,,! ,,ed9burgh ,,new ,,philosophical ,,j\rnal1 ,,exhibit+ ,a ,,view ,,( ,,! ,,progressive ,,discov]ies ,,& ,,improvem5ts ,,9 ,,! ,,sci5ces ,,& ,,! ,,arts4 ,,conduct$ ,,by ,,rob]t ,,jameson1 ,,regius ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,natural ,,hi/ory1 ,,lectur] ,,on ,,m9]alogy1 ,,& ,,keep] ,,( ,,! ,,museum ,,9 ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,ed9burgh2 ,fell[ ( ! ,royal ,societies ( ,london & ,ed9burgh2 ,honor>y ,memb] ( ! ,royal ,iri% ,academy2 ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,sci5ces ( ,d5m>k2 ( ! ,royal ,academy ( ,sci5ces ( ,b]l92 ( ! ,royal ,academy ( ,naples2 ( ! ,geological ,society ( ,france2 ,honor>y ,memb] ( ! ,asiatic ,society ( ,calcutta2 ,fell[ ( ! ,royal ,l9nean1 & ( ! ,geological ,societies ( ,london2 ( ! ,royal ,geological ,society ( ,cornwall1 & ( ! ,cambridge ,philosophical ,society2 ( ! ,antiqu>ian1 ,w]n]ian ,natural ,hi/ory1 ,royal ,m$ical1 ,royal ,physical1 & ,horticultural ,societies ( ,ed9burgh2 ( ! ,highl& & ,agricultural ,society ( ,scotl&2 ( ! ,antiqu>ian & ,lit]>y ,society ( ,p]?2 ( ! ,/ati/ical ,society ( ,glasg[2 ( ! ,royal ,dubl9 ,society2 ( ! ,york1 ,bri/ol1 ,cambrian1 ,:itby1 ,nor!rn1 & ,cork ,in/itutions2 ( ! ,natural ,hi/ory ,society ( ,nor?umb]l&1 ,durham1 & ,newca/le2 ( ! ,imp]ial ,ph>maceutical ,society ( ,pet]sburgh2 ( ! ,natural ,hi/ory ,society ( ,wett]au2 ( ! ,m9]alogical ,society ( ,j5a2 ( ! ,royal ,m9]alogical ,society ( ,dresd52 ( ! ,natural ,hi/ory ,society ( ,p>is2 ( ! ,philoma?ic ,society ( ,p>is2 ( ! ,natural ,hi/ory ,society ( ,calvados2 ( ! ,s5k5b]g ,society ( ,natural ,hi/ory2 ( ! ,society ( ,natural ,sci5ces & ,m$ic9e ( ,heidelb]g2 ,honor>y ,memb] ( ! ,lit]>y & ,philosophical ,society ( ,new ,york2 ( ! ,new ,york ,hi/orical ,society2 ( ! ,am]ican ,antiqu>ian ,society2 ( ! ,academy ( ,natural ,sci5ces ( ,philadelphia2 ( ! ,lyceum ( ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,new ,york2 ( ! ,natural ,hi/ory ,society ( ,montreal2 ( ! ,frankl9 ,in/itute ( ! ,/ate ( ,p5nsylvania = ! ,promotion ( ! ,me*anical ,arts2 ( ! ,geological ,society ( ,p5nsylvania2 ( ! ,bo/on ,society ( ,natural ,hi/ory ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 ( ! ,s\? ,african ,in/itution ( ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope2 ,honor>y ,memb] ( ! ,/ati/ical ,society ( ,france2 ,memb] ( ! ,entomological ,society ( ,/ett91 c4 c4 c4 ,,april #ahej 444 ,,octob] #ahej4 ,,vol4 ,,xlix4 ,,to ,,be ,,cont9u$ ,,qu>t]ly4 ,,ed9burgh3 ,,adam ,,& ,,*>les ,,black4 ,,longman1 ,,br[n1 ,,gre51 ,,longmans1 ,,london4 #ahej4 ,,ed9burgh3 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,neill ,,& ,,company1 ,,old ,,fi%m>ket4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,page ,,art4 ,i4 ,geographical ,di/ribution ( ,animals4 ,by ,pr(essor ,,l\is ,,agassiz3-- ,diff]5t ,views on ! ,subject4--,results ( ,geological ,obs]vations4--,facts & ,suppositions4--,natural ,limits = ,animals4--,limitations & ,adaptations4--,influ5ce ( ,heights & ,dep?s4--,di/ribution ( ,mammalia4--,creations on ea* ,cont95t4--,zoological ,prov9ces4--,g5]al ,conclusion1 #a-be ,additional ,illu/rations ( ! ,geographical ,di/ribution ( ,animals3-- #a4 ,geographical ,di/ribution ( ,/urgeons1 #be #b4 ,fi%es ( ,lake ,sup]ior comp>$ ) ^? ( ! o!r great ,canadian ,lakes1 #bg #c4 ,g5]al ,obs]vations2 all ,fre%-wat] ,fi%es ( ,nor? ,am]ica diff]5t f ^? ( ,europe--,lake ,sup]ior & ! ,lakes nor? ( x con/itute a di/9ct ,zoological ,di/rict--,^! ,fi%es h be5 creat$ :]e !y n[ live--,d$uctions f ?is fact1 #cj ,,ii4 ,on ! ,geography & ,geology ( ! ,p59sula ( ,m\nt ,s9ai1 & ! adjac5t ,c\ntries4 ,by ,,john ,,hogg1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,f4,l4,s42 ,honor>y ,secret>y ( ! ,royal ,geographical ,society1 c4 7,) a col\r$ ,geological ,map47 ,communicat$ by ! ,au?or4 7,cont9u$ f ,vol4 xlviii41 p4 #bai71 #cc ,,iii4 ,synopsis ( ,meteorological ,obs]vations made at ! ,obs]vatory1 ,:itehav51 ,cumb]l&1 9 ! ye> #ahdi4 ,by ,,john ,,flet*] ,,mill]1 ,esq41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,f4,r4,a4,s41 c4 ,communicat$ by ! ,au?or1 #ec ,,iv4 ,! ,complet$ ,coral ,isl&4 ,by ,,james ,d4 ,,dana1 ,geologi/ to ! ,am]ican ,exploratory ,exp$ition1 c41 c41 #fe ,v4 ,biographical ,notice ( ,leopold ,pilla1 ! ,geologi/4 ,by ,h4 ,,coqu&4 ,communicat$ by ! ,au?or1 #fh ,,vi4 ,on ! ,*ronological ,exposition ( ! ,p]iods ( ,vegetation1 & ! diff]5t ,floras :i* h succe$$ ea* o!r on ! ,e>?'s surface4 ,accord+ to ! views ( ,m4 ,,brongni>t4 7,conclud$ f ,vol4 xlviii41 p4 #ccj73-- ,fossil ,plants ( ! ,p]mian ,p]iod4--,vosgian ,p]iod4--,jurassic ,p]iod4--,t]ti>y ,p]iod1 #gb-ig ,,vii4 ,glacial ,!ory ( ! ,erratics & ,drift ( ! ,new & ,old ,worlds4 ,by ,pr(essor ,,agassiz3-- ,glaciali/s & ,antiglaciali/s4--,erratic bas9s ( ,switz]l&4--,simil> ph5om5a obs]v$ 9 o!r p>ts ( ,europe4--,po9ts necess>y to be settl$2 fir/1 ! relation 9 "t & "* betwe5 ! ,nor!rn & ! ,alp9e erratics4--,trac$ 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4---,n yet settl$ :e!r any local c5tres ( di/ribution 9 ,am]ica2 b ! g5]al cause mu/ h act$ 9 all p>ts simultane\sly4 ,?is action ceas$ at #ce nor? latitude2 ?is incompatible ) ! notion ( curr5ts4--,9 bo? hemisph]es a direct ref]5ce to ! ,pol> ,regions4 ,difficulty z to s ext5sive =mation ( ,ice1 remov$2 difficulties on ! !ory ( ,curr5ts1 ! effects contr>y to exp]i5ce ( ,wat]-,action4--,erratic ph5om5a ( ,lake ,sup]ior4--,! ,iceb]g !ory4--,description ( appe>ances at ,lake ,sup]ior4--,drift3 conta9s mud1 & is )\t fossils4--,example ( juxtaposition ( /ratifi$ & un/ratifi$ ,drift1 at ,cambridge4--,date ( ^! ph5om5a n fully det]m9$1 b d\btless simultane\s all ov] ! ,globe4--,! v>i\s p]iods & k9ds ( ,drift di/+ui%$4--,accompani$ by *ange ( level 9 ! ,cont95t1 #ig-ih ,,viii4 ,description ( ! ,m>9e ,telescope4 ,by ,,john ,,adie1 ,f4,r4,s4,e41 ,f4,r4,s4,s4,a4 ,communicat$ by ! ,au?or1 #aag ,,ix4 ,exp]im5tal ,inve/igations to ,discov] ! ,cause ( ! ,*ange :i* takes place 9 ! ,/&>d ,po9ts ( ,!rmomet]s4 ,by ,,john ,,adie1 ,f4,r4,s4,e41 ,f4,r4,s4,s4,a4 ,communicat$ by ! ,au?or1 #abb ,x4 ,obs]vations on ! ,discov]y1 by ,pr(essor ,lepsius1 ( ,sculptur$ ,m>ks on ,rocks 9 ! ,nile ,valley 9 ,nubia2 indicat+ t1 )9 ! hi/orical p]iod1 ! riv] _h fl[$ at a high] level ?an has be5 kn[n 9 ,mod]n ,times4 ,by ,,leon>d ,,horn]1 ,esq41 ,f4,r4,s4,s4 ,l4 ,e41 ,f4,g4,s41 c4 ,communicat$ by ! ,au?or4 ,) a ,plate1 #abf ,,xi4 ,on ! ,salmon ,tribe 7,salmonid72 _! ,classification1 ,geographical ,di/ribution1 c41 #add ,,xii4 ,results ( ,obs]vations made by ! ,rev4 ,f4 ,,fall[s1 at ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 9 ! ye>s #ahdi-cj-ca4 ,produc$ "u ! sup]9t5d5ce ( ,g4 ,b4 ,airy1 ,esq41 ,a/ronom] ,royal1 #adh ,,xiii4 ,discov]y ( ! ,great ,lake ,ngami ( ,s\? ,africa1 #aej ,,xiv4 ,,dr ,,davy',s ,brief ,sket* ( ! ,geology ( ! ,we/ ,indies4 ,communicat$ = ! ,philosophical ,j\rnal1 #aeh ,,xv4 ,on ! ,diff]5ces betwe5 ,progressive1 ,embryonic1 & ,prophetic ,types 9 ! ,succession ( ,organiz$ ,be+s ?r\gh ! :ole range ( ,geological times1 #afj ,,xvi4 ,on a ,new ,analogy 9 ! ,p]iods ( ,rotation ( ! ,prim>y ,planets discov]$ by ,,daniel ,,kirkwood ( ,pottsville1 ,p5nsylvania1 #afe ,,xvii4 ,,sci5tific ,,intellig5ce3-- ,,meteorology4 #a4 ,use ( ,col\r$ ,glasses to assi/ ! ,view 9 ,fogs4 #b4 ,ozone1 #agj-aga ,,hydrography4 #c4 ,on ! ,ph5om5a ( ! ,rise & ,fall ( ! ,wat]s ( ! ,nor!rn ,lakes ( ,am]ica4 #d4 ,wat] ,!rmomet]4 #e4 ,on ! ,falls ( ,niag>a4 #f4 ,on ! ,exi/5ce ( ,manganese 9 ,wat]4 #g4 ,ars5ic 9 ,*alybeate ,spr+s1 #agb-age ,,geology4 #h4 ,! ,coal ,=mation ( ,am]ica4 #i4 ,riv] ,t]races ( ! ,connecticut ,valley1 #age-agg ,,zoology4 #aj4 ,fossil ,cr9oids ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 #aa4 ,discov]y ( ,coral ,animals on ! ,coa/ ( ,massa*usetts4 #ab4 ,on ! ,circulation & ,dige/ion ( ! ,l[] ,animals4 #ac4 ,di/ribution ( ! ,te/ace\s ,mollusca ( ,jamaica4 #ad4 ,metamorphoses ( ! ,lepidopt]a4 #ae4 ,on ! ,zoological ,"* ( ,"y ,mammalia4 #af4 ,! ,manatus or ,sea ,c[1 ! ,embryonic ,type ( ! ,pa*yd]mata4 #ag4 ,fossil ,elephant & ,ma/odon f ,africa4 #ah4 ,caut]ization 9 ! case ( ,poison\s ,bites4 #ai4 ,d5tal ,p>asites1 #agg-ahd ,,arts4 #bj4 ,! ,/eamboat ,new ,_w4 #ba4 ,use ( ,p>a*utes 9 ,m9es4 #bb4 ,adult]ations ( ,drugs4 #bc4 ,to re/ore ,decay$ ,ivory4 #bd4 ,ivory z an ,article ( ,manufacture4 #be4 ,flexible ,ivory4 #bf4 ,air-,:i/le4 #bg4 ,curi\s ,electrical ,ph5om5on1 #ahd-ahh ,,xviii4 ,li/ ( ,pat5ts grant$ = ,scotl& f #bb;d ,m>* to #bb;d ,june #ahej1 #ahi 99 99 99 99 99 ,memor&um4--,new ,publications w be notic$ 9 our next ,numb]4 ,,memor&um4 ,ow+ to ! l>ge space occupi$ by ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,briti% ,association = ! ,promotion ( ,sci5ce1 held at ,ed9burgh 9 ! mon? ( ,augu/1 #ahej1 v>i\s int]e/+ communications are delay$ until ! next numb] ( ! ,philosophical ,j\rnal4 ,,! ,,ed9burgh ,,new ,,philosophical ,,j\rnal4 ,geographical ,di/ribution ( ,animals4 ,by ,pr(essor ,,l\is ,,agassiz4 ,! greate/ ob/acles 9 ! way ( inve/igat+ ! laws ( ! di/ribution ( organiz$ be+s ov] ! surface ( our globe1 are to be trac$ to ! views g5]ally ent]ta9$ ab\t _! orig94 ,!re is a prevail+ op9ion1 :i* ascribes to all liv+ be+s ^u e>? "o common c5tre ( orig91 f :i* x is suppos$ !y1 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 spread ov] wid] & wid] areas1 till !y f9ally came into _! pres5t /ate ( di/ribution2 & :at gives ?is view a high] recomm5dation1 9 ! op9ion ( mo/ m51 is ! circum/ance1 t su* a me?od ( di/ribution is consid]$ z reveal$ 9 our sacr$ writ+s4 ,we hope1 h[ev]1 to be able to %ew t !re is no su* /atem5t 9 ! ,book ( ,g5esis2 t ?is doctr9e ( a unique c5tre ( orig91 & successive di/ribution ( all animals is ( v mod]n inv5tion2 & t x c be trac$ back = sc>cely m ?an a c5tury 9 ! records ( our sci5ce4 ,!re is ano!r view to :i*1 m rec5tly1 naturali/s h seem$ to incl9e2 viz41 ! assum+ sev]al c5tres ( orig91 f :i* organiz$ be+s 7 aft]w>ds diffus$ ov] wid] areas1 9 ! same mann] z accord+ to ! fir/ !ory1 ! diff]5ce be+ only 9 ! assumption ( sev]al c5tres ( disp]sion in/ead ( a s+le "o4 ,we h rec5tly be5 l$ to take a v diff]5t view ( ! subject1 & %all pres5tly illu/rate ! facts ^u :i* ! view re/s4 ,b be=e we und]take to introduce m directly ?is subject1 !re is ano!r po9t :i* requires prelim9>y inve/igation1 :i* seems to h be5 entirely lo/ sight ( by all ^?1 )\t exception1 :o h /udi$ ! geographical di/ribution ( animals1 & :i* seems to u to be ! key/one ( ! :ole edifice1 :5ev] we und]take to recon/ruct ! primitive plan ( ! geographical di/ribution ( animals & plants4 ,! di/ribution ( organiz$ be+s ov] ! surface ( our globe 9 its pres5t condition _c be consid]$ 9 itself2 & )\t an inve/igation1 at ! same "t1 ( ! geographical di/ribution ( ^? organiz$ be+s :i* h exi/$ 9 =m] geological p]iods1 & _h become ext9ct be=e ^? ( ! pres5t creation 7 call$ into be+4 ,= x is well asc]ta9$ n[ t !re is a natural succession 9 ! plan ( creation--an intimate connection betwe5 all ! types ( ! diff]5t p]iods ( ! creation f its beg9n+ up to ?is day2 s mu* s1 t ! pres5t di/ribution ( animals & plants is ! cont9uation ( an ord] ( ?+s :i* prevail$ = a "t at an e>li] p]iod1 b :i* came to an end be=e ! exi/+ arrangem5t ( ?+s 0 introduc$4 ,! animal k+dom1 z we "k x 9 our days1 is !re=e engraft$ ^u its condition 9 e>li] p]iods2 & x is to ! di/ribution ( animals 9 ^! e>li] p]iods t we mu/ look1 if we w\ld trace ! plan ( ! ,creator f its comm5cem5t to its m advanc$ developm5t 9 our own "t4 ,if !re is any tru? 9 ! view t animals & plants orig9at$ f a common c5tre1 x mu/ be at ! same "t %ewn t su* an intimate connection betwe5 ! animals exi/$ at all p]iods2 or1 at lea/1 we %\ld1 be=e assum+ su* a view = ! animals liv+ 9 our days1 discov] a suffici5t reason = ascrib+ to !m ano!r mode ( disp]sion ?an to ! animals & plants ( =m] p]iods4 ,b !re is su* a wond]ful h>mony 9 all ! great processes ( nature1 t1 at ! outset1 we %\ld be c>efully on our gu>d aga9/ assum+ diff]5t modes ( di/ribution = ! organiz$ be+s ( =m] p]iods1 & = ^? :i* at pres5t cov] ! globe4 ,%\ld x be pla9 t ! animals & plants did n orig9ate f a common c5tre at ! beg9n+ ( ! creation1 & dur+ ! diff]5t successive geological p]iods1 we h at once a /rong indication t nei!r has su* be5 ! case ) ! animals ( ! pres5t day2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 if !re 7 satisfactory evid5ce t ! animals & plants n[ liv+ orig9at$ f a common c5tre1 we %\ld consid] ! matt] c>efully be=e tru/+ to ! views d]iv$ f geological facts4 ,let u1 !re=e1 exam9e fir/ ! value ( ! evid5ce on bo? sides4 ,we h already express$1 & we repeat "h1 our e>ne/ belief t ! view ( a unique c5tre ( orig9 & di/ribution re/s *iefly ^u ! suppos$ au?ority ( ! ,mosaic record2 & is 9 no way su/a9$ by evid5ce d]iv$ f inve/igations 9 natural hi/ory4 ,on ! contr>y1 :]ev] we trace ! animals 9 _! pres5t di/ributions1 we f9d !m scatt]$ ov] ! surface ( our globe 9 su* a mann]1 accord+ to su* laws1 & "u su* special adaptations1 t x w\ld baffle ! mo/ fanciful imag9ation to conceive su* an arrangem5t z ! m]e results ( migrations1 or ( ! influ5ce ( physical causes ov] ! disp]sion ( bo? animals & plants4 ,= we f9d t all animals & plants ( ! arctic zones agree 9 c]ta9 respects & are uni=m ov] ! ?ree cont95ts :i* v]ge t[>ds ! nor!rn pole1 :il/ ^? ( ! temp]ate zone agree also 9 c]ta9 respects1 b diff] some:at f ea* o!r )9 def9ite limits1 9 ! respective cont95ts4 ,& ! diff]5ces gr[ m & m prom95t z we approa* ! tropical zone1 :i* has its peculi> ,fauna & ,flora 9 ea* cont95t2 s mu* s1 t x is impossible = u to conceive su* a normal arrangem5t1 unless x be ! result ( a prem$itat$ plan1 c>ri$ out volunt>ily accord+ to pr$et]m9$ laws4 ,! op9ion :i* is consid]$ z ! ,biblical view ( ! case1 & accord+ to :i* all animals h orig9at$ 9 a common c5tre1 w\ld leave u at a loss = any cause by :i* to acc\nt = ! special disp]sion ( animals & plants beyond ! m]e necessity ( remov+ f ! cr[d$ gr\nd to assume wid] limits1 z _! increas$ numb] made x con/antly m & m necess>y & imp]ative4 ,accord+ to ?is view1 ! animals ( ! arctic zone z well z ^? ( ! tropics1--^? ( ,am]ica z well z ^? ( ,new ,holl&1--h be5 fir/ creat$ ^u ! high l&s ( ,iran1 & h tak5 _! c\rse 9 all directions1 to settle :]e !y are n[ f\nd to be /rictly limit$4 ,x does n appe> h[ su* migrations ( pol> animals c\ld h tak5 place ov] ! w>m] tracts ( l& :i* !y _h to cross1 & 9 :i* !y _c ev5 be kept alive1 9 our days1 ) ! utmo/ precautions3 nor h[ ! t]re/rial animals ( ,new ,holl&1 :i* h no analogies 9 ! ma9 cont95ts1 c\ld h rea*$ t l>ge isl&1 nor :y !y %\ld h all mov$ ?i!r4 ,&1 inde$1 x is impossible1 ) su* a !ory1 to acc\nt1 ei!r = ! special adaptation ( types to p>ticul> di/ricts ( ! e>?'s surface1 or = ! limit$ di/ribution ( s _m species :i* are f\nd only ov] n>r[ di/ricts 9 _! pres5t arrangem5t4 ,x is inconsi/5t ) ! /ructure1 habits1 & natural in/9cts ( mo/ animals1 ev5 to suppose t !y c\ld h migrat$ ov] any great di/ances4 ,x is 9 complete contradiction ) ! laws ( nature1 & all we "k ( ! *anges our globe has und]gone1 to imag9e t ! animals h actually adapt$ !mselves to _! v>i\s circum/ances dur+ _! migration1 z ?is w\ld be ascrib+ to physical influ5ces z mu* p[] z to ! ,creator himself4 ,&1 aga91 ! regul> di/ribution1 requir+ precise laws1 z we f9d x does1 _c be attribut$ ei!r to ! volunt>y migration ( animals1 or to ! influ5ce ( physical causes1 :5 we see s pla9ly t ?is di/ribution is 9 accordance ) ! geographical di/ribution ( animals & plants 9 =m] geological p]iods4 ,b ab\t ?is pres5tly4 ,we w only add1 t we _c discov] 9 ! ,mosaic acc\nt any?+ to su/a9 su* a view1 nor ev5 h9ts lead+ to su* a con/ruction4 ,:at is said ( animals & plants 9 ! fir/ *apt] ( ,g5esis1 :at is m5tion$ ( ! pres]vation ( ^! animals & plants at ! "t ( ! deluge1 relates *iefly to organiz$ be+s plac$ ab\t ,adam & ,eve1 & ^? :i* _! prog5y _h dome/icat$1 & :i* liv$ ) !m 9 clos] connection4 ,let u n[ look at ! results ( geological inve/igations respect+ ! orig9 ( e>li] races ( animals & plants4 ,x is satisfactorily asc]ta9$ at pres5t1 t !re h be5 _m di/9ct successive p]iods1 dur+ ea* ( :i* l>ge numb]s ( animals & plants h be5 introduc$ ^u ! surface ( our globe1 to live & multiply = a "t1 !n to disappe> & be replac$ by o!r k9ds4 ,( su* di/9ct p]iods1 su* successive creations1 we n[ "k at lea/ ab\t a doz51 & !re are ample indications t ! inhabitants ( our globe h be5 successively *ang$ at m epo*s ?an are yet fully asc]ta9$4 ,b :e!r ! numb] ( ^! di/9ct successive creations be twelve or tw5ty1 ! fact /&s 9 full light & evid5ce1 t animals & plants :i* liv$ dur+ ! fir/ p]iod disappe>$1 ei!r gradually or successively1 to make room = o!rs1 & ?is at (t5-repeat$ int]vals2 & t ! exi/5ce ( animals & plants :i* live n[ is ( b rec5t orig91 is equally well asc]ta9$4 ,!re is ano!r s]ies ( ph5om5a1 n less satisfactorily e/abli%$1 :i* g to %ew t ! ext5t ( dry l& ris+ above ! surface ( ! ocean has nei!r be5 equally ext5sive at all times1 nor has x _h ! same outl9e at all p]iods4 ,on ! contr>y1 we "k t1 e>ly 9 ! hi/ory ( our globe1 !re has be5 a p]iod1 :5 b few l[ gr\ps ( isl&s exi/$ above ! surface ( ! ocean1 :i*1 ?r\gh successive elevation & depression1 h gradually enl>g$ & modifi$ ! ext5t & =m ( ! ma9l&4 ,aga91 9 exam9+ ! rema9s ( organiz$ be+s pres]v$ 9 ! diff]5t /rata con/itut+ ! solid cru/ ( our globe1 we f9d t at ea* p]iod1 animals & plants 7 di/ribut$ 9 ! ocean & ov] ! ma9l& 9 a p>ticul> mann]1 *>act]i/ic ( e great epo*4 ,a clos] uni=mity 9 _! di/ribution is f\nd 9 ! e>li] deposits1 s mu* s t ! olde/ fossils discov]$ 9 ! s\!rn extremity ( ,africa1 on ! ea/]n & s\!rn %ores ( ,new ,holl&1 & 9 ,van ,diem5's ,l&1 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 or 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,europe1 are almo/ id5tical1 or at lea/ s ne>ly relat$1 t !y resemble ea* o!r mu* m ?an ! animals & plants :i* at pres5t live 9 ! same c\ntries2 %ew+ t uni=mity 9 ! aspect ( ! surface ( ! globe1 z well z 9 ! nature ( animals & plants1 0 at fir/ ! prevail+ rule1 & t1 :atev] 0 ! primitive region ( ^! animals & plants1 _! types occupi$ mu* m ext5sive di/ricts ?an any race ( liv+ be+s dur+ lat] p]iods4 ,are we to inf] f ?is fact1 t1 at t p]iod1 ^! animals & plants orig9at$ f "o common c5tre1 & 7 di/ribut$ equally all ov] ! globe8 ,by no means4 ,?\gh slight1 we f9d nev]!less su* diff]5ces among !m 9 di/ant p>ts ( ! _w z w\ld r su/a9 ! view ( an adaptation 9 ! e>lie/ creations to m uni=m circum/ances1 ?an t ( "o c5tre ( orig9 = all animals & plants ( ^? days4 ,dur+ lat] p]iods1 inde$1 we f9d f geological evid5ce t l>ge isl&s _h be5 =m$1 m ext5sive tracts ( l& elevat$ above ! surface ( ! ocean1 & ! rema9s bo? ( ! animals & plants d]iv$ f ^! diff]5t regions pres5t already m>k$ diff]5ces :5 we comp>e !m ) ea* o!r1--v>ieties simil> to ^? :i* exi/ betwe5 ! respective cont95ts at pres5t1 ?\gh p]haps less m>k$4 ,%all we "h aga9 assume t animals & plants orig9at$ f ano!r c5tre1 or f ! same c5tre z ^? ( =m] p]iods1 to migrate ov] ^? diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w1 ?r\gh ! sea z well z ov] l&8 ,x is impossible to arrive at su* a conclusion1 :5 we consid] ! di/ribution ( fossil rema9s 9 ! m rec5t geological deposits1 or 9 ^? /rata :i* 7 =m$ dur+ ! late/ geological p]iods1 imm$iately be=e ! pres5t creation4 ,= we f9d 9 ^! comp>atively mod]n b$s a di/ribution ( fossil rema9s :i* agrees 9 a mo/ rem>kable mann] ) ! pres5t geographical arrangem5t ( animals & plants4 ,= in/ance1 ! fossils ( mod]n geological p]iods 9 ,new ,holl& are ( ! same types z mo/ ( ! animals n[ liv+ !re4 ,aga91 ! rec5t fossils ( ,brazil belong to ! same families z ^? prevail+ at pres5t 9 ,brazil2 ?\gh1 9 bo? cases1 fossil species are di/9ct f liv+ ones4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! organiz$ be+s ( ! rec5t geological p]iods _h aris5 f "o c5tral po9t ( di/ribution1 to be disp]s$ & f9ally to become conf9$ to ^? c\ntries :]e _! rema9s are f\nd 9 a fossil condition1 & if ! animals n[ liv+ _h also spread f a common orig9 ov] ! same di/ricts1 & _h !n be5 circumscrib$ )9 equally di/9ct limits1 we %\ld be l$ to ! unnatural supposition1 t animals ( two di/9ct creations1 diff]+ specifically ?r\gh\t1 _h tak5 ! same l9es ( migration1 _h assum$ f9ally ! same di/ribution1 & _h become p]man5t 9 ! same regions1 )\t any o!r inducem5t = _! removal & f9al settlem5t ?an ! m]e necessity ( cov]+ m ext5sive gr\nd aft] !y _h become too num]\s to rema9 any long] toge!r 9 "o & ! same di/rict4 ,?is 7 to ascribe to ! animals !mselves1 or to ! physical ag5ts "u :i* !y live1 & by :i* !y may be influ5c$1 z mu* wisdom1 z mu* provid5tial =e?\ght1 z is ev9c$ ?r\gh\t nature1 bo? 9 ! di/ribution ( animals1 & 9 _! special adaptation to p>ticul> portions ( ! globe 9 :i* !y are closely circumscrib$ at pres5t1 & to :i* !y 7 limit$ "u simil> circum/ances dur+ ^? p]iods :i* prec$$ imm$iately ! pres5t arrangem5t ( ?+s4 ,n[ ^! facts 9 !mselves leave n ! %ad[ ( a d\bt 9 our m9d1 t animals 7 primitively creat$ all ov] ! _w1 )9 ^? di/ricts :i* !y 7 naturally to inhabit = a c]ta9 "t4 ,! next "q is--7 ^! organiz$ be+s creat$ 9 pairs1 z is g5]ally ?\ght & believ$8 ,! op9ion1 t all animals mu/ be ref]r$ to "o s+le1 primitive pair1 is d]iv$ f evid5ce wor?y ( consid]ation1 no d\bt1 b ! value ( :i* may fairly be que/ion$ by naturali/s2 s9ce ?is po9t1 at lea/ if we except ,adam & ,eve1 is entirely ( human con/ruction1 & only assum$ because x is ?\ght to %ew a wise economy ( means 9 ! e/abli%$ ord] ( ?+s :i* exi/s4 ,x is suppos$1 t1 if "o pair 7 suffici5t1 !re is no reason :y ! ,creator %\ld h introduc$ at "o "t a great] numb] ( ea* k9d1 z economy ( means is always consid]$ an indication ( high wisdom4 ,b are n ^! human consid]ations8 ,& if !y are1 & if we are entitl$ to "q _! value1 let u see h[ !y answ] ! object :i* 0 int5d$1 namely1 ! peopl+ ( ! :ole _w ) v>i\s races ( organiz$ be+s4 ,:5ev] we consid] ! economy ( nature1 we obs]ve great v>ieties 9 ! habits ( diff]5t animals4 ,!re are1 inde$1 "s :i* live con/antly 9 pairs1 & :i* by nature are design$ to p]petuate _! races 9 t way1 & to spread g5]ation aft] g5]ation ov] _! natural b\nd>ies1 ?us mat$4 ,b !re are o!rs to :i* x is equally natural to live 9 h]ds or %oals1 & :i* we nev] f9d isolat$4 ,! idea ( a pair ( h]r+s1 or ( a pair ( buffaloes1 is z contr>y to ! nature & habits ( ^? animals1 z x is contr>y to ! nature ( p9es & bir*es to gr[ s+ly1 & to =m =e/s 9 _! isolation4 ,b we c g fur!r4 ,!re are animals 9 :i* ! numb] ( individuals ( diff]5t sexes is naturally unequal1 & among :i* !re are ei!r con/antly m males or con/antly m females born1 z ! result ( _! peculi> nature & habits 9 ! creation4 ,a bee-hive nev] consi/s ( a pair ( bees2 & nev] c\ld su* a pair pres]ve ! species1 ) _! habits4 ,= !m x is natural to h "o female & _m males devot$ to x1 & ?\s&s ( neutral bees work+ = !m4 ,& ?is is ! natural orig9al mode ( exi/5ce among t species ( animals1 :i* x w\ld be utt]ly contr>y to ! laws ( nature to consid] z d]iv$ f a s+le pair4 ,!re are a numb] ( birds1 on ! contr>y1 9 :i* only a few males are univ]sally f\nd ) _m females1 liv+ toge!r 9 companies1 su* z ! pheasants1 & our dome/icat$ f[ls4 ,x 7 easy to multiply examples 9 ord] to %ew t a creation ( all animals 9 pairs w\ld h be5 contr>y to _! v nature1 z we obs]ve x 9 all4 ,to assume t !y h *ang$ ?is nature w\ld be to fall back ^u ! necessity ( ascrib+ to physical influ5ces a p[] :i* !y d n possess1--t ( produc+ *anges 9 ! v nature ( organiz$ be+s1 & ( modify+ ! primitive plan ( ! ,creator4 ,aga91 !re are animals :i*1 by nature1 are impell$ to fe$ ^u o!r animals4 ,0 ! primitive pair ( lions to ab/a9 f food until ! gazelles & o!r antelopes _h suffici5tly multipli$ to pres]ve _! races f ! p]secution ( ^! f]oci\s bea/s8 ,7 all animals1 & ! innum]able tribes ( f]oci\s fi%es :i* live ^u small] ones1 to ab/a9 f food till ^! _h be5 multipli$ to a suffici5t ext5t to secure _! pres]vation8 ,or 71 p]haps1 ! c>nivor\s animals creat$ only at a lat] p]iod8 ,b we f9d !m ev]y:]e toge!r4 ,!y con/itute natural1 h>moni\s gr\ps ) ! h]bivor\s tribes1 bo? 9 ! wat]s & on l&1 pres]v+ among ea* o!r su* proportions z w ma9ta9 = ages an undi/urb$ h>mony 9 ! creation4 ,aga91 we f9d animals & plants occurr+ 9 di/9ct di/ricts1 unconnect$ ) ea* o!r1 9 su* ways t x w\ld seem almo/ impossible = ei!r to migrate f any po9t ( _! natural circle ( di/ribution ov] its :ole surface4 ,h1 = in/ance1 su* animals z are f\nd id5tical bo? 9 ,am]ica & ,europe be5 creat$ ei!r 9 ,europe or 9 ,am]ica1 & w&]$ f "o ( ! cont95ts ov] to ! o!r8 ,h ^? species :i* occur only 9 ! f> nor?1 & ^u ! high] summits ( ! ,alps1 be5 creat$ ei!r 9 ! ,alps or 9 ! nor?1 & w&]$ f "o place to ! o!r8 ,we are at a loss = sub/antial argum5ts = believ+ t ei!r "o or ! o!r place has be5 ! primitive location ( su* animals1 or = d5y+ _! simultane\s creation 9 bo?4 ,evid5ce c\ld be accumulat$ to %ew1 we w n say ! improbability only1 b ev5 ! impossibility1 ( suppos+ t animals & plants 7 creat$ 9 s+le pairs1 & assum$ aft]w>ds _! pres5t di/ribution4 ,b ! facts m5tion$ w be suffici5t to introduce our argum5t1 & f all we "k ( ! laws ( nature & ( ! di/ribution ( animals1 we conclude t !y c\ld nei!r orig9ate f a s+le pair1 nor ^u a s+le spot4 ,& z = plants1 we w\ld ask naturali/s :e!r x 7 n sup]flu\s to create m ?an a s+le /alk ( mo/ plants1 z vegetables1 ) a few exceptions1 may multiply ext5sively f a s+le /em4 ,b if x is grant$ t animals c\ld n orig9ate f a s+le pair1 nor ^u a s+le spot1 :at is ! m natural view to take ( ! subject8 ,)\t ent]+ fully into ?is "q1 we may z well /ate t we h be5 gradually l$ to ! conclusion1 t mo/ animals & plants mu/ h orig9at$ primitively ov] ! :ole ext5t ( _! natural di/ribution4 ,we mean to say t1 = in/ance1 lions1 :i* occur ov] almo/ ! :ole ( ,africa1 ov] ext5sive p>ts ( ,s\!rn ,asia1 & 7 =m]ly f\nd ev5 ov] ,asia-,m9or & ,greece1 mu/ h orig9at$ primitively ov] ! :ole range ( ^! limits ( _! di/ribution4 ,we are l$ to ^! conclusions by ! v fact1 t ! lions ( ! ,ea/ ,indies diff] some:at f ^? ( ,nor!rn ,africa2 ^!1 aga91 diff] f ^? ( ,s5egal4 ,x seems m natural to suppose t !y 7 ?us di/ribut$ ov] su* wide di/ricts1 & end[$ ) p>ticul> *>act]i/ics 9 ea*1 ?an to assume t !y con/itut$ z _m species2 or to believe t1 creat$ any:]e 9 ?is circle ( di/ribution1 !y h gradually be5 modifi$ to _! pres5t diff]5ces 9 consequ5ce ( _! migration4 ,we admit ^! diff]5ces to be primitive & contemporane\s1 f ! fact1 t !re are o!r animals ( diff]5t g5]a ext5d+ ov] ! same tracts ( l& :i* h diff]5t repres5tatives 9 ea*1 circumscrib$ )9 n>r[] b\nds1 & ?is p>ticul> comb9ation 9 ea* special di/rict ( ! wid] circle cov]$ by ! lion1 seems1 9 our op9ion1 ! /ronge/ argum5t 9 fav\r ( ! view1 t ! p>ticul> di/ricts ( di/ribution h be5 primitively ascrib$1 ) def9ite limits1 to ea* species4 ,:y %\ld ! antelopes nor? ( ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope diff] f ^? ( ,arabia1 or ^? ( ! ,s5egal1 or ^? ( ! ,atlas1 or ^? ( ! ,ea/ ,indies1 if !y 7 n primitively adapt$ ) _! special modifications to ^? di/ricts1 :5 we see ! lion cov] ! :ole range8 ,& :y %\ld ! v>ieties we notice among ! lions )9 ^! b\nd>ies n be primitive1 ?\gh n con/itut+ di/9ct species1 :5 we see ! h]bivor\s species ( ! same g5us diff] f "o di/rict to ano!r8 ,& :y %\ld ! diff]5ces 9 t "o species ( lion be ! result ( *anges 9 its primitive "*1 aris+ f its di/ribution into new di/ricts1 :5 we see t ! antelopes are at once fix$ z di/9ct species ov] ! same gr\nd8 ,?is argum5t _c be fully appreciat$ by ^? :o are n ext5sively acqua9t$ ) natural hi/ory1 b we may1 p]haps1 make x pla9] by allud+ to "s o!r simil> facts4 ,our fre% wat]s teem ev]y:]e ) animals & plants4 ,fi%es & mollusca are among ! mo/ prom95t ( _! animals4 ,let u comp>e = a mom5t ! diff]5t species :i* occur 9 ! ,danube1 9 ! ,rh9e1 & 9 ! ,rhone1 ?ree hydrographic bas9s entirely unconnect$ ) ea* o!r ?r\gh\t _! :ole ext5t4 ,!y spr+ f ! same m\nta9 *a91 z we may take ! ,inn z ! s\rce ( ! ,danube4 ,^! ?ree great riv]s rise )9 a few miles ( ea* o!r4 ,nev]!less1 mo/ ( _! fi%es diff]1 b !re are "s :i* are common to ! ?ree4 ,we f9d ! pick]el1--! ,european pick]el1 9 ! ?ree bas9s4 ,! eel is also common to !m all4 ,"o k9d ( tr\t occurs 9 ! ?ree4 ,b h[ /range ! di/ribution ( "s o!rs6--= in/ance1 ! p]*es4 ,9 ! ,rh9e we f9d ,p]ca fluviatilis1 & ,ac]9a c]nua2 9 ! ,rhone1 ,p]ca fluviatilis1 & ,aspro vulg>is2 9 ! ,danube1 ,p]ca vulg>is1 ,lucio-p]ca ,s&ra1 ,ac]9a c]nua1 ,a4 ,s*raitz]1 ,aspro vulg>is1 & ,a4 ,z+el4 ,if ^! animals _h n orig9at$ 9 ^! riv]s sep>ately1 :y %\ld n su* closely-alli$ species1 "s ( :i* occur 9 ! ?ree bas9s1 h all spread equally into !m8 & if !y orig9at$ 9 ! sep>ate bas9s1 we h )9 close limits a multiple orig9 ( ! same species4 ,& t ?is multiple orig9 mu/ be admitt$ z a fact is %ewn by ! foll[+ fur!r evid5ce4 ,among ! c>pes we f9d1 = in/ance1 ,b>bus1 ,gobio1 ,c>pio1 common to ! ?ree4 ,b ! ,danube has ?ree ,gobios1 :il/ ! o!rs h b "o1 "o ( ! ,danube be+ id5tical ) ! "o ( ! o!r two riv]s4 ,! mo/ /rik+ fact1 h[ev]1 occurs 9 ! g5us ,leuciscus4 ,leuciscus dobula is common to ! ?ree2 b 9 addition to x1 ! ,danube has sev]al species :i* occur nei!r 9 ! ,rh9e nor 9 ! ,rhone4 ,! bas9 ( ! ,rhone1 aga91 has sev]al species :i* occur nei!r 9 ! ,danube nor 9 ! ,rh9e2 & 9 ! ,rh9e1 !re are species :i* belong nei!r to ! ,rhone nor to ! ,danube4 ,n[1 we ask1 c\ld all ^! species ( ,leuciscus h be5 creat$ 9 "o ( ! bas9s1--9 ! ,danube = in/ance1--& h migrat$ 9 su* a way1 t a c]ta9 numb] ( ! species %\ld rema9 solely 9 ! ,danube1 :ile "s o!rs left ! ,danube altoge!r to settle f9ally only 9 ! ,rhone1 & o!rs to settle only 9 ! ,rh9e2 t "o accompany+ ^? species peculi> to ! ,rhone1 rema9$ 9 ! ,danube ) ^? species peculi> to x1 & settl$ also 9 ! ,rhone1 ) ^? species peculi> to t riv]1 & also 9 ! ,rh9e ) ! species peculi> to ! ,rh9e8 ,& :e!r we assume ! ,rhone z ! primitive c5tre1 in/ead ( ! ,danube or ! ,rh9e1 ! argum5t holds equally good4 ,we h "o species common to ! ?ree riv]s1 & sev]al species peculi> to ea*1 :i* c\ld nev] h migrat$ 7if migration took place7 9 su* a mann] z to assume _! pres5t comb9ations4 ,b if1 on ! contr>y1 we suppose t all ! species orig9at$ 9 ! riv]s :]e !y occur1 !n we h aga9 a multiple orig9 ( t species :i* is common to ! ?ree1 = x 7 wond]ful if t "o alone _h migrat$1 :5 !y are all s closely alli$4 ,"h1 aga91 we arrive at ! conclusion1 t ! same species c h a multiple orig91 9 ! same mann] z1 f ! consid]ations allud$ to be=e1 we h decid$ t species d n orig9ate f s+le pairs1 b 9 _! natural proportion ) ! o!r species ) :i* !y live simultane\sly ov] ! :ole gr\nd :i* !y cov]4 ,& ?is is ! view :i* we take ( ! natural di/ribution ( animals1 t !y orig9at$ primitively ov] ! :ole ext5t ( _! natural di/ribution2 t !y orig9at$ !re1 n 9 pairs1 b 9 l>ge numb]s1 9 su* proportions z suits _! natural mode ( liv+1 & ! pres]vation ( species2 & t ! same species may h orig9at$ 9 diff]5t unconnect$ p>ts ( ! m ext5sive circle ( _! di/ribution4 ,we are well aw>e t !re are v _m species :i* are kn[n to h spread beyond :at we w\ld call _! natural limits2 species :i* did n occur 9 ,nor? ,am]ica be=e ! settlem5t ( ! :ites1 t are n[ abundant "h ov] v ext5sive tracts ( c\ntry2 o!r species :i* h be5 introduc$ f ,am]ica into ,europe1 & also into o!r p>ts ( ! _w1 9 diff]5t ways4 ,b ^! are exceptional facts2 &1 :at is m important1 ^! *anges 9 ! primitive di/ribution ( organis$ be+s1 bo? animals & plants1 h tak5 place "u ! influ5ce ( man1--"u ! influ5ce ( a be+ act+ n m]ely f natural impulses1 or "u ! pressure ( physical causes1 b mov$ by a high] w4 ,s t ^! app>5t exceptions to ! rule w\ld only g to confirm x2 z1 )9 ! limits ( ^! second>y *anges1 we see a w act+1 j z we consid] t ! primitive di/ribution ( all organiz$ be+s has be5 ! result ( ! decrees ( ! ,creator1 & n ! result ( m]e natural influ5ces4 ,hav+ ?us l$ ! way to :at we w\ld consid] z a fair] gr\nd = inve/igat+ ! natural geographical di/ribution ( animals & plants1 let u n[ exam9e ! natural l9es :i* seem to regulate ?is di/ribution4 ,no?+ c be m /rik+ to ! obs]v] ?an ! fact1 t animals1 ?\gh end[$ ) ! p[] ( locomotion1 rema9 )9 fix$ b\nds 9 _! geographical di/ribution1 al?\gh an unb\nd$ field = migration is op5 to !m 9 all directions1 ov] l&1 ?r\gh ! air1 & ?r\gh ! wat]s4 ,& no /rong] argum5t c be introduc$ to %ew t liv+ be+s are end[$ ) _! p[] ( locomotion to keep )9 g5]al b\nd>ies1 r ?an to spread ext5sively4 ,!re is ano!r fact :i* %ews t animals are made to rema9 )9 ^! natural limits4 ,we w\ld allude especially to ! difficulty we exp]i5ce :5ev] we attempt to transport animals f _! native c\ntry into o!r c\ntries1 ev5 if we secure = !m z ne>ly z c be ! same conditions 9 :i* !y us$ to live4 ,aga91 obs]ve ! *anges :i* animals und]go :5 !y are once acclimatiz$ to c\ntries diff]5t f _! native l&4 ,!re c be no m /rik+ evid5ce ( ?is ?an ! endless v>iety ( our dome/ic animals1 & !re is no subject :i* m requires a r5ew$ & c>eful inve/igation ?an ?is4 ,we d n1 h[ev]1 feel compet5t to introduce ?is po9t m fully to ! notice ( our read]s4 ,"s facts be>+ ^u ! "q may be/ be m5tion$ 9 a ref]5ce to ! diff]5t animals :i* man has ?us made subs]vi5t to 8 social condition4 ,we %all "h allude only to ! laws ( di/ribution ( wild animals 9 _! natural condition4 ,x has already be5 /at$1 t ! pres5t di/ribution ( animals agrees ) ! di/ribution ( ext9ct types belong+ to e>li] geological p]iods1 s t ! laws :i* regulate ! geographical di/ribution ( animals seem to h be5 ! same at all times1 ?\gh modifi$ 9 accordance ) ! successive *anges :i* ! animal k+dom has und]gone f ! e>lie/ p]iod ( its creation to ! pres5t day4 ,! univ]sal law is1 t all animals are circumscrib$ )9 def9ite limits4 ,!re is n "o species :i* is uni=mly spread all ov] ! globe1 ei!r among ! aquatic races or among ! t]re/rial ones4 ,( ! special di/ribution ( man1 :o alone is f\nd ev]y:]e1 we %all speak h]eaft]4 ,! special adaptation ( animals to c]ta9 di/ricts is n m]ely limit$ to ! individual species4 ,we obs]ve a simil> adaptation among g5]a1 entire families1 & ev5 :ole classes4 ,= in/ance1 all ,polypi1 ,m$us1 & ,e*9od]ms1 t is to say all ,radiata1 )\t exception1 are aquatic4#a ,t l>ge gr\p ( animals has n a s+le t]re/rial repres5tative ^u any po9t ( ! surface ( ! globe2 & dur+ all p]iods ( ! hi/ory ( our e>?1 we f9d t !y h always be5 limit$ to ! liquid elem5t4 ,& !y are n only aquatic1 !y are *iefly m>9e1 z b exce$+ly few ( !m are f\nd 9 fre% wat]s4 ,among ,mollusca we f9d almo/ ! same adaptation4 ,_! elem5t also is ! sea4 ,! numb] ( fre%-wat] species is small1 comp>$ ) t ( m>9e types2 & we f9d t]re/rial species 9 only "o ( _! classes4 ,9 =m] p]iods1 also1 ,mollusca 7 *iefly m>9e2 fluviatile & t]re/rial types occurr+ only 9 m rec5t p]iods4 ,footnote #a3 ,! foll[+ /atem5ts h be5 /rictly consid]$1 & are made 9 ref]5ce to a revis$ classification ( ! animal k+dom1 ! details ( :i* mu/1 h[ev]1 be omitt$ "h1 z !y w\ld ext5d ?is article beyond our allott$ b\nds4 ,) ! ,articulata1 we f9d ano!r /ate ( ?+s4 ,two ( _! classes1 ! worms & ,cru/acea1 are *iefly m>9e1 or at lea/ aquatic1 z we h a numb] ( fre%-wat] worms1 & "s fre%-wat] ,cru/acea4 ,b insects are1 = ! mo/ "p1 *iefly t]re/rial1 fe$+ ^u t]re/rial plants1 at lea/ 9 _! full-gr[n condition2 ?\gh a l>ge numb] ( ^! animals are fluviatile1 & ev5 "s m>9e1 dur+ _! e>li] p]iods ( life4 ,9 ! ,v]tebrata1 ! adaptations are m div]sifi$4 ,only "o class ( ^! animals is entirely aquatic--! fi%es2 & ! numb] ( ! m>9e species is f> great] ?an t ( ! fre%-wat] k9ds4 ,among reptiles !re are _m :i* are aquatic1 ei!r ?r\gh\t life1 or ?r\gh ! e>li] p]iod ( _! exi/5ce4 ,b1 z if animal life rose to high] organization1 z x leaves ! ocean to inhabit dry l& or fre% wat]s1 we f9d t ! great] numb] ( ! aquatic reptiles are fluviatile1 & b a few m>9e4 ,?is fact agrees wond]fully ) ! natural gradation ( ! classes already m5tion$4 ,! l[] type ( animals1 ! ,radiata1 is almo/ exclusively m>9e4 ,among ,mollusca1 we h a great] numb] ( m>9e types1 a l>ge numb] ( fluviatile species1 & few] t]re/rial1 & ^! are ! highe/ 9 _! class4 ,aga91 among ,articulata1 ! l[] classes1 worms & ,cru/acea1 are m>9e1 or at lea/ fluviatile1 :il/ ! highe/ class1 t ( insects1 is *iefly t]re/rial or fluviatile1 dur+ ! e>li] p]iods ( _! gr[?4 ,among ! ,v]tebrata we see ! l[e/ =m1 t ( fi%es1 entirely aquatic1 & ! same rule applies p>tially to ! reptiles2 b z ! class rises1 ! numb] ( ! fluviatile species is great] ?an t ( ! m>9e types4 ,next1 among birds1 :i* by _! /ructure are exclusively adapt$ to live 9 ! atmosph]ic air1 we f9d ! l>g] numb] to be t]re/rial1 & only ! l[] ones to live ^u wat]1 or dive occasionally into x1 always seek+ ! surface1 h[ev]1 to brea! & to p]=m _! mo/ important vital functions4 ,x is1 nev]!less1 n a little /range1 t ?is class %\ld by nature be adapt$ to rise into ! air1 j z if ! fir/ t5d5cy t[>ds lib]at+ !m f ! aquatic elem5t _h be5 c>ri$ to an excess1 & gave !m a relation to ! e>? :i* no o!r class1 z a :ole1 holds to t degree1 except1 p]haps1 ! insects1 :i* are plac$ among ! ,articulata 9 ! same relation to ! l[] classes & ! natural elem5t1 :i* ! class ( birds ma9ta9s among ,v]tebrata4 ,! highe/ class ( ,v]tebrata af=ds u examples ( ^! ?ree modes ( adaptation1 ! l[e/ ( ^! be+ entirely aquatic1 & ev5 absolutely m>9e2 next1 we h fluviatile types ( ! l>ge t]re/rial mammalia1 9 ! family ( ,manatees1 aga91 a swimm+ family among ,c>nivora1 ano!r fly+1 mo/ ( !m h[ev] walk+ ^u _! f\r extremities on solid gr\nd1 b at ! head ( all1 man1 /&+ upright1 to look freely upw>ds1 & to contemplate ! :ole univ]se4 ,?is wond]ful adaptation ( ! :ole range ( animals1 z x exi/s at pres5t1 %ews ! mo/ intimate connection ) ! ord] ( succession ( animals 9 =m] geological p]iods4 ,! f\r great types1 ,radiata1 ,mollusca1 ,articulata1 & ,v]tebrata1 7 introduc$ at ! beg9n+ simultane\sly4 ,h[ev]1 ! e>lie/ repres5tatives ( ^! great types 7 all aquatic4 ,we f9d 9 ! l[e/ b$s :i* conta9 fossils1 ,polypi1 toge!r ) />-fi%es1 bivalve %ells1 univalves1 *amb]$ %ells1 cases ( worms1 & ,cru/acea1 be+ repres5tatives ( at lea/ sev5 out ( n9e classes ( inv]tebrate animals1 if we are n all[$ to suppose t ,m$us exi/$ also1 & if insects 7 /ill want+ = a "t4 ,b1 9 addition to ^!1 fi%es among ,v]tebrata are introduc$1 b fi%es only1 all ( :i* are exclusively m>9e4 ,at a some:at lat] p]iod insects come 94 ,we f9d next reptiles 9 addition to fi%es--! l[] classes1 or inv]tebrates1 cont9u+ to be repres5t$ ?r\gh all subsequ5t epo*s1 b by species *ang+ gradually at ea* p]iod1 z all classes d aft] !y h be5 once introduc$4 ,! fir/ repres5tatives among reptiles are m>9e1 next huge t]re/rial ones1 "s1 p]haps1 fly+ types1 & ) !m1 & p]haps ev5 be=e !m1 birds1 alli$ to ! wad+ tribes3 /ill lat]1 ,mammalia1 beg9n+ aga9 ) m>9e & huge t]re/rial types1 foll[$ by ! high] quadrup$s2 &1 la/ only1 ,man1--at ! head ( ! creation1 9 "t z well z 9 em95ce1 by /ructure1 intellig5ce1 & moral end[m5ts4 ,besides ! g5]al adaptation ( animals to ! surr\nd+ m$ia1 !re is a m special adaptation1 :i* seems n less important1 ?\gh x is p]haps less /rik+4 ,animals1 z well z plants1 d n live equally at all dep?s ( ! ocean1 or at all heights above its surface4 ,!re mu/ be a deep influ5ce ^u ! geographical di/ribution ( animals 9 a v]tical direction d]iv$ f atmosph]ic pressure above ! surface ( ! wat]s1 & f ! pressure ( ! wat] itself at great] & great] dep?s1--! level ( ! ocean1 or a small elevation above its surface1 or a %all[ dep? "u its surface1 be+ ! field ( ! mo/ ext5sive & int5sive developm5t ( animal life4 ,& x is n a little rem>kable t 9 ! same classes we %\ld f9d l[] types at great] dep?s 9 ! ocean1 & also l[] types at great] heights above4 ,we w quote a few examples1 to %ew h[ mu* we may expect f inve/igations pursu$ 9 ?is direction1 = at pres5t we h b little in=mation :i* c aid u 9 asc]ta9+ ! relation%ip betwe5 atmosph]ic & hydro/atic pressure & ! en]gies ( animal life4 ,among ,polypi1 ! high] =ms1 su* z ,act9i1 are m abundant 9 %all[ wat] ?an ! l[] coral-=m+ types4 ,among ,m$us1 ! "y are ei!r atta*$ to ! bottom1 or gr[ f ! dep?1 :ile ! p]fect free =ms ( ^! animals come to ! surface4 ,among ,e*9od]ms1 ! ,cr9oids are deep-wat] =ms2 free />-fi%es & ,e*9i1 &1 above all ,holo?uri1 liv+ ne>] ! surface4 ,among ,mollusca1 ! ,acephala1 :i* are l[e/1 h _! l[] types1--! ,bra*iopods1 entirely conf9$ to deep wat]s2 ! ,monomy>ians appe> next1 &1 above !m1 ! ,dimy>ians2 among ^! latt]1 ! highe/ family1 ! ,nayades1 rises above ! level ( ! ocean into ! fre% wat]s1 & ext5ds ev5 to consid]able heights above ! sea1 9 lakes & riv]s4 ,a numb] ( examples ( all classes %\ld be m5tion$1 to %ew t ?is is ! univ]sal case2 z1 = in/ance1 among ,cru/acea ! ,macrura are1 9 g5]al species ( deep] wat] ?an ! true crabs1 ( :i* "s come ev5 ^u dry l&4 ,aga91 on ! slopes ( our m\nta9s1 ! highe/ =ms among ,mammalia :i* rema9 num]\s are ! ,rum9ants & ,rod5ts4 ,!re are no ,c>nivora liv+ 9 high regions4 ,among birds ( prey1 we h ! vultures1 ris+ above ! highe/ summits ( m\nta9s1 :ile eagles & falcons hov] ov] ! woods & pla9s1 by ! wat] sides1 & along ! sea-%ores4 ,among reptiles1 salam&]s1 frogs1 & toads occur high] ?an any turtles1 liz>ds1 c4 ,b ! same adaptation may be trac$ ) ref]5ce to ! latitudes "u :i* animals are f\nd4 ,^? ( ! high] latitudes1 ! arctic & ant>ctic species1 resemble bo? ! animals ( high1 prom95t m\nta9 *a9s1 & ^? ( ! deep sea-wat]s1 :i* !re meet 9 ! mo/ unexpect$ comb9ations 7& x is surpris+ to see h[ ext5sively ?is is ! case72 :ile1 9 l[] latitudes1 t[>ds ! tropics1 we f9d ev]y:]e ! high] repres5tatives ( ! same families4 ,= in/ance1 among ,mammalia we obs]ve monkeys only 9 w>m latitudes1 & !y die out 9 ! w>m] p>ts ( ! temp]ate zone4 ,! great developm5t ( ,digitigrades--lions1 tig]s1 c41 takes place )9 ! tropics1 small] species1 l wolves & foxes1 weasels1 c41 occurr+ 9 ! nor?1 :il/ ! ,plantigrades1 :i* come ne>] & ne>] to ! seal1 foll[ an inv]se progression1 ! l>ge/ & mo/ p[]ful ( !m be+ ! arctic ice be>1 :i* meets !re 8 family relations1 ! ,p9nip$ia1 t are s num]\s 9 ! pol> regions4 ,aga91 ! families ( ,rum9ants & ,pa*yd]ms seem to =m an exception1 = ?\gh belong+ to ! l[] types ( ,mammalia1 !y prevail 9 ! tropical zone2 b let u rememb] t !y 7 among ! e>li] inhabitants ( our globe1 & ! fact ( _! occurr+ m ext5sively 9 w>m climates is r a rem9isc5ce ( ! plan ( creation 9 old] times1 ?an an adaptation to ! law regulat+ at pres5t ! di/ribution ( organiz$ be+s4 ,! gradation ( animals among birds be+ less satisfactorily asc]ta9$1 we d n v5ture to say any?+ respect+ _! geographical di/ribution1 9 relation to climates4 ,b among reptiles1 we _c ov]look ! fact1 t ! crocodiles1 :i* are ! highe/ 9 /ructure1 are altoge!r tropical1 & ! ,batra*ians1 :i* rank l[e/1 especially ! salam&roid =ms1 are r types ( ! cold] temp]ate zone ?an ( ! w>m1 c4 ,f ^! facts x is pla91 t ! geographical di/ribution ( all gr\ps has a direct ref]5ce to atmosph]ic & hydro/atic pressure on "o side1 & also to ! int5sity ( light & heat ov] ! surface ( ! globe4 ,! special adaptation ( m9or gr\ps beg9s v e>ly 9 ! hi/ory ( our globe1 & ext5ds at pres5t all ov] its surface4 ,9 ! same mann] z animals are adapt$ to natural limits 9 _! l>ge primitive gr\ps :i* we call classes1 we f9d also ! m9or divisions m closely adapt$ to p>ticul> circum/ances ( ! physical condition ( all p>ts ( ! globe4 ,among ,mammalia1 ! great type ( ,m>supialia is plac$ 9 ,new ,holl&1 & ext5ds little beyond t cont95t into ! adjac5t isl&s4 ,a v few repres5tatives ( t family are f\nd 9 ,am]ica4 ,asia1 ,africa1 ! cold] p>ts ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 & its s\!rn extremity1 are entirely depriv$ ( ?is type4 ,! family ( ,ed5tata1 aga91 has its c5tre ( developm5t 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 :]e ! slo?1 dasypus1 ant-eat]s1 c41 =m *>act]i/ic types1 ( :i* a few analogues occur 9 ,africa1 along its s\!rn extremity & we/]n coa/4 ,n[ x is a fact ^u :i* we _c insi/ too /rongly1 t ! same di/ricts ( ,new ,holl& & ,s\? ,am]ica 71 dur+ an e>li] geological p]iod comp>atively rec5t1 ! seat ( an equally wide developm5t ( ! same animals 9 ! same ext5sive proportion z at pres5t4 ,we ne$ only ref] to ! beautiful inve/igations ( ,dr ,lund1 ^u ! fossil mammalia ( ,brazil1 & to ^?1 no less important1 ( ,pr(essor ,ow51 ^u ! fossil rema9s ( mammalia ( ,new ,holl&1 to leave n a %ad[ ( d\bt ^u ?is adaptation1 :i* indicates di/9ctly ^! two regions1 at two di/9ct p]iods remote f ea* o!r1 z ! po9ts ( developm5t ( two di/9ct families1 :i* h nev] spread ov] o!r p>ts ( ! globe at any p]iod s9ce ! "t ( _! exi/5ce1 indicat+ at lea/ two di/9ct foci ( creation1 ) ! same *>act]s1 at two successive epo*s2 a fact :i*1 9 our op9ion1 c nev] be reconcil$ to ! idea ( a unique c5tre ( orig9 ( ! animals n[ liv+4 ,b ?\gh o!r families h nev] be5 & are n n[ localiz$ 9 s special a mann]1 we nev]!less f9d !m circumscrib$ )9 c]ta9 limits1 9 p>ticul> di/ricts1 or1 at lea/1 9 p>ticul> zones4 ,z already m5tion$1 ! monkeys are entirely tropical4 ,b "h1 aga91 we notice a v intimate adaptation ( _! types to ! p>ticul> cont95ts1 z ! monkeys ( tropical ,am]ica con/itute a family altoge!r di/9ct f ! monkeys ( ! ,old ,_w1 !re be+ n "o species ( any ( ! g5]a ( ,quadrumana1 s num]\s on ?is cont95t1 f\nd ei!r 9 ,africa or 9 ,asia4 ,! monkeys ( ! ,old ,_w1 aga91 con/itute a natural family by !mselves1 ext5d+ equally ov] ,africa & ,asia2 b ! species ( ,africa diff] f ^? ( ,asia2 & !re is ev5 a close repres5tative analogy betwe5 ^? ( diff]5t p>ts ( ^! two cont95ts2 ! orangs ( ,africa1 ! *impanzee & gorilla1 correspond+ to ! r$ orang ( ,sumatra & ,borneo1 & ! small] long arm$ species ( cont95tal ,asia4 ,& :at is n a little rem>kable is ! fact1 t ! black orang occurs ^u t cont95t :i* is inhabit$ by ! black human race1 :il/ ! br[n orang inhabits ^? p>ts ( ,asia ov] :i* ! *ocolate-col\r$ ,malays h be5 develop$4 ,!re is aga9 a peculi> family ( ,quadrumana conf9$ to ! ,isl& ( ,madagasc>--! makis--:i* are entirely peculi> to t isl&1 & ! ea/]n coa/ ( ,africa opposite to x1 & to "o spot on ! we/]n %ore ( ,africa4 ,b 9 ,new ,holl&1 & ! adjac5t isl&s1 !re are no monkeys at all1 ?\gh ! climatic conditions seem n to exclude _! exi/5ce any m ?an ^? ( ! l>ge ,asiatic isl&s1 ^u :i* su* high types ( ?is ord] are f\nd4 ,& ^! facts m ?an any o!r1 w\ld indicate t ! special adaptation ( animals to p>ticul> di/ricts ( ! surface ( our globe is nei!r accid5tal1 nor dep5d5t ^u physical conditions1 b is impli$ 9 ! primitive plan ( ! creation itself4 ,:atev] classes we may take into consid]ation1 we %all f9d simil> adaptations1 & ?\gh1 p]haps1 ! great] uni=mity ( "s families r5d]s ! diff]5ce ( ! types 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w less /rik+1 !y are none ! less real4 ,! ,c>nivora ( tropical ,asia are n ! same z ^? ( tropical ,africa1 or ^? ( tropical ,am]ica4 ,_! birds & reptiles pres5t simil> diff]5ces4 ,! want ( an o/ri* 9 ,asia1 :5 we h "o1 ! l>ge/ ( ! family1 9 ,africa1 & two di/9ct species 9 ,s\!rn ,am]ica1 & two cass[>ies1 "o 9 ,new ,holl&1 & ano!r 9 ! ,sunda ,isl&s1 %ews ?is con/ant process ( analog\s or repres5tative species repeat$ ov] diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w to be ! pr9ciple regulat+ ! di/ribution ( animals1 & ! fact t ^! analog\s species are diff]5t1 aga91 _c be reconcil$ to ! idea ( a common orig91 z ea* type is peculi> to ! c\ntry :]e x is n[ f\nd4 ,^! diff]5ces are m /rik+ 9 tropical regions ?an any:]e else4 ,! rh9oc]os ( ! ,sunda ,isl&s diff]s f ^? ( ,africa1 & !re is none 9 ,am]ica4 ,! elephant ( ,asia diff]s f t ( ,africa1 & !re is none 9 ,am]ica4 ,"o tapir is f\nd 9 ! ,sunda ,isl&s1 !re is none 9 ,africa1 b we f9d "o 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 c4 ,ev]y:]e special adaptation1 p>ticul> =ms 9 ea* cont95t1 an omission ( "s alli$ type "h1 :5 9 ! next gr\p x occurs all ov] ! zone4 ,z we asc5d into ! temp]ate zone1 we f9d1 h[ev]1 ! simil>ity greatly increas$4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! species ( ! same family 9 temp]ate ,asia1 temp]ate ,europe1 & temp]ate ,am]ica is mu* less ?an betwe5 ! correspond+ animals ( ! tropical zone1 & no d\bt x is to ?is great assemblage ( m uni=m animals1 liv+ orig9ally )9 ! ma9 seat ( human civilization1 t we mu/ ascribe ! idea ( _! common orig91 :i* has s long prevail$ & be5 s s]i\s an ob/acle to a real insight into ^! natural ph5om5a4 ,:at1 inde$1 c\ld be m natural = man1 :5 = ! fir/ "t reflect+ ^u nature ar\nd him1--:5 see+1 z f> z he c\ld ext5d 8 inve/igations1 all ?+s alike1--?an to imag9e t e ?+ arose f a common c5tre1 & spread ) him ov] ! _w1 z x has be5 ! fate ( ! :ite race1 & ( t only1 to ext5d all ov] ! globe1 & t1 influ5c$ by ! ph5om5a ( ! zone 9 :i* he liv$ & w&]$1 & f :i* he ext5d$ f>!r1 he took x = grant$ t all animals foll[$ ! same laws4 ,b n[ t we "k ! :ole surface ( our globe s satisfactorily1 !re c no long] be a "q ab\t ! diff]5ce betwe5 animals & plants 9 ! l[] latitudes 9 all cont95ts4 ,besides1 we see !m equally /rik+ 9 ! s\!rnmo/ extremities ( ! ?ree great cont95ts1 s t !re c no long] be any d\bt ab\t ! primitive adaptation ( ^! v>i\s types to ! cont95ts :]e !y live1 z we d n f9d a s+le "o naturally diffus$ ev]y:]e ov] all cont95ts4 ,not)/&+1 !re=e1 ! slight] diff]5ces we notice betwe5 ! animals ( diff]5t cont95ts 9 ! temp]ate zone1 we are ?us l$ /ep by /ep to ascribe to !m also a special orig9 ^u ^? cont95ts :]e !y n[ occur4 ,b z soon z we rise to ! highe/ latitudes1 ! uni=mity becomes s close1 t !re is no long] any m>k$ diff]5ce notic$ betwe5 ! animals ab\t ! arctic regions1 ei!r 9 ,am]ica1 ,europe1 or ,asia2 & we are naturally l$ to re/rict ! idea ( a common c5tre ( orig91 or at lea/ ( a n>r[ circle ( primitive developm5t1 to ^? animals :i* spread equally ov] ! icy fields ext5d+ ar\nd ! nor!rn pole ^u ! ?ree cont95ts :i* meet 9 ! nor?4 ,! ph5om5a ( geographical di/ribution :i* we obs]ve !re among ! t]re/rial animals are repeat$ 9 ! same mann] among ! aquatic ones4 ,! fi%es 9 ! arctic seas d n mat]ially diff] on ! %ores ( ,europe1 ,asia1 & ,am]ica1 & ?r\gh ! nor!rn ,atlantic & ?r\gh ,behr+'s ,/raits !y ext5d m or less t[>ds ! cold] temp]ate zone1 or migrate into x at p>ticul> seasons ( ! ye>1 z d mo/ birds ( ! arctic regions also4 ,b 9 ! temp]ate zone we beg9 to f9d m & m m>k$ diff]5ces betwe5 ! inhabitants ( diff]5t cont95ts1 & ev5 betwe5 ^? ( ! opposite %ores ( ! same ocean2 z1 = in/ance1 ! fi%es ( ,europe 7"s ( ! nor!rn species except$7 are n id5tical ) ^? ( ! temp]ate %ores ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 not)/&+ ! v op5 field left = _! uni=m di/ribution across ! ,atlantic4 ,su* is also ! case betwe5 ! fi%es ( ,we/]n ,africa & ^? ( ,c5tral ,am]ica1 & betwe5 ^? ( ! s\!rn extremities ( ^! cont95ts4 ,! fi%es ( ! ,indian ,ocean1 & ! fi%es ( ! ,pacific v>y greatly1 &1 ?\gh "s families h a wid] range1 !re are _m :i* are circumscrib$ )9 ! n>r[e/ limits4 ,x is "o ( ! mo/ /rik+ ph5om5a 9 ! geographical di/ribution ( aquatic animals1 to f9d entire families ( fi%es completely circumscrib$ )9 p>ticul> gr\ps ( isl&s1 su*1 = in/ance1 z ! ,labyr9?ici1 :i* are peculi> to ! ,sunda ,isl&s1 & ! family ( ,goniodonts1 :i* are f\nd only 9 ! riv]s ( ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,a simil> n>r[ limitation occurs also among ! t]re/rial animals1 z ! family ( ,colubris is entirely circumscrib$ )9 ! b\nd>ies ( ! w>m] p>ts ( ! ,am]ican cont95t4 ,! appe>ance dur+ ! w>m] season ( ! ye> ( a few species ( t family 9 ! ,nor!rn ,/ates1 does n make ?is case less /rong4 ,examples might be multipli$ )\t end to %ew ev]y:]e special adaptation1 n>r[ circumscription1 or repres5tative adaptation ( species 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w2 b ^? m5tion$ w be suffici5t to su/a9 ! argum5t t animals are naturally anto*?ones :]ev] !y are f\nd1 & h be5 s at all geological p]iods2 t 9 nor!rn regions !y are mo/ uni=m2 t _! div]sity goes on increas+ ?r\gh ! temp]ate zone till x rea*es its maximum 9 ! tropics2 t ?is div]sity is aga9 r$uc$ 9 ! aquatic animals t[>ds ! ant>ctic pole1 ?\gh ! physical diff]5ce betwe5 ! s\!rnmo/ extremities ( ,am]ica1 ,africa1 & ,new ,holl&1 seems to h call$ = an increas$ diff]5ce betwe5 _! t]re/rial animals4 ,we are ?us l$ to di/+ui% special prov9ces 9 ! natural di/ribution ( animals1 & we may adopt ! foll[+ division z ! mo/ natural3 ,fir/1 ! arctic prov9ce1 ) prevail+ uni=mity4 ,second1 ! temp]ate zone1 ) at lea/ ?ree di/9ct zoological prov9ces--! ,european temp]ate zone1 we/ ( ! ,ural ,m\nta9s1 ! ,asiatic temp]ate zone ea/ ( ! ,ural ,m\nta9s1 & ! ,am]ican temp]ate zone1 :i* may be subdivid$ into two1 ! ea/]n & ! we/]n--= ! animals ea/ & we/ ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s diff] suffici5tly to con/itute two di/9ct zoological prov9ces4 ,next1 ! tropical zone1 conta9+ ! ,african zoological prov9ce1 :i* ext5ds ov] ! ma9 "p ( ! ,african cont95t1 includ+ all ! c\ntry s\? ( ! ,atlas & nor? ( ! ,cape ,colonies2 ! tropical ,asiatic prov9ce1 s\? ( ! great ,himalayan *a91 & includ+ ! ,sunda ,isl&s1 ^: ,fauna has q a cont95tal "*1 & diff]s entirely f t ( ! ,isl&s ( ! ,pacific1 z well z f t ( ,new ,holl&2 ! ,am]ican tropical prov9ce1 includ+ ,c5tral ,am]ica1 ! ,we/ ,indies1 & tropical ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,new ,holl& con/itutes 9 itself a special prov9ce1 not)/&+ ! great diff]5ces ( its nor!rn & s\!rn climate1 ! animals ( ! :ole cont95t pres]v+ ?r\gh\t _! peculi> typical "*4 ,b x 7 a mi/ake to conceive t ! ,faun or natural gr\ps ( animals are to be limit$ accord+ to ! b\nd>ies ( ! ma9l&4 ,on ! contr>y we may trace _! natural limits into ! ocean1 & ref] to ! temp]ate ,european ,fauna ! ea/]n %ores ( ! ,atlantic1 z we ref] its we/]n %ores to ! ,am]ican temp]ate ,fauna4 ,aga91 ! ea/]n %ores ( ! ,pacific belong to ! we/]n ,am]ican ,fauna1 z ! we/]n ,pacific %ores belong to ! ,asiatic ,fauna4 ,9 ! ,atlantic ,ocean !re is no purely oceanic ,fauna to be di/+ui%$1 b 9 ! ,pacific we h su* a ,fauna1 entirely m>9e 9 its ma9 "*1 ?\gh int]spread ) innum]able isl&s ext5d+ ea/ ( ! ,sunda ,isl&s & ,new ,holl& to ! we/]n %ores ( tropical ,am]ica4 ,! isl&s we/ ( ?is cont95t seem1 inde$1 to h v slight relations 9 _! zoological "* ) ! we/]n p>ts ( ! ma9l&4 ,s\? ( ! tropical zone we h ! ,s\? ,am]ican temp]ate ,fauna1 & t ( ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 z o!r di/9ct zoological prov9ces4 ,van ,diem5's ,l&1 h[ev]1 does n con/itute a zoological prov9ce 9 itself1 b belongs to ! prov9ce ( ,new ,holl&1 by its zoological "*4 ,f9ally1 ! ant>ctic circle encloses a special zoological prov9ce1 includ+ ! ant>ctic ,fauna1 :i*1 9 a great measure1 corresponds to ! arctic ,fauna 9 its uni=mity1 ?\gh x diff]s f x 9 hav+ *iefly a m>itime "*1 :ile ! arctic ,fauna has an almo/ entirely cont95tal aspect4 ,! fact t ! pr9cipal races ( man1 9 _! natural di/ribution1 cov] ! same ext5t ( gr\nd z ! great zoological prov9ces1 w\ld g f> to %ew t ! diff]5ces :i* we notice betwe5 !m are also primitive2 b = ! pres5t we %all ab/a9 f fur!r details ^u a subject involv+ s difficult problems z ! "q ( ! unity or plurality ( orig9 ( ! human family1 satisfi$ z we are to h %ewn t animals1 at lea/1 did n orig9ate f a common c5tre1 nor f s+le pairs1 b accord+ to ! laws :i* at pres5t /ill regulate _! exi/5ce4 ,additional ,illu/rations ( ! ,geographical ,di/ribution ( ,animals4 ,i4--,geographical ,di/ribution ( ,/urgeons4#b ,footnote #b3 ,agassiz's ,lake ,sup]ior1 p4 #bfd4 ,! /urgeons are g5]ally l>ge fi%es1 :i* live at ! bottom ( ! wat]1 fe$+ ) _! too?less m\?s ^u decompos$ organiz$ sub/ances4 ,_! movem5ts are r sluggi%1 resembl+ some:at ^? ( ! cod-fi%4 ,_! geographical di/ribution is q peculi>1 & con/itutes "o ( _! prom95t peculi>ities4 ,locat$ z !y are1 9 ! cold] portions ( ! temp]ate zone1 !y inhabit ei!r ! fre% wat]s or ! seas exclusively1 or alt]nately bo? ^! elem5ts1--rema9+ dur+ ! l>g] "p ( ! ye> 9 ! sea1 & asc5d+ ! riv]s 9 ! spawn+ season4 ,al?\gh adapt$ to ! cold regions ( ! temp]ate1 !y d n seem to ext5d into ! arctic zone1 & ,i am n aw>e t !y h be5 obs]v$ 9 any ( ! wat]s ( ! w>m] half ( ! temp]ate zone4 ,! great bas9 ( salt-wat] lakes or seas :i* ext5ds ea/ ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 seems to be _! pr9cipal abode 9 ! ,old ,_w1 or at lea/ ! region 9 :i* ! great] numb] ( species occur2 & ea* species takes a wide range1 ext5d+ up ! ,danube & its tribut>ies1 & all ! ,russian riv]s empty+ into ! ,black ,sea4 ,f ! ,caspian !y asc5d ! ,wolga 9 imm5se %oals1 & are f\nd fur!r ea/ 9 ! lakes ( ,c5tral ,asia1 ev5 z f> z ! bord]s ( ,*9a4 ,! great ,canadian lakes con/itute ano!r c5tre ( di/ribution ( ^! fi%es 9 ! ,new ,_w1 b "h !y are n s num]\s1 nor d !y ev] occur 9 contact ) salt wat] 9 ?is bas94 ,nor?w>ds1 !re is ano!r great zone ( di/ribution ( /urgeons1 :i* inhabit all ! great nor!rn riv]s empty+ into ! ,arctic ,sea1 9 ,asia z well z 9 ,am]ica4 ,!y occur equally 9 ! int]v5+ seas1 be+ f\nd on ! %ores ( ,norway & ,sw$51 9 ! ,baltic & ,nor? ,seas1 z well z 9 ! ,atlantic ,ocean1 f :i* !y asc5d ! nor!rn riv]s ( ,g]many1 z well z ^? ( ,holl&1 ,france1 & ,great ,brita94 ,ev5 ! ,m$it]ranean & ! ,adriatic h _! /urgeons1 ?\gh few 9 numb]4 ,!re are also "s on ! ,atlantic %ores ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 along ! ,briti% possessions z well z ! nor!rn & middle ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,!y seem to be exce$+ly num]\s 9 ! ,nor!rn ,pacific1 be+ f\nd ev]y:]e f ,behr+'s ,/raits & ,japan to ! nor!rn %ores ( ,*9a1 & on ! nor?-we/ coa/ ( ,am]ica1 z f> s\? z ! ,columbia ,riv]4 ,aga91 ! s-call$ we/]n wat]s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates h _! own species1 f ! ,ohio d[n to ! l[] portion ( ! ,mississippi1 b x does n appe> t ^! species asc5d ! riv]s f ! ,gulf ( ,mexico4 ,i suppose !m to be r entirely fluviatile1 l ^? ( ! great ,canadian lakes4 ,beyond ! above limits s\?w>ds !re are n[h]e /urgeons to be f\nd1 n ev5 9 ! ,nile1 ?\gh empty+ into a sea 9 :i* !y occur2 & z = ! great riv]s ( ,s\!rn ,asia & ( tropical ,africa1 n only ! /urgeons1 b ano!r family is want+ !re1--,i mean ! family ( ,goniodonts1 :i* 9 ,c5tral & ,s\!rn ,am]ica takes ! place ( ! /urgeons ( ! nor?4 ,aga91 all ! species 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w are diff]5t4 ,x is a mo/ extraord9>y fact1 :i* w h]eaft] ?r[ mu* light ^u ! laws ( geographical di/ribution ( animals & _! mode ( association1 viz41 t c]ta9 families are entirely circumscrib$ )9 comp>atively n>r[ limits1 & t _! special location has an unque/ionable ref]5ce to ! location ( o!r animals2 or1 9 o!r words1 t natural families1 app>5tly little relat$ to ea* o!r1 are conf9$ to diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w1 b are l9k$ toge!r by "s int]m$iate =m1 :i* itself is locat$ 9 ! int]m$iate track betwe5 ! two extremes4 ,9 ! case n[ be=e u1 we h ! /urgeons ext5d+ all ar\nd ! _w 9 ! nor!rn temp]ate hemisph]e1 9 its seas z well z 9 its fre% wat]s1 all closely relat$ to ea* o!r4 ,nei!r 9 ,asia nor 9 ,africa is !re an ab]rant =m ( t type1 or any repres5tative type 9 ! w>m] zones2 b 9 ,nor? ,am]ica we h ! g5us ,scaphirhynhus1 :i* occurs 9 ! ,ohio & ,mississippi1 & :i* =ms a mo/ natural l9k ) ! family ( ,goniodonts1 all ! species ( :i* are conf9$ exclusively to ! fre% wat]s ( ,c5tral & ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,! clos5ess ( ?is connection w be at once p]ceiv$ by attempt+ to comp>e ! species ( true ,sonic>i ) ! ,scaphirhynhus4 ,i "k v well1 t ! aff9ities ( ,goniodonts & ,siluroids ) /urgeons are d5i$1 b ,i /ill /rongly insi/ ^u _! close relation%ip1 :i* ,i hope to e/abli% satisfactorily 9 a special pap]1 z ,i cont9u$ to insi/ ^u ! relation betwe5 /urgeons & g>-pikes1 at "o "t positively contradict$ & ev5 ridicul$4 ,i tru/ !n to be able to %ew1 t ! rem>kable =m ( ! bra9s ( ,silurid comes ne>] to t ( /urgeons & ,lepido/ei ?an to t ( any o!r family ( fi%es4 ,?is be+ ! case1 x is obvi\s t !re mu/ be 9 ! physical condition ( ! cont95t ( ,am]ica "s inducem5t n yet und]/ood1 = adaptations s special & s diff]5t f :at we obs]ve 9 ! ,old ,_w4 ,inde$1 su* analogies betwe5 ! organiz$ be+s almo/ f "o pole to ano!r1 occur f man d[n to ! plants 9 ,am]ica only1 among its native products2 :ile1 9 ! ,old ,_w1 plants z well z animals h m circumscrib$ homes1 & m closely *>act]iz$ features1 9 ! v>i\s cont95ts1 at diff]5t latitudes4 ,z = ! species ( /urgeons :i* occur 9 ! ,canadian lakes1 ,i "k only ?ree f p]sonal exam9ation1 "o ( :i* 0 obta9$ 9 ,lake ,sup]ior1 at ,mi*ipicot91 ano!r at ! ,pic1 & ! ?ird at ! ,sault2 ?\gh ,i "k t !y occur 9 all o!r ,canadian lakes1 yet x rema9s to be asc]ta9$ h[ ! species said to be s common 9 ,lake ,huron1 comp>$ ) ^? ( ,lake ,sup]ior1 & ) ^? 9 ! o!r great lakes & ! ,/ ,lawr5ce itself4 ,z = ! ,atlantic species1 asc5d+ ! riv]s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates we/ & s\? ( ,cape ,cod1 ,i "k !m to diff] f ^? ( ! lakes1 at lea/ f ^? :i* ,i possess f ,lake ,sup]ior4 ,! numb] ( species ( ?is int]e/+ family :i* occur 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is1 at all ev5ts1 f> great] ?an w\ld be suppos$ f an exam9ation ( ! publi%$ records4 ,^u close comp>ison ( ! specim5s 9 my collection f diff]5t p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 & 9 diff]5t museums1 z ^? ( ! ,natural ,hi/ory ,society ( ,bo/on1 ( ,salem1 ( ! ,lyceum ( ,new ,york1 my assi/ant1 ,mr ,*>les ,giran1 & myself1 h discov]$ sev]al species n describ$4 ,= ?is comp>ison ,i 0 ! bett] prep>$1 z ,i _h an opportunity 9 =m] ye>s ( /udy+ almo/ all ! ,european species 9 a fre% condition1 dur+ a prolong$ visit 9 ,vi5na4 ,,ii4--,fi%es ( ,lake ,sup]ior comp>$ ) ^? ( ! o!r great ,canadian ,lakes4 ,besides ! int]e/ !re is ev]y:]e 9 /udy+ ! liv+ animals ( a new c\ntry1 !re is a p>ticul> int]e/ to a naturali/ 9 asc]ta9+ _! peculi> geographical di/ribution1 & _! true aff9ities ) ^? ( o!r c\ntries4 ,x is only by foll[+ su* a c\rse1 t we c hope to arrive at any exact results z to _! orig94 ,9 ?is respect ! fre%-wat] animals h a peculi> int]e/1 z f ! elem5t !y inhabit1 !y are plac$ "u exceptional circum/ances4 ,m>9e animals1 z well z ^? inhabit+ dry l&1 seem to h a b\ndless opportunity be=e !m to spread ov] l>ge p>ts ( ! e>?'s surface1 & _! locomotive p[]s w\ld g5]ally be suffici5t to c>ry !m almo/ any:]e2 b !y d n avail !mselves ( ! possibility2 not)/&+ _! facilities = locomotion1 !y = ! mo/ "p rema9 )9 v n>r[ limits1 us+ _! lib]ty r to keep )9 c]ta9 def9ite b\nds4 ,?is t5d5cy ( ! high] animals especially1 to keep )9 well-asc]ta9$ limits1 is p]haps ! /ronge/ evid5ce t !re is a natural connection betwe5 ! ext]nal _w & ! organis$ be+s liv+ ^u ! pres5t surface ( our globe4 ,! laws :i* regulate ^! relations1 & ^? ( geographical di/ribution 9 p>ticul>1 h already be5 asc]ta9$ to a c]ta9 ext5t1 & w receive additional evid5ce f ! facts record$ dur+ our j\rney4 ,! fre%-wat] animals are plac$ 9 some:at diff]5t circum/ances4 ,_! abode be+ circumscrib$ by dry l&1 )9 limits :i* are (t5 r$uc$ to a n>r[ curr5t ( wat]1 & be+ fur!r1 = ! mo/ "p1 prev5t$ by /ructural peculi>ities f pass+ f ! riv]s into ! ocean1 !y are conf9$ )9 n>r[] limits ?an ei!r t]re/rial or m>9e types4 ,)9 ^! limits aga9 !y are /ill fur!r re/rict$2 ! %ells & fi%es ( ! head wat]s ( l>ge riv]s1 = in/ance1 be+ sc>cely ev] ! same z ^? ( _! middle or l[] c\rse1 few species ext5d+ all ov] any fre%-wat] bas9 f "o extreme ( its b\nd>y to ! o!r2 ?us =m+ at v>i\s heights above ! level ( ! sea1 isolat$ gr\ps ( fre%-wat] animals 9 ! mid/ ( ^? :i* inhabit ! dry l&4 ,^! gr\ps are v simil> 9 _! circumscription to ! isl&s & coral reefs ( ! ocean2 l !m1 !y are ei!r l>ge or small1 isolat$ & f> ap>t1 or close toge!r 9 v>i\s modes ( association4 ,9 e respect !y =m ^u ! cont95ts1 z x 71 a c\nt]p>t ( ! ,ar*ipelagos4 ,f _! circumscription1 ^! gr\ps ( lakes pres5t at once a peculi> feature 9 ! animal k+dom1 _! inhabitants be+ entirely unconnect$ ) any ( ! o!r liv+ be+s :i* sw>m ar\nd !m4 ,:at1 = in/ance1 is !re app>5tly 9 common betwe5 ! fi%es ( our lakes & riv]s1 & ! quadrup$s :i* inhabit _! %ores1 or ! birds p]*+ on ! bran*es :i* ov]%ad[ _! wat]s8 ,or :at connection is !re betwe5 ! few h]mit-l t]re/rial animals t live ^u ! l[ isl&s ( ! ,pacific & ! fi%es :i* play among ! corals1 or 9 ! s& & mud ( _! %ores8 ,& nev]!less !re is b "o plan 9 ! creation2 fre%-wat] animals "u simil> latitudes are z uni=m z ! correspond+ vegetation1 & h[ev] isolat$ & app>5tly unconnect$ ! tropical isl&s may seem1 _! inhabitants agree 9 _! mo/ important traits4 ,! be/ evid5ce t 9 ! plan ( creation animals are int5d$ to be locat$ )9 circumscrib$ b\nd>ies1 is fur!r d]iv$ f _! regul> migrations4 ,al?\gh ! arctic birds w&] dur+ w9t] into temp]ate c\ntries1 & "s rea* ev5 ! w>m] zones2 al?\gh !re are _m :i*1 f ! cold] temp]ate climates1 ext5d q into ! tropics1 !re is nev]!less n "o ( ^! species :i* passes f ! nor!rn to ! s\!rn hemisph]es2 n "o :i* does n return at regul> epo*s to ! c\ntries :5ce x came f4 ,& ! m m9utely we trace ?is geographical di/ribution1 ! m we are impress$ ) ! conviction t x mu/ be primitive2 t is to say1 t animals mu/ h orig9at$ :]e !y live1 & h rema9$ almo/ precisely )9 ! same limits ev] s9ce !y 7 creat$1 except 9 a few cases1 :]e1 "u ! influ5ce ( man1 ^? limits h be5 ext5d$ ov] l>ge areas4 ,to express ?is view /ill m di/9ctly1 ,i %\ld say ! "q to be settl$ is1 :e!r = in/ance ! wild animals :i* live 9 ,am]ica orig9at$ 9 ?is cont95t1 or migrat$ into x f o!r p>ts ( ! _w2 :e!r ! black be> 0 creat$ 9 ! =e/s ( ,new ,engl& & ! nor!rn /ates1 or :e!r x is d]iv$ f "s ,european be>1 :i* by "s means f\nd its way to ?is cont95t1 & be+ "u ! influ5ce ( a new climate1 produc$ a new race2 :e!r ! _m peculi> birds ( ,nor? ,am]ica :i* live 9 =e/s compos$ ( trees diff]5t f ^? :i* occur ei!r 9 ,europe or ,asia1 :e!r ^! birds1 :i* !mselves are n id5tical ) ^? ( any o!r c\ntry1 7 or 7 n creat$ :]e !y live2 :e!r ! snapp+ turtle1 ! alligator1 ! rattlesnake1 & o!r reptiles :i* are f\nd only 9 ,am]ica1 h become ext9ct 9 ! ,old ,_w aft] migrat+ ov] ! ,atlantic1 to be pres]v$ 9 ?is cont95t2 :e!r ! fi%es ( ! great ,canadian lakes made _! appe>ance fir/ 9 ^? wat]s1 or migrat$ ?i!r f some:]e else8 ,^! are que/ions :i* su* an inquiry into ! geographical di/ribution ( animals involves2 x is ! great "q ( ! unity or plurality ( creations2 x is n less ! "q ( ! orig9 ( animals f s+le pairs or 9 l>ge numb]s2 &1 /range to say1 a ?or\gh exam9ation ( ! fi%es ( ,lake ,sup]ior1 comp>$ ) ^? ( ! adjac5t wat]s1 is likely to ?r[ m light ^u su* que/ions1 ?an all traditions1 h[ev] anci5t1 h[ev] ne> 9 po9t ( "t to ! epo* ( creation itself4 ,9 ord] to proce$ me?odically 9 ?is inve/igation1 our fir/ /ep mu/ be to exam9e m9utely1 :e!r ! fi%es ( ,lake ,sup]ior are ! same z ^? ( o!r lakes1 9 ?is or any o!r c\ntry2 &1 if n1 h[ !y diff]4 ,to satisfy ourselves 9 ?is respect1 we %all successively exam9e all ! families ( fi%es1 :i* h repres5tatives 9 ^? great fre%-wat] seas4 7,agassiz on ,lake ,sup]ior1 p4 #bdf47 ,pr(essor ,agassiz1 aft] admirable hi/ories ( ! fi%es ( ,lake ,sup]ior1 concludes ) ! foll[+ excell5t obs]vations3--#c ,footnote #c3 ,lake ,sup]ior1 p4 #cgc4 ,,iii4--,g5]al ,obs]vations2 all ,fre%-wat] ,fi%es ( ,nor? ,am]ica diff]5t f ^? ( ,europe--,lake ,sup]ior & ! ,lakes nor? ( x con/itute a di/9ct ,zoological ,di/rict--,^! ,fi%es h be5 creat$ :]e !y n[ live--,d$uctions f ?is fact4 ,su* a critical revision ( ! fi%es ( ,lake ,sup]ior1 & ! o!r great ,canadian lakes1 0 ! fir/ necess>y /ep 9 ! inve/igation ,i am trac+1 9 ord] to asc]ta9 ! natural primitive relations betwe5 !m & ! region :i* !y inhabit4 ,be=e draw+ ! conclusions :i* foll[ directly f ^! facts1 ,i %\ld introduce a simil> li/ ( ! fi%es liv+ 9 simil> latitudes1 or "u simil> circum/ances1 9 o!r p>ts ( ! _w2 & m p>ticul>ly ( ! species ( ,nor!rn ,europe4 ,b su* a li/1 to be ( any use1 %\ld be ?r\gh\t bas$ ^u a critical comp>ative inve/igation ( all ! species ( t cont95t1 :i* w\ld lead to too great a digression4 ,! comp>ison ( ! fre%-wat] fi%es ( ,europe1 :i* correspond to ^? ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 has be5 c>ri$ s f>1 t ,i feel ju/ifi$ 9 assum+1 :at is really ! fact1 t all ! species ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 )\t a s+le exception1 diff] f ^? ( ,europe1 if we limit ourselves /rictly to fi%es :i* are exclusively ! inhabitants ( fre% wat]4 ,i am well aw>e t ! salmon :i* runs up ! riv]s ( ,nor!rn & ,c5tral ,europe1 also occurs on ! ea/]n %ores ( ! nor!rn "p ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 & runs up ! riv]s empty+ into ! ,atlantic4 ,b ?is fi% is "o ( ! m>9e arctic fi%es1 :i* migrates ) _m o!rs1 annually fur!r s\?1 & :i* migratory species is common to bo? cont95ts4 ,^? species1 h[ev]1 :i* nev] leave ! fre% wat]s1 are1 )\t exception1 diff]5t on ! two cont95ts4 ,aga91 on ea* ( ! cont95ts1 !y diff] 9 v>i\s latitudes2 "s1 h[ev]1 tak+ a wid] range ?an o!rs 9 _! natural geographical di/ribution4 ,! fre%-wat] fi%es ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 :i* =m a "p ( its temp]ate fauna1 ext5d ov] v consid]able gr\nd2 = !re is no reason to subdivide into di/9ct faun ! ext5sive tracts ( l&s betwe5 ! arctics & ! ,middle ,/ates ( ! ,union4 ,we notice ov] ^!1 consid]able uni=mity 9 ! "* ( ! fre%-wat] fi%es4 ,nev]!less1 a m9ute inve/igation ( all _! species has %ewn t ,lake ,sup]ior prop]1 & ! fre% wat]s nor? ( x1 con/itute 9 _m respects a special zoological di/rict1 suffici5tly diff]5t f t ( ! l[] lakes & ! nor!rn ,unit$ ,/ates1 to =m a natural division 9 ! great fauna ( ! fre%-wat] fi%es ( ! temp]ate zone ( ?is cont95t4 ,we h %ewn t !re are types1 occurr+ 9 all ! l[] lakes1 :i* nev] occur 9 ,lake ,sup]ior & nor?w>ds1 & t mo/ ( ! species f\nd 9 ,lake ,sup]ior are peculi> to x2 ! ,salmonid only tak+ a wid] range1 & "s ( !m cov]+ almo/ ! :ole ext5t ( t fauna1 :ile o!rs appe> circumscrib$ )9 v n>r[ limits4 ,n[1 su* diff]5ces 9 ! range :i* ! isolat$ species take 9 ! faun1 is a univ]sal "* ( ! di/ribution ( animals2 "s species ( c]ta9 families cov]+1 )\t di/9ction1 ext5sive gr\nds1 :i* are occupi$ by sev]al species ( o!r families1 limit$ to p>ticul> di/ricts ( ! same zone4 ,b aft] mak+ due all[ance = su* v>iations1 & tak+ a g5]al view ( ! subject1 we arrive1 nev]!less1 at ?is conclusion2 t all ! fre%-wat] fi%es ( ! di/rict "u exam9ation are peculi> to t di/rict1 & occur n[h]e else 9 any o!r "p ( ! _w4 ,!y h _! analogues 9 o!r cont95ts1 b n[h]e beyond ! limits ( ! ,am]ican cont95t d we f9d any fi%es id5tical ) ^? ( ! di/rict1 ! fauna ( :i* we h be5 rec5tly survey+4 ,! lamprey eels ( ! lake di/rict h v close repres5tatives 9 ,europe1 b !y _c be id5tifi$4 ,! /urgeons ( ?is cont95t are nei!r id5tical ) ^? ( ,europe nor ) ^? ( ,asia4 ,! cat-fi%es are equally diff]5t4 ,we f9d a simil> analogy & simil> diff]5ces betwe5 ! p]*es1 pick]els1 eelp\ts1 salmons1 & c>ps4 ,9 all ! families :i* occur ?r\gh\t ! temp]ate zone1 !re are ne> relatives on ! two cont95ts1 b !y d n belong to ! same /ock4 ,& 9 addition to ^!1 !re are also types :i* are ei!r entirely peculi> to ! ,am]ican cont95t1 su* z ,lepido/eus & ,p]copsis1 or belong to g5]a :i* h n simultane\s repres5tatives 9 ! two worlds1 & are !re=e m or less remote f ^? :i* h su* close analogues4 ,! family ( ,p]coids1 = in/ance1 has sev]al g5]a 9 ,europe1 :i* h no repres5tatives 9 ,am]ica2 & sev]al g5]a 9 ,am]ica :i* h no repres5tatives 9 ,europe1 besides g5]a :i* are repres5t$ on bo? cont95ts1 ?\gh by repres5tatives specifically di/9ct4 ,su* facts h an important be>+ ^u ! hi/ory ( creation2 & x w\ld be v unphilosophical to adh]e to any view respect+ its plan1 :i* w\ld n embrace ^! facts1 & grant !m _! full mean+4 ,if we face ! fundam5tal "q :i* is at ! bottom ( ?is p>ticul> di/ribution ( animals1 & ask ourselves1 :]e h all ^! fi%es be5 creat$1 !re c be b "o answ] giv5 :i* w n be 9 conflict & direct contradiction ) ! facts !mselves1 & ! laws t regulate animal life4 ,! fi%es1 & all o!r fre%-wat] animals ( ! region ( ! great lakes1 mu/ h be5 creat$ :]e !y live4 ,!y are circumscrib$ )9 b\nd>ies ov] :i* !y _c pass1 & to :i* !re is no natural access f o!r qu>t]s4 ,!re is no trace ( _! hav+ ext5d$ fur!r 9 _! geographical di/ribution at any =m] p]iod1 nor ( _! hav+ be5 limit$ )9 n>r[] b\nd>ies4 ,x _c be rational to suppose t !y 7 creat$ 9 "s o!r "p ( ! _w1 & 7 transf]r$ to ?is cont95t1 to die away 9 ! region :]e !y are suppos$ to h orig9at$1 & to multiply 9 ! region :]e !y are f\nd4 ,!re is no reason :y we %\ld n take ! pres5t evid5ce 9 _! di/ribution z ! natural fact respect+ _! orig91 & t !y are1 & 7 f ! beg9n+1 be/ suit$ = ! c\ntry :]e !y are n[ f\nd4 ,moreov]1 !y be> to ! species :i* inhabit simil> regions1 & live "u simil> circum/ances 9 ,europe & ,asia1 & ! ,pacific side ( ?is cont95t1 su* relations1 t !y appe> to ! philosophical obs]v] z belong+ to a plan :i* has be5 c>ri$ out 9 its details ) ref]5ce to ! g5]al arrangem5t4 ,! species ( ,europe1 ,asia1 & ! ,pacific side ( ?is cont95t1 correspond 9 _! g5]al comb9ation to ! species ( ! ea/]n & nor!rn p>ts ( ! ,am]ican cont95t1 all ov] :i* ! same g5]al types are ext5d$4 ,!y correspond to ea* o!r on ! :ole1 b diff] z to species4 ,& aga91 ?is temp]ate fauna has su* ref]5ce to ! fauna ( ! arctic1 & to t ( ! w>m] zones1 t any transposition ( isolat$ memb]s ( ! :ole plan w\ld di/urb ! h>mony :i* is evid5tly ma9ta9$ ?r\gh\t ! natural di/ribution ( organiz$ be+s all ov] ! _w4 ,?is int]nal evid5ce ( an int5tional arrangem5t1 hav+ direct ref]5ce to ! pres5t geographical di/ribution ( ! animals1 disp]s$ ov] ! :ole surface ( our globe1 %ews mo/ conclusively1 t !y h be5 creat$ :]e !y are n[ f\nd4 ,d5y+ ?is position 7 equival5t to d5y+ t ! creation has be5 made accord+ to a wise plan4 ,x 7 d5y+ to ! ,creator ! int5tion ( e/abli%+ well-regulat$ natural relations betwe5 ! be+s he has call$ into exi/5ce4 ,x 7 d5y+ him ! wisdom :i* is exemplifi$ 9 nature1 to ascribe x to ! creatures !mselves1--to ascribe x ev5 to ^? creatures 9 :i* we h>dly see evid5ce ( consci\sness1 or1 worse ?an all1 to ascribe ?is wond]ful ord] to physical influ5ce or m]e *ance4 ,z soon z ?is g5]al conclusion is grant$1 !re are1 h[ev]1 "s fur!r adaptations :i* foll[ z a matt] ( c\rse4 ,ea* type1 be+ creat$ )9 ! limits ( ! natural area :i* x is to inhabit1 mu/ h be5 plac$ !re "u circum/ances fav\rable to its pres]vation & reproduction1 & adapt$ to ! fulfilm5t ( ! purposes = :i* x 0 creat$4 ,!re are 9 animals peculi> adaptations :i* are *>act]i/ic ( _! species1 & :i* _c be suppos$ to h aris5 f subord9ate influ5ces4 ,^? :i* live 9 %oals _c be suppos$ to h be5 creat$ 9 s+le pairs4 ,^? :i* are made to be ! food ( o!rs _c h be5 creat$ 9 ! same proportions z ^? :i* fe$ ^u !m4 ,^? :i* are ev]y:]e f\nd 9 innum]able specim5s1 mu/ h be5 introduc$ 9 numb]s capable ( ma9ta9+ _! normal proportions to ^? :i* live isolat$1 & are comp>atively & con/antly few]4 ,= we "k t ?is h>mony 9 ! num]ical proportions betwe5 animals is "o ( ! great laws ( nature4 ,! circum/ance t species occur )9 def9ite limits :]e no ob/acles prev5t _! wid] di/ribution1 leads to ! fur!r inf]5ce t ^! limits 7 assign$ to !m f ! beg9n+ & s we w\ld come to ! f9al conclusion1 t ! ord] :i* prevails ?r\gh\t ! creation is int5tional1--t x is regulat$ by ! limits m>k$ out on ! fir/ day ( creation1--& t x has be5 ma9ta9$ un*ang$ ?r\gh ages1 ) no o!r modifications ?an ^? :i* ! high] intellectual p[]s ( man enable him to impose ^u "s ( ! few animals m closely connect$ ) him1 & 9 ref]5ce to ^? v limit$ *anges :i* he is able to produce artificially ^u ! surface ( our globe4#d ,footnote #d3 ,! above view ( ! geography ( animals appe>$ p>tly 9 an ,am]ican p]iodical & p>tly 9 ,pr(essor ,agassiz's beautiful & important "w 7j receiv$7 on ,lake ,sup]ior4 ,on ! ,geography & ,geology ( ! ,p59sula ( ,m\nt ,s9ai1 & ! adjac5t ,c\ntries4 ,by ,,john ,,hogg1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,f4,l4,s42 ,honor>y ,secret>y ( ! ,royal ,geographical ,society1 c4 ,communicat$ by ! ,au?or4 7,cont9u$ f page #bai47 ,?is t[n is nam$ 9 ,scripture ,ela? or ,elo?2 9 ! ,septuag9t ,aila?1 & ,ailn2 ,ailas1 ,aeila1 or ,aila by ! ,greeks2 lana by ! ,romans2 & ,ailah by ! ,arabians3 x is describ$ 9 #a ,k+s ix4 #bf1 z on ! %ore ( ! ,r$ ,sea 9 ! l& ( ,edom2 & 9 #b ,*ron4 viii4 #ag1 at ! sea-side 9 ! l& ( ,idumea4 ,f ,procopius1 9 ! #f? c5tury1 we le>n ! foll[+ exact acc\nt1#e :i* agrees v well ) ! site ( ^? m\nds--! ea/]n limits ( ,pal/9a 7includ+ ( c\rse t "p ( ! p59sula :i* he else:]e relates#f 0 call$ ,pal/9a ,t]tia71 rea* along ! ,r$ ,sea4 ,on ! %ore is plac$ ! t[n ,alas1 :]e1 ! sea end+1 x is contract$ into a v n>r[ bay4 ,footnote #e3 ,procopii de ,bell4 ,p]s41 lib4 i41 cap4 #ai4 ,footnote #f3 ,procop4 de dificiis ,ju/9iani1 lib4 v41 cap1 #h4 ,tom4 ii4 ,edit4 ,p>4 #affc4 ,edrisi1 9 ! #ab? c5tury1 t]ms ! /eep desc5t f ! ,des]t ,el ,tyh by ,el ,nakb to ,akaba--,akaba ,ailah--i4e41 ! ,desc5t ( ,ailah2 & ,makrisi1 9 ! #ad? c5tury1 z cit$ by ,burckh>dt 7p4 #eaa71 speaks ( ! ,akaba1 or /eep m\nta9 be=e ,aila4 ,consequ5tly1 ,i take x to be correct t ^! m\nds indicate ! =m] position ( ,ela?1#g on ! %ore ( ! ,sea ( ,edom or ,idumea--an arm ( ! ,r$ ,sea4 ,footnote #g3 ,ailah 0 9 ! middle ages consid]$ 7,rob9son1 i41 p4 #beb1 & ,lepsius' ,t\r1 p4 #bj71 z ,elim1 ! six? /ation ( ! ,israelites aft] !y pass$ ! ,r$ ,sea4 ,b ,i appreh5d t ! error v likely arose f ! ^w ,ailam occurr+ 9 ! ,alex&r9e ,,ms41 7#b ,k+s xvi4 #f2 & #b ,*ron4 viii4 #ag71 = ,aila?1 :i* is us$ 9 ! ,,lxx41 9 ^? v]ses4 ,s ,ailam _h "h be5 mi/ak5 = ,aileim1 ,elim1 ! ^w :i* is f\nd 9 ,exodus1 xvi4 #a2 ( ! ,,lxx4 ,at a %ort di/ance f !m1 b we/w>d1 a l>ge space1 l a m>%1 seem$ to be impregnat$ ) nitre1 :i* is left incru/$ 9 "s spots ^u _! surface4 ,f h5ce1 go+ up ! ext5sive valley ,el ,araba1 x is f\nd to be full ( s& drifts1 ) "h & !re a few trees scatt]$ ab\t2 ! torr5ts1 aft] ra91 fl[ along ! we/ side1 & _! wat]s1 :i* are n absorb$ by ! s&1 ent] ! sea at ! nor?-we/ angle4 ,! wid? ( ?is "p ( ! ,wadi is ne> #e miles1 b 9 advanc+ f>!r to ! nor? x becomes wid]4 ,! m\nta9s on ! ea/ are high--f #bjjj to #bejj feet2 be+ ( granitic1 or r porphyritic =mation1 !y are highly picturesque1 & h f9e1 l(ty1 jagg$ peaks3 b ^? on ! we/1 :i* are s&/one & *alk1 are l[]2 ris+ to ab\t a level ) ! des]t ,el ,tyh1 !y d n exce$ #aejj1 or 9 places #ahjj feet 9 elevation4 ,n f> f ,wadi ,ghadyan1#h t[>ds ! we/ side1 a great m>%-l tract1 app>5tly impregnat$ ) nitre1 exhibits an incru/ation on its surface4 ,& ! wat] 9 ! spr+ itself is1 accord+ to ,m4 ,de ,b]t\1 /rong ( sulphur4 ,footnote #h3 ,h[ ,rob9son c\ld suppose t ?is might af=d a trace ( ,eziongab]1 ,i _c imag9e4 ,see ,bib4 ,res41 vol4 i41 pp4 #bea1 #bfh4 ,pass+ ! op5+ ( ,wadi ,beianeh1 & /ill asc5d+1 ! mo/ elevat$ table-l& or small plateau ( ! ,wadi-,el-,araba is rea*$ at ab\t ! l9e ( #cj nor? latitude1 & #ce #ae' ea/ longitude ne>ly1 :i* is v ne> #ejj feet high] ?an ! level ( ! ,gulf ( ,akaba1 accord+ to ,h]r ,s*ub]t4 ,ab\t t po9t ! wat]-%$ occurs2 "s ( ! wat]s ( ! ,araba fl[ s\? into ! sea ( ,akaba1 b mo/ are c>ri$ (f nor? by ! tribut>ies ( ! ,wadi-el-,jeib into ! ,dead ,sea4 ,! same travell] 7,s*ub]t7 f\nd ! depression ( ! b$ ( t deep ,wadi at ab\t #d miles s\? ( ,el ,weibeh 7hole ) wat]17 to be #ia ,p>is feet1 or #ig ,engli% feet bel[ ! level ( ! ,r$ ,sea2 ! comm5cem5t1 or mo/ s\!rn limit ( t depression tak+ place at ab\t #ae miles nor?w>d ( ,gebel ,h>un 9 ,wadi-el-,araba4 ,consequ5tly1 ! ,dead ,sea1 ,asphaltic ,lake 7,bahr ,lut7--! ,sea ( ,lot--mu/ lie consid]ably l[] ?an ! level ( ! ,gulf ( ,akaba2 inde$1 ,h]r ,s*ub]t gives ! level ( ! ,dead ,sea z be+ #eih ,p>is feet1 & ,m4 ,russegg] ev5 m ?an #acjj ,engli% feet bel[ t ( ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,^! geographical facts !n af=d1 z "s au?ors h suppos$1 suffici5t evid5ce t ! ,riv] ,jordan1 al?\gh tak+ its s\rce at an elevation ( #ahjj feet 9 ! nor? ,syrian m\nta9s--has n fl[$ ?r\gh ! entire valley ,el ,araba into ! ,gulf ( ,akaba2 or r1 into ! ,r$ ,sea1 beyond :at is n[ ! ,/rait ( ,tiran4 ,& c]ta9ly ^! facts are decisive t x nev] has done s--if ! natural con=mation ( ?is region has always be5 ! same1 z x n[ exi/s ) reg>d to dep? & height4 ,b aga9/ its hav+ cont9u$ ! same1 ab initio1 up to ! pres5t "t1 mu* reasonable hypo!sis1 & sev]al rem>kable appe>ances may be fairly advanc$4 ,( ! latt]1 "s are ! volcanic ph5om5a app>5t ar\nd ! ,dead ,sea & ,el ,ghor1#i on ! nor?2 9 ! basaltic cliffs & creeks ne>ly opposite ! ,isle ( ,kureiyeh2 ! frequ5t displacem5ts ( /rata & rocks 9 _m places on ! nor?-we/ side ( ! ,gulf ( ,akaba2 ! co9cid5ces exhibit$ by ! /rata 9 ! ,isle ( ,tiran1 ) ^? ( ! ,arabian & ,s9aic %ores2 & ! volcanic rema9s & crat]-l hills betwe5 !m & ,%]m on ! s\?4 ,moreov]1 x may be collect$ f ,scripture1 t c]ta9 *anges _h actually be5 effect$ 9 ! vic9ity ( ! ,dead ,sea 7,g54 xix4 #be72 & t !y 7 caus$ by fire 7,ibid4 xxiv4 #bh72 if !n1 at t p]iod1 ! s\!rn "p ( ! valley ( ! ,jordan1 ! pla9 ( ! ,dead ,sea1 & ,el ,ghor _h1 ?r\gh igne\s1 or volcanic1 or o!r ag5cy1 sunk mu* bel[ _! =m] levels1 x is possible t a correspond+ elevation ( ! l& 9 ,wadi-el-,araba might h tak5 place at ! same 7or p]haps at ano!r7 "t1 by ! same 7or by a subsequ5t simil>7 ag5cy4 ,footnote #i3 ,ghor signifies a long valley betwe5 two m\nta9s4 ,ref] to "s ( ^! volcanic indications1 p4 #abb ( ,dr ,kitto's ,physical ,geography ( ! ,holy ,l&4 ,el ,ghor1 on ! s\? ( ! ,dead ,sea1 ab\nd+ 9 salt1 is mo/ probably ! valley ( salt m5tion$ 9 #b ,k+s xiv4 #g4 ,aga91 x seems probable f ,scripture1 t ! ,dead ,sea & ,wadi-el-,araba _h be5 once cont9u$1 or m connect$ 9 _! levels2 because 9 ,jo%ua iii4 #af1 & xii4 #c1 ! =m] is call$ ! sea ( ! pla9 7ev57 ! ,salt ,sea2 & 9 ,deut4 iv4 #di1 only ! sea ( ! pla92 ! orig9al ,hebrew expression 9 all ?ree v]ses is1 ,yam ha ,arabah2 t is1 ! ,sea ( ! ,araba2 & ! ,septuag9t r5d]s x h ?alassa ,araba4 ,ha ,arabah1 9 ,hebrew1 signifies ! same z ,el ,arabah 9 ,arabic--a des]t-pla91 or a pla94 ,s1 likewise1 we f9d 9 ,deut4 ii4 #h1 ! *ildr5 ( ,edom describ$ z dwell+ 9 ,seir1 ?r\gh ! way ( ! ,pla9 f ,ela?1 & f ,eziongab]2 ! ,hebrew & ,greek words = ! pla9 are "h also ! same1 viz41 ,arabah4 ,consequ5tly1 ^! passages f ,scripture1 %ew+ t bo? extremes1 nor? & s\?1 ( ?is great pla9 or ,wadi1 bore ! same appellation1 prove t x 0 e/eem$ "o entire valley 9 its :ole ext5t1 f ! ,dead1 or ,salt ,sea1 to ,ela? & ,eziongab] on ! ,r$ ,sea1 or lanitic ,gulf1 9 ! l& ( ,edom 7#a ,k+s ix4 #bf1 & #b ,*ron4 viii4 #ag47 ,&1 inde$1 accord+ to ,dr ,rob]tson1 no su* division ( x1 z ,m4 ,de ,b]t\ & "s o!r travell]s ass]t1 into ,wadi-el-,akaba1 & ,wadi-el-,araba1#aj at ?is day exi/s4 ,footnote #aj3 ,see ,m4 ,de ,b]t\'s pap] 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,geographical ,society1 vol4 ix41 p4 #bhb4 ,aft] hav+ atta9$ ! highe/ po9t1 or %ort table-l& ( ! ,wadi-el-,araba1 ! desc5t 9 fact beg9s 9 a direct l9e ne>ly due nor? to ! ,dead ,sea2 x is 9 places m elevat$1 r\gh]1 & m s&y ?an 9 o!rs2 & its wid? also becomes great]4 ,gebel-el-,beianeh appe>s ! l(tie/ ( ! *a9 on ! we/2 b ?is is sc>cely two-?irds z high z ! ea/ range1 ,gebel-el-,%]a 7,m\nt ,seir72 ! =m] is entirely /]ile & arid1 :il/ ! latt] is cov]$ ) h]bs & occasional trees1 & seems to h a suffici5cy ( ra94 ,! ea/ ,wadis also1 :i* are num]\s1 are fill$ ) trees1 %rubs1 & fl[]s2 & _! ea/]n & high] portions1 be+ well cultivat$1 yield good crops4 ,s ,/rabo1 call+ ! di/rict ,naba?a1 /ates x ab\nd$ 9 pa/ures2 h ,nabataia poly&ros ousa h *ra kai eubotos2#aa & be+ ! c\ntry ( ,esau1 x 0 ( ! fatness ( ! e>?1 & ( ! dew ( heav5 f above4--,g54 xxvii4 #ci4 ,footnote #aa3 ,/rabo ,geog41 vol4 ii41 lib4 #af-ce1 p4 #aajc4 ,edit4 ,falcon]4 ,! range ( ,m\nt ,seir1 ,gebel-el-,%]a1 i4e41 ! m\nta9s ( a region or tract1 "u :i* ,i h only includ$ ^? m\nta9s1 comm5c+ ) ,m\nt ,seir itself on ! nor?1 & ext5d+ to ,gebel-el-,i?m on ! s\?4 ,on ! ea/]n side is n[ s&/one1 ve9$ ) oxide ( iron2 & ^? m\nta9s /ill fur!r to ! ea/1 =m+ a "p ( ! ,naba?an *a91 are lime/one ) fl9ts1 ( ! same cretace\s s]ies z t ( ! ,s9aic ,p59sula2 !y pres5t _m v>i$ =ms & %apes4 ,el ,araba1 9 ! approa* to ,wadi ,gh>&el1 is m cov]$ ) %ift+ s&s1 brok5 by innum]able undulations1 & l[ hills2 into ^! s&s ! wat]s ( ,wadi ,gh>&el1 :i*1 accord+ to ,burckh>dt1 h a sulphure\s ta/e1 lose !mselves4 ,9 ! asc5t ( ?is ,wadi 7,gh>&el7 t[>ds ,gebel ,kula1 a m\nta9 is climb$ :i* is compos$ ( calc>e\s rocks1 s&/one & fl9ts1 ly+ ov] ea* o!r 9 horizontal lay]s4 ,gebel ,kula is cov]$ on its summit1 ) a *alky surface4 ,b 9 ,wadi ,dalegheh ! m\nta9s are calc>e\s1 ) "s fl9ts1 & p]fectly b>e4 ,ea/ ( ^! valleys1 & di/ant ab\t six miles1 are said to be ! ve/iges ( a ,roman road1 :i* probably l$ ne> ,usdaka--! ,szadeke ( ,burckh>dt--to ,petra4 ,ne> t place is a hill ) "s consid]able ru9s1 v possibly ! rema9s ( :at ! ,peut+]ian ,table calls ,zadaga/a2 :i* ^w seems to h be5 corrupt$ into ,zadeka1 & ,sudaka1 or ,usdaka4 ,a f9e spr+1 or ,a91 is !re mu* not$4 ,also1 fur!r nor? five or six miles1 at ,a9 ,mefrak1 "s ru9s are visible4 ,& ! same travell] notic$1 a few miles nor? ( ! pres5t picturesque village ( ,eljy--situate a little ea/ ( ,petra1 9 a m f]tile spot--! sub/ructions ( walls & pav$ roads1 all con/ruct$ ( fl9ts4 ,! pres5t road1 trav]s$ by ! ,hadj1 or pilgrims1 f ,syria to ,mecca1 passes ab\t five miles m ea/w>ds1 ?r\gh ,maan 7,maon1 ,judges x4 #ab71 plac$ 9 a rocky di/rict4 ,?is t[n is divid$ by two hills1 on ea* ( :i* /&s a portion ( x4 ,! fruits1 especially pomegranates1 pea*es1 apricots1 & grapes1 are !re excell5t1 & are mu* s\ght aft] by ! ,syrian pilgrims4 ,burckh>dt 7p4 #dcf71 says "h1 are sev]al spr+s1 to :i* ! t[n owes its orig92 & ,i presume ! ^w itself1 ,ma'an1 is abbreviat$ by use f ,mayan1 signify+ a f\nta94 ,f\r?ly4--,petra1 ! ,greek appellation ( ! capital ( ! anci5t ,naba?a1 or t]ritory ( ! ,naba?i1 & ! ,edom ( ,scripture1 0 call$ 9 ,hebrew1 ,sela2 bo? words mean+ a rock1 & ! fir/ ( :i* gave its "n to ! c\ntry--,arabia ,petra4 ,x is also call$ ,jok!el1 9 #b ,k+s xiv4 #g4 ,/rabo has di/9ctly record$ t ,petra 0 ! capital ( ! ,naba?ans :o 7 ,idumans4 7,lib4 xvi47 ,! =m] appellation hav+ be5 be/[$ ^u ?is p z desc5dants ( ,nebaio?1 7#a ,*ron4 i4 #bi71 or ,nebajo? 7,g54 xxv4 #ac71 :o 0 ,abraham & ,hag>'s gr&son1 & ,i%mael's fir/-born son4 ,petra is correctly describ$ by ! same ,greek geograph]1 z well z by ! ,roman naturali/4 ,! %ort acc\nt ( ! la/ ,i "h transcribe3 ,nabati oppidum includunt ,petram nom9e 9 convalle1 paulo m9us duum mill4 passuum amplitud9is1 circumdatum montibus inaccessis amne int]flu5te4#ab ,i w n add "h any description ( ! v magnific5t rema9s ( ?is rem>kable city1 ! city ( ! ,rock--or r excavat$ & c>v$ out ( ! natural rock--^: dwell+s are said to h be5 9 ! clefts ( ! rock1 7,obadiah #c71 s9ce !y are n[ s well kn[n4 ,footnote #ab3 ,pl94 ,nat4 ,hi/41 ,lib4 vi41 cap4 #bh4 ,com+ to ,petra f ,eljy1 on ! ea/1 ! body ( ! regul> m\nta9 on t side is lime/one1 & high] ?an ! r$ s&/one1 :]e ! tombs 9 ,wadi ,m\sa are excavat$4 ,! cliffs at ,petra are ( r$ s&/one1 :i* is s(t & easily cut1 caus+ ! sculptures to decay quickly1 unless :]e !y may h be5 protect$ f ! wea!r4 ,?is =mation ext5ds f> to ! nor? & s\?1 & re/s on ! l[] masses ( porphyry4 ,! col\r ( ! s&/one rocks 9 ,wadi ,m\sa is n a dull monoton\s r$1 b a v>iety ( bright hues1 f ! deepe/ crimson1 z ,dr ,rob9son writes 7vol4 ii41 p4 #eca71 to ! s(te/ p9k2 v]g+ also sometimes to orange & yell[4 ,^! v>y+ %ades are (t5 di/9ctly m>k$ by wav+ l9es1 imp>t+ to ! surface ( ! rock a succession ( brilliant & *ang+ t9ts1 l ! hues ( wat]$ silk1 & add+ greatly to ! impos+ effect ( ! sculptur$ monum5ts4 ,! site ( ,petra1 9 ! high rav9e1 is call$ by ! ,arabs1 ,wadi ,m\sa2 mo/ likely corrupt$ f ,mos]o?1 or ,mos]a 7,deut4 x4 #f71 :]e ,a>on di$ & 0 buri$4 ,x is extremely int]e/+1 & is well wat]$ by a fl[+ /ream--! ,el ,syk ( ,burckh>dt4 ,! s&/one rocks1 ) _! craggy & precipit\s sides1 h _! summits resembl+ r\nd$ peaks2 peaks1 probably ow+ to ! s(tness ( ! /one1 r\nd$ by ! effects ( wea!r4 ,! height ( ?is ,wadi is e/imat$ at ne> #bbjj feet above ! adjo9+ ,wadi-el-,araba4 ,to ! we/ ( ,petra1 ,m\nt ,hor1 ,gebel ,h>un con/itutes ! l(tie/ po9t ( ?is s&/one tract4 ,x /&s out conspicu\sly1 & is a cone irregul>ly truncat$ ) ?ree rugg$ peaks1 ( :i* t to ! ,,ne4 is ! highe/1 & has ^u x ! ,mahommetan ,wely2 or ! tomb ( ,a>on1 call$ ,neby ,h>un4 ,?is peak rises to ab\t #bgjj feet above ,wadi ,m\sa1 or to #ecjj feet above ! sea4 ,capta9s ,irby & ,mangles1 ! fir/ ,europeans :o asc5d$ ,gebel ,h>un1 ?us describe ! view f ! summit4 ,x is extremely ext5sive 9 e direction2 b ! eye re/s on few objects :i* x c cle>ly di/+ui%1 & give a "n to1 al?\gh an excell5t idea is obta9$ ( ! g5]al face & features ( ! c\ntry4 ,! *a9 ( ,idumean m\nta9s1 :i* =m ! we/]n %ore ( ! ,dead ,sea1 seem to run on to ! s\?1 ?\gh los+ consid]ably 9 _! height4 ,!y appe> 9 ?is po9t ( view1 b>r5 & desolate4 ,bel[ !m is spread out a :ite s&y pla91 seam$ ) ! b$s ( occasional torr5ts1 & pres5t+ mu* ! same features z ! mo/ des]t p>ts ( ! ,ghor4 ,:]e ?is des]t expanse approa*es ! foot ( ,m\nt ,hor1 !re arise out ( x1 l isl&s1 sev]al l[] peaks & ridges1 ( a purple col\r1 probably compos$ ( ! same k9d ( s&/one z t ( ,m\nt ,hor itself1 :i*1 v>iegat$ z x is 9 its hues1 pres5ts 9 ! di/ance "o uni=m mass ( d>k purple4 ,t[>ds ! ,egyptian side !re is an expanse ( c\ntry )\t features or limit1 & lo/ 9 ! di/ance4 ,! l(ty di/rict :i* we _h quitt$ 9 our desc5t to ,wadi ,m\sa1 %uts up ! prospect on ! s\?-ea/ side2 b !re is no "p ( ! l&scape :i* ! eye w&]s ov] ) m curiosity & delight ?an ! crags ( ,m\nt ,hor itself1 :i* /& up on e side1 9 ! mo/ rugg$ & fanta/ic =ms1 sometimes /rangely pil$ "o on ! o!r1 & sometimes z /rangely yawn+ 9 clefts ( a frightful dep?4 ,"u ! t]m ,naba?an ,*a91 or ! *a9 ( ! m\nta9s ( ,edom1 ,i h re/rict$ ^? m\nta9s beg9n+ nor? ( #cj ,n4 ,lat41 & :i* !n t5d r\nd nor?w>d1 by ! ea/ ( ,petra4 ,!y are ! l(tie/ on ! ea/1 atta9+ probably to an altitude ( #cjjj feet above ! ,wadi-el-,araba4 ,?is *a9 pres5ts to ! view1 on ! ea/1 long elevat$ ranges ( lime/one1 sometimes ) fl9ts1 b ( m easy slopes1 )\t precipices1 be+ smoo? & r\nd$4 ,fur!r /ill to ! ea/1 ! high plateau ( ! ,great ,ea/]n ,des]t--( :i* ,el ,nejd is a portion--/ret*es out to an almo/ indef9ite ext5t4 ,to ! we/ & nor?1 & ar\nd ,m\nt ,hor1 l(ty p>ty-col\r$ s&/one ridges & cliffs prevail2 !n succe$ high masses ( porphyry1 con/itut+ ! body ( ! m\nta9s1 b l[] ?an ! s&/one4 ,&1 la/ly1 m nor?w>ds1 ! *a9 s9ks d[n into l[ hills ( argillace\s rock1 or ( lime/one4 ,! entire bread? ( ! ,seir range seems n to exce$ eighte5 ,engli% miles1 betwe5 ,wadi-el-,araba & ! ,ea/]n ,des]t2 :il/ t ( ! m nor!rn1 or ,naba?an *a91 does n exce$ tw5ty-two miles betwe5 ^? di/ricts4 ,go+ we/ f ,petra1 ! valley ( ! ,araba is aga9 ent]$1 :]e ! deep] ,wadi-el-,jeib is se5 to w9d along1 v ne> ! middle ( x1 f ! s\?1 !n sweep+ (f ,,nw41 x meets ! ,wadi-el-,j]afah1 :i* comes 9 f ! ,,sw4 ,aft]w>ds1 x is call$ only ,wadi-el-,jeib2 & be+ a deep valley )9 a l>g] valley1 x =ms ! *ief wat]-c\rse ( ! great] portion ( ! ,araba1 & c>ries d[n to ! ,dead ,sea1 9 ! wet season1 an imm5se body ( wat]4 ,el ,araba1 m to ! nor? ( ,gebel ,h>un1 is mu* wid]2 9 p>ts ( x !re are gravel hills2 & "h & !re1 masses ( porphyry lie ab\t 9 ! s&1 hav+ be5 wa%$ d[n by ! torr5ts4 ,elev5 or twelve miles nor? ( t ,m\nt 7,hor71 occurs ! pass ( ,nemela among l[ hills ( lime/one1 or r a yell[i% argillace\s rock1 ! d>k /eep mass ( ! m\nta9 be+ porphyry1 z be=e describ$2 !nce ! ,wadi asc5ds betwe5 ! porphyry & lime/one =mations2 & on ! top is a little bas9 ( yell[ s&/one capp+ ! porphyry4 ,com+ back s\?w>d ?r\gh ! ,wadi-el-,araba1 z f> z ! emb\*ure ( ! valley ( ! ,j]afah--mean+ gully+1--:i* is ab\t a mile wide1 ! m\nta9s on ?is we/ side are f\nd to be compos$ ( *alk & lime/one2 &1 9 _m places1 ) l>ge pieces ( black fl9t4 ,on ! nor?1 & to ! ea/ ( ,lussan1 ! m\nta9s ( ,iduma are l(ty1 consi/+ ( precipit\s lime/one ranges2 ! solit>y conical m\nt1 ab\t #fjj feet above ! pla91 nam$ ,gebel ,araif-el-,naka--! cre/ ( a %e-camel1 =ms a conspicu\s object2 x is calc>e\s1 & /rew$ ) fl9ts4 ,l[ ridges ext5d f x we/w>d & ea/w>d2 ! latt] t]m9at+ 9 a headl& or bluff1 call$ ,gebel ,makrah4 ,! wide s&y ,wadi-el-,ghudhagidh--! ,ghudhaghidh ( ,rob9son--is probably ! ,gudgodah2 or1 z x is writt5 9 ,hebrew1 ,ghudghodah1 m5tion$ 9 ,deut4 x4 #g1 :i!r ! ,israelites j\rney$ f ,mos]a 7,wadi ,m\sa7 aft] ,a>on's dea?4 ,aft] ?is valley 7 "s l[ *alky cliffs1 & !n succe$$ a b>r5 fl9ty tract4 ,t[>ds ! ,,nw4 & ,w41 a broad op5 di/rict /ret*es out app>5tly to ,gebel ,j>af1 said to be #acjj feet above ! sea level1 ?r\gh :i* is ! c\rse ( ! ,wadi ,kh]eir1 elevat$ ab\t #ajjj feet at its ne>e/ po9t to t m\nt1 & fl[+ nor?w>d into ! l>ge ,wadi-el-,agaba1--^u "o side1 & to ,gebel ,yelak1 ! :ite m\nta91 on ! o!r side2 b x is brok5 9 "s places by lime/one or *alk hills4 ,! ,wadi ,ghudhagidh1 & ! m s\!rn tribut>ies ( ! ,j]afah1 fl[ to ! ,,ne4 to ! ,dead ,sea1 z already expla9$2 & !y1 ) "s small] w9t] torr5ts t unite ) !m1 are ! only wat]-c\rses 9 ?is "p ( ,arabia ,petra :i* supply t sea4 ,on ! ,,se4 ( ! upp] ,j]afah1 "s l[ lime/one ridges pres5t !mselves2 b1 on ! o!r side is ! s&y pla9 ,el ,adhbeh3 beyond ?is1 nor?w>ds1 foll[s a level pla9 cov]$ ) pebbles & black fl9ts4 ,! high ,we/ ,des]t1 call$ by ! ,arabs ,el ,tyh1 ! w&]+1 & s nam$ 9 ,edrisi & ,abul-f$a1 ne> its c5tre at ,nakhl1 signify+ date trees 7at :i* /ation !re exi/s a grove ( ^? trees71 at an elevation ( ne> #aejj feet above ! sea1 consi/s ( va/ pla9s1 or plateaux ( v>y+1 mo/ly high]1 altitudes1 a s&y1 fl9ty1 or gravelly soil1 & lime/one hills ( ! cretace\s or second>y =mation1 hav+ v irregul> ridges dispos$ 9 diff]5t directions4 ,! num]\s ,wadis1 or wat]-c\rses1 & w9t] torr5ts ( ?is enorm\s des]t1 all run to ! ,n4 or ,,nw41 & p\r _! wat]s into ! ,m$it]ranean ,sea2 :ile ^? ,wadis t lie on ! o!r side ( ! ,great ,m\nta9 range1 :i* b\nds ! des]t 9 its we/]n & s\!rn extremities--,gebel-el-,rahah & ,gebel-el-,tyh--divide _! wat]s1 & s supply1 9 "p1 ! ,gulf ( ,suez1 & 9 "p ! ,gulf ( ,akaba4 ,( ! =m] ,wadis1 two are ! pr9cipal2 namely1 ,wadi-el-,agaba1 :i* rises some:at to ! ea/ ( ! l9e ( #cd ,e4 long42 & ,wadi-el-,ari%1 :i* ,russegg] & lat] au?ors affirm z spr++ to ! we/ ( x1 & ( ,gebels ,heiyalah1 ,yelak1 & ,mi%ea1 & ( :i* ,wadi ,nesil seems to me to be only a tribut>y4 ,! *a9 call$ ,gebel-el-,egmeh1 or ,el ,odjme by ,burckh>dt1 appe>s1 z he says1 *alky2 & su*1 also1 is ! soil ( ! pla91 & frequ5tly cov]$ ) black pebbles 7fl9ts72 x unites ) ! high] *a9 ( ! ,gebel-el-,tyh1 ab\t ! c5tre ( ! ,p59sula1--t is to say1 ( ! ,p59sul> ,triangle1 & :]e ! bran*es ,nor?-el-,tyh & ,s\?-el-,tyh sep>ate4 ,!re ! height ( ! summit ( ,el ,tyh is giv5 by ,russegg] z #dcbb ,p>is feet1 or #dfae ,engli% feet1 above ! sea2 desc5d+ !nce by ! pass ( ,mureikhi1 into ! s&y pla9 ( ,debbet-el-,ramleh1 ! elevation ( t plateau1 j ab\t ! middle ( x1 & ab\t half way to ! head ( ,wadi-el-,%eikh1 is ne> #djjj feet above ! sea level2 ,alahad> be+ a little to ! ea/4 ,9 ! ,wadi ,el ,%eikh1 mean+ ! ,valley ( ! ,eld]1 or ,*ief1 :i* is "o ( ! pr9cipal valleys 9 ! ,p59sula1 be=e com+ to ,moses' seat 7,mokad ,seidna ,m\sa71 occurs a range ( l[ hills ( a sub/ance call$ ,taffal1 *iefly a detritus ( ! felsp> ( granite1 l pipe clay4 ,! easie/ approa* to ! pres5t ,s9aic di/rict is by ! ea/ side ( ?is ,wadi1 :i* leads into ! wid] ,wadi1 or pla9 ,el ,raha1 i4e41 a pla9 surr\nd$ by hills4 ,! view ( ,gebels ,el ,deir 7,! ,conv5t71 ! n[-t]m$ ,horeb1 ,hum] 7r$71 & o!rs1 f !nce is v /rik+4 ,! l[] granitic m\nta9s ( ! pres5t ,s9ai are m regul>ly %ap$ ?an ! upp]2 be+ less rugg$1 !y h no insulat$ peaks2 & _! summits t]m9ate 9 smoo? curves4 ,:il/ 9 ! asc5t to ! high] m\nta9s1 peaks on peaks arise1 ( ! =m ( %>p cones1 & ( v>i\s altitudes4 ,gebel ,m\sa1 or ,moses' ,m\nt1 is ( r$ granite = ab\t half-way up2 all ! re/ be+ a yell[i% granite1 ) small black gra9s1 & f ,wadi ,leja 7asylum71 ^! col\rs appe> mo/ di/9ct4 ,! height ( ! apex ( ,g4 ,m\sa peak1 :i* does n exce$ fifty y>ds 9 wid?1 0 asc]ta9$ by ,lieut5ant ,well/$1 f ! mean ( obs]vations1 to be #geje feet above ! sea ( ,akaba2 & t late1 able1 & lam5t$ (fic]1 :o 0 ^u t summit 9 ,janu>y1 & enjoy$ ! advantage ( a cle> s]5e atmosph]e1 :i*1 9 a m advanc$ season ( ! ye>1 w\ld h be5 hazy1 ) a blue mi/1 aris+ f ! p[]ful sun1 0 !reby enabl$1 by means ( angles tak5 to ! hills on ! ,arabian coa/1 n9ety miles di/ant1 to correctly fix ! geographical position ( ! m\nta94 ,he has also well describ$ ! mo/ ext5sive view f t peak1 z foll[s3-- ,! ,gulfs ( ,suez & ,akaba are di/9ctly visible2 f ! d>k-blue wat]s ( ! latt]1 ! isl& ( ,tiran1 consid]$ by ! anci5t geograph]s z sacr$ to ,isis1#ac re>s itself4 ,m\nt ,agrib 7,g>ib71 on ! o!r h&1 po9ts out '! l& ( bondage4' ,be=e me is ,/ ,ca!r9e1 its b>e1 conical peak n[ capp$ ) sn[4 ,9 magnific5ce & /rik+ effect1 few p>ts ( ! _w c surpass ! wild1 nak$ sc5]y ev]y:]e met ) 9 ! m\nta9-*a9 :i* girds ! sea-coa/ ( ,arabia4 444 ,! monki% ,m\nt ,s9ai itself1 & ! hills :i* compose ! di/rict 9 its imm$iate vic9ity1 rise 9 %>p1 isolat$1 conical peaks4 ,f _! /eep & %att]$ sides huge masses h be5 spl9t]$1 leav+ fissures r ?an valleys betwe5 _! rema9+ portions4 ,^! =m ! highe/ "p ( ! range ( m\nta9s t spread out ov] ! ,p59sula1 & are v g5]ally1 9 ! w9t] mon?s1 cov]$ ) sn[1 ! melt+ ( :i* occasions ! torr5ts :i* ev]y:]e deva/ate ! pla9s bel[4 ,! peculi>ities ( its conical =mation1 r5d] ?is di/rict yet m di/9ct f ! adjo9+ heights t appe> 9 successive ridges beyond x1 :ile ! valleys :i* int]sect !m are s n>r[ t few c be p]ceiv$4 ,no villages & ca/les1 z 9 ,europe1 "h animate ! picture2 no =e/s1 lakes1 or falls ( wat]1 break ! sil5ce & monotony ( ! sc5e4 ,all has ! appe>ance ( a va/ & desolate wild]ness1 ei!r grey1 d>kly-br[n1 or :olly black4#ad ,footnote #ac3 ,isis is suppos$ to be ! same z ,io1 & ! isl& ( ,tiran is evid5tly1 z ,i h already /at$ 9 a prec$+ note1 t :i* ,procopius names ,itab1 ,iotabe4 ,?is ^w is probably d]iv$ f ,i\s ta abata1--! %r9e1 or sacr$ place1 ( ,io4 ,footnote #ad3 ,travels 9 ,arabia1 vol4 ii41 p4 #ig4 ,& ,dr ,lepsius rem>ks on ?is m\nta91 t-- ,al?\gh x is c]ta9ly a high m\nta91 /ill x is a second>y "o1 & almo/ eclips$ by o!rs ( ! ,great ,s\!rn ,*a91 ! geographical c5tre ( :i* is nei!r 9 ,gebel ,m\sa1 nor ! l(ti] ,gebel ,ka!r91 b 9 ! m s\!rn1 & consid]ably m elevat$ ,gebel-um-,s*om>4 ,gebel ,ka!r91 compos$ pr9cipally ( a co>se r$ granite1 pres5ts ! same conical peaks4 ,b 9 ,wadi ,owasz1 ,s4 by ,w41 f ! la/ m\nta91 ,burckh>dt notic$ a small *a9 ( :ite & r$ s&/one hills 9 ! mid/ ( granite4 ,gebel-um-,s*om> 7,m\nt ,"m ,s*om>71 also consi/s *iefly ( granite2 ! l[] "p r$1 b ! top is almo/ :ite4 ,9 its middle1 betwe5 ! granite1 occur broad lay]s ( brittle black slate1 mix$ ) ve9s ( qu>tz & felsp>1 & ) micace\s s*i/4 ,its extreme peak1 ab\t #hhjj feet above ! sea1 is %>p po9t$1 & seems to be inaccessible1 ow+ to its p]p5dicul> & smoo? sides4 ,burckh>dt1 9 8 attempt to asc5d x1 0 oblig$ to halt at ab\t #bjj feet bel[ x4 ,?is 01 until rec5tly1 e/eem$ ! highe/ po9t 9 ! ,p59sula2 b1 accord+ to ,h]r ,russegg]1 two or ?ree o!r peaks1 to ! s\? ( x1 are ab\t #ejj feet m l(ty2 ! extreme elevation ( ?is la/ gr\p1 :i* seems n to be> any di/9ct appellation1 he e/imates at #icjj ,engli% feet4 ,i "h add1 aft] ! latt] au?or1 a sket* ( ! granite peaks ( ! high ,mod]n-,s9aic m\nta9s1 f nor? to s\?1 z !y pres5t s int]e/+ & rem>kable an appe>ance4 ,illu/ration3 ,sket* ( granite peaks ,9 ! n>r[ valley1 a little s\? ( ,gebel ,mohala1 :i* is all granite1 on ! ea/ side (1 or opposite to1 ! ,s*om>1 is a spr+ nam$ ,tabakat1 :]e beautiful porphyry is obs]v$4 ,! s\? side ( ,m\nt ,s*om> is v abrupt1 & !re is no second>y *a9 betwe5 x & ! o!r l(ty s\!rn m\nta9s1 & ! long gravelly pla9 ,el ,kaa4 ,f t pla91 ent]+ ,wadi ,hebron--a rav9e ab\t #ajj y>ds wide--fragm5ts ( rocks1 pr9cipally ( granite & porphyry wa%$ d[n by torr5ts1 are frequ5t2 a small /ream is se5 fl[+ among !m2 9 spots1 "s date trees occur1 & likewise ! manna-produc+ tam>isk4 ,cont9u+ to asc5d1 a mod]ately-/eep pass is rea*$2 aft]w>ds1 a desc5t ( ab\t #gjj feet leads into ! s&y ,wadi ,solaf w9e valley2 & !n1 ga9+1 ) "s difficulty1 ! summit ( a /eep] pass1 ! nor?-we/ angle ( ! ext5sive ,wadi ,raha is come to4 ,"h1 aga91 ! pres5t ,s9aic gr\p1 beyond ! pla91 exhibits its rugg$ m\nta9s ( d>k granite1 ) /]n1 nak$1 spl9t]$ peaks1 & ridges ( indescribable gr&eur4 ,next1 turn+ to ! nor? d[n ! n>r[ declivity call$ ,nakb ,hawi1 ! w9dy pass1 ( :i* ! /up5d\s granite walls or cliffs elevate !mselves to ab\t #hjj feet1 pass+ to ! we/ end ( ,wadi ,solaf1 :]e x meets ,wadi ,firan & ,wadi-el-,%eikh1 & foll[+ ! la/ valley z f> z ,el ,szaleib1 t asc5t is atta9$4 ,!re ! =mation consi/s ( granite1 on ! upp] b$s ( :i* run lay]s ( r$ felsp>4 ,nor?-ea/ ( ,wadi-el-,u% is situate ,gebel ,%eyg]1 :i* af=ds "s native c9nab>4 ,! ?ree pr9cipal passes lead+ f ! s&y ,debbet-el-,ramleh on to ! great des]t ov] ! ,tyh range1 are1 ,el ,mureikhi ne> ! c5tre & ne> ,gebel-el-,egmeh2 !n ,el ,w>sah1 said to be ( too rapid an asc5t = c>avans2 & ! ?ird1 :i* is mo/ to ! we/1 ,el ,rak9eh 7! pa9t$47 ,aft]w>ds1 at "s di/ance to ! ,,nw41 is ! valley op5+ pa/ ,ras ,wadi ,gh>&el1 t has already be5 describ$4 ,proce$+1 aga91 across ! pla9 ,el ,ramleh1 & ov] ! pass ,mureikhi on to ! ,des]t-el-,tyh1 9 ! approa* to ! ca/le ( ,nakhl1 on ! ea/1 a few miles (f1 l[ *alky hills appe>$2 & 9 places !re 7 holes :]e9 rock-salt _h be5 dug4 ,! wat] at ,nakhl is bracki%1 & ! gr\nd *alky1 cov]$ ) loose pebbles4 ,wadi ,nesil 0 obs]v$ to be ov]gr[n ) gre5 %rubs4 ,gebel-el-,?ugh>1 signify+ ! m\?s1 pres5ts a m\nta9\s tract1 9 :i* foll[$ a valley ) calc>e\s hills3 "h deep s&s 7 lodg$1 & l>ge insulat$ rocks ( a por\s tufa1 call$ by ,burckh>dt tufwacke1 lie scatt]$ 9 _m places4 ,! t]m9ation ( ! va/ gravelly pla9 we _h be5 cross+ f ,nakhl 0 n[ at h&2 b we c\ld yet see x spread+ out wide to our left1 ! mirage giv+ its di/ant portions ! appe>ance ( a succession ( blue lakes2 directly 9 front 7 ! m\nta9s :i* close x 92 & f> to ! "r we c\ld see1 /ret*+ away1 a /ill high] range runn+ to ! nor?1 & on ! left ! tops ( ! m\nta9s ab\t ,wadi ,gh>&el1 ! ,taset 7cup7 ,soddur be+ conspicu\s af>4 ,we ent]$ ^! m\nta9s by a slight asc5t1 :i* /ruck soon aft] ! head ( a long w9d+ valley desc5d+ t[>ds ,suez3 ! imm5se pla9 we _h trav]s$1 float$ away 9 mi/1 & we _h n[ done ) ! plateau ( ! ,great ,des]t4#ae ,footnote #ae3 ,b>tlett's ,=ty ,days 9 ! ,des]t1 p4 #afg4 ,!nce a pla91 :i* is bel[ ! level ( ! ,des]t-el-,tyh1 & cov]$ ) mov+ s&s1 ext5ds z f> z ! sea-%ore4 ,^! s&s are collect$ by ! w9ds1 9 _m spots1 into hills #cj or #dj feet high4 ,! wells at ,mabuk af=d good wat] by digg+ to ! dep? ( #aj or #ab feet4 ,fif?ly1 ,once m leav+ ,suez2 aft] hav+ pass$ ov] a small piece ( m>9e & alluvial =mation ne> ! sea1 & tak+ a we/]ly direction1 a n>r[ tract ( t]ti>y s&/one1 s designat$ by ,russegg]1 is obs]v$2 x is a pla9 :i* gradually asc5ds f ! %ore ( ! ,gulf1 & 9 x is plac$ ! ,ca/le ( ,ajr\d2 ! wat] obta9$ !re is v bitt]4 ,beyond ?is to ! we/1 ! pla9 becomes s&y1 & cov]$ ) black fl9ts4 ,b ! soil & hills at ,wadi ,em%a%1 :i* signify ! ,valley ( ! ,wat]pits1 ne> ,ajr\d1 are calc>e\s3 ! well !re1 call$ ,bir ,em%a%1 yields aft] ra9 good dr9k+ wat]4 ,! hills ar\nd ,ajr\d consi/ ( t]ti>y lime/one & m>l4 ,m to ! s\?1 ,gebel ,ataka divides ?is =mation1 itself be+ a second>y lime/one belong+ to ! cretace\s s]ies1 &1 accord+ to ,dr ,rob9son1 is /rew$ ?ickly ) fl9t pebbles4 ,x t]m9ates 9 ,ras ,ataka1 or ,cape ,deliv]ance1 on ! ,gulf4 ,! s&y & gravelly pla91 ,el ,baidea1 ! ,wadi ,taw>ik ( o!rs1 has be5 nam$ by "s1 ! ,valley ( ,moses1 ,wadi ,m\sa2 x communicates on ! we/ ) ,wadi-el-,tyh4 ,gebel ,d]aj 7/eps7 is lime/one ( ! same cretace\s s]ies z ,m\nt ,ataka2 & ?is =mation /ret*es out s\?w>ds to a great di/ance1 con/itut+ a l>ge portion ( ! ,ea/ ,egyptian ,des]t4 ,!n on ! s\? ( ! =m] m\nta91 a b& ( granite1 :i* =ms ! nor!rn ridge ( ,gebel ,kallala1 is obs]v$1 :]e9 !re exi/ rema9s ( old copp] m9es4 ,^? call$ ,reigatam]ih1 situate among l[ hills1 h evid5tly be5 work$ by ! anci5ts1 z well f ! quantity ( pott]y & scori !re1 z f ! rema9s ( m9]s' h\ses1 & ! regul> mann] 9 :i* ! cav]ns h be5 cut1 foll[+ up ! ve9s4#af ,footnote #af3 ,mr ,j4 ,wilk9son on ! ,ea/]n ,des]t ( ,upp] ,egypt1 p4 #cb1 vol4 ii4 ,j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,geographical ,society4 ,ne>1 on ! ,,se41 !re is a well 7bir7 nam$ ,horreh1 ^: wat] is bad1 ow+ to ! sulphur :i* x conta9s4 ,?is is plac$ 9 ,wadi ,araba1 an ext5sive valley1 runn+ 9 a direction ne>ly due ,w4 & ,e41 & desc5d+ f ,wadi ,*ad]at v rapidly to ! %ore ( ! gulf1 :i* is "h t]m$ by ! ,arabs ,m]sa ,zafraneh1 i4e41 ,h>b\r ( ,saffron4 ,! coa/ itself is flat & m>%y4 ,! headl&s on ! s\? are a conglom]ate1 or breccia rock1 ( ! ,t]ti>y =mation1 compos$ ( %ells1 /ones1 & o!r sub/ances1 held toge!r by a calc>e\s cem5t4 ,! ,arabs report1 t a c>riage-road anci5tly exi/$ ?r\gh ! ,wadi ,araba1 & l$ to ! ,bay ( ,zafraneh4 ,?is1 ,i conceive1 might h be5 ! road ( communication to ! ,egyptian colonies & copp] m9es on ! opposite ,s9aic p59sula1 9 ,wadi ,magh>a1 ,s>but-el-,*adem1 c41 & ov] :i* ! produce ( ^? m9es1 hav+ be5 %ipp$ f ! h>b\r ( ,zelime to ! ,m]sa ,zafraneh1 might h be5 convey$ 9 waggons to ! ,nile4 ,b1 :e!r or n ! ,araba m\nta9s t rise a little to ! s\? ( ! opposite coa/ ( ! ,p59sula _h receiv$ ! same appellation f ?is valley1 !re seems to be no te/imony to decide4 ,! ,mona/]y ( ,/ ,antony--,deir ,antonios--di/ant ab\t #ag miles f ! sea1 is a =tifi$ conv5t ( ,copts1 surr\nd$ by a /rong wall1 ( ab\t #ce feet 9 height1 ! entrance to :i* is by a trap-door1 :]efrom a rope desc5ds1 z 9 ! pres5t ,s9aic conv5t4 ,! keep1 or place ( safety1 is an insulat$ t[]1 def5d$ by a drawbridge4 ,accord+ to common /atem5t1 ?is 0 ! abode & place ( burial ( ,/ ,antony1 ! f\nd] ( ,mona*ism4 ,! m\nta9s to ! s\?1 at ! nor!rn end ( :i* /&s ! conv5t1 are calc>e\s 7( ! same cretace\s =mation71 conta9+ 9 places a great deal ( salt4 ,!y are kn[n to ! ,arabs by ! t]m ( ,gebel ,kallala1 &1 9 fact1 con/itute ! s\!rn ridge ( t *a94 ,ano!r l>ge & simil>ly protect$ conv5t1 call$ ,deir ,bolos 7,paul71 di/ant f ! =m]#ag ab\t #ae miles 9 a direct ,,se4 l9e1 is situate 9 a picturesque place1 & ab\t #aj miles f ! ne>e/ po9t ( ! ,gulf ( ,suez4 ,an adjo9+ g>d5 ab\nds 9 date & o!r fruit-trees4 ,on ! ea/1 betwe5 ?is conv5t & ! sea1 ,wadi ,girfeh is approa*$1 among l[ hills3 on ! tops ( "s ( ^! ! sub/ructions ( h\ses are visible1 hav+ be5 built ) uncem5t$ /ones4 ,also "s *amb]s1 or catacombs1 are cut 9 ! rock3 9 ! l>g] 7 f\nd cry/als ( rock-salt2 ! /rata are compos$ ( lime/one1 & conta9 _m fossils4 ,brok5 pieces ( t]ra cotta vases1 *iefly r$1 are ev]y:]e obs]v$2 & !y1 ) o!r ve/iges1 probably po9t out ! site ( a ,roman colonial t[n4 ,footnote #ag3 ,see ! ,views ( ! ,conv5ts ( ,/ ,paul & ,/ ,an?ony1 plate #ea1 p4 #abh1 *ap4 vi41 book ii41 vol4 i41 9 ,pococke's ,description ( ! ,ea/4 ,proce$+ f ,/ ,paul's to ! ,,se41 = ne> #ae miles1 ! l9e ( ! primitive m\nta9s is rea*$ on ! left1 :il/ ! second>y *a9 ( ,gebel ,kallala1 consi/+ ( lime/one ) ammonites1 is cont9u$ on ! "r1 or we/4 ,s\? ( ,wadi ,d?ahal micace\s s*i/ approa*+ to gneiss occurs1 & a little fur!r1 ! primitive & s&/one1 or grit/one rocks jo94 ,!nce ! second>y1 or cretace\s m\nta9s1 div]g+ to ! s\? & s\?-we/1 gradually decrease 9 altitude4 ,aga91 s\?w>ds1 "s m anci5t copp]-works are notic$2 & !n1 ,gebel ,horva%ia1 ^: =mation is granite1 rises a few miles (f to ! ,,se42 9 its natural bas9 mu* good wat] is reta9$ aft] ra94 ,wadi ,abu ,had? next attracts att5tion f its possess+ a good deal ( f9e h]bage1 & _m gum-arabic trees4 ,( ! granite m\nta9s 9 ?is region1 ,gebel ,agrib1 or ,g>ib1 or ,gh>ib 7camel's hump7 is ! l(tie/1 z x elevates itself to ab\t #fjjj feet above ! sea level2 & f its position x =ms a conspicu\s l&m>k f> out at sea4 ,! asc5t ( ?is maje/ic m\nta91 f its /eepness & num]\s rav9es1 is f\nd to be fatigu+4 ,mr ,j4 ,wilk9son#ah describes x z foll[s3-- ,! fir/ ev5+ we rea*$ ! base ( ! highe/ cone1 :]e we slept1 & asc5d$ ! next morn+ to ! summit1 f :i* we _h a view ( ! m\nta9s on ei!r side ( ! sea1 & ! diff]5t pla9s4 ,we track$ ! gazelles v ne>ly to ! summit1 & e n[ & !n 9 ! rav9es f\nd "s solit>y plants gr[+ "u ! %ade ( a project+ /one4 ,! peaks ( ?is m\nta9 resemble ! ,aiguilles ne> ,m\nt ,blanc2 b1 to equal t m\nta9 9 beauty1 x requires ! l[] p>ts to be cov]$ ) ! woods & v]dure ( ! ,alps1 & ! des]t pla9 bel[ to be ex*ang$ = ! gre5 mead[s ( ,switz]l&4 ,i calculate ! height to be #eeac feet above ! rav9e 9 ! pla9 bel[1 :i* is a few hundr$ feet above ! level ( ! sea4 ,footnote #ah3 ,j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,geographical ,society1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ci4 ,ab\t t5 miles s\?w>d1 ,bir-el-,d>a--! ,well ( ,d>a1 bel[ ! m\nta9 ( t "n1 occurs2 !re1 likewise1 copp] scori1 smelt+ furnaces1 & m9]s' h\ses1 are obs]v$4 ,fur!r s\?1 m copp] m9es are se5 9 a b>e place1 among l[ hills1 all ( :i* h be5 exam9$ = ! ore4 ,advanc+ s\?-ea/w>ds by ! pla91 "s calc>e\s rocks are pass$1 & aft]w>ds a l9e ( s&/one1#ai ) lime/one ov] x1 runn+ p>allel to1 & ne>ly equidi/ant betwe5 ! two primitive ridges4 ,wadi-el-,enn$ succe$s to ! ea/w>d1 :]e a beautifully cle> rivulet is f\nd2 b its wat] is too bad = ! use ( animals1 be+ *iefly s]viceable = ! n\ri%m5t ( num]\s date palms4 ,?is spot lies at ! foot ( "s lime/one hills ( ! cretace\s s]ies t jo9 ! ea/]n granitic ridge4 ,footnote #ai3 ,mr ,j4 ,wilk9son 7ibid1 ,note1 p4 #da71 says1 ,judg+ f ! angle ( its dip1 x =m]ly rose ov] ! l[]1 or ea/]n primitive range1 f :i*1 h[ev]1 x is n[ sep>at$ by a valley1 or b$ ( a torr5t4 ,next1 on ! s\?1 comes ,gebel ,kuffra1 :]e ! wat] is s salt z only to be drunk by camels4 ,gebel ,do*an1 7smoke7--! ,mons ,porphyrites ( ! anci5ts--ris+ ab\t elev5 miles m s\?w>d1 & 9 ! same l9e ) ! suppos$ site ( ,myos ,hormus1 ,myos ,hormos1 ! m\se h>b\r1 is too di/ant f our propos$ limits1 to receive a full description 9 ! pres5t ,memoir4 ,i w only rem>k t at ,m\nt ,do*an1 !re exi/ "s int]e/+ ru9s1 & ^? va/ qu>ries1 f :i* ,rome took s _m sup]b pieces ( porphyry1 to adorn h] ba?s & porticoes4#bj ,on its s\!rn side1 ,mr ,j4 ,wilk9son adds1 we met ) "s ,breccia ,v]de2 & ( o!r k9ds ( ,breccia we _h obs]v$ great quantities & v>ieties at ,do*an4 ,! sea-%ore1 ab\t ,myos ,hormus1 is b>e & des]t$2 to ! we/1 at "s di/ance f ! h>b\r1 ! granitic *a9 ext5ds2 on ! ea/1 betwe5 x & ! sea1 a l[ ridge ( lime/one hills1 :i* unites ) ! primitive rocks on ! nor?1 comes d[n t[>ds ! %ore4 ,&1 9 ! di/ance1 on ! nor?1 is se5 ! m\nta9 ,el ,zeit1 s call$ f ! quantity ( petroleum f\nd !re2 :5ce project two small headl&s1 =m+ two gulfs1 at ! entrance ( :i* are _m long s&banks4 ,may n ?is be ! 'mons ,eos' ( ,pl9y8#ba ,footnote #bj3 ,ibid1 p4 #db4--,pl9y writes ( ! qu>ries1 quantis libet molibus cd5dis sufficiunt ,lapidic94 ,lib4 #cf1 cap4 #g4 ,!y produc$ r$ porphyry ( a mo/ beautiful1 close-gra9$ k9d2 s ,pl9y says1 rubet porphyrites 9 eadem ,o,egypto4 ,footnote #ba3 ,ibid41 p4 #ea4 ,?is ,gebel ,zeit1 or ,m\nt ( ,oil1 runs out into a promontory on "o side ( ! ,/rait ( ,jubal2 at its foot a copi\s supply ( ,petroleum1 or rock oil1 is obta9$4 ,x is ab\t z liquid z turp5t9e1 ( a black or d>k-br[n col\r1 & is collect$ by ! ,greek ,*ri/ians ( ,tur1 :o take x !re & sell x1 = rheumatism & = heal+ sores4 ,! ,arabs call x ,zeit-el-,gebel--oil ( ! m\nta94 ,s\? ( ?is promontory ! sea is /udd$ ) a numb] ( small isl&s1 "s ( :i* are describ$ by ,/rabo2 all1 h[ev]1 ,i believe1 except ,%adwan1 :i* is ( second>y lime/one1 are ( rec5t m>9e =mation--*iefly ( ,coral4 7,conclusion 9 our next ,numb]47 ,climate ( ,:itehav5 ,synopsis ( ,meteorological ,obs]vations made at ! ,obs]vatory1 ,:itehav51 ,cumb]l&1 9 ! ,ye> #ahdi4 ,,by ,,john ,,flet*] ,,mill]1 ,esq41 ,f4 ,r4 ,s41 ,f4 ,r4 ,a4 ,s41 c4 ,communicat$ by ! ,au?or4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,/&>d ,,b>omet]1#bb ,,correct$ ,,& ,,r$uc$ ,,to #cb ,,fahr5heit4 ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,mean ,mean ,mean ,pres- ,mean #ahdi4 ,max4 ,m94 at at ,atmos- sure ,pres- #c #aj ph]ic ( sure ,range4 ,p4,m4 ,p4,m4 ,pres-,vapor4( ,dry sure ,air4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,in*es ,in*es,in*es,in*es,in*es,in*es,in*es ,in*es ,jan4 #cjagc #bhfhjbifedbifgibifff #jbcfbidcj #adic ,feb4 #cjggdbcbhhijcjjabcjjabcjjab #bfebigdg #ahhd ,m>* #cjdid #biadjbiidjbiidibiidd #bfdbifhj #aced ,april #cjadg #biabcbieeabiefcbiega #befbicae #ajbd ,may #cjadg #bijebbigdibigfcbiggj #cedbidaf #ajie ,june #cjabb #bieafbihfgbihgcbihhd #cegbiebg #fjf ,july #cjbie #bibafbigfcbiggjbighj #dbfbiced #ajgi ,aug4 #cjahi #biagebighebighhbihjj #dcfbicfd #ajad ,sept4 #cjdfd #bhibdbihbfbihcabihdb #dacbidbi #aedj ,oct4 #cjdhi #biabibigbjbigcabigci #cafbidbc #acfj ,nov4 #cjacg #bhgcgbifcgbiffhbifff #biebicga #adjj ,dec4 #cjgbabdbijghbihdcbihcebihec #bccbifbj #afdc ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,means #cjcdf #bijeebigghbighhbigid #cbabidgcabia #bjid ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,footnote #bb3 ,! read+s ( ! b>omet] hi!rto us$ requir$ an additive correction ( ab\t #jjh in*4 ,all pa/ results w be r$uc$ to ! /&>d in/rum5t4 ,footnote #bc3 ,uncorrect$ ,maximum1 #cjhbj in*es4 ,footnote #bd3 ,uncorrect$ ,maximum1 #cjgeb in*es4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,,self-,,regi/]+ ,,!rmomet]4 ,,pluviomet]4 ---------------------------------------- --- ,absolute ,mean ,ra9 #ahdi4 ,mean ,mean,mon?ly,range & ,sn[4 --------- ( ( ,temp]- ,sn[4 ,max4,m94 ,max4 ,m94 ature4 ---------------------------------------- -------- ,in*es,in*es ,jan4 #ej #ahgdbadcehb #chihg #cac #efhc ,feb4 #ea #cj #deiadjjg #dbiij #ba #bjde ,m>* #ed #bh #dfgiciif #dccge #bf #hcg ,april #fb #bi #digcchea #ddabd #cc #adhh #jij ,may #gj #cfefjeadehe #ecahe #cce #cjcg ,june #fgedjefaecdhee #eejdd #bg #abbd ,july #geedf #fcicecgd #ehhce #bie #edgh ,aug4 #gb #dfefdjeeejc #eieda #bee #cgga ,sept4 #gd #dbefbefejdh #efebd #cae #bhad ,oct4 #fd #cd #ebafdcaa #dgfcf #cj #ebeb ,nov4 #ee #bggdghedbgg #decaj #bgc #digd ,dec4 #ebebe #daficeic #chhaj #bge #bcif ---------------------------------------- -------- ,means #fbcccgecbdddae #dhfif #efhchiii #jij ---------------------------------------- -------- ---------------------------------------- --- ,wet ,evapor- ,prevail+ ,=ce ,days4 ation ,w9ds4 ,two ( #ahdi4 ,gauge4 ,daily ,w9d1 ,obs]vations4 #j-e4 --------------------------------------- ,in*es ,jan4 #bj #iji ,,sw4 #cb ,feb4 #ab #ajbd ,,sw4 #ba ,m>* #ac #aeeh ,,sw4 ,,nw4 #ba ,april #af #bfbj ,ea/]ly4 #be ,may #ad #chhf ,,sw4 #bj ,june #aj #ejgf ,,sw4 #ai ,july #ah #daef ,,nw4 #bc ,aug4 #ai #bfeg ,,sw4 #ad ,sept4 #ab #cccg ,e41 ,v>iable #ae ,oct4 #ag #agbc ,,sw4 #bc ,nov4 #bd #ifj ,,sw4 #bd ,dec4 #ae #gic ,e41 ,v>iable #ah --------------------------------------- ,means #aij #bhfii ,,sw4 #ba --------------------------------------- ,,hygromet]4 ---------------------------------------- --- ,at #c;h ,p4,m4 ------------------------------- #ahdi4 ,mean ,mean ,mean ,com- ( ( ,dew- plete- ,dry ,wet ,po9t m5t ( ,bulb4 ,bulb4 ,de- ,dew- duc$4#be,po9t4 ---------------------------------------- ,janu>y #djbh #cijb #cffh #cfj ,febru>y #ddff #dbej #djjh #ddf ,m>* #dehe #dcag #djjb #ehb ,april #dhff #dcid #ciac #iec ,may #ehgi #ebhe #dhci #ajdj ,june #fjbc #ecdd #dhfh #aaed ,july #fcac #egdg #echb #icj ,augu/ #fbdc #eggg #edei #ghd ,sept4 #faie #efdh #ebhg #ijh ,octob] #eaag #dhac #deji #fjf ,novemb] #dffe #deaj #dcbc #cda ,decemb] #djbe #chgd #cfdj #cgi ---------------------------------------- ,means1 #ebjj #dhba #ddia #gjg #ahdh1 #eaic #dhbc #ddih #fie #ahdg1 #eaid #ddab #ghb ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ,,weight ,,( ,,vap\r4 -------------- ,degree ,requir- ( ,weight #ahdi4 ,9 a ed = ,humidity1 ( a ,cubic ,satu- 7complete ,cubic foot ration ,satu- foot ( ( ( a ration ,air4 ,air4 ,cubic #ajjj74 foot4 --------------------------------------- ,gra9s4,gra9s4 ,gra9s4 ,janu>y #bhj #jcb #jhii #edfb ,febru>y #cjd #jeg #jhdd #edfh ,m>* #cjc #jgb #jhaa #edcg ,april #bhg #abc #jgja #ecea ,may #cic #agc #jfif #ebgb ,june #cia #aii #jffc #ebgh ,july #dgj #agg #jgbf #ebbf ,augu/ #dhe #aej #jgfg #ebcb ,sept4 #dee #aga #jgbh #ebcg ,octob] #ceh #jhg #jhjd #ecch ,novemb] #cda #jdc #jhhh #echh ,decemb] #bga #jda #jhgh #edha --------------------------------------- ,means1 #cfa #aaj #jghd #ecdg #ahdh1 #ahdg1 --------------------------------------- ,footnote #be3 ,f ,mr ,glai%]'s ,hygrometrical ,tables1 ! accuracy ( :i* my own s]ies ( obs]vations made 9 ! ye>s #ahdg & #ahdh1 = ! purpose ( te/+ _! correctness1 %ew 9 a v /rik+ mann]2 & ,i ?9k e meteorologi/ mu/ feel himself greatly indebt$ to ,mr ,glai%] = ?is valuable compilation1 :i* is also bas$ on obs]vations made "u 8 own sup]9t5d5ce at ! ,national ,obs]vatory4 ,9 eight mon?s ( ! ye> #ahdg1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! obs]v$ & ! d$uc$ ,dew-po9t at ,:itehav51 is #jaj2 & 9 #ahdh1 x is only #jjg1 ! mean ( ! two p]iods compris+ #abbj obs]vations1 am\nt+ to ! comp>atively evanesc5t fraction ( #h_/ajj?s ( a degree4 ,su* satisfactory pro(s ( ! p]fection ( ,mr ,g4's tables h induc$ me to ab&on ,daniell's ,dew-po9t ,app>atus1 = t m simple1 less co/ly1 & equally correct =m ( ,hygromet]1 ! comb9ation ( ! dry & wet bulb !rmomet]s4 ,,sol> ,,& ,,t]re/rial ,,radiation4 ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,key to abbreviations 9 table head]s3 ,six's ,six's ,!rmomet]1 #d feet above ,gr\nd2 ,o ,g ,on ,grass2 ,o ,w ,on ,wool4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,,absolute ,,m9ima4,,mean ,,nocturnal ,,temp]ature4 ---------------------------------------- ------ #ahdi4 ,six's ,on ,o ,w ,six's ,nak$ ,!rmomet]s ,grass ,o ,g ,o ,g ,o ,w ,o ,g ,diff4 ---------------------------------------- --------- ,janu>y1 #ahg #d --#bhcehbcjce #bgga #bfd ,febru>y1 #cj #bje #ah #djjgcech #ccjh #bcj ,m>*1 #bh #aie #adgciifcdhh #cbfj #bbh ,april1 #bi #bac #af #cheacbgb #bhhh #chd ,may1 #cfe #bf #bb #dehecibg #cfbg #cjj ,june1 #dje #bie #be #dheedajf #cghf #cbj ,july1 #df #cc #bi #ecgddeeb #dbdc #cji ,augu/1 #dfe #ce #caeeejcdibe #dfje #cbj ,septemb]1 #dbe #cah #bh #ejdhdbhd #ciec #cca ,octob]1 #cd #bde #ahedcaacgae #ccdf #cfi ,novemb]1 #bgg #aie #adedbggcggi #cegb #bjg ,decemb]1 #be #age #aaeceiccjbi #bgjh #cba ---------------------------------------- --------- #ahdi1 #ccg #bce #ahhddaechjd #ceje #bih #ahdh1 #cbe #bjbdcgi #cegc #ahdg1 #ccg #bjedcej #ceie #ahdf1 #cfa #bca ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ,,t]re/rial ,,radiation4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- #ahdi4 ,maximum4 ,m9imum4 ,mean4 ,o ,g ,o ,w ,o ,g ,o ,g ,o ,w ,o ,g ,day4 ,o ,g ,o ,w ,o ,g ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,janu>y1 #adg #bae #c;d #a #ae #g?#edg #haa ,febru>y1 #aae #ac #ag? #ae #ae #c1 #bb;d#dfi #fii ,m>*1 #ade #af #ca/ #j #ae #aa1ab?#ejh #gcf ,april1 #aae #age #aa? #c #c #c;d #egi #ifc ,may1 #ab #age #a/ #ae #be #ae?#feh #ieh ,june1 #ad #aie #d? #b #ce #bf?#gdi #ajfi ,july1 #af #bj #af1 #ag? #c #d #d?#hbb #aaca ,augu/1 #ai #bb #d? #b #c #bf?#egh #hih ,septemb]1 #ac #ahe #bg? #b #be #af1 #bj?#gfd #ajie ,octob]1 #ad #ba #ag? #j #a #be1 #cj?#eif #ife ,novemb]1 #aje #acb #bd1 #bh? #ae #ae #h?#dih #gje ,decemb]1 #age #ba #d? #j #je #h?#efd #hhe ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #ahdi1 #adj #ahd #adf #baf #faa #iji #ahdh1 #aei #aid #hjf #ahdg1 #aea #aad #bf #gde #ahdf1 #adf #ace #bg #gde ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,,9 ,,sun',s ,,rays4 --------------------- #ahdi4 ,max4 ,mean4,sol> ,rad4#bh ----------------------------- ,janu>y1 #ei #dee #ccg ,febru>y1 #fg #edd #hdi ,m>*1 #gg #fac #adea ,april1 #ic #fic #aieg ,may1 #acc #hhj #bgdi ,june1 #ajf #hib #bgfg ,july1 #ajf #ifc #cbcg ,augu/1 #ajd #heh #bage ,septemb]1 #ajb #haa #ahed ,octob]1 #ge #fdi #abgd ,novemb]1 #fg #eji #cje ,decemb]1 #ef #dda #bda ----------------------------- #ahdi1 #hgj #fib #aeii #ahdh1 #ahdg1 #ijb #gaj #agae #ahdf1 --------------------------------- ,footnote #bf3 ,9 #ahdg1 ! ,!rmomet] 0 on ,cork ?r\gh\t ! ye>4 ,x is "h r$uc$ to ! ,/&>d ( ,raw ,wool4 ,footnote #bg3 ,9 #ahdf1 ! ,!rmomet] 0 plac$ on ,cork 9 cl\dy & wet wea!r4 ,! results are r$uc$ to ! ,/&>d ( ,raw ,wool1 by add+ #jbe to ! record$ annual mean4 ,footnote #bh3 ,diff]5ce betwe5 ! mean maximum 9 ! ,sun's rays1 & ! mean maximum 9 ! %ade4 ,=m1 c4 ( ,in/rum5ts4 ,! ,b>omet] 7! frame ( :i* is brass7 is a /&>d made by ,b>r[1 "u ! direction ( ,james ,glai%]1 ,esq41 ( ! ,gre5wi* ,obs]vatory4 ,! adju/m5t = ! diff]5ce ( capacity ( tube & ci/]n is effect$ previ\s to e obs]vation1 & ! correction = capill>ity & r$uction to ! temp]ature ( #cb is made at ! close ( ea* mon?4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 its read+s & ^? ( ! ,gre5wi* /&>d is sc>cely appreciable1 be+ only #jjjb in*4 ,! ,dry & ,wet ,bulb ,!rmomet]s1 also made by ,b>r[1 are consid]$ to h id5tical read+s "u simil> circum/ances1 & bo?1 too1 agree ) ! ,gre5wi* /&>d !rmomet]4 ,! ,dew-po9t app>atus1 n[ discont9u$1 approximates v closely 9 its read+s to ! dry & wet bulb !rmomet]s4 ,! ,self-regi/]+ ,!rmomet] is a l>ge ,six made by ,dollond 9 #ahdj1 & its av]age diff]5ce f ! /&>d is )9 #b_/aj?s ( a degree4 ,a duplicate & precisely simil> !rmomet] 7:i* has also be5 repeat$ly comp>$ ) a /&>d at e "p ( ! scale7 is fix$ by its side1 s t 9 case ( ,no4 #a gett+ out ( ord]1 ,no4 #b c be resort$ to )\t detrim5t to ! results4 ,^! in/rum5ts all h a nor!rn aspect1 & are plac$ ab\t #d feet above ! gr\nd4 ,! nak$ !rmomet]s employ$ = indicat+ ! relative am\nt ( sol> & t]re/rial radiation1 are precisely simil> to ^? 9 use at ! ,gov]nm5t ,obs]vatories4 ,! ,ra9 & ,evaporation ,gauges are #h in*es 9 diamet]1 & ! metres are graduat$ to ! #a_/ajjj? "p ( an in*4 ,bo? are read (f daily4 ,! ap]ture ( ! ra9-gauge is ab\t #g feet above ! gr\nd4 ,! evaporation di% is m\nt$ on a moveable /&1 #d feet #d in*es 9 height1 & ! circul> %elf on :i* ! vessel re/s1 is j l>ge en\gh to hold x4 ,! gauge receives a fair proportion ( w9d & sun%9e1 & is always expos$ 9 ! op5 air dur+ ! day1 except :5 ra9 is fall+4 ,at night & 9 wet wea!r1 x is plac$ "u a capaci\s %$1 #i feet 9 height1 & op5 9 front4 ,?us1 x is conceiv$ t ! evaporat+ surface is freely act$ ^u by all ! circum/ances conc]n$ 9 promot+ ?is important natural process4 ,! direction ( ! w9d is tak5 twice daily1 & its =ce is regi/]$ on an arbitr>y scale f #j to #f2 ! highe/ numb] is res]v$ = /orms approa*+ ! hurricane 9 viol5ce1 & is v r>ely record$4 ,rem>ks on ! ,wea!r 9 #ahdi4 ,janu>y4--,a damp wet mon?1 except ! fir/ week1 :5 %>p fro/ prevail$4 ,! mean temp]ature is #jfh above ! av]age4 ,on ! night betwe5 ! #b;d & #c;d1 a nak$ !rmomet] on ! grass fell to #d1 & "o on raw wool to #bh bel[ z]o1 be+ ! l[e/ temp]ature ,i h record$4 ,! radiation indicat$ by raw wool 0 #bae4 ,betwe5 "o & two o'clock on ! morn+ ( ! #aj?1 a t]rific ?und]-/orm bur/ sudd5ly ov] ! t[n1 & spread great al>m among/ ! slumb]+ inhabitants4 ,sev5 or eight dazzl+ dis*>ges ( ! electric fluid1 foll[$ by deaf5+ cra%es1 succe$$ ea* o!r 9 ab\t z _m m9utes4 ,! /orm 0 almo/ v]tical2 & betwe5 sev]al ( ! fla%es & ! accompany+ ?und]1 !re 0 sc>cely an appreciable int]val1 c]ta9ly n m ?an a s+le second ( "t4 ,! w> ( ! elem5ts ceas$ z sudd5ly z x comm5c$1 & altoge!r1 ! /orm did n la/ m ?an t5 m9utes4 ,! w9d1 :i* previ\sly blew a heavy gale1 lull$ almo/ to a calm z ! la/ peal di$ away4 ,! /orm 0 foll[$ by a heavy fall ( ra9 & hail4 ,x appe>s to h be5 pretty mu* conf9$ to ?is t[n & neighb\rhood4 ,?und] 0 also he>d on ! ev5+ ( ! #ad?1 & lightn+ 0 se5 on ! nights ( ! #ba/1 #bf?1 & #bi?4 ,saturn's r+ 0 p]ceiv$ at ?is ,obs]vatory on ! night ( ! #ca/1 aft] a long cont9uance ( damp1 wet wea!r4 ,z ?is s+ul> app5dage 0 readily se51 & 0 well & %>ply def9$1 ,i h no d\bt ! in/rum5t w\ld h %ewn x t5 or f\rte5 days e>li]1 _h ! nights be5 at all fav\rable4 ,! r+ 0 also se5 on ! night ( ! #aa? ( ,septemb] #ahdh1 dur+ its tempor>y reappe>ance4 ,febru>y4--,a f9e1 dry1 & mild mon?4 ,! temp]ature #cdi above ! av]age ( twelve ye>s4 ,on ! #aa?1 ! b>omet] atta9$ ! rem>kably high po9t ( #cjhb at ?is ,obs]vatory1 :i* is ab\t #ij feet above ! sea level4 ,at ! ,royal ,obs]vatory1 ,gre5wi* 7#dj feet above sea71 ! maximum 0 #cjhe1 be+ great] ?an any read+ s9ce ,janu>y #ahbe1 :5 ! b>omet] at ! ,royal ,society's ap>tm5ts atta9$ to #cjhda1 at #ha feet above ! sea level2 & !re is no o!r in/ance record$ 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions ( a read+ s high z #cjh1 f ! comm5cem5t ( ! s]ies 9 #aggd4 ,! maxima ( pressure record$ on ! #aa? 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 7 all f\nd to give a read+ ( #cjij at ! mean sea level4 ,on ! #ah?1 primroses 7 9 fl[] on ! cliffs betwe5 ,panton & ,h>r+ton4 ,m>*4--,simil> to ,febru>y4 ,temp]ature #bbi above ! av]age1 & ! complem5t ( ! dew-po9t #bdj bel[ ! mean ( ! two prec$+ ye>s4 ,,fir/ ,,qu>t]4--,! temp]ature ( ! fir/ qu>t] ( #ahdi is #baf above ! av]age ( twelve ye>s1 & ! complem5t ( ! dew-po9t is #aeb bel[ t ( ! correspond+ qu>t] 9 ! unheal?y ye>s #ahdg & #ahdh4 ,! av]age fall ( ra9 is #aaeic in*es2 9 #ahdi1 we h _h #hefe1 or #cjb in*es bel[ ! usual quantity4 ,! dea?s 9 ! qu>t] end+ ,m>* #ca1 9 ! t[n & suburb ( ,pre/on ,qu>t]1 are #afh1 be+ #af above ! correct$ qu>t]ly av]age1 :i* is #aeb4 ,9 ! correspond+ qu>t]s ( #ahdh & #ahdi1 ! dea?s 7 #bej & #ahg respectively4 ,! dea?s exce$ ! bir?s by #be 9 numb]4 ,april4--,a f9e1 dry1 b cold mon?4 ,! temp]ature #aie bel[ ! av]age4 ,on ! #bc;d ! cuckoo 0 he>d1 & on ! foll[+ day ! swall[ 0 se5 9 ?is neighb\rhood4 ,on ,good ,friday1 ! #f?1 two p>helia1 accompani$ by a halo1 7 se5 by a fri5d :o 0 fi%+ by ! riv] ,cald]4 ,! sky 0 cov]$ ) a ?9 cirro-/ratus1 s t ! images did n pres5t any def9$ outl9e or disc1 b consi/$ ( ?ree circul> pat*es ( light ( ne>ly equal int5sity1 s mu* s1 t x 0 difficult to di/+ui% ! real f ! phantom suns4 ,! ph5om5a 7 fir/ notic$ ab\t #e ,p4,m41 & !y rema9$ visible till ne> six4 ,! r+ or halo pass$ ?r\gh ! c5tres ( ! p>helia1 "o ( :i* 0 to ! left1 & ! o!r to ! "r ( ! sun1 ) :i* !y =m$ a /raight l9e4 ,may4--,a f9e mon?1 ) an av]age mean temp]ature4 ,! sun %one out on #bi days4 ,! dep? ( ra9 is ab\t an in* above ! av]age quantity4 ,june4--,a v dry mon?1 & by f> ! colde/ ,june ,i h record$ 9 ! la/ sev5te5 ye>s4 ,! mean temp]ature is no less ?an #cfg bel[ ! av]age4 ,! hay h>ve/ began 9 ?is neighb\rhood ab\t ! #bj?4 ,! !rmomet] on ! grass1 on raw wool1 0 bel[ ! freez+ po9t on eight nights2 on ! nights ( ! #h? & #aj? x fell to #bge1 & on t ( ! #ai? & #bj?1 to #be4 ,on sev]al morn+s ice 0 se5 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity ( ! t[n1 & on ! #c;d ( ! mon? !re 0 a some:at heavy fall ( sn[ among/ ! m\nta9s4 ,highbell1 ,k5tm]e1 ,high ,/reet1 & ! m\nta9s ar\nd ,m>dale1 7 cov]$ ) ! mantle ( w9t] to ! dep? ( #f in*es4 ,su* an incid5t has n occurr$1 x is said1 s9ce #ahbg1 :5 sev]al %eep 7 lo/ & smo!r$ 9 sn[-drifts on ,mos$ale & ,helvellyn2 & ,skiddaw 0 cov]$ ) sn[4 ,bo? sn[ & hail are record$ on ! #aj? 9 ! regi/] kept = me at ,bass5?waite ,halls1 at ! foot ( ,skiddaw4 ,:at is mo/ rem>kable1 ?is unusual coldness does n appe> to h be5 exp]i5c$ at all 9 ! s\!rn c\nties ( ,engl&4 ,at ,gre5wi*1 ! temp]ature is /at$ to be ( ! same value z t ( ! av]age f #gj ye>s1 b less ?an t ( ! prec$+ eight ye>s1 by #ai4 ,accord+ to ,mr ,glai%]'s tables1 publi%$ 9 ! ,regi/r>-,g5]al's ,report = ! ,june qu>t]1 ! mean temp]ature 9 ,cornwall & ,devon%ire exce$s t ( ! correspond+ mon? 9 #ahdg1 by #jg1 & s\? ( lat4 #eb1 x is 9 excess #i_/aj?s ( a degree4 ,betwe5 ! p>allels #eb & #ec1 ! temp]ature is #ab bel[ t ( ,june #ahdg2 betwe5 #ec & #ed1 x is #ba1 & at ,:itehav51 9 lat4 #ed1 x is #bg bel[ t ( ,june #ahdg4 ,! extraord9>y depression 9 ! temp]ature has !re=e be5 unp>ticipat$ 91 by places situat$ s\? ( ! p>allel ( #ec4 ,,second ,,qu>t]4--,! mean temp]ature ( ! qu>t] end+ ,june #cj1 is #aib bel[ ! av]age ( twelve prec$+ ye>s2 & ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! air & dew-po9t temp]atures is #acb above t ( ! correspond+ qu>t] 9 ! ye>s #ahdg & #ahdh4 ,! av]age fall ( ra9 is #hae in*es2 9 ! second qu>t] ( #ahdi1 ! fall is #egd in*es1 or #bdj in*es "u ! normal quantity4 ,! dea?s 9 ! t[n & suburb are #aci1 be+ #ba above ! correct$ av]age numb]1 :i* is #aag4 ,9 ! ,june qu>t]s ( #ahdg & #ahdh ! dea?s 7 #agg & #adg respectively4 ,! bir?s exce$ ! dea?s by #ei4 ,july4--,cold & wet4 ,temp]ature #ahb bel[ ! av]age4 ,! hay h>ve/ began 9 ?is neighb\rhood ab\t ! #bj? ,june2 mead[ hay 0 r light on ! gr\nd1 b ! crop g5]ally 0 well secur$4 ,augu/4--,av]age temp]ature & dep? ( ra91 ) a s]5e & /agnant atmosph]e4 ,! complem5t ( ! dew po9t is #agh bel[ ! av]age ( ! mon? 9 ! two prec$+ ye>s4 ,septemb]4--,a f9e1 mild1 & r dry mon?1 ) s]5e atmosph]e4 ,at ! close ( ! mon?1 sev]al ( ! public f\nta9s 7 dry1 & mo/ ( ! pumps 9 ! t[n _h ceas$ to yield _! supplies4 ,,?ird ,,qu>t]4--,! temp]ature ( ! qu>t] end+ ,septemb] #cj? is #jcg bel[ ! av]age1 & ! complem5t ( ! dew-po9t1 z comp>$ ) ! two previ\s ye>s1 is #je bel[ ! mean4 ,! dep? ( ra9 is #jcf in* "u ! av]age quantity1 :i* is #abdb in*es4 ,! dea?s 9 ! ?ird qu>t] ( #ahdi1 9 ! t[n & suburb1 are #afh1 or #dg above ! correct$ av]age numb]2 &1 except 9 #ahdf1 a great] numb] ?an has occurr$ 9 any ,septemb] qu>t] s9ce ! regi/] 0 begun 9 #ahci4 ,9 ! ,septemb] qu>t] ( ! la/ f\r ye>s1 ! dea?s are z "u3 #ahdf1 #bee2 #ahdg1 #adh2 #ahdh1 #adb2 & #ahdi1 #afh4 ,! bir?s exce$ ! dea?s by six 9 numb]4 ,dur+ ?is qu>t] we _h a few cases ( ,asiatic *ol]a 9 ?is t[n1 *iefly 9 ! mon? ( ,septemb]2 & at ! adjac5t seaport ( ,work+ton ! disease 0 ( a mo/ malignant "*1 & exce$+ly fatal4 ,! total numb] ( dea?s f ! comm5cem5t ( ! epidemic on ! #ac? ( ,augu/1 till x entirely ceas$ on ! #f? ( ,novemb]1 0 #agb4 ,9 #ahda1 ! population 0 #fjda1 :i* gives a mortality ( #bh p] c5t41 or "o dea? 9 e #ce p]sons1 f *ol]a4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 believ$ t ! population ( ,work+ton has decreas$ s9ce ! la/ c5sus 0 tak52 & at ! "t ! epidemic 0 rag+1 mo/ ( ! respectable inhabitants _h left ! place2 s t ! ratio ( mortality among/ ! !n resid5ts mu/ h be5 consid]ably great] ?an is "h /at$4 ,a s+ul> fact connect$ ) ! disease is its sudd5 cessation = sev]al days1 at ! expiration ( :i* x returns ) increas$ virul5ce4 ,9 ! week betwe5 ! #be? & #ca/ ( ,augu/1 ! dea?s 7 #fe2 f ! #ca/ ,augu/ to ! #h? ,septemb] !re 7 none2 on ! #h?1 #ab2 #i? & #aj?1 none2 on ! #aa?1 #ac2 & on ! #ab? only "o dea?2 #ac?1 #aa2 f ! #ad? to ! #ai? inclusive1 ! dea?s av]ag$ #be daily1 b on ! #bj? !y rose to #ac2 & betwe5 ! #ba/ & ! end ( ,septemb] !re 7 only eight dea?s1 :i* occurr$ on ! #ba/1 #bb;d1 #be?1 & #bg?4 ,betwe5 ! #a/ & #bj? ( ,octob] ! dea?s 7 #cb1 & dur+ t p]iod !re 7 frequ5tly none = ?ree or f\r consecutive days4 ,!re 0 only "o dea? aft] ! #bj? ,octob]4 ,x occurr$ on ! #f? ( ,novemb]1 :5 ! pe/il5ce ceas$4 ,i am in=m$ by a resid5t m$ical g5tleman1 t at ! comm5cem5t ( ! disease ! cases 7 rapidly fatal1 _m ( !m aft] eight or t5 h\rs' illness1 & x 0 !n almo/ entirely conf9$ to ! l[] classes4 ,! proximate cause ( ! exce$+ly fatal "* ( ! disease at ?is seaport is probably to be f\nd 9 ! effluvia eng5d]$ by ! ext5sive tract ( m>%y l&1 call$ ! ,cl(focks1 adjo9+ ! riv] ,d]w5t1 & 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity ( ! t[n4 ,:at is mo/ rem>kable1 ! fir/ case ( *ol]a at ,work+ton occurr$ on ! same day ( ! same mon?1 9 ! same h\se1 & ev5 9 ! same room 9 ! said h\se1 :]e ! epidemic fir/ broke out 9 ! summ] ( #ahcb4 ,!re is no peculi>ity 9 ! situation ( ! h\se1 nor c any reason be assign$ = ?is mo/ s+ul> co9cid5ce4 ,i am in=m$ t v few insects 7 se5 ab\t ! riv]1 &1 dur+ ! height ( ! disease1 ! rooks entirely =sook _! old-e/abli%$ qu>t]s 9 ! gr\nds adjo9+ ! ,hall4#bi ,footnote #bi3 ,! cause ( ?is fe>ful epidemic is /ill a my/]y4 ,! meteorological conditions ( ! atmosph]e1 al?\gh slightly abnormal1 are :olly inadequate to acc\nt = its induction4 ,x is mo/ probably induc$ by "s gase\s poison diffus$ ?r\gh ! atmosph]e1 b ( a nature s subtle t ! mo/ delicate analysis fails to detect its pres5ce4 ,accord+ to ! exp]im5ts ( ,dr ,dundas ,?ompson ( ,glasg[1 no solid matt] exi/$ 9 ! air1 b ammonia 0 obta9$ f x 9 ! proportion ( #jcai gra9 ( cau/ic ammonia1 or #jgca gra9 ( c>bonate ( ammonia1 to #ajjj p\nds ( air4 ,octob]4--,cold1 ) an av]age fall ( ra9 7#e in*es47 ,! mean temp]ature is #be bel[ ! av]age4 ,! gra9 crops 7 above an av]age 9 po9t ( quantity1 & !y 7 got "u cov] 9 excell5t condition4 ,g>d5 fruit1 z pe>s1 apples1 c41 7 n s pl5tiful z usual4 ,on ! ev5+ ( ! #bh?1 t r>e ph5om5on a lun> ra9b[1 0 se5 f ! gr\nds at ,t>n ,bank1 ne> ,cock]m\?1 by ,isaac ,flet*]1 ,esq41 to :om ,i am indebt$ = ! foll[+ description ( x3-- ,9 ! e>ly "p ( ! ev5+ ! sky 0 cle>1 b at #h;h #cjm a d5se mi/ rose f ! riv] ,d]w5t & entirely ov]spread a l>ge segm5t ( ! nor!rn horizon2 :il/ to ! s\?1 ! atmosph]e cont9u$ comp>atively cle>1 ! moon1 )9 f\r days ( full1 %9+ brightly ne> ! m]idian4 ,ab\t #i;h #ajm1 !re 0 a fa9t lum9\s ar* 9 ! nor?1 :i* 0 evid5tly a lun> ra9b[1 or r a fog-b[1 = no ra9 :atev] 0 visible at ! "t4 ,! light reflect$ by ! ar* 0 :ite1 & p]fectly free f prismatic col\r4 ,its bread? 0 consid]able1 p]haps #d or #e1 & its c5tre or highe/ "p1 pass$ close "u ! /> beta ,urs ,majoris1 s t ! extreme altitude ( ! ar* 0 probably ab\t #ah or #bj4 ,! edges 7 n %>ply def9$1 b gradually %ad$ (f4 ,x 0 notic$ t ! d5s] ! fog became1 ! m app>5t 0 ! ar*1 & vice v]sa1 s t ! ph5om5on c\ld n h be5 ( an auroral "*4 ,! ph5om5on 0 wat*$ = t5 or fifte5 m9utes1 :5 ! gradual disp]sion ( ! fog1 by de/roy+ ! refract+ m$ium1 put an end to ?is int]e/+ appe>ance4 ,novemb]4--,z usual1 a v dull1 damp mon?1 ) b little diff]5ce betwe5 ! temp]ature ( ! days & nights4 ,temp]ature #abj above ! av]age4 ,e>ly on ! morn+ ( ! #b;d1 a swall[ 0 se5 on ! w+ 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity ( ?is t[n4 ,! maximum temp]ature ( ! day 0 #ee4 ,betwe5 ! #i? & #ab? inclusive1 ! extremes ( day & night temp]ature only v>i$ #b degrees4 ,decemb]4--,a f9e dry mon? ) occasional fro/y nights4 ,temp]ature #bae1 & ra9 #bai in*es bel[ ! av]age4 ,two l\d peals ( ?und] & mu* lightn+ on ! night ( ! #ad?4 ,! rem>kable meteor obs]v$ at ,ed9burgh on ! ev5+ ( ! #ai?1 & m9utely describ$ by ,pr(essor ,=bes :o witness$ x1 0 also se5 at ,:itehav5 "u ! same circum/ances & at ! same "t4 ,,la/ ,,qu>t]4--,! mean temp]ature ( ! la/ qu>t] ( #ahdi is #aae bel[ ! av]age1 & ! complem5t ( ! dew-po9t is #jhg bel[ ! mean ( ! two prec$+ ye>s4 ,! av]age dep? ( ra9 = ! qu>t] is #adfd in*es2 9 #ahdi ! qu>t]ly fall is #abfb in*es1 or #bjb in*es "u ! normal quantity4 ,! dea?s 9 ?is qu>t]1 9 ! t[n & suburbs1 are #aca1 be+ #d bel[ ! av]age numb]4 ,x is pleasant to h to ann\nce a fav\rable *ange 9 ! sanit>y condition ( ?is t[n1 & to record ! t]m9ation ( an excessive mortality1 :i* un9t]rupt$ly prevail$ = a p]iod ( two ye>s & a half2 = ?is is ! only qu>t]ly p]iod :]e9 ! dea?s h n exce$$ ! av]age s9ce ,m>* #ahdf4 ,9 ! correspond+ qu>t]s ( #ahdf1 #ahdg1 & #ahdh1 ! dea?s 7 #bae1 #afa1 & #agf respectively4 ,! bir?s exce$ ! dea?s by #cd4 ,,! ,,aurora ,,borealis4--,!re h be5 sev5 exhibitions ( ! aurora borealis dur+ ! ye> #ahdi1 two ( :i* 7 suffici5tly rem>kable to m]it some?+ m ?an a pass+ notice4 ,! fir/ occurr$ on ! ev5+ ( ,janu>y #ad?4 ,at #aj ,p4,m41 a well-def9$ auroral ar*1 ab\t #e 9 wid?1 ext5d$ f ,,nne4 to ,w41 its highe/ "p rea*+ ne>ly to ,arid$ 9 ,cygnus4 ,at #aa;h !re 0 "o complete ar*1 & segm5ts ( two o!r ar*es1 all brilliant1 cross+ ea* o!r 9 ! ,,nw41 & ?r[+ (f int5sely bright /ream]s1 "s ( :i* rea*$ ! altitude ( ! ,po9t]s4 ,! aurora 0 n[ exce$+ly beautiful1 & emitt$ consid]able light4 ,! /ream]s appe>$ to h a duplex lat]al motion1 runn+ along ! upp] edge ( ! ar* f we/ to nor?1 & !n backw>ds f nor? to we/4 ,! cle> sky b5ea? ! ar*es 0 almo/ black1 f contra/4 ,at #aa;h #cjm ! ar*es _h brok5 up1 & ! /ream]s appe>$ to emanate f ! horizon4 ,febru>y #ah4--;,at #i ,p4,m4 !re 0 a brilliant b& ( auroral light 9 ! ea/ ab\t #f 9 wid?1 :i* %ot upw>ds t[>ds ! z5i?1 ?r[+ (f %ort lat]al /ream]s4 ,at times1 a complete ar* ( v>y+ wid? ext5d$ f ! ea/]n to ! we/]n horizon2 at o!rs1 x 0 brok5 up into two or m deta*$ portions4 ,at #i;h #dem1 a magnific5t ra9b[-l ar* ab\t #b 9 wid?1 spann$ ! heav5s f ,,ene4 to ,,wsw4 ,! altitude ( ! c5tre 0 app>5tly ab\t #ge2 ! l[] edge1 at or ne> ! highe/ po9t ( ! ar*1 0 b\nd$ by ! /> ,ca/or4 ,! ar* 0 beautifully def9$1 & ( p]fectly ev5 wid? ?r\gh\t its entire ext5t2 x disappe>$ 9 a few m9utes aft] my att5tion 0 call$ to x1 & soon aft] ! sky became ov]ca/4 ,b = ! abs5ce ( ! moon1 x might easily h be5 mi/ak5 = a lun> ra9b[4 ,a precisely simil> ar* made its appe>ance "h on ! ev5+ ( ! #ba/ ( ,m>* #ahcc1 & z f> z my obs]vation goes1 ^! p]fect ra9b[-l ar*es are ( exce$+ly r>e occurr5ce4 ,! foll[+ ph5om5on ?\gh unconnect$ ) auror1 is probably ( electric orig92 &1 z an unusual atmosph]ic appe>ance1 is wor?y ( be+ plac$ on record3--,septemb] #af4--,! sky 0 mo/ly ov]ca/ ?r\gh\t ! day1 except a segm5t ext5d+ f ,,wsw4 to ,,ene41 :i* 0 bright & cle> to an altitude ( ab\t #ae4 ,! upp] b\nd>y ( ! cle> blue space 0 an elliptical segm5t =m$ by a %eet ( :ite cl\d1 :i* 0 p>tially illum9at$ t[>ds ! we/]n extremity1 & some:at resembl$ an auroral ar*4 ,i fir/ notic$ ?is blue ar* ab\t #c ,p4,m41 & f t "t until x disappe>$1 ab\t six o'clock1 !re 0 n ! slighte/ app>5t *ange1 ei!r 9 its altitude or position4 ,x 0 obs]v$ z e>ly z #g o'clock 9 ! morn+1 :5 x 01 ne>] to ! horizon4 ,,g5]al ,,rem>ks4--,! ye> #ahdi is ! drie/ we h _h s9ce #ahdd2 ! fall ( ra9 7#ci in*es7 is #gi in*es "u ! av]age annual dep?1 :i* is #dg in*es ne>ly4 ,f "s cause1 ! annual quantity ( ra9 at ?is place is evid5tly on ! decrease1 & ! dim9ution is1 ,i believe1 g5]al all ov] ! nor? ( ,engl&4 ,probably ! l>ge am\nt ( moor & wa/e m>%y l& br\ght into cultivation ( late ye>s1 & ! m effici5t dra9age ( ! c\ntry g5]ally1 by dim9i%+ ! evaporat+ surface1 & s int]f]+ ) t invisible process ( nature :i* is ! s\rce ( e k9d ( atmosph]ic deposition1 may h l$ to ?is & o!r *anges :i* appe> to h occurr$ 9 ! climate ( ,engl& )9 ! la/ half c5tury4 ,9 ! fir/ sev5 ye>s 7#ahcc-ci7 aft] ,i began to keep a meteorological record1 ! av]age annual dep? ( ra9 0 #diic in*es1 or #ej in*es ne>ly2 9 ! la/ sev5 ye>s1 end+ ) #ahdh1 ! av]age is r$uc$ to #dcgd in*es4 ,! greate/ quantity 9 ! la/ #ag ye>s is #ei in*es1 9 #ahcf2 ! lea/1 #cdfi in*es 9 #ahdb4 ,! ?ree drie/ ye>s 9 ! p]iod are #ahdb1 #ahdd1 & #ahdi1 :i* yield$ #cdfi in*es1 #cfgb in*es1 & #ci in*es4 ,! temp]ature ( ! pa/ ye> 7#dhfi7 is ab\t half a degree bel[ ! climatic mean1 :i* is #dijb4 ,! colde/ ye> ( ! la/ #ag 0 #ahde1 & ! milde/1 #ahdf2 ! mean temp]atures ( ^! ye>s 7 #dgdi & #ejhe respectively4 ,! nak$ !rmomet] on ! grass1 plac$ on raw wool1 has be5 at or bel[ ! freez+ po9t 9 e mon? ( #ahdi2 viz41 9 ,janu>y1 on #ai nights2 9 ,febru>y1 on #ad2 9 ,m>*1 on #ac2 9 ,april1 on #ah2 9 ,may1 on #aa2 9 ,june1 on #h2 9 ,july1 on #a2 9 ,augu/1 on #b2 9 ,septemb]1 on #e2 9 ,octob]1 on #af2 9 ,novemb]1 on #ac2 & 9 ,decemb]1 on #bd nights4 ,! am\nt ( radiant heat ?r[n (f f ! e>?'s cru/ at night1 9 ! ye> #ahdi1 z indicat$ by nak$ !rmomet]s plac$ on raw wool & on grass1 is mu* great] ?an usual4 ,! evaporation exce$s ! fall ( ra9 9 five mon?s ( #ahdi2 viz41 9 ,m>*1 ,april1 ,may1 ,june1 & ,septemb]4 ,9 #ahdi1 we h _h #ab p]fectly cle> days2 #afc days m or less cl\dy b )\t ra92 #aij wet days2 #bfa days on :i* ! sun %one out2 #cc days ( fro/2 #ac ( hail2 #g ( sn[2 #aj ( ?und] & lightn+2 & #g days 9 :i* lightn+ occurr$ )\t ?und]4 ,!re h also be5 ?ree lun> halos1 "o lun> ra9b[1 a d\ble p>helion1 & sev5 appe>ances ( ! aurora borealis4 ,! cle> days are #ad1 ! days ( sun%9e are #ac1 & ! wet days are #h less ?an ! av]age numb]4 ,! pa/ ye> has !re=e af=d$ a small] %>e ( blue sky & a less am\nt ( sun%9e ?an usual1 al?\gh ! dep? ( ra9 & ! numb] ( wet days are bo? bel[ ! av]age = ! locality4 ,! quantity ( electricity 9 ! air 0 extremely small d[n to ! end ( ,july1 aft] :i* x 0 re/or$ to its av]age am\nt4 ,?is fact is /rik+ly exhibit$ by ! foll[+ table ( cont9u\s obs]vations tak5 by ,m4 ,quetelet ) ,pelti]'s electromet]3-- ,av]age ,mean #ahdd-ahdh4 #ahdi4 ,janu>y1 #ec #ci ,febru>y1 #dg #cf ,m>*1 #ch #bg ,april1 #bg #bj ,may1 #ba #af ,june1 #ah #ac ,july1 #ai #ad ,augu/1 #ba #ba ,septemb]1 #bd #bd ,9 #ahdi1 ! dea?s exce$ ! calculat$ av]age numb] by #gi1 & ! bir?s exce$ ! dea?s by #gd4 ,9 ! sev5 ye>s end+ ) #ahde1 ! mean annual numb] ( dea?s 9 ! t[n & suburb1 ) an assum$ population ( #ag1hfg1 is #daj1 be+ #bbi p] ?\s&1 or "o dea? 9 e #dce p]sons4 ,9 #ahdf1 #ahdg1 & #ahdh 7assum$ av]age population #ah1cbi71 ! mean annual numb] is #fid1 be+ #cgh dea?s p] ?\s&1 or #a 9 e #bfd p]sons 9 ^? ?ree mo/ unheal?y ye>s4 ,9 #ahdi ! dea?s are #fjf1 :i*1 assum+ ! population to be ! same z 9 #ahdh1 give #cbb dea?s p] #ajjj1 or #a dea? 9 e #ca p]sons4 ,! av]age annual numb] ( dea?s 9 ! t5 ye>s #ahci-dh is #die1 :i*1 ) an assum$ population ( #ag1gac1 gives #bgi p] #ajjj1 or #a dea? 9 e #ceg inhabitants4 ,s t ! mortality 9 #ahdi1 al?\gh /ill above ! av]age1 %ews a m>k$ improvem5t 9 ! heal? ( ! t[n z comp>$ ) any ( ! ?ree prec$+ ye>s2 &1 9 ! la/ qu>t]1 ! dea?s are bel[ ! av]age = ! p]iod4 ,,! ,,obs]vatory1 ,,:itehav51 #ac? ,m>* #ahej4 ,! ,complet$ ,coral ,isl&4 ,by ,,james ,d4 ,,dana1 ,geologi/ to ! ,am]ican ,exploratory ,exp$ition1 c41 c4 ,! ,coral ,isl&1 9 its be/ condition1 is b a mis]able resid5ce = man4 ,!re is poetry 9 e feature2 b ! natives f9d ?is a poor sub/itute = ! bread-fruit & yams ( m fav\r$ l&s4 ,! cocoa-nut & p&anus are1 9 g5]al1 ! only products ( ! vegetable k+dom af=d$ = _! su/5ance1 & fi% & crabs f ! reef _! only animal food4 ,scanty1 too1 is ! supply2 & infanticide is resort$ to 9 self-def5ce1 :]e b a few ye>s w\ld o!rwise ov]/ock ! half-doz5 squ>e miles ( :i* _! little _w consi/s4 ,yet !re are m com=ts ?an might be expect$ on a l& ( s limit$ ext5t1 )\t riv]s1 )\t hills1 9 ! mid/ ( salt wat]1 ) ! mo/ elevat$ po9t b t5 feet above high tide1 & no "p m ?an #cjj y>ds f ! ocean4 ,?\gh ! soil is light & ! surface (t5 /rew$ ) blocks ( coral1 !re is a d5se cov]+ ( vegetation to %ade ! native villages f a tropical sun4 ,! cocoa-nut--! tree ( a ?\s& uses--gr[s luxuriantly on ! coral-made l&1 aft] x has em]g$ f ! ocean2 & ! scanty dresses ( ! natives1 _! dr9k+-vessels & o!r ut5sils1 mats1 cordage1 fi%+-l9es1 & oil1 besides food1 dr9k1 & build+ mat]ial1 are all suppli$ f x4 ,! ,p&anus1 or screw-p9e1 fl\ri%es well1 & is exactly fitt$ = su* regions3 z x enl>ges & spreads its bran*es1 "o prop aft] ano!r gr[s out f ! trunk & plants itself 9 ! gr\nd2 & by ?is means its base is wid5$ & ! gr[+ tree support$4 ,! fruit1 a l>ge ovoidal mass1 made up ( oblong dry se$1 div]g+ f a c5tre1 ea* ne> two cubic in*es 9 size1 af=ds a sweeti%-husky article ( food1 :i*1 ?\gh little bett] ?an prep>$ corn-/alks1 admits ( be+ /or$ away = use :5 o!r ?+s fail4 ,! ext5sive reefs ab\nd 9 fi% :i* are easily captur$2 & ! natives1 ) wood5 hooks1 (t5 br+ 9 l>g] k9ds f ! deep wat]s4 ,f su* res\rces a population ( #aj1jjj p]sons is support$ on ! s+le ,isl& ( ,tapute\ea1 ^: :ole habitable area does n exce$ six squ>e miles4#cj ,footnote #cj3 ,!re are a few isl&s bett] suppli$ ) vegetable food1 ?\gh ! above /atem5ts are lit]ally true ( a l>ge majority4 ,wat] is usually to be f\nd 9 suffici5t quantities = ! use ( ! natives1 al?\gh ! l& is s l[ & flat4 ,!y dig wells five to t5 feet deep 9 any "p ( ! dry islets1 & g5]ally obta9 a con/ant supply4 ,^! wells are sometimes f5c$ ar\nd ) special c>e2 & ! h\ses ( ! villages1 z at ,fakaafo1 are (t5 clu/]$ ab\t !m4 ,on ,aratica 7,c>l%(f7 !re is a wat]+-place #ej feet 9 diamet]1 f :i* our vessels 9 a few h\rs obta9$ #cij gallons4 ,! ,t>awan ,isl&s are g5]ally provid$ ) a supply suffici5t = ba?+1 & ea* native takes 8 morn+ ba? 9 fre% wat]1 e/eem$ by !m a great luxury4 ,! only s\rce ( ?is wat] is ! ra9s1 :i*1 p]colat+ ?r\gh ! loose surface1 settle ^u ! h>d5$ coral rock t =ms ! basis ( ! isl&4 ,z ! soil is :ite1 or ne>ly s1 x receives heat b sl[ly1 & !re is consequ5tly b little evaporation ( ! wat] t is once absorb$4 ,^! isl&s1 moreov]1 enclose ports ( great ext5t1 _m admitt+ ev5 ! l>ge/ class ( vessels2 & ! same lagoons are ! pe>l fi%]ies ( ! ,pacific4 ,an occasional log drifts to _! %ores2 & at "s ( ! m isolat$ atolls1 :]e ! natives are ignorant ( any l& b ! spot !y inhabit2 !y are deem$ direct gifts f a propitiat$ deity4 ,^! drift-logs 7 notic$ by ,kotzebue1 at ! ,m>%all ,isl&s1 & he rem>k$ also t !y (t5 br\ght /ones 9 _! roots4 ,simil> facts 7 obs]v$ by u at ! ,t>awan gr\p1 & also at ,end]by's ,isl&1 & else:]e4 ,! /ones at ! ,t>awan ,isl&s1 z f> z we c\ld le>n1 are g5]ally basaltic1 & !y are highly valu$ = :et/ones1 pe/les1 & hat*ets4 ,! logs are claim$ by ! *iefs = canoes4 ,"s ( ! logs on ,end]by's ,isl& 7 =ty feet long1 & f\r 9 diamet]4 ,fragm5ts ( pumice & res9 are transport$ by ! waves to ! ,t>awan ,isl&s4 ,we 7 in=m$ t ! pumice 0 ga!r$ f ! %ores by ! wom51 & p\nd$ up to f]tilize ! soil ( _! t>o pat*es2 & x is s common1 t "o woman w pick up a peck 9 a day4 ,pumice 0 also met ) at ,fakaafo4 ,volcanic a%es are sometimes di/ribut$ ov] ^! isl&s1 ?r\gh ! atmosph]e2 & 9 ?is mann] ! soil ( ! ,tonga ,isl&s is improv$1 & 9 "s places x has receiv$ a r$di% col\r4 ,! (fic]s ( ! ,v9c5nes obs]v$ sev]al l>ge masses ( compact & cellul> basalt on ,rose ,isl&1 a few degrees ea/ ( ,samoa3 !y lie two hundr$ y>ds inside ( ! l9e ( break]s4 ,! isl& is un9habit$1 & ! orig9 ( ! /ories is d\btful2 !y may h be5 br\ght !re by roots ( trees1 or p]haps by "s canoe4 ,not)/&+ ! great numb] ( coral isl&s 9 ! ,paumotu ,ar*ipelago1 ! botani/ f9ds !re1 z ,dr ,pick]+ in=ms me1 only tw5ty-eight or tw5ty-n9e native species ( plants4 ,! foll[+ are ! mo/ common ( !m3 ,portulacca1 two species2 ,scvola ,konigii4 ,pisonia8 "o species2 ,t\rne=tia s]icea2 ,p&anus odoratissimus2 ,lepidium1 "o species2 ,euphorbia1 "o species2 ,mor9da citrifolia2 ,bo]havia1 two species2 ,cassy?a1 "o species2 ,heliotropium pro/ratum1 ,pemphis acidula1 ,guett>da speciosa1 ,triumphetta procumb5s1 ,sauriana m>itima2 ,convolvulus1 "o species2 ,urtica1 "o or two species2 ,aspl5ium nidus2 ,a*yran?us1 "o species2 a species ( grass4 ,"o or two rubiace\s %rubs4 ,polypodium4 ,on ,rose ,isl&1 ,dr ,pick]+ f\nd only ! ,pisonia & a ,portulacca4 ,! ,triumphetta procumb5s1 a creep+ plant1 takes root1 l ! ,portulacca1 9 ! mo/ b>r5 s&s1 & is v common4 ,! ,t\rne=tia & ,scvola are also among ! e>lie/ species4 ,! ,pisonia1 a tree ( h&some foliage1 ! ,p&anus1 or screw-p9e1 & ! cocoa-nut 7always an introduc$ species71 con/itute ! l>g] "p ( ! =e/s4 ,9 ! ,m>%all gr\p1 :]e ! vegetation is m v>i$1 ,*amisso obs]v$ fifty-two native plants1 &1 9 a few in/ances1 ! banana1 t>o1 & bread-fruit4 ,! language ( ! natives indicates _! pov]ty1 z well z ! limit$ productions & unv>y+ features ( ! l&4 ,all words1 l ^? = m\nta91 hill1 riv]1 & _m ( ! implem5ts ( _! ance/ors1 z well z ! trees & o!r vegetation ( ! l& f :i* !y are d]iv$1 are lo/ to !m2 & z words are b signs = ideas1 !y h fall5 (f 9 g5]al intellig5ce4 ,x w\ld be an int]e/+ inquiry = ! philosoph]1 to :at ext5t a race ( m51 plac$ 9 su* circum/ances1 are capable ( m5tal improvem5t4 ,p]haps ! qu]y might be be/ answ]$ by ano!r3 ,h[ _m ( ! v>i\s arts ( civiliz$ life c\ld exi/ 9 a l& :]e %ells are ! only cutt+ in/rum5ts8 ,! plants1 9 all b tw5ty-n9e 9 numb]1--b a s+le m9]al1--quadrup$s1 none1 ) ! exception ( =eign mice1--fre% wat] b>ely en\gh = h\sehold purposes1--no /reams1 nor m\nta9s1 nor hills6 ,h[ mu* ( ! poetry or lit]ature ( ,europe w\ld be intelligible to p]sons ^: ideas _h exp&$ only to ! limits ( a coral isl&1--:o _h nev] conceiv$ ( a surface ( l& above half a mile 9 bread?1 ( a slope high] ?an a bea*1 ( a *ange ( seasons beyond a v>iation 9 ! preval5ce ( ra9s8 ,:at elevation 9 morals %\ld be expect$ ^u a contract$ islet1 s readily ov]peopl$ t ?reat5$ />vation drives to infanticide1 & t5ds to cultivate ! extreme/ selfi%ness8 ,assur$ly1 !re is n a m unfav\rable spot = moral or intellectual developm5t 9 ! wide _w ?an ! ,coral ,isl&1 ) all its beauty ( grove & lake4 ,^! isl&s are expos$ to e>?quakes & /orms1 l ! cont95ts1 & occasionally a deva/at+ wave sweeps across ! l&4 ,dur+ ! heavi] gales ! natives sometimes secure _! h\ses by ty+ !m to ! cocoa-nut trees1 or to a /ake plant$ = ! purpose4 ,a height ( t5 or twelve feet1 ! elevation ( _! l&1 is easily ov]topp$ by ! m viol5t seas2 & great damage is sometimes exp]i5c$4 ,! /ill m ext5sive e>?quake waves1 su* z ^? :i* h swept up ! coa/ ( ,spa91 ,p]u1 & ! ,s&wi* ,isl&s1 w\ld produce a complete deluge ov] ^! isl&s4--7,unit$ ,/ates' ,explor+ ,exp$ition4--,geology4--,by ,james ,dana1 p4 #ge47 ,biographical ,notice ( ,leopold ,pilla1 ! ,geologi/4 ,by ,h4 ,,coqu&4#ca ,communicat$ by ! ,au?or4 ,footnote #ca3 ,read to ! ,geological ,society ( ,france1 at _! meet+ on ! #af? ( ,april #ahdi4 ,aga91 to br+ to y\r recollection ! num]\s works :i* h plac$ ,pilla among ! mo/ em95t geologi/s ( ,italy1 is to d hon\r to ! memory ( an associate1 ^: rec5t loss we lam5t1 by be/[+ well-m]it$ praises on ! greatness ( m9d 9 a citiz51 :o nobly sacrific$ a life already illu/ri\s1 & :i* ! future promis$ to r5d] /ill m s1 to ! good ( 8 c\ntry4 ,yes1 ,italy has always be5 tellus magna virum6 ,! *ances ( w>1 ! rage ( civil discord1 ! insults ( =eign dom9ation1 may h eclips$ its political "n1 b !y c\ld n ext+ui% its g5ius4 ,! bla/ ( revolutions has respect$ ! triple halo ) :i* ! sci5ces1 lett]s1 & ! arts1 h adorn$ its br[4 ,by entru/+ to "o ( 8 fri5ds ! task ( enum]at+ 8 sci5tific lab\rs1 ! ,society imposes on him a v pa9ful duty2 b he und]takes x ) feel+ & gratitude2 = ! public homage r5d]$ to ! virtues ( ^? :om we h lov$1 seems to br+ !m back to u1 & s(t5s ! aw>ds ( de/9y1 :i* has too soon snat*$ !m f u4 ,leopold ,pilla 0 born 9 ! k+dom ( ,naples4 ,:ile /ill "y1 ! excit+ sc5es ( ,vesuvius attract$ 8 att5tion1 & det]m9$ 8 sci5tific c>e]4 ,9 #ahcb1 he und]took to write ! annals ( ?is volcano1 & gave its hi/ory 9 two p]iodical collections4#cb ,x 0 at ?is p]iod t he prov$ ! production ( flames 9 volcanic eruptions1 & d$uc$ f !nce ! +5i\s conclusions :i* y judg$ wor?y ( a place 9 y\r memoirs4#cc ,?is rem>kable "w1 :i* ( itself w\ld h be5 suffici5t to e/abli% 8 sci5tific reputation1 0 soon foll[$ by num]\s o!rs1 :i* %$ a new lu/re on 8 "n4 ,! /udy ( ! ext9ct volcano ( ,rocca ,monf9a1#cd 9 ! ,campania1 illu/rat$ ! !ory ( crat]s de s\levem5t1 & enri*$ x ) facts ( ! highe/ importance4 ,footnote #cb3 ,spettatore del ,vesuvio et ,bullet9o del ,vesuvio4 ,napoli1 #ahcb4 ,footnote #cc3 ,sopra la produzione delle fiamme nei vulcani1 e sopra le consequ5ze *e se ne possono tir>e4 ,atti del ,congresso di ,lucca1 #ahde4 ,footnote #cd3 ,memoires de la ,socit ,geologique de ,france1 t4 i41 #bme s]ie4 ,) a m9d at once philosophical & cultivat$1 he 0 able to g5]alise & describe1 to unite erudition ) good ta/e1 & to treat que/ions ( deepe/ sci5ce ) t grace & picturesqu5ess ( /yle1 :i* r5d]s !m popul> )\t detract+ f _! accuracy4 ,8 love = geology am\nt$ to en?usiasm2 he 0 !re=e s zeal\s 9 propagat+ 8 views1 t c]ta9 jeal\s m9ds c\ld n p>don him1 & l$ him to atone = 8 fault1 by a volunt>y exile4 ,! apo/le ( ! sci5ce1 he likewise 0 its m>tyr2 ?us no?+ 0 want+ to 8 fame4 ,x is ! privilege ( m5 ( g5ius to be p]secut$4 ,oblig$ to yield to ! /orm1 ,pilla left ,naples1 b by 8 writ+s he belong$ to ,italy at l>ge2 & ! unanim\s acclamation :i* greet$ him 9 ! *air =m]ly occupi$ by ,galileo1 conf]r$ on him by ! lib]ality ( ! ,gr& ,duke ( ,tuscany1 =m$ at once 8 triumph & rev5ge4 ,besides ! works m5tion$1 we owe to him a ,m9]alogical ,treatise on ,rocks2#ce an ,introduction to ! ,/udy ( ,m9]alogy2#cf & a ,geological ,it9]>y f ,naples to ,vi5na4#cg ,?us1 by approv+ ! new productions :i* 8 activity produc$1 & :i* caus$ him to be bett] appreciat$ by ! nation :i* _h adopt$ him1 ! ,tuscans _h only to sanction ! judgm5t !y _h already giv5 ( our savant1 f\nd$ on 8 reputation & works4 ,footnote #ce3 ,trattato m9]alogico delle ,roccie1 ,napoli4 ,footnote #cf3 ,introduzione allo /udio della geologia1 ,napoli4 ,footnote #cg3 ,oss]vazioni ,geologi*e *e si possono f>e lungo la /rada da ,napoli a ,vi5na4 ,pilla left 8 he>t at ,naples4 ,t city conta9$ all ! objects ( 8 affections--a fa!r1 :o _h guid$ 8 fir/ attempts 9 ! field ( sci5ce1 & 8 family--a classical soil :i* _h reveal$ to him ! secret ( its revolutions1 a maje/ic l&scape1 :i* he c\ld n f9d among ! monoton\s pla9s ( ,pisa1 & above all 8 own ,vesuvius4 ,x 0 9 ?is way t he recall$ to 8 m9d ! m\nta9 :i* _h be5 ! subject ( 8 daily /udy1 & f ^: summit nature pres5t$ h]self to 8 eyes 9 ! mo/ /rik+ contra/s1 reveal+ to 8 view its subt]ranean convulsions1 connect$ ) ! delightful picture ( ! ,gulf ( ,baia4 ,all 8 ?\ghts br\ght him back to ,naples4 ,:51 f ! height ( ! t]races ( ,campiglia our view ext5d$ f ! peaks ( ,m\nt ,amiata to ! banks ( ! ,popolonia1 & f ! ,tuscan ,ar*ipelago to ! di/ant horizons ( ,corsica & ,s>d9ia1 my poor fri5d (t5 int]rupt$ our rev]ies by say+1--,x is almo/ z beautiful z ,naples1 b my ,vesuvius is want+2 & !n add+1 ,h[ un=tunate x is t ,w]n] did n lay ! f\ndation ( geology at ,naples2 he w\ld h made x ,plutonian4 ,?us ! love ( 8 c\ntry1 & ! recollection ( its wond]s1 7 conf\nd$ 9 8 m9d ) ! cultivation ( ! sci5ce1 & gave to 8 animat$ & poetical conv]sation a t\*+ melan*oly :i* agreeably temp]$ 8 vivacity4 ,dur+ ! ye>s ( 8 pr(essor%ip at ,pisa1 ,pilla publi%$1 9 succession1 a comp>ative ,essay on ! =mations :i* compose ! soil ( ,italy2#ch a ,collection ( ! ,m9]al ri*es ( ,tuscany2#ci two ,memoirs on ! ,etrurian ,=mation2#dj ,hi/ory ( an ,e>?quake felt 9 ,tuscany1 9 #ahdf2da _m notices respect+ ! ,calc>e-rosso1 & on ! temp]ature obs]v$ 9 ! wells ( ,monte-,massi2#db la/ly1 ! fir/ volume ( 8 ,treatise on ,geology4#dc ,! entire "w w\ld h =m$ f\r octavo volumes4 ,! mat]ials 7 prep>$1 b dea? left ! "w incomplete4 ,z ^! v>i\s writ+s are 9 ! h&s ( all geologi/s1 we give no analysis ( !m2 :i* inde$ w\ld only be a fa9t reflection f ! pictures pres5t to y\r memory4 ,i may m]ely say1 t ! elevat$ consid]ations ( ! g5]al physics ( ! globe to :i* he has ris5 9 appreciat+ & inve/igat+ ! causes ( e>?quakes1 ! compreh5sive & me?odical plan on :i* he has project$ ?is geological treatise1 by af=d+ u a pro( ( ! f]tility & maturity ( 8 m9d1 %ew u1 at ! same "t1 ! importance ( ! "p res]v$ = a philosoph]1 :om dea? has remov$ f ! pres5t sc5e be=e he _h rea*$ 8 ?irty-six? ye>4 ,footnote #ch3 ,saggio comp>ative dei t]r5i *e compongono il suolo de l',italia1 ,pisa4 ,footnote #ci3 ,breve c5no sopra la ri*ezza m9]alogica della ,toscano1 ,pisa4 ,footnote #dj3 ,sulla v]a posizione del t]r5o di macigno 9 ,italia1 ,pisa2 & ,memoires de la ,socit geologique de ,france1 #bme s]ie1 t4 ii4 ,footnote #da3 ,/oria del tremuoto *e ha deva/uto i paesi della co/a ,toscana1 il di #ad ,ago/o #ahdf1 ,pisa4 ,footnote #db3 ,miscellanee di fisica e di ,/oria naturale di ,pisa1 anno #a1 ,nos4 #g & #h4 ,footnote #dc3 ,trattato di geologia1 t4 i41 ,pisa1 #ahdg4 ,! w> ( indep5d5ce rag$ at ! "t :5 ,pilla 0 ab\t to visit ! nor? ( ,europe1 9 ord] to complete 8 /udies 9 practical geology1 by comp>+ ! diff]5t =mations4 ,e g5]\s he>t 9 ,italy beat high at ! report ( ! insurrection ( ,milan2 & ! ,univ]sities ( ,pisa & ,si5na1 by dem&+ arms & fir/ fly+ to ! sc5e ( dang]1 %ew$ t he>ts1 prov$ 9 ! fire ( sci5ce1 are prep>$ = great ?+s4 ,pilla m>*$ at ! head ( 8 pupils1 & l$ !m 9 ! pa? ( glory1 z he _h done 9 t ( philosophy4 ,! love ( c\ntry & ?ir/ = indep5d5ce1 by subjugat+ 8 he>t1 _h /ifl$ ! calculation ( reason "u ! impulse & delirium ( en?usiasm4 ,he _h =ese5 ! issue ( ! /ruggle2 = he said to me "s days be=e sett+ out = ! pla9s ( ,lomb>dy1 ! h\r ( our fall has /ruck4 ,italy loses by f\rte5 ages ( s]vitude ! spl5d\r ( h] e>ly days4 ,!y are lead+ u to slaught]2 b we mu/ tea* our *ildr5 h[ to die1 9 ord] t !y may "k h[ !y may "o day become free4 ,! ,univ]sity legion =m$ a small corps :i* 0 plac$ on ! "r w+ ( ! ,pi$montese army1 & occupi$ ! positions ( ,curtatone & ,montan>a4 ,! pr9cipal ef=t ( ! ,au/rian army 0 direct$ aga9/ ^! l9es1 9 ! affair ( ! #bi? ,may #ahdh4 ,attack$ by #ac1jjj imp]ial troops1 ! ,tuscans resi/$ c\rage\sly1 & did n fall back till !y _h left #bej ( _! m5 on ! field ( battle4 ,_! h]oic resi/ance pav$ ! way = ! success ( ,goito4 ,pilla 0 f\nd among ! dead4 ,on ! ,*ronological ,exposition ( ! ,p]iods ( ,vegetation1 & ! diff]5t ,floras :i* h succe$$ ea* o!r on ! ,e>?'s ,surface4 ,accord+ to ! views ( ,m4 ,,brongni>t4 7,cont9u$ f p4 #ccj ( ,volume #dh47 ,,ii4 ,p]mian ,p]iod4--,! nature ( ! vegetables :i* appe> peculi> to ?is epo*1 is f> f be+ det]m9$ 9 a positive mann]2 = ! few localities :]e ! fossils we consid] z belong+ to x1 h hi!rto be5 f\nd1 are n p]haps really ( a =mation v id5tical & truly contemporane\s4 ,= x may be ask$1 :e!r ! bitum9\s & copp] slates ( ! c\nty ( ,mansfield1 class$ by all geologi/s ) ! ze*/e91 & ! s&/one ( ,russia1 plac$ by ,m4 ,m4 ,mur*ison & ,v]neuil 9 _! ,p]mian =mation1 are really contemporane\s8 ,f9ally1 is !re great] reason = classify+ ! slates ( ,lodve1 consid]$ by ,m4 ,m4 ,dufresnoy & ,elie de ,beaumont z dep5d+ on ! v>iegat$ s&/one1 b s diff]5t f ! same s&/one ( ! ,vosges 9 its flora1 9 ?is p]iod1 :i* w\ld ?us be a k9d ( passage f ! coal p]iod1 s well *>act]is$1 to ! vosgian or v>iegat$ s&/one1 :i* diff]s f x 9 s decid$ a mann]8 ,on acc\nt ( ^! d\bts1 ,m4 ,brongni>t indicates ^! ?ree floras sep>ately2 #a/1 ,! ,flora ( ! bitum9\s slates ( ,?ur+ia1 compos$ ( alg1 f]ns1 & conif]2 #b;d1 ,! ,flora ( ! ,p]mian s&/ones ( ,russia1 :i* compreh5ds f]ns1 equisetace1 lycopodiace1 & noegg]a?i2 #c;d1 ,! ,flora ( ! slates ( ,lodve1 :i* is compos$ ( f]ns1 a/]ophyllite1 & conif]4 ,we p]ceive t !re are great specific diff]5ces betwe5 ! plants ( ^! localities1 & t hi!rto no species common to !m has be5 f\nd4 ,mu/ we ascribe ^! diff]5ces to ! influ5ce ( ! great div]sity ( geographical position1 or is !re1 besides1 a diff]5ce 9 ! p]iod ( _! orig9 among ^! =mations8 ,! only "* :i* t5ds to br+ ^! two latt] ,floras ne> ea* o!r1 is ! relation :i* bo? ( !m be> to ! coal-=mations1 ( :i* !y seem to be a k9d ( extract1 rem9d+ u m especially ( ! mo/ rec5t b$s4 ,) reg>d to ! plants ( ! bitum9\s slates ( ! ,mansfeld di/rict1 !y are s few 9 numb]1 & appe> to h be5 deposit$ 9 conditions s diff]5t1 t we c ) difficulty comp>e !m ) ! two o!r ,floras4 ,yet ! species ( ,sph5opt]is are extremely l ea* o!r 9 ! ?ree =mations1 & an exact comp>ison w\ld p]haps e/abli% ! id5tity ( _m ( !m4 ,! ,pecopt]is cr5ulata ( ,ilm5au1 is only p]haps an imp]fect /ate ( ! ,pecopt]is abbreviata ( ,lodve2 la/ly1 ! ,callipt]is ( ! ,p]mian =mation ( ,lodve h a v close connection betwe5 !mselves & ! ,callipt]is ( ! coal-=mation4 ,we may add1 ) reg>d to ! bitum9\s slates ( ,?ur+ia1 t _m ( ^! fossils appe> to be m>9e plants1 ^: numb]s w\ld become mu* m consid]able if we did n suppress all ! imp]fect impressions :i* h be5 describ$ z su*1 & :i* are no?+ m ?an fragm5ts ( f]ns or alt]$ conif]4 ,,ii4 ,,reign ,,( ,,! ,,gymnosp]ms4--,dur+ ! prec$+ p]iods1 & p>ticul>ly dur+ ! ,c>bonif]\s p]iod1 ! ,acrog5\s cryptogams pr$om9at$1 & ! ,gymnosp]m\s dicotyl$ons1 less num]\s1 %ew$ !mselves 9 unusual =ms1 & sometimes s anomal\s t we are 9 d\bt :e!r to place !m 9 ?is or ! prec$+ dep>tm5t2 su* are ! ,a/]ophyllite4 ,at a lat] p]iod1 on ! contr>y1 ^! anomal\s & ambigu\s =ms1 ^: classification is (t5 obscure1 disappe>2 ,acrog5\s cryptogams & ,gymnosp]m\s dicotyl$ons evid5tly ent] into families /ill exi/+1 diff]+ f !m only 9 g5]ic =ms2 ! ,f]ns & ,equisetace1 :i* repres5t ! acrog5s1 are less num]\s2 ! ,conif] & ,cycade almo/ equal !m 9 numb]1 & usually exce$ !m 9 frequ5cy1 especially 9 ! second p]iod2 by _! abundance & size !y af=d ! ess5tial "* ( all ^! =mations2 la/ly1 ! ,angiosp]m\s dicotyl$ons are :olly want+1 & ! monocotyl$ons are 9 v small numb]s4 ,?is reign ( ! ,gymnosp]m\s dicotyl$ons is divid$ into two p]iods2 ! fir/1 9 :i* ! ,conif] pr$om9ate1 & 9 :i* ! ,cycade sc>cely appe>2 ! second1 9 :i* ?is family becomes pr$om9at+ 9 ! numb] ( species1 9 frequ5cy & v>iety ( g5]ic =ms4 ,! latt] may be divid$ into _m epo*s1 ea* pres5t+ peculi> *>act]s4 ,,iii4 ,vosgian ,p]iod4--,?is p]iod1 :i* does n appe> to h be5 ( long duration1 & compreh5ds only ! v>iegat$ s&/one prop]ly s call$1 pres5ts ! foll[+ *>act]s2 #a/1 ,! exi/5ce ( f]ns1 pretty num]\s1 ( =ms v (t5 anomal\s1 evid5tly con/itut+ g5]a n[ ext9ct1 & :i* are n f\nd ev5 9 ! mo/ rec5t =mations2 su* are ! ,anomopt]is & ! ,crematopt]is4 ,/ems ( arboresc5t f]ns are m frequ5t ?an dur+ ! ,jurassic p]iod2 true ,equisetums are v r>e2 ! ,calamites1 or r p]haps ! ,calamod5drons1 are abundant4 #b;d1 ,! ,gymnosp]ms are repres5t$ by two g5]a ( ,conif]1 ,voltzia & ,haid+]ia1 ( :i* ! species & specim5s are v num]\s4 ,! ,cycade1 on ! contr>y1 are v r>e4 ,m4 ,s*imp] m5tions only two species f\nd$ on two unique specim5s ( a v imp]fect "*1 & ! det]m9ation ( :i* may be consid]$ d\btful4 ,?is consid]ation appe>s to me to sep>ate completely1 9 a botanical po9t ( view1 ! p]iod ( ! v>iegat$ s&/one f t ( ! ,keup]1 al?\gh bo? are plac$ by geologi/s 9 ! trias-=mation4 ,= ! ,cycade become v abundant 9 ! ,keup]1 are p]fectly *>act]is$1 & (t5 analog\s to ^? ( ! ,jurassic p]iod2 :ile ! ,conif] ( ! v>iegat$ s&/one are1 on ! contr>y1 want+ 9 ?is =mation4 ,,iv4 ,jurassic ,p]iod4--,?is p]iod is "o ( ! mo/ ext5sive by ! =mations :i* x compreh5ds1 & ! v>iety ( diff]5t special epo*s ( vegetation :i* x embraces2 al?\gh we _c refuse to compreh5d1 "u a common title1 epo*s dur+ :i* v analog\s =ms h succe$$ ea* o!r4 ,x ?us compreh5ds f ! ,keup] inclusively1 up to ! ,wealdean =mations4 ,9 fact1 we f9d ! ,pt]ophyllum ( ! ,keup] appe> anew1 ) slight specific diff]5ces 9 ! ,wealdean =mations4 ,! equisetites ( ! ,keup] ext5d to ! mean ooli?ic =mation2 ! bai]a ( ! ,lias likewise recurs 9 ! ,wealdean b$s ( ! nor? ( ,g]many2 ! ,sag5opt]is & ! ,camptopt]is likewise appe> 9 ! ,keup]1 ,lias1 & ,oolite4 ,yet ^! common *>act]s1 :i* indicate a great analogy betwe5 ! ,floras ( ea* ( ^! epo*s ( =mation1 d n prev5t ea* ( !m hav+ *>act]s ( its own1 & (t5 an assemblage ( species1 almo/ all peculi> to ea* p>ticul> epo*4 ,we ought1 !re=e1 to di/+ui% "h ^? v>i\s subdivisions1 ! numb] ( :i* w p]haps be aft]w>ds multipli$1 :5 we become bett] acqua9t$ ) ! vegetables ( ea* ( ! /ages ( ! ,jurassic =mations4 ,keupric ,epo*4--,m4 ,brongni>t !n gives an enum]ation ( ! vegetables ( ! ,keupric epo*1 :i*1 9 reg>d to ! ,amphig5\s cryptogams1 consi/ ( ,alg2 9 reg>d to ! ,acrog5\s cryptogams1 ( ,f]ns & ,equisetace2 9 ! case ( ! ,gymnosp]m\s dicotyl$ons ( ,cycade & ,conif]2 la/ly1 ( two d\btful monocotyl$ons 7,paloxyris & ,preisl]ia47 ,on comp>+ ?is ,flora ) t ( ! v>iegat$ s&/one ( ! ,vosges1 & ) t ( ! ,lias1 we p]ceive t x has no?+ 9 common ) ! fir/ except ! paloxyris1 :i* appe>s v ne>ly relat$ to t ( ! v>iegat$ s&/one2 on ! contr>y1 x resembles ! ,flora ( ! ,lias or ,oolite 9 ! f]ns1 _m ( :i* are specifically id5tical1 or ne>ly alli$ 9 ! ,nilsonia & ,pt]ophyllum1 :i* are likewise ei!r id5tical1 or v ne>ly connect$ specifically ) ! ,lias4 ,lias ,epo*4--,! ,liasic epo* furni%es ,amphig5\s cryptogams1 consi/+ ( ,alg1 mu%rooms1 & li*5s2 ,acrog5\s cryptogams1 su* z ,f]ns1 ,m>sileace1 ,lycopodiace1 & ,equisetace2 ,gymnosp]m\s dicotyl$ons1 repres5t$ by ! ,cycade & ,conif]2 f9ally1 d\btful monocotyl$ons1 consi/+ ( ,proacites & ,cyp]ites4 ,! ess5tial *>act]s ( ?is epo* are !re=e1 #a/1 ,! great pr$om9ance ( ,cycade1 already well e/abli%$1 & ! pres5ce ( num]\s g5]a 9 ?is family1 p>ticul>ly ,zamites & ,nilsonia2 #b;d1 ,! exi/5ce ( _m g5]a among ! f]ns ) reticulat$ n]ves1 :i* sc>cely %ew !mselves1 & "u =ms n greatly v>i$1 9 ! mo/ anci5t =mations2 b "s ( :i*1 not)/&+1 already beg9 to appe> 9 ! epo* ( ! ,keup]4 ,su* are ! ,camptopt]is & ,?aumatopt]is4 ,oolitic ,epo*4--,! ,oolitic epo* furni%es1 among ,amphig5\s cryptogams1 ! ,alg2 among ! ,acrog5\s cryptogams1 ,f]ns1 ,m>sileace1 ,lycopodiace1 & ,equisetace2 among ! ,gymnosp]m\s dicotyl$ons1 ,cycade & ,conif]2 la/ly1 among ! d\btful monocotyl$ons1 ,podoc>ya & ,c>poli!s4 ,?is li/ is *iefly f\nd$ on ! fossils1 s v>i$ 9 "*1 collect$ on ! coa/s ( ,york%ire1 ne> ,:itby & ,sc>bor\gh1 9 b$s :i* are ref]r$ to diff]5t p>ts ( ! inf]ior oolite1 & p>ticul>ly to ! great oolite4 ,x likewise conta9s a small numb] ( species f\nd 9 ! slaty lime/one ( ,/onesfield1 ne> ,ox=d1 dep5d+ on ^! same b$s4 ,9 ,france1 ! fossils ( ?is =mation h be5 collect$ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,more/el1 ne> ,lyon1 by ,dr ,lortet2 at ,orbagn\x & ,ab]gem5s1 ne> ,nantua1 9 ! dep>tm5t ( ! ,a91 by ,m4 ,iti]2 9 ! vic9ity ( ,*ateaur\x1 ne> ,*tillon-sur-,se9e1 by ,colonel ,moret2 at ,mam]s1 9 ! dep>tm5t ( ,s>!1 by ,m4 ,desnoy]s2 &1 la/ly1 9 ! greate/ quantity by ,m4 ,moreau1 9 b$s ( ooli?ic lime/one ( a v pure :ite1 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,v]dun1 & ne> ,vauc\leurs4 ,"s species h likewise be5 f\nd at o!r po9ts ( ! ,jura1 9 ,norm&y1 ne> ,valogne1 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,al5on1 9 ea* ( ^! localities 9 v small numb]4 ,b ! great] "p ( ^! species are n yet describ$ & figur$1 & !y g5]ally diff] z species f ^? ( ,engl&4 ,! f]ns are g5]ally less num]\s1 & n s well pres]v$2 we mu/1 h[ev]1 except ! ,hym5ophyllites macrophyllus1 f\nd 9 a p]fect /ate at ,more/el1 & likewise obs]v$ at ,/onesfield1 & 9 ,g]many4 ,! ,cycade1 ! species ( :i* are n greatly v>i$1 are ref]rible to ! g5]a ,otozamites & ,zamites2 ,ct5is1 ,pt]ophyllum1 & ,nilsonia h n yet be5 obs]v$2 la/ly1 ! ,conif] ( ! g5us ,bra*yphyllum are !re p>ticul>ly abundant1 & m frequ5t ?an 9 ! o!r localities4 ,9 ,g]many1 x is m especially 9 ! slaty lime/one ( ,sol5h(51 ne> ,ai*/dt1 t ^! fossils h be5 obs]v$1 & p>ticul>ly ^? ( ! family ( ,alg4 ,m4 ,gpp]t likewise notices _m ,cycade 9 ! ,jurassic =mation ( ,ludwigsdorf1 ne> ,kreuzburg1 9 ,silesia4 ,b ^! localities1 s div]se1 are ref]rible to v diff]5t /ages ( ! ,ooli?ic s]ies1 & p]haps w con/itute1 :5 !y are bett] kn[n1 & m fully explor$1 di/9ct epo*s4 ,! di/9ctive *>act]s ( ?is epo*1 compris+ ! :ole ext5t we h assign$ to x1 f ! ,lias to ! ,wealdean =mation exclusively1 are2 among ! ,f]ns1 ! r>ity ( f]ns ) reticulat$ n]vures1 s num]\s 9 ! ,lias2 among ! ,cycade1 ! frequ5cy ( ,otozamites & ,zamites1 prop]ly s call$2 t is to say1 ,cycade mo/ analog\s to ^? ( ! exi/+ p]iod1 & ! dim9ution ( ,ct5is1 ,pt]ophyllum1 & ,nilsonia1 g5]a mu* m remote f liv+ species2 f9ally1 ! great] frequ5cy ( ,conif]1 viz41 ,bra*yphyllum & ,?uites1 mu* r>] 9 ! ,lias4 ,wealdean ,epo*4--,?is epo* af=ds1 ,amphig5\s cryptogams1 ! ,alg2 among ,acrog5\s cryptogams1 ,f]ns1 ,m>sileace1 & ,equisetace2 among ,gymnosp]m\s dicotyl$ons1 ,cycade & ,conif]2 la/ly1 "s ,c>poli!s z plants ( a d\btful class4 ,?is enum]ation results pr9cipally f discov]ies made1 9 rec5t ye>s1 9 ! ,wealdean =mations ( ! nor? ( ,g]many1 at ,o/]wald1 ,s*aumb]g1 ,buckeburg1 ,ob]kirke1 c41 ( :i* ! fossil plants 7 fir/ describ$ by ,m4 ,rm]1 & aft]w>ds 9 a m complete mann] by ,m4 ,dunk]1 9 8 monograph ( ^! =mations4 ,to ^! species mu/ be add$ o!rs1 less num]\s & v>i$1 previ\sly discov]$ 9 ! ,wealds ( ,engl&1 ne> ,tilgate ,=e/1 & ,ha/+s 9 ,sussex1 & :i* are s well describ$ by ,m4 ,mantell4 ,?is same =mation has likewise be5 f\nd 9 ,france1 ne> ,beauvais1 by ,m4 ,graves1 :o obs]v$ !re ,lon*opt]is ,mantelli1 & "s o!r plants1 ( :i* ,m4 ,brongni>t has n se5 specim5s1 & :i* he quotes f ,graves on ! geology ( ! dep>tm5t ( ! ,oise4 ,^! species1 #fa 9 numb]1 enum]at$ above1 appe> to be all peculi> to ?is =mation1 ) ! exception1 p]haps1 ( ,bai]a ,huttoni1 :i* seems to be id5tical ) ! species ( ! ,bayreu? ,lias & ,sc>bor\gh ,lias2 b _! g5]ic =ms are almo/ all ! same z ^? ( ! ,lias & ,oolitic =mations4 ,! ,cycade1 h[ev]1 already appe> less num]\s relatively to ! f]ns4 ,we fur!r obs]ve1 t ?is fre%-wat] =mation1 :i*1 accord+ to our view1 t]m9ates ! reign ( ! ,gymnosp]ms is connect$1 by ! :ole ( its *>act]s ) o!r epo*s ( ! vegetation ( ! ,jurassic =mation1 & is di/+ui%$ f ! ,cretace\s epo*1 :i* succe$s x1 by ! complete abs5ce ( e species :i* c\ld be arrang$ among ! ,angiosp]m\s dicotyl$ons1 bo? 9 ,france & ,engl&1 z well z 9 ! deposits ( nor!rn ,g]many1 s ri* 9 v>i$ species4 ,on ! contr>y1 9 ! l[] *alk1 cretace\s glauconia1 ! quad]s&/e9 or plan]kalk ( ,g]many1 we imm$iately f9d _m k9ds ( leaves evid5tly belong+ to ! great division ( ,angiosp]m\s dicotyl$ons1 z well z "s rema9s ( palms1 ( :i* no trace is obs]vable 9 ! ,wealdean deposits4 ,i class among ! ,cycade ! /ems ( ! ,tilgate =e/1 =m]ly designat$ by ! "n ( ,cla?>ia ,lyellii1 & :i* ,i h consid]$ z a /em relat$ to ! ,dracna4 ,! :ole ( its *>act]s1 al?\gh ! almo/ entire abs5ce ( ! tissues prev5ts u exam9+ its anatomy1 appe> to me to r5d] ?is connection mo/ probable1 & p>ticul>ly to indicate ! relations betwe5 ?is /em & t ( ,zamites gigas f\nd at ,sc>bor\gh4 ,! abundance ( ,lon*opt]is ,mantelli is a "* ( ! ,wealdean =mations ( ! s\? ( ,engl& & ! dep>tm5t ( ! ,oise1 :]e ?is fossil seems to make its appe>ance1 at lea/ 9 fragm5ts1 9 ! great] numb] ( localities1 :]e ^! b$s are expos$ by ! excavation ( pott]'s clay 9 ?is =mation1 ne> ,savignies4 ,9 ,g]many1 on ! contr>y1 ?is species is want+1 & ,abietites ,l9kii becomes ! pr$om9at+ plant4 ,) reg>d to ,bra*yphyllum1 ,i h n yet _h x 9 my p[] to /udy !m 9 a natural /ate2 b ! figures giv5 ( !m leave little d\bt z to _! analogy ) ! species ( ! ,oolitic epo*4 ,! abundance ( ! ,cycade likewise =ms a di/9ctive "* ( ! ,wealdean =mations ( ,g]many4 ,/ill !re are1 z has be5 se51 _m species common to ! two bas9s2 & ,i may add1 t probably ! ,sph5opt]is ,goepp]ti1 ,dunk41 does n diff] f ,sph5opt]is ,phillipsii1 ,mant4 ,i h n includ$ 9 ?is li/ "s m>9e plants m5tion$ z belong+ to ! b$s ( ?is epo*2 #a/1 because x appe>s to me d\btful :e!r !y really belong to ! ,wealdean & n to ! ,glauconian epo*2 #b;dly1 because x /ill appe>s to me unc]ta91 :e!r ! species m5tion$1 ,*ondrites qualis & intricatus1 are q id5tical1 specifically ) ! species ( ?is "n belong+ to ! fucoidal s&/one ly+ above ! *alk4 ,,iii4 ,,reign ,,( ,,! ,,angiosp]ms4--,! dom9at+ "* ( ?is la/ trans=mation ( ! vegetation ( ! globe1 is ! appe>ance ( ,angiosp]m\s dicotyl$ons1 ^? vegetables :i* actually con/itute m ?an ?ree-f\r?s ( ! vegetable creation ( our epo*1 & :i* appe> to h acquir$ ?is pr$om9ance f ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,t]ti>y =mations4 ,= a long p]iod ,i 0 ( op9ion t ^! vegetables did n beg9 to appe> till aft] ! *alk1 ) ! e>lie/ b$s ( ! ,t]ti>y =mations2 b m rec5t inve/igation has %ewn t b$s belong+ to ! ,*alk =mation pres5t "s v di/9ct examples4 ,^! vegetables appe> ev5 at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*alk =mation2 = x is c]ta9 t _m well-det]m9$ species exi/ 9 ! quad]s&/e9 & plan]kalk ( ,g]many1 :i* appe> to correspond to ! gre5 s&/one ( ,france1 or gre5 s& ( ,engli% geologi/s2 al?\gh ?is =mation 9 ,france & ,engl& has nev] yield$ any ( !m1 b only "s examples ( ,cycade1 ,conif]1 & m>9e plants4 ,b 9 s\!rn ,sw$51 at ,kop+ue 9 ,scania1 "s specim5s ( dicotyl$on\s leaves appe> associat$ ) a species ( ,cycade1 9 b$s :i* h be5 ref]r$ to ! gre5s&2 s t ! :ole ,*alk =mation w\ld appe> to con/itute a fir/ p]iod 9 ! reign ( ! ,angiosp]ms1 =m+1 s to speak1 ! passage betwe5 ! vegetation ( ! ,second>y & t ( ! ,t]ti>y =mations1 /ill pres5t+1 z ! fir/1 a few ,cycade1 z ! foll[+1 "s ,angiosp]m\s dicotyl$ons1 & ?us pav+ ! way to ! consid]able developm5t ( ^! vegetables 9 ! succe$+ p]iod4 ,?is p]iod is besides *>act]is$ by _m ,conif] peculi> to x1 & :i* appe> v di/9ct f ^? ( ! ,wealdean =mations1 & f ^? ( ! ,eoc5e epo* ( ! ,t]ti>y =mations2 & su* 9 p>ticul> are ! ,cunn+hamites4 ,we c !re=e di/+ui% two great p]iods 9 ! reign ( ! ,angiosp]ms3 #a/1 ,! ,cretace\s p]iod1 a k9d ( p]iod ( transition4 #b;dly1 ,! ,t]ti>y p]iod1 pres5t+ all ! *>act]s aris+ f ! pr$om9ance ( ,angiosp]ms1 ,dicotyl$ons1 & ,monocotyl$ons1 & divisible into _m epo*s1 ! *>act]s ( :i* w n be well e/abli%$ until we h remov$ all d\bts z to ! agreem5t ( ! diff]5t local s]ies ( ! ,t]ti>y =mations4 ,v4 ,cretace\s ,p]iod4--,! ,cretace\s p]iod1 prop]ly s call$1 compreh5ds p]haps _m di/9ct epo*s2 b ! b$s :]e fossil vegetables h be5 obs]v$1 n hav+ be5 always classifi$ ) precision 9 ! diff]5t subdivisions ( ?is =mation1 x is impossible to e/abli% _! *ronology ) c]ta9ty4 ,besides1 we mu/ di/+ui% an epo* :i* appe>s imm$iately to prec$e ?is =mation1 & "o :i* foll[s x1 & yet diff]s f ! ,eoc5e p]iod4 ,we are acqua9t$ ) fossil vegetables ( ! ,cretace\s p]iod3-- #a/1 ,sub-,cretace\s ,epo*4--,9 ! subcretace\s m>9e lignites ( ! ,isle ( ,aix1 ne> ,la ,ro*elle1 & ( ,pialp9son1 9 ! dep>tm5t ( ! ,dordogne2 ^! are ! mo/ anci5t b$s ( ! ,cretace\s =mation1 or ! la/ ( ! ,jurassic p]iod4 ,"h h be5 f\nd only m>9e plants1 wood1 & bran*es ( ,conif]4 #b;d1 ,9 ! *lorite\s *alk or gre5s& ( s\!rn ,engl&1 ! neighb\rhood ( ,beauvais & ,maus2 only ,cycade & m>9e plants h be5 obs]v$ !re4 #c;d1 ,9 ! same =mation 9 ,scania1 :]e ,m4 ,nilson has obs]v$ leaves ( ,dicotyl$ons mix$ ) leaves ( ,cycadites4 #d?1 ,at ,ni$]s*o5a1 ne> ,freyb]g1 9 ,saxony1 b$s1 analog\s to gre5s& or quad]s&/e91 conta9+ fossils ( consid]able v>iety1 ,cycade1 ,conif]1 & ,dicotyl$ons1 p>ticul>ly ,cr$n]ia4 #e?1 ,9 ! quad]s&/e9 ( ,bohemia & ,silesia1 at ,blank5burg1 at ,teif5fur?1 ,tes*51 c41 :]e ?is s&/one is *>act]is$ by ! pres5ce ( dicotyl$on\s leaves ( ! g5us ,cr$n]ia1 by ,cyeade1 & p>ticul>ly by ,conif] ( consid]able v>iety1 describ$ by ,m4 ,corda 9 ,reuss' "w on ! ,*alk ( ,bohemia4 #f?1 ,9 ,france1 9 ! iron s&s connect$ ) ! gre5 s&/ones1 ne> ,gr&-,pr1 9 ! dep>tm5t ( ,ard5nes1 :]e ,m4 ,buvigni] has f\nd two fossil vegetables ( a v rem>kable "*1 a /alk ( an arboresc5t f]n1 & a cone previ\sly obs]v$ 9 ,engl& 9 ! same =mation4 ,b 9 o!r places1 & 9 b$s belong+ to epo*s c]ta9ly diff]5t1 ?is p]iod has pres5t$ only m>9e vegetables2 su* m especially are ^? fucoidal s&/ones or macigno1 *>act]is$ by ,*ondrites t>gionii1 qualis1 intricatus1 c41 n[ designat$ by ! "n ( fucoidal s&/one or flys*--! geological epo* ( :i* has long be5 d\btful1 b :i* obs]v]s seem to agree 9 consid]+ z a di/9ct =mation1 sup]ior to ! *alk1 & inf]ior to ! mo/ anci5t b$s ( ! ,t]ti>y =mations4 ,^! fucoidal s&/ones =m a v di/9ct epo*1 :i* hi!rto appe>s to be *>act]is$ only by m>9e vegetables1 & :at1 at lea/ 9 a botanical po9t ( view1 w\ld =m ! l9e ( dem>cation betwe5 ! ,cretace\s & ,t]ti>y =mations2 = x is rem>kable t ! fuci f\nd !re 9 su* great numb]s h little connection ) ^? ( ! ,*alk1 prop]ly s call$1 & none :atev] ) ^? ( ! mo/ anci5t b$s ( ! ,t]ti>y =mations1 su* z ^? ( ,monte-,bolca4 ,f ! /udy & comp>ison ( ^! fossils1 d]iv$ f su* v>i\s s\rces1 we may divide ! ,cretace\s p]iod into ?ree epo*s1 ( :i* ! middle "o is ! true ,cretace\s epo*4 ,! o!rs1 *>act]is$ almo/ exclusively by m>9e vegetables1 are some:at d\btful ) reg>d to _! true geological position2 ! "o1 m anci5t ?an ! ,*alk1 conta9s only ! subcretace\s lignites ( ! neighb\rhood ( ,la ,ro*elle1 & ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,dordogne2 ! o!r1 sup]ior to ! ,*alk1 corresponds to ! ,s&/one ) fucoides4 ,! subcretace\s epo* compreh5ds ,alg1 ,naiade1 & ,conif]4 ,?is small ,flora is almo/ entirely f\nd$ on fossil plants1 collect$ among ! m>9e lignites ( ! ,isle ( ,aix1 ne> ,la ,ro*elle1 long s9ce describ$ by ,m4 ,fleureau de ,bellevue4 ,! diff]5ce ( ! vegetables does n appe> to admit ( connect+ ?is ,flora ) t ( ! inf]ior *alk or gre5s&2 b x w\ld require to be m completely exam9$1 bo? ) reg>d to its precise geological epo* & ! entire am\nt ( vegetable species :i* x conta9s4 ,! mo/ abundant & *>act]i/ic ( ^! species is ! ,rhodomelites /rictus1 ^: bran*es1 cross$ & m+l$ ) ,zo/]ites1 con/itute ! mass ( ^! lignites ) ! wood ( ,conif]1 :i* h n yet be5 /udi$1 & small bran*lets1 v r>e1 ( ,bra*yphyllum orbignianum4 ,i h ref]r$ to ?is p]iod ! two ,cy/oseirites1 describ$ by ,m4 de ,/]nb]g1 & m5tion$ by him z f\nd 9 ! b$s betwe5 ! jurassic slates & ! *alk 9 ,transylvania4 ,does ?is fossil ,flora correspond to a =mation almo/ entirely m>9e1 b cotempor>y ) ! ,wealdean epo*8 ,new inve/igations c alone det]m9e ?is1 b we may suppose an analogy betwe5 ! ,bra*yphyllum ( ! epo*s4 #b;d1 ,cretace\s ,epo*4--,! ,cretace\s epo* pres5ts u1 among ! amphig5\s cryptogams1 ) ,alg1 "s ( :i* are d\btful2 among ! ,acrog5\s cryptogams1 ) f]ns2 ! ,monoctyl$ons are "h repres5t$ by two species ( palms2 ! ,gymnosp]m\s dicotyl$ons by ! cycade & conif]2 ! ,angiosp]m\s dicotyl$ons by a species ( ,ac]9e1 a betulace1 a cupulif]a1 salic9e1 an ac]9e1 & a jugl&e2 la/ly1 a few dicotyl$ons rema91 b ! det]m9ation ( ! families to :i* !y belong is unc]ta94 ,we ought1 moreov]1 to notice at lea/ f t5 to twelve species ( dicotyl$on\s leaves1 indet]m9ate1 & (t5 imp]fect1 figur$ by ,ge9itz1 ,reuss1 ,corda1 & ,goepp]t1 or exi/+ 9 collections4 ,?is ,flora1 :i* conta9s f sixty to sev5ty species1 is1 z we p]ceive1 rem>kable 9 ?is respect1 t ! ,angiosp]m\s dicotyl$ons ne>ly equal ! ,gymnosp]m\s dicotyl$ons1 & 9 ! exi/5ce ( a pretty consid]able numb] ( well *>act]is$ ,cycade1 :i* cease to appe> at ! ,eoc5e epo* ( ! ,t]ti>y =mations4 ,! g5us ,cr$n]ia1 conta9+ dicotyl$on\s leaves1 ) a v peculi> n]vation1 b ! aff9ities ( :i* are d\btful1 is likewise "o ( ! *>act]i/ic =ms ( ?is epo*1 9 a pretty consid]able numb] ( localities4 ,) reg>d to ! species ( dicotyl$on\s leaves1 ref]r$ to det]m9$ families1 ,i may rem>k t ^! suppos$ relations1 f\nd$ on v imp]fect specim5s1 & v few 9 numb]1 are /ill v unc]ta91 & incapable ( furni%+ a basis = comp>ison ) ! o!r ,floras1 nor any c]ta9 conclusion4 #c;d1 ,fucoidian ,epo*4--,?is epo*1 :i* seems to me to =m ! mo/ natural limit betwe5 ! ,cretace\s & ,t]ti>y p]iods1 is *>act]is$ by ^? deposits1 s ri* 9 ,alg1 ( a v peculi> =m1 t !y h be5 call$ ! s&/ones or macignos fucodes1 or ! flys* ( ,switz]l&1--a =mation v widely spread1 especially 9 s\!rn ,europe1 f ! ,pyr5ees1 z f> z ! vic9ity ( ,vi5na1 & ev5 to ! ,crimea4 ,i h n hi!rto f\nd l& plants m+l$ ) ^! m>9e species4 ,i d n believe t fossil woods h be5 met )4 ,almo/ all ^! ,alg appe> to belong to ! same gr\p1 ! g5us ,*ondrites2 & al?\gh ! species are pretty num]\s1 !y pass f "o to ano!r by almo/ ins5sible %ades4 ,! ,alg ( ! neighb\rhood ( ,vi5na1 plac$ 9 ! g5us ,mun/]ia1 are v ill *>act]is$1 & p]haps are n cong5]\s ) ^? ( ! jurassic lime/one ( ,sol5h(52 b !y appe> to me to h be5 f\nd 9 ! same =mation1 designat$ by ! "n ( gray calc>e\s slate1 ( ! s&/one ( ,vi5na1 z ! ,*ondrites ( ! same c\ntry4 ,! ,flora ( ! fucoidean s&/one is con/itut$ by twelve species ( ,alg 7,*ondrites & ,mun/]ia47 ,:at is rem>kable 9 ?is s]ies ( species is1 t !y h no?+ 9 common1 ei!r ) ! ,alg ( ! ,subcretace\s epo*1 or ) ^? ( ! ,eoc5e epo*1 & p>ticul>ly ( ,monte-,bolca1 ) :i* ?is ,flora %\ld be almo/ cotempor>y1 accord+ to _m geologi/s4 ,! id5tity ( ^! species ( ,alg is likewise rem>kable 9 all ! localities1 h[ev] di/ant f ea* o!r--localities s num]\s1 9 reg>d to ! great] numb] ( ^! species1 t ,i h be5 unable to enum]ate !m4 ,! ,*ondrites t>gionii1 or p]haps a di/9ct species1 b v ne>ly relat$1 is ! only "o pres5t$ 9 ano!r =mation1 9 ! gre5s& & gault ( ! ,isle ( ,wight1 9 ,engl&1 accord+ to ,m4 ,fitton2 & 9 ?is same =mation1 9 ! dep>tm5t ( ! ,oise1 accord+ to ,m4 ,graves4 ,m4 ,kurr has likewise describ$ & figur$1 "u ! "n ( ,*ondrites boll5sis1 a fucus ( ! ,lias--! v v>i$ =ms ( :i* are almo/ id5tical ) ! ,*ondrites t>gionii1 qualis1 & dif=mis4 ,,vi4 ,t]ti>y ,p]iod4--,consid]$ z a :ole1 ! vegetables ( ?is p]iod1 cotempor>y ) all ! ,t]ti>y deposits1 & cont9u$ ev5 9 ! vegetation :i* n[ cov]s ! e>?'s surface1 is "o ( ! be/ *>act]is$4 ,! abundance ( ,angiosp]m\s dicotyl$ons1 t ( ! monocotyl$ons ( div]se families1 b especially ! ,palms1 dur+ a "p at lea/ ( ?is p]iod1 imm$iately di/+ui% x f ! mo/ anci5t p]iods4 ,yet ! obs]vations made on ! ,cretace\s epo* h e/abli%$ a k9d ( transition betwe5 ! =ms ( ! ,second>y epo*s & ^? ( ! ,t]ti>y epo*s1 :i* 0 n suspect$ a few ye>s ago4 ,b :ile1 at ?is p]iod1 ! ,angiosp]ms appe> ne>ly to equal ! ,gymnosp]ms1 9 ! ,t]ti>y p]iod1 !y greatly exce$ !m2 :ile at ! ,cretace\s epo*1 !re are /ill ,cycade & ,conif] alli$ to ! g5]a inhabit+ tropical regions2 dur+ ! ,t]ti>y p]iod1 ! ,cycade appe> to h be5 completely want+ 9 ,europe1 & ! ,conif] belong to ! g5]a ( ! temp]ate regions4 ,not)/&+ ?is assemblage ( *>act]s common to ! :ole ,t]ti>y p]iod1 !re are evid5tly notable diff]5ces 9 ! g5]ic & specific =ms1 & 9 ! pr$om9ance ( c]ta9 families at diff]5t epo*s ( ?is long p]iod2 b "h we (t5 exp]i5ce s]i\s difficulties 9 e/abli%+ a uni=mity z to "t among ! num]\s local =mations :i* con/itute ! diff]5t ,t]ti>y =mations4 ,9 assign+ ! diff]5t localities :]e fossil vegetables h be5 obs]v$ to ! pr9cipal divisions ( ! ,t]ti>y s]ies1 ,i h n foll[$ exactly ! bases admitt$ by ,m4 ,ung] 9 8 ,synopsis2 ,i h approa*$ ne>] to ! di/ribution adopt$ by ,m4 ,raul91 9 8 ,memoir on ! ,trans=mations ( ! ,flora ( ,c5tral ,europe dur+ ! ,t]ti>y p]iod 7,ann4 ,sc4 ,nat41 t4 x41 p4 #aic1 ,oct4 #ahdh71 :i* ref]s _m ( ! =mations1 classifi$ by ,m4 ,ung] 9 ! ,mioc5e division1 to ! ,plioc5e1 or mo/ rec5t epo*4 ,yet1 accord+ to ! advice ( ,m4 ,elie de ,beaumont1 ,i h n plac$ all ! ,lignite =mations ( ,g]many 9 ! ,plioc5e division1 z ,m4 ,raul9 has done1 nor all ( !m 9 ! ,mioc5e division1 l ,m4 ,ung]2 b1 con=mably to ! old op9ion ( my fa!r1 ,i h left ! ,lignites f ! %ores ( ! ,baltic1 :i* include amb]1 9 ! inf]ior division ( ! old bas9s ( ,p>is1 ,london1 & ,brussels1 consid]+ !m cotempor>y ) ! ,soisson ,lignites4 ,^? ( ! banks ( ! ,rh9e1 ( ,wett]avia & ,we/phalia1 are arrang$ 9 ! ,mioc5e division2 ^? ( ,/yria1 & "p ( ,bohemia1 on ! contr>y1 are plac$ among ! rec5t or ,plioc5e =mations4 ,?is di/ribution agrees pretty g5]ally ) ! nature ( ! vegetables conta9$ 9 !m4 ,"o important po9t only leaves me 9 d\bt3 ?is relates to ! ,lignites ( ! environs ( ,frank=t or ,wett]avia1 ! plants ( :i* are pretty g5]ally analog\s to ^? ( ,o,eningen or ,p>ts*lug 9 ,/yria2 al?\gh _! geological position seems to call ^u u to ref] !m to a m anci5t =mation4 ,x is probable t a m complete k ( ^! div]se deposits w\ld lead to a division into di/9ct epo*s m num]\s2 b ,i ?9k t1 9 ! meantime1 ! division into ?ree pr9cipal epo*s1 :i* ,i %all designate1 ) ! majority ( geologi/s1 by ! names ,eoc5e1 ,mioc5e1 & ,plioc5e1 is suffici5t = a comp>ison ( ! successive *anges ( ! vegetable k+dom4 ,i %all po9t out = ea* ( !m ! localities :i* ,i ?9k %\ld be compreh5d$ "u ^! diff]5t designations4 ,) reg>d to ! g5]al *>act]s :i* result f ! comp>ative exam9ations ( ^! ,floras1 we f9d t ! numb] ( species1 9 ! great divisions1 are ?us di/ribut$ 9 ^! ?ree ,floras3-- ,eoc5e ,mioc5e ,plioc5e ,epo*4 ,epo*4 ,epo*4 -------- -------- -------- ,cryptogams1 #cc 444 #aj 444 #ac 444 ,amphig5\s1 444 #af 444 #f 444 #f ,acrog5\s1 444 #ag 444 #d 444 #g ,phan]ogams1 444 444 444 444 444 444 ,monocotyl$ons1 #cc #cc #bf #bf #d #d ,dicotyl$ons1 #adc 444 #ig 444 #aie 444 ,gymnosp]ms1 444 #dj 444 #ai 444 #ca ,angiosp]ms1 444 #ajc 444 #gh 444 #afd --------- -------- -------- ,total1 #bji 444 #bji 444 #bab 444 ,x may only be rem>k$ t1 9 ! fir/ column1 or ,eoc5e =mation1 ! fossil fruits ( ! ,isle ( ,%eppey--a "p only ( :i* h be5 describ$ by ,m4 ,b[]bank--h a great influ5ce on ! numb]s ( ! diff]5t divisions ( ,phan]ogams1 & t ?is locality appe>s altoge!r exceptional1 & is1 p]haps1 an example ( ! effect ( curr5ts convey+ exotic fruits f remote climates1 & accumulat+ !m on a po9t ( ! %ores ( ,europe4 ,9 ?is po9t ( view1 ! enum]ation ( ! plants ( ?is fir/ epo* is 9 no way comp>able to t ( ! o!r epo*s1 :]e ,i h refra9$ ev5 f introduc+ ! small numb] ( fossil plants f ! ,t]ti>y =mations ( ! equatorial regions t are kn[n1 9 ord] to conf9e myself to a comp>ison ( ! ,t]ti>y ,floras ( ,europe4 ,) reg>d to ! *>act]s drawn f vegetable =ms dur+ ^! ?ree epo*s1 ! mo/ rem>kable appe> to me1 #a/1 ,9 ! ,eoc5e p]iod1 ! pres5ce1 b r>ity1 ( ! palms1 limit$ to a small numb] ( species4 ,! pr$om9ance ( ,alg & m>9e ,monocotyl$ons1 :i* mu/ be ascrib$ to ! great ext5t ( m>9e =mations dur+ ?is epo*4 ,! exi/5ce ( a great numb] ( extra ,european =ms1 result+ especially f ! pres5ce ( ! fossil fruits ( ,%eppey4 #b;d1 ,9 reg>d to ! ,mioc5e epo*1 ! abundance ( palms 9 ! great] numb] ( localities belong+1 )\t d\bt1 to ?is epo*2 ! exi/5ce ( a consid]able numb] ( non-,european =ms1 9 p>ticul> ( ! g5us ,/e9hau]a1 :i* appe>s to me to be a rubiace alli$ to nauclea1 f\nd 9 _m localities ( ^! =mations4 #c;d1 ,9 reg>d to ! ,plioc5e epo*1 ! great pr$om9ance & v>iety ( ,dicotyl$ons1 ! r>ity ( ,monocotyl$ons1 &1 above all1 ! abs5ce ( ,palms2 la/ly1 ! g5]al analogy ( ! =ms ( ^! plants ) ^? ( ! temp]ate regions ( ,europe1 ,nor? ,am]ica1 & ,japan4 ,a rem>kable "* ( ! ,floras ( ^! ?ree epo*s1 b :i* is mo/ /rik+ 9 reg>d to ! la/1 9 :i* ! dicotyl$on\s plants are mo/ num]\s1 is ! abs5ce ( ! mo/ num]\s & *>act]i/ic families ( ! division ( ,gamopetalis4 ,?us1 among ! num]\s impressions ( ,p>ts*lug1 ,o,eningen1 ,ho]r+1 ,radoboj1 c41 !re is no?+ to indicate ! exi/5ce ( ! ,composit1 ,campanulace1 ,p]sonne1 ,labiace1 ,solani1 ,borag9a1 c4 ,! only ,monopetales m5tion$ 9 great numb]s are ! ,ericace1 ,ilic9e1 "s ,sapotace1 & ,/yrace1 families :i* belong almo/ z mu* to ! ,dialypetales z to ! ,gamopetales4 ,9 ! ,mioc5e flora only h be5 po9t$ out _m ,apocyne1 & ,rubiace1 :i* ,i h m5tion$ above4 #a4 ,eoc5e ,epo*4--,?is epo*1 9 ! mo/ precise limits1 compreh5ds pla/ic clay ) its lignites1 ! co>se ,p>isian lime/one & gypsum :i* lie above x 9 ! same bas92 b ,i h n ?\ght x wor? :ile1 9 ! meantime1 to sep>ate f x "s =mations :i*1 accord+ to ! inve/igations ( mod]n geologi/s1 are plac$ betwe5 ! ,cretace\s =mations & ! inf]ior p>ts ( ! =mations m5tion$2 su* are ! ,nummulitic =mations ( ! ,vic5t91 compreh5d+ ! celebrat$ locality ( ,monte-,bolca1 & probably "s o!rs ne> x1 su* z ,salc$o1 9 ! ,vic5t94 ,i h likewise jo9$ to ?is ,flora ( ! ,eoc5e =mations a v rem>kable locality ( ! bas9 ( ,p>is1 ! relations ( :i* ) ! ,t]ti>y b$s are n yet p]fectly det]m9$1--^! are ! b$s ( a species ( anci5t ,trav]t9 :i*1 ne> ,sezanne1 conta9 num]\s fossil vegetables /ill undescrib$1 & ( :i* ,i %all "h notice ! mo/ rem>kable4 ,^! plants h v peculi> rema9s1 & belong probably to a special ,flora1 unless ! diff]5ces c be ascrib$ to a div]sity ( /ation4 ,besides ! diff]5t memb]s ( ! ,eoc5e =mation1 prop]ly s call$1 ( ! ,p>is bas91 ,i compreh5d 9 ?is ,flora ! fossils ( ! same =mation 9 ,engl&1 at ! ,isle ( ,wight1 & ,isle ( ,%eppey 9 ! ,london bas94 ,^! latt] fossils1 consi/+ almo/ solely ( fruits trans=m$ into pyrites1 con/itute a :ole :i* has no analogue 9 any o!r ( ! ,t]ti>y bas9s ( ,europe2 n only 9 ! numb] & div]sity ( ^! fruits1 b 9 _! peculi> *>act]s1 :i* remove !m widely f ! plants ^: leaves occur 9 ! o!r b$s ( ! same geological epo*4 ,ev]y?+1 !re=e1 w\ld lead u to suppose t ^! fruits1 al?\gh belong+ to plants cotemporane\s ) ! ,eoc5e deposits ( ,europe1 h be5 br\ght f di/ant c\ntries by m>9e curr5ts1 j z fruits are /ill br\ght f ! equatorial regions ( ,am]ica to ! coa/s ( ,irel& or ,norway by ! great curr5t ( ! ,atlantic4 ,! deposit 9 ! ,isle ( ,%eppey appe>s !re=e to be an accid5tal case 9 ! ,eoc5e deposits1 & ! ,p>is bas9 pres5ts none ( ^! fossils4 ,! ,t]ti>y bas9 ( ,belgium1 :i* foll[s t ( ,london1 has yield$1 ne> ,brussels1 "s fossil fruits 9 v small numb]s1 b :i* appe> id5tical ) "o ( ! g5]a mo/ abundant at ,%eppey4 ,?is is ! ,nipadites1 consid]$ at fir/ z a species ( ,coco1 "u ! "n ( ,cocus burt9i4 ,la/ly1 foll[+ ! advice ( my le>n$ associate1 ,m4 ,elie de ,beaumont1 ,i h includ$ 9 ! same ,flora ! plants conta9$ 9 ! ,lignites ( ! %ores ( ! ,baltic & ,pom]ania1 s ri* 9 amb]1 9 :i* ^! vegetables h (t5 be5 pres]v$4 ,x is to ! lab\rs ( ,m4 ,goepp]t t we are indebt$ = a k ( ^! vegetables1 mo/ frequ5tly repres5t$ by v small fragm5ts1 ! relations ( :i* he has det]m9$ ) mu* skill & accuracy4 ,) mat]ials collect$ 9 ^! v>i\s localities1 b ( :i* ! great] "p are /ill unpubli%$1 we may con/ruct ! ,flora ( ! ,eoc5e epo*2 b ! li/1 compreh5d+ only ! species describ$1 or at lea/ det]m9$1 is only a m]e sket*4 ,m4 ,brongni>t !n gives ! names ( ! vegetables belong+ to ! ,eoc5e epo*2 ^! are1 = ! ,amphig5\s cryptogams1 alg1 & mu%rooms2 = ! ,acrog5\s cryptogams1 hepatici1 mosses1 f]ns1 equisetace1 & *>ace4 ,! ,monocotyl$ons pres5t ,naiades1 ,nipace1 & palms4 ,! ,gymnosp]m\s dicotyl$ons are repres5t$ by ,conif] 7,cupress91 ,abiet9e1 ,tax9e1 & ,gnetace47 ,la/ly1 among ! ,angiosp]m\s dicotyl$ons1 we f9d examples ( ,betulace1 ,cupulif]1 ,jugl&e1 ,ulmace1 ,proteace1 ,legum9os1 ,o,enothere1 ,cucurbitace1 ,sap9dace1 ,malvace1 ,ericace1 & ?ree d\btful families 7,phyllites1 ,an?oli!s1 & ,c>poli!s47 ,! mo/ rem>kable *>act]s ( ?is ,flora are1-- #a/1 ,! great quantity ( ,alg & m>9e ,naiades1 *>act]s ow+ to ! ext5t & ?ickness ( ! m>9e =mations ( ?is epo*4 #b;d1 ,! great numb] ( ,conif]1 ! great] "p belong+ to g5]a /ill exi/+1 b among :i* ! ,cupress9e appe> to pr$om9ate1 especially if we admit z positively belong+ to ?is family ! v>i\s fruits ( ! ,isle ( ,%eppey1 :i* ,m4 ,b[]bank has describ$ "u ! "n ( ,cupress9ites1 & ( :i* ,m4 ,endli*] has =m$ ! g5]a ,callitrites1 ,fr5elites1 & ,sol5o/robus4 ,if ^! fruits really belong to ,european vegetation1 !y indicate v peculi> g5]ic =ms1 probably n[ :olly ext9ct4 #c;d1 ,! exi/5ce ( _m l>ge species ( palm1 equally %ewn by ! occurr5ce ( _! leaves & /ems4 #b4 ,mioc5e ,epo*4--,?is ,eoc5e or middle epo* ( ! ,t]ti>y =mations appe>s to me to compreh5d ! foll[+ localities among ^? :i* h furni%$ mat]ials = ! /udy ( ! vegetation ( ! ,t]ti>y p]iod3 #a/1 ,9 ! environs ( ,p>is1 ! sup]ior s&/ones1 or ^? ( ,fonta9ebleau & ! ,meuli]es1 or ,buhr/one1 :i* cr[n our coa/s2 #b;d1 ,! s&/one1 ) impressions1 9 ! environs ( ,mans & ,ang]s1 & probably ^? ( ,b]g]ac1 9 ! dep>tm5t ( ! ,dordogne2 #c;d1 ,a "p ( ! ,t]ti>y =mations ( ,auv]gne1 & p>ticul>ly ^? ( ! m\nta9 ,g]govia1 =mations :i*1 by _! impressions1 appe> m anci5t ?an ^? ( ,m5at1 b :i* p]haps all belong to diff]5t /ages ( ! ,plioc5e epo*2 #d?1 ,! fre%-wat] =mations ( ,armissan1 ne> ,n>bonne1 ! ,gypsum ( ,aix 9 ,prov5ce1 ! ,lignites ( ,prov5ce1 ^: vegetable fossils are sc>cely kn[n2 f9ally1 ! ,lacu/r9e =mations1 ri* 9 ! wood ( palms1 & 9 /ems ( ,monocotyl$ons1 f ,upp] ,prov5ce1 ne> ,apt & ,ca/ellane2 #e?1 ,a "p ( ! ,t]ti>y =mations ( ,italy1 & p>ticul>ly ^? ( ,sup]ga1 ne> ,tur92 #f?1 ,! ,mollasse ( ,switz]l&1 ) its ,lignites1 at ,lausanne1 ,koepfnac1 & ,horg51 conta9+ ! rema9s ( palms2 #g?1 ,! ,lignites ( ! banks ( ! ,rh9e ne> ,cologne & ,bonn1 at ,friesborf1 ,libl>1 c41 sometimes enclos+ wood ( palms1 & ^? ( ,wett]avia at ,nidda1 ne> ,frank=t1 & o!r places2 z well z ^? ( ,weisn] ne> ,cassel1 :i* all appe> to be ( ! same epo*1 al?\gh ^? ( ,wett]avia1 by ! abundance ( c]ta9 g5]a ( ,dicotyl$ons1 su* z juglans & ac]1 & ev5 by _m cases ( specific id5tity1 seem to make a ne>] approa* to ! ,plioc5e flora2 #h?1 ,a "p ( ! ,lignites ( ,bohemia1 & p>ticul>ly ^? ( ,altsattel1 ^: fossils1 describ$ by ,m4 de ,/]nb]g & ,m4 ,rossmssl]1 g5]ally agree ) ^? ( ! o!r localities already m5tion$4 ,! o!r ,lignites ( ,bohemia1 ^? ( ,bil9 & ( ,como?au 9 p>ticul>1 ent] completely into ! ,plioc5e flora2 #i?1 ,ho]r+ 9 ! ,tyrol1 & ,radoboj 9 ,croatia1 ( :i* ,m4 ,ung] has s well describ$ ! num]\s impressions 9 8 ,*loris ,protoga1 & :i* h almo/ become ! type ( ! ,mioc5e flora4 ,) ! exception ( ! ,lignite =mations ( ! neighb\rhood ( ,cassel & ,frank=t--! species ( :i* h (t5 num]\s po9ts ( connection ) ^? ( ,o,eningen & ,p>s*lug1 & :i* ent] r into ! ,plioc5e flora--! diff]5t localities ,i h m5tion$ h num]\s relations betwe5 !m z to _! fossil vegetables4 ,?us1 ! ,nymphea ,are?us is f\nd 9 ! ,meulires or ,buhr/one ( ,p>is1 & 9 ! m>ls ( ,armissan2 ! ,flabell>ia rhapifolia & maxima recur at ,ho]+ 9 ! ,tyrol1 at ,radoboj 9 ,croatia1 & 9 ! sup]ior s&/ones ( ! environs ( ,ang]s & ,p]igneux4 ,! ,callitrites ,brongni>tii1 ,endl41 is likewise met ) 9 ! =mations ( ,armissan1 ,aix1 9 ,prov5ce1 at ,ho]+ & ,radoboj4 ,la/ly1 ! ,/e9hau]a globosa ( ! ,altsattel ,lignites 9 ,bohemia1 is likewise f\nd 9 ! s&/one ( ! vic9ity ( ,maus2 & ! ,platanus ,h]cules ( ,radoboj1 9 ,croatia1 has be5 s5t to me f ,armissan1 ne> ,n>bonne1 by ,m4 ,t\mal4 ,^! facts w\ld probably multiply by a m att5tive /udy ( ! diff]5t localities2 b z x is1 !y leave little d\bt z to ! syn*ronism ( ! great] "p ( ^! local =mations4 ,9 ! ,flora ( ! ,mioc5e =mations1 ,amphig5\s cryptogams occur1 repres5t$ by ,alg & mu%rooms2 ,acrog5\s cryptogams1 repres5t$ by mosses1 f]ns1 & ,*>ace2 ,monocotyl$ons1 among :i* we f9d ,naiades1 ,gram9e1 ,liliace1 & ,palms2 ( ! ,gymnosp]m\s dicotyl$ons1 ,conif]2 & ,angiosp]m\s dicotyl$ons1 among :i* occur ,myrice1 ,betul9e1 ,cupulif]1 ,ulmace1 ,m1 ,platane1 ,salic9e1 ,lawr9e1 ,umbellif]1 ,k>olange1 ,combretace1 ,calycan!1 ,legum9os1 ,anac>di1 ,xan?oxyle1 ,jugl&e1 ,rhamne1 ,ac]9e1 ,nympheace1 ,apocyne1 & ,rubiace4 ,! mo/ /rik+ *>act]s ( ?is epo* consi/ ( ! mixture ( exotic =ms at pres5t peculi> to regions w>m] ?an ,europe1 ) vegetables gr[+ g5]ally 9 temp]ate c\ntries2 su* z ! palms1 a species ( bamboo1 ,lawr9e1 ,combretace1 ,legum9os ( w>m c\ntries1 ,apocyne1 analog\s1 accord+ to ,m4 ,ung]1 to ! g5]a ( equatorial regions1 a ,rubiace altoge!r tropical1 unit$ ) erables1 walnuts1 bir*es1 elms1 oaks1 *>mes1 c41 g5]a prop] to temp]ate or cold regions4 ,! pres5ce ( equatorial =ms1 & p>ticul>ly ( palms1 appe>s to di/+ui% ?is epo* ess5tially f ! foll[+ "o4 ,la/ly1 we likewise obs]ve ! v small numb] ( vegetables ) a monopetal\s corolla1 limit$ to species ref]r$ to ! family ( ,apocyne by ,ung]1 & to ! g5us ,/e9hau]a1 f\nd$ on a fruit :i* has mu* relation to t ( ,nauclea among ! ,rubiace4 #c4 ,plioc5e ,epo*4--,?is epo*1 embrac+ all ! ,t]ti>y =mations sup]ior to ! fahluns ( ,t\ra9e1 compreh5ds pretty num]\s localities ri* 9 fossil vegetables1 & ^: position 9 ^! =mations is det]m9$ z mu* by ! ensemble ( ! vegetables !y conta91 z by _! o!r geological *>act]s4 ,! ,t]ti>y bas9s :i*1 x appe>s to me1 mu/ s]ve z ! basis ( ?is ,flora1 bo? by _! id5tity1 & ! num]\s & c>efully-/udi$ vegetables !y conta91 are3 #a/1 ,t ( ,o,eningen1 ne> ,%aff\se1 ! species ( :i* h be5 long s9ce /udi$ & well det]m9$ by ,m4 ,alex4 ,braun1 ^: "w1 ?\gh unpubli%$1 has be5 communicat$ to _m naturali/s1 & p>ticul>ly to ,m4 ,ung]4#dd #b;d1 ,t ( ,p>s*lug1 9 ,/yria1 ! num]\s impressions ( :i* ,m4 ,ung] has collect$1 /udi$1 & det]m9$1 p>tly publi%$ by him 9 8 ,*loris ,protoga1 & pres5t$ altoge!r 9 a special enum]ation ( ^! species rec5tly publi%$ "u ! title ( ,flora ( ,p>s*lug4 ,9 ?is locality alone1 ,m4 ,ung] has recognis$ & classifi$ #adj diff]5t species2 x is ! mo/ num]\s local ,flora ) :i* we are acqua9t$1 & ! id5tity ( a great numb] ( species ) ^? ( ,o,eningen1 indicates well ! syn*ronism ( ^! two local =mations4 ,su* o!r po9ts 9 ,/yria appe> likewise to be ( ! same epo*1 z well z _m localities 9 ,hung>y s ri* 9 silicifi$ wood4 ,9 ,bohemia1 ! tripoli slates ( ,bil9 & ,como?au1 :i* conta9 a pretty consid]able numb] ( plants describ$ by ,m4 de ,/]nb]g1 are no d\bt ref]rible to ?is epo*1 accord+ to ! nature ( ^! plants4 ,la/ly1 ! ,t]ti>y hills1 call$ ! sub-app5n9e hills ( ,plaisant91 ( ,tuscany1 & a "p ( ,pi$mont1 z well z ! gypse\s =mation ( ,/radella1 ne> ,pavia1 s ri* 9 impressions ( leaves1 =m "p ( ?is epo*2 b1 ) ! exception ( ?is latt] po9t1 ^! =mations conta91 9 g5]al1 few vegetables4 ,footnote #dd3 ,! foll[+ int]e/+ obs]vations on ! ,o,eningen =mation are by ,pr(essor ,agassiz1 :o ref]s x to ! ,mioc5e n to ! ,plioc5e class3-- ,?is picture w\ld be incomplete did ,i n in/itute a f>!r comp>ison betwe5 ! pres5t vegetation ( ^? regions & ! fossil plants ( mod]n geological epo*s4 ,if we comp>e1 namely1 ! ,t]ti>y fossil plants ( ,europe ) ^? liv+ on ! spot n[1 we %all be /ruck ) ! diff]5ces ( ab\t ! same value z ^? already m5tion$ betwe5 ! ea/]n & we/]n coa/s ( ! cont95ts "u ! same latitudes4 ,comp>e1 = in/ance1 a li/ ( ! fossil trees & %rubs f ,o,eningen1 ) a catalogue ( trees & %rubs ( ! ea/]n & we/]n coa/s1 bo? ( ,europe1 ,asia1 & ,nor? ,am]ica1 & x w be se5 t ! diff]5ces !y exhibit sc>cely g beyond ^? %ewn by ^! diff]5t ,flor "u ! same latitudes4 ,b :at is q extraord9>y & unexpect$ is ! fact1 t ! ,european fossil plants ( t locality resemble m closely ! trees & %rubs :i* gr[ at pres5t 9 ! ea/]n p>ts ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 ?an ^? ( any o!r "p ( ! _w2 ?us1 all[+ u to express correctly ! diff]5ces already m5tion$ betwe5 ! vegetation ( ! ea/]n & we/]n coa/s ( ! cont95ts1 by say+ t ! pres5t ea/]n ,am]ican flora1 & ,i may add1 ! fauna also1,a & probably also t ( ea/]n ,asia1 h a m anci5t "* ?an ^? ( ,europe & ( we/]n ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,! plants1 especially ! trees & %rubs gr[+ 9 our days 9 ?is c\ntry & 9 ,japan1 are1 z x 71 old fa%ion$2 !y be> ! m>k ( =m] ages--a peculi>ity :i* agrees ) ! g5]al aspect ( ,nor? ,am]ica2 ! geological /ructure ( :i* indicates t ?is region 0 a l>ge cont95t long be=e ! ext5sive tracts ( l& _h be5 lift$ above ! level ( ! sea 9 any o!r "p ( ! _w4 ,! extraord9>y analogy :i* exi/s betwe5 ! pres5t ,flora & ,fauna ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 & ! fossils ( ! ,mioc5e p]iod 9 ,europe1 w\ld also give a valuable h9t ) respect to ! mean annual temp]ature ( t geological p]iod4 ,o,eningen1 = in/ance1 ^: fossils ( all classes h p]haps be5 m fully /udi$ ?an ^? ( any o!r locality1 c\ld n h enjoy$1 dur+ t p]iod1 a tropical or ev5 a subtropical climate1 su* z has (t5 be5 assign$ to x1 if we c at all rely ^u ! indications ( its ,flora2 = ?is is s simil> to t ( ,*>le/on1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 t ! highe/ mean annual temp]ature we c ascribe to ! ,mioc5e epo* 9 c5tral ,europe mu/ be r$uc$ to ab\t #fj ,fah42 t is to say1 we inf] f its fossil vegetation t ,o,eningen _h1 dur+ ! ,t]ti>y times1 ! climate ( ! w>m temp]ate zone1 ! climate ( ,rome1 = in/ance1 & n ev5 t ( ! nor!rn %ores ( ,africa4 ,we are l$ to ?is conclusion by ! foll[+ argum5t3--,! same iso!rmal l9e :i* passes at pres5t ?r\gh ,o,eningen1 at ! #dg? degree ( nor!rn latitude1 passes also ?r\gh ,bo/on1 lat4 #db4 ,suppos+ n[ 7z ! geological /ructure ( ! two cont95ts & ! =m ( _! respective outl9es at t p]iod seem to indicate71 t ! undulations ( ! iso!rmal l9es :i* we notice 9 our days exi/$ already dur+ ! ,t]ti>y p]iod1 or1 9 o!r words1 t ! diff]5ces ( temp]ature :i* exi/ betwe5 ! we/]n %ores ( ,europe & ! ea/]n %ores ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 7 ! same at t "t z n[1 we %all obta9 ! mean annual temp]ature ( t age by add+ simply ! diff]5ce ( mean annual temp]ature :i* exi/s betwe5 ,*>le/on & ,bo/on 7#ab ,fah47 to t ( ,o,eningen1 :i* is #dh ,fah41 z mod]n ,o,eningen agrees almo/ precisely ) ,bo/on1 mak+ x #fj ,fah42 f> f look+ to ! nor!rn %ores ( ,africa = an analogy1 :i* ! diff]5t "* ( ! respective vegetations w\ld r5d] /ill less /rik+4 ,! mean annual temp]ature ( ,o,eningen1 dur+ ! ,t]ti>y p]iod1 w\ld n !re=e diff] m f its pres5t mean ?an t ( ,*>le/on diff]s f t ( ,bo/on4--,agassiz1 on ,lake ,sup]ior1 p4 #aej4 ,footnote ,a3 ,! *>act]i/ic g5]a ,lagomys1 ,*eldyra1 & ! l>ge ,salam&]s ) p]man5t gills1 rem9d u ( ! fossils ( ,o,eningen1 = ! pres5t fauna ( ,japan1 z well z ! ,liquidamb>1 ,c>ya1 ,taxodium1 ,gl$its*ia1 c41 c4 ,9 ,france1 ! ,plioc5e epo* probably compreh5ds a "p ( ! fre%-wat] deposits ( ,auv]gne & ,ard*e4 ,?us1 ! slates ( ,m5at & ^? ( ,ro*esauve appe> to me to furni% a ,flora v simil> to ^? ( ,o,eningen & ,p>s*lug4 ,) reg>d to ! m>ls ( ,g]govia & ,m]dogne1 ne> ,cl]mont1 ,i ?9k !y ought r to be class$ 9 ! ,mioc5e epo*2 b ?is "q c be settl$ only by a m att5tive det]m9ation ( ! species4 ,! ,flora1 :i* recapitulates all t has be5 describ$ or nam$ 9 ^! =mations1 is1 h[ev]1 ess5tially f\nd$1 z may be se5 by ! indication ( localities1 on ! two bas9s ( ,p>s*lug & ,o,eningen4 ,! ,flora ( ! ,plioc5e =mations is con/itut$ by ,amphig5\s cryptogams1 compreh5d+ alg & mu%rooms2 by ,acrog5\s cryptogams1 includ+ a muscite1 f]ns1 lycopodiace1 & equisitace2 by ,monocotyl$ons1 naiades1 gram9e1 cyp]ace1 & liliace2 by ,gymnosp]m\s dicotyl$ons1 conif]1 repres5t$ by cupriess9e1 abiet9e1 & tax9e2 f9ally1 by ,angiosp]m\s dicotyl$ons1 compreh5d+ myrice1 betulace1 cupulif]1 ulmace1 balsamiflu1 salic9e1 laur9e1 ?ymale1 santalace1 corne1 myrtace1 calycan!1 pomace1 rosace1 amygdale1 legum9os1 anac>de1 jugl&e1 rhamne1 cela/r9e1 sap9dace1 ac]9e1 tiliace1 magnoliace1 capp>ide1 sapote1 /yrace1 oleace1 eb5ace1 ilic9e1 & ericace4 ,! ,plioc5e epo*1 consid]$ 9 relation to ,europe1 = ,i h int5tionally exclud$ f ! prec$+ li/ "s fossils ( ! ,antilles ref]r$ to ^! =mations1 (f]s z peculi> *>act]s an extreme analogy to ! exi/+ ,flora ( ! temp]ate regions ( ! nor!rn hemisph]e2 ,i d n say ( ,europe1 = ?is ,plioc5e flora compreh5ds _m g5]a /rang]s 9 ! pres5t "t to ,europe1 b prop] to ! vegetation ( ,am]ica or temp]ate ,asia4 ,su* are1 if we admit ! accuracy ( ! g5]ic relations e/abli%$ by ! botani/s to :om ^! det]m9ations are ow+1 taxodium1 salisburia1 comptonia1 liquidamb>1 nyssa1 rob9ia1 gl$its*ia1 bauh9ia1 cassia1 acacia1 rhus1 juglans1 ceano?us1 cela/rus1 sap9dus1 liriod5dron1 capp>is1 sid]oxylon1 a*ras1 & symplocos1 all g5]a =eign to temp]ate ,europe1 b 9 :i* !y h be5 f\nd 9 a fossil /ate1 b :i*1 = ! mo/ "p1 /ill occur 9 ! temp]ate regions ( o!r p>ts ( ! globe4 ,z to o!r g5]a /ill exi/+ 9 ,europe1 b :i* conta9 only a small numb] ( species1 we f9d _m m ( !m 9 a fossil /ate2 su* are ! ,erables1 ( :i* #ad species are enum]at$ 9 ?is ,flora ( ! ,plioc5e epo*1 & ! ,oaks1 :i* are #ac 9 numb]4 ,x ought to be rem>k$1 t ^! species come f two or ?ree v circumscrib$ localities :i*1 9 ! pres5t "t1 probably w\ld n furni%1 9 a circuit ( _m leagues1 m ?an ?ree or f\r species ( ^! g5]a4 ,la/ly1 ano!r "*1 :i* ,i h already spok5 (1 & :i* makes ?is ,flora to diff] /ill fur!r f t ( our epo*1 is ! abs5ce1 or at lea/ ! small numb] & nature ( ! plants ) ,gamopetal\s corollas4 ,?us1 !re are only tw5ty plants ( ?is ,flora arrang$ 9 ! families ( ?is division1 & all are ref]rible to ?is gr\p ( ,hypogyn\s gamopetales1 :i* ,i h di/+ui%$ by ! "n ( ,isogynes2 9 ! g5]al organization ( ! fl[]s1 !y approa* ne>e/ to ! dialypetales4 ,is ?is abs5ce ( ,anisogyn\s gamopetales1 & ) irregul> ov>ies1 ! result ( *ance2 or does x arise f ?is1 t _m ( ^! plants1 p>ticul>ly among ! species ( temp]ate regions1 are h]bace\s1 & t h]bace\s plants are g5]ally 9 conditions less fav\rable = pass+ into a fossil /ate8 ,or1 la/ly1 did ^? families1 :i* "s botani/s h be5 l$ to consid] ! mo/ elevat$ 9 organization1 n yet exi/8 ,^! are po9ts :i* _c be positively det]m9$ 9 ! pres5t /ate ( our k4 ,we may h[ev] rem>k1 t at ! ,mioc5e epo*1 ^! plants 7 /ill less num]\s1 b belong+ to o!r families2 & t at ! ,eoc5e p]iod1 no "o is m5tion$ by ! au?ors :o h %ewn ! connection betwe5 ! fossil & liv+ plants1 )\t hav+ any preconceiv$ idea on ! subject4 ,ano!r fact to be notic$1 b :i* likewise probably dep5ds on ! h]bace\s nature ( ^! vegetables1 & _! leaves n be+ %$1 is ! almo/ complete abs5ce ( ,monocotyl$ons1 f]ns1 & mosses1 :i* e/abli%es1 9 reg>d to ^! families1 a v great diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,plioc5e flora & t ( mod]n ,europe4 ,a diff]5ce n less important di/+ui%es ?is ,flora f t ( ! mo/ anci5t epo*s2 namely1 ! abs5ce1 9 all ^! =mations1 ( ! family ( ,f]ns1 :i*1 on ! contr>y1 furni%es s prom95t a feature 9 ! ,mioc5e epo*4 ,no trace ( !m occur 9 ,europe 9 ! ,plioc5e =mations ,i h enum]at$2 :ile ! woods ( ?is family are v abundant 9 ! =mations ( ! ,we/ ,indies1 :i* is consid]$ z an epo* at lea/ z rec5t z ! ,plioc5e =mation1 :i* appe>s to indicate t at ?is p]iod ! zones ( vegetation 7 di/ribut$ ne>ly z at pres5t4 ,inde$1 9 ^! mod]n =mations ( ! ,antilles1 we f9d among ! fossil woods1 ! only portions ( _! vegetables t h hi!rto be5 collect$1 specim5s :i* indicate ! exi/5ce1 n only ( num]\s & v>i$ palms1 b ( _m o!r families ( ! equatorial zone1 su* z ,lianes1 ne>ly relat$ to ,bauh9ia & ,m5isp]me1 ,pisonia1 c4 ,! vegetation ( ! ,antilles _h !re=e at ?is p]iod ! *>act]s ( ! equatorial zone1 z 9 ,europe x _h !n ! *>act]s ( ! temp]ate zone4 ,la/ly1 & to t]m9ate our obs]vations on ?is ,flora ( ! latt] geological epo* :i* prec$$ ! pres5t "o1 we w\ld rem>k t1 not)/&+ ! g5]al analogies :i* exi/ betwe5 ! vegetables ( ^! =mations & ^? n[ liv+ 9 ! temp]ate regions1 no species appe>s to be id5tical1 at lea/ ) ! plants t /ill gr[ 9 ,europe2 & if1 9 "s r>e cases1 complete id5tity appe>s to exi/1 x is betwe5 ^! vegetables & ,am]ican species4 ,?us ! ,flora ( ,europe1 ev5 at ! mo/ rec5t geological epo*1 0 v diff]5t f ! ,european ,flora ( ! pres5t day4--,l',in/itut4 ,glacial ,!ory ( ! ,erratics & ,drift ( ! ,new & ,old ,worlds4#de ,by ,pr(essor ,l4 ,,agassiz4 ,footnote #de3 ,vide ,lake ,sup]ior1 its physical "*1 vegetation1 & animals4 ,by ,pr(essor ,l\is ,agassiz4 #ahej4 ,glaciali/s & ,antiglaciali/s4--,erratic bas9s ( ,switz]l&4--,simil> ph5om5a obs]v$ 9 o!r p>ts ( ,europe4--,po9ts necess>y to be settl$2 fir/1 ! relation 9 "t & "* betwe5 ! ,nor!rn & ! ,alp9e erratics4--,trac$ 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4--,n yet settl$ :e!r any local c5tres ( di/ribution 9 ,am]ica2 b ! g5]al cause mu/ h act$ 9 all p>ts simultane\sly4--,?is action ceas$ at #ce nor? latitude2 ?is incompatible ) ! notion ( curr5ts4--,9 bo? hemisph]es a direct ref]5ce to ! ,pol> ,regions4--,difficulty z to s ext5sive =mation ( ,ice1 remov$2 difficulties on ! !ory ( ,curr5ts1 ! effects contr>y to exp]i5ce ( ,wat]-,action4--,erratic ph5om5a ( ,lake ,sup]ior4--,! ,iceb]g !ory4--,description ( appe>ances at ,lake ,sup]ior4--,drift2 conta9s mud1 & is )\t fossils4--,example ( juxtaposition ( /ratifi$ & un/ratifi$ ,drift1 at ,cambridge4--,date ( ^! ph5om5a n fully det]m9$1 b d\btless simultane\s all ov] ! ,globe4--,! v>i\s p]iods & k9ds ( ,drift di/+ui%$4--,accompani$ by *ange ( level 9 ! ,cont95t4 ,s mu* has be5 said & writt5 )9 ! la/ fifte5 ye>s ^u ! disp]sion ( erratic b\ld]s & drift1 bo? 9 ,europe & ,am]ica1 t ,i %\ld n v5ture to introduce ?is subject aga91 if ,i 7 n consci\s ( hav+ ess5tial additions to pres5t to ^? int]e/$ 9 ! inve/igation ( ^! subjects4 ,x w be rem>k$ by all :o h foll[$ ! discussions respect+ ! transportation ( loose mat]ials ov] great di/ances f ! spot :]e !y occurr$ primitively1 t ! mo/ m9ute & ! mo/ c>eful inve/igations h be5 made by ^? geologi/s :o h attempt$ to e/abli% a new !ory ( _! transportation by ! ag5cy ( ice4 ,! "p ( ^? :o claim curr5ts z ! cause ( ?is transportation has be5 m g5]ally negative1 inasmu* z1 satisfi$ ) _! views1 !y h g5]ally be5 cont5t$ simply to d5y ! new !ory & its consequ5ces1 r ?an inve/igate anew ! field ^u :i* !y _h f\nd$ _! op9ions4 ,)\t be+ tax$ ) p>tiality1 ,i may1 at ! outset1 insi/ ^u ?is diff]5ce 9 ! "p tak5 by ! two cont5d+ p>ties4 ,=1 s9ce ! publication ( ,sef/roem's pap] ^u ! drift ( ,sw$51 9 :i* v valuable in=mation is giv5 respect+ ! ph5om5a obs]v$ 9 t p59sula1 & ! additional data furni%$ by ,de ,v]neuil & ,mur*ison ^u ! same c\ntry & ! pla9s ( ,russia1 ! classical gr\nd = erratic ph5om5a has be5 left almo/ unt\*$ by all except ! advocates ( ! glacial !ory4 ,i ne$ only ref] to ! inve/igations ( ,m4 de ,*>p5ti]1 ,es*]1 ,von ,d]l9? & ,/ud]1 & m p>ticul>ly to ^? ext5sive & mo/ m9ute rese>*es ( ,pr(essor ,guyot 9 ,switz]l&1 )\t speak+ ( my own & "s contributions f visitors1--z ! ,m>t9s1 ,james ,=bes1 & o!rs1 to ju/ify my ass]tion1 t no important fact1 respect+ ! loose mat]ials spread all ov] ,switz]l&1 has be5 add$ by ! advocates ( curr5ts s9ce ! days ( ,sanssure1 ,de ,luc1 ,es*] & ,von ,bu*2 :il/ ,pr(essor ,guyot has mo/ conclusively %ewn t ! diff]5t erratic bas9s 9 ,switz]l& are n only di/9ct f ea* o!r1 z 0 already kn[n be=e1 b t 9 ea* ! loose mat]ials are arrang$ 9 well-det]m9$ regul> ord]1 %ew+ precise relations to ! c5tres ( di/ribution1 f :i* ^! mat]ials orig9at$2 an arrangem5t :i* agrees 9 e p>ticul> ) ! arrangem5t ( loose fragm5ts ^u ! surface ( any glaci]1 b :i* no cause act+ convulsively c\ld h produc$4#df ,footnote #df3 ,a comp>ison ( ! maps1 %ew+ ! arrangem5t ( ! mora9es ^u ! glaci] ( ! ,a>1 9 my ,sy/me ,glaciaire1 ) ! maps :i* ,pr(essor ,guyot is ab\t to publi% ( ! di/ribution ( ! erratic b\ld]s 9 ,switz]l&1 w %ew m fully ! id5tity ( ! two ph5om5a4 ,! results ( ^! inve/igations are pla9ly t ! b\ld]s f\nd at a di/ance f ! ,c5tral ,alps1 orig9at$ f _! high] summits & valleys1 & 7 c>ri$ d[n at diff]5t successive p]iods 9 a regul> mann]1 =m+ un9t]rupt$ walls & ridges1 :i* c be trac$ f _! />t+-po9t to _! extreme p]iph]ic di/ribution4 ,i h myself %ewn t !re are su* c5tres ( di/ribution 9 ,scotl&1 & ,engl&1 & ,irel&2 & ^! facts h be5 s9ce trac$ 9 detail 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! ,briti% isl&s by ,dr ,buckl&1 ,sir ,*>les ,lyell1 ,mr ,d>w91 ,mr ,m',l>51 & ,pr(essor ,james ,=bes1 po9t+ cle>ly to ! ma9 m\nta9 gr\ps z to s _m di/9ct c5tres ( disp]sion ( ^! loose mat]ials4 ,simil> ph5om5a h be5 %ewn 9 ! ,pyr5ees1 9 ! ,black ,=e/1 & 9 ! ,vosges1 %ew+ beyond "q1 t :atev] might h be5 ! cause ( ! disp]sion ( erratic b\ld]s1 !re are sev]al sep>ate c5tres ( _! di/ribution to be di/+ui%$ 9 ,europe4 ,b !re is ano!r "q connect$ ) ?is local di/ribution ( b\ld]s :i* requires p>ticul> inve/igation1 ! confusion ( :i* ) ! =m] has no d\bt greatly contribut$ to ret>d our real progress 9 und]/&+ ! g5]al "q ( ! di/ribution ( erratics4 ,x is well kn[n t ,nor!rn ,europe is /rew$ ) b\ld]s1 ext5d+ ov] ,european ,russia1 ,pol&1 ,nor!rn ,g]many1 ,holl&1 & ,belgium4 ,! orig9 ( ^! b\ld]s is f> nor? 9 ,norway1 ,sw$51 ,lapl&1 & ,liefl&2 b !y are n[ diffus$ ov] ! ext5sive pla9s we/ ( ! ,ural ,m\nta9s4 ,_! arrangem5t1 h[ev]1 is su* t !y _c be ref]r$ to "o s+le po9t ( orig91 b only 9 a g5]al way to ! nor!rn tracts ( l& :i* rise above ! level ( ! sea 9 ! arctic regions4 ,:e!r ^! b\ld]s 7 transport$ by ! same ag5cy z ^? aris+ f di/9ct c5tres1 on ! ma9 ,cont95t ( ,europe1 has be5 ! *ief po9t ( discussion4 ,= my own "p1 ,i h inde$ no d\bt t ! extreme consequ5ces to :i* we are naturally c>ri$ by admitt+ t ice 0 also ! ag5t 9 transport+ ! nor!rn erratics to _! pres5t positions1 has be5 ! *ief objection to ! view1 t ! ,alp9e b\ld]s h be5 di/ribut$ by glaci]s4 ,x seem$ easi] to acc\nt = ! di/ribution ( ! nor!rn erratics by curr5ts2 & ?is view appe>+ satisfactory to ^? :o support$ x1 !y at once w5t fur!r1 & oppos$ ! glacial !ory ev5 9 ^? di/ricts :]e ! glaci]s seem$ to give a m natural & m satisfactory explanation ( ! ph5om5a4 ,to embrace ! :ole "q x %\ld be asc]ta9$3 ,fir/1 ,:e!r ! nor!rn erratics 7 transport$ at ! same "t z ! local alp9e b\ld]s1 & if n1 :i* ( ! ph5om5a prec$$ ! o!r2 & aga91 if ! same cause act$ 9 bo? cases1 or if "o ( ! causes c be appli$ to "o s]ies ( ^! ph5om5a1 & ! o!r cause to ! o!r s]ies4 ,an inve/igation ( ! erratic ph5om5a 9 ,nor? ,am]ica seems to me likely to settle ?is "q1 z ! nor!rn erratics occur "h 9 an undi/urb$ cont9uation ov] tracts ( l& f> m ext5sive ?an ^? 9 :i* !y h be5 obs]v$ 9 ,europe4 ,= my own "p1 ,i h already trac$ !m f ! ea/]n %ores ( ,nova ,scotia1 ?r\gh ,new ,engl& & ! nor?-we/]n ,/ates ( ,nor? ,am]ica & ! ,canadas z f> z ! we/]n extremity ( ,lake ,sup]ior1 a region embrac+ ab\t ?irty degrees ( longitude4 ,"h1 z 9 ,nor!rn ,europe1 ! b\ld]s evid5tly orig9at$ f>!r nor? ?an _! pres5t location1 & h be5 mov$ univ]sally 9 a ma9 direction f s\? to nor?4 ,f data :i* are1 h[ev]1 r incomplete1 x c be fur!r admitt$ t simil> ph5om5a occur fur!r we/ across ! :ole cont95t1 ev]y:]e pres5t+ ! same relations4 ,t is to say1 ev]y:]e po9t+ to ! nor? z to ! region ( ! b\ld]s1 :i* g5]ally disappe> ab\t latitude #ch4 ,)\t ent]+ at pres5t into a full discussion ( any !oretical views ( ! subject1 x is pla9 t any !ory1 to be satisfactory1 %\ld embrace bo? ! ext5sive nor!rn ph5om5a 9 ,europe & ,nor? ,am]ica1 & settle ! relation ( ^! ph5om5a to ! well-au!nticat$ local ph5om5a ( ,c5tral ,europe4 ,:e!r ,am]ica itself has its special local circumscrib$ c5tres ( di/ribution or n1 rema9s to be se54 ,x seems1 h[ev]1 f a few facts obs]v$ 9 ! ,:ite ,m\nta9s1 t ?is *a91 z well z ! m\nta9s ( nor?-ea/]n ,new ,york1 h n be5 exclusively1--& = ! :ole duration ( ! transportation ( ^! mat]ials1--"u ! influ5ce ( ! cause :i* has di/ribut$ ! erratics ?r\gh su* wide space ov] ! cont95t ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,b1 :e!r ?is be ! case or n 7& ,i tru/ local inve/igations w soon settle ! "q71 ,i ma9ta9 t ! cause :i* has transport$ ^! b\ld]s 9 ! ,am]ican cont95t1 mu/ h act$ simultane\sly ov] ! :ole gr\nd :i* ^! b\ld]s cov]1 z !y pres5t ?r\gh\t ! cont95t an un9t]rupt$ %eet ( loose mat]ials1 ( ! same g5]al nature1 connect$ 9 ! same g5]al mann]1 & evid5tly disp]s$ at ! same "t4 ,moreov]1 !re is no gr\nd1 at pres5t1 to d\bt ! simultane\s disp]sion ( ! erratics ov] ,nor!rn ,europe & ,nor!rn ,am]ica4 ,s t ! cause :i* transport$ !m1 :atev] x may be1 mu/ h act$ simultane\sly ov] ! :ole tract ( l& we/ ( ! ,ural ,m\nta9s1 & ea/ ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 )\t assum+ any?+ respect+ ,nor!rn ,asia1 :i* has n yet be5 /udi$ 9 ?is respect2 t is to say1 at ! same "t1 ov] a space embrac+ two hundr$ degrees ( longitude4 ,aga91 ! action ( ?is cause mu/ h be5 su*1 & ,i insi/ /rongly ^u ?is po9t1 z a fundam5tal "o1 ! mom5tum ) :i* x act$ mu/ h be5 su*1 t aft] be+ set 9 motion 9 ! nor?1 ) a p[] suffici5t to c>ry ! l>ge b\ld]s :i* are f\nd ev]y:]e ov] ?is va/ ext5t ( l&1 x vani%$1 or 0 /opp$1 aft] rea*+ ! ?irty-fif? degree ( nor!rn latitude4 ,n[ x is my delib]ate op9ion t natural philosophy & ma!matics may settle ! "q1 :e!r a body ( wat] ( suffici5t ext5t to produce su* ph5om5a c be set 9 motion ) suffici5t velocity to move all ^! b\ld]s2 & nev]!less /op be=e hav+ swept ov] ! :ole surface ( ! globe4 ,hydrograph]s are famili> ) ! action ( curr5ts1 ) _! spe$1 & ) ! p[] ) :i* !y c act4 ,!y "k also h[ !y are di/ribut$ ov] ! globe4 ,&1 if we in/itute a comp>ison1 x w be se5 t !re is n[h]e a curr5t runn+ f ! poles t[>ds ! l[] latitudes1 ei!r 9 ! nor!rn or s\!rn hemisph]e1 cov]+ a space equal to "o-t5? ( ! curr5ts :i* %\ld h exi/$ to c>ry ! erratics into _! pres5t position4 ,! wide/ curr5t is we/ ( ! ,pacific1 :i* runs p>allel to ! equator1 across ! :ole ext5t ( t sea f ea/ to we/1 & ! greate/ wid? ( :i* is sc>cely fifty degrees4 ,?is curr5t1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 e/abli%es a regul> rotation betwe5 ! wat]s fl[+ f ! pol> regions t[>ds l[] latitudes4 ,! ,gulf ,/ream1 on ! contr>y1 runs f we/ to ea/1 & dies out t[>ds ,europe & ,africa1 & is comp5sat$ by ! curr5ts f ,baff9's ,bay & ,spitzb]g5 empty+ into ! ,atlantic1 :ile ! curr5t ( ! ,pacific1 mov+ t[>ds ,asia1 & c>ry+ floods ( wat] 9 t direction1 is ma9ta9$ *iefly by ant>ctic curr5ts1 & ^? :i* foll[ ! we/]n %ore ( ,am]ica f ,behr+'s ,/raits4 ,:]ev] !y are limit$ by cont95ts1 we see t ! wat]s ( ^! curr5ts1 ev5 :5 !y ext5d ov] hundr$s ( degrees ( latitude1 z ! ,gulf ,/ream does 9 its :ole c\rse1 are deflect$ :]e !y _c foll[ a /raight c\rse4 ,n[1 )\t appeal+ ) m detail to ! me*anical conditions involv$ 9 ?is inquiry1 ,i ask e unprejudic$ m9d acqua9t$ ) ! di/ribution ( ! nor!rn b\ld]s1 :e!r !re 0 any geographical limitation to ! suppos$ nor!rn curr5t to cause x to leave ! nor!rn erratics ( ,europe 9 su* regul> ord]1 ) a con/ant be>+ f nor? to s\?1 & to =m1 on its s\!rn t]m9ation1 a wide1 regul> zone f ,asia to ! we/]n %ores ( ,europe1 nor? ( ! fiftie? degree ( latitude1 be=e x _h rea*$ ! great b>ri] ( ! ,alps8 ,i ask1 :e!r !re 0 su* a b>ri] 9 ! unlimit$ pla9s :i* /ret* f ! ,arctic seas un9t]rupt$ ov] ! :ole nor!rn cont95t ( ,am]ica z f> d[n z ! ,gulf ( ,mexico8 ,i ask1 aga91 :y ! erratics are circumscrib$ )9 ! nor!rn limits ( ! temp]ate zone1 if _! transportation is ow+ to ! action ( wat] curr5ts8 ,does n1 on ! contr>y1 ?is mo/ surpris+ limit )9 ! arctic & nor!rn temp]ate zones1 &1 9 ! same mann]1 )9 ! ant>ctic & s\!rn temp]ate zones1 di/9ctly %ew t ! cause ( transportation is connect$ ) ! temp]ature or climate ( ! c\ntries ov] :i* ! ph5om5a 7 produc$8 ,if x 7 o!rwise1 :y are !re no sy/ems ( erratics ) an ea/ & we/ be>+1 or 9 ! ma9 direction ( ! mo/ ext5sive curr5ts fl[+ at pres5t ov] ! surface ( our globe8 ,x is a matt] ( fact1 ( und5iable fact1 = :i* ! !ory has to acc\nt1 t1 9 ! two hemisph]es1 ! erratics h direct ref]5ce to ! pol> regions1 & are circumscrib$ )9 ! arctics & ! cold] "p ( ! temp]ate zones4 ,?is fact is z pla9 z ! o!r fact1 t ! local di/ribution ( b\ld]s has ref]5ce to high m\nta9 ranges1 to gr\ps ( l& rais$ above ! level ( ! sea into heights1 ! temp]ature ( :i* is l[] ?an ! surr\nd+ pla9s4 ,& :at is /ill m a/oni%+1 ! ext5t ( ! local b\ld]s1 f _! c5tre ( di/ribution1 rea*es levels1 ! mean annual temp]ature ( :i* corresponds1 9 a surpris+ mann]1 ) ! mean annual temp]ature ( ! s\!rn limit ( ! nor!rn erratics4 ,we h1 !re=e1 9 ?is agreem5t1 a /rong evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ! view t bo? ! ph5om5a ( local m\nta9 erratics 9 ,europe1 & ( nor!rn erratics 9 ,europe & ,am]ica1 h probably be5 produc$ by ! same cause4 ,! *ief difficulty is 9 conceiv+ ! possibility ( ! =mation ( a %eet ( ice suffici5tly l>ge to c>ry ! nor!rn erratics into _! pres5t limits ( di/ribution2 b ?is difficulty is greatly remov$ :5 we c trace1 z 9 ! ,alps1 ! progress ( ! b\ld]s "u ! same aspect f ! glaci]s n[ exi/+1 d[n into regions :]e !y no long] exi/1 b :]e ! b\ld]s & o!r ph5om5a att5d+ _! transportation %ew di/9ctly t !y once exi/$4 ,)\t ext5d+ fur!r ?is argum5tation1 ,i w\ld call ! att5tion ( ! unprejudic$ obs]v] to ! fact1 t ^? :o advocate curr5ts z ! cause ( ! transportation ( erratics1 h1 up to ?is day1 fail$ to %ew1 9 a s+le in/ance1 t curr5ts c produce all ! diff]5t ph5om5a connect$ ) ! transportation ( ! b\ld]s :i* are obs]v$ ev]y:]e 9 ! ,alps1 & :i* are /ill daily produc$ !re by ! small glaci]s yet 9 exi/5ce4 ,nev] d we f9d t wat] leaves ! b\ld]s :i* x c>ries along 9 regul> walls ( mix$ mat]ials2 nor d curr5ts any:]e produce ^u ! h>d rocks 9 situ ! peculi> grooves & scrat*es :i* we see ev]y:]e "u ! glaci] & )9 ! limits ( _! ord9>y oscillations4 ,wat] may poli% ! rocks1 b x n[h]e leaves /raight scrat*es ^u _! surface2 x may furr[ !m1 b ^! furr[s are s9u\s1 act+ m p[]fully ^u ! s(t p>ts ( ! rocks or fissures already exi/+2 :il/ glaci]s smoo? & level uni=mly ! h>de/ p>ts equally ) ! s(te/1 &1 l a h>d file1 rub to uni=m cont9u\s surfaces ! rocks ^u :i* !y move4 ,b n[ let u return to our special subject1 ! erratics ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,! ph5om5a ( drift are m complicat$ ab\t ,lake ,sup]ior ?an ,i h se5 !m any:]e else2 =1 besides ! g5]al ph5om5a :i* occur ev]y:]e1 !re are "s peculi>ities notic$ :i* are to be ascrib$ to ! lake z su*1 & :i* we d n f9d 9 places :]e no l>ge %eet ( wat] has be5 br\ght into contact ) ! erratic ph5om5a4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 we notice ab\t ,lake ,sup]ior an ext5sive tract ( poli%$1 groov$ & scrat*$ rocks1 :i* pres5t "h ! same uni=m "* :i* !y h ev]y:]e4 ,z !re is s little disposition1 among s _m o!rwise intellig5t geologi/s1 to p]ceive ! facts z !y are1 :5ev] !y be> ^u ! "q ( drift1 ,i _c b repeat1 :at ,i h already m5tion$ m ?an once1 b :at ,i h obs]v$ aga9 "h ov] a tract ( "s fifte5 hundr$ miles1 t ! rocks are ev]y:]e smoo!d1 r\nd$1 groov$ & furr[$ 9 a uni=m direction4 ,! het]og5e\s mat]ials ( :i* ! rocks consi/ are cut to "o cont9u\s uni=m level1 %ew+ pla9ly t no diff]5ce 9 ! poli% & abrasion c be attribut$ to ! great] or less resi/ance on ! "p ( ! rocks1 b t a cont9u\s ru% cut d[n ev]y?+1 adapt+ itself1 h[ev]1 to ! g5]al undulations ( ! c\ntry1 b nev]!less %ew+1 9 ?is close adaptation1 a mo/ rem>kable cont9uity 9 its action4 ,t ! p[] :i* produc$ ^! ph5om5a mov$ 9 ! ma9 f nor? to s\?1 is di/9ctly %ewn by ! =m ( ! hills1 :i* pres5t abrupt slopes1 r\gh & %>p corn]s t[>ds ! s\?1 :ile !y are all smoo!d (f t[>ds ! nor?4 ,inde$1 "h1 z 9 ,norway & ,sw$51 !re is on all ! hills a lee-side & a /rike-side4 ,z has be5 obs]v$ 9 ,norway & ,sw$51 ! poli%+ is v p]fect 9 _m places1 sometimes /rictly z brilliant z a poli%$ metallic surface1 & ev]y:]e ^! surfaces are m or less scrat*$ & furr[$1 & bo? scrat*es & furr[s are rectil9e>1 cross+ ea* o!r "u v>i\s angles2 h[ev]1 nev] v>y+ _m po9ts ( ! compass on ! same spot1 b 9 g5]al %ew+ t :]e !re are deviations f ! mo/ prom95t direction1 !y are influ5c$ by ! undulations ( ! soil4 ,x has be5 said1 t ! ma9 direction ( ^! /ri 0 f nor?-we/ to s\?-ea/1 b ,i h f\nd x z (t5 /rictly f nor? to s\?1 or ev5 f nor?-ea/ to s\?-we/2 & if we are to express a g5]al result1 we %\ld say t ! direction1 assign$ by all our obs]vations to ! v>i\s scrat*es1 t5ds to %ew t !y h be5 =m$ "u ! influ5ce ( a movem5t f nor? to s\?1 v>y+ m or less to ! ea/ & we/1 accord+ to local influ5ces 9 ! undulations ( ! soil4 ,x is1 inde$1 a v important fact1 t scrat*es :i* seem to h be5 produc$ at no great int]vals f ea* o!r1 are n absolutely p>allel1 b may div]ge = t51 fifte51 or m degrees4 ,!re is "o feature 9 ^! ph5om5a1 h[ev]1 9 :i* we nev] obs]ve any v>iation4 ,! cont9uity ( ^! l9es is absolutely ! same ev]y:]e4 ,!y are rectil9e> & cont9u\s1 & _c be bett] comp>$ ?an ) ! effects ( /ones or o!r h>d mat]ials dragg$ 9 ! same direction ^u flat or roll+ surfaces2 !y =m simple scrat*es ext5d+ = y>ds 9 /raight l9es1 or break+ (f = a %ort space to cont9ue aga9 9 a /raight l9e 9 ! same direction1 j z if int]rupt$ by a j]k4 ,!re are also deep] scrat*es ( ! same k9d1 pres5t+ ! same ph5om5a1 only1 p]haps1 traceable = a great] di/ance ?an ! f9] ones4 ,^! scrat*es1 in/ead ( appe>+ l ! trac+ ( diamonds ^u glass1 z ! =m] d1 w\ld r assume ! appe>ance ( a deep] groove1 made by ! po9t ( a grav]1 or p]haps /ill m closely resemble ! scrat*es :i* a c>t-:eel w\ld produce ^u poli%$ m>ble1 if ! :eel 7 *a9$1 & co>se s& spread ov] ! floor4 ,! appe>ance ( ! rock1 cru%$ by ! mov+ mass1 is especially di/9ct 9 lime/one rocks1 :]e grooves are seldom nicely cut1 b pres5t ! appe>ance ( a viol5t pressure comb9$ ) ! groov+ p[]1 ?us giv+ to ! groove a "* :i* is q peculi>1 & :i* at once /rikes an obs]v] :o has be5 famili> ) its *>act]i/ic aspect4 ,n[1 ,i d n "k ^u :at ! ass]tions ( "s geologi/s re/1 t gravel1 mov$ by wat] "u /rong heavy curr5ts1 w produce simil> effects4 ,:]ev] ,i h gone s9ce /udy+ ^! ph5om5a1 ,i h look$ = su* cases1 & h nev] yet f\nd mod]n gravel curr5ts produce any ?+ m ?an a smoo? surface1 ) undulat+ furr[s foll[+ ! cracks 9 ! rocks1 or foll[+ _! s(t] p>ts2 b cont9u\s /raight l9es1 especially su* cru%$ l9es & /raight furr[s1 ,i h nev] se54 ,:5 we "k h[ ext5sive ! action ( wat] c>ry+ mud & gravel is on e %ore & 9 e wat]-curr5t1--:5 we c trace ?is action almo/ ev]y:]e1 & n[h]e f9d x simil> to ! ph5om5a j describ$1 ,i _c imag9e ^u :at gr\nd ^! ph5om5a are /ill attribut$ to ! ag5cy ( curr5ts4 ,?is is ! less rational z we h at pres5t1 9 all high m\nta9 *a9s ( ! temp]ate zone1 o!r ag5ts1 ! glaci]s1 produc+ ^! v same ph5om5a1 ) precisely ! same *>act]s1 to :i* !re=e a s\nd philosophy %\ld ascribe1 at lea/ conditionally1 ! nor!rn & alp9e poli%$ surfaces1 & scrat*$ & groov$ rocks1 or at lea/ ackn[l$ge t ! effect produc$ by ! action ( glaci]s m ne>ly resembles ^! erratic ph5om5a ?an does t :i* results f ! action ( curr5ts4 ,b su* is ! prejudice ( _m geologi/s1 t ^? ke5 faculties ( di/9ction & g5]alization1 t p[] ( sup]ior p]ception & discrim9ation1 :i* h l$ !m to make su* brilliant discov]ies 9 geology 9 g5]al1 seem to ab&on !m at once z soon z !y look at ! erratics4 ,! objection made by a v5]able geologi/1 t ! cold requir$ to =m & pres]ve su* glaci]s1 = any l5g? ( "t1 w\ld freeze him to dea?1 is z *ildi% z ! appreh5sion t ! heavy ocean-curr5ts1 ! action ( :i* he sees ev]y:]e1 might h swept him away4#dg ,footnote #dg3 ,b]l9 ,academy1 #ahdf4 ,n[ t ^! ph5om5a h be5 obs]v$ ext5sively1 we may d]ive also "s in/ruction f ! limits ( _! geographical ext5t4 ,let u see1 !re=e1 :]e ^! poli%$1 scrat*$1 & furr[$ rocks h be5 obs]v$4 ,9 ! fir/ place !y occur ev]y:]e 9 ! nor? )9 c]ta9 limits ( ! arctics1 & ?r\gh ! cold] p>ts ( ! temp]ate zone4 ,!y occur also 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e1 )9 p>allel limits1 b 9 ! pla9s ( ! tropics1 & ev5 9 ! w>m] p>ts ( ! temp]ate zone we f9d no trace ( ^! ph5om5a1 & nev]!less ! action ( curr5ts c\ld n be less !re1 & c\ld n at any "t h be5 less !re ?an 9 ! cold] climates4 ,x is true1 simil> ph5om5a occur 9 ,c5tral ,europe1 & h be5 notic$ 9 ,c5tral ,asia1 & ev5 9 ! ,&es ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 b ^! always 9 high] regions1 at def9ite levels above ! surface ( ! sea1 ev]y:]e indicat+ a connection betwe5 _! ext5t & ! cold] temp]ature ( ! places ov] :i* !y are trac$4 ,m rec5tly1 a /ep t[>ds ! views ,i ent]ta9 ( ?is subject has be5 made by ^? geologi/s :o w\ld ascribe !m to ! ag5cy ( iceb]gs4 ,"h1 z 9 my glacial !ory1 ice is made ! ag5t2 float+ ice is suppos$ to h gr\nd & poli%$ ! surfaces ( rocks1 :ile ,i consid] !m to h be5 act$ ^u by t]re/rial glaci]s4 ,to settle ?is diff]5ce we h a te/ :i* is z irresi/ible z ! o!r argum5ts already introduc$4 ,let u inve/igate ! mode ( action1 ! mode ( transportation ( iceb]gs1 & let u exam9e :e!r ?is cause is adequate to produce ph5om5a = :i* x is made to acc\nt4 ,z m5tion$ above1 ! poli%$ surfaces are cont9u\s ov] hills1 & 9 depressions ( ! soil1 & ! scrat*es :i* run ov] su* undulat+ surfaces are nev]!less cont9u\s 9 /raight l9es4 ,if we imag9e iceb]gs mov+ ^u %oals1 no d\bt !y w\ld scrat* & poli% ! rocks 9 a way simil> to mov+ glaci]s4 ,b ^u su* gr\nds !y w\ld soon] or lat] be /r&$2 & if !y rema9$ loose en\gh to move1 !y w\ld1 9 _! gyratory movem5ts1 produce curv$ l9es1 & m>k ! spots :]e !y _h be5 /r&$ ) p>ticul> indications ( _! prolong$ action4 ,b n[h]e ^u arctic gr\nd d we f9d su* indications4 ,ev]y:]e ! poli%$ & scrat*$ surfaces are cont9u\s 9 /raight juxtaposition4 ,ph5om5a analog\s to ^? produc$ by iceb]gs w\ld only be se5 along ! sea-%ores2 & if ! !ory ( drift$ iceb]gs 7 correct1 we %\ld h1 all ov] ^? cont95ts :]e erratic ph5om5a occur1 indications ( retreat+ %ores z f> z ! erratic ph5om5a are f\nd4 ,b !re is no su* ?+ to be obs]v$ ov] ! :ole ext5t ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican cont95t1 nor ov] ,nor!rn ,europe & ,asia1 z f> z ! nor!rn erratics ext5d4 ,f ! arctics to ! s\!rnmo/ limit ( ! erratic di/ribution1 we f9d n[h]e ! indications ( ! action ( ! sea z directly connect$ ) ! production ( ! erratic ph5om5a4 ,& :]ev] ! m>9e deposits re/ ^u ! poli%$ surfaces ( gr\nd & scrat*$ rocks1 !y c be %ewn to be deposits =m$ s9ce ! groov+ & poli%+ ( ! rocks1 9 consequ5ce ( ! subsid5ce ( ^? tracts ( l& ^u :i* su* deposits occur4 ,aga91 if we take = a mom5t into consid]ation ! imm5se ext5t ( l& cov]$ by erratic ph5om5a1 & view !m z produc$ by drift$ iceb]gs1 we mu/ ackn[l$ge t ! iceb]gs ( ! pres5t p]iod at lea/1 are insuffici5t to acc\nt = !m1 z !y are limit$ to a n>r[] zone4 ,& to br+ iceb]gs 9 any way )9 ! ext5t :i* w\ld answ] = ! ext5t ( ! di/ribution ( erratics1 we mu/ assume t ! nor!rn ice-fields1 f :i* ^! iceb]gs c\ld be deta*$ & float s\?w>ds1 7 mu* l>g] at ! "t !y produc$ su* ext5sive ph5om5a ?an !y are n[4 ,t is to say1 we mu/ assume an ice p]iod2 & if we look into ! circum/ances1 we %all f9d t ?is ice p]iod1 to answ] to ! ph5om5a1 %\ld be no?+ less ?an an ext5sive cap ( ice ^u bo? poles4 ,?is is ! v !ory :i* ,i advocate2 & unless ! advocates ( an iceb]g-!ory g to t l5g? 9 _! premises1 ,i v5ture to say1 )\t fe> ( contradiction1 t !y w f9d ! s\rce ( _! iceb]gs fall %ort ( ! requisite conditions :i* !y mu/ assume1 ^u due consid]ation1 to acc\nt = ! :ole ph5om5a z !y h really be5 obs]v$4 ,b )\t discuss+ any f>!r ! !oretical views ( ! "q1 let me describe m m9utely ! facts1 z obs]v$ on ! nor!rn %ores ( ,lake ,sup]ior4 ,! poli%$ surfaces1 z su*1 are ev51 undulat+1 & t]m9ate always above ! r\gh lee-side turn$ to ! s\?1 unless ^u g5tle declivities1 :]e ! poli%$ surfaces ext5d 9 unbrok5 cont9uity ^u ! s\!rn surfaces ( ! hills1 z well z ^u _! nor!rn slopes4 ,on _! ea/]n & we/]n flanks1 %all[ valleys runn+ ea/ & we/ are z uni=mly poli%$ z ^? :i* run nor? & s\?2 & ?is fact is m & m evid5t1 :]ev] scrat*es & furr[s are also well pres]v$ & di/9ctly se51 & by _! be>+s we c asc]ta9 mo/ m9utely1 ! direction ( ! onw>d movem5t :i* produc$ ! :ole ph5om5a4 ,no?+ is m /rik+ 9 ?is respect ?an ! valleys or depressions ( ! soil runn+ ea/ & we/1 :]e we see ! scrat*es cross+ su* undulations at "r angles1 desc5d+ along ! s\!rn g5tle slope ( a hill1 trav]s+ ! flat bottom bel[1 & ris+ aga9 up ! next hill s\?1 9 unbrok5 cont9uity4 ,examples ( ! k9d c be se5 ev]y:]e 9 ^? n>r[ inlets1 ) %all[ wat]s int]sect+ ! innum]able highl&s along ! nor!rn %ores ( ,lake ,sup]ior1 :]e ! scrat*es & furr[s c be trac$ "u wat] f "o %ore to ! o!r1 & :]e !y at times asc5d /eep hills1 :i* !y cross at "r angles along _! nor!rn slope1 ev5 :5 ! s\!rn slope1 n /eep] 9 itself1 faces ! s\? ) r\gh esc>pm5ts4 ,! scrat*es & furr[s1 ?\gh g5]ally runn+ nor? & s\?1 & deviat+ slightly to ! ea/ & we/1 pres5t1 9 v>i\s places1 rem>kable anomalies1 ev5 9 _! g5]al c\rse along ! ea/]n %ore ( ! lake4 ,betwe5 ,mi*ipicot9 & ,sault ,/ ,m>ie1 we m frequ5tly see a deflection to ! we/ ?an a due nor? & s\? c\rse1 :i* is r normal along ! nor!rn %ore prop]1 betwe5 ,mi*ipicot9 & o!r isl&s1 & f ! ,pic to ,=t-,william2 ! deep depression ( ! lake be+ no d\bt ! cause ( su* a deviation1 z l>ge masses ( ice c\ld accumulate 9 ?is ext5sive holl[ cavity be=e spread+ aga9 m uni=mly beyond its limits4 ,to ! oscillations ( ! :ole mass 9 its s\!rly movem5t1 accord+ to ! inequalities ( ! surfaces1 we mu/ ascribe ! cross+ ( ! /raight l9es at acute angles1 z we obs]ve also at ! pres5t day "u ! glaci]s1 z !y swell & subside1 & h5ce meet ) high] & l[] ob/acles 9 _! irregul> c\rse betwe5 ! ,alp9e valleys4 ,9 deep1 n>r[ *asms1 h[ev]1 we f9d n[ & !n great] deviations f ! normal direction ( ! /ri1 :]e consid]able masses ( ice c\ld accumulate1 & move betwe5 /eep walls "u a lat]al pressure ( ! masses mov+ onw>ds f ! nor?4 ,su* a *asm is se5 betwe5 ,sp> ,isl& & ! ma9 l& opposite ,pr9ce's ,location1 s\? ( ,=t-,william1 :]e ! furr[s & scrat*es run ne>ly ea/ & we/4 ,b "h also1 !re is no tumultu\s di/urbance 9 ! cont9uation ( ! ph5om5a1 su* z w\ld occur if iceb]gs 7 float$ & /r&$ aga9/ ! s\!rn b>ri]4 ,! same cont9uity ( ev51 poli%$ surfaces1 ) _! scrat*es & furr[s1 prevails "h z else:]e4 ,! angles :i* ^! scrat*es =m ) ea* o!r are v acute1 g5]ally n exce$+ #aj2 b at times !y div]ge m1 =m+ angles ( #ae1 #bj1 & #be4 ,9 a few in/ances1 ,i h ev5 f\nd localities :]e !y cross$ ea* o!r at angles ( no less ?an #cj2 b ^! are r>e exceptions4 ,x may sometimes be notic$ t ! l9es runn+ 9 "o direction =m a sy/em by !mselves1 v>y+ v little f /rict p>allelism ) ea* o!r1 b cross+ ano!r sy/em1 m or less /rongly m>k$1 ( o!r l9es equally p>allel ) ea* o!r4 ,at o!r times1 a sy/em ( l9es1 /rongly m>k$ & div]g+ v slightly1 seem to pass ov] ano!r sy/em1 9 :i* ! l9es =m v>i\s angles ) ea* o!r4 ,aga91 !re are places1--& ?is is ! mo/ common case1 :]e ! l9es div]ge slightly1 foll[+1 h[ev]1 g5]ally "o ma9 direction1 :i* is cross$ by few] l9es1 =m+ m op5 angles4 ,^! diff]5ces1 no d\bt1 indicate v>i\s oscillations 9 ! movem5t ( ! mass :i* produc$ ! l9es1 & %ew probably its successive action1 ) m or less int5sity1 ^u ! same po9t at successive p]iods1 9 accordance ) ! direction ( ! mov+ =ce at ea* int]val4 ,! same v>iations )9 precisely ! same limits may be notic$ 9 our day on ! m>g9 ( ! glaci]s produc$ by ! increase or dim9ution ( ! bulk ( _! mass1 & ! *anges on ! rate ( _! movem5t4 ,! loose mat]ials :i* produc$1 9 _! onw>d movem5t "u ! pressure ( ice1 su* poli%+ & groov+1 consi/$ ( v>i\s-siz$ b\ld]s1 pebbles1 & gravels1 d[n to ! mo/ m9ute s& & loamy p[d]4 ,accumulations ( su* mat]ials are f\nd ev]y:]e ^u ^! smoo? surfaces1 & 9 _! arrangem5t !y pres5t ev]y:]e ! mo/ /rik+ contra/ :5 comp>$ ) deposits accumulat$ "u ! ag5cy ( wat]4 ,inde$1 we n[h]e f9d ?is glacial drift regul>ly /ratifi$1 be+ e :]e irregul> accumulations ( loose mat]ials1 scatt]$ at r&om )\t selection1 ! co>se/ & mo/ m9ute p>ticles be+ pil$ irregul>ly 9 l>g] or small] heaps1 ! greate/ b\ld]s /&+ sometimes upp]mo/1 or 9 ! c5tre1 or 9 any position among small] pebbles & impalpable p[d]4 ,& ^! mat]ials !mselves are scrat*$1 poli%$ & furr[$1 & ! scrat*es & furr[s are rectil9e> z ^u ! rocks 9 situ und]nea?1 n bruis$ simply1 z ! loose mat]ials c>ri$ onw>d by curr5ts or driv5 aga9/ ! %ores by ! tides1 b regul>ly scrat*$1 z fragm5ts ( h>d mat]ials w\ld be if !y _h be5 fa/5$ dur+ _! friction aga9/ ea* o!r1 j z we obs]ve !m ^u ! l[] surface ( glaci]s :]e all ! loose mat]ials are set 9 ice1 z /ones 9 _! sett+ are press$ & rubb$ aga9/ und]ly+ rocks4 ,b ! sett+ "h be+ simply ice1 ^! loose mat]ials1 fa/ at "o "t & moveable ano!r1 & fix$ & loos5$ aga91 h rubb$ aga9/ ! rock bel[ 9 all possible positions2 & h5ce1 n only _! r\nd$ =m1 b also _! rectil9e> groov+4 ,h[ su* grooves c\ld be produc$ "u ! action ( curr5ts1 ,i leave to ! advocates ( su* a !ory to %ew2 z soon z !y %all be prep>$ = x4 ,i %\ld n omit "h to m5tion a fact :i*1 9 my op9ion1 has a great !oretical importance1 namely1 t 9 ! nor!rn erratics1 ev5 ! l>ge/ b\ld]s1 z f> z ,i "k1 are r\nd$1 & scrat*$ & poli%$2 at lea/1 all ^? :i* are f\nd beyond ! imm$iate vic9ity ( ! high] m\nta9 ranges1 %ew+ t ! accumulations ( ice :i* mov$ ! nor!rn erratics cov]$ ! :ole c\ntry2 & ?is view is su/a9$ by ano!r set ( facts equally important1 namely1 t ! highe/ ridges1 ! highe/ rugg$ m\nta9s1 at lea/1 9 ?is cont95t & nor? ( ! ,alps 9 ,europe1 are z completely poli%$ & smoo!d z ! l[] l&s1 & only a v few peaks seem to h ris5 above ! %eet ( ice2 :il/1 9 ! ,alps1 ! summits ( ! m\nta9s /& g5]ally above ^! accumulations ( ice1 & h suppli$ ! surface ( ! glaci]s ) l>ge numb]s ( angul> b\ld]s1 :i* h be5 c>ri$ ^u ! back ( glaci]s to ! l[] valleys & adjac5t pla9s )\t los+ _! angul> =ms4 ,) respect to ! irregul> accumulation ( drift-mat]ials 9 ! nor?1 ,i may add1 t !re is n only no indication ( /ratification among !m1 su*1 unque/ionably1 z wat] w\ld h left1 b t ! v nature ( ^! mat]ials %ews pla9ly t !y are ( t]re/rial orig92 = ! mud :i* /icks betwe5 !m adh]es to all ! little r\ghnesses ( ! pebbles1 fills !m out1 & has ! peculi> adhesive "* ( ! mud gr\nd "u ! glaci]s1 & diff]+ entirely 9 t respect f ! gravels1 & pebbles1 & s&s wa%$ by wat]-curr5ts1 :i* leave ea* pebble clean1 & nev] =m adh]+ masses1 unless p5etrat$ by an infiltration ( lime/one4 ,ano!r important fact respect+ ?is glacial draft consi/s 9 ! univ]sal abs5ce ( m>9e1 z well z fre%-wat] fossils 9 its int]ior--a fact :i* /r5g!ns ! view t !y h be5 accumulat$ by ! ag5cy ( /rictly t]re/rial glaci]s2 su* is1 at lea/1 ! case ev]y:]e f> f ! sea-%ore4 ,b we may conclude t ^! anci5t glaci]s rea*$1 ^u v>i\s po9ts1 ! sea-%ore at ! "t ( _! greate/ ext5sion1 j z !y d at pres5t 9 ,spitzb]g5 & o!r arctic %ores2 & t !re=e1 9 su* proximity1 ph5om5a ( contact %\ld be obs]v$1 indicat+ ! onw>d movem5t ( glacial mat]ial into ! ocean1 su* z ! accumulation )9 ^! mat]ials ( m>9e fossil rema9s1 & also ! influ5ce ( ! tidal movem5ts ^u !m4 ,& n[ su* is really ! case4 ,ne>] ! sea-%ores we obs]ve di/9ctly1 9 "s accumulations ( ! drift1 fa9t indications ( ! action ( ! tide1 rea*+ ! l[] surface ( glaci]s1 & ! remodell+ to "s ext5t ( ! mat]ials :i* ^! p\r$ into ! sea4 ,a beautiful example ( ! k9d may be obs]v$ ne> ,cambridge1 along ,*>les ,riv]1 n f> f ,m\nt ,auburn1 :]e ! un/ratifi$ glacial drift 7a7 pres5ts 9 its upp] masses /rictly ! *>act]s ( true t]re/rial glacial accumulation1 b %ews und]nea? fa9t indications 7b7 ( ! action ( tides4 ,above1 regul> tidal /rata 7c7 are obs]v$1 =m$ probably aft] ! masses bel[ _h subsid$4 ,! surface ( ?is accumulation is cov]$ ) soil 7d74 ,illu/ration3 ,sket* ( riv] bank /ratification ,! p]iod at :i* ^! ph5om5a took place _c be fully det]m9$1 nor is x easy to asc]ta9 :e!r all glacial drift is contemporane\s4 ,x w\ld seem1 h[ev]1 z if ! ext5sive accumulation ( drift all ar\nd ! nor!rn pole 9 ,europe1 ,asia1 & ,am]ica 0 ( ! same age z ! erratic ( ! ,alps4 ,! climatic circum/ances capable ( accumulat+ su* l>ge masses ( ice ar\nd ! nor? pole1 hav+ no d\bt ext5d$ _! influ5ce ov] ! temp]ate zone1 & probably produc$1 9 high m\nta9 *a9s1 z ! ,alps1 ! ,pyr5ees1 ! ,black ,=e/1 & ! ,vosges1 su* accumulations ( sn[ & ice z may h produc$ ! erratic ph5om5a ( ^? di/ricts4 ,b ext5sive *anges mu/ h tak5 place 9 ! appe>ance ( ! cont95ts ov] :i* we trace erratic ph5om5a1 s9ce we obs]ve 9 ! ,old ,_w1 z well z 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 ext5sive /ratifi$ deposits conta9+ fossils :i* re/ ^u ! erratics2 & z we h all possible good reasons & satisfactory evid5ce = admitt+ t ! erratics 7 transport$ by ! ag5cy ( t]re/rial glaci]s1 & t1 !re=e1 ! tracts ( l& ov] :i* !y occur /ood at t "t above ! level ( ! sea1 we are l$ to ! conclusion t ^! cont95ts h subsid$ s9ce t p]iod bel[ ! level ( ! sea1 & t ov] _! inundat$ portions1 animal life has spread1 rema9s ( organiz$ be+s h be5 accumulat$1 :i* are n[ f\nd 9 a fossil /ate 9 ! deposits =m$ "u ^? %eets ( wat]4 ,su* deposits occur at v>i\s levels 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,!y h be5 notic$ ab\t ,montreal1 on ! %ores ( ,lake ,*ampla91 9 ,ma9e1 & also 9 ,sw$5 & ,russia2 & :at is mo/ important1 !y are n ev]y:]e at ! same absolute level above ! surface ( ! ocean1 %ew+ t bo? ! subsid5ce & ! subsequ5t upheaval :i* has aga9 br\ght !m above ! level ( ! sea1 h be5 unequal2 & t we %\ld !re=e be v cauti\s 9 our inf]5ces respect+ bo? ! cont95tal circum/ances "u :i* ! anci5t glaci]s 7 =m$1 & also ! ext5t ( ! sea aft]w>d1 z comp>$ ) its pres5t limits4 ,! contra/ betwe5 ! un/ratifi$ drift & ! subsequ5tly /ratifi$ deposits is s great1 t !y re/ ev]y:]e uncon=mably ^u ea* o!r1 %ew+ di/9ctly ! diff]5ce ( ! ag5cy "u :i* !y 7 accumulat$4 ,?is uncon=mable sup]position ( m>9e drift ^u glacial drift is s beautifully %ewn at ! above-m5tion$ locality ne> ,cambridge 7see diagram1 p4 #aad47 ,9 ?is case ! action ( tides 9 ! accumulation ( ! /ratifi$ mat]ials is pla9ly se54 ,! v>i\s heights at :i* ^! /ratifi$ deposits occur1 above ! level ( ! sea1 %ew pla9ly1 t s9ce _! accumulation ! ma9 l& has be5 lift$ above ! ocean at diff]5t rates 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! c\ntry2 & x w\ld be a mo/ important inve/igation to h _! absolute level1 9 ord] m fully to asc]ta9 ! la/ *anges :i* our cont95ts h und]gone4 ,f ! above m5tion$ facts1 x mu/ be at once obvi\s t ! v>i\s k9ds ( loose mat]ials all ov] ! nor!rn hemisph]e1 h be5 accumulat$1 n only "u diff]5t circum/ances1 b dur+ long-cont9u$ subsequ5t di/9ct p]iods1 & t great *anges h tak5 place s9ce _! deposition1 be=e ! pres5t /ate ( ?+s 0 fully e/abli%$4 ,to ! fir/ p]iod1--! ice p]iod1 z ,i h call$ x1--belong all ! ph5om5a connect$ ) ! transportation ( erratic b\ld]s1 ! poli%+1 scrat*+1 & furr[+ ( ! rocks1 & ! accumulation ( un/ratifi$1 scrat*$1 & loamy drift4 ,dur+ t p]iod ! ma9l& seems to h be51 to "s ext5t at lea/1 high] above ! level ( ! sea ?an n[2 z we obs]ve1 on ! %ores ( ,great ,brita91 ,norway1 & ,sw$51 z well z on ! ea/]n %ores ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 ! poli%$ surfaces dipp+ "u ! level ( ! ocean1 :i* encroa*es ev]y:]e ^u ! erratics prop]1 effaces ! poli%$ surfaces1 & remodels ! glacial drift4 ,dur+ ^! p]iods1 l>ge t]re/rial animals liv$ ^u bo? cont95ts1 ! fossil rema9s ( :i* are f\nd 9 ! drift ( ,sib]ia1 z well z ( ?is cont95t4 ,a fossil elephant1 rec5tly discov]$ 9 ,v]mont1 adds to ! resemblance1 already po9t$ out1 betwe5 ! nor!rn drift ( ,europe & t ( ,nor? ,am]ica2 = fossils ( t g5us are n[ kn[n to occur ^u ! nor!rn-mo/ po9t ( ! we/]n extremity ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 9 ,new ,engl&1 9 ,nor!rn ,europe1 z well z all ov] ,sib]ia4 ,to ! second p]iod we w\ld ref] ! /ratifi$ deposits re/+ ^u drift1 :i* indicate1 t dur+ _! deposition ! nor!rn cont95t _h aga9 ext5sively subsid$ "u ! surface ( ! ocean4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod1 animals1 id5tical ) ^? :i* occur 9 ! nor!rn seas1 spread widely ov] p>ts ( ! globe :i* are n[ aga9 above ! level ( ! ocean4 ,b1 z ?is la/ elevation seems to h be5 gradual1 & is ev5 /ill go+ on 9 our day1 !re is no possibility ( trac+ m precisely1 at lea/ = ! pres5t1 ! limit betwe5 t epo* & ! pres5t /ate ( ?+s4 ,_! cont9uity seems almo/ demon/rat$ by ! id5tity ( fossil-%ells f\nd 9 ^! /ratifi$ deposits1 ) ^? n[ liv+ along ! pres5t %ores ( ! same cont95t1 & by ! fact1 t *anges 9 ! relative level betwe5 sea & ma9l& are /ill go+ on 9 our day4 ,indications ( su* relative *anges betwe5 ! level ( ! wat]s & ! l& are also obs]v$ ab\t ,lake ,sup]ior4 ,& "h !y assume a v peculi> "*1 z ! level ( ! lake itself1 9 its relation to its %ores1 is ext5sively *ang$4#dh ,footnote #dh3 ,an int]e/+ acc\nt ( ! natural t]races ar\nd ,lake ,sup]ior is giv5 at p4 #dac-daf ( ,lake ,sup]ior4 ,description ( ! ,m>9e ,telescope4 ,by ,,john ,,adie1 ,f4,r4,s4,e41 ,f4,r4,s4,s4,a4 ,communicat$ by ! ,au?or4 ,! in/rum5t :i* has be5 popul>ly nam$ ! ,wat]1 or ,m>9e ,telescope1 f ! p[] giv5 by its use to see into ! wat]1 consi/s ( a tube ( metal or wood1 ( a conv5i5t l5g?1 to enable a p]son look+ ov] ! gunnel ( a boat to re/ ! head on ! "o end1 :ile ! o!r is bel[ ! surface ( ! wat]2 ! upp] end is s =m$1 t ! head may re/ on x1 bo? eyes see+ freely into ! tube4 ,into ! l[] end is fix$ 7wat]-tight7 a plate ( glass1 :i*1 :5 us$1 is to be kept "u ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,illu/ration3 sket* ( m>9e telescope ,a v conv5i5t size = ! in/rum5t repres5t$ 9 ! above figure1 is to make ! l5g? ,,ac1 #c feet1 & ! m\? ,a1 :]e ! face is appli$1 ( an irregul> oval =m1 t bo? eyes may see freely into ! tube1 ) an ind5tation on "o side1 t ! nose may brea! freely1 n ?r[+ ! moi/ure ( ! brea? into ! tube4 ,b is a r\nd plate ( glass1 #h in*es diamet]1 ov] :i* is ! rim or edge ,c2 ?is rim is be/ =m$ ( lead1 ( an in* ?ick1 & #c in*es deep2 ! weight ( ! lead s]ves to s9k ! tube a little into ! wat]4 ,holes mu/ be provid$ at ! junction ( ,b to ,c1 = ! purpose ( all[+ ! air to escape1 & br+ ! wat] into contact ) ! glass2 on ea* side !re is a h&le = hold+ ! in/rum5t4 ,?is size & =m is v mu* t ( ! in/rum5t br\ght f ,norway by ,john ,mit*ell1 ,esq41 ,belgian ,consul1 ( ,mayville1 ) ! improvem5t = exclud+ ! brea?1 & all[+ ! wat] to get into contact ) ! glass1 :i* 0 n provid$ = 9 t in/rum5t4 ,! reason :y we s seldom see ! bottom ( ! sea1 or ( a pure lake1 :]e ! dep? is n beyond ! p[]s ( natural vision1 is n t ! rays ( light reflect$ f ! objects at ! bottom are s feeble z to be imp]ceptible to our s5se1 f _! passage ?r\gh ! d5s] m$ium ( ! wat]1 b f ! irregul> refractions giv5 to ! rays 9 pass+ out ( ! wat] into ! air1 caus$ by ! con/ant ripple or motion ( ! surface ( ! wat]1 :]e t refraction takes place4 ,reflections ( light f ! surface also add to ! difficulty2 & be=e we c ) any j hope expect to see ! objects di/9ctly at ! bottom1 ^! ob/ructions mu/ be remov$4 ,?is is done to a v great ext5t by ! use ( ! in/rum5t :i* =ms ! subject ( ?is notice2 ! tube s]ves to scre5 ! eyes f reflections1 & ! wat] be+ 9 contact ) ! glass plate1 all ripple is got rid (1 s t ! spectator1 look+ d[n ! tube1 sees all objects at ! bottom1 ^: reflective p[]s are able to s5d (f rays ( suffici5t int5sity to be impress$ on ! ret9a1 aft] suff]+ ! loss ( light caus$ by ! absorb+ p[] ( ! wat]1 :i* obeys c]ta9 fix$ laws1 proportionate to ! dep? ( wat] pass$ ?r\gh2 = z light pass+ ?r\gh pure sea-wat] loses half its int5sity = ea* #ae feet ?r\gh :i* x passes1#di we mu/1 f ?is cause alone1 at a c]ta9 dep? lose sight ( objects ( ! brighte/ lu/re4 ,! p]fect purity ( ! wat]1 & its fre$om f all muddy p>ticles float+ 9 x1 =m an important elem5t 9 ! effective use ( ! wat]-telescope2 = example1 9 ! ,fri? ( ,=?1 & simil> e/u>ies1 :]e ! influx & reflux ( ! tide keep p>ticles ( mud 9 con/ant motion1 ! in/rum5t is ( little or no use2 = ^! act 9 exactly ! same way 9 limit+ our vision ?r\gh wat]1 z a fog does ?r\gh ! air3 x is !re=e only 9 ! pure wat]s ( our nor!rn & we/]n %ores t ?is contrivance is appli$ ) any advantage2 & 9 su* situations we c speak ( its p[]s ) confid5ce4 ,9 a trial made ) ! in/rum5t la/ autumn on ! we/ coa/ ( ,scotl&1 ! bottom 0 di/9ctly se5 7a :ite bottom7 at a dep? ( #ab fa?oms2 & on a black1 rocky bottom1 at #e fa?oms "u wat]1 objects 7 s di/9ctly se5 t ! p>ts ( a wreck 7 tak5 up--! exact place ( :i* 0 n kn[n previ\s to its use4 ,9 ^! exp]im5ts a l5ticul> =m ( glass 0 made use ( at ! bottom ( ! tube1 hav+ a plane surface to ! wat]1 b no great or m>k$ advantage 0 obs]vable f ?is con/ruction4 ,) respect to ! hi/ory ( ?is contrivance = view+ ! bottom ( ! sea1 we are unable to assign any p>ticul> date3 s f> z our in=mation goes1 x has be5 9 use f a v remote p]iod4 ,we are in=m$ t x is 9 g5]al use 9 seal-%oot+ along our nor!rn & we/]n isl&s1 :]e1 sometimes 9 ! =m ( an ord9>y wa%+-tub1 ) a piece ( glass fix$ 9 its bottom1 ! %ot-seal 0 look$ =1 & ! grappl+-hook let d[n to br+ him to ! surface4 ,x may n be g5]ally kn[n1 t 9 seal-%oot+1 ! %ot or w\nd$ seal always seeks ! bottom1 f :i* he nev] rises aft] dea?1 till wa%$ a%ore by ! action ( ! sea3 x is only :5 ! fatal ball deprives him ( ! p[] ( div+ t he is ev] f\nd at ! surface4 ,9 su* employm5ts1 !re=e1 ! use ( ?is in/rum5t1 h[ev] modifi$1 mu/ =m an important auxili>y to ! be/ rifle4 ,?r[+ oil ov] ! surface ( ! wat] is us$ 9 ! same pursuits2 b ?is only s f> /ills ! ripple1 leav+ ! reflections4 ,our em95t eng9e]1 ,mr ,rob]t ,/ev5son1 made use ( ! wat]-telescope m ?an #cj ye>s ago1 9 works connect$ ) h>b\r improvem5t 9 ! nor? ( ,scotl&2 x has also be5 us$ to exam9e ! s&-banks1 c41 at ! bottom ( ! ,riv] ,tay1 b 9 ?is case ! mud prev5t$ its use 9 any consid]able dep? ( wat]4 ,to obviate ?is difficulty1 ! con/ruction 0 modifi$ ?us3 by mak+ ! tube ( consid]able l5g?1 & plac+ ! glass at ! l[] end1 ?is tube 0 ?ru/ ?r\gh ! wat] till )9 a few feet ( ! bottom1 act+ z a c(f]dam to set aside ! dirty wat]1 & enable ! bottom to be se52 b 9 ?is me?od ( application x 0 f\nd v difficult to hold ! tube d[n 9 ! wat] f its buoyant p[]1 & we are in=m$ by ,mr ,?omas ,/ev5son1 ,c4 ,e41 t1 he und]/ood f ?is cause its use _h be5 discont9u$4 ,he sugge/$ a simple rem$y2 viz41 to fill up ! empty tube ) pure wat]4 ,we are indebt$ to ,mr ,mit*ell1 ! g5tleman already m5tion$1 = hav+ br\ght ?is in/rum5t into notice 9 ! public pr9ts1 "u ! "n ( ,norwegian wat]-telescope1 on ! %ores ( :i* c\ntry x is /at$ to be mu* us$ 9 fi%+--9 p>ticul>1 t ( ! h]r+2 b ! h]r+-fi%]s on ! ea/ coa/ ( ,scotl& in=m u1 t !y require no su* auxili>y1 z1 f ! surr\nd+ elevat$ gr\nds1 !y c tell ! position ( ! %oal1 &1 f _! motions se5 f su* situations1 !y "k :]e !y are to be f\nd :5 !y g out a-fi%+4#ej ,footnote #di3 ,leslie's ,elem5ts ( ,nat4 ,phil41 p4 #ai4 ,footnote #ej3 ,norwegian ,wat]-,telescope4 ,! wat]-telescope is ?us notic$ 9 a v promis+ p]iodical1 ! ,am]ican ,annual ( ,sci5tific ,discov]y1 j publi%$1 ( :i* a copy rea*$ u a few days ago4--,,ed4 ,phil4 ,j\rnal4 ,! wat]-telescope is an in/rum5t :i* ! p ( ,norway h f\nd ( s great utility1 t !re is sc>cely a s+le fi%+-boat )\t "o ( ?ree or f\r feet 9 l5g?1 :i* !y c>ry 9 _! boats ) !m :5 !y g a-fi%+4 ,:5 !y rea* ! fi%+-gr\nds1 !y imm]se "o end ( ?is telescope 9 ! wat]1 & look ?r\gh ! glass1 :i* %ews objects "s t5 or fifte5 fa?oms deep z di/9ctly z if !y 7 )9 a foot ( ! surface4 ,:5 a %oal ( fi% comes into _! bays1 ! ,norwegians in/antly prep>e _! nets1 man _! boats1 & g out 9 pursuit4 ,! fir/ process is m9utely to survey ! gr\nd ) _! glasses1 & :]e !y f9d ! fi% sw>m+ ab\t 9 great numb]s1 !y give ! signal1 & surr\nd ! fi% ) _! l>ge draught-nets1 & (t5 cat* !m 9 hundr$s at a "t4 ,)\t ^! telescopes _! bus9ess w\ld (t5 prove prec>i\s & unpr(itable2 z ! fi%1 by ^! glasses1 are z di/9ctly se5 9 ! deep1 cle> sea ( ,norway1 z gold-fi% 9 a cry/al j>4 ,?is in/rum5t is n only us$ by ! fi%]m51 b is also f\nd abo>d ! navy & coa/+-vessels ( ,norway4 ,:5 _! an*ors get into f\l gr\nd1 or _! cables w>p$ on a road/ead1 !y imm$iately apply ! glass1 &1 guid$ by x1 take /eps to put all to rights1 :i* !y c\ld n d s well )\t ! aid ( ! rude & simple in/rum5t1 :i* ! meane/ fi%]man c make up ) 8 own h&s1 )\t ! aid ( a craftsman4 ,?is in/rum5t has be5 lately adopt$ by ! ,scot* fi%]m5 on ! ,tay1 &1 by its assi/ance1 !y h be5 enabl$ to discov] /ones1 holes1 & unev5 gr\nd1 ov] :i* _! nets travel1 & h f\nd ! telescope answ] to admiration1 ! m9ute/ object 9 twelve feet ( wat] be+ z cle>ly se5 z on ! surface4 ,we see no reason :y x c\ld n be us$ ) advantage 9 ! riv]s & bays ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,exp]im5tal ,inve/igations to ,discov] ! ,cause ( ! ,*ange :i* takes place 9 ! ,/&>d ,po9ts ( ,!rmomet]s4 ,by ,,john ,,adie1 ,f4,r4,s4,e41 ,f4,r4,s4,s4,a4 ,communicat$ by ! ,au?or4 ,x has long be5 kn[n to exp]im5tali/s t1 9 !rmomet]s con/ruct$ ) ! greate/ c>e1 a *ange takes place aft] a lapse ( "t 9 ! /&>d po9ts1 z giv5 by ! melt+ ( ice & boil+ ( wat] "u a fix$ pressure2 on ?is acc\nt x has be5 recomm5d$ by mo/ writ]s1 :]e ! employm5t ( !rmomet]s is treat$ (1 t !y %\ld f "t to "t be comp>$ "o ) ano!r1 & also at ! freez+ po9t4 ,?is *ange is a ris+ ( ! m]cury 9 ! tube1 s t1 aft] a l5g? ( "t1 ! m]cury w n s9k to ! po9t laid (f 9 ! con/ruction ( ! in/rum5t4 ,to inve/igate to :at cause ?is *ange 0 due1 =m$ ! object ( my exp]im5ts3 ,0 x a *ange 9 ! glass ( :i* ! bulbs are =m$1 or 9 ! m]cury ) :i* !y are fill$8 ,i 0 aw>e t !rmomet]s fill$ ) alcohol 7 n subject to ?is *ange1 :i* w\ld lead to ! inf]5ce1 t ! *ange 0 9 ! m]cury & n ! glass2 b !n1 9 ! _s-!rmomet]1 air is left above ! column ( _s1 :]eas1 9 ^? con/ruct$ ) m]cury1 ! air is expell$1 & !re is a vacuum above ! column2 consequ5tly1 ! bulb is press$ toge!r ) ! =ce ( an atmosph]e on all sides2 might n ?is =ce1 act+ = a l5g? ( "t1 cause "s small alt]ation 9 ! arrangem5t ( ! p>ticles =m+ ! glass ( ! bulb8 ,?is is ! explanation accept$ by mo/ ( ! ,italian & ,fr5* writ]s on ?is subject4 ,"s suppose t ! m]cury may conta9 air & moi/ure )9 its p>ticles2 b su* a hypo!sis ,i ?9k inadmissible1 z 9 ! case ( a vacuum ov] ! m]cury1 ^! p>ticles w\ld seek ! void1 & cause r a depression ?an a ris+ ( ! freez+ po9t4 ,mr ,daniell1 9 8 ,essay on ,climate1 adopts ! same view2 & ,sir ,john ,h]s*el1 9 8 article ,heat1 9 ! ,encyclopdia ,metropolitana1 says3 ,! freez+ po9t ^u ! m]curial !rmomet] has be5 suppos$ to und]go "s slight v>iation1 s z to appe> too l[ ^u ! scales ( ^? in/rum5ts :i* h be5 long made2 & x is said t1 9 su* cases1 ! j indication 0 aga9 recov]$ by break+ (f ! end ( ! /em1 s z to admit atmosph]ic air4 ,b1 z ,i _h obs]v$ t ! *ange w5t on = a "t only1 aft] :i* x ceas$1 & t x affect$ !rmomet]s seal$ ) air ov] ! m]cury1 z well z ^? ) a vacuum1 ,i und]took ! foll[+ exp]im5ts3-- ,9 ,septemb] #ahdh ,i made f\r !rmomet]s hav+ long degrees1--su* t #a_/aj might be easily not$1 con/ruct$ ( ! same draft ( glass tube2 two ( ^! ,i plac$ 9 boil+ wat]1 & kept !m at t temp]ature = a week3 my object 9 ?is 0 to le>n if any *ange 9 ! =m ( ! bulb w\ld take place f ?is sl[ process ( anneal+1 z glass is kn[n to und]go "s *ange f su* exposure4 ,! f\r !rmomet]s 7 n[ fill$ ) pure m]cury3 two ( ^! 7 seal$ ) a vacuum ov] ! m]cury2 "o tube t _h be5 boil$1 & ! o!r n3 ! o!r two tubes 7 seal$ ) air ov] _! columns1 & ! freez+ po9ts ( all 7 m>k$ on ! tubes2 aft] :i* !y 7 plac$ 9 a w9d[ freely expos$ to light1 :]e !y 7 left till ,janu>y #ahdi--;a space ( f\r mon?s--:5 !y 7 aga9 plac$ 9 melt+ ice1 & ! freez+ po9ts m>k$2 !y _h ris5 #bd1 #bd1 #bj1 #jf p>ts ( a degree4 ,! :ole f\r !rmomet]s 7 n[ plac$ 9 boil+ wat]1 & kept !re = a week1 :5 ! freez+ po9ts 7 aga9 obs]v$ to h ris5 respectively #dh1 #da1 #ej1 #de4 ,! in/rum5ts 7 n[ left expos$ to light z at fir/2 &1 9 ,janu>y #ahej1 ! freez+ po9ts 7 aga9 obs]v$1 :5 !y 7 f\nd to h f>!r ris5 #ab1 #ah1 #bj1 #ac2 &1 la/ly1 !y 7 obs]v$ 9 ,may #ahej1 :5 no *ange f la/ obs]vation 0 notable4 ,! :ole am\nt ( ris+ ( ! freez+ po9t 9 ^! f\r !rmomet]s1 aft] a lapse ( eighte5 mon?s1 is respectively #hd1 #hc1 #ij1 #fe2 & ^! *anges may be ! full am\nt t w\ld take place 7 ! in/rum5ts obs]v$ aft] a great] lapse ( "t4 ,f my exp]i5ce1 ,i "k t !re is a p]iod aft] :i* no *ange takes place2 b1 f ! me?od 9 :i* ^! exp]im5ts h be5 conduct$1 ,i am n at pres5t 9 a condition to assign a "t2 moreov]1 x is evid5t t ?is p]iod w be mu* modifi$ by circum/ances4 ,! results above /at$ =m ! foll[+ ,table3-- ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,no4 ,description ,value ( ,obs]v$ ,rise aft] ( "o ,degreerise1 ,jan4 hav+ ,rise at ,total ,!rmomet]4 ( ,fahr4 #ahdi4 be5 boil$ ,jan4 #ahej4 rise4 = a week4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,seal$ 9 #a4 vacuum1 #jaff #jbd #jdh #jab #jhd n boil$4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,seal$ 9 #b4 vacuum & #jafh #jbd #jda #jah #jhc boil$4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,seal$ ) #c4 air1 n #jaii #jbj #jej #jbj #jij boil$4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,seal$ ) #d4 air1 boil$4 #jaed #jjf #jde #jac #jfe ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,f inspection ( ! ,table1 no v rem>kable diff]5ce is obs]vable 9 ! ris+ ( ^! f\r in/rum5ts4 ,no4 #d appe>s to h ris5 less dur+ ! fir/ p]iod1 b goes along ) ! o!rs aft]w>ds4 ,! effect ( exposure to ! temp]ature ( boil+ wat] %ews t1 "u high temp]ature1 ! *ange goes on mu* fa/] ?an at ! ord9>y temp]ature ( ! air2 f ! ,table x w be obs]v$1 t ab\t twice ! am\nt ( *ange 0 caus$ by ! boil+ ( ! !rmomet]s = a week1 ?an _h tak5 place betwe5 ! fir/ & second obs]vations1 a p]iod ( f\r mon?s4 ,x does n appe> t ! boil+ ( ! !rmomet] tubes = eight days1 previ\s to _! be+ fill$ ) m]cury1 _h produc$ any *ange on ! =m ( ! bulbs2 we %\ld at lea/ inf] ?is f ! *ange 9 _! freez+ po9ts keep+ pace s ne>ly ) ^? :i* _h n be5 boil$4 ,i n[ come to ! conclud+ exp]im5t ) ^! in/rum5ts1 &1 x appe>s to me mo/ int]e/+ & anomal\s4 ,! f\r tubes be+ plac$ 9 p\nd$ ice1 ! columns /ood at ! po9ts indicat$ 9 ! la/ column ( ! ,table2 9 ?is situation ! tops ( ! tubes 7 brok5 (f1 s z to admit ! free pressure ( ! air1 & in/antly ! !rmomet]s fell1 9 ! ord] ( _! numb]s1 #ed1 #dc1 #dj1 #ce ( a degree1 n[ indicat+ on _! scales #cj1 #dj1 #ej1 #ce4 ,! rem>kable features %ewn by ?is exp]im5t are2 fir/1 t ! two !rmomet]s seal$ ) vacuum1 & ! two hav+ air ov] _! columns1 %\ld h ris5 ne>ly equally1 :5 two _h _! bulbs press$ ) ! :ole =ce ( an atmosph]e1 :ile ! o!r two _h no pressure ext]nally1 f>!r ?an t caus$ f *anges 9 ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e4 ,next1 t on be+ op5$1 ^? ) air ov] !m %\ld h />t$ d[n ne>ly z mu* z ^? ) a vacuum2 & on all ^! appe>s a p]man5t *ange f ?ree to five-t5?s ( a degree4 ,i confess t ,i am v mu* at a loss to acc\nt = ^! s+ul> *anges2 atmosph]ic pressure on ! bulbs w\ld acc\nt = ! *ange 9 ^? seal$ ) a vacuum2 = we c easily suppose t a p]man5t =m _h be5 tak5 f long exposure to t pressure by ! glass =m+ ! bulbs3 besides ?is p]man5t =m1 !re appe>s to h be5 a spr+ inw>ds1 :i* in/antly sprung out on removal ( ! pressure by ! admission ( air ov] ! m]cury2 b ! same reason+ w n apply to ! !rmomet]s hav+ air ov] ! m]cury2 & be=e ,i attempt to make any sugge/ions z to ! cause ( ^! *anges1 ,i propose to in/itute ! foll[+ exp]im5ts4 ,hav+ _h ?ree !rmomet]s bl[n & fill$ ) m]cury1 ,i %all make "o ) a p]fect vacuum ov] ! m]cury1 ! next ) air ov] x1 & ! ?ird ) air cond5s$ ov] x2 &1 not+ ! *anges t may g on 9 ^!1 ,i hope to be able to assign a cause or causes = ! *ange4 ,x is argu$ by "s cont95tal writ]s on ?is subject t ! reason :y we d n p]ceive any *ange 9 ! freez+ po9t 9 _s-!rmomet]s is f ! great expansion ( _s above m]cury1 volume = volume1 !reby requir+ a mu* small] mass ( fluid to give ! same l5g? ( a degree3 ?is ,i propose to te/ by mak+ a !rmomet] ) ! same size ( tube & bulb z ^? to be exp]im5t$ on ) m]cury4 ,9 m5tion+ ^! exp]im5ts to ,pr(essor ,=bes1 he k9dly put me 9 possession ( "s _s-!rmomet]s1 "o ( ^!1 made 9 #ahcg1 hav+ a v l>ge bulb--?is1 ) ?ree o!rs1 %ew$ no *ange 9 ! places ( _! freez+ po9ts4 ,obs]vations on ! ,discov]y1 by ,pr(essor ,,lepsius1 ( ,sculptur$ ,m>ks on ,rocks 9 ! ,nile ,valley 9 ,nubia2 indicat+ t1 )9 ! hi/orical p]iod1 ! riv] _h fl[$ at a high] level ?an has be5 kn[n 9 ,mod]n ,times4 ,by ,,leon>d ,,horn]1 ,esq41 ,f4,r4,s4,s4 ,l4 ,e41 ,f4,g4,s41 c4 ,communicat$ by ! ,au?or4 ,) a ,plate4 ,! rec5t ar*aeological rese>*es ( ,pr(essor ,lepsius 9 ,egypt1 & ! ,valley ( ! ,nile1 9 ,nubia1 h giv5 a des]v$ celebrity & au?ority to 8 "n1 among all :o take an int]e/ 9 ! e>ly hi/ory ( t rem>kable portion ( ! ,old ,_w4 ,:ile exam9+ ! ru9s ( a =tress1 & ( two temples ( high antiquity at ,semne1 9 ,nubia1 he discov]$ m>ks cut 9 ! solid rocks1 & 9 ! f\ndation-/ones ( ! =tress1 indicat+ t1 at a v remote p]iod 9 ! annals ( ! c\ntry1 ! ,nile mu/ h fl[$ at a level consid]ably above ! highe/ po9t :i* x has ev] rea*$ dur+ ! greate/ inundations 9 mod]n times4 ,?is rem>kable fact w\ld possess mu* geological int]e/ ) respect to any great riv]1 b x does s especially 9 ! case ( ! ,nile4 ,its annual inundations1 & ! uni=mity 9 ! p]iods ( its rise & fall1 h be5 record$ ) consid]able accuracy = _m c5turies2 ! solid matt] held 9 susp5sion 9 its wat]s1 sl[ly deposit$ on ! l& ov]fl[$1 has be5 productive ( *anges 9 ! configuration ( ! c\ntry1 n only 9 times long antec$5t to hi/ory1 b ?r\gh\t all hi/ory1 d[n to ! pres5t day4 ,( no o!r riv] on ! e>?'s surface d we possess su* or simil> records2 & moreov]1 ! ,nile1 & ! *anges x has produc$ on ! physical "* ( ,egypt1 are intimately associat$ ) ! e>lie/ records & traditions ( ! human race4 ,ev]y?+1 !re=e1 relat+ to ! physical hi/ory ( ! ,nile ,valley mu/ always be an object ( int]e/2 b ! discov]y ( ,pr(essor ,lepsius is "o peculi>ly des]v+ ! att5tion ( ! geologi/2 = he does n m]ely record ! facts ( ! m>k+s ( ! =m] high level ( ! riv]1 b he inf]s f ^! m>ks1 t s9ce ! reign ( ,mo]is1 ab\t #bbjj ye>s be=e our era1 ! entire b$ ( ! ,nile1 9 ,l[] ,nubia1 mu/ h be5 excavat$ to a dep? ( ab\t #bg feet2 & he fur!r speculates z to ! process by :i* he believes ! excavation to h be5 effect$4 ,x w be conv5i5t1 be=e ent]+ ^u ! obs]vations ,i h to (f] ^u ! cause assign$ by ,pr(essor ,lepsius = ! =m] high] levels ( ! ,nile indicat$ by ^! m>ks1 t ,i %\ld give ! description ( ! discov]y itself1 by translat+ ,dr ,lepsius's own acc\nt ( x1 9 lett]s :i* he address$ to 8 fri5ds1 ,pr(essors ,ehr5b]g & ,bckh ( ,b]l91 f ! isl& ( ,phil1 9 ,septemb] #ahdd4ea ,footnote #ea3 ,b]i*t b] die zur ,bekantma*ung geeignet5 ,v]h&lung5 d] ,knigl4 ,preuss4 ,akademie d] ,wiss5%aft5 zu ,b]l94 ,aus dem ,jahre #ahdd4 ,y may probably rememb]1 :5 travell+ to ,dongola on ! ,lybian side ( ! ,nile1 & 9 pass+ ?r\gh ! di/rict ( ,batn el hagr1 t "o ( ! mo/ consid]able ( ! cat>acts ( ! c\ntry occurs ne> ,semne1 a v old =tress1 ) a h&some temple1 built ( s&/one1 9 a good /ate ( pres]vation2 ! track ( ! c>avan pass+ close to x1 p>tly ov] ! #djjj-ye>-old artificial road4 ,! track on ! ea/]n bank ( ! riv] is high] up1 be+ c>ri$ ?r\gh ! hills2 & y mu/ turn (f f x at ?is po9t 9 ord] to see ! cat>act4 ,?is ,nile-pass1 ! n>r[e/ ) :i* ,i am acqua9t$1 accord+ to ! measurem5t ( ,hr4 ,erbkam1 is #chj metres 7#abdg ,engli% feet7 broad2#eb & bo? 9 itself1 & on acc\nt ( ! monum5ts exi/+ !re1 is "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ localities 9 ! c\ntry1 & we pass$ twelve days 9 its exam9ation4 ,footnote #eb3 ,! bread? ( ! riv] itself4 ,see ,lett] to ,hr4 ,bckh1 p4 #bg4 ,! riv] is "h conf9$ betwe5 /eep rocky cliffs on bo? sides1 ^: summits are occupi$ by two =tresses ( ! mo/ anci5t & mo/ massive con/ruction1 di/+ui%able at once f ! num]\s o!r =ts1 :i*1 9 ! "t ( ! ,nubian p[] 9 ?is l& ( cliffs1 7 erect$ on mo/ ( ! l>g] isl&s1 & on ! hills comm&+ ! riv]4 ,! cat>act 7or rapid7 d]ives its "n ( ,semne f t ( ! high] ( ! two =tresses on ! we/]n bank2 t on ! opposite bank1 z well z a poor village ly+ some:at s\? ( x1 is call$ ,kumme4 ,9 bo? =tresses ! highe/ & be/ position is occupi$ by a temple1 built ( huge blocks ( s&/one1 ( two k9ds1 :i* mu/ h be5 br\ght f a great di/ance ?r\gh ! rapids2 =1 s\?w>d1 no s&/one is f\nd ne>] ?an ,gebel ,abir1 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,am>a & ! isl& ( ,sai 7betwe5 #hj & #ij ,engli% miles71 & nor?w>d1 !re is none ne>] ?an ! great division ( ! di/rict at ,wadi ,haifa 7#cj miles di/ant47 ,bo? temples 7 built 9 ! "t ( ,tutmosis ,,iii41 a k+ ( ! #ah? dyna/y1 ab\t #afjj ye>s be=e ,*ri/2 b ! =tresses 9 :i* !y /& are ( a m anci5t date4 ,! f\ndations ( ^! are granite blocks ( ,cyclopian dim5sions1 re/+ on ! rock1 & sc>cely inf]ior to ! rock itself 9 durability4 ,!y 7 erect$ by ! fir/ conqu]or ( ! c\ntry1 ,k+ ,sesuates5 ,,iii41 ( ! #ab? dyna/y1 9 ord] to comm& ! riv]1 s easily done 9 s n>r[ a gorge4 ,! imm$iate successor ( ?is k+ 0 ,am5emha ,,iii41 ! ,mo]is ( ! ,greeks3 he :o accompli%$ ! gigantic "w ( =m+ ! artificial lake ( ,mo]is1 9 ! ,fay\m1 & f ^: "t--! mo/ fl\ri%+ ( ! :ole ( ! old ,egyptian k+dom--! ris+s ( ! ,nile 9 successive ye>s1 d\btless by means ( regul> m>k+s1 z inde$ ,diodorus tells1 rema9$ s well kn[n1 t1 accord+ to ,h]odotus1 !y 7 record$ 9 di/9ct numb]s f ! "t ( ,mo]is4 ,x appe>s t ?is provid5t k+1 occupi$ ) great s*emes = ! welf>e ( 8 c\ntry1 consid]$ x ( great importance t ! ris+ ( ! ,nile on ! mo/ s\!rn bord] ( 8 k+dom %\ld be obs]v$1 & ! results =?) communicat$ widely 9 o!r p>ts ( ! l&1 to prep>e ! p = ! inundations4 ,! gorge at ,semne (f]$ great] advantages = ?is object ?an any o!r po9t2 because ! riv] 0 !re securely conf9$ by precipit\s rocky cliffs on ea* side4 ,) ! same view he _h d\btless caus$ ,nilomet]s to be fix$ at ,assuan & o!r suitable places2 = )\t a comp>ison ) ^!1 ! obs]vations at ,semne c\ld be ( little use4 ,! highe/ rise ( ! ,nile 9 ea* ye> at ,semne1 0 regi/]$ by a m>k1 indicat+ ! ye> ( ! k+'s reign1 cut 9 ! granite1 ei!r on "o ( ! blocks =m+ ! f\ndation ( ! =tress1 or on ! cliff1 & p>ticul>ly on ! ea/ or "r bank1 z be/ adapt$ = ! purpose4 ,( ^! m>k+s eighte5 /ill rema91 ?irte5 ( !m hav+ be5 made 9 ! reign ( ,mo]is1 & five 9 ! "t ( 8 two next successors4 ,^! la/ k+s discont9u$ ! obs]vations2 =1 9 ! meantime1 ! irruption ( ! ,asiatic pa/oral tribes into ,l[] ,egypt took place1 & wellnigh br\ght ! :ole k+dom to ru94 ,! record is almo/ always 9 ! same t]ms1 %ort & simple3 ,ra en ,hapi em r5pe 444 m\? or gate ( ! ,nile 9 ! ye>4444 ,& !n foll[s ! ye> ( ! reign1 & ! "n ( ! k+4 ,x is writt5 9 a horizontal r[ ( hi]oglyphics1 includ$ )9 two l9es--! upp] l9e indicat+ ! p>ticul> height ( ! wat]1 z is (t5 specially /at$-- ,illu/ration3 sket* ( hi]oglyphics ,! e>lie/ date pres]v$ is t ( ! six? ye> ( ! k+'s reign1 & he reign$ #db ye>s & "s mon?s4 ,! next foll[+ dates are1 ! ye>s #i1 #ad1 #ae1 #bj1 #bb1 #bc1 #bd1 #cj1 #cb1 #cg1 #dj1 #da1 & #dc2 & include1 !re=e1 "u ?is k+1 a p]iod ( #cg ye>s4 ,( ! rema9+ dates1 t only ( ! #d? ye> ( 8 two successors is available2 all ! o!rs1 :i* are on ! we/ or left bank ( ! riv]1 h be5 mov$ f _! orig9al place by ! rapid floods :i* h ov]?r[n & c>ri$ =w>d va/ masses ( rock4 ,"o s+le m>k only1 t ( ! #i? ye> ( ,am5emha1 has be5 pres]v$ 9 its orig9al place on "o ( ! build+ /ones1 b some:at bel[ ! pr9cipal rapid4#ec ,footnote #ec3 ,see ,plate ,i4 ,we h n[ to consid] ! relation :i* ^!--! mo/ anci5t ( all exi/+ m>ks ( ! ris+s ( ! ,nile--be> to ! levels ( ! riv] 9 our own "t4 ,we h "h pres5t$ to u ! rem>kable facts1 t ! highe/ ( ! records n[ legible2 viz41 t ( ! #cj? ye> ( ! reign ( ,am5emha1 accord+ to exact measurem5ts :i* ,i made1 is #hag metres 7#bf feet #h in*es7 high] ?an ! highe/ level to :i* ! ,nile rises 9 ye>s ( ! greate/ floods2 & fur!r1 t ! l[e/ m>k1 :i* is on ! ea/ bank1 & indicat$ ! #ae? ye> ( ! same k+1 is /ill #dad metres 7#ac feet #f in*es72 & ! s+le m>k on ! we/ bank1 indicat+ ! #i? ye>1 is #bgg metres 7#i feet7 above ! same highe/ level4 ,! mean rise ( ! riv]1 record$ by ! m>ks on ! ea/ bank1 dur+ ! reign ( ,mo]is1 is #aiad metres 7#fb feet #f in*es7 above ! l[e/ level ( ! wat] 9 ! pres5t day1 :i*1 accord+ to ! /atem5ts ( ! mo/ exp]i5c$ boatm51 does n *ange f ye> to ye>1 & !re=e repres5ts ! actual level ( ! ,nile1 indep5d5tly ( its increase by ! falls ( ra91 9 ! m\nta9s 9 :i* its s\rces are situat$4 ,! mean rise above ! l[e/ level1 at ! pres5t "t1 is #aahd metres 7#ch feet #h in*es72 &1 !re=e1 9 ! "t ( ,mo]is1 or ab\t #bbjj ye>s be=e ,*ri/1 ! mean height ( ! riv]1 at ! cat>act or rapid ( ,semne1 dur+ ! inundation1 0 #gcj metres 7#bc feet #aj in*es7 above ! mean level 9 ! pres5t day4 ,su* are ! facts record$ by ,dr ,lepsius2 & !n foll[1 9 ! same lett]1 8 views z to ! cause ( ! rem>kable l[]+ ( ! level ( ! riv]4 ,!re is c]ta9ly no reason = believ+1 he says1 t !re has be5 any dim9ution 9 ! g5]al volume ( wat] com+ f ! s\?4 ,! great *ange 9 ! level c1 !re=e1 only be acc\nt$ = by "s *anges 9 ! l&1 & ^! mu/ also h alt]$ ! :ole nature ( ! ,nile ,valley4 ,!re seems to be b "o cause = ! v consid]able l[]+ ( ! ,nile2 namely1 ! wa%+ out & excavations ( ! catacombs 7,answas*5 und ,au%l5 d] ,katakomb572 & ?is is q possible f ! nature ( ! rocks !mselves1 :i*1 x is true1 are ( a quality t c\ld n well be r5t asund]1 & c>ri$ away by ! m]e =ce ( ! wat]1 b might be act$ ^u directly by ! ris+ ( ! wat]-level1 & ! consequ5t effects ( ! sun & air on ! places left dry1 caus+ cracks1 into :i* e>? & s& w\ld p5etrate1 :i* w\ld !n give rise to /ill great] r5ts1 until1 at la/1 ! rocks w\ld ( !mselves fall 91 by hav+ be5 holl[$ out1 a process t w\ld be ha/5$ 9 ^? p>ts ( ! hills :]e s(t] & e>?y b$s exi/$1 & :i* w\ld be m easily wa%$ away4 ,b t1 9 hi/orical times1 )9 a p]iod ( ab\t #djjj ye>s1 s great an alt]ation %\ld take place 9 ! h>de/ rocks1 is a fact ( ! mo/ rem>kable k9d1--"o :i* may af=d gr\nd = _m o!r important consid]ations4 ,! elevation ( ! wat]-level at ,semne mu/ necess>ily h affect$ all ! l&s above2 &1 x is to be presum$1 t ! level ( ! prov9ce ( ,dongola 0 at "o "t high]1 z ,semne _c be ! only place 9 ! long tract ( cliffs :]e ! b$ ( rock has be5 holl[$ out4 ,x is to be conceiv$1 !re=e1 t n only ! widely-ext5d$ tracts 9 ,dongola1 b ^? ( all ! high] c\ntry 9 ,m]o1 & z f> up z ,fasogle1 :i*1 9 ! pres5t day1 are dry & b>r5 on bo? sides ( ! riv]1 & are ) difficulty irrigat$ by artificial contrivances1 mu/ !n h pres5t$ a v diff]5t aspect1 :5 ! ,nile ov]fl[$ !m1 & ye>ly deposit$ its f]tile mud to ! limits ( ! s&y des]t4 ,l[] ,nubia also1 betwe5 ,wadi ,haifa & ,assuan1 is n[ arid almo/ ?r\gh\t its :ole ext5t4 ,! pres5t l& ( ! valley1 :i* is only p>tly irrigat$ by wat]-:eels1 is1 on an av]age1 f #f to #ab feet high] ?an ! level to :i* ! ,nile n[ rises2 & al?\gh ! rise at ,semne might h no imm$iate influ5ce ^u x1 yet :at has occurr$ !re makes x m ?an probable1 t at ,assuan !re 0 =m]ly a v diff]5t level ( ! riv]1 & t ! cat>acts !re1 ev5 9 ! hi/orical p]iod1 h be5 consid]ably worn d[n4 ,! cont9u$ impov]i%m5t ( ,nubia is a pro( ( ?is4 ,i h no mann] ( d\bt t ! l& 9 ?is l[] "p ( ! valley1 :i*1 z already /at$1 is at pres5t ab\t #aj feet above ! highe/ rise ( ! ,nile1 0 inundat$ by x )9 hi/orical "t4 ,_m m>ks are also met ) "h1 t leave no d\bt reg>d+ ! condition ( ! ,nile ,valley antec$5t to hi/ory1 :5 ! riv] mu/ h ris5 mu* high]2 = x has left an alluvial soil 9 almo/ all ! consid]able bays1 at an av]age height ( #aj metres 7#cb feet #i in*es7 above ! pres5t mean rise ( ! riv]4 ,t alluvial soil1 s9ce t p]iod1 has d\btless be5 consid]ably dim9i%$ 9 ext5t by ! action ( ra94 ,on ! #ag? ( ,augu/ ,hr4 ,erbkam & ,i measur$ ! ne>e/ alluvial hillock 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,korusko1 & f\nd x #fia metres 7#bb feet #g in*es7 above ! g5]al level ( ! valley1 & #ajbf metres 7#cc feet #g in*es7 above ! pres5t mean rise ( ! riv]4 ,t rise1 :i* at ,semne1 on acc\nt ( ! great] conf9em5t ( ! /ream betwe5 ! rocks1 v>ies z mu* z #bdj metres 7#g feet #aj in*es7 9 diff]5t ye>s1 v>ies at ,korusko less ?an #a metre 7#c feet #c in*es74 ,ne> ,abusimbel1 on ! we/ bank1 ,i f\nd ! gr\nd ( ! temple #fej metres 7#ba feet #b in*es7 above ! highe/ wat]-level4 ,?is temple1 x is well kn[n1 0 built "u ,rameses ! ,great1 betwe5 #achh & #acbb ye>s be=e ,*ri/4 ,ne> ,ibrim !re are1 on ! ea/ bank1 f\r grottoes excavat$ 9 ! v]tical rock t b\nds ! riv]1 :i* belong p>tly to ! #ah? & p>tly to ! #ai? dyna/ies2 ! la/1 "u ,rameses ! ,great1 is also ! l[e/1 & only #bej metres 7#h feet #a in*7 above ! highe/ inundation2 ! next 9 height is #bgj metres 7#h feet #i in*es7 above ! =m]1 & 0 made #bej ye>s e>li]1 "u ,tutmes ,,iii4 ,al?\gh ,i only measur$ ! pres5t level ( ! valley ne> ,korusko1 nev]!less x appe>s to me t1 dur+ ! :ole ( ! new k+dom1 t is1 f ab\t #agjj ye>s be=e ,*ri/ to ?is "t1 ! ,nile has n rea*$ to ! full height ( ! l[ l& ( ! valley4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 conceivable t1 at ! "t :5 ! pres5t l[ l& ( ! ,nubian ,valley 0 =m$1 ! cat>acts at ,assuan 7 9 a totally diff]5t /ate2 "o t w\ld1 9 "s degree1 ju/ify ! ov]*>g$ descriptions ( ! anci5ts1 accord+ to :om !y made s great a noise t ! dwell]s ne> !m became deaf4 ,! damm+ up ( ! inundation at ,assuan c\ld h no mat]ial influ5ce on ,egypt1 any m ?an t at ,semne1 or ! l& f !nce to ,assuan4 ,x appe>s !re=e1 f ! above /atem5ts1 t at ! "t m5tion$1 ! ,nile1 dur+ ! inundations1 /ood #bf feet #h in*es high] ?an ! highe/ level to :i* x n[ rises 9 ye>s ( ! greate/ floods2 & t1 to acc\nt = ?is1 ,pr(essor ,lepsius conceives t1 betwe5 ! "t ( ,moesis & ! pres5t day1 ! b$ ( ! ,nile1 f a consid]able di/ance above ,semne to ,assuan1 mu/ h be5 worn d[n to t ext5t4 ,9 ! index to ! volume ( ! ,b]l9 ,monatsb]i*t1 9 :i* ! lett]s ( ,pr(essor ,lepsius are ins]t$1 !re is ! foll[+ l9e3-- ,,nil1 s5kung se9es ,bettes um #be ,fuss seit #djjj ,jahr54 ,nile1 s9k+ ( its b$ ab\t #be feet 7,p>is7 )9 ! la/ #djjj ye>s4 ,riv]s are1 und\bt$ly1 among ! mo/ active ag5ts ( *ange t are op]at+ on ! e>?'s surface2 ! solid matt] :i* r5d]s _! wat]s turbid1 & :i* !y unceas+ly c>ry to ! sea1 af=d indisputable pro( ( ?is ag5cy4 ,b ! p[] ( riv]s to abrade & we> d[n ! rocks ov] :i* !y fl[1 & to =m & deep5 _! own b$1 dep5ds ^u a v>iety ( circum/ances n always tak5 into acc\nt2 & al?\gh ! great ext5t ( t p[]1 9 bo? respects1 is %ewn 9 ! case ( _m riv]s1 to conclude1 z "s h done1 f ^! in/ances1 t all riv]s h excavat$ ! *annels 9 :i* !y fl[1 is a g5]alization t _c be safely ass5t$ to4 ,! excavation ( ! b$ ( a riv] is "o ( ^? problems 9 geological dynamics :i* c only be rightly solv$ by ea* p>ticul> case be+ subject$ to ! rigor\s exam9ation ( ! ma!matician & ! physici/4 ,! solid matt] :i* riv]s c>ry =w>d is 9 "p only ! produce ( _! own abrad+ p[]2 & ! am\nt ( x mu/ be proportional to t p[]1 :i* is ma9ly dep5d5t on _! velocity2 !y are ! recipi5ts ( ! wa/e ( ! adjo9+ l&s by o!r comb9$ ag5cies1 & ! c>ri]s ( x to ! l[] di/ricts & to ! sea4 ,!y (t5 af=d ! /ronge/ evid5ce ( ! va/ lapse ( "t t mu/ be includ$ betwe5 ! beg9n+ & close ( a geological p]iod2 &1 :5 !y fl[ ?r\gh c\ntries ^: remote political hi/ory is kn[n to u1 !y supply a scale by :i* we may measure & e/imate t lapse ( "t4 ,?is is especially s 9 ! case ( ! ,nile4 ,:5 s />tl+ an hypo!sis z t n[ ref]r$ to1 viz41 t ! entire b$ ( s va/ a riv] z ! ,nile1 = m ?an #bej miles1 f ,semne to ,assuan1 has be5 excavat$1 )9 hi/orical "t1 to a dep? ( #bg feet1 is made by a p]son ^: "n c>ries s mu* weight 9 "o dep>tm5t ( philosophical inquiry1 ! /atem5t involves su* important geological consid]ations1 t x becomes ! duty ( ! geologi/ to exam9e1 & ?or\ghly te/ ! s\ndness ( ! explanation1 9 ord] t ! au?ority ( ,pr(essor ,lepsius1 = ! accuracy ( ! facts obs]v$1 may n be too readily admitt$ z conclusive = ! correctness ( 8 !ory ( ! cause to :i* !y owe _! exi/5ce4 ,t !re has be5 su* an und\bt+ admission1 appe>s f ! foll[+ passage 9 ! "w ( "o ( ! late/ writ]s on ,nubia3-- ,! translation ( ! "n ( ?is t[n 7,aswn7 is '! op5+2' & a great op5+ ?is once 01 be=e ! ,nile _h *ang$ its "* 9 ,e?iopia1 & :5 ! m anci5t races made ?is rock 7at ! fir/ cat>act7 _! wat*-t[] on ! fronti] betwe5 ,egypt & ! s\?4 ,t ! ,nile has *ang$ its "*1 s\? ( ! fir/ cat>act1 has be5 made cle> by "s rec5t exam9ations ( ! %ores & monum5ts ( ,nubia4 ,dr ,lepsius has discov]$ wat]-m>ks s high on ! rocks & edifices1 & s plac$ z to compel ! conviction t ! b$ ( ! ,nile has sunk extraord9>ily by "s great natural process1 ei!r ( convulsion or we>4 ,! app>5t exagg]ations ( "s old writ]s ab\t ! cat>acts at ,sy5e may ?us be 9 "s measure acc\nt$ =4 ,if !re really 0 once a cat>act "h1 in/ead ( ! rapids ( ! pres5t day1 !re is "s excuse = ! reports giv5 f he>say by ,cic]o & ,s5eca4 ,cic]o says1 t '! riv] ?r[s itself headlong f ! l(tie/ m\nta9s1 s t ^? :o live ne>e/ are depriv$ ( ! s5se ( he>+1 f ! greatness ( ! noise4' ,s5eca's acc\nt is3 ',:5 "s p 7 /ation$ !re by ! ,p]sians1 _! e>s 7 s /unn$ ) ! con/ant ro>1 t x 0 f\nd necess>y to remove !m to a m quiet place4'#ed ,footnote #ed3 ,miss ,m>t9eau's ,ea/]n ,life1 vol4 i41 p4 #ii4 ,note4--,! le>n$ au?or ( an article on ,egyptian ,*ronology & ,hi/ory 9 ! ,prospective ,review = ,may #ahej1 9 ref]r+ to ! contributions ( ,pr(essor ,lepsius to ,egyptian hi/ory1 says1 ,he has discov]$ undescrib$ pyramids1 equal 9 numb] to ^? kn[n be=e2 has trac$ ! ,labyr9?1 & asc]ta9$ its f\nd]4 ,he has detect$ inscriptions on ! banks ( ! ,nile1 :i* %[ t its b$ has subsid$ _m feet 9 hi/oric times4 #i? ,june #ahej4 ,9 ! assumption ( an excavation ( ! b$ ( ! riv]1 we h no small am\nt ( we> to deal )1 = ! di/ance f ,semne to ,assuan1 foll[+ ! c\rse ( ! riv]1 is n less ?an #bej miles2 & if1 z ,pr(essor ,lepsius supposes1 ! excavation ext5d$ to ,m]o1 we h a di/ance1 betwe5 t place & ,assuan1 ( n less ?an #fjj miles4 ,al?\gh ^! records ( a =m] high level ( ! ,nile at ,semne _h n be5 notic$ by any travell] prior to ,pr(essor ,lepsius1 we may re/ fully assur$ ( ! accuracy ( 8 /atem5ts1 f ! habitual c>e & dilig5ce1 & ! e/abli%$ "* = fidelity1 ( ! obs]v]4 ,! sil5ce ( o!r travell]s may be readily acc\nt$ = by ?is1 t none ( !m appe> to h rema9$ m ?an a v %ort "t at ?is spot--n ev5 ! dilig5t ,russegg]--:]eas we h se5 t ,pr(essor ,lepsius pass$ twelve days 9 ! exam9ation ( ?is gorge 9 ! ,nile ,valley4 ,! !ory ( a l[]+ ( ! b$ ( ! riv] by we>+1 involves two ma9 consid]ations1 viz41 ! p[] ( ! /ream1 & ! degree ( h>dness ( ! rocks act$ ^u4 ,! p[] dep5ds ^u ! volume & velocity ( ! riv]--! velocity on its dep?1 & ! degree ( incl9ation ( ! b$3 ! h>dness ( ! rocks we c =m a tol]able e/imate ( :5 we "k _! nature4 ,to judge1 !re=e1 ( ! probability ( ! hypo!sis ( ,pr(essor ,lepsius1 we mu/ inquire into ! physical & geological features ( ! ,nile ,valley1 9 ,nubia4 ,9 ! obs]vations ,i h n[ to (f]1 my in=mation has be5 d]iv$ ( c\rse entirely f ! works ( o!r travell]s1 p>ticul>ly ^? ( ,burckh>dt1 ,rppell1 & ,russegg]1#ee & especially ! latt]1 :o travell$ 9 ,nubia 9 #ahcg2 = he n only ent]s f> m into ! details ( ! natural hi/ory ( ! c\ntry1 b he is ! only travell] 9 ,nubia :o appe>s1 f previ\s acquirem5ts1 to h be5 compet5t to describe its natural hi/ory ) any degree ( accuracy--,i ref] m p>ticul>ly to ! physical & geological features ( ! c\ntry4 ,besides full descriptions 9 8 volumes1 he has giv5 a geological map ( ,nubia1 & also sev]al sections1 or :at may m prop]ly be call$ v]tical sket*es--a t]m t w\ld1 p]haps1 be a m appropriate designation = all sections t are n drawn to a true scale1 or at lea/ :5 ! proportion ( height to horizontal di/ance is n /at$4 ,footnote #ee3 ,reis5 9 ,europa ,asi5 und ,afrika1 9 d] ,jahr5 #ahce1 bis #ahda4--,/uttg>t #ahda-ahdf4 ,! ,physical ,geography ( ,l[] ,nubia4#ef ,footnote #ef3 ,) ref]5ce to ! object ( ?is pap]4 ,russegg] in=ms u1#eg t he believes he 0 ! fir/ travell] :o _h succe$$ 9 mak+ a s]ies ( b>ometrical measurem5ts along ! ,nile ,valley1 f ! ,m$it]ranean to ,s5na> & ,kord(an1 & !nce to ! #aj? degree ( nor? latitude4 ,he gives ! foll[+ altitudes1 above ! sea3-- ,p>is ,feet4 ,engli% ,feet4 ,! upp] "p ( ! ,cat>act ( ,assuan1 #cdb #cfdcg ,korusko1 on ! "r bank ( ! ,nile1 9 ,nubia1 #dej #dgidc ,wadi-,halfa1 #dij #ebbjj ,new ,dongola1 #geg #hjfeb ,abu ,hamm$1 #ifc #ajbfjj ,footnote #eg3 ,reis51 ,bd4 ii41 #ede4 ,i %all n[ give ! l5g? ( ! ,nile along its c\rse f ,abu ,hamm$ to ! isl& ( ,phil1 at ! head ( ! cat>act ( ,assuan4 ,i employ = ?is purpose ! map 9 ! atlas :i* accompanies ! "w ( ,russegg]1 :i* be>s ! date ( #ahdf1 & :i*1 d\btless1 0 con/ruct$ on ! be/ au?orities4 ,he m5tions a map ( ,g5]al von ,prokes* ) great praise4#eh ,x fl[s3-- ,g]man ,m4 ,engli% ,m4 ,f ,,ne4 to ,,sw41 f ,abu ,hamm$ to ,m]o1 ab\t #ca #aej ,x makes a curve betwe5 ,m]o & ,old ,dongola1 ( ab\t #af #gg ,x fl[s betwe5 ,old & ,new ,dongola1 f ,,se4 to ,,nw41 ab\t #af #gg ,!n1 ) "s %ort w9d+s1 ne>ly due nor? to ! isl& ( ,sais1 = ab\t #cj #ade ,& f ,sais to ! isl& ( ,phil1 f ,,sw4 to ,,ne41 ab\t #fh #cbg ---- ---- ,mak+ ! :ole l5g? ( ! c\rse1 f ,abu ,hamm$ to ,phil1 ab\t #afa #ggf ,footnote #eh3 b] d5 ,/romlauf und das zun*/ lieg5de ,uf]l& des ,nils1 von d] zweit5 ,kat>akte bis ,assuan1 besitz5 wir e9e vortreffli*e ,k>te namli*3 ,l& zwis*5 d] kle95 und gross5 ,kat>akt5 des ,nil4 ,a/ronomis* be/immt und aufg5omm5 9 ,j4 #ahbg1 dur* v4 ,prokes*4 ,nil ,grundrisse d] ,monum5te4 ,wi51 #ahca4--,reis5 ,bd4 ii41 ,?l4 iii4 #hf4 ,asc5d+ ! riv]1 we h1 betwe5 ,phil & ,korusko1 a di/ance ( #bd ,g]man1 or #aae ,engli% miles1 & )\t any rapid1 except "o ne> ,kalabs*e4 ,korusko be+ #aae feet above ! head ( ! cat>act ( ,assuan1 at ,phil1 we h an av]age fall ( ! riv] betwe5 ^! two places ( a foot 9 a mile4 ,betwe5 ,korusko & ,wadi-,halfa !re is no rapid4 ,! di/ance be+ #bj ,g]man1 or #if ,engli% miles1 & ! diff]5ce ( altitude be+ #db feet1 we h an av]age fall ?r\gh\t t "p ( ! riv]'s c\rse ( n m ?an #ec in*es 9 a mile4 ,?is v inconsid]able fall ne$ n surprise u2 = ! av]age fall ( ! ,nile 9 ,l[] ,egypt1 at ! l[e/ wat]1 is little m ?an "o-?ird ( t n[ /at$4 ,at ! "t ( ! highe/ wat] ! surface ( ! ,nile1 at ,b\lak1 ne> ,cairo2 t is1 ab\t #aaf miles 9 a direct l9e f ! coa/ is only #dcdcg ,engli% feet above ! level ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 & at ! "t ( ! l[e/ wat]1 only #agcc feet4 ,?us1 9 ! fir/ case1 !re is an av]age fall ( ab\t #ejj in*es2 9 ! second1 ( n m ?an #ahj in*es 9 a mile4#ei ,footnote #ei3 ,russegg]1 ,reis51 ,bd4 i41 #beh4 ,betwe5 ,wadi ,halfa & ,dale1 a di/ance ( ab\t #id miles1 six cat>acts1 or s*ellals1 z !y are call$ 9 ! language ( ! c\ntry1 are m>k$ 9 ,russegg]'s map4 ,& "h1 x may be z well to notice1 t !re are no cat>acts1 9 ! ord9>y s5se ( ! t]m1 on ! ,nile2 no fall ( ! riv] ov] a precipice2 all ! s-call$ cat>acts are rapids1 :]e ! riv] ru%es ?r\gh rocks 9 its b$2 ! rapids v>y+ 9 _! l5g? & degrees ( incl9ation4 ,we h no measurem5ts ( _! l5g?s or ( _! falls1 except z reg>ds ! fir/ & second cat>acts4 ,! =m]1 accord+ to ,russegg]1 has a fall ( ab\t #he ,engli% feet 9 a di/ance ( ab\t #h miles2 & he describes ! latt] z ext5d+ f #e to #f /und52 t is1 f #ab to #ad miles1 b he does n give ! height4 ,speak+ ( ! s*ellals above ,semne1 ,russegg] says1 t all may be pass$ 9 boats )\t difficulty = ab\t six weeks1 or two mon?s 9 ! ye>4 ,?is is ! case also1 at ! cat>act or rapid ( ,assuan4 ,b betwe5 ,wadi-,halfa & ,dale1 ) "s inconsid]able spaces ( free navigable wat]1 9 ! ord9>y /ate ( ! riv]1 !re is an almo/ un9t]rupt$ s]ies ( rapids4 ,we h no measurem5t ( ! height ( ,dale above ,wadi-,halfa1 ne> to :i* ! second great cat>act ( ! ,nile occurs2 b ?is is ! "p ( ! riv]'s c\rse :]e ! fall is greate/1 & f ,semne to ,dale !re are ab\t #de miles ( ?is m rapid fall4 ,f ,dale to ,new ,dongola1 a di/ance ( #ce ,g]man1 or ab\t #afh ,engli% miles1 only ?ree rapids are m>k$ on ,russegg]'s map--! highe/ be+ at ,hannek1 ab\t #bf ,engli% miles bel[ ,new ,dongola4 ,new ,dongola be+ #hjf ,engli% feet above ! sea1 & ! di/ance f t place to ! rapid ( ,hannek be+ #bf miles only1 we may ) probability e/imate ! surface ( ! riv] at ! rapid ( ,hannek at #ghj feet above ! sea4 ,n[1 ,wadi-,halfa be+ #ebb feet1 we h a diff]5ce ( height1 betwe5 ^! two la/-nam$ places1 ( #beh feet2 & ! l5g? ( ! riv]'s c\rse betwe5 !m be+ #bcf miles1 we h an av]age fall ( #acab in*es 9 a mile2 t is1 9 ! "p ( ! riv]'s c\rse :]e n9e rapids occur1 9 ! prov9ces ( ,batn-el-,hadj>1 ,sukkot1 & ,d>-el-,mahass1 :]e ! riv] fl[s ov] granite & o!r plutonic rocks2 gneiss1 mica-s*i/1 & o!r h>d rocks1 :i* ,russegg] consid]s to be metamorphic4 ,b betwe5 ,semne & ! head ( ! second cat>act at ,wadi-,halfa1 !re is n a cont9u\s rapid /ream2 = ,hosk9s says1 t ab\t two miles above t cat>act1 ! riv] has a wid? ( a ?ird ( a mile1 &1 :5 he pass$ x ! wat] 0 sc>cely ruffl$4#fj ,footnote #fj3 ,travels 9 ,e?iopia1 p4 #bgb4 ,f ! rapid ( ,hannek to ,abu ,hamm$1 ! di/ance is #cbi ,engli% miles1 & ! diff]5ce ( altitude is #bdf ,engli% feet4 ,we h ?us an av]age fall 9 t di/ance ( #ijj in*es 9 a mile4 ,?us1 9 ! #ggf miles betwe5 ,abu ,hamm$ & ,phil1 we h an av]age fall ( ! ,nile ,( #ijj in*es 9 a mile1 = a di/ance ( #cbi miles4 ,( #acab 444444444 444444444 #bcf 444 ,( #ecj 444444444 444444444 #if 444 ,( #abjj 444444444 444444444 #aae 444 ,( ! ,bread?1 ,dep?1 & ,velocity ( ! ,nile1 9 ,nubia4 ,our in=mation is v scanty respect+ ! bread? & dep? ( ! riv]1 ei!r at ! "t ( l[e/ wat] or dur+ ! inundations4 ,ab\t two miles above ,phil1 x is /at$ by ,jom>d#fa to be #cjjj metres1 or ne>ly two ,engli% miles wide4 ,at ! second cat>act1 or rapid ( ,wadi-,halfa1 x spreads ov] a rocky b$ ( ne>ly two miles & a-qu>t] 9 wid? 7#bjjj klaft]71#fb b contracts above ! rapid to a ?ird ( a mile4 ,russegg] also /ates1 t ! ,nile1 ne> ,b\lak1 9 ,l[] ,egypt1 is #bjjj toises1 ne>ly two-&-a-half ,engli% miles 9 bread?1 & yet t x is consid]ably wid] 9 "s p>ts ( ,s\!rn ,nubia2 b ,burckh>dt says1 t ! b$ ( ! ,nile 9 ,nubia is1 9 g5]al1 mu* n>r[] ?an 9 any "p ( ,egypt4 ,ne> ,kalabs*e1 ab\t #cj miles above ,phil1 ! riv] runs ?r\gh a gorge n m ?an #cjj paces wide1 & its b$ is full ( granite blocks4 ,x %ortly aft]w>ds aga9 wid5s = "s di/ance2 b ne> ,sialla1 #gh miles above ,phil1 x is contract$ by ! s&/one hills on bo? sides com+ s ne> ea* o!r1 t ! riv]'s b$ is aga9 n m ?an f #bej to #cjj paces wide4 ,x is ab\t #fjj y>ds broad ab\t two miles above ! second cat>act ne> ,wadi-,halfa1 b is aga9 v mu* contract$ 9 ! rocky region ( ,batn-el-,hadj>4 ,at ,aulike x is only #bjj paces broad4#fc ,footnote #fa3 ,description de l'gypte4--,sep>ate ,memoir entitl$1 ,description de ,syne et des ,cat>actes4 ,footnote #fb3 ,russegg]1 ,bd4 ii41 #c ,?l4 #he4 ,footnote #fc3 ,russegg]1 ,bd4 ii41 #c ,?l4 #gf4 ,i h n met ) any measurem5ts ( ! dep? ( ! riv] 9 any "p ( its c\rse 9 ,nubia2 b ,hosk9s describes x z be+ s %all[ at ! isl& ( ,sais1 #cbg miles above ,phil1 on ! #i? ( ,june1 :i* w\ld be be=e ! comm5cem5t ( ! inundation1 z only to rea* ! knees ( ! camels4#fd ,ne> ,d]r1 ab\t #hf miles bel[ ! ,cat>act ( ,wadi-,halfa1 ,nord51 9 ,janu>y1 f\nd ! riv] s %all[ t load$ camels wad$ ?r\gh x1 & 8 boat frequ5tly /ruck ! gr\nd4 ,9 ,may1 ,burckh>dt f\nd ! riv] =dable at ,ko/amne1 #ec miles above ,phil2 & ,p>!y /ates1 t betwe5 ,phil & ! isl& ( ,bageh1 to ! we/ ( x1 ! riv] is s %all[ be=e ! comm5cem5t ( ! inundation1 t x may be wad$ ?r\gh4#fe ,burckh>dt says1 t f ,m>* to ,june ! ,nile-wat]1 9 ,nubia1 is q limpid4#ff ,miss ,m>t9eau1 :o visit$ ,nubia 9 ,decemb] & ,janu>y1 speak+ ( ! riv] above ,phil says1 t x 0 divid$ into /reamlets & ponds by ! black islets4 ,:]e x 0 ov]%ad[$ x 0 d>k-gray or deep blue1 b :5 ! light caught x ru%+ betwe5 a wood$ isl& & ! %ore1 x 0 ( ! cle>e/ gre54#fg ,at ! second cat>act %e describes ! riv] z da%+ & driv+ among its ?\s& islets1 & !n ga!r+ its ?\s& curr5ts into "o1 proce$s calmly 9 its c\rse4#fh ,footnote #fd3 ,travels1 p4 #beg4 ,footnote #fe3 ,w&]ung5 dur* das ,nil?al1 von ,g4 ,p>!y1 ,b]l9 #ahdj4 #cgh4 ,footnote #ff3 ,travels1 pp4 #i & #aa4 ,footnote #fg3 ,ea/]n ,life1 i4 #aj4 ,footnote #fh3 ,ib41 #add4 ,al?\gh we h no accurate measurem5ts ( ! velocity ( ! ,nile 9 ,nubia1 we may arrive at an approximate e/imate ( x by comp>+ its fall ) t ( a riv] well kn[n to u4 ,i h /at$ ! fall ( ! ,nile 9 diff]5t p>ts ( its c\rse to be #ecj1 #ijj1 #abjj1 & #acab in*es 9 a mile4 ,! fall ( ! ,?ames f ,wall+=d to ,t$d+ton ,lock1 :]e ! influ5ce ( ! tide ends1 is z foll[s3-- ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,fall 9 ,l5g? ( ,fall4 in*es c\rse4 p] mile4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,miles4 ,f4 ,feet4 94 ,f ,wall+=d to ,read+ ,bridge1 #ahj #bda #aegb ,f ,read+ to ,h5ley ,bridge1 #ij #aic #befh ,f ,h5ley to ,m>l[ ,bridge1 #ij #abb #afbj ,f ,m>l[ to ,maid5head ,bridge1 #hj #aea #bbcb ,f ,maid5head to ,w9dsor ,bridge1 #gj #acf #bcaf ,f ,w9dsor to ,/a9es ,bridge1 #hj #aeh #bceb ,f ,/a9es to ,*]tsey ,bridge1 #df #ff #agbh ,f ,*]tsey to ,t$d+ton ,lock1 #acf #aih #agdj ---------------------------- #ggd #abeaa ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,9 g5]al1 ! velocity may be e/imat$ at f half-a-mile to two miles & ?ree-qu>t]s p] h\r2 b ! mean velocity may be reckon$ at two miles p] h\r4 ,9 ! ye> #agid1 ! late ,mr ,r5nie f\nd ! velocity ( ! ,?ames at ,w9dsor two miles & a half p] h\r4#fi ,footnote #fi3 ,r5nie1 ,report on ,hydraulics1 9 ! ,f\r? ,report ( ! ,briti% ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce1 #ahcd1 p4 #dhg4 ,x w ?us be se5 t ! velocity ( ! ,nile is probably greatly inf]ior to t ( ! ,?ames2 = x appe>s t1 except dur+ ! inundation1 = m ?an half ! ye> ! dep? is inconsid]able4 ,! av]age fall :5 greate/1 t is1 includ+ ! prov9ce ( ,batn-el-,hadj>1 :]e ! rapids *iefly occur1 is consid]ably less ?an t ( any "p ( ! above c\rse ( ! ,?ames2 s t !re mu/ be long int]vals betwe5 ! rapids :]e ! fall mu/ be f> less ?an #ac in*es 9 a mile4 ,! bread? ( ! ,nile is va/ly great]2 b suppos+ ! dep? ( ! wat] to be ! same z t ( ! ,?ames1 on acc\nt ( ! friction ( ! b$1 ! great] bread? w\ld add v little to ! velocity4 ,if we assume ! av]age dep? ( ! ,?ames 9 ! above di/ance to be #e feet1 & t x fl[s ) an av]age velocity ( #b miles 9 an h\r1 & if we assume ! av]age dep? ( ! ,nile 9 t "p ( its c\rse :]e ! fall is #acab in*es to be #aj feet1 :5 n swoll5 by ! rise1 ! velocity w\ld be #b miles ne>ly 9 an h\r1#gj if ! fall 7 equal to t ( ! ,?ames4 ,we %all probably come ne> ! tru?1 by assum+ ! velocity ( ! ,nile on ?is "p at #b miles 9 an h\r4 ,t x mu/ be consid]ably less 9 ! o!r divisions ( ! c\rse ,i h nam$1 & especially 9 t "p imm$iately bel[ ! second cat>act1 :]e ! av]age fall is only #ecj in*es = a di/ance ( #if miles1 is q evid5t4 ,footnote #gj3 ,i /ate ?is on ! au?ority ( my fri5d1 ,w4 ,hopk9s1 ,esq41 ( ,cambridge4 ,! p[] ( a riv] to abrade ! soil ov] :i* x fl[s1 s f> z wat] is by itself capable ( do+ s1 mu/ dep5d ^u its volume & velocity1 & ! degree ( h>dness ( ! mat]ial act$ ^u4 ,! p[] is increas$ :5 ! wat] has =ce en\gh to transport h>d sub/ances4 ,b ev5 transport$ gravel has little action on ! rocks ) :i* x comes 9 contact1 :5 x is free to move 9 runn+ wat]1 unless ! fall be consid]able1 &1 consequ5tly1 ! velocity & =ce ( ! /ream great4 ,:5 /ones are firmly set 9 mov+ ice1 !y !n acquire a great erosive p[]1 cutt+ & we>+ d[n ! rocks !y are =cibly rubb$ aga9/2 b ?is condition nev] obta9s 9 ,l[] ,nubia1 z ice is unkn[n !re4 ,geological ,/ructure ( ,l[] ,nubia4 ,"o k9d only ( regul>ly /ratifi$ rock occurs 9 ! #ggf miles f ,abu ,hamm$ to ,phil2 viz4 a silici\s s&/one1 simil> to t :i* occurs to a great ext5t on bo? sides ( ! ,nile 9 ,upp] ,egypt1 & :i* ,russegg]1 aft] a v c>eful exam9ation ( x !re1 consid]s to be an equival5t ( ! gre5s& ( ! cretace\s rocks ( ,europe4 ,! t]ti>y nummulite lime/one1 s abundant 9 ,egypt1 has n hi!rto be5 met ) 9 ,nubia4 ,! ,nile fl[s ov] ?is s&/one = ne>ly #dbf miles ( ! entire di/ance1 b n cont9u\sly4 ,at ,abu ,hamm$1 x fl[s ov] granitic rocks1 & ^! cont9ue f t place = ab\t #abj miles4 ,!re is !n ab\t #bae miles ( ! s&/one1 :i* is succe$$ by igne\s & metamorphic rocks1 t cont9ue = #aie miles )\t any int]ruption1 except a n>r[ /ripe ( s&/one ( ab\t #ae miles ne> ,am>a4 ,x is 9 ?is region ( h>d igne\s rocks t ne>ly all ! rapids occur1 betwe5 t ( ,hannek & ! great or second cat>act at ,wadi-,halfa4 ,f ! latt] place !re is s&/one ?r\gh\t a di/ance ( ab\t #aif miles1 & !n comm5ces ! granitic region ( ! ,cat>act ( ,assuan1 ?r\gh :i* ! ,nile fl[s ab\t #ce miles4 ,?us we h ab\t #cej miles ( igne\s & metamorphic rocks1 & ab\t #dbf ( s&/one4 ,! g5]al h>d nature ( ! igne\s & metamorphic rocks1 ov] :i* ! ,nile fl[s = ab\t #aee miles above ,semne1 & = ab\t #dj imm$iately bel[ x1 w be recognis$ by my nam+ "s ( ! v>ieties describ$ by ,russegg]1 viz4 granites ( v>i\s k9ds1 (t5 p5etrat$ by gre5/one dykes2 si5ite1 diorite1 & felsp> porphyries2 gneiss1 & clay slate1 p5etrat$ by num]\s qu>tz ve9s4 ,! silice\s s&/one is v uni=m 9 its "*2 & 9 ,nubia1 z 9 ,egypt1 ! only organic bodies :i* x has z yet be5 f\nd to conta91 are silicifi$ /ems ( wood4 ,occasionally1 z 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,korusko1 int]/ratifi$ b$s ( m>ly clay are met )4#ga ,footnote #ga3 ,russegg]1 ,bd4 ii41 #a ,?l4 #efi to #ehd4 ,:51 !re=e1 we take into acc\nt ! h>d nature ( ! silice\s s&/one1 ! durability ( :i* is %ewn by ! v anci5t monum5ts ( ,egypt & ,nubia1 t are =m$ ( x1 & ! /ill great] h>dness ( ! granites & o!r cry/all9e rocks1 x is manife/ t ! we>+ action ( a riv] fl[+ ov] s g5tle a fall1 c sc>cely be appreciable4 ,if ! occasional b$s ( m>ly clay occur 9 ! bank ( ! riv]1 !y may be wa%$ out1 & blocks ( ! sup]9cumb5t s&/ones may fall d[n2 b su* an op]ation w\ld h a t5d5cy to raise r ?an deep5 ! b$ ( ! riv] at ^? places2 unless ! transport+ p[] ( ! /ream 7 f> great] ?an c exi/ ) s mod]ate a fall1 especially 9 t "p ( ! riv] bel[ ,semne1 :]e1 = #if miles1 x is n m ?an #ec in*es1 & = #aae miles bel[ t1 n m ?an #ab in*es 9 a mile4 ,ev5 if we suppose ! riv] to h p[] to te> up its b$ = "s di/ance above ,semne & bel[ x1 z f> z ! rapid ( ,wadi-,halfa1 x is evid5t t ! mat]ials br\ght d[n w\ld be deposit$1 except ! f9e/ p>ticles1 9 t tranquil run ( #if miles1 :i* may be almo/ comp>$ to a canal4 ,! dra9s 9 ,l9coln%ire are incl9$ #e in*es to a mile4#gb ,:5 ! annual inundations comm5ce1 ! wat] ( ! ,nile comes d[n ! rapid at ,assuan ( a r$di% col\r1 load$ ) s& & mud only2 :atev] detrital matt] ( a l>g] & heavi] k9d ! ,nile may h br\ght ) x1 is deposit$ be=e x rea*es t po9t4 ,footnote #gb3 ,r5nie1 ,report cit$ above1 p4 #dbb4 ,f all ^! consid]ations1 !re=e1 ,i come to ! conclusion1 t ! b$ ( ! ,nile _c h be5 excavat$1 z ,pr(essor ,lepsius supposes1 s9ce ! date ( ! sculptur$ m>ks on ! rock at ,semne4 ,he says1 ,es ls/ si* kaum e9e &]e ,ursa*e fr das b$5t5de ,fall5 des ,nils d5k51 als e9 ,answas*5 und ,au%l5 d] ,katakomb54 ,by ! ^w ,katakomb5 he c only mean natural cav]ns 9 ! rock2 b su* cav]ns are r>ely1 if ev]1 met ) 9 s&/ones1 & only occasionally 9 lime/ones4 ,if ! c\rse ( ! ,nile 7 ov] lime/one in/ead ( s&/one1 we c\ld n = a mom5t ent]ta9 ! idea ( a succession ( cav]ns = #bjj miles b5ea? its b$1 sometimes two miles 9 wid?1 ! ro(s ( :i* 7 to fall 92 & :]e ! igne\s rocks prevail1 ?is explanation is :olly inapplicable4 ,b besides ! objections aris+ f ! nature ( ! rocks1 & ! inconsid]able fall ( ! riv]1 !re is /ill ano!r difficulty to ov]come4 ,x is to be borne 9 m9d1 t ?is l[]+ ( ! b$ ( ! ,nile1 f ,semne to ,assuan1 is suppos$ to h tak5 place )9 ! la/ #djjj ye>s4 ,betwe5 ! fir/ cat>act at ,assuan & ! second at ,wadi-,halfa1 !re are num]\s rema9s ( temples on bo? banks ( ! ,nile1 "s ( v great antiquity4 ,f ,wadi-,halfa to ,phil1 says ,p>!y1 !re is a va/ numb] ( ,egyptian monum5ts1 almo/ all on ! left bank ( ! riv]1 & s ne> ! wat] t mo/ ( !m are 9 imm$iate contact ) x4#gc ,we may re/ assur$ t ! build]s ( ^! w\ld place !m out ( ! rea* ( ! highe/ inundations !n kn[n4 ,al?\gh we h _m accurate descriptions ( ^! monum5ts1 ! heights ( _! f\ndations above ! surface ( ! riv] are n (t5 giv52 !y are1 h[ev]1 m5tion$ 9 "s in/ances4 ,i %all describe ! situations ( "s ( ^! build+s relatively to ! pres5t /ate ( ! riv]'s levels1 & %all beg9 ) ^? on ! isl& ( ,phil4 ,footnote #gc3 ,p>!y1 #cah4 ,?is isl&1 accord+ to ! measurem5ts ( ,g5]al von ,proke%1 is #abjj ,p>is feet 7#abgh ,engli%7 9 l5g?1 & #dbj 7#ddg7 9 bread?1 & is compos$ ( granite4 ,lancrot in=ms u1 t1 l'poque des hautes eaux1 l'le de ,phil e/ peu lev audessus de leur surface1 mais lorqu'elles sont abaisses elle les surpasse de huit metres4 ,x 0 =m]ly surr\nd$ by a quay ( masonry1 portions ( :i* may be trac$ at int]vals1 & 9 "s places !y are /ill 9 good pres]vation4 ,! s\?-we/ "p ( ! isl& is occupi$ by temples4 ,accord+ to ,wilk9son1 ! pr9cipal build+ is a temple ( ,isis comm5c$ by ,ptolemy ,philadelphus1 :o reign$ f #bhc to #bdg ye>s be=e ,*ri/2 & he adds1 t x is evid5t an anci5t build+ =m]ly /ood on ! site ( ! pres5t great temple4 ,lancrot1 9 ref]r+ to ?is m anci5t build+1 says3--,il y a des preuves c]ta9es d'une antiquit bi5 plus recule encore1 puisque des pi]res qui entr5t dans la con/ruction de ce mme gr& temple1 sont des dbris de quelque con/ruction antrieure4 ,rossell9i consid]s t x 0 built by ,nectanabis4 ,! fir/ k+ ( ,egypt1 ( ! ,seb5nite dyna/y ( t "n1 asc5d$ ! ?rone #cgd ye>s ,b4,c41 ! second & la/ ceas$ to reign ab\t #cej ye>s ,b4,c4#gd ,footnote #gd3 ,russegg]1 ,reison1 ,bd4 ii4 #cjj & #cbj4 ,lancrot1 ,description de l'gypte1 ,memoire sur l'le de ,phil1 #ae-eh4 ,rossell9i1 ,i ,monum5ti dell',egitto e della ,nubia4 ,monum5ti del ,culto1 #ahg4 ,wilk9son's ,!bes & ,g5]al ,view ( ,egypt1 #dff4 ,smi?'s ,diction>y ( ,greek & ,roman ,biography1 ,arts4 ,ptolemy1 ,ph4 & ,nectanabis4 ,rossell9i#ge in=ms u1 t on ! isl& ( ,bageh1 opposite to ,phil1 !re are ! rema9s ( a temple ( ! "t ( ,am5ophis ,,ii41 & a sitt+ /atue ( granite repres5t+ him4 ,he 0 a k+ 9 ! e>li] ye>s ( ! #ah? dyna/y1 :i*1 accord+ to ! ,*evali] ,buns51#gf began 9 ! ye> #afch1 & end$ 9 #adaj ,b4,c4 ,footnote #ge3 ,p4 #ahg4 ,footnote #gf3 ,egypt5s ,/elle 9 d] ,weltges*i*te4--,drittes ,bu*1 #abb4 ,,gau1#gg 9 describ+ a temple at ,debu1 ab\t #ab miles above ,phil1 :i* he visit$ 9 ,janu>y1 & consequ5tly dur+ ! "t ( l[ wat]1 /ates t he discov]$ "u ! s&1 at ! edge ( ! riv]1 ! rema9s ( a t]race lead+ t[>ds a temple4 ,footnote #gg3 ,antiquits de la ,nubie1 p4 #f4 ,a %ort di/ance nor? ( ,kalabs*e1 ab\t #cj miles above ,phil1 at ,beil-nalli1 ,rossell9i#gh speaks ( a small temple 9 ! foll[+ t]ms3--,among ! _m memorials t /ill exi/ ( ,ramses ,,ii41 ! mo/ important1 9 a hi/orical po9t ( view1 is a small temple or grotto excavat$ 9 ! rock2 & ,wilk9son m5tions x z a small b int]e/+ temple excavat$ 9 ! rock1 ( ! "t ( ,rameses ,,ii41 :om ,*ampellion supposes to be ! fa!r ( ,seso/ris or ,rameses ! ,great4#gi ,he 0 ! fir/ k+ ( ! #ai? dyna/y1 :i* began 9 ! ye> #adji ,b4,c4#hj ,footnote #gh3 ,tome ,,iii41 ,p>te ,,ii41 p4 #f4 ,footnote #gi3 ,!bes1 c41 p4 #dhb4 ,footnote #hj3 ,buns51 z above4 ,gau#ha ?us describes a monum5t at ,g]b ,d&\r3--,la *a9e de montagnes qui borde le ,nil e/1 dans cet endroit1 si appro*e du lit de ce fleuve1 qu'il ne re/e que trs peu d'espace sur la rive4 ,cet espace e/ presque entirem5t occup p> le monum5t1 et la rivire1 dans ses dbordem5s1 arrive jusqu'au pi$ du mur de la t]rasse4 ,footnote #ha3 ,p4 #i4 ,p>!y in=ms u t ! temple ( ,sebua is ab\t #bjj feet di/ant f ! riv]1 9 :i* di/ance !re are two r[s ( sph9xes1 & t ! road betwe5 !m1 f ! temple1 ends 9 wide /eps at ! wat]'s edge2 & he adds1 t ,*ampellion ref]s ?is temple to ! "t ( ,rameses ! ,great4#hb ,footnote #hb3 ,w>nd]ung51 c41 #ccd4 ,x ?us appe>s t monum5ts exi/ close to ! riv]1 "s ( :i* 7 con/ruct$ at lea/ #adjj ye>s be=e our era2 s t tak+ ! "t ( ,am5emha ,,iii4 to be1 z ,pr(essor ,lepsius /ates1 #bbjj ye>s ,b4,c41 ! excavation ( ! b$ ( ! ,nile :i* he supposes to h tak5 place1 mu/ h be5 ! "w1 n ( #djjj ye>s b ( #hjj4 ,if ! erosive p[] ( ! riv] 0 s active 9 t "t1 x _c be suppos$ t x !n ceas$2 x w\ld surely h cont9u$ to deep5 ! b$ dur+ ! foll[+ #cjjj ye>s4 ,at all ev5ts1 ! build+s on ! isl& ( ,phil demon/rate t ! b$ ( ! ,nile mu/ h be5 v mu* ! same z x is n[1 #bbjj ye>s ago2 & ev5 a ?\s& ye>s e>li] x mu/ h be5 ! same1 if ! f\ndation ( ! temple on ! isl& ( ,begh1 opposite to ,phil1 be ne> ! limit ( ! highe/ rise ( ! ,nile ( ! pres5t "t2 s t !re c\ld be no b>ri] at ! ,cat>act ( ,assuan to dam up ! ,nile :5 !y 7 con/ruct$2 & ?us ! deaf5+ s\nd ( ! wat]fall record$ by ,cic]o & ,s5eca mu/ /ill be held to be an exagg]ation4 ,! exi/5ce ( alluvial soil1 app>5tly ( ! same k9d z t deposit$ by ! ,nile1 9 situations above ! ,cat>act ( ,assuan1 at a level consid]ably above ! highe/ po9t :i* ! inundations ( ! riv] h rea*$ 9 mod]n times1 to :i* allusion is made by ,pr(essor ,lepsius1 has be5 notic$ by o!r travell]s1 & ev5 at /ill high] levels ?an ^? he m5tions4 ,:e!r t alluvial soil be id5tical )1 or only resembles ! ,nile deposit1 w\ld require to be det]m9$ by a close exam9ation1 & especially ) reg>d to organic rema9s1 if any c be f\nd 9 x4 ,!re is no evid5ce to %ew t x 0 deposit$ dur+ ! hi/orical p]iod1 & x may be an evid5ce ( a depression & subsequ5t elevation ( ! l& antec$5t to t p]iod4 ,x may n be ( fre%-wat] orig91 b ! clay & s&1 or till1 left by a drift :ile ! l& 0 "u ! sea4 ,= remote z is ! antiquity ( ,nubia & ,egypt1 9 relation to ! exi/5ce ( ! human race1 x appe>s to be ( v mod]n =mation 9 geological "t4 ,! great] "p ( ,l[] ,egypt1 probably all ! ,delta1 is ( po/-plioc5e age1 & ev5 late 9 t age2 & ! v granite ( ! ,cat>act ( ,assuan1 t ( :i* ! olde/ monum5ts 9 ,egypt are =m$1 & :i*1 9 ! e>li] days ( geology1 0 look$ ^u z ! v type ( ! rock on :i* ! olde/ /rata ( ! e>? 7 f\nd$1 is said to h bur/ =? dur+ ! lat] t]ti>y p]iod4 ,we le>n f ,russegg]1 t ! l[ l& :i* lies betwe5 ! ,m$it]ranean & ! range ( hills t ext5ds f ,cairo to ! ,r$ ,sea at ,suez1 & ( :i* hills a nummulite lime/one con/itutes a great "p1 is compos$ ( a s&/one :i* he calls a ,me]esdiluvium1 a m>9e diluvial =mation1 & consid]s to be ( an age y\ng] ?an t ( ! sub-app5n9es4#hc ,?is s&/one he f\nd associat$ ) ! granite above ,assuan1 & cov]+ ! cretace\s s&/one f> into ,nubia4 ,x appe>s1 !re=e1 t1 9 ! lat] ages ( ! t]ti>y p]iod1 ?is nor?-ea/]n "p ( ,africa mu/ h be5 subm]g$1 & t v en]getic plutonic action 0 go+ =w>d 9 ! !n b$ ( ! sea4 ,! rem>kable fact ( ! granite bur/+ ?r\gh ?is mod]n s&/one is ?us describ$ by ,russegg]3-- ,we arriv$ at a plateau ( ! ,arabian ,*a9 s\?-ea/ ( ,assuan4 ,x is ab\t #bjj feet above ! b$ ( ! ,nile1 & consi/s ( ! l[] & upp] s&/one1 :i* are p5etrat$ by innum]able granite cones f #bj to #ajj feet 9 height1 arrang$ ov] ! plateau 9 p>allel l9es1 v mu* resembl+ volcanic cones ris+ f a great cleft4 ,! s&/one is totally alt]$ 9 texture ne> ! granite1 & has all ! appe>ance z if x _h be5 expos$ to a great heat4 ',i _c refra91' he says1 'f suppos+ t ! granite mu/ h bur/1 l a volcanic product1 ?r\gh long wide r5ts 9 ! s&/one1 & t1 9 ?is way1 ! conical hills 7 =m$4'#hd ,footnote #hc3 ,reis51 ,bd4 ,i41 s4 #bgc4 ,footnote #hd3 ,id41 ,bd4 ,,ii41 ,i4 ,?l4 s4 #cbh4 ,an eruption ( a true granite dur+ ! p]iod ( ! sub-app5n9e =mations1 "o possess+ ! same m9]al /ructure z t we "k to h be5 erupt$ dur+ ! p]iod ( ! palozoic rocks1 w\ld be a fact ( s extraord9>y a k9d1 t its age w\ld require to be e/abli%$ on ! cle>e/ evid5ce1 & especially by t ( organic rema9s 9 ! s&/one4 ,hav+ ?us v5tur$--,i tru/ )\t any want ( ! respect due to s em95t a p]son--to reject ! hypo!sis propos$ by ,pr(essor ,lepsius = ! high levels ( ! ,nile at ,semne1 indicat$ by ! sculptur$ m>ks he discov]$1 x may p]haps be expect$ t ,i %\ld (f] ano!r m probable explanation4 ,if 9 "s n>r[ gorge ( ! riv] bel[ ,semne1 a place _h be5 describ$ by any travell]1 :]e1 f ! nature ( ! banks1 a great l&slip1 or ev5 an artificial dam1 c\ld h rais$ ! b$ to an adequate height2 t is1 proportionate to ! fall ( ! riv]1 z x 0 m di/ant f ,semne1 a b> t1 9 ! c\rse ( a few c5turies1 might h be5 gradually wa%$ away1 ,i might h v5tur$ to sugge/ su* a solution ( ! problem4 ,b )\t any in=mation ( ! exi/5ce ( su* a contraction ( ! riv]'s *annel1 or any exact k ( ! natural outlets & dams to runn+ wat] along ! #bej miles ( ! ,nile ,valley1 f ,semne to ,assuan1 x w\ld be idle to (f] ev5 a conjecture4 ,^! m>ks are unque/ionably v difficult to acc\nt =1 9 ! pres5t imp]fect /ate ( our k ( ! /ructure ( t portion ( ! ,nile ,valley2 & any compet5t geologi/1 well v]s$ 9 ! que/ions ( physical /ructure involv$1 :o may h]eaft] visit ,nubia1 w\ld h a v int]e/+ occupation 9 endeav\r+ to solve ! difficulty4 #g? ,april #ahej4 ,illu/ration3 ,m>ks ( ! ,levels ( ! ,nile ne> ! ,cat>acts ( ,semne 9 ! "t ( ,k+ ,am5emha ,,iii4 7,mo]is7 ab\t #bbjj ,ye>s ,b4,c4 comp>$ ) ! pres5t levels4 ,on ! ,salmon ,tribe 7,salmonid47 ,s long z ! family ,salmonid rema9s circumscrib$ z x 0 e/abli%$ by ,cuvi]1 x seems to be a type almo/ univ]sally diffus$ ov] ! globe1 occurr+ equally 9 ! sea & 9 fre%-wat]1 s t we are left almo/ )\t a clue to its natural relations to ! surr\nd+ _w4 ,joh4 ,mull]1 work+ out "s sugge/ions ( ,pr9ce ,can9o1 & introduc+ among !m m precise anatomical *>act]s1 _h no soon] subdivid$ ! old family ( ,salmonid into 8 ,salmonid1 ,*>ac9i1 & ,scopel9i1 ?an light imm$iately spread ov] ?is field4 ,limit$ n[ to su* fi%es z1 9 addition to ! m]e g5]al "* ( =m] ,salmonid1 h a false gill on ! inn] surface ( ! op]culum1 ! ,salmonid appe>$ at once z fi%es peculi> to ! nor!rn temp]ate region1 occurr+ 9 imm5se numb]s all ar\nd ! ,arctic ,sea1 & runn+ regul>ly up ! riv]s at c]ta9 seasons ( ! ye> to deposit _! spawn1 :ile "s live p]man5tly 9 fre% wat]4 ,we h ?us 9 ! true ,salmonid actually a nor!rn family ( fi%es1 :i*1 :5 f\nd 9 m temp]ate regions1 occurs !re 9 cle> m\nta9 riv]s1 sometimes v high above ! level ( ! sea1 ne> ! limits ( p]petual sn[1 or 9 deep1 cold lakes4 ,t ?is family is adapt$ to ! cold regions is mo/ rem>kably exemplifi$ by ! fact t !y all spawn late 9 ! season1 at ! approa* ( autumn or w9t]1 :5 fro/ or sn[ has r$uc$ ! temp]ature ( ! wat] 9 :i* !y live ne>ly to its l[e/ natural po9t4 ,! embryos gr[ )9 ! egg v sl[ly = ab\t two mon?s be=e !y are hat*$2 :ile fecundat$ eggs ( "s o!r families :i* spawn 9 spr+ & summ]1 give bir? to "y fi%es a few days aft] !y are laid4 ,! ,salmonid1 on ! contr>y1 are born at an epo* :5 ! wat]s are g5]ally froz5 up2 t is at a p]iod :5 ! maximum ( temp]ature is at ! bottom ( ! wat]1 :]e ! eggs & "y salmons rema9 among gravel1 surr\nd$ by a m$ium :i* sc>cely ev] rises above ?irty or =ty degrees4 ,x is pla9 f ^! /atem5ts1 & f :at we "k o!rwise ( ! habits ( ?is family1 t !re is no "o ^u ! globe liv+ "u m uni=m circum/ances1 & nev]!less ! species are extremely div]sifi$1 & we f9d peculi> ones 9 all p>ts ( ! _w1 :]e ! family occurs at all4 ,?us we f9d 9 ,lake ,sup]ior species :i* d n exi/ 9 ! c\rse ( ! ,mack5zie or ,saskat*ewan1 & vice v]sa2 o!rs 9 ! ,columbia riv] :i* diff] f ^? ( ! ,l5a1 ,obi1 & ,y5isei1 :ile ,europe aga9 has its peculi> =ms4 ,:oev] takes a philosophical view ( ! subject ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 & is famili> ) ! above /at$ facts1 w n[ und]/& :y1 not)/&+ ! specific di/9ctions !re are betwe5 !m1 ! tr\ts & :ite fi%es are s uni=m all ov] ! globe4 ,x mu/ be ackn[l$g$ t x is ow+ to ! uni=mity ( ! physical condition 9 :i* !y occur1 & to :i* !y are s admirably adapt$ by _! anatomical /ructure1 z well z by _! in/9ct4 ,runn+ up & d[n ! rapid riv]s & m\nta9 curr5ts1 leap+ ev5 ov] consid]able wat]falls1 !y are provid$ ) mo/ p[]ful & active muscles2 _! tail is /rong & fle%y1 & its broad basis indicates t its p[] is conc5trat$2 x is l ! paddle ( ! ,indian :o propels 8 canoe ov] ! same wat]s4 ,_! m\? is l>ge1 _! jaw /rong1 _! tee? p[]ful1 to enable !m to secure ) ease ! scanty prey ) :i* !y meet 9 ^! des]ts ( cold wat]2 &1 nev]!less1 ?\gh we _c b be /ruck by ! admirable reciprocal adaptation betwe5 ! /ructure ( ! nor!rn animals & ! physical condition 9 :i* !y live1 let u n mi/ake ^! adaptations = a consequ5ce ( physical causes2 let u n say t tr\ts resemble ea* o!r s mu* because !y orig9at$ "u uni=m conditions2 let u n say !y h uni=m habits because !re is no scope = div]sity2 let u n say !y spawn dur+ w9t]1 & re> _! "y "u sn[ & ice1 because at t epo* !y are saf] f ! attacks ( birds ( prey2 let u n say !y are s intimately connect$ ) ! physical _w1 because physical p[]s call$ !m into exi/5ce2 b let u once look deep]1 let u recognise t ?is uni=mity is imp>t$ to a wond]fully complicat$ /ructure3 !y are tr\ts ) all _! admirable /ructure1 _! peculi> back-bones1 _! ornam5t$ skull1 _! p[]ful jaws1 _! moveable eyes1 ) _! ?ick1 fatty sk9 & elegant scales1 _! ramifi$ f9 rays1 & ) all t h>moni\s complication ( /ructure :i* *>act]izes ! type ( tr\ts1 b ov] :i* a uni=m robe1 z x 71 is spread 9 a mann] n unlike an almo/ endless s]ies ( monoton\s v>iations ^u "o brilliant air1 ?r\gh ! uni=mity ( :i* we /ill detect ! same melody1 h[ev] disguis$ "u ! _m undulations & *anges ( :i* x is capable4 ,! in/9cts ( tr\ts are n m controll$ by climate ?an ^? ( o!r animals "u diff]5t circum/ances4 ,!y are only made to p]=m at a p>ticul> season1 be/ suit$ to _! organization1 :at o!rs d at o!r times4 ,if x 7 n s1 ,i d n see :y all ! diff]5t fi%es1 liv+ all ! ye> r\nd 9 ! same brook1 %\ld n spawn at ! same season1 & f9ally be trans=m$ into "o type2 h we n1 on ! contr>y1 9 ?is div]sity "u id5tical circum/ances1 a demon/rative evid5ce t !re is ano!r cause :i* has act$1 & is /ill act+1 9 ! production & pres]vation ( ^! adaptations2 a cause :i* end[$ liv+ be+s ) ! p[] ( resi/+ ! equaliz+ influ5ce ( uni=m ag5ts1 ?\gh at ! same "t plac+ ^! ag5ts & liv+ be+s "u def9ite relations to ea* o!r8 ,t tr\ts are n m influ5c$ by physical conditions ?an o!r animals is app>5t f ! fact t !re are lakes ( small ext5t & ( mo/ uni=m features1 9 :i* two or ?ree species ( tr\t occur toge!r1 ea* ) peculi> habits2 "o m migratory1 runn+ up riv]s dur+ ! spawn+ season1 c41 :ile ! o!r w nev] ent] runn+ wat]s1 & w spawn 9 quiet places ne> ! %ore2 "o w hunt aft] its prey1 :ile ! o!r w wait = x 9 ambuscade2 "o w fe$ ^u fi%1 ! o!r ^u insects4 ,"h we h an example ( species ) diff]5t habits1 :]e !re w\ld sc>cely seem to be room = div]sity 9 ! physical condition 9 :i* !y live2 aga91 !re are o!rs liv+ toge!r 9 imm5se %eets ( wat]1 :]e !re w\ld seem to be ample scope = div]sity1 among :i* we obs]ve no great diff]5ces1 z is ! case betwe5 ! ,sisc[et & ! lake tr\t 9 ! great nor!rn lakes4 ,if ^! facts1 /atem5ts1 & inductions 7 n suffici5t to satisfy ! read] ( ! correctness ( my views1 ,i w\ld at once ref] to ano!r mat]ial fact1 furni%$ u by ! family ( ,salmonid1 namely1 ! exi/5ce ( two ess5tial modifications ( ! true type ( tr\ts1 occurr+ ev]y:]e toge!r "u ! same circum/ances1 %[+ ! same g5]al *>act]s1 back-bones1 skull1 bra91 composition ( ! m\?1 inte/9es1 gills1 c41 c41 b diff]+ 9 ! size ( ! m\?1 & 9 ! almo/ absolute want ( tee?1 ^! gr\ps be+ t ( ! :ite fi%es1 ,coregoni1 & t ( ! true tr\ts1 ,salmones4 ,n[1 ,i ask1 :]e is !re1 )9 ! natural geographical limits ( di/ribution ( ,salmonid1 a discrim9at+ p[] betwe5 ! physical elem5ts "u :i* !y live1 :i* c\ld h introduc$ ^! diff]5ces8--a discrim9at+ p[] :i*1 allott+ to all c]ta9 *>act]s1 %\ld h modifi$ o!rs to su* an ext5t z to produce app>5tly diff]5t types "u ! same modification ( ! g5]al plan ( /ructure4 ,:y %\ld !re be1 at ! same "t1 "u ! same circum/ances1 "u ! same geographical di/ribution1 :ite fi%es ) ! habits ( tr\ts1--spawn+ l !m 9 ! fall1 gr[+ _! "y l !m dur+ w9t]1--if !re 7 n an inf9itely wise ,supreme ,p[]1 if !re 7 n a p]sonal ,god1 :o1 hav+ fir/ design$1 creat$ ! univ]se1 & modell$ our sol> sy/em1 call$ successively1 at diff]5t epo*s1 su* animals into exi/5ce "u ! diff]5t circum/ances prevail+ ov] v>i\s p>ts ( ! globe1 z w\ld suit be/ ?is g5]al plan1 accord+ to :i* man 0 at la/ to be plac$ at ! head ( creation8 ,let u rememb] all ?is1 & we h a voice utt]+ l\d] & l\d] ! cry :i* ! ext]nal _w equally proclaims1 t !re is a ,creator1 an intellig5t & wise ,creator1 an omnipot5t ,creator ( all t exi/s1 has exi/$1 & %all exi/4 ,to come back to ! ,salmonid1 ,i might say1 t :5 prop]ly /udi$1 !re is n a species 9 nature1 !re is n a sy/em ( organs 9 any giv5 species1 !re is n a peculi>ity 9 ! details ( ea* ( ^! sy/ems1 :i* does n lead to ! same g5]al results1 & :i* is n on t acc\nt equally wor? our consid]ation4 ,a m9ute di/9ction betwe5 species is aga91 above all1 ! f\ndation ( our mo/ ext5sive views ( ! :ole1 & ( our mo/ sublime g5]alizations4 ,! species ( ,salmonid call p>ticul>ly our att5tion1 f ! m9ut5ess ( ! *>act]s ^u :i* _! di/9ction re/s4 ,_! numb] 9 ! nor? ( ?is cont95t 7,nor? ,am]ica7 is f> great] ?an w\ld be suppos$ f ! m]e inve/igation ( ^? ( ! great lakes2 b ,i %all1 = ! pres5t1 limit myself to ^!4--,agassiz1 ,lake ,sup]ior1 p4 #cff4 ,results ( ,obs]vations made by ! ,rev4 ,f4 ,,fall[s1 at ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 9 ! ye>s #ahbi-cj-ca4 ,produc$ "u ! sup]9t5d5ce ( ,g4 ,b4 ,,airy1 ,esq41 ,a/ronom] ,royal4 ,?is important "w1 conta9+ ! e>lie/ fruits ( ! ,cape ,obs]vatory2 &1 :ile ! fir/1 at ! same "t "s ( ! mo/ valuable contributions to ,s\!rn ,a/ronomy1--has be5 receiv$ too late to all[ u to d m ?an b>ely m5tion ! titles 9 ! pres5t numb]4 ,we are tempt$1 h[ev]1 to extract ! foll[+ %ort notice ( a rem>kable meteor2 because x t5ds to e/abli% ! connection s v mu* want$ betwe5 %oot+-/>s on ! "o h&1 & meteorites1 or meteor-/ones1 on ! o!r h&4 ,! ph5om5on 9 "q _h a some?+ ( ! *>act]i/ics ( ea*1 b 0 m ( ! nature ( ! latt] body1 9 :i* case ! m]e fact ( its appe>+ at ! epo* ( ! %oot+-/>s1 maybe consid]$ 9 "s degree significant ( a connection1 m especially :5 confirm$ by a second in/ance 9 ano!r ye>2 :ile1 moreov]1 ! ,novemb] p]iod ( %oot+-/>s _h n !n be5 suspect$2 & ^! two obs]vations n only s]ve to confirm t p]iod1 b also to give ! retrogression ( ! nodes ( ! orbit1 :i* has be5 suspect$4 ,p4 ,s4 ,mr ,fall[s to ! ,secret>y ( ! ,admiralty4 ,,royal ,,obs]vatory1 ,,cape ,,( ,,good ,,hope1 ,novemb] #i1 #ahbi4 ,,sir1--,! inclos$ docum5t 0 drawn up at my reque/1 by ,capta9 ,ronald4 ,at ! mom5t ! fir/ explosion took place 7t5 9 ! ev5+71 ,i 0 writ+ 9 a room adjac5t to t ( ! ,transit1 & imag9$ f ! l\dness ( ! report t x might be a signal ( di/ress f "s vessel 9 ,table ,bay4 ,%ortly aft]1 p]haps f\r or five m9utes1 = ,i _c be c]ta91 hav+ no suspicion ( :at _h be5 obs]v$ 9 ! ,transit-room1 ,i he>d a second report1 b x 0 some:at fa9t] ?an ! =m]4 ,?is ph5om5on has be5 notic$ at ,simon's ,t[n1 ,/ell5bos*1 & beyond ,koe-b]g4#he--;,i h1 c41 ,,fe>on ,,fall[s4 ,footnote #he3 i4e41 #bj miles to ! ,s\?1 #be to ! ,ea/1 & #ae to ! ,nor?4 7,,inclosure47 ,capta9 ,ronald to ,mr ,fall[s4 ,,obs]vatory1 ,,cape ,,( ,,good ,,hope1 #bj? ,octob] #ahbi4 ,,sir1--,z x may n be un9t]e/+ p]haps to make "s record ( ! circum/ances att5d+ ! appe>ance ( a meteor :i* 0 obs]v$ la/ ev5+1 ,i beg leave to convey to y ! foll[+ notice3 rem>k+ t hav+ se5 x only ?r\gh ! op5 ro( ( ! ,obs]vatory1 :i* prev5t$ me f foll[+ ! direction x took1 my report mu/ necess>ily be s f> incomplete4 ,at ! "t ( ! occurr5ce ( ! ph5om5on 9 "q1 ab\t t5 9 ! ev5+1 ,i 0 9 ! ,transit-room1 engag$ 9 obs]v+ ! passage ( a />1 :5 a blaze ( int5sely vivid light 0 obs]v$ a little to ! ,we/ ( ,nor?1 ab\t ! height ( ! ,equator1 & :i* cont9u$ = p]haps a c\ple ( seconds4 ,:ile regi/]+ ! obs]vation1 a l\d report 0 he>d ne>ly 9 ! same direction1 resembl+ t ( a piece ( heavy ordnance at ! di/ance ( two or ?ree miles4 ,! int]val betwe5 ! fla% & ! report rea*+ me1 mu/ h be5 betwe5 ! limits ( #bm #djs & #bm #des1 f ! circum/ance ( my hav+ obs]v$ ! light j be=e ! /> 7g ,ceti7 _h come to ! second wire#hf ( ! in/rum5t1 :i*1 on ref]r+ to ! transit-book1 w\ld h tak5 place at #bc;h #egm #dgs#f ne>ly1 & !re=e ! occurr5ce ( ! ph5om5on may be safely ref]r$ to #bc;h #egm #des2 & z1 on he>+ ! report1 ,i imm$iately consult$ ! ,sid]eal clock1 :i* indicat$ #j;h #jm #cjs1 ,i ?9k t ! error 9 assum+ ! elaps$ "t z above _c be suppos$ to am\nt to five seconds4 ,footnote #hf3 ,! ,transit ( g ,ceti 7#b ,ceti7 ov] ! second wire1 on ?is day is blank2 & ! ^w meteor is writt5 9 ! m>g94 ,! fir/ & ?ird wires are #bc;h #egm #bgs#i & #bc;h #ehm #gs#d4 ,!re 0 little peculi> 9 ! /ate ( ! wea!r or atmosph]e2 ! day _h be5 r m ?an usually cool1 ! highe/ temp]ature be+ #fh ,fahr5heit1 ! w9d f ! s\?1 & mod]ate1 ) slight pass+ %[]s4 ,! ev5+ 0 ne>ly cle>1 ) a light air f ! s\?-we/1 atmosph]e r dry2 ! b>omet] /&+ at #cj;9#bj1 & ! !rmomet] at #eb1 & bo? 7 obs]v$ to rise sudd5ly aft] ! explosion1 ! b>omet] by #j;9#ja1 & ! !rmomet] by #ja1 ?\gh !y rega9$ _! orig9al position 9 a %ort "t aft]w>ds4--,i h1 c41 ,w4 ,,ronald4 ,by ref]r+ to my ,meteorological ,j\rnal1 x appe>s t a meteor ( some:at simil> appe>ance 0 notic$ 9 ,cape ,t[n e>ly on ! morn+ ( ! #f? ,novemb] la/ ye>4--,w4 ,r4 ,discov]y ( ! ,great ,lake ,ngami ( ,s\? ,africa4 ,geographical discov]y 9 ,africa has ev5 excit$ m int]e/ ?an simil> explorations 9 any o!r "p ( ! _w1 & ) reason--=1 :ile x is "o ( ! olde/ & e>lie/ peopl$ ( l&s2 :ile ! human race fir/ atta9$ !re a high degree ( civilization1 & a high degree ( k 9 ! arts ( peace & w>1 ( sci5ce & lit]ature2 ) a gr&eur 9 "s ?+s1 & a skill 9 o!rs nev] s9ce equall$2 yet x is n[ ! c\ntry ( all o!rs on ! face ( ! globe conc]n+ :i* we "k lea/4 ,9 o!r cont95ts !re are und\bt$ly p>ts n yet visit$ by ,europeans1 or wor?y ( be+ m fully explor$2 b !y are b inconsid]able spots comp>$ ) ! almo/ b\ndless spaces ( ,c5tral ,africa1 :]e no foot ( a :ite man has ev] yet trod1 & ( ! great] "p ( :i* no semi-fabul\s native acc\nts ev5 h ev] rea*$ u4 ,s t age aft] age ! civilization ( ! enlight5$ nations ( ! _w is gradually los+ ! hold :i* x once _h1 at lea/ along ! nor!rn %ores ( ?is va/ cont95t2 & ! l& ( ,ham is gradually rev]t+ to a /ate ( primeval wild]ness1 f5c$ 9 f all ! re/ ( ! _w by ! ob/ructive p[] ( ignorance & position4 ,& yet to no o!r "p ( ! _w has s cont9u$ a /ream ( geographical explor]s be5 p\r$1 & is ev5 p\r+ /ill2 b inv>iably ei!r ! deadly climate ( ! m f]tile p>ts1 or ! passive b all-p[]ful imp$im5ts (f]$ by ! m des]t portions1 z well z ! active opposition ( natives1 m savage & sangu9>y ?an 9 any o!r "p ( ! _w1 h inv>iably1 by dea? or o!rwise1 put an untimely /op to ! progress ( ! travell]s4 ,"u ^! circum/ances x mu/ be highly enc\rag+ to all int]e/$ 9 ! prosecutions ( ,african geography1 to he> t an actual & tangible discov]y1 & "o ( ! mo/ important k9d = ! c\ntry 9 :i* x 0 effect$1 & = ! prosecution ( /ill fur!r rese>*1 has j be5 made1 9 ! fact ( ! ,rev4 ,david ,liv+/on1 a mission>y ( ! ,london ,society1 hav+ at lea/ rea*$ ! great lake#hg ( ,s\? ,africa4 ,footnote #hg3 ,?is lake mu/ n be conf\nd$ ) ! small] "o1 suppos$ by ! ,portuguese to exi/ on ! coa/ ( ,zanzib>4 ,! circum/ance requires p]haps some?+ m ?an m]e notice1 & to h m names m5tion$ 9 connection ) x1 f its be+ "p ( a g5]al sy/em ( co-op]ation 9 :i* _m h borne a "p1 & a v important & necess>y "p1 t[>ds ! result :i* has be5 f9ally a*iev$2 & at ! v lea/1 ! "n ( ! ,rev4 ,mr ,m(fat1 ! fell[ mission>y ( ,mr ,liv+/on1 des]ves m5tion :5ev] ! great lake is spok5 (4 ,its exi/5ce _h be5 suspect$ long s9ce1 & its discov]y has be5 a con/ant !me ( conv]sation = _m ye>s pa/ at ! ,cape4 ,b yet ! in=mation ( its :]eab\t1 & size1 & nature1 7 s v scanty1 z to ?r[ m d\bt ov] ! matt]1 ! fur!r t x 0 exam9$ into4 ,up to a v rec5t date1 ! only p]sons :o _h ev] be5 able )9 ! colony to be> te/imony to ! fact ( ! exi/5ce ( ! great lake1 f p]sonal k1 7 two "y ,be*uana br\ght d[n by ,d4 ,a4 ,smi?'s exp$ition4 ,!y said1 t :5 !y 7 *ildr51 & _! tribe 0 fly+ f _! enemies1 !y _h be5 at "o p]iod close to ! great lake2 b1 aft] ! close/ cross-que/ion+1 !y left ! matt] m unc]ta9 ?an ev]1 = f ! l5g? ( "t t _! tribe 0 fly+ ab\t 9 ! des]t 9 v>i\s directions1 x w\ld h be5 q possible to h rea*$ ! sea ei!r to ! ea/ or we/1 or ! colony to ! s\?2 & no?+ c]ta9 c\ld be made out z to ! mean result+ direction ( ! m>*+ & c\nt]m>*+4 ,nev]!less1 _m 7 ! ard5t explor]s :o endeav\r$ to rea* ?is consummation1 s greatly to be desir$1 amid ! arid pla9s ( ,s\? ,africa4 ,! la/ :i* />t$1 & by f> ! mo/ important ( all t 7 ev] organiz$ 9 ,s\? ,africa1 0 t ( ! ,cape ,t[n ,association = ,explor+ ,c5tral ,africa1 & :i* />t$ 9 #ahcd1 & return$ 9 #ahcf4 ,! p>ty consi/$ ( ab\t sev5 ,europeans1 z _m waggons1 & ab\t ?irty natives4 ,! :ole 0 "u ! direction ( ,dr ,&rew ,smi?1 /aff-surgeon1 :o _h admirably qualifi$ himself = ! comm&1 by ! exp]i5ce ( v _m ye>s sp5t *iefly 9 ! int]ior1 & among/ ! natives4 ,among ! memb]s ( ! exp$ition1 7 an a/ronom]1 well suppli$ ) in/rum5ts1 & two arti/s1 & ,mr ,*>les ,bell = l&scape1 topography1 & ! mann]s & cu/oms ( ! natives2 & ano!r1 ,mr ,=d1 = ! natural hi/ory dep>tm5t4 ,dr ,smi? took ^u himself especially ! zoology1 ! e?nology1 & geology2 & ! o!rs all contribut$ accord+ to _! p[]s1 :ile ! :ole ( _! notes & j\rnals ( e k9d 7 to be made ov] to ! association4 ,! exp$ition />t$ 9 #ahcd1 rea*$ at l5g? ! ,rev4 ,mr ,m(fat's resid5ce at ,kuruman1 !n ! outpo/ ( ! ,mission>y /ations2 by him x 0 c>ri$ on fur!r into ! ,zoolah c\ntry1 to ! abode ( ! great *ief ,umsiligas4 ,?is seem$ = v>i\s reasons ! fur!/ nor?+ t ! exp$ition c\ld make1 b a small p>ty w5t on 9 light m>*+ ord] a little fur!r1 s z to be j able to say t #bc s\? latitude _h actually be5 rea*$1 be=e ! retrograde movem5t 0 begun4 ,! *ief result ( ?is exp$ition has be5 ! publication ( ,dr ,a4 ,smi?'s beautiful & valuable zoological "w1 = ! publication ( :i* ! gov]nm5t grant$ a sum ( money4 ,! p]sonal j\rnal1 ! a/ronomical1 geographical1 geological1 & meteorological obs]vations1 h /ill to come2 likewise ,dr ,smi?'s own obs]vations t\*+ ! hi/ory1 language1 & o!r p>ticul>s ( ! v>i\s tribes ( aborig9es :om he met )2 z well z ,mr ,*>les ,bell's inimitable draw+s ( ! mann]s1 cu/oms1 & appe>ances ( ! natives1 & 8 expressive l&scape sc5]y4 ,?is degree or measure ( success seem$ to put ! great lake fur!r (f ?an ev]4 ,europeans despair$ ( _! ev] f9d+ or behold+ x1 & none b trad]s & huntsm5 subsequ5tly trav]s$ t "p m]ely ( ! road t[>ds x1 :i* ! exp$ition did pass ov]2 :ile ! only sci5tific mission :i* has act$ s9ce 9 ,s\? ,africa1 viz41 t ( ,capta9 ,sir ,j4 ,e4 ,alex&]1 s5t out by ! ,royal ,geographical ,society ( ,london1--hopeless1 app>5tly1 ( do+ any?+ by foll[+ ,dr ,smi?'s r\te1 travell$ & explor$ along ! we/]n coa/4 ,x 0 rem>k$ long s9ce by ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians & o!r aborig9es1 t ! black-robe *iefs ( ! mission _h always prec$$ ! d>+ hunt] & ! crafty trad]2 & 9 no c\ntry has ! prec$+ _s ( ! mission>ies be5 m evid5t ?an 9 ,s\? ,africa4 ,:ile pu%+ _! /ations cont9ually fur!r & fur!r into ! int]ior1 !y *ri/ianize & civilize ! tribes z !y g1 & s leave ! way pav$ & op5 beh9d !m2 a mo/ important condition1 :5 x is rememb]$ :at excessive di/ances a travell] is !re f 8 res\rces1 & 9 :at an impracticable c\ntry4 ,sil5tly1 b surely1 has ?is op]ation be5 go+ on1 until z x 71 almo/ by natural causes1 a po9t has be5 rea*$1 )9 :i* ! lake 0 b at a mod]ate di/ance4 ,/>t+ f ,mr ,m(fat's advanc$ po/ ( ,kuruman1 ,mr ,liv+/on _h f\nd$ ! /ation ( ,kolob5g fur!r nor?2 & !n x only requir$ a small advance ( money to pay ! exp5se ( ! long contemplat$ j\rney4 ,t sum 0 furni%$ by two lay g5tlem51 ,messrs ,murray & ,oswell1--& ?is great cynosure ( ,s\? ,african geography1 fell1 9 ! rip5ess ( "t1 an easy prize4 ,b if we h ?is mu* to say = ! effective lev] :i* ! mission>y sy/em af=ds = geographical discov]y1 we _c say s mu* z we %\ld l 9 fav\r ( ! mann] 9 :i* x has be5 work$ 9 ?is in/ance1 ?\gh x may be bett] ?an 9 ! g5]ality ( cases4 ,!re has be5 ( late1 x mu/ be confess$1 r a decl9e ( ! true sci5tific _s ( geographical exploration2 & m5 h too frequ5tly be5 cont5t$ ) fill+ _! books ) acc\nts m]ely ( :at !y %ot & :at !y eat2 unable to give any m intellig5t acc\nt ( ! c\ntry ?an ! natives !mselves4 ,h>dly any bett]1 ! ,rev4 ,mr ,rebman1 :o is suppos$ to h discov]$ 9 #e ,s4 lat41 & #c or #djj miles )9 ! ea/]n coa/ ( ,africa1 a m\nta9 rea*+ above ! limits ( p]petual sn[1 & :i* may be ! s\rce ( ! ,nile on ! "o h&1 & ( ! riv]s :i* fe$ ! great lake ,ngami on ! o!r2 = ?\gh he has be5 twice to ! m\nta9s1 yet he has s5t home su* pu]ile /atem5ts1 t ! fact ( its be+ sn[ at all :i* 0 ?\ght to h be5 se51 is n[ conte/$2 & ! height1 latitude1 longitude1 c41 ( ! m\nta9 are q unc]ta94 ,mr ,liv+/on has done mu* bett] ?an ?is1 ?\gh !re is almo/ ev]y?+ = ! geograph]1 ! botani/1 c41 to d2 b no fault is to be imput$ to him1 he _h a high] object 9 view3 we m5tion ! case s prom95tly "h1 r to incite sci5tific m5 to g & d _! "p4 ,we app5d ,mr ,liv+/on's lett] to ! end ( ?is notice1 & w m]ely cond5se "h ! pr9cipal notabilia4 ,! latitude ( ! ,e4 corn] ( ! lake at its junction ) ! efflu5ce ! ,zonga1 0 measur$ ) a sextant1 to be #bj #bj ,s4 ,! longitude 0 e/imat$ at #bd ,e41 consequ5tly ab\t midway betwe5 ! ,e4 & ,w4 coa/s4 ,! height above ! level ( ! sea 0 !rmometrically det]m9$ at #bbjj feet4 ,! l5g? & bread? 7 /at$ by ! natives at #gj & #ae miles2 ,mr ,liv+/on saw 9 ! =m] direction an un9t]rupt$ horizon ( wat]4 ,! fe$] ( ! lake com+ d[n f ! nor? 0 describ$ only by ! natives2 b its wat] be+ v cle>1 ev5 dur+ its annual ris+s1 & ^! be+ incompreh5sible to ! inhabitants ( t "p ( ! c\ntry1 ?is c\rse may be expect$ to be long1 & n improbably ris+ f a sn[y m\nta94 ,! efflu5t ( ! lake1 ! ,zonga1 0 travell$ along by ,mr ,l4 = #cjj miles2 z ! wat] 0 cle>1 ! /ream placid1 ! banks ?ickly clo!d ) b$s ( re$s1 & ! height above ! sea #bbjj feet1--x may be presum$ t ?is riv] does n communicate ) ! ocean1 & t x is gradually dissipat$ l o!r riv]s !re by evaporation & absorption4 ,! banyan1 ! palmyra1 & ! baobab1 tak+ ! place ( ! cactus1 aloe1 euphorbia & acacia1 indicate ! arrival 9 a bett] wat]$ c\ntry & a totally diff]5t botanical region ?an any previ\sly rea*$ f ! ,cape4 ,! inhabitants ( ! lake ,bayeiye1 seem to be a new race2 _! language 0 unkn[n2 & !y possess sev]al rem>kable habits & cu/oms totally at v>iance ) ! *>act]i/ics ( all ! ,s\? ,african tribes1 ,hott5tots1 ,bu%m51 ,caffres1 ,be*uana1 ,zoolahs1 c41 s\? ( ! tropics2 z = in/ance1 _! hav+ canoes1 kill+ ! hippopotami ) h>poons atta*$ to ropes1 & cat*+ fi% 9 nets4 ,! head ( a fi% :i* ab\nds 9 ! lake1 z well z a fe>ful fly :i* /+s ! ox5 to dea?1 h be5 s5t home1 & are decl>$ to be new4 ,9 conclusion1 we h ! pleasure ( add+ t al?\gh ! ,geographical ,society c\ld n exactly aw>d ) propriety _! ,royal gold m$al to discov]ies 9 _! sci5ce2 made 9 a second>y po9t ( view1 & b indiff]5tly describ$1 :5 x %\ld be res]v$ = a ,bruce or a ,humboldt1--yet !y h ) great satisfaction & alacrity aw>d$ ! value ( ! m$al 9 money2 & x is dev\tly to be hop$ t ,mr ,l4 may be sp>$ to cont9ue ! exploration :i* he has ?us auspici\sly begun4 ,p4 ,s4 ,lett] f ! ,rev4 ,david ,liv+/on1 address$ to ! ,rev4 ,ar?ur ,tidman1 ,=eign ,secret>y1 ,london ,mission>y ,society4 ,banks ( ! ,riv] ,zonga1 #crd ,septemb] #ahdi4 ,,de> ,,sir1--,i left my /ation1 ,kolob5g 7situat$ #be ,s\? lat41 #bf ,ea/ long471 on ! #a/ ( ,june la/1 9 ord] to c>ry into effect ! int5tion1 ( :i* ,i _h previ\sly in=m$ y1 viz4 to op5 a new field 9 ! ,nor?1 by p5etrat+ ! great ob/acle to our progress1 call$ ! ,des]t1 :i*1 /ret*+ away on our ,we/1 ,nor?-,we/1 & ,nor?1 has hi!rto pres5t$ an insurm\ntable b>ri] to ,europeans4 ,a l>ge p>ty ( ,griquas1 9 ab\t ?irty waggons1 made _m & p]sev]+ ef=ts at two diff]5t po9ts la/ ye>2 b1 ?\gh inur$ to ! climate1 & /imulat$ by ! prospect ( mu* ga9 f ! ivory !y expect$ to procure1 want ( wat] compell$ !m to retreat4 ,two g5tlem51 to :om ,i _h communicat$ my int5tion ( proce$+ to ! (t-report$ lake beyond ! des]t1 came f ,engl& = ! express purpose ( be+ pres5t at ! discov]y1 & to _! lib]al & zeal\s co-op]ation we are especially indebt$ = ! success ) :i* t & o!r objects h be5 accompli%$4 ,:ile wait+ = _! arrival1 sev5 m5 came to me f ! ,batavana1 a tribe liv+ on ! banks ( ! lake1 ) an e>ne/ reque/ f _! *ief = a visit4 ,b ! pa? by :i* !y _h come to ,kolob5g 0 impracticable = waggons2 s1 decl9+ _! guidance ,i select$ ! m circuit\s r\te1 by :i* ! ,b]mangueato usually pass1 &1 hav+ ,bakwa9s = guides1 _! self-int]e/ 9 our success 0 secur$ by my promis+ to c>ry any ivory !y might procure = _! *iefs 9 my waggon2 & "r fai?fully !y p]=m$ _! task4 ,:5 ,sekhomi1 ! ,b]mangueato *ief1 became aw>e ( our int5tions to pass into ! regions beyond him1 ) true native inhumanity he s5t m5 be=e u to drive away all ! bu%m5 & ,bakalih>i f our r\te1 9 ord] t1 be+ depriv$ ( _! assi/ance 9 ! se>* = wat]1 we might1 l ! ,griquas above m5tion$1 be compell$ to return4 ,?is measure depriv$ me ( ! opportunity ( hold+ ! int]c\rse ) ^! poor outca/s ,i might o!rwise h enjoy$4 ,b ?r\gh ! good provid5ce ( ,god1 aft] travell+ ab\t #cjj miles f ,kolob5g1 we /ruck on a magnific5t riv] on ! #d? ( ,july1 & )\t fur!r difficulty1 9 s f> z wat] 0 conc]n$1 by w9d+ along its banks ne>ly #cjj miles m1 we rea*$ ! ,batavana1 on ! lake ,ngami1 by ! beg9n+ ( ,augu/4 ,previ\s to leav+ ?is beautiful riv] on my return home1 & comm5c+ our r\te across ! des]t1 ,i feel anxi\s to furni% y ) ! impressions produc$ on my m9d by x & its inhabitants1 ! ,bakoba or ,bayeiye4 ,!y are a totally di/9ct race f ! ,be*uanas4 ,!y call !mselves ,bayeiye 7or m571 :ile ! t]m ,bakoba 7! "n has some:at ( ! mean+ ( slaves17 is appli$ to !m by ! ,be*uanas4 ,_! complexion is d>k] ?an t ( ! ,be*uanas2 &1 ( #cjj words ,i collect$ ( _! language1 only #ba be> any resemblance to ,sit*uana4 ,!y paddle along ! riv]s & lake 9 canoes holl[$ out ( ! trunks ( s+le trees2 take fi% 9 nets made ( a we$ :i* ab\nds on ! banks2 & kill hippopotami ) h>poons atta*$ to ropes4 ,we greatly admir$ ! frank1 manly be>+ ( ^! inl& sailors4 ,_m ( !m spoke ,sit*uana flu5tly1 &1 :ile ! waggon w5t along ! bank1 ,i greatly enjoy$ foll[+ ! w9d+s ( ! riv] 9 "o ( _! primitive craft1 & visit+ _! little villages among ! re$4 ,! banks are beautiful beyond any we _h ev] se51 except p]haps "s p>ts ( ! ,clyde4 ,!y are cov]$1 9 g5]al1 ) gigantic trees1 "s ( !m be>+ fruit1 & q new4 ,two ( ! ,baobab v>iety measur$ #gj to #gf feet 9 circumf]5ce4 ,! high] we asc5d$ ! riv]1 ! broad] x became1 until we (t5 saw m ?an #ajj y>ds ( cle> deep wat] betwe5 ! broad belt ( re$ :i* gr[s 9 ! %all[] p>ts4 ,! wat] 0 cle> z cry/al1 & z we approa*$ ! po9t ( junction ) o!r l>ge riv]s report$ to exi/ 9 ! ,nor?1 x 0 q s(t & cold4 ,! fact t ! ,zonga is connect$ ) l>ge riv]s com+ f ! nor? awak5s emotions 9 my m9d1 :i* make ! discov]y ( ! lake dw9dle out ( sight4 ,x op5s ! prospect ( a highway1 capable ( be+ quickly trav]s$ by boats1 to a l>ge section ( well-peopl$ t]ritory4 ,"o rem>kable feature 9 ?is riv] is its p]iodical rise & fall4 ,x has ris5 ne>ly ?ree feet 9 height s9ce our arrival1 & ?is is ! dry season4 ,t ! rise is n caus$ by ra9s is evid5t f ! wat] be+ s pure4 ,its purity & s(tness increas$ z we asc5d$ t[>ds its junction ) ! ,tamunakle1 f :i*1 al?\gh connect$ ) ! lake1 x d]ives ! pres5t increas$ supply4 ,! %>pness ( ! air caus$ an amaz+ ke5ness ( appetite1 at an elevation ( little m ?an #bjjj feet above ! level ( ! sea 7wat] boil$ at #bjg !rmomet]71 & ! reports ( ! ,bayeiye1 t ! wat]s came f a m\nta9\s region1 sugge/$ ! conclusion t ! increase ( ! wat]1 at ! beg9n+ & middle ( ! dry season1 mu/ be d]iv$ f melt+ sn[4 ,all ! riv]s report$1 to ! nor? ( ?is1 h ,bayeiye ^u !m1 & !re are o!r tribes on _! banks4 ,to "o ( ^!1 aft] visit+ ! ,batavana1 & tak+ a peep at ! broad "p ( ! lake1 we direct$ our c\rse2 b ! ,batavana *ief manag$ to ob/ruct u1 by keep+ all ! ,bayeiye ne> ! =d on ! opposite bank ( ! ,zonga4 ,african *iefs inv>iably dislike to see /rang]s pass+ !m to tribes beyond4 ,sebitoane1--! *ief :o 9 =m] ye>s sav$ ! life ( ,se*ele our *ief1--lives ab\t t5 days nor?-ea/ ( ! ,batavana4 ,! latt] s5t a pres5t z a tok5 ( gratitude4 ,?is w\ld h be5 a good introduction2 ! k ( ! language1 h[ev]1 is ! be/ we c h4 ,i endeav\r$ to con/ruct a raft1 at a "p :i* 0 only fifty or sixty y>ds wide1 b ! wood1 ?\gh sun-dri$1 0 s heavy x sunk imm$iately2 ano!r k9d w\ld n be> my weight1 al?\gh a consid]able portion ( my p]son 0 "u wat]4 ,i c\ld easily h swam across1 & fa9 w\ld h done x2 b1 l&+ )\t clo!s1 & !n dem&+ ( ! ,bakoba ! loan ( a boat1 w\ld sc>cely be ! ?+ = a mess5g] ( peace1 ev5 ?\gh no alligator met me 9 ! passage4 ,^! & o!r ?\ghts 7 revolv+ 9 my m9d z ,i /ood 9 ! wat]1--= mo/ sorely d ,i dislike to be beat51--:5 my k9d & g5]\s fri5d ,mr ,oswell1 ) :om alone ! visit to ,sebitoane 0 to be made1 (f]$ to br+ up a boat at 8 own exp5se f ! ,cape1 :i*1 aft] visit+ ! *ief1 & com+ r\nd ! nor? end ( ! lake1 w become mission>y prop]ty4 ,to him & our o!r companion ,mr ,murray1 ,i feel greatly indebt$1--= ! *ief exp5se ( ! j\rney has be5 borne by !m4 ,!y c\ld n h rea*$ ?is po9t )\t my assi/ance2 b1 = ! aid !y h r5d]$ 9 op5+ up ?is field1 ,i feel greatly indebt$2 &1 %\ld any public notice be tak5 ( ?is j\rney1 ,i %all feel oblig$ to ! directors if !y express my ?ankfulness4 ,! ,bayeiye or ,bakoba li/5$ to ! /atem5ts made f ! ,div9e ,^w ) great att5tion1 &1 if ,i am n mi/ak51 seem$ to und]/& ! message ( m]cy deliv]$ bett] ?an any p to :om ,i h prea*$ = ! fir/ "t4 ,!y h inv>iably a great _m *>ms 9 ! villages2 /at$ ! "n ( ,god 9 _! language 7)\t ! lea/ hesitation7 to be ,oreeja2 m5tion$ ! "n ( ! fir/ man & woman1 & "s tradition>y /atem5ts respect+ ! flood4 ,i %all n1 h[ev]1 take ^! = c]ta91 till ,i h m k ( _! language4 ,!y are f\nd dwell+ among ! re$ all r\nd ! lake1 & on ! banks ( all ! riv]s to ! nor?4 ,) ! p]iodical fl[ ( ! riv]s great %oals ( fi% desc5d4 ,! p c\ld give no reason = ! rise ( ! wat]1 fur!r ?an t a *ief1 :o lives 9 a "p ( ! c\ntry 9 ! nor?1 call$ ,mazzekiva1 kills a man annually & ?r[s 8 body into ! /ream1 aft] :i* ! wat] beg9s to fl[4 ,! sket* :i* ,i enclose is int5d$ to convey an idea ( ! riv] ,zonga & ! lake ,ngami4 ,! "n ( ! latt] is pron\nc$ z if writt5 ) ! ,spani% 1 ! g be+ ins]t$ to %ew t ! r++ s\nd is requir$4 ,! mean+ is ,great ,wat]4 ,! latitude1 tak5 by a ,sextant on :i* ,i c fully dep5d1 0 #bj #bj s\?1 at ! nor?-ea/ extremity1 :]e x is jo9$ by ! ,zonga2 longitude ab\t #bd ea/4 ,we d n1 h[ev]1 "k x ) c]ta9ty4 ,we left our waggon ne> ! ,batavana t[n1 & rode on horseback ab\t six miles beyond x to ! broad "p4 ,x gradually wid5s out into a ,fir? ab\t #ae miles across1 z y g s\? f ! t[n1 & 9 ! s\?-s\?-we/ pres5ts a l>ge horizon ( wat]4 ,x is report$ to be ab\t #gj miles 9 l5g?1 b5ds r\nd to ! nor?-we/1 & !re receives ano!r riv] simil> to ! ,zonga4 ,! ,zonga runs to ! nor?-ea/4 ,! ?orns 7 s ?ickly plant$ ne> ! upp] "p ( ?is riv]1 t we left all our waggons /&+ ab\t #ahj miles f ! lake1 except t ( ,mr ,oswell1 9 :i* we travell$ ! rema9+ di/ance2 b = ?is precaution our ox5 w\ld h be5 unable to return4 ,i am n[ /&+ at a tribe ( ,bakurutse1 & %all 9 a day or two re-ent] ! des]t4 ,! bread? m>k$ is int5d$ to %[ ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! size ( ! ,zonga1 aft] its junction ) ! ,tamunakle & be=e x4 ,! f>!r x runs ea/1 ! n>r[] x becomes4 ,! c\rse is %ewn by ! arr[-heads4 ,! riv]s n se51 b report$ by ! natives1 are put d[n 9 dott$ l9es4 ,! dott$ l9es runn+ nor? ( ! riv] & lake1 %ew ! probable c\rse ( ! ,tamunakle1 & ano!r riv] :i* falls into ! lake at its nor?-we/ extremity4 ,! arr[-heads %ew also ! direction ( its fl[4 ,at ! "p m>k$ by ! "n ( ! ,*ief ,mos+ x is n m ?an #ej or #fj y>ds 9 bread?1 :ile at #bj #g x is m ?an #ajj1 & v deep4 ,! pr9cipal disease report$ to prevail at c]ta9 seasons appe>s1 f ! acc\nt ( ! symptoms ! natives give1 to be pneumonia & n fev]4 ,:5 ! w9d rises to an ord9>y breeze1 su* imm5se cl\ds ( du/ arise f ! num]\s dri$-out lakes call$ salt-pans1 t ! :ole atmosph]e becomes q yell[1 & "o _c di/+ui% objects m ?an two miles (f4 ,x causes irritation 9 ! eyes1 &1 z w9d prevails almo/ con/antly at c]ta9 seasons1 ?is impalpable p[d] may act z x does among ! gr9d]s 9 ,%effield4 ,we obs]v$ c\gh among !m1 a compla9t almo/ unkn[n at ,kolob5g4 ,musquitoes sw>m 9 summ]1 & ! ,banyan & ,palmyra give 9 "s p>ts an ,indian ca/ to ! sc5]y4 7,sign$7 ,,david ,,liv+/on4 ,a ,brief ,sket* ( ! ,geology ( ! ,we/ ,indies1 f ,dr ,,davy',s ,lectures on ! ,/udy ( ,*emi/ry1 drawn up *iefly f ! ,au?or's own ,obs]vations4#hh ,communicat$ = ! ,philosophical ,j\rnal4 ,footnote #hh3 ,lectures on ! ,/udy ( ,*emi/ry1 9 connection ) ! ,atmosph]e1 ! ,e>? & ! ,ocean1 & ,disc\rses on ,agriculture1 ) ,introductions on ! pres5t ,/ate ( ! ,we/ ,indies1 & on ! ,agricultural ,societies ( ,b>bados4 ,by ,,john ,,davy1 ,m4,d41 ,f4,r4,s41 c4 ,london1 ,longmans4 #ahej4 ,9 ! prec$+ lecture1 ,i br\ght "u y\r notice ! antagoni/ & comp5sat+1 or correct+ influ5ces ( animal life 9 pres]v+ ! uni=mity ( composition ( ! atmosph]e4 ,9 ! e>? we witness influ5ces ( ! l k9d1 z x 7 oppos$ to ea* o!r1 & produc+ opposite effects4 ,wat]1 9 its op]ation1 aid$ by air1 may be consid]$ z de/ructive1 we>+ away rocks & m\nta9s1 & c>ry+ _! comm9ut$ p>ts to l[] levels1 & ev5 into ! sea1 to be buri$ 9 its dep?s4 ,fire may be consid]$ z re/orative2 act+ bel[ ! surface1 x melts & also consolidates1 accord+ to its degree ( int5sity1 t5d+ to reproduce cry/all9e rocks 9 "o in/ance1 & /ratifi$ 9 ! o!r4 ,ev5 :5 x appe>s mo/ em95tly to act accord+ to our ord9>y notions ( its op]ation z a deva/at+ & de/roy+ ag5t1 = example1 9 ! eruption ( a volcano1 ! a%es :i* are dis*>g$ into ! atmosph]e1 & are widely scatt]$ by ! w9ds1 ev5 :5 !y fall on ! adjo9+ c\ntries1 may help to supply ! place ( ! old surface-mat]ials1 c>ri$ away by /reams & floods1 & to r5ovate ! soil ) new elem5ts ( f]tility4 ,& act+ 9 ano!r =m & mann]1 ! same p[] :i* occasions volcanic eruptions appe>s to be productive ( ano!r effect1 viz41 ! gradual elevation ( ! b$ ( ! sea1 t5d+ to ! =mation ( new l&1 ( :i* we seem to h examples 9 ! ext5sion ( c]ta9 coa/s1 & ! appe>ance ( rocks & dry l& above ! waves1 prec$$ by a gradual dim9ution ( ! wat] ov] ! spots :]e ^! rem>kable ph5om5a occur4 ,( mo/ ( ! geological *anges allud$ to 9 ! prec$+ rem>ks1 ! ,we/ ,indies af=d well m>k$ in/ances4 ,f ! cont95t ( ,am]ica are to be se5 va/ riv]s fl[+ into ! sea1 turbid ) ! detritus ( ! c\ntry ?r\gh :i* !y h desc5d$ 9 a c\rse ( ?\s&s ( miles1 & discol\r+ & fre%5+ ! wat]s ) :i* !y mix at an extraord9>y di/ance f l&4 ,betwe5 _! m\?s on ! coa/s & _! rapids 9 ! b\nd>y hills ( ! int]ior1 imm5se level1 or almo/ level tracts occur1--m>%1 morass1 & s&bank1 nei!r l& nor wat]1 cov]$ *iefly ) aquatic plants1--tracts =m$ by deposits f ! great riv]s1 & commonly ( mat]ials some:at co>s] & heavi] ?an ^? :i* are long] susp5d$ & are c>ri$ out into ! sea 9 consequ5ce ( _! great] f95ess4 ,9 _m ( ! isl&s n only are !re rocks to be se5 evid5tly ( volcanic orig9--column> basalt1 tra*yte1 & _m v>ieties ( tufa1 b also crat]s f :5ce eruptions h tak5 place1 & 9 :i* ! fires are h>dly yet ext9ct t once act$1 z is indicat$ by ! hot /eams & exhalations /ill proce$+ f !m4 ,moreov]1 9 "s ( ^! isl&s1 rocks ( volcanic orig91 cry/all9e 9 _! /ructure1 & totally de/itute ( organic rema9s1 are associat$ ) o!rs ( a p]fectly diff]5t "*1 /ratifi$ & ab\nd+ 9 organic rema9s1--v>i\s species ( sea %ells & ( coral2 & x is wor?y ( notice1 t1 9 "o ( ! in/ances 9 :i* ! appe>ance is be/ obs]v$1 viz41 at ,brim/one ,hill1 9 ,/ ,*ri/oph]'s1 ! volcanic rock1 flank$ by ! /ratifi$ rock1 & ! latt]--an aggregate ( %ells1 coral1 & calc>e\s m>l1 has its /rata highly incl9$1 tilt$ up z x 7 by ! =m]4 ,o!r isl&s1 or p>ts ( isl&s1 occur1 9 :i* !re are only p>tial volcanic traces1 & ^! n s mu* ( volcanic action & di/urbance on ! spot1 z ( mat]ials1 su* z a%es1 ?r[n up by volcanoes1 & ^? di/ant ones4 ,! isl& ,b>bados is an example4 ,compos$ 9 great p>ts ( a calc>e\s aggregate1 9 :i* organic rema9s ab\nd1 x has v mu* ! "*1 9 its peculi> features1 ( hav+ be5 rais$ f ! b$ ( ! ocean 7:]e x is c]ta9 x 0 =m$71 by "s mighty =ce1 sl[ly act+1 & :i*1 x is probable1 is act+ /ill4 ,nor is !re want+ 9 ^! seas in/ances ( isl&s1 9 :i* almo/ e v>iety ( =mation is exemplifi$4 ,b>bados1 9 its small] portion--! ,scotl& di/rict1 exhibits "s int]e/+ v>ieties1 su* z b$s ( *alk ab\nd+ 9 ! rema9s ( microscopic animalcules1 /rata ( s&/one1 "s silice\s1 "s calc>e\s2 ! "o )\t organic rema9s1 conta9+1 h[ev]1 deposits ( coal & bitum52 ! o!r--! latt] hav+ includ$ 9 !m organic rema9s1 & ( a k9d to connect !m ) ! calc>e\s rock ( :i* ! l>g] portion ( ! isl& is =m$1 = in/ance1 ! sp9es ( e*9i & ! tee? ( squali4 ,! l>g] isl&s1 ,tr9idad & ,jamaica1 ,port ,rico1 & ,cuba1 yield examples1 /ill m 9 po9t4 ,9 ,tr9idad ,i am n aw>e t any volcano1 or crat] ( "o1 has be5 discov]$1 or any rocks evid5tly volcanic 9 _! orig92 b f ! imp]fectly cry/all9e rocks1 de/itute ( organic rema9s & di/9ct /ratification1 to clays & m>ls1 to mud eruptions or volcanoes z ^! are sometimes call$1 ?r\gh lime/ones & s&/ones /ratifi$1 & conta9+ organic rema9s1 a tol]ably well-m>k$ s]ies may be trac$4 ,9 ! adjo9+ & small] isl& ,tobago "s ( ! same s]ies are obs]vable1 b 9 a brok5 mann]1 n a little int]e/+ & in/ructive4 ,!re1 highly cry/all9e rocks1 de/itute ( organic rema9s1 are 9 juxtaposition ) o!rs ab\nd+ 9 ^! rema9s2 coral rock is ev5 f\nd re/+ on granite2 & 9 ano!r situation ! latt] rock is contigu\s to mica slate1 9 :i* qu>tz 9 mass is n ( r>e occurr5ce4 ,on ! ,diff]5ces betwe5 ,progressive1 ,embryonic1 & ,prophetic ,types 9 ! ,succession ( ,organiz$ ,be+s ?r\gh ! :ole ,range ( ,geological ,times4 ,x 0 a great improvem5t 9 our zoological inve/igations :5 ! diff]5ces 9 _! relations1 accord+ to ! v>i\s degrees ( aff9ity or analogy :i* exi/ betwe5 animals1 7 po9t$ out1 & successively bett] und]/ood4 ,9 e>li] times1 zoologi/s made no di/9ction betwe5 ! diff]5t relations :i* exi/$ among animals4 ,aff9ity & analogy1 s dissimil> 9 _! ess5tial *>act]s1 7 con/antly mi/ak5 "o = ! o!r2 & ^u ! peculi>ities :i* /ruck ! obs]v] mo/ at fir/ sight1 animals 7 br\ght toge!r1 sometimes ^u ! gr\nd ( true aff9ity1 sometimes1 also1 ^u ! gr\nd ( close analogy2 & ?\gh comp>ative anatomy did put ! mi/akes aris+ f su* confusion "r1 by %[+ t ext]nal appe>ances 7 sometimes deceptive1 & t a m intimate k ( int]nal /ructure 0 necess>y fully to und]/& ! real relations betwe5 animals1 !re rema9$1 nev]!less1 a degree ( unc]ta9ty 9 _m cases1 z long z ! pr9ciples ( aff9ities & ( analogies 7 n fully di/+ui%$4 ,e naturali/ n[ kn[s t true relation%ip--aff9ity--dep5ds ^u a unity 9 /ructure1 h[ev] div]sifi$ ! =ms may be "u :i* _! fundam5tal /ructure is display$4 ,= in/ance1 ! aff9ity ( :ales & ! o!r mammalia 0 n und]/ood be=e x 0 %[n t1 "u ! =m ( fi%es1 ^! animals _h truly ! same /ructure z ! highe/ v]tebrata4 ,aga91 ! =ms ( cetacea exemplify ! analogy !re is betwe5 :ales & fi%es4 ,!y are relat$ to mammalia2 !y are analog\s to fi%es2 !y be> close aff9ity to ! mammals :i* nurse _! "y ) milk2 !y h r close analogy to ! gill-brea?+ fi%es4 ,s9ce ! fossil animals :i* h exi/$ dur+ =m] p]iods ^u ! surface ( our globe1 & :i* h successively peopl$ ! ocean & ! dry l&1 h be5 m c>efully /udi$ ?an !y 7 at ! beg9n+ ( ^! inve/igations2 s9ce !y are no long] consid]$ z m]e curiosities1 b z ! e>li] repres5tatives ( an ord] ( ?+s :i* has be5 gradually & successively develop$ ?r\gh\t ! hi/ory ( our globe1 facts h be5 br\ght to light :i* n[ require a v c>eful exam9ation1 & w lead to a m complete und]/&+ ( ! v>i\s relations :i* exi/ betwe5 ^! ext9ct types & ^? :i* /ill cont9ue to live 9 our days4 ,^u close comp>ison ( ^! facts1 ,i h be5 l$ to di/+ui% two sorts ( relations betwe5 ! ext9ct animals1 & ^? ( our days1 :i* seem to me to h be5 ei!r ov]look$ or n suffici5tly di/+ui%$4 ,inde$1 ! g5]al results d]iv$ f ,palontological inve/igations1 seem sc>cely to h gone beyond %[+ t ! animals ( =m] ages are specifically & frequ5tly also g5]ically di/9ct f ^? ( ! pres5t creation2 & also to e/abli% c]ta9 graduation betwe5 !m1 agree+ m or less ) ! degree ( p]fection :i* we recognise betwe5 ! liv+ animals accord+ to _! /ructure4 ,x is n[ pretty g5]ally und]/ood t fi%es1 :i* rank l[e/ among ! ,v]tebrata1 h exi/$ alone dur+ ! olde/ p]iods2 t ! reptiles :i*1 9 ! gradation ( /ructure1 rank next above !m1 h foll[$ at a lat] p]iod2 t /ill lat] ! birds1 :i*1 accord+ to _! anatomy1 rank above reptiles1 h next made _! appe>ance2 & t mammalia1 :i* /& highe/1 h be5 introduc$ la/1 & ev5 among ^! ! l[] families seem to h be5 m num]\s1 be=e ! high] ones prevail$ ov] !m4 ,man1 at la/1 has be5 creat$1 only aft] all o!r types _h acquir$ _! full developm5t4 ,^! facts :i*1 9 su* g5]ality are fully exemplifi$ 9 e c\ntry 9 ! ord] ( succession ( ! diff]5t fossil *>act]i/ics ( ! v>i\s geological deposits1 %ew pla9ly t a gradation really exi/s 9 ?is succession1 & con/itutes "o ( ! mo/ prom95t *>act]s ( ! developm5t ( ! animal k+dom z a :ole4 ,if we inve/igate1 h[ev]1 ?is gradation1 & ! ord] ( succession ( animals m closely1 we _c b be /ruck ) ! diff]5t relations :i* exi/ betwe5 ! fossils & ! liv+ animals4 ,_m ext9ct types h be5 po9t$ out z *>act]i/ic ( diff]5t geological p]iods1 :i* comb9e1 z x 71 peculi>ities :i* at pres5t are f\nd sep>ately 9 diff]5t families ( animals4 ,i may m5tion z su*1 ! ,i*?yosaur1 ) _! fi%-l v]tebr1 _! dolph9 or porpoise-l g5]al =m1 & sev]al special *>act]s rem9d+ u ( _! close relation to ! ,crocodilian reptiles2 ?us comb9+ *>act]s ( diff]5t classes 9 ! mo/ extraord9>y mann]4 ,aga91 ! ,pt]odactyli1 9 :i* reptilian *>act]s are comb9$ ) peculi>ities rem9d+ u bo? ( birds & bats4 ,aga91 ! l>ge c>nivor\s fi%es ( ! coal p]iod1 comb9+ peculi>ities ( ! ,saurians1 ) true fi% *>act]s2 & s on4 ,^! relations are ( an entirely diff]5t k9d f ^? :i* ,i h po9t$ out betwe5 "s ( ! old] fossils & ! e>ly /age ( gr[? ( ! liv+ repres5tatives ( ! same families4 ,= in/ance1 ! fossil fi%es ) a het]oc]cal tail1 f\nd bel[ ! new r$ s&/one1 d[n to ! l[e/ deposits1 rem9ds u ( ! peculi> t]m9ation ( ! v]tebral column 9 all fi% embryos ( species liv+ 9 ! pres5t p]iod1 to :atev] family !y may belong1 indicat+ a simil>ity ( /ructure 9 ! olde/ repres5tative ( ?is class1 ) ! e>lie/ condition ( ! g]ms ( ^? animals 9 our days4 ,let u n[ exam9e :e!r we c prop]ly und]/& ! be>+s ( ^! relations1 & ! mean+ ( su* diff]5ces4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ,i h m5tion$ ! gradual progress1 :i* is obs]v$ 9 ! succession ( ! diff]5t classes ( ,v]tebrata4 ,?is progress is exemplifi$ by a s]ies ( types :i* diff] f ea* o!r1 b :i* %ew1 :5 arrang$ 9 a s]ies1 a gradation :i* agrees 9 g5]al ) ! /ructural gradation1 :i* we may e/abli% ^u anatomical evid5ce4 ,= in/ance1 ! salam&]s1 ) _! v>i\s =ms1 rank bel[ ! tailless ,batra*ians4 ,& :]e we h a succession ( ^? animals 9 ! t]ti>y deposits z !y occur 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,europe1 we may fairly say t ! fossils =m1 9 _! succession1 a s]ies ( progressive types4 ,ano!r example may p]haps illu/rate ! po9t m fully4 ,! or?oc]a ( ! olde/ p]iods prec$e ! curv$ lituites1 :i*1 9 _! turn1 are foll[$ by ! circumvolute nautilus4 ,"h1 aga91 we h a natural gradation ( a s]ies ( progressive types4 ,aga91 among cr9oids1 we f9d1 9 ! old] deposits1 a v>iety ( species re/+ ^u a /em1 :ile free cr9oids beg9 to appe> only dur+ ! second>y deposit & prevail1 9 ! pres5t creation1 ov] ^? atta*$ to ! soil4 ,"h1 aga91 we h a s]ies ( progressive types develop$ successively1 :i* are app>5tly indep5d5t ( ea* o!r & seem to be> no o!r relation to ea* ?an t aris+ f ! g5]al "* ( ! gr\p to :i* !y belong4 ,su* types exemplify simply 9 ! gr\ps to :i* !y belong1 a real progress 9 ! successive developm5t ( ! peculi>ities :i* *>act]ise !m z natural divisions among animals4 ,su* =ms ,i %all call ,progressive ,types4 ,! relations1 h[ev]1 :i* are exemplifi$ 9 ! olde/ fi%es1 9 ! i*?yosaurians1 9 ! pt]odactyls or 9 ! megalosaurians1 seem to me to be cle>ly ( a diff]5t "*1 & to diff] f simple progressive types1 inasmu* z ^? :i* appe> e>li]1 comb9e peculi>ities :i*1 at a lat] p]iod1 appe> sep>ately 9 di/9ct =ms4 ,= in/ance1 ! reptilian *>act]s :i* we recognise 9 ! sauroid fi%es1 are develop$ at a lat] p]iod 9 animals no long] belong+ to ! class ( fi%es1 b con/itut+ by !mselves new types1 provid$ ) additional peculi>ities :i* sep>ate !m fully f ! fi%es 9 g5]al1 z well z f ^? fi%es 9 :i* we recognise "s relation to reptiles dur+ a p]iod :5 no reptile exi/$4 ,aga91 ! i*?yosaurians1 ?\gh true reptiles appe>+ long aft] fi%es _h be5 call$ into exi/5ce1 & dur+ an e>ly p]iod ( ! hi/ory ( ! reptiles1 /ill %ew _! relation to fi%es by ! "* ( _! v]tebral column1 & =e%ad[1 z x 71 9 _! =m1 ! cetacea ( lat] ages1 z well z _m =ms ( ! gigantic saurians ( ! second>y p]iod4 ,! same may be said ( ! pt]odactyls1 :i* are also true reptiles1 b1 9 :i* ! ant]ior extremity =e%ad[ peculi>ities *>act]i/ic ( birds & bats4 ,su* types ,i %all call ,prophetic ,types4 ,to an analytic m9d ! exam9ation ( ! peculi>ities ( su* animals may =etell a high] progress ( developm5t1 c>ri$ out 9 real exi/5ce1 only dur+ a lat] p]iod1 ev5 if he _h nev] se5 ! lat] ones2 = 9 su* types ! g]ms ( a future developm5t may be recognis$1 & ^u close exam9ation1 truly ref]r$ to ! peculi>ities ( o!r high] gr\ps1 ev5 if ! int]m$iate l9ks rema9$ unkn[n1 :i*1 h[ev]1 z ! matt] n[ /&s1 c leave no d\bt 9 our m9d t ^! prophetic types really =e%ad[$ t div]sity ( =ms :i* has be5 creat$ s9ce !y h gone by4 ,we may also say t ^! prophetic types lay be=e u ! c\rse ( ?\ghts :i* has be5 c>ri$ out 9 ! plan ( creation by ! ,supreme intellig5ce1 :o call$ !m into exi/5ce 9 ri* ord] ( succession1 & 9 s div]sifi$ relations4 ,! recognition ( ?is prophetic "* ( c]ta9 types ( ext9ct animals is n only important 9 a philosophical po9t ( view2 ,i h no d\bt x w ultimately & rapidly lead to a bett]1 full]1 high]1 & deep] und]/&+ ( ! v>i\s relations :i* exi/ betwe5 animals4 ,let me at once po9t to "s ( ^! relations :i* might nev] h be5 und]/ood b = ?is appreciation4 ,among ,cr9oids1 we h n only progressive types1 z ,i h already quot$1 b we h also prophetic ones4 ,! ,cy/id are truly prophetic ( ! ,e*9i prop]4 ,i may only m5tion ! g5us ,e*9ocr9us to %ew ! l9k4 ,! ,p5tremites1 aga91 are ! prophetic type =e%ad[+ ! />-fi%es4 ,& (t5 9 subord9ate gr\ps we may f9d su* close relations betwe5 g5]a ( ! same m9or divisions2 su*1 = in/ance1 z ! g5us ,encr9us1 9 :i* ! g5]a ,apiocr9us & ,p5tacr9us1 are simultane\sly =e%ad[$4 ,p]haps1 9 ?is case1 a di/9ction might be introduc$ betwe5 truly prophetic types & syn!tic types1 9 :i* ! *>act]s ( lat] gr\ps are r m comb9$ ?an really =e%ad[$4 ,z = ! relation betwe5 old] types & ! embryos ( ! liv+ repres5tatives ( ! same families :i* are s ext5sively obs]v$ 9 almo/ all gr\ps ( ! animal k+dom1 :i* h exi/$ dur+ e>li] p]iods1 x may be/ be express$ if we call ^? fossils :i* exemplify1 9 full gr[n animals1 =ms :i* exi/ at pres5t only 9 ! e>lie/ /ages ( gr[? ( our liv+ animals1 ,embryonic ,types1 9 c\nt]di/9ction f ! progressive types1 & f ! prophetic types4 ,^! embryonic types may be purely su*1 or !y may be at ! same "t ei!r progressive types1 or ev5 prophetic types4 ,i %all call purely embryonic types ^? 9 :i* we recognise peculi>ities *>act]i/ic ( ! embryo ( ! same family4 ,= in/ance1 ! old] ,sauroids1 :i* h ! upp] lobe ( ! tail prolong$1 or ! common ,cr9oids provid$ ) a /em1 :i* resemble ! "y ,comatul1 c41 c4 ,i %all di/+ui%1 z progressive embryonic types1 ^? 9 :i* we recognise simultane\sly a relation to ! embryo ( ! same family1 :5 !y =m besides a l9k 9 ! natural *a9 ( progressive developm5t4 ,su*1 = in/ance1 z ! olde/ ,salam&]s1 or ! e>lie/ ,sir5oid ,pa*yd]m4 ,f9ally1 ,i %all call prophetic embryonic types ^? 9 :i* we h embryonic *>act]s1 comb9$ ) ! peculi>ities :i* /amp ! type z a prophetic "o1 su*1 = in/ance1 z ! ,e*9oid & ,a/]oid ,cr9oids ( ! =m] ages4 ,! fact t ^! diff]5t types may ?us pres5t complications ( _! "*1 or appe> m or less pure & typical1 goes fur!r to %ew h[ deeply div]sifi$ ! plan ( creation is1 & h[ _m relations %\ld be simultane\sly und]/ood be=e we are prep>$ to h a full insight into ! plan ( creation4 ,!re we see "o type =m+ simply1 & alone1 ! fir/ l9k ( a progressive s]ies4 ,!re we see ano!r :i* =e%ad[s types1 :i* appe> isolate aft]w>ds4 ,!re we see a ?ird1 :i*1 9 its full developm5t1 exemplifies a /ate :i* is transi5t only 9 high] repres5tatives ( ! same family4 ,& !n1 aga91 we see ^! diff]5t relations runn+ into ea* o!r1 & rem9d+ u t1 h[ev] difficult x may be = u to see at "o glance all ?is div]sity ( relations1 !re is1 not)/&+1 an intellig5ce :i* n only conceiv$ ^! v>i\s comb9ations1 b call$ !m into real exi/5ce 9 a long succession ( ages4--,l4 ,agassiz 9 ! ,am]ican ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce1 ,augu/ #ahdi4 ,on a new ,analogy 9 ! ,p]iods ( ,rotation ( ! ,prim>y ,planets discov]$ by ,daniel ,kirkwood ( ,pottsville1 ,p5nsylvania4 ,at ! rec5t meet+ ( ! ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce1 an ann\ncem5t 0 made1 :i*1 if x is f\nd to be correct1 w be reg>d$ z relat+ to "o ( ! mo/ important discov]ies :i* h be5 made 9 a/ronomy = ye>s4 ,x is no less ?an a new law ( ! sol> sy/em1 closely resembl+ ^? ( ,kepl]1 :i* =m ! gr\ndwork ( _m ( ! problems ( a/ronomy4 ,mr ,s4 ,c4 ,walk] read to ! ,association a lett] f ,mr ,daniel ,kirkwood1 ( ,pottsville1 ,pa41 ! discov]] ( ?is new law1 f :i* we make "s extracts1 omitt+ all t ref]s to ! high] bran*es ( ma!matics4 ,:ile we h 9 ! law ( ,kepl] a bond ( mutual relation%ip betwe5 ! planets1 z reg>ds _! revolutions ar\nd ! sun1 x is rem>kable t no law regulat+ _! rotations on _! axes has ev] be5 discov]$4 ,= sev]al ye>s ,i h _h little d\bt ( ! exi/5ce ( su* a law 9 nature1 & h be5 engag$1 z circum/ances w\ld p]mit1 9 attempt+ its developm5t4 ,i h at l5g? arriv$ at results1 :i*1 if !y d n ju/ify me 9 ann\nc+ ! solution ( ?is important & int]e/+ problem1 mu/ at lea/ be reg>d$ z a/oni%+ co9cid5ces4 ,aft] /at+ "s equations1 he gives ! foll[+ tables z ! data on :i* he has proce$$3-- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,mean di/4 ,squ>e ,no4 ( rotations ,planet's f ! sun ,m>s4 root ( 9 "o sid4 "n4 9 miles4 ,m>s4 p]iod4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,m]cury1 #cf1had1jjj #bgg1jjj #ebfc #hgfc ,v5us1 #fh1ghg1jjj #b1dfc1hcf #aefif #bcjij ,e>?1 #ie1ajc1jjj #b1hag1dji #afghe #cffbe ,m>s1 #add1ijh1jjj #cib1gce #fbfg #ffifj ,jupit]1 #did1gig1jjj #iec1egj1bbb #cjhgih #ajdgajj ,saturn1 #ijg1afb1jjj #bhd1gch1jjj #afhgda #bdfbjjj ,uranus1 #a1hbd1bij1jjj #ce1ahf1jjj #eicae ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,f ^! data he d$uces ! foll[+ law3--,! squ>e ( ! numb] ( a prim>y planet's days 9 its ye>1 is z ! cube ( ! diamet] ( its sph]e ( attraction 9 ! nebul> hypo!sis4 ,! po9ts ( equal attraction betwe5 ! planets sev]ally 7:5 9 conjunction71 are situat$ z foll[s3-- ,miles f ! ,miles f ! =m]4 latt]4 ,betwe5 ,m]cury & ,v5us1 #h1jbi1fjj #bc1idc1djj ,v5us & ! ,e>?1 #ab1gaf1fjj #ac1eii1djj ,e>? & ,m>s1 #cf1bfd1fjj #ac1edj1djj ,jupit] & ,saturn1 #bff1fee1jjj #ade1gaj1jjj ,saturn & ,uranus1 #fgh1eij1jjj #bch1ech1jjj ,x w be se5 f ! above1 t ! diamet] ( ! e>?'s sph]e ( attraction is #di1hfd1jjj miles4 ,h5ce ! diamet]s ( ! respective sph]es ( attraction ( ! o!r planets1 accord+ to my empirical law1 w be f\nd to be z foll[s3-- ,diamet] ( sph]e ( ,attraction4 ,m]cury1 #ai1bch1jjj ,v5us1 #cf1ffj1jjj ,m>s1 #gd1efj1jjj ,jupit]1 #dff1bjj1jjj ,saturn1 #hbd1cjj1jjj ,! volumes ( ! sph]e ( attraction ( ,v5us1 ,m>s1 & ,saturn 9 ?is table1 correspond ) ^? obta9$ f ! prec$+ "o2 t ( ,m>s ext5d+ #fa1jjj1jjj miles beyond 8 orbit1 or to ! di/ance ( #bjf1jjj1jjj miles f ! sun4 ,?is is ab\t #b1jjj1jjj or #c1jjj1jjj miles less ?an ! mean di/ance ( ,flora1 ! ne>e/ discov]$ a/]oid4 ,t ( ,m]cury ext5ds ab\t #aa1jjj1jjj miles )9 ! orbit2 consequ5tly1 if !re be an undiscov]$ planet int]ior to ,m]cury1 its di/ance f ! ,sun1 accord+ to my hypo!sis1 mu/ be less ?an #bf1jjj1jjj miles4 ,jupit]'s sph]e ( attraction ext5ds only ab\t #bjj1jjj1jjj ( miles )9 8 orbit1 & leav+ #hi1jjj1jjj miles = ! a/]oids4 ,x is only 9 ! mo/ di/ant portion ( ?is space1 :]e small bodies w\ld be likely to be detect$1 t none h yet be5 discov]$4 ,mr ,kirkwood !n mode/ly concludes3-- ,! =ego+ is submitt$ to y\r inspection ) mu* diffid5ce4 ,an au?or1 y "k1 c h>dly be expect$ to =m a prop] e/imate ( 8 own p]=mance4 ,:5 x is consid]$1 h[ev]1 t my =mula involves ! di/ances1 masses1 annual revolutions1 & axial rotations ( all ! prim>y planets 9 ! sy/em1 ,i mu/ confess ,i f9d x difficult to resi/ ! conclusion1 t ! law is f\nd$ 9 nature4 ,aft] ?is lett] _h be5 read1 ,mr ,walk] said1 t1 induc$ by ! importance ( ! subject1 he _h at once proce$$ to v]ify ! data & conclusions ( ,mr ,kirkwood1 & _h f\nd t !re 0 no?+ 9 !m requir+ modification1 except1 p]haps1 ! sub/itution ( "s m rec5t values = ! masses ( ,m]cury & ,uranus4 ,?is !ory & t ( ,laplace1 ) ref]5ce to nebul1 mutually /r5g!n ea* o!r2 al?\gh ! latt] has be5 a m]e supposition1 :ile ! =m] re/s ^u a ma!matical basis4 ,9 a lat] lett]1 :i* 0 also read1 ,mr ,kirkwood says t he has pursu$ ?is subject = ! la/ t5 ye>s1 x hav+ be5 fir/ sugge/$ to him by ! nebul> hypo!sis1 :i* he ?\ght c\ld be e/abli%$ by "s law ( rotation4 ,mr ,walk] !n ent]$ into a l5g!n$ exam9ation ( ! data on :i* ! law re/s1 & seem$ to come to ! conclusion1 t1 z f> z we "k at pres5t1 ev]y?+ is 9 fav\r ( ! tru? ( ! law1 except t x requires ! assumption ( ano!r planet betwe5 ,jupit] & ,m>s4 ,mr ,walk] clos$ 8 exam9ation by say+1 ,we may1 !re=e1 conclude1 t1 :e!r ,kirkwood's analogy is or is n ! expression ( a physical law1 x is1 at lea/1 t ( a physical fact 9 ! me*anism ( ! univ]se4 ,! quantity on :i* ! analogy is bas$ has su* imm$iate dep5d5ce ^u ! nebul> hypo!sis1 t x l5ds /r5g? to ! latt]1 & gives new plausibility to ! presumption t ?is1 also1 is a fact 9 ! pa/ hi/ory ( ! sol> sy/em4 ,su*1 !n1 is ! pres5t /ate ( ! "q4 ,?irty-six elem5ts ( n9e planets 7f\r be+ hypo!tical7 appe> to h>monize ) ,kirkwood's analogy 9 all ! f\r fundam5tal equations ( condition = ea* planet4 ,to suppose t s _m indep5d5t v>iable quantities %\ld h>monize toge!r by accid5t1 is a m /ra9$ con/ruction ( ! premises ?an ! frank admission t !y foll[ a law ( nature4 ,if1 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 ! hypo!ses ( ,laplace & ,kirkwood %\ld be f\nd to be ! laws ( nature1 !y w ?r[ new light on ! int]nal organization ( ! planets 9 _! pres5t1 & 9 any m primitive1 /ate ?r\gh :i* !y may h pass$4 ,= in/ance1 we may compute ! di/ance f ! c5tre at :i* any planet mu/ h receiv$ its projectile =ce1 9 ord] to produce1 at ! same "t1 its d\ble movem5t ( translation & rotation4 ,if ! planet1 9 a m primitive /ate1 exi/$ 9 ! =m ( a r+ revolv+ r\nd ! ,sun1 hav+ its pres5t orbit = t ( ! c5tre ( gravity ( ! r+1 ! mom5tum ( rotation mu/1 by virtue ( ! pr9ciple ( cons]vation ( movem5t1 h exi/$ 9 "s =m 9 ! r+4 ,x is easy to p]ceive t ?is mom5tum is precisely ! am\nt :i* mu/ be di/ribut$ among ! p>ticles ( ! r+1 9 ord] to pres]ve to all ! condition ( dynamical equilibrium1 :ile ^? ( ea* g5]at+ surface ( ! r+ 7 :eel+ r\nd ) ! same angul> velocity4 ,if ! planets h really pass$ f ! %ape ( a revolv+ r+ to _! pres5t /ate1 ! preval5ce ( ,kirkwood's analogy %ews a nice adaptation ( p>ts 9 e /age ( ! transition4 ,if ! primitive quantity ( coloric 7free & lat5t7 _h und]gone a v great *ange beyond t n[ indicat$ 9 ! cool+ ( _! cru/s2 if ! primitive quantity ( movem5t ( rotation _h be5 diff]5t f its actual value = any planet2 if ! law ( ela/icity ( p>ticles = a giv5 temp]ature & di/ance f ea* o!r v>i$ f "o planet to ano!r 9 ! primitive or pres5t /ate2 9 ei!r ( ^! cases1 ! analogy ( ,kirkwood might h fail$4 ,z x is1 no su* failure is notic$2 we are au?oris$1 !re=e1 to conclude1 t ! primitive quantity ( coloric1 ! law ( ela/icity1 ! quantity ( movem5t ( rotation1 ! pa/ & pres5t radii ( p]cussion1 ! primitive diamet] ( ! g5]at+ surface ( ! r+s1 & ! pres5t dim5sions & d5sity ( ! planets1 h be5 regulat$ by a g5]al law1 :i* has fulfill$ = all ( !m ! f\r fundam5tal conditions ( ,kirkwood's hypo!sis4 ,we may ext5d ! nebul> hypo!sis & ,kirkwood's analogy to ! second>y sy/em4 ,if !y are laws ( nature1 !y mu/ apply to bo?4 ,9 ! second>y sy/ems1 ! day & mon? are ! same4 ,?is fact has rema9$ hi!rto unexpla9$4 ,lagrange %ew$ t if ^! values 7 once ne>ly equal1 a libration sets 9 r\nd a /ate ( p]fect equality2 b he (f]$ no conjecture z to ! cause ( ! primitive equality4 ,on ! nebul> & ,kirkwood's hypo!sis1 x w\ld only be necess>y t1 ^u ! break+ up ( ! r+1 ! primitive diamet] ( ! g5]at+ figure & law ( relative d5sity ( lay]s %\ld be pres]v$4 ,pr(essor ,peirce1 ^: op9ions w probably be reg>d$ z ( m value on su* a subject ?an t ( any o!r man 9 ?is c\ntry1--especially s9ce 8 successful discussion ) ,lev]ri]1--rem>k$1 t ,kirkwood's analogy 0 ! only discov]y ( ! k9d s9ce ,kepl]'s "t t approa*$ ne> to ! "* ( 8 ?ree physical laws4 ,bode's law1 s call$1 0 at be/ only an imp]fect analogy4 ,kirkwood's analogy 0 m compreh5sive1 & m 9 h>mony ) ! kn[n elem5ts ( ! sy/em4 ,! diamet] ( ! sph]e ( attraction1 a fundam5tal elem5t 9 ?is analogy1 n[ = ! fir/ "t gave an appe>ance ( reality to ,laplace's nebul> hypo!sis :i* x nev] _h be=e4 ,! positive te/imony 9 its fav\r w\ld n[ outweigh ! =m] negative evid5ce 9 ! case1 h[ev] /rong x may h be54 ,x foll[s at lea/ f ,kirkwood's analogy1 t ! planets 7 dep5d5t ^u ea* o!r1 & !re=e connect$ 9 _! orig91 :atev] may h be5 ! =m ( ! connection1 :e!r t ( ! nebul> hypo!sis1 or "s o!r n yet imag9$4 ,at a lat] p]iod ( ! meet+1 ,m4 ,b4 ,a4 ,g\ld junior1 /at$ t he _h gone ?r\gh ! necess>y calculations1 us+ diff]5t quantities1 & _h come to ! same conclusions z ,mr ,walk]4 ,he express$ 8 op9ion1 t at "s future day ! _w w speak ( ,kepl] & ,kirkwood z ! discov]]s ( great planet>y laws4 ,! memb]s g5]ally express$ ! op9ion1 t ,laplace's nebul> hypo!sis1 f its furni%+ "o ( ! elem5ts ( ,kirkwood's law1 may n[ be reg>d$ z an e/abli%$ fact 9 ! pa/ hi/ory ( ! sol> sy/em4--,am]ican ,annual ( ,sci5tific ,discov]y1 p4 #cce4 ,,note4--,su*1 at lea/1 is r a repres5tation ( ,am]ican op9ions ?an ( our own4 ,we are incl9$ to comp>e x m ) ,bode's law ?an ) ,kepl]'s4 ,! =m] is a m]e ari?metical accid5t1 apply+ indiff]5tly well to a portion only ( ! planets1 & hav+ no?+ ( reason to advance = its e/abli%m5t4 ,! latt] are ess5tial p>ts ( me*anics & gravitation1 & precisely & p]fectly1 & necess>ily true1 n only 9 e "p ( ! sol> sy/em1 b ?r\gh ! :ole univ]se4 ,! fact ( axial rotations be+ ! gr\ndwork ( ,kirkwood's analogy seems fatal to x1 = gravitation takes no m acc\nt ( ! "t ( rotation ( a planet ?an x does ( specific gravity2 all calculations ( ! movem5t ( ! body 9 space are equally indep5d5t ( ! "o & ! o!r4 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 ! degree ( accuracy ) :i* x may be f\nd to apply is ! only sav+ clause4 ,messrs ,walk] & ,g\ld inve/igat+ ! subject indep5d5tly1 & ) bett] con/ants ( mass & di/ance ?an ,kirkwood _h be5 able to procure1 decl>e t x appe>s p]fectly6 ,we are sorry t ! late h\r at :i* we h receiv$ ?is pap] has prev5t$ u ei!r f giv+ x 9 full1 or f te/+ ! !ory rigidly4 ,x w be obs]v$ t1 accord+ to ,kirkwood's !ory1 9 ord] to compute ! "t ( axial rotations ( any planet1 x is necess>y to h its mass & mean di/ance1 toge!r ) ! same quantities = ! planets on ei!r side ( x4 ,n[1 ^! quantities are only obta9able = ,v5us1 ! ,e>?1 ,saturn1 & ,uranus 7a planet be+ lo/ betwe5 ,m>s & ,jupit]72 & ! rotation ( ,uranus n hav+ be5 obta9$ z yet1 !re rema9s only ! ?ree fir/ by :i* ! !ory c be te/$4 ,9 a prelim9>y calculation :i* we h in/itut$1 we d n f9d ! results s accordant z we _h be5 l$ to expect1 b /ill suffici5tly s to give a c]ta9 probability ( ! approa* to tru?1 9 a case :]e ! quantity _h n be5 obs]v$4 ,view$ 9 ?is light1 "s v int]e/+ results are obta9$4 #a/1 ,! idea ent]ta9$ by ,bian*9i & o!r obs]v]s1 t ! rotation ( ,v5us is ne>ly #bd times z long z hi!rto suppos$1 is utt]ly unt5able4 #b;d1 ,! "t ( rotation ( ,uranus1 a quantity nev] yet obs]v$ 7b d\btless capable ( be+ obs]v$ by a telescope ( ,"l ,rosse's calibre1 remov$ to a table-l& 9 a tropical c\ntry7 is giv52 & appe>s s v diff]5t f any o!r yet obs]v$1 especially s f ^? ( its neighb\rs ,saturn & ,jupit]1 be+ #acifggi1 e>?'s #jiigbgj 7sid]eal rotation 9 mean sol> days47 #c;d1 ,kn[+ ! rotations ( ,jupit] & ,m>s1 we may supply1 by us+ ! analogy conv]sely1 ! diamet]s ( _! sph]es ( attraction1 & ?us get at ! elem5ts ( ! lo/ planet betwe5 ,m>s & ,jupit]1 & ^! appe> to be3--mean di/ance #bijheaaa 7e>? unity71 mass 9 t]ms ( ,sun #a_/acecbdj1 sid]eal rotation 9 e>?'s mean sol> days #bdjfajd1 & diamet] ( sph]e ( attraction #jhcjiea1 9 t]ms ( e>?'s di/ance4 ,! size is ?us a little l>g] ?an ,m>s4 ,! sl[ness ( rotation is rem>kable1 especially 9 ! case ( a planet :i* is suppos$ s9ce to h bur/ into pieces3 ! ,am]icans h call$ x ,kirkwood4 ,p4 ,s4 ,,sci5tific ,,intellig5ce4 ,,meteorology4 #a4 ,use ( ,col\r$ ,glasses to assi/ ! ,view 9 ,fogs4--,m4 ,lav9i ( ,tur91 9 a lett] to ! editor ( ,l',in/itut at ,p>is1 makes ! foll[+ curi\s obs]vation1 :i*1 if confirm$1 may prove to be ( great importance3--,:5 !re is a fog betwe5 two correspond+ /ations1 s t ! "o /ation c ) difficulty be se5 f ! o!r1 if ! obs]v] passes a col\r$ glass betwe5 8 eye & ! eye-piece ( 8 telescope1 ! effect ( ! fog is v s5sibly dim9i%$1 s t frequ5tly ! signals f ! o!r /ation c be v pla9ly p]ceiv$2 :51 )\t ! col\r$ glass1 ev5 ! /ation itself is invisible4 ,! diff]5t col\rs d n all produce ?is effect 9 ! same degree1 ! r$ seem+ to be ! be/4 ,^? :o h good sight pref] ! d>k-r$1 :ile ^? :o are %ort-sight$ l ! light-r$ bett]4 ,! explanation ( ?is effect seems to dep5d ^u ! fact1 t ! :ite col\r ( ! fog /rikes too p[]fully ^u ! organ ( sight1 especially if ! glass h a some:at l>ge field4 ,b by ! ins]tion ( ! col\r$ glass1 ! int5sity ( ! light is mu* dim9i%$ by ! int]ception ( a "p ( ! rays1 & ! obs]v]'s eye is less we>i$1 &1 consequ5tly1 di/+ui%es bett] ! outl9es ( ! object obs]v$4 #b4 ,ozone4--,*emi/s are n yet fully agre$ conc]n+ ! nature or production ( ?is s+ul> sub/ance1 ozone4 ,to ,s*onbe9 & ,williamson we are indebt$ = mo/ ( our k conc]n+ x4 ,! latt] has suppos$ x to be a comp\nd ( oxyg5 & hydrog51 f ! fact1 t1 :5 ! ozone completely fre$ f moi/ure 0 pass$ ov] ignit$ copp]1 wat] 0 produc$4 ,de la ,rive produc$ x by pass+ a curr5t ( electricity ?r\gh pure dry oxyg5 gas conta9$ 9 a receiv]4 ,x is also obta9$ 9 l>ge quantities by pass+ oxyg5 gas ov] moi/5$ phosphor\s1 & aft]w>ds dry+ x4 ,?us prep>$1 x is a p[]ful *emical ag5t1 possesses blea*+ prop]ties1 oxidises ! metals ) rapidity1 & de/roys ,india-rubb]4 ,! hydrog5 acids ( sulphur are decompos$ by x1 wat] be+ =m$ by unit+ ) ! hydrog5 ( ! acid1 & sulphur be+ set free4 ,pr(essor ,hors=d has obs]v$ t ozone1 subject$ to a heat ( #acj ,fah41 entirely loses its prop]ties4 ,ozone1 l *lor9e1 precipitates iod9e1 col\r+ a solution ( iodide ( potassium1 & />* a deep blue col\r4 ,! peculi> smell1 preval5t 9 ! vic9ity ( objects /ruck by lightn+1 z well z t occasion$ by ! excitation ( an electrical ma*9e1 & by ! /rik+ ( two pieces ( silica toge!r1 x is believ$ to be occasion$ by ozone4--,editors4--,annual ( ,sci5tific ,discov]y1 p4 #bai4 ,me?od ( ,det]m9+ ! ,am\nt ( ,ozone 9 ! ,atmosph]e4--,at ! meet+ ( ! ,am]ican ,association1 an in/rum5t = det]m9+ ! relative quantity ( ozone 9 ! air 0 pres5t$ by ,pr(essor ,hors=d4 ,x consi/$ ( a tube1 conta9+ at "o end a plug ( asbe/us1 moi/5$ ) a solution ( iodide ( potassium & />*4 ,?is plug )9 ! tube1 atta*$ to an aspirator1 w\ld1 z air pass$ ov] x1 become blue4 ,if mu* wat] fl[$ f ! aspirator1 & ( c\rse mu* air fl[$ ov] ! asbe/us be=e x became blue1 ! quantity ( ozone indicat$ w\ld be small4 ,if b little wat] fl[$ 7& ?is c\ld be measur$71 ! quantity ( ozone indicat$ w\ld be great]4 ,! quantities ( ozone w\ld be inv]sely z ! volumes ( air pass+ ?r\gh ! tube be=e blu5ess is produc$4--,annual ( ,sci5tific ,discov]y1 p4 #bai4 ,,hydrography4 #c4 ,on ! ,ph5om5a ( ! ,rise & ,fall ( ! ,wat]s ( ! ,nor!rn ,lakes ( ,am]ica4--,at a meet+ ( ! ,am]ican ,academy1 ,febru>y #ahdi1 ,mr ,fo/]1 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,m9]al ,survey 9 ! ,nor?-we/ ,t]ritory1 pres5t$ ! result ( "s obs]vations1 und]tak5 ) a view ( det]m9+ :e!r ! wat]s ( ! nor!rn lakes are subject to any movem5ts correspond+ to tidal action4 ,! result ( ^! obs]vations _h conv9c$ him t ^! wat]s d n rise & fall at /at$ p]iods1 correspond+ to ! ebb & fl[ ( ! tide1 b are subject to extraord9>y ris+s1 :i* are indep5d5t ( ! influ5ce ( ! sun & moon4 ,^! ris+s attract$ ! att5tion ( ! e>lie/ voyageurs 9 ^! regions4 ,*>levoix1 :o trav]s$ ! lakes ne>ly a c5tury ago1 says1 9 ref]5ce to ,lake ,ont>io3--,i obs]v$ t 9 ?is lake !re is a sort ( reflux & flux almo/ in/antane\s2 ! rocks ne> ! banks be+ cov]$ ) wat]1 & uncov]$ aga9 sev]al times 9 ! space ( a qu>t] ( an h\r1 ev5 if ! surface ( ! lake 0 v calm1 ) sc>ce a brea? ( air4 ,aft] reflect+ "s "t on ?is appe>ance1 ,i imag9$ x 0 ow+ to spr+s at ! bottom ( ! lake1 & to ! %ock ( _! curr5ts ) ^? ( ! riv]s :i* fall into !m f all sides1 & ?us produce ^? int]mitt+ motions4 ,! same movem5ts 7 notic$ by ,mack5zie 9 #aghi2 by an exp$ition "u ,colonel ,brad/reet 9 #agfd2 on ,lake ,erie 9 #ahbc1 & at v>i\s lat] p]iods4 ,9 ! summ] ( #ahcd1 an extraord9>y retrocession ( ! wat]s ( ,lake ,sup]ior took place at ! outlet ( ,sault ,/ ,m>ie4 ,! riv] at ?is place is ne>ly a mile wide1 & 9 ! di/ance ( a mile falls #ahe feet4 ,! ph5om5a occurr$ ab\t noon4 ,! day 0 calm1 b cl\dy4 ,! wat] retir$ sudd5ly1 leav+ ! b$ ( ! riv] b>e1 except = a di/ance ( ?irty rods1 & rema9$ s = ne>ly an h\r4 ,p]sons w5t out & caught fi% 9 pools =m$ 9 ! depressions ( ! rocks4 ,! return ( ! wat]s is repres5t$ z hav+ be5 v gr&4 ,!y came d[n l an imm5se surge1 & s sudd5 0 x1 t ^? engag$ 9 cat*+ fi% _h b>ely "t to escape be+ ov]:elm$4 ,9 ! summ] ( #ahdg1 on "o occasion ! wat] rose & fell at int]vals ( ab\t fifte5 m9utes dur+ an entire aft]noon4 ,! v>iation 0 f twelve to tw5ty in*es1 ! day be+ calm & cle>2 b ! b>omet] 0 fall+4 ,be=e ! expiration ( =ty-eight h\rs1 a viol5t gale set 94 ,at ,copp] h>b\r1 ! ebb & fl[ ( ! wat] ?r\gh n>r[ inlets & e/u>ies has be5 repeat$ly notic$ :5 !re 0 n a brea? ( w9d on ! lake4 ,simil> ph5om5a occur on sev]al ( ! ,swiss lakes4 ,pr(essor ,ma!r1 :o obs]v$ ! b>omet] at ,copp] h>b\r dur+ "o ( ^! fluctuations1 rem>ks3--,z a g5]al ?+1 fluctuations 9 ! b>omet] accompani$ fluctuations 9 ! level ( ! wat]2 b sometimes ! wat]-level v>i$ rapidly 9 ! h>b\r1 :ile no su* v>iations occurr$ 9 ! b>omet] at ! place ( obs]vation4 ,z a g5]al rule1 ^! v>iations 9 ! wat]-level indicate ! approa* ( a /orm1 or a di/urb$ /ate ( ! atmosph]e4 ,! b>omet] is n suffici5tly s5sitive to indicate ! sudd5 elevations & depressions1 recurr+1 z !y (t5 d1 at int]vals ( t5 or twelve m9utes2 & ! result ( obs]vations at su* "t may1 9 "s degree1 be reg>d$ z negative4 ,besides1 x may n unfrequ5tly happ51 t1 :ile effects are witness$ at ! place ( obs]vation1 ! cause :i* produc$ !m may be s f> remov$ z n to influ5ce ! b>omet]4 ,we are1 !re=e1 l$ to inf] t ^! ph5om5a result1 n f ! preval5ce ( ! w9ds act+ on ! wat]1 accumulat+ x at "o po9t & depress+ x at o!rs1 b f sudd5 & local *anges 9 ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e1 giv+ rise to a s]ies ( b>ometric waves4 ,! wat]1 con=m+ to ! laws :i* gov]n two fluids ?us relatively situat$1 w\ld accumulate :]e ! pressure 0 ! lea/1 & be displac$ :]e x 0 ! greate/4 ,x has be5 rem>k$ by ,de la ,be*e1 t a sudd5 impulse giv5 to ! p>ticles ( wat]1 ei!r by a sudd5ly increas$ or dim9i%$ pressure1 w\ld cause a p]p5dicul> rise or fall1 9 ! mann] ( a wave1 beyond ! height or dep? /rictly due to ! m]e weight itself4 ,! diff]5ce 9 ! specific gravity ( ! wat] ( ! lakes & ! ocean may cause ^! *anges to be m m>k$ 9 ! =m] ?an 9 ! latt]4--,am]ican ,annual ( ,sci5tific ,discov]y1 p4 #bde4 #d4 ,wat] ,!rmomet]4--,lieut4 ,maury /ates t he has be5 v mu* assi/$ 9 develop+ 8 !ory ( w9ds & curr5ts by means ( ! !rmomet] us$ by "s vessels = det]m9+ ! temp]ature ( ! wat]4 ,x 0 by means ( ^! obs]vations on ! temp]ature ( ! wat] t he 0 enabl$ to prove t1 (f ! %ores ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 betwe5 ! p>allels ( #ce & #dj s\?1 !re is a region ( ! ocean 9 :i* ! temp]ature is z high z t ( our own ,gulf /ream1 :ile 9 ! middle ( ! ocean1 & betwe5 ! same p>allels1 ! temp]ature ( ! wat] is n s great by #bb4 ,n[1 ?is v region is not$ = its gales1 be+ ! mo/ /ormy t ! z yet incomplete *>ts ( ! ,s\? ,atlantic indicate4 ,lieut4 ,maury says1 h[ev]1 t v few navigators make use ( ! wat] !rmomet]1 s t he has exp]i5c$ "s inconv5i5ce 9 8 und]tak+4 ,he is ! m surpris$ at ?is1 f ! fact t ,new ,york owes mu* ( h] comm]cial importance to a discov]y t 0 made by ?is !rmomet]4 ,at ! "t :5 ,dr ,frankl9 discov]$ ! ,gulf ,/ream1 ,*>le/on _h m =eign trade ?an ,new ,york & all ! ,new ,engl& ,/ates toge!r4 ,*>le/on 0 !n ! half-way h\se betwe5 ,new & ,old ,engl&4 ,:5 a vessel1 9 attempt+ to ent] ! ,delaw>e or ,s&y ,hook1 met a nor?-we/ gale or sn[ /orm1 z at c]ta9 seasons %e is apt to d1 in/ead ( runn+ (f = a few h\rs into ! ,gulf ,/ream to ?aw & get w>m1 z %e n[ does1 %e us$ to put (f = ,*>le/on or ! ,we/ ,indies1 & !re rema9$ till ! return ( spr+ be=e mak+ ano!r attempt4 ,a beautiful in/ance ?is ( ! importance & be>+s ( a s+le fact1 elicit$ by sci5ce f ! works ( nature4--,annual ( ,sci5tific ,discov]y1 p4 #afj4 #e4 ,on ! ,falls ( ,niag>a4--,if we foll[ ! *asm cut by ! ,niag>a riv]1 d[n to ,lake ,ont>io1 we h a succession ( /rata com+ to ! surface ( v>i\s "* & =mation4 ,^! /rata dip s\?-we/ or t[>ds ! ,falls1 s t1 9 _! progress to _! pres5t position1 ! ,falls h _h a b$ ( v v>i\s consi/5cy4 ,"s ( ^! /rata1 z ! %ales & m$9a s&/one1 are v s(t1 &1 :5 !y =m$ ! edge ( ! ,fall1 x probably _h ! "* ( rapids2 b1 :]ev] x comes to an edge ( h>d rock1 ) s(t] rock-b$s bel[1 ! s(t] b$s1 crumbl+ away1 leave a %elf project+ above1 & !n ! fall is p]p5dicul>4 ,su* is ! case at pres5t2 ! h>d ,niag>a lime/one ov]hangs 9 tables ! s(t %ales und]nea?1 :i* at la/ are worn away to su* an ext5t z to und]m9e ! sup]9cumb5t rocks4 ,su* 0 also ! case at ,que5/on1 :]e ! ,cl9ton gr\p =m$ ! edge1 ) ! m$9a s&/one bel[4 ,?is process has cont9u$ f ! "t :5 ! ,niag>a fell directly into ,lake ,ont>io to ! pres5t "t1 & w cont9ue s long z !re are s(t b$s und]nea? h>d ones2 b1 f ! incl9ation ( ! /rata1 ?is w n always be ! case4 ,a "t w come :5 ! rock bel[ w also be h>d4 ,!n1 probably1 ! ,falls w be ne>ly /ation>y1 & may lose mu* ( _! beauty f ! we>+ away ( ! edge r5d]+ x an incl9$ plane4 ,i d n ?9k ! wat]s ( ,lake ,erie w ev] fall into ,lake ,ont>io )\t any int]m$iate cascade4 ,! ,niag>a %ales are s ext5sive t possibly1 at "s future "t1 ! riv] bel[ ! cascade may be enl>g$ into a lake1 & ?us ! =ce ( ! fall+ wat] dim9i%$2 b ! :ole process is s sl[1 t no accurate calculations c be made4 ,! ,falls 7 probably l>g]1 & /ation>y = a long] "t at ! ,:irlpool ?an any:]e else4 ,at t po9t !re 0 no division ( ! cat>act1 b at ! ,devil's ,hole !re are indications ( a lat]al fall1 probably simil> to :at is n[ call$ ! ,am]ican ,fall4 ,at ! ,:irlpool1 ! rocks are /ill unit$ b5ea? ! wat]1 %ew+ t !y 7 once cont9u\s above its surface also4#hi--;,agassiz on ,lake ,sup]ior1 p4 #ae4 ,footnote #hi3 ,! data on :i* ^! & ! previ\s rem>ks on ! geology ( ! ,falls are f\nd$1 are d]iv$ f ,pr(essor ,james ,hall's inve/igations 9 ! ,new ,york ,/ate ,survey4 ,a4 #f4 ,on ! ,exi/5ce ( ,manganese 9 ,wat]4--,at a meet+ ( ! ,am]ican ,academy1 9 ,janu>y #ahdi1 ,dr ,*>les ,t4 ,jackson /at$ t he _h discov]$ ! pres5ce ( manganese 9 ! wat] ( /reams1 lakes1 c41 almo/ univ]sally4 ,he detect$ x 9 wat] f ! middle ( ,lake ,sup]ior1 9 ,co*ituate wat]1 & 9 wat] f v>i\s s\rces4 ,x has usually be5 reg>d$ z iron 9 previ\s analyses4 ,he consid]$ ! obs]vation z hav+ an important be>+ 9 acc\nt+ = ! deposits ( bog manganese at ! outlets ( ponds1 lakes1 & 9 bogs1 z well z = ! s\rce ( ! oxide ( manganese 9 ! blood4--,annual ( ,sci5tific ,discov]y1 p4 #bjb4 ,on ! ,pres5ce ( ,organic ,matt] 9 ,wat]4--,! foll[+ facts relative to ! pres5ce ( organic matt] 9 wat] 7 pres5t$ to ! ,briti% ,association1 by ,pr(essor ,=*hamm]1 z ! result ( ext5d$ obs]vations on ! wat]1 ne> ,cop5hag54 #a/1 ,! quantity ( organic matt] 9 wat] is greate/ 9 summ]4 #b;d1 ,x disappe>s1 = ! mo/ "p1 z soon z ! wat] freezes4 #c;d1 ,its quantity is dim9i%$ by ra94 #d?1 ,its quantity is dim9i%$ if ! wat] has to run a long way 9 op5 *annels4 ,! hyp]manganate ( pota% or soda is recomm5d$ by ! ,pr(essor z a mo/ excell5t te/ = ! pres5ce ( organic matt] 9 wat]4 #g4 ,ars5ic 9 ,*alybeate ,spr+s4--,s9ce ! discov]y ( ars5ic 9 ! deposits f c]ta9 *alybeate spr+s1 x has be5 ask$ :e!r ! poison\s prop]ties ( ?is sub/ance are n neutraliz$ by ! /ate 9 :i* x is f\nd4 ,m4 ,lassaigne has f9i%$ a s]ies ( exp]im5ts connect$ ) ?is subject1 = ! purpose ( asc]ta9+ ! proportion ( ars5ic conta9$1 9 :at /ate ( comb9ation x exi/s1 & ! nature ( ! action :i* ^! ars5if]\s deposits ex]t 9 ! animal economy4 ,! foll[+ are ,m4 ,lassaigne's conclusions3--#a4 ,9 ! natural deposits ( ! m9]al wat]s ( ,wattvill]1 ars5ic exi/s to ! am\nt ( #bh p] c5t4 #b4 ,a portion ( ^! deposits1 repres5t+ #agf gra9s ( ars5ic acid1 or #aad gra9s ( ars5ic1 produc$ no effect ^u ! heal? ( a dog4 #c4 ,?is non-action %ews t ! poison\s prop]ty ( ! ars5ic is de/roy$ by its comb9ation ) ! p]oxide ( iron1 & ?us confirms :at has be5 be=e ass]t$1 t p]oxide ( iron1 by comb9+ ) ars5i\s & ars5ic acid1 de/roys _! poison\s prop]ties1 & consequ5tly becomes an antidote = !m4 ,,geology4 #h4 ,! ,coal ,=mation ( ,am]ica4--,! coal regions ( ,am]ica are1 f ! explorations :i* h ?us f> be5 made1 suppos$ to be divid$ into ?ree pr9cipal masses2 ! great c5tral tract1 ext5d+ f ,tuscaloosa1 ,alabama1 to ! we/ ( ,p5nsylvania1 & be+ app>5tly cont9u$ to ,new ,brunswick & ,nova ,scotia2 ! second tract /rikes nor?-we/w>d f ,k5tucky1 crosses ! ,ohio1 & /ret*es ?r\gh ,ill9ois to ! ,mississippi ,riv]2 a ?ird region1 small] ?an ! o!rs1 lies betwe5 ! ?ree great lakes--,erie1 ,huron1 & ,mi*igan4 ,compet5t geologi/s affirm t1 f a comp>ison ( ! coal /rata ( contigu\s bas9s1 ^! are no m ?an deta*$ p>ts ( a once cont9u\s deposit4 ,! ext5t ( ?is enorm\s coal field is1 9 l5g?1 f nor?-ea/ to s\?-we/1 m ?an #gbj miles1 & its greate/ bread? ab\t #ahj miles2 its area1 ^u a mod]ate calculation1 am\nts to #fc1jjj squ>e miles6 ,9 addition to ^!1 !re are sev]al deta*$ tracts ( an?racite 9 ,ea/]n ,p5nsylvania1 :i* =m "s ( ! mo/ rem>kable coal tracts 9 ! _w4 ,!y occupy an area ( ab\t #bjj squ>e miles4 ,! /rata :i* con/itute ?is va/ deposit compreh5d ne>ly all ! kn[n v>ieties ( coal1 f ! drye/ & mo/ compact an?racite to ! mo/ fusible & combu/ible common coal4 ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable features ( ^! coal-seams is _! prodigi\s bulk4 ,! great b$ ( ,pittsburgh1 ext5d+ ne>ly ! entire l5g? ( ! ,monongahela ,riv]1 has be5 trac$ ?r\gh a great elliptic area1 ( ne>ly #bbe miles 9 its longe/ diamet]1 & ( ! maximum bread? ( ab\t #ajj miles1 ! sup]ficial ext5t be+ #ad1jjj squ>e miles1 ! ?ickness ( ! b$ dim9i%+ gradually f #ab or #ad feet to #b feet4 ,9 #ahdg ! an?racite coal regions ( ,p5nsylvania furni%$ #c1jjj1jjj tons1 & #aa1dci vessels cle>$ f ,philadelphia 9 t ye>1 load$ ) ! article4 ,! produce 9 #ahdh & ! pres5t ye>1 is ( c\rse l>g]4 ,! bitum9\s coal area ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is #acc1acb squ>e miles1 or "o #ag? "p ( ! :ole4 ,! bitum9\s coal area ( ,briti% ,am]ica is #ah1jjj squ>e miles1 or "o #de? "p2 ,great ,brita91 #haci squ>e miles2 ,spa91 #cdjh squ>e miles1 or "o #eb;d "p2 ,france1 #agai squ>e miles1 or "o #aah? "p2 & ,belgium1 #eah squ>e miles1 or "o #abb;d "p4 ,! area ( ! ,p5nsylvania an?racite coal =mations is put d[n at #dcg squ>e miles2 & t ( ,great ,brita9 & ,irel& an?racite & culm1 at #cgbj squ>e miles4 ,! an?racite coal ( ,great ,brita9 & ,irel&1 h[ev]1 is n ne>ly s valuable an article ( fuel z ! an?racite coal ( ,p5nsylvania1 nor does a giv5 area yield s mu* z ! latt]4--,new ,york ,express4 ,am]ican ,annual ( ,sci5tific ,discov]y1 p4 #bga4 #i4 ,riv] ,t]races ( ! ,connecticut ,valley4--,at ! meet+ ( ! ,am]ican ,association 9 ,augu/1 ,presid5t ,hit*cock ( ,amh]/ ,college1 read a pap] ,on ! ,riv] ,t]races ( ! ,connecticut ,valley1 & on ! ,erosions ( ! ,e>?'s ,surface4 ,he /at$ t 8 pap] mu/ be consid]$ z conta9+ a few facts & sugge/ions & n a f9i%$ !ory4 ,he has exam9$ ! valley f its m\? to ,turn]'s ,falls1 & c>efully measur$ ! heights ( ! t]races4 ,z y approa* ! riv] y f9d pla9s ( s&1 gravel1 or loam1 t]m9at$ by a slope sometimes z /eep z #ce1 & a second pla91 !n ano!r slope & ano!r pla91 & s on1 sometimes to a great numb]4 ,i f9d t ^! t]races occur 9 successive bas9s1 =m$ by ! approa*es ( ! m\nta9s ^u ! banks at int]vals4 ,sometimes ! bas9 w be #ae or #bj miles 9 wid?1 b usually mu* n>r[]2 & x is ^u ! m>g9s ( ^! bas9s t ! t]races are =m$4 ,i h r>ely f\nd t]races m ?an #bjj feet above ! riv]1 :i* w\ld be 9 ,massa*usetts1 ab\t #cjj feet above ! ocean1 & at ,hanov]1 ,n4,h41 ab\t #efj feet4 ,n[h]e d !y exi/ along any riv]1 unless t riv] has bas9s4 ,z to ! mat]ials ( :i* !y are =m$ !y appe> exce$+ly artificial4 ,! out] or highe/ t]race is g5]ally compos$ ( co>s] mat]ials ?an ! inn] ones4 ,!y are all compos$ ( mat]ials :i* are worn f ! rocks1 b ! out] t]race (t5] is full ( pebbles1 "s ( !m z l>ge z #ab in*es1 :ile ! mat]ials ( ! inn] seem r$uc$ to an impalpable p[d]1 l ! soil ( a mead[ :i* is ov]fl[$ dur+ high wat]4 ,:5ce did ^! mat]ials orig9ate8 ,! mat]ials 7 fir/ worn f solid rocks1 & aft]w>ds br\ght into ^! valleys4 ,! out] t]race appe>s to h be5 (t5 9 "p ! result ( ! drift ag5cy4 ,aft]w>ds1 ! riv] ag5cy sort$ ! mat]ials1 & gave !m a level surface1 ! successive bas9s hav+ at t "t b>ri]s4 ,! inn] t]race appe>s to h be51 at lea/ 9 its upp] "p1 ! result ( deposition f ! riv] itself4 ,i w n[ m5tion a few facts :i* ,i h obs]v$4 ,! t]races d n g5]ally agree 9 height ^u ! opposite sides ( ! valley4 ,! high] ones (t5] agree1 p]haps1 ?an ! l[] ones4 ,if =m$1 z ,i suppose1 f ! riv]s1 we %\ld expect ?is4 ,! t]races slope d[nw>ds 9 ! direction ( ! /ream4 ,! same t]race :i*1 ne> ,s\? ,hadley1 is #aij feet above ! riv]1 slopes until1 at ,ea/ ,h>t=d1 x is only #dj feet above ! riv]1 ?us slop+ #aej feet m ?an ! slope ( ! riv] itself1 9 a di/ance ( #dj or #ej miles4 ,?is %[s t !y c\ld n h be5 =m$ by ! sea or by a lake1 = !y w\ld !n h be5 horizontal4 ,! greate/ numb] ( t]races obs]v$ is eight or n9e4 ,g5]ally !re are b two or ?ree4 ,presid5t ,hit*cock !n gives 8 view ( ! precise mode 9 :i* ^! t]races 7 =m$1 illu/rat+ !m by ref]5ces to o!r p>ts ( our c\ntry1 & concludes by a notice ( ! erosions ( ! e>?'s surface4--,annual ( ,sci5tific ,discov]y1 #ahej1 p4 #bbi4 ,,zoology4 #aj4 ,fossil ,cr9oids ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4--,at ! meet+ ( ! ,am]ican ,association1 #ahdi1 a pap] on ! fossil cr9oids ( ,t5nessee1 by ,pr(essor ,troo/1 0 read by ,pr(essor ,agassiz4#ij ,! species embrac$ are n less ?an eighty-eight 9 numb]1 ( :i* only half a doz5 h be5 describ$4 ,x is ! op9ion ( ,pr(essor ,hall t all ! silurian =mations ( ,new ,york1 previ\s to ! beg9n+ ( ! geological survey1 did n af=d m ?an f\r or five4 ,n[1 ab\t sixty species h be5 asc]ta9$4 ,pr(essor ,hall m5tion$ ! fact1 t all ! cr9oids ( ! l[] silurian rocks1 ) ! exception ( "o species1 h five pelvic plates1 & we nev] f9d "o ) ?ree1 or any o!r numb] ( ^! plates1 be=e we rea* ! highe/ deposits4 ,9 ,t5nessee1 ! cr9oids are s abundant1 t ,pr(essor ,troo/ /ates t he _h be5 able to collect "s #cjj or #djj good specim5s ( sev5 or eight diff]5t species 9 a s+le morn+4 ,9 relation to ! abundance ( ^! fossils 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,pr(essor ,agassiz rem>k$1 t x is n1 p]haps1 suffici5tly appreciat$ ( :at importance1 & ( :at imm5se value ! /udy ( ^! fossil cr9oids may be = ! progress ( palontology4 ,am]ican /ud5ts %\ld be pr\d ( ^! mat]ials1 by :i* !y w be able to ?r[ s mu* light ^u ^! almo/ ext9ct families by _! p]sonal inve/igations1 :i* w n only r5d] !m indep5d5t ( ! palontologi/ f abroad = in=mation ) reg>d to ! succession ( types1 & ! full illu/ration ( ^! /ructures1 b really af=d correct /&>ds = comp>ison4 ,x is ! m desirable t all ^! fossils %\ld be made kn[n1 z ! family ( cr9oids is s r$uc$ 9 our days t we c =m no idea ( ! liv+ animals ( t gr\p1 ( _! div]sity ( =m1 modification ( "*1 & peculi>ity ( position1 f ! liv+ type only4 ,he d\bt$ :e!r ! numb] ( cr9oid heads ( all species f\nd 9 ,europe1 n[ exi/+ 9 ! ,museums ( ,europe1 is "o-?ird ! numb] ( ^? :i* h be5 f\nd by a s+le g5tleman 9 ,t5nessee 9 "o morn+4 ,n[1 ) su* mat]ials1 consid] :at precise & :at m9ute inve/igations c\ld be made4 ,& if ^! facts c\ld be once fully asc]ta9$ & well illu/rat$1 !re is no d\bt t ! s]ies ( cr9oids1 & _! succession 9 =m] ages1 w be e/abli%$ f ,am]ican /&>ds1 & w no long] re/ ^u ! ,european evid5ce1 :i* has (t5 be5 d]iv$ f ! exam9ation ( small fragm5ts ( ^? anci5t fossils1 f\nd 9 unconnect$ bas9s = ! mo/ "p1 s t _! geological succession c\ld be asc]ta9$ only ) great d\bt & difficulty4 ,9 conclusion1 ,pr(essor ,agassiz w\ld v5ture to say1 t geologi/s :o h _h any opportunity to comp>e ! position ( ! anci5t rocks on ?is cont95t ( ,nor? ,am]ica ) ! correspond+ deposits ( ,europe1 w\ld agree ) him 9 say+ t ! geology prop]1 ! /ratography ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 w af=d ! same precise & well au!nticat$ /&>ds = ! appreciation ( ! ord] ( succession ( rocks1 z fossils w = ! ord] ( succession ( liv+ be+s4--,am]ican ,annual ( ,sci5tific ,discov]y1 p4 #bhb4 ,footnote #ij3 ,^! fossilif]\s rema9s 7 discov]$ 9 ! c>bonace\s & silurian /rata ( ! ,/ate1 & %ew a wond]ful developm5t ( t =m ( animal on ! %ores dur+ ! palozoic p]iod4 ,?irty-"o g5]a1 sixte5 ( :i* are consid]$ by ,pr(essor ,troo/ z new1 are enum]at$4 #aa4 ,discov]y ( ,coral ,animals on ! ,coa/ ( ,massa*usetts4--,pr(essor ,agassiz1 :ile on an exp$ition 9 "o ( ! vessels ( ! coa/ survey dur+ ! pa/ summ]1 obta9$ by means ( a dr$ge1 f a dep? ( sev5ty-two feet1 9 ! ,v9ey>d ,s\nd (f ,gay ,head1 sev]al specim5s ( a coral ) its animals4 ,by great c>e & att5tion !y 7 pres]v$ alive 9 glass j>s = m ?an six weeks1 & af=d$ an excell5t opportunity = an exam9ation & obs]vation ( _! /ructure & habits4 ,^! corals belong to ! g5us ,a/rangia1 & h be5 nam$ by ,pr(essor ,agassiz1 9 hon\r ( ,pr(essor ,dana1 geologi/ ( ! explor+ exp$ition1 ,a/rangia ,dana4 ,?is species pres5ts two v>ieties4 ,"s are ( a p9k or rose col\r1 o!rs are :ite4 ,! g5]al =m ( ! animal is a cyl9d] 7z ( all ,polypi7 re/+ on its base1 & exp&$ on ! upp] m>g92 ?us exp&$ x is ab\t two l9es 9 diamet]4 ,! numb] ( t5tacles is def9ite1 b x is n always ! same absolute numb]4 ,x nev] exce$s tw5ty-f\r2 9 e>li] p]iods ( life !re are only twelve1 & !re is ev5 an epo* :5 !re are only six4 ,x is1 p]haps1 a matt] ( surprise t ! coral animal %\ld h be5 f\nd 9 ?is latitude4 ,!y teem 9 ! w>m latitudes2 b !re are v few species 9 ! m temp]ate regions1 & b = ! opportunity af=d$ by ! coa/ survey1 ! exi/5ce ( ^! animals c\ld n h be5 suspect$ on ^! %ores4 ,= _m ye>s1 h[ev]1 dead fragm5ts _h be5 f\nd along ! %ores2 b :e!r !y liv$ !re naturally or n _h n be5 asc]ta9$4--,am]ican ,annual ( ,sci5tific ,discov]y1 p4 #caa4 #ab4 ,on ! ,circulation & ,dige/ion ( ! ,l[] ,animals4--,pr(essor ,agassiz /ates1 t ! circulation ( ! inv]tebrata _c be comp>$ to t ( ! v]tebrata4 ,in/ead ( ! ?ree conditions ( *yme1 *yle1 & blood1 :i* ! circulat+ fluid ( ! v]tebrata und]goes1 ! blood ( t class ( ! inv]tebrata :i* he _h p>ticul>ly /udi$1 ! annelida or worms1 is simple col\r$ *yle4 ,! receptacles ( *yle 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! body are true lymphatic he>ts1 l ^? f\nd 9 ! v]tebrata2 ?is k9d ( circulation is f\nd 9 ! articulata & mollusks1 ) few exceptions1 & 9 "s ( ! e*9od]ms4 ,9 ! m$us & polyps1 in/ead ( *yle1 *yme mix$ ) wat] is circulat$2 ?is circulation is f\nd 9 "s mollusks & inte/9al worms4 ,pr(essor ,agassiz ?9ks1 t ! embryological developm5t ( ! high] animals %ews a simil> succession 9 ! circulat+ function4 ,z reg>ds ! connection betwe5 respiration & circulation 9 v]tebrata1 ! gills are f\nd betwe5 bran*es ( ! blood sy/em2 9 inv]tebrata1 ! *ylif]\s sy/em is act$ on by ! respiration4 ,! gills ( fi%es1 !re=e1 _c be comp>$ to ! gills ( cru/acea1 articulata1 & mollusks4 ,9 fact1 no gills are connect$ ) ! *ymif]\s circulation4 ,animals hav+ ?is circulation1 h no true respiration4 ,!y h only tubes to di/ribute fre%ly arat$ wat] to diff]5t p>ts ( ! body4--,proc4 ,bo/4 ,nat4 ,hi/4 ,soc4 #ac4 ,di/ribution ( ! ,te/ace\s ,mollusca ( ,jamaica4--,! great numb] ( species is rem>kable4 ,a few miles ( coa/1 )\t ! aid ( /orms1 & )\t dr$g+1 yield$ #dej species4 ,9 ! small bay ( ,port ,royal1 #cej m>9e species 7 f\nd4 ,a p9t ( s&1 tak5 f a surface ?ree y>ds long1 conta9$ #aaj species4 ,probably !re are #cej or #djj specim5s ( l& %ells1 & two or ?ree times z _m ( m>9e species4 ,ext5sive di/ricts occur1 h[ev]1 :i* are ne>ly de/itute ( l& or m>9e %ells4 ,!y are accumulat$ 9 fav\rable /ations4 ,! diff]5ce 9 ! ext5t ( ! di/ribution ( ! m>9e & ( ! t]re/rial species is rem>kable4 ,a majority ( ! m>9e species are kn[n to occur 9 ! o!r isl&s2 probably n m ?an #aj or #ae p] c5t4 ( !m w be f\nd to be peculi> to ,jamaica4 ,b ( ! l& %ells1 #ie p] c5t4 are peculi> to ! isl&4 ,! limit$ di/ribution ( ! t]re/rial species is rem>kable4 ,a few are g5]ally di/ribut$1 b a l>ge numb] are limit$ to di/ricts ( a few miles 9 diamet]2 & sev]al1 al?\gh occurr+ abundantly1 c\ld be f\nd only )9 ! space ( a few rods4 ,only sev5te5 fre%-wat] species 7 f\nd4 ,fav\rable /ations = fre%-wat] species are r>e4 ,9 respect ( ! numb] ( individuals ( mollusca 9 ,jamaica1 z comp>$ ) m nor!rn latitudes1 ! rule s obvi\s 9 ! class ( fi%es is n applicable to ! same ext5t4 ,( fi%es1 ! species are mu* m num]\s1 b individuals mu* less s4 ,( ! mollusca1 ! total numb] ( individuals is ab\t ! same z 9 ?is latitude1 & ! numb] ( species repres5t$ by a pr(usion ( individuals is ab\t ! same4 ,b ! numb] ( species n occurr+ abundantly is mu* great]1 s t ! av]age ( individuals to all ! species is less ?an 9 ?is latitude4 ,f a comp>ison ( ! laws ( di/ribution ( ! m>9e & t]re/rial species 9 ! ,antilles1 x foll[s t ! numb] ( ! latt] mu/ exce$ t ( ! =m]4 ,) ! insul> di/ribution ( ! t]re/rial species may be associat$ ! fact1 t ! coral reefs are all fr++1 = bo? facts are connect$ ) ! geological fact1 t ^! isl&s are 9 a process ( elevation4--,pr(essor ,,adams be=e ! ,am]ican ,association4--,am]ican ,annual ( ,sci5tific ,discov]y1 p4 #ccd4 #ad4 ,metamorphoses ( ! ,lepidopt]a4--,pr(essor ,agassiz said t he _h1 dur+ ! pa/ season1 be5 /udy+ ! metamorphoses ( ! ,lepidopt]a1 &1 to 8 great surprise1 he _h f\nd t "o /age 9 ! trans=mation ( ^! insects has be5 ov]look$ by naturali/s4 ,we knew ! ,lepidopt]a 9 ?ree conditions1--t ( ! worm1 furni%$ ) jaws & jo9t$1 ! *rysalis1 & ! p]fect insect ) f\r w+s4 ,! *ange n be=e describ$1 :i* he _h notic$1 is some:at conceal$ "u ! sk9 ( ! cat]pill>4 ,! animal at a c]ta9 p]iod swells at ! ?oracic region1 & becomes extremely s5sitive to ! t\* 9 ?is "p1 ! sk9 be+1 9 fact1 9 a /ate ( inflammation4 ,on cutt+ op5 ! sk9 at ?is place1 ,pr(essor ,agassiz f\nd b5ea? x a f\r-w+$ insect1 be=e x _h pass$ into ! *rysalis /ate4 ,! w+s 7 long en\gh to ext5d half ! l5g? ( ! p]fect insect4 ,! po/]ior pair he f\nd to be membrane\s bags1 some:at flatt5$1 l ! respiratory vesicles ( m>9e worms1 ) di/9ct ribs1 :i* are blood-vessels4 ,! ant]ior pair are also bags1 ) _! upp] half /iff & inflexible1 l ! elytra ( coleopt]a4 ,! legs are tubul>1 b n jo9$1 z 9 ! p]fect insect4 ,! jaws are *ang$ into two long tubes1 :i* are b5t backw>ds1 z are also ! ant5n4 ,9 ! *rysalis1 ! w+s are flatt5$ & sold]$ toge!r1 z are ! legs & suck+-tubes1 :i* are b5t backw>ds4 ,! ord] ( developm5t ( ! diff]5t p>ts & ! coleopt]\s condition at an incomplete /age1 %[ t naturali/s h be5 9 error 9 plac+ *ew+ insects1 z ! coleopt]a1 above ! suck+ insects4 ,! ord] %\ld be rev]s$4 ,pr(essor ,agassiz said t he _h confirm$ 8 obs]vations 9 _m specim5s1 by exam9+ !m j at ! mom5t :5 ! sk9 beg9s to split on ! back4--,am]ican ,annual ( ,sci5tific ,discov]y1 p4 #cbg4 #ae4 ,on ! ,zoological ,"* ( ,"y ,mammalia4--,at ! meet+ ( ! ,am]ican ,association = ! ,promotion ( ,sci5ce1 ,pr(essor ,agassiz rem>k$1 t zoologi/s h1 9 _! inve/igations1 con/antly neglect$ "o side ( _! subject1 :i*1 :5 prop]ly consid]$1 w ?r[ a great am\nt ( new light on _! inve/igations4 ,/udy+ animals1 9 g5]al1 x has be5 ! habit to inve/igate !m 9 _! full gr[n condition1 & sc>cely ev] to look back = _! *>act]s 9 e>li] p]iods ( life4 ,we sc>cely ev] f9d1 9 a book ( natural hi/ory1 a h9t z to ! diff]5ce :i* exi/s 9 ! "y & old4 ,p]haps 9 birds1 ! col\r ( ! "y may be notic$2 & x is g5]ally kn[n1 t ! "y resemble ! female m ?an ! male2 b z to precise inve/igation ( ! subject1 we are defici5t4 ,b if ! e>ly /ages ( life h be5 neglect$1 !re is "o p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( animals :i* has be5 ?or\ghly inve/igat$1 = ! la/ tw5ty-five ye>s1--embryology4 ,! *anges :i* take place )9 ! egg itself1 & :i* give rise to ! new individual1 h be5 ?or\ghly exam9$2 b1 aft] ! =mation ( ! new be+1 ! *anges 9 its =m :i* x passes ?r\gh1 up to its full gr[n condition1 h be5 neglect$4 ,x _h be5 8 object to inve/igate ?is subject1 because he _h be5 /ruck ) ! defici5cy !re is on ?is po9t 9 our works2 & 9 mak+ ?is inve/igation1 he _h f\nd t ! "y animals1 9 almo/ all classes1 diff] widely f :at !y are 9 _! full-gr[n condition4 ,= in/ance1 a "y bat1 a "y bird1 or a "y snake1 at a c]ta9 p]iod ( _! gr[? )9 ! egg1 resemble ea* o!r s mu*1 t he w\ld defy ! mo/ able zoologi/ ( our day to di/+ui% betwe5 a rob9 & a bat1 or betwe5 a rob9 & a snake4 ,!re is some?+ ( high significance 9 ?is fact4 ,!re is some?+ common to all ^!4 ,!re is a ?\ght beh9d ^! mat]ial ph5om5a1 :i* %ews t !y are all comb9$ "u "o rule1 & t !y only come "u diff]5t laws ( developm5t1 to assume1 f9ally1 diff]5t %apes1 accord+ to ! object = :i* !y 7 introduc$4 ,!re is a p]iod ( life1 9 :i*1 :atev] may be ! f9al =m ( _! organs ( locomotion1 :atev] may be ! f9al diff]5ce betwe5 ! ant]ior & po/]ior extremities1 v]tebrat$ animals h uni=m legs1 9 ! %ape ( little paddles or f9s4 ,?is is ! case ) liz>ds z well z birds4 ,a rob9's w+ & a rob9's leg1 :i* are s diff]5t f a bat's w+ & a bat's leg1 d n ess5tially diff] :5 "y f ! leg & arm ( a bat4 ,:]ev] we obs]ve comb9$ f+]s pres]v+ ?is condition1 we h a decid$ indication t su* animals rank l[] 9 ! gr\p to :i* !y belong4 ,?is is all-important1 z we are enabl$ at once to gr\p animals :i* are o!rwise alli$1 9 a natural s]ies1 z soon z we "k :e!r !y h comb9$ or divid$ f+]s4 ,& ! degree ( division to :i* ! legs rise 9 _! developm5t is a safe guide 9 our classification4 ,look1 = in/ance1 at ! legs ( dogs & cats1 9 :i* ! f+]s are completely sep>at$1 & s elongat$1 t ! animals walk naturally ^u tip-toe1 & comp>e !m ) o!rs1 be>s1 = in/ance1 :i* walk ^u ! :ole sole ( ! foot2 &1 aga91 ) ^? ( seals or bats1 :i* rema9 unit$1 & con/itute ei!r f9s or a w+4 ,!re are o!r reasons suffici5t to conv9ce u t ! ord] ( arrangem5t :i* he _h assign$ !m1 accord+ ! developm5t ( ! f+]s1 is ju/ifi$ by ! /ate ( developm5t ( ! o!r organs ( ! mammalia1 & especially ( _! high] organs & intellectual faculties & in/9cts4 ,& ,i w also add1 says ,pr(essor ,agassiz1 t mank9d are n exclud$ f ?is connection1 b1 9 common ) o!r v]tebrata1 we are all at "o /age ( exi/5ce provid$ ) paddles or f9s1 :i* are aft]w>ds develop$ into legs & arms4--,am]ican ,annual ( ,sci5tific ,discov]y1 p4 #cbd4 #af4 ,! ,manatus or ,sea ,c[1 ! ,embryonic ,type ( ! ,pa*yd]mata8--,pr(essor ,agassiz ?9ks t ! ,manati h be5 improp]ly consid]$ cetaceans3 !y diff] f !m 9 ! =m ( ! skull1 :i* is elongat$1 & 9 ! position ( ! no/rils1 :i* are 9 front4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! skull resembles t ( ! elephant 9 front 7p>ticul>ly :5 se5 f above71 9 "s ( ! details ( ! facial bones1 :i* are n l ^? ( ! cetacea1 9 ! palat9e bones1 ! arrangem5t ( ! tee?1 & 9 ! curve ( ! l[] jaw4 ,pr(essor ,agassiz1 believ$ ?is to be ! true embryonic type ( ! ,pa*yd]mata4--,am]ican ,annual ( ,sci5tific ,discov]y1 p4 #cac4 #ag4 ,fossil ,elephant & ,ma/odon f ,africa4--,m4 ,g]vais communicat$ to ! ,fr5* ,academy1 on ,m>* #ab?1 t he _h j receiv$ f ,algi]s1 a draw+ ( ! mol> too? ( a fossil elephant1 ^: g5us is v easily recognis$1 & :i* indicates a species m resembl+ ^? f\nd 9 a fossil /ate 9 ,europe1 ?an ! pres5t ,african elephant4 ,?is too? 0 f\nd at ,*]*ell1 9 ! prov9ce ( ,oran4 ,sicily has hi!rto be5 ! s\!rnmo/ po9t on ! ,m$it]ranean :]e ! fossil elephant has be5 f\nd4 ,at ! same "t1 he also m5tion$ ! discov]y1 ne> ,con/ant9e1 ( "s fossil rema9s ( ma/odons4 ,?\gh fossil rema9s ( ?is animal h be5 previ\sly f\nd 9 all ! o!r portions ( ! _w1 ^! are ! fir/ discov]$ 9 ,africa4 ,! rema9s f\nd are a too? & a rib1 &1 z f> z c be judg$ f a draw+1 !y belong$ to an animal m resembl+ ! ma/odon breviro/ris1 or ! arv]n5sis1 ?an ! ma/odon angu/od5s4--,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5tific ,discov]y1 p4 #bhg4 #ah4 ,caut]ization 9 ! case ( ,poison\s ,bites4--,9 ! ,comptes ,r5dus = ,janu>y #h?1 we f9d an article by ,m4 ,p>*appe1 conta9+ ! result ( 8 obs]vations on ! "q1 :e!r ! spread ( poison produc$ by a bite c be prev5t$ by caut]iz+4 ,he 0 induc$ to exam9e into ?is subject1 because ,m4 ,r5>d _h /at$ t caut]ization 0 f\nd to h no effect :5 appli$ ev5 )9 five m9utes aft] ! bite 9 ! cure ( "o sort ( virus1 & )9 "o h\r 9 t ( ano!r4 ,^! results1 he 0 aw>e1 ?\gh d]iv$ f exp]im5ts ^u animals1 w\ld weak5 ! confid5ce ( physicians & pati5ts 9 ! only mode t m$ic9e possesses ( prev5t+ ! bad effect ( a bite f any poison\s animal1 :]e1 z is g5]ally ! case1 "s consid]able "t mu/ elapse be=e ! rem$y c be appli$4 ,m4 ,p>*appe1 accord+ly1 made sev]al exp]im5ts ^u dogs1 ) an extract ( nux vomica1 all ( :i* g to confirm him 9 ascrib+ to caut]ization1 a p[] ev5 great] ?an t commonly all[$ x4--,f ^! exp]im5ts x results1 t ! imm$iate amputation or de/ruction 9 ! liv+ portion ) :i* ! extract ( nux vomica has come 9 contact1 has ! p[] ( prev5t+ ! bad effects ( ! poison1 ev5 :5 x has be5 9 contact = "s "t4 ,! au?or is aw>e1 t !re is consid]able diff]5ce betwe5 ! virus ( animals1 & ! sub/ance us$ by him1 ) ref]5ce to _! direct & remote effects1 b ?9ks t e "o mu/ admit t !re is a great analogy betwe5 !m1 is ( ! op9ion1 t 9 bo? cases ! poison rema9s 9 ! bitt5 "p = a consid]able "t be=e x is transmitt$ to ! re/ ( ! body1 & t caut]iz+ %\ld be adopt$ 9 all cases :]e a poison\s bite is ev5 suspect$4 #ai4 ,d5tal ,p>asites4--,at a meet+ ( ! ,am]ican ,academy1 ,decemb] #ahdi1 a pap] 0 read by ,dr ,h4 ,j4 ,b[dit*1 on ! animal & vegetable p>asites infe/+ ! tee?1 ) ! effects ( diff]5t ag5ts 9 caus+ _! removal & de/ruction4 ,microscopical exam9ations _h be5 made ( ! matt] deposit$ on ! tee? & gums ( m ?an =ty individuals1 select$ f all classes ( society1 9 e v>iety ( bodily condition1 & 9 ne>ly e case animal & vegetable p>asites 9 great numb]s _h be5 discov]$4 ,( ! animal p>asites !re 7 ?ree or f\r species1 & ( ! vegetable "o or two4 ,9 fact1 ! only p]sons ^: m\?s 7 f\nd to be completely free f !m cleans$ _! tee? f\r times daily1 us+ soap once4 ,"o or two ( ^! individuals also pass$ a ?read betwe5 ! tee? to cleanse !m m effectually4 ,9 all cases ! numb] ( ! p>asites 7 great] 9 proportion to ! neglect ( cleanl9ess4 ,! effect ( ! application ( v>i\s ag5ts 0 also notic$4 ,tobacco juice & smoke did n impair _! vitality 9 ! lea/4 ,! same 0 also true ( ! *lor9e too?-wa%1 ( pulv]iz$ b>k1 ( soda1 ammonia1 & v>i\s o!r popul> det]g5ts4 ,! application ( soap1 h[ev]1 appe>$ to de/roy !m in/antly4 ,we may h5ce inf] t ?is is ! be/ & mo/ prop] specific = cleans+ ! tee?4 ,9 all cases :]e x has be5 tri$1 x receives unqualifi$ comm5dation4 ,x may also be prop] to add1 t none b ! pure/ :ite soap1 free f all discolorations1 %\ld be us$4--,am]ican ,annual ( ,sci5tific ,discov]y1 p4 #cbj4 ,,arts4 #bj4 ,! ,/eamboat ,new ,_w4--,e ye> sees "s new /eamboat con/ruct$1 :i* surpasses 9 size1 magnific5ce1 or spe$ ^? previ\sly made4 ,!re is no d\bt t ! me*anics ( ?is c\ntry excel ^? ( any o!r 9 _! inl& /eamboats1 & x is also probable t 9 a few ye>s ! same c be said ( our sea-go+ /eam%ips1 ?\gh x mu/ be all[$ t ^? hi!rto produc$ are1 ) few exceptions1 decid$ failures4 ,dur+ ! pres5t ye>1 ! new /eamboat ,new ,_w has comm5c$ runn+4 ,%e is said to be ! longe/ boat ev] put on ! /ocks 9 ?is c\ntry1 & ! longe/ afloat 9 ! _w4 ,h] l5g? is #ccg feet2 extreme wid?1 #fi feet2 ! eng9e is #gf feet 9 cyl9d]1 #ae feet 9 /roke1 & ! :eels ( iron1 #df feet 9 diamet]4 ,%e draws #d feet ( wat]4 ,! eng9e is a l[ pressure "o1 & ?\gh ! boat is s v long %e obeys ! helm ) great read9ess4 ,h] decorations are all ( ! mo/ sup]b & co/ly "*4 ,if we ev5 atta9 any great] spe$ ei!r 9 our inl& or sea-go+ /eam-vessels1 x w be pr9cipally by enl>g+ _! size4 ,?\gh "s improvem5ts w d\btless be made 9 ! eng9es & 9 ! models ( ! vessels1 yet ! great ga9 w be by increas+ ! tonnage1 = ! reason t ! size1 & consequ5t room = eng9es & coal1 increases mu* fa/] ?an does ! opposition caus$ by ! wat] & ! air4--,am]ican ,annual ( ,sci5tific ,discov]y1 p4 #cj4 #ba4 ,use ( ,p>a*utes 9 ,m9es4--,x is well kn[n t v]tical ladd]s = desc5d+ into deep m9es are v fatigu+1 s t ! m9]s pref] to tru/ !mselves to baskets susp5d$ by ropes1 & 9 _m cases ! baskets are ! only means provid$ = desc5d+ & asc5d+4 ,b accid5ts frequ5tly occur f ! break+ ( ! ropes1 9 spite ( all ! precautions t c be tak5 to prev5t x4 ,! ,brussels ,h]ald /ates t "s exp]im5ts h lately be5 made on a l>ge scale 9 ,belgium ) a contrivance int5d$ to rem$y ?is evil4 ,! basket or cuff]t is s made1 t1 9 case ! rope breaks1 x imm$iately spr+s op51 =m+ a sort ( p>a*ute1 :i* is held susp5d$ 9 ! air by means ( ! /rong curr5t :i*1 x is well kn[n1 is always ru%+ up f m9es1 ow+ to ! temp]ature bel[ be+ high] ?an t above4 ,! effect ( ?is app>atus 0 %[n be=e a num]\s company1 sev]al m9]s entru/+ !mselves to ! basket1 :i* 0 s arrang$ t at a c]ta9 po9t ! rope broke2 !y 7 su/a9$ 9 ! air by ! op5 basket1 s t ! exp]im5ts 7 entirely satisfactory4 #bb4 ,adult]ation ( ,drugs4--,at a meet+ ( ! ,new ,york ,academy ( ,m$ic9e1 ,june #ahdi1 an elaborate report 0 pres5t$ by ,dr ,m4 ,j4 ,bailey1 on ! practical op]ation ( ! law prohibit+ ! importation ( adult]at$ & spuri\s drugs1 m$ic9es1 c4 ,! report /ates1 t s9ce ! law took effect1 ,july #ahdh1 ov] #ij1jjj lbs4 ( drugs ( v>i\s k9ds h be5 reject$ & condemn$ 9 ! ports ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,( ^!1 #cd1jjj lbs4 0 includ$ "u ! compreh5sive title ( ,p]uvian b>k1 #af1cdc lbs4 rhub>b root1 #aa1gjg lbs4 jalap root1 ab\t #bjjj lbs4 s5na1 & ab\t #ae1jjj lbs4 ( o!r drugs4 ,! agitation ( ! bill :i* prec$$ ! passage ( ! law _h its effect abroad1 & ! supply ( adult]at$ drugs f =eign m>kets has greatly decreas$4 ,! dome/ic supply1 has on ! contr>y increas$4 ,)9 a rec5t p]iod1 qu99e 9 consid]able quantities has be5 f\nd 9 ! m>ket1 adult]at$ to ! ext5t ( "s tw5ty or tw5ty-five p] c5t4 ,^! frauds 7 und\bt$ly p]petrat$ by or among our own p4 ,! mat]ial us$ = ! adult]ation ( ! qu99e 0 f\nd1 on analysis1 to be mannite & sulphate ( b>ites1 9 ne>ly equal weights4 ,! latt] article has long be5 us$ = ?is purpose1 b n until lately has mannite be5 detect$ 9 ! sulphate ( qu99e4 ,x seems to h be5 +5i\sly sub/itut$ = salic9e1 & a some:at simil> sub/ance prep>$ f ! popl> b>k2 :i* articles h h]et(ore be5 ext5sively us$ = l purposes4 ,! +5uity consi/s 9 ! fact1 t x is mu* m difficult to detect ! adult]ations :5 effect$ by ! admixture ( mannite1 ?an :5 by ! admixture ( salic9e1 c41 :ile ! =m] c be furni%$ = less ?an "o-f\r? ( ! exp5se ( ! latt]4 ,= "s ye>s pa/ an ext5sive *emical e/abli%m5t has be5 9 op]ation at ,brussels1 9 ,belgium1 built up at great exp5se & c>e1 & expressly design$ = ! manufacture1 on a l>ge scale1 ( imitations ( all ! mo/ important =eign *emical prep>ations us$ 9 m$ic9e2 :ile1 at ! same "t1 an ag5t 0 travell+ 9 ?is c\ntry mak+ sales1 & solicit+ ord]s 9 all ! pr9cipal t[ns on our sea-bo>d4 ,! articles 7 prep>$ & put up ) consummate skill & neatness2 & ! imitation 0 s p]fect t x 0 impossible = ! unsuspect+ pur*as] to di/+ui% !m f ! g5u9e1 not)/&+ t1 9 "s in/ances1 !y did n conta9 ov] five p] c5t4 ( ! sub/ances repres5t$ by ! label4 ,s9ce ! law w5t into effect at ! port ( ,new ,york1 n a s+le package has be5 pres5t$ = entry4 ,dr ,bailey /ates1 h[ev]1 t he has be5 in=m$ t ! p]sons =m]ly connect$ ) ! ,brussels firm1 are n[ 9 ?is c\ntry engag$ 9 ! same iniquit\s bus9ess2 h5ce ! adult]ations spok5 (4--,annual ( ,sci5tific ,discov]y1 p4 #ahh4 #bc4 ,to re/ore ,decay$ ,ivory4--,mr ,lay>d1 9 8 explorations among ! ru9s ( ,n9eveh1 discov]$ "s spl5did works ( art c>v$ 9 ivory1 :i* he =w>d$ to ,engl&4 ,:5 !y arriv$ !re1 x 0 discov]$ t ! ivory 0 crumbl+ to pieces v rapidly4 ,pr(essor ,ow5 0 consult$ to "k if !re 0 any means ( prev5t+ ! entire loss ( ^! specim5s ( anci5t art1 & he came to ! conclusion t ! decay 0 ow+ to ! loss ( ! album5 9 ! ivory1 & !re=e recomm5d$ t ! articles be boil$ 9 a solution ( album54 ,! exp]im5t 0 tri$1 ) complete success1 & ! ivory has be5 r5d]$ z firm & solid z :5 x 0 fir/ entomb$4 #bd4 ,ivory z an ,article ( ,manufacture4--,!re are sev]al sorts ( ivory1 diff]+ f ea* o!r 9 composition1 durability1 ext]nal appe>ance1 & value4 ,! pr9cipal s\rces f :i* ivory is d]iv$ are ! we/]n coa/ ( ,africa & ,h9do/an3 ,cam>oo ivory is consid]$ ! be/1 on acc\nt ( its col\r & transp>5cy4 ,9 "s ( ! be/ tusks ! transp>5cy c be discov]$ ev5 on ! outside4 ,! manufactur]s h a process by :i* !y make poor ivory transp>5t1 b x la/s only = a %ort "t4 ,a ?ird k9d ( ivory1 call$ ! ,egyptian1 has lately be5 introduc$1 :i* is consid]ably l[] 9 price ?an ! ,indian1 b 9 work+ !re is mu* wa/e4 ,by an analysis1 ! ,african ivory %[s a proportion ( animal to e>?y matt] ( #aja to #ajj2 ! ,indian1 #gf to #ajj2 & ! ,egyptians1 #gj to #ajj4 ,! value ( ivory consum$ 9 ,%effield1 :]e x is mu* us$ 9 mak+ h&les = cutl]y1 is v great1 & ne>ly #ejj p]sons are employ$ 9 work+ x up4 ,to make up ! weight ( #ahj tons consum$ 9 t place1 !re mu/ be ab\t #de1jjj tusks1 ^: av]age weight is n9e p\nds ea*1 ?\gh "s weigh f #fj to #ajj p\nds4 ,accord+ to ?is1 ! numb] ( elephants kill$ e ye> is #bb1ejj2 b all[+ t "s tusks are ca/1 & "s animals die1 x may be fairly e/imat$ t #ah1jjj are kill$ e ye> m]ely = _! ivory1 :i* is contr>y to ! usual belief t ! ivory us$ comes f ! tusks ca/ by liv+ elephants4 ,^! e/imates1 x w be se51 are = ,%effield m]ely4 #be4 ,flexible ,ivory4--,m4 ,*>ri]e1 a manufactur] ( surgical in/rum5ts 9 ,p>is1 has = "s "t be5 9 ! habit ( r5d]+ flexible ! ivory :i* he uses 9 mak+ tubes1 probes1 & o!r in/rum5ts4 ,he avails himself ( a fact :i* has long be5 kn[n1 t :5 bones are subject$ to ! action ( hydro*loric acid1 ! phosphate ( lime1 :i* =ms "o ( _! compon5t p>ts1 is extract$1 & ?us bones reta9 _! orig9al =m & acquire great flexibility4 ,m4 ,*>ri]e1 aft] giv+ to ! pieces ( ivory ! requir$ =m & poli%1 /eeps !m 9 acid alone1 or 9 acid p>tially dilut$ ) wat]1 & !y ?us become supple1 flexible1 ela/ic1 & ( a slightly yell[i% col\r4 ,9 ! c\rse ( dry+1 ! ivory becomes h>d & inflexible aga91 b its flexibility c be at once re/or$ by wett+ x ei!r by surr\nd+ x ) a piece ( wet l951 or by plac+ sponge 9 ! cavities ( ! pieces4 ,"s pieces ( ivory h be5 kept 9 a flexible /ate 9 ! acidulat$ wat] = a week1 & !y 7 nei!r *ang$1 nor injur$1 nor too mu* s(t5$1 nor _h !y acquir$ any ta/e or disagreeable smell4 #bf4 ,air-,:i/le4--,mr ,c4 ,daboll1 ( ,new ,london1 ,connecticut1 has inv5t$ a :i/le t speaks ) a mo/ miracul\s organ :5ev] its s]vices are requir$ = ! purpose ( al>m or w>n+4 ,x is design$ = ! use ( vessels at sea or on ! coa/1 z on our ea/]n %ores1 :]e d5se fogs prevail1 & vessels are liable to come 9 collision be=e !y are consci\s ( ea* o!r's approa*4 ,its great advantage is its p[] ( communicat+ s\nds = a di/ance ( f #d to #e miles1 f> exce$+ ! l>ge/ bells4 ,an exp]im5tal "o has be5 plac$ on ,b>tlett's ,reef1 & ! pilot ( ! ,lawr5ce /ates t he has he>d x :5 ab\t #d miles (f f ,b>tlett's ,reef1 aga9/ ! w9d1 :i* 0 bl[+ q fre% at ! "t4 ,?is 0 on a cle> day1 & :5 ! :i/le 0 bl[n at 8 reque/1 & also by advice ( ! inv5tor1 s t ! di/ance might be m>k$4 ,x is probable t1 "u ! same circum/ances1 ! tones ( a bell c\ld n h be5 he>d m ?an f "o half to ?ree-f\r?s ( a mile4 ,! pilot ( ! /eam] ,knick]bock] reports1 t he made ! :i/le dur+ a d5se fog1 ?irte5 m9utes' runn+-"t ( ! /eam]1 be=e com+ up ) ! /ation :]e x is locat$4 ,he !re=e mu/ h be5 "s f\r or five miles di/ant f x :5 he he>d x4 ,?is :i/le consi/s ( an air *amb] or cond5s]1 ( boil] iron suffici5tly /rong to resi/ almo/ any pressure1 an air-pump1 & a :i/le simil> to ! ord9>y ones us$ on locomotives4 ,by means ( ! air-pump op]at+ into ?is *amb]1 a pressure ( air is obta9$ 9 x ( any requir$ am\nt1--say "o1 two1 or ?ree hundr$ p\nds to ! squ>e in*4 ,:5 ! air is s compress$1 x is made to op]ate ! :i/le by simply op5+ a valve1 & gives a di/9ct cle> s\nd4 ,a memorial has be5 pres5t$ to ! ,treasury ,dep>tm5t1 sign$ by mo/ ( ! comm&]s & pilots ( ! /eamboats runn+ ?r\gh ,long ,isl& & ,fi%]'s ,isl& ,s\nds1 sett+ =? ! advantages to be d]iv$ to navigation f ?is :i/le1 & urg+ t x be introduc$ into ! light vessels1 & at all /ations :]e ! gov]nm5t int5ds to af=d protection to navigation4--,annual ( ,sci5tific ,discov]y1 p4 #gj4 #bg4 ,curi\s ,electrical ,ph5om5on4--,we le>n f a lett] f a g5tleman connect$ ) ! ,bay ,/ate ,mills1 at ,lawr5ce1 ,massa*usetts1 "s facts ) ref]5ce to a new & curi\s application ( electricity :i* has be5 introduc$ 9 ^? mills4 ,! electricity is g5]at$ by ! motion ( ! ma*9]y1 & is employ$ = light+ up ! gas burn]s4 ,x exi/s 9 l>ge quantities 9 ! c>d-rooms1 :]e !re are _m belts runn+ on iron pulleys1 &1 9 ! cold dry atmosph]e ( w9t]1 (t5 produc+ s]i\s damage to ! quality ( ! cord+4 ,! mann] 9 :i* x 0 discov]$ t ?is electricity c\ld be appli$ to light+ up1 is some:at curi\s4 ,:5 ! gas 0 fir/ let into ! pipes 9 ! mills1 "o ( ! ov]se]s discov]$ fire sett+ out f "o ( ! pipes ne> a belt1 & on exam9ation x 0 asc]ta9$ t a small /ream ( gas 0 escap+4 ,x 0 surmis$ t x _h be5 ignit$ by ! electricity1 & to prove x1 an exp]im5t 0 tri$4 ,ne> a l>ge belt 9 ! c>d+-room 0 a gas-burn]1 & on a b5* betwe5 !m !re 0 plac$ a small quantity ( wool1 :i* is a non-conductor ( electricity4 ,if a p]son /ood ^u ?is wool1 rea*+ "o h& )9 two or ?ree in*es ( ! belt1 & t\*+ ! gas-burn] ) "o f+] ( ! o!r1 ! escap+ gas 0 at once ignit$ ) an explosion l t ( a p]cussion-cap1--! body ( ! op]ator ?us be+ made ! m$ium = conduct+ ! electricity4 ,! writ] adds1--,we %all be able to make a great sav+ ( exp5se 9 ! wooll5 manufacture1 z soon z we c discov] an effective me?od ( conduct+ ! electricity away f ! c>ds1 z we %all !n be able to disp5se entirely ) ! use ( oil on ! wool1 we %all save at lea/ #cj1jjj p] annum1 :5 ! mills are 9 full op]ation4--,am]ican ,annual ( ,sci5tific ,discov]y p4 #aag4 ,li/ ( ,pat5ts grant$ = ,scotl& f #bb;d ,m>* to #bb;d ,june #ahej4 #a4 ,to ,,james ,,higg9s1 ( ,sal=d1 9 ! c\nty ( ,lanca/]1 ma*9e mak]1 & ,,?omas ,,%[field ,,:itwor?1 ( ,sal=d a=esaid1 improvem5ts 9 ma*9]y = prep>+1 sp9n+1 & d\bl+ cotton1 wool1 flax1 silk1 & simil> fibr\s mat]ials4--#bb;d ,m>* #ahej4 #b4 ,to ,,francais ,,v\illon1 ( ,pr9ces ,/reet1 ,hanov] ,squ>e1 9 ! c\nty ( ,middlesex1 manufactur]1 improvem5ts 9 ! manufacture ( hats1 caps1 bonnets1 & o!r articles made ( ! same or simil> mat]ials4--#bf? ,m>* #ahej4 #c4 ,to ,,william ,,edw>d ,,newton1 ( ! ,(fice = ,pat5ts1 #ff ,*anc]y ,lane1 9 ! c\nty ( ,middlesex1 civil eng9e]1 improvem5ts 9 ! manufacture ( knobs ( doors1 articles ( furniture1 or o!r purposes1 & 9 connect+ metallic atta*m5ts to articles made ( glass1 or o!r analog\s mat]ials4--#bf? ,m>* #ahej4 #d4 ,to ,,jona?an ,,*>les ,,goodall1 ( ,great ,college ,/reet1 ,camd5 ,t[n1 9 ! c\nty ( ,middlesex1 c>d-mak]1 improvem5ts 9 ma*9]y = cutt+ pap]4--#bg? ,m>* #ahej4 #e4 ,to ,,*>les ,,felton ,,hailsman1 ( ,argyle ,/reet1 9 ! c\nty ( ,middlesex1 g5tleman1 improvem5ts 9 ma*9]y = sp9n+ or twi/+ cotton1 wool1 or o!r fibr\s sub/ances4--#bh? ,m>* #ahej4 #f4 ,to ,,rob]t ,,milligan1 ( ,h>d51 ne> ,b+ley1 9 ! c\nty ( ,york1 manufactur]1 an improvem5ts mode ( treat+ c]ta9 float$ w>p1 or welt1 or bo?1 = ! purpose ( produc+ ornam5t$ fabrics4--#bh? ,m>* #ahej4 #g4 ,to ,,rob]t ,,:ite1 & ,,james ,,h5d]son ,,grant1 bo? ( ,dalm>nock ,road1 ,glasg[1 ,nor? ,brita91 eng9e]s1 c]ta9 improvem5ts 9 ma*9]y1 or app>atus to be us$ 9 m9es1 :i* improvem5ts1 or p>ts !re(1 are also applicable to o!r purposes ( a simil> nature4--#aa? ,april #ahej4 #h4 ,to ,,william ,m',,l>dy1 ( ,man*e/]1 g5tleman1 c]ta9 improvem5ts 9 ma*9]y or app>atus = prep>+ & sp9n+ cotton & o!r fibr\s sub/ances4--#ae? ,april #ahej4 #i4 ,to ,,john ,,sc(f]n1 ( ,essex ,/reet1 9 ! c\nty ( ,middlesex1 ,m4 ,b41 improvem5ts 9 ! manufacture & ref9+ ( sug>1 & 9 ! treatm5t & use ( matt]s obta9$ 9 su* manufacture1 & 9 ! con/ruction ( valves1 & 9 su* & o!r manufacture4--#ag? ,april #ahej4 #aj4 ,to ,,james ,,buck ,,wilson1 ( ,/ ,hel5s1 9 ! c\nty ( ,lanca/]1 rope-mak]1 c]ta9 improvem5ts 9 wire ropes4--#bb;d ,april #ahej4 #aa4 ,to ,,?omas ,,symes ,,prideaux1 ( ,s\?ampton1 g5tleman1 improvem5ts 9 puddl+1 & o!r furnaces4--#bf? ,april #ahej4 #ab4 ,to ,,*>les ,,c[p]1 ( ,s\?ampton ,build+s1 ,*anc]y ,lane1 9 ! c\nty ( ,middlesex1 c]ta9 improvem5ts 9 ! treatm5t ( coal1 & 9 sep>at+ coal & o!r sub/ances f =eign matt]s1 & 9 ! artificial fuel & coke1 & 9 ! di/illation & treatm5t ( t> & o!r products f coal1 toge!r ) improvem5ts 9 ! ma*9]y & app>atus employ$ = ! said purposes1 be+ a communication4--#bf? ,april #ahej4 #ac4 ,to ,,vidie ,,luci51 late ( ,p>is1 9 ,france1 b n[ ( ,s\? ,/reet1 ,f9sbury1 ,fr5* ,advocate1 improvem5ts 9 conveyances on l& & wat]4--#bf? ,april #ahej4 #ad4 ,to ,,rob]t ,,dalglei%1 ( ,glasg[1 9 ! c\nty ( ,lan>k1 9 ,scotl&1 m]*ant & calico pr9t]1 c]ta9 improvem5ts 9 pr9t+1 & 9 ! application ( col\rs to silk1 cotton1 l951 wooll51 & o!r textile fabrics4--#bg? ,april #ahej4 #ae4 ,to ,,e?ian ,,campbell1 ( ! city ( ,new ,york1 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica1 philosophical1 practical1 & exp]im5tal eng9e]1 c]ta9 new & useful improvem5ts = g5]at+ & apply+ motive p[]1 & = propell+ vessels4--#cj? ,april #ahej4 #af4 ,to ,,rob]t ,,reid1 ( ,glasg[1 9 ! c\nty ( ,lan>k1 manufactur]1 c]ta9 improvem5ts 9 weav+4--#c;d ,may #ahej4 #ag4 ,to ,,maxwell ,,mill]1 ( ,glasg[1 9 ! c\nty ( ,lan>k1 copp]smi?1 c]ta9 improvem5ts 9 di/ill+ & rectify+4--#c;d ,may #ahej4 #ah4 ,to ,,?omas ,,keely1 ( ! t[n & c\nty ( ,nott+ham1 manufactur]1 & ,,william ,,williamson1 ( ! same place1 frame-"w knitt]1 c]ta9 improvem5ts 9 loop$ or ela/ic fabrics1 & 9 articles made !refrom2 also c]ta9 ma*9]y = produc+ ! said improvem5ts1 :i* is applicable 9 :ole or 9 "p to ! manufacture ( loop$ fabrics g5]ally4--#h? ,may #ahej4 #ai4 ,to ,,pet] ,,arm& ,,le ,,comte ,,moreau ,,fonta9e1 ( #d ,s\? ,/reet1 ,f9sbury ,squ>e1 9 ! c\nty ( ,middlesex1 pat5t ag5t1 c]ta9 improvem5ts = ! production ( heat & light1 :i* improvem5ts are applicable to v5tilation1 & ! prev5tion ( explosions1 be+ a communication4--#i? ,may #ahej4 #bj4 ,to ,,e?ian ,,baldw91 ( ! city ( ,philadelphia & ,/ate ( ,p5nsylvania1 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica1 a new & useful me?od ( g5]at+ & apply+ /eam 9 propell+ vessels locomotive1 & /ation>y ma*9]y4--#i? ,may #ahej4 #ba4 ,to ,,jacob ,,cannon1 ( ,hyde ,p>k1 9 ! c\nty ( ,middlesex1 g5tleman1 improvem5ts 9 melt+1 m\ld+1 & ca/+ s&1 e>?1 & o!r sub/ances = pav+1 build+1 & v>i\s o!r useful purposes4--#bj? ,may #ahej4 #bb4 ,to ,,george ,,jackson1 ( ,belfa/1 ,irel&1 flax-dress]1 improvem5ts 9 heckl+ ma*9]y4--#bd? ,may #ahej4 #bc4 ,to ,,fr$]ick ,,ros5b]g1 ,esquire1 ( ,alb]m>le ,/reet1 9 ! c\nty ( ,middlesex1 & ,,conrad ,,montgom]y1 ,esquire1 ( ! ,army & ,navy ,club1 ,sa9t ,james's ,squ>e1 9 ! same c\nty1 improvem5ts 9 sew+1 cutt+1 bor+1 & %ap+ wood4--#bd? ,may #ahej4 #bd4 ,to ,,george ,,=d ,,hayw>d1 ( ,/ ,m>t9s ,le ,gr&1 9 ! c\nty ( ,middlesex1 improvem5ts 9 obta9+ p[]1 be+ a communication4--#bg? ,may #ahej4 #be4 ,to ,,joseph ,,b>rans1 ( ,/ ,pauls1 ,dept=d1 9 ! c\nty ( ,k5t1 eng9e]1 improvem5ts 9 axles & axle-boxes ( locomotive eng9es1 & o!r railway c>riages4--#bg? ,may #ahej4 #bf4 ,to ,,samuel ,,fi%]1 ( ,birm+ham1 9 ! c\nty ( ,w>wick1 eng9e]1 improvem5ts 9 railway c>riage-:eels1 axles1 buff]1 & draw-spr+s1 & h+es = railway c>riage & o!r doors4--#bh? ,may #ahej4 #bg4 ,to ,,?omas ,,*&l]1 ( ,/ockton1 ,wilts1 improvem5ts 9 ma*9]y = apply+ liquid manure4--#bh? ,may #ahej4 #bh4 ,to ,,?omas ,,dickson ,,rot*1 ,esquire1 ( ,drumlam=d ,h\se1 9 ! c\nty ( ,ayr1 ,nor? ,brita91 improvem5ts 9 sep>at+ v>i\s matt]s usually f\nd comb9$ 9 c]ta9 sac*>9e1 sal9e1 & ligne\s sub/ances4--#bh? ,may #ahej4 #bi4 ,to ,,h5ry ,,columbus ,,hurry1 ( ,man*e/]1 9 ! c\nty ( ,lanca/]1 civil eng9e]1 c]ta9 improvem5ts 9 ! me?od ( lubricat+ ma*9]y1--#bi? ,may #ahej4 #cj4 ,to ,,simon ,,p9c(fs1 ( ,man*e/]1 9 ! c\nty ( ,lanca/]1 m]*ant1 c]ta9 improvem5ts 9 ! age+ process 9 pr9t+ & dye+ calicoes1 & o!r wov5 fabrics1 :i* improvem5ts are also applicable to o!r processes 9 pr9t+ & dye+ calicoes & o!r wov5 fabrics4--#cj? ,may #ahej4 #ca4 ,to ,,william ,,macalp9e1 ( ,spr+ ,vale1 9 ! c\nty ( ,middlesex1 g5]al dress]1 & ,,?omas ,,macalp9e1 ( ! same place1 manag]1 improvem5ts 9 ma*9]y = wa%+ cotton1 l951 & o!r fabrics4--#ca/ ,may #ahej4 #cb4 ,to ,,*>les ,,&rew1 ( ,comp/all ,bridge1 9 ! c\nty ( ,*e/]1 manufactur]1 & ,,ri*>d ,,m>kl&1 ( ! same place1 manag]1 c]ta9 improvem5ts 9 ! me?od (1 & 9 ! ma*9]y or app>atus =1 prep>+ w>ps = weav+4--#ca/ ,may #ahej4 #cc4 ,to ,,james ,,palm] ,,budd1 ( ! ,y/alyf]a iron works1 ,swansea1 m]*ant1 improvem5ts 9 ! manufacture ( coke4--#ca/ ,may #ahej4 #cd4 ,to ,,john ,,dalton1 ( ,holl+swor?1 9 ! c\nty ( ,*e/]1 calico pr9t]1 c]ta9 improvem5ts 9 & applicable to ma*9]y or app>atus = blea*+1 dye+1 pr9t+1 & f9i%+ textile & o!r fabrics1 & 9 ! engrav+ ( copp] roll]s1 & o!r metallic bodies4--#e? ,june #ahej4 #ce4 ,to ,,fr$]ick ,,alb]t ,,gatty1 ( ,accr+ton 9 ! c\nty ( ,lanca/]1 ,man*e/]1 manufactur+ *emi/1 a c]ta9 process1 ( c]ta9 processes = obta9+ c>bonate ( soda & c>bonate ( pota%4--#e? ,june #ahej4 #cf4 ,to ,,jules ,,le ,,ba/i]1 ( ,p>is1 9 ! ,republic ( ,france1 b n[ ( ,s\? ,/reet1 ,f9sbury1 9 ! c\nty ( ,middlesex1 g5tleman1 c]ta9 improvem5ts 9 ma*9]y or app>atus = pr9t+4--#f? ,june #ahej4 #cg4 ,to ,,william ,,rob]tton1 ( ,gate%ead ,mill1 ,neil/on1 9 ! c\nty ( ,r5frew1 9 t "p ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom ( ,great ,brita9 & ,irel& call$ ,scotl&1 ma*9e mak]1 improvem5ts 9 c]ta9 ma*9]y us$ = sp9n+ & d\bl+ cotton & o!r fibr\s sub/ances4--#g? ,june #ahej4 #ch4 ,to ,,francis ,,tongue ,,ruf=d1 ( ,prescott ,h\se1 9 ! c\nty ( ,worce/]1 fire-brick manufactur]1 ,,isaac ,,m>son1 ( ,cradley1 9 ! same c\nty1 pott]1 & ,,john ,,f9*1 ( ,pick>d ,/reet1 ,city ,road1 9 ! c\nty ( ,middlesex1 manufactur]1 improvem5ts 9 ! manufacture ( ba?s & wa% tubs1 or wa% vessels4--#aj? ,june #ahej4 #ci4 ,to ,,b>on ,,l\is ,,le ,,pre/i1 ( ,p>is1 9 ! ,republic ( ,france improvem5ts 9 hydraulic presses1 :i* are1 9 :ole or 9 "p1 applicable to pumps & o!r l ma*9es4--#aj? ,june #ahej4 #dj4 ,to ,,ar?ur ,,elliot1 ma*9e mak]1 ( ,man*e/]1 9 ! c\nty ( ,lanca/]1 & ,,h5ry ,,heys1 ( ! same place1 book-keep]1 c]ta9 ma*9]y = manufactur+ wov5 fabrics4--#ad? ,june #ahej4 #da4 ,to ,,*>les ,,c[p]1 ( ,s\?ampton ,build+s1 ,*anc]y ,lane1 9 ! c\nty ( ,middlesex1 pat5t ag5t1 improvem5ts 9 in/rum5ts = measur+1 indicat+1 & regulat+ ! pressure ( air1 /eam1 & o!r fluids1 & 9 in/rum5ts = measur+1 indicat+1 & regulat+ ! temp]ature ( ! same1 & 9 in/rum5ts = obta9+ motive p[] f ! same4--#ad? ,june #ahej4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,punctuation 0 /&>diz$4 ,words 9 italics are surr\nd$ by und]scores1 l ?is4 ,acc5t m>ks 9 ,fr5* & spaces aft] apo/rophes 9 ,italian 7 /&>diz$4 ,greek 0 translit]at$4 ,footnotes 7 numb]$ sequ5tially1 ind5t$ & mov$ to foll[ ! p>agraph or table 9 :i* ! an*or occurs4 ,! book orig9ally conta9$ two ,tables ( ,cont5ts1 ! second ( :i* p]ta9$ to ! ensu+ volume4 ,! second ,table ( ,cont5ts 0 remov$ f ?is edition4 ,sev]al tables 9 ! ,climate ( ,:itehav5 article 7 too wide to display on a /&>d comput] scre54 ,! tables 7 divid$1 ) ! left-mo/ column replicat$1 = ease ( read+4 ,hyph5ation ( ! foll[+ words 0 /&>diz$3 juxta-position to juxtaposition />fi%es to />-fi%es /eam-boats to /eamboats sub-divid$ to subdivid$ ,ar*aic & obsolete spell+ 0 reta9$4 ,! foll[+ 7 adju/$3 'he' to 'be' - 444 all animals mu/ be ref]r$ to 444 'nimals' to 'animals' 444 habits ( ^? animals1444 'aloge!r' to 'altoge!r' 444 are altoge!r tropical1444 'phemon5a' to 'ph5om5a' 444 ! mo/ /rik+ ph5om5a 444 'acquatic' to 'aquatic' 444 9 ! aquatic animals 444 '!s pecim5s' to '! specim5s' 444comp>ison ( ! specim5s 444 ',cy/oseirites' = ',cy/osc]i'es' 444 ! two ,cy/oseirites 444 'ar*aiologcal' to 'ar*aeological' 444 ar*aeological rese>*es 444 'metmorphic' to 'metamorphic' 444 igne\s & metamorphic rocks1444 'circumcrib$' to 'circumscrib$' 444 rema9s circumscrib$ z x 444 ',artic' to ',arctic' 444 ar\nd ! ,arctic ,sea 444 ',saskat*awan' to ',saskat*ewan' 444 ! ,mack5zie or ,saskat*ewan 444 'hehold+' to 'behold+' 444 ev] f9d+ or behold+ x1444 'hippotami' to 'hippopotami' 444 kill+ ! hippopotami 444 'languge' to 'language' 444 words ,i collect$ ( _! language 444 ',boabob' to ',baobab' 444 ,two ( ! ,baobab v>iety 444 'tra*ite' to 'tra*yte' 444 column> basalt1 tra*yte1 & _m 444 'r]ema9s' to 'rema9s' 444de/itute ( organic rema9s1444 'may' to '_m' 444 unc]ta9ty 9 _m cases1444 'analag\s' to 'analog\s' 444 !y are analog\s to fi%es2444 ',i*?ysaur' to ',i*?yosaur' 444 ! ,i*?yosaur1 ) _! 444 'c>niv]\s' to 'c>nivor\s' 444 l>ge c>nivor\s fi%es 444 'tailess' to 'tailless' 444 bel[ ! tailless ,batra*ians4444 'circomvolute' to 'circumvolute' 4444 ! circumvolute nautilus4444 '=tell' to '=etell' 444 may =etell a high] progress 444 'emp]ical' to 'empirical' 444 my empirical law1444 'hypo!?is' to 'hypo!sis' 444conditions ( ,kirkwood's hypo!sis4444 'appe>s' to 'appe>' 444 ^! appe> to be3444 'ars5u\s' to 'ars5i\s' 444 ars5i\s & ars5ic acid1444 ',novia' to ',nova' 444 ,new ,brunswick & ,nova ,scotia2444 ',pittsburg' to ',pittsburgh' 444 great b$ ( ,pittsburgh1 ext5d+ 444 ',n4,u4' to ',n4,h4' 444 & at ,hanov]1 ,n4,h41 ab\t #efj feet4444 '?oraci' to '?oracic' 444 at ! ?oracic region1444 ',packyd]mata' to ',pa*yd]mata' 444 type ( ! ,pa*yd]mata4444 'suffic5tly' to 'suffici5tly' 444 iron suffici5tly /rong to 444 ',con>d' to ',conrad' 444 & ,conrad ,montgom]y1 ,esquire1444