,transcribers' notes3 ,some tables don't sum to the numbers indicated2 no corrections have been made4 ,all numbers are from the original4 ,minor inconsistencies in hyphenation have been retained4 ,subscripts are represented by underscore and curly braces e4g41 ,,co#b4 ,italics are represented by underscores before and after e4g41 italics4 ,bold is represented by equal signs before and after e4g41 bold4 ,small caps have been replaced with ,,all ,,caps4 ,,american ,,society ,,of ,,civil ,,engineers ,,instituted #aheb ,,transactions ,paper ,no4 #aaee ,,the ,,new ,,york ,,tunnel ,,extension ,,of ,,the ,,pennsylvania ,,railroad4 ,,the ,,north ,,river ,,tunnels4,a ,,by ,b4 ,h4 ,m4 ,,hewett ,,and ,w4 ,l4 ,,brown1 ,,members1 ,,am4 ,,soc4 ,c4 ,e4 ,a ,presented at the meeting of ,june #ast1 #aiaj4 ,,introduction4 ,the section of the ,pennsylvania ,railroad ,tunnel work described in this paper is that lying between ,tenth ,avenue1 ,new ,york ,city1 and the large shaft built by the ,company at ,weehawken1 ,n4 ,j41 and thus comprises the crossing of the ,north or ,hudson ,river1 the barrier which has stood for such a long time between the railroads and their possession of terminal stations in ,new ,york ,city4 ,the general plan and section1 ,plate ,,xxviii1 shows the work included4 ,this paper is written from the point of view of those engaged by the ,chief ,engineer of the ,railroad ,company to look after the work of construction in the field4 ,the history of the undertaking is not included1 the various phases through which many of the designs and plans passed are not followed1 nor are the considerations regarding foundations under the subaqueous portions of the tunnels and the various tests made in connection with this subject set out1 as all these matters will be found in other papers on these tunnels4 ,this paper only aims to describe1 as briefly as possible1 the actual designs which were finally adopted1 the actual conditions met on the ground1 and the methods of construction adopted by the contractors4 ,for easy reference1 and to keep the descriptions of work of a similar character together1 the subject will be treated under the four main headings1 viz43 ,shafts1 ,plant1 ,land ,tunnels1 and ,river ,tunnels4 ,,shafts4 ,it is not intended to give much length to the description of the ,shafts or the ,land ,tunnels1 as more interest will probably center in the ,river ,tunnels4 ,the shafts did not form part of the regular tunnel contract1 but were built under contract by the ,united ,engineering and ,contracting ,company while the contract plans for the tunnel were being prepared4 ,in this way1 when the tunnel contracts were let1 the contractor found the shafts ready1 and he could get at his work at once4 ,two shafts were provided1 one on the ,new ,york side and one on the ,new ,jersey side4 ,their exact situation is shown on ,plate ,,xxviii4 ,they were placed as near as possible to the point at which the disappearance of the rock from the tunnels made it necessary to start the shield-driven portion of the work4 ,the details of the shafts will now be described briefly4 ,the ,manhattan ,shaft4--,the ,manhattan ,shaft is located about #ajj ft4 north of the tunnel center2 there was nothing noticeable about its construction4 ,general figures relating to both shafts are given in ,table #a4 ,the ,weehawken ,shaft4--,the ,weehawken ,shaft is shown in ,fig4 #a4 ,this1 as will be seen from ,table #a1 was a comparatively large piece of work4 ,the shaft is over the tunnels1 and includes both of them4 ,in the original design the wall of the shaft was intended to follow in plan the property line shown in ,fig4 #b1 and merely to extend down to the surface of the rock1 which1 as disclosed by the preliminary borings1 was here about #ae ft4 below the surface4 ,however1 as the excavation proceeded1 it was found that this plan would not do1 as the depth to the rock surface varied greatly1 and was often much lower than expected2 the rock itself1 moreover1 was very treacherous1 the cause being that the line of junction between the triassic sandstone1 which is here the country rock1 and the intrusive trap of the ,bergen ,hill ridge1 occurs about one-third of the length of the shaft from its western end1 causing more or less disintegration of both kinds of rock4 ,therefore it was decided to line the shaft with concrete throughout its entire depth1 the shape being changed to a rectangular plan1 as shown in the drawings4 ,at the same time that the shaft was excavated1 a length of #dj ft4 of tunnels at each end of it was taken out1 also on account of the treacherous nature of the ground1 thus avoiding risk of injury to the shaft when the tunnel contractors commenced work4 ,there was much trouble with floods during the fall of #aijc1 and numerous heavy falls of ground occurred1 in spite of extreme care and much heavy timbering4 ,the greatest care was also taken in placing the concrete lining1 and the framing to support the forms was carefully designed and of heavy construction2 the forms were of first-class workmanship1 and great care was taken to keep them true to line4 ,a smooth surface was given to the concrete by placing a #c-;in4 layer of mortar at the front of the walls and tamping this dry facing mixture well down with the rest of the concrete4 ,the east and west walls act as retaining walls1 while those on the north and south are facing walls1 and are tied to the rock with steel rods embedded and grouted into the rock and into the concrete4 ,ample drainage for water at the back of the wall was provided by upright1 open-joint1 vitrified drains at frequent intervals1 with dry-laid stone drains leading to them from all wet spots in the ground4 ,a general view of the finished work is shown in ,fig4 #a1 ,plate ,,xxix1 and ,table #a gives the most important dates and figures relating to this shaft4 ,,table #a4--,,particulars ,,of ,,shafts ,,on ,,the ,,north ,,river ,,tunnels ,,of ,,the ,,pennsylvania ,,railroad ,,tunnels ,,into ,,new ,,york ,,city4 ,location4 ,depth ,width,length,excavation,concrete ,date ,date in in in7includingin cubiccommenced4finished4 feet4 feet4 feet4 drifts71 yards4 in cubic yards4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,manhattan3 #ee #bb #cb #b1jaj #bji;,june #ajth1 ,december #aath ,avenue #aijc4 #aath1 and #cb;d #aijc4 ,street4 ,weehawken3 #gf ,at ,at #ee1cae #i1haj;,june #aath1,september ,baldwin bottombottom #aijc4ast1 ,avenue4 #ef1 at#aae4ge #aijd4 topat top #ajj4 #aed4 ,location4 ,ground met3 ,lined with3 ,cost to ,cost per ,railroad cubic foot4 ,company4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,manhattan3,top #ac ft4 filled2 ,concrete #ab1idc4ge #j4cce #aath red mica schist and reinforced ,avenue andgranite4 with steel #cb;d beams down to ,street4 rock4 ,weehawken3,top #f ft4 filled1 #cj;,concrete with #aff1afb1ih #j4ccg ,baldwin ft4 sand and steel ,avenue4 hardpan1 decomposed tie-rods in rock 7trap and rock4 sandstone7 below4 ,illustration3 ,,final ,,design ,,of ,,weehawken ,,shaft ,,plan ,,longitudinal ,,section ,,transverse ,,section ,,fig4 #a4 ,after the tunnel work was finished1 both shafts were provided with stairs leading to the surface1 a protective head-house was placed over the ,new ,york ,shaft1 and a reinforced concrete fence1 #h ft4 high1 was built around the ,weehawken ,shaft on the ,company's property line1 that is1 following the outline of the shaft as originally designed4 ,,plant4 ,working ,sites4 ,before beginning a description of the tunnel work1 it may be well to set out in some detail the arrangements made on the surface for conducting the work underground4 ,all the work was carried on from two shafts1 one at ,eleventh ,avenue and #cb;d ,street1 ,new ,york ,city--called the ,manhattan ,shaft--and one at ,baldwin ,avenue1 ,weehawken1 ,n4 ,j4--called the ,weehawken ,shaft4 ,illustration3 ,,weehawken ,,shaft4 ,,excavation ,,fig4 #b4 ,the characteristics of the two sites were radically different1 and called for different methods of handling the transportation problem4 ,the shaft site at ,manhattan is shown on ,plate ,,xxx4 ,it will be seen that there was not much room1 in fact1 the site was too cramped for comfort2 the total area1 including the space occupied by the old foundry1 used for power-houses1 offices1 etc41 was about #c1bej sq4 yd4 ,this made it necessary to have two stages1 one on the ground level for handling materials into the yard1 and an overhead gantry on which the excavated materials were handled off the premises4 ,the yard at ,weehawken was much larger2 it is also shown on ,plate ,,xxx4 ,its area was about #ae1djj sq4 yd4 in the yard proper1 and there was an additional space of about #gej sq4 yd4 alongside the wharf at the ,north ,slip1 on the river front1 connected with the main portion of the yard by an overhead trestle4 ,all the cars at ,manhattan were moved by hand1 but at ,weehawken two electric locomotives with overhead transmission were used4 ,power-,house ,plant4 ,at the ,manhattan ,shaft the power-house plant was installed on the ground floor of the old foundry building which occupied the north side of the leased area4 ,this was a brick building1 quite old1 and in rather a tumble-down condition when the ,company took possession1 and in consequence it required quite a good deal of repair and strengthening work4 ,the first floor of the building was used by the contractor as offices1 men's quarters1 doctor's offices1 and so on1 and on the next one above1 which was the top floor1 were the offices occupied by the ,railroad ,company's field engineering staff4 ,on the ,weehawken side1 the plant was housed in a wooden-frame1 single-story structure1 covered with corrugated iron4 ,it was rectangular in plan1 measuring #hj by #acj ft4 ,at both sides of the river the engines were bedded on solid concrete on a rock foundation4 ,the installation of the plant on the ,manhattan side occupied from ,may1 #aijd1 to ,april1 #aije1 and on the ,weehawken side from ,september1 #aijd1 to ,april1 #aije4 ,air pressure was on the tunnels at the ,new ,york side on ,june #beth1 #aije1 and on the ,weehawken side on the #bith of the same month4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xxix4 ,,trans4 ,,am4 ,,soc4 ,,civ4 ,,engrs4 ,,vol4 ,,lxviii1 ,no4 #aaee4 ,,hewett ,,and ,,brown ,,on ,,pennsylvania ,r4 ,r4 ,,tunnels3 ,,north ,,river ,,tunnels4 ,,fig4 #a4 ,,fig4 #b4 ,the plants contained in the two power-houses were almost identical1 there being only slight differences in the details of arrangement due to local conditions4 ,a list of the main items of the plant at one power-house is shown in ,table #b4 ,,table #b4--,,plant ,,at ,,one ,,power-,,house4 ,no4 of items4,description of item4 ,cost4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,three #ejj-;h4p4 water-tube ,sterling boilers #ae1ahf ,two ,feed pumps1 ,george ,f4 ,blake ,manufacturing ,company #gdj ,one ,henry ,r4 ,worthington surface condenser #f1eci ,two ,electrically-driven circulating pumps on river front #e1ifa ,three ,low-pressure compressors1 ,ingersoll-,sergeant ,drill #cc1ghj ,company ,one ,high-pressure compressor1 ,ingersoll-,sergeant ,drill #f1ffe ,company ,three ,hydraulic power pumps1 ,george ,f4 ,blake ,manufacturing #c1jge ,company ,two ,general ,electric ,company's generators coupled to ,ball #g1fbf and ,wood engines ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,total cost of main items of plant #gi1egb ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,,summary ,,of ,,cost ,,of ,,one ,,plant4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,total cost of main items of plant #gi1egb ,cost of four shields 7including installation1 demolition1 #ajc1efj large additions and renewals1 piping1 pumps1 etc47 ,cost of piping1 connections1 drills1 derricks1 installation #aja1hah of offices and all miscellaneous plant ,cost of installation1 including preparation of site #ci1ecd ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,total prime cost of one power-house plant #cbd1dhd ,the following is a short description of each item of plant in ,table #b3 ,boilers4--,at each shaft there were three #ejj-;h4p41 water-tube boilers1 ,class ,f 7made by ,sterling and ,company1 ,chicago1 ,ill474 ,they had independent steel stacks1 #ed in4 in diameter and #ajj ft4 above grate level2 each had #e1jjj sq4 ft4 of heating surface and #aaf sq4 ft4 of grate area4 ,the firing was by hand1 and there were shaking grates and four doors to each furnace4 ,under normal conditions of work1 two boilers at each plant were able to supply all the steam required4 ,the average working pressure of the steam was #ace lb4 per sq4 in4 ,the steam piping system was on the loop or by-pass plan4 ,the diameter of the pipes varied from #ad in4 in the main header to #aj in4 in the body of the loop4 ,the diameter of the exhaust steam main increased from #h in4 at the remote machines to #bj in41 and then to #cj in41 at the steam separator1 which in turn was connected with the condensers4 ,a pipe with an automatic relief valve from the exhaust to the atmosphere was used when the condensers were shut down4 ,all piping was of the standard1 flanged extra-heavy type1 with bronze-seated gate-valves on the principal lines1 and globe-valves on some of the auxiliary ones4 ,there was an #h-;in4 water leg on the main header fitted with a ,mason-,kelly trap1 and other smaller water traps were set at suitable intervals4 ,each boiler was fitted with safety valves1 and there were automatic release valves on the high-and low-pressure cylinders of each compressor1 as well as on each air receiver4 ,buckwheat coal was used1 and was delivered to the bins on the ,manhattan side by teams and on the ,weehawken side by railroad cars or in barges1 whence it was taken to the power-house by #b-;ft4 gauge cars4 ,an average of #bj tons of coal in each #bd hours was used by each plant4 ,the water was taken directly from the public service supply main4 ,the daily quantity used was approximately #d1jjj gal4 for boiler purposes and #d1djj gal4 for general plant use4 ,wooden overhead tanks having a capacity of #ad1jjj gal4 at each plant served as a #ab-;hour emergency supply4 ,feed ,pumps4--,there were two feed pumps at each plant4 ,they had a capacity of #gjj cu4 ft4 per min41 free discharge4 ,the plungers were double1 of #f-;in4 diameter1 and #aj-;in4 stroke1 the steam cylinders were of #aj-;in4 diameter and #aj-;in4 stroke4 ,an injector of the ,metropolitan ,double-,tube type1 with a capacity of #gjj cu4 ft4 per min41 was fitted to each boiler for use in emergencies4 ,the feed-water heater was a ,no4 #i ,cochrane1 guaranteed to heat #de1jjj lb4 of water per hour1 and had a total capacity of #he4g cu4 ft4 ,it was heated by the exhaust steam from the non-condensing auxiliary plant4 ,condenser ,plant4--,there were two surface condensers at each plant4 ,each had a cooling surface sufficient to condense #bb1ejj lb4 of steam per hour1 with water at a temperature of #gj ,fahr4 and barometer at #cj in41 maintaining a vacuum of #bf in4 in the condenser4 ,each was fitted with a ,blake1 horizontal1 direct-acting1 vacuum pump4 ,circulating-,water ,pumps4--,two circulating-water pumps1 supplying salt water directly from the ,hudson ,river1 were placed on the wharf4 ,they were #h-;in4 centrifugal pumps1 each driven by a #cf-;h4p41 ,general ,electric ,company's direct-current motor 7#bbj volts and #faj rev4 per min471 the current being supplied from the contractor's power-house generators4 ,the pumps were run alternately #bd hours each at a time4 ,those on the ,manhattan side were #a1cjj ft4 from the power-house1 and delivered their water through a #af-;in4 pipe2 those on the ,weehawken side were #dej ft4 away1 and delivered through a #ad-;in4 pipe4 ,there was also a direct connection with the city mains1 in case of an accident to the salt-water pumps4 ,low-,pressure ,compressors4--,at each plant there were three low-pressure compressors4 ,these were for the supply of compressed air to the working chambers of the subaqueous shield-driven tunnels4 ,they were also used on occasions to supply compressed air to the cylinders of the high-pressure compressors1 thus largely increasing the capacity of the latter when hard pressed by an unusual call on account of heavy drilling work in the rock tunnels4 ,they were of a new design1 of duplex ,corliss type1 having cross-compound steam cylinders1 designed to operate condensing1 but capable of working non-condensing2 the air cylinders were simple duplex4 ,the steam cylinder valves were of the ,corliss release type1 with vacuum dash-pots4 ,the valves in the air cylinders were mechanically-operated piston valves1 with end inlet and discharge4 ,the engines used steam at #ace lb4 pressure4 ,the high-and low-pressure steam cylinders were #ad in4 and #cj in4 in diameter1 respectively1 with a stroke of #cf in4 and a maximum speed of #ace rev4 per min4 ,the two air cylinders were #bc in4 in diameter1 and had a combined capacity of #ce4a cu4 ft4 of free air per revolution1 and1 when running at #abe rev4 per min41 each machine had an actual capacity of #d1chi cu4 ft4 of free air per min41 or #bfc1cdj cu4 ft4 per hour4 ,the air cylinders were covered by water-jackets through which salt water from the circulating pumps flowed4 ,a gauge pressure of #ej lb4 of air could be obtained4 ,each compressor was fitted with an automatic speed and air-pressure regulator1 designed to vary the cut-off according to the volume of air required1 and was provided with an after-cooler fitted with tinned-brass tube and eight ,tobin-bronze tube-plates having #hji sq4 ft4 of cooling surface2 each one was capable of reducing the temperature of the air delivered by it to within #aj ,fahr4 of the temperature of the cooling water when its compressor was operated at its fullest capacity4 ,from the after-cooler the air passed into a vertical receiver1 #d ft4 #f in4 in diameter and #ab ft4 high1 there being one such receiver for each compressor4 ,the receivers were tested to a pressure of #ajj lb4 per sq4 in4 ,the after-coolers were provided with traps to collect precipitated moisture and oil4 ,the coolers and receivers were fitted with safety valves set to blow off at #a lb4 above the working pressure4 ,the air supply was taken from without1 and above the power-house roof1 but in very cold weather it could be taken from within doors4 ,high-,pressure ,compressors4--,there was one high-pressure compressor at each plant4 ,each consisted of two duplex air cylinders fitted to a cross-compound1 ,corliss-,bass1 steam engine4 ,the two steam cylinders were #ad and #bf in4 in diameter1 respectively1 and the air cylinders were #ad in4 in diameter and had a #cf-;in4 stroke4 ,the air cylinder was water-jacketed with salt water supplied from the circulating water pumps4 ,the capacity was about #a1ajj cu4 ft4 of free air per min4 when running at #he rev4 per min4 and using intake air at normal pressure1 but1 when receiving air from the low-pressure compressors at a pressure of #cj lb4 per sq4 in41 the capacity was #c1cje cu4 ft4 of free air per min42 receiving air at #ej lb4 per sq4 in41 the capacity would have been #d1hdg cu4 ft4 of free air per min4 ,this latter arrangement1 however1 called for more air than the low-pressure compressors could deliver4 ,with the low-pressure compressor running at #abe rev4 per min4 7its maximum speed71 it could furnish enough air at #dc4h lb4 per sq4 in4 to supply the high-pressure compressor running at #he rev4 per min4 7its maximum speed72 and1 with the high-pressure compressor delivering compressed air at #aej lb41 the combined capacity of the arrangement would have been #d1chi cu4 ft4 of free air per min4 ,the air passed through a receiver1 #d ft4 #f in4 in diameter and #ab ft4 high1 tested under a water pressure of #bbe lb4 per sq4 in41 before being sent through the distributing pipes4 ,hydraulic ,power ,pumps4--,at each power-house there were three hydraulic power pumps to operate the tunneling shields4 ,one pump was used for each tunnel1 leaving the third as a stand-by4 ,the duplex steam cylinders were #ae in4 in diameter1 with a #aj-;in4 stroke2 the duplex water rams were #b-a_/h in4 in diameter with a #aj-;in4 stroke4 ,the pumps were designed to work up to #f1jjj lb4 per sq4 in41 but the usual working pressure was about #d1ejj lb4 ,the piping1 which was extra heavy hydraulic1 was connected by heavy cast-steel screw couplings having a hexagonal cross-section in the middle to enable tightening to be done with a bolt wrench4 ,the piping was designed to withstand a pressure of #e1ejj lb4 per sq4 in4 ,electric ,generators4--,at each plant there were two electric generators supplying direct current for both lighting and power1 at #bdj volts1 through a two-wire system of mains4 ,they were of ,type ,m-,p1 ,class #f1 #ajj kw41 #djj amperes1 #bej rev4 per min41 #bdj volts no load and #bej volts full load4 ,they were connected direct to #aj by #bj by #ad-;in41 center-crank1 tandem-compound1 engines of #aej h4p4 at #bej rev4 per min4 ,a switch-board1 with all the necessary fuses1 switches1 and meters1 was provided at each plant4 ,lubrication4--,in the lubricating system three distinct systems were used1 each requiring its own special grade of oil4 ,the journals and bearings were lubricated with ordinary engine oil by a gravity system2 the oil after use passed through a ,white ,star filter1 and was pumped into a tank about #ae ft4 above the engine-room floor4 ,the low-pressure air cylinders were lubricated with ,high ,test oil1 having a flash point of #fjj ,fahr4 ,the oil was forced from a receiving tank into an elevated tank by high-pressure air4 ,when the tank was full the high-pressure air was turned off and the low-pressure air was turned on1 in this way the air pressure in the oil tank equalled that in the air cylinder being lubricated1 thus allowing a perfect gravity system to exist4 ,the steam cylinders and the high-pressure air cylinders were fed with oil from hand-fed automatic lubricators made by the ,detroit ,lubrication ,company1 ,detroit1 ,mich4 ,steam ,cylinder oil was used for the steam cylinders and ,high ,test oil 7the same as used for the low-pressure air cylinders7 for the high-pressure air cylinders4 ,the air cylinder and steam cylinder lubricators were of the same kind1 except that no condensers were necessary4 ,the steam cylinder and engine oil was caught on drip pans1 and1 after being filtered1 was used again as engine oil in the bearings4 ,the oil from the air cylinders was not saved1 nor was that from the steam cylinders caught at the separator4 ,cost of ,operating the ,power-,house ,plants4--,in order to give an idea of the general cost of running these plants1 ,tables #c and #d are given as typical of the force employed and the general supplies needed for a #bd-;hour run of one plant4 ,table #c gives a typical run during the period of driving the shields1 and ,table #d is typical of the period of concrete construction4 ,in the latter case the tunnels were under normal air pressure4 ,before the junction of the shields1 both plants were running continuously2 after the junction1 but while the tunnels were still under compressed air1 only one power-house plant was operated4 ,,table #c4--;,,cost ,,of ,,operating ,,one ,,power-,,house ,,for #bd ,,hours ,,during ,,excavation ,,and ,,metal ,,lining4 ,no4 ,labor4 ,rate per day4 ,amount4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- #f ,engineers #c4jj #ah4jj #f ,firemen #b4ej #ae4jj #b ,oilers #b4jj #d4jj #b ,laborers #b4jj #d4jj #d ,pumpmen #b4ge #aa4jj #b ,electricians #c4ej #g4jj #a ,helper #c4jj #c4jj ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,total per day #fb4jj ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,total for #cj days #a1hfj4jj ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,supplies4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,coal 7#ad tons per day7 #c4be #de4ej ,water #g4jj #g4jj ,oil 7#d gal4 per day7 #j4ej #b4jj ,waste 7#d lb4 per day7 #j4jg #j4bh ,other supplies #a4jj #a4jj ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,total per day #ee4gh ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,total for #cj days #a1fgc4jj ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,total cost of labor and supplies for #cj days #c1ecc4jj ,stone-,crusher ,plant4--,a short description of the stone-crusher plant will be given1 as it played an important part in the economy of the concrete work4 ,in order to provide crushed stone for the concrete1 the contractor bought 7from the contractor who built the ,bergen ,hill ,tunnels7 the pile of trap rock excavated from these tunnels1 which had been dumped on the piece of waste ground to the north of ,baldwin ,avenue1 ,weehawken1 ,n4 ,j4 ,the general layout of the plant is shown on ,plate ,,xxx4 ,it consisted of a ,no4 #f and a ,no4 #h ,austin crusher1 driven by an ,amex1 single-cylinder1 horizontal1 steam engine of #abj h4p41 and was capable of crushing about #bbe cu4 yd4 of stone per #aj-;hour day4 ,the crushers and conveyors were driven from a countershaft1 in turn driven from the engine by an #ah-;in4 belt4 ,,table #d4--;,,cost ,,of ,,operating ,,the ,,one ,,plant ,,for #bd ,,hours ,,during ,,concrete ,,lining4 ,no4 ,labor4 ,rate per day4 ,amount4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- #b ,engineers #c4jj #f4jj #b ,firemen #b4ej #e4jj #b ,pumpmen #c4jj #f4jj #a ,foreman ,electrician #f4jj #f4jj #a ,electrician #c4jj #c4jj #a ,laborer #b4jj #b4jj ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,total per day #bh4jj ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,total for #cj days #hdj4jj ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,supplies4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,coal 7#ad tons per day7 #c4ae #dd4aj ,oil 7#d gal4 per day7 #j4ej #b4jj ,water #ac4jj #ac4jj ,other supplies #b4jj #b4jj ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,total per day #fa4aj ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,total for #cj days #a1hcc4jj ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,total cost of labor and supplies for #cj days #b1fgc4jj ,the process of crushing was as follows3 ,the stone from the pile was loaded by hand into scale-boxes which were lifted by two derricks into the chute above the ,no4 #f crusher4 ,one derrick had a #cd-;ft4 mast and a #ef-;ft4 boom1 and was worked by a ,lidgerwood steam hoister2 the other had a #bc-;ft4 mast and a #de-;ft4 boom1 and was worked by a ,general ,electric hoist4 ,all the stone passed first through the ,no4 #f crusher1 after which it was lifted by a bucket conveyor to a screen1 placed about #fj ft4 higher than and above the stone bin4 ,the screen was a steel chute pierced by #b-;in4 circular holes1 and was on a slope of about #de2 in order to prevent the screen from choking1 it was necessary to have two men continually scraping the stone over it with hoes4 ,all the stone passing the screen was discharged into a bin below with a capacity of about #bbj cu4 yd4 ,the stone not passing the screen passed down a diagonal chute to a ,no4 #h crusher1 from which1 after crushing1 it was carried back by a second bucket conveyor to the bin1 into which it was dumped without passing a screen4 ,the ,no4 #h crusher was arranged so that it could1 when necessary1 receive stone direct from the stone pile4 ,the cars in which the stone was removed could be run under the bin and filled by opening a sliding door in the bottom of the bin4 ,a track was laid from the bin to connect with the contractor's surface railway in the ,weehawken ,shaft yard1 and on this track the stone could be transported either to the ,weehawken ,shaft direct1 for use on that side of the river1 or to the wharf1 where it could be dumped into scows for transportation to ,new ,york4 ,the cars used were #c-;cu4 yd4 side-dump1 with flap-doors1 and were hauled by two steam ,dinky locomotives4 ,the average force employed was3 #a foreman #c4jj per day4 ,supervising4 #bd laborers #a4ge ,loading scale-boxes for derricks4 #d laborers #a4ge ,feeding crushers4 #b laborers #a4ge ,watching screens to prevent clogging4 #a engineer #d4jj ,driving steam engine4 #b engineers #c4ej ,on the derricks4 #a night watchman4 ,watching the plant at night4 ,owing to the constant break-down of machinery1 chutes1 etc41 inseparable from stone-crushing work1 there was always at work a repair gang consisting of either three carpenters or three machinists1 according to the nature of the break-down4 ,the approximate cost of the plant was3 ,machinery #e1hej ,lumber #c1cje ,erection labor #c1iii ------ ,total #ac1aed ,the cost of the crushed stone at ,weehawken amounted to about #j4ia per cu4 yd41 and was made up as follows3 ,cost of stone #j4bb ,labor in operation of plant #j4ca ,plant supplies #j4aa ,b,plant depreciation #j4bg ----- ,total #j4ia ,b ,assuming that the scrap value of derricks and engines is one-half the cost1 crushers one-third the cost1 and other items nothing4 ,the crushed stone at the ,manhattan ,shaft cost about #a4jd per cu4 yd41 the difference of #j4ac from the ,weehawken cost being made up of the cost of transfer across the river1 #j4jh1 and transport from the dock to the shaft1 #j4je4 ,miscellaneous ,plant4--,the various pieces of plant used directly in the construction work1 such as derricks1 hauling engines1 pumps1 concrete mixers1 and forms1 will be found described or at least mentioned in connection with the methods used in construction4 ,the tunneling shields1 however1 will be described now1 as much of the explanation of the shield-driven work will not be clear unless preceded by a good idea of their design4 ,tunneling ,shields4 ,during the period in which the original contract drawings were being made1 namely1 in the latter part of #aijc and the early part of #aijd1 considerable attention was given to working out detailed studies for a type of shield which would be suitable for dealing with the various kinds of ground through which the shield-driven tunnels had to pass4 ,this was done in order that1 when the contract was let1 the engineer's ideas of the requirements of the shields should be thoroughly crystallized1 and so that the contractor might take advantage of this long-thought-out design1 instead of being under the necessity of placing a hurried order for a piece of plant on which so much of the safety as well as of the speed of his work depended4 ,eventually1 the contractor took over these designs as they stood1 with certain minor modifications1 and the shields as built and worked gave entire satisfaction4 ,the chief points held in view were ample strength1 easy access to the working face combined with ease and quickness of closing the diaphragm1 and general simplicity4 ,a clear idea of the main features of the design can be gathered from ,fig4 #c and ,plate ,,xxxi4 ,a,the interior diameter of the skin was #b in4 greater than the external diameter of the metal lining of the tunnel1 which was #bc ft4 ,the skin was made up of three thicknesses of steel plate1 a -in4 plate outside and inside1 with a #e_/h-;in4 plate between2 thus the external diameter of the skin was #bc ft4 #f in4 ,the length over all 7exclusive of the hood1 to be described later7 was #ae ft4 #aa-g_/af in4 ,the maximum overlap of the skin over the erected metal lining was #f ft4 #d in41 and the minimum overlap1 #b ft4 ,there were no inside or outside cover-plates1 the joints of the various pieces of skin plates being butt-joints covered by the overlap of adjoining plates4 ,all riveting was flush1 both inside and outside4 ,the whole circumference of each skin plate was made up of eight pieces1 each of which extended the entire length of the shield1 the only circumferential joint on the outside being at the junction of the removable cutting edge 7or of the hood when the latter was in position7 with the shield proper4 ,forward of the back ends of the jacks1 the shield was stiffened by an annular girder supporting the skin1 and in the space between the stiffeners of which were set the #bd propelling rams used to shove the shield ahead by pressure exerted on the last erected ring of metal lining1 as shown on ,plate ,,xxxi4 ,to assist in taking the thrust of these rams1 gusset-plates were placed against the end of each ram cylinder1 and were carried forward to form level brackets supporting the cast-steel cutting-edge segments4 ,the stiffening gussets1 between which were placed the rams1 were also carried forward as level brackets1 for the same purpose4 ,the cast-steel segmental cutting edge was attached to the front of the last mentioned plates4 ,the interior structural framing consisted of two floors and three vertical partitions1 giving nine openings or pockets for access to the face2 these pockets were #b ft4 #g in4 wide1 the height varying from #b ft4 #b in4 to #c ft4 #d in41 according to their location4 ,the openings were provided with pivoted segmental doors1 which were adopted because they could be shut without having to displace any ground which might be flowing into the tunnel1 and while open their own weight tended to close them1 being held from doing so by a simple catch4 ,illustration3 ,,proposed ,,shield ,,for ,,subaqueous ,,tunneling ,,general ,,elevation ,,fig4 #c4 ,for passing through the varied assortment of ground before entering on the true sub-river silt1 it was decided to adopt the forward detachable extension1 or hood1 which has so often proved its worth in ground needing timber for its support1 as shown in ,fig4 #b1 ,plate ,,xxix4 ,this hood extended #b ft4 #a in4 beyond the cutting edge1 and from the top down to the level of the upper platform4 ,additional pieces were provided by which the hood might have been brought down as far as the lower platform1 but they were not used4 ,special trapezoidal steel castings formed the junction between the hood and the cutting edge4 ,the hood was in nine sections1 built up of two -in4 and one #e_/h-;in4 skin plates1 as in the main body of the skin1 and was supported by bracket plates attached to the forward ends of the ram chambers4 ,the hoods were bolted in place1 and were removed and replaced by regular cutting-edge steel castings after the shields had passed the river lines4 ,the floors of the two platforms1 of which there were eight1 formed by the division of the platforms by the upright framing1 could be extended forward #b ft4 #i in4 in front of the cutting edge1 or #h in4 in front of the hood4 ,this motion was given by hydraulic jacks4 ,the sliding platform could hold a load of #g1ijj lb4 per sq4 ft41 which was equal to the maximum head of ground and water combined4 ,the uses of these platforms will be described under the heading ,construction4 ,the weight of the structural portion of each shield was about #ace tons4 ,the remainder of the shield was the hydraulic part1 which provided its motive force and gave the power to the segment erector4 ,the hydraulic fittings weighed about #eh tons per shield1 so that the total weight of each shield was about #aic tons4 ,the hydraulic apparatus was designed for a maximum pressure of #e1jjj lb4 per sq4 in41 a minimum pressure of #b1jjj lb41 and a test pressure of #f1jjj lb4 ,the actual average pressure used was about #c1ejj lb4 per sq4 in4 ,there were #bd shoving rams1 with a diameter of #h in4 and stroke of #ch in4 ,the main ram was single-acting4 ,the packings could be tightened up from the outside without removing the ram1 a thing which is of the greatest convenience1 and cannot be done with the differential plunger type4 ,some of the chief figures relating to the shield rams1 with a water pressure of #e1jjj lb4 per sq4 in41 are3 ,forward force of one ram #bge1jjj lb4 ,forward force of #bd rams 7all7 #f1fjj1jjj ,forward force of #bd rams #c1cjj tons of #b1jjj lb4 ,equivalent pressure per square inch of face #aje lb4 ,equivalent pressure per square foot of face #ae1bjj ,pull-back force of one ram #bf1djj ,pull-back pressure on full area of ram #dhj per sq4 in4 ,the rams developed a tendency to bend1 under the severe test of shoving the shield all closed1 or nearly so1 through the river silt1 and it is probable that it would have been better to make the pistons #aj in4 in diameter instead of #h in4 ,each sliding platform was actuated by two single-acting rams1 #c in4 in diameter and having a stroke of #b ft4 #i in4 ,the rams were attached to the rear face of the shield diaphragm inside the box floors1 and the cylinders were movable1 sliding freely on bearings in the floor4 ,the front ends of the cylinders were fixed to the front ends of the sliding platforms4 ,the cylinder thus supported the front end of the sliding platform1 and was designed to carry its half of the load on the platform4 ,some of the leading figures in connection with the platform rams1 at a working pressure of #e1jjj lb4 per sq4 in41 are3 ,forward force of each pair of rams 7in each platform7 #if1jjj lb4 ,total area of nose of sliding platform #a1jfj sq4 in4 ,maximum reaction per square inch on nose #ij lb4 ,maximum reaction per square foot on nose #ac1jdj ,each shield was fitted with a single erector mounted on the rear of the diaphragm4 ,the erector consisted of a box-shaped frame mounted on a central shaft revolving on bearings attached to the shield4 ,inside of this frame there was a differential hydraulic plunger1 #d in4 and #c in4 in diameter and of #dh-;in4 stroke4 ,to the plunger head were attached two channels sliding inside the box frame1 and to the projecting ends of these the grip was attached4 ,at the opposite end of the box frame a counterweight was attached which balanced about #gjj lb4 of the tunnel segment at #aa ft4 radius4 ,the erector was revolved by two single-acting rams fixed horizontally to the back of the shield above the erector pivot through double chains and chain wheels keyed to the erector shaft4 ,the principal figures connected with the erector1 assuming a water pressure of #e1jjj lb4 per sq4 in41 are3 ,weight of heaviest tunnel segment #b1ehd lb4 ,weight of erector plunger and grip #faf ,total weight to be handled by the erector ram #c1bjj ,total force in erector ram moving from center of shield #ce1jjj ,total force in erector ram moving toward center of shield #bg1ejj ,weight at #aa-;ft4 radius which is balanced by counterweight #gjj ,maximum net weight at #aa-;ft4 radius to be handled by turning rams #a1hhd ,total force of each rotating ram1 at #e1jjj lb4 per sq4 in4 #hj1jjj ,load at #aa-;ft4 radius1 equivalent to above #c1ghj ,when the shield was designed1 a grip was also designed by which the erector could handle segments without any special lugs being cast on them4 ,a bolt was passed through two opposite bolt holes in the circumferential flanges of a plate4 ,the grip jaws closed over this bolt and locked themselves4 ,the projecting fixed ends of the grip were for taking the direct thrust on the grip caused by the erector ram when placing a segment4 ,it happened1 however1 that there was delay in delivering these grips1 and1 when the shield was ready to start1 and the grip was not forthcoming1 ,mr4 ,patrick ,fitzgerald1 the ,contractor's ,superintendent1 overcame this trouble by having another grip made4 ,in this design1 also1 a self-catching bolt is placed through the segment and the grip catches the bolt4 ,in simplicity and effectiveness in working1 this new design eventually proved a decided advance on the original one1 and1 as a result1 all the shields were fitted with the new grip1 and the original design was discarded4 ,the great drawback to the original grip was that the plate swung on the lifting bolt1 and thus brought a great strain on the bolt when held rigidly at right angles to the erector arm4 ,the original design was able to handle both ,a and ,b segments1 and key segments1 without alteration2 in the new design1 an auxiliary head had to be swung into position to handle the key1 but this objection did not amount to a practical drawback4 ,the operating floor from which the shield was controlled1 and at which the valves were situated1 was placed above the rams which rotate the erector1 and formed a protection for them4 ,the control of the shield rams was divided into four groups3 the seven lower rams constituted one group1 the upper five1 another1 and the six remaining on each side1 the other two4 ,each group was controlled by its own stop and release valve4 ,individual rams were controlled by stop-cocks4 ,the control of the sliding platform rams was divided into two groups1 of which all the rams on the upper floor made one1 and all those in the lower floor1 the other2 here1 again1 each group had its own stop and release valve1 and individual platforms were controlled by stop-cocks arranged in blocks from which the pipes were carried to the rams4 ,the in-and-out movements of the erector ram were controlled by a two-spindle1 balanced1 stop and release valve1 controlled by a hand-wheel4 ,the erector rotating rams were controlled by a similar valve1 with four spindles1 also operated by a single hand-wheel4 ,both wheels were placed inside the top shield pockets1 and within easy reach of the operating platform4 ,the hydraulic pressure was brought through the tunnel by a #b-;in4 hydraulic pipe4 ,connection with the shield was made by a flexible copper pipe1 the #b-;in4 line being extended as the shield advanced4 ,,land ,,tunnels4 ,general4 ,the following is a brief account of the main features of the ,land ,tunnel work1 by which is meant all the part of the structure built without using tunneling shields4 ,the ,land ,tunnels consist of about #igg ft4 of double tunnel on the ,new ,york side and #bcj ft4 on the ,new ,jersey side1 or a total of #a1bjg lin4 ft4 of double tunnel4 ,the general design of the cross-section consists of a semi-circular arch1 vertical side-walls and a flat invert4 ,the tunnel is adapted for two lines of track1 each being contained in its compartment or tunnel4 ,the span of the arch is wider than is absolutely necessary to take the rolling stock1 and the extra space is utilized by the provision of a sidewalk or bench forming by its upper surface a gangway1 out of the way of traffic1 for persons walking in the tunnels1 and embedded in its mass are a number of vitrified earthenware ducts1 for high-and low-tension electric cables4 ,the provision of this bench enables its vertical wall to be brought much nearer to the side of the rolling stock than is usually possible1 thus minimizing the effects of a derailment or other accident4 ,refuge niches for trackmen1 and ladders to the top of the bench are provided at frequent intervals4 ,in cases where a narrow street limits the width of the structure1 as on the ,new ,york side1 the two tunnels are separated by a medial wall of masonry1 thus involving excavation over the entire width of both tunnels1 and in such case the tunnels are spoken of as ,twin ,tunnels2 where the exigencies of width are not so severe1 the two tunnels are entirely distinct1 and are separated by a wall of rock4 ,this type is found on the ,weehawken side4 ,the arches are of brick1 the remainder of the tunnel lining being of concrete4 ,new ,york ,land ,tunnels4 ,the work on the ,land ,tunnels on the ,manhattan side was carried on from the shaft at #aath ,avenue and #cb;d ,street4 ,the plans and designs for these tunnels are shown on ,plate ,,xxxii4 ,in this short length of about #igg ft4 there are no less than nine different kinds of cross-section4 ,the reason for these changes is the fact that the two lines of track are here not straight and parallel to the center line between the tunnels1 but are curved1 although symmetrical about this center line4 ,the various changes of section are to enable the tunnels to be built in straight lengths1 thus avoiding the disadvantages attending the use of curved forms1 and at the same time minimizing the quantity of excavation1 an item which accounts for from #fj to #gj of the total cost of tunnels of this type4 ,of course1 there are corresponding and obvious disadvantages in the adoption of many short lengths of different cross-sections1 and these disadvantages were well brought out in the course of the work2 on the whole1 however1 they may be said to have justified their adoption4 ,these ,new ,york ,land ,tunnels were divided into three contracts1 viz43 ,from ,station #aij #ae 7the ,portal to the open work of the ,terminal ,station at the east side of ,tenth ,avenue1 ,new ,york ,city7 to ,station #aig #fj1 called ,section ,gy-,east4 ,the next contract1 called ,section ,gy-,west ,supplementary1 extended from ,station #aig #fj to ,station #aii #bj1 which is the east side of ,eleventh ,avenue4 ,the third contract was called ,section ,gy-,west1 and extended from ,station #aii #bj to ,station #bca #gh 7the dividing line between the ,states of ,new ,york and ,new ,jersey74 ,thus1 for nearly all its length1 this contract consists of shield-driven tunnel4 ,the portion between ,stations #aii #bj and #aii #ia4e1 however1 was of the ,land ,tunnel type1 and therefore will be included here4 ,a fourth contract extended from ,station #bca #gh to the ,weehawken ,shaft at ,station #bfc #ej1 and of this all but #bcj ft4 was of the shield-driven type1 only the portion next to the ,weehawken ,shaft being of the ,land ,tunnel type4 ,the four contracts were let to one contractor 7,the ,o',rourke ,engineering ,construction ,company71 and the work was carried on simultaneously in all four1 so that the division into contracts had no bearing on the methods of work adopted1 and these will now be described as a whole and with no further reference to the different sections4 ,excavation4 ,work was started on the ,new ,york side on ,april #ahth1 #aijd1 the ,weehawken shaft being at that date still under construction4 ,as will have been noted in the description of the shafts1 the contractor found a shaft already prepared for his use1 and cross-drifts at grade and at right angles to the future tunnels1 and extending across their entire width4 ,the first essential was to get access to the shield chambers1 which were to lie about #ccj ft4 to the west of the shaft1 so that the construction of these enlargements in which the shields for the subaqueous tunnels were to be built might be finished as soon as possible and thus allow the earliest possible start to be made with the shield-driven tunnels4 ,with this in view1 two bottom headings1 on the center line of each of the two tracks1 were driven westward from the western cross-heading at the foot of the shaft4 ,when about #ach ft4 had been made in this way1 the two headings were brought together and a break-up was made to the crown level of the tunnel1 as the depth of rock cover was doubtful4 ,from this break-up a top heading was driven westward to ,station #bjj #cj4 ,while widening the heading out at ,station #bjj #bj the rock was penetrated on the south side4 ,the exposed wet sand and gravel started to run1 and1 as a consequence1 a change in design was made1 the shield chambers 7and consequently the start of the shield-driven tunnels7 being moved eastward from their original location #acc ft4 to their present location4 ,a certain amount of time was necessarily spent in making these changes of design1 which involved a rearrangement of the whole layout from the ,terminal ,station to the start of the ,river ,tunnels4 ,on ,july #eth1 #aijd1 however1 the new design was formally approved4 ,no sooner had this been decided than a strike arose on the work1 and this was not settled until ,august #ast1 #aijd1 but from that time the work progressed without delay4 ,no further reference will be made to the work in the shield chambers1 as that will come under the heading of ,river ,tunnels1 being of the segmental1 cast-iron lined type4 ,a top heading was now driven over the original bottom heading west of the shaft1 and at the same time the original cross-drifts from the shaft were amalgamated with and broken down by a heading driven at the crown level of the ,intercepting ,arch which here cuts across the ordinary run of tunnel at right angles and affords access to the tunnels from the shafts4 ,the excavation of the upper portion of the intercepting arch at its southern end gave some trouble1 and caused some anxiety1 as the rock cover was penetrated and the wet sand and gravel were exposed4 ,this made it necessary to timber all this section heavily1 and the tracks of the ,new ,york ,central ,railroad directly above were successfully supported4 ,the general way in which this timbering was carried out will be described under the head of ,timbering4 ,meanwhile1 the excavation of the tunnels west of the intercepting arch was continued until the ,north and ,south ,tunnels were taken out to their full outlines1 leaving a core of rock between them4 ,this core was gradually removed1 and timbering supporting the rock above the middle wall was put in as excavation went on4 ,the ground1 which was entirely of micaceous schist1 typical of this part of ,manhattan1 seamed with veins of granite1 was rather heavy at the west end1 or adjacent to the shield chambers1 and required complete segmental timbering across the whole span4 ,one heavy fall of rock in the corewall between the ,north and ,south ,tunnels took place on ,november #b;d1 but fortunately did not extend beyond the limits of the permanent work4 ,on ,november #gth1 #aijd1 the excavation east of the intercepting arch was begun by driving a bottom heading in the ,south ,tunnel4 ,this was continued to ,station #aig #ad and then was taken up to the crown level and worked as a top heading with the view of keeping track1 by making exploratory borings upward from the roof at frequent intervals1 of the rock surface1 which was here irregular and not known with any degree of certainty4 ,the work was not pressed with any vigor1 because all efforts were then being bent toward excavating from the ,river ,tunnels as much rock as possible4 ,in ,section ,gy-,east the conditions were exceptionally variable1 as the rock was subject to sudden changes from a soft crumbling mica schist to broad bands of hard granite1 and1 in addition1 the rock surface was very irregular1 and1 for a good length of this section1 was below the crown of the tunnel1 a condition which led to the adoption of the cut-and-cover method for part of the work4 ,the irregularity in conditions called for varying methods of procedure1 but in general the methods were as shown on ,plate ,,xxxiii1 and described as follows3 ,in ,solid ,rock4--,where there was plenty of good rock cover1 a top middle heading was driven1 which was afterward widened out to the full cross-section of the twin tunnel arches4 ,if necessary1 a few lengths of segmental timbering were put in before taking down the bench1 which was generally kept some #dj or #ej ft4 behind the breast of the heading4 ,after the bench was down1 the middle conduit trench was excavated and the trimming done4 ,in ,soft ,rock4--,where there was not enough rock cover1 or where there was actual soft ground in the roof1 wall-plate headings at the springing line level were driven ahead of the remainder of the work4 ,the wall-plates were laid in these1 the roof was taken out in short lengths1 and segmental timbering spanning from wall-plate to wall-plate was put in4 ,the roof being thus held1 the bench excavation proceeded without trouble4 ,where the rock was penetrated and soft ground showed in the roof1 poling boards were driven ahead over the crown-bars1 as shown in ,fig4 #d4 ,cut-and-,cover ,work4--,after some #bbe ft4 had been driven from the intercepting arch1 it was found that the crown of the tunnel was continually in soft ground4 ,to ascertain the extent of this condition the contractor decided to make soundings as far as ,tenth ,avenue1 which was done by sinking trial pits and making wash-borings in the street4 ,these soundings showed that there would be soft ground in the crown from ,station #aid #ge to ,station #aid #be 7at one point to a depth of #ab ft4 below the crown71 and on each side of this section the cover was insufficient from ,station #aic #eh to ,station #aie #cj4 ,this condition being known1 it was decided to adopt cut-and-cover work for this length1 the principal reasons being that repairs to sewers1 streets1 and drains would be no more1 and probably less1 expensive than with the tunnel method2 the underpinning of a heavy brick brewery building adjoining the works on the north side would be facilitated1 and the opening in the street1 through which muck and materials could be handled1 would relieve the congested shaft1 through which the large volume of muck from the ,river ,tunnels was then being conveyed4 ,on the other hand1 the cut-and-cover method was adversely affected by the presence of a heavy timber trestle built down the south side of the street and over which passed all the excavation from the ,terminal ,station1 amounting to a very heavy traffic4 ,as this trestle had to be supported1 it complicated the situation considerably4 ,very little active progress was made between ,june1 #aije1 and ,april1 #aijf1 as the contractor's energies during that time were much taken up with the progress of the shield-driven tunnels4 ,in ,april1 #aijf1 preparations were made to start a #ej-;ft4 length of open cut1 rangers being fixed and sheathing driven2 and the sewer which ran down the middle of this street was diverted to the outside of the open-cut length4 ,april and ,may were occupied in driving the sheathing down to rock1 supporting the trestle1 underpinning the adjoining brewery1 and excavating the soft material above the rock4 ,on ,june #b;d1 #aijf1 rock was reached1 and1 by ,july #cast1 the excavation was down to subgrade over nearly the whole #ej ft4 in the first length4 ,in the meantime another length was opened up1 and eventually a third4 ,the surface of the rock now seemed to be rising1 and the heavy buildings had been passed1 so that tunneling was reverted to for the rest of the work1 though many difficulties were caused by soft rock in the roof from time to time4 ,illustration3 ,,method ,,of ,,driving ,,roof ,,lagging ,,in ,,soft ,,ground4 ,,fig4 #d4 ,when the excavation for the open-cut work of the ,terminal ,station had advanced to the line of ,tenth ,avenue1 the contractor started a heading from this point and drove westward under ,tenth ,avenue until the headings driven eastward from the cut-and-cover portion1 were met4 ,this was done to expedite the work under ,tenth ,avenue1 where the ground was not very good1 where there were several important gas and water mains in the street1 and where1 moreover1 the tunnels were of exceptionally large span 7#bd ft4 #f in471 making a total width of some #fj ft4 for the excavation4 ,the excavation for the ,new ,york ,tunnels was practically finished in ,january1 #aijh4 ,drilling and ,blasting4--,the foregoing short description will serve to show in a general way the scheme adopted in making the excavation4 ,a few details on drilling and blasting methods may not be out of place4 ,percussive drills run by air pressure were used4 ,they were ,ingersoll-,sergeant1 ,nos4 #c1 ,a-#hf1 ,c-#bd1 and ,f-#bd4 ,the air came from the high-pressure compressor previously described4 ,this compressor1 without assistance1 could supply air for nine drills1 but1 when fed by compressed air from the lower pressure1 its capacity was increased three or four times4 ,the air was compressed to #ajj lb4 per sq4 in4 in the power-house1 and was delivered at about #hj lb4 per sq4 in4 at the drills4 ,a #c-;in4 air line was used4 ,the drill steel was #a-a_/h-to #a-c_/h-;in4 octagonal4 ,the holes were about #c in4 in diameter at starting and #b-e_/h in4 at the full depth of #aj ft4 ,the powder used on the ,new ,york side was #dj ,forcite1 the near presence of heavy buildings and lack of much rock cover necessitating light charges and many holes spaced close together4 ,to compensate the contractor for the inevitable excavation done outside the neat lines of the masonry lining1 the excavation was paid for to the ,standard ,section ,line which was #ab in4 outside the neat lines on top and sides and #f in4 outside at the bottom of the cross-section4 ,the actual amount of excavation done was about #aa greater than that paid for4 ,the distance excavated beyond the neat line1 because of the very heavy timbering necessary1 was about #b4a ft4 instead of the #a ft4 allowed1 and at the bottom about #j4he ft4 instead of the #j4ej ft4 paid for4 ,for a period of #e months detailed records were kept of the drilling and blasting4 ,about #ab1ijj cu4 yd4 of excavation are included4 ,a sketch and table showing the method of driving the heading1 the number and location of the holes drilled1 and the amount of powder used1 is given in ,fig4 #e4 ,from this and similar figures the information in ,table #e is derived4 ,,table #e4 ,,feet ,,of ,,hole ,,pounds ,,of ,,powder ,,drilled ,,per ,,cubic ,,yard ,,used ,,per ,,cubic ,,yard ,,of ,,excavation4 ,,of ,,excavation4 ---------------------------------------- ,portion of excavation4 #ae-;ft4 #ai-;ft4 #bd-;ft4 #d-;in4 #f-;in4 #f-;in4 #ae-;ft4#ai-;ft4 #bd-;ft4 span-- span-- span-- #d-;in4 #f-;in4 #f-;in4 twin twin twin tunnel4tunnel4tunnel4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,wall-plate heading,c #ac4j #aj4ig #aj4ig #c4gg #b4he #b4he ,total heading,c #g4hg #h4ag #g4ha #b4ca #b4jb #a4gh ,bench and raker bench,c #e4ig #f4ae #g4ef #j4id #j4ic #a4ac ,trench,c #i4hb #ae4if #ah4aj #a4hd #b4di #b4gc ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,average for section,c #f4fi #g4dc #h4ie #a4bh #a4cj #a4de ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,actual amount,d #f4hb #g4bg #h4ie #a4bb #a4bd #a4bg ,c ,figures taken from typical cross-sections4 ,d ,this gives the actual amount of drilling done and powder used per cubic yard for the whole period of #e months of observation1 but as this length included #bhj ft4 of heading and only #bbj ft4 of bench1 the average figures 7for powder especially7 are too low4 ,table #f gives the rate and cost of drilling1 and the cost of powder4 ,it will be seen that the average rate of drilling was #b4ga ft4 per hour per drill or #bg4a ft4 per drill per shift4 ,table #g shows the result of observation as to the time taken in various subdivisions of the drilling operations4 ,these observations were not carried on for a long enough period to give correct results1 but the percentages of time spent on each division of the operation are believed to be about right4 ,the headings of this table are self-explanatory4 ,the necessary delays include all time spent in changing bits1 making air-line connections1 etc4 ,the unnecessary delays are stoppages caused by lack of supplies or insufficient air pressure4 ,by ,table #f it will be noticed that the cost of labor for drilling and sharpening steels was about #j4bi per lin4 ft4 of hole drilled4 ,the total cost1 including repairs1 supply of air1 etc41 came to about #j4ch1 as will be seen from ,table #h4 ,timbering4--,on the ,new ,york side nearly the whole length of the excavation needed timbering1 to a greater or less extent1 and for the most part required timbering of quite a heavy type4 ,,table #f4--,,rock ,,tunnel ,,excavation ,,under #cb;,d ,,street1 ,,east ,,of ,,cut-,,and-,,cover ,,section4 ,,drilling ,,and ,,blasting4--,,detailed ,,cost ,,of ,,labor ,,in ,,drilling1 ,,also ,,quantity ,,and ,,cost ,,of ,,powder ,,used4 ,,drilling ,,and ,,blasting4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,type4,date4,total feet drilled4 ,no4 drill shifts ,feet drilled of 7#aj-;hour47 per man per hour4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- #aijg ,head- ,bench ,total ,head-,bench,total ,head-,bench,total ing ing ing ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,ke4,may #b1iga #e1egh #h1edi #ih #bjd #cjb #c4jcab4gcdb4hca ,june #b1jic #f1aid #h1bhg #he #bbc #cjh #b4dfbb4gggb4fia ,july #g1fbg #g1fbg #bfh #bfh #b4hdeb4hde ,aug4 #b1eeb #b1eeb #ie #ie #b4fhhb4fhh ,sept4 #b1acc #b1acc #gi #gi #b4gjjb4gjj ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,total #e1jfdbd1jhdbi1adh #ahc #hfi #a1jeb #b4gfgb4gg #b4gg ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,ki4,may #f1igf #f1igf #baf #baf #c4bbi #c4bbi ,june #d1jhi #d1jhi #ace #ace #c4jbi #c4jbi ,july #c1gcc #c1gcc #adj #adj #b4fffb4fff ,aug4 #f1gae #f1gae #bdi #bdi #b4gfib4gfi ,estim #ad1gdbad1gdb #df #edf #b4gjjb4gjj ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,total#aa1jfebe1aijcf1bee #cea #icea1bhf #c4aebb4fidb4hai ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,ko4,may #a1fag #a1fag #ee #ee #b4ibab4iba ,june #b1idh #b1idh #ajg #ajg #b4geeb4gee ,july #c1gcd #c1gcd #aca #aca #b4hejb4hej ,aug4 #h1bfj #h1bfj #bij #bij #b4hdhb4hdh ,estim #d1ghg #d1ghg #bhe #bhe #a4ahja4fhj ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,total #ba1cdfba1cdf #hfh #hfh #b4dfjb4dfj ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,grand,total#af1abigj1fbjhf1gdi #ecd #b1fgbc1bjf #c4jbjb4gajb4gaj ,,drilling ,,and ,,blasting ,,powder ,,used4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,cost of labor only4 ,drilling and sharpening4 ----------------------- ,per ,cost cubic per yard4 cubic yard at #aa cents per pound4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,type4 ,quantity ,total4 ,per ,actual4,paid ,total ,actual4,paid of linear for ,quantity for4 excavation feet4 in cubic yards4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,actual4 ,paid ,pounds4 ,e for ,f ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,ke4 #a1gcf #a1ffd #b1cca #j4bg #a4cd #a4dj #a1eie #j4aj #j4aj #hji #fih #b1ddj #j4bi #c4ja #c4di #a1ifj #j4bg #j4ca #a1jbb #ifj #b1jca #j4bf #a4ih #b4aa #iff #j4aj #j4aa #gdc #gaf #fdj #j4be #j4hf #j4hi #dcj #j4jf #j4jg #bch #bch #ecc #j4be #b4bd #b4bd #bhj #j4ac #j4ac ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #d1edh #d1bgf #g1ige #j4bg #a4ge #a4hg #e1bca #j4ac #j4ac ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,ki4 #fad #ebg #a1fjd #j4bc #b4fa #c4jd #a1bcj #j4bb #j4bf #ceg #bei #a1bcd #j4cj #c4de #d4gf #a1jcf #j4cb #j4dd #ecj #djd #a1jhd #j4bi #b4jd #b4fh #eej #j4aa #j4ae #ibe #hij #a1ija #j4bh #b4je #b4ac #ije #j4aj #j4aa #c1bed #b1ijh #d1egj #j4ca #a4dj #a4eg #b1dgj #j4jh #j4ji ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #e1fhj #d1ihhaj1cic #j4bi #a4hc #b4jh #f1aia #j4ab #j4ad ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,ko4 #bej #ahh #dga #j4bi #a4hh #b4ej #cgf #j4ag #j4bb #dif #cdg #hhc #j4bi #a4gh #b4ed #ceg #j4jh #j4aa #fbf #fjf #a1jjc #j4bg #a4fj #a4fe #fji #j4aa #j4aa #gah #gji #b1afa #j4bf #c4jj #c4jd #iah #j4ad #j4ad #fje #ece #b1cig #j4ej #c4if #d4dh #gfb #j4ad #j4af ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #b1fie #b1che #f1iae #j4cb #b4eg #b4ij #c1jbb #j4ab #j4ad ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #ab1ibc #aa1fdibe1bhc #j4bi #a4if #b4agad1ddd #j4ab #j4ad ,the work done during the #e months when these analyzed cost figures were kept includes #bhj ft4 of bench and #bbj ft4 of heading4 ,this excess of bench over heading causes the general average amounts per cubic yard to be too low4 ,e ,actual amount of excavation4 ,f ,amount of excavation paid for4 ,illustration3 #bd' #f ,,span ,,twin ,,tunnels ,,details ,,of ,,method ,,of ,,drilling ,,and ,,blasting ,,in ,a ,,typical 7,,not ,,exact ,,average7 ,,section ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,drilling and ,firing ,data for ,each ,sub-division of ,section ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,sub ,volume ,no4 of ,no4 ,no4 ,total ,linear ,total divisionsof each sets of of of lbs4 feet length sub- holes holestimes of of drilled division in firedpowdertunnel paid for set per broken hole fired ---------------------------------------- -------------- a b c d e f g h ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,a #ag4gge ,g #a #f #c #d4ej ,h #a #i #a #a4ej ,i #a #f #a #a4jj ,j #a #f #a #j4ge #f4j #aie ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,a' #a4jj #b #c-d #a #j4be #e4j #ba ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,b #e4ibe ,g #b #c-d #a #a4jj #d4j #ce ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,c ,k #a #c #b #a4abe #cc4cc #d #g #a #a4abe #e4j #ahf ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,d #f4ffe #b #e-f #a #j4ge #c4j #cc ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,e #ej4jj #e #a #a4ej #e4j #dje ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,f #hh4hh #aj4e #d #b #a4ej ,l #e4j #d #a #a4ej #d4j #fhb ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,g #bb4bb #e4e #d #b #a4jj #e4j #acb ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,h #i4gg #e #c #a #j4ej #d #f #a #j4ej #f4j #aef ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,i #bf4ff #h #e #a #a4jj #f4j #beb ---------------------------------------- -------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,drilling and ,firing ,data for ,total ,sections ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,sub ,total ,length ,cu4 ,cu4 ,total ,total ,total divisionslengthdrilled yds4 yds4 lbs4 of lbs4 of lbs4 of per per per powder powder of simi- linear linearlinear per per powder lar foot of foot foot linear foot per head- tunnel of of foot of drilledcubic ings tunneltunnel tunnel yard ---------------------------------------- ---------------- a i j k l m n o ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,a ,sigma c d b i j c d f m m ----- ------ --- ----- --- --- g g k g j k #b #fe4jj #e4ibeaj4ig #ag4jj #j4bfa #b4hdh ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,a' #b #h4dj #j4djjba4jj #j4gj #j4aff #a4gej ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,b #b #ag4ej #b4ifb #e4ij #c4ej #j4bjj #a4aha ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,c #a #cg4bj #f4fff #e4eh #f4ige #j4ahg #a4jdf ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,d #b #bb4jj #d4ddd #d4ie #e4ejj #j4bej #a4bcg ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,total for #aej4aj #bj4cig #g4ha #cc4fge #j4bbg #a4ggh ,heading ,e #a #ha4jj #aj4jjj #h4aj #ac4ejj #j4afg #a4cej ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,f #a #agj4ej #bb4bbb #g4fg #bc4bcj #j4acf #a4jdf ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,g #a #bf4dj #d4ddd #e4id #d4djj #j4aff #j4iij ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,total for #bgg4ij #cf4fff #g4ef #da4aej #j4aej #a4acc ,bench ,h #a #bf4jj #a4fbhae4if #c4bej #j4abe #a4iie ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,i #b #hd4jj #d4dddah4ij #ac4ccc #j4aeh #c4jjj ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,total of #aaj4jj #f4jgbah4aj #af4ehc #j4aea #b4gca ,trench ,total for #edh4jj #fc4ace #h4ie #ia4djh #j4agb #a4ddf ,whole ,section ,powder taken at #j4e lb4 per stick ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,g #f ,cut ,holes-#h feet 7,black circle7 ,h #i ,first ,side ,rd4 and ,bottom-#g feet 7,circle with dot in it7 ,i #f ,back ,round-#g feet 7,circle with line in it7 ,j #f ,top ,back ,round-#g feet 7,circle with x in it7 ,k ,a' #g ,holes-#c feet 7,open circle7 ,l line holes 7,plus sign7 ,,table #g4--;,analysis of ,drilling ,time on ,section ,gy-,east4 ,,average ,,time ,,taken3 ,position,nature ,no4 of ---------------------------------------- in of ,drill ,section4,rock4 ,shifts ,set- ,dril-,neces- ,unneces- ,taking ,loading observedting ling4 sary sary down and for up4 delays4delays4 machine4firing4 average4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- h4 m4h4 m4 h4 m4 h4 m4 h4 m4 h4 m4 ---------------------------------------- ,heading ,quartz #h #j3ch #d3eb #a3dj #j3je #j3jd ,heading ,hard #a #j3ae #h3jj #a3de mica schist ,bench ,quartz #bc #a3bc #e3eg #b3bc #j3je #j3je #j3jg ,bench ,medium #af #a3aj #f3jh #a3ej #j3ab #j3jg #j3jg mica schist ,center ,medium #aj #j3eh #e3ec #a3cc #j3jf #j3ab #j3cj trench mica schist ,center ,soft #i #a3aj #f3dj #a3ag #j3aj #j3bj #j3bc trench mica schist ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,general #fg #a3jh #e3eh #a3ec #j3jg #j3ji #j3ab average ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,per- #aa4cei4g #ah4i #a4a #a4e #b centage ,,average ,,time ,,taken3 ,,feet ,,drilled4 ,position,nature------------------------ ------------- in of ,section4,rock4 ,total ,mucking4,total4 ,per ,per drilling4 shift4working hour4 ---------------------------------------- ----------- h4 m4 h4 m4 h4 m4 ------------------------------------- ,heading ,quartz #g3ai #b3da #aj3jj #bb4j #b4hf ,heading ,hard #aj3jj #aj3jj #db4j #d4bj mica schist ,bench ,quartz #aj3jj #aj3jj #be4i #b4ei ,bench ,medium #i3cd #j3bf #aj3jj #bb4bb #b4cb mica schist ,center ,medium #i3ab #j3dh #aj3jj #bb4j #b4ci trench mica schist ,center ,soft #aj3jj #aj3jj #bf4dd #b4fd trench mica schist ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,general #i3bg #j3cc #aj3jj #bd4a #b4ed average ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,per- #id4e #e4e #ajj centage ,,table #h4--;,,analyzed ,,cost ,,of ,,drilling4 ,,cost ,,per ,,foot ,,of ,,hole ,,cost ,,per ,,drill ,,shift ,item of ,cost4 ,,drilled4 ---------------------------------------- -------- #ae ft #i ft#bd ft,average#ae ft#ai ft #bd ft ,average #d in #f in #f in #d in #f in #f in ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,drilling #j4be #j4bhj4ca #j4bh #f4ie #g4ge #g4fj #g4de labor ,sharpening #j4jb #j4jb #j4ja #j4jaf #j4eh #j4db #j4cd #j4dc ,drill steel #j4jjgj4jjgj4jjf #j4jjg #j4ai #j4bj #j4ae #j4ai 7#e in4 per drill shift7 ,drill repairs #j4jb #j4jb #j4jb #j4jb #j4fa #j4ei #j4db #j4ed ,high-pressure,m#j4je #j4jd #j4jg #j4jg #a4ci #a4hf #a4fg #a4hb air ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,totals #j4ce #j4chj4da #j4chei4fgaj4hbaj4ahaj4dc ,m ,this is an estimated figure1 ascertained by taking a proportion of the whole charge for plant running4 ,general ,methods4--,whenever any considerable support was needed for the ground1 segmental timbering was used4 ,in most cases1 this was supported by wall-plates at the springing line1 and was set with an allowance for settlement1 so that it would be clear of the work when the masonry lining was put in4 ,as the twin-tunnel section involved the excavation of the ,north and ,south ,tunnels at the same time1 the cross-section of the upper part of the excavation consisted of two quadrants rising from the springing line and connected at the top by a horizontal piece from #ai to #bh ft4 in length4 ,this made a rather flat arch to support by timbering4 ,the timber for the segmental work was #ab by #ab-;in4 yellow pine4 ,in light ground the bents were spaced at #e-;ft4 centers1 in heavy ground #b-;ft4 #f-;in4 centers4 ,when the soft ground in the roof was struck1 posts had to be used in the heading to support the caps4 ,when the bench was removed1 the posts were replaced by others down to the bottom of the excavation4 ,these long posts were a great hindrance to all the work1 and each replacement of short posts by long ones meant a settlement of the caps2 consequently1 it was decided to use in the section east of the cut-and-cover1 where all the ground was heavy1 a temporary inner bent of segmental timber1 within and reinforcing the permanent bent1 and resting on separate wall-plates4 ,this is shown by ,fig4 #f4 ,these temporary bents were inside the work1 and were removed as the arch was built4 ,however1 the caps settled considerably in some cases1 so that it was not possible to do away with posting entirely4 ,in heavy ground the caps were set about #a ft4 above the neat line of the crown of the brick arch1 in some cases they were set only #f in4 above1 but the settlement was often more than this1 causing great trouble in cutting out the encroaching timber when the arch had to be built4 ,illustration3 ,,details ,,of ,,longitudinal ,,sectional ,,showing ,,method ,,of ,,placing ,,lagging ,,in ,,crown ,,with ,,soft ,,roof ,,typical ,,section ,,looking ,,east ,,fig4 #f4 ,in the tunnels east of the cut-and-cover portion1 wall-plate headings were driven 7shown by areas marked ,a on ,fig4 #e71 and1 when a length of wall-plate had been set1 the full-width heading was advanced a foot or two at a time1 the timber segmental bents being set up as soon as possible2 lagging was then driven over the cap into the soft ground4 ,fig4 #f shows the double set of segmental bents adopted in the #ae-;ft4 #d-;in4 twin tunnels east of the cut-and-cover section4 ,when the soft ground came down so low as to interfere with the excavation of the wall-plate headings1 a small heading was driven into the soft ground on the line of the ends of the caps1 and lagging was driven down from this to the wall-plate heading1 as illustrated in ,fig4 #d4 ,in the #ai-;ft4 #f-;in4 tunnels the wall-plate for the inner bent was supported by a side-bench1 termed the ,raker bench4 ,this was left in position until the rest of the bench and the middle subgrade conduit trench had been excavated2 it was then possible to support the caps by two rows of posts from subgrade level1 take out the inner bents1 and excavate the raker bench4 ,the #bd-;ft4 #f-;in4 twin tunnels1 which are at the extreme eastern end of this section1 adjoining the open-cut work of the ,terminal ,station1 and under ,tenth ,avenue1 were driven from the ,terminal ,station-,west1 and the timbering had to be made very secure on account of the pipes and sewers in the street above4 ,detailed records were kept of the amount of timber used and the cost of labor and material expended in timbering4 ,these records cover the same portion of tunnel as that for which the detailed records of drilling costs1 previously referred to1 were kept4 ,these records are shown in ,tables #i and #aj4 ,it will be noted that the timber used in blocking1 that is1 filling up voids outside the main timbering1 amounted to more than two-thirds of the total timber1 and that the cost of labor in erecting the timbering exceeds the prime cost of the timber by about one-third4 ,the following distinction is made between permanent and temporary timbering3 ,the permanent timbering is that which is concreted in when the masonry is built2 the temporary consists of the lower bents and posts1 which have to be removed when the masonry is built4 ,force ,employed in ,excavation4--,a typical day's working force for drilling1 blasting1 mucking1 and timbering is shown in ,table #aa4 ,where there was any large quantity of soft ground in the roof1 the timber gang was much larger than shown in ,table #aa1 and was helped by the mucking gang4 ,the drillers did most of the mucking out of the heading before setting up the drills4 ,excavation of ,weehawken ,rock ,tunnels4--,this subject may be dismissed in a few words1 as very few features of interest were called into play4 ,the rock was of good quality1 being the sandstone typical of this part of the country4 ,little or no timbering was needed1 there were no buildings above the tunnel to be taken care of1 and large charges of powder could be used4 ,,table #i4--,,supplementary ,,analysis ,,of ,,timbering1 ,,rock ,,tunnel ,,excavation ,,under #cb;,d ,,street1 ,,east ,,of ,,cut-,,and-,,cover ,,section4 ,,analyzed ,,cost ,,of ,,timbering1 ,,per ,,foot ,,run ,,and ,,per ,,bent4 ,ke ------------------------------ ,per foot,per bent1 ,per cubic run of #c ft1 #f in41yard tunnel center to excavation center ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,,permanent ,,timbering4 ,lumber in feet1 ,b4 ,m4 ,upper ,bent4 #bgd #fhe #g4h ,blocking4 #bid #gce #h4c ,total4 #efh #a1dbj #af4a ,cost1 in dollars4 ,lumber4 #bc4ge #ei4ch #j4fg ,labor4 #cg4ej #ic4ge #a4jf ,total4 #fa4be #aec4ac #a4gc ,,temporary ,,timbering4 ,lumber in feet1 ,b4 ,m4 ,lower ,bent4 #dgi #aa4ig #ac4f ,blocking4 #aic #dhc #e4e ,total4 #fgb #af4hj #ai4a ,cost1 in dollars4 ,lumber4 #bi4ac #gb4ha #j4hb ,erection labor4 #bh4he #gb4ac #j4hb ,removal labor4 #h4bi #bj4gc #j4bc ,total labor4 #cg4ad #ib4hf #a4je ,total4 #ff4bg #afe4fg #a4hg ,,grand ,,total4 ,lumber in feet1 ,b4 ,m4 #a1bdj #c1ajj #ce4b ,cost1 in dollars4 ,lumber4 #eb4hh #acb4ai #a4di ,labor4 #gd4fd #ahf4fa #c4fj ,total4 #abg4eb #cah4hj ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,ki ------------------------------ ,per foot,per bent1 ,per cubic run of #c ft1 #f in41yard tunnel center to excavation center ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,,permanent ,,timbering4 ,lumber in feet1 ,b4 ,m4 ,upper ,bent4 #bbg #hcj #e4c ,blocking4 #afd #fja #c4h ,total4 #cia #a1dca #i4a ,cost1 in dollars4 ,lumber4 #af4hd #fa4ef #j4ci ,labor4 #ab4hb #df4hh #j4cj ,total4 #bi4ff #ajh4dd #j4fi ,,temporary ,,timbering4 ,lumber in feet1 ,b4 ,m4 ,lower ,bent4 #ahf4cc #fha4be #d4cc ,blocking4 #db4hj #aef4ej #j4ii ,total4 #bbi4ac #hcg4ge #e4cb ,cost1 in dollars4 ,lumber4 #i4fe #ce4ca #j4bb ,erection labor4 #aj4ch #cg4ig #j4bd ,removal labor4 #i4gd #cd4ji #j4bc ,total labor4 #bj4ab #gb4jf #j4dg ,total4 #bi4gg #ajg4cg #j4fi ,,grand ,,total4 ,lumber in feet1 ,b4 ,m4 #f4bj #bb4fi #ad4d ,cost1 in dollars4 ,lumber4 #bf4di #if4hg #j4fa ,labor4 #cb4id #aah4id #j4gg ,total4 #ei4dc #bae4ha #a4ch ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,ko ------------------------------ ,per foot,per bent1 ,per cubic run of #c ft1 #f in41yard tunnel center to excavation center ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,,permanent ,,timbering4 ,lumber in feet1 ,b4 ,m4 ,upper ,bent4 #bfa #ifb #d4a ,blocking4 #djh #a1ejh #f4e ,total4 #ffi #bd4gj #aj4e ,cost1 in dollars4 ,lumber4 #bh4jj #ajc4ch #j4dd ,labor4 #bi4gi #aaj4jj #j4dg ,total4 #eg4gi #bac4ch #j4ia ,,temporary ,,timbering4 ,lumber in feet1 ,b4 ,m4 ,lower ,bent4 #cej #a1bia #e4e ,blocking4 #fa #bbg #a4j ,total4 #daa #a1eah #f4e ,cost1 in dollars4 ,lumber4 #ah4de #fh4af #j4bi ,erection labor4 #bj4hc #gf4ib #j4cc ,removal labor4 #ab4af #dd4ei #j4ai ,total labor4 #cb4ii #aba4ea #j4eb ,total4 #ea4dd #ahi4fg #j4ha ,,grand ,,total4 ,lumber in feet1 ,b4 ,m4 #a1jhj #c1ihh #ag4a ,cost1 in dollars4 ,lumber4 #df4de #aga4ed #j4gc ,labor4 #fb4gh #bca4ej #j4ii ,total4 #aji4bc #djc4jd #a4gb ,,table #aj4--,,timbering3--,,detailed ,,cost ,,of ,,timber1 ,,labor1 ,,and ,,superintendence4 ,,rock ,,tunnel ,,excavation ,,under #cb;,d ,,street1 ,,east ,,of ,,cut-,,and-,,cover ,,section4 ,,excavation ,,timber ,,used1 ,,in ,,in ,,cubic ,,cost ,,of ,,feet1 ,b4 ,m4 ,,yards ,,timber ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,main ,blocking ,total ,paid ,date timber4timber4 timber4,actual for4 ,main ,block4,total4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #aijg a b c d e f g h ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,ke,may #ah1jaf #ae1bcd #cc1bej #a1gcf #a1ffd #haj #efea1cge ,june #ad1jdh #aa1ebh #be1egf #hji #fih #fhj #deg #a1jhg ,july #bj1jib #g1cci #bg1dca #a1jbb #ifj #ijj #cjj #a1bjj ,august #f1dhe #b1fcb #i1aag #gdc #gaf #bij #aaj #djj ,sept4 #a1fcb #b1bbd #c1hef #bch #bch #gc #id #afg ,removal ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,total #fj1bgc #ch1ieg #ii1bcj #d1edh #d1bgfb1gjca1ebfd1bbi ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,ki,may #c1ecg #c1ecg #fad #ebg #aej #aej ,june #cjj #cjj #ceg #bei #ad #ad ,july #g1ggf #e1haa #ac1ehg #ecj #djd #cej #bcc #ehc ,august #ai1gab #e1gjb #be1dad #ibe #hij #hhg #bbj #a1ajg ,sept4 #bj1eef #i1bah #bi1ggd #a1ehe #a1eja #ibe #cbe #a1bej ,removal #a1ffi #a1djg ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,total #dh1cdd #bd1bfh #gb1fab #e1fhj #d1ihhb1agf #ibhc1ajd ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,ko,may #d1ccb #h1ghh #ac1abj #bej #ahh #age #cff #efa ,june #g1acb #aj1jag #ag1adi #dif #cdg #cbd #cif #gbj ,july #c1jgj #bjj #c1bgj #fbf #fjf #acd #aj #add ,august #aj1gjd #b1ajb #ab1hjf #gah #gji #dha #hj #efa ,sept4 #b1djj #bde #b1fde #cif #cbd #ajh #h #aaf ,removal #bji #baa ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,total #bg1fch #ba1ceb #dh1iij #b1fie #b1chea1bdb #hfjb1ajb ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,grand #acf1bee #hd1egg #bbj1hcbab1ibcaa1fdif1abac1cadi1dce total ,,cost ,,per ,,cost ,,per ,,cubic ,,yard ,,cubic ,,yard ,,cost ,,of ,,total 7,,actual74 7,,paid ,,for74 ,labor ,cost4 ------------------------------------- ,,date ,timber4,labor4 ,total4,timber4,labor,total ---------------------------------------- ------------------ h i j h i j --- --- --- --- --- --- #aijg i j d d d e e e ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,ke,may #a1gib #c1afg #j4gi #a4jc #a4hb #j4hb #a4jga4ij ,june #a1egf #b1ffc #a4cd #a4ie #c4bi #a4ee #b4be #c4ha ,july #a1ehj #b1ghj #a4af #a4ee #b4gb #a4be #a4fd #b4hi ,august #cjj #gjj #j4ec #j4dj #j4id #j4eg #j4da #j4ih ,sept4 #fj #bbg #j4gj #j4be #j4ie #j4gj #j4be #j4ie ,removal #ffc #ffc ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,total #e1igaaj1bjj #j4ia #a4ea #b4bb #a4jj #a4djb4dj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,ki,may #ajj #bej #j4bd #j4af #j4dj #j4bh #j4aij4dg ,june #dd #eh #j4jd #j4ab #j4af #j4je #j4ag #j4bb ,july #ebe #g1ajh #a4aj #j4ii #b4ji #a4dd #a4cj #b4gd ,august #a1jah #b1abe #a4bj #a4aj #b4cj #a4bd #a4ad #b4ch ,sept4 #a1jbh #b1bgh #j4gi #j4fe #a4dd #j4hc #j4fh #a4ea ,removal #a1aci #a1aci #j4fh #j4fh #j4ha #j4ha ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,total #c1hed #f1ieh #j4ee #j4fh #a4bc #j4fc #j4gga4dj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,ko,may #cjc #hfd #b4bd #a4ba #c4de #c4jj #a4fad4fa ,june #efb #a1bhb #a4de #a4ah #b4eh #b4jg #a4fa #c4fh ,july #aef #cjj #j4bc #j4be #j4dh #j4bc #j4bf #j4di ,august #gbg #a1bhh #j4gh #a4ja #a4gi #j4hj #a4jb #a4hb ,sept4 #djj #eaf #j4bi #a4ja #a4cj #j4cf #a4bc #a4ei ,removal #ece #ece #b4ef #b4ef #b4ed #b4ed ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,total #b1fhc #d1ghe #j4gh #a4jj #a4gh #j4hh #a4abb4jj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,grand #ab1ejhba1idc #j4gc #j4ig #a4gj #j4ha #a4jga4hh total ,,cost1 ,,per #a1jjj ,,ft41 ,b4 ,m41 ,,of ,,total ,,timber4 -------------------- ,total ,date timber4,labor4,total4 ------------------------------- h i j --- --- --- #aijg c c c ----------------------------------- ,ke,may #da4ce #ec4hi #ie4bd ,june #db4ej #fa4fb #ajd4ab ,july #dc4gd #eg4fj #aja4cd ,august #dc4hg #cb4ij #gf4gg ,sept4 #dc4ca #ae4ef #eh4hg ,removal ------------------------------- ,total #db4fb #fj4aiajb4ha ----------------------------------- ,ki,may #db4da #bh4bg #gj4fh ,june #df4ff #adf4cc #aic4cc ,july #db4ia #ch4fd #ha4ed ,august #dc4ef #dj4jf #hc4fa ,sept4 #da4ih #cd4ec #gf4ea ,removal ------------------------------- ,total #db4ge #ec4ji #ie4hd ----------------------------------- ,ko,may #db4gf #bc4aj #fe4hf ,june #da4ih #cb4gg #gd4ge ,july #dd4jd #dg4gj #ia4gd ,august #dc4hj #ef4gg #ajj4eg ,sept4 #dc4he #aea4bc #aie4jh ,removal ------------------------------- ,total #db4ia #ed4ge #ig4fe ----------------------------------- ,grand total#db4gc #ef4fe #ii4ch ,work was begun on ,september #ast1 #aijd1 immediately on the completion of the work on the shaft4 ,the ,north and ,south ,tunnels in this case are completely independent1 as will be seen from ,plate ,,xxxiv4 ,the procedure adopted was to drive a top heading on the center line of each tunnel and to break down the bench from this4 ,the drilling was at first supplied with steam power from a temporary plant1 as the contractor was at that time installing his permanent plant1 which was finished at the end of ,november1 #aijd4 ,at this time the rate of advance averaged #c lin4 ft4 of full section per day of #bd hours4 ,by the end of ,january the ,weehawken rock tunnels were completely excavated1 and by the middle of ,april1 #aije1 the excavation for the shield chambers was finished2 the erection of the shields was started at the end of that month4 ,,table #aa4 ,grade4 ,total ,no4,rate per,drilling and ,mucking3,timbering3 day4 blasting3 ,no4 ,no4 ,no4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,superintendent #a #g4gj #a_/h #c_/h ,assistant engineer #a #e4hj #a_/h #c_/h ,electrician #a #c4ej #a_/h #c_/h ,engineer #a #c4ej #a ,signalman #a #b4jj #a ,foreman #c #d4jj #a #a #a ,driller #e #c4jj #e ,driller's helper #e #b4jj #e ,laborers #ad #b4jj #ad ,timbermen #c #c4jj #c helpers #d #b4jj #d ,machinist #a #d4jj #a ,blacksmith #b #c4ej #b helper #b #b4jj #b ,nipper #b #b4jj #b ,waterboy #a #b4jj #a ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,total #dg #bj #ag-c_/h #i-a_/h ,the general scheme of excavation is shown by ,plate ,,xxxiii4 ,the bench was kept #ej or #fj ft4 behind the face of the heading4 ,the powder used was #fj ,forcite4 ,the general system of drilling was as shown in ,fig4 #g4 ,the average length of hole drilled per cubic yard of excavation was #b4i ft41 as against #g4gj ft4 at ,manhattan2 and the amount of powder used was #a4if lb4 per cu4 yd41 as against #a4bd lb4 at ,manhattan4 ,there was little timbering4 ,a length of about #cj or #dj ft4 adjoining the ,weehawken shaft was timbered1 and also a shattered seam of about #ag ft4 in width between ,stations #bfb #aj and #bfb #bg4 ,illustration3 ,,land ,,tunnels ,,typical ,,method ,,of ,,drilling ,,used ,,in ,,the ,,weehawken ,,tunnels ,,fig4 #g ,the two entirely separate tunnels gave a cross-section which was much more easily timbered than the wide flat span at ,manhattan1 and the segmental timbering was amply strong without posts or other reinforcement4 ,table #ab is a summary of the cost of excavating the ,land ,tunnels1 based on actual records carefully kept throughout the work4 ,,table #ab4--;,,cost ,,of ,,excavation ,,of ,,land ,,tunnels1 ,,in ,,dollars ,,per ,,cubic ,,yard4 ,total yardage and ,manhattan,weehawkenaverage cost4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,cubic yards excavated #dc1bhi #h1caa #ea1fjj ,labor4 ,surface transport #j4di #j4hg #j4ee ,drilling and blasting #b4cg #a4ee #b4bd ,mucking #b4di #b4jh #b4db ,timbering #j4hg #j4ah #j4gf ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,total labor #f4bb #d4fh #e4ig ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,material4 ,drilling #j4ae #j4ae #j4ae ,blasting #j4ba #j4ba #j4ba ,timber #j4ci #j4bj #j4cf ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,total material #j4ge #j4ef #j4gb ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,plant running #j4gf #j4fe #j4gd ,surface labor1 repairs and maintenance #j4ae #j4jh #j4ad ,field office administration #a4je #a4ah #a4jg ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,total field charges #h4if #g4ae #h4fd ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,chief office administration #j4cd #j4ch #j4cd ,plant depreciation #j4ff #a4ja #j4gb ,street and building repairs #j4bg #j4bc ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,total average cost per cubic yard #aj4bc #h4ed #i4ic ,masonry ,lining of ,land ,tunnels4 ,plates ,,xxxii and ,,xxxiv show in detail the tunnels as they were actually built4 ,it will be seen that in all work1 except in the ,gy-,east contract1 there was a bench at each side of each tunnel in which the cable conduits were embedded4 ,in ,gy-,east the bank of ducts which came next to the middle wall was carried below subgrade1 and the inner benches were omitted4 ,the side-walls and subgrade electric conduits were water-proofed with felt and pitch4 ,the water-proofing was placed on the outside of the side-walls 7that is1 on the neat line71 and the space between the rock and the water-proofing was filled with concrete4 ,this concrete was called the ,sand-,wall4 ,the general sequence of building the masonry lining is shown in ,fig4 #h4 ,the operations were as follows3 #a4--,laying concrete for the whole height of the sand-walls1 and for the floor and foundations for walls and benches up to the level of the base of the conduits2 #b4--,water-proofing the side-walls1 and1 where there was a middle trench containing subgrade conduits1 laying and water-proofing these conduits2 #c4--;,building concrete wall for conduits to be laid against1 and1 where there was a middle trench1 filling up with concrete between the conduits2 #d4--,laying conduits2 #e4--,laying concrete for benches and middle-wall2 #f4--;,building haunches from top of bench to springing of brick arch2 #g4--;,building brick arch and part of concrete back-filling2 #h4--;,finishing back-filling4 ,the whole work will be generally described under the headings of ,concrete1 ,brickwork1 ,water-proofing1 and ,electric ,conduits4 ,concrete4--,the number of types and the obstructions caused by the heavy posting of the timbering made it inadvisable to use built-up traveling forms at the ,manhattan side1 though they were used in the ,weehawken ,rock ,tunnels4 ,the specifications required a facing mixture of mortar to be deposited against the forms simultaneously with the placing of the concrete4 ,this facing mixture was dry1 about #b in4 thick1 and was kept separate from the concrete during the placing by a steel diaphragm4 ,the diaphragm was removed when the concrete reached the top of each successive layer1 and the facing mixture and concrete were then tamped down together4 ,this method was at first followed and gave good results1 which was indeed a foregone conclusion1 as the ,weehawken shaft had been built in this way4 ,however1 it was found that as good results1 in the way of smooth finish1 were to be obtained without the facing mixture by spading the concrete back from the forms1 so that the stone was forced back and the finer portion of the mixture came against the forms2 this method was followed for the rest of the work4 ,all corners were rounded off on a #a-;in4 radius by mouldings tacked to the forms4 ,the side-bench forms were used about four times1 and were carefully scraped1 planed1 filled at open joints1 and oiled with soap grease each time they were set up4 ,when too rough for face work they were used for sand-wall and other rough work4 ,the mixing was done by a ,no4 #d ,ransome mixer1 driven by #cj-;h4p4 electric motors4 ,the mixer at ,manhattan was set on an elevated platform at the north end of the intercepting arch2 that at ,weehawken was placed at the entrance to the tunnels4 ,the sand and stone were stored in bins above the mixers1 and were led to the hoppers of the mixers through chutes4 ,the hoppers were divided into two sections1 which gave the correct quantities of sand and stone1 respectively1 for one batch4 ,the water was measured in a small tank alongside4 ,a four-bag batch was the amount mixed at one time1 that is1 it consisted of #d bags of cement1 #h cu4 ft4 of sand1 and #ag cu4 ft4 of broken stone1 and was called a #a 3 #b 3 #e mixture4 ,it measured when mixed about cu4 yd4 ,the cement was furnished to the contractor by the ,railroad ,company1 which undertook all the purchasing from the manufacturer1 as well as the sampling1 testing1 and storing until the contractor needed it4 ,the ,railroad ,company charged the contractor #b a barrel for this material4 ,the sand was required by the specifications to be coarse1 sharp1 and silicious1 and to contain not more than #j4e of mica1 loam1 dirt1 or clay4 ,all sand was carefully tested before being used4 ,the stone was to be a sound trap or limestone1 passing a #a-;in4 mesh and being retained on #c_/h-;in4 mesh4 ,the contractor was allowed to use a coarser stone than this1 namely1 one that had passed a #b-;in4 and was retained on a #a-;in4 mesh4 ,the concrete was to be machine-mixed1 except in cases of local necessity4 ,the quantity of water used in the mixture was to be such that the concrete would quake on being deposited1 but the engineer was to use his discretion on this point4 ,concrete was to be deposited in such a manner that the aggregates would not separate4 ,it was to be laid in layers1 not exceeding #i in4 in thickness1 and thoroughly rammed4 ,when placing was suspended1 a joint was to be formed in a manner satisfactory to the engineer4 ,before depositing fresh concrete1 the entire surface on which it was to be laid was to be cleaned1 washed and brushed1 and slushed over with neat cement grout4 ,concrete which had begun to set was not to be used1 and retempering was not to be allowed4 ,illustration3 ,,manhattan ,,types ,,fig4 #h4 ,the forms were to be substantial and hold their shape until the concrete had set4 ,the face forms were to be of matched and dressed planking1 finished to true lines and surfaces2 adequate measures were to be taken to prevent concrete from adhering to the forms4 ,warped or distorted forms were to be replaced4 ,plastering the face was not allowed4 ,rock surfaces were to be thoroughly washed and cleaned before the concrete was deposited4 ,these specifications were followed quite closely4 ,a typical working gang1 as divided among the various operations1 is shown below3 ,superintendence4 ,superintendent #bej per month ,assistant engineer #aej #a ,assistant superintendent #aej ,surface ,transport4 #a ,foreman #b4ej per day #a ,engineer #c4jj #a ,signalman #b4jj #af ,laborers #a4ge #c ,teams #g4ej ,laying4 #a ,foreman #d4jj per day #h ,laborers #b4jj ,forms4 #a ,foreman #d4ej per day #d ,carpenters #c4be #e ,helpers #b4be ,tunnel ,transport4 ,foreman #c4be per day ,engineer #c4jj ,signalman #b4jj #d ,laborers #a4ge ,mixers4 ,foreman #c4be per day #b ,laborers #a4ge ,the superintendent and assistant engineer looked after the brickwork and other work as well as the concrete4 ,the surface transport gang handled all the materials on the surface1 including the fetching of the cement from the cement warehouses4 ,the tunnel transport gang handled all materials in the tunnel1 but1 when the haul became too long1 the gang was reinforced with laborers from the laying gang4 ,of the laying gang1 two generally did the spading1 two the spreading and tamping1 and the remaining force dumped the concrete4 ,the general cost of this part of the work is shown in ,table #ac4 ,the figures in ,table #ac include the various items built into the concrete and some that are certificate extras in connection with the concrete1 such as drains1 ironwork and iron materials1 rods and bars1 expanded metal1 doors1 frames and fittings1 etc4 ,water-proofing4--,according to the specifications1 the water-proofing was to consist of seven layers of pitch and six layers of felt on the side-walls and a -in4 layer of mastic1 composed of coal-tar and ,portland cement1 to be plastered over the outside of the arches4 ,by the time the work was in hand1 some distrust had arisen as to the efficiency of this mastic coating1 and a great deal of study was devoted to the problem of how to apply a felt and pitch water-proofing to the arches4 ,the difficulty was that there was no room between the rock and the arch or between the timber and the arch 7as the case might be7 in which to work4 ,several ingenious schemes of putting the felt on in layers1 or in small pieces like shingles1 were proposed and discussed1 and a full-sized model of the tunnel arch was even built on which to try experiments1 but it was finally decided to overcome the difficulty by leaving out the arch water-proofing altogether1 and simply building in pipes for grouting through under pressure1 in case it was found that the arch was wet4 ,as to the arch built through the length excavated by cut-and-cover on the ,new ,york side1 it was resolved to water-proof that with felt and pitch exactly as the side-walls were done1 the spandrel filling between the arches being raised in a slight ridge along the concrete line between tunnels in order to throw the water over to the sides4 ,the portions of arch not water-proofed were rather wet1 and grouting with a #a3a mixture was done1 but only with the effect of stopping large local leaks and distributing a general dampness over the whole surface of the arch4 ,,table #ac4--;,,cost ,,of ,,concrete ,,in ,,land ,,tunnels1 ,,in ,,dollars ,,per ,,cubic ,,yard4 ,total ,manhattan4,weehawken4 yardage4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,cubic yards placed #ad1gjf #c1gbc #ah1dbi ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,,labor4 ,average ,cost per ,cubic ,yard4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,surface transport #j4ca #a4dc #j4ed ,superintendence and general labor at point of work #j4ca #a4ca #j4ea ,mixing #j4eb #j4ef #j4ec ,laying #a4ch #a4de #a4ci ,tunnel transport #a4cj #a4dg #a4cd ,cleaning #j4ba #j4ag ,forms3 erecting and removal #a4eh #a4ea #a4ef ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,total labor #e4fa #g4gc #f4jd ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,,material4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,cement #b4cj #b4bb #b4bh ,sand #j4cd #j4dj #j4cf ,stone #j4ia #j4fa #j4he ,lumber for forms #j4dg #j4de #j4dg ,sundry tunnel supplies #j4af #j4ag #j4af ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,total materials #d4ah #c4he #d4ab ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,plant running #j4dd #j4dd #j4dd ,surface labor1 repairs and maintenance #j4be #a4bd #j4dd ,field office administration #j4ej #a4gb #j4ge ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,total field charges #aj4ih #ad4ih #aa4gi ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,plant depreciation #j4fb #a4eg #j4ha ,chief office administration #j4bd #j4ca #j4be ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,total average cost per cubic yard #aa4hd #af4hf #ab4he ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,cost of ,miscellaneous ,items in ,concrete4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,manhattan4,weehawken4 ,average4 ,cubic yards #ad1gjf #c1gbc #ah1dbi ,amount1 in dollars #f1ahd4hc #a1gef4gig1ida4fb ,unit cost #j4db #j4dg #j4dc ,the #bd-;ft4 #f-;in4 tunnel adjoining the ,terminal ,station-,west was water-proofed by a surface-rendering method which1 up to the present time1 has been satisfactory4 ,generally speaking1 the arches of the ,land ,tunnels1 though not dripping with water1 are the dampest parts of the whole structure from ,tenth ,avenue to ,weehawken1 and it would seem as if some form of water-proofing over these arches would have been a distinct advantage4 ,there was no difficulty in applying the water-proofing on the side-walls1 after a little experience had been gained as to the best methods4 ,the specifications required the sand-wall to be covered with alternate layers of coal-tar pitch and felt1 seven layers of the former and six layers of the latter1 the felt to be of ,hydrex brand or other equally satisfactory to the engineer4 ,the pitch was to be straight-run1 coal-tar pitch which would soften at #fj ,fahr41 and melt at #ajj ,fahr41 being a grade in which distillate oils1 distilled from it1 should have a specified gravity of #a4aje4 ,the pitch was to be mopped on the surface to a uniform thickness of #a_/af in41 and a covering of felt1 previously mopped with pitch1 was to be applied immediately4 ,the sheets were to lap not less than #d in4 on cross-joints and #ab in4 on longitudinal joints1 and had to adhere firmly to the pitch-covered surface4 ,this layer was then to be mopped1 and another layer placed1 and so on until all the layers were in place4 ,this water-proofing was to extend from the bottom of the cable conduits to the springing of the brick arch4 ,where sub-track conduits were used1 these were to be surrounded with their own water-proofing4 ,the work was carried out as specified2 the sand-walls were not rendered1 but were built smooth enough to apply the water-proofing directly to them4 ,they were dried with gasoline torches before the application of the pitch1 and in very wet sections grooves were cut to lead the water away4 ,the first attempts were with the felt laid in horizontal strips4 ,this ended very disastrously1 as the pitch could not sustain the weight of the felt1 and the whole arrangement slipped down the wall4 ,the felt was then laid vertically1 being tacked to a piece of horizontal scantling at the top of the sand-wall and also held by a row of planks braced against it at about half its height4 ,a layer of porous brick was laid as a drain along the base of the water-proofing1 covered by a single layer of felt to prevent it from becoming choked with concrete4 ,the water-proofing of the sub-track conduits was troublesome1 as the numerous layers and the necessity for preserving the proper laps in both directions between adjacent layers made the whole thing a kind of ,chinese puzzle4 ,various modifications1 to suit local conditions1 were made from time to time4 ,conduits outside the general outline of the tunnel are difficult to excavate1 to lay1 and to water-proof1 and should be avoided wherever possible4 ,the usual force in water-proofing consisted of a foreman1 at #c4ej per day1 and nine laborers at #a4ge per day4 ,these men not only laid the water-proofing1 but transported the materials1 heated the pitch1 and cut up the rolls of felt4 ,in general1 two men transported material1 one tended the heater1 and the other six worked in pairs1 two preparing the surface of the concrete sand-wall1 two laying pitch1 and two laying felt4 ,the cost of the water-proofing operation was about as shown in ,table #ad4 ,,table #ad4--;,,cost ,,of ,,water-,,proofing1 ,,in ,,dollars ,,per ,,square ,,foot4 ,manhattan4 ,weehawken4 ,total4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,square feet covered #dg1jdb #ac1ifd #fj1gcf ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,average cost per square foot4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,labor #j4jg #j4jg #j4jg ,material #j4ab #j4ji #j4aa ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,total field charges #j4ai #j4af #j4ah ,chief office and plant depreciation #j4ja #j4jc #j4jb ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,total average cost #j4bj #j4ai #j4bj ,brickwork in ,arches4--,owing to the heavy timbering1 the brickwork at ,manhattan was interfered with to a considerable extent1 and the gang was always kept at work at two or more places4 ,the work was carried up to a point where it was necessary to back-fill1 or prop or cut away encroaching timbers1 and then the men were moved to another place while this was being done4 ,the centers were set up in sets of seven1 spaced #d ft4 apart4 ,two #ad-;ft4 lengths of #c by #d-;in4 yellow pine lagging were used with each set of ribs1 with #bd by #h-;in4 block lagging in the crown4 ,all centers were set in4 high1 to allow for settlement1 except in the #bd-;ft4 #f-;in4 span1 in which they were set in4 high4 ,this proved ample1 the average settlement of the ribs being #j4ja ft4 and of the masonry1 #j4jjc ft4 ,in the #bd-;ft4 #f-;in4 span the ribs were strengthened with #f by #f-;in4 blocking and #ab by #ab-;in4 posts to subgrade4 ,great trouble was here encountered with encroaching timbering1 due to the settlement of the wide flat span4 ,grout pipes were built in1 as previously mentioned4 ,each mason laid an average of #j4ece cu4 yd4 of brickwork per hour1 or #d4bh cu4 yd4 per day4 ,the number of bricks laid per mason per hour was #bah1 or #a1gdd per day4 ,the bricks were of the best quality of vitrified paving brick1 and were obtained from the ,jamestown ,brick ,company1 of ,jamestown1 ,n4 ,y4 ,the average size was #h by #c-ae_/af by #b-g_/af in42 the average number per cubic yard of masonry was #djh1 the arches being from #ai ft4 to #bd ft4 #f in4 in span and from #bb to #bg in4 thick4 ,the joints were #c_/af in4 at the face and averaged #i_/af in4 through the arch4 ,the proportions for mortar were #a of cement and #b of sand4 ,one cubic yard of masonry was composed of #gc4e brick and #bf4e mortar4 ,the volume of the ingredients in a four-bag batch was #ab4ab cu4 ft41 and the resulting mixture was #i4ed cu4 ft4 ,the number of barrels of cement was #j4iae per cu4 yd4 of masonry1 and about #ag4g of the mortar made was wasted4 ,the average force employed was3 ,laying4 #a ,foreman #h4jj per day #d ,layers #f4jj #h ,tenders #b4jj #b ,mixers #b4jj ,forms4 #a ,foreman #d4ej per day #d ,carpenters #c4ej #e ,helpers #b4be ,transport4 ,hoist engineer #c4jj per day ,signalman #b4jj #d ,laborers #b4jj ,for materials1 the following prices prevailed3 ,cement1 #b4jj per bbl41 ,sand1 #j4ij to #a4jj per cu4 yd41 ,brick1 #af4jj per thousand1 delivered at yard1 ,centers1 #bf4jj each1 ,lagging1 #de4jj per #a1jjj ft4 ,b4 ,m4 ,the cost of the brickwork is given in ,table #ae4 ,,table #ae4--;,,cost ,,of ,,brickwork4 ,manhattan4,weehawken4,total4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,cubic yards placed #d1acg #gij #d1ibg ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,,labor4 ,average ,cost per ,cubic ,yard4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,surface transport #j4ce #a4ai #j4dh ,superintendent and general labor at point of work #j4ag #j4jd #j4af ,laying and mixing #b4eh #c4bj #b4fj ,forms3 erection and removal #b4fb #j4cb #b4be ,tunnel transport #a4ai #a4ab #a4ah ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,total labor #f4ia #e4hg #f4ge ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,,material4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,brick #f4ef #f4ef #f4ef ,cement #a4gf #a4ge #a4gf ,sand #j4bj #j4bh #j4bb ,forms #j4ib #j4ih #j4ih ,overhead conductor pockets #j4ae #j4ji #j4ac ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,total material #i4ei #i4ff #i4fj ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,plant running #j4ee #j4cj #j4ea ,surface labor1 repairs and maintenance #j4cf #a4cj #j4ea ,field office administration #j4ee #j4hh #j4fj ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,total field charges #ag4if #ah4ja #ag4ig ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,chief office administration #j4fj #j4ff #j4fa ,plant depreciation #j4ce #j4fd #j4ci ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,total average cost per cubic yard #ah4ia #ai4ca #ah4ig ,in ,table #af the cost of grout is expressed in terms of barrels of cement used1 because in the schedule of prices attached to the contract1 that was the unit of payment for grout4 ,,table #af4--;,,cost ,,of ,,grout ,,over ,,arches ,,in ,,land ,,tunnels4 ,cost1 in ,dollars per ,barrel of ,cement ,used4 ,manhattan4 7,gy-,east only47,weehawken4,total4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,barrels used #c1jjj #bfa #c1bfb ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,average ,cost per ,barrel of ,cement ,used4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,labor #j4ee #j4df #j4ec ,material #b4cj #b4be #b4bh ,field office administration #j4jh #j4jf #j4jh ,plant and supplies #j4aj #j4jg #j4ji ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,total field charges #c4jc #b4hd #b4ih ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,chief office and plant depreciation #j4ba #j4bb #j4bh ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,total average cost #c4bd #c4jf #c4bj ,vitrified ,earthenware ,conduits for ,electric ,cables4--,the general drawings will show how the ducts were arranged1 and that manholes were provided at intervals4 ,they were water-proofed1 in the case of those embedded in the bench1 by the general water-proofing of the tunnels1 which was carried down to the level of the bottom of the banks of ducts2 and in the case of those below subgrade1 by a special water-proofing of felt and pitch wrapped around the ducts themselves4 ,the portion of wall in front of the ducts was bonded to that behind by bonds1 mostly of expanded metal1 passing between the ducts4 ,examples of the bonding will be seen in the drawings4 ,the joints between successive lengths of #d-way and #b-way ducts were wrapped with two thicknesses of cotton duck1 #f in4 wide1 those of single-way ducts were not wrapped1 but plastered with cement mortar4 ,the ducts were laid on beds of mortar1 and were made to break joints at top and bottom and side to side with the adjacent ducts4 ,they were laid with a wooden mandrel2 a square leather washer at the near end acted as a cleanser when the mandrel was pulled through4 ,the specifications required the ducts to be laid at the same time as the concrete and be carried up with it1 but this was found to be a very awkward operation1 as the tamping of the concrete and the walking of men disturbed the ducts1 especially as the bonds lay across them4 ,it was resolved1 therefore1 to build the portion of the wall behind the ducts first1 with the bonds embedded in it at the proper heights and projecting from it1 then to lay up the banks of ducts against this wall1 bending the bonds down as they were reached1 and finally1 after all the ducts were in1 to lay the concrete in front of and over the top of the ducts4 ,several detailed modifications of this general scheme were followed at one time or another when necessary or advisable4 ,the laying of ducts below subgrade was not complicated by the presence of bonds1 the water-proofing caused the trouble here1 as before described4 ,the specifications called for a final rodding after completion4 ,a group of the apparatus used in this process is shown in ,fig4 #a1 ,plate ,,xxxv2 the various parts are identified by the following key3 ,,key ,,to ,,fig4 #a1 ,,plate ,,xxxv4 #a4--d-way duct1 for telephone and telegraph cables1 #b4--b-way duct1 for telephone and telegraph cables1 #c4--a-way duct1 for high- and low-tension cables1 #d4--,plug for closing open ends of ducts1 #e4--,plug for closing open ends of ducts in position1 #f1 #g1 and #h4--;,cutters for removing obstructions1 #i4--;,hedgehog cutter for removing grout in ducts1 #aj4--,rodding mandrel for multiple ducts1 #aa4--,laying mandrel1 #ab4--,rodding mandrel1 with jar-link attached1 #ac4--,laying mandrel1 #ad and #ae4--,rubber-disk cleaners1 used after final rodding1 #af and #ag4--,sectional wooden rods used for rodding1 #ah4--,section of iron rods used for rodding1 #ai4--;,jar-link1 #bj4--;,cotton duck for wrapping joints of multiple ducts1 #ba4--;,hook for pulling forward laying mandrel1 #bb4--,top view of trap for recovering lost or broken rods left in ducts4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xxxv4 ,,trans4 ,,am4 ,,soc4 ,,civ4 ,,engrs4 ,,vol4 ,,lxviii1 ,no4 #aaee4 ,,hewett ,,and ,,brown ,,on ,,pennsylvania ,r4 ,r4 ,,tunnels3 ,,north ,,river ,,tunnels4 ,,fig4 #a4 ,,fig4 #b4 ,ordinary -in4 gas pipe was used for the rod1 and a cutter with rectangular cross-section and rounded corners was run through ahead of the mandrel3 following the cutter came a scraper consisting of several square leather washers1 of the size of the ducts1 spaced at intervals on a short rod4 ,the mandrel itself was next put through1 three or four men being used on the rods4 ,all the ducts in a bank were thus rodded from manhole to manhole4 ,when a duct was rodded it was plugged at each end with a wooden plug4 ,a solid wooden paraffined plug was used at first1 but afterward an expansion plug was used4 ,very little trouble was met in rodding the power conduits1 except for a few misplaced ducts1 or a small mound of mortar or a laying mandrel left in4 ,at such points a cut was made in the concrete and the duct replaced4 ,in the subgrade telephone and telegraph ducts east of the ,manhattan ,shaft1 much trouble was caused by grout in the ducts4 ,the mandrel and cutters were deflected and broke through the web of the ducts rather than remove this hard grout4 ,trenches had to be cut from the floor to the top of the water-proofing1 the latter was then cut and folded back1 and the ducts replaced4 ,to do this1 a number of ducts had to be taken out to replace the broken ones and get the proper laps4 ,the water-proofing was then patched and the concrete replaced4 ,this grout had not penetrated the water-proofing1 but had got in through the ends of the ducts where they had not been properly plugged and protected4 ,the duct gang1 both for laying and rodding1 generally consisted of #a ,foreman1 at #c4ej per day1 and #i laborers1 at #a4ge per day4 ,when laying3 #d men were laying1 #b men mixing and carrying mortar1 and #c were transporting material4 ,when rodding3 #d men were rodding1 #b men at adjacent manholes were connecting and disconnecting cutters and mandrels1 #a was joining up rods1 and #b men assisting generally4 ,the cost of this work is shown in ,table #ag4 ,transportation and ,disposal4 ,the track on the surface and in the tunnels was of #bj-lb4 rails on a #b-;ft4 gauge4 ,the excavation was handled in scale-boxes carried on flat cars1 and the concrete in #a-;cu4 yd4 mining cars dumping either at the side or end4 ,,table #ag4--;,,cost ,,of ,,conduit ,,work4 ,manhattan4,weehawken4 ,total4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,duct feet #aae1ifb #ce1aee #aea1aag ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,average ,cost per ,duct ,foot4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,labor #j4jce #j4jcb #j4jcd ,material #j4jdc #j4jeb #j4jde ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,total field charges #j4jgh #j4jhd #j4jgi ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,chief office and plant depreciation #j4jje #j4jjh #j4jjf ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,total average cost #j4jhc #j4jib #j4jhe ,when the haulage was up grade1 #f by #f-;in4 ,lidgerwood hoisting engines1 with #aj-;in4 single friction drums1 and driven by compressed air from the high-pressure lines1 were used4 ,down grade1 cars were moved and controlled by hand4 ,the muck which came through the shaft at ,manhattan was dumped into hopper bins on the surface and thence loaded into trucks at convenience4 ,at the open cut1 the muck was dumped into trucks direct4 ,the trucking was sublet by the contractor to a sub-contractor1 who provided trucks1 teams1 and trimmers at the pier4 ,at ,weehawken1 arrangements were made with the ,erie ,railroad which undertook to take muck which was needed as fill4 ,the tunnel cars1 therefore1 were dumped directly on flat cars which were brought up to a roughly made platform near the shaft4 ,the hoisting at ,manhattan was by derrick at ,tenth ,avenue and the open cut1 and by the elevator at the ,manhattan ,shaft4 ,at ,weehawken1 all hoisting was done by the elevator in the shaft4 ,the sand and stone were received at the wharves by scows4 ,at ,manhattan1 these materials were unloaded on trucks by an overhead traveler1 and teamed to the shaft1 where they were unloaded by derricks into the bins4 ,at ,weehawken1 they were unloaded by an orange-peel grab bucket1 loaded into cars on the overhead trestle1 transported in these to the top of the shaft1 and discharged into the bins4 ,the cement at ,manhattan was trucked from the ,company's warehouse1 at ,eleventh ,avenue and #chth ,street1 to the shaft1 where it was put into a supplementary storage shed at the top of the shaft1 whence it was removed to the mixer by the elevator when needed4 ,at ,weehawken1 it was taken on flat cars directly from the warehouse to the mixer4 ,lighting4 ,temporarily and for a short time at the start1 kerosene flares were used for light until replaced by electric lights1 the current for which was furnished by the contractor's generators1 which have been described under the head of ,power ,plant4 ,the lamps used along the track were of #af c4p41 and were protected by wire screens2 these were single1 but1 wherever work was going on1 groups of four or five1 provided with reflectors1 were used4 ,pumping4 ,two pumps were installed at the ,manhattan ,shaft4 ,they had to handle the water1 not only from the rock tunnels1 but also from those under the river4 ,one was a ,deane compound duplex pump1 having a capacity of #ejj gal4 per min41 the other1 a ,blake pump1 of #aej gal4 per min4 ,they were first driven by steam direct from the power-house1 but compressed air was used later4 ,when the power-house was shut down1 an electrically-driven centrifugal pump was used4 ,this was driven by a ,general ,electric shunt-wound motor1 ,type ,c-#jg1 with a speed of #a1bej rev4 per min4 at #bej volts and #cg4e amperes 7#aj h4p47 when open1 and #bb4i amperes 7#f h4p47 when closed1 and had a capacity of #dej gal4 per min4 ,to send the water to the shaft sump during the construction1 small compressed-air ,cameron pumps1 of about #adj gal4 per min41 were used4 ,at the ,weehawken shaft two pumps were used2 these dealt with the water from the ,bergen ,hill ,tunnels as well as that from the ,weehawken ,tunnels4 ,at first a ,worthington duplex pump having a capacity of about #ejj gal4 per min4 was used4 ,later1 this was replaced by a ,general ,electric shunt-wound motor1 ,type ,o-#ae1 with a speed of #ibe rev4 per min4 at #bcj volts and #gd amperes 7#bj h4p47 when open1 and #ch4e amperes 7#aj h4p47 when closed4 ,its capacity was #bdj gal4 per min4 ,during the progress of the construction1 the water was pumped from the working face to the shaft by small ,cameron pumps similar to those used at ,manhattan4 ,when the work was finished1 a subgrade reversed-grade drain carried the water to the shaft sump by gravity4 ,the work in the ,manhattan ,land ,tunnels was practically finished by ,may #ast1 #aijh1 though the ventilating arrangements and overhead platform in the intercepting arch were not put in until after the ,river ,tunnel concrete was completed1 so that the work was not finished until ,september1 #aiji4 ,the ,weehawken ,land ,tunnels work was finished in ,july1 #aijg1 but the benches and ventilating arrangements in the ,weehawken ,shaft were not put in until after the completion of the ,bergen ,hill ,tunnels1 and so were not finished until ,august1 #aiji4 ,the reinforced concrete wall around the ,weehawken ,shaft1 together with the stairs from the bench level of the shaft to the surface1 was let as a separate contract2 the work was started on ,september #aeth1 #aiji1 and finished by the end of ,december1 #aiji4 ,,river ,,tunnels4 ,the ,river ,tunnel work1 from some points of view1 has the most interest4 ,it is interesting because it is the first main line crossing of the formidable obstacle of the ,hudson ,river1 and also by reason of the long and anxiously discussed point as to whether1 in view of the preceding experiences and failures to construct tunnels under that river1 foundations were needed under these tunnels to keep them from changing in elevation under the action of heavy traffic4 ,the ,river ,tunnels here described start on the east side of the shield chambers on the ,new ,york side and end at the east side of the shield chambers on the ,new ,jersey side4 ,they thus include the ,new ,york and exclude the ,new ,jersey shield chambers1 the reason for such discrimination being that the ,new ,york shield chambers are lined with cast iron while those on the ,new ,jersey side are of the typical rock section type1 as already described4 ,the design of the tunnels and their accessories will be first described1 then will come the construction of the tunnels as far as the completion of the metal lining1 followed by a description of the concrete lining and completion of the work4 ,design of ,metal ,lining4 ,new ,york ,shield ,chambers4--,the shield chambers may be seen on ,plate ,,xxxii1 previously referred to1 which shows the junction of the iron-lined tunnels and the shield chambers4 ,they consist of two iron-lined pieces of tunnel placed side by side1 with semi-circular arches and straight side-walls4 ,the segments of the arch are made to break joint with one another by making the side-wall or column castings of two different heights1 as shown in ,fig4 #i4 ,the length of each ring is #ah in4 ,the reason for the adoption of this type of construction was the necessity for keeping the width of the permanent structure within the #fj-;ft4 width of the street4 ,the length of this twin structure is #bh4e ft41 and the weight of the metal in it is as follows3 #ai long-column arch rings at #bb1hjb lb4 #dcc1bch lb4 #ai short-column arch rings at #bc1jbh lb4 #dcg1ecb ------- ,total weight #hgj1ggj lb4 ,general ,type of ,river ,tunnel ,lining4--,the main ruling type adopted for the tunnels under the ,hudson ,river1 and in the soft water-bearing ground for some distance on the shoreward side of the river lines1 consists of two parallel metal-lined tunnels1 circular in cross-section1 each tunnel being #bc ft4 outside diameter1 and the two tunnels #cg ft4 apart from center to center1 as shown on ,fig4 #aj4 ,the metal lining is of cast iron 7except for a few short lengths of cast steel7 and of the usual segmental type1 consisting of ,rings of iron1 each ring being #b ft4 #f in4 in length1 and divided by radial joints into eleven segments1 or ,plates1 with one ,key1 or closing segment1 having joints not radial but narrower at the outside circumference of the metal lining than at the inside4 ,the whole structure is joined1 segment to segment1 and ring to ring1 by mild-steel bolts passing through bolt holes in flanges of all four faces of each segment4 ,the joints between the segments are made water-tight by a caulking of sal-ammoniac and iron borings driven into grooves formed for the purpose on the inner edges of the flanges4 ,the clearances between the bolts and the bolt holes are also made water-tight by using grummets or rings of yarn smeared with red lead1 having a snug fit over the shank of the bolt and placed below the washer on either end of each bolt4 ,when passing through ground more or less self-sustaining1 the space outside the iron lining 7formed by the excavation being necessarily rather larger than the external diameter of the lining itself7 was filled with grout of #a3a ,portland cement and sand forced by air pressure through grout holes in each segment4 ,these holes were tapped1 and were closed with a screw plug before and after grouting4 ,illustration3 ,,details ,,of ,,manhattan ,,shield ,,chambers ,,fig4 #i4 ,having thus stated in a general way the main ruling features of the design1 a detailed description of the various modifications of the ruling type will be given4 ,illustration3 ,,typical ,,cross-,,section ,,of ,,ruling ,,design ,,of ,,metal-,,lined ,,shield-,,driven ,,tunnels ,,fig4 #aj4 ,the two main divisions of the iron lining are the ordinary or lighter type and the heavy type4 ,the details of the ordinary iron are shown in ,fig4 #aa1 which shows all types of lining4 ,it was on this design that the contract was let1 and it was originally intended that this should be the only type of iron used4 ,the dimensions of the iron are clearly shown on the drawing1 and it will be seen that the external diameter is #bc ft41 the interior diameter1 #ba ft4 #b in41 the length of each ring1 #b ft4 #f in41 and the thickness of the iron skin or web1 #a in4 ,the bolt holes in the circumferential flanges are evenly spaced through the circle1 so that adjacent rings may be bolted together in any relative position as regards the radial joints1 and1 as a matter of fact1 in the erection of the tunnel lining1 all the rings break joint1 with the exception of those at the bore segments1 as will be described later4 ,this type of iron1 when the original type was modified1 came to be known as the ordinary pocketless iron2 that is1 the weight is of the ordinary or lighter type1 in contradistinction to the heavier one1 which later supplanted it1 and the caulking groove runs along the edges of the flanges and does not form pockets around the bolt holes1 as did the groove in a later type4 ,each ring is made up of eleven segments and a key piece4 ,of these1 nine have radial joints at both ends1 and are called ,a segments2 two1 called ,b segments1 have a radial joint at one end and a non-radial joint at the other4 ,the non-radial joint is placed next to the key1 which is #ab4be in4 wide at the outside circumference of the iron and #ab4ej in4 wide at the inside4 ,the web is not of uniform thickness4 ,the middle part of each ,a and ,b segment is #a in4 thick2 at the distance of #f in4 from the root of each flange1 the thickness of web begins to increase1 so that at the root it is #b-c_/h in4 thick4 ,the web of the key plate is #a in4 thick4 ,the bolts are of mild steel1 and are #a in4 in diameter2 there are #fg in one circumferential joint and #e in each radial joint4 ,as there are #ab such radial joints1 there are altogether #fj bolts in the cross-joints1 making a total of #abg bolts per ring4 ,this original type of ordinary iron was modified for a special purpose as follows3 ,it was known that for some distance on either side of the river1 and especially at ,weehawken1 the tunnels would pass through a gravel formation1 rather open1 and containing a heavy head of water4 ,it was thought that1 by carrying the caulking groove around the bolt holes1 it would be possible to make them more water-proof than by the simple use of the red-leaded grummets4 ,hence the ,pocket ,iron was adopted for this situation1 the name being derived from the pocket-like recess which the caulking groove formed when extended around the bolt hole4 ,the details of this lining are shown on ,fig4 #aa1 and the iron 7except for the pockets7 is exactly like the pocketless type4 ,illustration3 ,,details ,,of ,,all ,,types ,,of ,,metal ,,linings ,,used ,,in ,,subaqueous ,,shield-,,driven ,,tunnels ,,fig4 #aa4 ,on the ,new ,york side1 in both ,north and ,south ,tunnels1 two short lengths were built with cast-steel lining4 ,this was done where unusual stresses were expected to come on the lining1 namely1 at the point where the invert passed from firm ground to soft1 and also where the tunnels passed under the heavy river bulkhead wall4 ,the design was precisely the same as for the ordinary pocketless iron1 and ,fig4 #aa shows the details4 ,after the tunnels had entered into the actual under-river portion1 several phenomena 7which will be described later7 led to the fear that the tunnels1 being lighter than the semi-liquid mud they displaced1 might be subject to a buoyant action1 and therefore a heavier type of lining was designed4 ,the length of ring1 number of bolts1 etc41 were just the same as for the lighter iron1 but the thickness of the web was increased from #a to #b in41 the thickness of the flanges was proportionately increased1 and the diameter of the bolts was increased from #a to #a in4 ,this iron was all of the pocketless type1 shown in ,fig4 #aa4 ,table #ah gives the weights of the various types of lining4 ,,table #ah4--,,weights ,,of ,,tunnel ,,lining1 ,,diameter ,,and ,,weights ,,of ,,bolts1 ,,etc4 ,reference,type of ,lining4 ,weight ,weight ,weight ,weight ,diameter ,no4 of one of one of one of one of ,a ,b key1 incomplete bolts1 ,segment1,segment1pounds4ring1 in in in in pounds4 inches4 pounds4 pounds4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #a ,ordinary cast #b1jfc #b1jfh #dhj #bc1ahc #a iron without caulking pockets4 #b ,ordinary cast #b1jch #b1jdc #dfi #bb1hig #a iron with caulking pockets4 #c ,ordinary cast #b1bdg #b1beb #ebb #be1bdi #a steel without caulking pockets4 #d ,heavy cast iron #b1egi #b1ehd #fjf #bh1ihe #a without caulking pockets4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,reference,type of ,lining4 ,weight ,weight ,total ,no4 of #a of weight of bolt1 bolts1 one ring nut1 and nuts1 7segments #b and and washers1washers bolts71 in per in pounds4 ring1 pounds4 in pounds4 ---------------------------------------- -------- #a ,ordinary cast #f4fb #hdj4g #bd1jbd iron without caulking pockets4 #b ,ordinary cast #f4fb #hdj4g #bc1gch iron with caulking pockets4 #c ,ordinary cast #f4fb #hdj4g #bf1jij steel without caulking pockets4 #d ,heavy cast iron #aj4ej #a1ccc4e #cj1cai without caulking pockets4 ---------------------------------------- -------- ,,weights ,,of ,,various ,,types ,,of ,,lining ,,per ,,linear ,,foot ,,of ,,tunnel4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,reference,type of ,lining4,weights of ,weights of ,weights of ,no4 complete ringsbolts1 nuts1 segments and 7segments and washers1 bolts in tunnel only71 in in pounds4 complete1 in pounds4 pounds4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #a ,ordinary cast #i1bgc4j #ccf4c #i1fji4f iron without pockets4 #b ,ordinary cast #i1aeh4h #ccf4c #i1die4b iron with pockets4 #c ,ordinary cast #aj1jii4f #ccf4c #aj1dcf4j steel without pockets4 #d ,heavy cast iron #aa1eid4j #ecc4d #ab1abg4f without pockets4 ,the weights in ,table #ah are calculated by assuming cast iron to weigh #dej lb4 per cu4 ft41 and cast steel #dij lb4 ,in actual practice the ordinary iron was found to weigh a little more than the weights given1 and the heavy a little less4 ,the silt in the sub-river portion averaged about #ajj lb4 per cu4 ft41 so that the weight of the silt displaced by the tunnel was about #da1edh lb4 per lin4 ft4 ,taper ,rings4--,in order to pass around curves 7whether horizontal or vertical71 or to correct deviation from line or grade1 taper rings were used2 by this is meant rings which when in place in the tunnels were wider than the standard rings1 either at one side 7horizontal tapers or ,liners71 or at the top 7,depressors71 or at the bottom 7,elevators74 ,in the original design a -in4 taper was called for1 that is1 the wide side of the ring was in4 wider than the narrow side1 which was of the standard width of #b ft4 #f in4 ,as a matter of fact1 during construction1 not only -in41 but -in4 and #a-;in4 tapers were often used4 ,these taper rings necessitated each plate having its own unalterable position in the ring1 hence each plate of the taper ring was numbered1 so that no mistake could be made during erection4 ,the taper rings were made by casting a ring with one circumferential flange much thicker than usual1 and then machining off this flange to the taper4 ,this was not only much cheaper than making a special pattern for each plate1 but made it possible to see clearly where and what tapers were used in the tunnel4 ,taper rings were provided for all kinds of lining 7except the cast steel71 and the lack of taper steel rings was felt when building the steel-lined parts of the tunnel1 as nothing could be done to remedy deviations from line or grade until the steel section was over and cast iron could again be used4 ,table #ai gives the weights of the different kinds of tapers used4 ,,table #ai4--,,weights ,,of ,,cast-,,iron ,,taper ,,rings1 ,,in ,,pounds ,,per ,,complete ,,ring4 ,classification4 ,weight of cast iron per complete ring1 in pounds4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,ordinary pocketless - in4 taper #bc1gfg4g #a- #bd1ceb4d pocket - #bc1dha4g ,heavy pocketless - in4 taper #bi1efd4h - #bi1hed4g #a- #cj1add4f ,cast-,steel ,bore ,segments and ,accessories4--,the following feature of these tunnels is different from any hitherto built4 ,it was the original intention to carry the rolling load independent of the tunnel1 or to assist the support of the silt portion of the structure by a single row of screw-piles1 under each tunnel1 and extending down to firmer ground than that through which the tunnels were driven4 ,therefore1 provision had to be made whereby these piles could be put down through the invert of the tunnel with no exposure of the ground4 ,illustration3 ,,details ,,of ,,bore ,,segments ,,and ,,accessories ,,used ,,in ,,subaqueous ,,shield ,,driven ,,tunnels ,,fig4 #ab4 ,this provision was afforded by the ,bore ,segments1 which are shown in detail in ,fig4 #ab4 ,there are two segments1 called ,no4 #a and ,no4 #b1 respectively4 ,these two segments are bolted together in the bottom of two adjacent rings1 and thus form a ,pile ,bore4 ,as the piles were to be kept at #ae-;ft4 centers1 and as the tunnel rings were #b ft4 #f in4 in length1 it will be seen that1 between each pair of bore-segment rings1 there came four ,plain rings4 ,the plain rings were built up so that the radial joints broke joint from ring to ring1 but with the bore-segment rings this could not be done1 without unnecessarily adding to the types of segments4 ,the bore segments were made of cast steel1 and were quite complicated castings1 the principle1 however1 was quite simple4 ,the segments provided an opening just a little larger than the shaft of the pile1 the orifice being #b ft4 #g in4 in diameter at the smallest 7lowest7 point1 while the shaft of the pile was to be #b ft4 #e in4 ,in order to allow of the entry of the screw-blade or helix of the pile1 a slot was formed in the depth of ,bore ,segment ,no4 #a1 so that1 when a pile was put in position above the bore1 the blade1 when revolved1 would enter the slot and thus pass under the metal lining1 although the actual orifice was only slightly larger than the pile shaft4 ,the wall of the pile orifice in ,segment ,no4 #b was made lower than that in ,no4 #a so as to allow the blade to enter the slot in ,segment ,no4 #a4 ,when the pile is not actually in process of being sunk1 this lower height in ,no4 #b is made up with the removable distance piece4 ,this had a tongue at one end which engaged in a recess cast to take it in ,segment ,no4 #b and was held in place by a key piece at the other end of the distance piece4 ,details of the distance piece and key are shown in ,fig4 #ab4 ,the flanges around the pile bore were made flat and furnished with twelve tapped holes1 six in ,segment ,no4 #a and six in ,segment ,no4 #b1 for the purpose of attaching the permanent arrangements in conjunction with which the pile was to be attached to the track system1 independently of the tunnel shell1 or directly to the tunnel4 ,it was never decided which of these alternatives would be used1 for1 before this decision was reached1 it was agreed that1 at any rate for the present1 it was better not to put down piles at all4 ,to close the bore1 the ,bore ,plug was used4 ,this is shown on ,fig4 #ab4 ,it was of cast steel1 and was intended to act as a permanent point of the screw-pile1 that is1 the blade section was to be attached to the bore plug1 the distance piece and key were to be removed1 and the pile was to be rotated until the blade had cleared the slot2 the distance piece and key were then to be replaced and sinking resumed4 ,the plug was held in place against the pressure of the silt by the two dogs1 while the dogs themselves were attached to the tunnel1 as shown in ,fig4 #ab4 ,the ends of the dogs1 which rested on the flanges of the metal lining of the tunnel1 were prevented from being knocked off the flanges 7and thus releasing the plug7 by steel clips4 ,it was expected that it might be desirable to keep the lower end of the piles open during their sinking1 so that the bore plugs were not made permanently closed1 but a seating was formed on the inner circumference of the plug1 and on the seating was placed the ,plug ,cover1 made of cast iron1 #ah in4 in diameter and #c in4 thick1 furnished with a lug for lifting and a #c-;in4 tapped hole closed by a screw-plug1 through which any soundings or samples of ground could be taken prior to sinking the piles4 ,this plug cover was held in place by a heavy steel ,yoke under it1 which engaged on the under side of the flange1 on top of which the cover was set4 ,the yoke was attached to the cover by a #a-;in4 tap-bolt1 screwed into the yoke and passing through a #b-;in4 hole bored in the center of the cover4 ,this rather peculiar mode of attaching the cover was adopted so that the cover could be removed by taking off the nut of the yoke1 in case it was desired to open the end of the pile during the process of sinking4 ,the plug was a fairly close fit at the bottom of the orifice1 that is1 at the outside circumference of the tunnel1 where the bore was #b ft4 #g in4 in diameter and the plug #b ft4 #f in41 but at the top of the bore-segment there was more clearance1 as the plug was cylindrical while the bore tapered outward4 ,to fill this space1 it was intended that steel wedges should be used while the shield was being driven1 so that they would withstand the crushing action of the thrusting shield1 and1 when the shield was far enough ahead1 that they should be removed and replaced by hardwood wedges4 ,this method was only used in the early weeks of the work2 the modification of not using the shield-jacks which thrust against the bore segments was then introduced1 and the wooden wedges were put in1 when the bore plugs were set in place1 and driven down to the stage of splitting4 ,when it was resolved not to sink the screw-piles1 the bores had to be closed before putting in the concrete lining4 ,this was done by means of the covers shown in ,fig4 #ac4 ,the bore plug and all its attachments were removed1 and the flat steel cover1 #b in4 thick and with stiffening webs on the under side1 was placed over the circular flanges of the pile bore4 ,the cover was attached to the bore segments by twelve #a-;in4 stud-bolts1 #f in4 long1 in the bolt holes already mentioned as provided on these flanges4 ,when these were in place1 with lead grummets under the heads of the bolts1 and the grooves caulked1 the bore segments were water-tight1 except in ,bore ,segment ,no4 #b1 at the joint of the distance piece2 and1 to keep water from entering here1 this segment was filled to the level of the top of the flanges with #a3a ,portland cement mortar4 ,illustration3 ,,subaqueous ,,tunnels ,,cover ,,for ,,bore ,,segments ,,fig4 #ac4 ,the weights of the various parts of the bore segments are given in ,table #bj4 ,,table #bj4--,,weights ,,of ,,bore ,,segments ,,and ,,accessories1 ,,in ,,pounds4 ,part4 ,no4 ,material4 ,weight1 in pounds4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,bore ,segment ,no4 #a #a ,cast ,steel #c1jjd4j ,bore ,segment ,no4 #b #a #b1fbh4j ,distance piece #a #dbc4e ,key #a #cd4c ,plug #a #a1aib4e ,yoke #a #eg4c ,dogs #b #ajf4j ,slot cover #a ,rolled steel #f4d ,plug cover #a ,cast iron #afb4j ,dog holders #b ,rolled steel #f4d ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,complete weight of one pair1 without bolts #g1fbj4d ,sump ,segments4--,in order to provide sumps to collect the drainage and leakage water in the subaqueous tunnels1 special sump segments were installed in each tunnel at the lowest point--about ,station #bda #jj4 ,the details of the design are shown in ,fig4 #ad4 ,the segment was built into the tunnel invert as though it were an ordinary ,a segment4 ,in building the sump1 three lining castings were bolted1 one on top of the other1 and attached to the flat upper surface of the sump segment2 meanwhile1 the bolts attaching the sump segment to the adjacent tunnel plates were taken out and the plate and lining segments were forced through the soft mud by hydraulic jacks1 the three #f-;in4 holes in the bottom of the sump segment being opened in order to minimize the resistance4 ,the sump when built appeared as shown in ,fig4 #ad1 the top connection being made with a special casting1 as shown4 ,the capacity of each sump is #ejj gal41 which is about the quantity of water entering the whole length of each subaqueous tunnel in #bd hours4 ,cross-,passages4--,when the contract was let1 provision was made for cross-passages between the tubular tunnels1 in the form of special castings to be built into the tunnel lining at intervals4 ,however1 the idea was given up1 and these castings were not made4 ,later1 however1 after tunnel building had started1 the question was raised again1 and it was thought that such cross-connections would be very useful to the maintenance forces1 that it might be possible to build them safely1 and that their subsequent construction would be made much easier if some provision were made for them while the shields were being driven4 ,it was therefore arranged to build1 at intervals of about #cjj ft41 two consecutive rings in each tunnel1 at the same station in each tunnel1 with their longitudinal flanges together1 instead of breaking joint1 as was usually done4 ,the keys of these rings were displaced twelve bolt holes from their normal positions toward the other tunnel4 ,this brought the keys about #f ft4 above the bench1 so that if they were removed1 together with the ,b plates below them1 an opening of about #e by #g ft4 would be left in a convenient position with regard to the bench4 ,illustration3 ,,details ,,of ,,sumps ,,in ,,subaqueous ,,tunnels ,,at ,,station #bda ,,fig4 #ad4 ,nothing more was done until after the tunnels were driven4 ,it was then decided to limit the cross-passages between the tubular tunnels to the landward side of the bulkhead walls4 ,they were arranged as follows3 three on the ,new ,york side1 at ,stations #bjc #bb1 #bjf #hj1 and #bji #hj1 and two on the ,new ,jersey side1 at ,stations #bee #df and #bfj #ad4 ,the cross-passages are square in cross-section4 ,,table #ba4--,,weights ,,of ,,sump ,,segments4 ,part4 ,no4 ,material4 ,weight1 in pounds4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,middle top casting #a ,cast steel #hhj ,end top castings #b #a1gah ,lining castings #c #ah1bcb ,sump segment #a ,cast iron #c1efj ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,total weight per sump1 exclusive of bolts #bd1cij ,turnbuckle ,reinforcement for ,cast-,iron ,segments4--,during the period of construction1 a certain number of cast-iron segments1 mostly in the roof1 but in some cases at ,manhattan in the invert1 behind the river lines1 became cracked owing to uneven pressures of the ground4 ,before the concrete lining was put in1 considerable discussion occurred as to the wisest course to pursue with regard to these broken plates4 ,it was finally thought best not to take the plates out1 as more harm than good might be done1 but to reinforce them with turnbuckles1 as shown in ,fig4 #ae4 ,the number of broken segments was distributed as follows3 ,north ,manhattan ,tunnel #hg1 chiefly in silt 7not under the river71 ,south ,manhattan ,tunnel #g1 chiefly in silt 7 71 ,north ,weehawken ,tunnel #bd1 chiefly in sand 7 71 ,south ,weehawken ,tunnel #dh1 chiefly in silt1 under the ,fowler ,warehouse4 ,the chief features of the tunnel lining have now been described1 and1 before giving any account of the methods of work1 it will be well to mention briefly the salient features of the concrete lining which is placed within the actual lining4 ,design of ,concrete ,lining4 ,this concrete lining will be considered and described in the following order3 ,the ,new ,york ,shield ,chambers1 ,standard ,cross-,section of ,concrete ,lining of ,shield-,driven ,tunnels1 ,final ,lines and ,grades1 and ,how ,obtained1 ,steel ,rod ,reinforcement of ,concrete1 ,cross-,passage ,lining1 ,special ,provision for ,surveys and ,observations4 ,illustration3 ,,subaqueous ,,tunnels ,,turnbuckles ,,and ,,rods ,,reinforcing ,,tunnel ,,segments ,,fig4 #ae4 ,the ,new ,york ,shield ,chambers4--,the cross-section of the concrete lining of these chambers is shown by ,plate ,,xxxii1 referred to in the ,land ,tunnel ,section4 ,they are of the twin-tunnel double-bench type4 ,the deep space beneath the floor is used as a sump for drainage1 and manholes for access to the cable conduits are placed in the benches4 ,illustration3 ,,types ,,of ,,concrete ,,lining ,,of ,,shield-,,driven ,,tunnels4 ,,fig4 #af4 ,standard ,cross-,section of ,concrete ,lining of ,shield-,driven ,tunnels4--,the cross-section of the concrete lining of the tube tunnel is shown in ,fig4 #af4 ,there are two main types1 one extending from the shield chambers to the first bore segment1 that is1 to where the tunnel leaves solid ground and passes into silt1 and the other which extends the rest of the way4 ,the first type has a drain in the invert1 the second has not4 ,the height from the top of the rail to the soffit of the arch being less than #af ft4 #aa in41 overhead pockets for the suspension of electrical conductors were set in the concrete arch on the vertical axis line at #aj-;ft4 centers4 ,these pockets are shown in ,fig4 #af4 ,the benches are utilized for the cable conduits in the usual way4 ,ladders are provided on one side at #be-;ft4 and on the other side at #ej-;ft4 intervals1 to give access from the track level to the top of the benches4 ,refuge niches for trackmen are placed at #be-;ft4 intervals on the single-way conduits side only1 as there is not enough room in front of the #d-way ducts4 ,manholes for giving access to the cable conduits1 both power1 and telephone and telegraph1 are at #djj-;ft4 intervals4 ,final ,lines and ,grades1 and ,how ,obtained4--,it may be well to explain here how the final lines and grades for the track1 and therefore for the concrete lining1 were obtained and determined4 ,it is first to be premised that the standard cross-section of the tunnel 7that is1 of the concrete and iron lining combined7 is not maintained throughout the tunnel4 ,in other words1 the metal lining is of course uniform1 or practically so1 throughout2 the interior surface of the concrete lining is also uniform from end to end1 but the metal lining1 owing to the difficulty of keeping the shields1 and hence the tunnels built within them1 exactly on the true line and grade1 is not on such lines and grades2 the concrete lining is built exactly on the pre-arranged lines and grades1 consequently1 the relative positions of the concrete and metal linings vary continually along the length of the structure1 according to whether the metal lining is higher or lower than it should be1 further to the north or to the south1 or any combination of these4 ,as before stated1 it was strongly desired to encroach as little as possible on the standard #b-;ft4 concrete arch1 and after some discussion it was decided that a thickness of #a ft4 #f in4 was the thinnest it was advisable to allow4 ,this made it possible to permit the metal lining of the tunnel to be #f in4 lower1 in respect to the level of the track at any point1 than the standard section shows1 and also allowed the center line of the track to have an eccentricity of #f in4 either north or south of the center line of the tunnel4 ,this only left to be settled the extent to which the metal lining might be higher in respect to the track than that shown on the standard section4 ,this amount was governed by the desirability of keeping sufficient clearance between the top of the rail and the iron lining in the invert to admit of the attachment of pile foundations and all the accompanying girder-track system which would necessarily be caused by the use of piles1 should it ever become apparent after operation was begun1 that1 after all1 it was essential to have the tunnels supported in this way4 ,careful studies were made of the clearance necessary1 and it was decided that #d ft4 #i in4 was the minimum allowable depth from the top of the rail to the outside of the iron at the bottom4 ,this meant that the iron lining could be #c in4 higher1 with respect to the track level1 than that shown on the standard section4 ,all the determining factors for fixing the best possible lines and grades for the track within the completed metal lining were now at hand4 ,in ,march1 #aijh1 careful surveys of plan and elevation were made of the tunnels at intervals of #be ft4 throughout4 ,the following operations were then performed to fix on the best lines and grades3 ,first1 for ,line3 ,it has been explained that the permissible deviation of the center line of the track on either side of the center line of the tunnel was #f in4 ,had the metal lining been invariably of the true diameter1 it would have been necessary to survey only one side of the tunnel2 this would have given a line parallel to the center line1 and might have been plotted as such2 then1 by setting off #f in4 on either side of this line1 there would have been obtained a pair of parallel lines within which the center line of the track must lie4 ,owing to variations in the diameter of the tunnel1 however1 such a method was not permissible1 and therefore the following process was used3 ,when running the survey lines through the tunnel 7which were the center lines used in driving the shields71 offsets were taken to the inner edges of the flanges of the metal lining1 both on the north and south sides1 at axis level at each #be-;ft4 interval4 ,on the plat on which the survey lines were laid down1 and at each point surveyed1 a distance was laid off to north and south equal to the following distances3 ,offset1 as measured in the tunnel to north 7or south71 minus #aj4jh ft4 ,this #aj4jh ft4 7or #aj ft1 #a in47 represents #aj ft4 #g in41 the true radius to inside of iron1 minus #f in41 the permissible lateral deviation of the track from the axis of the tunnel4 ,the result of this process was two lines1 one on either side of the survey lines1 not parallel to it or to each other1 but approaching each other when the horizontal diameter was less than the true diameter1 receding from each other when the diameter was more1 and exactly #ab in4 apart when the diameter was correct4 ,as long as the center line of the track lay entirely within these two limiting lines1 the condition that the concrete arch should not be #f in4 less in thickness than the standard #b ft4 was satisfied1 and in order to arrive at the final line1 the longest possible tangents that would be within these limits were adopted as the final lines2 and1 as the survey lines were those used in driving the tunnel shields 7that is1 the lines to which it was intended that the track should be built71 the amount by which the new lines thus obtained deviated from the survey lines was a measure of the deviation of the finally adopted track and concrete line from the original contract lines4 ,next1 for ,grades3 ,the considerations for grade were very similar to those for line4 ,if the vertical diameter of the tunnel had been true at each #be-;ft4 interval surveyed1 it would have been correct to plot the elevations of the crown 7or invert7 as a longitudinal section of the tunnel1 and to have set up over those points others #f in4 above 7as the metal lining could have been #f in4 lower than the standard section1 which is equivalent to the track being an equal amount higher71 and below these crown or invert elevations others #c in4 lower 7as the metal lining could be #c in4 higher74 ,then1 by joining the points #f in4 above in one line and those #c in4 below in another1 there would have been obtained lines of limitation between which the track grades must lie4 ,however1 as the tunnel diameter was not uniformly correct1 a modification of this method had to be made1 as in the case of the line determination1 the principle1 however1 remaining the same4 ,the elevations were taken on the inner edges of the circumferential flanges of the metal lining1 not only in the bottom1 but also in the top1 of the tunnel1 at each #be-;ft4 interval2 then1 for the upper limit of the track at each such interval the following was plotted3 ,elevation of inner edge of flange at top1 minus #af4eh ft4 ,this #af4eh ft4 7or #af ft4 #g in47 was obtained thus3 ,the standard height from the top of the rail to the inner edge of the iron flange is #ag ft4 #a in41 but1 as the track may be #f in4 above the standard or normal1 the minimum height permissible is #af ft4 #g in4 ,for the lower limit of track at each #be-;ft4 interval the following was plotted3 ,elevation of inner edge of flange at bottom1 plus #c4hc ft4 ,this #c4hc ft4 7or #c ft4 #aj in47 was obtained thus3 ,the standard height from the top of the rail to the inner edge of the iron flange is #d ft4 #a in4 7#e ft4 to outside of iron1 less #aa in4 for depth of flange71 but1 as the track may be #c in4 below the standard1 the minimum height permissible is #d ft1 #a in4 less #c in41 or #c ft4 #aj in4 ,by plotting the elevations thus obtained1 two lines were obtained which were not parallel but were closer together or further apart according as the actual vertical diameter was less or greater than the standard1 and the track grade had to lie within these two lines in order to comply with the requirements indicated above4 ,the results of these operations for the ,north ,tunnel are shown on ,plate ,,xxxvi4 ,the greatest deviations between the lines and grades in the subaqueous tunnels as determined by these means and those as originally laid out in the contract drawings are on the ,weehawken side1 and were caused by the unexpected behavior of the tunnel when the shields were driven blind into the silt1 causing a rise which could not be overcome1 and the thrusting aside of one tunnel by the passage of the neighboring one4 ,had this unfortunate incident not occurred1 it is clear that it would have been possible to adhere very closely indeed to the contract lines and grades1 although the deviation is small1 considering all things4 ,the internal outline of the concrete cross-section is uniform throughout1 and is built on the lines and grades thus described4 ,steel ,rod ,reinforcement of ,concrete4--,the original intention had been to line the metal lining of the tube tunnels with plain concrete1 but1 as the discussion on the foundation question continued1 it was felt advisable1 while still it was intended to put in the foundations1 to guard against any stresses which were likely to come on the structure1 by using a system of steel rods embedded circumferentially within the concrete4 ,designs were made on this basis1 and even the necessary material prepared1 before the decision to omit the piles altogether was reached4 ,however1 in order to provide a safeguard for the structure where it is partly or wholly beyond the solid rock1 it was decided to use reinforcement1 even with the piles omitted4 ,for this purpose the tunnel was considered as a girder1 and longitudinal reinforcement was provided at the top and bottom4 ,the top reinforcement extends from a point #be ft4 behind the point where the crown of the tunnel passes out of rock on the ,new ,york side to where the crown passes into rock on the ,new ,jersey side4 ,the bottom reinforcement extends from where the invert of the tunnel passes out of rock on the ,new ,york side to where it passes into rock on the ,new ,jersey side4 ,the reinforcement both at top and bottom consists of twenty #a-;in4 square twisted rods1 ten placed symmetrically on either side of the vertical axis1 #i in4 apart from center to center and set #d in4 7to their centers7 back from the face of the concrete4 ,as a further precaution1 circumferentially-placed rods were used on the landward side of the river lines1 mainly to assist in preventing the distortion of shape which might occur here1 either under present conditions1 such as under the ,fowler ,warehouse at ,weehawken1 or under any possible different future conditions1 such as might be brought about by building some new structure in the vicinity of the tunnels4 ,for purposes of classification of the circumferential reinforcement1 the tunnel was divided into two types1 ,b and ,c2 7,type ,a covering the portion which1 being wholly in solid rock1 was not reinforced at all74 ,type ,b covers the part of the tunnels on both sides of the river lying between the point where the top of the tunnel passes out of rock and the point where the invert passes out of rock on the ,manhattan side1 or out of gravel on the ,weehawken side4 ,the reinforcement consists of twenty #a-;in4 square longitudinal rods in the crown of the tunnel1 as described for the general longitudinal reinforcement1 together with #a-;in4 square circumferential rods at #aj-;in4 centers1 and extending over the arch to #b ft4 #c in4 below the horizontal axis4 ,type ,c extends from the latter limit of ,type ,b to the river line on each side1 and consists of longitudinal reinforcement in both top and bottom1 as described before1 together with circumferential reinforcement entirely around the tunnel1 and formed of #a-;in4 square twisted rods at #ae-;in4 centers4 ,type ,d consists of longitudinal reinforcement only1 and extends from river line to river line1 thus occupying #gb4e of the length in which concrete is used4 ,the reinforcement consists of twenty #a-;in4 twisted rods at #i-;in4 centers in the crown1 and twenty #a-;in4 rods at #i-;in4 centers in the invert4 ,in addition to the three standard types1 ,b1 ,c1 and ,d1 there were two sub-types which were used in ,type ,d1 and in conjunction with it wherever the thickness of the center of the concrete arch became less than #a ft4 #f in41 measuring to the outside of the metal lining4 ,this thickness was one of the limits used in laying out the lines and grades1 and in general the arch was not less than this4 ,there were one or two short lengths1 however1 where it was less1 for1 if the arch thickness requirement had been adhered to1 it would have resulted in a break of line or grade for the sake of perhaps only a few feet of thin arch1 and it was here that the sub-types came into play4 ,sub-type #a was used where the arch was less than #a ft4 #f in4 thick at the top4 ,the extra reinforcement here consisted of #a-;in4 square twisted rods1 #af ft4 long1 laid circumferentially in the crown at #aj-;in4 centers4 ,sub-type #b was used where the arch was less than #a ft4 #f in4 thick at the side4 ,the extra reinforcement here consisted of #a-;in4 square twisted rods1 #af ft4 long1 laid circumferentially1 at the side on which the concrete was thin1 at #aj-;in4 centers4 ,very little of either of these two sub-types was used4 ,the entire scheme is shown graphically and clearly on ,plate ,,xxxvii4 ,cross-,passage ,lining4--,there are two main types of cross-passages3 ,lined with steel plates1 and unlined4 ,there is only one example of lining with steel plates1 namely1 the most western one at ,weehawken4 ,this is built in rock which carried so much water that1 in order to keep the tunnels and the passage dry1 it was decided to build a concrete-lined passage1 without attempting to stop the flow of water1 and within this to place a riveted steel lining1 not in contact with the concrete1 but with a space between the two4 ,this space was drained and the water led back to the shield chamber and thence to the ,weehawken ,shaft sump4 ,the interior of the steel lining is covered with concrete4 ,in the passages not lined with steel plates the square concrete lining is rendered on the inside with a water-proof plaster4 ,each of the passages is provided with a steel door4 ,provisions in ,concrete ,lining for ,surveys and ,observations4--,the long protracted discussion as to the provision for foundations in these tunnels led to many surveys1 tests1 and observations1 which were carried out during the constructive period1 and1 as it was desired to continue as many of these observations as possible up to and after the time when traffic started1 certain provisions were made in the concrete lining whereby these requirements might be fulfilled4 ,the chief points on which information was desired were as follows3 ,the change in elevation of the tunnel1 ,the change in lateral position of the tunnel1 ,the change in shape of the tunnel1 ,the tidal oscillation of the tunnel4 ,a detailed account of these observations will be found in another paper on this work1 but it may be said now that it was very desirable to be able to get this information independently of the traffic as far as possible1 and therefore provision was made for carrying on the observations from the side benches4 ,for studying the changes in level of the tunnel1 a permanent bench-mark is established in each tunnel where it is in the solid rock and therefore not subject to changes of elevation2 throughout the tunnel1 brass studs are set in the bench at intervals of about #cjj ft4 ,a series of levels is run every month from the stable bench-mark on each of these brass plugs1 thus obtaining an indication of the change of elevation that the tunnels have undergone during the month4 ,these results are checked on permanent bench-marks in the subaqueous portion of the tunnels4 ,these consist of rods1 encased in pipes of larger diameter1 which extend down through the tunnel invert into the bed-rock below the tunnel4 ,leakage is kept out by a stuffing-box in the invert4 ,by measuring between a point on these rods where they pass through the invert and the tunnel itself a direct reading of the change of elevation of the tunnel is obtained4 ,these measurements are taken at weekly intervals1 and1 as the tunnels are subject to tidal influences1 being lower at high tide than at low tide1 are always taken under the same conditions as to height of water in the river4 ,these permanent bench-marks are at ,stations #bji #je and #bef #jb 7about #ajj ft4 on the shoreward side of the river line in each case7 in the ,south ,tunnel1 at ,stations #bbj #jj and #bdc #hf1 also in the ,south ,tunnel1 and at ,station #bca #gh in the ,north ,tunnel4 ,in order to study the lateral change of position1 a base line was established on the side bench at each end of each tunnel in the portion built through the solid rock4 ,at intervals of about #cjj ft4 throughout each tunnel1 alignment pockets are formed in the concrete arch1 also above the bench1 on the south bench of the ,north ,tunnel and the north bench of the ,south ,tunnel4 ,in each pocket is placed a graduated and verniered brass bar1 so that1 when the base line is projected on these bars1 the lateral movement of the tunnel can be read directly4 ,as it was desirable to have as much cross-connection as possible between the tunnels at the points where the instruments were to be set up1 five of the main survey stations were set opposite each of the five cross-passages4 ,then1 for the purpose of increasing the cross-connection still further1 pipes #f in4 in diameter were put through from one tunnel to the other at axis level at ,stations #bbj #fj1 #bca #gh1 #bcd #fd1 #bda #ii1 and #bea #ac1 and a survey station was put in opposite each one4 ,points were established at ,station #bbj #jj1 which is the point of intersection for the curve on the original center line of the tunnel1 and also at ,station #bbj #bc1 where the intersection of the track center line comes in the ,north ,tunnel4 ,as it was desirable to have the survey stations not much more than #cjj ft4 apart1 so as to obtain clear sights1 other stations were established so that the distances between survey stations were at about that interval4 ,for studying changes of shape in the tunnel1 brass diameter markers were inserted at each survey station in the concrete lining at the extremities of the vertical and horizontal axes4 ,these were pieces of brass bar1 #c_/h in4 in diameter and #f in4 long1 set in the concrete and projecting #e_/h in4 into the tunnel1 so that a tape could be easily held against the marker and read4 ,for obtaining the tidal oscillation of elevation of the tunnel1 recording gauges are attached to the invert of the tunnel at each of the five permanent bench-marks referred to above in such a way that the recording pencil of the gauge is actuated by the rod of the permanent bench-mark4 ,a roll of graduated paper is driven by clock-work below the recording pencil which thus marks automatically the relative movement between the moving tunnel and the stable rods4 ,these have shown that in the subaqueous part of the tunnel there is a regular tidal fluctuation of elevation1 the tunnel moving down as the tide rises1 and rising again when the tide falls4 ,for an average tide of about #e ft4 the tunnel oscillation would be about #a_/h in4 ,before the concrete lining was placed1 there was a tidal change in the shape of the tunnel1 which flattened about #a_/fd in4 at high tide4 ,after the concrete lining was placed1 this distortion seemed to cease4 ,the general design and plan of the work have been described1 and before giving any account of the contractor's methods in carrying it out1 ,table #bb1 showing the chief quantities of work in the river tunnels1 is presented4 ,methods of ,construction4 ,the following is an account of the methods used by the contractor in carrying out the plans which have already been described4 ,first1 it may be well to point out the sequence of events as they developed in this work4 ,these events may be divided into six periods4 #a4--;,excavation and ,iron ,lining3 ,june1 #aijc1 to ,november1 #aijf2 #b4--;,caulking and grummeting the iron lining3 ,november1 #aijf1 to ,june1 #aijg2 #c4--,surveys1 tests and observations3 ,april1 #aijg1 to ,april1 #aijh2 #d4--;,building cross-passages and capping pile bores3 ,april1 #aijh1 to ,november1 #aijh2 #e4--,placing the concrete lining3 ,november1 #aijh1 to ,june1 #aiji2 #f4--;,cleaning up and various small works3 ,june1 #aiji1 to ,november1 #aiji4 ,the tunnels were under an average air pressure of #be lb4 per sq4 in4 above normal for all except ,periods #e and #f1 during which times there was no air pressure in the tunnels4 ,all the work will be described in this paper except that under ,period #c which will be found in another paper4 ,period #a4--;,excavation and ,iron ,lining1 ,june1 #aijc1 to ,november1 #aijf4--,table #bc gives the chief dates in connection with this period4 ,manhattan ,shield ,chambers4--,the ,manhattan shield chamber construction will be first described4 ,the ,weehawken shield chambers have been described under the ,land ,tunnel ,section1 as they are of the regular masonry-lined ,land ,tunnels type1 whereas the ,manhattan chambers are of segmental iron lining with a concrete inner lining4 ,during the progress of excavation1 the location of the ,new ,york shield chambers was moved back #acc ft41 as previously described in the ,land ,tunnel ,section1 and when the location had been finally decided1 there was a middle top heading driven all through the length now occupied by the shield chamber4 ,narrow cross-drifts were taken out at right angles to the top heading1 and from the ends of these the wall-plate headings were taken out4 ,heavy timbering was used1 as the rock cover was only about #f ft41 and the whole span to be covered was #fj ft4 ,the process adopted was to excavate and timber the north side first1 place the iron lining1 and then excavate the south side1 using the iron of the north side as the supports for the north ends of the segmental timbering of the south4 ,the only incident of note was that at #b3jj ,a4,m41 on ,october #bjth1 #aijd1 the rock at the west end of the south wall-plate heading was pierced4 ,water soon flooded the workings1 and considerable disturbance was caused in the ,new ,york ,central ,railroad yard above4 ,the cavity on the surface was soon filled in1 but to stop the flow of mud and water was quite a troublesome job4 ,,table #bb4--,,quantities ,,of ,,work ,,in ,,subaqueous ,,tunnels4 ,,type4 -------------------------------------- ,,description1 ,,quantity1 ,,manhattan ,,cast ,,iron1 ,,cast ,,iron1 ,,length1 ,,etc4 shield ordinary ordinary chambers4 pocketless4 pocket4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,length1 in feet4 #ei4jj #d1cgd4ii #b1adf4c ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,excavation1 in cubic yards4 ,total4 #a1hhd #fg1cdd #cc1jch ,per linear foot4 #ca4i #ae4d #ae4d ,cast-iron tunnel lining1 in pounds4 ,total4 #hdg1jdb #ci1fdc1abj #ai1gae1dje ,per linear foot4 #ad1ceg #i1jfa #i1ahf ,cast-steel tunnel lining1 in pounds4 ,total4 #a1edd1ifb #geg1ich ,per linear foot4 #cec4a #cec4a ,steel bolts and washers1 in pounds4 ,total4 #bc1fbg #a1dge1iia #gbd1jie ,per linear foot4 #djj4df #ccg4cg #cig4jj ,rust joints1 in linear feet4 ,total4 #c1cgf #agj1gee #hc1ice ,per linear foot4 #eg4b #ci4j #ci4a ,concrete1 in cubic yards4 ,total4 #gff #bj1jcj #i1hbg ,per linear foot4 #ab4ih #d4eh #d4eh ,steel beams1 plates1 etc41 in pounds4 ,total4 #ab1cdf #hc1ggd #da1jih ,per linear foot4 #b1jib4e #ai4a #ai4a ,steel bolts1 hooks1 etc41 in pounds4 ,total4 #a1cbh #cf1ihj #ah1adb ,per linear foot4 #bb4e #hd4e #hd4e ,expanded metal1 in pounds4 ,total4 #eid #b1bae #a1jhf ,per linear foot4 #aj4jg #j4ejf #j4ejf ,vitrified conduits1 in duct feet4 ,total4 #b1efj #bce1ijc #aae1gbh ,per linear foot4 #dc4di #ec4ib #ec4ib ---------------------------------------- ,,description1 ,,quantity1 ,,cast ,,iron1 ,,cast ,,steel1 ,,length1 ,,etc4 heavy ordinary ,total4 pocketless4 pocketless4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,length1 in feet4 #e1ebb4je #aeb4ff #ab1bee4jj ft4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,excavation1 in cubic yards4 ,total4 #he1jja #b1cdi #ahi1faf ,per linear foot4 #ae4d #ae4d cu4 yd4 ,cast-iron tunnel lining1 in pounds4 ,total4 #fa1eei1hde #aba1gfe1dab ,per linear foot4 #aa1adh lb4 ,cast-steel tunnel lining1 in pounds4 ,total4 #b1gcj1ije #a1edi1gaa #f1ehc1eaf ,per linear foot4 #did4e #aj1aea4d lb4 ,steel bolts and washers1 in pounds4 ,total4 #b1ice1dee #ea1bff #e1baj1dcd ,per linear foot4 #eha4ei #cce4hb lb4 ,rust joints1 in linear feet4 ,total4 #bah1fef #e1iif #dhb1gah ,per linear foot4 #ci4f #ci4c ft4 ,concrete1 in cubic yards4 ,total4 #be1bhb #gac #ef1fah ,per linear foot4 #d4eh #d4eh cu4 yd4 ,steel beams1 plates1 etc41 in pounds4 ,total4 #aje1gch #g1dcb #bej1chh ,per linear foot4 #ai4a #dh4g lb4 ,steel bolts1 hooks1 etc41 in pounds4 ,total4 #df1fge #a1dga #ajd1eif ,per linear foot4 #hd4e #if4d lb4 ,expanded metal1 in pounds4 ,total4 #b1gie #fb #f1geb ,per linear foot4 #j4ejf #j4djf lb4 ,vitrified conduits1 in duct feet4 ,total4 #big1geb #g1geg #fei1gjj ,per linear foot4 #ec4ib #ej4ha duct ft4 ,,table #bc4--;,,excavation ,,and ,,iron ,,lining4 ,north ,north ,manhattan4 ,weehawken4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,shaft and preliminary headings4 ,june #aj1 '#jc4 ,june #aa1 '#jc4 ,begun4 ,shaft and preliminary headings4 ,december #aa1 '#jc,september #a1 '#jd ,finished4 ,excavation of shield chamber4 ,begun4 ,may #bd1 '#jd4 ,january #af1 '#je4 ,excavation of shield chamber4 ,january #ba1 '#je4 ,march #be1 '#je4 ,finished4 ,cast-iron lining of shield chambers4,february #d1 '#je4 ,none4 ,begun4 ,cast-iron lining of shield chambers4 ,march #ac1 '#je4 ,none4 ,finished4 ,excavation of tunnels begun before ,october #ag1 '#jd4;,january #ac1 '#je4 installation of shield4 ,commenced building falsework for ,march #f1 '#je4 ,march #bc1 '#je4 shield4 ,shield parts received at shaft4 ,march #aa1 '#je4 ,march #bj1 '#je4 ,erection of shield begun4 ,march #ac1 '#je4 ,march #bg1 '#je4 ,erection of shield 7structural ,march #bg1 '#je4 ,april #ab1 '#je4 steel74 ,finished4 ,erection of shield 7hydraulic ,may #aa1 '#je4 ,may #be1 '#je4 fittings74 ,finished4 ,first ring of permanent cast-iron ,may #ab1 '#je4 ,may #bi1 '#je4 lining put in4 ,first air lock bulkhead wall4 ,begun4 ,may #bi1 '#je4 ,june #ae1 '#je4 ,first air lock bulkhead wall4 ,june #g1 '#je4 ,june #bc1 '#je4 ,finished4 ,air pressure first put in tunnel4 ,june #be1 '#je4 ,june #bi1 '#je4 ,rock disappeared from invert of ,december #a1 '#je4,october #ca1 '#je4 tunnel4 ,first pair of bore segments built in,december #i1 '#je4;,january #ab1 '#jf4 tunnel4 ,rip-rap of river bulkhead wall met4 ,february #h1 '#jf4 ,none4 ,first pile met 7in river bulkhead ,february #ah1 '#jf;,january #c1 '#jf4 wall at ,manhattan1 and ,fowler warehouse foundation at ,weehawken74 ,last pile met4 ,march #b1 '#jf4 ,february #e1 '#jf4 ,first ring erected on river side of ,march #c1 '#jf4 ,february #f1 '#jf4 shore line4 ,removing hood of shield4 ,begun4 ,march #bg1 '#jf4 ,february #f1 '#jf4 ,removing hood of shield4 ,finished4 ,april #a1 '#jf4 ,february #h1 '#jf4 ,second air-lock bulkhead wall4 ,may #ab1 '#jf4 ,march #ai1 '#jf4 ,begun4 ,second air-lock bulkhead wall4 ,may #ba1 '#jf4 ,march #bd1 '#jf4 ,finished4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,tunnel holed through with meeting ,september #ab1 #aijf4 tunnel4 ,last ring of permanent cast-iron ,october #i1 #aijf4 lining built in4 ,south ,south ,manhattan4 ,weehawken4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,shaft and preliminary headings4 ,june #aj1 '#jc4 ,june #aa1 '#jc4 ,begun4 ,shaft and preliminary headings4 ,december #aa1 ,september #a1 #jd ,finished4 '#jc4 ,excavation of shield chamber4 ,begun4,may #bd1 '#jd4 ,january #af1 '#je4 ,excavation of shield chamber4 ,may #ac1 '#je4 ,april #ai1 '#je4 ,finished4 ,cast-iron lining of shield chambers4,may #ae1 '#je4 ,none4 ,begun4 ,cast-iron lining of shield chambers4,june #ad1 '#je4 ,none4 ,finished4 ,excavation of tunnels begun before ,january #e1 '#je4 ,january #be1 '#je4 installation of shield4 ,commenced building falsework for ,june #ai1 '#je4 ,april #ag1 '#je4 shield4 ,shield parts received at shaft4 ,june #bb1 '#je4 ,april #bd1 '#je4 ,erection of shield begun4 ,june #bb1 '#je4 ,april #bd1 '#je4 ,erection of shield 7structural ,june #h1 '#je4 ,may #f1 '#je4 steel74 ,finished4 ,erection of shield 7hydraulic ,august #bg1 '#je4 ,june #ac1 '#je4 fittings74 ,finished4 ,first ring of permanent cast-iron ,august #bg1 '#je4 ,june #ad1 '#je4 lining put in4 ,first air lock bulkhead wall4 ,begun4,september #ah1 ,june #ba1 '#je4 '#je ,first air lock bulkhead wall4 ,september #bc1 ,july #c1 '#je4 ,finished4 '#je ,air pressure first put in tunnel4 ,october #f1 '#je4 ,july #h1 '#je4 ,rock disappeared from invert of ,february #h1 '#jf4,september #ba1 #je tunnel4 ,first pair of bore segments built in,february #af1 ,december #ab1 '#je tunnel4 '#jf4 ,rip-rap of river bulkhead wall met4 ,april #aa1 '#jf4 ,none4 ,first pile met 7in river bulkhead ,april #ah1 '#jf4 ,december #d1 '#jf4 wall at ,manhattan1 and ,fowler warehouse foundation at ,weehawken74 ,last pile met4 ,may #a1 '#jf4 ,january #i '#jf4 ,first ring erected on river side of ,may #i1 '#jf4 ,january #ai1 '#jf4 shore line4 ,removing hood of shield4 ,begun4 ,may #i1 '#jf4 ,january #ai1 '#jf4 ,removing hood of shield4 ,finished4 ,may #ab1 '#jf4 ,january #bd1 '#jf4 ,second air-lock bulkhead wall4 ,july #ac1 '#jf4 ,march #aa1 '#jf4 ,begun4 ,second air-lock bulkhead wall4 ,july #ba1 '#jf4 ,march #ah1 '#jf4 ,finished4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,tunnel holed through with meeting ,october #i1 #aijf4 tunnel4 ,last ring of permanent cast-iron ,november #ah1 #aijf4 lining built in4 ,the excavation was begun on ,may #bdth1 #aijd1 and finished on ,may #aeth1 #aije4 ,the segments were placed by an erector consisting of a timber boom supported by cross-timbers running on car wheels on longitudinal timbers at each side of the tunnel4 ,motion was transmitted to the boom by two sets of tackle1 and the heavy 7#e1jjj-lb47 segments were easily handled4 ,the erection of the lining was started on ,february #dth1 #aije1 and finished on ,june #adth1 #aije4 ,while the shield chambers were being excavated1 bottom headings were run along the lines of the river tunnels and continued until the lack of rock cover prevented their being driven further4 ,these were afterward enlarged to the full section as far as possible4 ,the typical working force in the shield chambers was as follows3 ,ten-hour ,shifts4 ,drilling and ,blasting4 #a ,foreman #c4ej #f ,drillers #c4jj #f ,drillers' helpers #b4jj #a ,blacksmith #c4ej #a ,blacksmith's helper #b4be #a ,powderman #b4jj #a ,waterboy #b4jj #a ,nipper #b4jj #a ,machinist #c4jj #a ,machinist's helper #a4hj ,mucking4 #a or #b ,foremen #c4jj #af ,muckers #b4jj ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xxxviii4 ,,trans4 ,,am4 ,,soc4 ,,civ4 ,,engrs4 ,,vol4 ,,lxvii1 ,,no4 #aaee4 ,,hewett ,,and ,,brown ,,on ,,pennsylvania ,r4 ,r4 ,,tunnels3 ,,north ,,river ,,tunnels4 ,,fig4 #a4 ,,fig4 #b4 ,erection of ,shields4--,the tunneling shields have been described in some detail in the section of this paper dealing with the contractor's plant4 ,they consist essentially of two parts1 the structural steelwork and the hydraulic fittings4 ,the former was made by the ,riter ,conley ,manufacturing ,company1 of ,pittsburg1 ,pa41 and put up by the ,terry and ,tench ,company1 of ,new ,york ,city2 the hydraulic fittings were made and put in by the ,watson-,stillman ,company1 of ,new ,york ,city4 ,on the ,new ,york side1 the shields were built inside the iron lining of the shield chambers1 hence no falsework was needed1 as the necessary hoisting tackle could be slung from the iron lining2 at ,weehawken1 however1 the erection was done in the bare rock excavation1 so that timber falsework had to be used4 ,the assembly and riveting took about #b weeks for each shield2 the riveting was done with pneumatic riveters1 using compressed air direct from the tunnel supply4 ,after the structural steel had been finished1 the shields1 which had hitherto been set on the floor of the chambers in order to give room for working over the top1 were jacked up to grade2 this involved lifting a weight of #aac tons4 ,while the hydraulic fittings were being put in1 the shields were moved forward on a cradle1 built of concrete with steel rails embedded1 on which the shield was driven for the length in which the tunnel was in solid rock4 ,the installation of the hydraulic fittings took from #d to #f weeks per shield4 ,the total weight of each finished shield was about #aic tons4 ,the completed shield1 as it appeared in the tunnel1 is shown by ,fig4 #a1 ,plate ,,xxxviii4 ,the typical force working on shield erection was as follows3 ,ten-hour ,shifts4 ,shield ,erection4 7,terry and ,tench47 #a ,superintendent #ac4jj per day #d ,foremen #e4ej #a ,timekeeper #b4ej #b ,engineers #d4ej #cd ,iron workers #d4ej #g ,laborers #b4be ,hydraulic ,work4 7,watson-,stillman ,company47 #d ,mechanics #d4jj per day ,general ,labor4 7,o',rourke ,engineering ,construction ,company47 #a ,inspector #d4jj per day #a ,foreman #d4jj #h ,laborers #b4jj #a ,engineer #b4ej ,after the shield was finished and in position1 the first two rings of the lining were erected in the tail of the shield4 ,these first rings were then firmly braced to the rock and the chamber lining2 then the shield was shoved ahead by its own jacks1 another ring was built1 and so on4 ,the description of the actual methods of work in the shield-driven tunnels can now be given2 this will be divided generally into the different kinds of conditions met at the working face1 for example1 ,full ,face of ,rock1 ,mixed ,face1 ,full ,face of ,sand and ,gravel1 ,under ,river ,bulkhead1 and ,full ,face of ,silt4 ,the last heading is the one under which by far the longest length of tunnel was driven1 and1 as not much has hitherto appeared descriptive of the handling of a shield1 through this material1 considerable space will be devoted to it4 ,full ,face of ,rock4--,as was described when dealing with the shield chambers1 as much as possible of the rock excavation was done before the shields were installed4 ,on the ,new ,york side1 about #adf ft4 of tunnel was completely excavated1 with #ga ft4 of bottom headings beyond that1 and at ,weehawken1 #eh and #dj ft4 of tunnel and heading beyond1 respectively4 ,this was chiefly done to avoid handling the rock through the narrow shield doors4 ,test holes were driven ahead at short intervals to make sure that the rock cover was not being lost1 but1 nevertheless1 at ,weehawken1 on ,february #adth1 #aije1 a blast broke through the rock and let the mud flow in1 filling the tunnel for half its height for a distance of #cjj ft4 from its face4 ,throughout the rock section the shield traveled on a cradle of concrete in which were embedded either two or three steel rails4 ,in the portion in which the whole of the excavation had been taken out1 it was only necessary to trim off projecting corners of rock4 ,in the portion in which only a bottom heading had been driven1 the excavation was completed just in front of the shield1 the drilling below axis level being done from the heading itself1 and above that from the front sliding platforms of the shield4 ,the holes were placed near together and drilled short1 and very light charges of powder were used1 so as to lessen the chance of knocking the shield about too much4 ,in this work the small shield doors hampered the work greatly1 and it might have been well to have provided a larger bottom opening which could have been subdivided or partly closed when soft ground was met2 on the other hand1 the quantity thus handled was small1 owing to the fact that the greater part of the rock was excavated before the shields were installed4 ,the space outside the lining was grouted with a #a3a mixture of ,portland cement and sand4 ,large voids were hand-packed with stone before grouting4 ,the details of grouting will be described later4 ,a typical working gang is given herewith4 ,two such gangs were worked per shield per #bd hours1 #aj hours per shift4 ,all this work was done under normal air pressure4 ,general3 ,tunnel superintendent #bjj4jj per month #a ,assistant tunnel superintendent #e4jj per day #a ,general foreman #e4jj ,electrician #c4ej ,electrician's helper #c4jj ,pipefitter #c4jj ,pipefitter's helper #b4ge ,drilling3 #a ,foreman #e4jj #c ,drillers #d4jj #c ,drillers' helpers #c4jj #a ,nipper #b4ej ,waterboy #b4ej ,powderboy #b4ge ,mucking3 #a ,foreman #c4ej #h ,muckers #b4ge ,erecting ,iron and ,driving ,shield3 #a ,erector runner #d4jj #c ,iron workers #c4jj ,the duties of such a gang were as follows3 ,the tunnel superintendent looked after both shifts of one shield4 ,the assistant or walking boss had charge of all work in the tunnel on one shift4 ,the general foreman had charge of the labor at the face4 ,the electricians looked after repairs1 extensions of the cables1 and lamp renewals4 ,the pipefitters worked in both tunnels repairing leaks in pipes between the power-house and the working faces1 extending the pipe lines1 and attending to shield repairs1 and in the latter work the erector runner helped4 ,the drillers stuck to their own jobs1 which were not subject to interruption as long as the bottom headings lasted4 ,one waterboy and one powderboy served two tunnels4 ,the muckers helped the iron men put up the rings of lining1 as well as doing their own work4 ,the iron men tightened bolts1 whenever not actually building up iron4 ,the list does not include the transportation gang1 which will be described under its own heading4 ,the rate of progress attained was #d4b ft4 per day per shield where most of the excavation had been done before1 and #b4a ft4 where none had been done before4 ,when the shields had got far enough away from the shield chamber1 and before rock cover was lost1 the first air-lock bulkhead walls were put in4 ,air-,lock ,bulkhead ,walls4--,the specifications required these walls and all their fittings to be strong enough to stand a pressure of #ej lb4 per sq4 in4 ,accordingly1 all the walls were of concrete1 #aj ft4 in thickness1 except the first two1 which were #h ft4 in thickness1 and grouted up tight4 ,there were three locks in each bulkhead wall capable of holding men1 namely1 the top or emergency lock which is set high in order to afford a safe means of getting away in case of a flood2 this lock was used continuously for producing the lines and levels into the tunnels4 ,it was very small and cramped for this purpose1 and a larger one would have been better1 both for lines and emergencies4 ,this lock was directly connected with the overhead platform 7also called for in the specifications7 which ran the whole length of the tunnels4 ,side by side1 on the level of the lower or working platform of the tunnel1 were the man lock and the muck lock4 ,in addition a number of pipes were built in to give access to the cables and for passing pipes1 rails1 etc41 in and out4 ,after each tunnel was about #a1bjj ft4 ahead of the first walls1 a second wall was built just like the first1 and no others were put in1 so that altogether there were eight walls4 ,this second wall not only gave an added safeguard to the tunnel but enabled the air pressure at the working face to be divided between the two walls1 and this compression or decompression in stages1 separated by a spell of walking exercise1 was found to be very good for the health of those working in the air4 ,mixed ,face4--,when the rock cover became so thin that it was risky to go on without the air pressure1 the air pressure was turned on1 starting with from #ab to #ah lb41 which was enough to stop the water from the gravel on top of the rock4 ,at first1 when the surface of the rock was penetrated1 the soft face was held up by horizontal boards braced from the shield until the shield was shoved4 ,the braces were then taken out and1 as soon as the shield had been shoved1 were replaced by others4 ,as the amount of soft ground in the face increased1 the system of timbering was gradually changed to one of #b-;in4 poling boards resting on top of the shield and supported at the face by vertical breast boards1 in turn held by #f by #f-;in4 walings braced both through the upper doors to the iron lining and from the sliding platforms of the shield4 ,the latter were in their forward position before the shield was shoved1 the pressure being turned off and the exhaust valves opened just before the shove began4 ,as the shield went ahead1 the platform jacks gradually exhausted and thus held enough pressure on the face to keep it up4 ,fig4 #ag is a sketch of this method4 ,in driving through mixed ground a typical working gang was about as follows3 ,general3 #a_/c ,tunnel superintendent #cjj4jj per month #a ,assistant tunnel superintendent #e4jj per day #a ,general foreman #e4jj ,electrician #c4ej ,electrician's helper #c4jj ,pipefitter #c4be ,pipefitter's helper #c4jj ,drilling3 #a ,foreman #e4jj #b ,drillers #c4be #b ,drillers' helpers #c4jj ,timbering3 #b ,timbermen #b4ej per day #b ,timbermen's helpers #b4jj ,mucking3 #a ,foreman #c4ej #f ,muckers #b4ge ,erecting ,iron and ,driving ,shield3 #a ,erector runner #c4be #c ,iron workers #c4jj ,the average rate of progress was #b4f ft4 per day4 ,in this case there were three such gangs1 each on an #h-;hour shift4 ,full ,face of ,sand and ,gravel4--,this condition of affairs was only met at ,weehawken4 ,two systems of timbering were used4 ,in the first system1 ,fig4 #ag1 the ground was excavated #b ft4 #f in4 ahead of the cutting edge1 the roof being held by longitudinal poling boards1 resting on the outside of the skin at their back end and on vertical breast boards at the forward end4 ,when the upper part of the face was dry1 it was held by vertical breast boards braced from the sliding platform and through the shield doors to cross-timbers in the tunnel2 the lower part1 which was always wet1 was held by horizontal breast boards braced through the lower shield pockets to cross-timbers in the tunnel4 ,this system worked all right as long as the ground in the top was sandy enough and had sufficient cohesion to allow the polings to be put in1 but1 when the upper part was in gravel1 thus making it impossible to put in the longitudinal polings or the vertical breasting1 the second system came in4 ,here the excavation was only carried #a ft4 #c in4 7half a shove7 ahead of the cutting edge1 and the longitudinal polings were replaced by transverse boards supported by pipes which were placed in the holes provided in the shield to accommodate some telescopic poling struts which had been designed but not made4 ,these pipes acted as cantilevers1 and were in two parts1 a #b-;in4 pipe wedged tight into the holes and smaller pipes sliding inside them4 ,after a small section of the ground had been excavated1 a board was placed against it1 one of the pipes was drawn out under it1 and wedges were driven between it and the board4 ,these polings were kept below the level of the hood1 so that when the shield was shoved they would come inside of it2 in addition1 they were braced with vertical posts from the sliding platforms4 ,the upper part of the face was held by longitudinal breast boards braced from the sliding platform by vertical soldier pieces4 ,the lower part of the face was supported by vertical sheet-piling braced to the tunnel through the lower doors4 ,sometimes two rows of piling were used1 but generally one1 as shown in ,fig4 #ag4 ,notwithstanding the fact that the breasting was only #a ft4 #c in4 ahead of the hood1 the shield was moved its full stroke of #b ft4 #f in41 the ground around the cutting edge of the hood being scraped away by men working bars in the place from which the temporary breast boards at the circumference had been removed4 ,the back pressure on the sliding platform jacks1 when the exhaust valves were only partly open1 offered a good deal of resistance1 and held the face as long as the movement of the shield was continuous4 ,illustration3 ,,method ,,of ,,timbering ,,face ,,in ,,mixed ,,ground ,,method ,,of ,,timbering ,,face ,,in ,,sand ,,method ,,of ,,timbering ,,face ,,in ,,sand ,,and ,,gravel ,,fig4 #ag4 ,on one occasion1 when for some reason the shield was stopped with the shove only partly done1 and the exhaust valves had not been shut off1 the platforms continued to slide and allowed the face to collapse2 the shield platforms and doorways1 however1 caught the falling sand and gravel and the flow choked itself4 ,as soon as the rock surface was penetrated and the sand and gravel were met1 which happened almost at the same time in the two ,weehawken ,tunnels1 the escape of air increased enormously1 and it at once became clear that it was impossible to keep enough air in the two tunnels by the methods then in use1 even when working the three compressors1 each capable of compressing #d1djj cu4 ft4 of free air per min4 at top speed4 ,when the shields just entered the sand and gravel1 the face had been held by light breasting1 without any special effort to prevent the escape of air1 but when it was found impossible to supply enough air1 a large amount of straw and clay was used in front of the boards4 ,this cut down the escape1 but1 as much air was escaping through the joints of the iron lining1 these were plastered with ,portland cement4 ,even then1 the loss was too great1 therefore one tunnel was shut down entirely and all the air was sent to the other4 ,this allowed a pressure of #aj lb4 to be kept up in the working tunnel1 and this1 though less than the head1 was enough to allow progress to be made4 ,in order to use one tunnel as a drain for the other1 the two faces were always kept within #aej ft4 of each other by working them alternately4 ,the timbered face was never grouted1 though this would have reduced the loss of air1 as at the same time it would have decreased the progress very much1 and any one who saw the racing engines in the power-house1 and realized that a breakdown of one of them would mean the loss of the faces1 was ready to admit that the quicker this particular period was cut short1 the better4 ,above the sand and gravel lay the silt1 and1 when it showed in the roof1 the escape of air was immediately reduced and the two faces could be worked simultaneously4 ,almost at the same time the piles supporting the large warehouse1 known as the ,fowler ,building1 were met4 ,although the face now took much less timber1 the same system of breast boards as had been used in the gravel was kept up1 but in skeleton form4 ,they were set #b ft4 #f in4 ahead of the shield1 however1 instead of #a ft4 #c in41 and the transverse roof poling boards were replaced by longitudinals resting on the shield4 ,the more piles in the face the less timbering was done4 ,the piles were cut into handy lengths with axes and chisels4 ,all timbering was light compared with the weight of the ground1 but1 as the shove took place as soon as the set was made1 it served its purpose4 ,when a face was closed down the whole system was greatly reinforced by braces from the shield1 the face of which was closed by the doors4 ,in driving through such a face the typical #h-;hour shift gang was about as follows3 ,general3 #a_/c ,tunnel superintendent #cjj4jj per month4 #a ,assistant tunnel superintendent #e4jj per day4 #a ,general foreman #e4jj ,pipefitter #c4be ,pipefitter's helper #b4ge ,electrician #c4jj ,electrician's helper #b4ge ,timbering3 #c ,timbermen #b4ej #c ,timbermen's helpers #b4jj ,mucking3 #a ,foreman #c4ej #f ,muckers #b4ge ,erecting ,iron and ,driving ,shield3 #a ,erector runner #c4be #a ,foreman #d4jj #d ,iron workers #c4jj ,the drillers were not kept on after the rock disappeared2 a foreman was added who divided his time between iron erection and mucking4 ,the average rate of progress in sand and gravel without piles was #e4a ft4 per day per shield4 ,when piles and silt were met in the upper part of the face1 the speed increased to #g4j ft4 per day4 ,passing ,under ,river ,bulkhead4--,at ,weehawken no trouble was found in passing under the river wall1 as the bulkhead consisted of only cribwork supported on silt1 and1 though the piles obstructed the motion of the shield1 they were easily cut out1 and the cribwork itself was well above the top of the shield4 ,on the ,new ,york side1 however1 conditions were not nearly as good4 ,the heavy masonry bulkhead was supported on piles and rip-rap1 as shown in ,fig4 #ah4 ,the line of the top of the shield was about #f ft4 above the bottom of the rip-rap1 the spaces between the stones of which were quite open and allowed a free flow of water directly from the river4 ,as soon1 therefore1 as the cutting edge of the shield entered the rip-rap there was a blow1 the air escaping freely to the ground surface behind the bulkhead and to the river in front of it4 ,clay puddle1 or mud made from the excavated silt1 was used in large quantities to plug up the interstices between the stone in the working face1 the air pressure being slightly greater than that needed to keep out the water holding it in place4 ,the excavation of the rip-rap was a tedious affair1 for it had to be removed one stone at a time and the spaces between the newly exposed stones plugged with mud immediately4 ,one man stood ready with the mud while another loosened the stones with a bar4 ,when the shield had advanced its own length in the rip-rap1 another point for the escape of the air was exposed at the rear end of the shield4 ,this loss was closed at the leading end of the last ring with mud and cement sacks4 ,illustration3 ,,sketch ,,showing ,,river ,,tunnels ,,passing ,,under ,,river ,,bulkhead ,,wall ,,at ,,manhattan ,,cross-,,section ,,of ,,river ,,bulkhead ,,wall ,,on ,,axis ,,of ,,north ,,tunnel ,,plan ,,showing ,,piles ,,removed ,,to ,,allow ,,passage ,,of ,,shield ,,fig4 #ah4 ,as long as the shield was stationary it was possible1 by using these methods and exercising great care and watchfulness1 to prevent excessive loss of air2 but1 while the shield was being shoved ahead1 the difficulties were much increased1 for the movement of the shield displaced the bags and mud as fast as they were placed1 and it was only by shoving slowly and having a large number of men looking out for leaks and stopping them up the instant they developed that excessive loss of air could be prevented4 ,in erecting the iron lining1 as each segment was brought into position1 it was necessary to clean off the leading surface of the previous ring and the adjacent portion of the tail of the shield2 this was always accompanied by a slight blow1 and for some time the air pressure in the tunnel dropped from #be to #bj lb41 that is1 from greater than the balancing pressure to less1 every time a segment was placed1 and on two occasions the blow became so great that the tunnel pressure was reduced considerably further1 and in consequence the water from the river rushed in and was not stopped until it had risen about #d ft4 in the tunnel invert4 ,on such occasions the surface of the river was greatly disturbed1 rising more than #bj ft4 in the air in a sort of geyser4 ,a large quantity of grout 7about #b1ejj bbl4 of cement and a similar quantity of sand in the ,north ,tunnel and #a1jjj bbl4 in the ,south ,tunnel7 was used at this point2 it was forced through the tunnel lining immediately behind the shield1 greatly reducing the loss of air and helping to bind the rip-rap together4 ,when the shield had traveled #be ft4 through the rip-rap1 the piles which support the bulkhead were met4 ,one hundred of these which were spaced at #c-;ft4 centers in each direction1 were cut out of the path of each shield in a distance of #ce ft4 ,the presence of the piles caused considerable extra labor1 as each pile had to be cut into several pieces with axes to enable it to be removed through the shield doors1 otherwise they presented no difficulties4 ,it was not necessary to timber the face1 as the piles supported it most effectively4 ,when the river line had been passed1 the blow still continued1 and as there was no heavy ground above the tunnel the light silt was carried away into the water by the escaping air4 ,at one time the cover over the crown of the tunnel was reduced to such an extent that for a distance of #cj ft4 there was less than #aj ft4 of very soft silt1 and in some places none at all4 ,therefore1 the shield was stopped and the air pressure reduced until it was less than the balancing pressure2 the blow then ceased1 and about #bh1jjj cement bags filled with mud were dumped into the hole 7the location made it impossible to dump them en masse from a scow74 ,they were then weighted down with rip-rap4 ,this sealed the blow1 and the work was continued without any further disturbance from this source4 ,just before the blow reached its maximum it was found that two of the piles which had been encountered were directly in the path of one of the proposed screw-piles4 ,it was therefore decided to pull these1 and this was done with two #dj-ton hydraulic jacks supported by the upper sliding platforms and acting on a horizontal timber which was connected to the piles by tie-rods and chains4 ,the working force here was similar to that employed in the sand and gravel section previously described4 ,in ,full ,face of ,silt4--,a full face of silt was first met under the ,new ,york ,central ,railroad freight yard on the ,new ,york side4 ,up to this point the ground passed through had been either solid rock or a mixed face of rock and gravel4 ,in both of these the full excavation had to be taken out before the shield could be shoved1 and the soft ground had needed timbering4 ,when the rock1 gravel1 and hardpan gave place to a full face of silt1 the timber was removed1 all the shield doors were opened1 and the shield was shoved into the ground without any excavation being done by hand ahead of the diaphragm4 ,as the shield advanced1 the silt was forced through the open doors into the tunnel4 ,after the work had gone on in this way for some time1 taking in about #ij of the full volume of the tunnel excavation per foot forward1 the air pressure was raised from #bj to #bb lb4 ,the result was that the silt in the face got harder and flowed less readily through the shield1 and the amount taken in fell to about #fe of the full volume4 ,this manner of shoving at once caused a disturbance on the surface and the railroad tracks above the tunnel were raised1 so that the pressure was lowered to #af lb41 then the muck got softer and the full volume of excavation was taken in2 after a while the pressure was again raised to #bj lb4 ,the forcing of the shield through the silt resulted in a rising of the bed of the river1 the amount that the bed was raised depending on the quantity of material brought into the shield4 ,if the whole volume of excavation was being brought in1 the surface of the bed was not affected2 when about #ej was being taken in1 the surface was raised about #c ft42 if the shield was being driven blind1 the bed was raised about #g ft4 ,the number of open doors was regulated so as to take in the minimum quantity of muck consistent with causing no surface disturbance4 ,on the average1 in the ,north ,manhattan ,tunnel1 all the doors were open1 but in the ,south ,tunnel there were generally only five or six out of the total nine4 ,in front of the bulkhead wall at ,manhattan the tunnels were under ,pier ,no4 #gb4 ,this structure was supported on wooden piles1 some #hj ft4 or more in length1 which came down below the tunnel invert4 ,the piles which lay directly in the path of the tunnels1 with a few exceptions1 had been pulled4 ,in driving the tunnels through this section1 great care had to be taken not to disturb the piles on either side of the tunnels1 as they supported a heavy trestle used in disposing of the excavation from the open cut in the terminal yard4 ,to avoid such disturbance1 a large portion of the total excavation had to be taken through the shields4 ,the first shield which passed the river bulkhead was the south one at ,weehawken4 ,as soon as this line was crossed the silt was found to be much softer than behind the wall1 in fact it was like a fluid in many of its properties4 ,the fluidity could be changed by varying the tunnel air pressure2 for example1 when the air pressure was made equal to the weight of the overlying material 7water and silt71 the silt was quite stiff1 and resembled a rather soft clay2 but when the air pressure was from #aj to #ae lb4 per sq4 in4 lower1 it became so liquid that it would flow through a #a-;in4 grout hole in the lining1 in a thick stream1 at the rate of from #aj to #ej gal4 per min4 as soon as the plug was taken out4 ,this was the point to which the contractor had long looked forward1 as he expected to be able to close all his shield doors and drive the rest of the way across without taking in a shovelful of muck1 as had just been done under the ,hudson ,river1 on the ,south ,tunnel of the ,hudson and ,manhattan ,railroad ,company's ,tunnels between ,morton ,street1 ,new ,york ,city1 and ,hoboken1 ,n4 ,j4 ,the doors were shut and the shield was shoved2 the tunnel at once began to rise rapidly1 notwithstanding that the heaviest possible downward leads that the clearance between the iron and the shield would allow were put on4 ,at the same time1 the pressures induced in the silt by the shield shouldering the ground aside caused the iron lining to rise about #b in4 as soon as the shield left it1 and also distorted it1 the horizontal diameter decreasing and the vertical diameter increasing by about as much as #a in4 ,an anxious discussion followed these phenomena1 as the effects had been so utterly unexpected1 and a good many different theories were advanced as to the probable cause4 ,it was thought that the hood of the shield might have something to do with the trouble4 ,the shield was stopped1 the hood removed1 the doors were shut1 and the driving continued4 ,the same trouble was found1 and it was impossible to keep to grade4 ,work was stopped1 and the question was thoroughly debated2 finally1 on ,january #cast1 #aijf1 the chief engineer directed that one of the shield doors be opened as an experiment and #ej of the excavation taken in4 ,the effect was instantaneous1 the shield began to come down to grade at once1 and it soon became necessary to close the door partially and reduce the quantity of muck taken in in order to prevent the tunnel from getting below grade4 ,the other troubles from distortion1 etc41 ceased at the same time4 ,it was soon found that a powerful aid in the guidance of the shield was thus brought to hand1 for1 if high1 the shield could be brought down by increasing the quantity of muck taken in1 if low1 by decreasing it4 ,from this time forward1 the quantity of muck taken in at each shove was carefully regulated according to the position of the tunnel with regard to grade and the nature of the ground4 ,the quantity varied from nothing to the full volume displaced by the tunnel1 and averaged #cc of the latter4 ,to regulate the flow1 the bottom middle door was fitted with two steel angles behind which were placed #f by #f-;in4 timbers4 ,in this way the opening could be entirely closed or one of any size left4 ,the muck flowed into the tunnel in a thick stream1 as shown in ,fig4 #b1 ,plate ,,xxxv1 and1 by regulating the rate of shove it could be made to flow just as fast as it could be loaded into cars4 ,in driving through the silt1 the typical gang per shift of #h hours per shield was as follows3 ,general3 #a_/c ,tunnel superintendent #cjj per month #a ,assistant tunnel superintendent #f4jj per day #a ,general foreman #e4jj ,electrician #c4ej ,electrician's helper #c4jj #a ,foreman #d4jj #b ,pipefitters #c4ej #b ,pipefitters' helpers #c4be ,mucking3 #a ,foreman #d4jj #f ,muckers #c4jj ,erecting ,iron and ,driving ,shield3 #a ,foreman #d4jj per day #a ,erector runner #c4ej #d ,iron workers #c4jj #c ,laborers #c4jj ,three such shifts were worked per day1 and the air pressure averaged #be lb4 per sq4 in4 ,the increase in the number of pipefitters was due to the greatly increased speed1 and also the steadily increasing length of completed tunnel4 ,the three laborers in the erection gang spent their whole time tightening bolts4 ,the rate of progress in the silt under the river per ring of #b ft4 was #c hours #ba min41 exclusive of all time when work was actually suspended4 ,for a considerable part of the time only two #h-;hour shifts were worked1 owing to a shortage of iron caused by the change in the design of the lining1 whereby the original lining was changed to a heavier one1 and1 as the work was also stopped for experiments and observations1 the average of the actual total time1 including all the time during which work was suspended1 was #e hours #cb min4 per ring1 or #aj4h ft4 per day4 ,the junction of the shields under the river was made as follows3 ,when the two shields of one tunnel1 which had been driven from opposite sides of the river approached within #aj ft4 of each other1 the shields were stopped1 a #aj-;in4 pipe was driven between them1 and a final check of lines and levels was made through the pipe4 ,incidentally1 also1 the first through traffic was established by passing a box of cigars through the pipe from the ,manhattan shield to that from ,weehawken4 ,one shield was then started up with all doors closed while the doors on the stationary shield were opened so that the muck driven ahead by the moving shield was taken in through the other one's doors4 ,this was continued until the cutting edges came together4 ,all doors in both shields were then opened and the shield mucked out4 ,the cutting edges were taken off1 and the shields moved together again1 edge of skin to edge of skin4 ,the removal of the cutting edge necessitated the raising of the pressure to #cg lb4 ,as the sections of the cutting edges were taken off1 the space between the skin edges was poled with #c-;in4 stuff4 ,fig4 #a1 ,plate ,,xxxix1 is a view of the shields of the ,north ,tunnel after being brought together and after parts of the interior frames had been removed4 ,when everything except the skins had been removed1 iron lining was built up inside the skins1 the gap at the junction was filled with concrete1 and long bolts were used from ring to ring on the circumferential joint4 ,finally1 the rings inside the shield skins were grouted4 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,xxxix4 ,,trans4 ,,am4 ,,soc4 ,,civ4 ,,engrs4 ,,vol4 ,,lxviii1 ,no4 #aaee4 ,,hewett ,,and ,,brown ,,on ,,pennsylvania ,r4 ,r4 ,,tunnels3 ,,north ,,river ,,tunnels4 ,,fig4 #a4 ,,fig4 #b4 ,in order to make clear the nature of the work done in building these shield-driven tunnels in silt1 a short description will be attempted1 this description falling into three main divisions1 namely1 ,shoving the ,shield1 ,pushing ,back the ,jacks1 and ,erecting the ,iron ,lining4 ,shoving the ,shield4--,this part of the work is naturally very important1 as the position of the shield determines within pretty narrow limits the position of the iron built within it1 hence the shield during its forward movement has to be guided very carefully4 ,on this work certain instructions were issued for the guidance of the foreman in charge of the shield4 ,these instructions were based on results of checks of the shield and iron's position by the engineering corps of the ,company1 and comprised1 in the main1 two requirements1 namely1 the leads that were to be got1 and the quantity of muck to be taken in4 ,the lead is the amount that the shield must be advanced further from the iron1 on one side or the other1 or on the top or bottom1 as measured from the front face of the last ring of iron lining to the diaphragm of the shield4 ,these leads are not necessarily true leads from a line at right angles to the center line1 as the iron may have1 and in fact usually does have1 a lead of its own which is known and allowed for when issuing the requirements for the shove4 ,the foreman1 knowing what was wanted1 arranged the combination of shield jacks which would give the required leads and the amount of opening on the shield door which would give the required amount of muck4 ,to see how the shield was going ahead1 a man was stationed at each side at axis level and another in the crown4 ,each man had a graduated rod on which the marks were so distinct that they could be read by anyone standing on the lower platform4 ,these rods were held against the shield diaphragm1 and1 as it advanced1 its distance from the leading end of the last ring could be seen by the man in control of the jack valves4 ,if he found that he was not getting the required leads1 he could change the combination of jacks in action4 ,as the time of a shove was often less than #aj min41 the man had to be very quick in reading the rods and changing the jacks4 ,if it was found that extensive change in the jack arrangement was wanted1 the shove could be stopped by a man stationed at the main hydraulic control valve2 but1 as any such stoppage affected the quantity of muck taken in1 it was not resorted to unless absolutely necessary4 ,if the quantity of muck coming in was not as desired1 a stop had to be made to alter the size of the opening1 and if1 while this was being done1 the exhaust valves were not closed quite tight1 the silt pressure on the face of the shield would force it back against the iron4 ,this fact was sometimes taken advantage of when a full opening did not let in the desired quantity1 for the shield could be shoved1 allowed to return1 and shoved again4 ,the time taken to shove in silt varied greatly with the quantity of material taken in2 for shoving and mucking combined1 it averaged #ff min41 with an average of #ac cu4 yd4 of muck disposed of1 or about #e min4 per cu4 yd4 of material4 ,pushing ,back the ,jacks4--,this was a simple matter1 and merely consisted in making the loose push-back connection to each jack as it had to be sent back4 ,some of the jacks became strained and bent1 and had to be taken out and replaced4 ,where there was silt pressure against the face of the shield1 the hydraulic pressure had to be kept on until the ring was erected4 ,in such cases1 only two or three jacks could be pushed back at a time1 and only after a segment had been set in position1 and the pressure taken on it1 could the next jack be pushed back1 and so on around the ring4 ,the time between the finish of the shove 7hydraulic pressure turned off7 and the placing of the first segment1 was occupied in pushing back the bottom jacks and cleaning dirt off the tail of the shield1 and averaged about #ad min4 ,erecting the ,iron ,lining4--,as soon as the shove was over1 the whole force1 when in silt1 set to work at building up the iron and then tightening the bolts so that the shield could be shoved again4 ,a section of the tunnel with bolting and working platform is shown on ,plate ,,xl4 ,in the early part of the work1 when the ground was being excavated ahead of the shield1 the whole force1 with the exception of those working in front of the shield1 was engaged in erecting the iron1 but1 as soon as this was done1 most of the men returned to the mucking1 and only the iron workers continued to tighten up bolts4 ,on the other sections1 where the shield was shoved into the silt without excavating ahead1 as soon as the shove was completed1 the whole force was engaged in the erection of the iron and the tightening of the bolts1 until they were so tight that the shield could be shoved again for another ring4 ,the iron was brought into the tunnel on flat cars1 two segments to the car1 and was lifted from the car and lowered into the invert of the shield by a block and fall and chain sling1 as shown in ,fig4 #b1 ,plate ,,xxxix4 ,the bottom three or four segments were pushed around into position with the erector1 the head simply bearing against the longitudinal flange without being attached to the segment2 the upper segments1 however1 were1 as shown in ,fig4 #b1 ,plate ,,xxxviii1 and ,fig4 #a1 ,plate ,,xli1 attached to the erector1 by using the expanding bar and the erector head designed by ,mr4 ,patrick ,fitzgerald1 the ,tunnel ,superintendent4 ,this was found to be a most convenient arrangement4 ,the single erector attached to the center of the shield was able to erect the iron as fast as it could be brought into the tunnel1 and even when the weight of the segments was increased #be 7from #b1jfj to #b1ehj lb47 it always proved equal to its task1 although occasionally one of the chains in the mechanism broke and delayed the work for an hour or so2 but the sum of all the delays from this cause and from breaks and leaks in the hydraulic line only averaged #ac min4 per ring4 ,the operating valve which was first used was a four-spindle turning valve1 but this was replaced by a sliding valve which was found to be much more satisfactory1 both in ease of operation and freedom from failure4 ,as the iron was put into place1 two of the middle bolts in each longitudinal flange and two in each circumferential one were pulled as tight as possible1 and the others put in loosely2 then1 as soon as the ring was in position1 as large a force as could be conveniently worked at one time was engaged in tightening the bolts4 ,the shape of the tunnel depended on the thoroughness of the tightening of the bolts1 and the shield was never shoved until the bolts in all the longitudinal flanges had been thoroughly tightened4 ,in addition1 all the bolts in the circumferential flanges below the axis were tightened1 and at least three of the six in each segment above4 ,after the shield had been shoved ahead1 the bolts were found to have slackened1 and1 where the daily progress was four rings1 or more1 it was necessary to have a small gang of men always at this work4 ,in order to get at the bolts1 special platforms were necessary1 and throughout the greater part of the work1 a traveling platform was used4 ,this enabled the men to reach handily all parts of the seven leading rings4 ,this platform was supported and moved forward on wheels fixed on brackets to the tunnel1 and was pulled forward by connecting chains every time the shield was shoved4 ,in the early part of the work it was not possible to use platforms1 because1 in order to maintain the correct circular shape of the iron lining1 it was necessary to put in temporary horizontal turnbuckles at axis level4 ,these1 however1 were very convenient for supporting the planks which were used as a temporary bolting platform for the sides of the tunnel1 and a temporary platform resting on #f by #f-;in4 timbers across the tunnel enabled the bolts in the crown of the tunnel to be reached1 while the #f by #f-;in4 timbers were left in to support the emergency platform previously described 7,plate ,,xl71 which extended the entire length of the tunnel4 ,the time taken to erect the iron lining became shorter and shorter as the tunnel organization became more perfect and the force better trained1 so that1 whereas1 in the early part of the work1 it frequently took #f hours to erect a ring1 in the latter part1 when the work was nearing completion1 it was a common occurrence to erect a ring in #cj min4 ,the average time in the heavy iron section1 which included the greater part of the work under the river1 was #a hour #d min4 for the erection of the ring and #dj min4 for tightening the bolts after that had been completed1 so that the total time spent by the whole gang on erection and bolting averaged #a hour #dd min4 per ring1 exclusive of the time spent by the small gang which was always engaged in tightening the bolts4 ,the average time spent in erecting and bolting1 for the whole length of the tube tunnels1 was #b hours #ae min4 per ring4 ,tables of ,progress4--,tables #bd1 #be1 #bf1 and #bg have been prepared to show the time taken in the various operations at each working face4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xli4 ,,trans4 ,,am4 ,,soc4 ,,civ4 ,,engrs4 ,,vol4 ,,lxviii1 ,no4 #aaee4 ,,hewett ,,and ,,brown ,,on ,,pennsylvania ,r4 ,r4 ,,tunnels3 ,,north ,,river ,,tunnels4 ,,fig4 #a4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xli4 ,,trans4 ,,am4 ,,soc4 ,,civ4 ,,engrs4 ,,vol4 ,,lxviii1 ,no4 #aaee4 ,,hewett ,,and ,,brown ,,on ,,pennsylvania ,r4 ,r4 ,,tunnels3 ,,north ,,river ,,tunnels4 ,,fig4 #b4 ,in ,tables #bd1 #be1 #bf1 and #bg1 the following symbols are used3 ,a--,including assistant superintendents1 foremen1 and electricians1 in driving the shield1 erecting iron1 mucking1 attending to the electric lights1 and repairing the pipe line4 ,b--,drillers1 drillers' helpers1 drill foremen1 and nippers4 ,c--,all men grouting4 ,d--,engineers and laborers wholly employed on transport between the first lock and the face4 ,e--,in rock1 one car #j4fj cu4 yd42 in sand or silt #a4bj cu4 yd4 in place4 ,f--,time between completion of mucking and putting in first plate1 spent in shoving the jacks back4 ,g--,in ordinary iron the whole time spent on erection and bolting4 ,in heavy iron the time between putting in the first plate and placing the key only4 ,h--,time between placing the key and starting the next shove1 spent by the whole gang in tightening bolts4 ,in addition to this1 there was a small gang which spent its whole time at this work4 ,i--,in ,table #bd the first pair of bore segments is at ring #bjg-bjh4 #be #bja-bjb4 #bf #ahe-ahf4 #bg #aga-agb4 ,outside diameter of tunnel #bc ft4 #j in4 ,inside #ba ft4 #b in4 ,length of ring #b ft4 #f in4 ,in the ,ordinary ,iron section the time is divided between mucking 7which included the shoving and pushing back of the jacks7 and the erection time 7which included the time spent by the whole gang in tightening bolts74 ,in the ,heavy ,iron section these times are all separated into ,mucking1 ,pushing ,back ,jacks1 ,erecting1 and ,bolting1 and here the bolting time included only that spent on bolts by the whole gang2 in addition1 there was a small gang engaged solely in tightening bolts4 ,the lost time is the average time lost due to the break-down of hydraulic pipe lines1 damaged jacks1 and broken erector chains4 ,the erection time is separated for the various kinds of rings1 that is1 straight ordinary rings1 rings containing ,no4 #a bore segments1 rings containing ,no4 #b bore segments1 and taper rings1 and it will be seen that1 on the average1 taper rings took #bb min4 7or #bd7 more time to erect and to bolt than ordinary ones1 and that rings containing ,no4 #b bore segments took #ad min4 7or #ae7 more4 ,,table #bd4--,,shield-,,driven ,,tunnel ,,work1 ,,manhattan ,,shaft1 ,,river ,,tunnel ,,north4 ,table showing the size of the gang1 the amount of excavation1 and the time per ring taken for the various operations involved in building tunnel through the several kinds of ground encountered2 also the extent and nature of all the unavoidable delays4 ,,table #bd ,,part #a ,w ,,ave4 ,,no4 e ,,of ,,men i ,,description ,,in ,,gang g ---------------------------------------- ------- h ,ave ,a t air ,d ,g i r r r o ,p ,s i o f r h l u t ,t e i l t r o s e i i a t i s l n n n a r ,section u d g g s l o between ,length r ,method of --------- n rings in feet,material e ,excavation ,a ,b ,c ,d ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #a-ed #ace4j,rock ,p #ad #ee-hj #fe4j #ai ,p #bd #ga_/c #acb #ha-ajg #fe4j,soft rock #ah ,p #bb #e #bbi ,o #ajh-aec #aag4e,rock #ad ,p #agaa #bcj r #aed-aid #ajb4e,rock and #ad ,p #bc #f #bca d earth i #aie-bae #eb4e,silt #ai ,p,breasting #bh #bcj n #baf-cic #dde4j #bj ,q#h doors #bg #dca a #cid-dbi #ij4j,silt1 piles1 #bd ,c,breasting #bh #dcb r rip-rap y #dcj-eji #bjj4j,silt #bc ,q#a door #bd #cbg #eaj-fib #deg4e #bc ,q#c doors #bf #dcj #ee-fib #a1eic4j #bj #be #b #ccj #baf-fib #a1aib4e #bb #bf #dcj ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #fic-ied #fee4j,silt #bd ,q#a door #bh #fcd #iee-a1jad #aej4j #bd ,q#a #bh #hcf #a1jae-a1jgd #aej4j #bd ,q#a #be #hcc ,h#a1jge-a1acd #aej4j #bd ,q#a #bg #icf e#a1ace-a1aid #aej4j #be ,q#a #bf #hcd a#a1aie-a1bbd #ge4j #be ,q#a #bd #icc v#a1bbe-a1bfb #ie4j #be ,q#a #bc #icb y#a1bfc-a1bgg #cg4e #be ,q#a #bd #ajcd #a1bgh-a1cjg #ge4j #be ,q#a #ba #ajca #a1cjh-a1cbf #dg4e #bh ,q#a #bg #aach #iee-a1cbf #icj4j #bd #bf #ice #fic-a1cbfa1ehe4j #bd #bg #hce ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,a #baf-a1cbfb1ggg4e #bc #bg #gcd l #ee-a1cbfc1ahj4j #bb #bf #fcb l ,,table #bd ,,part #b ,w ,av4 ,,time ,,for ,,ring e ,,erection1 i ,time ,,hrs4 ,,and ,,min4 g --------- -------------------- h ,av4 ,time per t ,no4 ,muck- ,t ,o of ing1 ring1i r o cu4 per m d ,b ,b f yd4 cu4 shov-e ,j i o o ,t per yd4 ing a n r r a ,m ring f c a e e p e i and o k r e a r ,section r s y #a #b r n o between ,muck----------------------------- n rings ,e ing ,f ,g ,g ,g ,g ,g ---------------------------------------- -------------- #a-ed ,time for#d-jj #d-bad-jd #ee-hj #da #j-ca #ba-jj;jacks #f-jd #e-cje-eg #ha-ajg #da #j-cc #bb-cj;for #d-bf #d-bf ,o #ajh-aec #da #j-ci #bf-calight #c-aj #c-cjc-ab r #aed-aid #da #j-bg #ah-cd;iron is #b-jh ,j4 ,j4 #b-djb-aj d included i #aie-bae #da #j-aj #f-df;in #c-jcc-cjc-cj #c-ji n #baf-cic #df #j-je #c-ecshoving #b-djb-efc-jjc-ajb-ej a #cid-dbi #df #j-ah #ag-ji;and #c-dcc-cid-dfd-aac-ef r mucking y #dcj-eji #aa #j-aj #a-db #c-add-abc-eic-dfc-cd #eaj-fib #cj #j-je #a-dg #b-jhb-bab-cbb-ejb-ah #ee-fib #cj #j-ae #g-ce,n #c-jb #d-cac-ab #baf-fib #cj #j-jg #c-db,n #b-chb-eic-jha-cjb-ej ---------------------------------------- -------------- #fic- #iedaa #j-ab #a-jb,n #a-ebb-jeb-aeb-bib-j #iee-a1jadab #j-jd #j-dhj-af #j-eaa-aha-jhj-ejj-eh #a1jae-a1jgdab #j-jc #j-daj-ac #j-dcj-dfj-eej-djj-de ,h#a1jge-a1acd #h #j-jd #j-cdj-ab #a-jda-jaa-aea-bja-jh e#a1ace-a1aid #h #j-jd #j-ccj-ac #j-ecj-eaj-ehj-dfj-ec a#a1aie-a1bbd #f #j-jd #j-bdj-ab #j-ehj-dbj-ecj-ejj-ed v#a1bbe-a1bfb #e #j-je #j-bcj-aj #j-dhj-dij-ejj-cej-dg y#a1bfc-a1bggaj #j-jd #j-cfj-aa #j-dgj-ejj-ebj-dhj-eb #a1bgh-a1cjgag #j-jd #a-jij-aj #a-jca-jaa-jfj-jja-jd #a1cjh-a1cbfbb #j-je #a-cij-ah #a-bea-dha-ejj-eja-ca #iee-a1cbfaa #j-jd #j-daj-ac #j-eej-eia-jcj-eej-eh #fic-a1cbfab #j-jd #j-ea,n #a-bga-cda-daa-cha-ca ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,a #baf-a1cbfai #j-jf #a-ei,n #a-eeb-jhb-afa-ceb-jc l #ee-a1cbfba #j-aj #d-ac,n #b-bb l ,,table #bd ,,part #c ,w ,,bolting ,,time1 ,,whole ,time e ,,time ,,on ,,bolts ,,after i ,,ring ,,is ,,complete4 lost ,,total ,,time4 g -------------------- ------------------------- h re- t ,o pair- r ing o d ,b ,b ,o f i o o ,t hy- r n r r a ,m drau- d ,b ,b a e e p e lic i o o ,t i r e a n r r a ,m r ,section y #a #b r n pip- a e e p e o between --------------------ing r e a n rings ,h ,h ,h ,h ,h y #a #b r n ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #a-ed ,excavation partially completed previously4 #ee-hj #bg-d #bf-cjbf-eg ,o #ha-ajg #bf-ef #bf-ef r #ajh-aec #bi-da #cj-a #bi-dc d #aed-aid #bj-db #ba-adbj-dd i n #aie-bae #i-diaj-afaj-af #i-ee a #baf-cic ,bolting time for #j-ji #f-db #f-eh #g-jb #g-ab #f-eb r #cid-dbi light iron is #bc-gibc-bebd-cbbc-egbc-db y included in #dcj-eji erection4 #j-ah #e-ad #f-ab #e-ei #e-df #e-cd #eaj-fib #j-aa #d-jf #d-ai #d-cj #d-dh #d-af #ee-fib #j-agaj-ed #ab-bcaa-jd #baf-fib #j-be #f-de #g-jf #g-ae #e-cg #f-eg ------------ ----------------------------- #fic- #ied #j-ac #c-g #c-bj #c-cj #c-dd #c-ae #iee-a1jadj-bdj-baj-cgj-ajj-bej #b-ai #b-dc #b-di #b-jd #b-bg #a1jae-a1jgdj-caj-cjj-ebj-bcj-cdj-jb #b-aj #b-ab #b-dc #a-ei #b-ae ,h#a1jge-a1acdj-bhj-cea-djj-ebj-ddj-jc #b-ba #b-be #c-dd #c-ja #b-da e#a1ace-a1aidj-cbj-bjj-bdj-ahj-bfj #b-aa #a-eg #b-jh #a-ej #b-je a#a1aie-a1bbdj-aij-bjj-cdj-cej-bcj #a-ec #a-ch #b-jc #b-ja #a-ec v#a1bbe-a1bfbj-bij-bij-cfj-ahj-cjj #a-ej #a-ea #a-ei #a-bf #a-ej y#a1bfc-a1bggj-bcj-bcj-daj-bcj-bgj #a-eg #b-j #b-bj #a-eh #b-jf #a1bgh-a1cjgj-ccj-cdj-eaj-j #j-cfj #b-ee #b-ed #c-af #j-j #b-ei #a1cjh-a1cbfj-dij-dbj-ehj-bej-dhj #d-aa #d-bg #d-de #c-ab #d-af #iee-a1cbfj-bij-bgj-dij-caj-cbj #b-ah #b-bj #b-df #b-bj #b-bd #fic-a1cbf,o #j-jf #b-bd #b-ca #b-ch #b-ce #b-bh ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,a #baf-a1cbf,o #j-af #d-ah l #ee-a1cbf,o #j-ab #f-dg l ,,table #bd ,,summary ,,part #a ,,ave4 ,,no4 ,w ,,of ,,men e ,,description ,,in ,,gang i ---------------------------------------- -------- g ,ave4 h air t ,a ,p ,d ,g i o r r r r f e ,s i o s h l u ,t,t i s i l t ro r ,section u e i i at o between ,length r ,method of l n n na n rings in feet ,material e ,excavation d g g sl ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,o #a-ed #ace4j,rock #j ,p #ad r #ee-aid #cej4j;,earth and rock#af ,p #bb #fa_/c #bcj d #aie-cic #dig4e,silt #bj ,p,breasting#bg #dca i #cid-ddj #aag4e #bd ,p,breasting#bh #dcb n #dda-fib #fcj4j #bc ,q#c doors #be #dbi a ---------------------------------------- ------------------- r #baf-fib #a1aib4e #bb #bf #dcj y ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #ee-fib #a1eie4j #bj #be #b #ccj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,hvy #fic-a1cbfa1ehe4j,silt #bd ,q#a door #bg #hce ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,all #ee-a1cbfc1ahj4j #bb #bf #fcb ,,table #bd ,,summary ,,part #b ,w ,,unavoidable ,,delays e ,,average ,,time 7,,not ,,included ,,in ,,average i o ,,per ,,ring4 ,,time ,,per ,,ring74 g f ---------------------------------------- ------ h ,average ,time t i ,no4 of mucking1,shoving r cubic per and ,erec- o yards cubic mucking tion ,lost ,time nper ring yard ,n ,o time,total ,items hrs min ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,o #d-ad ,first bulkhead #agb #jj r #da #j-cb #ba-dd #d-d #be-dh,second bulkhead#aai #jj d #ch #j-g #d-aa #b-eb #j-i #g-ab;,grouting #bjj #jj i #da #j-ah #aa-ed #d-ag #a-daag-eb;,blowout #gc #jj n #ag #j-f #b-jd #b-cd #j-db #e-bj;,cradle #ajj #jj a ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- r #cj #j-g #c-db #b-ej #j-be #f-eg,total #ffd #jj y ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- #cj #j-ae #g-ce #c-ab #j-agaa-jd,per ring #j #cj ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,hvy #ab #j-d #j-ea #a-ca #j-jf #b-bh ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,all #ba #j-aj #d-ac #b-bb #j-ab #f-dg ,n ,including time for jacks4 ,o ,including bolting time4 ,p ,excavating ahead of shield4 ,q ,shoving shield into silt with 444 doors open4 ,,table #be4--,,shield-,,driven ,,tunnel ,,work1 ,,manhattan ,,shaft1 ,,river ,,tunnel ,,south4 ,table showing the size of the gang1 the amount of excavation1 and the time per ring taken for the various operations involved in building tunnel through the several kinds of ground encountered2 also the extent and nature of all the unavoidable delays4 ,,table #be ,,part #a ,w ,,ave4 ,,no4 e ,,of ,,men i ,,description ,,in ,,gang g ---------------------------------------- ---------- h ,ave ,a t air ,d ,g i r r r o ,p ,s i o f r h l u t ,t e i l t r o s e i i a t i s l n n n a r ,section u d g g s l o between ,length r ,method of -------- n rings in feet,material e ,excavation ,a ,b ,c ,d ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- #a-fh #agj4j,rock #j ,r #bj #e #eb #cb #fi-ie #fg4e,rock and earth #ac ,r #bb #h #b #cb ,o #if-ada #aae4j,rock #aj ,r #baac #b #cf r#adb-aia #abe4j,rock and earth #ae ,r #bd #g #b #cc d#aib-bjc #cj4j,silt #ah ,r,breasting#bc #c #bf i#bjd-chh #dfb4e #ah ,s#g doors #bg #c #cj n#chi-dbi #ajb4e,silt1 piles and #bb ,s#f doors #bd #d #bh a rip-rap4 ,r,breasting r#dcj-ejd #ahg4e,silt #ba ,s#c doors #bc #e #bh y#eje-fbi #cab4e #bb ,s#d doors #be #f #ca #fcj-fib #aeg4e #bc ,s#b doors4 #bd #h #cb #bjd-fib #a1bbb4e #ba #be #e #cj #fi-fib #a1efj4j #ag #bcd #jc #cj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- #fic-gff #ahe4j,silt #bd ,s#b doors #ba #f #bg #gfg-hjf #ajj4j #bd ,s#b #bb #g #bi ,h #hjg-ijj #bce4j #bd ,s#a #bc #h #ca e #ija-icc #hb4e #be ,s#a door #cj #ajdj a #icd-ihh #acg4e #be ,s#a #cj #aada v #ihi-a1jdc #acg4e #be ,s#a #bh #aaci y#a1jdd-a1jec #be4j #bf ,s#a #be #i #cd #a1jed-a1jfh #cg4e #bf ,s#a #bf #i #ce #a1jfi-a1aaj #aje4j #bf ,s#a #cj #aada #fic-a1aaja1jde4j #be #be #h #cc ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,a #bjd-a1aajb1bfg4e #bc #be #f #ca l #fi-a1aajb1fje4j #bj #bdb #e #ca l ,,table #be ,,part #b ,w ,av4 ,,time ,,for ,,ring e ,,erection1 i time ,,hrs4 ,,and ,,min4 g --------- -------------------- h ,av4 ,time per t ,no4 ,muck- ,t ,o of ing1 ring1i r o cu4 per m d ,b ,b f yd4 cu4 shov-e ,j i o o ,t per yd4 ing a n r r a ,m ring f c a e e p e i and o k r e a r ,section r s y #a #b r n o between ---- ,muck----------------------------- n rings ,e ing ,f ,g ,g ,g ,g ,g ---------------------------------------- -------------- #a-fh #da #j-ad #i-ec,time for#e-bg #d-cbe-jg #fi-ie #da #j-bd #af-ah;jacks #c-jb #b-djc-jj ,o #if-ada #gj #j-af #ah-af;for #b-jh #b-bgb-ji r #adb-aia #eb #j-bj #ag-bglight #b-jh ,j ,j #b-jdb-jh d #aib-bjc #cf #j-ac #g-eh;iron is #b-bgf-jjb-ajc-aeb-dg i #bjd-chh #cg #j-je #c-ai;included#b-dab-dib-edb-efb-dg n #chi-dbi #dj #j-ag #ab-db;in #c-aeb-cfe-jcc-bfc-bg a shoving r #dcj-ejd #bj #j-jf #a-ea;and #b-ecc-agc-jjb-egb-ei y #eje-fbi #bg #j-je #b-bjmucking #b-bcb-djb-deb-bhb-cj #fcj-fib #bb #j-je #a-ec #a-edb-ajb-bbb-bcb-jb #bjd-fib #cj #j-jg #c-bg ,t #b-cdb-deb-ehb-ceb-db #fi-fib #cf #j-aa #f-dj ,t #b-dg #c-ahb-eb ---------------------------------------- -------------- #fic-gff #bb #j-je #a-ce #j-be #a-aha-dda-cja-dja-be #gfg-hjf #bb #j-je #a-ai #j-ba #a-jjj-efa-cga-baa-jh #hjg-ijj #ai #j-je #a-aa #j-ag #j-eha-aca-jha-aba-jd ,h #ija-icc #ai #j-jd #a-ac #j-ji #j-eia-jej-ei #a-jj e #icd-ihh #af #j-jd #j-ed #j-ab #j-dij-ddj-ef #j-ej a #ihi-a1jdcac #j-je #j-eb #j-ad #j-eaj-ddj-eba-adj-eb v#a1jdd-a1jecaf #j-jg #j-dj #j-ae #a-jda-aej-ejj-eea-jb y#a1jed-a1jfh #h #j-je #j-cf #j-jh #j-egj-dja-jb #j-ef #a1jfi-a1aajad #j-jf #a-jj #j-ae #j-dhj-eda-jfa-caj-ef #fic-a1aajah #j-je #a-bi ,t #a-jaa-jha-jia-aia-je ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,a #bjd-a1aajbe #j-jf #b-ce ,t #b-jib-aib-ccb-aib-ag l #fi-a1aajbi #j-ji #d-cf ,t #b-ai #b-dfb-be l ,,table #be ,,part #c ,w ,,bolting ,,time1 ,,whole ,time e ,,time ,,on ,,bolts ,,after i ,,ring ,,is ,,complete4 lost ,,total ,,time4 g -------------------- ------------------------- h re- t ,o pair- r ing o d ,b ,b ,o f i o o ,t hy- r n r r a ,m drau- d ,b ,b a e e p e lic i o o ,t i r e a n r r a ,m r ,section y #a #b r n pip- a e e p e o between --------------------ing r e a n rings ,h ,h ,h ,h ,h y #a #b r n ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #a-fh ,excavation partially #ae-bj #ad-beae-jj #fi-ie completed previously4 #ai-bj #ah-ehai-ah ,o #if-ada #j-jcbj-bg #bj-dfbj-bh r #adb-aia #j-abai-dg #ai-dcai-dg d #aib-bjc ,bolting time for light#a-bjaa-deae-ahaa-bhab-ccab-je i #bjd-chh iron is included in #j-je #f-je #f-ac #f-ah #f-bj #f-aa n #chi-dbi erection4 #j-chaf-ceae-efah-bcaf-dfaf-dg a r #dcj-ejd #j-ci #e-bc #e-dg #e-cj #f-bg #e-bi y #eje-fbi #j-bc #e-jf #e-bc #e-bh #e-aa #e-ac #fcj-fib #j-jh #c-ee #d-aa #d-bc #d-bd #d-jc #bjd-fib #j-ah #f-ai #f-cj #f-dc #f-bj #f-bg #fi-fib #j-ae #i-db #aj-ac #i-dg ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #fic-gff #j-dca-jij-ebj-ejj-dij-jg #d-jh #e-jj #d-bi #d-cg #d-ba #gfg-hjf #j-chj-bdj-dcj-chj-dbj-jb #c-bj #c-jb #d-jb #c-da #c-cb #hjg-ijj #j-cij-cdj-efj-caj-djj-jf #c-aa #c-ba #c-ch #c-ag #c-ah ,h #ija-icc #j-cdj-bfa-dg #j-dcj-je #c-jj #b-eh #d-ac #c-aj e #icd-ihh #j-bhj-cdj-cd #j-cjj-jf #b-bi #b-cj #b-db #b-cb a #ihi-a1jdcj-ccj-bdj-eaj-cej-cej-jd #b-cd #b-ah #b-ec #b-ei #b-cg v#a1jdd-a1jecj-bcj-chj-cjj-eej-cf #c-bb #c-dh #c-ae #c-de #c-cc y#a1jed-a1jfhj-ccj-bej-ce #j-cb #b-ad #a-di #b-ba #b-ab #a1jfi-a1aajj-cbj-djj-dhj-dfj-cgj-je #b-dj #b-ed #c-ad #c-cg #b-ec #fic-a1aajj-cgj-cij-ebj-djj-djj-je #c-ab #c-ba #c-ce #c-cc #c-ai ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,a #bjd-a1aaj ,u #j-ab #d-ef #e-jf #e-bj #e-jf #e-jd l #fi-a1aaj ,u #j-ad #g--j #g-cf #g-ae l ,,table #be ,,summary ,,part #a ,,ave4 ,,no4 ,w ,,of ,,men e ,,description ,,in ,,gang i ---------------------------------------- -------- g ,ave4 h air t ,a ,p ,d ,g i o r r r r f e ,s i o s h l u ,t,t i s i l t ro r ,section u e i i at o between ,length r ,method of l n n na n rings in feet ,material e ,excavation d g g sl ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,o #a-fh #agj4j,rock #j ,r #bj #e #e #ecb r #fi-aia #cjg4e,rock and earth#ac ,r #bb #i #bcc d #aib-chh #dib4e,silt #ah ,r,breasting#be #cbh i ,s#g doors n #chi-dbi #ajb4e,silt piles and#bb ,r,breasting#bd #dbh a rip-rap ,s#f doors r #dcj-fib #feg4e,silt #bb ,s#c doors #bd #fcj y ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #bjd-fib #a1bbb4e #ba #be #ecj ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #fi-fib #a1efj4j #ag #bc #d #j #ccj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,hvy #fic-a1aaja1jde4j #be ,s#a door #be #hcc ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,all #fi-a1aajb1fje4j #bj #bd #eca ,,table #be ,,summary ,,part #b ,w ,,unavoidable ,,delays e ,,average ,,time 7,,not ,,included ,,in ,,average i o ,,per ,,ring4 ,,time ,,per ,,ring74 g f ---------------------------------------- ------ h ,average ,time t i ,no4 of mucking1,shoving r cubic per and ,erec- o yards cubic muckingtion ,lost ,time nper ring yard ,t ,u time,total,items hrs min ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,o #da #j-ad #i-ec #e-jg #ae-jj;,first bulkhead #afj #jj r #ed #j-ai #ag-bj #b-bfj-jeai-ea,second bulkhead #aeg #de d #cg #j-ji #e-ci #b-dgj-fc #i-bi;,grouting #bjj #jj i n #dj #j-ag #ab-db #c-bgj-chaf-dg;,blowout #fi #de a r #bd #j-je #a-eh #b-bij-bb #d-di,waiting-heavy iron #fd #jj y ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- #cj #j-jg #c-bg #b-dbj-ah #f-bg,total #gae #cj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- #cf #j-aa #f-dj #b-ebj-ae #i-dg,per ring #j #ci ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,hvy #ah #j-je #a-bi #a-dej-jf #c-ai ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,all #bi #j-ji #d-cf #b-bej-ad #g-ae ,r ,excavating ahead of shield4 ,s ,shoving shield into silt with 444 doors open4 ,t ,including time for jacks4 ,u ,including bolting time4 ,,table #bf4--,,shield-,,driven ,,tunnel ,,work1 ,,weehawken ,,shaft1 ,,river ,,tunnel ,,north4 ,table showing the size of the gang1 the amount of excavation1 and the time per ring taken for the various operations involved in building tunnel through the several kinds of ground encountered2 also the extent and nature of all the unavoidable delays4 ,,table #bf ,,part #a ,w ,,ave4 ,,no4 e ,,of ,,men i ,,description ,,in ,,gang g -------- ------------- --------------------------- h ,ave ,a t air ,d ,g i r r r o ,p ,s i o f r h l u t ,t e i l t r o s e i i a t i s l n n n l r ,section u d g g s e o between ,length r ,method of ------------ n rings in feet,material e ,excavation ,a ,b ,c ,d ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #a-bd #fj4j,rock #j ,x #i4jd #j #jaj #be-ee #gg4e #bj ,x #ade #j4e #aba #ef-gb #db4e,mixed sand and #aj ,x,breasting#bbb 4#ji #bbf ,o rock r #gc-afe #bcb4e,sand and gravel #aj ,x #bbj #j4a #bbd d #aff-ahd #dg4e,sand and silt #bj,x,breasting#bbj 4#ch #cbe i with piles and cutting n #ahe-bec #agb4e,silt and piles #bdpiles #bcj 4#ga #cbf a #bed-bic #ajj4j,silt #bf ,y#h doors #bbj #j #cbe r #bid-cja #bj4j #bg #aij #j #bba y #cjb-cjg #ae4j #bg ,y#h doors #baj #j #bbc #cjh-cdb #hg4e #bh #aij #j #bba #cdc-cdg #ab4e #bh ,y#h doors #aej #j #bag #cdh-dei #bhj4j #bh #bjj #j #cbh #dfj-did #hg4e #bh ,y#h doors #baj #j #cbd #die-eac #dg4e #bh #h #bcj #j #dbg #ead-fje #bcj4j #bh #h #bej #j #dbi #fjf-fbd #dg4e #bh #h #bdj #j #dbh #fbe-fdj #dj4j #bh #h #chj #j #edc #be-fdj #a1edj4j #bj #ahe-fdj #a1adj4j #bf #bcj #j4b #cbf ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #fda-fdg #ag4e,silt #bh ,y#h doors #bdj #j #fcj #fdh-gea #bfj4j #bh ,y#h #bbj #j #dbf #geb-gie #aaj4j #bh ,y#h #ahj #j #gbe #gif-hbe #ge4j #bh ,y#h #aij #j #ajbh ,h #hbf-hed #gb4e #bh ,y#h #agj #j #cbj e #hee-hha #fg4e #bh ,y#h #bcj #j #icb a #hhb-ihb #beb4e #bh ,y#h #bjj #j #hbh v #ihc-iij #bj4j #bh ,y#h #baj #j #gbh y #iia-a1jdi #adg4e #bh ,y#h #bcj #j #gcj #a1jej-a1jgd #fb4e #bh ,y#h #bdj #j #icc #a1jge-a1aaj #ij4j #bh ,y#h #bej #j #ajce #fda-a1aaja1age4j #bh #baj #j #gbh ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,a #ahe-a1aajb1cae4j #bh #bbj #j4a #ebg l #be-a1aajb1gae4j #bf #baj4aj4a #cbd l ,,table #bf ,,part #b ,w ,av4 ,,time ,,for ,,ring e ,,erection1 i ,time ,,hrs4 ,,and ,,min4 g --------- -------------------- h ,av4 ,time per t ,no4 ,muck- ,t ,s of ing1 ring1i t o cu4 per m r ,b ,b f yd4 cu4 shov-e ,j a o o ,t per yd4 ing a i r r a ,m ring f c g e e p e i and o k h e a r ,section r s t #a #b r n o between ,muck----------------------------- n rings ,e ing ,f ,g ,g ,g ,g ,g ---------------------------------------- -------------- #a-bd #df #j-jf #d-cb,time #f-bc #f-bc #be-ee #df #j-ea #ci-cc;for #d-be #e-ajd-bi ,o #ef-gb #dd #j-ba #ae-je;jacks #b-ec #c-aeb-ee ,o for r #gc-afe #ci #j-aa #f-eflight #b-bg #b-bab-bf d #aff-ahd #db #j-ji #f-ai;iron is #b-ca ,j ,j #f-cjb-cg i included n #ahe-bec #dc #j-ji #f-ac;in #a-egb-ddb-ebb-jjb-ae a #bed-bic #f #j-ah #a-deshoving #a-eha-egb-aeb-deb-jb r #bid-cja #j #a-jh;and #j-eha-dea-ej #a-ag y #cjb-cjg #bf #j-ji #d-jcmucking4#b-bja-dja-eeb-egb-bb #cjh-cdb #j #j-cf #b-jja-cdb-dba-ehb-jb #cdc-cdg #b #j-cf #a-aa #b-aeb-bj #b-dcb-cc #cdh-dei #j #j-cc #b-jcb-jdb-jib-bcb-jf #dfj-did #i #j-ji #a-bc #b-dib-cjb-eja-ejb-ch #die-eac #ag #j-je #a-bh #b-ceb-bca-eeb-ajb-bf #ead-fje #bf #j-jd #a-dd #b-abb-cdb-bib-aeb-ai #fjf-fbd #af #j-jd #a-jg #a-edb-ccb-afa-ceb-jd #fbe-fdj #bd #j-jc #a-ac #b-adb-eeb-ceb-dfb-bh #be-fdj #ahe-fdj #af #j-jg #a-eh #b-jgb-aib-bfb-aeb-ac ---------------------------------------- -------------- #fda-fdg #ai #j-jd #j-jh ,v #a-bjb-jha-fea-dja-da #fdh-gea #ad #j-jc #j-cf #j-ab #a-baa-bba-bfa-eea-bc #geb-gie #aj #j-jc #j-bi #j-ad #j-dfa-bea-cab-cga-aj #gif-hbe #e #j-jh #j-dj #j-aa #j-dha-caa-cdj-eca-jc ,h #hbf-hed #ae #j-jc #j-dh #j-ai #j-eda-aba-jba-bca-ja e #hee-hha #g #j-je #j-cc #j-af #j-eij-dea-aea-bja-ja a #hhb-ihb #aj #j-jb #j-bj #j-ad #j-dia-jba-jaj-ejj-ed v #ihc-iij #ag #j-jb #j-cd #j-ad #j-djj-djj-dh #j-dd y #iia-a1jdi #h #j-jc #j-ba #j-aa #j-djj-dhj-ci #j-da #a1jej-a1jgd #g #j-jc #j-ah #j-aj #j-dcj-ddj-dfj-djj-dc #a1jge-a1aaj #af #j-jb #j-cc #j-ab #j-eja-jba-jfj-ehj-ee #fda-a1aaj #h #j-jd #j-cj #j-ad #j-efa-jha-aba-bia-jb ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,a #ahe-a1aaj #ab #j-jg #a-bj #j,v #a-dhb-jab-aab-aga-ef l #be-a1aajag4aj-ab #c-ac ,v #b-je l ,,table #bf ,,part #c ,w ,,bolting ,,time1 ,,whole ,time e ,,time ,,on ,,bolts ,,after i ,,ring ,,is ,,complete4 lost ,,total ,,time4 g -------------------- ------------------------- h re- t ,s pair- t ing o r ,b ,b ,s f a o o ,t hy- t i r r a ,m drau- r ,b ,b g e e p e lic a o o ,t i h e a i r r a ,m r ,section t #a #b r n pip- g e e p e o between --------------------ing h e a n rings ,h ,h ,h ,h ,h t #a #b r n ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #a-bd ,excavation partially #aj-ee #aj-ee #be-ee completed previously4 #dc-eh #dd-dcdd-jb #ef-gb #j-jdah-jb #ah-bdah-jd ,o #gc-afe #j-ji #i-cb #i-bf #i-ca r #aff-ahd #j-jg #h-eg #ab-ef #i-jc d #ahe-bec #j-ae #h-be #i-ab #i-bj #h-bh #h-dc i n #bed-bic ,bolting time for #j-ad #c-eg #c-ef #d-ad #d-dd #d-ja a #bid-cja light iron is #b-jf #b-ec #b-eh #b-be r #cjb-cjg included in #f-bc #e-dc #e-eh #g-jj #f-be y #cjh-cdb erection4 #b-cf #b-aj #c-ah #b-bi #b-ch #cdc-cdg #j-ci #d-je #d-aj #d-dc #d-bc #cdh-dei #j-ad #b-ej #b-ea #b-ef #c-aj #b-ec #dfj-did #j-bg #d-ci #d-bj #d-dj #c-dj #d-bh #die-eac #d-jc #c-ea #c-bc #c-ch #c-ed #ead-fje #c-ef #d-ah #d-ac #c-ei #d-jc #fjf-fbd #c-ja #c-dj #c-bc #b-db #c-aa #fbe-fdj #c-bg #d-jh #c-dh #c-ei #c-da #be-fdj #ahe-fdj #j-ji #d-ad #d-bf #d-cc #d-bb #d-bj ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- #fda-fdg #j-djj-cea-bej-eej-dg #c-jh #c-ea #d-bh #c-dc #c-cf #fdh-gea #j-caj-bij-chj-cjj-cbj-ab #b-eb #b-ea #c-jd #c-be #b-ee #geb-gie #j-dhj-caj-ddj-cej-dcj-je #b-bb #b-dd #c-jc #d-jj #b-da ,h #gif-hbe #j-caa-jcj-dic-bgj-ea #b-aj #c-be #c-ad #e-aa #b-de e #hbf-hed #j-bbj-cgj-chj-bjj-bgj-jf #b-bi #c-jb #b-ec #b-ef #b-da a #hee-hha #j-bbj-baj-dej-djj-bfj-de #b-ee #b-dj #c-cd #c-cd #c-ja v #hhb-ihb #j-daj-cfj-cfj-aej-cij-ab #b-af #b-bd #b-bc #a-ea #b-ai y #ihc-iij #a-aej-aej-bh #j-dh #b-dc #a-dc #b-jd #b-bj #iij-a1jdfj-daj-cdj-ee #j-da #a-ec #a-ed #b-jf #a-ed #a1jdg-a1jgdj-cea-aej-jgj-cej-dhj-jd #a-ej #b-ca #b-be #a-dg #b-jc #a1jge-a1aajj-cej-dfj-ehb-ajj-daj-ba #b-ca #b-ed #b-aj #d-ad #b-db #fda-a1aajj-cfj-cfj-ddj-edf-chj-aa #b-bg #b-bg #b-ea #c-ah #b-ce ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,a #ahe-a1aaj,w #j-aj #c-ah #c-ca #c-da #c-dg #c-bf l #be-a1aaj,w #j-ji #e-bg l ,,table #bf ,,summary ,,part #a ,,ave4 ,,no4 ,w ,,of ,,men e ,,description ,,in ,,gang i ---------------------------------------- --------- g ,ave4 h air t ,a ,p ,d ,g i o r r r r f e ,s i o s h l u t,t i s i l t ro r ,section u e i i at o between ,length r ,method of l n n na n rings in feet ,material e ,excavation d g g sl ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,o #a-bd #fj4j,rock #j ,x #i4jd #j #jaj r #be-ee #gg4e #bj ,x #ade #j4e #aba d #ef-gb #db4e,mixed sand and#aj ,x,breasting#bbb 4#ji #bbf i rock n #gc-afe #bcb4e,sand gravel #aj ,x,breasting#bbj 4#a #bbd a #aff-ahd #dg4e,sand and silt #bj ,x,breasting#bbj 4#ch #cbe r with piles and cutting y #ahe-bec #agb4e,silt w_/ piles #bd piles #bcj 4#ga #cbf #bed-fdj #aaj4j,silt #bf ,y,doors #bbj #j #cbe ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #be-fdj #a1edj4j #bj ,y,doors #baj4c4ab #cbd ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,hvy #fda-a1aaja1age4j #bh #ba #j #j #gbh ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,all #be-a1aajb1gae4j #bf #baj4aj4a #cbd ,,table #bf ,,summary ,,part #b ,w ,,unavoidable ,,delays e ,,average ,,time 7,,not ,,included ,,in ,,average i o ,,per ,,ring4 ,,time ,,per ,,ring74 g f ---------------------------------------- ------ h ,average ,time t i ,no4 of mucking1,shoving r cubic per and ,erec- o yards cubic mucking tion ,lost ,time nper ring yard ,v ,w time,total ,items hrs min ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,o #df #j-jf #d-cb #f-bc #j-jjaj-ee;,first bulkhead #acb-jj r #df #j-ea #ci-cc #d-bi #j-jjdd-jb,second bulkhead#aeh-ej d #dd #j-ba #ae-je #b-ee #j-jdah-jd;,grouting #bdj-jj i ,old cave-in #bcd-jj n #ci #j-aa #f-ef #b-bf #j-ji #i-cashoving tube #abh-jj a #db #j-ji #f-ai #b-cg #j-jg #i-jc----------------------- r ,total #hib-ej y #dc #j-ji #f-ac #b-ae #j-je #h-dc----------------------- #aa #j-jg #a-ac #b-bj #j-jh #c-da per ring #j-di ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- #bd #j-ad #e-jf #b-bd #j-jh #g-ch ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,hvy #h #j-jd #j-dd #a-dj #j-aa #b-ce ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,all #ag4a #j-ab #c-ac #c-je #j-ji #e-bg ,v ,including time for jacks4 ,w ,including bolting time4 ,x ,excavating ahead of shield4 ,y ,shoving shield into silt with 444 doors open4 ,,table #bg4--,,shield-,,driven ,,tunnel ,,work1 ,,weehawken ,,shaft1 ,,river ,,tunnel ,,south4 ,table showing the size of the gang1 the amount of excavation1 and the time per ring taken for the various operations involved in building tunnel through the several kinds of ground encountered2 also the extent and nature of all the unavoidable delays4 ,,table #bg ,,part #a ,w ,,ave4 ,,no4 e ,,of ,,men i ,,description ,,in ,,gang g ---------------------------------------- ------- h ,ave ,a t air ,d ,g i r r r o ,p ,s i o f r h l u t ,t e i l t r o s e i i a t i s l n n n a r ,section u d g g s l o between ,length r ,method of ---------- n rings in feet,material e ,excavation ,a ,b ,c ,d ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #a-bg #fg4e,rock #i ,c ,excavation partially completed previously4 #bh-db #cg4e #ab ,c #ac #da #a #ai #dc-eh #dj4j,rock or #ab ,c #ai #bb #b #be ,o #ei-aec #bcg4e;,gravel and #af ,c,breasting#be #a #d #cj r sand d #aed-agj #db4e,sand and #ah #bf #a #e #cb i silt w_/piles n #aga-bcf #afe4j,silt with #bb ,top half #bb #a #c #bf a piles r #bcg-bei #eg4e,silt #be ,d#a door #ah #a #c #bb y #bfj-cjb #ajg4e #bg ,d#a door #ae #b #ag #cjc-cej #abj4j #bg ,d#h doors #ae #d #ai #cea-cgh #gj4j #bg4e;,d#h #ah #f #bd #cgi-dbd #aae4j #bg4e;,d#h #ai #d #bc #dbe-ebb #bde4j #bh ,d#a door #ai #d #bc #ebc-fbe #beg4e #bh ,d#a #bj #d #bd #aga-fbe #a1acg4e #bg #ai #d #bc #bh-fbe #a1die4j #be #ai4hj4hc4dbd ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #fbf-fdi #eg4e,silt #bh ,d#a door #af #c #ai #fej-gcc #baj4j #bh ,d#h doors #ai #d #bc #gcd-gec #ej4j #bh ,d#h #bd #e #bi ,h #ged-hdd #bbg4e #bh ,d#h #bf #h #cd e #hde-hei #cg4e #bh ,d#h #bg #i #cf a #hfj-hii #ajj4j #bh ,d#h #bd #h #cc v #ijj-ice #ij4j #bh ,d#a door #be #g #cb y #icf-ifc #gj4e #bh ,d#a #be #h #cc #ifd-a1jjc #ajj4j #bh ,d#a #be #aj #ce #a1jjd-a1jfj #adb4e #bh ,d#a #bf #aj #cf #a1jfa-a1aaj #abe4j #bh ,d#a #cg #aj #dg #a1aaa-a1bch #cbj4j #bh ,d#a #cj #i #ci #a1bci-a1cab #ahe4j #bh #ci #i #ch #fbf-a1caba1gag4e #bh #ce #h #cc ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,a #aga-a1cabb1hee4j #bh #bc #f #bi l #bh-a1cabc1bab4e #bf #ba #e #bf l ,,table #bg ,,part #b ,w ,av4 ,,time ,,for ,,ring e ,,erection1 i ,time ,,hrs4 ,,and ,,min4 g --------- -------------------- h ,av4 ,time per t ,no4 ,muck- ,t ,o of ing1 ring1i r o cu4 per m d ,b ,b f yd4 cu4 shov-e ,j i o o ,t per yd4 ing a n r r a ,m ring f c a e e p e i and o k r e a r ,section r s y #a #b r n o between ,muck----------------------------- n rings ,e ing ,f ,g ,g ,g ,g ,g ---------------------------------------- -------------- #a-bg ,excavation #h-cj #c-deh-jh partially completed previously #bh-db #dh4gj-be #bj-cc #d-bc #d-jjd-ba #dc-eh #dd4bj-df #cc-dd #d-af #e-ded-dd ,o #ei-aec #ci4jj-ab #h-jf #b-ai #d-ahb-bc r d #aed-agj #da4fj-aj #g-aj #b-jj ,j4 ,j4 #a-dha-ei i n #aga-bcf #db4fj-aj #g-bc #b-cfb-eeb-eha-bdb-ce a r #bcg-bei #ac4hj-aa #b-bi #c-jab-jea-bhb-jjb-cb y #bfj-cjb #j #j-cb #b-cdb-cec-chd-bhc-je #cjc-cej #f4ij-jg #j-eb #b-eib-bhb-cga-ddb-da #cea-cgh #j #j-cc #b-jeb-cbb-dhb-jjb-ah #cgi-dbd #f4ij-jg #j-dh #c-cdb-eac-ahc-aic-bb #dbe-ebb #f4gj-jf #j-de #c-jic-eac-jjc-bhc-af #ebc-fbe #j #j-cb #a-cfa-cga-dga-eaa-ci #aga-fbe #i4gj-aa #a-dd ,a #b-cgb-dab-dab-cbb-ch #bh-fbe #ag4hj-ad #d-ad ,a #b-da ---------------------------------------- -------------- #fbf-fdi #ab4bj-ab #b-bc ,a #b-aib-cjb-jea-dbb-af #fej-gcc #ac4e #j-eg #j-ac #a-dba-bda-dga-dha-ci #gcd-gec #h4cj-je #j-da #j-ag #a-jfa-eej-cha-bja-ab ,h #ged-hdd #ab4hj-jd #j-ea #j-af #a-aia-daa-ebj-eja-bi e #hde-hei #e4fj-jg #j-ci #j-ai #a-bda-jha-aj #a-bj a #hfj-hii #af4ej-jb #j-ci #j-ac #a-jja-jea-ac #a-jd v #ijj-ice #aa4ej-jc #j-bi #j-ad #j-dga-acj-eba-ajj-eb y #icf-ifc #e4ij-jc #j-ai #j-ae #j-eij-dgj-ee #j-ef #ifd-a1jjc #h4aj-jc #j-bg #j-aj #j-eaj-eba-je #j-ec #a1jjd-a1jfj #h4gj-jc #j-cj #j-ae #a-jaa-jia-jej-dea-jc #a1jfa-a1aaj #f4bj-jc #j-ai #j-aj #j-dbj-dij-edj-dej-de #a1aaa-a1bchae4fj-jb #j-ch #j-af #j-dha-jfa-jda-bcj-ef #a1bci-a1cabac4jj-jc #j-cf #j-ah #a-jda-jaa-jba-aea-jg #fbf-a1cabaj4fj-jd #j-db #j-ad #a-jfa-aea-afa-aha-aj ------------------------------------- ---------------- ,a #aga-a1cabaj4bj-jg #a-ae ,a #b-jib-acb-bab-bjb-ac l #bh-a1cabad4aj-aj #b-bh ,a #b-ah l ,,table #bg ,,part #c ,w ,,bolting ,,time1 ,,whole ,time e ,,time ,,on ,,bolts ,,after i ,,ring ,,is ,,complete4 lost ,,total ,,time4 g -------------------- ------------------------- h re- t ,s pair- t ing o r ,b ,b s f a o o ,t hy- t i r r a ,m drau- r ,b ,b g e e p e lic a o o ,t i h e a i r r a ,m r ,section t #a #b r n pip- g e e p e o between --------------------ing h e a n rings ,h ,h ,h ,h ,h t #a #b r n ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #a-bg #j-adba-aa #af-bfbj-di #bh-db #j-abbe-jh #bd-debe-jf #dc-eh #a-aeci-ae #dj-ddci-dc ,o #ei-aec #j-cjaj-ee #ab-edaj-ei r d #aed-agj #j-jj #i-aj ,j4 ,j4 #h-eh #i-ji i n #aga-bcf ,bolting time for #j-jeaj-jdaj-bcaj-bf #h-ebaj-jc a light iron is r #bcg-bei included in #j-bj #e-ej #d-ed #d-ag #d-di #e-ba y #bfj-cjb erection4 #j-jh #c-ad #c-ae #d-ah #e-jh #c-de #cjc-cej #j-jg #c-eh #c-bg #c-cf #b-dc #c-dj #cea-cgh #j-ag #b-ee #c-bb #c-ch #b-ej #c-jh #cgi-dbd #j-be #d-dg #d-ji #d-ca #d-cb #d-ce #dbe-ebb #j-af #d-aj #d-eb #d-ja #d-bi #d-ag #ebc-fbe #j-ab #b-bj #b-ba #b-ca #b-ce #b-bc #aga-fbe #j-ac #d-cd #d-ch #d-ch #d-bi #d-ce #bh-fbe #j-af #g-aa ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #fbf-fdi #a-jaa-jda-jdj-eja-jaj-cb #f-ae #f-bi #f-jd #e-bg #f-ab #fej-gcc #a-aej-ebj-eej-dba-jgj-cb #d-ci #c-eh #d-bd #d-ab #d-bh #gcd-gec #j-chj-dda-acj-bjj-ddj-jf #b-dh #c-dc #b-ee #b-dd #c-jj ,h #ged-hdd #j-cij-ejj-edj-djj-ddj-be #c-cj #d-jh #d-ah #c-jb #c-de e #hde-hei #j-dej-aej-ae #j-cgj-dh #c-ee #c-ji #c-aa #c-dc a #hfj-hii #j-eij-cbj-di #j-ebj-jg #b-eh #b-cf #c-ja #b-ee v #ijj-ice #j-cij-dcj-cbj-bjj-chj-jd #b-ah #b-dc #b-aa #b-ag #b-ag y #icf-ifc #j-cdj-afj-da #j-cbj-cg #b-dd #b-ad #b-dg #b-ci #ifd-a1jjcj-cbj-dej-cg #j-cej-af #b-af #b-cj #b-ce #b-ba #a1jjd-a1jfjj-edj-cgj-dij-djj-dij-bd #c-jd #b-ee #c-jc #b-cd #c-ja #a1jfa-a1aajj-bdj-bfj-cij-bej-bgj-jj #a-ce #a-dd #b-jb #a-ci #a-da #a1aaa-a1bchj-cfj-cdj-ega-abj-daj-jb #b-bj #b-cf #b-eg #c-ca #b-cc #a1bci-a1cabj-cij-dca-abj-eij-ejj-aj #b-dg #b-dh #c-ah #c-ah #c-ja #fbf-a1cabj-dej-djj-ebj-edj-dgj-af #c-jc #c-jg #c-bj #c-bd #c-ji ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,a #aga-a1cab ,c #j-ae #c-ci #c-dc #c-ea #c-ej #c-dc l #bh-a1cab ,c #j-ae #e-ja l ,,table #bg ,,summary ,,part #a ,,ave4 ,,no4 ,w ,,of ,,men e ,,description ,,in ,,gang i ---------------------------------------- --------- g ,ave4 h air t ,a ,p ,d ,g i o r r r r f e ,s i o s h l u ,t ,t i s i l t r o r ,section u e i i a t o between ,length r ,method of l n n n a n rings in feet ,material e ,excavation d g g s l ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #bh-db #cg4e,rock #ab ,b,breast #ac #d #a #a #ai ,o #dc-eh #dj4j,rock gravel #ab #ai #b #b #b #be r #ei-aec #bcg4e;,gravel sand #af #be #a #d #cj d #aed-agj #db4e,sand or silt1 #ah #bf #a #e #cb i with piles n #aga-bcf #afe4jsilt w_/ piles #bb #bb #a #c #bf a #bcg-bei #eg4e,silt #be ,c#a door #ah #a #c #bb r #bfj-fbe #iae4j #bg #a #ah #d #bb y ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #bh-fbe #a1die4j #be #ai4hj4hc4dbd ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,hvy #fbf-a1caba1gag4e,silt #bh #be #h #cc ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,all #bh-a1cabc1bab4e #bf #ba #e #bf ,,table #bg ,,summary ,,part #b ,w ,,unavoidable ,,delays e ,,average ,,time 7,,not ,,included ,,in ,,average i o ,,per ,,ring4 ,,time ,,per ,,ring74 g f ---------------------------------------- ----- h ,average ,time t i ,no4 of mucking1,shoving r cubic per and ,erec- o yards cubic mucking tion ,lost ,time nper ring yard ,z ,a time,total ,items hrs min ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #dh4g #j-be #bj-cc #d-baj-abbe-jf;,first bulkhead #hj-jj ,o #dd4b #j-df #cc-dd #d-dda-aeci-dc,second bulkhead #aef-jj r #ci4j #j-ab #h-jf #b-bcj-cjaj-ei;,grouting rock #bhj-jj d #da4f #j-aj #g-aj #a-eij-j #i-ji sections i ,blow-outs #bbb-jj n #db4f #j-aj #g-bc #b-cej-jeaj-jc,shield repairs #cbf-dj a #ac4h #j-aa #b-bi #b-cbj-bj #e-ba;,horz4 timbers #fi-cj r #c4f #j-jf #j-dj #b-cij-ad #c-cc ,total #a1acd-aj y ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #ag4h #j-ad #d-ad #b-daj-af #g-aa,per ring #j-ec ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,hvy #aj4f #j-d #j-ef #a-egj-af #c-ji ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,all #ad4a #j-aj #b-bh #b-ahj-ae #e-ja ,z ,including time for jacks4 ,a ,including bolting time4 ,b ,excavating ahead of shield4 ,c ,shoving shield into silt with 444 doors open4 ,the average time taken for each operation at all the working faces is given in ,table #bh4 ,the work has been subdivided into the different kinds of ground encountered4 ,the progress1 as shown by the amount of work done each month by each shield1 is given in ,table #bi4 ,,table #bh4--,,shield-,,driven ,,tunnel ,,work4--,,total ,,number ,,of ,,rings ,,erected ,,and ,,shifts ,,worked ,,by ,,all ,,four ,,shields ,,in ,,contracts ,,gy-,,west ,,and ,,gj1 ,,and ,,the ,,average ,,size ,,of ,,gang1 ,,amount ,,of ,,excavation ,,and ,,time ,,taken ,,per ,,ring ,,for ,,the ,,various ,,operations ,,involved ,,in ,,building ,,tunnel ,,in ,,each ,,of ,,the ,,several ,,kinds ,,of ,,ground ,,encountered2 ,,also ,,the ,,extent ,,and ,,nature ,,of ,,all ,,the ,,unavoidable ,,delays4 ,,table #bh ,,part #a ,a ,,ave4 ,,no4 ,w v ,,of ,,men e ,,in ,,gang i a -------------------- g i ,a h r ,d ,g i t ,total r r r p ,s i o o ,total ,total numberr h l u t ,t f e i l t r o ,description ,no4 ,no4 of s e i i a t i s l n n n a r of of of #h-;houru d g g s l o r -------------------- n ,material rings feet4 shiftse ,unit,unit,unit,unit,unit ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,rock4 #afe #dab4e #eig #af #ah #i #j4be #a #bh ,o ,rock and earth and #agg #ddb4e #ejj #ad #bb #e #j4c #b #cj r rock and gravel4 d ,sand and gravel #ahh #dgj4j #bda #ac #bd #j4f #c #bg i 7unobstructed71 ,,nj n ,sand and silt 7with #aga #dbg4e #aii #bb #bc #a4j #c #bg a piles47 r ,silt under ,r4 ,r4 #cif #iij4j #cee #ai #bg #c #cj y tracks1 ,,ny ,rip-rap and silt #gg #aib4e #aic #bc #bf #d #cj under bulkhead4 i ---------------------------------------- - r ,total mixed and o difficult ground4#a1agd #b1ice4jb1jhe #ag #bb #d #j4c #c #bi n ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,silt--ordinary iron#a1cjb #c1bee4j #fgf #be #bb #d #bf ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,hvy,silt--heavy iron4 #b1bji #e1ebb4e #gia #bf #be #h #cc ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,silt--ord and heavy iron under river4 #c1eaa #h1ggg4ea1dfg #bf #bd #f #cj ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,grand total4 #d1fheaa1gab4ec1eeb #ba #bc #b #j4b #d #bi ,,table #bh ,,part #b ,,ave4 ,,unavoidable ,,delay ,,per ,,average ,,time ,,per ,,ring4 ,,working ,,face4 ,cu4 ,time----------------------------------- ----------------- yd4 per ,shoving ,time per cu4 and ,lost ,items -------- ringyd4 mucking,erecting time ,total not included ,ave unit ------------------------------------- in previous -------- ,unit,unit,hrs ,min,hrs ,min ,hrs ,min,hrs ,min figures ,hrs ,min ,k ,l ,m ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #ea #j-bg #be #ae #c #da #j #jb #bh #ehast ,bulkhead #acf #jj #de #j-bf #ai #ca #b #ee #j #aa #bb #cg #b;d #adg #ed #ci #j-ab #g #ca #b #bd #j #bj #aj #ae;,grouting #bdf #jj #dc #j-ji #f #df #b #bd #j #ji #i #ai;,blow-outs #ia #aa #db #j-jf #d #ji #b #ea #j #aj #g #aj,miscellaneous#bcj #cc #dc #j-ba #ad #dg #c #da #a #cd #bj #jb,total #hea #ch ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #dc #j-ah #aa #jb #b #ed #j #af #ad #ab ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #ab #j-jg #a #bj #b #ce #j #ad #d #ab ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #ab #j-je #j #eh #a #dd #j #aj #b #eb ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #ab #j-jf #a #ji #b #je #j #ab #c #bf ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #bj #j-aa #c #cc #b #ae #j #ac #f #ja ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,average delay per ring--#j hrs4 #dd min4 ,average rings built by one shield #a1adf4 ,average time per ring4 #f hr #ja min ,delays4 #dd min ----------- ,total time per ring4 #f hr #de min ,,note4--,the unavoidable delays included in this table do not embrace the periods during which the work was at complete or partial standstill due to experiments and observations1 shortage of iron due to change of design1 and holidays4 ,k-,including time for jacks4 ,l-,including time spent by the whole gang on bolting2 in addition to this there was a small gang which spent its whole time bolting4 ,m-,chiefly due to breakdowns of hydraulic lines and erector4 ,air ,pressure4--,the air pressure varied from #ag to #cg lb4 ,behind the river line it averaged #ag lb4 and under the river #bf lb4 ,behind the river lines the pressure was generally kept about equal to the water head at the crown1 except where at ,weehawken1 as previously described1 this was impossible4 ,in the silt the pressure was much lower than the hydrostatic head at the crown1 but if it became necessary to make an excavation ahead of the shield1 for example at the junction of the shields1 the air pressure required was about equal to the weight of the overlying material1 namely1 the water and the silt1 as the silt1 which weighed from #ig to #ajf lb4 per cu4 ft4 and averaged #ajj lb4 per cu4 ft41 acted like a fluid4 ,,table #bi4--,,monthly ,,progress ,,of ,,shield-,,driven ,,tunnel ,,work4 ,north ,manhattan4 ,south ,manhattan4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,number of ,station ,lin4 ,number of ,station ,lin4 rings of ft4 rings of ft4 erected4 leading for erected4 leading for ----------- ring4 month4----------- ring4 month4 ,for ,to ,for ,to ,monthmonthdate monthdate ---------------------------------------- ----------------- #aije ,may #bf #bfbjj #hc4g #fc4g ,june #bf #ebbja #di4j #fe4c ,july #bh #hjbjb #ai4b #gj4b ,aug #bf #ajfbjb #hd4c #fe4a ,sept #ba #abgbjc #cf4h #eb4e #ca #cabjj #if4d #gf4d ,oct #be #aebbjc #ii4d #fc4f #de #gfbjb #ji4baab4h ,nov #ca #ahcbjd #gf4i #gg4e #ca #ajgbjb #hf4e #gg4c ,dec #ei #bdbbjf #bd4fadg4g #cd #adabjh #ga4h #he4c #aijf ,jan #id #ccfbjh #ei4hbce4b #bg #afhcjd #ci4d #fg4f ,feb #gh #dadbaj #ed4iaie4a #fd #bcbbje #ii4fafj4b ,mar #ef #dgjbaa #ie4badj4c #if #cbhbjh #ci4ibdj4c ,april #aai #ehibad #ic4jbig4h #hd #dabbaj #ei4abaj4b ,may #abi #gahbah #ae4gcbb4g #gj #dhbbab #be4cafe4b ,june #bah #icfbcb #fj4iede4b #adj #fbbbae #ge4ecej4b ,july #aee #a1jiabbg #dh4echg4f #hb #gjdbag #hj4gbje4b ,aug #ade #a1bcfbca #aa4bcfb4g #acd #hchbba #ae4hcce4a ,sept #hi #a1cbebcc #cd4abbb4i #afh #a1jjfbbe #ce4hdbj4j ,oct #aje #a1aaabbg #ih4fbfb4h ,nov #g #a1aahbbh #af4h #ah4b ,north ,weehawken4 ,south ,weehawken4 ---------------------------------------- -----------------,average ,number of ,station ,lin4 ,number of ,station ,lin4 progress rings of ft4 rings of ft4 per erected4 leading for erected4 leading for shield ----------- ring4 month4----------- ring4 monthlin4 ft4 ,for ,to ,for ,to per ,monthmonthdate monthdate month4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #aije ,may #ae4i ,june #bd #bdbfj #gf4f #ei4c #ab #abbfj #gj4j #cj4j #ch4f ,july #ab #cfbfj #df4f #cj4j #ae #bgbfj #cb4d #cg4f #cd4d ,aug #ae #eabfj #ji4a #cg4e #af #dcbfj #jg4d #be4j #ca4i ,sept #a #ebbfj #jf4f #b4e #ah #fabei #dg4b #fj4b #dg4i ,oct #aj #fbbei #ha4e #be4a #bj #habeh #ig4b #ej4j #fb4i ,nov #bi #iabei #ji4j #gb4e #ci #abjbeg #ii4g #ig4e #ha4b ,dec #df #acgbeg #id4jaae4j #gg #aigbef #jg4aaib4f #ace4a #aijf ,jan #gg #badbef #ja4daib4f #gc #bgjbed #bd4fahb4e #afi4d ,feb #acc #cdgbeb #fh4fccb4h #afe #dcebej #aa4gdab4i #bge4b ,mar #adb #dhibdi #ac4ccee4c #aaa #edfbdg #cd4jbgg4g #bec4d ,april #cb #ebabdh #cc4c #hj4j #gh #fbdbde #ch4iaie4a #aie4g ,may #aba #fdbbde #cj4fcjb4g #b #fbfbde #cc4i #e4j #aih4i ,june #afb #hjdbda #be4cdje4c #aeg #ghhbda #da4acib4h #dbc4d ,july #aac #iagbch #db4dbhb4i #aah #ijabch #de4ibie4b #bib4g ,aug #ach #a1jeebcd #ig4acde4c #adj #a1jdabcd #ie4hhej4a #cdh4c ,sept #ee #a1aajbcc #ei4eacg4f #agg #a1bahbcj #eb4hddc4j #cje4i ,oct #a #a1aaabcc #eg4j #b4e #id #a1cabbbh #af4hbcf4j #abe4c ,nov #i #a1abjbcc #cd4a #bb4i #aj4c ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,a -in4 air line was taken direct from the working chamber to the recording gauges in the engine-room1 which enabled the engine-room force to keep a constant watch on the air conditions below4 ,to avoid undue rise of pressure1 a safety valve was set on the air line at each lock1 set to blow off if the air pressure rose above that desired4 ,the compressor plant was ample1 except1 as before described1 when passing the gravel section at ,weehawken4 ,records were kept of the air supply1 and it may be said here that the quantity of free air per man per hour was in general between #a1ejj and #e1jjj cu4 ft41 though in the open gravel where the escape was great it was for a time as much as #aj1jjj cu4 ft4 ,for more than half the silt period it was kept between #c1jjj and #d1jjj cu4 ft41 but when it seemed proved beyond doubt that any quantity more than #b1jjj cu4 ft4 had no beneficial effect on health1 no attempt was made to deliver more1 and on two separate occasions for two consecutive weeks it ran as low as #a1jjj cu4 ft4 without any increase in the number of cases of bends4 ,the amount of ,,co#b in the air was also measured daily1 as the specifications called for not more than #a part of ,,co#b per #a1jjj parts of air4 ,the average ranged between #j4h and #a4e parts per #a1jjj1 though in exceptional cases it fell as low as #j4c and rose to #d4j4 ,the air temperature in the tunnels usually ranged from #ee to #fj ,fahr41 which was the temperature also of the surrounding silt1 though at times1 in the earlier parts of the work when grouting extensively in long sections of the tunnel in rock1 it varied from #he to #aaj ,fahr4 ,grouting4--,grout of one part of ,portland cement to one part of sand by volume was forced outside the tunnel lining by air pressure through #a-;in4 tapped and plugged grout holes formed in each segment for this purpose1 wherever the ground was not likely to squeeze in upon the metal lining as soon as this was erected4 ,that is to say1 it was used everywhere up to the river line2 between river lines it was not used except at the ,new ,york bulkhead wall in order to fill voids in the rip-rap1 and at the point of junction of the shields where the space between the metal lining and the shield skins outside it was grouted4 ,cow ,bay sand was used1 and it had to be screened to remove particles greater than #a_/aj in4 in diameter1 which would choke the valves4 ,for later grouting work1 namely1 in the top of the concrete lining inside the metal lining1 ,rockaway ,beach sand was used4 ,this is very fine1 and did not need screening2 it cost more1 but the saving of screening and the non-blocking of valves1 etc41 resulted in a saving4 ,the grout was mixed in a machine shown in ,fig4 #b1 ,plate ,,xli1 which is a view of the grouting operation4 ,the grout pipes were not screwed directly into the tapped hole in the segments1 but a pipe containing a nipple and valve was screwed into the grout hole and the grout pipe screwed to the pipe4 ,this prevented the waste of grout1 enabled the valve to be closed and the grout pipe disconnected1 and the pipe to be left in position until the grout had set4 ,in the full rock section1 #bj or #cj rings were put in without grouting2 then the shield was stopped1 the last two or three rings were detached and pulled ahead by the shield1 a masonry stop-wall was built around the outside of the last ring left in1 and the whole #bj or #cj rings were grouted at one time4 ,in the landward silt and gravel each ring had to be grouted as soon as the shield had left it1 in order to avoid the flattening caused by the weight coming on the crown while the sides were as yet unsupported4 ,the grout was prevented from reaching the tail of the shield by plugging up the space with empty cement bags1 assisted by segmental boards held against the face of the leading ring by ,u-shaped clamps1 fitting over the front circumferential flange of the ring and the boards1 and tightened by wedges4 ,the air pressure varied between #gj and #ajj lb4 per sq4 in4 above normal4 ,the force consisted of one pipe-fitter and one or two laborers employed part of their time4 ,when a considerable length was being grouted at a time1 as in the full rock section1 many laborers were employed for a short period4 ,transportation and ,disposal4 ,the transportation and disposal will be described under the following headings3 ,receipt and ,unloading of ,materials1 ,surface ,transportation1 ,tunnel ,transportation1 ,disposal4 ,receipt and ,unloading of ,materials4--,at the ,manhattan ,shaft the contractor laid a spur siding into the yard from the freight tracks of the ,new ,york ,central ,railroad1 which immediately adjoins the yard on the west4 ,there was also wharfage on the river front about #a1ejj ft4 away4 ,at the ,weehawken ,shaft there were four sidings from the ,erie ,railroad and one from the ,west ,shore ,railroad4 ,access to the river was gained by a trestle direct from the yard1 and ,baldwin ,avenue adjoined the yard4 ,all the iron lining arrived by railroad4 ,it was unloaded by derricks1 and stacked so that it was convenient for use in the tunnel4 ,the ,manhattan derricks were a pair of steel ones with #ci-;ft4 booms1 worked by a #cj-;h4p41 #bej-volt1 electric motor4 ,there was also a stiff-leg derrick with #ej-;ft4 boom1 on a platform near the shaft1 which was worked by a #dj-;h4p41 #bej-volt motor4 ,at ,weehawken there were two #de-;ft4 boom1 stiff-leg derricks of #b tons capacity1 one worked by a #db-;h4p4 ,lidgerwood boiler and engine1 and the other by a #be-;h4p41 #bej-volt1 electric motor4 ,these derricks were set on elevated trestles near the ,erie ,railroad sidings4 ,there was a #ej-;ft4 stiff-leg derrick with a #gj-;h4p4 ,lidgerwood boiler and engine near the cement warehouse on the ,west ,shore ,railroad4 ,the storage area for iron lining was #a1hjj sq4 ft4 at ,manhattan and #fc1jjj sq4 ft4 at ,weehawken2 the maximum quantity of lining in storage at any one time was #aej rings at ,manhattan and #a1bjj rings at ,weehawken4 ,the cement1 which was issued and sold by the ,company to the contractor1 was kept in cement warehouses2 that at the ,new ,york side was at ,eleventh ,avenue and #chth ,street1 or some #a1bjj ft4 from the shaft1 to which it was brought by team2 that at ,weehawken was adjacent to the shaft1 with a #b-;ft4 gauge track throughout it and directly connected with the shaft elevator4 ,surface ,transportation4--,in the early days the excavation was handled in scale-boxes of #a cu4 yd4 capacity which were hoisted up the shafts by a derrick1 but1 when the iron period began1 two-cage elevators were put in at each shaft4 ,they were worked by a single1 friction-drum1 ,lidgerwood1 steam hoisting engine of #dj h4p4 ,all materials of construction were loaded on cars on the surface at the point where they were stored1 and hauled on these to the elevators1 sent down the shaft1 and taken along the tunnels to the desired point without unloading4 ,the narrow-gauge railway on the surface and in the tunnel was of #b-;ft4 gauge with #bj-lb4 rails4 ,about #gj flat cars and #ej mining cars were used at each shaft4 ,on the surface at ,manhattan these were moved by hand1 but at ,weehawken1 where distances were greater1 two electric locomotives on the overhead trolley system were used4 ,tunnel ,transportation4--,the mining cars shown in ,fig4 #ai were of #a cu4 yd4 capacity4 ,the short wheel base and unbalanced loading caused a good many upsets1 but they were compact1 easily handled1 and could be dumped from either side or end4 ,illustration3 ,,muck ,,car 7,,as ,,used ,,in ,,river ,,tunnels7 ,,capacity #e1jjj ,,lbs4 ,,or #a ,,cu4 ,,yd4 ,,fig4 #ai4 ,the flat cars shown in ,fig4 #bj were of #c tons capacity1 and could hold two tunnel segments4 ,as the working face was down grade from the shafts1 the in-bound cars were run by gravity4 ,for out-bound cars a cable haulage system was used1 consisting of double-cylinder1 ,lidgerwood1 single friction-drum1 hoisting engines 7,no4 #cb7 of #f h4p41 with cylinders #e in4 in diameter and #f in4 stroke and drums #aj in4 in diameter4 ,these were handily moved from point to point1 but1 as there was no tail rope1 several men had to be used to pull the cable back to the face4 ,after the second air-lock bulkhead walls had been built1 a continuous-cable system1 worked electrically1 was put in each tunnel between the first and second air-locks4 ,the engine consisted of an electric motor driving a #c-;ft4 #f-;in4 drum hoist around which a -in4 steel wire cable passed three times4 ,the cable was led around a sheave1 down the tunnel on the right side of the in-bound track1 and returned on the left side of the out-bound track4 ,it was then carried around a set of sheaves1 where a tension of #a1jjj lb4 was supplied by a suspended weight which acted on a sheave with a sliding axle on the tension carriage4 ,the cable was supported throughout its length on #h-;in4 pulleys set in the floor at #ej-;ft4 intervals4 ,all the guide sheaves were #cf in4 in diameter4 ,illustration3 ,,flat ,,car ,,for ,,tunnel ,,segments ,,capacity #f1jjj ,,lbs4 ,,fig4 #bj4 ,each car was attached to the cable by a grip at its side4 ,this was fastened and unfastened by hand1 but was automatically released just before reaching the turn in the cable near each lock4 ,this system could haul without difficulty an unbalanced load of #aj muck cars1 spaced #ajj ft4 apart1 up a #b grade4 ,the cable operated over about #a1jjj ft4 of tunnel1 the motor being placed at the top of the grade4 ,the driving motor was of the semi-armored1 #h-pole1 series-wound type1 rated at #be h4p41 #fce rev4 per min41 and using direct current at #bbj volts4 ,the speed of handling the cars was limited by their having to pass through the air-locks on a single track4 ,as many as #ajf cars have been hauled each way in one #h-;hour shift4 ,disposal4--,at ,manhattan the tunnel muck was carried from the elevator over the upper level of the yard trestle and dumped into bins on the #cc;d ,street side1 whence it was teamed to the public dump at #cjth ,street and ,north ,river4 ,at ,weehawken the rock excavation was removed by the ,erie ,railroad on flat cars on which it was dumped by the tunnel contractor1 but all the silt muck was teamed away to some marshy ground where dumping privileges were obtained4 ,the typical forces employed on transportation were as follows3 ,receipt and ,unloading of ,material3 ,surface ,transportation and ,disposal4 ,at ,manhattan ,shaft1 on #aj-;hour shifts3 #b ,engineers on derricks4 #c4jj per day4 #b ,foremen4 #c4be #ae ,laborers loading and unloading iron4 #a4ge #g ,laborers on disposal4 #a4ge #f ,teams4 #g4ej ,at ,weehawken ,shaft1 on #aj-;hour shifts3 #c ,engineers on derricks and locomotives4 #c4jj per day4 #af ,laborers loading and unloading iron4 #a4ge #c ,foremen4 #c4ej #aa ,laborers on disposal4 #a4ge #f ,teams on disposal4 #f4ej ,tunnel ,transportation 7,including ,shaft ,elevator73 ,shaft elevators and to and from the first air-lock on #aj-;hour shift3 #b ,engineers4 #c4jj per day4 #b ,signalmen4 #b4jj #a ,foreman4 #c4jj #ab ,laborers4 #a4ge ,between first lock and working face1 on #h-;hour shifts1 the force varied3 ,from #a to #c 7average #b7 ,hoist engineers #c4jj per day4 ,from #j to #b 7average #a7 ,lockman #b4ge ,from #a to #b 7average #b7 ,trackmen #c4jj ,from #b to #g 7average #d7 ,cablemen 7pulling back cable7 #c4jj ,pumping4--,the water was taken out of the invert by a #d-;in4 blow-pipe which was always kept up to a point near the shield and discharged into the sump near the shaft4 ,when the air pressure was removed and the blow-pipe device1 consequently1 was unavailable1 small ,cameron pumps1 driven by compressed air1 and having a capacity of about #adj gal4 per hour1 were used1 one being set up wherever it was necessary to keep the invert dry2 for example1 at points where caulking was in progress4 ,lighting4--,the tunnels were lighted by electricity1 the current being supplied1 at a pressure of #bej volts1 from the dynamos in the contractor's power-house4 ,two #jjjj wire cables were used as far as the second air-locks1 about #a1fej ft4 from the power-house1 on each side2 and beyond that point1 to the junction of the shields 7about #a1gej ft471 #jj and #j wires were used4 ,these cables also carried the current for the cable haulage system4 ,two rows of #af-;c4p4 lamps1 provided with reflectors1 were used in each tunnel2 one row was along the side just above the axis1 with the lights at about #cj-;ft4 intervals2 the other along the crown1 with the lamps halfway between the side lamps1 also at #cj-;ft4 intervals4 ,at points where work was in progress three groups of #e lights each were used4 ,the tunnels as a whole were well lighted1 and in consequence work of all kinds was much helped4 ,period ,no4 #b4--;,caulking and ,grummeting4--,november1 #aijf1 to ,june1 #aijg4--;,after the metal lining had been built completely across the river in both tunnels1 the work of making it water-tight was taken up4 ,this consisted in caulking into the joints between the plates a mixture of sal-ammoniac and iron borings which set up into a hard rusty mass1 and in taking out each bolt and placing around the shank under the washer at each end a grummet made of yarn soaked in red lead4 ,these grummets were made by the contractor on the works1 and consisted of three or four strands of twisted hemp yarn1 known as lath yarn1 making up a rope-like cross-section about in4 in diameter4 ,usually1 one of these under each washer was enough1 but in wet gravel1 or where bolts were obliquely in the bolt-holes1 two were used at each end4 ,after pulling the grummets in1 all the nuts were pulled up tight by wrenches about #c ft4 long1 with two men on one wrench4 ,bolts were not passed as tight unless the nut resisted the weight of an average man on a #b-;ft4 wrench4 ,before putting in the caulking mixture1 the joints were carefully scraped out with a special tool1 cleaned with cotton waste1 and washed with a stream of water4 ,the usual mixture for sides and invert was about #b lb4 of sal-ammoniac and #a lb4 of sulphur to #bej lb4 of iron filings or borings4 ,in the arch1 #d lb4 of sal-ammoniac and #c lb4 of sulphur to #abe lb4 of filings was the mixture4 ,a small hand-hammer was used to drive the caulking tool1 but1 in the sides and invert1 air hammers were used with some advantage4 ,the success of work of this kind depends entirely on the thoroughness with which the mixture is hammered in2 and the inspection1 which was of an exceedingly monotonous nature1 called for the greatest care and watchfulness on the part of the ,company's forces1 especially in the pocket iron1 where each bolt had to be removed1 the caulking done at the bottom of the pockets put in1 the bolts replaced2 and the rest of the pockets filled4 ,the results have been satisfactory1 as the leakage under normal air and prior to placing the concrete averaged about #j4ad gal4 per lin4 ft4 of tunnel per #bd hours1 which is about #j4jjce gal4 per lin4 ft4 of joint per #bd hours4 ,with each linear foot of joint is included the leakage from #a4bg bolts4 ,afterward1 when the concrete lining was in1 the leakage was found to be about #j4je to #j4jf gal4 per lin4 ft4 of tunnel per #bd hours1 which compares favorably with the records of other lined tunnels4 ,the typical gang employed on this work was as follows3 ,in ,pocket ,iron3 #a ,general foreman #e4jj per day4 #a ,mixer #c4jj #a ,nipper #c4jj #e ,caulkers #c4jj #aj ,grummeters #c4jj ,in ,pocketless ,iron3 #a ,general foreman #e4jj per day4 #a ,mixer #c4jj #a ,nipper #c4jj #c ,caulkers #c4jj #ab ,grummeters #c4jj ,the average amount of caulking and grummeting done per shift with such a gang was 7with pocketless grooves71 #cdh lin4 ft4 of joint and #dde bolts grummeted2 and in pocket iron3 #abf lin4 ft4 of joint and #afj bolts grummeted4 ,the caulking and grummeting work was finished in ,june1 #aijg1 this completing the second period4 ,period ,no4 #c4--;,experiments1 ,tests1 and ,observations4--,april1 #aijg1 to ,april1 #aijh4--,the third period1 that of tests and observations in connection with the question of foundations1 is dealt with in another paper4 ,it occupied from ,april1 #aijg1 to ,november1 #aijh4 ,the results of the information then gathered was that it was not thought advisable to go on with the foundations4 ,period ,no4 #d4--;,capping ,pile ,bores1 ,sinking ,sumps1 and ,building ,cross-,passages4--,april1 #aijh1 to ,november1 #aijh4--;,in order to reduce the leakage from the bore segments to the least possible amount before placing the concrete lining1 it was decided to remove the plugs and replace them with flat cover-plates2 these have been described before1 together with the filling of ,bore ,segments ,no4 #b with mortar to reduce the leakage around the distance piece4 ,during this period the turnbuckles to reinforce the broken plates were put in1 and the sump sunk at the lowest point of the tunnel4 ,these sumps have been described in a previous part of this paper2 they were put down without trouble4 ,as much as possible of the concrete lining was put in before the lining castings were taken into the tunnel1 as the space inside was very restricted4 ,the first lining casting was bolted to the flat flanges of the sump segment1 the bolts holding the latter to the adjacent segments were removed1 and the whole was forced down with two of the old shield jacks1 taking a bearing on the tunnel4 ,the two together exerted a pressure of about #aej tons4 ,the plugs in the bottom of the sump segment were taken out1 and pipes were put in1 through which the silt squeezed up into the tunnel and relieved the pressure on the sump segment4 ,if the silt did not flow freely1 a water-jet was used4 ,the sump was kept plumb by regulating the jacks4 ,in this way the sump was sunk1 adding lining sections one by one1 and finally putting on the top segment1 which was composed of three pieces4 ,the time taken to sink one sump was about #d days1 working one #h-;hour shift per day1 and not counting the time taken to set up the jacks and bracing4 ,the sinking of each section took from #d to #f hours4 ,the air pressure was #be lb4 and the hydrostatic head #da lb4 per sq4 in4 ,the force was #a assistant superintendent at #f4jj per day1 #a foreman at #d4ej1 and #f laborers at #c4jj per day4 ,cross-,passages4--,it was during this period that the five cross-passages previously mentioned were built4 ,in the case of those in the rock1 careful excavation was needed so as to avoid breaking the iron lining4 ,drilling was done from both ends1 the holes were closely spaced1 and about #b ft4 #f in4 deep1 and light charges of powder were used4 ,the heading1 #e by #g ft4 in cross-section1 was thus excavated in five lengths1 with #bd holes to a length1 and about #bc lin4 ft4 of hole per yard4 ,about #e4c lb4 of powder per cu4 yd4 was used4 ,the sides1 top1 and bottom were then drilled at a very sharp angle to the face and the excavation was trimmed to the right size4 ,this widening out took about #g ft4 of hole per cu4 yd41 and #j4i lb4 of powder4 ,in the passages in silt the excavation had to be #ab ft4 wide and #ac ft4 #h in4 high to give enough room inside the timbers4 ,the plates at one end of the passage were first removed4 ,an air pressure of #ag lb4 was carried1 which was enough to keep the silt from squeezing in and yet left it soft enough to be chopped with a spade4 ,a top heading1 of full width and #f ft4 #h in4 high1 was first taken out1 and the roof was sheathed with #b-;in4 boards held by #aj by #aj-;in4 head trees at #c-;ft4 centers1 with #aj by #aj-;in4 side trees4 ,the lower #g ft4 of bench was then taken out1 a tight floor of #f by #f-;in4 cross-timber was put in1 and also longer side trees1 the head trees being temporarily held by two longitudinal #aj by #aj-;in4 stringers blocked in place4 ,the bulk of the space between the side trees was filled with #aj by #aj-;in4 posts and blocking4 ,the plates at the other end of the passage were then taken out from the other tunnel4 ,after the excavation was out1 the outer reinforced concrete lining was built4 ,rough forms were used1 as the interior surfaces of the passages were to be rendered with a water-proofing cement4 ,a few grout pipes were built in1 and all voids outside the concrete were grouted4 ,grouting was also done through the regular grout holes of the metal lining around the openings4 ,in the case of the most westerly of the cross-passages at ,weehawken1 which was in badly seamed rock carrying much water1 a steel inter-lining1 rather smaller than the concrete1 was put in4 ,the space between the concrete and the steel was left open1 so that water coming through the concrete lining was stopped by the steel plate4 ,this water was led back to the shield chamber in a special drain laid in the bench of the river tunnel and behind the ducts4 ,from the shield chamber the water ran with the rest of the drainage from the ,weehawken ,land ,tunnels to the ,weehawken ,shaft sump4 ,illustration3 ,,typical ,,cross-,,sections ,,showing ,,successive ,,stages ,,in ,,placing ,,concrete ,,in ,,river ,,tunnels ,,fig4 #ba4 ,period ,no4 #e4--,placing the ,concrete ,lining4--,november1 #aijh1 to ,june1 #aiji4--;,during the fifth period the concrete lining was put in4 ,this lining was placed in stages1 as follows3 ,first1 the invert2 second1 the duct bench2 third1 the arch2 fourth1 the ducts2 and fifth1 the face of the bench4 ,this division can be seen by reference to ,fig4 #ba4 ,all the work was started on the landward ends and carried toward the middle of the river from both sides4 ,except where the ,weehawken force passed the lowest point of the tunnel1 which is at ,station #bda or nearly #ijj ft4 to the west of the middle of the river1 all the work was down grade4 ,before any concrete was placed1 the surface of the iron was cleaned with scrapers and wire brushes1 and washed with water4 ,any leaks in the caulking and grummeting 7finished by ,june1 #aijg1 and therefore all more than #ab months old7 were repaired4 ,all the grout hole plugs were examined1 and the plugs in any leaking ones were taken out1 smeared with red lead1 and replaced4 ,the leakage in the caulking was due to the fact that the tunnel had been settling slightly during the whole #ab months of pile tests1 and1 therefore1 had opened some of the joints4 ,after the caulking had been repaired and the surface thoroughly cleaned1 the flanges were covered with neat cement 7put on dry or poured on in the form of thick grout7 just before the concrete was placed4 ,invert ,concrete4--,the form used for the landward type of concrete1 that is1 the one with a middle drain1 consisted of a frame made of a pair of trussed steel rails on each side of the tunnel and connected at intervals with #f by #f-;in4 cross-timbers2 two wing forms were hung from this frame by adjustable arms4 ,these wings formed the curved sides of the invert1 the lip1 and the form for the middle drain4 ,the whole form was supported on three wheels1 two on the rear end running on a rail laid on the finished concrete1 and the third in front attached to the frame by a carriage and running on a rail temporarily laid on the iron lining4 ,the form was braced from the iron lining by #f by #f-;in4 blocks4 ,for the soft-ground type of invert1 namely1 the one without the middle drain1 a form of the same general type was used1 except that the form for the middle drain was removed4 ,after the form had been in use for some time1 key pieces 7made of strips of wood about #a ft4 #c in4 in length and #c by #c in4 in cross-section7 were nailed circumferentially on the under side of the wings at #b-;ft4 intervals4 ,this was done because1 at the time1 it was not known whether ballasted tracks or some form of rigid concrete track construction would be adopted1 and1 if the latter1 it was desirable not to have the surface smooth4 ,the concrete was received in cars at the rear end of the form and dumped on a temporary platform4 ,it was then loaded into wheel-barrows on the runways1 as shown in ,fig4 #bb4 ,the concrete was thrown from the barrows into the invert1 where it was spaded and tamped4 ,in cases where there was steel-rod reinforcement1 the concrete was first brought up to the level of the underside of these rods1 which came between the wings2 the rods were laid in place1 and then more concrete was placed over the rods and brought up to the level of the bottom of the wings4 ,where there was no reinforcement1 the concrete was brought up in one lift4 ,illustration3 ,,concrete ,,form ,,standard ,,in ,,river ,,tunnels ,,fig4 #bb4 ,after this was finished1 the concrete behind the wings was placed1 thoroughly spaded and tamped1 and1 where there were longitudinal reinforcing rods1 these were put in at their proper level4 ,where there were circumferential rods1 the #af-;ft4 rods had already been put in when the lower part of the concrete was placed4 ,as the invert was being finished off1 the #h-;ft4 rods were embedded and tied in position4 ,the longitudinal rods were held in place at the leading end of each length of arch by the wooden bulkhead1 through which holes were drilled in the proper position4 ,at the rear end they were tied to the rods projecting from the previous length4 ,the quantity of water used in mixing the invert concrete needed very nice adjustment2 if too wet1 the middle would bulge and rise when the weight of the sides came on it2 and1 if too dry1 it would not pack properly between the flanges of the iron lining4 ,the difficulties as to this were often increased by the flow of accumulated leakage water from the tunnel behind on the concrete while it was being put in4 ,to prevent this1 a temporary dam of sand bags was always built across the last length of finished invert concrete before beginning a new length4 ,a sump hole1 about #d by #a ft4 and #a ft4 deep1 was left every #hjj ft4 along the tunnel1 and a small ,cameron pump was put there to pump out the water4 ,the invert forms were left in place about #ab hours after the pour was finished4 ,the average time taken to fill a length of #cj feet was #g hours1 the form was then left #ab hours1 and it took #b hours to set it up anew4 ,the total time for one length1 therefore1 was #ba hours1 equal to #cd ft4 per #bd hours4 ,at one place1 a #de-;ft4 form was used1 and this gave an average speed of #de ft4 per #bd hours4 ,an attempt was made to build the invert concrete without forms 7seeing that a rough finish was desired1 as previously explained1 to form a key for possible sub-track concrete71 but it proved a failure4 ,the typical working force 7excluding transport7 was as follows3 #a ,foreman #c4be per shift4 #b ,spaders #b4jj #i ,laborers #a4ge ,the average time taken to lay a #cj-;ft4 length of invert was #g hours2 the two spaders remained one hour extra1 smoothing off the surface4 ,for setting the form1 the force was3 #a ,foreman #d4ej per shift4 #e ,carpenters #c4be #f ,carpenters' helpers #b4be ,the average time taken to erect a form was #b hours1 #a carpenter and #a helper remaining until the concrete was finished4 ,duct ,bench ,concrete4--,the duct bench 7as described previously7 is the portion of the concrete on which the ducts are laid4 ,the exact height of the steps was found by trial1 so as to bring the top of the ducts into the proper position with regard to the top and the face of the bench4 ,both kinds of duct bench forms were of the same general type4 ,a drawing of one of them is shown on ,plate ,,xlii4 ,the form consisted of a skeleton framework running on wheels on a track at the level of the temporary transportation tracks4 ,the vertical faces of the steps were formed by boards supported from the uprights by adjustable arms4 ,the horizontal surfaces were formed by leveling off the concrete with a shovel at the top of the vertical boards4 ,where the sheets of expanded metal used for bonding came at a step1 the lower edge of the boards forming the back of the step was placed #a in4 above the one forming the front of it2 but1 when the expanded metal came in the middle of a step1 a slot #a in4 wide was left at that point to accommodate it4 ,a platform was formed on the top of the framework for the form1 and on this a car forming a sort of traveling stage was run4 ,there was ample room to maintain traffic on a single track through the form4 ,a photograph of the form is shown in ,fig4 #a1 ,plate ,,xliii4 ,the concrete1 for the most part1 was received at the form in -cu4 yd4 dumping buckets4 ,the buckets were lifted by the rope from a small hoisting engine4 ,this rope passed over a pulley attached to the crown of the tunnel and dumped into the traveling stage on the top of the form4 ,in this the concrete was moved along to the point where it was to be deposited1 and there it was thrown out by shovels into the form below4 ,for a portion of the period1 while the duct bench concrete was being laid1 it was not necessary to maintain a track for traffic through the form and1 during that period1 the concrete for the lower step was placed from below the form1 the concrete being first dumped on a temporary stage at the lower track level4 ,owing to the horizontal faces of the steps being uncovered1 there was a tendency for the concrete there to rise when concrete was placed in the steps above4 ,for this part of the work1 also1 it was necessary to see that the concrete was not mixed too wet1 for1 when that was the case1 the concrete in the upper steps was very apt to flow out at the top of the lower one4 ,at the same time1 there was the standing objection to the mixture being too dry1 namely1 the responsibility of getting a sufficient amount of spading and tamping done4 ,particulars of the exact quantity of water used are given later in describing ,mixing4 ,fig4 #b1 ,plate ,,xliii1 illustrates the process of laying4 ,in the section of the tunnel in which there were circumferential reinforcement rods in the duct bench1 the rods were in place before the laying commenced1 as they had been placed with the invert concrete4 ,the circumferential reinforcing rods in the arch came down into the upper part of the duct bench concrete2 these rods were put in position and tied to the iron lining in the crown at the same time as the duct bench concrete was being finished off4 ,openings for the manholes were left in the duct bench at the regular stationing4 ,the average time taken to fill a length of #ce ft4 was about #f hours2 the form was then left in position for about #h hours--usually enough to let the concrete set properly--and then moved ahead2 it then took about #c hours to set it up again ready to continue work4 ,the total time for a length1 therefore1 was about #ag hours1 equal to an average progress of about #di ft4 per day4 ,the average force engaged in duct bench concrete 7not including transport7 was3 #a ,foreman #c4be per day4 #b ,spaders #b4jj #i ,laborers #a4ge ,arch ,concrete4--,by far the greater part of the arch work was put in with traveling centers before the face of the bench was built1 in which case the whole of the arch was built at once4 ,a short length of arch at each end of the tunnel was built after the face of the bench1 in which case the haunches or lower #e ft4 were laid first and the upper part of the arch later4 ,the first traveling centers were used on the ,new ,york side1 and were #ej ft4 long4 ,the laggings were of #d-;in4 yellow pine1 built up in panels #aj ft4 long and #af in4 wide for the sides1 and solely longitudinal lagging #e ft4 long for the key4 ,it was pretty certain that the results to be obtained from forms of such a length would not be satisfactory1 and this was pointed out to the contractor1 who1 however1 obtained permission to use them on trial4 ,grout pipes were built in1 as it was not likely that the concrete could be packed tightly into the upper part of the lining4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xliii4 ,,trans4 ,,am4 ,,soc4 ,,civ4 ,,engrs4 ,,vol4 ,,lxviii1 ,no4 #aaee4 ,,hewett ,,and ,,brown ,,on ,,pennsylvania ,r4 ,r4 ,,tunnels3 ,,north ,,river ,,tunnels4 ,,fig4 #a4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xliii4 ,,trans4 ,,am4 ,,soc4 ,,civ4 ,,engrs4 ,,vol4 ,,lxviii1 ,no4 #aaee4 ,,hewett ,,and ,,brown ,,on ,,pennsylvania ,r4 ,r4 ,,tunnels3 ,,north ,,river ,,tunnels4 ,,fig4 #b4 ,after about #cjj lin4 ft4 of arch had been built with these forms1 a test hole was cut out and large voids were found1 and1 to confirm this1 another hole was cut1 and similar conditions observed4 ,the results were so unsatisfactory that orders were given that the use of longitudinal key lagging should be discontinued1 and cross or block lagging used instead4 ,these block laggings were #f in4 in length 7in the direction of the tunnel7 and #b ft4 in width2 at the same time1 the system of grout pipes was changed4 ,this will be described later under ,grouting4 ,it was soon found that with block lagging a better job could be made of packing the concrete up into the keys1 but the time taken to key up a #ej-;ft4 length was so great that the rest of the arch had set by the time the key was finished4 ,despite a lot of practice1 this was the case1 even in the unreinforced type4 ,when the reinforcing rods were met1 the time for keying up became still greater1 and therefore the contractor was directed to shorten the forms to #bj-;ft4 lengths4 ,a typical working force for a #ej-;ft4 length was3 #a ,foreman #c4be per day4 #d ,spaders #b4jj #ab ,laborers #a4ge ,details of the #bj-;ft4 forms are shown on ,plate ,,xliv4 ,the lower #d ft4 of lagging was built on swinging arms1 which could be loosened to allow the centers to be dropped and moved ahead4 ,the rest of the lagging was built up in panels #aj ft4 long and #a ft4 #d in4 high4 ,the ribs rested on a longitudinal timber on each side2 these were blocked up from the top step of the duct bench concrete4 ,when the form was set1 or when it was released1 it was moved ahead on rollers placed under it4 ,the concrete was received at the form in -cu4 yd4 dumping buckets2 from the flat cars on which they were run1 these were hoisted to the level of the lower platform of the arch form4 ,at this level the concrete was dumped on a traveling car or stage1 and moved in that to the point on the form where it was to be placed4 ,for the lower part of the arch1 the concrete was thrown directly into the form from this traveling stage1 but1 for the upper part1 it was first thrown on the upper platform of the arch4 ,the hoisting was done by a small ,lidgerwood compressed-air hoister1 and set up on an overhead platform across the tunnel4 ,the pulley over which the cable from the hoister passed was attached to the iron lining near one end of the form1 and the traveling stage ran back from the arch form on a trailer1 shown on ,plate ,,xliv4 ,when it was impossible to hang a pulley--owing to the concrete arch having been built at the point where the trailer stood--an ,a-frame was built on the trailer1 and the pulley was attached to that4 ,in laying the lower part of the arch1 about #a ft4 of lagging 7including the swinging arms7 was first set1 the other panels being pulled up toward the top of the arch4 ,when that was filled1 the next panel above was lowered into place1 and the work continued4 ,as the concrete rose toward the key1 it was packed up to a radial surface1 so that the arch would not be unduly weakened if the sides set before the key was placed4 ,all the time1 great care was taken to see that the concrete was carefully packed into the segments of the metal lining4 ,the quantity of water used in the concrete was carefully regulated1 more being used in the lower than in the upper parts of the arch4 ,in places where there were no reinforcing rods1 the width of the concrete key was the length of the block lagging1 namely1 #b ft4 ,where there was circumferential reinforcement1 the key had to be more than #e ft4 wide1 in order to take the #e-;ft4 closure rods used in the key4 ,this naturally increased the time of keying very much4 ,on the places where the #e-;ft4 longitudinal laggings were used1 it was impossible to fill the flanges of the metal lining much higher than their undersides4 ,as the concrete used in the key had to be much drier than that used elsewhere1 it was not easy to get a good surface4 ,this trouble was overcome by putting a thin layer of mortar on the laggings just before the concrete was put in4 ,the overhead conductor pockets were a great hindrance to the placing of the key concrete1 especially where the iron was below true grade4 ,whenever an especially troublesome one was met1 a special grout pipe was put in to fill up unavoidable holes by grouting after the concrete had set4 ,all the circumferential reinforcing rods were bent in the tunnel by bending them around a curved form of less diameter than the required bend4 ,this generally left them all right in the middle of their length1 but with their end portions too straight2 in such cases the ends were bent again4 ,all rods were compared with a template before being passed for use4 ,the arch forms were left up for #dh hours after keying was finished4 ,levels taken after striking the forms showed that no appreciable settlement occurred4 ,an average gang for a #bj-;ft4 length of arch was3 #a ,foreman #c4be per shift4 #b ,spaders #b4jj #aj ,laborers #a4ge ,table #cj shows the progress attained under various conditions4 ,whenever the face of the bench concrete was constructed before the arch1 the latter was built in two separate portions1 that is1 the bottom #e ft41 or haunches of the arch1 as they were termed1 were built on each side and the rest of the arch later4 ,this involved the use of two separate sets of forms1 namely1 for the haunch and for the arch4 ,not very much arch was built in this way1 and1 as the methods were in principle precisely the same as those used when all the arch was built in one operation1 no detailed description is needed4 ,no provision was made in the contract for grouting the concrete arch1 but it soon became evident that by ordinary methods the top part of the concrete could not be packed solid against the iron segments1 especially in the keys4 ,as it was imperative to have the arch perfectly solid1 it was determined to fill these unavoidable gaps with a #a3a ,portland cement grout1 at the same time making every effort to reduce the spaces to a minimum4 ,this made it necessary to build grout pipes into the concrete as it was put in4 ,the first type of grout pipe arrangement is shown as ,type ,a1 in ,fig4 #bc4 ,this was used with the longitudinal key laggings2 when this method was found to be no good1 and cross-laggings were used1 the system shown as ,type ,b1 in ,fig4 #bc1 was adopted1 in which vents were provided to let out the air during grouting4 ,the expense of these pipes was high1 and the contractor obtained permission to use sheet-iron tubes1 which1 however1 were found to be unsuitable1 so that the screwed pipes were used again4 ,the contractor next obtained permission to try dispensing altogether with the vent pipes1 and so ,type ,c1 in ,fig4 #bc was evolved4 ,this1 of course1 was found to be worse than any of the other systems1 as the imprisoned air made it impossible to force grout in4 ,several other modifications were made1 and are shown in ,fig4 #bc4 ,it was then decided to devise as perfect a system as possible1 without allowing the question of cost to be the ruling factor1 and to use that system throughout4 ,in this system1 shown as ,type ,s1 in ,fig4 #bc1 most of the vent pipes were contained in the concrete1 and their size was independent of the thickness of the arch1 so that they were easily fixed in position and not subject to disturbance while placing the concrete4 ,this system was used for about #hj of the total length of the tunnel1 and proved entirely satisfactory4 ,the machine used for grouting was the same as that used for grouting outside the metal lining4 ,,table #cj4--;,,average ,,time ,,taken ,,for ,,various ,,operations ,,connected ,,with ,,building ,,concrete ,,arches ,,in ,,subaqueous ,,tunnels4 ,average ,type of ,length ,time1 in hours1 ,time1 ,time1 time reinforcementof moving and in hours1in hours1 in hours1 section1erecting forms4 placing placing form stood in concrete concrete after feet4 in arch4 in key4 filing4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- #gj ,a #ej #bj #ae #ae4dj day work _/ _/ ,a ,moving ,erecting day work #bj #b #c #h4cj #b4dj #ec ,b day work #bj #b #c #aj4dj #aa4bj #eh ,c day work #bj #b #c #aa4jj #g4bj #eh ,d day work #bj #b #c #i4cj #d4ce #ec ,d day work #bj #b #c #f4ae #b4je #ec ,sub-,type #bj #b #c #f4jj #c4jj ,no4 #a piece work ,average ,time1 ,total ,time ,total time ,remarks4 time in hours1in hours1 in hours1 in hours1 placing for moving1per linear form stoodconcrete erecting1 foot1 after in key and fillingfor moving1 filing4 and arch erecting1 and filling ---------------------------------------- ------------- #gj #cj4dj #ej4dj #a4ja #aa4aj #af4aj #j4ej #ec ,includes #bb4aj #bg4jj #a4ce placing rods #eh #ah4bj #bc4bj #a4af do4 #eh #ad4be #ai4be #j4ia do4 #ec #h4bj #ac4bj #j4je do4 #ec #i4jj #ad4jj #j4gj do4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bc4 ,the only compressed air available was the high-pressure supply1 at about #ij lb42 a reducing valve1 to lower this pressure to #cj lb4 was used between the air line and the grouting machine4 ,this was thought to be about as high a pressure as the green concrete arch would stand1 and1 even as it was1 at one point a section about #b ft4 by #a ft4 was blown out4 ,a rough traveling stage resting on the bottom step of the duct bench concrete was used as a working platform4 ,in the earlier stages of the work the grouting was carried on in a rather haphazard manner1 but1 when the last system of grout and vent pipes was adopted2 the work was undertaken systematically1 and was carried out as follows3 ,two #bj-;ft4 lengths of arch were grouted at one time1 and1 in order to prevent the grout from flowing along the arch and blocking the pipes in the next lengths1 a bulkhead of plaster was made at the end of every second length to confine the grout4 ,after a section had been grouted1 test holes were drilled every #ej ft4 along the crown to see that all the voids were filled2 if not1 holes were drilled in the arch1 both for grouting and for vents1 and the faulty section was re-grouted4 ,an average of bbl4 of cement and an equal quantity of sand was used per linear foot of tunnel4 ,the average amount put in by one machine per shift was #ae bbl41 and therefore the average length of tunnel grouted per machine per shift was #bj ft4 ,the typical working force was3 #a ,foreman #c4ge per shift #a ,laborer running grout machine #b4jj #b ,laborers handling cement and sand4 #a4ge #a ,laborer tending valve and grout pipes #a4ge ,after the grouting was finished1 the arches were rubbed over with wire brushes to take off discoloration1 and rough places at the junctions of adjoining lengths or left by the block laggings were bush-hammered4 ,face of ,bench ,concrete4--,the form used for this portion of the work is shown on ,plate ,,xlv4 ,it consisted of a central framework traveling on wheels1 and1 from the framework1 two vertical forms were suspended1 one on each side1 and equal in height to the whole height of the bench4 ,adjusting screws were fitted at intervals both at top and bottom1 and thus the position of the face forms could be adjusted accurately4 ,the face forms were built very carefully of #c-;in4 tongued and grooved yellow pine1 and one #ej-;ft4 form was used for #c1jjj ft4 of tunnel without having the face renewed4 ,great care was taken to set these forms true to line and grade1 as the appearance of the tunnel would have been ruined by any irregularity4 ,joints between successive lengths were finished with a ,v-groove4 ,the concrete was received at the form in dumping buckets2 these were hoisted to the top of the form by a ,lidgerwood hoister fixed to a trailer4 ,the concrete was placed in the form by shoveling it from the traveling stage down chutes fitted to its side4 ,the quantity of water to be used in the mixture needed careful regulation4 ,the first few batches in the bottom had to be very wet1 and were made with less stone than the upper portion1 in order that the concrete would pack solidly around the niche box forms and other awkward corners4 ,the forms for the ladders and refuge niches were fastened to the face of the bench forms by bolts which could be loosened before the main form was moved ahead1 and in this way the ladder and niche forms were left in position for some time after the main form was removed4 ,at first the forms were kept in place for #cf hours after finishing a length1 but1 after a little experience1 #bd hours was found to be enough4 ,in the summer1 when the rise of temperature quickened the set1 the time was brought down to #ah hours4 ,the average time taken for a #ej-;ft4 length was3 ,laying concrete #d hours4 ,interval for setting #ah ,moving forms ahead and resetting #e ------- ,total #bg hours4 ,the typical working gang was3 ,laying ,concrete4 #a ,foreman #c4be per shift4 #b ,spaders #b4jj #h ,laborers #a4ge ,moving and ,setting ,forms4 #a ,foreman #d4jj per shift4 #aj ,laborers #a4ge ,after the forms were removed1 any rough places at the lower edge1 where the concrete joins the lip1 were bush-hammered2 no other cleaning work was done4 ,duct ,laying and ,rodding4--,the design and location of the ducts have already been described4 ,it will have been seen that the duct-bench concrete was laid in steps1 on which the ducts were laid1 hence the maintenance of the grade and line in the ducts was an easy matter4 ,the only complication was the expanded metal bonds1 which were bent up out of the way of the arch forms and straightened out again after the arch forms had passed4 ,the materials1 such as ducts1 sand1 and cement1 were brought into the tunnel by the regular transportation gang4 ,the mortar was mixed in a wooden trough about #aj ft4 long1 #b ft4 #f in4 wide and #h in4 deep4 ,after the single-way ducts had been laid1 all the joints were plastered with mortar1 in order to prevent any foreign substance from entering the ducts4 ,this was not necessary with the multiple duct1 as the joints were wrapped with cotton duck4 ,the ducts were laid on a laying mandrel1 and1 as soon as possible after the concrete was laid around a set of ducts1 they were rodded with a rodding mandrel4 ,not many obstructions were met1 and these were usually some stray laying mandrel which had been left in by mistake1 or collections of mortar where the plastering of the single-way joints had been defective4 ,in the #feg1jjj duct ft4 of conduit in the river tunnels only eight serious obstructions were met4 ,that the work was of exceptionally high quality is shown by the fact that a heavy #c-;in4 lead cable has been passed through from manhole to manhole 7#dej ft47 in #f min41 and the company1 engaged to lay the cables in these ducts1 broke all its previous records for laying1 not only for tunnel work1 but also in the open4 ,fig4 #a1 ,plate ,,xxxv1 shows a collection of the tools and arrangements used in laying and rodding ducts4 ,the typical working force was3 ,laying ,multiple ,ducts4 #a ,foreman #c4ej per shift4 #i ,laborers #a4ge ,laying ,single-,way ,ducts4 #a ,foreman #c4ej per shift4 #h ,laborers #a4ge ,rodding ,multiple ,ducts4 #a ,foreman #c4ej per shift4 #e ,laborers #a4ge ,rodding ,single-,way ,ducts4 #a ,foreman #c4ej per shift4 #e ,laborers #a4ge ,the average progress per #aj-;hour shift with such gangs was3 ,laying multiple ducts #d1jjj duct ft4 ,laying single-way ducts #a1gde ,rodding multiple ducts #d1jdj ,rodding single-way ducts #b1ecb ,no detailed description need be given of the concreting of the cross-passages1 pump chambers1 sumps1 and other small details1 the design of which has been previously shown4 ,the concrete was finished on ,june #ast1 #aiji4 ,period ,no4 #f4--;,final ,cleaning ,up4--,june1 #aiji1 to ,november1 #aiji4--;,as soon as all the concrete was finished1 the work of cleaning up the invert was begun4 ,a large quantity of dbris littered the tunnels1 and it was economical to remove it as quickly as possible4 ,the remaining forms were first removed1 and hoisting engines1 supported on cross-timber laid across the benches1 were set up in the middle of the tunnel at about #ejj-;ft4 intervals4 ,work was carried on day and night1 and about #afi ft4 of single tunnel was cleared per #aj-;hour shift4 ,work was begun on ,may #bhth1 and finished on ,july #aeth1 #aiji4 ,for part of the time it was carried on at two points in each tunnel1 working toward the two shafts1 but when the work in the ,weehawken ,shaft1 which was being done at the same time1 blocked egress from that point1 all material was sent out by the ,manhattan ,shaft4 ,the total quantity of material removed was #e1cej cu4 yd41 or about #j4dd cu4 yd4 per lin4 ft4 of tunnel4 ,the average force per shift was3 ,in ,tunnel4 #c ,foremen #c4be per shift #a ,hoist engineer #c4jj #a ,signalman #b4jj #ch ,laborers #a4ge ,on the ,surface4 #a ,foreman #c4be per shift #a ,hoist engineer #c4jj #a ,signalman #b4jj #ab ,laborers #a4ge ,after the cleaning out had been done1 the contractor's main work was finished4 ,however1 quite a considerable force was employed1 up to ,november1 #aiji1 in doing various incidental jobs1 such as the installation of permanent ventilation conduits and nozzles at the intercepting arch near the ,manhattan ,shaft1 the erection of a head-house over the ,manhattan ,shaft1 and collecting and putting in order all the miscellaneous portable plant1 which was either sold or returned to store1 sorting all waste materials1 such as lumber1 piping1 and scraps of all kinds1 and1 in general1 restoring the sites of the working yards to their original condition4 ,concrete ,mixing4 ,the plant used in mixing the concrete for the land tunnels was pulled down and re-erected before the concrete work in the river tunnels was begun4 ,at the ,new ,york shaft two new bins for sand and stone were built1 bringing the total capacity up to #iej cu4 yd4 ,two ,no4 #f ,ransome mixers1 driven electrically by #cj-;h4p4 ,general ,electric motors1 using current from the contractor's generators1 were set up on a special platform in the intercepting arch4 ,at ,manhattan the sand and stone were received from the bins in chutes at a small hopper built on the permanent upper platform of the intercepting arch4 ,bottom-dumping cars1 divided by a partition into two portions1 arranged to hold the proper quantities of sand and stone for a #d-;bag batch of concrete1 were run on a track on this upper platform1 filled with the proper quantities of sand and stone1 and then run back and dumped into the hoppers of the mixer4 ,after mixing1 the batch was run down chutes into the tunnel cars standing on the track below4 ,the water was brought in pipes from the public supply4 ,it was measured in barrels by a graduated scale within the barrels4 ,the water was not put into the mixer until the sand and stone had all run out of the mixer hopper4 ,the mixture was revolved for about #a min41 or about #bj complete revolutions4 ,at ,weehawken ,shaft the mixing plant was entirely rebuilt4 ,four large bins1 two for sand and two for stone1 were built in the shaft4 ,together1 they held #dcj cu4 yd4 of stone and #djj cu4 yd4 of sand4 ,the sand and stone were dumped directly into the bins from the cars on the trestle which ran from the wharf to the shaft4 ,the materials were run through chutes directly from the bins to the hoppers of the mixers1 where they were measured4 ,two ,no4 #f ,ransome mixers1 electrically driven1 were used here1 as at ,new ,york1 and1 as there1 the water was led into measuring tanks before being let into the mixer4 ,the quantity of water used in the various parts of the concrete cross-section1 for a #d-;bag batch consisting of #a bbl4 7#chj lb47 of cement1 #h4ge cu4 ft4 of sand1 and #ag4e cu4 ft4 of stone1 is given in ,table #ca4 ,,table #ca4--,,quantity ,,of ,,water ,,per #d-;,,bag ,,batch ,,of ,,concrete1 ,,in ,u4,s4 ,,gallons4 ,portion of cross-section4 ,maximum4 ,minimum4 ,average4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,invert #dj #bj #bf ,duct bench #cf #ba #bg ,arch 7excluding key7 #cg #ai #be ,key of arch #bg #ae #bj ,face of bench #ca #bb #bg ,the maximum quantities were used when the stone was dry and contained more than the usual proportion of fine material1 the minimum quantity when the sand was wet after rain4 ,the resulting volumes of one batch1 for various kinds of stone1 are given in ,table #cb4 ,,table #cb4--,,volume ,,of ,,concrete ,,per ,,batch1 ,,with ,,various ,,kinds ,,of ,,stone4 ,resulting ,,description ,,of ,,stone4 volume per ,mixture4--------------------------- barrel of ,remarks4 cement1 in ,passed ,retained on cubic screen4 screen4 yards4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #a3b3e #a-;in4 #c_/h-;in4 #j4hae ,measured in air #a3b3e #b-;in4 ,run of crusher4 #j4hbg #a3b3e -- ,general average4 #j4hjh;,d,measured from plan #a3b3e #b-;in4 #a-;in4 #j4gfh;,e ,d ,average for whole of ,river ,tunnel section4 ,e ,average from #g1djj cu4 yd4 in ,land ,tunnel section4 ,the sand used was practically the same for the whole of the river tunnel section1 and was supposed to be equal to ,cow ,bay sand4 ,the result of the mechanical analysis of the sand is shown on ,plate ,,xlvi4 ,the stone was all trap rock4 ,for the early part of the work it consisted of stone which would pass a #b-;in4 ring and be retained on a #a-;in4 ring1 in fact1 the same as used for the land tunnels4 ,this was found to be too coarse1 and for a time it was mixed with an equal quantity of fine gravel or fine crushed stone4 ,as soon as it could be arranged1 run-of-crusher stone was used1 everything larger than #b in4 being excluded4 ,about three-quarters of the river tunnel concrete was put in with run-of-crusher stone4 ,the force was3 ,at ,manhattan4 #a ,foreman #c4jj per shift #d ,men on sand and stone cars #a4ge #d ,men handling cement #a4ge #b ,men dumping mixers #a4ge ,at ,weehawken4 #a ,foreman #c4jj per shift #b ,men hauling cement #a4ge #b ,men dumping mixers #a4ge ,the average quantity of concrete mixed per #aj-;hour shift was about #aag batches1 or about #ij cu4 yd4 ,the maximum output of one of the mixers was about #afh batches1 or #abi cu4 yd4 per #aj-;hour shift4 ,transportation4 ,surface ,transportation4--,at ,manhattan the stone and sand were received in scows at the wharf on the river front4 ,for the first part of the work1 the wharf at #cb;d ,street and ,north ,river was used1 and while that was in use the material was unloaded from the scows into scale-boxes by a grab-bucket running on an overhead cable1 and then teamed to the shaft4 ,for the latter part of the work1 the wharf used was at #chth ,street and ,north ,river1 where facilities for unloading were given to the contractor by the ,pennsylvania ,railroad ,company which was the permanent lessee of the piers4 ,the material was unloaded into scale-boxes by a grab-bucket operated by a derrick1 and teamed to the shaft4 ,when the scale-boxes arrived at the shaft they were lifted from the trucks by derricks and dumped into the bins4 ,at ,weehawken all the stone and sand1 with the exception of the stone crushed on the work1 was received by water at the ,north slip4 ,here it was unloaded by a #b-;cu4 yd4 grab-bucket and dumped into #c-;cu4 yd4 side-tipping cars1 which were hauled by a small steam locomotive over the trestle to the shaft1 where they were dumped directly into the bins4 ,before beginning the concrete lining1 the #b-;ft4 gauge railway1 which had been used for the surface transportation during the driving of the iron-lined tunnels1 was taken up and replaced by a #c-;ft4 gauge track consisting largely of #cj-lb4 rails4 ,the cars were #c-;cu4 yd4 side-dumping1 with automatic swinging sides4 ,two steam locomotives which were being stored at ,weehawken 7part of the plant from another contract71 were used for hauling the cars in place of the electric ones used with the #b-;ft4 gauge railway4 ,tunnel ,transport4--,the track used in the tunnel was of #b-;ft4 gauge1 laid with the #bj-lb4 rails previously used in driving the iron-lined tunnels4 ,the mining cars 7previously mentioned in describing the driving of the iron-lined tunnels7 were used for transporting the invert concrete1 although1 for most of the work1 dumping buckets carried on flat cars were used4 ,several haulage systems were considered for this work1 but not one of them was thought to be flexible enough to be used with the constantly changing conditions1 and it was eventually decided to move all the cars by hand1 because1 practically all the work being down grade1 the full cars could be run down by gravity and the empty ones pushed back by hand4 ,two men were allotted to each car1 and were able to keep the traffic moving in a manner that would have been perhaps impossible with any system of mechanical haulage4 ,this system was apparently justified by the results1 for the whole cost of the tunnel transport1 over an average haul of about #b1jjj ft41 was only about #ej cents per cu4 yd41 which will be found to compare favorably with mechanical haulage on similar work elsewhere1 provided full allowance is made for the use of the plant and power4 ,force ,employed4--,the average force employed on transport1 both on the surface and in the tunnel1 is shown in ,table #cc4 ,costs4 ,during the work1 careful records of the actual cost to the contractor of carrying out this work were kept by the ,company's forces2 these costs include all direct charges1 such as labor and materials1 and all indirect charges such as head office1 plant depreciation1 insurance1 etc41 but do not include the cost of any financing1 of which the ,company had no information4 ,,table #cc4--;,,average ,,force ,,per ,,shift ,,for ,,transportation ,,in ,,two ,,tunnels4 ,location,grade ,rate ,,work ,,in ,,progress --------------------------------- ,two ,two arches1 ,four arches inverts two inverts1 and one and two and two duct face of duct benches bench benches ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,foreman #c4jj #b #b #b ,tunnel ,laborer #a4ge #bd #bh #gj ,switchmen #b4jj #b #b ,hoisting engineers #c4jj #b #d #e ,foreman #c4jj #a #a #b ,surface,laborers #a4ge #h #h #ae ,teams #f4ej #a #a #b ,field ,engineering ,staff4 ,the field staff may be considered as divisible into five main divisions3 7,a74--,construction1 including alignment1 7,b74--,cost records1 7,c74--,testing of cement and other materials of construction1 7,d74--,photography1 7,e74--,despatch-boat service4 7,a74--,construction 7,inspection and ,alignment7 ,staff4--,a comparatively large staff was maintained by the ,company1 and to this two causes contributed4 ,in the first place1 the contractor maintained no field engineering staff1 because1 early in the proceedings1 it was arranged that the ,company would carry out all this work1 and thus avoid the overlapping1 confusion1 and lack of definite responsibility which often ensues when two engineering forces are working over the same ground4 ,even had the contractor maintained an engineering force1 it would have been necessary for the ,company to check most of the contractor's work4 ,in the second place1 this work gave rise to a number of special surveys1 tests1 borings1 and observations of various kinds1 most of which were kept up as a part of the regular routine work1 and this necessitated a staff4 ,also1 for a whole year1 active progressive work was at a standstill while the pile tests were going on4 7,b74--,cost ,records ,staff4--,a distinct feature was made of keeping as accurately as possible detailed records of the actual cost to the contractor of carrying out the work4 ,a small staff of clerks1 retained solely for this purpose1 tabulated and recorded the information furnished by the members of the construction staff4 ,about #ab1jjj1 altogether1 was spent in salaries in this department1 and it may be considered an extremely wise investment1 for1 not only is the information thus obtained of great value and interest in itself1 but it also puts the ,company in an excellent position should any claim or discussion arise with the contractor4 7,c74--,cement-,testing ,department4--,as the ,company furnished the cement to the contractor1 it became incumbent to make careful tests of the quality4 ,a cement-testing laboratory was established at the ,manhattan ,shaft offices1 under the charge of a cement inspector who was furnished with assistants for sampling1 shipping1 and testing cement4 ,all materials used on the work1 such as bricks1 sand1 stone1 water-proofing1 etc41 were tested here1 with the exception of metals1 which were under the charge of a metal inspector reporting directly to the head office4 ,this department cost about #aj1jjj for salaries and #c1jjj for apparatus and supplies1 or about #ac1jjj1 in all4 ,there were #hjj1jjj bbl4 of cement tested1 and samples from #b1ajj1jjj brick4 ,a large amount of useful information has resulted from the work of this laboratory4 7,d74--,photography4--,it was desired to keep a complete photographic record of the progress of the work1 and therefore a photographer was appointed1 with office room at the ,manhattan ,shaft4 ,the photographer took all the progress photographs on the work of the ,north ,river ,division1 made photographic reductions of all drawings and plans1 made lantern slides of all negatives of a more important nature1 and1 in addition1 during the period of compressed air1 analyzed the samples of compressed air1 brought into the office for the purpose1 for the amount of ,,co#b present4 ,about #h1jjj was spent on this department4 7,e74--,despatch-,boat ,service4--,to provide access to the ,new ,jersey side1 a despatch boat was purchased4 ,this boat was at first 7,june1 #aijd7 chartered1 and in ,may1 #aije1 was bought outright1 and ran on regular schedules1 day and night4 ,it continued in the service until ,april1 #aiji1 when it was given up1 as the tunnels were so far completed that they provided easy access to ,new ,jersey4 ,the cost of the boat 7second-hand7 was about #c1jjj4 ,it was then thoroughly overhauled and the cabin remodeled4 ,the monthly cost1 when working a #ab-;hour shift1 was #bgj for manning1 #fe for supplies1 and #fd for coal4 ,on two #ab-;hour shifts1 the monthly cost was #ecc for manning1 #ajj for supplies1 and #if for coal4 ,about #ajj1jjj passengers were carried during the boat's period of service1 and the total cost was about #cg1ejj4 ,for the major part of the period embraced by this paper1 ,b4 ,h4 ,m4 ,hewett1 ,m4 ,am4 ,soc4 ,c4 ,e41 served as ,general ,resident ,engineer1 in charge of the ,field ,work as a whole4 ,w4 ,l4 ,brown1 ,m4 ,am4 ,soc4 ,c4 ,e41 was at first ,resident ,engineer of the work constructed from the ,manhattan ,shaft1 while ,h4 ,f4 ,d4 ,burke1 ,m4 ,am4 ,soc4 ,c4 ,e41 was ,resident ,engineer of the work constructed from the ,weehawken ,shaft4 ,after the meeting of the shields1 ,mr4 ,burke left to take up another appointment1 and from that time ,mr4 ,brown acted as ,resident ,engineer4 ,it may be said1 without reflecting in any way on the manufacturers1 that the high standard of all the metal materials also testified to the efficient inspection conducted under the direction of ,mr4 ,j4 ,c4 ,naegeley4 ,it is impossible to close this brief account of these tunnels without recording the invaluable services at all times rendered by the members of the ,company's field staff4 ,where all worked with one common aim it might seem invidious to single out names1 but special credit is due to the following ,assistant ,engineers3 ,messrs4 ,h4 ,e4 ,boardman1 ,assoc4 ,m4 ,am4 ,soc4 ,c4 ,e41 ,w4 ,h4 ,lyon1 ,h4 ,u4 ,hitchcock1 ,e4 ,r4 ,peckens1 ,h4 ,j4 ,wild1 ,assoc4 ,m4 ,am4 ,soc4 ,c4 ,e41 ,j4 ,f4 ,sullivan1 ,assoc4 ,m4 ,am4 ,soc4 ,c4 ,e41 and ,r4 ,t4 ,robinson1 ,assoc4 ,m4 ,am4 ,soc4 ,c4 ,e4 ,mr4 ,c4 ,e4 ,price was in charge of the cement tests throughout the entire period1 and brought to his work not only ability but enthusiasm4 ,mr4 ,h4 ,d4 ,bastow was in charge of the photographic work1 and ,mr4 ,a4 ,l4 ,heyer of the cost account records1 in which he was ably seconded by ,mr4 ,a4 ,p4 ,gehling1 who1 after ,mr4 ,heyer's departure1 finished the records and brought them into their final shape4 ,the organization of the ,company's field engineering staff is shown graphically by ,fig4 #bd4 ,,field ,,organization ,,of ,,the ,o',,rourke ,,engineering ,,construction ,,company ,,for ,,the ,,building ,,of ,,the ,,pennsylvania ,,railroad ,,tunnels ,,into ,,new ,,york ,,city--,,north ,,river ,,division4 ,,sections ,,gy ,,east1 ,,gy ,,west ,,supplementary1 ,,gy ,,west1 ,,and ,,co4 ,,general ,,superintendent4 --------------------------------- 7,general1 ,surface and ,office7 7,excavation ---------------------------- of ,land ,tunnels7 ,,assistant ,,general ,,superintendent ,,general ,,rock ,,supt ------------------------ ,tunnel ,,field ,,surface ,,despatch ,supts ,,office ,,boat ,tunnel ,foreman ,civil ,head ,captain ,foremen ,engineer ,carpenter ,engineer ,timbermen ,inspectors ,foreman ,deck ,hands ,timbermen ,bookkeepers ,carpenter ,timbermen's ,paymaster ,carpenters ,helpers ,head ,carpenters' ,foremen ,storekeeper ,helpers ,drillers ,storekeepers ,blacksmiths ,drillers ,timekeepers ,blacksmiths' ,foremen ,telephone ,helpers ,muckers ,operators ,foreman ,pipe ,fitters ,office ,boys ,laborers ,pipe ,fitters' ,messengers ,laborers ,helpers ,janitors ,disposal ,electricians ,trimmers ,hoist ,teamsters ,engineers ,signalmen ,muckers ,nippers ,water ,boys ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ 7,shield ,tunnel ,driving7 7,masonry 7,power 7,medical ,lining-,rock ,plant7 ,supervision7 ,,general ,,tunnel ,,superintendent and ,river ,tunnels7 ,,master ,,chief ,,med ,,assistant ,,superintendents ,,mechanic ,,officer ----------------------------- ,foreman ,,excavation ,,general ,electrician ,,iron ,,lining ,,caulking ,,and ,electricians ,general ,,grummeting ,engineers ,foremen ,foremen ,pipefitters ,foreman ,resident ,foremen ,erector ,foremen ,pipefitters' ,machinist ,doctor ,drillers ,runners ,caulkers ,helpers ,machinists ,drillers ,ironmen ,grummeters ,electricians ,machinists' ,powdermen ,boltmen ,electricians' ,helpers ,foremen ,helpers ,firemen ,timbermen ,trackmen ,oilers ,timbermen ,lockmen ,pumpmen ,foremen ,transport ,hoist ,engineers ,muckers ,foreman ,signalmen ,muckers ,transport ,shieldmen ,laborers ,laborers ,watchmen ,nippers ,water ,boys ,,general ,,concrete ,,superintendent ,,tunnel ,,superintendents ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,,concrete ,,brickwork ,,ducts ,,water-,,proofing ,,general ,foremen ,foremen ,foremen ,foremen ,pipefitters ,carpenters ,bricklayers ,duct-layers ,waterproofers ,pipefitters' ,carpenters' ,bricklayers' ,helpers ,helpers ,laborers ,electricians ,mixer ,carpenters ,electricians' ,foremen ,carpenters' ,helpers ,mixer ,helpers ,transport ,laborers ,foremen ,concrete ,transport ,laborers ,laborers ,watchmen ,,fig4 #bd4 ,contractor's ,organization4--,the contracting firm which did the work described in this paper was the ,o',rourke ,engineering ,construction ,company1 of ,new ,york ,city4 ,the ,president of this ,company was ,john ,f4 ,o',rourke1 ,m4 ,am4 ,soc4 ,c4 ,e41 the ,vice-,president was ,f4 ,j4 ,gubelman1 ,assoc4 ,m4 ,am4 ,soc4 ,c4 ,e4 ,the ,general ,superintendent was ,mr4 ,george ,b4 ,fry1 assisted by ,j4 ,f4 ,sullivan1 ,assoc4 ,m4 ,am4 ,soc4 ,c4 ,e4 ,the duties of ,general ,tunnel ,superintendent fell to ,mr4 ,patrick ,fitzgerald4 ,the generally pleasant relations existing between the ,company and the contractor's forces did much to facilitate its execution4 ,the organization of the ,contractor's field staff is shown on ,fig4 #be4 ,,pennsylvania ,,tunnel ,,and ,,terminal ,,railroad ,,company4 ,,north ,,river ,,division4 ,,sections ,,gy ,,east1 ,,gy ,,west ,,supplementary1 ,,gy ,,west1 ,,gj1 ,,and ,i1 ,i4 ,e41 ,,from #aj,,th ,,avenue1 ,,manhattan1 ,,to ,,the ,,weehawken ,,shaft1 ,,field ,,engineering ,,staff ,,organization4 ,,general ,,resident ,,engineer ---------------------------------------- -------------- 7,material ,testing7 7,photography7 7,cost ,records7 7,office7 ,cement ,inspector ,photographer ,recording ,clerk ,clerks ,asst ,cement ,asst ,recording ,messengers ,inspectors ,clerks 7,construction7 7,despatch ,boat7 ---------------- ,captain ,engineers ,,resident ,,engineers ,deckhands 7,two during driving of ,shield-driven ,messengers ,tunnels1 and one subsequently47 ---------------------------------------- -- 7,inspection7 7,alignment7 7,office7 ,assistant ,engineers ,assistant ,engineers ,draftsmen ,chief ,tunnel ,chiefs of ,parties ,field ,office ,inspector ,instrumentmen ,clerks ,tunnel ,inspectors ,rodmen ,cement ,surface ,inspectors ,chainmen ,warehousemen ,clerks ,laborers ,janitors ,,fig4 #be ,in conclusion1 the writers cannot forego the pleasure of expressing their deep obligation to ,samuel ,rea1 ,m4 ,am4 ,soc4 ,c4 ,e41 as representing the ,management of the ,company1 to the ,chief ,engineer1 ,charles ,m4 ,jacobs1 ,m4 ,am4 ,soc4 ,c4 ,e41 and to ,james ,forgie1 ,m4 ,am4 ,soc4 ,c4 ,e41 ,chief ,assistant ,engineer1 for their permission to write this paper1 and also to all the members of the field office staff for their great and unfailing assistance in its preparation4