,,how ,,to ,,fence4 ,,containing ,,full ,,instruction ,,for ,,fencing ,,and ,,the ,,use ,,of ,,the ,,broadsword2 ,,also ,,instruction ,,in ,,archery1 ,,described ,,with ,,twenty-,,one ,,practical ,,illustrations4 ,a ,,complete ,,book4 ,,new ,,york3 ,,frank ,,tousey1 ,publisher1 #cd ,,and #cf ,,north ,,moore ,,street4 ,entered according to ,act of ,congress1 in the year #ahhd1 by ,,frank ,,tousey1 ,in the ,office of the ,librarian of ,congress at ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,,table ,,of ,,contents ,how to ,fence ,broadsword ,exercise ,archery ,hurdle ,racing ,vaulting with ,pole1 or ,pole-,leaping ,throwing the ,hammer ,putting the ,shot ,illustration ,,how ,,to ,,fence4 ,fencing is the art of using the small-sword1 or rapier4 ,the small-sword has a straight blade1 about thirty-two inches in length outside the guard1 and is fashioned for thrusting only4 ,although it is an art of the greatest antiquity1 very great improvements have been made in it during the last half-century1 chiefly by ,french masters1 who excel those of all other countries4 ,this has been attributed to various causes2 by some to the agility and acknowledged power of rapid physical action possessed by this nation2 by others1 to their natural vivacity and mental quickness4 ,in my opinion1 however1 a more direct and powerful cause may be traced in the great encouragement and universal patronage which it has ever received from every grade of a chivalrous and military people4 ,every regiment has its maitre d'armes1 and every barrack its fencing-school4 ,indeed1 in so important a light was the proper teaching of this art held1 that one of the ,french kings 7,louis ,,xiv47 granted letters-patent to twenty eminent masters1 who alone were permitted to teach in ,paris4 ,when a vacancy occurred1 no interest and no favor could enable a candidate to obtain this privilege3 he had to fence in public with six of these chosen masters1 and if by any of them he was beaten by two distinct hits1 he was considered unqualified to teach in the capital4 ,independent of its value as the scientific use of the sword--the gentleman's weapon of defense1 par excellence--fencing stands unrivaled as an exercise2 and it is in this sense that it will now be treated4 ,the most eminent physicians which this country have produced1 have all1 in the most earnest manner1 recommended it to the attention of the young4 ,thus1 ,dr4 ,clive says3 ,muscular exertion is essential in perfecting the form of the body1 and those exercises which require the exercise of the greatest number of muscles are the most conducive to this end4 ,fencing causes more muscles to act at the same time than most other exercises4 ,it promotes the expansion of the chest1 and improves respiration1 whereby the functions of the most important organs of the body are more perfectly performed4 ,sir ,anthony ,carlisle uses similar language3 ,according to my judgment1 the exercise of fencing tends to promote bodily health1 and the development of athletic powers4 ,it is likewise apparent that the attitudes and exertions of fencing are conducive to the manly forms and muscular energies of the human figure4 ,again1 ,sir ,everard ,home1 in still stronger terms3 ,of all the different modes in which the body can be exercised1 there is none1 in my judgment1 that is capable of giving strength and velocity1 as well as precision1 to the action of all the voluntary muscles of the body in an equal degree as the practice of fencing1 and none more conducive to bodily health4 ,i shall give one more extract from another physician of equal eminence1 ,dr4 ,babbington3 ,i am of opinion that1 in addition to the amusement which this exercise 7fencing7 affords1 it is particularly calculated to excite in young persons a greater degree of energy and circumspection than they might otherwise possess2 and it is obvious that1 in respect of health1 that mode of exertion is superior to all others1 which1 while it gives motion and activity to every part of the body1 produces at the same time corresponding interest in the mind4 ,sir ,john ,sinclair1 ,dr4 ,pemberton1 c41 speak in terms equally recommendatory4 ,to avoid all danger in the lessons and practice1 foils are substituted for real swords4 ,strong wire masks are worn on the face1 a well-padded glove on the hand2 and the upper part of the body1 at which alone the thrusts are aimed1 is protected by a strong jacket1 the right side and collar of which should be of leather4 ,the first movement a beginner has to learn1 is the manner of placing himself in the position called ,,the ,,guard4 ,it is from this position that all movements are made1 whether offensive or defensive4 ,let the beginner be placed with his knees straight1 his feet at right angles1 heel to heel2 the right foot1 right side1 and face directed to the master4 ,the body must be held upright and firm1 the arms hanging down by the side1 but easily and without constraint1 the left hand holding the foil a few inches beneath its guard4 ,next1 let him bring the right hand across the body1 and seize the foil-handle2 by a second movement1 bring the foil above the head1 the hands separating as they ascend1 until both arms be nearly extended upwards and outwards4 ,here pause4 ,this may be called the first position of the ,guard4 ,these movements should be frequently practiced1 as they accustom the arms to move independently of the body1 flatten the joints of the shoulders1 and give prominence to the chest4 ,to arrive at the second position of the ,guard1 the right arm1 with the foil1 is brought down to the front1 until the right elbow is a little above and in advance of the waist2 the fore-arm and foil sloping upwards2 the point of the foil being the height of the upper part of the face2 then1 by a second movement1 the learner must sink down1 separating the knees1 and stepping forward with the right foot fourteen or sixteen inches2 for1 of course1 the guard of a tall man will be wider than that of a short one4 ,however1 his own comfort in the position will direct him as to the distance2 and the general rule is1 that the knee of the left leg will jut over the toes of the left foot1 and the right leg from ankle to knee be perpendicular4 ,it is in this position that he will receive all attacks from an adversary1 and from this position will all his own attacks be made4 ,also in this position will he ,illustration ,,advance upon an adversary1 when beyond hitting distance4 ,the step in the advance is usually about that of the width of the ,guard1 although of course this would vary with circumstances4 ,the step is made by advancing the right foot the distance ,i have named2 and on its reaching the ground1 the left foot is brought up1 and takes its place4 ,to ,,retreat1 the reverse of the above movement is made4 ,the left foot takes the lead1 stepping to the rear about as far as the right had stepped to the front2 the right occupying its place on its taking up its new position4 ,the next movement1 ,,the ,,longe1 ,illustration is a very important movement1 and is rather difficult to make properly1 and fatiguing to practice4 ,indeed1 the first movements in fencing are the most trying to the learner2 and he must not be discouraged if he fails to do them correctly at first--practice only will give him this power4 ,the ,longe is that extension of body which accompanies every attack1 and is thus made3--,the right arm is extended straight from the shoulder1 the arm and blade being on the same level2 by a second movement1 the right foot is raised from the ground1 and a step made forward1 about eighteen inches in length1 while the left remains firmly planted in its place4 ,at the instant that this step is made1 the left hand is allowed to fall within a few inches of the left thigh1 and the left knee is stiffened back until the leg is perfectly straight4 ,the thigh of the right leg will now be in a position nearly horizontal2 from the knee downwards perpendicular4 ,having executed the ,longe1 the next movement to be made is ,,the ,,recover2 that is1 to return from the position of the ,longe to that of the ,guard1 and is thus effected3--,the left arm is nimbly thrown up to its place1 the right arm drawn in1 and the left knee re-bent4 ,these movements must be made at the same time1 as it is their united action that enables a person to recover from so extended a position as the ,longe quick enough to avoid a thrust if his own attack has failed4 ,these movements must be frequently practiced before any others are attempted--the ,guard1 the ,advance1 the ,retreat1 the ,longe1 and the ,recover2 and when the learner has attained some proficiency in them1 he may begin the more delicate movements of attack and defense4 ,of these ,i will now speak4 ,,the ,,engage4 ,it is customary for adversaries1 on coming to the ,guard1 to ,engage1 or to join blades1 on what is called the inside1 that is1 the right side2 although there are occasions on which it is advisable to engage on the outside1 or on the left2 otherwise called the ,quarte or ,tierce sides4 ,illustration ,two men thus opposed to each other will at once perceive that there are two lines of attack open to them1 i4 e4 the line inside and the line outside the blade--these1 and no more4 ,but these may be1 and in fencing are1 subdivided into inside above the hand1 and inside under the hand1 and the same subdivision for outside4 ,this gives four lines of attack--or1 to speak more simply1 gives four openings through which an adversary may be assailed4 ,now1 to protect each of these assailable points1 are four defensive movements1 called ,,parades4 ,each opening has its own parade or defense1 and each parade will guard its own opening1 and1 strictly speaking1 no other4 ,the opening inside above the hand is defended by two parades4 ,as its name imports1 the first and most natural parade is that of ,prime4 ,the action of drawing the sword from its sheath is almost exactly the movement made use of in the parade of ,prime4 ,in this parade the hand is raised as high as the forehead1 so that the fencer can see his opponent's face under his wrist4 ,the blade of the foil is almost horizontal1 but the point is rather lowered towards the ground4 ,as this parade will throw the right side of the body open to the adversary's sword1 it is good play to disengage from left to right1 and deliver a rapid thrust at the adversary1 in order to anticipate him before he can bring his own sword round for another thrust4 ,his point will be thrown far out of line1 so that he is behind-hand in point of time4 ,this is a very useful parade for fencers of short stature1 as they can sometimes get in their blade under their adversary's arm1 after they have parried his thrust4 ,the other parade is that of ,,quarte4 ,it is thus formed4 ,on the approach of the point of an adversary's blade 7and how these approaches are made ,i will presently explain71 the right hand is moved a few inches--three or four will be enough--across the body on the inside1 the hand being neither depressed nor raised1 and the foil being kept on the same slope as in the ,guard4 ,this guards the body on the inside above the hand1 but 7and here comes an important law in fencing7 the very movement which has guarded the body on one side has exposed it on the other2 this is the case with all the simple parades4 ,illustration ,illustration ,suppose1 now1 that the exposed part outside above the hand were assailed1 then the defense for it is the parade of ,,tierce4 ,it is formed by turning the hand with the nails downwards1 and crossing to the opposite side some six or eight inches1 the hand and point at the same elevation as before2 this will guard this opening4 ,if1 however1 the attack has been made under instead of over the hand1 then the proper parade would have been seconde4 ,illustration ,illustration ,there is another method of parade called quarte over the arm--which is executed by making about the same parade as in ,tierce1 with this exception--first1 the hand is retained in its original position1 with the nails upwards1 and secondly1 the point is not raised over the eye of the adversary4 ,illustration ,it is rather more delicate than ,tierce1 but wants its power and energy4 ,the ripostes1 or reply thrusts1 are made as they would have been had the parade been that of ,tierce4 ,,seconde is formed by turning the hand in the same position in which it was turned for tierce1 but the point of the foil slopes as much downwards as in tierce it did upwards2 the direction and distance for the hand to traverse being the same4 ,again1 had the attack been delivered at none of these1 but at the inside under the hand1 then the proper parade would have been ,,demi-,,cercle1 which1 as its name expresses1 is a half-circle1 described by a sweep of the blade traversing the under line4 ,next comes the parade of ,,octave4 ,in this parade the hand is held as in ,quarte2 the hilt of the foil is kept lower than that of the opponent3 the blade is almost horizontal1 the point being only slightly lower than the hilt1 and directed towards the body of the adversary4 ,illustration ,octave is extremely useful when the fencer misses his parade of ,demi-cercle1 as there is but a short distance for the point to traverse1 and it generally meets the blade of the adversary before the point can be properly fixed4 ,moreover1 it brings the point so near the adversary's body1 that he will not venture to make another thrust until he has removed the foil4 ,thus ,i have enumerated1 and partly explained1 the forms and uses of these four parades3 they are called ,simple ,parades1 to distinguish them from another set of defensive movements1 called ,,contre-,,parades4 ,i have said and shown that a man standing foil in hand1 in the position of the guard1 is exposed in four distinct places to thrusts from an adversary within longeing distance4 ,i have also shown that he has a defense for each of these exposed places2 but if a man has but one defense for each assailable part1 then his adversary1 knowing beforehand what the defense must be1 would be prepared beforehand to deceive him4 ,but if he has a reserve--if he has a second defense for each part--then the adversary cannot tell what the defense will be1 until his attack1 false or real1 is begun4 ,to meet this contingency1 a second series of defenses have been devised1 which are of an entirely different nature from the ,simple ,parades4 ,again1 as each of the simple parades is framed to guard only one opening1 it was found desirable that the contre-parades should be of a more comprehensive character4 ,they are therefore devised so that each is capable of protecting the entire front4 ,it is evident that this object could not be attained without the sacrifice of quickness1 because a larger space must be traversed1 and therefore more time is occupied with a contre than a simple parade4 ,to know one contre-parade is virtually to know all1 as they are all formed on the same plan4 ,they are all full circles in the position of hand and direction of foil of the different simple parades2 or more clearly speaking1 each simple parade has a contre-parade2 there are1 therefore1 four simple and four contre-parades1 which may be thus arranged3 ,quarte ,contre de ,quarte4 ,tierce ,contre de ,tierce4 ,seconde ,contre de ,seconde4 ,demi-cercle ,contre de ,cercle4 ,i have said that a contre-parade is a full circle in the position of hand and direction of blade of its simple2 thus1 contre de quarte is made by retaining the hand in the position of quarte1 while the foil describes a circle descending on the inside1 and returning by the outside to the place of its departure4 ,so with all the others1 the foil following the direction of the simple parade1 of which it is the contre4 ,these complete the entire system of defenses4 ,i now come to the movements of an opposite nature1 namely1 the ,,attacks1 and shall begin with the most simple of them4 ,i will again suppose two adversaries standing en guard1 within longeing distance of each other3 now the most simple movement that the attacking party could make would be ,,the ,,straight ,,thrust to the outside or inside1 according to his line of engagement4 ,i have1 in describing the longe1 in effect described the straight thrust2 it is but a longe in a straight line1 taking care1 however1 to feel firmly the adversary's blade1 but taking care also not to press or lean on it during the delivering of the thrust4 ,next in character comes ,,the ,,disengagement4 ,this attack is made by dropping the point of the foil beneath the adversary's blade1 and raising it on the opposite side1 at the same time1 rising with the arm fully extended2 on the completion of the extension the longe is made and the thrust delivered4 ,,the ,,one-,,two is but a double disengagement1 the first being but a feint or false attack1 to induce the adversary to form a parade to cover the part threatened1 for the covering of one part of the body exposes the opposite2 the second disengagement is made to take advantage of this exposure4 ,the arm is extended half-way on the first1 and then wholly on the second1 to be immediately followed by the longe4 ,,the ,,beat ,,and ,,thrust4 ,this is another variety of attack4 ,supposing the adversary's blade to be firmly joined to yours1 when you wished to deliver a straight thrust1 there would then be danger of your falling upon his point4 ,this danger is avoided by giving a slight beat on his blade the instant preceding your extension of arm1 of course to be followed en suite by the longe4 ,the companion attack to this one is ,,the ,,beat ,,and ,,disengagement4 ,the beat here takes the character of the first disengagement in one-two1 i4 e4 becomes a feint1 and is intended to induce the adversary to return to the place he occupied when the beat was made4 ,you then immediately pass to the opposite side of his blade in the manner described in the disengagement4 ,it will be seen that all these movements pass under the adversary's blade4 ,however1 there are certain situations in the assault1 as a fencing about is called1 when an adversary is more assailable over the point than under the blade2 for this purpose there is what the ,french call the coupe sur peint1 or ,,cut ,,over ,,the ,,point4 ,it is thus made3--,by the action of the hand1 and without drawing it back at all1 the foil is raised and brought down on the opposite side of the adversary's blade1 the arm being extended during its fall to the horizontal position1 on attaining which the longe is delivered4 ,,cut ,,over ,,and ,,disengagement is on the same principal as the one-two and the beat and disengagement4 ,on the adversary opposing the first movement 7the cut7 with a parade1 the second movement 7the disengagement7 is made to the opposite side1 to be followed1 of course1 by the longe1 the extension of the arm being divided between the two movements4 ,these attacks are called simple attacks1 because they may be parried by one or more simple parades1 according to the number of movements in the attack4 ,in fact1 every attack can be parried1 and every parade can be deceived2 it is the additional movement last made which hits or guards4 ,thus1 you threaten by a disengagement to the outside2 your adversary bars your way effectually by the parade of tierce2 you make a second disengagement to the inside1 which is now exposed from the very fact of the outside being guarded 7for both lines of attack cannot be guarded at the same time71 thus converting your attack into one-two2 but if your adversary parries quarte on your second movement1 your attack would be warded off4 ,this can be carried much further1 but the above will1 ,i think1 be sufficient to explain the nature of simple parades and attacks4 ,to deceive a contre-parade1 a separate movement1 called a ,,double1 has been invented2 it is very simple in principle1 and admirably answers the purpose4 ,for instance if you were to threaten your adversary by a disengagement to the outside1 and if1 instead of tierce1 he parried contra de quarte1 the double is then made by your making a second disengagement to the same side as the first1 for it will be found that his contra de quarte has replaced the blade in the positions they occupied previous to your disengagement4 ,you will then have an opening1 and may finish the attack by the longe4 ,as all the contra-parades are on the same plan and principle1 so are all the doubles4 ,of course1 it is understood that you will make all the movements of the double en suite1 and without allowing your adversary's blade to overtake yours4 ,,all ,,feints4 ,the foregoing movements having been well practiced in the lesson1 the next step is that of all feints and all parades1 and may be practiced either with a master or fellow-pupil4 ,the practice consists of one pupil standing on the defensive entirely1 while another assumes the offensive1 and attacks him with all the feints of which he is master1 the other1 of course1 defending with all his parades4 ,it is excellent practice1 as it accustoms the pupil to think for himself gradually1 he having thus but one set of movements to think about4 ,he is therefore enabled to make them boldly1 without having to encounter unknown movements from his adversary4 ,it also enables him to see the extent of his resources1 both for attack and defense4 ,when he can both attack and defend with some presence of mind1 he may then begin ,,the ,,assault2 that is1 he may encounter an adversary1 to attack or defend as occasion presents4 ,he is then left to his own resources entirely4 ,the following ,,general ,,advice1 given by a very eminent fencer and excellent teacher1 cannot fail to be of use3 ,do not put yourself on the position of the guard within the reach of your adversary's thrusts1 especially at the time of drawing your sword4 ,if you are much inferior1 make no long assaults4 ,do nothing that is useless2 every movement should tend to your advantage4 ,let your movements be made as much within the line of your adversary's body as possible4 ,endeavor both to discover your adversary's designs and to conceal your own4 ,two skillful men1 acting together1 fight more with their heads than their hands4 ,the smaller you can make the movements with your foil1 the quicker will your point arrive at your adversary's body4 ,do not endeavor to give many thrusts on the longe1 thus running the risk of receiving one in the interim4 ,if your adversary drops his foil by accident1 or in consequence of a smart parade of yours1 you should immediately pick it up1 and present it to him politely4 ,always join blades 7if possible7 previously to another attack1 after a hit is given4 ,,broadsword ,,exercise4 ,the principal distinction between the broadsword and the rapier is1 that the latter is formed only for thrusting1 while the former is adapted for cutting also4 ,indeed1 those who use the broadsword are1 in my opinion1 too apt to neglect the use of the point1 and to give their attention almost exclusively to the cuts4 ,the first lesson in the sword exercise is necessarily to know how to stand4 ,the learner should be instructed to perform the different movements by word of command1 remembering to consider the first parts of the word as a caution1 and not to stir until the last syllable is uttered4 ,at the last syllable1 the movement should be performed smartly4 ,in giving the word1 the instructor always makes a slight pause1 in order to give his pupils time to remember what they must do4 ,for example1 the words ,draw ,swords is given thus1 ,draw 444 ,swords--the word swords being spoken smartly1 in order that the movement may correspond4 ,,positions4 ,first ,position4--,make the target ,footnote3 ,for target1 see page #bf4 about fourteen inches in diameter1 and place it on the wall1 having its center about four feet from the ground4 ,draw a perpendicular line from the spot at the bottom of the target to the ground1 and continue it on the floor1 in order to insure the proper position of the heels4 ,the learner stands perfectly upright opposite the target1 with his right side towards it1 his heels close together1 his right toe pointing to the target1 and his left foot at right angles with the left4 ,his arms must be clasped behind his back1 his right palm supporting the left elbow1 and his left hand grasping the right arm just above the elbow4 ,in this position1 he must bend both knees and sink down as far as possible4 ,this will not be very far at first1 but he will soon sink down quite easily4 ,second ,position4--,this is accomplished by placing the right foot smartly in front1 about sixteen or fourteen inches before the left4 7,see fig4 #a47 ,he must accustom himself to balance himself so perfectly on his left foot that he can place the right either before or behind it1 without losing his balance4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,third ,position4--,the third position must then be learned4 ,this consists of stepping well forward with the right foot1 until the left knee is quite straight1 and the right knee exactly perpendicularly placed over the right foot4 ,great care must be taken to keep the heels exactly in the same line and the body perfectly upright4 7,see fig4 #b47 ,these preliminaries having been settled1 the learner stands upright before the target4 ,a sword is then put into his hand1 and the target is explained as follows3-- ,illustration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,,target4 ,the interior lines represent the cuts4 ,cut one being directed from ,no4 #a diagonally through the target1 coming out at #d4 ,cut two is the same1 only from left to right4 ,three is made upwards diagonally1 and four is the same1 only in the opposite direction4 ,cut five is horizontally through the target from right to left1 and six from left to right4 ,cut seven is perpendicularly downwards4 ,care must be taken that the cuts are fairly given with the edge4 ,the swords drawn on the target represent the guards4 ,the seventh guard ought1 however1 not to be made directly across1 but must have the point directly rather forwards and downwards1 as a cut #g glides off the blade1 and can be instantly answered either by a thrust or by cut #a4 ,the two dark circles represent the places where the thrusts take effect4 ,illustration ,the learner begins by taking the sword in his right hand1 having its edge toward the target and its back resting on his shoulder4 ,his right arm is bent at right angles1 and the elbow against his side4 ,the left hand must rest upon the hip1 the thumb being to the rear4 ,at the word-- ,,cuts ,,and ,,guards4 ,,cuts4 ,cut #a4--,the young swordsman extends his right arm1 and makes the cut clear through the target4 ,when the point has cleared the target1 continue the sweep of the sword1 and by the turn of the wrist bring it with its back on the left shoulder1 its edge towards the left4 ,the arm is then ready for ,cut #b4--;,bring the sword from #b to #c1 continue the movement of the sword1 and turn the wrist so that the point is below the right hip and the edge towards the ground4 ,illustration ,cut #c4--;,cut through the target diagonally1 bringing the sword from ,no4 #c to ,no4 #b1 and bring the sword onwards1 so that it rests with the edge downwards1 and point below the left hip4 ,at ,illustration3 ,first ,point4 ,cut #d4--;,cut from #d to #a1 and bring the sword round until its point is over the right shoulder1 and its edge well to the right4 ,cut #e4--;,at the word ,five1 make a horizontal cut from #e to #f1 and sweep the sword round until it rests on the left shoulder1 with its edge to the left1 and its point well over the shoulder4 ,cut #f4--;,cut horizontally through the target from #f to #e1 and bring the sword over the head with the edge upwards1 and its point hanging over the back4 ,from this position1-- ,cut #g4--,make a downward stroke until the sword reaches the center of the target4 ,arrest it there1 and remain with the arm extended1 waiting for the word4 ,,points4 ,first ,point4--,draw back the sword1 until the right wrist is against the right temple1 the edge of the sword being upwards4 ,make a slight pause1 and then thrust smartly forward toward the center of the target1 raising the right wrist as high as ,no4 #a1 and pressing the left shoulder well back4 ,second ,point4--,turn the wrist round to the left1 so that the edge comes upwards1 draw the hand back until it rests on the breast1 and give the point forwards1 to the center of the target1 raising the hand as before4 ,third ,point4--,give the handle of the sword a slight twist in the hand to the right1 so that the edge again comes uppermost1 and the guard rests against the back of the hand4 ,draw back the hand until it rests against the right hip1 and deliver it forward towards the spot at the bottom of the target1 raising the wrist as high as the spot in the center4 ,the object in raising the wrist is to deceive the eye of the opponent1 who will be more likely to notice the position of your wrist than of your point4 ,in all the thrusts1 the left shoulder should be rather brought forward before the point is given1 and pressed well back while it is being delivered4 ,illustration3 ,second ,point4 ,,guards4 ,wait after the third point has been delivered for the word1 ,,defend4--,at this word draw up the hand smartly1 and form the first guard4 ,make the other guards in succession as they are named1 while the instructor proves their accuracy by giving the corresponding cuts4 ,the guards must be learned from the target1 by placing the sword in exactly the same position as those delineated4 ,the guards are these3 ,illustration3 ,third ,point4 ,a ,first guard4 ,e ,fifth4 ,b ,second4 ,f ,sixth4 ,c ,third4 ,g ,seventh4 ,d ,fourth4 ,the two spots ,h and ,i mark the places towards which the points are made1 ,h for the first and second point1 ,i for the third4 ,,parry4 ,the parry or parade of a thrust is executed with the back of the sword4 ,the firmest way of parrying is to hold the sword perpendicular1 with its edge to the right and its hilt about the height of and close to the right shoulder2 then1 by sweeping the sword round from left to right1 any thrust within its sweep is thrown wide of the body4 ,the parry is executed with the wrist1 and not with the arm1 which must not move4 ,,hanging ,,guard4 ,when the pupil is acquainted with both cuts and guards1 he should learn the hanging guard1 a most useful position1 as it keeps the body well hidden under the sword1 and at the same time leaves the sword in a good position to strike or thrust4 ,it is accomplished in the following way3--,step out to the second position1 raise the arm until the hand is just over the right foot1 and as high as the head4 ,the edge of the sword is upwards1 and the point is directed downwards and towards the left4 ,the left shoulder is pressed rather forward1 and the neck and chest drawn inward4 ,illustration ,in this position1 the swordsman is in a position to receive or make an attack as he may think fit4 ,it is rather fatiguing at first1 owing to the unaccustomed position of the arm and head1 but the fatigue is soon overcome1 and then it will be found that there is no attitude which gives equal advantages4 ,there are two other modes of standing on guard1 each possessing their peculiar advantages4 ,these are1 the inside and outside guard4 ,the inside guard is made as follows3 ,,inside ,,guard4 ,stand in the second position1 having the wrist of the right hand nearly as low as the waist1 the hand being exactly over the right foot4 ,the point of the sword is raised as high as the eyes1 and the edge is turned inwards4 ,,outside ,,guard4 ,the outside guard is formed in the same manner as the inside1 with the exception that the edge of the sword is turned well outwards4 ,to get to the hanging guard1 the words are given as follows3--,inside guard--outside guard--guard4 ,,attack ,,and ,,defense4 ,the swordsman having learned thus far1 is taught to combine the three movements of striking1 thrusting1 and guarding1 by the following exercise3-- #a4 ,inside ,guard4 #b4 ,outside ,guard4 #c4 ,guard4 #d4 ,cut ,one4 #e4 ,first ,guard4 #f4 ,cut ,two4 #g4 ,second ,guard4 #h4 ,cut ,three4 #i4 ,third ,guard4 #aj4 ,cut ,four4 #aa4 ,fourth ,guard4 #ab4 ,cut ,five4 #ac4 ,fifth ,guard4 #ad4 ,cut ,six4 #ae4 ,sixth ,guard4 #af4 ,cut ,seven4 #ag4 ,seventh ,guard4 #ah4 ,first ,point4 ,prepare for the point in ,first ,position4 ,two4 ,thrust in ,third ,position4 #ai4 ,second ,point4 ,prepare for it in ,first ,position4 ,two4 ,thrust in ,third ,position4 #bj4 ,third ,point4 ,prepare4 ,two4 ,thrust4 #ba4 ,parry4 ,prepare to parry in ,first ,position4 ,two4 ,parry4 #bb4 ,guard4 ,the young swordsman must remember that in this1 as in all the exercises1 the cuts and points must be given in the third position1 as in the accompanying illustration1 which shows the swordsman just as he has delivered the seventh cut1 and is waiting for the next word before he resumes the first position4 ,the guards1 on the contrary1 are given in the first position1 as is seen in the figure on p4 #ce1 which illustrates the seventh guard4 ,these exercises are always learned with the single-stick1 or basket-hilted cudgel1 in order to avoid the dangers which would be inevitable if the sword were used4 ,but as the single-stick is only an imitation of the sword1 ,i will give the method of getting the sword out of the sheath into any position required4 ,,draw ,,swords4 ,the first word of command is draw swords4 ,at the word draw1 seize the sheath just below the hilt1 with the left hand1 and raise the hilt as high as the hip1 at the same time grasping the hilt with the right hand1 turning the edge of the sword to the rear1 and drawing it partially from the sheath1 to insure its easy removal4 ,illustration3 ,seventh ,cut4 ,at the word swords1 draw the blade smartly out of the scabbard1 throwing the point upwards1 at the full extent of the arm1 the edge being still to the rear4 ,,recover ,,swords4 ,the wrist is now smartly lowered until it is level with the chin1 the blade upright1 and the edge to the left4 ,this is the position of recover swords4 ,the elbow must be kept close to the body as in the cut4 ,illustration3 ,seventh ,guard4 ,,carry ,,swords4 ,the wrist is now sharply lowered until the arm hangs at its full length1 the wrist being in the line with the hip1 the edge of the sword to the front1 and its back resting in the hollow of the shoulder1 the fingers lightly holding the hilt4 ,the left hand hangs at the side until the word inside guard1 when it is placed on the left hip4 ,,slope ,,swords4 ,at the word swords1 raise the right hand smartly1 until it forms a right angle at the elbow4 ,,return ,,swords4 ,at the word1 raise the blade until it is perpendicular1 move the hilt to the hollow of the left shoulder1 drop the point of the sword into the scabbard 7which has been grasped by the left hand and slightly raised71 at the same time turning the edge to the rear4 ,pause an instant1 and send the sword smartly into the sheath1 removing both hands as the hilt strikes against the mouth of the scabbard2 drop them to the side1 with the palms outwards1 and in the first position4 ,illustration3 ,recover ,swords4 ,,practices4 ,there are many exercises with the broadsword1 called practices4 ,i have given one of them1 which is to be practiced alone2 but when the pupil has attained some confidence in the use of his weapon1 he must be placed opposite another pupil1 and they must go through them1 each taking the attack and defense in turn4 ,the young swordsman must be provided with a very stout wire mask1 which defends the face and part of the neck1 and which should be worked in a kind of helmet above1 to guard against the disastrous consequences of receiving the seventh guard4 ,no practices1 loose or otherwise1 should be permitted without the masks1 as neither party would be able to cut or thrust with proper confidence4 ,,second ,,practice4 ,this is very useful in teaching the point and parry1 as well as giving steadiness on the feet4 ,two boys are placed opposite each other1 at just such a distance1 that when perfectly erect they can touch the hilt of their adversary's sword with the point of their own4 ,the one who gives the first point is called ,front ,rank 7there may be a dozen in each rank1 each having tried the distance to his right by extending his sword71 and the one who gives first parry is called ,rear ,rank4 ,word of ,command4 ,front ,rank4 ,rear ,rank4 ,guard ,hanging guard ,hanging guard ,third point ,prepare to give ,prepare to parry third point ,point ,give third point1 ,parry third point1 and when parried and prepare to spring back to the give third point first position1 and prepare to parry ,parry third point1 ,give third point1 ,point and prepare for and prepare to third point parry ,point1 c4 c4 ,this should be continued until both are weary4 ,both swordsmen should learn to do it more rapidly every time they practice4 ,next time of going through it1 front rank and rear rank change places1 as they must do in all the practices4 ,,third ,,practice4 ,word of ,command4 ,front ,rank4 ,rear ,rank4 ,guard ,hanging guard ,hanging guard ,leg ,cut four ,cut seven ,inside guard ,inside guard ,inside guard ,leg ,cut six at leg ,cut six at neck ,outside guard ,outside guard ,outside guard ,leg ,cut five at leg ,cut five at neck ,guard ,hanging guard ,hanging guard ,slope ,swords ,slope swords ,slope swords ,in this and the other practices the cuts must be delivered in the third position1 and the guards in the first4 ,in the third and fourth practices the cuts must be given lightly1 as many of them are not intended to be guarded1 but merely to show the powers of the sword in various positions4 ,,fourth ,,practice4 ,word of ,command4 ,front ,rank4 ,rear ,rank4 ,guard ,hanging guard ,hanging guard ,head ,seventh cut ,seventh guard ,head ,seventh guard ,cut seven ,leg ,fourth cut ,seventh guard ,leg ,seventh guard ,fourth cut ,head ,seventh cut ,seventh guard ,head ,seventh guard ,seventh cut ,guard ,hanging guard ,hanging guard ,slope swords ,slope swords ,slope swords ,in this and the preceding exercise1 the power of shifting the leg is shown4 ,if two swordsmen attack each other1 and ,no4 #a strikes at the leg of ,no4 #b1 it will be better for ,no4 #b not to oppose the cut by the third or fourth guard1 but to draw back the leg smartly1 and cut six or seven at the adversary's head or neck4 ,in loose play1 as it is called1 i4 e41 when two parties engage with swords without following any word of command1 but strike and guard as they can1 both players stand in the second position1 because they can either advance or retreat as they choose1 and can longe out to the third position for a thrust or a cut1 or spring up to the first position for a guard with equal ease4 ,it is often a kind of trap1 to put the right leg more forward than usual1 in order to induce the adversary to make a cut at it4 ,when he does so1 the leg is drawn back1 the stroke passes harmless1 and the deceived striker gets the stick of his opponent on his head or shoulders4 ,we now come to a very complicated exercise1 called the ,,fifth ,,practice4 ,word of ,command4 ,front ,rank4 ,rear ,rank4 ,draw swords ,draw swords ,draw swords ,inside guard ,inside guard ,inside guard ,outside guard ,outside guard ,outside guard ,guard ,hanging guard ,hanging guard ,head ,seventh cut ,seventh guard ,head ,seventh guard ,seventh cut ,arm ,second cut at arm ,second guard ,head ,seventh guard ,seventh cut ,head ,seventh cut ,seventh guard ,arm ,second guard ,second cut at arm ,head ,seventh cut ,seventh guard ,head ,seventh guard ,seventh cut ,right side ,sixth cut ,sixth guard ,head ,seventh guard ,seventh cut ,head ,seventh cut ,seventh guard ,right side ,sixth guard ,sixth cut ,guard ,hanging guard ,hanging guard ,this practice is capital exercise1 and looks very imposing4 ,all these practices ought to be so familiar that the words of command are not needed1 the only word required being ,first1 ,second1 or ,third practices1 as the case may be4 ,i can remember once1 that two of my pupils had attained such a mastery of their weapons that we used often to go through the practice with real swords4 ,on one occasion1 we were acting a charade1 and my eldest pupil and myself were enacting the part of two distinguished foreigners 7country unknown7 who were to get up a fight4 ,so we began by a little quarrel1 and finally drew our swords and set hard to work at the fifth practice1 which we could do with extreme rapidity1 and without the use of words of command4 ,the spectators were horrified1 and the ladies greatly alarmed2 for there seems to be no particular order in that practice1 and an inexperienced eye would certainly fancy that the combatants were in earnest4 ,,fort ,,and ,,feeble4 ,the half of the sword-blade next the hilt is called the fort1 because it is the strongest place on which the cut of an adversary can be received4 ,always parry and guard with the fort of your sword1 as1 if you try to guard a cut with the feeble1 which is the remaining half of the blade1 your guard will be forced1 and the cut take effect4 ,,drawing ,,cut4 ,the drawing cut is made best with a curved sword1 and is executed by placing the edge of the sword on the object1 and drawing it over it until it is severed4 ,a good large mangel-wurzel is capital practice4 ,place the root loose on a table1 stand at arm's-length from it1 lay the edge of the sword lightly on it1 and slice the root by repeatedly drawing the sword over it4 ,this is very difficult1 although it looks easy enough1 and is sure to jar the arm from the wrist to the shoulder the first time or two1 while the sword glides off as if the root were cased in polished steel4 ,however1 a little practice will soon overcome the difficulty4 ,this cut is much in use among the ,sikhs4 ,,general ,,advice4 ,never look at your own sword1 but watch the eye and sword-wrist of your opponent4 ,remember that the great point in this exercise1 as in fencing1 is to gain time4 ,endeavor1 therefore1 to advance your point nearer your adversary than his is to you4 ,begin the assault out of distance1 so that neither party can complain of being taken by surprise4 ,if the two parties exchange a cut or a thrust at the same moment1 the one who gave his cut or thrust in the third position is victorious4 ,when a cut or thrust is made1 the one who receives it passes his sword1 i4 e41 stick1 into his left hand1 and his opponent comes to inside guard4 ,always spring back to the second position after delivering a cut or thrust4 ,keep the line of direction carefully1 or you will leave an open space for the adversary to get his sword into4 ,last and most important1--,don't lose your temper6 ,,archery4 ,,implements ,,of ,,the ,,craft4 ,for the ,purposes of the ,archer the following implements are required1 which may be obtained at any of the principal makers in ,new ,york or ,boston--first1 the bow2 secondly1 the arrow2 thirdly1 a quiver1 pouch1 and belt2 fourthly1 a tassel and grease-pot2 fifthly1 an arm-guard or brace1 and a shooting glove2 sixthly1 a target or targets2 and seventhly1 a scoring card4 ,,the ,,bow is the most important article in archery1 and also the most expensive4 ,it is usually from five to six feet in length1 made of a single piece of yew1 or of lancewood and hickory glued together back to back4 ,the former suits gentlemen the best1 and the latter being more lively is better adapted for the short1 sharp pull of the ladies4 ,the wood is gradually tapered1 and at each end is a tip of horn1 the one from the upper end being longer than the other or lower one4 ,the strength of bows is marked in pounds1 varying from #be to #hj lbs4 ,ladies' bows are from #be to #dj lbs4 in strength1 and those of gentlemen from #ej to #hj lbs4 ,one side of the bow is flat1 called its back2 the other rounded1 is called the belly2 and nearly in the middle1 where the hand should take the hold1 it is lapped round with velvet1 and that part is called the handle4 ,in each of the tips of horn is a notch for the string called the nock4 ,,bowstrings are made of hemp or flax1 the former being the better material2 for though at first they stretch more1 yet they wear longer1 and stand a harder pull as well as being more elastic in the shooting4 ,in applying a fresh string to a bow1 be careful in opening it not to break the composition that is on it2 cut the tie1 take hold of the eye1 which will be found ready-worked at one end1 let the other part hang down1 and pass the eye over the upper end of the bow4 ,if for a lady1 it may be held from #b to #b-a_/b inches below the nock2 if for a gentleman1 half an inch lower1 varying it according to the length and strength of the bow2 then run your hand along the side of the bow and string to the bottom nock1 turn it round that and fix it by the noose1 called the timber noose1 taking care not to untwist the string in making it4 ,this noose is merely a simple turn back and twist without a knot1 but it is better seen than described4 ,when strung1 a lady's bow will have the string about #e or #e-a_/b inches from the belly2 and a gentleman's about half an inch more4 ,the part opposite the handle1 is bound round with waxed silk1 in order to prevent its being frayed by the arrow4 ,as soon as a string becomes too soft and the fibers too straight1 rub it with bees-wax1 and give it a few turns in the proper direction1 so as to shorten it and twist its strands a little tighter2 a spare string should always be provided by the shooter4 ,,the ,,arrows are differently shaped by the various makers2 some being of uniform thickness throughout1 while others are protuberant in the middle2 some1 again1 are larger at the point than at the feather end1 which ,i believe to be the best form for shooting2 and others are quite the reverse4 ,they are now invariably made of white deal1 with points of iron or brass riveted on1 but generally having a piece of heavy wood spliced on to the deal between it and the point1 by which their flight is improved4 ,at the other end a piece of horn is inserted1 in which is a notch for the string2 and they are armed with three feathers glued on1 one of which is of a different color to the others1 and is intended to mark the proper position of the arrow when placed on the string--this one always pointing from the bow4 ,these feathers1 properly applied1 give a rotary motion to the arrow which causes its flight to be straight4 ,they are generally from the wing of the turkey or goose4 ,the length and weight vary2 the latter being marked in sterling silver coin1 stamped on the arrow in plain figures4 ,it is usual to paint a crest1 or a distinguishing ring or rings1 on the arrow just above the feathers1 by which they may be known in shooting at the target4 ,,the ,,quiver is merely a tin case painted green1 and is intended for the security of the arrows when not in use4 ,the ,,pouch and ,,belt are worn round the waist1 and the latter contains those arrows which are actually being shot4 ,a ,,pot ,,to ,,hold ,,grease ,,for ,,touching ,,the ,,glove ,,and ,,string1 ,,and ,a ,,tassel to wipe the arrows1 are hung to the belt4 ,the grease is composed of deer-suet1 or of beef-suet1 and bees-wax melted together4 ,instead of a leather belt1 ladies use a cord and tassels round the waist1 to which the pouch1 of a different shape to that adopted by gentlemen1 is hooked2 and this1 again1 has the grease-pot suspended to it4 ,,the ,,arm is protected from the blow of the string by the brace1 a broad guard of strong leather buckled on by two straps4 ,a ,,shooting-,,glove1 also of thin tubes of leather1 is attached to the wrist by three flat pieces ending in a circular strap buckled round it4 ,this glove prevents that soreness of the fingers which soon comes on after using the bow without it4 ,,the ,,target consists of a circular thick mat of straw covered with canvas1 painted in a series of circles4 ,it is usually from three feet six inches to four feet in diameter2 the middle is about six or eight inches in diameter1 gilt1 and called the gold2 the next is called the red1 after which comes the inner white1 then the black1 and finally1 the outer white4 ,these targets are mounted upon triangular stands1 at distances apart of from #ej to #ajj yards2 #fj being the usual shooting distance4 ,a ,,scoring-,,card is provided with columns for each color1 which are marked with a pin1 as here indicated4 ,the usual score for a gold hit1 #i2 the red1 #g2 inner white1 #f2 black1 #c1 and outer white1 #a4 ,,the ,,use ,,of ,,the ,,bow4 ,,to ,,bend ,,and ,,string ,,the ,,bow properly1 the following directions will be serviceable1 and the young archer should pay particular attention to them1 since a neglect of these cautions will often lead to a fracture of the bow by bending it the wrong way3 ,take the bow by the handle1 in the right hand4 ,place the bottom end upon the ground1 resting against the hollow of the inside of the right foot1 keeping the flat side of the bow 7called the back7 towards your person2 the left foot should be advanced a little1 and the right placed so that the bow cannot slip sideways4 ,place the heel of the left hand upon the upper limb of the bow1 below the eye of the string4 ,now1 while the fingers and thumb of the left hand slide this eye towards the notch in the horn1 and the heel pushes the limb away from the body1 the right hand pulls the handle towards the person1 and thus resists the action of the left1 by which the bow is bent1 and at the same time the string is slipped into the nock1 as the notch is termed4 ,take care to keep the three outer fingers free from the string1 for if the bow should slip from the hand1 and the string catch them1 they will be severely pinched4 ,if shooting in frosty weather1 warm the bow before a fire1 or by friction with a woolen cloth4 ,if the bow has been lying by for a long time1 it should be well rubbed with boiled linseed oil before using4 ,,to ,,unstring ,,the ,,bow1 hold it as in stringing2 then press down the upper limb exactly as before1 and as if you wished to place the eye of the string in a higher notch2 this will loosen the string and liberate the eye1 when it must be lifted out of the nock by the forefinger1 and suffered to slip down the limb4 ,,before ,,using ,,the ,,bow1 hold it in a perpendicular direction1 with the string towards you1 and see if the line of the string cuts the middle of the bow2 if not1 shift the eye and noose of the string to either side1 so as to make the two lines coincide4 ,this precaution prevents a very common cause of defective shooting1 which is the result of an uneven string throwing the arrow on one side4 ,,after ,,using ,,it1 unstring it2 and if a large party is shooting1 after every end it should be liberated from its state of tension2 but in this respect there is a great difference in different bows1 some good ones soon getting cast from their true shape1 and others1 though inferior bows1 bearing any ordinary amount of tension without damage4 ,,the ,,general ,,management ,,of ,,the ,,bow should be on the principle that damp injures it1 and that any loose floating ends interfere with its shooting4 ,it should1 therefore1 be kept well varnished1 and in a water-proof case1 and it should be carefully dried after shooting in damp weather4 ,if there are any ends hanging from the string cut them off pretty close1 and see that the whipping in the middle of the string is close and well-fitting4 ,the case should be hung up against a dry internal wall1 not too near fire4 ,,in ,,selecting ,,the ,,bow1 be careful that it is not too strong for your power1 and that you can draw the arrow to its head without any trembling of the hand4 ,if this cannot be done after a little practice1 the bow should be changed for a weaker one1 for no arrow will go true if it is discharged by a trembling hand4 ,,in ,,selecting ,,arrows1 be careful that they are not too long4 ,for a bow of #e feet #aj inches1 the arrows should be about #b feet #d inches in length4 ,for a lady's bow of #d feet #aj inches1 the arrow should measure about #b feet4 ,,in ,,shooting1 keep the longer limb of the bow upwards1 as the bow is liable to be broken if used the other way1 and the wrapping of the string does not coincide with the upper part of the handle4 ,bows may be broken either from the above circumstance1 or by overdrawing them1 or by snapping the string without an arrow in it1 or by the string breaking2 and if a bow stands all these trials1 it is to be prized as a sound and good bit of stuff4 ,after an arrow has been shot into the target or the ground1 be particularly careful to withdraw it1 by laying hold close to its head1 and by twisting it round as it is withdrawn in the direction of its axis4 ,without this precaution it may be easily bent or broken4 ,,in ,,shooting ,,at ,,the ,,target1 the first thing to be done is ,,to ,,nock ,,the ,,arrow--that is1 to place it properly on the string4 ,in order to effect this1 take the bow in the left hand1 with the string towards you1 the upper limb being towards the right4 ,hold it horizontally while you take the arrow by the middle1 pass it on the under side of the string and the upper side of the bow1 till the head reaches two or three inches past the left hand2 hold it there with the forefinger or thumb while you remove the right hand down to the nock4 ,turn the arrow till the cock-feather comes uppermost2 then pass it down the bow1 and fix it on the nocking point of the string4 ,in doing this1 all contact with the feathers should be avoided1 unless they are rubbed out of place1 when they may be smoothed down by passing them through the hand from the point towards the nock4 ,,the ,,attitude for shooting should be graceful as well as serviceable4 ,the body should be at right angles with the target2 but the face must be turned over the left shoulder1 so as to be opposed to it4 ,the feet are to be flat on the ground1 with the heels a little apart1 the left foot turned towards the mark2 the head and chest inclined a little forward1 so as to present a full bust1 but not bent at all below the waist4 ,,in ,,drawing ,,the ,,bow1 proceed as follows3 #ast ,method4--,take hold of the bow with the left hand1 having the elbow straight2 then1 having placed the arrow as directed in the last paragraph1 and having the finger-stalls or shooting-glove on1 put a finger on each side of the arrow on the string and the thumb on the opposite side1 so as to steady it2 then raise all at the full length of the arm till the right hand reaches nearly to the level of the shoulder1 and the left is opposite the target1 when1 by drawing the one to the ear1 and the other towards the target1 the arrow is brought to a direct line with the bull's-eye1 and at that moment it is released4 #bnd ,method4--,draw the arrow as before1 but pause when the arrow is fully extended to the head1 and take aim4 ,this1 however1 requires a very strong arm1 and also a strong bow1 or there will be a quivering of the muscles1 which is communicated to the arrow2 beside the danger of breaking the bow4 ,the loosing must be quick1 and the string must leave the fingers smartly and steadily1 the bow hand at that moment being held as firm as a vise1 upon which the goodness of the flight mainly depends4 ,,the ,,following ,,directions should be attended to strictly1 if good shooting is to be attained3-- #a4--;,fix the attention steadily upon the object1 and disregard all external objects1 which are liable otherwise to distract the eye at the moment of shooting4 #b4--;,in drawing the bow1 in order to secure the arrow in its place1 turn the bow a little obliquely1 so that the handle and your knuckles will together form a groove for the arrow to run in4 ,when it falls off1 it is from the string being held too far up by the fingers1 which causes it to twist in the drawing1 and the arrow is thereby thrown off from resting against the bow4 ,the proper length is midway between the ends and the first joint of the fingers4 ,three fingers may be used1 but the arrow should be between the first and second4 #c4--;,in taking aim1 two points must be attended to1 viz3 the ,,lateral direction and the distance1 because there is no bow which will drive an arrow many yards perfectly point-blank1 and1 consequently1 a slight elevation must in all cases be made1 and for long distances1 with weak bows1 a very considerable one4 ,it requires great experience to manage the elevation properly1 and much must depend upon the exact strength of the bow1 and the distance of the shot4 ,with regard to the lateral direction1 it is materially affected by the wind1 and this must always be allowed for if there is any stirring2 and if it is in the line of the targets1 one end will require much less elevation than the other4 #d4--;,fix the eyes on the mark1 and not on the arrow4 ,avoid all such expedients as putting a mark on the glove to aim by4 ,do not look from the mark to the arrow and back again4 ,the proper plan is to keep both eyes open1 and look steadily at the mark1 while with the hands the bow is raised or lowered in accordance with what the mind thinks is the proper direction4 #e4--;,if an arrow falls off the string1 and the archer can reach it with his bow1 it is not shot3 but if he cannot1 it must be counted as such4 ,,target-,,shooting4 ,,the ,,targets are fixed exactly opposite each other1 at #fj yards or perhaps more apart4 ,the stands1 when properly placed1 are each called an end4 ,the proper number of arrows1 as fixed by the rules1 are then shot from each end by all the party assembled1 when all proceed to pick up or extract their arrows1 the marker scoring for each before drawing them from the target1 after which the party shoot back again to the other end1 and so on until the whole number of ends have been shot4 ,,butt-,,shooting4 ,,butts are built of long sods of turf pressed together4 ,the form of the base is an oblong square1 being about #h or #i feet on the front side1 and #e feet wide at the ends4 ,the height is generally about #g feet1 and the depth diminishes gradually from the bottom to the top4 ,when more than two are wanted they are ranged in sets2 each set consists of four1 ranged at the distance of #cj yards apart1 and forming a chain of lengths of #cj1 #fj1 #ij1 and #abj yards2 but so disposed as not to stand in the way of the archers when shooting at any of the lengths4 ,against the front of the butt is placed the mark1 which is a circular piece of thin white pasteboard1 fastened by a peg through the middle4 ,the size of this1 for #cj yards1 is four inches in diameter2 for #fj yards1 #h inches2 and so on increasing in diameter in proportion to the distance4 ,shots in the butt missing the mark are not scored2 and he who makes the greatest number of hits is the winner4 ,if two are alike1 the nearest to the central peg is the successful one4 ,,roving4 ,this is so called because the archers rove from place to place1 and have no fixed target1 but shoot at trees or any other object which presents itself4 ,the winner of the first shot chooses the next1 and so on2 the distance being from #ajj to #bjj yards2 and all arrows falling within five bow-lengths scoring1 if nearer to the mark than the adversary's arrow4 ,,flight-,,shooting4 ,,flight-,,shooting is merely a trial of distance1 and he who can shoot the furthest is the winner of the trial4 ,,clout-,,shooting4 ,,the ,,clout is a small white target of pasteboard1 about twelve inches in diameter1 which is slipped into a cleft stick1 and this is stuck into the ground obliquely1 so as to bring the lower edge of the clout to the ground4 ,the distance is generally from #h to #aj score-yards1 and the same rules apply as in roving4 ,,cross-,,bow ,,shooting4 ,,cross-,,bows are bows set in a frame which receives the arrow or bolt1 and they are set and discharged by a trigger after taking aim4 ,they are1 however1 now seldom used except for rook-shooting2 and even there the pea-rifle has almost entirely superseded them4 ,,rules ,,of ,,archery ,,meetings4 ,,the ,,rules by which archery meetings are governed are partly the same as in all other similar societies1 and partly peculiar to this craft4 ,the former consist of those which regulate the election of members1 providing for refreshments1 c41 which vary according to circumstances1 and need not here be specified4 ,the latter are generally as follows3-- #a4--,that a lady paramount be annually elected4 #b4--,that there be -- meetings in each year1 the gentleman at whose house the meeting takes place to be president2 and that every member intending to shoot should be on the ground by -- o'clock4 ,the shooting to commence at -- and to terminate at --4 #c4--,that all members intending to shoot shall appear in the uniform of the club2 and that a silver badge be worn by every member of the society1 or a forfeit will be enforced for such omission4 #d4--,that the secretary do send out cards at least a month before each day of meeting1 acquainting the members with the day and place of meeting4 #e4--,that there shall be four prizes at each meeting1 two for each sex2 the first for numbers1 the second for hits1 and that no person shall be allowed to have both on the same day4 ,the sum of ---- dollars to be placed at the disposal of the lady paramount for prizes at each meeting4 #f4--,that the winner of a prize1 or prizes1 shall lose a ring for each prize won4 ,but that a ring be given back after any subsequent meeting at which such member shall shoot without winning4 #g4--,that in case of a tie for hits1 numbers shall decide2 and in case of a tie for numbers1 hits shall decide4 #h4--,that the decision of the lady paramount shall be final4 #i4--,two prizes to be given at each meeting for strangers1 of the value of --4 #aj4--,that there be a challenge prize of the value of --1 and that a commemorative silver ornament be presented to winners of the challenge prize1 to which a clasp be added on future occasions4 #aa4--,that the distance for shooting be #fj and #ajj yards1 and that #d-;feet targets be used4 #ab4--,that each shooter be allowed to shoot -- arrows1 distinctly marked or colored4 ,,dress4 ,,the ,,usual ,,dress ,,for ,,ladies peculiar to archery is in most cases a green jacket worn over white2 sometimes1 however1 the color is black4 ,the gentlemen's costume is not generally fixed in archery clubs1 but sometimes a green suit is the club uniform4 ,,expenses4 ,the expenses of archery are not usually great1 though a good many arrows will be lost or spoiled during a season's shooting1 especially if the grass is not kept mown very close4 ,bows and all the other paraphernalia last a long while2 and1 with the exception of the arrows1 the first cost may be considered to be the only one1 over and above the subscription to the club1 to which most archers like to belong1 competition being the essence of the sport4 ,,hurdle ,,racing4 #a4 ,the usual distance1 #abj yards1 over ten hurdles1 regulation height1 three feet six inches upright1 not less than #ab or more than #bj feet apart1 first hurdle must be placed #ae yards from the scratch-mark4 #b4 ,hurdles must be cleared with a jump1 touching the hands to the hurdle will be declared foul1 and the offender disqualified4 #c4 ,hurdle races may be arranged for any distance and any height of hurdle4 #d4 ,each contestant must keep in his direct line of starting1 or as near so as circumstances will permit4 ,any deviation from such line will subject the offender to disqualification4 ,,note4--,there are three requisites to make a good hurdler3 ,speed1 spring1 and judgment2 speed to cover the ground1 spring to jump the hurdles1 and judgment to measure the steps between the hurdles4 ,it is one of the many healthful exercises in ,athletics1 but requires much practice and experience2 beginners should make their first effort at two feet six inches4 ,great care must be taken not to touch the top bar1 as it virtually throws you out of the race and may cause injury4 ,,vaulting ,,with ,,pole1 ,,or ,,pole-,,leaping4 #a4 ,the uprights should be nine feet apart1 and the bar placed on pins projecting two inches4 #b4 ,the pole must fall so as not to touch the bar4 #c4 ,a competitor touching the bar without causing it to fall shall be considered to have cleared it4 #d4 ,the height of bar at starting shall be determined by a majority of the contestants4 #e4 ,competitors will be allowed three trials at each height4 #f4 ,the bar shall be raised at the discretion of a majority of the contestants1 and so continued until only one competitor vaults over it1 who shall be declared the victor4 #g4 ,when a competitor knocks the bar down1 the rotation rule must be enforced1 as in the running high jump4 #h4 ,three balks shall be called no vault1 and must be recorded as one of the three trials4 ,,note4--,this graceful and manly exercise has of late years been greatly abused1 not so much for want of rules1 as it was and is to have these rules enforced4 ,we have seen two men1 at three different meetings1 claim the right to the grounds and time of at least one of the judges for from two to three hours1 whereas1 had the rules been strictly enforced1 one would have gained a victory or both been disqualified4 ,gentlemen ,judges1 please remember these contestants appear before an audience 7who pay admission7 to perform1 not to practice1 and when they insist upon keeping the bar at a height that delays the games1 they should be disqualified under the rules4 ,,throwing ,,the ,,hammer4 #a4 ,the hammer-head shall be of solid iron1 perfectly round1 standard weights1 #af and #ab pounds1 exclusive of handle4 ,length of handle three feet six inches over all4 ,the handle should be made from split white hickory wood4 #b4 ,the competitor must stand at the scratch with one foot touching the scratch-mark4 ,he is at liberty to throw with one or both hands4 #c4 ,touching the ground1 over the scratch-mark1 with any portion of the body before the hammer strikes1 shall be declared no throw1 and must be recorded as one of the three trials4 #d4 ,permitting the hammer to carry a competitor from his balance or letting the hammer go out of time must stand as one of the three trials4 #e4 ,when the head and handle strike the ground at the same time the head or iron is the measuring mark1 at the first break of the ground made by it4 ,should the handle strike first1 one length of the handle1 in a direct line with the throw1 must be added4 ,the measurement must be from the scratch-mark1 midway between the thrower's feet1 to the first break1 in accordance with above rules4 ,,note4--,in soft or clay bottom there is no difficulty in getting accurate measurement1 but in quick or shifting sand close attention is required4 ,,putting ,,the ,,shot4 #a4 ,the shot must be of solid iron and perfectly round1 standard weight #af pounds4 ,the shot must be put from the shoulder with one hand1 not thrown from the side or under swing4 #b4 ,competitors will take their position between two parallel lines1 said lines being seven feet apart4 ,passing the toe-mark1 or touching the ground outside of the mark1 with any part of the body before the shot strikes the ground1 will be judged and recorded a foul1 no put1 and must stand as one of the three trials4 #c4 ,each competitor is entitled to three trials4 ,the measurement shall be from the scratch-line or mark opposite the toe-print to the first or nearest break of the ground made by the shot4 ,,note4--,the object being to see how many feet and inches the competitors can put1 in accordance with the above rules1 not how straight they can put4 ,,the ,,end4 ,,the ,,young ,,men ,,of ,,america4 ,,this ,,sparkling ,,journal ,,for ,,young ,,men ,is ,full of ,interest from ,beginning to ,end ,its stories cannot be surpassed1 and its authors have a reputation seldom equaled4 ,read the following array of talent1 who write ,,exclusively for this paper3 ,,alexander ,,douglas 7,scotland ,yard ,detective7--,,tom ,,teaser--,h ,k4 ,,shackleford--,,ralph ,,morton--,,allan ,,arnold--,j4 ,t4 ,,brougham--,,hal ,,standish--,a4 ,f4 ,,hill--,d4 ,w4 ,,stevens--,,tom ,,fox 7,philadelphia ,detective7--,,frank ,,forrest--,,john ,,sherman--,,horace ,,appleton--,,richard ,r4 ,,montgomery--,,col4 ,,ralph ,,fenton--,,percy ,b4 ,,st4 ,,john--,,capt4 ,,geo4 ,,granville1 ,u4,s4,a4--,,alexander ,,armstrong--,,james ,d4 ,,montague1 and many others4 ,the ,young ,men of ,america ,for the year #ahhc will be sent to your address1 post-paid1 for #b4ej2 for six months1 #a4be2 and for three months1 #fe cents4 ,,club ,,rates3 ,for every club of five names1 sent at one time1 together with the subscription price1 we will send one copy free4 ,for sale by all newsdealers1 or sent to your address1 post-paid1 on receipt of price4 ,address ,,frank ,,tousey1 ,publisher1 ,box #bgcj4 #cd and #cf ,north ,moore ,street1 ,new ,york4 ,,the ,,five-,,cent ,,weekly ,,library4 ,a ,,new ,,library ,,issued ,,every ,,monday4 ,the following are the numbers already published3 #a4 ,old ,neversleep1 by ,walter ,fenton4 #b4 ,locomotive ,bill1 by ,samuel ,keene4 #c4 ,the ,unknown ,scout1 by ,zeke ,baxter4 #d4 ,the ,league of ,blue1 by ,paul ,spry4 #e4 #bg2 or1 ,the ,house of ,many ,doors1 by ,philip ,murdock4 #f4 ,young ,lynx1 the ,amateur ,detective1 by ,richard ,r4 ,montgomery4 #g4 ,the ,phantom of the ,waves1 by ,alexander ,armstrong4 #h4 ,the ,twin ,boy ,scouts1 by ,percy ,b4 ,st ,john4 #i4 ,sumter's ,aide1 by ,capt4 ,geo4 ,granville1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 #aj4 ,the ,young ,sharpshooters of the ,rebellion1 by ,col4 ,ralph ,fenton4 #aa4 ,from ,drummer ,boy to ,general1 by ,richard ,r4 ,montgomery4 #ab4 ,the ,drummer ,boy ,spy1 by ,ralph ,morton4 #ac4 ,union ,dick1 by ,philip ,murdock4 #ad4 ,lazy ,jake1 the ,boy ,spy of the ,rebellion1 by ,col4 ,ralph ,fenton4 #ae4 ,union ,dick in the ,rebel ,camp1 by ,philip ,murdock4 #af4 ,the ,brand of the ,desert1 by ,walter ,fenton4 #ag4 ,pinkerton's ,boy ,detectives1 by ,jas4 ,d4 ,montague #ah4 ,blue ,cap2 or1 ,the ,australian ,dick ,turpin4 #ai4 ,barnum's ,boy ,ben1 by ,commodore ,ah-,look4 #bj4 ,yankee ,bob1 by ,ralph ,morton4 #ba4 ,joe ,ready1 by ,richard ,r4 ,montgomery4 #bb4 ,the ,boy ,swordsman1 by ,percy ,b4 ,st4 ,john4 #bc4 ,daddy ,durge1 the ,old ,man of the ,dead-,house1 by ,walter ,fenton4 #bd4 ,union ,dick and the ,guerrillas1 by ,philip ,murdock4 #be4 ,cavalry ,jack1 by ,col4 ,ralph ,fenton4 ,for sale by all newsdealers1 or will be sent to your address1 post-paid1 on receipt of price1 #e cents per copy4 ,address ,,frank ,,tousey1 ,publisher1 ,box #bgcj4 #cd and #cf ,,north ,,moore ,,st41 ,n4 ,y4 ,,the ,,boys ,,of ,,new ,,york ,,pocket ,,library4 ,boys1 this is just the ,book you have needed for a long time ,we intend to make the stories contained in this ,library the best ever published from the pens of our most popular and interesting authors4 ,these ,libraries contain thirty-two pages1 and each number is complete in itself and handsomely illustrated4 ,the following is a list of the latest numbers published of the ,boys of ,new ,york ,pocket ,library3 #ge ,,among ,,the ,,thugs2 ,,or1 ,,two ,,yankee ,,boys ,,in ,,india ,by ,hal ,standish #gf ,,life ,,and ,,death ,,of ,,jesse ,,james ,by ,d4 ,w4 ,stevens #gg ,,the ,,black ,,bravos ,by ,gaston ,garne #gh ,,ebony ,,eph1 ,,the ,,colored ,,detective ,by ,harry ,rockwood #gi ,,the ,,boss ,,of ,,the ,,school2 ,,or1 ,,around ,,the ,,world ,,for ,,fun ,by ,captain ,will ,dayton #hj ,,the ,,magic ,,rifle ,by ,c4 ,little #ha ,,frank ,,james1 ,,the ,,avenger ,by ,d4 ,w4 ,stevens #hb ,,the ,,renegade',s ,,doom ,by ,john ,sherman #hc ,,the ,,secrets ,,of ,,the ,,diamond ,,island ,by ,horace ,appleton #hd ,,the ,,league ,,of ,,fate ,by ,noname #he ,,simple ,,silas ,,among ,,the ,,moonshiners ,by ,harry ,rockwood #hf ,,the ,,thugs ,,of ,,new ,,orleans ,by ,paul ,braddon #hg ,,lives ,,of ,,the ,,ford ,,boys ,by ,d4 ,w ,stevens #hh ,,danger ,,signal ,,dave ,by ,albert ,j4 ,booth #hi ,,the ,,fiends ,,of ,,paris ,by ,paul ,braddon #ij ,,the ,,island ,,captive ,by ,john ,sherman #ia ,,the ,,black ,,band ,,of ,,new ,,york ,by ,paul ,braddon #ib ,,lost ,,under ,,ground ,by ,horace ,appleton #ic ,,the ,,crimson ,,cowl ,by ,c4 ,little #id ,,foxy ,,and ,,brother ,by ,police ,captain ,howard #ie ,,tracked ,,by ,a ,,fiend ,j4 ,r4 ,scott #if ,no4 #bjb2 ,,or1 ,,in ,,league ,,with ,,the ,,secret ,,service ,by ,lieut ,e4 ,h4 ,kellogg #ig ,,iceberg ,,jack1 ,,the ,,hero ,,of ,,the ,,arctic ,by ,r4 ,t4 ,emmet #ih ,,detective ,,sleuth',s ,,son ,by ,police ,captain ,howard #ii ,,the ,,secret ,,den ,by ,don ,jenardo #ajj ,,dick ,,darnley1 ,,the ,,switch ,,boy ,by ,robert ,lennox #aja ,,the ,,cavern ,,of ,,death ,by ,gaston ,garne #ajb ,,jeppo ,,the ,,hunchback ,by ,c4 ,little #ajc ,,in ,,the ,,clouds ,,with ,a ,,maniac ,by ,john ,sherman #ajd ,a ,,country ,,boy ,,detective ,by ,lieut4 ,e4 ,h4 ,kellogg ,,only ,,five ,,cents4 ,do not fail to purchase one from your newsdealer1 as they all have them on hand1 or send five cents to ,,frank ,,tousey1 ,publisher1 ,box #bgcj4 #cd and #cf ,north ,moore ,st41 ,n4 ,y4 ,,our ,,comic ,,books4 ,,fun1 ,,laughter ,,and ,,amusement ,,for ,,everybody ,these books are superior to any that have ever been published4 ,,consult ,,the ,,following ,,list3 ,,going ,,to ,,the ,,country by ,bricktop ,price #aj;c4 ,,red ,,hot by ,bricktop ,price #aj;c4 ,a ,,quiet ,,fourth ,,of ,,july by ,bricktop ,price #aj;c4 ,,good ,,templars ,,exposed by ,bricktop ,price #aj;c4 ,,on ,a ,,jury by ,bricktop ,price #aj;c4 ,,my ,,wife',s ,,mother by ,bricktop ,price #aj;c4 ,,the ,,bald-,,headed ,,club by ,bricktop ,price #aj;c4 ,,our ,,servant ,,girls by ,bricktop ,price #aj;c4 ,,where ,,are ,,you ,,going8 by ,bricktop ,price #aj;c4 ,,dodging ,a ,,creditor by ,ed ,price #aj;c4 ,,shorts 7original humor7 ,price #aj;c4 ,,smiles 7entirely new7 ,price #aj;c4 ,,mrs4 ,,snoodles' ,,curtain ,,lectures ,price #aj;c4 ,,pounds ,,of ,,fun ,price #aj;c4 ,,the ,,tickler ,price #aj;c4 ,every book is handsomely illustrated by the best comic artists4 ,any one of them is a sure cure for the blues4 ,for sale by all news dealers1 or sent to your address1 prepaid1 on receipt of price1 ten cents each4 ,address ,,frank ,,tousey1 ,publisher1 ,box #bgcj4 #cd and #cf ,north ,moore ,st41 ,n4 ,y4 ,frank ,tousey's ,,by-,,the-,,way ,,series1 ,containing five interesting and exciting works of fiction4 ,each book is handsomely bound in a beautifully-illustrated cover1 and contains sixty-four pages of reading matter4 ,every book is a complete number4 ,read the following titles3 ,no4 #a4 ,,viola',s ,,revenge ,price #aj;c4 ,no4 #b4 ,a ,,year ,,out ,,of ,,my ,,life ,price #aj;c4 ,no4 #c4 ,a ,,captive',s ,,captive ,price #aj;c4 ,no4 #d4 ,,the ,,broken ,,sixpence ,price #aj;c4 ,no4 #e4 ,,lady ,,innocence ,price #aj;c4 ,for sale by every newsdealer in the ,united ,states and ,canada1 or we will send them to you1 postage free1 on receipt of the price4 ,address ,,frank ,,tousey1 ,publisher1 ,box #bgcj4 #cd and #cf ,north ,moore ,st41 ,n4 ,y4 ,,our #aj ,,cent ,,books ,,useful1 ,,instructive ,,and ,,amusing4 ,containing valuable information on almost every subject1 such as ,writing1 ,speaking1 ,dancing1 ,flirting1 ,cooking2 also1 ,rules of ,etiquette1 ,the ,art of ,ventriloquism1 ,gymnastic ,exercise1 and ,the ,science and ,art of ,self-,defense4 ,price ,,how ,,to ,,debate #aj;c ,,how ,,to ,,write ,,letters ,,to ,,ladies #aj;c ,,how ,,to ,,write ,,letters ,,to ,,gentlemen #aj;c ,,how ,,to ,,ride ,a ,,bicycle #aj;c ,,how ,,to ,,recite ,,and ,,book ,,of ,,recitations #aj;c ,,how ,,to ,,fence #aj;c ,,how ,,to ,,do ,,second ,,sight #aj;c ,,how ,,to ,,write ,,in ,,an ,,album #aj;c ,,how ,,to ,,play ,,games #aj;c ,,how ,,to ,,behave #aj;c ,,how ,,to ,,make ,,love #aj;c ,,how ,,to ,,write ,,love ,,letters #aj;c ,,how ,,to ,,do ,,tricks #aj;c ,,how ,,to ,,become ,a ,,speaker #aj;c ,,how ,,to ,,tell ,,fortunes #aj;c ,,how ,,to ,,entertain ,,an ,,evening ,,party #aj;c ,,how ,,to ,,become ,,beautiful #aj;c ,,how ,,to ,,write ,,letters #aj;c ,,how ,,to ,,cook #aj;c ,,how ,,to ,,flirt #aj;c ,,how ,,to ,,become ,a ,,ventriloquist #aj;c ,,how ,,to ,,become ,,rich #aj;c ,,how ,,to ,,dance #aj;c ,,how ,,to ,,box #aj;c ,,how ,,to ,,explain ,,dreams #aj;c ,,how ,,to ,,hunt ,,and ,,fish #aj;c ,,how ,,to ,,keep ,,birds #aj;c ,,how ,,to ,,keep ,,house #aj;c ,,how ,,to ,,do ,,it #aj;c ,,how ,,to ,,become ,,an ,,athlete #aj;c ,,how ,,to ,,row1 ,,sail ,,and ,,build ,a ,,boat #aj;c ,,how ,,to ,,keep ,,and ,,manage ,,pets #aj;c ,,how ,,to ,,play ,,cards #aj;c ,,how ,,to ,,become ,a ,,scientist #aj;c ,,how ,,to ,,become ,,an ,,inventor #aj;c ,,how ,,to ,,dress #aj;c ,,how ,,to ,,become ,a ,,magician #aj;c ,,how ,,to ,,stuff ,,birds ,,and ,,animals #aj;c ,,how ,,to ,,become ,,your ,,own ,,doctor #aj;c ,,how ,,to ,,make ,,candy #aj;c ,,how ,,to ,,solve ,,conundrums #aj;c ,,the ,,boys ,,of ,,new ,,york ,,minstrel ,,guide ,,and ,,joke ,,book #aj;c ,,the ,,shortys' ,,snaps #aj;c ,,the ,,shortys' ,,jokes #aj;c ,,the ,,life ,,of ,,police ,,captain ,,howard #aj;c ,,the ,,life ,,of ,,peter ,,pad #aj;c ,,the ,,life ,,of ,,tom ,,teaser #aj;c ,,the ,,life ,,of ,,ed #aj;c ,,the ,,life ,,of ,,corporal ,,morgan ,,rattler #aj;c ,,muldoon',s ,,jokes #aj;c ,,ireland',s ,,struggles ,,for ,,liberty ,,and ,,land #aj;c ,,frank ,,tousey',s ,,united ,,states ,,distance ,,tables1 ,,pocket ,,companion ,,and ,,guide #aj;c ,,the ,,gem ,,cook ,,book1 ,no4 #a #aj;c ,,the ,,gem ,,cook ,,book1 ,no4 #b #aj;c ,,napoleon',s ,,oraculum ,,and ,,dream ,,book #aj;c ,all the above books are for sale by newsdealers throughout the ,united ,states and ,canada3 or they will be sent1 postage paid1 to your address1 on receipt of #aj cents each4 ,,frank ,,tousey1 ,publisher1 ,box #bgcj4 #cd and #cf ,north ,moore ,st41 ,n4 ,y4 ,transcriber's ,notes3 ,in this text edition1 italics are represented by underscores and bold is represented by equals signs4 ,the original edition did not include a table of contents4 ,page #d1 changed occured to occurred ,page #e1 added missing close quote after the mind ,page #bb1 changed betwen to between ,page #bf1 removed unnecessary period after ,cut in ,cut4 #b ,page #db1 changed there fore to therefore ,page #dd1 reformatted fractions 7e4g4 #b #a-b becomes #b-a_/b7 ,page #df1 added missing comma after red ,page #ee1 changed al lowed to allowed ,page #ef1 added missing period after #aj