file :i* includes ! orig9al illu/rations4 ,see #dbabd-;h4htm or #dbabd-;h4zip3 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/ca*e_/epub_/ #dbabd_/pg#dbabd-;images4html7 or 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/files_/#dbab d_/dbabd-;h4zip7 ,images ( ! orig9al pages are available ?r\gh ,int]net ,ar*ive_/,am]ican ,libr>ies4 ,see http3_/_/ar*ive4org_/details_/am]ican=e/ t#jj;gibs ,transcrib]'s note3 ,text pr9t$ 9 italics 9 ! orig9al "w are repres5t$ "h betwe5 und]scores1 z 9 text4 ,small capitals h be5 conv]t$ to ,,all ,,capitals4 ,m ,transcrib]'s notes may be f\nd at ! end ( ?is text4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h5ry ,h4 ,,gibson ,,am]ican ,,=e/ ,,trees by ,,h5ry ,h4 ,,gibson ,edit$ by ,hu ,maxwell ,h>dwood ,record ,*icago #aiac ,copyright #aiac by ,h>dwood ,record ,*icago1 ,ill4 ,! ,regan ,pr9t+ ,h\se ,*icago4 ,,preface ,! mat]ial on :i* ?is volume is bas$1 appe>$ 9 ,h>dwood ,record1 ,*icago1 9 a s]ies ( articles beg9n+ 9 #aije & end+ 9 #aiac1 & descriptive ( ! =e/ trees ( ?is c\ntry4 ,m ?an "o hundr$ lead+ species 7 includ$ 9 ! s]ies4 ,!y con/itute ! pr9cipal s\rces ( lumb] = ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! pres5t volume includes all ! species describ$ 9 ! s]ies ( articles1 ) a l>ge numb] ( less important trees add$4 ,e region ( ! c\ntry is repres5t$2 no valuable tree is omitt$1 & ! li/s & descriptions are z complete z !y c be made 9 ! limit$ space ( a s+le volume4 ,! purpose held /eadily 9 view has be5 to make ! "w practical1 simple1 pla91 & to ! po9t4 ,trees z !y gr[ 9 ! =e/1 & wood z x appe>s at ! mill & factory1 are describ$ & discuss$4 ,photographs & draw+s ( trunk & foliage are made to tell z mu* ( ! /ory z possible4 ,! pictures us$ z illu/rations are ne>ly all f photographs made specially = t purpose4 ,!y are a valuable contribution to tree k1 because !y %[ =e/ =ms & conditions1 & are z true to nature z ! cam]a c make !m4 ,/ati/ics are n giv5 a place 9 ^! pages1 = x is no "p ( ! plan to %[ ! product & ! output ( ! c\ntry's mills & =e/s1 b r to describe ! s\rce ( ^? products1 ! trees !mselves4 ,h[ev]1 sugge/ions = utilization are (f]$1 & ! fitness ( ! v>i\s woods = _m uses is p>ticul>ly indicat$4 ,! prom95t physical prop]ties are describ$ 9 language z free z possible f te*nical t]ms1 & yet ) pa9/ak+ accuracy & cle>ness4 ,descriptions int5d$ to aid 9 id5tification ( trees are giv52 b simplicity & cle>ness are held con/antly 9 view1 & brevity is c>efully /udi$4 ,! diff]5t names ( comm]cial trees 9 ! v>i\s localities :]e !y are kn[n1 ei!r z /&+ timb] or z lumb] 9 ! y>d & factory1 are includ$ 9 ! descriptions z an assi/ance 9 id5tification4 ,! natural range ( ! =e/ trees1 & ! regions :]e !y ab\nd 9 comm]cial quantities1 are outl9$ accord+ to ! late/ & be/ au?orities4 ,e/imates ( pres5t & future supply are (f]$1 :]e su* exi/ t seem to be au?oritative4 ,! trees are giv5 ! common & ! botanical names recogniz$ z (ficial by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,=e/ ,s]vice4 ,?is less5s misund]/&+ & confusion 9 ! discussion ( species ^: common names are n ! same 9 diff]5t regions1 & ^: botanical names are n agre$ ^u among sci5tific m5 :o m5tion or describe !m4 ,! =e/s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates conta9 m ?an five hundr$ k9ds ( trees1 rang+ 9 size f ! ,cali=nia sequoias1 :i* atta9 diamet]s ( tw5ty feet or m & heights exce$+ two hundr$1 d[n to indef9ite b v small dim5sions4 ,! sep>at+ l9e betwe5 trees & %rubs is n det]m9$ by size alone4 ,9 a g5]al way1 %rubs may be consid]$ small] ?an trees1 b a se$l+ tree1 no matt] h[ small1 is n prop]ly call$ a %rub4 ,x is cu/om>y1 n only among botani/s1 b also among p]sons :o d n usually recognize exact sci5tific t]ms & di/9ctions1 to apply ! "n tree to all woody plants :i* produce naturally 9 _! native habitat "o ma91 erect /em1 be>+ a def9ite cr[n1 no matt] :at size !y may atta94 ,! comm]cial timb]s ( ?is c\ntry are divid$ into two classes1 h>dwoods & s(twoods4 ,! division is = conv5i5ce1 & is sanction$ by cu/om1 b x is n bas$ on ! actual h>dness & s(tness ( ! diff]5t woods4 ,! division has1 h[ev]1 a sci5tific basis f\nd$ on ! me*anical /ructures ( ! two classes ( woods1 & !re is little disagreem5t among ei!r ^? :o use =e/ products or manufacture !m1 or ^? :o inve/igate ! actual /ructure ( ! woods !mselves1 z to :i* belong 9 ! h>dwood & :i* 9 ! s(twood class4 ,s(twoods--,! ne$leleaf species1 repres5t$ by p9es1 hemlocks1 firs1 c$>s1 cypresses1 spruces1 l>*es1 sequoias1 & yews1 are s(twoods4 ,! classification ( ev]gre5s z s(twoods is errone\s1 because all s(twoods are n ev]gre51 & all ev]gre5s are n s(twoods4 ,l>*es & ! s\!rn cypress %$ _! leaves ye>ly4 ,mo/ o!r s(twoods drop only a portion ( _! foliage ea* season1 & en\gh is always on ! bran*es to make !m ev]gre54 ,s(twoods are commonly call$ conebe>]s1 & t description fits mo/ ( !m1 b ! c$>s & yews produce fruit resembl+ b]ries r ?an cones4 ,?\gh ! ne$leleaf species are class$ z s(twoods1 !re is mu* v>iation 9 ! absolute h>dness ( ! wood produc$ by diff]5t species4 ,! :ite p9es are s(t1 ! yews h>d1 & ! o!r species range betwe54 ,if !re 7 no o!r means ( sep>at+ trees into classes ?an te/s ( actual h>dness ( wood1 ! l9e divid+ h>dwoods f s(twoods might be q diff]5t f t n[ s univ]sally recogniz$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,h>dwoods--,! broadleaf trees are h>dwoods4 ,mo/1 b n all1 %$ _! foliage ye>ly4 ,x is1 !re=e1 incorrect to classify decidu\s trees z h>dwoods1 s9ce x is n true 9 all cases1 any m ?an x is true t s(twoods are ev]gre54 ,live oaks & ,am]ican holly are ev]gre51 & yet are true h>dwoods4 ,9 a te/ ( h>dness !y /& ne> ! top ( ! li/4 ,!re are m species ( h>dwoods ?an ( s(twoods 9 ?is c\ntry2 b ! actual quantity ( s(twood timb] 9 ! =e/s greatly exce$s ! h>dwoods4 ,ne>ly two hundr$ species ( ! latt] are seldom or nev] se5 9 a sawmill1 :ile s(twoods are g5]ally cut & us$ :]ev] f\nd 9 accessible situations4 ,z 9 ! case ( ne$leleaf trees1 !re is mu* v>iation 9 actual h>dness ( ! wood ( diff]5t broadleaf species4 ,"s :i* are class$ z h>dwoods are s(t] ?an "s 9 ! s(twood li/4 ,x is app>5t1 !re=e1 t ! t]ms h>dwood & s(twood are comm]cial r ?an sci5tific4 ,palm1 cactus1 & o!r trees ( t class are n (t5 employ$ z lumb]1 & x is n cu/om>y to speak ( !m z ei!r h>dwoods or s(twoods4 ,sapwood & ,he>twood--,practically all mature trees conta9 two qualities ( wood kn[n z sap & he>t4 ,! inn] portion is ! he>twood1 ! out] ! sap4 ,!y are usually di/+ui%$ by diff]5ces ( color4 ,! t]ms are mu* us$ 9 lumb] transactions & are well und]/ood by ! trade4 ,! two k9ds ( wood ne$ be describ$ only 9 ! mo/ g5]al way1 & = ! guidance & in=mation ( ^? :o are n famili> ) !m4 ,diff]5ces are _m & radical 9 ! relative size & appe>ance ( ! two k9ds ( wood 9 diff]5t species1 & ev5 betwe5 diff]5t trees ( ! same species4 ,no g5]al law is foll[$1 except t ! he>twood =ms 9 ! int]ior ( ! tree1 & ! sapwood 9 a b& outside1 next to ! b>k4 ,9 ! majority ( cases "y trees h little he>twood1 (t5 none4 ,x is a developm5t att5dant on age1 yet age does n always produce x4 ,"s mature trees h no he>twood1 o!rs v little4 ,! two k9ds ( wood belong to ne$leleaf & broadleaf trees alike2 b palms1 ow+ to _! mann] ( gr[?1 h nei!r4 ,_! size increases 9 height r ?an 9 diamet]4 ,) palms1 ! olde/ wood is 9 ! base ( ! trunk1 ! newe/ 9 ! top2 b 9 ! ord9>y timb] tree ! olde/ wood is 9 ! c5t] ( ! trunk1 ! y\nge/ 9 ! outside lay]s next ! b>k4 ,x is ! olde/ t becomes he>twood1 & x is1 ( c\rse1 9 ! c5t] ( ! tree4 ,! b& ( sapwood is ( no c]ta9 ?ickness1 b av]ages mu* ?ick] 9 "s species ?an 9 o!rs4 ,! sapwood ( ,osage orange is sc>cely half an in* ?ick1 & 9 loblolly p9e x may be six in*es or m4 ,he>twood is kn[n by its color4 ,! eye c detect no o!r diff]5ce betwe5 x & ! surr\nd+ b& ( sapwood4 ,!re is no fundam5tal diff]5ce4 ,! he>t 0 once sapwood1 & ! latt] w sometime become he>twood if ! tree lives long en\gh4 ,z ! trunk increases 9 size & ye>s1 ! wood ne> ! he>t dies4 ,x no long] has mu* to d ) ! life ( ! tree1 except t x helps support ! weight ( ! trunk4 ,! he>twood is1 !re=e1 deadwood4 ,! activities ( tree life are no long] pres5t4 ,! color *anges1 because m9]al & *emical sub/ances are deposit$ 9 ! wood & fill _m ( ! cavities4 ,t process beg9s at ! c5t] ( ! trunk & works outw>d ye> by ye>1 =m+ a pretty di/9ct l9e betwe5 ! liv+ sapwood & ! dead & in]t he>twood4 ,= "s reason1 ! he>twood ( c]ta9 species is prone to decay4 ,sycamore is ! be/ example4 ,! l>ge/ trunks are g5]ally holl[4 ,! he>t has disappe>$1 leav+ only ! ?9 %ell ( sapwood1 & ?is is requir$ n only to ma9ta9 ! tree's life & activities1 b to support ! trunk's weight4 ,9 mo/ in/ances ! sub/ances deposit$ 9 ! he>twood1 & associat$ ) ! color+ matt]1 t5d to pres]ve ! wood f decay4 ,= t reason he>t timb] la/s long] ?an sap :5 expos$ 9 damp situations4 ,! d>k & v>iegat$ %ades ( ! he>twood ( "s species give !m _! *ief value z cab9et & furniture mat]ial4 ,! sapwood ( black walnut is n want$ by anybody1 = x is light 9 color & is *>act]less2 b :5 ! sap has *ang$ to he>t1 & its tones h be5 deep5$ by ! accumulation ( pigm5ts1 x becomes a *oice mat]ial = c]ta9 purposes4 ,! same is true ( _m o!r timb]s1 notably sweet & yell[ bir*1 black *]ry1 & sev]al ( ! oaks4 ,x sometimes happ5s t :5 sapwood is trans=m$ into he>t1 a physical *ange1 z well z a color+ process1 affects x4 ,p]simmon & dogwood are examples1 & hickory 9 a less degree4 ,! sapwood ( p]simmon & dogwood makes %uttles & golf heads1 b aft] ! *ange to he>twood occurs1 x is consid]$ unsuitable4 ,h&le mak]s & ! manufactur]s ( buggy spokes pref] hickory sapwood1 b use ! r$ he>twood if x is ! same weight z ! sap4 ,annual ,r+s--,! trunks ( bo? h>dwoods & s(twoods are made up ( conc5tric r+s4 ,9 mo/ in/ances ! eye easily detects !m4 ,!y are m di/9ct 9 a fre%ly cut trunk ?an 9 wea!r$ wood1 ?\gh 9 a few in/ances wea!r+ acc5tuates r ?an oblit]ates !m4 ,a c\nt ( ! r+s gives ! tree's age 9 ye>s1 ea* r+ be+ ! gr[? ( "o ye>4 ,an occasional exception %\ld be not$1 z :5 accid5t *ecks ! tree's gr[? 9 ! middle ( ! season1 & ! gr[? is lat] resum$4 ,9 t case1 x may develop two r+s 9 "o ye>4 ,a sev]e fro/ late 9 spr+ aft] leaves h />t$ may produce t result2 or defoliation by cat]pill>s 9 e>ly summ] may d x4 ,p]haps n "o tree 9 a ?\s& has t exp]i5ce 9 ! c\rse ( its :ole life4 ,trees 9 ! tropics :]e seasons are ne>ly ! same ! ye> ?r\gh1 seldom h r+s4 ,imitations ( mahogany are sometimes detect$ by not+ cle>ly m>k$ annual r+s4 ,x is difficult = ! woodf9i%] to oblit]ate ! annual r+s1 b "s ( ! ,fr5* woodwork]s v ne>ly accompli% x4 ,no law ( gr[? gov]ns ! wid? ( ye>ly r+s1 b circum/ances h mu* to d ) x4 ,:5 ! tree's increase 9 size is rapid1 r+s are broad4 ,an uncr[d$ tree 9 good soil & climate gr[s mu* fa/] ?an if circum/ances are adv]se4 ,c>ol9a popl> & black will[ sometimes h r+s ne>ly ?ree-f\r?s ( an in* broad1 :ile 9 ! :ite b>k p9e1 :i* gr[s above ! sn[ l9e 9 ,cali=nia1 ! r+s may be s n>r[ z to be invisible to ! nak$ eye4 ,!re is no av]age wid? ( ye>ly r+s & no av]age age ( trees4 ,a few 7v few7 ( ! sequoias1 or 8big trees0 ( ,cali=nia1 are two ?\s& ye>s old4 ,an age ( six or sev5 c5turies appe>s to be ab\t ! limit ( ! olde/ ( ! o!r species 9 ?is c\ntry1 ?\gh an au!ntic /atem5t to t effect _c be made4 ,!re are species ^: life av]age sc>cely exce$s t ( m54 ,! asp5 g5]ally falls be=e x is eighty2 & fire *]ry sc>cely av]ages half ( t4 ,( all ! trees cut = lumb]1 p]haps n "o 9 a hundr$ has pass$ ! ?ree c5tury m>k4 ,t ratio w\ld n hold if appli$ to ! ,pacific coa/ alone4 ,spr+ & ,summ]wood--,^! are n usual t]ms ) lumb]m5 & woodwork]s1 b belong m to ! eng9e] :o ?9ks ( physical prop]ties ( timb]1 p>ticul>ly its /r5g?4 ,yet1 sawmill & factory m5 are well acqua9t$ ) ! two k9ds ( wood1 b !y are likely to apply ! t]m 8gra90 to ! comb9ation ( ! two4 ,spr+ & summ]wood make ! annual r+4 ,spr+wood gr[s e>ly 9 ! season1 summ]wood lat]4 ,9 fact1 x usually is ! contra/ 9 color :]e ! summ]wood ( "o season abuts aga9/ ! spr+wood ( ! next :i* makes ! r+ visible4 ,! inside ( ! r+--t portion ne>e/ ! he>t ( ! tree--is ! spr+wood1 ! re/ ( ! r+ is ! summ]wood4 ,! =m] is g5]ally light] 9 color4 ,sometimes1 & ) c]ta9 species1 ! spr+wood is mu* broad] ?an ! o!r4 ,! summ]wood may be a v n>r[ b&1 n mu* wid] ?an a f9e p5cil m>k1 b its deep] color makes x q di/9ct 9 mo/ in/ances4 ,9 o!r in/ances1 z ) "s ( ! oaks1 ! summ]wood is ! wid] "p ( ! annual r+4 ,! figure or 8gra90 ( s\!rn yell[ p9e is l>gely due to ! contra/ betwe5 ! d>k summ]wood & light spr+wood ( ! r+s4 ,! same is true ( a%1 *e/nut1 & ( _m o!r woods4 ,pores--,wood is n ! solid sub/ance x seems to be :5 se5 9 ! mass4 ,if magnifi$ x appe>s fill$ ) cavities1 n unlike a piece ( coral or honeycomb2 b to ! unaid$ eye only a few ( ! l>ge/ op5+s are visible1 & 9 "s woods l maple1 none c be se54 ,! l>ge op5+s are kn[n z pores4 ,!y are s prom95t 9 "s ( ! oaks t 9 a clean cut end or cross section !y look l p9 holes4 ,v little magnify+ is requir$ to br+ !m out di/9ctly4 ,a good read+ glass is suffici5t4 ,pores belong to h>dwoods only4 ,! res9 ducts 9 "s s(twoods pres5t a simil> appe>ance1 b are f> less num]\s4 ,all pores are1 ( c\rse1 situat$ 9 ! annual r+s1 b 9 diff]5t species !y are diff]5tly locat$ z to spr+ & summ]wood4 ,9 "s woods ! l>ge/ pores are 9 ! spr+wood only & !re=e run 9 r+s4 ,su* woods are call$ 8r+ por\s10 & ! oaks are be/ examples4 ,9 o!r species ! pores are scatt]$ ?r\gh all p>ts ( ! r+ 9 ab\t ! same proportion1 & su* woods are call$ 8diffuse por\s10 z ! bir*es4 ,s(twoods h no pores prop]1 & are class$ 8non-por\s40 ,m$ull>y ,rays--,a smoo?ly-cut cross section ( almo/ any oak1 b p>ticul>ly :ite oak & r$ oak1 exhibits to ! unaid$ eye n>r[1 light-color$ l9es radiat+ f ! c5t] ( ! tree t[>d ! b>k l spokes ( a :eel4 ,!y are ab\t ! bread? ( a f9e p5cil m>k1 & are g5]ally a six? ( an in* or less ap>t4 ,!y are among ! mo/ conspicu\s & *>act]i/ic features ( oak wood1 & are kn[n z m$ull>y or pi? rays4 ,oak is cit$ z an example because ! rays are l>ge & prom95t1 b !y are pres5t 9 all wood1 & con/itute a l>ge "p ( its body4 ,!y v>y greatly 9 size4 ,9 "s woods a few are visible unmagnifi$2 b ev5 9 oak a hundr$ are invisible to ! nak$ eye to "o t c be se54 ,"s species %[ none until a glass is us$4 ,"s p9es h fifte5 ?\s& to a squ>e in* ( cross section1 all ( :i* are s small z to elude successfully ! close/ se>* ( ! unaid$ eye4 ,! m$ull>y rays influ5ce ! appe>ance ( mo/ wood4 ,!y det]m9e its "*4 ,oak is qu>t]-saw$ = ! purpose ( br++ out ! bright1 flat surfaces ( ^! rays4 ,! prom95t flecks1 /reaks1 & pat*es ( silv]y wood are ! flat sides ( m$ull>y rays4 ,9 cross section1 only ! l9e-l ends are se51 b qu>t]-saw+ exposes _! sides to view4 ,t expla9s 9 "p :y "s species are adapt$ to qu>t]-saw+ & o!rs are n4 ,if no broad rays exi/ 9 ! wood1 z ) :ite p9e1 r$ c$>1 & cottonwood1 qu>t]-saw+ _c add mu* to ! wood's appe>ance4 ,gra9--,! gra9 ( wood is n a def9ite quality4 ,! ^w does n mean ! same ?+ to all :o use x4 ,x sometimes ref]s to r+s ( ye>ly gr[?1 & 9 t s5se a n>r[-r+$ wood is f9e gra9$1 & "o ) wide r+s is co>se gra9$4 ,a curly1 wavy1 smoky1 or birdseye wood does n owe its quality to annual r+s1 yet ) "s p]sons1 all ( ^! figures are call$ gra94 ,! t]m sometimes ref]s to m$ull>y rays1 aga9 to h>dness1 or to r\ghness4 ,"s mahogany is call$ 8woolly gra9$0 because ! surface poli%es ) difficulty4 ,! patt]n mak] designates :ite p9e z 8ev5 gra9$01 because x cuts easily 9 all directions4 ,! h&le mak] classes hickory z 8smoo? gra9$01 because x poli%es well & ! sole idea ( ! mak] is smoo?ness to ! t\*4 ,!re are o!r gra9s almo/ z num]\s z ! trades :i* use wood4 ,9 num]\s in/ances 8figure0 is a bett] t]m ?an 8gra940 ,fea!r mahogany1 birdseye bir*1 burl a%1 are figures r ?an gra9s4 ,!re is no au?ority to settle & decide :at ! real mean+ ( gra9 is 9 wood te*nology4 ,x has a numb] ( mean+s1 & "o man has z mu* au?ority z ano!r to int]pret x 9 accordance ) 8 own ideas1 & ! usage 9 8 trade4 ,x is a loose t]m :i* cov]s sev]al ?+s 9 g5]al & no?+ 9 p>ticul>4 ,weight--,! weight ( wood is calculat$ f diff]5t /&po9ts4 ,x has a gre5 weight1 an air-dry weight1 a kiln-dry weight1 & an ov5-dry weight4 ,all are diff]5t1 b ! diff]5ces are due to ! relative am\nts ( wat] weigh$4 ,sawlogs g5]ally g by gre5 weight2 y>d lumb] by air-dry or p>tly air-dry weight2 :ile ! wood us$ 9 ultimate manufacture1 su* z furniture1 is suppos$ to be kiln-dry4 ,! absolute weight ( wood1 ) all air spaces1 moi/ure1 & o!r =eign mat]ial remov$1 is ab\t #ajj p\nds p] cubic foot1 :i* is #a4f times heavi] ?an wat]2 b t is n a natural =m ( wood4 ,x is kn[n only 9 ! laboratory4 ,! actual wood sub/ance ( "o species weighs ab\t ! same z ano!r4 ,disp5se ) all air spaces1 all wat]1 & all o!r =eign sub/ance1 & p9e & ebony weigh alike4 ,x is app>5t t ! diff]5t weights ( woods1 z betwe5 c$> & oak = example1 are due *iefly to porosity4 ,! small] ! aggregate space occupi$ by pores & o!r cavities1 ! heavi] ! wood4 ,t acc\nts = ! diff]5ces 9 weights ( absolutely dry woods ( diff]5t k9ds1 except t a small am\nt ( o!r =eign mat]ial may rema9 aft] wat] has be5 driv5 (f4 ,florida black ironwood is rat$ z ! heavie/ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & x weighs #ha4ad p\nds p] cubic foot1 ov5-dry4 ,! lighte/ 9 ?is c\ntry is ! gold5 fig :i* is a native ( ,florida also4 ,x weighs #af4c p\nds p] cubic foot1 ov5-dry4 ,:5 weights ( wood are giv51 ! specim5 is und]/ood to be ov5-dry1 unless x is /at$ to be o!rwise3 x is a laboratory weight1 calculat$ f small cubes ( ! wood4 ,su* weights are always a little less ?an t ( ! drye/ wood ( ! same k9d t c be obta9$ 9 ! lumb] m>ket4 ,moi/ure 9 ,wood--,! v>y+ weights ( ! same wood indicate t moi/ure plays an important "p4 ,no man ev] saw absolutely dry wood4 ,if heat$ suffici5tly to drive (f all ! moi/ure1 ! wood is r$uc$ to *>coal & o!r products ( de/ructive di/illation4 ,! pores & o!r cavities 9 gre5 timb] are m or less fill$ ) wat] or sap4 ,?is may am\nt to "o-?ird1 "o-half1 or ev5 m1 ( ! dry weight ( ! wood4 ,! wat] is 9 ! holl[ vessels & cell walls4 ,a liv+ tree conta9s ab\t ! same quantity ( wat] 9 w9t] z 9 summ]1 ?\gh ! common belief is o!rwise4 ,x is mislead+ to say t ! sap is 8d[n0 9 "o season & 8up0 9 ano!r1 al?\gh !re is m activity at c]ta9 times ?an 9 o!rs4 ,/rictly speak+1 !re is a diff]5ce betwe5 ! wat] 9 a tree1 & ! tree's sap2 b 9 common p>lance !y are consid]$ id5tical4 ,:at takes place is ?is3 wat] rises f ! tree's roots1 ?r\gh ! wood1 c>ry+ c]ta9 m9]als 9 solution4 ,"s ( x rea*es ! leaves 9 summ] :]e x mixes ) c]ta9 gases f ! air1 & is conv]t$ into sap prop]4 ,mo/ ( ! surplus wat]1 aft] giv+ up ! m9]al sub/ance held 9 solution1 is evaporat$ ?r\gh ! leaves into ! air2 b ! sap1 />t+ f ! leaves :i* act z laboratories = its manufacture1 goes d[n ?r\gh ! newly-=m$ 7& =m+71 lay] ( wood j b5ea? ! b>k1 & is conv]t$ into wood4 ,?is newly-=m$ wood is colorless at fir/4 ,x builds up ! annual r+1 fir/ ! spr+wood v rapidly1 & !n ! summ]wood m sl[ly4 ,! =ce :i* causes wat] to rise ?r\gh ! trunk ( a tree is n fully und]/ood4 ,x is "o ( nature's my/]ies :i* is yet to be solv$4 ,=ces kn[n z root pressure1 capill>y attraction1 & osmosis1 are believ$ to be active 9 ! process1 b !re seems to be some?+ additional1 & no man has yet be5 able to expla9 :at x is4 ,! season+ ( wood is ! process ( gett+ rid ( "s ( ! wat]4 ,z soon z lumb] is expos$ to air1 ! wat] beg9s to escape4 ,long exposure to dry air takes out a l>ge p]c5tage ( ! moi/ure :i* gre5 wood holds1 & ! lumb] is kn[n z air-dry4 ,b "s ( ! orig9al moi/ure rema9s1 & air at climatic temp]ature is unable to expel x4 ,! great] heat ( a drykiln drives away "s m ( x1 b a quantity yet rema9s4 ,! lumb] is !n kiln-dry4 ,great] heat ?an ! drykiln's is secur$ 9 an ov51 & a little m ( ! wood's moi/ure is expell$2 b ! only me?od ( driv+ all ! moi/ure out is to heat ! wood suffici5tly to break d[n its /ructure1 & r$uce x to *>coal4 ,wood w>ps 9 ! process ( dry+ unless x seasons equally on all sides4 ,x curls or b5ds t[>d ! side :i* dries mo/ rapidly4 ,dry wood may w>p if expos$ to dampness1 if "o side is m expos$ & receives m moi/ure ?an ano!r4 ,x curls or b5ds t[>d ! dry] side4 ,w>p+ is prim>ily due to ! m rapid contraction or expansion ( wood cells on "o side ( ! piece ?an on ! o!r4 ,saturat$ cells are l>g] ?an dry ones4 ,moi/ure 9 wood affects its /r5g?1 ! dry] ! /rong]1 at lea/ )9 c]ta9 limits4 ,ar*itects & build]s c>efully /udy ! season+ ( timb]1 because x is a mo/ important factor 9 _! bus9ess4 ,! moi/ure :i* mo/ affects a wood's /r5g? is t absorb$ 9 ! cell walls1 r ?an t conta9$ 9 ! cell cavities !mselves4 ,"s woods *eck or split badly 9 season+ unless att5d$ ) con/ant c>e4 ,*eck+ is due *iefly to lack ( uni=mity 9 season+4 ,"o "p ( ! /ick dries fa/] ?an ano!r1 ! dry] fib]s contract1 & ! pull splits ! wood4 ,! *ecks may be small1 ev5 microscopic1 or !y may develop yawn+ cracks su* z sometimes appe> 9 ! ends ( hickory & black walnut logs4 ,gre5wood *ecks worse 9 summ] ?an 9 w9t]1 because ! wea!r is w>m]1 ! wood's surface dries fa/]1 & ! /ra9 on ! fib]s is great]4 ,phases ( ! moon h no influ5ce on ! season+1 *eck+1 w>p+1 or la/+ prop]ties ( timb]4 ,/iffness1 ,ela/icity1 & ,/r5g?--,rules = measur+ ! /iffness ( timb] are involv$ 9 ma!matical =mulas2 b ! practical quality ( /iffness is n difficult to und]/&4 ,wood :i* does n b5d easily is /iff4 ,if x spr+s back to its orig9al position aft] ! removal ( ! =ce :i* b5ds x1 ! wood is ela/ic4 ,! greate/ load x c su/a9 )\t break+1 is ! measure ( its /r5g?4 ,! load requir$ to produce a c]ta9 am\nt ( b5d+ is ! measure ( its /iffness4 ,flexibility1 a t]m mu* us$ by c]ta9 classes ( work]s 9 wood1 is ! opposite ( /iffness4 ,a brittle wood is n necess>ily weak4 ,x may su/a9 a heavy load )\t break+1 b :5 x fails1 ! break is sudd5 & complete4 ,a t\gh wood behaves diff]5tly1 ?\gh x may n be z /rong z a brittle "o4 ,:5 a t\gh wood breaks1 ! p>ts are incl9$ to adh]e aft] !y h ceas$ to su/a9 ! load4 ,hickory is t\gh1 & 9 break+1 ! wood cru%es & spl9t]s4 ,mesquite is brittle1 & a clean snap sev]s ! /ick at once4 ,build]s ( h\ses & bridges1 & ! manufactur]s ( articles ( wood1 /udy ) ! greate/ c>e ! /iffness1 ela/icity1 /r5g?1 t\ghness1 & brittl5ess ( timb]4 ,its *ief value may dep5d ^u ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( "o or m ( ^! prop]ties4 ,take away hickory's t\ghness & ela/icity & x w\ld cease to be a great vehicle & h&le mat]ial4 ,r$uce ! /iffness & /r5g? ( longleaf p9e & ,d\glas fir & !y w\ld drop at once f ! high e/eem 9 :i* !y are held z /ructural timb]s4 ,de/roy ! brittl5ess ( r$ c$> & x w\ld lose "o ( ! *ief qualities :i* make x ! lead+ lead p5cil wood ( ! _w4 ,!re are recogniz$ me?ods ( measur+ ^! important physical prop]ties ( woods1 b !y are express$ 9 language s te*nical t x means little to p]sons :o are n speciali/s4 ,= ord9>y purposes1 x is unnecess>y to be m explicit ?an to /ate a c]ta9 wood is or is n /rong1 /iff1 t\gh & ela/ic4 ,"s species possess "o or m ( ^! prop]ties to d\ble ! degree t o!rs possess !m4 ,diff]5t trees ( ! same species diff] greatly1 & ev5 diff]5t p>ts ( ! same tree4 ,mo/ tables ( figures :i* %[ ! v>i\s physical prop]ties ( woods1 give av]ages only1 n absolute values4 ,h>dness--,9 "s woods h>dness is consid]$ an advantage1 b n 9 o!rs4 ,if sug> maple 7 z s(t z :ite p9e1 x w\ld n be ! great floor mat]ial x is2 & if :ite p9e 7 z h>d z maple1 patt]n mak]s w\ld n want x1 door & sa% manufactur]s w\ld get along ) less1 & x w\ld n be ! lead+ pack+ box mat]ial 9 s wide a region4 ,x is g5]ally ! summ] gr[? 9 ! annual r+s :i* makes a wood h>d4 ,! summ]wood is d5se4 ,a giv5 bulk ( x conta9s m actual wood sub/ance & less air & wat] ?an ! spr+wood4 ,= ! same reason1 summ]wood gives weight1 & a relation%ip betwe5 h>dness & weight holds g5]ally4 ,x may be add$ t /r5g? goes ) weight & h>dness1 b x is n a rule )\t app>5t exceptions4 ,"s woods possess twice or ?ree times ! h>dness ( o!rs4 ,among "s ( ! h>de/ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates are hickory1 sug> maple1 mesquite1 ! ,florida ironwoods1 ,osage orange1 locu/1 p]simmon1 & ! be/ oak & elm4 ,among ! s(te/ species are buckeye1 basswood1 c$>1 r$wood1 "s ( ! p9es1 spruce1 hemlock1 & *e/nut4 ,! h>dness ( wood is te/$ ) a ma*9e :i* records ! pressure requir$ to ind5t ! surface4 ,! condition ( ! specim51 z to dryness1 has mu* to d ) its h>dness4 ,s _m o!r factors ex]cise influ5ce t no?+ less ?an an actual te/ w det]m9e ! h>dness ( a sample4 ,a table ( figures c %[ x only approximately & by av]ages4 ,cleavability--,wood us]s g5]ally dem& a mat]ial :i* does n split easily1 b ! rev]se is sometimes requir$4 ,riv$ /aves mu/ come f timb]s :i* split easily4 ,_m h&les are f billets :i* are split 9 r\gh =m & are aft]w>ds dress$ to ! requir$ size & %ape4 ,9 ^! in/ances1 splitt+ is pref]able to saw+1 because a riv$ billet is free f cross gra94 ,! cleavability ( woods diff]s greatly4 ,"s c sc>cely be split4 ,black gum is 9 t li/1 & sycamore to a less ext5t4 ,"y trees ( "s species split m readily ?an old1 :ile ) o!rs1 ! advantage is ) ! old4 ,"y sycamore may g5]ally be split ) ease1 b old trunks seem to develop int]lock$ fib]s :i* defy ! w$ge4 ,a :ite oak pole is h>d to split1 b ! old tree yields readily4 ,few woods are m easily split ?an *e/nut4 ,) mo/ timb]s cleavage is easie/ along ! radial l9es1 t is1 f ! he>t to ! b>k4 ,! flat sides ( ! m$ull>y rays lie 9 t plane4 ,cleavage along tang5tial l9es is easy ) "s woods4 ,! l9e ( cleavage foll[s ! s(t spr+wood4 ,gre5 timb] is g5]ally1 b n always1 m easily split ?an dry4 ,z a rule1 ! m ela/ic a wood is1 ! m readily x may be split4 ,durability--,9 ,egypt :]e climatic conditions are highly favorable1 ,lebanon c$>1 ,nor? ,african acacia1 ,ea/ ,african p]simmon1 & ori5tal sycamore h rema9$ s\nd dur+ ?ree or f\r ?\s& ye>s4 ,9 ! moi/ =e/s ( ! nor?we/]n ,pacific coa/1 an ald] log six or eight in*es 9 diamet] w decay ?r\gh & ?r\gh 9 a s+le ye>4 ,no wood is immune to decay if expos$ to influ5ces :i* induce x1 b "s resi/ = long p]iods4 ,osage orange & locu/ f5ce po/s may /& half a c5tury4 ,timb] f :i* air is exclud$1 z :5 deeply buri$ 9 wet e>? or "u wat]1 w la/ indef9itely2 b if x is expos$ to alt]nate dampness & dryness1 decay w de/roy x 9 a few ye>s4 ,x is app>5t t resi/ance to decay is n a prop]ty inh]5t 9 ! wood1 b dep5ds on circum/ances4 ,h[ev]1 ! ability to resi/ decay v>ies greatly ) diff]5t species1 "u simil> circum/ances4 ,buckeye & r$ c$> f5ce po/s1 situat$ alike1 w n la/ alike4 ,! buckeye may be expect$ to fall 9 two or ?ree ye>s1 & ! c$> w /& tw5ty4 ,timb]s light 9 weight & light 9 color are1 z a class1 quick-decay+ :5 expos$ to ! wea!r4 ,! rule holds 9 mo/ cases t sapwood decays m quickly ?an he>t :5 bo? are subject to simil> exposure4 ,! matt] ( decay is n important :5 lumb] & o!r products int5d$ = use are 9 dry situations4 ,furniture & int]ior h\se f9i% d n decay "u ord9>y circum/ances1 no matt] :at ! species ( wood may be2 b resi/ance to decay ov]%ad[s almo/ any o!r consid]ation 9 *oos+ m9e timb]s1 cros/ies1 f5ce po/s1 & tanks & silos4 ,decay 9 timb] is n simply a *emical process1 b is due prim>ily to ! activities ( a l[ ord] ( plants kn[n z fungi1 sometimes bact]ia4 ,! fungi produce ?read-l filam5ts :i* p5etrate ! body ( ! wood1 ramify+ 9 & pass+ f cell to cell1 absorb+ c]ta9 mat]ials !re91 & ultimately break+ d[n & de/roy+ ! /ructure ( ! wood4 ,bo? air & dampness are ess5tial to ! gr[? ( fungus4 ,t is ! reason :y timb]s deep b5ea? gr\nd or wat] d n decay4 ,air is abs5t1 ?\gh moi/ure is abundant2 :ile 9 ! dry ,egyptian tombs1 air is abundant b moi/ure is want+1 fungus _c exi/1 & consequ5tly decay ( ! wood does n occur4 ,no?+ is ne$$ to r5d] timb] immune to decay except to keep fungus out ( ! cells4 ,"s ( ! fungus conc]n$ 9 wood rott+ is microscopic1 :ile o!r appe>s 9 =ms & sizes easily se5 & recogniz$4 ,timb] may be protect$ = a "t aga9/ ! ag5cies ( decay by cov]+ ! surface ) pa9t1 !reby prev5t+ ! entrance ( fungus4 ,by ano!r process1 c]ta9 oils or o!r mat]ials :i* are poison\s to ! ins9uat+ ?reads ( fungus1 are =c$ into ! pores ( ! wood4 ,creosote is (t5 us$ = ?is purpose4 ,attacks are ?us w>d$ (f1 & decay is h9d]$4 ,! pres]vative fluid w n rema9 p]man5tly 9 wood expos$ to wea!r conditions1 b ! p]iod dur+ :i* x af=ds protection & immunity ext5ds ov] "s ye>s2 b diff]5t woods v>y greatly 9 _! ability to receive & reta9 pres]vative mixtures4 ,! bett] season$1 ! less liable is timb] to decay1 because x conta9s less moi/ure to support fungi4 ,x is g5]ally suppos$ t timb] cut 9 ! fall ( ! ye> is less subject to decay ?an if fell$ 9 summ]4 ,if x is s1 ! reason = x lies 9 ! fact t fungus is inactive dur+ w9t]1 & be=e ! com+ ( w>m wea!r ! timb] has p>tly dri$ ne> ! surface1 & fungi _c pass ?r\gh ! dry outside to rea* ! int]ior4 ,timb] cut 9 w>m wea!r may be attack$ at once1 & be=e cold wea!r /ops ! activities ( fungus x has rea*$ ! int]ior ( ! wood & ! process ( rott+ is "u way4 ,:5 ! ag5ts ( decay h begun to gr[ 9 ! wood1 de/ruction w g on z long z air & moi/ure conditions are favorable4 ,! blu+ ( wood is an incipi5t decay & is g5]ally due to fungus4 ,"s k9ds ( wood are m susceptible to blu+ ?an o!rs4 ,?\gh bo>ds may quickly season suffici5tly to put a /op to ! blu+ process be=e x has actually weak5$ ! mat]ial1 ! result is m or less injuri\s4 ,! wood's natural color & lu/] und]go det]ioration2 x does n reflect light z =m]ly1 & seems dead & flat4 ,decay affects sapwood m readily ?an he>t4 ,! reason may be t sapwood conta9s m food = fungus1 !reby induc+ great] activity4 ,! sapwood is on ! outside ( timb]s & is (t5 m expos$ ?an ! he>t4 ,9 "s in/ances great] decay may be due to great] exposure4 ,ano!r reason = m rapid decay ( sapwood ?an he>t is ! fact t ! pores ( ! he>twood are m or less fill$ ) color+ matt] deposit$ :ile ! gr[? ( ! tree 0 9 progress4 ,! color+ matt]1 9 _m cases1 acts z a pres]vative2 x %uts ! ?reads ( fungus out4 ,sometimes ! sapwood ( a dead tree or a log is totally de/roy$ :ile ! he>t rema9s s\nd4 ,?is (t5 happ5s ) r$ c$> & sometimes ) black walnut1 yell[ popl>1 & *]ry4 ,occasionally a tree's b>k is m resi/ant to decay ?an its wood4 ,pap] bir* & yell[ bir* logs 9 damp situations occasionally %[ ?is4 ,:at appe>s to be a solid fall5 trunk1 proves to be no?+ m ?an a %ell ( b>k ) a s(t1 pulpy mass ( decay$ wood )94 ,,:ite ,,p9e ,illu/ration3 ,,:ite ,,p9e ,,:ite ,,p9e#a 7,p9us ,/robus7 #a ,! foll[+ #ab species are usually class$ s(t p9es3 ,:ite ,p9e 7,p9us /robus72 ,sug> ,p9e 7,p9us lamb]tiana72 ,we/]n ,:ite ,p9e 7,p9us monticola72 ,mexican ,:ite ,p9e 7,p9us /robi=mis72 ,limb] ,p9e 7,p9us flexilis72 ,:iteb>k ,p9e 7,p9us albicaulis72 ,foxtail ,p9e 7,p9us balf\riana72 ,p>ry ,p9e 7,p9us quadrifolia72 ,mexican ,p9on 7,p9us cembroides72 ,p9on 7,p9us edulis72 ,s+leleaf ,p9on 7,p9us monophylla72 ,bri/lecone ,p9e 7,p9us ari/ata74 ,! be/ kn[n wood ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates has nev] be5 burd5$ ) a multitude ( names1 z _m m9or species h4 ,x is commonly kn[n z :ite p9e 9 e region :]e x gr[s1 & 9 _m :]e ! liv+ tree is nev] se51 except :5 plant$ = ornam5t4 ,! light color ( ! wood sugge/s ! "n4 ,! b>k & ! foliage are ( somb] hue1 ?\gh n z d>k z hemlock & _m ( ! p9es4 ,! "n ,weym\? p9e is occasionally he>d1 b x is m us$ 9 books ?an by lumb]m54 ,x is commonly suppos$ t ! "n ref]s to ,"l ,weym\? :o int]e/$ himself 9 ! tree at an e>ly p]iod1 b ?is has be5 disput$4 ,9 ,p5nsylvania x is occasionally call$ s(t p9e to di/+ui% x f ! h>d] & inf]ior pit* p9e & table m\nta9 p9e ) :i* x is sometimes associat$4 ,x is ! s(te/ ( ! p9es1 & ! "n is n inappropriate4 ,9 "s regions ( ! ,s\?1 :]e x is well kn[n1 x is call$ nor!rn spruce p9e 9 recognition ( ! fact t x is a nor!rn species :i* has foll[$ ! ,appala*ian m\nta9 ranges "s hundr$s ( miles s\?w>d4 ,!re is no good reason = ?is "n :5 appli$ to :ite p9e4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$1 h[ev]1 t no less ?an a doz5 tree species 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates are sometimes call$ spruce p9e4 ,cork p9e is a trade "n appli$ m frequ5tly to ! wood ?an to ! liv+ tree4 ,x is ! wood ( old1 mature1 fir/ class trunks1 z ne>ly p]fect z c be f\nd4 ,pumpk9 p9e is ano!r "n giv5 to ! same class ( wood4 ,x is s nam$ because ! gra9 is homog5e\s1 l a pumpk91 & may be readily cut & c>v$ 9 any direction4 ,x is ! ideal wood = ! patt]n mak]1 b x is n[ h>d to get because ! v5]able :ite p9es1 _m hundr$ ye>s old1 are practically gone4 ,! nor!rn limit ( ! range ( :ite p9e /ret*es f ,newf\ndl& to ,manitoba1 m ?an #ahjj miles ea/ & we/ across ! ,dom9ion ( ,canada1 & s\?w>d to nor!rn ,georgia1 #abjj miles 9 a nor? & s\? direction4 ,b :ite p9e does n gr[ 9 all p>ts ( ! t]ritory ?us delimit$4 ,x atta9$ magnific5t developm5t 9 c]ta9 l>ge regions be=e lumb]+ began1 & 9 o!rs x 0 sc>ce or totally want+4 ,its ability to ma9ta9 itself on l& too ?9 = vigor\s h>dwood gr[? gave x a monopoly ( enorm\s /ret*es ( s&y c\ntry1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! ,lake ,/ates4 ,x occupi$ l>ge areas 9 ,new ,engl& & s\!rn ,canada2 develop$ spl5did /&s 9 ,new ,york & ,p5nsylvania2 & x cov]$ c]ta9 m\nta9s & upl&s s\?w>d along ! m\nta9 ranges across ,m>yl&1 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 & ! elevat$ regions two or ?ree hundr$ miles f>!r s\?4 ,a doz5 or m v>ieties ( :ite p9e h be5 develop$ "u cultivation1 b !y int]e/ ! nurs]yman1 n ! lumb]man4 ,9 all ! wide ext5sion ( its range1 & dur+ all pa/ "t1 nature 0 nev] able to develop a s+le v>iety ( :ite p9e :i* dep>t$ f ! typical species4 ,= t reason x is "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ objects ( /udy 9 ! tree k+dom4 ,true1 ! :ite p9e 9 ! s\!rn m\nta9s diff]s slightly f ! nor!rn tree1 b botanically x is ! same4 ,its wood is a little heavi]1 its bran*es are m res9\s & consequ5tly adh]e a long] "t to ! trunk aft] !y die1 result+ 9 lumb] ) m knots4 ,! s\!rn wood is m t+$ ) r$1 ! knots are r$d] & usually s\nd] ?an 9 ! ,nor?4 ,x is un=tunately necess>y 9 speak+ ( :ite p9e =e/s to use ! pa/ t5se1 = mo/ ( ! primeval /&s h disappe>$4 ,! range is z ext5sive z ev]1 because :]ev] a =e/ once grew1 a few trees rema92 b ! m]*antable timb] has be5 cut 9 mo/ regions4 ,! tree be>s w+$ se$s :i* quickly scatt] ov] vacant spaces1 & new gr[? w\ld long ago1 9 mo/ cases1 h tak5 ! place ( ! old1 _h n fires p]si/5tly de/roy$ ! se$l+s4 ,9 p>ts ( ,new ,engl& :]e fire protection is af=d$1 d5se /&s ( :ite p9e are com+ on1 & 9 num]\s in/ances pr(itable lumb] op]ations are c>ri$ on 9 second gr[? =e/s4 ,t condition does n exi/ g5]ally 9 :ite p9e regions4 ,primeval /&s 7 seldom absolutely pure1 b sometimes1 9 bodies ( ?\s&s ( acres1 !re 0 little b :ite p9e4 ,g5]ally h>dwoods or o!r s(twoods grew ) ! p9e4 ,at its be/1 x is ! l>ge/ p9e ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 except ! sug> p9e ( ,cali=nia4 ,! l>ge/ trees grew 9 ,new ,engl& :]e diamet]s ( six or m feet & heights exce$+ #bjj feet 7 f\nd4 ,a diamet] ( f\r & five feet & a height ( #aej feet are ab\t ! size limits 9 ! ,lake ,/ates & ! s\!rn m\nta9s4 ,trees two or ?ree feet ?r\gh & n9ety & #abj tall are a fair av]age = mature timb]4 ,! wood ( :ite p9e is among ! lighte/ ( ! comm]cial timb]s ( ?is c\ntry1 & among ! s(te/4 ,:ile x is n /rong1 x comp>es favorably1 weight = weight1 ) mo/ o!rs4 ,x is ( r rapid gr[?1 & ! r+s ( annual increase are cle>ly def9$1 & !y conta9 comp>atively few res9 ducts4 ,= t reason x may be class$ z a close1 compact wood4 ,x poli%es well1 may be cut ) great ease1 & aft] x is season$ x holds its =m bett] ?an mo/ woods4 ,t prop]ty fits x admirably = doors & sa% & = back+ ( v5e]1 :]e a little w>p+ or twi/+ w\ld d mu* h>m4 ,! m$ull>y rays are num]\s b are too small to be easily se5 sep>ately1 & d n figure mu* 9 ! appe>ance ( ! wood4 ,! res9 passages are few & small1 b ! wood conta9s en\gh res9 to give x a *>act]i/ic odor1 :i* is n usually consid]$ injuri\s to m]*&ise %ipp$ 9 p9e boxes4 ,! :ite color ( ! wood gives x mu* ( its value4 ,?\gh r weak1 :ite p9e is /iff1 r l[ 9 ela/icity1 is practically want+ 9 t\ghness1 has little figure1 & :5 expos$ to alt]nate dryness & dampness x is rat$ poor 9 la/+ prop]ties2 yet %+les & wea!r bo>d+ ( ?is wood h be5 kn[n to /& half a c5tury4 ,! sapwood is light] 9 color ?an ! he>t1 & decays m quickly4 ,z long z :ite p9e 0 abundant x surpass$ all o!r woods ( ?is c\ntry 9 ! am\nt us$4 ,x 0 "o ( ! e>lie/ exports f ,new ,engl&1 & x w5t to ! ,we/ ,indies & to ,europe4 ,engl& attempt$ to control ! cutt+ & export ( :ite p9e1 b 0 unsuccessful4 ,at an e>ly p]iod ! riv]s 7 utiliz$ = transport+ ! logs & ! lumb] to m>ket1 & t me?od has cont9u$ until ! pres5t "t4 ,spectacul> log drives 7 common 9 e>ly times 9 ,new ,engl&1 lat] 9 ,new ,york & ,p5nsylvania1 & /ill lat] 9 ,mi*igan & ! o!r ,lake ,/ates4 ,_m billions ( feet ( faultless logs h gone d[n flood$ riv]s4 ,! sc5es 9 ! woods & ! life 9 lumb] camps h be5 writt5 9 novels & romances1 & ! c5tral figure ( x all 0 :ite p9e4 ,!re are a few ?+s = :i* ?is wood is n suitable2 o!rwise its use has be5 ne>ly univ]sal 9 "s p>ts ( ?is c\ntry4 ,x w5t into ma/s & mat*es1 :i* are ! l>ge/ & smalle/ commodities1 & into almo/ e %ape & size ( product betwe54 ,mo/ ( ! e>ly h\ses & b>ns 9 ! p9e region 7 built ( x4 ,hew$ p9e 0 ! f\ndation1 & ! %+les 7 ( split & %av$ p9e4 ,x =m$ floors1 doors1 sa%1 & %utt]s4 ,x 0 ! ceil+ )9 & ! wea!r bo>d+ )\t4 ,x f5c$ ! fields & bridg$ ! /reams4 ,x w5t to m>ket z r\gh lumb]1 & plan+ mills turn$ x out z dress$ /ock 9 v>i\s =ms4 ,x has probably be5 m ext5sively employ$ by box mak]s ?an any o!r wood1 & ?\gh x is sc>c] ?an =m]ly1 hundr$s ( millions ( feet ( x are /ill us$ annually by box mak]s4 ,scores ( millions ( feet ye>ly are dem&$ by ! manufactur]s ( w9d[ %ade roll]s1 ?\gh individually ! roll] is a v small commodity4 ,9 ?is1 z = patt]ns & _m o!r ?+s1 no satisfactory sub/itute = :ite p9e has be5 f\nd4 ,z a timb] tree1 x w n disappe> f ?is c\ntry1 ?\gh ! days ( its greate/ importance are pa/4 ,enorm\s tracts :]e x once grew w app>5tly nev] aga9 produce a :ite p9e sawlog4 ,! prospect is m enc\rag+ 9 o!r regions1 & !re w always be a consid]able quantity ( ?is lumb] 9 ! ,am]ican m>ket1 ?\gh ! high p]c5tage ( good grades :i* prevail$ 9 ! pa/ w n cont9ue 9 ! future4 ,:ite p9e belongs 9 ! five ne$le gr\p1 t is1 five leaves gr[ 9 a bundle4 ,!y turn yell[ & fall 9 ! autumn ( ! second ye>4 ,! cones are sl5d]1 are f five to elev5 in*es 9 l5g?1 & rip5 & disp]se _! se$s 9 ! autumn ( ! second ye>4 ,illu/ration ,,we/]n ,,:ite ,,p9e ,illu/ration3 ,,we/]n ,,:ite ,,p9e ,,we/]n ,,:ite ,,p9e 7,p9us ,monticola7 ,! silv]y lu/] ( ! ne$les ( ?is tree gives x ! "n silv] p9e1 by :i* _m p "k x4 ,x appe>s 9 lit]ature z m\nta9 ,weym\? p9e1 ! ref]5ce be+ to ! ea/]n :ite p9e 7,p9us /robus71 :i* is sometimes call$ ,weym\? p9e4 ,f+]-cone p9e is a ,cali=nia "n2 s are m\nta9 p9e & s(t p9e4 ,9 ! same /ate x is call$ little sug> p9e1 to di/+ui% x f sug> p9e 7,p9us lamb]tiana71 :i* x resembles 9 "s p>ticul>s b n 9 all4 ,x is ?us se5 t ,cali=nia is g5]\s 9 be/[+ names on ?is tree1 not)/&+ x is n abundant 9 any "p ( t /ate & is unkn[n 9 mo/ p>ts4 ,! botanical "n means 8m\nta9 p9e10 & t describes ! species4 ,x does be/ among ! m\nta9s1 & x ranges f an altitude ( f #d1jjj feet to #aj1jjj on ! ,si]ra ,nevada m\nta9s4 ,sometimes trees ( v l>ge size are f\nd ne> ! upp] limits ( its range1 b ! be/ /&s are 9 valleys & on slopes at l[] altitudes4 ,its range lies 9 ,briti% ,columbia1 ,montana1 ,idaho1 ,wa%+ton1 ,oregon1 & ,cali=nia4 ,9 ! latt] /ate x foll[s ! ,si]ra ,nevada m\nta9s s\?w>d to ! ,san ,joaqu9 riv]4 ,?is species has be5 comp>$ ) ! :ite p9e ( ! ,ea/ (t5] ?an ) any o!r species4 ,! weights ( ! two woods are ne>ly ! same1 & bo? are light4 ,_! fuel values are ab\t ! same4 ,! /r5g? ( ! ea/]n tree is a little high]1 b ! we/]n species is /iff]4 ,! woods ( bo? are light 9 color1 b t ( ! ea/]n tree is :it]2 bo? are s(t1 b aga9 ! advantage is ) ! ea/]n tree4 ,! we/]n p9e g5]ally gr[s rapidly & ! annual r+s are wide2 b1 l mo/ o!r species1 x v>ies 9 its rate ( gr[?1 & trunks are f\nd ) n>r[ r+s4 ,! summ]wood is ?91 n conspicu\s1 & slightly res9\s4 ,! small res9 passages are num]\s4 ,! he>twood is fairly durable 9 contact ) ! soil4 ,! we/]n :ite p9e has ent]$ _m m>kets 9 rec5t ye>s1 b x is difficult to det]m9e :at ! annual cut is4 ,/ati/ics (t5 include ?is species & ! we/]n yell[ p9e "u "o "n1 or at lea/ confuse "o ) ! o!r1 & !re is no way to det]m9e exactly h[ mu* ( ! sawmill output belongs to ea*4 ,! bulk ( m]*antable we/]n :ite p9e lumb] is cut 9 ,idaho & ,montana4 ,! /&s are seldom pure1 b ?is species frequ5tly pr$om9ates ov] its associates4 ,:5 pure =e/s are f\nd1 ! yield is sometimes v high1 z mu* z #acj1jjj feet ( logs gr[+ on a s+le acre4 ,t quantity is n (t5 equall$ by any o!r =e/ tree1 ?\gh r$wood & ,d\glas fir sometimes g consid]ably above x4 ,! we/]n :ite p9e's ne$les gr[ 9 clu/]s ( five & are f "o & a half to f\r in*es long4 ,! cones are f t5 to eighte5 in*es long4 ,! se$s rip5 ! second ye>4 ,reproduction is vigor\s & ! =e/ /&s are hold+ _! own4 ,trees ab\t "o hundr$ & sev5ty-five feet high & eight feet 9 diamet] are met )1 b ! av]age size is "o hundr$ feet high & f two to ?ree feet 9 diamet]1 or ab\t ! size ( ea/]n :ite p9e4 ,! wood is useful & has be5 giv+ s]vice s9ce ! settlem5t ( ! c\ntry began1 fifty or m ye>s ago4 ,*oice trunks 7 split = %akes or %+les1 b ! wood is inf]ior 9 splitt+ qualities to ei!r ea/]n :ite p9e or ,cali=nia sug> p9e1 because ( m knots4 ,! we/]n :ite p9e does n prime itself e>ly or well4 ,dead limbs adh]e to ! trunk long aft] ! sug> p9e w\ld %$ !m4 ,9 split products1 ! we/]n :ite p9e's pr9cipal rival has be5 ! we/]n r$ c$>4 ,! p9e has be5 mu* employ$ = m9e timb]s 9 ! region :]e x is abundant4 ,m9]s g5]ally take ! mo/ conv5i5t wood = props1 /ulls1 & lagg+4 ,a little high] use = p9e is f\nd among ! m9es1 :]e is x made into tanks1 flumes1 sluice boxes1 wat] pipes1 riffle blocks1 rock]s1 & guides = /amp mills4 ,h[ev]1 ! total quantity us$ by m9]s is comp>atively small4 ,mu* m goes to ran*es = f5ces & build+s4 ,x is s]viceable1 & is %ipp$ outside ! imm$iate region ( production & is m>ket$ 9 ! pla9s /ates ea/ ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 :]e x is excell5t f5ce mat]ial4 ,a l>g] m>ket is f\nd 9 manufactur+ c5t]s f>!r ea/4 ,we/]n :ite p9e is %ipp$ to ,*icago :]e x is manufactur$ into doors1 sa%1 & int]ior f9i%1 9 competition ) all o!r woods 9 t m>ket4 ,x is said to be ( frequ5t occurr5ce t ! v p9e :i* is %ipp$ 9 its r\gh =m out ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9 region goes back f9i%$ z doors & sa%4 ,:5 ! m\nta9 regions %all h bett] manufactur+ facilities1 ?is w n occur4 ,9 ! manufacture ( w9d[ & ho?\se sa%1 glass is m important ?an wood1 al?\gh ea* is useless )\t ! o!r4 ,! pr9cipal glass factories are 9 ! ,ea/1 & x is sometimes desirable to %ip ! wood to ! glass factory1 h ! sa% made !re1 & ! glaz+ done2 & ! f9i%$ sa%1 ready = use1 may g back to ! s\rce ( ! timb]4 ,! same op]ation is sometimes repeat$ = doors2 b 9 rec5t ye>s ! m\nta9 region :]e ?is p9e gr[s has be5 suppli$ ) factories & !re is n[ less %ipp+ ( raw mat]ial out & ( f9i%$ products back ?an =m]ly4 ,! developm5t ( ! fruit indu/ry 9 ! elevat$ valleys ( ,idaho1 ,montana1 ,wa%+ton1 & ,oregon has call$ = %ipp+ boxes 9 l>ge numb]s1 & we/]n :ite p9e has be5 f\nd an ideal wood = t use4 ,x is light 9 weight & 9 color1 /rong en\gh to satisfy all ord9>y requirem5ts1 & *eap en\gh to br+ x )9 rea* ( or*>di/s4 ,x meets ) lively competition f a numb] ( o!r woods :i* gr[ abundantly 9 ! region1 b x holds its gr\nd & takes its %>e ( ! bus9ess4 ,e/imates ( ! total /& ( we/]n :ite p9e among its native m\nta9s h n be5 publi%$1 b ! quantity is kn[n to be l>ge4 ,x is a difficult species to e/imate because x is scatt]$ widely1 l>ge1 pure /&s be+ sc>ce4 ,"s l>ge mills make a specialty ( saw+ ?is species4 ,! annual output is believ$ to rea* #aej1jjj1jjj feet1 mo/ ( :i* is 9 ,idaho & ,montana4 ,,mexican ,,:ite ,,p9e 7,p9us /robi=mis7 is n suffici5tly abundant to be ( mu* importance 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! be/ ( x is s\? ( ! int]national b\nd>y 9 ,mexico1 b ! species ext5ds into ,new ,mexico & ,arizona :]e x is mo/ abundant at altitudes ( f #f1jjj to #h1jjj feet4 ,! gr[? is g5]ally scatt]+1 & ! trunks are (t5 de=m$ ?r\gh fire injury1 & are incl9$ to be limby & ( poor =m4 ,! be/ trees are f eighty to "o hundr$ feet high1 & two 9 diamet]2 b _m are sc>cely half t size4 ,! lumb]m5 ( ! region1 :o cut ,mexican :ite p9e1 are incl9$ to place l[ value on x1 n because ! wood is ( poor quality1 b because x is sc>ce4 ,x is g5]ally s5t to m>ket ) we/]n yell[ p9e4 ,excell5t grades & quality ( ?is wood are %ipp$ into ! ,unit$ ,/ates f ,mexico1 b n 9 l>ge am\nts4 ,an occasional c>load rea*es door & sa% factories 9 ,texas1 & woodwork]s z f> ea/ z ,mi*igan are acqua9t$ ) x1 ?r\gh trials & exp]im5ts :i* !y h made4 ,x is highly recomm5d$ by ^? :o h tri$ x4 ,"s consid] x z s(t1 z easy to "w1 & z free f w>p+ & *eck+ z ! ea/]n :ite p9e4 ,9 ,arizona & ,new ,mexico ! tree is kn[n z ayacahuite p9e1 :ite p9e1 & ,arizona :ite p9e4 ,! wood is mod]ately light1 fairly /rong1 r /iff1 ( sl[ gr[?1 & ! b&s ( summ]wood are comp>atively broad4 ,! res9 passages are few & l>ge4 ,! wood is light r$1 ! sapwood :it]4 ,! leaves occur 9 clu/]s ( five1 are ?ree or f\r in*es long1 & fall dur+ ! ?ird & f\r? ye>s4 ,! se$s are l>ge & h small w+s :i* _c c>ry !m f> f ! p>5t tree4 ,,p9on 7,p9us edulis74 ,?is is "o ( ! nut p9es ab\nd+ among ! we/]n m\nta9s1 & x is call$ p9on 9 ,texas1 nut p9e 9 ,texas & ,colorado1 p9on p9e & ,new ,mexican p9on 9 o!r p>ts ( its range1 ext5d+ f ,colorado ?r\gh ,new ,mexico to we/]n ,texas4 ,x has two & ?ree leaves to ! clu/]4 ,!y beg9 to fall ! ?ird ye> & cont9ue ?r\gh six or sev5 ye>s foll[+4 ,! cones are q small1 ! l>ge/ n exce$+ "o & "o-half in*es 9 l5g?4 ,trees are f ?irty to =ty feet high1 & l>ge trunks may be two & "o-half feet 9 diamet]4 ,! tree runs up m\nta9 sides to altitudes ( #h1jjj or #i1jjj feet4 ,x exi/s 9 r l>ge bodies1 b is n an important timb] tree1 because ! trunks are %ort & are g5]ally ( poor =m4 ,x (t5 bran*es ne> ! gr\nd & assumes ! appe>ance ( a l>ge %rub4 ,ties ( p9on h be5 us$ ) v>i\s results4 ,"s h prov$ satisfactory1 o!rs h prov$ weak by break+1 & ! ties occasionally split :5 spikes are driv54 ,! wood's s]vice z po/s v>ies also4 ,"s po/s w la/ only ?ree or f\r ye>s1 :ile o!rs rema9 s\nd a long "t4 ,! diff]5ce 9 la/+ prop]ties is due to ! diff]5ce 9 res9\s cont5ts ( ! wood4 ,few s(twoods rank above x 9 fuel value1 & mu* is cut 9 "s localities4 ,l>ge areas h be5 totally /ripp$ = fuel4 ,*>coal = local smi?ies is burn$ f ?is p9e4 ,! wood is widely us$ = ran* purposes1 b n 9 l>ge quantities4 ,! edible nuts are s\ght by birds1 rod5ts1 & ,indians4 ,"s /ores keep ! nuts = sale4 ,! tree is h&icapp$ 9 its ef=t at reproduction by weight1 & ! small w+ p[] ( ! se$s4 ,!y fall ne> ! base ( ! p>5t tree1 & mo/ ( !m are spe$ily dev\r$4 ,illu/ration ,,sug> ,,p9e ,illu/ration3 ,,sug> ,,p9e ,,sug> ,,p9e 7,p9us ,lamb]tiana7 ,?is is ! l>ge/ p9e ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & probably is ! l>ge/ true p9e 9 ! _w4 ,its rival1 ! ,kauri p9e ( ,new ,zeal&1 is n a p9e accord+ to ! classification ( botani/s2 & t leaves ! sug> p9e supreme1 z f> z ! _w has be5 explor$4 ,david ,d\glas1 ! fir/ to describe ! species1 report$ a tree eighte5 feet 9 diamet] & #bde feet high1 9 s\!rn ,oregon4 ,no tree ( simil> size has be5 report$ s9ce2 b trunks six1 t51 & ev5 twelve feet ?r\gh1 & m ?an #bjj high are n r>e4 ,! range ( sug> p9e ext5ds f s\!rn ,oregon to l[] ,cali=nia4 ,?r\gh ,cali=nia x foll[s ! ,si]ra ,nevada m\nta9s 9 a comp>atively n>r[ belt4 ,9 ,oregon x desc5ds )9 #a1jjj feet ( sea level1 b ! l[] limit ( its range gradually rises z x foll[s ! m\nta9s s\?w>d1 until 9 s\!rn ,cali=nia x is #h1jjj or #aj1jjj feet above ! sea4 ,its *oice ( situation is 9 ! m\nta9 belt :]e ! annual precipitation is =ty in*es or m4 ,! deep w9t] sn[s ( ! ,si]ras d n hurt x4 ,! "y trees be> abundant limbs cov]+ ! trunks ne>ly or q to ! gr\nd1 & are ( p]fect conical %ape4 ,:5 !y are t5 or fifte5 feet tall !y may be entirely cov]$ 9 sn[ :i* accumulates to a dep? ( a doz5 feet or m4 ,! little p9es are seldom injur$ by ! load1 b _! limbs %$ ! sn[ until x cov]s ! highe/ twig4 ,! consequ5ce is t a crook$ sug> p9e trunk is seldom se51 ?\gh a consid]able "p ( ! tree's y\? may h be5 sp5t "u tons ( sn[4 ,lat] 9 life ! l[] limbs die & drop1 leav+ clean boles :i* assure abundance ( cle> lumb] 9 ! ye>s to come4 ,! tree is ne>ly always kn[n z sug> p9e1 ?\gh x may be call$ big p9e or great p9e to di/+ui% x f firs1 c$>s1 & o!r s(twoods ) :i* x is associat$4 ,! "n is due to a product resembl+ sug> :i* exudes f ! he>twood :5 ! tree has be5 injur$ by fires1 & :i* dries 9 :ite1 brittle excresc5ces on ! surface4 ,its ta/e is sweet1 ) a sugge/ion ( pit* :i* is n unpleasant4 ,! pr9ciple has be5 nam$ 8p9ite40 ,! ne$les ( sug> p9e are 9 clu/]s ( five & are ab\t f\r in*es long4 ,!y are decidu\s ! second & ?ird ye>s4 ,! cones are long] ?an cones ( any o!r p9e ( ?is c\ntry b ^? ( ! ,c\lt] p9e are a little heavi]4 ,extreme l5g? ( #bb in*es = ! sug> p9e cone has be5 record$1 b ! av]age is f #ab to #ae in*es4 ,cones op51 %$ _! se$s ! second ye>1 & fall ! ?ird4 ,! se$s resemble l5tils1 & are provid$ ) w+s :i* c>ry !m sev]al hundr$ feet1 if w9d is favorable4 ,?is af=ds excell5t opportunities = reproduction2 b !re is an (fset 9 ! sweetness ( ! se$s :i* are priz$ = food by birds1 bea/s & creep+ ?+s f ! ,piute ,indian d[n to ! ,d\glas squirrel & ! jump+ m\se4 ,sug> p9e occupies a high place z a timb] tree4 ,x has be5 9 use = half a c5tury4 ,! cut 9 #aijj 0 #eb1jjj1jjj feet1 9 #aijd x 0 #abj1jjj1jjj2 9 #aijg1 #aae1jjj1jjj1 & ! next ye> ab\t #ajj1jjj1jjj4 ,n9ety-?ree p] c5t ( ! cut is 9 ,cali=nia1 ! re/ 9 ,oregon4 ,its /& 9 ,cali=nia has be5 e/imat$ at #be1jjj1jjj1jjj feet4 ,! wood ( sug> p9e is a little light] ?an ea/]n :ite p9e1 is a little weak]1 & has less /iffness4 ,x is s(t1 ! r+s ( gr[? are wide1 ! b&s ( summ]wood ?9 & res9\s2 ! res9 passages are num]\s & v l>ge1 ! m$ull>y rays num]\s & obscure4 ,! he>t is light br[n1 ! sapwood ne>ly :ite4 ,sug> p9e & r$wood 7 ! two e>ly ro(+ woods 9 ,cali=nia1 & bo? are /ill mu* us$ = t purpose4 ,sug> p9e 0 made into saw$ %+les & split %akes4 ,! %+le is a mill product2 b ! %ake 0 riv$ ) mallet & fr[1 & 9 ! ye>s :5 x 0 ! great ro(+ mat]ial 9 c5tral & ea/]n ,cali=nia1 ! %ake mak]s camp$ by twos 9 ! =e/1 liv$ pr9cipally on bacon & r$ beans1 & split out f #bjj1jjj to #djj1jjj %akes z a summ]'s "w4 ,! w9t] sn[s drove ! work]s f ! m\nta9s1 ) f eight to twelve hundr$ doll>s 9 _! pockets = ! season's "w4 ,! increase 9 /umpage price has practically kill$ ! %ake mak]'s bus9ess4 ,9 ! palmy days :5 mo/ ev]y?+ w5t1 he procur$ 8 timb] = little or no?+4 ,he sometimes fail$ to f9d ! surveyor's l9es1 p>ticul>ly if !re happ5$ to be a f9e sug> p9e j across on a gov]nm5t qu>t] section4 ,8 me?od ( op]ation 0 wa/eful4 ,he us$ only ! be/ ( ! tree4 ,if ! gra9 happ5$ to twi/ ! fraction ( an in*1 he ab&on$ ! fall5 trunk1 & cut ano!r4 ,! %akes 7 split v ?91 = sug> p9e is among ! mo/ cleavable woods ( ?is c\ntry4 ,f\r or five good trees provid$ ! %ake mak]'s camp ) mat]ial = a ye>'s "w4 ,"s ( ! e>lie/ sawmills 9 ,cali=nia cut sug> p9e = %$s1 %acks1 sluiceboxes1 flumes among ! m9es2 & almo/ imm$iately a dem& came f ! agricultural & /ock di/ricts = lumb]4 ,f t day until ! pres5t "t ! sug> p9e mills h be5 busy4 ,z ! dem& has gr[n1 ! facilities = meet+ x h increas$4 ,! prevail+ size ( ! timb] =bade ! use ( small mills4 ,a saw l>ge en\gh = mo/ ea/]n & s\!rn timb]s w\ld n slab a sug> p9e log4 ,f f\r to six feet 7 common sizes1 & ! lumb]man despis$ any?+ small4 ,9 late ye>s sug> p9e op]ators h look$ beyond ! local m>kets1 & h be5 s5d+ _! lumb] to practically e /ate 9 ! ,union1 except probably ! extreme ,s\?4 ,x comes 9 direct competition ) ! :ite p9e ( ,new ,engl& & ! ,lake ,/ates4 ,! two woods h _m po9ts ( resemblance4 ,! :ite p9e w\ld probably h lo/ no m>kets to ! ,cali=nia wood if ! be/ grades c\ld /ill be _h at mod]ate prices2 b mo/ ( ! :ite p9e region has be5 /ripp$ ( its be/ timb]1 & ! result+ sc>city 9 ! high grades has be51 9 "p1 made good by sug> p9e4 ,"s manufactur]s ( doors & frames claim t sug> p9e is m satisfactory ?an :ite p9e1 because ( bett] behavior "u climatic *anges4 ,x is said to %r9k1 swell1 & w>p less ?an ! ea/]n wood4 ,sug> p9e has displac$ :ite p9e to a v small ext5t only1 9 comp>ison ) ! field /ill held by ! ea/]n wood1 ^: annual output is ab\t ?irty times t ( ! ,cali=nia species4 ,_! uses are practically ! same except t only ! good grades ( sug> p9e g ea/1 & ! correspond+ grades ( :ite p9e we/1 & !re=e !re is no competition betwe5 ! poor grades ( ! two woods4 ,! annual dem& = sug> & :ite p9e ea/ ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s is probably repres5t$ z an av]age 9 ,ill9ois1 :]e #b1jjj1jjj feet ( ! =m] & #age1jjj1jjj ( ! latt] are us$ ye>ly4 ,:ile !re is a l>ge am\nt ( mature sug> p9e ready = lumb]m51 ! prospect ( future supplies f new gr[? is n entirely satisfactory4 ,! we/]n yell[ p9e is mix$ ) x ?r\gh\t mo/ ( its range1 & is m ?an a mat* = x 9 tak+ possession ( vacant gr\nd4 ,x is inf]r$ f ?is fact t ! relative positions ( ! two species 9 future =e/s w *ange at ! exp5se ( sug> p9e4 ,x endures %ade :5 small1 & ?is enables x to obta9 a />t among o!r species2 b z x increases 9 size x becomes intol]ant ( %ade1 & if x does n receive abundance ( light x w n gr[4 ,a =e/ fire is ne>ly c]ta9 to kill ! small sug> p9es1 b old trunks are protect$ by _! ?ick b>k4 ,few species h few] natural enemies4 ,v small trees are occasionally attack$ by mi/letoe 7,arceu?obium occid5tale7 & succumb or else are /unt$ 9 _! gr[?4 ,,mexican ,,p9on 7,p9us cembroides7 is kn[n also z nut p9e1 p9on p9e & /one-se$ ,mexican p9on4 ,x is "o ( ! smalle/ ( ! native p9es ( ?is c\ntry4 ,! tree is fifte5 or tw5ty feet high & a few in*es 9 diamet]1 b 9 %elt]$ canyons 9 ,arizona x sometimes atta9s a height ( fifty or sixty feet ) a correspond+ diamet]4 ,x rea*es its be/ developm5t 9 nor!rn ,mexico & :at is f\nd ( x 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is ! species' extreme nor!rn ext5sion1 9 ,arizona & ,new ,mexico at altitudes usually above #f1jjj feet4 ,x supplies fuel 9 di/ricts :]e firewood is o!rwise sc>ce1 & x has a small place z ran* timb]4 ,! wood is heavy1 ( sl[ gr[?1 ! summ]wood ?9 & d5se4 ,! res9 passages are few & small2 color1 light1 cle> yell[1 ! sapwood ne>ly :ite4 ,if ! tree /ood 9 regions well-=e/$ ) comm]cial species1 x w\ld possess little or no value2 b :]e wood is sc>ce1 x has consid]able value4 ,! h>d%ell nuts resemble ^? ( ! gray p9e1 b are consid]$ m valuable = food4 ,!y are n ( mu* importance 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 b 9 ,mexico :]e ! trees are m abundant & ! population d5s]1 ! nuts are b\ght & sold 9 l>ge quantities4 ,its leaves are 9 clu/]s ( ?ree1 sometimes two4 ,!y are "o in* or m 9 l5g?1 & fall ! ?ird & f\r? ye>s4 ,cones are seldom ov] two in*es 9 l5g?4 ,! species is n ext5d+ its range1 b seems to be hold+ ! gr\nd x already has4 ,x be>s abundance ( se$s1 b n "o 9 t5 ?\s& g]m9ates & becomes a mature tree4 ,illu/ration ,,:iteb>k ,,p9e ,illu/ration3 ,,:iteb>k ,,p9e ,,:iteb>k ,,p9e 7,p9us ,albicaulis7 ,?is int]e/+ & peculi> p9e has a numb] ( names1 mo/ ( :i* are descriptive4 ,! :it5ess ( ! b>k & ! /unt$ & recumb5t position :i* ! tree assumes on bleak m\nta9s are ref]r$ to 9 ! names :ite/em p9e 9 ,cali=nia & ,montana1 scrub p9e 9 ,montana1 :iteb>k 9 ,oregon1 :ite 9 ,cali=nia1 & else:]e x is creep+ p9e1 :iteb>k p9e1 & alp9e :iteb>k p9e4 ,x is a m\nta9 tree4 ,!re are few heights )9 its range :i* x _c rea*4 ,its t\gh1 pro/rate bran*es1 9 its l(tie/ situations1 may :ip sn[ banks n9e or t5 mon?s ( ! ye>1 & = ! two or ?ree mon?s ( summ] e />ry night deposits its spr9kle ( fro/ ^u ! fl[]s or cones ( ?is p]si/5t tree4 ,x /&s ! /orms ( c5turies1 & lives on1 ?\gh ! :ole p]iod ( its exi/5ce is a battle = life "u adv]se circum/ances4 ,at l[] altitudes x f>es bett] b does n live long] ?an on ! mo/ /]ile peak4 ,its range cov]s #ejj1jjj squ>e miles1 b only 9 scatt]$ gr\ps4 ,x t\*es ! high places only1 creep+ d[n to altitudes ( #e1jjj or #f1jjj feet 9 ! nor!rn ,rocky ,m\nta9s4 ,x gr[s f ,briti% ,columbia to s\!rn ,cali=nia1 & is f\nd 9 ,montana1 ,idaho1 ,wa%+ton1 ,oregon1 ,nevada1 ,arizona1 & ,cali=nia4 ,its associates are ! m\nta9 climb]s ( ! tree k+dom1 ,engelmann spruce1 ,lyall l>*1 limb] p9e1 alp9e fir1 foxtail p9e1 ,rocky ,m\nta9 junip]1 knobcone p9e1 & we/]n junip]4 ,its d>k gre5 ne$les1 /\t & rigid1 are f "o & "o-half to two & "o-half in*es long4 ,!y hang on ! twigs f five to eight ye>s4 ,9 ,july ! sc>let fl[]s appe>1 =m+ a beautiful contra/ ) ! :ite b>k & ! gre5 ne$les4 ,9 ,augu/ ! se$s are ripe4 ,! cones are f "o & "o-half to ?ree in*es long4 ,! se$s are ne>ly half an in* long1 sweet to ! ta/e4 ,! few squirrels & birds :i* inhabit ! inhospitable region :]e ! :iteb>k p9e gr[s1 get busy ! mom5t ! cones op51 & few escape4 ,nature seems to h play$ a prank on ?is p9e by giv+ w+s to ! se$s & r5d]+ _! use impossible4 ,! w+ is /uck fa/ ) res9 to ! cone scales1 & ! se$ c escape only by te>+ its w+ (f4 ,! heavy nut !n falls plumb to ! gr\nd b5ea? ! bran*es ( its p>5t4 ,x might be suppos$ t a tree situat$ z ! :iteb>k p9e is w\ld be provid$ ) ample means ( se$flight 9 ord] to af=d wide di/ribution1 & give opportunity to survive ! h>d%ips :i* are impos$ by surr\nd+s2 b su* is n ! case4 ,! will[ & ! cottonwood :i* gr[ 9 f]tile valleys h ! means ( scatt]+ _! se$s miles away2 b ?is bleak m\nta9 tree mu/ drop its se$s on ! rocks b5ea?4 ,9 ?is in/ance1 nature seems m int]e/$ 9 deposit+ ! p9e nuts :]e ! hungry squirrels c get !m1 ?an 9 furni%+ a plant+ place = ! nuts !mselves--!re=e1 te>s (f _! w+s be=e !y leave ! cone4 ,! battle = exi/5ce beg9s be=e ! se$s g]m9ate1 & ! /ruggle nev] ceases4 ,! tree1 9 p>ts ( its range1 survives a temp]ature sixty degrees bel[ z]o4 ,its se$l+s frequ5tly p]i%1 n f cold & dr\ght1 b because ! w9d ?ra%es !m aga9/ ! rocks :i* we> !m to pieces4 ,trees :i* survive on ! great heights are apt to assume /range & fanta/ic =ms1 ) less resemblance to trees ?an to great1 gre5 spid]s sprawl+ ov] ! rocks4 ,trees #ejj ye>s old may n be five feet high4 ,deep sn[s hold !m flat to ! rocks s mu* ( ! "t t ! limbs _c lift !mselves dur+ ! few summ] days1 b gr[ l v9es4 ,! gr[? is s exce$+ly sl[ t ! new wood on ! tips ( twigs at ! end ( summ] is a m]e po9t ( yell[4 ,john ,muir1 ) a magnify+ glass1 c\nt$ sev5ty-five annual r+s 9 a twig "o-eigh? ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,trunks ?ree & "o-half in*es 9 diamet] may be #bbe ye>s old2 "o ( six in*es _h #dbf r+s2 :ile a sev5te5-in* trunk 0 #hjj ye>s old1 & less ?an six feet high4 ,su* a tree has a spread ( bran*es ?irty or =ty feet across4 ,!y lie flat on ! gr\nd4 ,wild %eep1 de]1 be>1 & o!r wild animals "k h[ to %elt] !mselves b5ea? ! pro/rate bran*es by creep+ "u2 & travel]s1 ov]tak5 by /orms1 sometimes d ! same2 or 9 good wea!r ! %eeph]d] or ! hunt] may spread 8 blankets on ! mass ( limbs1 b\ghs1 & ne$les1 & sp5d a com=table night on a spr+y c\*--actually sleep+ 9 a tree top )9 two feet ( ! gr\nd4 ,9 regions l[] d[n1 ! :iteb>k p9e rea*es respectable tree =m4 ,f5ce po/s are sometimes cut f x 9 ! ,mono bas91 ea/ ( ! ,si]ra ,nevada m\nta9s4 ,9 ! ,nez ,p]ce ,national ,=e/ trees =ty feet high h m]*antable l5g?s ( tw5ty-f\r feet4 ,simil> gr[? is f\nd 9 o!r regions4 ,9 its be/ gr[?1 ! wood ( :iteb>k p9e resembles t ( :ite p9e4 ,x is light1 ( ab\t ! same /r5g? z :ite p9e1 b m brittle4 ,! annual r+s are v n>r[2 ! small res9 passages are num]\s4 ,! sapwood is v ?9 & is ne>ly :ite4 ,m5 c nev] greatly assi/ or h9d] ?is tree4 ,x w cont9ue to occupy heights & elevat$ valleys4 ,,bri/lecone ,,p9e 7,p9us ari/ata7 owes its "n to ! %>p bri/les on ! tips ( ! cone scales4 ,x is kn[n also z foxtail p9e & hickory p9e4 ,! latt] "n is giv51 n because ( t\ghness1 b on acc\nt ( ! :it5ess ( ! sapwood4 ,x is /rictly a high m\nta9 tree1 runn+ up to ! timb] l9e at #ab1jjj feet1 & seldom occurr+ bel[ #f1jjj or #g1jjj feet4 ,x ma9ta9s its exi/5ce "u adv]se circum/ances1 its home be+ on dry1 /ony ridges1 cold & /ormy 9 w9t]1 & subject to excessive dr\ght dur+ ! brief gr[+ season4 ,trees ( l>ge trunks & f9e =ms are impossible "u su* conditions4 ,! bri/lecone p9e's bole is %ort1 tap]s rapidly & is excessively knotty4 ,! species rea*es its be/ developm5t 9 ,colorado4 ,?\gh x is seldom saw$ = lumb]1 x is ( mu* importance 9 _m localities :]e bett] mat]ial is sc>ce4 ,9 c5tral ,nevada _m valuable m9es 7 develop$ & work$ by us+ ! wood = props & fuel4 ,*>coal made ( x 0 p>ticul>ly important 9 t region1 & x 0 c>ri$ long di/ances to supply blacksmi? %ops 9 m9+ camps4 ,railways h made "s use ( x = ties4 ,?\gh r\gh1 x is lik$ = f5ce po/s4 ,! res9 9 ! wood assi/s 9 resi/+ decay1 & po/s la/ _m ye>s 9 ! dry regions :]e ! tree gr[s4 ,ran*m5 among ! high m\nta9s build corrals1 p5s1 %$s1 & f5ces ( x2 b ! fib]s ( ! wood are s twi/$ & involv$ t splitt+ is ne>ly impossible1 & r\nd timb]s only are employ$4 ,! bri/lecone p9e c nev] be m important 9 ! c\ntry's lumb] supply ?an x is n[4 ,x occupies wa/e l& :]e no o!r tree gr[s1 & x cr[ds out no?+ bett] ?an itself4 ,x cl+s to /ony peaks & w9d-swept ridges :]e ! unga9ly trunks are welcome to ! travel]1 m9]1 or %eeph]d] :o is 9 ne$ ( a %$ to %elt] him1 or a fire = 8 night camp4 ,9 situations expos$ to great cold & dry+ w9ds1 ! bri/lecone p9e is a %rub1 ) little sugge/ion ( a tree1 fur!r ?an its gre5 foliage & small cones4 ,! ne$les are 9 clu/]s ( five4 ,!y cl+ to ! twigs = t5 or fifte5 ye>s4 ,! se$s are scatt]$ ab\t ! fir/ ( ,octob]1 & ! w9d c>ries !m hundr$s ( feet4 ,!y take root 9 soil s /]ile t no humus is visible4 ,"y trees & ! small twigs ( old ones pres5t a peculi> appe>ance4 ,! b>k is *alky :ite1 b :5 ! trees are old ! b>k becomes r$ or br[n4 ,,foxtail ,,p9e 7,p9us balf\riana7 owes its "n to ! clu/]+ ( its ne$les r\nd ! ends ( ! bran*es1 bri/l+ l a fox's tail4 ,! ne$les are seldom m ?an "o & "o-half in*es 9 l5g?1 & are 9 clu/]s ( fives4 ,!y cl+ to ! bran*es t5 or fifte5 ye>s be=e fall+4 ,! cones are ab\t ?ree in*es long1 & are arm$ ) sl5d] sp9es4 ,! tree is /rictly a m\nta9 species & gr[s at a high] altitude ?an any o!r tree 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 al?\gh :iteb>k p9e is n mu* beh9d x4 ,x rea*es its be/ developm5t ne> ,mt4 ,:itney1 ,cali=nia1 :]e x is said to gr[ at an altitude ( #ae1jjj feet above sea level4 ,x has be5 (ficially report$ at ,f>ewell ,gap1 9 ! ,si]ra ,nevada m\nta9s1 at an altitude ( #ac1jjj4 ,at high altitudes x is scrubby & di/ort$1 b 9 m favorable situations x may be sixty feet high & two 9 diamet]4 ,on high m\nta9s x is g5]ally n m ?an ?irty feet high & t5 in*es 9 diamet]4 ,x is ( rem>kably sl[ gr[?1 & comp>atively small trees may be #bjj or #cjj ye>s old4 ,! wood is mod]ately light1 is s(t1 weak1 brittle4 ,res9 passages are few & v small4 ,! wood is sat9y & susceptible ( a good poli%1 & w\ld be valuable if abundant4 ,! se$s are w+$ & ! w9d scatt]s !m widely1 b mo/ ( !m are lo/ on b>r5 rocks or drifts ( et]nal sn[4 ,! unt[>d circum/ances "u :i* ! tree mu/ live prev5t g5]\s reproduction4 ,x holds its own b c ga9 no new foo?old on ! bleak & b>r5 heights :i* =m its environm5t4 ,! d>k gre5 ( its foliage makes ! belts ( foxtail p9es conspicu\s :]e !y gr[ above ! timb] l9e ( ne>ly all o!r trees4 ,its range is conf9$ to a few ( ! highe/ m\nta9s ( ,cali=nia1 p>ticul>ly ab\t 7b n on7 ,mt4 ,%a/a & among ! clu/]s ( peaks ab\t ! s\rces ( ,k+s & ,k]n riv]s4 ,^? :o travel & camp among ! highe/ m\nta9s ( ,cali=nia are (t5 indebt$ to foxtail p9e = _! fuel4 ,ne> ! upp] limit ( its range x frequ5tly dies at ! top1 & /&s /ripp$ ( b>k = _m ye>s4 ,! dead wood1 :i* frequ5tly is n high] above ! gr\nd ?an a man's head1 is brok5 away by camp]s = fuel1 & x is (t5 ! only res\rce4 ,illu/ration ,,longleaf ,,p9e ,illu/ration3 ,,longleaf ,,p9e ,,longleaf ,,p9e 7,p9us ,palu/ris7 ,longleaf is g5]ally consid]$ to be ! mo/ important memb] ( ! gr\p ( h>d or pit* p9es 9 ?is c\ntry#b4 ,x is kn[n by _m names 9 diff]5t p>ts ( its range1 & outside ( its range :]e ! wood is well kn[n4 #b ,!re is no precise agreem5t z to :at %\ld be includ$ 9 ! gr\p ( h>d p9es 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 b ! foll[+ tw5ty-two are usually plac$ 9 t class3 ,longleaf ,p9e 7,p9us palu/ris71 ,%ortleaf ,p9e 7,p9us e*9ata71 ,loblolly ,p9e 7,p9us tda71 ,cuban ,p9e 7,p9us het]ophylla71 ,norway ,p9e 7,p9us res9osa71 ,we/]n ,yell[ ,p9e 7,p9us pond]osa71 ,*ihuahua ,p9e 7,p9us *ihuahuana71 ,arizona ,p9e 7,p9us arizonica71 ,pit* ,p9e 7,p9us rigida71 ,pond ,p9e 7,p9us s]ot9a71 ,spruce ,p9e 7,p9us glabra71 ,mont]ey ,p9e 7,p9us radiata71 ,knobcone ,p9e 7,p9us att5uata71 ,gray ,p9e 7,p9us sab9iana71 ,c\lt] ,p9e 7,p9us c\lt]i71 ,lodgepole ,p9e 7,p9us contorta71 ,jack ,p9e 7,p9us div>icata71 ,scrub ,p9e 7,p9us virg9iana71 ,s& ,p9e 7,p9us clausa71 ,table ,m\nta9 ,p9e 7,p9us pung5s71 ,cali=nia ,swamp ,p9e 7,p9us muricata71 ,torry ,p9e 7,p9us torreyana74 ,! names s\!rn p9e1 ,georgia p9e1 & ,florida p9e are n well *os51 because !re are o!r important p9es 9 ! regions nam$4 ,turp5t9e p9e is a common t]m1 b o!r species produce turp5t9e also1 p>ticul>ly ! ,cuban p9e4 ,h>d p9e is mu* employ$ 9 ref]5ce to ?is tree1 & x applies well1 b x describes o!r species also4 ,he>t p9e is a lumb]man's t]m to di/+ui% ?is species f loblolly1 %ortleaf1 & ,cuban p9es4 ,! sapwood ( ! ?ree la/ nam$ is ?ick1 ! he>twood small1 :ile 9 longleaf p9e ! sap is ?91 ! he>t l>ge1 h5ce ! "n appli$ by lumb]m54 ,9 ,t5nessee :]e x is n a comm]cial =e/ tree1 x is call$ br[n p9e1 & 9 ne>ly all p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates x is spok5 ( z yell[ p9e1 usually ) "s adjective z 8s\!rn10 8,georgia10 or 8longleaf40 ,! p]si/5cy ) :i* ,georgia is us$ z a portion ( ! "n ( ?is tree is due to ! fact t ext5sive lumb]+ ( ! longleaf =e/s began 9 t /ate4 ,! c5t] ( op]ations has s9ce %ift$ to ! ,we/1 & is n[ 9 ,mississippi1 ,l\isiana1 & ,texas4 ,! tree has _m o!r names1 among !m be+ pit* p9e & fat p9e4 ,^! h ref]5ce to its value 9 ! naval /ores indu/ry4 ,! "n longleaf p9e is n[ well e/abli%$ 9 comm]cial transactions4 ,x has long] leaves ?an any o!r p9e 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,!y range 9 l5g? f eight to eighte5 in*es4 ,! ne$les ( ,cuban p9e are f eight to twelve in*es2 loblolly's are f six to n9e2 & ^? ( %ortleaf f ?ree to five4 ,longleaf p9e's geographic range is m re/rict$ ?an t ( loblolly & %ortleaf1 b l>g] ?an ! range ( ,cuban p9e4 ,longleaf occupies a belt f ,virg9ia to ,texas1 foll[+ ! t]ti>y s&y =mation pretty closely4 ,! belt seldom ext5ds f ! coa/ inl& m ?an #abe miles4 ,! tree runs s\? 9 ,florida to ,tampa bay4 ,x disappe>s z x approa*es ! ,mississippi1 b reappe>s we/ ( t riv] 9 ,l\isiana & ,texas4 ,its we/]n limit is ne> ,tr9ity riv]1 & its nor!rn 9 t region is ne> ! b\nd>y betwe5 ,l\isiana & ,arkansas4 ,longleaf atta9s a height ( f sixty to n9ety feet1 b a few trees rea* #acj4 ,! diamet]s ( mature trunks range f "o foot to ?ree1 usually less ?an two4 ,! leaves gr[ ?ree 9 a bundle1 & fall at ! end ( ! second ye>4 ,!y are arrang$ 9 ?ick1 broom-l bun*es on ! ends ( ! twigs4 ,x is a tree ( sl[ gr[? comp>$ ) o!r p9es ( ! region4 ,its *>act]i/ic n>r[ annual r+s are usually suffici5t to di/+ui% its logs & lumb] f ^? ( o!r s\!rn yell[ p9es4 ,its ?9 sapwood likewise assi/s 9 id5tification4 ,! proportionately high p]c5tage ( he>twood 9 longleaf p9e makes x possible to saw lumb] :i* %[s little or no sapwood4 ,x is difficult to d t ) o!r s\!rn p9es4 ,! wood is heavy1 exce$+ly h>d = p9e1 v /rong1 t\gh1 compact1 durable1 res9\s1 res9 passages few1 n conspicu\s2 m$ull>y rays num]\s1 n conspicu\s2 color1 light r$ or orange1 ! ?9 sapwood ne>ly :ite4 ,! annual r+s conta9 a l>ge proportion ( d>k color$ summ]wood1 :i* acc\nts = ! great /r5g? ( longleaf p9e timb]4 ,! contra/ 9 color betwe5 ! spr+wood & ! summ]wood is ! basis ( ! figure ( ?is p9e :i* gives x mu* ( its value z an int]ior f9i% mat]ial1 includ+ doors4 ,! h>dness ( ! summ]wood provides ! we>+ qualities ( floor+ & pav+ blocks4 ,! color+ matt] 9 ! body ( ! wood protects x aga9/ decay = a long] p]iod ?an mo/ o!r p9es4 ,?is1 9 connection ) its h>dness & /r5g?1 gives x high /&+ = railroad ties1 bridges1 tre/les1 & o!r /ructures expos$ to wea!r4 ,longleaf p9e is z widely us$ z any s(twood 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,x s]ves ) h>dwoods = a numb] ( purposes4 ,x has be5 a timb] ( comm]ce s9ce an e>ly p]iod1 & 0 export$ f ! s\? ,atlantic coa/ long be=e ! ,revolution>y w>2 b x 0 lat] ?an t :5 x came into ke5 competition ) ! ,riga p9e ( nor!rn ,europe4 ,x has s9ce held its own 9 ! ,european m>kets1 & its trade has ext5d$ to _m o!r =eign c\ntries1 p>ticul>ly to ! republics ( ,s\? & ,c5tral ,am]ica1 ,mexico1 & ! ,we/ ,indies4 ,x did n atta9 an important position 9 ! comm]ce ( ?is c\ntry until aft] ! ,civil w>1 b x _h a place 9 %ipbuild+ be=e t "t1 & x has held t place4 ,! build]s ( c>s employ l>ge quantities = frames & o!r p>ts ( gondolas1 box c>s1 & coa*es4 ,ov] #age1jjj1jjj feet 7 s us$ 9 #aiji 9 ,ill9ois4 ,x is ! lead+ c> build+ timb] 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,its great /r5g?1 h>dness1 & /iffness give x t place4 ,x is sc>cely less important z an int]ior wood = h\se f9i%4 ,x is n s mu* its /r5g? z its beauty t recomm5ds x = t purpose4 ,its beauty is due to a comb9ation ( figure & color4 ,spl5did v>iety is possible by c>efully select+ ! mat]ial4 ,manufactur]s ( furniture1 fixtures1 & vehicles are l>ge us]s ( longleaf p9e4 ,9 ^! l9es its *ief value is due to /r5g?4 ,9 ! naval /ores indu/ry 9 ?is c\ntry1 x is m important ?an all o!r species comb9$4 ,= a c5tury & a half x has suppli$ ?is c\ntry & mu* ( ! re/ ( ! _w4 ,! pr9cipal commodities made f ! res9 ( ?is tree are spirits ( turp5t9e & ros94 ,^! two articles are produc$ by di/ill+ ! res9 :i* exudes f w\nds 9 ! tree4 ,! di/illate is spirits ( turp5t9e1 ! residue is ros94 ,! manufacture ( naval /ores has de/roy$ t5s ( ?\s&s ( trees 9 ! pa/2 b bett] me?ods are n[ 9 use & loss is less4 ,georgia & ,s\? ,c>ol9a 7 once ! c5t] ( naval /ores production2 b x has n[ mov$ to ,l\isiana & ,florida4 ,! supply ( longleaf p9e has rapidly decreas$ dur+ ! pa/ tw5ty ye>s1 & ?\gh ! end is n yet at h&1 x is approa*+4 ,"y trees are n com+ on to take ! place ( ^? cut = lumb]4 ,!y gr[ sl[ly at be/1 & a new =e/ c\ld n be produc$ 9 less ?an a hundr$ ye>s4 ,bo? protection & c>e h be5 lack+4 ,fire usually kills se$l+s 9 _! fir/ or second ye>4 ,! result is t _m ext5sive tracts :]e longleaf p9e once grew 9 abundance h few "y & sc>cely any old trees n[4 ,z f> z c be =ese51 ?is valuable timb] w rea* its end :5 exi/+ /&s h be5 cut4 ,,cuban ,,p9e 7,p9us het]ophylla74 ,! ,cuban p9e has sev]al local names2 sla% p9e 9 ,georgia1 ,florida1 ,alabama1 & ,mississippi2 swamp p9e 9 ,florida1 ,alabama1 & ,mississippi2 mead[ p9e 9 ,florida & ,mississippi2 pit* p9e 9 ,florida2 & spruce p9e 9 ,alabama4 ,its range is conf9$ to ! coa/ region f ,s\? ,c>ol9a to ,l\isiana1 f sixty to "o hundr$ miles inl&4 ,x is ! only p9e 9 ! extreme s\? ( ,florida4 ,! wood is heavy1 h>d1 v /rong1 t\gh1 compact1 durable1 res9\s1 ! res9 passages few b conspicu\s1 ri* d>k orange color1 ! sapwood (t5 ne>ly :ite4 ,! annual r+ is usually m ?an half d>k color$ summ]wood4 ,! ,cuban p9e gr[s rapidly1 quickly appropriates vacant gr\nd1 & ! species is spread+4 ,its ne$les1 f eight to twelve in*es long1 fall ! second ye>4 ,! wood possesses ne>ly ! /r5g?1 h>dness1 & /iffness ( longleaf p9e1 & ! trunks are z l>ge4 ,! two woods :i* are s simil> 9 o!r respects diff] 9 figure1 ow+ to ! wid] annual r+s ( ! ,cuban p9e4 ,! sapwood ( ! latt] species greatly exce$s 9 ?ickness t ( longleaf p9e4 ,= t reason x is (t5 mi/ak5 = loblolly p9e4 ,cuban p9e nev] goes to m>ket "u its own "n1 b is mix$ ) & passes = "o ( ! o!r s\!rn yell[ p9es4 ,,s& ,,p9e 7,p9us clausa74 ,?is tree is g5]ally tw5ty or ?irty feet high1 & eight or twelve in*es 9 diamet]4 ,"u favorable conditions x atta9s a height ( sixty or eighty feet & a diamet] ( two4 ,! leaves are two or ?ree in*es long1 & fall ! ?ird & f\r? ye>s4 ,its range is almo/ :olly 9 ,florida b ext5ds a little ov] ! nor!rn bord]4 ,x gr[s z f> s\? z ,tampa on ! we/ coa/1 & ne>ly to ,miami on ! ea/4 ,x is n mu* cut = lumb] because ( its small size & g5]ally %ort1 limby trunk4 ,9 a few localities %apely boles are develop$1 & s]viceable lumb] is made4 ,x is a poor-l& tree1 z its "n implies4 ,! cones adh]e to ! bran*es _m ye>s1 & may be p>tly enclos$ 9 ! gr[+ wood4 ,illu/ration ,,%ortleaf ,,p9e ,illu/ration3 ,,%ortleaf ,,p9e ,,%ortleaf ,,p9e 7,p9us ,e*9ata7 ,9 ! m>kets ! lumb] ( ?is species is kn[n z yell[ p9e1 s\!rn yell[ p9e1 & sap p9e1 & 9 "s localities ! t]m %ortleaf is us$4 ,! latt] is descriptive1 & c be easily und]/ood :5 ref]5ce is made to ! liv+ tree1 because its %ort ne$les di/+ui% x f its associates 9 ! p9e =e/2 b 9 speak+ ( lumb] only1 ! ref]5ce to ! leaves has less mean+1 p>ticul>ly to "o :o is n acqua9t$ ) ! tree's appe>ance4 ,its wood s closely resembles t ( ,cuban & loblolly p9e t !y are n easily di/+ui%$ by sight alone4 ,9 ! ,ea/ ! "n ,c>ol9a p9e or ,nor? ,c>ol9a p9e is mu* us$1 b x is n (t5 he>d we/ ( ! ,allegh5y m\nta9s4 ,ref]r+ to ! mann] & locality ( its gr[? x is call$ sla% p9e 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a & ,virg9ia1 old-field p9e 9 ,alabama & ,mississippi1 & poor-field p9e 9 ,florida4 ,its t5d5cy to take possession ( ab&on$ gr\nd has giv5 x ^! names4 ,x is occasionally call$ pit* p9e 9 ,miss\ri4 ,t "n w\ld n di/+ui% x 9 mo/ p>ts ( ! ,s\? :]e sev]al species ( pit* p9e gr[4 ,9 "s regions x is kn[n z spruce p9e1 b ! "n is n bas$ on any *>act]i/ic ( ! liv+ tree or ( its wood4 ,9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a & ,alabama1 & 9 lit]ature1 x is sometimes kn[n z rosem>y p9e1 b t "n applies r to f9e timb] cut f any s\!rn yell[ p9e1 ?an to ?is species 9 p>ticul>4 ,9 ,delaw>e x is kn[n z %ort%at & 9 ,virg9ia z bull p9e4 ,to ^? :o are famili> ) ! tree's appe>ance1 ! "n %ortleaf p9e is mo/ accurate 9 def9ition4 ,! comm]cial range ( %ortleaf p9e has contract$ to a consid]able ext5t s9ce ! settlem5t ( ! c\ntry4 ,x once grew z f> nor? z ,albany1 ,new ,york1 & f fifty to a hundr$ ye>s ago x 0 lumb]$ 9 ,p5nsylvania1 ,m>yl&1 & ,we/ ,virg9ia 9 regions :]e x has n[ ceas$ to exi/1 or is f\nd only z scatt]$ trees4 ,its geographical range is n[ usually giv5 f ,new ,york to ,florida1 we/ to ,miss\ri & ,oklahoma & nor!a/]n ,texas4 ,x is important 9 lumb] op]ations 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a & s\?w>d1 & we/w>d to ! limits ( its range4 ,! tree rea*es its l>ge/ size & atta9s its f9e/ /&s we/ ( ! ,mississippi riv]4 ,9 av]age size x exce$s longleaf p9e4 ,x may rea* a height above #ajj feet & a trunk diamet] ( ?ree or f\r4 ,squ>$ timb]s ( l>ge size 7 =m]ly export$ f ,virg9ia & ,nor? ,c>ol9a4 ,simil> sizes _c n[ be procur$ !re4 ,%ortleaf p9e v>ies greatly 9 ! quality & am\nt ( sapwood4 ,x is normally a ?ick sap tree1 b midway betwe5 loblolly & longleaf4 ,! "y tree increases rapidly 9 size until x is f six to t5 in*es 9 diamet]1 & ! ye>ly r+s are wide4 ,! rate ( gr[? !n decreases & dur+ ! re/ ( its life ! r+s are n>r[4 ,?is feature is (t5 ( assi/ance 9 id5tify+ s\!rn yell[ p9e logs or l>ge timb]s :i* conta9 ! he>t & also ! sap4 ,wide r+s ne> ! he>t1 foll[$ by n>r[ ones1 & a ?ick sapwood are pretty good evid5ce t ! timb]--if a s\!rn yell[ p9e--is %ortleaf p9e4 ,! rule is n absolute2 = a high au?ority on timb] has said t no infallible rule c be laid d[n = di/+ui%+ by sight alone ! woods ( ! f\r s\!rn yell[ p9es--longleaf1 %ortleaf1 ,cuban1 & loblolly4 ,! wood ( %ortleaf p9e is /rong1 heavy1 h>d1 & compact2 v res9\s1 res9 passages l>ge & num]\s2 m$ull>y rays num]\s1 conspicu\s2 color1 orange1 ! sapwood ne>ly :ite4 ,! ?or\ghly season$ wood weighs ?irty-eight p\nds p] cubic foot4 ,x is ab\t five p\nds heavi] ?an loblolly p9e1 five p\nds light] ?an longleaf1 & ne>ly n9e p\nds light] ?an ,cuban p9e4 ,!re is s great a v>iation 9 weight ( %ortleaf p9e t only g5]al av]ages h value4 ,%ortleaf p9e is n z /rong z longleaf1 & is n s ext5sively employ$ 9 heavy /ructural "w1 b 9 c]ta9 o!r l9es x has ! advantage ( longleaf4 ,x is s(t]1 & door & sa% mak]s l x bett]4 ,x is easi] to "w1 & :5 manufactur$ into doors & int]ior f9i% _m consid] x sup]ior to longleaf4 ,! wide r+s ( annual gr[? 9 ! he>twood %[ f9e contra/ 9 color1 & :5 ^! are develop$ by /a9s & fill]s1 ! gra9 or figure ( ! wood is v pleas+4 ,:]e h>dness is n an ess5tial1 x is mu* us$ = floors4 ,x is 9 great dem& by build]s ( freight c>s1 b less = frames & heavy beams ?an = sid+ & deck+4 ,c> build]s 9 ,ill9ois b\ght #gg1jjj1jjj feet ( x 9 #aiji4 ,t 0 ne>ly half ( ! entire quantity ( ?is wood us$ 9 ! /ate4 ,! second l>ge/ us]s 9 ,ill9ois 7 manufactur]s ( sa%1 doors1 bl9ds1 & g5]al millwork4 ,if ! :ole c\ntry is consid]$1 ?is is probably ! l>ge/ use ( ! wood4 ,mak]s ( boxes & crates 9 ! ,s\? employ l>ge quantities4 ,! depletion ( %ortleaf =e/s has progress$ rapidly1 b 9 ! abs5ce ( reliable /ati/ics x is impossible to give figures by decades or ye>s4 ,9 #ahhj an e/imate plac$ ! am\nt we/ ( ! ,mississippi at #ie1jjj1jjj1jjj feet4 ,t 0 probably less ?an half ( ! c\ntry's supply at t "t4 ,9 #aiaa ! ,commission] ( ,corporations e/imat$ t ! comb9$ rema9+ /& ( loblolly & %ortleaf p9e 9 ! ,s\? 0 #aeb1jjj1jjj1jjj feet4 ,x is d\btful if half ( x 0 %ortleaf4 ,9 t case1 !re 0 less %ortleaf p9e 9 ! entire ,s\? 9 #aiaa ?an !re 0 we/ ( ! ,mississippi riv] ?irty ye>s be=e4 ,rapid decrease 9 total /& ( a species does n necess>ily imply exhau/ion4 ,! cut w fall (f z sc>city p9*es4 ,9 ! case ( %ortleaf p9e1 an influ5ce is active :i* w br+ good results 9 ! future4 ,?is p9e reproduces ) vigor4 ,its small triangul> se$s are equipp$ ) w+s :i* c>ry !m into vacant areas :]e !y quickly g]m9ate if !y fall on m9]al soil4 ,! se$l+ trees suff] mu* f fire1 b _! p[] ( resi/ance is fairly good1 & d5se new gr[? is com+ on 9 _m localities4 ,a good _m ye>s are requir$ to br+ a se$l+ to maturity1 b x w rea* sawlog size sometime1 & !re is no "q b t ! m>ket w welcome x4 ,! %ortleaf p9e is peculi> among ea/]n s(twoods 9 "o respect4 ,/umps w spr\t4 ,t occurs (t5] we/ ( ! ,mississippi ?an ea/4 ,h[ev]1 ! tree's ability to s5d up spr\ts f ! /ump is ( little practical value1 s9ce ! spr\ts seldom or nev] develop into m]*antable trees4 ,9 t respect x diff]s f ! o!r well-kn[n spr\t+ s(twood ( ?is c\ntry1 ! ,cali=nia r$wood1 ^: num]\s spr\ts gr[ into l>ge trunks4 ,,spruce ,,p9e 7,p9us glabra74 ,?is is "o ( ! s(te/ & ! :ite/ ( ! h>d p9es ( ?is c\ntry4 ,no?+ b its sc>city /&s 9 ! way ( its becom+ an important timb] tree4 ,! be/ ( x is a satisfactory sub/itute = :ite p9e 9 ! manufacture ( doors4 ,x gr[s rapidly1 & ! wide r+s conta9 a high p]c5tage ( light color$ spr+wood1 ?\gh !re is en\gh summ]wood ( d>k] color to give ! dress$ lumb] a "*4 ,x weighs ab\t ! same z nor!rn :ite p9e1 b is weak]4 ,9 ,s\? ,c>ol9a & ,florida x is call$ :ite p9e1 b ! "n spruce is m g5]al4 ,x is kn[n also z k+/ree1 poor p9e1 ,walt]'s p9e1 & l[l& spruce p9e4 ,its range is re/rict$ to s\!rn ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 nor!rn ,florida & s\!rn ,alabama & ,mississippi1 & nor!a/]n ,l\isiana4 ,its leaves are f "o & a half to ?ree in*es 9 l5g?1 gr[ two 9 a bundle1 & fall ! second & ?ird ye>s4 ,l>ge & well-=m$ trunks atta9 a height ( f eighty to #ajj feet & a diamet] f two to ne>ly ?ree4 ,x rea*es its be/ developm5t 9 nor?we/]n ,florida1 & its light1 symmetrical trunks h long be5 9 use !re z ma/s = small vessels4 ,x is too sc>ce to attract mu* att5tion f lumb]m51 b !y are well acqua9t$ ) its good qualities1 & "s ( !m take pa9s to keep ! lumb] sep>ate f associat$ p9es1 & sell x to manufactur]s ( doors & int]ior f9i%4 ,! b>k be>s consid]able resemblance to spruce1 :i* probably acc\nts = ! "n ( ! tree4 ,,table ,,m\nta9 ,,p9e 7,p9us pung5s74 ,! ,fr5* botani/1 ,mi*aux ! y\ng]1 has be5 criticiz$ = ! /atem5t :i* he made m ?an a hundr$ ye>s ago t ?is species 0 conf9$ to a c]ta9 flat-topp$ m\nta9 9 ! s\!rn ,appala*ian ranges1 & he call$ x table m\nta9 p9e4 ,x lack$ mu* ( be+ conf9$ )9 ! n>r[ limits :]e x 0 discov]$4 ,x gr[s 9 ,new ,j]sey1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,m>yl&1 ,di/rict ( ,columbia1 ,virg9ia1 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,k5tucky1 ,t5nessee1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 & ,georgia4 ,its o!r names are prickly p9e1 hickory p9e1 & s\!rn m\nta9 p9e4 ,x supplies timb] 9 all p>ts ( its range1 b1 except 9 v re/rict$ localities1 x is n abundant4 ,! lumb] 9 ! m>ket is seldom di/+ui%$ f o!r p9es1 b "s ( ! ,t5nessee mills sell x sep>ately to local cu/om]s4 ,! wood is m$ium light1 r /rong 7ab\t l ,p9us rigida1 or pit* p9e1 :i* x resembles 9 o!r respects71 is less /iff ?an :ite p9e1 & is res9\s4 ,! ?ick sapwood is ne>ly :ite1 ! he>twood br[n4 ,x is n a durable timb] 9 contact ) ! gr\nd4 ,its fuel value is l[4 ,its ne$les gr[ 9 clu/]s ( two1 & are g5]ally less ?an two in*es long4 ,! cones :i* are 9 clu/]s ( f ?ree to eight1 & f two to ?ree & a half in*es long1 are arm$ ) /\t1 curv$ hooks4 ,! cones %$ _! se$s irregul>ly dur+ two or ?ree ye>s1 & sometimes hang on ! trees = tw5ty ye>s4 ,9 op5 gr\nd ?is p9e occasionally produces f]tile se$s :5 only a few feet high4 ,its =e/ =m & op5-gr\nd =m are q diff]5t4 ,9 ?ick woods ! tree is tall1 ) good bole1 b 9 op5 gr\nd x is only tw5ty or ?irty feet high1 & is cov]$ ) limbs almo/ to ! gr\nd4 ,illu/ration ,,loblolly ,,p9e ,illu/ration3 ,,loblolly ,,p9e ,,loblolly ,,p9e 7,p9us ,tda7 ,few trees h m names ?an ?is4 ,! names1 h[ev]1 may be sep>at$ into gr\ps1 "o gr\p ref]r+ to ! foliage1 ano!r to ! situations 9 :i* ! tree gr[s1 & a ?ird to c]ta9 *>act]s or uses ( ! wood4 ,names descriptive ( ! leaves are longs*at p9e1 long%ucks p9e1 %ortleaf p9e1 foxtail p9e1 & long/raw p9e4 ,! names :i* ref] to locality or situation are loblolly p9e1 old-field p9e1 sla% p9e1 black sla% p9e1 ,virg9ia p9e1 mead[ p9e & swamp p9e4 ,names :i* ref] to ! "* ( ! wood or ( ! /&+ tree are tor* p9e1 rosem>y p9e1 frank9c5se p9e1 corn/alk p9e1 spruce p9e1 & yell[ p9e4 ,n "o ( ^! names is appli$ to ! tree 9 its entire range1 & x has sev]al names o!r ?an ^? li/$4 ,sap p9e is widely appli$ to ! lumb]1 because ! tree's sapwood is v ?ick1 sometimes am\nt+ to eighty p] c5t ( a trunk4 ,x has borne ! "n old-field p9e = a hundr$ & fifty ye>s 9 ,virg9ia1 & ! "n sugge/s a good deal ( hi/ory4 ,"s ( ! improvid5t e>ly ,virg9ia tobacco gr[]s neglect$ to f]tilize _! fields1 & ! l& wore out "u con/ant cropp+1 & 0 ab&on$4 ,! p9e quickly took possession1 = ! fields :i* 7 too f> exhau/$ to produce tobacco or corn 7 amply able to gr[ d5se /&s ( loblolly p9e1 & ! f>m]s notic+ ?is1 call$ x old-field p9e4 ,x has be5 tak+ possession ( ab&on$ fields 9 ,virg9ia & ,nor? ,c>ol9a ev] s9ce1 & ! "n /ill applies4 ,! tree gr[s f ,new ,j]sey to ,florida1 we/ to ,texas1 nor? to ,oklahoma1 ,t5nessee1 & ,we/ ,virg9ia1 b x does n cov] ! :ole t]ritory ?us outl9$4 ,x is v sc>ce ne> its nor!rn limit4 ,!re is evid5ce t ! range ( loblolly has ext5d$ 9 hi/oric times1 n into new or di/ant regions1 b outside ! bord]s :i* once m>k$ its range4 ,s9ce :ite m5 9 ,texas /opp$ ! ,indians' grass fires1 ! p9e has encroa*$ ^u ! prairie4 ,e>ly writ]s 9 ,virg9ia & ,nor? ,c>ol9a spoke ( p9e z sc>ce or totally want+1 except on ! imm$iate coa/4 ,x is n[ f\nd f "o hundr$ to two hundr$ miles inl&1 & _m sawmills n[ cut logs :i* h gr[n 9 fields ab&on$ s9ce ! ,revolution>y w>4 ,?is has occurr$ on ! ,atlantic coa/ r ?an we/ ( ! ,appala*ian ranges ( m\nta9s4 ,virg9ia has m sawmills ?an any o!r /ate1 & _m ( !m are work+ on loblolly p9e :i* has gr[n 9 ! la/ hundr$ ye>s4 ,! tree be>s se$s abundantly & scatt]s !m widely4 ,x is vigor\s1 gr[s ) great rapidity1 & is able to fight its way if x f9ds conditions 9 any way favorable4 ,turp5t9e op]ators h n f\nd ! work+ ( loblolly p9e pr(itable1 & ?is has reliev$ x ( a dra9 :i* has done mu* to deplete ! s\!rn =e/s ( longleaf p9e4 ,loblolly's leaves are f six to n9e in*es long1 & fall ! ?ird ye>4 ,?is species1 9 common ) o!r s\!rn yell[ p9es1 is dispos$ to gr[ tall1 cle> trunks1 ) a meag] supply ( limbs & foliage at ! top4 ,! lumb] saw$ f trunks ( t k9d is cle> ( knots4 ,no o!r important =e/ tree ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates comes z ne>ly be+ a cultivat$ tree z ! loblolly p9e4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly true 9 ! nor!a/]n "p ( its range1 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,virg9ia1 & ,m>yl&4 ,?\gh nature has done ! actual plant+1 m5 provid$ ! se$ b$s by giv+ up old fields to t use2 & _m ( ! /&s are z ?ick & ev5 z if !y _h be5 plant$ & c>$ = by regul> =e/ry me?ods4 ,trees are f eighty to "o hundr$ feet tall1 & f two to f\r 9 diamet]1 "s v old ones be+ a little l>g]4 ,! annual r+s ( loblolly p9e are broad1 ) good contra/ betwe5 ! spr+ & summ] gr[?4 ,! wood is light1 n /rong1 brittle1 n durable1 v res9\s1 ! res9 passages are few & n conspicu\s2 m$ull>y rays are num]\s & obscure2 color1 light br[n1 ! ?ick sapwood orange or ne>ly :ite4 ,:5 ?is tree is ( sl[ gr[? x is light]1 less res9\s1 & has ?9n] sapwood4 ,x is sometimes kn[n z rosem>y p9e4 ,! use ( loblolly p9e lumb] 0 greatly /imulat$ :5 ! cu/om ( dry+ x 9 kilns became g5]al4 ,x is l>gely sapwood & dries sl[ly 9 air4 ,its m>ket is f\nd 9 all ea/]n & c5tral p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & x is export$ to ,europe & ,c5tral & ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,x is a sub/antial mat]ial = _m common purposes & its use is v l>ge on ! ,atlantic coa/4 ,9 quantity x exce$s any o!r species 9 ! wood-us+ indu/ries ( ,m>yl&1 & all o!rs comb9$ 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a4 ,x is n z (t5 employ$ 9 heavy /ructural timb]s z longleaf p9e1 b 9 ! m>ket ( :i* ,baltimore is ! c5t]1 mu* use is made ( x = t purpose4 ,x is t5 p\nds a cubic foot light] ?an longleaf1 has ab\t ?ree-f\r?s ( ! /r5g?1 & ne>ly f\r-fif?s ( longleaf's ela/icity4 ,x is ?us se5 to be consid]ably inf]ior to x z a /ructural timb] :]e heavy loads mu/ be su/a9$2 b build]s use x = _m purposes 9 pref]5ce to or on an equality ) longleaf4 ,x is f9e = int]ior f9i% & doors4 ,railroads employ l>ge quantities 9 build+ freight c>s1 mu* = cros/ies1 & bridge build]s f9d _m places = x4 ,x is n a long la/+ wood :5 expos$ to wea!r1 unless x has be5 treat$ ) creosote to pres]ve x f decay4 ,x is "o ( ! mo/ easily treat$ woods4 ,9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a & ,virg9ia loblolly tobacco hog%eads are common2 & box factories )9 easy rea* ( x use mu*4 ,a li/ ( its uses1 compil$ f reports ( factory op]ations 9 ,m>yl&1 w give an idea ( ! range x cov]s3 ,basket bottoms1 be] bottle boxes1 boats1 c>t bodies1 crates1 floor+1 frames = doors & w9d[s1 fruit boxes1 int]ior f9i%1 nail kegs1 oy/] boxes1 seats = boats1 sid+ = h\ses1 /aves = slack coop]age1 /ore fixtures1 wagon b$s1 balu/]s1 brackets1 *iffoni]s1 mantels1 mold+1 picture frames1 /air rail+1 sa%1 scrollwork1 sidebo>ds1 tables4 ,! am\nt ( loblolly p9e timb] 9 ?is c\ntry is n kn[n4 ,no o!r important species comes s ne> gr[+ z mu* z is cut f ye> to ye>4 ,x cov]s #bjj1jjj squ>e miles ) /&s rang+ f little or no?+ 9 "s p>ts to #bj1jjj feet p] acre 9 o!rs1 or m 9 exceptional cases4 ,! area ( fully /ock$ loblolly p9e is believ$ to be z l>ge n[ z x ev] 04 ,be=e ! ,civil w> x 0 pr$ict$ t its p]iod ( greate/ production 0 ov]2 b l>ge tracts are n[ be+ logg$ on :i* ! p9e se$s _h n be5 s[n 9 #ahfj4 ,,pond ,,p9e 7,p9us s]ot9a74 ,s>g5t's table ( weights ( woods %[s ?is to be ! heavie/ p9e ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 b1 z 8 calculations 7 made f a s+le sample :i* grew 9 ,duval c\nty1 ,florida1 fur!r data %\ld be secur$ be=e 8 figures1 #di4e p\nds p] cubic foot1 are accept$ z an av]age weight = ! species4 ,x is rat$ 9 /r5g? ab\t equal to longleaf & ,cuban p9e4 ,its /ructure %[s a l>ge p]c5tage ( d5se summ]wood 9 ! ye>ly r+4 ,! leaves are 9 clu/]s ( ?ree1 r>ely f\r1 & are six or eight in*es long1 & fall 9 _! ?ird & f\r? ye>s4 ,! "n sugge/s t ! cones are tightly clos$1 & t !y adh]e t5aci\sly to ! twigs on :i* !y gr[4 ,?is is f\nd true4 ,! pr9cipal impression made on a p]son :o sees ! pond p9e = ! fir/ "t is t x is ov]load$ ) cones1 & t x mu/ be a prolific se$]4 ,bett] acqua9tance modifies ! latt] "p ( t impression4 ,x is ov]load$ ) cones1 b mo/ ( !m are _m ye>s old1 & h long be5 se$less1 al?\gh mo/ ( ! trees h ! se$ crops ( two ye>s on ! bran*es at "o "t4 ,en\gh se$ is %$ to p]petuate ! species1 b too little to insure an aggressive spread into surr\nd+ vacant gr\nd4 ,! pond p9e may rea* a diamet] ( ?ree feet & a height ( eighty1 b t is twice ! av]age size4 ,! wood is v res9\s1 & is brittle4 ,,scrub ,,p9e 7,p9us virg9iana74 ,?is tree is (t5 call$ ,j]sey p9e because x is a prom95t feature ( ! l&scapes 9 ! s\!rn "p ( t /ate :]e x has spread ext5sively s9ce ! settlem5t ( ! c\ntry4 ,its %ort ne$les h be5 responsible = sev]al ( its names1 among !m be+ %ort%uck p9e 9 ,m>yl& & ,virg9ia1 %ort%at p9e 9 ,delaw>e1 %ortleav$ p9e 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 & spruce p9e & c$> p9e 9 "s p>ts ( ! ,s\?4 ,9 ,t5nessee x is kn[n z nigg] p9e1 & 9 "s p>ts ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a z riv] p9e4 ,! range is fairly well outl9$ by ! above discussion ( its names4 ,x gr[s f ,new ,york to ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 & we/ ( ! m\nta9s x is f\nd 9 nor!rn ,alabama & middle ,t5nessee1 9 ,k5tucky & ,we/ ,virg9ia4 ,x rea*es its l>ge/ size 9 s\!rn ,indiana :]e x is sometimes #ajj feet high & ?ree 9 diamet]4 ,x is !re a valuable tree = _m purposes1 b is n abundant4 ,its av]age size is small 9 ! ea/]n /ates1 usually n ov] fifty feet high1 & (t5 little m ?an half ( t4 ,few trunks ea/ ( ! ,allegh5y m\nta9s are m ?an eighte5 in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! "n scrub p9e is an index to ! op9ions held by mo/ p reg>d+ ?is tree4 ,x is (t5 consid]$ an encumbrance r ?an an asset2 yet /ati/ics ( wood-us+ indu/ries h>dly ju/ify t view4 ,millions ( feet ( x are employ$ annually 9 ea* ( ! /ates ( ,new ,j]sey1 ,m>yl&1 ,virg9ia1 & ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 = boxes1 slack coop]age1 & common lumb]4 ,! wood is mod]ately /rong1 b is n /iff4 ,x is m$ium light1 s(t1 brittle1 ) summ]wood n>r[ & v res9\s4 ,its color is light orange or yell[1 ! ?ick sapwood ivory :ite4 ,! ne$les are f "o & a half to ?ree in*es long1 & fall 9 ! ?ird & f\r? ye>s4 ,cones are two or ?ree in*es long1 & scatt] _! se$s 9 autumn4 ,! w+s are too small to c>ry ! se$s f>1 yet ! tree succe$s 9 quickly spread+ into surr\nd+ vacant spaces4 ,cones adh]e to ! bran*es ?ree or f\r ye>s4 ,t> mak]s & *>coal burn]s utiliz$ scrub p9e 9 ,new ,j]sey1 nor!a/]n ,m>yl& & s\!a/]n ,p5nsylvania a c5tury & a half ago4 ,! tree seems to be z abundant n[ z x ev] 04 ,unless x occupies v poor l&--:i* x g5]ally does--! gr[? is liable to be suppress$ & cr[d$ to dea? by broadleaf trees be=e ! /&s become v old4 ,z a species1 x is weak 9 self-def5se1 & x owes its survival to its habit ( retreat+ to poor soils :]e enemies _c foll[4 ,x may be said ( x z ! ,roman hi/orian ,tacitus said ( c]ta9 m53 8,! c[>ds fly ! f>!/1 & are ! longe/ survivors40 ,illu/ration ,,norway ,,p9e ,illu/ration3 ,,norway ,,p9e ,,norway ,,p9e 7,p9us ,res9osa7 ,e>ly explor]s :o 7 n botani/s mi/ook ?is tree = ,norway spruce1 & gave x ! "n :i* has s9ce rema9$ 9 ne>ly all p>ts ( its range4 ,x is call$ r$ p9e also1 & ?is "n is /rictly descriptive4 ,! br[n or r$ color ( ! b>k is in/antly notic$ by "o :o sees ! tree = ! fir/ "t4 ,9 ! ,lake ,/ates x has be5 call$ h>d p9e = ! purpose ( di/+ui%+ x f ! s(t] :ite p9e ) :i* x is associat$4 ,9 ,engl& !y call x ,canadian r$ p9e1 because ! pr9cipal supply 9 ,engl& is import$ f ! ,canadian prov9ces4 ,its *ief range lies 9 ! dra9age bas9 ( ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce riv]1 :i* includes ! ,great ,lakes & ! riv]s :i* fl[ into !m4 ,newf\ndl& =ms ! ea/]n & ,manitoba ! we/]n outpo/s ( ?is species4 ,x is f\nd z f> s\? z ,massa*usetts1 ,p5nsylvania1 nor!rn ,ohio1 c5tral ,mi*igan1 ,wiscons91 & ,m9nesota4 ,x con=ms pretty g5]ally to ! range ( :ite p9e b does n accompany t species s\?w>d along ! ,appala*ian m\nta9 ranges across ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,virg9ia1 ,k5tucky1 & ,t5nessee4 ,:]e x 0 left to compete 9 nature's way ) :ite p9e1 ! conte/ 0 fri5dly1 b :ite p9e got ! be/ ( x4 ,! two species grew 9 int]mixture1 b 9 mo/ in/ances :ite p9e _h f five to tw5ty trees to ,norway's "o4 ,z a survivor "u adv]sity1 h[ev]1 ! ,norway p9e appe>s to surpass its great fri5dly rival1 at lea/ 9 ! ,lake ,/ates :]e ! great p9]ies once fl\ri%$ & h l>gely pass$ away4 ,solit>y or small clumps ( ,norway p9es are occasionally f\nd :]e n a :ite p9e1 l>ge or small1 is 9 sight4 ,! =e/ appe>ance ( ,norway p9e resembles ! s\!rn yell[ p9es4 ,! /& is op51 ! trunks are clean & tall1 ! bran*es are at ! top4 ,! ,norway's leaves are 9 clu/]s ( two1 & are five or six in*es long4 ,!y fall dur+ ! f\r? or fif? ye>4 ,cones are two in*es long1 & :5 mature1 closely resemble ! color ( ! tree's b>k1 t is1 light *e/nut br[n4 ,exceptionally tall ,norway p9es may rea* a height ( #aej feet1 b ! av]age is sev5ty or eighty1 ) diamet]s ( f two to f\r4 ,"y trees are limby1 b e>ly 9 life ! l[] bran*es die & fall1 leav+ few protrud+ /ubs or knots4 ,x appe>s to be a *>act]i/ic t trunks are seldom q /raight4 ,!y d n h ! plumb appe>ance ( =e/ gr[n :ite p9e & spruce4 ,! wood ( ,norway p9e is m$ium light1 its /r5g? & /iffness ab\t tw5ty-five p] c5t great] ?an :ite p9e1 & x is mod]ately s(t4 ,! annual r+s are r wide1 indicat+ rapid gr[?4 ,! b&s ( summ]wood are n>r[ comp>$ ) ! spr+wood1 :i* gives a g5]ally light color to ! wood1 ?\gh n z light z ! wood ( :ite p9e4 ,! res9 passages are small & fairly num]\s4 ,! sapwood is ?ick1 & ! wood is n durable 9 contact ) ! soil4 ,norway p9e has always _h a place ( its own 9 ! lumb] trade1 b l>ge quantities h be5 m>ket$ z :ite p9e4 ,if su* _h n be5 ! case1 ,norway p9e w\ld h be5 mu* (t5] he>d ( dur+ ! ye>s :5 ! ,lake ,/ate p9]ies 7 s5d+ _! billions ( feet ( lumb] to ! m>kets ( ! _w4 ,because ( ! deposit ( res9\s mat]ials 9 ! wood1 ,norway p9e /umps resi/ decay mu* bett] ?an :ite p9e4 ,9 "s ( ! e>ly cutt+s 9 ,mi*igan1 :]e only /umps rema9 to %[ h[ l>ge ! trees 7 & h[ ?ick !y /ood1 ! ,norway /umps are mu* bett] pres]v$ ?an ! :ite p9e4 ,us+ t fact z a basis ( e/imate1 x may be %[n t 9 _m places ! ,norway p9e con/itut$ "o-fif? or "o-f\r? ( ! orig9al /&4 ,! lumb]m5 cut clean1 & /ati/ics ( t p]iod d n %[ t ! two p9es 7 g5]ally m>ket$ sep>ately4 ,9 rec5t ye>s _m ( ! ,norway /umps h be5 pull$1 & h be5 sold to wood-di/illation plants :]e ! ros9 & turp5t9e are extract$4 ,at an e>ly date ,norway p9e f ,canada & nor!rn ,new ,york 0 popul> %ip timb] 9 ?is c\ntry & ,engl&4 ,sl5d]1 /raight trunks 7 select$ z ma/s1 or 7 saw$ = deck+ planks ?irty or =ty feet long4 ,%ipbuild]s insi/$ t planks be all he>twood1 because :5 sapwood 0 expos$ to ra9 & sun1 x *ang$ to a gre5 color1 due to ! pres5ce ( fungus4 ,! wood we>s well z %ip deck+4 ,! ,briti% navy 0 /ill us+ "s ,norway p9e ma/s z late z #ahge4 ,! sc>city ( ?is timb] has retir$ x f "s ( ! places :i* x once fill$1 & ! s\!rn yell[ p9es h be5 sub/itut$4 ,x is /ill employ$ = _m important purposes1 ! *ief ( :i* is c> build+1 if /ati/ics = ! /ate ( ,ill9ois are a crit]ion = ! :ole c\ntry4 ,9 #aiji 9 t /ate #bd1gid1jjj feet ( x 7 us$ = all purposes1 & #ad1ghc1jjj feet 9 c> con/ruction4 ,= _m ye>s ,*icago has be5 ! c5t] ( ! ,norway p9e trade4 ,x is l&$ !re by lake /eam]s & by rail1 & is di/ribut$ to ultimate consum]s4 ,! uses = ! wood1 z report$ by ,ill9ois manufactur]s1 foll[3 ,baskets1 boxes1 boats1 brackets1 cas+ & frames = doors & w9d[s1 crat+1 d]ricks = well-bor+ ma*9es1 doors1 elevators1 fixtures = /ores & (fices1 foot or runn+ bo>ds = tank c>s1 f\ndry flasks1 freight c>s1 h& rails1 insulation = refrig]ator c>s1 ladd]s1 picture mold+s1 ro(+1 sa%1 sid+ = cattle c>s1 sign bo>ds & adv]tis+ signs1 tanks1 & w9dmill t[]s4 ,z ) :ite p9e1 ,norway p9e has pass$ ! p]iod ( greate/ production1 ?\gh mu* /ill goes to m>ket e ye> & w long cont9ue to d s4 ,! l& :i* lumb]m5 d5ud$ 9 ! ,lake ,/ates1 p>ticul>ly ,mi*igan & ,wiscons91 ye>s ago1 did n reclo! itself ) ,norway se$l+s4 ,t w\ld h tak5 place 9 mo/ in/ances b = fires :i* ran p]iodically ?r\gh ! sla%+s until all se$l+s 7 de/roy$4 ,9 _m places !re are n[ few se$l+s & few l>ge trees to be> se$s1 & consequ5tly ! p9e =e/ 9 su* places is a ?+ ( ! pa/4 ,! outlook is bett] 9 o!r localities4 ,! ,norway p9e is mu* plant$ = ornam5t1 & is rat$ "o ( ! h&some/ ( nor!rn p>k trees4 ,,pit* ,,p9e 7,p9us rigida74 ,! "n pit* p9e is locally appli$ to almo/ e species ( h>d1 res9\s p9e 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! ,p9us rigida has o!r names ?an pit* p9e4 ,9 ,delaw>e x is call$ longleav$ p9e1 s9ce its ne$les are long] ?an ! scrub p9e's ) :i* x is associat$4 ,= ! same reason x is kn[n 9 "s localities z longs*at p9e4 ,9 ,massa*usetts x is call$ h>d p9e1 9 ,p5nsylvania yell[ p9e1 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a & ea/]n ,t5nessee black p9e1 & black ,norway p9e 9 ,new ,york4 ,! botanical "n is translat$ 8rigid p9e10 b ! rigid ref]s to ! leaves1 n ! wood4 ,its range cov]s ,new ,engl&1 ,new ,york1 ,p5nsylvania1 s\!rn ,canada1 ea/]n ,ohio1 & s\?w>d along ! m\nta9s to nor!rn ,georgia4 ,x has ?ree leaves 9 a clu/]1 f ?ree to five in*es long1 & !y fall ! second ye>4 ,cones range 9 l5g? f "o to ?ree in*es1 & !y hang on ! bran*es t5 or twelve ye>s4 ,! wood is m$ium light1 mod]ately /rong1 b l[ 9 /iffness4 ,x is s(t & brittle4 ,! annual r+s are wide1 ! summ]wood broad1 di/9ct1 & v res9\s4 ,m$ull>y rays are few b prom95t2 color1 light br[n or r$1 ! ?ick sapwood yell[ or (t5 ne>ly :ite4 ,! diff]5ce 9 ! h>dness betwe5 spr+wood & summ]wood r5d]s x difficult to "w1 & causes unev5 we> :5 us$ z floor+4 ,x is fairly durable 9 contact ) ! soil4 ,! tree atta9s a height ( f =ty to eighty feet & a diamet] ( ?ree4 ,?is p9e is n f\nd 9 ext5sive =e/s1 b 9 scatt]$ pat*es1 ne>ly always on poor soil :]e o!r trees w n cr[d x4 ,light & air are necess>y to its exi/5ce4 ,if x receives ^!1 x w fight successfully aga9/ adv]sities :i* w\ld be fatal to _m o!r species4 ,9 resi/ance to =e/ fires1 x is a salam&] among trees4 ,t is prim>ily due to its ?ick b>k1 b x is favor$ also by ! situations 9 :i* x is g5]ally f\nd--op5 woods1 & on soil s poor t gr\nd litt] is ?94 ,x is a useful wood = _m purposes1 & :]ev] x is f\nd 9 suffici5t quantity1 x goes to m>ket1 b "u its own "n only 9 re/rict$ localities4 ,its res9\s knots 7 once us$ 9 place ( c&les 9 fronti] homes4 ,t> made locally f its ri* wood 0 ! pione] wagon]'s axle grease1 & ! ev]-pres5t t> bucket & t> paddle swung f ! re> axle4 ,tor*es made by ty+ spl9t]s 9 bundles answ]$ = lant]ns 9 night travel4 ,x 0 ! be/ p9e = floors 9 "s localities4 ,x is probably us$ m = boxes ?an = any?+ else at pres5t4 ,9 #aiji ,massa*usetts box mak]s b\ght #fjj1jjj feet1 & a little m w5t to ,m>yl& box factories4 ,its poor hold+ p[] on spikes limits its employm5t z railroad ties & 9 %ipbuild+4 ,c>p5t]s & furniture mak]s object to ! num]\s knots4 ,c\ntry blacksmi?s :o repair & make wagons z a side l9e1 f9d x suitable = wagon b$s4 ,x is mu* us$ z fuel :]e x is conv5i5t4 ,,torrey ,,p9e 7,p9us torreyana71 call$ del m> p9e & ,sol$ad p9e1 is an int]e/+ tree f ! fact t its range is s re/rict$ t ! actual numb] ( trees c\ld be easily kn[n to "o :o w\ld take ! tr\ble to c\nt !m4 ,a r l>ge quantity =m]ly occupi$ a small area 9 ,san ,diego c\nty1 ,cali=nia1 b wood*opp]s :o did n appreciate ! fact t !y 7 ext]m9at+ a species ( p9e f ! face ( ! e>?1 cut ne>ly all ( ! trees = fuel4 ,its range cov]$ only a few squ>e miles1 & =tunately "p ( t 0 includ$ 9 ! city limits ( ,san ,diego4 ,an ord9ance 0 pass$ prohibit+ ! cutt+ ( a ,torrey p9e "u heavy p5alty1 & ! tree 0 ?us sav$4 ,a hundr$ & fifty miles (f ! ,san ,diego coa/ a few ,torrey p9es gr[ on ! isl&s ( ,santa ,cruz & ,santa ,rosa1 & ow+ to _! isolat$ situation !y bid fair to escape ! cordwood cutt] = ye>s to come4 ,^? :o h se5 ?is tree on its native hills h admir$ ! gam5ess ( its battle = exi/5ce aga9/ ! elem5ts4 ,/&+ 9 ! full sweep ( ! ocean w9ds1 its /rong1 %ort bran*es sc>cely move1 & all ! agitation is 9 ! ?ick tufts ( ne$les :i* cl+ to ! ends ( ! bran*es4 ,trees expos$ to ! seaw9ds are /unt$1 & are g5]ally less ?an a foot 9 diamet] & ?irty feet high2 b ^? :i* are s =tunate z to occupy %elt]$ valleys are ?ree or f\r times t size4 ,! ne$les are five 9 a clu/]4 ,! cones p]si/ on ! bran*es ?ree or f\r ye>s4 ,! wood is light1 s(t1 mod]ately /rong1 v brittle2 ! r+s ( ye>ly gr[? are broad1 & ! yell[ b&s ( summ]wood occupy ne>ly half4 ,! sapwood is v ?ick & is ne>ly :ite4 ,illu/ration ,,we/]n ,,yell[ ,,p9e ,illu/ration3 ,,we/]n ,,yell[ ,,p9e ,,we/]n ,,yell[ ,,p9e 7,p9us ,pond]osa7 ,! range ( we/]n yell[ p9e cov]s a million squ>e miles4 ,its ea/]n b\nd>y is a l9e drawn f ,s\? ,dakota to we/]n ,texas4 ,! species cov]s mu* ( ! c\ntry betwe5 t l9e & ! ,pacific ocean4 ,x is natural t x %\ld h m names ?an "o 9 a region s ext5sive4 ,x is be/ kn[n z we/]n yell[ p9e1 b lumb]m5 (t5 call x ,cali=nia :ite p9e4 ,! /&+ timb] is frequ5tly designat$ bull p9e1 b t "n is n (t5 giv5 to ! lumb]4 ,:]e !re is no likelihood ( confus+ x ) s\!rn p9es1 x is call$ simply yell[ p9e4 ,! "n heavy-wood$ p9e1 sometimes appli$ to ! lumb] 9 ,engl&1 is mislead+4 ,:5 well season$ x weighs ab\t ?irty p\nds p] cubic foot1 & ord9>ily x w\ld n be class$ heavy4 ,9 ,cali=nia x is call$ heavy p9e1 b t is to di/+ui% x f sug> p9e :i* is consid]ably light]4 ,! color ( its b>k has giv5 x ! "n ,si]ra br[nb>k p9e4 ,! same tree 9 ,montana is call$ black p9e4 ,! tree has develop$ two =ms4 ,"s botani/s h held !re are two species1 b t is n ! g5]al op9ion4 ,9 ! w>m1 damp climate ( ! ,pacific slope ! tree is l>g]1 & some:at diff]5t 9 appe>ance f ! =m 9 ! ,rocky ,m\nta9 region4 ,! same obs]vation holds true ( ,d\glas fir4 ,! wood ( we/]n yell[ p9e is m$ium light1 n /rong1 is l[ 9 ela/icity1 m$ull>y rays prom95t b n num]\s2 res9\s1 color light to r$di%1 ! ?ick sapwood almo/ :ite4 ,! annual r+s are v>iable 9 wid?1 & ! proportionate am\nts ( spr+wood & summ]wood also v>y4 ,x is n durable 9 contact ) ! gr\nd4 ,! wood is easy to "w & "s ( ! be/ ( x resembles :ite p9e1 b z a :ole x is inf]ior to t wood1 ?\gh x is ext5sively employ$ z a sub/itute = x 9 ! manufacture ( doors1 sa%1 & frames4 ,x is d>k] ?an :ite p9e1 h>d]1 heavi]1 /rong]1 almo/ exactly equal 9 /iffness1 b ! annual r+s ( ! two woods d n be> close resemblance4 ,! tree rea*es a height ( f #ajj to #bjj feet1 a diamet] f ?ree to sev54 ,x is occasionally mu* l>g]4 ,its size dep5ds mu* on its habitat4 ,! be/ developm5t occurs on ! ,si]ra ,nevada m\nta9s 9 ,cali=nia & ! be/ wood comes f t region1 ?\gh c]ta9 o!r localities produce high-grade lumb]4 ,we/]n yell[ p9e holds & w long hold an important place 9 ! c\ntry's timb] res\rces4 ,! total /& has be5 e/imat$ at #bge1jjj1jjj1jjj feet1 & is second only to t ( ,d\glas fir1 ?\gh ! comb9$ /& ( ! f\r s\!rn yell[ p9es is ab\t #ajj1jjj1jjj1jjj feet l>g]4 ,x is a vigor\s species1 able to hold its gr\nd "u ord9>y circum/ances4 ,next to inc5se c$> & ! giant sequoias :i* are associat$ ) x 9 ! ,si]ra ,nevada m\nta9s1 x is ! mo/ prolific se$ be>] ( ! we/]n conif]s1 & its se$s are suffici5tly light to insure wide di/ribution4 ,x is ga9+ gr\nd )9 its range by tak+ possession ( vacant areas :i* h be5 b>$ by lumb]+ or fire4 ,9 "s cases x cr[ds to dea? ! m /ately sug> p9e by cutt+ (f its light & moi/ure4 ,x resi/s fire bett] ?an mo/ ( ! =e/ trees ) :i* x is associat$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x suff]s f enemies m ?an its associates d4 ,a beetle 7,d5droctonus pond]os71 de/roys l>ge /&s4 ,9 ! ,black ,hills 9 #aijc its ravages kill$ #fjj1jjj1jjj feet4 ,?is spl5did p9e has run ! gamut ( uses f ! corral pole ( ! fir/ settl] to ! panel$ door turn$ out by ! mod]n factory4 ,x has almo/ an unlimit$ capacity = usefulness4 ,x gr[s 9 dry regions ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s :]e x is practically ! only s\rce ( wood supply2 & x is equally secure 9 its position :]e =e/s are abundant & f9e4 ,x has suppli$ props1 /ulls1 & lagg+ = m9es 9 ne>ly e /ate t\*$ by its range4 ,)\t its ties & o!r timb]s "s ( ! e>ly railroads ?r\gh ! we/]n m\nta9s c\ld sc>cely h be5 built4 ,x has be5 "o ( ! lead+ flume timb]s 9 we/]n lumb] & irrigation developm5t4 ,x f5c$ _m ran*es 9 e>ly times & is /ill do+ s4 ,x is us$ 9 g5]al con/ruction1 & 9 f9i%2 f ! %+le to ! f\ndation sill ( h\ses4 ,x f9ds its way to ea/]n lumb] m>kets4 ,almo/ #bj1jjj1jjj feet a ye> are us$ 9 ,ill9ois alone4 ,competition ) ea/]n :ite p9e is met 9 ! ,lake ,/ates because1 grade = grade1 ! we/]n wood is *eap]1 until l[] grades are rea*$4 ,! we/]n yell[ p9e1 9 ! ea/]n m>ket1 is confus$ ) ! we/]n :ite p9e ( ,idaho & ,montana 7,p9us monticola7 & sep>ate /ati/ics ( use are impossible4 ,! mak]s ( fruit boxes 9 ,cali=nia (t5 employ ! yell[ p9e 9 lieu ( sug> p9e :i* once suppli$ ! :ole trade4 ,x is also us$ by coop]s = v>i\s conta9]s1 b n = alcoholic liquors4 ,! leaves are 9 clu/]s ( twos & ?rees1 & are f five to elev5 in*es long4 ,mo/ ( !m fall dur+ ! ?ird ye>4 ,! cones are f ?ree to six in*es long1 & g5]ally fall soon aft] !y rea* maturity4 ,,c\lt] ,,p9e 7,p9us c\lt]i7 is also kn[n z nut p9e1 big cone p9e1 & long cone p9e4 ,x is a ,cali=nia species1 sc>ce1 b ( mu* int]e/ because ( its cones4 ,!y are l>g] ?an ^? ( any o!r ,am]ican p9e & are arm$ ) =midable curv$ sp9es f half an in* to an in* & a half 9 l5g?4 ,! cones are f t5 to f\rte5 in*es long4 ,! tree is f\nd on ! ,coa/ ,range m\nta9s f ! latitude ( ,san ,francisco to ! b\nd>y betwe5 ,cali=nia & ,mexico4 ,x ?rives at altitudes ( f #c1jjj to #f1jjj feet4 ,x nev] occurs 9 pure /&s & ! total am\nt is small4 ,x looks l ! we/]n yell[ p9e1 b is mu* inf]ior 9 size4 ,trunks seldom atta9 a l5g? ( fifte5 feet or a diamet] ( two4 ,!re is no evid5ce t ,c\lt] p9e is increas+ its /& on ! gr\nd :i* x already occupies1 or spread+ to new gr\nd4 ,! wood is light1 s(t1 mod]ately /rong1 & v t\gh4 ,! annual r+s are n>r[ & consi/ l>gely ( summ]wood4 ,! he>twood is light r$1 ! ?ick sapwood ne>ly :ite4 ,x is a poor tree = lumb]1 & x has be5 little us$ 9 t way1 b has be5 burn$ = *>coal = blacksmi? %ops1 & mu* is sold z cordwood4 ,! leaves ( ,c\lt] p9e are 9 clu/]s ( ?ree1 & !y fall dur+ ! ?ird & f\r? ye>s4 ,,cali=nia ,,swamp ,,p9e 7,p9us muricata7 cle>ly belongs among m9or species li/$ z timb] trees4 ,x meets a small dem& = skids1 corduroy log roads1 bridge floors1 & scaffolds 9 ! r$wood logg+ op]ations 9 ,cali=nia4 ,x is scatt]$ along ! ,pacific coa/ #ejj miles1 beg9n+ 9 ,l[] ,cali=nia & end+ a hundr$ miles nor? ( ,san ,francisco4 ,x is kn[n z dw>f m>9e p9e1 pricklecone p9e1 bi%op p9e1 & obispo p9e4 ,! la/ "n is ! ,spani% translation ( ! ,engli% ^w bi%op4 ,! l>ge/ trees seldom exce$ two feet 9 diamet]1 & a height ( n9ety feet4 ,! av]age size is little m ?an half z mu*4 ,! wood is v /rong1 h>d1 & compact1 & ! annual gr[? r+ is l>gely d5se summ]wood4 ,res9 passages are few1 b ! wood is res9\s1 light br[n 9 color1 & ! ?ick sapwood is ne>ly :ite4 ,! ne$les are 9 clu/]s ( two1 & are f f\r to six in*es long4 ,!y beg9 to fall ! second ye>4 ,"s ( ! trees reta9 _! cones until dea?1 b ! se$s are scatt]$ f ye> to ye>4 ,"u ! /imulus ( artificial conditions 9 ! r$wood di/ricts ?is p9e seems to be spread+4 ,its se$s bl[ into vacant gr\nd f :i* r$wood has be5 remov$1 & gr[? is prompt4 ,! se$l+s are n at all *oice z to soil1 b take root 9 cold clay1 9 peat bogs1 on b>r5 s& & gravel1 & on w9d-swept ridges expos$ to ocean fogs4 ,its ability to gr[ :]e few o!r trees c ma9ta9 !mselves holds out "s hope t its usefulness w increase4 ,,mont]ey ,,p9e 7,p9us radiata74 ,?is sc>ce & local species is re/rict$ to ! ,cali=nia coa/ s\? ( ,san ,francisco1 & to adjac5t isl&s4 ,"u favorable circum/ances x gr[s rapidly & promises to be ( m importance z a lumb] s\rce 9 ! future ?an x has be5 9 ! pa/4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 some:at p>ticul> z to soil4 ,x mu/ h gr\nd n too wet or too dry4 ,if ^! requirem5ts are obs]v$1 x is a good tree = plant+4 ,its av]age height is sev5ty or n9ety feet1 diamet] f eighte5 to ?irty in*es4 ,trunks six feet 9 diamet] are occasionally he>d (4 ,! wood is light1 s(t1 mod]ately /rong1 t\gh1 annual r+s v wide & l>gely ( spr+wood2 color1 light br[n1 ! v ?ick sapwood ne>ly :ite4 ,! leaves are f f\r to six in*es long1 9 clu/]s ( two & ?ree1 & fall ! ?ird ye>4 ,cones are f ?ree to five in*es long4 ,! lumb] is too sc>ce at pres5t to h mu* importance1 b its quality is good4 ,9 appe>ance x resembles wide-r+$ loblolly p9e1 & appe>s to be suitable = doors & sa%1 & frames = w9d[s & doors4 ,its pres5t uses are conf9$ *iefly to ran* timb]s & fuel4 ,if x ev] am\nts to mu* z a lumb] res\rce1 x w be z a plant$ p9e1 & n 9 its natural /ate4 ,,jack ,,p9e 7,p9us div>icata7 is a f> nor!rn species :i* ext5ds its range s\?w>d 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 f ,ma9e to ,m9nesota1 & rea*es nor!rn ,indiana & ,ill9ois4 ,x gr[s almo/ f> en\gh nor? 9 ! valley ( ,mack5zie riv] to cat* ! rays ( ! midnight sun4 ,x mu/ necess>ily adapt itself to circum/ances4 ,:5 ^! are favorable1 x develops a trunk up to two feet 9 diamet] & sev5ty feet tall2 b 9 adv]sity1 x deg5]ates into a _m-bran*$ %rub a few feet high4 ,! av]age tree 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is ?irty or =ty feet tall1 & a foot or m 9 diamet]4 ,its "n is int5d$ z a t]m ( contempt1 :i* x does n des]ve4 ,o!rs call x scrub p9e :i* is little bett]4 ,its o!r names are m respectful1 ,pr9ce's p9e 9 ,ont>io1 black p9e 9 ,wiscons9 & ,m9nesota1 cypress 9 ,quebec & ! ,hudson ,bay c\ntry1 ,sir ,joseph ,banks' p9e 9 ,engl&1 & junip] 9 "s p>ts ( ,canada4 8,*ek p9e0 is frequ5tly giv5 9 its li/ ( names1 b ! "n is said to h orig9at$ 9 an attempt ( a ,g]man botani/ to pron\nce 8,jack p9e0 9 dictat+ to a /5ograph]4 ,! tree /raggles ov] l&scapes :i* o!rwise w\ld be treeless4 ,x is (t5 a ragg$ & unc\? specim5 ( ! vegetable k+dom1 b t is :5 x is at its wor/4 ,at its be/1 z x may be se5 :]e c>$ = 9 "s ( ! ,mi*igan cemet]ies1 x is z h&some a tree z anyone c\ld desire4 ,! *>act]i/ic ?9ness & delicacy ( its foliage di/+ui% x at once f its associates4 ,! peculi> gre5 ( its s(t1 %ort ne$les w9s admiration4 ,! wood is light1 s(t1 n /rong2 annual r+s are mod]ately wide1 & are l>gely compos$ ( spr+wood4 ,! ?9 b&s ( summ]wood are res9\s1 & ! small res9 ducts are few4 ,! ?ick sapwood is ne>ly :ite1 ! he>twood br[n or orange4 ,x is n durable4 ,jack p9e c nev] be an important timb] tree1 because too small2 b a consid]able am\nt is us$ = b$ slats1 nail kegs1 pla/]+ la?1 b>rel head+s1 boxes1 m9e props1 pulpwood1 & fuel4 ,aside f its use z lumb] & small manufactur$ products1 x has a value = o!r purposes4 ,x c ma9ta9 its exi/5ce 9 wa/e s&s2 & its usefulness is app>5t 9 fix+ drift+ dunes along "s ( ! expos$ %ores ( ,lake ,mi*igan & ,lake ,sup]ior4 ,x lives on dry s& & s5ds its roots sev]al feet to wat]2 or1 "u circum/ances entirely diff]5t1 x ?rives 9 swamps :]e ! wat]table is little bel[ ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,x fights a brave battle aga9/ adv]sities :ile x la/s1 b x does n live long4 ,sixty ye>s is old age = ?is tree4 ,x gr[s fa/ :ile "y1 b lat] x devotes all its en]gies to ! m]e process ( liv+1 & its increase 9 size is sl[1 until at a p]iod :5 mo/ trees are /ill 9 e>ly y\?1 x dies ( old age1 & ! nor!rn w9ds quickly :ip away its limbs1 leav+ ! b>kless trunk to /& a few ye>s long]4 ,illu/ration ,,lodgepole ,,p9e ,illu/ration3 ,,lodgepole ,,p9e ,,lodgepole ,,p9e 7,p9us ,contorta7 ,! common "n ( ?is tree 0 giv5 x because its tall1 sl5d]1 v light poles 7 us$ by ,indians ( ! region 9 ! con/ruction ( _! lodges4 ,!y select$ poles fifte5 feet long & two in*es 9 diamet]1 set !m 9 a circle1 b5t ! tops toge!r1 ti$ !m1 & cov]$ ! frame ) sk9s or b>k4 ,! poles 7 peel$ 9 e>ly summ]1 :5 ! ,indians set out ^u _! summ] hunt1 & 7 left to season until fall1 :5 !y 7 c>ri$ to ! w9t]'s camp+ place1 probably fifty miles di/ant4 ,tam>ack is a common "n = ?is p9e 9 mu* ( its range2 x is likewise kn[n z black p9e1 spruce p9e1 & prickly p9e4 ,its leaves are f "o to two in*es long1 9 clu/]s ( two4 ,! small cones adh]e to ! bran*es _m ye>s--sometimes z long z tw5ty--)\t releas+ ! se$s1 :i* are seal$ )9 ! cone by accumulat$ res94 ,! vitality ( ! se$s is rem>kable4 ,!y don't lose _! p[] ( g]m9ation dur+ _! long imprisonm5t4 ,! lodgepole p9e has be5 call$ a fire tree1 & ! "n is n inappropriate4 ,x pr(its by sev]e burn+1 z "s o!r trees ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates d1 su* z pap] bir* & bird *]ry4 ,! seal$ cones are op5$ by fire1 :i* s(t5s ! res91 & ! se$s are lib]at$ aft] ! fire has pass$1 & w+ _! flight :]ev] ! w9d c>ries !m4 ,! pass+ fire may be sev]e en\gh to kill ! p>5t tree )\t de/roy+ or br++ d[n ! cones4 ,! se$s soon fall on ! b>$ m9]al soil1 :]e !y g]m9ate by ?\s&s4 ,m ?an "o hundr$ ?\s& small se$l+ trees may occupy a s+le acre4 ,mo/ ( !m are ultimately cr[d$ to dea?1 b a ?ick /& results4 ,mo/ lodgepole p9e =e/s occupy old burns4 ,! tree is "o ( ! sl[e/ ( gr[]s4 ,x nev] rea*es l>ge size--possibly ?ree feet is ! limit4 ,x is v tall & sl5d]4 ,a hundr$ ye>s w sc>cely produce a sawlog ( ! smalle/ size4 ,! range ( ?is tree cov]s a million squ>e miles f ,alaska to ,new ,mexico1 & to ! ,pacific coa/4 ,its *>act]s v>y 9 diff]5t p>ts ( its range4 ,a scrub =m 0 once ?\ght to be a diff]5t species1 & 0 call$ %ore p9e4 ,! wood is ( ab\t ! same weight z ea/]n :ite p9e4 ,x is light 9 color1 r weak1 & brittle1 annual r+s v n>r[1 summ]wood small 9 am\nt1 res9 passages few & small2 m$ull>y rays num]\s1 broad1 & prom95t4 ,! wood is *>act]iz$ by num]\s small knots4 ,x is n durable 9 contact ) ! gr\nd1 b x readily receives pres]vative treatm5t4 ,9 height x ranges f fifty to "o hundr$ feet4 ,! gov]nm5t's e/imate ( ! /& ( lodgepole p9e 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 #aiji plac$ x at #ij1jjj1jjj1jjj feet4 ,t makes x sev5? 9 quantity among ! timb] trees ( ?is c\ntry1 ^? above x be+ ,d\glas fir1 ! s\!rn yell[ p9es 7consid]$ z "o71 we/]n yell[ p9e1 r$wood1 we/]n hemlock1 & ! r$ c$> ( ,wa%+ton1 ,oregon1 & ,idaho4 ,lodgepole p9e has be5 long & widely us$ z a ran* timb] 9 ! ,f> ,we/1 s]v+ = poles & rails 9 f5ces1 = %$s1 b>ns1 corrals1 p5s1 & small bridges4 ,:]e x c\ld be _h at all1 x 0 g5]ally pl5tiful4 ,/ock ranges high among ! m\nta9s frequ5tly dep5d almo/ solely ^u lodgepole p9e = necess>y timb]4 ,m9e op]ators f9d x a valuable res\rce4 ,z props x is *eap1 sub/antial1 & conv5i5t 9 _m p>ts ( ,colorado1 ,new ,mexico1 ,wyom+1 & ,montana4 ,a l>ge proportion ( ?is timb] :i* is cut = m9+ purposes has be5 /&+ dead f fire injury _m ye>s1 & is ?or\ghly season$ & v light4 ,x is 9 excell5t condition = receiv+ pres]vative treatm5t4 ,sawmills d n li/ lodgepole p9e sep>ately 9 reports ( lumb] cut1 & x is impossible to det]m9e :at ! annual supply f ! species is4 ,x is well kn[n t ! quantity made into lumb] 9 ,colorado1 ,wyom+1 ,montana1 & ,idaho is l>ge4 ,its *ief m>ket is among ! newly e/abli%$ agricultural communities 9 ^? /ates4 ,!y use x = fruit & vegetable %ipp+ boxes1 f5c+ plank1 pickets1 & pla/]+ la?4 ,railroads buy half a million lodgepole p9e cros/ies ye>ly4 ,:5 creosot$1 !y resi/ decay _m ye>s4 ,lodgepole p9e has be5 a tie mat]ial s9ce ! fir/ railroads ent]$ ! region1 & :ile by no means ! be/1 x promises to fill a mu* m important place 9 ! future ?an 9 ! pa/4 ,x is an ideal f5ce po/ mat]ial z f> z size & =m are conc]n$1 & ) pres]vative treatm5t x is b\nd to atta9 a high place4 ,x is claim$ t treat$ po/s w la/ tw5ty ye>s1 & t puts !m on a p> ) ! c$>s4 ,9 ,colorado & ,wyom+ mu* lodgepole 0 =m]ly burn$ = *>coal to supply ! furnaces :i* smelt$ ore & ! blacksmi? %ops ( ! region4 ,?is is done n[ less ?an =m]ly1 s9ce railroad build+ has made coal & coke accessible4 ,9 "o respect1 lodgepole p9e is to ! we/]n m\nta9s :at loblolly p9e is to ! flat c\ntry ( ! s\? ,atlantic & o!r s\!rn /ates4 ,x is aggressive1 & takes possession ( vacant gr\nd4 ,al?\gh ! wood is n z valuable z loblolly1 x is useful1 & has an important place to fill 9 ! we/]n c\ntry's developm5t4 ,its greate/ drawback is its exce$+ly sl[ gr[?4 ,a hundr$ ye>s is a long "t to wait = trees ( pole size4 ,two crops ( loblolly sawlogs c be h>ve/$ 9 t "t4 ,h[ev]1 ! l& on :i* ! lodgepole gr[s is fit only = timb]1 & ! acreage is s va/ t !re is en\gh to gr[ supplies1 ev5 ) ! wait ( a c5tury or two = h>ve/4 ,! /& has increas$ enorm\sly )9 hi/oric "t1 ! same z loblolly1 & = a simil> reason4 ,m5 cle>$ l& 9 ! ,ea/1 & loblolly took possession2 fires de/roy$ we/]n =e/s ( o!r species & lodgepole seiz$ & held ! burn$ tracts4 ,if fires cease among ! we/]n m\nta9s1 z w probably be ! case "u m effici5t me?ods ( patrol1 & ) /rict] en=cem5t ( laws aga9/ />t+ fires1 ! spread ( lodgepole p9e w come to a /&/ill1 & exi/+ =e/s w gr[ old )\t mu* ext5sion ( _! bord]s4 ,,jeffrey ,,p9e 7,p9us jeffreyi7 is (t5 class$ z we/]n yell[ p9e1 bo? 9 ! =e/ & at ! mill4 ,its range ext5ds f s\!rn ,oregon to ,l[] ,cali=nia1 a di/ance ( #a1jjj miles1 & its wid? ea/ & we/ v>ies f tw5ty to "o hundr$ & fifty miles4 ,x is a m\nta9 tree & g5]ally occupies elevations above ! we/]n yell[ p9e4 ,9 ! ,nor? its range rea*es #c1fjj feet above sea level2 9 ! extreme ,s\? x is #aj1jjj feet4 ,! d>k] & m deeply-furr[$ b>k ( ! ,jeffrey p9e is ! usual "* by :i* lumb]m5 di/+ui% x f ! we/]n yell[ p9e4 ,x is kn[n "u sev]al names1 mo/ ( !m relat+ to ! tree's appe>ance1 su* z black p9e1 r$b>k p9e1 blackb>k p9e1 sapwood p9e1 & bull p9e4 ,x rea*es ! same size z ! we/]n yell[ p9e1 ?\gh ! av]age is a little small]4 ,! leaves are f f\r to n9e in*es long1 & fall 9 eight or n9e ye>s4 ,! cones are l>ge1 & arm$ ) sl5d]1 curv$ sp9es4 ,! se$s are too heavy to fly f>1 _! w+ area be+ small4 ,x is a vigor\s tree1 & 9 "s regions x =ms good =e/s4 ,"s botani/s h consid]$ ! ,jeffrey p9e a v>iety ( ! we/]n yell[ p9e4 ,,gray ,,p9e 7,p9us sab9iana71 call$ also ,digg] p9e because ! ,digg] ,indians =m]ly collect$ ! se$s1 :i* are z l>ge z peanuts1 to help eke out a liv+1 is conf9$ to ,cali=nia1 & gr[s 9 a belt on ! foo?ills surr\nd+ ! ,san ,joaqu9 & ,sacram5to valleys4 ,its cones are l>ge & arm$ ) hook$ sp9es4 ,:5 gre51 ! l>ge/ cones weigh ?ree or f\r p\nds4 ,leaves are f eight to twelve in*es long1 9 clu/]s ( two & ?ree1 & fall ! ?ird & f\r? ye>s4 ,! wood is rem>kable = ! quickness ( its decay 9 damp situations4 ,x la/s "o or two ye>s z f5ce po/s4 ,a mature gray p9e is f fifty to sev5ty feet high1 & eighte5 to ?irty in*es 9 diamet]4 ,"s trees are mu* l>g]4 ,x is ( consid]able importance1 b is n 9 ! same class z we/]n yell[ & sug> p9e4 ,! wood is light1 s(t1 r /rong1 brittle4 ,! annual r+s are g5]ally wide1 indicat+ rapid gr[?4 ,v old gray p9es are n kn[n4 ,an age ( #ahe ye>s seems to be ! highe/ on record4 ,! wood is res9\s1 & x has help$ 9 a small way to supply ! ,pacific coa/ m>kets ) high-grade turp5t9e1 di/ill$ f roots4 ,x yields res9 :5 box$ l ! s\!rn longleaf p9e4 ,!re are two fl[+ seasons4 ,"o is v e>ly1 & closes :5 ! wea!r becomes hot2 ! o!r is 9 full curr5t by ! middle ( ,augu/4 ,x ma9ta9s life among ! ,cali=nia foo?ills dur+ ! long ra9less seasons1 on gr\nd s dry t semi-des]t *ap>ral sometimes succumbs2 b x is able to make ! mo/ ( favorable conditions1 & x gr[s rapidly "u ! slighte/ enc\ragem5t4 ,! se$l+s are m num]\s n[ ?an =m]ly1 :i* is attribut$ to decrease ( =e/ fires4 ,! tree has enemies :i* g5]ally attack x 9 y\?4 ,two fungi1 ,p]id]mium h>knessi1 & ,ddalia vorax1 de/roy ! "y tree's lead] or topmo/ %oot1 caus+ ! developm5t ( a %ort trunk4 ,! latt] fungus is ! same or is closely relat$ to t :i* tunnels ! trunk ( inc5se c$> & produces pecky cypress4 ,gray p9e has be5 cut to "s ext5t = lumb]1 b its pr9cipal uses h be5 z fuel & m9e timb]s4 ,_m qu>tz m9es h be5 locat$ 9 ! region :]e ! tree gr[s2 & ! eng9es :i* pump$ ! %afts & rais$ & cru%$ ! ore 7 (t5 heat$ ) ?is p9e4 ,?\s&s ( acres ( hillsides 9 ! vic9ity ( m9es 7 /ripp$ ( x1 & x w5t to ! eng9e h\se ricks 9 wagons1 on sl$s1 & on ! backs ( burros4 ,9 two respects x is an economical fuel = remote m9es3 x is light 9 weight1 & gives m heat ?an an equal quantity ( ! oak t is associat$ ) x4 ,,*ihuahua ,,p9e 7,p9us *ihuahuana7 is n abundant1 b x exi/s 9 small comm]cial quantities 9 s\?we/]n ,new ,mexico & s\!rn ,arizona4 ,trees are f fifty to eighty feet high1 & f fifte5 to tw5ty in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! wood is m$ium light1 s(t1 r /rong1 brittle1 n>r[ r+$ & compact4 ,! res9 passages are few1 l>ge1 & conspicu\s2 color1 cle> light orange1 ! ?ick sapwood light]4 ,! tree rea*es be/ developm5t at altitudes ( f #e1jjj to #g1jjj feet4 ,:5 ! wood is us$1 x s]ves ! same purposes z we/]n yell[ p9e2 b ! small size ( ! tree makes lumb] ( l>ge size impossible4 ,! leaves are 9 clu/]s ( ?ree1 & fall ! f\r? ye>4 ,! cones h long /alks & are f "o & a half to two in*es long4 ,illu/ration ,,tam>ack ,illu/ration3 ,,tam>ack ,,tam>ack 7,l>ix ,l>ic9a7 ,!re are ?ree species ( tam>ack or l>* 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & probably a f\r? is conf9$ to ,alaska4 ,"o has its range 9 ! nor!a/]n /ates1 ext5d+ s\? to ,we/ ,virg9ia & nor?we/w>d to ,alaska4 ,two are f\nd 9 ! nor?we/]n /ates4 ,o!r species are native ( ! ea/]n hemisph]e1 & "s ( !m h be5 plant$ to "s ext5t 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,a species ( ,europe is ( mu* importance 9 t c\ntry4 ,! tam>acks lose _! leaves 9 ! fall & ! bran*es are b>e dur+ ! w9t]4 ,! "n tam>ack or l>* %\ld be appli$ only to trees ( ! g5us l>ix4 ,?is rule is n obs]v$ 9 "s p>ts ( ! ,we/ :]e ! noble fir 7,abies nobilis7 is occasionally call$ l>* by lumb]m54 ,x is n entitl$ to t "n1 & confusion results f su* use4 ,! l>*es are easily id5tifi$4 ,!y h ne$le leaves l ^? ( p9es & firs1 b !y are diff]5tly arrang$4 ,!y are produc$ 9 little bru%-l bundles1 f twelve to =ty leaves 9 ea*1 on all ! %oots1 except ! lead]s4 ,on ^! ! leaves occur s+ly4 ,! little bru%es are s conspicu\s1 & s *>act]i/ic ( ?is g5us1 includ+ all its species1 t !re %\ld be little difficulty 9 id5tify+ ! l>*es :5 ! leaves are on4 ,9 w9t]1 :5 ! bran*es are b>e1 !re are o!r easy m>ks ( id5tification4 ,! little bru%es are int]e/+ objects ( /udy4 ,botani/s tell u t ! excresc5ce or bud-l knob f :i* ! leaves gr[ is really a suppress$ or abort$ bran*1 ) all its leaves cr[d$ toge!r at ! end4 ,if x 7 develop$1 x w\ld be> its leaves s+ly1 scatt]$ along its full l5g?1 z !y occur on ! lead+ %oots4 ,! w>ty appe>ance ( ! bran*es 9 w9t] is a v conv5i5t means ( id5tification :5 ! leaves are d[n4 ,! cones ( l>*es mature 9 a s+le season1 & (t5 hang on ! trees sev]al ye>s4 ,!y are conspicu\s 9 w9t] :5 ! bran*es are b>e ( foliage4 ,! adh]+ cones are g5]ally se$less aft] ! fir/ season1 s9ce !y quickly let _! w+$ se$s g4 ,! male & female fl[]s are produc$ s+ly on bran*es ( ! previ\s ye>4 ,! ea/]n & nor!rn l>* 7,l>ix l>ic9a7 has a numb] ( names4 ,x is commonly kn[n z tam>ack 9 ! ,new ,engl& /ates & 9 ,new ,york1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,indiana1 ,ill9ois1 ,wiscons91 ,mi*igan1 ,m9nesota1 ,ohio1 & 9 ,canada4 ,! "n l>* is appli$ 9 practically all ! regions :]e x gr[s1 b x is n us$ z frequ5tly z tam>ack4 ,hackmatack1 :i* 0 ! ,indian "n = ! tree 9 "p ( its ea/]n range1 is /ill 9 use 9 ,ma9e1 ,new ,hamp%ire1 ,massa*usetts1 ,rhode ,isl&1 ,delaw>e1 ,ill9ois1 ,m9nesota1 & ,ont>io4 ,nurs]ym5 call x ,am]ican l>* to di/+ui% x f o!r l>*es on ! m>ket1 p>ticul>ly ! ,european l>*4 ,mi*aux1 an e>ly ,fr5* botani/ :o explor$ ,am]ican =e/s1 call$ x ,am]ican l>* 7,l>ix am]icana71 & ! "n :i* he gave has be5 reta9$ by _m sci5ti/s to ?is day4 ,9 ! ,canadian prov9ces nor? ( ! ,great ,lakes1 & also 9 ,ma9e & ,new ,brunswick1 x is frequ5tly call$ junip]1 b )\t good reason1 = x has little ( ! appe>ance & few ( ! qualities ( ! junip]s4 ,9 "s localities x is call$ black l>*1 & 9 o!rs r$ l>*4 ,! fir/ "n ref]s to ! color ( its b>k1 ! la/ to ! leaves :5 ab\t to fall1 = !y !n *ange to a br[n or r$di% color4 ,!y fall 9 ! autumn1 & ! bran*es are b>e until ! next spr+4 ,"s ( ! ,new ,york ,indians obs]v$ t peculi>ity ( ! tree :i* !y ?\ght %\ld be an ev]gre5 l ! balsam & p9es ) :i* x 0 (t5 associat$1 & !y nam$ x k5eht5s1 mean+ 8! leaves fall04 ,indians did n1 z a rule1 give sep>ate names to tree species1 & :5 !y did s1 x 0 because ( food value1 or f "s peculi>ity :i* c\ld n fail to attract ! notice ( a savage4 ,! tam>ack's geographical range is rem>kable4 ,x is said to be be/ develop$ 9 ! region ea/ ( ,manitoba1 b x ext5ds s\?w>d into ,we/ ,virg9ia & nor?w>d to ! l& ( ! midnight sun4 ,x ma9ta9s its place almo/ to ! arctic sn[s1 & ! will[ is ab\t ! only tree t pu%es f>!r nor?4 ,x is f\nd f ,newf\ndl& & ,labrador f> d[n t[>d ! m\? ( ! ,mack5zie riv]1 nor? ( ! arctic circle4 ,x gr[s on dry l& z well z wet1 b is (t5e/ f\nd 9 cold swamps1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! s\!rn "p ( its range4 ,silt$-up lakes are favorite situations1 & on ! made-l& above old beav] dams4 ,tam>ack =e/s frequ5tly /& on gr\nd s s(t t a pole may be ?ru/ t5 feet deep 9 ! mud4 ,! moi/1 monoton\s sphagnum moss g5]ally furni%es gr\nd cov] 9 su* places4 ,a tam>ack swamp 9 summ] is cool & pleasant--provid$ !re is n too mu* wat] on ! gr\nd--b 9 w9t] a m desolate picture c sc>cely be imag9$4 ,! leafless trees appe> to be dead1 & cov]$ ) lifeless cones2 b ! fir/ w>m days br+ x to life4 ,! av]age height ( tam>ack trees is f =ty to sixty feet1 diamet] tw5ty in*es or less4 ,leaves are "o-half or "o & a half in*es long2 cones "o-half or ?ree-qu>t] in*es1 & bright *e/nut br[n at maturity4 ,!y fall :5 two ye>s old4 ,! w+$ se$s are v small4 ,! tree is nei!r a frequ5t nor abundant se$]4 ,! foliage is ?91 & is n suffici5t to %ut mu* sunlight f ! gr\nd4 ,! wood is heavy1 h>d1 v /rong1 & is durable 9 contact ) ! soil4 ,! gr[? is sl[1 annual r+s n>r[1 summ]wood occupies ne>ly half ! r+1 & is d>k-color$1 res9\s1 & conspicu\s2 res9 passages few & obscure2 m$ull>y rays num]\s & obscure2 color ( wood light br[n1 ! sapwood ne>ly :ite4 ,! uses ( tam>ack g back to prehi/oric times4 ,! ,indians ( ,canada & nor!a/]n ,unit$ ,/ates drew supplies f f\r =e/ trees :5 !y made _! b>k canoes4 ,! b>k = ! %ell came f pap] bir*1 ?reads = sew+ ! /rips ( b>k toge!r 7 tam>ack roots1 res9 = /opp+ leaks 0 a product ( balsam fir1 & ! light framework ( wood 0 nor!rn :ite c$>4 ,! roots :i* be/ suit$ ! ,indian's purpose came f trees :i* grew 9 s(t1 deep mud1 :]e lakes & beav] ponds _h silt$ up4 ,su* roots are long1 sl5d]1 & v t\gh & pliant1 & may be ga!r$ 9 l>ge numb]s1 p>ticul>ly :]e runn+ /reams h p>tly und]m9$ /&+ trees4 ,:ite m5 likewise made use ( tam>ack roots 9 boat build+1 b ! roots 7 diff]5t f :at ! ,indians us$4 8,in/ep0 crooks 7 hew$ = %ip knees4 ,^! 7 l>ge roots1 ! l>g] ! bett]4 ,trees :i* produc$ !m did n gr[ 9 deep mud1 = !re ! roots did n develop crooks4 ,! %ip knee op]ator hunt$ = tam>ack =e/s gr[+ on a s(t surface soil two or ?ree feet deep1 und]laid by /iff clay or rock :i* roots c\ld n p5etrate4 ,9 situations l t ! roots g /raight d[n until !y rea* ! h>d /ratum1 & !n turn at "r angles & gr[ 9 a horizontal direction4 ,! turn+ po9t 9 ! root develops ! crook ( :i* ! %ip knee is made4 ,tam>ack is seldom ( suffici5t size = ! l>ge/ %ip knees4 ,su* 7 =m]ly suppli$ by s\!rn live oak2 & 9 t case crooks =m$ by ! union ( trunk & l>ge bran*es 7 z good z ^? produc$ by ! union ( trunk & l>ge roots4 ,tam>ack is /ill employ$ 9 ! manufacture ( boat knees1 b n z mu* z =m]ly4 ,/eel frames h l>gely tak5 ! place ( wood 9 ! con/ruction ( %ip skeletons4 ,boat build]s use tam>ack n[ = floors1 keels1 /r+]s1 & knees4 ,tam>ack has come into mu* use 9 rec5t ye>s4 ,sawmills cut f x m ?an #abe1jjj1jjj feet ( lumb] a ye>4 ,f\rte5 /ates contribute1 b mo/ ( ! lumb] is produc$ 9 ,m9nesota1 ,mi*igan1 & ,wiscons94 ,railroads 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates buy #e1jjj1jjj or m tam>ack ties a ye>1 :i* r$uc$ to bo>d measure am\nt to ov] #aej1jjj1jjj feet4 ,f5ce po/s & telegraph poles come 9 l>ge numb]s f tam>ack =e/s4 ,! wood is /iff & /rong1 its /iffness be+ eighty-f\r p] c5t ( t ( long leaf p9e1 & its /r5g? ab\t eighty p] c5t4 ,unusual v>iations 9 bo? /r5g? & /iffness are f\nd4 ,"o /ick ( tam>ack may rate twice z high z ano!r4 ,! wood-us+ factories ( ,mi*igan consume ne>ly #bj1jjj1jjj feet ( ?is wood ye>ly4 ,x is made into boxes1 excelsior1 pails1 tanks1 tubs1 h\se f9i%1 refrig]ators1 w9dmills1 & wood5 pipes = wat]works & = dra9+ m9es4 ,!re is little likelihood t ! supply ( tam>ack w run %ort 9 ! ne> future4 ,:ile x is n 9 ! fir/ rank ( ! important trees 9 ?is c\ntry1 x is useful1 & x is =tunate t x promises to hold its gr\nd aga9/ fires :i* d grave injury to nor!rn =e/s4 ,9 ! swamps :]e ! mo/ ( x is f\nd ! gr\nd litt] is too damp to burn4 ,! tree does n gr[ rapidly1 b x usually occupies l&s :i* _c be pr(itably devot$ to agriculture1 & x w1 !re=e1 be let alone until x rea*es maturity4 ,tam>ack is a famili> tree 9 p>ks1 & x gr[s f>!r s\? ?an its natural range ext5ds4 ,x is n z desirable a p>k tree z hemlock1 spruce1 fir1 ! c$>s1 & "s ( ! p9es1 because its foliage is ?9 9 summ] & want+ 9 w9t]4 ,x is 9 a class ) cypress4 ,9 ! e>ly spr+1 h[ev]1 :ile its s(t gre5 ne$les are beg9n+ to %[ !mselves 9 clu/]s along ! twigs1 its delicate & unusual appe>ance attracts m att5tion ?an its companion trees :i* are always 9 full leaf & = t reason are some:at monoton\s4 ,illu/ration ,,we/]n ,,l>* ,illu/ration3 ,,we/]n ,,l>* ,,we/]n ,,l>* 7,l>ix ,occid5talis7 ,?is is a magnific5t tree ( ! ,nor?we/1 & its range lies pr9cipally on ! upp] tribut>ies ( ! ,columbia riv]1 9 ,idaho1 ,montana1 & ,briti% ,columbia1 b x occurs also among ! ,blue ,m\nta9s ( ,wa%+ton & ,oregon4 ,x is ! l>ge/ memb] ( ! l>* g5us1 ei!r 9 ! old _w or ! new4 ,! f9e/ trees are #bej feet high ) diamet]s ( six or eight feet1 b sizes half ( t are ne>] ! av]age4 ,! trunk is ( spl5did =m4 ,9 e>ly life x is limby1 b lat] x prunes itself1 & a long1 tap]+ bole is develop$ ) a v small cr[n ( ?9 foliage4 ,no o!r tree ( its size1 ) ! possible exception ( old sequoias1 has s little foliage 9 proportion to ! trunk4 ,! result is app>5t 9 ! rate ( gr[? aft] ! l>* has pass$ its y\?4 ,sometimes su* a tree does n increase its trunk diamet] z mu* 9 sev5ty-five ye>s z a vigor\s loblolly p9e or will[ oak w 9 "o ye>4 ,! trunk ( a tree1 z is well kn[n1 gr[s by means ( food manufactur$ by ! leaves & s5t d[n to be trans=m$ into wood4 ,) s few leaves & a trunk s l>ge1 ! sl[ness ( gr[? is a natural consequ5ce4 ,?\gh ! annual r+s are usually q n>r[1 ! b&s ( summ]wood are relatively broad4 ,t acc\nts = ! d5sity ( l>*wood & its great weight4 ,x is six p] c5t heavi] ?an longleaf p9e1 & is n mu* inf]ior 9 /r5g? & ela/icity4 ,! leaves are f "o to "o & ?ree-qu>t] in*es long1 ! cones f "o to "o & a half in*es1 & ! se$s ne>ly "o-qu>t] in* 9 l5g?4 ,!y are equipp$ ) w+s ( suffici5t p[] to c>ry !m a %ort di/ance f ! p>5t tree4 ,! b>k on "y l>*es is ?91 b on l>ge trunks1 & ne> ! gr\nd1 x may be five or six in*es ?ick4 ,:5 a not* is cut 9 ! trunk x collects a res9 ( sweeti% ta/e :i* ! ,indians use z an article ( food4 ,! we/]n l>* rea*es its be/ developm5t 9 nor!rn ,idaho & ,montana on /reams :i* fl[ into ,fla!ad lake4 ,! tree pref]s moi/ bottom l&s1 b gr[s well 9 o!r situations1 at altitudes ( f #b1jjj to #g1jjj feet4 ,! figures giv5 above on ! wood's weight1 /r5g?1 & /iffness %[ its value = manufactur+ purposes4 ,its remot5ess f m>kets has /ood 9 ! way ( l>ge use1 b x has be5 tri$ = _m purposes & ) highly satisfactory results4 ,9 #aiaj sawmills 9 ! f\r we/]n /ates :]e x gr[s cut #bee1ahf1jjj feet4 ,mo/ ( ?is is us$ z r\gh lumb]1 b "s is made into furniture1 f9i%1 boxes1 & boats4 ,! wood has sev]al names1 ?\gh l>* is ! mo/ common4 ,x is o!rwise kn[n z tam>ack & hackmatack1 :i* names are (t5] appli$ to ! ea/]n tree2 r$ ,am]ican l>*1 we/]n tam>ack1 & great we/]n l>*4 ,"s ( ! annual cut ( lumb] cr$it$ to we/]n l>* does n belong to x4 ,lumb]m5 h confus$ names & mix$ figures by apply+ ?is tree's "n to noble fir1 :i* is a diff]5t tree4 ,if ! fir lumb] li/$ z l>* 7 giv5 its prop] "n1 x w\ld result 9 l[]+ ! output ( l>* z %[n 9 /ati/ical figures4 ,9 spite ( ?is1 h[ev]1 l>* lumb] fills an important place 9 ! trade ( ! nor!rn ,rocky ,m\nta9 region4 ,!re is little d\bt t x w fill a mu* m important place 9 ! future1 = a beg9n+ has sc>cely be5 made 9 m>ket+ ?is timb]4 ,! available supply is l>ge1 b exact figures are n available4 ,"s /&s are d5se & ext5sive1 & ! trees are ( l>ge size & f9e =m4 ,x is n suppos$1 h[ev]1 t !re w be mu* aft] ! pres5t /& has be5 cut1 because a second crop f trees ( s sl[ gr[? w be f> 9 ! future4 ,sudwor? says t l>* trees eighte5 or tw5ty in*es 9 diamet] are f #bej to #cjj ye>s old1 & t ! ord9>y age ( ^! trees 9 ! =e/s ( ! ,nor?we/ is f #cjj to #ejj ye>s2 :ile l>g] trees are #fjj or #gjj4 ,mu* rema9s to be le>n$ conc]n+ ! ages ( ^! trees 9 diff]5t situations & 9 diff]5t p>ts ( its range4 ,x is app>5t1 h[ev]1 t :5 a p]iod cov]+ two or ?ree c5turies is requir$ to produce a sawlog ( only mod]ate size1 timb] own]s w n look =w>d ) mu* eag]ness to a second gr[? =e/ ( we/]n l>*4 ,! value ( ! wood ( we/]n l>* has be5 ! subject ( mu* controv]sy4 ,9 ! tables compil$ = ! f$]al c5sus ( #ahhj1 "u direction ( ,*>les ,s4 ,s>g5t1 its /r5g? & ela/icity 7 %[n to be rem>kably high4 ,! figures indicate t x is ab\t ?irty-n9e p] c5t /rong] ?an :ite oak & fifty-"o p] c5t /iff]4 ,?is places x a little above longleaf p9e 9 /r5g? & ne>ly equal to x 9 /iffness or ela/icity4 ,eng9e]s h express$ d\bts z to ! correctness ( ,s>g5t's figures4 ,!y believe !m too high4 ,! samples te/$ by ,s>g5t 7 six 9 numb]1 f\r ( !m collect$ 9 ,wa%+ton & two 9 ,montana4 ,! wood ( we/]n l>* is heavi] ?an longleaf p9e1 & approximately ( ! same weight z :ite oak4 ,x is among ! heavie/1 if n actually ! heavie/1 ( s(twoods ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,s>g5t ?us describ$ ! physical prop]ties ( ! wood3 8,heavy1 exce$+ly h>d & /rong1 r co>se gra9$1 compact1 sat9y1 susceptible ( a f9e poli%1 v durable 9 contact ) ! soil2 b&s ( small summ] cells broad1 occupy+ fully half ! wid? ( ! annual gr[?1 v res9\s1 d>k-color$1 conspicu\s res9 passages few1 obscure2 m$ull>y rays few1 ?92 color1 light bright r$1 ! ?9 sapwood ne>ly :ite40 ,! wood is describ$ by ,sudwor?3 8,cle>1 r$di% br[n1 heavy1 & f9e gra9$2 comm]cially valuable2 v durable 9 an unprotect$ /ate1 diff]+ greatly 9 ?is respect f ! wood ( ! ea/]n l>*40 ,! season+ ( we/]n l>* has giv5 lumb]m5 mu* tr\ble4 ,x *ecks badly & spl9t]s rise f ! surface ( bo>ds4 ,x is g5]ally admitt$ t ?is is ! mo/ s]i\s ob/acle 9 ! way ( secur+ wide utilization = ! wood4 ,! /ructure ( ! annual r+ is reason = believ+ t !re is slight adhesion betwe5 ! spr+wood & t ( ! late season4 ,*ecks are v num]\s p>allel ) ! gr[? r+s1 & spl9t]s "p f ! bo>d along ! same l9es4 ,/&+ timb] is frequ5tly w9d%ak51 & ! cracks foll[ ! r+s4 ,all ( ?is is presumptive evid5ce t ! pr9ciple defect ( l>* is a lack ( adhesion betwe5 ! e>ly & ! late wood4 ,if t is correct1 x is a fundam5tal defect 9 ! gr[+ tree1 & is inh]5t 9 ! wood4 ,no artificial treatm5t c :olly remove x4 ,x %\ld n be consid]$ impossible1 h[ev]1 to devise me?ods ( season+ :i* w\ld n acc5tuate ! weaknesses natural to ! wood4 ,! =m ( ! l>*'s trunk is p]fect1 f ! lumb]man's viewpo9t1 & its size is all t c\ld be desir$4 ,x is amply able to p]petuate its species1 ?\gh x consumes a great deal ( "t 9 ! process4 ,abundant crops ( se$s are borne1 b only once 9 sev]al ye>s4 ,x r>ely be>s se$s z e>ly z its tw5ty-fif? ye>1 & g5]ally n until x passes =ty2 b its fruitful p]iod is long1 ext5d+ ov] sev]al c5turies4 ,! se$s reta9 _! vitality mod]ately well1 :i* is an important consid]ation 9 view ( ! tree's habit ( op5+ & clos+ its cones alt]nately z ! wea!r happ5s to be damp or dry4 ,! disp]sion ( se$s ext5ds ov] a consid]able "p ( ! season1 & ! *ang+ w9ds scatt] !m 9 all directions4 ,_m se$s fall on ! sn[ 9 w9t] to be let d[n on ! damp gr\nd ready to g]m9ate dur+ ! e>ly spr+4 ,! be/ g]m9ation occurs on m9]al soil1 & ?is is (t5 f\nd 9 areas rec5tly b>$ by fire4 ,lodgepole p9e cont5ds also = ?is gr\nd2 b ! race betwe5 ! two species is n swift aft] ! process ( scatt]+ se$s has be5 complet$2 = bo? are ( gr[? s exce$+ly sl[ t a hundr$ ye>s w sc>cely tell :i* is ga9+4 ,9 ! long run1 h[ev]1 ! l>* out/rips ! p9e & becomes a l>g] tree4 ,if bo? />t at ! same "t1 & !re is n room = bo?1 ! p9e w kill ! l>* by %ad+ x4 ,! latt]'s ?9 foliage r5d]s x incapable ( ca/+ a %ad[ d5se en\gh to hurt ! p9e4 ,! be/ areas = l>* are ^? s ?or\ghly burn$ z to preclude ! imm$iate heavy reproduction ( lodgepole p9e4 ,mu* ( ! natural ranges ( l>* & lodgepole p9e lie 9 ! national =e/s own$ by ! gov]nm5t1 & c>eful /udies h be5 made 9 rec5t ye>s to det]m9e ! requirem5ts1 & ! actual & comp>ative values ( ! two species4 ,x has be5 %[n t l>* is "o ( ! mo/ intol]ant ( ! we/]n =e/ trees4 ,x _c endure %ade4 ,its own ?9 foliage1 :]e x occurs 9 pure /&s1 is suffici5t to %ade (f ! l[] limbs ( boles1 & produce tall1 clean trunks2 b if a l>* happ5s to /& 9 ! op51 :]e light is abundant1 x reta9s its bran*es almo/ to ! gr\nd4 ,x is m intol]ant1 ev51 ?an we/]n yell[ p9e1 :i* s (t5 gr[s 9 op51 p>klike /&s4 ,,alp9e ,,l>* 7,l>ix lyallii7 nev] gr[s naturally bel[ an altitude ( #d1jjj feet1 & ne> ! s\!rn bord] ( its range x climbs to #h1jjj1 :]e x /&s on ! br9k ( precipices1 faces ( cliffs1 & on w9dswept summits4 ,x is too mu* expos$ to /orms1 & has its roots 9 soil too /]ile to develop symmetrical =ms4 ,x is f\nd 9 ,montana1 ,idaho1 ,wa%+ton1 & ,oregon4 ,! f9e/ trees are sometimes sev5ty-five feet high & ?ree or f\r 9 diamet]1 b ! av]age height ranges f =ty to fifty1 ) diamet]s ( tw5ty in*es or less4 ,its leaves are "o & a half in*es or less 9 l5g?2 cones "o & a half in*es long1 & bri/l+ ) hair2 se$s "o-eigh? ( an in* long ) w+s "o-f\r? in*2 wood heavy1 h>d1 & ( a light1 r$di% br[n color4 ,x is seldom us$ except ab\t m\nta9 camps :]e x is sometimes burn$ = fuel or is employ$ 9 con/ruct+ corrals = %eep & cattle4 ,x is impossible = lumb]m5 ev] to make mu* use ( x1 because x is sc>ce & h>d to get at4 ,illu/ration ,,r$ ,,c$> ,illu/ration3 ,,r$ ,,c$> ,,r$ ,,c$> 7,junip]us ,virg9iana7 ,?is widely di/ribut$ tree is call$ r$ c$> 9 ,new ,hamp%ire1 ,v]mont1 ,massa*usetts1 ,rhode ,isl&1 ,new ,york1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,delaw>e1 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 ,georgia1 ,florida1 ,alabama1 ,mississippi1 ,l\isiana1 ,k5tucky1 ,miss\ri1 ,ill9ois1 ,indiana1 ,wiscons91 ,i[a1 ,mi*igan1 ,m9nesota1 ,ohio1 & ,ont>io2 c$> 9 ,connecticut1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 ,k5tucky1 ,ill9ois1 ,i[a1 & ,ohio2 sav9 9 ,massa*usetts1 ,rhode ,isl&1 ,new ,york1 ,p5nsylvania & ,m9nesota2 junip] 9 ,new ,york & ,p5nsylvania2 junip] bu% 9 ,m9nesota2 c$re 9 ,l\isiana4 ,! names z giv5 above indicate ! tree's comm]cial range4 ,x appe>s z scatt]$ gr[? & 9 d\btful =ms outside ( t range1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! ,we/ :]e sev]al c$>s closely resemble ! r$ c$>1 yet diff] suffici5tly f x to give !m places z sep>ate species 9 ! li/s ( "s botani/s4 ,!y are s li/$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,=e/ ,s]vice2 & ! foll[+ names are giv53 ,we/]n ,junip]1 ,rocky ,m\nta9 ,junip]1 ,"o ,se$ ,junip]1 ,m\nta9 ,junip]1 ,cali=nia ,junip]1 ,utah ,junip]1 ,droop+ ,junip]1 ,dw>f ,junip]1 & ,alligator ,junip]4 ,^! species are n ( mu* importance f ! lumb]man's viewpo9t1 yet !y are highly int]e/+ trees1 & 9 ?is book w be treat$ individually4 ,! r$ c$> gr[s sl[ly1 & ?rives 9 almo/ any soil & situation except deep swamps4 ,x is (t5 class$ z a poor-l& species1 yet x does n naturally seek poor l&4 ,t x is (t5 f\nd 9 su* situations is because x has be5 cr[d$ f bett] places by /rong] trees1 & has retreat$ to rocky ridges1 dry slopes1 & ?9 soils :]e competitors are unable to foll[4 ,! trees (t5 /& wide ap>t or solit>y1 yet !y c gr[ 9 ?ickets almo/ imp5etrable1 z !y d 9 ,texas & o!r s\!rn /ates4 ,x is an old-field tree 9 mu* ( its range4 ,birds plant ! se$s1 p>ticul>ly along f5ce r[s4 ,t is :y long l9es ( c$>s may (t5 be se5 ext5d+ across old fields or des]t$ plantations4 ,! extreme size atta9$ by ?is c$> is f\r feet 9 diamet]1 & "o hundr$ 9 height1 b t size 0 nev] common1 & at pres5t ! half ( x is above ! av]age4 ,t :i* rea*es m>ket is m (t5 "u ?an ov] eighte5 in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! r$di%-br[n & fibr\s b>k may be peel$ 9 long /rips4 ,/r+9ess ( b>k is *>act]i/ic ( all ! c$>s1 & typical ( r$ c$>4 ,! wood is m$ium light & is /rong1 consid]+ t x is v brittle4 ,te/s %[ x to be eighty p] c5t z /rong z :ite oak4 ,! gra9 is v f9e1 ev51 & homog5e\s1 except z int]f]$ ) by knots4 ,! annual r+s are n>r[1 ! summ]wood n>r[ & indi/9ct2 m$ull>y rays num]\s b v obscure4 ,! color is r$1 ! ?9 sapwood ne>ly :ite4 ,! he>t & sap are sometimes int]m+l$1 & ?is *>act]i/ic is prom95t 9 ! closely-relat$ we/]n species ( r$ c$>4 ,! wood is easily work$1 gives little tr\ble because ( w>p+ & %r9k+1 & ! he>t is consid]$ z durable z any o!r ,am]ican wood4 ,x has a delicate1 agreeable fragrance1 :i* is especially m>k$4 ,?is odor is disagreeable to insects1 & = t reason *e/s & closets ( c$> are highly appreciat$ z /orage places = g>m5ts subject to ! ravages ( ! mo? & buffalo bug4 ,an extract f ! fruit & leaves is us$ 9 m$ic9e1 :ile oil ( r$ c$>1 di/ill$ f ! wood1 is us$ 9 mak+ p]fume4 ,c$> has a sweet ta/e4 ,x burns badly1 sc>cely be+ able to support a flame2 x is exce$+ly aromatic & noisy :5 burn+ & ! emb]s gl[ long 9 /ill air4 ,"s ( ! bungal[ own]s 9 ,florida buy c$> fuel 9 pref]5ce to all o!rs = burn+ 9 op5 fireplaces4 ,its repres5tative uses are = po/s1 railway ties1 pails1 sills1 cig> boxes1 int]ior f9i% & cab9et mak+1 b its mo/ g5]al use is 9 ! manufacture ( lead p5cils1 = :i* its f9e1 /raight gra9 & s(t texture are peculi>ly adapt$4 ,! f>!r s\? c$> is f\nd1 ! s(t] & cle>] x is4 ,9 ! ,nor?1 9 ornam5tal trees1 x is v h>d1 sl[-gr[+1 & knotty4 ,x %[s b a small p]c5tage ( cle> lumb]4 ,9 ea/]n ,t5nessee !re 7 consid]able quantities ( r$ c$> brake t 7 = ye>s consid]$ ( little value4 ,ab\t ! only way ! wood 0 employ$ a few ye>s ago 0 9 f5ce rails & po/s1 fuel1 & *>coal4 ,( late p 9 localities :]e c$> gr[s 9 any abundance h awak5$ to its value1 & c$> f5ces are rapidly disappe>+1 ow+ to ! high prices n[ paid = ! wood1 & ! excell5t dem&4 ,on no o!r s\!rn wood has su* depr$ation be5 practic$4 ,because ( its lightness & ! ease ) :i* x c be work$1 x has be5 us$ = purposes = :i* o!r & less valuable woods 7 well adapt$4 ,on acc\nt ( its sl[ gr[?1 its complete exhau/ion has (t5 be5 pr$ict$1 b a second gr[? has appe>$ :i*1 ?\gh mu* inf]ior to ! virg9 timb]1 c be us$ 9 _m ways to excell5t advantage4 ,in/ead ( ! huge piles ( c$> floor+1 *e/ bo>ds1 & smoo? rail+s ( ! old days1 "o n[ sees at po9ts ( di/ribution great piles ( knotty1 r\gh poles1 t5 to =ty feet long1 :i* ye>s ago w\ld h be5 disc>d$4 ,today !y repres5t bridge pil+1 ! bett] & smoo!r among !m be+ us$ = telephone & telegraph poles4 ,middle ,t5nessee has produc$ m r$ c$> ?an any o!r "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 b ! bulk ( production has be5 conf9$ to a few c\nties1 :i* produce a high] class & m aromatic v>iety ( wood ?an t f\nd else:]e4 ,a c5tury ago ^! c\nties ab\nd$ 9 spl5did =e/s ( c$>4 ,! e>ly settl]s built _! cab9s ( c$> logs1 sills1 /udd+1 & raft]s2 _! smoke h\ses 7 built ( !m2 _! b>ns2 ev5 ! ro(s 7 %+l$ ) c$> & ! rooms & por*es floor$ ) ! sweet-sc5t$ wood4 ,n _m ye>s ago trees ?ree feet or m 9 diamet] 7 (t5 f\nd1 b ! days are pa/ :5 timb] l t c be _h any:]e4 ,al?\gh ! mo/ g5]al use at ! pres5t "t is = lead p5cils1 few p :o %>p5 "o & smell ! fragrant wood1 /op to wond] :]e x came f4 ,"o w\ld smile 7 x sugge/$ to him t p]haps 8 p5cil 0 =m]ly "p ( "s ,t5nessee f>m]'s worm f5ce4 ,! be/ timb] obta9$ n[ is hewn into export logs & %ipp$ to ,europe1 p>ticul>ly ,g]many1 :]e a great quantity is conv]t$ into p5cils4 ,! r$ wood is made into ! high] grades & ! sap or /reak$ wood is us$ = ! *eap] v>ieties & = p5 hold]s4 ,! small] & inf]ior logs are cut into slats1 :ile odds & ends1 cut(fs1 etc41 are collect$ & sold by ! hundr$ p\nds to p5cil factories4 ,!re are _m su* factories 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates n[1 z well z 9 ,europe1 & p5cil m5 are sc\r+ ! c$> sections to buy all !y c4 ,! f>m] :o has a r$ c$> picket or worm f5ce c sell x to ^! companies at a r\nd price4 ,p5cil m5 are ev5 go+ back ov] tracts f :i* ! timb] 0 cut tw5ty-five ye>s ago1 buy+ up ! /umps4 ,:5 ! wood 0 pl5tiful lumb]m5 7 n frugal1 & usually cut d[n a tree ab\t two feet above ! gr\nd1 all[+ ! be/ "p ( x to be wa/$4 ,! ,g]man & ,au/rian p5cil mak]s =esaw a %ortage 9 ,am]ican r$ c$>1 & _m ye>s ago plant$ l>ge areas to provide = ! "t ( sc>city4 ,! plant$ timb] is n[ l>ge en\gh = use1 b ! wood has be5 a disappo9tm5t4 ,x does n possess ! s(tness & brittl5ess :i* give s high value to ! =e/ c$> ( ?is c\ntry4 ,z f> z c be se51 :5 pres5t p5cil c$> has be5 exhau/$1 !re w be little m produc$ ( l grade4 ,x gr[s s sl[ly t own]s w n wait = trees to become old1 b sell !m :ile "y = po/s & poles4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ dem&s = r$ c$> 0 = wood5w>e made ( /aves1 su* z buckets1 kegs1 keel]s1 small tubs1 & firk9s4 ,mat]ial = ! manufacture ( su* w>es 0 among ! exports to ! ,we/ ,indies be=e ! ,revolution>y w>4 ,! w>e 0 no less popul> 9 ?is c\ntry1 & ! home-made articles 7 9 all neighborhoods 9 ! r$ c$>'s range4 ,sc>city ( suitable wood limits ! manufacture ( su* w>es n[1 b !y are /ill 9 use4 ,c$> 0 long "o ( ! be/ woods = skiffs & o!r light boats1 & x 0 occasionally employ$ 9 %ipbuild+ = ! upp] p>ts ( vessels4 ,a little ( x is /ill us$ z trim & f9i%1 p>ticul>ly = canoes1 motor boats1 & ya*ts4 ,! e>ly clo!s *e/ mak]s select$ cle> lumb]1 because x c\ld be _h & 0 consid]$ to be bett]2 b mod]n *e/ manufactur]s :o _c procure cle> /ock1 make a m]it ( necessity1 & use bo>ds fill$ ) knots4 ,! wood is f9i%$ ) oils1 b ! natural colors rema91 & ! knots give ! *e/ a ru/ic & pleas+ appe>ance4 ,,s\!rn ,,r$ ,,junip] 7,junip]us b>bad5sis7 s closely resembles ! r$ c$> ) :i* x is associat$ t ! two 7 =m]ly consid]$ ! same species1 & mo/ p famili> ) bo? notice no diff]5ce4 ,h[ev]1 botani/s cle>ly di/+ui% ! two4 ,! s\!rn r$ c$>'s range is mu* small] ?an ! o!r's4 ,x gr[s f ,georgia to ! ,indian riv]1 ,florida1 9 swamps4 ,x is f\nd 9 ! vic9ity ( ! ,apala*icola riv]1 =m+ d5se ?ickets4 ,its av]age size is mu* "u t ( ! r$ c$>1 b its wood is n dissimil>4 ,x has be5 us$ = ! same purposes z f> z x has be5 us$ at all4 ,"o ( ! l>ge/ dem&s ^u x has be5 = lead p5cils4 ,^? :o b\ght & sold x1 g5]ally suppos$ !y 7 deal+ 9 ! common r$ c$>4 ,illu/ration ,,nor!rn ,,:ite ,,c$> ,illu/ration3 ,,nor!rn ,,:ite ,,c$> ,,nor!rn ,,:ite ,,c$> 7,?uja ,occid5talis7 ,?is tree is designat$ z nor!rn :ite c$> because !re is also a s\!rn :ite c$>1 7,*amcyp>is ?yoides7 & ! b\nd>ies ( _! ranges approa* pretty closely4 ,! "n occid5talis1 mean+ we/]n1 appli$ to ! nor!rn :ite c$> is employ$ by botani/s to di/+ui% x f a simil> c$> 9 ,asia1 :i* is call$ ori5talis1 or ea/]n4 ,! ,am]ican species has sev]al names1 z is usual ) trees :i* gr[ 9 diff]5t regions4 ,x is call$ arborvit 9 ,ma9e1 ,v]mont1 ,massa*usetts1 ,rhode ,isl&1 ,connecticut1 ,new ,york1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,delaw>e1 ,virg9ia1 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,indiana1 ,ill9ois1 ,wiscons91 ,mi*igan1 ,m9nesota1 ,ohio1 & ,ont>io4 ,:ite c$> is a "n (t5 us$ 9 ,ma9e1 ,new ,hamp%ire1 ,v]mont1 ,rhode ,isl&1 ,massa*usetts1 ,new ,york1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,virg9ia1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,wiscons91 ,mi*igan1 ,m9nesota1 & ,ont>io4 ,9 ,ma9e1 ,v]mont1 & ,new ,york x is call$ c$>4 ,9 ,new ,york1 & :]e cultivat$ 9 ,engl&1 ,am]ican arborvit is ! "n appli$ to x4 ,! ,indians 9 ,new ,york knew x z fea!r-leaf4 ,9 ,delaw>e ! "n is abridg$ to vit4 ,! tree has be5 widely plant$1 & "u ! influ5ce ( cultivation x runs quickly into v>ieties1 ( :i* =ty-five are li/$ by nurs]ym54 ,x is a nor!rn species :i* foll[s ! ,appala*ian m\nta9s s\?w>d to ,nor? ,c>ol9a & ,t5nessee4 ,x gr[s f ,new ,brunswick to ,manitoba1 & is abundant 9 ! ,lake ,/ates4 ,! b>k ( arborvit is light br[n1 t+$ ) r$ on ! bran*lets2 x is ?91 & cracks into ridges ) /r+y1 r\gh edges2 ! bran*lets are v smoo?4 ,9 g5]al appe>ance ! tree is conical & compact1 ) %ort bran*es2 x atta9s a height ( f tw5ty-five to sev5ty feet1 & a diamet] ( f "o to ?ree feet4 ,x ?rives be/ 9 l[1 swampy l&1 along ! bord]s ( /reams4 ,! wood ( arborvit is s(t1 brittle1 light & weak2 x is v inflammable4 ,! fact t x is durable1 ev5 9 contact ) ! soil1 p]mits its use = railway ties1 telegraph poles1 po/s1 f5c+1 %+les & boats4 ,h[ev]1 ! trunk is s %ap$ t x is seldom us$ = lumb]1 b (t5] = poles & po/s1 ! l[] section be+ flatt5$ into ties4 ,a cubic foot ( ! season$ wood weighs approximately n9ete5 p\nds4 ,! he>twood is light br[n1 becom+ d>k] ) exposure2 ! sapwood is ?9 & ne>ly :ite1 ) f9e gra94 ,! nor!rn :ite c$> v>ies greatly 9 size & %ape1 dep5d+ on ! soil1 climate1 & situation4 ,?\gh x is usually associat$ ) swamps 9 ! ,nor?1 x adapts itself to q diff]5t situations4 ,x gr[s 9 n>r[1 rocky rav9es1 on /ony ridges1 & x cl+s to ! faces ( cliffs1 or hangs on _! summits z t5aci\sly z ! we/]n junip] ( ! ,si]ra ,nevada m\nta9s4 ,h[ev]1 little good timb] is produc$ by ?is species on rocky soils4 ,trees 9 su* situations are %ort1 crook$1 & limby4 ,! wood ( ! nor!rn :ite c$> possesses a peculi> t\ghness :i* is se5 9 its we>+ qualities4 ,a ?9 %av+1 su* z a c>p5t]'s plane makes1 may be fold$1 laid on an anvil1 & /ruck repeat$ly ) a hamm]1 )\t break+4 ,x is claim$ = x t x w /& a sev]] te/ ( t k9d ?an any o!r ,am]ican wood4 ,t\ghness & we>+ qualities comb9$ make x an admirable wood = plank+ & deck+ = small boats4 ,its exceptionally light weight is an additional factor z a boat build+ mat]ial4 ,! ,indians knew h[ to "w x into frames = b>k canoes4 ,its lightness appeal$ to !m2 b ! ease ) :i* !y c\ld "w x ) _! primitive tools 0 m important4 ,x is a *>act]i/ic ( ! wood to "p readily along ! r+s ( annual gr[?4 ,! ,indian 0 able to split canoe ribs ) a /one maul1 by p\nd+ a c$> billet until x p>t$ along ! gr[? r+s & 0 r$uc$ to v ?9 slats4 ,! prop]ty ( ?is c$> :i* appeal$ to ! ,indians is dislik$ by ! sawmill man4 ,x is h>d to make ?9 lumb] t w hang toge!r4 ,! t5d5cy to "p along ! gr[? r+s develops w9d-%ake :ile ! tree is /&+4 ,ab\t n9e trees 9 t5 are s defective f %ake t little good lumb] c be made f !m4 ,x is a common say+1 :i* probably applies 9 c]ta9 localities only1 t a ?\s& feet ( :ite c$> mu/ be saw$ to get "o hundr$ feet ( good lumb]4 ,x is good mat]ial = small coop]age su* z buckets1 pails1 & tubs1 & has be5 long us$ = t purpose 9 ! nor!rn /ates4 ,x 0 once laid 9 l>ge quantities = pav+ blocks4 ,hundr$s ( miles ( /reets ( nor!rn cities 7 pav$ ) r\nd blocks saw$ f trunks ( trees f five to t5 in*es 9 diamet]4 ,!y 7 n usually treat$ ) *emicals to prev5t decay1 b !y gave s]vice rang+ f six to twelve ye>s4 ,!y are less us$ n[ ?an =m]ly4 ,s\!rn yell[ p9e has l>gely tak5 ! c$>'s place z pav+ mat]ial4 ,mu* nor!rn c$> has be5 us$ 9 ! manufacture ( bor$ pipe = municipal wat]works1 %ops1 salt works1 pap] mills1 & o!r factories4 ,! e>ly settl]s ( ,new ,j]sey & ea/]n ,p5nsylvania made a rheumatism o9tm5t by bruis+ ! leaves & mold+ !m ) l>d4 ,?is is probably n made n[1 b ph>maci/s di/ill an oil f twigs & wood1 & make a t9cture ( ! leaves :i* !y use 9 ! manufacture ( pulmon>y & o!r m$ic9es4 ,!re is little likelihood t nor!rn :ite c$> w ev] cease to be a comm]cial wood 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,x w become sc>c]1 b its mann] ( gr[? is ! be/ gu>antee t x w hold its place4 ,x lives 9 swamps1 & ! l& is n 9 dem& = any o!r purpose4 ,,"o-,,se$ ,,junip] 7,junip]us monosp]ma7 is also call$ nak$-se$ junip]4 ,its range lies 9 ,colorado1 ,new ,mexico1 ,texas1 ,utah1 & ,arizona4 ,x atta9s its greate/ developm5t 9 ! bottoms ( canyons 9 nor!rn ,arizona4 ,x is a scrawny des]t tree :i* lives 9 adv]sity b holds its gr\nd = c5turies1 if fire does n cut its c>e] %ort4 ,its gr[? is too scatt]$ to attract lumb]m51 & ! =m ( its trunk is un9vit+4 ,x may rea* a height ( =ty or fifty feet1 & a diamet] ( ?ree1 b t is above ! av]age 9 ! be/ ( its range4 ,! des]t ,indians make ! mo/ ( "o-se$ junip]4 ,!y weave its /r+y b>k into sleep+ mats1 r\gh blankets1 & saddle girts4 ,!y make cords & ropes ( x = use :]e great /r5g? is n requir$1 su* z lea%es = lead+ dogs1 /r&s ) :i* to tie bundles on ! backs ( _! squaws1 & cords = fa/5+ _! wigwam poles toge!r4 ,!y likewise weave ! b>k into pokes & p\*es = /or+ & c>ry+ _! dri$ meat & mesquite beans4 ,! junip] b]ries are an article ( diet & comm]ce ) ! ,indians1 :o mix !m ) div]s +r$i5ts1 pulp !m 9 /one mort>s1 & bake !m 9 cakes :i* become ! greate/ delicacy on _! bill ( f>e4 ,:ite m51 :5 driv5 to x by />vation1 h su/a9$ life by mak+ food ( ! b]ries4 ,a small quantity ( "o-se$ junip] rea*es woodwork]s 9 ,texas4 ,! lumb] is %ort & r\gh4 ,! num]\s knots are g5]ally mu* d>k] ?an ! body ( ! wood4 ,t is n necess>ily a defect1 = 9 mak+ clo!s *e/s1 ! /rik+ contra/ 9 color betwe5 ! knots1 & ! o!r wood gives ! article a peculi> & attractive appe>ance4 ,! trunks are %>ply buttress$ & deeply creas$4 ,sometimes ! folds ( b>k )9 ! creases almo/ rea* ! c5t] ( ! tree4 ,! sapwood is ?91 ! he>twood irregul> 9 color4 ,"s is d>k] ?an ! he>twood ( s\!rn r$ c$>1 o!r is cl\d$ & mottl$1 pale yell[1 cream-color$1 ! %ade ( slate1 or /reak$ ) v>i\s t9ts4 ,! wood c be economically work$ only z small pieces4 ,x takes a s(t & pleas+ f9i%4 ,x is a la! wood & %[s to be/ advantage z balu/]s1 ornam5ts1 grill sp9dles & small po/s1 ,indian clubs1 dumb-bells1 balls1 & lodge gavels4 ,x has be5 made into small game bo>ds ) f9e effect1 & x is an excell5t mat]ial = small picture frames4 ,furniture mak]s put x to use 9 sev]al ways1 & x has be5 recomm5d$ = small musical in/rum5ts :]e ! v>iegat$ colors c be display$ to excell5t advantage4 ,at ! be/ x c nev] be m ?an a m9or species1 because x is difficult ( access 9 ! remote des]ts1 & x is n abundant4 ,,m\nta9 ,,junip] 7,junip]us sab9oides7 is a ,texas tree1 occupy+ a range s\?w>d & we/w>d ( ! ,colorado riv]4 ,x has sev]al local names1 rock c$> be+ a favorite4 ,?is "n is due to ! tree's habit ( gr[+ on rocky ridges & among l$ges :]e soil is sc>ce4 ,x is call$ junip] c$>1 & junip]4 ,"u ! mo/ favorable circum/ances ! tree may atta9 a height ( #ajj feet & a diamet] ( two1 b x ne>ly always gr[s :]e conditions are adv]se1 & its size & =m *ange to con=m to circum/ances4 ,x is (t5 small & ragg$4 ,its lead-color$ b>k is apt to attract att5tion on acc\nt ( its woeful appe>ance1 hang+ 9 /r+s & tatt]s :i* p]si/5tly cl+ to ! trunk 9 spite ( :ipp+ w9ds4 ,:5 ! tree is cut = fuel1 or = any o!r purpose1 ! ragg$ b>k is occasionally pull$ (f & is ti$ 9 bales or bundles to be sold = k9dl+4 ,:5 ! m\nta9 junip] is tak5 f its native wilds & plant$ :]e environm5ts are diff]5t1 x sometimes assumes fanta/ic =ms4 ,x has be5 plant$ = ornam5t on ! l[1 flat coa/ 9 ! vic9ity ( ! ,gulf ( ,mexico1 & ?\gh x lives & gr[s1 x (t5 takes on a peculi> appe>ance4 ,! trunks resemble twi/$ & int]wov5 bundles ( lead-color$ v9es1 buttress$1 flut$1 & gn>l$4 ,! bran*es lose _! upright position1 & hang 9 c>eless ab&on1 ) droop+ fe/oons4 ,9 w9t] ! w9d :ips mo/ ( ! foliage f !m4 ,! leaves become brittle & may be easily bru%$ f ! twigs by a /roke ( ! h&4 ,"s ( ! plant$ trees h trunks s deeply creas$ z to be divid$ 9 two sep>ate /ems4 ,?is v ne>ly happ5s ) "s ( ! wild trees among ! we/]n m\nta9s4 ,! sapwood ( m\nta9 junip] is v ?94 ,! av]age tree _c be pr(itably cut into lumb] ( ! usual dim5sions because ( ! odd-%ap$ & irregul> trunk4 ,x l5ds itself m economically to ! manufacture ( articles made up ( small pieces4 ,"s ( ! wood is extremely beautiful1 hav+ ! color & figure ( ,fr5* walnut2 b !re is great diff]5ce 9 ! figure & color1 & ! wood ( "o tree is n a sure guide to :at ano!r may be4 ,bo>ds a foot wide1 or ev5 less1 may %[ sev]al figures & colors4 ,"s pieces sugge/ v>iegat$ m>ble2 o!rs are l pla9 r$ c$>2 "s are light r$ 9 color1 o!rs h a t+e ( blue4 ,x v>ies greatly 9 h>dness1 ev5 9 ! same tree4 ,"p ( x may be s(t & brittle en\gh = lead p5cils2 ano!r "p may be h>d & t\gh4 ,clo!s *e/s h be5 made ( x1 ( mo/ peculi> appe>ance--resembl+ crazy quilts ( subdu$ colors4 ,sometimes ! he>twood & ! sapwood are inextricably mix$1 bo? be+ f\nd 9 all p>ts ( ! trunk f ! he>t out4 ,on ! :ole1 ! tree c nev] h mu* importance z a s\rce ( lumb]1 b x is a mo/ int]e/+ memb] ( ! c$> gr\p4 ,illu/ration ,,s\!rn ,,:ite ,,c$> ,illu/ration3 ,,s\!rn ,,:ite ,,c$> ,,s\!rn ,,:ite ,,c$> 7,*amcyp>is ,?yoides7 ,?is tree is call$ s\!rn :ite c$> to di/+ui% x f nor!rn :ite c$> or arborvit4 ,:5 !re is little likelihood ( confusion1 ! "n :ite c$> is appli$ locally 9 diff]5t p>ts ( its range f ,massa*usetts to ,florida4 ,x is a p]si/5t swamp tree & on t acc\nt has be5 call$ swamp c$>2 b t "n alone w\ld n di/+ui% x f ! nor!rn :ite c$>1 = bo? gr[ 9 swamps2 b x does sep>ate x f r$ c$> :i* keeps away f swamps4 ,! ranges ( ! two are side by side f ,new ,engl& to ,florida4 ,po/ c$> is a common "n = x 9 ,delaw>e & ,new ,j]sey1 because ( ! important place x has long fill$ z f5ce mat]ial2 b aga91 ! "n does n set x ap>t f r$ c$> or nor!rn :ite c$>1 = bo? are us$ = po/s4 ,! only "n ?us f> appli$1 :i* cle>ly di/+ui%es x f associat$ c$>s1 is s\!rn :ite c$>4 ,its range ext5ds nor?w>d to ,ma9e1 b ! tree's *ief comm]cial importance has be5 9 ,new ,j]sey & s\?w>d to ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 v ne> ! coa/4 ,someh[1 x seems to skip ,georgia :]e no "o has report$ x = _m ye>s1 ?\gh !re is hi/orical evid5ce t x once grew 9 t /ate4 ,x gr[s z f> we/ z ,mississippi1 b is sc>ce4 ,! small leaves rema9 gre5 two ye>s & !n turn br[n b adh]e to ! bran*es sev]al ye>s long]4 ,! fruit is ab\t "o-f\r? in* 9 diamet]1 & ! small se$s are equipp$ ) w+s4 ,! wood is among ! lighte/ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,x is only mod]ately /rong & /iff4 ,! tree usually gr[s sl[ly4 ,fifty ye>s may be requir$ to produce a f5ce po/1 b "u favorable conditions results some:at bett] ?an t may be expect$4 ,! summ]wood ( ! ye>ly r+ is n>r[1 d>k 9 color1 & conspicu\s1 mak+ ! c\nt+ ( ! r+s an easy matt]4 ,! m$ull>y rays are num]\s b ?94 ,:5 ! sap is cut tang5tially 9 v ?9 lay]s x is :ite & semi-transp>5t1 pres5t+ some:at ! appe>ance ( oil$ pap]4 ,! he>twood is light br[n1 t+$ ) r$1 gr[+ d>k] ) exposure4 ,! wood is easily work$1 & is v durable 9 contact ) ! soil4 ,f5ce po/s ( ?is wood h be5 report$ to /& fifty ye>s1 & %+les are said to la/ long]4 ,trees rea* a height ( eighty feet & diamet] ( f\r2 b su* are ( ! l>ge/ size4 ,great numb]s are cut = poles & po/s :i* are little m ?an a foot 9 diamet]4 ,few =e/ trees gr[ 9 d5s] /&s ?an ?is4 ,x (t5 takes possession ( swamps1 cr[ds out all o!r trees1 & develops ?ickets s d5se z to be almo/ imp5etrable4 ,s\!rn :ite c$> is cut 9 t5 or twelve /ates1 b ! annual supply is n kn[n1 because mills g5]ally report all c$>s z "o1 & ! regions :i* produce ?is1 produce "o or m o!r species ( c$> also4 ,x has held its place ne>ly ?ree hundr$ ye>s1 & mu* int]e/+ hi/ory is connect$ ) x4 ,a consid]able "p ( ! ,revolution>y w> 0 f\ght ) p[d] made f :ite c$> *>coal burn$ 9 ,new ,j]sey & ,delaw>e4 ,h[ev]1 t 0 by no means ! e>lie/ place fill$ by ?is wood4 ,two hundr$ ye>s ago 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a ,john ,lawson wrote ( its use = 8y>ds1 topma/s1 booms1 b[sprits = boats1 %+les1 & poles40 ,x 0 cut = practically ! same purposes 9 ,new ,j]sey at an e>li] p]iod1 & #afj ye>s ago ,gottlieb ,mittelb]g]1 :5 he visit$ ,philadelphia1 decl>$ t :ite c$> 0 be+ cut at a rate :i* w\ld soon exhau/ ! supply4 ,b t prophecy1 l simil> pr$ictions t oak & r$ c$> 7 ab\t gone1 prov$ n well f\nd$4 ,sev5ty ye>s aft] ! imm95t exhau/ion ( ?is wood 0 =etold1 ,william ,cobbett1 an ,engli% travel]1 decl>$ ) evid5t exagg]ation t 8all good h\ses 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates0 7 ro($ ) :ite c$> %+les4 ,aft] boat build+1 ! fir/ g5]al use ( ! s\!rn :ite c$> 0 = f5ces & f>m build+s1 & d\btless tw5ty times z mu* w5t to ! f>ms z to ! boat y>ds4 ,9 all regions :]e ! wood 0 conv5i5t1 little o!r 0 employ$ z f5c+ mat]ial1 & _m ( ! e>lie/ h\ses 9 ,new ,j]sey & "s 9 ,p5nsylvania 7 con/ruct$ almo/ :olly ( ?is wood4 ,small trees :i* w\ld split two1 ?ree1 & f\r rails to ! cut1 7 maul$ by ?\s&s to enclose ! f>ms4 ,! b>k soon dropp$ (f1 or 0 remov$1 & ! light rails quickly air-dri$1 & decay made little impression on !m = _m ye>s4 ,! l>g] trunks 7 riv$ = %+les or 7 saw$ into lumb]4 ,ab\t #agej ! use ( r\nd c$> logs = h\ses & b>ns began to give way to saw$ lumb]4 ,x 0 an ideal mill+ timb]1 = ! logs 7 symmetrical1 cle>1 & easily h&l$4 ,nor? ,c>ol9a sawmills 7 at "w on ?is timb] _m ye>s be=e ! ,revolution4 ,x 0 acceptable mat]ial = doors1 w9d[ frames1 raft]s1 & floors1 b especially = %+les :i* 7 split ) fr[ & mallet1 & 7 f tw5ty-f\r to tw5ty-sev5 in*es long4 ,!y 7 kn[n 9 m>ket z junip] %+les & sold at f\r & five doll>s a ?\s&4 ,ab\t #agej build]s 9 ,philadelphia 7 criticiz$ because !y con/ruct$ h\ses ) no provision = o!r ?an :ite c$> ro(s2 ! walls be+ too weak = heavi] mat]ial :i* w\ld h to be sub/itut$ :5 c$> c\ld be no long] procur$4 ,philadelphia 0 n alone 9 its pref]5ce = c$> ro(s4 ,l>ge %ipm5ts ( %+les 7 go+ f ,new ,j]sey to ,new ,york1 & ev5 to ! ,we/ ,indies e>li] ?an #agej4 ,s\!rn :ite c$> is said to h be5 ! fir/ ,am]ican wood us$ = organ pipes4 ,! resonance ( c$> %+les "u a patt]+ ra9 sugge/$ ?is use to ,mittelb]g] :5 he visit$ ,am]ica1 & he tri$ ! wood ) su* success t he pron\nc$ x ! be/ t he knew ( = organ pipes4 ,coop]s 7 among ! e>ly us]s ( :ite c$>4 ,! 8c$> coop]s ( ,philadelphia0 7 fam\s 9 _! day4 ,!y us$ ?is wood & also r$ c$> 7,junip]us virg9iana71 & _! w>es occupi$ an important place 9 dome/ic & "s =eign m>kets4 ,small vessels prevail$1 su* z pails1 *urns1 firk9s1 tubs1 keel]s1 pigg9s1 nogg9s1 & kegs4 ,! w>e 0 h&some1 /rong1 durable1 & light 9 weight4 ,oil m]*ants1 p>ticul>ly ^? :o dealt 9 :ale oil :i* 0 once an important commodity1 b\ght tanks ( s\!rn :ite c$>4 ,x is a d5se wood & seepage is small4 ,a peculi> sup]/ition once prevail$1 & has n :olly disappe>$ at ?is day1 t :ite c$> possess$ p[]ful heal+ prop]ties4 ,x 0 ?\ght t wat] 0 purifi$ by /&+ 9 a c$> bucket1 & ev5 t a liquid 0 improv$ by simply runn+ ?r\gh a spigot ( ?is wood4 ,"s ea/]n t[ns at an e>ly p]iod laid c$> wat] ma9s1 p>tly because ! wood 0 kn[n to be durable1 & p>tly because x 0 suppos$ to ex]cise "s favorable influ5ce ^u ! wat] fl[+ ?r\gh ! pipes4 ,x 0 ev5 believ$ t /&+ trees purifi$ ! swamps 9 :i* !y grew4 ,vessels putt+ to sea f ,*esapeake bay1 sometimes made special ef=t to fill _! wat] casks ) wat] f ! ,dismal swamp1 :]e c$>s grew abundantly 9 ! /agnant lagoons4 ,ab\t #ajj ye>s ago x 0 f\nd t :ole =e/s ( c$> _h be5 subm]g$ 9 ,new ,j]sey dur+ prehi/oric times1 & t deep 9 swamps ! trunks ( trees 7 buri$ out ( sight4 ,no "o kn[s h[ long ! pro/rate trees _h la9 b5ea? ! accumulation ( peat & mud1 b ! wood 0 s\nd4 ,m9+ ! c$> became an important indu/ry 9 "s ( ! l>ge swamps1 & x has n end$ yet4 ,! wood is s\nd en\gh = %+les & lumb]1 ?\gh x has be5 buri$ = c5turies1 z is prov$ by ! age ( ! =e/s :i* grew ov] ! subm]g$ logs4 ,sometimes a log :i* has la9 "u wat] hundr$s ( ye>s1 rises to ! surface by its own buoyancy :5 pressure f above is remov$4 ,?is is rem>kable & %[s h[ long a "t ?is c$> resi/s complete wat]logg+4 ,! wood ( gre5 c$> has a /rong odor1 & t *>act]i/ic rema9s ) ! subm]g$ trunks4 ,exp]i5c$ m5 :o h be5 long engag$ 9 m9+ ! timb]1 are able to tell by ! odor ( a *ip br\ght to ! surface f a deeply subm]g$ log :e!r ! wood is suffici5tly well pres]v$ to be wor? recov]+ & manufactur+4 ,trunks six feet 9 diamet] h be5 br\ght to ! surface4 ,few if any liv+ :ite c$>s ( t size exi/ n[4 ,_m ( ! e>ly uses ( s\!rn :ite c$> h cont9u$ till ! pres5t "t1 b 9 mu* small] quantities4 ,f5ce rails are no long] made ( x2 %+les & coop]age h decl9$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x n[ has "s uses :i* 7 unkn[n 9 e>ly times1 su* z telephone & telegraph poles1 cros/ies1 & pil+ = railroad bridges & culv]ts4 ,! supply ( s\!rn :ite c$> is n l>ge1 & x is be+ cut fa/] ?an x is gr[+4 ,! deep swamps :]e x gr[s protect :ite c$> =e/s f fire1 & = t reason x is m =tunate ?an _m o!r species4 ,n ev5 cypress c successfully compete ) x = possession ( wat] soak$ morasses4 ,x does n promise great ?+s = ! future1 = x w nev] be ext5sively plant$4 ,its range has be5 pretty def9itely fix$ by nature to deep swamps ne> ! ,atlantic coa/4 ,)9 ^? limits x w be ( "s importance = a long "t4 ,:]e x f9ds its mo/ cong5ial surr\nd+s1 little else t is pr(itable to man w gr[4 ,?is w save x f utt] ext]m9ation1 because mu* ( ! l& :i* x occupies w nev] be want$ = any?+ else4 ,illu/ration ,,inc5se ,,c$> ,illu/ration3 ,,inc5se ,,c$> ,,inc5se ,,c$> 7,liboc$rus ,decurr5s7 ,9 ,cali=nia & ,oregon ?is tree is kn[n z :ite c$>1 c$>1 & inc5se c$>2 9 ,nevada & ,cali=nia x is call$ po/ c$> & junip]1 & 9 o!r localities x is r$ c$> & ,cali=nia po/ c$>4 ,x is a species ( su* /rong *>act]i/ics t x is n likely to be confus$ ) any o!r4 ,?\gh diff]5t names may be appli$ to x1 ! id5tity ( ! tree is always cle>4 ,its range ext5ds nor? & s\? ne>ly #a1jjj miles1 f ,oregon to ,l[] ,cali=nia4 ,x is a m\nta9 species1 & x faces ! ,pacific ocean 9 mo/ ( its range4 ,9 ! ,nor? x occupies ! we/]n slope ( ! ,cascade m\nta9s 9 s\!rn ,oregon & nor!rn ,cali=nia2 & x gr[s on ! we/]n slope ( ! ,si]ras = five hundr$ miles1 at altitudes ( f #d1jjj to #h1jjj feet1 :]e x is mix$ ) sug> p9e1 we/]n yell[ p9e1 :ite fir1 & sequoias4 ,x is a f9e1 %apely tree1 except t ! butt is mu* enl>g$4 ,x has ! *>act]i/ic =m ( a deep swamp tree1 b x has no?+ to d ) swamps4 ,its be/ developm5t is on ! ,si]ra ,nevada m\nta9s1 :]e swamps are few1 & ! inc5se c$> avoids !m4 ,x occupies dry ridges & slopes1 b n /]ile ones4 ,x mu/ h z good soil z ! sug> p9e dem&s4 ,its height :5 mature ranges f sev5ty-five to #abe feet1 diamet] f\r feet f ! gr\nd1 f ?ree to six feet1 b "s trees are l>g]4 ,x is n a rapid gr[]1 b x ma9ta9s its vigor a long "t4 ,z an av]age1 x increases its diamet] an in* 9 f sev5 to t5 ye>s4 ,! wood is d5se4 ,x conta9s no pores l>ge en\gh to be se5 ) an ord9>y read+ glass4 ,! m$ull>y rays are s small z to be g5]ally invisible to ! nak$ eye1 b :5 magnifi$ !y are %[n to be ?9 & num]\s4 ,! summ]wood =ms ab\t "o-f\r? ( ! annual r+4 ,! wood is ne>ly z light z :ite p9e1 is mod]ately /rong1 is brittle1 /raight gra9$1 ! he>twood is r$di%1 ! ?ick sapwood ne>ly :ite4 ,x is an easy wood to "w1 & 9 contact ) ! soil x is v durable4 ,! inc5se c$> is ! only repres5tative ( its g5us 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x has _m relatives 9 ! p9e family1 b no ne> ones4 ,its k9 are natives ( ,=mosa1 ,*9a1 ,new ,zeal&1 ,new ,gu9ea1 & ,patagonia4 ,! "n inc5se c$> ref]s to ! odor ( ! wood r ?an ( ! leaves4 ,^? :o "w ) fre%ly cut wood are liable to attacks ( heada*e1 due to ! odor2 b "s m5 are n affect$ by x4 ,! =e/ gr[n tree is ( beautiful proportions4 ,unless mu* cr[d$ = room1 x is a tall1 graceful cone1 ! bran*es droop+ slightly1 & =m+ ?ick masses4 ,9 ! ,si]ra ,nevada m\nta9s1 )9 ! range ( ?is c$>1 ! w9t] sn[s are v heavy4 ,x is n unusual = two or ?ree feet ( v wet sn[ to fall 9 a s+le day4 ,! inc5se c$>'s droop+ bran*es %$ ! sn[ l a t5t ro(1 & a limb brok5 or s]i\sly de=m$ by weight ( sn[ is seldom se54 ,de] & o!r wild animals1 :5 surpris$ by a heavy fall ( sn[1 seek ! %elt] ( an inc5se c$>1 if "o c be f\nd1 & !re lie 9 security until ! /orm passes4 ,x is a tree :i* does fairly well 9 cultivation1 & sev]al v>ieties h be5 develop$4 ,x lives ?r\gh ! cold ( a ,new ,engl& w9t]4 ,its cones are ab\t ?ree-f\r?s in* 9 l5g?1 & rip5 9 ! autumn4 ,inc5se c$> has fill$ an important place 9 ! developm5t ( ! great c5tral valley ( ,cali=nia1 :]e x has suppli$ m f5ce po/s ?an any o!r tree4 ,po/s ( r$wood h be5 its *ief competitor1 b g5]ally ! region has be5 divid$1 & ea* tree has suppli$ its "p4 ,! r$wood's field has be5 ! coa/1 ! c$>'s ! inl& valley )9 rea* ( ! ,si]ras4 ,x has be5 no?+ unusual = ran*m5 to haul c$> po/s on wagons =ty or fifty miles4 ,! manufacture ( po/s f inc5se c$> has entail$ an enorm\s wa/e ( timb]4 ,! ?ick sapwood is n want$1 & 9 ! process ( conv]t+ a trunk into po/s1 ! woodsman fir/ splits (f ! sap & ?r[s x away4 ,9 trunks ( small & m$ium size1 ! sapwood may am\nt to m ?an ! he>twood1 & is a total loss4 ,! tree's b>k is ?ick & /r+y1 & x is g5]ally wa/$2 b 9 "s in/ances x is us$ z a surface dress+ = m\nta9 roads4 ,x we>s to pieces & becomes a pulpy mass1 & x protects ! surface ( ! road f excessive we>1 & f wa%+ 9 "t ( heavy ra94 ,approximately "o-half ( ! inc5se c$> trees1 z !y /& 9 ! woods1 are defective4 ,a fungus 7,ddalia vorax7 attacks !m 9 ! he>twood & excavates pits ?r\gh\t ! l5g? ( ! trunks4 ,! gall]ies resemble ! "w ( ants1 & z ants (t5 take possession ( !m & probably enl>ge !m1 x is q g5]ally believ$ t ! pits are due to ants4 ,! excavations are frequ5tly fill$ ) dry1 br[n du/1 sometimes pack$ v h>d & tight4 ,! c$> ?us affect$ resembles 8pecky cypress10 & x is believ$ t ! same species ( fungus1 or a closely relat$ species1 is responsible = ! injury to bo? cypress 9 ! ,s\? & inc5se c$> on ! ,pacific coa/4 ,x is n g5]ally reg>d$ by us]s ( c$> po/s t ! honey-comb$ condition ( ! wood less5s ! s]vice :i* ! po/ w give1 unless by weak5+ x & caus+ x to break1 or by r5d]+ x less able to hold ! /aples ( wire f5ces1 or nails ( plank & picket f5ces4 ,po/ mak]s (t5 pref] fire-kill$ timb]4 ,if a tree is f\nd ) ! sapwood consum$1 z is n unusual1 x is ne>ly always free f fung\s attack4 ,! reason x /&s ?r\gh ! fire :i* burns ! sapwood (f1 is t ! he>t is s\nd--if x 7 n s\nd1 ! :ole tree w\ld be consum$4 ,! wood ( ! inc5se c$> is s]viceable = _m purposes4 ,! rejection ( ! sapwood by s _m us]s is ! mo/ disc\rag+ feature4 ,! he>t1 :5 free f fungus1 is a f9e1 attractive mat]ial t does n suff] 9 comp>ison ) ! o!r c$>s1 ?\gh x may n equal "s ( !m = p>ticul> purposes4 ,te/s %[ x fit = lead p5cils1 & rec5t pur*ases ( l>ge quantities h be5 made by p5cil mak]s4 ,clo!s *e/s & w>drobes are manufactur$ f ?is wood on ! assumption t ! odor w keep mo?s out ( furs & o!r clo?+ /or$ )94 ,x has be5 us$ = cig> boxes1 b has n 9 all in/ances prov5 satisfactory4 ,! odor ( ! wood is object$ to by "s smok]s4 ,ano!r objection & a some:at peculi> "o1 has be5 fil$ aga9/ inc5se c$> z a cig> box mat]ial4 ,x is claim$ t ! boxes are attack$ voraci\sly by rats :i* gnaw ! wood1 to :i* !y are d\btless attract$ by ! odor4 ,sawmills turn out inc5se c$> lumb] :i* is work$ into frames = doors & w9d[s1 & doors are made ( x1 & also int]ior f9i%4 ,%ipm5ts ( in* bo>ds are sold 9 ,new ,york & ,bo/on1 & exports g to ,london1 ,p>is1 & ,b]l94 ,! long p]iod dur+ :i* inc5se c$> has be5 us$ & wa/$1 has r$uc$ ! supply 9 mo/ regions1 b !re is yet mu* 9 ! =e/4 ,x is nev] lumb]$ sep>ately1 b only 9 connection ) p9e & fir2 b po/ mak]s h always gone ab\t pick+ trees ( ?is species & pass+ by ! associat$ species4 ,,alligator ,,junip] 7,junip]us pa*yphla7 is s nam$ f its b>k :i* is patt]n$ l ! sk9 ( an alligator4 ,x is call$ oak-b>k$ c$> 9 ,arizona1 m\nta9 c$> 9 ,texas1 & *eck]$-b>k$ junip] 9 o!r places4 ,its range lies 9 s\?we/]n ,texas1 ab\t ,eagle pass & ,limpia m\nta9s1 & we/w>d on ! des]t ranges ( ,new ,mexico & ,arizona1 s\? ( ! ,colorado plateau1 & among ! m\nta9s ( nor!rn ,arizona4 ,its range ext5ds s\?w>d into ,mexico4 ,x is "o ( ! l>ge/ ( ! junip]s1 b only :5 circum/ances are :olly favorable4 ,x is !n sixty feet high1 & f\r or five feet 9 diamet]2 b x is g5]ally small & ( poor =m = lumb]1 because ( its habit ( sep>at+ into =ks ne> ! gr\nd4 ,x does be/ at elevations ( f #d1jjj to #f1jjj feet 9 bottoms ( canyons & rav9es4 ,! grayi% gre5 color ( ! foliage is due to ! conspicu\s :ite gl&s :i* dot ! c5t] ( ea* leaf4 ,! b]ries are small & blue1 ( sweeti% ta/e :i* does n p>ticul>ly appeal to ! palate ( civiliz$ man1 b ! ,indians ( ! region1 ^: normal /ate is "o ( semi-/>vation1 eat !m ) reli%4 ,! l9e sep>at+ he>twood f sap 9 alligator junip] is frequ5tly irregul> & vague1 & l "s ( its k9dr$ junip]s ( ! ,we/1 pat*es ( sap are sometimes buri$ deep 9 ! he>twood1 :ile /reaks ( he>twood occur 9 ! sap4 ,?is he>twood is usually ( a dirty color1 sugge/+ r$ rocks & soil ( ! des]t :]e x gr[s4 ,small articles :i* c be made ( wood select$ = its color are attractive4 ,!y may be highly poli%$1 & ! surface takes a sat9y f9i%2 b ! wood does n %[ v well 9 panel or body "w :]e wide pieces are us$4 ,! be/ utilization ( alligator junip] appe>s to lie 9 small articles4 ,x is f9e = ! la!1 & goblets1 napk9 r+s1 mat* safes1 & h&k]*ief boxes are manufactur$ f ! wood 9 ,texas4 ,its r\gh uses are z f5ce po/s & telephone poles4 ,x is durable 9 contact ) ! soil4 ,,cali=nia ,,junip] 7,junip]us cali=nica7 is call$ :ite c$>1 junip]1 sweet-fruit$ junip]1 & sweet-b]ri$ c$>4 ,its range is 9 ,cali=nia s\? ( ,sacram5to1 among ! ranges ( ! coa/ m\nta9s1 & ! foo?ills ( ! ,si]ra ,nevadas4 ,its height runs f tw5ty to =ty feet1 diamet] "o to two4 ,! leaves fall 9 ! second or ?ird ye>4 ,?is tree is ( poor =m & size = lumb]4 ,trunks frequ5tly divide into bran*es ne> ! gr\nd4 ,! wood resembles t ( o!r we/]n junip]s1 & usually ! f9e color :i* di/+ui%es ! r$ c$> ( ! ,ea/ is want+1 & 9 its /ead is a dull br[n1 t+$ ) r$4 ,! wood is s(t & durable1 & is /rongly odor\s4 ,! sapwood is ?9 & is ne>ly :ite4 ,fuel & f5ce po/s are ! mo/ important uses ( ! ,cali=nia junip]4 ,indians eat ! b]ries raw or dry !m & p\nd !m to fl\r4 ,illu/ration ,,we/]n ,,r$ ,,c$> ,illu/ration3 ,,we/]n ,,r$ ,,c$> ,,we/]n ,,r$ ,,c$> 7,?uja ,plicata7 ,9 ! ea/]n m>kets ! lumb] f ?is tree is usually call$ we/]n c$> )\t fur!r description1 b t "n does n always suffici5tly id5tify x4 ,!re are o!r we/]n c$>s1 notably inc5se & yell[2 b !y h n g5]ally appe>$ 9 ea/]n m>kets4 ,we/]n r$ c$> is ! "n giv5 x :5 ! purpose is to sep>ate x f o!r we/]n c$>s4 ,x is ! only r$ c$> 9 ! f> ,we/1 except ! sc>ce junip]s :i* are totally unkn[n z its competitors 9 lumb] c5t]s4 ,gigantic c$> is a "n :i* takes size into acc\nt4 ,x is ! l>ge/ ( ,am]ican c$>s4 ,trunks fifte5 feet 9 diamet] & #bjj feet high are sometimes se51 b ! usual size is #ajj high1 f two to f\r 9 diamet]4 ,canoe c$> is a "n be/[$ ^u ?is we/]n tree = ! same reason t canoe wood is "o ( ! yell[ popl>'s names 9 ! ,ea/4 ,x is "o ( ! be/ woods = dug\t canoes4 ,botani/s h call$ ! tree giant arborvit1 b ! "n nev] got beyond books4 ,:5 ! p ( ,wa%+ton & ,oregon speak ( c$> )\t a qualify+ t]m1 !y mean ?is species4 ,x is widely kn[n z %+le wood or %+le c$>1 because m %+les are made ( x ?an ( all o!r k9ds ( timb] 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates comb9$4 ,! we/]n r$ c$>'s range cov]s #cjj1jjj squ>e miles1 n c\nt+ regions ( small or scatt]$ gr[?4 ,= a timb] tree1 t range is l>ge1 b n ne>ly z l>ge z "s o!rs4 ,x exce$s "o-hundr$ fold ! comm]cial range ( r$wood1 & probably a ?\s& fold t ( ,port ,or=d c$>1 b its range is n "o-?ird t ( ! ea/]n r$ c$>1 ?\gh 9 total quantity ( available lumb] x surpasses ! ea/]n tree a hundr$ fold4 ,its range beg9s 9 ,alaska on ! nor?1 & foll[s ! coa/ to nor!rn ,cali=nia1 & ext5ds ea/w>d into ,idaho4 ,! be/ developm5t occurs 9 ! regions ( w>m1 moi/ ,pacific w9ds1 b n 9 ! imm$iate fog belts4 ,! l>ge/ quantity ( ?is wood1 & probably ! l>ge/ trees also1 are 9 ,wa%+ton4 ,abundant ra9fall is ess5tial to we/]n r$ c$>'s developm5t4 ,x w\ld be difficult to approximate ! am\nt ( ! rema9+ /&4 ,?is c$> does n =m pure =e/s1 & e/imates ( s _m feet p] acre or squ>e mile _c be bas$ on fairly exact in=mation z may be done ) r$wood1 & "s ( ! s\!rn p9es4 ,?\gh ! dra9 ^u ! c$> =e/s is heavy1 x is g5]ally believ$ !re is en\gh ( ?is species to meet dem&s = a long p]iod ( ye>s4 ,nature made ample provision = ! spread & p]petuation ( ?is tree4 ,! se$s are fairly abundant1 are light1 h good w+ p[]1 & are great travel]s 9 se>* ( suitable places to g]m9ate & take root4 ,! tree's greate/ enemy is fire4 ,! c$>'s b>k is ?91 ev5 :5 trunks are mature1 & a mod]ate blaze (t5 proves fatal to l>ge trees2 b small ones1 ) all _! bran*es close to ! gr\nd1 h no *ance :5 ! fire burns ! litt] among !m4 ,"s tree se$s g]m9ate readily on soil b>$ by fire--su* z lodgepole p9e1 wild r$ *]ry1 & pap] bir*--b ! we/]n r$ c$>'s d n1 if ! humus is suffici5tly burn$ to less5 ! soil's capacity to reta9 moi/ure4 ,= t reason1 ?is c$> seldom foll[s fire1 & ! result is t x con/antly loses gr\nd4 ,"u normal conditions1 x is n exact+ 9 its requirem5ts2 b any?+ t di/urbs natural conditions is m likely to h>m ?an help ?is c$>4 ,9 t respect x is l bee* & hemlock1 :i* suff] :5 =e/ conditions are di/urb$4 ,trunks are l>ge b n %apely4 ,!y are g5]ally flut$1 & greatly swell$ at ! base4 ,^! de=mities develop r late 9 ! tree's life2 at lea/1 !y are n prom95t 9 "y timb]4 ,we/]n c$> poles ( l>ge size are beautiful 9 outl9e2 b :5 maturity approa*es1 ! trunk gr[s fa/] ne> ! gr\nd ?an "s di/ance above2 ! annual r+s are wid] ne> ! base ?an tw5ty feet above1 result+ 9 great enl>gem5t ne> ! gr\nd4 ,at ! same "t ribs & creases sl[ly develop1 & by ! "t ! tree is old1 x is z unga9ly z "o ( ! giant sequoias4 ,its appe>ance is hurt by *>act]i/ics o!r ?an ! swell$ base & ! buttresses4 ,:ile ! tree is small1 ! limbs asc5d1 & ma9ta9 a graceful upright position4 ,t[>d middle life !y beg9 to droop1 & ! limbs ( old trees hang d[n ! trunks--! rev]se ( _! attitude 9 e>ly life4 ,! we/]n r$ c$> lives to an old age1 f #fjj to #a1jjj ye>s4 ,! olde/ are liable to be holl[ ne> ! gr\nd4 ,! tree is rem>kable = :at happ5s aft] x falls4 ,(t5 ! trunk cra%es d[n 9 a b$ ( moss1 :i* 9 a few ye>s buries x f sight4 ,! moss holds s mu* wat] t ! buri$ log is con/antly too wet = fung\s attack4 ,consequ5tly decay does n take place4 ,fall5 trees h la9 = hundr$s ( ye>s--z mu* z #hjj hav+ be5 claim$ 9 "o in/ance--& at ! end ( t "t !y are s\nd en\gh = %+les4 ,! position ( liv+ trees gr[+ ^u buri$ logs furni%es ! key to ! l5g? ( "t s9ce ! trunks fell4 ,! long p]iod dur+ :i* ! moss-buri$ wood has rema9$ s\nd has l$ to ! claim t we/]n r$ c$> is ! mo/ endur+ wood 9 ,am]ica4 ,su* is n necess>ily ! case4 ,a good _m o!rs w\ld probably la/ z long if protect$ 9 ! same way4 ,we/]n r$ c$> is /rong & /iff b falls f tw5ty to ?irty p] c5t bel[ :ite oak 9 ^! factors4 ,x is light1 & ! texture ( ! wood is r co>se4 ,! spr+wood & summ]wood are di/9ct1 ! latt] con/itut+ "o-half or less ( ! annual r+4 ,! m$ull>y rays are num]\s & obscure4 ,! wood's color is dull br[n1 t+$ ) r$4 ,! ?9 sapwood is ne>ly :ite4 ,! ease ) :i* we/]n r$ c$> may be work$ l$ ! ,indians to use x 9 _! mo/ ambiti\s woodcraft4 ,! gigantic totem poles :i* h excit$ ! curiosity & admiration ( travel]s ne> ! coa/ 9 ,alaska & s\?w>d h ne>ly all be5 ( ?is wood4 ,"s ( !m are ! l>ge/ s+le pieces ( wood c>v+ 9 ! _w4 ,trunks ?ree or f\r feet 9 diamet] & =ty or fifty feet long h be5 hew$ & :ittl$ 9 weird1 unc\?1 & fanta/ic =ms1 decorat$ ) eagle heads1 be> m\?s1 & ) v>i\s creatures ( ! =e/ or sea1 or f ! realms ( imag9ation4 ,be=e ! nor!rn ,pacific coa/ ,indians procur$ tools f :ite m5 !y execut$ _! c>v+ by means ( bone1 /one1 %ell1 & wood5 tools1 assi/$ by fire4 ,! mak+ ( canoes 0 9 "s ways a "w m labori\s = ! ,indians ?an ! manufacture ( totem poles4 ,_! canoes 7 dug\ts ( all sizes1 f ! small tr\gh :i* c>ri$ "o or two p]sons1 to ! enorm\s canoe :i* c>ri$ fifty w>riors ) all _! equipm5t4 ,su* a canoe1 n[ 9 ! ,national ,museum at ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 is fifty-n9e feet long1 sev5 feet1 ?ree in*es deep at ! b[1 five feet ?ree in*es at ! /]n1 & ?ree feet sev5 in*es 9 ! middle1 & eight feet wide4 ,x 0 made on ,vanc\v] isl&1 & is capable ( c>ry+ #ajj p]sons4 ,! capacity ( ! canoe is ?irty-five tons4 ,civiliz$ man has produc$ no vessel ) l9es m p]fect ?an are se5 9 "s ( ^! canoes made by savages2 b all ! canoes are n alike3 "s are crude & clumsy4 ,x is claim$ t l>ge c$> canoes ( ,indian manufacture 7 e>ly c>ri$ f ! ,pacific coa/ by fur trad]s1 & ,new ,york & ,bo/on %ipbuild]s took !m z models 9 con/ruct+ ! celebrat$ clipp] %ips :i* =m]ly sail$ betwe5 ,new ,york & ,san ,francisco4 ,! ,indians =m]ly made mu* use ( we/]n r$ c$> b>k :i* !y twi/$ into ropes & cords1 braid$ = mats1 wove = clo?1 us$ 9 mak+ baskets1 ro(+ wigwams1 con/ruct+ fi% nets & bird sn>es1 ladd]s = climb+ cliffs1 & !y ev5 pulp$ ! inn] b>k by p\nd+ x 9 mort>s1 & mix$ x ) _! food4 ,:ite m5 h put we/]n r$ c$> to _m uses1 z %+les1 lumb]1 coop]age1 poles1 po/s1 piles1 c> sid+ & ro(+1 boat build+ f skiffs to %ips1 & g5]al furniture & int]ior f9i%4 ,,we/]n ,,junip] 7,junip]us occid5talis7 is a high m\nta9 tree ) all ! *>act]i/ics belong+ to t class ( timb]4 ,! trunks are %ort & /rong1 ! limbs wide-spread+1 ! wood ( sl[ gr[?1 & d5se4 ,! tree atta9s a diamet] ( t5 in*es 9 ab\t #acj ye>s4 ,trunks t5 feet 9 diamet] h be5 report$1 b trees t l>ge w\ld be h>d to f9d n[4 ,john ,muir said t ! we/]n junip] lives #b1jjj ye>s1 & t ! tree is nev] uproot$ by w9d4 ,! trunk is usually %ort1 six or eight feet be+ a fair av]age1 & v knotty4 ,h[ev]1 :5 a block ( cle> wood is f\nd1 x is high class1 ! heavie/ ( ! c$>s1 /raight gra91 s(t1 compact1 brittle4 ,! summ]wood is s n>r[ t x resembles a f9e1 black l9e4 ,! m$ull>y rays are num]\s & v obscure4 ,! wood is slightly aromatic1 splits easily1 works nicely1 & 9 color is br[n1 t+$ ) r$4 ,9 appe>ance1 ! sapwood sugge/s spruce4 ,! av]age height ( ! trees is f tw5ty-five to =ty-five feet1 diamet] two to f\r feet4 ,! range ( ?is tree is 9 ,idaho1 ea/]n ,oregon1 & ?r\gh ! ,cascades & ,si]ras to s\!rn ,cali=nia4 ,x seldom occurs bel[ an altitude ( #f1jjj feet1 & asc5ds to #aj1jjj or m4 ,on ! highe/ summits x is de=m$ & /unt$4 ,its fruit is eat5 by ,indians1 & x furni%es fuel = m\nta9 camps & ran*es1 timb] = m9es1 & sometimes a little lumb]4 ,! crook$ limbs & trunks are made into corral f5ces :]e bett] mat]ial _c be _h4 ,! wood has be5 f\nd suitable = lead p5cils1 b t ( prop] quality is too sc>ce to attract manufactur]s4 ,o!r names = ?is tree are junip] c$>1 yell[ c$>1 we/]n c$>1 we/]n r$ c$>1 & we/]n junip]4 ,"s ( ^! names are appli$ to o!r species ( ! same region4 ,illu/ration ,,port ,,or=d ,,c$> ,illu/ration3 ,,port ,,or=d ,,c$> ,,port ,,or=d ,,c$> 7,*amcyp>is ,lawsoniana7 ,port ,or=d c$> ( ! nor?we/]n coa/ is an int]e/+ memb] ( ! c$> gr\p ) a v limit$ range4 ,specim5s are f\nd ?r\gh\t an area ( ab\t #aj1jjj squ>e miles1 b ! di/rict mod]ately heavily timb]$ does n exce$ #cjj or #djj miles 9 area4 ,x lies ne> ,coos bay 9 s\?we/]n ,oregon4 ,! tree is f\nd z f> s\? 9 ,cali=nia z ! m\? ( ,klama? riv]1 & x 0 once report$ on ,mt4 ,%a/a1 b x is v sc>ce !re if x exi/s at all4 ,9 ! be/ ( its range ,port ,or=d c$> runs #bj1jjj feet to ! acre1 & a s+le acre has yield$ #ajj1jjj feet4 ,trees run f #ace to #age feet 9 height & ?ree to sev5 9 diamet]4 ,! l>ge/ on record 7 ab\t #bjj feet high & twelve 9 diamet]4 ,few trees ( any species h small] leaves4 ,!y (t5 are only "o-sixte5? ( an in* 9 l5g?4 ,!y die ! ?ird ye> & *ange to a bright br[n4 ,! cones are ab\t "o-?ird ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,two or f\r se$s lie "u ea* f]tile cone scale1 & rip5 9 ,septemb] & ,octob]4 ,! se$s are "o-eigh? in* 9 l5g?1 & are w+$ = flight4 ,! b>k ( ! tree is mu* ?ick] ?an ( mo/ c$>s1 be+ t5 in*es ne> ! base ( l>ge trees4 ,?is ought to protect ! trunks aga9/ fire b x falls %ort ( expectations4 ,ab\t sixty ye>s ago mu* ( ! f9e/ timb] 0 kill$ by a great fire :i* swept ! region4 ,"s ( ! dead trunks /ood =ty ye>s )\t exhibit+ mu* evid5ce ( decay1 & ^? t fell rema9$ s\nd _m ye>s4 ,! :ole hi/ory ( ?is int]e/+ tree1 f its fir/ ann\nc$ discov]y by :ite m5 until ! pres5t "t1 is embrac$ 9 ! memory ( liv+ m54 ,x _h n be5 he>d ( prior to #ahee4 ,?\gh fire & /orm h de/roy$ l>ge quantities1 x has be5 e/imat$ t #d1jjj1jjj1jjj feet ( m]*antable timb] rema91 an av]age ( #ae1jjj feet p] acre = an area ( #djj squ>e miles4 ,! wood is mod]ately light1 is ne>ly z /rong z :ite oak1 & falls only sixte5 p] c5t bel[ x 9 /iffness4 ,! annual r+s are g5]ally n>r[1 b di/9ct4 ,! summ]wood is n>r[1 b d>k 9 color 9 ! he>twood4 ,! m$ull>y rays are num]\s & obscure4 ,! wood ab\nds 9 odor\s res94 ,! odor p]si/s long aft] ! wood has ceas$ to be fre%4 ,workm5 9 mills :]e ?is c$> is cut1 & on bo>d ( vessels freight$ ) x1 are sometimes s]i\sly affect$ by ! odor4 ,x is reput$ to repel insects1 & is made into clo!s *e/s1 w>drobes1 & %elves1 ) ! expectation t mo?s w be kept at a di/ance4 ,sev]al o!r c$>s be> simil> reputations4 ,"o ( ! fir/ uses to :i* ! p ( ! ,pacific coa/ put ,port ,or=d c$> 0 boat build+4 ,! indu/ry 0 important at ,coos bay at an e>ly day1 & vessels con/ruct$ !re sail$ ! seas ?irty or =ty ye>s4 ,trunks ( ?is c$> turn out a high p]c5tage ( cle> lumb]4 ,! wood takes a good poli%1 & is manufactur$ into furniture1 doors1 sa%1 turn]y1 & mat*es4 ,! latt] article is e/eem$ by _m p]sons = ! peculi> odor ( ! burn+ wood4 ,x has be5 f\nd practicable to f9i% ?is c$> 9 imitation ( mahogany1 oak1 & sev]al o!r cab9et woods4 ,9 its natural /ate x sometimes be>s "s resemblance to yell[ p9e1 & sometimes to spruce1 !re be+ consid]able v>iation 9 ! appe>ance ( wood f diff]5t trees4 ,:5 ! visible supply ( ,port ,or=d c$> has be5 cut1 ! end w be rea*$1 = n mu* "y gr[? is com+ on4 ,sixty-eight v>ieties ( ,port ,or=d c$> are recogniz$ 9 cultivation4 ,,yell[ ,,c$> 7,*amcyp>is nootkat5sis7 describes ?is tree q well4 ,! small twigs are ( t color1 & s is ! he>twood4 ,_m give x ! "n yell[ cypress4 ,o!rs "k x z ,alaska cypress1 ,alaska gr\nd cypress1 ,nootka cypress1 or ,nootka s\nd cypress4 ,! "n ( ! species1 nootkat5sis1 0 giv5 x by ,ar*ibald ,m5zies1 a ,scot* botani/ :o discov]$ x on ! %ore ( ,nootka s\nd 9 ,alaska4 ,yell[ c$>'s geographic range ext5ds f s\!a/]n ,alaska to ,oregon1 a di/ance ( #a1jjj miles4 ,x does n usually g f> inl&1 & consequ5tly ! range is n>r[ 9 mo/ places4 ,nor? ( ! int]national b\nd>y ! tree seldom rea*es an altitude ( m ?an #b1jjj or #c1jjj feet1 b 9 ,wa%+ton & ,oregon x is occasionally met ) at elevations ( #d1jjj & #e1jjj feet4 ,! species rea*es its be/ developm5t on ! isl&s (f ! coa/ ( s\!rn ,alaska & ,briti% ,columbia1 :]e ! air is moi/1 ! w9ds w>m 9 w9t]1 ! ra9fall abundant1 & ! sn[fall (t5 deep4 ,well develop$ trees "u su* circum/ances are f n9ety to #abj feet high1 f two to six 9 diamet]4 ,! blue-gre5 leaves rema9 active two ye>s1 & !n die1 b !y d n usually fall until a ye> lat]4 ,! pres5ce ( ! dead leaves on ! twigs tones d[n ! g5]al color ( ! tree cr[ns4 ,! cones are ab\t half an in* long & h f\r1 five1 or six scales4 ,f two to f\r se$s lie b5ea? ea* scale until ,septemb] or ,octob] :5 !y rip5 & escape4 ,_! w+s are l>ge en\gh to c>ry !m away f ! imm$iate vic9ity ( ! p>5t tree1 & reproduction "u natural conditions is g5]ally good4 ,yell[ c$> is abundant )9 its range1 b nature has circumscrib$ its range1 & x %[s no disposition to pass ! b\nd>y l9e4 ,! b>k is ?9 & exhibits c$>'s *>act]i/ic /r+9ess4 ,x is %$ 9 ?9 /rips4 ,! wood is mod]ately light1 & is /rong & /iff4 ,x is probably ! h>de/ ( ! c$>s1 & ! gra9 is s regul> t high poli% is possible4 ,"u favorable circum/ances trees gr[ ) fair rapidity1 b :5 conditions are unfavorable1 z on high m\nta9s :]e summ]s are %ort & w9t]s sev]e1 gr[? is rem>kably sl[1 & tw5ty ye>s or m may be requir$ = "o in* increase 9 trunk diamet]4 ,! wood ( su* trees is h>d1 d5se1 & /rong4 ,! gra9 ( yell[ c$> is usually /raight4 ,! b&s ( summ]wood are n>r[1 ! annual r+s are indi/9ct1 & an attempt to c\nt !m is (t5 att5d$ ) consid]able difficulty4 ,! wood is easily work$1 sat9y1 susceptible ( a beautiful poli%1 & possesses an agreeable res9\s odor4 ,! he>twood is bright1 cle> yell[1 & ! ?9 sapwood is a little light] 9 color4 ,9 common ) all o!r c$>s1 yell[ c$> resi/s decay _m ye>s4 ,logs :i* h la9 9 damp woods half a c5tury rema9 s\nd inside ! sapwood4 ,sometimes fall5 timb] 9 t region is quickly buri$ "u deep b$s ( moss :i* pres]ves x f decay mu* long] ?an if ! logs lie expos$ to alt]nate dampness & dryness4 ,/ati/ics ( sawmill op]ations 9 ! ,nor?we/ d n di/+ui% betwe5 ! diff]5t c$>s1 & ! cut ( yell[ c$> is unkn[n4 ,x is consid]able1 b ( c\rse n to be comp>$ ) ! m abundant we/]n r$ c$>4 ,/ati/ics ( uses are z meag] z ( ! lumb] output4 ,9 ,wa%+ton ! factories :i* use wood z raw mat]ial report only #g1ejj feet ( yell[ c$> a ye>4 ,d\btless mu* m ?an t is us$1 b "u o!r names4 ,!re is no occasion to disguise ?is wood "u o!r names4 ,x has a /rik+ individuality & des]ves a place ( its own4 ,9 "s respects x is "o ( ! be/ woods ( ! ,pacific ,nor?we/4 ,9 ne>ly e situation :]e x has be5 tri$1 x has be5 f\nd satisfactory4 ,its ri* yell[ pres5ts a f9e appe>ance 9 furniture & int]ior f9i%1 & ! poli% :i* x takes surpasses t possible ) any o!r c$>1 ) ! probable exception ( "s ( ! sc>ce1 high m\nta9 junip]s4 ,x has be5 us$ = pyrography & patt]ns1 two h>d places to fill1 & = :i* few woods are suitable4 ,indians long ago 9 ,alaska le>n$ t x 0 ! be/ mat]ial = boat paddles :i* _! =e/s af=d$4 ,x possesses ! requisite /iffness & /r5g?1 & x we>s to a smoo?ness almo/ l ebony4 ,boat factories h _m uses = ! wood1 deck+1 rail+1 & int]ior f9i% be+ among ! mo/ important4 ,x is said to be a satisfactory sub/itute = ,spani% c$> 9 ! manufacture ( cig> boxes1 b its use = t purpose is n yet l>ge4 ,x is said t occasional exports ( ?is wood g to ,*9a :]e x is f9i%$ 9 imitation ( sc>ce & exp5sive woods ( t c\ntry4 ,yell[ c$> is a wood ) a future4 ,its spl5did prop]ties _c fail to give x a place ( no small importance 9 factories & 9 g5]al build+ op]ations4 ,! supply has sc>cely yet be5 t\*$1 b x _c mu* long] rema9 an undevelop$ asset4 ,x is app>5tly a high-class coop]age mat]ial1 b x does n seem to h be5 us$ mu* if at all 9 t indu/ry4 ,! same might be said ( x = doors4 ,x is heavi] ?an spruce1 :ite p9e1 & r$wood1 b :]e weight is n a matt] = objection1 x ought to equal !m 9 all desirable qualities4 ,9 mu* ( its range x is g5]ally exempt f =e/ fire injury1 because its native woods are ne>ly always too wet to burn4 ,,rocky ,,m\nta9 ,,junip] 7,junip]us scopulorum7 is scatt]$ ov] ! m\nta9s f ,dakota & ,nebraska to ,wa%+ton & ,briti% ,columbia1 & s\?w>d to we/]n ,texas1 ,new ,mexico1 & ,arizona4 ,except ne> ! ,pacific coa/1 x is usually f\nd at altitudes above #e1jjj feet4 ,x cl+s closely to dry1 rocky ridges :]e x atta9s a height ( ?irty or =ty feet1 & a diamet] ( ?ree feet or less4 ,! trunk usually divides ne> ! gr\nd into sev]al /ems4 ,! bright blue b]ries rip5 ! second ye>4 ,! wood resembles t ( r$ c$>1 & is us$ 9 ! same way1 z f> z x is us$ at all4 ,x is n a s\rce ( lumb]4 ,a little is saw$ occasionally on m\nta9 mills1 & ! lumb] is us$ locally 9 h\se build+1 p>ticul>ly = w9d[ & door frames2 b sawlogs are %ort1 & because ( _! poor =m1 ! output ( lumb] is negligible4 ,"s ( x f9ds its way into ,texas :]e x is manufactur$ into clo!s *e/s & w>drobes1 & ^! are sold z r$ c$>4 ,a *oice m\nta9 junip] log1 ) l>ge1 s\nd he>twood1 produces lumb] ) a delicate gra9 & is m attractive ?an r$ c$> :5 made into *e/s & boxes4 ,by habit ( gr[?1 x includes pat*es ( :ite sapwood 9 ! d>k] he>twood4 ,:5 ^! are saw$ ?r\gh 9 conv]t+ ! logs into bo>ds1 ! isl&s ( :ite wood scatt]$ ov] ! surface produce a unique effect n want+ 9 arti/ic value4 ,"s ( ! o!r we/]n junip]s possess simil> *>act]i/ics4 ,sometimes pat*es ( b>k are also f\nd imb$d$ 9 ! int]ior ( ! trees4 ,illu/ration ,,r$ ,,spruce ,illu/ration3 ,,r$ ,,spruce ,,r$ ,,spruce 7,picea ,rub5s7 ,9 ,new ,york ! tree is call$ yell[ spruce1 :ile 9 =eign lit]ature x is kn[n z ,nor? ,am]ican r$ spruce4 ,! tree is sometimes difficult to di/+ui% f black spruce 7,picea nigra71 ! ma9 po9ts ( diff]5ce 9 ! appe>ance ( ! two trees be+ ! size & %ape ( ! cones & ( ! /am9ate blossoms4 ,! cones ( r$ spruce are l>g] ?an ^? ( black1 & !y mature & drop f ! bran*es dur+ _! fir/ w9t]1 :ile ^? ( ! latt] nam$ species frequ5tly rema9 on ! trees = sev]al seasons4 ,c]ta9 em95t botani/s incl9e to ! belief t ! two are diff]5t v>ieties ( "o species1 inasmu* z ev5 ! timb] ( r$ spruce be>s a close resemblance to t ( ! black spruce4 ,o!r botani/s dispute ?is !ory1 say+ t ! trees are entirely diff]5t 9 appe>ance2 t ! r$ spruce is a light olive-gre51 :ile black spruce is incl9$ to a d>k] olive ) p]haps a purpli% t+e1 s t :5 se5 toge!r !y h no resemblance 9 po9t ( color4 ,!y fur!r say t ! cones are n only diff]5t 9 size b t ! scales are q unlike 9 texture1 ^? ( black spruce be+ mu* ?9n] & m brittle4 ,! same au?orities ma9ta9 t ! t9y twigs ( r$ spruce are m conspicu\s on acc\nt ( _! r$di% t+e4 ,g5]ally speak+ ! pr9cipal spruce gr[? ( nor!rn ,new ,engl& & ,new ,york is black spruce1 al?\gh int]sp]s$ ) x 9 "s localities is a consid]able quantity ( r$ spruce4 ,on ! contr>y ! *ief /& ( spruce 9 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,virg9ia1 we/]n ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 & ea/]n ,t5nessee & ! o!r high altitudes ov] ! ,s\? ,c>ol9a l9e1 is l>gely r$ spruce4 ,?is botanical analysis ( ! two species ( wood is bas$ entirely on ! au?ority ( botani/s1 b f ! viewpo9t ( ! av]age lumb]man !re is absolutely no diff]5ce betwe5 r$ & black spruce & none 9 ! physics ( ! two woods except t :i* rises f v>y+ conditions ( gr[? z soil1 ra9fall1 altitude or latitude1 or g5]al environm5t4 ,! l>g] spruce ( ,we/ ,virg9ia & ! m\nta9 region f>!r s\?1 has c]ta9 qualities ( /r5g? & texture1 comb9$ ) a l>ge p]c5tage ( cle> lumb] t is n approximat$ by ! spruce ( ,new ,engl& & ! ,briti% m>itime prov9ces4 ,9 %ape ! tree is pyramidal1 ) spread+ bran*es4 ,x rea*es a height ( f sev5ty to a hundr$ feet4 ,its b>k is r$di% br[n1 slightly scaly4 ,! twigs are light color$ :5 "y & are cov]$ ) t9y hairs4 ,! leaves are ?ickly clu/]$ along ! bran*es1 & are simple & sl5d]1 po9t$ at ! apex4 ,!y become lu/r\s at maturity4 ,! /am9ate fl[]s are oval1 bright r$ 9 color2 ! pi/illate ones are oblong1 ) ?9 r\nd$ scales4 ,! fruit ( ! r$ spruce is a cone1 f "o to two & a half in*es 9 l5g?2 x is gre5 :5 "y1 turn+ d>k ) age1 & fall+ f ! bran*es :5 ! scales op54 ,! se$s are d>k br[n1 & w+$4 ,=m]ly spruce 0 little ?\ght ( = lumb] & manufactur+ purposes 9 ?is c\ntry1 ?\gh "s use 0 made ( x f ! e>lie/ settlem5ts 9 ! regions :]e x grew4 ,:ite p9e c\ld g5]ally be _h :]e spruce 0 abundant1 & ! =m] wood 0 pref]r$4 ,z p9e became sc>ce1 spruce 0 work$ 9 = a numb] ( purposes4 ,! tree's =m is all t a sawmill man c\ld desire4 ,! trunk has m knots ?an :ite p9e1 = ! reason t limbs are a long] "t 9 dy+ & 9 dropp+ (f2 b knots are small & g5]ally s\nd4 ,by c>eful cull+1 a mod]ate am\nt ( cle> lumb] may be obta9$4 ,! wood is light1 s(t1 n>r[-r+$1 /rong 9 proportion to its weight1 ela/ic1 & its color is pale ) a slight t+e ( r$1 ! sapwood :it] & usually ab\t two in*es ?ick4 ,! contra/ betwe5 he>t & sapwood is n /rong4 ,! m$ull>y rays are num]\s1 b small & obscure4 ,! summ]wood is ?9 & n conspicu\s4 ,x is ! wood's r$ t+e :i* gives ! tree its comm]cial "n4 ,x is believ$ t ! ye>ly cut ( r$ spruce 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates = lumb] is ab\t #ejj1jjj1jjj feet1 "o-half ( :i* comes f ,we/ ,virg9ia & s\?w>d1 :]e ?is species rea*es its highe/ developm5t2 & ! pulpwood cut 9 ! same region is ab\t "o-t5? z mu* 9 quantity4 ,! long fib] & :ite color ( spruce make x "o ( ! mo/ satisfactory woods = pulp 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,r$ spruce is only "o ( sev]al species ( spruce :i* contribute to ! supply4 ,! total output ( spruce pulpwood 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ye>ly is equival5t to ab\t #a1jjj1jjj1jjj feet ( lumb]4 ,r$ spruce lumb] has a long li/ ( uses4 ,mu* floor+ is made ( x1 & x we>s well1 b n z well z h>d p9e f ! ,s\?4 ,x is m us$ = %ipp+ boxes 9 ! nor!a/]n "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ?an any o!r wood1 except :ite p9e4 ,its good /5cil+ qualities recomm5d x4 ,manufactur]s ( sa%1 doors1 & bl9ds f9d x excell5t mat]ial1 comb9+ lightness1 /r5g?1 & small t5d5cy to w>p1 %r9k1 or swell4 ,coop]s make buckets1 tubs1 kegs1 & *urns ( x2 manufactur]s ( refrig]ators use x = doors & frames2 & mak]s ( furniture use x = _m int]ior p>ts ( bureaus1 tables1 & sidebo>ds4 ,textile mills use spruce clo?bo>ds z c5t] pieces r\nd :i* to w9d fabrics2 & a fur!r use 9 mills is = bobb9s4 ,x has _m places 9 boat build+1 notably z sp>s & y>ds2 & = w9d[ & door frames4 ,! mak]s ( piano frames employ r$ spruce = c]ta9 p>ts2 b z mat]ial = musical in/rum5ts its mo/ important use is z s\nd+ bo>ds4 ,all ! comm]cial spruces are s us$4 ,wood = ?is purpose mu/ be free f defects ( all k9ds1 & ( /raight & ev5 gra94 ,! s\nd+ bo>d's value lies 9 its ability to vibrate 9 unison ) ! /r+s ( ! in/rum5t4 ,spruce has no sup]ior = t place4 ,r$ spruce be>s abundance ( se$s1 ! be/ on ! highe/ bran*es4 ,! se$s are w+$1 & ! w9d scatt]s !m4 ,!y g]m9ate be/ on humus4 ,9 spruce =e/s1 clumps ( se$l+s are (t5 se5 :]e logs h decay$ & fall5 to du/4 ,se$l+s d n ?rive on m9]al soil1 & = t reason r$ spruce makes a poor %[+ :]e fires h burn$4 ,x does n spread vigor\sly 9 old fields z :ite p9e does4 ,x mu/ h =e/ conditions or x w d little good4 ,= t reason x does n promise great ?+s = ! future4 ,x gr[s v sl[ly1 & l& own]s pref] :ite p9e1 :]e t species w gr[4 ,if spruce is to be plant$1 mo/ p]sons pref] ,norway spruce 7,picea excelsa7 ( ,europe4 ,x gr[s fa/] ?an native spruces4 ,x is ! spruce usually se5 9 door y>ds & p>ks4 ,,black ,,spruce 7,picea m>iana7 gr[s mu* f>!r nor? ?an r$ spruce1 b ! two species m+le 9 a region ( #ajj1jjj squ>e miles or m nor?w>d ( ,p5nsylvania & 9 ,new ,engl& & s\!rn & ea/]n ,canada4 ,black spruce gr[s f ,labrador to ! valley ( ! ,mack5zie riv]1 almo/ to ! arctic circle4 ,x is f\nd z f> s\? z ! ,lake ,/ates :]e x con/itutes ! pr9cipal spruce ( comm]ce4 ,9 "s ( ! swamps ( nor!rn ,m9nesota & 9 ! neighbor+ p>ts ( ,canada x is little m ?an a %rub1 & trees ?ree or f\r feet high be> cones4 ,on bett] l& 9 t region ! tree is l>ge en\gh = sawlogs4 ,x passes "u sev]al names1 among :i* are d\ble spruce1 blue spruce1 :ite spruce1 & wat] spruce4 ,! common "n black spruce probably ref]s to ! g5]al appe>ance ( ! cr[n4 ,! small cones 7! smalle/ ( ! spruces7 adh]e to ! bran*es _m ye>s1 & give a ragg$1 black appe>ance to ! tree :5 se5 f a di/ance4 ,! wood is z :ite z o!r spruces4 ,trees v>y greatly 9 size4 ,! be/ are #ajj feet high & two & a half feet 9 diamet]2 b ! av]age size is ab\t ?irty feet high & twelve in*es 9 diamet]4 ,t size is n attractive to lumb]m52 b cutt]s ( pulpwood f9d x valuable & conv5i5t1 & mu* ( x is manufactur$ into pap]4 ,! wood weighs #bh4eg p\nds p] cubic foot1 & is mod]ately /rong1 & high 9 ela/icity4 ,x is pale yell[-:ite ) ?9 sapwood4 ,9 ,manitoba1 lumb] is saw$ f black spruce1 & x is cut also 9 ! ,lake ,/ates1 b x is pref]r$ = pulp4 ,x gives excell5t s]vice z canoe paddles4 ,spruce *ew+ gum is made ( res9\s exudations f ?is tree1 & is an article ( consid]able importance4 ,spruce be] is ano!r by-product :i* has long be5 manufactur$ 9 ,new ,engl& & ! ea/]n ,canadian prov9ces4 ,x 0 made 9 ,newf\ndl& ?ree hundr$ ye>s ago & has be5 b\ght & sold 9 ! m>kets ( t region ev] s9ce4 ,fi%+ vessels c>ry supplies ( ! bev]age on long voyages z a prev5tive ( scurvy4 ,! be] is made by boil+ leaves & twigs1 & add+ molasses to ! concoction :i* is all[$ to pass ?r\gh mild f]m5tation4 ,=e/]s w probably nev] pay mu* att5tion to black spruce because o!r species promise m pr(it4 ,x is little plant$ = ornam5tal purposes1 z x does n gr[ rapidly1 is ( poor =m1 & ! accumulation ( dead cones on ! bran*es gives x a poor appe>ance4 ,besides1 plant$ trees d n live long4 ,,:ite ,,spruce 7,picea canad5sis7 is ( m importance 9 ,canada ?an 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 because m abundant4 ,x is "o ( ! mo/ pl5tiful timb] trees ( ,alaska1 & x is f\nd we/ to ,b]+ /rait & nor? ( ! arctic circle4 ,x is said to approa* )9 tw5ty miles ( ! ,arctic ocean4 ,its ea/]n limit is 9 ,labrador1 its s\!rn 9 ! nor!rn ti] ( /ates f ,ma9e to ,idaho4 ,a little ( ?is species is cut = lumb] 9 nor!rn ,new ,engl& & 9 upp] ,mi*igan1 & we/w>d1 j s\? ( ! ,canadian l9e4 ,! light blue-gre5 foliage gives ! tree its "n4 ,x is kn[n by o!r names z well1 s+le spruce1 bog spruce1 skunk spruce1 cat spruce1 d\ble spruce1 & p9e4 ,"s ( its names are due to ! odor ( its foliage4 ,! l>ge/ trees are #ajj feet high & ?ree 9 diamet]1 b mo/ are small]4 ,hav+ a range s ext5sive1 & 9 climates & situations s diff]5t1 ! tree naturally v>ies greatly 9 size & =m4 ,! wood ( well-develop$ trees is :ite & h&some1 ! ?91 p5cil-l b&s ( summ]wood hav+ a slightly d>k] tone ?an ! spr+wood4 ,! two p>ts ( ! annual r+ possess diff]5t degrees ( h>dness4 ,! spr+wood is s(t] ?an ! summ]wood4 ,! m$ull>y rays are num]\s1 & ! surface ( qu>t]-saw$ lumb] has a silv]y appe>ance1 due to ! expos$ flat surfaces ( ! rays4 ,9 ! m>kets1 no di/9ction is made betwe5 :ite spruce lumb]1 & t cut f o!r species4 ,! uses ( ! diff]5t species are mu* ! same4 ,z a pulpwood1 :ite spruce is 9 dem& :]ev] x is available4 ,! l>ge/ output 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates comes f nor!rn ,new ,engl&4 ,! tree is (t5 plant$ = ornam5tal purposes 9 ,europe & 9 nor!rn /ates4 ,:5 gr[n 9 ! op51 ! cr[n is pyramidal1 l t ( balsam fir4 ,x does n ?rive :]e summ]s are w>m & dry4 ,illu/ration ,,sitka ,,spruce ,illu/ration3 ,,sitka ,,spruce ,,sitka ,,spruce 7,picea ,sit*5sis7 ,?is is l>ge/ ( ! spruces4 ,9 height & 9 gir? ( trunk no o!r approa*es x4 ,! moi/1 w>m climate ( ! nor? ,pacific slope is its favorite home1 ?\gh its range ext5ds f> nor?w>d along ! isl&s & coa/ ( ,alaska4 ,t[>d ! extreme limit ( its habitat x loses its spl5did =m & size & deg5]ates into a sprawl+ %rub4 ,! limit ( ! species s\?w>d lies 9 ,m5doc9o c\nty1 ,cali=nia4 ,its range 9 a nor? & s\? direction is n less ?an #b1jjj miles2 b ea/ & we/ ! gr[? cov]s a m]e ribbon fac+ ! sea4 ,x climbs "s ( ! ,briti% ,columbia m\nta9s1 #e1jjj feet1 b x pref]s ! l[1 wet valleys & flatl&s1 or ! ra9y & sn[y slopes set to cat* ! sea w9ds4 ,!re x is at its be/1 & ! l>ge/ trunks are #bjj feet high1 fifte5 feet 9 diamet]1 & ab\t #hej ye>s old4 ,all sizes less ?an ?is are f\nd4 ,x is n easy to "n an av]age size :5 v>iation runs f giants to dw>fs2 b 9 regions :]e ?is spruce is cut = lumb]1 ! av]age height ( mature trees is ab\t #abe feet1 ) a diamet] ( f\r feet4 ,tidel& spruce is "o ( its names4 ,t has ref]5ce to its habit ( /ick+ close to ! sea4 ,its o!r names are ,m5zies' spruce1 great tidel& spruce1 & we/]n spruce4 ,! la/ may be consid]$ its trade "n 9 lumb] m>kets1 = x is seldom call$ any?+ else :5 x is %ipp$ ea/ ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s4 ,! "n is appropriate1 except t o!r spruces gr[ 9 ! ,we/1 & are equally entitl$ to ! "n4 ,?is applies p>ticul>ly to ,engelmann spruce ( ! nor!rn ,rocky ,m\nta9 region2 b its lumb] & t cut f ,sitka spruce are n liable to be confus$ 9 ! m9d ( anyone :o is acqua9t$ ) ! two woods4 ,! "n ,sitka ref]s to ! t[n ( t "n 9 ,alaska4 ,! leaves ( ?is species are usually less ?an "o in* 9 l5g?1 & 9 color are light yell[i% gre54 ,!y /& out l bri/les on all sides ( ! twigs4 ,cones are f two to f\r in*es long1 & hang by %ort /ems1 usually at ! ends ( twigs4 ,!y rip5 ! fir/ ye>1 release _! se$s1 :i* fly away on small b ample w+s1 & ! cones drop dur+ ! fall & w9t]4 ,sitka spruce b>k is g5]ally less ?an half an in* 9 ?ickness4 ,trunks :i* gr[ 9 =e/s prune !mselves well1 & are usually cle> ( limbs f =ty to eighty feet4 ,! bases ( trees :i* gr[ on wet l& are mu* enl>g$ l cypress & tupelo1 & lumb]m5 frequ5tly cut above ! swell1 leav+ f #a1jjj to #e1jjj feet or m ( lumb] 9 ! /ump4 ,sitka spruce's *>act]i/ic root sy/em is %all[2 b on m\nta9 sides :]e soil is dry1 roots p5etrate deep 9 se>* ( moi/ure4 ,! wood ( ?is spruce v>ies greatly 9 color1 b x is usually a v pale br[n1 ) ! fa9te/ t+e ( r$4 ,x is a little heavi] ?an :ite p9e1 consid]ably weak]1 & ) less ela/icity4 ,! size ( ! trunks1 ) _! fre$om f limbs1 insures a high p]c5tage ( cle> lumb] :5 ,sitka spruce is manufactur$4 ,! tree gr[s sl[ly1 ! annual r+s are n>r[1 & ! b&s ( summ] gr[? are comp>atively broad1 to :i* fact ! r d>k color ( ! wood ( ! spruce is due4 ,sitka spruce is an important s\rce ( lumb]4 ,! total cut 9 ,wa%+ton1 ,oregon1 & ,cali=nia 9 #aiaj 0 ab\t #bee1jjj1jjj feet4 ,x is bel[ r$ spruce 9 quantity ( sawmill cut1 b above all o!r spruces 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! p ( ! ,pacific coa/ use mu* ( x at home1 b l>ge quantities are %ipp$ to m>kets 9 ea/]n /ates1 & "s to =eign c\ntries4 ,ne>ly #d1jjj1jjj feet 7 b\ght by ,ill9ois manufactur]s 9 #aiji1 9 addition to :at 0 us$ r\gh 9 ! /ate4 ,! commodities manufactur$ ( ?is spruce 9 ,ill9ois indicate ) a fair degree ( accuracy ! uses made ( ! wood 9 mo/ p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ea/ ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s & nor? ( ! ,ohio riv] & ! ,potomac4 ,among articles s manufactur$ 9 ,ill9ois are playgr\nd app>atus1 por* & /air balu/]s1 doors1 bl9ds1 sa% & frames1 p\ltry brood]s1 s\nd+ bo>ds = pianos & o!r musical in/rum5ts1 p>ts ( m&ol9s & guit>s1 pipes = organs1 cornice brackets1 /ore & (fice fronts1 deck+ & sp>s = boats1 wagon b$s & w9dmill :eel slats1 refrig]ators & cold /orage rooms1 iron+ bo>ds & o!r wood5 w>e4 ,tw5ty times z mu* ,sitka spruce is made into f9i%$ commodities 9 ,wa%+ton z 9 ,ill9ois4 ,t is to be expect$1 s9ce ,wa%+ton is ! home ( ! tree & ! c5t] ( supply4 ,a p>tial li/ ( its uses 9 t /ate w %[ t ! wood is lik$ at home4 ,d\glas fir 0 ! only wood b\ght 9 l>g] am\nts by ,wa%+ton manufactur]s4 ,!y made #ee1dbi1jjj feet ( x into boxes1 & coop]s employ$ #ab1jjj1jjj m4 ,! next l>ge/ us]s 7 pulpmills1 :ile #b1jjj1jjj feet w5t into s\nd+ bo>ds1 _m ( :i* 7 = %ipm5t abroad4 ,o!r us]s 7 basket mak]s1 & ! manufactur]s ( furniture1 fixtures1 f9i%1 caskets1 v5e]1 trunks1 pulleys1 vehicles1 boats1 & patt]ns4 ,sitka spruce decays quickly :5 expos$ to ra9 & wea!r4 ,sitka spruce c be dep5d$ ^u = ! future4 ,?\gh x gr[s sl[ly x may be expect$ to keep gr[+4 ,its range lies 9 regions g5]ally too wet = woods to burn1 & x w suff] less f =e/ fires ?an trees ( inl& regions4 ,x is an abundant se$]1 & its favorite se$b$ is moss1 muck1 decay$ wood1 & wet gr\nd litt] ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,= ! fir/ few ye>s se$l+s are s5sitive to fro/1 b n 9 lat] life4 ,sitka spruce is (t5 plant$ z an ornam5tal tree 9 we/]n ,europe1 & occasionally 9 ! middle ,atlantic /ates4 ,! ,new ,engl& climate is too sev]e = x4 ,,engelmann ,,spruce 7,picea engelmanni7 0 nam$ = ,dr4 ,george ,engelmann4 ,x has o!r names4 ,9 ,utah x is call$ balsam1 :ite spruce 9 ,oregon1 ,colorado1 ,utah1 & ,idaho1 m\nta9 spruce 9 ,montana1 ,arizona spruce f>!r s\?1 :ile 9 ,idaho x is sometimes kn[n z :ite p9e4 ,t "n is mislead+1 = ,idaho has a species ( :ite p9e 7,p9us monticola74 ,9 ea/]n m>kets ! wood is kn[n z we/]n spruce2 b t1 also1 is indef9ite1 = ,sitka spruce is also a we/]n species & is f\nd 9 ! same m>kets z ,engelmann spruce4 ,?is tree's range ext5ds f ,yukon t]ritory to ,arizona1 fully #c1jjj miles4 ,x is a m\nta9 species & is f\nd 9 elevat$ ranges4 ,9 ! s\!rn "p ( its habitat x asc5ds m\nta9s to heights ( ne>ly #ab1jjj feet4 ,x gr[s 9 ! ,cascade m\nta9 ranges 9 ,wa%+ton & ,oregon4 ,! species' be/ developm5t occurs 9 ,briti% ,columbia4 ,at its be/1 trees are #aej feet high & f\r or five 9 diamet]2 b e size less ?an t occurs 9 diff]5t p>ts ( its range1 d[n to a height ( two or ?ree feet = fully matur$ trees4 ,su* are f\nd on l(ty & /]ile m\nta9s :]e fro/ occurs practically e night 9 summ]1 & w9t] sn[s bury all objects = mon?s at a "t4 ,?\gh ! /unt$ spruce trees may be only two or ?ree feet high1 _! bran*es spread _m feet1 & lie flat on ! rocks4 ,?\gh su* situations are exce$+ly unfavorable to tree gr[?1 ! /unt$ spruces survive sometimes = two hundr$ ye>s1 & dur+ t long p]iod may n gr[ a trunk above five in*es 9 diamet] & f\r feet high4 ,! ,engelmann spruce is naturally a long-liv$ tree1 & l>ge trunks are #ejj or #fjj ye>s old2 & trees ord9>ily cut = lumb] are #cjj or #djj ye>s old4 ,:5 ! tree is "y1 its =m is symmetrical1 ! longe/ bran*es be+ ne> ! gr\nd1 ! %orte/ ne> ! top2 b 9 cr[d$ /&s ! trunk f9ally cle>s itself4 ,engelmann spruce lumb] is usually full ( small knots1 ea* ( :i* repres5ts a limb :i* 0 %ad$ (f z ! tree advanc$ 9 age4 ,! wood is light] ?an :ite p9e1 & is ! lighte/ ( ! spruces1 ! weight be+ #ba4di p\nds p] cubic foot4 ,x is n /rong1 & x rates l[ 9 ela/icity4 ,! wood is pale yell[1 t+$ ) r$4 ,! ?ick sapwood is h>dly di/+ui%able f ! he>t4 ,x w\ld be difficult to compile a li/ ( ?is tree's uses1 because 9 m>kets x h>dly ev] c>ries its "r "n4 ,x is us$ = fuel & *>coal 9 ! region ( its gr[?2 also z f>m timb]1 & z props & lagg+ 9 m9es4 ,:5 x goes to m>ket1 x is manufactur$ into doors1 w9d[ frames1 sa%1 int]ior f9i% = h\ses1 & = purposes along ) o!r spruces4 ,l>ge quantities ( ?is wood w be accessible :5 lumb]m5 p5etrate remote m\nta9 regions :]e x gr[s4 ,x may be expect$ to increase 9 importance4 ,x is occasionally plant$ 9 ea/]n /ates z an ornam5t4 ,,blue ,,spruce 7,picea p>ryana7 is f\nd among m\nta9s 9 ,colorado1 ,utah1 & ,wyom+1 f #f1ejj to #aj1jjj feet above sea level4 ,x atta9s a height ( #aej feet & a diamet] ( ?ree "u favorable circum/ances1 b its usual size is little m ?an half ( t4 ,its "n is giv5 on acc\nt ( ! color ( its foliage1 b x has o!r names1 among !m be+ ,p>ry's spruce1 balsam1 :ite spruce1 silv] spruce1 ,colorado blue spruce1 & prickly spruce1 ! la/ "n ref]r+ to ! %>p-po9t$ leaves :i* are an in* or m 9 l5g?4 ,cones are ?ree in*es long1 & usually gr[ ne> ! top ( ! tree4 ,x is n unusual = blue spruce trees to divide ne> ! gr\nd 9 ?ree or f\r bran*es4 ,9 its y\?1 p>ticul>ly 9 op5 gr\nd1 blue spruce develops a conical cr[n4 ,! wood is light] ?an :ite p9e1 is s(t1 weak1 & pale br[n or ne>ly :ite 9 color4 ,! sapwood is h>dly di/+ui%able f ! he>t4 ,?is is a valuable tree = ornam5tal plant+2 b 9 lat] ye>s x loses its l[] limbs1 & becomes less desirable4 ,,weep+ ,,spruce 7,picea brew]iana7 is ( little comm]cial importance because ( sc>city4 ,x gr[s among ! m\nta9s ( nor!rn ,cali=nia & s\!rn ,oregon1 at elevations ( f #d1jjj to #h1jjj feet above sea level4 ,! leaves are an in* or less 9 l5g?1 ! cones f two to f\r in*es long4 ,!y fall soon aft] !y scatt] _! se$s4 ,?is tree is nam$ on acc\nt ( its droop+ bran*lets1 "s ( :i* hang d[n eight feet4 ,! wood seems n to h be5 inve/igat$1 b its color is pale yell[i% to v light br[n1 & ! annual r+s are r n>r[4 ,! tree ought to be valuable = ornam5tal plant+1 b nurs]ies h exp]i5c$ mu* difficulty 9 mak+ x gr[4 ,x gr[s on high & dry m\nta9s :]e few ev] see x1 b refuses to become dome/icat$ or to grace ea/]n p>ks4 ,illu/ration ,,cypress ,illu/ration3 ,,cypress ,,cypress 7,taxodium ,di/i*um7 ,! "n cypress has be5 us$ q loosely 9 ?is c\ntry & ! old _w1 & botani/s h tak5 p>ticul> c>e to expla9 :at true cypress is4 ,x is ( no advantage 9 ! pres5t case to jo9 9 ! discussion1 & x w suffice to give ! ,am]ican cypresses accord+ to ! au?oriz$ li/ publi%$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,=e/ ,s]vice4 ,two g5]a1 "o hav+ two & ! o!r six species1 are class$ z cypress4 ,^! are ,bald ,cypress 7,taxodium di/i*um71 ,pond ,cypress 7,taxodium imbric>ium71 ,mont]ey ,cypress 7,cupressus macroc>pa71 ,g[5 ,cypress 7,cupressus gov5iana71 ,dw>f ,cypress 7,cupressus pygma7 ,macnab ,cypress 7,cupressus macnabiana71 ,arizona ,cypress 7,cupressus arizonica71 & ,smoo? ,cypress 7,cupressus glabra74 ,! fir/ two gr[ 9 ! s\!rn /ates1 & ! o!rs 9 ! ,f> ,we/4 ,bald cypress1 :i* is g5]ally kn[n simply z cypress 9 ! region :]e x gr[s1 is m important z a s\rce ( lumb] ?an are all ! o!rs comb9$4 ,x probably supplies n9ety-n9e p] c5t ( all cypress sold 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,its range is f s\!rn ,delaw>e to ,florida1 we/w>d to ! ,gulf coa/ region ( ,texas1 nor? ?r\gh ,l\isiana1 ,arkansas1 ea/]n ,mississippi & ,t5nessee1 s\!a/]n ,miss\ri1 we/]n ,k5tucky & sp>sely 9 s\!rn ,ill9ois & s\?we/]n ,indiana4 ,x is a deep swamp tree1 & x is nev] ( mu* importance f> f lagoons1 inundat$ tracts1 & ! l[ banks ( riv]s4 ,wat] t is a little bracki% f ! inwa% ( tides does n injure ! tree1 b ! pres5ce ( a little salt is claim$ by "s to improve ! quality ( ! wood4 ,x is lumb]$ "u difficulties4 ,! deep wat] & miry swamps :]e x gr[s be/ mu/ be reckon$ )4 ,"s ( ! gr\nd is n dry = sev]al ye>s at a "t4 ,nei!r fell+ nor haul+ is possible 9 ! mann] practic$ 9 ! s\!rn p9]ies4 ,ow+ to ! great weight ( ! gre5 wood1 x w n float unless kill$ by be+ girdl$ = a ye> or m 9 advance ( its be+ fell$4 ,9 ! old] logg+ op]ations1 cypress 0 girdl$ & snak$ out to wat]ways & float$ to ! mills4 ,lately _m cypress op]ations are c>ri$ on by ! build+ ( railroads ?r\gh ! swamps1 :i* are l>gely on pil+ & /r+]s1 al?\gh occasionally e>? fills are utiliz$4 ,! usual size ( mature cypress ranges f sev5ty-five to #adj feet 9 height & ?ree to six 9 diamet]4 ,! wood is light1 s(t1 r weak1 mod]ately /iff1 & ! gra9 is usually /raight4 ,! n>r[ annual r+s indicate sl[ gr[?4 ,! summ]wood is comp>atively broad & is slightly res9\s2 m$ull>y rays are num]\s & obscure4 ,! wood is light to d>k br[n1 ! sapwood ne>ly :ite4 ,at "o "t specim5s ( ! wood 9 ! m>kets ( ! _w 7 kn[n z black or :ite cypress1 accord+ z !y sank or float$4 ,mu* ( ! d>k cypress wood is n[ kn[n z black cypress 9 ! =eign m>kets1 :]e x is employ$ *iefly = tank & vat build+4 ,individual specim5s ( ! wood 9 "s localities are t9t$ 9 a v>iety ( %ades & "s ( ! natural designs are extremely beautiful4 ,! wood is reput$ to be among ! mo/ durable 9 ?is c\ntry :5 expos$ to soil & wea!r4 ,"s ( x des]ves t reputation1 b o!r does n4 ,well-au!nticat$ cases are cit$ :]e cypress has rema9$ s\nd _m ye>s--9 "s in/ance a hundr$ or m--:5 subject$ to alt]nate dampness & dryness4 ,su* conditions af=d sev]e te/s4 ,9 o!r cases cypress has be5 kn[n to decay z quickly z p9e4 ,hi/orical cases f ! old _w are sometimes cit$ to %[ ! wond]ful la/+ prop]ties ( cypress4 ,doors & /atues1 expos$ m or less to wea!r1 are said to h /ood _m c5turies4 ,! evid5ce has little value z f> z ?is wood is conc]n$4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! long records claim$ are subjects = suspicion2 & 9 ! second place1 x 0 n ! ,am]ican cypress t 0 us$--& probably no cypress--b ! c$> ( ,lebanon4 ,s\nd cypress logs h be5 dug f deep excavations ne> ,new ,orleans1 & geologi/s believe !y _h la9 !re #cj1jjj ye>s4 ,t w\ld be a tell+ te/am5t to endurance 7 x n t any o!r wood completely out ( rea* ( air w\ld la/ z long4 ,! e/imat$ /& ( cypress 9 ! ,s\? is ab\t #bj1jjj1jjj1jjj feet4 ,! annual cut1 includ+ %+les1 exce$s #a1jjj1jjj1jjj feet4 ,new gr[? is n com+ on4 ,! travel] ?r\gh ! ,s\? occasionally sees a small clump ( little cypresses1 b su* are few & f> betwe54 ,x 0 =m]ly q g5]ally believ$ t cypress 9 deep swamps1 :]e old & v5]able /&s are f\nd1 0 n reproduc+1 & t no little trees 7 to be se54 ,x 0 argu$ f ?is1 t "s climatic or geographic *ange _h tak5 place1 & t ! pres5t /& ( cypress w\ld be ! la/ ( its race4 ,m c>eful inve/igation1 h[ev]1 has %[n t ! =m] belief 0 errone\s4 ,se$l+ cypresses are f\nd occasionally 9 ! deepe/ swamps4 ,probably cypress :i* has n be5 di/urb$ by man is reproduc+ z well n[ z at any "t 9 ! pa/4 ,! tree lives ?ree or f\r c5turies1 & if x leaves "o se$l+ to take its place x has done its "p t[>d p]petuat+ ! species4 ,fire1 ! mortal enemy ( =e/s1 seldom hurts cypress1 because ! und]gr[? is n dry en\gh to burn4 ,! uses ( cypress are s ne>ly univ]sal t a li/ is impossible4 ,9 ,ill9ois alone x is report$ = sev5ty-eight diff]5t purposes4 ,!re is n a /ate1 & sc>cely a l>ge wood-us+ factory1 ea/ ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s :i* does n dem& m or less cypress4 ,! tree is graceful :5 "y1 b ragg$ & unc\? :5 old4 ,?\gh a ne$leleaf tree1 x ye>ly %$s its foliage & mo/ ( its twigs4 ,! fruit is a cone ab\t "o in* 9 diamet]2 & ! se$ is equipp$ ) a w+ "o-f\r? in* long & "o-eigh? in* wide4 ,:5 cypress /&s 9 s(t gr\nd :i* mo/ ( ! "t is "u wat]1 ! roots s5d up peculi> gr[?s kn[n z knees4 ,!y rise f a few in*es to sev]al feet above ! surface ( ! mud1 & ext5d above ! wat] at ord9>y /ages4 ,!y are %>p cones1 g5]ally holl[4 ,x is believ$ _! function is to furni% air to ! tree's roots1 & also to af=d an*orage to ! roots 9 ! s(t mud4 ,:5 ! wat] is dra9$ away1 ! knees die4 ,cypress is widely plant$ z an ornam5t1 & a doz5 or m v>ieties h be5 develop$ 9 cultivation4 ,,pond ,,cypress 7,taxodium imbric>ium7 s closely resembles bald cypress ) :i* x is associat$ t ! two 7 once suppos$ to be ! same4 ,pond cypress av]ages small] & its range is m circumscrib$4 ,! "n pond cypress1 by :i* x is popul>ly kn[n 9 ,georgia1 indicates ! localities :]e x is (t5e/ f\nd4 ,x is ! prevail+ cypress 9 ! ,okef5oke swamp 9 s\!a/]n ,georgia4 ,! g5]al aspect ( ! foliage & fruit is ! same z ( bald cypress4 ,no detail$ exam9ation ( ! wood seems to h be5 made1 b 9 g5]al appe>ance x is l ! o!r cypress4 ,x is said t little ( x ev] gets to sawmills because x gr[s 9 situations :]e logg+ is inconv5i5t4 ,,mont]ey ,,cypress 7,cupressus macroc>pa74 ,?is tree has only "o "n & t is due to its place ( gr[? on ! %ores ( ,mont]ey bay1 ,cali=nia4 ,its range is m re/rict$ ?an t ( any o!r ,am]ican s(twood4 ,x does n mu* exce$ #aej acres1 ?\gh ! trees are scatt]$ 9 a n>r[ /rip = two miles along ! coa/4 ,!y approa* s close ! break]s t spray flies ov] !m 9 "t ( /orm4 ,trees expos$ to ! sweep ( ! w9d are gn>l$ & ( fanta/ic %apes4 ,_! cr[ns are broad & flat l an umbrella1 b ragg$ & unsymmetrical 9 outl9e4 ,t =m (f]s lea/ resi/ance to w9d1 & mo/ surface to ! sun4 ,! trees take ! be/ possible advantage ( _! opportunities4 ,tall cr[ns w\ld be c>ri$ away by w9d2 & ! flat tops1 ) a mass ( gre5 foliage1 cat* all ! sunlight possible4 ,!y ne$ x1 = !y gr[ 9 fog1 & sun%9e is sc>ce4 ,%elt]$ trees develop pyramidal tops4 ,x is widely plant$ 9 ?is & o!r c\ntries1 & :5 conditions are favorable1 x is graceful & symmetrical4 ,! l>ge/ trees are f sixty to sev5ty feet tall1 o!rs are five or six 9 diamet]2 b ! talle/ trees & ! l>ge/ trunks seldom g toge!r4 ,! cones are an in* or m 9 l5g?1 & ea* conta9s ab\t #ajj se$s4 ,! leaves fall ! ?ird & f\r? ye>s4 ,wood is heavy1 h>d1 /rong1 & durable1 b is too sc>ce to be ( value z lumb]1 ev5 if ! trunks 7 suitable = sawlogs4 ,! ,mont]ey cypress is ( peculi> int]e/ to botani/s & also to physical geograph]s4 ,! few trees on ! %ore ( ,mont]ey bay appe> to be ! la/ remnant ( a species :i* 0 once m ext5sive4 ,! ocean is eat+ away ! coa/ at t po9t4 ,fragm5ts ( hills1 cut %e] d[n f top to ! break]s b5ea?1 are pla9ly ! la/ remnants ( ranges :i* once ext5d$ we/w>d1 b h be5 wa%$ away by ! encroa*+ waves4 ,no "o kn[s h[ mu* ( ! =m] coa/ has be5 de/roy$4 ,app>5tly ! =m] range ( ! cypress 0 pr9cipally on l& n[ swall[$ up by ! encroa*+ ocean4 ,a m]e fr+e ( ! trees--a belt ab\t #bjj y>ds wide along ! bea*--rema9s1 & ! sea is und]m9+ !m "o by "o & c>ry+ !m d[n4 ,s rapidly is ! und]m9+ process go+ on t _m l>ge roots ( "s ( ! trees are expos$ to view4 ,,arizona ,,cypress 7,cupressus arizonica71 z its "n implies1 is an ,arizona tree4 ,x =ms consid]able =e/s 9 ! ea/]n1 c5tral1 & s\!rn p>ts ( ! /ate1 & is f\nd also 9 ,mexico4 ,x gr[s at elevations up to #f1jjj feet4 ,because ( ! small population 9 ! region :]e ?is cypress gr[s1 x has nev] be5 mu* us$1 b ! size ( ! trees & ! "* ( ! wood fit x = _m purposes4 ,its gr[? is (t5 q rapid1 & ! timb] is s(t1 light1 & ) well-def9$ summ]wood4 ,its usual color is gray1 b occasionally fa9t /reaks ( yell[ appe>4 ,! leaves fall dur+ ! f\r? & fif? ye>s2 cones are small & flat2 & ! small se$s are w+$4 ,x is believ$ by p]sons famili> ) ,arizona cypress t x w atta9 consid]able importance :5 ! build+ ( railroads & ! settlem5t ( ! c\ntry make ! =e/s accessible4 ,! wood is durable 9 contact ) ! soil4 ,,smoo? ,,cypress 7,cupressus glabra7 ranges 9 ,arizona & is n believ$ to h or to promise mu* importance z a s\rce ( lumb] supply4 ,its "n 0 giv5 on acc\nt ( ! smoo?ness ( ! b>k4 ,x is "o ( ! late/ species to be giv5 a place among ! cypresses1 & 0 describ$ & nam$ by ,george ,b4 ,sudwor? ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,=e/ ,s]vice4 ,illu/ration ,,balsam ,,fir ,illu/ration3 ,,balsam ,,fir ,,balsam ,,fir 7,abies ,balsamea7 ,balsam fir is ! usual "n appli$ to ?is tree 9 ,new ,engl&1 ,new ,york1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,mi*igan1 ,wiscons91 ,m9nesota1 & ,ont>io4 ,! %ort] "n balsam suffices 9 "s p>ts ( t region1 & p>ticul>ly 9 ,new ,york1 ,new ,hamp%ire1 & ,v]mont4 ,because x is common nor? ( ! int]national b\nd>y1 ! "n ,canada balsam has be5 giv5 x 9 "s regions4 ,9 ,delaw>e x is kn[n z balm ( ,gilead1 b t "n belongs to a tree ( ! cottonwood gr\p1 7,populus balsamif]a7 :i* is a broadleaf species4 ,9 ,new ,york & ,p5nsylvania a ^w ( di/9ction is add$1 & x is call$ balm ( ,gilead fir4 ,t[>d ! s\!rn limit ( its range x is spok5 ( z fir p9e & bli/] p9e4 ,new ,york ,indians knew ! tree z bli/]s4 ,!y ref]r$ to ! pockets "u ! b>k ( "y trees & ne> ! tops ( mature trunks1 9 :i* res9 collect$4 ,! "n balsam ref]s to t *>act]i/ic also1 z does ! ^w balm4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,canada ! tree is kn[n z silv] p9e1 & z silv] spruce4 ,! secretion ( res9 9 b>k bli/]s is a *>act]i/ic ( sev]al firs4 ,! li/ ( names & ! locality ( _! use indicate fairly well ! geographical range ( balsam fir4 ,its nor!rn limit =ms a l9e across ea/]n ,canada f ,labrador to ,hudson bay4 ,f ,hudson bay its nor!rn b\nd>y tr5ds nor?we/w>d & rea*es ! vic9ity ( ,great ,be> lake4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates x gr[s we/w>d to ,m9nesota & s\?w>d to ,p5nsylvania4 ,x is cut = lumb] 9 elev5 /ates4 ,9 a range s l>ge & includ+ situations s v>i\s1 x is natural t ! tree %\ld v>y greatly 9 size4 ,9 ! ,lake ,/ates ! common height is fifty or sixty feet1 & ! diamet] is twelve or fifte5 in*es4 ,"y balsam firs gr[ vigor\sly :5 ! gr\nd is suitable & _! tops receive suffici5t light4 ,9 lumb]$ regions 9 ! ,lake ,/ates1 ?is fir gets a foo?old 9 ! %ade ( a d5se gr[? ( pap] bir* & o!r quickly-gr[+ species2 & 9 a few ye>s ! po9t$1 int5sely gre5 spires ( ! balsams may be se5 pi]c+ ! canopy ( o!r "y tree tops1 & %oot+ above into ! light4 ,?is is accompli%$ aft] a /ruggle ( "s ye>s 9 ! %ade2 b ! firs ultimately w9 _! way upw>d1 & 9 a few ye>s !y %ade to dea? mo/ ( _! broadleaf associates4 ,if !y are 9 competition ) nor!rn :ite c$> or tam>ack1 !y are n always successful 9 w9n+ fir/ place4 ,! leaves ( balsam fir are f "o-half to "o & "o-f\r? in*es long4 ,!y are gre5 & lu/r\s above & silv] :ite bel[1 ! :it5ess due to /omata on _! und]sides4 ,on "y twigs ! leaves bri/le out on all sides & are v num]\s & cr[d$ toge!r1 b on old] bran*es ! leaves are m scatt]$1 due to ! dropp+ ( "s ( !m4 ,x is _! habit to adh]e to ! /ems ab\t eight ye>s4 ,! leaves ( balsam fir possess a pleas+ & *>act]i/ic odor :i* is turn$ to acc\nt 9 a practical way4 ,! small ne$les are /ripp$ f ! bran*es 9 l>ge quantities1 clean$1 dri$1 & are us$ = /uff+ s(a pill[s1 cu%ions1 & o!r k9ds ( uphol/]y4 ,! odor p]si/s a long "t4 ,mu* ( ! collect+ ( ! ne$les is done 9 summ] z a pa/ime by summ] camp]s 9 ! nor!rn woods4 ,! ne$les are suffici5tly t\gh to /& mu* we> 9 pill[s1 & !y are /ill odor\s :5 long use has gr\nd !m to p[d]4 ,! cones ( balsam fir foll[ ! fa%ion ( all species ( fir1 & /& erect on ! bran*es4 ,se$s are "o-f\r? in* 9 l5g? & are w+$4 ,! wood is ( approximately ! same weight z :ite p9e1 b x falls consid]ably bel[ :ite p9e 9 /r5g? & /iffness4 ,x is ( mod]ately rapid gr[? :5 conditions are favorable1 & ! annual r+ has a fair proportion ( summ]wood4 ,! ye>ly r+s are q di/9ct4 ,! m$ull>y rays are num]\s1 & = a s(twood !y are prom95t4 ,:5 a log is qu>t]-saw$1 & ! surfaces ( ! bo>ds are plan$1 ! wood pres5ts a silv]y appe>ance1 b x is too monoton\s to be v attractive4 ,! he>twood is pale br[n1 /reak$ ) yell[1 ! ?ick sapwood mu* light] 9 color4 ,x is p]i%able 9 contact ) ! soil4 ,pulp manufactur]s are ! l>ge/ us]s ( balsam fir4 ,ab\t ?ree p] c5t ( all ! pulpwood cut 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 #aiaj 0 f ?is species4 ,its use is on ! increase1 or appe>s to be2 b rec5t /ati/ics relat+ to ?is wood _c be safely comp>$ ) returns = =m] ye>s1 because ! cu/om ( mix+ fir ) spruce & o!r pulpwoods =m]ly prevail$ 9 ,new ,engl&1 & x 0 !n n possible to det]m9e exactly h[ mu* fir rea*$ ! m>ket4 ,at ! pres5t "t fir goes "u its own "n1 & ! output exce$s #acb1jjj cords1 :i* is equival5t to #aje1jjj1jjj feet1 bo>d measure1 ye>ly4 ,elev5 /ates contribute to ! balsam fir lumb] cut1 b mo/ is suppli$ by ,ma9e1 ,m9nesota1 ,v]mont1 ,mi*igan1 & ,wiscons94 ,! total = #aiaj 0 #gd1ehj1jjj feet4 ,mu* ( x is employ$ 9 r\gh =m = f5ces & build+s1 :ile o!r is fur!r manufactur$ by plan+ mills & factories4 ,c> build]s employ x 9 sev]al ways4 ,x s]ves z doors1 sid+1 l9+1 & ro(+ = freight c>s4 ,x is n a durable wood :5 expos$ to wea!r4 ,! l>ge/ report$ use ( ! wood 9 ,new ,engl& is by box mak]s4 ,massa*usetts alone works ne>ly #ae1jjj1jjj feet a ye> into crates & %ipp+ boxes4 ,its uses 9 ! ,lake ,/ates are m v>i$4 ,! mak]s ( b]ry1 fruit1 & vegetable baskets draw supplies f ! wood4 ,"s ( ! product is ( ?9 split slats1 & o!r ( v5e] or saw$ mat]ial4 ,! light weight & :ite color ( balsam fir make x acceptable to ! manufactur]s ( excelsior4 ,! product is employ$ 9 pack+ m]*&ise = %ipm5t1 & to a small ext5t 9 uphol/]y4 ,! wood fills a r important place 9 ! wood5w>e indu/ry1 :]e its :ite color & light weight con/itute its mo/ important recomm5dations4 ,x is saw$ into /aves = pails & tubs4 ,?\gh balsam fir has little figure & its appe>ance is r common1 x f9ds its way to plan+ mills & woodwork+ %ops :]e x is made into ceil+1 newel po/s1 mold+1 rail+1 sp9dles1 *air-bo>ds1 & o!r int]ior f9i%4 ,! mo/ widely kn[n comm]cial product manufactur$ f ?is tree is ,canada balsam4 ,/rictly speak+1 x is n a manufactur$ article except :at is done 9 nature's laboratory1 & ! product is ! res9 /or$ "u b>k bli/]s4 ,! res9 is transp>5t1 & is employ$ by microscopi/s 9 m\nt+ objects = exam9ation4 ,little ma*9]y or app>atus is us$ 9 remov+ ! viscid fluid f ! pockets 9 ! b>k4 ,) a knife ! ?91 s(t bli/] is slit & ! res9 is scrap$ out4 ,all k9ds ( claims ( m$ic9al virtue are made = balsam res9 9 ! region :]e ! tree gr[s2 b ! treatm5t 9 mo/ cases effects cures--if any cures are really effect$--by appeals to fai? & ! imag9ation4 ,balsam fir owes a l>ge "p ( its importance to its abundance4 ,x is n exactly a swamp tree1 b x does be/ 9 damp situations :]e ! gr\nd is moi/ & cool 9 summ]4 ,only 9 p]iods ( protract$ dr\ght does ! gr\nd litt] become suffici5tly dry to burn fi]cely1 & to t fact is due mu* ( ! promise ( future supply ( balsam fir4 ,t :i* gr[s on ! dry upl&s may fall prey to =e/ fires1 b t 9 ! damp flats1 associat$ ) nor!rn :ite c$> & tam>ack1 w hold its gr\nd & cont9ue to supply dem&4 ,balsam fir has an importance :i* c n be :olly measur$ 9 feet1 p\nds1 cords1 or doll>s4 ,_m ( ! *oice/ ,*ri/mas trees :i* 9 ,decemb] g by t5s ( ?\s&s to ! cities1 are ( ?is tree4 ,its =m is almo/ p]fect1 be+ conical1 broad ne> ! bottom1 & runn+ to a %>p apex4 ,! deep gre5 ( ! ne$les1 :i* reta9 _! color f two weeks to a mon? aft] ! trunk is sev]$1 gives balsam ,*ri/mas trees mu* ( _! popul>ity4 ,! trees are cut f ,ma9e to ,mi*igan1 & _m are %ipp$ across ! int]national b\nd>y f ,canada4 ,! cu/om ( cutt+ ,*ri/mas trees is (t5 condemn$ z a wa/e ( res\rces4 ,x has be5 argu$ t ! de/ruction 9 "o mon? ( #a1jjj1jjj "y trees is equival5t to ! de/ruction ( #ejj1jjj1jjj feet ( lumb]1 because1 if all[$ to rea* maturity1 !y w\ld yield t mu* lumb]4 ,t argum5t does n take into consid]ation ! fact t n "o ( ! "y trees 9 t5 w\ld rea* maturity if left to ! c\rse ( nature4 ,:5 ,gif=d ,p9*ot 0 ,unit$ ,/ates =e/]1 a prote/ aga9/ ! cutt+ ( ,*ri/mas trees 0 =mally laid be=e him4 ,x 0 g5]ally believ$ t he w\ld decl>e t ! wa/e ought to be /opp$ & w\ld set 8 disapproval on ! practice2 b he did no?+ ( ! sort4 ,he decl>$ t ! =e/s are = ! use ( ! p & t !y c s]ve 9 no bett] way ?an by supply+ e *ild 9 ! l& ) a ,*ri/mas tree once a ye>4 ,illu/ration ,,fras] ,,fir ,illu/ration3 ,,fras] ,,fir ,,fras] ,,fir 7,abies ,fras]i7 ,! p :o are acqua9t$ ) ?is int]e/+ & some:at r>e tree h se5 to x t x does n want = names4 ,"s ( ^! names are bo? def9itive & descriptive1 :ile o!rs are nei!r4 ,t5nessee1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 & ,we/ ,virg9ia furni% ! names4 ,)9 ! tree's range 9 ,t5nessee & ,nor? ,c>ol9a x is (t5 kn[n z balsam )\t any qualify+ ^w1 & t is q suffici5t1 = no o!r fir or balsam gr[s )9 its range4 ,9 ! same region x is call$ balsam fir4 ,t is ! common "n ( its nor!rn relative1 b !re is little likelihood ( confus+ ! two species1 = _! ranges d n ov]lap mu*1 if !y t\* at all1 :i* !y probably d n4 ,9 ,t5nessee ! "n is rev]s$ & in/ead ( balsam fir x is fir balsam4 ,x is likewise kn[n z d\ble fir balsam1 b :y 8d\ble0 is add$ to ! "n is n cle>4 ,simil> my/]y atta*es to ! "n 8s+le spruce10 :i* is appli$ to ! balsam fir 9 ! int]ior ( ,briti% ,am]ica4 ,! s\!rn ,appala*ian tree is call$ %e balsam & %e balsam fir4 ,^! names h no sci5tific basis1 & !y appe> to h orig9at$ 9 a desire to di/+ui% ?is tree f ! r$ spruce ) :i* x is associat$4 ,! spruce is call$ 8he balsam40 ,artificial names l ^! are n necess>y to di/+ui% r$ spruce f ,fras] fir1 z v slight acqua9tance %\ld enable anybody to tell "o f ! o!r at sight1 & to see cle>ly t !y are n ( ! same species4 ,m\nta9 balsam1 a ,nor? ,c>ol9a "n = ?is fir1 is well tak51 = x is di/9ctly a m\nta9 species4 ,! "n heal+ balsam is giv5 9 ackn[l$gm5t ( ! suppos$ m$ic9al prop]ties ( ! res9 :i* collects 9 bli/]s or pockets "u ! b>k ( "y trees & ne> ! tops ( old4 ,9 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 :]e ?is tree rea*es ! nor!rn limits ( its habitat1 x is call$ bli/] p9e1 on acc\nt ( ! res9 pockets4 ,9 ! same region x is call$ /ackpole p9e1 because f>m]s :o m[ m\nta9 mead[s use /raight1 v light poles cut f ?is fir r\nd :i* to build hay/acks4 ,?is tree is decid$ly an inhabitant ( ! high1 expos$ localities1 be+ f\nd entirely 9 ! upp] elevations ( ! s\!rn ,appala*ian m\nta9s1 ei!r =m+ ext5sive pure /&s or gr[+ 9 ! company ( r$ spruce 7,picea rub5s71 ) a scatt]+ ( v>i\s /unt$ h>dwoods1 z bir*1 m\nta9 a%1 *]ry & usually ) an und]gr[? ( rhodod5dron4 ,fras] fir's range ext5ds f ! high m\nta9s ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 :]e x gr[s #f1jjj feet above sea level1 nor?w>d into ,we/ ,virg9ia1 )9 a few miles ( ! ,m>yl& l9e1 at an altitude ( #c1cjj feet4 ,! tree is n f\nd 9 all regions betwe5 its nor!rn & s\!rn limits4 ,its be/ developm5t is 9 ! s\!rn "p ( its range4 ,on ! upp] limits ( its habitat ! tree pres5ts a decid$ly picturesque appe>ance1 be+ gn>l$ & twi/$ & pla9ly %[+ ! results ( its long /ruggle = life & developm5t4 ,x is always noticeable t on ! expos$ side ! limbs are s %ort z to be almo/ miss+ & on ! opposite side !y gr[ out /raight & long1 appe>+ to fly be=e ! w9d4 ,^! limbs are sometimes ( z great a gir? = five or six feet ( _! l5g? z any "p ( ! ma9 /em1 & h a s+ul> look1 seem+ to be all out ( proportion to ! re/ ( ! tree4 ,! old] trees are ve/$ 9 a smoo?1 yell[i%-gray1 mossy b>k1 :i* is q diff]5t f t ( ! balsam fir4 ,! b>k is ?91 ab\t "o-f\r? ( an in* on "y trunks1 & half an in* ne> ! gr\nd on old ones4 ,! leaves are usually half an in* long1 sometimes "o in*1 & _! l[] sides are :iti%1 :i* t9t is due to abundant :ite /omata4 ,9 t respect !y resemble leaves ( balsam fir & hemlock4 ,! cones1 l ^? ( o!r species ( fir1 /& erect on ! bran*es1 & av]age ab\t two & a half in*es 9 l5g?4 ,!y are smoo!r ?an ! cones ( mo/ p9es4 ,!y mature 9 ,septemb]4 ,! w+$ se$s av]age "o-eigh? in* 9 l5g?1 & are fairly abundant4 ,! ,fras] fir gr[s z tall z balsam fir1 f =ty to sixty feet1 & ! trunk diamet] is great]1 be+ sometimes ?irty in*es1 ?\gh half ( t is ne>] an av]age4 ,:5 ( pole size1 t is1 f five to eight in*es 9 diamet]1 ,fras] fir is (t5 tall1 /raight & %apely4 ,its =m1 h[ev]1 dep5ds ^u ! situation 9 :i* x gr[s4 ,if 9 ! op51 x develops a relatively %ort trunk & a broad1 pyramidal cr[n4 ,?is fir diff]s f balsam fir 9 its *oice ( situation4 ,! latt]1 ?\gh n exactly a swamp tree1 pref]s damp gr\nd1 :ile ,fras] fir fl\ri%es on slopes & m\nta9 tops4 ,on ! m\nta9s ( we/]n ,nor? ,c>ol9a fir gr[s 9 mixture ) r$ spruce4 ,sometimes ! fir is fifty p] c5t ( ! /&1 b usually x is less1 & frequ5tly n m ?an fifte5 p] c5t4 ,few fir trees 9 t locality are two feet 9 diamet]4 ,!y gr[ ) fair rapidity 9 _! e>ly ye>s1 b decl9e 9 rate z age comes on4 ,x may be obs]v$ 9 travel+ ?r\gh ! /&s ( mix$ spruce & fir among ! high ranges ( ! s\!rn ,appala*ian m\nta9s t ! proportion ( spruce is mu* high] 9 old /&s ?an 9 "y4 ,t is due to ! great] age to :i* spruce lives4 ,trees ( t species cont9ue to /& aft] ! firs h di$ ( old age4 ,on ! o!r h&1 fir outnumb]s spruce 9 _m "y /&s4 ,t is because fir reproduces bett] ?an spruce1 & gr[s ) m vigor at fir/4 ,9 /&s ( second gr[? ! fir (t5 pr$om9ates4 ,x dep5ds to "s ext5t ^u ! conditions "u :i* ! second gr[? has its />t4 ,fir does n g]m9ate well if ! gr\nd has be5 b>$ by fire & ! humus burn$4 ,consequ5tly1 old burns d n readily gr[ up 9 fir4 ,! be/ /&s occur :]e ! natural conditions h n be5 mu* di/urb$ fur!r ?an by remov+ ! gr[?4 ,=tunately conditions on ! summit & elevat$ slopes ( ! s\!rn ,appala*ians d n favor de/ructive =e/ fires4 ,ra9 is frequ5t & abundant1 & ! %ade ca/ by ev]gre5 trees keeps ! humus too moi/ = fire4 ,to ?is condition is due ! comp>ative immunity f fire ( ! high m\nta9 =e/s ( fir & spruce4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 fires sweep ?r\gh f9e /&s ) disa/r\s results4 ,! de/ruction is m s]i\s because no second =e/ ( ev]gre5s is likely on tracts :i* h be5 sev]ely burn$4 ,a report by ! ,/ate ,geological ,survey on =e/ conditions 9 we/]n ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 issu$ 9 #aiaa1 pr$ict$ t spruce & fir =e/s aggregat+ f #ajj1jjj to #aej1jjj acres among ! high m\nta9 ranges1 w become b>r5 tracts1 because ( ! de/ructive effect ( fires /ripp+ ! gr\nd ( humus4 ,! cutt]s ( pulpwood 9 ! s\!rn ,appala*ian m\nta9s take ,fras] fir :]ev] !y f9d x1 mix x ) spruce1 & ! two woods g to m>ket z "o4 ,/ati/ics %[ ! annual cut ( bo?1 b d n give !m sep>ately4 ,! output ( spruce1 includ+ fir1 s\? ( ,p5nsylvania1 9 #aiaj 0 #aae1iic cords1 equival5t to ab\t #hj1jjj1jjj feet1 bo>d measure4 ,mo/ ( x 0 r$ spruce1 b "s 0 fir1 & 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a probably tw5ty-five p] c5t 0 ( t species4 ,! total pulpwood cut 9 t /ate 0 #ad1eji cords ( ! two woods comb9$1 & probably #c1hjj cords 7 ,fras] fir4 ,! wood ( ,fras] fir is v light4 ,an air dry sample f ,roan m\nta91 ,n4 ,c41 weigh$ #bb4bb p\nds p] cubic foot4 ,t is light] ?an balsam fir1 :i* is class$ among ! v light woods4 ,x is /rong] ?an balsam fir by tw5ty-five p] c5t4 ,! wood is s(t1 compact & ! b&s ( summ]wood 9 ! annual r+s are r broad & light color$ & are n conspicu\s4 ,! m$ull>y rays are ?9 b num]\s4 ,! color is light br[n1 ! sapwood mo/ly :ite4 ,?is wood is n ( mu* comm]cial value except = pulp4 ,x is n abundant1 & x is n suit$ to _m purposes4 ,x is suitable = boxes1 be+ light 9 weight & mod]ately /rong2 b o!r woods :i* gr[ 9 ! same region are z good 9 all respects & are m abundant1 & w be us$ 9 pref]5ce to fir = t purpose4 ,! decrease 9 area on acc\nt ( fires1 & 9 quantity because ( pulpwood op]ations1 indicates t =e/ gr[n ,fras] fir has se5 its be/ days4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,=e/ ,s]vice has acquir$ tracts ( l& on ! summits ( ! m\nta9s :]e ?is species has its natural home1 & ! gr[? w be protect$ f fires & f de/ructive cutt+1 & !re is no dang] t ! species w be ext]m9at$4 ,x is an int]e/+ tree4 ,x contributes to ! pleasure ( t\ri/s & camp]s among ! s\!rn m\nta9s4 ,! fragrance ( its leaves & "y bran*es add a ze/ to ! summ] camp4 ,! travel] :o is ov]tak5 9 ! woods by ! com+ ( night1 prep>es 8 b$ ( ! b\ghs ( ?is tree & ( r$ spruce & sleeps s\ndly b5ea? an ev]gre5 canopy4 ,pill[s & cu%ions /uff$ ) fir ne$les c>ry memories ( ! m\nta9s to di/ant cities4 ,9 "o respect ?is tree ( ! high m\nta9s is l ! untam$ ,indians :o once roam$ 9 t region3 x refuses to be civiliz$4 ,! tree has be5 plant$ 9 p>ks 9 ?is c\ntry & 9 ,europe1 b x does n prosp]4 ,its =m loses some?+ ( ! grace & symmetry :i* x exhibits 9 its m\nta9 home1 & its life is %ort4 ,^? :o wi% to see ,fras] fir at its be/ mu/ see x :]e nature plant$ x high on ! s\!rn m\nta9s4 ,,arizona ,,cork ,,fir 7,abies arizonica7 v closely resembles =ms ( ! alp9e fir1 & may n be a sep>ate species4 ,sudwor? 0 unable to di/+ui% its foliage & cones f ^? ( alp9e fir1 b ! b>k is s(t]4 ,its range is on ! ,san ,francisco m\nta9s 9 ,arizona4 ,x is v sc>ce1 & only local use ( its wood is possible4 ,illu/ration ,,noble ,,fir ,illu/ration3 ,,noble ,,fir ,,noble ,,fir 7,abies ,nobilis7 ,?is tree's "n is ju/ifi$ by its appe>ance :5 gr[+ at its be/ 9 ! =e/s ( ! nor?we/ ,pacific coa/4 ,x is tall1 %apely1 & impos+4 ,x (t5 exce$s a height ( #bej feet1 & a trunk diamet] ( six feet4 ,x is sometimes eight feet 9 diamet]4 ,no tree is m %apely & symmetrical4 ,:5 gr[n 9 d5se /&s ! fir/ limb may be #aej feet f ! gr\nd1 & f t po9t to ! base !re is little tap]4 ,x ov]-rea*es s _m ( its =e/ companions t x is sometimes designat$ locally z bigtree2 b x is believ$ t lumb] is nev] s spok5 (1 & t ! "n applies to ! /&+ tree only4 ,! ,indians ( ! region :]e x gr[s call x tuck-tuck1 b in=mation z to ! mean+ ( ^! words is n at h&4 ,9 nor!rn ,cali=nia1 & probably /ill f>!r nor?1 ?is species is (t5 call$ r$ fir1 fea!r-cone r$ fir1 or bract$ r$ fir4 ,! color ( ! he>twood & ! appe>ance ( ! cone1 d\btless are responsible = ^! names4 ,!re is a t5d5cy 9 ! fir-gr[+ regions ( ! ,we/ to call all firs ei!r :ite or r$1 dep5d+ ^u ! color ( ! he>twood4 ,!re are t5 or m species ( fir we/ ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 & to ! layman !y all look mu* alike1 b to botani/s !y are int]e/+ objects ( /udy4 ,! range ( noble fir cov]s p>ts ( ?ree /ates1 b ! :ole ( no "o4 ,its nor!rn limit is 9 ,wa%+ton1 its s\!rn 9 nor!rn ,cali=nia1 & x foll[s ! m\nta9s across we/]n ,oregon4 ,x (t5 =ms ext5sive =e/s on ! ,cascade m\nta9s ( ,wa%+ton4 ,x is mo/ abundant at elevations ( f #b1ejj to #e1jjj feet 9 s\?we/]n ,wa%+ton & nor?we/]n ,oregon4 ,on ! ea/]n & nor!rn slopes ( ^? m\nta9s x is ( small] size & is less abundant4 ,l sev]al o!r ( ! extraord9>ily l>ge we/]n trees1 x keeps pretty close to ! w>m1 moi/ coa/ ( ! ,pacific4 ,! %9+1 blue-gre5 color ( ! leaves is a conspicu\s *>act]i/ic ( noble fir z x appe>s 9 ! =e/4 ,!y v>y 9 l5g? f an in* to an in* & a half4 ,!y usually curl1 twi/1 & turn _! po9ts upw>d & backw>d1 away f ! end ( ! bran* :i* be>s !m4 ,! cones1 foll[+ ! fa%ion ( firs1 /& upright on ! twigs1 & are conspicu\s objects4 ,!y are f\r or five in*es 9 l5g?1 :i* is r l>ge = firs1 b n ! l>ge/4 ,! se$s are half an in* long1 & are w+$4 ,!y are well provid$ ) ! means ( flight1 b _m ( !m nev] h an opportunity to te/ _! w+s1 = ! dextr\s ,d\glas squirrel cuts ! cones f ! highe/ trees1 & :5 !y fall to ! gr\nd he pulls !m ap>t ) 8 feet & tee?1 & ! se$s pay him = 8 pa9s4 ,if cones rip5 on ! trees & ! releas$ se$s sail away1 !re are birds ( v>i\s fea!r wait+ to receive !m4 ,consequ5tly1 ! noble fir plants comp>atively few se$s4 ,_! ratio ( f]tility is l[ at be/1 b t is p>tly comp5sat$ = by ! l>ge numb]s produc$4 ,?ick /&s ( noble fir are n common4 ,x g5]ally is f\nd1 a few trees "h & !re1 mix$ ) o!r species4 ,sawmills f9d x unpr(itable to keep ! lumb] sep>ate f o!r k9ds4 ,x does n pay to d s = two reasons4 ,extra labor is requir$ to h&le x 9 t way1 & !re is a prejudice aga9/ fir lumb]4 ,x does n appeal to buy]s4 ,= t reason "s op]ators h call$ ?is timb] ,oregon l>*1 & h s5t x to m>ket "u t "n4 ,t is a trick ( ! trade :i* has be5 put into practice _m times & ) _m woods4 ,! purpose 9 ! in/ance ( noble fir 0 to pass x = ! l>* :i* gr[s 9 ! nor!rn ,rocky ,m\nta9 region4 ,! two woods are s diff]5t t no p]son acqua9t$ ) "o w\ld mi/ake x = ! o!r4 ,a rec5t gov]nm5t report ( woods us$ = manufactur+ purposes 9 ,wa%+ton does n li/ a foot ( noble fir4 ,! inf]5ce is t x mu/ be go+ to factories "u "s o!r "n1 = x is incr$ible t ?is wood %\ld be put to no use at all 9 ! region ( its be/ developm5t4 ,noble fir is ( sl[ gr[?1 & ! l>ge trunks are v old1 ! olde/ n less ?an #hjj ye>s4 ,! summ]wood =ms a n>r[1 d>k b& 9 ! annual r+4 ,m$ull>y rays are num]\s1 b v ?9 & inconspicu\s4 ,! wood possesses little figure4 ,x weighs tw5ty-eight p\nds p] cubic foot1 :i* is f\r p\nds less ?an ! av]age ,d\glas fir4 ,x is v l[ 9 fuel value1 z s(twoods usually are :i* h little res94 ,x is v weak1 & x b5ds easily4 ,x is s(t1 easily work$1 & poli%es well4 ,?is is "o ( its mo/ valuable qualities4 ,x is defici5t 9 a numb] ( prop]ties :i* are desirable 9 wood1 b p>tly makes up = !m 9 its ability to take a smoo? f9i%4 ,x is pale br[n1 /reak$ ) r$1 ! sapwood d>k]4 ,9 t p>ticul> x is unusual1 = mo/ s(twoods h sap light] 9 color ?an ! he>t4 ,x has be5 already po9t$ out t difficulty is met :5 an attempt is made to li/ ! uses ( noble fir1 because x loses its "n be=e x leaves ! sawmill y>d & takes ! "n ( "s o!r wood1 & ^? :o put x to use (t5 d s )\t kn[+ :at ! wood really is4 ,x is kn[n t "s ( x is manufactur$ into h\se sid+4 ,x works nicely & looks well1 b s9ce x is liable to quick decay x mu/ be kept well pa9t$ :5 x is expos$ to wea!r4 ,x s]ves z int]ior f9i%1 & ?is seems to be "o ( its be/ uses4 ,x is s employ$ = /eamboats & = h\ses1 & _m %ipm5ts ( x h be5 made to boat build]s on ! ,atlantic coa/4 ,x is us$ = %ipp+ boxes1 & its light color fits x = t purpose1 z ! wood %[s pa9t+ & /5cil+ to good advantage4 ,european nurs]ies h propagat$ noble fir ) success1 b x does n d s well 9 ! ea/]n "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ?\gh x lives ?r\gh w9t]s z f> nor? z ,massa*usetts4 ,x is n kn[n to h be5 plant$ = o!r ?an ornam5tal purposes4 ,unless x w\ld gr[ mu* fa/] 9 plantations ?an 9 its wild /ate1 x w be too long 9 matur+ to make x attractive to ! timb] plant]4 ,,:ite ,,fir 7,abies concolor74 ,! :it5ess ( ! wood & ! silv] color ( ! "y bran*es give ?is species its "n1 b x is n ! sole possessor ( t "n1 b %>es x ) ?ree o!r firs4 ,9 ,cali=nia1 ,idaho1 & ,utah x is call$ balsam fir4 ,! bran*es & upp] p>ts ( ! trunk :]e ! b>k is ?91 are cov]$ ) bli/]s :i* conta9 :ite res94 ,9 ,utah x is kn[n z :ite balsam1 z silv] fir 9 "s p>ts ( ,cali=nia1 & z black gum 9 ,utah4 ,! reason = t "n is n app>5t1 unless x ref]s to ! black b>k on old trees4 ,x has sev]al o!r names :i* are comb9ations ( :ite & silv] ) "s o!r t]m4 ,its range is mo/ly 9 ! ,si]ras & 9 ! ,rocky ,m\nta9 ranges1 ext5d+ f s\!rn ,colorado to ! m\nta9s ( ,cali=nia1 nor? ?r\gh ,oregon1 & s\? ?r\gh ,new ,mexico & ,arizona4 ,! imm5se proportions are rea*$ only 9 ! ,si]ra gr[?1 ^? trees 9 ! ,rockies be+ h>dly above ord9>y size4 ,9 its free gr[? ! tree is reput$ to be ! only "o ( its g5us f\nd 9 ! arid regions ( ! ,great ,bas91 & simil> localities 9 ,arizona & ,new ,mexico4 ,x is n di/+ui%$ by all botani/s f ! simil> species1 ,abies gr&is4 ,:ite fir atta9s a height ( #bej feet & a diamet] ( six 9 "s in/ances1 b ! av]age size ( mature trees among ! ,si]ra ,nevadas is #aej feet tall & ?ree or f\r 9 diamet]4 ,9 ! ,rocky ,m\nta9 region ! tree is small]4 ,x gr[s f #c1jjj to #i1jjj feet above sea level4 ,! leaves are long = ! fir g5us1 & v>y f two to ?ree in*es4 ,! tree's b>k is black ne> ! base ( l>ge trunks b ( less somb] color ne> ! top4 ,ne> ! base ( l>ge trees ! b>k is sometimes six in*es ?ick4 ,! wood ( ?is species is light & s(t4 ,c>p5t]s consid] x co>se gra9$1 by :i* !y mean t x does n poli% nicely4 ,x is brittle & weak4 ,! r+s ( annual gr[? are g5]ally broad1 ) ! b&s ( d>k] color$ summ]wood prom95t4 ,9 lumb] saw$ tang5tially1 r+s produces di/9ct figure1 b x is n g5]ally reg>d$ z pleas+4 ,! m$ull>y rays are prom95t = a s(twood1 b qu>t]-saw+ does n add mu* to ! wood's appe>ance4 ,x decays quickly 9 alt]nate wet & dry situations4 ,trees are apt to be affect$ ) w9d %ake1 & ! wood's disposition to spl9t] 9 c\rse ( manufacture has prejudic$ _m us]s aga9/ x4 ,h[ev]1 x has "s good qualities4 ,! wood is free f objectionable odor1 & ?is qualifies x z box mat]ial4 ,fruit %ipp]s c use x )\t fe> ( contam9at+ _! w>es4 ,x is light 9 color1 & /5cil+ looks well on x4 ,its weight is likewise 9 its favor4 ,trees ( ?is species seldom occur 9 pure /&s ( l>ge ext5t1 b are scatt]$ among =e/s ( o!r k9ds4 ,sawmills cut ! fir z !y come to x1 b seldom g mu* out ( _! way to get x4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates c5sus = #aiaj %[$ t #acb1cbg1jjj feet ( :ite fir lumb] 7 cut 9 ! :ole c\ntry1 b z sev]al species pass by t "n x is n possible to det]m9e h[ mu* belong$ to ! "o "u discussion1 b probably ab\t half1 z t mu* 0 cr$it$ to ,cali=nia :]e ?is tree is at its be/4 ,! fir does n suff] 9 comp>ison ) trees associat$ ) x4 ,its trunk does n av]age q z l>ge z ! p9es1 yet l>g] ?an mo/ ( ! c$>s2 b 9 height x equals ! be/ ( its associates1 & 9 symmetrical =m1 & beauty ( color ( foliage1 x mu/ be ackn[l$g$ sup]ior4 ,! d>k int5sity ( its gre5 cr[n :5 ?r[n aga9/ ! blue summ] skies ( ! ,si]ras =ms a picture :i* probably no tree 9 ! _w c surpass & few c equal4 ,its cones suff] f ! depr$ations ( ! ev]-hungry ,d\glas squirrel :i* is too impati5t to wait = nature's sl[ process to rip5 & scatt] ! se$s2 b he climbs ! trunks :i* /& z /raight z plummet l9es two hundr$ feet or m1 & cl++ to ! topmo/ sway+ bran*es1 clips ! cone /ems ) 8 tee?1 & ! cone goes to ! gr\nd l a %ot4 ,a p]son :o w /& /ill 9 a ,si]ra =e/ 9 late summ]1 :]e firs ab\nd1 w pres5tly he> ! cones ?ump+ ! gr\nd on all sides ( him4 ,if 8 eyes are good1 & he looks c>efully1 he may see ! squirrels1 silh\ett$ aga9/ ! sky on f>-away tree tops1 seem+ s small 9 ! di/ance t !y look ! size ( mice2 yet ! ,d\glas squirrel is ab\t ! size ( ! ea/]n r$ squirrel4 ,he does n always let ! cones fall :5 he cuts _! /ems1 b sometimes c>ries !m d[n ! long trunk to ! gr\nd1 !n goes back = ano!r4 ,! squirrel ho>ds ! cones = w9t]1 b does n neglect to fully satisfy 8 appetite :ile ab\t ! "w4 ,a s+le ho>d--c>efully cov]$ ) p9e ne$les z a ro( aga9/ w9t] sn[--may conta9 five or t5 bu%els ( cones1 :i* are n all fir cones1 b ^! pr$om9ate 9 mo/ ho>ds4 ,illu/ration ,,gr& ,,fir ,illu/ration3 ,,gr& ,,fir ,,gr& ,,fir 7,abies ,gr&is7 ,9 ,cali=nia1 ,oregon1 & ,idaho ?is tree is call$ :ite fir1 b x has sev]al o!r names1 silv] fir & yell[ fir 9 ,montana & ,idaho4 ,9 ,cali=nia "s "k x z ,oregon fir1 we/]n :ite fir1 & great ,cali=nia fir4 ,gr& fir is m a botani/'s ?an a lumb]man's "n4 ,! range ext5ds f ,briti% ,columbia to ,m5doc9o c\nty1 ,cali=nia1 & to ! we/]n slopes ( ! cont95tal divide 9 ,montana4 ,! coa/al gr[? lies 9 a comp>atively n>r[ /rip4 ,9 ! m\nta9s an altitude ( #g1jjj feet is sometimes rea*$1 ! soil & moi/ure requirem5ts1 h[ev]1 be+ ! same4 ,! l>ge/ trees are f\nd 9 bottom l&s ne> ! coa/ :]e trunks #cjj feet tall & six feet 9 diamet] are f\nd1 b ! av]age is mu* less4 ,9 m\nta9 regions at consid]able altitudes a height ( #ajj feet & a diamet] ( two or ?ree is an av]age size4 ,! leaves are ab\t an in* & a half 9 l5g?1 occasionally two & a half4 ,!y are arrang$ 9 r[s along ! sides ( ! long1 flexible bran*es4 ,cones are f two to f\r in*es long1 & be> w+$ se$s ?ree-eigh?s ( an in* long1 ! w+s be+ half an in* or m 9 l5g?4 ,! b>k ( old trunks may be two in*es ?ick1 b g5]ally is ?9n]4 ,x is un=tunate t ! wood ( ! l>ge we/]n firs lacks s _m qualities :i* make x valuable4 ,x is g5]ally inf]ior to ! woods ( ,d\glas fir1 we/]n hemlock1 ,sitka spruce & ! we/]n c$>s1 sug> p9e1 & we/]n yell[ p9e4 ,! wood ( gr& fir is light1 s(t1 weak1 brittle1 & n durable 9 contact ) ! soil4 ,its light color & ! abundance ( cle> mat]ial 9 ! giant trunks are r$eem+ features4 ,^! ought to op5 ! way = mu* use 9 ! future4 ,x _c f9d place 9 heavy con/ruction1 because x is n /rong en\gh4 ,t %uts x f "o important place = :i* x is o!rwise fitt$4 ,box mak]s f9d x suitable1 z all fir woods are1 & l>ge dem& %\ld come f t qu>t]4 ,trunks t w cut f #ae1jjj to #bj1jjj feet ( lumb] t is practically cle>1 & ( good color1 & light 9 weight1 are b\nd to h value = boxes & slack coop]age4 ,trees gr[ ) fair rapidity4 ,annual r+s are usually broad1 & ! b&s ( summ]wood are wide & di/9ct4 ,?is gu>antees a c]ta9 figure 9 lumb] saw$ tang5tially1 b x is n a figure to comp>e 9 beauty ) "s ( ! h>dwoods1 or ev5 ) ,d\glas fir1 or ! s\!rn yell[ p9es4 ,x ought to be a fir/ class mat]ial = c]ta9 k9ds ( wood5w>e1 p>ticul>ly = tubs1 pails1 & small /ave vessels1 & z f> z x has be5 us$ 9 t way x has be5 satisfactory4 ,x _c be recomm5d$ = outside h\se f9i%1 su* z wea!r-bo>d+1 cornice1 & por* "w1 because ( its susceptibility to decay2 b x meets requirem5ts = pla9 int]ior f9i%1 & te/s h %[n x to be good mat]ial = cores or back+ ov] :i* to glue v5e]s ( h>dwood4 ,:ile ! ea/]n /ates h n yet wak5$ up to ! fact t ?is tree is ( value 9 ornam5tal plant+1 its decorative qualities 9 op5 /&s h be5 recogniz$ = "s "t 9 ea/]n ,europe1 :]e trees ( consid]able size1 promis+ to atta9 almo/ primeval proportions1 are already fl\ri%+4 ,,r$ ,,fir 7,abies magnifica7 is ! l>ge/ fir 9 ,am]ica4 ,at its be/ x atta9s a height ( #bej feet & a diamet] ( t51 b t size is r>e4 ,x has sev]al names1 magnific5t fir1 :i* is a translation ( its botanical "n2 r$b>k fir1 ,cali=nia r$ fir1 & gold5 fir4 ,! ref]5ce to r$ :i* occurs 9 its sev]al names1 is descriptive ( its he>twood4 ,its range lies on ! ,cascade m\nta9s ( s\!rn ,oregon1 & along ! entire l5g? ( ! we/]n slope ( ! ,si]ra ,nevadas 9 ,cali=nia4 ,x is common 9 s\!rn ,oregon & sometimes =ms ne>ly pure =e/s at elevations ( #e1jjj or #g1jjj feet4 ,x is pl5tiful 9 ! ,si]ra ,nevada ranges at altitudes ( f #f1jjj to #i1jjj feet4 ,9 s\!rn ,cali=nia x asc5ds #aj1jjj feet4 ,on old trees ! limbs1 regul>ly :orl$ 9 coll>s ( five1 are usually p5dul\s or d[n-gr[+ & are regul>ly & precisely subdivid$ into bran*es & twigs1 ! %ort1 /iff blue-gre5 leaves1 :i* p]si/ = t5 ye>s1 closely cov]+ ! upp] side ( ! latt]4 ,its cones are ! l>ge/ ( ! firs1 are d>k purple 9 color & gr[ erect on ! bran*es4 ,! cones are six or eight in*es long1 & ?ree or f\r 9 diamet]4 ,!y pres5t a f9e appe>ance z !y /& erect on ! bran*es4 ,! se$s are l>ge1 b _! /rong w+s are able to c>ry !m away f ! imm$iate pres5ce ( ! p>5t tree4 ,! w+s are extremely beautiful1 & fla% light ) ! colors ( ! ra9b[4 ,old trees are protect$ by h>d1 d>k-color$ b>k five or six in*es ?ick4 ,a =e/ fire may pass ?r\gh a /& ( old firs )\t burn+ ?r\gh ! b>k1 b "y trees are n s protect$1 & are liable to be kill$4 ,a /udy ( ! wood ( ! r$ fir reveals r m favorable qualities ?an ! o!r firs af=d4 ,sap & he>twood are m easily di/+ui%$ ?an 9 ! o!r species1 ! sapwood be+ mu* light] 9 color ?an ! r$di% he>t4 ,contr>y to ! g5]al rule among ! firs1 ?is wood possesses consid]able durability1 especially :5 us$ = purposes :i* br+ x 9 contact ) ! soil4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 light1 s(t & weak1 b has a close1 f9e gra9 & compact /ructure4 ,season+ defects1 su* z *eck+ & w>p+1 are liable to occur unless prop]ly gu>d$ aga9/4 ,x weighs #bi4cj p\nds p] cubic foot1 or ne>ly ?ree p\nds less ?an ,d\glas fir4 ,x is us$ = r\gh lumb]1 pack+ boxes1 bridge floors1 int]ior h\se f9i%1 & fuel4 ,,%a/a ,,r$ ,,fir 7,abies magnifica %a/5sis7 is pron\nc$ by ,george ,b4 ,sudwor? to be only a =m ( r$ fir 7,abies magnifica7 & n a sep>ate species4 ,! pr9cipal diff]5ce is 9 ! cones4 ,! ,%a/a =m 0 discov]$ on ! m\nta9 ( t "n 9 nor!rn ,cali=nia 9 #ahij by ,pr(essor ,j4 ,g4 ,lemmon4 ,x 0 suppos$ to be conf9$ to t locality1 b 0 subsequ5tly f\nd on ! ,cascade m\nta9s 9 ,oregon1 & also at sev]al po9ts 9 nor!rn ,cali=nia4 ,x 0 lat] f\nd 9 ! ,si]ras five hundr$ miles s\? ( ,m\nt ,%a/a4 ,,lovely ,,fir 7,abies amabilis7 is kn[n by a numb] ( names1 r$ fir1 silv] fir1 r$ silv] fir1 lovely r$ fir1 amabilis fir1 & l>*4 ,! la/ "n is appli$ to ?is tree by lumb]m5 :o h discov]$ t fir lumb] sells bett] if x is giv5 "s o!r "n4 ,! range ( ?is species ext5ds f ,briti% ,columbia s\?w>d 9 ! ,cascade m\nta9s ?r\gh ,wa%+ton to ,oregon4 ,x is ! common fir ( ! ,olympic m\nta9s & !re rea*es its be/ developm5t1 sometimes a height ( #bej feet & a diamet] ( five or six2 b ! av]age1 ev5 9 ! be/ "p ( its range1 is mu* "u t size1 :ile 9 ! nor!rn c\ntry1 & high on m\nta9s1 x is a commonplace tree1 av]ag+ less ?an #ajj feet high1 & sc>cely eighte5 in*es 9 diamet]4 ,:5 ?is fir /&s 9 op5 gr\nd1 ! :ole trunk is cov]$ ) limbs f base to top2 b 9 d5se /&s1 ! limbs drop (f1 & a clean trunk results4 ,"s ( ! l>ge/ trees rise ) sc>cely a limb #aej feet1 & above t is ! small cr[n4 ,! b>k ( "y trees is cov]$ ) bli/]s fill$ ) res94 ,! b>k is ?9 & smoo? until ! tree is a c5tury or m old1 aft] :i* x becomes r\gh]1 & ne> ! base may be two & a half in*es ?ick4 ,x is ( v sl[ gr[?1 & a c5tury h>dly produces a trunk ( small sawlog size4 ,! leaves are d>k gre5 above1 & :iti% bel[4 ,!y are mu* cr[d$ on ! twigs1 ^? on ! und]side ris+ ) a twi/ at ! base1 & /&+ ne>ly erect4 ,!y are long] ?an ^? on ! twig's upp] side4 ,! purple cones are conspicu\s objects on ! tree1 are f ?ree & a half to six in*es long1 & be> abundance ( se$s :i* are well disp]s$ by w9d4 ,h[ev]1 ! reproduction ( ?is tree is n pl5tiful4 ,! species holds its own1 & n mu* m4 ,:5 artificial re=e/ation takes place 9 ?is c\ntry1 if t "t ev] comes1 lovely fir w receive scant consid]ation1 because ( its disc\rag+ly sl[ gr[?4 ,x ranks ) lodgepole p9e 9 t respect4 ,nature c af=d to wait two hundr$ ye>s = a =e/ to mature1 b m5 w n plant & protect :5 ! prospect ( returns is s remote4 ,! wood is light1 weak1 mod]ately /iff & h>d4 ,! he>twood is pale br[n1 ! sap ne>ly :ite4 ,! summ]wood appe>s 9 ?9 b well-m>k$ b&s 9 ! annual r+s1 & ! m$ull>y rays are l>ge en\gh to %[ slightly 9 qu>t]-saw$ lumb]4 ,gr[+ z x does1 int]sp]s$ ) really valuable woods1 ! lovely fir is n highly ?\ght ( f a comm]cial /&po9t4 ,h[ev]1 x is exploit$ 9 conjunction ) ! o!r species & turn$ into lumb] & g5]al /ructural mat]ial4 ,a consid]able quantity f9ds a m>ket z int]ior f9i% & o!r millwork4 ,x has _m ( ! prop]ties :i* fit x = ! manufacture ( pack+ boxes1 p>ticul>ly ^? int5d$ = dri$ fruit & light m]*&ise4 ,x be>s consid]able resemblance to spruce4 ,! utilization ( ?is & simil> species ( we/]n fir = pulp has be5 sugge/$1 b little has be5 done4 ,x has be5 plant$ ornam5tally 9 p>ts ( ,europe1 b !re is no comp>ison betwe5 ! decorative appe>ance ( ?is fir & its associat$ species1 ! o!rs :i* are 9 cultivation be+ mu* sup]ior4 ,removal f ! old habitat militates greatly aga9/ its natural beauty & r$uces x to ! level ( ! ord9>y4 ,,alp9e ,,fir 7,abies lasioc>pa7 is s call$ because x ?rives on high m\nta9s & 9 ! f> ,nor?4 ,x gr[s 9 s\!rn ,alaska1 up to latitude #fj1 & s\?w>d to ,oregon & ,colorado4 ,its o!r names are balsam1 :ite balsam1 ,oregon balsam1 m\nta9 balsam1 :ite fir1 pumpk9 tree1 d[n-cone1 & d[ny-cone subalp9e fir4 ,x gr[s f sea level 9 ,alaska up to #g1jjj feet or m 9 ! ,s\?4 ,x is n abundant1 & n v well kn[n4 ,h[ev]1 its sl5d]1 spirelike top di/+ui%es x f all associates & x may be recogniz$ at long di/ances by t *>act]i/ic4 ,x endures cold at #dj degrees bel[ z]o1 & summ] climate at #ij degrees4 ,trees are usually small1 & ! trunks are cov]$ ) limbs to ! gr\nd4 ,on high m\nta9s ! l[] limbs (t5 lie flat on ! gr\nd1 & ! twigs sometimes take root4 ,"u v favorable circum/ances ?is fir may rea* a height ( #afj feet & a diamet] ( f\r1 b ! usual size is less ?an half ( x1 ev5 :5 conditions are fair1 :ile on bleak m\nta9s mature trees may be only ?ree or f\r feet high1 ) mo/ ( ! limbs pro/rate4 ,! sprawl+ =m ( gr[? makes ! tree peculi>ly liable to be kill$ by fire4 ,! b>k is ?91 smoo?1 & fl9ty2 & 9 color x is a%y gray or *alky :ite4 ,leaves are "o & a half in*es or less long2 ! purple cones f two to f\r in*es4 ,trees be> cones at ab\t twelve ye>s ( age4 ,! se$s are equipp$ ) violet or purpli% w+s1 & !y fly f> en\gh to f9d ! be/ available places to plant !mselves4 ,! wood is n>r[-r+$1 light1 s(t1 & 9 color f pale /raw to light yell[i%-br[n4 ,x is fairly /raight gra9$1 & splits & works easily2 b trunks are v knotty4 ,its be/ s]vice 9 ! pa/ has consi/$ 9 supply+ fuel to m9+ camps & m\nta9 /ock ranges4 ,illu/ration ,,d\glas ,,fir ,illu/ration3 ,,d\glas ,,fir ,,d\glas ,,fir 7,pseudotsuga ,taxifolia7 ,dur+ "o hundr$ & t5 ye>s1 f #ahjc until ! pres5t "t1 botani/s & o!rs h propos$ & reject$ names = ?is tree4 ,x has be5 call$ a fir1 p9e1 & spruce1 ) v>i\s comb9ations1 b ! "n n[ seems to be fix$4 ,laym5 h disput$ almo/ z mu* z botani/s z to :at ! tree %\ld be nam$4 ,x has be5 call$ r$ fir1 ,d\glas spruce1 ,d\glas fir1 yell[ fir1 spruce1 fir1 p9e1 r$ p9e1 ,puget ,s\nd p9e1 ,oregon p9e1 cork-b>k$ ,d\glas spruce1 & ,d\glas tree4 ,m ?an a doz5 v>ieties are di/+ui%$ 9 cultivation4 ,! range ( ,d\glas fir cov]s mo/ ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9 region 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & nor?w>d to c5tral ,briti% ,columbia2 on ! coa/ f ! latitude ( s\!rn ,alaska to ! ,si]ra ,nevada m\nta9s 9 c5tral ,cali=nia4 ,x rea*es its maximum developm5t 9 we/]n ,wa%+ton & ,oregon1 p>ticul>ly betwe5 ! ,cascade m\nta9s & ! ,pacific ocean4 ,9 ^! ,cascade =e/s1 /&s are f\nd :i* yield f #ej1jjj to #ajj1jjj feet p] acre1 & mills 9 t region cut ! longe/ timb]s 9 ! _w1 "s two feet squ>e & #ajj feet long4 ,two =ms ( ,d\glas fir are recogniz$ by botani/s1 n ess5tially diff]5t except 9 size & habit ( gr[?4 ,"o is ! f9ely develop$ =m on ! ,pacific coa/ :]e ! climate is w>m & ! air moi/4 ,! o!r is ! ,rocky ,m\nta9 =m :i* is small] & %[s ! effect ( cold1 dryness1 & o!r adv]se circum/ances4 ,:5 ! se$s ( ! two =ms are plant$ 9 nurs]ies1 :]e !y enjoy id5tical advantages1 ! coa/ =m outgr[s ! o!r 9 ,europe1 b ! ,rocky ,m\nta9 =m ?rives be/ 9 ! ea/]n "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,d\glas fir ne$les are f ?ree-qu>t]s to "o & a qu>t] in*es long1 & ( a d>k1 yell[-gre5 color4 ,!y rema9 on ! twigs ab\t eight ye>s4 ,cones are f two to f\r & a half in*es long1 & are borne on long /ems4 ,! se$s1 :i* rip5 9 ,augu/1 are ( light1 r$di%-br[n color ) irregul> :ite spots on ! l[] side2 are ab\t a qu>t] ( an in* long1 & are provid$ ) w+s4 ,trees ( ?is species 9 ! moi/ climate ( ! ,pacific slope av]age mu* l>g] ?an ^? 9 ! m\nta9s f>!r ea/4 ,! l>ge/ are #cjj feet high1 occasionally m1 & f eight to t5 9 diamet]4 ,! av]age among ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s is f eighty to #ajj feet high1 & two to f\r 9 diamet]4 ,"y trees are sl5d] ) cr[d$ bran*es4 ,9 ?ick /&s ! l[] limbs die & ! trunks rema9 b>e1 except an occasional small bran*4 ,d\glas fir at its be/ gr[s 9 ?ick /&s1 ) cr[ns =m+ a canopy s d5se t sunlight c sc>cely rea* ! gr\nd4 ,! result ( ?is is t o!r species h little %[ :]e ,d\glas fir prevails4 ,! b>k ( l>ge trunks atta9s a ?ickness ( eight or t5 in*es ne> ! base4 ,"y b>k conta9s bli/]s fill$ ) res91 simil> to ^? ( balsam & o!r species ( fir4 ,! wood is light r$ or yell[1 ! sap mu* :it]4 ,lumb]m5 recognize two k9ds ( wood1 yell[ & r$4 ,! =m] is consid]$ m valuable4 ,bo? may come f ! same trunk1 & ! reason = ! diff]5ce 9 color & quality is n well und]/ood4 ,x _c be attribut$ to soil or climate1 or to ! age ( ! tree1 & x does n seem to dep5d ^u rate ( gr[?4 ,! b&s ( summ]wood are broad & q di/9ct4 ,a few scatt]$ res9 ducts are visible "u a magnify+ glass ( l[ p[]4 ,! m$ull>y rays are num]\s1 r l>ge1 frequ5tly yell[1 conspicu\s :5 wood is split radially4 ,! wood's av]age weight is giv5 by ,s>g5t at #cb4ad p\nds p] cubic foot1 yet "s specim5s exce$ =ty p\nds4 ,x is h>d1 /rong1 & /iff4 ,9 me*anical prop]ties x rates ab\t ! same z longleaf p9e ( ! ,s\?4 ,elaborate te/s h be5 made to det]m9e :i* ( ^! woods is ! bett] = heavy con/ruction1 & nei!r appe>s to w9 ov] ! o!r4 ,9 "o respect1 h[ev]1 ,d\glas fir has a cle> advantage ov] its s\!rn rival3 x may be _h 9 mu* l>g] pieces4 ,no o!r comm]cial wood ( ! _w equals x 9 t p>ticul>4 ,! ,d\glas fir flag/aff at ! ,kew g>d5s 9 ,engl& 0 #aei feet long1 eight in*es 9 diamet] at ! top1 m ?an ?ree feet at ! base4 ,! extraord9>y size ( squ>$ beams cut f ?is species has l$ to great dem& = x = heavy con/ruction 9 ,europe & ?is c\ntry4 ,! p9es f ! ,baltic sea region ( nor!rn ,europe1 :i* held undisput$ place 9 heavy "w dur+ c5turies1 has n[ yield$ t place to ,d\glas fir & longleaf p9e4 ,no o!r s+le species 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates or 9 ! _w equals ! annual sawmill cut ( ,d\glas fir4 ,! f\r species ( s\!rn yell[ p9es1 if c\nt$ z "o1 surpass x2 b s+ly1 n "o comes up to x4 ,9 #aiaj ! lumb] cut f ?is fir am\nt$ to #e1bjc1fdd1jjj feet1 :i* exce$$ "o-eigh? ( ! total lumb] cut 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! importance ( su* a timb] tree c sc>cely be e/imat$4 ,! available supply 9 ! we/]n =e/s is v l>ge & w la/ _m ye>s1 ev5 if ! dem& = m ?an #e1jjj1jjj1jjj feet a ye> cont9ues to be met4 ,! timb] is export$ to practically e civiliz$ nation 9 ! _w4 ,%ipbuild+ creates a heavy dem&4 ,"s ( ! lead+ ,european nations use x z deck l9+ = battle%ips1 & except mahogany & teak1 x is said to h no equal = t purpose4 ,its *eapness gives x a decid$ advantage ov] ^? woods4 ,e important lumb] m>ket 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates h&les ,d\glas fir1 & its uses are s _m t x w\ld be easi] to li/ indu/ries :i* d n use x ?an ^? :i* d4 ,x is manufactur$ into m ?an fifty classes ( commodities1 9 ,ill9ois alone4 ,among ^! are boats1 railroad c>s1 electrical app>atus1 f>m ma*9]y1 laundry supplies1 ladd]s1 refrig]ators1 musical in/rum5ts1 fixtures = (fices1 /ores1 & banks1 & sa%1 doors1 & bl9ds4 ,?is li/ ( uses %[s t its place 9 ! c\ntry's indu/ries includes mu* m ?an r\gh con/ruction4 ,x may be /a9$ 9 imitation ( valuable =eign & dome/ic woods1 includ+ walnut1 mahogany1 & oak4 ,! natural gra9 & figure ( ! wood may be deep5$ & improv$ by /a9s1 & ?is is mu* done by manufactur]s ( int]ior f9i%1 panels1 & /ore & (fice fixtures4 ,!re is practically no limit to ! size ( panels :i* may be cut 9 s+le pieces4 ,x is easy to procure planks l>ge en\gh = :ole c\nt] tops4 ,! be/ gra9 ( ,d\glas fir is n br\ght out by qu>t]-saw+4 ,! figures desir$ are n ^? produc$ by ! m$ull>y rays1 b by ! r+s ( annual gr[?4 ,!re=e1 ! sawy] at ! mill cuts 8 be/ logs--if int5d$ = figur$ lumb]--tang5tially1 z f> z possible4 ,9 ! /ate ( ,wa%+ton1 :i* leads all o!r /ates 9 ! production ( ,d\glas fir1 its *ief use z a manufactur$ product is = doors1 sa%1 & bl9ds1 & ! annual consumption 9 t indu/ry exce$s #ej1jjj1jjj feet4 ,x is cut 9 v5e]s1 & x is likewise us$ z corewood to back v5e]s4 ,cross>ms = telegraph & telephone poles dem& #ce1jjj1jjj feet ye>ly 9 ,wa%+ton alone1 & _m ?\s&s ( poles are ( ?is wood4 ,x is ?ird among ! cros/ie woods ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! comb9$ cut ( oaks /&+ fir/1 & ! p9e second4 ,x is rapidly tak+ high position z mat]ial = l>ge wat] pipes & = braces1 props1 /ulls1 & lagg+ 9 m9es & = pav+ blocks = /reets4 ,,bri/lecone ,,fir 7,abies v5u/a7 is pron\nc$ by ,george ,b4 ,sudwor? to be 8! mo/ curi\s fir tree 9 ! _w40 ,x is f\nd almo/ exclusively 9 ,mont]ey c\nty1 ,cali=nia1 b a few trees gr[ outside ( t circumscrib$ area4 ,x has be5 call$ ,santa ,lucia fir1 because x 0 once suppos$ to exi/ only 9 canyons ( ,santa ,lucia m\nta9s1 b its range is n[ kn[n to be m ext5sive4 ,mont]ey c\nty1 ,cali=nia1 is ( peculi> int]e/ to d5drologi/s4 ,?ree species ( trees are ei!r conf9$ to t area1 or h _! be/ developm5t !re4 ,!y are ,mont]ey cypress 7,cupressus macroc>pa71 ,mont]ey p9e 7,p9us radiata71 & bri/lecone fir4 ,all are peculi> trees3 ! cypress because ( its ragg$ =m & extremely limit$ range1 ! p9e because ( its exce$+ly rapid gr[? :5 giv5 a *ance1 & ! fir1 because ( its peculi> =m ( cr[n1 odd appe>ance ( cone1 & extraord9>y weight ( wood4 ,no reason is app>5t :y t p>ticul> po9t on ! ,cali=nia coa/ %\ld h br\ght into exi/5ce--or at lea/ %\ld h ga!r$ to itself--?ree peculi> tree species4 ,bri/lecone fir is well nam$ f ! bri/les an in* long cov]+ ! cone4 ,! leaves1 too1 are peculi>1 be>+ mu* resemblance to small will[ leaves4 ,_! upp] sides are deep yell[-gre5 & ! "u sides silv]y4 ,! l>ge/ leaves are two in*es long1 cones ?ree in*es4 ,!y rip5 9 ,augu/1 & soon aft]w>ds scatt] _! se$s4 ,! tree is n a prolific se$]1 & x is believ$ t its range is becom+ small]4 ,bri/lecone's =m ( cr[n has be5 comp>$ to an ,indian club1 ! l>ge end on ! gr\nd & ! h&le po9t+ upw>d4 ,trees f sixty to eighty feet high h su* 8h&les0 tw5ty or ?irty feet long4 ,t peculi>ity ( %ape makes ! tree recognizable among associat$ species at a di/ance ( sev]al miles4 ,! record$ weight ( ! wood is #db4bg p\nds p] cubic foot1 :i* is ne>ly twice ! weight ( "s o!r firs4 ,! wood is mod]ately s(t1 b v firm4 ,few uses = x h be5 report$4 ,trunks are v knotty1 & are too few 9 numb] to be ( importance z a s\rce ( lumb]4 ,! tree has be5 plant$ successfully = ornam5t 9 ! s\? ( ,europe4 ,,bigcone ,,spruce 7,pseudotsuga macroc>pa7 is ( ! same g5us z ,d\glas fir & be>s mu* resemblance to x1 b is small]1 & its range lies :olly outside t ( its nor!rn relative4 ,x is a s\!rn ,cali=nia species1 occupy+ m\nta9 slopes & canyons 9 ,santa ,b>b>a & ,san ,diego c\nties4 ,x is f\nd f #c1jjj to #e1jjj feet above sea level4 ,trees av]age =ty or fifty feet 9 height & two or ?ree 9 diamet]4 ,! leaves are approximately ( ! same size z ^? ( ,d\glas fir2 b ! cones are mu* l>g]1 h5ce ! "n by :i* ! tree is kn[n4 ,x is call$ hemlock z (t5 z spruce4 ,! cones are f f\r to sev5 in*es long1 hang d[n1 & usually occupy ! topmo/ bran*es ( trees4 ,! w+$ se$s are half an in* long4 ,! b>k is six in*es or less 9 ?ickness4 ,! wood is inf]ior 9 mo/ ways to t ( ,d\glas fir1 light]1 weak]1 & less ela/ic4 ,its color is r$di% br[n4 ,x has nev] contribut$ mu* lumb] to ! m>ket & nev] w4 ,its range is local & ! =m ( ! tree is n ( ! be/4 ,an occasional log rea*es a sawmill1 b ! pr9cipal dem& is = fuel4 ,illu/ration ,,bigtree ,illu/ration3 ,,bigtree ,,bigtree 7,sequoia ,wa%+toniana7 ,botani/s h _h a h>d "t giv+ ?is tree a ,lat9 "n :i* w meet ! requirem5ts ( te*nical classification1 b an ,engli% "n acceptable ev]y:]e 0 e>ly f\nd = x--bigtree4 ,no few] ?an a doz5 names h be5 propos$ by botani/s4 ,mo/ ( !m attempt to express ! idea ( va/ness or gr&eur2 b ! simple ,engli% "n comes directly to ! po9t & ends ! controv]sy z f> z ! common "n is conc]n$4 ,ev]y?+ connect$ ) ?is tree is int]e/+4 ,geologically1 x is z old z ! yell[ popl>4 ,!re 7 five species ( sequoias 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e1 9 ,europe & ,am]ica1 be=e ! ice age4 ,!y grew 9 ! ,nor?1 ne>ly to ! ,arctic circle1 at a "t :5 ! climate ( ^? regions 0 mild] ?an x is n[4 ,! lat] advance ( ! ice s\?w>d ov]:elm$ ?ree species ( bigtrees1 & pu%$ two survivors into ! region :i* is n[ ,cali=nia4 ,^! are ! bigtree & ! r$wood4 ,x is n kn[n h[ long ago x 0 t ! ice %eet did its de/ructive "w1 b x ant$at$ human hi/ory1 & ! gigantic trees h be5 9 ,cali=nia s9ce t "t4 ,long aft] ! ice age ceas$ g5]ally 9 ,nor? ,am]ica x cont9u$ among ! high ,si]ras ( ,cali=nia1 & ! bigtrees to ?is day give a h9t ( x 9 ! peculi> outl9es ( _! range4 ,!y are scatt]$ nor? & s\? along ! face ( ! ,si]ra ,nevada m\nta9s 9 ,cali=nia1 a di/ance ( #bfj miles1 & at elevations f #d1ejj to #h1jjj feet4 ,! aggregate ( ! total areas is ab\t fifty squ>e miles4 ,! /& is n cont9u\s1 b consi/s ( 8groves10 t is1 isolat$ /&s ) wide int]vals betwe51 :]e no trees ( ?is species are f\nd4 ,! arrangem5t sugge/s t ! bigtree =e/ 0 cut 9 sections by glaci]s :i* desc5d$ f ! high m\nta9s to ! pla9s1 a di/ance ( "o hundr$ miles or m1 cross+ ! belt ( sequoias at "r angles4 ,! glaci]s )drew ?\s&s ( ye>s ago1 & _! tracks d[n ! m\nta9 slopes h long be5 cov]$ by =e/s2 b ! bigtree groves1 = "s unkn[n reason1 nev] spread into ! int]v5+ spaces1 b today are sep>at$ by wide tracts 9 :i* n a se$l+ or an old trunk or log ( t species is to be f\nd4 ,?is is "o ( ! my/]ies :i* add int]e/ to ^? wond]ful trees--:y !y _c ext5d _! range beyond ! circumscrib$ limits :i* !y occupi$ ?\s&s ( ye>s ago4 ,x 0 claim$ = a long "t & 0 q g5]ally believ$ t bigtrees 7 n reproduc+1 t !re 87 no little bigtrees40 ,t 0 conclusively disprov$ by ,fr$ ,g4 ,plumm]1 geograph] ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,=e/ ,s]vice1 :o made a sci5tific /udy ( a small grove1 measur$ ! trees1 & actually c\nt$ & classifi$ !m4 ,8 "w %[$ t !re 7 9 ! area :i* he inve/igat$3 ,trees conta9+ #ajj1jjj to #abj1jjj feet ea* #b ,trees conta9+ #hj1jjj to #ajj1jjj feet ea* #ac ,trees conta9+ #fj1jjj to #hj1jjj feet ea* #di ,trees conta9+ #dj1jjj to #fj1jjj feet ea* #aab ,trees conta9+ #bj1jjj to #dj1jjj feet ea* #bea ,trees conta9+ less ?an #bj1jjj feet ea* #cec 8,little bigtrees0 #b1fhb ----- ,total #c1dfb ,bigtree is di/antly relat$ to s\!rn cypress1 & ! %apes ( v old trees ( bo? species be> "s resemblance4 ,bigtree leaves d n fall annually z ^? ( bald cypress d4 ,!y are f "o-eigh? to "o-f\r? ( an in* long1 & on ! lead+ %oots !y may be half an in* 9 l5g?4 ,cones are f two to ?ree & a half in*es long1 & !y rip5 _! se$s ! second ye>1 b ! empty cones may adh]e to ! bran*es sev]al ye>s4 ,! se$s are a qu>t] ( an in* long1 & h w+s suffici5t to c>ry !m a hundr$ y>ds or m4 ,! trees be> abundance ( se$s1 9 proportion to ! small numb] ( bran*es4 ,?\gh %apely & well clo!d ) limbs :5 "y1 ! cr[n contracts ) age1 & consi/s ( a few enorm\s1 crook$ limbs1 almo/ de/itute ( twigs & small bran*es4 ,"o ( ^! trees may actually be> m twigs :5 ! trunk is only a foot 9 diamet] ?an w be on ! same trunk :5 x is fifte5 or tw5ty feet 9 diamet]4 ,! old tree trunks are (t5 )\t limbs to a height ( #ajj or #aej feet4 ,! ,d\glas squirrel is ! bigtree's greate/ enemy4 ,9 proportion to size1 ?is little creature probably eats t5 times z _m tree se$s z ! mo/ rav5\s hog t roams ! =e/4 ,"o ( ! fir/ ?+s t impresses a visitor 9 a grove ( bigtrees is ! ri* br[n ( ! b>k ( "s ( ! trunks4 ,all are n br[n alike1 or at all seasons4 ,! trees on :i* ! se$ h>ve/ is ready are ! br[ne/1 ?anks to ! %>p claws1 ! tireless en]gy1 & ke5 appetite ( ! ,d\glas squirrel4 ,he goes up & d[n ! trunks = ?ree squ>e meals a day among ! clu/]s ( cone-be>+ bran*es two hundr$ or ?ree hundr$ feet above1 & makes sev]al extra trips = ex]cise2 & at ea* scrat* ( 8 bri]y foot he kicks (f scales ( b>k1 until ! :ole trunk is 8scrat*$ raw40 ,! deta*$ scales ( b>k accumulate 9 a m\nd ab\t ! base ( ! tree1 :]e !y h be5 s accumulat+ = c5turies4 ,x is =tunate t ^? old trees h b>k f "o to two feet ?ick4 ,!y c af=d to be scrat*$ = a mon? or two ea* ye>4 ,^! are ! heavie/ trees 9 ,am]ica1 not)/&+ _! wood is light4 ,x weighs less ?an nor!rn :ite c$>4 ,! l>ge/ bigtree trunks weigh m ?an #b1jjj1jjj p\nds4 ,9 ord] to /& at all1 !y mu/ /& plumb4 ,x is a provision ( nature t ! old trees are almo/ bran*less1 o!rwise ! w9d w\ld =ce !m out ( plumb & !y w\ld g d[n4 ,x has be5 claim$ t ! ov]?r[ ( "o ( ^! giants is always br\ght ab\t by "o ( two causes4 ,! developm5t ( l>g] limbs on "o side ?an on ano!r unbalances !m2 or ! wa% ( gullies und]m9es ! roots on "o side1 & draws ! tree t way4 ,x is curr5tly believ$ t no bigtree ev] dies f natural causes4 ,a good deal ( pure fiction has be5 publi%$ reg>d+ ! size & age ( ! l>ge/ ( ^! trees4 ,!y are old en\gh & l>ge en\gh )\t draw+ ^u ! imag9ation4 ,! tree's base is greatly enl>g$1 b tap]s rapidly ! fir/ few feet4 ,!re is little d\bt t "s ( ! trunks are ov] =ty feet 9 diamet]1 "o foot above gr\nd1 b t is n a fair measurem5t4 ,! po9t %\ld be five or six feet at lea/4 ,measur$ ?us1 ab\t tw5ty-five feet inside ! b>k w\ld repres5t ! l>ge/4 ,) ! b>k add$1 ! diamet] w\ld be ne>ly ?irty feet4 ,probably n "o tree 9 fifty1 tak+ !m z !y occur 9 ! :ole range & c\nt+ vet]ans only1 is fifte5 feet 9 diamet] five feet f ! gr\nd4 ,!re is also "s extravagant guess+ z to height4 ,too _m t\ri/s measure ) ! unaid$ eye1 or accept a guidebook's figures4 ,an au!ntic height ( #cfe feet--! measurem5t ( a fall5 trunk--is probably ! greate/4 ,v few rea* ?ree hundr$ feet4 ,_m unreliable figures h be5 publi%$ conc]n+ ! age ( bigtrees4 ,"o ?+ c be accept$ )\t "q2 size is no pro( ( age1 9 comp>+ "o tree ) ano!r2 nei!r is ! numb] ( annual r+s 9 a block cut f ! side ( a tree a reliable factor to det]m9e age4 ,! only sure way to det]m9e ! age ( "o ( ^! trees is by c\nt+ all ! r+s f ! pi? to b>k4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 n to c\nt ! same r+ twice1 z may be done :5 ! wood is curly4 ,john ,muir c\nt$ #d1jjj r+s 9 a bigtree /ump4 ,x is believ$ t no high] age is back$ by ! evid5ce ( ye>ly r+s4 ,x 0 tw5ty-f\r feet 9 diamet]4 ,! c\nt ( ano!r ( l size made x #b1bjj ye>s old2 & ( /ill ano!r ( ! same size plac$ its age at #a1cjj ye>s4 ,! ,=e/ ,s]vice has made accurate measurem5t & record ( e r+ ( gr[? 9 a tree t 0 ov] tw5ty-f\r feet 9 diamet]1 & x is %[n t dur+ c]ta9 p]iods ( ye>s ! tree grew ?ree or f\r times z rapidly z dur+ o!r p]iods4 ,! wood ( bigtree is v light1 s(t1 mod]ately /rong1 brittle1 summ]wood ?9 & d>k r5d]+ ! r+s ( annual gr[? easily se52 ! m$ull>y rays are ?91 num]\s1 & v obscure4 ,! wood is light to d>k r$1 ! ?9 sapwood ne>ly :ite2 x works easily1 splits readily1 & poli%es well4 ,x is v durable 9 contact ) ! soil4 ,trunks lie 9 ! woods long p]iods be=e decay s]i\sly attacks !m2 b =e/ fires holl[ !m1 & f9ally burn !m up4 ,enorm\s depressions are f\nd 9 ! =e/ :]e logs once lay1 b :i* disappe>$ long ago1 judg+ by ! size ( trees :i* h s9ce gr[n 9 ! depressions4 ,! int]ior ( "s l>ge trunks :i* h be5 work$ up on sawmills %[$ ! sc>s ( =e/ fires c5turies ago4 ,! annual r+s :i* cov]$ "o su* sc> %[$ t ! burn+ took place #a1gjj ye>s ago4 ,n mu* c be said = ! comm]cial uses ( bigtree4 ,_m a species ( insignificant size is mu* m useful4 ,consid]able quantities h be5 cut by sawmills4 ,! wa/e is great1 heavy trunks cru%+ badly 9 fall4 ,logs are s l>ge t _m ( !m are split ) gunp[d] to facilitate h&l+ !m4 ,"s ( ! wood has be5 export$ = lead p5cils2 o!r has be5 us$ = f5ce po/s1 %+les1 & grapev9e /akes1 :ile ! s(t b>k has be5 work$ into novelties4 ,,macnab ,,cypress 7,cupressus macnabiana7 is a ,cali=nia tree ( limit$ range & little comm]cial value4 ,x gr[s 9 ,napa1 ,lake1 ,m5doc9o1 & ,tr9ity c\nties2 is (t5 little m ?an a bran*+ %rub1 b ! l>ge/ specim5s may be ?irty feet high & fifte5 in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! wood is light1 s(t1 & usually ( sl[ gr[?4 ,! m$ull>y rays are num]\s b ?91 & ! b&s ( summ]wood are di/9ct4 ,! cones are g5]ally less ?an "o in* long1 & ! se$s h n>r[ w+s4 ,! foliage is grayi% :i* is due to :ite gl&s 9 ! leaves4 ,=e/ foliage is fragrant4 ,! tree is kn[n z :ite c$>1 ,%a/a cypress1 & ,cali=nia m\nta9 cypress4 ,illu/ration ,,r$wood ,illu/ration3 ,,r$wood ,,r$wood 7,sequoia ,semp]vir5s7 ,?is tree's color is responsible = its "n4 ,x is sometimes spok5 ( z coa/ r$wood to di/+ui% x f bigtree :i* gr[s 9 ! int]ior ( ,cali=nia4 ,9 ,european m>kets x is kn[n z ,cali=nia r$wood to di/+ui% x f o!r r$woods gr[+ 9 di/ant p>ts ( ! _w4 ,its botanical "n1 ,sequoia semp]vir5s1 means ev]gre5 sequoia4 ,! o!r species ( sequoia is also ev]gre54 ,9 reality1 ! coa/ r$wood is less ( an ev]gre5 ?an ! bigtree is1 because ! leaves ( r$wood turn br[n two ye>s be=e !y fall1 b !re are always pl5ty ( gre5 leaves on ! bran*es4 ,! leaves are f "o-qu>t] to "o-half in* 9 l5g?4 ,! geographical range ( r$wood cov]s ab\t #f1jjj squ>e miles1 b ! comm]cial range is sc>cely "o-fif? z mu*4 ,! r$wood belt ext5ds #ejj miles along ! ,pacific coa/ f s\!rn ,oregon to c5tral ,cali=nia4 ,x v>ies f t5 to ?irty miles 9 wid?4 ,x is /rictly a fog belt tree1 & gr[s poorly outside ! region ( ocean fog1 :i* seldom rea*es an altitude m ?an #b1hjj feet above sea level4 ,:]e fog is ?ick & frequ5t1 & soil is moi/ & o!rwise suitable1 r$wood =e/s h gr[n 9 su* luxuriance t no species 9 ?is c\ntry exce$s x4 ,/&s runn+ mu* ov] #ajj1jjj feet p] acre are frequ5t1 & x is said #a1jjj1jjj feet h be5 cut f a s+le acre4 ,r$wood cones are "o in* or less 9 l5g?4 ,!y rip5 9 "o season4 ,se$s are q small1 & are equipp$ ) w+s4 ,! b>k is ?ick1 b is mu* ?9n] ?an ! b>k ( bigtrees1 ?\gh x is 9 great ridges l ! b>k ( t species4 ,! habits ( ! two species1 z to =m ( cr[n1 are simil>4 ,"y r$woods1 p>ticul>ly if !y gr[ 9 ! op51 develop symmetrical & conical cr[ns :i* !y reta9 until ! trunks are a foot or m 9 diamet]4 ,l[] limbs die & fall (f aft] t1 & old trees h cr[ns s small t x w\ld seem impossible t !y c\ld supply ! wood-build+ mat]ial = trunks s l>ge4 ,t ! gr[? %\ld be sl[ "u su* circum/ances is to be expect$4 ,! ages ( mature trees v>y f #ejj to #hjj ye>s1 b an extreme age ( #a1cgc ye>s is on record4 ,! av]age is1 !re=e1 consid]ably bel[ t ( bigtrees4 ,r$woods gr[ z tall z bigtrees1 b d n equal !m 9 diamet] ( trunk1 ?\gh trees tw5ty feet 9 diamet] occur4 ,a noticeable feature ( ! =e/s is t1 9 a giv5 /&1 ne>ly all trees are ( ! same height1 irrespective ( size ( trunk4 ,! cr[ns g up to ! light & :5 !y rea* ! common level ( o!rs1 & secure a %>e ( light1 !y %[ no disposition to g high]4 ,! doctr9e :i* !y sil5tly put into practice is to live & let o!rs live4 ,t habit makes x possible = r$woods to gr[ 9 v d5se /&s1 :i* !y c\ld n d if a few trees dom9e]$ ov] ! o!rs1 & appropriat$ ! light to !mselves4 ,:5 old age ov]takes ! giant r$woods1 !y exhibit ! fir/ symptoms ( weak5$ vitality by dy+ at ! top4 ,mo/ trees ov] five hundr$ ye>s old are 8/ag-head$40 ,f t p]iod !y die sl[ly1 b usually survive two or ?ree hundr$ ye>s aft] ! visible signs ( approa*+ dea? /rike !m4 ,r$wood has an advantage ov] ne>ly all o!r ne$le-leaf trees 9 t x propagates by bo? se$s & spr\ts4 ,few s(twoods s5d up spr\ts f /umps or roots4 ,r$woods ( l>ge size are produc$ t way1 & ! /umps ( v old trees s5d up _m vigor\s %oots4 ,sometimes a r+ ( l>ge trees surr\nds a depression 9 ! gr\nd :]e ! p>5t tree grew1 di$1 & decay$4 ,spr\ts are ( c\rse conf9$ to ! imm$iate proximity ( ! p>5t tree1 b r$wood se$s are scatt]$ by ! w9d ov] vacant spaces4 ,?is results 9 d5se /&s :]e o!r conditions are favorable1 b ! species has nev] be5 able to e/abli% itself f> inl& or high on m\nta9s4 ,9 #ahhj ! ,f$]al c5sus made a r\gh e/imate ( ! available r$wood1 & plac$ x at #be1hbe1jjj1jjj feet4 ,m ?an tw5ty ye>s lat]1 ) heavy cutt+ all ! "t1 private e/imates plac$ ! rema9+ /& at ov] #ej1jjj1jjj1jjj feet4 ,! second e/imate 0 unque/ionably ne>] correct ?an ! fir/4 ,! /& ( no important timb] tree 9 ?is c\ntry is m easily e/imat$ ?an r$wood4 ,! =e/s are compact1 ! trees l>ge1 ! trunks simil> 9 =m1 & ! well-timb]$ area is comp>atively small4 ,r$wood has be5 call$ ! mo/ important timb] tree ( ! ,pacific coa/4 ,! title probably conf]s too mu*1 ?\gh ! tree's importance is beyond "q4 ,! annual cut ( ,d\glas fir is ne>ly t5 times z l>ge z ( r$wood1 & ! supply /ill 9 ! =e/s is mu* great] ?an t ( r$wood4 ,! cut ( we/]n yell[ p9e likewise exce$s ! output ( r$wood1 & ! rema9+ supply is l>g]4 ,! cut ( we/]n r$ c$>1 includ+ %+les1 is ab\t ! same1 & ! rema9+ /& ( c$> is v l>ge4 ,we/]n hemlock1 too1 exi/s 9 l>ge quantity1 & its importance z a s\rce ( timb] supply may be equal to r$wood4 ,r$wood is frequ5tly ref]r$ to z "o ( ! lighte/ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,its weight p] cubic foot1 ov5-dry1 is #bf4b p\nds4 ,on ! same basis1 :ite p9e is #bd1 s\!rn :ite c$> #bj4g1 nor!rn :ite c$> #ai4g1 & bigtree #ah4b4 ,!re are woods 9 ,florida light] ?an any ( ^!4 ,r$wood is v s(t1 yet x dulls tools quickly4 ,x is mod]ately /rong1 a little bel[ :ite p9e2 x is brittle1 aga9 rank+ bel[ :ite p9e2 x splits & works easily & poli%es well4 ,few1 if any woods surpass ?is "o 9 splitt+ prop]ties4 ,bo>ds twelve feet long & a foot wide may be riv$ f select$ logs1 & !y pres5t surfaces ne>ly z smoo? z if cut ) a saw4 ,h[ev]1 curly & wavy r$wood is n uncommon1 & t1 too1 splits well1 b ! surface is n smoo?4 ,! wid? ( annual r+s v>ies1 usually wide 9 "y timb] & n>r[ 9 old4 ,! b&s ( summ]wood are n>r[ & cle>ly def9$4 ,! surface ( r$wood lumb] absorbs wat] quickly1 yet1 = "s reason1 creosote & o!r pres]vatives c be =c$ into ! wood only ) ! greate/ difficulty4 ,=tunately1 x is n necess>y to treat ?is timb] to prev5t decay1 =1 9 almo/ any position1 x we>s out be=e x rots4 ,%+les1 & w9d[ & door frames ( ! old b>racks build+s at ,eureka1 ,cali=nia1 rema9$ 9 place until fifty ye>s ( w9d & driv5 s& wore !m away4 ,railroads use ! wood = ties until !y we> out1 n until !y rot out4 ,f>m]s ne> "s ( ! ,cali=nia railroads ga!r up ! reject$ worn ties by ?\s&s & use !m = f5ce po/s4 ,:5 r$wood is employ$ z city pav+ blocks x is we> & n decay t puts !m out ( commission4 ,! m$ull>y rays ( r$wood are ?9 & v obscure1 b num]\s4 ,few woods %[ !m to less advantage 9 qu>t]-saw+4 ,! lack ( lu/] 9 ! surface ( poli%$ panels is well kn[n4 ,! wood's beauty is 9 its sam5ess & ri*ness ( color4 ,except curly specim5s & burls1 ! wood may be said to h no figure1 ?\gh 9 planks cut tang5tially1 ! contra/ ( spr+ & summ]wood displays "s figure 9 a mode/ way4 ,x is possible to wa% mu* ( ! color+ matt] out ( ! wood1 if x is fir/ *ipp$ f9e4 ,x wa%es f ! surface by ord9>y exposure to wea!r4 ,r$ ra9wat] runs f a ro( ( new r$wood %+les1 & wea!rbo>d+1 po/s1 & picket f5ces fade p]ceptibly 9 a few mon?s4 ,?is color+ matt] :5 wa%$ out 9 l>ge am\nts 9 ! process ( pap] mak+ has be5 manufactur$ into fuel gas4 ,a complete li/ ( ! uses ( r$wood is n practicable1 = ?is mat]ial goes into mo/ ( ! l>ge wood-us+ factories ( ?is c\ntry1 & mu* is export$--ne>ly #fj1jjj1jjj feet annually go+ to =eign c\ntries4 ,x has be5 mu* employ$ 9 ,cali=nia cities & t[ns = picket f5ces1 & z po/s = wire & plank f5ces4 ,x is1 next to we/]n r$ c$>1 ! mo/ important %+le wood ( ! ,pacific coa/4 ,"o we/]n railroad alone _h 9 its tracks #ab1jjj1jjj r$wood ties at "o "t4 ,build]s ( tanks1 flumes1 & wat] pipes procure "s ( _! be/ mat]ial1 & l>ge quantities ( x1 f r$wood sawmills4 ,few woods are m univ]sally f\nd 9 furniture factories4 ,,g[5 ,,cypress 7,cupressus gov5iana7 foll[s ! ,cali=nia coa/ f ,m5doc9o c\nty1 ,cali=nia1 to ,san ,diego1 & asc5ds m\nta9s to ! height ( #c1jjj feet 9 "s localities4 ,at its be/ x is fifty feet high & two feet 9 diamet]2 b x ext5ds z a %rub ov] _m s&y tracts4 ,specim5s no m ?an a foot high sometimes be> cones4 ,! ,g[5 cypress %$s its leaves ! ?ird & f\r? ye>s4 ,cones are f "o-half to "o in* long1 & ea* be>s ab\t #ajj se$s4 ,! wood is light1 s(t1 weak1 light br[n 9 color1 ! ?ick sapwood ne>ly :ite4 ,! m$ull>y rays are num]\s b obscure4 ,! wood is us$ = po/s & o!r ran* purposes4 ,woodpeck]s attack ! trunks1 pick+ holes ?r\gh ! b>k to suck ! juice f ! cambium lay] b5ea?4 ,,dw>f ,,cypress 7,cupressus pygma7 0 =m]ly suppos$ to be a /unt$ =m ( ,g[5 cypress4 ,! ranges ( bo? lie 9 ! same region1 on ! coa/ ( ,cali=nia 9 ,m5doc9o c\nty4 ,! av]age height ( dw>f cypress is f t5 to tw5ty feet1 ) trunk diamet] f six to twelve in*es2 b 9 peat swamps & on /]ile s&s x may n exce$ ?ree or f\r feet 9 height4 ,x be>s abundant cones at t size1 & sometimes a tree no m ?an a foot high has mature cones4 ,!y rip5 ! second ye>1 b rema9 a long "t on ! bran*es4 ,! trees ?rive 9 ! mo/ =bidd+ places1 & are sometimes ! only occupants ( bogs or s& dunes4 ,! wood is necess>ily ( little value1 because ( ! small size ( trees4 ,!re seems to be no record ( a dw>f cypress ov] sixty ye>s ( age2 b x is believ$ t mu* old] trees h fall5 victims to fire4 ,illu/ration ,,hemlock ,illu/ration3 ,,hemlock ,,hemlock 7,tsuga ,canad5sis7 ,sev5 hemlocks are kn[n 9 ! _w1 f\r ( !m 9 ,am]ica4 ,two ( ^! are 9 ! ,ea/1 two 9 ! ,we/4 ,! ea/]n species are ! ,canadian & ,c>ol9ian4 ,! =m] is ,tsuga canad5sis1 ! latt] ,tsuga c>ol9iana4 ,! we/]n species are1 m\nta9 hemlock 7,tsuga m]t5siana71 & we/]n hemlock 7,tsuga het]ophylla74 ,! ^w tsuga is ,japanese & means hemlock4 ,! hemlock lumb] 9 ea/]n m>kets is practically all f "o species1 :i* is kn[n z hemlock 9 ,ma9e1 ,new ,hamp%ire1 ,v]mont1 ,massa*usetts1 ,rhode ,isl&1 ,connecticut1 ,new ,york1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,delaw>e1 ,virg9ia1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 ,k5tucky1 ,wiscons91 ,mi*igan1 ,m9nesota1 ,ohio1 ,ont>io4 ,9 ,v]mont1 ,rhode ,isl&1 ,new ,york1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a2 9 ,engl& x is call$ hemlock spruce2 spruce tree 9 ,p5nsylvania & ,we/ ,virg9ia2 spruce p9e 9 ,p5nsylvania1 ,delaw>e1 ,virg9ia1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,georgia2 to ! ,new ,york ,indians x 0 kn[n z oh-neh-tah1 :i* be+ int]pret$ means 8gre5s on ! /ick40 ,! range ( hemlock ext5ds ea/ & we/ m ?an fifte5 hundr$ miles1 f ,nova ,scotia to we/]n ,wiscons92 s\? to ,delaw>e & s\!rn ,mi*igan1 & along ! ,appala*ian m\nta9s to nor!rn ,alabama & ,georgia4 ,! orig9al quantity ( timb] 0 enorm\s1 = l>ge areas 7 cov]$ ) d5se /&s4 ,! l>ge/ trees are f\nd ne> ! s\!rn "p ( its range1 among ! m\nta9s ( ,t5nessee & ,nor? ,c>ol9a2 b ! bulk ( ! timb] has always be5 9 ! ,nor?4 ,x ?rives be/ 9 well dra9$ soil1 b x likes cool situations & (t5 develops d5se =e/s on nor!rn slopes or 9 deep rav9es2 b x ma9ta9s a foo?old on ridges1 on ! banks ( /reams1 & ar\nd ! bord]s ( swamps4 ,! cones are v small1 ab\t a half in* 9 l5g?1 gr[+ s+ly f ! l[] side ( ! bran*let4 ,_! scales are r\nd$ & ?91 light br[n 9 color4 ,! se$s are w+$ & ev5 :5 ripe ! cones d n spread ap>t p]ceptibly4 ,! se$s escape1 h[ev]1 sl[ly dur+ ! w9t] foll[+ _! maturity4 ,!y are v small1 & _! w+s di/ribute !m a hundr$ feet or m4 ,! se$s g]m9ate be/ on leaf mold1 b ! se$l+ takes sev]al ye>s to ?ru/ its roots deep into ! m9]al soil4 ,dur+ t "t1 gr[? is v sl[4 ,a se$l+ five ye>s old may n exce$ five in*es 9 height2 b :5 its roots h develop$1 gr[? is fairly rapid4 ,! di/ribution ( se$s is (t5 facilitat$ by ! activities ( r$ squirrels1 & p]haps o!r small mammals1 :i* climb ! trees 9 w9t] & te> ! cones ap>t to get at ! se$s4 ,_m ( ! se$s are dev\r$1 b m escape & fly away on ! w9t] w9ds4 ,hemlock leaves are n>r[ & ab\t half an in* long4 ,exam9$ closely1 p>ticul>ly ) a magnify+ glass1 r[s ( :ite dots ext5d f end to end on ! "u side4 ,small z ^! :ite po9ts are sep>ately1 :5 se5 9 ! aggregate !y *ange ! color ( ! :ole cr[n ( ! tree4 ,?is is illu/rat$ by look+ at a hemlock f a di/ance--! upp] sides ( ! leaves on ! droop+ twigs be+ !n visible & ! tree's aspect d>k gre54 ,approa* ! tree1 & look up f its base--! "u side ( ! leaves be+ !n visible--& ! d>k color *anges to a light silv]y t9t4 ,! :it5ess is due to ! :ite spots on ! leaves4 ,! spots are /omata 7m\?s71 & are p>ts ( ! *emical laboratory :i* c>ries on ! tree's liv+ processes4 ,all tree leaves h /omata1 b all are n arrang$ 9 ! same way & are n visible alike4 ,few trees h !m z prom95t z ! hemlocks4 ,hemlock atta9s a height f sixty to #ajj feet & a diamet] f two to f\r4 ,:5 x gr[s 9 ! op51 x is "o ( ! h&some/ & mo/ symmetrical ev]gre5s ( any c\ntry4 ,its d>k1 d5se foliage w p]mit sc>cely any sunlight to filt] ?r\gh4 ,:5 =e/-gr[n1 x loses its l[] limbs4 ,9 ! =e/]'s language1 !y are 8%ad$ (f10 & long1 smoo? trunks are develop$2 b ! /ubs f :i* ! bran*es fall rema9 buri$ deep inside ! smoo!/ bole1 & ! saws w f9d !m :5 ! logs are conv]t$ into lumb]4 ,ref]5ce has be5 made to hemlock's sl[ gr[? dur+ ! se$l+'s fir/ f\r or five ye>s4 ,t takes place 9 ! d5se %ade ( ! hemlock =e/4 ,if ! se$ falls on op5 gr\nd1 9 full sunlight1 ! *ance is t x w n g]m9ate2 b if x does1 ! se$l+ is doom$ to an e>ly dea?4 ,x _c endure /rong light4 ,?is fact is ( great importance1 = x means ! end ( hemlock =e/s4 ,:5 a /& is cut & ! sun%9e rea*es ! gr\nd1 no se$l+s br+ on a new =e/4 ,:ite p9e se$s gr[ 9 op5 gr\nd1 9 old fields1 9 burnt woods1 :]ev] !y rea* soil1 b hemlock mu/ scatt] its se$s 9 cool1 deep %ade or !y w d little good4 ,/rong1 vigor\s1 & heal?y z hemlock trees are1 !y are kill$ m easily ?an almo/ any o!r4 ,cut a few trees f ! c5t] ( a mature hemlock clump1 & ! *ance is t sev]al trees next to ! op5 space ?us made w die4 ,! unusual light proves too mu* = _! roots :i* _h always be5 cool & damp2 b :5 "y hemlocks are protect$ until !y get a />t1 !y ?rive nicely 9 ! op54 ,! wood ( hemlock is light1 s(t1 n /rong1 brittle1 co>se & crook$ gra9$1 difficult to "w1 liable to w9d%ake1 spl9t]s badly1 n durable4 ,! summ]wood ( ! annual r+ is conspicu\s2 & ! ?9 m$ull>y rays are num]\s4 ,! color ( hemlock he>twood is light br[n1 t+$ ) r$1 (t5 ne>ly :ite4 ,! sapwood is d>k]4 ,lumb]m5 recognize two v>ieties1 r$ & :ite1 b botani/s d n recognize !m4 ,! physical *>act]s ( hemlock are ne>ly all unfavorable1 yet x has become a useful & widely us$ wood4 ,x is l>gely manufactur$ into co>se lumb] & us$ = outside "w--railway ties1 joi/s1 raft]s1 %ea?+1 plank walks1 la?s1 etc4 ,x is r>ely us$ = inside f9i%+1 ow+ to its brittle & spl9t]y "*4 ,clean bo>ds made into panels or simil> "w & f9i%$ 9 ! natural color (t5 pres5t a v h&some appe>ance1 ow+ to ! peculi> p9ki% t9t ( ! wood1 rip5+ & improv+ ) age4 ,) ! gr[+ sc>city ( :ite & ,norway p9e1 hemlock has become ! natural sub/itute = ^! woods = _m purposes4 ,x has nev] be5 conc$$ t hemlock possesses ! intr9sic m]it ( ei!r ( ! nor!rn p9es = /ructural purposes1 b x has prov5 a suitable sub/itute = a v>iety ( uses1 notably = fram+ & %ea?+ ( m$ium pric$ /ructures4 ,9 #aiaj hemlock lumb] 0 cut 9 tw5ty-"o /ates1 ! total output exce$+ #b1ejj1jjj1jjj feet4 ,only f\r species or gr\ps ( species exce$$ x 9 am\nt4 ,!y 7 s\!rn yell[ p9es1 ,d\glas fir1 ! oaks1 & :ite p9e4 ,! pr9cipal cut ( hemlock lumb] 0 9 ! foll[+ /ates 9 ! ord] nam$3 ,wiscons91 ,mi*igan1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,new ,york1 ,ma9e1 ,v]mont1 ,virg9ia1 ,new ,hamp%ire1 ,t5nessee1 & ,nor? ,c>ol9a4 ,t5 o!r /ates produc$ small] am\nts4 ,hemlock possesses rem>kable hold+ p[] on nails & spikes1 & t is "o reason = its l>ge use = railroad ties4 ,x does n easily split1 & !re is no likelihood t spikes w "w loose2 b ! wood decays quickly 9 damp situations1 & unless giv5 pres]vative treatm5t1 hemlock ties d n la/ long4 ,!y are pretty s(t anyway1 & :]e traffic is heavy1 rails cut !m badly4 ,manufactur]s ( boxes & crates use mu* hemlock4 ,! annual use = t purpose 9 ,massa*usetts is ab\t #bg1jjj1jjj feet1 9 ,mi*igan practically ! same quantity1 9 ,ill9ois #cd1jjj1jjj1 & v>y+ quantities 9 _m o!r /ates4 ,mi*igan conv]ts ne>ly #ajj1jjj1jjj feet a ye> into floor+ & o!r plan+ mill products1 & ,wiscons9 & o!r hemlock /ates foll[ x 9 less] am\nts4 ,! wood is employ$ by c> build]s1 slack coop]s1 manufactur]s ( refrig]ators1 silos1 & f>m implem5ts2 b ! l>ge/ dem& comes f ^? :o use ! r\gh lumb]4 ,hemlock b>k is ! mo/ important tann+ mat]ial 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,x has long be5 us$ by lea!r mak]s :o g5]ally mix x ) "s o!r b>k or extract because lea!r tann$ ) hemlock alone has a r$d] color ?an is desir$4 ,l>ge areas ( hemlock =e/s h be5 cut = ! b>k alone4 ,=m]ly ! wood 0 ( s little value t x 0 *eap] to leave x 9 ! =e/ ?an to take x out4 ,! peel]s work$ 9 e>ly summ]1 cutt+ trees & remov+ ! b>k 9 f\r-foot l5g?s1 :i* 0 measur$ by ! cord1 ?\gh (t5 sold by weight4 ,c>e 0 tak5 t ! b>k be remov$ f ! sla%+s be=e ! dry wea!r ( autumn1 = fire 0 to be expect$ !n1 & any?+ combu/ible 9 ! woods at t "t 0 likely to be lo/4 ,! tracts on :i* b>k peel]s work$ 7 call$ 8sla%+s10 & !y 7 fire traps ( ! wor/ k9d ) _! tangl$ masses ( tops & bran*es4 ,l>ge quantities ( hemlock b>k are /ill peel$ e summ]1 b ! practice is less de/ructive ?an =m]ly4 ,! trunks are wor? tak+ out1 & :5 ! fire comes late 9 ! season x consumes little valuable hemlock4 ,a p]man5t decl9e 9 ! annual production ( ?is wood has n yet begun1 b x mu/ soon set 91 = ! dem& _c be indef9itely met4 ,illu/ration ,,we/]n ,,hemlock ,illu/ration3 ,,we/]n ,,hemlock ,,we/]n ,,hemlock 7,tsuga ,het]ophylla7 ,:5 ?is wood began to g to m>ket1 its promot]s f\nd difficulties 9 secur+ a trial = x 9 ea/]n /ates1 because ( its "n4 ,! ea/]n hemlock 0 kn[n to be a sub/antial wood1 b a r\gh "o ) _m faults l9k$ ) its virtues4 ,x 0 naturally suppos$ t ! we/]n hemlock _h all ! faults ( its ea/]n relative ) possibly "s ( ! good qualities left out2 & !re 0 g5]al hesitancy to put ! new com] to a trial4 ,t caus$ a movem5t among we/]n lumb]m5 to sell _! hemlock "u "s o!r "n4 ,!y 7 confid5t ! wood _h only to be giv5 a trial & x w\ld w9 its way1 aft] :i* ! "n w\ld make little diff]5ce4 ,accord+ly1 x 0 />t$ to m>ket "u ! "n ( ,alaska p9e1 al?\gh ,alaska has no p9e l>ge en\gh = good lumb]4 ,o!r lumb]m5 ?\ght x advisable to *oose a "n less likely to excite suspicion1 & !y call$ x ,wa%+ton p9e4 ,o!rs designat$ x z spruce1 & /ill o!rs z fir4 ,x 0 m likely to pass = fir ?an = p9e or spruce4 ,! lumb] is n[ g5]ally kn[n z we/]n hemlock1 b 9 ,cali=nia "s call x hemlock spruce or ,cali=nia hemlock spruce4 ,9 ,idaho1 ,wa%+ton1 & ,oregon ! "n hemlock usually suffices2 :ile we/]n hemlock spruce1 & we/]n hemlock fir1 & ,pr9ce ,alb]t's fir are names us$ 9 speak+ ( lumb] & ( ! tree 9 ! =e/4 ,we/]n hemlock's range ext5ds nor? & s\? a ?\s& miles1 f s\!rn ,alaska to ,cali=nia s\? ( ,san ,francisco4 ,x gr[s f ! ,pacific coa/ ea/w>d to ,montana1 five hundr$ miles or m4 ,x asc5ds to altitudes ( #f1jjj feet1 b x is n at its be/ on high m\nta9s1 b 9 ! w>m1 damp region ne> ! coa/ 9 ,wa%+ton & ,oregon4 ,trees #bjj feet high & eight or t5 9 diamet] are f\nd1 b ! av]age size is mu* less4 ,! leaves ( we/]n hemlock are d>k gre5 & v lu/r\s above4 ,! fl[]s are yell[ & purple4 ,cones are "o in* or less 9 l5g?1 & ! small se$s are equipp$ ) w+s :i* c>ry !m "s di/ance f ! base ( ! p>5t tree4 ,! se$s w g]m9ate & develop a root sy/em )\t t\*+ m9]al soil4 ,_! ability to d s assi/s !m greatly 9 ma9ta9+ ! tree's position 9 ! damp climate :]e ?is hemlock rea*es its be/ developm5t4 ,! gr\nd 9 ! =e/1 ) all objects t lie ^u x1 is (t5 cov]$ ) wet moss a foot or m ?ick4 ,! se$s ( mo/ trees w\ld inevitably p]i% if !y fell ^u su* a b$ ( moss2 b ! se$s ( we/]n hemlock g]m9ate1 & ! rootlets /rike ?r\gh ! moss until !y rea* ! soil b5ea?1 & se$l+ trees are soon gr[+ vigor\sly4 ,se$s (t5 g]m9ate 9 ! moss on logs & /umps1 b ! roots /rike = ! gr\nd1 & g5]ally rea* x4 ,9 ?is habit ! we/]n hemlock resembles ! yell[ bir* ( ! ,ea/ ^: se$s seem to g]m9ate be/ on mossy logs & /umps4 ,we/]n hemlock has "o ( ! bad habits ( its ea/]n relative3 x does n prune itself v well1 ev5 9 d5se =e/s1 & ! lumb] is apt to be knotty1 b ! knots are usually s\nd1 ?\gh d>k 9 color4 ,! wood ( we/]n hemlock is mod]ately light1 b tw5ty p] c5t heavi] ?an ea/]n hemlock2 /rong] ?an ! wood ( o!r ,am]ican hemlocks1 & ne>ly tw5ty-five p] c5t /rong] ?an ! ea/]n comm]cial species1 & ne>ly fifty p] c5t /iff]4 ,x is t\gh & h>d1 b has little ( ! fl9ty texture ( o!r hemlocks4 ,its color is pale br[n1 t+$ ) yell[1 ! ?9 sapwood ne>ly :ite4 ,x is fairly durable 9 contact ) ! soil4 ,its gr[? is usually rapid1 & trees live to a great age4 ,"s ( ! l>ge/ are said to rea* #hjj ye>s4 ,! summ]wood (t5 con/itutes half ( ! ye>ly r+1 & is d>k yell[4 ,! m$ull>y rays are num]\s & r prom95t4 ,:5 cut radially1 ! appe>ance1 size1 & arrangem5t ( ! expos$ m$ull>y rays sugge/ ^? ( sug> maple :5 expos$ 9 ! same way4 ,! annual sawmill output ( we/]n hemlock is ab\t #agj1jjj1jjj feet4 ,! l>ge/ m>ket = x is 9 ! region :]e x gr[s1 & x is us$ z r\gh lumb] = ran* purposes & = build+s 9 t[ns2 b a consid]able quantity is fur!r manufactur$4 ,ab\t "o-f\r? ( ! entire sawmill output goes to ! factories ( ,idaho1 ,wa%+ton1 & ,oregon4 ,a li/ ( ! wood's pr9cipal uses 9 ^? /ates %[s its intr9sic value4 ,! l>ge/ quantity is dem&$ by box factories4 ,! wood's nail-hold+ p[] comm5ds x = t use1 b ( no less importance is its /r5g?4 ,eighty-?ree p] c5t ( all ! wood us$ = boxes 9 ,wa%+ton is we/]n hemlock4 ,coop]age calls = mu* ( ?is wood also4 ,fruit & vegetable b>rels are made ( x4 ,its place 9 furniture manufacture corresponds to t ( ! o!r hemlock 9 ! ,ea/4 ,! pulp bus9ess is n v ext5sive on ! ,pacific coa/1 b we/]n hemlock is a respectable contributor4 ,x is suitable = burial boxes1 & probably ranks ab\t ?ird among ! woods )9 its range1 ^? us$ 9 l>g] am\nts be+ ,sitka spruce & we/]n r$ c$>4 ,x is com+ into use z int]ior f9i%1 p>ticul>ly z door & w9d[ frame mat]ial4 ,fixture manufactur]s employ x = draw]s & %elves4 ,x is made into floor+1 ceil+1 mold+1 & wa9scot+4 ,door mak]s use a little ( x z core mat]ial ov] :i* to glue v5e]s4 ,x is made into v5e]1 b ( ! *eap] sorts1 su* z are suitable = crates & b]ry boxes4 ,! ,pacific coa/ is s abundantly suppli$ ) excell5t s(twoods t only ^? ( good quality h any *ance 9 ! local m>kets4 ,! fact t we/]n hemlock has won & is hold+ an important place 9 active competition ) su* woods z we/]n r$ c$>1 yell[ c$>1 ,sitka spruce1 & ,d\glas fir1 is pro( t x is valuable mat]ial4 ,x is w9n+ its way 9 ! c5tral "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates also1 b n z rapidly z x has won 9 ! ,we/4 ,! b>k ( we/]n hemlock is rat$ high z a tann+ mat]ial4 ,! b>k on "y trees is ?91 b z ! trunks increase 9 size & age ! b>k ?ick5s4 ,x is ri*] 9 tann9 ?an ! b>k ( ea/]n hemlock1 b is n s ext5sively us$ because ! dem& is less on ! ,pacific coa/4 ,! future ( ! we/]n hemlock is fairly well assur$4 ,its range is ext5sive & v>i$1 & lumb]m5 w be a long "t 9 cutt+ ! la/ ( ! pres5t /&4 ,reproduction is satisfactory4 ,x w be important 9 future =e/ry1 :5 p w gr[ mu* ( ! timb] !y ne$2 b ?is tree w /ick pretty close to ! range :]e nature plant$ x4 ,,m\nta9 ,,hemlock 7,tsuga m]t5siana7 is a ne> relative ( we/]n hemlock1 & occupies ! same geographical ranges b high] on ! m\nta9s4 ,ne> ,sitka1 ,alaska1 x occurs at sea level1 b s\?w>d x rises high] until on ! ,si]ra ,nevada m\nta9s 9 ,cali=nia x is #aj1jjj feet above sea level4 ,x is "o ( ! timb] l9e trees 9 _m p>ts ( its range1 ?\gh x is n[h]e above all o!rs4 ,x is a difficult matt] to /ate :at its av]age size is4 ,t dep5ds ^u ! p>ticul> region consid]$4 ,at its be/ x is #ajj feet high or ev5 m2 at its poore/ x sprawls on ! rocks l a %rub4 ,specim5s ( fair size are f tw5ty-five to sixty feet high1 & t5 to tw5ty in*es 9 diamet]4 ,cones v>y 9 size fully z mu* z ! trunks4 ,"s are "o-half in* 9 l5g?1 o!rs are ?ree in*es4 ,! leaves v>y no less1 "s be+ a "o-twelf? in* long1 o!rs "o in*4 ,! leaves /& out on all sides ( ! twig1 & fall dur+ ! ?ird & f\r? ye>s4 ,!y are blui%-gre54 ,! se$s fall 9 ,septemb] & ,octob]1 & are provid$ ) l>ge w+s4 ,! wood is light 9 weight1 s(t1 & pale r$di%-br[n4 ,! m\nta9 hemlock is ne>ly always spok5 ( z spruce by p]sons :o are n botani/s4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! leaves on ! twigs gives ! impression t x is a spruce1 & among ! names by :i* x is kn[n 9 its native region are ,williamson's spruce1 weep+ spruce1 alp9e spruce1 hemlock spruce1 ,patton's spruce1 & alp9e we/]n spruce4 ,!re is little prospect t ?is tree w ev] become important z a s\rce ( lumb]4 ,x is n[h]e v abundant1 & :at timb] !re is g5]ally /&s s remote f mills t little ( x w ev] be tak5 out4 ,botani/s & m\nta9 travel]s :o h made ! acqua9tance ( ! m\nta9 hemlock 9 ! wildness ( its natural surr\nd+s h spok5 & writt5 mu* 9 its praise4 ,x has be5 call$ ! lovelie/ cone-be>+ tree ( ! ,am]ican =e/4 ,t praise1 h[ev]1 applies only :5 ! tree is at its be/1 ) its broad1 pyramidal cr[n1 balanc$ & proportion$ ) geometrical accuracy1 outl9$ aga9/ a backgr\nd ( rocks1 peaks1 sn[1 or sky4 ,its o!r =m1 pro/rate & angul> :]e ! tree occurs on cold1 bleak m\nta9s1 has nev] inspir$ praise f anybody1 ?\gh its defiance ( ! elem5ts & its p]si/5ce 9 spite ( adv]sity1 _c b *all5ge ! admiration ( all :o l a fair & squ>e fight]4 ,!re are _m int]m$iate =ms4 ,on m\nta9s fac+ ! ,pacific1 & at altitudes ( #f1jjj or #g1jjj feet1 ! "y hemlocks are buri$ "u deep sn[ weeks or mon?s at a "t4 ,!y are press$ d[n by ! weight ( tons1 & x might be suppos$ t n a :ole bran* w\ld be left on !m1 & t ! ma9 /ems w\ld be de=m$ ! re/ ( _! lives4 ,b :5 ! e>ly summ] sun melts ! sn[1 ! "y trees spr+ back to _! =m] faultless =ms1 )\t a twig miss+ or a twi/$ bran*4 ,illu/ration ,,we/]n ,,yew ,illu/ration3 ,,we/]n ,,yew ,,we/]n ,,yew 7,taxus ,brevifolia7 ,! ,pacific yew is an int]e/+ tree1 useful = _m m9or purposes1 b x is n procurable 9 l>ge quantities4 ,its nor? & s\? range cov]s m ?an #a1jjj miles1 f ,alaska to c5tral ,cali=nia2 :ile ! species occurs f ! ,pacific coa/ ea/w>d to ,montana4 ,x approa*es sea level on "s ( ! ,alaskan isl&s1 & t[>d ! s\!rn "p ( its range x rea*es an altitude ( #h1jjj feet4 ,9 ,idaho x is call$ m\nta9 mahogany1 b app>5tly )\t good reason4 ,its color may be> "s resemblance to t wood1 b x is diff]5t 9 s _m p>ticul>s t ! "n is n appropriate4 ,! names we/]n yew & ,pacific yew are us$ int]*angeably4 ,sometimes x be>s ! simple "n yew2 b s9ce !re is a yew 9 ,florida1 & ano!r 9 ,europe1 x is well to give ! we/]n species a "n :i* w di/+ui% x f o!rs4 ,! nor?we/]n ,indians call$ x 8fight+ wood10 :i* 0 ! be/ description possible = !m to give4 ,!y made b[s ( x1 & x 0 sup]ior to any o!r wood )9 _! rea* = t purpose4 ,9 fact1 if !y c\ld h pick$ f all ! woods ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates !y c\ld sc>cely h f\nd its equal4 ,x is v /rong1 ?\gh 9 ela/icity its rat+ is "u _m o!r woods4 ,x is ( int]e/ to note t five hundr$ or m ye>s ago1 ! ,european yew 7a closely relat$ b diff]5t species7 _h ne>ly ! same "n 9 ,engl& t ! nor?we/]n ,indians gave ! we/]n yew4 ,x 0 call$ 8! %oot] yew10 because x 0 ! b[ wood ( t "t1 & 8b[ /aves10 :i* 7 r\gh pieces to be work$ out by ! b[ mak]s1 7 articles ( comm]ce4 ,! se>* = x 0 s great1 & s long-cont9u$1 t yew trees 7 well-nigh ext]m9at$ 9 ! ,briti% ,isles4 ,x 01 next to oak1 & possibly above oak1 ! mo/ indisp5sable wood 9 ,engl& at t "t4 ,x is in/ructive to obs]ve t ,indians :o us$ ! b[ f\nd ! we/]n yew z indisp5sable 9 _! life z ! ,engli% armies f\nd ! ,european yew at a "t :5 ! b[ 0 ! be/ weapon4 ,! nor?we/]n ,indians put ?is rem>kable wood to o!r uses4 ,!y made spe>s ( x1 & sometimes employ$ !m z weapons ( w>1 b g5]ally z implem5ts ( ! *ase1 p>ticul>ly 9 h>poon+ salmon :i* 9 summ] asc5d ! nor?we/]n riv]s f ! ,pacific ocean 9 imm5se s*ools4 ,! ,indians :ittl$ fi%hooks ( yew be=e !y 7 able to buy /eel hooks f trad]s4 ,"s ( ^? unique hooks are /ill 9 exi/5ce1 & speak well ( ! inv5tive g5ius ( ! wild fi%]man ( ! wild]ness4 ,a prop] crook 0 select$ :]e a bran* jo9$ ! trunk1 & s]viceable fi% hooks 7 made )\t any cross gra94 ,!y 7 /rong en\gh to hold ! l>ge/ fi% t asc5d$ ! riv]s4 ,sometimes a bone b>b 0 skillfully ins]t$4 ,! ,indians f\nd a fur!r use = ?is wood z mat]ial = canoe paddles4 ,x is s /rong t h&les c be made small & blades ?9 )\t pass+ ! limit ( safety4 ,! manufacture ( boat paddles f yew cont9ues4 ,m is us$ = f5ce po/s ?an = any o!r "o purpose4 ,x is "o ( ! mo/ durable woods kn[n :]e x mu/ resi/ conditions conducive to decay4 ,! "n yew is said to be d]iv$ f a ^w 9 a nor? ,europe language mean+ ev]la/+4 ,yew f5ce po/s are n nam$ 9 /ati/ics1 & x is impossible to quote numb]s4 ,_! use is conf9$ to ! di/ricts :]e !y gr[4 ,! manufactur]s ( small cab9ets draw supplies f ?is wood1 b ! fact is n m5tion$ 9 ,pacific /ates wood-us+ /ati/ics4 ,x is p>ticul>ly lik$ = turn]y1 su* z small sp9dles us$ 9 furniture & 9 grill "w4 ,x takes an exceptionally f9e poli%1 & ! wood's great /r5g? makes ! use ( sl5d] pieces practicable4 ,exp]im5ts h %[n t ?is wood may be /a9$ ) success1 b its natural color is s attractive t !re is little ne$ ( /a9+ unless ! purpose is to imitate "s m co/ly wood4 ,if /a9$ black x is an excell5t sub/itute = ebony4 ,we/]n yew figures little 9 lumb] output4 ,x is n li/$ 9 ! m>kets4 ,! few logs :i* rea* sawmills are nev] aga9 he>d (1 b probably mo/ ( ! lumb] is dispos$ ( locally to ^? :o ne$ x4 ,! tree is n ( good =m = saw timb]4 ,burls are said to make beautiful v5e]4 ,trunks are seldom r\nd1 b usually gr[ lopsid$4 ,mo/ ( !m are too small = sawlogs4 ,! l>ge/ are seldom two feet 9 diamet]1 & g5]ally n half t l>ge4 ,!y are %ort & bran*$1 ! tree (t5 divid+ ne> ! gr\nd 9 sev]al /ems4 ,! av]age tree is sc>cely ?irty feet high1 b a few are twice t4 ,its gr[? is v sl[4 ,a six-in* trunk is sev5ty-five or #ajj ye>s old1 & ! l>ge/ sizes are f #bjj to #cej ye>s4 ,x is evid5t1 !re=e1 t ef=ts to gr[ we/]n yew = comm]cial purposes w be few4 ,wild trees w be occasionally cut z long z !y la/1 & !y w probably la/ z long z any ( _! associates1 = !y are scatt]$ sp>+ly ov] sev]al hundr$ ?\s& squ>e miles ( c\ntry1 & "s ( x r\gh & almo/ inaccessible4 ,! be/ developm5t ( ! species is 9 we/]n ,oregon1 ,wa%+ton1 & ,briti% ,columbia4 ,! leaves ( we/]n yew are "o-half or five-eigh?s in* long4 ,! fruit consi/s ( r$ pulp enclos+ a h>d se$4 ,birds dev\r x eag]ly4 ,! fruit is n poison\s1 z ! yew b]ries ( ! ,old ,_w are4 ,x rip5s 9 ,septemb] & falls 9 ,octob]4 ,! wood is f9e gra9$1 cle> rose r$1 becom+ gradually dull] on exposure4 ,x weighs #ci4hc p\nds p] cubic foot4 ,its fuel value is high4 ,,florida ,,yew 7,taxus floridana7 is extremely local 9 its range1 & small 9 size4 ,few trees are m ?an tw5ty-five feet high & "o foot 9 diamet]4 ,!y are bu%y & ( poor =m = manufactur+4 ,! only report$ use is z f5ce po/s4 ,! wood's durability fits x = t place4 ,! species is f\nd 9 ,gadsd5 c\nty1 ,florida4 ,! leaves are "o in* or less 9 l5g?2 fl[]s appe> 9 ,m>*1 & ! fruit rip5s 9 ,octob]4 ,! wood is mod]ately heavy1 h>d1 & n>r[-r+$1 = ! trees gr[ sl[ly4 ,its color is d>k1 t+$ ) r$1 ! ?9 sapwood be+ :it]4 ,!re is little prospect t ! wood ( ?is yew w ev] be m important ?an x is n[4 ,x is (t5 spok5 ( locally z sav91 :i* "n is likewise giv5 to ! r$ c$> 7,junip]us virg9iana71 :i* is abundant 9 ?is yew's range4 ,,cali=nia ,,nutmeg 7,tumion cali=nicum7 is an int]e/+ tree :i* ranges ov] a consid]able portion ( ,cali=nia1 b is at its be/ 9 ,m5doc9o c\nty & ! coa/ region nor? ( ,san ,francisco4 ,x occurs also on ! we/]n slope ( ! ,si]ra ,nevada m\nta9s1 9 c5tral ,cali=nia1 at altitudes up to #e1jjj feet4 ,x receives its "n f ! resemblance ( its se$s to nutmegs4 ,_! surface is %rivel$1 b !y d n h ! nutmeg odor4 ,! wood & ! leaves1 :5 bruis$1 give (f an odor n altoge!r pleas+4 ,on acc\nt ( ?is1 ! tree has be5 call$ /9k+ c$>4 ,9 "s localities x is call$ yew1 & 9 o!rs ,cali=nia false nutmeg1 & coa/ nutmeg4 ,trees are g5]ally small1 ) trunks ( irregul> =m4 ,! cr[n is op5 & usually ext5ds to ! gr\nd2 b 9 cr[d$ situations1 a r %apely bole is develop$1 & ! cr[n is small4 ,! usual size ( ! tree does n exce$ a height ( fifty feet & a diamet] ( tw5ty in*es4 ,m trees are bel[ ?an above t size2 b 9 extreme cases ! tree may rea* a height ( eighty-five feet & a diamet] ( f\r4 ,! leaves 9 =m & size resemble ! foliage ( yew1 b _! po9ts are /iff & %>p1 & if approa*$ c>elessly !y w w\nd l cactus ?orns4 ,! fruit is an in* or m 9 l5g?1 a pulpy sub/ance surr\nd+ ! se$4 ,! wood possesses prop]ties :i* ought to make x valuable1 ?\gh report$ uses are /rictly local1 su* z small cab9et "w & skiff mak+4 ,x is bright lemon1 yell[1 r h>d1 takes good poli%1 is ( sl[ gr[?1 ) b&s ( summ]wood ?9 b di/9ct1 & m$ull>y rays small1 num]\s1 & obscure4 ,its weight is #bi4ff p\nds p] cubic foot2 x is n /iff or /rong4 ,x _c atta9 high place z a manufactur+ mat]ial1 because x is too sc>ce1 b x possesses a beauty :i* mu/ br+ x recognition z a f9e furniture1 f9i%1 & novelty wood4 ,a few sawlogs g to mills 9 ! region nor? ( ,san ,francisco1 b ! lumb] is probably mix$ ) o!r k9ds & x goes to m>ket )\t a "n4 ,x ought to be put to a bett] use4 ,,florida ,,torreya 7,tumion taxifolium7 is (t5 call$ ,*attahoo*ee p9e 9 ! region :]e x gr[s4 ,t "n is g5]ally giv5 to ! tree :5 plant$ = ornam5t 9 y>ds1 p>ks1 & along /reets ( t[ns 9 nor?we/]n ,florida4 ,x is kn[n also z /9k+ c$>1 /9k+ sav91 & fetid yew4 ,^! names are g5]ally appli$ to ! =e/-gr[n tree1 p>ticul>ly by ^? :o cut x = f5ce po/s1 :i* is its pr9cipal use4 ,its range is local1 be+ conf9$ l>gely1 if n :olly1 to ,gadsd5 c\nty1 ,florida1 :]e x gr[s on lime/one soil4 ,x c nev] h mu* importance z a comm]cial timb]1 because x is too sc>ce4 ,9 fact1 x is 9 dang] ( ext]m9ation4 ,po/ cutt]s nev] sp>e x1 & its range be+ s limit$1 !re is n mu* hope = x4 ,! int]e/+ & beautiful tree is mak+ a game fight = life4 ,_m se$l+s appe> 9 ! vic9ity ( old trees1 :ile /umps1 & ev5 pro/rate trunks1 s5d up spr\ts :i*1 if let alone1 gr[ to tree size4 ,spr\ts on logs & /umps s5d roots to ! gr\nd z ! se$l+ yell[ bir* does 9 damp nor!rn woods4 ,! yew-l leaves ( ,florida torreya are "o & a half in* or less 9 l5g?4 ,! tree blooms 9 ,m>* & ,april1 & ! drupe-l fruit1 an in* or m 9 l5g?1 is ripe by midsumm]4 ,! tree is f =ty to sixty feet 9 height1 & "o to two feet 9 diamet]4 ,x is clo!d 9 :orls ( limbs1 beg9n+ ne> ! gr\nd1 & tap]+ to ! top4 ,! wood is cle>1 bright yell[1 ! ?9 sapwood ( light] color2 s(t1 easily work$1 & susceptible ( f9e poli%4 ,x is v durable 9 contact ) ! soil4 ,! gre5 wood1 & ! bruis$ leaves & bran*es give (f an odor sugge/+ ! tomato v9e4 ,! texture & color ( ! wood indicate t x is well suit$ = f9e cab9et "w1 b x is n a figur$ wood4 ,illu/ration ,,:ite ,,oak ,illu/ration3 ,,:ite ,,oak ,,:ite ,,oak 7,qu]cus ,alba7 ,oaks belong to ! bee* family1 t is1 ! 8foodtrees10#c ?\gh mo/ acorns are too bitt] & conta9 too mu* tann9 to be edible2 "s may be eat51 & = t reason ! anci5ts class$ !m among ! food trees4 8,qu]cus10 :i* is ! "n ( ! g5us1 means oak 9 ! language ( nor?we/]n ,europe4 ,! "n :ite oak ne>ly always suffices1 b 9 ,arkansas x is (t5 call$ /ave oak because x is ! be/ /ave timb] 9 t region4 ,x c\ld ) equal reason be call$ /ave oak ne>ly any:]e1 = x is excell5t mat]ial = tight coop]age4 ,=m]ly x 0 sometimes call$ ,baltimore oak1 because _m ( ! /aves ( export 7 %ipp$ f t city4 ,t "n1 h[ev]1 belong$ m to po/ oak 7,qu]cus m9or7 ?an to :ite oak1 because ! f9e /aves :i* w5t out ( ,*esapeake bay 9 ! export trade1 7 l>gely po/ oak4 ,x matt]s little n[1 = ! "n ,baltimore oak is n mu* us$1 & :ite oak may be said to h only "o trade "n4 ,aft] ! wood is dress$1 x has diff]5t names ref]r+ to ! /yle ( f9i% & n to ! wood itself4 #c ,! oaks ( ?is c\ntry1 :i* numb] m ?an fifty species1 h be5 classifi$ 9 diff]5t ways1 dep5d+ ^u ! purpose 9 view4 ,9 ! pres5t treatm5t !y w be divid$ 9 two g5]al gr\ps1 :ite oaks & black oaks4 ,no ef=t w be made to draw h>d & fa/ l9es1 because x is n necess>y4 ,oaks :i* rip5 _! acorns 9 "o ye> are li/$ z :ite oaks2 ^? ) two ye> acorns1 z black oaks4 ,?is is a botanical r ?an a lumb]man's classification2 yet lumb]m5 recognize x 9 a g5]al way4 ,:ite oak 7,qu]cus alba7 is cle>ly entitl$ to head ! li/ ( :ite oaks1 & r$ oak 7,qu]cus rubra7 %\ld occupy a simil> position ) reg>d to ! black oak gr\p4 ,9 numb]s1 ! :ite oaks & black oaks are ne>ly equally divid$1 "o au?ority giv+ tw5ty-sev5 species ( :ite oak & tw5ty-five ( black oak 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 b botani/s diff] z to exact numb]s ( ea*4 ,! foll[+ species are usually class$ z :ite oaks3 ,:ite oak 7,qu]cus alba71 valley oak 7,qu]cus lobata71 ,brew] oak 7,qu]cus brew]i71 ,sadl] oak 7,qu]cus sadl]i71 ,pacific po/ oak 7,qu]cus g>ryana71 ,gambel oak 7,qu]cus gambelii71 po/ oak 7,qu]cus m9or71 ,*apman oak 7,qu]cus *apmani71 bur oak 7,qu]cus macroc>pa71 ov]cup oak 7,qu]cus lyrata71 swamp :ite oak 7,qu]cus platanoides71 c[ oak 7,qu]cus mi*auxii71 *e/nut oak 7,qu]cus pr9us71 *9quap9 oak 7,qu]cus acum9ata71 dw>f *9quap9 oak 7,qu]cus pr9oides71 ,dur& oak 7,qu]cus breviloba71 ,rocky ,m\nta9 oak 7,qu]cus undulata71 ,cali=nia blue oak 7,qu]cus d\glasii71 ,engelmann oak 7,qu]cus engelmanni71 ,rocky ,m\nta9 blue oak 7,qu]cus oblongifolia71 ,arizona :ite oak 7,qu]cus arizonica71 ,t\mey oak 7,qu]cus t\meyi71 netleaf oak 7,qu]cus reticulata71 ,cali=nia scrub oak 7,qu]cus dumosa71 live oak 7,qu]cus virg9iana71 ,emory oak 7,qu]cus emoryi74 ,:ite oak gr[s 9 all ! /ates ea/ ( ! ,mississippi riv]1 & x crosses t /ream two or ?ree hundr$ miles 9 "s places4 ,x rea*es ea/]n ,nebraska & ea/]n ,kansas1 & runs s\?w>d ?r\gh ,oklahoma to ! ,brazos riv]1 ,texas4 ,x is sc>ce 9 ! nor!rn p>ts ( ,mi*igan1 ,wiscons91 & ,m9nesota4 ,its total range cov]s an area ( m ?an #a1jjj1jjj squ>e miles4 ,l all o!r important timb] trees1 x has regions :]e ! species is be/ develop$4 ,! f9e/ orig9al /&s ( :ite oak 7 f\nd 9 ! upp] ,ohio valley1 beg9n+ 9 ,indiana4 ,! timb] 9 _m o!r di/ricts 01 & 9 "s /ill is1 v good1 su* z s\!rn ,mi*igan1 ea/]n ,arkansas1 "s ( ! ,appala*ian valleys & slopes1 & 9 c]ta9 places along ! upp] tribut>ies ( /reams fl[+ into ! ,atlantic ocean4 ,?is tree is 9 ! v front rank 9 economic importance1 & x has held t place s9ce ! e>lie/ settlem5ts 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,no =e/ tree 0 m ev5ly di/ribut$ ?an :ite oak ov] ! ea/]n half ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x did n =m pure =e/s ( l>ge ext5t1 z "s ( ! p9es did1 b :ite oaks 7 )9 rea* ( almo/ e "p ( ! c\ntry4 ,conditions h greatly *ang$4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( f>ms :]e woods orig9ally occupi$ ! :ole c\ntry1 less5$ ! abundance ( oak long be=e lumb]m5 made x a commodity2 & s9ce !n1 ! cutt+ ( billions ( feet ( x has deplet$ or exhau/$ ! supply 9 _m regions4 ,/ill1 :ite oak is z widely disp]s$ z ev]4 ,x has n be5 completely ext]m9at$ 9 any ext5sive region4 ,:ite oak ( z high grade goes to m>ket n[ z ev] 9 ! pa/1 b 9 small] am\nts1 & ! l[] grades g 9 proportionately l>g] quantities4 ,9 o!r words1 prime :ite oak has pass$ its be/ day4 ,a hundr$ ye>s ( use & abuse 9 /ates we/ ( ! ,alleghany m\nta9s1 & two hundr$ ye>s 9 "s ( ! regions ea/1 h r$uc$ orig9al =e/s to remnants4 ,b ) all t1 :ite oak rema9s undisput$ k+ ( ,am]ican h>dwoods4 ,at its be/1 :ite oak atta9s a height ( #abe feet & a diamet] ( six1 b t size is unusual4 ,a diamet] ( ?ree feet & a height ( #ajj is above ! av]age4 ,! leaves are peculi> 9 t !y hang on ! bran*es until late w9t]1 sometimes dropp+ only 9 "t to give place to ! new crop4 ,!y turn br[n aft] ! fir/ h>d fro/4 ,9 "s sections ( ! ,appala*ian region :ite oak coppice 7spr\t gr[?7 is kn[n z 8r$ bru%10 because ( ! adh]5ce ( ! br[n leaves dur+ w9t]4 ,! leaves ( "s o!r species h ! same habit4 ,! wood ( :ite oak is v /rong1 /iff1 heavy1 & durable :5 expos$ 9 all k9ds ( wea!r4 ,sc>cely any o!r wood :i* c be _h 9 m]*antable quantities equals :ite oak 9 ^! qualities4 ,x rates high 9 fuel value1 & #f1jjj p\nds ( dry wood :5 burn$1 leaves ab\t #bde p\nds ( a%es4 ,! color ( ! he>twood is light br[n2 ! sapwood is ?92 m$ull>y rays are num]\s & l>ge2 pores l>ge2 summ]wood broad & d5se4 ,! m$ull>y rays ( no wood 9 ?is or any o!r c\ntry are m utiliz$ to comm]cial advantage ?an ^? ( :ite oak4 ,qu>t]-saw+ is = ! purpose ( br++ !m out4 ,!y are ! bright /reaks1 cle>ly visible to ! nak$ eye 9 ! end ( an oak log1 radiat+ f ! c5t] outw>d l ! spokes ( a :eel4 ,_m are too ?9 to be visible )\t a magnify+ glass4 ,by qu>t]-saw+1 ! rays are cut edgewise & appe> z bright /reaks or pat*es1 (t5 call$ 8mirrors10 on ! surface ( bo>ds4 ,! woodwork] kn[s h[ to f9i% ! bo>ds & treat !m ) fill]s to br+ out ! figures4 ,:ite oak is a por\s wood4 ,"s ( ! pores are l>ge en\gh to be visible )\t a glass1 & tw5ty times z _m m c be se5 only :5 magnifi$4 ,! direction ( ! pores is up & d[n ! trunk ( ! tree1 & !y are se5 to be/ advantage 9 ! end ( a /ick1 al?\gh !y are always m or less visible on ! side ( a bo>d :5 ! cutt+ is a little across ! gra94 ,! pores ?us cut diagonally across are tak5 advantage ( by ! f9i%] :o works /a9s & fill]s into !m1 & *anges _! natural color1 !reby acc5tuat+ ! wood's figure4 ,! possibilities ( :ite oak are almo/ inf9ite4 ,x is good = ne>ly any?+ = :i* any wood is us$4 ,x is n ! be/ = ev]y?+1 b does well = mo/4 ,hickory is m resili5t1 ironwood is /rong]1 locu/ m durable1 :ite p9e w>ps & *ecks less2 b :ite oak has s _m good qualities 9 a fair degree t x c af=d to fall bel[ ! highe/ 9 "s1 & /ill rank above competitors on g5]al av]ages4 ,x ranks high 9 %ipbuild+1 g5]al con/ruction1 furniture manufactur+1 f9i% & fixtures1 ! mak+ ( agricultural implem5ts1 c> build+1 vehicle /ock1 coop]age1 & _m m4 ,x is "o ( ! mo/ important ( ,am]ican v5e] woods4 ,x is saw$ v ?91 & is glu$ ^u cores ( o!r wood1 ?us becom+ ! cov]+ or outside "p4 ,! purpose ( us+ oak v5e] in/ead ( ! solid wood is tw(old4 ,fir/1 x goes f>!r1 & second1 a well-built article ) v5e] outside & a core ( o!r woods :i* /& well1 is sup]ior to a solid oak article1 except 9 cases :]e great /r5g? is ! object s\ght1 or :]e deep c>v+ is desir$4 ,! cont9u$ use ( :ite oak is assur$4 ,x is n necess>y to seek new uses = x4 ,! dem& is z great z ! supply c meet1 b ! supply is n assur$ = ! di/ant future4 ,!re w always be "s :ite oak 9 ! c\ntry2 b ! be/ has be5 or is be+ cut4 ,! tree gr[s sl[ly1 & good qu>t]-saw$ :ite oak _c be cut f "y trees4 ,an age ( ab\t #aej ye>s is necess>y4 ,mo/ good :ite oak lumb] today is cut f trees #bjj or m ye>s old4 ,:5 ! pres5t supply ( v5]able oaks has be5 exhau/$1 prime oak lumb] w be l>gely a ?+ ( ! pa/4 ,=tunately1 t "t has n yet arriv$4 ,ab\t eighty ye>s are requir$ to gr[ a :ite oak ( cros/ie size4 ,^? :o w gr[ oak = m>ket 9 ! future w probably n wait mu* long] ?an eighty ye>s to cut _! trees1 & ! result w be a sc>city ( mature trunks = lumb] & v5e]4 ,,dur& ,,oak 7,qu]cus breviloba74 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,alabama1 ,mississippi1 & ,l\isiana ?is tree goes to ! lumb] y>d z :ite oak1 & no "o is injur$ by ! sub/itution1 = x is heavy1 h>d1 & /rong1 & is ( good color4 ,! wood weighs #ei4be p\nds p] cubic foot1 :i* places x above ! av]age weight ( :ite oak4 ,x is said to be less t\gh ?an :ite oak4 ,! tree v>ies greatly 9 diff]5t p>ts ( its range :i* ext5ds f c5tral ,alabama across ,texas & into ,mexico4 ,x is kn[n z :ite oak1 ,texas :ite oak1 %9 oak1 p9 oak1 & basket oak4 ,its be/ developm5t is 9 ! ea/]n "p ( its range :]e trees eighty or n9ety feet high are common2 b 9 ,texas ! av]age is sc>cely ?irty feet high & "o 9 diamet]4 ,we/w>d 9 ,texas x becomes %rubby1 & =ms ext5sive ?ickets ( bru%4 ,,*apman ,,oak 7,qu]cus *apmani7 is put to little use1 because trunks are too small4 ,!y are seldom m ?an a foot 9 diamet]1 & are (t5 little m ?an %rubs4 ,! tree gr[s 9 ! p9e b>r5s ne> ! coa/ f ,s\? ,c>ol9a to ,florida1 & x is f\nd also 9 great abundance1 b g5]ally ( small size1 on ! we/ coa/ ( ,florida f ,tampa to ! ,apala*icola riv]4 ,illu/ration ,,bur ,,oak ,illu/ration3 ,,bur ,,oak ,,bur ,,oak 7,qu]cus ,macroc>pa7 ,?is spl5did oak 0 nam$ by ,mi*aux1 a ,fr5* travel] & botani/ :o visit$ _m p>ts ( ea/]n & s\!a/]n ,unit$ ,/ates m ?an a c5tury ago4 ,! botanical "n macroc>pa1 means 8l>ge fruit40 ,! bur oak be>s small acorns 9 ! ,nor?1 & v l>ge ones 9 ! ,s\?4 ,!y are sometimes two in*es long & "o & a half in*es wide1 & 8l>ge-fruit0 oak is an appropriate "n = ! tree 9 ! ,s\?1 b w\ld n be ne> ! nor!rn limit ( its range4 ,x is kn[n 9 diff]5t regions z bur oak1 mossy cup oak1 ov]cup oak1 scrub oak1 & mossy cup :ite oak4 ,bur oak is a "n sugge/$ by ! acorn :i* has a fr+e r\nd ! cup l a bur4 ,?is is ! oak :i* gave "n to ,james ,f5imore ,coop]'s book1 8,oak ,op5+s0 a romance ( e>ly days 9 ,mi*igan4 ,oak op5+s 7 areas :]e fires _h kill$ ! old timb]1 & a "y gr[? _h spr\t$ f /umps & roots1 or _h sprung up f se$s buri$ 9 ! gr\nd beyond ! rea* ( ! fire4 ,"s ( ^? tracts 7 v l>ge1 & !y 7 n conf9$ to any "o /ate4 ,!y exi/$ 9 ,mi*igan1 ,wiscons91 ,m9nesota1 ,dakota1 & else:]e4 ,bur oak1 because x is a vigor\s species1 0 able to take possession ( su* burn$ areas1 to ! exclusion ( mo/ o!rs4 ,few ,am]ican oaks h a wid] range4 ,x ext5ds f ,nova ,scotia to ,manitoba1 & 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is f\nd 9 mo/ /ates ea/ ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s4 ,x ext5ds f>!r we/ & nor?we/ ?an any o!r comm]cial oak ( ! ,atlantic /ates4 ,9 a range ( s great geographical ext5t ! bur oak f9ds x necess>y to adapt itself to _m k9ds ( l&4 ,x pref]s l[ tracts :]e wat] is suffici5t b n excessive1 b x gr[s well 9 m elevat$ situations1 provid$ ! soil is f]tile4 ,x is n a poor-l& tree4 ,9 ! primeval =e/s x atta9$ l>ge/ size 9 ,indiana & ,ill9ois4 ,! l>ge/ trees 7 f #aej to #agj feet high & f\r to sev5 9 diamet]4 ,sizes v>i$ f t extreme d[n to ! o!r extreme ne> ! outskirts ( its range :]e ! gr[? 0 /unt$4 ,l>ge quantities ( v f9e logs h be5 cut f trunks f two to f\r feet 9 diamet]1 & =ty to sixty feet to ! limbs4 ,! leaves ( bur oak are f six to twelve in*es long1 simple & alt]nate2 ! petioles are ?ick ) flatt5$ & enl>g$ bases2 ! leaves are w$ge-%ap$ at ! base1 & h f five to sev5 long1 irregul> lobes1 ! t]m9al "o v l>ge & broad4 ,!y are d>k gre5 9 color1 & are smoo? & %9y above1 silv]y :ite & pubesc5t bel[4 ,! edge ( ! leaf is not*$ some:at l *e/nut1 b ! tee? or not*es are n s %>p4 ,! twigs are provid$ ) corky w+s1 or flatt5$ keels ( b>k1 along _! sides4 ,"s ( ! w+s are an in* or m wide4 ,!y are apt to escape notice :5 ! tree is 9 leaf1 b 9 ! w9t] ! b>e twigs look r\gh & ragg$4 ,! weight ( bur oak is approximately ! same z :ite oak1 & ! two woods are mu* ! same 9 /r5g? & ela/icity4 ,! b&s ( summ]wood are broad & d5se1 & ! spr+wood is fill$ ) l>ge pores4 ,! m$ull>y rays are broad1 b n num]\s 9 comp>ison ) :ite oak4 ,!y are suffici5tly conspicu\s to %[ well 9 qu>t]-saw+4 ,bur oak ne>ly always goes to m>ket z :ite oak1 or simply z oak1 & x is difficult to asc]ta9 all ! uses f\nd = x4 ,"s factories :i* make furniture1 f9i%1 vehicles1 & o!r articles t figure 9 ! c\ntry's trade1 attempt to id5tify ! woods !y use4 ,t is done z c>efully 9 ,mi*igan z any:]e else1 ?\gh comp>atively few ( ! factories c>ry out ! plan ev5 9 t /ate :]e _m ( ! be/ wood-us+ e/abli%m5ts ( ! c\ntry are locat$4 ,9 a report issu$ 9 #aiab :i* gave /ati/ics collect$ f m ?an eight hundr$ ,mi*igan factories1 bur oak receiv$ sep>ate consid]ation4 ,! uses !re are d\btless repres5tative1 & w hold ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry :]ev] bur oak is fairly abundant4 ,x is li/$ z basebo>ds1 billi>d table rims1 bookcases1 clay work+ ma*9es1 fil+ cab9ets1 furniture1 h& sl$s1 hay bal]s1 int]ior f9i%1 mold+1 t9plate boxes1 wagon sills1 "w b5*es4 ,! am\nt ( wood us$ 9 ! /ate 0 ne>ly #ijj1jjj feet1 accord+ to ! reports2 b x c]ta9ly does n include all4 ,:at x does %[1 h[ev]1 is t bur oak is "o ( ! sub/antial woods ( t region1 & t x possesses prop]ties :i* fit x = _m important places 9 ! c\ntry's indu/ries4 ,bur oak contributes to ! output ( coop] %ops4 ,slack coop]s class x ) _m o!r h>dwoods = ! manufacture ( b>rels = vegetables & v>i\s o!r commodities1 :ile ! mak]s ( b>rels = liquids put bur oak 9 ) :ite oak4 ,! future ( bur oak does n promise mu* aft] ! trees :i* n[ rema9 h be5 cut4 ,t does n mean t ! species w become ext9ct1 = t is improbable2 b :5 ! mature trees :i* develop$ dur+ two or ?ree hundr$ ye>s ( =e/ conditions h pass$ away1 !re is n mu* prospect ( o!rs be+ left to gr[ to ! age & size :i* w make !m valuable z lumb]4 ,woodlot own]s w n wait mu* long] ?an ! sev5ty-five or "o hundr$ ye>s requir$ to gr[ trees ( cros/ie size4 ,railroads pay good prices = ?is wood1 = x la/s well1 holds spikes 9 a satisfactory mann]1 & is /rong & h>d4 ,z f> z c be se51 bur oak w f>e 9 ! future ab\t l :ite oak2 t is1 few trees w be left /&+ long en\gh to atta9 l>ge size1 because x w pay bett] to cut !m :ile comp>atively small4 ,,cali=nia ,,blue ,,oak 7,qu]cus d\glasii7 receives its "n f ! color ( its foliage 9 spr+ & e>ly summ] 9 ! valleys & on ! roll+ foo?ills ( c5tral ,cali=nia4 ,lat] 9 ! summ]1 :5 ! dry season is on1 ! leaves lose "s ( _! blue1 on acc\nt ( age1 b m f an accumulation ( du/2 b ev5 !n ! =m ( ! tree1 f its habit ( gr[+ 9 op5 =mation l an old apple or*>d1 pres5ts an attractive picture4 ,x is (t5 associat$ ) ! valley oak1 :i* is l>g] & m /ately1 b ! blue oak loses no?+ by ! contra/4 ,x is occasionally call$ rock oak1 b = :at reason is n cle>4 ,x is kn[n1 too1 z m\nta9 :ite oak1 or simply :ite oak1 & z blue oak4 ,its range cov]s c5tral ,cali=nia f ,m5doc9o to ! ,mojave des]t1 & f ! imm$iate coa/ inl& ?r\gh ! valleys to ! ,si]ras1 & upw>d to an altitude ( #d1jjj feet :]e ! tree deg5]ates into a %rub :i* has nei!r beauty nor utility4 ,! species rea*es its be/ developm5t 9 ! ,sal9as valley f tw5ty to sixty miles f ! coa/4 ,!re ! l>ge/ trees are f\nd1 & also "s t h assum$ peculi> =ms4 ,9 positions expos$ to ! nev]-ceas+ sea w9ds :i* sweep up ! valleys1 ! blue oaks lie prone l logs1 _! tops po9t+ away f ! w9d4 ,!y grew 9 t unnatural position1 hav+ be5 press$ flat by ! w9d s9ce !y 7 se$l+s4 ,?is oak's a%5 gray b>k h>monizes well ) ! dry summ] grass & dull s& & gravel :i* surr\nd x dur+ ! hot p]iod4 ,! bran*es are (t5 cov]$ ) gre5-gray li*5s :i* some:at modify ! aspect ( ! tree "u close inspection4 ,! leaves are irregul> 9 =m4 ,"s closely resemble leaves ( ! ea/]n :ite oak1 :ile o!rs are almo/ or q )\t lobes4 ,dur+ ! gr[+ season ! acorns are deep gre51 b :5 approa*+ maturity !y *ange to a *e/nut-br[n4 ,!y v>y 9 %ape z mu* z ! leaves4 ,"s are almo/ egg%ap$1 bulg+ out above ! cup :i* seems too small2 b all ( !m d n assume t =m1 b may be %ort & symmetrical1 or v long & sl5d]4 ,woodpeck]s /ore ^! acorns 9 l>ge numb]s1 & !y se>* out peculi> places = _! ho>ds4 ,a knot hole 9 ! wea!rbo>d+ ( an old b>n1 gran>y1 or s*ool h\se is consid]$ ideal1 ?\gh :5 ! acorns are s dispos$ (1 !y are out ( rea* ( ! woodpeck] =ev]4 ,ano!r me?od is to peck holes j l>ge en\gh = an acorn 9 f5ce po/s or dead tree trunks1 & hamm] ! acorns tightly 91 small end fir/4 ,! surfaces ( dead trees are sometimes absolutely cov]$ ) su* holes1 ea* ) its acorn4 ,! woodpeck]'s purpose is to wait until ! acorns become infe/$ ) l>v4 ,he has no int5tion ( eat+ ! acorn itself4 ,cali=nia blue oaks range 9 height f %rubs to trees ( n9ety feet1 ) diamet]s ( ?ree or f\r feet4 ,! av]age height is ab\t =ty-five & ! diamet] two or less4 ,! trunk frequ5tly divides a few feet f ! gr\nd into l>ge limbs4 ,t =m excludes ! wood f sawmills1 & only 9 r>e cases does any ( x f9d its way !re4 ,! lumb] is ( poor quality1 brittle1 black1 & o!rwise defective4 ,! sapwood is :ite & ?ick4 ,a cubic foot weighs #ee4fd p\nds1 or ne>ly t5 m ?an ea/]n :ite oak4 ,x is weak1 & is l[ 9 ela/icity4 ,! annual r+s are (t5 ne>ly invisible1 because ! pores are scatt]$ ev5ly & d n =m b&s4 ,! m$ull>y rays are broad1 9 ! he>t black1 9 ! sapwood :ite4 ,if ! wood 7 o!rwise suitable1 pleas+ effects might be produc$ by qu>t]-saw+1 b z f> z kn[n1 no attempts h be5 made to d ?is4 ,n[ & !n a suitable log might be f\nd4 ,! importance ( ?is oak lies 9 its fuel value4 ,x rates above :ite oak 9 !oretical te/s1 b x is heavi] 9 a%1 & 9 practice x h>dly measures up to :ite oak4 ,x gr[s sl[ly & is de/9$ to disappe> z a s\rce ( fuel supply4 ,reproduction has ne>ly ceas$ 9 mo/ p>ts ( its range1 due l>gely to ! p]sev]ance ( hogs 9 eat+ ! acorns4 ,cordwood cutt]s h /ripp$ ! la/ tree f l>ge areas :]e mu* once grew4 ,?is oak nev] =ms =e/s4 ,! trees seldom gr[ z close toge!r z apple trees 9 an or*>d4 ,,gambel ,,oak 7,qu]cus gambelii7 0 de/9$ by nature to occupy an inf]ior place 9 ! c\ntry's timb] res\rces4 ,x occupies a region ( /unt$ vegetation among ! dry m\nta9s & plateaus ( ! ,s\?we/1 & except :]e x gr[s 9 bett] situations ?an usual1 x is too small to be prop]ly call$ a tree4 ,x is at its be/ among ! m\nta9s ( s\!a/]n ,arizona :]e x gr[s 9 canyons t c ma9ta9 a little damp soil4 ,!re x occasionally rea*es a height ( ?irty feet & a diamet] ( a foot or less4 ,9 mo/ o!r p>ts ( its range x is simply a tangl$1 sprawl+ ?icket ( bru%1 cov]+ ! dry1 rocky m\nta9 ridges1 & along ! bases ( cliffs4 ,x is f\nd f ,colorado to we/]n ,texas1 & we/w>d into ,utah1 ,nevada1 & ,arizona4 ,! leaves are small1 ?ick1 firm1 & hairy1 typical ( des]t foliage :i* mu/ husb& ! scant wat] supply4 ,! acorns are pretty l>ge = a tree s /unt$1 & !y are tempt+ bait = birds & rod5ts ( ! region4 ,! acorns are sweet4 ,if ?is oak's reproduction dep5d$ on acorns alone x is d\btful if x w\ld hold its gr\nd 9 ! face ( p]petual adv]sity2 b its roots s5d up di/ort$ & /unt$ spr\ts :i* cov] ! gr\nd1 af=d+ hid+ places = ! few acorns :i* escape _! hungry enemies4 ,man puts ?is oak to few uses4 ,x af=ds a pretty good class ( fuel = camp fires1 b cordwood cutt]s _c make mu* out ( x4 ,9 r>e in/ances fronti] ran*es use a few ( ! un%apely poles = corral f5ces1 b only z a case ( la/ resort4 ,! names be/[$ ^u ! tree by ^? :o "k x be/ are uncomplim5t>y4 ,!y call x %9 oak1 p9 oak1 scrub oak1 m\nta9 oak1 & ,rocky ,m\nta9 oak4 ,illu/ration ,,=k$-,,leaf ,,:ite ,,oak ,illu/ration3 ,,=k$-,,leaf ,,:ite ,,oak ,,=k$-,,leaf ,,:ite ,,oak 7,qu]cus ,lyrata7 ,! leaf gives ?is tree its "n 9 ! be/ "p ( its s\!rn range4 ,! tree be>s mu* resemblance to ! bur oak on ! "o h&1 & swamp :ite oak on ! o!r4 ,! names by :i* x is kn[n 9 diff]5t regions indicate z mu*4 ,9 ,nor? & ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 ,georgia1 ,florida1 ,alabama1 ,mississippi1 ,l\isiana1 ,texas1 ,arkansas1 & ,ill9ois x is commonly kn[n z ov]cup2 9 ,alabama1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 ,mississippi1 ,l\isiana1 & ,miss\ri x is call$ ! swamp po/ oak2 ! "n wat] :ite oak is appli$ to x 9 ,mississippi & p>ts ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a2 swamp :ite oak 9 ,texas2 =k$-leaf :ite oak among lumb]m5 9 sev]al ( ! s\!rn /ates4 ,! la/ "n sc>cely describes ! leaf1 = no "o is apt to notice any =k1 unless 8 att5tion is call$ to x4 ,! fact is1 ! "n =k$-leaf oak is appli$ (t5] to ! turkey oak 7,qu]cus catesbi7 ?an to ?is "o4 ,h[ev]1 s9ce ! ranges ( ! two species are n ! same1 misund]/&+s 9 practice are n apt to arise z to :i* is meant :5 ! =k$ leaf is ref]r$ to4 ,! fact t turkey oak belongs 9 ! black oak gr\p1 rip5+ its acorns 9 two ye>s1 & ?is "o is a :ite oak ) "o ye> acorns1 is ( fur!r assi/ance 9 keep+ ! species sep>ate4 ,! range ( ! =k$-leaf :ite oak is f ,m>yl&1 along ! ,potomac riv] ne> ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia1 s\?w>d to p>ts ( ,florida2 we/w>d ?r\gh ! ,gulf /ates to ! ,tr9ity riv] 9 ,texas2 ?r\gh\t ,arkansas1 sections ( ,miss\ri1 c5tral ,t5nessee1 s\!rn ,ill9ois & ,indiana4 ,x %[s pref]5ce = riv] swamps1 & small deep depressions 9 ri* bottom l&s :]e moi/ure is always abundant4 ,x has nev] am\nt$ to mu* 9 ! ,atlantic /ates1 & its be/ developm5t is f\nd 9 ! moi/1 f]tile valley ( ,r$ riv] 9 ,l\isiana1 & 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ,arkansas & ,texas4 ,its geographical range is pretty l>ge1 b z a timb] tree x is conf9$ to a comp>atively re/rict$ region we/ ( ! ,mississippi4 ,good trees are f\nd 9 o!r p>ts ( its range4 ,lumb]m5 d n f9d x 9 ext5sive =e/s or pure /&s1 b isolat$ trees or small gr\ps occur ) o!r h>dwoods4 ,?is species ( oak gr[s occasionally to a height ( #ajj feet1 ?\gh its av]age is ab\t sev5ty feet4 ,x has a trunk two to ?ree feet 9 diamet]1 :i* spreads out aft] atta9+ a height ( fifte5 or tw5ty feet1 into small1 (t5 p5dul\s bran*es1 =m+ a symmetrical r\nd top4 ,! bran*lets are gre51 slightly t+$ ) r$2 cov]$ ) %ort hairs :5 fir/ appe>+1 becom+ grayi% & %9y dur+ _! fir/ w9t]1 ev5tually turn+ a%5 gray or br[n4 ,! b>k is ?ree-qu>t]s or "o in* ?ick1 light gray 9 color1 %$d+ 9 ?ick plates1 its surface be+ divid$ into ?9 scales4 ,! w9t] buds are ab\t "o-eigh? ( an in* long & h light color$ scales4 ,! /am9ate fl[]s gr[ 9 long1 sl5d]1 hairy spikes f f\r to six in*es long2 ! calyx is light yell[ & hairy4 ,! pi/illate fl[]s are /alk$ & are also cov]$ ) hairs4 ,! fruit ( =k$-leaf :ite oak is (t5 on sl5d]1 fuzzy /ems1 sometimes an in* or m 9 l5g?1 b is (t5 closely atta*$ to ! twig t be>s x2 ! acorn is ab\t "o in* long1 broad at ! base1 light br[n & cov]$ ) %ort1 light hairs1 & usually almo/ entirely enclos$ 9 ! deep1 sph]ical cup1 :i* is bright r$di%-br[n on its inside surface1 & cov]$ on ! outside ) scales2 ?ick5$ at ! base1 becom+ ?9n] & =m+ an irregul> edge at ! m>g9 ( ! cup4 ,! cup (t5 almo/ completely envelopes ! acorn4 ,! fruit !n looks some:at l a r\gh1 ne>ly sph]ical button4 ,?is oak's leaves are long & sl5d]1 & are divid$ 9 f five to n9e lobes4 ,:5 ! leaves unfold !y are br[ni% gre5 & hairy above & bel[2 at maturity !y are ?9 & firm1 d>k] gre5 & %9y on ! upp] surface1 silv]y or light gre5 & hairy bel[2 f sev5 to eight in*es long1 "o to f\r in*es broad2 9 autumn turn+ a beautiful bright sc>let or vivid orange4 ,comm]cially ?is wood is a :ite oak1 & x is seldom or nev] s5t to m>ket "u its own "n4 ,!re are no /ati/ics ( cut at ! mills or ( /& 9 ! =e/s4 ,lumb]m5 take ! tree :5 !y come to x 9 ! c\rse ( _! usual op]ations1 b nev] g out ( _! way to get x4 ,?\gh r l>ge /&s occur 9 c]ta9 s\!rn regions1 & scatt]+ trees are f\nd 9 l>ge areas1 ! total quantity 9 ! c\ntry is kn[n to be too small to give ?is tree an important place z a s\rce ( lumb]4 ,nei!r is !re expectation t ! future has any?+ 9 /ore = ?is p>ticul> memb] ( ! tribe ( oaks4 ,! wood rates high 9 physical prop]ties2 is /rong z :ite oak1 if n /rong]1 t\gh1 /iff1 h>d1 & heavy4 ,9 contact ) ! gr\nd x is v durable4 ,! he>twood is ri*1 d>k br[n1 ! sapwood light]4 ,x may be said1 g5]ally1 t s9ce x goes to m>ket z :ite oak1 & its buy]s nev] object1 x possesses ! ess5tial prop]ties ( t wood1 & is us$ 9 ! same way z f> z x is us$ at all4 ,,arizona ,,:ite ,,oak 7,qu]cus arizonica7 is ! common & mo/ g5]ally di/ribut$ :ite oak ( s\!rn ,new ,mexico & ,arizona :]e x cov]s ! hillsides & occurs 9 canyons at altitudes f #e1jjj to #aj1jjj feet above sea level4 ,x occasionally asc5ds ne>ly or q to ! summits ( ! highe/ peaks4 ,! =m ( ! tree v>ies greatly1 z might be expect$ f a range ext5d+ f "o to two miles above sea level4 ,on ! dry1 w9dswept summits ! tree deg5]ates into a %rub1 ) /iff1 h>% bran*es4 ,l[] d[n1 9 canyons & 9 o!r situations :]e moi/ure may be _h & ! soil is f]tile1 trunks are fifty or sixty feet high & ?ree or f\r 9 diamet]2 b ^! are n ! usual sizes ev5 9 ! be/ ( ! tree's range1 = x _c be class$ z a timb] tree4 ,! h>d%ips ( ! des]t h /unt$ x1 & its =m is r\gh4 ,x is important = fuel1 & ?is has be5 its *ief use4 ,! region :]e x occurs is ?9ly settl$1 & dem& = lumb] is small1 b /ockm5 build corrals & f5ces to enclose %eep & cattle1 & ! ,arizona :ite oak supplies "s ( ! r\gh poles & po/s = t purpose4 ,! wood is heavy1 h>d1 /rong1 & ! he>twood is almo/ black1 b ! sapwood is light]4 ,! gra9 & figure ( ! wood are n attractive1 & :at little may be saw$ into lumb] 9 ! future w be r l[-grade4 ,! bran*es are crook$ & :5 cut into cordwood ! ricks are s op5 t x is a common say+ 9 ! region t 8y c ?r[ a dog ?r\gh40 ,! wood burns well1 & ! dem& = fuel is l>ge1 9 proportion to ! population ( ! c\ntry4 ,! leaves ( ?is oak are sometimes slightly lob$1 & are sometimes ne>ly z smoo? z will[ leaves4 ,!y are light r$ & cov]$ ) hair :5 !y unfold 9 ! spr+1 b :5 mature !y are d>k gre51 & %9y4 ,acorns are "o in* or less 9 l5g?1 & r sl5d]4 ,!y are v bitt]1 & wild animals are incl9$ to let !m alone1 unless press$ by hung]1 & !n eat !m sp>+ly4 ,?is insures good reproduction1 provid$ o!r conditions are favorable4 ,?\gh cordwood cutt]s may /rip ! l>ge trees f ! hills & canyons1 scrub gr[? may be expect$ to cont9ue1 p>ticul>ly on high m\nta9s1 & 9 rav9es :]e roads _c be built4 ,,netleaf ,,oak 7,qu]cus reticulata7 w nev] attract lumb]m5 9 ?is c\ntry1 b sometime !y may s5d to ! ,si]ra ,madre m\nta9s ( ,mexico to procure x4 ,9 t region x is a tree l>ge en\gh = lumb]2 b ! portion ( its range ov]lapp+ on ! ,unit$ ,/ates lies 9 s\!rn ,arizona & ,new ,mexico among m\nta9s f #g1jjj to #aj1jjj feet above sea level4 ,conditions are unfavorable & ! netleaf oak %[s x by its /unt$ size & r\gh =m4 ,! wood is h>d1 heavy1 d>k br[n 9 color1 ) light] sapwood4 ,! m$ull>y rays are num]\s & v broad4 ,! tree seldom exce$s =ty feet 9 height & "o foot 9 diamet]4 ,! leaf is nett$ some:at l t ( ! elm4 ,! acorn is usually n m ?an half an in* 9 l5g?4 ,,rocky ,,m\nta9 ,,oak 7,qu]cus undulata7 be>s acorns :i* may be eat5 l *e/nuts1 & n mu* m may be said = ! tree 9 ! way ( usefulness to man1 ?\gh x is ! salvation ( "s ( ! small mammals ( ! bleak ,texas & ,new ,mexico hills :]e !re is little to eat & few places = concealm5t f hawks & o!r enemies4 ,! tree is also call$ scrub oak & %9 oak4 ,x gr[s 9 ,colorado1 ,new ,mexico1 we/]n ,texas1 ,arizona1 ,nevada1 & ,utah4 ,at its be/ x r>ely exce$s ?irty feet high & a foot 9 diamet]1 & x (t5 =ms a jungle ( %rubs ?r\gh :i* ! travel] mu/ wade wai/ deep or g miles out ( 8 way to pass r\nd x4 ,its leaf is "o ( ! smalle/ ( ! oaks1 & is not*$ mu* l ! *e/nut leaf4 ,,alvord ,,oak 7,qu]cus alvordiana7 is little kn[n & w probably nev] be ( mu* importance4 ,x gr[s 9 ! region ( ,teha*api m\nta9s1 ! nor!rn bord] ( ! ,mojave des]t1 9 ,cali=nia1 & 0 nam$ = ,william ,alvord ( t /ate4 ,! leaf is too!d1 & ! acorn smoo?4 ,no record has be5 f\nd ( any use ( ! wood1 & :5 ,sudwor? compil$ 8 book1 8,=e/ ,trees ( ! ,pacific ,slope10 he 0 unable to procure en\gh leaves1 fl[]s1 & fruit to enable him to give a botanical description4 ,x may !re=e be reg>d$ z "o ( ! sc>ce/ oaks 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :i* fact gives x a c]ta9 int]e/4 ,,sadl] ,,oak 7,qu]cus sadl]iana7 is "o ( ! m9or oaks ( ! ,pacific coa/1 & is popul>ly & prop]ly call$ scrub oak by ^? :o enc\nt] x on high1 dry slopes ( nor!rn ,cali=nia & s\!rn ,oregon m\nta9s1 f #d1jjj to #i1jjj feet above ! sea4 ,x =ms d5se ?ickets1 & passes = an ev]gre54 ,its leaves rema9 on ! bran*es only ?irte5 mon?s4 ,! leaves are too!d l ^? ( *e/nut4 ,! acorns are matur$ 9 "o season4 ,! "n ,sadl] oak 0 giv5 x 9 honor ( a ,scotti% botani/4 ,trees are too sc>ce & too small to h mu* value1 except z a gr\nd cov]4 ,,brew] ,,oak 7,qu]cus brew]i7 gr[s on ! we/ slope ( ! ,si]ra ,nevada m\nta9s 9 ,cali=nia1 f ,kaweah riv] nor?w>d to ,tr9ity m\nta9s4 ,x is (t5 little m ?an a %rub1 & its usefulness to man lies less 9 ! quantity ( wood x produces ?an 9 ! protection ! d5se ?ickets1 ) _! network ( roots1 af=d /eep hillsides4 ,gully+ 9 "t ( heavy ra9 _c take place :]e ?is oak's matt$ masses ( roots b9d ! soil4 ,spr\ts rise freely f ! roots1 & ?ickets are reproduc$ 9 t way r ?an f acorns1 al?\gh 9 c]ta9 ye>s crops ( acorns are b\ntiful4 ,! trunks are too small to make any k9d ( lumb]1 b are capable ( supply+ consid]able quantities ( fuel4 ,illu/ration ,,po/ ,,oak ,illu/ration3 ,,po/ ,,oak ,,po/ ,,oak 7,qu]cus ,m9or7 ,po/ oak is ! mo/ common "n = ?is tree b v>i\s sections ( its range h giv5 x _! own names :i* probably h local significance4 ,! foll[+ names are 9 use 9 ! localities d5ot$3 po/ oak 9 ! ea/]n & ,gulf /ates1 ,connecticut to ,texas1 & 9 ,arkansas & ,we/ ,virg9ia2 box :ite oak 9 ,rhode ,isl&2 iron oak 9 ,delaw>e1 ,mississippi & ,nebraska2 *ne toile 9 ,quebec2 ov]cup oak 9 ,florida2 :ite oak 9 ,k5tucky & ,indiana2 box oak & bra% oak 9 ,m>yl&4 ,t[>d ! nor!rn portion ( ! range ( ?is tree x is small1 & 9 e>ly times x 0 little us$ except = f5ce po/s4 ,its durability fitt$ x = t use1 & x is said ! common "n 0 due to t circum/ance4 ,! "n iron oak 0 us$ by %ipbuild]s :o sometimes b\ght small knees made ( ?is wood4 ,baltimore oak 0 an e>ly "n :i* is n n[ 9 use4 ,x 0 g5]ally appli$ to :ite oak1 b x includ$ "s po/ oak %ipp$ f ! ,*esapeake bay region4 ,po/ oak is botanically & comm]cially a :ite oak & is seldom di/+ui%$ f ! true :ite oak1 ,qu]cus alba1 9 comm]ce4 ,x is se5 at its be/ 9 ! upl&s ( ! ,mississippi bas9 & 9 ! ,gulf /ates we/ ( ! ,mississippi1 :]e x atta9s a consid]able size4 ,9 ! nor!a/]n /ates & 9 ,florida x is small1 becom+ %rubby 9 "s localities1 & m or less ( local gr[?4 ,lime/one upl&s or dry1 s&y or gravelly soils seem to (f] ! be/ conditions = its exi/5ce1 :]e x gr[s 9 company ) black jack1 r$ & :ite oak1 sassafras1 dogwood1 gums1 & r$ c$>4 ,! range ( gr[? ( po/ oak ext5ds f ,new ,brunswick s\? ?r\gh ! ,atlantic /ates into ,florida2 we/ ?r\gh ! ,gulf /ates & ?r\gh\t ! ,mississippi riv] sy/em1 gr[+ we/ brok5ly to ,montana4 ,x is ! common oak ( c5tral ,texas b 9 ! ,nor? x is r sc>ce1 becom+ m pl5tiful 9 ! l[] ,appala*ians4 ,! broad1 d5se1 r\nd-topp$ cr[n ( ! po/ oak ) its peculi> foliage make x v noticeable 9 ! woods1 ev5 to ! casual obs]v]4 ,its d>k gre5 looks almo/ black at a di/ance4 ,! tree has an av]age height ( sixty or eighty feet & is ab\t two feet 9 diamet]1 b 9 exceptional cases x rea*es "o hundr$ feet 9 height & has a diamet] ( ?ree feet4 ,x has a mod]ately ?ick1 d>k br[n b>k ) a r$di% t+e & deep fissures1 ! broad ridges be+ cov]$ ) ?9 scales4 ,on ! bran*es x becomes mu* ?9n]1 & light] 9 color1 ! bran*lets be+ unfissur$ & glabr\s 9 ! second ye>1 al?\gh fuzzy at fir/4 ,!y are r heavy & r\nd$ & t]m9ate 9 %ort r\nd buds ) conspicu\s scales4 ,a noticeable feature ( ! tree is ! peculi> bran*+4 ,! limbs are heavy & crook$1 sep>at+ (t51 ) wide angles1 =m+ knees :i* :5 big en\gh1 h a comm]cial value4 ,:5 ! tree is 9 foliage ! tuft$ appe>ance ( ! leaves gr\p$ on ! ends ( ! twigs gives x a di/9ctive look4 ,!y be> "s resemblance to a />1 & = t reason "s botani/s h nam$ ! species /ellata4 ,! leaves are five or sev5 in*es long usually1 b 9 "s cases1 especially on "y specim5s1 !y are t5 or m in*es long4 ,!y are d>k1 %9y-gre5 & on a %ort petiole1 ! ve9s & midrib be+ heavy & conspicu\s4 ,! id5tification ( ^! leaves is easy z !y are heavy 9 texture1 are bilat]ally develop$ ) a l>ge1 obtuse lobe on ea* side ab\t 9 ! middle1 giv+ !m a maltese cross effect4 ,!y are v p]si/5t1 /ay+ on ! tree until ! new leaves pu% !m (f 9 ! spr+4 ,! =m ( po/ oak is n ideal f ! lumb]man's viewpo9t4 ,! tree does n prune itself well4 ,/raggl+ limbs adh]e to ! trunk & prev5t ! clean bole :i* (t5 makes :ite oak s attractive4 ,! wood weighs #eb4ad p\nds p] cubic foot4 ,! "n iron oak ref]r$ to ! weight z well z ! /r5g? ( ! wood4 ,x is r difficult to season1 & is incl9$ to *eck badly4 ,! m$ull>y rays are broad & num]\s1 & *eck+ is apt to develop along ! rays4 ,! summ]wood occupies ab\t half ( ! annual r+1 & is d5se & d>k color$4 ,l>ge pores are abundant 9 ! spr+wood1 & small] ones 9 ! summ]wood4 ,=m]ly ?is tree 0 kn[n 9 "s sections z turkey oak1 ?\gh ! "n is no long] he>d1 b is n[ appli$ to ano!r oak 9 ! ,s\?4 ,! acorns are small en\gh to be eat5 by turkeys1 & :5 ^? game birds 7 wild 9 ! woods !y frequ5t$ p>ts ( ! =e/s :]e po/ oaks grew1 & hunt]s knew :]e to f9d !m4 ,! uses ( po/ oak = build+ & manufactur+ purposes are ! same z = :ite oak z f> z !y g1 b po/ oak is n s ext5sively employ$4 ,! e>lie/ railroads 9 ,am]ica 7 built 9 ! region :]e po/ oak ( excell5t quality grew1 & x saw s]vice f ! fir/ z cros/ies1 & c> & bridge timb]s4 ,x is /ill us$ = ^? purposes4 ,its o!r important uses are z furniture mat]ial1 bo? z solid /ock & v5e]2 int]ior f9i% & fixtures = (fices1 banks1 & /ores2 musical in/rum5ts1 includ+ frames1 braces1 & v5e]s2 baskets1 crates1 & %ipp+ boxes2 vehicles1 p>ticul>ly tongues1 axles1 & h\nds ( heavy wagons2 floor+1 /air "w1 balu/]s4 ,po/ oak w d well on l& too gravelly & ?9 to su/a9 good :ite oak gr[?4 ,to t ext5t ! two species are n competitors = gr\nd1 & po/ oak is assur$ a place 9 future woodlots1 b x _c be expect$ ev] to equal :ite oak 9 comm]cial importance1 :ile z an ornam5tal tree x is n usually favor$ because ! %ape ( its cr[n is n altoge!r pleas+4 ,its v d>k foliage1 h[ev]1 is admir$ by _m & gives ! tree an individuality4 ,,swamp ,,:ite ,,oak 7,qu]cus platanoides74 ,?is tree's botanical "n means 8broadleaf oak10 & t is a good description z f> z x goes1 b x does n apply solely to ?is species4 ,! *>act]i/ic :i* fixes x be/ 9 ! m9ds ( mo/ p is its pref]5ce = l[1 wet soil4 ,its two common names are swamp oak & swamp :ite oak1 yet x is n really a swamp tree1 su* z ! nor!rn :ite c$>1 s\!rn :ite c$>1 cypress1 & tupelo are4 ,x does n associate ) any ( ^? trees4 ,x pref]s riv] banks1 & does n object to a good deal ( wat] ab\t its roots1 ?\gh x gr[s nicely 9 situations out ( rea* ( all ov]fl[1 & (t5 side by side ) silv] maple1 hickory1 a%1 & sev]al o!r oaks4 ,! leaf resembles t ( *e/nut oak1 & ! b>k is some:at l *e/nut oak1 b ! wood passes 9 m>ket = :ite oak1 & is a good sub/itute = x1 ?\gh ! resemblance is n s close t "o ne$ be mi/ak5 = ! o!r4 ,! tree av]ages ab\t sev5ty feet high ) a diamet] ( two feet1 b mu* l>g] trunks are common4 ,! fam\s 8,wadswor? oak10 :i* /ood on ! bank ( ! ,g5esee riv] 9 we/]n ,new ,york1 ab\t a mile f ! village ( ,g5eseo1 0 a swamp :ite oak4 ,x _h a trunk diamet] ( n9e feet1 b x 0 n tall 9 proportion4 ,x met its ov]?r[ by ! und]m9+ ( ! riv] bank 9 "t ( flood4 ,t is a common fate = ?is tree1 because ( its pref]5ce = riv] banks4 ,its range is f ,ma9e to ,wiscons9 & ,i[a4 ,x foll[s ! m\nta9s to nor!rn ,georgia2 & we/ ( ! ,mississippi x gr[s z f> s\? z ,arkansas4 ,! species is be/ develop$ 9 we/]n ,new ,york1 nor?we/]n ,p5nsylvania1 & along ! s\!rn %ores ( ,lakes ,erie & ,mi*igan4 ,trees d n cle> !mselves ( bran*es on _! l[] trunks v e>ly 9 life1 & lumb] m or less knotty results4 ,x is possible1 h[ev]1 to cut a fairly l>ge proportion ( cle> bo>ds4 ,! wood is ( ab\t ! same weight z :ite oak1 & is h>d1 /rong1 & t\gh4 ,its color is light br[n1 & ! ?9 sapwood is h>dly di/+ui%able f ! he>t4 ,! m$ull>y rays are z l>ge z ^? ( :ite oak1 b are few4 ,= t reason1 swamp :ite oak does n give v satisfactory results :5 qu>t]-saw$4 ,! bright pat*es are too sc>ce4 ,nei!r does x %[ z _m ( ^! rays z *e/nut oak4 ,! wood is v por\s1 b ! l>ge pores are conf9$ to ! spr+wood1 :ile ! broad b&s ( summ]wood are d5se4 ,! contra/ betwe5 ! two p>ts ( annual r+s =ms a /rong1 b n p>ticul>ly h&some figure :5 ! lumb] is saw$ tang5tially--t is1 f ! side ( ! log4 ,! wood f9i%] c improve ?is oak's natural appe>ance by employ+ fill]s & /a9s to light5 %ades or deep5 t9ts4 ,! uses ( ?is oak are num]\s4 ,x is excell5t fuel1 & is r l[ 9 a%2 x is weak] & m brittle ?an :ite oak2 b x is q satisfactory = railroad ties1 c> build+1 h\se f9i%1 furniture1 "s p>ts ( heavy vehicles1 c]ta9 k9ds ( coop]age1 & = f>m implem5ts4 ,,rocky ,,m\nta9 ,,blue ,,oak 7,qu]cus oblongifolia7 is nam$ f ! blue color ( its foliage1 ?\gh :at little lumb] is cut f x1 is b\ght & sold z :ite oak4 ,x is ( little importance1 yet 9 ! almo/ timb]less m\nta9s ( we/]n ,texas x supplies "s ( ! urg5t wants ( a scatt]$ population4 ,x be>s will[-l leaves "o or two in*es long1 & less ?an an in* wide2 b on vigor\s %oots !y are l>g]4 ,! acorns are v small4 ,trees seldom exce$ ?irty feet 9 height1 & a diamet] ( tw5ty in*es2 & (t5 ! trunk is divid$ ne> ! gr\nd 9 ?ree or f\r /\t1 crook$ =ks4 ,ord9>ily1 x is an impossible tree to lumb]1 b sometimes a few logs f9d _! way to sawmills & a little passable lumb] is produc$4 ,! wood weighs #eh p\nds p] cubic foot4 ,x is /rong1 b :5 x breaks1 x snaps %ort4 ,! he>twood is d>k] ?an 9 mo/ oaks1 & ! sapwood is br[n4 ,! tree is useful = fuel4 ,*>coal = local blacksmi? %ops is manufactur$ f ! wood4 ,x is abundant on _m ( ! /]ile slopes & mesas ( ,new ,mexico & ,arizona1 b usually 9 ! =m ( bru% ab\t ! heads ( canyons4 ,illu/ration ,,c[ ,,oak ,illu/ration3 ,,c[ ,,oak ,,c[ ,,oak 7,qu]cus ,mi*auxii7 ,?is oak's acorns are rem>kably free f ! bitt]ness due to tann9 & are !re=e pleasant to ! ta/e4 ,h]bivor\s animals eat !m :5 !y are to be _h1 & ! eag]ness ) :i* cattle ga!r !m 9 ! fall is d\btless ! reason = call+ ! tree c[ oak4 ,hogs & %eep are z eag] hunt]s = ! acorns z cattle are1 & ! half-wild sw9e 9 ! s\!rn =e/s become m>ketable dur+ ! two mon?s ( ! acorn season4 ,*ildr5 "k ! excell5cy ( ! c[ oak acorns1 & ga!r !m 9 l>ge quantities dur+ ! e>ly weeks ( autumn 9 ! ,s\?4 ,! tree is widely kn[n z basket oak1 & ! "n ref]s to a prevail+ use = ! wood 9 e>ly times1 & a r common use yet4 ,long be=e anyone _h made a /udy ( ! /ructure ( ?is wood1 x 0 le>n$ t x splits nicely into long1 sl5d] b&s1 & ^! 7 employ$ by basket weav]s = all sorts ( w>es 9 t l9e4 ,t5s ( ?\s&s ( baskets 7 9 use be=e ! w> 9 ! s\!rn cottonfields1 & !y h n gone out ( use !re yet4 ,x is safe to say t millions ( doll>s wor? ( cotton has be5 pick$ & 8tot$0 9 baskets made ( ?is oak4 ,x 0 natural1 !re=e1 t ! "n basket oak %\ld be giv5 x4 ,l>ge1 co>se baskets are /ill made ( splits ( ?is wood1 & *9a & o!r m]*&ise are pack$ 9 !m2 :ile baskets ( f9] patt]n & workman%ip are do+ s]vice ab\t ! f>ms & homes ( ?\s&s ( p4 ,:5 ! /ructure ( wood became a subject ( /udy among d5drologi/s1 ! secret ( ! c[ oak's adaptability to basket mak+ 0 discov]$4 ,! annual r+s ( gr[? are broad1 & ! b&s ( spr+wood & summ]wood are di/9ct4 ,! spr+wood is s p]=at$ ) l>ge pores t x conta9s comp>atively little real wood sub/ance4 ,! e>ly basket mak] did n notice t b he f\nd by exp]im5t+ t ! wood split along ! r+s ( gr[? into f9e ribbons4 ,! splitt+ occurs along ! spr+wood4 ,ribbons may be pull$ (f z ?9 z ! r+s ( annual gr[?1 t is1 f an eigh? to a sixte5? ( an in* ?ick4 ,^! are ! 8splits0 ( :i* baskets are made4 ,:5 subject$ to r\gh usage1 su* z be+ dragg$ & haul$ ab\t cornfields & cotton plantations1 su* a basket w outla/ two or ?ree ( will[4 ,! tree is sometimes call$ swamp :ite oak1 & swamp *e/nut oak4 ,x be>s "s resemblance to ! swamp :ite oak 7,qu]cus platanoides7 & "s p believe t bo? are ( "o species1 b ( slightly diff]5t =ms4 ,x is n surpris+ t !re %\ld be a conflict ( names & confusion 9 id5tification4 ,! leaf resembles t ( ! *e/nut oak1 & to t fact is due ! belief :i* "s hold t ! *ief diff]5ce betwe5 ! trees is t ! *e/nut oak 7,qu]cus pr9us7 gr[s on dry l& & c[ oak 9 damp situations4 ,botani/s make a cle> di/9ction betwe5 c[ oak & all o!r species1 ?\gh x closely resembles "s ( !m 9 sev]al p>ticul>s4 ,f ! nor!rn limits ( its gr[? 9 ,delaw>e1 :]e x is n ( any consid]able size1 x ext5ds s\? ?r\gh ! ,atlantic /ates & into ,florida1 we/ 9 ! ,gulf /ates to ! ,tr9ity riv] 9 ,texas1 & up ! ,mississippi valley1 includ+ 9 its range ,arkansas1 ea/]n ,miss\ri1 s\!rn ,indiana & ,ill9ois & we/]n ,k5tucky & ,t5nessee4 ,x is di/9ctly ( ! ,s\? & may be consid]$ ! be/ s\!rn repres5tative ( ! :ite oak gr\p4 ,x does be/ 9 swampy localities :]e x is f\nd 9 company ) wat] hickory1 sweet magnolia1 plan] tree1 wat] oak1 will[ oak1 r$ maple1 & r$ & black gum4 ,9 g5]al appe>ance ! tree gives ! impression ( massiv5ess & /r5g?1 (fset by ! delicate1 silv]y effect ( ! b>k & ! l9+ ( ! foliage4 ,! usual height is sixty or eighty feet1 b x (t5 exce$s a hundr$ feet1 ! bole atta9+ a diamet] ( z high z sev5 feet & %[+ ?ree log l5g?s cle>4 ,! *>act]i/ic light gray1 scaly1 :ite oak b>k cov]s trunk & heavy limbs1 :i* rise at n>r[ angles1 =m+ a r\nd$ head & divid+ into /\t bran*es & twigs4 ,! w9t] buds are n *>act]i/ic ( :ite oak1 be+ long & po9t$ r ?an r\nd$4 ,!y are ab\t a half in* 9 l5g?1 scaly1 ) r$ hairs & usually 9 ?rees on ! ends ( ! twigs4 ,! g5]al texture ( ! leaves is ?ick & heavy1 _! upp] surfaces be+ d>k1 lu/r\s gre5 & ! l[] :ite & cov]$ ) hairs4 ,!y are f five to sev5 in*es long ) petioles an in* 9 l5g? & ( ! g5]al outl9e ( ! *e/nut leaf4 ,_! ri* crimson color is conspicu\s 9 ! fall aft] turn+4 ,! wood ( c[ oak is h>d1 heavy1 v t\gh1 /rong1 & durable4 ,! he>twood is light br[n1 ! sapwood d>k] color$4 ,x weighs #ej4aj p\nds p] cubic foot1 & is n q up to :ite oak 9 /r5g? & ela/icity4 ,9 qu>t]-saw+ x does n equal :ite oak1 because ! m$ull>y rays1 ?\gh broad1 are n regul>ly di/ribut$1 & ! surface ( ! qu>t]-saw$ bo>d has a splot*y appe>ance1 & x is n z easy to mat* figures z ) :ite oak4 ,c[ oak is "o ( ! mo/ important h>dwoods ( ! ,s\?4 ,its uses are mu* ! same z ^? = :ite oak f>!r nor?4 ,! cu/om ( call+ x :ite oak :5 x goes to m>ket r5d]s ! collection ( /ati/ics ( uses difficult4 ,sawmills seldom or nev] li/ c[ oak 9 mak+ reports ( cut4 ,factories :i* fur!r manufacture lumb]1 aft] x leaves ! mill1 sometimes di/+ui% betwe5 c[ oak & o!r oaks4 ,x has be5 f\nd suitable mat]ial 9 ! ,s\? = can?ook h&les :]e x takes ! place ( hickory :i* is m exp5sive4 ,x is report$ = t use 9 consid]able quantity 9 ,l\isiana4 ,! h&les are subject$ to great /ra9 & viol5t %ocks4 ,! billets are split to ! prop] size1 because if !y are saw$ !y are liable to conta9 cross gra9 :i* is a fatal defect4 ,! wood is cut 9 dim5sions = *air /ock & furniture1 ! bett] grades usually go+ to furniture factories4 ,defective logs1 %ort l5g?s1 & odds & ends may be work$ into *air /ock :i* conta9s a l>ge proportion ( small pieces4 ,! mak+ ( l>ge plantation baskets ( ?is wood is /ill a fairly l>ge bus9ess 9 ,l\isiana & ,mississippi4 ,braid$ bottoms ( *eap *airs are ( ! same workman%ip z baskets4 ,vehicle mak]s 9 ! ,s\? are l>ge us]s ( ?is wood4 ,x is employ$ 9 heavy wagons *iefly1 & is work$ into _m p>ts1 includ+ axles1 bol/]s1 felloes1 hubs1 h\nds1 tongues1 rea*es1 spokes1 & b$bottoms4 ,?is tree is class$ z :ite oak by coop]s :o accept x z /ave mat]ial4 ,! am\nt us$ is mu* less ?an ( ! true :ite oak1 b ! exact quantity tak5 ye>ly by b>rel mak]s is n kn[n because /ati/ics d n li/ ! diff]5t :ite oaks sep>ately4 ,c[ oak rives well :5 a trunk is f\nd cle> ( knots4 ,! trees are usually small] & less p]fect ?an true :ite oak 9 ! ,nor?4 ,railroads accept cros/ies ( ?is species & !y give z long s]vice z :ite oak1 are z h>d1 & hold spikes z well4 ,! wood is accept$ by c> %ops = use 9 repairs & 9 new "w4 ,trunks are split or saw$ into f5ce po/s & are us$ 9 probably l>g] numb]s ?an any o!r s\!rn oak4 ,?is tree's future seems fairly well assur$4 ,x w fur!r decl9e 9 available supply1 because x is cut fa/] ?an x is gr[+4 ,t is ! /atus ( all ! timb] oaks ( ?is c\ntry4 ,?is "o has advantage ov] "s ( ! o!rs 9 t x occupies wet l& :i* w n soon be 9 dem& = agricultural purposes1 & "y gr[? w be left to develop4 ,,engelmann ,,oak 7,qu]cus engelmanni7 occupies a re/rict$ range 9 s\?we/]n ,cali=nia :]e x is g5]ally spok5 ( z a des]t tree2 b its rate ( gr[? appe>s to be mu* m rapid ?an is usual ) trees 9 arid situations4 ,x occupies a n>r[ belt 9 ,san ,diego c\nty & its range ext5ds into ,l[] ,cali=nia4 ,x =ms ab\t "o-?ird ( ! /& 9 ,palom> m\nta9s1 & is mu* sc>c] 9 ! ,cuyamaca m\nta9s4 ,! tree seldom atta9s a height great] ?an =ty or fifty feet1 or a diamet] m ?an tw5ty or ?irty in*es4 ,! l>ge/ trees are ( small value = lumb] & 9 r>e in/ances only1 if at all1 d !y g to sawmills4 ,! trunks =k & ea* bran* =ks1 until a fairly l>ge bole ne> ! gr\nd is divid$ among num]\s limbs4 ,! tree's *ief value is z fuel4 ,x rates high z su*4 ,! leaves are blui%-gre5 & are ?ick ) %>p po9ts on _! m>g9s4 ,! leaves v>y greatly 9 size1 & are l>ge/ on "y %oots4 ,!y rema9 a ye> on ! tree1 & are class$ z ev]gre54 ,! acorns rip5 9 "o ye>4 ,?is int]e/+ species 0 nam$ = ,dr4 ,george ,engelmann1 ^: "n is borne also by ,engelmann spruce4 ,! wood is among ! heavie/ ( ! oaks1 exce$+ :ite oak by m ?an twelve p\nds p] cubic foot4 ,x is brittle & weak1 & v d>k br[n4 ,! gre5 wood *ecks & w>ps badly 9 season+4 ,! m$ull>y rays are num]\s & l>ge1 b are s irregul>ly disp]s$ t qu>t]-saw+ promises no satisfactory results1 ev5 if logs ( suitable size c\ld be f\nd4 ,! annual r+s are indi/9ct1 ow+ to no cle> l9e ( sep>ation betwe5 spr+wood & summ]wood4 ,pores are num]\s1 diffuse1 & "s ( !m l>ge4 ,! species is entitl$ to recognition only because x is f\nd 9 a region :]e =e/s are sc>ce & scrubby1 & e trunk has value z fuel1 if = no?+ else4 ,x af=ds a cov] = hills :i* o!rwise w\ld be b>r51 & x frequ5tly occurs 9 fairly d5se ?ickets4 ,illu/ration ,,pacific ,,po/ ,,oak ,illu/ration3 ,,pacific ,,po/ ,,oak ,,pacific ,,po/ ,,oak 7,qu]cus ,g>ryana7 ,david ,d\glas nam$ ?is tree ! ,g>ry oak1 9 honor ( ,ni*olas ,g>ry ( ! ,hudson ,bay ,company1 :o furni%$ valuable assi/ance to botani/s & o!r explor]s ( e>ly times 9 ! nor?we/]n p>ts ( ,am]ica4 ,?is tree is be/ develop$ 9 ! neighborhood ( ,puget ,s\nd1 ! pres5t /ate ( ,wa%+ton1 & at ! p]iod ( explorations 9 t region by ,d\glas1 :o 0 a ,scot*man1 ! c\ntry 0 a sort ( 8no man's l&40 ,x 0 claim$ by bo? ,engl& & ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ,russia _h ca/ covet\s eyes on x z a s\!rn ext5sion ( h] ,alaska hold+s4 ,engl& at t "t put a good deal ( dep5d5ce 9 ! ,hudson ,bay ,company to get possession ( & to hold z mu* c\ntry z possible1 & ,g>ry's help giv5 to explor]s 0 "p ( a well-laid plan to possess z mu* ( ! nor?we/]n c\ntry z possible4 ,d\glas d\btless _h t 9 m9d :5 he nam$ ! oak 9 honor ( ,g>ry4 ,x 0 a witness & p]petual rem9d] t ! ,hudson ,bay ,company's /rong arms _h be5 /ret*$ 9 t direction4 ,! p 9 ,cali=nia & ,oregon (t5 speak ( ! tree simply z :ite oak1 b x is sometimes call$ ,oregon :ite oak1 & m (t5 ,oregon oak )\t a qualify+ ^w4 ,:5 x is spok5 ( z we/]n :ite oak1 :i* frequ5tly is ! case1 x is comp>$ ) ! well-kn[n ea/]n :ite oak4 ,x be>s m resemblance to ! ea/]n po/ oak 7,qu]cus m9or7 & = t reason x has be5 nam$ ,pacific po/ oak4 ,! leaves & twigs1 p>ticul>ly :5 !y are "y1 resemble po/ oak4 ,! nor!rn limit ( ! tree's range crosses s\!rn ,briti% ,columbia4 ,x is f\nd 9 ! l[] valley ( ,fraz] riv] & on ,vanc\v] isl&4 ,x is ! only oak tree ( ,briti% ,columbia4 ,its range ext5ds s\?w>d to ! ,santa ,cruz m\nta9s 9 ,cali=nia1 b ne> ! s\!rn limit ( its range x is f\nd *iefly 9 valleys ne> ! coa/4 ,x is be/ develop$ 9 we/]n ,wa%+ton & ,oregon4 ,x occurs ( good size on dry gravelly slopes ( l[ hills2 & x asc5ds ! ,cascade m\nta9s to consid]able elevations1 b becomes /unt$ & %rubby4 ,x is abundant 9 nor?we/]n ,cali=nia4 ,! tree has a height f sixty to a hundr$ feet2 sometimes x atta9s a diamet] ( ?ree & "o-half feet4 ,x c>ries a broad & compact cr[n1 especially :5 ! tree is surr\nd$ by "y conif]\s gr[? z is ! case 9 its be/ habitat :]e natural prun+ gets rid ( ! l[] limbs & causes an outw>d & lat] a p5dul\s gr[? ( ! upp] "p4 ,! limbs are /rong & heavy z are ! bran*es & twigs4 ,! b>k is a grayi%-br[n ) %all[ fissures1 ! broad ridges be+ sometimes brok5 across =m+ squ>e plates :i* are cov]$ ) ! grayi% flakes or scales4 ,! buds are long & acute1 & are coat$ ) a r$ fuzz4 ,! leaves are f f\r to six in*es long & are bilat]ally develop$1 hav+ sev5 or n9e co>se r\nd lobes2 ! s9uses be+ r\nd$ or r %all[4 ,! color is a d>k lu/r\s gre5 & ! texture lea!ry4 ,! acorn is r l>ge be+ ab\t an in* & a qu>t] 9 l5g? & usually ab\t half z broad z long2 has a %all[ cup cov]$ ) po9t$ sometimes elongat$ scales4 ,?is oak is "o ( ! mo/ important h>dwoods ( ! f> ,nor?we/4 ,x is (t5 comp>$ ) ! ea/]n :ite oak1 b its physical prop]ties fall bel[ t species 9 "s important p>ticul>s4 ,! two woods weigh ab\t ! same1 b ! ea/]n species is /rong] & m ela/ic1 & is ( bett] color & figure4 ,all oaks season some:at sl[ly1 b ! ,pacific po/ oak is h>dly up to ! av]age4 ,x is a common say+ t x mu/ rema9 two ye>s on ! /icks to fit x = ! %op1 b t "t may be %ort5$ 9 _m in/ances4 ,*eck+ mu/ be c>efully gu>d$ aga9/4 ,"s ( ?is oak is exce$+ly t\gh1 & :5 c>efully sort$ & prep>$ x is excell5t mat]ial = heavy wagons2 b ! be/ comes f "y & comp>atively small trees4 ,:5 !y atta9 l>ge size !y are apt to become bra%4 ,! tree usually gr[s rapidly1 & is n old 9 proportion to ! size ( its trunk4 ,an exam9ation ( ! wood %[s broad b&s ( summ]wood & n>r[1 v por\s spr+wood4 ,! m$ull>y rays are broad & num]\s1 & ought to %[ well 9 qu>t]-saw$ /ock2 b x does n appe> t mu* qu>t]-saw+ has be5 done4 ,practically all ( ?is species cut 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is cr$it$ to ,oregon 9 ! c5sus ( sawmill output 9 #aiaj4 ,! cut 0 #b1hhg1jjj feet1 & 0 produc$ by f\rte5 sawmills1 :ile 9 ,wa%+ton only "o mill report$ any oak1 & ! quantity 0 only #d1jjj feet4 ,on ! nor?we/ ,pacific coa/ x comes 9 competition ) ea/]n oak & also ) ,sib]ian or ,japanese oak4 ,basket mak]s put ?is wood to consid]able use4 ,"y trees are select$ on acc\nt ( _! t\ghness4 ,! wood is ei!r split 9 long1 ?9 ribbons = basket weav+1 or x is fir/ made into v5e] & !n cut 9 ribbons ( requir$ wid?4 ,! l>ge/ us]s are furniture mak]s1 b boat y>ds f9d x conv5i5t mat]ial & x takes ! place ( import$ oak = frames1 keels1 ribs1 sills1 & int]ior f9i%4 ,x is durable1 & x may be dep5d$ ^u = long s]vice 9 any "p ( boat con/ruction4 ,its t\ghness fits x = ax1 hamm]1 & o!r h&les4 ,x is f> inf]ior to hickory1 b on ! ,pacific coa/ x c be _h mu* *eap]4 ,its /r5g? & durability make x "o ( ! be/ we/]n woods = insulator p9s = telephone & telegraph l9es4 ,x is work$ into saddle trees & /irrups4 ,! sc>city ( woods on ! ,pacific coa/ suitable = tight coop]age gives ?is oak a r important place1 because b>rels & casks made ( x hold alcoholic liquors4 ,available /ati/ics d n %[ ! quantity ( /aves produc$ f ?is wood1 b x is kn[n to be us$ = /aves 9 ,oregon4 ,mu* ,pacific po/ oak is employ$ z r\gh lumb] = v>i\s purposes4 ,railroads buy cros/ies1 hew$ or saw$ f small trunks1 & c\ntry bridges are occasionally floor$ ) ?ick planks :i* we> well & (f] great resi/ance to decay4 ,! quantity ( ?is oak gr[+ 9 ! ,nor?we/ is n kn[n4 ,x falls f> bel[ "s ( ! s(twoods ( ! same region1 & ! area on :i* x is f\nd 9 comm]cial am\nts is n l>ge4 ,x is hold+ its gr\nd fairly well4 ,trees be> full crops ( acorns frequ5tly1 & if !y fall on damp humus !y g]m9ate & gr[4 ,! se$l+s imitate ! ea/]n :ite oak1 & s5d tap roots deep into ! gr\nd1 & are !n prep>$ = =tune or adv]sity4 ,x happ5s1 h[ev]1 t trees :i* be> ! mo/ b\ntiful crops ( acorns d n /& 9 =e/s :]e ! gr\nd is damp & humus abundant1 b on m op5 gr\nd on grass cov]$ slopes4 ,acorns :i* fall on sod seldom g]m9ate1 & consequ5tly few se$l+s are to be se5 9 su* situations4 ,op5-gr[n trees are poorly suit$ = lumb]1 on acc\nt ( _m limbs l[ on ! trunks1 b !y gr[ l>ge am\nts ( cordwood4 ,,cali=nia ,,scrub ,,oak 7,qu]cus dumosa7 has be5 a puzzle to botani/s1 & a hopeless enigma to laym54 ,"s w\ld split ! species into no few] ?an ?ree species & ?ree v>ieties1 bas+ di/9ctions on =ms ( leaves & acorns & o!r botanical diff]5ces2 b ,sudwor?1 aft] a prolong$ /udy ( ?is matt]1 recogniz$ only "o species & "o v>iety1 b admitt$ t 8,cali=nia scrub oak unque/ionably v>ies m ?an all o!r oaks 9 ! =m & size ( its leaves & acorns40 ,he ?\ght x might possibly be equall$ 9 t respect by ,qu]cus undulata ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s4 ,"s ( ! leaves ( ,cali=nia scrub oak are ?ree-f\r?s ( an in* long & half an in* wide1 :ile o!rs may be f\r in*es long4 ,! edges ( "s leaves are z bri]y z ! leaves ( holly1 o!rs are comp>atively smoo?4 ,! %apes & sizes ( acorns v>y z mu* z ! leaves4 ,"s are long & sl5d]1 o!rs %ort & /ocky4 ,?is peculi> oak is f\nd only 9 ,cali=nia1 b x %[s a disposition to advance z f> z possible into ! sea1 = x has ga9$ a foo?old on isl&s ly+ (f ! ,cali=nia coa/1 & x !re f9ds its mo/ acceptable habitat4 ,x rea*es its l>ge/ size 9 %elt]$ canyons on ! isl&s1 & atta9s a height ( tw5ty or tw5ty-five feet1 & a diamet] ( a foot or less4 ,x is n l>ge en\gh to w9 favor ) lumb]m5 b 9 its scrubby =m x is abundant 9 _m localities4 ,x is scatt]$ ov] sev]al ?\s& squ>e miles1 f ne>ly sea level up to #g1jjj feet 9 ! m\nta9s ( s\!rn ,cali=nia4 ,x is f\nd scatt]$ ?r\gh ! coa/ range & ! ,si]ra ,nevadas f ,m5doc9o c\nty to ,l[] ,cali=nia1 #gjj miles or m4 ,x gr[s f spr\ts & f acorns4 ,! leaves adh]e to ! twigs ?irte5 mon?s1 & fall aft] ! new crop has appe>$4 ,! wood is light br[n1 h>d1 & brittle4 ,no use is made ( x1 except to a small ext5t = fuel4 ,on ! m\nta9s x gr[s 9 ?ickets sc>cely five feet high1 b !y cov] ! gr\nd 9 d5se jungles1 & ! roots g deep 9 ! gr\nd4 ,! species is valuable *iefly = protection to /eep slopes :i* w\ld o!rwise be )\t mu* gr[? ( any k9d4 ,be+ l[ on ! gr\nd1 =e/ fires are p>ticul>ly de/ructive to ?is oak2 b its ability to s5d up spr\ts repairs ! damage to "s ext5t4 ,,emory ,,oak 7,qu]cus emoryi7 gr[s among ! m\nta9s ( we/]n ,texas1 ,new ,mexico1 & ,arizona1 atta9s a height f ?irty to sev5ty feet1 & a diamet] f "o to f\r4 ,! l>ge/ size is f\nd only 9 %elt]$ canyons1 :ile on high m\nta9s & 9 expos$ situations ! tree deg5]ates to a %rub4 ,x always has a crop ( leaves4 ,! old d n fall until ! new appe>4 ,9 %ape1 ! leaves some:at resemble ^? ( box eld]4 ,! acorns rip5 f ,june to ,septemb]1 ! exact "t dep5d+ ^u ! tree's situation4 ,trunks l>ge en\gh = use are n sc>ce1 b ! wood is n ( high class4 ,/air rail+ & balu/]s h be5 made ( x 9 ,texas1 b ! appe>ance is r poor4 ,! gra9 is co>se1 ! figure common1 ! color unsatisfactory4 ,! he>t is v d>k1 b ! tones are n uni=m1 & flat surfaces1 su* z bo>ds & panels1 %[ /reaks :i* are n suffici5tly attractive to be tak5 = figure4 ,trunks are apt to be full ( black knots :i* m> ! appe>ance ( ! lumb]4 ,! m$ull>y rays are num]\s & broad1 & 9 qu>t]-saw+1 ! size & arrangem5t ( ! 8mirrors0 are all t c\ld be desir$1 b !y h a decid$ly p9k color :i* does n contra/ v well ) ! re/ ( ! wood4 ,! weight ( ?is oak exce$s p] cubic foot :ite oak1 by m ?an t5 p\nds2 b x has sc>cely half ! /r5g? or half ! ela/icity ( :ite oak4 ,! spr+wood is fill$ ) l>ge pores1 ! summ]wood ) small] ones4 ,x rates high z fuel1 & t is its *ief value4 ,l>ge quantities are cut = cordwood4 ,railroad ties are made ( x1 & m or less goes into m9es z props & lagg+4 ,/ock ran*es make f5ces1 %$s1 & corrals ( ?is oak1 & live /ock eats ! acorns4 ,! human inhabitants likewise f9d ! ,emory oak acorn crop a s\rce ( food4 ,mexicans ga!r !m 9 l>ge quantities & sell :at !y c sp>e4 ,! m>ket = ! acorns is f\nd 9 t[ns 9 nor?we/]n ,mexico4 ,illu/ration ,,*e/nut ,,oak ,illu/ration3 ,,*e/nut ,,oak ,,*e/nut ,,oak 7,qu]cus ,pr9us7 ,?is tree is kn[n z rock oak 9 ,new ,york2 z rock *e/nut oak 9 ,massa*usetts & ,rhode ,isl&2 z rock oak & rock *e/nut oak 9 ,p5nsylvania & ,delaw>e2 z tanb>k oak & swampy *e/nut oak 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a & z rock *e/nut oak & m\nta9 oak 9 ,alabama4 ,!re is a pretty g5]al disposition to call ?is tree rock oak4 ,! "n ref]s to ! h>dness ( ! wood1 & is n conf9$ to ?is species4 ,o!r oaks are also giv5 t "n1 & ! adjective 8rock0 is appli$ to two or ?ree species ( elm :i* possess wood rem>kable = its h>dness4 ,c$> & p9e are likewise 9 ! class4 ,9 all ( ^! classes 8rock0 is employ$ to d5ote h>dness ( wood4 ,iron z an adjective or ironwood z a n\n is us$ 9 ! same way = a numb] ( trees4 ,! "n swampy *e/nut oak z appli$ 9 "s p>ts ( ! ,s\? to ?is tree1 is h>dly descriptive1 = x is less a swamp tree ?an mo/ ( ! oaks1 ?\gh x does (t5 gr[ along ! banks ( /reams4 ,its di/ribution ranges f ! coa/ ( s\!rn ,ma9e & ! ,blue ,hills ( ea/]n ,massa*usetts s\?w>d to ,delaw>e & ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia2 along ! ,appala*ian m\nta9s to nor!rn ,georgia & ,alabama2 we/w>d to ! %ores ( ,lake ,*ampla9 & ! valley ( ! ,g5esee riv]1 ,new ,york2 along ! nor!rn %ores ( ,lake ,erie & to c5tral ,k5tucky & ,t5nessee4 ,x is r>e & local 9 ,new ,engl& & ,ont>io1 b pl5tiful on ! banks ( ! l[] ,hudson riv] & on ! ,appala*ian m\nta9s f s\!rn ,new ,york to ,alabama4 ,x rea*es its be/ developm5t 9 ! region f ,we/ ,virg9ia to ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 pretty high on ! ridges flank+ ! m\nta9 ranges4 ,leaves are alt]nate1 f five to n9e in*es long1 ) co>se tee? r\nd$ at ! top4 ,at maturity1 !y are ?ick & firm1 yell[-gre5 & r lu/r\s on ! upp] surface1 pal] & usually hairy b5ea?4 ,9 ! autumn be=e fall+1 !y turn a dull orange color or ru/y-br[n4 ,! fl[]s appe> 9 ,may & are solit>y or pair$ on %ort spurs4 ,! fruit or acorn is solit>y or 9 pairs1 "o or two & "o-half in*es long1 v lu/r\s & ( a bright *e/nut-br[n color4 ,! acorn cup is ?91 d[ny-l9$ & cov]$ ) small scales4 ,! k]nel is sweet & edible4 ,! b>k ( ! *e/nut oak is ?91 smoo?1 purpli%-br[n & (t5 lu/r\s on "y /ems & small bran*es1 becom+ a ?ick1 d>k1 r$di%-br[n1 or ne>ly black on old trunks1 & divid$ into broad r\nd$ ridges1 sep>at+ on ! surface into small1 closely appress$ scales4 ,! b>k ( ! tree is s d>k 9 color & s deeply furr[$ t x has (t5 be5 mi/ak5 = "o ( ! black oak gr\p1 al?\gh its wavy leaf m>g9s & annual fruit cle>ly diff]5tiate x f ^? species4 ,! b>k ( ! *e/nut oak is ?ick] & r\gh] on old trunks ?an on any o!r oak4 ,! b>k ( *e/nut oak has long be5 valuable = tann+4 ,!re is tann9 9 ! b>k ( all oaks1 & sev]al ( !m conta9 x 9 pay+ quantities1 b *e/nut oak is m important to ! lea!r indu/ry ?an any o!r oak4 ,9 ri*ness ( tann9 ! tanb>k oak ( ,cali=nia occupies z high a place1 b x is n supply+ z mu* mat]ial z ! ea/]n tree4 ,/ati/ics %[+ ! annual consumption ( tanb>k & tann+ extracts 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 d n li/ ! oaks sep>ately1 b x is well kn[n t *e/nut oak f> surpasses all o!rs 9 output4 ,hemlock b>k is peel$ 9 l>ge quantities1 b tann]ies occasionally mix *e/nut oak b>k ) x to light5 ! deep r$ color imp>t$ to lea!r :5 hemlock b>k is ! sole mat]ial employ$4 ,l>ge quantities ( *e/nut oak timb] h be5 de/roy$ to procure ! b>k4 ,=tunately1 x is a practice n mu* indulg$ 9 at pres5t1 because ! wood n[ has value1 b x =m]ly _h little4 ,x 0 !n ab&on$ 9 ! =e/ aft] ! b>k 0 peel$ & haul$ away4 ,! same practice obta9$ ) hemlock ye>s ago4 ,mu* *e/nut oak is /ill cut prim>ily = ! b>k1 b ! logs are wor? haul+ to sawmills1 unless 9 remote di/ricts4 ,! *e/nut oak is a vigor\s tree & gr[s rapidly 9 dry soil1 :]e x (t5 =ms a great "p ( ! =e/4 ,x is n z l>ge z ! :ite oak or r$ oak1 b is a spl5did tree1 its bole be+ v symmetrical & hold+ its size well4 ,x gr[s usually to a height ( f sixty to sev5ty feet & sometimes #ajj feet1 ) a diamet] ( f two to five feet & occasionally z l>ge z sev5 feet4 ,! =m ( ! tree %[s great v>iation1 dep5d+ ^u ! situation 9 :i* x gr[s4 ,trees 9 op5 gr\nd (t5 divide into =ks or l>ge limbs1 & ! trunks are %ort & ( poor =m4 ,op5-gr[n trees %[ a decid$ t5d5cy to develop crook$ boles1 & unduly l>ge bran*es4 ,no su* objection c be urg$ aga9/ x :5 x gr[s "u =e/ conditions4 ,trunks are /raight & are o!rwise ( good =m4 ,! wood ( *e/nut oak diff]s little f t ( :ite oak 9 weight1 /r5g?1 & /iffness4 ,x is h>d1 r t\gh1 durable 9 contact ) ! soil1 & is d>k] 9 color ?an :ite oak4 ,x has few l>ge1 op5 pores1 & requires less fill] 9 f9i%+ ?an mo/ oaks4 ,!re are _m pores1 h[ev]1 & ^? 9 ! spr+wood are arrang$ 9 b&s4 ,! summ]wood is broad & di/9ct1 usually con/itut+ ?ree-f\r?s ( ! annual r+4 ,! m$ull>y rays are z broad & num]\s z 9 ! be/ furniture oaks4 ,!y are regul>ly arrang$1 & spaces betwe5 !m d n v>y mu* 9 wid?4 ,! wood qu>t]-saws well4 ,! wood has ! fault ( *eck+ badly 9 season+1 unless c>efully att5d$ to4 ,9 rec5t ye>s1 ^! difficulties h be5 l>gely ov]come1 bo? 9 air season+ & 9 ! drykiln4 ,*e/nut oak has a wide range ( uses4 ,x is class$ z :ite oak 9 _m m>kets1 b few us]s buy x believ+ x to be true :ite oak4 ,x is com+ ye> by ye> to /& m on its own m]its4 ,"s sawmills :i* =m]ly pil$ x & sold x ) o!r oaks1 n[ keep x sep>ate1 & "s factories :i* once took x only because x came mix$ ) o!r oaks1 n[ buy x = special uses1 & make high-class commodities ( x4 ,"o ( ^! is mission furniture1 :i* has become fa%ionable 9 rec5t ye>s4 ,*e/nut oak possesses good fum+ prop]ties1 & ?is con/itutes mu* ( its value z furniture mat]ial4 ,! wood is f\nd 9 factories :]e g5]al furniture is made4 ,x is l>gely frame mat]ial = furniture ?\gh "s ( x is = outside f9i%4 ,x is employ$ z frames 9 ,m>yl& 9 ! con/ruction ( canal boats1 & ! annual dem& = t purpose is ab\t a qu>t] ( a million feet 9 t /ate4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important places = *e/nut oak is 9 ! %op :i* makes vehicles4 ,x goes into sills = bo? heavy & light bodies1 bol/]s1 & wagon bottoms4 ,x has become a favorite wagon wood 9 ,engl& & 9 cont95tal ,europe1 & !re passes z :ite oak1 ?\gh deal]s well "k t x is n ! true :ite oak4 ,!re is no indication t dem& = x w less51 = x possesses _m *>act]s :i* fit x = vehicle mak+4 ,9 ,mi*igan m *e/nut oak is report$ by c> build]s ?an by any o!r class ( manufactur]s1 ?\gh wagon mak]s buy x4 ,c> %ops use ab\t #bbj1jjj feet a ye>1 & "w x into h& c>s1 pu% c>s1 track-lay+ c>s1 & cattle gu>ds4 ,! l>ge rema9+ area ( timb] gr[? 9 :i* *e/nut oak appe>s is ! ,appala*ian range ?r\gh ea/]n ,t5nessee & we/]n ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 & ! fact t x is comp>atively pl5tiful 9 ! =e/s ( ! ,appala*ian range w t5d to br+ x m & m into prom95ce z a factor 9 ! mak+ ( wagons1 c>s1 boats1 /aves1 & furniture z ! o!r oaks become sc>c]4 ,! probable future ( *e/nut oak is an int]e/+ problem = /udy4 ,few /eps h yet be5 tak5 look+ t[>d provid+ = g5]ations to come4 ,*e/nut oak has be5 left to take c>e ( itself4 ,! trees1 produc$ 9 nature's way1 h be5 ample to supply all ne$s 9 ! pa/1 & !y w be = ! ne> future4 ,*e/nut oak possesses "s advantages ov] mo/ ( ! o!r oaks4 ,l>ge trees w gr[ on v poor soil1 :]e mo/ o!r oaks are little m ?an %rubs4 ,trees s gr[n are little m susceptible to disease ?an if produc$ 9 good soil1 ?\gh !y develop m sl[ly & are small]4 ,!re are _m poor flats & /]ile ridges 9 ! *e/nut oak's range1 & !y w produce timb] ( fairly good k9d1 if ! *e/nut oaks are p]mitt$ to h !m4 ,nature gave ?is tree facilities = tak+ possession4 ,its acorns w gr[ )\t be+ buri$4 ,!y d n dep5d on blue jays to c>ry !m to sunny op5+s or squirrels to plant !m2 b !y w spr\t :]e !y fall1 :e!r on h>d gravelly soil or dry leaves2 & !y at once set ab\t gett+ ! tap roots ( ! future trees into ! gr\nd4 ,9 _m in/ances ! *e/nut oak's acorns d n wait to fall f ! tree be=e !y spr\t4 ,l ! se$ ( ! ,florida mangrove1 !y are (t5 ready to take root ! day !y t\* ! gr\nd4 ,! l>ge acorn is /or$ ) plantfood :i* su/a9s ! gr[+ g]m = "s "t1 & ! gr\nd mu/ be v h>d & exce$+ly dry if a "y *e/nut oak is n soon firmly e/abli%$1 & good = two or ?ree hundr$ ye>s1 if let alone4 ,! =e/] :o may und]take to gr[ *e/nut oaks mu/ ex]cise great c>e 9 transplant+ ! se$l+s1 or ! tap roots w be brok5 & ! "y trees w die4 ,! be/ plan is to drop acorns on ! gr\nd :]e trees are expect$ to gr[1 & nature w d ! re/1 provid$ birds & bea/s leave ! acorns alone4 ,illu/ration ,,*9quap9 ,,oak ,illu/ration3 ,,*9quap9 ,,oak ,,*9quap9 ,,oak 7,qu]cus ,acum9ata7 ,?is tree is kn[n z yell[ *e/nut oak1 *9quap9 oak1 *e/nut oak1 p9 oak1 yell[ oak1 scrub oak1 dw>f *e/nut oak1 %rub oak1 & rock oak4 ,x %\ld n be confus$ ) ,qu]cus pr9us1 ! true *e/nut oak1 al?\gh x is commonly kn[n 9 s _m sections ( ! c\ntry by ! latt] "n2 ! names yell[ oak1 p9 oak1 & scrub oak are likewise appli$ to _m species1 s t ! only way to accurately designate memb]s ( ?is great family is to employ _! botanical names4 ,h[ev]1 ?is species %\ld always be kn[n z ! *9quap9 oak1 :i* is a di/9ctive t]m1 & n appli$ to any o!r4 ,! b>k ( ?is tree is light gray & is brok5 into ?9 flakes1 silv]y-:ite1 sometimes slightly t9t$ ) br[n1 r>ely half an in* ?ick4 ,! bran*lets are m>k$ ) pale l5ticels4 ,! leaves ( ! *9quap9 oak are f five to sev5 in*es long1 simple & alt]nate2 !y h a tap]-po9t$ apex & blunt1 w$ge-%ap$ or po9t$ base2 are %>ply too!d4 ,:5 unfold+ !y %[ bright bronze-gre5 above1 t+$ ) purple1 & are cov]$ und]nea? ) light silv]y d[n2 at maturity !y become ?ick & firm1 %[+ gre5i%-yell[ on ! upp] surface & silv]y-:ite bel[4 ,! midrib is conspicu\s & ! ve9s ext5d+ outw>d to ! po9ts ( ! tee? are well-def9$4 ,9 autumn ! leaves turn orange & sc>let & are v %[y4 ,! leaves are n>r[1 h>dly two in*es wide1 & m ne>ly resemble ^? ( ! *e/nut ?an d any o!r oak leaves4 ,9 _! broade/ =ms !y are also simil> to ^? ( ! true *e/nut oak1 al?\gh ! diff]5ce 9 ! quality & color ( ! b>k1 & ( ! leaves1 w\ld prev5t ei!r tree f be+ mi/ak5 = ! o!r4 ,!y are cr[d$ at ! ends ( ! bran*es & hang 9 su* a mann] z to %[ _! "u surfaces ) e t\* ( breeze4 ,?is *>act]i/ic gives ! *9quap9 oak a peculi> effect ( con/antly %ift+ color :i* is "o ( its mo/ attractive features & :i* puts ! obs]v] 9 m9d ( ! trembl+ asp51 al?\gh ! %ad+ & color+ ( ! oak is mu* m /rik+4 ,?is tree's range ext5ds f nor!rn ,new ,york1 along ,lake ,*ampla9 & ! ,hudson riv] we/w>d ?r\gh s\!rn ,ont>io1 & s\?w>d into p>ts ( ,nebraska & ,kansas2 on its ea/]n b\nd>y x ext5ds z f> s\? z ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia & along ! upp] ,potomac2 ! gr[? we/ ( ! ,alleghany m\nta9s rea*es into c5tral ,alabama & ,mississippi1 ?r\gh ,arkansas & ! nor!rn portion ( ,l\isiana to ! ea/]n "p ( ,oklahoma & p>ts ( ,texas ev5 to ! canyons ( ! ,guadalupe m\nta9s1 9 ! extreme we/]n "p ( t /ate4 ,x is a timb] tree ( mu* importance 9 ,texas1 & 9 #aiaj manufactur]s report$ ! use ( #a1aeb1jjj feet 9 t /ate1 l>gely = mak+ furniture & vegetable crates4 ,! *9quap9 oak is nam$ f ! =m ( its leaf4 ,its acorn be>s no resemblance to ! nut ( *9quap94 ,trees av]age small] 9 size ?an :ite oak1 b :5 all circum/ances are favorable !y comp>e well ) any ( ! o!r oaks4 ,9 ! l[] ,waba% valley1 trees ( ?is species 7 f\nd 9 ! orig9al =e/s #afj feet high & f\r or five 9 diamet]4 ,:5 x gr[s 9 cr[d$ /&s x develops a tall1 symmetrical trunk1 cle> ( limbs2 b x is %ort] 9 op5 gr[?4 ,! base is (t5 mu* buttress$4 ,! wood is v heavy1 h>d1 /rong1 /iff1 & durable4 ,9 color ! he>twood is d>k1 ! sapwood light]4 ,! spr+wood is n>r[ & fill$ ) l>ge pores1 ! summ]wood broad & d5se4 ,m$ull>y rays are less num]\s & sc>cely z broad z 9 *e/nut oak1 :i* ?is wood resembles4 ,x *ecks badly 9 dry+1 bo? by kiln & 9 ! op5 air2 b :5 prop]ly season$ x is an excell5t wood = mo/ purposes = :i* :ite oak is us$4 ,x %[s few] figures :5 qu>t]-saw$ ?an :ite oak %[s1 b x is satisfactory = _m k9ds ( furniture1 p>ticul>ly :5 f9i%$ 9 mission /yle4 ,railroads ?r\gh\t ! region :]e ?is species is f\nd h laid *9quap9 oak ties 9 _! tracks = _m ye>s & !y give long s]vice1 because !y resi/ decay & are h>d en\gh to /& ! we> ( ! rails4 ,9 e>ly times 9 ! ,ohio valley x help$ to f5ce _m a f>m :5 ! mat]ial = su* f5ces 0 ! old /yle f5ce rail1 elev5 feet long1 maul$ f ! /raighte/1 cle>e/ timb] af=d$ by ! primeval =e/4 ,x _h = companions _m o!r oaks :i* 7 abundant !re1 & x 0 on a p> ) ! be/ ( !m4 ,9 ! fir/ ye>s ( /eamboat+ on ! ,ohio riv]1 :5 ! eng9es us$ wood = fuel1 !y provid$ a m>ket = _m an old rail f5ce4 ,! rails 7 ! be/ obta9able fuel1 & ! *9quap9 oak rails 9 ! heaps 7 c>efully look$ = by ! pur*as]s1 because !y 7 rat$ high 9 fuel value4 ,x is n[ kn[n t *9quap9 oak 9 combu/ion develops consid]ably m heat ?an an equal quantity ( :ite oak4 ,:5 s\!rn ,indiana & ,ill9ois 7 furni%+ coop]s ) _! be/ /aves1 *9quap9 oak 0 rick$ ) :ite oak1 & no b>rel mak] ev] compla9$4 ,! pores 9 ! wood seem l>ge1 b 9 old timb] :i* is l>gely he>twood1 ! pores become clogg$ by ! processes ( nature1 & ! wood is made pro( aga9/ leakage4 ,t is :at gives :ite oak its sup]iority z /ave timb]4 ,x has z _m pores z r$ oak1 b ^u close exam9ation "u a magnify+ glass1 !y are f\nd to be plugg$1 :ile r$ oak's pores are wide op54 ,! result is t r$ oak b>rels leak ?r\gh ! wood2 ^? made ( :ite oak d n4 ,*9quap9 oak possesses ! same prop]ties1 :i* acc\nt = its reputation z /ave mat]ial4 ,! future = *9quap9 oak is n q z promis+ z t ( *e/nut oak4 ,! =m]'s *oice gr[+ place is on ri* soil & 9 damp situations4 ,^! happ5 to be :at ! f>m] wants1 & he w n leave ! *9quap9 oak alone to gr[ 9 nature's me?od1 nor w he plant its acorns 9 places :]e ! trees w int]f]e ) 8 cornfields & mead[s4 ,consequ5tly1 ! tree is apt to receive scant consid]ation aft] ! orig9al =e/s h disappe>$2 :ile its poor c\s91 ! *e/nut oak1 w be left to make its way on /]ile ridges1 & may ev5 receive "s help f ! =e/] & woodlot own]4 ,,valley ,,oak 7,qu]cus lobata7 is (t5 consid]$ to be ! l>ge/ h>dwood ( ! ,pacific coa/4 ,trunk diamet]s ( t5 feet h be5 record$1 & heights m ?an #ajj2 b su* measurem5ts belong only to r>e & extraord9>y individuals4 ,! av]age size ( ! tree is less ?an half ( t4 ,! mo/ fam\s tree ( ?is species is ! ,sir ,joseph ,hook] oak1 ne> ,*ico1 ,cali=nia1 ?\gh x is n ! l>ge/4 ,x is sev5 feet 9 diamet] & #ajj high4 ,x 0 nam$ by ! botani/ ,asa ,gray 9 #ahgg4 ,?is species is commonly call$ ,cali=nia :ite oak1 :i* "n w\ld be unobjectionable if x 7 ! only :ite oak 9 ,cali=nia4 ,a m di/9ctive "n is weep+ oak1 :i* ref]s to ! appe>ance ( ! out] bran*es4 ,x is call$ swamp oak1 b )\t good reason1 ?\gh ! gr\nd on :i* x gr[s is (t5 swampy dur+ ! ra9y season4 ,! "n valley oak is specially appropriate1 s9ce its favorite habitat is 9 ! broad valleys ( c5tral ,cali=nia4 ,its range does n g outside t /ate1 nei!r does ! tree gr[ v high on ! m\nta9s4 ,its range beg9s 9 ! upp] ,sacram5to valley & ext5ds to ,tejon1 s\? ( ,lake ,tul>e1 a di/ance nor? & s\? ( ab\t five hundr$ miles1 :ile ea/ & we/ ! tree is f\nd f ! ,si]ra foo?ills to ! sea1 #aej or #bjj miles4 ,its *>act]i/ic gr[? is 9 scatt]$ /&s4 ,x does n =m =e/s 9 ! ord9>y s5se4 ,two or ?ree l>ge trees to ! acre are an av]age1 & (t5 _m acres are :olly miss$4 ,! =m ( trees1 & ! wide spaces betwe5 !m1 resemble an old apple or*>d1 ?\gh few apple trees live to atta9 ! dim5sions ( ! valley oak ( ord9>y size4 ,! be/ /&s 7 orig9ally 9 ! ,santa ,cl>a valley & 9 ! c5tral "p ( ! ,san ,joaqu9 valley 9 ! salt grass region nor? ( ,lake ,tul>e 9 ,k+s & ,fresno c\nties4 ,mo/ ( ! l>ge/ trees 7 cut long ago4 ,! leaves are lob$ l :ite oak 7,qu]cus alba7 b are small]1 seldom m ?an f\r in*es long & two wide4 ,! acorns are uncommonly long1 "s ( !m be+ two & a half in*es1 %>p po9t$1 ) %all[ cups4 ,! wood ( ?is oak is bra% & breaks easily4 ,x is f> bel[ good ea/]n oak 9 /r5g? & ela/icity4 ,x weighs #df4ag p\nds p] cubic foot4 ,! tree gr[s rapidly1 & its wide1 cle>ly def9$ annual r+s are l>gely d5se summ]wood4 ,! spr+wood is p]=at$ ) l>ge pores4 ,! color ( ! wood is light br[n1 ! sapwood light]4 ,except z fuel1 ! uses f\nd = valley oak h>dly come up to :at might be expect$ ( a tree s l>ge4 ,x is n difficult1 or at lea/ 0 n difficult once1 to cut logs sixte5 feet long & f ?ree to five 9 diamet]4 ,su* logs ought to make good lumb]4 ,! m$ull>y rays indicate t ! wood c be qu>t]-saw$ to advantage2 yet !re is no acc\nt t any s]i\s attempt 0 ev] made to conv]t ! valley oak into lumb]4 ,! wood has "s objectionable prop]ties1 b x has escap$ ! sawmill *iefly because h>dwood mills h nev] be5 num]\s 9 ,cali=nia1 & !y h be5 especially few 9 ! regions :]e ! be/ valley oaks gr[4 ,! tree has be5 a great s\rce ( fuel4 ,x usually divides tw5ty or ?irty feet f ! gr\nd into l>ge1 wide-spread+ bran*es1 tempt+ to ! wood*opp]4 ,9 c5tral ,cali=nia1 tw5ty or ?irty ye>s ago1 x 0 n unusual to haul ?is cordwood tw5ty-five miles to m>ket4 ,/ockm5 employ$ po/s & rails split f valley oak to enclose corrals & p5s on ! op5 pla9s = hold+ cattle1 %eep1 & horses4 ,! acorns are edible1 & 7 =m]ly an article ( food = ,indians :o ga!r$ !m 9 consid]able quantities 9 ! fall & /or$ !m = w9t] 9 l>ge baskets :i* 7 secur$ high 9 ! =ks ( trees to be out ( rea* ( all ord9>y m>aud]s4 ,! baskets 7 made ra9 pro( by ro(+ & wrapp+ !m ) grass4 ,:5 ! "t came = eat+ ! acorns1 !y 7 prep>$ = use by hull+ !m & !n p\nd+ !m into meal 9 /one mort>s4 ,! hull+ 0 done ) ! tee?1 & 0 ! "w ( squaws4 ,! cu/om ( eat+ ! acorns has l>gely ceas$ ) ! pass+ ( ! wild ,indians f _! =m] camp+ places2 b ! /one mort>s by hundr$s rema9 9 ! vic9ity ( =m] /&s ( valley oak4 ,?is spl5did tree is highly ornam5tal1 b x has n be5 plant$1 & p]haps x w n become popul>4 ,nature seems to h conf9$ x to a c]ta9 climate1 & x is n kn[n t x w ?rive outside ( x4 ,x w c]ta9ly disappe> f _m ( ! valleys :]e ! l>ge/ trees once grew4 ,! l& is be+ tak5 = fields & v9ey>ds1 & ! oaks are remov$4 ,"s w rema9 9 canyons & r\gh places :]e ! l& is n want$1 & "o ( ! f9e/ species ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates w cease to pass entirely f e>?4 ,! l>ge/ ( ^! oaks h a spread ( bran*es cov]+ m ?an "o-?ird ( an acre4 ,illu/ration ,,live ,,oak ,illu/ration3 ,,live ,,oak ,,live ,,oak 7,qu]cus ,virg9iana7 ,! hi/ory ( ?is live oak is a rev]sal ( ! hi/ory ( almo/ e o!r important =e/ tree ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x seems to be ! lone exception to ! rule t ! use ( a c]ta9 wood nev] decreases until =c$ by sc>city4 ,!re 0 a "t :5 h>dly any wood 9 ?is c\ntry 0 9 great] dem& ?an ?is1 & n[ !re is h>dly "o 9 less dem&4 ,! decl9e has n be5 ! result ( sc>city1 = !re has nev] be5 a "t :5 pl5ty 0 n 9 sight4 ,a few ye>s ago1 sev]al f9e live oaks 7 cut 9 mak+ /reet *anges 9 ,new ,orleans1 & a numb] ( s\nd logs1 ov] ?ree feet 9 diamet]1 7 roll$ aside1 & x 0 publicly ann\nc$ t anyone :o w\ld take !m away c\ld h !m4 ,no "o took !m4 ,x is d\btful if t c\ld happ5 ) timb] ( any o!r k9d4 ,! situation 0 diff]5t #abj ye>s ago4 ,at t "t live oak 0 9 su* dem& t ! gov]nm5t1 soon aft] ! adoption ( ! con/itution1 became anxi\s le/ en\gh c\ld n be _h to meet ! requirem5ts ( ! navy dep>tm5t4 ,! keels ( ! fir/ w> vessels built by ?is gov]nm5t 7 ab\t to be laid1 & ! mo/ necess>y mat]ial = _! con/ruction 0 live oak4 ,! vessels 7 to be ( wood1 ( c\rse2 & _! /r5g? & reliability dep5d$ ^u ! size & quality ( ! heavy braces us$ 9 ! l[] framework4 ,^! braces 7 call$ knees & 7 crook$ at "r angles4 ,!y 7 hew$ 9 solid pieces1 & ! l>ge/ weigh$ ne>ly #a1jjj p\nds4 ,no o!r wood 0 z suitable z live oak1 :i* is v /rong1 & x gr[s knees 9 ! =m desir$4 ,! crooks produc$ by ! junction ( l>ge roots ) ! base ( ! trunk 7 select$1 & %ipbuild]s ) saws1 broadaxes1 & adzes cut !m 9 ! desir$ sizes & %apes4 ,:5 ! build+ ( ! fir/ %ips ( ! navy 0 und]tak51 ! al>m 0 s\nd$ t live oak 0 sc>ce1 & t speculators 7 buy+ x to sell to ,european gov]nm5ts4 ,congress appropriat$ l>ge sums ( money & b\ght isl&s & o!r l&s along ! s\? ,atlantic & ,gulf coa/1 :]e ! be/ live oak grew4 ,9 ,l\isiana alone ! gov]nm5t b\ght #cg1jjj live oak trees1 z well z l>ge numb]s 9 ,florida & ,georgia4 ,9 "s in/ances ! l& on :i* ! trees /ood 0 b\ght4 ,%ip c>p5t]s 7 s5t f ,new ,engl& to hew knees = ! fir/ vessels ( ! navy4 ,! /ory ( ! tr\bles & triumphs ( ! contractors & knee cutt]s is an int]e/+ "o1 b too long = ev5 a summ>y "h2 suffice x t 9 due "t ! vessels 7 f9i%$4 ,! hi/ory ( ^? vessels is almo/ a hi/ory ( ! e>ly ,unit$ ,/ates navy4 ,among _! fir/ duties :5 !y put to sea 0 to fight ,fr5* w>%ips1 :5 ?is c\ntry 0 ab\t to get into tr\ble ) ,napoleon4 ,!y !n f\ght ! pirates ( ,nor? ,africa1 & !re "o ( ! %ips 0 burn$ by its own m5 to prev5t its fall+ into ! h&s ( ! enemy4 8,old ,ironsides10 ano!r ( ! live oak vessels1 f\ght f\rte5 %ips1 "o at a "t1 dur+ ! w> ( #ahab1 & :ipp$ !m all4 ,ano!r ( ! vessels 0 less =tunate4 ,x 0 lo/ 9 battle1 9 :i* its comm&]1 ,lawr5ce1 0 kill$1 ^: la/ words h become hi/oric3 8,don't give up ! %ip40 ,ano!r came d[n to ! ,civil w> & 0 sunk 9 ,*esapeake bay4 ,! inv5tion ( iron vessels end$ ! dem& = live oak knees4 ,! gov]nm5t held its l& :]e ?is timb] grew = a long "t1 b f9ally dispos$ ( mo/ ( x4 ,"p ( t own$ 9 ,florida 0 rec5tly incorporat$ 9 "o ( ! ,national ,=e/s ( t /ate4 ,live oak is a tree ( /rik+ appe>ance4 ,x pref]s ! op51 & :5 ( l>ge size its spread ( bran*es (t5 is twice ! height ( ! tree4 ,its trunk is %ort1 b massy1 & ( enorm\s /r5g?2 o!rwise x c\ld n su/a9 ! great weight ( its heavy bran*es4 ,"s ( ! l>ge/ limbs are ne>ly two feet 9 diamet] :]e !y leave ! trunk1 & are fifty feet long1 & "s are sev5ty-five feet 9 l5g?4 ,probably ! only tree 9 ?is c\ntry ) a wid] spread ( bran*es is ! valley oak ( ,cali=nia4 ,! live oak's trunk is too %ort = m ?an "o sawlog1 & t ( mod]ate l5g?4 ,! l>ge/ specim5s may be sev5ty feet high & six or sev5 feet 9 diamet]1 & yet n good = a sixte5-foot log4 ,! enorm\s roots are ( no use n[4 ,:5 l& is cle>$ ( ?is oak1 ! /umps are left to rot4 ,! range ( live oak ext5ds #d1jjj miles or m nor!a/ & s\?we/4 ,x beg9s on ! coa/ ( ,virg9ia & ends 9 ,c5tral ,am]ica4 ,x is f\nd 9 ,l[] ,cali=nia & 9 ,cuba4 ,9 s\!rn ,unit$ ,/ates x /icks pretty closely to ! coa/al pla9s1 ?\gh l>ge trees gr[ #bjj or #cjj feet above tide level4 ,9 ,texas x is incl9$ to rise high] on ! m\nta9s1 b live oak 9 ,texas seldom measures up to t :i* gr[s fur!r ea/4 ,9 s\!rn ,texas1 :]e ! l& is poor & dry1 live oak deg5]ates into a %rub4 ,trees only a foot high sometimes be> acorns4 ,9 all its range 9 ?is c\ntry1 x is kn[n by b "o ,engli% "n1 giv5 x because x is ev]gre54 ,! leaves rema9 on ! tree ab\t ?irte5 mon?s1 foll[+ ! habit ( a numb] ( o!r oaks4 ,:5 new leaves appe>1 ! old ones get out ( ! way4 ,! wood is v heavy1 h>d1 /rong1 & t\gh4 ,9 /r5g? & /iffness x rates high] ?an :ite oak1 & x is twelve p\nds a cubic foot heavi]4 ,! sapwood is light 9 color1 ! he>twood br[n1 sometimes q d>k4 ,! pores 9 ! sapwood are op51 b _m ( !m are clos$ 9 he>twood4 ,! annual r+s are mod]ately well def9$4 ,! l>ge pores are 9 ! spr+wood1 & ^? ( ! summ]wood are small]1 b num]\s4 ,! m$ull>y rays are num]\s & d>k4 ,measur$ radially1 !y are %ort] ?an ^? ( _m o!r oaks4 ,!y %[ well 9 qu>t]-saw$ lumb]1 b are arrang$ peculi>ly1 & d n =m l>ge gr\ps ( figures2 b ! wood pres5ts a r fleck$ or wavy appe>ance4 ,! g5]al tone is d>k br[n & v ri*4 ,x takes a smoo? poli%4 ,:5 ! wood is work$ into sp9dles & small articles1 & brightly poli%$1 its appe>ance sugge/s d>k poli%$ granite1 b ! similitude is n su/a9$ "u close exam9ation4 ,grills compos$ ( small sp9dles & scrollwork are /rik+ly beautiful if display$ 9 light :i* does ! wood ju/ice4 ,composite panels are manufactur$ by jo9+ n>r[ /rips edge to edge4 ,select$ pieces ( dress$ live oak sugge/ ,circassian walnut1 b w\ld n pass z an imitation on close inspection4 ,x may be /at$ g5]ally t live oak is f> f be+ a dead1 flat wood1 b is capable ( be+ work$ = v>i\s effects4 ,its value z a cab9et mat]ial has n be5 appreciat$ 9 ! pa/1 nor h its possibilities be5 suspect$4 ,x dropp$ out ( notice :5 %ipbuild]s disp5s$ ) x1 & p seem to h tak5 = grant$ t x _h no value = any?+ else4 ,! =m ( ! trunks makes possible ! cutt+ ( %ort /ock only2 b !re is abundance ( x4 ,x fr+es a ?\s& miles ( coa/4 ,_m a trunk1 %ort ?\gh x is1 w cut easily a ?\s& feet ( lumb]4 ,work+ ! l>ge roots 9 v5e] has n be5 und]tak51 b good judges ( v5e]s1 :o "k :at ! /umps & roots conta91 h express$ ! op9ion t a field is !re await+ developm5t4 ,publi%$ reports ( ! uses ( woods ( v>i\s /ates seldom m5tion live oak4 ,9 ,texas "s ( x is employ$ 9 ! manufacture ( p>quet floor+4 ,x is d>k & contra/s ) ! blocks or /rips ( maple or "s o!r light wood4 ,x is turn$ 9 ! la! = newel po/s = /airs1 & contributes to o!r p>ts ( /air "w4 ,9 ,l\isiana x is occasionally f\nd 9 %ops :]e vehicles are made4 ,x meets requirem5ts z axles = heavy wagons4 ,/one masons' mauls are made ( live oak knots4 ,!y /& ne>ly z mu* p\nd+ z lignum-vit4 ,m live oak is cut = fuel ?an = all o!r purposes4 ,x develops mu* heat1 b a l>ge quantity ( a%es rema9s4 ,! live oak is ! mo/ highly valu$ ornam5tal tree ( ! ,s\?1 ?\gh x has seldom be5 plant$4 ,nature plac$ ^! oaks :]e !y are gr[+4 ,_m an old s\!rn home/ead sits well back 9 groves ( live oak4 ,p>ks & plazas 9 t[ns h !m1 & w\ld n "p ) !m on any t]ms4 ,tallahassee1 ,florida1 is almo/ buri$ "u live oaks :i* 9 e>li] ye>s %elt]$ ! wigwams ( an ,indian t[n4 ,villages ne> ! coa/s ( bo? ! ,gulf & ! ,atlantic 9 sev]al s\!rn /ates h _! v5]able trees l>ge en\gh = half ! p to f9d %ade b5ea? ! bran*es at "o "t4 ,_m f9e /&s h be5 cut 9 rec5t ye>s to make room = corn1 cane1 & rice4 ,_m p]sons associate ! live oak ) ,spani% moss :i* fe/oons its bran*es 9 ! ,gulf region4 ,! moss is no "p ( ! tree1 & app>5tly draws no sub/ance f x1 ?\gh x may smo!r ! leaves by accumulation1 or break ! bran*es by its weight4 ,/rictly speak+1 ! be>d-l gr[? is n moss at all1 b a sort ( p9e apple 7,d5dropogon us5oides7 :i* simply hangs on ! limbs & draws its su/5ance f wat] & air4 ,x is f\nd on o!r trees1 besides live oak1 & deal]s 9 ,l\isiana alone sell half a million doll>s wor? ( x a ye> to uphol/]]s 9 all ! pr9cipal c\ntries ( ! _w4 ,illu/ration ,,r$ ,,oak ,illu/ration3 ,,r$ ,,oak ,,r$ ,,oak#d 7,qu]cus ,rubra7 #d ,r$ oak belongs to ! black oak gr\p4 ,o!r species usually li/$ z black oaks are ,p9 oak 7,qu]cus palu/ris71 ,georgia oak 7,qu]cus georgiana71 ,texan r$ oak 7,qu]cus texana71 ,sc>let oak 7,qu]cus cocc9ea71 ,yell[ oak 7,qu]cus velut9a71 ,cali=nia black oak 7,qu]cus cali=nica71 ,turkey oak 7,qu]cus catesbi71 ,spani% oak 7,qu]cus digitata71 ,black ,jack oak 7,qu]cus m>il&ica71 ,wat] oak 7,qu]cus nigra71 ,will[ oak 7,qu]cus phellos71 ,laurel oak 7,qu]cus laurifolia71 ,blue ,jack oak 7,qu]cus brevifolia71 ,%+le oak 7,qu]cus imbric>ia71 ,:iteleaf oak 7,qu]cus hypoleuca71 ,highl& oak 7,qu]cus wisliz5i71 ,myrtle oak 7,qu]cus myrtifolia71 ,cali=nia live oak 7,qu]cus agrifolia--sometimes class$ ) :ite oaks71 ,canyon live oak 7,qu]cus *rysolepis71 an ev]gre5 oak ) no ,engli% "n1 7,qu]cus tom5tella71 ,price oak 7,qu]cus pricei71 ,morehus oak 7,qu]cus morehus71 ,tanb>k oak 7,qu]cus d5siflora71 ,b>r5 oak 7,qu]cus pumila74 ,:5 a lumb]man speaks ( r$ oak he may mean any "o ( a good _m k9ds ( trees1 b :5 a botani/ or =e/] uses t "n he means "o p>ticul> species & no o!r4 ,= t reason !re is mu* unc]ta9ty z to :at species is 9 ! lumb]man's m9d :5 he speaks ( r$ oak4 ,x means m to him ?an a s+le species1 dep5d+ to a consid]able ext5t ^u ! "p ( ! c\ntry :]e he is do+ bus9ess4 ,if he is 9 ! ,gulf /ates1 & has 9 m9d a tree :i* gr[s !re1 he does n ref] to ! tree kn[n to botani/s z r$ oak4 ,he may mean ! ,texan or s\!rn r$ oak 7,qu]cus texana71 or ! will[ oak 7,qu]cus phellos71 or ! yell[ oak 7,qu]cus velut9a71 or any "o ( sev]al o!rs :i* gr[ 9 t region2 b ! typical r$ oak does n gr[ f>!r s\? ?an ! m\nta9s ( nor!rn ,georgia2 & any "o :o is cutt+ oak s\? or s\?we/ ( !re1 is cutt+ o!r ?an ! true r$ oak4 ,t does n imply t he is h&l+ some?+ inf]ior1 = v f9e oak gr[s !re2 b 9 an ef=t to sep>ate ! comm]cial black oaks into respective species1 x is necess>y to def9e !m by metes & b\nds ( ranges z well z to describe !m by *>act]i/ics ( leaves1 acorns1 & wood4 ,! "t w probably nev] come 9 ?is c\ntry :5 ! sawmill man w pile ea* species ( oak sep>ately 9 8 y>d1 & sell sep>ately2 b ! t5d5cy is 9 t direction4 ,! tw5ty-five or m black oaks 9 ?is c\ntry all h "s *>act]i/ics 9 common2 b !y are by no means all valuable alike1 or all useful = ! same purposes4 ,= t reason1 ! dem&s ( trade require1 & w require m & m z high] utilization is rea*$1 t c]ta9 k9ds ( r$ oak or black oak be sold sep>ately4 ,:at lumb]m5 call r$ oaks1 speak+ 9 ! plural1 botani/s pref] to call black oaks4 ,! diff]5ce is only a diff]5ce 9 "n = ! same gr\p ( trees4 ,! g5]al d>k color ( ! b>k sugge/s ! "n to botani/s1 :ile ! r$ t9t ( ! wood appeals m to ! lumb]man1 & he pref]s ! g5]al "n r$ oaks = ! gr\p4 ,!y mature _! acorns ! second ye>1 :ile ! trees belong+ to ! :ite oak gr\p rip5 !irs ! fir/ ye>4 ,!re are o!r diff]5ces1 "s ( :i* are app>5t to ! casual obs]v]1 & o!rs are se5 only by ! tra9$ eye--(t5 aid$ by ! microscope--( ! d5drologi/4 ,sev]al ( ! black oaks h leaves ) %>p po9t$ lobes1 end+ 9 bri/les4 ,?is helps to sep>ate !m f ! :ite oaks1 b n f "o ano!r1 = ! true r$ oak1 ! sc>let oak1 ! yell[ oak1 ! p9 oak1 & o!rs1 h ! %>p-po9t$ lobes on _! leaves2 :ile ! will[ oaks h no lobes or bri/les on !irs1 yet are z truly 9 ! black oak gr\p z any ( ! o!rs4 ,! id5tification ( tree species1 p>ticul>ly :5 !y are z mu* alike z "s ( ! oaks are1 is too difficult = ! layman if he und]takes to c>ry x along ! :ole l9e2 b x is comp>atively easy if conf9$ to ! lead+ woods only4 ,an und]/&+ ( ! geographical range ( a c]ta9 tree (t5 helps to sep>ate x f o!rs4 ,! k t a tree does n gr[ 9 a p>ticul> "p ( ! c\ntry1 is pro( at once t a tree 9 t region resembl+ x mu/ be some?+ else4 ,if t pr9cipal is borne 9 m9d x w greatly less5 mi/akes 9 id5tify+ trees4 ,9 acc\nts ( ! black oaks 9 ! foll[+ pages1 a c>eful delimit+ ( ranges w be attempt$ 9 ! case ( ea*4 ,! range ( r$ oak ext5ds f ,nova ,scotia & s\!rn ,new ,brunswick ?r\gh ,quebec & along ! nor!rn %ore ( ,lake ,huron1 we/ to ,nebraska4 ,x cov]s ! ,ohio valley & rea*es z f> s\? z middle ,t5nessee4 ,x runs s\? ?r\gh ! ,atlantic /ates to ,virg9ia1 :ile among ! ,appala*ian m\nta9s ! range is prolong$ s\?w>d into nor!rn ,georgia4 ,t is ! tree's extreme s\!rn limit4 ,x rea*es its l>ge/ size 9 ! region nor? ( ! ,ohio riv]1 & among ! m\nta9 valleys ( ,we/ ,virg9ia1 & s\?w>d to ,t5nessee & ,nor? ,c>ol9a4 ,x is a nor!rn species4 ,t[>d its s\!rn limit x meets ! nor!rn "p ( ! ,texan r$ oak's range 7,qu]cus texana74 ,!re is "s ov]lapp+1 & 9 _m localities ! two species gr[ side by side4 ,! r$ oak is kn[n by t "n 9 all p>ts ( its range1 b 9 "s regions x is call$ black oak1 & 9 o!rs ,spani% oak4 ,! latt] "n prop]ly belongs to ano!r oak 7,qu]cus digitata7 :i* t\*es x along ! s\!rn bord] ( its range4 ,! av]age size ( r$ oak 9 ! be/ "p ( its range is a little "u t ( :ite oak1 b "s specim5s are #aej feet high & six feet 9 diamet]4 ,heights ( sev5ty & eighty feet are usual1 & diamet]s ( ?ree & f\r are frequ5t4 ,! =e/ gr[n tree disposes ( its l[] limbs e>ly 9 life1 & develops a long1 smoo? trunk1 ) a n>r[ cr[n4 ,! b>k on "y /ems & on ! upp] p>ts ( limbs ( old trees is smoo? & light gray4 ,all leaves d n h ! same numb] ( lobes1 & !y are %>p po9t$1 & fall e>ly 9 autumn4 ,! acorns are bitt]1 & are reg>d$ z poor ma/4 ,hogs w leave !m alone if !y c f9d :ite oak acorns1 & squirrels w d likewise4 ,! be/ r$ oak timb] gr[s f acorns1 ?\gh /umps w s5d up spr\ts4 ,! spr\t gr[? may become trees ( fairly l>ge size1 b !y are apt to decay at ! butt4 ,! acorn-gr[n tree is z free f defects z ! av]age =e/ tree4 ,cracks sometimes develop 9 ! trunk1 ext5d+ up & d[n _m feet4 ,unless ! logs are c>efully saw$1 a consid]able loss occurs :]e ^! cracks cross ! bo>ds4 ,trunks are occasionally bor$ by worms1 z all o!r oaks may be4 ,r$ oak gr[s rapidly4 ,x w produce small sawlogs 9 ! lifetime ( a man4 ,x is a favorite tree = cros/ies1 & railroads h made l>ge plant+s = t purpose4 ,! ties d n la/ well 9 _! natural /ate1 b !y are easy to treat ) pres]vatives by :i* sev]al ye>s are add$ to _! p]iod ( s]vice4 ,x has be5 a favorite tree ) ,european plant]s = ! pa/ two hundr$ ye>s2 b ! mo/ ( ! plant+s beyond ! sea h be5 = ornam5t 9 p>ks & private gr\nds4 ,! pr9cipal int]e/ 9 r$ oak 9 ?is c\ntry is due to its value = lumb]4 ,t int]e/ is ( comp>atively rec5t date4 ,"s r$ oak has always be5 us$ = rails1 clapbo>ds1 slack coop]age1 & r\gh lumb]2 b :ile :ite oak 0 *eap & pl5tiful1 sawmill m5 usually let r$ oak alone4 ,x _h a poor reputation1 :i* is n[ kn[n to h be5 undes]v$4 ,r$ oak is light] ?an :ite oak1 & x is g5]ally reg>d$ z possess+ less /r5g? & /iffness4 ,! wide r+s ( annual gr[?1 & ! di/9ct lay]s ( spr+wood & summ]wood1 give ! basis = good figure4 ,to ?is may be add$ broad & regul> m$ull>y rays :i* are nicely br\ght out by qu>t]-saw+4 ,! tone ( ! wood is r$1 to :i* fact ! "n r$ oak is due4 ,x has l>ge1 op5 pores4 ,a magnify+ glass is n requir$ to see !m 9 ! end ( a /ick4 ,x is said t smoke may be bl[n ?r\gh a piece ( r$ oak a foot 9 l5g?4 ,^! op5 pores disqualify ! wood = use 9 tight coop]age4 ,liquids w leak ?r\gh ! pores4 ,/ati/ics ( sawmill output 9 ?is c\ntry d n sep>ate ! :ite & black oaks1 & ! quantity ( lumb] saw$ f any "o species is n kn[n4 ,manufactur]s are dispos$ to sep>ate !m4 ,"s furniture mak]s use r$ oak exclusively = c]ta9 purposes1 & ! same rule is foll[$ by mak]s ( o!r commodities4 ,illu/ration ,,texan ,,r$ ,,oak ,illu/ration3 ,,texan ,,r$ ,,oak ,,texan ,,r$ ,,oak 7,qu]cus ,texana7 ,! l9e betwe5 r$ oak 7,qu]cus rubra7 & ,texan r$ oak is closely drawn by botani/s1 b lumb]m5 d n recognize mu* diff]5ce except t[>d ! extreme ranges ( ea*4 ,"s call "o simply r$ oak & ! o!r s\!rn r$ oak1 b t leaves d\btful ! timb] on a l>ge area occupi$ by bo? species4 ,_! ranges ov]lap two or ?ree hundr$ miles 9 ! ,ohio valley & on ! s\!rn tribut>ies ( ! ,ohio riv] 9 ,k5tucky & ,t5nessee4 ,a l>ge am\nt ( r$ oak f t region goes to m>ket1 & no "o kn[s1 & few c>e1 :e!r x is ( ! nor!rn or s\!rn species4 ,x is usually a mixture ( bo?4 ,b outside ( ! common zone :]e bo? trees gr[1 ! woods ( ! two are kept fairly well sep>ate4 ,?irty ye>s ago ,texan r$ oak receiv$ slight recognition f botani/s4 ,:5 ,*>les ,s4 ,s>g5t compil$ 9 #ahhj a volume ( ov] #fjj pages1 8,=e/ ,trees ( ,nor? ,am]ica10 = ! ,unit$ ,/ates gov]nm5t1 & :i* 0 publi%$ z volume #i ( ! ,t5? ,c5sus1 he did n s mu* z accord ?is tree ! dignity ( a species1 b call$ x a v>iety ( ! common r$ oak4 ,its range & its great importance 7 little und]/ood at t "t4 ,s>g5t ?us describ$ its range3 8,we/]n ,texas1 valley ( ! ,colorado riv] ) ! species & replac+ x s\? & we/1 ext5d+ to ! valley ( ! ,neuces riv] & ! ,limpia m\nta9s40 ,comp>e t re/rict$ range ) t giv5 by ! same au?or tw5ty-five ye>s lat] 9 8 8,manual ( ! ,trees ( ,nor? ,am]ica40 ,he gives x ?us3 8,nor!a/]n ,i[a & c5tral ,ill9ois1 ?r\gh s\!rn ,ill9ois & ,indiana & we/]n ,k5tucky & ,t5nessee1 to ! valley ( ! ,apala*icola riv]1 ,florida1 nor!rn ,georgia1 c5tral ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 & ! coa/ pla9s ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 & ?r\gh s\!rn ,miss\ri1 ,arkansas1 & ,l\isiana to ! m\nta9s ( we/]n ,texas2 mo/ abundant & ( its l>ge/ size on ! l[ bottom l&s ( ! ,mississippi bas91 (t5 =m+ a consid]able "p ( l[l& =e/s2 less abundant 9 ! ea/]n ,gulf /ates2 9 we/]n ,texas on l[ lime/one hills & on bottom l&s 9 ! neighborhood ( /reams40 ,?is quotation is giv5 9 full because x %[s h[ sci5tific m5 *ange _! op9ions to con=m to new evid5ce4 ,! range ( t p>ticul> species 0 z wide 9 #ahhj z 9 #aije1 b botani/s _h n yet work$ x out4 ,?us k increases con/antly1 & ye> by ye> ! res\rces ( ,am]ican =e/s are bett] und]/ood4 ,9 ?is in/ance1 :at 9 #ahhj 0 suppos$ to be a r insignificant v>iety1 occupy+ a re/rict$ area 9 ,texas1 0 f\nd by #aije to be a sep>ate species1 cov]+ sixte5 /ates 9 :ole or 9 "p4 ,simil> progress conc]n+ ! =e/s has be5 made all ov] ! c\ntry1 n only by botani/s b by lumb]m54 ,trees :i* 7 =m]ly consid]$ s ne>ly alike t no di/9ctions 7 made1 are n[ recogniz$ to be q diff]5t4 ,! ,texan r$ oak is frequ5tly call$ spott$ oak4 ,! appe>ance ( ! b>k sugge/s ! "n4 ,l>ge1 irregul>1 :iti% pat*es cov] ! trunks4 ,t peculi>ity is n noticeable ev]y:]e & on all trees1 b is common we/ ( ! ,mississippi riv]4 ,! tree is sometimes kn[n z ,spani% oak 9 ! s\?we/]n "p ( its range1 b ! "n is ill-advis$1 = ! true ,spani% oak 7,qu]cus digitata7 occurs 9 ! same region4 ,! mo/ usual "n = ?is species1 9 ne>ly all p>ts ( its range1 is simply r$ oak4 ,! ,texan r$ oak v>ies greatly 9 size ( trees1 z is natural 9 s wide a geographical range4 ,trees h be5 report$ #bjj feet high & eight feet 9 diamet]2 b sizes l t are extraord9>y & attempts to locate any?+ approa*+ !m at ?is day h n be5 successful4 ,! av]age 9 ! l[] ,mississippi valley is eighty or n9ety feet 9 height1 & two or ?ree 9 diamet]4 ,9 ,texas ?is size is seldom rea*$1 ! av]age n mu* exce$+ half ( x4 ,! leaves ( ,texan r$ oak are ab\t half ! size ( ^? ( ! nor!rn species4 ,t alone w n s]ve to sep>ate !m1 because ( su* great v>iation4 ,x applies only to av]ages4 ,! s\!rn trees' leaves are f ?ree to six in*es long1 two to five wide2 ! nor!rn species be>s leaves f five to n9e in*es long & f\r to six wide4 ,! acorns ( ! two species d n %[ s mu* diff]5ce 9 size4 ,! /ates :i* use ,texan r$ oak 9 l>ge/ am\nts are ,alabama1 ,mississippi1 ,l\isiana1 ,texas1 & ,arkansas1 ?\gh "s ( ?is wood f9ds its way to nor!rn m>kets :]e x passes z r$ oak )\t any que/ions4 ,t condition r5d]s v difficult ! task ( sep>at+ ! woods4 ,x is n s difficult fur!r s\? :]e ! true r$ oak is seldom se54 ,%ipm5ts g nor?1 n s\?4 ,! two r$ oaks m+le 9 ! lumb] y>ds nor? ( ! ,ohio riv]1 b seldom s\? ( ! ,t5nessee riv]4 ,inve/igations made by ! ,=e/ ,s]vice ( ! utilization ( woods 9 v>i\s /ates %[ t factories report ! annual use ( ,texan r$ oak z foll[s3 ,l\isiana #a1ggg1jjj feet1 ,mississippi #b1djj1jjj1 ,texas #b1had1jjj1 ,alabama #e1ejj1jjj1 & ,arkansas #ci1cja1jjj4 ,?is does n include lumb] or o!r =e/ products us$ 9 ! r\gh1 or lumb] %ipp$ out ( ! respective /ates4 ,texan r$ oak is heavi] ?an its nor!rn relative1 h>d1 light1 r$di%-br[n1 mu* ( x ( rapid gr[?1 ) wide1 cle>ly def9$ annual r+s4 ,! m$ull>y rays are prom95t1 & %[ well 9 qu>t]-saw+4 ,! be/ ( ! wood is z /rong z r$ oak1 & comp>es favorably ) x 9 physical prop]ties4 ,"o ( ! mo/ exact+ uses ( wood is = fixtures1 su* z c\nt]s 9 /ores1 b>s 9 saloons1 p>titions 9 banks & c\nt+ rooms1 & /&+ desks 9 (fices4 ,extra wide & long pieces are requir$1 & !y mu/ %[ satisfactory figure1 & be f9i%$ to h>monize ) ! int]ior ( ! room :]e !y are plac$4 ,texan r$ oak is select$ by build]s 9 _m s\!rn cities = t class ( fixtures1 & x meets ! requirem5ts4 ,x is us$ also = int]ior f9i% & furniture1 & /air "w4 ,l mo/ memb]s ( ! black oak gr\p1 ! wood is incl9$ to rot quickly 9 damp situations1 b x measures well up to ! av]age ( ! gr\p to :i* x belongs4 ,x is (t5 employ$ 9 ! ,s\? z bridge mat]ial1 p>ticul>ly z floor+ = wagon bridges1 :]e ! wood's h>dness is its *ief recomm5dation4 ,mu* is conv]t$ into floor+ = halls1 h\ses1 & factories4 ,! available supply ( ?is valuable wood 9 ! =e/s ( ! ,s\? is n kn[n1 b !re is little d\bt t x exi/s 9 l>g] quantities ?an any o!r species ( oak )9 its range4 ,p]haps 9 total quantity x exce$s r$ oak 7,qu]cus rubra7 9 ! :ole ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x is q g5]ally di/ribut$ ov] an area exce$+ #cjj1jjj squ>e miles1 & t[>d ! we/]n "p1 x is ! prevail+ oak4 ,! future ( ?is oak is assur$4 ,x is n[ cut at a rapid rate1 & d\btless ! annual gr[? falls %ort ( ! ye>ly dem&2 b x occurs 9 a range s ext5sive t sc>city w n come = a long p]iod4 ,if ! "t ev] comes 9 ! ,s\? :5 plant$ timb] mu/ be dep5d$ ^u to meet ! ne$s ( ! p1 ?is oak w fill an important place 9 woodlots4 ,x does n gr[ z rapidly z will[ oak1 b its range is m ext5sive1 & x possesses c]ta9 desirable prop]ties n f\nd 9 will[ oak4 ,! acorns are r poor ma/1 & ?is is 9 ! tree's favor1 = ! se$ w be left to gr[ in/ead ( be+ dev\r$ by hogs & small animals ( ! woods4 ,9 t respect x has an advantage ov] c[ oak & ! o!r :ite oaks :i* occupy p>ts ( its range4 ,_! acorns are s\ght z food by dome/ic & wild animals4 ,texan r$ oak prunes itself well :5 x gr[s 9 close /&s1 b is l[ & limby :5 x occupies op5 gr\nd4 ,! trunks v>y 9 =m1 b are incl9$ to enl>ge at ! base1 p>ticul>ly :5 !y gr[ 9 l[1 damp situations1 z _m ( ! be/ d 9 ! ,s\?4 ,,georgia ,,oak 7,qu]cus georgiana7 is "o ( ! m9or oaks ( ! ,s\? & has n be5 f\nd outside ( ,georgia4 ,x gr[s 9 ! c5tral "p ( ! /ate on ,/one m\nta9 & on a few o!r granite hills4 ,:e!r ! species orig9at$ !re & 0 nev] able to "w its way d[n to ! m cong5ial valleys bel[1 or :e!r x once grew l[] d[n & 0 cr[d$ to its la/ retreat by o!r species1 is n kn[n4 ,b an int]e/ atta*es to x f ! v fact t its range is s re/rict$ & t its habitat is on ! /]ile summits4 ,lumb]m5 c>e no?+ ab\t ?is tree4 ,few ( !m ev] saw x or he>d ( x4 ,! trunk is small1 ! acorns only f "o-?ird to half an in* long1 & ! leaves are ( a =m midway betwe5 ^? ( p9 oak & turkey oak4 ,! *>act]s ( ! wood h n be5 report$1 b s9ce !re is n en\gh ( x to h any comm]cial value1 ! matt] is n v important4 ,illu/ration ,,yell[ ,,oak ,illu/ration3 ,,yell[ ,,oak ,,yell[ ,,oak 7,qu]cus ,velut9a7 ,?is tree is kn[n z black oak 9 ,v]mont1 ,massa*usetts1 ,rhode ,isl&1 ,new ,york1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,delaw>e1 ,virg9ia1 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 ,georgia1 ,alabama1 ,florida1 ,mississippi1 ,l\isiana1 ,texas1 ,ohio1 ,ill9ois1 ,i[a1 ,kansas1 ,nebraska1 ,mi*igan1 ,wiscons91 ,m9nesota & ,ont>io2 qu]citron oak 9 ,delaw>e1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 ,l\isiana1 ,kansas & ,m9nesota2 yell[ oak 9 ,rhode ,isl&1 ,new ,york1 ,ill9ois1 ,texas1 ,kansas & ,m9nesota2 tanb>k oak 9 ,ill9ois2 yell[-b>k oak 9 ,m9nesota & ,rhode ,isl&2 spott$ oak 9 ,miss\ri2 dy]'s oak 9 ,texas2 & yell[ butt oak 9 ,mississippi4 ,^? :o call ?is tree black oak h 9 m9d ! b>k :i* is usually q d>k1 ?\gh all memb]s ( ?is species d n pres5t ! same appe>ance 9 t respect4 ,"s trunks are gray1 & 9 color d n greatly diff] f :ite oaks1 b w\ld h>dly be mi/ak5 = !m4 ,tanb>k oak1 a "n occasionally giv5 to ?is tree1 is n appli$ 9 ! region :]e *e/nut oak gr[s1 because x is mu* inf]ior to *e/nut oak z tann+ mat]ial4 ,x is n only poor] 9 tann91 b ! color+ matt] associat$ ) ! inn] b>k is tr\blesome to ! tann] :o is compell$ to remove x or neutralize x unless he wants 8 lea!r giv5 a yell[ tone4 ,dy]'s oak is a "n :i* ref]s to ! value ( ! b>k = color+ purposes4 ,! botanical "n velut9a ref]s to ! velvety texture ( ! inn] b>k4 ,?is oak is "o ( ! easie/ to id5tify4 ,! inn] lay] ( ! b>k is yell[4 ,! po9t ( a knife easily rea*es x2 cutt+ ?r\gh a deep crack 9 ! b>k1 & no mi/ake is possible1 = no o!r oak has ! yell[ lay] ( b>k4 ,! tree may be id5tifi$ by leaves1 fl[]s1 & fruit1 b ! process is n always easy1 = o!r memb]s ( ! black oak gr\p be> m or less resemblance to ?is "o4 ,! yell[ oak's range ext5ds ov] ne>ly or q a million squ>e miles4 ,x exce$s ! limits ( mo/ oaks 9 its geographical ext5sion4 ,x endures sev]e w9t]s & hot summ]s4 ,! nor!rn limit ( its range lies 9 ,ma9e2 x gr[s we/w>d across s\!rn ,canada to ,m9nesota2 x ext5ds two hundr$ miles we/ ( ! ,mississippi into ea/]n ,nebraska & ,kansas1 & foll[s t m]idian s\? into ,texas4 ,x rea*es ! ,gulf ( ,mexico ea/ ( ! ,mississippi1 & is f\nd 9 _m localities 9 all ! s\!rn /ates1 & along ! foo?ills ( ! ,appala*ian ranges4 ,x atta9s its l>ge/ size 9 ! l[] ,ohio valley4 ,! av]age height is sev5ty or eighty feet1 & its diamet] two or ?ree feet4 ,9 "s localities ! trees are scrubby & produce little m]*antable timb]4 ,! gr[? r+s are only mod]ately wide 9 ! typical yell[ oak2 ! r+ is divid$ ne>ly ev5ly betwe5 spr+wood & summ]wood4 ,! =m] conta9s two or ?ree r[s ( l>ge1 op5 pores4 ,! m$ull>y rays are few] & small] ?an ^? commonly f\nd 9 oaks4 ,a g5]al av]age ( ! prop]ties ( ! wood is some:at difficult to give1 because ( rem>kable v>iation 9 trees :i* gr[ "u diff]5t conditions4 ,9 "s in/ances1 :]e ! soil is f]tile & climate favorable1 ! yell[ oak produces a l>ge1 cle> trunk1 ) s\nd wood1 ( good color1 & equal to t ( r$ oak2 b ! rev]se is (t5 ! case--trunks are small & r\gh1 wood h>d & brittle1 color n satisfactory1 & /r5g? n up to /&>d4 ,sometimes fir/ class yell[ oak passes )\t "q z good r$ oak 9 ! f9i% & furniture bus9ess1 b t is n its usual c\rse4 ,well develop$ wood is heavy1 h>d1 /rong1 bright br[n1 t+$ ) r$1 ) ?91 light] color$ sapwood4 ,its weight is #dc4i p\nds p] cubic foot4 ,! uses ( yell[ oak foll[ r$ oak pretty closely1 b are n s ext5sive4 ,figures _c be giv5 to %[ ! total annual cut ( yell[ oak1 b ! output is likely mu* bel[ r$ oak1 ?\gh x is f\nd ov] a wid] area1 & "s ( x gets into ! lumb] y>ds 9 all regions :]e x gr[s4 ,x is made into furniture f ,ma9e to ,l\isiana4 ,9 *eap] grades ( furniture1 x may be ! outside mat]ial1 b its place is usually z frame /ock1 to give /r5g?1 b is n visible 9 ! f9i%$ article4 ,an exception to ?is is f\nd 9 *airs :]e yell[ oak is "o ( sev]al species :i* g regul>ly to ! sawmills :i* cut *air /ock4 ,massa*usetts sn[ pl[ mak]s use x1 b ( c\rse x fills no su* place 9 ! ,s\?4 ,9 ,mississippi1 ,l\isiana1 & ,texas x is b\ght by manufactur]s ( agricultural ma*9]y4 ,x is work$ into cotton g9s 9 ,mississippi4 ,"s extra f9e /&s ( ?is oak occur 9 ! ,delta region ( ,mississippi4 ,frames ( freight c>s are made ( x 9 ,l\isiana & ,texas1 & w>eh\se & depot floors are occasionally laid ( ?is lumb]4 ,x is floor mat]ial 9 ,mi*igan also1 b t is ( a bett] class ?an is requir$ = w>eh\ses4 ,x is n infrequ5tly sold z r$ oak = floor+ & int]ior f9i%4 ,?r\gh\t ! :ole ext5t ( yell[ oak's range x f9ds its way to wagon %ops4 ,x is less t\gh ?an :ite oak1 b 9 _m places1 su* z bol/]s1 s&bo>ds1 & h\nds1 x s]ves z well4 ,w>eh\se trucks & pu% c>s are ( ?is wood 9 _m in/ances4 ,slack coop]s conv]t ?is wood into _! w>es 9 _m regions4 ,! pores are too op5 to p]mit its use z tight coop]age1 :]e liquids are to be conta9$1 b = b>rels & kegs ( _m k9ds1 z well z = boxes1 baskets1 & crates1 x meets all requirem5ts4 ,x is good fuel4 ,_m burn]s ( brick & pott]y %[ x pref]5ce1 & *>coal burn]s make a clean sweep ( x :5 x occurs 9 ! c\rse ( _! op]ations2 ?\gh :5 x is desirable to save ! by-products ( *>coal kilns or retorts1 yell[ oak is consid]$ less valuable ?an bir*1 bee*1 & maple4 ,! b>k ( ?is tree is employ$ less n[ ?an =m]ly = dye+ purposes4 ,anil9e dyes h tak5 its place4 ,9 pione] times ! b>k 0 "o ( ! be/ color+ mat]ials ! p _h1 & e family look$ aft] its own supply z c>efully z x provid$ sassafras b>k = tea1 slipp]y elm b>k = p\ltices1 & wit* hazel = g>gles4 ,! oak b>k 0 peel$1 dri$1 & p\nd$ to a p[d]4 ,! mass 0 sift$1 & ! yell[ p>ticles1 be+ f9] ?an ! black b>k1 pass$ ?r\gh ! scre51 & 7 set ap>t = ! dye kettle1 :ile ! scre5+s 7 reject$4 ,v>i\s arts & sci5ces 7 call$ into requisition to add to or take f ! natural color :i* ! b>k gave ! clo?4 ,salts ( iron 7 commonly employ$ to modify ! deepness ( ! yell[4 ,! acorns ( ?is oak are bitt]1 & escape ! ma/ hunt]s4 ,old /umps h little ne$ to s5d up spr\ts1 = acorns keep ! species alive4 ,yell[ oaks are 9 no imm$iate dang] ( ext]m9ation4 ,nature plants g5]\sly1 & ! tree c get along on poor soil :]e ! f>m hunt] is n apt to mole/ x4 ,x has a fairly ?ick b>k1 & is able to take c>e ( itself 9 a mod]ate fire1 except :5 ! se$l+s are q small4 ,! "y tree's tap root is mu* develop$1 & goes deep = moi/ure1 & ! gr[+ sapl+ fl\ri%es on gr\nd :]e "s o!r species w\ld suff] = wat]4 ,,:iteleaf ,,oak 7,qu]cus hypoleuca74 ,! beauty ( ?is small ev]gre5 oak ( ! m\nta9s ( we/]n ,texas1 ,new ,mexico1 & ,arizona1 is 9 its foliage r ?an its wood4 ,l>ge trunks--t is1 ^? tw5ty in*es or m 9 diamet]--are apt to be holl[1 b ! s\nd wood is employ$ 9 repair+ wagons 9 local %ops1 & 9 r\gh ran* timb]s4 ,its importance w nev] ext5d beyond ! region :]e x gr[s1 b 9 t region x w cont9ue to be us$ :]e no?+ bett] c be obta9$4 ,! l>ge/ trees are sixty feet high1 & two 9 diamet]1 b few rea* ^? dim5sions4 ,x is an arid l& oak4 ,x gr[s at f #d1jjj to #f1jjj feet elevations on m\nta9s & plateaus4 ,! leaves rema9 ?irte5 mon?s on ! twigs4 ,!y are ( ! will[ =m1 rang+ f two to f\r in*es 9 l5g? & "o-half to "o 9 wid?4 ,! acorns are small & bitt]4 ,! /r5g? ( ?is oak is rem>kable1 if x may be judg$ by ! figures giv5 by ,s>g5t4 ,two samples ( wood procur$ by himself & ,dr4 ,engelmann on a dry1 gravelly gr\nd among ! ,santa ,rita m\nta9s 9 ,arizona1 %[$ break+ /r5g? sixty-"o p] c5t great] ?an ! av]age giv5 by ! same au?or = :ite oak4 ,! /iffness ( ! specim5s 0 a little above :ite oak1 & ! weight ?ree p\nds m p] cubic foot4 ,x %\ld be borne 9 m9d1 h[ev]1 t results d]iv$ f a te/ ( only two samples are n a safe basis = conclud+ t ! wood g5]ally w av]age ( s great /r5g?4 ,! annual r+s ( gr[? are n cle>ly m>k$4 ,! wood is por\s1 b ! pores are n g5]ally arrang$ 9 b&s1 al?\gh !y occasionally foll[ t arrangem5t4 ,! m$ull>y rays are broad & abundant1 b are r %ort1 measur$ along ! radial l9es4 ,!y are ( p9k color1 a *>act]i/ic n unusual ) oaks 9 semi-arid regions4 ,! foliage is d\btless ! mo/ valuable *>act]i/ic ( :iteleaf oak4 ,! leaves are silv] :ite bel[1 & d>k gre5 above4 ,:5 !y are agitat$ by w9d ! fla%+ ( ! diff]5t tones & t9ts 9 ! sun%9e pres5ts an attractive picture4 ,x belongs to ! will[ oak bran* ( ! r$ oak gr\p1 & be>s two-ye> acorns4 ,illu/ration ,,sc>let ,,oak ,illu/ration3 ,,sc>let ,,oak ,,sc>let ,,oak 7,qu]cus ,cocc9ea7 ,! "n ( sc>let oak is 9 use 9 ,v]mont1 ,massa*usetts1 ,rhode ,isl&1 ,connecticut1 ,new ,york1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,delaw>e1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,miss\ri1 ,ill9ois1 ,indiana1 ,wiscons91 ,m9nesota1 ,mi*igan1 ,nebraska1 ,i[a1 & ,ont>io2 r$ oak is ! "n 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,alabama1 ,wiscons91 ,nebraska1 & ,m9nesota2 black oak 9 ,nebraska1 ,ill9ois1 ,i[a1 & ,wiscons91 & ,spani% oak 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a4 ,! "n is descriptive ( ! autumn leaves4 ,arti/s dispute among !mselves :e!r ! leaves are sc>let1 r$1 or crimson4 ,9 _! op9ion a good deal ( diff]5ce exi/s betwe5 ^! colors1 r5d]+ x q incorrect to give "o color ! "n ( ano!r4 ,z = ! arti/s1 !y are probably correct 9 _! analysis ( colors1 b ! g5]al public kn[s ! tree z sc>let oak1 & x w d\btless be call$ by t "n by mo/ p :o speak ( ! tree 9 ! woods1 :ile ^? :o ref] to ! wood aft] x is saw$ w speak ( x z r$ oak4 ,! leaves ( sc>let oak are r p]si/5t1 & rema9 on ! twigs late 9 ! season4 ,! brilliancy ( ?is tree is r5d]$ d\bly conspicu\s1 :5 x is contra/$ ) ! surr\nd+ sombre1 w9t] colors4 ,9 appe>ance ! tree is /rik+ = its delicacy ( foliage & twigs4 ,! cr[n is always n>r[ & op51 & 9 =e/ gr[? is compress$4 ,! height1 9 good specim5s1 is ab\t "o hundr$ feet1 b x (t5 exce$s t size4 ,9 diamet] x gr[s z l>ge z f\r feet4 ,! mature b>k is d>k 9 color & brok5 into broad1 smoo? ridges & plates1 edg$ ) r$4 ,x %[s a r$di% inn] b>k :5 cut & ?is may be reli$ ^u to id5tify ! tree4 ,! leaves are f\r or five in*es long2 deeply s9us$1 ?ree or f\r on a side2 long1 bri/le-too!d lobes1 broad at ! base2 acorns bitt]1 mature 9 two ye>s2 sessile1 br[n2 cup closely drawn 9 at ! edge4 ,its range comprises ! nor!a/]n qu>t] ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,beg9n+ 9 s\!rn ,ma9e1 ,new ,hamp%ire & ,v]mont1 x gr[s ?r\gh middle ,new ,york1 ,mi*igan1 ,wiscons91 & ,i[a to ea/]n ,nebraska4 ,s\?w>d x ext5ds along ! coa/ ?r\gh ,virg9ia & inl& along ! m\nta9s to ,s\? ,c>ol9a & ,georgia4 ,! gr[? is abundant ov] mo/ ( ! range1 ! favorite habitat be+ dry1 gravelly upl&s4 ,x seems to be mo/ abundant along ! nor!rn "p ( ! ,atlantic coa/ f ,massa*usetts to ,new ,j]sey1 & is less common 9 ! int]ior1 & on ! prairies skirt+ ! we/]n m>g9s ( ! ea/]n =e/s4 ,! av]age size ( ! tree is f sev5ty to eighty feet high & two or ?ree 9 diamet]4 ,9 _m regions x is mu* small]1 :ile no v l>ge trees h be5 report$4 ,! wood is heavy1 /rong1 h>d2 ! lay]s ( annual gr[? are /rongly m>k$ by sev]al r[s ( l>ge1 op5 ducts2 ! summ]wood is d5se & occupies half ! ye>ly r+2 ! m$ull>y rays are mu* l ^? ( r$ oak1 ?\gh sc>cely z broad4 ,!y run 9 /raight l9es radially1 & %[ well 9 qu>t]-saw+4 ,! color ( ! wood is light br[n or r$1 ! ?9 sapwood r d>k]4 ,?is wood is practically ( ! same weight z :ite oak2 b x is rat$ consid]ably /rong] & /iff]4 ,a numb] ( writ]s h li/$ sc>let oak l[ 9 fuel value4 ,!oretically1 ! fuel values ( woods are proportionate to _! weights1 except t res9\s woods mu/ be comp>$ ) res9\s1 & non-res9\s ) non-res9\s4 ,9 practice1 h[ev]1 e fireman :o fe$s a furnace ) wood kn[s t diff]5t woods develop diff]5t degrees ( heat1 ?\gh !y may weigh ! same4 ,results are modifi$ by v>i\s circum/ances & conditions1 & = t reason !ory & practice are (t5 f> ap>t 9 det]m9+ h[ mu* heat a giv5 quantity ( wood is good =4 ,x is difficult to procure exact in=mation reg>d+ ! uses ( sc>let oak4 ,x nev] goes to m>ket "u its own "n4 ,an exam9ation ( wood-us+ reports f a doz5 /ates )9 sc>let oak's range does n reveal a s+le m5tion ( ?is wood = any purpose4 ,x is c]ta91 nev]!less1 t mu* goes to m>ket & t x has _m important uses4 ,x loses its id5tity & is b\ght & sold z r$ oak4 ,"u ! "n ( t wood x is manufactur$ into furniture1 f9i%1 agricultural implem5ts1 c>s1 boats1 wagons & o!r vehicles1 & _m o!r articles4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important m>kets = sc>let oak is 9 *air factories4 ,its gra9 is attractive en\gh to give x place z outside mat]ial1 & its /r5g? fits x = frames & o!r p>ts :i* mu/ be> /ra94 ,*air /ock mills :i* clean up woodlots & pat*es ( =e/ :]e sc>let oak gr[s 9 mixture ) o!r species ( oak1 take all t comes1 )\t be+ p>ticul> z to ! exact k9d ( oak4 ,slack coop]s foll[ mu* ! same c\rse4 ,a wood /rong en\gh to meet requirem5ts1 is g5]ally acceptable4 ,sc>let oak is usually consid]$ unsuitable = tight coop]age1 on acc\nt ( ! l>ge op5 pores ( ! wood1 :i* p]mit leakage ( liquids4 ,x meets consid]able dem& 9 ! manufacture ( boxes & crates1 p>ticul>ly ! latt]4 ,! size & quality ( logs :i* a tree may furni% to a sawmill is no measure ( its full value4 ,sc>let oak is f> bett] kn[n z an ornam5tal tree ?an = its wood4 ,x has be5 plant$ 9 ?is c\ntry & 9 ,europe4 ,its brilliant foliage is greatly admir$4 ,no o!r oak equals x1 & x comp>es favorably ) sug> maple1 black gum1 & dogwood4 ,x is an ornam5t to p>ks & private gr\nds1 ?\gh ! brilliancy ( its foliage is seldom exhibit$ to z good advantage 9 cultivation z 9 ! native =e/ :]e contra/s are m num]\s1 & nature does its "w unh9d]$ by man4 ,! sc>let oak is n a rapid gr[]1 & ! =m ( ! tree is n p]fectly symmetrical4 ,! spr+ leaves are r$1 ! summ] foliage bright1 ri* gre51 ! autumn sc>let--a v>iety n equall$ by _m =e/ trees4 ,,will[ ,,oak 7,qu]cus phellos7 is nam$ = its leaves :i* look l ^? ( will[4 ,!re is a gr\p ( su* oaks ) leaves simil>1 & !y are kn[n collectively z will[ oaks4 ,! "o "h describ$ may be consid]$ typical ( ! gr\p4 ,?is oak is apt to pres5t r a surpris+ appe>ance to ^? :o h se5 no?+ b ^? oaks ^: leaves are lob$ or cleft4 ,x belongs to ! r$ oaks4 ,l o!rs ( ?is division x has a t5d5cy to hybridize1 sev]al v>ieties be+ kn[n4 ,will[ oak is a d5iz5 ( ! s\!rn ,atlantic & s\!a/]n /ates & favors ri*1 moi/ soil1 ei!r on upl&s or on bottoms1 along ! m>g9s ( /reams or swamps4 ,x does n g inl& z f> z ! foo?ills ( ! ranges & is f\nd mo/ abundantly 9 ! bas9 ( ! l[] ,mississippi4 ,beg9n+ 9 ,new ,york1 ! range ext5ds s\?w>d into ,florida1 along ! ,gulf /ates1 t\*+ ,texas1 up ?r\gh ,arkansas1 t\*+ ,miss\ri & ,k5tucky1 d[n ?r\gh we/]n ,t5nessee & s\!rn ,georgia r\nd+ ! s\!rn end ( ! ,appala*ians4 ,"y trees h a sl5d] delicate p5dant appe>ance ( twigs & foliage m typical ( ! will[ ?an ( oak2 b 9 "t !y become m rugg$1 al?\gh ! bran*+ & foliage are always m delicate ?an is usual ) oaks4 ,! tree atta9s a height ( eighty feet & a diamet] up to f\r feet1 b usually is ab\t half ( ?is4 ,x is clo!d 9 a smoo?1 br[n b>k1 ridg$ only 9 old] trees4 ,! leaves are ab\t five in*es long & n>r[ 9 proportion1 are ( %9y1 lea!ry texture1 d>k above & pale bel[4 ,! acorns are on %ort /alks1 solit>y or 9 pairs1 & rip5 9 two ye>s1 are %ort & r\nd$ & 9 %all[ cups4 ,! weight ( will[ oak is approximately ! same z :ite oak4 ,x is slightly /rong] b less ela/ic4 ,its annual r+s conta9 broad b&s ( small op5 ducts p>allel to ! ?91 d>k1 m$ull>y rays4 ,! wood is r$di%-br[n 9 color1 ! ?ick sapwood d>k] br[n4 ,! fuel value is rat$ ! same z :ite oak1 b ! wood conta9s m a%4 ,will[ oak is mu* us$ 9 ! ,s\?1 b usually "u ! "n r$ oak4 ,lumb]m5 seldom speak ( x z will[ oak4 ,! species is z highly develop$ 9 ,l\isiana z any:]e else1 & ! uses f\nd = ! wood 9 t /ate w probably be f\nd = x :]ev] ! tree gr[s 9 comm]cial quantities4 ,a report on ! manufacture ( wood5 commodities 9 ,l\isiana1 publi%$ 9 #aiab1 li/$ ! foll[+ uses = will[ oak3 ,agricultural implem5ts1 balu/rades1 b> tops1 b$/eads1 bottoms = wagon b$s1 bridge approa*es & floors1 *airs1 *ur* pews1 cot frames1 doors1 floors1 frames1 int]ior f9i%1 mold+1 newel po/s1 pulpits1 rail+1 scre5s1 slack coop]age1 /airwork1 /ore fixtures1 wagon axles1 & o!r vehicle p>ts4 ,^! uses co9cide ne>ly ) ^? ( r$ oak1 & indicate ! important position occupi$ by will[ oak 9 ! c\ntry's indu/ries4 ,^? :o h&le ! wood compla9 t its season+ qualities are poor1 & t c>e is necess>y to br+ satisfactory results4 ,x works nicely & /&s well aft] ! season+ is accompli%$4 ,will[ oak gr[s rapidly4 ,x is d\btful if any oak 9 ?is c\ntry surpasses x4 ,x wants damp1 ri* soil & a w>m climate1 to d its be/4 ,"s ( ! bottom l&s 9 ! l[] ,mississippi valley h produc$ spl5did /&s ( will[ oak1 ! trunks be+ tall & cle> ( limbs1 & ! wood s\nd4 ,! will[ oak is mu* plant$ = ornam5tal purposes 9 ! s\!rn /ates4 ,x manages to keep alive :5 plant$ z f> nor? z ,massa*usetts1 b ! grace ( its =m is n fully develop$ mu* nor? ( ! ,potomac riv]4 ,x is a common /reet tree 9 ! ,s\?1 & its airy foliage =ms a pleas+ contra/ ) ! heavy1 d>k-gre5 ( ! magnolia4 ,illu/ration ,,turkey ,,oak ,illu/ration3 ,,turkey ,,oak ,,turkey ,,oak 7,qu]cus ,catesbi7 ,! claim t ?is tree is call$ turkey oak because turkeys fe$ on ! acorns1 is n well f\nd$4 ,9 common ) ne>ly all memb]s ( ! black oak gr\p1 to :i* ?is species belongs1 ! acorns ( turkey oak are bitt]1 & unless animals are press$ by hung] !y d n eat !m4 ,x is evid5t t ! %ape ( ! leaves gives ?is tree its "n4 ,!y be> consid]able resemblance to ! foot ( a turkey4 ,!re is at lea/ en\gh similitude to sugge/ ! "n1 & x is n inappropriate4 ,_m p n[ use ! t]m )\t ?9k+ ( its orig91 & if ask$ _! op9ion say t fondness ( turkeys = ! acorns l$ to ! "n4 ,! tree has o!r names 9 diff]5t regions4 ,9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 ,mississippi1 & ,florida x is kn[n z scrub oak4 ,! "n fits x well 9 c]ta9 places1 = :5 x gr[s on poor soil & 9 adv]sity1 x deg5]ates into a l[1 /raggl+ ?icket1 frequ5tly n trees at all1 b %rubs4 ,x is call$ black jack 9 ,s\? ,c>ol9a b ! "n belongs to ano!r species 7,qu]cus m>il&ica74 ,9 ! same /ate x is kn[n z b>r5 scrub oak1 because x is v small & is f\nd on poor l&s popul>ly kn[n z b>r5s4 ,"s call x =k$-leaf black jack1 b ! "n is usually %ort]1 & =k$-leaf1 or =k$-leaf oak1 is a "n well und]/ood among lumb]m51 & ! p g5]ally ov] mu* ( ! tree's range4 ,"s ( ! leaves %[ cle>ly-def9$ ?ree =ks1 ! middle "o long] ?an ! o!rs2 b 9 o!r leaves1 (t5 f ! same tree1 ! =ks are n s regul>ly outl9$4 ,?is tree1 l _m o!r oaks1 exhibits consid]able v>iation 9 ! =ms ( leaves4 ,!re is no?+ peculi> 9 ! =m & appe>ance ( ! acorns4 ,!y av]age ab\t "o in* long & ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* wide1 & sit 9 %all[ cups4 ,!y mature ! second ye>4 ,! b>k ( old trees is black ne> ! gr\nd1 r r\gh1 & an in* or m ?ick4 ,x is difficult to "n an av]age size = turkey oak4 ,! l>ge/ trunks are ?ree or f\r feet 9 diamet] & eighty feet high1 b ! trees cut = sawlogs are only fifty or sixty feet high & two 9 diamet]1 9 mo/ ( ! regions4 ,z previ\sly /at$1 mu* ( ! /& is /unt$ & "s ( x is only bru%4 ,all sizes are f\nd1 f l>ge1 fir/ rate trunks d[n to %rubs4 ,l>ge trees :i* gr[ 9 =e/s1 prune !mselves well & _! trunks comp>e favorably ) r$ oaks4 ,! tree's range has its nor!a/]n limit 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 & ext5ds to ,peace ,creek1 ,florida4 ,x is f\nd we/w>d to ,l\isiana :]e fair-siz$ timb] gr[s1 b 9 small quantities4 ,x is usually consid]$ t its be/ developm5t is 9 ,s\? ,c>ol9a & ,georgia1 b good trees are likely to be f\nd 9 any "p ( its range4 ,x is di/9ctly a tree ( ! ,s\?4 ,x 0 nam$ by ,mi*aux1 ! well-kn[n ,fr5* botani/ :o visit$ ! s\!rn /ates e>ly 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 & he nam$ x 9 honor ( ,m>k ,catesby :o explor$ ! region mu* e>li] & wrote conc]n+ its trees & o!r natural hi/ory4 ,turkey oak is "o ( ! little-kn[n trees ( ! ,s\?1 z f> z lumb]m5 are conc]n$4 ,!y "k x well en\gh 9 ! woods1 b n at sawmills4 ,:5 cut into logs x ceases to be turkey oak & becomes r$ oak1 & "u t "n x goes to ! lumb] y>d1 & lat] to m>ket4 ,us]s ( r$ oak lumb] d n object to ! occasional piece ( turkey oak mix$ ) x--if !y ev] f9d x out1 :i* few ( !m d4 ,nev]!less1 ! cons5sus ( op9ion among sawmill m5 is t turkey oak ought to rate bel[ r$ oak4 ,te/s ( ! wood to det]m9e its "* & qualities d n ju/ify s l[ an e/imate ( turkey oak4 ,s>g5t f\nd x /rong] & m ela/ic ?an :ite oak1 :ile a little light] 9 weight4 ,x is ne>ly equal to :ite oak 9 fuel value4 ,x is h>d1 compact1 & ! r+s ( annual gr[? are m>k$ by sev]al r[s ( l>ge1 op5 ducts4 ,! m$ull>y rays are broad & conspicu\s4 ,! color is light br[n1 t+$ ) r$1 ! sapwood some:at light]4 ,a special inve/igation ( ! uses ( turkey oak 9 "o ( ! s\!rn /ates br\ght out ! fact t x meets requirem5ts well & fills a place 9 sev]al wood-us+ indu/ries 9 t region4 ,vehicle mak]s f9d x satisfactory 9 a numb] ( places4 ,x is made into bottoms ( wagon b$s1 felloes1 bol/]s1 axles1 hubs1 h\nds1 tongues1 spokes1 /&>ds1 s&bo>ds1 & rea*es4 ,^! con/itute ne>ly all p>ts ( heavy vehicles4 ,! wood is made into telegraph brackets1 b app>5tly n 9 l>ge quantities4 ,c> build]s employ x = frames & floors4 ,x is made into ord9>y mat*$ floor+ & goes 9 ) o!r oaks4 ,x is us$ z a g5]al furniture wood1 bo? z outside mat]ial1 & inside frames4 ,x may be qu>t]-saw$ to advantage4 ,x is employ$ also z int]ior f9i%1 :i* dem&s lumb] ( practically ! same grades z g into furniture4 ,mantels ( ?is wood comp>e favorably ) ^? ( r$ oak4 ,*air mak]s cut /ock f turkey oak4 ,x is n abundant any:]e1 o!rwise x w\ld be ( mu* importance4 ,! =e/s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates conta9 s _m valuable oaks t a sc>ce & geographically re/rict$ species l turkey oak _c be expect$ to attract mu* att5tion 9 ! future4 ,nev]!less1 x is a /rong1 int]e/+ tree4 ,x takes advantage ( e opportunity to develop4 ,:5 an acorn g]m9ates 9 good soil1 & receives suffici5t light & moi/ure1 x produces a m]*antable tree2 b 9 poor soil & "u unfavorable circum/ances x becomes a /unt$ bu% only4 ,woodlots ( turkey oak plant$ 9 f]tile l& w\ld probably d z well z mo/ ( ! s\!rn r$ oaks "u l conditions4 ,! tree is n apt to get ju/ice1 because ( ! prejudice aga9/ x4 ,,cali=nia ,,black ,,oak 7,qu]cus cali=nica7 ranges f c5tral ,oregon s\?w>d ?r\gh ! coa/ region ( ,cali=nia ne>ly to ! ,mexican b\nd>y4 ,x occurs also on ! we/]n slope ( ! ,si]ra ,nevadas 9 ,cali=nia4 ,x is n f\nd on ! pla9s or ne> ! sea1 b occurs on m\nta9 slopes1 l[ summits1 elevat$ valleys1 & 9 canyons4 ,9 ! ,nor?1 x ranges f #a1ejj to #c1jjj feet & 9 ! ,s\? x asc5ds to #i1jjj feet4 ,?is f> we/]n oak be>s m resemblance to ! yell[ oak 7,qu]cus velut9a7 ( ! ,ea/ ?an to any o!r4 ,trees h be5 report$ #ajj feet high & f\r 9 diamet]1 b !y are sc>ce4 ,sev5ty-five feet high & two or ?ree feet 9 diamet] are usual dim5sions ( mature timb]4 ,! trees are incl9$ to be angul> 9 ! outl9es ( _! cr[ns4 ,! leaves fall 9 autumn1 b ! acorns p]si/ two ye>s4 ,!y sit deep 9 _! r\gh cups4 ,! trunk is habitually crook$4 ,x leans out ( plumb1 & lacks ! nicely balanc$ poise :i* adds to ! attractiv5ess ( "s oaks4 ,! l>ge boles are usually holl[1 dead at ! tops1 or o!rwise defective4 ,t condition is app>5tly due to old age4 ,trees /& long aft] !y pass maturity & />t on _! decl9e4 ,!y die by in*es1 & n infrequ5tly !y decay & crumble by piecemeal bo? at ! bottom & at ! top4 ,at be/ ! trunk ( ?is oak is ( poor =m = saw timb]4 ,x divides into l>ge limbs t5 or tw5ty feet f ! gr\nd4 ,x is ( sl[ gr[?1 & x rea*es old age--possibly z mu* z #cej ye>s 9 extreme cases4 ,! wood is v por\s1 b ! pores are n 9 r[s4 ,! m$ull>y rays are ?9 & di/9ct4 ,x is n kn[n t any qu>t]-saw+ has be5 attempt$1 & x w\ld h>dly be pr(itable4 ,! wood is pale r$1 exce$+ly brittle1 firm1 light = oak1 & x has a di/9ct odor ( tann9 ) :i* bo? ! wood & ! b>k are heavily *>g$4 ,! pr9cipal uses to :i* ?is oak is put 9 ,cali=nia & ,oregon are z fuel & ran* timb]s1 ! latt] be+ ( ! simple/ & r\ghe/ sort4 ,its fuel value is high1 comp>$ ) o!r woods ( ! region4 ,"s use 0 made ( ! b>k = tann+ purposes ye>s ago on ! ,pacific slope1 b x does n appe> to g to m>ket n[4 ,,blue ,,jack ,,oak 7,qu]cus brevifolia7 be>s sev]al names1 upl& will[ oak1 to di/+ui% x f o!r will[ oaks :i* gr[ 9 swamps1 s& jack1 ref]r+ to ! l& on :i* x gr[s1 high-gr\nd will[ oak1 turkey oak1 %9 oak & c9namon oak4 ,no reason is kn[n = ! la/ "n :i* is n us$ outside ( ,florida4 ,! tree gr[s 9 a n>r[ /rip along ! coa/ f ,nor? ,c>ol9a to ,texas1 cross+ nor!rn ,florida4 ,! blue jack oak sometimes atta9s a height ( fifty feet & a diamet] ( tw5ty in*es2 b t is its be/4 ,x is usually fifte5 or tw5ty feet high & a few in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! leaves are f two to five in*es long & q n>r[1 closely resembl+ ^? ( will[4 ,! acorns are abundant1 b small4 ,! tree is ( s little value t x does n int]e/ ! lumb]man4 ,x occupies wa/e l&1 & may produce a little fuel )\t cr[d+ m valuable trees1 b is 9 e way inf]ior to ! black jack oak 7,qu]cus m>il&ica71 :i* ov]laps its range a little1 b is a nor!rn species4 ,! wood ( blue jack oak is h>d1 /rong1 light br[n 9 color1 ) d>k]-color$ sapwood4 ,illu/ration ,,spani% ,,oak ,illu/ration3 ,,spani% ,,oak ,,spani% ,,oak 7,qu]cus ,digitata7 ,"o ( ! fir/ difficulties 9 an attempt to cle> up ! misund]/&+s reg>d+ ,spani% oak is to conf9e ! "n to ! species to :i* x belongs4 ,t is no easy task1 because ! "n has be5 appli$ to num]\s oaks 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 & )\t any app>5t reason4 ,"s ( ^! be> little resemblance to ,spani% oak & gr[ almo/ :olly outside its range4 ,x is n a case ( mi/ak+ "o = ! o!r1 = !re is no mi/ake4 ,"s speak ( ! common r$ oak z ,spani% oak1 o!rs be/[ t "n on yell[ oak1 o!rs on black jack oak1 or sc>let oak1 or any "o ( sev]al o!rs4 ,x appe>s1 h[ev]1 t ! "n is n appli$ to any memb] ( ! :ite oak gr\p4 ,x is said t ,spani% oak & ,norway p9e 7 nam$ by ! same process4 ,ea* got its "n because x 0 suppos$ to be simil> to a species 9 ! old c\ntry--! p9e l an ev]gre5 ( nor? ,europe1 & ! oak l a broadleaf tree ( ,spa94 ,x 0 le>n$ lat] t bo? ! ,am]ican species 7 diff]5t f ^? ( ,europe :i* !y resembl$4 ,! peculi> droop+ foliage ( ,spani% oak gives ! tree a "* :i* impresses a p]son :o sees ! full-leaf$ cr[n = ! fir/ "t4 ,! leaves are six or sev5 in*es long & f\r or five wide4 ,_! =ms v>y )9 wide limits1 & _! %apes *ange f week to week :ile gr[+4 ,"s h no lobes or s9uses1 o!rs h !m 9 rudim5t>y =m only1 :ile 9 /ill o!rs !y are well develop$4 ,! tree is (t5 call$ r$ oak1 p>ticul>ly by lumb]m5 :o cut x & s5d x to m>ket ) r$ oak4 ,9 ,l\isiana x is kn[n z ,spani% wat] oak1 !re be+ mu* resemblance betwe5 x & wat] oak 7,qu]cus nigra7 ) :i* x is associat$4 ,its range cov]s m ?an #bjj1jjj squ>e miles1 beg9n+ at ! nor? 9 ,new ,j]sey & foll[+ d[n ! coa/ regions to c5tral ,florida4 ,x ext5ds we/w>d into ,texas to ! valley ( ! ,brazos riv]2 nor?w>d to ,miss\ri & s\!rn ,indiana & ,ill9ois4 ,x does n gr[ f> inl& f ! coa/ 9 ! nor? ,atlantic /ates1 b fur!r s\? x is common on ! coa/ pla9 betwe5 ! sea & ! base ( ! m\nta9s4 ,x is (t5 f\nd on dry s& hills 9 t region4 ,! l>ge/ ,spani% oaks on record grew 9 ! l[] ,ohio valley1 p>ticul>ly along ! ,waba% riv]4 ,x is usually ( m$ium size & l>ge trunks are seldom se54 ,! av]age height is sev5ty or eighty feet1 diamet] two or ?ree4 ,9 ! op51 ! cr[n is broad & l[1 b 9 =e/s ! trunk prunes itself fairly well1 & makes good saw timb]1 z f> z =m & size are conc]n$4 ,! acorns rip5 9 two ye>s1 & are bitt]4 ,! b>k is ri* 9 tann91 b tann]ies d n use mu* ( x4 ,! tree is n g5]ally abundant4 ,"s l>ge areas )9 its range h little1 & ?ick /&s are unusual any:]e4 ,x is "o ( ! oaks :i* lumb]m5 nei!r reject nor seek4 ,!y cut x 9 c\rse ( op]ations1 & saw x & sell x "u ! common "n1 r$ oak4 ,! wood is heavy1 v h>d1 & /rong4 ,x is reput$ to decay m rapidly ?an mo/ oaks1 & x *ecks badly 9 season+4 ,! annual r+s ( gr[? are broad1 & ! spr+wood is m>k$ by sev]al r[s ( l>ge op5 pores4 ,! m$ull>y rays are few b conspicu\s2 color light r$1 ! sapwood light]4 ,! wood weighs ab\t ?ree p\nds less ?an :ite oak p] cubic foot1 & its fuel value is less4 ,x is n easy to compile an acc\nt ( ! uses ( ,spani% oak by ! v>i\s indu/ries ( ?is c\ntry1 = ! reason t o!r oaks pass by its "n & x is kn[n by names :i* %\ld n be appli$ to x4 ,x is %[n1 h[ev]1 :]e special /udies ( its utilization h be5 made t x is a useful wood = _m purposes4 ,x is a useful furniture mat]ial1 & ?\gh /ati/ics d n give sep>ate figures = x1 evid5tly ! total quantity consum$ ye>ly runs into _m millions ( feet4 ,x is mu* employ$ 9 ! manufacture ( tables1 *iefly = frames1 b occasionally z ! outside mat]ial4 ,x may be qu>t]-saw$1 if good logs are select$4 ,! *air factories 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a use ab\t #dd1jjj1jjj feet ( oak ye>ly1 & ,spani% oak supplies a r l>ge %>e ( ! mat]ial4 ,x is employ$ z int]ior f9i% 9 t /ate1 & also = mission furniture1 brackets = telegraph & telephone poles1 refrig]ators1 & kit*5 safes4 ,slack coop]s & manufactur]s ( boxes & crates f9d ! wood suitable = _! w>es2 b its op5 pores /& 9 ! way ( its use = tight coop]age4 ,simil> uses ( ! wood occur 9 ,mississippi1 ,l\isiana1 & ,texas1 & x may be assum$ t !y occur also 9 all o!r portions ( ,spani% oak's range4 ,x goes to wagon %ops 9 ,texas :]e x is sub/itut$ = r$ oak4 ,x is employ$ also 9 ! manufacture ( rice hull]s & cotton g9s4 ,lumb]m5 9 nor!rn ,l\isiana use log trucks ) axles1 felloes1 & o!r heavy p>ts ( ,spani% oak1 & x is frequ5tly pref]r$ = /one wagons4 ,9 practically all l>ge %ipm5ts ( s\!rn r$ oak to ! ,nor?1 "s ,spani% oak is mix$4 ,x c\ld n be o!rwise1 s9ce ?is wood is cut 9 ! =e/ ) o!r r$ oaks1 is saw$ & /ock$ ) !m1 & goes ) !m to m>ket4 ,,black ,,jack ,,oak 7,qu]cus m>il&ica7 is "o ( ! scrub trees ( ?is c\ntry1 & few good words are ev] he>d = x2 yet x has r$eem+ qualities4 ,lumb]m5 h n paid mu* att5tion to x & nev] w1 = only :5 at its be/ is ! trunk l>ge en\gh = any k9d ( sawlog1 & !re has be5 little incl9ation to use x = any?+ else4 ,x atta9s size fitt+ x = f5ce po/s1 & sometimes x p]=ms s]vice along t l9e2 b ! small trunks are ne>ly all sapwood1 & decay /rikes !m quickly4 ,! b>k is black1 h5ce ! "n1 & x is exce$+ly r\gh1 & is brok5 9 squ>es4 ,! leaves are l>ge & pe>-%ap$1 ) ! broad end opposite ! /em4 ,"s are slightly lob$4 ,a vigor\s black jack oak1 /&+ 9 op5 gr\nd1 pres5ts a f9e appe>ance4 ,! cr[n is wide & is frequ5tly conical1 ! limbs small1 & are set 9 ! trunk on ne>ly horizontal l9es4 ,! range ( ?is unlov$ species cov]s #fjj1jjj or m squ>e miles1 beg9n+ 9 ,new ,york1 runn+ we/ to c5tral ,nebraska1 s\? ?r\gh ,texas ne>ly to ! ,rio ,gr&e1 & 9 ,florida to ,tampa4 ,x is n an aggressive tree & has p]mitt$ itself to be cr[d$ (f ! good l& until x has =m$ ! habit ( occupy+ geographical left-ov]s 9 ! =m ( s& banks & worn\t fields4 ,9 ! nor!a/]n "p ( its range x is (t5 associat$ ) scrub p9e 7,p9us virg9iana71 because ! two h simil> habits & are cont5t to live 9 p]petual pov]ty on dry gravel or ?9 s&4 ,l>ge trunks are n possible "u su* circum/ances1 & fir/-class wood is unusual4 ,black jack oak at its be/ may atta9 a height ( fifty feet & a diamet] ( eighte5 in*es1 b x is (t5] tw5ty feet high & six in*es ?r\gh4 ,x gr[s ) mod]ate rapidity & does n live long4 ,! annual r+s are (t5 indi/9ct4 ,! wood is h>d1 heavy1 & /rong1 & *ecks badly 9 season+4 ,! m$ull>y rays are broad & conspicu\s1 ! wood d>k br[n 9 color1 ! sapwood light]4 ,?is oak is v high 9 a% cont5ts1 m ?an "o p] c5t ( ! dry weight ( wood go+ to a%es :5 burn$4 ,! tree rea*es its be/ developm5t 9 ! l[] ,mississippi valley1 & 9 ea/]n ,texas4 ,comp>atively few uses = x h be5 f\nd4 ,cordwood cutt]s f9d x valuable :]e x ab\nds 9 suffici5t quantity1 & x has be5 burn$ = *>coal = iron f\ndries & blacksmi? %ops4 ,small am\nts are occasionally f\nd 9 wood-us+ factories 9 ,texas1 b only :5 logs ) consid]able he>twood c be procur$4 ,! sap is *>act]less & seems to be utt]ly reject$ at ! factory4 ,sometimes ! ri* br[n ( ! he>twood is attractive1 b m frequ5tly ! wood is r+$ & splot*$ ) diff]5t colors1 n di/ribut$ 9 a way to give any arti/ic effect4 ,:5 a satisfactory /ick is f\nd1 x c be work$ into balu/]s & small sp9dles :i* %[ gra9 well4 ,x is also work$ into broad panels made up ( n>r[1 qu>t]-saw$ /rips1 :i* exhibit ! d>k flecks ( ! wood to good advantage4 ,,trid5t ,,oak 7,qu]cus trid5tata7 is rem>kable = its extreme sc>city1 & is ( no comm]cial importance4 ,x 0 =m]ly f\nd 9 ,miss\ri--a s+le tree--:i* 0 aft]w>ds de/roy$4 ,x occurs 9 ,wa%t5aw c\nty1 ,mi*igan4 ,x appe>s t no report %[+ ! "* ( ! wood has be5 made4 ,,lea ,,oak 7,qu]cus leana71 :i* is believ$ to be a hybrid betwe5 yell[ oak 7,qu]cus velut9a7 & %+le oak 7,qu]cus imbric>ia71 is int]e/+ b n important4 ,trees are apt to /& alone1 & f> ap>t4 ,!y occur f ,di/rict ( ,columbia to ,miss\ri1 & s\? to ,nor? ,c>ol9a4 ,! range is imp]fectly kn[n4 ,illu/ration ,,laurel ,,oak ,illu/ration3 ,,laurel ,,oak ,,laurel ,,oak 7,qu]cus ,laurifolia7 ,?is repres5tative ( ! black oak gr\p is f\nd n[h]e except 9 ! s\!a/]n /ates1 & only 9 _! bord]s4 ,x nev] ranges f> inl&1 b /icks to wet localities & ! m>g9s ( swamps :]e its associates are tupelo1 s\!rn :ite c$>1 cypress1 magnolias1 &1 ne> its s\!rn limit1 myrtle & o!r semi-tropical trees & %rubs4 ,x is sometimes utiliz$ z an ornam5t1 b t is n its usual function4 ,x is n a successful competitor z a %ade tree ) will[ oak & wat] oak4 ,beg9n+ at ! bord] ( ! ,dismal ,swamp 9 ,virg9ia z ! nor!rn limit ( gr[?1 ?is int]e/+ tree ranges s\?w>d along ! coa/ to ,cape ,romano 9 ,florida & we/w>d 9 ! l[] ,gulf /ates to s\!a/]n ,l\isiana4 ,x is se5 at its be/ 9 ea/]n ,florida4 ,x puts =? a vigor\s gr[? on ! hummock l& 9 ! s\!rn "p ( t /ate1 :]e x develops a %apely trunk :5 9 cr[d$ /&s4 ,x gr[s well 9 v rocky gr\nd4 ,al?\gh ! common "n laurel oak is prompt$ by its foliage1 ! tree be>s v>i\s o!r sectional names4 ,x is kn[n z laurel oak 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 ,alabama1 & ,florida2 ,d>l+ton oak 9 ,s\? ,c>ol9a2 will[ oak 9 ,florida & ,s\? ,c>ol9a2 wat] oak 9 ,georgia4 ,! latt] "n has a t5d5cy to confuse x ) ano!r species :i* is prop]ly call$ wat] oak 7,qu]cus nigra74 ,! ornam5tal qualities ( ?is tree are due to ! tall /ately bole1 its %apely & symmetrical r\nd-topp$ head & sl5d] bran*es & twigs4 ,x sometimes atta9s ! dignity ( "o hundr$ feet 9 height ) a proportionate diamet] ( ?ree or f\r feet4 ,! b>k is firm1 ( d>k1 r$di%-br[n color1 & usually is n fissur$ b f9ely brok5 into small close1 scale-l plates4 ,on old trees1 especially at ! butt1 deep fissures divide x into broad ridges4 ,! buds are %9y br[n1 & !y n>r[ abruptly to an acute po9t4 ,! acorns are ei!r sessile or h %ort /alks1 & !y usually gr[ alone4 ,!y are %ort & broad1 & are incas$ 9 %all[1 ?9 cups4 ,9 ! fl[]+ season hairy am5ts add to ! attractiv5ess ( ! tree4 ,! leaves are d>k gre5 above & light] on ! l[] surface & are gr\p$ r closely on ! twigs4 ,!y atta9 a l5g? ( f\r in*es or less1 & fall gradually aft] turn+ yell[4 ,laurel oak seems to be little us$4 ,x is occasionally ref]r$ to z r inf]ior to o!r memb]s ( ! black oak gr\p1 b x is n app>5t :y x be>s t reputation4 ,x may be on acc\nt ( its poor season+ qualities4 ,l o!r s\!rn oaks1 x is v heavy :5 gre51 & x is incl9$ to %r9k & w>p :ile 9 ! process ( p>t+ ) its moi/ure4 ,if ?is c be successfully ov]come1 ! wood ought to be valuable4 ,te/s made on f\r samples cut on ,/4 ,john's riv]1 ,florida1 record$ 9 ,s>g5t's tables1 %[ rem>kable results4 ,! wood is #cd p] c5t /rong] & #cg p] c5t /iff] ?an :ite oak1 & is only "o p\nd heavi] p] cubic foot ( dry wood4 ,if ^! values are fairly repres5tative ( ! wood ( laurel oak1 x %\ld be exceptionally valuable 9 vehicle mak+4 ,x w\ld fall consid]ably bel[ hickory1 b w\ld /& v high among o!r woods1 & c\ld be recomm5d$ = wagon axles1 tongues1 & o!r p>ts ( heavy vehicles4 ,x %\ld be borne 9 m9d1 h[ev]1 t te/s alone1 & p>ticul>ly :5 ! numb] ( samples is small1 are n suffici5t to decide a wood's place z a manufactur+ mat]ial4 ,x mu/ be tri$ 9 actual practice1 & t has n yet be5 done 9 ! case ( laurel oak z a wagon wood4 ,:5 tri$ out x may exhibit defects1 or undesirable qualities1 :i* are n app>5t 9 samples employ$ 9 laboratory te/s4 ,!re is little exact in=mation available 9 reg>d to ! supply ( laurel oak 9 ! ,s\?4 ,x is n abundant 9 ! s5se t will[ oak & ,texan r$ oak are4 ,nei!r are ! trees g5]ally ( good =m = lumb]4 ,little has ev] be5 cut1 because ! l& :]e x gr[s is n dem&$ = agriculture4 ,x occupies out-(-!-way places1 & ! hunt] & fi%]man are bett] acqua9t$ ) x ?an ! lumb]man4 ,,highl& ,,oak 7,qu]cus wisliz5i7 is a ,cali=nia ev]gre5 ) leaves commonly %ap$ l holly1 b sometimes _! edges are smoo? ) no sign ( tee?4 ,! foliage rema9s long] on ?is tree ?an is usual ) ev]gre5 oaks4 ,old leaves g5]ally fall )9 a mon? aft] ! new crop appe>s2 b ^? ( highl& oak rema9 sev]al mon?s long]1 gradually fall+ dur+ ! second summ]4 ,:5 ! tree is at its be/ x is a spl5did repres5tative ( ! vegetable k+dom4 ,its =m does n please lumb]m51 = ! trunk is %ort & r\gh2 b ! cr[n rises sev5ty or eighty feet1 is symmetrical1 ! foliage d>k gre51 & ! g5]al appe>ance is t ( an enorm\s holly tree4 ,trunks are sometimes five or six feet 9 diamet]4 ,! "n highl& oak is some:at mislead+1 ?\gh ! species asc5ds to an altitude ( #f1jjj feet or m4 ,x is describ$ z a highl& tree to di/+ui% x f ! ,cali=nia live oak 7,qu]cus agrifolia7 :i* gr[s 9 ! vic9ity ( ! sea 9 ,cali=nia4 ,! highl& oak ranges f nor!rn ,cali=nia to ! int]national b\nd>y1 foll[+ ! foo?ills ( ! m\nta9 ranges4 ,x occurs 9 dry riv] bottoms & wa%es & 9 des]t m\nta9 canyons4 ,x is n *oice z to soil b w gr[ 9 loam1 s&1 gravel1 or among rocks4 ,x is n abundant4 ,:5 x gr[s ne> ! sea x is apt to lose its tree =m & become a %rub4 ,x assumes t =m on ,santa ,cruz & ,santa ,rosa isl&s (f ! coa/ ( s\!rn ,cali=nia4 ,x gr[s sl[ly & is t5aci\s ( life4 ,:5 x has once secur$ a foo?old x hangs on ) det]m9ation1 ?\gh expos$ to sev]e /orms & inhospitable conditions4 ,! acorns d n mature until late 9 ! autumn ( _! second ye>4 ,!y are sometimes an in* & a half long1 & sc>cely a ?ird ( an in* ?ick4 ,! wood ( ?is oak possesses "s good qualities :i* are locally appreciat$ by wagon mak]s :o use x = repair "w4 ,x is ext5sively cut = fuel1 & x burns ab\t l ea/]n :ite oak1 b leaves m a%es4 ,! dry wood weighs #di p\nds p] cubic foot4 ,x is consid]ably weak] ?an :ite oak & is less ela/ic4 ,! summ]wood con/itutes a l>ge "p ( ! annual gr[? r+4 ,x is v por\s1 ! r[s ( pores runn+ p>allel ) ! m$ull>y rays4 ,?is "p ( ! wood /ructure is midway betwe5 t ( decidu\s & ! ev]gre5 oaks4 ,! m$ull>y rays are broad b %ort4 ,:5 expos$ on a tang5tial surface1 !y are f "o-f\r? to "o-half in* long1 & give ! wood a fleck$ appe>ance4 ,expos$ 9 cross section1 !y are f "o in* to f\r in*es 9 l5g?4 ,?is applies1 ( c\rse1 only to l>ge rays1 easily se5 ) ! nak$ eye4 ,9 qu>t]-saw$ lumb]1 ! rays h a p9ki% color & glossy lu/] :i* are n pleas+4 ,?is tree belongs 9 ! class ) ^? :i* are 9 no dang] ( be+ extirpat$ by human ag5cies4 ,x occupies l& :i* man does n ne$ & w nev] want4 ,,myrtle ,,oak 7,qu]cus myrtifolia7 associates ) ! laurel oak 9 "s p>ts ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 ,georgia1 & ,florida1 & closely resembles x1 ?\gh x is small]1 & gives little promise ( ev] becom+ important 9 a comm]cial way4 ,x is cle>ly 9 ! scrub oak class1 & does n approa* ! dignity ( ev5 a small tree 9 mo/ ( its range4 ,few specim5s c be f\nd exce$+ a height ( tw5ty feet & a diamet] ( five or six in*es4 ,trees approa*+ t size gr[ 9 we/]n ,florida 9 ! region ( ! ,apala*icola riv]4 ,g5]ally ?is oak cov]s dry1 s&y ridges & isl&s1 & is %rubby4 ,x =ms ?ickets on "s ( ! isl&s (f ! coa/ ( ,alabama & ,mississippi1 & ext5ds its range we/w>d to ! l[1 s\!rn p>ts ( ,l\isiana :]e ! dw>f trees are almo/ hidd5 by tall re$s & grass4 ,its "n ref]s to ! leaf x be>s4 ,x is impossible t man c ev] make mu* use ( ?is tree4 ,,morehus ,,oak 7,qu]cus morehus7 c nev] be important 9 ! lumb] indu/ry1 b x fills a few places 9 ,cali=nia :]e ! gr\nd ne$s a cov]4 ,its range is 9 ! nor!rn coa/ range & ! ,si]ra foo?ills1 ext5d+ z f> s\? z ,k+s riv]4 ,! edges ( ! leaves be> b5t hooks l saw tee?4 ,! foliage falls 9 late w9t]4 ,trees are occasionally a foot or m 9 diamet]4 ,! wood has n ! appe>ance ( possess+ mu* value1 & is too sc>ce to be important4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ ?+ connect$ ) ?is tree is t x is suppos$ to be a hybrid--a cross betwe5 highl& oak & ,cali=nia black oak4 ,x 0 fir/ f\nd 9 #ahfc1 & a consid]able range has s9ce be5 e/abli%$ = x4 ,x is ! op9ion ( "s inve/igators t new tree species h _! orig9 9 crosses betwe5 exi/+ species4 ,( ! c\ntless ?\s&s ( su* crosses a few1 at long int]vals ( "t1 may develop *>act]i/ics :i* enable !m to ma9ta9 _! exi/5ce & to spread into new t]ritory4 ,if t occurs1 a new k9d ( tree has appe>$ on e>? & is ready to take its place among ! e/abli%$ =e/s ( ! region4 ,cross-f]tilization among trees & plants is v common1 b s _m adv]se conditions are enc\nt]$1 t few hybrids ev] am\nt to any?+4 ,illu/ration ,,p9 ,,oak ,illu/ration3 ,,p9 ,,oak ,,p9 ,,oak 7,qu]cus ,palu/ris7 ,p9 oak ranges f c]ta9 sections ( ,massa*usetts1 notably ! ,connecticut riv] valley1 & ne> ,amh]/1 we/w>d z f> z ! s\!a/]n "p ( ,miss\ri2 on ! s\? x is f\nd along ! l[] ,potomac riv] 9 ,virg9ia1 9 ,k5tucky1 ,arkansas1 & ,oklahoma4 ,x is kn[n z p9 oak 9 ,massa*usetts1 ,connecticut1 ,rhode ,isl&1 ,new ,york1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,delaw>e1 ,virg9ia1 ,m>yl&1 ,arkansas1 ,miss\ri1 ,ill9ois1 ,wiscons91 ,i[a1 & ,kansas2 9 ,arkansas & ,kansas x is call$ swamp ,spani% oak2 9 ,rhode ,isl& & ,ill9ois x is (t5 kn[n z wat] oak2 9 ,p5nsylvania1 ,ohio1 & ,kansas z swamp oak2 9 ,arkansas z wat] ,spani% oak4 ,! "n p9 oak is said to belong to ?is tree because ( a peculi>ity ( its bran*es4 ,!y leave ! trunk & ! l>g] limbs at ne>ly "r angles1 & criss-cross 9 all directions1 resembl+ p9s ?ru/ into ! wood1 & bri/l+ outw>d at e angle4 ,! cr[d+ to :i* !y are subject$ kills _m ( !m z ! tree rea*es middle age1 b ! /ubs d n drop quickly1 & z _m ( ! *>act]i/ic p9s appe> to be pres5t z ev]4 ,su* is ! usual explanation giv5 to acc\nt = ! "n1 & ! facts fit ! !ory2 b ! fact t sev]al o!r species are call$ p9 oaks is n acc\nt$ =4 ,! habit ( ! bran*es ( all ( !m is n ! same4 ,! ,gambel oak 9 its ,arizona range has t "n4 ,s has ! *9quap9 oak 9 ,arkansas & ,texas1 b t is app>5tly a %ort5+ ( its true "n1 ! la/ syllable only be+ us$4 ,!y call ! ,dur& oak p9 oak 9 ,texas1 b )\t any kn[n reason4 ,! botanical "n palu/ris1 belong+ to ?is species1 ref]s to ! tree's habit ( gr[+ 9 swamps & damp l& along riv] bottoms4 ,x is n a swamp tree z cypress is1 b is m l swamp :ite oak1 & f9ds its mo/ cong5ial surr\nd+s on ! bord]s ( /reams & on fairly well dra9$ l[l& :]e roots readily rea* wat]4 ,! leaves are ?ree or five in*es long1 are simple1 & alt]nate4 ,!y are broad1 & h f five to n9e lobes :i* are too!d1 & bri/le-tipp$ on ! ends4 ,! s9uses are broad & r\nd$1 & ext5d well t[>d ! midrib1 :i* is /\t1 & f :i* ! ve9s bran* (f conspicu\sly4 ,9 color ! leaves are bright gre5 above & light] bel[ :5 "y1 becom+ ?91 firm & d>k] gre5 at maturity2 late 9 autumn !y turn a ri*1 deep sc>let4 ,!y are coat$ bel[ ) pubesc5ce1 & h l>ge tufts ( pale hairs 9 ! axils ( ! ve9s4 ,! fruit ( p9 oak is a small acorn :i* gr[s ei!r sessile or on a v %ort /em2 sometimes 9 clu/]s1 & sometimes s+ly4 ,9 %ape ! acorns are ne>ly hemisph]ical1 & measure ab\t a half in* 9 diamet]2 !y are enclos$ only at ! base1 9 a ?91 sauc]-%ap$ cup1 d>k br[n1 & scaly4 ,! b>k ( a mature tree is d>k gray or br[ni%-gre52 x is r\gh1 be+ full ( small furr[s1 & frequ5tly cracks op5 & %[s ! r$di% inn] lay] ( b>k4 ,on small bran*es & "y trunks1 x is smoo!r1 light]1 & m lu/r\s4 ,p9 oak is small] ?an r$ oak4 ,av]age trees are sev5ty or eighty feet high & two or ?ree 9 diamet]4 ,specim5s #abj feet high & f\r feet 9 diamet] are he>d ( b are seldom se54 ,ne> ! nor!rn limit ( p9 oak's range l>ge trees are n f\nd1 nor are small trees pl5tiful4 ,?is holds true 9 all p>ts ( ,new ,engl& & nor!rn ,new ,york :]e ! species is f\nd gr[+ naturally4 ,s\? ( ,p5nsylvania1 along ! flood pla9s ( riv]s :i* fl[ to ,*esapeake bay1 a bett] class ( timb] is f\nd4 ,! be/ developm5t ( ! species is 9 ! l[] ,ohio valley4 ,x gr[s rapidly1 b falls a little %ort ( ! r$ oak4 ,:5 "y gr[? is cut1 spr\ts w rise f ! /umps & fl\ri% = a "t1 b m]*antable trees are seldom or nev] produc$ t way4 ,! acorn mu/ be dep5d$ on4 ,x has be5 rem>k$ t p9 oak does n prune itself well1 b x does bett] 9 d5se /&s ?an 9 op5 gr\nd4 ,9 ! latt] case ! limbs are late 9 dy+ & fall+4 ,p9 oak has prov$ to be a valuable /reet & p>k tree4 ,x possesses sev]al *>act]i/ics :i* recomm5d x = t use4 ,x gr[s rapidly1 & x quickly atta9s a size :i* less5s its liability to injury by accid5ts4 ,its %ade is tol]ably d5se2 ! cr[n is %apely & attractive2 ! leaves fall late2 & x seems to /& ! smoke & du/ ( cities bett] ?an _m o!r trees4 ,x is easily & successfully transplant$ if tak5 :5 small4 ,_m t[ns & cities f ,long ,isl& to ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 h plant$ ! p9 oak along /reets1 av5ues1 & 9 p>ks4 ,sev]al ?or\ghf>es 9 ,wa%+ton are %ad$ by !m4 ,consid]able plant+ ( p9 oak has be5 done by railroads :i* expect to gr[ ties4 ,trees ( ?is species :5 cut 9 =e/s & made into cros/ies d n all %[ simil> resi/ance to decay4 ,"s ties are p]i%able 9 a %ort "t1 :ile o!rs give satisfactory s]vice4 ,! be/ endure well )\t pres]vative treatm5t1 b all are b5efit$ by x4 ,if ! exp]im5tal plant+s turn out well1 x may be expect$ t p9 oak w fill an important place 9 ! cros/ie bus9ess4 ,because ( num]\s limbs1 lumb] cut f p9 oak is apt to be knotty1 & ! p]c5tage ( good grades small4 ,! annual r+s are wide1 & are ab\t ev5ly divid$ betwe5 spr+ & summ]wood1 ?\gh ! latt] (t5 exce$s ! =m]4 ,its g5]al appe>ance sugge/s r$ oak1 b x is m por\s 9 trunks ( ?rifty gr[?4 ,! spr+wood is l>gely made up ( pores4 ,! m$ull>y rays are h>dly z prom95t z ^? ( r$ oak1 b 9 o!r ways resemble !m4 ,! wood weighs #dc4bd p\nds p] cubic foot1 :i* is a little above r$ oak4 ,x is h>d & /rong1 d>k br[n ) ?9 sapwood ( d>k] color4 ,! lumb] *ecks & w>ps badly 9 season+4 ,! uses to :i* p9 oak is put mu/ be consid]$ 9 a g5]al way because ( ! abs5ce ( exact /ati/ics4 ,! wood is n li/$ by ! lumb] trade "u its own "n1 b goes along ) o!rs ( ! black oak gr\p4 ,its uses1 h[ev]1 are kn[n along a numb] ( l9es4 ,lumb]m5 cut x :]ev] x is f\nd mix$ ) o!r h>dwoods4 ,sometimes vehicle manufactur]s make a po9t ( secur+ a supply ( ?is wood4 ,t occurs (t5] ) small conc]ns ?an l>ge4 ,x is made into felloes1 rea*es1 & bol/]s4 ,furniture mak]s use x1 & well select$1 qu>t]-saw$ /ock is occasionally r$uc$ to v5e]4 ,! articles produc$ pass = r$ oak1 & x w\ld be v difficult to detect ! diff]5ce betwe5 p9 oak & true r$ oak :5 f9i%$ z v5e]4 ,"s highly attractive mission furniture is said to be ( p9 oak4 ,m goes to *air /ock mills ?an to factories :i* produce high] classes ( furniture4 ,*airs utilize v small pieces1 & t gives ! /ock cutt] a *ance to trim out ! knots & produce ! maximum am\nt ( cle> /uff4 ,*air mak]s 9 ,mi*igan report$ ! use ( #fj1jjj feet ( p9 oak 9 #aiaj4 ,slack coop]s "w 9 mu* ! same way z *air mills1 & p9 oak is acceptable mat]ial = _m classes ( b>rels & o!r conta9]s4 ,small tight knots are frequ5tly n defects suffici5t to cause ! rejection ( /aves4 ,tight coop]s d n f9d p9 oak suitable1 because ! wood is too por\s to hold liquids1 p>ticul>ly liquors conta9+ alcohol4 ,! wood is mix$ at mills ) r$ oak & o!r simil> species & is manufactur$ into picture frames1 boxes1 crates1 int]ior f9i% = h\ses1 & _m o!r commodities requir+ /r5g? or h&some f9i%4 ,9 e>ly ye>s :5 ! p manufactur$ by h& :at !y ne$$1 & obta9$ _! timb] f ! ne>e/ =e/ or woodlot1 !y split f5ce rails1 pickets1 clapbo>ds1 & %+les ( p9 oak4 ,oak-apples or galls are ! r\nd excresc5ces =m$ on ! limbs by gallflies & _! eggs4 ,!y seem p>ticul>ly fond ( ?is species & specim5s are (t5 se5 :i* are lit]ally cov]$ ) !m4 ,! worms :i* live inside seem to fl\ri% p>ticul>ly well on ! food !y imbibe f p9 oak4 ,! primitive s*ool tea*]s ?ree or f\r g5]ations ago turn$ ^! oak galls to acc\nt4 ,!y are ri* 9 tann91 & 7 employ$ 9 manufactur+ ! local ink supply4 ,! tea*]s 7 ! ink mak]s z well z ! p5 cutt]s :5 ! p5s 7 :ittl$ f quills4 ,! process ( mak+ ! ink 0 simple4 ,! galls 7 soak$ 9 a kettle ( wat] & nails4 ,! iron act$ on ! tann9 & produc$ ! desir$ blackness1 b if special lu/] 0 desir$1 x 0 furni%$ by add+ ! fruit ( ! wild gre5bri] 7,smilax rotundifolia71 :i* grew abundantly 9 ! woods4 ,x 0 well t /eel p5s 7 n !n 9 use1 = ! s*oolma/]'s oak ink w\ld h eat5 up su* a p5 9 a s+le day4 ,illu/ration ,,cali=nia ,,live ,,oak ,illu/ration3 ,,cali=nia ,,live ,,oak ,,cali=nia ,,live ,,oak 7,qu]cus ,agrifolia7 ,?is f9e we/]n tree belongs to ! black oak gr\p1 yet its acorns mature 9 "o ye>1 l ^? ( :ite oaks4 ,x is ! only kn[n black oak ) t habit4 ,x is prop]ly class$ ) canyon live oak :i* has _m *>act]i/ics ( :ite oak1 yet matures its acorns ! second ye>4 ,! two oaks ) freaki% fruit belong 9 ,cali=nia1 & to "s ext5t occupy ! same range4 ,cali=nia live oak is app>5tly mak+ an ef=t to con=m to ! habit ( o!r black oaks by produc+ two ye> acorns4 ,x has n yet succe$$ 9 do+ s1 b fl[]s occasionally appe> 9 ! fall1 & "y acorns set on ! twigs4 ,!y drop dur+ ! w9t]1 & x is n believ$ t any ( !m hang till ! second season4 ,! range ( ?is tree cov]s mo/ ( ! ,cali=nia coa/ region b does n rea* ! great int]ior valleys4 ,! tree is v common 9 ! s\?we/]n "p ( ! /ate4 ,x is call$ an ev]gre51 & "s individuals des]ve t reputation1 b ! leaves nev] rema9 long aft] ! new crop appe>s4 ,frequ5tly ! old leaves d n wait = ! new1 & :5 !y drop1 ! bran*es rema9 b>e = a few weeks4 ,! =m ( ! leaf is n con/ant4 ,"s h smoo? m>g9s1 b ! typical leaf is too!d l holly4 ,"o ( ! e>ly names by :i* ! tree 0 kn[n 0 holly-leav$ oak4 ,! b>k looks mu* l ! b>k ( *e/nut oak4 ,x is b\ght = tann+ purposes1 b its pr9cipal use is to adult]ate ! b>k ( ano!r oak 7,qu]cus d5siflora74 ,trees range 9 height f tw5ty-five to sev5ty-five feet1 & f "o foot to f\r 9 diamet]4 ,! trunks are v %ort1 & seldom af=d cle> l5g?s exce$+ eight feet1 & (t5 n m ?an f\r4 ,trees g5]ally gr[ 9 ! op51 b :5 9 ?ickets1 ! boles l5g!n some:at4 ,!y are ( sl[ gr[? & live to old age4 ,! wood is h>d & brittle4 ,a cubic foot weighs #ea4dc p\nds :5 ?or\ghly dry4 ,! wood ( mature trees is r$di%-br[n2 b "y & middle ag$ trunks are all sapwood1 & are :ite f b>k to c5t]4 ,:5 sapwood is expos$ to ! air a consid]able "t x *anges color & becomes v d>k br[n4 ,! m$ull>y rays ( ?is oak are broad1 fairly num]\s1 & are d>k] ?an ! surr\nd+ wood4 ,:5 ! log is qu>t]-saw$1 ! expos$ flecks ( bright surface are ! d>ke/ p>ts4 ,to t ext5t1 x resembles qu>t]-saw$ sycamore1 b ! woods d n look alike 9 any o!r p>ticul>4 ,?is oak is v por\s1 & ! pores--z is usual ) live oaks--are arrang$ 9 r[s runn+ f b>k to c5t] r ?an p>allel ) ! annual r+s4 ,no cle> l9e is di/+ui%able betwe5 spr+ & summ]wood4 ,cordwood con/itutes ! mo/ important use = ,cali=nia live oak4 ,x rates high 9 fuel value1 & ! _m l>ge & crook$ limbs make ! tree an ideal "o1 f ! cordwood cutt]'s viewpo9t4 ,by c>efully rick+ ! wood1 ) ! crooks & elb[s 9 e possible direction--at :i* "s cordwood cutt]s are v pr(ici5t--a cord ( wood may be con/ruct$ 9 ! =e/1 :i*1 :5 sold & deliv]$ 9 ! buy]'s %$1 contracts l an accordion4 ,,canyon ,,live ,,oak 7,qu]cus *rysolepis74 ,?is spl5did ,cali=nia oak be>s _m names4 ,x is an ev]gre51 & !re=e is call$ live oak4 ,x is h>d :5 ?or\ghly season$1 & ?is has won = x ! "n iron oak4 ,wagon mak]s (t5 s designate x4 ,x is call$ ,valp>aiso oak1 b = :at reason is n app>5t4 ,black live oak d\btless ref]s to ! d>k color ( ! foliage4 ,! mo/ %apely trees gr[ 9 ! bottoms ( canyons1 & ! "n1 canyon live oak1 ref]s to t circum/ance4 ,hickory oak is n an appropriate "n1 ?\gh x d\btless implies t ! wood possesses ! t\ghness ( hickory4 ,x is ab\t z t\gh z :ite oak4 ,! "n gold5 cup oak is a translation ( its botanical "n :i*1 9 ,greek1 means 8gold5 scale10 a ref]5ce to a yell[ tom5tum or wool :i* cov]s ! cups ( ! acorns4 ,! wood's h>dness qualifies x to s]ve z mauls1 h5ce ! "n maul oak4 ,! nor!rn limit ( its gr[? is 9 s\!rn ,oregon4 ,x goes s\? f !re on ! coa/ ranges ( ,cali=nia & ! we/]n slopes ( ! ,si]ra ,nevadas to ! highl&s ( s\!rn ,cali=nia4 ,its gr[? on ! m\nta9s ( s\!rn ,arizona & ,new ,mexico is always %rubby4 ,! l[e/ limit ( its range is ab\t #a1jjj feet above sea level1 ! be/ specim5s occurr+ at l[ altitudes 9 ! %elt]$ canyons ( ! coa/ ranges ( ,cali=nia4 ,gradually dim9i%+ 9 size1 x gr[s to ! v tops ( _m ( ! high m\nta9s1 sometimes rea*+ #i1jjj feet1 be+ n m ?an a foot high at ! upp] limits ( its range4 ,9 appe>ance ?is tree resembles ! ea/]n live oak 7,qu]cus virg9iana71 hav+ ! same maje/ic wide-spread+ cr[n1 except 9 ! high altitudes :]e x =ms d5se ?ickets cov]+ l>ge areas4 ,:5 9 its favorite habitat1 ! massive proportions & maje/ic appe>ance ( ?is tree are impos+1 ! cr[n sometimes be+ #aej feet across1 ! bole %ort & ?ick1 & ! great bran*es long & horizontal4 ,x is n clo!d 9 ! somb] ,spani% moss t is (t5 pres5t on ! great live oaks ( ! s\!a/]n /ates1 b !re is a simil>ity ( appe>ance 9 ! droop+ sl5d] twigs4 ,"o hundr$ & fifty feet across is cit$ z an unusual wid? ( cr[n1 "o hundr$ feet be+ a good av]age size1 & =ty or fifty feet ! usual height1 al?\gh x sometimes rea*es #ajj4 ,! bole is ve/$ 9 a gray-br[n1 r$di%-t+$ b>k1 ab\t an in* ?ick1 & brok5 into num]\s scales :i* 9 old age become flaky & pliable & fall (f4 ,! b>k is light color$1 & has ! /r+y "* ( :ite oak4 ,! tree w\ld readily pass = a :ite oak 7 x n = its two-ye> acorns :i* class x 9 ! black oak gr\p4 ,! wood resembles :ite oak1 & weighs #eb4ic p\nds p] cubic foot4 ,few oaks1 if any1 reta9 _! leaves a long] "t ?an ?is4 ,!y rema9 on ! bran*es ?ree or f\r ye>s4 ,mo/ ev]gre5 oaks %$ !irs at ! beg9n+ ( ! second ye>4 ,! leaves ( ?is tree are peculi> 9 ano!r way4 ,!y assume v>i\s =ms4 ,t 9 itself is n unusual & occurs ) _m species2 b ! canyon live oak has "o patt]n ( leaf = ! "y tree1 ano!r = ! old4 ,"o =m has a m>g9 ) %>p1 hook$ tee?2 ano!r has smoo?-m>g9$ leaves1 & !re are v>i\s int]m$iate =ms4 ,sizes v>y no less ?an %apes ( bo? acorns & leaves4 ,"s acorns are half an in* 9 l5g?1 o!rs two in*es4 ,! canyon live oak is believ$ to be long-liv$1 b fur!r in=mation is desirable4 ,! massive trunks repres5t c5turies4 ,!y usually occur 9 %elt]$ places :i* are measurably secure f ! ord9>y p]ils :i* beset trees1 notably ! woodsman's ax & ! p]iodic =e/ fire4 ,! bottoms ( canyons :]e ?is oak makes *oice ( situation d n usually burn fi]cely1 & trees %elt]$ !re escape4 ,cordwood cutt]s are ! mo/ con/ant p]il to good fuel trees 9 ,cali=nia2 b _m a canyon is safe f _! invasions1 because ( lack ( roads4 ,!re ! mo/ magnific5t oaks re> _! cr[ns 9 security1 :ile trees ( inf]ior size & "*1 :i* gr[ on expos$ slopes & flats1 fall be=e ! cordwood cutt]1 & g to ! ricks 9 village woody>ds4 ,! wood ( canyon live oak is sup]ior to t ( any o!r oak 9 its range4 ,x is ( light br[n color1 & is t\gh1 /rong1 /iff1 & heavy4 ,! trunks are g5]ally unsuitable = sawlogs1 be+ too %ort1 b :5 a *ance tree is f\nd t may be cut into lumb]1 x is consid]$ a prize4 ,trunks are seldom good = m ?an "o sawlog4 ,9 t respect ?is oak may be comp>$ ) ! s\!rn live oak4 ,! sc>city ( good h>dwoods on ! ,pacific coa/ adds to ! value ( :at may be f\nd !re4 ,if ! canyon live oak grew 9 ! ,ea/1 & develop$ a trunk ( ! same size & %ape z x has 9 its pres5t home1 x w\ld attract no m att5tion f ! us]s ( h>dwoods ?an ! live oak 9 ! ,s\? attracts n[4 ,b place makes great diff]5ce4 ,factories 9 ,cali=nia d n report ! use ( mu* ( ?is oak1 yet consid]able quantities ( x are 9 s]vice4 ,! mo/ important place f\nd = x is 9 c\ntry & village blacksmi? %ops1 :]e wagons are repair$4 ,ne>ly e piece ( wood :i* goes into a wagon1 except ! b$1 may be ?is oak4 ,_m p]sons consid] x ! be/ wagon timb] on ! ,pacific coa/1 & x is p>ticul>ly valu$ = tongues1 n only = wagons1 b = heavy log trucks :i* are op]at$ by sev]al yoke ( ox54 ,! wood is likewise made into s+letrees4 ,x has always be5 9 use 9 ,cali=nia = pack saddles4 ,t article is small1 b _m saddles 7 =m]ly made1 & ! pack saddle is /ill an important article 9 ! m\nta9s4 ,tra9s ( mules1 horses1 & burros ?read ! n>r[ pa?s1 :]e :eel$ vehicles _c g1 & deliv] supplies to camps & m9es 9 remote di/ricts4 ,! pack saddle's /r5g? is frequ5tly all t int]v5es betwe5 ! load & de/ruction2 = ! snapp+ ( a piece ( wood may let ! pack g ov] a precipice beyond recov]y4 ,! pack tra9s are sl[ly pass+ out ( use 9 ! ,we/1 z !y long ago disappe>$ f ! 8bridle pa?s0 ( ea/]n m\nta9s & =e/s2 b !y are /ill to be se5 among ! fa/nesses ( ! ,si]ra ,nevadas1 z 9 ! days :5 a we/]n poet bur/ into inspir$ song ( ! long pack tra9s go+ 8,up & d[n o'er ! m\nta9 trail ,) "o horse ti$ to ano!r's tail40 ,,huckleb]ry ,,oak 7,qu]cus *rysolepis vacc9ifolia7 is a v>iety ( canyon live oak1 & is nev] l>ge en\gh to supply wood = any purpose1 b is valuable z a cov]+ to ! gr\nd on expos$ m\nta9s4 ,x is usually a %rub1 & specim5s no m ?an a foot high are mature & be> acorns enorm\sly out ( proportion to ! size ( ! tree4 ,if ! canyon live oak ( l>ge/ size 9 ! l[ hills bore acorns proportionately z l>ge1 !y w\ld be ! size ( b>rels4 ,! huckleb]ry oak's acorns are set 9 _! gold5 cups4 ,! "n huckleb]ry is appli$ because ( a fanci$ resemblance ( ! leaves to ^? ( huckleb]ries4 ,!y are g5]ally less ?an "o in* 9 l5g?1 sometimes n half an in*4 ,?is unique v>iety ( oak ranges on elevat$ slopes & ridges ( ! ,si]ra ,nevada m\nta9s1 & ! travel] 9 climb+ to ! peaks is (t5 grateful = ! privilege ( pull+ himself up ! /eep slopes by grasp+ 9 8 h&s ! tops ( full gr[n trees4 ,,palm] ,,oak 7,qu]cus *rysolepis palm]i7 is consid]$ a v>iety ( canyon live oak by "s1 b ,sudwor? believes x is a di/9ct species1 & draws 8 conclusion f =ms ( leaves1 fl[]s1 & fruit4 ,x =ms l>ge ?ickets on foo?ills & plateaus ne> ! s\!rn b\nd>y ( ,cali=nia1 eighty miles or m ea/ ( ,san ,diego4 ,! trees d n atta9 suffici5t size to give !m comm]cial importance4 ,illu/ration ,,cali=nia ,,tanb>k ,,oak ,illu/ration3 ,,cali=nia ,,tanb>k ,,oak ,,cali=nia ,,tanb>k ,,oak 7,qu]cus ,d5siflora7 ,botani/s dispute ! "r ( ?is tree to ! "n ( oak1 & "s ( !m refuse to call x an oak4 ,x is admitt$ t x possesses *>act]s n f\nd 9 any o!r oak1 b ^! are important to ! botani/ only1 :ile laym5 h nev] consid]$ ! tree any?+ b an oak4 ,x has be5 v>i\sly call$ tanb>k oak1 *e/nut oak1 ,cali=nia *e/nut oak1 live oak1 & pea* oak4 ,! trunk1 bran*es1 & foliage look mu* l *e/nut4 ,! leaf is l ! *e/nut's1 b x is ev]gre54 ,!re are ?ree or f\r crops on ! tree at "o "t1 & none fall until !y are ?ree or f\r ye>s old4 ,"y leaves are rem>kably woolly1 b late 9 _! fir/ summ] !y get rid ( mo/ ( ! fuzz1 & become ?ick 9 texture4 ,tanb>k oaks are ( all sizes1 f m]e %rubs on high m\nta9s 9 ! nor!rn ,si]ra ,nevadas to f9e & symmetrical timb] 9 ! damp climate ( ! fog belt betwe5 ,san ,francisco & ! ,oregon l9e4 ,! av]age height ( mature trees is f sev5ty to #ajj feet1 ) diamet]s up to six feet 9 r>e cases1 ?\gh m trunks are "u ?an ov] two feet 9 diamet]4 ,! range ( ?is oak rea*es s\!rn ,oregon on ! nor?1 & runs s\?w>d ?ree or f\r hundr$ miles along ! ,si]ra ,nevada m\nta9s1 to ,m>iposa c\nty1 & six hundr$ miles ?r\gh ! ,coa/ range to ,santa ,b>b>a c\nty4 ,! tree is affect$ by climatic conditions1 & :]e surr\nd+s d n suit1 x is small & %rubby1 (t5 less ?an t5 feet high4 ,x does be/ 9 ! r$wood belt :]e fogs f ! ,pacific ocean keep ! air moi/ & ! gr\nd damp4 ,x sometimes associates ) ,d\glas fir1 & at o!r times ) ,cali=nia live oak4 ,if x gr[s 9 d5se side %ade x loses its l[] bran*es & develops a long1 clean trunk2 b 9 op5 gr\nd x keeps its limbs until late 9 life4 ,?is is ! mo/ important s\rce ( tanb>k on ! ,pacific coa/1 & up to ! pres5t x has be5 procurable 9 l>ge quantities4 ,! annual output is ne>ly #dj1jjj tons1 & x comm&s a high] price ?an ! b>k ( any o!r oak or ( hemlock4 ,! abs5ce ( o!r adequate tann+ mat]ials on ! ,pacific coa/ gives ?is tree mu* importance4 ,its range cov]s sev]al ?\s& squ>e miles1 & ! /& is fairly good on mu* ( x4 ,b on ! o!r h&1 ! de/ruction ( timb] to secure ! b>k has be5 excessive4 ,:at occurr$ ) *e/nut oak & hemlock 9 ! ,ea/1 is occurr+ ) tanb>k oak 9 ! ,we/4 ,trees are cut & peel$1 & are left by ?\s&s to rot 9 ! woods1 or to fe$ fires & make !m m de/ructive4 ,! b>k peel]s d _! pr9cipal "w 9 ! ,cali=nia r$wood region1 because !re ! oak is at its be/4 ,economic conditions make ! salvage ( ! trunks impossible4 ,! b>k c be haul$ to m>ket1 b ! wood is unsalable at liv+ prices1 aft] ! long haul4 ,x has1 !re=e1 be5 usually ab&on$1 & becomes a total loss4 ,x _c ev5 be sold = fuel1 because ! c\ntry )9 rea* ( x is ?9ly settl$1 & wood is pl5tiful on e side4 ,l>ge oaks are fell$1 because ! b>k c n be /ripp$ f ! trunks 9 any o!r way1 & small trees are n sp>$4 ,! peel]s (t5 d n take ! tr\ble to cut !m d[n1 b /rip (f ! b>k z high z a man c rea*1 & leave !m /&+4 ,a future tree is ?us de/roy$ = ! sake ( a /rip ( b>k a few feet long4 ,su* trees live a ye> or two1 sometimes sev]al ye>s1 be=e yield+ to ! inevitable4 ,usually1 z a la/ expir+ ef=t1 !y be> an abnormally l>ge crop ( acorns4 ,t p]=mance1 9 ! language ( ! b>k peel]s1 is 8! la/ kick40 ,a tanb>k sla%+1 :5 ! peel]s are ready to ab&on x1 is a sorry spectacle4 ,! b>kless & sun-crack$ trunks /rew ! gr\nd1 ! tops & limbs are pil$ 9 w9dr[s1 ! small peel$ trees /& dy+1 & ! la/ ricks ( b>k h be5 sl$d$ d[n ! tote roads1 m>k+ ! close ( op]ations 9 t di/rict4 ,a few mon?s lat]1 :5 fire runs ?r\gh1 ! end ( ! tanb>k oak on t tract is accompli%$4 ,)9 rec5t ye>s comm5dable ef=ts h be5 made to use ! wood z well z ! b>k4 ,"o ( ! fir/ /eps 9 t direction 0 to ov]come ! prejudice aga9/ ! wood4 ,x 0 long consid]$ to be valueless4 ,t belief 0 f\nd$ on ! s+le fact t ?is oak is difficult to season4 ,few woods 9 ?is c\ntry *eck z badly z ?is1 :5 x is left expos$ to sun & w9d aft] ! b>k has be5 remov$4 ,x *ecks bo? radially & along ! annual r+s4 ,! m$ull>y rays are broad & ext5d mu* ( ! di/ance f ! c5t] to ! outside4 ,^! are natural l9es ( cleavage :5 ! log beg9s to season & ! int]nal /resses develop4 ,x mu/ be admitt$ t ! prospect ( mak+ any?+ out ( timb] ( t "* is disc\rag+2 b x has be5 accompli%$1 & tanb>k oak is n[ a mat]ial ( consid]able value4 ,! wood has ab\t ! /r5g? & /iffness ( :ite oak1 :ile x is f\r p\nds light] p] cubic foot4 ,! /ructure is simil> to t ( ,cali=nia live oak1 b ! pores ( tanb>k oak are small]4 ,!y run 9 r[s f c5t] to circumf]5ce4 ,! m$ull>y rays are broad en\gh to %[ well 9 qu>t]-saw+1 b ! wood's appe>ance :5 s work$ is n :olly satisfactory4 ,! expos$ flat surfaces ( ! rays %[ a fa9t purpli% or violet t+e :i* is consid]$ objectionable4 ,b :5 ! wood is work$ pla9 x is dep5dable & sub/antial4 ,x makes good floor+1 fairly good furniture1 f9i%1 vehicles1 & agricultural implem5ts4 ,x is p]i%able :5 plac$ 9 damp situations1 & ?is detracts some:at f its value z railway ties2 b ! wood's por\s nature indicates t x w readily yield to pres]vative treatm5t4 ,s9ce ! value ( ! wood is com+ to be und]/ood x is to be expect$ t less ( x w be de/roy$ ?an =m]ly1 & t second gr[? w be giv5 opportunity to hold ! gr\nd :5 old /&s are cut4 ,! tree is a prolific se$]1 b n e ye>1 & se$l+s come up abundantly 9 %elt]$ places4 ,spr\ts rise f /umps & gr[ to vigor\s trees4 ,x w\ld seem1 !re=e1 t ! tanb>k oak w hold at lea/ "p ( ! gr\nd :]e nature plant$ x4 ,,t\mey ,,oak 7,qu]cus t\meyi74 ,no oak 9 ?is c\ntry has small] leaves ?an ?is4 ,!y are usually less ?an ?ree-f\r?s ( an in* long & half an in* wide1 & !y hang on petioles "o-sixte5? in* long4 ,! leaves h no lobes or not*es4 ,!y rema9 all w9t] & fall 9 ! spr+ 9 "t to make room = ! new crop4 ,! acorns are ne>ly z long z ! leaves & rip5 9 ,june ( ! fir/ ye>4 ,few p]sons ev] see ?is oak1 = its kn[n range is re/rict$ to ,mule m\nta91 9 ,co*ise c\nty1 s\!a/]n ,arizona4 ,x atta9s a height ( tw5ty-five or ?irty feet1 & a diamet] ( six or eight in*es4 ,! trunk is n only small1 b is ( =m s poor t x c nev] be ( value = any?+ b fuel4 ,x divides ne> ! gr\nd into crook$ bran*es4 ,! he>t ( ! tree is light br[n1 ! ?ick sapwood is light]4 ,,woolly ,,oak 7,qu]cus tom5tella7 has app>5tly be5 cr[d$ (f ! ,am]ican cont95t & has tak5 refuge on isl&s (f ! s\!rn ,cali=nia coa/4 ,z f> z kn[n1 n a s+le tree /&s on ! ma9l&1 b sev]al groves1 ) a few isolat$ specim5s1 are f\nd on ,santa ,cruz1 ,santa ,rosa1 & ,catal9a isl&s1 :]e !y are huddl$ toge!r 9 ! bottoms ( %elt]$ canyons4 ,! leaves are ?ick1 lea!ry1 & are too!d l holly4 ,! trees are ev]gre54 ,! acorns d n mature until ! second season4 ,!y are g5]ally m ?an an in* long4 ,! sc>city ( ?is oak relegates x to an unimportant place among comm]cial woods4 ,?is seems un=tunate1 = ! appe>ance ( ! wood indicates t x possesses excell5t prop]ties4 ,no o!r oak looks l ?is wood4 ,x is decid$ly yell[1 & is d5se & firm4 ,! m$ull>y rays are diff]5t f ^? ( any o!r oak4 ,:5 se5 9 cross section !y are arrang$ 9 %ort1 wavy l9es1 broade/ 9 ! middle & tap]+ t[>d bo? ends4 ,! pores are arrang$ betwe5 ! rays1 & foll[ wavy l9es also4 ,trees gr[ ) fair rapidity1 & ! l>ge/ on ! isl&s are sev5ty-five feet high & two 9 diamet]4 ,,b>r5 ,,oak 7,qu]cus pumila7 is call$ dw>f black oak1 or simply scrub oak4 ,its habit ( gr[+ on b>r5 l& is responsible = its common "n :i* "s p %ort5 to 8be>0 oak4 ,x is "o ( ! poore/ oaks ( ! ,ea/1 & x seldom gr[s m ?an tw5ty-five feet high & a few in*es 9 diamet]4 ,its range foll[s ! ,atlantic coa/ s\?w>d f ,m\nt ,des]t ,isl&1 ,ma9e1 to ,nor? ,c>ol9a4 ,x is probably m abundant on ! p9e b>r5s ( ,new ,j]sey ?an else:]e4 ,! trunks are too small to be ( use = any?+ b fuel4 ,,price ,,oak 7,qu]cus pricei7 is a ,cali=nia tree1 suppos$ to be v local 9 its range1 s9ce x has n be5 f\nd outside ! dra9age bas9 ( a small /ream 9 ,mont]ey c\nty4 ,t locality on ! coa/ ( ,cali=nia appe>s to be ! />t+ place or pr9cipal abid+ place ( sev]al tree species1 among :i* are ,mont]ey cypress & ,mont]ey p9e4 ,! ,price oak atta9s a height ( tw5ty-five or ?irty feet1 & a diamet] ( twelve in*es or less2 consequ5tly x is too small to be ( value to lumb]m51 ev5 if x 7 abundant4 ,! leaves resemble ^? ( ,cali=nia live oak1 & are believ$ to rema9 two summ]s on ! tree4 ,! acorns mature ! second season4 ,illu/ration ,,%+le ,,oak ,illu/ration3 ,,%+le ,,oak ,,%+le ,,oak 7,qu]cus ,imbric>ia7 ,! orig9 ( ?is tree's "n has be5 ! subject ( consid]able controv]sy4 ,accord+ to "o acc\nt ! "n 0 fir/ us$ by ! ,fr5* coloni/s at ,kaskaskia1 ,ill9ois1 ne>ly #aej ye>s ago4 ,!y f\nd t ! wood riv$ well & x 0 abundant 9 ! vic9ity ( _! settlem5t4 ,!y split x = %+les & cov]$ _! cab9s4 ,x 0 ! be/ wood obta9able = ! purpose 9 t region1 & !y designat$ ! tree %+le oak1 a "n translat$ into ,lat9 by ! botani/ ,mi*aux & /ill reta9$ z ! tree's botanical "n4 ,! /ory ( ! "n appe>s to be well au!nticat$1 b ! fact _c be d5i$ t z mu* reason exi/s = ano!r !ory4 ,a p]son :o sees a %+le oak tree 9 full leaf1 p>ticul>ly if x /&s 9 op5 gr\nd :]e its foliage has _h opportunity to develop along natural l9es1 w at once notice ! peculi> & *>act]i/ic ov]lapp+ ( ! leaves4 ,!y sugge/ ! c\rses ( %+les nail$ on a ro(4 ,no o!r oak has t arrangem5t4 ,! similitude is s /rik+ t x w\ld be surpris+ if ! "n %+le oak 7 n appli$4 ,x is n a "o-"n tree1 b foll[+ ! fa%ion1 x c>ries sev]al names4 ,x is call$ laurel oak 9 "s regions4 ,! =m & appe>ance ( ! leaf give ! "n4 ,! oak looks l a mammo? laurel tree m ?an l its own species4 ,! %+le oak is kn[n z jack oak 9 "s p>ts ( ,ill9ois4 ,t is a "n liable to be appli$ to any tree :5 its real "n is n kn[n4 ,9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a !y call ! tree wat] oak1 :i* "n1 l jack oak1 is (t5 us$ to conceal ignorance ( ! true "n4 ,ano!r s\!rn species 7,qu]cus nigra7 is prop]ly nam$ wat] oak4 ,%+le oak requires good soil = gr[? b is n p>tial ei!r to upl&s or bottoms4 ,x is f\nd at its be/ 9 ! l[] ,ohio riv] bas9 & 9 ,miss\ri1 b is comp>atively r>e 9 ! ,ea/4 ,f middle ,p5nsylvania its range ext5ds s\?w>d along ! ,alleghanies to nor!rn ,georgia1 ,alabama1 ,t5nessee1 & we/ ,arkansas4 ,x is f\nd 9 ,mi*igan1 ,wiscons91 & we/w>d to ,kansas4 ,x manife/s a /rong t5d5cy to hybridize ) o!r oaks1 & x readily crosses ) black jack oak1 p9 oak1 & yell[ oak4 ,x is believ$ t a cross betwe5 yell[ oak & %+le oak produc$ ! species kn[n z lea oak4 ,a mature tree may be "o hundr$ feet high & ?ree or f\r feet 9 diamet]4 ,x has a r\nd or pyramidal attractive cr[n compos$ ( _m sl5d] bran*es & twigs4 ,! foliage is di/9ctively gr\p$ at ! ends ( ! twigs 9 />-l clu/]s4 ,! leaves are f\r or six in*es long1 ) w$ge-%ap$ or r\nd$ bases1 & are deep gre5 & %9y on ! upp] side1 b light] bel[4 ,! acorns are %ort1 /ubby1 & r\nd$1 cov]$ "o-?ird ( ! way ) ?9 %all[ cups4 ,%+le oak gr[s rapidly1 & x is (t5 sold by nurs]ies :i* deal 9 ornam5tal =e/ trees4 ,x is h>dy z f> nor? z ,massa*usetts4 ,al?\gh x be>s great abundance ( leaves1 !y are s arrang$ t ! cr[n seems op54 ,"o may see ?r\gh ! bran*es ( a l>ge %+le oak1 & x sugge/s an air9ess n common ) oaks4 ,diff]5ces ( op9ion exi/ conc]n+ ! value ( %+le oak = comm]cial purposes4 ,x belongs 9 ! black oak gr\p1 & its wood goes to m>ket z r$ oak1 & app>5tly is nev] li/$ z any?+ else4 ,x is nev] nam$ 9 m>ket reports2 %ops & factories nev] report x1 & x has be5 pron\nc$ inf]ior to r$ oak 9 /r5g? & season+ prop]ties4 ,te/s h be5 made ( "s ( its physical prop]ties1 & ! results d n indicate t ! wood belongs ) inf]ior timb]s4 ,its break+ /r5g? is giv5 at #ci p] c5t great] ?an :ite oak1 & its /iffness at #bh p] c5t great]4 ,h[ev]1 ^! values1 :i* are calculat$ f ,s>g5t's tables1 are bas$ on te/s ( only a few specim5s ( ! wood1 & full] inve/igation might make revision necess>y4 ,! wood is heavy1 h>d1 & is said to *eck badly 9 dry+4 ,! pores are l>ge & are arrang$ 9 r[s2 m$ull>y rays are broad & conspicu\s4 ,! wood is light br[n1 t+$ ) r$1 ! sapwood mu* light]4 ,! broad m$ull>y rays1 runn+ radially1 give ! wood its good splitt+ qualities4 ,! tree is fairly abundant 9 diff]5t p>ts ( its range1 & is cut & manufactur$ ) o!r oaks & h>dwoods4 ,slack coop]s use x = b>rels2 box mak]s employ x = crates2 *air mills saw dim5sion /ock & %ip x to factories to be f9i%$2 "s goes to furniture factories2 "s is turn$ = sp9dles = grills1 & = balu/]s = /airs2 o!r fills v>i\s places z int]ior f9i% & mold+4 ,b x all goes to m>ket & passes ?r\gh factories "u names o!r ?an its own4 ,,wat] ,,oak 7,qu]cus nigra7 has sev]al names1 "s ( !m be/[$ ) little app>5t reason4 ,x is call$ possum oak & duck oak1 b ^! names are nei!r descriptive nor def9itive4 ,punk oak is ano!r "n4 ,x may ref] to a decay$ condition ( ! wood1 b ?is tree is no m affect$ by decay ?an o!rs ( ! same region4 ,9 ,texas x is sometimes kn[n z spott$ oak4 ,x ?rives 9 wet situations ?\gh n actually 9 swamps4 ,x pref]s m>g9s ( ponds1 banks ( riv]s1 & l[ swales :]e ! gr\nd wat] is j bel[ ! surface1 b x is n conf9$ to su* situations4 ,x does well1 )9 its range1 :]ev] will[ oak fl\ri%es1 b will[ oak has a wid] range4 ,! leaves take on v>i\s =ms1 & !y *ange %ape z !y increase 9 size4 ,"s h smoo? m>g9s1 o!rs are lob$4 ,"s are w$ge-%ap$1 o!rs c(f9-%ap$4 ,_! typical =m1 if x may be said ( !m t !y h a typical =m1 is n>r[ at ! /em end & wide at ! o!r4 ,to ?is is usually add$ rudim5t>y lobes1 :i* are sometimes ne>ly z well develop$ z 9 any o!r oak4 ,_! typical =m is l ! leaf ( ! black jack oak2 b !y are n half z l>ge1 & are ?9 & delicate1 :ile ! black jack's leaf is ?ick & lea!ry4 ,! range ( wat] oak beg9s 9 ,delaw>e & foll[s ! ,atlantic coa/al pla9 s\? to c5tral ,florida1 & ?r\gh ! ,gulf ,/ates to ,texas4 ,x gr[s z f> nor? z ,k5tucky & ,miss\ri4 ,x keeps cle> ( ! ,appala*ian m\nta9 region1 & o!r hilly di/ricts4 ,x is pl5tiful 9 "s p>ts ( its range1 & trunks ?ree feet 9 diamet] & long en\gh = two or ?ree logs are n unusual1 yet l>ge numb]s ( wat] oaks may be se5 9 ! ,s\? :i* are n fit = sawlogs because !y /& 9 op5 gr\nd & are limby d[n to t5 feet ( ! gr\nd4 ,_m h be5 plant$ = %ade trees 9 /reets & 9 p>ks1 & are ju/ly admir$4 ,!y gr[ rapidly & are extremely graceful4 ,_! leaves are decidu\s1 b adh]e to ! bran*es mo/ ( ! ye>4 ,s\? ( ! belt ( sev]e fro/1 ! old leaves frequ5tly hang until ! buds = ! new crop are op5+4 ,! acorns are bitt]1 & ev5 ! s\!rn p9e hog passes !m by until ! p9* ( fam9e edges up 8 appetite4 ,wat] oak possesses value z a s\rce ( lumb]1 b x belongs ) ! l>ge class ( oaks :i* lose _! names & _! id5tity :5 !y pass ! ?re%old ( ! sawmill4 ,!y come out r$ oak4 ,only 9 r>e in/ances is wat] oak call$ by its own "n 9 ! factory & lumb] y>d4 ,wagon mak]s employ x = bol/]s1 axles1 spokes1 tongues1 s&bo>ds1 h\nds1 felloes & rea*es4 ,entire dump c>ts1 except ! iron1 are con/ruct$ ( ?is wood4 ,furniture manufactur]s use x z frame mat]ial1 b seldom z ! outside visible p>ts1 ?\gh no reason = n do+ s is (f]$4 ,objection is made to its season+ qualities1 b ! same objection applies to mo/ r$ oaks4 ,a consid]able am\nt ( wat] oak is cut 9 ! ,s\? into ?ick planks = bridge floors4 ,x is /rong & h>d1 & satisfactorily resi/s decay 9 t place2 ?\gh1 9 common ) ! black oaks g5]ally1 x is liable to decay :5 expos$ to dampness4 ,! wood weighs a little less ?an :ite oak1 & is n q z /rong or z /iff4 ,x is por\s1 b ! pores are small1 except "o or two r[s 9 ! spr+wood4 ,! m$ull>y rays are ?9 & n num]\s1 b !y are conspicu\s1 & ! wood may be successfully qu>t]-saw$4 ,! lumb] has ! appe>ance ( r$ oak1 ?\gh ! r$di% color is n s pron\nc$4 ,,b>tram ,,oak 7,qu]cus het]ophylla74 ,?is int]e/+ b comm]cially unimportant oak 0 nam$ by ,mi*aux f a s+le tree f\nd 9 a field belong+ to ,john ,b>tram ne> ,philadelphia m ?an a c5tury ago4 ,a few trees h s9ce be5 f\nd 9 widely scatt]$ di/ricts z f> s\? z ,nor? ,c>ol9a & z f> we/ z ,texas4 ,botani/s believe x is a hybrid1 "o p>5t be+ ! will[ oak 7,qu]cus phellos7 & ! o!r yell[ oak 7,qu]cus velut9a74 ,x is probable t "h may be witness$ ! orig9 ( a tree species4 ,! leaves seem to be a compromise betwe5 ! deeply cut foliage ( yell[ oak & ! entire leaf ( will[ oak4 ,! new species is s sc>ce t few p h ev] se5 x4 ,illu/ration ,,r$ ,,gum ,illu/ration3 ,,r$ ,,gum ,,r$ ,,gum 7,liquidamb> ,/yraciflua7 ,?is tree does n belong to ! same gr\p z black gum & tupelo1 :i* are 9 ! dogwood family1 :ile r$ gum is ( ! wit* hazel family4 ,if a tree is to be judg$ & nam$ by its "*1 r$ gum is m entitl$ to ! "n 8gum0 ?an any o!r tree ( ?is c\ntry1 because x exudes a yell[ res9 f w\nds 9 ! b>k4 ,! botanical "n recognizes t fact4 ,/orax is procur$ f a closely relat$ tree is ,asia1 & has be5 kn[n 9 comm]ce = _m c5turies4 ,! o!r popul> names ( r$ gum are sweet gum1 liquid-amb] gum1 gum tree1 alligator wood1 bil/$1 />leav$ gum1 & sat9 walnut4 ,! la/ "n orig9at$ 9 ,engl& :]e x 0 desirable to avoid ! "n gum :5 appli$ to ! wood ( ?is tree4 ,?\gh botanically x is ab\t z di/antly relat$ to walnut z any tree c be1 ! figure ( ! wood (t5 sugge/s walnut4 ,! "n sweet gum ref]s to ! pleasant odor ( ! res9 :i* is sometimes us$ 9 ,france1 & probably else:]e1 to p]fume gloves4 ,alligator wood is descriptive ( w>ty excresc5ces on ! b>k ( "s trees1 b !y are n common to all4 ,/>leav$ gum relates to ! leaf4 ,x is a lopsid$ />--a six po9t /> ) "o po9t miss+4 ,?is tree's range 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ext5ds f ,connecticut to ,texas & z f> nor?we/ ( ! ,alleghanies z ,miss\ri & ,ill9ois4 ,x rea*es its greate/ size 9 ! l[] ,mississippi valley 9 ri* bottom l& :i* is subject to repeat$ inundation4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 z purely a swamp tree z tupelo & cypress4 ,x gr[s well on l& :i* is nev] inundat$1 b x ne$s pl5ty ( moi/ure4 ,! l>ge/ specim5s exce$ a height ( #abj feet & a diamet] ( f\r2 b logs f eighte5 in*es to ?ree feet are ! usual sizes4 ,! tree's range ext5ds s\?w>d ?r\gh ,mexico into ,c5tral ,am]ica4 ,! rise ( r$ gum lumb] into prom95ce =ms an int]e/+ *apt] 9 ! indu/ry4 ,x 0 =m]ly consid]$ s difficult to season t few mills c>$ to deal ) x1 b t difficulty has be5 l>gely ov]come4 ,9 ! pa/1 gum1 hav+ no m>ket value1 0 left /&+ aft] logg+2 or1 :]e ! l& 0 cle>$ = f>m+1 0 girdl$ & all[$ to rot1 & !n fell$ & burn$4 ,n only 7 ! trees a total loss to ! f>m]1 b1 f _! great size & ! labor requir$ to h&le !m1 !y 7 s s]i\s an ob/ruction z (t5 to preclude ! cle>+ ( valuable l&4 ,n[ t !re is a m>ket = ! timb]1 x is pr(itable to cut gum ) o!r h>dwoods1 & l& c be cle>$ m *eaply4 ,?is increase 9 ! value ( gum timb] w be ( great b5efit to ! ,s\? 9 _m ways4 ,?r\gh\t its entire life r$ gum is intol]ant ( %ade4 ,z a rule se$l+s appe> only 9 cle>+s or 9 op5 spots 9 ! =e/4 ,x is seldom t an ov]topp$ tree is f\nd1 = ! gum dies quickly if suppress$1 & is consequ5tly ne>ly always a dom9ant or int]m$iate tree4 ,9 a h>dwood bottom =e/1 ! timb] trees are all ( ne>ly ! same age ov] consid]able areas1 & !re is little "y gr[? to be f\nd 9 ! old] /&s4 ,! reason = ?is is ! intol]ance ( mo/ ( ! swamp species4 ,r$ gum reproduces bo? by se$ & by spr\ts1 fairly abundantly e ye>1 b ab\t once 9 ?ree ye>s !re is a heavy production4 ,9 ! ,mississippi valley ! ab&on$ fields on :i* "y /&s ( r$ gum h sprung up are1 = ! mo/ "p1 be+ rapidly cle>$ aga94 ,! second gr[? "h is consid]$ ( little wor? 9 comp>ison ) ! value ( ! l& = agricultural purposes4 ,a l>ge am\nt ( r$ gum gr[+ 9 ! ,s\? c be economically transport$ f ! =e/s to ! mills only by means ( ! /reams1 ow+ to ! exp5se ( putt+ 9 railroads solely = h&l+ ! timb]4 ,gre5 r$ gum1 h[ev]1 is s heavy t x sc>cely floats &1 to ov]come ?is difficulty1 v>i\s me?ods ( driv+ out ! sap be=e ! logs are ?r[n into ! riv] h be5 tri$4 ,"o me?od is to girdle ! trees & leave !m /&+ a ye>4 ,t p>tly seasons !m1 b does n give "t = ! sapwood to decay4 ,! logs f su* trees float readily1 & ! swamps & /reams are utiliz$ to c>ry ! logs to ! mills4 ,"s ye>s ago t me?od ( season+ r$ gum 0 ext5sively adv]tis$ 9 ,engl& by contractors :o sold pav+ blocks ( ?is wood4 ,x 0 claim$ t ! common defects ( r$ gum 7 ?us ov]come4 ,l>ge sales ( pav+ mat]ial 7 made1 p>ticul>ly 9 ,london1 & r$ gum 0 popul> = a "t1 b x f9ally lo/ its hold z a pav+ wood 9 competition ) c]ta9 ,au/ralian woods4 ,! !ory t by girdl+ a tree & all[+ x to die1 ! am\nt ( he>twood w be increas$ has be5 ab&on$4 ,9 select+ trees = cutt+1 ^? ) doty tops1 rott5 /umps1 & heavy b>k1 indications ( an old tree :i* conta9s a v small proportion ( sapwood1 are n[ *os54 ,^! are f\nd ma9ly 9 ! dri] localities4 ,9 l[1 wet places ! trees h m sapwood & are small]4 ,! he>twood =ms :ile ! tree is liv+1 n aft] x dies4 ,! rapidity ) :i* r$ gum has come into use 9 ?is c\ntry & else:]e is ! be/ evid5ce ( ! wood's real value4 ,its range ( uses ext5ds f ! mo/ common articles1 su* z boxes & crates1 to ^? ( highe/ class1 l furniture & int]ior f9i%4 ,x is only mod]ately /rong & /iff1 & is n a competitor ( hickory1 a%1 maple1 & oak 9 vehicle manufactur+ & o!r l9es :]e /r5g? or ela/icity is dem&$2 b 9 ne>ly all o!r classes ( wood uses1 r$ gum has made itself a place4 ,x has pu%$ to ! front 9 spite ( prejudice4 ,z soon z ! difficulties ( season+ 7 ma/]$1 its victory 0 won4 ,its annual use 9 ,mi*igan1 ! home & c5t] ( h>dwood supply1 exce$s #bj1jjj1jjj feet 9 manufactur$ articles1 exclusive ( :at is employ$ 9 r\gh =m4 ,9 ,ill9ois1 ! mo/ ext5sive wood-manufactur+ /ate 9 ! ,union1 r$ gum /&s second 9 am\nt among ! h>dwoods1 ! only "o above x be+ :ite oak4 ,9 ,k5tucky1 only :ite oak & hickory are m important among ! factory woods1 :ile 9 ,arkansas1 :]e ! annual am\nt ( ?is wood 9 factories exce$s #ajj1jjj1jjj feet1 x heads ! li/ ( h>dwoods4 ,z a v5e] mat]ial1 x is dem&$ 9 f\r times ! quantity ( any o!r species4 ,! v5e] is ne>ly all rot>y cut1 & x goes into *eap & exp5sive commodities1 f b]ry crates to pianos4 ,! wood weighs #cf4hc p\nds p] cubic foot4 ,x is /raight-gra9$1 ! m$ull>y rays are num]\s b n prom95t1 ! pores diffuse b small1 & ! summ]wood =ms only a n>r[ b&1 l a l9e4 ,! annual r+s d n produce mu* figure1 b wood has ano!r k9d ( figure1 ! k9d t *>act]izes ,engli% & ,circassian walnuts1 smoky1 cl\dy1 %ad$ s]ies ( r+s1 indep5d5t ( ! gr[? r+s4 ,!y h no def9ite wid? or con/ant color1 b ! color is usually deep] ?an ! body ( ! wood4 ,?is figure is "o ( ! mo/ priz$ prop]ties ( r$ gum4 ,x is t :i* makes ! wood ! close/ kn[n imitator ( ,circassian walnut4 ,all r$ gum is n figur$1 & t :i* is figur$ may be work$ 9 a way to conceal or make little use ( ! figure4 ,x %[s be/ 9 rot>y cut v5e] & tang5tially saw$ lumb]4 ,v>i\s woods are imitat$ ) r$ gum4 ,x is /a9$ or pa9t$ to look l oak1 *]ry1 mahogany1 & ev5 maple4 ,"s trees h ?9 sapwood1 & o!rs are all sapwood4 ,?is peculi>ity sometimes leads to misund]/&+s 9 lumb] transactions4 ,a buy] specifies r$ gum1 expect+ to get r$ he>twood1 b ! sell] deliv]s lumb] cut f ! r$ gum tree1 ?\gh light color$ sapwood may pr$om9ate4 ,prop]ly speak+1 ! "n is appli$ to ! tree z a :ole & does n ref] to any p>ticul> color ( wood 9 ! tree4 ,! t]m 8r$0 is said to h ref]r$ orig9ally to ! color ( autumn leaves1 & n to ! wood4 ,! fruit ( r$ gum is a bur1 midway 9 appe>ance & size betwe5 ! sycamore ball & ! *e/nut bur4 ,x hangs on ! tree until late 9 w9t]4 ,! res9 :i* exudes f w\nds 9 ! b>k is ( mu* comm]cial importance & is %ipp$ f ,new ,orleans & ,mexican ports4 ,ne> ! nor!rn limit ( ! species' range ! trees yield little res91 b x is abundant f>!r s\?4 ,9 ! s\!rn /ates x is us$ locally z *ew+ gum4 ,x is kn[n comm]cially z copalm balm4 ,,wit* ,,hazel 7,hamamelis virg9iana7 is a c\s9 to r$ gum1 b !re is small resemblance4 ,x is kn[n z w9t] bloom1 snapp+ hazel1 & spott$ ald]4 ,its range ext5ds f ,nova ,scotia to ,nebraska1 ,texas1 & ,florida4 ,x rea*es its l>ge/ size among ! s\!rn ,appala*ian m\nta9s :]e ! extreme height is sometimes =ty feet1 ) a diamet] ( eighte5 in*es2 b few p h ev] se5 a wit* hazel t l>ge4 ,x is usually fifte5 or tw5ty feet high & ?ree or f\r in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! wood is mu* l t ( r$ gum1 be+ diffuse-por\s ) obscure m$ull>y rays1 & a ?9 l9e ( summ]wood4 ,x is ( little comm]cial use2 9 fact1 no report has be5 f\nd t a s+le foot ( x has ev] be5 us$ = any purpose4 ,yet x is a mo/ int]e/+ little tree4 ,x blooms 9 ! fall1 sometimes z late z ! middle ( ,novemb]4 ,its ru/y summ] foliage turns yell[ 9 autumn1 & z ! leaves beg9 to fall1 ! tree bur/s into delicately-sc5t$ gold5 fl[]s1 ! mo/ visible "p ( ea* consi/+ ( f\r petals :i* float out l /ream]s4 ,at ! same "t t fl[]s are sc5t+ ! air1 ! se$s are dis*>g+4 ,a full ye> is requir$ to rip5 !m2 & :5 dry1 cold wea!r comes1 ! contraction ( _! envelopes %oots !m ) suffici5t =ce to s5d !m fifte5 or tw5ty feet4 ,!y dep5d on nei!r w+s1 birds1 nor squirrels to scatt] !m4 ,! orig9 ( ! "n wit* hazel is disput$2 b ! p]son :o exam9es ! op5-topp$ button :i* holds ! black se$s1 & notes ! fanta/ic resemblance to a weas5 face1 w feel satisfi$ t he c guess ! orig9 ( ! "n4 ,! tree's b>k is us$ = m$ic9e1 9 extracts & g>gles4 ,illu/ration ,,black ,,gum ,illu/ration3 ,,black ,,gum ,,black ,,gum 7,nyssa ,sylvatica7 ,black gum gr[s f ! ,k5nebec riv] 9 ,ma9e to ,tampa bay1 ,florida2 we/w>d to s\!rn ,ont>io & s\!rn ,mi*igan2 ,s\?w>d ?r\gh ,miss\ri1 z f> z ! ,brazos riv] 9 ,texas4 ,! names by :i* x is kn[n 9 diff]5t regions are black gum1 s\r gum1 tupelo1 pepp]idge1 wild pe> tree1 gum1 & yell[ gum4 ,! leaves ( black gum are simple & alt]nate2 n s]rate4 ,!y are atta*$ by v %ort petioles1 :i* are fuzzy :5 "y2 !y are a ri*1 brilliant gre5 above & light] bel[2 r ?ick1 ) prom95t midrib4 ,z e>ly z ! latt] "p ( ,augu/ ! leaves comm5ce to turn a gorge\s r$4 ,! fl[]s are gre5i% & inconspicu\s1 gr[+ 9 ?ick clu/]s1 ! /am9ate ones small & pl5tiful1 ! pi/illate ones l>g]4 ,!y bloom 9 ,april1 ,may or ,june4 ,! fruit ( black gum is a drupe ab\t "o & a half in*es long2 inside ( x is a r\gh1 oval pit2 ! pulp is acrid until mell[$ by fro/4 ,! bad "n giv5 to black gum by e>ly settl]s ( ?is c\ntry has /ay$ ) x1 ?\gh ! faults f\nd ) x !n1 %\ld hold no long]4 ,! pione]s 7 ne>ly all cle>]s ( f>ms4 ,!y w5t into ! woods ) ax1 maul1 mattock1 w$ges & gluts1 & made fields & f5c$ !m4 ,! f5c+ 0 z important z ! cle>+1 = ! woods 7 alive ) hogs1 cattle1 & horses1 & ! crop 0 safe n[h]e except beh9d an eight-rail /ak$ & rid]$ f5ce4 ,! f>m] maul$ ! rails f timb] :i* he cut 9 ! cle>+1 & !re x 0 t he & black gum got acqua9t$4 ,! oak1 *e/nut1 walnut1 *]ry1 yell[ popl>1 & r$ c$> 7 split into rails & built into f5ces2 b black gum nev] made a f5ce rail4 ,no comb9ation ( maul1 w$ge1 glut1 det]m9ation1 & elb[ grease ev] split a black gum log )9 ! bord]s ( ! ,am]ican cont95t4 ,an iron w$ge1 driv5 to its head 9 ! end ( a rail cut1 w n op5 a crack l>ge en\gh to ins]t ! po9t ( a pocket knife4 ,9 fact1 x is z easy to split ! log crosswise z endwise4 ,consequ5tly1 ! e>ly f>m]s heap$ _! ana!mas & m>ana?as on black gum & pass$ x by4 ,nev]!less1 ! tree _h its virtues ev5 9 ! eyes ( ! rail-splitt]s2 =1 ?\gh x 0 unw$geable1 x help$ along ! f5ce rail indu/ry 9 a v sub/antial way by furni%+ ! mat]ial ( :i* mauls 7 made4 ,x drove ! w$ges & gluts :i* op5$ o!r timb]s4 ,ab\t ! only maul t w\ld beat out m rails ?an "o ( black gum 0 t made ( a *e/nut oak knot4 ,! oak beetle's only advantage ov] gum 0 t x 0 h>d] & wore long]4 ,s involv$ & int]lac$ are ! fib]s ( black gum1 t !y cross "o ano!r n only at "r angles1 b at e conceivable angle4 ,?is c be se5 9 exam9+ v ?9 pieces ) a magnify+ glass4 ,! wood is n h>d1 b is mod]ately /rong1 & /iff4 ,x has be5 comp>$ ) hickory1 b x is s inf]ior 9 almo/ e ess5tial t no comp>ison is ju/ifi$4 ,black gum weighs #ci4fa p\nds p] cubic foot4 ,x is v por\s1 b ! pores are too small to be se5 by ! nak$ eye1 & are diffus$ ?r\gh ! wood & =m no di/9ct l9es or gr\ps4 ,! summ]wood is a ?9 d>k l9e1 n prom95t en\gh to cle>ly delimit ! ye>ly r+s ( gr[?4 ,! m$ull>y rays are num]\s1 b v ?94 ,9 qu>t]-saw$ wood !y produce a lu/]1 b ! individual rays are practically invisible4 ,! wood is n durable 9 contact ) ! soil4 ,! /&+ tree is apt to fall a victim to ! ag5cies ( decay4 ,holl[ trunks1 m]e %ells1 are n uncommon4 ,! entire he>twood is liable to fall away4 ,! pione]s cut ^! holl[ trees1 & saw+ !m 9 l5g?s ( ab\t two feet1 made beehives ( !m4 ,!y call$ !m gums because !y 7 cut f gum trees4 ,l>g] sizes1 us$ 9 place ( b>rels1 7 also call$ gums1 b ^! 7 usually made f sycamores4 ,! black gum is n usually l>ge4 ,individuals h be5 measur$ t 7 five feet 9 diamet] & m ?an a hundr$ 9 height1 b an av]age ( sixty feet high & two 9 diamet] is probably too mu*1 except 9 ! s\!rn ,appala*ian m\nta9s :]e ! species atta9s its l>ge/ size4 ,x is a tree :i* w always be easily recogniz$ aft] x has be5 se5 & id5tifi$ once4 ,its g5]al outl9e1 p>ticul>ly :5 leaves are (f1 is diff]5t f o!r trees associat$ ) x4 ,x might possibly be mi/ak5 = p]simmon unless look$ at closely2 b !re are easily-recogniz$ po9ts ( diff]5ce4 ,its bran*es are v small1 sl5d]1 & %ort4 ,its b>k is r\gh] ?an t ( any o!r gum1 & is mu* d>k] 9 color4 ,x is ! b>k's color t gives ! tree its "n4 ,! leaves h smoo? edges4 ,9 ! fall !y *ange to gorge\s r$1 & "o ( _! peculi>ities is t half a leaf may be r$ :ile ! o!r half rema9s gre54 ,t[>d ! end ( ! season1 ! gre5 disappe>s4 ,! d>k blue drupes rip5 9 ,octob]4 ,!y d n seem to be food = any liv+ creature4 ,sawmills include black gum ) tupelo 9 report+ lumb] cut1 & g5]ally call bo? ( !m gum )\t di/9ction4 ,! woods are q diff]5t1 & nei!r ! /&+ tree nor ! lumb] ( "o ne$ be mi/ak5 = ! o!r4 ,! range ( black gum is mu* m ext5sive ?an t ( tupelo4 ,gum lumb] cut nor? ( ! ,ohio & ,potomac riv]s may be safely class$ z black gum1 ?\gh a little ( bo? r$ & tupelo gum is f\nd nor? ( ^? /reams4 ,9 ! ,s\?1 ! species _c be sep>at$ by regions1 = all ! gums gr[ f ,texas to ,virg9ia4 ,! total annual output ( black gum is n kn[n1 b "s op]ators e/imate x at ab\t #bj1jjj1jjj feet a ye>1 or ne>ly "o-f\r? z mu* z tupelo4 ,! bulk ( black gum lumb] is us$ 9 ! r\gh1 = floors1 %ea?+1 frames1 & scaffolds2 b a consid]able portion is fur!r manufactur$4 ,! am\nts ?us us$ annually h be5 asc]ta9$ = a few /ates1 & furni% a basis = e/imates = ! :ole c\ntry3 ,mississippi1 #g1jjj feet2 ,m>yl&1 #he1jjj2 ,ill9ois1 #abj1jjj2 ,l\isiana1 #abj1jjj2 ,miss\ri1 #aij1jjj2 ,texas1 #cfj1jjj2 ,massa*usetts1 #dge1jjj2 ,alabama1 #dhf1jjj4 ,! uses are g5]al1 except t ! wood is n employ$ :]e attractive figure is requir$1 = black gum is z pla9 z cottonwood4 ,x is n displeas+ 9 its pla9ness1 = ! surface f9i%es nicely ) a s(t gloss :i*1 except t x lacks figure1 sugge/s ! sap ( r$ gum4 ,x is specially useful 9 situations :]e noncleavability is requir$4 ,black gum mallets = /one masons & woodwork]s are 9 ! m>ket4 ,m9e roll]s require a mu* l>g] am\nt4 ,! entire #he1jjj feet report$ 9 ,m>yl& 0 made into su* roll]s4 ,!y furni% ! be>+ = ! rope t hauls ! c> up ! incl9e out ( ! coal pit4 ,its t\ghness qualifies x = wagon hubs1 b x is sometimes object$ to because its s(tness causes ! mortises to we> l>g] :]e ! spokes are ins]t$1 & ! :eel does n /& z well z :5 ! hubs are ( good oak4 ,e>ly f>m]s & lumb]m5 pref]r$ black gum = ox yokes1 & "s are /ill se5 :]e ox5 are us$2 b _m o!r woods are z /rong & equally z s]viceable = yokes4 ,roll]s ( ?is wood = glass factories are common4 ,x is made into hatt]s' blocks :]e a wood is want$ :i*1 :5 ?or\ghly season$1 w hold its %ape4 ,x is less popul> = ?is purpose ?an yell[ popl>4 ,"o ( ! be/ places = black gum is 9 ! manufacture ( bor$ wat] pipe4 ,! wood's int]lac$ fib] prev5ts splitt+ "u ! int]nal /ress due to hydro/atic pressure4 ,! %ell ( su* pipes c be ?9n] ?an ) mo/ woods4 ,a drawback is f\nd 9 ! non-durable qualities ( black gum4 ,h[ev]1 ! int]nal pressure ( wat] keeps ! wood ?or\ghly saturat$1 & prolongs its life :5 us$ z pipes4 ,! mak]s ( fire>ms employ black gum z gun/ocks & pi/ol grips4 ,! wood is /a9$ to make x d>k]4 ,x is cut by ! rot>y process into *eap v5e] & is made into baskets & b]ry crates4 ,less tr\ble ) ! v5e]1 on acc\nt ( break+1 is exp]i5c$ ?an might be expect$ ( a wood s cross-gra9$4 ,x is saw$ into ?9 lumb] = boxes = %ipp+ c(fee & o!r groc]ies4 ,x is a sub/itute = cottonwood & yell[ popl> 9 ! manufacture ( c]ta9 l9es ( wood5w>e1 notably1 iron+ bo>ds1 roll+ p9s1 potato ma%]s1 & *opp+ b[ls4 ,x is made into int]ior f9i% = h\ses2 & furniture manufactur]s f9d _m places :]e x is a s]viceable mat]ial4 ,musical in/rum5t mak]s employ x1 p>ticul>ly z trusses = pianos1 & 9 frames ( pipe organs4 ,9 ,l\isiana x is conv]t$ into excelsior1 & 9 ,mississippi into broom h&les1 & p>ts ( agricultural implem5ts1 p>ticul>ly hopp]s & se$boxes4 ,all gums are h>d to season1 & ?is "o is no exception4 ,x *ecks badly1 b ! *ecks are usually v small4 ,illu/ration ,,tupelo ,illu/ration3 ,,tupelo ,,tupelo 7,nyssa ,aquatica7 ,tupelo is said to be an ,indian "n4 ,:ite m5 h appli$ x to ?ree species ( gum1 all ( ! same g5us1 namely1 black gum 7,nyssa sylvatica71 s\r tupelo 7,nyssa oge*e71 & tupelo 7,nyssa aquatica74 ,probably1 ! "n tupelo applies z well to "o z to ! o!r1 = x is said to ref] to ! drupe-l fruit2 b cu/om conf9es ! "n to ! species n[ "u consid]ation4 ,x is l>ge/ ( ! ?ree species1 mo/ abundant1 & mo/ important4 ,s\r gum is he>d 9 ,arkansas & ,miss\ri1 swamp tupelo 9 ,s\? ,c>ol9a & ,l\isiana1 cotton gum 9 ! two ,c>ol9as & ,florida1 wild olive tree 9 ,l\isiana1 & olive tree 9 ,mississippi4 ,! range ( tupelo ext5ds f ,virg9ia along ! coa/ to ,florida1 nor?w>d 9 ! ,mississippi valley to s\!rn ,ill9ois1 & we/w>d to ,arkansas & ,texas4 ,x pref]s swamps & atta9s l>ge/ size 9 l[ gr\nd :i* is subject to frequ5t ov]fl[4 ,! tree w /& 9 sev]al feet ( wat] ! great] "p ( ! ye> )\t injury4 ,x is closely associat$ ) cypress1 ! plan] tree1 & o!r species :i* gr[ 9 deep swamps4 ,tupelo has n figur$ mu* 9 tree lit]ature outside ! books ( botani/s4 ,travel]s & local writ]s h paid x little att5tion4 ,x has n be5 rem>kable = any?+ 9 ! pa/1 & has escap$ obs]vation to a l>ge ext5t because x gr[s 9 swamps & along bay\s1 remote f ! usual r\tes ( travel4 ,its fl[]s attract$ no att5tion1 its fruit 0 wor?less1 & ! e>ly settl]s did n put !mselves to tr\ble to procure ! wood = any purpose4 ,t 0 ! situation f ! e>ly settlem5t ( ! c\ntry :]e ?is species is f\nd up to a v rec5t p]iod :5 economic conditions began to br+ tupelo into notice4 ,x fir/ attract$ att5tion 9 ! m>kets z a sub/itute = yell[ popl>4 ,t 0 br\ght ab\t by an attempt to pass x z popl>4 ,! gr[+ sc>city ( t wood 9 ! region ab\t ,*esapeake bay l$ to ! trial ( tupelo4 ,x 0 sold z bay popl>1 & ! pur*as] 0 left to inf] t x 0 popl> cut 9 ! region tribut>y to ,*esapeake bay4 ,probably few buy]s 7 deceiv$1 b !y f\nd ! wood a fair sub/itute = ! yell[ popl> :i* !y _h be5 pur*as+ 9 ! ,baltimore & ,norfolk m>kets4 ,x is kn[n z bay popl> yet 9 _m localities4 ,x goes to ,engl& z su*4 ,"o ( its mo/ important uses 9 t c\ntry is z cas+ = electric wire fitt+s4 ,x has1 h[ev]1 _m o!r important uses 9 ,engl& & on ! cont95t4 ,x is claim$ t x may be /a9$ to imitate ,circassian walnut 9 ! manufacture ( furniture4 ,?is is possible1 b mo/ probably tupelo has be5 confus$ ) r$ gum :i* is a well-kn[n sub/itute = ,circassian walnut4 ,tupelo trees atta9 a height f sev5ty to a hundr$ feet1 & a diamet] ( two to f\r feet above ! swell$ base4 ,! g5]al appe>ance ( ! b>k sugge/s bo? yell[ popl> & r$ gum4 ,trees h a habit ( =k+ ne> ! tops4 ,! leaves are five or sev5 in*es long1 sometimes ) smoo? m>g9s1 & (t5 ) a few %>p po9ts4 ,fl[]s appe> 9 ,m>* & ,april1 & fruit rip5s e>ly 9 ,autumn4 ,x is a d>k purple1 t\gh-sk9n$ drupe1 ab\t an in* long4 ,! wood weighs #cb4cg p\nds p] cubic foot4 ,x is s(t1 & has ab\t ?ree-f\r?s ! /r5g? & little m ?an half ! /iffness ( :ite oak4 ,x is n well suit$ to places :]e /r5g? & rigidity are requir$4 ,! fib]s are int]wov51 mak+ ! wood difficult to split4 ,! he>t is br[n1 (t5 ne>ly :ite2 ! sapwood is v ?ick2 & ! annual r+s are n cle>ly def9$1 because ( ! simil>ity betwe5 ! spr+wood & summ]wood4 ,! pores are small b num]\s1 & are scatt]$ ev5ly ?r\gh ! :ole annual r+4 ,! wood ( roots diff]s f t ( ! trunk m ?an is usual ) h>dwoods4 ,x is v light1 & has be5 long employ$ 9 ! ,s\? z a sub/itute = cork z floats = fi% nets4 ,tupelo is (t5 logg$ ) cypress4 ,! two trees gr[ 9 close association 9 deep swamps4 ,! butt cuts ( tupelo are s heavy t !y float deep1 or ev5 g to ! bottom4 ,x 0 =m]ly cu/om>y1 & /ill is to "s ext5t1 to girdle trees ^: trunks 7 to be float$ to ! mills4 ,9 ! c\rse ( "o season ! /&+ trees dry suffici5tly = ! logs to float4 ,at o!r times1 trees are cut gre51 ! logs are skidd$ & all[$ to dry "s mon?s be=e !y are raft$ or float$ to ! mills4 ,! sapwood is liable to decay1 ev5 9 ! brief p]iod :ile ! logs are on ! skids4 ,! wood may be protect$ aga9/ decay to "s ext5t by sme>+ ! ends ( ! logs ) t> or "s o!r sub/ance :i* prev5ts ! spores ( decay-produc+ fungus f ent]+4 ,! season+ ( tupelo 0 =m]ly a problem exce$+ly vexati\s to ! lumb]man4 ,! wood is full ( wat]1 & w>p+ 0 "o ( ! tr\bles :i* 0 con/antly enc\nt]$4 ,f9ally exp]i5ce ga9$ ! ma/]y1 & season+ tr\bles are few] n[4 ,%r9kage ( f\r or five p] c5t is n unusual 9 pass+ lumb] f ! gre5 to dry /ate4 ,tupelo is l hickory 9 "o respect--factories use m wood ?an ! sawmills cut4 ,! %ops & manufactur+ plants ( t5 /ates use z mu* tupelo z is cut by all ! sawmills 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,^! /ates are ,alabama1 ,arkansas1 ,ill9ois1 ,l\isiana1 ,m>yl&1 ,mi*igan1 ,mississippi1 ,miss\ri1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 & ,texas4 ,! reason = factory use exce$+ ! sawmill cut is t mu* rea*es factories1 9 ! =m ( v5e]1 :i* does n pass ?r\gh a sawmill4 ,! lumb] output ( mo/ ( ! timb] trees ( ?is c\ntry is f "o-?ird to "o-half great] ?an ! factory use4 ,! diff]5ce repres5ts ! r\gh lumb] us$1 & :i* nev] goes to a factory4 ,tupelo lately ent]$ ! g5]al m>ket1 b ! ye>ly dem& n[ exce$s #ajj1jjj1jjj feet4 ,its uses range f boxes & *eap h&les to int]ior f9i% & mat]ial = musical in/rum5ts4 ,x is p>ticul>ly lik$ = conta9]s = b]ries & small fruits1 on _! way to m>ket4 ,its :it5ess & clean appe>ance fit x = t use4 ,high] grades ( %ipp+ boxes are also made4 ,:olesale groc]s ord] l>gely ( ?is wood = spice1 c(fee1 & tea boxes4 ,^! commodities are exact+ 9 _! requirem5ts because _! odor1 :i* is (t5 reg>d$ z ! crit]ion ( _! value1 mu/ n be impair$4 ,a wood ) an odor ( its own is imm$iately rul$ out4 ,cig> box mak]s use tupelo1 sometimes z ?9 lumb] = ! :ole box1 b usually z back+ ov] :i* to lay a ?9 v5e] ( ,spani% c$>4 ,plug tobacco boxes are also made ( tupelo4 ,9 ,ill9ois & ,mi*igan tupelo is li/$ among woods manufactur$ into pianos1 organs1 m&ol9s1 & guit>s4 ,9 ,m>yl& !y make sc[s & b>ges ( x4 ,9 ,arkansas & ,l\isiana x is work$ into excelsior & slack coop]age /ock4 ,x is a favorite wood 9 ,mississippi = pumplogs & broom h&les4 ,its lead+ report$ use 9 ,texas is = por* columns4 ,9 ,miss\ri x is manufactur$ into laundry appliances1 su* z wa%bo>ds1 clo!s racks1 & iron+ bo>ds4 ,9 ne>ly all manufactur+ c5t]s ( ! c\ntry x is made into furniture & int]ior f9i%4 ,x is frequ5tly sub/itut$ = yell[ popl> 9 panels1 n only 9 furniture & cab9et "w1 b 9 c>riage bodies4 ,! supply ( tupelo 9 s\!rn =e/s is fairly l>ge1 & w meet dem& = "s ye>s1 b x is a tree ( sl[ gr[?1 & :5 pres5t /&s are cut1 a new supply w probably nev] come4 ,,s\r ,,tupelo 7,nyssa oge*e7 appe>s to be ! only memb] ( ! gum gr\p ^: fruit is ( any value to man1 & x is n v important4 ,! l>ge1 dull r$ drupes rip5 9 ,july & ,augu/1 & sometimes hang on ! trees until late fall1 all[+ ample "t = ga!r+ !m4 ,!y are v s\r1 = :i* reason ! tree is call$ s\r gum4 ,! fruit is put ?r\gh a pickl+ process :i* r5d]s x palatable & x is n an infrequ5t article on s\!rn pantry %elves4 ,! range ( ! tree is conf9$ to ! region ne> ! coa/ f ! s\!rn bord] ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 ?r\gh ! ,ogee*ee riv] valley 9 ,georgia1 to nor!rn & we/]n ,florida4 ,! botanical "n ref]s to ! riv] along ^: c\rse ! trees are mo/ abundant4 ,local names are goph] plum1 ,ogee*ee lime1 & wild lime4 ,! tree is sixty or sev5ty feet high1 "o or two 9 diamet]1 & is (t5 divid$ 9 sev]al /ems4 ,its wood is lighte/ ( ! gums1 weigh+ only #bh4ge p\nds p] cubic foot4 ,x is diffuse-por\s1 & ! spr+wood is sc>cely di/+ui%able f ! summ]wood4 ,! annual r+s ( gr[? are indi/9ct1 & ! m$ull>y rays are ?9 & inconspicu\s4 ,! wood is weak1 s(t1 t\gh1 & :ite1 & little diff]5ce is app>5t betwe5 he>t & sapwood4 ,! fl[]s are ri* 9 honey & are valuable to bee keep]s4 ,x appe>s t no reports exi/ ( ! use ( ?is wood = any purpose4 ,x is n abundant any:]e4 ,,wat] ,,gum 7,nyssa biflora7 is a memb] ( ! gum gr\p1 & is ( small importance4 ,trees above ?irty feet high are unusual1 & ! trunk is ( poor =m1 ow+ to its greatly enl>g$ base4 ,?is gum is f\nd on ! m>g9s ( small ponds 9 ! p9e b>r5s f ,nor? ,c>ol9a to ! ,gulf coa/4 ,! leaves turn purple & r$ 9 ! fall1 & are !n conspicu\s objects4 ,! fruit is a blue drupe ab\t a ?ird ( an in* long4 ,! wood is light1 t\gh1 & difficult to split4 ,illu/ration ,,black ,,walnut ,illu/ration3 ,,black ,,walnut ,,black ,,walnut 7,juglans ,nigra7 ,?is tree has few names4 ,x is call$ walnut1 black walnut1 & walnut-tree4 ,! color ( ! wood & b>k is responsible = ! ^w black 9 ! "n1 ?\gh "s p use ! adjective to di/+ui% ! tree f butt]nut :i* is (t5 kn[n z :ite walnut4 ,! natural range ( black walnut cov]s #fjj1jjj or #gjj1jjj squ>e miles1 & x has be5 ext5d$ by plant+4 ,its nor!rn limit /ret*es f ,new ,york to ,m9nesota1 its s\!rn f ,florida to ,texas4 ,x is difficult to say :]e ! species f\nd its highe/ developm5t 9 ! primeval =e/s1 = v l>ge trees 7 report$ 9 ,new ,york1 among ! s\!rn ,appala*ian m\nta9s1 9 ! ,ohio valley1 & beyond ! ,mississippi 9 ,arkansas1 ,oklahoma1 ,miss\ri1 & ,kansas4 ,! wood cut 9 ,ohio & ,indiana has be5 ( great] comm]cial importance ?an t f any o!r portion ( its range1 b t has be5 due1 9 "p1 to ! fact t x came into m>ket be=e ! be/ ( ! =e/ gr[? _h be5 de/roy$ 9 ^? /ates1 & in/ead ( burn+ x or maul+ x into rails1 z ea/]n f>m]s did 9 e>ly times1 ! f>m]s ( ! ,ohio valley sold _! walnut4 ,e>ly 9 ! hi/ory ( black walnut lumb]+1 ,indiana & ,ohio came to ! front z ! mo/ important s\rces ( supply1 & !y /ill hold t position1 not)/&+ ! orig9al =e/s ( ^? /ates 7 suppos$ to be ne>ly exhau/$ long ago4 ,! /ates cutt+ mo/ black walnut 9 #aiaj1 9 ! ord] nam$1 7 ,ohio1 ,indiana1 ,ill9ois1 ,k5tucky1 ,t5nessee1 ,miss\ri1 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,virg9ia1 ,p5nsylvania1 & ,i[a4 ,dur+ ! p]iod f #ahfj to #ahhj black walnut 0 9 mu* dem& = furniture1 & ! l>ge/ ye>ly cut 0 #abe1jjj1jjj feet4 ,x 0 dur+ t p]iod ( tw5ty ye>s t op]ators pu%$ into all ( ! out-(-!-way places 9 se>* ( ! timb]4 ,logs 7 haul$ on wagons long di/ances to br+ !m out ( remote valleys & slopes :]e no timb] buy] _h ev] gone be=e4 ,! walnut buy]s made su* a ?or\gh canvas ( ! c\ntry t x 0 g5]ally suppos$ no m]*antable tree f ,kansas to ,virg9ia w\ld escape4 ,_m a doory>d giant ^: wide bran*es _h %ad$ ! family ro( = g5]ations1 fell be=e ! ax ( ! contractor :o 0 will+ to pay fifty doll>s = a s+le trunk1 ?\gh x might be tw5ty miles f ! ne>e/ railroad or navigable /ream4 ,9 spite ( ! ?or\ghness ( ! se>*1 _m a walnut tree 0 sp>$4 ,logs h be5 go+ to m>ket ev] s9ce1 & /ill !y g4 ,!y w cont9ue to g = ye>s1 g5]ations1 & c5turies2 = walnut trees gr[ ) rapidity4 ,! trunk's value increases ) age4 ,! d>k color$ he>twood only is m]*antable1 & "y trees h little he>twood4 ,! ?ick1 :ite sap con/itutes mo/ ( ! trunk until long aft] ! tree has rea*$ small sawlog size4 ,!n ! trans=mation to ! d>k1 valuable he>twood goes on ) fair rapidity1 & ! out] %ell ( sapwood becomes ?9n] z ! he>t increases1 & 9 "t a trunk is produc$ :i* is fit = good logs4 ,value comes only ) age4 ,! qu>t] or half a c5tury :i* has pass$ s9ce ! c\ntry 0 s dilig5tly ransack$ = m]*antable walnut1 has be5 suffici5t to develop _m a tree :i* 0 !n reject$ by ! pur*as]s4 ,_m a tree n[ a foot 9 diamet] _h sc>cely spr\t$ !n4 ,9 a region ( #gjj1jjj squ>e miles1 walnut trees d n ne$ to gr[ v close toge!r to produce a ye>ly cut ( #cj1jjj1jjj or #dj1jjj1jjj feet4 ,black walnut is valuable = its color1 figure1 & ! f9e poli% x takes4 ,x is /rong] ?an :ite oak1 weight = weight1 b x is eight p\nds light] p] cubic foot4 ,! figure ( ! wood is due :olly to ! annual r+s1 z its m$ull>y rays are invisible to ! nak$ eye4 ,! wood is v por\s1 & ! pores are diffus$ 9 all p>ts ( ! annual r+s1 except 9 ! ?91 p5cil-l m>k repres5t+ ! outw>d b\nd>y ( ! summ]wood4 ,:5 sapwood *anges to he>twood1 "s ( ! pores disappe>1 b ^? :i* rema9 are abundantly suffici5t to absorb any /a9s or fill]s :i* ! wood f9i%] may wi% to apply4 ,! annual sawmill cut ( black walnut 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is f #ce1jjj1jjj to #dj1jjj1jjj feet1 b mu* goes to =eign c\ntries 9 ! log1 & a consid]able quantity goes to v5e] mills--ab\t #b1ejj1jjj feet a ye>--& a quantity f9ds its way to v>i\s factories :]e x is work$ up )\t any /ati/ical record be+ made ( x4 ,black walnut is nev] us$ z r\gh lumb]4 ,x all goes to factories ( "s k9d to be conv]t$ into f9i%$ commodities4 ,x is n possible to say :]e x all goes1 = /ati/ics ( manufacture are fragm5t>y 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,x may be ( int]e/ to "k t dem& = walnut by factories 9 ! foll[+ /ates 0 #aa1fda1acg feet 9 #aiaj3 ,alabama1 ,arkansas1 ,ill9ois1 ,k5tucky1 ,m>yl&1 ,massa*usetts1 ,miss\ri1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 & ,texas4 ,! wood s]v$ s _m purposes t a li/ ( !m w\ld be monoton\s4 ,9 ,ill9ois ! l>ge/ us]s are ! sew+ ma*9e & ! musical in/rum5t indu/ries2 9 ,mi*igan ! mak]s ( automobiles & ( musical in/rum5ts2 9 ,k5tucky ! manufactur]s ( c(f9s1 furniture1 & musical in/rum5ts2 9 ,massa*usetts1 ! mak]s ( furniture & ( fire>ms4 ,^! uses probably af=d a fairly accurate index = ! :ole c\ntry4 ,dur+ ! ,civil w> ! l>ge/ dem& = walnut came f gun/ock mak]s4 ,d\btless ! l>ge/ use f #ahfe to #ahhe 0 = furniture4 ,mu* ( ! be/ black walnut is export$4 ,! logs are flatt5$ on ! f\r sides to make !m fit bett] 9 %ips & c>s1 & also to be rid ( mo/ ( ! sapwood :i* is valueless4 ,! ends are pa9t$ ) r$ lead or "s o!r sub/ance to less5 liability to *eck4 ,sometimes export walnut is saw$ 9 ?ick planks4 ,l>ge quantities ( old-"t walnut furniture h be5 resurrect$ 9 rec5t ye>s f gran>y & g>ret :]e x 0 /or$ long ago to h x out ( ! way4 ,"s ( ! old b$s1 l\nges1 cupbo>ds1 & *airs 7 ( heavy1 solid walnut1 ! k9d n made n[4 ,"s ( x has be5 furbi%$1 re-uphol/]$1 & set among ! heirlooms2 o!r pieces h be5 sold to furniture mak]s :o saw ! solid wood 9 v5e]s1 & use x aga94 ,! se>* = old walnut did n /op ) dragg+ antique furniture f cubbyholes & attics1 b two-in* lumb] has be5 pull$ f floors ( old b>ns1 & mills4 ,_m old f5ce rails 7 made into gun /ocks dur+ ! ,civil w>4 ,lat]1 walnut /umps 7 pull$ f field & wayside1 & w5t to v5e] mills4 ,"s f9ely figur$ wood comes f /umps :]e roots & trunk jo94 ,an occasional walnut tree develops a l>ge burl :i* is valu$ = its figur$ wood4 ,sometimes ! burl is ! =m ( a door knob1 ) ! tree trunk gr[+ ?r\gh ! c5t]4 ,! burl sometimes has a diamet] ?ree or f\r times z great z ! trunk4 ,! orig9 ( su* burls is suppos$ to be a mass ( buds :i* fail to break ?r\gh ! b>k4 ,black walnut has a comp\nd leaf f "o to two feet long1 ) f fifte5 to tw5ty-?ree leaflets1 ea* ab\t ?ree in*es long & an in* or two wide4 ,! nuts rip5 9 ! fall1 & are valuable4 ,!y are borne *iefly by trees gr[+ 9 op5 gr\nd2 =e/ trees d n be> until old1 & !n only a few nuts4 ,! walnuts :i* g]m9ate are usually ^? buri$ by squirrels1 & =gott54 ,)9 ! pa/ tw5ty or ?irty ye>s plantations h be5 made 9 /ates ( ! ,middle ,we/4 ,_m "y plant$ trees h be5 cut = f5ce po/s1 ) disappo9t+ results4 ,x 0 kn[n t old walnut is durable1 & x 0 suppos$ "y trunks w\ld be1 :5 us$ = po/s2 b "y trees are ne>ly all sapwood :i* rots quickly4 ,=e/ gr[n walnut trees v>y 9 size f a diamet] ( two feet & a height ( fifty1 to a diamet] ( six or m & a height ( #ajj or #abj4 ,trunks :i* gr[ 9 ! %ade are tall1 cle>1 & symmetrical2 ^? 9 ! op5 are %ort]1 ) m tap]4 ,,pale-,,leaf ,,hickory 7,hicoria villosa7 is a small tree b l>ge en\gh to be useful :]ev] x exi/s 9 suffici5t quantity4 ,! l>ge/ specim5s atta9 a height ( fifty feet & a diamet] ( eighte5 in*es4 ,! tree be>s nuts :5 v small1 & ! k]nel is sweet4 ,! b>k ( ?is hickory is r\gh b n %aggy4 ,! range ext5ds f ,new ,j]sey to ,florida & we/ to ,miss\ri & ,texas4 ,x is mo/ abundant 9 ! l[] ,appala*ian ranges4 ,! wood possesses ! common *>act]i/ics ( ! hickories1 & x is cut ) !m :]ev] x is f\nd1 b is seldom or nev] report$ sep>ately 9 lumb] op]ations4 ,,small ,,pignut ,,hickory 7,hicoria odorata7 is consid]$ a species by "s botani/s :ile o!rs reg>d x z a v>iety4 ,x is call$ small pignut 9 ,m>yl&1 & occasionally little %agb>k4 ,?is la/ "n ref]s to ! r\ghness ( ! b>k :i* resembles ! b>k ( elm4 ,! range ( ! tree ext5ds f ,massa*usetts to ,miss\ri & s\? to ! ,ohio & ! ,potomac riv]s4 ,! wood diff]s little f t ( pignut hickory1 & ! uses are ! same4 ,no di/9ction is made betwe5 !m at ! %op & factory4 ,?is tree is by "s botani/s believ$ to be a hybrid betwe5 %agb>k & pignut4 ,x is sometimes call$ false %agb>k4 ,! nut is edible4 ,illu/ration ,,butt]nut ,illu/ration3 ,,butt]nut ,,butt]nut 7,juglans ,c9]ea7 ,?is tree is kn[n z butt]nut or z :ite walnut 9 all p>ts ( its range4 ,butt]nut is 9 ref]5ce to ! oily k]nel ( ! nuts1 & :ite walnut is ! "n giv5 by ^? :o w\ld di/+ui% ! tree f black walnut4 ,p]sons acqua9t$ ) "o ( ! species 9 its native woods are usually sure to be acqua9t$ ) ! o!r1 = _! ranges are practically co-ext5sive1 except t black walnut ext5ds f>!r s\?we/1 butt]nut f>!r nor!a/4 ,butt]nut gr[s f ,new ,brunswick to ,s\? ,dakota1 f ,delaw>e to ,arkansas1 & along ! ,appala*ian highl&s to nor!rn ,georgia & ,alabama4 ,butt]nut resembles black walnut 9 a good _m ways & diff]s f x 9 sev]al4 ,!y are v closely relat$ botanically--z closely z are bro!rs 9 ! same h\sehold4 ,black walnut is l>g]1 /rong]1 bett] kn[n1 & has always dom9at$ & eclips$ ! o!r 9 usefulness & public e/eem2 yet butt]nut is a tree bo? useful & int]e/+4 ,no p]son acqua9t$ ) bo? w\ld ev] mi/ake "o = ! o!r1 w9t] or summ]4 ,botani/s tell h[ to di/+ui% butt]nut f black walnut by not+ m9or diff]5ces4 ,! p]son :o is n a botani/ ne$s no su* help4 ,he kn[s !m at sight1 & !re is no possibility ( mi/ak+ !m4 ,butt]nut 9 ! =e/ may atta9 a height ( eighty or #ajj feet1 & a diamet] ( ?ree1 b few p]sons ev] see a specim5 ( t size1 & nev] 9 op5 gr\nd4 ,9 %ade1 ! butt]nut does its be/ to get its cr[n up to light & sun%9e1 b x is weak4 ,x (t5 gives up ! /ruggle & rema9s 9 ! %ade ( trees :i* ov]top x4 ,9 t situation its cr[n is small1 ?91 & appe>s to re/ lightly 9 ! =m ( a small bun* ( yell[i%-gre5 leaves on ! top ( a tall1 sp9dl+ bole1 :i* is seldom /raight1 b is made up ( slight1 undulat+ curves4 ,! pale1 yell[i% t+e ( ! b>k sugge/s a plant depriv$ ( sun%9e4 ,:5 butt]nut gr[s 9 op5 gr\nd :]e light falls ^u its cr[n & on all sides1 x assumes a diff]5t =m & pres5ts ano!r figure4 ,! trunk is ne>ly z %ort z t ( an apple tree4 ,x divides 9 l>ge bran*es & limbs1 & ^! spread wide2 leaves are heal?y1 yet ! cr[n ( a butt]nut always looks ?9 comp>$ ) t ( ! black walnut4 ,te/s %[ t butt]nut wood1 :5 ?or\ghly dry1 is some:at /iff] ?an black walnut2 b x is light & weak4 ,x is ab\t two-?irds z heavy & two-?irds z /rong z black walnut4 ,! gr[+ tree betrays ! wood's weakness4 ,l>ge limbs snap 9 /orms4 ,trees become lopsid$1 & a symmetrical1 well-proportion$ butt]nut cr[n is an exception4 ,! brok5 bran*es leave op5+s = ! entrance ( decay1 & butt]nuts ne>ly always die ( disease r ?an ( old age4 ,leaves are comp\nd1 & f fifte5 to ?irty in*es 9 l5g?4 ,few trees ( ?is c\ntry h l>g] leaves4 ,!re are f elev5 to sev5te5 leaflets4 ,!y are hairy & /icky4 ,h&s t h&le !m are cov]$ ) mucilage-l sub/ance4 ,! nuts1 :i* gr[ 9 clu/]s ( ?ree or five1 are ( ! same color z ! leaves & cov]$ ) ! same /icky fuzz4 ,! nuts are two in*es or m 9 l5g?1 & are borne abundantly :5 trees /& 9 op5 gr\nd4 ,size r ?an age appe>s to det]m9e ! p]iod :5 trees comm5ce to be>4 ,^? ( extra vigor produce :5 t5 or twelve ye>s old4 ,! nuts are salable 9 ! m>ket4 ,!y fall ) ! leaves1 imm$iately aft] ! fir/ %>p fro/1 & all come d[n toge!r4 ,a s+le day frequ5tly suffices to /rip ! la/ leaf f a tree1 ?\gh "s ( ! nuts may hang a little long]4 ,! k]nels are v ri*1 :5 ! nuts are dry1 & are apt to cloy ! appetite2 b !y are improv$ by freez+ :]e !y lie on ! gr\nd among ! leaves2 b !y mu/ be us$ quickly aft] !y ?aw1 or !y w spoil4 ,nuts ne>ly full-gr[n b n yet h>d are made into pickles1 b ! fuzz mu/ fir/ be wa%$ (f ) hot wat]4 ,butt]nut b>k has play$ a r important role 9 ! c\ntry's affairs4 ,doctors 9 ! ,revolution>y w> made mu* ( _! m$ic9e ( ! roots & b>k ( ?is tree4 ,drugs 7 unatta9able1 & physicians 7 =c$ to betake !mselves to ! woods = sub/itutes1 & _! ph>macopoeias 7 enri*$ by ! butt]nut tree4 ,h\sewives dy$ clo? a br[n color ) ?is b>k long be=e anil9e dyes f\nd _! way into ?is c\ntry4 ,:ole companies ( ,conf$]ate soldi]s f ! m\nta9 regions 9 ! ,civil w> wore clo!s dy$ 9 decoctions ( butt]nut b>k1 & popul>ly kn[n z 8butt]nut jeans40 ,! annual output ( butt]nut lumb] is plac$ at a little m ?an #a1jjj1jjj feet a ye>4 ,x is widely us$1 b 9 small am\nts4 ,9 ,m>yl& x is made into ceil+ & floor+2 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a into cab9et "w1 fixtures = /ores & (fices1 & into furniture2 9 ,mi*igan its report$ uses are boat f9i%1 int]ior f9i% = h\ses1 mold+1 & scre5 frames4 ,9 ,ill9ois x is us$ = all ! purposes li/$ above & also = *ur* alt>s & c> f9i%4 ,^! uses are d\btless typical1 & hold good 9 all p>ts ( ! c\ntry :]e any use is made ( butt]nut4 ,! wood has figure simil> to t ( black walnut1 b ! color is light]4 ,x is ne>] br[n ?an black4 ,! pores are diffus$ ?r\gh ! annual r+1 b are m num]\s & ( l>g] size 9 ! inn] ?an 9 ! out] "p4 ,! spr+wood bl5ds gradually ) ! wood ( ! latt] "p ( ! season1 )\t %>p di/9ction1 b ! r+ t]m9ates 9 a black l9e :i* is ! *ief elem5t ( contra/ 9 ! wood's figure4 ,! future value ( butt]nut w be less 9 ! lumb] ?an 9 ! nuts4 ,! t5d5cy 9 t direction is n[ app>5t4 ,:5 l& is cle>$1 ! trees :i* w\ld =m]ly h gone to ! sawmill1 are n[ left to be> nuts4 ,! av]ag$ price paid by factories 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a = butt]nut is #dj a ?\s& feet4 ,x is *eap] 9 ! ,lake ,/ates4 ,,mexican ,,walnut 7,juglans rupe/ris7 w nev] am\nt to mu* z a timb] tree1 ?\gh x is by no means useless4 ,x is kn[n by sev]al names1 among !m be+ we/]n walnut1 dw>f walnut1 little walnut1 & ,cali=nia walnut4 ,! la/ "n is appli$ 9 ,arizona ?r\gh a misund]/&+ ( ! tree's id5tity4 ,x is !re confus$ ) ! ,cali=nia walnut :i* is a diff]5t species4 ,! ,mexican walnut's range ext5ds f c5tral ,texas1 ?r\gh ,new ,mexico to ,arizona1 & s\?w>d into ,mexico4 ,x pref]s ! lime/one banks ( /reams 9 ,texas :]e x is usually %rubby1 seldom atta9+ a height above ?irty feet4 ,x rea*es its l>ge/ size 9 canyons among ! m\nta9s ( ,new ,mexico & ,arizona :]e x rea*es a height ( sixty feet4 ,trunks are sometimes five feet 9 diamet]4 ,! wood weighs #dj4he p\nds p] cubic foot1 is d>k 9 color1 b ! tone is n z regul> z t ( black walnut2 nei!r is x z /rong & /iff4 ,x poli%es well1 & is said to be durable 9 contact ) ! soil4 ,x f9ds its way 9 small am\nts to local mills1 %ops1 & factories :]e x is made into v>i\s commodities4 ,x is p>ticul>ly lik$ = ! la!1 & is suit$ bett] = turn]y ?an = any o!r purpose4 ,x is made into gavels1 cups1 sp9dles1 p>ts ( grills2 & x is also work$ into picture frames1 h&les1 & small pieces ( furniture4 ,x does n appe> t lumb] saw$ f ?is walnut ev] gets into ! g5]al m>ket1 b ! :ole output1 :i* is small1 is consum$ locally4 ,trees d n occur 9 pure /&s & ! :ole supply consi/s ( isolat$ trees or small gr\ps1 ) few trunks l>ge en\gh = sawlogs4 ,! nuts are dw>fs4 ,all are n ! same size1 b none are z l>ge z a hickory nut4 ,_m t gr[ on ! dim9utive trees along ! wat] c\rses 9 we/]n ,texas are n z l>ge1 husks & all1 z a nutmeg1 & ! nut itself is ab\t half ! size ( a nutmeg1 & n dissimil> 9 appe>ance4 ,! k]nels ( su* a nut are too small to h any comm]cial value1 b !y are r>e morsels = ! native ,mexicans & ,indians :o pick !m by pocketfuls4 ,trees 9 ! /ony canyon ( ,devil's riv]1 9 ,texas1 are 9 full be>+ :5 s small t a man c /& on ! gr\nd & pick walnuts f _! highe/ bran*es4 ,! ,mexican walnut is occasionally cultivat$ 9 ! ea/]n "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & 9 ,europe4 ,x is h>dy z f> nor? z ,massa*usetts4 ,,cali=nia ,,walnut 7,juglans cali=nica7 is a small tree conf9$ to ,cali=nia1 & pretty close to ! coa/1 ?\gh x gr[s 9 ,eldorado c\nty4 ,x is mo/ abundant )9 tw5ty or ?irty miles ( tidewat]4 ,9 ! s\!rn "p ( ! /ate x asc5ds to an elevation ( #d1jjj feet4 ,x pref]s ! banks ( /reams & ! bottoms ( canyons :]e ! soil is moi/1 b x w gr[ 9 dry situations4 ,trees occur s+ly or 9 small gr\ps4 ,_! av]age size is fifte5 or tw5ty feet high1 & eight or t5 in*es 9 diamet]2 b trees occasionally are sixty feet high & eighte5 in*es ?r\gh4 ,! leaves are small1 measur+ f six to n9e in*es 9 l5g?1 ) f n9e to sev5te5 leaflets4 ,nuts are ab\t half ! size ( ea/]n black walnuts4 ,! k]nel is edible4 ,! wood is heavi] ?an black walnut1 & some:at light] 9 color4 ,o!rwise ! two woods are mu* alike1 except 9 /r5g? & /iffness4 ,9 ^! ! ,cali=nia wood is inf]ior4 ,x has n be5 report$ = any use1 b x is suitable = a numb] ( purposes1 provid$ logs ( suffici5t size c\ld be _h4 ,! trunk1 9 addition to be+ small1 is usually %ort4 ,! tree is intol]ant ( %ade1 & is n (t5 f\nd 9 =e/s4 ,x gr[s rapidly & w atta9 a diamet] ( fifte5 in*es 9 tw5ty ye>s or less2 b x app>5tly does n live long4 ,its pr9cipal usefulness 9 ,cali=nia is z a %ade tree1 & z a /ock 9 nurs]ies on :i* to graft ,engli% walnut4 ,illu/ration ,,%agb>k ,,hickory ,illu/ration3 ,,%agb>k ,,hickory ,,%agb>k ,,hickory 7,hicoria ,ovata7 ,twelve species ( hickory gr[ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 all ea/ ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s4 ,none gr[ any:]e else 9 ! _w1 z f> z kn[n4 ,!y 7 widely disp]s$ ov] ! nor!rn hemisph]e 9 prehi/oric times4 ,! records ( geology1 writt5 by leaf pr9ts 9 ! rocks1 tell ( =e/s ( hickory 9 ,europe1 & ev5 9 ,gre5l&1 probably a hundr$ ?\s& or m ye>s ago1 & c]ta9ly n 9 times t c be call$ rec5t4 ,no records !re lat] ?an ! ice age h be5 f\nd4 ,?is leads to ! presumption t ! %eet ( ice :i* pu%$ d[n f ! ,nor? & cov]$ ! l>g] portions ( ,europe & ,nor? ,am]ica1 ov]:elm$ ! hickory =e/s1 & all o!rs1 z f> z ! s\!rn limit ( ! ice's advance4 ,9 ,europe ! hickory 0 utt]ly de/roy$1 & x nev] return$ aft] ! close ( ! reign ( ice2 b ,am]ica 0 m =tunate4 ,! ice %eet pu%$ little f>!r 9 its s\?w>d c\rse ?an ! ,ohio & ,miss\ri riv]s1 & =e/s s\? ( !re held _! gr\nd1 & !y sl[ly work$ _! way back nor? z ! ice )drew4 ,hickory recov]$ "p b n all ( its lo/ gr\nd 9 ,am]ica1 = x is n[ f\nd no f>!r nor? ?an s\!rn ,canada1 :i* is m ?an a ?\s& miles f its old range 9 ,gre5l&4 ,! e>ly settl]s 9 ,new ,engl& & 9 ! ,s\? at once came into contact ) hickory4 ,x 0 "o ( ! fir/ woods nam$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 & ! "n is ( ,indian orig91 & is spell$ 9 no few] ?an sev5te5 ways 9 e>ly lit]ature relat+ to ! settlem5ts4 ,x is probable t ,john ,smi?1 a prom95t man 9 e>ly ,virg9ia & ,new ,engl&1 0 ! fir/ man :o ev] wrote ! "n4 ,he spell$ x z ! ,indians pron\nc$ x1 8p[cohiscora10 & x has be5 trimm$ d[n to our ^w hickory4 ,! ,indian ^w 0 ! "n ( a salad or s\p made ( p\nd$ hickory nuts & wat]1 & 0 only indirectly appli$ to ! tree itself4 ,! fir/ settl]s along ! ,atlantic coa/ ne>ly always call$ ?is tree a walnut1 & ! "n :ite walnut 0 common4 ,!y 7 unacqua9t$ ) any simil> nut-be>+ tree 9 ,europe1 except ! walnut1 & mo/ p pref]r$ apply+ a "n ) :i* !y 7 already famili>4 ,hickories & walnuts belong to ! same family1 & h _m po9ts 9 common4 ,al?\gh !re are twelve hickories 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & 9 _m respects !y are simil>1 all are n ( equal value4 ,"s are v sc>ce1 & ! wood ( o!rs is n up to /&>d4 ,f a comm]cial /&po9t1 f\r surpass ! o!rs4 ,^! are %agb>k 7,hicoria ovata71 %ellb>k 7,hicoria lac9iosa71 pignut 7,hicoria glabra71 & mock]nut 7,hicoria alba74 ,! wood ( "s ( ! o!rs is z good1 b is sc>ce2 & /ill o!rs1 p>ticul>ly ! pecans1 are abundant en\gh1 b ! wood is inf]ior4 ,x is impossible 9 bus9ess to sep>ate ! hickories4 ,lumb]m5 d n d x2 manufactur]s _c d x4 ,9 "s regions "o is m abundant ?an ! o!rs1 & consequ5tly is us$ 9 l>g] quantities1 b 9 "s o!r region a diff]5t species may pr$om9ate 9 ! =e/ & 9 ! factory4 ,x _c be tru?fully ass]t$ t "o hickory is always z good z ano!r1 or ev5 t a c]ta9 species 9 "o region is z good z ! same species 9 ano!r region4 ,all p>ts ( ! same tree d n produce wood ( equal value4 ,along c]ta9 g5]al l9es1 hickories h _m prop]ties 9 common4 ,! wood is r+-por\s1 t is1 ! inn] edge ( ! ye>ly gr[? r+ has a r[ ( l>ge pores4 ,o!rs are scatt]$ t[>d ! out] "p ( ! r+1 g5]ally decreas+ 9 numb] & size outw>d4 ,!re is no di/9ct division betwe5 spr+ & summ]wood4 ,! m$ull>y rays are ?9 & obscure4 ,! unaid$ eye seldom notices !m4 ,! sapwood is :ite 9 all species ( hickory1 & is usually v ?ick4 ,! he>twood is r$di%4 ,common op9ion has long held t sapwood is t\gh] & m ela/ic ?an he>twood1 & !re=e to be pref]r$ = mo/ purposes4 ,te/s made a few ye>s ago by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,=e/ ,s]vice ran c\nt] to ! long-e/abli%$ op9ion ( us]s1 by %[+ t 9 mo/ respects ! r$wood ( ! he>t 0 z good z ! :ite sapwood4 ,h[ev]1 :]e resili5cy is ! *ief requisite1 z 9 sl5d] h&les1 _m manufactur]s /ill pref] sapwood4 ,hickory is v /rong1 probably ! /ronge/ wood 9 common use 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! /atem5t t "o wood is /rong] ?an all o!rs is h>dly ju/ifi$ because av]ages ( /r5g? %\ld be tak51 & n isolat$ in/ances4 ,satisfactory av]ages h n yet be5 work$ out = a l>ge numb] ( our woods2 b1 z f> z exi/+ figures may be accept$1 hickory is at ! head ( ! li/ = /r5g?1 t\ghness1 & resili5cy4 ,*oice samples ( c]ta9 woods may exce$ ! av]age ( hickory 9 "s ( ^! p>ticul>s4 ,sug> maple1 hornbeam1 & locu/ occasionally %[ great] /r5g? ?an hickory1 b !y lack 9 t\ghness & resili5cy--! v prop]ties :i* give hickory its *ief value = _m purposes4 ,consid]able misund]/&+ exi/s z to second gr[? hickory4 ,"s suppose x consi/s ( trees ( comm]cial size develop$ f spr\ts :]e old trees h be5 cut4 ,t is n g5]ally correct4 ,:5 small hickory trees are cut1 ! /umps (t5 spr\t1 b hoop poles are ab\t ! only commodity made f t k9d ( hickory4 ,if spr\ts are left to gr[ l>ge1 ! trees produc$ are g5]ally defective4 ,good hickory gr[s f ! nut4 ,! t]m 8second gr[?0 means little1 unless x is expla9$ 9 ea* in/ance j :at conditions are includ$4 ,9 "o s5se1 all "y1 vigor\s trees are second gr[?1 & t is (t5 ! idea 9 ! m9d ( ! speak]4 ,"s w\ld re/rict x to trees :i* h come up 9 old fields or p>tial cle>+s1 :]e !y h pl5ty ( light1 & h gr[n rapidly4 ,_! trunks are %ort1 ! wood is t\gh1 & !re is little r$ he>twood4 ,! l>g] a p9e1 oak1 or popl>1 provid$ x is s\nd1 ! bett] ! wood2 b n s ) hickory4 ,great age & l>ge size add no desirable qualities to ?is wood4 ,%agb>k is l>ge/ ( ! true hickories4 ,! pecans are n usually reg>d$ z true hickories f ! wood-us]'s viewpo9t4 ,"s %agb>ks are #abj feet high & f\r feet 9 diamet]1 b ! av]age size is ab\t sev5ty-five tall1 two 9 diamet]4 ,!re is confusion ( names among all ! hickories1 & %agb>k is misnam$ & ov]-nam$ z (t5 z any ( ! o!rs4 ,_m p]sons d n "k %agb>k & %ellb>k ap>t1 ?\gh ! ranges ( ! two species lie only p>tly 9 ! same t]ritory4 ,%agb>k is kn[n z %ellb>k hickory1 %agb>k hickory1 %ellb>k1 upl& hickory1 hickory1 scaly b>k hickory1 :ite walnut1 walnut1 :ite hickory1 & r$ he>t hickory4 ,mo/ ( ! names ref] to ! b>k1 :i* sep>ates into ?9 /rips1 (t5 a foot or m long1 & six in*es or m wide2 & ?is rema9s m or less closely atta*$ to ! trunk by ! middle1 giv+ ! %aggy appe>ance to :i* ! tree owes its common "n4 ,! leaf-buds are l>ge & ovate1 ) yell[i%-gre5 & br[n scales4 ,! leaves are comp\nd & alt]nate2 !y h r\gh /alks conta9+ five or sev5 leaflets2 !y are sessile1 tap]+ to a po9t & hav+ a r\nd$ base4 ,! l[] pair ( leaflets is m>k$ly diff]5t f ! re/ 9 %ape2 %>ply s]rate & ?92 d>k gre5 & glabr\s above2 light] bel[4 ,! fl[]s d n appe> until ! leaves h fully matur$4 ,!y gr[ 9 catk9s2 ! /am9ate ones are light gre51 sl5d]1 & gr[ 9 gr\ps ( ?ree on long p$uncles2 ! pi/illate ones gr[ 9 spikes ( f two to five fl[]s4 ,! fruit gr[s )9 a d5se1 gre5 husk1 %9y & smoo? on ! outside1 op5+ 9 f\r p>ts4 ,! nut is ne>ly :ite1 f\r-angl$1 & flatt5$ at ! sides4 ,! k]nel is sweet & ( a /rong flavor4 ,?is tree's range is n mu* %ort ( #a1jjj1jjj squ>e miles1 b x is n equally abundant 9 all p>ts4 ,x gr[s f s\!rn ,ma9e to we/]n ,florida2 is f\nd 9 ,m9nesota & ,nebraska1 & s\?w>d beyond ! ,mississippi4 ,x is mo/ common & ( l>ge/ size on ! we/]n slopes ( ! s\!rn ,appala*ian m\nta9s & 9 ! bas9 ( ! l[] ,ohio riv]4 ,its favorite habitat is on l[ hills1 or ne> /reams & swamps1 9 ri* & mod]ately well dra9$ soil4 ,! hickories h long tap roots1 & !y d be/ 9 soils :i* ! tap roots c p5etrate1 go+ d[n l a radi%4 ,! root sy/em makes mo/ hickories difficult trees to transplant4 ,e>ly 9 life !y d a l>ge "p ( _! gr[+ "u gr\nd1 & :5 t gr[? is int]rupt$1 z x mu/ be 9 transplant+1 ! "y tree seldom recov]s4 ,^? :o w\ld gr[ hickories = timb]1 nuts1 or z ornam5ts1 %\ld plant ! se$ :]e ! tree is expect$ to rema94 ,mo/ ( ! plant+ ( hickory 9 ! =e/ is done by squirrels :i* bury nuts1 ) ! app>5t expectation ( digg+ !m up lat]4 ,occasionally "o is miss$1 & a "y tree />ts4 ,! uses ( ?is wood are typical ( all ! o!r hickories4 ,h&les & light vehicles consume mo/ ( x4 ,! m>kets are 9 all p>ts ( ?is c\ntry1 & 9 manufactur+ c5t]s 9 _m =eign l&s4 ,illu/ration ,,bitt]nut ,,hickory ,illu/ration3 ,,bitt]nut ,,hickory ,,bitt]nut ,,hickory 7,hicoria ,m9ima7 ,! tann9 9 ! ?9 %ell$ nuts :i* gr[ abundantly on ?is tree gives ! "n bitt]nut4 ,! "n is truly descriptive4 ,gall itself sc>cely exce$s ! int5se bitt]ness ( ! k]nel1 :5 cru%$ betwe5 ! tee?4 ,! s5se ( ta/e does n imm$iately detect ! bitt]ness 9 its full int5sity4 ,a little "t seems to be necess>y to dissolve ! a/r+5t pr9cipal & di/ribute x to ! n]ves ( ta/e4 ,:5 ?is has be5 accompli%$1 ! bitt]ness rema9s a long "t1 seem+ to p]si/ aft] ! la/ ve/ige ( ! cause has be5 remov$4 ,9 t respect x may be lik5$ to ! res9 ( ! inc5se c$> ( ,cali=nia :i* is among ta/es :at musk is among odors1 ne>ly ev]la/+4 ,! bitt]ness ( ?is hickory nut has mu* to d ) ! p]petuation ( ! species4 ,no wild or tame animal w eat ! fruit unless =c$ by fam9e4 ,consequ5tly1 ! nuts are left to gr[1 provid$ !y c get !mselves plant$4 ,t is n always easy1 = small quadrup$s :i* bury edible nuts = food1 & !n occasionally =get !m1 %[ no int]e/ :atev] 9 ! unpalatable bitt]nut4 ,x is left :]e x falls1 unless runn+ wat]1 or "s o!r me?od ( locomotion1 transports x to ano!r locality4 ,?is happ5s ) suffici5t frequ5cy to plant ! nuts z widely z ^? ( any o!r hickory4 ,x is believ$ t ?is is ! mo/ abundant ( ! hickories4 ,! tree be>s names o!r ?an bitt]nut4 ,x is call$ swamp hickory1 ?\gh t "n is m applicable to a diff]5t species1 ! wat] hickory4 ,pig hickory or pignut are names us$ 9 sev]al /ates1 b )\t good reason4 ,hogs may sometimes eat ! nuts1 b nev] :5 any?+ bett] c be f\nd4 ,besides1 pignut is ! accept$ "n ( ano!r species 7,hicoria glabra74 ,9 ,l\isiana !y call x ! bitt] pecan tree4 ,bitt] hickory is a common "n 9 _m localities4 ,9 ,new ,hamp%ire x is kn[n z pig walnut1 9 ,v]mont z bitt] walnut1 & 9 ,texas z :ite hickory4 ,! names are s _m1 & s (t5 apply z well to o!r hickories z to ?is1 t ! "n alone is seldom a safe guide to id5tification4 ,x has two or ?ree *>act]s :i* w help to pick x out f among o!rs4 ,its leaves & b>k be> consid]able resemblance to a%4 ,! leaves are ! smalle/ among ! hickories1 & ! b>k is nev] %aggy4 ,! small bran*es always c>ry yell[ buds1 no matt] :at ! season ( ! ye>4 ,! comp\nd leaves are f six to t5 in*es long1 & consi/ ( f five to n9e leaflets1 always an odd numb]4 ,bitt]nut hickory's range cov]s pretty g5]ally ! ea/]n "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x is "o ( ! l>ge/ & commone/ hickories ( ,new ,engl&1 & is likewise ! common hickory ( ,kansas1 ,nebraska1 & ,i[a4 ,x gr[s f ,ma9e ?r\gh s\!rn ,canada to ,m9nesota1 foll[s d[n ! we/]n side ( ! ,mississippi valley to ,texas1 & ext5ds into we/]n ,florida4 ,hickory is (t5 lumb]$ 9 ways n common ) o!r h>dwoods4 ,x is n g5]ally f\nd 9 ord9>y lumb] y>ds1 & is n cut into lumb] z mo/ o!r woods are4 ,x is 9 a class by itself4 ,! p]son :o w\ld consult /ati/ics ( lumb] cut 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates to asc]ta9 ! quantity ( hickory go+ to m>ket1 w\ld utt]ly fail to obta9 ! desir$ in=mation4 ,! /ati/ics ( lumb] cut 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates = ! ye> #aiaj li/$ ! total = hickory at #bgb1beb1jjj feet1 di/ribut$ among #cc /ates1 & cut by #f1cdi mills4 ,reports by us]s ( ?is wood 9 a numb] ( /ates %[ t probably twice z mu* goes to factories to be manufactur$ into f9i%$ commodities1 z all ! sawmills cut4 ,?is means t mu* hickory goes to factories )\t hav+ pass$ ?r\gh sawmills to be fir/ conv]t$ into lumb]4 ,x goes z bolts & billets1 & z logs ( v>i\s l5g?s4 ,"s sawmills 9 ! hickory region cut dim5sion /ock & sell x to factories to be fur!r work$ up2 b t is a comp>atively small "p ( ! hickory t f9ds its way to factories ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,_m sawmills refuse to cut hickory1 claim+ t x does n pay !m to specialize on a sc>ce wood4 ,scatt]$ trees occur among o!r timb]1 b ^! are left :5 ! o!r logg+ is done4 ,special op]ators g aft] ! hickory1 & di/ribute x among v>i\s indu/ries :i* are 9 ! m>ket = x4 ,t me?od (t5 results 9 mu* wa/e1 because ! man :o is specializ+ 9 "o commodity1 su* z wagon poles1 ax h&les1 suck]-rods1 :eel /ock1 or ! l1 is apt to cut out only :at meets 8 requirem5ts1 & ab&on ! re/4 ,"s ( ! hickory camps :]e su* /ock is r\gh$ out are spectacles ( c>elessness & wa/e1 ) heaps ( reject$ hickory :i*1 ?\gh n meet+ requirem5ts = ! special articles 9 view1 are valuable = _m o!r ?+s4 ,few woods contribute to ! tra% heap m 9 proportion to ! total cut ?an hickory2 b ! wa/e ne>ly all occurs be=e ! factories :i* f9ally "w up ! products are rea*$4 ,^! factories are (t5 hundr$s ( miles f ! =e/s :]e ! hickory gr[s4 ,hickory 0 n a useful f>m timb] 9 e>ly times1 z oak & *e/nut 74 ,x decay$ quickly :5 expos$ to wea!r1 & 0 n suitable = f5ce rails1 po/s1 h\se logs1 or g5]al lumb]4 ,x 0 sometimes us$ = b>n floors1 b :5 season$ x 0 s h>d to nail t x 0 n well lik$4 ,! pione]s 7 n able to use ?is wood to advantage1 because x is a manufactur]'s mat]ial1 n a f>m]'s or a villag]'s /&by4 ,x c be said to ! cr$it ( ! pione]s1 h[ev]1 t !y knew its value = c]ta9 purposes1 & employ$ z mu* ( x z !y ne$$4 ,fuel 0 ! mo/ important place = hickory on ! f>m4 ,all ?+s consid]$1 x is probably ! be/ firewood ( ! ,am]ican =e/4 ,! yawn+ fireplaces call$ = cords ( wood e mon? ( w9t] 9 ! nor!rn /ates4 ,en\gh to make a mod]n buggy w\ld g up ! *imney 9 a ri* r$ blaze 9 an h\r1 & no "o ?\ght t x 0 wa/e2 & x 0 n wa/e !n1 because f>ms _h to be cle>$1 & firewood 0 ! be/ use possible = ! hickory at t "t4 ,e cord burn$ 9 ! *imney 0 t mu* less to be roll$ into logheaps & consum$ 9 ! cle>+ = ! new cornfield4 ,hickory has always be5 consid]$ ! be/ mat]ial = smok+ meat4 ,m ?an #cj1jjj cords a ye> are n[ us$ t way4 ,x 0 s us$ 9 e>ly times1 :5 e f>m] smok$ & pack$ 8 own meat4 ,hickory smoke 0 suppos$ to give bacon a flavor equall$ by no o!r wood2 & 9 addition to t x 0 believ$ to keep ! skipp]s out4 ,! nuts 7 made into oil :i* 0 ?\ght to be efficaci\s z a l9im5t employ$ z a rem$y aga9/ rheumatism to :i* pione]s 7 susceptible because _! moccas9s 7 por\s & _! feet 7 (t5 wet4 ,! oil 0 us$ also = illum9at+ purposes4 ,x f$ ! flame ( a crude lamp4 ,no o!r wood equall$ hickory = 8split brooms10 ! k9d t swept ! cab9s be=e broom corn 0 kn[n or c>pet sweep]s & vacuum clean]s 7 inv5t$4 ,! t\ghness1 smoo?ness1 & /r5g? ( hickory made x ! be/ oxb[ wood1 & ! same prop]ty fitt$ x = b>rel hoops4 ,?\s&s ( fi% casks 9 ,new ,engl& & tobacco hog%eads 9 ,m>yl& & ,virg9ia 7 hoop$ ) hickory be=e ,george ,wa%+ton 0 born4 ,! wood's value = ax h&les 0 le>n$ e>ly4 ,! ,indians us$ x = ! long1 sl5d] h&les ( _! /one hamm]s ) :i* !y b>k$ trees 9 _! cle>+s1 & broke ! skulls ( enemies 9 w>4 ,bitt]nut hickory has ab\t n9ety-two p] c5t ( ! /r5g? ( %agb>k1 & sev5ty-?ree p] c5t ( its /iffness4 ,x yields consid]ably m a% :5 burn$1 & is rat$ a little l[] 9 fuel value4 ,,mock] ,,nut ,,hickory 7,hicoria alba7 has _m names4 ,x is call$ mock] nut 9 ,massa*usetts1 ,rhode ,isl&1 ,new ,york1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,delaw>e1 ,alabama1 ,mississippi1 ,l\isiana1 ,texas1 ,arkansas1 ,ill9ois1 ,i[a1 & ,kansas2 :ite he>t hickory1 ,rhode ,isl&1 ,new ,york1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,delaw>e1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,texas1 ,ill9ois1 ,ont>io1 ,i[a1 ,kansas1 ,m9nesota1 & ,nebraska2 black hickory1 ,texas1 ,mississippi1 ,l\isiana1 ,miss\ri2 big bud & r$ hickory1 ,florida2 h>dback hickory1 ,ill9ois2 :ite hickory1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a2 big hickory nut1 ,we/ ,virg9ia2 hognut1 ,delaw>e4 ,! "n mock] nut is suppos$ to ref] to ! ?ick %ell & disappo9t+ly small k]nel )94 ,! range is n z ext5sive z "s ( ! o!r hickories4 ,beg9n+ 9 s\!rn ,ont>io1 x ext5ds we/w>d & s\?w>d to ea/]n ,kansas & ! ea/]n half ( ,texas4 ,! region ( its mo/ abundant gr[? is 9 ! bas9 ( ! l[] ,ohio & 9 ,arkansas1 ! be/ specim5s appe>+ 9 f]tile upl&s4 ,?is is said to be ! only hickory t invades ! s\!rn m>itime p9ebelt1 gr[+ on ! l[ c\ntry along ! ,atlantic & ,gulf coa/s 9 abundance4 ,! leaves are fragrant ) a p[]ful1 res9\s odor2 !y h five or sev5 leaflets ) hairy petioles or /ems4 ,! b>k resembles t ( bitt]nut1 & is n scaly l t ( %agb>k4 ,! wood weighs #ea4ba p\nds p] cubic foot4 ,x is h>d1 /rong1 t\gh1 flexible4 ,x has ab\t n9ety-f\r p] c5t ( ! /r5g? ( %agb>k1 & eighty p] c5t ( its /iffness4 ,c]ta9 select$ specim5s ( ?is species are probably z /rong z any hickory2 b1 z is ! case ) all woods1 !re is great diff]5ce betwe5 specim5s1 & g5]al av]ages only are to be reli$ ^u4 ,g4 ,w4 ,lett]man1 :o collect$ woods = ,s>g5t's te/s1 procur$ a sample ( ?is hickory ne> ,all5ton1 ,miss\ri1 :i* %[$ /r5g? suffici5t to su/a9 #bj1jjj p\nds p] squ>e in*1 & its measure ( /iffness 0 ! enorm\s figure ( #b1bjh1jjj p\nds p] squ>e in*4 ,! uses ( mock] nut hickory d n diff] f ^? ( o!r hickories4 ,! tree is frequ5tly ne>ly all sapwood1 to :i* ! "n :ite hickory is due4 ,"s p]sons suppose t ! he>twood is :ite1 b t misconception is due to ! fact t "s pretty l>ge trees h no he>twood1 b are sap cle> ?r\gh4 ,! t]m 8black hickory0 is sometimes appli$ to ?ree species ) d>k-color$ b>k :i* be>s "s resemblance to ! b>k ( a%4 ,!y are bitt]nut 7,hicoria m9ima71 pignut 7,hicoria glabra71 & mock] nut 7,hicoria alba74 ,:5 ! ^w black is ?us us$1 x ref]s to ! b>k & ! g5]al outw>d appe>ance ( ! tree1 & n to ! wood1 :i* is z :ite z t ( any o!r hickory4 ,illu/ration ,,pignut ,,hickory ,illu/ration3 ,,pignut ,,hickory ,,pignut ,,hickory 7,hicoria ,glabra7 ,! "n ( ?is tree is un=tunate1 al?\gh s f> z ! nuts are conc]n$1 no inju/ice is done4 ,x is "o ( ! be/ hickories 9 ! quality ( its wood1 & also z an ornam5tal tree4 ,x is likewise abundant 9 _m p>ts ( its range1 :i* ext5ds f ,ma9e to ,kansas1 ,texas1 ,florida1 & ?r\gh\t mo/ ( ! t]ritory enclos$ by ! b\nd>y l9es ?us delimit$4 ,! "n pignut is common 9 ,new ,engl&1 ,new ,york1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,delaw>e1 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 ,florida1 ,alabama1 ,mississippi1 ,l\isiana1 ,texas1 ,arkansas1 ,k5tucky1 ,miss\ri1 ,ill9ois1 ,indiana1 ,ohio1 ,i[a1 ,kansas1 ,nebraska1 & ,m9nesota2 bitt]nut 9 ,arkansas1 ,ill9ois1 ,i[a1 & ,wiscons92 black hickory 9 ,mississippi1 ,l\isiana1 ,arkansas1 ,miss\ri1 ,i[a1 & ,indiana2 broom hickory 9 ,miss\ri2 br[n hickory 9 ,mississippi1 ,delaw>e1 ,texas1 ,t5nessee1 ,m9nesota2 h>d%ell 9 ,we/ ,virg9ia2 r$ hickory 9 ,delaw>e2 swit* bud hickory 9 ,alabama2 & :ite hickory 9 ,new ,hamp%ire & ,i[a4 ,! nuts are g5]ally bitt]1 b "s trees be> fruit :i* is n v (f5sive to ! ta/e4 ,! avidity ) :i* sw9e fe$ ^u x gives ! common "n4 ,?is tree is d\btless confus$ _m times ) bitt]nut1 ?\gh _! diff]5ces are en\gh to di/+ui% !m readily if !y gr[ side by side4 ,z f> z ! woods ( ! two species are conc]n$1 !re is little occasion to keep !m sep>ate4 ,! pignut is a =k$ tree m frequ5tly ?an any o!r species ( hickory2 & ! nuts v>y 9 %ape & size m ?an ^? ( any o!r4 ,! tree is m rem>kable = its v>iations ?an = its regul>ity4 ,9 "o ?+1 h[ev]1 x is pretty con/ant3 ! limbs & bran*es are smoo? & clean1 h5ce ! botanical "n glabra4 ,z a "n = ?is tree1 smoo? hickory w\ld be pref]able to pignut4 ,trunks atta9 a height ( eighty or n9ety feet & a diamet] ( ?ree or f\r1 b ! extreme sizes are r>e4 ,! l>ge/ specim5s are f\nd 9 ! l[] ,ohio valley1 & ! species is mo/ common 9 ,miss\ri & ,arkansas4 ,x gr[s f>!r s\? & f>!r we/ ?an any o!r hickory except pecan4 ,its s\!rn limit is 9 ,florida & its we/]n 9 ,texas4 ,! uses ( hickory fall into g5]al classes4 ,m is manufactur$ into vehicles ?an into any o!r s+le class ( commodities1 b n m ?an into all o!r articles comb9$4 ,! second l>ge/ us]s ( hickory are ! manufactur]s ( h&les4 ,! ?ird l>ge/ dem& comes f mak]s ( agricultural implem5ts & f>m tools4 ,l>ge am\nts are requir$ = a?letic goods1 meat smok+1 & v>i\s miscellane\s purposes4 ,! total am\nt us$ ye>ly 9 ?is c\ntry1 & export$ to =eign c\ntries1 is n accurately kn[n1 b x probably exce$s #ejj1jjj1jjj feet1 bo>d measure4 ,ab\t half ( ?is passes ?r\gh sawmills 9 ! usual mann]1 & ! o!r half goes directly f ! =e/ to ! factory or to ! consum]4 ,! sup]iority ( ,am]ican buggies1 sulkies1 & o!r light vehicles is due to ! hickory 9 _! con/ruction4 ,no o!r wood equals ?is 9 comb9ation ( desirable physical prop]ties4 ,?\gh heavy1 x is s /rong1 t\gh1 & resili5t t small am\nts suffice1 & ! weight ( ! vehicle c be r$uc$ to a l[] po9t1 )\t sacrific+ effici5cy1 ?an :5 any o!r wood is employ$4 ,x is prem95tly a wood = light vehicles4 ,oak1 a%1 maple1 & elm answ] well en\gh = heavy wagons :]e /r5g? is m ess5tial ?an t\ghness & ela/icity4 ,hickory is suitable = practically all wood5 p>ts ( light vehicles except ! body4 ,! sl5d] spokes look l frail d[els1 & seem unable to ma9ta9 ! load1 b appe>ances are deceptive4 ,! b5t rims are likewise v sl5d]1 b !y la/ bett] ?an /eel4 ,! %afts & poles ) :i* c>riages & c>ts are equipp$ w /& sev]e /ra9s & twi/s )\t />t+ a spl9t]4 ,! manufactur+ ( ! /ock is little less ?an a f9e art4 ,9 sc>cely any o!r wood-us+ indu/ry--probably except+ ! mak+ ( h&les--is ! gra9 s closely wat*$4 ,hickory us]s g5]ally speak ( ! annual gr[? r+s z ! gra94 ,! gra9 mu/ run /raight 9 spokes1 rims1 %afts1 & poles4 ,if ! gra9 crosses ! /ick1 a break may occur by ! simple process ( splitt+1 & ! hickory 9 t case is no m dep5dable ?an _m o!r woods4 ,h&le mak]s obs]ve ! same rule1 & mu/ h /raight gra94 ,! m sl5d] ! h&le1 ! m /rictly ! rule mu/ be foll[$4 ,a cross gra9$ golf club h&le w\ld fail at ! fir/ /roke4 ,an ax h&le1 if x has cross gra91 w la/ a little long]1 b x w spe$ily split4 ,_m ( ! be/ sl5d] h&les are ( split hickory4 ,! l9e ( cleavage foll[s ! gra91 b a saw does n always d s4 ,heavy h&les1 l ^? = picks & sl$ges1 are n s /rictly /raight gra9$1 because !y are made /rong en\gh to /& mu* m /ra9 ?an is ev] likely to be put on !m4 ,r$ he>twood is frequ5tly us$ 9 h&les ( t k9d4 ,peavey & can?ook h&les are g5]ally split f billets1 because ! gra9 mu/ be /raight4 ,?\gh !y are among ! l>ge/ & heavie/ ( h&les1 breakage mu/ be gu>d$ aga9/ ) extra c>e1 = ! snap ( a peavey h&le at a critical mom5t might co/ ! op]ator 8 life by precipitat+ a skidway ( logs ^u him4 ,! hickory :i* goes into agricultural implem5ts fills _m places1 among ! mo/ important be+ connect+ rods4 ,x is (t5 made into spr+s to take up or *eck oscillation4 ,x is us$ = t purpose z pick] /icks 9 textile mills4 ,furniture mak]s c\ld get along )\t hickory1 & !y d n ne$ mu*4 ,x is (t5e/ se5 9 d[els1 sl5d] sp9dles1 & ! rungs ( *airs4 ,! mak]s ( sport+ & a?letic goods b5d x = rackets1 hoops1 & rims1 or make vault+ poles1 bats1 or trapezes4 ,,%ellb>k ,,hickory 7,hicoria lac9iosa7 is (t5 mi/ak5 = %agb>k4 ,! ranges ( ! two species co9cide 9 "p only4 ,%agb>k gr[s f>!r ea/1 nor? & s\? ?an %ellb>k4 ,! latt] occupies an isl&1 z x 71 inside ! %agb>k's range4 ,%ellb>k is f\nd f c5tral ,new ,york & ea/]n ,p5nsylvania1 we/w>d to ,kansas1 & s\?w>d to ,nor? ,c>ol9a & middle ,t5nessee4 ,! species is at its be/ 9 ! l[] ,ohio valley & 9 ,miss\ri4 ,! l>ge/ trees are #abj feet high & ?ree 9 diamet]1 & are (t5 free f bran*es half or two-?irds ( ! l5g?4 ,! species pref]s ri*1 deep bottom l&s1 & does n suff] f occasional inundation f ov]fl[+ riv]s4 ,! av]age tree is n q z l>ge z %agb>k4 ,! leaves are l>g] ?an ^? ( any o!r hickory1 rang+ 9 l5g? f fifte5 to tw5ty-two in*es4 ,!re are f five to n9e leaflets1 usually sev54 ,! upp] ones are l>ge/1 & may be eight or n9e in*es long & f\r or five wide4 ,9 ! autumn ! leaflets drop f ! petioles :i* adh]e to ! bran*es & furni% means ( id5tify+ ! tree 9 w9t]4 ,! nuts includ+ ! hulls are z l>ge z small apples4 ,:5 ripe1 ! hulls op5 & ! nuts fall out2 b ! hulls fall also4 ,! nuts are z l>ge z %agb>k nuts1 b ! two are seldom di/+ui%$ 9 m>ket1 ?\gh ! %agb>k's are a little ri*] 9 flavor4 ,! b>k's r\ghness gives ! tree its "n4 ,/rips ?ree or f\r feet long & five or six in*es wide curl up at ! l[] ends--sometimes at bo? ends--& adh]e to ! trunk sev]al ye>s4 ,! species has o!r names4 ,x is kn[n z big %ellb>k 9 ,rhode ,isl&1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,k5tucky1 ,miss\ri1 ,ill9ois1 & ,kansas2 bottom %ellb>k 9 ,ill9ois2 we/]n %ellb>k or simply %ellb>k 9 ,rhode ,isl& & ,k5tucky2 ?ick %ellb>k 9 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 ,indiana1 & ,t5nessee2 k+nut 9 ,t5nessee4 ,! wood weighs #ej4ec p\nds p] cubic foot1 & is v h>d1 /rong1 t\gh1 & flexible4 ,! he>twood is d>k br[n1 ! sapwood ne>ly :ite4 ,?is hickory usually has less sapwood 9 proportion to he>t ?an o!r memb]s ( ! species2 b ! wood is n kept sep>ate f ! o!rs :5 x goes to m>ket1 & its uses are z ext5sive z ! o!r hickories'4 ,x is believ$ by "s =e/]s t %ellb>k hickory is wor? cultivat+ = its nuts1 z x is a vigor\s be>]2 b little plant+ has be5 done4 ,ea/ ( ! ,alleghanies1 p>ticul>ly 9 ,virg9ia1 "s plant+ has be5 c>ri$ out on old plantations = ornam5tal purposes4 ,on acc\nt ( its long taproot1 ! tree is difficult to transplant1 & ! nuts %\ld be plant$ :]e ! trees are expect$ to rema94 ,illu/ration ,,pecan ,illu/ration3 ,,pecan ,,pecan 7,hicoria ,pecan7 ,! "n is pecan 9 ,virg9ia1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 ,alabama1 ,mississippi1 ,texas1 ,arkansas1 ,miss\ri1 ,ill9ois1 ,indiana1 ,i[a1 & ,kansas2 pecan nut & pecan tree 9 ,l\isiana4 ,! "n is ( ,indian orig91 & means walnut4 ,! tree's natural range is small] ?an ! pres5t area 9 :i* ! tree is f\nd1 = x has be5 ext5sively plant$ 9 rec5t ye>s4 ,x is f\nd z f> nor? z ,i[a1 s\? to ,texas1 & ea/ to ,alabama & ,k5tucky4 ,! highe/ developm5t ( ! wild tree is 9 ! l[] ,ohio valley4 ,=e/ trees 7 once f\nd !re :i* 7 said to be six feet 9 diamet] & #agj high4 ,specim5s t l>ge w\ld be h>d to f9d n[4 ,! pecan is a hickory4 ,z to wood1 x is ! poore/ ( ! hickories1 & z to nuts x is ! be/4 ,its comp\nd leaves are f twelve to tw5ty in*es long ) f n9e to sev5te5 leaflets4 ,! latt] are f f\r to eight in*es 9 l5g?1 & f "o to ?ree wide4 ,! fir/ pairs on ! petiole are smalle/4 ,! fruit gr[s 9 clu/]s ( f ?ree to elev51 ! numb] exce$+ any o!r hickory4 ,! nuts are f\r-angl$1 & long = _! wid?4 ,! wood ( pecan has disappo9t$ ^? :o h attempt$ to use x l o!r hickories4 ,x does n diff] mu* f !m 9 appe>ance1 b x falls l[ 9 me*anical te/s4 ,9 /r5g?1 t\ghness1 & /iffness x is inf]ior to ! poore/ ( ! o!r hickories4 ,x has less ?an half ! /r5g? & half ! /iffness ( %agb>k hickory4 ,x is a fairly good fuel1 b is high 9 a%4 ,! inf]ior quality ( ! wood has sav$ _m a pecan tree f ! sawmill & ! wagon %op4 ,f9e trunks /& ne> public highways1 along riv] banks1 & 9 fields1 :ile all m]*antable hickories ( o!r species h be5 s5t to m>ket4 ,! uses ( ! wood are few4 ,if "s ( x goes to wagon %ops or to factories :]e agricultural vehicles are made1 x is employ$ = p>ts :i* are n requir$ to endure /ra9 or su/a9 sudd5 j>s4 ,=tunately x is a tree ) a value ( ano!r k9d4 ,x is ! mo/ important nut tree ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates at ?is "t1 & x promises to rema9 s4 ,! =e/-gr[n pecans 7 an article ( food = ,indians :o once liv$ 9 ! region1 & ?\gh :ite settl]s :o succe$$ ! ,indians z occupants ( ! l&1 dep5d$ less ^u =e/ fruits ?an ! r$ m5 _h done1 yet ! pecan 0 (t5 ( supreme importance 9 ! e>ly ye>s ( settlem5t4 ,! nuts h con/itut$ an article ( comm]ce ev] s9ce ! region _h m>kets4 ,nurs]ym5 7 n sl[ to recognize ! value ( ! pecan tree = plant+ purposes1 & nurs]y gr[n /ock has be5 on ! m>ket _m ye>s4 ,ext5sive or*>ds h be5 plant$ 9 ,texas1 ,l\isiana1 ,florida1 & o!r s\!rn /ates1 & "s ( ! e>lie/ ( ^! or*>ds are n[ 9 be>+4 ,h[ev]1 by f> ! l>ge/ "p ( pecans on ! m>ket is wild fruit f ! =e/s4 ,_m are %ipp$ 9 f ,mexico1 b mo/ gr[ 9 ! ri* woods ( s\!rn /ates4 ,!y are ga!r$ l *e/nuts 9 nor!rn woods4 ,! p :o pick !m sell to local /ores at l[ prices1 (t5 tak+ pay 9 m]*&ise4 ,buy]s collect ! /ock f c\ntry & village m]*ants1 & put x on ! g5]al m>ket1 (t5 at ?ree or f\r times ! price paid to ! ga!r]s ( ! nuts4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important matt]s connect$ ) pecan is ! l>ge numb] ( horticultural v>ieties :i* h be5 produc$ by cultivation & selection4 ,m ?an sev5ty h be5 li/$ 9 nurs]y catalogues & special reports4 ,"s ( ! nuts are twice ! size ( ^? ( ! =e/1 & %ells h be5 r$uc$ 9 ?9ness until "s ( !m are really ?9n] ?an !y %\ld be to /& ! r\gh usage :i* comes to !m 9 rea*+ m>kets4 ,deal]s occasionally poli% pecans to imp>t ! ri*1 br[n color :i* is suppos$ to give !m ! appe>ance ( be+ fre% & ( high grade4 ,! poli%+ is produc$ by friction1 :5 ! nuts 9 bulk are %ak5 viol5tly4 ,la/ ye>'s /ock takes on z bright a poli% z fre% /ock1 & ! color & smoo?ness alone are n suffici5t to prove t pecans are fre% f ! trees4 ,! plant$ pecan tree gr[s rapidly & is z easily rais$ z fruit trees4 ,! wild tree is long-liv$1 & ! cultivat$ v>ieties w probably be l x4 ,,nutmeg ,,hickory 7,hicoria myri/ic=mis7 is s nam$ because ! nut has ! size & ! wr9kl$ surface ( a nutmeg1 ?\gh ! %ape is diff]5t4 ,! husk enclos+ ! nut is almo/ z ?9 z pap]4 ,! only o!r "n by :i* x is kn[n is bitt] wat]nut1 9 ,l\isiana4 ,! "n sc>cely applies1 = ! k]nel is said n to be bitt]4 ,! range ( nutmeg hickory ext5ds f ! coa/ ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a to ,arkansas4 ,x is r abundant 9 ,arkansas1 b sc>ce 9 mo/ o!r p>ts ( its range4 ,! tree has sev]al int]e/+ features4 ,x 0 p>tly discov]$ a long "t be=e ! discov]y 0 complete4 ,9 #ahjb ,&re ,f4 ,mi*aux saw ! nut & to t ext5t ! species 0 discov]$1 b _m ye>s pass$ be=e a full description 0 giv5 to ! _w by a compet5t botani/4 ,! wood rates among ! /ronge/ & /iffe/ ( all ! hickories1 accord+ to pres5t in=mation2 b ! calculations 7 bas$ on too few te/s to be consid]$ f9al4 ,two samples ( wood procur$ ne> ,bonneau's depot1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 by ,w4 ,h4 ,rev5el1 %[$ ! rem>kable break+ /r5g? ( #ai1hbb p\nds p] squ>e in*1 & ! measure ( /iffness exce$$ #b1jjj1jjj p\nds to ! squ>e in*4 ,t /r5g? is sixte5 p] c5t above %agb>k4 ,! weight ( nutmeg hickory is #df4if p\nds to ! cubic foot4 ,! wood is h>d1 t\gh1 & compact4 ,! /ructure1 includ+ pores1 m$ull>y rays1 annual r+s1 spr+wood & summ]wood1 is simil> to ! wood ( o!r hickories4 ,trees gr[ be/ 9 s&y soil b ne> swamps & riv]s :]e !re is pl5ty ( wat]4 ,! l>ge/ trunks are eighty or "o hundr$ feet 9 height & two 9 diamet]4 ,:5 use is made ( ?is hickory x s]ves ! same purposes z ! wood ( o!r trees ( ! gr\p4 ,x is nev] report$ sep>ately 9 /ati/ics ( wood utilization4 ,x is too sc>ce to be important z a timb] tree4 ,x app>5tly has a future z an ornam5t1 ?\gh x has n yet be5 widely plant$4 ,x has prov$ a success 9 ! ,c>ol9as & x ?rives 9 ! climate ( ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,! lu/] ( its foliage makes x ! mo/ beautiful ( ! hickories4 ,9 common ) o!r memb]s ( ! g5us1 its long taproot r5d]s ! transplant+ ( nurs]y /ock difficult4 ,,wat] ,,hickory 7,hicoria aquatica7 is kn[n z swamp hickory 9 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 ,florida1 ,mississippi1 & ,l\isiana2 bitt] pecan 9 ,mississippi & ,l\isiana1 & wat] bitt]nut 9 ,t5nessee & ,s\? ,c>ol9a4 ,! nor!rn limit ( ?is species is 9 ,virg9ia ne> ,mobjack bay1 ! s\!rn limit 9 ! ,caloosa valley1 ,florida1 we/ to ! ,brazos riv]1 ,texas1 & nor? to s\!rn ,ill9ois4 ,! wood is h>d1 heavy1 /rong1 b r brittle2 ! sapwood is ?ick & (t5 is ne>ly :ite1 :ile ! he>twood is d>k br[n4 ,x is ! mo/ por\s ( ! hickories1 & ! pores are di/ribut$ g5]ally ?r\gh ! annual r+s ( gr[?4 ,9 o!r hickories !y are l>gely re/rict$ to ! inn] "p ( ea* r+1 ?\gh a few are disp]s$ ?r\gh all p>ts4 ,9 swamp hickory !re is little diff]5ce 9 appe>ance betwe5 ! wood gr[n e>ly 9 ! season & t produc$ lat]4 ,! tree is a rapid gr[]4 ,x is an inhabitant ( deep swamps1 & if ! l& is inundat$ a consid]able "p ( ! ye>1 ! tree seems to gr[ all ! bett]4 ,at its be/ x may atta9 a height ( #ajj feet1 & a diamet] ( two1 b t size is unusual4 ,! nut is small & wr9kl$1 & :5 brok5 op51 pockets ( r$ bitt] p[d] are frequ5tly f\nd inside ! %ell4 ,usually ! nuts are too bitt] to be eat51 b x is said t ne> ! we/]n limit ( ! tree's range1 nuts are sometimes edible4 ,! only report$ uses = ! wood are fuel & f5c+4 ,x is poor f5ce mat]ial1 because1 l o!r hickories1 x decays 9 a %ort "t :5 expos$ to wea!r4 ,! wood ( ?is g5us is ri* 9 foods on :i* decay-produc+ fungi fe$4 ,fungus is a l[ ord] ( plant life :i* s5ds its hair-l ?reads into ! wood cells & consumes ! mat]ial f\nd !re2 b num]\s insects bore into wood to procure food4 ,few woods suff] f su* attacks m ?an hickory4 ,ev5 aft] x is season$ & manufactur$ into commodities1 x is frequ5tly attack$ by v>i\s species ( p[d] po/ beetles1 & mu* injury results4 ,wat] hickory :ile yet /&+ is (t5 greatly damag$ by ! l>v ( c]ta9 mo?s :i* f9d _! way into ! s(t wood j "u ! b>k & tunnel m9ute gall]ies :i* subsequ5tly fill ) br[n sub/ance4 ,accord+ to ,r4 ,b4 ,h\gh1 ^! br[n /reaks 9 wat] hickory are h>d en\gh to turn ! edge ( /eel tools4 ,!y n only damage ! /ructure ( ! wood b spoil its appe>ance4 ,,bitt] ,,pecan 7,hicoria texana7 is a ,texas species :i* has n be5 report$ else:]e4 ,! av]age size ( ! tree is f fifte5 to tw5ty-five feet 9 height & eight to t5 in*es 9 diamet]2 b 9 ri* bottom l&1 p>ticul>ly along ! ,brazos riv]1 specim5s sometimes atta9 a diamet] ( ?ree feet & a height ( #ajj4 ,! leaves are f t5 to twelve in*es 9 l5g?1 ) f sev5 to elev5 leaflets4 ,! nuts are v bitt]1 b are ( approximately ! same size & %ape z edible pecans4 ,! %ells are ?9 & v brittle4 ,! tree's range ext5ds inl& #ajj or #aej miles f ! ,texas coa/4 ,,nor? ,,c>ol9a ,,%agb>k ,,hickory 7,hicoria c>ol9-sept5trionalis7 is f\nd 9 ! neighbor+ p>ts ( ! f\r /ates3 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,georgia1 ,t5nessee1 & ,alabama4 ,9 ! be/ l& ?is tree is occasionally eighty feet high & two or ?ree 9 diamet]1 b :5 x occurs on dry hillsides its av]age height is tw5ty or ?irty feet1 & its diamet] ab\t a foot4 ,! comp\nd leaves are f f\r to eight in*es long1 ) usually ?ree1 b occasionally five leaflets4 ,! sweet nuts are small & br[n4 ,! b>k sep>ates into ?ick /rips a foot or m 9 l5g? & ?ree or f\r in*es wide4 ,! r\gh trunk resembles ! nor!rn %agb>k hickory4 ,! wood is v t\gh1 /rong1 & h>d1 ! he>t light r$di%-br[n1 ! ?9 sapwood ne>ly :ite4 ,x is n di/+ui%$ f ! o!r hickories 9 comm]ce1 & x has ! same uses :5 any use is made ( x4 ,illu/ration ,,:ite ,,elm ,illu/ration3 ,,:ite ,,elm ,,:ite ,,elm 7,ulmus ,am]icana7 ,six species ( elm occur 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 n c\nt+ ! plan] tree z an elm1 ?\gh lumb]m5 usually consid] x z su*4#e ,! :ite elm is ! mo/ common1 is di/ribut$ mo/ widely1 & is comm]cially ! mo/ important4 ,m ( x is us$ z lumb]1 slack coop]age1 & o!r =ms ( =e/ products1 ?an all o!r elms ( ?is c\ntry comb9$4 ,! /ati/ics ( sawmill output collect$ annually by ! ,unit$ ,/ates c5sus are n compil$ 9 a way to %[ ! elms sep>ately4 ,all g 9 z "o4 ,! annual lumb] cut ( elm 9 ! :ole c\ntry is ab\t #bfe1jjj1jjj feet1 di/ribut$ ov] ?irty-f\r /ates1 ) ,wiscons9 lead+1 foll[$ 9 ! ord] nam$ by ,mi*igan1 ,indiana1 ,ohio1 ,miss\ri1 ,arkansas1 ,new ,york1 & ,m9nesota4 ,9 addition to lumb]1 elm furni%es ab\t #acj1jjj1jjj slack coop]age /aves ye>ly4 #e ,! elms are :ite elm 7,ulmus am]icana71 cork elm 7,ulmus racemosa71 slipp]y elm 7,ulmus pubesc5s71 c$> elm 7,ulmus crassifolia71 w+ elm 7,ulmus alata71 & r$ elm 7,ulmus s]ot9a74 ,!y are all conf9$ to ! region ea/ ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s4 ,! elms1 tak5 z a class1 are mu* alike4 ,!re is m resemblance betwe5 ! species ?an betwe5 species ( oaks or p9es1 yet "s diff]5ce exi/s betwe5 elms4 ,?is holds n only betwe5 diff]5t species1 b betwe5 individuals ( ! same species4 ,climate1 situation1 & soil h mu* to d ) ! "* ( ! wood ( ! same species4 ,s great is ! diff]5ce at times t fairly good judges ( timb] are deceiv$ z to ! species4 ,a tree gr[+ on dry1 rocky soil produces wood q diff]5t f "o on ri*1 deep1 well-wat]$ soil4 ,n only is ! wood ( "o diff]5t f t ( ! o!r1 b ! appe>ances ( ! /&+ trees are n alike4 ,! diff]5ces may n %[ 9 leaves1 fl[]s1 & fruit z mu* z 9 ! %apes & sizes ( trees1 & ! habit ( ! bran*es4 ,:ite elm is by common cons5t ! type ( ! g5us1 ! /&>d by :i* ! o!r species are measur$4 ,x is prop] to comp>e c]ta9 prop]ties & *>act]s ( o!r elms ) :ite elm1 9 ord] t a g5]al view ( all may be _h4 ,! dry weights1 p] cubic foot1 ( wood are z foll[s3 ,:ite elm #dj4ed p\nds1 slipp]y elm #dc4ce1 c$> elm #de4ae1 cork elm #de4bf1 & w+ elm #df4fi4 ,figures :i* %[ ! weight ( ! s\!rn r$ elm 7,ulmus s]ot9a7 are n available4 ,:ite elm is ?us %[n to be lighte/ ( ! gr\p4 ,its break+ /r5g? av]ages #ab1aeh p\nds p] cubic in*1 "u ! usual te/s by :i* ! /r5g? ( woods is det]m9$4 ,r$uc$ to ev]yday language t means t #ab1aeh p\nds w\ld j break a :ite elm /ick1 #b in*es squ>e1 & re/+ on supports twelve in*es ap>t4 ,t is ! mean+ ( 8break+ /r5g?10 or 8modulus ( rupture10 z ! t]m is us$ 9 eng9e]+ text books relat+ to woods4 ,! foll[+ figures = ! break+ /r5g? ( o!r elms make comp>isons ) :ite elm easy3 ,c$> elm #aa1jjj2 w+ elm #aa1afb2 slipp]y elm #ab1cdb2 cork elm 7(t5 call$ rock elm7 #ae1agb4 ,x is %[n t two elms are /rong] & two weak] ?an :ite elm4 ,?is wood rates v little bel[ :ite oak 9 /r5g?4 ,! diff]5t species ( elms v>y consid]ably 9 /iffness1 or ! ability to spr+ back :5 b5t4 ,?is factor is express$ by eng9e]s 9 high figures1 is purely te*nical1 & is bas$ on a wood's ability to /ret* & rega9 its =m] position4 ,! only s]vice :i* ! figures c r5d] to ! layman is to furni% a basis = comp>+ "o wood ) ano!r4 ,! /iff] a wood1 ! great] its resi/ance to an ef=t to /ret* x l5g?wise4 ,:ite elm's measure ( /iffness 7modulus ( ela/icity7 is #a1jgj1jjj p\nds p] squ>e in*2 w+ elm #hec1jjj2 c$> elm #iha1jjj2 slipp]y elm #a1cah1jjj2 cork elm #a1eab1jjj4 ,x is %[n "h1 z 0 %[n 9 ! figures repres5t+ ! /r5g? ( ! elms1 t two species rate above & two bel[ :ite elm 9 /iffness4 ,:ite elm is kn[n by sev]al names4 ,! color ( ! b>k is responsible = ! "n gray elm among lumb]m5 & woodwork]s ( ! ,lake ,/ates4 ,am]ican elm is a translation ( its botanical "n1 & is nei!r descriptive nor def9itive1 because !re are o!r elms z truly ,am]ican z ?is "o4 ,:ite elm di/+ui%es its wood f ! r$d] wood ( slipp]y elm1 b x w\ld (t5 be difficult if n impossible to id5tify ! elms1 or any "o ( !m1 by ! color ( ! wood alone4 ,"s p]sons :o call ?is elm :ite d\btless ref] to ! color ( ! b>k1 z is ! case ) ^? :o speak ( x z gray elm4 ,x is kn[n z wat] elm 9 sev]al /ates1 b t "n is appli$ indiscrim9ately to any elm t frequ5ts riv] banks1 z mo/ ( !m d 9 "s "p ( _! range4 ,x is call$ rock elm :5 x is f\nd on /ony upl&s1 & swamp elm on l[ wet gr\nd4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ! ,appala*ian m\nta9 ranges x is call$ a/r+5t elm to di/+ui% x f slipp]y elm4 ,:ite elm surpasses ! o!rs 9 ext5t ( range4 ,its nor!rn b\nd>y /ret*es f ,newf\ndl&1 across ,canada to ! ea/]n base ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 a di/ance ( ne>ly #c1jjj miles4 ,x runs s\? ?r\gh ! ,atlantic /ates to ,florida1 a di/ance ( #a1bjj miles or m4 ,its s\?we/]n limit is 9 ,texas4 ,! area ?us b\nd$ is ab\t #b1ejj1jjj squ>e miles4 ,a few o!r trees h ranges z l>ge1 b none mu* exce$ x4 ,x cov]s s mu* ( ,am]ica1 & is s important 9 _m p>ts ( its range1 t x is cle>ly ! lead+ elm 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,x is entitl$ to fir/ place among elms = o!r reasons4 ,x is n easy to give any sure features or *>act]i/ics by :i* ! layman may always di/+ui% ?is elm f o!rs ) :i* x is associat$2 h[ev]1 by c>efully obs]v+ c]ta9 features1 ! id5tity ( :ite elm is g5]ally easy to e/abli%4 ,! leaves h tee? along ! m>g9s l bee* & bir*4 ,!y h /raight prim>y ve9s runn+ f ! midrib to ! po9ts ( ! tee?4 ,be=e fall+ 9 autumn ! leaves turn yell[4 ,! foliage is n v ?ick1 & mo/ ( x is ne> ! ends ( ! limbs4 ,! bloom comes e>ly 9 ! spr+1 ahead ( ! leaves1 & ! se$s are ripe & ready = flight be=e ! leaves are gr[n4 ,sometimes ! se$s are ripe almo/ be=e ! leaves are out ( ! buds4 ,! se$s are oblong1 & ab\t ! size ( a small l5til4 ,! w+ entirely surr\nds ! se$1 & is ab\t half an in* long4 ,! flight ( elm se$s is an int]e/+ ph5om5on4 ,! individual se$s are s small t !y are n easily se5 z !y sail away f ! tall tree top b :5 !y g 9 sw>ms1 9 fitful puffs ( w9d1 !y are n h>d to see4 ,x is *iefly by _! fruits t !y are kn[n1 t is1 by ! multitudes ( se$l+s t appe> a few weeks lat]4 ,if "o se$l+ elm 9 a ?\s& %\ld rea* maturity1 !re w\ld be little besides elms 9 ! :ole c\ntry4 ,!y spr+ up by highways & h$ges1 9 gutt]s1 fields1 & ev5 betwe5 cobbles & bricks ( pav$ /reets2 b 9 a few days !y h cr[d$ "o ano!r to dea?1 or h p]i%$ f o!r causes1 & ^? :i* manage to live to maturity d n mu* m ?an make up = old trees :i* p]i% f natural causes4 ,! botani/ ,mi*aux pron\nc$ ! :ite elm 8! mo/ magnific5t vegetable ( ! temp]ate zone40 ,a numb] ( trees are l>g]1 ?\gh ?is rea*es great size4 ,s>g5t sets ! limit ( ! tree at #abj feet high & elev5 feet 9 trunk diamet]4 ,t size is1 ( c\rse1 unusual1 b x has be5 surpass$ at lea/ 9 height4 ,a tree 9 ,jeff]son c\nty1 ,p5nsylvania1 0 #adj feet high1 & al?\gh =e/ gr[n1 x _h a spread ( cr[n ( sev5ty-six feet4 ,x 0 s5t to ! sawmill :]e x made #h1hbj feet ( lumb]4 ,t trunk 0 only five feet 9 diamet]4 ,"s ( ! f9e/ =e/ gr[n elms 9 ?is c\ntry h be5 cut 9 ,mi*igan4 ,_! trunks 7 z tall1 /raight1 & %apely z yell[ popl>s1 & _! cr[ns surpass$ ^? ( popl>s4 ,x 0 =m]ly n unusual = sawlogs to be cut f elm limbs :i* bran*$ f ! trunk fifty or m feet f ! gr\nd4 ,! be/ ( ! =e/ gr[n elm ( ?is c\ntry has be5 cut2 b x is /ill lumb]$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole ea/]n half ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! f9e/ elms ( ?is c\ntry1 & d\btless ! f9e/ 9 ! _w1 are ! plant$ trees 9 "s ( ! ,new ,engl& villages4 ,! l>ge/ ( !m h be5 gr[+ = two hundr$ ye>s1 & 9 _m in/ances !y /ill %[ ! vigor ( y\?4 ,trunks six or sev5 feet ?r\gh are n uncommon1 b ! glory ( ! trees is n alone 9 ! trunks4 ,_! spread & =m ( cr[n are magnific5t4 ,! l>ge/ are #aej feet across1 & "s ( ! spl5did bran*es1 ris+ 9 p>abolic curves1 are fully #ajj feet long1 f ! junction ) ! tree to ! tips ( ! twigs4 ,! mo/ apt comp>ison = t =m ( elm is ! spray ( a f\nta94 ,! upw>d jet ( wat] corresponds to ! trunk ( ! tree2 ! upw>d1 outw>d1 & d[nw>d curves ( ! spray repres5t ! cr[n ( ! elm4 ,trees :i* take t =m are gr[n 9 op5 gr\nd :]e sunlight & air rea* e side4 ,=e/ gr[n trees are less symmetrical1 b ev5 9 d5se woods1 ! elm frequ5tly rises cle> above ! canopy ( o!r trees1 & develops ! f\nta9 =m ( cr[n4 ,! new ,engl& /reet & p>k elms surpass ^? f>!r we/ only because !y are old]4 ,! spl5did trunks & cr[ns are ! "w ( c5turies4 ,illu/ration ,,cork ,,elm ,illu/ration3 ,,cork ,,elm ,,cork ,,elm 7,ulmus ,racemosa7 ,?is tree is call$ cork elm 9 ,v]mont1 ,massa*usetts1 ,rhode ,isl&1 ,new ,york1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,arkansas1 ,k5tucky1 ,miss\ri1 ,wiscons91 ,mi*igan1 ,i[a1 & ,ohio2 rock elm 9 ,rhode ,isl&1 ,k5tucky1 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,miss\ri1 ,ill9ois1 ,wiscons91 ,i[a1 ,mi*igan1 ,nebraska2 hickory elm 9 ,miss\ri1 ,i[a1 ,ill9ois1 & ,indiana2 :ite elm 9 ,ont>io2 ,?omas elm 9 ,t5nessee2 nor!rn cork-b>k$ elm 9 ,t5nessee2 corkb>k elm1 ,new ,york2 nor!rn cork elm1 ,v]mont2 wahoo1 ,ohio2 cliff elm 9 ,wiscons94 ,cork elm is ! natural "n4 ,x is a descriptive t]m :i* a /rang] w\ld be apt to apply on see+ ! tree = ! fir/ "t4 ,! b>k ( ! bran*es1 aft] x has atta9$ an age ( ?ree or f\r ye>s1 becomes r\gh by ! gr[? ( ridges & protub]ances4 ,?is feature is sometimes s prom95t t x at once attracts att5tion1 p>ticul>ly :5 ! bran*es are b>e ( leaves2 h5ce ! "n cork elm4 ,lumb]m5 insi/ on nam+ ! tree rock elm4 ,!y ref] to ! h>dness ( ! wood1 or !y may h 9 m9d ! dry1 /ony situations :]e t\gh1 /rong elm gr[s4 ,! latt] is (t5 ! case1 because ! "n is appli$ also to slipp]y elm & :ite elm if !y gr[ on /ony gr\nd4 ,a wide-spread op9ion prevails t wood :i* gr[s among rocks is h>d]1 t\gh]1 /rong]1 & m durable ?an t produc$ by deep1 f]tile soil4 ,x is possible to cite mu* evid5ce to support t view1 & ! case might be consid]$ prov$1 b = ! fact t an equal1 or great] am\nt ( evid5ce1 9 e way z tru/wor?y1 may be cit$ on ! o!r side4 ,! /ronge/ hickory1 a%1 & oak d n come f /ony l&4 ,x sometimes happ5s t a species ) t\gh1 /rong wood1 is f\nd on rocks1 b x is n t\gh because x is !re1 b 9 spite ( be+ !re4 ,! "n cliff elm :i* ?is tree be>s 9 ,wiscons9 is b ano!r =m ( ! "n rock elm1 & cle>ly has ref]5ce to ! situation :]e ! tree gr[s 9 t "p ( ! c\ntry4 ,hickory elm1 on ! o!r h&1 a "n appli$ to ?is tree mu* f>!r s\?1 is a recognition ( ! wood's t\ghness4 ,9 "s p>ticul>s x does n fall mu* bel[ hickory 9 t\ghness1 b is n z /rong1 ela/ic1 or capable ( z smoo? poli%4 ,! latt] prop]ty is "o ( ! recomm5dations ( hickory :5 us$ = h&les4 ,x is v smoo? to ! t\*2 cork elm is less s4 ,9 ! nor!rn woods1 elm ax h&les are 9 use1 & "s axm5 pref] !m to hickory4 ,su* is probably ! case :5 ! be/ cork elm & a m$ium or poor quality ( hickory are 9 competition4 ,! fib]s ( cork elm are int]lac$1 r5d]+ ! splitt+ ( ! wood difficult4 ,= uses 9 :i* t is a desirable prop]ty1 x is pref]able to hickory4 ,x is bett] = hubs = l>ge wagons1 & t is a v important use = ?is elm4 ,! wood ( all ! elms is r+-por\s2 t is1 ! spr+wood1 or inn] "p ( ! annual r+1 consi/s ( "o or m r[s ( l>ge ducts4 ,! summ]wood conta9s pores 9 l>ge numb]s1 b !y are small1 & are usually arrang$ 9 %ort curv$ l9es4 ,! m$ull>y rays are n prom95t 9 ! wood ( any ( ! elms1 & qu>t]-saw+ adds no beauty to ! lumb]4 ,! wood is practically )\t figure1 on acc\nt ( ei!r annual r+s or m$ull>y rays2 b x may be /a9$1 poli%$1 & made v attractive4 ,t is done (t5] ) :ite elm ?an ) any o!r4 ,! /r5g? ( cork elm creat$ dem& = x 9 boat build+ at an e>ly day4 ,! tree is & always 0 sc>ce 9 ! vic9ity ( ! ,atlantic sea bo>d1 & ! e>lie/ boat build]s seem n to h be5 acqua9t$ ) ! wood4 ,x 0 mo/ abundant 9 ! =e/s ( ,mi*igan1 ?\gh x ext5d$ we/w>d to ,nebraska4 ,x 0 pl5tiful 9 ! prov9ce ( ,ont>io1 & ! timb]s f t region acqua9t$ ,engli% %ipbuild]s ) ! m]its ( ! wood4 ,!y s5t contractors into ,mi*igan to buy cork elm1 long be=e ! o!r h>dwoods ( t region _h attract$ ! att5tion ( ! outside _w4 ,! mo/ conv5i5t supplies ( cork elm on ! ,l[] ,mi*igan p59sula ?us pass$ ?r\gh ,canada to %ip y>ds on ! o!r side ( ! sea4 ,! wood is reput$ to be m durable ?an any ( ! o!r elms4 ,x is g5]ally und]/ood t ! c\ntry's supply ( cork elm is runn+ %ort1 b !re are no /ati/ics :i* %[ h[ mu* is left or h[ mu* has be5 cut4 ,x is d\btful if ! orig9al =e/s1 includ+ ! :ole c\ntry1 _h "o tree ( cork elm to tw5ty ( :ite elm4 ,! av]age size ( cork elm is sixty feet high & two 9 diamet]4 ,! trunks are well %ap$1 if =e/ gr[n4 ,!y develop small cr[ns 9 proportion to ! size ( trunks2 & ! cr[ns are less graceful ?an ^? ( :ite elm--lack+ ! long1 sweep+ curves ( ! latt]4 ,! g5]al cont\r ( ! tree has be5 comp>$ to :ite oak4 ,cork elm gr[s well :5 plant$ on ! ,pacific coa/1 9 environm5ts q diff]5t f its native habitat4 ,9 ! =e/ x increases 9 size sl[ly2 :5 plant$ x makes mu* bett] headway4 ,x has a disagreeable habit ( spr\t+ :i* puts x out ( favor z a p>k tree4 ,! wood ( ! diff]5t elms is l>gely us$ = manufactur+ purposes4 ,!y are sometimes kept sep>ate1 b g5]ally n4 ,! p>ticul> place :]e cork elm is pref]r$ is 9 ! manufacture ( vehicles & boats1 b x is by no means conf9$ to ^? commodities4 ,! /ate ( ,mi*igan alone s5ds #ej1jjj1jjj feet ( elm a ye> to its factories to be conv]t$ into articles ( g5]al utility4 ,furniture mak]s take ov] #b1jjj1jjj feet ( x1 ?\gh elm is n class$ z a furniture wood4 ,9 c]ta9 places x is sup]ior to almo/ e o!r wood4 ,no matt] h[ discolor$ x becomes by wea!r+ & ! accumulation ( =eign sub/ances1 a vigor\s application ( soap1 wat]1 & a scrubb+ bru% w :it5 x4 ,x is lik$ 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( refrig]ators :i* ne$ con/ant scrubb+4 ,elm to ! ext5t ( #h1jjj1jjj feet goes into refrig]ators 9 ,mi*igan alone4 ,! /r5g? & t\ghness ( elm make x suitable = frames ( tables4 ,:5 ?us us$1 x is g5]ally out ( sight1 b n infrequ5tly x is made into table legs z well z frames4 ,/ati/ics %[ t m ?an a million feet are manufactur$ ye>ly into h&les 9 ,mi*igan alone4 ,all ?ree ( ! nor!rn elms--:ite1 cork1 & slipp]y--are li/$ 9 ! h&le indu/ry4 ,_m millions ( feet ( elm are ye>ly conv]t$ into automobile /ock--#c1jjj1jjj 9 ,mi*igan4 ,horse-drawn vehicles take m4 ,! mo/ common place = x is ! hub1 b x s]ves also z %afts1 poles1 rea*es1 & ev5 z spokes = wagons ( ! l>ge/ size4 ,! important place 9 ! slack coop]age indu/ry held by elm is well kn[n4 ,x is a fl\r b>rel wood1 b is employ$ = b>rels ( _m o!r k9ds4 ,x /&s high z v5e]1 n ! k9d ( :i* ! visible p>ts ( furniture are made1 b ! invisible int]ior1 built up ( v5e] %eets glu$ toge!r4 ,a simil> k9d ( v5e] =ms ! boxes or frames ( trunks--! "p to be cov]$ by metal1 lea!r1 or clo?4 ,! slats :i* /r5g!n ! outside ( trunks are frequ5tly ( elm4 ,?is wood is n 9 favor = "o important purpose1 h>dwood di/illation4 ,x has escap$ pretty g5]ally also f be+ employ$ z a f>m mat]ial1 on acc\nt ( its poor la/+ qualities4 ,"s slipp]y elm 0 maul$ into f5ce rails 9 ! pione] days ( ,ohio1 ,indiana1 & s\!rn ,mi*igan1 b t 0 only because x 0 pl5tiful & conv5i5t4 ,cork elm probably nev] made a f5ce rail1 because x is s unw$geable t no rail splitt] w\ld h any?+ to d ) x4 ,at ! be/1 x is b a tempor>y make%ift z f5ce po/s1 b by apply+ creosote & o!r pres]vative treatm5ts to less5 decay1 x measures up ) mo/ o!r po/ woods4 ,! elms are n indisp5sable woods 9 ?is c\ntry1 b _! exhau/ion1 %\ld x ev] come1 w leave _m places h>d to fill4 ,z f> z kn[n1 no woodlots ( any species ( elm h be5 plant$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 & !re is little prospect t any w be plant$1 because ! sl[ gr[? ( ! trees disc\rages =e/]s4 ,a c5tury or two is a long look ahead4 ,h[ev]1 ! exhau/ion ( no species ( ! elms 9 ?is c\ntry ne$ be expect$ soon4 ,! mo/ app>5t p]il lies ahead ( cork elm1 because x nev] 0 abundant1 & dem&1 :i* has be5 l>ge = a long "t1 is /ill /rong4 ,! species is scatt]$ ov] m ?an #bjj1jjj squ>e miles1 & a long "t mu/ elapse be=e ! la/ cork elm f9ds its way to ! sawmill4 ,! situation ( :ite elm is m promis+4 ,x may be among ! la/ trees ( ! ,am]ican =e/s to take its f9al dep>ture4 ,its wide range & its b\nte\s se$ crops insure a supply1 ?\gh n necess>ily a l>ge "o1 = a long "t4 ,! greate/ p]il to elms1 z well z to _m o!r =e/ trees1 is t1 :5 weak5$ by depletion1 "s disease w attack !m & de/roy ! remnants4 ,exp]i5ce 9 ,new ,engl& & else:]e has %[n t elm has no great resi/+ p[] :5 a /rong attack is made ^u x4 ,illu/ration ,,slipp]y ,,elm ,illu/ration3 ,,slipp]y ,,elm ,,slipp]y ,,elm 7,ulmus ,pubesc5s7 ,?is tree is kn[n z slipp]y elm 9 e /ate :]e x gr[s1 ?irty or m2 b 9 "s localities x has o!r names also4 ,x is d\btful if any p]son :o is acqua9t$ ) ! tree w\ld fail to recognize x by ! "n slipp]y elm1 ?\gh "s :o are acqua9t$ ) ! lumb] only might n "k x by t "n4 ,^? :o call x r$ elm h 9 m9d ! color ( ! he>twood :i* is ( deep] r$ ?an ! wood ( any o!r elm1 or !y may ref] to ! tawny pubesc5ce on ! "y %oots 9 w9t]4 ,! botanical "n describes t *>act]i/ic4 ,9 ! ,nor?1 ! slipp]y elm is sometimes kn[n z moose elm4 ,x furni%es =age 9 w9t] = ! moose & o!r h]bivor\s animals :5 gr\nd plants are cov]$ ) sn[4 ,! moose is able to eat bran*es z ?ick z a man's ?umb4 ,! pr9cipal food elem5t 9 ! twigs is ! mucilag9\s inn] b>k4 ,x is ?is :i* gives ! tree its "n slipp]y elm4 ,! value ( ! b>k z a food has be5 que/ion$4 ,x is agreeable to ! ta/e ( bo? man & bea/1 b x is claim$ t a human be+ w />ve to dea? on x1 ?\gh x w prolong life sev]al days4 ,! l[] animals1 h[ev]1 seem able to d]ive m b5efit f eat+ ! b>k4 ,an incid5t ( ! ,w> ( #ahab appe>s to prove ?is4 ,! army "u ,g5]al ,h>rison1 op]at+ 9 ! vic9ity ( ,lake ,erie1 kept ! horses ( ! exp$ition alive by fe$+ !m on slipp]y elm b>k1 /ripp$ f ! trees & *opp$ 9 small bits4 ,! inn] b>k has long be5 us$ = m$ic9al purposes4 ,x is n[ gr\nd f9e & is kept = sale 9 drug /ores1 b =m]ly x 0 a h\sehold rem$y :i* mo/ families 9 ! c\ntry provid$ & kept 9 /ore along ) catnip1 m&rake1 sage1 dogwood blossoms1 & o!r rural rem$ies :i* 7 dep5d$ ^u to r\t diseases 9 ! days :5 physicians 7 few4 ,! slipp]y elm b>k 0 peel$ f ! tree 9 long /rips1 ! r\gh out] lay]s 7 %av$ (f1 leav+ ! mucilag9\s inn] lay]4 ,t 0 f an eigh? to a qu>t] ( an in* ?ick4 ,x 0 dri$ & put away = use4 ,:5 ne$$ x 0 p\nd$ to a pulp1 moi/5$ ) wat]1 & appli$ z a p\ltice1 if an ext]nal rem$y 0 want$4 ,if a m$ic9e 0 ne$$1 a decoction 0 drunk z tea4 ,!re is no "q t ! rem$y (t5 produc$ good results :5 no doctor 0 )9 rea*4 ,a well-kn[n m$ical writ] said ?ree-qu>t]s ( a c5tury ago t ! slipp]y elm tree 0 wor? its weight 9 gold4 ,! range ( slipp]y elm ext5ds f ! l[] ,/4 ,lawr5ce riv] ?r\gh ,canada to ,nor? ,dakota4 ,x is f\nd 9 ,texas z f> we/ z ! ,san ,antonio riv]1 & its we/]n limit is g5]ally f #bjj to #cjj miles we/ ( ! ,mississippi riv]4 ,its range ext5ds s\? ne>ly to ! ,gulf ( ,mexico4 ,x is n ?is tree's habit to gr[ 9 ?ick /&s1 b x occurs s+ly or 9 small gr\ps on ! banks ( /reams or on ri* hillsides4 ,! av]age size is sc>cely half t ( :ite elm4 ,few trees exce$ a height ( sev5ty feet & a diamet] ( two4 ,x gr[s rapidly at fir/1 b does n live to old age4 ,! cr[n lacks ! symmetry & beauty s conspicu\s 9 :ite elm4 ,! limbs foll[ no law ( regul>ity1 b leave ! trunk at haphaz>d4 ,! fruit is mature be=e ! leaves are half gr[n4 ,! se$s h m w+ area ?an ^? ( :ite elm2 &1 l ^? ( :ite elm1 ! w+ surr\nds ! flat se$ on all its edges4 ,! leaves are r\gh to ! t\*1 & :5 crumpl$ 9 ! h&1 ! crun*+ s5sation is unpleasant4 ,next to :ite elm1 slipp]y elm appe>s to be m abundant ?an any o!r memb] ( ! gr\p2 b /ati/ics d n give ! basis = close e/imates4 ,! factories ( ,mi*igan use #c1gjj1jjj feet ( slipp]y elm a ye>1 & #dd1jjj1jjj ( :ite elm4 ,! proportion ( slipp]y to :ite is l>g] 9 ! factories ( ,ill9ois4 ,! uses are ! same z = o!r elms4 ,! wood is rat$ m durable ?an ! o!rs1 b x is n 9 mu* dem& = outdoor "w :]e resi/ance to decay is an important consid]ation4 ,x is sometimes set = f5ce po/s1 b ! results are sc>cely satisfactory1 p>ticul>ly = r\nd po/s :i* are l>gely sapwood4 ,po/s saw$ f ! he>twood ( l>ge trees w\ld d bett]4 ,! deep] r$ ( ! he>twood gives x an advantage ov] ! o!r elms = furniture & f9i% :]e natural colors are %[n2 b ?is is n important because no elm's natural color /&s = mu* 9 ! e/imation ( us]s ( f9e woods4 ,! m common use ( slipp]y elm is = boxes & coop]age4 ,next to r$ gum1 x is employ$ 9 l>g] quantities = coop]age 9 ,ill9ois ?an any o!r wood4 ,! supply is rapidly decreas+4 ,! cut = lumb] is ! *ief dra91 b a n inconsid]able "o is ! peel+ ( trees = b>k4 ,?is goes on all ov] ! species' range & mu* ( x is done by boys ) knives & hat*ets4 ,x is (t5 h>d to f9d slipp]y elms )9 miles ( a t[n1 because all h succumb$ to b>k hunt]s4 ,,c$> ,,elm 7,ulmus crassifolia7 appe>s to be> ?is "n because x is (t5 f\nd associat$ ) r$ c$>s on ! dry lime/one hills ( ,texas4 ,!re is little 9 ! =m & appe>ance ( ! tree to sugge/ ! tall1 tap]+ conical cr[n ( c$>4 ,!re is /ill less 9 ! wood4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,texas ! species is call$ r$ elm1 on acc\nt ( ! color ( ! wood1 :ile 9 ,arkansas1 :i* is ne> ! nor!rn b\nd>y ( its range1 x is locally kn[n z basket elm1 because basket mak]s f9d desirable qualities 9 its wood4 ,x is a species ( r limit$ range1 b x is abundant 9 c]ta9 regions4 ,x is f\nd z f> ea/ z ,sunfl[] riv]1 ,mississippi1 nor? into ,arkansas1 we/ to ,pecos riv]1 ,texas1 & s\? into ,mexico4 ,x is conf9$ to ?ree /ates1 ?is side ! ,rio ,gr&e4 ,trees on dry hills are incl9$ to be %rubby1 b 9 damp valleys :]e soil is f]tile1 specim5s atta9 a height ( eighty feet & a diamet] ( ?ree1 b ! av]age is n ne>ly s l>ge4 ,! leaves are small b num]\s4 ,! fl[]+ habits ( ?is elm are some:at erratic4 ,! usual "t = bloom to appe> is ,augu/1 & a mon? or six weeks aft]w>ds ! small se$s are ready = flight2 b occasionally1 z if n satisfi$ ) its fir/ ef=t1 ! tree blooms aga9 9 ,octob]1 & rip5s a second crop late 9 ! fall4 ,! se$s are poorly suppli$ ) w+s1 :i* are r$uc$ to n>r[ m>g9s surr\nd+ ! se$4 ,x does n appe>1 h[ev]1 t ! species is 9 any way h&icapp$ 9 secur+ reproduction4 ,! small %oots are equipp$ ) flat1 corky keels1 simil> to b mu* small] ?an ^? ( ! w+ elm4 ,?is tree is important = ! lumb] x produces4 ,x is ! common & mo/ abundant elm ( ,texas1 & x is f\nd 9 a l>ge "p ( t /ate4 ,! wood is ! weake/ ( ! elms1 & is likewise q brittle2 b 9 ! region :]e x is mo/ abundant x comp>es favorably ) any o!r4 ,! be/ is cut f ! l>ge/ trees1 :i* gr[ 9 valleys :]e moi/ure is abundant4 ,! gr[? f\nd on ! dry hills is ( poor quality1 & is wor? little1 ev5 = fuel4 ,! highe/ developm5t 9 ,texas1 & also ! highe/ 9 ! species' range1 is 9 ! valleys ( ,tr9ity & ,guadalupe riv]s4 ,9 ,texas ?is wood is employ$ 9 furniture factories z inside frames1 to be cov]$ by o!r woods1 b x is n employ$ z outside p>ts ( furniture1 unless 9 v *eap k9ds4 ,x is suitable = dra9 bo>ds & floors ( refrig]ators :]e x is wet mu* ( ! "t4 ,"u su* circum/ances x is m easily kept clean ?an mo/ o!r woods4 ,x :it5s ) repeat$ scrubb+s4 ,"o ( its mo/ common uses 9 ,texas is = wagon hubs4 ,"s :eelwrights pron\nce x next to ! be/ native wood = t purpose1 ! fir/ place be+ accord$ ,osage orange4 ,! tree is (t5 plant$ = %ade along ! /reets ( ,texas t[ns1 & develops ?ick cr[ns & satisfactory =ms4 ,,r$ ,,elm 7,ulmus s]ot9a7 is a lately discov]$ memb] ( ! elm family4 ,x s closely resembles ! cork elm t x 0 suppos$ to be ( ! same species1 & ! close scrut9y ( a botani/ 0 requir$ to discov] t x 0 a sep>ate species4 ,s>g5t obs]v$ ! fl[]s op5+ 9 ,septemb] :ile ^? ( cork elm appe> 9 e>ly spr+4 ,! se$s rip5 9 ,novemb]1 :ile cork elm's are ripe e>ly 9 ! summ]4 ,! tree 0 nam$ r$ elm1 ! wood be+ r$di%-br[n4 ,t "n is widely appli$ to slipp]y elm1 b x is improbable t mu* confusion w result4 ,! r$ elm's range is q re/rict$ & 9 t area ! slipp]y elm is n important4 ,r$ elm occurs on lime/one hills & riv] banks f c5tral ,k5tucky to nor!rn ,georgia & ,alabama4 ,x atta9s a height ( fifty or sixty feet & a diamet] ( two or ?ree4 ,! leaves are f two to f\r in*es 9 l5g?1 & "o or two wide1 ) m>g9s too!d l ! o!r elms4 ,! midrib is yell[1 & 9 ! autumn ! leaves *ange to an orange yell[ be=e fall+4 ,bran*es :i* are two or ?ree ye>s old develop corky w+s1 two or ?ree 9 numb]4 ,x is n kn[n t me*anical te/s ( ! wood h be5 made 9 a regul> way to det]m9e its physical prop]ties1 b sup]ficial exam9ation indicates t x is h>d1 t\gh1 & /rong1 app>5tly ab\t ! same z cork elm4 ,special li/s ( uses = ?is wood h n be5 compil$ = ! reason t lumb]m5 & op]ators ( sawmills h nev] di/+ui%$ x f o!r elms ( ! region4 ,s9ce x has nev] be5 left /&+ 9 di/ricts :]e o!r elms are cut1 x is evid5t t x has be5 regul>ly put to use = vehicles1 agricultural implem5ts1 boxes1 crates1 & slack coop]age1 because su* articles h be5 manufactur$ 9 ! region4 ,! r$ elm has be5 occasionally plant$ z a %ade tree along /reets ( t[ns 9 nor!rn ,georgia & ,alabama4 ,illu/ration ,,plan]tree ,illu/ration3 ,,plan]tree ,,plan]tree 7,plan]a ,aquatica7 ,?is tree is a fir/ c\s9 ( ! elms1 b x is no m an elm ?an a hackb]ry is an elm4 ,x is a memb] ( ! family b is ( a diff]5t g5us1 & x is ! sole repres5tative ( its g5us 9 ! kn[n _w4 ,!re is only "o k9d ( plan]tree1 ) no ne>] relatives ?an ! elms on "o side & hackb]ry1 sug>b]ry1 & palo blanco on ! o!r4 ,except ^? k9sfolk1 x is alone on e>?4 ,! "n is 9 honor ( ,johann ,jacob ,plan]1 a ,g]man botani/ ^: ef=ts did mu* = sci5ce ne>ly two hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,! "n ( ! species aquatica1 recognizes ! tree's habit ( gr[+ :]e wat] is abundant4 ,x is a swamp species1 or r1 x pref]s situations subject to p]iodic ov]fl[4 ,x looks l an elm1 & t has l$ p to call x wat] elm4 ,t is ! "n by :i* x is usually kn[n 9 ,florida4 ,9 ,alabama x is call$ ! ,am]ican plan]tree1 :i* is an unnecess>y re/riction1 s9ce !re is no plan]tree except ?is "o4 ,! ,l\isiana ,fr5* gave x ! "n pl5e1 & ! abridgem5t ( its "n is yet he>d 9 t /ate4 ,9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a x has acquir$ ! "n sycamore1 b )\t good reason4 ,x does n look 9 ! lea/ l sycamore4 ,x has ! leaf ( an elm1 & x resembles t tree 9 b>k1 & some:at 9 g5]al =m4 ,! layman detects ! fir/ important diff]5ce :5 he exam9es ! se$s4 ,^? ( ! elms h w+s1 b ! plan]tree's are )\t ^? app5dages1 & !y w\ld be useless if x _h !m1 unless !y 7 z l>ge z ! p>a*ute ( ! basswood se$4 ,! plan]tree be>s a sort ( nut1 a ?ird ( an in* long1 & too heavy to be transport$ f> on ! ord9>y membran\s w+s ( tree se$s4 ,wat] is d\btless ! pr9cipal ag5t 9 c>ry+ ! se$s f place to place4 ,probably few ( !m are transport$ f>1 because ! wat] ab\t ! trees is g5]ally /agnant2 &1 besides1 ! species does n seem to be ext5d+ its range or increas+ 9 numb]s4 ,! plan]tree has a hi/ory4 ,if ! t]ms :i* ! ,roman hi/orian ,tacitus appli$ to p1 c\ld be appli$ to trees1 x might be said ( ?is species1 z he said ( c]ta9 tribes3 8,! c[>ds fly ! f>!/ & are ! la/ survivors40 ,! plan]tree is n[ f\nd only 9 c]ta9 s\!rn swamps1 f ,nor? ,c>ol9a to ,florida1 & we/ to ,miss\ri & ,texas4 ,9 =m] p]iods1 z is %[n by ! records ( geology1 !re 7 sev]al species1 & !y _h a wide range ov] portions ( ! nor!rn hemisph]e4 ,!y appe> to h be5 a /rong gr\p ( trees1 able to hold _! gr\nd ) ! be/ inhabitants ( ! =e/4 ,!y 7 9 ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 & f> nor? 9 ,alaska4 ,!y 7 9 ,europe also1 or 7 repres5t$ !re by "s v simil> species4 ,= "s reason :i* is n def9itely kn[n1 !y lo/ out :5 competition ) o!r trees became ke51 & 9 ! c\rse ( long p]iods ( "t !y disappe>$ f _! =m] ranges 9 ! ,nor? & ,we/4 ,!y took to ! swamps1 j z ! tribes ( :i* ,tacitus spoke1 took to ! morasses :5 !y c\ld no long] face _! enemies on op5 gr\nd4 ,x 0 a f> cry f ,alaska to ! ,*attahoo*ee swamps 9 ,florida1 yet t 0 :]e ,a4 ,h4 ,curtis & ,*>les ,mohr w5t to procure typical plan]tree specim5s = ! te/s :i* ,s>g5t made ( ,am]ican woods4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t tree species :i* h lo/ out 9 competition = gr\nd1 h be5 ^? :i* 7 at "s decid$ disadvantage 9 ! matt] ( gett+ _! se$s prop]ly scatt]$ & plant$4 ,! case has n be5 prov$1 because !re are z _m facts & z mu* argum5t aga9/ t hypo!sis z = x4 ,! bigtrees ( ,cali=nia are a not$ example ( a species :i* lo/ out & retreat$ to a corn]1 yet _! se$s fly l birds4 ,pla9ly1 some?+ besides w+$ se$s is ne$$ to keep ! species 9 ! fight4 ,h[ev]1 x is n difficult to see t ! plan]tree1 ) w+less se$s & ( s little use z food t no bird or rod5t w c>ry !m or bury !m1 has be5 mu* h&icapp$ 9 ! long conte/ :i* has cr[d$ x f ! arctic circle to ! cotton belt4 ,x has ! habits ( ! subdu$ & conqu]$ tree4 ,x has adapt$ itself to swamps :]e few species c gr[1 & :]e competition = light & room is r$uc$ to a m9imum4 ,yet1 ev5 !re1 x is cont5t to take ! leav+s ( m ambiti\s species4 ,! cr[ns make little ef=t to rise up to ! light1 = :i* _m o!r trees battle dur+ _! :ole exi/5ce4 ,! plan]tree's l[1 broad top ( contort$ bran*es places x p]petually 9 ! %ade ( any o!r trees :i* ov]top x4 ,! wood ( ! plan]tree is light] 9 weight1 poor] 9 fuel value1 weak]1 & m brittle ?an ! poore/ ( ! elms4 ,! annual r+ lacks ! r[s ( l>ge op5 pores common 9 all ! elms1 b x has _m small pores scatt]$ ?r\gh ! :ole ye>'s gr[?4 ,x is n easy to note a diff]5ce betwe5 ! spr+wood & t :i* gr[s lat]4 ,! wood is s(t1 light br[n 9 color1 & ! ne>ly :ite sapwood is ?ick4 ,x is (t51 p]haps g5]ally1 a tree ( fairly rapid gr[?1 & s9ce x does n rea* l>ge size1 x is probably %ort-liv$1 b exact in=mation along t l9e is lack+4 ,! talle/ trees seldom exce$ a height ( =ty feet & a diamet] ( two4 ,x is evid5t t a tree ( t size & =m does n tempt ! lumb]man to mu* ex]tion to procure x4 ,an exam9ation ( reports ( sawmill op]ations & ( ! utilization ( woods by %ops & factories 9 ! s\!rn /ates has fail$ to f9d a s+le in/ance :]e ! plan]tree has be5 report$ 9 use = any purpose :atev]4 ,d\btless1 trees are sometimes cut & ! lumb] gets into ! m>ket1 b n "u its own "n4 ,! species is int]e/+ = reasons o!r ?an t x ev] has _h or ev] c h a place 9 ! c\ntry's lumb] indu/ry4 ,,w+ ,,elm 7,ulmus alata71 :i* is ! smalle/ ( ! elms1 is pl5tifully suppli$ ) names1 b 9 mo/ p>ts ( its range x is kn[n z w+ or w+$ elm4 ,x is also call$ wahoo or wahoo elm1 & ! ,we/ ,virg9ians h nam$ x wit* elm2 ! ,nor? ,c>ol9ans ref] to x (t5 z simply elm2 f ,florida to ,texas "s call x cork elm2 9 ,alabama x is wat] elm2 9 ,arkansas m\nta9 elm2 :ile 9 o!r regions x is corky elm1 small-leaf elm1 & r$ elm4 ,"s ( ^! names are self-explanatory4 ,w+ elm does n relate to a w+$ se$1 b to w+$ twigs4 ,t *>act]i/ic ( ! tree is v prom95t4 ,! w+s consi/ ( flatt5$ keels along opposite sides ( ! bran*es4 ,a twig no m ?an a qu>t] ( an in* 9 diamet] may be decorat$ ) w+s half an in* or m wide1 mak+ ! twig f\r or five times z wide z x is ?ick4 ,z ! twig enl>ges1 ! w+s d n broad5 9 proportion4 ,! l[e/ bran*es & ^? ne>e/ ! trunk are mo/ g5]\sly furni%$ ) w+s4 ,!y appe> to be entirely ornam5tal1 = x is n kn[n t !y s]ve any useful purpose4 ,! gr[? is diff]5t f ^? :i* give cork elm its "n4 ,! latt] occur on ! l>ge bran*es1 (t5 9 ! =m ( isolat$ protub]ances1 b ! w+s are fairly cont9u\s = a foot or m1 except t !y t]m9ate abruptly at ! nodes1 b recomm5ce imm$iately aft]4 ,bran*es less ?an a ye> old seldom h w+s4 ,! "n wahoo appe>s to h lo/ its etymology if x ev] _h any4 ,diction>ies tell :at x means1 b !y %y at its orig94 ,x is a s\!rn ^w :i* is appli$ to ?is elm1 & also to o!r trees1 & occasionally x means a fi% in/ead ( a tree4 ,"s w\ld trace x to ! cry ( an owl1 o!rs to a "n 9 ,gulliv]'s ,travels1 ) a slight *ange 9 spell+4 ,w+ elm at its be/ is ab\t fifty feet high & two 9 diamet]2 b mu* ( ! /& is small4 ,! be/ occurs we/ ( ! ,mississippi riv]4 ,! range ext5ds f ,texas to ,virg9ia1 s\? to ,florida1 & nor? to ,ill9ois4 ,9 ,texas x is a fairly important wood 9 furniture factories1 ! annual supply be+ ab\t a million feet4 ,x is us$ by turn]s = table legs4 ,9 an inve/igation ( ! uses ( ! wood1 ! same difficulty is enc\nt]$ t makes difficult a /udy ( ! uses ( all ! elms--conflict & unc]ta9ty ( names4 ,!re are few regions 9 ! h>dwood areas ( ?is c\ntry :i* produce "o elm & no m2 & aft] all practical means ( id5tification are resort$ to1 !re is (t5 d\bt & unc]ta9ty conc]n+ ! exact species ( elm lumb] f\nd 9 use4 ,=tunately1 x g5]ally makes little diff]5ce1 because anyone ( !m is good en\gh = ord9>y use4 ,w+ elm is ext5sively plant$ = %ade along ! /reets ( t[ns 9 ! l[] ,mississippi valley1 b m frequ5tly on ! we/ side ( ! valley4 ,:5 ! trees gr[ 9 ! op5 !y develop broad cr[ns1 & ! bran*es1 ev5 ( comp>atively small trees1 are long en\gh to rea* well ov] ! sidewalks1 & ca/ satisfactory %ade4 ,! d>k-color$ w+$ twigs add mu* to ! ornam5tal value ( ! /reet trees4 ,,fremontia 7,fremontod5dron cali=nicum7 is n botanically 9 ! elm family1 b x is popul>ly kn[n z slipp]y elm 9 ! region :]e x occurs1 & = t reason x is "h giv5 place among ! elms4 ,x is kn[n also z lea!rwood4 ,x is a ,cali=nia species1 rang+ among ! l[] m\nta9s & high] foo?ills 9 dry1 gravelly soils1 f ! ,mexican b\nd>y five hundr$ miles nor?w>d 9 ! /ate4 ,! mucilag9\s inn] b>k ta/es l t ( ! true slipp]y elm4 ,! %ape ( ! leaf mu* m resembles sycamore ?an elm2 & x is an ev]gre54 ,x be>s a bright yell[1 roselike fl[]1 & ! se$s are small1 r$di%-br[n4 ,! wood is f9e gra9$1 cle> r$di%-br[n1 ) ?ick1 :iti% sapwood4 ,x is v s(t4 ,! tree atta9s its l>ge/ size among ! foo?ills ( ! ,si]ra ,nevada m\nta9s1 b ev5 !re x is too small to h mu* economic value1 seldom exce$+ ?irty feet 9 height & a foot 9 diamet]4 ,its mo/ important use is z a =age plant = cattle & %eep4 ,9 t p>ticul> x resembles slipp]y elm 9 nor!rn woods4 ,! tree is occasionally plant$ 9 ! ea/]n /ates & 9 ,europe = ornam5t4 ,9 its native range x gr[s sl[ly4 ,illu/ration ,,hackb]ry ,illu/ration3 ,,hackb]ry ,,hackb]ry 7,celtis ,occid5talis7 ,hackb]ry is a common "n = ?is tree 9 ne>ly all p>ts ( its range1 b x has o!r names4 ,x is sometimes confus$ ) sug>b]ry 7,celtis mississippi5sis74 ,!y call x nettle tree 9 ,rhode ,isl&1 ,massa*usetts1 ,delaw>e1 & ,mi*igan1 & 9 ,t5nessee x is kn[n z ,am]ican nettle-tree4 ,9 ,v]mont x is hoop a%2 9 ,rhode ,isl& "o-b]ry2 hack-tree 9 ,m9nesota1 & junip] tree 9 ,new ,j]sey4 ,! "n hackb]ry is n ( ,am]ican orig94 ,x dates f> back 9 ! languages ( we/]n ,europe & is believ$ to h ! same orig9 z ! ^w haw1 :i*1 9 its turn meant h$ge4 ,if t etymology is correct1 ! ^w really means h$ge b]ry1 :i* is n an inappropriate "n = ! tree4 ,! "n is sometimes appli$ to a small bird *]ry 9 ,europe4 ,! ,new ,j]sey "n junip]-tree is 9 recognition ( ! resemblance ( ! b]ries to ^? ( r$ c$> or r$ junip]4 ,no reason has be5 assign$ = ! "n nettle-tree4 ,its range cov]s ab\t #b1jjj1jjj squ>e miles 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates besides "p ( ,canada4 ,x gr[s f ! ,atlantic on ! coa/ ( ,new ,engl& to ! tide wat] ( ! ,pacific on ,puget s\nd2 9 s\!rn ,florida & 9 ,texas4 ,x is n f\nd 9 pure /&s1 b (t5 z s+le trees f> ap>t4 ,?is is ! case 9 ! nor!a/]n "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 p>ticul> :]e probably n m ?an "o tree might be f\nd 9 a :ole c\nty4 ,frequ5tly ! p 9 ! neighborhood d n "k :at ! tree is1 & suppose x is ! la/ repres5tative on e>? ( "s disappe>+ species4 ,x is f> f be+ a disappe>+ tree4 ,n only is x widely disp]s$ ov] ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 b relat$ species are scatt]$ ?r\gh _m c\ntries ( ! old _w1 f ,d5m>k to ,india4 ,!re are said to be betwe5 fifty & sixty species1 only two ( :i* are 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x has be5 claim$ by s*ol>s t ! lotus ref]r$ to by anci5t writ]s 0 ! hackb]ry4 ,x 0 reput$ to cause =getfulness :5 eat51 b ! claim 0 fictiti\s1 = ! fruit does n produce t effect4 ,x is n n[ reg>d$ z human food4 ,t5nyson deals ) ! fiction v beautifully 9 ! poem 8,lotus ,eat]s10 b he took lib]ties ) botany :5 he repres5t$ fruit & fl[]s on ! same bran*2 =1 ?\gh ! b]ries hang sev]al mon?s1 !y drop be=e ! next season's fl[]s appe>4 ,! hackb]ry belongs to ! elm family1 be+ ( ! same relation z ! plan]tree4 ,! leaves resemble ^? ( ! elm1 b are m %>ply po9t$4 ,! fruit is usually class$ z a b]ry4 ,x rip5s 9 ,septemb] & ,octob]1 b rema9s on ! tree sev]al mon?s1 becom+ dry4 ,x is ab\t "o-f\r? in* long1 d>k purple1 ) a t\gh1 ?ick sk91 & ) fle% d>k orange4 ,mo/ ( ! pale br[n se$s are eat5 by birds4 ,! tree v>ies greatly 9 size4 ,9 "s remote corn]s ( its imm5se range x is little m ?an a %rub1 :ile at its be/ x may atta9 a height ( #ajj feet & a diamet] ( ?ree or f\r4 ,its av]age size is ab\t t ( slipp]y elm4 ,! b>k v>ies z mu* 9 appe>ance z ! tree 9 size4 ,sometimes x has ! smoo? surface & pale blui%-gre5 appe>ance t sugge/ ! b>k ( bee*2 aga9 x is d>k] & r\gh]1 l ! elm4 ,x frequ5tly exhibits ! h>% w>ty b>k :i* is peculi> to ! hackb]ry1 & :5 pres5t x is a pretty safe means ( id5tification4 ,! w>ts may be conical1 oblong1 or %>p-po9t$1 & probably an in* 9 height4 ,:5 closely exam9$1 mo/ ( !m are f\nd to consi/ ( p>allel /rata ( b>k :i* may usually be pull$ (f )\t mu* difficulty4 ,! w>ts are a decid$ disadvantage to ! tree 9 "s ( ! l[ swampy di/ricts ( ,l\isiana :]e ,spani% moss is a pe/4 ,?is moss 7:i* is n a true moss71 is propagat$ pr9cipally by tufts & /r&s :i* are c>ri$ by w9d until !y f9d an*orage among ! bran*es ( trees :]e !y increase & multiply at a rapid rate until !y f9ally smo!r or break d[n ! un=tunate tree :i* suppli$ a lodg+ place4 ,! hackb]ry's w>ts cat* & hold e fly+ /r& ( moss t t\*es !m1 & hundr$s1 p]haps ?\s&s ( p\nds ( x may accumulate on a s+le tree4 ,! grayi%-gre5 color ( ! moss (t5 exactly mat*es ! hue ( ! tree's b>k4 ,! report$ annual cut ( hackb]ry lumb] 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is less ?an #e1jjj1jjj feet4 ,t c be only a fraction ( ! total output4 ,few mills report x sep>ately1 b li/ x z a%4 ,! wood looks m l a% ?an elm4 ,x is heavy1 b only mod]ately h>d & /rong4 ,its color is m yell[i% ?an a%1 b ! annual r+s ( gr[? resemble t wood4 ,! sapwood is ?ick1 & gr[? is rapid :]e conditions are favorable4 ,x is d\btless us$ by indu/ries 9 ?irty /ates or m1 b comp>atively few factories report x4 ,9 ,texas x is li/$ 9 ! box & crate indu/ry4 ,9 ,l\isiana x rises to m importance1 = t is ! region :]e ! tree atta9s its be/4 ,slack coop]s make kegs1 tubs1 & b>rels ( x2 vehicle manufactur]s conv]t x into p>ts ( buggy tops & ! runn+ ge>s ( wagons2 x s]ves = furniture & int]ior f9i%2 & x takes ! place ( a% = hoe h&les & p>ts ( agricultural implem5ts4 ,! uses are ne>ly ! same 9 ,mississippi1 b x is us$ !re = ru/ic seats & o!r outdoor furniture4 ,9 ,miss\ri x is f\nd suitable = c>t axles1 saddle trees1 /it*+ horse jaws1 & wagon b$s4 ,9 ,arkansas x goes ) a% into floor+1 & int]ior f9i% = h\ses4 ,ill9ois build]s "w x into fixtures = /ores4 ,9 ,mi*igan x s]ves ! same purposes z 9 ,texas1 baskets1 boxes1 & crates4 ,^! examples d\btless are repres5tative ( its uses :]ev] ! tree is f\nd 9 comm]cial quantities4 ,! wood is n durable 9 contact ) ! soil4 ,x is also liable to attack by bor+ insects if logs are all[$ to reta9 _! b>k4 ,! hackb]ry has be5 plant$ to a small ext5t z a /reet tree 9 ! s\!rn t[ns1 b x is n z popul> z ! elms & oaks4 ,x w nev] occupy a m important position 9 ! c\ntry's lumb] indu/ry ?an x holds at pres5t4 ,x is a tree :i*1 = "s reason1 inspires little en?usiasm 9 anybody2 b nature takes c>e ( x fairly well1 & ! small sweet drupes :i* x be>s are a gu>antee t ! species w n want = se$ c>ri]s z long z birds cont9ue to h access to its bran*es 9 w9t]4 ,,sug>b]ry 7,celtis mississippi5sis7 is frequ5tly mi/ak5 = hackb]ry ev5 by p]sons :o ought to be able to di/+ui% !m4 ,botani/s =m]ly confus$ ! two1 & probably "s insi/ /ill t sug>b]ry is only a v>iety ( hackb]ry4 ,! leaves g5]ally h smoo? m>g9s1 & t w\ld diff]5tiate ! tree f ! hackb]ry 7 x n t sometimes ! sug>b]ry has s]rate leaves4 ,! drupes are bright orange r$ & are usually small] ?an ! purple fruit ( hackb]ry4 ,z = ! wood ( ! two species1 x is n easy to tell "o f ! o!r4 ,! sug>b]ry's range is n "o-?ird z ext5sive z hackb]ry's1 b cov]s "s hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( squ>e miles 9 ! s\!a/]n qu>t] ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,its nor!rn limit is 9 ,ill9ois & ,indiana :]e x occupies ri* bottom l&s & ! banks ( /reams4 ,x rea*es its l>ge/ size 9 ! l[] ,ohio riv] bas91 gr[s s\?w>d into ,florida & we/ into ,texas1 ,arkansas1 & ,miss\ri4 ,x crosses ! ,rio ,gr&e into ,mexico1 appe>+ to out/rip ! hackb]ry 9 t direction4 ,x out/rips x 9 ano!r direction also1 = x is f\nd 9 ! ,b]muda isl&s4 ,! ,fr5* ( ,l\isiana call$ x bois inconnu1 or ! unkn[n wood4 ,?is tree %[s a m>k$ t5d5cy to run into v>ieties1 & cultivation w\ld probably develop ! t5d5cy4 ,! diff]5ces betwe5 ! species & ! v>ieties are pla9 en\gh to ! sy/ematic botani/1 b are su* t ! lumb]man or o!r ord9>y obs]v] w\ld sc>cely notice !m4 ,! v>iety :i* has be5 nam$ ,celtis mississippi5sis reticulata1 b )\t any ,engli% "n except sug>b]ry1 is a tree =ty or fifty feet high1 cov]$ ) blue-gray b>k1 v r\gh4 ,x ranges f ,dallas1 ,texas1 to ! ,rio ,gr&e & we/w>d into ,new ,mexico1 ,arizona1 & ,utah1 & into s\!rn ,cali=nia & ,l[] ,cali=nia4 ,9 ea/]n ,texas x is f\nd on dry lime/one hills1 b we/w>d only 9 m\nta9 canyons 9 ! vic9ity ( wat]4 ,9 ! s\!rn "p ( ,texas ?is tree is usually kn[n z palo blanco1 b ^? :o apply t "n h no idea t x is a v>iety ( sug>b]ry b suppose x is a tree peculi> to _! region4 ,9 ,cam]on & ,hidalgo c\nties1 ,texas1 ei!r because an extra good quality gr[s !re1 or because "s op9ion exi/s 9 its favor1 x is lik$ = wagon mat]ial1 & occasionally is turn$ = table legs & o!r p>ts ( furniture4 ,x is q common 9 t "p ( ,texas z an ornam5tal tree 9 y>ds & along /reets ( small t[ns4 ,! :it5ess ( ! b>k is ! mo/ /rik+ feature4 ,illu/ration ,,:ite ,,a% ,illu/ration3 ,,:ite ,,a% ,,:ite ,,a% 7,frax9us ,am]icana7 ,?is tree is g5]ally call$ :ite or gray a%1 or simply a%4 ,am]ican a% is a translation ( its botanical "n & is n (t5 us$ 9 bus9ess transactions 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ! ,s\? ! t]m cane a% is occasionally employ$1 b !re seems to be no agreem5t among ^? :o use ! "n z to :at x means4 ,?is is ! common a% 9 ! lumb] trade4 ,!re are m ?an a doz5 species 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 b :ite a% goes to m>ket 9 l>g] am\nts ?an all o!rs toge!r4 ,?is is kn[n 9 a g5]al way1 b exact figures _c be giv51 because /ati/ics ( ! cut ( diff]5t species ( a% are n kept sep>ate4 ,! range ( ?is tree cov]s at lea/ a million squ>e miles1 & all or "p ( e /ate ea/ ( ! ,mississippi riv] & we/ ( x f ,nebraska to ,texas4 ,x is report$ cut = lumb] 9 ?irty /ates4 ,! v>i\s a%es are lumb]$ 9 ?irty-n9e /ates4 ,a% does n occur 9 pure /&s b is scatt]$ 9 =e/s ( o!r species1 sometimes gr[+ 9 small clumps4 ,x is difficult to "n an av]age size = ! tree1 because climate & soil control ! gr[? ov] a l>ge area :]e conditions v>y4 ,trees #abj feet high & six feet 9 diamet] are said to h /ood 9 ! primeval =e/s 9 ! l[] ,ohio valley2 b logs f\r feet ?r\gh are seldom se5 n[4 ,trees sev5ty or eighty feet high & ?ree 9 diamet] are above ! av]age 9 any region :]e ?is tree is n[ lumb]$4 ,"s ( ! old plant$ trees ( ,new ,engl& are five or six feet ?r\gh1 & are f9ely proportion$1 b gr[+ z !y d 9 ! op51 !y h l>g] cr[ns ?an are f\nd 9 =e/ trees4 ,all species ( a% h comp\nd leaves1 & ^? ( :ite a% are f eight to twelve in*es long4 ,! "u sides ( ! leaflets are :ite1 & "s p]sons h ?is fact 9 m9d :5 !y call ! species :ite a%1 :ile o!rs ref] to ! b>k1 & /ill o!rs to ! wood4 ,x is a *>act]i/ic ( ! tree t mo/ ( ! leaves gr[ ne> ! ends ( ! limbs4 ,= t reason ! cr[n appe>s op5 :5 view$ f bel[1 & ! l>g] limbs & bran*es are nak$4 ,! leaves dem& light1 & !y arrange !mselves on ! extremities ( ! limbs to get x4 ,:5 ! tree is cr[d$1 x %$s its l[] limbs & its cr[n rises rapidly until x rea*es abundance ( light4 ,?is produces long trunks 9 =e/s4 ,! boles are (t5 n q /raight1 b h sev]al slight crooks1 yet keep close to a g5]al p]p5dicul> l9e4 ,t =m is due to a peculi>ity ( gr[?4 ,! lead+ %oot ( a gr[+ a% has m ?an "o t]m9al bud4 ,if a side bud pu%es ahead1 ! /em leans a little 9 t direction2 next1 a bud on ! o!r side may ga9 ! asc5dancy1 produc+ a slight lean = a few ye>s 9 t direction2 or two side buds may develop simultane\sly1 caus+ a =k$ trunk4 ,mature trees (t5 c>ry ! hi/ory ( ^! peculi>ities ( gr[?4 ,! se$s ( :ite a% are equipp$ = mod]ate flight4 ,! w+ is l>ge1 b ! se$ atta*$ to ! end ( x is heavy en\gh to give x a %>p tilt d[nw>d :5 x beg9s its flight ?r\gh ! air1 & x g5]ally %oots at a /eep angle t[>d ! gr\nd4 ,x is n apt to :irl ?r\gh ! air ) a glid+ motion l a maple se$4 ,consequ5tly1 a% se$s are n great travel]s4 ,!y are disp]s$ ) economy1 h[ev]1 = all d n come d[n at once1 b _m hang on ! tree = mon?s1 & a few g ) e /rong w9d1 ?us gett+ !mselves scatt]$ 9 e direction4 ,_! p[] ( g]m9ation is l[1 & only ab\t =ty p] c5t ( se$s are f]tile4 ,?is is due to ! fact t pi/illate & /am9ate fl[]s d n gr[ on ! same tree1 & f]tilization is imp]fect4 ,! importance ( a% 9 ! indu/ries ( ! c\ntry does n dep5d on ! quantity b ! quality ( ! wood4 ,al?\gh ! v>i\s species are produc$ 9 ?irty-n9e /ates1 z %[n by mill /ati/ics1 ! total yield is less ?an #bej1jjj1jjj feet a ye>4 ,t is exce$$ by sev]al woods1 among !m hickory1 elm1 bee*1 basswood1 *e/nut1 & ev5 l>*4 ,! wood ( a% :i* has gr[n rapidly is g5]ally consid]$ sup]ior to t ( sl[ gr[?4 ,! reason is f\nd 9 ! fact t trees ( sl[ gr[? d mo/ ( _! gr[+ e>ly 9 ! season1 & ! wood is por\s2 b trees ( rapid gr[? lay summ]wood on abundantly1 & x is d5se4 ,few species %[ a %>p] l9e betwe5 spr+ & summ]wood ?an a%1 = :i* reason ! annual r+s are cle>-cut & di/9ct4 ,:at figure a% has is produc$ by ! gr[? r+s1 & n by m$ull>y rays4 ,qu>t]-saw+ br+s out no additional beauty4 ,slight crooks 9 _m logs produce a mod]ate cross gra9 9 lumb]1 :i* gives to f9i%$ a% its *>act]i/ic figure or gra94 ,:5 /raight-gra9$ wood is want$1 z :5 x is = tool h&les & o>s1 logs )\t crooks are select$4 ,! wood ( :ite a% is heavy1 h>d1 /rong1 ela/ic1 b r brittle4 ,x lacks ! t\ghness ( hickory4 ,! m$ull>y rays are num]\s1 b small & obscure4 ,! color is br[n1 ! sapwood mu* light]1 (t5 ne>ly :ite4 ,x is n durable 9 contact ) ! soil4 ,not)/&+ its "n1 ! wood rates l[ 9 a%1 & its fuel value is "u t ( :ite oak4 ,! /ates :i* produce ! l>ge/ ye>ly cut ( ?is species are1 rang+ d[nw>d 9 ! ord] nam$3 ,arkansas1 ,ohio1 ,wiscons91 ,k5tucky1 ,indiana1 ,mi*igan1 & ,t5nessee4 ,! uses ( :ite a% are s num]\s t !y c be pres5t$ only 9 classes4 ,x goes into almo/ e wood-us+ indu/ry1 b 9 diff]5t sections ( c\ntry c]ta9 uses lead4 ,?us 9 ,ill9ois ! mak]s ( butt] tubs take m ( x ?an any o!r indu/ry2 9 ,mi*igan automobiles lead1 & 9 ,arkansas ! h&le factories are l>ge/ buy]s2 9 ,l\isiana boat o>s consume mo/2 9 ,alabama & ,miss\ri c> con/ruction is 9 ! lead2 9 ,texas boxes & crates2 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a wagons2 9 ,k5tucky h&les2 9 ,m>yl& musical in/rum5ts2 & 9 ,massa*usetts furniture4 ,! utilization ( a% 9 ^! /ates1 scatt]$ ov] ! ea/]n half ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 indicates fairly well ! wood's mo/ important l9es ( usefulness4 ,a consid]able quantity is made into floor+ & int]ior f9i%4 ,x is class$ among sanit>y woods1 t is1 x does n /a9 or ta9t food products by contact4 ,! total quantity ( m]*antable :ite a% 9 ! c\ntry is n kn[n1 b !re is /ill en\gh to meet dem&1 & ! ext5t ( ! tree's range makes supplies conv5i5t 9 ne>ly all manufactur+ /ates4 ,! species gr[s r rapidly1 & trees a hundr$ or a hundr$ & fifty ye>s old yield logs ( good size4 ,,texas ,,a% 7,frax9us tex5sis7 has be5 reg>d$ by "s z a v>iety ( :ite a%1 :ile o!rs1 includ+ ,sudwor? & ,s>g5t1 consid] x a di/9ct species4 ,x is (t5 call$ m\nta9 a% :]e x occurs among ! m\nta9s ( we/]n ,texas4 ,its range lies :olly 9 t /ate1 & ext5ds f ! vic9ity ( ,dallas to ! valley ( ,devil's riv]4 ,! comp\nd leaves are small] ?an ^? ( :ite a%1 & are usually compos$ ( five leaflets4 ,! w+$ se$s rip5 9 ,may1 & are an in* or less 9 l5g?4 ,! l>ge/ trees are fifty feet high & two or ?ree 9 diamet]2 b g5]ally ! trees are mu* small]4 ,! wood is /rong1 heavy1 & h>d4 ,! annual r+s are m>k$ by "o or m r[s ( op5 ducts1 & ! m$ull>y rays are inconspicu\s4 ,! he>twood is light br[n1 ! sapwood light]4 ,?is a% is employ$ )9 its range = v>i\s purposes1 b x is n ( suffici5t abundance to con/itute an important commodity4 ,9 m>ket x is n di/+ui%$ f :ite a%4 ,,gregg ,,a% 7,frax9us greggii7 has "s peculi>ities :i* make x wor?y ( m5tion z "o ( ! m9or species4 ,its range is 9 ! dry m\nta9s ( we/]n ,texas :]e a numb] ( a%es seem to h put 9 an appe>ance z memb]s ( ! ?9ly-peopl$ vegetable k+dom ( t region4 ,! comp\nd leaves ( ,gregg a% are seldom ?ree in*es long1 & ! leaflets are (t5 half an in* long & less ?an a qu>t] ( an in* wide4 ,! petioles are w+$ l ! twigs ( w+ elm4 ,! und]sides ( ! leaves h small black dots4 ,! w+$ se$s are z proportionately small z ! leaves4 ,! fl[]s h n be5 describ$ by botani/s1 = ! species is n well kn[n4 ,! l>ge/ trees are sc>cely tw5ty-five feet high & eight in*es 9 diamet]4 ,m frequ5tly !y are %rubs f f\r to twelve feet tall4 ,! wood is heavy1 h>d1 br[n 9 color & ( sl[ gr[?4 ,,dw>f ,,a% 7,frax9us anomala7 might be mi/ak5 = "s o!r species 7 its telltale w+$ se$s miss+4 ,x has lo/ ! leaflets f its comp\nd leaf1 & a s+le "o rema9s4 ,occasionally1 h[ev]1 a /em be>+ ?ree leaflets is f\nd4 ,! se$s are equipp$ ) wide1 oblong w+s4 ,x is a des]t species1 & ! desolate surr\nd+s ( its habitat expla9 :y nature has disp5s$ ) z mu* foliage z possible4 ,x is f\nd 9 s\?we/]n ,colorado1 9 s\!rn ,utah1 & on ! we/]n slopes ( ! ,*>le/on m\nta9s 9 s\!rn ,nevada4 ,trees are small & ! wood is n ( mu* use = o!r ?an fuel1 b a few small ran* timb]s are made ( x :]e o!r k9ds are sc>ce4 ,trunks are usually n m ?an six or sev5 in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! wood is heavy1 h>d1 & light br[n 9 color4 ,,fr+e ,,a% 7,frax9us cuspidata7 has "s difficulty 9 prov+ t x is entitl$ to be call$ a tree 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ?\gh s\?w>d 9 ,mexico its "r to t title is unque/ion$4 ,x is v small :]e its range ext5ds ov] ! dry ridges & rocky slopes ( s\?we/]n ,texas & s\!rn ,new ,mexico & ,arizona4 ,its comp\nd leaves are five or sev5 in*es long1 & ! leaflets :i* numb] f ?ree to sev5 h long1 sl5d] tips4 ,! tr[el-%ap$ fruit is ab\t "o in* long4 ,! wood resembles :ite a%1 b trunks ( consid]able size are n f\nd4 ,! "n ref]s to ! fl[]s1 & !y give ?is small tree its value = ornam5tal purposes4 ,! fl[]s appe> 9 ,april & are extremely fragrant4 ,illu/ration ,,black ,,a% ,illu/ration3 ,,black ,,a% ,,black ,,a% 7,frax9us ,nigra7 ,:5 ,george ,wa%+ton 0 a surveyor locat+ l& on ! upp] wat]s ( ! ,potomac riv]1 & we/w>d on ! ,kana:a & ,ohio riv]s1 he always spoke ( ?is a% z 8hoop tree0 :5 he m>k$ x ) two or ) ?ree 8hacks10 dep5d+ ^u :e!r x designat$ a 8corn]0 or a 8l9e10 or a 8po9t]0 9 ! sy/em ( survey+ !n 9 use4 ,trees 7 us$ !n z l&m>ks1 & 7 duly record$ 9 ! surveyor's field notes1 & 7 describ$ 9 ! de$s :5 ! title to ! l& pass$ f "o p>ty to ano!r4 ,x 0 n unusual1 if subsequ5t litigation came up1 to cut blocks f m>k$ trees to prove t su* a corn] 0 at su* a place4 ,! 8hacks0 or ax m>ks1 7 sometimes heal$ ov] & invisible at ! b>k1 b 7 f\nd deep 9 ! wood4 ,! r+s ( gr[? cov]+ ! ax m>ks af=d$ an admissible record ( ! ye>s t _h pass$ s9ce ! survey 0 made4 ,! selection ( ! black a% z a l&m>k 0 "o ( ! few in/ances 9 :i* ,wa%+ton %[$ poor judgm5t2 because x is a tree ( %ort life1 & might be expect$ to die be=e a great _m ye>s4 ,! "n hoop a% is appli$ to ?is tree yet4 ,x has always be5 good mat]ial = b>rel hoops1 because x splits into ?9 pieces1 & is suffici5tly t\gh4 ,x is kn[n z basket a% = ! same reason4 ,! ,new ,engl& ,indians 7 mak+ fi% baskets ( x :5 ! fir/ :ite p l&$ on ^? %ores1 & settl]s spe$ily le>n$ ! art f ! *ildr5 ( ! wild]ness4 ,^? untutor$ savages knew little ( wood te*nology1 b !y 7 able to take advantage ( a peculi>ity 9 ! /ructure ( black a% wood1 :i* ! :ite man's microscope has reveal$ to him4 ,! ,indians d\btless discov]$ x accid5tally4 ,! spr+wood 9 ! annual r+ ( black a% is made up ( l>ge pores1 cr[d$ s closely toge!r t !re is really v little actual wood sub/ance !re4 ,9 o!r words1 ! spr+wood is *iefly air spaces4 ,! result is1 t billets ( black a% are easily sep>at$ into ?9 /rips1 ! cleavage foll[+ ! weak l9es ( spr+wood4 ,a little beat+ & b5d+ causes ! annual r+s to fall ap>t4 ,9 "s way ! ,indians f\nd t out1 & utiliz$ _! k 9 manufactur+ baskets 9 :i* to c>ry fi%1 acorns1 hickory nuts1 & o!r =e/ & wat] commodities4 ,! :ite p ext5d$ ! scope ( application to include *airs & o!r furniture 9 :i* splits are manipulat$4 ,x is wor?y ( note t ,indians made a simil> discov]y ) nor!rn :ite c$> or arborvit1 :i* sep>ates into ?9 pieces by beat+ & b5d+4 ,b>rel mak]s took advantage ( ! splitt+ prop]ties ( black a% to make hoops ( x1 h5ce ! "n hoop a%1 or hoop tree z ,wa%+ton call$ x4 ,! "n basket a% has a simil> orig94 ,! names swamp a% & wat] a% ref] to situations 9 :i* ! tree gr[s be/4 ,x is "o ( ! ?ir/ie/ inhabitants ( ! =e/4 ,its aggressive roots ramify ?r\gh ! soil & dr9k up ! moi/ure s voraci\sly t if wat] is n abundant1 neighbor+ trees & plants may f9d _! roots robb$1 & ! functions ( heal?y gr[? w be int]f]$ )4 ,?is has l$ to a g5]al belief t black a% poisons trees t x t\*es4 ,x simply robs _! roots4 ,c>ol9a & ,lomb>dy popl>s w sometimes d ! same ?+4 ,! "n black a% by :i* ?is tree is n[ kn[n 9 mo/ regions :]e x gr[s ref]s to ! color ( ! l>ge1 prom95t1 %9y1 blue-black buds 9 late w9t] & e>ly spr+2 to ! v d>k gre5 leaves 9 summ]--:i* at a di/ance resemble ! foliage ( po/ oak--&1 to "s ext5t1 to ! d>k br[n color ( ! he>twood1 ?\gh ! wood is n always a safe means ( id5tification if judg$ f sup]ficial appe>ance only4 ,! =m ( ! tree assi/s 9 id5tify+ x2 = x is ! slimme/ ( ! a%es1 9 proportion to its height4 ,trunks ?ree feet ?r\gh are he>d (1 b few p]sons h ev] se5 "o mu* ov] tw5ty in*es1 & _m are ab\t done gr[+ :5 !y are "o foot 9 diamet]4 ,yet ! trunks ( su* are v tall1 p]haps sev5ty or eighty feet4 ,_! appe>ance has be5 lik5$ to tall1 sl5d] columns ( d>k gray granite4 ,!y (t5 /& s /raight t a plummet l9e w n reveal a deviation f ! p]p5dicul>4 ,! tree has be5 call$ eld]-leav$ a%4 ,! =m ( ! foliage has some?+ to d ) t "n1 b ! odor m4 ,cru% ! leaves1 & !y smell l eld]4 ,! comp\nd leaves are f twelve to sixte5 in*es long2 ! leaflets range f sev5 to elev5 9 numb]1 & ! side leaflets h no /alks4 ,! leaves appe> late 9 spr+1 & !y fall e>ly 9 autumn4 ,!y drop ) ! butt]nut leaves1 & l !m1 all at once4 ,! se$ is w+$1 & ! w+ =ms a m>g9 entirely r\nd ! se$4 ,! wood ( black a% is r s(t1 mod]ately heavy1 t\gh1 b only mod]ately /rong1 n durable 9 contact ) ! soil1 d>k br[n 9 color ) sapwood :it]4 ,! species ranges f>!r nor? ?an any o!r a%1 & gr[s 9 cold swamps & on ! l[ banks ( /reams & lakes f ,newf\ndl& to ,w9nipeg1 & s\?w>d to ,virg9ia1 s\!rn ,ill9ois1 s\!rn ,miss\ri1 & ,arkansas4 ,black a% fills _m important places 9 ! c\ntry's wood-us+ indu/ries1 b ! total quantity is n l>ge4 ,9 #aiaj ,mi*igan manufactur]s report$ ! annual quantity 9 t /ate at #i1aaj1dcb feet1 & 9 ,ill9ois ! total 0 #i1icf1jjj feet4 ,! uses = ! wood 9 ,mi*igan may be reg>d$ z typical ( ! :ole c\ntry4 ,! report$ uses 71 auto seats1 baskets1 boat f9i%1 butt] tubs1 c&y pails1 c>riage seats1 crat+1 *ur* pews1 fi% nets1 (fice fixtures1 floor+1 furniture1 ice *e/s1 int]ior f9i%1 jelly buckets1 kit*5 cab9ets1 l>d tubs1 piano frames1 putty kegs1 rack$ hoops1 spice kegs1 t9 plate boxes1 v5e]1 wa%bo>ds1 & wov5 spl9t boxes4 ,black a% burls are *>act]i/ic excresc5ces on ! trunk4 ,!y beg9 z small lumps or knobs "u ! b>k1 & nev] cease gr[+ :ile ! tree lives4 ,!y may rea* ! dim5sions ( wa% tubs1 b mo/ d n exce$ ! size ( a gallon measure4 ,! gra9 ( ! wood is exce$+ly di/ort$ & involv$4 ,! burls are slic$ or saw$ 9 v5e]s :i* are mu* priz$ by cab9et mak]s4 ,e>ly ,new ,engl&]s made b[ls ( !m1 :i* seldom *eck$ or split dur+ g5]ations ( s]vice4 ,! burls are believ$ to be due to adv5titi\s buds2 t is1 buds :i* orig9ate deep 9 ! wood1 b are nev] able to =ce _! way ?r\gh ! b>k4 ,! int]nal /ructure ( ! a% burl indicates t ! buri$ bud gr[s1 bran*es1 & s5ds %oots 9 v>i\s directions1 b all ( !m are hopelessly enme%$ 9 ! wood sub/ance1 & nev] are able to free !mselves & bur/ ?r\gh ! b>k4 ,a con/antly enl>g+ excresc5ce is ! result4 ,,blue ,,a% 7,frax9us quadrangulata7 is nam$ f a blue dye procur$ f ! inn] b>k4 ,! botanical "n relates to ! squ>e %ape ( ! "y twigs1 p>ticul>ly ! twigs ( "y trees1 & 0 giv5 by ,a4 ,f4 ,mi*aux :o f\nd ! species gr[+ 9 ! ,s\?4 ,x rea*es its be/ developm5t on ! l[] ,waba% riv] 9 ,indiana & ,ill9ois & on ! ,big ,smoky m\nta9s 9 ,t5nessee4 ,its nor!rn limit rea*es s\!rn ,mi*igan1 its we/]n is 9 ,miss\ri4 ,x is n abundant1 if f\nd at all1 ea/ ( ! ,appala*ian m\nta9s4 ,trees may rea* a height ( #ajj feet & a diamet] ( ?ree1 b ab\t sev5ty is ! av]age height1 ) a diamet] ( two feet or less4 ,! leaves resemble ^? ( black a% 9 =m1 b ! foliage :5 se5 9 mass is yell[-gre5 in/ead ( d>k gre5 l t ( black a%4 ,! se$s look l ^? ( black a%4 ,! tree be>s p]fect fl[]s1 & 9 t respect diff]s f mo/ o!r species ( a%4 ,! wood is heavi] ?an t ( any o!r memb] ( ! a% gr\p1 except ,texas a%4 ,x weighs ab\t ! same z :ite oak1 :i* is six p\nds p] cubic foot m ?an :ite a% weighs4 ,9 g5]al appe>ance ! wood resembles :ite a%1 b x is usually consid]$ /rong] & m spr+y4 ,! trunks ( "y trees are l>gely or entirely sapwood4 ,sometimes no he>twood is =m$ until an age ( sev5ty or eighty ye>s is rea*$4 ,_m manufactur]s ( a% tool h&les pref] ?is species to any o!r a%1 because ( its ?ick1 :ite sapwood4 ,x is (t5 made into h&les = hoes1 rakes1 %ovels1 pit*=ks1 spades1 & sna?s = scy!s4 ,mak]s ( vehicles draw lib]ally ^u ?is wood )9 its range1 z d furniture mak]s & ! manufactur]s ( floor+4 ,x is reg>d$ z h>d] ?an :ite a%1 & consequ5tly bett] floor+ mat]ial4 ,,lea!rleaf ,,a% 7,frax9us velut9a7 *anges its velvety leaves to a lea!ry condition1 h5ce ! conflict 9 ! mean+s ( its two names4 ,velut9a means velvet-l4 ,! comp\nd leaves are seldom six in*es long1 (t5 n ?ree1 & !y are made up ( f ?ree to n9e leaflets4 ,! small se$s are equipp$ ) w+s4 ,! tree is small & w\ld be )\t any comm]cial importance except t x gr[s 9 an arid region :]e any wood is welcome4 ,x is made into ax1 hamm]1 & pick h&les1 & wagon mak]s are (t5 glad to get x4 ,x is f\nd among ! m\nta9s & canyons ( we/]n ,texas1 9 ,new ,mexico1 ,arizona1 s\!rn ,nevada1 & s\!a/]n ,cali=nia1 ne> ! %ores ( ,ow5's lake4 ,! l>ge/ trees are sc>cely =ty feet high & eight in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! wood is n h>d or /rong1 & is ( sl[ gr[?4 ,! l>ge/ trunks are apt to be holl[4 ,sapwood is comp>atively ?ick4 ,,b]l&i] ,,a% 7,frax9us b]l&i]iana7 may n be entitl$ to a place among native species1 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,"s suppose x 0 introduc$ f ,mexico by e>ly ,spani% settl]s 9 we/]n ,texas4 ,x n[ gr[s wild !re along ,nueces & ,blanco riv]s :]e specim5s ?irty feet high & a foot 9 diamet] are f\nd4 ,s\?w>d 9 ,mexico x is a popul> /reet tree1 & trunks rea* six or eight feet 9 diamet]4 ,! wood is s(t & is us$ only locally & 9 v small quantities4 ,illu/ration ,,oregon ,,a% ,illu/ration3 ,,oregon ,,a% ,,oregon ,,a% 7,frax9us ,oregona7 ,?is tree is unusual 9 t x has only "o common "n1 & t is a translation ( its botanical "n :i* 0 giv5 x by ,nuttall :o visit$ ! ,pacific coa/ sev]al ye>s be=e ! discov]y ( gold4 ,! moi/ bottom l&s ( s\?we/]n ,oregon are be/ suit$ to its gr[?1 & "h ! be/ individuals & mo/ abundant /&s are f\nd4 ,moi/ soil & climate are ess5tial to prop] developm5t ( ?is tree1 & 9 su* environm5t x is f\nd f ,puget ,s\nd s\?w>d along ! coa/ to ,san ,francisco4 ,a little fur!r f ! coa/ x gr[s along ! foo?ills ( ! ,si]ra ,nevada m\nta9s1 to ! l[ m\nta9s 9 ,san ,diego & ,san ,b]n>d9o c\nties1 ,cali=nia1 9 ! s\!rn ext5sion ( its range occupy+ a r dry region4 ,! trunk gr[s to a height ( eighty or #ajj feet1 & is (t5 ?ree feet 9 diamet]4 ,x is cov]$ ) a gray-br[n b>k1 exfoliat+ 9 flaky scales4 ,! leaves are f five to f\rte5 in*es long1 & h five or sev5 firm1 light-gre5 leaflets1 f9ely too!d & bluntly po9t$4 ,! fl[]s appe> 9 ,april & ,may & are 9 compact panicles2 ! fruit 9 clu/]s1 broadly w+$ & r\nd po9t$1 & f "o to two in*es long4 ,! sc>city ( good h>dwoods on ! ,pacific coa/ gives ?is a% m importance ?an x o!rwise w\ld h1 & ! importance :i* x possesses has be5 frequ5tly ov]/at$4 ,x is n abundant ( =m & size fitt+ x = lumb]4 ,x has long be5 cut 9 small quantities1 b nev] 9 l>ge4 ,! c5sus returns = #aiaj %[ t less ?an #djj1jjj feet p] ye> are report$ 9 its entire range4 ,?ree-f\r?s ( ?is is saw$ 9 ,oregon1 ! rema9d] 9 ,wa%+ton4 ,?\gh ! species has a range ( #hjj miles nor? & s\? ?r\gh ,cali=nia1 no sawmill report$ a foot ( x4 ,h[ev]1 x is probable t c5sus returns fail to d ?is wood full ju/ice2 = x is well kn[n t consid]able quantities are manufactur$ into articles )\t pass+ ?r\gh sawmills4 ,*ief among su* commodities is slack coop]age4 ,butt] tubs ( ,oregon a% are common4 ,mu* goes to wagon %ops1 & "s ( x )\t aid ( sawmills4 ,little or none ( ?is wood is %ipp$ outside its range1 & its use is local4 ,boat build]s "w x into f9i% = cab9s & upp] p>ts1 & "s s]ves z ribs4 ,x is (t5 se5 z h&les = picks1 %ovels1 spades1 pit*=ks1 & rakes4 ,a little f9ds place1 comb9$ ) o!r woods1 9 (fice & /ore fixtures4 ,its gra9 resembles t ( :ite a%4 ,x is n z heavy1 & x is n believ$ to be z /rong4 ,x is h>d1 brittle1 br[n 9 color1 ) ?ick1 light]-color$ sapwood4 ,furniture mak]s li/ x z %op mat]ial1 & su* is its l>ge/ report$ use 9 ,wa%+ton4 ,a mod]ate am\nt is made into saddletrees & /irrups1 & mu* is us$ z fuel4 ,oregon a% has be5 plant$ = %ade & ornam5t 9 bo? ?is c\ntry & ,europe4 ,x gr[s rapidly & develops a symmetrical cr[n4 ,! habit x has ( com+ into leaf late 9 ! spr+ & ?r[+ its foliage d[n e>ly 9 autumn is held by "s z a s]i\s objection to x z an ornam5tal tree2 b x has comp5sat+ habits4 ,x is rem>kably free f disease1 &1 ?\gh leaves come late & g e>ly1 :ile its foliage is on1 x is heal?y & vigor\s4 ,reproduction is satisfactory 9 ! tree's wild /ate1 & !re is no dang] t ! species w disappe>4 ,no movem5t has yet be5 made to plant ?is a% = comm]cial timb] gr[+4 ,,gre5 ,,a% 7,frax9us lanceolata7 has be5 giv5 t "n on acc\nt ( ! bright color ( its foliage4 ,x has o!r names1 h[ev]1 :i* indicate t its gre5ness is n always prem95tly prom95t4 ,9 ,i[a & ,arkansas !y call x blue a%2 9 ,kansas & ,nebraska :ite a%2 9 "s regions x is kn[n z wat] a%1 & else:]e swamp a%4 ,"s botani/s d n reg>d x z a sep>ate species b call x a v>iety ( r$ a%1 b ! cons5sus ( op9ion is t x is a di/9ct species1 ?\gh !re appe> to be connect+ =ms grad+ f r$ a% into gre5 a%4 ,c]ta9 x is t ! two are di/9ct en\gh 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,! range ( gre5 a% is m ext5sive ?an t ( any o!r a% 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,beg9n+ 9 ,v]mont x passes s\?w>d to ,florida2 nor?we/w>d to ! ,saskat*ewan riv] sev]al hundr$ miles nor? ( ! int]national b\nd>y l9e2 along ! base ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s & ov] ! ranges to ,arizona1 & ?r\gh ,texas4 ,?is includes m ?an half ( ! area ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,not)/&+ a range s ext5sive1 ! total quantity ( gre5 a% timb] 9 ! c\ntry is n l>ge4 ,no pure =e/s or ext5sive /&s exi/4 ,trees are widely disp]s$1 & :5 lumb]m5 cut !m1 ! wood is sold z "s o!r1 usually z :ite a%4 ,! wood has ! g5]al *>act]s ( r$ a%4 ,x weighs ab\t =ty-f\r p\nds p] cubic foot ( dry wood2 is mod]ately /rong1 fairly /iff & ela/ic1 &1 l o!r species ( a%1 x is n durable 9 contact ) ! soil4 ,gre5 a% is m plant$ ?an any o!r 9 ! cold & dry regions ( ! ,we/ & ,nor?we/4 ,x is a prairie tree & is f\nd along highways & 9 door y>ds f ,kansas nor?w>d into ,briti% ,am]ica4 ,x /&s dr\ght bett] ?an any o!r a%1 & resi/s cold fully z well1 & yet x endures ! w>m wea!r & ! ra9s ( ! ,s\? & fl\ri%es !re4 ,x is n a l>ge tree1 b ( suffici5t size = use z furniture1 f9i%1 & vehicle mak+4 ,x is seldom li/$ 9 /ati/ics ( woods :i* g to sawmills1 yet x is kn[n t a good _m logs f9d _! way to mills1 :ile wagon mak]s & slack coop]s employ x 9 produc+ _! commodities4 ,! tree is an abundant se$]1 & ! se$s cont9ue to fall dur+ mo/ ( ! w9t]4 ,,r$ ,,a% 7,frax9us p5nsylvanica7 is nei!r a l>ge tree nor v abundant1 yet x has a wide range & is put to use :]ev] lumb]m5 f9d x conv5i5t4 ,! lumb] g5]ally passes 9 ! m>ket z :ite a%1 & = mo/ purposes x is z good1 b is rat$ l[] ?an t wood 9 ela/icity4 ,x is call$ br[n a% 9 ,ma9e1 black a% 9 ,new ,j]sey1 riv] a% 9 ,rhode ,isl&4 ,! la/ "n is be/[$ because ! tree pref]s moi/ l& ne> riv]s & ponds1 & l>ge/ specim5s are f\nd 9 su* situations1 :]e x is (t5 an associate ( black a% & is frequ5tly mi/ak5 = x1 ?\gh x %\ld n be difficult to tell ! species ap>t4 ,a slight r$di% t+e sometimes %[s on ! out] b>k2 ! inn] lay] ( b>k is r$di%2 ! small twigs & ! "u sides ( leaves are clo!d ) hairs :i* sometimes sugge/ r$ness2 & ! he>twood is r$di%-br[n4 ,p]sons :o speak ( ! tree z r$ a% probably h "o or m ( ^? *>act]i/ics 9 m9d4 ,z a tree x has no /rik+ peculi>ities4 ,its usual height is =ty or sixty feet2 its diamet] f fifte5 to tw5ty in*es2 its comp\nd leaves t5 or twelve in*es long1 ) sev5 or n9e leaflets2 its se$s "o or two in*es 9 l5g?1 n>r[1 & %>ply po9t$1 ) sl5d]1 graceful w+4 ,! range ( r$ a% is f ,new ,brunswick to ,dakota1 & f ,florida to ,alabama1 ) all ( ! includ$ region ( a million squ>e miles4 ,x atta9s its be/ developm5t 9 ! nor? ,atlantic /ates1 :ile x is usually inf]ior we/ ( ! ,alleghany m\nta9s4 ,x develops a broad cr[n 9 op5 gr\nd1 b ev5 !re its l[] limbs die & drop1 :ile 9 =e/s ! trunk gr[s tall & ! cr[n is r$uc$4 ,x is plant$ = %ade & ornam5t1 b x seems to h no sup]iority ov] :ite a% = t purpose4 ,"s ( ! ,mi*igan manufactur]s li/ r$ a% sep>ately 9 _! factories1 & app>5tly ?is is n done else:]e 9 ! c\ntry4 ,ab\t ?ree-qu>t]s ( a million feet a ye> are us$ 9 t /ate1 & s9ce uses !re are d\btless typical ( uses 9 ! c\ntry g5]ally1 ! li/ possesses importance3 ,automobile frames1 boxes1 butt] tubs1 crates1 ev5]s1 floor+1 furniture1 int]ior f9i%1 neck yokes1 s+letrees1 wagon poles4 ,f>!r ea/ 9 e>ly times r$ a% 0 occasionally split = f5ce rails1 b t use is important n[ only z hi/ory4 ,,pumpk9 ,,a% 7,frax9us pr(unda7 is a tree ( peculi> int]e/4 ,x 0 unkn[n be=e #ahic1 ?\gh ! region _h be5 settl$ ov] a hundr$ ye>s4 ,x has ! l>ge/ leaves1 l>ge/ fruit1 & l>ge/ swell$ base ( all ,am]ican a%es4 ,not)/&+ t1 x rema9$ s deeply hidd5 9 swamps t x escap$ discov]y4 ,! botanical "n ref]s to ! deep swamps 9 :i* ! tree *ooses its habitation4 ,its great1 swell$ base enables x to /& on ! s(t mud ( lagoon bottoms1 & ! abnormal swell+ is ribb$ l a pumpk91 h5ce ! only ,engli% "n ! tree has ev] _h4 ,^! are n ! only rem>kable ?+s connect$ ) ?is a%4 ,its range includes ?ree or f\r deep swamps1 f> ap>t4 ,"o is 9 s\!rn ,miss\ri1 ,new ,madrid c\ntry1 ano!r ne> ,v>ney1 ,arkansas1 & a ?ird1 9 a va/ morass on ! ,apala*icola riv]1 ,florida4 ,x is believ$ to h be5 orig9ally a ,florida species1 & by "s freak ( nature x rea*$ ! ,miss\ri & ,arkansas swamps4 ,c]ta9 o!r ,florida plants accompani$ x1 "o ( :i* 0 corkwood 7,leitn]ia floridana74 ,x is expect$ t pumpk9 a% w be f\nd else:]e 9 deep swamps int]m$iate betwe5 ! extremes ( its range4 ,! uses ( ?is wood are few1 because x is sc>ce1 & ! trees are difficult ( access on acc\nt ( be+ ne>ly always surr\nd$ by wat]4 ,lumb]m5 :o op]ate 9 swamps occasionally br+ out a few a% logs ) cypress & tupelo4 ,no te/s seem to h be5 made ( ! wood4 ,trees are sometimes #abj feet high & ?ree 9 diamet] above ! swell$ bases4 ,,wat] ,,a% 7,frax9us c>ol9iana7 is mu* light] 9 weight ?an any o!r ,am]ican a%1 & ! wood is also light] 9 color4 ,x is weak] & less ela/ic ?an any o!r1 & is l[] 9 fuel value4 ,x weighs less ?an :ite p9e4 ,x gr[s 9 deep swamps f s\!rn ,virg9ia to ,florida & we/w>d 9 swamps to ,texas4 ,"s h confus$ x ) pumpk9 a%1 b ! two are q di/9ct4 ,?is tree is also call$ poppy a%4 ,! leaves are f sev5 to twelve in*es long1 ) five or sev5 leaflets :i* are mu* blunt] ?an mo/ o!r a% leaves4 ,! se$s are ne>ly 9 ! c5t] ( ! broad1 long w+1 & are bett] fly]s ?an mo/ a% se$s4 ,! tree seldom exce$s =ty feet 9 height1 or twelve in*es 9 diamet]4 ,x is n kn[n t ! wood is ev] us$4 ,its sc>city w keep x f becom+ important1 ?\gh its uncommon lightness may lead to its employm5t = c]ta9 purposes4 ,,biltmore ,,a% 7,frax9us biltmoreana7 is nam$ f ,biltmore1 ,n4 ,c41 :]e ! tree atta9s its be/ developm5t1 a height ( =ty or fifty feet & a foot or less 9 diamet]4 ,its range ext5ds f nor!rn ,we/ ,virg9ia s\?w>d along ! foo?ills ( ! ,appala*ian m\nta9s to ,georgia1 ,alabama1 & middle ,t5nessee4 ,! se$ w+s are sl5d]1 & only slightly n>r[$ at ! end4 ,! leaf is t5 or twelve in*es long1 ) sev5 or n9e leaflets4 ,! twigs ( "y trees are hairy4 ,an occasional log d\btless goes to sawmills1 b no report has be5 made ( uses ( ! wood4 ,,florida ,,a% 7,frax9us floridana7 is a deep swamp tree1 ?irty or =ty feet high1 & a few in*es 9 diamet]4 ,x is f\nd 9 ! valley ( ,/4 ,m>y's riv]1 s\!rn ,georgia1 & along ! l[] ,apala*icola riv]1 ,florida4 ,! comp\nd leaves are five or m in*es long ) ?ree or five leaflets4 ,! se$s are small b _! w+s are wide & long4 ,no report has be5 made conc]n+ ! quality ( ! wood1 nor has x be5 us$1 z f> z kn[n4 ,! supply is v small4 ,illu/ration ,,sug> ,,maple ,illu/ration3 ,,sug> ,,maple ,,sug> ,,maple 7,ac] ,sac*>um7 ,! mak]s ( sug> 9 ! ,nor? call ?is tree sug> maple1 b lumb]m5 & us]s ( wood ne>ly always speak ( x z h>d maple4 ,all maples--& !re are ne>ly a doz5--are tol]ably h>d1 & sug> may be obta9$ f mo/ ( !m2 b ?is species is h>de/ ( all1 & ! mo/ prolific sug> mak]1 h5ce ! two names are appropriate4 ,x is (t5 call$ rock maple1 :i* "n ref]s to its h>d wood4 ,9 "s regions ! "n mo/ he>d is sug> tree4 ,its range ext5ds f ,newf\ndl& ?r\gh ,canada to ,lake ( ! ,woods1 s\?w>d ?r\gh ,m9nesota1 ,i[a1 ,kansas1 & ,arkansas to ,texas4 ,x is f\nd 9 e /ate ea/ ( ! ,mississippi1 b x is n abundant 9 ! ,s\?4 ,its be/ developm5t is f\nd f ,new ,engl& across ! nor!rn /ates to ,mi*igan4 ,"s v f9e sug> maple is f\nd 9 f]tile valleys & on slopes among ! ,appala*ian ranges f ,p5nsylvania s\?w>d4 ,! l>ge/ lumb] cut ( maple is 9 ! foll[+ /ates1 rang+ 9 ! ord] giv53 ,mi*igan1 ,wiscons91 ,p5nsylvania1 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,new ,york1 ,ohio1 ,indiana1 & ,v]mont4 ,s9ce ! diff]5t species ( maple are n report$ sep>ately 9 /ati/ics1 !re is no way ( det]m9+ h[ mu* ea* ( ! maples supplies4 ,x is well kn[n t sug> maple greatly exce$s all o!rs4 ,at its be/ ?is tree may exce$ a height ( #ajj feet & a diamet] ( ?ree2 b ! av]age = mature timb] 9 ! be/ "p ( its range is sixty or eighty feet 9 height1 & two 9 diamet]4 ,! fl[]s appe> ) ! leaves 9 e>ly spr+1 b ! se$s d n rip5 until autumn1 :5 !y are bright r$4 ,!y are w+$1 & usually two gr[ toge!r1 b !y sometimes become deta*$1 9 :i* case ea* is capable ( flight ) its s+le w+4 ,x is *>act]i/ic ( maple se$s to :irl rapidly :ile fall+1 & if a mod]ate w9d is bl[+1 !y glide consid]able di/ances4 ,!y usually fly f>!r ?an ! se$s ( a% al?\gh _! w+s are no l>g]4 ,! imm5se numb]s ( se$s borne by ! sug> maple insure abundant reproduction 9 ! vic9ity ( p>5t trees4 ,! se$s spr\t readily1 b (t5 s closely cr[d$ toge!r t mo/ ( !m die ! fir/ few weeks4 ,n "o 9 t5 ?\s& c ev5 become a l>ge tree1 & yet l>ge trees are exce$+ly abundant 9 ext5sive regions4 ,!y (t5 =m ne>ly pure /&s1 cr[d+ to dea? all rivals t try to obta9 a foo?old4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ?is maple (t5 cont5ts itself ) a place among o!r =e/ trees4 ,x is "o ( ! mo/ vigor\s & dep5dable ( trees4 ,x does n gr[ fa/1 b x keeps /eadily at x a long "t1 & enjoys unusually good heal?4 ,its wor/ enemy is coal smoke1 b =tunately1 mo/ sug> maple =e/s are out ( rea* ( t di/urb]1 ?\gh %ade trees ne> factory t[ns & 9 ! vic9ity ( coke ov5s (t5 suff]4 ,woodlots ( sug> maple1 occupy+ corn]s ( f>ms 9 ! nor!rn /ates f ,m9nesota to ,ma9e1 pres5t pictures ( heal?1 vigor1 cleanl9ess1 & beauty :i* no =e/ tree surpasses4 ,! int5se gre5 & ! d5sity ( ! cr[ns 9 summ] make ! trees conspicu\s 9 any l&scape :]e !y occur1 :ile _! brilliant colors 9 autumn are ! *ief glory ( ! =e/ :]e !y ab\nd4 ,! wood ( ?is tree is h>d1 /rong1 & d5se4 ,x is ?ree p\nds light] p] cubic foot ?an :ite oak1 & !oretically x rates a little l[] 9 fuel value1 b ^? :o use bo? woods z fuel consid] maple wor? m4 ,x is ?irty p] c5t /rong] ?an :ite oak1 & fifty-?ree p] c5t /iff]4 ,! wood is diffuse-por\s1 t is1 ! pores are n arrang$ 9 b&s or r[s1 z !y usually are 9 oaks1 b are scatt]$ 9 all p>ts4 ,!y are too small to be se5 ) ! nak$ eye1 b "u a magnify+ glass !y are visible 9 l>ge numb]s4 ,! ye>ly r+ is n v di/9ct1 because ( ! slight contra/ betwe5 spr+ & summ]wood4 ,! m$ull>y rays are num]\s b small4 ,9 wood saw$ along radial l9es1 f he>t to sap1 small silv]y flecks are num]\s4 ,^! are ! m$ull>y rays4 ,!y add some?+ to ! appe>ance ( qu>t]-saw$ maple1 b n en\gh to induce mills to turn out mu* ( x4 ,su* figures z maple has are br\ght out be/ 9 tang5tial saw+--t is1 cut l a slab (f ! side ( ! log4 ,?ree di/9ct figures are recogniz$ 9 sug> maple1 & to "s ext5t !y belong to o!r maples4 ,^! =ms ( wood are kn[n z birdseye1 curly1 & bli/] maple4 ,!y are accid5tal =ms & exi/ 9 c]ta9 trees only4 ,/ud5ts ( wood /ructure are n :olly agre$ z to ! cause ( ^! =ms1 b "o ( !m1 ! birdseye effect1 is believ$ to be due to adv5titi\s buds :i* di/ort ! wood 9 _! vic9ity4 ,^! buds />t ne> ! c5t] ( ! tree :5 x is small1 b nev] succe$ 9 =c+ _! way out4 ,!y rema9 j b5ea? ! b>k dur+ mo/ or ! :ole ( ! tree's life4 ,a p9-l core1 resembl+ a f9e ?read1 connects ! birdseye ) ! tree's pi?4 ,?is ?read is ! pi? ( ! embryonic bran* =m$ by ! bud :i* nev] breaks ?r\gh ! b>k4 ,:5 ! wood is saw$ tang5tially1 small1 d>k-br[n po9ts or dots %[ ! c5t] ( ! buds1 or ! pi? l9e connect+ x ) ! tree's c5t]4 ,curly maple & bli/] maple are n believ$ to be =m$ 9 ! same way z birdseye4 ,! uses ( sug> maple are ne>ly univ]sal1 :]e a h>d1 :ite wood is want$4 ,_m l>ge trees conta9 little color$ he>t1 & trees are g5]ally fifty ye>s old be=e !y h any4 ,m maple is work$ into floor+ ?an into any o!r "o commodity4 ,mills 9 ,mi*igan alone1 9 #aiaj1 made #ahe1faa1ffb feet ( maple floor+4 ,x 0 %ipp$ to practically e civiliz$ c\ntry 9 ! _w4 ,_m build]s consid] x ! be/ wood5 floor t c be laid4 ,9 a te/ made 9 a l>ge /ore 9 ,philadelphia "s ye>s ago1 a m>ble floor wore ?r\gh soon] ?an maple1 :5 ! same we> 0 on bo?4 ,ne>ly all k9ds & classes ( furniture h places = maple1 ei!r z outside mat]ial or inside frames1 draw] bottoms1 or p>titions4 ,vehicle manufactur]s employ x = heavy axles1 runn+ ge>1 p>ts ( automobiles1 sleigh runn]s & frames1 & h& sl$s4 ,x is made into h&les f gimlet sizes to cant hooks4 ,gymnasium app>atus owes mu* to ! :it5ess1 smoo?ness1 & /r5g? ( maple4 ,wood5w>e f too?picks to iron+ bo>ds2 f but*] blocks to butt] molds2 f door knobs to die blocks1 is dep5d5t on maple = "s ( its be/ mat]ial4 ,x is l>gely us$ = boxes1 9 bo? solid & v5e] =m4 ,only two woods are n[ employ$ 9 l>g] am\nts = v5e]s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ?an maple4 ,!y are r$ gum & yell[ p9e4 ,maple is "o ( ! ?ree woods mo/ l>gely employ$ 9 h>dwood di/illation 9 ?is c\ntry2 bee* & bir* are ! o!rs4 ,maple sug> is a product ( ?is tree almo/ exclusively1 & ! bus9ess is l>ge4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,new ,engl& x is claim$ t a grove is wor? m = sug> ?an ! l& is wor? = agriculture4 ,,silv] ,,maple 7,ac] sac*>9um7 is g5]ally call$ s(t maple by lumb]m54 ,x is kn[n also z :ite maple1 riv] maple1 silv]-leav$ maple1 swamp maple1 & wat] maple4 ,! s9uses ( ! leaves are v deep4 ,! light] color ( its b>k & ! pale gre5 ( ! leaves di/+ui% s(t maple at a glance f sug> maple :5 bo? are 9 full leaf4 ,! gre5i%-yell[ fl[]s op5 9 e>ly spr+1 & ! se$s are ripe 9 ,april or ,may1 dep5d+ on ! season & region4 ,! se$s h l>ge w+s & fly well4 ,!y g]m9ate 9 a few days aft] !y f9d suitable soil1 & be=e ! end ( ! summ] ! se$l+s h gr[n sev]al leaves4 ,! vigor ?us display$ cont9ues until ! tree is l>ge4 ,x is a fa/ gr[]1 & = t reason has be5 ext5sively plant$ z a /reet & p>k tree4 ,! wisdom ( do+ s is d\btful1 = ?is maple ?r[s out long limbs :i* are (t5 brok5 by w9d4 ,! trunk is subject to disease1 & a r[ ( old s(t maples ne>ly always pres5ts a ragg$1 unkempt1 neglect$ appe>ance4 ,z to beauty ( =m & cr[n1 !re is little comp>ison betwe5 x & ! plant$ sug> maple4 ,s(t maples 9 =e/s range f sev5ty-five to #abj feet 9 height1 & two to f\r 9 diamet]2 t is1 !y atta9 ab\t ! same size z sug> maples4 ,! species cov]s a million squ>e miles1 practically ! :ole c\ntry ea/ ( ! ,mississippi1 "s we/ ( t riv]1 & mo/ ( ea/]n ,canada4 ,x is a useful wood = _m purposes4 ,! cu/om ( mix+ ?is ) sug> maple makes x impossible to cle>ly sep>ate ! two woods aft]w>ds4 ,x is ! op9ion ( "s well-in=m$ manufactur]s t ab\t five p] c5t ( ! total maple cut 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is s(t maple4 ,! ratio is less 9 ! ,nor? & m 9 ! ,s\?4 ,! wood is h>d1 /rong1 r brittle1 easily work$1 pale br[n ) ?ick1 :ite sapwood4 ,"s r l>ge trunks h no sapwood4 ,x is 9 g5]al use1 b n = z _m purposes z sug> maple4 ,! l>ge/ places f\nd = x are z floor+ & wood5w>e1 ?\gh furniture & boxes1 p>ticul>ly v5e] boxes1 consume mu*4 ,its weight is ?ree-f\r?s t ( sug> maple4 ,! l>ge/ trees & ! be/ wood gr[ 9 ! l[] ,ohio valley4 ,illu/ration ,,r$ ,,maple ,illu/ration3 ,,r$ ,,maple ,,r$ ,,maple 7,ac] ,rubrum7 ,?is tree's names describe x4 ,"s ref] to color ( leaves1 fl[]s1 & fruit1 o!rs to situation :]e x gr[s be/4 ,x is kn[n z r$ maple & swamp maple2 also z wat] maple1 :ite maple1 sc>let maple1 & %oepeg maple4 ,new ,york ,indians call$ x ah-we-hot-kwah1 :i* meant r$ fl[]4 ,mo/ trees look$ alike to ,indians1 & :5 !y gave a "n1 x 0 descriptive4 ,! r$ness ( ?is maple is s m>k$ t x _c escape notice4 ,! fl[]s1 fruit1 twigs1 & leaves all possess ! prop]ty at "o "t or ano!r dur+ ! season4 ,! fl[] comes be=e ! leaf1 dur+ ! fir/ w>m days ( spr+4 ,t is pretty e>ly 9 ! ,s\?1 & lat] 9 ! ,nor?4 ,! fl[]s are bright sc>let1 & v conspicu\s1 gr[+ 9 umbel-l1 droop+ clu/]s4 ,! /am9ate & pi/illate ones frequ5tly gr[ on diff]5t trees1 & always 9 sep>ate clu/]s4 ,! fruit rip5s quickly1 & is sometimes almo/ mature be=e ! leaves appe>4 ,! date ( rip5+ dep5ds ^u latitude4 ,! tree's range nor? & s\? exce$s a ?\s& miles & t makes mu* diff]5ce 9 climate4 ,9 ! ,s\? ! fruit out/rips ! leaves & has ab\t rea*$ maturity be=e ! unfold+ leaves are l>ge en\gh to hide x2 b 9 ,new ,engl& & ,new ,york ! leaves are l>ge be=e ! fruit is mature4 ,! se$ is ! *>act]i/ic maple key1 ) a w+ to c>ry x4 ,! fruit--& by t t]m ! se$ ) its atta*$ w+ is meant--is bright r$1 & a tree load$ ) ! vivid clu/]s is a beautiful spectacle4 ,two se$s are g5]ally fa/ toge!r1 & !y make surpris+ flights 9 t condition1 pass+ ) :irl+ motion ?r\gh ! air4 ,gravity sp9s !m1 b w9d c>ries !m =w>d1 & ! r&om ( _! flight dep5ds on ! /r5g? ( ! w9d1 :i* happ5s to be bl[+ :5 !y sev] _! connection ) ! tree4 ,! se$s g]m9ate quickly :5 !y light on damp soil4 ,if !y d n f9d su* situations1 !y soon p]i%2 because !y d n reta9 _! vitality long4 ,by ! middle ( summ] ! "y trees h sev]al leaves1 & f t "t on ! /ruggle is ma9ly among !mselves = space & moi/ure1 because !y /& s ?ick t x is a survival ( ! fitte/4 ,! "y twigs are g5]ally r$ 9 spr+1 b !y d n pres5t z conspicu\s a mass z ! fl[]s & fruit d4 ,! leaves are simple1 ) long r$di% petioles4 ,!y h ?ree or five lobes1 ! l[] pair (t5 entirely miss+1 & small if pres5t4 ,ea* lobe has a po9t$ apex1 & is irregul>ly s]rate4 ,! base ( ! leaf is r\nd$2 also ! s9uses1 :i* ext5d f> into ! body ( ! leaf4 ,! upp] surface ( ! leaf is bright gre51 ! l[] a silv]y-:ite4 ,9 ! fall ?is tree is entitl$ to ! "n sc>let2 = !n ! brilliant hues ( ! leaves are rem>kably f9e4 ,! range ( r$ maple cov]s m ?an a million squ>e miles1 & t\*es e /ate ea/ ( ! ,mississippi riv]1 & we/ ( t /ream x ext5ds f ,s\? ,dakota to ,texas4 ,x pref]s r swampy gr\nd1 b wants f]tile soil4 ,x is frequ5tly f\nd on ! banks ( creeks & riv]s1 & r>ely on hillsides4 ,x is mo/ abundant 9 ! ,s\?1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! l[] ,mississippi valley1 :ile trees ( l>g] size are f\nd 9 ! valley ( ! l[] ,ohio4 ,9 ! ,nor? x takes m to l[ wet swamps :]e x sometimes gr[s 9 su* ?ickets z almo/ to exclude o!r species4 ,! be/ r$ maple trees atta9 a height ( #ajj feet or m1 & a diamet] ( f\r feet or less4 ,! av]age size is sev5ty feet high & two 9 diamet]4 ,! =m ( ! tree1 l t ( all o!r maples1 dep5ds mu* ^u ! situation 9 :i* x gr[s4 ,good saw timb] is n (t5 cut f ?is species ne> ! out] bord]s ( its range4 ,! wood is ab\t ?ree-f\r?s z /rong z h>d maple1 & is five p\nds light] p] cubic foot1 b is ab\t six p\nds heavi] ?an s(t or silv] maple4 ,x may1 !re=e1 be consid]$ t 9 "s important po9ts r$ maple is midway betwe5 h>d & s(t maple4 ,9 color x is light br[n1 slightly t+$ ) r$4 ,! sapwood is ?ick & light] 9 color ?an ! he>t4 ,! tree is usually n ( rapid gr[?4 ,! contra/ betwe5 ! spr+wood & summ]wood is n /rong4 ,! wood is v por\s1 b ! pores are s small t ! unaid$ eye _c disc]n !m4 ,! m$ull>y rays are num]\s1 b ?91 & are seldom consid]$ 9 work+ ! lumb]4 ,mills :i* saw ?is maple d n sep>ate ! lumb] f o!r maples4 ,! woodsman kn[s ! diff]5ce1 b ! lumb]man does n consid] x wor? :ile to pile ! saw$ /ock sep>ately4 ,x sometimes goes to m>ket z h>d maple1 sometimes z s(t1 b nev] "u its own "n4 ,consequ5tly1 x has no uses :i* are n also common to o!r maples4 ,lumb]m5 cut x :5 !y f9d x mix$ ) o!r h>dwoods :]e !y are c>ry+ on logg+ op]ations4 ,r$ maple is made into floor+1 int]ior f9i%1 & v5e] box mat]ial4 ,v5e]s are also made = furniture4 ,^! are ! mo/ important uses = ! wood1 b ! manufactur]s ( wood5w>e employ x = num]\s commodities1 su* z trays1 b[ls1 iron+ bo>ds1 gra9 scoops1 sn[ %ovels1 clo!s racks1 g>m5t hang]s1 & clo!s p9s4 ,?is species %[s birdseye effect simil> to t ( sug> maple1 b less ( ! /ock goes to m>ket4 ,logs ) birdseye wood are g5]ally r$uc$ to v5e] by ! rot>y process4 ,curly & wavy gra9s also occur 9 ?is maple4 ,! wavy gra9 0 mu* s\ght aft] by ! e>ly hunt]s :o equipp$ _! long rifles ) /ocks4 ,hav+ f\nd a piece ( timb] ) ! desir$ wavy gra91 ! hunt] proce$$ to %ave & :ittle until ! /ock 0 fitt$ to ! b>rel1 & ! gun 0 complete4 ,"s ( ! /ocks made ) no tools b an ax1 draw+ knife1 & a pocket knife1 7 works ( art :i* are wor?y ( pres]vation 9 museums4 ,occasionally "s unkn[n rural ,/radiv>i made a viol9 & select$ ! curly wood ( r$ maple = ! neck & sides4 ,a few ( ^! in/rum5ts are float+ ab\t ! c\ntry1 b an age ( fifty or a hundr$ ye>s has n yet imp>t$ classic value to !m1 b ! wood is unsurpass$ 9 delicacy ( gra9 & figure4 ,sug> may be manufactur$ f r$ maple1 b 9 small] quantity ?an f sug> maple4 ,9 ! days :5 e fronti] settlem5t did its own manufactur+1 inks & dyes 7 made f ! b>k ( ?is tree4 ,! tann9 boil$ f ! b>k 0 treat$ ) sulphate ( iron1 & x became ink2 :5 alum 0 add$ x became black dye2 :5 ! sulphate ( iron 0 omitt$1 & alum alone 0 put 91 a c9namon-color$ dye result$4 ,r$ maple is "o ( ! mo/ desirable trees = plant+ 9 p>ks & by roadsides4 ,nurs]ym5 compla9 t se$l+s are m difficult to manage ?an silv] maples2 nor d !y gr[ z rapidly1 b ! trees are wor? mu* m :5 once e/abli%$4 ,!y h %ort] & /rong] bran*es ?an silv] maple2 are less liable to be attack$ by disease2 are m h&some 9 e way2 b !y dem& damp] soil1 & succe$ poorly 9 any o!r4 ,t drawback t5ds to re/rict ! artificial plant+ ( ?is tree4 ,,m\nta9 ,,maple 7,ac] spicatum7 is kn[n also z moose maple1 l[ maple1 & wat] maple4 ,x is a small tree at its be/1 seldom m ?an tw5ty-five feet high & eight in*es 9 diamet]1 :ile 9 mo/ p>ts ( its range x is only a %rub4 ,its be/ gr[? is on m\nta9 slopes ( ea/]n ,t5nessee & we/]n ,nor? ,c>ol9a4 ,x likes moi/1 ri* hillsides1 & does n object to %ade4 ,! fl[]s come late1 b )9 a mon? or six weeks aft] ! bloom appe>s1 ! fruit is full gr[n1 b x rema9s on ! tree till autumn4 ,! tree's b>k is smoo? & v ?94 ,! abs5ce ( /ripes di/+ui%es ?is tree f /rip$ maple1 :i* has ne>ly ! same range4 ,m\nta9 maple gr[s f ,ma9e to ,m9nesota1 s\?w>d to ,mi*igan1 & along ! m\nta9s to ,georgia4 ,! wood is light1 s(t1 br[n t+$ ) r$4 ,! small size ( ! trunk =bids its conv]sion into ord9>y lumb]4 ,! only comm]cial use report$ = x is 9 ,p5nsylvania :]e x is cut along ) o!r h>dwoods = de/ructive di/illation4 ,,florida ,,maple 7,ac] floridanum7 is a species accord+ to "s1 & accord+ to o!rs is a v>iety ( ! h>d maple4 ,its range is limit$1 & ! available quantity ( ! wood is small4 ,x is f\nd 9 ! swamps ( s\!rn ,georgia & we/]n ,florida1 & we/w>d to ,texas1 ,l\isiana1 & s\!rn ,arkansas4 ,ne> ! s\?we/]n limits ( its range 9 ,texas & ,mexico1 x is (t5 a %rub2 b 9 ! be/ "p ( its range x becomes a tree fifty or sixty feet high & two or ?ree 9 diamet]4 ,! wood passes = h>d maple :5 saw$ into lumb]1 b x is n (t5 s5t to sawmills4 ,! mak]s ( b5t wood ru/ic furniture 9 "s ( ! s\!rn t[ns1 p>ticul>ly 9 ,l\isiana1 h f\nd ! sl5d] bran*es ( ,florida maple well suit$ to t purpose4 ,,drummond ,,maple 7,ac] rubrum drummondii7 is a v>iety ( r$ maple1 n a sep>ate species4 ,its range lies 9 ! coa/al pla9 ( ,alabama & ,georgia1 we/]n ,l\isiana1 ea/]n ,texas1 s\?we/]n ,t5nessee1 & s\!rn ,arkansas4 ,x gr[s 9 deep swamps1 & has ?ree-lob$ leaves1 & l>ge-w+$ fruit1 rip5+ 9 ,april & ,may4 ,! wood is too sc>ce to be important 9 ! lumb] trade1 b :]e x c be _h x is us$4 ,viol9 mak]s h procur$ "s f9ely curl$ wood ( ?is maple 9 ,union ,p>i%1 ,l\isiana4 ,"s ( ! wood f t di/rict has be5 made into gun/ocks also4 ,,:iteb>k ,,maple 7,ac] leucod]me7 has be5 class$ z a v>iety ( sug> maple1 & also z a sep>ate species4 ,x is nam$ f ! light gray color ( ! b>k ( "y /ems2 b ! color turns d>k ) age4 ,! tree is usually tw5ty or ?irty feet high ) a diamet] ( a foot or m4 ,! wood is ( good quality1 b no uses1 except fuel1 h be5 report$4 ,trees are n abundant1 b ! range cov]s p>ts ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,t5nessee1 ,georgia1 ,alabama1 ,l\isiana1 & ,arkansas4 ,x is occasionally plant$ z a %ade tree along ! /reets ( t[ns ( ,georgia & ,alabama4 ,illu/ration ,,oregon ,,maple ,illu/ration3 ,,oregon ,,maple ,,oregon ,,maple 7,ac] ,macrophyllum7 ,botani/s pref] to call ?is tree broadleaf maple4 ,! "n is n inappropriate1 z its extraord9>ily broad leaves con/itute ! mo/ /rik+ feature ( ! tree :]e x /&s 9 ! woods4 ,! leaf is usually wid] ?an x is long4 ,"s exce$ a foot 9 bo? measurem5ts4 ,bigleaf maple is n an uncommon "n = ! tree 9 ,oregon1 :]e x atta9s its highe/ developm5t 9 damp valleys :]e ! soil is good4 ,! "n :ite maple is n p>ticul>ly descriptive ( any feature ( ! tree1 ?\gh ! "n is appli$ 9 bo? ,oregon & ,wa%+ton4 ,9 ,cali=nia x is kn[n simply z maple4 ,!re is small likelihood 9 t region t x w be confus$ ) any o!r memb] ( ! maple h\sehold2 nor is !re mu* dang] ( su* a ?+ 9 any "p ( ! ,pacific coa/1 =1 ?\gh f\r species ( maple occur !re1 no "o ( !m be>s close en\gh resemblance to ?is "o to be mi/ak5 = x4 ,! ,oregon maple's range nor? & s\? cov]s tw5ty degrees ( latitude4 ,9 t p>ticul> x is n mu* surpass$1 if surpass$ at all1 by any maple ( ?is c\ntry4 ,its nor!rn limit lies 9 ,alaska1 its s\!rn close to ! ,mexican b\nd>y1 9 ,san ,diego c\nty1 ,cali=nia4 ,its range ea/ & we/ is re/rict$4 ,x has a wid? ( ab\t "o hundr$ & fifty miles 9 ,cali=nia1 :]e x gr[s f ! coa/ to ! foo?ills ( ! ,si]ra ,nevada m\nta9s4 ,an altitude ( #e1fjj feet appe>s to be ! limit ( its range upw>d4 ,x atta9s altitudes above #e1jjj feet at sev]al po9ts 9 ! ,si]ra ,nevada range4 ,x desc5ds ne>ly to sea level4 ,its geographical range is simil> to ! ranges ( sev]al o!r ,pacific coa/ species :i* occupy long ribbons ( t]ritory /ret*+ nor? & s\? p>allel ) ! coa/ ( ! ,pacific ocean4 ,?is maple's leaves *ange to a cle> r$di%-yell[ be=e fall+4 ,fl[]s appe> aft] ! leaves are gr[n1 & ! se$s rip5 late 9 autumn4 ,"s ( !m hang until late 9 w9t]1 b ! habit v>ies 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! range1 z is natural 9 view ( its great ext5sion nor? & s\?4 ,! trees :i* /& 9 op5 gr\nd are v abundant se$]s1 b ^? 9 d5se /&s produce sp>+ly1 9 t p>ticul> foll[+ ! habit ( mo/ trees4 ,?is maple (t5 gr[s 9 d5se1 ne>ly pure /&s 9 ,oregon & ,wa%+ton :]e soil & o!r conditions are favorable4 ,! sizes & =ms ( ,oregon maple v>y greatly4 ,john ,muir spoke ( =e/s ^: trees 7 eighty or "o hundr$ feet high1 s d5se ) leaves & s abundantly suppli$ ) bran*es t moss & f]ns =m$ a canopy ) foliage & limbs high ov] head1 l an a]ial g>d52 :ile ,george ,b4 ,sudwor? describ$ x 9 c]ta9 situations z a %ort-/emm$1 crook$ tree f tw5ty-five to ?irty feet high & "u a foot 9 diamet]4 ,?is maple has be5 call$ ! mo/ valuable h>dwood ( ! ,pacific coa/1 b t claim is made also = o!r trees4 ,"s p]sons rate x ) ! h>d maple ( ! ,ea/1 9 prop]ties :i* comm5d x = use4 ,x is d\btful if ! claim c be sub/antiat$4 ,accord+ to ,s>g5t's figures = /r5g?1 /iffness1 weight1 & fuel value1 x lacks mu* ( equall+ ! ea/]n tree4 ,x is twelve p\nds p] cubic foot light]2 has n ?ree-f\r?s ! fuel value2 & is little m ?an half z /rong or z /iff4 ,! comp>ison is m 9 favor ( ! we/]n tree :5 color ( wood & appe>ance ( gra9 are consid]$4 ,! wood is light br[n ) pale t9t ( r$4 ,! r+s ( annual gr[? are tol]ably di/9ct1 ) a ?91 d>k l9e sep>at+ ! summ]wood ( "o ye> f ! spr+wood ( ! next4 ,! pores are scatt]$ ) fair ev5ness 9 all p>ts ( ! r+4 ,!y are small & num]\s4 ,! m$ull>y rays are ?9 & abundant4 ,9 qu>t]-saw$ wood !y %[ mu* ! same z 9 h>d maple1 b are r d>k] 9 color4 ,! mirrors are decid$ly t+$ ) br[n4 ,! wood is report$ poor 9 resi/+ decay :5 9 contact ) ! soil4 ,! l>ge/ use ( ,oregon maple appe>s to be = furniture1 second1 = int]ior f9i%1 & foll[+ ^! are num]\s miscellane\s uses4 ,/ati/ics ( ! cut ( ?is wood1 z %[n by sawmill reports1 are unsatisfactory4 ,c5sus returns include x ) all o!r maples ( ! c\ntry1 )\t figures = species4 ,! cut ( maple = all ! we/]n /ates seems too small to give ?is wood ju/ice4 ,! am\nt report$ us$ 9 ,wa%+ton1 ,oregon1 & ,cali=nia exce$s ! total report$ sawmill cut 9 ! ,we/4 ,oregon maple is an important h&lewood4 ,! smoo? gra9 appeals to broom mak]s4 ,! wood is made into ax h&les1 b = t use x is mu* bel[ hickory1 or ev5 h>d maple or :ite oak4 ,x is conv]t$ into pulleys 9 ,wa%+ton1 also into saddle trees1 & t5t toggles4 ,boat mak]s employ x = f9i% mat]ial1 9 :i* capacity x fills ! same place1 & mu/ meet ! same requirem5ts z 9 int]ior f9i% = h\ses4 ,curly or wavy wood is occasionally f\nd & ?is is work$ into f9i% & also into furniture4 ,! figure is z h&some z 9 ea/]n maple1 b birdseye is less frequ5t4 ,c\nt] tops = /ores & b> tops = saloons are sometimes made ( figur$ maple4 ,x is se5 also 9 grill "w & %[ cases1 b 9 ord] to %[ ! figur$ wood to ! be/ advantage x %\ld be work$ 9 flat surfaces4 ,oregon maple is conv]t$ into floor+ ( ! ord9>y tongu$ & groov$ k9d1 & also into p>quet floor+4 ,rot>y v5e]s are made into boxes & baskets4 ,solid logs are turn$ = roll]s ( v>i\s sizes & k9ds4 ,mill y>ds use !m = (fbe>+ lumb]1 & h\se mov]s f9d !m ab\t ! be/ local mat]ial to be _h4 ,?is maple has be5 successfully /a9$ 9 imitation ( mahogany1 & is said to pass satisfactory te/s :]e ! color is ! pr9cipal consid]ation4 ,! am\nt ( ?is species available 9 ! ,nor?we/ is n def9itely kn[n1 b x is a relatively sc>ce wood4 ,no att5tion has ev] be5 giv5 to plant+ x z a comm]cial proposition4 ,x is n ( v rapid gr[?1 & unless x is 9 d5se /&s1 x develops a %ort trunk & l>ge cr[n4 ,x is bett] suit$ = %ade & ornam5t1 & is to be se5 z a /reet tree 9 "s we/]n t[ns4 ,x does n fl\ri% 9 ! ea/]n /ates1 b has f\nd ! climate ( we/]n ,europe m cong5ial & is occasionally f\nd z an ornam5tal tree !re4 ,! relative importance ( ?is maple 9 ! /ate ( ,wa%+ton is indicat$ by ! am\nt us$ annually comp>$ ) c]ta9 o!r h>dwoods4 ,9 #aiaa ! consumption ( will[ 0 #b1jjj feet1 v9e maple #aj1jjj1 ,oregon a% #eh1jjj1 ,oregon oak #aig1jjj1 we/]n bir* #cae1jjj1 ,oregon maple #icb1ejj1 r$ ald] #a1hha1ejj1 & black cottonwood #cb1egb1bjj4 ,,v9e ,,maple 7,ac] circ9atum7 is sometimes call$ m\nta9 maple1 ?\gh ! "n is mislead+4 ,x may gr[ among m\nta9s1 b always ne> /reams4 ,x is f\nd at v>i\s altitudes f ne> sea level to #e1jjj feet above4 ,x ranges f ! coa/ region ( ,briti% ,columbia s\?w>d ?r\gh ,wa%+ton & ,oregon to ,m5doc9o c\nty1 ,cali=nia4 ,?is tree is m useful ?an might be inf]r$ f its "n1 or ev5 f a /udy ( x 9 its usual =m4 ,only an occasional tree is good = ! wood us]4 ,a height ( tw5ty feet & a diamet] ( six in*es are above ! av]age4 ,x is call$ v9e maple because ( its habit ( sprawl+ on ! gr\nd l a v9e4 ,! trunk lacks suffici5t /iffness to hold x erect4 ,x gr[s upw>d to a c]ta9 po9t1 !n leans ov] & ! bran*es lie on ! gr\nd4 ,"s ( !m take root & 9 c\rse ( "t :at 0 fir/ a s+le /em becomes a ?icket ( bran*es & /ems4 ,! w9t] sn[ (t5 has mu* to d ) b5d+ ! trunk1 :i* appe>s to h no p[] to get back to ! p]p5dicul> :5 once b[$ d[n4 ,! damp situation :]e ?is tree ?rives be/1 induces a luxuriant gr[? ( moss & mold :i* help to bury ! bran*es t lie on ! gr\nd4 ,! tree prosp]s 9 deep %ade4 ,! "y leaves are rose r$1 & 9 ! fall become yell[ or sc>let4 ,! fruit is ! *>act]i/ic maple key4 ,! w+ becomes rose-r$ be=e fall+ 9 autumn4 ,?\gh ?is tree is m a curiosity ?an a lumb]man's asset1 x is n )\t value4 ,h&le mak]s use #aj1jjj feet ( x a ye> 9 ! /ate ( ,wa%+ton4 ,x is %av$ & turn$ = ax & %ovel h&les4 ,x has two-?irds ! /r5g? & less ?an half ! /iffness ( ea/]n h>d maple4 ,! tree gr[s sl[ly & ! annual r+s are v n>r[ & indi/9ct4 ,sev5ty or eighty ye>s are requir$ to produce a trunk five in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! wood is h>d1 & *ecks badly 9 season+4 ,! b>k is v pale br[n--sugge/+ ! color ( a potato spr\t t has gr[n 9 a d>k cell>4 ,! ,indians lik$ ! wood = fi% net b[s1 ?\gh !re appe>s to h be5 no v good reason :y !y pref]r$ x to o!r woods ( ! region4 ,its mo/ ext5sive use at pres5t is z fuel1 b x is n p>ticul>ly s\ght aft]4 ,! tree's future is n promis+4 ,"u dome/ication x does n take on its fanta/ic1 moldy1 moss-gr[n =m1 & its =e/ gr[? w nev] be enc\rag$ by lumb]m54 ,,dw>f ,,maple 7,ac] glabrum7 is "o ( ! smalle/ ( ! maples1 b 9 a nor? & s\? direction its range is equal to t ( any o!r4 ,its s\!rn limit is among ! canyons ( ,arizona1 & its nor!rn on ! coa/ ( ,alaska )9 six or sev5 degrees ( ! ,arctic circle4 ,x ext5ds to ,nebraska1 & is f\nd ea/ ( ! cont95tal divide f> nor? 9 ,briti% ,am]ica4 ,x rea*es its l>ge/ size on ,vanc\v] isl& & on ! ,blue m\nta9s 9 ,oregon4 ,x "h is l>ge en\gh to make small sawlogs1 b x is usually %rubby 9 o!r p>ts ( its range4 ,x gr[s f sea level 9 ,alaska to #i1jjj feet altitude among ! ,si]ra ,nevada m\nta9s ( ,cali=nia4 ,two =ms ( leaf occur4 ,"o is ?ree-lob$2 ! o!r is a comp\nd leaf1 ! lobes hav+ =m$ sep>ate leaves4 ,! bright upp] surface ( ! leaf gives ! species its botanical "n4 ,! se$s h l>ge1 wide w+s4 ,x _c be asc]ta9$ t ! wood ( ?is maple has ev] be5 us$ = any?+4 ,illu/ration ,,box ,,eld] ,illu/ration3 ,,box ,,eld] ,,box ,,eld] 7,ac] ,negundo7 ,attempts to asc]ta9 ! mean+ ( ! ^w negundo :i* botani/s apply to ?is species h n be5 cr[n$ ) entire success4 ,x is kn[n to be a ^w 9 ! ,malayalam language ( ! ,malab> coa/ ( ,india1 & is !re appli$ to a tree1 app>5tly ref]r+ to a peculi> =m ( leaf4 ,! "n 0 transf]r$ to ! box eld] by ,mo5*1 & has be5 g5]ally adopt$ by botani/s1 al?\gh at lea/ sev5 o!r sci5tific names h be5 giv5 ! tree4 ,x be>s t5 or m ,engli% names 9 diff]5t regions4 ,among ^! names are a%-leav$ maple1 kn[n f ,massa*usetts to ,montana & ,texas2 cut-leav$ maple 9 ,colorado2 ?ree-leav$ maple 9 ,p5nsylvania2 black a% 9 ,t5nessee2 /9k+ a% 9 ,s\? ,c>ol9a2 sug> a% 9 ,florida2 wat] a% 9 ! ,dakotas2 & box eld] :]ev] x gr[s4 ,! tree's geographical range does n fall mu* %ort ( #c1jjj1jjj squ>e miles1 & is equall$ by few species ( ?is c\ntry4 ,x ext5ds f ,new ,engl& across ,canada to ,alb]ta1 !nce to ,arizona1 & includes practically all ! ,unit$ ,/ates ea/ & s\? ( ^? l9es4 ,x ?rives 9 hot & cold climates1 & high & l[ elevations2 9 regions ( mu* ra91 & 9 ^? ) little4 ,t fact has be5 turn$ to acc\nt by tree plant]s1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! ye>s :5 ! we/]n pla9s 7 be+ settl$ by home/ead]s4 ,! box eld] 0 ! *ief tree on _m a timb] claim :]e ! lett] ( ! law r ?an ! _s 0 c>ri$ out4 ,x af=d$ ! e>lie/ protection aga9/ scor*+ summ] sun & ! ke5 w9ds ( w9t] ab\t _m a fronti]sman's cab9 on ! pla9s4 ,x 0 ! e>lie/ /reet tree 9 _m we/]n t[ns4 ,! p plant$ x because !y knew x w\ld gr[1 & !y 7 n s sure ( a good _m o!r trees4 ,gre5 a% 0 (t5 its companion 9 pione] plant+s on ! pla9s4 ,_m t[ns :i* set box eld]s along ! /reets :5 !y did n "k ( any?+ bett]1 /ill h ! trees1 ?\gh !y w\ld will+ly ex*ange !m = some?+ else4 ,!y are n ideal /reet & p>k trees2 d n produce %apely trunks & cr[ns2 & drop leaves all summ] & se$s all w9t]4 ,! tree is reput$ to be %ort liv$1 yet "s ( ^? plant$ a g5]ation or two ago %[ no symptoms ( decl9e4 ,!re is no good reason :y ?is tree %\ld be call$ an eld]1 or an a%1 except t its leaves are comp\nd4 ,if t is a reason1 x might be call$ a hickory or a walnut1 s9ce !y be> comp\nd leaves4 ,x is cle>ly a maple4 ,its fruit %[s x to be s1 & ,indians ( ! f> ,nor?we/ :o _h no o!r maple1 =m]ly manufactur$ sug> f ?is tree1 collect+ ! sap 9 wood or b>k tr\ghs & boil+ x ) hot /ones4 ,! comp\nd leaf does n necess>ily take x out ( ! maple gr\p4 ,x requires no great ex]cise ( imag9ation to und]/& h[ a lob$ leaf1 by deep5+ ! s9uses betwe5 ! lobes1 might become a comp\nd leaf 9 ! process ( evolution4 ,!re may be no visible evid5ce t ! box eld]'s leaf rea*$ its pres5t =m by t process1 b !re is ano!r maple :i* is at ! pres5t "t develop+ a comp\nd leaf 9 t way1 or seems to be do+ s4 ,x is ! dw>f maple 7,ac] glabrum7 ( ! ,nor?we/ coa/4 ,lob$ leaves & comp\nd leaves may occur on ! same tree4 ,! se$s ( box eld] resemble ^? ( o!r maples4 ,!y rip5 9 ! fall1 & are bl[n (f by w9d1 few at a "t1 dur+ sev]al mon?s4 ,! trees are f fifty to sev5ty feet high1 & f "o & a half to ?ree feet 9 diamet]4 ,! trunk is apt to divide ne> ! gr\nd 9 sev]al l>ge bran*es1 & is n ( good =m = sawlogs1 be+ (t5 crook$ z well z %ort4 ,! small bran*es1 p>ticul>ly ^? less ?an a ye> old1 are usually ne>ly z gre5 z ! leaves4 ,?is fact may assi/ 9 id5tify+ ! tree :5 ! leaves are (f4 ,! b>k be>s m resemblance to a% & basswood ?an to maple4 ,! wood is lighte/ ( ! maples4 ,x weighs less ?an tw5ty-sev5 p\nds to ! cubic foot2 has less ?an half ! /r5g? & ab\t =ty p] c5t ( ! /iffness ( sug> maple2 & is mu* inf]ior to x 9 mo/ me*anical prop]ties4 ,x is equal1 if n sup]ior to mo/ maples 9 :it5ess4 ,! pores are small1 num]\s1 & scatt]$ ?r\gh all p>ts ( ! gr[? r+1 z is *>act]i/ic ( maple wood4 ,! tree gr[s rapidly4 ,! summ]wood is a ?91 d>k l9e1 sep>at+ "o annual r+ f ano!r4 ,! m$ull>y rays are _m & obscure1 b :5 wood is saw$ or split along a radial l9e1 !y are easily se51 & %[ ! true maple lu/]4 ,! uses ( box eld] are simil> to ^? ( s(t maple4 ,! wood is seldom report$ "u its own "n4 ,9 fact1 an exam9ation ( wood-us+ reports ( v>i\s /ates1 %[s t 9 only two /ates1 ,mi*igan & ,texas1 has box eld] be5 li/$ sep>ately4 ,its uses 9 ! =m] /ate 7 = boxes1 crates1 floor+1 h&les1 wood5w>e1 & int]ior f9i%1 :ile 9 ,texas x 0 made into furniture4 ,! tree is ( comm]cial size 9 at lea/ ?irty /ates1 & is cut & m>ket$ 9 all ( !m4 ,te/s ( ! wood = pulp are said to be satisfactory1 & x f9ds its way 9 r l>ge am\nts to coop] %ops :]e x is made into slack b>rels4 ,x is cut z acid wood along ) o!r maples1 bee*1 & bir*1 & is conv]t$ into *>coal & o!r products ( di/illation4 ,x may be expect$ t box eld] w exi/ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates z long z any o!r =e/ tree rema9s4 ,x is will+ to be cr[d$ (f good l& into l[ places1 :i* are almo/ swamps1 & !re x gr[s free f di/urbance2 b if giv5 ! opportunity x w appropriate ! mo/ f]tile soil )9 rea* ( x2 & by scatt]+ se$s dur+ f\r or five mon?s ( ! ye>1 x manages to d mu* effective plant+4 ,,cali=nia ,,box ,,eld] 7,ac] negundo cali=nicum7 is a v>iety ( box eld]1 & n a sep>ate species4 ,z ! "n implies1 x is a ,cali=nia tree1 & x occurs 9 ! valleys & among ! ,coa/ ,range m\nta9s f ! l[] ,sacram5to valley to ! we/]n slopes ( ! ,san ,b]n>d9o m\nta9s4 ,! tree is f tw5ty to fifty feet high & f t5 to ?irty in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! leaves & "y twigs are hairy1 9 t respect diff]+ f ! ea/]n box eld]4 ,! se$s are scatt]$ dur+ w9t]4 ,! wood is v pale lemon-yell[ or creamy-:ite1 ! he>t & sapwood h>dly di/+ui%able4 ,! wood is s(t & brittle1 b is suit$ to ! same purposes z ! ea/]n box eld]4 ,no reports ( its uses appe> to h be5 made4 ,x is f\nd on ! bord]s ( /reams & 9 ! bottoms ( moi/ canyons4 ,x is believ$ to be a %ort-liv$ tree4 ,,/rip$ ,,maple 7,ac] p5nsylvanicum7 is usually ?irty or =ty feet high1 & eight or t5 in*es 9 diamet]4 ,its range ext5ds f ,quebec to nor!rn ,georgia1 we/w>d to ,m9nesota1 & is ( l>ge/ size on ! slopes ( ,big ,smoky m\nta9s ( ,t5nessee1 & ! ,blue ,ridge 9 ,nor? & ,s\? ,c>ol9a4 ,x gr[s be/ 9 %ade1 b ma9ta9s itself 9 op5 gr\nd2 is g5]ally %rubby 9 ! nor!rn "p ( its range4 ,! "n ref]s to ! b>k4 ,! /ripes are longitud9al & are caus$ by ! p>t+ ( ! out] b>k & ! exposure to view ( ! light] color$ inn] lay]s4 ,! b>k ( small trees is gre5i%1 b lat] 9 life ! color is d>k]1 & ! /ripes l>gely disappe>4 ,among its names are moosewood1 s call$ because x is good br[se = moose & o!r de]2 goosefoot maple1 a ref]5ce to ! =m ( ! leaf2 :i/lewood1 an allusion to ! ease ) :i* ! b>k slips f "y bran*es 9 spr+ :5 boys ) jack-knives are on ! se>* = :i/le mat]ial4 ,! names m\nta9 ald] & /rip$ dogwood are bas$ on misund]/&+ ( ! tree's family relations4 ,! "y leaves are rose color$ :5 !y unfold1 & :5 full gr[n are six in*es wide4 ,! wood is light & s(t1 & light br[n 9 color1 ! ?ick sapwood light]4 ,! wood is liable to conta9 small br[n pi? flecks1 :i* 9 longitud9al sections appe> z br[n /reaks an in* or less 9 l5g? & z ?ick z a p91 & 9 cross section !y are br[n dots4 ,!y are n natural to ! wood b are caus$ by ! l>v ( c]ta9 mo?s :i* burr[ into ! cambium lay]1 or s(t inn] b>k1 & excavate n>r[ gall]ies up & d[n ! trunk4 ,! gall]ies aft]w>ds fill ) d>k mat]ial4 ,! insects sometimes attack o!r maples1 ! bir*es1 s]vice1 & o!r trees4 ,! wood ( /rip$ maple is little us$1 because ( ! small size ( ! trees4 ,! species is plant$ = ornam5t 9 ?is c\ntry & ,europe4 ,,black ,,maple 7,ac] nigrum7 has be5 by "s consid]$ a v>iety ( sug> or h>d maple1 & by o!rs a sep>ate species4 ,x is z l>ge z ! sug> maple & its range is mu* ! same1 b x is m abundant 9 ! we/]n "p ( its range ?an 9 ! ,ea/4 ,! "n ref]s to ! color ( ! b>k ( old trunks4 ,if ! "n _h consid]$ ! b>k ( "y twigs x w\ld h be5 yell[ or orange maple1 because ! twigs are ( t color4 ,9 summ] ! peculi> droop+ po/ure ( ! leaves calls att5tion to ?is tree4 ,h[ev]1 ! b>k1 twigs1 & leaves comb9$ are n suffici5t to set x ap>t1 9 ! eyes ( mo/ p1 = x g5]ally passes )\t "q z sug> maple1 ev5 :5 x /&s side by side ) t tree4 ,x yields sug> abundantly4 ,! wood is a little heavi] ?an t ( sug> maple1 b ! diff]5ce _c be notic$ except :5 ! two woods are weigh$4 ,_! uses are ! same4 ,no mak] ( furniture1 floor+1 or f9i% ev] prote/s aga9/ black maple4 ,! tree g5]ally pref]s l[] & damp] gr\nd ?an sug> maple1 & is (t5 f\nd along /reams4 ,illu/ration ,,s]viceb]ry ,illu/ration3 ,,s]viceb]ry ,,s]viceb]ry 7,amelan*i] ,canad5sis7 ,?is tree w nev] be o!r ?an a m9or species 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 b x is n a wor?less memb] ( ! =e/4 ,x belongs to ! rose family1 & !re=e is ne> ak9 to ! haws1 ?orns1 & crabapples4 ,! g5us is f\nd 9 ,europe1 ,asia1 & ,africa1 z well z 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,two tree species occur 9 ?is c\ntry1 or1 accord+ to "s botani/s1 ?ree1 "o we/ ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 two ea/4 ,! s]viceb]ry has a numb] ( names3 ,june b]ry1 s]vice-tree1 ,may *]ry1 ,indian *]ry1 wild ,indian pe>1 currant tree1 %adb]ry1 savice1 & s>vice4 ,! nor!rn limit ( its range is 9 ,newf\ndl&1 ! s\!rn 9 ,florida4 ,x gr[s we/w>d to ,m9nesota & ,arkansas2 b x is n pl5tiful except 9 c]ta9 re/rict$ localities4 ,x is mo/ abundant among ! ranges ( ! ,appala*ian m\nta9s1 & ( its l>ge/ size t[>d ! s\?4 ,x is disp]s$ ?r\gh =e/s g5]ally1 a tree or bu% "h & !re2 b x pref]s ! bord]s ( =e/s1 ! br9ks ( cliffs1 banks ( /reams1 or "s o!r op5 space :]e light is abundant4 ,x prosp]s mo/ 9 ri* soil b does fairly well 9 gr\nd ?9 & dry4 ,! bloom1 :]e x occurs1 is a conspicu\s feature ( ! l&scape1 ?\gh g5]ally a tree on t5 or tw5ty acres repres5ts ! d5sity ( its /&4 ,! :ite1 %[y bloom comes e>ly 9 spr+1 :5 mo/ trees are yet b>e ( leaves4 ,occasionally1 h[ev]1 ! s]viceb]ry is m abundant1 & ! r[s & clumps ( bloom+ trees along creek banks or ab\t ! m>g9s ( glades or o!r op5+s 9 ! =e/s1 look l di/ant sn[drifts4 ,! fruit is a b]ry a half in* or less 9 diamet]1 bright r$ :5 fully gr[n 9 e>ly summ]1 & *ang+ to purple :5 ripe4 ,! se$s are br[n & v small1 & ea* b]ry conta9s f five to t54 ,:5 circum/ances are favorable1 ! tree is a prolific be>]1 ! sl5d] bran*es b5d+ b5ea? ! weight4 ,! tree ne$ n rea* any p>ticul> size be=e beg9n+ to be>4 ,on "s ( ! sev]ely burn$ summits ( ! ,alleghany m\nta9s 9 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 #d1jjj feet or m above sea level1 ?is tree1 :5 only two or ?ree feet high1 be>s abundantly4 ,su* trees are probably spr\ts f roots ( old] trunks de/roy$ by fire4 ,at its be/1 x rea*es a height ( =ty or fifty feet & a diamet] ( "o or possibly two feet4 ,trunks ( l>ge/ size occur among ! s\!rn ,appala*ian ranges4 ,! wood is heavy & v h>d & /rong4 ,x is liable to *eck & w>p 9 season+1 is sat9y1 & is susceptible ( a good poli%4 ,m$ull>y rays are v num]\s1 b obscure2 color1 d>k br[n1 (t5 t+$ ) r$4 ,! wood is /rong]1 /iff] & heavi] ?an :ite oak4 ,x possesses mo/ ( ! prop]ties to make x a wood ( great value1 b its sc>city1 & ! usual small size ( ! trees1 relegate x to ! class ( m9or woods4 ,"s use is made ( x 9 turn]y & = o!r small articles4 ,x is frequ5tly plant$ 9 g>d5s = its bloom & b]ries4 ,9 su* situations x lacks "s ( ! *>m :i* x holds z "p & p>cel ( ! wildwoods :]e its e>ly spr+ bloom is ?r[n aga9/ a backgr\nd ( leafless bran*es4 ,,we/]n ,,s]viceb]ry 7,amelan*i] alnifolia7 is also call$ pigeonb]ry & s>vice4 ,its botanical "n ref]s to ! resemblance ( its leaves to ^? ( ald]4 ,its range cov]s a million squ>e miles1 & ! species rea*es its be/ developm5t on isl&s & ri* bottom l&s ( ! l[] ,columbia riv]4 ,x is f\nd z f> s\? z ,cali=nia1 nor? to ,yukon t]ritory1 ea/ to ,lake ,sup]ior & nor!rn ,mi*igan4 ,x is n[h]e a tree ( attractive size1 & is usually a %rub ab\t t5 feet tall & "o in* ?ick4 ,trees are sometimes ?irty feet high & six or eight in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! fruit is blue-black & sweet1 & pleasant to ! ta/e if n ov]ripe4 ,indians 9 ! nor!rn & we/]n range ( ?is tree ga!r ! b]ries indu/ri\sly :ile !y la/1 & _m ( ! :ite settl]s d likewise4 ,! birds flock to ! ?ickets = _! %>e1 & ?\gh ! b]ries are small1 ! be>s 9 ! region consid] !m wor?y ( prompt & cont9u$ att5tion4 ,! b]ries are g5]ally a little m ?an half an in* 9 diamet]1 & rip5 9 ,july or ,augu/1 dep5d+ on latitude4 ,cattle1 %eep1 goats1 & de] f9d ?is small tree or bu% a s\rce ( food4 ,!y d n object to eat+ ! b]ries :5 obta9able1 b _! pr9cipal attack is on ! leaves & t5d] %oots :i* af=d excell5t br[se4 ,=tunately1 ! s]viceb]ry is s t5aci\s ( life t x is next to impossible to br[se x to dea?4 ,if eat5 d[n to ! gr\nd1 ) little left b b>e & b>k$ trunks /ick+ up l bean poles1 ! roots w ?r[ up spr\ts ye> aft] ye>1 mak+ ! s]vice ?icket a p]man5t br[se-pa/ure4 ,fire is n able to de/roy su* a ?icket1 =1 :5 ! tops are burn$ (f1 ! spr\ts w quickly spr+ up ) vigor unimpair$4 ,z a s\rce ( food = insects1 birds1 bea/s1 & m51 few trees1 9 proportion to size & quantity1 are ! equal ( we/]n s]viceb]ry4 ,fl[]s1 fruit1 leaves & spr\ts are all food = some?+4 ,,longleaf ,,s]vice ,,tree 7,amelan*i] obovalis7 is by "s reg>d$ a v>iety r ?an a species4 ,x occupies 9 "p ! same range z s]viceb]ry1 b runs mu* f>!r nor?1 rea*+ ! valley ( ,mack5zie riv] 9 latitude #fe4 ,x is f\nd 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a & ,alabama1 b x is only a %rub 9 ! extreme s\!rn "p ( its range4 ,! fruit rip5s 9 e>ly summ] & is r$di% purple4 ,trees are seldom m ?an ?irty feet high & eight in*es 9 diamet]4 ,a v>iety ) l>ge fruit is occasionally plant$ z an ornam5tal tree4 ,unless ! crop ( s]viceb]ries is unusually pl5tiful 9 a locality1 ! mo/ ( x is eat5 by birds :i* tempor>ily ab&on ne>ly all o!r s\rces ( food & give _! undivid$ att5tion to ! p]i%able h>ve/ :i* mu/ be g>n]$ 9 at once or x w be lo/4 ,,n>r[leaf ,,crab 7,malus angu/ifolia7 is "o ( ! wild crabapples ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,!y are ( ! g5us ,malus & ! ?\s&s ( v>ieties ( cultivat$ apples are d]iv$ f !m1 or f o!r species f\nd 9 ! old _w :i* are v simil>4 ,!y belong to ! rose family4 ,! n>r[leaf crab is f\nd f ,p5nsylvania to ,florida & we/w>d to ,t5nessee & ,l\isiana4 ,x ?rives be/ 9 op5 spaces 9 ! =e/ & is (t5 f\nd 9 glades & along ! banks ( /reams 9 ! ,nor?1 :ile 9 ! ,s\? x occurs 9 depressions 9 ! p9e b>r5s4 ,! fl[]s are mu* l ^? ( apple1 v fragrant1 & 9 color are :ite1 p9k1 or rose4 ,:5 9 full bloom1 ! tree is a beautiful object1 & its odor is c>ri$ long di/ances4 ,! fruit is an apple 9 all respects except size & ta/e4 ,x is some:at flatt5$1 & is an in* or less across4 ,x is fragrant :5 fully ripe1 & _m a p]son has be5 l$ by appe>ances to ta/e1 only to meet disappo9tm5t4 ,! fle% is h>d & s\r1 & unfit = food 9 its natural /ate1 b by cook+ & artificial sweet5+1 x is made into pres]ves4 ,! tree rea*es a height ( tw5ty or ?irty feet & a diamet] ( eight or t5 in*es4 ,x is small] ?an ! sweet crab4 ,! wood is h>d1 heavy1 light br[n1 t+$ ) r$1 ) ?ick yell[ sapwood4 ,x is n put to _m uses1 b is occasionally made into small h&les1 & lev]s4 ,x has be5 mu* us$ z /ock on :i* to graft apples4 ,f>m]s :o want$ or*>ds =m]ly dug up small crabapples 9 ! surr\nd+ woods & fields1 plant$ !m 9 an or*>d1 & :5 securely root$1 ! apples ( desir$ k9ds 7 graft$ on4 ,if successful1 ! apple f9ally replac$ ! crab by spread+ its own b>k & wood ov] ! entire trunk1 until no "p ( ! orig9al /ock rema9$ visible4 ,! sweet crab 0 also employ$ z a /ock on :i* to graft apples4 ,,sweet ,,crab 7,malus coron>ia7 is ! wild crab ( ! nor!a/]n /ates1 al?\gh x intrudes on ! region to ! s\?we/ to a limit$ ext5t4 ,x f9ds use 9 ornam5tal plant+ 9 ! region ( be/ gr[?4 ,x is kn[n z ,am]ican crab1 sweet sc5t$ crab1 crab apple1 wild crab1 crab1 ,am]ican crab apple1 & fragrant crab4 ,its range ext5ds f ! %ores ( ,lake ,erie 9 ,canada1 s\? ?r\gh ,new ,york & ,p5nsylvania1 along ! ,alleghany m\nta9s to ,alabama2 we/ to ,m9nesota1 ea/]n ,nebraska1 ,kansas1 ,l\isiana1 & ea/]n ,texas4 ,x ne$s moi/ soil = good gr[? & ! be/ types are f\nd 9 ! l[] ,ohio bas94 ,9 height ?is tree r>ely exce$s ?irty feet & x is bu%y1 hav+ %ort rigid limbs4 ,! leaves are r\nd$ & %>ply too!d1 ! blossoms g5]ally :ite & v fragrant2 ! fruit small1 dry1 yell[1 t+$ ) r$4 ,! wood is heavy1 n /rong1 he>t light r$1 sapwood yell[4 ,x is us$ = tool h&les1 small turn$ articles1 & = c>v+ & engrav+4 ,,oregon ,,crabapple 7,malus rivul>is7 gr[s wild f ! ,aleutian ,isl&s1 ,alaska1 s\?w>d to c5tral ,cali=nia1 & is ( l>ge/ size 9 ,wa%+ton & ,oregon :]e trees are occasionally =ty feet high & eighte5 in*es 9 diamet]1 b !y are g5]ally ab\t t5 feet high & =m d5se ?ickets4 ,! fruit is oblong1 rip5s late 9 autumn1 is gre5i%1 or r$di%1 or cle> lemon yell[ 9 color1 & r pleasant to ! ta/e4 ,! tree gr[s sl[ly1 ! wood is h>d1 & light r$di%-br[n 9 color1 & is suitable = tool h&les4 ,,i[a ,,crab 7,malus io5sis7 gr[s f ,m9nesota to ,texas & is ! common crabapple ( ! ,mississippi bas94 ,l>ge trees are tw5ty-five feet high & a foot 9 diamet]4 ,x is believ$ t ?is tree crosses ) ! common apple1 & produces a v>iety kn[n z ! s\l>d apple 7,malus s\l>di74 ,wild apple 7,malus malus7 is a ,european species introduc$ into ?is c\ntry & n[ runn+ wild4 ,,m\nta9 ,,a% 7,pyrus am]icana7 is closely relat$ to ! crabs4 ,x occurs f ,newf\ndl& to ,manitoba1 & s\?w>d along ! m\nta9s to ,nor? ,c>ol9a4 ,trees h comp\nd leaves1 r$ b]ries ! size ( small *]ries1 & rea* a height ( ?irty feet & a diamet] ( a foot or m4 ,!re are sev]al =ms or v>ieties1 among !m ! small fruit m\nta9 a% 7,pyrus am]icana microc>pa7 ( ! ,alleghany m\nta9s4 ,illu/ration ,,r$ ,,haw ,illu/ration3 ,,r$ ,,haw ,,r$ ,,haw 7,cratgus ,cocc9ea7 ,?is tree belongs to ! rose family1 & ! g5us ,cratgus consi/s ( a l>ge gr\p ( small1 ?orny trees1 scatt]$ ?r\gh _m p>ts ( ! _w4 ,!y are kn[n by _! ?orns1 b comp>atively few ( !m are kn[n by "n to ! ord9>y obs]v]1 & !y af=d a p]petual s\rce ( /udy1 victory1 & bewild]m5t to ! tra9$ botani/4 8,no o!r gr\p ( ,am]ican trees10 says ,sudwor?1 8pres5ts su* almo/ insurm\ntable difficulties 9 po9t ( di/9ctive *>act]s4 ,x is impossible1 & =tunately unnecess>y1 = ! practical =e/] to "k !m all1 & exce$+ly difficult ev5 = ! speciali/40 ,m ?an "o hundr$ species ( ^! ?orn trees occur 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 exclusive ( %rubs4 ,_! bloom resembles t ( apple & pe> trees4 ,bees & insects sw>m r\nd ! fl[]+ trees1 assi/+ 9 cross f]tilization4 ,! v>i\s species are aggressive4 ,!y =ce _! way into vacant spaces1 & _! ?orns protect !m aga9/ br[s+ animals4 ,! wood is sappy & heavy1 & = mo/ ( ! species x is valueless4 ,! gr[+ brambles1 h[ev]1 p]=m an important s]vice 9 =e/ economy4 ,se$s ( v>i\s valuable trees are bl[n by w9d or c>ri$ by birds & mammals into ! ?ickets :]e !y g]m9ate & get a />t "u ! protect+ %elt] ( ! ?orns4 ,f9ally ! se$l+s ov]top ! brambles1 ga9 ! ma/]y1 %ade ! ?orns to dea?1 & develop valuable =e/s4 ,! ?orn trees %$ _! leaves annually4 ,_! se$s are sl[ to g]m9ate1 "s n spr\t+ until ! second ye>4 ,! fruit is wor?less = human consumption1 b "s ( x has a t>t & n unpleasant ta/e4 ,x is ( _m colors & sizes1 dep5d+ on species4 ,no attempt is "h made to "n or to li/ ! species4 ,su* a li/ w\ld1 = mo/ p1 be a dull catalogue ( names1 & _m ( !m 9 ,lat9 because !re are no ,engli% equival5ts4 ,a few repres5tative species are giv54 ,! r$ haw1 ?\gh n ! mo/ abundant1 is widely di/ribut$1 & is probably z well kn[n z any4 ,its range ext5ds f ,newf\ndl& we/w>d ?r\gh s\!rn ,canada to ! ea/]n base ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 !nce s\? to ,texas & ,florida4 ,x cov]s "o-half ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 ! nor!rn "p ( its range ! r$ haw is conf9$ to ! slopes ( l[ hills & along wat] c\rses1 b s\? 9 ! ,appala*ian m\nta9s x gr[s at an elevation ( sev]al ?\s& feet4 ,x has v>i\s names 9 diff]5t regions4 ,x is call$ sc>let haw1 r$ haw1 :ite ?orn1 sc>let ?orn1 sc>let-fruit$ ?orn1 r$ ?orn1 ?orn1 ?orn bu%1 ?orn apple1 & h$ge ?orn4 ,! fact is wor?y ( note t x is well kn[n & is cle>ly recogniz$ 9 e region :]e x gr[s1 ?\gh v>i\s names are giv5 x4 ,! r$ haw nev] rea*es l>ge size4 ,9 r>e cases x may atta9 a height ( ?irty feet & a diamet] ( t5 in*es1 b x is usually less ?an half t size4 ,:]e x gr[s 9 ! op5 x develops a r\nd cr[n4 ,! bran*es are arm$ ) *e/nut-br[n ?orns f an in* to an in* & a half 9 l5g?4 ,! bright sc>let color ( ! fruit gives "n to ! tree4 ,x rip5s late 9 ,septemb] or 9 ,octob]1 & at t "t ! tree pres5ts a beautiful appe>ance4 ,! bran*es frequ5tly rema9 lad5 ) fruit aft] ! leaves h fall54 ,! wood ( r$ haw is ( a high "* & b = its sc>city w\ld h wide comm]cial use4 ,x is among ! heavy woods ( ?is c\ntry4 ,a cubic foot ( x1 ?or\ghly season$1 weighs #ec4ga p\nds4 ,! tree is ( sl[ gr[? & !re=e ! annual r+s are n>r[1 & ! wood is d5se4 ,! ev5ness & uni=mity ( ! r+s ( ye>ly gr[? make ! wood susceptible ( a high poli%4 ,! m$ull>y rays are v obscure 9 r$ haw1 & = t reason ! appe>ance ( ! wood is mu* ! same1 irrespective ( ! direction 9 :i* x is cut4 ,9 t respect x is simil> to ! wood ( mo/ memb]s ( ! ?orn family--usually be+ too small to be qu>t]-saw$4 ,h[ev]1 ev5 if ! trees 7 l>ge en\gh1 qu>t]-saw+ w\ld br+ out little figure4 ,r$ haw is a la! wood4 ,x is well suit$ to "s o!r purposes1 & has be5 us$ = engrav+ blocks1 small w$ges1 & rul]s1 b ! be/ results come f ! la!4 ,if x is ?or\ghly season$ x is n liable to crack or *eck1 ?\gh cut ?9 9 su* articles z goblets & napk9 r+s4 ,! turn] sometimes objects to ! wood because ( its h>dness & ! rapidity ) :i* x dulls tools4 ,?is drawback1 h[ev]1 is comp5sat$ = by ! smoo?ness & f9e poli% :i* may be giv5 to ! f9i%$ article4 ,r$ haw *eck] pieces h be5 comp>$ ) ebony = we>+ quality4 ,9 color ! ebony is m h&some1 & on t acc\nt is g5]ally pref]r$4 ,p]haps ! mo/ ext5sive use ( r$ haw is 9 ! manufacture ( canes4 ,mo/ ( ! species ( ?orn are suitable = t purpose on acc\nt ( _! weight1 /r5g?1 & h>dness4 ,r$ haw is n specially pref]r$1 b is us$ ) o!rs4 ,z a s\rce ( wood supply1 ! tree w nev] be important1 b z an adornm5t to ! l&scape x w always be valuable1 & at ! same "t w fill a m9or place 9 ! c\ntry's li/ ( comm]cial woods4 ,,summ] ,,haw 7,cratgus /ivalis7 is a s\!rn species :i* contributes m or less to ! food supply ( ! p )9 its range4 ,x is kn[n also z ,may haw & apple haw4 ,! fl[]s appe> 9 ,febru>y & ,m>*1 are ab\t "o in* 9 diamet]1 & flu%$ ) r$ t[>d ! apex4 ,! fruit rip5s 9 ,may1 is bright r$1 v fragrant1 & is f half to ?ree-f\r?s ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,! fle% is ( a pleasant ta/e1 & is ga!r$ 9 l>ge quantities by c\ntry p = mak+ pres]ves & jelly4 ,x is sold 9 t[n & city m>kets1 p>ticul>ly 9 ,new ,orleans4 ,! range ( ?is ?orn tree is f ,s\? ,c>ol9a & ,florida1 to ,texas4 ,x atta9s a height ( tw5ty or ?irty feet1 & a diamet] sometimes z great z eighte5 in*es4 ,x rea*es its l>ge/ size 9 ,l\isiana & ,texas4 ,x gr[s well on l& :i* may be subm]g$ sev]al weeks 9 w9t]4 ,! wood has n be5 report$ = any use4 ,,cockspur 7,cratgus crus-galli7 may be tak5 z ! type ( m ?an tw5ty species ( cockspur ?orns gr[+ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,its o!r names are r$ haw1 ,newca/le ?orn1 ?orn apple1 ?orn bu%1 p9 ?orn1 haw1 & haw?orn4 ,x gr[s s\?we/w>d f ,canada to ,texas1 & ext5ds into ,florida4 ,! l>ge/ trees are tw5ty-five feet high & a foot 9 diamet]4 ,! fruit is dull r$1 half in* 9 diamet]1 rip5s 9 ,septemb] & ,octob]1 & hangs on ! bran*es until late w9t]4 ,hogs eat ! fruit :5 !y c get x1 & boys utilize ! small apples z bullets = eld] pop guns4 ,! ?orns are =midable sl5d] sp9es f ?ree to eight in*es long1 /rong1 & extremely %>p4 ,!y 7 =m]ly us$ z p9s to close wool sacks 9 rural c>d+ mills4 ,! _m species ( cockspur ?orns are multipli$ by num]\s v>ieties4 ,f5ce po/s & fuel are cut f ! be/ trunks4 ,,pe> ,,haw 7,cratgus tom5tosa7 is a repres5tative ( at lea/ t5 species4 ,x is call$ pe> haw )\t any v satisfactory reason1 s9ce ! fruit be>s little resemblance to pe>s4 ,x is half an in* 9 diamet]1 dull orange r$ 9 color1 & sweet to ! ta/e1 b x is ( little value z food4 ,! tree has be5 occasionally plant$ = ornam5t1 b nev] = fruit4 ,! fl[]s are %[y4 ,trees at _! be/ are fifte5 or tw5ty feet high & five or six in*es 9 diamet]4 ,!y h few ?orns & su* z !y h are small4 ,! tree's range ext5ds f ,new ,york to ,miss\ri1 & along ! ,appala*ian m\nta9s to nor!rn ,georgia1 & we/ to ,texas & ,arkansas4 ,x is kn[n 9 diff]5t p>ts ( its range z black ?orn1 r$ haw1 pe> ?orn1 :ite ?orn1 common ?orn1 haw?orn1 ?orn apple1 & ?orn plum4 ,,hog ,,haw 7,cratgus bra*yacan?a7 is di/+ui%$ by its blue fruit4 ,! "n indicates t ! fruit is unfit = human food b is eat5 by sw9e4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,l\isiana ! d5se ?ickets produce consid]able quantities ( =age = hogs4 ,! range is n ext5sive1 be+ conf9$ to ,l\isiana & ea/]n ,texas :]e ! tree occurs 9 l[1 wet prairies4 ,! l>ge/ specim5s are =ty or fifty feet high & eighte5 in*es 9 diamet]4 ,x is "o ( ! l>ge/ ( ! ?orns1 & ! be/ trunks are ( size to make small1 v %ort sawlogs1 b x does n appe> t ! wood has ev] be5 manufactur$ into commodities ( any k9d4 ,! tree is occasionally plant$ = ornam5t4 ,,black ,,haw 7,cratgus d\glasii7 rea*es its be/ developm5t on ! ,pacific coa/ :]e trees occur ?irty or m feet 9 height & a foot & a half 9 diamet]4 ,! pr9cipal range is we/ ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 f ,briti% ,columbia to nor!rn ,cali=nia1 b x ext5ds ea/w>d to ,wyom+1 & ! tree is f\nd also 9 nor!rn ,mi*igan4 ,! fruit is black or v d>k purple1 is edible1 & matures 9 e>ly autumn1 fall+ soon aft]4 ,! he>twood is br[ni%-r$4 ,no use = ! wood has be5 f\nd on ! ,pacific coa/4 ,,wa%+ton ,,haw 7,cratgus cordata71 also kn[n z ,wa%+ton ?orn1 ,virg9ia ?orn1 he>t-leav$ ?orn1 & r$ haw1 gr[s on banks ( /reams f ! valley ( ! upp] ,potomac riv] s\?w>d ?r\gh ! ,appala*ian ranges to nor!rn ,georgia1 & we/w>d to ,miss\ri & ,arkansas4 ,fl[]s are rose-color$1 ! fruit rip5s 9 ! fall & hangs till late w9t]4 ,trees are tw5ty or ?irty feet high1 & a foot or less 9 diamet]4 ,wa%+ton haw is frequ5tly plant$ 9 ?is c\ntry & 9 ,europe4 ,,engli% ,,haw?orn 7,cratgus oxyacan?a7 0 introduc$ into ?is c\ntry f ,europe & has become naturaliz$ 9 "s ( ! ea/]n /ates4 ,?irty or m v>ieties are di/+ui%$ 9 cultivation4 ,x is wor?y ( note t1 al?\gh ! ,unit$ ,/ates has m ?an #acj species ( ?orn trees ( its own1 ) v>ieties s num]\s t no "o has yet nam$ or c\nt$ all ( !m1 a =eign ?orn has be5 introduc$ & add$ to ! numb]4 ,illu/ration ,,mahogany ,illu/ration3 ,,mahogany ,,mahogany 7,swiet5ia ,mahagoni7 ,?is tree belongs to ! family ,meliace :i* has ab\t =ty g5]a1 all ( :i* are conf9$ to ! tropic except ,swiet5ia to :i* mahogany belongs4 ,?is tree has made its way up f s\!rn latitudes & has secur$ a foo?old 9 ,florida :]e x is conf9$ to ! isl&s & ! mo/ s\!rn "p ( ! ma9l&4 ,no attempt is "h made to settle or ev5 to take "p 9 ! disputes among d5drologi/s z to :at mahogany is4 ,!re are said to be m ?an =ty diff]5t trees :i* pass z mahogany 9 lumb] m>kets4 ,v>i\s descriptions & keys h be5 publi%$ = ! purpose ( sep>at+ & id5tify+ diff]5t woods :i* are b\ght & sold z mahogany4 ,^! woods gr[ on e cont95t except ,europe2 b ^? :i* pass z mahogany ne>ly all come f ,africa or ,am]ica4 ,"s are well kn[n1 bo? z to orig9 & botany1 :ile o!rs are d\btful4 ,logs sometimes appe> 9 m>kets & no "o kn[s :]e !y come f1 or ! species :i* produce !m4 ,x has be5 ma9ta9$ t annual r+s w sep>ate true mahogany f ! false--t ! true has no annual r+s4 ,at ! be/1 ?is evid5ce is only negative & is wor? little1 s9ce _m tropical trees %[ no annual r+s1 & yet are no k9 to mahogany4 ,nei!r is x c]ta9 t true mahogany %[s no ye>ly r+s4 ,"s trees d n1 b o!rs may4 ,! r+1 z is well kn[n1 is produc$ because ! tree gr[s "p ( ! ye> & re/s "p4 ,9 ! tropics :]e gr[? is cont9u\s1 ! r+ may n exi/1 b x sometimes does exi/1 & ?us upsets ! !ory4 ,besides1 x proves little 9 ! case ( mahogany :i* has a range ext5d+ f s\? ( ! equator nor?w>d into ! temp]ate zone1 :]e !re are seasonal *anges4 ,x also gr[s ne> sea level & at consid]able altitudes1 & elevation alone might make consid]able v>iation 9 ! "* ( ! wood4 ,! two mo/ important mahoganies ( comm]ce--leav+ botany out ( ! "q--gr[ 9 ,africa & 9 ,am]ica4 ,! mo/ important ( ! ,african mahoganies is ,khaya s5egal5sis1 & ( ! ,am]ican is ,swiet5ia mahagoni4 ,x is ! latt] :i* ext5ds its range into ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & x alone w be consid]$ 9 ^! pages z true mahogany2 ! /atus ( =eign woods :i* pass z mahogany w n be discuss$4 ,leaves ( ! mahogany tree are ?ree or f\r in*es long1 & an in* or m wide4 ,!y are comp\nd1 ) f ?ree to five pairs ( leaflets4 ,! tree is an ev]gre5 & pres5ts a f9e appe>ance4 ,! fl[]s appe> 9 ,july & ,augu/1 are small & cup-%ap$4 ,fruit is f\r or five in*es long & two or m wide4 ,x rip5s 9 late fall or e>ly w9t]4 ,! ne>ly squ>e se$s are ?ree-f\r?s ( an in* long4 ,9 ,florida ! tree r>ely exce$s fifty feet 9 height & two 9 diamet]2 b 9 tropical c\ntries x may exce$ a height ( #ajj & a diamet] ( eight or t54 ,! b>k is ?94 ,! wood is practically ( ! same weight z :ite oak1 b is /rong] & m ela/ic4 ,x is exce$+ly h>d1 v durable1 & is susceptible ( high poli%4 ,m$ull>y rays are num]\s b small & obscure4 ,! color is ri* r$di%-br[n1 turn+ d>k] ) age1 b ! ?9 sapwood is yell[4 ,x is kn[n 9 ,florida z mahogany1 madeira1 & r$wood4 ,! uses ( mahogany are s _m & s well-kn[n t x is unnecess>y to speak ( !m 9 detail4 ,!re 7 importations into ! ,unit$ ,/ates ne>ly ?ree hundr$ ye>s ago1 & x has be5 com+ ev] s9ce4 ,"o ?+ ab\t ?is wood des]ves m5tion3 ! price has n v>i$ mu* 9 ?ree hundr$ ye>s4 ,diff]5t prices h prevail$1 ow+ to di/ance f supply & diff]5ces 9 grade & quality2 & t holds true today2 b = simil> grades1 ! prices h be5 rem>kable = _! ev5ness4 ,florida nev] figur$ l>gely 9 ! _w's supply ( mahogany4 ,at _! be/1 ! trees 7 nei!r l>ge nor num]\s1 b _! quality 0 good4 ,cutt+ ( ?is timb] ceas$ 9 ,florida ab\t ?ree-qu>t]s ( a c5tury ago4 ,! isl&s & ! small area ( ! ma9l& :]e ! timb] grew1 7 /ripp$4 ,! logs 7 %ipp$ to ! ,bahama isl&s & x is said !y f\nd _! ultimate m>ket 9 ,engl&4 ,a few trees 7 ov]look$ "h & !re1 & "s t 7 small sev5ty-five ye>s ago1 h gr[n to m]*antable size s9ce4 ,^! h be5 cut1 a few at a "t1 & ! cutt+ is /ill go+ on4 ,! total is n[ only a few ?\s& feet a ye>1 & "o ( ! m>kets = ! logs1 probably ! *ief m>ket1 is ,miami1 ,florida4 ,! logs are small1 & are g5]ally cut & br\ght 9 by negroes :o f9d a tree n[ & !n1 cut ! logs1 & float !m z ne> to m>ket z possible1 & haul !m ! re/ ( ! way4 ,! sc>city ( ! trees may be inf]r$ f ! fact t ! av]age resid5t ( s\? ,florida1 :]e ! range ( ! mahogany lies1 nev] saw "o4 ,9 appe>ance ! tree :5 se5 at a little di/ance1 resembles a "y1 vigor\s black walnut tree4 ,,*9a ,,tree 7,melia az$>a*7 belongs to ! same family z mahogany b is ( a diff]5t g5us4 ,x is n native 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 b has be5 ext5sively plant$ & is runn+ wild4 ,x is a =e/ tree 9 "s p>ts ( ,l\isiana1 b is f\nd "u pure =e/ conditions only "h & !re4 ,z su*1 ! trunk & ?9 cr[n look l a =e/ gr[n butt]nut tree 9 ,wiscons94 ,x is abundant 9 y>ds & along /reets1 :]e x is (t5 call$ ,*9aball tree4 ,a little ( ! wood is us$4 ,! color resembles mahogany1 b ! texture is mu* co>s]4 ,annual r+s are cle>ly m>k$ by r[s ( l>ge pores1 & ! wood does n poli% well4 ,x is sometimes kn[n z pride ( ,india1 :i* c\ntry is its native home1 or x 0 c>ri$ !re f ,p]sia at an e>ly date4 ,a v>iety1 commonly kn[n z ! ,texas ,umbrella tree 7,melia az$>a* umbraculif]a71 has be5 widely plant$1 & is kn[n by its %ort trunk & d5se1 r\nd cr[n4 ,,soapb]ry 7,sap9dus sapon>ia71 kn[n also z false dogwood1 is a species ( s\? ,florida1 & is "o ( ?ree soap trees 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,x has no family k9%ip ) mahogany1 b ! appe>ance ( ! trees leads "s p]sons to conclude t !y are relat$ to ! ,*9a tree4 ,9 fact1 "o ( ! species is locally kn[n z wild ,*9a & ,*9ab]ry4 ,!y are call$ soap trees because _! fruit has a prop]ty :i* causes wat] to foam1 & ! natives ( ! ,we/ ,indies once us$ x = soap4 ,! botanical "n ,sap9dus means 8,indian soap40 ,! tree is tw5ty-five or ?irty feet high1 & t5 or twelve in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! bloom appe>s 9 ,novemb] 9 ,florida1 & ! fruit rip5s ! foll[+ spr+4 ,! wood is heavy1 r h>d1 & is light br[n1 t+$ ) yell[4 ,x rea*es l>ge/ size on ! ,?\s& ,isl&s1 ,florida4 ,ano!r species is ,sap9dus m>g9atus :i* atta9s size simil> to t ( ! fir/4 ,x is f\nd 9 s\!rn ,florida1 b is n abundant4 ,x gr[s z f> nor? z ! m\? ( ! ,/4 ,john riv]4 ,a ?ird species is ,sap9dus drummondi :i* has its range f we/]n ,l\isiana1 ,arkansas1 & s\!rn ,kansas1 ?r\gh ,texas1 ,new ,mexico1 & ,arizona1 to ,mexico4 ,! fl[]s appe> 9 ,may & ,june1 & ! fruit rip5s 9 ,septemb] & ,octob]1 b x hangs on ! trees until ! foll[+ spr+4 ,:5 fir/ ripe1 x is half an in* 9 diamet]1 & yell[1 b :5 x dries x turns black4 ,trees atta9 diamet]s up to two feet1 & heights ( =ty or fifty4 ,x is commonly suppos$ to be ! ,*9ab]ry1 by p]sons :o judge by g5]al appe>ances1 b ! two are n relat$4 ,! wood's appe>ance sugge/s ! he>twood ( a%4 ,x probably rea*es its be/ developm5t 9 ,texas :]e x is manufactur$ into boxes1 crates1 & ev5 furniture1 b n 9 l>ge am\nts4 ,x is reput$ to be a rapid gr[]1 & x may be "u ! mo/ favorable circum/ances1 b x is usually ( r sl[ gr[?4 ,! wood splits readily into ?9 /rips :i* are employ$ 9 mak+ baskets = h>ve/+ cotton4 ,9 we/]n ,texas x is made into pack saddle frames4 ,,m\nta9 ,,mahogany 7,c]coc>pus l$ifolius7 is n a mahogany1 & is n ev5 9 ! same family4 ,x belongs to ! rose family1 & is closely relat$ to ! crabapple2 b s9ce x is commonly kn[n z mahogany1 x is prop] to m5tion x "h4 ,ext5sive consid]ation is unnecess>y1 = ! tree is n important z a s\rce ( wood4 ,?ree species are recogniz$ by "s botani/s1 f\r by o!rs4 ,all are we/]n1 & are not$ = _! long-tail$ fruit4 ,! g5]ic "n ref]s to t feature4 ,! se$1 ) its tail1 is c>ri$ by ! w9d1 or x cat*es 9 ! wool ( %eep & ! hair ( cattle & goats1 or ! fea!rs ( birds1 & is c>ri$ f> & ne>4 ,! m\nta9 mahogany sometimes is ?irty feet high1 & two 9 diamet]4 ,x gr[s f #e1jjj to #i1jjj feet elevation1 sometimes on /eep cliffs4 ,its range ext5ds f ,wyom+ & ,montana to ,oregon1 ,cali=nia1 ,arizona1 & ,new ,mexico4 ,! wood is bright1 cle> r$1 or ri* d>k br[n4 ,x rea*es its l>ge/ size on ! m\nta9s ( c5tral ,nevada4 ,ano!r species is kn[n z valley mahogany 7,c]coc>pus p>vifolius74 ,x ranges f ,nebraska to ,oregon1 & ,texas to ,cali=nia4 ,its rate ( gr[? is v sl[1 & x seldom exce$s a height ( ?irty feet & a diamet] ( t5 in*es4 ,! wood is r$di%-br[n4 ,a ?ird species1 call$ ,trask mahogany 7,c]coc>pus traski7 is *iefly notable on acc\nt ( its re/rict$ range4 ,x occurs z f> z kn[n1 9 a s+le canyon ( ,santa ,catal9a isl&1 (f ! s\!rn coa/ ( ,cali=nia4 ,"s ( ! specim5s are tw5ty feet high & six in*es 9 diamet]4 ,a f\r? species1 or a v>iety1 is kn[n z %ort-fl[] mahogany 7,c]coc>pus p>vifolius breviflorus74 ,x occurs 9 we/]n ,texas1 s\!rn ,new ,mexico & ,arizona1 usually at elevations ab\t #e1jjj feet above sea level :]e ! l>ge/ trees are n m ?an eight in*es 9 diamet] & tw5ty-five feet high4 ,,vauquel9ia 7,vauquel9ia cali=nica7 belongs to ! same family z ! s-call$ we/]n mahoganies1 t is1 ! rose family2 b x is ( a diff]5t g5us4 ,its range is l>gely s\? ( ! int]national b\nd>y1 b x ext5ds into s\!rn ,arizona :]e ! be/ developm5t ( ! species occurs ab\t #e1jjj feet above ! sea on grassy slopes4 ,x is seldom m ?an a bu%1 & ! wood is v heavy & h>d1 & is d>k-br[n1 /reak$ ) r$4 ,illu/ration ,,black ,,will[ ,illu/ration3 ,,black ,,will[ ,,black ,,will[ 7,salix ,nigra7 ,! will[s & ! cottonwoods belong to ! same family ( trees1 ,salicace1 & ! family is fairly num]\s1 & x has "s well-def9$ traits ( "*4 ,! qu99e-bitt] ( ! b>k is ev] pres5t1 b m m>k$ 9 will[s ?an 9 cottonwoods4 ,?\gh q unpleasant to ! ta/e1 x is h>mless4 ,! leaves nev] gr[ 9 pairs1 & 9 mo/ in/ances !y fall e>ly 9 autumn1 & "s )\t *ang+ color4 ,male & female fl[]s are borne on diff]5t trees1 & f]tiliz+ is done by insects1 (t5 by honey bees & bumblebees4 ,fruit rip5s 9 late spr+1 & ! se$s are equipp$ = flight by be+ provid$ ) exce$+ly f9e silky hairs4 ,! w9d c>ries !m long di/ances4 ,! trees g5]ally gr[ 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity ( /reams or 9 situations :]e ! soil is damp1 b !re are exceptions4 ,! will[ family consi/s ( two g5]a1 "o ! cottonwoods or popl>s1 ! o!r ! will[s prop]4 ,!re are ab\t sev5ty-five species ( will[ 9 ,am]ica1 tw5ty ( !m trees4 ,"s1 h[ev]1 are q small & only occasionally atta9 sizes :i* place !m 9 ! tree class4 ,! will[s are old resid5ts ( ?is cont95t4 ,!y grew 9 ! c5tral portion ( :at is n[ ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 ! ,cretace\s age1 z is prov$ by _! leaf pr9ts 9 ! rocks4 ,!y h held _! gr\nd ev] s9ce1 & !re is no likelihood t !y are ab\t to give x up4 ,few species are bett] fitt$ = hold+ :at !y h4 ,a few trees are capable ( se$+ a l>ge region 9 a few ye>s1 & if soil & situation are suitable1 reproduction w be abundant4 ,! will[s' t5acity ( life is (t5 rem>kable4 ,x sometimes seems next to impossible to kill !m by cutt+ (f _! tops4 ,!re are said to be in/ances 9 ,europe :]e will[s h be5 poll>d$ successively dur+ hundr$s ( ye>s1 ! crops ( spr\ts be+ us$ = wick]work & o!r purposes4 ,no su* records exi/ 9 ?is c\ntry1 b ! will['s spr\t+ habit is well kn[n4 ,a %oot /uck 9 ! gr\nd w gr[1 & a f5ce po/ w spr\t4 ,_m will[s develop l>ge /ools1 or roots1 & repeat$ly s5d up num]\s spr\ts1 & x makes little diff]5ce h[ (t5 !y are cut1 o!rs w come up4 ,comp>atively few will[s t />t 9 life ev] become trees4 ,!y are suppress$ by cr[d+1 or meet mis=tunes ( "o k9d or ano!r :i* keep !m small1 b occasionally a tree ( good size results4 ,will[ trees are usually n old4 ,probably few rea* an age exce$+ #aej ye>s4 ,l>ge trunks1 9 old age1 are apt to be holl[ or o!rwise defective1 ?\gh a will[ tree w live _m ye>s aft] mu* ( its trunk has disappe>$4 ,a little gre5 b>k on ! side1 & spr\ts f ! /ump w ma9ta9 life long aft] all usefulness has ceas$4 ,"y will[s are usually pliant & t\gh1 old are /iff & bra%4 ,!y range f sea level up to #aj1jjj feet or m2 gr[ pr(usely 9 ! wet l&s ab\t ! gulf ( ,mexico1 & likewise on ! bleak coa/s ( ! ,arctic ocean4 ,comm&] ,pe>y f\nd will[s bloom+ 9 consid]able pr(usion on ! extreme nor!rn %ore ( ,gre5l&1 :]e !y produce en\gh gr[? dur+ ! few weeks ( summ] sun%9e to af=d ! muskox ! means ( ek+ out a liv+ dur+ 8 soj\rn 9 ^? inhospitable regions4 ,! id5tification ( will[s is "o ( ! mo/ difficult tasks t fall to ! botani/s4 ,black will[ is unque/ionably ! mo/ important will[ 9 ?is c\ntry f ! lumb]man's /&po9t4 ,x is ! common tree will[ t atta9s size suitable = sawlogs4 ,if a =e/ gr[n will[ ( l>ge size is enc\nt]$ ea/ ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 x is pretty safe to class x z black will[4 ,!re are "s o!rs :i* gr[ l>ge1 b n _m4 ,plant$ will[s1 bo? l>ge & small1 may be =eign species1 & :ite will[s1 :i* are n native 9 ?is c\ntry1 b h be5 widely plant$1 & are runn+ wild1 may be occasionally f\nd ( ample size = saw timb]4 ,black will['s range ext5ds f ,new ,brunswick to ,florida1 we/ to ! ,dakotas1 & s\? to ,texas1 !nce pass+ into ,mexico1 ,new ,mexico1 ,arizona1 & ,cali=nia4 ,x atta9s its be/ size 9 ! ,ohio & ,mississippi valleys1 ?\gh l>ge trees are f\nd 9 o!r p>ts ( its range4 ,x is difficult to say :at its av]age size is1 = "s black will[s are only a few feet high & an in* or two 9 diamet]4 ,! l>ge/ trees exce$ #ajj feet 9 height & ?ree 9 diamet]4 ,an extreme size ( sev5 feet 9 diamet] has be5 report$4 ,x is n unusual to see will[ logs ?ree feet 9 diamet] 9 mill y>ds 9 ,l\isiana1 ,mississippi1 & ,arkansas1 & logs f\r feet 9 diamet] are n s unusual z to excite mu* comm5t4 ,! av]age sizes1 h[ev]1 ( will[ sawlogs 9 t region are f eighte5 in*es to two feet4 ,! wood ( black will[ is pale r$di%-br[n4 ,:5 fre%ly cut x is sometimes purple1 almo/ black4 ,:5 saw$ 9 lumb] & expos$ to ! air ! d>k color fades4 ,! wood is s(t b firm4 ,x has ab\t fifty p] c5t ( ! /r5g? ( :ite oak1 & =ty p] c5t ( its /iffness4 ,x weighs #bg4gg p\nds p] cubic foot2 & consid]+ its weight1 x is tol]ably /rong & /iff4 ,probably no o!r wood 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is z sy/ematically *eat$ out ( its j cr$it z ?is "o4 ,_m ( ! oaks are seldom giv5 _! prop] names1 b !y are li/$ z oak 9 sawmill output1 & ?us ! g5us1 if n ! species is giv5 cr$it4 ,b will[ is almo/ totally ignor$4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates c5sus 9 #aiaj cr$it$ to all ! will[ lumb] 9 ?is c\ntry an am\nt less ?an a million & a half feet2 yet a s+le mill 9 ,l\isiana1 & n a l>ge mill at t1 cut & sold f\r times t mu* dur+ t ye>4 ,! wood 0 cut by hundr$s ( o!r mills1 "s a few logs only1 o!rs consid]able quantities4 ,x is sold = v>i\s purposes1 & mu* ( x goes z cottonwood4 ,9 "s in/ances x is call$ br[n cottonwood4 ,probably n9ety p] c5t is made into boxes1 b x has _m o!r uses4 ,x is cut into excelsior1 made into rot>y cut v5e]1 & f9ds place 9 ! manufacture ( furniture2 x is a common wood5w>e mat]ial2 slack coop]s make b>rels ( x2 & x is turn$ = baseball bats4 ,! supply ( black will[ 9 ?is c\ntry is n small4 ,x is usually f\nd 9 wet situations along /reams4 ,sometimes isl&s & l[ flats are tak5 possession ( & pure /&s result4 ,! gr[? is sometimes ph5om5al4 ,trunks may add ne>ly or q an in* to _! diamet] p] ye> :5 conditions are exceptionally favorable4 ,in/ances1 app>5tly well au!nticat$1 are report$ ( ab&on$ fields along ! ,mississippi1 :i* 9 sixty ye>s grew #ajj1jjj feet ( will[ p] acre4 ,,long/alk ,,will[ 7,salix longipes7 sometimes gr[s to a height ( ?irty feet ) a diamet] ( six or eight in*es4 ,its range ext5ds f ,m>yl& to ,texas1 & is at its be/ 9 ! ,oz>k region ( s\?we/]n ,miss\ri & nor?we/]n ,arkansas4 ,,almondleaf ,,will[ 7,salix amygdaloides7 gr[s across nor!rn ,unit$ ,/ates & s\!rn ,canada f ,new ,york to ,oregon1 & occurs z f> s\? z ,miss\ri & ,ohio1 & is abundant 9 ! l[] ,ohio valley4 ,at its be/ x is sev5ty feet high & two feet 9 diamet]4 ,! wood is light1 s(t1 & ! he>twood is br[n4 ,,smoo?leaf ,,will[ 7,salix lvigata7 atta9s a diamet] ( "o foot & a height ( =ty or fifty4 ,x is a ,pacific coa/ tree1 occurr+ 9 ,cali=nia on ! we/]n slopes ( ! ,si]ra ,nevadas up to an altitude ( #c1jjj feet4 ,x is kn[n z black will[4 ,! wood is pale r$di%-br[n4 ,,silv]leaf ,,will[ 7,salix sessilifolia7 looks l longleaf will[1 & ?\gh usually a %rub x sometimes is tw5ty-five feet high & t5 in*es 9 diamet]4 ,x gr[s f ! m\? ( ! ,columbia riv] to s\!rn ,cali=nia4 ,,yewleaf ,,will[ 7,salix taxifolia7 ranges f we/]n ,texas1 ?r\gh s\!rn ,arizona into ,mexico & ,c5tral ,am]ica4 ,trees are occasionally =ty feet high & m ?an "o foot 9 diamet]4 ,a little fuel & f5ce po/s are cut f ?is will[4 ,,bebb ,,will[ 7,salix bebbiana7 is ne>ly always %rubby1 b occasionally rea*es a trunk diamet] ( six or eight in*es & a height ( tw5ty feet4 ,its nor!rn limit lies )9 ! ,arctic circle1 its s\!rn 9 ,p5nsylvania1 ,nebraska1 & ,arizona4 ,we/ ( ,hudson bay x =ms almo/ imp5etrable ?ickets1 & 9 ,colorado x asc5ds m\nta9s to elevations ( #aj1jjj feet4 ,,glauc\s ,,will[ 7,salix discolor71 commonly kn[n z silv] or pussy will[1 ranges f ,nova ,scotia to ,manitoba1 & s\?w>d to ,delaw>e1 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,indiana1 ,ill9ois1 & ,miss\ri4 ,x is "o ( ! be/ kn[n will[s )9 its range1 on acc\nt ( its fl[]s :i* are among ! e>lie/ ( ! season1 & v %[y4 ,! l>ge/ specim5s are sc>cely tw5ty-five feet high & twelve in*es 9 diamet]4 ,,mack5zie ,,will[ 7,salix cordata mack5zieana7 is n abundant1 & is "o ( ! smalle/ ( ! tree will[s4 ,x is ne>ly always a %rub4 ,its range ext5ds f ,cali=nia ne>ly to ! ,arctic circle1 :]e x occurs 9 gravelly soil on ! bord]s ( m\nta9 /reams4 ,,miss\ri ,,will[ 7,salix miss\ri5sis7 is s nam$ because x occurs pr9cipally 9 ,miss\ri1 b its range ext5ds into ,kansas & ,i[a4 ,x is occasionally =ty feet high & a foot 9 diamet]4 ,x is us$ = f5ce po/s4 ,,bigel[ ,,will[ 7,salix lasiolepis7 is g5]ally call$ :ite will[ on acc\nt ( its gray b>k4 ,x occurs 9 ,cali=nia & ,arizona1 & at its be/ x is tw5ty-five feet high & t5 in*es 9 diamet]4 ,"s use is made ( x z fuel1 :]e o!r wood is sc>ce4 ,,nuttall ,,will[ 7,salix nuttallii71 call$ also m\nta9 will[ 9 ,montana1 ranges f ,briti% ,am]ica1 ea/ ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 to s\!rn ,cali=nia4 ,its usual height is tw5ty or tw5ty-five feet1 & its diamet] six or eight in*es4 ,9 s\!rn ,cali=nia x gr[s #aj1jjj feet above sea level4 ,,hook] ,,will[ 7,salix hook]iana7 occurs 9 ! coa/ region f ,vanc\v] isl& to s\!rn ,oregon1 & v>ies 9 height f a sprawl+ %rub to a height ( ?irty feet & a diamet] ( "o4 ,little use is made ( x4 ,,silky ,,will[ 7,salix sit*5sis71 kn[n also z ,sitka will[1 ranges f ,alaska to s\!rn ,cali=nia4 ,! l>ge/ specim5s are tw5ty-five feet high & t5 in*es 9 diamet]4 ,trunks are l>gely sapwood & are ( little comm]cial importance4 ,,broadleaf ,,will[ 7,salix amplifolia71 kn[n also z feltleaf will[1 0 discov]$ 9 ,alaska 9 #ahii4 ,! leaves are woolly4 ,! l>ge/ trees r>ely exce$ a height ( ?irty feet & a diamet] ( six in*es4 ,its range ext5ds to ! valley ( ! ,mack5zie riv]4 ,a numb] ( =eign will[s h become naturaliz$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,among !m is :ite will[ 7,salix alba71 :i* gr[s to l>ge size1 probably z l>ge z black will[2 crack will[ 7,salix fragilis71 s nam$ on acc\nt ( ! brittl5ess ( its twigs2 & weep+ will[ 7,salix babylonica74 ,! botanical "n is bas$ on ! supposition t x 0 ?is will[1 gr[+ by ! riv]s ne> ,babylon1 on :i* ! captive ,hebrews hung _! h>ps4 ,basket will[ is plant$ = its osi]s 9 sev]al ea/]n /ates4 ,x is n a s+le species1 b a gr\p ( v>ieties develop$ by cultivation4 ,illu/ration ,,h>dy ,,catalpa ,illu/ration3 ,,h>dy ,,catalpa ,,h>dy ,,catalpa 7,catalpa ,speciosa7 ,?is tree belongs to ! family ,bignoniace :i* has its "n f ,abb ,bignon1 libr>ian ( ,l\is ,,xv4 ,ab\t "o hundr$ g5]a belong to ?is family1 only ?ree ( :i* rea* ! size ( trees 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,^! include ! catalpas1 ! des]t will[1 & ! black calaba% tree4 ,sev5 species ( catalpa are kn[n1 two ( !m occurr+ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,o!rs are f\nd 9 ,*9a & ! ,we/ ,indies4 ,! "n is an ,indian ^w & 0 fir/ he>d among ! tribes ( ! ,c>ol9as4 ,x seems probable t ! "n catalpa z appli$ to a tree & catawba1 appli$ to a grape1 h ! same orig91 & 9 "s way ref] to ! ,catawba ,indians1 a small tribe--said to be ,si\x--t liv$ two hundr$ ye>s ago 9 ! we/]n "p ( ! ,c>ol9as & neighbor+ regions :]e "o ( ! catalpa species 0 fir/ he>d ( by ,europeans4 ,! tree 9 t region is /ill (t5 call$ catawba4 ,! two catalpas ( ?is c\ntry are kn[n to botani/s z ,catalpa speciosa & ,catalpa catalpa4 ,mu* confusion has result$ f attempts to di/+ui% "o f ! o!r4 ,botani/s are able to cle> ! matt] up among !mselves1 b ! g5]al public has n be5 s successful4 ,john ,p4 ,br[n1 ( ,conn]sville1 ,indiana1 specializ$ on catalpas dur+ _m ye>s1 & publi%$ num]\s tracts1 pamphlets1 & books = ! purpose ( educat+ ! public to ! po9t :]e ! diff]5ces betwe5 common catalpa & h>dy catalpa c\ld be di/+ui%$4 ,8 labor 0 likewise direct$ t[>d induc+ l& own]s to plant catalpa = comm]cial purposes4 ,due to 8 ef=ts1 & o!rwise1 catalpa 0 = a "t ! mo/ adv]tis$ plantation tree 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,"s suppos$ t h>dy catalpa 0 ! wood :i* 0 to save ! c\ntry f a ?reat5$ timb] fam9e4 ,claims made = x 7 wide & f> rea*+4 ,! judgm5t ( hi/ory has be5--if x may be class$ z a matt] ( hi/ory--t ! tree fell %ort ( expectation4 ,?is does n imply an inf]iority ( ! wood itself1 or a sl[] rate ( gr[? ?an 0 claim$ = x2 b exceptional cases 7 int]pret$ z av]ages1 & = t reason ! :ole situation 0 ov]e/imat$4 ,:5 all conditions are p]fect1 h>dy catalpa gr[s rapidly & gr[s l>ge1 b x dem&s ne>ly p]fect conditions or x w disappo9t4 ,x wants gr\nd ri* en\gh & damp en\gh to gr[ good crops ( corn1 & f>m]s are n g5]ally will+ to put t class ( l& to gr[+ f5ce po/s & railroad ties4 ,! range ( h>dy catalpa be=e ! species 0 spread by artificial plant+1 0 ?r\gh s\!rn ,ill9ois & ,indiana1 s\!a/]n ,miss\ri & nor!a/]n ,arkansas1 we/]n ,l\isiana & ea/]n ,texas1 & we/]n ,k5tucky & ,t5nessee4 ,its position on ! f]tile banks ( /reams1 & on flood pla9s subject to frequ5t inundation1 indicates t ! spread ( ! species 0 effect$ by runn+ wat]4 ,9 t case1 ! disp]sal ( se$s w\ld be d[n /ream1 imply+ t ! />t+ place ( ! species 0 along ! l[] rea*es ( ! ,waba% riv]4 ,! catalpa may rea* a height ( #ajj or #abj feet & a diamet] ( f\r feet2 b few trees atta9 t size4 ,! leaves are t5 or twelve in*es long & sev5 or eight wide1 & are consid]ably l>g] ?an ^? ( common catalpa4 ,! fl[]s appe> late 9 ,may or e>ly 9 ,june1 & are %[y4 ,! prevail+ colors are :ite & purple1 & ! blossoms are ab\t two in*es long & two & a half wide4 ,! fruit is a pod f eight to tw5ty in*es long1 & ! enclos$ se$s are ne>ly an in* long1 %ap$ l beans4 ,! trees are prolific be>]s4 ,! tree is kn[n by sev]al names 9 diff]5t p>ts ( its range1 includ+ ! t]ritory :]e x is kn[n only f plant+s4 ,x is call$ we/]n catalpa to di/+ui% x f ! o!r species f\nd f>!r ea/ & s\?4 ,9 ,miss\ri & ,i[a x is kn[n z cig> tree4 ,! "n ,indian bean is an allusion to ! l>ge se$s4 ,%awneewood is ano!r "n ref]r+ to ! suppos$ int]e/ ( ,indians 9 ! tree4 ,%awnee 0 ! "n ( a tribe ( ,indians 9 ! ,ohio valley 9 e>ly times4 ,! wood weighs less ?an tw5ty-six p\nds p] cubic foot1 & is s(t & weak4 ,x is rat$ v durable 9 contact ) ! soil1 & ?is is "o ( ! *ief advantages claim$ = x4 ,! annual r+s are cle>ly m>k$ by sev]al b&s or r[s ( l>ge op5 ducts1 & ! d5s] summ]wood =ms a n>r[ b&4 ,! m$ull>y rays are num]\s & obscure4 ,! he>twood is br[n1 ! sapwood light]4 ,9 appe>ance1 ! he>twood sugge/s butt]nut1 b x is co>s]1 & lacks ! gloss %[n by poli%$ butt]nut4 ,qu>t]-saw+ produces no figure1 b :5 saw$ at "r angles to ! radial l9es1 ! annual r+s are cut 9 a way to give figure resembl+ t ( a% or *e/nut4 ,! wood ( ?is catalpa has be5 ?or\ghly tri$ out = a numb] ( purposes4 ,furniture & f9i% h be5 made ( x ) v>y+ success1 & mold+ & picture frames are li/$ among its uses4 ,x is n a sawlog tree4 ,/ati/ics ( lumb] cut seldom m5tion x1 ?\gh n[ & !n a log f9ds its way to a mill4 ,ef=ts h be5 made to pass ! wood z mahogany1 b ) poor success4 ,! c\nt]feit is easily detect$1 s9ce ! artificial color :i* may be imp>t$ to catalpa is ab\t ! only resemblance to mahogany4 ,9 ! l[] ,mississippi valley "s success1 b on a v small scale1 has result$ f attempts to induce catalpa to gr[ 9 crooks suitable = small boat knees4 ,! "y trunk1 aft] be+ hack$ on "o side1 is b5t & induc$ to gr[ ! crook or knee4 ,natural crooks h be5 utiliz$ 9 ! manufacture ( knees = small boats 9 ,l\isiana4 ,probably n9ety p] c5t ( all ! catalpa ev] cut has gone into f5ce po/s4 ,x is habitually crook$4 ,a /raight bole is ! exception2 ?\gh 9 plantations trees are cr[d$ & prun$ until !y gr[ fairly /raight1 & sometimes trunks ( =e/ gr[n trees ( l>ge size are ne>ly faultless 9 _! symmetry4 ,x 0 once believ$ 9 "s qu>t]s t catalpa w\ld solve ! railroad tie problem by gr[+ good ties quickly4 ,x mu/ be admitt$1 h[ev]1 t 9 spite ( ext5sive plant+s1 ! railroad tie problem has n yet be5 solv$ by catalpa4 ,,common ,,catalpa 7,catalpa catalpa7 orig9at$ _m hundr$ miles outside ! range ( h>dy catalpa1 to judge by ! localities 9 :i* x 0 fir/ f\nd by :ite m54 ,x is suppos$ to h be5 indig5\s 9 s\?we/]n ,georgia1 c5tral ,alabama1 & ,mississippi1 & nor?we/]n ,florida4 ,its range has be5 greatly ext5d$ by plant+1 & x gr[s 9 mo/ p>ts ( ! c\ntry ea/ ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 z f> nor? z ,new ,engl&4 ,x has be5 plant$ 9 _m p>ts ( ,europe4 ,its leaves1 fl[]s1 fruit1 & ! tree itself are small] ?an h>dy catalpa4 ,! pods hang unop5$ all w9t]4 ,! trunks sometimes are ?ree feet 9 diamet] & sixty high1 b are g5]ally small1 crook$1 r angul>1 & poor 9 appe>ance1 b ! leaves & fl[]s are ornam5tal4 ,! wood is durable 9 contact ) ! gr\nd1 & its l>ge/ use has be5 = po/s1 cros/ies1 & poles4 ,,des]t ,,will[ 7,*ilopsis l9e>is7 does n ev5 belong to ! will[ family1 not)/&+ its names1 all ( :i* are bas$ on ! presumption t x is a will[4 ,! %ape & size ( its leaves are responsible = t misappreh5sion4 ,! v n>r[ leaves may be a foot long4 ,x is call$ fl[]+ will[ & ,texas fl[]+ will[4 ,its fl[]s are always emphasiz$ :5 x is comp>$ ) will[1 = !y are totally diff]5t f ! will['s *>act]i/ic catk9s4 ,! fl[]s appe> 9 e>ly summ] 9 racemes ?ree or f\r in*es long1 & cont9ue op5 dur+ sev]al mon?s 9 succession4 ,! fruit is a pod sev5 or n9e in*es long1 & z sl5d] z a lead p5cil4 ,x is ?is pod :i* gives ! pla9e/ h9t ( its relation%ip to ! catalpas1 = x is 9 good /&+ 9 ! family ) !m4 ,! se$s resemble v small beans ) w+s at ea* end4 ,!y are light1 & ! w9d disp]ses !m4 ,! tree is a prolific se$]4 ,! range ( ?is small tree ext5ds across we/]n ,texas1 ,new ,mexico1 ,arizona1 ,utah1 ,nevada1 into ,san ,diego c\nty1 ,cali=nia4 ,! tree occurs 9 dry1 gravelly1 por\s soil ne> ! banks ( /reams & 9 depressions 9 ! des]t4 ,! wood is weak & s(t1 ! he>t br[n1 /reak$ ) yell[4 ,no use has be5 f\nd = x4 ,! tree is cultivat$ = ornam5t 9 ,mexico & sometimes 9 ! s\!rn /ates4 ,! fl[]s look well :5 !y are enc\nt]$ 9 ! des]t4 ,!y are :ite1 fa9tly t+$ ) purple1 ) bright yell[ spots inside4 ,!y are funnel %ap$ & h ! odor ( violets4 ,illu/ration ,,cucumb] ,illu/ration3 ,,cucumb] ,,cucumb] 7,magnolia ,acum9ata7 ,?is tree is a memb] ( ! magnolia family :i* has t5 g5]a 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 two ( !m1 magnolia & liriod5dron1 be+ trees4 ,! family has its "n f ,pi]re ,magnol1 a ,fr5* botani/ :o di$ 9 #agae4 ,! g5us magnolia has sev5 species 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 all ( :i* are ( tree size4 ,!y are ev]gre5 magnolia 7,magnolia ftida71 sweet magnolia 7,magnolia glauca71 cucumb] 7,magnolia acum9ata71 l>geleaf umbrella 7,magnolia macrophylla71 umbrella tree 7,magnolia tripetala71 ,fras] umbrella 7,magnolia fras]i71 & pyramidal magnolia 7,magnolia pyramidata74 ,! rema9+ memb] ( ! magnolia family is ! yell[ popl> 7,liriod5dron tulipif]a74 ,?\gh ( ! same family x is ( a diff]5t g5us f ! sev5 o!r magnolias4 ,! cucumb] is ! h>die/ memb] ( ! magnolia family4 ,x is f\nd 9 natural gr[? f>!r nor? ?an any o!r1 yet x has ! appe>ance ( a s\!rn tree4 ,all magnolias look l trees belong+ 9 ! ,s\?4 ,_! l>ge leaves indicate z mu*1 & "s ( !m d n v5ture f> outside ( ! w>m latitudes4 ,x is "o ( ! olde/ ( all ! families ( broadleaf trees1 & x has be5 a family t dur+ an imm5se p]iod ( ! e>?'s hi/ory has clung ne> ! old home/ead :]e x came into exi/5ce c\ntless ages ago4 ,!re 7 magnolias gr[+ 9 ! middle ,appala*ian region1 & ea/w>d to ! pres5t ,atlantic coa/1 s f> 9 ! pa/ t ! "t c be measur$ only by hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( ye>s4 ,leaf pr9ts 9 rocks1 :i* 7 once mud flats1 tell ! /ory--?\gh b a page "h & !re--( ! magnolia's anci5t hi/ory1 d\btless ant$at+ by long p]iods ! e>lie/ appe>ance ( man on e>?4 ,next to ! yell[ popl>1 ! cucumb] tree is ! mo/ important species ( ! magnolia family1 at lea/ z a s\rce ( lumb]4 ,z an ornam5tal tree x may n equal "s ( ! o!rs1 p>ticul>ly c]ta9 ( ! s\!rn species :i* are ev]gre5 & produce l>ge1 %[y fl[]s4 ,! cucumb] tree receives its "n f its fruit1 :i* looks l a cucumb] :5 se5 at a di/ance1 b x is f> f be+ "o4 ,its int5se bitt] makes x safe f ! attacks ( birds & bea/s4 ,s f> z kn[n1 x is n eat51 ta/$1 or t\*$ by any liv+ creature--except man4 ,"s ( ! pione] settl]s1 9 ! days :5 !re 0 preci\s little to eat on ! fronti]s1 discov]$ a way ( extract+ ! bitt] f ! wild cucumb]1 & mak+ "s sort ( a pickle ( ! rema9d]2 b ! art seems to h be5 lo/ ) ! pass+ ( ! pione]s ( ! ,daniel ,boone type1 & ! wild cucumb] n[ hangs unt\*$1 & tempts nobody4 ,x is ?ree in*es or less 9 l5g?1 g5]ally slightly curv$1 & is gre5 9 color until fully ripe4 ,ev5 ! fl[]s :i* produce ! fruit are gre51 ) ! m]e/ sugge/ion ( yell[4 ,!y are s inconspicu\s t few p]sons ev] notice !m1 ev5 ?\gh cucumb] trees /& 9 door y>ds4 ,! ripe cucumb]s are d>k r$ or sc>let1 or r ! se$s are1 :i* gr[ on ! surface l gra9s ( corn on a cob1 ?\gh few] 9 numb] & f>!r ap>t4 ,some?+ seems to be lack+ 9 ! ma*9]y by :i* ! fl[]s are f]tiliz$1 ) ! result t (t5 ne>ly half ! se$s :i* ought to cov] ! surface ( ! cucumb]1 fail to mat]ialize4 ,!re are _m blank spaces repres5t+ fl[]s :i* ! poll5 miss$4 ,!re is likewise some?+ miss+ 9 ! modus op]&i ( scatt]+ ! se$s4 ,!y h no w+s1 & ! w9d is p[]less to c>ry !m4 ,!y are z bitt] z qu99e & no bird1 squirrel1 or m\se w plant1 c>ry1 or t\* !m4 ,nature appe>s to h =gott5 to provide any o!r means = disp]s+ ! se$s ( ?is rem>kable tree4 ,:5 se$s are fully ripe1 !y drop away f ! p>5t fruit--! cucumb]--b ! fall ( ea* se$ is arre/$ by a small ?read :i* susp5ds x f "o to ?ree in*es bel[ ! fruit4 ,!re ! se$s hang1 sw++ & dangl+ 9 ! w9d4 ,:at "p ! ?reads play 9 ! economy ( nature is n app>5t1 unless _! purpose is to expose ! se$s to a *ance ( becom+ entangl$ ) ! w+s1 feet1 or fea!rs ( fly+ birds1 :]eby !y may be c>ri$ away & dropp$ 9 suitable places = gr[+4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ?is happ5s occasionally1 & con/itutes "o ( ! me?ods ( se$ disp]sal4 ,o!rs are transport$ by fl[+ wat]4 ,! *ances seem to be greatly aga9/ ! survival ( ! cucumb] tree 9 competition ) maples1 bir*es1 p9es1 & cottonwoods1 ^: w+$ se$s are w9d-borne2 or ) oaks1 hickories1 & walnuts ^: heavy1 w+less nuts are plant$ hi!r & ?i!r by accommodat+ squirrels :i* are int5t only on provid+ = _! own w9t] wants1 b 9 reality are indu/ri\s & effective =e/ plant]s4 ,not)/&+ ! disadvantages "u :i* ! cucumb] tree is plac$1 x has manag$ to hold its gr\nd 9 ! =e/ dur+ imm5se p]iods ( "t1 & x seems to be z firmly e/abli%$ n[ z ev]4 ,! leaves ( ?is tree are f sev5 to t5 in*es long1 & f\r to six wide4 ,9 autumn be=e !y fall !y turn a blot*$ yell[-br[n color4 ,! fir/ sev]e fro/ br+s !m all d[n 9 a heap4 ,at sunset ! tree may be lad5 ) leaves1 & by ! next noon all w be on ! gr\nd4 ,!y are s heavy t ! w9d does n move !m f>1 & !y drop 9 heaps b5ea? ! bran*es4 ,9 color !y resemble owl fea!rs1 & ! sugge/ion t comes to "o's m9d1 :o happ5s to pass "u a cucumb] tree ! morn+ foll[+ ! fir/ fro/1 is t dur+ ! night "s pr[l] pick$ a roo/ ( owls & scatt]$ ! fea!rs on ! gr\nd4 ,! range ( cucumb] ext5ds f we/]n ,new ,york to ,alabama1 foll[+ ! ,appala*ian m\nta9s2 & we/w>d to ,ill9ois & ,mississippi1 appe>+ we/ ( ! ,mississippi riv] 9 ,arkansas4 ,x occurs on l[ rocky slopes1 ! banks ( m\nta9 /reams1 & on ri* bottom l&4 ,x is ( l>ge/ size & is mo/ abundant 9 ! n>r[ valleys 9 ea/]n ,t5nessee & ! we/]n p>ts ( ! ,c>ol9as4 ,! tree is f two to f\r feet 9 diamet]1 & sixty to n9ety feet high4 ,! trunk is ( good =m = sawlogs4 ,among its local names are po9t$-leaf magnolia1 black l91 magnolia1 & m\nta9 magnolia4 ,! wood ( cucumb] resembles t ( yell[ popl> 9 appe>ance & 9 physical prop]ties1 except t x is t5 p] c5t heavi] ?an popl>4 ,x usually passes = t wood at sawmill & factory4 ,! ,f$]al c5sus cr$its x ) less ?an a million feet a ye> z lumb]4 ,t is mu* too small4 ,x is valuable & f9ds ready sale4 ,manufactur]s ( wood5 pumps reg>d x z ! be/ mat]ial = ! bor$ logs4 ,x is work$ into int]ior f9i% = h\ses1 floor+ = c>s1 int]ior p>ts ( furniture1 wood5w>e1 boxes & crates1 slack coop]age1 includ+ v5e] b>rels4 ,! tree is plant$ = ornam5t 9 ! nor!rn /ates & ,europe4 ,! *ief value lies 9 its l>ge1 gre5 leaves & symmetrical cr[n4 ,! r$ fruit adds to ! tree's attractiv5ess late 9 summ]4 ,,l>geleaf ,,umbrella 7,magnolia macrophylla7 is valuable *iefly z a sort ( ornam5tal curiosity1 on acc\nt ( its enorm\s leaves & fl[]s4 ,! leaf is f tw5ty to ?irty in*es long & t5 to twelve wide4 ,x drops 9 autumn be=e its gre5 color has und]gone mu* *ange4 ,! leaves lack t\ghness1 & ! w9d :ips !m into /r+s long be=e ! summ] is end$4 ,?us :at o!rwise w\ld be highly ornam5tal becomes some:at unsightly4 ,:5 well protect$ f w9d by surr\nd+ objects1 ! leaves f>e bett] & la/ long]4 ,! :ite1 fragrant fl[]s are likewise rem>kable on acc\nt ( size4 ,!y are cup-%ap$ & "s ( !m are almo/ a foot across4 ,!y pay a p5alty no less sev]e ?an ! leaves pay1 on acc\nt ( l>ge size1 & are liable to be ?ump$ & bruis$ by sw++ leaves & bran*es4 ,! l>geleaf umbrella is a tree ( ! s\!rn ,appala*ian m\nta9s al?\gh its range ext5ds s\?we/ to ,l\isiana1 & nor?w>d f !re to ,arkansas4 ,x is at its be/ 9 deep ri* soil ( %elt]$ valleys1 occurr+ 9 isolat$ gr\ps1 b nev] 9 pure =e/s4 ,x is kn[n z l>ge-leav$ cucumb] tree1 great-leav$ magnolia1 l>ge-leav$ umbrella tree1 & long-leav$ magnolia4 ,! fruit is ne>ly a sph]e1 f two to ?ree in*es 9 diamet]1 & bright rose color :5 fully ripe4 ,! se$s are two-?irds ( an in* long4 ,! smoo?1 light gray b>k is usually less ?an a qu>t] ( an in* ?ick4 ,l>ge trees are =ty or fifty feet high & tw5ty in*es 9 diamet]4 ,x is n consid]$ valuable = lumb]1 because ( sc>city & small size4 ,! wood is consid]ably heavi] ?an yell[ popl>1 & is h>d b n /rong2 light br[n 9 color ) ?ick1 light yell[ sapwood4 ,reports d n %[ t ! wood is put to any use4 ,plant$ trees are h>dy z f> nor? z ,massa*usetts1 & success has att5d$ ! tree's introduction 9 ! p>ks & g>d5s ( s\!rn ,europe4 ,,yell[ ,,fl[]$ ,,cucumb] ,,tree 7,magnolia acum9ata cordata7 is usually consid]$ a v>iety ( ! common cucumb] tree1 r ?an a sep>ate species4 ,! mo/ noticeable feature is ! yell[ blossom :i* gives ! names by :i* x is g5]ally kn[n1 among su* be+ yell[-fl[]$ magnolia1 & yell[ cucumb] tree4 ,x is n a g>d5 v>iety1 = x gr[s wild2 b x has be5 cultivat$ dur+ m ?an a c5tury1 & has und]gone *anges :i* are n mat*$ by wild trees4 ,! f9e/ =ms ( ! =e/ v>iety are f\nd on ! ,blue ,ridge 9 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 & 9 c5tral ,alabama4 ,! cultivat$ tree is di/+ui%$ by its d>k] gre5 leaves1 & by its small]1 bright1 can>y-yell[ fl[]s4 ,! v>iety has no value z a timb] tree1 b is widely appreciat$ z an ornam5t4 ,cultivat$ trees g5]ally rema9 small 9 size1 & d n develop ! long1 clean trunks common ) ! cucumb] tree "u =e/ conditions4 ,,umbrella ,,tree 7,magnolia tripetala7 is "o ( ! magnolias & %\ld n be conf\nd$ ) ! ,asiatic umbrella tree (t5 plant$ 9 y>ds4 ,! fl[] is surr\nd$ by a :orl ( leaves resembl+ an umbrella1 h5ce ! "n4 ,x is also kn[n z cucumb]1 magnolia1 & elkwood4 ,! range ( ! tree ext5ds f ,p5nsylvania to ,alabama & we/ to ,arkansas4 ,x pref]s ! m>g9s ( swamps & ! ri* soil along m\nta9 /reams4 ,leaves are eighte5 in*es long & half z wide4 ,!y fall 9 autumn4 ,fl[]s are cup-%ap$ & creamy-:ite4 ,! fruit some:at resembles t ( ! common cucumb] tree1 b is rose color$ :5 fully ripe4 ,trees are ?irty or =ty feet high & a foot or m 9 diamet]4 ,! br[n he>twood is light1 s(t1 & weak1 & is us$ little or n at all = comm]cial purposes4 ,! tree is cultivat$ = ornam5t 9 ! nor!rn /ates & 9 ,europe4 ,illu/ration ,,yell[ ,,popl> ,illu/ration3 ,,yell[ ,,popl> ,,yell[ ,,popl> 7,liriod5dron ,tulipif]a7 ,9 diamet] ( trunk ! yell[ popl> is1 next to sycamore1 ! l>ge/ h>dwood tree ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & if bo? height & trunk diamet] are consid]$1 x surpasses ! sycamore 9 size4 ,x belongs to a v old gr\p ( h>dwoods :i* h come d[n f remote geological ages1 & ! species is n[ f\nd only 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,*9a4 ,mature trees are f ?ree to eight feet 9 diamet] & f #ij to #ahj 9 height4 ,x has _m names 9 diff]5t p>ts ( its range1 b x is nev] mi/ak5 = any o!r tree4 ,! peculi> not*$ leaf is a sure means ( id5tification4 ,! resemblance ( ! fl[] to ! tulip has giv5 x ! "n tulip tree 9 "s localities1 & botani/s pref] t "n4 ,x is s call$ 9 ,v]mont1 ,massa*usetts1 ,rhode ,isl&1 ,connecticut1 ,new ,york1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,delaw>e1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,virg9ia1 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,di/rict ( ,columbia1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 ,georgia1 ,arkansas1 ,k5tucky1 ,ohio1 ,indiana1 ,ill9ois1 & ,ont>io4 ,wood us]s 9 ,new ,engl& & 9 "s ( ! o!r nor!rn /ates pref] ! "n :itewood & x is s kn[n1 9 "p at lea/1 9 ,new ,engl&1 ,new ,york1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,delaw>e1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 ,k5tucky1 ,ohio1 ,mi*igan1 & ,ill9ois4 ,yell[ popl> is ! "n pref]r$ by lumb]m5 9 ne>ly all regions :]e ! tree is f\nd 9 comm]cial quantities1 notably 9 ,new ,york1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,delaw>e1 ,virg9ia1 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,nor? & ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 ,alabama1 ,arkansas1 ,k5tucky1 ,ohio1 ,indiana1 ,ill9ois1 ,miss\ri1 & ,t5nessee4 ,! "n is (t5 %ort5$ to popl>1 :i* is us$ 9 ,rhode ,isl&1 ,delaw>e1 ,nor? & ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 ,florida1 ,virg9ia1 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,ohio1 & ,indiana4 ,! "n tulip popl> is less frequ5tly he>d1 & blue popl> & hickory popl> are t]ms us$ 9 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,virg9ia1 & ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 b g5]ally "u ! impression t !y ref] to a diff]5t =m or species4 ,9 ,rhode ,isl& x is call$ popple1 9 ,new ,york cucumb] tree1 & canoe wood 9 ,t5nessee & 9 ! upp] ,ohio valley4 ,! botanical range ( yell[ popl> is wid] ?an its comm]cial range2 t is1 a few trees are f\nd 9 regions surr\nd+ ! bord]s ( ! di/rict :]e ! tree is pr(itably lumb]$4 ,! b\nd>ies ( its range run f s\?we/]n ,v]mont1 we/w>d to ,lake ,mi*igan ne> ,gr& ,hav51 s\?w>d to nor!rn ,florida1 & we/ ( ! ,mississippi riv] 9 ,miss\ri & ,arkansas4 ,! productive yell[ popl> timb] belt has nev] be5 t l>ge b has clung pretty closely to ! s\!rn ,appala*ian m\nta9 ranges & to c]ta9 di/ricts ly+ bo? ea/ & we/ ( !m4 ,! be/ orig9al /&s 7 9 ,p5nsylvania1 ,m>yl&1 ,virg9ia1 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 we/]n ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ea/]n ,k5tucky & ,t5nessee1 & 9 "s p>ts ( ,ohio & ,indiana4 ,h[ev]1 consid]able quantities ( good yell[ popl> h be5 cut 9 o!r regions4 ,! physical prop]ties ( ! wood ( yell[ popl> fit x = _m purposes b n = all4 ,x is n v /rong & is tol]ably brittle4 ,x is light 9 weight1 m$ium s(t1 & is easily work$4 ,! annual r+s ( gr[? are n prom95t comp>$ ) "s ( ! oaks1 yet select logs %[ nicely 9 qu>t]-saw+4 ,! m$ull>y rays are num]\s1 b small & n prom95t1 = :i* reason bright /reaks & flecks are n *>act]i/ic ( ! wood4 ,yell[ popl> is fairly /iff & ela/ic1 b is n (t5 select$ on acc\nt ( ^? qualities4 ,9 color x is light yell[ or br[n4 ,! color gives "n to ! tree4 ,! sapwood is :it]1 & x is ! abnormally ?ick sapwood ( "s trees :i* causes !m to be call$ :ite popl>4 ,! wood has little figure1 & x is seldom employ$ = f9e "w )\t /a9 or pa9t ( "s k9d4 ,x is n usually class$ z long la/+ :5 expos$ to ! wea!r1 yet cases are kn[n :]e wea!r bo>d+ ( h\ses1 & bridge & mill timb]s ( yell[ popl> h outla/$ ! g5]ation ( build]s4 ,! quantity ( yell[ popl> 9 ! c\ntry is b a remnant ( ! =m] enorm\s supply t cov]$ ! ri* valleys & f]tile coves 9 a region exce$+ #bjj1jjj squ>e miles4 ,x occupi$ ! be/ l&1 & mu* 0 de/roy$ by f>m]s 9 cle>+ fields4 ,x 0 n g5]ally f\nd 9 groves or d5se /&s1 b z solit>y trees scatt]$ ?r\gh =e/s ( o!r woods4 ,! trunks are tall & %apely1 ! cr[ns comp>atively small4 ,! =m is ideal = sawlogs1 & v few trees ( ,am]ica produce a high] p]c5tage ( cle>1 fir/ class lumb]4 ,t is because ! =e/-gr[n popl> e>ly %$s its l[] bran*es1 & ! trunks lay on no?+ b cle> wood4 ,9 ! yell[ popl>'s region x 0 ! pr9cipal wood ( :i* ! pione]s made _! canoes = cross+ & navigat+ riv]s4 ,x is /ill be/ kn[n by ! "n canoewood 9 "s regions4 ,x work$ easily & 0 light1 & a ?9-%ell$ canoe la/$ _m ye>s1 b>r+ floods & o!r accid5ts4 ,build]s ( pirogues1 keelboats1 b>ges1 & o!r vessels = inl& navigation 9 e>ly times :5 roads 7 few & /reams 7 ! pr9cipal highways ( comm]ce1 f\nd no timb] sup]ior to yell[ popl>4 ,x c\ld be _h 9 planks ( great size & free f defects1 & :ile n z /rong z oak1 x 0 /rong en\gh to )/& ! usual knocks & buffet+s ( riv] traffic4 ,yell[ popl> sawlogs h probably exce$$ 9 numb] any o!r wood1 except :ite p9e1 float$ d[n riv]s & creeks to m>ket4 ,! wood floats well & lumb]m5 h usually pu%$ f> up ! riv]s1 ahead ( o!r lumb] op]ations1 to procure x4 ,enorm\s drives h gone & are /ill go+ out ( riv]s 9 ! ,appala*ian region4 ,! uses ( yell[ popl> are s _m t an enum]ation is impracticable1 except by g5]al classes4 ,^! are boxes & wood5w>e1 vehicles1 furniture1 int]ior f9i%1 & c> build+4 ,!re is ano!r class consi/+ ( l[-grade "w1 su* z common lumb]1 pulpwood1 & ! l4 ,!re is a class ( commodities :i* are usually pack$ 9 boxes & require a wood t w imp>t nei!r ta/e nor /a94 ,t requirem5t is met by yell[ popl>4 ,x has be5 an important wood = boxes 9 :i* food products are %ipp$4 ,x is s us$ less frequ5tly n[ ?an =m]ly because ( increas$ co/1 b v5e] is employ$ to a l>ge ext5t1 & :ile ! total quantity ( wood go+ into box factories is small] ?an =m]ly1 ! actual numb] & cont5ts ( popl> boxes are p]haps ab\t ! same4 ,x is a :ite wood & %[s pr9t+ & /5cil+ cle>ly4 ,t is an important po9t ) _m manufactur]s :o wi% to pr9t _! adv]tisem5ts on ! boxes :i* !y s5d out4 ,wood5w>e1 p>ticul>ly iron+ bo>ds1 bread bo>ds1 & pantry & kit*5 ut5sils1 are l>gely made ( popl> because x is light1 attractive1 & easily kept clean4 ,x is popul> z pumplogs = ! same reason4 ,z a vehicle wood1 yell[ popl> is n a competitor ( oak & hickory4 ,!y are = runn+ ge> & frames2 popl> = tops & bodies4 ,no wood excels x = wide panels4 ,x receives f9i% & pa9t s well t x is n surpass$ by ! smoo!/ metals4 ,_m ( ! f9e/ c>riage & automobile tops are l>gely ( ?is wood4 ,9 case ( slight accid5ts x resi/s d9ts mu* bett] ?an %eet metal4 ,*eap furniture 0 once made ( yell[ popl>4 ,x n[ ent]s into ! be/ k9ds1 & is f9i%$ 9 imitation ( co/ly woods1 notably mahogany1 bir*1 & *]ry4 ,no ,am]ican wood w take a high] poli%4 ,x is also mu* employ$ z an int]ior wood by furniture manufactur]s4 ,x fills an important place z cores or back+ ov] :i* v5e]s are glu$4 ,:5 us$ z an int]ior h\se f9i% & 9 c> build+1 x is ne>ly always /a9$ or pa9t$4 ,_m ( ! broad h&some panels 9 pass5g] c>s1 :i* pass = *]ry1 bir*1 mahogany1 or rosewood1 are yell[ popl>1 to :i* ! f9i%] & decorator h giv5 _! be/ t\*es4 ,all popl> lumb] is n wide1 cle> /ock1 ?\gh mu* ( x is4 ,! l[] grades g z common lumb] & small trees are cut = pulpwood4 ,a l>ge "p ( ! dem& = high-grade yell[ popl> is 9 =eign c\ntries1 & a regul> ov]sea trade is c>ri$ on by export]s4 ,=eign manufactur]s put ! wood to practically ! same uses z ! be/ grades 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,yell[ popl> seasons well1 & is a satisfactory wood to h&le4 ,:5 ?or\ghly dry x holds its %ape ) ! be/ ( woods4 ,blu+ is apt to affect ! gre5 wood if unduly expos$4 ,fre% popl> *ips 9 damp situations sometimes *ange to a conspicu\s blue color )9 a day or two4 ,h[ev]1 millm5 d n exp]i5ce mu* difficulty 9 prev5t+ ! blu+ ( ! lumb]4 ,,gym9da 7,gym9da griseba*ii7 is also call$ false boxwood1 & belongs to ! /aff family4 ,! "n gym9da is artificial & mean+less4 ,! g5us has a s+le species :i* occurs 9 ! isl&s ( s\!rn ,florida :]e trees ( l>ge/ size are sc>cely tw5ty-five feet high & six in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! wood is v heavy1 h>d1 f9e-gra9$1 & is ne>ly black4 ,x is suitable = small articles1 b x is n kn[n to be s us$1 & its sc>city r5d]s improbable any important future use ( ! wood4 ,! fruit is a small b]ry1 rip5+ 9 ,novemb]4 ,! range ( ! species ext5ds to ,cuba1 ,porto ,rico1 & o!r isl&s ( ! ,we/ ,indies4 ,illu/ration ,,ev]gre5 ,,magnolia ,illu/ration3 ,,ev]gre5 ,,magnolia ,,ev]gre5 ,,magnolia 7,magnolia ,ftida7 ,?is is n a timb] tree ( fir/ importance4 ,a few ye>s ago x 0 seldom cut except 9 v small quantities2 b x 0 f\nd to possess good qualities1 & n[ x goes regul>ly to ! mills :i* saw h>dwoods 9 ! region :]e x gr[s4 ,! wood ( diff]5t magnolia trees1 or ev5 ! wood ( ! same tree1 %[s lack ( uni=mity4 ,"s ( x looks l yell[ popl> & comp>es favorably ) x 9 sev]al p>ticul>s1 :ile o!r ( x is v d>k1 ) h>d fl9ty /reaks :i* n only pres5t a poor appe>ance1 b dull ! tools ( ! woodwork+ ma*9es & create an unfavorable impression ( ! wood g5]ally4 ,?is magnolia holds pretty closely to ! damp l&s 9 all p>ts ( its range4 ,! am\nt ( ! annual cut is n kn[n1 because x goes 9 ) ! m9or species 9 mo/ places & no sep>ate acc\nt is tak54 ,x is com+ into m notice e ye>1 & "s manufactur]s h be5 s successful 9 f9d+ ways to make x s]viceable t ! be/ grades are easily sold4 ,! wood does n hold its color v well4 ,! light-color$ sapwood is apt to become d>k] aft] exposure to ! air1 & ! d>k he>twood fades a little4 ,! tree is s h&some 9 ! =e/ t x is occasionally sp>$ :5 ! surr\nd+ trees are remov$4 ,x is d\btful if any ,am]ican tree surpasses x z an ornam5t :5 its leaves1 trunk1 fl[]s1 & b>k are consid]$4 ,x is n p]fect 9 all ( ^! p>ticul>s2 9 fact1 x possesses "s s]i\s faults4 ,! cr[n is (t5 too small = ! tree's height2 ! bran*es /raggle1 _m on "s p>ts ( ! trunk & few on o!rs2 ! fl[]s are objectionable because ( /rong odor :i* is unpleasant to mo/ p4 ,b ^! %ortcom+s are m ?an comp5sat$ = by spl5did qualities4 ,! ri*1 d>k gre5 ( ! leaves1 _! size & pr(usion1 _! *angeless lu/]1 place !m 9 a position almo/ beyond ! rea* ( rivalry f any o!r tree4 ,^? :o see ?is spl5did inhabitant ( ! =e/ only :]e x has be5 plant$ 9 nor!rn /ates1 & else:]e outside ( its natural range1 miss mu* ( ! be/ x has to give4 ,x belongs 9 ! ,s\?4 ,! wet l&s1 ! small elevations 9 deep swamps1 ! flat c\ntry :]e =e/s are d5se1 are its home4 ,! yell[i%-gre5 trunk rises ?r\gh ! tangl$ foliage t keeps ne> ! gr\nd1 & t[]s fifty feet above1 & !re spreads 9 a cr[n ( gre5 s deep t x is almo/ black4 ,x likes company1 & seldom gr[s solit>y4 ,its associates are ! s\!rn maples1 r$ gum1 tupelo1 cypress1 a doz5 species ( oak1 & occasionally p9es on ne>by high] gr\nd4 ,fe/oons ( grayi%-gre5 ,spani% moss (t5 add to ! tropical "* ( ! sc5e4 ,! moss seldom hangs on ! magnolia1 b is frequ5tly abundant on surr\nd+ trees4 ,lumb]m5 =m]ly left ! ev]gre5 magnolia trees on tracts f :i* !y cut ne>ly ev]y?+ else4 ,l>ge areas :i* _h once be5 reg>d$ z swamps 7 ?us conv]t$ into p>ks ( giant magnolias1 _m ( :i* t[]$ sev5ty or eighty feet4 ,! tracts 7 left wild1 & ^? :o s left !m _h no purpose ( provid+ ornam5t1 b !y did s4 ,_m a sc5e 0 made gr& by its magnolias1 aft] o!r =e/ gr[? _h be5 cut away4 ,! range ( ev]gre5 magnolia is f ,nor? ,c>ol9a to ,florida & we/ to ,arkansas & ,texas4 ,! species rea*es l>ge/ size 9 ! vic9ity ( ! ,mississippi1 bo? ea/ & we/ ( x4 ,trees eighty feet high & f\r feet 9 diamet] occur1 & trunks are (t5 )\t limbs "o-half or two-?irds _! l5g?1 :5 !y gr[ 9 =e/s4 ,! common "n = ! tree 9 mo/ p>ts ( its range is simply magnolia1 ?\gh t "n fails to di/+ui% x f sev]al o!r species1 "s ( :i* are associat$ ) x4 ,occasionally x is call$ big laurel1 great laurel magnolia1 laurel-leav$ magnolia1 laurel1 & laurel bay4 ,bull bay is a common "n = x 9 ,georgia1 ,alabama1 & ,mississippi4 ,x is call$ bat tree1 b ! reason = su* a "n is n kn[n4 ,leaves are f five to eight in*es long & two or ?ree wide1 & d>k gre5 above1 b light] bel[4 ,!y fall 9 ! spr+ aft] rema9+ on ! bran*es two :ole ye>s4 ,! odor ( ! fl[]s is unpleasant1 b !y are attractive to ! sight1 be+ six or eight in*es across1 ) purple bases4 ,! fl[]+ habit ( ?is tree is all t c\ld be desir$4 ,x is 9 bloom f ,april till ,augu/4 ,! fruit resembles t ( ! o!r magnolias & is ?ree or f\r in*es long & two or less wide4 ,its color is ru/y-br[n4 ,! ripe se$s hang a:ile by %ort ?reads1 accord+ to ! habit ( ! family4 ,! wood is /rong] ?an popl>1 fully z /iff1 & ne>ly fifty p] c5t heavi]4 ,! annual r+s are r vaguely m>k$ by n>r[ b&s ( summ]wood4 ,pores are diffuse1 pl5tiful1 & v small4 ,m$ull>y rays are l>g] ?an ^? ( yell[ popl>1 & %[ fairly well 9 qu>t]-saw$ /ock4 ,! wood is compact & easily work$1 except :5 h>d /reaks are enc\nt]$4 ,! surface f9i%es ) a sat9y lu/]2 color creamy-:ite1 yell[i%-:ite1 or (t5 light br[n4 ,occasionally ! wood is ne>ly diametrically ! opposite ( ?is1 & is ( all d>k] %ades up to purple1 black1 & blue black4 ,! appe>ance ( ! d>k wood sugge/s decay1 b ^? :o pass x ?r\gh ma*9es1 or "w x by h&1 consid] x z s\nd z ! light] color$ wood4 ,! uses ( magnolia are mu* ! same 9 all p>ts ( its range1 & ^? ( ,l\isiana1 :]e ! utilization ( ! wood has be5 /udi$ m closely ?an 9 o!r regions1 indicate ! scope ( its usefulness4 ,x is !re made into p>ts ( boats1 b> fixtures1 boxes1 broom h&les1 bru% backs1 crates1 door panels1 dug\t canoes1 excelsior1 furniture %elv+1 int]ior f9i%1 ox yokes1 panels1 & wagon boxes4 ,9 ,texas :]e ! annual consumption probably exce$s a million feet1 x is employ$ by furniture mak]s1 & appe>s 9 w9d[ bl9ds1 pack+ boxes1 sa%1 & mold+4 ,9 ,mississippi1 f9e mantels are made ( c>efully select$ wood1 qu>t]-saw$ to br+ out ! small1 squ>e 8mirrors0 produc$ by radial cutt+ ( ! m$ull>y rays4 ,ev]gre5 magnolia has long be5 plant$ = ornam5t 9 ?is c\ntry & ,europe4 ,x survives ! w9t]s at ,philadelphia4 ,sev]al v>ieties h be5 develop$ by cultivation & are sold by nurs]ies4 ,s\!rn =e/s h contribut$1 & /ill contribute1 l>ge quantities ( magnolia leaves = decorations 9 nor!rn cities dur+ w9t]4 ,! fl[]s are n successfully %ipp$ because !y are easily bruis$1 & !y quickly lose _! fre%ness & beauty4 ,,sweet ,,magnolia 7,magnolia glauca7 ranges f ,massa*usetts to ,texas & s\? to ,florida4 ,x rea*es its l>ge/ size on ! hummock l&s ( ! latt] /ate4 ,trees are occasionally sev5ty feet high & ?ree or m 9 diamet]1 b 9 _m p>ts ( its range x is small1 ev5 %rubby4 ,among ! names by :i* x is kn[n are :ite bay1 swamp laurel1 swamp sassafras1 swamp magnolia1 :ite laurel1 & beav]-tree4 ,x inhabits swamps 9 ! nor!rn "p ( its range1 h5ce ! frequ5cy ( ! ^w 8swamp0 9 co9+ names = x4 ,beav]-tree z a "n is probably due to its =m] abundance ab\t beav] dams1 :]e imp\nd$ wat] made ! gr\nd swampy4 ,9 ! ,nor?1 sweet magnolia's *ief value is 9 its fl[]s1 :i* are two or ?ree in*es across1 creamy-:ite1 & fragrant4 ,!y 7 =m]ly v abundant ne> ! m\? ( ! ,susquehanna riv] 9 ,m>yl& & ,p5nsylvania1 & nor?w>d ?r\gh ,new ,j]sey2 b ! traffic 9 ! fl[]s has de/roy$ ! gr[? 9 _m places :]e once pl5tiful4 ,x is n important z a timb] res\rce1 b x is employ$ = a numb] ( useful purposes :]e logs ( fair size may be _h4 ,! sapwood is creamy-:ite1 b ! he>t is ne>ly z d>k z mahogany1 & 9 ,texas x is us$ to imitate t wood4 ,! br[n & o!r %ades comb9e ) f9e effect4 ,"o ( its common uses is = broom h&les4 ,he>twood is work$ into high-grade *airs4 ,x takes a beautiful poli%4 ,,fras] ,,umbrella 7,magnolia fras]i7 ranges s\? f ! ,virg9ia m\nta9s to ,florida & we/ to ,mississippi4 ,x is ( l>ge/ size 9 ,s\? ,c>ol9a :]e trees are sometimes ?irty feet high & a foot or m 9 diamet]4 ,! leaves fall 9 autumn ( ! fir/ ye>2 ! creamy-:ite1 sweetly-sc5t$ fl[]s are eight or t5 in*es 9 diamet]1 & ! fruit resembles t ( ! o!r magnolias4 ,! wood is weak1 s(t1 & light4 ,! he>t is cle> br[n1 ! sapwood ne>ly :ite4 ,x has n be5 report$ 9 use = any comm]cial purpose4 ,among its o!r names x is kn[n z long-leav$ cucumb] tree1 e>-leav$ umbrella tree1 ,indian bitt]s1 wat] lily tree1 & m\nta9 magnolia4 ,9 cultivation ?is species is h>dy z f> nor? z ,massa*usetts1 & x is plant$ = ornam5t 9 ,europe4 ,,pyramid ,,magnolia 7,magnolia pyramidata7 seems to h g5]ally escap$ ! notice ( laym51 & x !re=e has no ,engli% "n except ! translation ( ! ,lat9 t]m by :i* botani/s "k x4 ,its habitat lies 9 s\!rn ,georgia & ,alabama1 & we/]n ,florida1 & x is occasionally se5 9 cultivation 9 we/]n ,europe4 ,x is a sl5d] tree1 tw5ty feet or m 9 height4 ,its fl[]s are ?ree or f\r in*es 9 diamet]1 & creamy-:ite 9 color4 ,a tree s sc>ce _c be expect$ to be comm]cially important4 ,,we/]n ,,black ,,will[ 7,salix lasi&ra7 is a r l>ge tree :5 at its be/1 rea*+ a diamet] ( two feet or m1 & a height ( fifty1 b 9 o!r p>ts ( its range x r>ely exce$s t5 feet 9 height4 ,x foll[s ! we/]n m\nta9 ranges s\?w>d f ,briti% ,columbia into ,cali=nia4 ,! wood is s(t1 light1 & brittle1 & is us$ little if at all4 ,lyall will[ 7,salix lasi&ra lyalli7 is a well m>k$ v>iety ( ?is species & is a tree ( respectable size4 ,,glossyleaf ,,will[ 7,salix lucida7 is a f> nor!rn species :i* has its s\!rn limit 9 ,p5nsylvania & ,nebraska4 ,x gr[s ne>ly to ! ,arctic circle4 ,trees tw5ty-five feet high & six or eight in*es 9 diamet] are ! be/ ?is species af=ds4 ,,longleaf ,,will[ 7,salix fluviatilis7 is kn[n also z s&b> will[1 n>r[leaf will[1 %rub1 :ite1 r$1 & osi] will[1 & by /ill o!r names4 ,x ranges f ! ,arctic circle to ,mexico1 rea*+ ,m>yl& on ! ,atlantic coa/1 & ,cali=nia on ! ,pacific4 ,9 r>e cases x is sixty feet high1 & two 9 diamet]1 b x is usually less ?an tw5ty feet high4 ,illu/ration ,,wahoo ,illu/ration3 ,,wahoo ,,wahoo 7,evonymus ,atropurpureus7 ,no "o seems to "k :at ! orig9al mean+ ( ! ^w wahoo 04 ,x is appli$ to no few] ?an six diff]5t trees 9 ?is c\ntry1 f\r ( !m elms1 "o a basswood1 & "o ! tree n[ "u consid]ation4 ,! g5]ic "n1 ,evonymus1 appe>s to be an ef=t to put somebody's seal ( approval on ! "n1 = x means 9 ! ,greek language 8( good "n40 ,x belongs to ! family ,cela/race1 :i* means ! /aff family4 ,"s designate memb]s ( ?is gr\p z 8,sp9dle trees10 because =m]ly 9 ,europe ! wood 0 employ$ = knitt+ ne$les1 hooks = embroid]+1 sp9dles = sp9n+ :eels1 & ! l4 ,unless ! memb]s ( ! family 9 ,europe h wood q diff]5t f t ( ! wahoo tree 9 ?is c\ntry1 no adequate reason c be f\nd = ! use ( ! wood = sp9dles or /affs1 because x is poor mat]ial = t purpose4 ,x may be comp>$ ) basswood4 ,?is beautiful little tree1 sc>cely m ?an a %rub 9 mo/ regions ( its gr[?1 is a widely di/ribut$ species1 its range ext5d+ ?r\gh we/]n ,new ,york to ,nebraska1 s\!a/]n ,s\? ,dakota & ea/]n ,kansas1 & 9 ! valley ( ! upp] ,miss\ri riv]1 ,montana1 s\?w>d to nor!rn ,florida1 s\!rn ,arkansas & ,oklahoma4 ,9 ^! localities x is g5]ally a %rub1 r>ely rea*+ a height ( m ?an n9e or t5 feet4 ,x atta9s ! proportions ( a tree only 9 ! bottom l&s ( s\!rn ,arkansas1 ,oklahoma1 & 9 ! l[] ,appala*ian regions4 ,! mo/ favorable habitat ( ! tree is moi/ soil along ! banks ( /reams4 ,9 ! s\!rn & we/]n p>ts ( its range1 "u favorable conditions ( soil & climate1 & :5 isolat$ f o!r species1 ! wahoo tree gr[s to r l>ge size & develops a wide flat top ( sl5d] spread+ bran*es4 ,! l>ge/ & mo/ beautiful specim5s ( wahoo gr[ 9 ! m\nta9\s regions ( ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ea/]n ,t5nessee1 & we/]n ,nor? ,c>ol9a4 ,9 ^! sections x is no unusual ?+ = a tree ( ?is species to atta9 a height ( sixty or sev5ty feet & a diamet] ( tw5ty or tw5ty-f\r in*es4 ,x is nev] f\nd 9 pure /&s b is isolat$ along ! edge ( ! =e/1 & ?rives be/ ne> wat] c\rses4 ,! tree is kn[n by a v>iety ( names 9 ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,! ,indians are said to h call$ x wahoo4 ,burn+ bu%1 a v popul> "n1 is especially appropriate1 z no bright] da% ( color is display$ by any tree ?an ! sc>let fruit ( ?is gr[?1 :i* rema9s on ! bran*es long aft] ! leaves h fall51 (t5 until ! w9t] /orms beat x to ! gr\nd4 ,! gr[? is also call$ occasionally by ! "n ble$+-he>t tree1 9 ref]5ce to ! blood-r$ cont5ts reveal$ by ! bur/+ fruit4 ,! wahoo 9 ! fall ( ! ye> may be id5tifi$ by ! flam+ color ( its fruit1 or r ! se$s ( ! fruit4 ,! hull bur/s & exposes ! bright r$ se$s )94 ,^!1 contr>y to ! usual run ( r$ fruits1 are n ( a glossy surface1 & 9 ?is ! tree is unique4 ,dur+ ! summ] season1 h[ev]1 id5tification is n su* a simple matt]1 = ! foliage is q ord9>y1 & ! flat1 unassum+ fl[]s h little t is di/9ctive ab\t !m2 b z ! autumn approa*es & ! leaves turn a pale yell[ color1 ! tree becomes a conspicu\s & beautiful object ) its sc>let b]ries4 ,! b>k ( ! wahoo is a%5 gray1 ?91 furr[$1 & divid$ into m9ute scales4 ,on ! bran*lets x is a d>k purpli%-br[n1 lat] becom+ br[ni%-gray4 ,! he>twood ( wahoo is :ite1 ) a slight t+e ( orange4 ,! sapwood1 sc>cely di/+ui%able f ! he>twood1 is m ne>ly :ite 9 tone4 ,! wood is heavy & close-gra9$ b n v h>d4 ,x weighs :5 season$ a little less ?an =ty p\nds to ! cubic foot4 ,su* ( ?is wood z is saw$ into lumb]1 :i* is b a small quantity1 sells comm]cially ) popl> saps1 ?us masqu]ad+ l its =e/ fell[1 ! cucumb] tree4 ,! "* ( ! wood is su* t x w n /& exposure to ! wea!r any l5g? ( "t4 ,x is f> f durable1 b is rem>kably cle> f defects & answ]s admirably _m purposes = :i* sap popl> is desirable4 ,! leaves ( ! tree are waxy 9 appe>ance1 opposite1 entire1 elliptical or ovate 9 %ape1 f two to f\r in*es long1 "o to two broad4 ,!y are f9ely s]rate & po9t$ at bo? apex & base1 & ! /ems are %ort & /\t4 ,! fl[]s1 :i* appe> 9 ,may & ,june1 are def9itely f\r-p>t$1 pres5t+ a ,maltese cross 9 %ape4 ,!y are half an in* across1 & _! r\nd$ petals are deep purple 9 color4 ,! fruit :i* succe$s ^! fl[]s & :i* rip5s 9 ,octob] is also f\r-p>t$4 ,x is ab\t half an in* across1 a pale purple :5 full size1 & hangs on long sl5d] /ems4 ,:5 ripe ! purple husk bur/s & reveals ! se$ envelop$ 9 a sc>let out] coat t fits x loosely4 ,! leaves1 b>k1 & fruit ( ! wahoo are acrid & are reput$ to be poison\s4 ,! wood is "o-?ird heavi] ?an t ( yell[ popl>1 & x is evid5t t x w\ld n pass z popl> ) any "o dispos$ to reject x4 ,x is also mu* h>d] ?an popl>1 & is m difficult to season1 z x *ecks badly4 ,! m$ull>y rays are s ?9 z to be sc>cely disc]nible4 ,! wood conta9s _m v small pores4 ,! b>k is said to possess "s value = m$ic9al purposes4 ,no special uses = ! wood h be5 report$1 & x is too sc>ce to be ( mu* value4 ,! tree's pr9cipal importance is z an ornam5t1 & x %[s well 9 w9t] bord]s :]e ! bright colors ( ! se$s are expos$4 ,x is plant$ bo? 9 ?is c\ntry & 9 ,europe4 ,! plant+s seldom or nev] rea* tree size4 ,,florida ,,boxwood 7,s*ff]ia frutesc5s7 is ( ! same family z wahoo b ( ano!r g5us1 & is q a diff]5t k9d ( tree4 ,! g5]ic "n is 9 honor ( ,jakob ,*ri/ian ,s*aeff]1 a di/+ui%$ ,g]man naturali/ :o di$ 9 #agij4 ,two species ( ?is tree occur 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 "o ! ,florida boxwood1 ! o!r a small1 %rubby gr[? 9 ! dry regions ( we/]n ,texas & nor!rn ,mexico4 ,florida boxwood is a ,we/ ,indies tree :i* fl\ri%es 9 ! ,bahamas & s\?w>d along ! o!r isl&s to ,v5ezuela4 ,x has ga9$ a foo?old on ! isl&s ( s\!rn ,florida :]e x has f\nd conditions favorable & x gr[s to a height ( ?irty or =ty feet1 & rea*es a trunk diamet] ( t5 in*es1 b su* are trees ( ! l>ge/ size4 ,! leaves are bright yell[-gre51 ab\t two in*es long1 & "o or less 9 wid?4 ,!y appe> 9 ,florida 9 ,april & p]si/ a full ye>1 until ! foliage ( ! succe$+ crop displaces !m4 ,! fl[]s :i* are small & inconspicu\s1 op5 ab\t ! same "t z ! leaves4 ,! fruit is a sc>let b]ry :i* rip5s 9 ,novemb]1 & has a decid$ly disagreeable flavor4 ,! b>k is v ?94 ,:5 s\nd wood 9 suffici5tly l>ge pieces is obta9able x is valuable = a numb] ( purposes1 b *iefly z a sub/itute = ,turki% boxwood z engrav+ blocks4 ,! trees are always small 9 ,florida1 :i* is ! only place 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates :]e !y occur1 & ! l>ge/ are (t5 holl[ or o!rwise defective4 ,! wood weighs #dh4bg p\nds p] cubic foot1 ?or\ghly dry1 :i* is ab\t two p\nds heavi] ?an :ite oak4 ,x is ri* 9 a%es1 hav+ ab\t f\r times z mu* z :ite oak4 ,! color ( ! he>twood is a bright1 cle> yell[ to :i* is due ! "n yell[-wood occasionally appli$ to ! tree 9 ! region :]e x gr[s1 z well z 9 m>kets :]e x is sold4 ,?is is n ! tree kn[n 9 comm]ce z ,we/ ,indies boxwood1 ?\gh x may be an occasional sub/itute4 ,x is said t ,florida boxwood 0 =m]ly mu* m abundant 9 ?is c\ntry ?an x is n[4 ,x 0 lumb]$ = ! ,european m>ket at ab\t ! same "t t ! s\? ( ,florida 0 /ripp$ ( its mahogany4 ,x is suitable = _m small articles :]e a h>d1 ev5-gra9$ wood is want$4 ,,ironwood 7,cyrilla racemiflora7 ranges f ! coa/ region ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a to ,florida1 & we/ ne> ! coa/ to ,texas4 ,x is kn[n z lea!rwood1 burnwood1 burnwood b>k1 firewood1 r$ titi1 & :ite titi4 ,t5 woods besides ?is are call$ ironwood 9 "s p>ts ( ?is c\ntry4 ,! "n is appli$ because ! h>dness ( ! wood sugge/s iron4 ,x is n rem>kable = its weight nor its /r5g?4 ,! m$ull>y rays are ?9 & inconspicu\s4 ,9 color x is br[n1 t+$ ) r$4 ,x is n app>5t :y x is a favorite fire wood1 = its fuel value does n rate high !oretically1 be+ mu* bel[ _m species ) :i* x is associat$4 ,! l>ge/ trees r>ely exce$ a height ( ?irty feet & a diamet] ( twelve in*es4 ,!y fl\ri% 9 %ady riv] bottoms & along ! bord]s ( s&y swamps & %all[ ponds4 ,! tree occasionally assumes ! =m ( a bu% & s5ds up _m /ems :i* produce almo/ imp5etrable ?ickets4 ,aside f its use z fuel1 x is 9 small dem& any:]e4 ,9 ,texas x is sometimes made into w$ges1 & simil> uses = x are d\btless f\nd 9 o!r regions :]e x is abundant4 ,x is nam$ f ,dom5ico ,cirillo1 an ,italian naturali/ :o di$ 9 #agii4 ,,titi 7,cliftonia monophylla7 is ( ! cyrilla family & is "o ( ?ree species :i* occasionally pass "u t "n4 ,x sometimes rea*es a height ( fifty feet & a diamet] ( "o or m4 ,its range foll[s ! coa/ region f ,s\? ,c>ol9a to ,l\isiana4 ,x betakes itself to swamps & fl\ri%es 9 situations t w\ld be fatal to _m species4 ,half "u wat] dur+ _m mon?s ( ! ye> x is plac$ at no disadvantage4 ,x gr[s equally well 9 %all[ swamps :i* are r>ely ov]fl[$4 ,ne> ! s\!rn limits ( its range 9 ,florida x is r$uc$ to a %rub4 ,x is kn[n z ironwood & buck:eat tree4 ,! la/ "n is due to its se$s :i* are ab\t ! size ( a buck:eat gra9 & o!rwise resemble x4 ,! fl[]s appe> 9 e>ly spr+ on long racemes1 & are v fragrant4 ,! wood weighs ab\t ?irty-n9e p\nds p] cubic foot1 is n /rong1 b is mod]ately h>d4 ,x is valuable z fuel & burns ) a cle>1 bright flame4 ,illu/ration ,,m\nta9 ,,laurel ,illu/ration3 ,,m\nta9 ,,laurel ,,m\nta9 ,,laurel 7,kalmia ,latifolia7 ,?is tree belongs to ! hea? family & n to ! laurels1 z ! "n seems to imply4 ,! same is true ( rhodod5dron4 ,! kalmia g5us has five or six species 9 ?is c\ntry1 b only "o ( tree size1 & !n only :5 at its be/4 ,m\nta9 laurel rea*es its be/ developm5t 9 ,nor? & ,s\? ,c>ol9a 9 a few seclud$ valleys betwe5 ! ,blue ,ridge & ! we/]n m\nta9s ( ! ,appala*ian ranges4 ,! l>ge/ specim5s are =ty or fifty feet high & a foot or a foot & a half 9 diamet]4 ,trunks are contort$ & un%apely1 & lumb] is nev] saw$ f !m4 ,! tree has _m names1 mo/ ( !m1 h[ev]1 are appli$ to ! species 9 its %rubby =m4 ,a common "n is simply laurel1 b t does n di/+ui% x f ! great laurel :i* is (t5 associat$ ) x4 ,calico bu% is "o ( its names1 & is suppos$ to be descriptive ( ! fl[]s4 ,spoonwood is "o ( its nor!rn names1 dat+ back to ! times :5 e>ly settl]s1 :o c>ri$ little silv]w>e ) !m to _! fronti] homes1 augm5t$ ! supply by mak+ spoons & ladles ( laurel roots4 ,ivy is a common "n1 sometimes m\nta9 ivy1 or poison ivy4 ,poison laurel & %eep laurel are among ! names also4 ,! leaves are poison\s1 & if %eep fe$ on !m1 dea? is apt to foll[4 ,! exact nature ( ! poison is n und]/ood4 ,%eep seldom fe$ on ! leaves1 & d s only :5 driv5 by hung]4 ,o!r names are small laurel1 wood laurel1 & kalmia4 ,! la/ is ! "n ( ! g5us1 & is 9 honor ( ,pet] ,kalm1 a ,sw$i% naturali/4 ,! species is f\nd f ,new ,brunswick to ,l\isiana1 b pr9cipally among ! ranges ( ! ,appala*ian m\nta9s4 ,its ?9 b>k makes x an easy prey to fire & ! top is kill$ by a mod]ate blaze4 ,! root g5]ally rema9s un9jur$ & s5ds up spr\ts 9 l>ge numb]s4 ,?ickets almo/ imp5etrable are sometimes produc$ 9 t way4 ,fl[]s & foliage ( m\nta9 laurel are highly e/eem$ z decorations1 foliage 9 w9t]1 & ! fl[]s 9 ,may & ,june4 ,! bloom appe>s 9 l>ge clu/]s1 & v>i\s colors are 9 evid5ce1 :ite1 rose1 p9k1 & num]\s comb9ations4 ,! se$s are ripe 9 ,septemb]1 & ! pods :i* be> !m bur/ soon aft]4 ,! wood ( m\nta9 laurel weighs #dd4fb p\nds p] cubic foot4 ,x is h>d1 /rong1 r brittle1 ( sl[ gr[?1 br[n 9 color1 t+$ ) r$1 ) light] color$ sapwood4 ,?is description applies to ! wood ( ! trunk2 b 9 ne>ly all cases :]e m5tion is made ( ! wood ( ?is tree1 x ref]s to ! roots4 ,^! consi/ ( enl>gem5ts or /ools1 (t5 protrud+ consid]ably above ! gr\nd4 ,if ! area has be5 visit$ repeat$ly by fire1 ! roots are g5]ally out ( proportion to ! size ( ! tops4 ,9 t respect !y resemble mesquite1 except t ! enl>g$ root ( mesquite p5etrates f> b5ea? ! surface :ile t ( m\nta9 laurel rema9s j bel[ ! surface or rises p>tly above x4 ,! utilization ( m\nta9 laurel is n conf9$ to ! trunks :i* rea* tree size4 ,g5]ally x is ! root t is want$4 ,roots are usually sold by weight1 because ( ! difficulty ( measur+ !m z lumb] or ev5 by ! cord4 ,! annual product ( ?is mat]ial 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a alone am\nts to ab\t #he1jjj p\nds1 all ( :i* goes to manufactur]s ( tobacco pipes & cig> hold]s4 ,! use ( ! laurel root = pipes is z old z its use = spoons4 ,pione]s :o rais$ & cur$ _! own tobacco smok$ x 9 pipes :i* 7 _! own h&iwork4 ,! laurel root 0 select$ !n z n[ because x c>ves easily1 is n incl9$ to split1 does n burn readily1 & d>k5s 9 color ) age4 ,x is *eap mat]ial1 is f\nd ?r\gh\t an ext5sive region1 & ! supply is s l>ge t exhau/ion 9 ! ne> future is n anticipat$4 ,! wood is employ$ 9 ! manufacture ( _m small articles o!r ?an tobacco pipes4 ,pap] knives1 small rul]s1 turn$ boxes = p9s & buttons1 trays1 plaques1 p5hold]s1 h&les = buckets1 dipp]s1 & firewood1 are among ! uses = :i* laurel is f\nd suitable4 ,x is ( no small importance = ornam5tal purposes1 & is (t5 se5 gr[+ 9 clumps & bord]s 9 public p>ks & private y>ds1 :]e its ev]gre5 foliage & its bloom make x a valuable %rub4 ,x is plant$ 9 ,europe z well z 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,,great ,,laurel 7,rhodod5dron maximum7 is also 9 ! hea? family4 ,m ?an two hundr$ species ( rhodod5dron are kn[n1 & sev5te5 are 9 ?is c\ntry1 b only "o atta9s tree size4 ,! g5]ic "n means 8rose tree10 & ! "n is well select$4 ,! fl[]s are ! mo/ conspicu\s feature belong+ to ?is species1 & few wild trees or %rubs equal x = beauty4 ,x is n native mu* we/ ( ! ,alleghany m\nta9s1 b gr[s nor? & ea/ to ,nova ,scotia4 ,x is at its be/ among ! m\nta9s1 ?rives 9 deep rav9es :]e ! %ade is d5se1 & on /eep slopes & /ony m\nta9 tops4 ,x =ms ext5sive ?ickets :i* are (t5 s deep & tangl$ t x is difficult to pass ?r\gh !m4 ,?is laurel is seldom f\nd gr[+ on lime/one4 ,x rea*es its l>ge/ size 9 ! ,s\?4 ,trees ?irty or =ty feet high & a foot 9 diamet] occur 9 favor$ localities4 ,x gr[s on ! ,alleghany m\nta9s 9 ,we/ ,virg9ia at an elevation exce$+ #d1jjj feet & !re =ms va/ ?ickets4 ,"s use is made ( ! wood = engrav+ blocks & z tool h&les4 ,x is h>d1 /rong1 brittle1 ( sl[ gr[?1 & light cle> br[n4 ,x is frequ5tly plant$ 9 p>ks 9 ?is c\ntry & ,europe1 & ?ree or m v>ieties are di/+ui%$ 9 cultivation4 ,?is laurel's leaves h a peculi> habit ( %r9k+ & roll+ up :5 ! !rmomet] falls to z]o or ne> x4 ,among ! names appli$ to x are great laurel1 rose bay1 dw>f rose bay tree1 wild rose bay1 bigleaf laurel1 de] tongue1 laurel1 spoon hut*1 & rhodod5dron4 ,,catawba ,,rhodod5dron 7,rhodod5dron catawbi5se7 is a r>e1 l>ge-fl[]$ species ( ! m\nta9 regions f ,we/ ,virg9ia s\?w>d to ,georgia & ,alabama4 ,! wood is n put to use1 & ! species is *iefly valuable z an ornam5tal %rub4 ,x seldom rea*es l>ge size4 ,,s\rwood 7,oxyd5drum arboreum7 foll[s ! ,alleghany m\nta9 ranges s\? f ,p5nsylvania1 & ext5ds into ,florida1 rea*+ ! ,atlantic coa/ 9 ,virg9ia1 & ,indiana1 ,t5nessee1 & ,l\isiana we/w>d4 ,! be/ developm5t ( ! species is f\nd among ! we/]n slopes ( ! ,big ,smoky m\nta9s 9 ,t5nessee4 ,x is call$ sorrel-tree1 s\r gum1 & s\r gum bu%1 on acc\nt ( ! acidity ( ! leaves :5 *ew$4 ,arr[-wood1 ano!r "n1 ref]s to ! long1 /raight /ems betwe5 ! :orls ( bran*es ( "y trees--^? ?ree or f\r feet high4 ,! /ems are ( prop] size = arr[s1 & amateur b[m5 use !m4 ,^? :o designate ! tree z lily-(-!-valley h 9 m9d ! fl[]s4 ,! %ape sugge/s an op5+ lily1 b ! size does n4 ,! fl[] is ab\t "o-?ird ( an in* long1 b panicles sev]al in*es long are cov]$ ) !m4 ,!y op5 9 ,july & ,augu/1 & 9 ,septemb] ! fruit is ripe4 ,! se$ is pale br[n & "o-eigh? ( an in* long4 ,! s\rwood tree at its be/ is fifty or sixty feet high & f twelve to eighte5 in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! b>k ( "y trees is smoo?1 b on mature trunks x resembles ! exce$+ly r\gh b>k ( an old black gum4 ,9 fact1 _m p suppose ?is tree to be black gum1 nev] hav+ notic$ ! diff]5ce ( leaf1 fruit1 & fl[]4 ,! g5us consi/s ( a s+le species4 ,! wood is heavy1 h>d1 compact1 & x takes good poli%4 ,! m$ull>y rays are num]\s1 b ?91 & !y contribute little or no?+ to ! figure ( ! wood4 ,! annual r+s %[ little diff]5ce betwe5 spr+wood & summ]wood1 & consequ5tly produce poor figure :5 ! lumb] is saw$ tang5tially4 ,! pores are _m & small & are regul>ly di/ribut$ ?r\gh ! ye>ly r+4 ,he>twood is br[n1 t+$ ) r$1 ! sapwood light]4 ,! /r5g? & ela/icity ( s\rwood are mod]ate4 ,! wood is made into sl$ runn]s 9 "s ( ! m\nta9 di/ricts :]e x occurs1 b no p>ticul> qualities fit x = t use4 ,x is occasionally employ$ = ma*9]y be>+s4 ,x has be5 report$ = mallets & mauls1 b s9ce x is n v well suit$ = ^? articles1 ! conclusion is t ^? :o s report x h confus$ x ) black gum :i* x resembles 9 ! liv+ tree1 b n mu* 9 ! wood4 ,small h&les are made ( x1 & x gives good s]vice1 provid$ great /r5g? & /iffness are n requir$4 ,s\rwood is n abundant any:]e1 & seldom are m ?an a few trees f\nd 9 a gr\p4 ,,tree ,,huckleb]ry 7,vacc9ium arboreum7 is ! only tree =m ( tw5ty-five or ?irty species ( huckleb]ry 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! cranb]ry is "o ( ! be/ kn[n species4 ,! range ( tree huckleb]ry ext5ds f ,nor? ,c>ol9a to ,texas1 & x rea*es its l>ge/ size 9 ! latt] /ate :]e trunks ?irty feet high & t5 in*es 9 diamet] occur1 b n 9 great abundance4 ,! fruit :i* ?is tree be>s has "s resemblance to ! common huckleb]ry1 b is inf]ior 9 flavor1 besides be+ dry & granul>4 ,x rip5s 9 ,octob] & rema9s on ! bran*es mo/ ( ! w9t]4 ,! fruit is ab\t a qu>t] ( an in* 9 diamet]1 d>k & lu/r\s1 & is a conspicu\s & tempt+ bait = fea!r$ inhabitants ( swamp & =e/4 ,! b>k ( ! roots is sometimes us$ = m$ic9e1 & t f ! trunk = tann+1 b x is too sc>ce to become important 9 ! lea!r indu/ry4 ,! tree is kn[n 9 diff]5t p>ts ( its range z f>kleb]ry1 sp>kleb]ry1 myrtle b]ry1 bluet1 & 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a x is kn[n z gooseb]ry4 ,! wood is h>d1 heavy1 & v compact2 is liable to w>p1 twi/1 & *eck 9 dry+2 poli%es ) a f9e1 sat9y f9i%4 ,m$ull>y rays are num]\s1 broad1 & conspicu\s2 wood light br[n1 t+$ ) r$4 ,small articles are turn$ f x4 ,illu/ration ,,osage ,,orange ,illu/ration3 ,,osage ,,orange ,,osage ,,orange 7,toxylon ,pomif]um7 ,osage orange belongs to ! mulb]ry family4 ,!re are fifty-f\r g5]a1 ?ree ( :i* are f\nd 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! mulb]ries1 ! ,osage orange1 & ! figs4 ,osage orange is kn[n by sev]al names1 ! pr9cipal "o ( :i* ref]s to ! ,osage ,indians1 :o =m]ly liv$ 9 ! region :]e ! tree gr[s4 ,x is call$ orange because ! fruit1 :i* is f two to five in*es 9 diamet]1 looks l a gre5 orange1 b x is unfit = food4 ,9 its range mo/ p call x bod>k or bodock1 t be+ a corruption ( ! "n by :i* ! ,fr5* designat$ x1 bois d'arc1 :i* means b[ wood4 ,x 0 s call$ f ! fact t ,indians made b[s ( x :5 !y c\ld get no?+ bett]4 ,its value z mat]ial = b[s seems to be traditional & greatly ov]e/imat$4 ,x is l[] 9 ela/icity ?an :ite oak & v mu* l[] ?an hickory1 &1 !oretically1 at lea/1 x is n well suit$ = b[s4 ,! wood is kn[n also z mock orange1 b[-wood1 ,osage apple tree1 yell[-wood1 h$ge1 & h$ge tree4 ,! la/ "n is giv5 because _m h$ges h be5 made ( x4 ,osage orange has be5 plant$ 9 p]haps e /ate ( ! ,union1 & gr[s successfully 9 mo/ ( !m4 ,x is "o ( ! mo/ widely di/ribut$ ( ,am]ican =e/ trees1 b its di/ribution has be5 *iefly artificial4 ,x 0 f\nd orig9ally 9 a v re/rict$ region1 f :i* x 0 c>ri$ = h$ge & ornam5tal plant+ f> & wide4 ,its natural home1 to :i* x 0 conf9$ :5 fir/ discov]$1 embrac$ little m ?an t5 ?\s& squ>e miles1 & probably half ( t small area produc$ no trees ( comm]cial size4 ,its nor!rn limit 0 ne> ,atoka1 ,oklahoma1 its s\!rn a little s\? ( ,dallas1 ,texas2 a range nor? & s\? ( approximately "o hundr$ miles4 ,its broade/ ext5t ea/ & we/ 0 along ,r$ ,riv]1 ?r\gh ,cooke1 ,grayson1 ,fann+1 ,lam>1 & ,r$ ,riv] c\nties1 ,texas1 ab\t #abj miles4 ,"s ,osage orange ( comm]cial size grew outside ! area ?us delimit$1 b no l>ge am\nt4 ,mu* ( t region1 p>ticul>ly s\? ( ,r$ ,riv]1 0 prairie1 )\t timb] ( any k9d2 b scatt]$ "h & !re 7 belts1 /rips1 ?ickets1 & clumps ( ,osage orange mix$ ) o!r species4 ,on ! v be/ ( its range1 & be=e di/urb$ by :ite m51 ?is wood seldom =m$ pure /&s ( z mu* z #ajj acres 9 "o body1 & s9ce ! c\ntry's settlem5t1 ! /&s h become small] or h be5 entirely cle>$ to make f>ms4 ,all acc\nts agree t ! ,osage orange rea*es its highe/ developm5t on ! f]tile l&s along ,boggy & ,blue riv]s 9 ,oklahoma1 ?\gh f9e bodies ( x once grew s\? ( ! ,r$ ,riv] 9 ,texas1 & mu* is /ill cut !re ?\gh ! *oice/ long ago disappe>$4 ,few trees are less exact+ 9 soil1 yet :5 x c make *oice x *ooses ! be/4 ,9 its natural habitat x holds its place 9 ! black1 f]tile flats & valleys1 & is seldom f\nd on s&y soil4 ,x is n a swamp tree1 ?\gh x is un9jur$ by occasional floods4 ,! tracts :]e x gr[s are sometimes call$ 8bod>k swamps10 ?\gh m>%y 9 wet wea!r only4 ,! tree atta9s a height ( fifty or sixty feet :5 at its be/1 b specim5s t tall are unusual4 ,trunks are occasionally two or ?ree feet 9 diamet]1 b t size is v r>e4 ,at ! pres5t "t probably t5 trees "u a foot 9 diamet] are cut = e "o ov] t size4 ,r\gh & un%apely z ,osage trees are1 !y h be5 m closely utiliz$ ?an mo/ timb]s4 ,f5ce po/s are ! l>ge/ item4 ,! bo>d measure equival5t ( ! annual cut ( po/s has be5 plac$ at #ah1djj1jjj4 ,! po/s are %ipp$ to surr\nd+ /ates1 9 addition to f5c+ ne>ly #dj1jjj squ>e miles ( nor!rn ,texas & s\!rn ,oklahoma4 ,h\seblocks con/itute ano!r important use4 ,^! are %ort po/s set "u ! corn]s ( build+s 9 place ( /one f\ndations4 ,! annual dem& = ?is k9d ( mat]ial am\nts to ab\t #a1jjj1jjj bo>d feet4 ,an equal am\nt goes into bridge pil+4 ,! pr9cipal dem& comes f highway commission]s4 ,telephone poles take a consid]able quantity1 & insulator p9s m4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important uses ( ,osage orange is f\nd 9 ! manufacture ( wagon :eels1 ?\gh ! total quantity s us$ is small] ?an t dem&$ = f5ce po/s4 ,ab\t #aj1jjj or #ab1jjj wagons ) ,osage orange felloes or rims are manufactur$ annually 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,t use ( ! wood is n new4 ,x began 9 a small way soon aft] ! settlem5t ( ! region4 ,at fir/ ! "w 0 h&-done by local blacksmi?s & :eelwrights4 ,!y f\nd ! wood objectionable1 f ! workman's /&po9t1 on acc\nt ( its extreme h>dness & ! difficulty ( cutt+ x4 ,t objection is /ill urg$ aga9/ x ?\gh ma*9es h tak5 ! place ( ! h& tools ( =m] times4 ,saws & bits are quickly dull$1 & ! co/ ( gr9d+1 repair1 & replacem5t increases ! op]ator's exp5se mu* above ord9>y mill outlay = su* purposes4 ,on t acc\nt _m pref] to "w ! wood gre54 ,x is !n s(t]1 & cuts m smoo?ly4 ,if season$ be=e x is pass$ ?r\gh ! ma*9es x is liable to 8pull40 ,t t]m is us$ to indicate a r\gh-break+ ( ! fibres by ! impact ( knives4 ,! read9ess ) :i* ! wood splits calls = extraord9>y c>e 9 bor+ x1 & _m felloes are spoil$ 9 f9i%+ !m to receive ! t5on$ ends ( spokes4 ,a numb] ( commodities are made ( ,osage orange b 9 quantities s small t ! total wood us$ does n con/itute a s]i\s dra9 ^u ! supply4 ,police clubs are occasionally made z a by-product ( ! rim mill4 ,"s ye>s ago at ! ,texas /ate fair at ,dallas1 a piano 0 exhibit$1 all visible wood be+ ,osage orange1 h&somely poli%$4 ,! ri* color ( ?is wood di/+ui%es x f all o!r ,am]ican species4 ,:5 oil$ x reta9s ! yell[ color1 b unoil$ wood fades on long exposure4 ,clock cases ( ,osage h be5 manufactur$ locally1 & gun /ocks made ( x are mu* admir$1 ?\gh ! wood's weight is an argum5t aga9/ x = gun /ocks4 ,canes split f /raight-gra9$ blocks1 & %av$ & poli%$ by h&1 are occasionally met )1 b none manufactur$ by ma*9]y h be5 report$4 ,sawmills 9 ! ,osage orange region use ! wood z roll]s = c>riages & (f-be>+ tables4 ,ru/ic rock]s & b5*es ( ! wood1 ) ! b>k or )\t x1 figure to a small ext5t 9 local trade4 ,x has be5 tri$ exp]im5tally = p>quetry floors1 ) satisfactory results4 ,sections ( /reets h be5 pav$ ) ,osage orange blocks4 ,! wood we>s well & is ne>ly pro( aga9/ decay1 b no consid]able dem& = su* blocks appe>s ev] to h exi/$4 ,railroads :i* 7 built ?r\gh ! region ye>s ago cut ,osage = ties & culv]t timb]1 b no su* use is n[ report$4 ,! dem& = ! wood = tobacco pipes is increas+1 m ?an #ajj1jjj blocks = su* pipes hav+ be5 sold dur+ a s+le ye>4 ,osage orange weighs #dh4ba p\nds p] cubic foot4 ,x is tw5ty-eight p] c5t /rong] ?an :ite oak1 b is n q z /iff1 is v brittle1 & "u heavy impact1 w crumble4 ,= t reason1 ,osage wagon felloes w n /& rocky roads4 ,! b>k is sometimes us$ = tann+1 & ! wood = dye+4 ,,r$ ,,mulb]ry 7,morus rubra7 is frequ5tly spok5 ( simply z mulb]ry1 & is sometimes call$ black mulb]ry4 ,! full gr[n fruit is r$1 b turns black or v d>k purple :5 ripe4 ,! b]ry is compos$ ( a compact & adh]+ clu/] ( drupes1 ea* drupe ab\t "o ?irty-second ( an in* long4 ,:at seems to be a s+le b]ry is really an aggregation ( v small fruits1 ea* resembl+ a t9y *]ry4 ,! mulb]ry is naturally a =e/ tree1 b x is p]mitt$ to gr[ ab\t ! m>g9s ( fields1 & is (t5 plant$ 9 door y>ds = its fruit & its %ade4 ,x is look$ ^u by _m z a tame species4 ,two mulb]ries gr[ naturally 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! r$ species ranges f ,massa*usetts we/ to ,kansas1 & s\? to ,texas & ,florida4 ,its be/ gr[? is f\nd 9 ! l[] ,ohio valley & ! s\!rn foot hills ( ! ,appala*ian m\nta9s4 ,! l>ge/ trees are sev5ty feet high & ?ree or f\r 9 diamet]4 ,if ?is tree 7 abundant ! wood's place 9 furniture & f9i% w\ld be important4 ,! he>twood is d>k1 ( good figure1 & fairly /rong4 ,x takes a f9e poli%1 & resembles black walnut1 ?\gh usually ( a little light] %ade4 ,its l>ge/ use is z f5ce po/s4 ,x is durable 9 contact ) ! soil4 ,! effect :5 made into furniture1 f9i%1 & v>i\s k9ds ( turn]y1 is pleas+4 ,f>m tools1 p>ticul>ly scy! sna?s1 are made ( x1 & x has be5 report$ = slack coop]age & boat build+1 b su* uses are app>5tly infrequ5t4 ,! wood is evid5tly sold "u "s o!r "n1 or )\t a "n1 = ! total sawmill output 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is giv5 9 gov]nm5t /ati/ics at only #a1jjj feet1 :i* is probably n "o p] c5t ( ! cut4 ,,mexican ,,mulb]ry 7,morus celtidifolia7 ranges f s\!rn ,texas to ,arizona4 ,trees are seldom m ?an ?irty feet high & "o 9 diamet]4 ,! b]ry is ab\t half an in* long1 black1 & made up ( a hundr$ or m v small drupes4 ,x is edible1 b its ta/e is insipid4 ,! wood is heavy & is ( d>k orange or d>k br[n color4 ,x is suitable = small turn]y & o!r articles1 b no reports ( uses = x h be5 f\nd4 ,! tree is occasionally plant$ = its fruit by ,mexicans1 b ,am]icans c>e little = x4 ,two =eign mulb]ries h be5 ext5sively plant$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 & 9 "s localities !y are runn+ wild & are mi/ak5 = native species4 ,"o is ! :ite mulb]ry 7,morus alba71 a native ( ,*9a2 ! o!r is ! pap] mulb]ry 7,br\ssonetia papyrif]a7 a diff]5t g5us1 b ( ! same family4 ,x is a native ( ,japan1 & has be5 naturaliz$ 9 "s ( ! s\!rn /ates4 ,n9e v>ieties ( ! :ite mulb]ry h be5 di/+ui%$ 9 cultivation4 ,illu/ration ,,p]simmon ,illu/ration3 ,,p]simmon ,,p]simmon 7,diospyros ,virg9iana7 ,p]simmon belongs to ! ebony family1 & ! family has contribut$ to ! civilization ( ! human race s9ce v e>ly times4 ,"s ( ! olde/ furniture 9 exi/5ce1 t :i* 0 f\nd hidd5 9 ! ru9s ( anci5t ,egypt1 is ebony1 & !re is evid5ce among ! old records 9 ! l& ( ! ,nile t ! ,egyptians made voyages s\?w>d ?r\gh ! ,r$ sea & br\ght back c>goes ( ebony f ,punt1 a region 9 ea/]n ,africa4 ,! "n ebony is believ$ to be d]iv$ f a ,hebrew ^w1 probably br\ght to ,pale/9e by "s ( ,solomon's capta9s :o trad$ along ! s\? coa/ ( ,asia or ! ea/ coa/ ( ,africa ab\t ! "t ( ! build+ ( ! fir/ temple4 ,! botanical "n = ! g5us 7diospyros7 is made up ( two words mean+ 8,jupit]'s :eat0--suppos$ to be a ref]5ce to ! value ( p]simmons z food4 ,! "n1 h[ev]1 is n z old z ! ,hebrew ^w1 nor is ! ,hebrew z old z ! ref]5ces to ebony 9 ! records ( ,egypt4 ,a piece ( ! old furniture--n less ?an #d1jjj ye>s old--is /ill 9 exi/5ce4 ,x probably mat*es 9 age ! c$> ( ,lebanon c(f9s 9 ! olde/ ,egyptian tombs4 ,! ebony family consi/s ( five g5]a1 "o ( :i* is p]simmon 7diospyros74 ,?is g5us consi/s ( #afj species1 only two ( !m 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,?us ! p]simmon trees ( ?is c\ntry are a v small "p ( ! family to :i* !y belong1 b !y are a highly respectable "p ( x4 ,! ^w p]simmon is ( ,indian orig91 & 0 us$ by ! tribes ne> ! ,atlantic coa/4 ,! orig9al spell+ 0 8pessim910 & t 0 probably ab\t ! pronunciation giv5 x by ! aborig9es4 ,x has nev] be5 call$ by _m names4 ,x is kn[n z date plum 9 ,new ,j]sey & ,t5nessee1 & z possumwood 9 ,florida4 ,! avidity ) :i* opossums fe$ on ! fruit is responsible = ! "n4 ,! range ( p]simmon ext5ds f ,connecticut to ,florida1 & we/w>d to ,i[a1 ,miss\ri1 & ,texas4 ,x rea*es its l>ge/ size 9 ! ,s\?4 ,x is ( vigor\s gr[?1 spread+ by means ( se$s1 & also by roots4 ,! latt] is ! mo/ common me?od :]e ! gr\nd is op54 ,su* situations z old1 ab&on$ fields invite ! spread ( p]simmons4 ,roots ramify "u ! gr\nd1 & spr\ts spr+ up1 (t5 produc+ ?ickets ( an acre or m4 ,trees d n g5]ally rea* l>ge size if !y gr[ 9 t way1 b _! cr[d$ condition does n make !m fruitless z c be atte/$ to by _m a boy :o p5etrates ! p]simmon ?ickets by means ( devi\s pa?s t w9d ) _m a labyr9?ic turn :i* takes 9 all t is wor? f9d+4 ,! v>iation 9 ! quality ( p]simmons is great] ?an t ( mo/ wild fruits4 ,nature usually sets a /&>d & /icks closely to x1 b ! rule is n adh]$ to 9 ! case ( p]simmons4 ,"s are twice z l>ge z o!rs2 "s are nev] fit to eat1 no matt] h[ sev]ely or h[ (t5 !y are fro/$2 o!rs require at lea/ "o fi]ce fro/ to s(t5 _! au/]ity2 b "s may be eat5 ) reli% )\t ! ameliorat+ influ5ce ( fro/4 ,! au/]ity ( a gre5 p]simmon is due to tann94 ,x is suppos$ t cultivation might remove "s ( ?is objectionable quality1 b no great success has ?us f> att5d$ ef=ts 9 t direction4 ,japanese p]simmons1 :i* are ( a diff]5t species1 are cultivat$ ) success 9 ,cali=nia4 ,! sizes ( p]simmon trees v>y accord+ to soil1 climate1 & situation4 ,!y av]age r small1 b occasionally rea* a height ( #ajj feet & a diamet] ( ne>ly two4 ,mature trunks are usually little ov] twelve in*es 9 diamet]1 & _m nev] rea* t size4 ,! dry wood weighs #di4bh p\nds p] cubic foot1 :i* is ab\t ! weight ( hickory4 ,x is h>d1 /rong1 compact1 & is susceptible ( a high poli%4 ,! ye>ly r+s are m>k$ by "o or m b&s ( op5 ducts1 & scatt]$ ducts occur 9 ! re/ ( ! wood4 ,! m$ull>y rays are ?9 & inconspicu\s2 color ( he>twood d>k br[n1 (t5 ne>ly black2 ! sapwood is light br[n1 & frequ5tly conta9s d>k] spots4 ,! value ( p]simmon dep5ds l>gely ^u ! proportion ( sapwood to he>twood4 ,t 0 ! case =m]ly m ?an x is n[2 = until rec5t ye>s ! he>twood ( p]simmon 0 g5]ally ?r[n away1 & ! sapwood only 0 want$2 b dem& = ! he>t has rec5tly increas$4 ,!re is mu* diff]5ce 9 ! proportion ( he>twood to sapwood 9 diff]5t trees4 ,x does n seem to be a matt] ( size1 nor :olly ( age4 ,small trunks sometimes h m he>t ?an l>ge ones4 ,a tree a hundr$ ye>s old may h he>twood sc>cely l>g] ?an a lead p5cil1 & occasionally !re is none4 ,9 o!r in/ances ! he>t is comp>atively l>ge4 ,p]simmon has nev] be5 a wood ( _m uses1 z hickory & oak h be54 ,9 e>ly times x 0 consid]$ valuable almo/ :olly on acc\nt ( its fruit1 & t _h no comm]cial value1 z x 0 seldom (f]$ = sale 9 ! m>ket4 ,9 ! language ( ! s\!rn negroes :o fully appreciat$ ! fruit1 x 0 8some?+ good to run at0--mean+ t ! ripe p]simmons 7 ga!r$ & eat5 f ! trees :ile !y la/$1 b t few 7 pres]v$4 ,x is record$ t ! 8small :eel0 ( ! pione] cab9s 0 occasionally made ( p]simmon wood4 ,! :eel s designat$ 0 ! ma*9e on :i* wool & flax 7 spun by ! p 9 _! homes4 ,sp9n+ :eels 7 ( two k9ds1 "o l>ge1 ) ! op]ator walk+ to & fro1 ! o!r small1 ) ! op]ator sitt+4 ,x 0 ! small :eel :i* 0 sometimes made ( p]simmon4 ,!re is no app>5t reason :y x %\ld h be5 made ( t wood 9 pref]5ce to any "o ( a doz5 o!rs4 ,! dem& = p]simmon 9 a s]i\s way began ) its use z %uttles 9 textile factories4 ,weav]s _h made %uttles ( x = home use on h& looms = _m ye>s be=e ! dem& came f p[] looms :]e ! %uttles 7 ?r[n to & fro by ma*9]y4 ,up to "s ?irty ye>s ago1 %uttles = factories 7 g5]ally made ( ,turki% boxwood1 b ! supply fell %ort & ! advance 9 price caus$ a se>* = sub/itutes4 ,two satisfactory %uttlewoods 7 f\nd 9 ?is c\ntry1 p]simmon & dogwood4 ,! dem& came n only f textile mills 9 ,am]ica b f ^? ( ,europe4 ,! manufacture ( %uttle blocks became an indu/ry ( consid]able importance4 ,p]simmon wood is suitable = %uttles because x we>s smoo?1 is h>d1 /rong1 t\gh1 & ( prop] weight4 ,mo/ woods t h be5 tri$ = ?is article fail on acc\nt ( spl9t]+1 splitt+1 quickly we>+ out1 or we>+ r\gh4 ,! %uttle is n reg>d$ z satisfactory unless x /&s #a1jjj h\rs ( actual "w4 ,"s woods :i* are satisfactory = _m o!r purposes w n la/ an h\r z a %uttle4 ,! manufacture ( %uttles1 aft] ! squ>e has be5 r\gh$ out1 requires tw5ty-two op]ations4 ,probably m %uttlewood comes f ,arkansas ?an f any o!r section1 ?\gh a doz5 or m /ates contribute p]simmon4 ,! total sawmill cut ( ?is wood 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is ab\t #b1ejj1jjj feet1 b ?is does n include t :i* nev] passes ?r\gh a sawmill4 ,! wood has o!r uses4 ,x has lately met dem& f manufactur]s ( golf heads4 ,skew]s are made ( x 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 & billi>d cues & mallets 9 ,massa*usetts4 ,! he>twood is d>k & %uttle mak]s & golfhead manufactur]s w n h x4 ,until rec5tly x 0 cu/om>y to ?r[ x away1 because no sale = x c\ld be f\nd4 ,x is n[ kn[n to be suitable = p>quet floor+ & = bru% backs1 & ! dem& = ! he>twood is z reliable z = ! sapwood4 ,a little ( ! d>k wood is cut 9 v5e] & is employ$ 9 panel "w1 & o!r is us$ 9 turn]y4 ,! se$s ( p]simmon furni%$ "o ( ! e>ly sub/itutes = c(fee 9 backwoods settlem5ts :5 ! g5u9e article c\ld n be obta9$4 ,!y 7 p>*$ & p\nd$ until suffici5tly pulv]iz$4 ,dur+ ! ,civil w> _m a conf$]ate camp 9 ! ,s\? 0 fragrant ) ! aroma ( p]simmon se$ c(fee1 aft] ! soldi]s _h add$ ! fruit to _! rations ( cornbread4 ,,mexican ,,p]simmon 7,diospyros texana7 gr[s 9 ,texas & ,mexico4 ,x is mo/ abundant 9 s\!rn & we/]n ,texas1 :]e x suits itself to diff]5t soils1 is f\nd on ri* moi/ gr\nd ne> ! bord]s ( prairies1 & also 9 rocky canyons & dry mesas4 ,! l>ge/ trees are fifty feet high & tw5ty in*es 9 diamet]1 b trunks t l>ge are n abundant4 ,! tree diff]s f ! ea/]n p]simmon 9 t ! sapwood is ?9n]1 & ! he>twood makes up a mu* great] proportion ( ! trunk2 ! uses are consequ5tly diff]5t1 s9ce x is tak5 = its d>k wood1 ! ea/]n tree = its light-color$ sap4 ,! fruit ( ! ,mexican p]simmon is little e/eem$4 ,x is small1 black1 & ! ?9 lay] ( pulp betwe5 ! sk9 & ! se$ is insipid4 ,until fully ripe x is exce$+ly au/]e4 ,! ,mexicans 9 ! ,rio ,gr&e valley make a dye ( ! p]simmons & use x to color %eep sk9s4 ,! fruit's supply ( tann9 probably contributes to ! tann+ z well z ! dye+ ( ! %eep pelts4 ,! wood is heavi] ?an ea/]n p]simmon1 & has m ?an ?ree fold m a%es 9 a cord ( wood1 am\nt+ to ab\t #afj p\nds4 ,! b>k is ?9 & ! trunk gn>l$4 ,! d>k color ( ! wood gives x ! "n black p]simmon 9 ,texas4 ,mexicans call x *apote4 ,s>g5t pron\nces x ! be/ ,am]ican sub/itute = boxwood = engrav+ purposes1 b x does n appe> to be us$ outside ( ,texas4 ,! wood is irregul> 9 color1 ev5 9 ! same piece1 be+ v>iegat$ ) light] & d>k] /reaks1 & cl\dy effects4 ,x ought to be f9e bru%-back mat]ial4 ,x is work$ into tool h&les1 lodge furniture1 canes1 rules1 p5 hold]s1 picture frames1 curta9 r+s1 door knobs1 p>asol h&les1 & maul /icks = arti/s4 ,illu/ration ,,fl[]+ ,,dogwood ,illu/ration3 ,,fl[]+ ,,dogwood ,,fl[]+ ,,dogwood 7,cornus ,florida7 ,! dogwood or cornel family is old b n num]\s4 ,x orig9at$ sev]al hundr$ ?\s& ye>s ago & spread ov] mu* ( ! _w1 b pref]r$ ! temp]ate latitudes4 ,"o species at lea/ cross$ ! equator & e/abli%$ itself 9 ! highl&s ( ,p]u4 ,!re are =ty or fifty species 9 all1 ab\t "o-?ird ( !m 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 b mo/ are %rubs4 ,black gum & tupelo are memb]s ( ! family1 & are giants comp>$ ) ! dogwoods4 ,9 ,europe ! tree is usually call$ cornel1 & t has be5 made ! family "n4 ,x is a v old ^w1 co9$ by ! ,romans be=e ! days ( ,caes>4 ,!y s nam$ x because x 0 h>d l horn 7cornus mean+ horn 9 ! ,lat9 language74 ,!y us$ x z %afts ( spe>s1 & s common 0 t use t :5 a speak] ref]r$ to a spe> he simply call$ x by ! "n ( ! wood ( ! h&le or %aft1 z :5 ,virgil describ$ a combat :i* 0 suppos$ to h occurr$ #hjj ye>s be=e ! ,*ri/ian era1 & us$ ! words3 8,clogg$ 9 ! w\nd ! ,italian cornel /ood40 ,! qualities ( ?is wood :i* l$ to important uses among ! ,romans1 h always made dogwood a valuable mat]ial4 ,civiliz$ nations d n ne$ x = spe> %afts1 b !y h o!r dem&s :i* call = l>ge am\nts4 ,! fl[]+ dogwood has o!r names 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,x is g5]ally kn[n simply z dogwood1 b x is call$ boxwood 9 ,connecticut1 ,rhode ,isl&1 ,new ,york1 ,mississippi1 ,mi*igan1 ,k5tucky1 & ,indiana2 false box-dogwood 9 ,k5tucky2 ,new ,engl& boxwood 9 ,t5nessee2 fl[]+ cornel 9 ,rhode ,isl&2 & cornel 9 ,texas4 ,its range ext5ds f ,massa*usetts ?r\gh ,ont>io & ,mi*igan to ,miss\ri1 s\? to ,florida1 & we/ to ,texas4 ,! area :]e x gr[s includes ab\t #hjj1jjj squ>e miles4 ,x is mo/ common & ( l>ge/ size 9 ! ,s\?1 comp>atively r>e 9 ! ,nor?1 g5]ally occurs 9 ! %ade ( tall] trees1 & pref]s well-dra9$ soil1 b is n p>ticul> :e!r x is f]tile or ?94 ,! dogwood is valuable z ornam5t & = its wood4 ,x 0 =m]ly a s\rce ( m$ic9e1 f roots1 b>k1 & fl[]s2 b x seems to h be5 l>gely displac$ by o!r drugs2 0 once consid]$ a good sub/itute = qu99e1 t use hav+ be5 le>n$ f ,indian doctors4 ,! ,indians dug roots = a sc>let dye ) :i* ! va9 w>rior /a9$ escut*eons on bucksk91 & color$ porcup9e quills & bald eagle fea!rs = decorat+ 8 moccas9s & 8 hair4 ,! dogwood v>ies 9 size f a %rub ) _m bran*es to a tree =ty feet high1 eighte5 in*es 9 diamet]1 & ) a flat b %apely cr[n4 ,! trunk rises z a %aft ) little tap]1 until ! fir/ bran*es are rea*$4 ,all ! bran*es />t at ! same place1 & ! trunk ends abruptly--divides into bran*es4 ,fl[]s are an important "p ( ! tree1 z might be inf]r$ f ! prom95ce giv5 !m 9 ! tree's names4 ,9 ! ,s\? ! fl[]s appe> 9 ,m>*1 9 ! ,nor? 9 ,may1 & 9 bo? regions be=e ! op5+ ( ! leaves4 ,! fl[]s on vigor\s trees are ?ree or f\r in*es across1 :ite1 & v %[y4 ,a dogwood tree 9 full bloom aga9/ a hillside 9 spr+ is a mo/ conspicu\s object1 & is ju/ly admir$ by all :o h appreciation ( beauty4 ,! fl[]s fall z leaves appe>1 & = "s mon?s ! tree occupies its little space 9 ! =e/ unobs]v$2 b 9 ! autumn x bur/s aga9 into glory1 & :ile n q z conspicu\s an object z :5 9 bloom1 x is no less wor?y ( admiration4 ,! fall ( ! leaves reveals ! brilliant sc>let fruit :i* lad5s ! bran*es4 ,! b]ries are j l>ge en\gh = a good m\?ful = a bird1 b birds sp>e !m until fully ripe to ! h>ve/1 & !y !n h>ve/ !m v rapidly4 ,! tree is ?us p]mitt$ to display its fruit a consid]able "t be=e yield+ x to ! fea!r$ inhabitants ( ! air ^: mission 9 =e/ economy is to scatt] ! se$s ( trees1 :5 nature provides ! se$s !mselves ) no w+s = fly+4 ,! two p]iods 9 ! ye> :5 dogwood is highly ornam5tal1 ! fl[]s 9 spr+ be=e leaves appe>1 & fruit 9 autumn aft] leaves fall1 are responsible = ?is tree's importance 9 ornam5tal plant+4 ,x is a common p>k tree1 b x is small1 g5]ally n m ?an fifte5 feet high1 & x occupies subord9ate places 9 ! plans ( ! l&scape g>d54 ,x is a fill] betwe5 oaks1 p9es1 & spruces1 & x passes unnotic$1 except :5 9 bloom & 9 fruit4 ,dogwood is ab\t f\r p\nds p] cubic foot heavi] ?an :ite oak1 has ! same break+ /r5g?1 & is l[] 9 ela/icity4 ,x is q commonly believ$ t ?is tree has no he>twood1 b ! belief is errone\s4 ,x seldom has mu*1 & small trunks (t5 none2 b :5 dogwood rea*es maturity x develops he>t4 ,sometimes ! he>twood is no l>g] ?an a lead p5cil 9 trunks =ty or fifty ye>s old4 ,! he>t is br[n1 sapwood is :ite1 & is ! "p want$ by ! us]s ( dogwood4 ,annual r+s are obscure & x is a tree ( sl[ gr[?4 ,! wood is z ne>ly )\t figure z any 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,x seldom or nev] goes to sawmills4 ,! logs are too small4 ,mo/ ( ! supply is b\ght by manufactur]s ( %uttles & golf /ick heads1 9 ?is c\ntry & ,europe4 ,!y pur*ase x by ! cord or piece4 ,x does n figure mu* 9 any "p ( ! lumb] bus9ess1 b is cut & m>ket$ 9 ways peculi> to itself4 ,log cutt]s 9 h>dwood =e/s pay little att5tion to x4 ,! dogwood h>ve/ comes pr9cipally f s\!rn /ates4 ,village m]*ants are ! *ief collectors1 & !y sell to contractors :o %ip to buy]s 9 ! manufactur+ c5t]s4 ,! village m]*ants buy f f>m]s1 :o cut a /ick "h & !re z !y f9d x 9 woodlots1 =e/s1 or by ! wayside1 on _! own l& or somebody else's4 ,:5 ! cutt] next drives to t[n he ?r[s 8 few dogwoods 9 ! wagon1 & trades !m to ! /ore keep] = groc]ies or o!r m]*&ise4 ,x is small bus9ess1 b 9 ! aggregate x br+s toge!r en\gh dogwood to supply ! trade4 ,dogwood has _m uses1 b none o!r approa*es %uttle mak+ & golfhead manufacture 9 importance4 ,! wood is made into bru% blocks1 w$ges1 engrav]'s blocks1 tool h&les1 ma*9]y be>+s z a sub/itute = lignum-vit1 small hubs1 & _m k9ds ( turn]y & o!r small articles4 ,,we/]n ,,dogwood 7,cornus nuttallii7 is a l>g]1 tall] tree ?an ! ea/]n fl[]+ dogwood4 ,a height ( #ajj feet is claim$ = x 9 ! l[ c\ntry along ! coa/ ( ,briti% ,columbia1 b !re are no au!ntic reports ( trees s l>ge any:]e s\? ( ! b\nd>y betwe5 ,canada & ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,its height ranges f tw5ty to fifty feet1 & its diamet] f six to tw5ty in*es4 ,! appe>ance is mu* ! same z its ea/]n relative4 ,its b]ries are r$1 & gr[ 9 clu/]s ( =ty or less2 ! b>k on old trunks is r\gh1 b is smoo? on ^? ( m$ium size2 ! fl[]s are g5]ally describ$ z v l>ge & %[y1 b ! true fl[] is q an inconspicu\s affair1 be+ a small1 gre5i%-yell[1 button-l clu/]1 surr\nd$ by f\r or six sn[y-:ite or sometimes p9ki% scales :i* are popul>ly b errone\sly suppos$ to =m a portion ( ! real fl[]4 ,! we/]n dogwood 9 its native =e/ (t5 puts out fl[]s 9 autumn2 is well suppli$ ) foliage :i* assumes r$ & orange colors 9 ! fall :5 ! %[y b]ries are at _! be/4 ,h[ev]1 ! tree has n yet won its way into ! good graces ( l&scape g>d5]s1 & has n be5 mu* plant$ 9 p>ks4 ,x wants "s ( ! good po9ts possess$ by ! fl[]+ dogwood4 ,! we/]n tree %[s to be/ advantage 9 its native =e/ :]e x ?rives on g5tle m\nta9 slopes & 9 l[ bottoms1 valleys1 & gul*es1 provid$ ! soil is well dra9$ & ri*4 ,x runs s\?w>d fifte5 hundr$ miles f ,vanc\v] isl& to s\!rn ,cali=nia4 ,x c>es little = sun%9e1 & (t5 is f\nd gr[+ nicely 9 d5se %ade4 ,se$l+s d bett] :]e %ade is deep4 ,! wood is light] b some:at /rong] ?an t ( ! fl[]+ dogwood2 is pale r$di%-br[n1 ) ?ick sapwood2 is h>d1 & *ecks badly 9 season+4 ,mature trees are f #ajj to #aej ye>s4 ,,blue ,,dogwood 7,cornus alt]nifolia7 is giv5 t "n because ( ! blue fruit x be>s4 ,x has a numb] ( o!r names1 among !m be+ purple dogwood1 gre5 osi]1 umbrella tree1 pigeonb]ry1 & alt]nate-leav$ dogwood1 ! la/ be+ simply a translation ( its botanical "n4 ,x gr[s 9 m nor!rn latitudes ?an ! fl[]+ dogwood1 & does n range z f> s\?4 ,x is f\nd f ,nova ,scotia to ,alabama1 & we/w>d to ,m9nesota1 b its s\!rn habitat lies along ! ,appala*ian m\nta9 ranges4 ,x atta9s size & assumes =m simil> to ! fl[]+ dogwood4 ,! wood is heavy1 h>d1 br[n1 t+$ ) r$1 ! sapwood :ite4 ,x is a deep =e/ tree1 b has be5 dome/icat$ 9 a few in/ances :]e x has be5 plant$ z ornam5t4 ,! wood seems to possess ! good qualities ( fl[]+ dogwood1 b no reports ( uses = x h be5 made4 ,two v>ieties ( fl[]+ dogwood h be5 produc$ by cultivation1 weep+ dogwood 7,cornus florida p5dula71 & r$-bract dogwood 7,cornus florida rubra74 ,engli% cornel or dogwood 7,cornus mas7 has be5 plant$ 9 _m p>ts ( ?is c\ntry4 ,! s-call$ ,jamaica dogwood is n 9 ! dogwood family4 ,,&rom$a 7,&rom$a f]rug9ea7 is a small s\!rn tree ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 ,georgia1 & ,florida1 & 9 ! latt] /ate is sometimes kn[n z titi1 ?\gh o!r trees also be> t "n4 ,! l>ge/ are ?irty feet high1 if by *ance "o c be f\nd /&+ erect1 = mo/ ( !m pref] to sprawl at full l5g? on ! gr\nd4 ,! fruit is a small b]ry ( no value4 ,! wood is weak1 b h>d & suffici5tly compact to receive f9e poli%4 ,! he>twood is light br[n1 t+$ ) r$4 ,illu/ration ,,cali=nia ,,laurel ,illu/ration3 ,,cali=nia ,,laurel ,,cali=nia ,,laurel 7,umbellul>ia ,cali=nica7 ,?is tree's range lies 9 s\!rn ,oregon & 9 ,cali=nia4 ,x is a memb] ( ! laurel family & is closely relat$ to ! ea/]n sassafras & ! r$ & ! swamp bays ( ! s\!rn /ates2 b x is n ne> k9 to ! ea/]n laurels :i*1 /range z x may appe>1 d n belong to ! laurel family1 not)/&+ ! names !y be>4 ,! p ( ,cali=nia & ,oregon h sev]al names = ?is int]e/+ tree4 ,x is kn[n z m\nta9 laurel1 ,cali=nia bay tree1 myrtle tree1 cajeput1 ,cali=nia olive1 spice tree1 laurel1 bay tree1 oreodaphne1 & ,cali=nia sassafras4 ,^? :o call x laurel "n x on acc\nt ( its l>ge1 lu/r\s1 ?ick leaves :i* adh]e to ! bran*es f two to six ye>s4 ,all new leaves d n come at once1 z ) mo/ trees1 b appe> a few at a "t dur+ ! :ole summ]4 ,! names :i* connect ?is tree ) sassafras1 spice & cajeput are bas$ on odor & ta/e4 ,all memb]s ( ! laurel family 9 ?is c\ntry are *>act]iz$ by pung5t1 aromatic odor & ta/e1 & ! "o "u consid]ation %>es ^! prop]ties 9 a rem>kable degree4 ,:5 ! leaves & ! gre5 b>k are cru%$1 !y give (f a light1 volatile oil 9 follicles :i* float 9 ! air1 l ^? ( an onion1 & :5 inhal$ x produces sev]e pa9 ov] ! eyes1 & may induce dizz9ess & viol5t sneez+4 ,?\gh ! symptoms are al>m+ to "o :o is und]go+ ! exp]i5ce = ! fir/ "t1 no s]i\s inconv5i5ce foll[s4 ,dri$ leaves are capable ( produc+ a simil> effect b ) less viol5ce4 ,! ,cali=nia laurel's close relation%ip to ! camphor tree is readily believ$ by p]sons :o inhale "s ( ! oily spray f ! cru%$ leaves4 ,attempts h be5 made to produce ! comm]cial oil ( cajeput1 or a sub/itute = x1 by di/ill+ ! leaves & b>k ( ?is laurel4 ,a passable sub/itute has be5 manufactur$1 b x _c be m>ket$ z ! g5u9e article4 ,by di/ill+ ! fruit a product kn[n z umbellulic acid has be5 obta9$4 ,! ,cali=nia laurel c>ries a v d5se cr[n ( leaves4 ,?is is due p>tly to ! old crops :i* hang s long1 & to ! tree's habit ( l5g!n+ its lead+ %oots dur+ ! gr[+ season1 & ! con/ant appe>ance ( "y leaves on ! l5g!n+ %oots4 ,x c /& an almo/ unlimit$ am\nt ( %ade itself1 & is by no means backw>d 9 giv+ abundance ( %ade to small gr[? :i* is try+ to /ruggle up to light f bel[4 ,x delights 9 d5se ?ickets1 b x pref]s ?ickets ( its own species4 ,its fruit+ habits & its disposition to occupy ! damp1 ri* soil along ! banks ( small wat] c\rses1 are responsible = ! ?ick /&s4 ,! fruit itself is an int]e/+ ?+4 ,x is yell[i%-gre5 9 color1 z l>ge z a good-siz$ olive1 & looks mu* l x4 ,! fruit rip5s 9 ,octob]1 & falls 9 "t to get ! b5efit ( ! autumn ra9s :i* visit ! ,pacific coa/4 ,s9ce ! trees g5]ally gr[ along gul*es1 ! fruit falls & rolls to ! bottom4 ,! fir/ da%+ ra9 s5ds a flood d[n ! gul*es1 ! laurel drupes are c>ri$ along & are buri$ 9 mud :]ev] !y c f9d a re/+ place4 ,g]m9ation takes place soon aft]4 ,! fruit rema9s "u ! mud1 atta*$ to ! roots ( ! "y plants1 until ! foll[+ summ]4 ,! result is t if a laurel gets a foo?old 9 a gul* ?r\gh :i* wat] occasionally fl[s1 l9es ( "y laurels w ev5tually cov] ! banks ( ! gul* z f> d[n /ream z conditions are favorable4 ,! wood ( ,cali=nia laurel weighs #dj4fj p\nds p] cubic foot :5 kiln-dri$4 ,t is n9e p\nds heavi] ?an sassafras4 ,x is v heavy :5 gre5 & s9ks :5 plac$ 9 wat]4 ,x is h>d & v firm1 ri* yell[i% br[n 9 color1 (t5 beautifully mottl$2 b ?is applies to ! he>twood only1 & n to ! ?ick sapwood4 ,lumb]m5 h discov]$ t ! wood's color c be mat]ially *ang$ by imm]s+ ! logs :5 gre51 & leav+ !m subm]g$ a long "t4 ,! beautiful 8black myrtle10 :i* has be5 s mu* admir$1 is no?+ m ?an ,cali=nia laurel :i* has und]gone ! cold wat] treatm5t4 ,! annual r+s ( gr[? are cle>ly m>k$ by d>k b&s ( summ]wood4 ,! r+s are (t5 wide1 b n always1 = sometimes ! gr[? is v sl[4 ,! wood is diffuse-por\s1 & ! pores are small & n num]\s4 ,! wood's figure is br\ght out be/ by tang5tial saw+1 z is ! case ) s _m woods :i* h cle>ly-m>k$ r+s b small & obscure m$ull>y rays4 ,figure is n uni=m2 t is1 "o trunk may produce a patt]n q diff]5t f ano!r4 ,! figure ( "s logs is p>ticul>ly beautiful2 ^! logs are select$ = special purposes4 ,sudwor? says t none ( our h>dwoods excels x 9 beautiful gra9 :5 f9i%$1 & ,s>g5t is /ill m emphatic :5 he decl>es t x is 8! mo/ valuable wood produc$ 9 ! =e/s ( ,pacific ,nor? ,am]ica = int]ior f9i% ( h\ses & = furniture40 ,! wood ( ?is tree has m ?an n9ety p] c5t ( ! /r5g? ( :ite oak1 is consid]ably /iff]1 & conta9s a small] am\nt ( a%1 weight = weight ( wood4 ,! species rea*es its be/ developm5t 9 ! ri* valleys ( s\?we/]n ,oregon1 :]e1 ) ! broadleaf maple1 x =ms a consid]able "p ( ! =e/ gr[?4 ,! l>ge/ trees are f sixty to eighty feet high1 & two to f\r 9 diamet]4 ,9 cr[d$ /&s ! trunks are %apely1 & (t5 measure ?irty or =ty feet to ! fir/ limbs2 b m commonly ! trunk is %ort4 ,! boat y>ds 9 s\?we/]n ,oregon 7 ! fir/ to use ,cali=nia laurel = comm]cial purposes1 b e>ly settl]s made a po9t ( procur+ x = fuel :5 !y c\ld4 ,! oil 9 ! wood causes x to burn ) a *e]ful blaze1 & camp]s 9 ! m\nta9s consid] !mselves =tunate :5 !y f9d a supply = ! ev5+ bonfire4 ,%ipbuild]s h drawn ^u ?is wood = fifty ye>s = mat]ial4 ,x is made into pilot :eels1 int]ior f9i%1 cleats1 cros/ies1 & sometimes deck plank+4 ,furniture mak]s long ago made a specialty ( ! wood = _! ,san ,francisco trade4 ,= ?irty ye>s travel]s admir$ ! sup]b furniture ( ! ,palace hotel 9 t city1 & wond]$ ( :at wood x 0 made4 ,x 0 ! ,cali=nia laurel4 ,! hotel's furniture 0 h&-made1 or l>gely s1 at a "t :5 woodwork+ factories 7 few on ! ,pacific coa/4 ,! furniture 0 f9ally de/roy$ 9 ! ,san ,francisco e>?quake4 ,furniture is /ill "o ( ! products made ( ! wood1 b ! quantity is small4 ,o!r products are int]ior f9i%2 fixtures = banks1 /ores & (fices2 musical in/rum5ts1 includ+ organs2 ma!matical in/rum5ts1 & c>p5t]s' tools1 includ+ rul]s1 /raight-edges1 _s levels1 b5* screws & clamps1 & h&les ( _m k9ds4 ,mak]s ( novelties & small turn]y f9d x s]viceable = pap] knives1 p9 trays1 mat* safes1 bru% backs1 & _m articles ( l k9d4 ,"o ( ! l>ge/ uses = x is z walk+ beams = pump+ oilwells 9 c5tral & s\!rn ,cali=nia4 ,! beauty ( gra9 has no?+ to d ) ?is use4 ,c\ntry blacksmi?s repair wagons & agricultural implem5ts ) ?is wood4 ,f>m]s h long employ$ x ab\t _! premises = po/s1 gates1 floors1 & build+ mat]ial4 ,cooks flavor s\p ) ! leaves1 & p\ltrym5 make h5roo/s ( poles1 believ+ t ! wood's odor w keep insects away4 ,?is is probably ! old sassafras sup]/ition c>ri$ we/ by e>ly ,cali=nia settl]s4 ,,r$ ,,bay 7,p]sea borbonia7 is a s\!rn memb] ( ! laurel family1 & close ak9 to sassafras & ! ,cali=nia laurel4 ,! b>k is r$1 h5ce ! "n2 b x is kn[n also z bay galls1 laurel tree1 ,florida mahogany1 false mahogany1 & sweet bay4 ,x gr[s f ,virg9ia to ,texas1 b is mo/ abundant ne> ! coa/1 yet x asc5ds ! ,mississippi valley to ,arkansas4 ,! leaves rema9 on ! tree a full ye>1 b turn yell[ t[>d ! la/1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* ! species is n ev]gre54 ,9 %ape & color ! leaves resemble laurel4 ,! fruit is a small1 d>k blue drupe1 ) ?9 fle%4 ,! wood is heavy1 h>d1 v /rong1 r brittle1 bright r$1 ) ?91 light]-color$ sapwood4 ,x 0 once v popul> 9 ! ,s\? = furniture4 ,r>e pieces1 "s #aej ye>s old1 are /ill f\nd 9 s\!rn homes4 ,! wood 0 export$ prior to #agda f ! ,c>ol9as1 & ! quantity seems to h be5 consid]able4 ,x 0 !n reg>d$ z a f9] wood ?an mahogany4 ,x 0 export$ to ! ,we/ ,indies1 :]e mahogany 0 abundant1 & 0 made into furniture & f9i% = ! homes ( weal?y plant]s & m]*ants4 ,an old report describes ! wood z resembl+ 8wat]$ sat940 ,x 0 9 e>ly dem& by %ipbuild]s1 b x has n[ ceas$ to g to boat y>ds4 ,except 9 r>e in/ances1 x is n report$ by any wood-us+ indu/ries4 ,9 ,texas a little is made into p9 trays1 small picture frames1 canes1 & %elves4 ,x des]ves a m important place1 = :5 poli%$ & f9i%$1 x is "o ( ! h&some/ woods ( ?is c\ntry4 ,trees atta9 a height ( sixty or sev5ty feet1 & a diamet] ( two or ?ree4 ,,swamp ,,bay 7,p]sea pubesc5s7 atta9s a height ( ?irty or =ty feet1 b is seldom m ?an a foot 9 diamet]1 & is too small = saw timb]4 ,! wood is /rong1 heavy1 r s(t1 orange color$1 /reak$ ) br[n1 & n z h&some z its l>g] relative1 r$ bay1 :i* is associat$ ) x f ,nor? ,c>ol9a to ,mississippi4 ,x is an ev]gre5 9 "s cases1 b 9 o!rs ! leaves turn yell[ ! second spr+4 ,! black fruit is a drupe ne>ly an in* long4 ,! wood is )\t attractive figure1 s9ce its m$ull>y rays are obscure1 & ! annual r+s are indi/9ct & produce little contra/ :5 ! trunks are saw$ tang5tially4 ,color is ! *ief attraction t c be claim$ = ! wood4 ,a little is occasionally work$ into int]ior f9i%4 ,illu/ration ,,locu/ ,illu/ration3 ,,locu/ ,,locu/ 7,rob9ia ,pseudacacia7 ,locu/ belongs to ! pea family1 kn[n 9 botany z ,legum9os4#f ,9 mo/ p>ts ( its range x is kn[n simply z locu/1 b 9 "s localities x is call$ black locu/1 an allusion to ! color ( ! b>k2 yell[ locu/1 descriptive ( ! he>twood2 :ite locu/1 ref]r+ to ! bloom2 r$ locu/1 probably a ref]5ce to ! wood1 & gre5 locu/ = ! same reason2 acacia & false acacia2 honey locu/1 a "n :i* belongs to ano!r species2 po/ locu/1 because x has always be5 a favorite tree = f5ce po/s2 & pea-fl[] locu/1 a ref]5ce to ! bloom4 #f ,?is is a v l>ge family1 conta9+ trees1 %rubs1 & v9es1 su* z locu/s1 acacias1 beans1 & clov]s4 ,!re are #dcj g5]a 9 ! _w1 & _m times t _m species4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates has sev5te5 g5]a & ?irty species ( ! pea family t are l>ge en\gh to be class$ z trees4 ,_! common names foll[3 ,florida ,cat's ,claw1 ,huajillo1 ,texan ,ebony1 ,wild ,tam>9d1 ,huisa*e1 ,texas ,cat's ,claw1 ,devil's ,claw1 ,leucna1 ,*alky ,leucna1 ,screwbean1 ,mesquite1 ,r$bud1 ,texas ,r$bud1 ,honey ,locu/1 ,wat] ,locu/1 ,c(feetree1 ,horsebean1 ,small-leaf ,horsebean1 ,gre5b>k ,acacia1 ,palo ,v]de1 ,frijolito1 ,sophora1 ,yell[-wood1 ,eys5h>dtia1 ,indigo ,?orn1 ,locu/1 ,new ,mexican ,locu/1 ,clammy ,locu/1 ,sonora ,ironwood1 ,jamaica ,dogwood4 ,^! species are treat$ sep>ately 9 ! foll[+ pages1 & are giv5 space accord+ to _! relative comm]cial importance 9 ! p>ticul> regions :]e !y gr[4 ,sev]al ( ! names ref] to ! color ( ! wood1 & seem contradictory1 = yell[1 gre51 & r$ are n ! same2 yet ! names describe ) fair accuracy4 ,color ( ! he>twood v>ies ) diff]5t trees1 yell[ ) "s1 t+$ ) r$ ) o!rs1 & sometimes x might be appropriately call$ blue locu/1 = ! he>twood is ne>] t color ?an any o!r4 ,! natural range ( locu/ seems to h be5 conf9$ to ! ,appala*ian m\nta9 ranges f ,p5nsylvania to ,georgia4 ,x probably exi/$ z a l[ %rub 9 p>ts ( ,arkansas & ,oklahoma4 ,its range has be5 ext5d$ by plant+ until x n[ rea*es practically all ! /ates1 b is runn+ wild 9 only ab\t half ( !m4 ,x has receiv$ a great deal ( att5tion f =e/]s & tree plant]s4 ,x attract$ notice v e>ly1 because ( its h>dness1 /r5g?1 & la/+ prop]ties4 ,at "o "t ! plant+ ( locu/ came ne>ly be+ a fad4 ,9 ,engl& x 0 suppos$ t x w\ld rise to great importance 9 %ipbuild+1 & 9 ,france x 0 look$ ^u z no less important4 ,books 7 writt5 on ! subject 9 bo? ,engli% & ,fr5*4 ,all ! details ( plant+ & utilization 7 discuss$4 ,its g5]ic "n1 ,rob9ia1 is 9 honor ( a ,fr5*man1 ,rob94 ,extravagant claims 7 once made = ! wood4 ,:5 ,am]ican %ips 7 ga9+ victory aft] victory ov] ,engli% vessels 9 ! w> ( #ahab1 x 0 ass]t$ 9 ,engl& t ! cause ( ,am]ican success 0 ! locu/ timb] 9 _! %ips4 ,! claim may h be5 p>tly true1 b o!r factors contribut$ to ! ph5om5al s]ies ( successes4 ,! locu/ craze di$ a natural dea?4 ,too mu* 0 claim$ = ! wood4 ,possibilities 9 ! way ( gr[? 7 ov] e/imat$4 ,x 0 assum$ t ! tree1 if plant$1 w\ld gr[ ev]y:]e z vigor\sly z on its native m\nta9s 9 ,p5nsylvania1 ,m>yl&1 & ,virg9ia1 :]e trees two or ?ree feet 9 diamet] & eighty feet high 7 f\nd4 ,exp]i5ce prov$ lat] t nature _h plant$ ! locu/ 9 ! be/ place = x1 & :5 transplant$ else:]e x 0 apt to fall %ort ( expectations4 ,outside ( its natural range x gr[s vigor\sly = a "t1 & occasionally rea*es l>ge size2 b 9 rec5t ye>s ! locu/ bor] has defeat$ ! ef=ts ( man to ext5d ! range ( ?is species & make x pr(itable 9 regions di/ant f its native home4 ,! tree is (t5 dev\r$ piecemeal1 bran*es & twigs break+ & fall+1 & trunks gradually disappe>+ b5ea? ! attacks ( ! hungry bor]s4 ,no effective me?od ( combat+ ! pe/ is kn[n4 ,! plant+ ( locu/ trees1 once s common1 has n[ ne>ly ceas$4 ,)9 its native range1 & beyond t range :5 x has a *ance1 locu/ is a valuable & beautiful tree4 ,x is valuable at all times on acc\nt ( ! sup]ior wood :i* x furni%es1 & beautiful :5 9 bloom & 9 leaf4 ,a locu/ 9 full fl[] is n surpass$ 9 ornam5tal qualities by any tree ( ?is c\ntry4 ,x is a mass ( :ite1 exce$+ly ri* 9 p]fume4 ,x blooms 9 ,may or ,june4 ,dur+ ! summ] its foliage %[s tropical luxuriance ) exquisite grace4 ,its comp\nd leaves are f eight to f\rte5 in*es long1 ) sev5 to n9e leaflets4 ,!y come late 9 spr+ & g e>ly 9 autumn4 ,! tree's ?orns1 resembl+ cat claws1 are affix$ to ! b>k only1 & usually fall ) ! leaves4 ,! fruit is a pod ?ree or f\r in*es long1 & conta9s f\r or eight w+less se$s4 ,!y dep5d on animals to c>ry !m to plant+ places4 ,! pods dry on ! bran*es1 & rattle 9 ! w9d mo/ ( ! autumn4 ,! tree spreads by und]gr\nd roots :i* s5d up spr\ts4 ,a locu/ 9 w9t] is n a ?+ ( beauty4 ,x appe>s to be dead2 n a bud visible4 ,its black1 angul> bran*es lack e l9e ( grace4 ,locu/ wood is rem>kable = /r5g?1 h>dness1 & durability4 ,x is ab\t "o p\nd p] cubic foot light] ?an :ite oak1 b is ?irty-f\r p] c5t /iff] & =ty-five p] c5t /rong]4 ,its /r5g? exce$s t ( %agb>k hickory1 & x is d\btful :e!r a /rong] wood exi/s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,its h>dness is equally rem>kable1 & is said to be due to cry/als =m$ 9 ! wood cells1 & kn[n z 8rhaphides40 ,its durability is probably equal to t ( ,osage orange1 mesquite1 & catalpa1 b x is n easy to fix a /&>d ( durability by :i* to comp>e diff]5t woods4 ,locu/ is ! be/ f5ce po/ wood 9 ?is c\ntry1 because x is usually mu* /raight] ?an o!r v durable woods4 ,! po/s are expect$ to la/ at lea/ ?irty ye>s1 & h be5 kn[n to /& twice t long4 ,= m ?an #aej ye>s locu/ 0 almo/ indisp5sable 9 %ipbuild+1 furni%+ ! tree nails or l>ge p9s :i* held ! timb]s toge!r4 ,x suppli$ mat]ial = o!r p>ts ( %ips also1 b 9 small] quantities4 ,! sub/itution ( /eel %ips = wood5 less5$ dem& = locu/ p9s1 & 9 _m in/ances l>ge iron nails are us$ to fa/5 timb]s toge!r4 ,9 spite ( ?is1 ! dem& = locu/ tree nails is ne>ly always ahead ( supply4 ,! wood's figure is fairly /rong1 due to ! contra/ betwe5 ! spr+wood & t gr[n lat]1 b n to ! m$ull>y rays1 :i* are small & inconspicu\s4 ,! wood is n 9 mu* dem& = ornam5tal purposes4 ,small am\nts are made into policem5's clubs1 rake tee?1 hubs = buggy :eels1 ladd] rungs1 & tool h&les4 ,! tree gr[s rapidly :]e conditions are favorable1 & v sl[ly :5 !y are n4 ,usually trees ( f5ce po/ size are tw5ty ye>s old at lea/1 b trunks ?irty five ye>s old h be5 kn[n to produce a po/ = ea* two ye>s ( age1 ?\gh t 0 exceptional4 ,railroads1 especially 9 ,p5nsylvania1 plant$ locu/ l>gely a few ye>s ago = ties4 ,x has be5 report$ t 9 "s in/ances expectations ( gr[? h n be5 fully realiz$4 ,,clammy ,,locu/ 7,rob9ia viscosa7 0 orig9ally conf9$ to ! m\nta9s ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a & ,s\? ,c>ol9a :]e its attractive fl[]s br\ght x to ! notice ( nurs]ym5 :o h enl>g$ its natural range a hundr$ if n a ?\s& fold4 ,x is n[ gr[n 9 p>ks & g>d5s n only 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ea/ ( ! ,mississippi riv] & z f> nor? z ,massa*usetts1 b 9 mo/ =eign c\ntries t h temp]ate climates4 ,x is usually a %rub1 b on "s ( ! ,nor? ,c>ol9a m\nta9s x atta9s a height ( =ty feet & a diamet] ( twelve in*es4 ,! wood is seldom or nev] us$ = any comm]cial purpose4 ,! leaves are f sev5 to twelve in*es long1 & conta9 ?irte5 to tw5ty-"o leaflets4 ,! fl[]s appe> 9 ,june1 possess little odor1 & are admir$ solely = _! beauty4 ,!y are m+l$ r$ & rose color4 ,! pods are f two to ?ree & a half in*es long1 & conta9 small1 mottl$ se$s4 ,! wood is h>d & heavy1 ! he>t br[n & ! sap yell[4 ,9 its wild haunts x is usually a %rub five or six feet high4 ,,new ,,mexican ,,locu/ 7,rob9ia neo-mexicana7 is a small s\?we/]n tree1 seldom exce$+ a height ( tw5ty-five feet or a diamet] ( eight in*es4 ,x ranges f ,colorado to ,arizona1 & takes its "n f its pres5ce 9 ,new ,mexico4 ,x rea*es its l>ge/ size ne> ,tr9idad1 ,colorado4 ,x is f\nd at elevations ( #g1jjj feet4 ,leaves are f six to twelve in*es long1 & ! leaflets numb] f fifte5 to tw5ty-"o4 ,! fl[]s appe> 9 ,may & are less %[y ?an ^? ( ! ea/]n locu/4 ,! wood is heavy1 exce$+ly h>d1 ! he>twood yell[1 /reak$ ) br[n1 ! ?9 sapwood light yell[4 ,?is locu/ is occasionally us$ locally = small po/s or /akes1 b is g5]ally too small4 ,x is sometimes met ) 9 cultivation 9 ,europe & ! ea/]n /ates4 ,,texan ,,ebony 7,zygia flexicaulis7 ranges f ! ,texas coa/ ?r\gh ,mexico to ,l[] ,cali=nia4 ,x rea*es a height ( ?irty feet or m1 & a diamet] ( two or less4 ,x is a beautiful tree along ! l[] ,rio ,gr&e :]e x rea*es its l>ge/ size4 ,! light yell[ or cream-color$1 v fragrant fl[]s bloom f ,june till ,augu/2 ! fruit rip5s 9 ,autumn b adh]es sev]al mon?s to ! bran*es4 ,mexicans roa/ ! se$s z a sub/itute = c(fee4 ,! color ( ! he>twood gives ?is tree its "n1 b x is n a true ebony4 ,! wood ( ! roots is black] ?an t ( ! trunk1 & small articles made ( roots resemble black ebony ( ,ceylon4 ,! trunk wood is liable to be /reak$ ) black1 br[n1 & m$ium yell[4 ,! r+s ( annual gr[? are frequ5tly ( diff]5t colors4 ,consid]able dem& is made ^u ?is wood 9 ,texas = cros/ies4 ,x is v durable1 b is s h>d t holes mu/ be bor$ = ! spikes4 ,x is sold 9 l>ge am\nts z cordwood1 & x burns well4 ,o!r articles made ( ?is s-call$ ebony are f\ndation blocks = build+s & roll]s = mov+ h\ses4 ,x is us$ also = small turn]y4 ,,huajillo 7,zygia brevifolia7 has no ,engli% "n1 b ,am]icans 9 ! ,rio ,gr&e valley :]e ?is tree gr[s call x by its ,mexican "n4 ,x is a l>g] tree 9 ,mexico ?an on ?is side ( ! riv]4 ,x is n (t5 m ?an ?irty feet high & six in*es 9 diamet]1 & is g5]ally a %rub4 ,its beautiful foliage looks l masses ( f]ns1 & ! fl[]s range f :ite to violet-yell[4 ,! wood is d>k1 h>d1 heavy1 & is seldom us$ = any?+ b fuel4 ,,florida ,,cat',s ,,claw 7,zygia unguis-cati71 ) a ,lat9 "n t w\ld make ,julius ,caes> />e & gasp1 rea*es its l>ge/ size 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates on ,elliott's ,key1 ,florida4 ,its "n ref]s to its curv$ ?orns4 ,trunks tw5ty-five feet high & eight in*es 9 diamet] are ! l>ge/ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,x be>s pods1 b ! leaves are n comp\nd1 ?us diff]+ f mo/ trees ( ! pea family4 ,! wood is n put to any use1 ?\gh x is v h>d & heavy1 ri* r$1 v>y+ to purple1 ) cle> yell[ sapwood4 ,x is said to *eck badly 9 dry+4 ,! b>k is us$ = m$ic9e 9 "s ( ! isl&s ( ! ,we/ ,indies4 ,illu/ration ,,honey ,,locu/ ,illu/ration3 ,,honey ,,locu/ ,,honey ,,locu/ 7,gl$itsia ,triacan?os7 ,?is tree has nev] suff]$ = want ( names1 b mo/ ( !m ref] ei!r to ! sweetness ( ! pod or to ! fi]c5ess ( ! ?orns4 ,! belief has long prevail$ t x 0 ! pods ( ?is tree on :i* ,john ! ,bapti/ f$ :ile a recluse 9 ! ,syrian des]t4 ,! tradition %\ld n be tak5 s]i\sly4 ,x 0 c]ta9ly n ?is tree1 if any1 :i* furni%$ food to ! prophet 9 ! wild]ness1 = x does n gr[ 9 ,syria4 ,"s relat$ species may gr[ !re1 = species ( ,gl$itsia occur 9 we/]n ,asia z well z 9 ,*9a1 ,japan1 & we/ ,africa4 ,! g5]ic "n is 9 honor ( ,johann ,gottlieb ,gl$its*1 a ,g]man botani/ :o di$ 9 #aghf4 ,! "n honey locu/ ref]s to ! pod1 n ! fl[]s4 ,! latt] are gre5i%1 inconspicu\s1 & ?\gh eag]ly s\ght by bees1 !y (f] no p>ticul> attractions to p4 ,few p]sons ev] notice !m4 ,9 "s ( ! s\?we/]n /ates ! tree is call$ black locu/1 ?\gh = :at reason x is n app>5t4 ,sweet locu/1 by :i* "n x is kn[n 9 sev]al /ates1 has ref]5ce to ! pods1 z d ! names honey1 & honey-%ucks locu/1 appli$ 9 diff]5t localities4 ,_m p]sons 9 nam+ ! tree h ?orns 9 m9d4 ,x is kn[n z ?ree-?orn$ acacia1 ?orn locu/1 ?orn tree1 ?orny locu/1 & ?orny acacia4 ,! botani/ :o nam$ x consid]$ ?orns a *>act]i/ic1 = ,triacan?os means 8?ree-?orn$40 ,no "o :o has ev] _h deal+s ) ! ?orns1 w fail to duly consid] !m4 ,!y are ab\t ! mo/ f]oci\s product ( ,am]ican =e/s4 ,! tree's trunk & l>ge/ bran*es bri/le ) !m1 /&+ out l porcup9e quills1 & %>p] ?an any ne$le devis$ by human +5uity4 ,microscopi/s use !m = pick+ up & h&l+ m9ute objects1 _! po9ts be+ smoo? & delicate ?\gh _! %afts may be /rong & r\gh4 ,?orns are arre/$ bran*es1 com+ f deep d[n 9 ! wood4 ,no m c "o ( !m be pull$ out ?an a limb c be extract$ by ! roots4 ,!y come f ! c5t] ( ! tree or limb4 ,"s put out leaves & become true bran*es1 b o!rs %>p5 _! po9ts1 assume an attitude ( ho/ility1 & rema9 ?orns to ! end ( _! lives4 ,"s ( !m are a foot long1 & are s /rong t birds fly+ aga9/ !m are impal$ & meet cruel dea?4 ,a well-arm$ trunk is pro( aga9/ ! agility & skill ( ! squirrel4 ,he _c negotiate ! ?orns1 & probably he tries only once4 ,! hot pursuit ( a dog w n compel him to attempt x4 ,all trees1 h[ev]1 are n =midably ?orn$2 "s h few1 & c]ta9 v>ieties h none4 ,! honey locu/ is sometimes call$ ! ,conf$]ate p9 tree 9 ! ,s\?4 ,?is is a ref]5ce to ! ,civil w>1 & ! use occasionally made ( ! ?orns by soldi]s 9 m5d+ ! r5ts 9 _! torn uni=ms4 ,! ?orns 7 once put to a some:at simil> use among ! ,alleghany m\nta9s :]e local factories = c>d+ & sp9n+ c\ntry wool employ$ !m to p9 up ! m\?s ( wool sacks4 ,! natural range ( honey locu/ has be5 greatly ext5d$ by man4 ,x 0 n orig9ally f\nd ea/ ( ! ,alleghany m\nta9s4 ,x grew f we/]n ,p5nsylvania to nor!rn ,alabama & ,mississippi1 & we/w>d to ,nebraska & ,texas4 ,x is n[ naturaliz$ ea/ ( ! ,alleghanies1 & s\?w>d to ! ,gulf ( ,mexico4 ,plant+ = ornam5tal purposes & = h$ges has be5 ! cause ( its ext5sion into new t]ritory4 ,9 spite ( ?orns1 x is ornam5tal4 ,its foliage is ?91 & its fl[]s inconspicu\s1 b ! tree possesses a grace :i* w9s x favor4 ,x gr[s v rapidly1 & 9 a %ort "t a se$l+ becomes a respectable tree1 & cont9ues its rapid gr[? a long "t4 ,9 s\!rn ,indiana & ,ill9ois1 :i* is ! be/ "p ( its range1 trees h atta9$ a height ( #adj feet & a diamet] ( six4 ,! av]age size ( =e/-gr[n specim5s is sev5ty-five feet 9 height1 & two or m 9 diamet]4 ,! leaves are sev5 or eight in*es long1 d\bly comp\nd2 ! fruit a pod a foot or m 9 l5g?1 :i* assumes a twi/ :5 ripe1 or sometimes w>ps sev]al ways4 ,! gre5 pod conta9s a sweet sub/ance (t5 eat5 by *ildr51 b x is believ$ to be ( little value = human food4 ,cattle dev\r ! pods :5 9 ! sug>y condition2 b !y _c (t5 obta9 !m1 because ?orns int]v5e1 :5 ! pods w\ld o!rwise be 9 rea*4 ,9 rural di/ricts1 a dome/ic be] is brew$ f ! "y fruit4 ,! juice extract$ f x is p]mitt$ to f]m5t1 b ! bev]age is probably nev] sold 9 ! m>ket4 ,! pods are 9 no hurry to let g & fall1 ev5 aft] !y are fully ripe4 ,!y become dry1 di/ort !mselves ) a numb] ( corkscrew twi/s1 & hang until late fall or e>ly w9t]1 rattl+ 9 ! w9d & occasionally %ak+ out a se$ or two4 ,honey locu/ has nev] be5 consid]$ important f ! lumb]man's /&po9t4 ,sawlogs g to mills "h & !re1 b nev] _m 9 "o place4 ,! wood is n li/$ "u its own "n1 b is put 9 ) some?+ else4 ,occasionally1 x is said1 x passes z sycamore 9 ! furniture factory1 ?\gh ! diff]5ce ought n be difficult to detect4 ,x d\btless dep5ds to a consid]able degree on ! p>ticul> wood1 = all honey locu/ does n look alike :5 conv]t$ into lumb]4 ,"s ( t 9 ! l[] ,mississippi valley might pass z sycamore if inspection is n too consci5ti\sly c>ri$ out4 ,! m$ull>y rays1 be+ d>k] ?an ! body ( ! wood1 sugge/ sycamore 9 qu>t]-saw$ /ock4 ,"s ( x goes into furniture1 f9i%1 balu/]s1 newel po/s1 panels1 & mold+1 p>ticul>ly 9 ea/]n ,texas4 ,9 ,l\isiana1 :]e wood ( simil> texture & appe>ance might be expect$1 x is n look$ on ) favor1 b is employ$ only 9 ! *eape/1 r\ghe/ "w4 ,! pr9cipal use ( ! wood is = po/s & railroad ties4 ,x la/s well1 & is /rong4 ,claims h be5 made t x is g5]ally equal & 9 "s ways sup]ior to locu/4 ,x is difficult to see on :at ^! claims are bas$4 ,x is light]1 less ela/ic1 & mu* weak]4 ,figures %[+ ! comp>ative durability ( ! two woods are n available1 b 9 l situations1 locu/ w\ld d\btless la/ mu* long]4 ,z timb] trees1 ! =m] may h ! advantage ov] locu/ 9 be+ free f attacks ( bor]s1 atta9+ great] size1 & ?riv+ 9 a mu* l>g] area4 ,x has be5 plant$ = ornam5t 9 o!r l&s ?an ?is1 & is n[ prosp]+ 9 all ! important c\ntries ( ! temp]ate zone4 ,"o v>iety is ?ornless1 & is kn[n to botani/s z ,gl$itsia triacan?os lvis2 ano!r has %ort ?orns4 ,,wat] ,,locu/ 7,gl$itsia aquatica7 looks s mu* l honey locu/ t ! two are (t5 suppos$ to be ! same species 9 ,l\isiana2 yet !re are a numb] ( diff]5ces4 ,wat] locu/ has few] ?orns & !y are small]1 & (t5 flat l a knife blade4 ,! pods are entirely diff]5t f ^? ( honey locu/1 be+ %ort & wide4 ,! two species %>e ! same range to "s ext5t1 b t ( wat] locu/ is small]1 ext5d+ f ,s\? ,c>ol9a to ,texas1 ,ill9ois1 & ,miss\ri2 b ! be/ ( ! species is we/ ( ! l[] ,mississippi :]e trees may rea* a height ( sixty feet & a diamet] ( two4 ,! wood is heavy1 h>d1 & /rong1 ! he>twood ri* bright br[n1 t+$ ) r$1 ! sapwood yell[4 ,! wood is mu* l t ( honey locu/1 & :5 us$ at all is employ$ 9 ! same way4 ,,texas ,,locu/ 7,gl$itsia texana7 is ( no importance z a timb] tree1 & des]ves m5tion only because its extremely re/rict$ range gives x an int]e/4 ,x exi/s1 z f> z kn[n1 9 a s+le grove on ! bottom l&s ( ! ,brazos riv]1 ne> ,brazoria1 ,texas1 :]e "s ( ! trees exce$ #ajj feet 9 height1 & a diamet] ( two4 ,! b>k is smoo? & ?91 ! leaves resemble ^? ( honey locu/1 & ! pods are ab\t "o-?ird z long4 ,,huisa*e 7,acacia f>nesiana7 is native along ! ,rio ,gr&e 9 ,texas1 b x is runn+ wild 9 ,florida f plant$ trees4 ,x is "o ( ! mo/ widely di/ribut$ species 9 ! _w1 bo? by natural disp]sal & by plant+2 & x is "o ( ! h&some/ memb]s ( ! l>ge gr\p ( acacias :i* includes m ?an #djj species4 ,x be>s delicate d\ble-comp\nd leaves1 small & graceful4 ,a tree 9 full leaf 9 its native wilds along ! ,rio ,gr&e looks l a trembl+ fluffy mass ( gre5 silk4 ,nature =m$ ! tree = ornam5t1 n = timb]4 ,x atta9s a height ( f tw5ty to =ty feet1 diamet] eighte5 in*es or less4 ,trunk usually divides into sev]al bran*es ne> ! gr\nd4 ,p]haps ! only place 9 ?is c\ntry :]e ! wood is us$ is 9 s\!rn ,texas :]e is x call$ 8cassie10 a %ort5+ ( acacia4 ,! wood s mu* resembles mesquite t locally !y are consid]$ ! same4 ,huisa*e w>ps & *ecks 9 season+1 b x is employ$ 9 a small way = furniture1 usually z small table legs1 sp9dles1 knobs1 & ornam5ts4 ,x takes high poli%1 & resembles ! be/ grades ( black walnut1 b is mu* heavi]1 h>d]1 & /rong]4 ,x is next to impossible to drive a nail into x )\t fir/ bor+ a hole4 ,:5 us$ z cros/ies1 holes mu/ be bor$ = ! spikes4 ,! he>twood resi/s decay a long "t1 b ! ?9 sapwood is liable to be riddl$ by small bor+ insects1 :i* seldom or nev] ent] ! he>twood4 ,,texas ,,cat',s ,,claw 7,acacia wrightii7 is a h>dluck tree ( we/]n ,texas :]e x is usually f\nd on dry1 gravelly hills & 9 /ony rav9es4 ,its twice-comp\nd leaves are among ! smalle/ ( ! acacias1 seldom exce$+ two in*es 9 l5g?4 ,! fragrant1 light yell[ fl[]s appe> f ,m>* to ,may1 & ! %ort pods rip5 9 midsumm]1 b l s _m trees ( ! pea family1 !y are 9 no hurry to fall4 ,! l>ge/ trees are ?irty feet high & "o 9 diamet]1 b mo/ p associate cat's claw ) l[1 tangl$ bru%1 t\gh z wire1 & arm$ ) curv$ ?orns s /rong t _! hold on clo?+ c h>dly be brok54 ,:5 a cat's claw bu% /rikes out to become a tree--:i* is infrequ5t--x gr[s rapidly4 ,x has be5 kn[n to atta9 a diamet] ( n9e in*es 9 tw5ty-?ree ye>s4 ,! he>t is d>k 9 color & exce$+ly h>d4 ,! color v>ies f ne>ly r$ to ne>ly black1 & takes a poli% almo/ l ivory4 ,! ?9 yell[ sapwood is prey$ on by bor+ insects4 ,he>twood is made into canes1 umbrella /icks1 tool h&les1 rul]s1 & turn$ novelties4 ,,devil',s ,,claw 7,acacia greggii7 has su* p>adoxical names z p>adise fl[]1 ram%orn1 & cat's claw4 ,x des]ves !m all :]e x gr[s wild on ! semi-des]ts ( ! ,s\?we/ f ,texas to ,cali=nia4 ,! d\ble-comp\nd leaves are "o or two in*es long1 its bright1 creamy-yell[ & exquisitely fragrant fl[]s are ! glory ( des]t places1 :ile its masses ( ?orns readily sugge/ ! common "n by :i* x is kn[n4 ,! wood is sc>ce1 b extraord9>ily f9e4 ,x is d>k ri* r$1 b cl\d$ ) /reaks & pat*es ( o!r %ades1 becom+ at times gray1 at o!rs gre54 ,no nail c be driv5 into x1 & an ord9>y gimlet w h>dly bore x4 ,x is s saturat$ ) oil t x is greasy to ! t\*4 ,x is manufactur$ into small articles1 b app>5tly is n us$ outside ( ! locality :]e x gr[s4 ,! wood is (t5 contort$1 due to pits & cavities :i* sl[ly close z ! tree advances 9 age4 ,!y add to r ?an detract f ! wood's beauty4 ,illu/ration ,,c(fee ,,tree ,illu/ration3 ,,c(fee ,,tree ,,c(feetree 7,gymnocladus ,dioicus7 ,?is tree is sc>ce ?\gh its range cov]s sev]al hundr$ ?\s& squ>e miles1 f ,new ,york to ,m9nesota1 & f ,t5nessee to ,oklahoma4 ,x nev] occurs 9 ?ick /&s1 & usually ! trees are widely scatt]$4 ,_m di/ricts ( l>ge size )9 ! limits ( its range appe> to h none4 ,! names c(feetree & ,k5tucky c(feetree ref] to ! cu/om ( ! pione]s1 :o settl$ ! region s\? ( ! ,ohio riv]1 & :o us$ ! grotesque fruit z a sub/itute = c(fee at a "t :5 ! g5u9e article c\ld n be procur$4 ,! se$ is a v h>d bean t c be procur$ 9 abundance1 :]e trees ab\nd4 ,! beans 7 s(t5$ by roa/+ or p>*+1 & 7 !n p\nd$ into meal ) hamm]s1 & boil$ = c(fee4 ,! bev]age 0 black & bitt]1 & a little ( x w\ld g a long way ) a mod]n c(fee dr9k]4 ,:5 ! ,k5tuckians 7 able to procure c(fee !y let ! wild sub/itute alone4 ,! "n 0 sometimes v>i$ by call+ x c(fe5ut or c(fe5ut tree1 & sometimes x 0 kn[n z c(feebean & c(feebean tree4 ,x is less easy to expla9 :y x 0 call$ mahogany 9 ,new ,york1 & virgilia 9 ,t5nessee4 ,"s knew x z ! nick] tree1 b ! reason = ! "n is n kn[n4 ,/ump tree 0 ano!r ( its names4 ,?is 0 meant to be descriptive ( ! tree's appe>ance aft] x _h %$ its leaves4 ,x has rem>kable foliage1 d\ble comp\nd leaves two or ?ree feet long1 ) f\r or five doz5 leaflets4 ,:5 leaves fall 9 autumn x looks z if ! tree is %$d+ its twigs2 & :5 all are d[n1 ! /ripp$ & b>r5 appe>ance ( ! bran*es sugge/s ! "n /ump tree4 ,! fl[]s are gre5i%-purple & are inconspicu\s4 ,9 ?is respect !y diff] f _m trees ( ! pea family :i* are not$ = _! attractive bloom4 ,! fruit is among ! l>ge/ ( ! tree pods ( ?is c\ntry1 rang+ 9 l5g? f six to t5 in*es & f "o & a half to two 9 wid?4 ,:5 fully gr[n !y are heavy en\gh to make _! pres5ce felt if !y drop on ! heads ( p]sons b5ea?4 ,!y are sl[ to fall1 h[ev]1 & x is n unusual = !m to cl+ to ! bran*es until late w9t] or e>ly spr+4 ,! c(feetree has be5 kn[n to atta9 a diamet] ( five feet & a height ( m ?an a hundr$1 b ! usual size is ab\t half ( t4 ,x pref]s ri* bottom l&s1 & ! trunks g5]ally sep>ate into sev]al /ems a few feet above ! gr\nd4 ,only "o species exi/s 9 ?is c\ntry1 & z f> z kn[n1 only "o o!r species else:]e1 & t gr[s 9 s\!rn ,*9a :]e x is said ! natives make soap ( ! pods4 ,x is n kn[n t any su* utilization has be5 attempt$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! c(feetree's range has be5 consid]ably ext5d$ by plant+ = ornam5t4 ,9 summ] x is attractive1 b f ! fir/ autumn fro/ until ! leaves put out ! foll[+ spr+1 x is un9t]e/+4 ,! spr+ leaves are late1 & ! bran*es are b>e m ?an half ! ye>4 ,! wood is heavy1 /rong1 & durable 9 contact ) ! soil4 ,! he>t is ri* light br[n1 t+$ ) r$1 ! sapwood ?9 & light] color$4 ,annual r+s are di/9ct4 ,! spr+wood is por\s & wide1 ! summ]wood d5se4 ,! m$ull>y rays are inconspicu\s & ( no value 9 giv+ figure to ! wood4 ,:5 ! annual r+s are cut diagonally across !y give figure l t ( a%4 ,! wood ( ! c(feetree has nev] be5 9 mu* dem&4 ,furniture mak]s may use x sometimes1 b specific in/ances ( su* use d n exi/ 9 manufactur]s' reports4 ,!re are _m places 9 furniture & f9i% :i* x might fill 9 a satisfactory mann]4 ,x is suitable = f5ce po/s1 & t is :]e x commonly gives s]vice4 ,x is occasionally employ$ z frame "w 9 h\se & b>n build+1 b is n s\ght = t purpose1 & is us$ only :5 x happ5s to be at h&4 ,?\gh ! tree has ! habit ( bran*+1 "s ( ! trunks gr[ tall & %apely1 & are good = two or ?ree sawlogs or railcuts4 ,an occasional tree s]ves z fuel4 ,m$ic9e is sometimes made ( a decoction ( ! fre% gre5 pulp ( unripe pods2 & ! leaves are report$ to produce a fly poison if soak$ 9 wat]4 ,,r$bud 7,c]cis canad5sis7 is also kn[n z ,judas tree1 r$ ,judas tree1 ,canadian ,judas tree1 & salad tree4 ,! la/ "n ref]s to a cu/om 9 "s p>ts ( its range ( mak+ salad ( ! fl[]s4 ,x is ! fl[] r ?an ! bud t is r$ & gives ! tree its "n1 ! bloom be+ conspicu\s 9 e>ly spr+4 ,! tree ranges f ,new ,j]sey to ,miss\ri1 ,texas1 ,l\isiana1 & ,florida1 b rea*es its fulle/ developm5t 9 s\!rn ,arkansas1 ,oklahoma1 & ea/]n ,texas :]e trunks fifty feet high & a foot 9 diamet] are f\nd4 ,x is %rubby 9 _m p>ts ( its range4 ,leaves are n comp\nd4 ,! fruit is a p9k or rose-color$ pod two or ?ree in*es 9 l5g?1 & by "s is consid]$ ne>ly z ornam5tal ?\gh n z %[y z ! fl[]s4 ,no "o ev] ?9ks ( r$bud z a timb] tree or consid]s its wood1 yet x might be us$ = a numb] ( purposes4 ,x is heavy & h>d1 b weak2 & ! he>twood is ri* d>k br[n t+$ ) r$4 ,! tree is plant$ = ornam5t 9 ?is c\ntry & ,europe4 ,,texas ,,r$bud 7,c]cis r5i=mis7 diff]s some:at f ! common r$bud1 b x takes a botani/ to po9t out ! diff]5ces4 ,! l>ge/ trees are =ty feet high & a foot 9 diamet]2 ! range ext5ds f ea/]n ,texas into ,mexico2 ! wood closely resembles t ( ! o!r species1 & is n kn[n to be us$ = any purpose4 ,,cali=nia ,,r$bud 7,c]cis occid5talis7 is (t5 class$ z a %rub1 b ,sudwor? gives x a place among ! =e/ trees ( ! ,pacific coa/4 ,! pea-%ap$ fl[]s are a cle> mag5ta color4 ,! pods turn purple :5 rip5+ b aft]w>ds *ange to russet-br[n4 ,! wood is d>k yell[i%-br[n1 b because ( ! smallness ( ! trunks1 x c nev] be important4 ,! tree is f\nd along ! ,cali=nia m\nta9s1 six hundr$ miles nor? & s\?2 is an abundant se$]1 & is valuable z a protection to slopes & rav9es1 & z an ornam5t4 ,,horsebean 7,p>k9sonia aculeata7 is g5]ally call$ retama 9 ! valley ( ! l[] ,rio ,gr&e 9 ,texas :]e ! species atta9s its l>ge/ size4 ,trees are occasionally ?irty feet high & a foot or m 9 diamet]4 ,trunks usually sep>ate 9 sev]al /ems ne> ! gr\nd4 ,! range ext5ds f s\!rn ,texas to ,cali=nia1 & ! species is naturaliz$ 9 s\? ,florida1 ! ,we/ ,indies1 & _m tropical c\ntries4 ,leaves v>y 9 =m1 & are occasionally eighte5 in*es long4 ,fruit consi/s ( pods1 ea* conta9+ f two to eight beans4 ,! yell[ fl[]s are small & fragrant2 ! b>k on "y twigs is gre51 b on old] trunks is br[n4 ,! br[n1 h[ev]1 is easily rubb$ (f1 expos+ ! gre5 b5ea?1 z may be se5 9 s*ool gr\nds 9 "s ( ! s\!rn t[ns 9 ,texas :]e ?is tree has be5 plant$ = ornam5t1 & abrasions1 due to *ildr5 climb+ ab\t ! spread+ /ems1 keep ! b>k gre54 ,! upp] bran*es are arm$ ) ?orns :i* disc\rage ! climb+ prop5sities ( *ildr54 ,! wood is heavy1 h>d1 t+$ ) yell[1 & is made into small novelties1 b is n ( mu* importance4 ,,small-,,leaf ,,horsebean 7,p>k9sonia microphylla7 is well nam$1 = ! comp\nd leaves1 ) f\r or six pairs ( leaflets1 are ab\t an in* long1 cov]$ ) hairs1 & fall at ! end ( a few weeks4 ,consequ5tly1 ! tree is b>e mo/ ( ! ye>1 except = ! pale yell[ fl[]s :i* appe> 9 spr+ be=e ! leaves1 & ! clu/]s ( /rip$ pods1 ea* conta9+ f "o to ?ree beans4 ,! pods are ne>ly always pres5t1 = !y h ! pea family habit ( adh]+ to ! bran*es a long "t4 ,trees rea* a height ( fifte5 or tw5ty feet1 & a diamet] ( t5 in*es or less4 ,! wood is v h>d & d5se1 9 color deep yell[i%-br[n1 (t5 mottl$ & /reak$ ) dull r$2 ! sapwood ?ick & yell[4 ,! wood is suitable = small articles1 b its sc>city r5d]s x ( little importance4 ,x is f\nd 9 ! des]ts ( s\!rn ,arizona & ! adjac5t p>ts ( ,cali=nia1 & is usually a small %rub4 ,,jamaica ,,dogwood 7,i*?yome?ia piscipula7 is ! lone repres5tative ( ! g5us1 & is f\nd 9 ?is c\ntry only 9 s\!rn ,florida4 ,x is n 9 ! same family ) ! dogwoods1 & its "n is mislead+4 ,! ,c>ib ,indians =m]ly us$ ! leaves to /upify fi% & r5d] !m easi] to cat*2 h5ce ! botanical "n4 ,! leaves are comp\nd1 b be> little resemblance to ! foliage ( mo/ memb]s ( ! pea family to :i* ?is tree belongs4 ,! fl[]s are ! tree's *ief s\rce ( beauty1 & are delicately clu/]$1 hang+ 9 bun*es a foot long4 ,! fruit is a pod ?ree or f\r in*es long1 ) f\r w+s runn+ ! full l5g?4 ,! w+s are useless = fly+4 ,trees are =ty or fifty feet high & two or ?ree feet 9 diamet]2 are common 9 s\!rn ,florida & on ! isl&s4 ,! wood is ( consid]able importance 9 ! region :]e x gr[s b figures little 9 g5]al m>kets4 ,x weighs #ed4dc p\nds p] cubic foot1 & is mod]ately /rong & /iff4 ,9 color x is a cle> yell[-br[n1 ) ?ick1 light] color$ sapwood4 ,x is v durable 9 contact ) ! gr\nd1 & 9 ,florida x is us$ = po/s1 & occasionally = railway ties4 ,x has be5 commonly report$ z a wood = boatbuild+ 9 ,florida1 b its importance = t purpose has probably be5 ov]/at$1 s9ce an inve/igation ( ! boatbuild+ indu/ry 9 ,florida fail$ to f9d "o foot ( ?is wood 9 use1 al?\gh "s may be employ$ b n li/$ 9 reports4 ,illu/ration ,,yell[-,,wood ,illu/ration3 ,yell[-wood ,,yell[-,,wood 7,cladra/is ,lutea7 ,?is wood's color is evid5tly responsible = its names yell[ a%1 yell[ locu/1 & yell[-wood 9 ,t5nessee1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 & ,k5tucky1 b no reason is (f]$ = ! "n goph]wood by :i* x is kn[n 9 "s p>ts ( ,t5nessee4 ,! botanical "n is bas$ on ! brittl5ess ( ! twigs4 ,x is ! only species ( ! g5us1 & x is n kn[n to gr[ any:]e1 except by plant+1 outside ( ,k5tucky1 ,t5nessee1 ,alabama1 & ,nor? ,c>ol9a4 ,x occurs 9 an area n mu* exce$+ #fj1jjj squ>e miles1 & x is n abundant 9 t area4 ,x pref]s lime/one ridges & slopes1 & does be/ :]e ! soil is f]tile4 ,x (t5 ov]hangs ! banks ( m\nta9 /reams1 & is mo/ abundant & ( l>ge/ size 9 ! vic9ity ( ,na%ville1 ,t5nessee1 :]e a few trees h rea*$ a diamet] ( ?ree or f\r feet & a height ( fifty or sixty4 ,a diamet] ( eighte5 or tw5ty-f\r in*es is a good av]age4 ,! tree's habit ( divid+ six or sev5 feet f ! gr\nd into two or m /ems is responsible = ! sc>city ( trunks suitable = saw timb]1 ev5 9 localities :]e trees ( l>ge size are f\nd4 ,h[ev]1 an occasional trunk develops a %apely =m4 ,x goes to sawmills s seldom t x is nev] m5tion$ 9 /ati/ics ( lumb] cut or wood-utilization4 ,mo/ p :o are acqua9t$ ) ?is tree1 "k x z plant$ /ock 9 p>ks & y>ds :]e x is a favorite on acc\nt ( its fl[]s4 ,! bloom may prop]ly be describ$ z r>e f two viewpo9ts4 ,! beauty ( its l>ge clu/]s ( :ite fl[]s diff]s f ^? ( all associat$ trees2 & x seldom blooms4 ,"o ye> ( pl5ty is g5]ally foll[$ by sev]al lean ye>s4 ,^? :o plant ! tree und]/& ?is1 & feel amply repaid = ! long wait1 :5 ! fl[]+ ye> arrives4 ,! plant$ tree is (t5 kn[n z virgilia1 t be+ ! "n "u :i* nurs]ies sell x4 ,fl[]s appe> ab\t ! middle ( ,june1 9 clu/]s a foot or m 9 l5g?4 ,x is claim$1 b ) :at correctness _c at pres5t be /at$1 t ! odor ( fl[]s ( diff]5t trees v>ies greatly1 be+ fa9t ) "s1 & /rong & luxuri\s ) o!rs4 ,! leaves are comp\nd1 b h no resemblance to ^? ( locu/ & ! acacias4 ,!y are eight or twelve in*es long1 ) five or sev5 leaflets4 ,9 autumn be=e fall+ !y *ange to a cle> yell[1 b adh]e to ! bran*es until r late 9 ! season4 ,! fruit1 :i* consi/s ( small pods hang+ 9 clu/]s1 is ripe 9 ,septemb]4 ,yell[-wood is a little bel[ :ite oak 9 /r5g? & sev5 p\nds p] cubic foot "u x 9 weight2 is h>d1 compact1 & susceptible ( a beautiful poli%4 ,r+s ( ye>ly gr[? are cle>ly m>k$ by r[s ( op5 ducts1 & conta9 _m ev5ly-di/ribut$ small] ducts4 ,! wood is bright1 cle> yell[1 *ang+ to br[n on exposure2 sapwood ne>ly :ite4 ,trunks ( l>ge/ size are g5]ally holl[ or o!rwise defective4 ,! uses ( yell[-wood h be5 few4 ,9 ! days :5 families 9 remote regions 7 "u ! necessity ( manufactur+1 gr[+1 or o!rwise produc+ ne>ly e commodity t ent]$ into daily life1 ! settl]s among ! m\nta9s ( ,k5tucky & ,t5nessee discov]$ t ! wood ( ?is tree1 p>ticul>ly ! roots1 yield$ a cle>1 yell[ dye4 ,! process ( manufacture 0 simple4 ,! wood 0 r$uc$ to *ips ) an ord9>y ax1 & ! *ips 7 boil$ until ! yell[ color+ matt] 0 extract$4 ,! result+ liquor 0 ! dye1 & x gave ! yell[ /ripe to _m a piece ( home-made clo? 9 ! cab9s ( m\nta9e]s4 ,! wom5 usually att5d$ to ! dye mak+ & ! manufacture ( y>n & clo?2 b ! m5 f\nd a way to utilize yell[-wood 9 produc+ an article once s common 9 ,t5nessee & ,k5tucky t no cab9 0 )\t x--! tru/y rifle4 ,! gunsmi?1 assi/$ by ! blacksmi?1 made ! b>rel & ! o!r metal p>ts1 b ! hunt] g5]ally 0 able to :ittle out ! wood5 /ock4 ,yell[-wood's lightness1 /r5g?1 & color suit$ ! gun /ock mak]'s purpose1 & he sl[ly hew$ & :ittl$ ! article1 fitt$ x to ! b>rel1 adju/$ x to 8 %\ld]1 & complet$ a weapon :i* nev] fail$ ! own] 9 "t ( ne$4 ,,frijolito 7,sophora secundiflora7 is f\nd 9 ,texas1 ,new ,mexico1 & s\?w>d 9 ,mexico4 ,! "n is ,spani% & means 8little bean40 ,a common "n = x 9 ,engli% is coral bean4 ,sophora is said to be an ,arabic ^w ( unc]ta9 mean+1 except t x ref]s to "s k9d ( a tree t be>s pods4 ,x is a species1 !re=e1 :i* draws its names f f\r languages1 :ile ! "n appli$ to x by ,coman*e ,indians is translat$ 8sleep-bu%40 ,! bright sc>let se$s1 z l>ge z beans1 b 9 %ape l door-knobs1 gr[ f "o to eight 9 a pod1 & conta9 a n>cotic poison1 8sophor940 ,x is probable t ,indians discov]$ t ! beans1 if eat51 produc$ sleep1 h5ce ! "n4 ,! tree is f tw5ty-five to ?irty-five feet high1 & f six to t5 in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! leaves are comp\nd1 & consi/ ( sev5 or n9e leaflets4 ,! small1 violet-blue fl[]s appe> 9 e>ly spr+4 ,!y are n conspicu\s1 b _! pres5ce _c escape ! notice ( a travel] 9 ! dry1 semi-b>r5 canyons & on ! bluffs :]e ! tree holds its gr\nd4 ,_! odor calls att5tion to _! pres5ce4 ,! p]fume is p[]ful b pleasant1 unless ! contact is too close4 ,! pods are f "o to sev5 in*es long1 & hang on ! b\ghs until late w9t]4 ,x is n believ$ t birds or mammals di/ribute ! se$s1 z _! poison r5d]s !m unfit = food4 ,runn+ wat] appe>s to be ! pr9cipal ag5t ( di/ribution4 ,! tree rea*es its l>ge/ size 9 ! vic9ity ( ,metagorda bay1 ,texas4 ,among ! dry we/]n canyons x is usually a %rub4 ,! small size ( ?is tree /&s 9 ! way ( ext5sive use ( ! wood4 ,x burns well & its pr9cipal importance is z fuel4 ,! weight is #fa4cd p\nds p] cubic foot2 x is h>d1 compact1 susceptible ( a beautiful poli%2 m$ull>y rays are num]\s & ?92 color is orange1 /reak$ ) r$1 ! sapwood br[n or yell[4 ,! wood is work$ into a few small articles4 ,,sophora 7,sophora aff9is7 ranges ?r\gh portions ( ,arkansas & ,texas4 ,x is popul>ly suppos$ to be a locu/1 & is call$ p9k locu/ or bead$ locu/1 ! fir/ "n bas$ on ! color ( ! wood1 ! la/ on ! appe>ance ( ! pod :i* looks l a %ort /r+ ( beads1 sometimes ?ree in*es 9 l5g?1 b usually %ort]4 ,9 e>ly times ! pione]s manufactur$ ink f ! pods4 ,x 0 a fairly s]viceable article1 b 0 nev] sold1 ea* family mak+ its own4 ,?is tree's fl[]s appe> 9 e>ly spr+ ) ! leaves4 ,trunks rea* a height ( tw5ty feet & a diamet] ( eight or t5 in*es2 b ! habit ( sep>at+ into sev]al /ems a few feet above ! gr\nd less5s ! use ( ! wood1 ev5 z po/s1 = ! /ems are usually v crook$4 ,! tree's pref]r$ habitat is on lime/one bluffs1 or along ! bord]s ( /reams1 or 9 depressions 9 ! prairie :]e small groves (t5 occur4 ,! wood weighs fifty-?ree p\nds p] cubic foot1 & is v h>d & /rong4 ,! annual r+s are cle>ly m>k$ ) b&s ( l>ge1 op5 pores2 m$ull>y rays are ?9 & inconspicu\s2 color ( ! he>twood light r$1 ! sapwood yell[4 ,! wood is n saw$ into lumb]1 b is :ittl$ into canes & tool h&les4 ,,gre5b>k ,,acacia 7,c]cidium floridum7 is prop]ly nam$4 ,its gre5 b>k makes up = its sc>city ( leaves1 & answ]s ! purpose ( foliage4 ,! manufacture ( ! tree's food goes on 9 ! b>k1 because ! leaves are too small to d ! "w4 ,! foliage resembles t ( locu/ & acacia 9 =m1 b ! comp\nd leaves are ab\t an in* 9 l5g?1 & ! leaflets are "o-sixte5? ( an in* long4 ,fl[]s are small1 b ! tree puts on ?ree or f\r crops ( !m 9 a s+le summ]4 ,! pods are two in*es long4 ,! tree is f\nd 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates only 9 ! s\? & we/ ( ,texas1 :]e x is occasionally call$ palo v]de4 ,x atta9s a height ( tw5ty feet & a diamet] ( t5 in*es :5 at its be/4 ,! wood is pale yell[ t+$ ) gre51 &1 because ( small size1 is ( little importance4 ,,palo ,,v]de 7,c]cidium torreyanum7 %$s its leaves & its pods s e>ly 9 ! season t its bran*es are b>e mo/ ( ! ye>4 ,trees are f fifte5 to ?irty feet high1 & "s are consid]ably m ?an a foot 9 diamet]4 ,its range cov]s a portion ( s\!rn ,cali=nia1 ! l[] "p ( ! ,gila valley 9 ,arizona1 & ext5ds s\?w>d into ,mexico4 ,x is a typical tree ( ! des]t1 & its extreme pov]ty ( foliage enables x to live 9 a dry1 hot climate4 ,x cl+s to ! sides ( des]t gul*es & canyons1 ekes out a dre>y life 9 depressions among desolate dunes & hills ( s& & gravel1 & sp5ds its allott$ p]iod ( ye>s 9 solitude1 gr[+ ei!r s+ly or 9 small gr\ps :]e ! full foliage at ! be/ "t ( ye> is insuffici5t to (f] mu* ob/ruction to ! full gl>e ( ! sun f a cl\dless sky4 ,! small fl[]s h little beauty or sweetness1 b :at !y h is wa/$ on ! des]t air4 ,wayf>]s 9 ! b>r5 c\ntry use ! wood = camp fires4 ,,indigo ,,?orn 7,dalea sp9osa7 receives its "n f ! color ( its fl[]s :i* appe> 9 ,june4 ,! tree has few leaves & !y fall 9 a %ort "t4 ,?is appe>s to be a provision ( nature to enable ! tree to endure ! heat & dryness ( its des]t home4 ,its range cov]s ! l[] ,gila valley 9 ,arizona1 & ext5ds into ! ,colorado des]t 9 s\!rn ,cali=nia4 ,x is n abundant1 & if x 71 x is ( a size s small t x is practically valueless = comm]cial purposes4 ,"s trees are a foot 9 diamet] & tw5ty feet high4 ,! wood is light1 s(t1 & ( a ri* *ocolate-br[n color4 ,x is kn[n also z indigo bu% & dalea4 ,,eys5h>dtia 7,eys5h>dtia or?oc>pa7 is s little kn[n t x has no ,engli% "n4 ,x gr[s f we/]n ,texas to s\!rn ,arizona1 b rea*es tree size only ne> ! summit ( ,santa ,catal9a m\nta9s 9 ,arizona :]e x is tw5ty feet or less 9 height & seldom m ?an eight in*es 9 diamet]4 ,x inhabits an arid region1 & be>s fruit sp>+ly1 ) usually a s+le se$ 9 a pod4 ,! wood is heavy & h>d1 light r$di%-br[n 9 color1 ) ?9 yell[ sap4 ,x is n ( comm]cial importance & probably nev] w be4 ,illu/ration ,,mesquite ,illu/ration3 ,,mesquite ,,mesquite 7,prosopis ,juliflora7 ,!re are kn[n to be sixte5 species at lea/ ( mesquite 9 ! _w1 9 ,asia1 ,africa1 & ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,! "o "h consid]$ has a geographical range ( at lea/ sev5 ?\s& miles nor? & s\?1 f ,kansas to ,patagonia1 & an ea/ & we/ range ( f\r ?\s& miles1 if ! naturaliz$ gr[? 9 ,hawaii may be consid]$ ! we/]n outpo/ ( ! species4#g #g ,botani/s h _h mu* controv]sy among !mselves conc]n+ mesquite1 p>ticul>ly z to :at is its correct "n4 ,9 giv+ 9 ^! pages "s ( ! important facts conc]n+ ?is int]e/+ tree1 or gr\p ( species & v>ieties1 x is n necess>y to t\* ! po9ts 9 dispute4 ,! g5]ic "n prosopis is a ,greek ^w mean+ 8burdock20 ! re/ ( ! botanical "n is ,lat91 mean+ 8,july fl[]40 ,mesquite is an ,aztec ^w 7mezquitl71 com+ d[n ?r\gh ! ,spani%4 ,o!r names = ! tree are alg>oba1 honey locu/1 honey pod1 & ironwood4 ,! l>ge/ size ( mesquite is f\nd along ! ,rio ,gr&e 9 s\!rn ,texas :]e trees ?ree feet 9 diamet] & fifty feet high are f\nd1 b individuals ( t size are r>e4 ,! species is suppos$ n to ext5d we/ ( ,new ,mexico1 b v>ieties gr[ f>!r we/4 ,! leaves are comp\nd1 ) tw5ty or m leaflets4 ,! foliage is ?9 & ca/s a p5umbr\s %ad[2 trees g5]ally occur wide ap>t1 & !re is en\gh sun%9e rea*+ ! gr\nd to satisfy grass & o!r plants gr[+ !re4 ,! pods are f f\r to n9e in*es long1 & ea* conta9s f t5 to tw5ty se$s4 ,! pr9cipal gr[? ( ?is tree 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is 9 ,texas4 ,x has be5 plant$ 9 ,hawaii & has run wild 9 "s ( ! isl&s ( ! gr\p4 ,x is ( sl[ gr[?1 b ( rem>kable vitality1 holds its own1 & ga9s gr\nd 9 ! face ( ob/acles4 ,p]sons well acqua9t$ ) conditions 9 ,texas1 bo? pa/ & pres5t1 say t ! mesquite area is at lea/ d\ble n[ :at x 0 :5 ! /ate came into ! ,union4 ,old /&s 7 scatt]$ "h & !re1 b hundr$s ( squ>e miles :i* 7 9 grass only1 & little ( t1 half a c5tury ago1 n[ support =e/s ( mesquite4 ,x is p]haps a misnom] to designate "s ( ^! /&s z =e/s1 = !y pres5t a r ragg$ & sorry appe>ance1 b !y are =e/s 9 ! process ( =m+4 ,! old gr[?1 :i* is f\nd pr9cipally 9 ! c\nties bord]+ on ! l[] ,rio ,gr&e1 is made up ( trunks ( l>ge size1 b ! /&s t h come on )9 ! pa/ fifty or sixty ye>s are ( small] trees4 ,a l>ge mesquite trunk is f "o to ?ree feet 9 diamet]2 a small "o f "o foot d[n to an in* or two4 ,a p]son w\ld ne$ to hunt f c5t] to circumf]5ce ( ,texas to f9d _m mesquite trunks t w\ld make a /raight sawlog twelve feet long4 ,! tree is g5]ally "o ( ! mo/ crook$1 de=m$ & unpromis+ 9 ! :ole c\ntry2 & its habit ( divid+ into =ks ne> ! gr\nd1 l a pea* tree1 makes x /ill m difficult to make use (4 ,9 fact1 9 w9t] :5 mesquite trees are b>e ( leaves ! appe>ance ( a =e/ rem9ds ! obs]v] ( an old1 neglect$1 diseas$1 moss-gr[n pea* or*>d 9 ! ea/]n /ates2 b 9 summ] ! leaves conceal mu* ( ! trunk scal9ess & de=mity1 & !re is some?+ positively re/ful & attractive 9 ! prospect ( a wide range ( ^! trees1 cov]+ hills & prairies4 ,! leaves are comp\nd l ! acacias1 & are delicate & graceful4 ,! spread ( mesquite 9 ! la/ fifty or sev5ty-five ye>s has be5 attribut$ to ! *eck+ ( grass fires :i* ,indians once set ye>ly to keep ! prairies op54 ,! disp]sion ( ! trees is facilitat$ by ! scatt]+ ( se$s by cattle :i* fe$ on ! pods4 ,x is a tree h>d to kill4 ,roots s5d up spr\ts ye> aft] ye> dur+ long p]iods4 ,sometimes1 b n (t5 9 ,texas1 :5 adv]se circum/ances become s sev]e t ! mesquite tree c no long] survive above ! surface1 x gr[s b5ea? ! gr\nd1 s5d+ only a few spr\ts up = air4 8,dig = wood0 is a t]m appli$ to trees ( t k9d1 :5 fuel is dragg$ out ) mattocks1 grab hooks1 & ox54 ,! roots ( ! mesquite p5etrate f>!r b5ea? ! surface = wat] ?an any o!r kn[n tree 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,dep?s ( fifty or sixty feet are occasionally rea*$4 ,well digg]s on ! fronti]s le>n$ to g to ! mesquite = wat]4 ,l>ge trunks nev] develop unless _! roots are abundantly suppli$ ) moi/ure4 ,railroad eng9e]s on ! 8,/ak$ ,pla9s0 ( nor?we/]n ,texas turn$ t k to acc\nt 9 bor+ wells4 ,?\gh mesquite is seldom or nev] m5tion$ 9 ! lumb] bus9ess1 x is & has be5 "o ( ! mo/ important trees ( ! region4 ,its fuel value is v great4 ,x has cook$ m food1 w>m$ m build+s1 burn$ m bricks1 ?an any o!r wood 9 ,texas4 ,! tannic acid 9 x injures boil]s & x is n mu* us$ = /eam purposes4 ,x is v high 9 a%4 ,a cord ( mesquite wood :5 burn$ leaves f n9ety to "o hundr$ p\nds ( a%es4 ,?is exce$s five fold ! a%es left :5 :ite oak is burn$4 ,mesquite is a high-grade furniture mat]ial1 ?\gh x is difficult to "w because ( its exce$+ h>dness4 ,ord9>y wood-work+ tools & ma*9]y w n /& x4 ,suites ( n9e pieces are sold 9 "s s\?we/]n cities at #bjj or #cjj4 ,! m]*ants f9d difficulty 9 gett+ mesquite furniture made4 ,factories d n want to h&le x1 ?\gh ! articles sell high] ?an mahogany4 ,l>ge1 heavy tables1 deeply c>v$1 are sold 9 "s ( ! cities1 b all seem to be made to ord] & l>gely by h&4 ,! appe>ance ( ! poli%$ & f9i%$ wood is a little light] 9 color ?an mahogany4 ,x is n uni=m 9 color1 b %ades f tone to tone 9 ! same piece4 ,a little ( ! light] color$ sapwood is work$ 9 ) pleas+ effect4 ,"s ( ! tones resemble black walnut1 & "s sugge/ ! lu/] ( poli%$ *]ry4 ,mesquite is brittle4 ,pieces ( l>ge size may be brok5 by a few bl[s ) an ax4 ,x has ab\t half ! /r5g? ( :ite oak1 & is v l[ 9 ela/icity4 ,! wood has be5 us$ = two hundr$ ye>s--possibly = ?\s&s ( ye>s--z beams & sills = adobe h\ses2 b x is n requir$ to c>ry mu* weight4 ,spani>ds employ$ x 9 build+ _! *ur*es & =ts )9 its range4 ,a timb] tak5 f ! ,alamo1 at ,san ,antonio1 ,texas1 9 #aiab1 0 said to h s]v$ m ?an #aij ye>s ) no sign ( decay4 ,f5ce po/s survive ! m5 :o set !m4 ,pav+ blocks outla/ s&/one subject$ to ! same use4 ,railroads 9 s\!rn ,texas employ ?is wood = cros/ies1 b x is s h>d t holes mu/ be bor$ = ! spikes4 ,mesquite baskets are made by h& ( splits ! size ( knitt+ ne$les1 "s ( :ite sapwood1 o!rs ( d>k he>twood4 ,su* baskets1 l>ge en\gh to conta9 five qu>ts1 sell 9 ! curio %ops at ,san ,antonio = #a4be ea*4 ,"s wagon mak]s insi/ t mesquite is 9 ! same class ) ,osage orange = wagon felloes 9 hot1 dry regions2 b x does n appe> t mu* ( x is s us$4 ,! brittl5ess ( ! wood is aga9/ x1 9 use z felloes1 except = vehicles ( ! heavie/ sort :]e l>ge pieces are dem&$4 ,among ! uses ( mesquite1 by-products are an important consid]ation4 ,! pods are food = f>m /ock4 ,be=e ! fir/ railroad rea*$ ,san ,antonio mesquite pods 7 a regul> m>ket commodity4 ,! ,mexicans "k h[ to make bread & brew be] f ! fruit2 tan lea!r ) ! res92 dye lea!r1 clo?1 & crock]y ) ! tree's sap2 make ropes & baskets ( ! b>k4 ,p>*$ pods are a sub/itute = c(fee2 bees /ore honey f ! bloom :i* rema9s two mon?s on ! trees2 ril$ wat] is purifi$ ) a decoction ( mesquite *ips2 v9eg> is made f ! f]m5t$ juice ( ! legumes2 tomales ( mesquite bean meal1 pepp]1 *ick51 & corn%ucks2 mucilage f ! gum2 & c&y & gum drops f ! dri$ sap4 ,"o ( ! mo/ promis+ uses = ?is wood is 9 turn]y4 ,%ort l5g?s c be utiliz$ to advantage4 ,! arti/ic color fits x = ! manufacture ( lodge gavels1 curta9 r+s1 goblets1 plaques1 trays1 & num]\s k9ds ( novelties4 ,sp9dles = grills & /airways d n suff] 9 comp>ison ) black walnut1 mahogany1 *]ry1 & teak4 ,! wood is por\s1 annual r+s n>r[ & indi/9ct1 & ! m$ull>y rays ?9 & inconspicu\s4 ,a v>iety 7,prosopis juliflora gl&ulosa7 is f\nd f ,kansas to ea/]n ,texas1 & also 9 ,arizona & ,cali=nia4 ,x is ! common mesquite ( ea/]n ,texas4 ,ano!r v>iety 7,prosopis juliflora velut9a7 occurs 9 "s ( ! hot valleys ( s\!rn ,arizona & s\?w>d 9 ,mexico4 ,,screwbean 7,prosopis odorata7 is kn[n also z screwpod mesquite1 & tornillo4 ,! "n is due to ! pod's habit ( gr[+ 9 spiral =m1 !re be+ a doz5 or m tight twi/s4 ,! fl[]s appe> 9 e>ly spr+ & new crops foll[ until summ]4 ,! pods rip5 e>ly 9 autumn or late 9 summ]1 & _m become infe/$ ) grubs4 ,! tree is f tw5ty-five to ?irty feet high1 & a foot or less 9 diamet]4 ,its range ext5ds f we/]n ,texas & ,utah & ,nevada ?r\gh ,new ,mexico & ,arizona to s\!rn ,cali=nia4 ,! wood is /rong] & /iff] ?an common mesquite1 b a little light]4 ,its uses are mu* ! same1 & x has ! same habits ( gr[?1 includ+ its disposition to develop enorm\s roots4 ,! "n might lead to ! conclusion t ! fl[] is ri* 9 p]fume1 b su* is n ! case4 ,! tree gr[s sl[ly & lives to old age1 if x escapes fire & o!r accid5ts4 ,,*alky ,,leuc,,na 7,leucna pulv]ul5ta71 commonly call$ mimosa1 occurs 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates only 9 s\!rn ,texas1 b is some:at abundant 9 ,mexico1 :]e trees sixty feet high & ne>ly two feet 9 diamet] are sometimes manufactur$ into lumb]4 ,along ! ,rio ,gr&e x is call$ 8tepeguaja0 by ,mexicans4 ,?is "n is said to be equival5t to 8h>dwood10 :i* is an appropriate "n4 ,x is v smoo? & h&some :5 f9i%$1 & is us$ = tool h&les1 small sp9dles1 grills1 & o!r small articles1 p>ticul>ly products ( ! la!4 ,9 color x resembles ! light] %ades ( mahogany2 weighs ab\t =ty-two p\nds p] cubic foot2 foliage extremely delicate & ! tree is highly valuable = ornam5tal purposes4 ,x has be5 plant$ outside ( its natural range4 ,! pods sometimes exce$ a foot 9 l5g?4 ,,leuc,,na 7,leucna glauca7 is small & probably w nev] be ( mu* importance4 ,trunks are seldom m ?an five in*es 9 diamet] & tw5ty feet high4 ,! tree gr[s 9 canyons & rav9es 9 we/]n ,texas4 ,! comp\nd leaves are six or sev5 in*es long1 ) ?irty or less pairs ( leaflets2 fruit is a pod six or eight in*es long4 ,! ri* br[n wood is /reak$ ) r$4 ,illu/ration ,,sweet ,,bir* ,illu/ration3 ,,sweet ,,bir* ,,sweet ,,bir* 7,betula ,l5ta7 ,t5 species ( bir* occur 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 includ+ ,alaska4 ,six are ea/]n & f\r we/]n4#h ,sweet bir* is kn[n by t "n 9 _m localities1 b 9 o!rs z black bir*1 *]ry bir*1 riv] bir*1 mahogany bir*1 & m\nta9 mahogany4 ,its range ext5ds f ,newf\ndl& to nor?we/]n ,ont>io1 s\? to s\!rn ,indiana1 ,k5tucky1 & along ! ,appala*ian m\nta9s to ,t5nessee & ,nor? ,c>ol9a4 ,probably ! be/ developm5t ( ! species is f\nd 9 ! ,adirondack region ( nor!rn ,new ,york1 9 ! nor!rn p59sula ( ,mi*igan1 ?r\gh s\!rn ,ont>io1 & along ! m\nta9 ranges s\?w>d ?r\gh ,p5nsylvania & ,we/ ,virg9ia4 #h ,! ea/]n species1 :i* d n ext5d we/ ( ! cont95tal divide1 are1 ,sweet ,bir* 7,betula l5ta71 ,yell[ ,bir* 7,betula lutea71 ,riv] ,bir* 7,betula nigra71 ,pap] ,bir* 7,betula papyrif]a71 ,:ite ,bir* 7,betula populifolia7 & ,blue ,bir* 7,betula crulea74 ,! we/]n bir*es1 none ( :i* are kn[n to ext5d mu* ea/ ( ! cont95tal divide1 are3 ,we/]n ,bir* 7,betula occid5talis71 ,m\nta9 ,bir* 7,betula font9alis71 ,:ite ,alaska ,bir* 7,betula alaskana71 & ,k5ai ,bir* 7,betula k5aica74 ,! la/ two occur 9 ,alaska1 b n 9 ,unit$ ,/ates prop]4 ,x atta9s a height ( sev5ty or eighty feet1 & a diamet] ( two or ?ree4 ,x pref]s deep1 moi/1 ri* soil1 b w gr[ 9 comp>atively dry1 rocky gr\nd4 ,its se$s are produc$ 9 l>ge numb]s & are scatt]$ by ! w9d a hundr$ feet or m f ! p>5t tree4 ,!y lack ! w+ p[] & ! buoyancy ( ! se$s ( "s ( ! o!r bir*es1 b !y manage to get !mselves s[n 9 suffici5t numb]s1 & _! p[]s ( g]m9ation are good4 ,! "y se$l+ comes into exi/5ce ) smoo? b>k1 b x does n keep x ?r\gh life4 ,z age increases1 ! b>k becomes r\gh & black4 ,x is n %$ 9 pap]y rolls & flakes z is ! b>k ( riv] bir*1 yell[ bir*1 & pap] bir*1 ) :i* x is associat$ 9 "s p>ts ( its range4 ,x is g5]ally an easy tree to id5tify & ! black1 r\gh b>k is g5]ally a suffici5t guide4 ,! sweet bir* is tapp$ l sug> maple1 b n = ! same purpose or to ! same ext5t--only an occasional tree4 ,imm5se quantities ( sap w fl[ f x dur+ ! two or ?ree weeks :5 ! buds are swell+ 9 ! spr+4 ,x is said t z mu* z two tons has be5 kn[n to fl[ f a m$ium siz$ bir* 9 a s+le season4 ,! sap is made into a be] :i* has "s comm]cial value1 b is *iefly us$ locally4 ,"o ( ! ways ( mak+ x1 employ$ by f>m]s & woodsm51 is to jug ! sap1 put 9 a h&ful ( %ell$ corn1 & let f]m5tation d ! re/4 ,a sub/ance kn[n 9 comm]ce z oil ( w9t]gre5 is procur$ almo/ exclusively f ?is bir*1 ?\gh occasionally x is made f ! small w9t]gre5 plant 7,gaul!ria procumb5s74 ,! product is manufactur$ 9 v crude /ills made by m\nta9e]s 9 ,p5nsylvania & s\?w>d along ! m\nta9s :]e sweet bir* is abundant4 ,frequ5tly ! woodsman's :ole family g into ! bus9ess1 *opp+ d[n bir* bu%es & hack+ !m ) hat*ets into *ips ( ! desir$ sizes4 ,! oil is extract$ f ! hogg$ mass by a /eam+ & roa/+ process4 ,x is sold by ! qu>t to c\ntry /orekeep]s :o %ip x to :olesale druggi/s :]e x is ref9$ & us$ to flavor c&y1 m$ic9e1 & drugs4 ,! woodsman :o manufactures ! oil pref]s "y bir*es f half an in* to two or ?ree in*es 9 diamet]1 & he usually procures !m 9 old logg+ gr\nds :]e se$l+s h sprung up4 ,x is said t on an av]age "o hundr$ small bir* trees are de/roy$ = ea* qu>t ( oil t goes to m>ket4 ,x is a process wa/eful 9 ! extreme4 ,9 ! op5 gr\nd1 sweet bir* develops a full cr[n1 %ort trunk1 abundance ( limbs1 ) num]\s sl5d]1 graceful twigs & small bran*es4 ,its leaves =m a d5se mass1 & !y are s free f attacks by insects & worms t diseas$ foliage is unusual4 ,t _c be said1 h[ev]1 ( ! trunk4 ,x is n p>ticul>ly liable to disease1 b _m old trees %[ ! results ( decay4 ,x is ( sl[ gr[?1 & a small tree may be mu* old] ?an its size indicates4 ,! sapwood is g5]ally ?ick1 he>twood =ms sl[ly1 & ! contra/ 9 color betwe5 sap & he>t is /rong4 ,! wood ( sweet bir* _h few uses 9 e>ly times1 except fuel4 ,! pione] sawmill _h little to d ) x4 ,lumb] 0 h>d to saw & 0 season$ ) difficulty4 ,its t5d5cy to w>p 0 too great a tax on ! lumb]man's pati5ce & +5uity4 ,! only way he c\ld hold x /raight 0 to cob a few lay]s 9 ! bottom ( a pile1 & /ack ?\s&s ( feet ( o!r lumb] on top1 & leave x a ye> or two4 ,t 0 g5]ally too mu* tr\ble1 p>ticul>ly :5 ! wood _h sl[ sale1 & ! price 0 l[4 ,bir* rea*$ m>ket 9 l>ge quantities only :5 mod]n mills & improv$ drykilns came into exi/5ce4 ,! wood is heavy1 /rong1 h>d1 9 color d>k br[n t+$ ) r$4 ,! light br[n or yell[ sapwood g5]ally makes up sev5ty or eighty annual r+s4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 spr+wood & t ( ! lat] season is n cle>ly m>k$1 & consequ5tly ! r+s are (t5 indi/9ct4 ,! wood is v por\s1 & ! pores are diffus$ ?r\gh all p>ts ( ! r+4 ,!y are too small to be se5 ) ! nak$ eye1 except "u ! mo/ favorable conditions4 ,! m$ull>y rays are num]\s b s small t !y appe> on ! qu>t]$ wood m]ely z a gloss1 :i*1 h[ev]1 gives ! surface a ri* appe>ance4 ,=ms kn[n z curly & wavy bir* are highly e/eem$4 ,!y are accid5ts ( gr[?1 well develop$ 9 bir*1 & occurr+ 9 sev]al o!r woods4 ,difficulties are enc\nt]$ 9 assign+ sweet bir* its individual place 9 ! indu/rial _w4 ,z a tree x is well kn[n1 b t is n ! case :5 its lumb] goes to m>ket4 ,! sweet bir* log goes into ! sawmill1 b :5 ! lumb] goes out at ! o!r end ( ! mill1 x is (t5 simply bir* hav+ lo/ ! adjective 8sweet0 some:]e 9 ! op]ation4 ,! reason is t sweet bir* & yell[ bir*1 q di/9ct 9 ! =e/1 are (t5 mix$ & become "o1 to all int5ts & purposes1 :5 !y rea* ! m>ket4 ,t is n always ! case1 b x frequ5tly is4 ,some?+ dep5ds on ! region4 ,! yell[ bir*'s range is m ext5sive1 & 9 areas :]e x is abundant1 & sweet bir* is n1 x prevails 9 ! lumb] m>kets4 ,b s\? & s\!a/ ( ! great lakes1 z well z 9 ! nor!a/]n "p ( ! c\ntry1 ! two species m+le1 & !y are apt to g to m>ket simply z bir*4 ,! woods may be di/+ui%$ by a microscopic exam9ation1 b ! ord9>y obs]v] w\ld make _m mi/akes if he attempt$ to tell "o f ! o!r 9 ! lumb] y>d4 ,! two woods are diff]5t 9 sev]al physical prop]ties4 ,bo? are heavy1 b sweet bir* weighs #dg4dg p\nds p] cubic foot1 :ile yell[ bir* weighs only #dj4hd p\nds1 accord+ to te/s av]ag$ by ,s>g5t4 ,yell[ bir* rates a little above ! o!r 9 break+ /r5g?4 ,bo? are v /iff1 b yell[ bir* rates sup]ior4 ,9 mo/ respects ! two woods are put to simil> uses--floor+1 int]ior f9i%1 furniture--b = "s purposes sweet bir* is pref]r$4 ,x is sub/itut$ (t5] = *]ry & mahogany1 & = t reason is kn[n z *]ry bir* or mahogany bir*4 ,its color makes ! sub/itution easy1 & ! appe>ance ( ! gra91 ) a little doctor+ ) /a9s & fill]s1 helps 9 ! deception4 ,! buy] may be deceiv$ z to ! exact k9d ( wood he is gett+1 b he is n *eat$ 9 ! quality4 ,bir* is sub/itut$ :]e /r5g? is requir$1 z 9 ! rails ( b$s1 ! frames ( s(as1 dav5ports1 l>ge *airs1 & c]ta9 p>ts ( l>ge musical in/rum5ts4 ,x is mu* /rong]1 & fully z h>d z *]ry or mahogany1 & z its appe>ance is s mu* l !m1 ! article is actually bett] on acc\nt ( ! sub/itution4 ,sweet bir* is l>gely employ$ = v>i\s p>ts ( vehicle manufacture1 p>ticul>ly = wagon hubs & frames ( automobiles4 ,x is also mu* us$ 9 ! manufacture ( sl$s1 boats1 & h&les4 ,! dem& is heavy & ! supply is dim9i%+4 ,! tree is ( su* sl[ gr[? t few timb] own]s w be incl9$ to wait = a second crop1 aft] ! old trees h be5 cut1 s9ce #aej ye>s are necess>y "u =e/ conditions to produce a m]*antable tree4 ,,sonora ,,ironwood 7,olneya tesota7 is a des]t tree1 & ! only repres5tative ( ! g5us4 ,x takes its "n f ! ,mexican /ate :]e x is mo/ abundant & :]e x 0 discov]$ 9 #aheb4 ,x gr[s 9 s\!rn ,cali=nia & ,arizona1 & !re x ?rives 9 gul*es & depressions 9 ! des]t1 frequ5tly associat$ ) mesquite4 ,x is s heavy t p]fectly dry wood w s9k 9 wat]4 ,! he>twood is deep *ocolate-br[n1 mottl$ ) r$1 ! ?9 sapwood is lemon-yell[4 ,its h>dness r5d]s x difficult to "w1 & x c sc>cely be split4 ,! wood is made into canes & o!r small articles ( great beauty4 ,x is n abundant1 & ! small supply is remote f manufactur+ c5t]s2 o!rwise x w\ld be m valuable4 ,x is excell5t fuel1 b x is burn$ *iefly by /ockm5 & m9]s 9 _! camps4 ,! l>ge/ trees are ?irty feet high & eighte5 in*es 9 diamet]4 ,x is an ev]gre51 & its pea-l fl[]s bright5 _m a remote des]t place4 ,,wild ,,tam>9d 7,lysiloma latisiliqua7 is =ty or fifty feet high1 two or ?ree 9 diamet]1 gr[s 9 s\!rn ,florida1 & has d\ble-comp\nd leaves1 f\r or five in*es long4 ,! fruit is a pod "o in* wide & five or less 9 l5g?4 ,! wood weighs =ty p\nds to ! cubic foot1 is nei!r /rong nor t\gh1 v l[ 9 ela/icity1 is ri* d>k br[n t+$ ) r$1 ! sapwood :ite4 ,x has be5 report$ = boatbuild+1 & claims h be5 made t x is equal to mahogany = t purpose1 b ! claim is ( d\btful validity1 9 view ( ! r poor %[+ x makes 9 sev]al physical prop]ties1 ?\gh x takes good poli%4 ,illu/ration ,,yell[ ,,bir* ,illu/ration3 ,,yell[ ,,bir* ,,yell[ ,,bir* 7,betula ,lutea7 ,!re is little likelihood ( mi/ak+ ! yell[ bir* = any o!r z x /&s 9 ! woods4 ,its po9ts ( individuality may be discov]$ on slight acqua9tance1 & !re is little ne$ ( /udy+ leaves1 fl[]s1 & fruit to f9d ways ( di/+ui%+ ?is bir* f o!r memb]s ( ! family4 ,its tatt]$1 yell[ & gray b>k fixes x 9 ! memory ( all :o h se5 x a few times4 ,two o!r ea/]n bir*es h tatt]$1 curl+ b>k also1 b !y d n look l ?is4 ,!y are ! pap] bir* & ! riv] bir*4 ,! =m] is too :ite to be mi/ak5 = yell[ bir*1 & ! riv] bir* is too mu* ! color ( bronze or copp]4 ,yell[ bir* is nam$ f ! color ( its b>k1 ! "p :i* %[s :5 ! out] lay]s break & roll back1 disclos+ ! fre%1 smoo?1 sat9y lay]s bel[4 ,sometimes ! tree is call$ silv] bir*1 gray bir*1 or swamp bir*4 ,its geographic range is b\nd$ by a l9e drawn f ,newf\ndl& to nor!rn ,m9nesota1 s\?w>d ?r\gh ! ,lake ,/ates1 & along ! ,atlantic coa/ to ,delaw>e4 ,x foll[s ! ,appala*ian ranges ( m\nta9s to ea/]n ,t5nessee & we/]n ,nor? ,c>ol9a4 ,g5]ally ! tree is small ne> ! s\!rn limit ( its range4 ,! be/ gr[s 9 ,mi*igan & ,wiscons91 b x is ( consid]able importance 9 ,m9nesota4 ,few trees are bett] equipp$ ?an yell[ bir* to p]petuate _! species4 ,x is an abundant se$]1 & ! se$s are light1 w+$1 & !y are scatt]$ by w9d ov] long di/ances4 ,sometimes !y are c>ri$ miles4 ,( c\rse1 mo/ ( !m fall 9 unfavorable places1 & ei!r d n g]m9ate or p]i% soon aft]2 b !y are n p>ticul>ly *oice 9 situations1 & w gr[ on b>e m9]al soil1 ev5 9 old fields1 :]e !y are flood$ ) sun%9e1 or !y w gr[ 9 deep %ade :]e a beam ( sunlight seldom t\*es !m4 ,!y (t5 g]m9ate )\t t\*+ m9]al soil1 & take root quickly & gr[ vigor\sly4 ,x is n unusual 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ! tree's range1 & on high m\nta9s f>!r s\?1 to see yell[ bir*es /&+ on high1 spread+ roots1 two1 ?ree1 or f\r feet above ! gr\nd4 ,t peculi> attitude is br\ght ab\t by ! mann] 9 :i* ! se$ beg9s to gr[4 ,x falls on moss :i* occupies ! top ( a log or a /ump4 ,! moss 9 ! deep %ade reta9s mu* moi/ure1 & ! se$ g]m9ates1 gr[s1 s5ds roots d[n ! sides ( ! log or ! /ump until !y /rike m9]al soil1 & become firmly fix$4 ,9 c\rse ( "t ! log or /ump decays1 & ! spread+ roots cont9ue to su/a9 ! trunk1 high above ! gr\nd4 ,?is attitude ( ! yell[ bir* tree is v common 9 damp woods4 ,occasionally ! se$ f9ds lodgm5t 9 ! moss on top ( a l>ge rock4 ,! roots desc5d ! sides until !y rea* ! gr\nd1 & z ! rock does n decay1 ! tree gr[s to maturity on ! rock4 ,! mo/ favorable se$ b$ = ?is species is a mass ( rott5 wood :]e a log has decay$ & fall5 to pieces4 ,frequ5tly su* a plot is cov]$ ) yell[ bir* se$l+s4 ,!y h ! space all to !mselves1 because ! se$s ( few trees or plants w gr[ 9 rott5 wood1 unmix$ ) m9]al soil4 ,! trunk ( yell[ bir* av]ages a little small] ?an t ( sweet bir*1 b may equal x 9 "s in/ances4 ,trees rea* a height ( #ajj feet & a diamet] ( ?ree or f\r1 b a m common size1 ev5 9 ! regions ( be/ developm5t1 is a height ( sixty or sev5ty feet1 & a diamet] ( two or less4 ,yell[ bir* 0 a long "t com+ into use4 ,"o ( ! fir/ ?+s le>n$ ab\t x by e>ly settl]s 9 ! region :]e x 0 abundant1 0 t x decays quickly 9 situations alt]nately wet & dry4 ,t prejudic$ ! woodsm5 aga9/ x1 & !y 7 n dispos$ to give x a fair trial1 z long z !re 0 pl5ty ( o!r timb]4 ,all bir*es are subject to quick decay1 if conditions are "r to produce x4 ,yell[ bir* 9 ! woods sometimes dies /&+1 & :5 t happ5s1 ! wood falls to pieces s quickly t ! b>k may rema9 /&+ ) v little inside ( x except p[d] ( decay$ wood4 ,?is tree is seldom m5tion$ 9 e>ly acc\nts ( lumb] op]ations1 & practically nev] ) a good ^w4 ,op]ators g5]ally left x /&+ :5 !y cut ! timb] :i* grew ) x4 ,yell[ bir* is heavy1 v /rong1 h>d1 light br[n t+$ ) r$1 ) ?91 ne>ly :ite sapwood4 ,! color ( ! he>twood v>ies consid]ably4 ,! pores are v num]\s1 r small1 & are scatt]$ ?r\gh ! wood ) little t5d5cy to run 9 b&s or gr\ps4 ,! spr+wood bl5ds gradually ) ! summ]wood 9 a way to make ! b\nd>ies ( ! annual r+s some:at indi/9ct4 ,m$ull>y rays are num]\s1 b v ?9 & obscure4 ,qu>t]-saw+ adds little or no?+ to ! appe>ance ( ! wood4 ,x has poor figure1 except an occasional tree ) wavy or curly gra91 or ) burls4 ,! wood may be readily /a9$4 ,! pores hold ! color+ matt] appli$1 & by v>y+ ! application1 ! appe>ance ( ! surface c be v>i$4 ,! colors ( mahogany & ( *]ry are easily imp>t$1 & yell[ bir* (t5 imitates ^? woods4 ,vehicle mak]s *oose ?is wood = its /r5g? & ela/icity4 ,9 ! ,nor? x is manufactur$ into frames = cutt]s & sleighs ( all k9ds4 ,x is a competitor ( sug> maple = t purpose4 ,hubs are made ( x = horse-drawn vehicles1 & its h>dness gives long we> :]e ! spokes are ins]t$4 ,t is "o ( ! fir/ po9ts ( failure :5 a s(t1 inf]ior wood is us$ = hubs4 ,! spokes "w loose4 ,manufactur]s ( automobiles h tri$ out yell[ bir* z mat]ial = frames2 x has /ood ! te/1 & is mu* us$ 9 competition ) o!r woods4 ,! am\nt dem&$ = t purpose is n necess>ily l>ge1 b x mu/ be ! be/ wood t c be _h4 ,?is mat]ial rea*es ! m>kets 9 all grades4 ,l>ge am\nts are us$ = pack+ boxes1 crates1 & %ipp+ conta9]s4 ,l[ grades answ] = ^! purposes1 leav+ ! bett] sorts = ! m exact+ indu/ries4 ,! logs are cut 9 rot>y v5e] = baskets1 & = ply "w4 ,"s ( ! v5e] 9 ?ree-ply is work$ into commodities ( high class1 su* z seats & backs ( !at] *airs4 ,bir* floor+ competes closely ) maple = popul> favor4 ,x may lack some?+ ( maple's :it5ess1 b x takes no second place 9 h>dness1 smoo?ness1 & we>+ qualities4 ,x is made into p>quet floor+ z well z ! ord9>y tongu$ & groov$ article4 ,z su*1 ! sap mat*es ! light color$ woods1 & ! he>t ! d>k4 ,x goes into all k9ds ( int]ior h\se f9i%1 f floor to ceil+1 & ! f9e/ grades are (t5 devot$ to /air "w4 ,door & w9d[ frames are made ( x 9 l>ge quantities1 b x is n suit$ to outside "w expos$ to wea!r1 because ( its t5d5cies to decay4 ,x is mu* employ$ z door mat]ial4 ,furniture dem&s ! same class ( wood4 ,m$ium pric$ articles may be ( solid bir*1 b ! be/ commodities are made ( v5e]s laid ^u o!r woods4 ,figur$ bir* is a favorite mat]ial = t class ( "w4 ,! m common commodities manufactur$ ( ?is wood c be li/$ only by gr\ps1 because ( _! great numb]4 ,novelties con/itute a l>ge class4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ dem&s 0 f ! manufactur]s ( pill boxes1 su* z apo!c>ies use4 ,t 0 be=e anyone _h tri$ to sell yell[ bir* 9 ! g5]al m>ket1 & ! dem& came pr9cipally f ,new ,engl& & ,new ,york4 ,ano!r e>ly dem& came f coop]s :o f\nd t b>rel hoops ( yell[ bir* 7 highly satisfactory = c]ta9 k9ds ( vessels4 ,fi% kits 7 among ! fir/ to appe> 9 bir* hoops4 ,small sapl+s 7 us$1 n ov] two in*es 9 diamet]4 ,!y are l>ge en\gh to make two hoops by splitt+4 ,! b>k 0 left on1 & ! id5tity ( ! wood 0 nev] 9 d\bt1 because :5 ! sapl+ is ( t size1 ! b>k is a f9e yell[4 ,x has n yet comm5c$ to crack op5 & roll up1 z x does lat]4 ,millions ( bir* hoops are /ill produc$ ye>ly 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 b all ( !m are n ( ?is species4 ,! hoop bus9ess has exi/$ mu* m ?an a c5tury1 & millions ( "y bir*es h be5 cut e ye> to meet ! dem&4 ,bir* broom h&les h be5 a commodity s9ce ! fir/ la! w5t to "w on t product4 ,!y are made ( all ! comm]cial bir*es1 b yell[ bir* contributes a l>ge "p4 ,o!r h&les are manufactur$ ( x also1 su* z are fitt$ to h& saws1 planes1 draw+ knives1 *isels1 & aug]s4 ,illu/ration ,,riv] ,,bir* ,illu/ration3 ,,riv] ,,bir* ,,riv] ,,bir* 7,betula ,nigra7 ,?is tree is kn[n z r$ bir*1 riv] bir*1 wat] bir*1 blue bir*1 black bir*1 & simply z bir*4 ,! "n r$ bir* ref]s to ! color ( ! b>k :i* is expos$ to view 9 ! process ( exfoliation4 ,! trunk is con/antly gett+ rid ( its out] b>k1 & 9 do+ s1 ! ext]ior lay]s are roll$ back1 hang a :ile1 & are gradually :ipp$ (f by ! w9d4 ,! new b>k :i* is expos$ to view :5 ! old is roll$ back is r$di%4 ,its color v>ies consid]ably1 sometimes sugge/+ ! t9t ( old brass1 aga9 x is br[n1 b p 9 widely sep>at$ regions h se5 fit to call ! tree r$ bir* because ( ! color ( its b>k4 ,! "n black bir* is n appropriate1 ?\gh ! old b>k ne> ! base ( l>ge trunks may sugge/ x4 ,no reason c be assign$ = call+ x blue bir*1 unless ! foliage 9 e>ly summ] may w>rant su* a t]m4 ,riv] bir* & wat] bir* are m appropriate1 z ^! names indicate ! situations :]e ! species gr[s4 ,x cl+s to wat] c\rses almo/ z closely z sycamore4 ,a favorite attitude ( ! tree is to lean ov] a riv] or pond1 ) ! long1 graceful limbs almo/ t\*+ ! wat]4 ,nature seems to recognize ! tree's habit ( hang+ ov] muddy banks1 & has prep>$ x = t mann] ( life4 ,se$s are ripe e>ly 9 summ] :5 ! riv]s are fall+4 ,!y are scatt]$ by myriads on ! muddy %ores & ^u ! wat]4 ,^? :i* fall 9 ! mud f9d at once a suitable place = g]m9ation1 & ^? ^: =tune x is to drop 9 ! wat] float away ) ! curr5t or !y are driv5 by ! w9d until !y lodge along ! %ores1 & ! rec$+ wat] leaves !m 9 a few days1 & !y spr+ up quickly4 ,be=e ! autumn or e>ly w9t] high wat] comes1 !y are well root$ 9 ! mud & s&1 ready to put up a fight = _! lives4 ,! provision is a wise "o4 ,if ! se$s matur$ 9 ! fall1 :5 wat] is l[1 !y w\ld be /rewn along ! l[ %ores1 & be=e !y c\ld take root & e/abli% !mselves1 ! high wat] & ! ice ( w9t] w\ld de/roy !m4 ,! se$s ne$ mud to give !m a />t 9 life1 & !y ne$ t />t e>ly 9 summ]4 ,! range ( riv] bir* is less ext5sive ?an t ( ! o!r important ea/]n bir*es1 yet x is by no means limit$4 ,its ea/]n b\nd>y is 9 ,massa*usetts1 its we/]n 9 ,m9nesota1 & x adh]es fairly well to a l9e drawn betwe5 ! two /ates4 ,its range ext5ds #bjj miles we/ ( ! ,mississippi & cov]s mo/ ( ! s\!rn /ates4 ,x is f\nd 9 an area ( ne>ly #a1jjj1jjj squ>e miles1 b is sc>ce 9 mo/ ( x4 ,9 c]ta9 re/rict$ localities x is fairly abundant1 b !re are ?\s&s ( squ>e miles 9 ! limits ( its range :i* h n a s+le tree4 ,its greate/ developm5t is 9 ! s\? ,atlantic /ates1 & 9 ! l[] ,mississippi bas94 ,trees at _! be/ are f eighty to n9ety feet high & f two to f\r 9 diamet]1 b mo/ trunks are less ?an two feet 9 diamet]4 ,! tree frequ5tly =ks fifte5 or tw5ty feet f ! gr\nd1 or occasionally s5ds up sev]al /ems f ! gr\nd4 ,=ms ( t k9d are practically useless = lumb]4 ,! wood is among ! lighte/ ( ! bir*es & weighs #ce4ia p\nds p] cubic foot4 ,x is r h>d1 m$ium /rong1 ! he>twood light br[n 9 color1 ) ?ick1 pale sapwood4 ,x rates bel[ sweet & yell[ bir* 9 /iffness1 is v por\s1 b ! pores are q small1 & c sc>cely be se5 )\t a magnify+ glass4 ,!y are diffus$ ?r\gh\t ! entire annual r+4 ,!re is no m>k$ diff]5ce 9 ! appe>ance ( ! spr+wood & t ( ! late season4 ,! m$ull>y rays are v small & h little effect on ! appe>ance ( ! wood1 no matt] 9 :at way ! saw+ is done4 ,! wood is apt to conta9 pi? flecks & /reaks4 ,^! are small1 br[n spots or l9es scatt]$ at r&om ?r\gh ! wood4 ,!y are a blemi% :i* is n easily cov]$ up if ! wood is to be poli%$2 b !y are small & may n be objectionable4 ,! flecks are caus$ by insects :i*1 e>ly 9 ! season1 bore ?r\gh ! b>k into ! cambium lay] 7! newly-=m$ wood71 :]e eggs are deposit$4 ,! "y insect cuts a tunnel up or d[n along ! cambium lay]1 an in* or less 9 l5g? & a sixte5? ( an in* wide4 ,?is gall]y subsequ5tly fills ) br[n deposits :i* rema9 p]man5tly 9 ! wood4 ,sometimes ^! deposits are suffici5tly h>d to turn ! edge ( tools4 ,riv] bir* is widely us$ b 9 small am\nts4 ,x may prop]ly be describ$ z a neighborhood wood--t is1 :]ev] x gr[s 9 consid]able quantity x is put to use1 b ne>ly always 9 a local way4 ,= example1 9 ,l\isiana1 :]e x is z abundant z 9 any o!r /ate1 x is a favorite mat]ial = ox yokes1 & no report f t /ate has be5 made ( its employm5t = any o!r purpose4 ,! reason giv5 = its ext5sive use = ox yokes !re is t x is v /rong = its weight1 & t x resi/s decay4 ,! yokes !re are usually left out ( doors :5 n 9 use1 & ! dampness & hot wea!r cause rapid decay ( mo/ woods4 ,! bir*es are usually li/$ z quick-decay+ woods1 b ! v]dict f ,l\isiana seems to be t riv] bir* is an exception4 ,pla9 furniture is made ( x1 & ! manufactur]s ( wood5w>e f9d x suitable = mo/ ( _! commodities4 ,x is sometimes li/$ z wood5 %oe mat]ial1 b no p>ticul> in/ance has be5 report$ :]e x has be5 s us$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,9 ,m>yl& "s ( ! manufactur]s ( pea* baskets make b&s or hoops ( x1 & pron\nce x z satisfactory = t purpose z elm4 ,! supply is n 9 mu* dang] ( exhau/ion4 ,! species is equipp$ to take c>e ( itself1 occupy+ z x does1 gr\nd n 9 dem& = f>m+ purposes4 ,:5 a tree once gets a />t x has a *ance to escape ! ax until l>ge en\gh = use4 ,,:ite ,,alaska ,,bir* 7,betula alaskana7 is usually call$ simply :ite bir* :]e x gr[s4 ,x is n exclusively an ,alaska species ?\gh t is ! only place :]e x t\*es ! t]ritory ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x is suppos$ by "s to be closely relat$ to ! :ite bir*es ( nor!rn ,asia1 b ! relation%ip1 if x exi/s1 has n be5 e/abli%$4 ,9 ,alaska x gr[s z f> nor? z any timb] ext5ds4 ,x 0 fir/ discov]$ & report$ 9 #aheh on ! ,saskat*ewan riv]1 ea/ ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 & its range is n[ kn[n to ext5d d[n ! valley ( ! ,mack5zie riv] t[>d ! ,arctic ocean to a po9t m ?an #ajj miles nor? ( ! ,arctic circle4 ,x is common 9 _m p>ts ( ,alaska bo? along ! coa/ & 9 ! int]ior4 ,9 "s portions ( t t]ritory x is an important s\rce ( fuel4 ,trees are f tw5ty-five to sixty feet high1 & f six to eighte5 in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! b>k is ?9 & (t5 ne>ly :ite1 sep>at+ into ?9 scales4 ,! tree be>s typical bir* cones1 b l>g] ?an ^? ( "s ( ! o!r species4 ,no te/s ( ! wood's physical prop]ties h be5 made1 b x looks l ! wood ( pap] bir*1 & w probably atta9 to consid]able importance 9 ! future1 s9ce x gr[s ov] a l>ge area1 & 9 _m p>ts is abundant4 ,!re rema9 _m ?+s = bo? botani/s & wood-us]s to inve/igate conc]n+ ?is tree :i* has a range ( m ?an half a million squ>e miles4 ,,we/]n ,,bir* 7,betula occid5talis7 is believ$ to be ! l>ge/ bir* 9 ! _w1 & yet x is n ( mu* comm]cial importance 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 because ( sc>city1 occurr+ only 9 nor?we/]n ,wa%+ton & 9 ! adjac5t p>ts ( ,briti% ,columbia1 z f> z its range has be5 det]m9$4 ,x resembles pap] bir*1 & has (t5 be5 suppos$ to be t tree4 ,! p 9 ! re/rict$ region :]e x gr[s speak ( x simply z bir*4 ,! l>ge/ trees are #ajj feet high & f\r feet 9 diamet]1 cle> ( limbs =ty or fifty feet4 ,a height ( sev5ty feet & a diamet] ( two are common4 ,! g5]al color ( ! trunk is orange-br[n1 ! new b>k1 expos$ by exfoliation1 is yell[4 ,! tree pref]s ! bord] ( /reams & ! %ores ( lakes4 ,?\gh x is ! l>ge/ ( ! bir*es1 its se$s are among ! smalle/4 ,!y are provid$ ) two w+s & are good fly]s4 ,manufactur]s ( floor+ & int]ior f9i% 9 ,wa%+ton report$ ! use ( #cae1jjj feet ( ?is bir* 9 #aiaa4 ,t 0 ! only use f\nd = x 9 ! only /ate :]e x gr[s4 ,in=mation is meag] z to ! probable quantity ( ?is bir* available4 ,x has be5 report$ 9 ,idaho1 b exact in=mation on ! subject is lack+4 ,,m\nta9 ,,bir* 7,betula fontanalis7 is a m9or species conc]n+ :i* !re has be5 mu* cont5tion among botani/s4 ,x has f9ally be5 call$ m\nta9 bir* because x gr[s on m\nta9s1 z high z #aj1jjj feet among ! ,si]ra ,nevadas 9 ,cali=nia4 ,x has _m local names = a tree s small z to be almo/ a %rub ?r\gh\t mo/ ( its range3 ,black bir*1 sweet bir*1 *]ry bir*1 wat] bir*1 & canyon bir*4 ,its b>k is ( ! color ( old copp]2 wood is light yell[i%-br[n1 ) ?ick :ite sapwood2 trunks seldom exce$ t5 in*es 9 diamet] & ?irty feet high2 range ext5ds f nor!rn ,briti% ,columbia to ,cali=nia1 & along ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s to ,colorado & possibly fur!r s\?4 ,! uses ( ! wood are few4 ,illu/ration ,,pap] ,,bir* ,illu/ration3 ,,pap] ,,bir* ,,pap] ,,bir* 7,betula ,papyrif]a7 ,?is tree is call$ pap] bir* because ! b>k p>ts 9 ?9 %eets l pap]4 ,x is kn[n z canoe bir* f ! fact t ,indians & e>ly :ite explor]s & travel]s con/ruct$ canoes ( ! b>k4 ,! "n silv] bir* is an allusion to ! color ( ! b>k2 & big :ite bir* is ! "n us$ :5 ! purpose is to di/+ui% x f ! :ite bir* ) :i* x is associat$ 9 ! nor!a/]n "p ( its range4 ,x gr[s z f> nor? z ,arctic ,briti% ,am]ica1 ea/ to ,labrador1 s\? to ,mi*igan & ,p5nsylvania1 & we/ ne>ly or q to ! base ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s4 ,?is indicat$ area exce$s #a1jjj1jjj squ>e miles4 ,! quantity ( bir* ( ?is species 9 ! =e/s is unkn[n1 b x runs into billions ( feet1 probably exce$+ any o!r s+le species ( bir*4 ,! tree sometimes gr[s disp]s$ ?r\gh =e/s ( o!r woods1 sometimes 9 ne>ly pure /&s4 ,p]sons well acqua9t$ ) ! species h express$ ! op9ion t pap] bir* exi/s 9 l>g] quantities n[ ?an at ! "t :5 ! c\ntry 0 fir/ explor$ by :ite m54 ,t c be said ( few o!r species2 b probably holds true ( lodgepole p9e 9 ! ,we/1 loblolly p9e 9 ! ,s\!a/1 & mesquite 9 ! ,s\?we/4 ,ea* ( ^! species took advantage ( man's pres5ce & influ5ce to ext5d its range4 ,cattle spread ! mesquite2 ! lodgepole p9e came up 9 fire-burn$ tracts2 loblolly p9e spread into ab&on$ fields2 & pap] bir* pr(it$ by fires :i* de/roy$ l>ge tracts ( timb]4 ,! se$s are light1 are furni%$ ) w+s :i* sail !m long di/ances ?r\gh ! air1 & !y are quickly scatt]$ ov] ! burn$ areas :]e !y spr+ up4 ,9 ! conte/1 !y are competitors ( asp54 ,bir* (t5 captures ! gr\nd1 b does n always d x4 ,"s ( ! l>ge/ /&s 9 ! ,nor!a/ occupy tracts b>$ by fire half a c5tury or m ago4 ,:5 pap] bir* does n f9d op5 tracts1 x cont5ts itself ) %>+ gr\nd ) o!r species4 ,t 0 ! usual mann] ( its gr[? 9 ! orig9al =e/s2 b x has be5 quick to seize opportunities to take full possession4 ,x does n l %ade &1 if cr[d$1 "o ( ! fir/ ?+s x does is to rid its l[] trunk ( all bran*es4 ,only limbs rema9 :i* are at ! top :]e !y receive pl5ty ( light4 ,!re=e1 =e/-gr[n pap] bir*es h long1 clean trunks1 ?\gh !y are n always /raight4 ,! l>ge/ trees are sev5ty feet high & ?ree 9 diamet]1 b ^? fifty feet 9 height & eighte5 in*es 9 diamet] are above r ?an "u ! av]age4 ,! b>k ( pap] bir* has play$ an important "p 9 ,am]ican hi/ory1 /ory1 & poetry4 ,x 0 ! canoe mat]ial1 ! ro(1 & ! ut5sil 9 its region4 ,! ,indians _h br\ght ! art ( canoe mak+ to p]fection be=e :ite m5 w5t among !m4 ,! b>k peels f ! trunks 9 l>ge pieces1 & may be sep>at$ into ?9 %eets1 :i* are v t\gh1 /rong1 & durable4 ,! ,indians sew$ pieces ( b>k toge!r1 us+ ! long1 sl5d] roots ( tam>ack = ?read4 ,! b>k 0 /ret*$ & ti$ ov] a frame1 ! %ape ( ! canoe1 & made ( nor!rn :ite c$>1 or "s o!r light wood4 ,holes 9 ! b>k1 & ! p>t+s at ! seams1 7 /opp$ ) res9 f balsam fir1 wax f balm ( ,gilead1 or res9 f p9e4 ,! =e/ suppli$ all ! mat]ial ne$$ by ! ,indian1 & a canoe ?us made1 & l>ge en\gh to c>ry #hjj or #a1jjj p\nds1 weigh$ no m ?an fifty p\nds4 ,frail z x seem$1 x 0 good = long s]vice on riv]s & lakes1 & c\ld wea!r /orms ( no small sev]ity4 ,:ite m5 adopt$ ! b>k canoes at once1 & le>n$ f ,indians h[ to make !m4 ,! d>+ explor]s & v5turesome fur trad]s :o ?read$ e riv] & navigat$ e important lake ( ,briti% ,am]ica1 f\nd ! bir* canoe equal to e requirem5t1 ev5 to attack+ :ales 9 ! tidewat] ( ! ,arctic ocean4 ,! b>k f ?is bir* 0 us$ = t5ts & ! ro(s ( cab9s2 vessels 9 :i* to /ore or c>ry food 7 made ( x1 z well z b$s on :i* to sleep1 & wrapp+ mat]ial = bundles4 ,^! uses h n[ practically ceas$2 b z sport1 recreation1 & = ! novelty1 articles1 f canoes to visit+ c>ds1 are /ill made ( ! b>k4 ,! wood ( pap] bir* is valuable = c]ta9 purposes4 ,! trees are l>gely :ite sapwood1 :i* is )\t figure4 ,x is z pla9 a wood z gr[s 9 ! =e/1 b x may be /a9$4 ,t1 h[ev]1 is seldom done4 ,! he>twood is d>k or r$1 & is made into bru% backs & p>quet floor+1 b ! he>ts are small1 & no l>ge quantity ( t wood is us$4 ,! l>ge/ use ( pap] bir* is = spools1 ! common k9d = ?read4 ,"s ( l>g] size are made = use 9 mills4 ,! sapwood only is accept$ by mak]s ( spools4 ,! he>t is cut out1 & mo/ ( x is ?r[n away or burn$ "u ! boil]s4 ,! qualities ( pap] bir* :i* appeal to spool mak]s are1 :ite color1 small liability to w>p1 & ! ease ) :i* x may be cut )\t dull+ ! tools4 ,! logs are work$ into b>s ( ! v>i\s spool sizes1 & are c>efully season$4 ,"o ( ! problems t mu/ be con/antly solv$ is ! prev5tion ( sap /a9 :ile ! b>s are season+4 ,! wood discolors quickly & deeply4 ,too? picks1 %oe pegs1 & %oe %anks are o!r important commodities manufactur$ f pap] bir*4 ,x has n yet be5 satisfactorily conv]t$ into lumb]1 because x is m valuable = spools1 too? picks1 pegs1 & ! l4 ,?is wood is frequ5tly li/$ z a pulpwood1 & x is q g5]ally believ$ t its use = t purpose is important4 ,?is is app>5tly an error1 z ! wood is n ev5 m5tion$ 9 /ati/ics ( pulpwood output 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,pap] bir* weighs #cg4aa p\nds p] cubic foot1 is /rong1 h>d1 t\gh2 m$ull>y rays are num]\s b v small & obscure2 wood is diffuse-por\s1 & e>lywood bl5ds gradually ) latewood 9 ! annual r+s :i* are n v di/9ct4 ,?is is "o ( ! woods :i* does n ?reat5 to become soon exhau/$4 ,a supply = half a c5tury1 at pres5t rate ( use1 is 9 sight1 if no m %\ld gr[2 b 9 fifty ye>s new =e/s1 n[ "y1 w be l>ge en\gh to use4 ,,k5ai ,,bir* 7,betula k5aica7 is an ,alaska species conc]n+ :i* comp>atively little is kn[n1 except t its botanical id5tity & some?+ ( its range h be5 e/abli%$4 ,its small size1 & ! remote regions :]e x gr[s1 d n necess>ily indicate t x c nev] be important4 ,sc>city ( o!r woods may give x a place :i* x does n n[ occupy4 ,no reports on ! prop]ties ( ! wood h be5 made4 ,! b>k is deep br[n 9 color4 ,trees are f tw5ty to ?irty feet high & f twelve to eighte5 in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! trunks are v %ort4 ,cones are an in* or less 9 l5g? & ! d\ble w+$ se$s are v small4 ,! "n appli$ to ?is species relates to ! region :]e ! be/ develop$ trees h be5 f\nd4 ,z f> z kn[n1 ! species is conf9$ to ! coa/ region ( ,alaska & to adjac5t isl&s f ! head ( ,lynn canal we/w>d4 ,x has be5 report$ on ,koyukuk riv] above ! ,arctic circle4 ,,:ite ,,bir* 7,betula populifolia7 is kn[n also z gray bir*1 old-field bir*1 pov]ty bir*1 popl>-leav$ bir*1 & small :ite bir*4 ,x is *iefly conf9$ to ! nor!a/]n "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 b gr[s z f> ea/ z ,nova ,scotia1 & we/ to ! s\!rn %ore ( ,lake ,ont>io4 ,x occurs on ! ,atlantic coa/ s\? to ,delaw>e1 & along m\nta9 ranges to ,we/ ,virg9ia4 ,! names describe ei!r ! habits or ! appe>ance ( ! tree4 ,! b>k is :ite1 & is ! mo/ prom95t feature ( a ?icket ( ^! graceful b practically wor?less little bir*es4 ,x is call$ an old-field species because x quickly scatt]s its small1 w+$ se$s ov] ab&on$ f>ml& & takes possession :5 x does n h to compete ) /rong] species4 ,pov]ty bir* is an allusion1 ei!r to ! poor gr\nd x occupies or ! unpromis+ nature ( ! tree itself4 ,! resemblance ( its leaves to ^? ( cottonwood leads "s p to pref] ! "n popl>-leav$ bir*4 ,! tree at its be/ is seldom m ?an =ty feet high & eighte5 in*es 9 diamet]4 ,a height ( tw5ty or ?irty feet is ! usual size4 ,! /em is g5]ally clo!d ) bran*es ne>ly to ! gr\nd4 ,! wood is light1 s(t1 n /rong or durable1 he>t light br[n1 ?ick sap ne>ly :ite4 ,! =m & size ( ! trunk exclude x f sawmills1 b x has "s special uses3 ,spools1 %oe pegs1 & hoops4 ,its small size does n disqualify x = s]vice along ^? l9es4 ,! tree spr+s up quickly1 gr[s ) fair rapidity1 & dies "y4 ,x is cut = cordwood 9 ,new ,engl& & makes good fuel4 ,x takes possession ( areas b>$ by fire1 & protects ! gr\nd1 furni%+ %elt] = m valuable species :i* come lat]4 ,,blue ,,bir* 7,betula crulea7 is a small tree ( :i* m in=mation is to be desir$4 ,x is r>ely m ?an ?irty feet high ) a diamet] ( eight or t5 in*es4 ,its leaves are long-po9t$1 its cones ab\t an in* 9 l5g?1 ! b>k is ?91 :ite t+$ ) rose1 & is lu/r\s4 ,b>k is n easily sep>at$ into lay]s1 9 t respect diff]+ f ! pap] bir*4 ,! inn] b>k is ( light orange color4 ,x is probably put to no use1 unless = fuel or z hoops4 ,x is smalle/ ( ,new ,engl& bir*es1 & its range has n be5 fully det]m9$1 b x is kn[n to gr[ 9 ,ma9e & ,v]mont1 & probably w be f\nd 9 o!r p>ts ( ,new ,engl& & 9 ! adjac5t regions ( ,canada4 ,x has be5 comp>$ ) a ,european species ( bir*1 ! ,betula p5dula4 ,illu/ration ,,r$ ,,ald] ,illu/ration3 ,,r$ ,,ald] ,,r$ ,,ald] 7,alnus ,oregona7 ,_m species ( ald] are f\nd 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w1 & on bo? sides ( ! equator1 b *iefly 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e4 ,"s ( ^! are trees1 o!rs are %rubs4 ,six species belong+ 9 ! tree class gr[ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 besides o!rs :i* rema9 %rubs4 ,"s trees are burd5$ ) names1 *ang+ !m ) locality1 b n s ) ald]4 ,an adjective may accompany ! "n1 z r$1 :ite1 seaside1 or m\nta91 to describe x1 b x is always ald]1 no matt] :]e x gr[s4 ,! diff]5t species cov] mu* ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & few l>ge areas are f\nd :i* h n "o or m species4 ,x gr[s f sea level up to #g1jjj feet or m1 b "s species ?rive at "o elevation1 & o!rs above or bel[4 ,! ald]s are old inhabitants ( ! e>?4 ,!y _h a place 9 ! ,eoc5e & ,mioc5e =e/s ( ! old _w & new4 ,x is n app>5t t !y h ei!r ga9$ or lo/ 9 ext5t ( range dur+ ! hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( ye>s :i* measure _! t5ancy on ! e>?4 ,!y h n be5 aggressive 9 pu%+ _! way1 nor h !y %[n a disposition to retire be=e ! aggression ( o!r trees4 ,"s ald]s be> se$s equipp$ ) w+s = w9d di/ribution1 o!rs produce w+less se$s :i* dep5d on wat] to be> !m to suitable situations & plant !m4 ,( c\rse1 ! wat]-borne se$s are plant$ on muddy %ores or on ! banks ( runn+ /reams1 & ! trees ( ^? species are conf9$ to su* situations4 ,! ald]s belong to ! bir* family4 ,r$ ald] is ! l>ge/ ( ! ald] gr\p 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,mature trees are f =ty to n9ety feet high1 & f "o to ?ree feet 9 diamet]4 ,! nor!rn limit ( its range crosses s\!rn ,alaska2 its s\!rn bord] is 9 s\!rn ,cali=nia4 ,x is a ,pacific coa/ tree1 ) a nor? & s\? range ( #b1jjj miles4 ,trunks are /raight1 & bran*es are g5]ally sl5d]4 ,! l>ge/ specim5s gr[ 9 ! vic9ity ( ,puget ,s\nd4 ,! b>k is ?91 leaves are f ?ree to t5 in*es long1 cones f "o-half to "o in* 9 l5g?1 se$s h v n>r[1 ?9 w+s1 & are ab\t ! size ( radi% se$s4 ,! cones rema9 gre5 9 color until ! se$s are fully ripe1 b !y f9ally turn br[n1 & se$s are lib]at$ dur+ ! fall & w9t]4 ,r$ ald] is giv5 t "n because ! newly cut wood is liable to *ange quickly to a r$di%-br[n4 ,?is applies to ! :iti% sapwood only2 b s9ce ! trunk is l>gely sapwood1 x is an important matt]4 ,x is n app>5t :e!r ! *ange 9 color is due to attack by fungi1 or to "s *emical *ange 9 ! sap4 ,x is n believ$ t ! *ange 9 color weak5s ! wood1 at lea/ x does n appe> to d s imm$iately4 ,! he>t is r$di%1 & :5 dress$ & poli%$1 x pres5ts a f9e appe>ance4 ,r$ ald] :5 ?or\ghly air dry weighs ab\t ?irty p\nds p] cubic foot1 :i* is slightly above ! weight ( basswood4 ,x is /rong = its weight1 rat+ only eight p] c5t bel[ :ite oak1 :ile 9 /iffness or ela/icity x is ab\t twelve p] c5t above :ite oak4 ,x is n difficult to season1 is s(t1 /&s well :5 made up1 & is "o ( ! mo/ important h>dwoods ( ! nor?we/ ,pacific coa/4 ,m ?an #b1jjj1jjj feet a ye> g to wood-us+ factories 9 ,wa%+ton & ,oregon4 ,! ,indians ( ! ,nor?we/1 :5 !y _h only /one hat*ets or ! crude/ k9ds ( metal tools1 f\nd r$ ald] a wood :i* work$ s easily t !y specializ$ ) x4 ,!y made canoes ( ! l>ge/ trunks1 & all mann] ( tr\ghs1 trays1 tr5*es1 platt]s1 & dug\ts1 "s ( no m ?an a p9t 9 capacity1 o!rs hold+ ?ree or f\r bu%els4 ,! ,field ,museum 9 ,*icago has a collection ( ^! ,indian ut5sils made ( ald]4 ,! workman%ip %[s consid]able skill mix$ ) b>b>ic art4 ,!re are c>v+s ( eagles & be>s :i* are n entirely grotesque4 ,! ut5sils 7 design$ prim>ily to conta9 food at c]emonial fea/s1 or x 0 /or$ = times ( sc>city4 ,among !m are cook+ vessels ( ald] 9 :i* meat 0 boil$ by fill+ ! tr\ghs ) wat] & dropp+ 9 hot /ones4 ,furniture manufactur]s are ! l>ge/ us]s ( r$ ald]4 ,c>efully select$ he>twood1 f9i%$ 9 ! prop] color1 looks mu* l *]ry1 ?\gh x lacks some?+ ( ! *>act]i/ic *]ry lu/]4 ,! sapwood 9 its natural color resembles ! sapwood ( yell[ bir*4 ,! annual r+s are def9$ by n>r[ b&s ( d5se summ]wood4 ,! pores are small & diffus$ ?r\gh ! entire r+1 z ) bir*4 ,m$ull>y rays are v ?9 & d n %[ mu* figure2 nei!r d ! r+s ( gr[?1 9 tang5tial saw+1 display mu* contra/4 ,x is1 !re=e1 a figureless wood1 ent]+ into practically all grades ( furniture1 9 ! region :]e ald] is pl5tiful1 b x %[s to p>ticul>ly good advantage 9 panels4 ,reports on wood-utilization on ! ,pacific coa/ li/ ?is wood = ar*]y b[s b p>ticul>s z to am\nt us$1 & :y x is us$ at all1 are n giv54 ,! physical prop]ties ( ! wood d n seem to fit x = t use4 ,x is want+ 9 bo? /r5g? & ela/icity :i* are ! prime1 almo/ ! only1 factors consid]$ 9 select+ b[ wood4 ,no acc\nt has be5 f\nd ( any employm5t ( ald] = b[s by ,indians ( ! region :]e x gr[s4 ,broom h&le turn]s 9 ,wa%+ton use #cej1jjj feet ( ald] a ye>4 ,! smoo? f9i% :i* may be imp>t$ to ! wood con/itutes its *ief value = broom h&les4 ,x is well lik$ = por* columns4 ,:5 ! c5t] is bor$ out1 ! wood seldom *ecks4 ,9 t respect x resembles yell[ popl>4 ,x takes pa9t well & holds x a long "t4 ,comp>atively l>ge am\nts are conv]t$ into int]ior f9i%4 ,x is made into sp9dles1 newel po/s1 rail+1 panels1 mold+1 ornam5ts1 & p$e/als4 ,occasionally x is f9i%$ 9 ! wood's natural color4 ,_m m9or places are f\nd = r$ ald]4 ,frames ( pack saddles are made ( x2 x =ms p>ts ( pulleys2 is available = small turn]y2 & x is sometimes work$ into bodies & comp>tm5ts = bus9ess wagons1 su* z but*]s & bak]s use4 ,! b>k is ri* 9 tann9 & is said to be employ$ 9 local tann]ies1 b no /ati/ics are available %[+ ! annual supply4 ,,:ite ,,ald] 7,alnus rhombifolia7 is kn[n simply z ald] 9 ! region :]e x gr[s4 ,:]e ?is tree & r$ ald] occupy ! same range !y are commonly suppos$ to be ! same4 ,! range ( :ite ald] ext5ds f nor!rn ,idaho to s\!rn ,cali=nia4 ,x is ! common ald] ( c5tral ,cali=nia :]e x atta9s its be/ developm5t1 & ! only ald] at l[ altitudes 9 s\!rn ,cali=nia4 ,trees v>y 9 height f ?irty to eighty feet1 & 9 diamet] f "o to ?ree4 ,a common size is fifty feet high & fifte5 in*es 9 diamet]4 ,l mo/ ald]s1 x /icks close to wat] c\rses1 & is usually f\nd 9 ! bottoms ( gul*es :]e wat] fl[s mo/ ( ! ye>4 ,! fl[]s beg9 to appe> 9 midsumm] z d>k1 olive-br[n catk9s less ?an an in* 9 l5g?4 ,by midw9t] !y are fully develop$1 & ! tree is load$ ) catk9s f f\r to six in*es long & ?ick z lead p5cils4 ,9 ! gul*es among ! elevat$ foo?ills x is n unusual = trees to be b5d+ b5ea? sn[ & fl[]s at ! same "t4 ,t is ab\t ! p]iod :5 ! se$s ( ! prec$+ ye> complete _! disp]sal4 ,! cones hang clos$ ne>ly a :ole twelve mon?s1 & :5 !y give up _! se$s1 !y (t5 d x sl[ly4 ,! se$s are ! size ( p9 heads1 & seem to h _h w+s once1 b lo/ !m4 ,! remnants rema91 b are ( no use4 ,if runn+ wat] does n c>ry se$s to new gr\nds !y lie b5ea? ! p>5t tree4 ,! wood ( :ite ald] is five p\nds light] p] cubic foot ?an r$ ald]4 ,its /ructure is less satisfactory4 ,m$ull>y rays are irregul>1 "s be+ ?9 z ^? ( sweet bir*1 :ile o!rs are z broad z rays ( *e/nut oak4 ,^? ( l>ge size seem to be scatt]$ at haphaz>d1 & are s irregul> & unc]ta9 t no dep5d5ce c be plac$ 9 !m = figure4 ,trees are l>gely sapwood1 :i* is ne>ly :ite :5 fre%ly cut1 b x quickly turns br[n2 he>twood is pale1 yell[i%-br[n4 ,?is is said to be "o ( mo/ quickly-decay+ woods ( ! we/]n =e/s :5 logs are left ly+ 9 damp woods4 ,! :ite ald] ought to be suitable = ne>ly e purpose = :i* r$ ald] is us$4 ,,m\nta9 ,,ald] 7,alnus t5uifolia7 is too small to contribute mu* to ! lumb] supply ( ! c\ntry1 ?\gh x may yield fuel 9 "s localities :]e !re is little else4 ,its range ext5ds f ,yukon t]ritory to ,l[] ,cali=nia1 a di/ance ( #d1jjj miles1 & x ne>ly t\*es bo? ! torrid & frigid zones4 ,x is f\nd f ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s to ! ,pacific 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,few trunks exce$ tw5ty-five feet 9 height or six in*es 9 diamet]2 b ! =m is g5]ally bru%1 9 tangl$ ?ickets along ! c\rses ( m\nta9 /reams1 & on boggy slopes1 up to #g1jjj feet 9 altitude4 ,! wood is light br[n1 & !re are no reports %[+ its use = any purpose except firewood4 ,,sitka ,,ald] 7,alnus sit*5sis7 is "o ( ! smalle/ ( ! arboresc5t species1 & 9 mo/ in/ances x is a %rub a few feet high4 ,at its be/ x is ?irty feet high & eight in*es 9 diamet]4 ,x gr[s f ,alaska to ,oregon1 & ea/w>d to ,alb]ta & ,montana4 ,x is f\nd 9 m\nta9 regions #d1jjj feet above ! sea4 ,! wood is valuable = fuel only4 ,?is species 0 discov]$ ab\t eighty ye>s ago1 b 0 practically lo/ sight ( until rec5tly4 ,_m p]sons saw x b suppos$ x to be "o ( ! o!r ald]s4 ,,lanceleaf ,,ald] 7,alnus acum9ata7 is a s\?we/]n species1 rang+ ?r\gh s\!rn ,new ,mexico & s\!rn ,arizona & s\? #d1jjj miles to ,p]u4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates x asc5ds to altitudes ( #d1jjj or #f1jjj feet :]e x fr+es ! banks ( /reams1 & fl\ri%es 9 ! bottoms ( canyons4 ,! l>ge/ trees are ?irty feet high & eight in*es 9 diamet]4 ,fl[]s op5 9 ,febru>y be=e ! appe>ance ( ! leaves4 ,! se$s h small w+s :i* are ( little or no use4 ,,seaside ,,ald] 7,alnus m>itima7 gr[s 9 ,m>yl&1 ,delaw>e1 & ,oklahoma1 & ! l>ge/ trunks are ?irty feet high & five in*es 9 diamet]4 ,x is f\nd on ! banks ( ponds & /reams4 ,! fl[]s appe> 9 ,july1 & ! se$s ( la/ ye>'s crop rip5 at ! same "t4 ,! wood is light1 s(t1 & br[n1 he>t & sap be+ sc>cely di/+ui%able4 ,! wood is n us$4 ,! ,european ,ald] 7,alnus glut9osa7 has be5 naturaliz$ 9 a few places 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & sev]al v>ieties are di/+ui%$ 9 cultivation4 ,a native %rubby species 7,alnus rugosa7 is common 9 _m p>ts ( ! ea/]n /ates4 ,x is n usually li/$ z a tree1 be+ too small1 b x is sometimes tw5ty-five feet high & ?ree or f\r in*es 9 diamet]4 ,9 ,europe ! *>coal made f ald] is consid]$ excell5t mat]ial = ! manufacture ( gun p[d]1 & consid]able areas ( ald] 9 ,engl& are held 9 res]ve aga9/ an em]g5cy4 ,x is probable t ! ,am]ican ald]s w\ld answ] z well z ! ,european species4 ,illu/ration ,,hornbeam ,illu/ration3 ,,hornbeam ,,hornbeam 7,o/rya ,virg9iana7 ,?is tree belongs to ! bir* family & is closely relat$ to ! ald]s & to blue bee*4 ,f\r species ( hornbeam are kn[n 9 ! _w1 & two ( !m are 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,"o is well kn[n to mo/ p]sons :o are famili> ) ea/]n h>dwood =e/s1 b ! o!r is seldom se5 because ( ! limit$ ext5t ( its range4 ,! well-kn[n hornbeam is f\nd 9 ! valley ( ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce riv]1 ?r\gh\t ,nova ,scotia & ,ottawa1 along ! nor!rn %ore ( ,lake ,huron to nor!rn ,m9nesota1 s\? ?r\gh ! nor!rn /ates & along ! ,alleghany m\nta9s to ! ,*attahoo*ee region ( we/]n ,florida2 ?r\gh ea/]n ,i[a1 s\!a/]n ,miss\ri & ,arkansas1 ea/]n ,kansas1 ,oklahoma & ! ,tr9ity riv] region ( ,texas4 ,x is kn[n z ironwood1 hop-hornbeam1 lev]wood1 & h>dhack4 ,! ,indians 7 small us]s ( wood except = fuel1 b !y _h places :]e !y put wood to special uses4 ,!y *ose hornbeam1 :5 !y c\ld get x1 = "o ( ^! places4 ,x 0 a favorite mat]ial = ! h&les ( _! /one w>clubs4 ,! /one heads 7 *ipp$ to v>i\s =ms1 b 7 usually egg-%ap$ ) a groove r\nd ! middle = fix+ ! h&le4 ,?is 0 made fa/ ) ?ongs ( ra:ide1 & 0 g5]ally ne>ly or q two feet long1 & sl5d] z a golf /ick4 ,great /r5g? & a high degree ( ela/icity 7 requir$ to /& ! /ra9 :5 a w>rior swung 8 club 9 battle4 ,hornbeam meets ^! requirem5ts exactly1 & d\btless ! ,indian f\nd ?is out by exp]i5ce4 ,x is ab\t ?irty p] c5t /rong] ?an :ite oak1 & =ty-six p] c5t m ela/ic4 ,! dem& = w>club h&les made no great inroads on ! hornbeam supply1 b x af=ds pro( t ! ,indians sometimes us$ good judgm5t4 ,! diff]5t names ( ?is tree describe "s *>act]i/ic ( ! wood or foliage4 ,! fruit resembles hops1 h5ce "o ( ! names4 ,h>dness gives x ! o!r names by :i* x is kn[n4 ,x is ! cu/om ne>ly ev]y:]e to call any wood ironwood if x is extra h>d4 ,no few] ?an elev5 species ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates are kn[n z ironwood 9 "s p>ts ( _! ranges4 ,! leaves ( hornbeam are simple & alt]nate2 !y tap] to a %>p po9t at ! end1 :ile ! base is r\nd$4 ,!y are d\bly & %>ply s]rate4 ,9 color !y are d>k gre5 above1 & light] bel[1 tuft$ 9 places1 resembl+ bir* leaves 9 "s respects1 al?\gh !y are q diff]5t 9 texture1 ! leaves ( bir* be+ glossy1 :ile ^? ( ironwood are r\gh4 ,!y are jo9$ to ! twig ) a %ort petiole1 h>dly a f\r? ( an in* 9 l5g?4 ,! fl[]s gr[ 9 long catk9s1 /am9ate ones sometimes m ?an two in*es long1 cov]$ ) fr+$ scales4 ,! pi/illate catk9s are usually %ort]4 ,hornbeam blooms 9 ,april & ,may & its fruit rip5s 9 ,augu/ & ,septemb]4 ,! se$ is a small nut equipp$ ) balloon-l w+s1 int5d$ = w9d di/ribution4 ,! se$s are (t5 c>ri$1 roll$1 & tumbl$ consid]able di/ances4 ,!y keep on go+ until _! w+s are torn (f or we> out1 or until !y become inextricably entangl$ among twigs or o!r ob/acles4 ,comp>atively few ( ! se$s ev] f9d lodgm5t 9 situations suitable = g]m9ation4 ,consequ5tly1 hornbeam is sc>ce4 ,x is n easy to /ate ! av]age size ( ! hornbeam1 ?\gh x is usually small & nev] v l>ge4 ,sometimes x rea*es a height ( fifty or sixty feet & a diamet] ( two or m1 b su* sizes are unusual4 ,trees a foot 9 diamet] & =ty feet high are m common4 ,! foliage is ?91 & ! tree is satisfi$ to gr[ 9 %ade1 provid$ ! %ad[s are n too d5se4 ,! leaves mu/ h a little sun%9e1 & ! flecks t fall ?r\gh ! op5 spaces 9 ! =e/ canopy high above1 suffice4 ,! hornbeam makes no ef=t to ov]top its fell[ trees2 b :5 x gr[s 9 ! op51 z on a rocky bank or ridge1 :]e x cat*es ! full light1 ! cr[n puts on m leaves1 & multiplies its bran*es1 & x is no long] ! lean tree :i* "s ( ! ,indians call$ x4 ,=e/ gr[n specim5s produce cle> trunks1 b ^? 9 ! op5 are limby almo/ to ! gr\nd4 ,hornbeam has nei!r smell nor ta/e4 ,x burns well1 ! emb]s gl[+ brightly 9 /ill air4 ,! weight ( a cubic foot ( season$ wood is fifty-"o p\nds4 ,x is /rong1 h>d1 heavy1 t\gh1 & exce$+ly durable :5 expos$ to v>iable wea!r1 or :5 9 contact ) ! soil4 ,x takes a beautiful poli%4 ,trees m ?an a foot 9 diamet] are (t5 f\nd to be holl[4 ,! wood is /rong1 h>d1 t\gh1 durable 9 contact ) ! soil2 he>twood light br[n1 t+$ ) r$1 or (t5 ne>ly :ite2 ?ick1 pale sapwood :i* g5]ally does n *ange to he>t = =ty or fifty ye>s4 ,! annual r+s are n uni=m 9 appe>ance4 ,"s are easily di/+ui%able1 :ile o!rs are vague4 ,?is v>iation is due to ! irregul> developm5t ( ! d>k summ]wood 9 ! out] portion ( ! r+s4 ,x is at times di/9ct & aga9 is h>dly disc]nible4 ,! wood is diffuse-por\s1 & ! pores are too small to be easily se5 by ! nak$ eye4 ,! m$ull>y rays are small & obscure4 ,9 qu>t]-saw$ wood !y %[ z a silv]y gloss1 b ! appe>ance is too monoton\s to be attractive4 ,nei!r is !re /rik+ figure :5 ! wood is saw$ tang5tially1 because ( ! small contra/ 9 ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! ye>ly r+4 ,hornbeam may1 !re=e1 be li/$ among woods :i* h little or no figure4 ,no "o ev] ?9ks ( us+ x = ! sake ( its beauty4 ,because ( ! small size & limit$ quantity hornbeam w nev] come into comm]cial prom95ce4 ,its uses are almo/ entirely local & dome/ic4 ,! lumb]man or ! f>m] selects a hornbeam sapl+ z be+ ! be/ mat]ial obta9able = mak+ a wagon or sleigh tongue1 a skid1 or a lev]4 ,! f>m] (t5 labori\sly works a section ( ! fl9t-l wood into m9or agricultural implem5ts4 ,! /ati/ics ( sawmill cut 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates d n m5tion hornbeam ev5 among su* m9or species z holly1 ,osage orange1 ald]1 & apple4 ,h[ev]1 x is kn[n t an occasional log goes to sawmills 9 ! ,lake ,/ates1 & d\btless 9 o!r regions1 & 9 "s in/ances ! wood is kept sep>ate f o!rs & is sold to fill special ord]s4 ,manufactur]s ( f>m tools consid] x ! be/ wood = rake tee?4 ,t use has come d[n f ! "t :5 f>m]s made _! own rakes & pit*=ks4 ,!y le>n$ ! wood's value by exp]i5ce1 & manufactur]s cat] to ! trade4 ,x is sometimes call$ lev] wood1 & t "n dates f long ago :5 ! man :o ne$$ a lev] w5t into ! woods & cut "o to suit 8 ne$s4 ,! mod]n lev] is usually some:at diff]5t & p>takes m ( ! nature ( a h&le4 ,!y are se5 9 sawmills :]e !y manipulate ! c>riage ma*9]y2 on c]ta9 agricultural implem5ts :]e _! function is to ?r[ clut*es 9 & out ( ge>2 sometimes !y are us$ z ! h&le by :i* ! rudd] ( a small boat is controll$2 & occasionally ! lev] has a place z an adjunct ( a wagon or log-c> brake4 ,9 all ( ^! uses /r5g? & /iffness are requir$1 & durability is duly consid]$4 ,wagon mak]s & repair]s f9d sev]al uses = hornbeam4 ,x w\ld be m frequ5tly employ$ if x 7 m pl5tiful4 ,ne>ly any blacksmi? :o runs a repair %op = vehicles w te/ify to t4 ,x fulfills e requisite = axles2 is made into felloes = heavy wagons2 & is consid]$ ! be/ obta9able wood = ! tongues ( heavy logg+ :eels & /one wagons4 ,among v>i\s occasional uses ( ?is wood x is li/$ by ! manufactur]s ( reels = g>d5 hose2 rungs = long ladd]s2 /akes = sl$s1 & also = cross pieces & p>ts ( runn]s ( sl$s2 w$ges = ! mak]s ( ma*9]y2 & hamm] & hat*et h&les4 ,x is a pretty active competitor ( dogwood = "s ( ^! uses1 & x has be5 sugge/$ = %uttles1 b no report ( its use 9 t capacity seems to h be5 made4 ,"o ( its mo/ common uses is z f5ce po/s4 ,few l9es ( f5ce are built exclusively ( hornbeam po/s1 because n en\gh c be _h 9 "o place2 b po/s are cut s+ly or a few toge!r f ,ma9e to ,arkansas1 & ! aggregate numb] is l>ge4 ,! wood is said to outla/ ! he>twood ( :ite oak :5 9 contact ) ! gr\nd1 & x is s /rong t po/s ( small size /& ! pull ( wires or ! weight ( planks or pickets4 ,hornbeam is ( sl[ gr[? & !re is little reason to believe t x w ev] be s]i\sly consid]$ by timb] gr[]s2 b x w d\btless w9 its way to favor z an ornam5tal tree4 ,x has be5 plant$ 9 city p>ks 9 ,new ,engl& & else:]e1 & its =m1 foliage1 & habits are mu* lik$4 ,! pale gre5 pods or cones--!y are n exactly ! "o or ! o!r--rema9 a long "t on ! bran*es & are delicately ornam5tal until aft] ! autumn fro/s *ange _! gre5 into br[n4 ,!n comes ! fly+ "t ( ! balloon se$s1 & t is an int]e/+ p]iod 9 p>ks & y>ds :]e ! tree's habits may be closely /udi$4 ,,kn[lton ,,hornbeam 7,o/rya kn[ltoni7 is int]e/+ *iefly on acc\nt ( its extremely limit$ range1 & its f> removal f all its k94 ,x is an exile 9 a di/ant c\ntry4 ,x has ?us f> be5 f\nd only on ! s\!rn slope ( ! canyon ( ! ,colorado riv] 9 ,arizona1 ab\t sev5ty miles nor? ( ,flag/aff4 ,x occurs at an elevation ( #f1jjj or #g1jjj feet above ! sea4 ,trees are tw5ty or ?irty feet high & twelve or eighte5 in*es 9 diamet]1 & trunks usually divide a foot or two above ! gr\nd into ?ree or m bran*es1 :i* are (t5 crook$ & contort$4 ,su* sizes & =ms c\ld n be ( mu* value = any?+ b fuel1 ev5 if abundant4 ,! he>t is light r$di%-br[n1 sapwood ?94 ,! leaves are r\nd in/ead ( po9t$ at ! apex1 z ) ! o!r hornbeam2 b ! fl[]s & fruit are mu* ! same4 ,botani/s speculate 9 va9 z to h[ ?is species happ5s to be s f> remov$ f o!r memb]s ( its family4 ,illu/ration ,,silv]bell ,illu/ration3 ,,silv]bell ,,silv]bell ,,tree 7,mohrod5dron ,c>ol9um7 ,?is tree belongs to ! /orax family1 :i* is n a v num]\s family z =e/ families are g5]ally c\nt$1 b x is old & highly respectable4 ,its memb]s are f\nd 9 ! old _w & ! new 9 bo? ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica1 9 ,europe1 ,asia1 & ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago4 ,trees ( ! /orax family produce1 or !y are suppos$ to produce1 res9s & gums1 balsams1 & aromatic exudations1 b "s give little or none4 ,! prie/s & soo?say]s ( idolatr\s nations ( anci5t times laid great /ress on /orax4 ,!y insi/$ on hav+ ! res9 z an adjunct to _! sup]/iti\s rites4 ,x 0 ! inc5se (f]$ 9 _! wor%ip1 & !y compass$ sea & l& to obta9 x = t purpose4 ,x is n improbable t ! s\!rn p59sulas ( ,asia & ! f>-(f ,molucca isl&s 7 visit$ 9 anci5t times to procure ! inc5se :i* ultimately f\nd its way to ! ,m$it]ranean regions4 ,x is1 !re=e1 int]e/+ to f9d t two memb]s ( ! old /orax family are quietly liv+ 9 ! coa/ region & among ! m\nta9s ( ! s\!a/]n "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,no "o has ev] suspect$ t !y might be capable ( yield+ res9\s inc5se suitable = ! alt>s ( hea!n gods4 ,!y are ! silv]bell tree1 & its little c\s91 ! sn[drop tree 7,mohrod5dron dipt]um74 ,!y h _h common names a long "t1 b _! botanical names are ! result ( a rec5t *ri/5+4 ,!y are nam$ f ,*>les ,mohr :o wrote an int]e/+ book on ! flora ( ,alabama4 ,! silv]bell tree is ! l>g] ( ! two & des]ves fir/ consid]ation4 ,x has a some:at ext5sive range1 b 9 "s p>ts x is s sc>ce t few p]sons ev] see x4 ,x is f\nd f ! m\nta9s ( ,we/ ,virg9ia to s\!rn ,ill9ois1 s\? to middle ,florida1 nor!rn ,alabama1 & ,mississippi1 & ?r\gh ,arkansas & we/]n ,l\isiana to ea/]n ,texas4 ,"u cultivation1 ?is tree is kn[n z ! sn[drop tree 9 ,rhode ,isl&1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 ,florida1 & ,l\isiana4 ,9 ,rhode ,isl&1 "u cultivation1 x is also sometimes kn[n z ! silv]bell tree1 & be>s ! same "n 9 ,alabama1 ,florida1 & ,mississippi4 ,9 p>ts ( ,t5nessee x is kn[n z ! wild olive tree1 & 9 o!r p>ts ( ! /ate z ! bell tree4 ,9 v>i\s localities 9 ,alabama x is ref]r$ to z ! f\r-w+$ halesia2 & 9 o!rs z opossumwood4 ,x is indiscrim9ately kn[n 9 v>i\s sections ( ,texas z ! rattlebox & calic[ood1 & "s ( ! furniture manufactur]s 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a li/ x z box eld]1 ?\gh x is only di/antly relat$ to ! true box eld]4 ,9 ! ,great ,smoky m\nta9s 9 ,t5nessee1 :]e ! species rea*es its greate/ developm5t1 x be>s a v>iety ( names1 among !m be+ tisswood1 peawood1 bellwood1 & *ittamwood4 ,! tree v>ies 9 size f a %rubby =m s small t x is sc>cely entitl$ to ! "n ( tree1 up to a height ( eighty1 n9ety1 & ev5 m ?an #ajj feet ) diamet]s up to ne>ly f\r feet4 ,! l>ge/ sizes occur only among ! ranges ( ! ,great ,smoky m\nta9s 9 ,bl\nt1 ,sevi]1 & ,monroe c\nties1 ,t5nessee4 ,no reason is kn[n :y ?is tree 9 t region %\ld s greatly exce$ its l>ge/ dim5sions 9 o!r areas2 b mo/ species h a locality :]e ! greate/ developm5t is rea*$1 & ?is has f\nd ! favorable conditions 9 ! m\nta9s ( ea/]n ,t5nessee4 ,"s ( ! trees measure sixty feet or m to ! fir/ limbs4 ,lumb]m5 ( ! c\ntry are n g5]ally acqua9t$ ) silv]bell1 z is natural s9ce its comm]cial range is s limit$4 ,x is n li/$ 9 /ati/ics ( sawmill cut or ( v5e] mills4 ,! wood-us+ indu/ries ( ! c\ntry d n report x1 except 9 ! "o /ate1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 & !re 9 v small am\nts4 ,d\btless1 x is occasionally us$ else:]e1 b x escapes m5tion 9 mo/ in/ances4 ,x has be5 made into mantels at ,knoxville1 ,t5nessee1 & passes z bir*4 ,! wood is light1 s(t1 usually n>r[-r+$1 color light br[n1 ! ?ick sapwood light]4 ,x weighs ?irty-five p\nds p] cubic foot1 & :5 burn$ x yields a l[ p]c5tage ( a%4 ,! wood's *ief value is due to its color & figure4 ,be/ results are n obta9$ by saw+ ! logs into lumb]1 because ! h&some/ "p ( ! figure is apt to be lo/4 ,x is prem95tly suit$ to ! cutt+ ( rot>y v5e]4 ,by t me?od ( conv]sion ! birdseye & ! pitt$ & mottl$ effects are br\ght out 9 ! be/ possible mann]4 ,v5e]s s cut f logs select$ = ! figure1 possess a r>e beauty :i* no o!r ,am]ican wood equals4 ,!re is a pleas+ bl5d ( tones1 :i* are due to ! direction 9 :i* ! di/ort$ gra9 is cut4 ,?is di/+ui%es ! wood f all o!rs & gives x an individuality4 ,mu* ( ! figure appe>s to be due to ! pres5ce ( adv5titi\s buds1 simil> to ^? suppos$ to be responsible = ! birdseye effect 9 maple4 ,! leaves ( silv]bell are bright gre5 at maturity & are f f\r to six in*es long & two or ?ree wide4 ,!y turn yell[ be=e fall+ 9 autumn4 ,! fl[]s give ! tree its "n1 = !y resemble delicate bells1 ab\t "o in* 9 l5g?4 ,!y appe> 9 e>ly spr+ :5 ! leaves are "o-?ird gr[n1 on sl5d]1 droop+ /ems f "o to two in*es long4 ,! trees are load$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole cr[n1 & pres5t an appe>ance t is seldom surpass$ = beauty 9 ! =e/s ( ?is c\ntry4 ,! fruit is peculi> & is n p>ticul>ly graceful4 ,x has too mu* ! appe>ance ( ! load c>ri$ by a well-fruit$ v9e ( hops4 ,x rip5s late 9 autumn & p]si/s dur+ mo/ ( ! w9t]4 ,!re is no?+ 9 its color1 %ape1 or ta/e to tempt birds or o!r creatures to make food ( x1 ?\gh1 "u /ress ( circum/ances1 !y may sometimes d s4 ,! fruit is two in*es or less 9 l5g? & an in* wide1 & has f\r w+s1 :i* seem to be practically useless = flight4 ,! se$ is ab\t half an in* long4 ,! b>k ( ! trunk is bright r$-br[n & ab\t half an in* ?ick1 ) broad ridges :i* sep>ate on ! surface into ?9 pap]y scales4 ,! "y bran*es we> an e>ly coat ( ?ick1 pale wool or hairs1 light1 r$di%-br[n dur+ ! fir/ summ]1 b lat] *ang+ to an orange color4 ,! botanical range ( ! species is ext5sive1 ?\gh ! tree-=m is conf9$ to a few c\nties among ! s\!rn ,appala*ian m\nta9s4 ,! nor!rn limit ( its range is 9 ,we/ ,virg9ia :]e x is s sc>ce t _m a woodsman nev] recognizes x4 ,unless x is caught :ile 9 ! full glory ( its bloom1 x attracts no att5tion4 ,x is n !re a tree1 b a %rub1 hidd5 away among o!r gr[?1 along m\nta9 /reams or on slopes :]e ! soil is f]tile4 ,! bloom+ %rub might1 at a di/ance1 be mi/ak5 = a dogwood 9 full blossom1 b a clos] inspection corrects ! mi/ake4 ,x is true ( ?is species z ( _m o!rs t ! range has be5 greatly ext5d$ by plant+4 ,! bell-l :ite fl[]s e>ly drew att5tion ( nurs]ym5 :o 7 on ! look\t = trees = ornam5tal plant+4 ,x 0 c>ri$ to ,europe long ago1 & graces _m a y>d & p>k 9 ! c5tral & nor!rn c\ntries ( t cont95t4 ,x n[ gr[s & ?rives 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates six hundr$ miles nor!a/ ( its natural range1 :]e x endures ! w9t]s ( ea/]n ,massa*usetts1 blooms z b\nte\sly z 9 its native haunts among ! %ad$ /reams ( ! ,alleghany m\nta9s4 ,,sn[drop ,,tree 7,mohrod5dron dipt]um7 is a ne> relative ( ! silv]bell tree1 & looks mu* l x1 except t x is small]1 has l>g] leaves1 & ! fl[]s are creamy-:ite4 ,! two occupy ! same t]ritory 9 "p ( _! ranges1 b !y diff] 9 "o respect4 ,! silv]bell tree gr[s ) great luxuriance among ! m\nta9s :ile ! sn[drop tree keeps to ! l[ c\ntry & is seldom or nev] f\nd gr[+ naturally at any consid]able elevation4 ,x pref]s swamps or damp situations ne> ! coa/4 ,:ile ! silv]bell tree's range includes ,we/ ,virg9ia1 t ( ! sn[drop ext5ds no f>!r nor? ?an ,s\? ,c>ol9a4 ,x foll[s ! coa/ to ,texas1 & runs nor? ?r\gh ,l\isiana to c5tral ,arkansas4 ,its range has be5 greatly enl>g$ by plant+1 & ! nor!rn w9t]s d n kill x on ! s\!rn %ores ( ,lake ,erie4 ,! l>ge/ trees are ab\t ?irty feet high & six in*es 9 diamet]1 b ! gr[? 9 mo/ places is %rubby4 ,leaves are f\r or five in*es long & ?ree or f\r wide4 ,fl[]s are "o in* long & are borne 9 pr(usion4 ,!y con/itute ! tree's *ief value z an ornam5t1 ?\gh ! foliage is attractive4 ,! bloom la/s a mon? or six weeks1 f ! middle ( ,m>* till ! la/ ( ,april4 ,! fruit has two w+s in/ead ( f\r1 z ) silv]bell1 b occasionally two rudim5t>y w+s are pres5t4 ,! wood is light1 s(t1 /rong1 color light br[n1 ) ?ick]1 light] sapwood4 ,! smallness ( ! trunks makes _! use = lumb] impossible4 ,! species is valuable = ornam5tal purposes only1 & has be5 plant$ bo? 9 ?is c\ntry & ,europe4 ,x has a numb] ( names by :i* x is kn[n 9 diff]5t localities1 among !m be+ c[licks 9 ,l\isiana1 & silv]bell tree 9 ! ,nor? :]e x has be5 plant$ outside ( its natural range4 ,illu/ration ,,sycamore ,illu/ration3 ,,sycamore ,,sycamore 7,platanus ,occid5talis7 ,probably no p]son ) a practical k ( trees ev] mi/akes sycamore = any?+ else4 ,! tree /&s cle>-cut & di/9ct4 ,until ! trunk becomes old1 x %$s its out] lay] ( b>k ye>ly1 or at lea/ frequ5tly1 & ! exfoliation exposes ! :ite1 new b>k bel[4 ,! upp] "p ( ! trunk & ! l>ge bran*es are :ite & conspicu\s 9 ! spr+1 & are recognizable at a long di/ance4 ,no o!r tree 9 ! ,am]ican =e/ is z :ite4 ,! ne>e/ approa* to x is ! pap] bir* ( ! ,nor?1 or ! :ite bir* ( ,new ,engl&4 ,not)/&+ ! tree's individuality1 x has a good _m names4 ,x is g5]ally kn[n z sycamore ?r\gh\t ! /ates ( ! ,union1 b x is frequ5tly call$ buttonwood 9 ,v]mont1 ,new ,hamp%ire1 ,rhode ,isl&1 ,massa*usetts1 ,new ,york1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,delaw>e1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 ,alabama1 ,mississippi1 ,l\isiana1 ,texas1 ,arkansas1 ,miss\ri1 ,ill9ois1 ,nebraska1 ,mi*igan1 ,m9nesota1 ,ohio1 & ,ont>io2 buttonball tree 9 sev]al ( ! ea/]n /ates & occasionally 9 ,ill9ois1 ,i[a1 ,ohio1 ,mi*igan1 & ,nebraska2 ! plane tree 9 ,rhode ,isl&1 ,delaw>e1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 ,kansas1 ,nebraska1 & ,i[a2 ! wat] bee* 9 ,delaw>e2 ! platane1 cottoni]1 & bois puant 9 ,l\isiana4 ,probably ! f9e/ gr[? ( ! sycamore ev] enc\nt]$ 0 9 ,ohio & ,indiana1 & ^! /ates /ill conta9 isolat$ pat*es ( magnific5t specim5s ( ! wood4 ,! ,black ,swamp ( ,ohio 0 orig9ally a fam\s sycamore c\ntry1 ( :i* ,defiance 0 ! c5t] ( lumb] manufacture4 ,_m p>ts ( ,indiana produc$ a good sycamore gr[?1 & a consid]able am\nt ( timb] ( excell5t quality /ill exi/s1 b is n[ l>gely own$ by f>m]s :o are g5]ally hold+ x out ( ! m>ket4 ,! range ( sycamore ext5ds f ,ma9e to ,nebraska1 & s\? to ,texas & ,florida4 ,x is "o ( ! l>ge/ ( ,am]ican h>dwoods1 & 9 diamet] ( trunk x is exce$$ by none4 ,trees are on record t 7 f t5 to f\rte5 feet 9 diamet]1 & x 0 n unusual 9 ! primeval =e/s = !m to t[] ne>ly or q #abe4 ,9 height a numb] ( h>dwoods exce$ x1 ! yell[ popl> 9 p>ticul>2 b none ( !m has a l>g] trunk ?an ! l>ge/ sycamores4 ,h[ev]1 ! mammo?s are g5]ally holl[4 ,! he>t decays z r+s ( new gr[? are add$ to ! outside ( ! %ell4 ,s l>ge 7 ! cavities 9 "s ( ! sycamores 9 ! orig9al =e/s t m ?an "o case is on record ( _! be+ us$ by e>ly settl]s z places ( abode4 ,! tree ?rives be/ 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity ( riv]s & creeks4 ,x ne$s abundance ( wat] = its roots1 b is n insi/5t 9 its dem& = deep1 f]tile soil1 = x gr[s on gravel b>s along wat] c\rses1 provid$ "s soil & s& are mix$ ) ! gravel4 ,great age is d\btless atta9$1 b records are necess>ily lack+ 9 cases :]e ! annual r+s ( gr[? mu/ be dep5d$ ^u2 because ! holl[ trunks h lo/ mo/ ( _! r+s by decay4 ,sycamore be>s abundance ( light se$ :i* is scatt]$ %ort di/ances by w9d & mu* f>!r by runn+ wat]4 ,its ideal place = g]m9at+ is on muddy %ores & wet flats4 ,"h ! se$s are deposit$ by w9d & wat]1 & 9 a %ort "t multitudes ( se$l+s spr+ up4 ,?\gh mo/ ( !m are doom$ to p]i% be=e !y atta9 a height ( a few feet1 survivors are suffici5t to assure ?ick /&s on small areas4 ,! trunks gr[ tall rapidly1 & until !y rea* consid]able size1 !y rema9 solid & make good sawlogs2 b at an age ( sev5ty-five or #ajj ye>s1 det]ioration is apt to set 92 "s die1 o!rs become holl[1 & ! result is a good /& ( l>ge sycamores is unusual4 ,! vet]ans are g5]ally scatt]$ ?r\gh =e/s ( o!r species4 ,! /atem5t has (t5 be5 made 9 rec5t ye>s t sycamore is becom+ v sc>ce & t ! annual output is rapidly decl9+4 ,/ati/ics d n %[ a decl9+ output4 ,! cut ( sycamore 9 #aiji 0 approximately twice z great z 9 #ahii4 ,x is true t ! supply is n v l>ge1 & x nev] 0 l>ge comp>$ ) "s o!r h>dwoods2 b x appe>s to be hold+ its own z well z mo/ =e/ trees4 ,! cut 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 #aiaj 0 #de1jjj1jjj1 & x 0 cr$it$ to tw5ty-six /ates4 ,indiana 0 ! l>ge/ contributor1 & x _h held t position a long "t4 ,/ates next bel[ x 9 ! ord] nam$ 7 ,miss\ri1 ,arkansas1 ,t5nessee1 ,k5tucky1 ,ohio1 & ,ill9ois4 ,d\btless "s ( ! sycamore lumb] n[ go+ to m>ket has gr[n s9ce old settl]s cut ! primeval /&s :5 !y cle>$ _! fields4 ,x w cont9ue to gr[1 & s9ce x usually occupies wa/e places1 x may be dep5d$ ^u to contribute pretty regul>ly ye> by ye> dur+ "t to come4 ,x is "o ( ! =e/ trees :i* h nev] suff]$ mu* f fires1 because x gr[s 9 damp situations4 ,! wood ( sycamore weighs #ce4ci p\nds p] cubic foot1 is h>d1 b n /rong1 difficult to split & "w2 ! annual r+s are limit$ by n>r[ b&s ( d>k summ]wood4 ,! r+s are v por\s4 ,! m$ull>y rays are r small1 b c be easily se5 )\t a glass4 ,!y run 9 regul>1 radial l9es1 close toge!r1 & ! pores are 9 r[s betwe54 ,! rays ( sycamore v>y f ! rule ) mo/ woods1 9 t !y are d>k] ?an ! body ( ! wood4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ uses ( sycamore 0 by f>m]s :o cut holl[ trunks1 saw$ !m 9 l5g?s ( ?ree or f\r feet1 nail$ bottoms 9 !m1 & us$ !m = b>rels = gra94 ,!y 7 call$ gums4 ,solid logs two or ?ree feet 9 diamet] 7 cut 9 l5g?s ( a foot or less1 bor$ ?r\gh ! c5t]1 & us$ z :eels = ox c>ts4 ,! ox yoke 0 (t5 made ( sycamore4 ,but*]s us$ sycamore sections ab\t ?ree feet high = meat blocks4 ,! wood is t\gh1 & cont9ual hack+ fails to split x4 ,! use = meat blocks cont9ues at ! pres5t "t4 ,9 ,ill9ois #a1fjj1jjj feet 7 s employ$ 9 #aiaj4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ employm5ts ( ! wood = comm]cial purposes 0 9 ! manufacture ( boxes = plug tobacco2 b x has n[ be5 l>gely replac$ by *eap] woods4 ,its fre$om f /a9 & odor is its *ief recomm5dation = tobacco boxes4 ,"s ( x is 9 dem& = cig> boxes4 ,! mod]n uses ( sycamore are _m4 ,x is made into ord9>y crates & %ipp+ boxes 9 mo/ regions :]e x gr[s4 ,rot>y cut v5e] is work$ into b]ry crates & baskets1 & into b>rels4 ,ice boxes & refrig]ators are among ! products4 ,slack coop]s are among ! l>ge/ us]s1 b "s ( ! manufactur$ /ave articles belong m prop]ly to wood5w>e1 su* z tubs1 wa%+ ma*9es1 c&y buckets1 & l>d pails4 ,furniture mak]s dem& ! be/ grades1 & mo/ ( ! qu>t]-saw$ /ock goes to !m1 ?\gh ! manufactur]s ( musical in/rum5ts buy "s ( ! f9e/4 ,use is pretty g5]al f pipe organs & pianos d[n to m&ol9s1 guit>s & phonographs4 ,x ent]s ext5sively into ! mak+ ( miscellane\s commodities4 ,z small a toy z ! /]eoscope consumes mu* sycamore4 ,mak]s ( trunks f9d x suitable = slats1 & x s]ves z small squ>es & bord]s 9 p>quetry4 ,x is a *oice wood = b>b] poles & saddle trees1 & its f9e appe>ance :5 work$ 9 broad panels leads to its employm5t z int]ior f9i% = h\ses1 boats1 & pass5g] c>s4 ,,cali=nia ,,sycamore 7,platanus racemosa7 is "o ( ! ?ree species ( sycamore n[ f\nd gr[+ naturally 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,!y are survivors ( a v old family & appe> to h be5 cr[d$ d[n f ! f> ,nor? by ! cold1 or to h made _! way s\? = "s o!r reason4 ,sycamores fl\ri%$ 9 ,gre5l& 9 ! ,cretace\s age1 "s millions ( ye>s ago1 z is %[n by fossil rema9s dug up 9 t l& ( ice & et]nal w9t]4 ,!y grew 9 c5tral ,europe1 ab\t ! same "t1 b long ago disappe>$ f !re4 ,sycamores 7 gr[+ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates an imm5se p]iod ( "t ago1 & 7 d\btless lift+ _! giant :ite bran*es high above ! banks ( anci5t riv]s :ile ! gorge\s bloom ( yell[ popl>s bright5$ ! =e/s on ! ri* bottom l&s f>!r back4 ,sev]al species ( sycamores :i* grew 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates dur+ ! ,t]ti>y age are n[ ext9ct4 ,all seem to h be5 mu* l ^? :i* h come d[n to ! pres5t day4 ,! ,cali=nia sycamore is f\nd 9 ! s\!rn half ( t /ate1 & 9 ,l[] ,cali=nia4 ,x gr[s f sea level up to #e1jjj feet1 & has ! same habits z ! l>g] sycamore ( ! ,ea/1 & pref]s ! banks ( /reams & ! wet l& 9 ! bottoms ( canyons4 ,x atta9s a height ( f =ty to eighty feet1 & a diamet] ( f two to five4 ,"s trees are l>g]1 "o 9 p>ticul> ne> ,los ,angeles hav+ a trunk diamet] ( n9e feet4 ,! tree is usually extremely di/ort$ & mis%ap$1 lean+1 twi/$1 & =k+ & re=k+ until a practical lumb]man w\ld pron\nce x a hopeless proposition4 ,?is applies1 h[ev]1 to trunks :i* gr[ 9 ! op51 & t is :]e mo/ ( !m gr[4 ,:5 !y are f\nd cr[d$ 9 ?ick /&s 9 ! bottoms ( canyons1 _! trunks are %apely en\gh = %ort sawlogs4 ,! wood is v simil> to t ( ea/]n sycamore1 & x is us$ = simil> purposes1 :5 us$ at all4 ,! balls are /rung five on "o t\gh /em1 :i* is f six to t5 in*es long4 ,! ea/]n sycamore usually has a /em = ea* ball4 ,! se$+ habits ( bo? trees are ! same4 ,,arizona ,,sycamore 7,platanus wrightii7 has its range 9 s\!rn ,new ,mexico1 s\!rn ,arizona1 & neighbor+ regions 9 ,mexico1 :]e x gr[s 9 ! bottoms ( canyons up to #f1jjj feet above sea4 ,! tree atta9s a height ( f ?irty to eighty feet1 & a diamet] ( two to five4 ,! trunk is seldom %apely1 b (t5 divides 9 l>ge bran*es1 "s ( :i* are fifty or sixty feet long4 ,!re are usually ?ree balls on a /em1 & ! leaf is %ap$ mu* l ! leaf ( r$ gum1 b !re is consid]able v>iation 9 =m4 ,! wood resembles ea/]n sycamore 9 color & mo/ o!r features1 b :5 qu>t]-saw$ ! flecks produc$ by ! m$ull>y rays are g5]ally small]1 & give a mottl$ effect4 ,! wood has n be5 mu* us$1 b app>5tly x is n inf]ior to ea/]n sycamore4 ,illu/ration ,,black ,,*]ry ,illu/ration3 ,,black ,,*]ry ,,black ,,*]ry 7,prunus ,s]ot9a7 ,?is widely di/ribut$ tree supplies ! *]ry wood ( comm]ce4 ,its natural range ext5ds f ,nova ,scotia we/w>d ?r\gh ! ,canadian prov9ces to ! ,kam9i/iquia riv]2 s\? to ,tampa bay 9 ,florida & we/ to ,nor? ,dakota1 ea/]n ,nebraska1 ,kansas1 ,oklahoma1 & ea/]n ,texas4 ,! tree is kn[n z wild black *]ry1 wild *]ry1 black *]ry1 rum *]ry1 :iskey *]ry1 & *oke *]ry4 ,*]ry belongs to a rem>kably l>ge family & ! ord9>y obs]v] w\ld nev] suspect ! relation%ip t exi/s betwe5 x & o!r gr[?s to :i* x be>s little resemblance4 ,x is 9 ! rose family 7,rosace74 ,x has multitudes ( small & l>ge c\s9s1 mo/ ( !m small1 h[ev]4 ,among !m are ! crabapple1 ! s]viceb]ry1 ! haws1 ?orns1 plums1 & ! pea*1 besides plants :i* d n rise to ! dignity ( trees4 ,! cr[n ( black *]ry is n>r[ & ! bran*es are horizontal4 ,9 height ! tree ranges f fifty to "o hundr$ or m feet4 ,! b>k is a d>k r$di%-br[n1 r\gh & brok5 into plates1 becom+ smoo!r t[>d ! top4 ,! bran*lets are a ri* r$di%-br[n1 & are m>k$ ) t9y orange-color$ dots4 ,! leaves are small1 alt]nate1 oblong or oval lanceolate1 tap]-po9t$ at ! apex & po9t$ or r\nd$ at ! base1 f9ely s]rate2 at maturity glabr\s1 firm1 glossy1 ! light color$ midrib be+ v di/9ct4 ,! fl[]s are :ite & gr[ on p$icels 9 long sl5d] racemes1 :i* t]m9ate leafy %oots4 ,! fruit is almo/ black1 %[+ deep r$ color+ b5ea? & is a small r\nd drupe2 v9\s1 al?\gh n disagreeable to ! ta/e4 ,9 mo/ in/ances a lik+ = x mu/ be acquir$1 b comp>atively few p ev] take ! tr\ble to acquire x4 ,! old settl]s among ! ,alleghany m\nta9s _h a way ( press+ ! juice f ! drupes & by "s simple process conv]t+ x into 8*]ry b\nce10 a bev]age some:at bitt] b x nev] w5t begg+ :5 ! old-"t m\nta9e]s 7 ar\nd4 ,?is 0 d\btless :at p]sons _h 9 m9d :o call$ x rum *]ry4 ,few fruits1 ei!r wild or tame1 conta9 m juice 9 proportion to bulk4 ,ripe fruit is employ$ z a flavor = alcoholic liquors4 ,! b>k conta9s hydrocyanic acid & is us$ 9 m$ic9e4 ,! peculi> odor ( *]ry b>k is due to ?is acid4 ,9 e>ly ye>s ! rip5+ ( ! *]ry crop among ! ranges ( ! ,appala*ian m\nta9s 0 a signal = be>s to congregate :]e *]ry trees 7 ?icke/4 ,! cubs 7 !n l>ge en\gh to foll[ _! mo!rs--9 ,augu/--& x 0 consid]$ a dang]\s season 9 ! *]ry woods1 because ! old be>s w\ld gr[ fi]ce if mole/$ :ile fe$+4 ,! m\nta9e]s knew en\gh to /ay away f ! dang] po9ts at t "t1 unless !y w5t !re purposely to engage 9 a be> fight4 ,x 0 a common say+ among ^? p t 8*]ry be>s0 %\ld be let alone4 ,! *]ry's *ief importance 9 ?is c\ntry has be5 due to its lumb]4 ,un=tunately1 t value lies *iefly 9 ! pa/1 = ! supply is runn+ l[4 ,x nev] 0 v great1 =1 ?\gh ! species has a l>ge range1 x is sp>+ly disp]s$ ?r\gh ! =e/s4 ,9 _m p>ts ( its range a p]son might travel all day 9 ! woods & see few *]ry trees1 & p]haps none4 ,! be/ /&s h>dly ev] cov] m ?an a few acres4 ,g5]ally ! trees gr[ s+ly or 9 clumps4 ,x appe>s to be ne>ly :olly a matt] ( soil & light1 = ! se$s1 :i* are c>ri$ by birds1 are scatt]$ 9 imm5se numb]s1 & only ^? gr[ :i* *ance to f9d conditions j "r4 ,! tree wants ri* gr\nd & pl5ty ( room1 :i* is a comb9ation n (t5 f\nd 9 primeval =e/ regions2 b1 s9ce ! c\ntry has be5 l>gely cle>$1 *]ry trees spr+ up along f5ce r[s & 9 nooks & corn]s4 ,if let alone !y gr[ rapidly1 b trunks s produc$ are ( little value = lumb]1 because too %ort & limby4 ,9 ! =e/ ! tree lifts its light cr[n high on a sl5d] trunk to rea* ! sun%9e1 & su* trunks supply ! *]ry lumb] ( comm]ce4 ,ne> ! nor!rn limit ( its range x seems to ab&on its dem& = good soil & is cont5t if x is suppli$ ) light only4 ,x betakes itself to ! face ( cliffs1 sometimes ov]hang+ ! sea1 & s ne> x t ! bran*es are dr5*$ 9 spray ?r[n up by break]s4 ,x is ne$less to say t no good lumb] is produc$ "u su* circum/ances4 ,! fir/ loss ( *]ry occurr$ :5 ! f>ms 7 cle>$4 ,x /ood on ! be/ gr\nd1 & ! l&-hungry ,anglo-,saxon want$ t = himself4 ,he cut ! tall %apely *]ry trees1 built f5ces & b>ns ( "s ( ! logs1 & burn$ ! balance 9 ! cle>+4 ,!n came ! pione] lumb]man :o did n take mu*1 because 8 old up-&-d[n saw1 :i* 0 run by wat]1 w\ld cut only ab\t a ?\s& feet a day1 & !re 0 pl5ty ( o!r k9ds ( timb]4 ,b :5 ! /eam mill put 9 its appe>ance1 *]ry w5t fa/4 ,its price 0 high en\gh to pay = a long haul4 ,f t day till ?is1 *]ry has gone to m>ket z rapidly z millm5 c\ld get to x4 ,next to walnut1 x is ! highe/ pric$ lumb] produc$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! av]age cut p] mill1 accord+ to returns ( ^? :o saw$ x 9 #aiji1 0 only #aa1bjj feet1 & ! total output t ye> 0 only #bd1eid1jjj feet1 contribut$ by tw5ty-n9e /ates4 ,! five lead+ produc]s 71 9 ! ord] nam$1 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,new ,york1 ,ohio1 & ,indiana4 ,! next ye> ! total output fell to #ah1bcg1jjj feet1 & *]ry w5t d[n to a place among ! 8m9or species10 su* z dogwood1 ald]1 locu/1 & buckeye4 ,! day ( its importance 9 ! lumb] indu/ry is pa/4 ,x has become too sc>ce to attract mu* att5tion1 b !re w always be "s *]ry 9 ! m>ket1 ?\gh vet]an trunks1 ?ree & f\r feet ?r\gh & good = f\r sixte5-foot logs1 w be seldom se5 9 ! ye>s to come4 ,:ile good ta/e ord9>ily dictates t *]ry be f9i%$ 9 a tone approximat+ its natural color1 x is q frequ5t t x masqu]ades z mahogany4 ,a well-kn[n & p]fect me?od ( mak+ *]ry look l mahogany is to h ! wood rubb$ ) dilut$ nitric acid1 :i* prep>es x = ! mat]ials to be subsequ5tly appli$2 aft]w>ds1 to a filt]$ mixture ( an ounce & a half ( dragon's blood dissolv$ 9 a p9t ( spirits ( w9e1 is add$ "o-?ird t quantity ( c>bonate ( soda1 ! :ole con/itut+ a v ?9 liquid :i* is appli$ to ! wood ) a s(t bru%4 ,?is process is repeat$ at %ort int]vals until ! wood assumes ! ext]nal appe>ance ( mahogany4 ,:ile *]ry is employ$ z an imitation ( mahogany1 x is 9 its turn imitat$ also4 ,sweet bir* is f9i%$ to look l *]ry1 & = t reason is sometimes kn[n z *]ry bir*4 ,*]ry weighs #cf4bh p\nds p] cubic foot2 x is v por\s1 b ! pores are small & are diffus$ ?r\gh all p>ts ( ! annual r+4 ,! wood has no figure4 ,its value is due to color & lu/]4 ,! m$ull>y rays are num]\s b small1 & 9 qu>t]-saw+ !y d n %[ z mirrors1 l oak1 b z a s(t lu/] cov]+ ! :ole surface4 ,! pr9cipal uses ( *]ry h always be5 9 furniture & f9i%1 b x has _m m9or uses1 su* z tool h&les1 boxes = g>d5 se$s1 _s levels & o!r tools1 & implem5ts1 patt]ns1 p5hold]s1 actions = organs & piano play]s1 baseblocks = electrotypes & o!r pr9t+ plates1 & cores = high-class panels4 ,aside f its color1 its *ief value is due to its comp>ative fre$om f *eck+ & w>p+4 ,?is *]ry is "o ( ! few trees t cross ! equator4 ,x ext5ds f ,canada f> d[n ! we/ coa/ ( ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,,*oke ,,*]ry 7,prunus virg9iana7 is widely di/ribut$ 9 ,nor? ,am]ica f ,canada to ,mexico4 ,x is said to atta9 its l>ge/ size 9 ! ,s\?we/ :]e trees are sometimes =ty feet high & a foot 9 diamet]4 ,! "n is due to ! a/r+5cy ( ! half ripe fruit :i* c sc>cely be eat54 ,:5 fully ripe x is a little m tol]able1 & is !n black1 b is r$ be=e x is ripe4 ,! color ( immature *]ries deceives ! unsophi/icat$ into believ+ !y are ripe4 ,9 ,canada ! fruit is made into pies & jelly1 & x is said ! tree is occasionally plant$ = its fruit4 ,! ,indians ( =m] times made food ( x4 ,! tree is small1 & bruis$ bran*es emit a disagreeable odor2 leaves conta9 prussic acid1 & :5 p>tly )]$1 !y are poison\s to cattle4 ,! trunks are ne>ly always too small = comm]cial purposes1 & are apt to be affect$ ) a fung\s disease kn[n z black knot4 ,,we/]n ,,*oke ,,*]ry 7,prunus demissa7 gr[s f ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s to ! ,pacific 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x is (t5 reg>d$ z ! we/]n =m ( *oke *]ry1 b x has m palatable fruit1 & trees are a little l>g]1 :ile trunks are s crook$ t no us] ( wood c>es to h any?+ to d ) !m4 ,! wood is weak1 b is h>d & heavy4 ,,bitt] ,,*]ry 7,prunus em>g9ata7 belongs to ! f> ,we/1 & is f\nd f ,briti% ,columbia to s\!rn ,cali=nia4 ,9 size x ranges f a l[ %rub to a tree a foot 9 diamet] & =ty feet high4 ,! l>ge/ sizes are f\nd 9 we/]n ,wa%+ton & ,oregon4 ,! wood is s(t & brittle1 br[n /reak$ ) gre54 ,x is n kn[n t any attempt has be5 made to put ! wood ( ?is tree to any useful purpose4 ,! b>k & ! leaves are exce$+ly bitt]4 ,fruit rip5s f ,june to ,augu/1 dep5d+ on region & elevation1 & x is f "o-f\r? to "o-half in* 9 diamet]1 black1 & int5sely bitt]4 ,,hollyleaf ,,*]ry 7,prunus ilicifolia7 is a ,cali=nia species gr[+ 9 ! bottoms ( canyons f ,san ,francisco bay to ! ,mexican l9e4 ,x is r>ely m ?an ?irty feet high1 b has a l>ge trunk1 sometimes two feet 9 diamet]4 ,! wood is heavy1 h>d1 & /rong1 & x ought to be valuable 9 ! manufacture ( small articles1 b fuel is ! only use report$ = x4 ,! fruit is insipid1 & rip5s late 9 autumn4 ,! foliage is mu* admir$ & has l$ to ! plant+ ( ! species = ornam5tal purposes4 ,illu/ration ,,wild ,,r$ ,,*]ry ,illu/ration3 ,,wild ,,r$ ,,*]ry ,,wild ,,r$ ,,*]ry 7,prunus ,p5nsylvanica7 ,9 addition to ! "n wild r$ *]ry by :i* ?is tree is kn[n 9 mo/ p>ts ( its range1 x is call$ bird *]ry 9 ,ma9e1 ,new ,hamp%ire1 ,new ,york1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,m9nesota1 ,i[a2 r$ *]ry 9 ,ma9e & ,rhode ,isl&2 fire *]ry 9 ,new ,york & _m o!r localities2 p9 *]ry 9 ,v]mont1 ,new ,hamp%ire1 ,new ,york1 ,mi*igan1 ,i[a1 & ,nor? ,dakota2 pigeon *]ry 9 ,v]mont1 ,new ,hamp%ire1 ,rhode ,isl&1 ,new ,york1 ,ont>io1 & ,nor? ,dakota2 & wild *]ry 9 ,t5nessee & ,new ,york4 ,its range ext5ds f ,newf\ndl& to ,hudson bay1 we/ to ,briti% ,columbia1 s\? ?r\gh ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s to ,colorado1 & 9 ! ,ea/ along ! ,appala*ian ranges to ,nor? ,c>ol9a & ,t5nessee4 ,x rea*es its l>ge/ size among ! ,big ,smoky m\nta9s 9 ,t5nessee & ,nor? ,c>ol9a4 ,x is ord9>ily a tree ?irty or =ty feet high1 & f eight to t5 in*es 9 diamet]1 ?\gh trunks are sometimes tw5ty in*es ?r\gh4 ,x gr[s fa/1 b is v %ort-liv$4 ,_m /&s disappe> 9 ?irty ye>s or less1 b individuals survive two or ?ree times t long1 if !y /& 9 op5 gr\nd4 ,"o ( its names is fire *]ry1 & t fitly describes x4 ,l pap] bir* & lodgepole p9e1 x foll[s =e/ fires :]e ! gr\nd is laid b>e by ! burn+4 ,nature seems to h made peculi> provisions :]eby ?is tree clo!s b>r5 tracts :i* h be5 rec5tly burn$4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is a prolific se$]4 ,its small1 r$ *]ries are borne by bu%els on v "y trees4 ,birds fe$ on !m almo/ exclusively :ile !y la/1 & ! se$s are scatt]$ ov] ! surr\nd+ c\ntry4 ,!y h su* ?ick %ells t few g]m9ate unless !y pass ?r\gh a mod]ate fire1 :i* cracks ! %ells1 or at lea/ !y d n spr\t until !y come 9 direct contact ) m9]al soil4 ,:5 a fire burns a =e/1 ?\s&s ( ! *]ry se$l+s spr+ up4 ,_m p]sons h wond]$ :]e !y come f s quickly4 ,!y 7 already scatt]$ among ! =e/ leaves be=e ! fire pass$4 ,! heat craz$ _! %ells1 & ! burn+ ( ! leaflitt] let !m d[n on ! m9]al soil :]e !y g]m9at$ & soon came up by ?\s&s4 ,! case is a little diff]5t ) pap] bir* & ) asp51 :i* are also fire trees4 ,_! se$s _c pass ?r\gh fire )\t p]i%+1 & :5 bir*es & asp5s foll[ a fire x means t ! se$s 7 scatt]$ by ! w9d aft] ! pass+ ( ! fire4 ,d\btless *]ry se$s are (t5 scatt]$ aft] ! fire has pass$2 b x is believ$ t mo/ ( ^? :i* spr+ up s quickly h pass$ ?r\gh ! fire )\t be+ de/roy$4 ,?is small *]ry is "o ( ! means by :i* damage by =e/ fires is repair$4 ,! tree is ( little value = lumb] or ev5 = fuel2 b x acts z a nurse tree--t is1 x %elt]s & protects ! se$l+s ( o!r species until !y obta9 a />t4 ,by ! "t ! *]ry trees die1 ! se$l+s :i* !y h nurs$ are able to take c>e ( !mselves1 & a "y =e/ ( valuable species is e/abli%$4 ,except 9 ?is indirect way1 ! wild r$ *]ry is ( little use to man4 ,! wood is s(t1 light1 & ( pleas+ color1 b trees are ne>ly always too small to be work$ into useful articles4 ,ab\t ! only indu/ry ( :i* !re is any record1 :i* draws supplies f ?is s\rce1 is ! manufacture ( pipe /ems4 ,! /raight1 sl5d]1 bright-b>k$ bran*es are cut into requisite l5g?s & bor$ endwise1 & s]ve = /ems ( *eap pipes1 & occasionally = ^? m exp5sive4 ,! b>k1 l t ( mo/ *]ries1 is m>k$ by d>k b&s runn+ "p way r\nd ! /ems4 ,^! are kn[n z l5ticels1 & exi/ 9 ! b>k ( mo/ trees1 b !y are usually less conspicu\s 9 o!rs ?an 9 *]ry4 ,x is ?is *>act]i/ic m>k+ :i* gives ! *]ry pipe /em its value4 ,wild r$ *]ry blooms f ,may to ,july1 dep5d+ on latitude & elevation1 & ! fruit rip5s f ,july to ,septemb]4 ,! *]ries hang 9 bun*es1 are bright r$1 q s\r1 & ! se$ is ! l>ge/ "p4 ,!y are occasionally made into jelly1 w9e1 & =m ! basis ( c]ta9 c\gh syrups4 ,,we/ ,,india ,,*]ry 7,prunus sphroc>pa7 gr[s ne> ! %ores ( ,biscayne bay1 ,florida4 ,x !re blooms 9 ,novemb] & ! fruit rip5s ! next spr+4 ,! tree atta9s a height ( f tw5ty-five to ?irty feet1 & a diamet] ( five or six in*es4 ,:5 gr[n 9 ! op5 at ,miami1 ,florida1 x is l>g]1 & is mu* lik$ z an ornam5t4 ,! ?91 smoo? b>k is br[n1 t+$ ) r$1 & is m>k$ by l>ge conspicu\s l5ticels4 ,! wood is h>d & light1 & ( light cle> r$ color4 ,x is too sc>ce to be ( mu* importance1 b pap] knives1 napk9 r+s1 & o!r novelties made ( x are sold 9 s\v5ir /ores 9 s\!rn ,florida4 ,its range ext5ds s\? to ,brazil4 ,,will[leaf ,,*]ry 7,prunus salicifolia7 is a small tree1 also call$ ,mexican *]ry1 is m common s\? ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ?an 9 ?is c\ntry1 rang+ z f> s\? z ,p]u4 ,x is f\nd on "s ( ! m\nta9s ( s\!rn ,new ,mexico & ,arizona4 ,,laurel ,,*]ry 7,prunus c>ol9iana7 is a s\!rn species :i* /icks close to ! coa/ 9 mo/ ( its range f ,s\? ,c>ol9a to ,texas4 ,x has _m names1 among !m wild pea*1 wild orange1 mock orange1 ev]gre5 *]ry1 mock olive1 & ,c>ol9a *]ry4 ,leaves hang two ye>s1 & ! fruit rema9s ne>ly "o4 ,! latt] is black & ab\t half an in* long4 ,! )]$ leaves are poison\s if eat5 by cattle4 ,! tree is ?irty or =ty feet high1 & eight or t5 in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! wood is heavy1 h>d1 & /rong1 color light br[n to d>k1 ri* br[n1 sometimes ( mu* beauty1 b no record has be5 f\nd ( any use = x4 ,! tree is (t5 plant$ = ornam5t4 ,,wild ,,plum 7,prunus am]icana7 is f\nd f ,new ,j]sey to ,montana1 s\?w>d to ,new ,mexico & ,texas1 & ext5ds to ,florida & ,mexico4 ,its range cov]s ab\t a million squ>e miles4 ,!re are sev5 or m species ( wild plums 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! fruit ( all ( !m is edible4 ,!y h be5 plant$ accid5tally or o!rwise 9 _m localities :]e !y 7 n f\nd be=e ! c\ntry 0 settl$4 ,! plum 0 an important fruit 9 ! c\ntry's e>ly hi/ory4 ,! pione]s ga!r$ wild fruits be=e plant$ or*>ds came into be>+1 & ! plum 0 "o ( ! be/ :i* nature suppli$4 ,e>ly travel]s among ! ,indians 9 ! ,s\? frequ5tly spoke ( ,indian pea*es4 ,su* ref]5ces h l$ "s to believe t ! pea* 0 native 9 t region1 b x is safe to conclude t :at 0 call$ ! pea* 0 really "s species ( wild plum4 ,^! fruits 7 among ! e>lie/ to become dome/icat$4 ,9 fact1 !y 7 abundant ab\t ! sites ( ,indian t[ns & old fields1 :]e ! savages _h scatt]$ se$s )\t any purpose on _! "p ( plant+ trees2 & e>ly settl]s imitat$ ! ,indians1 & plums 7 soon gr[+ 9 ! vic9ity ( mo/ ( ! cab9s4 ,z a =e/ tree1 x usually ?riv$ be/ on ! banks ( /reams1 = !re x c\ld f9d m sun%9e ?an 9 ! deep woods1 & x bore mu* m fruit4 ,! ranges ( sev]al species ( plums ov]lapp$1 & diff]5t sizes & colors ( fruit 7 f\nd 9 ! same locality ev5 be=e :ite m5 assi/$ ! spread ( species4 ,! common plum1 kn[n to botani/s z ,prunus am]icana1 is recogniz$ "u _m names among laym52 among ^! names are yell[ plum1 r$ plum1 horse plum1 hog plum1 ,augu/ plum1 native plum1 & goose plum4 ,usually ! plum's sk9 is r$1 & ! fle% yell[1 :i* acc\nts = its names1 bo? r$ & yell[4 ,! tree ranges 9 height f tw5ty to ?irty-five feet1 & f five to t5 in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! wood is heavy1 h>d1 & /rong1 & d>k ri*-br[n4 ,x is suitable = turn]y & small novelties1 b little ( x has be5 us$4 ,,canada ,,plum 7,prunus nigra7 appe>s to be ! mo/ nor!rn memb] ( ! plum gr\p4 ,x gr[s f ,newf\ndl& to ,manitoba1 & s\? into ! nor!rn ti] ( /ates4 ,its range has be5 mu* ext5d$ by plant+1 & a numb] ( v>ieties h appe>$4 ,x is tw5ty or ?irty feet high1 & five to eight in*es 9 diamet]4 ,fl[]s appe> 9 ,april & ,may1 & ! fruit is ripe 9 ,septemb] & ,octob]4 ,! plums are ab\t an in* long1 orange-r$ 9 color1 ) yell[ fle%4 ,! wood is heavy1 h>d1 & /rong4 ,^? :o cultivate ?is tree (t5 d s = ! beauty ( ! fl[]s1 r ?an = ! value ( ! fruit4 ,! wood is n us$ = comm]cial purposes4 ,,black ,,sloe 7,prunus umbellata71 kn[n also z s\!rn bullace plum1 hog plum1 & wild plum1 ranges f ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 r\nd ! coa/ ?r\gh ,florida1 to ,l\isiana & up ! ,mississippi valley into ,arkansas4 ,! tree is fifte5 or tw5ty feet high & f six to t5 in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! fruit rip5s f ,july to ,septemb]1 is black :5 ripe1 & (t5 ne>ly an in* long4 ,! p :]e x gr[s use x = jelly4 ,x is n report$ t ! wood is us$ = any purpose4 ,,we/]n ,,plum 7,prunus subcordata7 gr[s we/ ( ! ,cascade m\nta9s f s\!rn ,oregon to c5tral ,cali=nia4 ,x is (t5 a l[ bu%1 b at its be/ =ms a tree tw5ty feet high & six in*es 9 diamet]1 b its wood is ( no economic importance4 ,its deep1 purple-r$ plums rip5 9 autumn & are an excell5t wild fruit1 juicy & t>t4 ,dur+ ! fruit season ! plum ?ickets 7 =m]ly infe/$ by bo? be>s & ,indians1 & _m a fight = possession took place1 ) victory sometimes on "o side1 sometimes on ! o!r4 ,! :ite inhabitants n[ make jam & jelly ( ! fruit4 ,,alleghany ,,sloe 7,prunus allegh5i5sis7 is s nam$ because x is be/ develop$ among ! ,alleghany m\nta9s ( ,p5nsylvania4 ,! tree is eighte5 or tw5ty feet high & six or eight in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! wood is )\t value = comm]cial purposes1 b ! tree's fruit has "s local importance4 ,x rip5s ab\t ! middle ( ,augu/1 & is some:at less ?an an in* 9 diamet]1 ) d>k1 r$di%-purple sk91 cov]+ yell[ fle%4 ,,*ickasaw ,,plum 7,prunus angu/ifolia7 is a well-kn[n wild plum ( ! ,s\? f ,delaw>e to ,texas1 & nor? to ,kansas4 ,its natural range is n kn[n1 because x has be5 s widely plant$1 accid5tally or o!rwise1 ne> f>m h\ses & 9 f5ce corn]s4 ,its bright1 r$ fruit goes only to local m>kets4 ,negroes ga!r mo/ ( ! crop 9 ! ,s\?4 ,! wood is n consid]$ to h any value1 b1 9 common ) o!r plums1 x possesses qualities :i* fit x = _m small articles4 ,,g>d5 ,,wild ,,plum 7,prunus hortulana7 is suppos$ to h orig9at$ 9 ,k5tucky f a cross betwe5 ! ,*ickasaw plum & ! common wild plum 7,prunus am]icana74 ,x has spread f ,virg9ia to ,texas4 ,! l>ge/ trees are ?irty feet high & a foot 9 diamet]4 ,! fruit rip5s 9 ,septemb] & ,octob]1 is deep r$ or yell[1 ) h>d1 au/]e1 ?9 fle%1 q s\r4 ,! fruit is call$ wild goose or simply goose plum 9 ,t5nessee & ,k5tucky4 ,horticulturi/s h made _m exp]im5ts ) ?is plum4 ,,cocoa ,,plum 7,*rysobalanus icaco71 also call$ goph] plum1 gr[s 9 s\!rn ,florida1 & its insipid fruit is seldom eat5 except by negroes & ,sem9ole ,indians4 ,!re is little sale = x 9 ! local m>kets4 ,trees are sometimes ?irty feet high & a foot 9 diamet]4 ,! light br[n wood is heavy1 h>d1 & /rong1 b x is seldom us$4 ,! tree gr[s 9 ,africa & ,s\? ,am]ica z well z 9 ,florida4 ,illu/ration ,,bee* ,illu/ration3 ,,bee* ,,bee* 7,fagus ,atropunicea7 ,!re is only "o bee* 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & f\r or five 9 ,europe & ,asia4 ,! s\!rn portion ( ,s\? ,am]ica has sev]al species :i* usually pass = bee*4 ,"o or m ( !m are ev]gre54 ,old _w species are sometimes plant$ 9 p>ks & cemet]ies 9 ?is c\ntry1 b z =e/ trees !y h no importance 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & probably nev] w h4 ,x becomes a simple matt]1 !re=e1 to deal ) ! tree 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,x is alone1 & has no ne>] relatives ?an ! *e/nuts1 *9quap9s1 & ! oaks1 all ( :i* are memb]s ( ! same family1 & ! bee* gives ! "n to ! family--,fagace4 ,! blue bee*1 :i* is common 9 mo/ /ates ea/ ( ! ,mississippi riv] & 9 "s we/1 is n a memb] ( ! same family1 ?\gh x looks en\gh l bee* to be closely relat$ to x4 ,! "n has come d[n f remote antiquity4 ,x is "o ( ! olde/ names 9 use4 ,x is said to h desc5d$ ?r\gh ?\s&s ( ye>s f old ,aryan tribes ( ,asia :i* 7 among ! e>lie/ to use a writt5 language4 ,= ! want ( bett] mat]ial1 !y cut ! lett]s on bee* b>k1 & a piece ( su* writ+ 0 call$ 8boc40 ,x 0 b a /ep f t ^w to book--a collection ( writ+s4 ,bo? bee* & book came f ! same ^w 8boc0 & ! connection betwe5 !m is v evid5t4 ,! pronunciation has be5 little *ang$ by ! ,g]manic races dur+ ?\s&s ( ye>s1 b ! ,romans translat$ x into ,lat9 & call$ x 8lib]10 f :i* we h ! ^w libr>y4 ,d\btless 9 v anci5t times1 say #e1jjj ye>s be=e ! build+ ( ,solomon's temple1 ! libr>ies beyond ! ,euphrates riv] consi/$ ( sev]al cords ( trimm$ & lett]$ bee* b>k4 ,su* mat]ial be+ p]i%able1 x has :olly disappe>$4 ,! matt] is n n[ directly connect$ ) ! lumb] int]e/s1 b x increases "o's respect = bee* to "k h[ important a "p x mu/ h play$ 9 ! anci5t _w1 :]eby x /amp$ its "n s indelibly ^u ! language ( ! mo/ intellig5t portion ( ! human race4 ,! ^w buck:eat has ! same orig94 ,x means bee* :eat1 s nam$ because ! gra9s are triangul> l bee* nuts4 ,! tree is always kn[n z bee* 9 ?is c\ntry1 ?\gh x may h a qualify+ ^w su* z r$1 :ite1 ridge4 ,x usually gr[s 9 mix$ =e/s ( h>dwoods1 b x is (t5 f\nd 9 ! imm$iate pres5ce ( hemlock & spruce1 gr[s f ,ma9e to ,florida1 & we/ to ,arkansas4 ,consid]able areas are (t5 occupi$ by little else4 ,?is is atte/$ by ! frequ5cy ) :i* su* names z 8bee* flat10 8bee* ridge10 8bee* woods10 & 8bee* bottom0 are enc\nt]$ 9 local geography4 ,p]haps ! f9e/ examples ( bee* gr[? 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates occur 9 ! high] altitudes ( ! l[] ,appala*ian range 9 ea/]n ,t5nessee1 & we/]n ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 :]e trees are frequ5tly enc\nt]$1 %[+ a bole ( p]fectly symmetrical =m1 ( f ?ree to m ?an f\r feet 9 diamet]1 & ( a %e] height ( sev5ty feet be=e a limb is enc\nt]$4 ,! wood :i* gr[s 9 ?is section is ne>ly z h>d z t ( ! ,nor?1 b t gr[+ on l[] levels 9 ! ,s\? is ( a mu* s(t] texture & light] color1 ! he>t be+ p9ki% r ?an r$di%-br[n4 ,bee* is "o ( ! truly beautiful trees ( ! =e/4 ,9 ! eyes ( _m1 ! bee* is z mu* to be admir$ z ! ,am]ican elm or sug> maple4 ,c]ta9ly 9 spr+ :5 x is cov]$ ) its /am9ate blossoms1 x is a spl5did sight1 & its p]fect leaves are seldom spott$ or eat5 by insects4 ,9 w9t]1 x is p>ticul>ly int]e/+4 ,its beautiful b>k !n appe>s v bright4 ,aft] its f9e leaves h fall51 ?\gh _m ( !m1 pale & dry1 cl+ to ! bran*es ?r\gh\t ! w9t]1 ! /ructure ( its massive head is se5 to advantage4 ,9 ! ,canadian m>kets & ^? ( _m ( ! middle & we/]n /ates1 its nuts are ga!r$ & sold 9 consid]able quantities4 ,^! nuts are favorite food ( bo? ! r$ & gray squirrel & ^! rod5ts collect !m 9 consid]able quantities dur+ ! late fall1 & /ore !m 9 tree holl[s = _! w9t]'s supply ( food4 ,x (t5 happ5s1 9 fell+ bee* trees 9 ! w9t]1 t %ell$ bee* nuts to ! quantity ( a qu>t or m w be f\nd secret$ 9 "s holl[ by ^! provid5t little animals4 ,=m]ly bee* 0 little us$ = lumb]1 b 0 long ago giv5 an important place z firewood & mat]ial = *>coal4 ,its excell5t qualities z lumb] h n[ made x popul> 9 mo/ m>kets4 ,! sapwood is comp>atively ?9 & ! he>t is v mu* e/eem$ = _m purposes4 ,_m millions ( feet ( x are conv]t$ into floor+ & ! 8pure r$0 product is v highly e/eem$ = ornam5tal floors4 ,x has n z good work+ qualities z maple1 b /ill x /ays 9 place ev5 bett] ?an does t fam\s floor+ mat]ial4 ,ne>ly all ! l>ge floor+ factories ( ! ,nor?1 ^: pr9cipal output is maple1 h a side l9e ( bee* floor+1 & 9 ! ,s\?1 notably 9 ,na%ville1 a consid]able quantity ( ! wood is made into floor+4 ,9 full gr[? ?is beautiful tree is r\nd topp$1 ) wide spread+ & horizontal bran*es1 & %[s a normal altitude ( ab\t sixty feet4 ,9 ?is =m ( gr[? bran*es appe> on ! body v close to ! gr\nd1 & _! ends (t5 trail ^u x4 ,9 its =e/ =m1 :]e trees ( any sort are ( comm]cial importance1 x (t5 atta9s a height ( n9ety or #ajj feet1 ) smoo? r\nd$ bole z symmetrical z ! pill> ( a ca!dral1 ) a diamet] ( f two to f\r feet4 ,its "t to bloom is ,april or ,may1 & its nuts rip5 9 ,octob]4 ,! b>k is a light blui%-gray1 & rem>kably smoo?2 ! leaves are simple1 alt]nate1 ) v %ort petioles1 oblong ) po9t$ apex & r\nd$ or n>r[$ base4 ,! ribs are /raight1 unbran*+1 & t]m9ate 9 remote tee?4 ,! fruit is a pair ( ?ree-sid$ nuts ) a sweet & edible k]nel :i* gr[s 9 a f\r-cell$ prickly burr1 splitt+ :5 ripe4 ,bee* is an excell5t fuel & x has long be5 us$ = t purpose4 ,x is s regul>ly disp]s$ ov] ! c\ntry t mo/ neighborhoods 7 able to get x 9 ! ye>s :5 families cut _! own firewood4 ,lat]1 :5 *>coal 0 burn$ to supply primitive iron furnaces1 be=e coke c\ld be _h1 bee* 0 always s\ght =4 ,/ill lat]1 :5 l>ge comm]cial plants 7 built to c>ry on de/ructive di/illation ( wood1 bee* 0 /ill a favorite4 ,its mod]n uses are _m4 ,!re is sc>cely a plant ea/ ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 engag$ 9 ! manufacture ( h>dwood commodities1 :i* does n use bee*4 ,9 ,mi*igan alone ne>ly #cj1jjj1jjj feet a ye> are dem&$ by box mak]s1 & m ?an t mu* m by manufactur]s ( o!r commodities4 ,x is widely employ$ = furniture1 fil+ cab9ets1 vehicles1 int]ior f9i%1 agricultural implem5ts1 wood5w>e1 & musical in/rum5ts4 ,x is "o ( ! heavie/ & /ronge/ ( ! common h>dwoods1 & gives long s]vice :5 kept dry1 b does n la/ well 9 damp situations4 ,bee* is /rictly a =e/ tree4 ,?is does n mean t x w n gr[ 9 ! op51 b :5 x does gr[ !re x makes poor lumb]1 %ort & limby4 ,! se$l+s mu/ h %ade if !y are to d any good1 b aft] !y atta9 a c]ta9 size !y c endure ! light4 ,! roots lie close to ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 & ! trampl+ ( cattle (t5 kills l>ge trees4 ,,blue ,,bee* 7,c>p9us c>ol9iana7 is n 9 ! bee* family1 b ! "n by :i* x is commonly kn[n1 & its resemblance to bee*1 ju/ify its consid]ation ) bee*4 ,! blui% color ( ! b>k is responsible = its common "n1 b x is kn[n by sev]al o!rs1 among !m be+ wat] bee*1 because x (t5 gr[s on or ne> ! banks ( /reams1 & x seldom seems m at home ?an :5 x is hang+ ov] ! bank ( a creek :]e %ade is deep & moi/ure pl5tiful4 ,x is (t5 call$ hornbeam & ironwood1 & x is closely relat$ to hop hornbeam 7,o/rya virg9iana74 ,x gr[s f ,quebec1 to ,florida & f ,dakota to ,texas1 rea*+ its l>ge/ size 9 ea/]n ,texas :]e x is sometimes sixty feet high & two 9 diamet]1 ?\gh ?is size is unusual4 ,few trees develop a bole less acceptable to lumb]m54 ,9 addition to be+ %ort1 crook$1 twi/$1 & cov]$ ) limbs1 x is ne>ly always ribb$ & flut$1 s t a log1 ev5 if b a few feet long1 is apt to be almo/ any %ape except r\nd4 ,! ?ick sapwood is pale :ite1 he>t pale br[n4 ,! annual r+s are usually easily se51 b !y are vague1 because ( s little diff]5ce betwe5 ! spr+wood & summ]wood2 diffuse-por\s2 m$ull>y rays ?9 & usually se5 only 9 ! aggregate z a :ite lu/] :]e wood is saw$ radially4 ,! uses ( ?is wood are _m1 b ! am\nts v small4 ,x is made into s+letrees & ax & hamm] h&les 9 ,mi*igan1 wagon felloes 9 ,texas & o!r p>ts ( ! ,s\?we/2 lev]s & o!r p>ts ( agricultural implem5ts 9 v>i\s localities4 ,x seldom goes to sawmills1 is g5]ally m>ket$ 9 ! =m ( bolts1 & is h>d1 /iff1 & /rong4 ,illu/ration ,,*e/nut ,illu/ration3 ,,*e/nut ,,*e/nut 7,ca/anea ,d5tata7 ,five species ( *e/nut are kn[n1 ?ree ( !m 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,"o ( ^!1 ,ca/anea alnifolia1 is a %rub & has no place 9 a li/ ( trees4 ,*e/nut & *9quap9 are ! two o!rs4 ,!y are 9 ! bee* family to :i* oaks belong also4 ,! anci5t ,greeks designat$ ^! z food trees 7,fagace71 n an inappropriate "n = *e/nut :i* probably furni%es m human food ?an any o!r wild tree4 ,its range ext5ds f ,ma9e to ,mi*igan & s\?w>d to ,nor? ,c>ol9a & ,t5nessee4 ,x atta9s its greate/ size 9 we/]n ,nor? ,c>ol9a & ea/]n ,t5nessee4 ,x is "o ( ! few well-kn[n woods ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates t does n be> a half doz5 or m local names 9 ! v>i\s localities ( its gr[?1 b ! wood is inv>iably kn[n z *e/nut4 ,trees v>y 9 size f sixty to #ajj feet 9 height1 & f two to f\r 9 diamet]4 ,trunks six feet ?r\gh occur :]e trees h gr[n 9 ! op51 b su* are n tall1 & are n valuable = lumb]4 ,*e/nut trees are sometimes he>d ( 9 ?is c\ntry ) trunks t5 & twelve feet ?r\gh1 b su* mu/ be v sc>ce1 because no "o seems to "k j :]e !y are locat$4 ,x is n improbable t 9 r>e cases su* sizes h exi/$4 ,9 ,france & ,italy trees mu* l>g] are well au!nticat$1 b t *e/nut is ( a species diff]5t f ours4 ,*e/nut is a v long-liv$ tree :]e x is =tunate en\gh to escape ! attacks ( worms & disease2 b z age comes on1 x is almo/ c]ta9 to be attack$4 ,insects bore ! wood1 & fungus induces decay4 ,frequ5tly ! he>twood ( l>ge trunks is all gone1 & ! trees /& m]e %ells ) sc>cely en\gh s\nd wood left to support ! diseas$ tops4 ,few species spr\t ) m vigor ?an *e/nut4 ,9 ! m\nta9s ( ea/]n ,t5nessee1 ,w4 ,w4 ,a%e f\nd t n9ety-n9e p] c5t ( /umps spr\t4 ,?is applies z well to vet]ans ( ?ree hundr$ ye>s z to "y gr[?4 ,spr\ts :i* rise f ! top ( a high /ump are liable to meet mis=tune1 because1 "u _! disadvantage !y _c develop adequate root sy/ems2 b spr\ts :i* spr+ f ! root coll>1 or ne> x1 may gr[ to l>ge trees4 ,x is claim$ by "s t a *e/nut :i* gr[s f a spr\t has /raight] gra9 ?an "o spr++ f se$4 ,! latt]'s trunk is liable to develop a spiral twi/1 n only ( ! wood1 b also ( ! b>k2 b ! spr\t-gr[n tree lacks ! twi/4 ,*e/nut blooms 9 midsumm]1 & ! pr(usion ( pale gold5 catk9s makes ! isolat$ tree a conspicu\s object at t "t4 ,bloom is ne>ly always abundant1 b ! nut crop fails frequ5tly4 ,sev]al accid5ts may happ51 b ! mo/ frequ5t cause ( sc>city 9 ! *e/nut crop is a spell ( ra9y wea!r :ile ! trees are 9 bloom4 ,! ra9 h9d]s prop] poll5ization4 ,_m ?\s&s ( bu%els ( *e/nuts are s5t to m>ket ye>ly 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! nuts are small] b sweet] ?an ^? ( ,european *e/nut4 ,! l>ge/ "p ( ! crop is collect$ f trees 9 op5 gr\nd4 ,^? 9 d5se =e/s be> only a few nuts at ! top4 ,op5-gr[n trees develop enorm\s & %apely cr[ns2 & x is n unusual = f>m]s :o value _! nut be>+ trees to poll>d !m4 ,?is puts ! tree out ( consid]ation z a s\rce ( lumb]4 ,its bran*es multiply1 b ! trunk rema9s %ort4 ,x is claim$ t a *e/nut or*>d ( good =m & 9 a region :]e l>ge crops are frequ5t1 is m pr(itable ?an an apple or*>d4 ,! tree does n dem& ri* l&1 b mu/ h well-dra9$ soil4 ,x gr[s on rocky slopes & ridges1 & w prosp] :]e mo/ o!r valuable trees w b>ely exi/4 ,x gr[s rapidly 9 its e>ly life1 b does n ma9ta9 ! rate _m decades4 ,l>ge trees are old4 ,9 ! s\!rn ,appala*ians ! ages ( telegraph poles =ty feet long & six in*es 9 diamet] at ! top range f =ty-five to sixty-five ye>s4 ,trees ( r\nd f5ce-po/ size may gr[ 9 fifte5 ye>s4 ,few trees w produce po/s m quickly or 9 l>g] numb]s p] acre4 ,9 "s in/ances ne>ly a ?\s& sapl+s l>ge en\gh = po/s /& on a s+le acre4 ,spr\t-gr[? *e/nut (t5 =ms ne>ly pure /&s ( consid]able ext5t4 ,! value ( ?is tree is 9 its wood z well z its nuts4 ,m ?an #ejj1jjj1jjj feet ( lumb] are cut f x ye>ly4 ,long be=e x 0 mu* ?\ght ( z a sawmill proposition1 x 0 manufactur$ 9 l>ge am\nts into rails & po/s by f>m]s1 p>ticul>ly 9 ,new ,engl& & 9 ! ,appala*ian region4 ,axes1 crosscut saws1 mauls1 & w$ges 7 ! means ( manufacture4 ,untold millions ( f5ce rails 7 split be=e wire f5ces 7 ?\ght (4 ,x is a durable wood1 made s by ! tannic acid x conta9s4 ,z f5ce rails1 x 0 m durable ?an ! be/ oak1 & :]e bo? 7 equally conv5i5t1 f>m]s ne>ly always *ose *e/nut4 ,on high & dry ridges a *e/nut rail f5ce w\ld la/ f tw5ty-five to fifty ye>s1 & 9 extreme cases v mu* long]1 ev5 a full c5tury x is claim$4 ,dry *e/nut wood weighs #bh4jg p\nds p] cubic foot1 :i* makes x a light wood4 ,its annual r+s are z cle>ly m>k$ z ^? ( any tree 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! spr+wood is fill$ ) l>ge op5 pores1 ! summ]wood ) small ones4 ,! m$ull>y rays are m9ute1 & ( no value 9 giv+ figure to ! wood4 ,nev]!less1 *e/nut has /rong figure1 b x is due solely to ! arrangem5t ( ! spr+ & summ]wood ( ! annual r+s4 ,x is commonly class$ z a co>se-gra9$ wood4 ,! f9i%] c greatly alt] its appe>ance by rubb+ ! pores full ( color+ matt]4 ,! wood is likewise susceptible to *ange 9 tone 9 ! fumes ( ammonia1 & by simil> treatm5t ) o!r *emicals4 ,! light colors ( mission furniture are g5]ally ! result ( treatm5t ( t k9d4 ,! l>ge/ cut ( *e/nut lumb] comes f ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,virg9ia1 & ,connecticut4 ,! l>ge/ use by any s+le indu/ry is probably by ! manufactur]s ( musical in/rum5ts1 ?\gh ! honor may be divid$ ) furniture1 int]ior h\se f9i%1 & c(f9s & caskets4 ,x is mu* employ$ z core or back+ on :i* to glue v5e]s4 ,! lumb] ( old1 mature trees is be/ lik$ = ?is purpose1 because x is n apt to %r9k & swell1 & x holds glue4 ,x is no detrim5t t x is riddl$ ) worm holes ! size ( p9s4 ,t k9d ( *e/nut is kn[n 9 ! trade z 8s\nd wormy40 ,"s p]sons claim t su* lumb] is bett] z back+ = v5e] ?an s\nd pieces1 because x is light]1 is suffici5tly /rong1 & ! small holes seem to help ! glue to /ick4 ,wormy *e/nut is frequ5tly n object$ to = outside "w because ! small holes are n h>d to fill & cov] up4 ,! uses ( *e/nut are _m4 ,betwe5 #f1jjj1jjj & #g1jjj1jjj cros/ies g into railroad con/ruction ye>ly4 ,f #af1jjj to #bj1jjj tons ( wood are dem&$ annually = tann+ extract4 ,e "p ( ! tree is available4 ,9 rec5t ye>s a disease due to fungus has attack$ *e/nut =e/s ( ,p5nsylvania & neighbor+ regions4 ,x has de/roy$ ! timb] on l>ge areas1 & ! loss ?reat5s to increase4 ,a tree usually dies 9 "o or two ye>s aft] x is attack$4 ,! fungus works b5ea? ! b>k & completely girdles ! tree4 ,! spores ( ! fungus are believ$ to be c>ri$ f tree to tree on ! feet ( birds1 on ! bodies ( insects1 & by ! w9d4 ,,gold5leaf ,,*9quap9 7,ca/anopsis *rysophylla7 occurs on ! ,pacific coa/ f ! ,columbia riv] to s\!rn ,cali=nia4 ,x is ( its l>ge/ dim5sions 9 ! coa/ valleys ( nor!rn ,cali=nia :]e x occasionally atta9s a size equal to ! *e/nut tree ( ! ea/]n /ates1 b 9 _m o!r p>ts ( its range x is %rubby4 ,x is an ev]gre51 & its "n is descriptive ( ! und]side ( ! leaf4 ,late 9 summ]1 fl[]s & fruit 9 sev]al /ages ( gr[? may be se5 at ! same "t4 ,! nuts are sweet & edible4 ,9 nor!rn ,cali=nia ! b>k is sometimes mix$ ) t ( tanb>k oak & sold to tann]ies4 ,! wood is consid]ably heavi] ?an *e/nut1 & is sometimes employ$ 9 ! mak+ ( agricultural implem5ts4 ,x has small & obscure m$ull>y rays1 & its pores are arrang$ m l ^? ( live oak ?an ( *e/nut2 t is !y run 9 wavy1 radial l9es & n 9 conc5tric r+s z 9 *e/nut4 ,! he>twood is d>k] ?an *e/nut4 ,,*9quap9 7,ca/anea pumila7 is a little *e/nut t gr[s f ,p5nsylvania to ,texas4 ,x is g5]ally a %rub or a bu% t5 or fifte5 feet high ea/ ( ! ,alleghany m\nta9s1 b 9 "s ( ! s\!rn /ates x rea*es a height ( fifty feet & a diamet] ( two or m1 & is ( l>ge/ size 9 s\!rn ,arkansas & ea/]n ,texas4 ,x has no "n b *9quap9 :i* is an ,indian ^w suppos$ to h ! same mean+ t x n[ has4 ,! nut is f "o-f\r? to "o-half z l>ge z a *e/nut1 & is fully z sweet4 ,x is sold 9 ! m>kets ( ! ,s\? & ,s\?we/1 b is n an important article ( comm]ce4 ,:]e ! trees are l>ge en\gh1 ! wood is put to ! same uses z *e/nut4 ,x is manufactur$ into furniture 9 ,texas1 & is b\ght by railroads = ties4 ,illu/ration ,,basswood ,illu/ration3 ,,basswood ,,basswood 7,tilia ,am]icana7 ,!re are ab\t tw5ty species ( basswood 9 ! _w1 & f ?ree to six ( !m are 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,au?ors d n agree on ! numb] ( species 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,!re are at lea/ ?ree1 & !y occupy1 9 "p1 ! same range1 ) consequ5t confusion4 ,!y are mu* alike 9 g5]al appe>ance1 & n "o p]son 9 tw5ty kn[s "o f ! o!r4 ,! same names apply to all1 :5 !y occur 9 ! same region4 ,few trees c>ry m names1 & ) less reason4 ,basswood is g5]ally n difficult to id5tify 9 summ]1 b 9 w9t] a p]son only slightly acqua9t$ ) diff]5t trees might take x = cucumb]1 & if ( small size1 x might possibly be mi/ak5 = a% or m\nta9 maple4 ,:5 ! tree is be>+ leaves1 fl[]s1 & fruit1 !re is no excuse = mi/ak+ x = any o!r4 ,! fruit1 a clu/] ( f\r or five b]ry-l globes1 hangs "u a leaf1 fix$ by a %ort /em to ! midrib4 ,?is feature alone %\ld be suffici5t to id5tify ! basswood 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,among ! _m names by :i* ?is tree is kn[n1 9 addition to basswood1 are ,am]ican l9d51 l9n1 lynn1 limetree1 :itewood1 beetree1 black limetree1 wickup1 :i/le wood1 & yell[ basswood4 ,! range is ext5sive1 its nor!a/]n b\nd>y ly+ 9 ,new ,brunswick1 its s\?we/]n 9 ,texas4 ,x rea*es ,lake ,w9nipeg1 & is f\nd 9 ,georgia4 ,?is delimit$ area is little %ort ( a million squ>e miles4 ,x rea*es a height ( f sixty to #abj feet1 & a diamet] ( f eighte5 in*es to f\r feet4 ,x has a decid$ pref]5ce = ri* soil1 & ! be/ lumb] is cut 9 f]tile coves & flats1 or 9 l[ l& ne> /reams4 ,! l>ge/ trees =m]ly grew 9 ! =e/s ( ! l[] ,ohio valley1 b few ( ! giants ( =m] times are to be f\nd 9 t region n[4 ,!y w5t to m>ket a g5]ation or two ago4 ,! l>ge/ cut ( basswood lumb] n[ is 9 ,wiscons91 ,mi*igan1 & ,we/ ,virg9ia1 b mo/ ( t f ,we/ ,virg9ia is :ite basswood 7,tilia het]ophylla74 ,! wood weighs #bh4bj p\nds p] cubic foot1 :i* is m ?an ! o!r basswoods 9 ?is c\ntry weigh4 ,! r+s ( annual gr[? are n v cle>ly m>k$4 ,!y may be di/+ui%$1 9 mo/ cases1 by a n>r[1 light-color$ l9e4 ,?is is ! spr+wood4 ,9 "s trees x is mu* m di/9ct ?an 9 o!rs4 ,! wood is v por\s1 b ! pores are small1 _c readily be se5 ) ! nak$ eye1 & are scatt]$ pretty ev5ly ?r\gh ! ye>ly r+4 ,! m$ull>y rays are small b num]\s4 ,!y give qu>t]-saw$ lumb] a pleas+ lu/]1 b are too m9ute to develop mu* figure4 ,! g5]al tone ( ! wood is :ite4 ,x is s(t1 works easily1 holds its %ape well1 & is t\gh1 b is 9 no s5se a competitor ( oak & hickory 9 t\ghness1 ?\gh x %[s ! quality be/ 9 ?9 panels :i* resi/ splitt+ & break+4 ,9 ! days :5 x 0 cu/om>y to ceil h\ses ) bo>ds1 bo? ov]head & ! walls ( rooms1 c>p5t]s 7 p>tial to basswood because ( its s(tness4 ,dress+ lumb] 0 !n ne>ly always done by h&1 & ! c>p5t] :o pu%$ ! jack plane t5 or twelve h\rs a day1 look$ pretty c>efully to ! s(tness ( ! wood he h&l$4 ,9 tongu$ & groov$ "w1 z 9 ceil+ & wa9scot+1 x 0 n necess>y to dress ! fitt+ edges z c>efully :5 basswood 0 us$ z 9 us+ "s o!rs1 because x is s s(t t fitt+s c be =c$1 & cracks may be clos$ by driv+ ! bo>ds toge!r4 ,slack coop]s h long employ$ basswood = b>rel head+s1 & also 9 ! manufacture ( v>i\s k9ds ( small /ave w>e1 su* z pails1 tubs1 & kegs4 ,9 ?is use1 z 9 ceil+1 ! s(tness ( ! wood is a prime consid]ation1 because ! pressure ( ! hoops w close any small op5+s4 ,its :it5ess & its fre$om f /a9s & unpleasant odors are likewise important :5 vessels are to conta9 food products4 ,box mak]s l ! wood on t acc\nt1 & l>ge quantities are manufactur$ into conta9]s = articles ( food4 ,mu* basswood is cut into v5e]1 "s ( :i* s]ves 9 s+le %eets z 9 mak+ small baskets & cups = b]ries & small fruits1 b a l>ge "p ( ! output is devot$ to ply "w4 ,usually ?ree %eets are glu$ toge!r1 b sometimes !re are five4 ,by cross+ ! %eets1 to make ! gra9 ( "o lie at "r angles to ! next1 plies ( great /r5g? & t\ghness are produc$4 ,trunk mak]s are l>ge us]s ( su*1 & _m panels ( t k9d are employ$ by manufactur]s ( furniture & musical in/rum5ts4 ,wood5w>e factories f9d basswood "o ( _! mo/ s]viceable mat]ials1 & x is made into iron+ bo>ds1 wa% bo>ds1 bread bo>ds1 & cutt+ bo>ds = cobbl]s1 saddl]s1 & glass cutt]s4 ,its lightness & t\ghness make x s]viceable z valves & o!r p>ts ( bell[s = blacksmi?s1 organs1 & piano play]s4 ,mak]s ( gilt picture frames pref] x = mold+ :i* is to be ov]laid ) ! gilt or gold4 ,x is s]viceable = adv]tis+ signs because its :it5ess contra/s well ) pr9t+4 ,mak]s ( !rmomet]s use x frequ5tly = ! wood5 body ( ! in/rum5t1 & y>d /icks are made ( x4 ,api>i/s f9d no wood m suitable = ! small1 light frames 9 :i* bees build ! comb4 ,! uses ( ?is wood are s _m & s v>i\s t li/s w\ld prove monoton\s4 ,! annual cut 9 ?is c\ntry1 exclusive ( v5e]1 is ne>ly #cej1jjj1jjj feet1 & ! dem& = v5e] takes _m millions m4 ,basswood is nam$ = ! b>k1 & ! spell+ 0 =m]ly ba/wood4 ,! manufacture ( articles f ! b>k 0 once a consid]able indu/ry1 n s mu* 9 ?is c\ntry z 9 ,europe4 ,h[ev]1 "s use has be5 made ( ! b>k "h4 ,l\isiana negroes make horse coll>s ( x by braid+ _m /r&s toge!r1 & *air bottoms are wov5 ( x 9 lieu ( cane & rattan1 & x is likewise wov5 into baskets ( co>se k9ds4 ,b>k is prep>$ = ?is use by soak+ x 9 wat]1 by :i* ! annual lay]s ( ! b>k are sep>at$1 long1 ?9 %eets are produc$1 & ^! are r$uc$ to /rips ( ! desir$ wid?4 ,! annual cut ( basswood lumb] is decl9+ ) no probability t x w ev] aga9 come up to pa/ figures2 b basswood is 9 no imm$iate dang] ( disappe>+ f ,am]ican =e/s4 ,x is n impossible t x may be plant$ = comm]cial purposes4 ,9 c5tral ,europe1 =e/s ( basswood1 !re call$ l9d51 are ma9ta9$ = ! honey :i* bees ga!r f ! bloom4 ,9 ?is c\ntry x is (t5 call$ beetree because ( ! ri*ness ( its fl[]s 9 nect>4 ,possibly bee own]s may gr[ =e/s = ! honey1 & :5 trees are mature1 dispose ( !m = lumb]4 ,,:ite ,,basswood 7,tilia het]ophylla7 atta9s a trunk diamet] z great z t ( ! common basswood1 b is n z tall4 ,trees sixty or sev5ty feet high are among ! talle/4 ,?is species ranges f ,new ,york to ,alabama1 & is f\nd z f> we/ z s\!rn ,ill9ois1 & its be/ developm5t is among ! ri* valleys & f]tile slopes ( ! ,appala*ian m\nta9s f ,p5nsylvania s\?w>d4 ,x is ! prevail+ basswood ( ,we/ ,virg9ia1 & rea*es its l>ge/ size on ! high m\nta9s ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a & ,t5nessee4 ,x av]ages ab\t two p\nds light] p] cubic foot ?an ! common basswood1 b ord9>ily nei!r ! lumb] nor ! /&+ trees ( ! two species are di/+ui%$4 ,only p]sons some:at skill$ 9 botany are able to tell "o species ( basswood f ano!r z !y occur 9 ! =e/s ( ?is c\ntry4 ,,d[ny ,,basswood 7,tilia pubesc5s7 is a s\!rn memb] ( ! basswood gr\p1 & is sc>ce4 ,its range ext5ds f ,nor? ,c>ol9a to ,arkansas & ,texas4 ,trees are r>ely m ?an =ty feet high & fifte5 in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! wood is light br[n1 t+$ ) r$1 & ! sap is h>dly di/+ui%able f ! he>t4 ,z f> z x is us$ at all1 its uses are simil> to ^? ( o!r basswoods4 ,,s\!rn ,,basswood 7,tilia au/ralis7 is conf9$1 z f> z is n[ kn[n1 to a small section ( ,alabama1 :]e x atta9s a height ( sixty feet 9 ri* woodl&s4 ,no reports on ! quality ( ! wood h be5 publi%$1 & ! species is too sc>ce to possess mu* int]e/ to o!rs ?an sy/ematic botani/s4 ,,florida ,,basswood 7,tilia floridana71 z its "n sugge/s1 is a ,florida species1 & has n be5 report$ else:]e4 ,x seems to be ! smalle/ ( ,am]ican basswoods1 ! l>ge/ trees be+ little m ?an ?irty feet high4 ,no te/s ( ! wood h be5 made & no uses report$4 ,,mi*aux ,,basswood 7,tilia mi*auxii7 has be5 li/$ = a long "t1 b is /ill n well kn[n4 ,its range ext5ds f ,canada to ,georgia & we/w>d to ,texas4 ,trees ?ree feet 9 diamet] & eighty feet high h be5 report$4 ,only botani/s di/+ui% x f o!r species ( basswood ) :i* x is associat$4 ,,pawpaw 7,asim9a triloba7 is ( m value = its fruit ?an its wood4 ,x gr[s f ,new ,york to ,texas1 b 9 c]ta9 localities only4 ,x is ! mo/ nor!rn species ( ! cu/>d apple family1 & is usually ( little importance above an altitude ( #a1ejj feet4 ,9 ,arkansas & "s o!r s\?we/]n regions x is call$ banana4 ,x is usually a %rub1 b may rea* a height ( =ty feet & a diamet] ( twelve in*es4 ,! wood is light1 s(t1 & weak4 ,pond apple 7,annona glabra71 call$ cu/>d apple 9 "s p>ts ( its range 9 ,florida1 is a memb] ( ! same family4 ,x atta9s ! size ( pawpaw1 & ! wood is simil>4 ,illu/ration ,,am]ican ,,holly ,illu/ration3 ,,am]ican ,,holly ,,am]ican ,,holly 7,ilex ,opaca7 ,holly is a *>act]i/ic memb] ( a l>ge family scatt]$ ?r\gh mo/ temp]ate & tropical regions ( ! _w4 ,x belongs to ! family ,aquifoliace1 a "n :i* conveys little mean+ to an ,engli% read] until botani/s expla9 t x means trees ) ne$les on _! leaves1 acus mean+ ne$le1 & folium leaf4 ,h[ well holly1 ) its sp9y leaves1 fits 9 t family is se5 at once4 ,ab\t #age species ( holly are disp]s$ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w1 ! l>ge/ numb] occurr+ 9 ,brazil & ,guiana4 ,ilex is ! classical "n ( ! ev]gre5 oak 9 s\!rn ,europe4 ,! glossy gre5 foliage & ! brilliant r$ b]ries ( ! holly tree h long be5 associat$ 9 ! popul> m9d ) ! ,*ri/mas season4 ,m+l$ ) ! :ite b]ries & dull gre5 foliage ( ! mi/letoe1 x is ! *ief ,yuletime decoration1 & _m hundr$ trees are annually /ripp$ ( _! bran*es to supply ?is dem&4 ,! gr[? is /ill q abundant1 b if ! de/ruction & wa/e cont9ue1 ,am]ican holly w soon be exhau/$4 ,its range ext5ds f ,massa*usetts to ,texas & f ,miss\ri to ,florida4 ,9 ,new ,engl&1 ! trees are few & small1 & ! same holds true 9 _m p>ts ( ! ,appala*ian region4 ,! l>ge/ trees are f\nd 9 s\!rn ,arkansas & ea/]n ,texas4 ,9 ! ,nor? x gr[s 9 r dry1 gravelly soil1 (t5 on ! m>g9s ( oak woods1 b 9 ! ,s\? x takes to swamps1 & does be/ on riv] bottoms :]e ! soil is ri*4 ,x is (t5 associat$ ) ev]gre5 magnolia1 :i* x resembles at a di/ance1 ?\gh diff]5ces are pla9 en\gh on close exam9ation4 ,! light1 grayi%-gre5 b>ks ( ! two trees look mu* alike2 b ! magnolia's leaves are l>g]1 ?ick]1 & lack ! bri]s on ! m>g9s4 ,holly v>ies 9 size f small /raggl+ bu%es to well-=m$ trees fifty or sixty feet high & two or ?ree 9 diamet]4 ,! pr9cipal value ( holly is n 9 its wood1 b 9 its leaves & b]ries4 ,"s p]sons suppose t holly leaves nev] fall4 ,t is true ( no tree t atta9s any consid]able age4 ,an exam9ation ( a holly ?icket1 or a s+le tree1 9 ! spr+ ( ! ye> w reveal a fair spr9kl+ ( dead leaves on ! gr\nd1 ?\gh none may be miss$ f ! bran*es4 ,^? t fall are ?ree ye>s old1 & !y come d[n 9 ! spr+4 ,!re are always two full ye>s ( leaves on ! trees4 ,fl[]s are ! lea/ attractive "p ( holly4 ,few p ev] notice ! small1 unobtrusive cymes1 scatt]$ along ! base ( ! "y %oots 9 ! e>ly spr+1 ) ! crop ( "y leaves4 ,no?+ %[y ab\t !m attracts att5tion4 ,! fruit is ! well-kn[n b]ry1 ! glory ( w9t] decorations4 ,x is usually r$1 b sometimes yell[4 ,! latt] color is n (t5 se5 9 decorations because x is a poor contra/ ) ! glossy gre5 ( ! leaves4 ,! b]ries rip5 late 9 autumn & hang until ne>ly spr+1 provid$ !y are let alone4 ,t is seldom _! =tune1 = if !y escape ! wrea? hunt] at ,*ri/mas1 !y rema9 subject to incessant attacks by birds4 ,=tunately1 ! b]ries are n v *oice food = ! fea!r$ bevies t fly 9 w9t]2 o!rwise1 ! trees w\ld be /ripp$ 9 a day or two4 ,birds are attract$ by ! color1 & !y keep peck+ away1 tak+ "o or two b]ries at a bait1 & 9 ! c\rse ( a long w9t] !y get mo/ ( !m4 ,! ga!r+ ( holly leaves & b]ries is an indu/ry ( mu* importance1 tak5 z a :ole2 b x la/s only a %ort "t1 & is c>ri$ on )\t mu* sy/em4 ,! greate/ s\rce ( supply is nor!rn ,alabama1 & ! neighbor+ p>ts ( surr\nd+ /ates2 b "s holly is ga!r$ 9 all regions :]e x is f\nd4 ,^? :o collect x = m>ket make small wages1 b ! h>ve/ comes at a season :5 little else is do+1 & ! few dimes & doll>s pick$ up are reg>d$ z cle> ga9--p>ticul>ly s9ce mo/ ( ! holly h>ve/]s h no l& ( _! own & =age = supplies on o!r p's possessions4 ,! se$s ( holly are a long "t 9 g]m9at+1 & ^? :o plant !m )\t kn[+ ?is are apt to despair too soon4 ,! great diff]5ces 9 ! g]m9at+ habits ( trees are rem>kable4 ,"s ( ! maples be> se$s :i* spr\t )9 a few days aft] !y come 9 contact ) damp soil1 c]ta9 memb]s ( ! black oak gr\p ( trees drop _! acorns ) spr\ts already bur/+ ! hulls1 & mangroves are 9 a /ill great] hurry1 & let fall _! se$s ) roots sev]al in*es long ready to p5etrate ! mud at once4 ,b holly is 9 no hurry4 ,its se$s lie buri$ 9 soil until ! second ye> be=e !y s5d _! radicles into ! soil4 ,!y are s sl[ t nurs]ym5 usually pref] to g into ! woods & dig up se$l+s :i* are already ( plantable size4 ,us]s ( woods f9d _m places = holly b n 9 l>ge am\nts4 ,! report$ output by all ! sawmills 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 #aiji 0 #cg1jjj feet1 & ,m>yl& produc$ m ?an any o!r /ate4 ,! wood is employ$ = inlay "w1 p>quetry1 m>quetry1 small musical in/rum5ts1 & keys = pianos & organs4 ,engrav]s f9d x suitable = v>i\s classes ( "w1 its :it5ess giv+ ! pr9cipal value4 ,x approa*es ivory 9 color ne>] ?an any o!r ,am]ican wood4 ,bru% back manufactur]s conv]t x into _! *oice w>es4 ,x is occasionally work$ into small articles ( furniture1 b probably nev] is us$ 9 l>ge pieces4 ,! wood is r light1 & ! vague b\nd>ies betwe5 ! annual r+s1 & ! smallness & inconspicu\sness ( ! m$ull>y rays1 are responsible = ! almo/ total abs5ce ( figure1 no matt] 9 :at way ! wood is work$4 ,! s-call$ ,cali=nia holly 7,het]omeles arbutifolia7 is ( a diff]5t family1 & is n a holly4 ,,dahoon ,,holly 7,ilex cass9e7 gr[s 9 cold swamps & on _! bord]s 9 ! coa/ region f s\!rn ,virg9ia to s\!rn ,florida1 & we/w>d to ,l\isiana4 ,x is (t5 f\nd on ! bord]s ( p9e b>r5s1 is mo/ common 9 we/]n ,florida & s\!rn ,alabama1 & :5 at its be/1 is f tw5ty-five to ?irty feet high & a foot or m 9 diamet]4 ,! leaves are ne>ly twice z long z ^? ( common holly1 & are g5]ally sp9eless or ne>ly s4 ,! fruit rip5s late 9 autumn & hangs on ! bran*es until ! foll[+ spr+4 ,! b]ries are sometimes bright r$1 (t5] dull r$1 & ^? fully up to size are a qu>t] ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,"s hang solit>y1 o!rs 9 clu/]s ( ?ree4 ,! wood is light & s(t1 weigh+ less ?an ?irty p\nds p] cubic foot4 ,! he>t is pale br[n1 & ! ?ick sapwood ne>ly :ite4 ,! tree is kn[n locally z yaupon1 dahoon1 dahoon holly1 & ,h5d]son wood4 ,?is species passes gradually into a =m designat$ z ,ilex myrtifolia1 :i* ,s>g5t surmises may be a di/9ct species4 ,ano!r =m1 n>r[leaf dahoon 7,ilex cass9e angu/ifolia71 is li/$ by ,sudwor?4 ,,yaupon ,,holly 7,ilex vomitoria7 is a small1 mu*-bran*$ tree1 (t5 %rubby1 & at its be/ is seldom m ?an tw5ty-five feet high & six in*es 9 diamet]4 ,its range foll[s ! coa/ f s\!rn ,virg9ia to ,/4 ,john's riv]1 ,florida1 & we/w>d to ea/]n ,texas4 ,x /icks closely to tidewat] 9 mo/ p>ts ( its habitat1 b :5 x rea*es ! ,mississippi valley x runs nor? into ,arkansas4 ,x atta9s its l>ge/ size 9 ,texas1 & is little m ?an a %rub else:]e4 ,b]ries are produc$ 9 great abundance1 are r$ :5 ripe1 b !y usually fall 9 a %ort "t & are n mu* 9 dem& = decorations4 ,! wood weighs ov] =ty-five p\nds p] cubic foot1 is h>d1 & ne>ly :ite1 b turns yell[ ) exposure4 ,! leaves ( ?is holly 7 once ga!r$ by ,indians 9 ! s\!a/]n /ates = m$ic9e4 ,! savages j\rney$ once a ye> to ! coa/ :]e ! holly 0 abundant1 boil$ ! leaves 9 wat]1 & produc$ :at !y call$ ! 8black dr9k40 ,x 0 nauseat+ 9 ! extreme1 b !y drank copi\s draughts ( x dur+ sev]al days1 !n dep>t$ = _! homes1 confid5t t good heal? 0 assur$ = ano!r ye>4 ,,m\nta9 ,,holly 7,ilex monticola7 is s nam$ because x gr[s among ! ,appala*ian ranges f ,new ,york to ,alabama4 ,x is be/ develop$ 9 ! elevat$ di/rict :]e ,t5nessee & ,nor? & ,s\? ,c>ol9a meet ne> "o common b\nd>y4 ,x is else:]e %rubby4 ,! leaves are decidu\s1 & ! bright sc>let b]ries are ne>ly z l>ge z *]ries4 ,!y fall too e>ly to make !m acceptable z ,*ri/mas decorations4 ,! wood is h>d1 heavy1 & creamy-:ite1 & if x c\ld be _h 9 adequate quantities1 w\ld be valuable4 ,! trees are sometimes a foot 9 diamet] & =ty feet high1 b !y are n abundant4 ,_! leaves be> small resemblance to ! typical holly leaf1 b look m l ^? ( *]ry or plum4 ,,decidu\s ,,holly 7,ilex decidua7 is call$ be>b]ry 9 ,mississippi & possum haw 9 ,florida1 :ile 9 o!r regions x is kn[n z swamp holly because ( its habit ( cl++ to ! banks ( /reams & betak+ itself to swamps4 ,x keeps away f m\nta9s1 ?\gh x is f\nd 9 a %rubby =m betwe5 ! ,blue ,ridge & ! sea 9 ! ,atlantic /ates1 f ,virg9ia s\?w>d4 ,x runs we/ ?r\gh ! ,gulf region to ,texas1 & asc5ds ! ,mississippi valley to ,ill9ois & ,miss\ri1 atta9+ tree size only we/ ( ! ,mississippi4 ,! wood is z heavy z :ite oak1 h>d1 & creamy-:ite1 bo? he>t & sap4 ,d\btless small quantities are employ$ 9 diff]5t indu/ries1 b ! only direct report ( its use comes f ,texas :]e x is turn$ = draw] & door knobs 9 furniture factories4 ,mo/ b n all ( ! leaves fall 9 e>ly w9t]4 ,! b]ries obey ! same rule1 "s fall & o!rs hang till spr+4 ,!y are orange or orange-sc>let4 ,illu/ration ,,yell[ ,,buckeye ,illu/ration3 ,,yell[ ,,buckeye ,,yell[ ,,buckeye 7sculus ,oct&ra7 ,f\r species & "o v>iety ( buckeye are native 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 yell[ buckeye1 ,ohio buckeye1 ,cali=nia buckeye1 small buckeye1 & purple buckeye4 ,!y belong 9 ! horse *e/nut family4 ,! s-call$ ,texas buckeye is 9 a diff]5t family1 & is n a true buckeye1 b is close k9 to ! soapb]ry4 ,! buckeyes are nam$ = ! l>ge :ite spot on ! smoo?1 br[n nut1 resembl+ ! eye ( a de]4 ,! yell[ buckeye is ! mo/ important ( ! gr\p1 is ! l>ge/ & mo/ abundant4 ,x is kn[n by ! "n ( buckeye 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 ,alabama1 ,mississippi1 ,l\isiana1 ,texas1 & ,k5tucky4 ,x is call$ sweet buckeye 9 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,mississippi1 ,texas1 ,miss\ri1 & ,indiana1 probably ow+ to ! fact t x does n exhale ! disagreeable odor *>act]i/ic ( o!r memb]s ( ! family4 ,yell[ buckeye is ! t]m appli$ to x 9 ,s\? ,c>ol9a & ,alabama2 l>ge buckeye 9 ,t5nessee2 big buckeye 9 ,t5nessee & ,texas4 ,x fl\ri%es f ,allegh5y c\nty1 ,p5nsylvania1 s\?w>d along ! ,alleghany m\nta9s to nor!rn ,georgia & ,alabama1 we/w>d along ! valley ( ! ,ohio riv] to s\!rn ,i[a1 ?r\gh ,oklahoma & ! valley ( ! ,brazos riv] 9 ea/]n ,texas4 ,x ?rives be/ along /reams & 9 d5se1 ri* woods4 ,x rea*es its fulle/ developm5t on ! slopes ( ! ,alleghany m\nta9s 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a & ,t5nessee4 ,! leaves ( ! buckeye are comp\nd1 ) f five to sev5 leaflets2 fl[]s appe> 9 ,may or ,june & are dull yell[2 ! fruit is a l>ge br[n nut1 "o or two ( :i* are enclos$ 9 a r\gh1 unev5 husk1 ab\t two in*es or m 9 diamet]4 ,! tree gr[s f =ty to #ajj feet 9 height1 & atta9s a diamet] ( f "o to ?ree & a half feet4 ,buckeye gr[s int]m+l$ ) popl>1 oak1 maple1 bee* & a v>iety ( o!r h>dwoods4 ,f its comp>atively limit$ gr[? z comp>$ ) ! totality ( ! av]age h>dwood =e/1 x nev] has be5 recogniz$1 & probably nev] w be1 z a di/9ctive type ( ,am]ican comm]cial wood4 ,! timb] is fell$ ) ! o!r valuable trees surr\nd+ x1 & its appe>ance1 :5 manufactur$ into lumb] is s simil> to t ( ! sap ( popl> or :itewood t almo/ )\t exception x is assort$ ) popl> saps1 & goes on ! m>ket masqu]ad+ z t wood4 ,!re is probably n "o lumb]man 9 a ?\s&1 h&l+ popl>1 t is able to di/+ui% buckeye f sap popl> 9 8 %ipm5ts ( t wood4 ,sawmills make no di/9ction betwe5 ! diff]5t species4 ,all t comes is buckeye1 b ne>ly all ( x is ! yell[ species1 ?\gh d\btless a little ( all ! o!rs is cut into lumb] & v5e]1 or goes to ! slack coop]age %op1 or to ! pulp mill4 ,! woods ( all are q simil>1 & !y are us$ = ! same purposes4 ,if "o is employ$ 9 l>g] quantities ?an ano!r1 x is because x is m conv5i5t1 or ( bett] =m or l>g] size4 ,e>ly uses ( buckeye 7 z important z ^? ( ! pres5t day1 ?\gh am\nts 7 small]4 ,_m an ,ohio /atesman ( =m] times boa/$ t1 z a baby1 he 0 rock$ 9 a buckeye sug> tr\gh = a cradle4 ,!y claim$ ) pride t ! prevalance ( ! cu/om caus$ ,ohio to be kn[n z ! buckeye /ate1 a "n :i* cl+s to x /ill4 ,next to yell[ popl>1 buckeye 0 consid]$ ! be/ wood f :i* to hew ! small tr\ghs :i* collect$ ! sug> wat] f ! tapp$ maples 9 e>ly spr+2 b ! range ( buckeye did n ext5d nor?w>d into ! real maple area1 & ! tr\ghs l ^? :i* rock$ ! in*oate ,ohio /atesm5 7 unkn[n 9 ! ,nor?1 b 7 famili> along ! m\nta9 ranges s\?w>d4 ,d\gh trays1 bread bo>ds1 *opp+ b[ls1 & tr\ghs 9 :i* to salt bacon & pork1 7 hew$ f buckeye by f>m]s & village woodwork]s4 ,x weighs #bg4bd p\nds p] cubic foot2 is diffuse-por\s1 & ! slight diff]5ce betwe5 ! wood gr[n 9 spr+ & t ( late summ] r5d]s ! annual r+s indi/9ct4 ,x has little figure1 no matt] h[ x is saw$2 m$ull>y rays are ?9 & obscure4 ,s(tness is "o ( ! pr9cipal qualities1 & x is also weak1 & is want+ 9 rigidity4 ,^! are its faults1 b x has virtues4 ,x is ta/eless & odorless1 & ^! prop]ties make x valuable 9 ! manufacture ( boxes 9 :i* food products are %ipp$4 ,! report$ cut ( buckeye 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is f #aa1jjj1jjj to #ac1jjj1jjj feet a ye>4 ,! reports ( factories :i* use ! wood 9 mak+ commodities ?r[ light on ! "q ( actual use4 ,nor? ,c>ol9a works #aj1jjj feet a ye> into cab9ets & (fice fixtures2 ,mi*igan #ajj1jjj into c&y & *ocolate boxes1 di%es1 & b[ls2 ,m>yl& uses #bjj1jjj feet ye>ly = practically ! same purposes1 b ) ! add$ commodities ( spice draw]s & tea *e/s4 ,mak]s ( artificial limbs consid] buckeye "o ( _! be/ mat]ials1 b x is second to will[4 ,! 8cork legs0 are usually ei!r buckeye or will[4 ,pulp mills gr9d ! wood = pap]1 b x is n sep>ately li/$ 9 pulp /ati/ics1 & ! total cut _c be /at$4 ,x is conv]t$ into v5e] & f9ds _m places ( usefulness1 b "h1 also1 no sep>ate figures are to be _h4 ,! nuts are l>ge & abundant1 b almo/ :olly useless = man or bea/4 ,bookb9d]s make pa/e ( !m1 z a sub/itute = fl\r1 & ) satisfactory results4 ,! pa/e resi/s f]m5ts mu* bett] ?an t manufactur$ f fl\r2 b ! dem& ^u ! nut supply = t purpose is v small4 ,squirrels & o!r small animals leave buckeyes alone4 ,"s writ]s1 ^: acqua9tance ) ?is tree 0 app>5tly acquir$ at long range1 /ate t ! nuts are food = cattle4 ,no p]son ) k ( ! buckeye says t4 ,cattle occasionally eat a few1 b are poison$ !reby1 & if !y recov]1 !y nev] aga9 h any?+ to d ) buckeyes4 ,?is tree is ornam5tal dur+ a few mon?s ( ! ye>4 ,its fl[]s are attractive1 & its l>ge1 vigor\s leaves & conspicu\s fruit are admir$ 9 summ]2 b e>ly 9 ! fall ! leaves come d[n1 ! husks bur/ f ! nuts & /rew ! gr\nd ) unsightly fragm5ts4 ,! tree is seldom plant$1 b ! horse *e/nut1 a =eign species1 takes its place4 ,,ohio ,,buckeye 7sculus glabra7 0 once ?\ght to be m abundant 9 ,ohio ?an else:]e1 h5ce ! "n2 b its be/ developm5t is 9 ,t5nessee & nor!rn ,alabama4 ,! disagreeable odor emitt$ by ! b>k gives x ! names fetid & /9k+ buckeye1 & x is kn[n also z ,am]ican horse *e/nut4 ,its range is approximately ! same z t ( yell[ buckeye1 b x is a small] tree1 r>ely m ?an ?irty feet high1 ?\gh x is sev5ty 9 exceptional cases4 ,9 common ) o!r trees ( ! species1 x pref]s ri* soil along wat] c\rses4 ,! wood 0 =m]ly 9 dem& = *ip hats1 b t use has app>5tly ceas$4 ,! sapwood is d>k] ?an ! he>t :i* is an exception to ! g5]al rule4 ,d>k /reaks1 probably /a9s due to fungus1 occasionally run ?r\gh ! trunk4 ,9 weight1 /r5g?1 & /iffness ! wood is approximately ! same z yell[ buckeye4 ,its odor is suffici5t to di/+ui% x f t species1 & x associates ) no o!r except on r>e occasions :5 x may be f\nd ) ! small buckeye 9 we/]n ,t5nessee & s\!rn ,miss\ri4 ,,cali=nia ,,buckeye 7sculus cali=nica7 occurs only 9 ! /ate ^: "n x be>s4 ,x is a %ort1 mu*-bran*$1 ill-=m$ tree2 root l>ge & %ap$ some:at l an inv]t$ tub1 (t5 /&+ a foot or m above ! gr\nd1 & ! bran*es ris+ f x4 ,a tree s =m$ is )\t value to ! g5]al lumb]man1 b cab9et mak]s sometimes grub out ! root & saw x transv]sely into ?9 lumb] or v5e] & make small articles :i* possess consid]able figure1 due to ! involv$ gr[?1 b little v>iety ( color4 ,its tone is light yell[4 ,! tree is f\nd 9 ! c5tral "p ( ,cali=nia1 f ne> sea level up to #d1ejj 9 ! ,si]ra ,nevadas4 ,x gets away f ! imm$iate vic9ity ( wat] c\rses & gr[s on hillsides4 ,x is heavi] ?an any o!r ,am]ican buckeye1 & has v ?9 sapwood4 ,! o!r prop]ties ( ! wood1 & ! botanical *>act]s ( ! tree are common to o!r memb]s ( ! species4 ,! se$s dep5d = _! disp]sal on runn+ wat]1 :5 ! tree gr[s by a /ream1 or on gravity1 if situat$ on a hillside4 ,! se$ w n gr[ unless buri$ 9 moi/ soil1 & x reta9s its vitality only a few mon?s4 ,few trees 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates h l>g] se$s ?an buckeyes4 ,! tree is %ort-liv$1 rea*+ maturity 9 mo/ cases 9 less ?an a hundr$ ye>s4 ,x is sometimes plant$ = ornam5t 9 ?is c\ntry & 9 ,europe4 ,,small ,,buckeye 7sculus au/r9a7 is "o ( ! late/ recogniz$ memb]s ( ! buckeye h\sehold4 ,x seldom atta9s a diamet] above five or six in*es1 or a height ( tw5ty-five feet4 ,x is1 !re=e1 too small to be s]i\sly consid]$ z a s\rce ( lumb]1 & ev5 if trunks 7 l>ge en\gh1 ! species is too sc>ce to furni% _m logs4 ,x gr[s on ri* upl&s f we/]n ,t5nessee & s\!rn ,miss\ri to ,texas4 ,! bright r$ fl[]s op5 9 ,april1 ! fruit falls 9 ,octob]4 ,,purple ,,buckeye 7sculus oct&ra hybrida7 is a v>iety *>act]iz$ by r$ or purple fl[]s & by leaves woolly on ! "u sides1 & b>k ( light] color ?an t ( yell[ buckeye4 ,! range foll[s ! ,appala*ian m\nta9s f ,we/ ,virg9ia s\?w>d4 ,x has be5 report$ 9 ,texas also4 ,if ! wood is us$ at all1 x goes = ! same purposes z yell[ buckeye4 ,illu/ration ,,sassafras ,illu/ration3 ,,sassafras ,,sassafras 7,sassafras ,sassafras7 ,! ,fr5* settl]s 9 ,florida 7 ! fir/ :ite m5 to give ! "n sassafras to ?is tree1 b ! ,indians call$ x by t "n long be=e4 ,x 0 a tree :i* ,indians 7 sure to "n1 because x _h an individuality :i* appeal$ to !m4 ,x is n kn[n :at ! real mean+ ( ! ^w 01 :5 ! s\!rn ,indians us$ x4 ,aft] ! ,fr5* adopt$ ! "n 9 ,florida1 x pass$ to o!r colonies & o!r languages1 & has l$ to num]\s disputes s9ce4 ,_m h errone\sly suppos$ t ! "n is ( ,lat9 orig94 ,:5 ! ,engli% colony 0 f\nd$ at ,jame/[n1 ,virg9ia1 9 #afjg1 ! tree 0 well kn[n by t "n1 b x 0 pron\nc$ s v>i\sly & spell$ 9 s _m ways t x 0 (t5 almo/ unrecognizable4 ,x is pron\nc$ v>i\sly & spell$ diff]5tly yet4 ,x is call$ sassafras 9 mo/ regions1 & 9 o!rs is saxifrax1 sassafas1 sassafac1 sassafrac1 & saxifrax tree4 ,its range cov]s ! t]ritory f ,massa*usetts to ,i[a & ,kansas1 & s\? to ,florida & ,texas4 ,"s ( t range x has occupi$ = va/ p]iods ( "t1 = sassafras leaves h be5 f\nd emb$d$ 9 ! ,cretace\s =mations ( ,long ,isl&4 ,ne> ! nor!rn limit ( its range x is g5]ally small1 (t5 ( bru% size2 b fur!r s\? x becomes a tree :i* sometimes exce$s #ajj feet 9 height1 & ?ree or f\r 9 diamet]4 ,! be/ developm5t ( ! species is 9 ,arkansas & ,miss\ri4 ,sassafras belongs to ! laurel family4 ,/rangely en\gh1 ! two trees :i* are usually suppos$ to be typical laurels--namely1 m\nta9 laurel 7,kalmia latifolia7 & great rhodod5dron1 d n belong to ! laurel family1 b ! hea? family4 ,! laurel family to :i* sassafras belongs includes _m species 9 all p>ts ( ! _w1 "s are ev]gre51 o!rs are n1 b all *>act]iz$ by ! /rong1 pung5t odor ( _! wood or b>k1 & all hav+ fruit ) a s+le se$ l a plum or *]ry4 ,! camphor tree f ! di/illation ( ^: wood comm]cial camphor 7except syn!tic camphor made l>gely f turp5t9e7 is d]iv$1 belongs to ?is family1 z d c]ta9 bay trees ( ! s\!rn /ates4 ,x 0 =m]ly suppos$ t sassafras exi/$ only 9 ! ea/]n half ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 b a species closely resembl+ ours1 if n id5tical ) x1 has rec5tly be5 f\nd 9 ,*9a4 ,! ,cali=nia laurel 7,umbellul>ia cali=nica7 is 9 ! same family ) sassafras4 ,?is tree has _h a peculi> hi/ory4 ,x 0 once suppos$ to possess miracul\s heal+ p[]s1 & 0 %ipp$ f ,virg9ia to ,engl& 9 "o ( ! fir/ c>goes to g to t c\ntry f ! pres5t t]ritory ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,its suppos$ value did n consi/ 9 its use z lumb]1 b 9 "s m$ic9al prop]ty :i* x 0 reput$ to possess4 ,p appe>$ to believe t x w\ld r5ew ! y\? ( ! human race4 ,"s portion ( ?is sup]/ition has clung r\nd sassafras to ?is day1 & x is n entirely conf9$ to ignorant p4 ,b$/eads made ( sassafras 7 suppos$ to drive away c]ta9 nightly visitors :i* di/urb slumb]4 ,9 s\!a/]n ,arkansas & nor?we/]n ,mississippi1 b$/eads are /ill made ( ?is wood1 ) ! belief t sleep w be s\nd]4 ,! same cu/om d\btless prevails else:]e4 ,9 nor!rn ,l\isiana floors ( sassafras are occasionally laid 9 negro cab9s because ( ! same sup]/ition1 & 9 ! firm belief t x w keep out animals z l>ge z rats & mice4 ,"s ( ! m\nta9e]s ( ,k5tucky1 :]e ea* family makes its own soap1 insi/ t ! kettle mu/ be /irr$ ) a sassafras /ick or x w produce a poor quality ( soap4 ,among ! m\nta9s ( ,we/ ,virg9ia _m a f>m] equips 8 h5h\se ) sassafras poles = roo/s1 fully conv9c$ t he has put an effective quietus on all tribes1 %oals1 & k9dr$ ( m5opon pallidum1 & ! h5s w sleep bett]4 ,! production ( sassafras oil is p]haps ! l>ge/ indu/ry dep5d5t ^u ?is tree4 ,roots are grubb$ by ! ton & are subject$ to de/ructive di/illation4 ,mu* ( ?is "w is c>ri$ on 9 ,virg9ia :]e sassafras spreads quickly into ab&on$ fields1 spr++ up f se$s c>ri$ by birds4 ,v]itable ?ickets soon take possession4 ,"h is :]e ! sassafras oil supply comes f4 ,contractors (t5 cle> ! old fields & make !m ready = tillage1 tak+ ! roots = pay4 ,! wood weighs #ca4db p\nds p] cubic foot2 is v durable :5 expos$ to dampness2 is slightly aromatic2 incl9$ to *eck 9 dry+2 ! lay]s ( annual gr[? are m>k$ by r+s ( l>ge pores2 summ]wood is q di/9ct f ! e>li] gr[?2 m$ull>y rays are _m & ?92 color dull orange-br[n1 ! ?9 sapwood light yell[4 ,sassafras goes to sawmills 9 all regions :]e x is l>ge en\gh = lumb]1 b ! total cut is small4 ,reports f sawmills 9 #aiji cr$it$ ?is species ) only #be1jjj feet 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & x 0 /ill less 9 #aiaj4 ,x is evid5t t ?is is only a small portion ( ! total output1 & probably ,t5nessee alone produces t mu*4 ,! wood is sold ) o!r species & loses its "n1 frequ5tly pass+ z a%4 ,! wood be>s consid]able resemblance to a%1 9 gra9 & color1 b is light] 9 weight1 & mu* l[] 9 /r5g?4 ,sassafras 0 "o ( ! canoe woods ( e>ly times along ! l[] ,mississippi & its tribut>ies4 ,its two pr9cipal advantages ov] mo/ woods ) :i* x 0 associat$ 0 its light weight & la/+ qualities4 ,canoes ( ?is timb] 9 ,l\isiana h giv5 cont9u$ s]vice = a ?ird ( a c5tury4 ,9 all p>ts ( its range1 :]ev] x is ( suffici5t size1 x has be5 us$ = po/s4 ,x is g5]ally consid]$ good = ab\t tw5ty ye>s4 ,l>ge trunks 7 =m]ly split = rails1 & a few are utiliz$ 9 t way /ill1 b mo/ timb] l>ge en\gh = rails1 n[ goes to sawmills4 ,9 ,texas mo/ ( ! sassafras suppli$ by sawmills is manufactur$ into furniture1 b is li/$ z a%4 ,! same ?+ is done 9 ,arkansas & ,miss\ri1 b ! use 9 ! latt] /ate is ext5d$ to int]ior h\se f9i% & (fice & bank fixtures4 ,sometimes x is made ! outside wood1 & ! figure caus$ by saw+ ! logs tang5tially is acc5tuat$ by /a9s & fill]s4 ,! figure ( qu>t]-saw$ wood is n attractive because ! m$ull>y rays are too small4 ,x la/s well z railroad ties & a few are f\nd 9 s]vice 9 _m p>ts ( ! tree's range1 b ^? :o see x 9 ! track are liable to mi/ake x = *e/nut4 ,a by-product ( sassafras des]ves m5tion--tea made f ! fl[]s or f ! b>k ( ! roots4 ,x is reli%$ 9 ! e>ly spr+1 & is popul> 9 mo/ regions :]e ! tree is kn[n4 ,! b>k is a comm]cial commodity4 ,x is ti$ 9 small bundles1 & ! price at retail ranges f a nickel to a dime ea*4 ,drug /ores & groc]s sell x4 ,9 ! city ( ,wa%+ton 9 e>ly spr+ sassafras p$dl]s canvas ! city f c5t] to circumf]5ce4 ,!y are g5]ally negro m5 & wom5 :o dig ! roots on ! neighbor+ hills ( ,virg9ia & ,m>yl&1 /rip ! b>k1 tie x 9 small bundles1 & by dilig5ce & p]sev]ance1 succe$ 9 conv]t+ ! m]*&ise into money4 ,sassafras is (t5 cit$ z an example ( a tree ) leaves ( diff]5t =ms4 ,?ree %apes are common1 & all frequ5tly occur on ! same tree1 & ev5 on ! same twig4 ,"o has no lobes1 ano!r has "o lobe l ! ?umb ( a mitt51 & ano!r has ?ree4 ,,lancewood 7,ocotea catesbyana7 is a small ev]gre5 tree1 looks mu* l laurel1 & gr[s 9 s\!rn ,florida1 on ! isl&s & on ! ma9l& 9 ! vic9ity ( ,biscayne bay4 ,x is closely relat$ to sassafras1 & ! b>k has an aromatic odor4 ,x belongs to a gr\p ( trees ) ne>ly #bjj species scatt]$ 9 hot regions ( bo? hemisph]es4 ,?is is ! only "o belong+ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & x appe>s to be a newcom] on ^! %ores1 f ! fact t x has succe$$ 9 obta9+ s limit$ a foo?old4 ,x keeps well s\? ( ! region :]e x is likely to be fro/$ & x seldom exce$s a height ( ?irty feet & a diamet] ( eighte5 in*es4 ,! fruit rip5s 9 autumn & is d>k blue ) fle% ?9 & dry4 ,! wood is h>d1 heavy1 /rong1 *ecks badly 9 dry+1 & has a ri* br[n color1 ! sapwood be+ yell[4 ,r+s ( annual gr[? are m>k$ ) _m small1 regul>ly-di/ribut$ op5 ducts2 m$ull>y rays are ?9 & num]\s2 wood weighs #dg4id p\nds p] cubic foot2 durable 9 contact ) ! soil1 beautifully color$1 & is highly priz$ = small cab9et "w & novelties4 ,at ,miami1 ,florida1 small trunks cut on neighbor+ hummocks1 or br\ght f ! keys1 are work$ into s\v5irs to be sold to visitors4 ,lancewood fi%+ rods are among ! /ronge/ & mo/ exp5sive on ! m>ket2 b little ( ! mat]ial ( :i* !y are made gr[s 9 ,florida4 ,x is also manufactur$ into billi>d cues & small h&les4 ,illu/ration ,,madrona ,illu/ration3 ,,madrona ,,madrona 7,arbutus ,m5ziesii7 ,madrona is an int]e/+ tree :i* ranges f ,briti% ,columbia s\?w>d to c5tral ,cali=nia1 atta9+ its greate/ developm5t 9 ! r$wood =e/s ( nor!rn ,cali=nia1 :]e trees are sometimes "o hundr$ feet high & six or sev5 feet 9 diamet]4 ,x is n only an int]e/+ tree itself1 b x has _m int]e/+ relatives1 "s ( :i* are trees1 o!rs %rubs1 & /ill o!rs only small plants or v9es4 ,x may be call$ a second c\s9 to ! common huckleb]ry1 ! m\nta9 laurel1 trail+ arbutus1 ! azaleas1 ! t9y w9t]gre51 & ! great rhodod5dron4 ,x has "s poor relations1 b _m t are highly respectable4 ,x belongs to ! hea? family1 ( :i* !re are sev5ty g5]a1 & m ?an a ?\s& species2 b less ?an half ( !m are 9 ,am]ica1 ! o!rs be+ scatt]$ widely ov] ! _w4 ,! madrona1 :5 at its be/1 is "o ( ! l>ge/ memb]s ( ! family2 b x is n always at its be/4 ,x sometimes deg5]ates into a sprawl+ %rub1 :]e x gr[s on poor gr\nd & on cold1 dry m\nta9 tops4 ,x is manife/ly n fair to /udy any tree at its wor/1 & x is p>ticul>ly n fair to ! madrona1 :i* v>ies s greatly 9 its appe>ance4 ,at "o place x may be sc>cely l>ge en\gh to %ade ! lair ( a jackrabbit1 & at ano!r x spreads its bran*es wide en\gh to %ade an army--a small army1 h[ev]1 say1 ab\t two ?\s& m54 ,a tree ( t size may be f\nd )9 a few h\rs' ride ( ,san ,francisco4 ,its bran*es cov] an area ( f eight ?\s& to t5 ?\s& squ>e feet4 ,:5 madrona gr[s 9 ! op5 x ?r[s out wide limbs l a s\!rn live oak1 ?\gh n s l>ge or long4 ,its cr[n is r\nd$ & graceful2 b :5 x gr[s 9 =e/s1 :]e o!r trees cr[d x1 ! trunk rises /raight up to lift ! cr[n into ! sunlight & fre% air4 ,! madrona is se5 9 all its glory 9 nor?we/]n ,cali=nia1 :]e x cat*es "s ( ! w>m? & ! moi/ air f ! ,pacific4 ,x foll[s ! ranges ( ! ,siskiy\ m\nta9s ea/w>d ne> ! b\nd>y ( ,cali=nia & ,oregon4 ,x is usually mix$ ) o!r =e/ trees1 b sometimes l>ge /&s ne>ly pure are enc\nt]$1 & !re ! long trunks1 r gray ne> ! gr\nd1 b w9e-color$ above1 rise 9 impos+ beauty & are lo/ 9 ! ev]gre5 cr[ns4 ,! leaves sugge/ ^? ( laurel1 b are broad]4 ,! l>ge clu/]s ( :ite fl[]s are among ! glories ( ! vegetable k+dom4 ,george ,b4 ,sudwor?1 d5drologi/ ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,=e/ ,s]vice1 :o usually describes 9 /rictly prosaic t]ms1 breaks away f t habit long en\gh to comp>e madrona fl[]s to lilies ( ! valley1 9 8 8,=e/ ,trees ( ! ,pacific ,slope40 ,! fl[]s appe> f ,m>* to ,may1 dep5d+ on latitude & elevation4 ,! brilliant orange-r$ fruit rip5s 9 ! fall1 & is (t5 borne 9 great abundance4 ,x r5d]s ! cr[ns ( ! trees v beautiful4 ,! fruit is ab\t half an in* long & conta9s _m small angul> se$s4 ,! fruit is said to conta9 a sub/ance :i* puts to sleep wild creatures t fe$ on x4 ,! claim is probably my?ical1 = birds breakfa/ extravagantly on x 9 ! morn+1 & app>5tly d n d any sleep+ until aft] sunset4 ,?is tree 0 discov]$ by & nam$ = ,ar*ibald ,m5zies1 a ,scot* botani/ :o travel$ 9 ! ,nor?we/ m ?an a hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,x has sev]al local names1 among !m be+ madrove1 laurel wood1 madrone-tree1 laurel1 & manzanita4 ,! la/ is ! prop] "n ( ano!r small tree :i* is associat$ ) madrona & is closely relat$ to x4 ,! wood weighs #dc4ie p\nds p] cubic foot4 ,x is a little bel[ ea/]n :ite oak 9 fuel value1 a little above x 9 /r5g?1 & some:at "u x 9 /iffness4 ,! color is pale r$di%-br[n1 resembl+ applewood 9 tone1 b g5]ally n q s d>k4 ,! wood is por\s1 b ! pores are v small4 ,m$ull>y rays are num]\s b ?94 ,on acc\nt ( ! rays be+ ( a little deep] r$ ?an ! o!r wood1 qu>t]-saw$ /ock is h&some & ( some:at peculi> appe>ance4 ,! figure is mu* l qu>t]-saw$ bee*1 b ( deep]1 m h&some color4 ,! contra/ betwe5 spr+wood & summ]wood is n /rong1 ?\gh easily se54 ,g5]ally1 ! summ]wood con/itutes ab\t "o-f\r? ( ! annual r+4 ,! tree gr[s sl[ly1 b ) mu* irregul>ity4 ,! increase 9 "o season may be f\r or five times z great z 9 ano!r4 ,! b>k exfoliates1 & is q ?94 ,madrona has nev] be5 put to mu* use4 ,difficulties 9 season+ x h /ood 9 ! way4 ,! wood w>ps & *ecks4 ,simil> difficulties ) o!r woods h be5 ov]come1 & su* tr\bles %\ld n be unduly disc\rag+4 ,! beauty ( ! wood is unque/ion$4 ,x pres5ts a f9e appe>ance :5 work$ into furniture1 p>ticul>ly 9 small panels & turn$ "w1 l sp9dles1 knobs1 & small po/s4 ,:5 made into grills x %[s a surpris+ ri*ness ( tone4 ,! wood poli%es almo/ to ! smoo?ness ( holly4 ,small quantities are made into floor+2 a little goes to ! furniture mak]s2 la!s turn "s ( x = novelties & s\v5irs2 fuel cutt]s sell x z cordwood2 & tanb>k peel]s cut ! trees = ! ?91 pap]y b>k4 ,9 t case ! trunks are left to decay1 unless !y happ5 to be conv5i5t to a cordwood m>ket4 ,"o ( ! mo/ ext5sive uses = ! wood ( madrona is = *>coal burn+4 ,blacksmi?s buy x because x is *eap] ?an coal1 & "s is us$ 9 %ops :]e sold]+ & weld+ are done2 b ! mo/ exact+ dem& comes f gunp[d] manufactur]s4 ,!y f9d ?is wood almo/ equal to ald] & will[ z a s\rce ( *>coal suitable = p[d]4 ,,mexican ,,madrona 7,arbutus xalap5sis7 might prop]ly be call$ ,texas madrona z x occurs 9 t /ate & probably 9 no o!r1 b its range ext5ds s\?w>d into ,mexico4 ,x produces a poorly %ap$ trunk seldom mu* m ?an tw5ty feet high & "o foot 9 diamet]1 & usually divid$ into sev]al bran*es ne> ! gr\nd4 ,x blooms 9 ,m>* & rip5s its fruit 9 midsumm]4 ,! tree is f\nd on dry lime/one hills1 & 9 ! valley ( ! ,rio ,blanco1 & among ! ,eagle m\nta9s4 ,cab9et mak]s 9 ,texas put ! wood to r exact+ uses aft] !y h c>efully season$ x to ov]come its natural t5d5cy to *eck4 ,x is v h>d2 its color is a little light] ?an applewood :i* x resembles2 annual r+s are sc>cely visible1 s regul> & ev5 is ! ye>'s gr[?4 ,9 ,texas ! wood is made into plane /ocks1 tool h&les1 & ma!matical in/rum5ts4 ,,arizona ,,madrona 7,arbutus arizonica7 has a re/rict$ range on ! ,santa ,catal9a & ,santa ,rita m\nta9s ( s\!rn ,arizona1 :]e x asc5ds to an altitude ( #h1jjj feet4 ,! species ext5ds s\?w>d into ,mexico4 ,! l>ge/ trees atta9 a height ( fifty feet & a diamet] ( two4 ,trunks are usually /raight & %apely1 & %[ ! ?91 r$ b>k common to ! g5us4 ,! wood resembles t ( ! species 9 ,texas1 & d\btless is suit$ to ! same purposes1 b no utilization ( x has be5 report$1 except = fuel1 & = f5ces & %$s on m\nta9 ran*es4 ,:5 ! region becomes m ?ickly settl$1 ! value ( ! wood w be appreciat$4 ,,manzanita 7,arcto/aphylos manzanita7 is n g5]ally welcom$ by botani/s into ! tree class4 ,!y say x is too small2 b x is z l>ge z "s ( ! laurels :i* g z trees )\t "q1 & is %ap$ mu* l !m4 ,!re are sev]al species ( manzanita4 ,! ^w is ,spani% & means 8little apple40 ,! "n is natural1 = "o ( ! mo/ noticeable ?+s ab\t manzanita is ! fruit1 ! size ( well-gr[n huckleb]ries4 ,x is %ap$ l an apple1 & its t>t ta/e sugge/s t fruit4 ,! ,digg] ,indians along ! foo?ills ( ! ,si]ra ,nevada m\nta9s 9 ,cali=nia ga!r ! b]ries by ! sack1 dry !m1 & keep !m = w9t]--if !y c4 ,x is (t5 impossible to keep !m because1 l o!r fruit1 !y are apt to become wormy4 ,:5 ! ,indians discov] !m 9 t condition !y display r>e ?rift & economy = savages1 by soak+ ! fruit & press+ out ! juice1 :i* is said to pass = a pretty fair quality ( cid]1 b x mu/ be quickly consum$ or x w "m & *ange to v9eg>4 ,indians n[ put ! b]ries to use less frequ5tly ?an 9 e>ly times :5 !y 7 ne>ly always hungry4 ,manzanita is ( ! same family z madrona4 ,its range ext5ds along ! m\nta9s ( ! ,pacific coa/ ranges f ,oregon to ,mexico1 & inl& to ,utah4 ,! l>ge/ trees are ab\t tw5ty feet high & a foot or less 9 diamet]2 v mu* divid$ & bran*$1 ) limbs crook$ 9 m ways1 p]haps1 ?an ^? ( any o!r repres5tative ( ! vegetable k+dom4 ,?\s&s ( canes are cut f ! bran*es1 & if any liv+ man ev] saw a /raight "o he fail$ to report x4 ,manzanita gr[s 9 almo/ imp5etrable ?ickets on dry slopes & ridges4 ,its ?9 foliage ca/s s pale a %ad[ t ! tree's %ade is little cool] ?an ! boil+ sun ^u ! op5 nak$ gr\nd & rocks4 ,! b>k is a r$di%-*ocolate color1 & exfoliates 9 scales ( pap]y ?9ness4 ,! he>t is ne>ly ( ! same color z ! b>k1 b ! sap is :ite & v ?94 ,! wood is h>d1 /rong1 /iff1 b exce$+ly brittle4 ,if a bran* is %>ply b5t x w fly into spl9t]s4 ,! uses ( ! wood are num]\s1 b ! total quantity dem&$ is mod]ate4 ,novelty /ores sell small articles to t\ri/s 9 ,cali=nia1 sometimes pass+ ! wood (f z m\nta9 mahogany :i* does n s mu* z belong to ! same family4 ,! mo/ common articles manufactur$ by novelty %ops f manzanita are canes1 pap] weights1 pap] knives1 rul]s1 spoons1 napk9 r+s1 curta9 r+s1 cuff buttons1 dom9os1 manicure /icks1 jewel boxes1 mat* safes1 p9 trays1 & photo frames4 ,illu/ration ,,cottonwood ,illu/ration3 ,,cottonwood ,,cottonwood#i 7,populus ,deltoides7 #i ,! foll[+ species gr[ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates3 ,cottonwood 7,populus deltoides71 ,asp5 7,populus tremuloides71 ,l>getoo? asp5 7,populus gr&id5tata71 ,swamp ,cottonwood 7,populus het]ophylla71 ,balm ( ,gilead 7,populus balsamif]a71 ,lanceleaf ,cottonwood 7,populus acum9ata71 ,n>r[leaf ,cottonwood 7,populus angu/ifolia71 ,black ,cottonwood 7,populus tri*oc>pa71 ,fremont ,cottonwood 7,populus fremontii71 ,mexican ,cottonwood 7,populus mexicana71 ,texas ,cottonwood 7,populus wisliz5i74 ,elev5 species ( cottonwood are f\nd 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 if all trees ( ! g5us ,populus are class$ z cottonwoods4 ,x is n univ]sally admitt$1 h[ev]1 t !y %\ld be s class$4 ,! common cottonwood is ! mo/ widely kn[n ( all ( !m1 b x is recogniz$ "u diff]5t names 9 diff]5t regions1 viz43 ,big cottonwood1 yell[ cottonwood1 cotton tree1 ,c>ol9a popl>1 necklace popl>1 broadleaf popl>1 & :itewood4 ,its range cov]s practically all ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ea/ ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s4 ,x is r>e or miss+ 9 ea/]n ,new ,engl& & s\!rn ,florida1 & mo/ abundant 9 ! ,mississippi valley1 & !re ! l>ge/ trees are f\nd4 ,"s exce$ #ajj feet 9 height1 & f\r 9 diamet]4 ,extreme sizes ( #adj feet 9 height ) diamet]s ( f sev5 to n9e h be5 report$4 ,! cottonwood 0 a fronti] tree on ! we/]n pla9s :5 settl]s began to pu% into ! region4 ,x grew z f> we/ z any h>dwood ( ! ea/]n =e/s1 & 0 f\nd beyond m]idian #ajj1 :i* 0 suppos$ to be ! b\nd>y betwe5 ! region ( ra9s & ! semi-arid c\ntry4 ,! cottonwood clung to ! riv] banks & to isl&s 9 ! riv]s1 & by t means escap$ ! ,indian's prairie & =e/ fires :i* he k9dl$ e ye> to improve ! range = ! buffalo4 ,x is suppos$ t mo/ ( ! op5 c\ntry ea/ ( m]idian #ajj 0 orig9ally timb]$1 & t ! ,indians de/roy$ ! =e/s by _! long-cont9u$ habit ( burn+ ! woods & prairies e ye> to improve ! pa/ure4 ,cottonwood 0 ! longe/ survivor1 because x grew 9 damp places :]e fires did n burn fi]cely4 ,black will[ 0 its mo/ frequ5t companion on ! we/]n outpo/s ( ! =e/s4 ,! cottonwood 0 fitt$ = hold+ its gr\nd1 & pu%+ =w>d4 ,its light se$s are c>ri$ by millions on ! w9d & by wat]4 ,! tree be>s l>ge quantities ( cotton 7h5ce ! "n71 & :5 ! w9d :ips x f ! tree1 se$s are caught among ! fib]s & c>ri$ along1 to be scatt]$ miles away4 ,?is tree 0 n mu* ?\ght ( by ea/]n p :o _h pl5ty ( o!r k9ds ( wood1 b pione]s on ! pla9s :o _h a h>d "t to get any1 f\nd cottonwood useful4 ,x made f5ces1 corncribs1 /ables1 cab9s1 ox yokes1 & fuel4 ,! fir/ canoes made by :ite m5 on ! upp] ,miss\ri riv] 7 ( cottonwood4 ,lumb] cut f ?is tree is incl9$ to w>p & *eck unless c>efully h&l$1 & ?is prejudic$ x 9 ! eyes ( _m2 b difficulties ( t k9d 7 easily ma/]$1 & in/ead ( be+ a neglect$ wood x became popul>4 ,"s ( ! l>ge/ e>ly ord]s came f ,g]many4 ,vehicle mak]s 9 ?is c\ntry employ$ x = wagon b$s1 z a sub/itute = yell[ popl> :5 t wood's co/ advanc$4 ,manufactur]s ( agricultural implem5ts 7 pione]s 9 its use1 x be+ excell5t mat]ial = hopp]s1 *utes1 & boxes4 ,cottonwood weighs #bd4bd p\nds p] cubic foot1 :i* is approximately ! weight ( :ite p9e4 ,x has ab\t ! /iffness ( :ite oak1 b only ab\t eighty p] c5t ( :ite oak's /r5g?1 & fifty p] c5t ( its fuel value4 ,! wood is v por\s1 b ! pores are small1 usually invisible to ! nak$ eye4 ,! m$ull>y rays are small & obscure4 ,! appe>ance ( ! wood is n improv$ by qu>t]-saw+4 ,! summ]wood =ms a ?91 d>k l9e1 s fa9t t ! annual r+s are (t5 sc>cely di/+ui%able4 ,! tree is g5]ally a rapid gr[]2 he>twood is br[n1 sapwood light]1 b z a :ole1 ?is tree produces :ite wood4 ,! annual cut is decl9+4 ,x 0 little m ?an half 9 #aiaj :at x 0 9 #ahii4 ,"s regions :]e l>ge trees 7 once abundant n[ h few4 ,! sawmill output 9 #aiaj = ! ,unit$ ,/ates--includ+ sev]al species--0 #bbj1jjj1jjj feet4 ,! v5e] cut 0 #cc1jjj1jjj feet1 log measure2 ! slack coop]age /aves1 *iefly = fl\r b>rels1 numb]$ #dd1jjj1jjj2 & pulpwood am\nt$ to ab\t #ah1jjj1jjj feet4 ,! lumb] cut 0 l>ge/ 9 ! foll[+ /ates 9 ! ord] nam$3 ,arkansas1 ,l\isiana1 ,mississippi1 ,miss\ri1 ,t5nessee1 ,i[a1 ,wiscons91 ,mi*igan1 ,oklahoma1 & ,m9nesota4 ,! tree 0 lumb]$ 9 =ty-"o /ates4 ,cottonwood is a /&>d mat]ial 9 sev]al l9es ( manufactur+4 ,x is made into ne>ly e k9d ( box t goes on ! m>ket1 f ! cig> box to ^? 9 :i* pianos are %ipp$4 ,manufactur]s ( food products are p>ticul>ly anxi\s to procure ?is wood1 & x is "o ( ! be/ = wood5w>e1 su* z d\gh bo>ds1 iron+ bo>ds1 & clo? bo>ds4 ,x is us$ by manufactur]s ( agricultural implem5ts1 int]ior f9i%1 bank & (fice fixtures1 musical in/rum5ts1 furniture1 vehicle tops1 trunks1 excelsior1 saddle trees1 caskets & c(f9s1 & num]\s o!rs4 ,!re is no dang] t cottonwood w disappe> f ?is c\ntry1 b x w become sc>ce4 ,x is be+ cut mu* fa/] ?an x is gr[+1 & is los+ favor z a plant$ %ade & p>k tree1 because ( its habit ( %$d+ cotton 9 ! spr+ & its leaves 9 ! e>ly autumn4 ,,swamp ,,cottonwood 7,populus het]ophylla7 is kn[n also z riv] cottonwood1 black cottonwood1 d[ny popl>1 & swamp popl>4 ,its range describes a crude horse%oe1 runn+ f ,rhode ,isl& d[n ! ,atlantic coa/ 9 a n>r[ /rip1 :]e x is nei!r abundant nor ( l>ge size2 t\*+ nor!rn ,florida2 runn+ we/w>d to ea/]n ,texas & !nce up ! ,mississippi bas9 & ! ,ohio riv] to s\?we/]n ,ohio4 ,!re is no?+ h&some ab\t its appe>ance ) its heavy limbs & sp>se1 r\nd$ cr[n4 ,9 ! ea/]n range ! av]age height is probably n m ?an fifty feet b 9 ! f]tile ,mississippi valley x rea*es #ajj & has a long m]*antable bole ?ree feet 9 diamet]4 ,its b>k is rugg$1 dirty-br[n & brok5 into loose1 conspicu\s ridges4 ,x is easily di/+ui%$ f ! o!r cottonwoods by ! orange-color$ pi? 9 ! twigs4 ,! buds are r\nd$ & r$ & h a res9\s odor4 ,sawmills & factories nev] li/ ?is wood sep>ately4 ,x comes & goes z cottonwood4 ,its uses are ! same z ^? ( common cottonwood4 ,! two species gr[ 9 mixture ?r\gh\t ! entire range ( ! swamp cottonwood4 ,,texas ,,cottonwood 7,populus wisliz5i7 is a r l>ge tree & is ! common cottonwood 9 ! upp] valley ( ! ,rio ,gr&e 9 ,new ,mexico & we/]n ,texas4 ,! yell[i% color ( ! twigs is apt to attract att5tion4 ,! wood is us$ ab\t ran*es & occasionally a log f9ds its way to local sawmills2 b its importance is limit$ to ! region :]e x gr[s4 ,,mexican ,,cottonwood 7,populus mexicana7 ext5ds its range nor? ( ! ,mexican b\nd>y into s\!rn ,arizona & s\?we/]n ,new ,mexico4 ,x is abundant 9 ,mexico :]e ! l>ge/ trees are eighty feet high & ?ree or f\r 9 diamet]4 ,x is small] ne> ! nor!rn limits ( its range1 & !re x hugs ! banks ( m\nta9 /reams4 ,/ockm5 use ! trunks1 :i* are usually small en\gh to be call$ poles1 to make f5ces & %$s4 ,,n>r[leaf ,,cottonwood 7,populus angu/ifolia7is a m\nta9 species :i* manages to live 9 ! semi-arid regions f ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s ( ,canada to ,arizona1 b is seldom f\nd bel[ an elevation ( #e1jjj feet1 & x ranges up to #aj1jjj4 ,trunks are eighte5 in*es or less 9 diamet]1 & fifty or sixty feet high4 ,! se$s are l>g] ?an ^? ( mo/ o!r cottonwoods4 ,x be+ a semi-des]t species1 its wood is appreciat$ :]e x is accessible1 & x has local uses only4 ,,lanceleaf ,,cottonwood 7,populus acum9ata7 is a small tree ) limit$ range1 gr[+ 9 ! arid region along ! ea/]n base ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 s\?w>d f ! ,black ,hills4 ,x is f\nd also nor? ( ! ,canadian bord]4 ,x is usually fifte5 or eighte5 in*es 9 diamet]1 & ?irty or =ty feet high4 ,trunks seldom g to sawmills1 b "s local use is made ( ! wood4 ,trees are occasionally plant$ = %ade 9 t[ns ( we/]n ,nebraska & ,wyom+4 ,,fremont ,,cottonwood 7,populus fremontii71 call$ :ite cottonwood 9 ,new ,mexico1 b else:]e simply cottonwood1 gr[s f we/]n ,texas to ,cali=nia1 & z f> nor? z ,utah & ,colorado4 ,x sometimes atta9s a diamet] ( five or six feet & a height ( #ajj4 ,! ,indians 9 ,new ,mexico =m]ly made rude1 clumsy ox c>ts ( ?is wood1 )\t a scrap ( iron or o!r metal 9 ! vehicles4 ,"o ( ! c>ts is pres]v$ 9 ! ,national ,museum1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,! wood is t\gh & light1 b x is dull :ite1 ) no attractive figure4 ,ev5 ! annual r+s are h>dly di/+ui%able4 ,logs are occasionally saw$ into lumb]1 & f>m]s 9 we/]n ,texas make wagon b$s ( x4 ,illu/ration ,,balm ,,( ,,gilead ,illu/ration3 ,,balm ,,( ,,gilead ,,balm ,,( ,,gilead 7,populus ,balsamif]a7 ,?is tree is kn[n 9 diff]5t regions by ! foll[+ names3 ,balsam1 balm ( ,gilead1 cottonwood1 popl>1 balsam popl>1 & tacamahac4 ,! usual "n1 balm ( ,gilead1 is appli$ 9 recognition ( ! suppos$ heal+ virtue ( ! wax :i* cov]s ! buds & "y leaves4 ,x has long be5 us$ 9 m$ic9e1 b its exact value is /ill a matt] ( discussion4 ,! wild ,indians ( ! ,nor? discov]$ a use = ! balsam 9 m5d+ _! b>k di%es1 & plugg+ knot holes 9 ! wood5 tr5*]s4 ,! wax is sl[ to dissolve 9 wat]1 & x resi/$ = a long "t su* s\ps z 7 kn[n to ! r$man's cul9>y art4 ,bees "k ! value ( ! wax & use x to seal cracks & crevices 9 _! hives & to hold ! comb 9 place4 ,x is popul>ly believ$ t ! economy ( ! wax on ! buds is to keep !m f freez+4 ,t view is errone\s1 = x w\ld take m ?an a coat+ ( wax to keep ! buds w>m ) ! !rmomet] f fifty to sev5ty degrees bel[ z]o1 z x is e w9t] 9 "s p>ts ( ?is tree's range4 ,balm ( ,gilead is a native ( ! ,nor? f ! ,atlantic to ! ,pacific1 b its f9e/ gr[? is ab\t ! headwat]s ( ! ,mack5zie riv]1 on ,peace & ,laird riv]s1 & ! l[] valley ( ! ,a?abaska4 ,sixty ye>s ago ,sir ,john ,frankl9 report$ t mo/ ( ! driftwood ( ! ,arctic ocean 0 ?is species4 ,s9ce t "t ! range has be5 m def9itely det]m9$1 & x is n[ kn[n t ! tree gr[s s f> nor? t x is = "s weeks 9 d>kness1 & aga9 9 summ] = "s weeks 9 unbrok5 sun%9e4 ,x gr[s 9 ,alaska ne>ly #bjj miles nor? ( ! ,arctic circle4 ,its natural range s\?w>d rea*es ,new ,engl&1 ,new ,york1 ,mi*igan1 ,nebraska1 ,nevada1 & ,oregon4 ,trees ( all sizes ab\nd1 f m]e %rubs 9 ! outskirts ( its range to trunks #ajj feet high & six feet 9 diamet] 9 favor$ localities4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! be/ timb] seldom exce$s ?irty in*es 9 diamet] & sixty or sev5ty feet 9 height4 ,! b>k on limbs & "y trunks is br[ni%-gray1 frequ5tly s t+$ ) gre5 t x is noticeable at a consid]able di/ance2 b usually l>ge trees h r$di%-gray b>k ) deep furr[s & wide ridges4 ,ye>-old twigs are cle>1 %9y r$di%-br[n2 end buds are ab\t an in* long1 ! side buds some:at %ort]4 ,! wood is n di/+ui%able 9 appe>ance f t ( ! o!r popl>s or cottonwoods1 b x is light] ?an mo/ ( !m1 weigh+ #bb4fe p\nds p] cubic foot1 has a break+ /r5g? :i* places x among ! weake/ woods1 b 9 /iffness mak+ a mu* bett] %[+4 ,! pores are small1 num]\s1 & are di/ribut$ equally ?r\gh all p>ts ( ! wood4 ,balm ( ,gilead be>s se$s abundantly & scatt]s !m widely4 ,x mu/ d its plant+ quickly 9 ! %ort summ]s ( ! cold ,nor?4 ,x /icks close to alluvial flats1 banks ( riv]s1 bord]s ( lakes & swamps1 & gravelly soils4 ,x gr[s to a diamet] ( fifte5 in*es 9 ab\t =ty-five ye>s4 ,?\gh balm ( ,gilead is n "o ( ! mo/ important timb] trees ( ?is c\ntry1 its place is by no means obscure4 ,no sep>ate tally is kept ( x among woods cut = pulp1 b x goes ) asp5 & o!r simil> species z 8popl>40 ,a little bett] acc\nt is kept ( ! am\nt pass+ ?r\gh wood-us+ factories4 ,! annual quantity s report$ 9 ,ill9ois is #b1gge1jjj feet1 & x is made into boxes & crates4 ,! lumb] is %ipp$ f ! ,nor?1 s9ce x does n gr[ z f> s\? z ,ill9ois4 ,! situation is diff]5t 9 ,mi*igan1 = balm ( ,gilead gr[s !re4 ,! am\nt go+ ye>ly into factories 9 t /ate is report$ at #d1iab1jjj feet4 ,x is made into _m commodities1 b boxes & crates take mo/ ( x4 ,! wood is r$uc$ to v5e] & conv]t$ into b]ry buckets1 grape baskets1 fruit & egg crates1 & o!r small %ipp+ conta9]s4 ,x is made into excelsior & woodwool :i* are us$ z pack+ mat]ial4 ,druggi/'s b>rels are manufactur$ f ?is wood4 ,^! are small1 two-piece vessels1 bor$ holl[1 ) a closely fitt+ lid1 & v>y+ 9 size f a c\ple ( in*es high1 to ne>ly a foot4 ,!y conta9 p[d]s1 p]fumes1 pills1 & o!r commodities 9 small bulk4 ,! wood is work$ into pails1 tubs1 & kegs4 ,furniture mak]s put balm ( ,gilead to use 9 sev]al ways4 ,x is cut ?9 = %elv+2 x is made into panels1 & is employ$ z cores ov] :i* to lay v5e]s ( m exp5sive mat]ials4 ,wood5w>e factories g5]ally keep x 9 /ock 9 ! nor!rn /ates4 ,! supply is ample at pres5t to meet all dem&s4 ,cutt]s ( pulpwood probably take m ?an sawmills1 & are satisfi$ ) small] timb]4 ,trees are (t5 plant$ = ornam5t1 b few if any h yet be5 propagat$ = =e/ry purposes4 ,,hairy ,,balm ,,( ,,gilead 7,populus balsamif]a c&icans7 is n a species b a v>iety1 & x is s diff]5t f balm ( ,gilead t x is entitl$ to a place ( its own4 ,ord9>ily x passes "u ! common names appli$ to balm ( ,gilead4 ,x is a cultivat$ tree 9 ea/]n ,canada & nor!a/]n ,unit$ ,/ates1 :]e x has escap$ f cultivation & is runn+ wild4 ,bo? ,s>g5t & ,sudwor? say t no?+ is def9itely kn[n ( ! tree's native range2 :ile x has be5 claim$ by o!rs t x once grew wild 9 ,mi*igan b 0 de/roy$ by lumb]m54 ,probably mo/ plant$ balm ( ,gileads are ( ?is v>iety1 z !y are v ornam5tal4 ,x is a l>ge tree ) bran*es less upright & cr[ns m op5 ?an 9 ! wild species4 ,! leaves are wide1 he>t-%ap$1 & are usually silv]y :ite b5ea? ) m9ute hairs on ! m>g9s1 on ! ve9s1 & leaf /ems4 ,x is n improbable t ?is v>iety c\ld be m pr(itably plant$ = =e/ry purposes ?an ! species :i* gr[s wild2 b !re is no pres5t indication t =e/]s favorably consid] ei!r ( !m4 ,,l>getoo? ,,asp5 7,populus gr&id5tata7 is nam$ on acc\nt ( ! %ape ( ! leaves4 ,x is sometimes call$ asp51 popple1 :ite popl>1 & l>ge popl>4 ,! wood weighs #bh4hg p\nds p] cubic foot1 & is ! heavie/ ( ! popl> gr\p except ,fremont cottonwood ( ! arid s\?we/]n regions4 ,! wood is :ite1 attractive1 b n /rong4 ,x 0 =m]ly manufactur$ into *ip hats & %oe heels 9 ,new ,engl&1 & is n[ us$ = baskets1 crates1 boxes1 buckets1 refrig]ators1 excelsior1 & pulp4 ,nor!rn factories usually give x ! g5]al "n 8popl>10 & = t reason its importance 9 ! lumb] trade is und]e/imat$4 ,trees may rea* a height ( sev5ty feet ) a diamet] ( two2 b a height ( =ty or fifty is m usual4 ,! species' range ext5ds f ,nova ,scotia to ,m9nesota1 s\?w>d to ,delaw>e & ,ill9ois1 & along ! ,appala*ian m\nta9s to ,nor? ,c>ol9a & ,t5nessee4 ,,gumbo ,,limbo 7,burs]a sim>uba7 is a s\? ,florida species & is kn[n also z ,we/ ,indian bir*4 ,x is 9 a family by itself ) no ne> relative4 ,x is n a bir*4 ,! wood is spongy & v light1 weigh+ less ?an n9ete5 p\nds p] cubic foot4 ,x decays ) rem>kable rapidity4 ,bran*es ?ru/ 9 ! gr\nd take root & gr[4 ,an aromatic res91 exud+ f w\nds 9 ! b>k1 is manufactur$ into v>ni%4 ,! leaves are sub/itut$ = tea1 & g\t rem$ies are made f ! res94 ,l>ge trees are fifty feet high & two feet or m 9 diamet]4 ,ano!r ,florida tree1 n 9 ! same family z ?is1 is also call$ gumbo limbo 7,sim>\ba glauca71 p>adise tree1 & bitt] wood4 ,ailan?us 7,ailan?us gl&ulosa7 is 9 ! same family z p>adise tree1 b is n native 9 ?is c\ntry1 ?\gh ext5sively plant$ "h4 ,,angelica ,,tree 7,aralia sp9osa74 ,?is is a small tree1 :i* usually develops little or no he>twood4 ,! spr+wood1 or ! inn] & por\s "p ( ! r+1 is broad & yell[1 ! summ]wood1 or ext]ior "p ( ! r+1 is n>r[ & d>k4 ,! wood's figure1 due to ! m>k$ contra/ betwe5 ! out] & inn] portions ( ! r+s1 is /rong4 ,:5 f9i%$ x %[s a ri* yell[1 b some:at light] ?an dw>f suma* :i* x resembles4 ,x is made into small %op articles1 l button boxes1 photograph frames1 p5 racks1 /ools1 & arms = rock+ *airs4 ,its range ext5ds f ,p5nsylvania to ,texas4 ,x is sometimes kn[n z ,h]cules' club4 ,,asp5 7,populus tremuloides7 is widely kn[n b n ev]y:]e by ! same "n4 ,x is call$ quak+ asp1 m\nta9 asp1 asp5 leaf1 :ite popl>1 popple1 popl>1 & trembl+ popl>4 ,! peculi>ity ( ! tree :i* is apt to attract att5tion1 & :i* gives x mo/ ( ! names x c>ries1 is ! leaf's habit ( be+ ne>ly always 9 motion4 ,! day is rem>kably /ill if asp5 foliage is n /irr+4 ,?is is due to ! long1 flat leaf /em1 :i* is s limb] t x (f]s little resi/ance to air curr5ts4 ,! diff]5ce 9 color betwe5 ! upp] & l[] sides ( ! leaves af=ds suffici5t contra/ to attract notice1 & = t reason a p]son w obs]ve ! motion ( asp5 leaves :5 he might fail to see a simil> movem5t among ! leaves ( o!r species :]e ! contra/ ( colors is n s m>k$4 ,asp5 is cr$it$ ) be+ ! mo/ widely di/ribut$ tree ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,x gr[s f ,t5nessee to ! ,arctic ocean1 f ,mexico to nor!rn ,alaska1 f ,labrador to ,b]+ /rait4 ,x is f\nd at sea level1 & at #aj1jjj feet elevation among ! m\nta9s ( ,cali=nia4 ,its v small se$s gr[ 9 enorm\s numb]s4 ,w9ds c>ry !m miles1 & scatt] !m by millions4 ,!y spr+ up quickly :5 !y fall on m9]al soil4 ,?is places x 9 ! class ) 8fire trees0--^? :i* take possession ( burn$ tracts4 ,pap] bir* is 9 ?is class4 ,asp5 has replac$ p9es ov] l>ge burn$ areas ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s4 ,x gr[s quickly b is weak if x has to cont5d ) o!r trees4 ,if cr[d$ x spe$ily gives up ! fight & dies4 ,! wood is n /rong1 b is useful = sev]al purposes4 ,next to spruce & hemlock1 x is ! mo/ important pulpwood 9 ?is c\ntry1 & x is com+ into consid]able use z lumb]4 ,! :it5ess ( ! wood--x looks mu* l holly--makes x a favorite = small boxes & vessels = %ipp+ & conta9+ foods4 ,x is made into jelly buckets1 l>d pails1 fi% kits1 spice kegs1 sug> buckets & a long l9e ( simil> articles4 ,x turns well1 & is made into wood5 di%es4 ,mi*igan alone uses two & a half million feet ( x a ye>2 & x is 9 dem& along ! :ole nor!rn ti] ( /ates f ,ma9e to ,wa%+ton1 b because x is n sep>ately li/$ 9 lumb] output1 x is difficult to say h[ mu* is us$4 ,trees are usually small1 ?\gh trunks ?ree feet 9 diamet] are n unkn[n4 ,x gr[s rapidly1 & may be expect$ to fill an important place 9 ?is c\ntry's future timb] supply4 ,!re w be no occasion to plant x by artificial means1 = nature w att5d to ! plant+4 ,illu/ration ,,black ,,cottonwood ,illu/ration3 ,,black ,,cottonwood ,,black ,,cottonwood 7,populus ,tri*oc>pa7 ,?is memb] ( ! cottonwood gr\p is a /rong tree t holds its gr\nd 9 v>i\s latitudes & at _m elevations1 rang+ f sea level up to eight or n9e ?\s& feet1 & 9 latitude f ,alaska to s\!rn ,cali=nia1 a di/ance ( ne>ly ?ree ?\s& miles4 ,its ea/ & we/ ext5sion is m re/rict$ & seldom exce$s f\r hundr$ miles4 ,its habitat cov]s an area ( half a million squ>e miles1 & 9 t space x f9ds conditions :i* v>y s greatly t ! tree :i* c meet !m mu/ possess rem>kable p[]s ( adaptation4 ,beg9n+ 9 ,alaska & ! int]ior ( ,yukon t]ritory1 x has an arctic climate4 ,x !re n only gr[s on ! coa/1 b x /rikes ! int]ior4 ,x appe>s on ! headwat]s ( sev]al /reams :i* fl[ into ! ,mack5zie or ,hudson bay4 ,x passes s\? ?r\gh ,briti% ,columbia & ent]s ! ,unit$ ,/ates we/ ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s4 ,x has be5 report$ z f> ea/ z ,idaho & ,montana1 b fur!r in=mation is ne$$ be=e its limits 9 t direction c be def9itely fix$4 ,:5 x ent]s ,cali=nia x pref]s ! elevat$ valleys & canyons ( ! ,si]ra ,nevadas1 ?\gh x occurs sp>+ly among ! coa/ ranges4 ,x is g5]ally f\nd 9 ! ,si]ras at elevations ( f #c1jjj to #f1jjj feet1 ?\gh x occurs betwe5 #h1jjj & #i1jjj4 ,among ! ,san ,jac9to m\nta9s ( s\!rn ,cali=nia x gr[s at an altitude ( #f1jjj feet4 ,:5 x occurs at l[ levels x is usually f\nd on riv] bottoms & s& b>s1 9 s&y & hum\s soils1 & !re ! l>ge/ trees are f\nd4 ,at high] elevations x is m apt to occur 9 canyon bottoms & gul*es1 9 moi/1 s&y or gravelly soil1 & 9 su* situations ! black cottonwood is small]4 ,! be/ gr[? occurs :]e ! climate is humid & ! precipitation is great4 ,beyond ! rea* ( sea fogs1 :]e ! tree dep5ds on soil moi/ure *iefly1 x is small]4 ,x is an intol]ant tree4 ,x mu/ h light4 ,:5 x is cr[d$ a tall1 sl5d] trunk is develop$ & ! small cr[n is lift$ cle> above its competitors into ! full light4 ,if x _c succe$ 9 ga9+ t position its gr[? is /unt$ or ! tree meets an e>ly dea?4 ,! black cottonwood is ! greate/ ( ! cottonwoods4 ,?is c\ntry produces no o!r to mat* x1 &1 z f> z kn[n1 ! :ole _w has none4 ,! ,pacific coa/ is rem>kable = ! giant trees x produces1 b mo/ ( !m are s(twoods--! r$woods1 ! bigtree1 ! sug> p9e1 ,d\glas fir1 we/]n l>*1 noble fir1 ,sitka spruce & we/]n r$ c$>4 ,?is cottonwood is ! l>ge/ ( ! ,pacific coa/ h>dwoods4 ,9 trunk diamet] x is excell$ by ! weep+ oak 9 ! int]ior valleys ( ,cali=nia1 b :5 bo? height & diamet] are consid]$1 ! black cottonwood is 9 ! ,we/ :at yell[ popl> is 9 ! ,ea/1 ! l>ge/ ( ! h>dwoods4 ,s>g5t says ?is tree rea*es a height ( two hundr$ feet & a diamet] ( eight1 b ,sudwor? is m cons]vative & places ! trunk limit at six feet4 ,! av]age size is mu* bel[ ! figures giv51 b abundance ( logs exce$+ ?ree feet 9 diamet] rea* ! sawmills ( ,wa%+ton & ,oregon4 ,old trees range f #aej to #bjj ye>s 9 age1 b trees "u #ajj ye>s old are l>ge en\gh = saw timb]4 ,records ( ! ages ( ! l>ge/ trunks h n be5 report$4 ,black cottonwood is a prolific se$]1 b ! se$s d n long reta9 _! vitality4 ,if !y f9d lodgm5t 9 damp situations1 :]e o!r conditions are favorable1 ! rate ( g]m9ation is high4 ,se$l+s are (t5 v num]\s on wet b>s4 ,! excell5t quality ( ! wood & its suitability = _m purposes br+ x mu* dem& on ! ,pacific coa/4 ,9 ! /ate ( ,wa%+ton m ?an #cj1jjj1jjj feet 7 us$ by wood-us+ indu/ries 9 #aiaj4 ,small] quantities 7 report$ 9 ,oregon & ,cali=nia4 ,9 /r5g? ! wood is approximately ! same z common cottonwood1 b 9 /iffness x mu* exce$s ! ea/]n species4 ,its ela/icity rates high1 & comp>es favorably ) "s ( ! valuable ea/]n h>dwoods4 ,9 weight x is slightly "u common cottonwood4 ,trees are ( f9e =m1 ne>ly always /raight1 & are g5]ally free f limbs to a consid]able height4 ,! wood is grayi%-:ite1 s(t1 t\gh1 odorless1 ta/eless1 long-fib]$1 nails well1 is easily glu$1 & cuts into excell5t rot>y v5e] ) comp>atively small exp5diture ( p[]4 ,x does n split easily aft] x has und]gone season+1 & ?is prop]ty comm5ds x to box mak]s4 ,x is little dispos$ to %r9k & swell 9 atmosph]ic *anges4 ,! abs5ce ( odor & ta/e gives x mu* ( its value = box mak+1 because foods are n contam9at$ by contact ) x4 ,x is manufactur$ into v5e] b]ry baskets & is "o ( ! mo/ suitable woods on ! ,pacific coa/ = t purpose4 ,c&y b>rel mak]s use x 9 pref]5ce to mo/ o!rs1 & a long l9e ( wood5w>e articles draw mu* ( _! mat]ial f ?is s\rce4 ,_m ?\s&s ( cords are cut ye>ly = ! pulp mills1 :]e mat]ial = pap] is produc$4 ,black cottonwood & :ite fir are ! pr9cipal woods us$ = pulp on ! ,pacific coa/4 ,n only is x us$ = rot>y-cut v5e]1 b x is made into cores or back+ on :i* v5e]s ( co/ly woods are glu$ 9 ! manufacture ( furniture1 int]ior f9i% & fixtures = banks1 /ores & (fices4 ,x s]ves 9 ! same way 9 casket mak+1 & is dem&$ 9 millions ( feet4 ,x is employ$ 9 am\nts l>g] ?an any o!r wood by excelsior mills 9 ! nor!rn ,pacific coa/ region4 ,x is ! only wood dem&$ by t indu/ry 9 ,wa%+ton & #f1djj1jjj feet 7 cut into t product 9 #aiaj4 ,slack coop]s f9d x z valuable 9 _! bus9ess 9 ! f> ,we/ z ! common cottonwood is 9 ! ,ea/1 & hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( /aves are made ye>ly4 ,x is 9 dem& = ! manufacture ( fl\r b>rels & ^? int5d$ = o!r food products4 ,trunk mak]s use x 9 ?ree-ply v5e]s = ! bodies1 trays1 boxes & comp>tm5ts ( trunks & = suit cases4 ,?\gh s(t & light1 x is v t\gh1 & %eets ( v5e] ) ! gra9s plac$ transv]sely resi/ /ra9s mu* bett] ?an solid wood ( ! same ?ickness4 ,vehicle mak]s employ black cottonwood = ! tops & %elves ( bus9ess wagons4 ,ano!r ( its uses is z bottoms ( draw]s = bureaus1 w>drobes1 & *iffoni]s1 & z p>titions 9 desk comp>tm5ts4 ,a full l9e ( kit*5 & pantry furniture is made :olly or 9 "p ( ?is wood 9 ! regions :]e x is *eap & abundant4 ,! cottonwoods belong to a v anci5t race ( broadleaf trees1 & l sev]al o!rs1 !y seem to h _h _! orig91 or at lea/ a v e>ly home1 9 ! f> ,nor?1 :]e int5se cold n[ excludes almo/ e =m ( vegetable gr[? except ! l[e/ ord]s4 ,! ,cretace\s age saw cottonwoods gr[+ 9 ,gre5l&4 ,! cotton :i* !n1 z n[1 c>ri$ ! se$s & plant$ !m fell on m hospitable %ores !n ?an c n[ be f\nd 9 ! f> froz5 ,nor?4 ,! g5us 0 n conf9$ to ! arctic & sub>ctic regions1 h[ev]1 = !re 7 cottonwoods at t "t1 or lat]1 9 m s\!rn latitudes4 ,!re 7 _m species 9 ! c5tral portion ( ?is c\ntry1 & also 9 ,europe1 long be=e ! ice age de/roy$ all ! =e/s nor? ( ! ,ohio & ! ,miss\ri riv]s4 ,"s ( ! old species long ago ceas$ to exi/1 b o!rs appe> to h come d[n to ! pres5t "t )\t great *ange4 ,! cottonwood %[s wond]ful vitality1 :i* is d\btless a survival ( ! *>act]i/ic :i* enabl$ x to come d[n f =m] geologic epo*s to ! pres5t "t4 ,a damag$ & mutilat$ tree w recov]4 ,a brok5 limb1 ?ru/ 9 ! gr\nd1 w gr[4 ,,black ,,popl> 7,populus nigra7 is q di/9ct f black cottonwood1 ?\gh bo? belong to ! same family4 ,! latt] is a ,pacific coa/ species1 :ile ! =m] belongs 9 ,europe1 al?\gh x may h be5 introduc$ into t c\ntry f ,p]sia or "s o!r ea/]n region4 ,x is common 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 on acc\nt ( hav+ escap$ f cultivation4 ,! be/ kn[n v>iety ( ?is tree is ! ,lomb>dy popl> 7,populus nigra italica74 ,x is easily recogniz$ by ! *>act]i/ic attitude ( ! bran*es :i* gr[ upw>d close aga9/ ! trunk4 ,! cr[ns ( ! trees are v long & sl5d]1 sometimes n t5 feet across ?\gh fifty feet high4 ,_! slimness gives ! trees ! appe>ance ( be+ mu* tall] ?an !y really are4 ,!y 7 =m]ly popul> = plant+ along lanes & 9 door y>ds4 ,_! sl5d] & po9t$ spires cut ! horizon ) a peculi> effect4 ,plant+ is less common n[ ?an =m]ly1 because p h come to "k ! trees bett]4 ,!y are probably ! mo/ limby ( all ! memb]s ( ! cottonwood gr\p4 ,! long trunks are masses ( knots :5 ! limbs h be5 trimm$ away1 & any desire to make lumb] ( ! trees is apt to be disc\rag$1 ?\gh n infrequ5tly logs g to local sawmills1 & f>m]s haul ! bo>ds home to put !m to "s use ab\t ! place4 ,9 ,mi*igan & ,ohio1 box mak]s use ! lumb] = ! r\gh] & *eap] articles :i* !y turn out4 ,! mo/ disc\rag+ ?+ ab\t ,lomb>dy popl> is ! t5d5cy ( ! trees to s5d up spr\ts4 ,! liv+ trees d x1 & ! /umps are worse4 ,! spr\ts are n conf9$ to ! gr\nd imm$iately r\nd ! base ( ! tree1 b spr+ up _m feet or _m y>ds di/ant1 until !y produce a v]itable jungle4 ,ye>s are (t5 requir$ to complete _! ext]m9ation by grubb+ & cutt+4 ,,:ite ,,popl> 7,populus alba7 is a ,european species b has become naturaliz$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x is widely plant$ z a %ade tree1 & has escap$ f cultivation4 ,x may be kn[n by ! :ite und]sides ( its small leaves1 & by its yell[i%-gre5 b>k :i* rema9s smoo?1 except on l>ge trunks4 ,x is n yet important z a s\rce ( lumb]1 b ! vigor ( its gr[? indicates t x may sometime become s4 ,! wood is s(t1 :ite1 & light4 ,"s p]sons consid] ! tree objectionable z an ornam5t because ( its habit ( s5d+ up spr\ts f ! roots1 & because its woolly leaves collect du/ & smoke until !y are almo/ black by ! end ( summ]4 ,illu/ration ,,mangrove ,illu/ration3 ,,mangrove ,,mangrove 7,rhizophora ,mangle7 ,! mangrove family is l>ge & widely scatt]$1 b only "o memb] has ga9$ a foo?old 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & x occupies only limit$ areas 9 s\? ,florida1 at ! delta ( ! ,mississippi1 & on ! coa/ ( ,texas4 ,! family's fifte5 g5]a are conf9$ to ! tropics1 ) a little ov]lapp+ on ! temp]ate zones4 ,! botanical "n ,rhizophora ref]s to ! tree's peculi> roots1 & mangle is ! ,spani% = mangrove4 ,?is is "o ( ! few trees 9 ?is c\ntry :i* are kn[n by a s+le "n4 ,x is always call$ mangrove1 & atta9s its be/ developm5t 9 ,florida4 ,! leaves hang two ye>s1 are f ?ree to five in*es long & "o or two wide4 ,fl[]s are n %[y1 b !y are ne>ly always pres5t1 bloom+ ! ye> r\nd1 ! yell[ blossom ab\t an in* 9 diamet]4 ,! fruit prop] is ab\t an in* long1 b its habit ( spr\t+ :ile /ill on ! tree & s5d+ d[n a long /em-l root1 gives ! impression t ! fruit is sev]al in*es long1 sometimes a foot4 ,x is n an easy matt] to /ate ! av]age size ( mangrove trees4 ,peculi> habits ( gr[? make measurem5ts difficult4 ,nei!r is x easy to tell :]e a tree beg9s & :]e x ends4 ,mangrove ?ickets along "s ( ! riv]s ( s\? ,florida1 )9 ! influ5ce ( tide wat]1 are /range =ms ( vegetation4 ,if ! foliage alone is consid]$ f a little di/ance1 x rem9ds "o ( a r[ ( fig trees 9 ,l\isiana or ,cali=nia4 ,! color & g5]al appe>ance sugge/s fig trees4 ,a ne>] approa* reveals b5ea? ! cr[ns a mass ( roots1 /ems1 & limbs1 jo9$ ) ! gr\nd b5ea? & ! cr[ns above4 ,9 addition to ^!1 !re are _m o!rs t dangle f above1 l rope ends1 "s ne>ly t\*+ ! gr\nd1 o!rs sev]al feet above4 ,^! are roots or limbs1 by :i*ev] "n "o c>es to call !m4 ,!y gr[ f ov]head bran*es1 & /rike = ! gr\nd4 ,:5 !y t\* ! soil1 !y quickly an*or !mselves1 & become /ems4 ,!y !n look l sl5d] poles set z props "u ! bran*es ( an ov]lad5 fruit tree4 ,?is /range habit ( gr[? gives ! tree its "*4 ,mo/ mangroves /& 9 wat]4 ,!y fr+e ! banks ( riv]s & bay\s1 ext5d+ ! fr+e z f> z ! wat] is %all[4 ,gr[? ( t k9d is g5]ally f t5 to tw5ty feet high1 & ! l>ge/ /ems f an in* 9 diamet] up to ?ree or f\r2 b ^! dim5sions _c be tak5 z limits to size4 ,sometimes ! trees are sixty or sev5ty feet high1 b ^? :i* /& 9 wat] seldom rea* t size4 ,trees :i* h _! beg9n+ 9 ! wat] sometimes end _! days high & dry on ! l&4 ,! mangrove is a l& build]4 ,! sycamore & will[ are l& build]s on a small scale1 along nor!rn wat]-c\rses1 b mangrove excels !m a hundr$ or a ?\s& fold :]e x gr[s on ! l[ %ores ( ,florida4 ,! se$ is prep>$ = l&-build+ "w be=e x drops f ! tree4 ,x spr\ts a long1 peculi> root--x looks l a v sl5d]1 big-end$ cucumb]--! l>ge1 heavy end d[n4 ,?is atta9s a l5g? ( sev]al in*es or a foot4 ,:5 x drops f ! bran*1 ! end /icks 9 ! mud & takes root1 gr[s1 & produces a tree4 ,b g5]ally x falls 9 wat]1 & n on a mud bank4 ,9 t case x floats away1 ! heavy end d[n1 ! light end b>ely appe>+ on ! surface4 ,w9ds & curr5ts drive x ab\t until ! l[] tip f9ally t\*es bottom 9 "s %all[ place4 ,!re x takes root1 & unless circum/ances are extremely adv]se1 x holds fa/1 f9ally becomes a tree1 s5ds bran*es d[n f above to take root at ! bottom ( ! wat]1 & a clump is produc$4 ,! tangl$ mass ( /ems & roots cat*es driftwood & mud1 result+ f9ally 9 a little isl&1 & lat] ! isl& is jo9$ to ! ma9l&4 ,?us ! l& is built4 ,_m l>ge flats 9 ,florida owe _! orig9 to ?is tree4 ,:5 l& is p]man5tly above wat]1 ! mangrove loses1 to "s ext5t1 its ability to s5d roots d[n f ! limbs4 ,nature seldom does some?+ = no?+1 & s9ce ! mangrove's a]ial roots no long] s]ve a useful purpose 9 nature's economy1 !y are disp5s$ )4 ,trunks !n rea* mu* l>g] size1 & become timb] in/ead ( ?ickets4 ,! accompany+ picture %[s a mangrove t no long] /&s 9 wat]1 & its habit ( gr[? is *ang+4 ,?ickets ( mangrove are useful1 n only 9 build+ new l&1 b 9 protect+ t already built4 ,frequ5tly ! =ce ( waves is brok51 :i* o!rwise w\ld de/roy l[ %ores4 ,trem5d\s seas1 9 "t ( /orms1 w roll ov] ?ickets ( mangrove )\t uproot+ !m or break+ ! /ems4 ,aga9 nature's f9e eng9e]+ is app>5t4 ,:5 m5 build ligh?\ses :i* mu/ endure ! %ocks ( waves1 !y h le>n$ to con/ruct !m ( op5 beams & lattice "w4 ,! wave passes ?r\gh )\t deliv]+ ! full impact ( ! bl[ to ! /ructure4 ,no solid masonry w /& :at a comp>atively light op5 frame w endure )\t injury1 because x all[s ! waves to pass on4 ,a l>ge wave may /rike ) a =ce ( #f1jjj p\nds to ! squ>e foot4 ,! mangrove ?ickets are l ! op5-fram$ ligh?\se--!y let ! waves pass ?r\gh & sp5d _! =ce gradually beyond1 b !y hold ! %ore aga9/ wa%+4 ,admirable & wond]ful z is nature's provision = protect+ ! l& by a fr+e ( lattice "w ( bran*es & /ems1 ! m>vel\s effici5cy ( ! provision has be5 greatly increas$ 9 ano!r way4 ,suppose1 = illu/ration1 t cottonwood in/ead ( mangrove =m$ ! protective ?ickets along /ormy %ores4 ,! fir/ h\r ( heavy seas w\ld r$uce ! trees to fragm5ts4 ,! weak1 brittle trunks & limbs w\ld quickly break to pieces4 ,b mangrove passes ?r\gh /orm aft] /orm unh>m$4 ,x is sc>cely believable t accid5t acc\nts = ! fact t ! be/ wood = ! place is 9 ! place2 b x is probable1 r1 t ages ( developm5t & natural selection gave to mangrove ! qualities :i* make possible ! accompli%m5t ( its "w4 ,x is "o ( ! /ronge/1 & z f> z available data may be dep5d$ ^u1 x is absolutely ! mo/ ela/ic wood 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,%ellb>k hickory is rat$ high 9 bo? /r5g? & ela/icity2 b mangrove rates high]4 ,s>g5t gives hickory's measure ( ela/icity at #a1ibe1jjj p\nds p] squ>e in*2 b mangrove's is #b1ccc1jjj p\nds4 ,x is ?us fitt$ 9 ! highe/ mann] to p]=m ! "w ne$$4 ,x plants itself 9 ! "r place2 develops /ems :i* w endure mo/ & suff] lea/2 possesses enorm\s /r5g? = resi/+ =ce1 yet is s extremely ela/ic t ! =ce ( waves is exhau/$ ^u ! trunks & bran*es )\t flatt5+ !m ^u ! gr\nd or cru%+ !m4 ,few ?+s ( ! vegetable _w %[ m p]fect adaptation to environm5t4 ,! wood's v heav9ess seems to add "o m quality fitt+ x = its place4 ,:5 a trunk falls 9 ! wat]1 x does n float away z mo/ trees w\ld1 b s9ks l iron1 lies on ! bottom1 helps to hold ! =m+ isl& or b> 9 place1 & 9 its dea? z 9 its life x is a l&-build]4 ,its effici5cy 9 t p>ticul> is increas$ by ! fact t x is little affect$ by m>9e bor]s :i*1 9 ! w>m1 bracki% wat]s1 usually de/roy wood 9 a %ort "t4 ,mangrove is n important comm]cially1 ?\gh x is us$ = a numb] ( purposes4 ,! wood weighs #gb4d p\nds p] cubic foot1 takes good poli%1 ?\gh x is incl9$ to *eck 9 dry+2 x conta9s _m small pores2 m$ull>y rays num]\s & ?92 color r$di%-br[n /reak$ ) light] br[n4 ,! pr9cipal use ( ! b>k is = tann+ & ! trunks = piles4 ,x is well fitt$ = f5ce po/s1 b n _m h be5 us$ 9 ! region :]e x gr[s4 ,x rates high z fuel1 b its great weight increases transportation *>ges if ! haul is long4 ,tanb>k peel]s 9 ,florida h cut mu* ( ! l>ge mangrove =e/4 ,!y took ! b>k1 & ab&on$ ! trunks4 ,!re is no likelihood t ! species w be ext]m9at$4 ,mu* ( ! gr[? is practically inaccessible1 & ! trunks are too small to tempt b>k peel]s1 & cordwood cutt]s f9d pl5ty ( mat]ial m conv5i5t4 ,,o!r ,,species4--,two o!r trees ( ?is c\ntry are call$ mangrove ?\gh !y are n ev5 9 ! same family4 ,"o is ! black mangrove 7,avic5nia nitida71 call$ also blackwood & black tree4 ,x is a ,florida species ( ! family ,v]b5ace1 & has "s ( ! mangrove's habits4 ,x takes root & gr[s on muddy %ores & is a l& build]4 ,! l>ge/ trees are sixty or sev5ty feet high & two 9 diamet]1 b are usually less ?an ?irty feet high4 ,! b>k is us$ 9 tann+1 & no use = ! wood is report$1 except = fuel4 ,:ite mangrove 7,laguncul>ia racemosa71 kn[n also z :ite buttonwood1 is a ,florida species4 ,x atta9s a height ( ?irty or =ty feet & a diamet] ( a foot or m4 ,x rea*es its l>ge/ size on ! %ores ( ,%>k riv]1 ,florida4 ,! wood is d>k yell[-br[n1 & ! b>k is ri* 9 tann91 & ! tree may become valuable z a s\rce ( tanb>k4 ,ne> ak9 to :ite mangrove is ,florida buttonwood 7,conoc>pus erecta7 :i* is highly e/eem$ z fuel4 ,x burns sl[ly l *>coal4 ,trees are f tw5ty to fifty feet high4 ,its range lies 9 s\!rn ,florida4 ,black olive tree 7,t]m9alia buc]as7 belongs 9 ! s\? ,florida gr\p1 & ! wood is exce$+ly h>d & heavy4 ,! trunk is (t5 two or ?ree feet 9 diamet]1 b lies on ! gr\nd l a log1 ) upright /ems gr[+ f x4 ,tann]s make use ( ! b>k4 ,illu/ration ,,cabbage ,,palmetto ,illu/ration3 ,,cabbage ,,palmetto ,,! ,,palms ,lumb]m5 9 ?is c\ntry c\ld get along v well )\t ! palms1 z !y are little us$ = ord9>y lumb]4 ,_! wood does n gr[ 9 conc5tric r+s1 l t ( ! ord9>y tree4 ,! /ems are usually s+le1 cyl9drical1 & unbran*$4 ,! fruit is b]ry-l1 & is usually "o se$$1 ?\gh sometimes !re are two or ?ree4 ,:5 a se$ spr\ts1 x puts out at fir/ a s+le leaf1 l a gra9 ( corn4 ,ab\t #acj g5]a ( palms are recogniz$ 9 ! _w1 mo/ ( !m 9 ! tropics1 b sev]al 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates are ( tree size4 ,botani/s divide ! palms ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates into two gr\ps1 ! palm family & ! lily family4 ,! yuccas belong 9 ! lily family4 ,9 ! v brief treatm5t t c be giv5 ! subject "h1 x is n necess>y to recognize /rict family divisions4 ,,cabbage ,,palmetto 7,sabal palmetto7 gr[s 9 ! coa/ region f ,nor? ,c>ol9a to s\!rn ,florida1 & we/ to ! ,apala*icola riv]4 ,x is sometimes call$ ,bank's palmetto1 cabbage tree1 & tree palmetto4 ,! "n cabbage is due to ! l>ge leaf-bud 9 ! top ( ! /em :i* is cook$ z a sub/itute = cabbage4 ,a %>p hat*et & "s exp]i5ce are necess>y to a successful op]ation 9 extract+ ! bud f ! t\gh fib]s :i* surr\nd x4 ,?is palm is a famili> sight 9 ! coa/ region )9 its range4 ,! tall trunks1 ) tufts ( leaves at ! tops1 sugge/ ! suppos$ sc5]y ( ! ,c>bonif]\s age4 ,usually ! trunks1 9 ?ick /&s1 rise /raight l columns f tw5ty to =ty feet high1 b occasionally !y b5d 9 long1 graceful curves1 z if ! weight ( ! tops caus$ !m to c>e51 :i* is probably :at does happ54 ,!y v>y 9 diamet] f eight in*es to two feet4 ,! leaves are five or six feet long1 & sev5 or eight wide1 ) /ems six or sev5 feet long4 ,fl[]s occur 9 racemes two feet or m 9 l5g?4 ,! fruit is sph]ical & ab\t a ?ird ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,! roots are an important "p ( ?is palm1 & are adapt$ to _! environm5t1 =m+ a r\nd$ mass f\r or five feet 9 diamet]1 :ile small rope-l roots1 half an in* 9 diamet]1 p5etrate ! wet m>%y soil fifte5 or tw5ty feet4 ,! l>ge1 globe-l mass gives support 9 ! s(t soil1 & ! /r+y roots supply wat] & m9]al sub/ances ess5tial to gr[?4 ,! wood is light1 s(t1 pale-br[n1 ) num]\s h>d1 fibro-vascul> bundles1 ! out] rim ab\t two in*es ?ick & mu* light] & s(t] ?an ! int]ior4 ,! mo/ important use = ! wood at pres5t is z :>f piles4 ,x la/s well & is ideal 9 =m4 ,x is ( hi/orical int]e/ t ,=t ,m\ltrie :i* def5d$ ,*>le/on1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 9 ! ,revolution>y w>1 0 built ( palmetto logs4 ,:5 ! ,briti% made _! memorable attack 9 #aggf1 _! cannon balls buri$ 9 ! spongy logs )\t dislodg+ !m1 & ! =t successfully )/ood ! bomb>dm5t ( t5 h\rs1 & disabl$ n9e ( ! t5 ,briti% %ips tak+ "p 9 ! assault4 ,! wood is employ$ to a small ext5t 9 furniture mak+1 & ! b>k = scrubb+ bru%es4 ,"s ( ! f9e/ =e/s ( palmetto 9 ,florida are mu* injur$ by fire t runs up ! trunks to fe$ on /ubs ( leaves4 ,,silktop ,,palmetto 7,?r9ax p>viflora7 & silv]top palmetto 7,?r9ax microc>pa7 are species met ) on "s ( ! isl&s (f ! coa/ ( s\!rn ,florida4 ,,mexican ,,palmetto 7,sabal mexicana7 is mu* l cabbage palmetto 9 size & g5]al appe>ance1 & is put to simil> uses1 except t ! leaf-bud does n appe> to be us$ z food4 ,! tree occurs 9 ,texas along ! l[] ,rio ,gr&e1 & s\?w>d into ,mexico :]e ! leaves are employ$ z h\se ?at* by improvid5t ,mexicans & ,indians :o d n c>e to ex]t !mselves to procure bett] ro(+ mat]ial4 ,9 ! vic9ity ( ,br[nsville1 ,texas1 trunks ( ?is palm are employ$ z por* po/s & pres5t a ru/ic appe>ance4 ,!y are said to la/ _m ye>s4 ,! av]age size ( trunks 9 ,texas is fifte5 or tw5ty feet high & a foot or less 9 diamet]1 b "s mu* l>g] are f\nd 9 ,mexico4 ,"s ( ! :>fs along ! ,texas coa/ are built on palmetto piles4 ,x is said ! trunks are n z /rong z ^? ( ! cabbage palmetto 9 ,florida4 ,,s>g5t ,,palm 7,pseudophnix s>g5tii7 is int]e/+ b n comm]cially important1 b may become s z an ornam5tal plant4 ,x is occasionally plant$ on lawns 9 s\? ,florida4 ,leaves are five or six feet long ) /ems /ill long]4 ,! clu/]s ( fl[]s are sometimes ?ree feet 9 l5g?4 ,a s+le species is kn[n1 occurr+ on c]ta9 keys 9 s\!rn ,florida1 & is s limit$ 9 its range t x w\ld be possible to c\nt e tree 9 exi/5ce4 ,a grove ( #bjj or #cjj trees occurs on ,key ,l>go4 ,,royal ,,palm 7,oreodoxa regia7 is "o ( ! l>ge/ palms ( ?is c\ntry4 ,x is said to rea* a height ( eighty feet1 b su* sizes are r>e4 ,! trunk rises f an enl>g$ base1 & may be two feet 9 diamet]4 ,b>k is light gray 9 color1 & its appe>ance sugge/s a column ( cem5t4 ,leaves are t5 or twelve feet long1 & ! /ems increase ! total l5g? to tw5ty feet or m4 ,fl[]s are two feet 9 l5g?1 & 9 ,florida op5 9 ,janu>y & ,febru>y4 ,! fruit is small] ?an w\ld be expect$ ( a tree s l>ge4 ,x is a drupe ab\t ! size ( a half-gr[n grape4 ,! wood is spongy1 b ! out] portion ( ! /em is /rong & is made into canes & o!r small articles4 ,trunks are sometimes us$ z :>f piles4 ,?is palm's range is conf9$ to s\? ,florida 9 ?is c\ntry1 b x is common 9 ! ,we/ ,indies4 ,9 ,miami & o!r t[ns ( s\!rn ,florida x is mu* plant$ = ornam5t4 ,,fanleaf ,,palm 7,ne[a%+tonia filam5tosa7 also call$ ,wa%+ton palm1 ,cali=nia fan palm1 ,arizona palm1 & wild date1 ranges ?r\gh s\!rn ,cali=nia1 & occupies depressions 9 ! des]t we/ ( ! ,colorado riv]4 ,!re are said to be sev]al =ms & v>ieties4 ,x ranges 9 height f ?irty-five to sev5ty feet & 9 diamet] f tw5ty to ?irty in*es4 ,trunks are ( ne>ly ! same diamet] f bottom to top1 or tap] v gradually4 ,!y usually lean a little4 ,dead leaves hang ab\t ! trunks & blaze quickly :5 fire t\*es !m1 b ! palm is seldom kill$ by fire4 ,! small black fruit is ab\t a ?ird ( an in* 9 diamet]1 & ( no comm]cial importance2 wood is little us$2 & ! tree is *iefly ornam5tal1 & has be5 mu* plant$ 9 ,cali=nia4 ,,mohave ,,yucca 7,yucca mohav5sis7 is "o ( a half doz5 or m palms ( ! yucca g5us & ! lily family4 ,trees ( ?is gr\p are *>act]iz$ by _! /iff1 %>p-po9t$ leaves1 "s ( :i* are call$ dagg]s & o!rs bayonets4 ,bo? names are appropriate4 ,! ,mohave yucca takes its "n f ! ,mohave des]t 9 ,cali=nia1 :]e x is occasionally an important feature ( ! doleful l&scape4 ,! ragg$1 lea!r-l leaves1 =m+ ! tops ( ! %ort1 weird trees1 rattle 9 ! w9d1 or res\nd ) ! patt] ( pebbles :5 s&/orms sweep across ! dry wa/es4 ,x is believ$ to be "o ( ! mo/ sl[ly-gr[+ trees ( ?is c\ntry4 ,trunks are seldom m ?an fifte5 feet high & eight or t5 in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! wood is spongy & int]lac$ ) t\gh1 /r+y fib]s4 ,/ockm5 ^: ranges include ?is tree1 make corrals ( ! /ems by sett+ !m 9 ! gr\nd z palisades4 ,:5 wea!r$ by w9d & made bone dry by ! sun's fi]ce heat1 ! trunks are r$uc$ to almo/ cork-lightness4 ,o!r yuccas are ! ,spani% bayonet 7,yucca treculeana7 ( ,texas2 ,jo%ua-tree 7,yucca arboresc5s71 :i* ranges f ,utah to ,cali=nia & is kn[n z tree yucca1 yucca cactus1 & ! ,jo%ua2 ,s*ott yucca 7,yucca brevifolia7 ( s\!rn ,arizona2 broadfruit yucca 7,yucca macroc>pa7 ( s\?we/]n ,texas2 aloe-leaf yucca 7,yucca aloifolia7 ) a range f ,nor? ,c>ol9a ne> ! coa/ to ,l\isiana2 & ,spani% dagg] 7,yucca gloriosa71 on ! coa/ & isl&s ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a4 ,,giant ,,cactus 7,c]eus giganteus7 is a leafless tree ( ,arizona & atta9s a height ( =ty or sixty feet1 diamet] ( "o or two4 ,ab\t tw5ty g5]a ( cactus are kn[n 9 ! _w & a l>ge numb] ( species4 ,two g5]a1 ! c]euses & opuntias1 h repres5tatives ( tree size 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! two g5]a diff] 9 =m4 ,c]eus 9 ! ,lat9 language means a c&le1 & ! cactuses ( t g5us /& up 9 /raight /ems l c&les1 or h bran*es l old-fa%ion$ c&le/icks4 ,! opuntias h flat1 jo9t$ /ems1 l ?ick leaves4 ,giant cactus be>s fl[]s f\r in*es long & two wide2 fruit two in*es long & "o wide1 & edible4 ,indians d]ive a consid]able "p ( _! food f ?is cactus4 ,!y use ! wood = raft]s1 f5ces1 fuel1 lances1 & b[s4 ,! trunks consi/ ( bundles ( fib]1 v h>d & /rong4 ,9 ! dry region :]e ?is cactus gr[s1 ! woody p>ts ( fall5 /ems la/ long p]iods1 "s say = c5turies1 b !re are no records4 ,s*ott cactus 7,c]eus s*ottii7 & ,?urb] cactus 7,c]eus ?urb]i7 are f\nd 9 s\!rn ,arizona & s\?w>d 9 ,mexico4 ,,*olla 7,opuntia fulgida7 ranges f ,nevada s\?w>d into ,mexico4 ,x is popul>ly call$ 8divil's tongue cactus10 b !re are o!r species ) ! same "n4 ,trunks are occasionally t5 or twelve feet high1 & ! wood is made into canes & small articles ( furniture1 b z lumb] x is n important4 ,! fruit is n eat54 ,a closely-relat$ species is kn[n z tassajo 7,opuntia sponsior74 ,x is f\nd on ! dry mesas ( s\!rn ,arizona :]e trunks may be t5 feet high & a few in*es 9 diamet]4 ,x has ! same uses z *olla4 ,a ?ird species is ,opuntia v]sicolor ( s\!rn ,arizona4 ,x is simil> to ! o!r opuntias4 ,attempts h be5 made to gr[ sp9eless v>ieties ( ?is gr\p ( cactuses4 ,x is believ$ t cattle1 %eep1 & goats w\ld ?rive on ! pulpy gr[?1 if ! ?orns c\ld be gott5 rid (4 ,! semi-des]t regions ( ! ,s\?we/ produce enorm\s quantities ( cactus ( _m k9ds1 & if ^? wor?less species c\ld be made way ) & ?ornless v>ieties sub/itut$1 x is probable t mu* l& n[ wor?less w\ld become valuable4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 ,,yell[ ,,c$> ,,m9or ,,species ,a consid]able numb] ( trees gr[ 9 ?is c\ntry :i*1 tak5 s+ly1 are ( small importance1 b 9 ! aggregate !y fill a place :i* w\ld be difficult to fill )\t !m4 ,mo/ ( !m are local1 & are seldom he>d ( outside ( ! regions :]e !y gr[4 ,"s are small1 & = t reason are n dem&$ by ! ord9>y us] ( lumb]2 b small size is n necess>ily a b> to ! use ( a wood4 ,_m places may be fill$ by pieces too small = ! sawmill4 ,sometimes a dim9utive trunk conta9s mat]ial ( extraord9>y h>dness1 or x may be poli%$ to a r>e smoo?ness1 or ! colors may be exquisite4 ,num]\s commodities c be successfully manufactur$ f blocks or billets :i* are only a few in*es 9 diamet] & a foot or two 9 l5g?4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly true ( "s ( ! r>e h>dwoods ( ,florida & s\!rn ,texas :]e tropical species h ext5d$ _! ranges nor?w>d ov] ! bord]s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,"s ( ! small trees 9 t gr\p are kn[n by "n 9 only ! imm$iate locality :]e !y gr[1 & _! qualities are sc>cely appreciat$ ev5 !re4 ,9 "s in/ances railroad ties are hew$ f wood :i* is fit = ! f9e/ furniture4 ,x is no uncommon ?+ = ,mexicans along ! ,rio ,gr&e to w>m _! huts & cook _! meals ) fuel *opp$ f trunks ( ,texas ebony1 alg>ita1 cat's claw1 bluewood1 huisa*e1 retama1 & junco4 ,^? :o h travel$ among ! ,indian ran*]ias ( ,new ,mexico & ,utah h gr[n famili> ) ! peculi> odor fill+ ! air 9 ! vic9ity ( camp fires4 ,x is ! smoke ( ! r>e junip]s :i* ! ,indians burn = fuel2 & yet x is wood ( su* s(t tones & exquisite bl5d+ ( colors t ! %ades ( a ,p]sian rug suff] by comp>ison4 ,among ! t5 ?\s& isl&s :i* fr+e ! coa/s ( s\? ,florida1 & also among ! hummocks ( ! ma9l&1 are r>e trees ^: wood is unsurpass$ 9 h>dness1 f95ess ( texture1 & beauty4 ,^! are n be+ us$ at all1 or only z fuel to fe$ "s fi%]man's or camp]'s fire1 or to make a smoke to drive away mosquitoes4 ,! "t w come :5 small & sc>ce woods w be s\ght1 if !y are valuable = any special purpose4 ,9 prec$+ pages ( ?is book _m m9or species h be5 li/$ & briefly describ$ 9 connection ) ^? m important1 & ) :i* !y are closely relat$4 ,!re are m ?an a hundr$ o!rs :i* 7 necess>ily omitt$ f =m] pages4 ,a few ( ^! des]ve at lea/ a brief m5tion1 & are li/$ 9 ! foll[+ p>agraphs4 ,k,,b]l9ia 7,kb]l9ia sp9osa7 is commonly consid]$ a curiosity2 a tree )\t a relative 9 ! _w1 & )\t leaves1 fl[]s1 or fruit4 ,! popul> notion is wrong1 ( c\rse1 = no tree is )\t relatives1 & none )\t leaves1 fl[]s1 & fruit1 or some?+ t takes _! place4 ,! fl[]s1 leaves1 & fruit ( ?is tree are small & escape notice ( ! casual obs]v]1 b !y exi/4 ,its ne>e/ relative 9 ?is c\ntry is ! p>adise tree ( ,florida & ! ailan?us introduc$ f ,*9a4 ,x has a small1 ?orny1 crook$ trunk2 ! wood is d>k1 turn+ ne>ly black ) exposure2 x is ri* ) oil2 & x is v h>d4 ,! species gr[s 9 c]ta9 places along ! ,rio ,gr&e4 ,! wood is made into canes1 rul]s1 knife h&les1 turn$ articles1 & a little furniture ( ! small] k9ds4 ,! trunks are too small = ord9>y sizes ( lumb]4 ,,gum ,,ela/ic 7,bumelia lanug9osa7 ranges f ,georgia to ,texas1 & 9 ,florida is call$ black haw4 ,*ildr5 9 ,texas mix its b]ries ) *ew+ gum1 to increase ! quantity1 & ! "n :i* !y apply to x is 8gum /ret* x40 ,an exud$ res9 is also us$ = *ew+ gum4 ,trees are sometimes sixty feet high & two 9 diamet]1 & a consid]able numb] ( logs g to h>dwood mills1 :]e !y lose _! "n1 & possibly appe> z a% lumb]1 or occasionally z maple4 ,! wood is :ite1 t+$ ) yell[1 & is manufactur$ into agricultural implem5ts4 ,a sc>ce & small] species1 kn[n z buck?orn bumelia & ironwood 7,bumelia lycioides7 cov]s ne>ly ! same range4 ,f a tree ( ! same family 9 s\!rn ,asia ! gutta p]*a ( comm]ce is obta9$4 ,o!r woods ( ! same family 9 ?is c\ntry are ma/ic 7,sid]oxylon ma/i*od5dron7 ( s\? ,florida1 a tree sometimes sixty feet high & ?ree feet 9 diamet]1 useful = boat build+2 sat9leaf 7,*rysophyllum monopyr5um71 also ( ,florida1 a tree tw5ty-five feet high & "o 9 diamet]1 ! wood v heavy1 h>d1 & /rong2 t\gh bumelia 7,bumelia t5ax71 rang+ f ,s\? ,c>ol9a to ,florida1 a tree tw5ty feet high & six in*es 9 diamet]1 call$ black haw 9 "s p>ts ( its range2 saffron plum or ant's wood 7,bumelia angu/ifolia71 gr[+ 9 ,florida & ,texas1 ! trunk tw5ty feet high & six in*es 9 diamet]2 wood orange color$1 & ! fruit sweet2 bu/ic 7,dipholis salicifolia71 9 s\? ,florida1 a tree =ty feet high & eighte5 in*es 9 diamet]1 ) wood exce$+ly h>d1 /rong1 & heavy1 & d>k br[n or r$ 9 color2 wild sapodilla or dilly 7,mimusops sieb]i71 a tree ( s\? ,florida ) ri*1 v d>k br[n wood1 height ( tree tw5ty feet1 diamet] "o foot4 ,,dw>f ,,suma* 7,rhus copall9a7 is kn[n by _m names4 ,x is di/+ui%$ f /aghorn suma* by its smoo? bran*es1 ^? ( /aghorn be+ hairy4 ,suma*'s *ief importance is due to its value z tann+ mat]ial4 ,leaves & small bran*es are us$4 ,! family has "s well-kn[n memb]s 9 o!r p>ts ( ! _w1 among !m ! mangoes4 ,! "n dw>f suma* is n well select$1 = ! species is ne>ly z l>ge z any o!r suma*4 ,trees are sometimes ?irty feet high & t5 in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! tree's range ext5ds f ,new ,engl& to ,florida & ,texas4 ,x rea*es its l>ge/ size we/ ( ! ,mississippi riv]4 ,9 ! ,ea/ & ,nor? x is usually a %rub4 ,trees ( l>ge/ size are n believ$ to exce$ fifty ye>s 9 age4 ,! wood is ri*ly /rip$ ) yell[ & black4 ,balls turn$ ( x1 sev5 in*es 9 diamet]1 are us$ = newel-po/ ornam5ts1 & small] balls are made = use 9 d>n+ /ock+s4 ,cups are turn$ on ! la!1 & ! bright /ripes 9 ! wood give ! w>es a /rik+ appe>ance4 ,x 0 =m]ly mu* employ$ = spiles 9 tapp+ maple trees = sug> mak+4 ,/aghorn suma* 7,rhus hirta7 is ( a diff]5t species b ( ! same g5us4 ,its range ext5ds f ,new ,brunswick ne>ly to ! ,mississippi riv]4 ,its "n ref]s to ! d[n on ! "y bran*es resembl+ ! velvet on ! horns ( a de] at c]ta9 seasons4 ,! tree is kn[n z ,virg9ia suma* & hairy suma*4 ,its comp\nd leaves are sometimes two feet long--two or ?ree times ! size ( dw>f suma*'s4 ,trunks h be5 report$ =ty feet high & m ?an a foot ?r\gh4 ,! uses ( ?is wood are ! same z ( dw>f suma*1 includ+ tann+4 ,x is m abundant ea/ ?an we/ ( ! ,alleghanies4 ,poisonwood 7,rhus metopium7 belongs to ! same family4 ,x is kn[n 9 ,florida z doctor gum1 hog plum1 coral suma*1 bumwood1 & m\nta9 man*9eel4 ,! juice is exce$+ly poison\s1 & gum produc$ by w\nd+ ! b>k is report$ to h m$ic9al value4 ,trees are sometimes =ty feet high & two feet 9 diamet]4 ,! ,am]ican smoke tree 7,cot9us cot9oides7 is ano!r memb] ( ! suma* family4 ,x is f\nd 9 ! s\!rn /ates f ea/]n ,t5nessee to ,texas4 ,x is n[h]e common1 & its only report$ use is z f5ce po/s4 ,trees may be a foot 9 diamet] & ?irty feet high4 ,! wood is a bright cle> orange color1 & a yell[ dye has be5 manufactur$ f x4 ,poison suma* 7,rhus v]nix7 is n ! same z poisonwood1 ?\gh sometimes ! two are conf\nd$4 ,x is usually a %rub1 & r>ely tw5ty feet high4 ,x is ov]load$ ) names1 z might be expect$ ( a plant consid]$ z dang]\s z ?is4 ,among its names are poison eld]1 poison dogwood1 swamp suma*1 poison oak1 poisonwood1 poisontree1 & ?und]wood4 ,x gr[s f ,new ,engl& to ,georgia1 & we/ to ,m9nesota & ,l\isiana4 ,x is apt to occur 9 wet swamps1 & ,s>g5t pron\nces x 8"o ( ! mo/ dang]\s plants ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican flora40 ,a black1 lu/r\s v>ni% c be made ( ! acrid poison\s juice1 & ?is may sometime give ! species a comm]cial value4 ,:5 ! sk9 is poison$ by contact ) ?is tree1 an effective rem$y may be f\nd 9 a saturat$ alcoholic solution ( acetate ( lead1 if appli$ z a wa% )9 an h\r or two aft] ! poison+ occurs4 ,a wa% ) pure alcohol is also effective if appli$ )9 an h\r4 ,foll[+ ei!r treatm5t ! sk9 %\ld be ?or\ghly wa%$ ) soap & wat]4 ,we/]n suma* 7,rhus integrifolia71 a closely relat$ ,cali=nia species1 is a small ev]gre51 seldom m ?an tw5ty feet high & a foot 9 diamet]4 ,! wood is heavy1 h>d1 & r$1 is us$ z fuel1 & occasionally 9 small turn]y4 ,! fruit is a b]ry half an in* long4 ,,casc>a ,,buck?orn 7,rhamnus pur%iana7 is ( ! buck?orn family1 & is kn[n by _m names on ! ,pacific coa/ :]e ! species is be/ develop$4 ,x gr[s z f> ea/ z ,colorado & ,texas4 ,casc>a sagrada1 its ,mexican "n1 is (t5 us$ = ?is tree4 ,x is kn[n also z be>b]ry1 be>wood1 yell[-wood1 pigeonb]ry1 c(feeb]ry1 bayb]ry1 & ,cali=nia c(fee4 ,! tree's usual size is f t5 to ?irty feet high & twelve to tw5ty in*es 9 diamet]4 ,x is (t5 %rubby1 & is m valuable = its b>k ?an its wood4 ,l>ge quantities are peel$ = m$ic9al uses1 & _m trees are ?us de/roy$4 ,a little ( ! wood is burn$ z fuel1 & "s is made into h&les4 ,yell[ buck?orn 7,rhamnus c>ol9iana71 ) a range f ,new ,york to ,texas1 & ev]gre5 buck?orn 7,rhamnus crocea71 a ,cali=nia species1 are closely relat$ to casc>a buck?orn1 b are ( comp>atively little importance4 ,blue myrtle 7,ceano?us ?yrsiflorus7 is a ,cali=nia species1 sometimes call$ wild lilac or blue blossoms4 ,x ranges 9 height f ?irty-five feet1 among ! r$woods on ! ,santa ,cruz m\nta9s1 to only "o foot high on "s ( ! w9d-swept coa/s4 ,! wood is pale yell[i%-br[n1 & is some:at us$ = novelties4 ,tree myrtle 7,ceano?us arboreus71 (t5 kn[n z lilac1 is also a ,cali=nia tree1 closely relat$ to blue myrtle1 b is ( small] size & ( v re/rict$ range4 ,its prospective value lies m 9 its bloom ?an 9 its wood4 ,nak$-wood 7,colubr9a recl9ata71 a ,florida species1 is ( a k9dr$ g5us4 ,trees are sometimes fifty feet high & ?ree 9 diamet]4 ,! wood is h>d1 v /rong1 & is d>k br[n t+$ ) yell[4 ,,lignum-,,vit 7,guajacum sanctum7 gr[s 9 ,florida1 & a species :i* is probably ! same is f\nd 9 s\? ,texas along ! ,rio ,gr&e4 ,9 ,texas ! tree is kn[n z guayacon1 :i* "n has come d[n f ! times :5 ! ,c>ib ,indians rul$ ! ,we/ ,indies4 ,t 0 _! "n = ! tree4 ,! annual r+s are usually too vague & too involv$ to be c\nt$1 b ! tree is kn[n to be ( sl[ gr[?4 ,! wood is pitt$ & x conta9s cavities & creases2 b ! cle> wood is v h>d & ( f9e & v>i\s colors4 ,x is d>k gre51 br[n1 black1 yell[ & ( mix$ colors1 & cl\d$ effects1 all 9 ! same block4 ,small pieces ( furniture1 l bureau cab9ets1 pres5t attractive comb9ations ( colors4 ,! wood is ( su* exce$+ h>dness t x turns1 breaks1 or batt]s ! c>p5t]'s tools4 ,c&le/icks1 egg cups1 goblets1 vases1 *eck] pieces1 dom9os1 boxes1 trays1 canes1 pap] knives1 & s\v5irs are manufactur$ 9 a small way4 ,trees atta9 a height ( ?irty feet & a diamet] ( two or m4 ,! comp\nd leaves adh]e to ! bran*es until ^? ( ! foll[+ season appe>4 ,! fruit is an orange-color$ pod ?ree-f\r?s ( an in* long4 ,,prickly ,,a% 7,xan?oxylum clava-h]culis74 ,"s "k ?is species z too?a*e tree1 te>-blanket1 /+-tongue1 & ,h]cules' club4 ,! wood %[s little diff]5ce 9 color betwe5 he>twood & sap1 & be>s "s resemblance to buckeye4 ,x takes good poli% & "s ( x looks l birdseye maple1 b ! figure does n seem to be due to adv5titi\s buds4 ,x has be5 made into picture frames & looks well4 ,x is a rapid gr[]1 & s9ce its color fits x = ! /5cil1 x might be wor?y ( consid]ation = box mat]ial4 ,trees rea* a height ( tw5ty-five or ?irty feet1 & a diamet] ( a foot or m4 ,its range ext5ds f ,virg9ia to ,texas4 ,sat9wood 7,xan?oxylum cribrosum7 is ( ! same g5us1 b x does n gr[ nor? ( ,florida :]e x is sometimes call$ yell[-wood4 ,mature trees are a foot or m 9 diamet] & tw5ty-five or ?irty-five feet high2 wood heavy1 exce$+ly h>d & brittle1 b n /rong2 color light orange4 ,x has "s use z furniture mat]ial1 & = c]ta9 classes ( h&les :i* ne$ n be /rong4 ,wild lime 7,xan?oxylum fag>a7 is a simil> tree1 gr[+ 9 bo? ,florida & ,texas1 b x is ( small size4 ,hoptree 7,ptelea trifoliata7 is ano!r memb] ( ! family4 ,its fruit is sometimes sub/itut$ = hops = brew+ be]4 ,x is kn[n also z waf] a%1 wahoo1 & qu99e tree2 ! la/ "n be+ due to its bitt] b>k4 ,x gr[s f ,canada to ,florida1 & we/ to ,new ,mexico1 & seldom exce$s tw5ty feet 9 height4 ,b>etta 7,helietta p>vifolia7 :i* occurs z a small tree 9 s\!rn ,texas1 is a ne> relative4 ,tor*wood 7,amyris m>itima71 s nam$ because ( its f9e prop]ties z fuel1 gr[s 9 s\!rn ,florida1 sometimes rea*+ a height ( =ty feet & a diamet] ( "o4 ,canotia 7,canotia holacan?a7 is a small1 sc>ce tree ( ,arizona & ,cali=nia & has f9e-gra9$1 ri* br[n wood4 ,,nannyb]ry 7,viburnum prunifolium71 kn[n z black haw1 sloe1 %eepb]ry1 & /agbu%1 gr[s f ,connecticut to ,oklahoma & is usually a %rub :i* spr+s up along highways & h$ges1 b x sometimes rea*es a height ( tw5ty feet & a diamet] ( eight in*es4 ,x is valuable 9 "s localities 9 ! manufacture ( canes & umbrella /icks4 ,ru/y nannyb]ry 7,viburnum rufotom5tosum7 is a simil> species1 b atta9s a l>g] size1 & gr[s f ,virg9ia to ,texas4 ,! wood may be kn[n by its disagreeable odor4 ,%eepb]ry 7,vib]num l5tago7 has a m nor!rn range1 f ,quebec to ,saskat*ewan1 & s\? along ! m\nta9s to ,georgia4 ,,blue ,,eld] 7,sambucus glauca7 is "o ( ?ree tree eld]s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! o!rs be+ ,mexican eld] 7,sambucus mexicana7 & r$-b]ri$ eld] 7,sambucus callic>pa74 ,!y are ornam5tal r ?an useful4 ,! ?ree species occur on ! ,pacific coa/4 ,! l>ge/ record$ size ( an eld] 0 =ty feet high & tw5ty-eight in*es 9 diamet]4 ,its age 0 ab\t fifty ye>s4 ,,fr+e ,,tree 7,*ionan?us virg9ica7 is kn[n also z :ite fr+e1 ,am]ican fr+e1 :ite a%1 old man's be>d1 fl[]+ a%1 & sunfl[] tree4 ,its natural range ext5ds f ,p5nsylvania to ,florida & we/ to ,texas1 b x has be5 widely plant$ 9 ?is c\ntry & ,europe4 ,x is seldom m ?an tw5ty feet high & eight in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! b>k possesses m$ic9al value4 ,devilwood 7,osman?us am]icanus7 belongs to ! same family1 b to a diff]5t g5us4 ,x gr[s f ,nor? ,c>ol9a to ,florida & we/ to ,l\isiana4 ,! l>ge/ trunks are a foot 9 diamet] & =ty feet high4 ,! wood is /rong1 heavy1 h>d1 d>k br[n1 & difficult to "w4 ,,black ,,ironwood 7,rhamnidium f]reum7 ( ,florida is among ! heavie/1 probably is ! heavie/1 wood ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x weighs #ha4ad p\nds p] cubic foot1 & :5 a hundr$ p\nds ( ! wood is burn$1 x leaves eight p\nds ( a%es--! highe/ 9 a% ( all woods ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,its fuel value is v high4 ,trees are small1 seldom m ?an ?irty feet high & six in*es 9 diamet]4 ,bluewood 7,condalia obovata7 is a relat$ ,texas species1 call$ also logwood & purple haw4 ,x produces heavy1 h>d1 close-gra9$ wood1 light r$ 9 color4 ,trees six in*es 9 diamet] & tw5ty-five feet high are fully up to ! av]age4 ,along ! l[] ,rio ,gr&e x =ms d5se1 tangl$ ?ickets4 ,r$ ironwood 7,reynosia latifolia7 ( s\!rn ,florida belongs to a relat$ species1 & is sometimes call$ d>l+ plum1 because its purple fruit is edible4 ,! tree is small1 ! wood heavy1 h>d1 /rong1 & ( ri* br[n color4 ,:ite ironwood 7,hypelate trifoliata7 belongs to a diff]5t family4 ,x occurs 9 ,florida :]e trees are sometimes ?irty-five feet high & eighte5 in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! heavy1 h>d1 ri* br[n wood is durable 9 contact ) ! gr\nd1 & is us$ = f5ce po/s1 h&les1 & boats4 ,inkwood 7,exo!a paniculata7 is ( ! same family z :ite ironwood b ( a diff]5t g5us4 ,x is also a ,florida species & is kn[n 9 "s localities z ironwood4 ,! tree is occasionally a foot 9 diamet] & =ty feet high1 wood v h>d1 heavy1 & /rong1 & bright r$ 9 color4 ,x is us$ by boat build]s1 = :>fs1 & z h&le wood4 ,,c9namon ,,b>k 7,canella w9t]ana71 also call$ :itewood & wild c9namon1 is a s\? ,florida species seldom m ?an tw5ty-five feet high & t5 in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! wood is exce$+ly heavy1 h>d1 & /rong1 & ( d>k r$di%-br[n color4 ,! wild c9namon b>k ( comm]ce comes f ?is tree4 ,,joewood 7,jaqu9ia armill>is7 gr[s 9 ! ,florida ev]glades4 ,! d>k & beautiful m$ull>y rays ( ?is wood may sometime make x valuable = turn]y & small novelties4 ,trunks seldom exce$ six or sev5 in*es 9 diamet]4 ,m>lb]ry 7,icacorea paniculata7 belongs 9 ! same family ) joewood4 ,trunks are small1 b ! h>d1 ri* br[n wood is beautifully m>k$ ) d>k m$ull>y rays4 ,,crabwood 7,gymnan!s lucida7 is kn[n *iefly by ! f9e canes made ( x4 ,! tree occurs 9 s\!rn ,florida :]e x is sometimes kn[n z poisonwood4 ,x is d>k br[n1 /reak$ ) yell[4 ,trunks m ?an eight in*es 9 diamet] are unusual4 ,man*9eel 7,hippomane manc9ella7 is ( ! same family1 & occurs 9 ,florida4 ,! wood is light & s(t4 ,,s+leleaf ,,p9on 7,p9us monophylla74 ,?is is ! only p9e 9 ?is c\ntry ) s+le ne$les4 ,!y are "o & "o-half in*es long1 & are curv$ l ! old fa%ion$ sew+ awl us$ by %oemak]s4 ,! ne$les fall dur+ ! f\r? & fif? ye>s4 ,! cones are "o & "o-half or two & "o-half in*es long4 ,! trees are small1 av]ag+ fifte5 or tw5ty feet high & eight or twelve in*es 9 diamet]4 ,its range cov]s portions ( ,utah1 ,arizona1 ,nevada1 & ,cali=nia1 b x occupies dry1 /]ile regions z ne>ly "u des]t conditions z c be f\nd 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! tree ma9ta9s a foo?old on ! ea/]n slope ( ! ,si]ra ,nevada m\nta9s at an altitude ( #i1jjj feet & x desc5ds into ! ,colorado des]t 9 ,cali=nia at an elevation ( #b1jjj feet4 ,x endures w9t] cold bel[ z]o on ! m\nta9s1 & summ] temp]ature ( #abb 9 ! ,mojave des]t4 ,x is fitt$ to live 9 a dry1 /]ile region4 ,! leaves are small & ! bran*es be> few ( !m4 ,! ?9 foliage uses little wat]1 :i* is a =tunate circum/ance1 = !re is little to use4 ,sl[ gr[? is ! result4 ,! trunk (t5 adds less ?an an in* to its diamet] 9 tw5ty ye>s4 ,! trees =m v op5 =e/1 resembl+ old or*>ds1 & ! gre5ness usually associat$ ) p9e l&scapes is g5]ally want+4 ,! s+leleaf p9e has fill$ an important place 9 ! developm5t ( ! region1 & furni%es an example ( ! great s]vice :i* a small1 crook$ tree c give :5 x is ! only "o to be _h4 ,m9es wor? _m millions ( doll>s h be5 work$ ) little ( any o!r wood4 ,?is has be5 ! fuel = ! kit*51 ! eng9e h\se1 ! blacksmi? %op4 ,x has suppli$ ! props1 po/s1 /ulls1 & lagg+ = ! und]gr\nd op]ations4 ,f5ces = /ock corrals1 %$s1 /ables1 cab9s1 & bridges h be5 con/ruct$ ( ! small1 crook$ trunks & ! di/ort$ limbs1 :5 no o!r wood c\ld be _h 9 fifty or a hundr$ miles4 ,ext5sive tracts h be5 cut clean 9 ! vic9ity ( m9es4 ,! product ( ! s+leleaf p9e =e/ _c be measur$ 9 bo>d or log feet1 because ( ! smallness ( ! trunks & bran*es1 b by ! cord4 ,! wood is m$ium heavy1 r high 9 fuel value1 v weak1 brittle1 & s(t4 ,! res9 passages are few & small1 color yell[ or light br[n1 ! sapwood ne>ly :ite4 ,9 contact ) ! soil ! wood is n durable1 b its pr9cipal use has be5 9 a v dry climate1 & x la/s well !re4 ,x is ! mo/ important ( ! nut p9es4 ,x produces enorm\s crops :i* are l>g] "s ye>s ?an o!rs4 ,john ,muir believ$ t ! s+leleaf p9on's annual nut yield surpass$ ,cali=nia's yield ( :eat4 ,only a small "p ( ! nut crop is ev] put to use by man4 ,scatt]$ ov] m\nta9s1 mesas1 & des]ts1 #ajj1jjj squ>e miles 9 ext5t1 mo/ ( ! nuts fall & decay1 ?\gh ! animals ( ! rocks & s&s1 & ! birds ( ! air live on !m :ile !y la/4 ,! ,indians ( ! region long look$ ^u ! nut crop1 z ! ,egyptians ^u ! ov]fl[ ( ! ,nile--a gu>antee aga9/ fam9e4 ,! ,indians are n s dep5d5t on ! nuts n[ z =m]ly because scatt]$ settlem5ts ?r\gh\t ! region supply o!r s\rces ( food4 ,_m nuts are /ill ga!r$1 & are sold 9 /ores f ,san ,francisco to ,d5v]4 ,!y look l peanuts1 b are ri*] 9 oil1 & if eat5 raw !y spe$ily cloy ! appetite4 ,! ,indians usually roa/ !m1 & frequ5tly cru% !m into meal4 ,:5 ! h>ve/ is ripe ! ,indians ga!r f all sides & camp dur+ a mon? or m1 ?ra% ! cones f ! trees ) poles1 extract ! nuts1 & keep up ! op]ation until all pres5t ne$s are suppli$1 & e available basket is fill$ = future use4 ,! packhorses & burros ( ! m9+ c\ntry 9 ,nevada :]e ?is p9e gr[s1 acquire a lik+ = ! nuts4 ,!y are z n\ri%+ z oats1 & ! pack animals l !m bett]4 ,indians d consid]able bus9ess collect+ ! nuts & sell+ !m by ! gunny sack to pack tra9s1 = horse fe$4 ,a s+le ,indian w sometimes ga!r ?irty or =ty bu%els1 = :i* he c get a doll> a bu%el :5 he has c>ri$ !m to m>ket4 ,! s+leleaf p9e's future w be ab\t z its pa/ has be51 z f> z c n[ be =ese54 ,little plant+ w ev] be done1 nor is x necess>y4 ,nature plants all t ! /]ile soil w support4 ,x is ( too sl[ gr[? to tempt ! =e/]4 ,a c5tury is requir$ to produce a f5ce po/1 & #bjj ye>s = a cros/ie4 ,=e/ fires d little injury1 = ! gr\nd is g5]ally s b>e t fire dies out ( its own accord 9 a %ort di/ance4 ,! tree c nev] be plant$ mu* = ornam5t4 ,ev5 if x w\ld gr[ outside ( its dry habitat1 x possesses no m beauty ?an a half-dead apple tree 9 a neglect$ or*>d4 ,! trunks resemble mesquite 9 ,texas2 b ! ,texas tree is r$eem$ by ! beauty ( its foliage 9 summ]1 :ile ! foliage ( ! s+leleaf p9e is s pale & ?9 t x attracts no att5tion4 ,,c>ol9a ,,hemlock 7,tsuga c>ol9iana7 is ( f> less importance ?an its nor!rn neighbor :i* goes s\? along ! ,appala*ian m\nta9s to meet x4 ,! two species m+le on ! m\nta9 tops f s\?we/]n ,virg9ia to nor!rn ,georgia4 ,! ,c>ol9a hemlock is usually conf9$ to altitudes #b1ejj or #c1jjj feet above sea level1 & pref]s rocky banks ( /reams4 ,x does n usually occur 9 d5se /&s ( ev5 mod]ate size1 z ! nor!rn hemlock does4 ,a few trees 9 clumps or scatt]$ solit>y repres5t its habit ( gr[?4 ,typical developm5t ( ! species occurs on ! headwat]s ( ! ,savannah riv] 9 ,s\? ,c>ol9a4 ,= a long "t ?is hemlock & its nor!rn relative 7 suppos$ to be ! same4 ,botani/s did n =m]ly sep>ate !m1 & ! m\nta9e]s d n g5]ally d s n[4 ,!re are sev]al diff]5ces1 h[ev]1 :i* may be obs]v$ ^u close exam9ation1 & by comp>+ ! two species4 ,! ,c>ol9a hemlock's leaves h m r[s ( /omata & !re=e are a little :it] on ! "u side4 ,! leaves are also long]1 & ! cones are l>g]4 ,! tree does n atta9 ! dim5sions ( ! nor!rn species1 its av]age size be+ =ty or fifty feet 9 height1 & two or less 9 diamet]4 ,x is n abundant1 & has nev] be5 & nev] c be mu* us$ = comm]cial purposes4 ,x is an attractive p>k tree & has be5 widely plant$4 ,,limb] ,,p9e 7,p9us flexilis7 owes its "n to its long1 droop+ bran*es4 ,x is (t5 call$ :ite p9e1 ,rocky ,m\nta9 :ite p9e1 we/]n :ite p9e1 & limb] twig p9e4 ,x is n ! tree usually call$ we/]n :ite p9e 7,p9us monticola71 b is a high m\nta9 species1 rang+ f ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s ( ,montana to we/]n ,texas2 x gr[s also on ! m\nta9s ( ,arizona1 ,utah1 ,nevada1 & ,cali=nia4 ,! upp] limit ( its range 9 ! ,si]ra ,nevadas is #ab1jjj feet4 ,x desc5ds to an altitude ( only #d1jjj feet 9 ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 & =ms op51 scatt]$ /&s ( r\nd-topp$ trees ( little comm]cial value1 & is usually associat$ ) we/]n yell[ p9e or ,rocky ,m\nta9 c$>4 ,at altitudes ( #h1ejj or #aj1jjj feet x is m /unt$1 & associates ) ,lyall l>* & o!r high m\nta9 species4 ,int]m$iate betwe5 its l[] & its high] belts x produces a little m]*antable lumb]4 ,! wood is light1 s(t1 m$ium brittle1 ( sl[ gr[? & ) n>r[ b&s ( summ]wood4 ,! res9 passages are l>ge & num]\s4 ,! wood1 :5 a *oice trunk is f\nd1 resembles t ( ea/]n :ite p9e2 b g5]ally ! trunks are inf]ior 9 size & =m4 ,! he>twood is light1 cle> yell[1 ! sapwood ne>ly :ite4 ,trees range 9 height f ?irty to fifty feet1 & "o to ?ree 9 diamet]4 ,a sawlog t5 feet long is ab\t z mu* z c be _h f a trunk1 & ( c\rse1 :5 comp>$ ) comm]cial trees1 x holds a l[ place2 b 9 "s remote m\nta9 regions x is ! pr9cipal wood available1 & to t ext5t x is ( importance4 ,:5 gre51 ! wood is v heavy1 & sometimes w s9k4 ,x is us$ = po/s & 9 ! m9es4 ,! f>m] seasons po/s on ! /ump4 ,he peels ! trees six mon?s be=e cutt+ !m4 ,!y imm$iately exude res9 ov] ! :ole peel$ surface1 & ! tree quickly dies4 ,at ! end ( six mon?s ! trunk is season$1 & is cut = po/s4 ,! ends are sme>$ ) res94 ,su* po/s h la/$ tw5ty ye>s ) little decay4 ,railroads make ties ( fire-kill$ limb] p9e4 ,*>coal burn]s use x also4 ,! gr[+ trees resi/ ! fumes ( copp] smelt]s bett] ?an any o!r species associat$ ) x4 ,,p>ry ,,p9on 7,p9us quadrifolia74 ,! names by :i* ?is tree is kn[n 9 ! region :]e x gr[s indicate "o ( its lead+ features1 a be>] ( nuts4 ,x is call$ nut p9e1 ,p>ry's nut p9e1 p9on1 & ,mexican p9on4 ,! nuts exce$ half an in* 9 l5g?1 are r$di%-br[n1 & ! w+s n>r[ & small4 ,!y _c c>ry ! nuts f>1 & ! species is n spread+4 ,reproduction takes place b5ea? ! p>5t tree1 & frequ5tly ! old trunk dies )\t hav+ succe$$ 9 plant+ a s+le se$ to p]petuate ! species4 ,! nuts are nutriti\s1 & are eag]ly s\ght by birds1 rod5ts1 & l>g] animals1 includ+ human be+s4 ,! cones are seldom two in*es long1 & ! leaves are little m ?an an in*4 ,!y are usually 9 clu/]s ( f\r1 & fall ! ?ird ye>4 ,! tree's *>act]i/ics betray its environm5t4 ,x is fitt$ = dry1 /]ile situations4 ,its abnormally l>ge se$s provide food = ! se$l+ until x c get its rootlets deep en\gh 9 ! poor soil to get a />t4 ,! ,p>ry p9on's range is conf9$ to ! extreme s\!rn "p ( ,cali=nia & to ,l[] ,cali=nia :]e x occupies arid mesas & l[ m\nta9 slopes4 ,x is common on ,santa ,rosa m\nta9s1 ,cali=nia1 at an elevation ( #e1jjj feet4 ,x is too small to be wor? mu* = lumb]1 ! usual height be+ less ?an ?irty feet1 ! trunk diamet] f t5 to sixte5 in*es4 ,! wood is m$ium heavy1 weak1 l[ 9 ela/icity1 b r high 9 fuel value4 ,! annual r+s are v n>r[1 & ! ?9 b&s ( summ]wood are n conspicu\s4 ,x is "o ( ! sl[e/-gr[+ ( ! p9es1 & probably x is surpass$ 9 t respect by lodgepole p9e alone4 ,its only uses are fuel1 a few f5ce po/s1 & small ran* timb]s4 ,,knobcone ,,p9e 7,p9us att5uata74 ,?is p9e is kn[n z prickly-cone p9e1 sun-lov+ p9e1 sunny-slope p9e1 n>r[-cone p9e1 & knobcone p9e4 ,its leaves are 9 clu/]s ( ?ree1 & are f\r & five in*es long4 ,! cones are f ?ree to six in*es long4 ,!y (t5 adh]e to ! bran*es ?irty or =ty ye>s1 & may become entirely ov]gr[n & hidd5 by b>k & wood--h5ce ! "n knobcone4 ,! wood is light1 s(t1 weak1 brittle2 ! gr[? is sl[ & ! annual r+s are n>r[4 ,! res9 passages are l>ge & num]\s4 ,! av]age height ( ! mature knobcone p9e is f tw5ty-five to =ty feet1 & ! trunk diamet] eight to twelve in*es4 ,x gr[s on dry m\nta9 regions ( ,cali=nia & ,oregon1 & is n a valuable timb] tree4 ,a little is occasionally saw$ 9 small dim5sions1 b ! pr9cipal use is = m9e props4 ,x is %ort liv$1 ev5 :5 x does n fall a victim to accid5ts4 ,9 accordance ) ! provisions ( nature1 x prep>es = e>ly dea? by be>+ se$s :5 only five or six feet high4 ,! cones act z /or+ places = se$1 sometimes dur+ ! :ole life ( ! tree4 ,?us a knobcone p9e may hold 9 its tightly clos$ cones ! se$s produc$ dur+ ! tree's :ole life4 ,:5 dea? ov]takes x1 ! cones op5 & scatt] ! se$s4 ,! accumulat$ crops may total ?ree or f\r p\nds ( se$s4 ,fire usually kills ! trees1 b ! heat is g5]ally n suffici5t to burn ! cones4 ,:5 !y op5 soon aft] ! fire has pass$1 !y f9d a b>$ m9]al soil ready to receive !m4 ,! knobcone p9e lives 9 adv]sity & usually dies by viol5ce4 ,,arizona ,,p9e 7,p9us arizonica74 ,?is tree is conf9$ to ! m\nta9s ( s\!rn ,arizona at f #f1jjj to #h1jjj feet above sea level4 ,x is ! prevail+ p9e ne> ! summit ( ! ,santa ,catal9a m\nta9s4 ,mu* ( ! timb] is ( small size & yields only inf]ior lumb]2 b :5 l>g] trunks are obta9able1 ! lumb] grades ) we/]n yell[ p9e1 & goes to m>ket ) x4 ,arizona p9e is m$ium light1 s(t1 n /rong1 r brittle1 ( sl[ gr[?1 ) ! summ]wood comp>atively broad & v res9\s2 color1 light r$ or (t5 yell[1 ! sapwood light] yell[ or :ite4 ,! leaves are 9 clu/]s ( five & are tuft$ at ! ends ( ! bran*es4 ,!y are f five to sev5 in*es long1 & are decidu\s ! ?ird ye>4 ,,dw>f ,,junip] 7,junip]us communis7 is an int]e/+ tree because its range practically runs r\nd ! _w 9 ! nor? temp]ate & frigid zones1 b 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! only report$ use ( ! wood is 9 s\!rn ,ill9ois :]e x gr[s on ! lime/one hills & is occasionally cut = f5ce po/s4 ,9 ne>ly all o!r p>ts ( its range 9 ?is c\ntry x is little m ?an a %rub4 ,"s trees ) a spread ( limbs tw5ty feet across are only ?ree or f\r feet high4 ,! se$s mature sl[ly1 n rip5+ until ! ?ird ye>2 & !y (t5 hang a ye> or two aft] rip5+4 ,! wood is n>r[-r+$1 h>d1 v durable 9 contact ) ! soil1 ( light br[n color1 ) pale sapwood4 ,9 ,europe ! aromatic fruit ( ?is tree is us$ 9 l>ge quantities to flavor g91 b !re is no report t x has be5 s employ$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates x occurs 9 ,p5nsylvania & nor?w>d1 & nor?w>d f ,ill9ois1 & ?r\gh\t ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s nor? ( ,texas4 ,x occurs on ! ,pacific coa/ nor? ( ,cali=nia4 ,x gr[s f ,gre5l& to ,alaska1 & ?r\gh ,sib]ia1 & nor!rn ,europe4 ,,droop+ ,,junip] 7,junip]us flaccida7 is conf9$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates to ! ,*isos m\nta9s 9 we/]n ,texas1 b gr[s 9 ,mexico4 ,! tree atta9s a height ( ?irty feet & a diamet] ( "o4 ,its "n ref]s to its graceful bran*es4 ,x has be5 plant$ 9 ?is c\ntry less ?an 9 s\!rn ,europe & nor!rn ,africa4 ,! b>k is light c9namon-br[n1 & easily sep>ates 9 loose1 pap]y scales4 ,! lumb]man w nev] g f> to procure droop+ junip] logs4 ,!y are too small1 sc>ce1 & ( =m too poor4 ,! wood has ! usual *>act]i/ics ( ! junip]s :i* gr[ 9 we/]n m\nta9s4 ,x looks m l alligator junip] ?an any o!r4 ,9 ,texas x goes to ! la! to be manufactur$ into c&le/icks1 p9 boxes1 picture mold+1 & o!r articles ( turn]y4 ,,utah ,,junip] 7,junip]us utah5sis7 is kn[n also z junip]1 des]t junip]1 & we/]n r$ c$>4 ,! la/ "n is prop]ly appli$ to a diff]5t tree 9 ,wa%+ton & ,oregon4 ,! ,utah junip] occupies ! great bas9 betwe5 ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s & ! ,si]ra ,nevadas1 p>ticul>ly 9 ,utah1 ,nevada1 ,cali=nia1 ,arizona1 & ,colorado4 ,x ?rives be/ ab\t #h1jjj feet above ! sea1 b desc5ds to #e1jjj feet or less4 ,x is a des]t tree1 usually small1 (t5 a m]e %rub1 b occasionally atta9+ a height ( tw5ty feet or m & a diamet] ( "o or two4 ,! trunk is irregul> 9 %ape1 & is g5]ally deeply flut$4 ,! wood is light br[n 9 color1 ?\gh x v>ies greatly 9 diff]5t specim5s1 & ev5 9 ! same tree4 ,! sapwood is ?ick & ne>ly :ite4 ,! tree has n be5 mu* us$ except = f5ce po/s & fuel4 ,! ,indians ( ! region eat ! b]ries raw or bake !m 9 cakes4 ,,index ,,to ,,common ,,names ,acacia1 #ece ,african mahogany1 #dfc ,ailan?us1 #fgf ,alaska cypress1 #aba ,alaska p9e1 #aic ,ald]1 #ehi ,alg>oba1 #eei ,alleghany sloe1 #fbb ,alligator junip]1 #aaa ,alligator wood1 #cbe ,almondleaf will[1 #dga ,aloe-leaf yucca1 #fic ,alp9e fir1 #aff ,alp9e l>*1 #hh ,alp9e spruce1 #aie ,alp9e we/]n spruce1 #aif ,alp9e :iteb>k p9e1 #cg ,alt]nate-leav$ dogwood1 #ebf ,alvord oak1 #bbj ,amabilis fir1 #afe ,am]ican apple1 #eec ,am]ican arborvit1 #ig ,am]ican a%1 #dji ,am]ican crab1 #dec ,am]ican fr+e1 #gjj ,am]ican holly1 #fdc ,am]ican l>*1 #hj ,am]ican l9d51 #fcg ,am]ican plan]tree1 #cig ,am]ican smoke-tree1 #fig ,&rom$a1 #ebf ,angelica-tree1 #fgf ,ant's wood1 #fif ,apple haw1 #dei ,arborvit1 #ig ,arizona cork fir1 #aed ,arizona cypress1 #adb ,arizona madrona1 #ffc ,arizona palm1 #fic ,arizona p9e1 #gje ,arizona spruce1 #ace ,arizona sycamore1 #faj ,arizona :ite oak1 #bah ,arr[-wood1 #ejg ,a%-leav$ maple1 #dde ,asp51 #ffg1 #fge ,asp5-leaf1 #fge ,augu/ plum1 #fba ,bald cypress1 #aci ,balm ( ,gilead1 #ade1 #ffg1 #fgc ,balm ( ,gilead fir1 #ade ,balsam1 #ace1 #acf1 #aea1 #aff1 #fgc ,balsam fir1 #ade1 #aea1 #aei ,balsam popl>1 #fgc ,baltimore oak1 #bje ,banana1 #fdj ,b>etta1 #fii ,b>r5 oak1 #caf ,b>r5 scrub oak1 #bhc ,b>tram oak1 #cbb ,basket elm1 #cic ,basket oak1 #bjh1 #bbi ,basket will[1 #dgb ,basswood1 #fcg ,bat-tree1 #did ,bayb]ry1 #fih ,bay popl>1 #ccg ,bay tree1 #ebi ,bead$ locu/1 #eee ,be>b]ry1 #fdf1 #fih ,be> oak1 #cae ,be>wood1 #fih ,beav]-tree1 #die ,bebb will[1 #dga ,bee*1 #fbe ,beetree1 #fcg ,bell-tree1 #fja ,bellwood1 #fjb ,b]l&i] a%1 #dah ,big buckeye1 #fdi ,big-bud1 #cfc ,big-bud hickory1 #cfc ,bigcone p9e1 #fh ,bigcone spruce1 #agb ,big cottonwood1 #ffg ,bigel[ will[1 #dgb ,big hickory nut1 #cfc ,big laurel1 #did ,bigleaf laurel1 #ejg ,bigleaf maple1 #dci ,big p9e1 #ca ,big %ellb>k1 #cfi ,bigtree1 #age ,big :ite bir*1 #ehc ,biltmore a%1 #dbd ,bir*1 #efe ,bird *]ry1 #fai ,bi%op's p9e1 #fi ,bitt] *]ry1 #faf ,bitt] hickory1 #cfa ,bitt]nut1 #cfg ,bitt]nut hickory1 #cfa ,bitt] pecan1 #cfa1 #cge ,bitt] walnut1 #cfa ,bitt] wat]nut1 #cgd ,bitt]wood1 #fgf ,black a%1 #dae1 #daf1 #dbc1 #dde ,blackb>k p9e1 #ge ,black bir*1 #efe1 #egg1 #ehj ,black calaba%1 #dge ,black *]ry1 #fac ,black cottonwood1 #ffg1 #ffi1 #fgi ,black gum1 #aei1 #cca ,black haw1 #dfj ,black hickory1 #cfd1 #cfg1 #fif1 #fii ,black ironwood1 #gjj ,black jack1 #bhc ,black jack oak1 #bia ,black l>*1 #hj ,black limetree1 #fcg ,black locu/1 #ece1 #eda ,black mangrove1 #fhh ,black maple1 #ddg ,black mulb]ry1 #eac ,black oak1 #bei1 #bfj1 #bga1 #bgg ,black olivetree1 #fhh ,black p9e1 #fc1 #fg1 #gj1 #ge ,black popl>1 #fha ,black sla% p9e1 #ee ,black sloe1 #fba ,black spruce1 #abi ,black ?orn1 #dei ,blacktree1 #fhh ,black walnut1 #cdc ,black will[1 #dfi ,black wood1 #fhh ,ble$+-he>t tree1 #ejj ,bli/] p9e1 #ade1 #aea ,blue a%1 #dag1 #dbb ,blue bee*1 #fbg ,blue bir*1 #efe1 #egg1 #ehe ,blue blossoms1 #fih ,blue dogwood1 #ebf ,blue eld]1 #gjj ,blue jack oak1 #bhe ,blue myrtle1 #fih ,blue oak1 #bje1 #bac1 #bbf ,blue spruce1 #acf ,bluet1 #ejh ,bluewood1 #gjj ,bod>k1 #eaa ,bodock1 #eaa ,bog spruce1 #acj ,bois d'arc1 #eaa ,bois inconnu1 #dje ,bottom %ellb>k1 #cfi ,b[-wood1 #eaa ,box eld]1 #dde1 #fja ,box oak1 #bbc ,box :ite oak1 #bbc ,boxwood1 #ebc ,bract$ fir1 #aeg ,bra% oak1 #bbc ,brew] oak1 #bbj ,bri/lecone fir1 #aga ,bri/lecone p9e1 #ai1 #ch ,broadfruit yucca1 #fic ,broadleaf maple1 #dci ,broadleaf will[1 #dgb ,broom hickory1 #cfg ,br[n a%1 #dbc ,br[n hickory1 #cfg ,br[n p9e1 #dc ,buckeye1 #fdi ,buck?orn bumelia1 #fif ,buck:eat-tree1 #ejb ,bullace plum1 #fba ,bull bay1 #did ,bull p9e1 #di1 #ge ,bumwood1 #fig ,burn+ bu%1 #dii ,burnwood1 #ejb ,bur oak1 #baa ,bu/ic1 #fif ,butt]nut1 #cdi ,buttonball1 #fjg ,buttonwood1 #fjg ,cabbage palmetto1 #fia ,cabbage-tree1 #fia ,cactus1 #fic ,cajeput1 #ebi ,calico-bu%1 #eje ,calic[ood1 #fja ,cali=nia bay tree1 #ebi ,cali=nia black oak1 #bhe ,cali=nia blue oak1 #bbi ,cali=nia box eld]1 #ddg ,cali=nia buckeye1 #fdi1 #fea ,cali=nia *e/nut oak1 #cac ,cali=nia c(fee1 #fih ,cali=nia fan palm1 #fic ,cali=nia hemlock spruce1 #aic ,cali=nia holly1 #fde ,cali=nia junip]1 #aab ,cali=nia laurel1 #ebi1 #fee ,cali=nia live oak1 #cjg ,cali=nia nutmeg1 #bja ,cali=nia olive1 #ebi ,cali=nia po/ c$>1 #aji ,cali=nia r$ bud1 #edi ,cali=nia r$ fir1 #afd ,cali=nia sassafras1 #ebi ,cali=nia scrub oak1 #bcg ,cali=nia swamp p9e1 #fi ,cali=nia sycamore1 #fji ,cali=nia tanb>k oak1 #cac ,cali=nia walnut1 #cea ,cali=nia :ite oak1 #bdi ,cali=nia :ite p9e1 #fg ,canada plum1 #fba ,canadian ,judas tree1 #edh ,canadian r$ p9e1 #fa ,canoe bir*1 #ehc ,canoe c$>1 #aae ,canoewood1 #dhg ,canotia1 #fii ,canyon bir*1 #ehj ,canyon live oak1 #cjh ,c>ol9a *]ry1 #fbj ,c>ol9a hemlock1 #gjc ,c>ol9a p9e1 #di ,c>ol9a popl>1 #ffg ,casc>a buck?orn1 #fih ,casc>a sagrada1 #fih ,catalpa1 #dge ,catawba1 #dge ,catawba rhodod5dron1 #ejg ,cat spruce1 #acj ,c$>1 #ia1 #ig1 #aji1 #aah ,c$> elm1 #chj1 #cib ,c$> p9e1 #eg ,c]euses1 #fic ,*alky leucna1 #efb ,*apman oak1 #bjh ,*attahoo*ee p9e1 #bjb ,*eck p9e1 #gj ,*eck]$-b>k$ junip]1 #aaa ,*]ry bir*1 #efe1 #ehj ,*e/nut1 #fca ,*e/nut oak1 #bda1 #cac ,*ickasaw plum1 #fbb ,*ihuahua p9e1 #gf ,*9ab]ry1 #ffe ,*9a-tree1 #ffd ,*9quap91 #fcd ,*9quap9 oak1 #bdg ,*ittamwood1 #fjb ,*olla1 #fia ,cig>tree1 #dgf ,c9namon b>k1 #gja ,c9namon oak1 #bhf ,clammy locu/1 #ecg ,cliff elm1 #che ,cockspur1 #dei ,cocoa plum1 #fbb ,c(feebean1 #edg ,c(fee-b]ry1 #fih ,c(fe5ut1 #edg ,c(feetree1 #edg ,colorado blue spruce1 #acf ,common catalpa1 #dge1 #dgg ,common ?orn1 #dei ,cornel1 #ebc ,coral bean1 #eed ,coral suma*1 #fig ,cork-b>k$ ,d\glas spruce1 #afi ,cork elm1 #chj1 #che1 #cii ,cork p9e1 #ai ,corkwood1 #dbc ,corky elm1 #cii ,cotton gum1 #ccg ,cottonwood1 #ffg1 #fgc ,cotton-tree1 #ffg ,c\lt] p9e1 #fh ,c[licks1 #fjd ,c[ oak1 #bbi ,crab1 #dec ,crab apple1 #dec ,crabwood1 #gja ,crack will[1 #dgb ,creep+ p9e1 #cg ,cuban p9e1 #de ,cucumb]1 #dha ,cucumb] tree1 #dhg ,currant-tree1 #dea ,cu/>d apple1 #fdj ,cut-leav$ maple1 #dde ,cypress1 #gj1 #aci ,dahoon holly1 #fde ,d>l+ plum1 #gjj ,d>l+ton oak1 #bie ,date plum1 #eag ,decidu\s holly1 #fdf ,de] tongue1 #ejg ,delm> p9e1 #fd ,des]t junip]1 #gje ,des]t will[1 #dgg ,devil's claw1 #edd ,devil's tongue cactus1 #fid ,devilwood1 #gjj ,digg] p9e1 #ge ,dilly1 #fif ,doctor gum1 #fig ,dogwood1 #ebc ,d\ble fir1 #aea ,d\ble spruce1 #acj ,d\glas fir1 #afi ,d\glas spruce1 #afi ,d\glas-tree1 #afi ,d[n-cone1 #aff ,d[ny basswood1 #fci ,d[ny-cone subalp9e fir1 #aff ,d[ny popl>1 #ffi ,droop+ junip]1 #gje ,drummond maple1 #dcf ,duck oak1 #cbj ,dur& oak1 #bjh ,dw>f a%1 #dab ,dw>f *e/nut oak1 #bdg ,dw>f cypress1 #ahd ,dw>f junip]1 #gje ,dw>f maple1 #ddb1 #ddf ,dw>f m>9e p9e1 #fi ,dw>f rose bay1 #ejg ,dw>f suma*1 #fif ,dw>f walnut1 #cea ,dy]'s oak1 #bga ,ebony1 #eag ,eld]1 #gjj ,eld]leaf a%1 #daf ,emory oak1 #bch ,engelmann oak1 #bca ,engelmann spruce1 #ace ,engli% cornel1 #ebf ,engli% dogwood1 #ebf ,engli% haw?orn1 #dfj ,european ald]1 #eib ,ev]gre5 buck?orn1 #fih ,ev]gre5 *]ry1 #fbj ,ev]gre5 magnolia1 #dha1 #dic ,eys5h>dtia1 #ebf ,false acacia1 #ece ,false box-dogwood1 #ebc ,false mahogany1 #eca ,false %agb>k1 #cdf ,fanleaf palm1 #fic ,f>kleb]ry1 #ejh ,fat p9e1 #dc ,fea!r-cone r$ fir1 #aeg ,fea!r-leaf1 #ig ,fetid buckeye1 #fea ,fetid yew1 #bjb ,fight+ wood1 #aii ,f+]-cone p9e1 #be ,fir balsam1 #aea ,fire *]ry1 #fai ,firewood1 #ejb ,fir p9e1 #ade ,florida a%1 #dab ,florida basswood1 #fci ,florida boxwood1 #eja ,florida buttonwood1 #fhh ,florida cat's claw1 #ech ,florida mahogany1 #eca ,florida maple1 #dce ,florida p9e1 #dc ,florida torreya1 #bjb ,florida yew1 #bja ,fl[]+ a%1 #gjj ,fl[]+ cornel1 #ebc ,fl[]+ dogwood1 #ebc ,fl[]+ will[1 #dgg ,=k$-leaf black jack1 #bhc ,=k$-leaf oak1 #bag1 #bhc ,=k$-leaf :ite oak1 #bag ,f\r-w+$ halesia1 #fja ,foxtail p9e1 #ai1 #ch1 #ci ,fragrant crab1 #dec ,fras] fir1 #aea ,fras] umbrella1 #dha1 #die ,fremont cottonwood1 #ffg1 #fgj ,fremontia1 #djj ,frijolito1 #eed ,fr+e a%1 #dab ,fr+etree1 #gjj ,gambel oak1 #bad ,g>d5 wild plum1 #fbb ,georgia oak1 #bfg ,georgia p9e1 #dc ,giant arborvit1 #aae ,giant cactus1 #fic ,gigantic c$>1 #aae ,glauc\s will[1 #dgb ,glossyleaf will[1 #dif ,gold5 cup oak1 #cjh ,gold5 fir1 #afd ,gold5leaf *9quap91 #fcc ,gooseb]ry1 #ejh ,goose plum1 #fba1 #fbb ,goph]wood1 #eec ,g[5 cypress1 #ahd ,gr& fir1 #afc ,gray bir*1 #ehe ,gray elm1 #chj ,gray p9e1 #ge ,great ,cali=nia fir1 #afc ,great laurel1 #did1 #eje ,great we/]n l>*1 #hf ,gre5 a%1 #dbb ,gre5b>k acacia1 #eee ,gre5 osi]1 #ebf ,gregg a%1 #daa ,guayacon1 #fih ,gum1 #cbe ,gumbo limbo1 #fgf ,gum ela/ic1 #fif ,gum /ret* x1 #fif ,gum-tree1 #cbe ,gym9da1 #di ,hackb]ry1 #djc ,hackmatack1 #hj1 #hf ,hack-tree1 #djc ,hairy balm ( ,gilead1 #fgd ,h>db>k hickory1 #cfc ,h>dhack1 #eie ,h>d maple1 #dbg ,h>d p9e1 #dc1 #fa1 #fc ,h>d%ell1 #cfc ,h>dwoods1 #d ,h>dy catalpa1 #dge ,haw1 #dei ,haw?orn1 #dei ,heal+ balsam1 #aea ,he>t-leav$ ?orn1 #dfj ,he>t p9e1 #dc ,he>twood1 #e ,heavy p9e1 #fg ,heavy-wood$ p9e1 #fg ,h$ge1 #eaa ,h$ge-tree1 #eaa ,hemlock1 #ahg ,hemlock spruce1 #ahg1 #aic1 #aie ,h]cules' club1 #fgf1 #fii ,hickory1 #ceg ,hickory elm1 #che ,hickory oak1 #cjh ,hickory p9e1 #ch1 #eb ,hickory popl>1 #dhg ,high-gr\nd will[ oak1 #bhf ,highl& oak1 #bif ,hog haw1 #dei ,hog plum1 #fba1 #fig ,holly1 #fdc ,hollyleaf *]ry1 #faf ,honey locu/1 #ece1 #eda1 #eei ,honey-%ucks locu/1 #eda ,honey pod1 #eei ,hook]'s oak1 #bdi ,hook] will[1 #dgb ,hoop a%1 #djc1 #dae ,hooptree1 #dae ,hop hornbeam1 #eie ,hoptree1 #fii ,hornbeam1 #eie1 #fbg ,horsebean1 #edi ,horse *e/nut1 #fea ,horse plum1 #fba ,huajillo1 #ech ,huckleb]ry1 #ejh ,huckleb]ry oak1 #cji ,inc5se c$>1 #aji ,indian bean1 #dgf ,indian *]ry1 #dea ,indian pe>1 #dea ,indigo ?orn1 #eef ,inkwood1 #gjj ,i[a crab1 #ded ,iron oak1 #bbc1 #cjh ,ironwood1 #eja1 #ejb1 #eei1 #eie1 #fbg1 #fif ,ivy1 #eje ,jack oak1 #cai ,jack p9e1 #fi ,jamaica dogwood1 #ebf1 #eej ,jeffrey p9e1 #ge ,j]sey p9e1 #eg ,joewood1 #gja ,jo%ua-tree1 #fic ,judas tree1 #edh ,june b]ry1 #dea ,junip]1 #gj1 #ia1 #ii1 #aji1 #aah1 #gjf ,junip]-bu%1 #ia ,junip] c$>1 #ii ,junip] tree1 #djc ,kalmia1 #eje ,k5ai bir*1 #efe1 #ehe ,k+nut1 #cfi ,k+/ree1 #ea ,knobcone p9e1 #gjd ,kn[lton hornbeam1 #eih ,kb]l9ia1 #fig ,lanceleaf ald]1 #eib ,lanceleaf cottonwood1 #ffg1 #fgj ,lancewood1 #feg ,l>*1 #gi1 #afe ,l>ge buckeye1 #fdi ,l>geleaf umbrella1 #dha1 #dhc ,l>ge popl>1 #fge ,l>getoo? asp51 #ffg1 #fge ,laurel1 #did1 #eje1 #ejg1 #ebi ,laurel bay1 #did ,laurel *]ry1 #fbj ,laurel-leav$ magnolia1 #did ,laurel oak1 #bie1 #cai ,laurel tree1 #eca ,lea oak1 #bib ,lea!rleaf a%1 #dah ,lea!rwood1 #djj1 #ejb ,leucna1 #efb ,lev]wood1 #eie ,lignum-vit1 #fih ,lilac1 #fih ,limb] p9e1 #ai1 #gjc ,limb]-twig p9e1 #gjc ,l9n1 #fcg ,liquid-amb]1 #cbe ,little %agb>k1 #cdf ,little sug> p9e1 #be ,little walnut1 #cea ,live oak1 #bec1 #cac ,loblolly p9e1 #ee ,locu/1 #ece ,lodgepole p9e1 #gc ,logwood1 #gjj ,lomb>dy popl>1 #fhb ,longcone p9e1 #fh ,longleaf p9e1 #dc ,longleaf s]vice1 #deb ,longleaf will[1 #dif ,longleav$ p9e1 #fc ,longs*at1 #fc ,long%ucks p9e1 #ee ,long/alk will[1 #dga ,long/raw p9e1 #ee ,lovely fir1 #afe ,lovely r$ fir1 #afe ,l[l& spruce p9e1 #ea ,l[ maple1 #dce ,lyall will[1 #dif ,lynn1 #fcg ,mack5zie will[1 #dgb ,macnab cypress1 #agh ,madrona1 #ffa ,magnific5t fir1 #afd ,magnolia1 #did ,mahogany1 #dfc1 #edg ,mahogany bir*1 #efe ,man*9eel1 #gja ,mangrove1 #fhe ,manzanita1 #ffc ,maple1 #dci ,m>lb]ry1 #gja ,ma/ic1 #fif ,maul oak1 #cjh ,may *]ry1 #dea ,may haw1 #dei ,mead[ p9e1 #de1 #ee ,m5zies' spruce1 #acc ,mesquite1 #eei1 #efb ,mexican cottonwood1 #ffg1 #ffi ,mexican eld]1 #gjj ,mexican madrona1 #ffc ,mexican mulb]ry1 #ead ,mexican palmetto1 #fib ,mexican p]simmon1 #eag ,mexican p9on1 #ai1 #cc1 #gjd ,mexican walnut1 #cea ,mexican :ite p9e1 #ai ,mi*aux basswood1 #fci ,mimosa1 #efb ,m9or species1 #fie ,miss\ri will[1 #dgc ,mock] nut1 #cef1 #cfc ,mock] nut hickory1 #cfc ,mock olive1 #fbj ,mock orange1 #eaa1 #fbj ,mohave yucca1 #fic ,mont]ey cypress1 #ada ,mont]ey p9e1 #fi ,moose elm1 #cia ,moose maple1 #dce ,morehus oak1 #big ,m\nta9 ald]1 #eib ,m\nta9 a%1 #daa1 #ded1 #fge ,m\nta9 balsam1 #aea1 #aff ,m\nta9 bir*1 #ehj ,m\nta9 c$>1 #aaa ,m\nta9 elm1 #cii ,m\nta9 hemlock1 #aie ,m\nta9 holly1 #fde ,m\nta9 ivy1 #eje ,m\nta9 junip]1 #ii ,m\nta9 laurel1 #eje1 #ebi ,m\nta9 mahogany1 #aii1 #dfe ,m\nta9 man*9eel1 #fig ,m\nta9 maple1 #dce1 #dda ,m\nta9 p9e1 #be ,m\nta9 spruce1 #ace ,m\nta9 :ite oak1 #bac ,mulb]ry1 #eac ,myrtleb]ry1 #ejh ,myrtle-tree1 #ebi ,myrtle oak1 #big ,nak$-wood1 #fih ,n>r[b]ry1 #fii ,n>r[cone p9e1 #gjd ,n>r[leaf cottonwood1 #ffg1 #ffi ,n>r[leaf crab1 #dec ,n>r[leaf will[1 #dif ,native plum1 #fba ,necklace popl>1 #ffg ,netleaf oak1 #bai ,nettle-tree1 #djc ,new ,engl& boxwood1 #ebc ,newca/le ?orn1 #dei ,new ,mexican locu/1 #ecg ,new ,mexican p9on1 #bh ,noble fir1 #aeg ,nootka cypress1 #aba ,nor? ,am]ican r$ spruce1 #abg ,nor? ,c>ol9a p9e1 #di ,nor? ,c>ol9a %agb>k hickory1 #cgf ,nor!rn cork elm1 #che ,nor!rn spruce p9e1 #ai ,nor!rn :ite c$>1 #ig ,norway p9e1 #fa ,nutmeg hickory1 #cgd ,nutp9e1 #bh1 #cc1 #fh1 #gjd ,nuttall will[1 #dgb ,oak-b>k$ c$>1 #aaa ,obispo p9e1 #fi ,ohio buckeye1 #fdi1 #fea ,old-field bir*1 #ehe ,old-field p9e1 #di ,old man's be>d1 #gjj ,olivetree1 #ccg ,"o-b]ry1 #djc ,"o-se$ junip]1 #ii ,opossum wood1 #fja ,opuntias1 #fid ,oregon a%1 #dba ,oregon balsam1 #aff ,oregon crabapple1 #ded ,oregon fir1 #afc ,oregon maple1 #dci ,oregon oak1 #bce ,oregon p9e1 #afi ,oregon :ite oak1 #bce ,oreodaphne1 #ebi ,osage apple tree1 #eaa ,osage orange1 #eaa ,osi] will[1 #dif ,ov]cup oak1 #bag1 #bbc ,pacific po/ oak1 #bce ,pacific yew1 #aii ,pale-leaf hickory1 #cde ,palm] oak1 #caj ,palms1 #fia ,palmetto1 #fia ,palo blanco1 #djf ,palo v]de1 #eef ,pap] bir*1 #efe1 #ehc ,pap] mulb]ry1 #ead ,p>adise-tree1 #fgf ,p>ry nut p9e1 #ai1 #gjd ,p>ry p9on1 #gjc ,p>ry's spruce1 #acf ,patton's spruce1 #aif ,pea* oak1 #cac ,pea-fl[] locu/1 #ece ,peawood1 #fjb ,pe> haw1 #dei ,pe> ?orn1 #dei ,pecan1 #ceg1 #cgc ,pecan nut1 #cgc ,pecan tree1 #cgc ,p]simmon1 #eag ,pessim91 #eag ,pigeonb]ry1 #deb1 #ebf ,pigeon *]ry1 #fai ,pignut1 #cef1 #cfa1 #cfg ,pignut hickory1 #cfg ,pig walnut1 #cfa ,p9 *]ry1 #fai ,p9e1 #ai ,p9k locu/1 #eee ,p9 oak1 #bjh1 #bdg1 #cja ,p9on1 #ai1 #bh ,p9on p9e1 #bh1 #cc ,p9 ?orn1 #dei ,pit* p9e1 #dc1 #de1 #di1 #fc ,plan]tree1 #cig ,plane-tree1 #fjg ,plum1 #fba1 #fbb ,poison dogwood1 #fig ,poison eld]1 #fig ,poison ivy1 #eje ,poison laurel1 #eje ,poison oak1 #fig ,poison suma*1 #fig ,poisontree1 #fig ,poisonwood1 #fig1 #gja ,pond apple1 #fdj ,pond cypress1 #ada ,pond p9e1 #eg ,poorfield p9e1 #di ,poor p9e1 #ea ,popl>1 #dhg1 #fgc ,popl>-leav$ bir*1 #ehe ,popple1 #dhg1 #fge ,poppy a%1 #dbd ,possum haw1 #fdf ,possum oak1 #cbj ,possumwood1 #eag ,port ,or=d c$>1 #abc ,po/ c$>1 #ajc1 #aji ,po/ locu/1 #ece ,po/ oak1 #bbc ,pov]ty bir*1 #ehe ,p[cohiscora1 #cee ,price oak1 #cae ,pricklecone p9e1 #fi1 #gjd ,prickly a%1 #fii ,prickly p9e1 #eb ,prickly spruce1 #acf ,pr9ce's p9e1 #gj ,puget s\nd p9e1 #afi ,pumpk9 a%1 #dbc ,pumpk9 p9e1 #ai ,pumpk9-tree1 #aff ,punk oak1 #cbj ,purple buckeye1 #fdi1 #feb ,purple dogwood1 #ebf ,purple haw1 #gjj ,pyramidal magnolia1 #dha1 #dif ,quak+ asp1 #fge ,qu99e-tree1 #fii ,rattlebox1 #fja ,r$ ald]1 #ehi ,r$ a%1 #dbc ,r$b>k fir1 #afd ,r$b>k p9e1 #ge ,r$ bay1 #eca ,r$-b]ri$ eld]1 #gjj ,r$ bir*1 #egg ,r$-bract dogwood1 #ebf ,r$bud1 #edh ,r$ c$>1 #ia1 #aji ,r$ elm1 #cic1 #cii ,r$ fir1 #aeg1 #afd1 #afi ,r$ gum1 #cbe ,r$ haw1 #deg1 #dei1 #dfj ,r$he>t hickory1 #ceg ,r$ hickory1 #cfc ,r$ ironwood1 #gjj ,r$ l>*1 #hj ,r$ locu/1 #ece ,r$ maple1 #dcc ,r$ mulb]ry1 #eac ,r$ oak1 #bei1 #bfe1 #bgg1 #bhj1 #bhi ,r$ p9e1 #fa1 #afi ,r$ plum1 #fba ,r$ silv] fir1 #afe ,r$ spruce1 #abg ,r$ ?orn1 #deh ,r$ titi1 #ejb ,r$ will[1 #dif ,r$wood1 #aha ,retama1 #edi ,rhodod5dron1 #ejg ,riv] a%1 #dbc ,riv] bir*1 #efe1 #egg ,riv] cottonwood1 #ffg ,rock *e/nut oak1 #bda ,rock elm1 #chj1 #che ,rock maple1 #dbg ,rock oak1 #bda ,rocky ,m\nta9 junip]1 #abd ,rocky ,m\nta9 oak1 #bai1 #bbf ,rocky ,m\nta9 :ite p9e1 #gjc ,rose bay1 #ejg ,rosem>y p9e1 #di1 #ee ,royal palm1 #fib ,rum *]ry1 #fjc ,ru/y nannyb]ry1 #gjj ,sadl] oak1 #bbj ,saffron plum1 #fif ,salad-tree1 #edh ,s&b> will[1 #dif ,s& jack1 #bhf ,s& p9e1 #df ,sapwood p9e1 #ge ,s>g5t palm1 #fib ,s>vice1 #dea ,sassafac1 #fee ,sassafas1 #fee ,sassafrac1 #fee ,sassafras1 #fee ,sat9leaf1 #fif ,sat9 walnut1 #cbe ,sat9wood1 #fii ,savice1 #dea1 #deb ,sav91 #ia ,saxifrax1 #fee ,scaly b>k hickory1 #ceg ,sc>let haw1 #deg ,sc>let maple1 #dcc ,sc>let oak1 #bgg ,s*ott cactus1 #fid ,s*ott yucca1 #fic ,screwbean1 #efb ,screw-pod1 #efb ,scrub oak1 #bbj1 #bdg1 #bhc ,scrub p9e1 #cg1 #eg1 #gj ,seaside ald]1 #eib ,second gr[?1 #ceg ,s]viceb]ry1 #dea ,s]vice-tree1 #dea ,%adb]ry1 #dea ,%agb>k hickory1 #cee1 #ceg ,%a/a r$ fir1 #afe ,%awneewood1 #dgf ,%e balsam1 #aea ,%eepb]ry1 #fii1 #gjj ,%eepbu%1 #eed ,%eep laurel1 #eje ,%ellb>k1 #cef1 #ceg ,%ellb>k hickory1 #cfi ,%+le c$>1 #aae ,%+le oak1 #cja1 #cai ,%9 oak1 #bjh1 #bhf ,%oepeg maple1 #dcc ,%ort-fl[] mahogany1 #dff ,%ortleaf p9e1 #di ,%ortleav$ p9e1 #eg ,%ort%at1 #di ,%rub will[1 #dif ,si]ra br[nb>k p9e1 #fg ,silktop palmetto1 #fib ,silky will[1 #dgb ,silv]bell tree1 #fja1 #fjd ,silv] fir1 #aei1 #afc1 #afe ,silv]leaf will[1 #dga ,silv]-leav$ maple1 #dbi ,silv] maple1 #dbi ,silv] p9e1 #ade ,silv] spruce1 #acf1 #ade ,silv]top palmetto1 #fib ,s+leleaf p9on1 #ai1 #gja ,s+le spruce1 #acj ,sir ,joseph ,banks' p9e1 #gj ,sla% p9e1 #de1 #di1 #ee ,sitka ald]1 #eib ,sitka spruce1 #acc ,skunk spruce1 #acj ,slipp]y elm1 #chj1 #cia1 #djj ,sloe1 #fii ,small buckeye1 #fdi1 #feb ,small fruit m\nta9 a%1 #ded ,small-leaf elm1 #cii ,small-leaf horsebean1 #edi ,small laurel1 #eje ,small pignut1 #cdf ,small pignut hickory1 #cdf ,small :ite bir*1 #ehe ,smoo? cypress1 #adb ,smoo?leaf will[1 #dga ,sn[drop-tree1 #fja1 #fjc ,soapb]ry1 #dfe ,soap-tree1 #dfe ,s(t maple1 #dbi ,s(t p9e1 #ai1 #be ,s(twoods1 #d ,sol$ad p9e1 #fd ,sonora ironwood1 #efh ,sophora1 #eee ,sorrel-tree1 #ejg ,s\l>d crab1 #ded ,s\r gum1 #ccg1 #cci1 #ejg ,s\r gum bu%1 #ejg ,s\r tupelo1 #cci ,s\rwood1 #ejg ,s\!rn basswood1 #fci ,s\!rn m\nta9 p9e1 #eb ,s\!rn r$ junip]1 #id ,s\!rn r$ oak1 #bfe ,s\!rn :ite c$>1 #ajc ,s\!rn yell[ p9e1 #dc ,spani% bayonet1 #fic ,spani% dagg]1 #fic ,spani% moss1 #bef ,spani% oak1 #bjj1 #bgg1 #bhi ,spani% r$ oak1 #bhi ,sp>kleb]ry1 #ejh ,spice-tree1 #ebi ,spoon-hut*1 #ejg ,spoonwood1 #eje ,spr+wood1 #g ,spott$ oak1 #bff1 #bga1 #cbj ,spruce1 #abg1 #afi ,spruce p9e1 #de1 #di1 #ea1 #eg1 #ahg ,spruce-tree1 #ahg ,/ackpole p9e1 #aea ,/agbu%1 #fii ,/aghorn suma*1 #fig ,/>-leav$ gum1 #cbe ,/ave oak1 #bje ,/iffness ( wood1 #aa ,/+-tongue1 #fii ,/9k+ a%1 #dde ,/9k+ buckeye1 #fea ,/9k+ c$>1 #bja1 #bjb ,/9k+ sav91 #bjb ,/r5g? ( wood1 #aa ,/rip$ maple1 #ddg ,/one-se$ ,mexican p9on1 #cc ,/ump tree1 #edg ,sug> a%1 #dde ,sug>b]ry1 #djc1 #dje1 #djf ,sug> maple1 #dbg ,sug> p9e1 #ai1 #ca ,sug>-tree1 #dbg ,suma*1 #fif ,summ] haw1 #deh ,summ]wood1 #g ,sunfl[]-tree1 #gjj ,sun-lov+ p9e1 #gjd ,sunny-slope p9e1 #gjd ,swamp a%1 #daf1 #dbb ,swamp bay1 #eca ,swamp c$>1 #ajc ,swamp *e/nut oak1 #bbi ,swamp cottonwood1 #ffg1 #ffi ,swamp hickory1 #cfa1 #cge ,swamp holly1 #fdf ,swamp laurel1 #die ,swamp magnolia1 #die ,swamp maple1 #dbi1 #dcc ,swamp oak1 #bbe1 #bdi1 #cja ,swamp popl>1 #ffi ,swamp sassafras1 #die ,swamp ,spani% oak1 #cja ,swamp tupelo1 #ccg ,swamp :ite oak1 #bag1 #bbi ,swampy *e/nut oak1 #bda ,sweet bay1 #eca ,sweet bir*1 #efe1 #ehj ,sweet crab1 #dec ,sweet gum1 #cbe ,sweet locu/1 #eda ,sweet magnolia1 #dha1 #die ,sweet sc5t$ crab1 #dec ,swit*-bud hickory1 #cfg ,sycamore1 #cig1 #fjg ,table m\nta9 p9e1 #eb ,tacamahac1 #fgc ,tam>ack1 #gi1 #hf ,tanb>k oak1 #bda1 #bga ,tassajo1 #fid ,te>-blanket1 #fii ,texan ebony1 #ech ,texan r$ oak1 #bfe ,texas a%1 #daa ,texas buckeye1 #fdi ,texas cottonwood1 #ffg1 #ffi ,texas fl[]+ will[1 #dgg ,texas r$bud1 #edi ,texas umbrella-tree1 #dfe ,?ick %ellb>k1 #cfi ,?omas elm1 #che ,?orn apple1 #dei ,?orn bu%1 #dei ,?orn locu/1 #eda ,?orn plum1 #dei ,?orn-tree1 #eda ,?orny acacia1 #eda ,?orny locu/1 #eda ,?ree-leav$ maple1 #dde ,?ree-?orn$ acacia1 #eda ,?und]wood1 #fig ,?urb] cactus1 #fid ,tidel& spruce1 #acc ,tisswood1 #fjb ,titi1 #ejb1 #ebf ,too?a*e-tree1 #fii ,tor* p9e1 #ee ,tor*wood1 #fii ,tornillo1 #efb ,torrey p9e1 #fd ,t\gh bumelia1 #fif ,t\rney oak1 #cae ,trask mahogany1 #dff ,tree huckleb]ry1 #ejh ,tree myrtle1 #fih ,tree palmetto1 #fia ,tree yucca1 #fic ,trid5t oak1 #bib ,tuck-tuck1 #aeg ,tulip popl>1 #dhg ,tulip-tree1 #dhg ,tupelo1 #ccg ,turkey oak1 #bhc1 #bhf ,umbrella tree1 #dha1 #dhd1 #ebf ,upl& hickory1 #ceg ,upl& will[1 #bhe ,utah junip]1 #gjf ,valley mahogany1 #dff ,valley oak1 #bdi ,valp>aiso oak1 #cjh ,vauquel9ia1 #dff ,v9e maple1 #dda ,virgilia1 #edg ,virg9ia p9e1 #ee ,virg9ia ?orn1 #dfj ,wadswor? oak1 #bbe ,waf] a%1 #fii ,wahoo1 #che1 #cii1 #dib1 #dii1 #fii ,wahoo elm1 #cii ,walnut1 #cdc ,walnut-tree1 #cdc ,wa%+ton haw1 #dfj ,wa%+ton palm1 #fic ,wa%+ton p9e1 #aic ,wa%+ton ?orn1 #dfj ,wat] a%1 #dbb1 #dbd1 #dde ,wat] bee*1 #fjg ,wat] bir*1 #egg1 #ehj ,wat] bitt]nut1 #cge ,wat] elm1 #chj ,wat] hickory1 #cge ,wat] maple1 #dbi1 #dcc1 #dce ,wat] oak1 #bie1 #cai1 #cbj ,wat] ,spani% oak1 #cja ,wat] :ite oak1 #bag ,weep+ dogwood1 #ebf ,weep+ oak1 #bdi ,weep+ spruce1 #acf1 #aie ,weep+ will[1 #dgb ,we/]n bir*1 #efe1 #egi ,we/]n black will[1 #dif ,we/]n catalpa1 #dgf ,we/]n c$>1 #aae1 #aah ,we/]n *oke *]ry1 #faf ,we/]n dogwood1 #ebe ,we/]n hemlock1 #aic ,we/]n hemlock fir1 #aic ,we/]n hemlock spruce1 #aic ,we/]n junip]1 #aah ,we/]n l>*1 #he ,we/]n plum1 #fba ,we/]n r$ c$>1 #aae1 #aah1 #gjf ,we/]n s]viceb]ry1 #deb ,we/]n %ellb>k1 #cfi ,we/]n spruce1 #acc ,we/]n suma*1 #fih ,we/]n walnut1 #cea ,we/]n :ite fir1 #afc ,we/]n :ite oak1 #bce ,we/]n :ite p9e1 #ai1 #be1 #gjc ,we/]n yell[ p9e1 #fg ,we/]n yew1 #aii ,we/ ,indian bir*1 #fgf ,we/ ,indian *]ry1 #fbj ,weym\? p9e1 #ai ,:iskey *]ry1 #fac ,:i/lewood1 #fcg ,:ite ald]1 #eia ,:ite ,alaska bir*1 #efe1 #egi ,:ite a%1 #dji1 #dbb1 #gjj ,:ite balsam1 #aei1 #aff ,:ite b>k1 #cg ,:iteb>k maple1 #dcf ,:iteb>k p9e1 #ai1 #cg ,:ite basswood1 #fci ,:ite bay1 #die ,:ite bir*1 #efe1 #egi1 #ehe ,:ite buttonwood1 #fhh ,:ite c$>1 #ig1 #ajc1 #aji ,:ite cottonwood1 #fgj ,:ite elm1 #cgi1 #che1 #cig ,:itehe>t hickory1 #cfc ,:ite hickory1 #ceg1 #cfa1 #cfg ,:ite fir1 #aei1 #afc1 #aff ,:ite ironwood1 #gjj ,:ite laurel1 #die ,:iteleaf oak1 #bgc ,:ite locu/1 #ece ,:ite mangrove1 #fhh ,:ite maple1 #dcc1 #dci ,:ite mulb]ry1 #ead ,:ite oak1 #bje1 #bjh1 #bac1 #bbc1 #bce ,:ite p9e1 #ai1 #ea1 #gjc ,:ite popl>1 #fge1 #fhb ,:ite spruce1 #acj1 #ace1 #acf ,:ite /em p9e1 #cg ,:ite ?orn1 #dei ,:ite titi1 #ejb ,:ite walnut1 #cee1 #ceg ,:ite will[1 #dgb ,:itewood1 #dhg1 #ffg1 #gja ,wickup1 #fcg ,wild apple1 #ded ,wild black *]ry1 #fac ,wild *]ry1 #fac1 #fai ,wild ,*9a1 #dfe ,wild c9namon1 #gja ,wild crab1 #dec ,wild date1 #fic ,wild lilac1 #fih ,wild lime1 #fii ,wild olive-tree1 #ccg1 #fja ,wild orange1 #fbj ,wild pea*1 #fbj ,wild plum1 #fba ,wild r$ *]ry1 #fai ,wild rose bay1 #ejg ,wild sapodilla1 #fif ,wild tam>9d1 #efh ,wild ?orn1 #dei ,williamson's spruce1 #aie ,will[1 #dfi ,will[-leaf *]ry1 #fbj ,will[ oak1 #bgi1 #bie ,w+ elm1 #cii ,wit* elm1 #cii ,wit* hazel1 #cbh ,wood laurel1 #eje ,woolly oak1 #cae ,yaupon1 #fde ,yaupon holly1 #fde ,yell[ a%1 #eec ,yell[ b>k oak1 #bga ,yell[ basswood1 #fcg ,yell[ bir*1 #efe1 #ega ,yell[ buckeye1 #fdi ,yell[ buck?orn1 #fih ,yell[-butt oak1 #bga ,yell[ c$>1 #aah1 #aba ,yell[ *e/nut oak1 #bdg ,yell[ cottonwood1 #ffg ,yell[ cypress1 #aba ,yell[ fir1 #afc1 #afi ,yell[-leaf will[1 #dga ,yell[-fl[]$ cucumb] tree1 #dhd ,yell[ locu/1 #ece1 #eec ,yell[ oak1 #bdg1 #bga ,yell[ p9e1 #dc1 #fc ,yell[ plum1 #fba ,yell[ popl>1 #dha1 #dhg ,yell[ spruce1 #abg ,yell[-wood1 #eaa1 #eec1 #fih1 #fii ,yew1 #aii1 #bja ,yucca1 #fic ,,index ,,to ,,lat9 ,,names ,abies amabilis1 #afe ,abies arizonica1 #aed ,abies balsamea1 #ade ,abies concolor1 #aei ,abies fras]i1 #aea ,abies gr&is1 #afc ,abies lasioc>pa1 #aff ,abies magnifica1 #afd ,abies nobilis1 #gi1 #aeg ,abies %a/5sis1 #afe ,abies v5u/a1 #aga ,acacia f>nesiana1 #edc ,acacia greggii1 #edd ,acacia wrightii1 #edd ,ac] circ9atum1 #dda ,ac] floridanum1 #dce ,ac] glabrum1 #ddb1 #ddf ,ac] leucod]me1 #dcf ,ac] macrophyllum1 #dci ,ac] negundo1 #dde ,ac] negundo cali=nicum1 #ddg ,ac] nigrum1 #ddg ,ac] p5nsylvanicum1 #ddg ,ac] rubrum1 #dcc ,ac] rubrum drummondii1 #dcf ,ac] sac*>9um1 #dbi ,ac] sac*>um1 #dbg ,ac] spicatum1 #dce sculus au/r9a1 #feb sculus cali=nica1 #fea sculus glabra1 #fea sculus oct&ra1 #fdi sculus oct&ra hybrida1 #feb ,ailan?us gl&ulosa1 #fgf ,alnus acum9ata1#eib ,alnus glut9osa1 #eib ,alnus m>itima1 #eib ,alnus oregona1 #ehi ,alnus rhombifolia1 #eia ,alnus rugosa1 #eib ,alnus sit*5sis1 #eib ,alnus t5uifolia1 #eif ,amelan*i] alnifolia1 #deb ,amelan*i] canad5sis1 #dea ,amelan*i] obovalis1 #deb ,amyris m>itima1 #fii ,&rom$a f]rug9ea1 #ebf ,annona glabra1 #fdj ,aralia sp9osa1 #fge ,arbutus arizonica1 #ffc ,arbutus m5ziesii1 #ffa ,arbutus xalap5sis1 #ffc ,arcto/aphylos manzanita1 #ffc ,asim9a triloba1 #fdj ,avic5nia nitida1 #fhh ,betula alaskana1 #egi ,betula crulea1 #efe1 #ehe ,betula font9alis1 #efe1 #ehj ,betula k5aica1 #efe1 #ehe ,betula l5ta1 #efe ,betula lutea1 #efe1 #ega ,betula nigra1 #efe1 #egg ,betula occid5talis1 #efe1 #egi ,betula papyrif]a1 #efe1 #ehc ,betula p5dula1 #ehf ,betula populifolia1 #efe1 #ehe ,br\ssonetia papyrif]a1 #ead ,bumelia angu/ifolia1 #fif ,bumelia lanug9osa1 #fif ,bumelia lycioides1 #fif ,bumelia t5ax1 #fif ,burs]a sim>uba1 #fgg ,camcyp>is lawsoniana1 #abc ,camcyp>is nootkat5sis1 #aba ,camcyp>is ?yoides1 #ajc ,canella w9t]ana1 #gja ,canotia holacan?a1 #fii ,c>p9us c>ol9iana1 #fbg ,ca/anea d5tata1 #fca ,ca/anea pumila1 #fcd ,ca/anopsis *rysophylla1 #fcc ,catalpa catalpa1 #dge1 #dgg ,catalpa speciosa1 #dge ,cela/race1 #dii ,celtis mississippi5sis1 #djc1 #dje ,celtis occid5talis1 #djc ,celtis reticulata1 #djf ,c]cidium floridum1 #eee ,c]cidium torreyanum1 #eef ,c]cis canad5sis1 #edh ,c]cis occid5talis1 #edi ,c]cis r5i=mis1 #edi ,c]coc>pus l$ifolius1 #dff ,c]coc>pus p>vifolius1 #dff ,c]coc>pus p>vifolius breviflorus1 #dff ,c]coc>pus traski1 #dff ,c]eus giganteus1 #fic ,c]eus s*ottii1 #fid ,c]eus ?urb]i1 #fid ,*ilopsis l9e>is1 #dgg ,*ionan?us virg9ica1 #gjj ,*rysobalanus icaco1 #fbb ,*rysophyllum monopyr5um1 #fif ,cladra/is lutea1 #eec ,cleano?us arboreus1 #fih ,cleano?us ?yrsiflorus1 #fih ,cliftonia monophylla1 #ejb ,colubr9a recl9ata1 #fih ,condalia obovata1 #gjj ,conoc>pus erecta1 #fhh ,cornus alt]nifolia1 #ebf ,cornus florida1 #ebc ,cornus florida p5dula1 #ebf ,cornus florida rubra1 #ebf ,cornus nuttallii1 #ebe ,cot9us cot9oides1 #fig ,cratgus1 #deg ,cratgus /ivalis1 #deh ,cratgus bra*yacan?a1 #dei ,cratgus cocc9ea1 #deg ,cratgus cordata1 #dfj ,cratgus crus-galli1 #dei ,cratgus d\glasii1 #dfj ,cratgus oxyacan?a1 #dfj ,cratgus tom5tosa1 #dei ,cupressus arizonica1 #aci1 #adb ,cupressus glabra1 #aci1 #adb ,cupressus gov5iana1 #aci1 #ahd ,cupressus macnabiana1 #aci1 #agh ,cupressus macroc>pa1 #aci1 #ada ,cupressus pygma1 #aci1 #ahd ,cyrilla racemiflora1 #eja ,dalea sp9osa1 #eef ,d5dropogon us5oides1 #bef ,diospyros texana1 #ebj ,diospyros virg9iana1 #eag ,dipholis salicifolia1 #fif ,evonymus atropurpureus1 #dii ,exo!a paniculata1 #gjj ,eys5h>dtia or?oc>pa1 #eef ,fagus atropunicea1 #fbe ,frax9us am]icana1 #dji ,frax9us anomala1 #dab ,frax9us b]l&i]iana1 #dah ,frax9us biltmoreana1 #dbd ,frax9us c>ol9iana1 #dbd ,frax9us cuspidata1 #dab ,frax9us floridana1 #dbd ,frax9us greggii1 #daa ,frax9us lanceolata1 #dbb ,frax9us nigra1 #dae ,frax9us oregona1 #dba ,frax9us p5nsylvanica1 #dbc ,frax9us pr(unda1 #dbc ,frax9us quadrangulata1 #dag ,frax9us tex5sis1 #daa ,frax9us velut9a1 #dah ,fremontod5dron cali=nicum1 #djj ,gaul!ria procumb5s1 #eff ,gl$itsia aquatica1 #edc ,gl$itsia texana1 #edc ,gl$itsia triacan?os1 #eda ,guajacum sanctum1 #fih ,gym9da griseba*ii1 #dij ,gymnan!s lucida1 #gja ,gymnocladus dioicus1 #edg ,hamamelis virg9iana1 #cbh ,helietta p>vifolia1 #fii ,het]omeles arbutifolia1 #fde ,hicoria alba1 #cef1 #cfc1 #cfd ,hicoria aquatica1 #cge ,hicoria c>ol9-sept5trionalis1 #cgf ,hicoria glabra1 #cef1 #cfa1 #cfd1 #cfg ,hicoria lac9iosa1 #cfi ,hicoria m9ima1 #cfa1 #cfd ,hicoria myri/ic=mis1 #cgd ,hicoria odorata1 #cdf ,hicoria ovata1 #cee1 #cef ,hicoria texana1 #cge ,hicoria villosa1 #cde ,hippomane manc9ella1 #gja ,hypelate trifoliata1 #gjj ,icacorea paniculata1 #gja ,i*?yome?ia piscipula1 #eej ,ilex cass9e1 #fde ,ilex cass9e angu/ifolia1 #fde ,ilex decidua1 #fdf ,ilex monticola1 #fde ,ilex myrtifolia1 #fde ,ilex opaca1 #fdc ,ilex vomitoria1 #fde ,jaqu9ia armill>is1 #gja ,juglans cali=nica1 #cea ,juglans c9]ea1 #cei ,juglans nigra1 #bdc ,juglans rupe/ris1 #cea ,junip]us b>bad5sis1 #id ,junip]us cali=nica1 #aab ,junip]us communis1 #gje ,junip]us flaccida1 #gje ,junip]us monosp]ma1 #ii ,junip]us occid5talis1 #aah ,junip]us pa*yphla1 #aaa ,junip]us sab9oides1 #ii ,junip]us scopulorum1 #abd ,junip]us utah5sis1 #gjf ,junip]us virg9iana1 #ia ,kalmia latifolia1 #eje1 #fee ,khaya s5egal5sis1 #dfc ,kb]l9ia sp9osa1 #fie ,laguncul>ia racemosa1 #fhh ,l>ix am]icana1 #hj ,l>ix l>ic9a1 #gi ,l>ix lyallii1 #hh ,l>ix occid5talis1 #he ,leitn]ia floridana1 #dbc ,leucna glauca1 #efb ,leucna pulv]ul5ta1 #efb ,liboc$rus decurr5s1 #aji ,liquidamb> /yraciflua1 #cbe ,liriod5dron tulipif]a1 #dha ,lysiloma latisiliqua1 #efh ,magnolia acum9ata1 #dha ,magnolia acum9ata cordata1 #dhd ,magnolia ftida1 #dha1 #dic ,magnolia fras]i1 #dha ,magnolia glauca1 #dha1 #die ,magnolia macrophylla1 #dha1 #dhc ,magnolia pyramidata1 #dha1 #dif ,magnolia tripetala1 #dha1 #dhd ,malus angu/ifolia1 #dec ,malus coron>ia1 #dec ,malus io5sis1 #ded ,malus malus1 #ded ,malus rivul>is1 #ded ,malus s\l>di1 #ded ,meliace1 #dfc ,melia az$>a*1 #dfd ,melia az$>a* umbraculif]a1 #afe ,mimusops sieb]i1 #fif ,mohrod5dron c>ol9um1 #fja ,mohrod5dron dipt]um1 #fja ,morus alba1 #ead ,morus celtidifolia1 #ead ,morus rubra1 #eac ,ne[a%+tonia filam5tosa1 #fic ,nyssa aquatica1 #ccg ,nyssa biflora1 #cdj ,nyssa oge*e1 #ccg1 #cci ,nyssa sylvatica1 #ccg ,ocotea catesbyana1 #feg ,olneya tesota1 #efh ,opuntia fulgida1 #fid ,opuntia sponsior1 #fid ,opuntia v]sicolor1 #fid ,oreodoxa regia1 #fib ,osman?us am]icanus1 #gjj ,o/rya kn[ltoni1 #eih ,o/rya virg9iana1 #eie ,oxyd5drum arboreum1 #ejg ,p]sea borbonia1 #eca ,p]sea pubesc5s1 #ecb ,picea brew]iana1 #acf ,picea canad5sis1 #acj ,picea engelmanni1 #ace ,picea m>iana1 #abi ,picea p>ryana1 #acf ,picea rub5s1 #abg ,picea sit*5sis1 #acc ,p9us albicaulis1 #ai1 #cg ,p9us ari/ata1 #ai1 #ch1 #dc ,p9us arizonica1 #dc1 #gje ,p9us att5uata1 #gjd ,p9us balf\riana1 #ai1 #ch ,p9us cembroides1 #ai1 #cc ,p9us *ihuahuana1 #dc1 #gf ,p9us clausa1 #dc1 #df ,p9us contorta1 #dc1 #gc ,p9us c\lt]i1 #dc1 #fh ,p9us div>icata1 #dc1 #fi ,p9us e*9ata1 #dc1 #di ,p9us edulis1 #ai1 #bh ,p9us flexilis1 #ai1 #gjc ,p9us glabra1 #dc1 #ea ,p9us het]ophylla1 #dc1 #de ,p9us jeffreyi1 #ge ,p9us lamb]tiana1 #ai1 #be1 #ca ,p9us monophylla1 #ai1 #gja ,p9us monticola1 #ai1 #be ,p9us muricata1 #dc1 #fi ,p9us palu/ris1 #dc ,p9us pond]osa1 #dc1 #fg ,p9us pung5s1 #dc1 #eb ,p9us quadrifolia1 #ai1 #gjd ,p9us radiata1 #dc1 #fi ,p9us res9osa1 #dc1 #fa ,p9us rigida1 #dc1 #fc ,p9us sab9iana1 #dc1 #ge ,p9us s]ot9a1 #dc1 #eg ,p9us /robi=mis1 #ai1 #bg ,p9us /robus1 #ai1 #be ,p9us tda1 #dc1 #ee ,p9us torreyana1 #dc1 #fd ,p9us virg9iana1 #dc1 #eg ,plan]a aquatica1 #cig ,platanus occid5talis1 #fjg ,platanus racemosa1 #fji ,platanus wrightii1 #faj ,populus acum9ata1 #ffg1 #fgj ,populus alba1 #fhb ,populus angu/ifolia1 #ffg1 #ffi ,populus balsamif]a1 #ffg1 #fgc ,populus balsamif]a c&icans1 #fgc ,populus deltoides1 #ffg ,populus fremontii1 #ffg1 #fgj ,populus gr&id5tata1 #ffg1 #fge ,populus het]ophylla1 #ffg1 #ffi ,populus mexicana1 #ffg1 #ffi ,populus nigra1 #fha ,populus nigra italica1 #fhb ,populus tremuloides1 #ffg1 #fgf ,populus tri*oc>pa1 #ffg1 #ffi ,populus wisliz5i1 #ffg1 #ffi ,p>k9sonia aculeata1 #edi ,p>k9sonia microphylla1 #edi ,prosopis juliflora1 #eei ,prosopis juliflora gl&ulosa1 #efb ,prosopis juliflora velut9a1 #efb ,prosopis odorata1 #efb ,prunus allegh5i5sis1 #fbb ,prunus am]icana1 #fba ,prunus angu/ifolia1 #fbb ,prunus c>ol9iana1 #fbj ,prunus demissa1 #faf ,prunus em>g9ata1 #faf ,prunus hortulana1 #fbb ,prunus ilicifolia1 #faf ,prunus nigra1 #fba ,prunus p5nsylvanica1 #fai ,prunus salicifolia1 #fbj ,prunus s]ot9a1 #fac ,prunus sphroc>pa1 #fbj ,prunus subcordata1 #fba ,prunus umbellata1 #fba ,prunus virg9iana1 #fae ,pseudophnix s>g5tii1 #fib ,pseudotsuga macroc>pa1 #agb ,pseudotsuga taxifolia1 #afi ,ptelea trifoliata1 #fii ,pyrus am]icana1 #ded ,pyrus microc>pa1 #ded ,qu]cus acum9ata1 #bdg ,qu]cus agrifolia1 #cjg ,qu]cus alba1 #bje ,qu]cus alvordiana1 #bbj ,qu]cus arizonica1 #bje1 #bah ,qu]cus brevifolia1 #bhe ,qu]cus breviloba1 #bjh ,qu]cus brew]i1 #bje1 #bbj ,qu]cus cali=nica1 #bhe ,qu]cus catesbi1 #bei1 #bhc ,qu]cus *apmani1 #bjh ,qu]cus *rysolepis1 #cjh ,qu]cus *rysolepis palm]i1 #cja ,qu]cus *rysolepis vacc9ifolia1 #cji ,qu]cus cocc9ea1 #bgg ,qu]cus d5siflora1 #cac ,qu]cus digitata1 #bei1 #bhi ,qu]cus d\glasii1 #bac ,qu]cus dumosa1 #bje1 #bcg ,qu]cus emoryi1 #bje1 #bch ,qu]cus engelmanni1 #bje1 #bca ,qu]cus gambelii1 #bje1 #bad ,qu]cus g>ryana1 #bje1 #bce ,qu]cus georgiana1 #bei1 #bfg ,qu]cus het]ophylla1 #cbb ,qu]cus hypoleuca1 #bei1 #bgc ,qu]cus imbric>ia1 #bei1 #cai ,qu]cus laurifolia1 #bei1 #cai ,qu]cus leana1 #bib ,qu]cus lobata1 #bje1 #bdi ,qu]cus lyrata1 #bje1 #bag ,qu]cus macroc>pa1 #bje1 #baa ,qu]cus m>il&ica1 #bei1 #bia ,qu]cus mi*auxii1 #bje1 #bbi ,qu]cus m9or1 #bbc1 #bda ,qu]cus morehus1 #bei1 #big ,qu]cus myrtifolia1 #bei1 #big ,qu]cus nigra1 #bei1 #cbj ,qu]cus oblongifolia1 #bje1 #bbf ,qu]cus palu/ris1 #bei1 #cja ,qu]cus phellos1 #bei1 #bgi ,qu]cus platanoides1 #bje1 #bbe ,qu]cus pricei1 #bei1 #cae ,qu]cus pr9oides1 #bje ,qu]cus pr9us1 #bje1 #bda ,qu]cus pumila1 #bei1 #cae ,qu]cus reticulata1 #bje1 #bai ,qu]cus rubra1 #bei ,qu]cus sadl]i1 #bje1 #bbj ,qu]cus texana1 #bei1 #bfe ,qu]cus tom5tella1 #cae ,qu]cus t\meyi1 #bje1 #cae ,qu]cus trid5tata1 #bib ,qu]cus undulata1 #bje1 #bai ,qu]cus velut9a1 #bei1 #bga ,qu]cus virg9iana1 #bje1 #bec ,qu]cus wisliz5i1 #bei1 #bif ,reynosia latifolia1 #gjj ,rhamnidium f]reum1 #gjj ,rhamnus c>ol9iana1 #fih ,rhamnus crocea1 #fih ,rhamnus pur%iana1 #fih ,rhizophora mangle1 #fhe ,rhodod5dron catawbi5se1 #ejg ,rhodod5dron maximum1 #ejf ,rhus copall9a1 #fif ,rhus hirta1 #fig ,rhus integrifolia1 #fih ,rhus metopium1 #fig ,rhus v]nix1 #fig ,rob9ia neo-mexicana1 #ecg ,rob9ia pseudacacia1 #ece ,rob9ia viscosa1 #ecg ,sabal mexicana1 #fib ,sabal palmetto1 #fia ,salix alba1 #dgb ,salix amplifolia1 #dgb ,salix amygdaloides1 #dga ,salix babylonica1 #dgb ,salix bebbiana1 #dga ,salix cordata mack5zieana1 #dgb ,salix discolor1 #dgb ,salix fluviatilis1 #dif ,salix hook]iana1 #dgb ,salix lvigata1 #dga ,salix lasi&ra1 #dif ,salix lasi&ra lyalli1 #dif ,salix lasiolepis1 #dgb ,salix longipes1 #dga ,salix lucida1 #dif ,salix miss\ri5sis1 #dgb ,salix nigra1 #dif ,salix nuttallii1 #dgb ,salix sessilifolia1 #dga ,salix sit*5sis1 #dgb ,salix taxifolia1 #dga ,sambucus callic>pa1 #gjj ,sambucus glauca1 #gjj ,sambucus mexicana1 #gjj ,sap9dus drummondi1 #dfe ,sap9dus m>g9atus1 #dfe ,sap9dus sapon>ia1 #dfe ,sassafras sassafras1 #fee ,s*ff]ia frutesc5s1 #eja ,sequoia semp]vir5s1 #aha ,sequoia wa%+toniana1 #age ,sid]oxylon ma/i*od5dron1 #fib ,sim>\ba glauca1 #fgf ,sophora aff9is1 #eee ,sophora secundiflora1 #eed ,swiet5ia mahagoni1 #dfc ,taxodium di/i*um1 #aci ,taxodium imbric>ium1 #aci1 #ada ,taxus brevifolia1 #aii ,taxus floridana1 #bja ,t]m9alia buc]as1 #fhh ,?r9ax microc>pa1 #fib ,?r9ax p>viflora1 #fib ,?uja occid5talis1 #ig ,?uja plicata1 #aae ,tilia am]icana1 #fcg ,tilia au/ralis1 #fci ,tilia floridana1 #fci ,tilia het]ophylla1 #fcg1 #fci ,tilia mi*auxii1 #fci ,tilia pubesc5s1 #fci ,toxylon pomif]um1 #eaa ,tsuga canad5sis1 #ahg ,tsuga c>ol9iana1 #ahg1 #gjc ,tsuga het]ophylla1 #ahg1 #aic ,tsuga m]t5siana1 #ahg1 #aie ,tumion cali=nicum1 #bja ,tumion taxifolium1 #bjb ,ulmus alata1 #cgi1 #cii ,ulmus am]icana1 #cgi ,ulmus crassifolia1 #cgi1 #cib ,ulmus pubesc5s1 #cgi1 #cia ,ulmus racemosa1 #cgi1 #che ,ulmus s]ot9a1 #cgi1 #cic ,umbellul>ia cali=nica1 #ebi1 #fee ,vacc9ium arboreum1 #ejh ,vauquel9ia cali=nica1 #dff ,viburnum l5tago1 #gjj ,viburnum prunifolium1 #fii ,viburnum rufotom5tosum1 #gjj ,xan?oxylum clava-h]culis1 #fii ,xan?oxylum cribrosum1 #fii ,xan?oxylum fag>a1 #fii ,yucca aloifolia1 #fic ,yucca arboresc5s1 #fic ,yucca brevifolia1 #fic ,yucca gloriosa1 #fic ,yucca macroc>pa1 #fic ,yucca mohav5sis1 #fic ,yucca treculeana1 #fic ,zygia brevifolia1 #ech ,zygia flexicaulis1 #ech ,zygia unguis-cati1 #ech 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,?is text foll[s ! text ( ! orig9al publication2 inconsi/5t hyph5ation1 spac+1 capitalisation1 punctuation etc4 h be5 reta9$ except z m5tion$ bel[4 ,non-,engli% words h n be5 correct$1 except z m5tion$ bel[4 ,"s entries 9 ! indexes h be5 mov$ to _! prop] alphabetical ord]4 ,rem>ks on ! text3 ,page #aaa1 ,junip]us pa*yphla_/pa*yphla3 bo? spell+s seem to be us$1 ! orig9al gives pa*yphla2 ?is has be5 reta9$4 ,page #ahg3 444 9 ,engl& x is call$ 444 %\ld possibly read 444 9 ,new ,engl& x is call$ 4444 ,page #dbc3 ,new ,madrid c\ntry3 %\ld possibly read ,new ,madrid ,c\nty4 ,page #dcc3 444 & ! r&om ( _! flight 4443 probably !re is a ^w miss+ f ?is s5t5ce4 ,page #fbg3 444 & m ?an t mu* m by manufactur]s ( 444 %\ld possibly read 444 & mu* m ?an t by manufactur]s ( 4444 ,*anges made3 ,! pages ) photographs ( ! ,tam>ack & ! ,we/]n ,l>* h be5 int]*ang$4 ,"s obvi\s punctuation errors & miss+ punctuation h be5 correct$ sil5tly4 ,page #g3 ,spr+ & summ]wood *ang$ to ,spr+- & summ]wood ,page #ac3 possess !n *ang$ to possess !m ,page #cb3 wa/ful *ang$ to wa/eful ,page #fc3 ,norway p9e has pa/ *ang$ to ,norway p9e has pass$ ,page #ia3 oldfield *ang$ to old-field ,page #ajd3 ,gottleib ,mittelb]g] *ang$ to ,gottlieb ,mittelb]g] ,page #aje3 /agnant logoons *ang$ to /agnant lagoons ,page #aaa3 sep>at+ into =kes *ang$ to sep>at+ into =ks ,page #aah3 junip]1 c$> *ang$ to junip] c$> ,page #abd3 int]oir *ang$ to int]ior ,page #abh3 c>eful cull+ *ang$ to c>eful cutt+ ,page #acj3 ,eruope *ang$ to ,europe ,page #aci3 pygmaea *ang$ to pygma z else:]e2 n9ty-n9e *ang$ to n9ety-n9e ,page #adf3 are quit di/9ct *ang$ to are q di/9ct ,page #aga3 ,cupressus macrocorpa *ang$ to ,cupressus macroc>pa ,page #ahh3 :i* c>ri]s on *ang$ to :i* c>ries on ,page #bdh3 ,guadal\pe riv] *ang$ to ,guadalupe riv] ,page #bee3 lignum-vitae *ang$ to lignum-vit ,page #bgc3 sappl+ *ang$ to sapl+ ,page #bhi3 anyone *ang$ to any "o ,page #cja3 pubesc5se *ang$ to pubesc5ce ,page #cbe3 liquid-amb]1 gum *ang$ to liquid-amb] gum ,page #cfc3 hog%ead *ang$ to hog%eads ,page #cfd3 f]qu5tly *ang$ to frequ5tly2 ,s>g5ts' *ang$ to ,s>g5t's ,page #che3 ! woods t\ghness *ang$ to ! wood's t\ghness ,page #cii3 ,vrig9ians *ang$ to ,virg9ians ,page #djc3 new ,j]sey "n *ang$ to ,new ,j]sey "n ,page #djd3 d\bltess *ang$ to d\btless ,page #daj3 travell] *ang$ to travel] z else:]e ,page #dab3 draw+ rotat$ #ij ,page #dae3 9 o!r woods *ang$ to 9 o!r words ,page #dbb3 conc5sus *ang$ to cons5sus ,page #dbi3 s9u\ses *ang$ to s9uses2 unkept1 neglect$ appe>ance *ang$ to unkempt1 neglect$ appe>ance ,page #dcc3 ,new ,york ,indianas *ang$ to ,new ,york ,indians ,page #dcf3 draw+ rotat$ #ij ,page #dfc3 ,swi5t5ia *ang$ to ,swiet5ia ,page #dfe3 ,soapbe]y *ang$ to ,soapb]ry ,page #dge3 ,abbe ,bignon *ang$ to ,abb ,bignon ,page #ejb3 ,dom5ico ,civillo *ang$ to ,dom5oci ,cirillo ,page #eah3 specie *ang$ to species ,page #ebi3 pug5t *ang$ to pung5t ,page #ecg3 z = nor? *ang$ to z f> nor? ,page #edd3 cl[d$ *ang$ to cl\d$ ,page #eee3 mammels *ang$ to mammals ,page #eff3 ,gual!ria procumb5s *ang$ to ,gaul!ria procumb5s ,page #egc3 manufactures *ang$ to manufactur]s ,page #ehj3 ,betula fontanalis *ang$ to ,betula font9alis ,page #ehi3 raddi% *ang$ to radi% ,page #eib3 aboresc5t *ang$ to arboresc5t ,page #eie3 ,tr9tiy riv] *ang$ to ,tr9ity riv] ,page #fai3 x a prolific se$] *ang$ to x is a prolific se$] ,page #fbb3 ,*ikasaw ,plum *ang$ to ,*ickasaw ,plum ,page #fcc3 c\rse-gra9$ *ang$ to co>se-gra9$ ,page #fef3 losses its "n *ang$ to loses its "n ,page #fge3 ,sim>uba glauca *ang$ to ,sim>\ba glauca ,page #fic3 ,mahave des]t *ang$ to ,mohave des]t ,page #fid3 opunitas *ang$ to opuntias4 ,9 ! indexes ! fol[+ *anges h be5 made s t ! indexes use ! same spell+ z ! text3 ,page i3 ,alligator-wood to ,alligator wood1 ,bay-tree to ,bay tree ,page ii3 ,cali=nia bay-tree to ,cali=nia bay tree1 ,calico-bu% to ,calico bu% ,page iii3 ,cucumb]-tree to ,cucumb] tree ,page iv3 ,glaucus will[ to ,glauc\s will[1 ,holly-leaf *]ry to ,hollyleaf *]ry1 ,=k$-leaf blackjack to ,=k$-leaf black jack ,page v3 ,juneb]ry to ,june b]ry1 ,k+tree to ,k+/ree1 ,long*at to ,longs*at1 ,judas-tree to ,judas tree1 ,junip]-tree to ,junip] tree1 ,liquidamb] to ,liquid-amb] ,page vi3 ,oldfield to ,old-field 7#bx71 ,nak$wood to ,nak$-wood1 ,osage appletree to ,osage apple tree ,page vii3 ,scalyb>k hickory to ,scaly b>k hickory1 ,s+le-leaf p9on to ,signleleaf p9on1 ,smoo?-leaf will[ to ,smoo?leaf will[ ,page ix3 ,wild *9a to ,wild ,*9a ,page x3 cucumb]-tree to cucumb] tree ,page xi3 ,&romida f]rug9ea to ,&rom$a f]rug9ea1 ,cl$ra/ris lutea to ,cladra/ris lutea1 ,columbr9a recl9ata to ,colubr9a recl9ata1 ,c&alia obovata to ,condalia obovata1 ,canotia holocan?a to ,canotia holacan?a1 ,ac] leucod]ma to ,ac] leucod]me1 ,bumelia lycoides to ,bumelia lycioides1 ,alnus t5nuifolia to ,alnus t5uifolia ,page xii3 ,juglans c9]a to ,juglans c9]ea1 ,delea sp9osa to ,dalea sp9osa1 ,cratgus oxacan?a to ,cratgus oxyacan?a ,page xiii3 ,p9us jeff]i to ,p9us jeffreyi1 ,ne[a%+toniana filam5tosa to ,ne[a%+tonia filam5tosa1 ,oxyd5dron arboreum to ,oxyd5drum arboreum ,page xiv3 ,tilia am]ciana to ,tilia am]icana1 ,rob9ia neomexicana to ,rob9ia neo-mexicana1 ,salix sessifolia to ,salix sessilifolia4