h be5 #d1chi cu4 ft4 ( free air p] m94 ,! air pass$ ?r\gh a receiv]1 #d ft4 #f 94 9 diamet] & #ab ft4 high1 te/$ "u a wat] pressure ( #bbe lb4 p] sq4 941 be=e be+ s5t ?r\gh ! di/ribut+ pipes4 ,hydraulic ,p[] ,pumps4--,at ea* p[]-h\se !re 7 ?ree hydraulic p[] pumps to op]ate ! tunnel+ %ields4 ,"o pump 0 us$ = ea* tunnel1 leav+ ! ?ird z a /&-by4 ,! duplex /eam cyl9d]s 7 #ae 94 9 diamet]1 ) a #aj-;94 /roke2 ! duplex wat] rams 7 #b-a_/h 94 9 diamet] ) a #aj-;94 /roke4 ,! pumps 7 design$ to "w up to #f1jjj lb4 p] sq4 941 b ! usual work+ pressure 0 ab\t #d1ejj lb4 ,! pip+1 :i* 0 extra heavy hydraulic1 0 connect$ by heavy ca/-/eel screw c\pl+s hav+ a hexagonal cross-section 9 ! middle to enable tight5+ to be done ) a bolt wr5*4 ,! pip+ 0 design$ to )/& a pressure ( #e1ejj lb4 p] sq4 94 ,electric ,g5]ators4--,at ea* plant !re 7 two electric g5]ators supply+ direct curr5t = bo? light+ & p[]1 at #bdj volts1 ?r\gh a two-wire sy/em ( ma9s4 ,!y 7 ( ,type ,m-,p1 ,class #f1 #ajj kw41 #djj amp]es1 #bej rev4 p] m941 #bdj volts no load & #bej volts full load4 ,!y 7 connect$ direct to #aj by #bj by #ad-;941 c5t]-crank1 t&em-comp\nd1 eng9es ( #aej h4p4 at #bej rev4 p] m94 ,a swit*-bo>d1 ) all ! necess>y fuses1 swit*es1 & met]s1 0 provid$ at ea* plant4 ,lubrication4--,9 ! lubricat+ sy/em ?ree di/9ct sy/ems 7 us$1 ea* requir+ its own special grade ( oil4 ,! j\rnals & be>+s 7 lubricat$ ) ord9>y eng9e oil by a gravity sy/em2 ! oil aft] use pass$ ?r\gh a ,:ite ,/> filt]1 & 0 pump$ into a tank ab\t #ae ft4 above ! eng9e-room floor4 ,! l[-pressure air cyl9d]s 7 lubricat$ ) ,high ,te/ oil1 hav+ a fla% po9t ( #fjj ,fahr4 ,! oil 0 =c$ f a receiv+ tank into an elevat$ tank by high-pressure air4 ,:5 ! tank 0 full ! high-pressure air 0 turn$ (f & ! l[-pressure air 0 turn$ on1 9 ?is way ! air pressure 9 ! oil tank equall$ t 9 ! air cyl9d] be+ lubricat$1 ?us all[+ a p]fect gravity sy/em to exi/4 ,! /eam cyl9d]s & ! high-pressure air cyl9d]s 7 f$ ) oil f h&-f$ automatic lubricators made by ! ,detroit ,lubrication ,company1 ,detroit1 ,mi*4 ,/eam ,cyl9d] oil 0 us$ = ! /eam cyl9d]s & ,high ,te/ oil 7! same z us$ = ! l[-pressure air cyl9d]s7 = ! high-pressure air cyl9d]s4 ,! air cyl9d] & /eam cyl9d] lubricators 7 ( ! same k9d1 except t no cond5s]s 7 necess>y4 ,! /eam cyl9d] & eng9e oil 0 caught on drip pans1 &1 aft] be+ filt]$1 0 us$ aga9 z eng9e oil 9 ! be>+s4 ,! oil f ! air cyl9d]s 0 n sav$1 nor 0 t f ! /eam cyl9d]s caught at ! sep>ator4 ,co/ ( ,op]at+ ! ,p[]-,h\se ,plants4--,9 ord] to give an idea ( ! g5]al co/ ( runn+ ^! plants1 ,tables #c & #d are giv5 z typical ( ! =ce employ$ & ! g5]al supplies ne$$ = a #bd-;h\r run ( "o plant4 ,table #c gives a typical run dur+ ! p]iod ( driv+ ! %ields1 & ,table #d is typical ( ! p]iod ( concrete con/ruction4 ,9 ! latt] case ! tunnels 7 "u normal air pressure4 ,be=e ! junction ( ! %ields1 bo? plants 7 runn+ cont9u\sly2 aft] ! junction1 b :ile ! tunnels 7 /ill "u compress$ air1 only "o p[]-h\se plant 0 op]at$4 ,,table #c4--;,,co/ ,,( ,,op]at+ ,,"o ,,p[]-,,h\se ,,= #bd ,,h\rs ,,dur+ ,,excavation ,,& ,,metal ,,l9+4 ,no4 ,labor4 ,rate p] day4 ,am\nt4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- #f ,eng9e]s #c4jj #ah4jj #f ,firem5 #b4ej #ae4jj #b ,oil]s #b4jj #d4jj #b ,labor]s #b4jj #d4jj #d ,pumpm5 #b4ge #aa4jj #b ,electricians #c4ej #g4jj #a ,help] #c4jj #c4jj ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,total p] day #fb4jj ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,total = #cj days #a1hfj4jj ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,supplies4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,coal 7#ad tons p] day7 #c4be #de4ej ,wat] #g4jj #g4jj ,oil 7#d gal4 p] day7 #j4ej #b4jj ,wa/e 7#d lb4 p] day7 #j4jg #j4bh ,o!r supplies #a4jj #a4jj ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,total p] day #ee4gh ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,total = #cj days #a1fgc4jj ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,total co/ ( labor & supplies = #cj days #c1ecc4jj ,/one-,cru%] ,plant4--,a %ort description ( ! /one-cru%] plant w be giv51 z x play$ an important "p 9 ! economy ( ! concrete "w4 ,9 ord] to provide cru%$ /one = ! concrete1 ! contractor b\ght 7f ! contractor :o built ! ,b]g5 ,hill ,tunnels7 ! pile ( trap rock excavat$ f ^! tunnels1 :i* _h be5 dump$ on ! piece ( wa/e gr\nd to ! nor? ( ,baldw9 ,av5ue1 ,weehawk51 ,n4 ,j4 ,! g5]al lay\t ( ! plant is %[n on ,plate ,,xxx4 ,x consi/$ ( a ,no4 #f & a ,no4 #h ,au/9 cru%]1 driv5 by an ,amex1 s+le-cyl9d]1 horizontal1 /eam eng9e ( #abj h4p41 & 0 capable ( cru%+ ab\t #bbe cu4 yd4 ( /one p] #aj-;h\r day4 ,! cru%]s & conveyors 7 driv5 f a c\nt]%aft1 9 turn driv5 f ! eng9e by an #ah-;94 belt4 ,,table #d4--;,,co/ ,,( ,,op]at+ ,,! ,,"o ,,plant ,,= #bd ,,h\rs ,,dur+ ,,concrete ,,l9+4 ,no4 ,labor4 ,rate p] day4 ,am\nt4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- #b ,eng9e]s #c4jj #f4jj #b ,firem5 #b4ej #e4jj #b ,pumpm5 #c4jj #f4jj #a ,=eman ,electrician #f4jj #f4jj #a ,electrician #c4jj #c4jj #a ,labor] #b4jj #b4jj ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,total p] day #bh4jj ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,total = #cj days #hdj4jj ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,supplies4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,coal 7#ad tons p] day7 #c4ae #dd4aj ,oil 7#d gal4 p] day7 #j4ej #b4jj ,wat] #ac4jj #ac4jj ,o!r supplies #b4jj #b4jj ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,total p] day #fa4aj ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,total = #cj days #a1hcc4jj ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,total co/ ( labor & supplies = #cj days #b1fgc4jj ,! process ( cru%+ 0 z foll[s3 ,! /one f ! pile 0 load$ by h& into scale-boxes :i* 7 lift$ by two d]ricks into ! *ute above ! ,no4 #f cru%]4 ,"o d]rick _h a #cd-;ft4 ma/ & a #ef-;ft4 boom1 & 0 work$ by a ,lidg]wood /eam hoi/]2 ! o!r _h a #bc-;ft4 ma/ & a #de-;ft4 boom1 & 0 work$ by a ,g5]al ,electric hoi/4 ,all ! /one pass$ fir/ ?r\gh ! ,no4 #f cru%]1 aft] :i* x 0 lift$ by a bucket conveyor to a scre51 plac$ ab\t #fj ft4 high] ?an & above ! /one b94 ,! scre5 0 a /eel *ute pi]c$ by #b-;94 circul> holes1 & 0 on a slope ( ab\t #de2 9 ord] to prev5t ! scre5 f *ok+1 x 0 necess>y to h two m5 cont9ually scrap+ ! /one ov] x ) hoes4 ,all ! /one pass+ ! scre5 0 dis*>g$ into a b9 bel[ ) a capacity ( ab\t #bbj cu4 yd4 ,! /one n pass+ ! scre5 pass$ d[n a diagonal *ute to a ,no4 #h cru%]1 f :i*1 aft] cru%+1 x 0 c>ri$ back by a second bucket conveyor to ! b91 into :i* x 0 dump$ )\t pass+ a scre54 ,! ,no4 #h cru%] 0 arrang$ s t x c\ld1 :5 necess>y1 receive /one direct f ! /one pile4 ,! c>s 9 :i* ! /one 0 remov$ c\ld be run "u ! b9 & fill$ by op5+ a slid+ door 9 ! bottom ( ! b94 ,a track 0 laid f ! b9 to connect ) ! contractor's surface railway 9 ! ,weehawk5 ,%aft y>d1 & on ?is track ! /one c\ld be transport$ ei!r to ! ,weehawk5 ,%aft direct1 = use on t side ( ! riv]1 or to ! :>f1 :]e x c\ld be dump$ into sc[s = transportation to ,new ,york4 ,! c>s us$ 7 #c-;cu4 yd4 side-dump1 ) flap-doors1 & 7 haul$ by two /eam ,d9ky locomotives4 ,! av]age =ce employ$ 03 #a =eman #c4jj p] day4 ,sup]vis+4 #bd labor]s #a4ge ,load+ scale-boxes = d]ricks4 #d labor]s #a4ge ,fe$+ cru%]s4 #b labor]s #a4ge ,wat*+ scre5s to prev5t clogg+4 #a eng9e] #d4jj ,driv+ /eam eng9e4 #b eng9e]s #c4ej ,on ! d]ricks4 #a night wat*man4 ,wat*+ ! plant at night4 ,ow+ to ! con/ant break-d[n ( ma*9]y1 *utes1 etc41 insep>able f /one-cru%+ "w1 !re 0 always at "w a repair gang consi/+ ( ei!r ?ree c>p5t]s or ?ree ma*9i/s1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! break-d[n4 ,! approximate co/ ( ! plant 03 ,ma*9]y #e1hej ,lumb] #c1cje ,erection labor #c1iii ------ ,total #ac1aed ,! co/ ( ! cru%$ /one at ,weehawk5 am\nt$ to ab\t #j4ia p] cu4 yd41 & 0 made up z foll[s3 ,co/ ( /one #j4bb ,labor 9 op]ation ( plant #j4ca ,plant supplies #j4aa ,b,plant depreciation #j4bg ----- ,total #j4ia ,b ,assum+ t ! scrap value ( d]ricks & eng9es is "o-half ! co/1 cru%]s "o-?ird ! co/1 & o!r items no?+4 ,! cru%$ /one at ! ,manhattan ,%aft co/ ab\t #a4jd p] cu4 yd41 ! diff]5ce ( #j4ac f ! ,weehawk5 co/ be+ made up ( ! co/ ( transf] across ! riv]1 #j4jh1 & transport f ! dock to ! %aft1 #j4je4 ,miscellane\s ,plant4--,! v>i\s pieces ( plant us$ directly 9 ! con/ruction "w1 su* z d]ricks1 haul+ eng9es1 pumps1 concrete mix]s1 & =ms1 w be f\nd describ$ or at lea/ m5tion$ 9 connection ) ! me?ods us$ 9 con/ruction4 ,! tunnel+ %ields1 h[ev]1 w be describ$ n[1 z mu* ( ! explanation ( ! %ield-driv5 "w w n be cle> unless prec$$ by a good idea ( _! design4 ,tunnel+ ,%ields4 ,dur+ ! p]iod 9 :i* ! orig9al contract draw+s 7 be+ made1 namely1 9 ! latt] "p ( #aijc & ! e>ly "p ( #aijd1 consid]able att5tion 0 giv5 to work+ out detail$ /udies = a type ( %ield :i* w\ld be suitable = deal+ ) ! v>i\s k9ds ( gr\nd ?r\gh :i* ! %ield-driv5 tunnels _h to pass4 ,?is 0 done 9 ord] t1 :5 ! contract 0 let1 ! eng9e]'s ideas ( ! requirem5ts ( ! %ields %\ld be ?or\ghly cry/alliz$1 & s t ! contractor might take advantage ( ?is long-?\ght-out design1 in/ead ( be+ "u ! necessity ( plac+ a hurri$ ord] = a piece ( plant on :i* s mu* ( ! safety z well z ( ! spe$ ( 8 "w dep5d$4 ,ev5tually1 ! contractor took ov] ^! designs z !y /ood1 ) c]ta9 m9or modifications1 & ! %ields z built & work$ gave entire satisfaction4 ,! *ief po9ts held 9 view 7 ample /r5g?1 easy access to ! work+ face comb9$ ) ease & quickness ( clos+ ! diaphragm1 & g5]al simplicity4 ,a cle> idea ( ! ma9 features ( ! design c be ga!r$ f ,fig4 #c & ,plate ,,xxxi4 ,a,! int]ior diamet] ( ! sk9 0 #b 94 great] ?an ! ext]nal diamet] ( ! metal l9+ ( ! tunnel1 :i* 0 #bc ft4 ,! sk9 0 made up ( ?ree ?icknesses ( /eel plate1 a -94 plate outside & inside1 ) a #e_/h-;94 plate betwe52 ?us ! ext]nal diamet] ( ! sk9 0 #bc ft4 #f 94 ,! l5g? ov] all 7exclusive ( ! hood1 to be describ$ lat]7 0 #ae ft4 #aa-g_/af 94 ,! maximum ov]lap ( ! sk9 ov] ! erect$ metal l9+ 0 #f ft4 #d 941 & ! m9imum ov]lap1 #b ft4 ,!re 7 no inside or outside cov]-plates1 ! jo9ts ( ! v>i\s pieces ( sk9 plates be+ butt-jo9ts cov]$ by ! ov]lap ( adjo9+ plates4 ,all rivet+ 0 flu%1 bo? inside & outside4 ,! :ole circumf]5ce ( ea* sk9 plate 0 made up ( eight pieces1 ea* ( :i* ext5d$ ! entire l5g? ( ! %ield1 ! only circumf]5tial jo9t on ! outside be+ at ! junction ( ! removable cutt+ edge 7or ( ! hood :5 ! latt] 0 9 position7 ) ! %ield prop]4 ,=w>d ( ! back ends ( ! jacks1 ! %ield 0 /iff5$ by an annul> gird] support+ ! sk91 & 9 ! space betwe5 ! /iff5]s ( :i* 7 set ! #bd propell+ rams us$ to %ove ! %ield ahead by pressure ex]t$ on ! la/ erect$ r+ ( metal l9+1 z %[n on ,plate ,,xxxi4 ,to assi/ 9 tak+ ! ?ru/ ( ^! rams1 gusset-plates 7 plac$ aga9/ ! end ( ea* ram cyl9d]1 & 7 c>ri$ =w>d to =m level brackets support+ ! ca/-/eel cutt+-edge segm5ts4 ,! /iff5+ gussets1 betwe5 :i* 7 plac$ ! rams1 7 also c>ri$ =w>d z level brackets1 = ! same purpose4 ,! ca/-/eel segm5tal cutt+ edge 0 atta*$ to ! front ( ! la/ m5tion$ plates4 ,! int]ior /ructural fram+ consi/$ ( two floors & ?ree v]tical p>titions1 giv+ n9e op5+s or pockets = access to ! face2 ^! pockets 7 #b ft4 #g 94 wide1 ! height v>y+ f #b ft4 #b 94 to #c ft4 #d 941 accord+ to _! location4 ,! op5+s 7 provid$ ) pivot$ segm5tal doors1 :i* 7 adopt$ because !y c\ld be %ut )\t hav+ to displace any gr\nd :i* might be fl[+ into ! tunnel1 & :ile op5 _! own weight t5d$ to close !m1 be+ held f do+ s by a simple cat*4 ,illu/ration3 ,,propos$ ,,%ield ,,= ,,subaque\s ,,tunnel+ ,,g5]al ,,elevation ,,fig4 #c4 ,= pass+ ?r\gh ! v>i$ assortm5t ( gr\nd be=e ent]+ on ! true sub-riv] silt1 x 0 decid$ to adopt ! =w>d deta*able ext5sion1 or hood1 :i* has s (t5 prov$ its wor? 9 gr\nd ne$+ timb] = its support1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #b1 ,plate ,,xxix4 ,?is hood ext5d$ #b ft4 #a 94 beyond ! cutt+ edge1 & f ! top d[n to ! level ( ! upp] plat=m4 ,additional pieces 7 provid$ by :i* ! hood might h be5 br\ght d[n z f> z ! l[] plat=m1 b !y 7 n us$4 ,special trapezoidal /eel ca/+s =m$ ! junction betwe5 ! hood & ! cutt+ edge4 ,! hood 0 9 n9e sections1 built up ( two -94 & "o #e_/h-;94 sk9 plates1 z 9 ! ma9 body ( ! sk91 & 0 support$ by bracket plates atta*$ to ! =w>d ends ( ! ram *amb]s4 ,! hoods 7 bolt$ 9 place1 & 7 remov$ & replac$ by regul> cutt+-edge /eel ca/+s aft] ! %ields _h pass$ ! riv] l9es4 ,! floors ( ! two plat=ms1 ( :i* !re 7 eight1 =m$ by ! division ( ! plat=ms by ! upright fram+1 c\ld be ext5d$ =w>d #b ft4 #i 94 9 front ( ! cutt+ edge1 or #h 94 9 front ( ! hood4 ,?is motion 0 giv5 by hydraulic jacks4 ,! slid+ plat=m c\ld hold a load ( #g1ijj lb4 p] sq4 ft41 :i* 0 equal to ! maximum head ( gr\nd & wat] comb9$4 ,! uses ( ^! plat=ms w be describ$ "u ! head+ ,con/ruction4 ,! weight ( ! /ructural portion ( ea* %ield 0 ab\t #ace tons4 ,! rema9d] ( ! %ield 0 ! hydraulic "p1 :i* provid$ its motive =ce & gave ! p[] to ! segm5t erector4 ,! hydraulic fitt+s weigh$ ab\t #eh tons p] %ield1 s t ! total weight ( ea* %ield 0 ab\t #aic tons4 ,! hydraulic app>atus 0 design$ = a maximum pressure ( #e1jjj lb4 p] sq4 941 a m9imum pressure ( #b1jjj lb41 & a te/ pressure ( #f1jjj lb4 ,! actual av]age pressure us$ 0 ab\t #c1ejj lb4 p] sq4 94 ,!re 7 #bd %ov+ rams1 ) a diamet] ( #h 94 & /roke ( #ch 94 ,! ma9 ram 0 s+le-act+4 ,! pack+s c\ld be tight5$ up f ! outside )\t remov+ ! ram1 a ?+ :i* is ( ! greate/ conv5i5ce1 & _c be done ) ! diff]5tial plung] type4 ,"s ( ! *ief figures relat+ to ! %ield rams1 ) a wat] pressure ( #e1jjj lb4 p] sq4 941 are3 ,=w>d =ce ( "o ram #bge1jjj lb4 ,=w>d =ce ( #bd rams 7all7 #f1fjj1jjj ,=w>d =ce ( #bd rams #c1cjj tons ( #b1jjj lb4 ,equival5t pressure p] squ>e in* ( face #aje lb4 ,equival5t pressure p] squ>e foot ( face #ae1bjj ,pull-back =ce ( "o ram #bf1djj ,pull-back pressure on full area ( ram #dhj p] sq4 94 ,! rams develop$ a t5d5cy to b5d1 "u ! sev]e te/ ( %ov+ ! %ield all clos$1 or ne>ly s1 ?r\gh ! riv] silt1 & x is probable t x w\ld h be5 bett] to make ! pi/ons #aj 94 9 diamet] in/ead ( #h 94 ,ea* slid+ plat=m 0 actuat$ by two s+le-act+ rams1 #c 94 9 diamet] & hav+ a /roke ( #b ft4 #i 94 ,! rams 7 atta*$ to ! re> face ( ! %ield diaphragm inside ! box floors1 & ! cyl9d]s 7 movable1 slid+ freely on be>+s 9 ! floor4 ,! front ends ( ! cyl9d]s 7 fix$ to ! front ends ( ! slid+ plat=ms4 ,! cyl9d] ?us support$ ! front end ( ! slid+ plat=m1 & 0 design$ to c>ry its half ( ! load on ! plat=m4 ,"s ( ! lead+ figures 9 connection ) ! plat=m rams1 at a work+ pressure ( #e1jjj lb4 p] sq4 941 are3 ,=w>d =ce ( ea* pair ( rams 79 ea* plat=m7 #if1jjj lb4 ,total area ( nose ( slid+ plat=m #a1jfj sq4 94 ,maximum reaction p] squ>e in* on nose #ij lb4 ,maximum reaction p] squ>e foot on nose #ac1jdj ,ea* %ield 0 fitt$ ) a s+le erector m\nt$ on ! re> ( ! diaphragm4 ,! erector consi/$ ( a box-%ap$ frame m\nt$ on a c5tral %aft revolv+ on be>+s atta*$ to ! %ield4 ,inside ( ?is frame !re 0 a diff]5tial hydraulic plung]1 #d 94 & #c 94 9 diamet] & ( #dh-;94 /roke4 ,to ! plung] head 7 atta*$ two *annels slid+ inside ! box frame1 & to ! project+ ends ( ^! ! grip 0 atta*$4 ,at ! opposite end ( ! box frame a c\nt]weight 0 atta*$ :i* balanc$ ab\t #gjj lb4 ( ! tunnel segm5t at #aa ft4 radius4 ,! erector 0 revolv$ by two s+le-act+ rams fix$ horizontally to ! back ( ! %ield above ! erector pivot ?r\gh d\ble *a9s & *a9 :eels key$ to ! erector %aft4 ,! pr9cipal figures connect$ ) ! erector1 assum+ a wat] pressure ( #e1jjj lb4 p] sq4 941 are3 ,weight ( heavie/ tunnel segm5t #b1ehd lb4 ,weight ( erector plung] & grip #faf ,total weight to be h&l$ by ! erector ram #c1bjj ,total =ce 9 erector ram mov+ f c5t] ( %ield #ce1jjj ,total =ce 9 erector ram mov+ t[>d c5t] ( %ield #bg1ejj ,weight at #aa-;ft4 radius :i* is balanc$ by c\nt]weight #gjj ,maximum net weight at #aa-;ft4 radius to be h&l$ by turn+ rams #a1hhd ,total =ce ( ea* rotat+ ram1 at #e1jjj lb4 p] sq4 94 #hj1jjj ,load at #aa-;ft4 radius1 equival5t to above #c1ghj ,:5 ! %ield 0 design$1 a grip 0 also design$ by :i* ! erector c\ld h&le segm5ts )\t any special lugs be+ ca/ on !m4 ,a bolt 0 pass$ ?r\gh two opposite bolt holes 9 ! circumf]5tial flanges ( a plate4 ,! grip jaws clos$ ov] ?is bolt & lock$ !mselves4 ,! project+ fix$ ends ( ! grip 7 = tak+ ! direct ?ru/ on ! grip caus$ by ! erector ram :5 plac+ a segm5t4 ,x happ5$1 h[ev]1 t !re 0 delay 9 deliv]+ ^! grips1 &1 :5 ! %ield 0 ready to />t1 & ! grip 0 n =?com+1 ,mr4 ,patrick ,fitzg]ald1 ! ,contractor's ,sup]9t5d5t1 ov]came ?is tr\ble by hav+ ano!r grip made4 ,9 ?is design1 also1 a self-cat*+ bolt is plac$ ?r\gh ! segm5t & ! grip cat*es ! bolt4 ,9 simplicity & effectiv5ess 9 work+1 ?is new design ev5tually prov$ a decid$ advance on ! orig9al "o1 &1 z a result1 all ! %ields 7 fitt$ ) ! new grip1 & ! orig9al design 0 disc>d$4 ,! great drawback to ! orig9al grip 0 t ! plate swung on ! lift+ bolt1 & ?us br\ght a great /ra9 on ! bolt :5 held rigidly at "r angles to ! erector arm4 ,! orig9al design 0 able to h&le bo? ,a & ,b segm5ts1 & key segm5ts1 )\t alt]ation2 9 ! new design1 an auxili>y head _h to be swung into position to h&le ! key1 b ?is objection did n am\nt to a practical drawback4 ,! op]at+ floor f :i* ! %ield 0 controll$1 & at :i* ! valves 7 situat$1 0 plac$ above ! rams :i* rotate ! erector1 & =m$ a protection = !m4 ,! control ( ! %ield rams 0 divid$ into f\r gr\ps3 ! sev5 l[] rams con/itut$ "o gr\p1 ! upp] five1 ano!r1 & ! six rema9+ on ea* side1 ! o!r two4 ,ea* gr\p 0 controll$ by its own /op & release valve4 ,individual rams 7 controll$ by /op-cocks4 ,! control ( ! slid+ plat=m rams 0 divid$ into two gr\ps1 ( :i* all ! rams on ! upp] floor made "o1 & all ^? 9 ! l[] floor1 ! o!r2 "h1 aga91 ea* gr\p _h its own /op & release valve1 & individual plat=ms 7 controll$ by /op-cocks arrang$ 9 blocks f :i* ! pipes 7 c>ri$ to ! rams4 ,! 9-&-out movem5ts ( ! erector ram 7 controll$ by a two-sp9dle1 balanc$1 /op & release valve1 controll$ by a h&-:eel4 ,! erector rotat+ rams 7 controll$ by a simil> valve1 ) f\r sp9dles1 also op]at$ by a s+le h&-:eel4 ,bo? :eels 7 plac$ inside ! top %ield pockets1 & )9 easy rea* ( ! op]at+ plat=m4 ,! hydraulic pressure 0 br\ght ?r\gh ! tunnel by a #b-;94 hydraulic pipe4 ,connection ) ! %ield 0 made by a flexible copp] pipe1 ! #b-;94 l9e be+ ext5d$ z ! %ield advanc$4 ,,l& ,,tunnels4 ,g5]al4 ,! foll[+ is a brief acc\nt ( ! ma9 features ( ! ,l& ,tunnel "w1 by :i* is meant all ! "p ( ! /ructure built )\t us+ tunnel+ %ields4 ,! ,l& ,tunnels consi/ ( ab\t #igg ft4 ( d\ble tunnel on ! ,new ,york side & #bcj ft4 on ! ,new ,j]sey side1 or a total ( #a1bjg l94 ft4 ( d\ble tunnel4 ,! g5]al design ( ! cross-section consi/s ( a semi-circul> ar*1 v]tical side-walls & a flat inv]t4 ,! tunnel is adapt$ = two l9es ( track1 ea* be+ conta9$ 9 its comp>tm5t or tunnel4 ,! span ( ! ar* is wid] ?an is absolutely necess>y to take ! roll+ /ock1 & ! extra space is utiliz$ by ! provision ( a sidewalk or b5* =m+ by its upp] surface a gangway1 out ( ! way ( traffic1 = p]sons walk+ 9 ! tunnels1 & emb$d$ 9 its mass are a numb] ( vitrifi$ e>!nw>e ducts1 = high-& l[-t5sion electric cables4 ,! provision ( ?is b5* enables its v]tical wall to be br\ght mu* ne>] to ! side ( ! roll+ /ock ?an is usually possible1 ?us m9imiz+ ! effects ( a d]ailm5t or o!r accid5t4 ,refuge ni*es = trackm51 & ladd]s to ! top ( ! b5* are provid$ at frequ5t int]vals4 ,9 cases :]e a n>r[ /reet limits ! wid? ( ! /ructure1 z on ! ,new ,york side1 ! two tunnels are sep>at$ by a m$ial wall ( masonry1 ?us involv+ excavation ov] ! entire wid? ( bo? tunnels1 & 9 su* case ! tunnels are spok5 ( z ,tw9 ,tunnels2 :]e ! exig5cies ( wid? are n s sev]e1 ! two tunnels are entirely di/9ct1 & are sep>at$ by a wall ( rock4 ,?is type is f\nd on ! ,weehawk5 side4 ,! ar*es are ( brick1 ! rema9d] ( ! tunnel l9+ be+ ( concrete4 ,new ,york ,l& ,tunnels4 ,! "w on ! ,l& ,tunnels on ! ,manhattan side 0 c>ri$ on f ! %aft at #aa? ,av5ue & #cb;d ,/reet4 ,! plans & designs = ^! tunnels are %[n on ,plate ,,xxxii4 ,9 ?is %ort l5g? ( ab\t #igg ft4 !re are no less ?an n9e diff]5t k9ds ( cross-section4 ,! reason = ^! *anges is ! fact t ! two l9es ( track are "h n /raight & p>allel to ! c5t] l9e betwe5 ! tunnels1 b are curv$1 al?\gh symmetrical ab\t ?is c5t] l9e4 ,! v>i\s *anges ( section are to enable ! tunnels to be built 9 /raight l5g?s1 ?us avoid+ ! disadvantages att5d+ ! use ( curv$ =ms1 & at ! same "t m9imiz+ ! quantity ( excavation1 an item :i* acc\nts = f #fj to #gj ( ! total co/ ( tunnels ( ?is type4 ,( c\rse1 !re are correspond+ & obvi\s disadvantages 9 ! adoption ( _m %ort l5g?s ( diff]5t cross-sections1 & ^! disadvantages 7 well br\ght out 9 ! c\rse ( ! "w2 on ! :ole1 h[ev]1 !y may be said to h ju/ifi$ _! adoption4 ,^! ,new ,york ,l& ,tunnels 7 divid$ into ?ree contracts1 viz43 ,f ,/ation #aij #ae 7! ,portal to ! op5 "w ( ! ,t]m9al ,/ation at ! ea/ side ( ,t5? ,av5ue1 ,new ,york ,city7 to ,/ation #aig #fj1 call$ ,section ,gy-,ea/4 ,! next contract1 call$ ,section ,gy-,we/ ,supplem5t>y1 ext5d$ f ,/ation #aig #fj to ,/ation #aii #bj1 :i* is ! ea/ side ( ,elev5? ,av5ue4 ,! ?ird contract 0 call$ ,section ,gy-,we/1 & ext5d$ f ,/ation #aii #bj to ,/ation #bca #gh 7! divid+ l9e betwe5 ! ,/ates ( ,new ,york & ,new ,j]sey74 ,?us1 = ne>ly all its l5g?1 ?is contract consi/s ( %ield-driv5 tunnel4 ,! portion betwe5 ,/ations #aii #bj & #aii #ia4e1 h[ev]1 0 ( ! ,l& ,tunnel type1 & !re=e w be includ$ "h4 ,a f\r? contract ext5d$ f ,/ation #bca #gh to ! ,weehawk5 ,%aft at ,/ation #bfc #ej1 & ( ?is all b #bcj ft4 0 ( ! %ield-driv5 type1 only ! portion next to ! ,weehawk5 ,%aft be+ ( ! ,l& ,tunnel type4 ,! f\r contracts 7 let to "o contractor 7,! ,o',r\rke ,eng9e]+ ,con/ruction ,company71 & ! "w 0 c>ri$ on simultane\sly 9 all f\r1 s t ! division into contracts _h no be>+ on ! me?ods ( "w adopt$1 & ^! w n[ be describ$ z a :ole & ) no fur!r ref]5ce to ! diff]5t sections4 ,excavation4 ,"w 0 />t$ on ! ,new ,york side on ,april #ah?1 #aijd1 ! ,weehawk5 %aft be+ at t date /ill "u con/ruction4 ,z w h be5 not$ 9 ! description ( ! %afts1 ! contractor f\nd a %aft already prep>$ = 8 use1 & cross-drifts at grade & at "r angles to ! future tunnels1 & ext5d+ across _! entire wid?4 ,! fir/ ess5tial 0 to get access to ! %ield *amb]s1 :i* 7 to lie ab\t #ccj ft4 to ! we/ ( ! %aft1 s t ! con/ruction ( ^! enl>gem5ts 9 :i* ! %ields = ! subaque\s tunnels 7 to be built might be f9i%$ z soon z possible & ?us all[ ! e>lie/ possible />t to be made ) ! %ield-driv5 tunnels4 ,) ?is 9 view1 two bottom head+s1 on ! c5t] l9e ( ea* ( ! two tracks1 7 driv5 we/w>d f ! we/]n cross-head+ at ! foot ( ! %aft4 ,:5 ab\t #ach ft4 _h be5 made 9 ?is way1 ! two head+s 7 br\ght toge!r & a break-up 0 made to ! cr[n level ( ! tunnel1 z ! dep? ( rock cov] 0 d\btful4 ,f ?is break-up a top head+ 0 driv5 we/w>d to ,/ation #bjj #cj4 ,:ile wid5+ ! head+ out at ,/ation #bjj #bj ! rock 0 p5etrat$ on ! s\? side4 ,! expos$ wet s& & gravel />t$ to run1 &1 z a consequ5ce1 a *ange 9 design 0 made1 ! %ield *amb]s 7& consequ5tly ! />t ( ! %ield-driv5 tunnels7 be+ mov$ ea/w>d f _! orig9al location #acc ft4 to _! pres5t location4 ,a c]ta9 am\nt ( "t 0 necess>ily sp5t 9 mak+ ^! *anges ( design1 :i* involv$ a re>rangem5t ( ! :ole lay\t f ! ,t]m9al ,/ation to ! />t ( ! ,riv] ,tunnels4 ,on ,july #e?1 #aijd1 h[ev]1 ! new design 0 =mally approv$4 ,no soon] _h ?is be5 decid$ ?an a /rike arose on ! "w1 & ?is 0 n settl$ until ,augu/ #a/1 #aijd1 b f t "t ! "w progress$ )\t delay4 ,no fur!r ref]5ce w be made to ! "w 9 ! %ield *amb]s1 z t w come "u ! head+ ( ,riv] ,tunnels1 be+ ( ! segm5tal1 ca/-iron l9$ type4 ,a top head+ 0 n[ driv5 ov] ! orig9al bottom head+ we/ ( ! %aft1 & at ! same "t ! orig9al cross-drifts f ! %aft 7 amalgamat$ ) & brok5 d[n by a head+ driv5 at ! cr[n level ( ! ,int]cept+ ,ar* :i* "h cuts across ! ord9>y run ( tunnel at "r angles & af=ds access to ! tunnels f ! %afts4 ,! excavation ( ! upp] portion ( ! int]cept+ ar* at its s\!rn end gave "s tr\ble1 & caus$ "s anxiety1 z ! rock cov] 0 p5etrat$ & ! wet s& & gravel 7 expos$4 ,?is made x necess>y to timb] all ?is section heavily1 & ! tracks ( ! ,new ,york ,c5tral ,railroad directly above 7 successfully support$4 ,! g5]al way 9 :i* ?is timb]+ 0 c>ri$ out w be describ$ "u ! head ( ,timb]+4 ,mean:ile1 ! excavation ( ! tunnels we/ ( ! int]cept+ ar* 0 cont9u$ until ! ,nor? & ,s\? ,tunnels 7 tak5 out to _! full outl9es1 leav+ a core ( rock betwe5 !m4 ,?is core 0 gradually remov$1 & timb]+ support+ ! rock above ! middle wall 0 put 9 z excavation w5t on4 ,! gr\nd1 :i* 0 entirely ( micace\s s*i/1 typical ( ?is "p ( ,manhattan1 seam$ ) ve9s ( granite1 0 r heavy at ! we/ end1 or adjac5t to ! %ield *amb]s1 & requir$ complete segm5tal timb]+ across ! :ole span4 ,"o heavy fall ( rock 9 ! corewall betwe5 ! ,nor? & ,s\? ,tunnels took place on ,novemb] #b;d1 b =tunately did n ext5d beyond ! limits ( ! p]man5t "w4 ,on ,novemb] #g?1 #aijd1 ! excavation ea/ ( ! int]cept+ ar* 0 begun by driv+ a bottom head+ 9 ! ,s\? ,tunnel4 ,?is 0 cont9u$ to ,/ation #aig #ad & !n 0 tak5 up to ! cr[n level & work$ z a top head+ ) ! view ( keep+ track1 by mak+ exploratory bor+s upw>d f ! ro( at frequ5t int]vals1 ( ! rock surface1 :i* 0 "h irregul> & n kn[n ) any degree ( c]ta9ty4 ,! "w 0 n press$ ) any vigor1 because all ef=ts 7 !n be+ b5t t[>d excavat+ f ! ,riv] ,tunnels z mu* rock z possible4 ,9 ,section ,gy-,ea/ ! conditions 7 exceptionally v>iable1 z ! rock 0 subject to sudd5 *anges f a s(t crumbl+ mica s*i/ to broad b&s ( h>d granite1 &1 9 addition1 ! rock surface 0 v irregul>1 &1 = a good l5g? ( ?is section1 0 bel[ ! cr[n ( ! tunnel1 a condition :i* l$ to ! adoption ( ! cut-&-cov] me?od = "p ( ! "w4 ,! irregul>ity 9 conditions call$ = v>y+ me?ods ( proc$ure1 b 9 g5]al ! me?ods 7 z %[n on ,plate ,,xxxiii1 & describ$ z foll[s3 ,9 ,solid ,rock4--,:]e !re 0 pl5ty ( good rock cov]1 a top middle head+ 0 driv51 :i* 0 aft]w>d wid5$ out to ! full cross-section ( ! tw9 tunnel ar*es4 ,if necess>y1 a few l5g?s ( segm5tal timb]+ 7 put 9 be=e tak+ d[n ! b5*1 :i* 0 g5]ally kept "s #dj or #ej ft4 beh9d ! brea/ ( ! head+4 ,aft] ! b5* 0 d[n1 ! middle conduit tr5* 0 excavat$ & ! trimm+ done4 ,9 ,s(t ,rock4--,:]e !re 0 n en\gh rock cov]1 or :]e !re 0 actual s(t gr\nd 9 ! ro(1 wall-plate head+s at ! spr++ l9e level 7 driv5 ahead ( ! rema9d] ( ! "w4 ,! wall-plates 7 laid 9 ^!1 ! ro( 0 tak5 out 9 %ort l5g?s1 & segm5tal timb]+ spann+ f wall-plate to wall-plate 0 put 94 ,! ro( be+ ?us held1 ! b5* excavation proce$$ )\t tr\ble4 ,:]e ! rock 0 p5etrat$ & s(t gr\nd %[$ 9 ! ro(1 pol+ bo>ds 7 driv5 ahead ov] ! cr[n-b>s1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #d4 ,cut-&-,cov] ,"w4--,aft] "s #bbe ft4 _h be5 driv5 f ! int]cept+ ar*1 x 0 f\nd t ! cr[n ( ! tunnel 0 cont9ually 9 s(t gr\nd4 ,to asc]ta9 ! ext5t ( ?is condition ! contractor decid$ to make s\nd+s z f> z ,t5? ,av5ue1 :i* 0 done by s9k+ trial pits & mak+ wa%-bor+s 9 ! /reet4 ,^! s\nd+s %[$ t !re w\ld be s(t gr\nd 9 ! cr[n f ,/ation #aid #ge to ,/ation #aid #be 7at "o po9t to a dep? ( #ab ft4 bel[ ! cr[n71 & on ea* side ( ?is section ! cov] 0 insuffici5t f ,/ation #aic #eh to ,/ation #aie #cj4 ,?is condition be+ kn[n1 x 0 decid$ to adopt cut-&-cov] "w = ?is l5g?1 ! pr9cipal reasons be+ t repairs to sew]s1 /reets1 & dra9s w\ld be no m1 & probably less1 exp5sive ?an ) ! tunnel me?od2 ! und]p9n+ ( a heavy brick brew]y build+ adjo9+ ! works on ! nor? side w\ld be facilitat$1 & ! op5+ 9 ! /reet1 ?r\gh :i* muck & mat]ials c\ld be h&l$1 w\ld relieve ! conge/$ %aft1 ?r\gh :i* ! l>ge volume ( muck f ! ,riv] ,tunnels 0 !n be+ convey$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! cut-&-cov] me?od 0 adv]sely affect$ by ! pres5ce ( a heavy timb] tre/le built d[n ! s\? side ( ! /reet & ov] :i* pass$ all ! excavation f ! ,t]m9al ,/ation1 am\nt+ to a v heavy traffic4 ,z ?is tre/le _h to be support$1 x complicat$ ! situation consid]ably4 ,v little active progress 0 made betwe5 ,june1 #aije1 & ,april1 #aijf1 z ! contractor's en]gies dur+ t "t 7 mu* tak5 up ) ! progress ( ! %ield-driv5 tunnels4 ,9 ,april1 #aijf1 prep>ations 7 made to />t a #ej-;ft4 l5g? ( op5 cut1 rang]s be+ fix$ & %ea?+ driv52 & ! sew] :i* ran d[n ! middle ( ?is /reet 0 div]t$ to ! outside ( ! op5-cut l5g?4 ,april & ,may 7 occupi$ 9 driv+ ! %ea?+ d[n to rock1 support+ ! tre/le1 und]p9n+ ! adjo9+ brew]y1 & excavat+ ! s(t mat]ial above ! rock4 ,on ,june #b;d1 #aijf1 rock 0 rea*$1 &1 by ,july #ca/1 ! excavation 0 d[n to subgrade ov] ne>ly ! :ole #ej ft4 9 ! fir/ l5g?4 ,9 ! meantime ano!r l5g? 0 op5$ up1 & ev5tually a ?ird4 ,! surface ( ! rock n[ seem$ to be ris+1 & ! heavy build+s _h be5 pass$1 s t tunnel+ 0 rev]t$ to = ! re/ ( ! "w1 ?\gh _m difficulties 7 caus$ by s(t rock 9 ! ro( f "t to "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,me?od ,,( ,,driv+ ,,ro( ,,lagg+ ,,9 ,,s(t ,,gr\nd4 ,,fig4 #d4 ,:5 ! excavation = ! op5-cut "w ( ! ,t]m9al ,/ation _h advanc$ to ! l9e ( ,t5? ,av5ue1 ! contractor />t$ a head+ f ?is po9t & drove we/w>d "u ,t5? ,av5ue until ! head+s driv5 ea/w>d f ! cut-&-cov] portion1 7 met4 ,?is 0 done to exp$ite ! "w "u ,t5? ,av5ue1 :]e ! gr\nd 0 n v good1 :]e !re 7 sev]al important gas & wat] ma9s 9 ! /reet1 & :]e1 moreov]1 ! tunnels 7 ( exceptionally l>ge span 7#bd ft4 #f 9471 mak+ a total wid? ( "s #fj ft4 = ! excavation4 ,! excavation = ! ,new ,york ,tunnels 0 practically f9i%$ 9 ,janu>y1 #aijh4 ,drill+ & ,bla/+4--,! =ego+ %ort description w s]ve to %[ 9 a g5]al way ! s*eme adopt$ 9 mak+ ! excavation4 ,a few details on drill+ & bla/+ me?ods may n be out ( place4 ,p]cussive drills run by air pressure 7 us$4 ,!y 7 ,+]soll-,s]geant1 ,nos4 #c1 ,a-#hf1 ,c-#bd1 & ,f-#bd4 ,! air came f ! high-pressure compressor previ\sly describ$4 ,?is compressor1 )\t assi/ance1 c\ld supply air = n9e drills1 b1 :5 f$ by compress$ air f ! l[] pressure1 its capacity 0 increas$ ?ree or f\r times4 ,! air 0 compress$ to #ajj lb4 p] sq4 94 9 ! p[]-h\se1 & 0 deliv]$ at ab\t #hj lb4 p] sq4 94 at ! drills4 ,a #c-;94 air l9e 0 us$4 ,! drill /eel 0 #a-a_/h-to #a-c_/h-;94 octagonal4 ,! holes 7 ab\t #c 94 9 diamet] at />t+ & #b-e_/h 94 at ! full dep? ( #aj ft4 ,! p[d] us$ on ! ,new ,york side 0 #dj ,=cite1 ! ne> pres5ce ( heavy build+s & lack ( mu* rock cov] necessitat+ light *>ges & _m holes spac$ close toge!r4 ,to comp5sate ! contractor = ! inevitable excavation done outside ! neat l9es ( ! masonry l9+1 ! excavation 0 paid = to ! ,/&>d ,section ,l9e :i* 0 #ab 94 outside ! neat l9es on top & sides & #f 94 outside at ! bottom ( ! cross-section4 ,! actual am\nt ( excavation done 0 ab\t #aa great] ?an t paid =4 ,! di/ance excavat$ beyond ! neat l9e1 because ( ! v heavy timb]+ necess>y1 0 ab\t #b4a ft4 in/ead ( ! #a ft4 all[$1 & at ! bottom ab\t #j4he ft4 in/ead ( ! #j4ej ft4 paid =4 ,= a p]iod ( #e mon?s detail$ records 7 kept ( ! drill+ & bla/+4 ,ab\t #ab1ijj cu4 yd4 ( excavation are includ$4 ,a sket* & table %[+ ! me?od ( driv+ ! head+1 ! numb] & location ( ! holes drill$1 & ! am\nt ( p[d] us$1 is giv5 9 ,fig4 #e4 ,f ?is & simil> figures ! in=mation 9 ,table #e is d]iv$4 ,,table #e4 ,,feet ,,( ,,hole ,,p\nds ,,( ,,p[d] ,,drill$ ,,p] ,,cubic ,,y>d ,,us$ ,,p] ,,cubic ,,y>d ,,( ,,excavation4 ,,( ,,excavation4 ---------------------------------------- ,portion ( excavation4 #ae-;ft4 #ai-;ft4 #bd-;ft4 #d-;94 #f-;94 #f-;94 #ae-;ft4#ai-;ft4 #bd-;ft4 span-- span-- span-- #d-;94 #f-;94 #f-;94 tw9 tw9 tw9 tunnel4tunnel4tunnel4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,wall-plate head+,c #ac4j #aj4ig #aj4ig #c4gg #b4he #b4he ,total head+,c #g4hg #h4ag #g4ha #b4ca #b4jb #a4gh ,b5* & rak] b5*,c #e4ig #f4ae #g4ef #j4id #j4ic #a4ac ,tr5*,c #i4hb #ae4if #ah4aj #a4hd #b4di #b4gc ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,av]age = section,c #f4fi #g4dc #h4ie #a4bh #a4cj #a4de ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,actual am\nt,d #f4hb #g4bg #h4ie #a4bb #a4bd #a4bg ,c ,figures tak5 f typical cross-sections4 ,d ,?is gives ! actual am\nt ( drill+ done & p[d] us$ p] cubic y>d = ! :ole p]iod ( #e mon?s ( obs]vation1 b z ?is l5g? includ$ #bhj ft4 ( head+ & only #bbj ft4 ( b5*1 ! av]age figures 7= p[d] especially7 are too l[4 ,table #f gives ! rate & co/ ( drill+1 & ! co/ ( p[d]4 ,x w be se5 t ! av]age rate ( drill+ 0 #b4ga ft4 p] h\r p] drill or #bg4a ft4 p] drill p] %ift4 ,table #g %[s ! result ( obs]vation z to ! "t tak5 9 v>i\s subdivisions ( ! drill+ op]ations4 ,^! obs]vations 7 n c>ri$ on = a long en\gh p]iod to give correct results1 b ! p]c5tages ( "t sp5t on ea* division ( ! op]ation are believ$ to be ab\t "r4 ,! head+s ( ?is table are self-explanatory4 ,! necess>y delays include all "t sp5t 9 *ang+ bits1 mak+ air-l9e connections1 etc4 ,! unnecess>y delays are /oppages caus$ by lack ( supplies or insuffici5t air pressure4 ,by ,table #f x w be notic$ t ! co/ ( labor = drill+ & %>p5+ /eels 0 ab\t #j4bi p] l94 ft4 ( hole drill$4 ,! total co/1 includ+ repairs1 supply ( air1 etc41 came to ab\t #j4ch1 z w be se5 f ,table #h4 ,timb]+4--,on ! ,new ,york side ne>ly ! :ole l5g? ( ! excavation ne$$ timb]+1 to a great] or less ext5t1 & = ! mo/ "p requir$ timb]+ ( q a heavy type4 ,,table #f4--,,rock ,,tunnel ,,excavation ,,"u #cb;,d ,,/reet1 ,,ea/ ,,( ,,cut-,,&-,,cov] ,,section4 ,,drill+ ,,& ,,bla/+4--,,detail$ ,,co/ ,,( ,,labor ,,9 ,,drill+1 ,,also ,,quantity ,,& ,,co/ ,,( ,,p[d] ,,us$4 ,,drill+ ,,& ,,bla/+4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,type4,date4,total feet drill$4 ,no4 drill %ifts ,feet drill$ ( 7#aj-;h\r47 p] man p] h\r4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- #aijg ,head- ,b5* ,total ,head-,b5*,total ,head-,b5*,total + + + ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,ke4,may #b1iga #e1egh #h1edi #ih #bjd #cjb #c4jcab4gcdb4hca ,june #b1jic #f1aid #h1bhg #he #bbc #cjh #b4dfbb4gggb4fia ,july #g1fbg #g1fbg #bfh #bfh #b4hdeb4hde ,aug4 #b1eeb #b1eeb #ie #ie #b4fhhb4fhh ,sept4 #b1acc #b1acc #gi #gi #b4gjjb4gjj ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,total #e1jfdbd1jhdbi1adh #ahc #hfi #a1jeb #b4gfgb4gg #b4gg ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,ki4,may #f1igf #f1igf #baf #baf #c4bbi #c4bbi ,june #d1jhi #d1jhi #ace #ace #c4jbi #c4jbi ,july #c1gcc #c1gcc #adj #adj #b4fffb4fff ,aug4 #f1gae #f1gae #bdi #bdi #b4gfib4gfi ,e/im #ad1gdbad1gdb #df #edf #b4gjjb4gjj ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,total#aa1jfebe1aijcf1bee #cea #icea1bhf #c4aebb4fidb4hai ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,ko4,may #a1fag #a1fag #ee #ee #b4ibab4iba ,june #b1idh #b1idh #ajg #ajg #b4geeb4gee ,july #c1gcd #c1gcd #aca #aca #b4hejb4hej ,aug4 #h1bfj #h1bfj #bij #bij #b4hdhb4hdh ,e/im #d1ghg #d1ghg #bhe #bhe #a4ahja4fhj ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,total #ba1cdfba1cdf #hfh #hfh #b4dfjb4dfj ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,gr&,total#af1abigj1fbjhf1gdi #ecd #b1fgbc1bjf #c4jbjb4gajb4gaj ,,drill+ ,,& ,,bla/+ ,,p[d] ,,us$4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,co/ ( labor only4 ,drill+ & %>p5+4 ----------------------- ,p] ,co/ cubic p] y>d4 cubic y>d at #aa c5ts p] p\nd4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,type4 ,quantity ,total4 ,p] ,actual4,paid ,total ,actual4,paid ( l9e> = ,quantity =4 excavation feet4 9 cubic y>ds4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,actual4 ,paid ,p\nds4 ,e = ,f ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,ke4 #a1gcf #a1ffd #b1cca #j4bg #a4cd #a4dj #a1eie #j4aj #j4aj #hji #fih #b1ddj #j4bi #c4ja #c4di #a1ifj #j4bg #j4ca #a1jbb #ifj #b1jca #j4bf #a4ih #b4aa #iff #j4aj #j4aa #gdc #gaf #fdj #j4be #j4hf #j4hi #dcj #j4jf #j4jg #bch #bch #ecc #j4be #b4bd #b4bd #bhj #j4ac #j4ac ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #d1edh #d1bgf #g1ige #j4bg #a4ge #a4hg #e1bca #j4ac #j4ac ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,ki4 #fad #ebg #a1fjd #j4bc #b4fa #c4jd #a1bcj #j4bb #j4bf #ceg #bei #a1bcd #j4cj #c4de #d4gf #a1jcf #j4cb #j4dd #ecj #djd #a1jhd #j4bi #b4jd #b4fh #eej #j4aa #j4ae #ibe #hij #a1ija #j4bh #b4je #b4ac #ije #j4aj #j4aa #c1bed #b1ijh #d1egj #j4ca #a4dj #a4eg #b1dgj #j4jh #j4ji ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #e1fhj #d1ihhaj1cic #j4bi #a4hc #b4jh #f1aia #j4ab #j4ad ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,ko4 #bej #ahh #dga #j4bi #a4hh #b4ej #cgf #j4ag #j4bb #dif #cdg #hhc #j4bi #a4gh #b4ed #ceg #j4jh #j4aa #fbf #fjf #a1jjc #j4bg #a4fj #a4fe #fji #j4aa #j4aa #gah #gji #b1afa #j4bf #c4jj #c4jd #iah #j4ad #j4ad #fje #ece #b1cig #j4ej #c4if #d4dh #gfb #j4ad #j4af ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #b1fie #b1che #f1iae #j4cb #b4eg #b4ij #c1jbb #j4ab #j4ad ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #ab1ibc #aa1fdibe1bhc #j4bi #a4if #b4agad1ddd #j4ab #j4ad ,! "w done dur+ ! #e mon?s :5 ^! analyz$ co/ figures 7 kept includes #bhj ft4 ( b5* & #bbj ft4 ( head+4 ,?is excess ( b5* ov] head+ causes ! g5]al av]age am\nts p] cubic y>d to be too l[4 ,e ,actual am\nt ( excavation4 ,f ,am\nt ( excavation paid =4 ,illu/ration3 #bd' #f ,,span ,,tw9 ,,tunnels ,,details ,,( ,,me?od ,,( ,,drill+ ,,& ,,bla/+ ,,9 ,a ,,typical 7,,n ,,exact ,,av]age7 ,,section ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,drill+ & ,fir+ ,data = ,ea* ,sub-division ( ,section ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,sub ,volume ,no4 ( ,no4 ,no4 ,total ,l9e> ,total divisions( ea* sets ( ( ( lbs4 feet l5g? sub- holes holestimes ( ( drill$ division 9 fir$p[d]tunnel paid = set p] brok5 hole fir$ ---------------------------------------- -------------- a b c d e f g h ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,a #ag4gge ,g #a #f #c #d4ej ,h #a #i #a #a4ej ,i #a #f #a #a4jj ,j #a #f #a #j4ge #f4j #aie ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,a' #a4jj #b #c-d #a #j4be #e4j #ba ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,b #e4ibe ,g #b #c-d #a #a4jj #d4j #ce ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,c ,k #a #c #b #a4abe #cc4cc #d #g #a #a4abe #e4j #ahf ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,d #f4ffe #b #e-f #a #j4ge #c4j #cc ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,e #ej4jj #e #a #a4ej #e4j #dje ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,f #hh4hh #aj4e #d #b #a4ej ,l #e4j #d #a #a4ej #d4j #fhb ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,g #bb4bb #e4e #d #b #a4jj #e4j #acb ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,h #i4gg #e #c #a #j4ej #d #f #a #j4ej #f4j #aef ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,i #bf4ff #h #e #a #a4jj #f4j #beb ---------------------------------------- -------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,drill+ & ,fir+ ,data = ,total ,sections ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,sub ,total ,l5g? ,cu4 ,cu4 ,total ,total ,total divisionsl5g?drill$ yds4 yds4 lbs4 ( lbs4 ( lbs4 ( p] p] p] p[d] p[d] ( simi- l9e> l9e>l9e> p] p] p[d] l> foot ( foot foot l9e> foot p] head- tunnel ( ( foot ( drill$cubic +s tunneltunnel tunnel y>d ---------------------------------------- ---------------- a i j k l m n o ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,a ,sigma c d b i j c d f m m ----- ------ --- ----- --- --- g g k g j k #b #fe4jj #e4ibeaj4ig #ag4jj #j4bfa #b4hdh ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,a' #b #h4dj #j4djjba4jj #j4gj #j4aff #a4gej ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,b #b #ag4ej #b4ifb #e4ij #c4ej #j4bjj #a4aha ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,c #a #cg4bj #f4fff #e4eh #f4ige #j4ahg #a4jdf ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,d #b #bb4jj #d4ddd #d4ie #e4ejj #j4bej #a4bcg ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,total = #aej4aj #bj4cig #g4ha #cc4fge #j4bbg #a4ggh ,head+ ,e #a #ha4jj #aj4jjj #h4aj #ac4ejj #j4afg #a4cej ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,f #a #agj4ej #bb4bbb #g4fg #bc4bcj #j4acf #a4jdf ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,g #a #bf4dj #d4ddd #e4id #d4djj #j4aff #j4iij ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,total = #bgg4ij #cf4fff #g4ef #da4aej #j4aej #a4acc ,b5* ,h #a #bf4jj #a4fbhae4if #c4bej #j4abe #a4iie ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,i #b #hd4jj #d4dddah4ij #ac4ccc #j4aeh #c4jjj ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,total ( #aaj4jj #f4jgbah4aj #af4ehc #j4aea #b4gca ,tr5* ,total = #edh4jj #fc4ace #h4ie #ia4djh #j4agb #a4ddf ,:ole ,section ,p[d] tak5 at #j4e lb4 p] /ick ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,g #f ,cut ,holes-#h feet 7,black circle7 ,h #i ,fir/ ,side ,rd4 & ,bottom-#g feet 7,circle ) dot 9 x7 ,i #f ,back ,r\nd-#g feet 7,circle ) l9e 9 x7 ,j #f ,top ,back ,r\nd-#g feet 7,circle ) x 9 x7 ,k ,a' #g ,holes-#c feet 7,op5 circle7 ,l l9e holes 7,plus sign7 ,,table #g4--;,analysis ( ,drill+ ,"t on ,section ,gy-,ea/4 ,,av]age ,,"t ,,tak53 ,position,nature ,no4 ( ---------------------------------------- 9 ( ,drill ,section4,rock4 ,%ifts ,set- ,dril-,neces- ,unneces- ,tak+ ,load+ obs]v$t+ l+4 s>y s>y d[n & = up4 delays4delays4 ma*9e4fir+4 av]age4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- h4 m4h4 m4 h4 m4 h4 m4 h4 m4 h4 m4 ---------------------------------------- ,head+ ,qu>tz #h #j3ch #d3eb #a3dj #j3je #j3jd ,head+ ,h>d #a #j3ae #h3jj #a3de mica s*i/ ,b5* ,qu>tz #bc #a3bc #e3eg #b3bc #j3je #j3je #j3jg ,b5* ,m$ium #af #a3aj #f3jh #a3ej #j3ab #j3jg #j3jg mica s*i/ ,c5t] ,m$ium #aj #j3eh #e3ec #a3cc #j3jf #j3ab #j3cj tr5* mica s*i/ ,c5t] ,s(t #i #a3aj #f3dj #a3ag #j3aj #j3bj #j3bc tr5* mica s*i/ ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,g5]al #fg #a3jh #e3eh #a3ec #j3jg #j3ji #j3ab av]age ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,p]- #aa4cei4g #ah4i #a4a #a4e #b c5tage ,,av]age ,,"t ,,tak53 ,,feet ,,drill$4 ,position,nature------------------------ ------------- 9 ( ,section4,rock4 ,total ,muck+4,total4 ,p] ,p] drill+4 %ift4work+ h\r4 ---------------------------------------- ----------- h4 m4 h4 m4 h4 m4 ------------------------------------- ,head+ ,qu>tz #g3ai #b3da #aj3jj #bb4j #b4hf ,head+ ,h>d #aj3jj #aj3jj #db4j #d4bj mica s*i/ ,b5* ,qu>tz #aj3jj #aj3jj #be4i #b4ei ,b5* ,m$ium #i3cd #j3bf #aj3jj #bb4bb #b4cb mica s*i/ ,c5t] ,m$ium #i3ab #j3dh #aj3jj #bb4j #b4ci tr5* mica s*i/ ,c5t] ,s(t #aj3jj #aj3jj #bf4dd #b4fd tr5* mica s*i/ ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,g5]al #i3bg #j3cc #aj3jj #bd4a #b4ed av]age ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,p]- #id4e #e4e #ajj c5tage ,,table #h4--;,,analyz$ ,,co/ ,,( ,,drill+4 ,,co/ ,,p] ,,foot ,,( ,,hole ,,co/ ,,p] ,,drill ,,%ift ,item ( ,co/4 ,,drill$4 ---------------------------------------- -------- #ae ft #i ft#bd ft,av]age#ae ft#ai ft #bd ft ,av]age #d 9 #f 9 #f 9 #d 9 #f 9 #f 9 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,drill+ #j4be #j4bhj4ca #j4bh #f4ie #g4ge #g4fj #g4de labor ,%>p5+ #j4jb #j4jb #j4ja #j4jaf #j4eh #j4db #j4cd #j4dc ,drill /eel #j4jjgj4jjgj4jjf #j4jjg #j4ai #j4bj #j4ae #j4ai 7#e 94 p] drill %ift7 ,drill repairs #j4jb #j4jb #j4jb #j4jb #j4fa #j4ei #j4db #j4ed ,high-pressure,m#j4je #j4jd #j4jg #j4jg #a4ci #a4hf #a4fg #a4hb air ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,totals #j4ce #j4chj4da #j4chei4fgaj4hbaj4ahaj4dc ,m ,?is is an e/imat$ figure1 asc]ta9$ by tak+ a proportion ( ! :ole *>ge = plant runn+4 ,g5]al ,me?ods4--,:5ev] any consid]able support 0 ne$$ = ! gr\nd1 segm5tal timb]+ 0 us$4 ,9 mo/ cases1 ?is 0 support$ by wall-plates at ! spr++ l9e1 & 0 set ) an all[ance = settlem5t1 s t x w\ld be cle> ( ! "w :5 ! masonry l9+ 0 put 94 ,z ! tw9-tunnel section involv$ ! excavation ( ! ,nor? & ,s\? ,tunnels at ! same "t1 ! cross-section ( ! upp] "p ( ! excavation consi/$ ( two quadrants ris+ f ! spr++ l9e & connect$ at ! top by a horizontal piece f #ai to #bh ft4 9 l5g?4 ,?is made a r flat ar* to support by timb]+4 ,! timb] = ! segm5tal "w 0 #ab by #ab-;94 yell[ p9e4 ,9 light gr\nd ! b5ts 7 spac$ at #e-;ft4 c5t]s1 9 heavy gr\nd #b-;ft4 #f-;94 c5t]s4 ,:5 ! s(t gr\nd 9 ! ro( 0 /ruck1 po/s _h to be us$ 9 ! head+ to support ! caps4 ,:5 ! b5* 0 remov$1 ! po/s 7 replac$ by o!rs d[n to ! bottom ( ! excavation4 ,^! long po/s 7 a great h9drance to all ! "w1 & ea* replacem5t ( %ort po/s by long ones meant a settlem5t ( ! caps2 consequ5tly1 x 0 decid$ to use 9 ! section ea/ ( ! cut-&-cov]1 :]e all ! gr\nd 0 heavy1 a tempor>y inn] b5t ( segm5tal timb]1 )9 & re9=c+ ! p]man5t b5t1 & re/+ on sep>ate wall-plates4 ,?is is %[n by ,fig4 #f4 ,^! tempor>y b5ts 7 inside ! "w1 & 7 remov$ z ! ar* 0 built4 ,h[ev]1 ! caps settl$ consid]ably 9 "s cases1 s t x 0 n possible to d away ) po/+ entirely4 ,9 heavy gr\nd ! caps 7 set ab\t #a ft4 above ! neat l9e ( ! cr[n ( ! brick ar*1 9 "s cases !y 7 set only #f 94 above1 b ! settlem5t 0 (t5 m ?an ?is1 caus+ great tr\ble 9 cutt+ out ! encroa*+ timb] :5 ! ar* _h to be built4 ,illu/ration3 ,,details ,,( ,,longitud9al ,,sectional ,,%[+ ,,me?od ,,( ,,plac+ ,,lagg+ ,,9 ,,cr[n ,,) ,,s(t ,,ro( ,,typical ,,section ,,look+ ,,ea/ ,,fig4 #f4 ,9 ! tunnels ea/ ( ! cut-&-cov] portion1 wall-plate head+s 7 driv5 7%[n by areas m>k$ ,a on ,fig4 #e71 &1 :5 a l5g? ( wall-plate _h be5 set1 ! full-wid? head+ 0 advanc$ a foot or two at a "t1 ! timb] segm5tal b5ts be+ set up z soon z possible2 lagg+ 0 !n driv5 ov] ! cap into ! s(t gr\nd4 ,fig4 #f %[s ! d\ble set ( segm5tal b5ts adopt$ 9 ! #ae-;ft4 #d-;94 tw9 tunnels ea/ ( ! cut-&-cov] section4 ,:5 ! s(t gr\nd came d[n s l[ z to int]f]e ) ! excavation ( ! wall-plate head+s1 a small head+ 0 driv5 into ! s(t gr\nd on ! l9e ( ! ends ( ! caps1 & lagg+ 0 driv5 d[n f ?is to ! wall-plate head+1 z illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #d4 ,9 ! #ai-;ft4 #f-;94 tunnels ! wall-plate = ! inn] b5t 0 support$ by a side-b5*1 t]m$ ! ,rak] b5*4 ,?is 0 left 9 position until ! re/ ( ! b5* & ! middle subgrade conduit tr5* _h be5 excavat$2 x 0 !n possible to support ! caps by two r[s ( po/s f subgrade level1 take out ! inn] b5ts1 & excavate ! rak] b5*4 ,! #bd-;ft4 #f-;94 tw9 tunnels1 :i* are at ! extreme ea/]n end ( ?is section1 adjo9+ ! op5-cut "w ( ! ,t]m9al ,/ation1 & "u ,t5? ,av5ue1 7 driv5 f ! ,t]m9al ,/ation-,we/1 & ! timb]+ _h to be made v secure on acc\nt ( ! pipes & sew]s 9 ! /reet above4 ,detail$ records 7 kept ( ! am\nt ( timb] us$ & ! co/ ( labor & mat]ial exp5d$ 9 timb]+4 ,^! records cov] ! same portion ( tunnel z t = :i* ! detail$ records ( drill+ co/s1 previ\sly ref]r$ to1 7 kept4 ,^! records are %[n 9 ,tables #i & #aj4 ,x w be not$ t ! timb] us$ 9 block+1 t is1 fill+ up voids outside ! ma9 timb]+1 am\nt$ to m ?an two-?irds ( ! total timb]1 & t ! co/ ( labor 9 erect+ ! timb]+ exce$s ! prime co/ ( ! timb] by ab\t "o-?ird4 ,! foll[+ di/9ction is made betwe5 p]man5t & tempor>y timb]+3 ,! p]man5t timb]+ is t :i* is concret$ 9 :5 ! masonry is built2 ! tempor>y consi/s ( ! l[] b5ts & po/s1 :i* h to be remov$ :5 ! masonry is built4 ,=ce ,employ$ 9 ,excavation4--,a typical day's work+ =ce = drill+1 bla/+1 muck+1 & timb]+ is %[n 9 ,table #aa4 ,:]e !re 0 any l>ge quantity ( s(t gr\nd 9 ! ro(1 ! timb] gang 0 mu* l>g] ?an %[n 9 ,table #aa1 & 0 help$ by ! muck+ gang4 ,! drill]s did mo/ ( ! muck+ out ( ! head+ be=e sett+ up ! drills4 ,excavation ( ,weehawk5 ,rock ,tunnels4--,?is subject may be dismiss$ 9 a few words1 z v few features ( int]e/ 7 call$ into play4 ,! rock 0 ( good quality1 be+ ! s&/one typical ( ?is "p ( ! c\ntry4 ,little or no timb]+ 0 ne$$1 !re 7 no build+s above ! tunnel to be tak5 c>e (1 & l>ge *>ges ( p[d] c\ld be us$4 ,,table #i4--,,supplem5t>y ,,analysis ,,( ,,timb]+1 ,,rock ,,tunnel ,,excavation ,,"u #cb;,d ,,/reet1 ,,ea/ ,,( ,,cut-,,&-,,cov] ,,section4 ,,analyz$ ,,co/ ,,( ,,timb]+1 ,,p] ,,foot ,,run ,,& ,,p] ,,b5t4 ,ke ------------------------------ ,p] foot,p] b5t1 ,p] cubic run ( #c ft1 #f 941y>d tunnel c5t] to excavation c5t] ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,,p]man5t ,,timb]+4 ,lumb] 9 feet1 ,b4 ,m4 ,upp] ,b5t4 #bgd #fhe #g4h ,block+4 #bid #gce #h4c ,total4 #efh #a1dbj #af4a ,co/1 9 doll>s4 ,lumb]4 #bc4ge #ei4ch #j4fg ,labor4 #cg4ej #ic4ge #a4jf ,total4 #fa4be #aec4ac #a4gc ,,tempor>y ,,timb]+4 ,lumb] 9 feet1 ,b4 ,m4 ,l[] ,b5t4 #dgi #aa4ig #ac4f ,block+4 #aic #dhc #e4e ,total4 #fgb #af4hj #ai4a ,co/1 9 doll>s4 ,lumb]4 #bi4ac #gb4ha #j4hb ,erection labor4 #bh4he #gb4ac #j4hb ,removal labor4 #h4bi #bj4gc #j4bc ,total labor4 #cg4ad #ib4hf #a4je ,total4 #ff4bg #afe4fg #a4hg ,,gr& ,,total4 ,lumb] 9 feet1 ,b4 ,m4 #a1bdj #c1ajj #ce4b ,co/1 9 doll>s4 ,lumb]4 #eb4hh #acb4ai #a4di ,labor4 #gd4fd #ahf4fa #c4fj ,total4 #abg4eb #cah4hj ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,ki ------------------------------ ,p] foot,p] b5t1 ,p] cubic run ( #c ft1 #f 941y>d tunnel c5t] to excavation c5t] ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,,p]man5t ,,timb]+4 ,lumb] 9 feet1 ,b4 ,m4 ,upp] ,b5t4 #bbg #hcj #e4c ,block+4 #afd #fja #c4h ,total4 #cia #a1dca #i4a ,co/1 9 doll>s4 ,lumb]4 #af4hd #fa4ef #j4ci ,labor4 #ab4hb #df4hh #j4cj ,total4 #bi4ff #ajh4dd #j4fi ,,tempor>y ,,timb]+4 ,lumb] 9 feet1 ,b4 ,m4 ,l[] ,b5t4 #ahf4cc #fha4be #d4cc ,block+4 #db4hj #aef4ej #j4ii ,total4 #bbi4ac #hcg4ge #e4cb ,co/1 9 doll>s4 ,lumb]4 #i4fe #ce4ca #j4bb ,erection labor4 #aj4ch #cg4ig #j4bd ,removal labor4 #i4gd #cd4ji #j4bc ,total labor4 #bj4ab #gb4jf #j4dg ,total4 #bi4gg #ajg4cg #j4fi ,,gr& ,,total4 ,lumb] 9 feet1 ,b4 ,m4 #f4bj #bb4fi #ad4d ,co/1 9 doll>s4 ,lumb]4 #bf4di #if4hg #j4fa ,labor4 #cb4id #aah4id #j4gg ,total4 #ei4dc #bae4ha #a4ch ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,ko ------------------------------ ,p] foot,p] b5t1 ,p] cubic run ( #c ft1 #f 941y>d tunnel c5t] to excavation c5t] ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,,p]man5t ,,timb]+4 ,lumb] 9 feet1 ,b4 ,m4 ,upp] ,b5t4 #bfa #ifb #d4a ,block+4 #djh #a1ejh #f4e ,total4 #ffi #bd4gj #aj4e ,co/1 9 doll>s4 ,lumb]4 #bh4jj #ajc4ch #j4dd ,labor4 #bi4gi #aaj4jj #j4dg ,total4 #eg4gi #bac4ch #j4ia ,,tempor>y ,,timb]+4 ,lumb] 9 feet1 ,b4 ,m4 ,l[] ,b5t4 #cej #a1bia #e4e ,block+4 #fa #bbg #a4j ,total4 #daa #a1eah #f4e ,co/1 9 doll>s4 ,lumb]4 #ah4de #fh4af #j4bi ,erection labor4 #bj4hc #gf4ib #j4cc ,removal labor4 #ab4af #dd4ei #j4ai ,total labor4 #cb4ii #aba4ea #j4eb ,total4 #ea4dd #ahi4fg #j4ha ,,gr& ,,total4 ,lumb] 9 feet1 ,b4 ,m4 #a1jhj #c1ihh #ag4a ,co/1 9 doll>s4 ,lumb]4 #df4de #aga4ed #j4gc ,labor4 #fb4gh #bca4ej #j4ii ,total4 #aji4bc #djc4jd #a4gb ,,table #aj4--,,timb]+3--,,detail$ ,,co/ ,,( ,,timb]1 ,,labor1 ,,& ,,sup]9t5d5ce4 ,,rock ,,tunnel ,,excavation ,,"u #cb;,d ,,/reet1 ,,ea/ ,,( ,,cut-,,&-,,cov] ,,section4 ,,excavation ,,timb] ,,us$1 ,,9 ,,9 ,,cubic ,,co/ ,,( ,,feet1 ,b4 ,m4 ,,y>ds ,,timb] ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,ma9 ,block+ ,total ,paid ,date timb]4timb]4 timb]4,actual =4 ,ma9 ,block4,total4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #aijg a b c d e f g h ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,ke,may #ah1jaf #ae1bcd #cc1bej #a1gcf #a1ffd #haj #efea1cge ,june #ad1jdh #aa1ebh #be1egf #hji #fih #fhj #deg #a1jhg ,july #bj1jib #g1cci #bg1dca #a1jbb #ifj #ijj #cjj #a1bjj ,augu/ #f1dhe #b1fcb #i1aag #gdc #gaf #bij #aaj #djj ,sept4 #a1fcb #b1bbd #c1hef #bch #bch #gc #id #afg ,removal ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,total #fj1bgc #ch1ieg #ii1bcj #d1edh #d1bgfb1gjca1ebfd1bbi ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,ki,may #c1ecg #c1ecg #fad #ebg #aej #aej ,june #cjj #cjj #ceg #bei #ad #ad ,july #g1ggf #e1haa #ac1ehg #ecj #djd #cej #bcc #ehc ,augu/ #ai1gab #e1gjb #be1dad #ibe #hij #hhg #bbj #a1ajg ,sept4 #bj1eef #i1bah #bi1ggd #a1ehe #a1eja #ibe #cbe #a1bej ,removal #a1ffi #a1djg ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,total #dh1cdd #bd1bfh #gb1fab #e1fhj #d1ihhb1agf #ibhc1ajd ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,ko,may #d1ccb #h1ghh #ac1abj #bej #ahh #age #cff #efa ,june #g1acb #aj1jag #ag1adi #dif #cdg #cbd #cif #gbj ,july #c1jgj #bjj #c1bgj #fbf #fjf #acd #aj #add ,augu/ #aj1gjd #b1ajb #ab1hjf #gah #gji #dha #hj #efa ,sept4 #b1djj #bde #b1fde #cif #cbd #ajh #h #aaf ,removal #bji #baa ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,total #bg1fch #ba1ceb #dh1iij #b1fie #b1chea1bdb #hfjb1ajb ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,gr& #acf1bee #hd1egg #bbj1hcbab1ibcaa1fdif1abac1cadi1dce total ,,co/ ,,p] ,,co/ ,,p] ,,cubic ,,y>d ,,cubic ,,y>d ,,co/ ,,( ,,total 7,,actual74 7,,paid ,,=74 ,labor ,co/4 ------------------------------------- ,,date ,timb]4,labor4 ,total4,timb]4,labor,total ---------------------------------------- ------------------ h i j h i j --- --- --- --- --- --- #aijg i j d d d e e e ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,ke,may #a1gib #c1afg #j4gi #a4jc #a4hb #j4hb #a4jga4ij ,june #a1egf #b1ffc #a4cd #a4ie #c4bi #a4ee #b4be #c4ha ,july #a1ehj #b1ghj #a4af #a4ee #b4gb #a4be #a4fd #b4hi ,augu/ #cjj #gjj #j4ec #j4dj #j4id #j4eg #j4da #j4ih ,sept4 #fj #bbg #j4gj #j4be #j4ie #j4gj #j4be #j4ie ,removal #ffc #ffc ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,total #e1igaaj1bjj #j4ia #a4ea #b4bb #a4jj #a4djb4dj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,ki,may #ajj #bej #j4bd #j4af #j4dj #j4bh #j4aij4dg ,june #dd #eh #j4jd #j4ab #j4af #j4je #j4ag #j4bb ,july #ebe #g1ajh #a4aj #j4ii #b4ji #a4dd #a4cj #b4gd ,augu/ #a1jah #b1abe #a4bj #a4aj #b4cj #a4bd #a4ad #b4ch ,sept4 #a1jbh #b1bgh #j4gi #j4fe #a4dd #j4hc #j4fh #a4ea ,removal #a1aci #a1aci #j4fh #j4fh #j4ha #j4ha ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,total #c1hed #f1ieh #j4ee #j4fh #a4bc #j4fc #j4gga4dj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,ko,may #cjc #hfd #b4bd #a4ba #c4de #c4jj #a4fad4fa ,june #efb #a1bhb #a4de #a4ah #b4eh #b4jg #a4fa #c4fh ,july #aef #cjj #j4bc #j4be #j4dh #j4bc #j4bf #j4di ,augu/ #gbg #a1bhh #j4gh #a4ja #a4gi #j4hj #a4jb #a4hb ,sept4 #djj #eaf #j4bi #a4ja #a4cj #j4cf #a4bc #a4ei ,removal #ece #ece #b4ef #b4ef #b4ed #b4ed ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,total #b1fhc #d1ghe #j4gh #a4jj #a4gh #j4hh #a4abb4jj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,gr& #ab1ejhba1idc #j4gc #j4ig #a4gj #j4ha #a4jga4hh total ,,co/1 ,,p] #a1jjj ,,ft41 ,b4 ,m41 ,,( ,,total ,,timb]4 -------------------- ,total ,date timb]4,labor4,total4 ------------------------------- h i j --- --- --- #aijg c c c ----------------------------------- ,ke,may #da4ce #ec4hi #ie4bd ,june #db4ej #fa4fb #ajd4ab ,july #dc4gd #eg4fj #aja4cd ,augu/ #dc4hg #cb4ij #gf4gg ,sept4 #dc4ca #ae4ef #eh4hg ,removal ------------------------------- ,total #db4fb #fj4aiajb4ha ----------------------------------- ,ki,may #db4da #bh4bg #gj4fh ,june #df4ff #adf4cc #aic4cc ,july #db4ia #ch4fd #ha4ed ,augu/ #dc4ef #dj4jf #hc4fa ,sept4 #da4ih #cd4ec #gf4ea ,removal ------------------------------- ,total #db4ge #ec4ji #ie4hd ----------------------------------- ,ko,may #db4gf #bc4aj #fe4hf ,june #da4ih #cb4gg #gd4ge ,july #dd4jd #dg4gj #ia4gd ,augu/ #dc4hj #ef4gg #ajj4eg ,sept4 #dc4he #aea4bc #aie4jh ,removal ------------------------------- ,total #db4ia #ed4ge #ig4fe ----------------------------------- ,gr& total#db4gc #ef4fe #ii4ch ,"w 0 begun on ,septemb] #a/1 #aijd1 imm$iately on ! completion ( ! "w on ! %aft4 ,! ,nor? & ,s\? ,tunnels 9 ?is case are completely indep5d5t1 z w be se5 f ,plate ,,xxxiv4 ,! proc$ure adopt$ 0 to drive a top head+ on ! c5t] l9e ( ea* tunnel & to break d[n ! b5* f ?is4 ,! drill+ 0 at fir/ suppli$ ) /eam p[] f a tempor>y plant1 z ! contractor 0 at t "t in/all+ 8 p]man5t plant1 :i* 0 f9i%$ at ! end ( ,novemb]1 #aijd4 ,at ?is "t ! rate ( advance av]ag$ #c l94 ft4 ( full section p] day ( #bd h\rs4 ,by ! end ( ,janu>y ! ,weehawk5 rock tunnels 7 completely excavat$1 & by ! middle ( ,april1 #aije1 ! excavation = ! %ield *amb]s 0 f9i%$2 ! erection ( ! %ields 0 />t$ at ! end ( t mon?4 ,,table #aa4 ,grade4 ,total ,no4,rate p],drill+ & ,muck+3,timb]+3 day4 bla/+3 ,no4 ,no4 ,no4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,sup]9t5d5t #a #g4gj #a_/h #c_/h ,assi/ant eng9e] #a #e4hj #a_/h #c_/h ,electrician #a #c4ej #a_/h #c_/h ,eng9e] #a #c4ej #a ,signalman #a #b4jj #a ,=eman #c #d4jj #a #a #a ,drill] #e #c4jj #e ,drill]'s help] #e #b4jj #e ,labor]s #ad #b4jj #ad ,timb]m5 #c #c4jj #c help]s #d #b4jj #d ,ma*9i/ #a #d4jj #a ,blacksmi? #b #c4ej #b help] #b #b4jj #b ,nipp] #b #b4jj #b ,wat]boy #a #b4jj #a ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,total #dg #bj #ag-c_/h #i-a_/h ,! g5]al s*eme ( excavation is %[n by ,plate ,,xxxiii4 ,! b5* 0 kept #ej or #fj ft4 beh9d ! face ( ! head+4 ,! p[d] us$ 0 #fj ,=cite4 ,! g5]al sy/em ( drill+ 0 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #g4 ,! av]age l5g? ( hole drill$ p] cubic y>d ( excavation 0 #b4i ft41 z aga9/ #g4gj ft4 at ,manhattan2 & ! am\nt ( p[d] us$ 0 #a4if lb4 p] cu4 yd41 z aga9/ #a4bd lb4 at ,manhattan4 ,!re 0 little timb]+4 ,a l5g? ( ab\t #cj or #dj ft4 adjo9+ ! ,weehawk5 %aft 0 timb]$1 & also a %att]$ seam ( ab\t #ag ft4 9 wid? betwe5 ,/ations #bfb #aj & #bfb #bg4 ,illu/ration3 ,,l& ,,tunnels ,,typical ,,me?od ,,( ,,drill+ ,,us$ ,,9 ,,! ,,weehawk5 ,,tunnels ,,fig4 #g ,! two entirely sep>ate tunnels gave a cross-section :i* 0 mu* m easily timb]$ ?an ! wide flat span at ,manhattan1 & ! segm5tal timb]+ 0 amply /rong )\t po/s or o!r re9=cem5t4 ,table #ab is a summ>y ( ! co/ ( excavat+ ! ,l& ,tunnels1 bas$ on actual records c>efully kept ?r\gh\t ! "w4 ,,table #ab4--;,,co/ ,,( ,,excavation ,,( ,,l& ,,tunnels1 ,,9 ,,doll>s ,,p] ,,cubic ,,y>d4 ,total y>dage & ,manhattan,weehawk5av]age co/4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,cubic y>ds excavat$ #dc1bhi #h1caa #ea1fjj ,labor4 ,surface transport #j4di #j4hg #j4ee ,drill+ & bla/+ #b4cg #a4ee #b4bd ,muck+ #b4di #b4jh #b4db ,timb]+ #j4hg #j4ah #j4gf ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,total labor #f4bb #d4fh #e4ig ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,mat]ial4 ,drill+ #j4ae #j4ae #j4ae ,bla/+ #j4ba #j4ba #j4ba ,timb] #j4ci #j4bj #j4cf ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,total mat]ial #j4ge #j4ef #j4gb ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,plant runn+ #j4gf #j4fe #j4gd ,surface labor1 repairs & ma9t5ance #j4ae #j4jh #j4ad ,field (fice adm9i/ration #a4je #a4ah #a4jg ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,total field *>ges #h4if #g4ae #h4fd ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,*ief (fice adm9i/ration #j4cd #j4ch #j4cd ,plant depreciation #j4ff #a4ja #j4gb ,/reet & build+ repairs #j4bg #j4bc ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,total av]age co/ p] cubic y>d #aj4bc #h4ed #i4ic ,masonry ,l9+ ( ,l& ,tunnels4 ,plates ,,xxxii & ,,xxxiv %[ 9 detail ! tunnels z !y 7 actually built4 ,x w be se5 t 9 all "w1 except 9 ! ,gy-,ea/ contract1 !re 0 a b5* at ea* side ( ea* tunnel 9 :i* ! cable conduits 7 emb$d$4 ,9 ,gy-,ea/ ! bank ( ducts :i* came next to ! middle wall 0 c>ri$ bel[ subgrade1 & ! inn] b5*es 7 omitt$4 ,! side-walls & subgrade electric conduits 7 wat]-pro($ ) felt & pit*4 ,! wat]-pro(+ 0 plac$ on ! outside ( ! side-walls 7t is1 on ! neat l9e71 & ! space betwe5 ! rock & ! wat]-pro(+ 0 fill$ ) concrete4 ,?is concrete 0 call$ ! ,s&-,wall4 ,! g5]al sequ5ce ( build+ ! masonry l9+ is %[n 9 ,fig4 #h4 ,! op]ations 7 z foll[s3 #a4--,lay+ concrete = ! :ole height ( ! s&-walls1 & = ! floor & f\ndations = walls & b5*es up to ! level ( ! base ( ! conduits2 #b4--,wat]-pro(+ ! side-walls1 &1 :]e !re 0 a middle tr5* conta9+ subgrade conduits1 lay+ & wat]-pro(+ ^! conduits2 #c4--;,build+ concrete wall = conduits to be laid aga9/1 &1 :]e !re 0 a middle tr5*1 fill+ up ) concrete betwe5 ! conduits2 #d4--,lay+ conduits2 #e4--,lay+ concrete = b5*es & middle-wall2 #f4--;,build+ haun*es f top ( b5* to spr++ ( brick ar*2 #g4--;,build+ brick ar* & "p ( concrete back-fill+2 #h4--;,f9i%+ back-fill+4 ,! :ole "w w be g5]ally describ$ "u ! head+s ( ,concrete1 ,brickwork1 ,wat]-pro(+1 & ,electric ,conduits4 ,concrete4--,! numb] ( types & ! ob/ructions caus$ by ! heavy po/+ ( ! timb]+ made x inadvisable to use built-up travel+ =ms at ! ,manhattan side1 ?\gh !y 7 us$ 9 ! ,weehawk5 ,rock ,tunnels4 ,! specifications requir$ a fac+ mixture ( mort> to be deposit$ aga9/ ! =ms simultane\sly ) ! plac+ ( ! concrete4 ,?is fac+ mixture 0 dry1 ab\t #b 94 ?ick1 & 0 kept sep>ate f ! concrete dur+ ! plac+ by a /eel diaphragm4 ,! diaphragm 0 remov$ :5 ! concrete rea*$ ! top ( ea* successive lay]1 & ! fac+ mixture & concrete 7 !n tamp$ d[n toge!r4 ,?is me?od 0 at fir/ foll[$ & gave good results1 :i* 0 inde$ a =egone conclusion1 z ! ,weehawk5 %aft _h be5 built 9 ?is way4 ,h[ev]1 x 0 f\nd t z good results1 9 ! way ( smoo? f9i%1 7 to be obta9$ )\t ! fac+ mixture by spad+ ! concrete back f ! =ms1 s t ! /one 0 =c$ back & ! f9] portion ( ! mixture came aga9/ ! =ms2 ?is me?od 0 foll[$ = ! re/ ( ! "w4 ,all corn]s 7 r\nd$ (f on a #a-;94 radius by m\ld+s tack$ to ! =ms4 ,! side-b5* =ms 7 us$ ab\t f\r times1 & 7 c>efully scrap$1 plan$1 fill$ at op5 jo9ts1 & oil$ ) soap grease ea* "t !y 7 set up4 ,:5 too r\gh = face "w !y 7 us$ = s&-wall & o!r r\gh "w4 ,! mix+ 0 done by a ,no4 #d ,ransome mix]1 driv5 by #cj-;h4p4 electric motors4 ,! mix] at ,manhattan 0 set on an elevat$ plat=m at ! nor? end ( ! int]cept+ ar*2 t at ,weehawk5 0 plac$ at ! entrance to ! tunnels4 ,! s& & /one 7 /or$ 9 b9s above ! mix]s1 & 7 l$ to ! hopp]s ( ! mix]s ?r\gh *utes4 ,! hopp]s 7 divid$ into two sections1 :i* gave ! correct quantities ( s& & /one1 respectively1 = "o bat*4 ,! wat] 0 measur$ 9 a small tank alongside4 ,a f\r-bag bat* 0 ! am\nt mix$ at "o "t1 t is1 x consi/$ ( #d bags ( cem5t1 #h cu4 ft4 ( s&1 & #ag cu4 ft4 ( brok5 /one1 & 0 call$ a #a 3 #b 3 #e mixture4 ,x measur$ :5 mix$ ab\t cu4 yd4 ,! cem5t 0 furni%$ to ! contractor by ! ,railroad ,company1 :i* und]took all ! pur*as+ f ! manufactur]1 z well z ! sampl+1 te/+1 & /or+ until ! contractor ne$$ x4 ,! ,railroad ,company *>g$ ! contractor #b a b>rel = ?is mat]ial4 ,! s& 0 requir$ by ! specifications to be co>se1 %>p1 & silici\s1 & to conta9 n m ?an #j4e ( mica1 loam1 dirt1 or clay4 ,all s& 0 c>efully te/$ be=e be+ us$4 ,! /one 0 to be a s\nd trap or lime/one1 pass+ a #a-;94 me% & be+ reta9$ on #c_/h-;94 me%4 ,! contractor 0 all[$ to use a co>s] /one ?an ?is1 namely1 "o t _h pass$ a #b-;94 & 0 reta9$ on a #a-;94 me%4 ,! concrete 0 to be ma*9e-mix$1 except 9 cases ( local necessity4 ,! quantity ( wat] us$ 9 ! mixture 0 to be su* t ! concrete w\ld quake on be+ deposit$1 b ! eng9e] 0 to use 8 discretion on ?is po9t4 ,concrete 0 to be deposit$ 9 su* a mann] t ! aggregates w\ld n sep>ate4 ,x 0 to be laid 9 lay]s1 n exce$+ #i 94 9 ?ickness1 & ?or\ghly ramm$4 ,:5 plac+ 0 susp5d$1 a jo9t 0 to be =m$ 9 a mann] satisfactory to ! eng9e]4 ,be=e deposit+ fre% concrete1 ! entire surface on :i* x 0 to be laid 0 to be clean$1 wa%$ & bru%$1 & slu%$ ov] ) neat cem5t gr\t4 ,concrete :i* _h begun to set 0 n to be us$1 & retemp]+ 0 n to be all[$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,manhattan ,,types ,,fig4 #h4 ,! =ms 7 to be sub/antial & hold _! %ape until ! concrete _h set4 ,! face =ms 7 to be ( mat*$ & dress$ plank+1 f9i%$ to true l9es & surfaces2 adequate measures 7 to be tak5 to prev5t concrete f adh]+ to ! =ms4 ,w>p$ or di/ort$ =ms 7 to be replac$4 ,pla/]+ ! face 0 n all[$4 ,rock surfaces 7 to be ?or\ghly wa%$ & clean$ be=e ! concrete 0 deposit$4 ,^! specifications 7 foll[$ q closely4 ,a typical work+ gang1 z divid$ among ! v>i\s op]ations1 is %[n bel[3 ,sup]9t5d5ce4 ,sup]9t5d5t #bej p] mon? ,assi/ant eng9e] #aej #a ,assi/ant sup]9t5d5t #aej ,surface ,transport4 #a ,=eman #b4ej p] day #a ,eng9e] #c4jj #a ,signalman #b4jj #af ,labor]s #a4ge #c ,teams #g4ej ,lay+4 #a ,=eman #d4jj p] day #h ,labor]s #b4jj ,=ms4 #a ,=eman #d4ej p] day #d ,c>p5t]s #c4be #e ,help]s #b4be ,tunnel ,transport4 ,=eman #c4be p] day ,eng9e] #c4jj ,signalman #b4jj #d ,labor]s #a4ge ,mix]s4 ,=eman #c4be p] day #b ,labor]s #a4ge ,! sup]9t5d5t & assi/ant eng9e] look$ aft] ! brickwork & o!r "w z well z ! concrete4 ,! surface transport gang h&l$ all ! mat]ials on ! surface1 includ+ ! fet*+ ( ! cem5t f ! cem5t w>eh\ses4 ,! tunnel transport gang h&l$ all mat]ials 9 ! tunnel1 b1 :5 ! haul became too long1 ! gang 0 re9=c$ ) labor]s f ! lay+ gang4 ,( ! lay+ gang1 two g5]ally did ! spad+1 two ! spread+ & tamp+1 & ! rema9+ =ce dump$ ! concrete4 ,! g5]al co/ ( ?is "p ( ! "w is %[n 9 ,table #ac4 ,! figures 9 ,table #ac include ! v>i\s items built into ! concrete & "s t are c]tificate extras 9 connection ) ! concrete1 su* z dra9s1 ironwork & iron mat]ials1 rods & b>s1 exp&$ metal1 doors1 frames & fitt+s1 etc4 ,wat]-pro(+4--,accord+ to ! specifications1 ! wat]-pro(+ 0 to consi/ ( sev5 lay]s ( pit* & six lay]s ( felt on ! side-walls & a -94 lay] ( ma/ic1 compos$ ( coal-t> & ,portl& cem5t1 to be pla/]$ ov] ! outside ( ! ar*es4 ,by ! "t ! "w 0 9 h&1 "s di/ru/ _h aris5 z to ! effici5cy ( ?is ma/ic coat+1 & a great deal ( /udy 0 devot$ to ! problem ( h[ to apply a felt & pit* wat]-pro(+ to ! ar*es4 ,! difficulty 0 t !re 0 no room betwe5 ! rock & ! ar* or betwe5 ! timb] & ! ar* 7z ! case might be7 9 :i* to "w4 ,sev]al +5i\s s*emes ( putt+ ! felt on 9 lay]s1 or 9 small pieces l %+les1 7 propos$ & discuss$1 & a full-siz$ model ( ! tunnel ar* 0 ev5 built on :i* to try exp]im5ts1 b x 0 f9ally decid$ to ov]come ! difficulty by leav+ out ! ar* wat]-pro(+ altoge!r1 & simply build+ 9 pipes = gr\t+ ?r\gh "u pressure1 9 case x 0 f\nd t ! ar* 0 wet4 ,z to ! ar* built ?r\gh ! l5g? excavat$ by cut-&-cov] on ! ,new ,york side1 x 0 resolv$ to wat]-pro( t ) felt & pit* exactly z ! side-walls 7 done1 ! sp&rel fill+ betwe5 ! ar*es be+ rais$ 9 a slight ridge along ! concrete l9e betwe5 tunnels 9 ord] to ?r[ ! wat] ov] to ! sides4 ,! portions ( ar* n wat]-pro($ 7 r wet1 & gr\t+ ) a #a3a mixture 0 done1 b only ) ! effect ( /opp+ l>ge local leaks & di/ribut+ a g5]al dampness ov] ! :ole surface ( ! ar*4 ,,table #ac4--;,,co/ ,,( ,,concrete ,,9 ,,l& ,,tunnels1 ,,9 ,,doll>s ,,p] ,,cubic ,,y>d4 ,total ,manhattan4,weehawk54 y>dage4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,cubic y>ds plac$ #ad1gjf #c1gbc #ah1dbi ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,,labor4 ,av]age ,co/ p] ,cubic ,y>d4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,surface transport #j4ca #a4dc #j4ed ,sup]9t5d5ce & g5]al labor at po9t ( "w #j4ca #a4ca #j4ea ,mix+ #j4eb #j4ef #j4ec ,lay+ #a4ch #a4de #a4ci ,tunnel transport #a4cj #a4dg #a4cd ,clean+ #j4ba #j4ag ,=ms3 erect+ & removal #a4eh #a4ea #a4ef ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,total labor #e4fa #g4gc #f4jd ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,,mat]ial4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,cem5t #b4cj #b4bb #b4bh ,s& #j4cd #j4dj #j4cf ,/one #j4ia #j4fa #j4he ,lumb] = =ms #j4dg #j4de #j4dg ,sundry tunnel supplies #j4af #j4ag #j4af ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,total mat]ials #d4ah #c4he #d4ab ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,plant runn+ #j4dd #j4dd #j4dd ,surface labor1 repairs & ma9t5ance #j4be #a4bd #j4dd ,field (fice adm9i/ration #j4ej #a4gb #j4ge ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,total field *>ges #aj4ih #ad4ih #aa4gi ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,plant depreciation #j4fb #a4eg #j4ha ,*ief (fice adm9i/ration #j4bd #j4ca #j4be ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,total av]age co/ p] cubic y>d #aa4hd #af4hf #ab4he ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,co/ ( ,miscellane\s ,items 9 ,concrete4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,manhattan4,weehawk54 ,av]age4 ,cubic y>ds #ad1gjf #c1gbc #ah1dbi ,am\nt1 9 doll>s #f1ahd4hc #a1gef4gig1ida4fb ,unit co/ #j4db #j4dg #j4dc ,! #bd-;ft4 #f-;94 tunnel adjo9+ ! ,t]m9al ,/ation-,we/ 0 wat]-pro($ by a surface-r5d]+ me?od :i*1 up to ! pres5t "t1 has be5 satisfactory4 ,g5]ally speak+1 ! ar*es ( ! ,l& ,tunnels1 ?\gh n dripp+ ) wat]1 are ! dampe/ p>ts ( ! :ole /ructure f ,t5? ,av5ue to ,weehawk51 & x w\ld seem z if "s =m ( wat]-pro(+ ov] ^! ar*es w\ld h be5 a di/9ct advantage4 ,!re 0 no difficulty 9 apply+ ! wat]-pro(+ on ! side-walls1 aft] a little exp]i5ce _h be5 ga9$ z to ! be/ me?ods4 ,! specifications requir$ ! s&-wall to be cov]$ ) alt]nate lay]s ( coal-t> pit* & felt1 sev5 lay]s ( ! =m] & six lay]s ( ! latt]1 ! felt to be ( ,hydrex br& or o!r equally satisfactory to ! eng9e]4 ,! pit* 0 to be /raight-run1 coal-t> pit* :i* w\ld s(t5 at #fj ,fahr41 & melt at #ajj ,fahr41 be+ a grade 9 :i* di/illate oils1 di/ill$ f x1 %\ld h a specifi$ gravity ( #a4aje4 ,! pit* 0 to be mopp$ on ! surface to a uni=m ?ickness ( #a_/af 941 & a cov]+ ( felt1 previ\sly mopp$ ) pit*1 0 to be appli$ imm$iately4 ,! %eets 7 to lap n less ?an #d 94 on cross-jo9ts & #ab 94 on longitud9al jo9ts1 & _h to adh]e firmly to ! pit*-cov]$ surface4 ,?is lay] 0 !n to be mopp$1 & ano!r lay] plac$1 & s on until all ! lay]s 7 9 place4 ,?is wat]-pro(+ 0 to ext5d f ! bottom ( ! cable conduits to ! spr++ ( ! brick ar*4 ,:]e sub-track conduits 7 us$1 ^! 7 to be surr\nd$ ) _! own wat]-pro(+4 ,! "w 0 c>ri$ out z specifi$2 ! s&-walls 7 n r5d]$1 b 7 built smoo? en\gh to apply ! wat]-pro(+ directly to !m4 ,!y 7 dri$ ) gasol9e tor*es be=e ! application ( ! pit*1 & 9 v wet sections grooves 7 cut to lead ! wat] away4 ,! fir/ attempts 7 ) ! felt laid 9 horizontal /rips4 ,?is end$ v disa/r\sly1 z ! pit* c\ld n su/a9 ! weight ( ! felt1 & ! :ole arrangem5t slipp$ d[n ! wall4 ,! felt 0 !n laid v]tically1 be+ tack$ to a piece ( horizontal scantl+ at ! top ( ! s&-wall & also held by a r[ ( planks brac$ aga9/ x at ab\t half its height4 ,a lay] ( por\s brick 0 laid z a dra9 along ! base ( ! wat]-pro(+1 cov]$ by a s+le lay] ( felt to prev5t x f becom+ *ok$ ) concrete4 ,! wat]-pro(+ ( ! sub-track conduits 0 tr\blesome1 z ! num]\s lay]s & ! necessity = pres]v+ ! prop] laps 9 bo? directions betwe5 adjac5t lay]s made ! :ole ?+ a k9d ( ,*9ese puzzle4 ,v>i\s modifications1 to suit local conditions1 7 made f "t to "t4 ,conduits outside ! g5]al outl9e ( ! tunnel are difficult to excavate1 to lay1 & to wat]-pro(1 & %\ld be avoid$ :]ev] possible4 ,! usual =ce 9 wat]-pro(+ consi/$ ( a =eman1 at #c4ej p] day1 & n9e labor]s at #a4ge p] day4 ,^! m5 n only laid ! wat]-pro(+1 b transport$ ! mat]ials1 heat$ ! pit*1 & cut up ! rolls ( felt4 ,9 g5]al1 two m5 transport$ mat]ial1 "o t5d$ ! heat]1 & ! o!r six work$ 9 pairs1 two prep>+ ! surface ( ! concrete s&-wall1 two lay+ pit*1 & two lay+ felt4 ,! co/ ( ! wat]-pro(+ op]ation 0 ab\t z %[n 9 ,table #ad4 ,,table #ad4--;,,co/ ,,( ,,wat]-,,pro(+1 ,,9 ,,doll>s ,,p] ,,squ>e ,,foot4 ,manhattan4 ,weehawk54 ,total4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,squ>e feet cov]$ #dg1jdb #ac1ifd #fj1gcf ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,av]age co/ p] squ>e foot4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,labor #j4jg #j4jg #j4jg ,mat]ial #j4ab #j4ji #j4aa ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,total field *>ges #j4ai #j4af #j4ah ,*ief (fice & plant depreciation #j4ja #j4jc #j4jb ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,total av]age co/ #j4bj #j4ai #j4bj ,brickwork 9 ,ar*es4--,ow+ to ! heavy timb]+1 ! brickwork at ,manhattan 0 int]f]$ ) to a consid]able ext5t1 & ! gang 0 always kept at "w at two or m places4 ,! "w 0 c>ri$ up to a po9t :]e x 0 necess>y to back-fill1 or prop or cut away encroa*+ timb]s1 & !n ! m5 7 mov$ to ano!r place :ile ?is 0 be+ done4 ,! c5t]s 7 set up 9 sets ( sev51 spac$ #d ft4 ap>t4 ,two #ad-;ft4 l5g?s ( #c by #d-;94 yell[ p9e lagg+ 7 us$ ) ea* set ( ribs1 ) #bd by #h-;94 block lagg+ 9 ! cr[n4 ,all c5t]s 7 set 94 high1 to all[ = settlem5t1 except 9 ! #bd-;ft4 #f-;94 span1 9 :i* !y 7 set 94 high4 ,?is prov$ ample1 ! av]age settlem5t ( ! ribs be+ #j4ja ft4 & ( ! masonry1 #j4jjc ft4 ,9 ! #bd-;ft4 #f-;94 span ! ribs 7 /r5g!n$ ) #f by #f-;94 block+ & #ab by #ab-;94 po/s to subgrade4 ,great tr\ble 0 "h enc\nt]$ ) encroa*+ timb]+1 due to ! settlem5t ( ! wide flat span4 ,gr\t pipes 7 built 91 z previ\sly m5tion$4 ,ea* mason laid an av]age ( #j4ece cu4 yd4 ( brickwork p] h\r1 or #d4bh cu4 yd4 p] day4 ,! numb] ( bricks laid p] mason p] h\r 0 #bah1 or #a1gdd p] day4 ,! bricks 7 ( ! be/ quality ( vitrifi$ pav+ brick1 & 7 obta9$ f ! ,jame/[n ,brick ,company1 ( ,jame/[n1 ,n4 ,y4 ,! av]age size 0 #h by #c-ae_/af by #b-g_/af 942 ! av]age numb] p] cubic y>d ( masonry 0 #djh1 ! ar*es be+ f #ai ft4 to #bd ft4 #f 94 9 span & f #bb to #bg 94 ?ick4 ,! jo9ts 7 #c_/af 94 at ! face & av]ag$ #i_/af 94 ?r\gh ! ar*4 ,! proportions = mort> 7 #a ( cem5t & #b ( s&4 ,"o cubic y>d ( masonry 0 compos$ ( #gc4e brick & #bf4e mort>4 ,! volume ( ! +r$i5ts 9 a f\r-bag bat* 0 #ab4ab cu4 ft41 & ! result+ mixture 0 #i4ed cu4 ft4 ,! numb] ( b>rels ( cem5t 0 #j4iae p] cu4 yd4 ( masonry1 & ab\t #ag4g ( ! mort> made 0 wa/$4 ,! av]age =ce employ$ 03 ,lay+4 #a ,=eman #h4jj p] day #d ,lay]s #f4jj #h ,t5d]s #b4jj #b ,mix]s #b4jj ,=ms4 #a ,=eman #d4ej p] day #d ,c>p5t]s #c4ej #e ,help]s #b4be ,transport4 ,hoi/ eng9e] #c4jj p] day ,signalman #b4jj #d ,labor]s #b4jj ,= mat]ials1 ! foll[+ prices prevail$3 ,cem5t1 #b4jj p] bbl41 ,s&1 #j4ij to #a4jj p] cu4 yd41 ,brick1 #af4jj p] ?\s&1 deliv]$ at y>d1 ,c5t]s1 #bf4jj ea*1 ,lagg+1 #de4jj p] #a1jjj ft4 ,b4 ,m4 ,! co/ ( ! brickwork is giv5 9 ,table #ae4 ,,table #ae4--;,,co/ ,,( ,,brickwork4 ,manhattan4,weehawk54,total4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,cubic y>ds plac$ #d1acg #gij #d1ibg ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,,labor4 ,av]age ,co/ p] ,cubic ,y>d4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,surface transport #j4ce #a4ai #j4dh ,sup]9t5d5t & g5]al labor at po9t ( "w #j4ag #j4jd #j4af ,lay+ & mix+ #b4eh #c4bj #b4fj ,=ms3 erection & removal #b4fb #j4cb #b4be ,tunnel transport #a4ai #a4ab #a4ah ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,total labor #f4ia #e4hg #f4ge ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,,mat]ial4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,brick #f4ef #f4ef #f4ef ,cem5t #a4gf #a4ge #a4gf ,s& #j4bj #j4bh #j4bb ,=ms #j4ib #j4ih #j4ih ,ov]head conductor pockets #j4ae #j4ji #j4ac ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,total mat]ial #i4ei #i4ff #i4fj ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,plant runn+ #j4ee #j4cj #j4ea ,surface labor1 repairs & ma9t5ance #j4cf #a4cj #j4ea ,field (fice adm9i/ration #j4ee #j4hh #j4fj ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,total field *>ges #ag4if #ah4ja #ag4ig ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,*ief (fice adm9i/ration #j4fj #j4ff #j4fa ,plant depreciation #j4ce #j4fd #j4ci ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,total av]age co/ p] cubic y>d #ah4ia #ai4ca #ah4ig ,9 ,table #af ! co/ ( gr\t is express$ 9 t]ms ( b>rels ( cem5t us$1 because 9 ! s*$ule ( prices atta*$ to ! contract1 t 0 ! unit ( paym5t = gr\t4 ,,table #af4--;,,co/ ,,( ,,gr\t ,,ov] ,,ar*es ,,9 ,,l& ,,tunnels4 ,co/1 9 ,doll>s p] ,b>rel ( ,cem5t ,us$4 ,manhattan4 7,gy-,ea/ only47,weehawk54,total4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,b>rels us$ #c1jjj #bfa #c1bfb ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,av]age ,co/ p] ,b>rel ( ,cem5t ,us$4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,labor #j4ee #j4df #j4ec ,mat]ial #b4cj #b4be #b4bh ,field (fice adm9i/ration #j4jh #j4jf #j4jh ,plant & supplies #j4aj #j4jg #j4ji ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,total field *>ges #c4jc #b4hd #b4ih ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,*ief (fice & plant depreciation #j4ba #j4bb #j4bh ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,total av]age co/ #c4bd #c4jf #c4bj ,vitrifi$ ,e>!nw>e ,conduits = ,electric ,cables4--,! g5]al draw+s w %[ h[ ! ducts 7 arrang$1 & t manholes 7 provid$ at int]vals4 ,!y 7 wat]-pro($1 9 ! case ( ^? emb$d$ 9 ! b5*1 by ! g5]al wat]-pro(+ ( ! tunnels1 :i* 0 c>ri$ d[n to ! level ( ! bottom ( ! banks ( ducts2 & 9 ! case ( ^? bel[ subgrade1 by a special wat]-pro(+ ( felt & pit* wrapp$ ar\nd ! ducts !mselves4 ,! portion ( wall 9 front ( ! ducts 0 bond$ to t beh9d by bonds1 mo/ly ( exp&$ metal1 pass+ betwe5 ! ducts4 ,examples ( ! bond+ w be se5 9 ! draw+s4 ,! jo9ts betwe5 successive l5g?s ( #d-way & #b-way ducts 7 wrapp$ ) two ?icknesses ( cotton duck1 #f 94 wide1 ^? ( s+le-way ducts 7 n wrapp$1 b pla/]$ ) cem5t mort>4 ,! ducts 7 laid on b$s ( mort>1 & 7 made to break jo9ts at top & bottom & side to side ) ! adjac5t ducts4 ,!y 7 laid ) a wood5 m&rel2 a squ>e lea!r wa%] at ! ne> end act$ z a cleans] :5 ! m&rel 0 pull$ ?r\gh4 ,! specifications requir$ ! ducts to be laid at ! same "t z ! concrete & be c>ri$ up ) x1 b ?is 0 f\nd to be a v awkw>d op]ation1 z ! tamp+ ( ! concrete & ! walk+ ( m5 di/urb$ ! ducts1 especially z ! bonds lay across !m4 ,x 0 resolv$1 !re=e1 to build ! portion ( ! wall beh9d ! ducts fir/1 ) ! bonds emb$d$ 9 x at ! prop] heights & project+ f x1 !n to lay up ! banks ( ducts aga9/ ?is wall1 b5d+ ! bonds d[n z !y 7 rea*$1 & f9ally1 aft] all ! ducts 7 91 to lay ! concrete 9 front ( & ov] ! top ( ! ducts4 ,sev]al detail$ modifications ( ?is g5]al s*eme 7 foll[$ at "o "t or ano!r :5 necess>y or advisable4 ,! lay+ ( ducts bel[ subgrade 0 n complicat$ by ! pres5ce ( bonds1 ! wat]-pro(+ caus$ ! tr\ble "h1 z be=e describ$4 ,! specifications call$ = a f9al rodd+ aft] completion4 ,a gr\p ( ! app>atus us$ 9 ?is process is %[n 9 ,fig4 #a1 ,plate ,,xxxv2 ! v>i\s p>ts are id5tifi$ by ! foll[+ key3 ,,key ,,to ,,fig4 #a1 ,,plate ,,xxxv4 #a4--d-way duct1 = telephone & telegraph cables1 #b4--b-way duct1 = telephone & telegraph cables1 #c4--a-way duct1 = high- & l[-t5sion cables1 #d4--,plug = clos+ op5 ends ( ducts1 #e4--,plug = clos+ op5 ends ( ducts 9 position1 #f1 #g1 & #h4--;,cutt]s = remov+ ob/ructions1 #i4--;,h$gehog cutt] = remov+ gr\t 9 ducts1 #aj4--,rodd+ m&rel = multiple ducts1 #aa4--,lay+ m&rel1 #ab4--,rodd+ m&rel1 ) j>-l9k atta*$1 #ac4--,lay+ m&rel1 #ad & #ae4--,rubb]-disk clean]s1 us$ aft] f9al rodd+1 #af & #ag4--,sectional wood5 rods us$ = rodd+1 #ah4--,section ( iron rods us$ = rodd+1 #ai4--;,j>-l9k1 #bj4--;,cotton duck = wrapp+ jo9ts ( multiple ducts1 #ba4--;,hook = pull+ =w>d lay+ m&rel1 #bb4--,top view ( trap = recov]+ lo/ or brok5 rods left 9 ducts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxxv4 ,,trans4 ,,am4 ,,soc4 ,,civ4 ,,engrs4 ,,vol4 ,,lxviii1 ,no4 #aaee4 ,,hewett ,,& ,,br[n ,,on ,,p5nsylvania ,r4 ,r4 ,,tunnels3 ,,nor? ,,riv] ,,tunnels4 ,,fig4 #a4 ,,fig4 #b4 ,ord9>y -94 gas pipe 0 us$ = ! rod1 & a cutt] ) rectangul> cross-section & r\nd$ corn]s 0 run ?r\gh ahead ( ! m&rel3 foll[+ ! cutt] came a scrap] consi/+ ( sev]al squ>e lea!r wa%]s1 ( ! size ( ! ducts1 spac$ at int]vals on a %ort rod4 ,! m&rel itself 0 next put ?r\gh1 ?ree or f\r m5 be+ us$ on ! rods4 ,all ! ducts 9 a bank 7 ?us rodd$ f manhole to manhole4 ,:5 a duct 0 rodd$ x 0 plugg$ at ea* end ) a wood5 plug4 ,a solid wood5 p>aff9$ plug 0 us$ at fir/1 b aft]w>d an expansion plug 0 us$4 ,v little tr\ble 0 met 9 rodd+ ! p[] conduits1 except = a few misplac$ ducts1 or a small m\nd ( mort> or a lay+ m&rel left 94 ,at su* po9ts a cut 0 made 9 ! concrete & ! duct replac$4 ,9 ! subgrade telephone & telegraph ducts ea/ ( ! ,manhattan ,%aft1 mu* tr\ble 0 caus$ by gr\t 9 ! ducts4 ,! m&rel & cutt]s 7 deflect$ & broke ?r\gh ! web ( ! ducts r ?an remove ?is h>d gr\t4 ,tr5*es _h to be cut f ! floor to ! top ( ! wat]-pro(+1 ! latt] 0 !n cut & fold$ back1 & ! ducts replac$4 ,to d ?is1 a numb] ( ducts _h to be tak5 out to replace ! brok5 ones & get ! prop] laps4 ,! wat]-pro(+ 0 !n pat*$ & ! concrete replac$4 ,?is gr\t _h n p5etrat$ ! wat]-pro(+1 b _h got 9 ?r\gh ! ends ( ! ducts :]e !y _h n be5 prop]ly plugg$ & protect$4 ,! duct gang1 bo? = lay+ & rodd+1 g5]ally consi/$ ( #a ,=eman1 at #c4ej p] day1 & #i labor]s1 at #a4ge p] day4 ,:5 lay+3 #d m5 7 lay+1 #b m5 mix+ & c>ry+ mort>1 & #c 7 transport+ mat]ial4 ,:5 rodd+3 #d m5 7 rodd+1 #b m5 at adjac5t manholes 7 connect+ & disconnect+ cutt]s & m&rels1 #a 0 jo9+ up rods1 & #b m5 assi/+ g5]ally4 ,! co/ ( ?is "w is %[n 9 ,table #ag4 ,transportation & ,disposal4 ,! track on ! surface & 9 ! tunnels 0 ( #bj-lb4 rails on a #b-;ft4 gauge4 ,! excavation 0 h&l$ 9 scale-boxes c>ri$ on flat c>s1 & ! concrete 9 #a-;cu4 yd4 m9+ c>s dump+ ei!r at ! side or end4 ,,table #ag4--;,,co/ ,,( ,,conduit ,,"w4 ,manhattan4,weehawk54 ,total4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,duct feet #aae1ifb #ce1aee #aea1aag ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,av]age ,co/ p] ,duct ,foot4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,labor #j4jce #j4jcb #j4jcd ,mat]ial #j4jdc #j4jeb #j4jde ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,total field *>ges #j4jgh #j4jhd #j4jgi ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,*ief (fice & plant depreciation #j4jje #j4jjh #j4jjf ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,total av]age co/ #j4jhc #j4jib #j4jhe ,:5 ! haulage 0 up grade1 #f by #f-;94 ,lidg]wood hoi/+ eng9es1 ) #aj-;94 s+le friction drums1 & driv5 by compress$ air f ! high-pressure l9es1 7 us$4 ,d[n grade1 c>s 7 mov$ & controll$ by h&4 ,! muck :i* came ?r\gh ! %aft at ,manhattan 0 dump$ into hopp] b9s on ! surface & !nce load$ into trucks at conv5i5ce4 ,at ! op5 cut1 ! muck 0 dump$ into trucks direct4 ,! truck+ 0 sublet by ! contractor to a sub-contractor1 :o provid$ trucks1 teams1 & trimm]s at ! pi]4 ,at ,weehawk51 arrangem5ts 7 made ) ! ,erie ,railroad :i* und]took to take muck :i* 0 ne$$ z fill4 ,! tunnel c>s1 !re=e1 7 dump$ directly on flat c>s :i* 7 br\ght up to a r\ghly made plat=m ne> ! %aft4 ,! hoi/+ at ,manhattan 0 by d]rick at ,t5? ,av5ue & ! op5 cut1 & by ! elevator at ! ,manhattan ,%aft4 ,at ,weehawk51 all hoi/+ 0 done by ! elevator 9 ! %aft4 ,! s& & /one 7 receiv$ at ! :>ves by sc[s4 ,at ,manhattan1 ^! mat]ials 7 unload$ on trucks by an ov]head travel]1 & team$ to ! %aft1 :]e !y 7 unload$ by d]ricks into ! b9s4 ,at ,weehawk51 !y 7 unload$ by an orange-peel grab bucket1 load$ into c>s on ! ov]head tre/le1 transport$ 9 ^! to ! top ( ! %aft1 & dis*>g$ into ! b9s4 ,! cem5t at ,manhattan 0 truck$ f ! ,company's w>eh\se1 at ,elev5? ,av5ue & #ch? ,/reet1 to ! %aft1 :]e x 0 put into a supplem5t>y /orage %$ at ! top ( ! %aft1 :5ce x 0 remov$ to ! mix] by ! elevator :5 ne$$4 ,at ,weehawk51 x 0 tak5 on flat c>s directly f ! w>eh\se to ! mix]4 ,light+4 ,tempor>ily & = a %ort "t at ! />t1 k]os5e fl>es 7 us$ = light until replac$ by electric lights1 ! curr5t = :i* 0 furni%$ by ! contractor's g5]ators1 :i* h be5 describ$ "u ! head ( ,p[] ,plant4 ,! lamps us$ along ! track 7 ( #af c4p41 & 7 protect$ by wire scre5s2 ^! 7 s+le1 b1 :]ev] "w 0 go+ on1 gr\ps ( f\r or five1 provid$ ) reflectors1 7 us$4 ,pump+4 ,two pumps 7 in/all$ at ! ,manhattan ,%aft4 ,!y _h to h&le ! wat]1 n only f ! rock tunnels1 b also f ^? "u ! riv]4 ,"o 0 a ,deane comp\nd duplex pump1 hav+ a capacity ( #ejj gal4 p] m941 ! o!r1 a ,blake pump1 ( #aej gal4 p] m94 ,!y 7 fir/ driv5 by /eam direct f ! p[]-h\se1 b compress$ air 0 us$ lat]4 ,:5 ! p[]-h\se 0 %ut d[n1 an electrically-driv5 c5trifugal pump 0 us$4 ,?is 0 driv5 by a ,g5]al ,electric %unt-w\nd motor1 ,type ,c-#jg1 ) a spe$ ( #a1bej rev4 p] m94 at #bej volts & #cg4e amp]es 7#aj h4p47 :5 op51 & #bb4i amp]es 7#f h4p47 :5 clos$1 & _h a capacity ( #dej gal4 p] m94 ,to s5d ! wat] to ! %aft sump dur+ ! con/ruction1 small compress$-air ,cam]on pumps1 ( ab\t #adj gal4 p] m941 7 us$4 ,at ! ,weehawk5 %aft two pumps 7 us$2 ^! dealt ) ! wat] f ! ,b]g5 ,hill ,tunnels z well z t f ! ,weehawk5 ,tunnels4 ,at fir/ a ,wor?+ton duplex pump hav+ a capacity ( ab\t #ejj gal4 p] m94 0 us$4 ,lat]1 ?is 0 replac$ by a ,g5]al ,electric %unt-w\nd motor1 ,type ,o-#ae1 ) a spe$ ( #ibe rev4 p] m94 at #bcj volts & #gd amp]es 7#bj h4p47 :5 op51 & #ch4e amp]es 7#aj h4p47 :5 clos$4 ,its capacity 0 #bdj gal4 p] m94 ,dur+ ! progress ( ! con/ruction1 ! wat] 0 pump$ f ! work+ face to ! %aft by small ,cam]on pumps simil> to ^? us$ at ,manhattan4 ,:5 ! "w 0 f9i%$1 a subgrade rev]s$-grade dra9 c>ri$ ! wat] to ! %aft sump by gravity4 ,! "w 9 ! ,manhattan ,l& ,tunnels 0 practically f9i%$ by ,may #a/1 #aijh1 ?\gh ! v5tilat+ arrangem5ts & ov]head plat=m 9 ! int]cept+ ar* 7 n put 9 until aft] ! ,riv] ,tunnel concrete 0 complet$1 s t ! "w 0 n f9i%$ until ,septemb]1 #aiji4 ,! ,weehawk5 ,l& ,tunnels "w 0 f9i%$ 9 ,july1 #aijg1 b ! b5*es & v5tilat+ arrangem5ts 9 ! ,weehawk5 ,%aft 7 n put 9 until aft] ! completion ( ! ,b]g5 ,hill ,tunnels1 & s 7 n f9i%$ until ,augu/1 #aiji4 ,! re9=c$ concrete wall ar\nd ! ,weehawk5 ,%aft1 toge!r ) ! /airs f ! b5* level ( ! %aft to ! surface1 0 let z a sep>ate contract2 ! "w 0 />t$ on ,septemb] #ae?1 #aiji1 & f9i%$ by ! end ( ,decemb]1 #aiji4 ,,riv] ,,tunnels4 ,! ,riv] ,tunnel "w1 f "s po9ts ( view1 has ! mo/ int]e/4 ,x is int]e/+ because x is ! fir/ ma9 l9e cross+ ( ! =midable ob/acle ( ! ,hudson ,riv]1 & also by reason ( ! long & anxi\sly discuss$ po9t z to :e!r1 9 view ( ! prec$+ exp]i5ces & failures to con/ruct tunnels "u t riv]1 f\ndations 7 ne$$ "u ^! tunnels to keep !m f *ang+ 9 elevation "u ! action ( heavy traffic4 ,! ,riv] ,tunnels "h describ$ />t on ! ea/ side ( ! %ield *amb]s on ! ,new ,york side & end at ! ea/ side ( ! %ield *amb]s on ! ,new ,j]sey side4 ,!y ?us include ! ,new ,york & exclude ! ,new ,j]sey %ield *amb]s1 ! reason = su* discrim9ation be+ t ! ,new ,york %ield *amb]s are l9$ ) ca/ iron :ile ^? on ! ,new ,j]sey side are ( ! typical rock section type1 z already describ$4 ,! design ( ! tunnels & _! accessories w be fir/ describ$1 !n w come ! con/ruction ( ! tunnels z f> z ! completion ( ! metal l9+1 foll[$ by a description ( ! concrete l9+ & completion ( ! "w4 ,design ( ,metal ,l9+4 ,new ,york ,%ield ,*amb]s4--,! %ield *amb]s may be se5 on ,plate ,,xxxii1 previ\sly ref]r$ to1 :i* %[s ! junction ( ! iron-l9$ tunnels & ! %ield *amb]s4 ,!y consi/ ( two iron-l9$ pieces ( tunnel plac$ side by side1 ) semi-circul> ar*es & /raight side-walls4 ,! segm5ts ( ! ar* are made to break jo9t ) "o ano!r by mak+ ! side-wall or column ca/+s ( two diff]5t heights1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #i4 ,! l5g? ( ea* r+ is #ah 94 ,! reason = ! adoption ( ?is type ( con/ruction 0 ! necessity = keep+ ! wid? ( ! p]man5t /ructure )9 ! #fj-;ft4 wid? ( ! /reet4 ,! l5g? ( ?is tw9 /ructure is #bh4e ft41 & ! weight ( ! metal 9 x is z foll[s3 #ai long-column ar* r+s at #bb1hjb lb4 #dcc1bch lb4 #ai %ort-column ar* r+s at #bc1jbh lb4 #dcg1ecb ------- ,total weight #hgj1ggj lb4 ,g5]al ,type ( ,riv] ,tunnel ,l9+4--,! ma9 rul+ type adopt$ = ! tunnels "u ! ,hudson ,riv]1 & 9 ! s(t wat]-be>+ gr\nd = "s di/ance on ! %orew>d side ( ! riv] l9es1 consi/s ( two p>allel metal-l9$ tunnels1 circul> 9 cross-section1 ea* tunnel be+ #bc ft4 outside diamet]1 & ! two tunnels #cg ft4 ap>t f c5t] to c5t]1 z %[n on ,fig4 #aj4 ,! metal l9+ is ( ca/ iron 7except = a few %ort l5g?s ( ca/ /eel7 & ( ! usual segm5tal type1 consi/+ ( ,r+s ( iron1 ea* r+ be+ #b ft4 #f 94 9 l5g?1 & divid$ by radial jo9ts into elev5 segm5ts1 or ,plates1 ) "o ,key1 or clos+ segm5t1 hav+ jo9ts n radial b n>r[] at ! outside circumf]5ce ( ! metal l9+ ?an at ! inside4 ,! :ole /ructure is jo9$1 segm5t to segm5t1 & r+ to r+1 by mild-/eel bolts pass+ ?r\gh bolt holes 9 flanges ( all f\r faces ( ea* segm5t4 ,! jo9ts betwe5 ! segm5ts are made wat]-tight by a caulk+ ( sal-ammoniac & iron bor+s driv5 into grooves =m$ = ! purpose on ! inn] edges ( ! flanges4 ,! cle>ances betwe5 ! bolts & ! bolt holes are also made wat]-tight by us+ grummets or r+s ( y>n sme>$ ) r$ lead1 hav+ a snug fit ov] ! %ank ( ! bolt & plac$ bel[ ! wa%] on ei!r end ( ea* bolt4 ,:5 pass+ ?r\gh gr\nd m or less self-su/a9+1 ! space outside ! iron l9+ 7=m$ by ! excavation be+ necess>ily r l>g] ?an ! ext]nal diamet] ( ! l9+ itself7 0 fill$ ) gr\t ( #a3a ,portl& cem5t & s& =c$ by air pressure ?r\gh gr\t holes 9 ea* segm5t4 ,^! holes 7 tapp$1 & 7 clos$ ) a screw plug be=e & aft] gr\t+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,details ,,( ,,manhattan ,,%ield ,,*amb]s ,,fig4 #i4 ,hav+ ?us /at$ 9 a g5]al way ! ma9 rul+ features ( ! design1 a detail$ description ( ! v>i\s modifications ( ! rul+ type w be giv54 ,illu/ration3 ,,typical ,,cross-,,section ,,( ,,rul+ ,,design ,,( ,,metal-,,l9$ ,,%ield-,,driv5 ,,tunnels ,,fig4 #aj4 ,! two ma9 divisions ( ! iron l9+ are ! ord9>y or light] type & ! heavy type4 ,! details ( ! ord9>y iron are %[n 9 ,fig4 #aa1 :i* %[s all types ( l9+4 ,x 0 on ?is design t ! contract 0 let1 & x 0 orig9ally int5d$ t ?is %\ld be ! only type ( iron us$4 ,! dim5sions ( ! iron are cle>ly %[n on ! draw+1 & x w be se5 t ! ext]nal diamet] is #bc ft41 ! int]ior diamet]1 #ba ft4 #b 941 ! l5g? ( ea* r+1 #b ft4 #f 941 & ! ?ickness ( ! iron sk9 or web1 #a 94 ,! bolt holes 9 ! circumf]5tial flanges are ev5ly spac$ ?r\gh ! circle1 s t adjac5t r+s may be bolt$ toge!r 9 any relative position z reg>ds ! radial jo9ts1 &1 z a matt] ( fact1 9 ! erection ( ! tunnel l9+1 all ! r+s break jo9t1 ) ! exception ( ^? at ! bore segm5ts1 z w be describ$ lat]4 ,?is type ( iron1 :5 ! orig9al type 0 modifi$1 came to be kn[n z ! ord9>y pocketless iron2 t is1 ! weight is ( ! ord9>y or light] type1 9 contradi/9ction to ! heavi] "o1 :i* lat] supplant$ x1 & ! caulk+ groove runs along ! edges ( ! flanges & does n =m pockets ar\nd ! bolt holes1 z did ! groove 9 a lat] type4 ,ea* r+ is made up ( elev5 segm5ts & a key piece4 ,( ^!1 n9e h radial jo9ts at bo? ends1 & are call$ ,a segm5ts2 two1 call$ ,b segm5ts1 h a radial jo9t at "o end & a non-radial jo9t at ! o!r4 ,! non-radial jo9t is plac$ next to ! key1 :i* is #ab4be 94 wide at ! outside circumf]5ce ( ! iron & #ab4ej 94 wide at ! inside4 ,! web is n ( uni=m ?ickness4 ,! middle "p ( ea* ,a & ,b segm5t is #a 94 ?ick2 at ! di/ance ( #f 94 f ! root ( ea* flange1 ! ?ickness ( web beg9s to increase1 s t at ! root x is #b-c_/h 94 ?ick4 ,! web ( ! key plate is #a 94 ?ick4 ,! bolts are ( mild /eel1 & are #a 94 9 diamet]2 !re are #fg 9 "o circumf]5tial jo9t & #e 9 ea* radial jo9t4 ,z !re are #ab su* radial jo9ts1 !re are altoge!r #fj bolts 9 ! cross-jo9ts1 mak+ a total ( #abg bolts p] r+4 ,?is orig9al type ( ord9>y iron 0 modifi$ = a special purpose z foll[s3 ,x 0 kn[n t = "s di/ance on ei!r side ( ! riv]1 & especially at ,weehawk51 ! tunnels w\ld pass ?r\gh a gravel =mation1 r op51 & conta9+ a heavy head ( wat]4 ,x 0 ?\ght t1 by c>ry+ ! caulk+ groove ar\nd ! bolt holes1 x w\ld be possible to make !m m wat]-pro( ?an by ! simple use ( ! r$-lead$ grummets4 ,h5ce ! ,pocket ,iron 0 adopt$ = ?is situation1 ! "n be+ d]iv$ f ! pocket-l recess :i* ! caulk+ groove =m$ :5 ext5d$ ar\nd ! bolt hole4 ,! details ( ?is l9+ are %[n on ,fig4 #aa1 & ! iron 7except = ! pockets7 is exactly l ! pocketless type4 ,illu/ration3 ,,details ,,( ,,all ,,types ,,( ,,metal ,,l9+s ,,us$ ,,9 ,,subaque\s ,,%ield-,,driv5 ,,tunnels ,,fig4 #aa4 ,on ! ,new ,york side1 9 bo? ,nor? & ,s\? ,tunnels1 two %ort l5g?s 7 built ) ca/-/eel l9+4 ,?is 0 done :]e unusual /resses 7 expect$ to come on ! l9+1 namely1 at ! po9t :]e ! inv]t pass$ f firm gr\nd to s(t1 & also :]e ! tunnels pass$ "u ! heavy riv] bulkhead wall4 ,! design 0 precisely ! same z = ! ord9>y pocketless iron1 & ,fig4 #aa %[s ! details4 ,aft] ! tunnels _h ent]$ into ! actual "u-riv] portion1 sev]al ph5om5a 7:i* w be describ$ lat]7 l$ to ! fe> t ! tunnels1 be+ light] ?an ! semi-liquid mud !y displac$1 might be subject to a buoyant action1 & !re=e a heavi] type ( l9+ 0 design$4 ,! l5g? ( r+1 numb] ( bolts1 etc41 7 j ! same z = ! light] iron1 b ! ?ickness ( ! web 0 increas$ f #a to #b 941 ! ?ickness ( ! flanges 0 proportionately increas$1 & ! diamet] ( ! bolts 0 increas$ f #a to #a 94 ,?is iron 0 all ( ! pocketless type1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #aa4 ,table #ah gives ! weights ( ! v>i\s types ( l9+4 ,,table #ah4--,,weights ,,( ,,tunnel ,,l9+1 ,,diamet] ,,& ,,weights ,,( ,,bolts1 ,,etc4 ,ref]5ce,type ( ,l9+4 ,weight ,weight ,weight ,weight ,diamet] ,no4 ( "o ( "o ( "o ( "o ( ,a ,b key1 9complete bolts1 ,segm5t1,segm5t1p\nds4r+1 9 9 9 9 p\nds4 in*es4 p\nds4 p\nds4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #a ,ord9>y ca/ #b1jfc #b1jfh #dhj #bc1ahc #a iron )\t caulk+ pockets4 #b ,ord9>y ca/ #b1jch #b1jdc #dfi #bb1hig #a iron ) caulk+ pockets4 #c ,ord9>y ca/ #b1bdg #b1beb #ebb #be1bdi #a /eel )\t caulk+ pockets4 #d ,heavy ca/ iron #b1egi #b1ehd #fjf #bh1ihe #a )\t caulk+ pockets4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,ref]5ce,type ( ,l9+4 ,weight ,weight ,total ,no4 ( #a ( weight ( bolt1 bolts1 "o r+ nut1 & nuts1 7segm5ts #b & & wa%]s1wa%]s bolts71 9 p] 9 p\nds4 r+1 p\nds4 9 p\nds4 ---------------------------------------- -------- #a ,ord9>y ca/ #f4fb #hdj4g #bd1jbd iron )\t caulk+ pockets4 #b ,ord9>y ca/ #f4fb #hdj4g #bc1gch iron ) caulk+ pockets4 #c ,ord9>y ca/ #f4fb #hdj4g #bf1jij /eel )\t caulk+ pockets4 #d ,heavy ca/ iron #aj4ej #a1ccc4e #cj1cai )\t caulk+ pockets4 ---------------------------------------- -------- ,,weights ,,( ,,v>i\s ,,types ,,( ,,l9+ ,,p] ,,l9e> ,,foot ,,( ,,tunnel4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,ref]5ce,type ( ,l9+4,weights ( ,weights ( ,weights ( ,no4 complete r+sbolts1 nuts1 segm5ts & 7segm5ts & wa%]s1 bolts 9 tunnel only71 9 9 p\nds4 complete1 9 p\nds4 p\nds4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #a ,ord9>y ca/ #i1bgc4j #ccf4c #i1fji4f iron )\t pockets4 #b ,ord9>y ca/ #i1aeh4h #ccf4c #i1die4b iron ) pockets4 #c ,ord9>y ca/ #aj1jii4f #ccf4c #aj1dcf4j /eel )\t pockets4 #d ,heavy ca/ iron #aa1eid4j #ecc4d #ab1abg4f )\t pockets4 ,! weights 9 ,table #ah are calculat$ by assum+ ca/ iron to weigh #dej lb4 p] cu4 ft41 & ca/ /eel #dij lb4 ,9 actual practice ! ord9>y iron 0 f\nd to weigh a little m ?an ! weights giv51 & ! heavy a little less4 ,! silt 9 ! sub-riv] portion av]ag$ ab\t #ajj lb4 p] cu4 ft41 s t ! weight ( ! silt displac$ by ! tunnel 0 ab\t #da1edh lb4 p] l94 ft4 ,tap] ,r+s4--,9 ord] to pass ar\nd curves 7:e!r horizontal or v]tical71 or to correct deviation f l9e or grade1 tap] r+s 7 us$2 by ?is is meant r+s :i* :5 9 place 9 ! tunnels 7 wid] ?an ! /&>d r+s1 ei!r at "o side 7horizontal tap]s or ,l9]s71 or at ! top 7,depressors71 or at ! bottom 7,elevators74 ,9 ! orig9al design a -94 tap] 0 call$ =1 t is1 ! wide side ( ! r+ 0 94 wid] ?an ! n>r[ side1 :i* 0 ( ! /&>d wid? ( #b ft4 #f 94 ,z a matt] ( fact1 dur+ con/ruction1 n only -941 b -94 & #a-;94 tap]s 7 (t5 us$4 ,^! tap] r+s necessitat$ ea* plate hav+ its own unalt]able position 9 ! r+1 h5ce ea* plate ( ! tap] r+ 0 numb]$1 s t no mi/ake c\ld be made dur+ erection4 ,! tap] r+s 7 made by ca/+ a r+ ) "o circumf]5tial flange mu* ?ick] ?an usual1 & !n ma*9+ (f ?is flange to ! tap]4 ,?is 0 n only mu* *eap] ?an mak+ a special patt]n = ea* plate1 b made x possible to see cle>ly :]e & :at tap]s 7 us$ 9 ! tunnel4 ,tap] r+s 7 provid$ = all k9ds ( l9+ 7except ! ca/ /eel71 & ! lack ( tap] /eel r+s 0 felt :5 build+ ! /eel-l9$ p>ts ( ! tunnel1 z no?+ c\ld be done to rem$y deviations f l9e or grade until ! /eel section 0 ov] & ca/ iron c\ld aga9 be us$4 ,table #ai gives ! weights ( ! diff]5t k9ds ( tap]s us$4 ,,table #ai4--,,weights ,,( ,,ca/-,,iron ,,tap] ,,r+s1 ,,9 ,,p\nds ,,p] ,,complete ,,r+4 ,classification4 ,weight ( ca/ iron p] complete r+1 9 p\nds4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,ord9>y pocketless - 94 tap] #bc1gfg4g #a- #bd1ceb4d pocket - #bc1dha4g ,heavy pocketless - 94 tap] #bi1efd4h - #bi1hed4g #a- #cj1add4f ,ca/-,/eel ,bore ,segm5ts & ,accessories4--,! foll[+ feature ( ^! tunnels is diff]5t f any hi!rto built4 ,x 0 ! orig9al int5tion to c>ry ! roll+ load indep5d5t ( ! tunnel1 or to assi/ ! support ( ! silt portion ( ! /ructure by a s+le r[ ( screw-piles1 "u ea* tunnel1 & ext5d+ d[n to firm] gr\nd ?an t ?r\gh :i* ! tunnels 7 driv54 ,!re=e1 provision _h to be made :]eby ^! piles c\ld be put d[n ?r\gh ! inv]t ( ! tunnel ) no exposure ( ! gr\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,details ,,( ,,bore ,,segm5ts ,,& ,,accessories ,,us$ ,,9 ,,subaque\s ,,%ield ,,driv5 ,,tunnels ,,fig4 #ab4 ,?is provision 0 af=d$ by ! ,bore ,segm5ts1 :i* are %[n 9 detail 9 ,fig4 #ab4 ,!re are two segm5ts1 call$ ,no4 #a & ,no4 #b1 respectively4 ,^! two segm5ts are bolt$ toge!r 9 ! bottom ( two adjac5t r+s1 & ?us =m a ,pile ,bore4 ,z ! piles 7 to be kept at #ae-;ft4 c5t]s1 & z ! tunnel r+s 7 #b ft4 #f 94 9 l5g?1 x w be se5 t1 betwe5 ea* pair ( bore-segm5t r+s1 !re came f\r ,pla9 r+s4 ,! pla9 r+s 7 built up s t ! radial jo9ts broke jo9t f r+ to r+1 b ) ! bore-segm5t r+s ?is c\ld n be done1 )\t unnecess>ily add+ to ! types ( segm5ts4 ,! bore segm5ts 7 made ( ca/ /eel1 & 7 q complicat$ ca/+s1 ! pr9ciple1 h[ev]1 0 q simple4 ,! segm5ts provid$ an op5+ j a little l>g] ?an ! %aft ( ! pile1 ! orifice be+ #b ft4 #g 94 9 diamet] at ! smalle/ 7l[e/7 po9t1 :ile ! %aft ( ! pile 0 to be #b ft4 #e 94 ,9 ord] to all[ ( ! entry ( ! screw-blade or helix ( ! pile1 a slot 0 =m$ 9 ! dep? ( ,bore ,segm5t ,no4 #a1 s t1 :5 a pile 0 put 9 position above ! bore1 ! blade1 :5 revolv$1 w\ld ent] ! slot & ?us pass "u ! metal l9+1 al?\gh ! actual orifice 0 only slightly l>g] ?an ! pile %aft4 ,! wall ( ! pile orifice 9 ,segm5t ,no4 #b 0 made l[] ?an t 9 ,no4 #a s z to all[ ! blade to ent] ! slot 9 ,segm5t ,no4 #a4 ,:5 ! pile is n actually 9 process ( be+ sunk1 ?is l[] height 9 ,no4 #b is made up ) ! removable di/ance piece4 ,?is _h a tongue at "o end :i* engag$ 9 a recess ca/ to take x 9 ,segm5t ,no4 #b & 0 held 9 place by a key piece at ! o!r end ( ! di/ance piece4 ,details ( ! di/ance piece & key are %[n 9 ,fig4 #ab4 ,! flanges ar\nd ! pile bore 7 made flat & furni%$ ) twelve tapp$ holes1 six 9 ,segm5t ,no4 #a & six 9 ,segm5t ,no4 #b1 = ! purpose ( atta*+ ! p]man5t arrangem5ts 9 conjunction ) :i* ! pile 0 to be atta*$ to ! track sy/em1 indep5d5tly ( ! tunnel %ell1 or directly to ! tunnel4 ,x 0 nev] decid$ :i* ( ^! alt]natives w\ld be us$1 =1 be=e ?is decision 0 rea*$1 x 0 agre$ t1 at any rate = ! pres5t1 x 0 bett] n to put d[n piles at all4 ,to close ! bore1 ! ,bore ,plug 0 us$4 ,?is is %[n on ,fig4 #ab4 ,x 0 ( ca/ /eel1 & 0 int5d$ to act z a p]man5t po9t ( ! screw-pile1 t is1 ! blade section 0 to be atta*$ to ! bore plug1 ! di/ance piece & key 7 to be remov$1 & ! pile 0 to be rotat$ until ! blade _h cle>$ ! slot2 ! di/ance piece & key 7 !n to be replac$ & s9k+ resum$4 ,! plug 0 held 9 place aga9/ ! pressure ( ! silt by ! two dogs1 :ile ! dogs !mselves 7 atta*$ to ! tunnel1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ab4 ,! ends ( ! dogs1 :i* re/$ on ! flanges ( ! metal l9+ ( ! tunnel1 7 prev5t$ f be+ knock$ (f ! flanges 7& ?us releas+ ! plug7 by /eel clips4 ,x 0 expect$ t x might be desirable to keep ! l[] end ( ! piles op5 dur+ _! s9k+1 s t ! bore plugs 7 n made p]man5tly clos$1 b a seat+ 0 =m$ on ! inn] circumf]5ce ( ! plug1 & on ! seat+ 0 plac$ ! ,plug ,cov]1 made ( ca/ iron1 #ah 94 9 diamet] & #c 94 ?ick1 furni%$ ) a lug = lift+ & a #c-;94 tapp$ hole clos$ by a screw-plug1 ?r\gh :i* any s\nd+s or samples ( gr\nd c\ld be tak5 prior to s9k+ ! piles4 ,?is plug cov] 0 held 9 place by a heavy /eel ,yoke "u x1 :i* engag$ on ! "u side ( ! flange1 on top ( :i* ! cov] 0 set4 ,! yoke 0 atta*$ to ! cov] by a #a-;94 tap-bolt1 screw$ into ! yoke & pass+ ?r\gh a #b-;94 hole bor$ 9 ! c5t] ( ! cov]4 ,?is r peculi> mode ( atta*+ ! cov] 0 adopt$ s t ! cov] c\ld be remov$ by tak+ (f ! nut ( ! yoke1 9 case x 0 desir$ to op5 ! end ( ! pile dur+ ! process ( s9k+4 ,! plug 0 a fairly close fit at ! bottom ( ! orifice1 t is1 at ! outside circumf]5ce ( ! tunnel1 :]e ! bore 0 #b ft4 #g 94 9 diamet] & ! plug #b ft4 #f 941 b at ! top ( ! bore-segm5t !re 0 m cle>ance1 z ! plug 0 cyl9drical :ile ! bore tap]$ outw>d4 ,to fill ?is space1 x 0 int5d$ t /eel w$ges %\ld be us$ :ile ! %ield 0 be+ driv51 s t !y w\ld )/& ! cru%+ action ( ! ?ru/+ %ield1 &1 :5 ! %ield 0 f> en\gh ahead1 t !y %\ld be remov$ & replac$ by h>dwood w$ges4 ,?is me?od 0 only us$ 9 ! e>ly weeks ( ! "w2 ! modification ( n us+ ! %ield-jacks :i* ?ru/ aga9/ ! bore segm5ts 0 !n introduc$1 & ! wood5 w$ges 7 put 91 :5 ! bore plugs 7 set 9 place1 & driv5 d[n to ! /age ( splitt+4 ,:5 x 0 resolv$ n to s9k ! screw-piles1 ! bores _h to be clos$ be=e putt+ 9 ! concrete l9+4 ,?is 0 done by means ( ! cov]s %[n 9 ,fig4 #ac4 ,! bore plug & all its atta*m5ts 7 remov$1 & ! flat /eel cov]1 #b 94 ?ick & ) /iff5+ webs on ! "u side1 0 plac$ ov] ! circul> flanges ( ! pile bore4 ,! cov] 0 atta*$ to ! bore segm5ts by twelve #a-;94 /ud-bolts1 #f 94 long1 9 ! bolt holes already m5tion$ z provid$ on ^! flanges4 ,:5 ^! 7 9 place1 ) lead grummets "u ! heads ( ! bolts1 & ! grooves caulk$1 ! bore segm5ts 7 wat]-tight1 except 9 ,bore ,segm5t ,no4 #b1 at ! jo9t ( ! di/ance piece2 &1 to keep wat] f ent]+ "h1 ?is segm5t 0 fill$ to ! level ( ! top ( ! flanges ) #a3a ,portl& cem5t mort>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,subaque\s ,,tunnels ,,cov] ,,= ,,bore ,,segm5ts ,,fig4 #ac4 ,! weights ( ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! bore segm5ts are giv5 9 ,table #bj4 ,,table #bj4--,,weights ,,( ,,bore ,,segm5ts ,,& ,,accessories1 ,,9 ,,p\nds4 ,"p4 ,no4 ,mat]ial4 ,weight1 9 p\nds4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,bore ,segm5t ,no4 #a #a ,ca/ ,/eel #c1jjd4j ,bore ,segm5t ,no4 #b #a #b1fbh4j ,di/ance piece #a #dbc4e ,key #a #cd4c ,plug #a #a1aib4e ,yoke #a #eg4c ,dogs #b #ajf4j ,slot cov] #a ,roll$ /eel #f4d ,plug cov] #a ,ca/ iron #afb4j ,dog hold]s #b ,roll$ /eel #f4d ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,complete weight ( "o pair1 )\t bolts #g1fbj4d ,sump ,segm5ts4--,9 ord] to provide sumps to collect ! dra9age & leakage wat] 9 ! subaque\s tunnels1 special sump segm5ts 7 in/all$ 9 ea* tunnel at ! l[e/ po9t--ab\t ,/ation #bda #jj4 ,! details ( ! design are %[n 9 ,fig4 #ad4 ,! segm5t 0 built into ! tunnel inv]t z ?\gh x 7 an ord9>y ,a segm5t4 ,9 build+ ! sump1 ?ree l9+ ca/+s 7 bolt$1 "o on top ( ! o!r1 & atta*$ to ! flat upp] surface ( ! sump segm5t2 mean:ile1 ! bolts atta*+ ! sump segm5t to ! adjac5t tunnel plates 7 tak5 out & ! plate & l9+ segm5ts 7 =c$ ?r\gh ! s(t mud by hydraulic jacks1 ! ?ree #f-;94 holes 9 ! bottom ( ! sump segm5t be+ op5$ 9 ord] to m9imize ! resi/ance4 ,! sump :5 built appe>$ z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ad1 ! top connection be+ made ) a special ca/+1 z %[n4 ,! capacity ( ea* sump is #ejj gal41 :i* is ab\t ! quantity ( wat] ent]+ ! :ole l5g? ( ea* subaque\s tunnel 9 #bd h\rs4 ,cross-,passages4--,:5 ! contract 0 let1 provision 0 made = cross-passages betwe5 ! tubul> tunnels1 9 ! =m ( special ca/+s to be built into ! tunnel l9+ at int]vals4 ,h[ev]1 ! idea 0 giv5 up1 & ^! ca/+s 7 n made4 ,lat]1 h[ev]1 aft] tunnel build+ _h />t$1 ! "q 0 rais$ aga91 & x 0 ?\ght t su* cross-connections w\ld be v useful to ! ma9t5ance =ces1 t x might be possible to build !m safely1 & t _! subsequ5t con/ruction w\ld be made mu* easi] if "s provision 7 made = !m :ile ! %ields 7 be+ driv54 ,x 0 !re=e arrang$ to build1 at int]vals ( ab\t #cjj ft41 two consecutive r+s 9 ea* tunnel1 at ! same /ation 9 ea* tunnel1 ) _! longitud9al flanges toge!r1 in/ead ( break+ jo9t1 z 0 usually done4 ,! keys ( ^! r+s 7 displac$ twelve bolt holes f _! normal positions t[>d ! o!r tunnel4 ,?is br\ght ! keys ab\t #f ft4 above ! b5*1 s t if !y 7 remov$1 toge!r ) ! ,b plates bel[ !m1 an op5+ ( ab\t #e by #g ft4 w\ld be left 9 a conv5i5t position ) reg>d to ! b5*4 ,illu/ration3 ,,details ,,( ,,sumps ,,9 ,,subaque\s ,,tunnels ,,at ,,/ation #bda ,,fig4 #ad4 ,no?+ m 0 done until aft] ! tunnels 7 driv54 ,x 0 !n decid$ to limit ! cross-passages betwe5 ! tubul> tunnels to ! l&w>d side ( ! bulkhead walls4 ,!y 7 arrang$ z foll[s3 ?ree on ! ,new ,york side1 at ,/ations #bjc #bb1 #bjf #hj1 & #bji #hj1 & two on ! ,new ,j]sey side1 at ,/ations #bee #df & #bfj #ad4 ,! cross-passages are squ>e 9 cross-section4 ,,table #ba4--,,weights ,,( ,,sump ,,segm5ts4 ,"p4 ,no4 ,mat]ial4 ,weight1 9 p\nds4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,middle top ca/+ #a ,ca/ /eel #hhj ,end top ca/+s #b #a1gah ,l9+ ca/+s #c #ah1bcb ,sump segm5t #a ,ca/ iron #c1efj ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,total weight p] sump1 exclusive ( bolts #bd1cij ,turnbuckle ,re9=cem5t = ,ca/-,iron ,segm5ts4--,dur+ ! p]iod ( con/ruction1 a c]ta9 numb] ( ca/-iron segm5ts1 mo/ly 9 ! ro(1 b 9 "s cases at ,manhattan 9 ! inv]t1 beh9d ! riv] l9es1 became crack$ ow+ to unev5 pressures ( ! gr\nd4 ,be=e ! concrete l9+ 0 put 91 consid]able discussion occurr$ z to ! wise/ c\rse to pursue ) reg>d to ^! brok5 plates4 ,x 0 f9ally ?\ght be/ n to take ! plates out1 z m h>m ?an good might be done1 b to re9=ce !m ) turnbuckles1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ae4 ,! numb] ( brok5 segm5ts 0 di/ribut$ z foll[s3 ,nor? ,manhattan ,tunnel #hg1 *iefly 9 silt 7n "u ! riv]71 ,s\? ,manhattan ,tunnel #g1 *iefly 9 silt 7 71 ,nor? ,weehawk5 ,tunnel #bd1 *iefly 9 s& 7 71 ,s\? ,weehawk5 ,tunnel #dh1 *iefly 9 silt1 "u ! ,f[l] ,w>eh\se4 ,! *ief features ( ! tunnel l9+ h n[ be5 describ$1 &1 be=e giv+ any acc\nt ( ! me?ods ( "w1 x w be well to m5tion briefly ! sali5t features ( ! concrete l9+ :i* is plac$ )9 ! actual l9+4 ,design ( ,concrete ,l9+4 ,?is concrete l9+ w be consid]$ & describ$ 9 ! foll[+ ord]3 ,! ,new ,york ,%ield ,*amb]s1 ,/&>d ,cross-,section ( ,concrete ,l9+ ( ,%ield-,driv5 ,tunnels1 ,f9al ,l9es & ,grades1 & ,h[ ,obta9$1 ,/eel ,rod ,re9=cem5t ( ,concrete1 ,cross-,passage ,l9+1 ,special ,provision = ,surveys & ,obs]vations4 ,illu/ration3 ,,subaque\s ,,tunnels ,,turnbuckles ,,& ,,rods ,,re9=c+ ,,tunnel ,,segm5ts ,,fig4 #ae4 ,! ,new ,york ,%ield ,*amb]s4--,! cross-section ( ! concrete l9+ ( ^! *amb]s is %[n by ,plate ,,xxxii1 ref]r$ to 9 ! ,l& ,tunnel ,section4 ,!y are ( ! tw9-tunnel d\ble-b5* type4 ,! deep space b5ea? ! floor is us$ z a sump = dra9age1 & manholes = access to ! cable conduits are plac$ 9 ! b5*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,types ,,( ,,concrete ,,l9+ ,,( ,,%ield-,,driv5 ,,tunnels4 ,,fig4 #af4 ,/&>d ,cross-,section ( ,concrete ,l9+ ( ,%ield-,driv5 ,tunnels4--,! cross-section ( ! concrete l9+ ( ! tube tunnel is %[n 9 ,fig4 #af4 ,!re are two ma9 types1 "o ext5d+ f ! %ield *amb]s to ! fir/ bore segm5t1 t is1 to :]e ! tunnel leaves solid gr\nd & passes into silt1 & ! o!r :i* ext5ds ! re/ ( ! way4 ,! fir/ type has a dra9 9 ! inv]t1 ! second has n4 ,! height f ! top ( ! rail to ! s(fit ( ! ar* be+ less ?an #af ft4 #aa 941 ov]head pockets = ! susp5sion ( electrical conductors 7 set 9 ! concrete ar* on ! v]tical axis l9e at #aj-;ft4 c5t]s4 ,^! pockets are %[n 9 ,fig4 #af4 ,! b5*es are utiliz$ = ! cable conduits 9 ! usual way4 ,ladd]s are provid$ on "o side at #be-;ft4 & on ! o!r side at #ej-;ft4 int]vals1 to give access f ! track level to ! top ( ! b5*es4 ,refuge ni*es = trackm5 are plac$ at #be-;ft4 int]vals on ! s+le-way conduits side only1 z !re is n en\gh room 9 front ( ! #d-way ducts4 ,manholes = giv+ access to ! cable conduits1 bo? p[]1 & telephone & telegraph1 are at #djj-;ft4 int]vals4 ,f9al ,l9es & ,grades1 & ,h[ ,obta9$4--,x may be well to expla9 "h h[ ! f9al l9es & grades = ! track1 & !re=e = ! concrete l9+1 7 obta9$ & det]m9$4 ,x is fir/ to be premis$ t ! /&>d cross-section ( ! tunnel 7t is1 ( ! concrete & iron l9+ comb9$7 is n ma9ta9$ ?r\gh\t ! tunnel4 ,9 o!r words1 ! metal l9+ is ( c\rse uni=m1 or practically s1 ?r\gh\t2 ! int]ior surface ( ! concrete l9+ is also uni=m f end to end1 b ! metal l9+1 ow+ to ! difficulty ( keep+ ! %ields1 & h5ce ! tunnels built )9 !m1 exactly on ! true l9e & grade1 is n on su* l9es & grades2 ! concrete l9+ is built exactly on ! pre-arrang$ l9es & grades1 consequ5tly1 ! relative positions ( ! concrete & metal l9+s v>y cont9ually along ! l5g? ( ! /ructure1 accord+ to :e!r ! metal l9+ is high] or l[] ?an x %\ld be1 fur!r to ! nor? or to ! s\?1 or any comb9ation ( ^!4 ,z be=e /at$1 x 0 /rongly desir$ to encroa* z little z possible on ! /&>d #b-;ft4 concrete ar*1 & aft] "s discussion x 0 decid$ t a ?ickness ( #a ft4 #f 94 0 ! ?9ne/ x 0 advisable to all[4 ,?is made x possible to p]mit ! metal l9+ ( ! tunnel to be #f 94 l[]1 9 respect to ! level ( ! track at any po9t1 ?an ! /&>d section %[s1 & also all[$ ! c5t] l9e ( ! track to h an ecc5tricity ( #f 94 ei!r nor? or s\? ( ! c5t] l9e ( ! tunnel4 ,?is only left to be settl$ ! ext5t to :i* ! metal l9+ might be high] 9 respect to ! track ?an t %[n on ! /&>d section4 ,?is am\nt 0 gov]n$ by ! desirability ( keep+ suffici5t cle>ance betwe5 ! top ( ! rail & ! iron l9+ 9 ! inv]t to admit ( ! atta*m5t ( pile f\ndations & all ! accompany+ gird]-track sy/em :i* w\ld necess>ily be caus$ by ! use ( piles1 %\ld x ev] become app>5t aft] op]ation 0 begun1 t1 aft] all1 x 0 ess5tial to h ! tunnels support$ 9 ?is way4 ,c>eful /udies 7 made ( ! cle>ance necess>y1 & x 0 decid$ t #d ft4 #i 94 0 ! m9imum all[able dep? f ! top ( ! rail to ! outside ( ! iron at ! bottom4 ,?is meant t ! iron l9+ c\ld be #c 94 high]1 ) respect to ! track level1 ?an t %[n on ! /&>d section4 ,all ! det]m9+ factors = fix+ ! be/ possible l9es & grades = ! track )9 ! complet$ metal l9+ 7 n[ at h&4 ,9 ,m>*1 #aijh1 c>eful surveys ( plan & elevation 7 made ( ! tunnels at int]vals ( #be ft4 ?r\gh\t4 ,! foll[+ op]ations 7 !n p]=m$ to fix on ! be/ l9es & grades3 ,fir/1 = ,l9e3 ,x has be5 expla9$ t ! p]missible deviation ( ! c5t] l9e ( ! track on ei!r side ( ! c5t] l9e ( ! tunnel 0 #f 94 ,_h ! metal l9+ be5 inv>iably ( ! true diamet]1 x w\ld h be5 necess>y to survey only "o side ( ! tunnel2 ?is w\ld h giv5 a l9e p>allel to ! c5t] l9e1 & might h be5 plott$ z su*2 !n1 by sett+ (f #f 94 on ei!r side ( ?is l9e1 !re w\ld h be5 obta9$ a pair ( p>allel l9es )9 :i* ! c5t] l9e ( ! track mu/ lie4 ,ow+ to v>iations 9 ! diamet] ( ! tunnel1 h[ev]1 su* a me?od 0 n p]missible1 & !re=e ! foll[+ process 0 us$3 ,:5 runn+ ! survey l9es ?r\gh ! tunnel 7:i* 7 ! c5t] l9es us$ 9 driv+ ! %ields71 (fsets 7 tak5 to ! inn] edges ( ! flanges ( ! metal l9+1 bo? on ! nor? & s\? sides1 at axis level at ea* #be-;ft4 int]val4 ,on ! plat on :i* ! survey l9es 7 laid d[n1 & at ea* po9t survey$1 a di/ance 0 laid (f to nor? & s\? equal to ! foll[+ di/ances3 ,(fset1 z measur$ 9 ! tunnel to nor? 7or s\?71 m9us #aj4jh ft4 ,?is #aj4jh ft4 7or #aj ft1 #a 947 repres5ts #aj ft4 #g 941 ! true radius to inside ( iron1 m9us #f 941 ! p]missible lat]al deviation ( ! track f ! axis ( ! tunnel4 ,! result ( ?is process 0 two l9es1 "o on ei!r side ( ! survey l9es1 n p>allel to x or to ea* o!r1 b approa*+ ea* o!r :5 ! horizontal diamet] 0 less ?an ! true diamet]1 rec$+ f ea* o!r :5 ! diamet] 0 m1 & exactly #ab 94 ap>t :5 ! diamet] 0 correct4 ,z long z ! c5t] l9e ( ! track lay entirely )9 ^! two limit+ l9es1 ! condition t ! concrete ar* %\ld n be #f 94 less 9 ?ickness ?an ! /&>d #b ft4 0 satisfi$1 & 9 ord] to arrive at ! f9al l9e1 ! longe/ possible tang5ts t w\ld be )9 ^! limits 7 adopt$ z ! f9al l9es2 &1 z ! survey l9es 7 ^? us$ 9 driv+ ! tunnel %ields 7t is1 ! l9es to :i* x 0 int5d$ t ! track %\ld be built71 ! am\nt by :i* ! new l9es ?us obta9$ deviat$ f ! survey l9es 0 a measure ( ! deviation ( ! f9ally adopt$ track & concrete l9e f ! orig9al contract l9es4 ,next1 = ,grades3 ,! consid]ations = grade 7 v simil> to ^? = l9e4 ,if ! v]tical diamet] ( ! tunnel _h be5 true at ea* #be-;ft4 int]val survey$1 x w\ld h be5 correct to plot ! elevations ( ! cr[n 7or inv]t7 z a longitud9al section ( ! tunnel1 & to h set up ov] ^? po9ts o!rs #f 94 above 7z ! metal l9+ c\ld h be5 #f 94 l[] ?an ! /&>d section1 :i* is equival5t to ! track be+ an equal am\nt high]71 & bel[ ^! cr[n or inv]t elevations o!rs #c 94 l[] 7z ! metal l9+ c\ld be #c 94 high]74 ,!n1 by jo9+ ! po9ts #f 94 above 9 "o l9e & ^? #c 94 bel[ 9 ano!r1 !re w\ld h be5 obta9$ l9es ( limitation betwe5 :i* ! track grades mu/ lie4 ,h[ev]1 z ! tunnel diamet] 0 n uni=mly correct1 a modification ( ?is me?od _h to be made1 z 9 ! case ( ! l9e det]m9ation1 ! pr9ciple1 h[ev]1 rema9+ ! same4 ,! elevations 7 tak5 on ! inn] edges ( ! circumf]5tial flanges ( ! metal l9+1 n only 9 ! bottom1 b also 9 ! top1 ( ! tunnel1 at ea* #be-;ft4 int]val2 !n1 = ! upp] limit ( ! track at ea* su* int]val ! foll[+ 0 plott$3 ,elevation ( inn] edge ( flange at top1 m9us #af4eh ft4 ,?is #af4eh ft4 7or #af ft4 #g 947 0 obta9$ ?us3 ,! /&>d height f ! top ( ! rail to ! inn] edge ( ! iron flange is #ag ft4 #a 941 b1 z ! track may be #f 94 above ! /&>d or normal1 ! m9imum height p]missible is #af ft4 #g 94 ,= ! l[] limit ( track at ea* #be-;ft4 int]val ! foll[+ 0 plott$3 ,elevation ( inn] edge ( flange at bottom1 plus #c4hc ft4 ,?is #c4hc ft4 7or #c ft4 #aj 947 0 obta9$ ?us3 ,! /&>d height f ! top ( ! rail to ! inn] edge ( ! iron flange is #d ft4 #a 94 7#e ft4 to outside ( iron1 less #aa 94 = dep? ( flange71 b1 z ! track may be #c 94 bel[ ! /&>d1 ! m9imum height p]missible is #d ft1 #a 94 less #c 941 or #c ft4 #aj 94 ,by plott+ ! elevations ?us obta9$1 two l9es 7 obta9$ :i* 7 n p>allel b 7 clos] toge!r or fur!r ap>t accord+ z ! actual v]tical diamet] 0 less or great] ?an ! /&>d1 & ! track grade _h to lie )9 ^! two l9es 9 ord] to comply ) ! requirem5ts indicat$ above4 ,! results ( ^! op]ations = ! ,nor? ,tunnel are %[n on ,plate ,,xxxvi4 ,! greate/ deviations betwe5 ! l9es & grades 9 ! subaque\s tunnels z det]m9$ by ^! means & ^? z orig9ally laid out 9 ! contract draw+s are on ! ,weehawk5 side1 & 7 caus$ by ! unexpect$ behavior ( ! tunnel :5 ! %ields 7 driv5 bl9d into ! silt1 caus+ a rise :i* c\ld n be ov]come1 & ! ?ru/+ aside ( "o tunnel by ! passage ( ! neighbor+ "o4 ,_h ?is un=tunate incid5t n occurr$1 x is cle> t x w\ld h be5 possible to adh]e v closely inde$ to ! contract l9es & grades1 al?\gh ! deviation is small1 consid]+ all ?+s4 ,! int]nal outl9e ( ! concrete cross-section is uni=m ?r\gh\t1 & is built on ! l9es & grades ?us describ$4 ,/eel ,rod ,re9=cem5t ( ,concrete4--,! orig9al int5tion _h be5 to l9e ! metal l9+ ( ! tube tunnels ) pla9 concrete1 b1 z ! discussion on ! f\ndation "q cont9u$1 x 0 felt advisable1 :ile /ill x 0 int5d$ to put 9 ! f\ndations1 to gu>d aga9/ any /resses :i* 7 likely to come on ! /ructure1 by us+ a sy/em ( /eel rods emb$d$ circumf]5tially )9 ! concrete4 ,designs 7 made on ?is basis1 & ev5 ! necess>y mat]ial prep>$1 be=e ! decision to omit ! piles altoge!r 0 rea*$4 ,h[ev]1 9 ord] to provide a safegu>d = ! /ructure :]e x is p>tly or :olly beyond ! solid rock1 x 0 decid$ to use re9=cem5t1 ev5 ) ! piles omitt$4 ,= ?is purpose ! tunnel 0 consid]$ z a gird]1 & longitud9al re9=cem5t 0 provid$ at ! top & bottom4 ,! top re9=cem5t ext5ds f a po9t #be ft4 beh9d ! po9t :]e ! cr[n ( ! tunnel passes out ( rock on ! ,new ,york side to :]e ! cr[n passes into rock on ! ,new ,j]sey side4 ,! bottom re9=cem5t ext5ds f :]e ! inv]t ( ! tunnel passes out ( rock on ! ,new ,york side to :]e x passes into rock on ! ,new ,j]sey side4 ,! re9=cem5t bo? at top & bottom consi/s ( tw5ty #a-;94 squ>e twi/$ rods1 t5 plac$ symmetrically on ei!r side ( ! v]tical axis1 #i 94 ap>t f c5t] to c5t] & set #d 94 7to _! c5t]s7 back f ! face ( ! concrete4 ,z a fur!r precaution1 circumf]5tially-plac$ rods 7 us$ on ! l&w>d side ( ! riv] l9es1 ma9ly to assi/ 9 prev5t+ ! di/ortion ( %ape :i* might occur "h1 ei!r "u pres5t conditions1 su* z "u ! ,f[l] ,w>eh\se at ,weehawk51 or "u any possible diff]5t future conditions1 su* z might be br\ght ab\t by build+ "s new /ructure 9 ! vic9ity ( ! tunnels4 ,= purposes ( classification ( ! circumf]5tial re9=cem5t1 ! tunnel 0 divid$ into two types1 ,b & ,c2 7,type ,a cov]+ ! portion :i*1 be+ :olly 9 solid rock1 0 n re9=c$ at all74 ,type ,b cov]s ! "p ( ! tunnels on bo? sides ( ! riv] ly+ betwe5 ! po9t :]e ! top ( ! tunnel passes out ( rock & ! po9t :]e ! inv]t passes out ( rock on ! ,manhattan side1 or out ( gravel on ! ,weehawk5 side4 ,! re9=cem5t consi/s ( tw5ty #a-;94 squ>e longitud9al rods 9 ! cr[n ( ! tunnel1 z describ$ = ! g5]al longitud9al re9=cem5t1 toge!r ) #a-;94 squ>e circumf]5tial rods at #aj-;94 c5t]s1 & ext5d+ ov] ! ar* to #b ft4 #c 94 bel[ ! horizontal axis4 ,type ,c ext5ds f ! latt] limit ( ,type ,b to ! riv] l9e on ea* side1 & consi/s ( longitud9al re9=cem5t 9 bo? top & bottom1 z describ$ be=e1 toge!r ) circumf]5tial re9=cem5t entirely ar\nd ! tunnel1 & =m$ ( #a-;94 squ>e twi/$ rods at #ae-;94 c5t]s4 ,type ,d consi/s ( longitud9al re9=cem5t only1 & ext5ds f riv] l9e to riv] l9e1 ?us occupy+ #gb4e ( ! l5g? 9 :i* concrete is us$4 ,! re9=cem5t consi/s ( tw5ty #a-;94 twi/$ rods at #i-;94 c5t]s 9 ! cr[n1 & tw5ty #a-;94 rods at #i-;94 c5t]s 9 ! inv]t4 ,9 addition to ! ?ree /&>d types1 ,b1 ,c1 & ,d1 !re 7 two sub-types :i* 7 us$ 9 ,type ,d1 & 9 conjunction ) x :]ev] ! ?ickness ( ! c5t] ( ! concrete ar* became less ?an #a ft4 #f 941 measur+ to ! outside ( ! metal l9+4 ,?is ?ickness 0 "o ( ! limits us$ 9 lay+ out ! l9es & grades1 & 9 g5]al ! ar* 0 n less ?an ?is4 ,!re 7 "o or two %ort l5g?s1 h[ev]1 :]e x 0 less1 =1 if ! ar* ?ickness requirem5t _h be5 adh]$ to1 x w\ld h result$ 9 a break ( l9e or grade = ! sake ( p]haps only a few feet ( ?9 ar*1 & x 0 "h t ! sub-types came into play4 ,sub-type #a 0 us$ :]e ! ar* 0 less ?an #a ft4 #f 94 ?ick at ! top4 ,! extra re9=cem5t "h consi/$ ( #a-;94 squ>e twi/$ rods1 #af ft4 long1 laid circumf]5tially 9 ! cr[n at #aj-;94 c5t]s4 ,sub-type #b 0 us$ :]e ! ar* 0 less ?an #a ft4 #f 94 ?ick at ! side4 ,! extra re9=cem5t "h consi/$ ( #a-;94 squ>e twi/$ rods1 #af ft4 long1 laid circumf]5tially1 at ! side on :i* ! concrete 0 ?91 at #aj-;94 c5t]s4 ,v little ( ei!r ( ^! two sub-types 0 us$4 ,! entire s*eme is %[n graphically & cle>ly on ,plate ,,xxxvii4 ,cross-,passage ,l9+4--,!re are two ma9 types ( cross-passages3 ,l9$ ) /eel plates1 & unl9$4 ,!re is only "o example ( l9+ ) /eel plates1 namely1 ! mo/ we/]n "o at ,weehawk54 ,?is is built 9 rock :i* c>ri$ s mu* wat] t1 9 ord] to keep ! tunnels & ! passage dry1 x 0 decid$ to build a concrete-l9$ passage1 )\t attempt+ to /op ! fl[ ( wat]1 & )9 ?is to place a rivet$ /eel l9+1 n 9 contact ) ! concrete1 b ) a space betwe5 ! two4 ,?is space 0 dra9$ & ! wat] l$ back to ! %ield *amb] & !nce to ! ,weehawk5 ,%aft sump4 ,! int]ior ( ! /eel l9+ is cov]$ ) concrete4 ,9 ! passages n l9$ ) /eel plates ! squ>e concrete l9+ is r5d]$ on ! inside ) a wat]-pro( pla/]4 ,ea* ( ! passages is provid$ ) a /eel door4 ,provisions 9 ,concrete ,l9+ = ,surveys & ,obs]vations4--,! long protract$ discussion z to ! provision = f\ndations 9 ^! tunnels l$ to _m surveys1 te/s1 & obs]vations1 :i* 7 c>ri$ out dur+ ! con/ructive p]iod1 &1 z x 0 desir$ to cont9ue z _m ( ^! obs]vations z possible up to & aft] ! "t :5 traffic />t$1 c]ta9 provisions 7 made 9 ! concrete l9+ :]eby ^! requirem5ts might be fulfill$4 ,! *ief po9ts on :i* in=mation 0 desir$ 7 z foll[s3 ,! *ange 9 elevation ( ! tunnel1 ,! *ange 9 lat]al position ( ! tunnel1 ,! *ange 9 %ape ( ! tunnel1 ,! tidal oscillation ( ! tunnel4 ,a detail$ acc\nt ( ^! obs]vations w be f\nd 9 ano!r pap] on ?is "w1 b x may be said n[ t x 0 v desirable to be able to get ?is in=mation indep5d5tly ( ! traffic z f> z possible1 & !re=e provision 0 made = c>ry+ on ! obs]vations f ! side b5*es4 ,= /udy+ ! *anges 9 level ( ! tunnel1 a p]man5t b5*-m>k is e/abli%$ 9 ea* tunnel :]e x is 9 ! solid rock & !re=e n subject to *anges ( elevation2 ?r\gh\t ! tunnel1 brass /uds are set 9 ! b5* at int]vals ( ab\t #cjj ft4 ,a s]ies ( levels is run e mon? f ! /able b5*-m>k on ea* ( ^! brass plugs1 ?us obta9+ an indication ( ! *ange ( elevation t ! tunnels h und]gone dur+ ! mon?4 ,^! results are *eck$ on p]man5t b5*-m>ks 9 ! subaque\s portion ( ! tunnels4 ,^! consi/ ( rods1 encas$ 9 pipes ( l>g] diamet]1 :i* ext5d d[n ?r\gh ! tunnel inv]t into ! b$-rock bel[ ! tunnel4 ,leakage is kept out by a /uff+-box 9 ! inv]t4 ,by measur+ betwe5 a po9t on ^! rods :]e !y pass ?r\gh ! inv]t & ! tunnel itself a direct read+ ( ! *ange ( elevation ( ! tunnel is obta9$4 ,^! measurem5ts are tak5 at weekly int]vals1 &1 z ! tunnels are subject to tidal influ5ces1 be+ l[] at high tide ?an at l[ tide1 are always tak5 "u ! same conditions z to height ( wat] 9 ! riv]4 ,^! p]man5t b5*-m>ks are at ,/ations #bji #je & #bef #jb 7ab\t #ajj ft4 on ! %orew>d side ( ! riv] l9e 9 ea* case7 9 ! ,s\? ,tunnel1 at ,/ations #bbj #jj & #bdc #hf1 also 9 ! ,s\? ,tunnel1 & at ,/ation #bca #gh 9 ! ,nor? ,tunnel4 ,9 ord] to /udy ! lat]al *ange ( position1 a base l9e 0 e/abli%$ on ! side b5* at ea* end ( ea* tunnel 9 ! portion built ?r\gh ! solid rock4 ,at int]vals ( ab\t #cjj ft4 ?r\gh\t ea* tunnel1 alignm5t pockets are =m$ 9 ! concrete ar*1 also above ! b5*1 on ! s\? b5* ( ! ,nor? ,tunnel & ! nor? b5* ( ! ,s\? ,tunnel4 ,9 ea* pocket is plac$ a graduat$ & v]ni]$ brass b>1 s t1 :5 ! base l9e is project$ on ^! b>s1 ! lat]al movem5t ( ! tunnel c be read directly4 ,z x 0 desirable to h z mu* cross-connection z possible betwe5 ! tunnels at ! po9ts :]e ! in/rum5ts 7 to be set up1 five ( ! ma9 survey /ations 7 set opposite ea* ( ! five cross-passages4 ,!n1 = ! purpose ( increas+ ! cross-connection /ill fur!r1 pipes #f 94 9 diamet] 7 put ?r\gh f "o tunnel to ! o!r at axis level at ,/ations #bbj #fj1 #bca #gh1 #bcd #fd1 #bda #ii1 & #bea #ac1 & a survey /ation 0 put 9 opposite ea* "o4 ,po9ts 7 e/abli%$ at ,/ation #bbj #jj1 :i* is ! po9t ( int]section = ! curve on ! orig9al c5t] l9e ( ! tunnel1 & also at ,/ation #bbj #bc1 :]e ! int]section ( ! track c5t] l9e comes 9 ! ,nor? ,tunnel4 ,z x 0 desirable to h ! survey /ations n mu* m ?an #cjj ft4 ap>t1 s z to obta9 cle> sights1 o!r /ations 7 e/abli%$ s t ! di/ances betwe5 survey /ations 7 at ab\t t int]val4 ,= /udy+ *anges ( %ape 9 ! tunnel1 brass diamet] m>k]s 7 ins]t$ at ea* survey /ation 9 ! concrete l9+ at ! extremities ( ! v]tical & horizontal axes4 ,^! 7 pieces ( brass b>1 #c_/h 94 9 diamet] & #f 94 long1 set 9 ! concrete & project+ #e_/h 94 into ! tunnel1 s t a tape c\ld be easily held aga9/ ! m>k] & read4 ,= obta9+ ! tidal oscillation ( elevation ( ! tunnel1 record+ gauges are atta*$ to ! inv]t ( ! tunnel at ea* ( ! five p]man5t b5*-m>ks ref]r$ to above 9 su* a way t ! record+ p5cil ( ! gauge is actuat$ by ! rod ( ! p]man5t b5*-m>k4 ,a roll ( graduat$ pap] is driv5 by clock-"w bel[ ! record+ p5cil :i* ?us m>ks automatically ! relative movem5t betwe5 ! mov+ tunnel & ! /able rods4 ,^! h %[n t 9 ! subaque\s "p ( ! tunnel !re is a regul> tidal fluctuation ( elevation1 ! tunnel mov+ d[n z ! tide rises1 & ris+ aga9 :5 ! tide falls4 ,= an av]age tide ( ab\t #e ft4 ! tunnel oscillation w\ld be ab\t #a_/h 94 ,be=e ! concrete l9+ 0 plac$1 !re 0 a tidal *ange 9 ! %ape ( ! tunnel1 :i* flatt5$ ab\t #a_/fd 94 at high tide4 ,aft] ! concrete l9+ 0 plac$1 ?is di/ortion seem$ to cease4 ,! g5]al design & plan ( ! "w h be5 describ$1 & be=e giv+ any acc\nt ( ! contractor's me?ods 9 c>ry+ x out1 ,table #bb1 %[+ ! *ief quantities ( "w 9 ! riv] tunnels1 is pres5t$4 ,me?ods ( ,con/ruction4 ,! foll[+ is an acc\nt ( ! me?ods us$ by ! contractor 9 c>ry+ out ! plans :i* h already be5 describ$4 ,fir/1 x may be well to po9t out ! sequ5ce ( ev5ts z !y develop$ 9 ?is "w4 ,^! ev5ts may be divid$ into six p]iods4 #a4--;,excavation & ,iron ,l9+3 ,june1 #aijc1 to ,novemb]1 #aijf2 #b4--;,caulk+ & grummet+ ! iron l9+3 ,novemb]1 #aijf1 to ,june1 #aijg2 #c4--,surveys1 te/s & obs]vations3 ,april1 #aijg1 to ,april1 #aijh2 #d4--;,build+ cross-passages & capp+ pile bores3 ,april1 #aijh1 to ,novemb]1 #aijh2 #e4--,plac+ ! concrete l9+3 ,novemb]1 #aijh1 to ,june1 #aiji2 #f4--;,clean+ up & v>i\s small works3 ,june1 #aiji1 to ,novemb]1 #aiji4 ,! tunnels 7 "u an av]age air pressure ( #be lb4 p] sq4 94 above normal = all except ,p]iods #e & #f1 dur+ :i* times !re 0 no air pressure 9 ! tunnels4 ,all ! "w w be describ$ 9 ?is pap] except t "u ,p]iod #c :i* w be f\nd 9 ano!r pap]4 ,p]iod #a4--;,excavation & ,iron ,l9+1 ,june1 #aijc1 to ,novemb]1 #aijf4--,table #bc gives ! *ief dates 9 connection ) ?is p]iod4 ,manhattan ,%ield ,*amb]s4--,! ,manhattan %ield *amb] con/ruction w be fir/ describ$4 ,! ,weehawk5 %ield *amb]s h be5 describ$ "u ! ,l& ,tunnel ,section1 z !y are ( ! regul> masonry-l9$ ,l& ,tunnels type1 :]eas ! ,manhattan *amb]s are ( segm5tal iron l9+ ) a concrete inn] l9+4 ,dur+ ! progress ( excavation1 ! location ( ! ,new ,york %ield *amb]s 0 mov$ back #acc ft41 z previ\sly describ$ 9 ! ,l& ,tunnel ,section1 & :5 ! location _h be5 f9ally decid$1 !re 0 a middle top head+ driv5 all ?r\gh ! l5g? n[ occupi$ by ! %ield *amb]4 ,n>r[ cross-drifts 7 tak5 out at "r angles to ! top head+1 & f ! ends ( ^! ! wall-plate head+s 7 tak5 out4 ,heavy timb]+ 0 us$1 z ! rock cov] 0 only ab\t #f ft41 & ! :ole span to be cov]$ 0 #fj ft4 ,! process adopt$ 0 to excavate & timb] ! nor? side fir/1 place ! iron l9+1 & !n excavate ! s\? side1 us+ ! iron ( ! nor? side z ! supports = ! nor? ends ( ! segm5tal timb]+ ( ! s\?4 ,! only incid5t ( note 0 t at #b3jj ,a4,m41 on ,octob] #bj?1 #aijd1 ! rock at ! we/ end ( ! s\? wall-plate head+ 0 pi]c$4 ,wat] soon flood$ ! work+s1 & consid]able di/urbance 0 caus$ 9 ! ,new ,york ,c5tral ,railroad y>d above4 ,! cavity on ! surface 0 soon fill$ 91 b to /op ! fl[ ( mud & wat] 0 q a tr\blesome job4 ,,table #bb4--,,quantities ,,( ,,"w ,,9 ,,subaque\s ,,tunnels4 ,,type4 -------------------------------------- ,,description1 ,,quantity1 ,,manhattan ,,ca/ ,,iron1 ,,ca/ ,,iron1 ,,l5g?1 ,,etc4 %ield ord9>y ord9>y *amb]s4 pocketless4 pocket4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,l5g?1 9 feet4 #ei4jj #d1cgd4ii #b1adf4c ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,excavation1 9 cubic y>ds4 ,total4 #a1hhd #fg1cdd #cc1jch ,p] l9e> foot4 #ca4i #ae4d #ae4d ,ca/-iron tunnel l9+1 9 p\nds4 ,total4 #hdg1jdb #ci1fdc1abj #ai1gae1dje ,p] l9e> foot4 #ad1ceg #i1jfa #i1ahf ,ca/-/eel tunnel l9+1 9 p\nds4 ,total4 #a1edd1ifb #geg1ich ,p] l9e> foot4 #cec4a #cec4a ,/eel bolts & wa%]s1 9 p\nds4 ,total4 #bc1fbg #a1dge1iia #gbd1jie ,p] l9e> foot4 #djj4df #ccg4cg #cig4jj ,ru/ jo9ts1 9 l9e> feet4 ,total4 #c1cgf #agj1gee #hc1ice ,p] l9e> foot4 #eg4b #ci4j #ci4a ,concrete1 9 cubic y>ds4 ,total4 #gff #bj1jcj #i1hbg ,p] l9e> foot4 #ab4ih #d4eh #d4eh ,/eel beams1 plates1 etc41 9 p\nds4 ,total4 #ab1cdf #hc1ggd #da1jih ,p] l9e> foot4 #b1jib4e #ai4a #ai4a ,/eel bolts1 hooks1 etc41 9 p\nds4 ,total4 #a1cbh #cf1ihj #ah1adb ,p] l9e> foot4 #bb4e #hd4e #hd4e ,exp&$ metal1 9 p\nds4 ,total4 #eid #b1bae #a1jhf ,p] l9e> foot4 #aj4jg #j4ejf #j4ejf ,vitrifi$ conduits1 9 duct feet4 ,total4 #b1efj #bce1ijc #aae1gbh ,p] l9e> foot4 #dc4di #ec4ib #ec4ib ---------------------------------------- ,,description1 ,,quantity1 ,,ca/ ,,iron1 ,,ca/ ,,/eel1 ,,l5g?1 ,,etc4 heavy ord9>y ,total4 pocketless4 pocketless4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,l5g?1 9 feet4 #e1ebb4je #aeb4ff #ab1bee4jj ft4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,excavation1 9 cubic y>ds4 ,total4 #he1jja #b1cdi #ahi1faf ,p] l9e> foot4 #ae4d #ae4d cu4 yd4 ,ca/-iron tunnel l9+1 9 p\nds4 ,total4 #fa1eei1hde #aba1gfe1dab ,p] l9e> foot4 #aa1adh lb4 ,ca/-/eel tunnel l9+1 9 p\nds4 ,total4 #b1gcj1ije #a1edi1gaa #f1ehc1eaf ,p] l9e> foot4 #did4e #aj1aea4d lb4 ,/eel bolts & wa%]s1 9 p\nds4 ,total4 #b1ice1dee #ea1bff #e1baj1dcd ,p] l9e> foot4 #eha4ei #cce4hb lb4 ,ru/ jo9ts1 9 l9e> feet4 ,total4 #bah1fef #e1iif #dhb1gah ,p] l9e> foot4 #ci4f #ci4c ft4 ,concrete1 9 cubic y>ds4 ,total4 #be1bhb #gac #ef1fah ,p] l9e> foot4 #d4eh #d4eh cu4 yd4 ,/eel beams1 plates1 etc41 9 p\nds4 ,total4 #aje1gch #g1dcb #bej1chh ,p] l9e> foot4 #ai4a #dh4g lb4 ,/eel bolts1 hooks1 etc41 9 p\nds4 ,total4 #df1fge #a1dga #ajd1eif ,p] l9e> foot4 #hd4e #if4d lb4 ,exp&$ metal1 9 p\nds4 ,total4 #b1gie #fb #f1geb ,p] l9e> foot4 #j4ejf #j4djf lb4 ,vitrifi$ conduits1 9 duct feet4 ,total4 #big1geb #g1geg #fei1gjj ,p] l9e> foot4 #ec4ib #ej4ha duct ft4 ,,table #bc4--;,,excavation ,,& ,,iron ,,l9+4 ,nor? ,nor? ,manhattan4 ,weehawk54 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,%aft & prelim9>y head+s4 ,june #aj1 '#jc4 ,june #aa1 '#jc4 ,begun4 ,%aft & prelim9>y head+s4 ,decemb] #aa1 '#jc,septemb] #a1 '#jd ,f9i%$4 ,excavation ( %ield *amb]4 ,begun4 ,may #bd1 '#jd4 ,janu>y #af1 '#je4 ,excavation ( %ield *amb]4 ,janu>y #ba1 '#je4 ,m>* #be1 '#je4 ,f9i%$4 ,ca/-iron l9+ ( %ield *amb]s4,febru>y #d1 '#je4 ,none4 ,begun4 ,ca/-iron l9+ ( %ield *amb]s4 ,m>* #ac1 '#je4 ,none4 ,f9i%$4 ,excavation ( tunnels begun be=e ,octob] #ag1 '#jd4;,janu>y #ac1 '#je4 in/allation ( %ield4 ,comm5c$ build+ falsework = ,m>* #f1 '#je4 ,m>* #bc1 '#je4 %ield4 ,%ield p>ts receiv$ at %aft4 ,m>* #aa1 '#je4 ,m>* #bj1 '#je4 ,erection ( %ield begun4 ,m>* #ac1 '#je4 ,m>* #bg1 '#je4 ,erection ( %ield 7/ructural ,m>* #bg1 '#je4 ,april #ab1 '#je4 /eel74 ,f9i%$4 ,erection ( %ield 7hydraulic ,may #aa1 '#je4 ,may #be1 '#je4 fitt+s74 ,f9i%$4 ,fir/ r+ ( p]man5t ca/-iron ,may #ab1 '#je4 ,may #bi1 '#je4 l9+ put 94 ,fir/ air lock bulkhead wall4 ,begun4 ,may #bi1 '#je4 ,june #ae1 '#je4 ,fir/ air lock bulkhead wall4 ,june #g1 '#je4 ,june #bc1 '#je4 ,f9i%$4 ,air pressure fir/ put 9 tunnel4 ,june #be1 '#je4 ,june #bi1 '#je4 ,rock disappe>$ f inv]t ( ,decemb] #a1 '#je4,octob] #ca1 '#je4 tunnel4 ,fir/ pair ( bore segm5ts built 9,decemb] #i1 '#je4;,janu>y #ab1 '#jf4 tunnel4 ,rip-rap ( riv] bulkhead wall met4 ,febru>y #h1 '#jf4 ,none4 ,fir/ pile met 79 riv] bulkhead ,febru>y #ah1 '#jf;,janu>y #c1 '#jf4 wall at ,manhattan1 & ,f[l] w>eh\se f\ndation at ,weehawk574 ,la/ pile met4 ,m>* #b1 '#jf4 ,febru>y #e1 '#jf4 ,fir/ r+ erect$ on riv] side ( ,m>* #c1 '#jf4 ,febru>y #f1 '#jf4 %ore l9e4 ,remov+ hood ( %ield4 ,begun4 ,m>* #bg1 '#jf4 ,febru>y #f1 '#jf4 ,remov+ hood ( %ield4 ,f9i%$4 ,april #a1 '#jf4 ,febru>y #h1 '#jf4 ,second air-lock bulkhead wall4 ,may #ab1 '#jf4 ,m>* #ai1 '#jf4 ,begun4 ,second air-lock bulkhead wall4 ,may #ba1 '#jf4 ,m>* #bd1 '#jf4 ,f9i%$4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,tunnel hol$ ?r\gh ) meet+ ,septemb] #ab1 #aijf4 tunnel4 ,la/ r+ ( p]man5t ca/-iron ,octob] #i1 #aijf4 l9+ built 94 ,s\? ,s\? ,manhattan4 ,weehawk54 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,%aft & prelim9>y head+s4 ,june #aj1 '#jc4 ,june #aa1 '#jc4 ,begun4 ,%aft & prelim9>y head+s4 ,decemb] #aa1 ,septemb] #a1 #jd ,f9i%$4 '#jc4 ,excavation ( %ield *amb]4 ,begun4,may #bd1 '#jd4 ,janu>y #af1 '#je4 ,excavation ( %ield *amb]4 ,may #ac1 '#je4 ,april #ai1 '#je4 ,f9i%$4 ,ca/-iron l9+ ( %ield *amb]s4,may #ae1 '#je4 ,none4 ,begun4 ,ca/-iron l9+ ( %ield *amb]s4,june #ad1 '#je4 ,none4 ,f9i%$4 ,excavation ( tunnels begun be=e ,janu>y #e1 '#je4 ,janu>y #be1 '#je4 in/allation ( %ield4 ,comm5c$ build+ falsework = ,june #ai1 '#je4 ,april #ag1 '#je4 %ield4 ,%ield p>ts receiv$ at %aft4 ,june #bb1 '#je4 ,april #bd1 '#je4 ,erection ( %ield begun4 ,june #bb1 '#je4 ,april #bd1 '#je4 ,erection ( %ield 7/ructural ,june #h1 '#je4 ,may #f1 '#je4 /eel74 ,f9i%$4 ,erection ( %ield 7hydraulic ,augu/ #bg1 '#je4 ,june #ac1 '#je4 fitt+s74 ,f9i%$4 ,fir/ r+ ( p]man5t ca/-iron ,augu/ #bg1 '#je4 ,june #ad1 '#je4 l9+ put 94 ,fir/ air lock bulkhead wall4 ,begun4,septemb] #ah1 ,june #ba1 '#je4 '#je ,fir/ air lock bulkhead wall4 ,septemb] #bc1 ,july #c1 '#je4 ,f9i%$4 '#je ,air pressure fir/ put 9 tunnel4 ,octob] #f1 '#je4 ,july #h1 '#je4 ,rock disappe>$ f inv]t ( ,febru>y #h1 '#jf4,septemb] #ba1 #je tunnel4 ,fir/ pair ( bore segm5ts built 9,febru>y #af1 ,decemb] #ab1 '#je tunnel4 '#jf4 ,rip-rap ( riv] bulkhead wall met4 ,april #aa1 '#jf4 ,none4 ,fir/ pile met 79 riv] bulkhead ,april #ah1 '#jf4 ,decemb] #d1 '#jf4 wall at ,manhattan1 & ,f[l] w>eh\se f\ndation at ,weehawk574 ,la/ pile met4 ,may #a1 '#jf4 ,janu>y #i '#jf4 ,fir/ r+ erect$ on riv] side ( ,may #i1 '#jf4 ,janu>y #ai1 '#jf4 %ore l9e4 ,remov+ hood ( %ield4 ,begun4 ,may #i1 '#jf4 ,janu>y #ai1 '#jf4 ,remov+ hood ( %ield4 ,f9i%$4 ,may #ab1 '#jf4 ,janu>y #bd1 '#jf4 ,second air-lock bulkhead wall4 ,july #ac1 '#jf4 ,m>* #aa1 '#jf4 ,begun4 ,second air-lock bulkhead wall4 ,july #ba1 '#jf4 ,m>* #ah1 '#jf4 ,f9i%$4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,tunnel hol$ ?r\gh ) meet+ ,octob] #i1 #aijf4 tunnel4 ,la/ r+ ( p]man5t ca/-iron ,novemb] #ah1 #aijf4 l9+ built 94 ,! excavation 0 begun on ,may #bd?1 #aijd1 & f9i%$ on ,may #ae?1 #aije4 ,! segm5ts 7 plac$ by an erector consi/+ ( a timb] boom support$ by cross-timb]s runn+ on c> :eels on longitud9al timb]s at ea* side ( ! tunnel4 ,motion 0 transmitt$ to ! boom by two sets ( tackle1 & ! heavy 7#e1jjj-lb47 segm5ts 7 easily h&l$4 ,! erection ( ! l9+ 0 />t$ on ,febru>y #d?1 #aije1 & f9i%$ on ,june #ad?1 #aije4 ,:ile ! %ield *amb]s 7 be+ excavat$1 bottom head+s 7 run along ! l9es ( ! riv] tunnels & cont9u$ until ! lack ( rock cov] prev5t$ _! be+ driv5 fur!r4 ,^! 7 aft]w>d enl>g$ to ! full section z f> z possible4 ,! typical work+ =ce 9 ! %ield *amb]s 0 z foll[s3 ,t5-h\r ,%ifts4 ,drill+ & ,bla/+4 #a ,=eman #c4ej #f ,drill]s #c4jj #f ,drill]s' help]s #b4jj #a ,blacksmi? #c4ej #a ,blacksmi?'s help] #b4be #a ,p[d]man #b4jj #a ,wat]boy #b4jj #a ,nipp] #b4jj #a ,ma*9i/ #c4jj #a ,ma*9i/'s help] #a4hj ,muck+4 #a or #b ,=em5 #c4jj #af ,muck]s #b4jj ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxxviii4 ,,trans4 ,,am4 ,,soc4 ,,civ4 ,,engrs4 ,,vol4 ,,lxvii1 ,,no4 #aaee4 ,,hewett ,,& ,,br[n ,,on ,,p5nsylvania ,r4 ,r4 ,,tunnels3 ,,nor? ,,riv] ,,tunnels4 ,,fig4 #a4 ,,fig4 #b4 ,erection ( ,%ields4--,! tunnel+ %ields h be5 describ$ 9 "s detail 9 ! section ( ?is pap] deal+ ) ! contractor's plant4 ,!y consi/ ess5tially ( two p>ts1 ! /ructural /eelwork & ! hydraulic fitt+s4 ,! =m] 0 made by ! ,rit] ,conley ,manufactur+ ,company1 ( ,pittsburg1 ,pa41 & put up by ! ,t]ry & ,t5* ,company1 ( ,new ,york ,city2 ! hydraulic fitt+s 7 made & put 9 by ! ,watson-,/illman ,company1 ( ,new ,york ,city4 ,on ! ,new ,york side1 ! %ields 7 built inside ! iron l9+ ( ! %ield *amb]s1 h5ce no falsework 0 ne$$1 z ! necess>y hoi/+ tackle c\ld be slung f ! iron l9+2 at ,weehawk51 h[ev]1 ! erection 0 done 9 ! b>e rock excavation1 s t timb] falsework _h to be us$4 ,! assembly & rivet+ took ab\t #b weeks = ea* %ield2 ! rivet+ 0 done ) pneumatic rivet]s1 us+ compress$ air direct f ! tunnel supply4 ,aft] ! /ructural /eel _h be5 f9i%$1 ! %ields1 :i* _h hi!rto be5 set on ! floor ( ! *amb]s 9 ord] to give room = work+ ov] ! top1 7 jack$ up to grade2 ?is involv$ lift+ a weight ( #aac tons4 ,:ile ! hydraulic fitt+s 7 be+ put 91 ! %ields 7 mov$ =w>d on a cradle1 built ( concrete ) /eel rails emb$d$1 on :i* ! %ield 0 driv5 = ! l5g? 9 :i* ! tunnel 0 9 solid rock4 ,! in/allation ( ! hydraulic fitt+s took f #d to #f weeks p] %ield4 ,! total weight ( ea* f9i%$ %ield 0 ab\t #aic tons4 ,! complet$ %ield1 z x appe>$ 9 ! tunnel1 is %[n by ,fig4 #a1 ,plate ,,xxxviii4 ,! typical =ce work+ on %ield erection 0 z foll[s3 ,t5-h\r ,%ifts4 ,%ield ,erection4 7,t]ry & ,t5*47 #a ,sup]9t5d5t #ac4jj p] day #d ,=em5 #e4ej #a ,timekeep] #b4ej #b ,eng9e]s #d4ej #cd ,iron work]s #d4ej #g ,labor]s #b4be ,hydraulic ,"w4 7,watson-,/illman ,company47 #d ,me*anics #d4jj p] day ,g5]al ,labor4 7,o',r\rke ,eng9e]+ ,con/ruction ,company47 #a ,inspector #d4jj p] day #a ,=eman #d4jj #h ,labor]s #b4jj #a ,eng9e] #b4ej ,aft] ! %ield 0 f9i%$ & 9 position1 ! fir/ two r+s ( ! l9+ 7 erect$ 9 ! tail ( ! %ield4 ,^! fir/ r+s 7 !n firmly brac$ to ! rock & ! *amb] l9+2 !n ! %ield 0 %ov$ ahead by its own jacks1 ano!r r+ 0 built1 & s on4 ,! description ( ! actual me?ods ( "w 9 ! %ield-driv5 tunnels c n[ be giv52 ?is w be divid$ g5]ally into ! diff]5t k9ds ( conditions met at ! work+ face1 = example1 ,full ,face ( ,rock1 ,mix$ ,face1 ,full ,face ( ,s& & ,gravel1 ,"u ,riv] ,bulkhead1 & ,full ,face ( ,silt4 ,! la/ head+ is ! "o "u :i* by f> ! longe/ l5g? ( tunnel 0 driv51 &1 z n mu* has hi!rto appe>$ descriptive ( ! h&l+ ( a %ield1 ?r\gh ?is mat]ial1 consid]able space w be devot$ to x4 ,full ,face ( ,rock4--,z 0 describ$ :5 deal+ ) ! %ield *amb]s1 z mu* z possible ( ! rock excavation 0 done be=e ! %ields 7 in/all$4 ,on ! ,new ,york side1 ab\t #adf ft4 ( tunnel 0 completely excavat$1 ) #ga ft4 ( bottom head+s beyond t1 & at ,weehawk51 #eh & #dj ft4 ( tunnel & head+ beyond1 respectively4 ,?is 0 *iefly done to avoid h&l+ ! rock ?r\gh ! n>r[ %ield doors4 ,te/ holes 7 driv5 ahead at %ort int]vals to make sure t ! rock cov] 0 n be+ lo/1 b1 nev]!less1 at ,weehawk51 on ,febru>y #ad?1 #aije1 a bla/ broke ?r\gh ! rock & let ! mud fl[ 91 fill+ ! tunnel = half its height = a di/ance ( #cjj ft4 f its face4 ,?r\gh\t ! rock section ! %ield travel$ on a cradle ( concrete 9 :i* 7 emb$d$ ei!r two or ?ree /eel rails4 ,9 ! portion 9 :i* ! :ole ( ! excavation _h be5 tak5 out1 x 0 only necess>y to trim (f project+ corn]s ( rock4 ,9 ! portion 9 :i* only a bottom head+ _h be5 driv51 ! excavation 0 complet$ j 9 front ( ! %ield1 ! drill+ bel[ axis level be+ done f ! head+ itself1 & above t f ! front slid+ plat=ms ( ! %ield4 ,! holes 7 plac$ ne> toge!r & drill$ %ort1 & v light *>ges ( p[d] 7 us$1 s z to less5 ! *ance ( knock+ ! %ield ab\t too mu*4 ,9 ?is "w ! small %ield doors hamp]$ ! "w greatly1 & x might h be5 well to h provid$ a l>g] bottom op5+ :i* c\ld h be5 subdivid$ or p>tly clos$ :5 s(t gr\nd 0 met2 on ! o!r h&1 ! quantity ?us h&l$ 0 small1 ow+ to ! fact t ! great] "p ( ! rock 0 excavat$ be=e ! %ields 7 in/all$4 ,! space outside ! l9+ 0 gr\t$ ) a #a3a mixture ( ,portl& cem5t & s&4 ,l>ge voids 7 h&-pack$ ) /one be=e gr\t+4 ,! details ( gr\t+ w be describ$ lat]4 ,a typical work+ gang is giv5 h]e)4 ,two su* gangs 7 work$ p] %ield p] #bd h\rs1 #aj h\rs p] %ift4 ,all ?is "w 0 done "u normal air pressure4 ,g5]al3 ,tunnel sup]9t5d5t #bjj4jj p] mon? #a ,assi/ant tunnel sup]9t5d5t #e4jj p] day #a ,g5]al =eman #e4jj ,electrician #c4ej ,electrician's help] #c4jj ,pipefitt] #c4jj ,pipefitt]'s help] #b4ge ,drill+3 #a ,=eman #e4jj #c ,drill]s #d4jj #c ,drill]s' help]s #c4jj #a ,nipp] #b4ej ,wat]boy #b4ej ,p[d]boy #b4ge ,muck+3 #a ,=eman #c4ej #h ,muck]s #b4ge ,erect+ ,iron & ,driv+ ,%ield3 #a ,erector runn] #d4jj #c ,iron work]s #c4jj ,! duties ( su* a gang 7 z foll[s3 ,! tunnel sup]9t5d5t look$ aft] bo? %ifts ( "o %ield4 ,! assi/ant or walk+ boss _h *>ge ( all "w 9 ! tunnel on "o %ift4 ,! g5]al =eman _h *>ge ( ! labor at ! face4 ,! electricians look$ aft] repairs1 ext5sions ( ! cables1 & lamp r5ewals4 ,! pipefitt]s work$ 9 bo? tunnels repair+ leaks 9 pipes betwe5 ! p[]-h\se & ! work+ faces1 ext5d+ ! pipe l9es1 & att5d+ to %ield repairs1 & 9 ! latt] "w ! erector runn] help$4 ,! drill]s /uck to _! own jobs1 :i* 7 n subject to int]ruption z long z ! bottom head+s la/$4 ,"o wat]boy & "o p[d]boy s]v$ two tunnels4 ,! muck]s help$ ! iron m5 put up ! r+s ( l9+1 z well z do+ _! own "w4 ,! iron m5 tight5$ bolts1 :5ev] n actually build+ up iron4 ,! li/ does n include ! transportation gang1 :i* w be describ$ "u its own head+4 ,! rate ( progress atta9$ 0 #d4b ft4 p] day p] %ield :]e mo/ ( ! excavation _h be5 done be=e1 & #b4a ft4 :]e none _h be5 done be=e4 ,:5 ! %ields _h got f> en\gh away f ! %ield *amb]1 & be=e rock cov] 0 lo/1 ! fir/ air-lock bulkhead walls 7 put 94 ,air-,lock ,bulkhead ,walls4--,! specifications requir$ ^! walls & all _! fitt+s to be /rong en\gh to /& a pressure ( #ej lb4 p] sq4 94 ,accord+ly1 all ! walls 7 ( concrete1 #aj ft4 9 ?ickness1 except ! fir/ two1 :i* 7 #h ft4 9 ?ickness1 & gr\t$ up tight4 ,!re 7 ?ree locks 9 ea* bulkhead wall capable ( hold+ m51 namely1 ! top or em]g5cy lock :i* is set high 9 ord] to af=d a safe means ( gett+ away 9 case ( a flood2 ?is lock 0 us$ cont9u\sly = produc+ ! l9es & levels into ! tunnels4 ,x 0 v small & cramp$ = ?is purpose1 & a l>g] "o w\ld h be5 bett]1 bo? = l9es & em]g5cies4 ,?is lock 0 directly connect$ ) ! ov]head plat=m 7also call$ = 9 ! specifications7 :i* ran ! :ole l5g? ( ! tunnels4 ,side by side1 on ! level ( ! l[] or work+ plat=m ( ! tunnel1 7 ! man lock & ! muck lock4 ,9 addition a numb] ( pipes 7 built 9 to give access to ! cables & = pass+ pipes1 rails1 etc41 9 & out4 ,aft] ea* tunnel 0 ab\t #a1bjj ft4 ahead ( ! fir/ walls1 a second wall 0 built j l ! fir/1 & no o!rs 7 put 91 s t altoge!r !re 7 eight walls4 ,?is second wall n only gave an add$ safegu>d to ! tunnel b enabl$ ! air pressure at ! work+ face to be divid$ betwe5 ! two walls1 & ?is compression or decompression 9 /ages1 sep>at$ by a spell ( walk+ ex]cise1 0 f\nd to be v good = ! heal? ( ^? work+ 9 ! air4 ,mix$ ,face4--,:5 ! rock cov] became s ?9 t x 0 risky to g on )\t ! air pressure1 ! air pressure 0 turn$ on1 />t+ ) f #ab to #ah lb41 :i* 0 en\gh to /op ! wat] f ! gravel on top ( ! rock4 ,at fir/1 :5 ! surface ( ! rock 0 p5etrat$1 ! s(t face 0 held up by horizontal bo>ds brac$ f ! %ield until ! %ield 0 %ov$4 ,! braces 7 !n tak5 out &1 z soon z ! %ield _h be5 %ov$1 7 replac$ by o!rs4 ,z ! am\nt ( s(t gr\nd 9 ! face increas$1 ! sy/em ( timb]+ 0 gradually *ang$ to "o ( #b-;94 pol+ bo>ds re/+ on top ( ! %ield & support$ at ! face by v]tical brea/ bo>ds1 9 turn held by #f by #f-;94 wal+s brac$ bo? ?r\gh ! upp] doors to ! iron l9+ & f ! slid+ plat=ms ( ! %ield4 ,! latt] 7 9 _! =w>d position be=e ! %ield 0 %ov$1 ! pressure be+ turn$ (f & ! exhau/ valves op5$ j be=e ! %ove began4 ,z ! %ield w5t ahead1 ! plat=m jacks gradually exhau/$ & ?us held en\gh pressure on ! face to keep x up4 ,fig4 #ag is a sket* ( ?is me?od4 ,9 driv+ ?r\gh mix$ gr\nd a typical work+ gang 0 ab\t z foll[s3 ,g5]al3 #a_/c ,tunnel sup]9t5d5t #cjj4jj p] mon? #a ,assi/ant tunnel sup]9t5d5t #e4jj p] day #a ,g5]al =eman #e4jj ,electrician #c4ej ,electrician's help] #c4jj ,pipefitt] #c4be ,pipefitt]'s help] #c4jj ,drill+3 #a ,=eman #e4jj #b ,drill]s #c4be #b ,drill]s' help]s #c4jj ,timb]+3 #b ,timb]m5 #b4ej p] day #b ,timb]m5's help]s #b4jj ,muck+3 #a ,=eman #c4ej #f ,muck]s #b4ge ,erect+ ,iron & ,driv+ ,%ield3 #a ,erector runn] #c4be #c ,iron work]s #c4jj ,! av]age rate ( progress 0 #b4f ft4 p] day4 ,9 ?is case !re 7 ?ree su* gangs1 ea* on an #h-;h\r %ift4 ,full ,face ( ,s& & ,gravel4--,?is condition ( affairs 0 only met at ,weehawk54 ,two sy/ems ( timb]+ 7 us$4 ,9 ! fir/ sy/em1 ,fig4 #ag1 ! gr\nd 0 excavat$ #b ft4 #f 94 ahead ( ! cutt+ edge1 ! ro( be+ held by longitud9al pol+ bo>ds1 re/+ on ! outside ( ! sk9 at _! back end & on v]tical brea/ bo>ds at ! =w>d end4 ,:5 ! upp] "p ( ! face 0 dry1 x 0 held by v]tical brea/ bo>ds brac$ f ! slid+ plat=m & ?r\gh ! %ield doors to cross-timb]s 9 ! tunnel2 ! l[] "p1 :i* 0 always wet1 0 held by horizontal brea/ bo>ds brac$ ?r\gh ! l[] %ield pockets to cross-timb]s 9 ! tunnel4 ,?is sy/em work$ all "r z long z ! gr\nd 9 ! top 0 s&y en\gh & _h suffici5t cohesion to all[ ! pol+s to be put 91 b1 :5 ! upp] "p 0 9 gravel1 ?us mak+ x impossible to put 9 ! longitud9al pol+s or ! v]tical brea/+1 ! second sy/em came 94 ,"h ! excavation 0 only c>ri$ #a ft4 #c 94 7half a %ove7 ahead ( ! cutt+ edge1 & ! longitud9al pol+s 7 replac$ by transv]se bo>ds support$ by pipes :i* 7 plac$ 9 ! holes provid$ 9 ! %ield to accommodate "s telescopic pol+ /ruts :i* _h be5 design$ b n made4 ,^! pipes act$ z cantilev]s1 & 7 9 two p>ts1 a #b-;94 pipe w$g$ tight into ! holes & small] pipes slid+ inside !m4 ,aft] a small section ( ! gr\nd _h be5 excavat$1 a bo>d 0 plac$ aga9/ x1 "o ( ! pipes 0 drawn out "u x1 & w$ges 7 driv5 betwe5 x & ! bo>d4 ,^! pol+s 7 kept bel[ ! level ( ! hood1 s t :5 ! %ield 0 %ov$ !y w\ld come inside ( x2 9 addition1 !y 7 brac$ ) v]tical po/s f ! slid+ plat=ms4 ,! upp] "p ( ! face 0 held by longitud9al brea/ bo>ds brac$ f ! slid+ plat=m by v]tical soldi] pieces4 ,! l[] "p ( ! face 0 support$ by v]tical %eet-pil+ brac$ to ! tunnel ?r\gh ! l[] doors4 ,sometimes two r[s ( pil+ 7 us$1 b g5]ally "o1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ag4 ,not)/&+ ! fact t ! brea/+ 0 only #a ft4 #c 94 ahead ( ! hood1 ! %ield 0 mov$ its full /roke ( #b ft4 #f 941 ! gr\nd ar\nd ! cutt+ edge ( ! hood be+ scrap$ away by m5 work+ b>s 9 ! place f :i* ! tempor>y brea/ bo>ds at ! circumf]5ce _h be5 remov$4 ,! back pressure on ! slid+ plat=m jacks1 :5 ! exhau/ valves 7 only p>tly op51 (f]$ a good deal ( resi/ance1 & held ! face z long z ! movem5t ( ! %ield 0 cont9u\s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,me?od ,,( ,,timb]+ ,,face ,,9 ,,mix$ ,,gr\nd ,,me?od ,,( ,,timb]+ ,,face ,,9 ,,s& ,,me?od ,,( ,,timb]+ ,,face ,,9 ,,s& ,,& ,,gravel ,,fig4 #ag4 ,on "o occasion1 :5 = "s reason ! %ield 0 /opp$ ) ! %ove only p>tly done1 & ! exhau/ valves _h n be5 %ut (f1 ! plat=ms cont9u$ to slide & all[$ ! face to collapse2 ! %ield plat=ms & doorways1 h[ev]1 caught ! fall+ s& & gravel & ! fl[ *ok$ itself4 ,z soon z ! rock surface 0 p5etrat$ & ! s& & gravel 7 met1 :i* happ5$ almo/ at ! same "t 9 ! two ,weehawk5 ,tunnels1 ! escape ( air increas$ enorm\sly1 & x at once became cle> t x 0 impossible to keep en\gh air 9 ! two tunnels by ! me?ods !n 9 use1 ev5 :5 work+ ! ?ree compressors1 ea* capable ( compress+ #d1djj cu4 ft4 ( free air p] m94 at top spe$4 ,:5 ! %ields j ent]$ ! s& & gravel1 ! face _h be5 held by light brea/+1 )\t any special ef=t to prev5t ! escape ( air1 b :5 x 0 f\nd impossible to supply en\gh air1 a l>ge am\nt ( /raw & clay 0 us$ 9 front ( ! bo>ds4 ,?is cut d[n ! escape1 b1 z mu* air 0 escap+ ?r\gh ! jo9ts ( ! iron l9+1 ^! 7 pla/]$ ) ,portl& cem5t4 ,ev5 !n1 ! loss 0 too great1 !re=e "o tunnel 0 %ut d[n entirely & all ! air 0 s5t to ! o!r4 ,?is all[$ a pressure ( #aj lb4 to be kept up 9 ! work+ tunnel1 & ?is1 ?\gh less ?an ! head1 0 en\gh to all[ progress to be made4 ,9 ord] to use "o tunnel z a dra9 = ! o!r1 ! two faces 7 always kept )9 #aej ft4 ( ea* o!r by work+ !m alt]nately4 ,! timb]$ face 0 nev] gr\t$1 ?\gh ?is w\ld h r$uc$ ! loss ( air1 z at ! same "t x w\ld h decreas$ ! progress v mu*1 & any "o :o saw ! rac+ eng9es 9 ! p[]-h\se1 & realiz$ t a breakd[n ( "o ( !m w\ld mean ! loss ( ! faces1 0 ready to admit t ! quick] ?is p>ticul> p]iod 0 cut %ort1 ! bett]4 ,above ! s& & gravel lay ! silt1 &1 :5 x %[$ 9 ! ro(1 ! escape ( air 0 imm$iately r$uc$ & ! two faces c\ld be work$ simultane\sly4 ,almo/ at ! same "t ! piles support+ ! l>ge w>eh\se1 kn[n z ! ,f[l] ,build+1 7 met4 ,al?\gh ! face n[ took mu* less timb]1 ! same sy/em ( brea/ bo>ds z _h be5 us$ 9 ! gravel 0 kept up1 b 9 skeleton =m4 ,!y 7 set #b ft4 #f 94 ahead ( ! %ield1 h[ev]1 in/ead ( #a ft4 #c 941 & ! transv]se ro( pol+ bo>ds 7 replac$ by longitud9als re/+ on ! %ield4 ,! m piles 9 ! face ! less timb]+ 0 done4 ,! piles 7 cut into h&y l5g?s ) axes & *isels4 ,all timb]+ 0 light comp>$ ) ! weight ( ! gr\nd1 b1 z ! %ove took place z soon z ! set 0 made1 x s]v$ its purpose4 ,:5 a face 0 clos$ d[n ! :ole sy/em 0 greatly re9=c$ by braces f ! %ield1 ! face ( :i* 0 clos$ by ! doors4 ,9 driv+ ?r\gh su* a face ! typical #h-;h\r %ift gang 0 ab\t z foll[s3 ,g5]al3 #a_/c ,tunnel sup]9t5d5t #cjj4jj p] mon?4 #a ,assi/ant tunnel sup]9t5d5t #e4jj p] day4 #a ,g5]al =eman #e4jj ,pipefitt] #c4be ,pipefitt]'s help] #b4ge ,electrician #c4jj ,electrician's help] #b4ge ,timb]+3 #c ,timb]m5 #b4ej #c ,timb]m5's help]s #b4jj ,muck+3 #a ,=eman #c4ej #f ,muck]s #b4ge ,erect+ ,iron & ,driv+ ,%ield3 #a ,erector runn] #c4be #a ,=eman #d4jj #d ,iron work]s #c4jj ,! drill]s 7 n kept on aft] ! rock disappe>$2 a =eman 0 add$ :o divid$ 8 "t betwe5 iron erection & muck+4 ,! av]age rate ( progress 9 s& & gravel )\t piles 0 #e4a ft4 p] day p] %ield4 ,:5 piles & silt 7 met 9 ! upp] "p ( ! face1 ! spe$ increas$ to #g4j ft4 p] day4 ,pass+ ,"u ,riv] ,bulkhead4--,at ,weehawk5 no tr\ble 0 f\nd 9 pass+ "u ! riv] wall1 z ! bulkhead consi/$ ( only cribwork support$ on silt1 &1 ?\gh ! piles ob/ruct$ ! motion ( ! %ield1 !y 7 easily cut out1 & ! cribwork itself 0 well above ! top ( ! %ield4 ,on ! ,new ,york side1 h[ev]1 conditions 7 n ne>ly z good4 ,! heavy masonry bulkhead 0 support$ on piles & rip-rap1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ah4 ,! l9e ( ! top ( ! %ield 0 ab\t #f ft4 above ! bottom ( ! rip-rap1 ! spaces betwe5 ! /ones ( :i* 7 q op5 & all[$ a free fl[ ( wat] directly f ! riv]4 ,z soon1 !re=e1 z ! cutt+ edge ( ! %ield ent]$ ! rip-rap !re 0 a bl[1 ! air escap+ freely to ! gr\nd surface beh9d ! bulkhead & to ! riv] 9 front ( x4 ,clay puddle1 or mud made f ! excavat$ silt1 0 us$ 9 l>ge quantities to plug up ! int]/ices betwe5 ! /one 9 ! work+ face1 ! air pressure be+ slightly great] ?an t ne$$ to keep out ! wat] hold+ x 9 place4 ,! excavation ( ! rip-rap 0 a t$i\s affair1 = x _h to be remov$ "o /one at a "t & ! spaces betwe5 ! newly expos$ /ones plugg$ ) mud imm$iately4 ,"o man /ood ready ) ! mud :ile ano!r loos5$ ! /ones ) a b>4 ,:5 ! %ield _h advanc$ its own l5g? 9 ! rip-rap1 ano!r po9t = ! escape ( ! air 0 expos$ at ! re> end ( ! %ield4 ,?is loss 0 clos$ at ! lead+ end ( ! la/ r+ ) mud & cem5t sacks4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sket* ,,%[+ ,,riv] ,,tunnels ,,pass+ ,,"u ,,riv] ,,bulkhead ,,wall ,,at ,,manhattan ,,cross-,,section ,,( ,,riv] ,,bulkhead ,,wall ,,on ,,axis ,,( ,,nor? ,,tunnel ,,plan ,,%[+ ,,piles ,,remov$ ,,to ,,all[ ,,passage ,,( ,,%ield ,,fig4 #ah4 ,z long z ! %ield 0 /ation>y x 0 possible1 by us+ ^! me?ods & ex]cis+ great c>e & wat*fulness1 to prev5t excessive loss ( air2 b1 :ile ! %ield 0 be+ %ov$ ahead1 ! difficulties 7 mu* increas$1 = ! movem5t ( ! %ield displac$ ! bags & mud z fa/ z !y 7 plac$1 & x 0 only by %ov+ sl[ly & hav+ a l>ge numb] ( m5 look+ out = leaks & /opp+ !m up ! in/ant !y develop$ t excessive loss ( air c\ld be prev5t$4 ,9 erect+ ! iron l9+1 z ea* segm5t 0 br\ght into position1 x 0 necess>y to clean (f ! lead+ surface ( ! previ\s r+ & ! adjac5t portion ( ! tail ( ! %ield2 ?is 0 always accompani$ by a slight bl[1 & = "s "t ! air pressure 9 ! tunnel dropp$ f #be to #bj lb41 t is1 f great] ?an ! balanc+ pressure to less1 e "t a segm5t 0 plac$1 & on two occasions ! bl[ became s great t ! tunnel pressure 0 r$uc$ consid]ably fur!r1 & 9 consequ5ce ! wat] f ! riv] ru%$ 9 & 0 n /opp$ until x _h ris5 ab\t #d ft4 9 ! tunnel inv]t4 ,on su* occasions ! surface ( ! riv] 0 greatly di/urb$1 ris+ m ?an #bj ft4 9 ! air 9 a sort ( geys]4 ,a l>ge quantity ( gr\t 7ab\t #b1ejj bbl4 ( cem5t & a simil> quantity ( s& 9 ! ,nor? ,tunnel & #a1jjj bbl4 9 ! ,s\? ,tunnel7 0 us$ at ?is po9t2 x 0 =c$ ?r\gh ! tunnel l9+ imm$iately beh9d ! %ield1 greatly r$uc+ ! loss ( air & help+ to b9d ! rip-rap toge!r4 ,:5 ! %ield _h travel$ #be ft4 ?r\gh ! rip-rap1 ! piles :i* support ! bulkhead 7 met4 ,"o hundr$ ( ^! :i* 7 spac$ at #c-;ft4 c5t]s 9 ea* direction1 7 cut out ( ! pa? ( ea* %ield 9 a di/ance ( #ce ft4 ,! pres5ce ( ! piles caus$ consid]able extra labor1 z ea* pile _h to be cut into sev]al pieces ) axes to enable x to be remov$ ?r\gh ! %ield doors1 o!rwise !y pres5t$ no difficulties4 ,x 0 n necess>y to timb] ! face1 z ! piles support$ x mo/ effectively4 ,:5 ! riv] l9e _h be5 pass$1 ! bl[ /ill cont9u$1 & z !re 0 no heavy gr\nd above ! tunnel ! light silt 0 c>ri$ away into ! wat] by ! escap+ air4 ,at "o "t ! cov] ov] ! cr[n ( ! tunnel 0 r$uc$ to su* an ext5t t = a di/ance ( #cj ft4 !re 0 less ?an #aj ft4 ( v s(t silt1 & 9 "s places none at all4 ,!re=e1 ! %ield 0 /opp$ & ! air pressure r$uc$ until x 0 less ?an ! balanc+ pressure2 ! bl[ !n ceas$1 & ab\t #bh1jjj cem5t bags fill$ ) mud 7 dump$ into ! hole 7! location made x impossible to dump !m en masse f a sc[74 ,!y 7 !n weight$ d[n ) rip-rap4 ,?is seal$ ! bl[1 & ! "w 0 cont9u$ )\t any fur!r di/urbance f ?is s\rce4 ,j be=e ! bl[ rea*$ its maximum x 0 f\nd t two ( ! piles :i* _h be5 enc\nt]$ 7 directly 9 ! pa? ( "o ( ! propos$ screw-piles4 ,x 0 !re=e decid$ to pull ^!1 & ?is 0 done ) two #dj-ton hydraulic jacks support$ by ! upp] slid+ plat=ms & act+ on a horizontal timb] :i* 0 connect$ to ! piles by tie-rods & *a9s4 ,! work+ =ce "h 0 simil> to t employ$ 9 ! s& & gravel section previ\sly describ$4 ,9 ,full ,face ( ,silt4--,a full face ( silt 0 fir/ met "u ! ,new ,york ,c5tral ,railroad freight y>d on ! ,new ,york side4 ,up to ?is po9t ! gr\nd pass$ ?r\gh _h be5 ei!r solid rock or a mix$ face ( rock & gravel4 ,9 bo? ( ^! ! full excavation _h to be tak5 out be=e ! %ield c\ld be %ov$1 & ! s(t gr\nd _h ne$$ timb]+4 ,:5 ! rock1 gravel1 & h>dpan gave place to a full face ( silt1 ! timb] 0 remov$1 all ! %ield doors 7 op5$1 & ! %ield 0 %ov$ into ! gr\nd )\t any excavation be+ done by h& ahead ( ! diaphragm4 ,z ! %ield advanc$1 ! silt 0 =c$ ?r\gh ! op5 doors into ! tunnel4 ,aft] ! "w _h gone on 9 ?is way = "s "t1 tak+ 9 ab\t #ij ( ! full volume ( ! tunnel excavation p] foot =w>d1 ! air pressure 0 rais$ f #bj to #bb lb4 ,! result 0 t ! silt 9 ! face got h>d] & fl[$ less readily ?r\gh ! %ield1 & ! am\nt tak5 9 fell to ab\t #fe ( ! full volume4 ,?is mann] ( %ov+ at once caus$ a di/urbance on ! surface & ! railroad tracks above ! tunnel 7 rais$1 s t ! pressure 0 l[]$ to #af lb41 !n ! muck got s(t] & ! full volume ( excavation 0 tak5 92 aft] a :ile ! pressure 0 aga9 rais$ to #bj lb4 ,! =c+ ( ! %ield ?r\gh ! silt result$ 9 a ris+ ( ! b$ ( ! riv]1 ! am\nt t ! b$ 0 rais$ dep5d+ on ! quantity ( mat]ial br\ght into ! %ield4 ,if ! :ole volume ( excavation 0 be+ br\ght 91 ! surface ( ! b$ 0 n affect$2 :5 ab\t #ej 0 be+ tak5 91 ! surface 0 rais$ ab\t #c ft42 if ! %ield 0 be+ driv5 bl9d1 ! b$ 0 rais$ ab\t #g ft4 ,! numb] ( op5 doors 0 regulat$ s z to take 9 ! m9imum quantity ( muck consi/5t ) caus+ no surface di/urbance4 ,on ! av]age1 9 ! ,nor? ,manhattan ,tunnel1 all ! doors 7 op51 b 9 ! ,s\? ,tunnel !re 7 g5]ally only five or six out ( ! total n9e4 ,9 front ( ! bulkhead wall at ,manhattan ! tunnels 7 "u ,pi] ,no4 #gb4 ,?is /ructure 0 support$ on wood5 piles1 "s #hj ft4 or m 9 l5g?1 :i* came d[n bel[ ! tunnel inv]t4 ,! piles :i* lay directly 9 ! pa? ( ! tunnels1 ) a few exceptions1 _h be5 pull$4 ,9 driv+ ! tunnels ?r\gh ?is section1 great c>e _h to be tak5 n to di/urb ! piles on ei!r side ( ! tunnels1 z !y support$ a heavy tre/le us$ 9 dispos+ ( ! excavation f ! op5 cut 9 ! t]m9al y>d4 ,to avoid su* di/urbance1 a l>ge portion ( ! total excavation _h to be tak5 ?r\gh ! %ields4 ,! fir/ %ield :i* pass$ ! riv] bulkhead 0 ! s\? "o at ,weehawk54 ,z soon z ?is l9e 0 cross$ ! silt 0 f\nd to be mu* s(t] ?an beh9d ! wall1 9 fact x 0 l a fluid 9 _m ( its prop]ties4 ,! fluidity c\ld be *ang$ by v>y+ ! tunnel air pressure2 = example1 :5 ! air pressure 0 made equal to ! weight ( ! ov]ly+ mat]ial 7wat] & silt71 ! silt 0 q /iff1 & resembl$ a r s(t clay2 b :5 ! air pressure 0 f #aj to #ae lb4 p] sq4 94 l[]1 x became s liquid t x w\ld fl[ ?r\gh a #a-;94 gr\t hole 9 ! l9+1 9 a ?ick /ream1 at ! rate ( f #aj to #ej gal4 p] m94 z soon z ! plug 0 tak5 out4 ,?is 0 ! po9t to :i* ! contractor _h long look$ =w>d1 z he expect$ to be able to close all 8 %ield doors & drive ! re/ ( ! way across )\t tak+ 9 a %ovelful ( muck1 z _h j be5 done "u ! ,hudson ,riv]1 on ! ,s\? ,tunnel ( ! ,hudson & ,manhattan ,railroad ,company's ,tunnels betwe5 ,morton ,/reet1 ,new ,york ,city1 & ,hobok51 ,n4 ,j4 ,! doors 7 %ut & ! %ield 0 %ov$2 ! tunnel at once began to rise rapidly1 not)/&+ t ! heavie/ possible d[nw>d leads t ! cle>ance betwe5 ! iron & ! %ield w\ld all[ 7 put on4 ,at ! same "t1 ! pressures induc$ 9 ! silt by ! %ield %\ld]+ ! gr\nd aside caus$ ! iron l9+ to rise ab\t #b 94 z soon z ! %ield left x1 & also di/ort$ x1 ! horizontal diamet] decreas+ & ! v]tical diamet] increas+ by ab\t z mu* z #a 94 ,an anxi\s discussion foll[$ ^! ph5om5a1 z ! effects _h be5 s utt]ly unexpect$1 & a good _m diff]5t !ories 7 advanc$ z to ! probable cause4 ,x 0 ?\ght t ! hood ( ! %ield might h some?+ to d ) ! tr\ble4 ,! %ield 0 /opp$1 ! hood remov$1 ! doors 7 %ut1 & ! driv+ cont9u$4 ,! same tr\ble 0 f\nd1 & x 0 impossible to keep to grade4 ,"w 0 /opp$1 & ! "q 0 ?or\ghly debat$2 f9ally1 on ,janu>y #ca/1 #aijf1 ! *ief eng9e] direct$ t "o ( ! %ield doors be op5$ z an exp]im5t & #ej ( ! excavation tak5 94 ,! effect 0 in/antane\s1 ! %ield began to come d[n to grade at once1 & x soon became necess>y to close ! door p>tially & r$uce ! quantity ( muck tak5 9 9 ord] to prev5t ! tunnel f gett+ bel[ grade4 ,! o!r tr\bles f di/ortion1 etc41 ceas$ at ! same "t4 ,x 0 soon f\nd t a p[]ful aid 9 ! guidance ( ! %ield 0 ?us br\ght to h&1 =1 if high1 ! %ield c\ld be br\ght d[n by increas+ ! quantity ( muck tak5 91 if l[1 by decreas+ x4 ,f ?is "t =w>d1 ! quantity ( muck tak5 9 at ea* %ove 0 c>efully regulat$ accord+ to ! position ( ! tunnel ) reg>d to grade & ! nature ( ! gr\nd4 ,! quantity v>i$ f no?+ to ! full volume displac$ by ! tunnel1 & av]ag$ #cc ( ! latt]4 ,to regulate ! fl[1 ! bottom middle door 0 fitt$ ) two /eel angles beh9d :i* 7 plac$ #f by #f-;94 timb]s4 ,9 ?is way ! op5+ c\ld be entirely clos$ or "o ( any size left4 ,! muck fl[$ into ! tunnel 9 a ?ick /ream1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #b1 ,plate ,,xxxv1 &1 by regulat+ ! rate ( %ove x c\ld be made to fl[ j z fa/ z x c\ld be load$ into c>s4 ,9 driv+ ?r\gh ! silt1 ! typical gang p] %ift ( #h h\rs p] %ield 0 z foll[s3 ,g5]al3 #a_/c ,tunnel sup]9t5d5t #cjj p] mon? #a ,assi/ant tunnel sup]9t5d5t #f4jj p] day #a ,g5]al =eman #e4jj ,electrician #c4ej ,electrician's help] #c4jj #a ,=eman #d4jj #b ,pipefitt]s #c4ej #b ,pipefitt]s' help]s #c4be ,muck+3 #a ,=eman #d4jj #f ,muck]s #c4jj ,erect+ ,iron & ,driv+ ,%ield3 #a ,=eman #d4jj p] day #a ,erector runn] #c4ej #d ,iron work]s #c4jj #c ,labor]s #c4jj ,?ree su* %ifts 7 work$ p] day1 & ! air pressure av]ag$ #be lb4 p] sq4 94 ,! increase 9 ! numb] ( pipefitt]s 0 due to ! greatly increas$ spe$1 & also ! /eadily increas+ l5g? ( complet$ tunnel4 ,! ?ree labor]s 9 ! erection gang sp5t _! :ole "t tight5+ bolts4 ,! rate ( progress 9 ! silt "u ! riv] p] r+ ( #b ft4 0 #c h\rs #ba m941 exclusive ( all "t :5 "w 0 actually susp5d$4 ,= a consid]able "p ( ! "t only two #h-;h\r %ifts 7 work$1 ow+ to a %ortage ( iron caus$ by ! *ange 9 ! design ( ! l9+1 :]eby ! orig9al l9+ 0 *ang$ to a heavi] "o1 &1 z ! "w 0 also /opp$ = exp]im5ts & obs]vations1 ! av]age ( ! actual total "t1 includ+ all ! "t dur+ :i* "w 0 susp5d$1 0 #e h\rs #cb m94 p] r+1 or #aj4h ft4 p] day4 ,! junction ( ! %ields "u ! riv] 0 made z foll[s3 ,:5 ! two %ields ( "o tunnel1 :i* _h be5 driv5 f opposite sides ( ! riv] approa*$ )9 #aj ft4 ( ea* o!r1 ! %ields 7 /opp$1 a #aj-;94 pipe 0 driv5 betwe5 !m1 & a f9al *eck ( l9es & levels 0 made ?r\gh ! pipe4 ,incid5tally1 also1 ! fir/ ?r\gh traffic 0 e/abli%$ by pass+ a box ( cig>s ?r\gh ! pipe f ! ,manhattan %ield to t f ,weehawk54 ,"o %ield 0 !n />t$ up ) all doors clos$ :ile ! doors on ! /ation>y %ield 7 op5$ s t ! muck driv5 ahead by ! mov+ %ield 0 tak5 9 ?r\gh ! o!r "o's doors4 ,?is 0 cont9u$ until ! cutt+ edges came toge!r4 ,all doors 9 bo? %ields 7 !n op5$ & ! %ield muck$ out4 ,! cutt+ edges 7 tak5 (f1 & ! %ields mov$ toge!r aga91 edge ( sk9 to edge ( sk94 ,! removal ( ! cutt+ edge necessitat$ ! rais+ ( ! pressure to #cg lb4 ,z ! sections ( ! cutt+ edges 7 tak5 (f1 ! space betwe5 ! sk9 edges 0 pol$ ) #c-;94 /uff4 ,fig4 #a1 ,plate ,,xxxix1 is a view ( ! %ields ( ! ,nor? ,tunnel aft] be+ br\ght toge!r & aft] p>ts ( ! int]ior frames _h be5 remov$4 ,:5 ev]y?+ except ! sk9s _h be5 remov$1 iron l9+ 0 built up inside ! sk9s1 ! gap at ! junction 0 fill$ ) concrete1 & long bolts 7 us$ f r+ to r+ on ! circumf]5tial jo9t4 ,f9ally1 ! r+s inside ! %ield sk9s 7 gr\t$4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxxix4 ,,trans4 ,,am4 ,,soc4 ,,civ4 ,,engrs4 ,,vol4 ,,lxviii1 ,no4 #aaee4 ,,hewett ,,& ,,br[n ,,on ,,p5nsylvania ,r4 ,r4 ,,tunnels3 ,,nor? ,,riv] ,,tunnels4 ,,fig4 #a4 ,,fig4 #b4 ,9 ord] to make cle> ! nature ( ! "w done 9 build+ ^! %ield-driv5 tunnels 9 silt1 a %ort description w be attempt$1 ?is description fall+ into ?ree ma9 divisions1 namely1 ,%ov+ ! ,%ield1 ,pu%+ ,back ! ,jacks1 & ,erect+ ! ,iron ,l9+4 ,%ov+ ! ,%ield4--,?is "p ( ! "w is naturally v important1 z ! position ( ! %ield det]m9es )9 pretty n>r[ limits ! position ( ! iron built )9 x1 h5ce ! %ield dur+ its =w>d movem5t has to be guid$ v c>efully4 ,on ?is "w c]ta9 in/ructions 7 issu$ = ! guidance ( ! =eman 9 *>ge ( ! %ield4 ,^! in/ructions 7 bas$ on results ( *ecks ( ! %ield & iron's position by ! eng9e]+ corps ( ! ,company1 & compris$1 9 ! ma91 two requirem5ts1 namely1 ! leads t 7 to be got1 & ! quantity ( muck to be tak5 94 ,! lead is ! am\nt t ! %ield mu/ be advanc$ fur!r f ! iron1 on "o side or ! o!r1 or on ! top or bottom1 z measur$ f ! front face ( ! la/ r+ ( iron l9+ to ! diaphragm ( ! %ield4 ,^! leads are n necess>ily true leads f a l9e at "r angles to ! c5t] l9e1 z ! iron may h1 & 9 fact usually does h1 a lead ( its own :i* is kn[n & all[$ = :5 issu+ ! requirem5ts = ! %ove4 ,! =eman1 kn[+ :at 0 want$1 arrang$ ! comb9ation ( %ield jacks :i* w\ld give ! requir$ leads & ! am\nt ( op5+ on ! %ield door :i* w\ld give ! requir$ am\nt ( muck4 ,to see h[ ! %ield 0 go+ ahead1 a man 0 /ation$ at ea* side at axis level & ano!r 9 ! cr[n4 ,ea* man _h a graduat$ rod on :i* ! m>ks 7 s di/9ct t !y c\ld be read by anyone /&+ on ! l[] plat=m4 ,^! rods 7 held aga9/ ! %ield diaphragm1 &1 z x advanc$1 its di/ance f ! lead+ end ( ! la/ r+ c\ld be se5 by ! man 9 control ( ! jack valves4 ,if he f\nd t he 0 n gett+ ! requir$ leads1 he c\ld *ange ! comb9ation ( jacks 9 action4 ,z ! "t ( a %ove 0 (t5 less ?an #aj m941 ! man _h to be v quick 9 read+ ! rods & *ang+ ! jacks4 ,if x 0 f\nd t ext5sive *ange 9 ! jack arrangem5t 0 want$1 ! %ove c\ld be /opp$ by a man /ation$ at ! ma9 hydraulic control valve2 b1 z any su* /oppage affect$ ! quantity ( muck tak5 91 x 0 n resort$ to unless absolutely necess>y4 ,if ! quantity ( muck com+ 9 0 n z desir$1 a /op _h to be made to alt] ! size ( ! op5+1 & if1 :ile ?is 0 be+ done1 ! exhau/ valves 7 n clos$ q tight1 ! silt pressure on ! face ( ! %ield w\ld =ce x back aga9/ ! iron4 ,?is fact 0 sometimes tak5 advantage ( :5 a full op5+ did n let 9 ! desir$ quantity1 = ! %ield c\ld be %ov$1 all[$ to return1 & %ov$ aga94 ,! "t tak5 to %ove 9 silt v>i$ greatly ) ! quantity ( mat]ial tak5 92 = %ov+ & muck+ comb9$1 x av]ag$ #ff m941 ) an av]age ( #ac cu4 yd4 ( muck dispos$ (1 or ab\t #e m94 p] cu4 yd4 ( mat]ial4 ,pu%+ ,back ! ,jacks4--,?is 0 a simple matt]1 & m]ely consi/$ 9 mak+ ! loose pu%-back connection to ea* jack z x _h to be s5t back4 ,"s ( ! jacks became /ra9$ & b5t1 & _h to be tak5 out & replac$4 ,:]e !re 0 silt pressure aga9/ ! face ( ! %ield1 ! hydraulic pressure _h to be kept on until ! r+ 0 erect$4 ,9 su* cases1 only two or ?ree jacks c\ld be pu%$ back at a "t1 & only aft] a segm5t _h be5 set 9 position1 & ! pressure tak5 on x1 c\ld ! next jack be pu%$ back1 & s on ar\nd ! r+4 ,! "t betwe5 ! f9i% ( ! %ove 7hydraulic pressure turn$ (f7 & ! plac+ ( ! fir/ segm5t1 0 occupi$ 9 pu%+ back ! bottom jacks & clean+ dirt (f ! tail ( ! %ield1 & av]ag$ ab\t #ad m94 ,erect+ ! ,iron ,l9+4--,z soon z ! %ove 0 ov]1 ! :ole =ce1 :5 9 silt1 set to "w at build+ up ! iron & !n tight5+ ! bolts s t ! %ield c\ld be %ov$ aga94 ,a section ( ! tunnel ) bolt+ & work+ plat=m is %[n on ,plate ,,xl4 ,9 ! e>ly "p ( ! "w1 :5 ! gr\nd 0 be+ excavat$ ahead ( ! %ield1 ! :ole =ce1 ) ! exception ( ^? work+ 9 front ( ! %ield1 0 engag$ 9 erect+ ! iron1 b1 z soon z ?is 0 done1 mo/ ( ! m5 return$ to ! muck+1 & only ! iron work]s cont9u$ to tight5 up bolts4 ,on ! o!r sections1 :]e ! %ield 0 %ov$ into ! silt )\t excavat+ ahead1 z soon z ! %ove 0 complet$1 ! :ole =ce 0 engag$ 9 ! erection ( ! iron & ! tight5+ ( ! bolts1 until !y 7 s tight t ! %ield c\ld be %ov$ aga9 = ano!r r+4 ,! iron 0 br\ght into ! tunnel on flat c>s1 two segm5ts to ! c>1 & 0 lift$ f ! c> & l[]$ into ! inv]t ( ! %ield by a block & fall & *a9 sl+1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #b1 ,plate ,,xxxix4 ,! bottom ?ree or f\r segm5ts 7 pu%$ ar\nd into position ) ! erector1 ! head simply be>+ aga9/ ! longitud9al flange )\t be+ atta*$ to ! segm5t2 ! upp] segm5ts1 h[ev]1 71 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #b1 ,plate ,,xxxviii1 & ,fig4 #a1 ,plate ,,xli1 atta*$ to ! erector1 by us+ ! exp&+ b> & ! erector head design$ by ,mr4 ,patrick ,fitzg]ald1 ! ,tunnel ,sup]9t5d5t4 ,?is 0 f\nd to be a mo/ conv5i5t arrangem5t4 ,! s+le erector atta*$ to ! c5t] ( ! %ield 0 able to erect ! iron z fa/ z x c\ld be br\ght into ! tunnel1 & ev5 :5 ! weight ( ! segm5ts 0 increas$ #be 7f #b1jfj to #b1ehj lb47 x always prov$ equal to its task1 al?\gh occasionally "o ( ! *a9s 9 ! me*anism broke & delay$ ! "w = an h\r or s2 b ! sum ( all ! delays f ?is cause & f breaks & leaks 9 ! hydraulic l9e only av]ag$ #ac m94 p] r+4 ,! op]at+ valve :i* 0 fir/ us$ 0 a f\r-sp9dle turn+ valve1 b ?is 0 replac$ by a slid+ valve :i* 0 f\nd to be mu* m satisfactory1 bo? 9 ease ( op]ation & fre$om f failure4 ,z ! iron 0 put into place1 two ( ! middle bolts 9 ea* longitud9al flange & two 9 ea* circumf]5tial "o 7 pull$ z tight z possible1 & ! o!rs put 9 loosely2 !n1 z soon z ! r+ 0 9 position1 z l>ge a =ce z c\ld be conv5i5tly work$ at "o "t 0 engag$ 9 tight5+ ! bolts4 ,! %ape ( ! tunnel dep5d$ on ! ?or\ghness ( ! tight5+ ( ! bolts1 & ! %ield 0 nev] %ov$ until ! bolts 9 all ! longitud9al flanges _h be5 ?or\ghly tight5$4 ,9 addition1 all ! bolts 9 ! circumf]5tial flanges bel[ ! axis 7 tight5$1 & at lea/ ?ree ( ! six 9 ea* segm5t above4 ,aft] ! %ield _h be5 %ov$ ahead1 ! bolts 7 f\nd to h slack5$1 &1 :]e ! daily progress 0 f\r r+s1 or m1 x 0 necess>y to h a small gang ( m5 always at ?is "w4 ,9 ord] to get at ! bolts1 special plat=ms 7 necess>y1 & ?r\gh\t ! great] "p ( ! "w1 a travel+ plat=m 0 us$4 ,?is enabl$ ! m5 to rea* h&ily all p>ts ( ! sev5 lead+ r+s4 ,?is plat=m 0 support$ & mov$ =w>d on :eels fix$ on brackets to ! tunnel1 & 0 pull$ =w>d by connect+ *a9s e "t ! %ield 0 %ov$4 ,9 ! e>ly "p ( ! "w x 0 n possible to use plat=ms1 because1 9 ord] to ma9ta9 ! correct circul> %ape ( ! iron l9+1 x 0 necess>y to put 9 tempor>y horizontal turnbuckles at axis level4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 7 v conv5i5t = support+ ! planks :i* 7 us$ z a tempor>y bolt+ plat=m = ! sides ( ! tunnel1 & a tempor>y plat=m re/+ on #f by #f-;94 timb]s across ! tunnel enabl$ ! bolts 9 ! cr[n ( ! tunnel to be rea*$1 :ile ! #f by #f-;94 timb]s 7 left 9 to support ! em]g5cy plat=m previ\sly describ$ 7,plate ,,xl71 :i* ext5d$ ! entire l5g? ( ! tunnel4 ,! "t tak5 to erect ! iron l9+ became %ort] & %ort] z ! tunnel organization became m p]fect & ! =ce bett] tra9$1 s t1 :]eas1 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! "w1 x frequ5tly took #f h\rs to erect a r+1 9 ! latt] "p1 :5 ! "w 0 ne>+ completion1 x 0 a common occurr5ce to erect a r+ 9 #cj m94 ,! av]age "t 9 ! heavy iron section1 :i* includ$ ! great] "p ( ! "w "u ! riv]1 0 #a h\r #d m94 = ! erection ( ! r+ & #dj m94 = tight5+ ! bolts aft] t _h be5 complet$1 s t ! total "t sp5t by ! :ole gang on erection & bolt+ av]ag$ #a h\r #dd m94 p] r+1 exclusive ( ! "t sp5t by ! small gang :i* 0 always engag$ 9 tight5+ ! bolts4 ,! av]age "t sp5t 9 erect+ & bolt+1 = ! :ole l5g? ( ! tube tunnels1 0 #b h\rs #ae m94 p] r+4 ,tables ( ,progress4--,tables #bd1 #be1 #bf1 & #bg h be5 prep>$ to %[ ! "t tak5 9 ! v>i\s op]ations at ea* work+ face4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xli4 ,,trans4 ,,am4 ,,soc4 ,,civ4 ,,engrs4 ,,vol4 ,,lxviii1 ,no4 #aaee4 ,,hewett ,,& ,,br[n ,,on ,,p5nsylvania ,r4 ,r4 ,,tunnels3 ,,nor? ,,riv] ,,tunnels4 ,,fig4 #a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xli4 ,,trans4 ,,am4 ,,soc4 ,,civ4 ,,engrs4 ,,vol4 ,,lxviii1 ,no4 #aaee4 ,,hewett ,,& ,,br[n ,,on ,,p5nsylvania ,r4 ,r4 ,,tunnels3 ,,nor? ,,riv] ,,tunnels4 ,,fig4 #b4 ,9 ,tables #bd1 #be1 #bf1 & #bg1 ! foll[+ symbols are us$3 ,a--,includ+ assi/ant sup]9t5d5ts1 =em51 & electricians1 9 driv+ ! %ield1 erect+ iron1 muck+1 att5d+ to ! electric lights1 & repair+ ! pipe l9e4 ,b--,drill]s1 drill]s' help]s1 drill =em51 & nipp]s4 ,c--,all m5 gr\t+4 ,d--,eng9e]s & labor]s :olly employ$ on transport betwe5 ! fir/ lock & ! face4 ,e--,9 rock1 "o c> #j4fj cu4 yd42 9 s& or silt #a4bj cu4 yd4 9 place4 ,f--,"t betwe5 completion ( muck+ & putt+ 9 fir/ plate1 sp5t 9 %ov+ ! jacks back4 ,g--,9 ord9>y iron ! :ole "t sp5t on erection & bolt+4 ,9 heavy iron ! "t betwe5 putt+ 9 ! fir/ plate & plac+ ! key only4 ,h--,"t betwe5 plac+ ! key & />t+ ! next %ove1 sp5t by ! :ole gang 9 tight5+ bolts4 ,9 addition to ?is1 !re 0 a small gang :i* sp5t its :ole "t at ?is "w4 ,i--,9 ,table #bd ! fir/ pair ( bore segm5ts is at r+ #bjg-bjh4 #be #bja-bjb4 #bf #ahe-ahf4 #bg #aga-agb4 ,outside diamet] ( tunnel #bc ft4 #j 94 ,inside #ba ft4 #b 94 ,l5g? ( r+ #b ft4 #f 94 ,9 ! ,ord9>y ,iron section ! "t is divid$ betwe5 muck+ 7:i* includ$ ! %ov+ & pu%+ back ( ! jacks7 & ! erection "t 7:i* includ$ ! "t sp5t by ! :ole gang 9 tight5+ bolts74 ,9 ! ,heavy ,iron section ^! times are all sep>at$ into ,muck+1 ,pu%+ ,back ,jacks1 ,erect+1 & ,bolt+1 & "h ! bolt+ "t includ$ only t sp5t on bolts by ! :ole gang2 9 addition1 !re 0 a small gang engag$ solely 9 tight5+ bolts4 ,! lo/ "t is ! av]age "t lo/ due to ! break-d[n ( hydraulic pipe l9es1 damag$ jacks1 & brok5 erector *a9s4 ,! erection "t is sep>at$ = ! v>i\s k9ds ( r+s1 t is1 /raight ord9>y r+s1 r+s conta9+ ,no4 #a bore segm5ts1 r+s conta9+ ,no4 #b bore segm5ts1 & tap] r+s1 & x w be se5 t1 on ! av]age1 tap] r+s took #bb m94 7or #bd7 m "t to erect & to bolt ?an ord9>y ones1 & t r+s conta9+ ,no4 #b bore segm5ts took #ad m94 7or #ae7 m4 ,,table #bd4--,,%ield-,,driv5 ,,tunnel ,,"w1 ,,manhattan ,,%aft1 ,,riv] ,,tunnel ,,nor?4 ,table %[+ ! size ( ! gang1 ! am\nt ( excavation1 & ! "t p] r+ tak5 = ! v>i\s op]ations involv$ 9 build+ tunnel ?r\gh ! sev]al k9ds ( gr\nd enc\nt]$2 also ! ext5t & nature ( all ! unavoidable delays4 ,,table #bd ,,"p #a ,w ,,ave4 ,,no4 e ,,( ,,m5 i ,,description ,,9 ,,gang g ---------------------------------------- ------- h ,ave ,a t air ,d ,g i r r r o ,p ,s i o f r h l u t ,t e i l t r o s e i i a t i s l n n n a r ,section u d g g s l o betwe5 ,l5g? r ,me?od ( --------- n r+s 9 feet,mat]ial e ,excavation ,a ,b ,c ,d ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #a-ed #ace4j,rock ,p #ad #ee-hj #fe4j #ai ,p #bd #ga_/c #acb #ha-ajg #fe4j,s(t rock #ah ,p #bb #e #bbi ,o #ajh-aec #aag4e,rock #ad ,p #agaa #bcj r #aed-aid #ajb4e,rock & #ad ,p #bc #f #bca d e>? i #aie-bae #eb4e,silt #ai ,p,brea/+ #bh #bcj n #baf-cic #dde4j #bj ,q#h doors #bg #dca a #cid-dbi #ij4j,silt1 piles1 #bd ,c,brea/+ #bh #dcb r rip-rap y #dcj-eji #bjj4j,silt #bc ,q#a door #bd #cbg #eaj-fib #deg4e #bc ,q#c doors #bf #dcj #ee-fib #a1eic4j #bj #be #b #ccj #baf-fib #a1aib4e #bb #bf #dcj ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #fic-ied #fee4j,silt #bd ,q#a door #bh #fcd #iee-a1jad #aej4j #bd ,q#a #bh #hcf #a1jae-a1jgd #aej4j #bd ,q#a #be #hcc ,h#a1jge-a1acd #aej4j #bd ,q#a #bg #icf e#a1ace-a1aid #aej4j #be ,q#a #bf #hcd a#a1aie-a1bbd #ge4j #be ,q#a #bd #icc v#a1bbe-a1bfb #ie4j #be ,q#a #bc #icb y#a1bfc-a1bgg #cg4e #be ,q#a #bd #ajcd #a1bgh-a1cjg #ge4j #be ,q#a #ba #ajca #a1cjh-a1cbf #dg4e #bh ,q#a #bg #aach #iee-a1cbf #icj4j #bd #bf #ice #fic-a1cbfa1ehe4j #bd #bg #hce ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,a #baf-a1cbfb1ggg4e #bc #bg #gcd l #ee-a1cbfc1ahj4j #bb #bf #fcb l ,,table #bd ,,"p #b ,w ,av4 ,,"t ,,= ,,r+ e ,,erection1 i ,"t ,,hrs4 ,,& ,,m94 g --------- -------------------- h ,av4 ,"t p] t ,no4 ,muck- ,t ,o ( +1 r+1i r o cu4 p] m d ,b ,b f yd4 cu4 %ov-e ,j i o o ,t p] yd4 + a n r r a ,m r+ f c a e e p e i & o k r e a r ,section r s y #a #b r n o betwe5 ,muck----------------------------- n r+s ,e + ,f ,g ,g ,g ,g ,g ---------------------------------------- -------------- #a-ed ,"t =#d-jj #d-bad-jd #ee-hj #da #j-ca #ba-jj;jacks #f-jd #e-cje-eg #ha-ajg #da #j-cc #bb-cj;= #d-bf #d-bf ,o #ajh-aec #da #j-ci #bf-calight #c-aj #c-cjc-ab r #aed-aid #da #j-bg #ah-cd;iron is #b-jh ,j4 ,j4 #b-djb-aj d includ$ i #aie-bae #da #j-aj #f-df;9 #c-jcc-cjc-cj #c-ji n #baf-cic #df #j-je #c-ec%ov+ #b-djb-efc-jjc-ajb-ej a #cid-dbi #df #j-ah #ag-ji;& #c-dcc-cid-dfd-aac-ef r muck+ y #dcj-eji #aa #j-aj #a-db #c-add-abc-eic-dfc-cd #eaj-fib #cj #j-je #a-dg #b-jhb-bab-cbb-ejb-ah #ee-fib #cj #j-ae #g-ce,n #c-jb #d-cac-ab #baf-fib #cj #j-jg #c-db,n #b-chb-eic-jha-cjb-ej ---------------------------------------- -------------- #fic- #iedaa #j-ab #a-jb,n #a-ebb-jeb-aeb-bib-j #iee-a1jadab #j-jd #j-dhj-af #j-eaa-aha-jhj-ejj-eh #a1jae-a1jgdab #j-jc #j-daj-ac #j-dcj-dfj-eej-djj-de ,h#a1jge-a1acd #h #j-jd #j-cdj-ab #a-jda-jaa-aea-bja-jh e#a1ace-a1aid #h #j-jd #j-ccj-ac #j-ecj-eaj-ehj-dfj-ec a#a1aie-a1bbd #f #j-jd #j-bdj-ab #j-ehj-dbj-ecj-ejj-ed v#a1bbe-a1bfb #e #j-je #j-bcj-aj #j-dhj-dij-ejj-cej-dg y#a1bfc-a1bggaj #j-jd #j-cfj-aa #j-dgj-ejj-ebj-dhj-eb #a1bgh-a1cjgag #j-jd #a-jij-aj #a-jca-jaa-jfj-jja-jd #a1cjh-a1cbfbb #j-je #a-cij-ah #a-bea-dha-ejj-eja-ca #iee-a1cbfaa #j-jd #j-daj-ac #j-eej-eia-jcj-eej-eh #fic-a1cbfab #j-jd #j-ea,n #a-bga-cda-daa-cha-ca ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,a #baf-a1cbfai #j-jf #a-ei,n #a-eeb-jhb-afa-ceb-jc l #ee-a1cbfba #j-aj #d-ac,n #b-bb l ,,table #bd ,,"p #c ,w ,,bolt+ ,,"t1 ,,:ole ,"t e ,,"t ,,on ,,bolts ,,aft] i ,,r+ ,,is ,,complete4 lo/ ,,total ,,"t4 g -------------------- ------------------------- h re- t ,o pair- r + o d ,b ,b ,o f i o o ,t hy- r n r r a ,m drau- d ,b ,b a e e p e lic i o o ,t i r e a n r r a ,m r ,section y #a #b r n pip- a e e p e o betwe5 --------------------+ r e a n r+s ,h ,h ,h ,h ,h y #a #b r n ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #a-ed ,excavation p>tially complet$ previ\sly4 #ee-hj #bg-d #bf-cjbf-eg ,o #ha-ajg #bf-ef #bf-ef r #ajh-aec #bi-da #cj-a #bi-dc d #aed-aid #bj-db #ba-adbj-dd i n #aie-bae #i-diaj-afaj-af #i-ee a #baf-cic ,bolt+ "t = #j-ji #f-db #f-eh #g-jb #g-ab #f-eb r #cid-dbi light iron is #bc-gibc-bebd-cbbc-egbc-db y includ$ 9 #dcj-eji erection4 #j-ah #e-ad #f-ab #e-ei #e-df #e-cd #eaj-fib #j-aa #d-jf #d-ai #d-cj #d-dh #d-af #ee-fib #j-agaj-ed #ab-bcaa-jd #baf-fib #j-be #f-de #g-jf #g-ae #e-cg #f-eg ------------ ----------------------------- #fic- #ied #j-ac #c-g #c-bj #c-cj #c-dd #c-ae #iee-a1jadj-bdj-baj-cgj-ajj-bej #b-ai #b-dc #b-di #b-jd #b-bg #a1jae-a1jgdj-caj-cjj-ebj-bcj-cdj-jb #b-aj #b-ab #b-dc #a-ei #b-ae ,h#a1jge-a1acdj-bhj-cea-djj-ebj-ddj-jc #b-ba #b-be #c-dd #c-ja #b-da e#a1ace-a1aidj-cbj-bjj-bdj-ahj-bfj #b-aa #a-eg #b-jh #a-ej #b-je a#a1aie-a1bbdj-aij-bjj-cdj-cej-bcj #a-ec #a-ch #b-jc #b-ja #a-ec v#a1bbe-a1bfbj-bij-bij-cfj-ahj-cjj #a-ej #a-ea #a-ei #a-bf #a-ej y#a1bfc-a1bggj-bcj-bcj-daj-bcj-bgj #a-eg #b-j #b-bj #a-eh #b-jf #a1bgh-a1cjgj-ccj-cdj-eaj-j #j-cfj #b-ee #b-ed #c-af #j-j #b-ei #a1cjh-a1cbfj-dij-dbj-ehj-bej-dhj #d-aa #d-bg #d-de #c-ab #d-af #iee-a1cbfj-bij-bgj-dij-caj-cbj #b-ah #b-bj #b-df #b-bj #b-bd #fic-a1cbf,o #j-jf #b-bd #b-ca #b-ch #b-ce #b-bh ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,a #baf-a1cbf,o #j-af #d-ah l #ee-a1cbf,o #j-ab #f-dg l ,,table #bd ,,summ>y ,,"p #a ,,ave4 ,,no4 ,w ,,( ,,m5 e ,,description ,,9 ,,gang i ---------------------------------------- -------- g ,ave4 h air t ,a ,p ,d ,g i o r r r r f e ,s i o s h l u ,t,t i s i l t ro r ,section u e i i at o betwe5 ,l5g? r ,me?od ( l n n na n r+s 9 feet ,mat]ial e ,excavation d g g sl ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,o #a-ed #ace4j,rock #j ,p #ad r #ee-aid #cej4j;,e>? & rock#af ,p #bb #fa_/c #bcj d #aie-cic #dig4e,silt #bj ,p,brea/+#bg #dca i #cid-ddj #aag4e #bd ,p,brea/+#bh #dcb n #dda-fib #fcj4j #bc ,q#c doors #be #dbi a ---------------------------------------- ------------------- r #baf-fib #a1aib4e #bb #bf #dcj y ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #ee-fib #a1eie4j #bj #be #b #ccj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,hvy #fic-a1cbfa1ehe4j,silt #bd ,q#a door #bg #hce ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,all #ee-a1cbfc1ahj4j #bb #bf #fcb ,,table #bd ,,summ>y ,,"p #b ,w ,,unavoidable ,,delays e ,,av]age ,,"t 7,,n ,,includ$ ,,9 ,,av]age i o ,,p] ,,r+4 ,,"t ,,p] ,,r+74 g f ---------------------------------------- ------ h ,av]age ,"t t i ,no4 ( muck+1,%ov+ r cubic p] & ,erec- o y>ds cubic muck+ tion ,lo/ ,"t np] r+ y>d ,n ,o "t,total ,items hrs m9 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,o #d-ad ,fir/ bulkhead #agb #jj r #da #j-cb #ba-dd #d-d #be-dh,second bulkhead#aai #jj d #ch #j-g #d-aa #b-eb #j-i #g-ab;,gr\t+ #bjj #jj i #da #j-ah #aa-ed #d-ag #a-daag-eb;,bl[\t #gc #jj n #ag #j-f #b-jd #b-cd #j-db #e-bj;,cradle #ajj #jj a ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- r #cj #j-g #c-db #b-ej #j-be #f-eg,total #ffd #jj y ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- #cj #j-ae #g-ce #c-ab #j-agaa-jd,p] r+ #j #cj ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,hvy #ab #j-d #j-ea #a-ca #j-jf #b-bh ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,all #ba #j-aj #d-ac #b-bb #j-ab #f-dg ,n ,includ+ "t = jacks4 ,o ,includ+ bolt+ "t4 ,p ,excavat+ ahead ( %ield4 ,q ,%ov+ %ield into silt ) 444 doors op54 ,,table #be4--,,%ield-,,driv5 ,,tunnel ,,"w1 ,,manhattan ,,%aft1 ,,riv] ,,tunnel ,,s\?4 ,table %[+ ! size ( ! gang1 ! am\nt ( excavation1 & ! "t p] r+ tak5 = ! v>i\s op]ations involv$ 9 build+ tunnel ?r\gh ! sev]al k9ds ( gr\nd enc\nt]$2 also ! ext5t & nature ( all ! unavoidable delays4 ,,table #be ,,"p #a ,w ,,ave4 ,,no4 e ,,( ,,m5 i ,,description ,,9 ,,gang g ---------------------------------------- ---------- h ,ave ,a t air ,d ,g i r r r o ,p ,s i o f r h l u t ,t e i l t r o s e i i a t i s l n n n a r ,section u d g g s l o betwe5 ,l5g? r ,me?od ( -------- n r+s 9 feet,mat]ial e ,excavation ,a ,b ,c ,d ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- #a-fh #agj4j,rock #j ,r #bj #e #eb #cb #fi-ie #fg4e,rock & e>? #ac ,r #bb #h #b #cb ,o #if-ada #aae4j,rock #aj ,r #baac #b #cf r#adb-aia #abe4j,rock & e>? #ae ,r #bd #g #b #cc d#aib-bjc #cj4j,silt #ah ,r,brea/+#bc #c #bf i#bjd-chh #dfb4e #ah ,s#g doors #bg #c #cj n#chi-dbi #ajb4e,silt1 piles & #bb ,s#f doors #bd #d #bh a rip-rap4 ,r,brea/+ r#dcj-ejd #ahg4e,silt #ba ,s#c doors #bc #e #bh y#eje-fbi #cab4e #bb ,s#d doors #be #f #ca #fcj-fib #aeg4e #bc ,s#b doors4 #bd #h #cb #bjd-fib #a1bbb4e #ba #be #e #cj #fi-fib #a1efj4j #ag #bcd #jc #cj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- #fic-gff #ahe4j,silt #bd ,s#b doors #ba #f #bg #gfg-hjf #ajj4j #bd ,s#b #bb #g #bi ,h #hjg-ijj #bce4j #bd ,s#a #bc #h #ca e #ija-icc #hb4e #be ,s#a door #cj #ajdj a #icd-ihh #acg4e #be ,s#a #cj #aada v #ihi-a1jdc #acg4e #be ,s#a #bh #aaci y#a1jdd-a1jec #be4j #bf ,s#a #be #i #cd #a1jed-a1jfh #cg4e #bf ,s#a #bf #i #ce #a1jfi-a1aaj #aje4j #bf ,s#a #cj #aada #fic-a1aaja1jde4j #be #be #h #cc ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,a #bjd-a1aajb1bfg4e #bc #be #f #ca l #fi-a1aajb1fje4j #bj #bdb #e #ca l ,,table #be ,,"p #b ,w ,av4 ,,"t ,,= ,,r+ e ,,erection1 i "t ,,hrs4 ,,& ,,m94 g --------- -------------------- h ,av4 ,"t p] t ,no4 ,muck- ,t ,o ( +1 r+1i r o cu4 p] m d ,b ,b f yd4 cu4 %ov-e ,j i o o ,t p] yd4 + a n r r a ,m r+ f c a e e p e i & o k r e a r ,section r s y #a #b r n o betwe5 ---- ,muck----------------------------- n r+s ,e + ,f ,g ,g ,g ,g ,g ---------------------------------------- -------------- #a-fh #da #j-ad #i-ec,"t =#e-bg #d-cbe-jg #fi-ie #da #j-bd #af-ah;jacks #c-jb #b-djc-jj ,o #if-ada #gj #j-af #ah-af;= #b-jh #b-bgb-ji r #adb-aia #eb #j-bj #ag-bglight #b-jh ,j ,j #b-jdb-jh d #aib-bjc #cf #j-ac #g-eh;iron is #b-bgf-jjb-ajc-aeb-dg i #bjd-chh #cg #j-je #c-ai;includ$#b-dab-dib-edb-efb-dg n #chi-dbi #dj #j-ag #ab-db;9 #c-aeb-cfe-jcc-bfc-bg a %ov+ r #dcj-ejd #bj #j-jf #a-ea;& #b-ecc-agc-jjb-egb-ei y #eje-fbi #bg #j-je #b-bjmuck+ #b-bcb-djb-deb-bhb-cj #fcj-fib #bb #j-je #a-ec #a-edb-ajb-bbb-bcb-jb #bjd-fib #cj #j-jg #c-bg ,t #b-cdb-deb-ehb-ceb-db #fi-fib #cf #j-aa #f-dj ,t #b-dg #c-ahb-eb ---------------------------------------- -------------- #fic-gff #bb #j-je #a-ce #j-be #a-aha-dda-cja-dja-be #gfg-hjf #bb #j-je #a-ai #j-ba #a-jjj-efa-cga-baa-jh #hjg-ijj #ai #j-je #a-aa #j-ag #j-eha-aca-jha-aba-jd ,h #ija-icc #ai #j-jd #a-ac #j-ji #j-eia-jej-ei #a-jj e #icd-ihh #af #j-jd #j-ed #j-ab #j-dij-ddj-ef #j-ej a #ihi-a1jdcac #j-je #j-eb #j-ad #j-eaj-ddj-eba-adj-eb v#a1jdd-a1jecaf #j-jg #j-dj #j-ae #a-jda-aej-ejj-eea-jb y#a1jed-a1jfh #h #j-je #j-cf #j-jh #j-egj-dja-jb #j-ef #a1jfi-a1aajad #j-jf #a-jj #j-ae #j-dhj-eda-jfa-caj-ef #fic-a1aajah #j-je #a-bi ,t #a-jaa-jha-jia-aia-je ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,a #bjd-a1aajbe #j-jf #b-ce ,t #b-jib-aib-ccb-aib-ag l #fi-a1aajbi #j-ji #d-cf ,t #b-ai #b-dfb-be l ,,table #be ,,"p #c ,w ,,bolt+ ,,"t1 ,,:ole ,"t e ,,"t ,,on ,,bolts ,,aft] i ,,r+ ,,is ,,complete4 lo/ ,,total ,,"t4 g -------------------- ------------------------- h re- t ,o pair- r + o d ,b ,b ,o f i o o ,t hy- r n r r a ,m drau- d ,b ,b a e e p e lic i o o ,t i r e a n r r a ,m r ,section y #a #b r n pip- a e e p e o betwe5 --------------------+ r e a n r+s ,h ,h ,h ,h ,h y #a #b r n ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #a-fh ,excavation p>tially #ae-bj #ad-beae-jj #fi-ie complet$ previ\sly4 #ai-bj #ah-ehai-ah ,o #if-ada #j-jcbj-bg #bj-dfbj-bh r #adb-aia #j-abai-dg #ai-dcai-dg d #aib-bjc ,bolt+ "t = light#a-bjaa-deae-ahaa-bhab-ccab-je i #bjd-chh iron is includ$ 9 #j-je #f-je #f-ac #f-ah #f-bj #f-aa n #chi-dbi erection4 #j-chaf-ceae-efah-bcaf-dfaf-dg a r #dcj-ejd #j-ci #e-bc #e-dg #e-cj #f-bg #e-bi y #eje-fbi #j-bc #e-jf #e-bc #e-bh #e-aa #e-ac #fcj-fib #j-jh #c-ee #d-aa #d-bc #d-bd #d-jc #bjd-fib #j-ah #f-ai #f-cj #f-dc #f-bj #f-bg #fi-fib #j-ae #i-db #aj-ac #i-dg ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #fic-gff #j-dca-jij-ebj-ejj-dij-jg #d-jh #e-jj #d-bi #d-cg #d-ba #gfg-hjf #j-chj-bdj-dcj-chj-dbj-jb #c-bj #c-jb #d-jb #c-da #c-cb #hjg-ijj #j-cij-cdj-efj-caj-djj-jf #c-aa #c-ba #c-ch #c-ag #c-ah ,h #ija-icc #j-cdj-bfa-dg #j-dcj-je #c-jj #b-eh #d-ac #c-aj e #icd-ihh #j-bhj-cdj-cd #j-cjj-jf #b-bi #b-cj #b-db #b-cb a #ihi-a1jdcj-ccj-bdj-eaj-cej-cej-jd #b-cd #b-ah #b-ec #b-ei #b-cg v#a1jdd-a1jecj-bcj-chj-cjj-eej-cf #c-bb #c-dh #c-ae #c-de #c-cc y#a1jed-a1jfhj-ccj-bej-ce #j-cb #b-ad #a-di #b-ba #b-ab #a1jfi-a1aajj-cbj-djj-dhj-dfj-cgj-je #b-dj #b-ed #c-ad #c-cg #b-ec #fic-a1aajj-cgj-cij-ebj-djj-djj-je #c-ab #c-ba #c-ce #c-cc #c-ai ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,a #bjd-a1aaj ,u #j-ab #d-ef #e-jf #e-bj #e-jf #e-jd l #fi-a1aaj ,u #j-ad #g--j #g-cf #g-ae l ,,table #be ,,summ>y ,,"p #a ,,ave4 ,,no4 ,w ,,( ,,m5 e ,,description ,,9 ,,gang i ---------------------------------------- -------- g ,ave4 h air t ,a ,p ,d ,g i o r r r r f e ,s i o s h l u ,t,t i s i l t ro r ,section u e i i at o betwe5 ,l5g? r ,me?od ( l n n na n r+s 9 feet ,mat]ial e ,excavation d g g sl ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,o #a-fh #agj4j,rock #j ,r #bj #e #e #ecb r #fi-aia #cjg4e,rock & e>?#ac ,r #bb #i #bcc d #aib-chh #dib4e,silt #ah ,r,brea/+#be #cbh i ,s#g doors n #chi-dbi #ajb4e,silt piles &#bb ,r,brea/+#bd #dbh a rip-rap ,s#f doors r #dcj-fib #feg4e,silt #bb ,s#c doors #bd #fcj y ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #bjd-fib #a1bbb4e #ba #be #ecj ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #fi-fib #a1efj4j #ag #bc #d #j #ccj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,hvy #fic-a1aaja1jde4j #be ,s#a door #be #hcc ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,all #fi-a1aajb1fje4j #bj #bd #eca ,,table #be ,,summ>y ,,"p #b ,w ,,unavoidable ,,delays e ,,av]age ,,"t 7,,n ,,includ$ ,,9 ,,av]age i o ,,p] ,,r+4 ,,"t ,,p] ,,r+74 g f ---------------------------------------- ------ h ,av]age ,"t t i ,no4 ( muck+1,%ov+ r cubic p] & ,erec- o y>ds cubic muck+tion ,lo/ ,"t np] r+ y>d ,t ,u "t,total,items hrs m9 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,o #da #j-ad #i-ec #e-jg #ae-jj;,fir/ bulkhead #afj #jj r #ed #j-ai #ag-bj #b-bfj-jeai-ea,second bulkhead #aeg #de d #cg #j-ji #e-ci #b-dgj-fc #i-bi;,gr\t+ #bjj #jj i n #dj #j-ag #ab-db #c-bgj-chaf-dg;,bl[\t #fi #de a r #bd #j-je #a-eh #b-bij-bb #d-di,wait+-heavy iron #fd #jj y ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- #cj #j-jg #c-bg #b-dbj-ah #f-bg,total #gae #cj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- #cf #j-aa #f-dj #b-ebj-ae #i-dg,p] r+ #j #ci ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,hvy #ah #j-je #a-bi #a-dej-jf #c-ai ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,all #bi #j-ji #d-cf #b-bej-ad #g-ae ,r ,excavat+ ahead ( %ield4 ,s ,%ov+ %ield into silt ) 444 doors op54 ,t ,includ+ "t = jacks4 ,u ,includ+ bolt+ "t4 ,,table #bf4--,,%ield-,,driv5 ,,tunnel ,,"w1 ,,weehawk5 ,,%aft1 ,,riv] ,,tunnel ,,nor?4 ,table %[+ ! size ( ! gang1 ! am\nt ( excavation1 & ! "t p] r+ tak5 = ! v>i\s op]ations involv$ 9 build+ tunnel ?r\gh ! sev]al k9ds ( gr\nd enc\nt]$2 also ! ext5t & nature ( all ! unavoidable delays4 ,,table #bf ,,"p #a ,w ,,ave4 ,,no4 e ,,( ,,m5 i ,,description ,,9 ,,gang g -------- ------------- --------------------------- h ,ave ,a t air ,d ,g i r r r o ,p ,s i o f r h l u t ,t e i l t r o s e i i a t i s l n n n l r ,section u d g g s e o betwe5 ,l5g? r ,me?od ( ------------ n r+s 9 feet,mat]ial e ,excavation ,a ,b ,c ,d ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #a-bd #fj4j,rock #j ,x #i4jd #j #jaj #be-ee #gg4e #bj ,x #ade #j4e #aba #ef-gb #db4e,mix$ s& & #aj ,x,brea/+#bbb 4#ji #bbf ,o rock r #gc-afe #bcb4e,s& & gravel #aj ,x #bbj #j4a #bbd d #aff-ahd #dg4e,s& & silt #bj,x,brea/+#bbj 4#ch #cbe i ) piles & cutt+ n #ahe-bec #agb4e,silt & piles #bdpiles #bcj 4#ga #cbf a #bed-bic #ajj4j,silt #bf ,y#h doors #bbj #j #cbe r #bid-cja #bj4j #bg #aij #j #bba y #cjb-cjg #ae4j #bg ,y#h doors #baj #j #bbc #cjh-cdb #hg4e #bh #aij #j #bba #cdc-cdg #ab4e #bh ,y#h doors #aej #j #bag #cdh-dei #bhj4j #bh #bjj #j #cbh #dfj-did #hg4e #bh ,y#h doors #baj #j #cbd #die-eac #dg4e #bh #h #bcj #j #dbg #ead-fje #bcj4j #bh #h #bej #j #dbi #fjf-fbd #dg4e #bh #h #bdj #j #dbh #fbe-fdj #dj4j #bh #h #chj #j #edc #be-fdj #a1edj4j #bj #ahe-fdj #a1adj4j #bf #bcj #j4b #cbf ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #fda-fdg #ag4e,silt #bh ,y#h doors #bdj #j #fcj #fdh-gea #bfj4j #bh ,y#h #bbj #j #dbf #geb-gie #aaj4j #bh ,y#h #ahj #j #gbe #gif-hbe #ge4j #bh ,y#h #aij #j #ajbh ,h #hbf-hed #gb4e #bh ,y#h #agj #j #cbj e #hee-hha #fg4e #bh ,y#h #bcj #j #icb a #hhb-ihb #beb4e #bh ,y#h #bjj #j #hbh v #ihc-iij #bj4j #bh ,y#h #baj #j #gbh y #iia-a1jdi #adg4e #bh ,y#h #bcj #j #gcj #a1jej-a1jgd #fb4e #bh ,y#h #bdj #j #icc #a1jge-a1aaj #ij4j #bh ,y#h #bej #j #ajce #fda-a1aaja1age4j #bh #baj #j #gbh ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,a #ahe-a1aajb1cae4j #bh #bbj #j4a #ebg l #be-a1aajb1gae4j #bf #baj4aj4a #cbd l ,,table #bf ,,"p #b ,w ,av4 ,,"t ,,= ,,r+ e ,,erection1 i ,"t ,,hrs4 ,,& ,,m94 g --------- -------------------- h ,av4 ,"t p] t ,no4 ,muck- ,t ,s ( +1 r+1i t o cu4 p] m r ,b ,b f yd4 cu4 %ov-e ,j a o o ,t p] yd4 + a i r r a ,m r+ f c g e e p e i & o k h e a r ,section r s t #a #b r n o betwe5 ,muck----------------------------- n r+s ,e + ,f ,g ,g ,g ,g ,g ---------------------------------------- -------------- #a-bd #df #j-jf #d-cb,"t #f-bc #f-bc #be-ee #df #j-ea #ci-cc;= #d-be #e-ajd-bi ,o #ef-gb #dd #j-ba #ae-je;jacks #b-ec #c-aeb-ee ,o = r #gc-afe #ci #j-aa #f-eflight #b-bg #b-bab-bf d #aff-ahd #db #j-ji #f-ai;iron is #b-ca ,j ,j #f-cjb-cg i includ$ n #ahe-bec #dc #j-ji #f-ac;9 #a-egb-ddb-ebb-jjb-ae a #bed-bic #f #j-ah #a-de%ov+ #a-eha-egb-aeb-deb-jb r #bid-cja #j #a-jh;& #j-eha-dea-ej #a-ag y #cjb-cjg #bf #j-ji #d-jcmuck+4#b-bja-dja-eeb-egb-bb #cjh-cdb #j #j-cf #b-jja-cdb-dba-ehb-jb #cdc-cdg #b #j-cf #a-aa #b-aeb-bj #b-dcb-cc #cdh-dei #j #j-cc #b-jcb-jdb-jib-bcb-jf #dfj-did #i #j-ji #a-bc #b-dib-cjb-eja-ejb-ch #die-eac #ag #j-je #a-bh #b-ceb-bca-eeb-ajb-bf #ead-fje #bf #j-jd #a-dd #b-abb-cdb-bib-aeb-ai #fjf-fbd #af #j-jd #a-jg #a-edb-ccb-afa-ceb-jd #fbe-fdj #bd #j-jc #a-ac #b-adb-eeb-ceb-dfb-bh #be-fdj #ahe-fdj #af #j-jg #a-eh #b-jgb-aib-bfb-aeb-ac ---------------------------------------- -------------- #fda-fdg #ai #j-jd #j-jh ,v #a-bjb-jha-fea-dja-da #fdh-gea #ad #j-jc #j-cf #j-ab #a-baa-bba-bfa-eea-bc #geb-gie #aj #j-jc #j-bi #j-ad #j-dfa-bea-cab-cga-aj #gif-hbe #e #j-jh #j-dj #j-aa #j-dha-caa-cdj-eca-jc ,h #hbf-hed #ae #j-jc #j-dh #j-ai #j-eda-aba-jba-bca-ja e #hee-hha #g #j-je #j-cc #j-af #j-eij-dea-aea-bja-ja a #hhb-ihb #aj #j-jb #j-bj #j-ad #j-dia-jba-jaj-ejj-ed v #ihc-iij #ag #j-jb #j-cd #j-ad #j-djj-djj-dh #j-dd y #iia-a1jdi #h #j-jc #j-ba #j-aa #j-djj-dhj-ci #j-da #a1jej-a1jgd #g #j-jc #j-ah #j-aj #j-dcj-ddj-dfj-djj-dc #a1jge-a1aaj #af #j-jb #j-cc #j-ab #j-eja-jba-jfj-ehj-ee #fda-a1aaj #h #j-jd #j-cj #j-ad #j-efa-jha-aba-bia-jb ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,a #ahe-a1aaj #ab #j-jg #a-bj #j,v #a-dhb-jab-aab-aga-ef l #be-a1aajag4aj-ab #c-ac ,v #b-je l ,,table #bf ,,"p #c ,w ,,bolt+ ,,"t1 ,,:ole ,"t e ,,"t ,,on ,,bolts ,,aft] i ,,r+ ,,is ,,complete4 lo/ ,,total ,,"t4 g -------------------- ------------------------- h re- t ,s pair- t + o r ,b ,b ,s f a o o ,t hy- t i r r a ,m drau- r ,b ,b g e e p e lic a o o ,t i h e a i r r a ,m r ,section t #a #b r n pip- g e e p e o betwe5 --------------------+ h e a n r+s ,h ,h ,h ,h ,h t #a #b r n ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #a-bd ,excavation p>tially #aj-ee #aj-ee #be-ee complet$ previ\sly4 #dc-eh #dd-dcdd-jb #ef-gb #j-jdah-jb #ah-bdah-jd ,o #gc-afe #j-ji #i-cb #i-bf #i-ca r #aff-ahd #j-jg #h-eg #ab-ef #i-jc d #ahe-bec #j-ae #h-be #i-ab #i-bj #h-bh #h-dc i n #bed-bic ,bolt+ "t = #j-ad #c-eg #c-ef #d-ad #d-dd #d-ja a #bid-cja light iron is #b-jf #b-ec #b-eh #b-be r #cjb-cjg includ$ 9 #f-bc #e-dc #e-eh #g-jj #f-be y #cjh-cdb erection4 #b-cf #b-aj #c-ah #b-bi #b-ch #cdc-cdg #j-ci #d-je #d-aj #d-dc #d-bc #cdh-dei #j-ad #b-ej #b-ea #b-ef #c-aj #b-ec #dfj-did #j-bg #d-ci #d-bj #d-dj #c-dj #d-bh #die-eac #d-jc #c-ea #c-bc #c-ch #c-ed #ead-fje #c-ef #d-ah #d-ac #c-ei #d-jc #fjf-fbd #c-ja #c-dj #c-bc #b-db #c-aa #fbe-fdj #c-bg #d-jh #c-dh #c-ei #c-da #be-fdj #ahe-fdj #j-ji #d-ad #d-bf #d-cc #d-bb #d-bj ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- #fda-fdg #j-djj-cea-bej-eej-dg #c-jh #c-ea #d-bh #c-dc #c-cf #fdh-gea #j-caj-bij-chj-cjj-cbj-ab #b-eb #b-ea #c-jd #c-be #b-ee #geb-gie #j-dhj-caj-ddj-cej-dcj-je #b-bb #b-dd #c-jc #d-jj #b-da ,h #gif-hbe #j-caa-jcj-dic-bgj-ea #b-aj #c-be #c-ad #e-aa #b-de e #hbf-hed #j-bbj-cgj-chj-bjj-bgj-jf #b-bi #c-jb #b-ec #b-ef #b-da a #hee-hha #j-bbj-baj-dej-djj-bfj-de #b-ee #b-dj #c-cd #c-cd #c-ja v #hhb-ihb #j-daj-cfj-cfj-aej-cij-ab #b-af #b-bd #b-bc #a-ea #b-ai y #ihc-iij #a-aej-aej-bh #j-dh #b-dc #a-dc #b-jd #b-bj #iij-a1jdfj-daj-cdj-ee #j-da #a-ec #a-ed #b-jf #a-ed #a1jdg-a1jgdj-cea-aej-jgj-cej-dhj-jd #a-ej #b-ca #b-be #a-dg #b-jc #a1jge-a1aajj-cej-dfj-ehb-ajj-daj-ba #b-ca #b-ed #b-aj #d-ad #b-db #fda-a1aajj-cfj-cfj-ddj-edf-chj-aa #b-bg #b-bg #b-ea #c-ah #b-ce ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,a #ahe-a1aaj,w #j-aj #c-ah #c-ca #c-da #c-dg #c-bf l #be-a1aaj,w #j-ji #e-bg l ,,table #bf ,,summ>y ,,"p #a ,,ave4 ,,no4 ,w ,,( ,,m5 e ,,description ,,9 ,,gang i ---------------------------------------- --------- g ,ave4 h air t ,a ,p ,d ,g i o r r r r f e ,s i o s h l u t,t i s i l t ro r ,section u e i i at o betwe5 ,l5g? r ,me?od ( l n n na n r+s 9 feet ,mat]ial e ,excavation d g g sl ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,o #a-bd #fj4j,rock #j ,x #i4jd #j #jaj r #be-ee #gg4e #bj ,x #ade #j4e #aba d #ef-gb #db4e,mix$ s& &#aj ,x,brea/+#bbb 4#ji #bbf i rock n #gc-afe #bcb4e,s& gravel #aj ,x,brea/+#bbj 4#a #bbd a #aff-ahd #dg4e,s& & silt #bj ,x,brea/+#bbj 4#ch #cbe r ) piles & cutt+ y #ahe-bec #agb4e,silt w_/ piles #bd piles #bcj 4#ga #cbf #bed-fdj #aaj4j,silt #bf ,y,doors #bbj #j #cbe ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #be-fdj #a1edj4j #bj ,y,doors #baj4c4ab #cbd ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,hvy #fda-a1aaja1age4j #bh #ba #j #j #gbh ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,all #be-a1aajb1gae4j #bf #baj4aj4a #cbd ,,table #bf ,,summ>y ,,"p #b ,w ,,unavoidable ,,delays e ,,av]age ,,"t 7,,n ,,includ$ ,,9 ,,av]age i o ,,p] ,,r+4 ,,"t ,,p] ,,r+74 g f ---------------------------------------- ------ h ,av]age ,"t t i ,no4 ( muck+1,%ov+ r cubic p] & ,erec- o y>ds cubic muck+ tion ,lo/ ,"t np] r+ y>d ,v ,w "t,total ,items hrs m9 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,o #df #j-jf #d-cb #f-bc #j-jjaj-ee;,fir/ bulkhead #acb-jj r #df #j-ea #ci-cc #d-bi #j-jjdd-jb,second bulkhead#aeh-ej d #dd #j-ba #ae-je #b-ee #j-jdah-jd;,gr\t+ #bdj-jj i ,old cave-9 #bcd-jj n #ci #j-aa #f-ef #b-bf #j-ji #i-ca%ov+ tube #abh-jj a #db #j-ji #f-ai #b-cg #j-jg #i-jc----------------------- r ,total #hib-ej y #dc #j-ji #f-ac #b-ae #j-je #h-dc----------------------- #aa #j-jg #a-ac #b-bj #j-jh #c-da p] r+ #j-di ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- #bd #j-ad #e-jf #b-bd #j-jh #g-ch ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,hvy #h #j-jd #j-dd #a-dj #j-aa #b-ce ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,all #ag4a #j-ab #c-ac #c-je #j-ji #e-bg ,v ,includ+ "t = jacks4 ,w ,includ+ bolt+ "t4 ,x ,excavat+ ahead ( %ield4 ,y ,%ov+ %ield into silt ) 444 doors op54 ,,table #bg4--,,%ield-,,driv5 ,,tunnel ,,"w1 ,,weehawk5 ,,%aft1 ,,riv] ,,tunnel ,,s\?4 ,table %[+ ! size ( ! gang1 ! am\nt ( excavation1 & ! "t p] r+ tak5 = ! v>i\s op]ations involv$ 9 build+ tunnel ?r\gh ! sev]al k9ds ( gr\nd enc\nt]$2 also ! ext5t & nature ( all ! unavoidable delays4 ,,table #bg ,,"p #a ,w ,,ave4 ,,no4 e ,,( ,,m5 i ,,description ,,9 ,,gang g ---------------------------------------- ------- h ,ave ,a t air ,d ,g i r r r o ,p ,s i o f r h l u t ,t e i l t r o s e i i a t i s l n n n a r ,section u d g g s l o betwe5 ,l5g? r ,me?od ( ---------- n r+s 9 feet,mat]ial e ,excavation ,a ,b ,c ,d ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #a-bg #fg4e,rock #i ,c ,excavation p>tially complet$ previ\sly4 #bh-db #cg4e #ab ,c #ac #da #a #ai #dc-eh #dj4j,rock or #ab ,c #ai #bb #b #be ,o #ei-aec #bcg4e;,gravel & #af ,c,brea/+#be #a #d #cj r s& d #aed-agj #db4e,s& & #ah #bf #a #e #cb i silt w_/piles n #aga-bcf #afe4j,silt ) #bb ,top half #bb #a #c #bf a piles r #bcg-bei #eg4e,silt #be ,d#a door #ah #a #c #bb y #bfj-cjb #ajg4e #bg ,d#a door #ae #b #ag #cjc-cej #abj4j #bg ,d#h doors #ae #d #ai #cea-cgh #gj4j #bg4e;,d#h #ah #f #bd #cgi-dbd #aae4j #bg4e;,d#h #ai #d #bc #dbe-ebb #bde4j #bh ,d#a door #ai #d #bc #ebc-fbe #beg4e #bh ,d#a #bj #d #bd #aga-fbe #a1acg4e #bg #ai #d #bc #bh-fbe #a1die4j #be #ai4hj4hc4dbd ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #fbf-fdi #eg4e,silt #bh ,d#a door #af #c #ai #fej-gcc #baj4j #bh ,d#h doors #ai #d #bc #gcd-gec #ej4j #bh ,d#h #bd #e #bi ,h #ged-hdd #bbg4e #bh ,d#h #bf #h #cd e #hde-hei #cg4e #bh ,d#h #bg #i #cf a #hfj-hii #ajj4j #bh ,d#h #bd #h #cc v #ijj-ice #ij4j #bh ,d#a door #be #g #cb y #icf-ifc #gj4e #bh ,d#a #be #h #cc #ifd-a1jjc #ajj4j #bh ,d#a #be #aj #ce #a1jjd-a1jfj #adb4e #bh ,d#a #bf #aj #cf #a1jfa-a1aaj #abe4j #bh ,d#a #cg #aj #dg #a1aaa-a1bch #cbj4j #bh ,d#a #cj #i #ci #a1bci-a1cab #ahe4j #bh #ci #i #ch #fbf-a1caba1gag4e #bh #ce #h #cc ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,a #aga-a1cabb1hee4j #bh #bc #f #bi l #bh-a1cabc1bab4e #bf #ba #e #bf l ,,table #bg ,,"p #b ,w ,av4 ,,"t ,,= ,,r+ e ,,erection1 i ,"t ,,hrs4 ,,& ,,m94 g --------- -------------------- h ,av4 ,"t p] t ,no4 ,muck- ,t ,o ( +1 r+1i r o cu4 p] m d ,b ,b f yd4 cu4 %ov-e ,j i o o ,t p] yd4 + a n r r a ,m r+ f c a e e p e i & o k r e a r ,section r s y #a #b r n o betwe5 ,muck----------------------------- n r+s ,e + ,f ,g ,g ,g ,g ,g ---------------------------------------- -------------- #a-bg ,excavation #h-cj #c-deh-jh p>tially complet$ previ\sly #bh-db #dh4gj-be #bj-cc #d-bc #d-jjd-ba #dc-eh #dd4bj-df #cc-dd #d-af #e-ded-dd ,o #ei-aec #ci4jj-ab #h-jf #b-ai #d-ahb-bc r d #aed-agj #da4fj-aj #g-aj #b-jj ,j4 ,j4 #a-dha-ei i n #aga-bcf #db4fj-aj #g-bc #b-cfb-eeb-eha-bdb-ce a r #bcg-bei #ac4hj-aa #b-bi #c-jab-jea-bhb-jjb-cb y #bfj-cjb #j #j-cb #b-cdb-cec-chd-bhc-je #cjc-cej #f4ij-jg #j-eb #b-eib-bhb-cga-ddb-da #cea-cgh #j #j-cc #b-jeb-cbb-dhb-jjb-ah #cgi-dbd #f4ij-jg #j-dh #c-cdb-eac-ahc-aic-bb #dbe-ebb #f4gj-jf #j-de #c-jic-eac-jjc-bhc-af #ebc-fbe #j #j-cb #a-cfa-cga-dga-eaa-ci #aga-fbe #i4gj-aa #a-dd ,a #b-cgb-dab-dab-cbb-ch #bh-fbe #ag4hj-ad #d-ad ,a #b-da ---------------------------------------- -------------- #fbf-fdi #ab4bj-ab #b-bc ,a #b-aib-cjb-jea-dbb-af #fej-gcc #ac4e #j-eg #j-ac #a-dba-bda-dga-dha-ci #gcd-gec #h4cj-je #j-da #j-ag #a-jfa-eej-cha-bja-ab ,h #ged-hdd #ab4hj-jd #j-ea #j-af #a-aia-daa-ebj-eja-bi e #hde-hei #e4fj-jg #j-ci #j-ai #a-bda-jha-aj #a-bj a #hfj-hii #af4ej-jb #j-ci #j-ac #a-jja-jea-ac #a-jd v #ijj-ice #aa4ej-jc #j-bi #j-ad #j-dga-acj-eba-ajj-eb y #icf-ifc #e4ij-jc #j-ai #j-ae #j-eij-dgj-ee #j-ef #ifd-a1jjc #h4aj-jc #j-bg #j-aj #j-eaj-eba-je #j-ec #a1jjd-a1jfj #h4gj-jc #j-cj #j-ae #a-jaa-jia-jej-dea-jc #a1jfa-a1aaj #f4bj-jc #j-ai #j-aj #j-dbj-dij-edj-dej-de #a1aaa-a1bchae4fj-jb #j-ch #j-af #j-dha-jfa-jda-bcj-ef #a1bci-a1cabac4jj-jc #j-cf #j-ah #a-jda-jaa-jba-aea-jg #fbf-a1cabaj4fj-jd #j-db #j-ad #a-jfa-aea-afa-aha-aj ------------------------------------- ---------------- ,a #aga-a1cabaj4bj-jg #a-ae ,a #b-jib-acb-bab-bjb-ac l #bh-a1cabad4aj-aj #b-bh ,a #b-ah l ,,table #bg ,,"p #c ,w ,,bolt+ ,,"t1 ,,:ole ,"t e ,,"t ,,on ,,bolts ,,aft] i ,,r+ ,,is ,,complete4 lo/ ,,total ,,"t4 g -------------------- ------------------------- h re- t ,s pair- t + o r ,b ,b s f a o o ,t hy- t i r r a ,m drau- r ,b ,b g e e p e lic a o o ,t i h e a i r r a ,m r ,section t #a #b r n pip- g e e p e o betwe5 --------------------+ h e a n r+s ,h ,h ,h ,h ,h t #a #b r n ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #a-bg #j-adba-aa #af-bfbj-di #bh-db #j-abbe-jh #bd-debe-jf #dc-eh #a-aeci-ae #dj-ddci-dc ,o #ei-aec #j-cjaj-ee #ab-edaj-ei r d #aed-agj #j-jj #i-aj ,j4 ,j4 #h-eh #i-ji i n #aga-bcf ,bolt+ "t = #j-jeaj-jdaj-bcaj-bf #h-ebaj-jc a light iron is r #bcg-bei includ$ 9 #j-bj #e-ej #d-ed #d-ag #d-di #e-ba y #bfj-cjb erection4 #j-jh #c-ad #c-ae #d-ah #e-jh #c-de #cjc-cej #j-jg #c-eh #c-bg #c-cf #b-dc #c-dj #cea-cgh #j-ag #b-ee #c-bb #c-ch #b-ej #c-jh #cgi-dbd #j-be #d-dg #d-ji #d-ca #d-cb #d-ce #dbe-ebb #j-af #d-aj #d-eb #d-ja #d-bi #d-ag #ebc-fbe #j-ab #b-bj #b-ba #b-ca #b-ce #b-bc #aga-fbe #j-ac #d-cd #d-ch #d-ch #d-bi #d-ce #bh-fbe #j-af #g-aa ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #fbf-fdi #a-jaa-jda-jdj-eja-jaj-cb #f-ae #f-bi #f-jd #e-bg #f-ab #fej-gcc #a-aej-ebj-eej-dba-jgj-cb #d-ci #c-eh #d-bd #d-ab #d-bh #gcd-gec #j-chj-dda-acj-bjj-ddj-jf #b-dh #c-dc #b-ee #b-dd #c-jj ,h #ged-hdd #j-cij-ejj-edj-djj-ddj-be #c-cj #d-jh #d-ah #c-jb #c-de e #hde-hei #j-dej-aej-ae #j-cgj-dh #c-ee #c-ji #c-aa #c-dc a #hfj-hii #j-eij-cbj-di #j-ebj-jg #b-eh #b-cf #c-ja #b-ee v #ijj-ice #j-cij-dcj-cbj-bjj-chj-jd #b-ah #b-dc #b-aa #b-ag #b-ag y #icf-ifc #j-cdj-afj-da #j-cbj-cg #b-dd #b-ad #b-dg #b-ci #ifd-a1jjcj-cbj-dej-cg #j-cej-af #b-af #b-cj #b-ce #b-ba #a1jjd-a1jfjj-edj-cgj-dij-djj-dij-bd #c-jd #b-ee #c-jc #b-cd #c-ja #a1jfa-a1aajj-bdj-bfj-cij-bej-bgj-jj #a-ce #a-dd #b-jb #a-ci #a-da #a1aaa-a1bchj-cfj-cdj-ega-abj-daj-jb #b-bj #b-cf #b-eg #c-ca #b-cc #a1bci-a1cabj-cij-dca-abj-eij-ejj-aj #b-dg #b-dh #c-ah #c-ah #c-ja #fbf-a1cabj-dej-djj-ebj-edj-dgj-af #c-jc #c-jg #c-bj #c-bd #c-ji ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,a #aga-a1cab ,c #j-ae #c-ci #c-dc #c-ea #c-ej #c-dc l #bh-a1cab ,c #j-ae #e-ja l ,,table #bg ,,summ>y ,,"p #a ,,ave4 ,,no4 ,w ,,( ,,m5 e ,,description ,,9 ,,gang i ---------------------------------------- --------- g ,ave4 h air t ,a ,p ,d ,g i o r r r r f e ,s i o s h l u ,t ,t i s i l t r o r ,section u e i i a t o betwe5 ,l5g? r ,me?od ( l n n n a n r+s 9 feet ,mat]ial e ,excavation d g g s l ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #bh-db #cg4e,rock #ab ,b,brea/ #ac #d #a #a #ai ,o #dc-eh #dj4j,rock gravel #ab #ai #b #b #b #be r #ei-aec #bcg4e;,gravel s& #af #be #a #d #cj d #aed-agj #db4e,s& or silt1 #ah #bf #a #e #cb i ) piles n #aga-bcf #afe4jsilt w_/ piles #bb #bb #a #c #bf a #bcg-bei #eg4e,silt #be ,c#a door #ah #a #c #bb r #bfj-fbe #iae4j #bg #a #ah #d #bb y ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #bh-fbe #a1die4j #be #ai4hj4hc4dbd ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,hvy #fbf-a1caba1gag4e,silt #bh #be #h #cc ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,all #bh-a1cabc1bab4e #bf #ba #e #bf ,,table #bg ,,summ>y ,,"p #b ,w ,,unavoidable ,,delays e ,,av]age ,,"t 7,,n ,,includ$ ,,9 ,,av]age i o ,,p] ,,r+4 ,,"t ,,p] ,,r+74 g f ---------------------------------------- ----- h ,av]age ,"t t i ,no4 ( muck+1,%ov+ r cubic p] & ,erec- o y>ds cubic muck+ tion ,lo/ ,"t np] r+ y>d ,z ,a "t,total ,items hrs m9 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #dh4g #j-be #bj-cc #d-baj-abbe-jf;,fir/ bulkhead #hj-jj ,o #dd4b #j-df #cc-dd #d-dda-aeci-dc,second bulkhead #aef-jj r #ci4j #j-ab #h-jf #b-bcj-cjaj-ei;,gr\t+ rock #bhj-jj d #da4f #j-aj #g-aj #a-eij-j #i-ji sections i ,bl[-outs #bbb-jj n #db4f #j-aj #g-bc #b-cej-jeaj-jc,%ield repairs #cbf-dj a #ac4h #j-aa #b-bi #b-cbj-bj #e-ba;,horz4 timb]s #fi-cj r #c4f #j-jf #j-dj #b-cij-ad #c-cc ,total #a1acd-aj y ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #ag4h #j-ad #d-ad #b-daj-af #g-aa,p] r+ #j-ec ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,hvy #aj4f #j-d #j-ef #a-egj-af #c-ji ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,all #ad4a #j-aj #b-bh #b-ahj-ae #e-ja ,z ,includ+ "t = jacks4 ,a ,includ+ bolt+ "t4 ,b ,excavat+ ahead ( %ield4 ,c ,%ov+ %ield into silt ) 444 doors op54 ,! av]age "t tak5 = ea* op]ation at all ! work+ faces is giv5 9 ,table #bh4 ,! "w has be5 subdivid$ into ! diff]5t k9ds ( gr\nd enc\nt]$4 ,! progress1 z %[n by ! am\nt ( "w done ea* mon? by ea* %ield1 is giv5 9 ,table #bi4 ,,table #bh4--,,%ield-,,driv5 ,,tunnel ,,"w4--,,total ,,numb] ,,( ,,r+s ,,erect$ ,,& ,,%ifts ,,work$ ,,by ,,all ,,f\r ,,%ields ,,9 ,,contracts ,,gy-,,we/ ,,& ,,gj1 ,,& ,,! ,,av]age ,,size ,,( ,,gang1 ,,am\nt ,,( ,,excavation ,,& ,,"t ,,tak5 ,,p] ,,r+ ,,= ,,! ,,v>i\s ,,op]ations ,,involv$ ,,9 ,,build+ ,,tunnel ,,9 ,,ea* ,,( ,,! ,,sev]al ,,k9ds ,,( ,,gr\nd ,,enc\nt]$2 ,,also ,,! ,,ext5t ,,& ,,nature ,,( ,,all ,,! ,,unavoidable ,,delays4 ,,table #bh ,,"p #a ,a ,,ave4 ,,no4 ,w v ,,( ,,m5 e ,,9 ,,gang i a -------------------- g i ,a h r ,d ,g i t ,total r r r p ,s i o o ,total ,total numb]r h l u t ,t f e i l t r o ,description ,no4 ,no4 ( s e i i a t i s l n n n a r ( ( ( #h-;h\ru d g g s l o r -------------------- n ,mat]ial r+s feet4 %iftse ,unit,unit,unit,unit,unit ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,rock4 #afe #dab4e #eig #af #ah #i #j4be #a #bh ,o ,rock & e>? & #agg #ddb4e #ejj #ad #bb #e #j4c #b #cj r rock & gravel4 d ,s& & gravel #ahh #dgj4j #bda #ac #bd #j4f #c #bg i 7unob/ruct$71 ,,nj n ,s& & silt 7) #aga #dbg4e #aii #bb #bc #a4j #c #bg a piles47 r ,silt "u ,r4 ,r4 #cif #iij4j #cee #ai #bg #c #cj y tracks1 ,,ny ,rip-rap & silt #gg #aib4e #aic #bc #bf #d #cj "u bulkhead4 i ---------------------------------------- - r ,total mix$ & o difficult gr\nd4#a1agd #b1ice4jb1jhe #ag #bb #d #j4c #c #bi n ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,silt--ord9>y iron#a1cjb #c1bee4j #fgf #be #bb #d #bf ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,hvy,silt--heavy iron4 #b1bji #e1ebb4e #gia #bf #be #h #cc ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,silt--ord & heavy iron "u riv]4 #c1eaa #h1ggg4ea1dfg #bf #bd #f #cj ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,gr& total4 #d1fheaa1gab4ec1eeb #ba #bc #b #j4b #d #bi ,,table #bh ,,"p #b ,,ave4 ,,unavoidable ,,delay ,,p] ,,av]age ,,"t ,,p] ,,r+4 ,,work+ ,,face4 ,cu4 ,"t------------------------------------- --------------- yd4 p] ,%ov+ ,"t p] cu4 & ,lo/ ,items -------- r+yd4 muck+,erect+ "t ,total n includ$ ,ave unit ------------------------------------- 9 previ\s -------- ,unit,unit,hrs ,m9,hrs ,m9 ,hrs ,m9,hrs ,m9 figures ,hrs ,m9 ,k ,l ,m ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #ea #j-bg #be #ae #c #da #j #jb #bh #eha/ ,bulkhead #acf #jj #de #j-bf #ai #ca #b #ee #j #aa #bb #cg #b;d #adg #ed #ci #j-ab #g #ca #b #bd #j #bj #aj #ae;,gr\t+ #bdf #jj #dc #j-ji #f #df #b #bd #j #ji #i #ai;,bl[-outs #ia #aa #db #j-jf #d #ji #b #ea #j #aj #g #aj,miscellane\s#bcj #cc #dc #j-ba #ad #dg #c #da #a #cd #bj #jb,total #hea #ch ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #dc #j-ah #aa #jb #b #ed #j #af #ad #ab ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #ab #j-jg #a #bj #b #ce #j #ad #d #ab ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #ab #j-je #j #eh #a #dd #j #aj #b #eb ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #ab #j-jf #a #ji #b #je #j #ab #c #bf ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #bj #j-aa #c #cc #b #ae #j #ac #f #ja ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,av]age delay p] r+--#j hrs4 #dd m94 ,av]age r+s built by "o %ield #a1adf4 ,av]age "t p] r+4 #f hr #ja m9 ,delays4 #dd m9 ----------- ,total "t p] r+4 #f hr #de m9 ,,note4--,! unavoidable delays includ$ 9 ?is table d n embrace ! p]iods dur+ :i* ! "w 0 at complete or p>tial /&/ill due to exp]im5ts & obs]vations1 %ortage ( iron due to *ange ( design1 & holidays4 ,k-,includ+ "t = jacks4 ,l-,includ+ "t sp5t by ! :ole gang on bolt+2 9 addition to ?is !re 0 a small gang :i* sp5t its :ole "t bolt+4 ,m-,*iefly due to breakd[ns ( hydraulic l9es & erector4 ,air ,pressure4--,! air pressure v>i$ f #ag to #cg lb4 ,beh9d ! riv] l9e x av]ag$ #ag lb4 & "u ! riv] #bf lb4 ,beh9d ! riv] l9es ! pressure 0 g5]ally kept ab\t equal to ! wat] head at ! cr[n1 except :]e at ,weehawk51 z previ\sly describ$1 ?is 0 impossible4 ,9 ! silt ! pressure 0 mu* l[] ?an ! hydro/atic head at ! cr[n1 b if x became necess>y to make an excavation ahead ( ! %ield1 = example at ! junction ( ! %ields1 ! air pressure requir$ 0 ab\t equal to ! weight ( ! ov]ly+ mat]ial1 namely1 ! wat] & ! silt1 z ! silt1 :i* weigh$ f #ig to #ajf lb4 p] cu4 ft4 & av]ag$ #ajj lb4 p] cu4 ft41 act$ l a fluid4 ,,table #bi4--,,mon?ly ,,progress ,,( ,,%ield-,,driv5 ,,tunnel ,,"w4 ,nor? ,manhattan4 ,s\? ,manhattan4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,numb] ( ,/ation ,l94 ,numb] ( ,/ation ,l94 r+s ( ft4 r+s ( ft4 erect$4 lead+ = erect$4 lead+ = ----------- r+4 mon?4----------- r+4 mon?4 ,= ,to ,= ,to ,mon?mon?date mon?date ---------------------------------------- ----------------- #aije ,may #bf #bfbjj #hc4g #fc4g ,june #bf #ebbja #di4j #fe4c ,july #bh #hjbjb #ai4b #gj4b ,aug #bf #ajfbjb #hd4c #fe4a ,sept #ba #abgbjc #cf4h #eb4e #ca #cabjj #if4d #gf4d ,oct #be #aebbjc #ii4d #fc4f #de #gfbjb #ji4baab4h ,nov #ca #ahcbjd #gf4i #gg4e #ca #ajgbjb #hf4e #gg4c ,dec #ei #bdbbjf #bd4fadg4g #cd #adabjh #ga4h #he4c #aijf ,jan #id #ccfbjh #ei4hbce4b #bg #afhcjd #ci4d #fg4f ,feb #gh #dadbaj #ed4iaie4a #fd #bcbbje #ii4fafj4b ,m> #ef #dgjbaa #ie4badj4c #if #cbhbjh #ci4ibdj4c ,april #aai #ehibad #ic4jbig4h #hd #dabbaj #ei4abaj4b ,may #abi #gahbah #ae4gcbb4g #gj #dhbbab #be4cafe4b ,june #bah #icfbcb #fj4iede4b #adj #fbbbae #ge4ecej4b ,july #aee #a1jiabbg #dh4echg4f #hb #gjdbag #hj4gbje4b ,aug #ade #a1bcfbca #aa4bcfb4g #acd #hchbba #ae4hcce4a ,sept #hi #a1cbebcc #cd4abbb4i #afh #a1jjfbbe #ce4hdbj4j ,oct #aje #a1aaabbg #ih4fbfb4h ,nov #g #a1aahbbh #af4h #ah4b ,nor? ,weehawk54 ,s\? ,weehawk54 ---------------------------------------- -----------------,av]age ,numb] ( ,/ation ,l94 ,numb] ( ,/ation ,l94 progress r+s ( ft4 r+s ( ft4 p] erect$4 lead+ = erect$4 lead+ = %ield ----------- r+4 mon?4----------- r+4 mon?l94 ft4 ,= ,to ,= ,to p] ,mon?mon?date mon?date mon?4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #aije ,may #ae4i ,june #bd #bdbfj #gf4f #ei4c #ab #abbfj #gj4j #cj4j #ch4f ,july #ab #cfbfj #df4f #cj4j #ae #bgbfj #cb4d #cg4f #cd4d ,aug #ae #eabfj #ji4a #cg4e #af #dcbfj #jg4d #be4j #ca4i ,sept #a #ebbfj #jf4f #b4e #ah #fabei #dg4b #fj4b #dg4i ,oct #aj #fbbei #ha4e #be4a #bj #habeh #ig4b #ej4j #fb4i ,nov #bi #iabei #ji4j #gb4e #ci #abjbeg #ii4g #ig4e #ha4b ,dec #df #acgbeg #id4jaae4j #gg #aigbef #jg4aaib4f #ace4a #aijf ,jan #gg #badbef #ja4daib4f #gc #bgjbed #bd4fahb4e #afi4d ,feb #acc #cdgbeb #fh4fccb4h #afe #dcebej #aa4gdab4i #bge4b ,m> #adb #dhibdi #ac4ccee4c #aaa #edfbdg #cd4jbgg4g #bec4d ,april #cb #ebabdh #cc4c #hj4j #gh #fbdbde #ch4iaie4a #aie4g ,may #aba #fdbbde #cj4fcjb4g #b #fbfbde #cc4i #e4j #aih4i ,june #afb #hjdbda #be4cdje4c #aeg #ghhbda #da4acib4h #dbc4d ,july #aac #iagbch #db4dbhb4i #aah #ijabch #de4ibie4b #bib4g ,aug #ach #a1jeebcd #ig4acde4c #adj #a1jdabcd #ie4hhej4a #cdh4c ,sept #ee #a1aajbcc #ei4eacg4f #agg #a1bahbcj #eb4hddc4j #cje4i ,oct #a #a1aaabcc #eg4j #b4e #id #a1cabbbh #af4hbcf4j #abe4c ,nov #i #a1abjbcc #cd4a #bb4i #aj4c ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,a -94 air l9e 0 tak5 direct f ! work+ *amb] to ! record+ gauges 9 ! eng9e-room1 :i* enabl$ ! eng9e-room =ce to keep a con/ant wat* on ! air conditions bel[4 ,to avoid undue rise ( pressure1 a safety valve 0 set on ! air l9e at ea* lock1 set to bl[ (f if ! air pressure rose above t desir$4 ,! compressor plant 0 ample1 except1 z be=e describ$1 :5 pass+ ! gravel section at ,weehawk54 ,records 7 kept ( ! air supply1 & x may be said "h t ! quantity ( free air p] man p] h\r 0 9 g5]al betwe5 #a1ejj & #e1jjj cu4 ft41 ?\gh 9 ! op5 gravel :]e ! escape 0 great x 0 = a "t z mu* z #aj1jjj cu4 ft4 ,= m ?an half ! silt p]iod x 0 kept betwe5 #c1jjj & #d1jjj cu4 ft41 b :5 x seem$ prov$ beyond d\bt t any quantity m ?an #b1jjj cu4 ft4 _h no b5eficial effect on heal?1 no attempt 0 made to deliv] m1 & on two sep>ate occasions = two consecutive weeks x ran z l[ z #a1jjj cu4 ft4 )\t any increase 9 ! numb] ( cases ( b5ds4 ,! am\nt ( ,,co#b 9 ! air 0 also measur$ daily1 z ! specifications call$ = n m ?an #a "p ( ,,co#b p] #a1jjj p>ts ( air4 ,! av]age rang$ betwe5 #j4h & #a4e p>ts p] #a1jjj1 ?\gh 9 exceptional cases x fell z l[ z #j4c & rose to #d4j4 ,! air temp]ature 9 ! tunnels usually rang$ f #ee to #fj ,fahr41 :i* 0 ! temp]ature also ( ! surr\nd+ silt1 ?\gh at times1 9 ! e>li] p>ts ( ! "w :5 gr\t+ ext5sively 9 long sections ( ! tunnel 9 rock1 x v>i$ f #he to #aaj ,fahr4 ,gr\t+4--,gr\t ( "o "p ( ,portl& cem5t to "o "p ( s& by volume 0 =c$ outside ! tunnel l9+ by air pressure ?r\gh #a-;94 tapp$ & plugg$ gr\t holes =m$ 9 ea* segm5t = ?is purpose1 :]ev] ! gr\nd 0 n likely to squeeze 9 ^u ! metal l9+ z soon z ?is 0 erect$4 ,t is to say1 x 0 us$ ev]y:]e up to ! riv] l9e2 betwe5 riv] l9es x 0 n us$ except at ! ,new ,york bulkhead wall 9 ord] to fill voids 9 ! rip-rap1 & at ! po9t ( junction ( ! %ields :]e ! space betwe5 ! metal l9+ & ! %ield sk9s outside x 0 gr\t$4 ,c[ ,bay s& 0 us$1 & x _h to be scre5$ to remove p>ticles great] ?an #a_/aj 94 9 diamet]1 :i* w\ld *oke ! valves4 ,= lat] gr\t+ "w1 namely1 9 ! top ( ! concrete l9+ inside ! metal l9+1 ,rockaway ,bea* s& 0 us$4 ,?is is v f9e1 & did n ne$ scre5+2 x co/ m1 b ! sav+ ( scre5+ & ! non-block+ ( valves1 etc41 result$ 9 a sav+4 ,! gr\t 0 mix$ 9 a ma*9e %[n 9 ,fig4 #b1 ,plate ,,xli1 :i* is a view ( ! gr\t+ op]ation4 ,! gr\t pipes 7 n screw$ directly into ! tapp$ hole 9 ! segm5ts1 b a pipe conta9+ a nipple & valve 0 screw$ into ! gr\t hole & ! gr\t pipe screw$ to ! pipe4 ,?is prev5t$ ! wa/e ( gr\t1 enabl$ ! valve to be clos$ & ! gr\t pipe disconnect$1 & ! pipe to be left 9 position until ! gr\t _h set4 ,9 ! full rock section1 #bj or #cj r+s 7 put 9 )\t gr\t+2 !n ! %ield 0 /opp$1 ! la/ two or ?ree r+s 7 deta*$ & pull$ ahead by ! %ield1 a masonry /op-wall 0 built ar\nd ! outside ( ! la/ r+ left 91 & ! :ole #bj or #cj r+s 7 gr\t$ at "o "t4 ,9 ! l&w>d silt & gravel ea* r+ _h to be gr\t$ z soon z ! %ield _h left x1 9 ord] to avoid ! flatt5+ caus$ by ! weight com+ on ! cr[n :ile ! sides 7 z yet unsupport$4 ,! gr\t 0 prev5t$ f rea*+ ! tail ( ! %ield by plugg+ up ! space ) empty cem5t bags1 assi/$ by segm5tal bo>ds held aga9/ ! face ( ! lead+ r+ by ,u-%ap$ clamps1 fitt+ ov] ! front circumf]5tial flange ( ! r+ & ! bo>ds1 & tight5$ by w$ges4 ,! air pressure v>i$ betwe5 #gj & #ajj lb4 p] sq4 94 above normal4 ,! =ce consi/$ ( "o pipe-fitt] & "o or two labor]s employ$ "p ( _! "t4 ,:5 a consid]able l5g? 0 be+ gr\t$ at a "t1 z 9 ! full rock section1 _m labor]s 7 employ$ = a %ort p]iod4 ,transportation & ,disposal4 ,! transportation & disposal w be describ$ "u ! foll[+ head+s3 ,receipt & ,unload+ ( ,mat]ials1 ,surface ,transportation1 ,tunnel ,transportation1 ,disposal4 ,receipt & ,unload+ ( ,mat]ials4--,at ! ,manhattan ,%aft ! contractor laid a spur sid+ into ! y>d f ! freight tracks ( ! ,new ,york ,c5tral ,railroad1 :i* imm$iately adjo9s ! y>d on ! we/4 ,!re 0 also :>fage on ! riv] front ab\t #a1ejj ft4 away4 ,at ! ,weehawk5 ,%aft !re 7 f\r sid+s f ! ,erie ,railroad & "o f ! ,we/ ,%ore ,railroad4 ,access to ! riv] 0 ga9$ by a tre/le direct f ! y>d1 & ,baldw9 ,av5ue adjo9$ ! y>d4 ,all ! iron l9+ arriv$ by railroad4 ,x 0 unload$ by d]ricks1 & /ack$ s t x 0 conv5i5t = use 9 ! tunnel4 ,! ,manhattan d]ricks 7 a pair ( /eel ones ) #ci-;ft4 booms1 work$ by a #cj-;h4p41 #bej-volt1 electric motor4 ,!re 0 also a /iff-leg d]rick ) #ej-;ft4 boom1 on a plat=m ne> ! %aft1 :i* 0 work$ by a #dj-;h4p41 #bej-volt motor4 ,at ,weehawk5 !re 7 two #de-;ft4 boom1 /iff-leg d]ricks ( #b tons capacity1 "o work$ by a #db-;h4p4 ,lidg]wood boil] & eng9e1 & ! o!r by a #be-;h4p41 #bej-volt1 electric motor4 ,^! d]ricks 7 set on elevat$ tre/les ne> ! ,erie ,railroad sid+s4 ,!re 0 a #ej-;ft4 /iff-leg d]rick ) a #gj-;h4p4 ,lidg]wood boil] & eng9e ne> ! cem5t w>eh\se on ! ,we/ ,%ore ,railroad4 ,! /orage area = iron l9+ 0 #a1hjj sq4 ft4 at ,manhattan & #fc1jjj sq4 ft4 at ,weehawk52 ! maximum quantity ( l9+ 9 /orage at any "o "t 0 #aej r+s at ,manhattan & #a1bjj r+s at ,weehawk54 ,! cem5t1 :i* 0 issu$ & sold by ! ,company to ! contractor1 0 kept 9 cem5t w>eh\ses2 t at ! ,new ,york side 0 at ,elev5? ,av5ue & #ch? ,/reet1 or "s #a1bjj ft4 f ! %aft1 to :i* x 0 br\ght by team2 t at ,weehawk5 0 adjac5t to ! %aft1 ) a #b-;ft4 gauge track ?r\gh\t x & directly connect$ ) ! %aft elevator4 ,surface ,transportation4--,9 ! e>ly days ! excavation 0 h&l$ 9 scale-boxes ( #a cu4 yd4 capacity :i* 7 hoi/$ up ! %afts by a d]rick1 b1 :5 ! iron p]iod began1 two-cage elevators 7 put 9 at ea* %aft4 ,!y 7 work$ by a s+le1 friction-drum1 ,lidg]wood1 /eam hoi/+ eng9e ( #dj h4p4 ,all mat]ials ( con/ruction 7 load$ on c>s on ! surface at ! po9t :]e !y 7 /or$1 & haul$ on ^! to ! elevators1 s5t d[n ! %aft1 & tak5 along ! tunnels to ! desir$ po9t )\t unload+4 ,! n>r[-gauge railway on ! surface & 9 ! tunnel 0 ( #b-;ft4 gauge ) #bj-lb4 rails4 ,ab\t #gj flat c>s & #ej m9+ c>s 7 us$ at ea* %aft4 ,on ! surface at ,manhattan ^! 7 mov$ by h&1 b at ,weehawk51 :]e di/ances 7 great]1 two electric locomotives on ! ov]head trolley sy/em 7 us$4 ,tunnel ,transportation4--,! m9+ c>s %[n 9 ,fig4 #ai 7 ( #a cu4 yd4 capacity4 ,! %ort :eel base & unbalanc$ load+ caus$ a good _m upsets1 b !y 7 compact1 easily h&l$1 & c\ld be dump$ f ei!r side or end4 ,illu/ration3 ,,muck ,,c> 7,,z ,,us$ ,,9 ,,riv] ,,tunnels7 ,,capacity #e1jjj ,,lbs4 ,,or #a ,,cu4 ,,yd4 ,,fig4 #ai4 ,! flat c>s %[n 9 ,fig4 #bj 7 ( #c tons capacity1 & c\ld hold two tunnel segm5ts4 ,z ! work+ face 0 d[n grade f ! %afts1 ! 9-b\nd c>s 7 run by gravity4 ,= out-b\nd c>s a cable haulage sy/em 0 us$1 consi/+ ( d\ble-cyl9d]1 ,lidg]wood1 s+le friction-drum1 hoi/+ eng9es 7,no4 #cb7 ( #f h4p41 ) cyl9d]s #e 94 9 diamet] & #f 94 /roke & drums #aj 94 9 diamet]4 ,^! 7 h&ily mov$ f po9t to po9t1 b1 z !re 0 no tail rope1 sev]al m5 _h to be us$ to pull ! cable back to ! face4 ,aft] ! second air-lock bulkhead walls _h be5 built1 a cont9u\s-cable sy/em1 work$ electrically1 0 put 9 ea* tunnel betwe5 ! fir/ & second air-locks4 ,! eng9e consi/$ ( an electric motor driv+ a #c-;ft4 #f-;94 drum hoi/ ar\nd :i* a -94 /eel wire cable pass$ ?ree times4 ,! cable 0 l$ ar\nd a %eave1 d[n ! tunnel on ! "r side ( ! 9-b\nd track1 & return$ on ! left side ( ! out-b\nd track4 ,x 0 !n c>ri$ ar\nd a set ( %eaves1 :]e a t5sion ( #a1jjj lb4 0 suppli$ by a susp5d$ weight :i* act$ on a %eave ) a slid+ axle on ! t5sion c>riage4 ,! cable 0 support$ ?r\gh\t its l5g? on #h-;94 pulleys set 9 ! floor at #ej-;ft4 int]vals4 ,all ! guide %eaves 7 #cf 94 9 diamet]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,flat ,,c> ,,= ,,tunnel ,,segm5ts ,,capacity #f1jjj ,,lbs4 ,,fig4 #bj4 ,ea* c> 0 atta*$ to ! cable by a grip at its side4 ,?is 0 fa/5$ & unfa/5$ by h&1 b 0 automatically releas$ j be=e rea*+ ! turn 9 ! cable ne> ea* lock4 ,?is sy/em c\ld haul )\t difficulty an unbalanc$ load ( #aj muck c>s1 spac$ #ajj ft4 ap>t1 up a #b grade4 ,! cable op]at$ ov] ab\t #a1jjj ft4 ( tunnel1 ! motor be+ plac$ at ! top ( ! grade4 ,! driv+ motor 0 ( ! semi-armor$1 #h-pole1 s]ies-w\nd type1 rat$ at #be h4p41 #fce rev4 p] m941 & us+ direct curr5t at #bbj volts4 ,! spe$ ( h&l+ ! c>s 0 limit$ by _! hav+ to pass ?r\gh ! air-locks on a s+le track4 ,z _m z #ajf c>s h be5 haul$ ea* way 9 "o #h-;h\r %ift4 ,disposal4--,at ,manhattan ! tunnel muck 0 c>ri$ f ! elevator ov] ! upp] level ( ! y>d tre/le & dump$ into b9s on ! #cc;d ,/reet side1 :5ce x 0 team$ to ! public dump at #cj? ,/reet & ,nor? ,riv]4 ,at ,weehawk5 ! rock excavation 0 remov$ by ! ,erie ,railroad on flat c>s on :i* x 0 dump$ by ! tunnel contractor1 b all ! silt muck 0 team$ away to "s m>%y gr\nd :]e dump+ privileges 7 obta9$4 ,! typical =ces employ$ on transportation 7 z foll[s3 ,receipt & ,unload+ ( ,mat]ial3 ,surface ,transportation & ,disposal4 ,at ,manhattan ,%aft1 on #aj-;h\r %ifts3 #b ,eng9e]s on d]ricks4 #c4jj p] day4 #b ,=em54 #c4be #ae ,labor]s load+ & unload+ iron4 #a4ge #g ,labor]s on disposal4 #a4ge #f ,teams4 #g4ej ,at ,weehawk5 ,%aft1 on #aj-;h\r %ifts3 #c ,eng9e]s on d]ricks & locomotives4 #c4jj p] day4 #af ,labor]s load+ & unload+ iron4 #a4ge #c ,=em54 #c4ej #aa ,labor]s on disposal4 #a4ge #f ,teams on disposal4 #f4ej ,tunnel ,transportation 7,includ+ ,%aft ,elevator73 ,%aft elevators & to & f ! fir/ air-lock on #aj-;h\r %ift3 #b ,eng9e]s4 #c4jj p] day4 #b ,signalm54 #b4jj #a ,=eman4 #c4jj #ab ,labor]s4 #a4ge ,betwe5 fir/ lock & work+ face1 on #h-;h\r %ifts1 ! =ce v>i$3 ,f #a to #c 7av]age #b7 ,hoi/ eng9e]s #c4jj p] day4 ,f #j to #b 7av]age #a7 ,lockman #b4ge ,f #a to #b 7av]age #b7 ,trackm5 #c4jj ,f #b to #g 7av]age #d7 ,cablem5 7pull+ back cable7 #c4jj ,pump+4--,! wat] 0 tak5 out ( ! inv]t by a #d-;94 bl[-pipe :i* 0 always kept up to a po9t ne> ! %ield & dis*>g$ into ! sump ne> ! %aft4 ,:5 ! air pressure 0 remov$ & ! bl[-pipe device1 consequ5tly1 0 unavailable1 small ,cam]on pumps1 driv5 by compress$ air1 & hav+ a capacity ( ab\t #adj gal4 p] h\r1 7 us$1 "o be+ set up :]ev] x 0 necess>y to keep ! inv]t dry2 = example1 at po9ts :]e caulk+ 0 9 progress4 ,light+4--,! tunnels 7 light$ by electricity1 ! curr5t be+ suppli$1 at a pressure ( #bej volts1 f ! dynamos 9 ! contractor's p[]-h\se4 ,two #jjjj wire cables 7 us$ z f> z ! second air-locks1 ab\t #a1fej ft4 f ! p[]-h\se1 on ea* side2 & beyond t po9t1 to ! junction ( ! %ields 7ab\t #a1gej ft471 #jj & #j wires 7 us$4 ,^! cables also c>ri$ ! curr5t = ! cable haulage sy/em4 ,two r[s ( #af-;c4p4 lamps1 provid$ ) reflectors1 7 us$ 9 ea* tunnel2 "o r[ 0 along ! side j above ! axis1 ) ! lights at ab\t #cj-;ft4 int]vals2 ! o!r along ! cr[n1 ) ! lamps halfway betwe5 ! side lamps1 also at #cj-;ft4 int]vals4 ,at po9ts :]e "w 0 9 progress ?ree gr\ps ( #e lights ea* 7 us$4 ,! tunnels z a :ole 7 well light$1 & 9 consequ5ce "w ( all k9ds 0 mu* help$4 ,p]iod ,no4 #b4--;,caulk+ & ,grummet+4--,novemb]1 #aijf1 to ,june1 #aijg4--;,aft] ! metal l9+ _h be5 built completely across ! riv] 9 bo? tunnels1 ! "w ( mak+ x wat]-tight 0 tak5 up4 ,?is consi/$ 9 caulk+ into ! jo9ts betwe5 ! plates a mixture ( sal-ammoniac & iron bor+s :i* set up into a h>d ru/y mass1 & 9 tak+ out ea* bolt & plac+ ar\nd ! %ank "u ! wa%] at ea* end a grummet made ( y>n soak$ 9 r$ lead4 ,^! grummets 7 made by ! contractor on ! works1 & consi/$ ( ?ree or f\r /r&s ( twi/$ hemp y>n1 kn[n z la? y>n1 mak+ up a rope-l cross-section ab\t 94 9 diamet]4 ,usually1 "o ( ^! "u ea* wa%] 0 en\gh1 b 9 wet gravel1 or :]e bolts 7 obliquely 9 ! bolt-holes1 two 7 us$ at ea* end4 ,aft] pull+ ! grummets 91 all ! nuts 7 pull$ up tight by wr5*es ab\t #c ft4 long1 ) two m5 on "o wr5*4 ,bolts 7 n pass$ z tight unless ! nut resi/$ ! weight ( an av]age man on a #b-;ft4 wr5*4 ,be=e putt+ 9 ! caulk+ mixture1 ! jo9ts 7 c>efully scrap$ out ) a special tool1 clean$ ) cotton wa/e1 & wa%$ ) a /ream ( wat]4 ,! usual mixture = sides & inv]t 0 ab\t #b lb4 ( sal-ammoniac & #a lb4 ( sulphur to #bej lb4 ( iron fil+s or bor+s4 ,9 ! ar*1 #d lb4 ( sal-ammoniac & #c lb4 ( sulphur to #abe lb4 ( fil+s 0 ! mixture4 ,a small h&-hamm] 0 us$ to drive ! caulk+ tool1 b1 9 ! sides & inv]t1 air hamm]s 7 us$ ) "s advantage4 ,! success ( "w ( ?is k9d dep5ds entirely on ! ?or\ghness ) :i* ! mixture is hamm]$ 92 & ! inspection1 :i* 0 ( an exce$+ly monoton\s nature1 call$ = ! greate/ c>e & wat*fulness on ! "p ( ! ,company's =ces1 especially 9 ! pocket iron1 :]e ea* bolt _h to be remov$1 ! caulk+ done at ! bottom ( ! pockets put 91 ! bolts replac$2 & ! re/ ( ! pockets fill$4 ,! results h be5 satisfactory1 z ! leakage "u normal air & prior to plac+ ! concrete av]ag$ ab\t #j4ad gal4 p] l94 ft4 ( tunnel p] #bd h\rs1 :i* is ab\t #j4jjce gal4 p] l94 ft4 ( jo9t p] #bd h\rs4 ,) ea* l9e> foot ( jo9t is includ$ ! leakage f #a4bg bolts4 ,aft]w>d1 :5 ! concrete l9+ 0 91 ! leakage 0 f\nd to be ab\t #j4je to #j4jf gal4 p] l94 ft4 ( tunnel p] #bd h\rs1 :i* comp>es favorably ) ! records ( o!r l9$ tunnels4 ,! typical gang employ$ on ?is "w 0 z foll[s3 ,9 ,pocket ,iron3 #a ,g5]al =eman #e4jj p] day4 #a ,mix] #c4jj #a ,nipp] #c4jj #e ,caulk]s #c4jj #aj ,grummet]s #c4jj ,9 ,pocketless ,iron3 #a ,g5]al =eman #e4jj p] day4 #a ,mix] #c4jj #a ,nipp] #c4jj #c ,caulk]s #c4jj #ab ,grummet]s #c4jj ,! av]age am\nt ( caulk+ & grummet+ done p] %ift ) su* a gang 0 7) pocketless grooves71 #cdh l94 ft4 ( jo9t & #dde bolts grummet$2 & 9 pocket iron3 #abf l94 ft4 ( jo9t & #afj bolts grummet$4 ,! caulk+ & grummet+ "w 0 f9i%$ 9 ,june1 #aijg1 ?is complet+ ! second p]iod4 ,p]iod ,no4 #c4--;,exp]im5ts1 ,te/s1 & ,obs]vations4--,april1 #aijg1 to ,april1 #aijh4--,! ?ird p]iod1 t ( te/s & obs]vations 9 connection ) ! "q ( f\ndations1 is dealt ) 9 ano!r pap]4 ,x occupi$ f ,april1 #aijg1 to ,novemb]1 #aijh4 ,! results ( ! in=mation !n ga!r$ 0 t x 0 n ?\ght advisable to g on ) ! f\ndations4 ,p]iod ,no4 #d4--;,capp+ ,pile ,bores1 ,s9k+ ,sumps1 & ,build+ ,cross-,passages4--,april1 #aijh1 to ,novemb]1 #aijh4--;,9 ord] to r$uce ! leakage f ! bore segm5ts to ! lea/ possible am\nt be=e plac+ ! concrete l9+1 x 0 decid$ to remove ! plugs & replace !m ) flat cov]-plates2 ^! h be5 describ$ be=e1 toge!r ) ! fill+ ( ,bore ,segm5ts ,no4 #b ) mort> to r$uce ! leakage ar\nd ! di/ance piece4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod ! turnbuckles to re9=ce ! brok5 plates 7 put 91 & ! sump sunk at ! l[e/ po9t ( ! tunnel4 ,^! sumps h be5 describ$ 9 a previ\s "p ( ?is pap]2 !y 7 put d[n )\t tr\ble4 ,z mu* z possible ( ! concrete l9+ 0 put 9 be=e ! l9+ ca/+s 7 tak5 into ! tunnel1 z ! space inside 0 v re/rict$4 ,! fir/ l9+ ca/+ 0 bolt$ to ! flat flanges ( ! sump segm5t1 ! bolts hold+ ! latt] to ! adjac5t segm5ts 7 remov$1 & ! :ole 0 =c$ d[n ) two ( ! old %ield jacks1 tak+ a be>+ on ! tunnel4 ,! two toge!r ex]t$ a pressure ( ab\t #aej tons4 ,! plugs 9 ! bottom ( ! sump segm5t 7 tak5 out1 & pipes 7 put 91 ?r\gh :i* ! silt squeez$ up into ! tunnel & reliev$ ! pressure on ! sump segm5t4 ,if ! silt did n fl[ freely1 a wat]-jet 0 us$4 ,! sump 0 kept plumb by regulat+ ! jacks4 ,9 ?is way ! sump 0 sunk1 add+ l9+ sections "o by "o1 & f9ally putt+ on ! top segm5t1 :i* 0 compos$ ( ?ree pieces4 ,! "t tak5 to s9k "o sump 0 ab\t #d days1 work+ "o #h-;h\r %ift p] day1 & n c\nt+ ! "t tak5 to set up ! jacks & brac+4 ,! s9k+ ( ea* section took f #d to #f h\rs4 ,! air pressure 0 #be lb4 & ! hydro/atic head #da lb4 p] sq4 94 ,! =ce 0 #a assi/ant sup]9t5d5t at #f4jj p] day1 #a =eman at #d4ej1 & #f labor]s at #c4jj p] day4 ,cross-,passages4--,x 0 dur+ ?is p]iod t ! five cross-passages previ\sly m5tion$ 7 built4 ,9 ! case ( ^? 9 ! rock1 c>eful excavation 0 ne$$ s z to avoid break+ ! iron l9+4 ,drill+ 0 done f bo? ends1 ! holes 7 closely spac$1 & ab\t #b ft4 #f 94 deep1 & light *>ges ( p[d] 7 us$4 ,! head+1 #e by #g ft4 9 cross-section1 0 ?us excavat$ 9 five l5g?s1 ) #bd holes to a l5g?1 & ab\t #bc l94 ft4 ( hole p] y>d4 ,ab\t #e4c lb4 ( p[d] p] cu4 yd4 0 us$4 ,! sides1 top1 & bottom 7 !n drill$ at a v %>p angle to ! face & ! excavation 0 trimm$ to ! "r size4 ,?is wid5+ out took ab\t #g ft4 ( hole p] cu4 yd41 & #j4i lb4 ( p[d]4 ,9 ! passages 9 silt ! excavation _h to be #ab ft4 wide & #ac ft4 #h 94 high to give en\gh room inside ! timb]s4 ,! plates at "o end ( ! passage 7 fir/ remov$4 ,an air pressure ( #ag lb4 0 c>ri$1 :i* 0 en\gh to keep ! silt f squeez+ 9 & yet left x s(t en\gh to be *opp$ ) a spade4 ,a top head+1 ( full wid? & #f ft4 #h 94 high1 0 fir/ tak5 out1 & ! ro( 0 %ea!d ) #b-;94 bo>ds held by #aj by #aj-;94 head trees at #c-;ft4 c5t]s1 ) #aj by #aj-;94 side trees4 ,! l[] #g ft4 ( b5* 0 !n tak5 out1 a tight floor ( #f by #f-;94 cross-timb] 0 put 91 & also long] side trees1 ! head trees be+ tempor>ily held by two longitud9al #aj by #aj-;94 /r+]s block$ 9 place4 ,! bulk ( ! space betwe5 ! side trees 0 fill$ ) #aj by #aj-;94 po/s & block+4 ,! plates at ! o!r end ( ! passage 7 !n tak5 out f ! o!r tunnel4 ,aft] ! excavation 0 out1 ! out] re9=c$ concrete l9+ 0 built4 ,r\gh =ms 7 us$1 z ! int]ior surfaces ( ! passages 7 to be r5d]$ ) a wat]-pro(+ cem5t4 ,a few gr\t pipes 7 built 91 & all voids outside ! concrete 7 gr\t$4 ,gr\t+ 0 also done ?r\gh ! regul> gr\t holes ( ! metal l9+ ar\nd ! op5+s4 ,9 ! case ( ! mo/ we/]ly ( ! cross-passages at ,weehawk51 :i* 0 9 badly seam$ rock c>ry+ mu* wat]1 a /eel int]-l9+1 r small] ?an ! concrete1 0 put 94 ,! space betwe5 ! concrete & ! /eel 0 left op51 s t wat] com+ ?r\gh ! concrete l9+ 0 /opp$ by ! /eel plate4 ,?is wat] 0 l$ back to ! %ield *amb] 9 a special dra9 laid 9 ! b5* ( ! riv] tunnel & beh9d ! ducts4 ,f ! %ield *amb] ! wat] ran ) ! re/ ( ! dra9age f ! ,weehawk5 ,l& ,tunnels to ! ,weehawk5 ,%aft sump4 ,illu/ration3 ,,typical ,,cross-,,sections ,,%[+ ,,successive ,,/ages ,,9 ,,plac+ ,,concrete ,,9 ,,riv] ,,tunnels ,,fig4 #ba4 ,p]iod ,no4 #e4--,plac+ ! ,concrete ,l9+4--,novemb]1 #aijh1 to ,june1 #aiji4--;,dur+ ! fif? p]iod ! concrete l9+ 0 put 94 ,?is l9+ 0 plac$ 9 /ages1 z foll[s3 ,fir/1 ! inv]t2 second1 ! duct b5*2 ?ird1 ! ar*2 f\r?1 ! ducts2 & fif?1 ! face ( ! b5*4 ,?is division c be se5 by ref]5ce to ,fig4 #ba4 ,all ! "w 0 />t$ on ! l&w>d ends & c>ri$ t[>d ! middle ( ! riv] f bo? sides4 ,except :]e ! ,weehawk5 =ce pass$ ! l[e/ po9t ( ! tunnel1 :i* is at ,/ation #bda or ne>ly #ijj ft4 to ! we/ ( ! middle ( ! riv]1 all ! "w 0 d[n grade4 ,be=e any concrete 0 plac$1 ! surface ( ! iron 0 clean$ ) scrap]s & wire bru%es1 & wa%$ ) wat]4 ,any leaks 9 ! caulk+ & grummet+ 7f9i%$ by ,june1 #aijg1 & !re=e all m ?an #ab mon?s old7 7 repair$4 ,all ! gr\t hole plugs 7 exam9$1 & ! plugs 9 any leak+ ones 7 tak5 out1 sme>$ ) r$ lead1 & replac$4 ,! leakage 9 ! caulk+ 0 due to ! fact t ! tunnel _h be5 settl+ slightly dur+ ! :ole #ab mon?s ( pile te/s1 &1 !re=e1 _h op5$ "s ( ! jo9ts4 ,aft] ! caulk+ _h be5 repair$ & ! surface ?or\ghly clean$1 ! flanges 7 cov]$ ) neat cem5t 7put on dry or p\r$ on 9 ! =m ( ?ick gr\t7 j be=e ! concrete 0 plac$4 ,inv]t ,concrete4--,! =m us$ = ! l&w>d type ( concrete1 t is1 ! "o ) a middle dra91 consi/$ ( a frame made ( a pair ( truss$ /eel rails on ea* side ( ! tunnel & connect$ at int]vals ) #f by #f-;94 cross-timb]s2 two w+ =ms 7 hung f ?is frame by adju/able arms4 ,^! w+s =m$ ! curv$ sides ( ! inv]t1 ! lip1 & ! =m = ! middle dra94 ,! :ole =m 0 support$ on ?ree :eels1 two on ! re> end runn+ on a rail laid on ! f9i%$ concrete1 & ! ?ird 9 front atta*$ to ! frame by a c>riage & runn+ on a rail tempor>ily laid on ! iron l9+4 ,! =m 0 brac$ f ! iron l9+ by #f by #f-;94 blocks4 ,= ! s(t-gr\nd type ( inv]t1 namely1 ! "o )\t ! middle dra91 a =m ( ! same g5]al type 0 us$1 except t ! =m = ! middle dra9 0 remov$4 ,aft] ! =m _h be5 9 use = "s "t1 key pieces 7made ( /rips ( wood ab\t #a ft4 #c 94 9 l5g? & #c by #c 94 9 cross-section7 7 nail$ circumf]5tially on ! "u side ( ! w+s at #b-;ft4 int]vals4 ,?is 0 done because1 at ! "t1 x 0 n kn[n :e!r balla/$ tracks or "s =m ( rigid concrete track con/ruction w\ld be adopt$1 &1 if ! latt]1 x 0 desirable n to h ! surface smoo?4 ,! concrete 0 receiv$ 9 c>s at ! re> end ( ! =m & dump$ on a tempor>y plat=m4 ,x 0 !n load$ into :eel-b>r[s on ! runways1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bb4 ,! concrete 0 ?r[n f ! b>r[s into ! inv]t1 :]e x 0 spad$ & tamp$4 ,9 cases :]e !re 0 /eel-rod re9=cem5t1 ! concrete 0 fir/ br\ght up to ! level ( ! und]side ( ^! rods1 :i* came betwe5 ! w+s2 ! rods 7 laid 9 place1 & !n m concrete 0 plac$ ov] ! rods & br\ght up to ! level ( ! bottom ( ! w+s4 ,:]e !re 0 no re9=cem5t1 ! concrete 0 br\ght up 9 "o lift4 ,illu/ration3 ,,concrete ,,=m ,,/&>d ,,9 ,,riv] ,,tunnels ,,fig4 #bb4 ,aft] ?is 0 f9i%$1 ! concrete beh9d ! w+s 0 plac$1 ?or\ghly spad$ & tamp$1 &1 :]e !re 7 longitud9al re9=c+ rods1 ^! 7 put 9 at _! prop] level4 ,:]e !re 7 circumf]5tial rods1 ! #af-;ft4 rods _h already be5 put 9 :5 ! l[] "p ( ! concrete 0 plac$4 ,z ! inv]t 0 be+ f9i%$ (f1 ! #h-;ft4 rods 7 emb$d$ & ti$ 9 position4 ,! longitud9al rods 7 held 9 place at ! lead+ end ( ea* l5g? ( ar* by ! wood5 bulkhead1 ?r\gh :i* holes 7 drill$ 9 ! prop] position4 ,at ! re> end !y 7 ti$ to ! rods project+ f ! previ\s l5g?4 ,! quantity ( wat] us$ 9 mix+ ! inv]t concrete ne$$ v nice adju/m5t2 if too wet1 ! middle w\ld bulge & rise :5 ! weight ( ! sides came on x2 &1 if too dry1 x w\ld n pack prop]ly betwe5 ! flanges ( ! iron l9+4 ,! difficulties z to ?is 7 (t5 increas$ by ! fl[ ( accumulat$ leakage wat] f ! tunnel beh9d on ! concrete :ile x 0 be+ put 94 ,to prev5t ?is1 a tempor>y dam ( s& bags 0 always built across ! la/ l5g? ( f9i%$ inv]t concrete be=e beg9n+ a new l5g?4 ,a sump hole1 ab\t #d by #a ft4 & #a ft4 deep1 0 left e #hjj ft4 along ! tunnel1 & a small ,cam]on pump 0 put !re to pump out ! wat]4 ,! inv]t =ms 7 left 9 place ab\t #ab h\rs aft] ! p\r 0 f9i%$4 ,! av]age "t tak5 to fill a l5g? ( #cj feet 0 #g h\rs1 ! =m 0 !n left #ab h\rs1 & x took #b h\rs to set x up anew4 ,! total "t = "o l5g?1 !re=e1 0 #ba h\rs1 equal to #cd ft4 p] #bd h\rs4 ,at "o place1 a #de-;ft4 =m 0 us$1 & ?is gave an av]age spe$ ( #de ft4 p] #bd h\rs4 ,an attempt 0 made to build ! inv]t concrete )\t =ms 7see+ t a r\gh f9i% 0 desir$1 z previ\sly expla9$1 to =m a key = possible sub-track concrete71 b x prov$ a failure4 ,! typical work+ =ce 7exclud+ transport7 0 z foll[s3 #a ,=eman #c4be p] %ift4 #b ,spad]s #b4jj #i ,labor]s #a4ge ,! av]age "t tak5 to lay a #cj-;ft4 l5g? ( inv]t 0 #g h\rs2 ! two spad]s rema9$ "o h\r extra1 smoo?+ (f ! surface4 ,= sett+ ! =m1 ! =ce 03 #a ,=eman #d4ej p] %ift4 #e ,c>p5t]s #c4be #f ,c>p5t]s' help]s #b4be ,! av]age "t tak5 to erect a =m 0 #b h\rs1 #a c>p5t] & #a help] rema9+ until ! concrete 0 f9i%$4 ,duct ,b5* ,concrete4--,! duct b5* 7z describ$ previ\sly7 is ! portion ( ! concrete on :i* ! ducts are laid4 ,! exact height ( ! /eps 0 f\nd by trial1 s z to br+ ! top ( ! ducts into ! prop] position ) reg>d to ! top & ! face ( ! b5*4 ,bo? k9ds ( duct b5* =ms 7 ( ! same g5]al type4 ,a draw+ ( "o ( !m is %[n on ,plate ,,xlii4 ,! =m consi/$ ( a skeleton framework runn+ on :eels on a track at ! level ( ! tempor>y transportation tracks4 ,! v]tical faces ( ! /eps 7 =m$ by bo>ds support$ f ! uprights by adju/able arms4 ,! horizontal surfaces 7 =m$ by level+ (f ! concrete ) a %ovel at ! top ( ! v]tical bo>ds4 ,:]e ! %eets ( exp&$ metal us$ = bond+ came at a /ep1 ! l[] edge ( ! bo>ds =m+ ! back ( ! /ep 0 plac$ #a 94 above ! "o =m+ ! front ( x2 b1 :5 ! exp&$ metal came 9 ! middle ( a /ep1 a slot #a 94 wide 0 left at t po9t to accommodate x4 ,a plat=m 0 =m$ on ! top ( ! framework = ! =m1 & on ?is a c> =m+ a sort ( travel+ /age 0 run4 ,!re 0 ample room to ma9ta9 traffic on a s+le track ?r\gh ! =m4 ,a photograph ( ! =m is %[n 9 ,fig4 #a1 ,plate ,,xliii4 ,! concrete1 = ! mo/ "p1 0 receiv$ at ! =m 9 -cu4 yd4 dump+ buckets4 ,! buckets 7 lift$ by ! rope f a small hoi/+ eng9e4 ,?is rope pass$ ov] a pulley atta*$ to ! cr[n ( ! tunnel & dump$ into ! travel+ /age on ! top ( ! =m4 ,9 ?is ! concrete 0 mov$ along to ! po9t :]e x 0 to be deposit$1 & !re x 0 ?r[n out by %ovels into ! =m bel[4 ,= a portion ( ! p]iod1 :ile ! duct b5* concrete 0 be+ laid1 x 0 n necess>y to ma9ta9 a track = traffic ?r\gh ! =m &1 dur+ t p]iod1 ! concrete = ! l[] /ep 0 plac$ f bel[ ! =m1 ! concrete be+ fir/ dump$ on a tempor>y /age at ! l[] track level4 ,ow+ to ! horizontal faces ( ! /eps be+ uncov]$1 !re 0 a t5d5cy = ! concrete !re to rise :5 concrete 0 plac$ 9 ! /eps above4 ,= ?is "p ( ! "w1 also1 x 0 necess>y to see t ! concrete 0 n mix$ too wet1 =1 :5 t 0 ! case1 ! concrete 9 ! upp] /eps 0 v apt to fl[ out at ! top ( ! l[] "o4 ,at ! same "t1 !re 0 ! /&+ objection to ! mixture be+ too dry1 namely1 ! responsibility ( gett+ a suffici5t am\nt ( spad+ & tamp+ done4 ,p>ticul>s ( ! exact quantity ( wat] us$ are giv5 lat] 9 describ+ ,mix+4 ,fig4 #b1 ,plate ,,xliii1 illu/rates ! process ( lay+4 ,9 ! section ( ! tunnel 9 :i* !re 7 circumf]5tial re9=cem5t rods 9 ! duct b5*1 ! rods 7 9 place be=e ! lay+ comm5c$1 z !y _h be5 plac$ ) ! inv]t concrete4 ,! circumf]5tial re9=c+ rods 9 ! ar* came d[n into ! upp] "p ( ! duct b5* concrete2 ^! rods 7 put 9 position & ti$ to ! iron l9+ 9 ! cr[n at ! same "t z ! duct b5* concrete 0 be+ f9i%$ (f4 ,op5+s = ! manholes 7 left 9 ! duct b5* at ! regul> /ation+4 ,! av]age "t tak5 to fill a l5g? ( #ce ft4 0 ab\t #f h\rs2 ! =m 0 !n left 9 position = ab\t #h h\rs--usually en\gh to let ! concrete set prop]ly--& !n mov$ ahead2 x !n took ab\t #c h\rs to set x up aga9 ready to cont9ue "w4 ,! total "t = a l5g?1 !re=e1 0 ab\t #ag h\rs1 equal to an av]age progress ( ab\t #di ft4 p] day4 ,! av]age =ce engag$ 9 duct b5* concrete 7n includ+ transport7 03 #a ,=eman #c4be p] day4 #b ,spad]s #b4jj #i ,labor]s #a4ge ,ar* ,concrete4--,by f> ! great] "p ( ! ar* "w 0 put 9 ) travel+ c5t]s be=e ! face ( ! b5* 0 built1 9 :i* case ! :ole ( ! ar* 0 built at once4 ,a %ort l5g? ( ar* at ea* end ( ! tunnel 0 built aft] ! face ( ! b5*1 9 :i* case ! haun*es or l[] #e ft4 7 laid fir/ & ! upp] "p ( ! ar* lat]4 ,! fir/ travel+ c5t]s 7 us$ on ! ,new ,york side1 & 7 #ej ft4 long4 ,! lagg+s 7 ( #d-;94 yell[ p9e1 built up 9 panels #aj ft4 long & #af 94 wide = ! sides1 & solely longitud9al lagg+ #e ft4 long = ! key4 ,x 0 pretty c]ta9 t ! results to be obta9$ f =ms ( su* a l5g? w\ld n be satisfactory1 & ?is 0 po9t$ out to ! contractor1 :o1 h[ev]1 obta9$ p]mission to use !m on trial4 ,gr\t pipes 7 built 91 z x 0 n likely t ! concrete c\ld be pack$ tightly into ! upp] "p ( ! l9+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xliii4 ,,trans4 ,,am4 ,,soc4 ,,civ4 ,,engrs4 ,,vol4 ,,lxviii1 ,no4 #aaee4 ,,hewett ,,& ,,br[n ,,on ,,p5nsylvania ,r4 ,r4 ,,tunnels3 ,,nor? ,,riv] ,,tunnels4 ,,fig4 #a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xliii4 ,,trans4 ,,am4 ,,soc4 ,,civ4 ,,engrs4 ,,vol4 ,,lxviii1 ,no4 #aaee4 ,,hewett ,,& ,,br[n ,,on ,,p5nsylvania ,r4 ,r4 ,,tunnels3 ,,nor? ,,riv] ,,tunnels4 ,,fig4 #b4 ,aft] ab\t #cjj l94 ft4 ( ar* _h be5 built ) ^! =ms1 a te/ hole 0 cut out & l>ge voids 7 f\nd1 &1 to confirm ?is1 ano!r hole 0 cut1 & simil> conditions obs]v$4 ,! results 7 s unsatisfactory t ord]s 7 giv5 t ! use ( longitud9al key lagg+ %\ld be discont9u$1 & cross or block lagg+ us$ in/ead4 ,^! block lagg+s 7 #f 94 9 l5g? 79 ! direction ( ! tunnel7 & #b ft4 9 wid?2 at ! same "t1 ! sy/em ( gr\t pipes 0 *ang$4 ,?is w be describ$ lat] "u ,gr\t+4 ,x 0 soon f\nd t ) block lagg+ a bett] job c\ld be made ( pack+ ! concrete up into ! keys1 b ! "t tak5 to key up a #ej-;ft4 l5g? 0 s great t ! re/ ( ! ar* _h set by ! "t ! key 0 f9i%$4 ,despite a lot ( practice1 ?is 0 ! case1 ev5 9 ! unre9=c$ type4 ,:5 ! re9=c+ rods 7 met1 ! "t = key+ up became /ill great]1 & !re=e ! contractor 0 direct$ to %ort5 ! =ms to #bj-;ft4 l5g?s4 ,a typical work+ =ce = a #ej-;ft4 l5g? 03 #a ,=eman #c4be p] day4 #d ,spad]s #b4jj #ab ,labor]s #a4ge ,details ( ! #bj-;ft4 =ms are %[n on ,plate ,,xliv4 ,! l[] #d ft4 ( lagg+ 0 built on sw++ arms1 :i* c\ld be loos5$ to all[ ! c5t]s to be dropp$ & mov$ ahead4 ,! re/ ( ! lagg+ 0 built up 9 panels #aj ft4 long & #a ft4 #d 94 high4 ,! ribs re/$ on a longitud9al timb] on ea* side2 ^! 7 block$ up f ! top /ep ( ! duct b5* concrete4 ,:5 ! =m 0 set1 or :5 x 0 releas$1 x 0 mov$ ahead on roll]s plac$ "u x4 ,! concrete 0 receiv$ at ! =m 9 -cu4 yd4 dump+ buckets2 f ! flat c>s on :i* !y 7 run1 ^! 7 hoi/$ to ! level ( ! l[] plat=m ( ! ar* =m4 ,at ?is level ! concrete 0 dump$ on a travel+ c> or /age1 & mov$ 9 t to ! po9t on ! =m :]e x 0 to be plac$4 ,= ! l[] "p ( ! ar*1 ! concrete 0 ?r[n directly into ! =m f ?is travel+ /age1 b1 = ! upp] "p1 x 0 fir/ ?r[n on ! upp] plat=m ( ! ar*4 ,! hoi/+ 0 done by a small ,lidg]wood compress$-air hoi/]1 & set up on an ov]head plat=m across ! tunnel4 ,! pulley ov] :i* ! cable f ! hoi/] pass$ 0 atta*$ to ! iron l9+ ne> "o end ( ! =m1 & ! travel+ /age ran back f ! ar* =m on a trail]1 %[n on ,plate ,,xliv4 ,:5 x 0 impossible to hang a pulley--ow+ to ! concrete ar* hav+ be5 built at ! po9t :]e ! trail] /ood--an ,a-frame 0 built on ! trail]1 & ! pulley 0 atta*$ to t4 ,9 lay+ ! l[] "p ( ! ar*1 ab\t #a ft4 ( lagg+ 7includ+ ! sw++ arms7 0 fir/ set1 ! o!r panels be+ pull$ up t[>d ! top ( ! ar*4 ,:5 t 0 fill$1 ! next panel above 0 l[]$ into place1 & ! "w cont9u$4 ,z ! concrete rose t[>d ! key1 x 0 pack$ up to a radial surface1 s t ! ar* w\ld n be unduly weak5$ if ! sides set be=e ! key 0 plac$4 ,all ! "t1 great c>e 0 tak5 to see t ! concrete 0 c>efully pack$ into ! segm5ts ( ! metal l9+4 ,! quantity ( wat] us$ 9 ! concrete 0 c>efully regulat$1 m be+ us$ 9 ! l[] ?an 9 ! upp] p>ts ( ! ar*4 ,9 places :]e !re 7 no re9=c+ rods1 ! wid? ( ! concrete key 0 ! l5g? ( ! block lagg+1 namely1 #b ft4 ,:]e !re 0 circumf]5tial re9=cem5t1 ! key _h to be m ?an #e ft4 wide1 9 ord] to take ! #e-;ft4 closure rods us$ 9 ! key4 ,?is naturally increas$ ! "t ( key+ v mu*4 ,on ! places :]e ! #e-;ft4 longitud9al lagg+s 7 us$1 x 0 impossible to fill ! flanges ( ! metal l9+ mu* high] ?an _! und]sides4 ,z ! concrete us$ 9 ! key _h to be mu* dri] ?an t us$ else:]e1 x 0 n easy to get a good surface4 ,?is tr\ble 0 ov]come by putt+ a ?9 lay] ( mort> on ! lagg+s j be=e ! concrete 0 put 94 ,! ov]head conductor pockets 7 a great h9drance to ! plac+ ( ! key concrete1 especially :]e ! iron 0 bel[ true grade4 ,:5ev] an especially tr\blesome "o 0 met1 a special gr\t pipe 0 put 9 to fill up unavoidable holes by gr\t+ aft] ! concrete _h set4 ,all ! circumf]5tial re9=c+ rods 7 b5t 9 ! tunnel by b5d+ !m ar\nd a curv$ =m ( less diamet] ?an ! requir$ b5d4 ,?is g5]ally left !m all "r 9 ! middle ( _! l5g?1 b ) _! end portions too /raight2 9 su* cases ! ends 7 b5t aga94 ,all rods 7 comp>$ ) a template be=e be+ pass$ = use4 ,! ar* =ms 7 left up = #dh h\rs aft] key+ 0 f9i%$4 ,levels tak5 aft] /rik+ ! =ms %[$ t no appreciable settlem5t occurr$4 ,an av]age gang = a #bj-;ft4 l5g? ( ar* 03 #a ,=eman #c4be p] %ift4 #b ,spad]s #b4jj #aj ,labor]s #a4ge ,table #cj %[s ! progress atta9$ "u v>i\s conditions4 ,:5ev] ! face ( ! b5* concrete 0 con/ruct$ be=e ! ar*1 ! latt] 0 built 9 two sep>ate portions1 t is1 ! bottom #e ft41 or haun*es ( ! ar*1 z !y 7 t]m$1 7 built on ea* side & ! re/ ( ! ar* lat]4 ,?is involv$ ! use ( two sep>ate sets ( =ms1 namely1 = ! haun* & = ! ar*4 ,n v mu* ar* 0 built 9 ?is way1 &1 z ! me?ods 7 9 pr9ciple precisely ! same z ^? us$ :5 all ! ar* 0 built 9 "o op]ation1 no detail$ description is ne$$4 ,no provision 0 made 9 ! contract = gr\t+ ! concrete ar*1 b x soon became evid5t t by ord9>y me?ods ! top "p ( ! concrete c\ld n be pack$ solid aga9/ ! iron segm5ts1 especially 9 ! keys4 ,z x 0 imp]ative to h ! ar* p]fectly solid1 x 0 det]m9$ to fill ^! unavoidable gaps ) a #a3a ,portl& cem5t gr\t1 at ! same "t mak+ e ef=t to r$uce ! spaces to a m9imum4 ,?is made x necess>y to build gr\t pipes into ! concrete z x 0 put 94 ,! fir/ type ( gr\t pipe arrangem5t is %[n z ,type ,a1 9 ,fig4 #bc4 ,?is 0 us$ ) ! longitud9al key lagg+s2 :5 ?is me?od 0 f\nd to be no good1 & cross-lagg+s 7 us$1 ! sy/em %[n z ,type ,b1 9 ,fig4 #bc1 0 adopt$1 9 :i* v5ts 7 provid$ to let out ! air dur+ gr\t+4 ,! exp5se ( ^! pipes 0 high1 & ! contractor obta9$ p]mission to use %eet-iron tubes1 :i*1 h[ev]1 7 f\nd to be unsuitable1 s t ! screw$ pipes 7 us$ aga94 ,! contractor next obta9$ p]mission to try disp5s+ altoge!r ) ! v5t pipes1 & s ,type ,c1 9 ,fig4 #bc 0 evolv$4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 0 f\nd to be worse ?an any ( ! o!r sy/ems1 z ! imprison$ air made x impossible to =ce gr\t 94 ,sev]al o!r modifications 7 made1 & are %[n 9 ,fig4 #bc4 ,x 0 !n decid$ to devise z p]fect a sy/em z possible1 )\t all[+ ! "q ( co/ to be ! rul+ factor1 & to use t sy/em ?r\gh\t4 ,9 ?is sy/em1 %[n z ,type ,s1 9 ,fig4 #bc1 mo/ ( ! v5t pipes 7 conta9$ 9 ! concrete1 & _! size 0 indep5d5t ( ! ?ickness ( ! ar*1 s t !y 7 easily fix$ 9 position & n subject to di/urbance :ile plac+ ! concrete4 ,?is sy/em 0 us$ = ab\t #hj ( ! total l5g? ( ! tunnel1 & prov$ entirely satisfactory4 ,! ma*9e us$ = gr\t+ 0 ! same z t us$ = gr\t+ outside ! metal l9+4 ,,table #cj4--;,,av]age ,,"t ,,tak5 ,,= ,,v>i\s ,,op]ations ,,connect$ ,,) ,,build+ ,,concrete ,,ar*es ,,9 ,,subaque\s ,,tunnels4 ,av]age ,type ( ,l5g? ,"t1 9 h\rs1 ,"t1 ,"t1 "t re9=cem5t( mov+ & 9 h\rs19 h\rs1 9 h\rs1 section1erect+ =ms4 plac+ plac+ =m /ood 9 concrete concrete aft] feet4 9 ar*4 9 key4 fil+4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- #gj ,a #ej #bj #ae #ae4dj day "w _/ _/ ,a ,mov+ ,erect+ day "w #bj #b #c #h4cj #b4dj #ec ,b day "w #bj #b #c #aj4dj #aa4bj #eh ,c day "w #bj #b #c #aa4jj #g4bj #eh ,d day "w #bj #b #c #i4cj #d4ce #ec ,d day "w #bj #b #c #f4ae #b4je #ec ,sub-,type #bj #b #c #f4jj #c4jj ,no4 #a piece "w ,av]age ,"t1 ,total ,"t ,total "t ,rem>ks4 "t 9 h\rs19 h\rs1 9 h\rs1 9 h\rs1 plac+ = mov+1p] l9e> =m /oodconcrete erect+1 foot1 aft] 9 key & fill+= mov+1 fil+4 & ar* erect+1 & fill+ ---------------------------------------- ------------- #gj #cj4dj #ej4dj #a4ja #aa4aj #af4aj #j4ej #ec ,includes #bb4aj #bg4jj #a4ce plac+ rods #eh #ah4bj #bc4bj #a4af d4 #eh #ad4be #ai4be #j4ia d4 #ec #h4bj #ac4bj #j4je d4 #ec #i4jj #ad4jj #j4gj d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bc4 ,! only compress$ air available 0 ! high-pressure supply1 at ab\t #ij lb42 a r$uc+ valve1 to l[] ?is pressure to #cj lb4 0 us$ betwe5 ! air l9e & ! gr\t+ ma*9e4 ,?is 0 ?\ght to be ab\t z high a pressure z ! gre5 concrete ar* w\ld /&1 &1 ev5 z x 01 at "o po9t a section ab\t #b ft4 by #a ft4 0 bl[n out4 ,a r\gh travel+ /age re/+ on ! bottom /ep ( ! duct b5* concrete 0 us$ z a work+ plat=m4 ,9 ! e>li] /ages ( ! "w ! gr\t+ 0 c>ri$ on 9 a r haphaz>d mann]1 b1 :5 ! la/ sy/em ( gr\t & v5t pipes 0 adopt$2 ! "w 0 und]tak5 sy/ematically1 & 0 c>ri$ out z foll[s3 ,two #bj-;ft4 l5g?s ( ar* 7 gr\t$ at "o "t1 &1 9 ord] to prev5t ! gr\t f fl[+ along ! ar* & block+ ! pipes 9 ! next l5g?s1 a bulkhead ( pla/] 0 made at ! end ( e second l5g? to conf9e ! gr\t4 ,aft] a section _h be5 gr\t$1 te/ holes 7 drill$ e #ej ft4 along ! cr[n to see t all ! voids 7 fill$2 if n1 holes 7 drill$ 9 ! ar*1 bo? = gr\t+ & = v5ts1 & ! faulty section 0 re-gr\t$4 ,an av]age ( bbl4 ( cem5t & an equal quantity ( s& 0 us$ p] l9e> foot ( tunnel4 ,! av]age am\nt put 9 by "o ma*9e p] %ift 0 #ae bbl41 & !re=e ! av]age l5g? ( tunnel gr\t$ p] ma*9e p] %ift 0 #bj ft4 ,! typical work+ =ce 03 #a ,=eman #c4ge p] %ift #a ,labor] runn+ gr\t ma*9e #b4jj #b ,labor]s h&l+ cem5t & s&4 #a4ge #a ,labor] t5d+ valve & gr\t pipes #a4ge ,aft] ! gr\t+ 0 f9i%$1 ! ar*es 7 rubb$ ov] ) wire bru%es to take (f discoloration1 & r\gh places at ! junctions ( adjo9+ l5g?s or left by ! block lagg+s 7 bu%-hamm]$4 ,face ( ,b5* ,concrete4--,! =m us$ = ?is portion ( ! "w is %[n on ,plate ,,xlv4 ,x consi/$ ( a c5tral framework travel+ on :eels1 &1 f ! framework1 two v]tical =ms 7 susp5d$1 "o on ea* side1 & equal 9 height to ! :ole height ( ! b5*4 ,adju/+ screws 7 fitt$ at int]vals bo? at top & bottom1 & ?us ! position ( ! face =ms c\ld be adju/$ accurately4 ,! face =ms 7 built v c>efully ( #c-;94 tongu$ & groov$ yell[ p9e1 & "o #ej-;ft4 =m 0 us$ = #c1jjj ft4 ( tunnel )\t hav+ ! face r5ew$4 ,great c>e 0 tak5 to set ^! =ms true to l9e & grade1 z ! appe>ance ( ! tunnel w\ld h be5 ru9$ by any irregul>ity4 ,jo9ts betwe5 successive l5g?s 7 f9i%$ ) a ,v-groove4 ,! concrete 0 receiv$ at ! =m 9 dump+ buckets2 ^! 7 hoi/$ to ! top ( ! =m by a ,lidg]wood hoi/] fix$ to a trail]4 ,! concrete 0 plac$ 9 ! =m by %ovel+ x f ! travel+ /age d[n *utes fitt$ to its side4 ,! quantity ( wat] to be us$ 9 ! mixture ne$$ c>eful regulation4 ,! fir/ few bat*es 9 ! bottom _h to be v wet1 & 7 made ) less /one ?an ! upp] portion1 9 ord] t ! concrete w\ld pack solidly ar\nd ! ni*e box =ms & o!r awkw>d corn]s4 ,! =ms = ! ladd]s & refuge ni*es 7 fa/5$ to ! face ( ! b5* =ms by bolts :i* c\ld be loos5$ be=e ! ma9 =m 0 mov$ ahead1 & 9 ?is way ! ladd] & ni*e =ms 7 left 9 position = "s "t aft] ! ma9 =m 0 remov$4 ,at fir/ ! =ms 7 kept 9 place = #cf h\rs aft] f9i%+ a l5g?1 b1 aft] a little exp]i5ce1 #bd h\rs 0 f\nd to be en\gh4 ,9 ! summ]1 :5 ! rise ( temp]ature quick5$ ! set1 ! "t 0 br\ght d[n to #ah h\rs4 ,! av]age "t tak5 = a #ej-;ft4 l5g? 03 ,lay+ concrete #d h\rs4 ,int]val = sett+ #ah ,mov+ =ms ahead & resett+ #e ------- ,total #bg h\rs4 ,! typical work+ gang 03 ,lay+ ,concrete4 #a ,=eman #c4be p] %ift4 #b ,spad]s #b4jj #h ,labor]s #a4ge ,mov+ & ,sett+ ,=ms4 #a ,=eman #d4jj p] %ift4 #aj ,labor]s #a4ge ,aft] ! =ms 7 remov$1 any r\gh places at ! l[] edge1 :]e ! concrete jo9s ! lip1 7 bu%-hamm]$2 no o!r clean+ "w 0 done4 ,duct ,lay+ & ,rodd+4--,! design & location ( ! ducts h already be5 describ$4 ,x w h be5 se5 t ! duct-b5* concrete 0 laid 9 /eps1 on :i* ! ducts 7 laid1 h5ce ! ma9t5ance ( ! grade & l9e 9 ! ducts 0 an easy matt]4 ,! only complication 0 ! exp&$ metal bonds1 :i* 7 b5t up out ( ! way ( ! ar* =ms & /raight5$ out aga9 aft] ! ar* =ms _h pass$4 ,! mat]ials1 su* z ducts1 s&1 & cem5t1 7 br\ght into ! tunnel by ! regul> transportation gang4 ,! mort> 0 mix$ 9 a wood5 tr\gh ab\t #aj ft4 long1 #b ft4 #f 94 wide & #h 94 deep4 ,aft] ! s+le-way ducts _h be5 laid1 all ! jo9ts 7 pla/]$ ) mort>1 9 ord] to prev5t any =eign sub/ance f ent]+ ! ducts4 ,?is 0 n necess>y ) ! multiple duct1 z ! jo9ts 7 wrapp$ ) cotton duck4 ,! ducts 7 laid on a lay+ m&rel1 &1 z soon z possible aft] ! concrete 0 laid ar\nd a set ( ducts1 !y 7 rodd$ ) a rodd+ m&rel4 ,n _m ob/ructions 7 met1 & ^! 7 usually "s /ray lay+ m&rel :i* _h be5 left 9 by mi/ake1 or collections ( mort> :]e ! pla/]+ ( ! s+le-way jo9ts _h be5 defective4 ,9 ! #feg1jjj duct ft4 ( conduit 9 ! riv] tunnels only eight s]i\s ob/ructions 7 met4 ,t ! "w 0 ( exceptionally high quality is %[n by ! fact t a heavy #c-;94 lead cable has be5 pass$ ?r\gh f manhole to manhole 7#dej ft47 9 #f m941 & ! company1 engag$ to lay ! cables 9 ^! ducts1 broke all its previ\s records = lay+1 n only = tunnel "w1 b also 9 ! op54 ,fig4 #a1 ,plate ,,xxxv1 %[s a collection ( ! tools & arrangem5ts us$ 9 lay+ & rodd+ ducts4 ,! typical work+ =ce 03 ,lay+ ,multiple ,ducts4 #a ,=eman #c4ej p] %ift4 #i ,labor]s #a4ge ,lay+ ,s+le-,way ,ducts4 #a ,=eman #c4ej p] %ift4 #h ,labor]s #a4ge ,rodd+ ,multiple ,ducts4 #a ,=eman #c4ej p] %ift4 #e ,labor]s #a4ge ,rodd+ ,s+le-,way ,ducts4 #a ,=eman #c4ej p] %ift4 #e ,labor]s #a4ge ,! av]age progress p] #aj-;h\r %ift ) su* gangs 03 ,lay+ multiple ducts #d1jjj duct ft4 ,lay+ s+le-way ducts #a1gde ,rodd+ multiple ducts #d1jdj ,rodd+ s+le-way ducts #b1ecb ,no detail$ description ne$ be giv5 ( ! concret+ ( ! cross-passages1 pump *amb]s1 sumps1 & o!r small details1 ! design ( :i* has be5 previ\sly %[n4 ,! concrete 0 f9i%$ on ,june #a/1 #aiji4 ,p]iod ,no4 #f4--;,f9al ,clean+ ,up4--,june1 #aiji1 to ,novemb]1 #aiji4--;,z soon z all ! concrete 0 f9i%$1 ! "w ( clean+ up ! inv]t 0 begun4 ,a l>ge quantity ( dbris litt]$ ! tunnels1 & x 0 economical to remove x z quickly z possible4 ,! rema9+ =ms 7 fir/ remov$1 & hoi/+ eng9es1 support$ on cross-timb] laid across ! b5*es1 7 set up 9 ! middle ( ! tunnel at ab\t #ejj-;ft4 int]vals4 ,"w 0 c>ri$ on day & night1 & ab\t #afi ft4 ( s+le tunnel 0 cle>$ p] #aj-;h\r %ift4 ,"w 0 begun on ,may #bh?1 & f9i%$ on ,july #ae?1 #aiji4 ,= "p ( ! "t x 0 c>ri$ on at two po9ts 9 ea* tunnel1 work+ t[>d ! two %afts1 b :5 ! "w 9 ! ,weehawk5 ,%aft1 :i* 0 be+ done at ! same "t1 block$ egress f t po9t1 all mat]ial 0 s5t out by ! ,manhattan ,%aft4 ,! total quantity ( mat]ial remov$ 0 #e1cej cu4 yd41 or ab\t #j4dd cu4 yd4 p] l94 ft4 ( tunnel4 ,! av]age =ce p] %ift 03 ,9 ,tunnel4 #c ,=em5 #c4be p] %ift #a ,hoi/ eng9e] #c4jj #a ,signalman #b4jj #ch ,labor]s #a4ge ,on ! ,surface4 #a ,=eman #c4be p] %ift #a ,hoi/ eng9e] #c4jj #a ,signalman #b4jj #ab ,labor]s #a4ge ,aft] ! clean+ out _h be5 done1 ! contractor's ma9 "w 0 f9i%$4 ,h[ev]1 q a consid]able =ce 0 employ$1 up to ,novemb]1 #aiji1 9 do+ v>i\s incid5tal jobs1 su* z ! in/allation ( p]man5t v5tilation conduits & nozzles at ! int]cept+ ar* ne> ! ,manhattan ,%aft1 ! erection ( a head-h\se ov] ! ,manhattan ,%aft1 & collect+ & putt+ 9 ord] all ! miscellane\s portable plant1 :i* 0 ei!r sold or return$ to /ore1 sort+ all wa/e mat]ials1 su* z lumb]1 pip+1 & scraps ( all k9ds1 &1 9 g5]al1 re/or+ ! sites ( ! work+ y>ds to _! orig9al condition4 ,concrete ,mix+4 ,! plant us$ 9 mix+ ! concrete = ! l& tunnels 0 pull$ d[n & re-erect$ be=e ! concrete "w 9 ! riv] tunnels 0 begun4 ,at ! ,new ,york %aft two new b9s = s& & /one 7 built1 br++ ! total capacity up to #iej cu4 yd4 ,two ,no4 #f ,ransome mix]s1 driv5 electrically by #cj-;h4p4 ,g5]al ,electric motors1 us+ curr5t f ! contractor's g5]ators1 7 set up on a special plat=m 9 ! int]cept+ ar*4 ,at ,manhattan ! s& & /one 7 receiv$ f ! b9s 9 *utes at a small hopp] built on ! p]man5t upp] plat=m ( ! int]cept+ ar*4 ,bottom-dump+ c>s1 divid$ by a p>tition into two portions1 arrang$ to hold ! prop] quantities ( s& & /one = a #d-;bag bat* ( concrete1 7 run on a track on ?is upp] plat=m1 fill$ ) ! prop] quantities ( s& & /one1 & !n run back & dump$ into ! hopp]s ( ! mix]4 ,aft] mix+1 ! bat* 0 run d[n *utes into ! tunnel c>s /&+ on ! track bel[4 ,! wat] 0 br\ght 9 pipes f ! public supply4 ,x 0 measur$ 9 b>rels by a graduat$ scale )9 ! b>rels4 ,! wat] 0 n put into ! mix] until ! s& & /one _h all run out ( ! mix] hopp]4 ,! mixture 0 revolv$ = ab\t #a m941 or ab\t #bj complete revolutions4 ,at ,weehawk5 ,%aft ! mix+ plant 0 entirely rebuilt4 ,f\r l>ge b9s1 two = s& & two = /one1 7 built 9 ! %aft4 ,toge!r1 !y held #dcj cu4 yd4 ( /one & #djj cu4 yd4 ( s&4 ,! s& & /one 7 dump$ directly into ! b9s f ! c>s on ! tre/le :i* ran f ! :>f to ! %aft4 ,! mat]ials 7 run ?r\gh *utes directly f ! b9s to ! hopp]s ( ! mix]s1 :]e !y 7 measur$4 ,two ,no4 #f ,ransome mix]s1 electrically driv51 7 us$ "h1 z at ,new ,york1 &1 z !re1 ! wat] 0 l$ into measur+ tanks be=e be+ let into ! mix]4 ,! quantity ( wat] us$ 9 ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! concrete cross-section1 = a #d-;bag bat* consi/+ ( #a bbl4 7#chj lb47 ( cem5t1 #h4ge cu4 ft4 ( s&1 & #ag4e cu4 ft4 ( /one1 is giv5 9 ,table #ca4 ,,table #ca4--,,quantity ,,( ,,wat] ,,p] #d-;,,bag ,,bat* ,,( ,,concrete1 ,,9 ,u4,s4 ,,gallons4 ,portion ( cross-section4 ,maximum4 ,m9imum4 ,av]age4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,inv]t #dj #bj #bf ,duct b5* #cf #ba #bg ,ar* 7exclud+ key7 #cg #ai #be ,key ( ar* #bg #ae #bj ,face ( b5* #ca #bb #bg ,! maximum quantities 7 us$ :5 ! /one 0 dry & conta9$ m ?an ! usual proportion ( f9e mat]ial1 ! m9imum quantity :5 ! s& 0 wet aft] ra94 ,! result+ volumes ( "o bat*1 = v>i\s k9ds ( /one1 are giv5 9 ,table #cb4 ,,table #cb4--,,volume ,,( ,,concrete ,,p] ,,bat*1 ,,) ,,v>i\s ,,k9ds ,,( ,,/one4 ,result+ ,,description ,,( ,,/one4 volume p] ,mixture4--------------------------- b>rel ( ,rem>ks4 cem5t1 9 ,pass$ ,reta9$ on cubic scre54 scre54 y>ds4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #a3b3e #a-;94 #c_/h-;94 #j4hae ,measur$ 9 air #a3b3e #b-;94 ,run ( cru%]4 #j4hbg #a3b3e -- ,g5]al av]age4 #j4hjh;,d,measur$ f plan #a3b3e #b-;94 #a-;94 #j4gfh;,e ,d ,av]age = :ole ( ,riv] ,tunnel section4 ,e ,av]age f #g1djj cu4 yd4 9 ,l& ,tunnel section4 ,! s& us$ 0 practically ! same = ! :ole ( ! riv] tunnel section1 & 0 suppos$ to be equal to ,c[ ,bay s&4 ,! result ( ! me*anical analysis ( ! s& is %[n on ,plate ,,xlvi4 ,! /one 0 all trap rock4 ,= ! e>ly "p ( ! "w x consi/$ ( /one :i* w\ld pass a #b-;94 r+ & be reta9$ on a #a-;94 r+1 9 fact1 ! same z us$ = ! l& tunnels4 ,?is 0 f\nd to be too co>se1 & = a "t x 0 mix$ ) an equal quantity ( f9e gravel or f9e cru%$ /one4 ,z soon z x c\ld be arrang$1 run-(-cru%] /one 0 us$1 ev]y?+ l>g] ?an #b 94 be+ exclud$4 ,ab\t ?ree-qu>t]s ( ! riv] tunnel concrete 0 put 9 ) run-(-cru%] /one4 ,! =ce 03 ,at ,manhattan4 #a ,=eman #c4jj p] %ift #d ,m5 on s& & /one c>s #a4ge #d ,m5 h&l+ cem5t #a4ge #b ,m5 dump+ mix]s #a4ge ,at ,weehawk54 #a ,=eman #c4jj p] %ift #b ,m5 haul+ cem5t #a4ge #b ,m5 dump+ mix]s #a4ge ,! av]age quantity ( concrete mix$ p] #aj-;h\r %ift 0 ab\t #aag bat*es1 or ab\t #ij cu4 yd4 ,! maximum output ( "o ( ! mix]s 0 ab\t #afh bat*es1 or #abi cu4 yd4 p] #aj-;h\r %ift4 ,transportation4 ,surface ,transportation4--,at ,manhattan ! /one & s& 7 receiv$ 9 sc[s at ! :>f on ! riv] front4 ,= ! fir/ "p ( ! "w1 ! :>f at #cb;d ,/reet & ,nor? ,riv] 0 us$1 & :ile t 0 9 use ! mat]ial 0 unload$ f ! sc[s into scale-boxes by a grab-bucket runn+ on an ov]head cable1 & !n team$ to ! %aft4 ,= ! latt] "p ( ! "w1 ! :>f us$ 0 at #ch? ,/reet & ,nor? ,riv]1 :]e facilities = unload+ 7 giv5 to ! contractor by ! ,p5nsylvania ,railroad ,company :i* 0 ! p]man5t lessee ( ! pi]s4 ,! mat]ial 0 unload$ into scale-boxes by a grab-bucket op]at$ by a d]rick1 & team$ to ! %aft4 ,:5 ! scale-boxes arriv$ at ! %aft !y 7 lift$ f ! trucks by d]ricks & dump$ into ! b9s4 ,at ,weehawk5 all ! /one & s&1 ) ! exception ( ! /one cru%$ on ! "w1 0 receiv$ by wat] at ! ,nor? slip4 ,"h x 0 unload$ by a #b-;cu4 yd4 grab-bucket & dump$ into #c-;cu4 yd4 side-tipp+ c>s1 :i* 7 haul$ by a small /eam locomotive ov] ! tre/le to ! %aft1 :]e !y 7 dump$ directly into ! b9s4 ,be=e beg9n+ ! concrete l9+1 ! #b-;ft4 gauge railway1 :i* _h be5 us$ = ! surface transportation dur+ ! driv+ ( ! iron-l9$ tunnels1 0 tak5 up & replac$ by a #c-;ft4 gauge track consi/+ l>gely ( #cj-lb4 rails4 ,! c>s 7 #c-;cu4 yd4 side-dump+1 ) automatic sw++ sides4 ,two /eam locomotives :i* 7 be+ /or$ at ,weehawk5 7"p ( ! plant f ano!r contract71 7 us$ = haul+ ! c>s 9 place ( ! electric ones us$ ) ! #b-;ft4 gauge railway4 ,tunnel ,transport4--,! track us$ 9 ! tunnel 0 ( #b-;ft4 gauge1 laid ) ! #bj-lb4 rails previ\sly us$ 9 driv+ ! iron-l9$ tunnels4 ,! m9+ c>s 7previ\sly m5tion$ 9 describ+ ! driv+ ( ! iron-l9$ tunnels7 7 us$ = transport+ ! inv]t concrete1 al?\gh1 = mo/ ( ! "w1 dump+ buckets c>ri$ on flat c>s 7 us$4 ,sev]al haulage sy/ems 7 consid]$ = ?is "w1 b n "o ( !m 0 ?\ght to be flexible en\gh to be us$ ) ! con/antly *ang+ conditions1 & x 0 ev5tually decid$ to move all ! c>s by h&1 because1 practically all ! "w be+ d[n grade1 ! full c>s c\ld be run d[n by gravity & ! empty ones pu%$ back by h&4 ,two m5 7 allott$ to ea* c>1 & 7 able to keep ! traffic mov+ 9 a mann] t w\ld h be5 p]haps impossible ) any sy/em ( me*anical haulage4 ,?is sy/em 0 app>5tly ju/ifi$ by ! results1 = ! :ole co/ ( ! tunnel transport1 ov] an av]age haul ( ab\t #b1jjj ft41 0 only ab\t #ej c5ts p] cu4 yd41 :i* w be f\nd to comp>e favorably ) me*anical haulage on simil> "w else:]e1 provid$ full all[ance is made = ! use ( ! plant & p[]4 ,=ce ,employ$4--,! av]age =ce employ$ on transport1 bo? on ! surface & 9 ! tunnel1 is %[n 9 ,table #cc4 ,co/s4 ,dur+ ! "w1 c>eful records ( ! actual co/ to ! contractor ( c>ry+ out ?is "w 7 kept by ! ,company's =ces2 ^! co/s include all direct *>ges1 su* z labor & mat]ials1 & all indirect *>ges su* z head (fice1 plant depreciation1 insurance1 etc41 b d n include ! co/ ( any f9anc+1 ( :i* ! ,company _h no in=mation4 ,,table #cc4--;,,av]age ,,=ce ,,p] ,,%ift ,,= ,,transportation ,,9 ,,two ,,tunnels4 ,location,grade ,rate ,,"w ,,9 ,,progress --------------------------------- ,two ,two ar*es1 ,f\r ar*es inv]ts two inv]ts1 & "o & two & two duct face ( duct b5*es b5* b5*es ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,=eman #c4jj #b #b #b ,tunnel ,labor] #a4ge #bd #bh #gj ,swit*m5 #b4jj #b #b ,hoi/+ eng9e]s #c4jj #b #d #e ,=eman #c4jj #a #a #b ,surface,labor]s #a4ge #h #h #ae ,teams #f4ej #a #a #b ,field ,eng9e]+ ,/aff4 ,! field /aff may be consid]$ z divisible into five ma9 divisions3 7,a74--,con/ruction1 includ+ alignm5t1 7,b74--,co/ records1 7,c74--,te/+ ( cem5t & o!r mat]ials ( con/ruction1 7,d74--,photography1 7,e74--,despat*-boat s]vice4 7,a74--,con/ruction 7,inspection & ,alignm5t7 ,/aff4--,a comp>atively l>ge /aff 0 ma9ta9$ by ! ,company1 & to ?is two causes contribut$4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! contractor ma9ta9$ no field eng9e]+ /aff1 because1 e>ly 9 ! proce$+s1 x 0 arrang$ t ! ,company w\ld c>ry out all ?is "w1 & ?us avoid ! ov]lapp+1 confusion1 & lack ( def9ite responsibility :i* (t5 ensues :5 two eng9e]+ =ces are work+ ov] ! same gr\nd4 ,ev5 _h ! contractor ma9ta9$ an eng9e]+ =ce1 x w\ld h be5 necess>y = ! ,company to *eck mo/ ( ! contractor's "w4 ,9 ! second place1 ?is "w gave rise to a numb] ( special surveys1 te/s1 bor+s1 & obs]vations ( v>i\s k9ds1 mo/ ( :i* 7 kept up z a "p ( ! regul> r\t9e "w1 & ?is necessitat$ a /aff4 ,also1 = a :ole ye>1 active progressive "w 0 at a /&/ill :ile ! pile te/s 7 go+ on4 7,b74--,co/ ,records ,/aff4--,a di/9ct feature 0 made ( keep+ z accurately z possible detail$ records ( ! actual co/ to ! contractor ( c>ry+ out ! "w4 ,a small /aff ( cl]ks1 reta9$ solely = ?is purpose1 tabulat$ & record$ ! in=mation furni%$ by ! memb]s ( ! con/ruction /aff4 ,ab\t #ab1jjj1 altoge!r1 0 sp5t 9 sal>ies 9 ?is dep>tm5t1 & x may be consid]$ an extremely wise inve/m5t1 =1 n only is ! in=mation ?us obta9$ ( great value & int]e/ 9 itself1 b x also puts ! ,company 9 an excell5t position %\ld any claim or discussion arise ) ! contractor4 7,c74--,cem5t-,te/+ ,dep>tm5t4--,z ! ,company furni%$ ! cem5t to ! contractor1 x became incumb5t to make c>eful te/s ( ! quality4 ,a cem5t-te/+ laboratory 0 e/abli%$ at ! ,manhattan ,%aft (fices1 "u ! *>ge ( a cem5t inspector :o 0 furni%$ ) assi/ants = sampl+1 %ipp+1 & te/+ cem5t4 ,all mat]ials us$ on ! "w1 su* z bricks1 s&1 /one1 wat]-pro(+1 etc41 7 te/$ "h1 ) ! exception ( metals1 :i* 7 "u ! *>ge ( a metal inspector report+ directly to ! head (fice4 ,?is dep>tm5t co/ ab\t #aj1jjj = sal>ies & #c1jjj = app>atus & supplies1 or ab\t #ac1jjj1 9 all4 ,!re 7 #hjj1jjj bbl4 ( cem5t te/$1 & samples f #b1ajj1jjj brick4 ,a l>ge am\nt ( useful in=mation has result$ f ! "w ( ?is laboratory4 7,d74--,photography4--,x 0 desir$ to keep a complete photographic record ( ! progress ( ! "w1 & !re=e a photograph] 0 appo9t$1 ) (fice room at ! ,manhattan ,%aft4 ,! photograph] took all ! progress photographs on ! "w ( ! ,nor? ,riv] ,division1 made photographic r$uctions ( all draw+s & plans1 made lant]n slides ( all negatives ( a m important nature1 &1 9 addition1 dur+ ! p]iod ( compress$ air1 analyz$ ! samples ( compress$ air1 br\ght into ! (fice = ! purpose1 = ! am\nt ( ,,co#b pres5t4 ,ab\t #h1jjj 0 sp5t on ?is dep>tm5t4 7,e74--,despat*-,boat ,s]vice4--,to provide access to ! ,new ,j]sey side1 a despat* boat 0 pur*as$4 ,?is boat 0 at fir/ 7,june1 #aijd7 *>t]$1 & 9 ,may1 #aije1 0 b\ght outright1 & ran on regul> s*$ules1 day & night4 ,x cont9u$ 9 ! s]vice until ,april1 #aiji1 :5 x 0 giv5 up1 z ! tunnels 7 s f> complet$ t !y provid$ easy access to ,new ,j]sey4 ,! co/ ( ! boat 7second-h&7 0 ab\t #c1jjj4 ,x 0 !n ?or\ghly ov]haul$ & ! cab9 remodel$4 ,! mon?ly co/1 :5 work+ a #ab-;h\r %ift1 0 #bgj = mann+1 #fe = supplies1 & #fd = coal4 ,on two #ab-;h\r %ifts1 ! mon?ly co/ 0 #ecc = mann+1 #ajj = supplies1 & #if = coal4 ,ab\t #ajj1jjj pass5g]s 7 c>ri$ dur+ ! boat's p]iod ( s]vice1 & ! total co/ 0 ab\t #cg1ejj4 ,= ! major "p ( ! p]iod embrac$ by ?is pap]1 ,b4 ,h4 ,m4 ,hewett1 ,m4 ,am4 ,soc4 ,c4 ,e41 s]v$ z ,g5]al ,resid5t ,eng9e]1 9 *>ge ( ! ,field ,"w z a :ole4 ,w4 ,l4 ,br[n1 ,m4 ,am4 ,soc4 ,c4 ,e41 0 at fir/ ,resid5t ,eng9e] ( ! "w con/ruct$ f ! ,manhattan ,%aft1 :ile ,h4 ,f4 ,d4 ,burke1 ,m4 ,am4 ,soc4 ,c4 ,e41 0 ,resid5t ,eng9e] ( ! "w con/ruct$ f ! ,weehawk5 ,%aft4 ,aft] ! meet+ ( ! %ields1 ,mr4 ,burke left to take up ano!r appo9tm5t1 & f t "t ,mr4 ,br[n act$ z ,resid5t ,eng9e]4 ,x may be said1 )\t reflect+ 9 any way on ! manufactur]s1 t ! high /&>d ( all ! metal mat]ials also te/ifi$ to ! effici5t inspection conduct$ "u ! direction ( ,mr4 ,j4 ,c4 ,naegeley4 ,x is impossible to close ?is brief acc\nt ( ^! tunnels )\t record+ ! invaluable s]vices at all times r5d]$ by ! memb]s ( ! ,company's field /aff4 ,:]e all work$ ) "o common aim x might seem invidi\s to s+le out names1 b special cr$it is due to ! foll[+ ,assi/ant ,eng9e]s3 ,messrs4 ,h4 ,e4 ,bo>dman1 ,assoc4 ,m4 ,am4 ,soc4 ,c4 ,e41 ,w4 ,h4 ,lyon1 ,h4 ,u4 ,hit*cock1 ,e4 ,r4 ,peck5s1 ,h4 ,j4 ,wild1 ,assoc4 ,m4 ,am4 ,soc4 ,c4 ,e41 ,j4 ,f4 ,sullivan1 ,assoc4 ,m4 ,am4 ,soc4 ,c4 ,e41 & ,r4 ,t4 ,rob9son1 ,assoc4 ,m4 ,am4 ,soc4 ,c4 ,e4 ,mr4 ,c4 ,e4 ,price 0 9 *>ge ( ! cem5t te/s ?r\gh\t ! entire p]iod1 & br\ght to 8 "w n only ability b en?usiasm4 ,mr4 ,h4 ,d4 ,ba/[ 0 9 *>ge ( ! photographic "w1 & ,mr4 ,a4 ,l4 ,hey] ( ! co/ acc\nt records1 9 :i* he 0 ably second$ by ,mr4 ,a4 ,p4 ,gehl+1 :o1 aft] ,mr4 ,hey]'s dep>ture1 f9i%$ ! records & br\ght !m into _! f9al %ape4 ,! organization ( ! ,company's field eng9e]+ /aff is %[n graphically by ,fig4 #bd4 ,,field ,,organization ,,( ,,! ,o',,r\rke ,,eng9e]+ ,,con/ruction ,,company ,,= ,,! ,,build+ ,,( ,,! ,,p5nsylvania ,,railroad ,,tunnels ,,into ,,new ,,york ,,city--,,nor? ,,riv] ,,division4 ,,sections ,,gy ,,ea/1 ,,gy ,,we/ ,,supplem5t>y1 ,,gy ,,we/1 ,,& ,,co4 ,,g5]al ,,sup]9t5d5t4 --------------------------------- 7,g5]al1 ,surface & ,(fice7 7,excavation ---------------------------- ( ,l& ,tunnels7 ,,assi/ant ,,g5]al ,,sup]9t5d5t ,,g5]al ,,rock ,,supt ------------------------ ,tunnel ,,field ,,surface ,,despat* ,supts ,,(fice ,,boat ,tunnel ,=eman ,civil ,head ,capta9 ,=em5 ,eng9e] ,c>p5t] ,eng9e] ,timb]m5 ,inspectors ,=eman ,deck ,h&s ,timb]m5 ,bookkeep]s ,c>p5t] ,timb]m5's ,payma/] ,c>p5t]s ,help]s ,head ,c>p5t]s' ,=em5 ,/orekeep] ,help]s ,drill]s ,/orekeep]s ,blacksmi?s ,drill]s ,timekeep]s ,blacksmi?s' ,=em5 ,telephone ,help]s ,muck]s ,op]ators ,=eman ,pipe ,fitt]s ,(fice ,boys ,labor]s ,pipe ,fitt]s' ,mess5g]s ,labor]s ,help]s ,janitors ,disposal ,electricians ,trimm]s ,hoi/ ,team/]s ,eng9e]s ,signalm5 ,muck]s ,nipp]s ,wat] ,boys ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ 7,%ield ,tunnel ,driv+7 7,masonry 7,p[] 7,m$ical ,l9+-,rock ,plant7 ,sup]vision7 ,,g5]al ,,tunnel ,,sup]9t5d5t & ,riv] ,tunnels7 ,,ma/] ,,*ief ,,m$ ,,assi/ant ,,sup]9t5d5ts ,,me*anic ,,(fic] ----------------------------- ,=eman ,,excavation ,,g5]al ,electrician ,,iron ,,l9+ ,,caulk+ ,,& ,electricians ,g5]al ,,grummet+ ,eng9e]s ,=em5 ,=em5 ,pipefitt]s ,=eman ,resid5t ,=em5 ,erector ,=em5 ,pipefitt]s' ,ma*9i/ ,doctor ,drill]s ,runn]s ,caulk]s ,help]s ,ma*9i/s ,drill]s ,ironm5 ,grummet]s ,electricians ,ma*9i/s' ,p[d]m5 ,boltm5 ,electricians' ,help]s ,=em5 ,help]s ,firem5 ,timb]m5 ,trackm5 ,oil]s ,timb]m5 ,lockm5 ,pumpm5 ,=em5 ,transport ,hoi/ ,eng9e]s ,muck]s ,=eman ,signalm5 ,muck]s ,transport ,%ieldm5 ,labor]s ,labor]s ,wat*m5 ,nipp]s ,wat] ,boys ,,g5]al ,,concrete ,,sup]9t5d5t ,,tunnel ,,sup]9t5d5ts ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,,concrete ,,brickwork ,,ducts ,,wat]-,,pro(+ ,,g5]al ,=em5 ,=em5 ,=em5 ,=em5 ,pipefitt]s ,c>p5t]s ,bricklay]s ,duct-lay]s ,wat]pro(]s ,pipefitt]s' ,c>p5t]s' ,bricklay]s' ,help]s ,help]s ,labor]s ,electricians ,mix] ,c>p5t]s ,electricians' ,=em5 ,c>p5t]s' ,help]s ,mix] ,help]s ,transport ,labor]s ,=em5 ,concrete ,transport ,labor]s ,labor]s ,wat*m5 ,,fig4 #bd4 ,contractor's ,organization4--,! contract+ firm :i* did ! "w describ$ 9 ?is pap] 0 ! ,o',r\rke ,eng9e]+ ,con/ruction ,company1 ( ,new ,york ,city4 ,! ,presid5t ( ?is ,company 0 ,john ,f4 ,o',r\rke1 ,m4 ,am4 ,soc4 ,c4 ,e41 ! ,vice-,presid5t 0 ,f4 ,j4 ,gubelman1 ,assoc4 ,m4 ,am4 ,soc4 ,c4 ,e4 ,! ,g5]al ,sup]9t5d5t 0 ,mr4 ,george ,b4 ,fry1 assi/$ by ,j4 ,f4 ,sullivan1 ,assoc4 ,m4 ,am4 ,soc4 ,c4 ,e4 ,! duties ( ,g5]al ,tunnel ,sup]9t5d5t fell to ,mr4 ,patrick ,fitzg]ald4 ,! g5]ally pleasant relations exi/+ betwe5 ! ,company & ! contractor's =ces did mu* to facilitate its execution4 ,! organization ( ! ,contractor's field /aff is %[n on ,fig4 #be4 ,,p5nsylvania ,,tunnel ,,& ,,t]m9al ,,railroad ,,company4 ,,nor? ,,riv] ,,division4 ,,sections ,,gy ,,ea/1 ,,gy ,,we/ ,,supplem5t>y1 ,,gy ,,we/1 ,,gj1 ,,& ,i1 ,i4 ,e41 ,,f #aj,,? ,,av5ue1 ,,manhattan1 ,,to ,,! ,,weehawk5 ,,%aft1 ,,field ,,eng9e]+ ,,/aff ,,organization4 ,,g5]al ,,resid5t ,,eng9e] ---------------------------------------- -------------- 7,mat]ial ,te/+7 7,photography7 7,co/ ,records7 7,(fice7 ,cem5t ,inspector ,photograph] ,record+ ,cl]k ,cl]ks ,as/ ,cem5t ,as/ ,record+ ,mess5g]s ,inspectors ,cl]ks 7,con/ruction7 7,despat* ,boat7 ---------------- ,capta9 ,eng9e]s ,,resid5t ,,eng9e]s ,deckh&s 7,two dur+ driv+ ( ,%ield-driv5 ,mess5g]s ,tunnels1 & "o subsequ5tly47 ---------------------------------------- -- 7,inspection7 7,alignm5t7 7,(fice7 ,assi/ant ,eng9e]s ,assi/ant ,eng9e]s ,draftsm5 ,*ief ,tunnel ,*iefs ( ,p>ties ,field ,(fice ,inspector ,in/rum5tm5 ,cl]ks ,tunnel ,inspectors ,rodm5 ,cem5t ,surface ,inspectors ,*a9m5 ,w>eh\sem5 ,cl]ks ,labor]s ,janitors ,,fig4 #be ,9 conclusion1 ! writ]s _c =ego ! pleasure ( express+ _! deep obligation to ,samuel ,rea1 ,m4 ,am4 ,soc4 ,c4 ,e41 z repres5t+ ! ,managem5t ( ! ,company1 to ! ,*ief ,eng9e]1 ,*>les ,m4 ,jacobs1 ,m4 ,am4 ,soc4 ,c4 ,e41 & to ,james ,=gie1 ,m4 ,am4 ,soc4 ,c4 ,e41 ,*ief ,assi/ant ,eng9e]1 = _! p]mission to write ?is pap]1 & also to all ! memb]s ( ! field (fice /aff = _! great & unfail+ assi/ance 9 its prep>ation4